bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Structures of Triacylglycerols from Native and Transgenic Medium‐Chain Fatty Acid‐Enriched Rape Seed Oil by Liquid Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion‐Trap Mass Spectrometry (LC–APCI‐ITMS)
Authors: Beermann Christopher , Winterling Nadine , Green Angelika , Möbius Michael , Schmitt Joachim J. , Boehm Günther 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe sn position of fatty acids in seed oil lipids affects physiological function in pharmaceutical and dietary applications. In this study the composition of acyl‐chain substituents in the sn positions of glycerol backbones in triacylglycerols (TAG) have been compared. TAG from native and transgenic medium‐chain fatty acid‐enriched rape seed oil were analyzed by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with online atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionization ion‐trap mass spectrometry. The transformation of summer rape with thioesterase and 3‐ketoacyl‐[ACP]‐synthase genes of Cuphea lanceolata led to increased expression of 1.5% (w/w) caprylic acid (8:0), 6.7% (w/w) capric acid (10:0), 0.9% (w/w) lauric acid (12:0), and 0.2% (w/w) myristic acid (14:0). In contrast, linoleic (18:2n6) and alpha‐linolenic acid (18:3n3) levels decreased compared with the original seed oil. The TAG sn position distribution of fatty acids was also modified. The original oil included eleven unique TAG species whereas the transgenic oil contained sixty. Twenty species were common to both oils. The transgenic oil included trioctadecenoyl‐glycerol (18:1/18:1/18:1) and trioctadecatrienoyl‐glycerol (18:3/18:3/18:3) whereas the native oil included only the latter. The transgenic TAG were dominated by combinations of caprylic, capric, lauric, myrisitic, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n9), linoleic, arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric acids (24:0), which accounted for 52% of the total fat. In the original TAG palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids accounted for 50% of the total fat. Medium‐chain triacylglycerols with capric and lauric acids combined with stearic, oleic, linoleic, alpha‐linolenic, arachidic, and gondoic acids (20:1n9) accounted for 25% of the transgenic oil. The medium‐chain fatty acids were mainly integrated into the sn‐1/3 position combined with the essential linoleic and alpha‐linolenic acids at the sn‐2 position. Eight species contained caprylic, capric, and lauric acids in the sn‐2 position. The appearance of new TAG in the transgenic oil illustrates the extensive effect of genetic modification on fat metabolism by transformed plants and offers interesting possibilities for improved enteral applications.
Substance P enhances soluble ICAM‐1 release from adult rat cardiac fibroblasts by a p42/44 MAPK‐ and PKC‐mediated mechanism
Authors: Sapna S. , Shivakumar K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSubstance P, a pro‐inflammatory neuropeptide, is released from cardiac peptidergic nerves under conditions like ischemia but whether it modulates inflammatory processes in the heart remains unexplored. This study demonstrates for the first time that substance P augments the production of the soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, sICAM‐1, by adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. However, RT‐PCR showed no concomitant increase in ICAM‐1 transcript levels, suggesting that the increase in sICAM‐1 may involve post‐transcriptional/translational mechanisms. Use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that the stimulatory effect of substance P on sICAM‐1 production is mediated by p42/44 MAPK and protein kinase C. Preliminary experiments also showed that the neuropeptide stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2 by cardiac fibroblasts. The findings support the postulation that substance P may modulate multiple inflammatory responses within the myocardium through release of pro‐inflammatory mediators from resident fibroblasts.
Anti‐apoptotic activity of Bcl‐2 is enhanced by its interaction with RTN3
Authors: Zhu Lei , Xiang Rong , Dong Wei , Liu Yingle , Qi Yipeng 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBcl‐2 is known as a critical inhibitor of apoptosis triggered by a broad range of stimuli, mainly acting on the mitochondria. It can interact with many members of the Bcl‐2 family, influence mitochondrial membrane permeability and modulate cell apoptosis. RTN3, a member of the reticulon (RTN) family, was predominantly localized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Its N‐ and C‐termini, both facing the cytoplasm, can recruit some proteins to the ER to modulate some physiological functions. We found that RTN3, which does not belong to the Bcl‐2 family, can interact with Bcl‐2 on the ER. In normal HeLa cells, ectopic overexpressed Bcl‐2 could reduce the cell apoptosis induced by overexpressed RTN3. When the HeLa cells stably expressing Bcl‐2 were treated with tunicamycin, endogenous RTN3 increased in the cell microsomal fraction. This change increased the Bcl‐2 in microsomal fractions and also in the mitochondrial fractions where the anti‐apoptotic activity of Bcl‐2 mainly acts. These results suggest that RTN3 could bind with Bcl‐2 and mediate its accumulation in mitochondria, which modulate the anti‐apoptotic activity of Bcl‐2.
α1‐adrenergic stress induces downregulation of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in myocardial preparations from rabbits at physiological preload
Authors: Schillinger Wolfgang , Christians Claus , Sossalla Samuel , Teucher Nils , Nguyen Van Phuc , Kögler Harald , Zeitz Oliver , Hasenfuss Gerd 
Published: January 2007

Abstractα1‐adrenergic stimulation and mechanical load are considered crucial for the expression of sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1). However, the interaction between these processes is unknown.We investigated electrically stimulated (1 Hz, 1.75 mmol/L Ca2+) rabbit ventricular trabeculae at physiological preload under stimulation by the selective α1‐agonist phenylephrine (PE, 10 μmol/L). Using quantitative real‐time PCR, downregulation of mRNA to 76.5% (p<0.05) was found, while B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was increased to 569.5% (p<0.05) compared to control. These changes were abolished in the presence of both the β1‐blocker prazosin (13 μmol/L) and the PKC inhibitor GF109203X (1 μmol/L). Furthermore, no changes in NCX mRNA levels under the influence of PE were found in unstretched trabeculae or in unstretched isolated rabbit myocytes (24 h), while BNP was increased in both preparations. In addition, since the α1‐adrenergic effect could be Ca2+‐dependent we tested increased extracellular Ca2+ (3.0 mmol/L) in stretched trabeculae and found downregulation of NCX1 to 75.2% (p<0.05).α1‐stimulation decreases NCX1 mRNA in rabbit myocardium via PKC. This is critically load‐dependent and may be mediated by changes in [Ca2+]. In hypertrophy and heart failure, distinct phenotypes with respect to NCX1 expression may result from the interaction between mechanical load and α1‐adrenergic stimulation.
The feasibility of left ventricular mechanical support as a bridge to cardiac recovery
Authors: Liden Hans , Karason Kristjan , Bergh Claes‐Håkan , Nilsson Folke , Koul Bansi , Wiklund Lars 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo study the achievability of device weaning in patients receiving left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as a bridge to transplantation.MethodsEighteen consecutive patients receiving a LVAD between September 1997 and June 2002 were included in the study. During a four‐month follow‐up, patients were repeatedly evaluated with right heart catheterization and echocardiography and, if functional improvement was observed, studied with the device turned off. Cardiac recovery was defined as off‐pump LVEF≥40% together with a significant improvement in invasive haemodynamic measurements (CI≥2.5 and PCWP≤10–12 mm Hg). Patients fulfilling these criteria were considered for weaning.ResultsThree patients fulfilled the predefined criteria for cardiac recovery and were subjected to device explantation. In one patient, a young female with acute myocarditis, the following course was uneventful. In the second patient, a male with dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure reoccurred only a few days later. The third patient had a relapse of giant cell myocarditis and was transplanted. One patient underwent transplantation before follow‐up evaluation could be performed.ConclusionIn our experience, patients with severe advanced heart failure are unlikely to show significant cardiac recovery following treatment with LVAD, in contrast to previous suggestions.
On Positive Parity Levels of High Angular Momentum in69,71,73Ge
Authors: K Forssten  , A Hasselgren  , Ph Monseu  , A Nilsson  , Z P Sawa  
Published: January 2007

Results of an attempt to establish in69,71,73Ge the low-lying states of the presumed 1g9/2⊗ core configuration are reported. The excited states in these nuclei were formed in the66,68,70Zn(α,n) compound reactions mainly at 14.2 MeV incident energy. Properties of the states were assigned from investigations of the prompt γ-ray transitions. Measuring γ-γ coincidences, yield functions, angular distributions (and in a few cases also linear polarization) of γ-rays, evidences were found for states in69Ge: 1 350.4 keV 11/2+, 1 407.0 keV 13/2+, 2 017.9 keV 11/2+or 13/2+, 2 119.2 keV 9/2+, 11/2+or 13/2+, 3 075.5 keV 13/2+or 15/2+, (and tentatively: 2 474.8 keV 11/2+or 13/2+, and 2 754.6 keV 13/2+or 15/2+).71Ge: 589.7 keV 7/2+, 1 037.8 keV (7/2 or 9/2), 1 172.6 keV 13/2+, 1 192.3 keV 11/2+, 1 205.2 keV (5/2+), 1 477.0 keV 11/2+, 1 559.3 keV, 1 566 keV, 1 959.7 keV 11/2+or 13/2+, 2 299.2 keV 17/2+, 2 314.2 keV 15/2+(and tentatively 1 697.8 keV).73Ge: 659.0 keV 9/2+, 825.8 keV 13/2+, 868.1 keV 11/2+, 1 610.3 keV 9/2+or 13/2+, 1 871.6 keV 17/2+.
The Search for New Elements: the Projects of Today in a Larger Perspective
Authors: Glenn T Seaborg  
Published: January 2007

The search for new elements is based on the irradiation of heavy element targets with heavy ions followed by identification through physical or chemical methods. Success seems assured for the production and identification of short-lived elements immediately beyond the heaviest presently known. Predictions indicate that still heavier elements, the superheavy elements as part of an "island of stability", would have sufficient stability to allow their identification; however, there is no equal assurance that nuclear reactions suitable for their synthesis can be found.
The chemical properties of a wide range of such prospective new elements have been predicted, in many cases in rather extensive detail. Special considerations related to their high atomic numbers suggest interesting differences between the chemical properties of these heavy elements and their lighter homologs.
Chemical separation schemes for the identification of superheavy elements have been devised and applied to heavy targets irradiated with heavy ions. While there may be some positive indications of such identification in experiments performed at Dubna, experiments at Berkeley have given negative results.
In the Berkeley experiments the yields of a broad range of isotopes of the known elements in the separated chemical fractions have been determined. The resulting distribution of products formed in the irradiation of uranium with krypton ions suggest some interesting new reaction mechanisms.
Molecular basis for specificity in the druggable kinome: sequence-based analysis
Authors: Chen Jianping , Zhang Xi , Fernández Ariel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMotivation: Rational design of kinase inhibitors remains a challenge partly because there is no clear delineation of the molecular features that direct the pharmacological impact towards clinically relevant targets. Standard factors governing ligand affinity, such as potential for intermolecular hydrophobic interactions or for intermolecular hydrogen bonding do not provide good markers to assess cross reactivity. Thus, a core question in the informatics of drug design is what type of molecular similarity among targets promotes promiscuity and what type of molecular difference governs specificity. This work answers the question for a sizable screened sample of the human pharmacokinome including targets with unreported structure.Results: We show that drug design aimed at promoting pairwise interactions between ligand and kinase target actually fosters promiscuity because of the high conservation of the partner groups on or around the ATP-binding site of the kinase. Alternatively, we focus on a structural marker that may be reliably determined from sequence and measures dehydration propensities mostly localized on the loopy regions of kinases. Based on this marker, we construct a sequence-based kinase classifier that enables the accurate prediction of pharmacological differences. Our indicator is a microenvironmental descriptor that quantifies the propensity for water exclusion around preformed polar pairs. The results suggest that targeting polar dehydration patterns heralds a new generation of drugs that enable a tighter control of specificity than designs aimed at promoting ligand–kinase pairwise interactions.Availability: The predictor of polar hot spots for dehydration propensity, or solvent-accessible hydrogen bonds in soluble proteins, named YAPView, may be freely downloaded from the University of Chicago website http://protlib.uchicago.edu/dloads.htmlContact: arifer@rice.edu, ariel@uchicago.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Epidermal stem cells arise from the hair follicle after wounding
Authors: Levy Vered , Lindon Catherine , Zheng Ying , Harfe Brian D. , Morgan Bruce A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDuring normal development, the epidermis and hair follicle are distinct lineage compartments maintained by independent stem cell populations. Both epidermal and follicular keratinocytes are recruited to participate in epidermal repair in response to injury. However, it is generally thought that follicular cells contribute to the wound epidermis only transiently and are ultimately replaced by the progeny of stem cells derived from the original epidermal compartment prior to wounding. Here we use inducible and constitutive cre recombinase expressed from the Sonic hedgehog locus (Shh) for in vivo lineage tracing. This analysis confirms that follicular cells participate in the initial resurfacing of the wound but also reveals that their progeny persist in wound epidermis for months after the wound is healed. It further demonstrates that Shh is not induced in keratinocytes during the wound healing process. We conclude that follicular cells can undergo reprogramming to become long‐term repopulating epidermal progenitors following wounding.—Levy, V., Lindon, C., Zheng, Y., Harfe, B. D., Morgan, B. A. Epidermal stem cells arise from the hair follicle after wounding. FASEB J. 21, 1358–1366 (2007)
A murine model of hyperdopaminergic state displays altered respiratory control
Authors: Vincent Sandra G. , Waddell Andrea E. , Caron Marc G. , Walker Julia K. L. , Fisher John T. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe dopamine transporter (DAT) protein plays an important role in the termination of dopamine signaling. We addressed the hypothesis that loss of DAT function would result in a distinctive cardiorespiratory phenotype due to the significant role of dopamine in the control of breathing, especially with respect to chemical control, metabolism, and thermoregulation. The DAT knockout mouse (DAT”/‐) displays a state of functional hyperdopaminergia characterized by marked novelty driven hyperactivity. Certain behavioral and drug responses in these mice are reminiscent of endophenotypes of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). We performed experiments on conscious, unrestrained DAT‐/‐ mice (KO) and littermate DAT+/+ wild‐type (WT) controls. Ventilation was measured by the barometric technique during normoxia, hypoxia, or hypercapnia. We measured core body temperature and CO2 production as an index of metabolism. DAT‐/‐ mice displayed a significantly lower respiratory frequency than WT mice, reflecting a prolonged inspiratory time. DAT−/− mice exhibited a reduced ventilatory response to hypoxia characterized by an attenuation of both the respiratory frequency and tidal volume responses. Both groups showed similar metabolic responses to hypoxia. Circadian measurements of body temperature were significantly lower in DAT−/− mice than WT mice during inactive periods. We conclude that loss of the DAT protein in this murine model of altered dopaminergic neurotransmission results in a significant respiratory and thermal phenotype that has possible implications for understanding of conditions associated with altered dopamine regulation.—Vincent, S. G., Waddell, A. E., Caron, M. G., Walker, J. K. L., Fisher, J. T. A murine model of hyperdopaminergic state displays altered respiratory control. FASEB J. 21, 1463–1471 (2007)
The Slt2‐type MAP kinase Bmp3 of Botrytis cinerea is required for normal saprotrophic growth, conidiation, plant surface sensing and host tissue colonization
Authors: RUI OLIVER , HAHN MATTHIAS 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYMitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in signal transduction and regulation of various aspects of saprotrophic and pathogenic growth in plant pathogenic fungi. We have generated a Botrytis cinerea knock‐out mutant in the bmp3 gene encoding a homologue of the yeast Slt2 cell wall integrity MAPK. The Δbmp3 mutant showed reduced vegetative growth on various media, strongly impaired conidiation and loss of sclerotia formation. Growth retardation of the mutant was enhanced in media with low osmolarity, whereas nearly wild‐type growth rates were observed under high osmolarity conditions. The Δbmp3 mutant did not show increased susceptibility to cell wall damage induced by glucanase, Calcofluor White or Nikkomycin Z, but was more susceptible to the oxidizing agent paraquat and the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. Δbmp3 conidia showed normal germination and germ tube growth on agar, but excessive germ tube elongation on hard surfaces and reduced penetration efficiency, indicating a defect in surface sensing. After penetration, development of necrotic lesions induced by the Δbmp3 mutant was retarded. All these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the wild‐type bmp3 gene.
The mixed xylem sap proteome of Fusarium oxysporum‐infected tomato plants
Authors: HOUTERMAN PETRA M. , SPEIJER DAVE , DEKKER HENK L. , DE KOSTER CHRIS G. , CORNELISSEN BEN J. C. , REP MARTIJN 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYSecreted proteins are known to play decisive roles in plant–fungus interactions. To study the molecular details of the interaction between the xylem‐colonizing, plant‐pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum and tomato, the composition of the xylem sap proteome of infected tomato plants was investigated and compared with that of healthy plants. Two‐dimensional gel separation and mass spectrometry yielded peptide masses and peptide sequences of 33 different proteins. Despite the absence of complete genome sequences of either tomato or F. oxysporum, 21 proteins were identified as tomato proteins and seven as fungal proteins. Thirteen of the tomato proteins were specific for infected plants. Sixteen tomato proteins were found in xylem sap for the first time, four of which were identified based on matches to expressed sequences only. Coding sequences for new proteins from F. oxysporum were identified through either direct matching to a database sequence, matching of peptide sequences to genome or expressed sequence tag databases of other Fusarium species, or PCR with degenerate primers on cDNA derived from infected plants followed by screening of a F. oxysporum BAC library. Together, these findings provide an excellent basis for further exploration of the interaction between xylem‐colonizing pathogens and their hosts.
The implications of US experiences with early childhood interventions for the UK Sure Start Programme
Authors: Gray R. , Francis E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  The UK Government introduced a large‐scale early childhood intervention programme, Sure Start, in 1999. Sure Start is to be further expanded, to achieve national coverage. US experience is highly relevant for anticipating challenges that this expansion will raise.Methods  This is a focused, narrative review. We examine the impact, funding, quality‐improvement and programme objectives of Head Start and Early Head Start programmes.Results  (1) Early childhood interventions can make a significant difference to children’s life chances; (2) expansion without adequate funding threatens quality; (3) narrower objectives, which are easier to measure, can crowd out broader objectives, which are difficult to measure; (4) programmes must balance fidelity to the model and flexibility to local conditions; (5) multiple objectives may conflict; and (6) programmes may have differential impacts. We consider the implications of these findings for Sure Start, focusing on funding, quality control and parental involvement. We also consider that the potential Sure Start should offer for tackling health inequalities in early childhood and suggest ways in which this aspect of the Programme could be enhanced.Conclusion  Head Start has been dogged by concerns about quality and effectiveness. Many of these problems stemmed from an over‐hasty expansion, which locked the Programme into inadequate funding and uneven project‐ and staff‐quality. These issues have been addressed through large funding increases and more rigorous performance measures. Nevertheless, concerns about the aims of the Programme and the extent of parental involvement in management remain. Current funding for Sure Start appears to be adequate, while systematic evaluation procedures have been built in from its inception. Concerns have been raised about the implications of expansion for funding, quality and for parental involvement in management of local programmes. US experience shows that these are centrally important issues and that, if they are not addressed early on, they can take many years to rectify.