bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona in cattle
Authors: Thiermann A. B. , Garrett L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), which used the phenol phase of a hot phenol-water extraction as antigen, and the microscopic agglutination test were compared for the detection of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona in cattle. Among serum samples from vaccinated cattle, the elisa (using antiglobulin) was positive to 64% with hardjo antigen and to 78% with pomona antigen, whereas the microscopic agglutination test was positive to only 18% with hardjo and 23% with pomona. There were no elisa reactions observed among known negative-control samples. The elisa, using antiglobulin conjugate, was overall a more sensitive technique for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in cattle.
Development of a semiautomated microassay for bovine immunoglobulin E: Definition and standardization
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Dygert Bradley S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Although the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E concentration is a critical and valuable measurement in parasitic infections and allergic diseases, little has been reported on it in cattle. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure serum concentrations of bovine IgE. This assay was developed and standardized, using the statistical guidelines of the Bureau of Biological Standardization of National Institutes of Health. A reference serum used to standardize results was assigned a value of 100 IgE U/ml. Absorbance values for test samples were converted into IgE units by comparison with a standard curve, generated by dilutions of this reference serum. Serum samples from 160 adult cows and calves had a geometric mean of 17.8 IgE U/ml. The IgE values were higher in calves from parasite-infested pastures than in parasite-free calves and adult cows. This assay is the first procedure appropriate for multiautomated analysis of IgE in cattle.
Comparative efficacy of an experimental S45/20 bacterin and a reduced dose of strain 19 vaccine against bovine brucellosis
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Jasman R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Yearling beef heifers were vaccinated with 2 doses of an experimental Brucella abortus S45/20 bacterin or a reduced dose of strain 19 (S19) vaccine, or were used as nonvaccinated controls. None of the vaccinated heifers was positive by the acidified plate, Rivanol, complement-fixation, or card tests 5 months after inoculation. Sixteen of 21 heifers given S45/20 bacterin with trehalose dimycolate adjuvant had delayed hypersensitivity when skin was tested 7 months after initial vaccination, whereas none of the S19 vaccinates or controls was reactive.
After natural breeding, pregnant heifers were challenge exposed at 3.5 to 5 months of gestation with 2.5 × 107 viable B abortus S2308 organisms in the conjunctival sac. Abortions occurred as follows: 16/19 (84.2%) of heifers given S45/20 bacterin, 6/12 (50.0%) of heifers vaccinated with S19, and 17/18 (94.4%) of the nonvaccinated controls. Of the 10 heifers that calved normally, only 3 (1 in each group) were seropositive. A correlation was not seen between skin hypersensitivity and acquired resistance. Possible reasons for the poor protection with a reduced dose of S19 vaccine and the failure of S45/20 bacterin to enhance cellular resistance are discussed.
Furazolidone-induced congestive cardiomyopathy in ducklings: Myocardial ultrastructural alterations
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newly hatched male White Pekin ducklings were fed furazolidone (fz) at dosage of 750 mg/kg of feed for 4 weeks. Selected ducklings with advanced lesions of fz-induced congestive cardiomyopathy were used for ultrastructural study of the myocardial alterations. Semithin sections of plastic-embedded blocks of myocardium from these dilated hearts revealed diffuse myocytolysis, characterized by pale sarcoplasm and lack of cross-striations in affected myocytes. Evidence of myocardial necrosis, inflammation, or fibrosis was not observed. Ultrastructural study revealed that the principal alteration in cardiac muscle cells was diffuse myofibrillar lysis. The sarcoplasm of affected myocytes had scattered masses of free thick and thin myofilaments, clumps of Z-band material, and accumulations of cytoskeletal filaments. Numerous polyribosomes were present in the areas of lysis of contractile material, as were other normal-appearing organelles. Myofibrillar lysis may have resulted from fz-induced decreased synthesis, increased degradation, or disaggregation of contractile proteins. Ducklings with fz-induced congestive cardiomyopathy offer an attractive model for studies of the biochemical and ultrastructural alterations of myofibrillar lysis and drug-induced cardiac failure.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in newborn calves: Chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and tylosin
Authors: Burrows G. E. , Barto P. B. , Martin B. , Tripp M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of 3 antibiotics—chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and tylosin—were determined in newborn calves. The kinetic determinations, using 2-compartment open models, were made at increasing ages from 1 day to 42 days and compared with those made from 9-month-old calves. Although all 3 antibiotics require a degree of hepatic metabolism, there were marked differences in the development of elimination processes for the individual drugs. Elimination of tylosin, which was slow in the calves at birth, increased rapidly and was equal to that in older calves by the end of 1 week. Lincomycin elimination was not markedly reduced in calves at birth. Chloramphenicol elimination was slow in calves at birth and only by 4 to 6 weeks attained the rate found in older calves. Dosage adjustments would not be required for the antibiotics tylosin or lincomycin when given to newborn calves, but may be necessary for chloramphenicol given to calves before they are 4 to 6 weeks old.
Controlled tests with fenbendazole in equids: Special interest on activity of multiple doses against natural infections of migrating stages of strongyles
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three controlled tests (experiments A, B, and C) were conducted in equids for evaluation of activity of fenbendazole paste formulation, administered intraorally, against naturally acquired infections of internal parasites, particularly Strongylus vulgaris in the cranial mesenteric artery (experiments A and B), Strongylus edentatus in the ventral abdominal wall (all 3 experiments), and small strongyles in the mucosa of the cecum, ventral colon, and dorsal colon (all 3 experiments). Dose rates for fenbendazole were 7.5 mg/kg of body weight (experiment A) or 10 mg/kg (experiments B and C) given once daily for 5 consecutive days. The type and number of equids in the tests were as follows: experiment A—4 Quarter Horse yearlings, 2 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment B—8 horses mostly of mixed breeding, about 5 to 8 months old, 4 treated and 4 nontreated; and experiment C—3 Shetland-type pony yearlings, 2 treated and 1 nontreated. Time of necropsy relative to last day (5th day) of treatment was: experiment A—27 or 28 days for treated and 16 or 19 days for nontreated horses; experiment B—35, 36, or 37 days for treated and nontreated horses (at least 1 of each killed each day); and experiment C—34 days for treated and nontreated ponies.
Activities against parenteral stages of S vulgaris were moderately good at the 7.5 mg/kg dosage and excellent at the 10 mg/kg dose rate. For S edentatus, activity was excellent at the 2 dose rates. Removal of small strongyles from the mucosa was generally poor in experiment A and B, but excellent in experiment C.
Adult S vulgaris (present in experiments A and B) and adult S edentatus (present in experiments A and C) were efficaciously removed from the large intestine. A few specimens of S vulgaris, present in some treated animals, may have emerged from nodules in the mucosa between the time of treatment and necropsy, indicating lack or incomplete killing of stages of S vulgaris in nodules in the intestinal wall.
In experiment B, anthelmintic activity was evaluated also against certain parasites other than strongyles; removal activities against Draschia megastoma (mature), Parascaris equorum (immature and mature), and Oxyuris equi (mature) were excellent. For 2 other mature parasites (Thelazia lacrymalis and Habronema muscae), which were present in numbers possibly too low for proper drug evaluation, activity by fenbendazole was also excellent.
Toxicosis was not evident in any of the treated equids.
Histoquantitative effects of orchiectomy with and without testosterone enanthate treatment on the bovine epididymis
Authors: Goyal H. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The histoquantitative effects of orchiectomy with and without testosterone enanthate treatment on the bovine epididymis as relates to epithelial height, luminal diameter, and thickness of smooth muscle wall were determined. With androgen deprivation (induced by orchiectomy), epithelial heights in epididymal regions I, II, III, IV, V, and VI were reduced to 25%, 47%, 46%, 39%, 39%, and 79% of the controls respectively. In the orchiectomized bulls treated with testosterone, the epithelial height in region I increased to only 29% of the controls and the heights reached 58% to 67% of the controls in regions II to V and as much as 111% in region VI. These data indicate that circulating testosterone does not have an important role in maintaining the epithelial height in region I, whereas it seems to be solely responsible for its maintenance in region VI. The epithelial heights in regions, II, III, IV, and V are probably dependent on both circulating and luminal androgens.
Similar to the epithelial height, the luminal diameter in all regions was markedly reduced by orchiectomy; however, testosterone treatment failed to restore the diameter to the control levels.
In contrast to the epithelial height and luminal diameter, the thickness of the smooth muscle wall in all regions was significantly increased following orchiectomy. Although it decreased in the orchiectomized bulls treated with testosterone, it was still thicker than that of controls. The relative significance of luminal and circulating androgens in maintaining the structure and function of the epididymal epithelium is discussed.
Halothane potency in pigs (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. , Steffey E. P 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration for halothane in oxygen which just prevented gross purposeful movement to a tail clamp stimulus averaged 0.91 ± 0.03 (sem) volumes % in 12 pigs (Sus scrofa). This value compares favorably with halothane minimum alveolar values reported for other nonhuman mammalian species.
Toxicity investigation of fenbendazole, an anthelmintic of swine
Authors: Hayes R. H. , Oehme F. W. , Leipold H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The toxicity of fenbendazole, an anthelmintic for use in swine, was tested by feeding 8 growing pigs 2,000 mg of fenbendazole/kg of body weight daily for 14 days. A transient leukopenia developed on day 6, but values returned to base line on day 18, 4 days after discontinuation of dosing. Sorbitol dehydrogenase values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from day 4 and returned to base line on day 20. Marked gross or histopathologic lesions were not found.
Safety of fenbendazole in swine
Authors: Hayes R. H. , Oehme F. W. , Leipold H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The safety of fenbendazole, an anthelmintic for use in swine, was tested by feeding 0, 25, 75, or 125 mg of fenbendazole/kg of body weight for 5 days. A dose-related transient leukopenia developed on day 7, but values returned to base line on day 15. In the groups fed 75 or 125 mg, sorbitol dehydrogenase activity increased on day 3 but returned to base line on day 10. Significant gross or histopathologic lesions were not found.
Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa ulcerative keratitis model in the dog
Authors: Wyman M. , Swanson C. , Kowalski J. J. , Powers Jean D. , Boraski E. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primary Pseudomonas aeruginosa ulcerative keratitis and accompanying secondary ocular disease were induced bilaterally in 12 of 12 dogs subjected to corneal trephination and intrastromal inoculation. Successful experimental infection was based on recovery of viable Pseudomonas organisms from the lesions, as well as gross and biomicroscopic appearance of the corneas.
Furazolidone-induced congestive cardiomyopathy in ducklings: Lack of protection from selenium, vitamin E, and taurine supplements
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newly hatched male White Pekin ducklings (n = 108) were allotted to 6 groups of 18 each and were fed for 4 weeks diets containing 750 mg of furazolidone (fz)/kg of feed either alone or with supplements of vitamin E (250 IU of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg), selenium (2.5 mg as selenite/kg) or taurine (1%). Control groups were fed diets without fz and with or without added taurine (1%). Ducklings in the 4 fz-fed groups had retarded growth, mortality, ascites, and cardiac alterations of congestive cardiomyopathy. Supplements of vitamin E, selenium, or taurine did not protect against the development of the cardiac and extracardiac alterations of fz toxicosis. These findings could indicate that the development of fz-induced congestive cardiomyopathy is not mediated by low tissue concentrations of selenium, vitamin E, or taurine.
In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on Escherichia coli
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Jones M. S. , Gilbert J. P. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents [chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, and triple sulfa (sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, and sulfathiozole]) were tested for synergistic activities against Escherichia coli. Three in vitro tests were used including minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs, a 2-dimensional microtiter checkerboard technique, and bacterial inhibition studies. A strong synergistic inhibitory action was observed with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus penicillin and EDTA-tromethamine plus oxytetracycline. Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus chloramphenicol also had a synergistic action, but to a lesser extent than that with penicillin and oxytetracycline. When streptomycin or nalidixic acid was mixed with EDTA-tromethamine, a slight synergistic action was noticed. There was no synergistic effect recorded with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and triple sulfa. Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and polymyxin B had an antagonistic effect.
Induction of luteolysis in goats with prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Hill Andrea , Ott R. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
On day 10 of each estrous cycle, 19 cycling does were given (im) 1 of 3 dosage levels of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) or saline solution. After injections, goats were observed twice daily for behavioral estrus, and serum concentrations of progesterone (P4) were determined from daily blood collections to measure response to treatment. Every dose of pgf2α (0.0165 mg/kg of body weight, 0.0275 mg/kg, and 0.0385 mg/kg) was administered during 20 estrous cycles, and 0.25 ml of saline solution was administered during 12 estrous cycles. Fourteen of 20, 15 of 20, 20 of 20, and 0 of 12 does exhibited signs of behavioral estrus within 96 hours of injections of 0.0165 mg of pgf2α/kg, 0.0275 mg of pgf2α/kg, 0.0385 mg of pgf2α/kg, and saline solution, respectively. A decline in mean concentrations of peripheral P4 from 3.6, 3.8, 4.4, and 4.3 ng/ml to < 1 ng/ml within 24 hours was observed in 15 of 20, 16 of 20, 20 of 20, and 0 of 10 does after injections of 0.0165 mg of pgf2α/kg, 0.0275 mg of pgf2α/kg, 0.0385 mg of pgf2α/kg, and saline solution, respectively. The dosage level of 0.0385 mg of pgf2α/kg (1.75 mg of pgf2α/45.36 kg) was effective for induction of estrus in 100% of the does.
Frequency of jowl abscesses in feeder and market swine exposed to group E streptococci as nursing pigs
Authors: Miller R. B. , Olson L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Weaning and isolation were evaluated as management methods in controlling streptococcic lymphadenitis of swine. Nursing pigs in 3 experiments were exposed to group E streptococcus (ges) by contact with their ges-inoculated dams or other ges-inoculated pen mates. The exposed pigs were either weaned and isolated when 5, 6, or 8 weeks old or left in contact with the inoculated swine until 14 to 32 weeks old when all were necropsied. Abscesses were not recognized in 13 weaned or 7 unweaned pigs necropsied at 14 to 15 weeks of age, but ges was isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of 4 of the 7 unweaned pigs. Abscesses were recognized in 1 of 49 unweaned and 4 of 53 weaned swine when examined at market weight (24 or 32 weeks of age). In the 3rd experiment, 10 of 11 inoculated sows, one of 33 unweaned, and 11 of 25 weaned swine had serum titers > 4 to ges in a microtitration agglutination test.
Susceptibility of sows to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis
Authors: Ross Richard F. , Harmon R. L. , Zimmermann Barbara J. , Young Theresa F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to compare susceptibility of sows from 2 herds to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Four sows each from herds R and S were inoculated intramammarily at postpartum hour 8 with a strain of E coli shown previously to be capable of producing mastitis. After inoculation with E coli, sows from herd S had higher temperatures, lower wbc counts, and lower plasma protein:fibrinogen ratios than did sows from herd R. Inoculated sows from herd S lost 83% of newborn pigs due to starvation by 14 days after inoculation, whereas sows from herd R lost none. Control, noninoculated sows from both herds had normal temperatures, normal hematologic values, and minimal mortality of piglets. Levels of antibodies (complement fixing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and agglutinating) to E coli in preinoculation sera from the 2 populations of sows did not differ. Assay of lactoferrin by radial immunoassay revealed comparable concentrations in milk of sows from both herds during the first 24 hours after sows had delivered, but significantly higher values were detected in milk from sows of herd S at postpartum days 2 and 3. The basis for the marked difference in susceptibility to E coli-induced mastitis was not determined except that “susceptible” sows (herd S) were from a conventional herd and “resistant” sows (herd R) were from a specific-pathogen-free herd.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and Escherichia coli endotoxin: Comparative observations in goats on fever and associated clinical hematologic and blood biochemical changes after intravenous and intramammary administration
Authors: van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. , van Duin C. Th. M. , Verheijden J. H. M. , Schotman A. J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Staphylococcal and coliform infections theoretically could lead to the circulation of potent toxins throughout the body. Moreover, staphylococcal enterotoxins are important causes of food poisoning. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the characteristics of purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb) given to goats by iv (dose 0.02 to 2 μg/kg) and intramammary routes (1 mg). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rumen motility, plasma zinc and iron concentrations, and certain other blood biochemical and hematological values were studied and compared with the changes seen after Escherichia coli endotoxin is administered (dose: 0.1 μg/kg iv and 1 mg intramammarily). Similar changes such as fever, tachycardia, inhibition of rumen contractions, drop in plasma zinc and iron concentrations, lymphopenia, and neutropenia followed by neutrophilic leukocytosis and changes in serum enzymes activities were observed, although the patterns were different for the 2 toxins. In contrast to the effects of E coli lipopolysaccharide (lps), seb induced abdominal cramping pain, watery diarrhea with pseudomembranes, hemoconcentration, and increase in blood urea nitrogen. However, the latter effects were not present after intramammary seb administration. Fever, tachycardia, and decrease in plasma zinc and iron concentrations in the absence of a marked inhibitory effect upon rumen motility were seen after intramammary E coli lps infusion.
The results obtained demonstrate that the goat is a susceptible species and a useful model to study the gastrointestinal effects caused by seb. Moreover, the results obtained after intramammary administration indicate that endogenous inflammatory substances may be released from the udder instead of E coli lps absorption. However, absorption of seb from the udder could not be excluded. The present finding that no clear relationship could be found between the temperature response, and the alterations in plasma zinc and iron plasma values support the theory that the febrile reactions and the changes in plasma trace metals are mediated by different proteins released by activated macrophages.
Response to saline solution of normally fed horses and horses dehydrated by fasting
Authors: Carlson Gary P. , Rumbaugh Gary E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Response to 4 hours' infusion of 20 L of saline solution was studied in healthy horses given the usual feed and water and in horses dehydrated by feed and water deprivation. Seven healthy horses in 8 trials urinated an average of 8.9 L during the infusion period. The mean 24-hour urinary production was 20.8 L, containing 3,310 mEq, 2,122 mEq, and 3,901 mEq of sodium, potassium, and chloride, respectively.
In contrast, only 1 of the 7 dehydrated horses urinated during the infusion. Mean 24-hour urine volume for the group was 9.1 L. Urinary sodium excretion (2,532 mEq) was not significantly different from that of the healthy horses, but potassium and chloride losses were significantly reduced (to 892 mEq and 2,918 mEq, respectively). Alterations in pcv, total plasma protein, and plasma sodium and chloride concentrations, and osmolality after the infusion were quantitatively similar in the 2 groups of horses. Significant reductions in pcv and total plasma protein persisted for 6 to 8 hours, and plasma potassium concentration was decreased for 4 to 6 hours. Plasma sodium concentration remained largely unchanged, and plasma chloride was significantly increased over preinfusion concentration for a period of 12 hours.
The results of the study confirmed reports that the relative water deficit produced by feed and water deprivation is not readily corrected by infusion of saline solution. Since sodium and chloride depletions were not the primary problems, there was a nearly quantitative urinary excretion of the infused saline solution. The elimination of the excess sodium chloride required major renal adjustments and increased urinary water loss. A close relationship between net fluid retention (as indicated by change in body weight) and urine output was demonstrated.