bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of cultivation on aeration, drainage, and other soil factors important in plant growth
Authors: Hawkins J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the value of cultivation experiments in which crop yields are taken as a measure of the effects of different tillage treatments The soil properties important in plant growth, which can be influenced by cultivation, are discussed together with the problems of measuring these properties in the field. In particular, the importance of cultivations in water movement, the resistance of soil to root penetration and in aeration are considered. Experiments to measure the oxygen consumption of soils and plant root systems under near‐field conditions are briefly described and a method outlined of measuring the rates of diffusion of gases in soil in situ. Results are given of some preliminary experiments to examine the effects of soil physical conditions on oxygen consumption.
Chemical and biological evaluation of some protein feeds for poultry
Authors: Ascarelli I. , Gestetner B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of chemical and biological methods have been tested as indexes of protein quality in three of the most important protein supplements used in the nutrition of non‐ruminant animals.For the evaluation of fish meals, the simplified modification of Bender's Net Protein Utilisation (KPU) method for rats was successfully adapted to chickens, and the necessary regression of water on nitrogen content was calculated for 14‐day‐old Leghorn cockerels. No satisfactory correlation was found between hydroxyproline content and NPU value of fish meals. The usefulness of the determination of available lysine to test overheating is confirmed.In soya‐bean meal the best method is the dye (Cresol red) absorption method, which could differentiate all degrees of heating and showed a very good correlation with biological results. Methods based on measurement of antitryptic or urease activity also showed satisfactory correlation with nutritive value of underheated or properly heated meals but they could not detect overheating. Improvement of methionine availability by heating was clearly shown. Available lysine was markedly reduced only by overheating.In cottonseed meal, normal processing caused changes which could be shown, e.g., by liberation of amino‐groups in tryptic digests or by determination of available lysine, but nutritional differences between various commercial meals could not be found by these methods. Results of biological tests with cottonseed meal, soya‐bean meal and mixtures of the two showed the advantage of the nse of mixed rations in comparison with the use of cottonseed meal only.
Drying and storage of npk granular fertilisers based on superphosphate and containing urea as a plant nutrient
Authors: Jewell R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an investigation of the properties of NPK fertilisers which contain urea as a plant food, the effects of free moisture, free acidity, urea content and temperature on their stability during storage have been studied.It is concluded that to ensure complete stability of NPK fertilisers (N 10, P2O5, 10, K,2O 18%) containing superphosphate and urea (2‐15%).Other conclusions are that (a) losses of nitrogen during storage are negligible, and that (b) insoluble phosphates formed during storage are in ‚available’︁ forms as determined by the neutral ammonium citrate test.

a maximum granule temperature of 70°G is preferable during the drying process, although temperatures up to 90°G could be tolerated if the drying time is limited to about 15 min.
for incorporation with urea, ammonium sulphate is somewhat preferable to ammonium nitrate, as it gives a more stable product
the fertilisers should be stored at 35° or lower.
Accumulation and distribution of nickel in wheat treated with nickel salts
Authors: Hoffman I. , Carson R. B. , Forsyth F. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of inorganic nickel salts for rust control in wheat results in the deposition of nickel in the flour, feed and bran portions, the contents found being lowest in the flour, higher in the feed portion and highest in the bran. Levels of application which were effective against rust gave moderate nickel residues in feed and bran but negligible amounts in flour. Nickel sulphate hexahydrate was generally superior to the chloride and nitrate salts. Application of nickel solutions to wheat results in more than a mere surface deposition on the grain.
Results of trials in trinidad and jamaica with a pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide emulsion to protect stored cocoa beans from insect infestation
Authors: Brooke J. P. , Breese M. H. , McFarlane J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments are described in which emulsions containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide were applied to cocoa beans for the prevention of insect infestation during storage. The laboratory experiments demonstrate excellent control of Lasioderma. serricorne for up to 6 months' storage. In field tests in Trinidad, some protection against Ephestia cautella and Tribolium castaneuni is indicated. In field tests in Jamaica, the treatment had no effect against E. cautella or L. serricorne.Initial fumigation is necessary and the quality of cocoa beans will have considerable bearing upon the effectiveness of the treatment. Under practical conditions of storage in the tropics the treatment will give fumigated beans some protection against subsequent infestation by E. rautella or T. castaneurm but it will not control an existing infestation in cocoa.
Residues of trichlorphon (neguvon) in milk after dermal application to cattle
Authors: Wickham J. C. , Flanagan P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe probability that trichlorphon may be used to control warbles in dairy cattle has raised the question of whether milk from treated animals will contain any harmful residues. Results from bioassays show that, when applied as a dermal wash at a maximum of 2 pints of 2% solution or 1 pint of 4% solution per animal, the level of insecticide present in the milk does not at any time exceed 0.4 p.p.m. and if more than 6 h. has elapsed after treatment, the level is generally about 0.1 p.p.m. It is considered that this level does not present a hazard to any consumer. The presence of open warble holes does not materially affect the amount of trichlorphon secreted in the milk.
Free radicals in lyophilised food materials
Authors: Munday K. A. , Edwards M. L. , Kerkut G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFood materials dried by the accelerated freeze drying (A.F.D.) process have been tested for free radicals and the concentration and properties of the free radicals compared with those in fresh heart muscle. In fresh muscle at 77° K, the free‐radical concentration was between 2.0 and 5.2 × 1015 per g. of tissue; A.F.D. minced beef 8.28 × 1015; A.F.D. herring 6.47 × 1014; A.F.D. maize 1.78 × 1014; A.F.D. rat cake 1.30 × 1014. No free radicals were detected in either the minced beef or maize before A.F.D. processing; nor could free radicals be detected in a quick‐frozen (−15° c) sample of minced beef stored some weeks. There is a higher concentration of free radicals when the lipid content of the food is high. The free‐radical concentration increased in A.F.D. food in the presence of air and oxygen and also when it was heated to 100° c. The addition of water to A.F.D. food reduced the free‐radical concentration to undetectable levels.
Effect of sodium chloride on the growth of certain yeasts of marine origin
Authors: Ross Sheena S. , Morris E. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of sodium chloride on the ability to grow, on growth rate, and on optimum cell yield of certain species of yeasts from marine fish have been investigated. These yeasts fall into two definite groups depending on the concentration of salt which permits optimum growth; within each group minor differences in response are observed. Debaryomyces spp. are shown to possess greater halo‐tolerance than most of the other genera and, further, yeasts of marine origin are usually more halo‐tolerant than corresponding species of terrestrial origin. As the concentration of salt increases to 8.0% w/v the duration of the lag phase increases, that of the log phase decreases, and the growth rate remains constant. Further investigations reveal that a complex organic nitrogen source can stimulate growth and increase the maximum salt‐tolerance.
Effect of castration on composition of the depot fats of monozygous twin cattle
Authors: Dahl Olle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCastration of male monozygous twin cattle slaughtered at 25 months of age is followed by a slight increase of the iodine value of perinephric, mesenteric and subcutaneous fats. This increase is due to a somewhat higher content of oleic acid and a lower content of stesric acid in the steer fats than in the corresponding bull fats. The steers tend to deposit a slightly yellower external fat than the bulls.Apart from castration, very great differences between the fatty acid composition of external and internal fats were observed.
Protein denaturation in frozen fish. VII.—Effect of the onset and resolution of rigor mortis on denaturation
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPre‐rigor frozen cod were found to be less denatured than post‐rigor material under a wide range of conditions, ‚denaturation’︁ being loss of salt‐solubility of the proteins. Pre‐rigor frozen cod only became less soluble in salt solution than post‐rigor fish when the muscle was able to contract freely on thawing out. This occurred when bits, of the order of 1 g., or thin strips were thawed quickly. If the fragments were thawed slowly, or if whole fillets or entire fish were used, the contraction did not take place and the protein was not affected.The salt‐solubility of fresh pre‐rigor muscle (‚never‐frozen’︁) was always low compared with that of post‐rigor muscle, and it was found that if pre‐rigor muscle went into rigor as fillets, not as whole fish, i.e., was free to contract, the salt‐solubility remained low indefinitely.
Fermentation studies on wet herbage
Authors: McDonald P. , Stirling A. C. , Henderson A. R. , Whittenbury R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments are described in which the fermentation changes in ensiled wet herbage were studied. In the first experiment Lolium italicum, containing 19.6% of soluble carbohydrate, was used in four silos. Water was added in two silos during filling to reduce the dry matter content from 21.5%; to 17.0%. Although all four silages were well preserved the gaseous losses occurring in the ‚wet silages’︁ were almost three times those obtained from the drier materials. The addition in one treatment of a small amount of soil (0.1%) during filling did not affect adversely the fermentation changes.In the second experiment, Dactylis glomerata containing 6.2% of soluble carbohydrate was ensiled with and without the addition of water. In this experiment 2% molasses was added to two silos as an additional treatment. The resultant silages were not well preserved although the addition of molasses and water produced a silage of lower pH value than when water alone was added.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. V.—knock‐down activity of the four constituents with piperonyl butoxide
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paralysis (knock‐down) and the subsequent recovery or death of female house flies treated by a measured drop method was studied with each of the four active constituents of pyrethrum extract alone and in the presence of piperonyl butoxide (1 part of pyrethroid + 10 parts of piperonyl butoxide) in n‐dodecane as solvent at 20°.Knock‐down was faster, lasted longer and the knock‐down end‐point was reached later when the flies were treated with the constituents in the presence of piperonyl butoxide. The synergist increased the overall efficiency of the constituents, probably because it inhibited the recovery mechanism of the flies. The effect of the synergist was least during the first few minutes after treatment; the synergistic factor increased most rapidly during the first 2 h, after treatment.Piperonyl butoxide changed the order and the magnitude of the relative toxicities from those obtained with the constituents alone. Four min. after treatment, when the effect of the synergist was very slight, the order of the relative toxicities of the mixtures, pyrethrin II, cinerin II, pyrethrin I, cinerin I, was the same as for the constituents alone. Three h. later it changed to (constituents alone in brackets) pyrethrin I (pyrethrin II), cinerin I (pyrethrin I), pyrethrin II (cinerin I), cinerin II (cinerin II) and it was the same at death (24 h. after treatment). Cinerin I and pyrethrin I were synergised most, cinerin II and pyrethrin II least, both during knock‐down and at death.
Variation in nodulation characteristics in s.100 nomark white clover (trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Jones D. Gareth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nodulation of S.100 Nomark white clover inoculated with an effective rhizobial strain was investigated. There was a wide range of variation in total numbers, size and weight of nodules and in the degree of symbiotic effectiveness, as indicated by the growth of the plants in a nitrogen‐free medium.The time taken to form the first nodule ranged from 4 to 16 days. Earliness of nodule formation and total nodule weight were significantly correlated with harvest dry weight, but there was no correlation between total nodule numbers per plant and harvest dry weight.
Changes in amount of myosin extractable from cod flesh during storage at −14°
Authors: Connell J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative aspects of the extraction from fresh and cold‐stored cod flesh of myosin as free as possible of actomyosin have been examined. A method for extraction of a large proportion of reasonably pure myosin has been standardised and used to study the changes in extractability of this protein during cold‐storage of cod flesh. It appears that 70‐80% of the myosin becomes non‐extractable at a rate similar to that at which the total myofibrillar protein of the flesh becomes non‐extractable. The remainder becomes non‐extractable at a very much slower rate. The implications of these findings in the mechanism of cold‐storage deterioration in texture are discussed.
Contamination of bagged whole ginger after surface treatment with two synthetic contact insecticides
Authors: McFarlane J. A. , Donegan L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStandard size hessian sacks containing whole ginger were sprayed with aqueous dispersions of DDT water‐dispersible powder (one application: estimated deposit 800 mg./sq. ft.) or malathion water‐dispersible powder (six, monthly applications: estimated total deposit 1400 mg./sq. ft.), and stored in a warehouse in Jamaica. Insecticide residues in surface samples taken after 5 weeks (upper side) and 31 weeks (lower side) did not exceed 14 and 17 p.p.m, respectively for DDT and z and 5 p.p.m. respectively for malathion. High amounts of residual DDT were apparently correlated not only with length of storage but also with restricted ventilation during storage. Such a correlation was not apparent in the case of malathion.It is concluded that DDT should not be used for the protection of large stacks of bagged whole ginger without further investigation, but that malathion used at normal rates over a 6‐month period would not cause significant contamination.
Phosphorus in calcareous soils. II.—Determination of the organic phosphorus content of calcareous soils and its relation to soil calcium carbonate content
Authors: Gupta M. B. Sen , Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe organic phosphorus content of 33 calcareous soils (0.1‐52.4% CaCO3,) was determined by the ignition method and by hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Mean values for organic phosphorus expressed as a percentage of the total phosphorus were 14.5% and 15.6% for the two methods respectively, although a few individual soils showed wide differences. Organic phosphorus as n percentage of total phosphorus was significantly correlated with % CaCO3 in the soils.
Further evaluation of proteins for the growing chicken by the carcass retention method
Authors: Fisher H. , Summers J. D. , Wessels J. P. H. , Shapiro R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study are reported further net protein values (SPV) of protein sources used either commercially or in the laboratory with the growing chicken. A dehulled soya meal was a better protein source than non‐dehulled meal. Dried beef prepared in the laboratory gave one of the highest NPV yet determined in our laboratory. When a commercial fish or meat meal was used as a supplement to a maize‐soya‐lucerne protein combination, the former protein significantly improved the KPV of the mixture, whereas the latter did not. Safflower protein, when supplemented with the limiting amino‐acids, methionine and lysine, supported excellent growth but the XPV was much inferior to those of other proteins that supported equivalent growth.
Fatty acid composition of the milk fat of the eland antelope (taurotragus oryx)
Authors: Cmelik S. H. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acetone‐soluble milk fat of the eland has been analysed. The saturated and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids have been separated and determined quantitatively by reversed‐phase paper chromatography in the system undecane‐acetic acid. Polyunsaturated acids, both conjugated and non‐conjugated, are also present in small quantities. A glyceride identical with palmito‐distearin has been isolated.
Electrophoretic analysis of flour proteins. II.—gluten
Authors: Koenig V. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the electrophoretic composition of the gluten proteins in acidic and basic buffers was undertaken. Three main components predominated, although at different distributions, when gluten was analysed in acidic and basic buffers. In addition, there were small amounts of other components—probably some ‘salt‐soluble’ proteins trapped in the gluten. Acidic and basic extracts of the residues from the extraction of flour with o‐IM‐sodium chloride yielded components similar to those appearing in gluten. Basic and acidic extracts of flour yielded components similar to those appearing in gluten, and in addition, the ‘salt‐soluble’ proteins and polysaccharides. Adjustment to acid pH of alkaline extracts of flour and the above‐mentioned extraction residues did not give electrophoretic patterns identical with those of acidic extracts.Electrophoretic enantiography was best in the acid buffers. Sodium chloride‐hydrochloric acid buffers approached phosphate and aluminium lactate buffers in excellence. Dispersions of gluten in cupric ammonium sulphite were also analysed electrophoretically.Electrophoretic analyses of gluten from flour defatted with butanol and butanol‐ether differed little from those of gluten from intact flour. There was, however, a difference in the electrophoretic analysis of gluten obtained from flour exhaustively extracted with a series of lipid solvents.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. V.—through‐circulation drying of ascophyllum nodosum in a semi‐continuous dryer
Authors: Merritt J. H. , Young E. Gordon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying of the common rockweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, has been studied on a semi‐commercial scale by through‐circulation in a semi‐continuous dryer of original design to determine optimum conditions. A feasible loading for fresh rockweed of 8°% initial moisture content was approximately 6° Ib./sq. ft./tray with air flow up to 8° Ib. of dry air/min./sq. ft. At temperatures from 120° to 21° F heat consumptions of 1200–2000 B.Th.U./lb. of water evaporated were recorded. The yield of alginate was unaffected by the temperature employed, but discoloration of the powdered weed and of the extracted product occurred in direct proportion to it. The coefficient of viscosity of the alginate was approximately inversely proportional to the temperature of drying.
Citrus essential oils. III.—evaluation of sicilian natural lemon oils
Authors: Slater C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn examination of the infra‐red spectra of the oxygenated fractions of Sicilian natural lemon oils has made possible a new method of evaluation which agrees very closely with the results obtained by classical methods of analysis and organoleptic testing. In addition, methods are suggested for the detection of adulteration of natural lemon oils.
Seasonal variations in cod liver oil
Authors: Dewitt K. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe iodine value of cod liver oil varies regularly in an annual cycle over a range of 20–30 units. Maximum values occur in winter, an abrupt fall takes place in March, when the cod spawns, and the unsaturation slowly increases again during the summer period of intensive feeding.These changes in iodine value correspond to complementary changes in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids and the total monoenoic acids, the saturated fatty acids of the oil remaining virtually constant throughout the cycle.
Relationship between ‘antitryptic factors’ of some plant protein feeds and products of proteolysis precipitable by trichloroacetic acid
Authors: Bielorai Rachel , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA correlation exists between the level of antitryptic factors present in pancreatic digests and the amount of nitrogen precipitable from those digests by trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Large amounts of TCA‐precipitable nitrogen were obtained from digests of raw soya‐bean meal (RSBM), medium amounts from those of toasted soya‐bean meal (TSBM) and sunflower meal, whereas animal protein feeds and cottonseed meal lacked such a fraction. The quantity of TCA‐precipitable fraction obtainable from a pancreatic digest of TSBM or sunflower meal depends on the ratio between inhibitors and enzyme present in the assay mixture.Heavy TCA precipitates were also obtained from the intestinal contents of chickens which had been fed RSBM. This may be taken as evidence for the stability of this fraction during in vivo digestion. On the other hand, TCA yields only very slight precipitates when added to intestinal contents of chickens fed fish meal, cottonseed meal, TSBM or sunflower meal. The proteolytic enzymes secreted into the intestine are apparently sufficient to overcome the moderate amounts of inhibitors present in TSBM or sunflower meal.
Effects of alpha‐amylases on pregelatinised starches, as measured by the amylograph
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Shellenberger J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEleven starches, pregelatinised under standardised conditions in the Amylograph, were subjected to the action of various amounts of fungal, bacterial and malt‐α‐amylases. On an equal basis of dextrinogenic activity, malt amylases showed highest liquefying properties for each of the starches; fungal amylase was lowest, and bacterial amylase was comparable with malt amylase.Comparison of liquefaction by equal amounts of α‐amylase showed that the highest susceptibility to enzymic action was exhibited by waxy cereal starches.
Hypomagnesaemia in sheep. Some inconsistencies
Authors: Hemingway R. G. , Ritchie N. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAttention is drawn to the wide variation in plasma‐magnesium values found amongst individual ewes in 12 flocks of sheep. The overall mean value for 389 ewes around lambing time was 1.7 mg. of Mg/100 ml. with a standard deviation of about ± 0.4. Extreme hypomagnesaemia is frequently encountered with no sign of clinical tetany. Neither age of ewe nor number of lambs suckled had consistent depressive effects. Individual responses to oral magnesium supplementation are extremely varied. Results obtained in one set of circumstances cannot be applied to other conditions especially if the contrast is between housed and grazing ewes.