bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teenagers Are Right—Parents Do Not Know Much: An Analysis of Adolescent–Parent Agreement on Reports of Adolescent Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence
Authors: Fisher Sherri L. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Reich Wendy , Fox Louis , Kuperman Samuel , Kramer John , Hesselbrock Victor , Dick Danielle M. , Nurnberger John I. , Edenberg Howard J. , Bierut Laura J. 
Published: September 2006

Background: Previous studies have shown that when assessing child psychopathology, parents tend to report more symptoms than children for externalizing disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whereas children tend to report more symptoms for internalizing disorders such as major depression. Whether for clinical or research purposes, parents are also frequently asked to report on their children's experiences with alcohol and drugs. The purpose of this study was to analyze correspondence between adolescent and parent reports of adolescent substance use and abuse or dependence.Methods: In the current study, 591 subjects 12 to 17 years old were interviewed using the child version of the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (C‐SSAGA) as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). One parent was also interviewed about each adolescent using the parent version of the C‐SSAGA. Sensitivities, specificities, and κ coefficients were calculated to assess parental agreement with adolescent reports of lifetime substance use and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Third Revision substance abuse or dependence.Results: The results indicate that parents are somewhat knowledgeable about their children's use of substances, particularly those that are used most commonly. For example, 55% of adolescents who had smoked cigarettes, 50% who had used alcohol, and 47% who had used marijuana had a parent who knew that they used. However, parents were less aware of substance‐related problems experienced by their offspring, agreeing with adolescent reports only 27% of the time for diagnoses of alcohol abuse or dependence and 26% of the time for diagnoses of marijuana abuse or dependence. Parent reports added few cases of substance use for 12‐ to 13 year‐olds and essentially no cases for 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds. Parent reports added a nominal number of diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence for older adolescents.Conclusions: Whether for clinical or research purposes, the results emphasize the importance of directly assessing adolescents regarding alcohol and other substance use disorders. Furthermore, investigators should consider the specific disorder(s) being investigated and the ages of the children being studied when determining whether to include parent reports as part of study design.
The Price of Alcohol: A Consideration of Contextual Factors
Authors: Treno Andrew J. , Gruenewald Paul J. , Wood Darryl S. , Ponicki William R. 
Published: September 2006

Background: The current study considers the determinants of prices charged for alcoholic beverages by on‐premise and off‐premise outlets in Alaska. Alcohol outlet densities, a surrogate measure for local retail competition, are expected to be negatively associated with prices while costs associated with distribution are expected to be positively related to prices. Community demographic and economic characteristics may affect observed local prices via the level of demand, retail costs borne by retailers, or the quality of brands offered for sale.Methods: The core data for these analyses came from a telephone survey of Alaskan retail establishments licensed to serve alcohol. This survey utilized computer‐assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) techniques to collect alcohol‐pricing information from on‐premise (i.e., establishments where alcohol is consumed at the point of purchase such as bars and restaurants) and off‐premise (i.e., establishments such as grocery stores and convenience markets where consumption occurs in other locations) alcohol retailers throughout the state of Alaska. Price estimates were developed for each beverage‐type based on alcohol content. Separate regression analyses were used to model each of the 8 price indices (on‐premise and off‐premise measures for beer, spirits, wine, and the average price across beverage types). All regressions also controlled for a set of zip‐code level indicators of community economic and demographic characteristics based on census data.Results: Outlet density per roadway mile was unrelated to price for both on‐ and off‐premise establishments, either across or between beverage types. In contrast, overall distribution costs did appear to be related to alcohol price. The demographic and economic variables, as a group, were significantly related to observed prices.Conclusions: More attention needs to be directed to the manner in which sellers and buyers behave relative to alcoholic beverages. Alcohol demand remains responsive to prices; yet, consumers have considerable latitude in determining the price that they pay for alcohol.
Antioxidative Treatment Diminishes Ethanol‐Induced Congenital Malformations in the Rat
Authors: Wentzel Parri , Rydberg Ulf , Eriksson Ulf J. 
Published: September 2006

Background: Intrauterine exposure to ethanol causes embryonic and fetal growth retardation and maldevelopment. Oxidative stress in mother and offspring has been suggested to be part of the teratogenic mechanism, and supplementation of antioxidative agents to the pregnant women may therefore be of value in future prophylactic treatment regimen. There is a need for in vivo experimental work in this field, and in the present study, our aim was to investigate whether chronic ethanol consumption induced congenital malformations in rats and, if so, whether dietary supplementation of vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) diminished such maldevelopment.Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were given drinking water containing 20% ethanol and half of these received food containing 5% vitamin E. Non–ethanol‐exposed female rats, with or without vitamin E treatment, served as controls. The pregnancy was interrupted on gestational day 20 when the offspring was evaluated morphologically and fetal hepatic 8‐iso‐PGF2α levels were measured to assess the degree of fetal oxidative stress.Results: Exposure to 20% ethanol increased maternal blood ethanol to 1.5 promille and increased resorption and malformation rates in the offspring. Maternal vitamin E treatment did not affect blood ethanol levels, but normalized fetal development. The fetal hepatic levels of 8‐iso‐PGF2α were increased in the ethanol‐exposed group and normalized by vitamin E treatment of the mother.Conclusions: Ethanol exposure disturbs embryogenesis partly by enhanced oxidative stress, and the adverse effects can be ameliorated by antioxidative treatment.
Risk factors for endothelial cell loss post‐keratoplasty
Authors: Bertelmann Eckart , Pleyer Uwe , Rieck Peter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  Transplant survival following penetrating keratoplasty is determined to a large extent by the course of endothelial cell density loss. Different influencing factors such as organ culture conditions, surgical trauma, exchange between donor and recipient cells, cell ageing and immune reactions can contribute to endothelial cell loss. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of endothelial cell loss in our patients and to detect dependencies on donor‐and recipient‐related factors.Methods:  Using non‐contact specular microscopy, endothelial cell counts were obtained every 6 months from 293 consecutive patients who underwent keratoplasty in our institution between 1996 and 2000. Follow‐up time was 36 months.Results:  In comparison with the density of donor endothelial cells, the mean endothelial cell loss of patients was 28.8% after 6 months, 39.8% after 12 months and 49% after 24 months. Donor age and initial cell density did not have a significant influence on the course of endothelial cell loss. The lowest rate of endothelial cell loss was associated with patients diagnosed with keratoconus. Conversely, those with preoperative glaucoma had a significantly increased rate of endothelial cell loss (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  This study shows that preoperative glaucoma is a major risk factor for increased endothelial cell loss following keratoplasty.
Ocular findings in four children with mucopolysaccharidosis I‐Hurler (MPS I‐H) treated early with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fahnehjelm Kristina Teär , Törnquist Alba‐Lucia , Malm Gunilla , Winiarski Jacek 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To present visual functions and ocular findings in four children with mucopolysaccharidosis I‐Hurler (MPS I‐H) treated early with stem cell transplantation (SCT).Methods:  Clinical ophthalmological evaluations including visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were carried out.Results:  Stem cell transplantation was performed before 20 months of age. Ocular follow‐up lasted 1.3−5.6 years (median 4.1 years). Reductions in corneal opacities were observed in all four children post‐SCT, but a slight cloudiness persisted. Decreased visual acuity and high hyperopia (median + 6.25 dioptres, range + 4.0 D to + 7.5 D spherical equivalents) were noted in all children. Hyperopia was initially undetected due to dull retinal reflexes and photophobia. Two children developed esotropia, one with amblyopia. Keratometry, performed in two children, demonstrated subnormal values with a mean of 39.33 D (range 37.62–41.00 D). Visual evoked potentials and intraocular pressures were normal. Neither cataract nor dry eye were detected during follow‐up.Conclusions:  Early SCT appears to be beneficial in reducing, but not eliminating, corneal opacities in children with MPS I‐H. Subjects are at risk of developing high hyperopia and esotropia. Hyperopia might be caused by the storage of glucosaminoglucans that increase corneal rigidity, thereby straightening the curvature of the cornea and reducing refractive power. As early diagnosis and treatment are very important, paediatric ophthalmologists should remember to rule out MPS I‐H in children with corneal opacities.
Cutaneous changes in fibrous hamartoma of infancy
Authors: Grynspan D. , Meir K. , Senger C , Ball N. J. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a fast growing soft tissue tumor that usually arises in the first 2 years of life. The histology of the lesion has been well described. Few studies, however, have looked at changes in the overlying skin and its appendages.Methods:  A database search performed at British Columbia Children’s Hospital yielded 15 cases of unequivocal FHI occurring in 12 patients (three were recurrences). Of these, we were able to retrieve 13. Five of 13 cases had sections including epidermis. These slides were reviewed with specific emphasis on skin adnexae.Results:  Of the cases with excised epidermis in continuity with the lesion, 5/5 had eccrine changes, including hyperplasia, duct dilatation, intraluminal papillary formations, and squamous syringometaplasia. One case showed epidermal basaloid follicular hyperplasia.Conclusions:  This study shows that eccrine changes are frequently seen in cases of FHI when overlying skin is sampled. This may be a useful clue to consider this diagnosis, especially when the biopsy is superficial.
Cancer/testis antigen MAGE‐A4 expression pattern differs in epithelial skin tumors of organ‐transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients
Authors: Muehleisen Beda , Schaerer Leo , Dummer Reinhard , Burg Günter , Hofbauer Günther F. L. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Lifetime risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is 1:30. Risk in organ‐transplant recipients (OTR) is increased over 60‐fold through long‐term drug‐induced immunosuppression. MAGE family‐derived peptides are cancer/testis antigens recognized by specific CD8+ T cells and employed for immunotherapy. We were interested in the frequency and distribution of MAGE‐A4 in epithelial skin tumors of OTR and immunocompetent patients.Methods:  mAb 57B predominantly recognizing MAGE‐A4 was used to stain 119 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded epithelial skin tumors (actinic keratosis, bowenoid actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and SCC; n = 17, 25, 61, 16, respectively) in immunocompetent patients (n = 84) and OTR (n = 35).Results:  All four epithelial skin tumors showed comparable immunoreactivity ranging from (25–71%, p = 0.361). Scattered immunoexpression pattern was more frequent in OTR (p = 0.025). SCC showed polarized immunoreactivity basally (p = 0.002).Conclusion:  MAGE‐A4 was expressed in a large part of epithelial skin tumors with predominantly scattered immunoexpression pattern in OTR. The difference in immunoexpression pattern for immune status was limited, suggesting important non‐immunosuppressor‐mediated mechanisms for increased skin carcinogenesis in OTR. mAb 57B may be a helpful tool for immunohistochemistry and micrographic surgery using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue.
Expression of class II β‐tubulin in non‐melanoma cutaneous tumors
Authors: Roh Joo‐Young , Kee Sun‐Ho , Choi Jung‐Woo , Lee Ji‐Hye , Lee Ju‐Han , Lee Eung Seok , Kim Young‐Sik 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Different combinations of β‐tubulin isotypes contribute to the diverse functions of microtubules (MTs). Class II β‐tubulin (class II tubulin) is up‐regulated in differentiated keratinocytes. In contrast, the expression of class II tubulin in follicular differentiation and cutaneous tumors has not been studied.Methods:  The immunohistochemical expression of class II tubulin was investigated in 117 cutaneous tumors: 30 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), seven keratoacanthomas (KAs), 57 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 23 trichoepitheliomas (TEs), and in the adjacent non‐neoplastic skin.Results:  Class II tubulin was expressed in the keratinocytes of the granular layer, melanocytes, hair cortical and cuticular cells, inner root sheath (IRS), companion layer (CL) of the outer root sheath (ORS), and mesenchymal cells with Schwannian or myogenic differentiation. Moreover, class II tubulin expression was increased in the areas of squamous or follicular differentiation in cutaneous tumors. On grading the follicular differentiation or myofibroblastic response with anti‐class II tubulin, TE showed follicular differentiation more frequently (p < 0.001) with less of a myofibroblastic response (p = 0.001) than BCC.Conclusions:  Class II tubulin expression is closely related to squamous or follicular differentiation and may be helpful in distinguishing most SCCs from KAs and BCC from TE. However, it does not reliably distinguish well‐differentiated, crateriform SCC from KA.
Srcasm overexpression in psoriasis‐insights into pathogenesis
Authors: Pulitzer Melissa , Li Weijie , Hanson Matthew , Singh Fiza , Elenitsas Rosalie , Gelfand Joel M. , VanVoorhees Abby , Seykora John T. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Psoriasis is a prevalent, chronic cutaneous disorder associated with a T‐cell lymphocytic infiltrate and altered keratinocyte growth. Some of the molecular features of enhanced keratinocyte growth include increased growth factor receptor activation leading to enhanced cellular tyrosine kinase activity. Receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, are important regulators of keratinocyte growth, and increased activity of this receptor has been detected in psoriasis. A recently discovered, novel regulator of Src tyrosine kinases, termed Src‐activating and signaling molecule (Srcasm), has been shown to modulate EGF signaling and promote differentiation in human keratinocytes. Given the properties of Srcasm, it would be of interest to characterize its expression in psoriasis. In this study, the levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein are characterized, and the relationship of these experimental observations to the psoriasis pathogenesis is discussed.Methods:  The levels of Srcasm mRNA were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) on RNA isolated from unremarkable and lesional patient tissue. These data were supplemented by performing radioactive in situ hybridization on formalin‐fixed biopsy specimens of psoriatic lesions and unremarkable epidermis. Expression of Srcasm protein was evaluated by protein immunohistochemistry and Western blotting of protein lysates derived from patient samples.Results:  All experimental modalities show that levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein were elevated in psoriatic lesions compared to unremarkable epidermis.Conclusions:  Increased levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein are seen in psoriasis. Given what is known regarding Srcasm function, increased levels of this molecule in keratinocytes may represent a cell compensatory mechanism that is primed to re‐establish a physiologic differentiation program.
The suitability of anadromous Arctic charr as host and vector of the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris
Authors: Knudsen R. , Adolfsen P. , Sandring S. , Kristoffersen R. , Siikavuopio S. , Rikardsen A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  In 2000, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock in the river Signaldalselva, North Norway was found to be infected with the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg). This river system has a multispecies fish community of nine species in total. Low densities of Atlantic salmon parr were found during electrofishing in October (2003) with a prevalence of 94% and a mean abundance of 848 G. salaris. This watercourse also holds a riverine stock of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), which is not common in Norway. Among the parr of Arctic charr, 64% were infested with an abundance of 23 parasites per fish. The most heavily infected 0+ and 1+ juvenile Arctic charr had 469 and 534 parasites, respectively, indicating that the parasites are able to reproduce on Arctic charr in the wild. There was little variation in the rates of infestation of Arctic charr along the studied stretch of the river, even in areas with very low densities of Atlantic salmon parr. The parr of anadromous Arctic charr seem to be suitable as long‐term hosts for G. salaris. Moreover, a few (22%) infested adult sea‐running Arctic charr were captured after ascending the river in the autumn, which shows that large fish may also act as carriers of G. salaris. However, no parasites were recorded on potential anadromous Arctic charr before descending during early spring (April 2003 and April 2004). Thus, it is still not clear whether anadromous Arctic charr are able to disperse the parasite between watercourses. So far, it is uncertain whether G. salaris may increase the mortality rates of Arctic charr and thereby be a threat to these unusual occurring riverine anadromous Arctic charr stocks.
Effect of oral iron supplementation on unstimulated salivary flow rate: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Flink Håkan , Tegelberg Åke , Thörn Mari , Lagerlöf Folke 
Published: September 2006

Background:  No treatment is known to permanently increase salivary flow in patients with hyposalivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on salivary flow rate.Methods:  A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was carried out on 50 individuals with a low unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and low serum ferritin. Half the individuals received 60 mg iron orally twice a day for 3 months, while the other half received placebo.Results:  No statistically significant difference was found between the groups after treatment for the unstimulated flow rate and in the subjective assessments of oral dryness. The serum ferritin values increased significantly in the iron group but not in the placebo group.Conclusion:  Oral supplementation with iron for 3 months has no effect on salivary flow rate among individuals with hyposalivation and low serum ferritin values.
Expression of p53, Ki‐67, and EGFR in odontogenic keratocysts before and after decompression
Authors: Clark Pia , Marker Peter , Bastian Henning Lehmann , Krogdahl Annelise 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Sixteen odontogenic keratocysts were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically for changes in proliferative activity before and after decompression using p53, Ki‐67, and expression of growth factor (EGFR).Methods:  p53 and Ki‐67 positivity was scored by counting 500 cells and then counting the number of brown staining nuclei out of these. EGFR was scored using guidelines for scoring Herceptest [Dako (Her‐2)]. A Wilcoxon test was performed on the results.Results:  The values of Ki‐67 and p53 before and after decompression were without significant change. There was no significant change in EGFR expression either. No correlation was found between inflammation or decompression time and expression of EGFR, p53, and Ki‐67. The degree of change of the epithelium was varying, yet the reduction of the cysts size was considerable (18–100%– average 47.6%).Conclusion:  The morphologic changes in the cysts could not be correlated with expression of Ki‐67, p53 or EGFR, to the clinical reduction of the cysts or the time of decompression.
Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients
Authors: Arana Carlos , Cutando Antonio , Ferrera María José , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Worf Cecilia Vander , Bolaños Manuel Jorge , Escames Germaine , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Oxidative stress constitutes the basis for many diseases and it may account for the severity of systemic and oral disease complications. The aim of this study was to assess whether saliva may be used to detect the body's oxidative stress level.Methods:  Oxidative stress was determined in saliva from 14 diabetic patients and 10 heroin addicts; two different pathologic conditions related to free radical damage, and 21 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were analyzed in the saliva of all individuals. Other variables including salivary volume and the oral status were also analyzed.Results:  Diabetic patients had GPx and GRd activities of 39.98 ± 1.61 and 6.19 ± 0.61 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively. These values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those obtained in control saliva (27.51 ± 0.86 and 3.44 ± 0.25 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively). Drug addicts showed significantly (P < 0.001) lower salivary GPx and GRd activities than controls. Both group of patients had significantly lower levels of GSH and higher of GSSG than controls (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Changes in the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in saliva from two different pathologic situations as those here studied suggest that this biologic fluid may be suitable for determining the prognosis and evolution of these diseases and its oral manifestations.
THURSTONIAN MODELS AND VARIANCE I: EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF COGNITIVE STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENCE TESTS AND EFFECTS OF PERCEPTUAL VARIANCE
Authors: KIM HEE‐JIN , JEON SEON YOUNG , KIM KWANG‐OK , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT For the triangle, duo‐trio, same‐different and 2‐AFC methods, using a model system, mean d′ values for the same subjects, discriminating between the same taste stimuli, were not significantly different. This confirmed the postulated cognitive strategies used for these methods in their respective Thurstonian/signal detection models. Introduction of perceptual variance as a result of the effects of sequences of tasting within a test, forgetting stimulus perceptions and τ‐criterion variation resulted in the 2‐AFC eliciting a significantly higher d′ than the other three methods. Yet, after a warm‐up procedure, which not only significantly increased values of d′ for all methods but also aligned subjects' τ‐criteria, the same‐different test had a d′ comparable to that of the 2‐AFC, while both d′ values were significantly higher than those of the triangle and duo‐trio. This suggested that effects of memory were more important those of sequence of tasting.