bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of polymorphisms in xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes and DNA‐repair genes on diepoxybutane‐induced SCE frequency
Authors: Laczmanska Izabela , Gil Justyna , Karpinski Pawel , Stembalska Agnieszka , Kozlowska Joanna , Busza Halina , Trusewicz Alicja , Pesz Karolina , Ramsey David , Schlade‐Bartusiak Kamila , Blin Nikolaus , Sasiadek Maria Malgorzata 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalysis of the combined effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and DNA repair proteins may be a key to understanding the role of these genes in the susceptibility of individuals to mutagens. In the present study, we performed an in vitro experiment on lymphocytes from 118 healthy donors that measured the frequency of diepoxybutane (DEB) induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in relation to genetic polymorphisms in genes coding for XMEs (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, EPHX, and NAT2), as well as DNA repair proteins (XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XPD, XPA, XPC, XPG, XPF, ERCC1, BRCA1, NBS1, and RAD51). We found that GSTT1(−) and CYP2E1 c1/c2 polymorphisms were associated with higher DEB‐induced SCE frequencies, and that NAT2 G590A was associated with lower SCE induction by DEB. Analysis of the effect of pairs of genes showed that for a fixed GSTT1 genotype, the SCE level increased with an increasing number of Tyr alleles in EPHX codon 113. We found that among GSTT1(+) individuals the DEB‐induced SCE level was significantly lower when the EPHX 139 codon was His/Arg rather than His/His. An interaction between polymorphisms in CYP2E1 and at EPHX codon 113 was also observed. The results of our study confirm observations in cancer patients and in people exposed to xenobiotics indicating that sensitivity to mutagens depends upon a combined effect of a variety of “minor impact” genes. Moreover, our results indicate that polymorphisms in genes coding for XMEs have a greater influence on the genotoxic activity of DEB, measured by DEB‐induced SCE frequency, than polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair proteins. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 47:, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of paraoxonase‐1 gene polymorphisms and enzyme activity in a Peruvian population
Authors: Cataño Héctor C. , Cueva Jayme L. , Cardenas Anthony M. , Izaguirre VÍctor , Zavaleta Amparo I. , Carranza Elizabeth , Hernández Antonio F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParaoxonase‐1 (PON1) is a serum esterase associated with high density lipoproteins and capable of detoxifying toxic metabolites of organophosphorus (OP) compounds. Two major polymorphisms have been described in the coding region of the PON1 gene at positions 192 and 55 and at least five in the 5′‐regulatory region, the most important at position −108. Depending on the substrate, PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism can affect PON1 enzymatic activity. In the present study, we have determined the distribution of the PON1 192 Q/R and −108 C/T polymorphisms in a Peruvian population and compared the distribution of these polymorphisms with those of other world populations. PON1 phenotype and enzyme activity also were measured as they can influence the population resistance to the toxicity of OP compounds. The genotype distribution at position 192 was: QQ = 0.236, QR = 0.607, and RR = 0.157; and distribution at position −108 was: CC = 0.315, CT = 0.596, and TT = 0.089. The frequencies of the high activity R and C alleles were 0.461 and 0.613, respectively. The frequency of the PON1 192 Q allele was significantly lower than that of American, Caucasian‐American, European‐Brazilian, and Costa Rican samples. Outside the American continent, the frequency of this allele was lower than for all European countries, Thais, and Indians, but higher than for Chinese or Japanese. Regarding the toxicological importance of these polymorphisms, it was inferred that PON1 phenotyping (assessment of the R alloform) and genotyping (determination of the PON1 –108TT genotype) could be helpful as individual markers of susceptibility. PON1 phenotyping may be useful in further epidemiological studies involving agriculture workers occupationally exposed to OP compounds in developing countries. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 47:, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stilbazolium merocyanine dye determination in different solutions, concentrations and colloids using SERS
Authors: Pajchrowski Grzegorz , Abdali Salim , Norbygaard Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements were carried out on stilbazolium merocyanine dye in methanol and pyridine solvents. Both solutions were measured in a series of concentrations covering a range of 5 × 10−5Mto 5 × 10−8M. In these measurements, Ag and Au colloids were used, and the results have shown that Ag colloids yield better enhancement in the Raman spectra of this dye. Moreover, the effect of adding NaCl solution to the SERS samples was also studied. All measurements were carried out using the state‐of‐the‐art ChiralRaman instrument, which utilizes a 532 nm laser source. We report here on the success of using SERS to obtain Raman spectra of merocyanine dye at very low concentrations in an attempt to find a new approach that can be used for further investigations of the dye. The SERS spectra are reported here, and the results from different solutions, colloids, concentrations and pH values are compared. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of lactoferricin B derivatives with model cell membrane studied by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ianoul A. , Westwick H. , Nowacka L. , Quan B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work, we employed Raman spectroscopy to study the effect of the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin B (LfB) on model cell membranes. We used two derivatives of LfB (RRWQWRMKKLG and RRWQWR) with broad‐spectrum activity against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, fungus, viruses and tumors. Raman spectra of the peptides showed no conformational change in the temperature range 4–60 °C. The positions of the amide I and amide III bands suggest that in an aqueous solution these peptides preferentially adopt a random coil‐like conformation. We also investigated the effect the peptides had on the melting behavior of model cell membranes composed of zwitterionic lipid dipalmitoylglycero‐phosphocholine (DPPC) and anionic lipid dipalmitoylglycero‐phosphoglycerol (DPPG). Raman CH stretching bands were used to follow the melting of the lipid vesicles. We found that the melting of DPPC lipid vesicles is not affected by the presence of the peptides, while the presence of the peptides reduced cooperativity of the phase transition for anionic DPPG vesicle, suggesting that both peptides interact strongly and specifically with this model cell membrane composed of anionic lipid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The water relations of some dried fruits, vegetables and plant products
Authors: Gane R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe water contents of some dehydrated plant products have been determined in atmospheres of known humidity within the range 0% to 80% saturation, usually at a temperature of 50° F. (10° C.) and also at 98–6° F. (37° C), 140° F. (60° C.) and 176° F. (80° C.) with dried potato and dried carrot.The non‐diffusible colloids and soluble constituents each play a definite part in affecting the water content at any humidity; the colloids have a relatively high water content at low humidities and the soluble constituents have a low water content.The humidity/water relations of mechanical mixtures, such as soup powders, can be calculated from the proportions and properties of the constituents.
The colorimetric determination of aluminium in silicate materials
Authors: Robertson George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo methods are outlined for the colorimetric determination of aluminium in the presence of iron. They differ only in the reagent used to inhibit the iron colour, the final pu of the lake and the amount of iron that can be present. Thioglycollic acid and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are used to prevent the formation of the colour due to iron, thioglycollic acid being the more effective. As the solubility of the lake increases with increasing alkalinity the ph in the alkaline method is carefully controlled at 7.5 ± 0.2 by means of ammonium borate solution. Other factors influencing colour development are discussed. The limits of tolerance of elements that interfere in colour production are given, and the application of the methods to the determination of aluminium in soil extracts, soils and clays is described.
The component fatty acids of various sudan vegetable oils
Authors: Grindley D. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper are recorded the composition of the fatty acids present in the fats from the following materials: Hyptis spicigera, Luffa cylindrica, Lagenaria vulgaris, Citrullus vulgaris (var. inedible melon), Courbonia virgata (Husks and kernels), Capparis tomentosa (kernels), and Parinarimn curatellifolia.During the past two years, the component acids present in a number of vegetable fats from seeds grown in the Sudan have been determined in these Laboratories, but none of the results seemed of sufficient importance to demand separate publication. In order that our findings may be placed on record, therefore, a summary of these miscellaneous data is offered in this paper.
The use of ion‐exchange resins for the isolation of glutamine and other nitrogenous substances from beetroot
Authors: Westall R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe method for the isolation of amino‐acids and organic bases by displacement chromatography using synthetic ion‐exchange resins1, 2 has been employed for fractionating the nitrogenous bases in a beetroot extract. Pure glutamine has been isolated from selected fractions and treatment of other fractions has led to the isolation of betaine and γ‐aminobutyric acid.
A method for separating the constituents of chestnut tannin
Authors: Clark L. M. , Levy W. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the course of work in this laboratory it was desired to separate the constituents of a comercmial sample of chestnut tannin. A method of effecting at least a partial separation is described; it appears that this may be more generally useful in tannin fractionations as it is also applicable to oak and quebracho tannins.When an aqueous solution of chestnut tannin is passed through an absorbing column of wood cellulose powder (Solka Floc), and the column is subsequently developed with a 4% solution of sodium chloride, at least six different bands show up; the fractions represented by these bands have been collected and show different properties. The fractions are not pure, but refractionation of one of the major bands demonstrates that further purification is easily achieved.
Fumigation of agricultural products. II.—Susceptibility of seed potatoes to the vapour of methyl bromide
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe susceptibility of potato tubers to methyl bromide vapour has been measured by two criteria of damage: the loss of tubers rejected before setting and the reduction of yield per viable tuber. Varietal differences are more clearly shown by the latter criterion, as expected, and less clearly by the former. The damage caused by raising the dosage above a critical level has on the contrary much less influence on the yield per viable tuber than on the loss by rotting in storage. This critical level fluctuates widely, probably seasonally. Tubers fumigated in the autumn are enabled to reverse much of the phytotoxic action of the fumigant and losses are much less severe than if the fumigation takes place in the spring immediately before planting.
Arsenical contamination of chicory during drying
Authors: Atkinson R. M. , Dickinson D. , Harris F. J. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of arsenic in materials dried over coke fires is quite well known. It is shown that chicory dried in England is no exception to this and that arsenic is transferred from the coke to the chicory. Most of the arsenic appears to be present on dried chicory in the form of dust but it cannot be said definitely that this dust is entirely flue dust. Both the volatile and nonvolatile arsenic contents of coke must be taken into consideration. The fate of the arsenic on the dried chicory during subsequent processing has been investigated. It is concluded that the arsenical contamination of dried chicory does not present any considerable risk to the consumer of chicory.
Leather bates from fish‐viscera
Authors: Cunningham G. E. , Shuttleworth Ronald G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPresent economic trends suggest that hog‐ and cattle‐pancreas as a source of tryptic enzymes for the manufacture of leather bates may become scarce in the future. An investigation has therefore been conducted on the waste visceral residues' from certain suitable fish obtainable in South African waters (snoek, kingklip and stockfish) with the object of developing a cheap alternative source of bating enzymes. The preparation of a wood‐meal enzyme from the gut of such fish is described and shown to be practicable.A new technique is described for assessing the relative bating power of commercial and experimental bates, based on changes in thickness and weight of the pelt pieces and practical assessment of the bated pelt. The use of statistical methods of experimental design permits of comparison between the experimental preparations and a typical commercial bating material as well as a control treatment involving no enzyme. It has been shown that under practical bating conditions there is no difference in bating action between the experimental material and the commercial sample when the initial concentrations are adjusted to give equivalent gelatin‐liquefying potency and the same relative proportion of ammonium salts is present.
The component acids of some authentic and commercial stillingia oils
Authors: Crossley A. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStillingia oils from three specimens of seeds of Sapium sebiferum and from two specimens of seeds of S. discolor have been examined and the composition of their fatty acids determined. The component acids include about 5% of deca‐2 : 4‐dienoic acid, 8% of oleic and 12% of saturated acid, with about 75% of linoleic and linolenic acids as the major components. The proportions of the latter acids vary both with the species and, in the same species, with seasonal conditions : linolenic acid ranges from about 50% to 35%. and linoleic from about 25% to 40%. The oils from S. discolor also contain up to 1% of elaeostearic acid, which has not‐been found in any of the oils from S. sebiferum.A further specirrlen of commercial stillingia oil has also been examined, and again found to contain about 1% of elaeostearic acid. Since the commercial oil is believed to originate from S. sebiferum, slight contamination with tung oil may be the source of the elaeostearic acid which has now been frequently observed in commercial stillingia oils.
The setting temperature of pectin jellies
Authors: Hinton C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe setting temperature of a pectin jelly is shown to be a determinate physical property, whereas the setting time is a secondary property dependent on temperature conditions. A technique for measuring setting temperature is described. As ordinarily manifested the setting temperature is subject to undercooling effects. It is shown that, as with jelly strength, PH conditions are a primary factor in regard to setting temperature, increase of PH causing a rapid fall of the latter; and that soluble solids concentration, pectin concentration, nature of buffer cations and heating have subsidiary effects. The setting temperature does not appear to be related to the jelly strength in any direct way, as judged by a comparison of the effects of the factors studied on the two properties.
Use of Aspergillus niger for determining magnesium, copper, zinc and molybdenum in soils
Authors: Nicholas D. J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of Aspergillus niger (Mulder's M strain) as a test organism for determining Mg, Cu, Zn and Mo in soils, and the last‐named in tissue extracts and the ash of plants, is described. Special chemical methods are used to remove the ‘test’ nutrient from the basal culture solution. A standard growth series is prepared for each element in turn by adding increasing amounts of the ‘test’ nutrient to 50 ml. portions of the purified basal culture solution containing all the other essential elements at adequate levels. After sterilization, the solution is inoculated with a spore suspension of Aspergillus niger and then incubated at 25° C. for 6 days. The material for test is put into a culture solution containing all the essential mineral elements other than the one to be determined, so that under condition of test, the growth of the fungus depends on the amount of ‘test’ nutrient it derives from the material added.The bioassay results for soil samples have shown Mg deficiency in the presence of a shortage of K, a point not shown by the chemical analysis of the crops : Cu deficiency in certain alkaline fen soils and in sandy soils where fruit trees showed ‘dieback’ symptoms; Zn deficiency in soil where apple and pear trees showed ‘little leaf ’ symptoms; Mo deficiency in soils from areas where brassica crops showed ‘whiptail’ effects. Because of the extreme sensitivity of the biological method for Mo, it has been used to determine the element in tissue extracts and ash of normal plants and those deficient in molybdenum. Some aspects of the physiology of micronutrient elements in relation to nitrogen metabolism of the fungus are discussed.
Spontaneous heating and ignition in stored palm kernels. I.—A survey of occurrences of heating and fire
Authors: Bowes P. C. , Burgoyne J. H. , Hilditch T. P. , Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifty‐seven occurrences of heating or fire in stored palm kernels have been recorded and analysed. With the exception of one incident in which the heating of kernels in a storage bin occurred, all cases were concerned with kernels in jute bags.The ignition of a palm‐kernel stack by a small source and the subsequent growth of the fire are discussed in the light of experiments and of the examination of stacks affected by fire. The majority of the fires occurred in one of two sets of circumstances: (i) shortly after discharge from the ship (transit fires); (ii) after storage of at least two months (storage fires). It is concluded that heating due to fermentation takes place in palm‐kernel stacks; but there is also evidence that spontaneous ignition is the cause of some storage fires. It remains to be determined whether spontaneous ignition is necessarily dependent on heating due to fermentation. The evidence as to transit fires is less clear but suggests that a spontaneous effect may be concerned here also. As a result of the survey certain indications can be given as to the experiments needed to decide the mechanism of spontaneous ignition of bagged palm kernels.
Photo‐decomposition of rotenone in spray deposits. I.—Colorimetric determination of rotenone in spray deposits and residues
Authors: Rao N. V. Subba , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Goodhue method is adapted to estimate rotenone in concentrations varying between 0.01 and 0.10 mg./c.c. The influence of spray auxiliaries and of dehydrorotenone, the primary decomposition product of rotenone, has been investigated. A method for determination of rotenone in the presence of dehydrorotenone is developed for application to the examination of spray deposits and residues.
Starches and starch fractions. IV.—The hydrolysis of starch to dextrose by hydrochloric acid
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. , Vine M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conditions usually employed for the determination of starch by hydrolysis to dextrose with hydrochloric acid all lead to a low recovery of starch, because (a) the hydrolysis of the starch is incomplete and (b) dextrose is destroyed by the acid.
The component fatty acids and glycerides of groundnut oils
Authors: Crawford R. V. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids of four groundnut oils of differing iodine value (86 to 99) have been determined. The linoleic acid content of the mixed fatty acids varied from 20% to 38%, the oleic acid content correspondingly ranging from 60% to 39%. These variations are similar to those recorded by previous workers for groundnut oils, but their cause is not clear and varietal influences as well as conditions of growth of the fruit may play a part in the case of groundnuts.The variable linoleic acid content has a marked influence on the component glycerides of the oils. Thus with only 20% of linoleic acid a groundnut oil contains linoleo groups in only about half of its glycerides and dilinoleo‐glycerides occur only in small proportions; but in oils of high linoleic content about 90% of the glycerides may contain linoleo groups (20% of the oil being made up of dilinoleo‐glycerides). Moreover, triunsaturated glycerides in the first case contain very little oleodilinolein, but the latter forms about half of the triunsaturated glycerides of groundnut oils with 35–40% of linoleic acid.The probable bearing of these factors on liability to oxidative rancidity is considered. Attention to the composition of seed oils intended for specific technical uses, as a primary consideration in the selection of oilseeds for cultivation, is indicated.
The fiske‐subbarow method for determining phosphate with special reference to soil extracts
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractModifications of the Fiske‐Subbarow method are described by which susceptibility to interference by silicate, arsenate, and certain acids and salts was reduced. In view of the possibility that some soils may contain considerable amounts of extractable arsenate and ferric iron, a method for eliminating interference by these two ions, by reduction with metabisulphite, is described. By this procedure, arsenate and ferric iron up to 20 p.p.m. As2O5 and 80 p.p.m. Fe had no effects on the determination.The applicability of the modified technique to the determination of phosphate in soil extracts and in plant ashes is examined.
Spontaneous heating and ignition in stored palm kernels. IV.—Observations of temperature, humidity, and air composition in palm‐kernel stacks
Authors: Bowes P. C. , Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeasurements of temperature and humidity have been made in a steel‐sheeted stack of bagged palm kernels during a period of one year and they have been correlated with the atmospheric temperature and humidity. The oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of the air in the stack have also been determined at intervals.The results are consistent with the occurrence of ventilation in the stack. This ventilation is apparently sufficient to carry away heat produced by the slow absorption of oxygen which takes place.Over long periods the mean relative humidity of the air in the stack is about equal to the mean atmospheric humidity for the period, when allowance is made for the difference in temperature that may exist between the interior of the stack and the atmosphere. Thus the overall moisture content of the stack approaches equilibrium with long‐period mean atmospheric humidities; but this is a slow process and the importance of including only dry bags of kernels in the stack is emphasized.No heating was detected in the stacks under observation and, during those periods when humidity measurements were made, conditions in the stacks were not favourable to active mould‐growth.