bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caste differences in venom volatiles and their effect on alarm behaviour in the paper waspPolistes dominulus (Christ)
Authors: Bruschini Claudia , Cervo Rita , Protti Ilaria , Turillazzi Stefano 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYFoundresses and workers of Polistes paper wasps show slight morphological and physiological differences. However, after the emergence of the workers, the castes can be readily discriminated by their behaviour: the dominant foundress is the principal egg-layer, whereas workers perform different tasks linked to colony development. Previous studies have demonstrated in this genus that defence of the colony by the workers is more effectively carried out by a collective response elicited by venom volatiles used as alarm pheromones. In the present study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of the venom volatiles of foundresses and workers of Polistes dominulus (Christ) show predominantly quantitative differences. Spiroacetals, mainly(E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, are significantly higher in the venom volatiles fraction of workers, whereas the amount of N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide is almost double in foundresses. On the basis of the chemical results, behavioural assays were performed on fifteen field colonies to test the alarm response of the resident wasps to venom extracts from foundresses and workers. Our behavioural results suggest that worker venom has a stronger alarm effect on the colonies than that of the foundresses, which seems unable to elicit the complete alarm response ending with a final attack and sting. The venom volatiles of P. dominulusworkers serve mainly to alarm the colony whilst those of foundresses may also be linked to additional functions related to conspecific interactions.
Physiological and molecular mechanisms of osmoregulatory plasticity in killifish after seawater transfer
Authors: Scott Graham R. , Baker Daniel W. , Schulte Patricia M. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYWe have explored the molecular and physiological responses of the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus to transfer from brackish water (10% seawater) to 100% seawater for 12 h, 3 days or 7 days. Plasma[Na+] and [Cl–] were unchanged after transfer, and plasma cortisol underwent a transient increase. Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased 1.5-fold in the gills and opercular epithelium at 7 days (significant in gills only), responses that were preceded by three- to fourfold increases in Na+/K+-ATPase α1a mRNA expression. Expression of Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter 1, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)Cl– channel, Na+/H+-exchanger 3(significant in opercular epithelium only) and carbonic anhydrase II mRNA also increased two- to fourfold after transfer. Drinking rate increased over twofold after 12 h and remained elevated for at least 7 days. Surprisingly,net rates of water and ion absorption measured in vitro across isolated intestines decreased ∼50%, possibly due to reduced salt demands from the diet in seawater, but water absorption capacity still exceeded the drinking rate. Changes in bulk water absorption were well correlated with net ion absorption, and indicated that slightly hyperosmotic solutions (⩾298 mmol l–1) were transported. There were no reductions in unidirectional influx of Na+ from luminal to serosal fluid or intestinal Na+/K+-ATPase activity after transfer. Overall, our results indicate that gill and opercular epithelia function similarly at a molecular level in seawater, in contrast to their divergent function in freshwater, and reveal unexpected changes in intestinal function. As such they provide further insight into the mechanisms of euryhalinity in killifish.
Sexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics: tympanal vibrations ofCicada orni
Authors: Sueur Jérôme , Windmill James F. C. , Robert Daniel 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYIn cicadas, the tympanum is anatomically intricate and employs complex vibrations as a mechanism for auditory frequency analysis. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanics of Cicada orni can be characterized in controlled acoustical conditions. The tympanum of C. orni moves following a simple drum-like motion, rather than the travelling wave found in a previous study of Cicadatra atra. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the tympanal mechanics. The large male tympanum is unexpectedly insensitive to the dominant frequency of its own calling song,possibly a reflection of its dual purpose as a sound emitter and receiver. The small female tympanum appears to be mechanically sensitive to the dominant frequency of the male calling song and to high-frequency sound, a capacity never suspected before in these insects. This sexual dimorphism probably results from a set of selective pressures acting in divergent directions,which are linked to the different role of the sexes in sound reception and production. These discoveries serve to indicate that there is far more to be learnt about the development of the cicada ear, its biomechanics and evolution, and the cicada's acoustic behaviour.
In vivostrains in the femur of river cooter turtles(Pseudemys concinna) during terrestrial locomotion: tests of force-platform models of loading mechanics
Authors: Butcher Michael T. , Espinoza Nora R. , Cirilo Stephanie R. , Blob Richard W. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYPrevious analyses of ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematic data from river cooter turtles (Pseudemys concinna) during terrestrial walking led to three primary conclusions about the mechanics of limb bone loading in this lineage: (1) the femur was loaded in a combination of axial compression,bending and torsion, similar to previously studied non-avian reptiles, (2)femoral shear stresses were high despite the possession of a reduced tail in turtles that does not drag on the ground and (3) stress-based calculations of femoral safety factors indicated high values in bending and torsion, similar to other reptiles and suggesting that substantial `overbuilding' of limb bones could be an ancestral feature of tetrapods. Because force-platform analyses produce indirect estimates of bone loading, we sought to validate these conclusions by surgically implanting strain gauges on turtle femora to directly measure in vivo strains during terrestrial walking. Strain analyses verified axial compression and bending as well as high torsion in turtle femora, with peak axial strains comparable to those of other non-avian reptiles at similar walking speeds but higher peak shear strains approaching 2000 μϵ. Planar strain analyses showed patterns of neutral axis (NA)of femoral bending orientations and shifting generally consistent with our previous force-platform analyses of bone stresses, tending to place the anterior and dorsal aspects of the femur in tension and verifying an unexpected pattern from our force studies that differs from patterns in other non-avian reptiles. Calculated femoral safety factors were 3.8 in torsion and ranged from 4.4 to 6.9 in bending. Although these safety factors in bending were lower than values derived from our stress-based calculations, they are similar to strain-based safety factors calculated for other non-avian reptiles in terrestrial locomotion and are still high compared with safety factors calculated for limb bones of birds and mammals. These findings are consistent with conclusions drawn from our previous models of limb bone stresses in turtles and suggest that not only are turtle limb bones `overbuilt' in terms of resisting the loads that they experience during locomotion but also, across tetrapod lineages, elevated torsion and high limb bone safety factors may be primitive features of limb bone design.
Virtual prototyping of flexible soldering cells for electronic manufacture
Authors: Vera D A , Conway P P , Monfared R P , West A A 
Published: July 2008

A new generation of soldering facility for small to medium-sized European electronics enterprises has been designed, prototyped, and investigated in a collaborative effort by a number of European manufacturers and research groups. The prototyped soldering cell was designed to improve the agility of small electronics manufacturers to cope with the growing demand for lower-volume batches of highly mixed product varieties. The proposed flexible soldering cell comprises a number of advanced soldering ovens and a materials handling system. The present paper describes the design specifications and implementation of a three-dimensional virtual engineering environment developed to support system and production engineers during the design, test, and validation phases of various cell control and hardware configurations, by enabling the simulation of a virtual cell‘s response to a range of production scenarios.
Surface integrity and tool life when turning Inconel 718 using ultra-high pressure and flood coolant systems
Authors: Sharman A R C , Hughes J I , Ridgway K 
Published: July 2008

The use of high-pressure cutting fluids has been shown to increase tool life or enable higher cutting speeds to be used when machining advanced aerospace materials such as Inconel 718. Cutting fluids act to provide cooling and to reduce friction between the tool and the chip. When supplied at high pressure, greater cooling and penetration of the fluid into the interface between the tool and the chip occur, when compared to conventional flood supply. Both these factors have the potential to alter the resulting surface integrity of the machined component. Following a brief review of the general machinability of Inconel 718, a series of experiments examining the effects of varying the cutting fluid supply pressure and direction of the jet are detailed when finish turning. Surprisingly, no increase in tool life was observed when using up to 450 bar pressure. When the high-pressure jet was directed at the flank face, reduced flank wear occurred but the level of notching was not affected, resulting in a similar life. Effective chip-breaking occurred at 150 bar; below this, continuous tubular-type chips were produced. Cutting fluid pressure and direction had relatively little influence on the level of surface integrity obtained. However, the use of ultra-high-pressure coolant provided a clear reduction in the level of tensile residual stresses developed in the near-surface layer. The lowest level of residual stress was induced with 450 bar coolant supplied to the flank face. Flood coolant induced a higher tensile stress in the near-surface layer and a larger compressive stress zone beneath this layer.
Efficient Hydrogenation of Ethyl Lactate to 1,2-Propanediol over Ru–B/TiO2 in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Fan Guang-Yin , Zhang Ye , Zhou Ya-Fen , Li Rui-Xiang , Chen Hua , Li Xian-Jun 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Catalyst Ru–B/TiO2 showed an excellently catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of ethyl lactate to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) under mild conditions (90 °C and 4.0 MPa H2) without any additive. Especially, the activity of the catalyst was greatly improved in aqueous solution. The conversion of ethyl lactate was up to 98% and the selectivity to 1,2-propanediol was over 95%.
One-pot Preparation of Core–Shell Structure Titania/Polyaniline Hybrid Materials: The Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Surfactant
Authors: Han Youn-Gyu , Kusunose Takafumi , Sekino Tohru 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI)-coated titania (TiO2) have been prepared with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solution. The addition of a small amount of TiO2 nanoparticles greatly increased electrical conductivity from 5.89 to 14.2 S/cm. The effect of SDS for TiO2@PANI composites was studied in terms of morphology of the core–shell structure, dispersibility of TiO2 in composites, and electrical conductivity.
Preparation, Structure, and Spectral Properties of Cyclophanes Consisting of Oligothiophene Units
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Hara Takeshi , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Yamaji Minoru 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Small-sized cyclophanes consisting of oligothiophene units as a component have been prepared. Correlation between the cyclophane structure and fluorescence spectral properties has been examined. It has been found that emission from intramolecular excimer-formation is confirmed for the cyclophanes having two or three thiophene units, but not for those having four or five thiophene units with the β-hexyl chain.
Synthesis of Oligosaccharides of Genistein and Quercetin as Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents
Authors: Shimoda Kei , Kobayashi Tatsunari , Akagi Masaaki , Hamada Hatsuyuki , Hamada Hiroki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Genistein was glucosylated to its 7-O-β-d-glucoside by cultured cells of Ipomoea batatas, while cultured Marchantia polymorpha cells produced 4′-O-β-d-glucoside and 7-O-β-d-glucoside of genistein. On the other hand, quercetin was converted into its 3-O-β-d-glucoside by I. batatas, and M. polymorpha gave 3-O-β-d-glucoside and 7-O-β-d-glucoside of quercetin. These four glucosides were further glycosylated to the corresponding β-maltosides and β-maltotriosides by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Genistein 7-O-β-maltooligosaccharides, quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside, and quercetin 7-O-β-maltooligosaccharides showed potent inhibitory effects on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Effects of psychological therapies in randomized trials and practice‐based studies
Authors: Barkham Michael , Stiles William B. , Connell Janice , Twigg Elspeth , Leach Chris , Lucock Mike , Mellor‐Clark John , Bower Peter , King Michael , Shapiro David A. , Hardy Gillian E. , Greenberg Leslie , Angus Lynne 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundRandomized trials of the effects of psychological therapies seek internal validity via homogeneous samples and standardized treatment protocols. In contrast, practice‐based studies aim for clinical realism and external validity via heterogeneous samples of clients treated under routine practice conditions. We compared indices of treatment effects in these two types of studies.MethodUsing published transformation formulas, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores from five randomized trials of depression (N = 477 clients) were transformed into Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation‐Outcome Measure (CORE‐OM) scores and compared with CORE‐OM data collected in four practice‐based studies (N = 4,196 clients). Conversely, the practice‐based studies' CORE‐OM scores were transformed into BDI scores and compared with randomized trial data.ResultsRandomized trials showed a modest advantage over practice‐based studies in amount of pre–post improvement. This difference was compressed or exaggerated depending on the direction of the transformation but averaged about 12%. There was a similarly sized advantage to randomized trials in rates of reliable and clinically significant improvement (RCSI). The largest difference was yielded by comparisons of effect sizes which suggested an advantage more than twice as large, reflecting narrower pre‐treatment distributions in the randomized trials.ConclusionsOutcomes of completed treatments for depression in randomized trials appeared to be modestly greater than those in routine care settings. The size of the difference may be distorted depending on the method for calculating degree of change. Transforming BDI scores into CORE‐OM scores and vice versa may be a preferable alternative to effect sizes for comparisons of studies using these measures.
Smoking to stay thin or giving up to save face? Young men and women talk about appearance concerns and smoking
Authors: Grogan Sarah , Fry Gary , Gough Brendan , Conner Mark 
Published: July 2008

Objective. This study was designed to investigate how young men and women smokers and non‐smokers talk about the impact of smoking on appearance, with the aim of using these accounts to inform anti‐smoking campaigns targeted at young people.Design. Volunteer smokers and non‐smokers took part in 24 focus groups.Method. Eighty‐seven men and women aged 17–24 were asked to talk about impacts of smoking on appearance.Results. A thematic analysis of transcripts suggested that weight gain after quitting was only a significant concern for the younger (17‐year‐old) women. Non‐smokers of both genders expressed concern about yellowing of skin and teeth if they started smoking, and women non‐smokers were concerned about skin ageing. Smokers believed that smoking made them look ‘cool’, mature, and sophisticated and would quit only if skin ageing and other negative effects on appearance became visible.Conclusions. Appearance concerns are relevant to the decision whether to start and quit smoking, and are linked to gender and age. Results are discussed in relation to implications for the development of age‐ and gender‐relevant anti‐smoking interventions.
Inferring universals from grammatical variation: Multidimensional scaling for typological analysis
Authors: Croft William , Poole Keith T. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A fundamental fact about grammatical structure is that it is highly variable both across languages and within languages. Typological analysis has drawn language universals from grammatical variation, in particular by using the semantic map model. But the semantic map model, while theoretically well-motivated in typology, is not mathematically well-defined or computationally tractable, making it impossible to use with large and highly variable crosslinguistic datasets. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), in particular the Optimal Classification nonparametric unfolding algorithm, offers a powerful, formalized tool that allows linguists to infer language universals from highly complex and large-scale datasets. We compare our approach to Haspelmath's semantic map analysis of indefinite pronouns, and reanalyze Dahl's (1985) large tense-aspect dataset. MDS works best with large datasets, demonstrating the centrality of grammatical variation in inferring language universals and the importance of examining as wide a range of grammatical behavior as possible both within and across languages.
Verfolgung und Wiedergutmachung. Karl M. Hettlage: Mitarbeiter von Albert Speer und Staatssekretär im Bundesfinanzministerium
Authors: Schrafstetter Susanne 
Published: July 2008

Vorspann
Karl M. Hettlage hatte nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg viel zu verbergen: Er war einer von Albert Speers engsten Mitarbeitern gewesen und hatte dabei maßgeblich an der Vertreibung der Berliner Juden und an der Organisation der deutschen Kriegs- und Rüstungsmaschinerie mitgewirkt. Seiner Karriere nach 1945 stand das nicht im Weg. Er wurde Professor für Öffentliches Recht und Staatssekretär im Bundesfinanzministerium von 1959 bis 1962, wo er auch mit der Wiedergutmachung befasst war. Susanna Schrafstetter, Professorin an der Universität von Nebraska, spürt diesem erstaunlichen Lebensweg nach und fragt dabei insbesondere nach den Konsequenzen, die ein Täter zog, als er mit Opfern zu tun hatte, die Ansprüche auf Entschädigung und Wiedergutmachung erhoben.
Geschichtspolitik im Fernsehen. Die WDR-Dokumentation „Heia Safari” von 1966/67 über Deutschlands Kolonialvergangenheit
Authors: Michels Eckard 
Published: July 2008

Vorspann
Trotz der geringen Bedeutung der Kolonien für Deutschland bis 1918 entfachte Ralph Giordanos äußerst kritische Darstellung der nationalen Kolonialgeschichte, ausgestrahlt zur besten Sendezeit im Oktober 1966 im Fernsehprogramm der ARD, eine scharfe öffentliche Kontroverse. War die Rolle der Kolonialvergangenheit im kollektiven Gedächtnis der Deutschen doch größer als eigentlich zu erwarten? Welches Geschichtsbild hatte sich von dieser Epoche erhalten? Und inwiefern waren die Reaktionen auf den Film von der erinnerungskulturellen Gesamtkonstellation in der Bundesrepublik beeinflusst? Diesen Fragen geht Eckard Michels in seinem Beitrag ebenso nach wie den „Gelegenheiten zur Meinungsmanipulation“, die dem Genre der historischen Fernsehdokumentation eigen sind.
Reducing the positional modulation of NbO6-octahedra in Sr
x
Ba1–x
Nb2O6 by increasing the barium content: A single crystal neutron diffraction study at ambient temperature for x = 0.61 and x = 0.34
Authors: Schefer Jürg , Schaniel Dominik , Petříček Václav , Woike Theo , Cousson Alain , Wöhlecke Manfred 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We report on the influence of the barium content on the modulation amplitude in Sr
x
Ba1–x
Nb2O6 compounds by comparing Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 (SBN61) and Sr0.34Ba0.66Nb2O6 (SBN34). Our single crystal neutron diffraction results demonstrate that the amplitude of the positional modulation of the NbO6 octahedra is reduced with increasing barium content, indicating that the origin of the modulation is the partial occupation of the pentagonal channels by Sr and Ba atoms. By increasing the Sr content the bigger Ba atoms are replaced by the smaller Sr atoms, which leads to a larger deformation of the surrounding lattice and hence to a larger modulation amplitude. The more homogeneous the filling of these channels with one atomic type (Ba) the lower the modulation amplitude. Our results also show that the structure can be described with a two-dimensional incommensurate harmonic modulation. No second order modulation has been observed, both by single crystal diffraction measurements and q-scans. The positional modulation of the Nb atoms is much smaller than that of the oxygen atoms, such that the modulation can be seen as a rotational modulation of almost rigid NbO6-octahedra.
Structure determination of 6,6′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-thiazine-indigo from laboratory powder data and lattice-energy minimisation
Authors: Schmidt Martin U. , Buchsbaum Christian 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
6,6′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-thiazine-indigo, C18H8F6N2O2S2, is a yellow derivative of the thiazine-indigo pigments. Due to its insolubility single crystals could not be grown; the structure had to be determined from powder diffraction data. The X-ray powder pattern – measured on a laboratory diffractometer in routine manner – could be indexed, although the crystallite size was only about 20 nm. The crystal struc ture was solved by lattice-energy minimisation using the program CRYSCA. Subsequently, the structure was refined by the Rietveld method using restraints. The compound crys tallises in space group P21/c with a = 15.4136(12), b = 7.8384(5), c = 7.7102(6) Å, β = 112.736(6)°, Z = 2, with molecules on inversion centres. The molecules are connected by double hydrogen bonds, resulting in planar chains. These chains form stacks in [001] direction. The density is unusually high (ϱ = 1.7875 g/cm3), this explains the observed insolubility of the compound.