bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of an isolate of maize stripe virus on sorghum in India*
Authors: PETERSCHMITT M. , RATNA A. S. , SACKS W. R. , REDDY D. V. R. , MUGHOGHO L. K. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA disease characterised by chlorotic stripes and bands, named sorghum stripe disease (SStD), was observed on sorghum in India with an incidence of less than 0.5% to nearly 10%. The affected plants were dwarfed and had poor or no panicle formation. This disease could be transmitted by the delphacid planthopper Peregrinus maidis to sorghum but not to Brachiaria eruciformis; Cenchrus ciliaris; Chloris barbata; Dichantium annulatum; Dichantium aristatum; Digitaria ciliaris: Dinebra retroflexa; Echinocloa colona; Eleusine coracana; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum violaceum; Setaria pallida Fusca; Triticum aestivum and Zea mays. Sorghum stripe disease was shown to be caused by a tenuivirus serologically related to maize stripe virus (MStV). Virus particles were filamentous, less than 10 nm in width. The purified virus preparation contained only one polypeptide of 34 500 D. Eight species of nucleic acids, four ssRNA of 1.21, 0.87, 0.73, 0.47 ± 106D and four dsRNA of 2.43, 1.69, 1.40, 0.71 ± 106D, were extracted from purified virus preparations. When the four dsRNA were denatured, they migrated along with the four ssRNA species indicating that dsRNA contained duplex RNA of same molecular weight as the four ssRN A. In enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and in electro‐blot immunoassay it was evident that MStV‐Sorg was serologically more closely related to the MStV isolates from Florida, Reunion and Venezuela than to a RStV isolate from Japan. The virus was named MStV‐Sorg to distinguish it from MStV which readily infects maize. This is the first report of occurrence of a tenuivirus in the Indian subcontinent.
Detection of coconut cadang‐cadang viroid‐like sequences in oil and coconut palm and other monocotyledons in the south‐west Pacific
Authors: HANOLD D. , RANDLES J. W. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFractionation, electroblotting and molecular hybridisation of nucleic acids extracted from tissue of African oil palm and coconut palm and some other monocotyledonous species, collected in several areas of the south‐west Pacific region, demonstrated the presence of small nucleic acids with nucleotide sequences and secondary structure similar to coconut cadang‐cadang viroid (CCCVd). The oil palms which contained CCCVd‐related molecules showed orange leaf spots resembling those described for oil palm naturally infected with CCCVd in the Philippines, and also characteristic of a condition known as “genetic orange spotting” (GOS). We provide preliminary evidence that GOS is an infectious disorder caused by a viroid. The coconut palms did not show symptoms typical of cadang‐cadang disease, but sometimes were chlorotic, stunted, or had a reduced yield. The possibility that the isolates represent variants of CCCVd is discussed. The data suggest that viroids with nucleotide sequences similar to CCCVd occur widely in palms and other monocotyledons outside the Philippines.
Effect of parental genotypes, cross direction and temperature on the crossability of bread wheat with triticale and on the viability of f1 embryos
Authors: NKONGOLO K. K. C. , ST‐PIERRE C. ‐A. , COMEAU A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe relevant importance of parental crossability genes, cross direction and ambient temperature in bread wheat/triticale hybridisation were evaluated. Crossability genes were found to be useful but not essential. The use of triticale as the female gave significantly fewer embryos, but these embryos were symmetrically shaped and normal. The use of bread wheat as the female gave a seed set generally above 30% and sometimes as high as 86%, but embryo necrosis resulted in rapid death in vivo or non‐regeneration in vitro. By keeping the plants at 14 °C during pollination and in vivo embryo growth, necrosis was partly eliminated, so that in one case the rate of plant production in crossing bread wheat/triticale became about as good as for the triticale/bread wheat cross direction. Crossing at 14°C could be useful when a bread wheat cytoplasm is desired by the breeder.
Peroxidase from cultured carrot cells: affinity purification and characteristics
Authors: ANANTHANARAYANAN T. V. , SWAMY R. DORE 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPeroxidase, from cultured carrot cells, has been isolated and purified over Concanavalin‐A‐Sepharose by lectin affinity chromatography. The enzyme protein registers a gradual enhancement in activity concomitant with the growth of callus. Extracellular (ECP) & intracellular (ICP) peroxidases have been demonstrated in suspension cultures of carrot.
Canopy development of a determinate and an indeterminate cultivar of Vicia faba L. under contrasting plant distributions and densities
Authors: STÜTZEL H. , AUFHAMMER W. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryField experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to quantify differences in canopy formation between an indeterminate and a determinate genotype of Vicia faba L., grown at two plant densities and three spatial distributions. The number of stems per unit area produced by determinate plants was related to the growth rate before flowering. Leaf production per stem per unit of thermal time was similar in both plant types, but twice as many leaves per stem were produced by the indeterminate cultivar. The indeterminate cultivar produced fewer and smaller leaves in the warmer and drier weather of 1988 than in 1987. The determinate genotype produced similar sizes and numbers of leaves in both years, but fewer tillers developed in 1988 than in 1987. Accordingly, leaf mass per unit ground area was greater in 1987 than in 1988 in both genotypes. Except during early flowering, relationships between leaf mass and leaf area were constant, with higher specific leaf areas in the determinate than the indeterminate genotype. Shoot dry matter partitioning into leaves was identical in both years for indeterminate plants, but differed in determinate ones.It is concluded that canopy development is regulated through individual leaf weight and leaf number per stem in non‐tillering indeterminate, and by stem numbers per unit area in tillering determinate plants.
Temperature and daylength control of flower initiation in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: TOMMEY ANDREW M. , EVANS ERIC J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe influence of low temperature and daylength on pre‐floral growth and flower initiation in winter oilseed rape cv. Mikado was examined under controlled environment conditions at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne during 1985 and 1986.The vernalisation requirement of Mikado was most effectively fulfilled by temperatures of 6 °C and 9 °C. Plants maintained at both higher and lower temperatures had an extended pre‐floral growth phase. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants maintained at 12 °C was delayed by slow accumulation of the cold requirement, whereas flower initiation appeared to be delayed by limited leaf production, dry matter accumulation and/or assimilate availability in plants grown at 3 °C. The mechanism of floral induction remained unresolved but it was clear that flower initiation was not controlled by low temperature per se. Short days partially substituted for the cold requirement at 12 °C but photoperiodic induction of flower initiation was less important than the influence of low temperature.
The control of postharvest decay in table grapes using acetaldehyde vapours
Authors: AVISSAR ILANA , PESIS EDNA 
Published: February 2008

SummaryGrapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Sultanina’) harvested at the end of the 1985–1988 seasons, received postharvest application of acetaldehyde (AA) vapours for 24–40 h. Treatment with AA vapour at 20 °C or 0 °C reduced significantly the decay caused by several fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata. In grapes treated with 0.5% AA for 24 h, no R. stolonifer was found after 8 days of storage at 20 °C. Treatment with 0.25% AA vapour for 40 h of grapes cv. ‘Perlette’ inoculated with R. stolonifer reduced the decay by 89%.
The short‐term effects on wild goose behaviour of chlorpyrifos application to permanent pasture
Authors: CLEMENTS R.O. , MURRAY P. J. , TYAS C. J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryChlorpyrifos (Spannit 48% e.c.; PBI) was applied at the recommended rate of 0.72 kg a.i./ha to two pastures on which either Brent Geese (Branta bernicla) or Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) were grazing. Observations of the number of geese and their behaviour were made on two or three occasions before spraying and four or five occasions after. Observations enabled an activity index and a count of pecks/minute to be calculated. No changes in the numbers or behaviour of the geese that could be attributed to chlorpyrifos application were found. Thorough searches were made for cadavers of the experimental fields, their environs and the roosts the day after other observations were made. Only one cadaver was found which had died as a result of swallowing angling equipment. Samples for chlorpyrifos residue analysis in the herbage and goose faeces showed no chlorpyrifos to be present prior to spraying the fields and that the chemical was present after spraying in both the herbage and faeces but fell to negligible levels within a few days. At least in the short‐term, chlorpyrifos application to pasture appeared to have no perceptible or statistically significant effect on goose behaviour or well‐being.
The effects of three film‐forming polymers, with and without a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, on powdery mildew infection of barley seedlings
Authors: WALTERS D. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPowdery mildew infection of barley seedlings was significantly reduced using either pre‐inoculation or post‐inoculation sprays of the film‐forming polymers Nu‐Film P, Emerald or Vapor Gard. The greatest reduction in mildew infection was obtained with a pre‐inoculation spray of the polymer Vapor Gard. Although the addition of 1 mmα‐difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) to a 2% solution of Emerald or Vapor Gard resulted in better control of powdery mildew infection than that obtained using the polymer or DFMO alone, the reductions in infection were not significant. Reduction in mildew infection was greatest when the Vapor Gard + DFMO mixture was applied 1 day prior to inoculation with the fungus. Although substantial reduction in mildew infection was achieved using as little as 0.1 mm DFMO with 2% Vapor Gard, or reducing the polymer concentration to 1% in combination with 1 mm DFMO, best control was achieved using 2% Vapor Gard plus 1 mm DFMO.
The effect of stem nematode on establishment and early yields of white clover
Authors: COOK R. , EVANS D. R. , WILLIAMS T. A. , MIZEN K. A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effects of stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) infestation on the establishment of white clover sown in mixed swards with perennial ryegrass, were investigated in two field trials. Clover cultivars known to have different degrees of resistance were sown on land in which stem nematode was controlled either by aldicarb (Experiment 1) or crop rotation (Experiment 2). The establishment of white clover was greatly improved and subsequent clover yields were inversely related to stem nematode infestation. At the first harvest after sowing, clover yields were 3.6 and 3.3 times greater from aldicarb and rotation treatment plots than from check plots; over the first nine months, total clover yields were increased by 3.5 and 8.9 times by aldicarb and rotation treatments. In both trials, plots of resistant cultivars had less stem nematode infestation and yielded better than the very susceptible cultivar, S184. Stem nematode infestations eventually developed on all plots, after the establishment phase.This is the first report showing that resistant cultivars improve establishment of clover in mixed swards on stem nematode infested soils. In both experiments, plots became dominated by clover and even cv. S184 eventually produced good clover swards.Aldicarb and rotation treatments also controlled clover cyst and root lesion nematodes, and numbers of these were inversely related to first harvest yields. Other soil borne pests and diseases, although not prominent, have not been ruled out as possible confounding factors. There was no correlation between grass yield and aldicarb treatment.
The agronomic performance of anther culture derived plants of barley produced via pollen embryogenesis
Authors: POWELL W. , THOMAS W. T. B. , THOMPSON D. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAnther culture was used to generate microspore‐derived doubled haploid (DH) plants from four spring barley crosses. The culture medium used contained maltose as the sole carbohydrate source and the mode of plantlet regeneration was mainly via pollen embryogenesis. Both haploid and spontaneously doubled regenerants were produced and the doubled haploids were compared to recom‐binant inbred lines generated by several rounds of selfing (single seed descent). Parental, DH and single seed descent (SSD) lines were grown in randomised, replicated field trials and the samples were scored for a range of agronomic traits. The mean performance and phenotypic distribution of the DH and SSD samples were similar and there was little evidence to support the conclusion that anther culture derived lines exhibit a reduction in vigour. Where significant differences were detected between groups these were mainly confined to crosses which were segregating for the denso dwarfing gene. The differential transmission of particular regions of the barley genome may therefore influence and confound the expression of agronomic traits in DH populations. This is the first report of the agronomic performance of anther culture lines produced via pollen embryogenesis and the results are discussed in relation to the exploitation of anther culture technology in barley breeding.
Effect of high temperature treatment on disinfestation and quality characteristics of sorghum
Authors: MORE HARI G. , STENNING BRIAN C. , MAGAN NARESH 
Published: February 2008

SummarySorghum grain (two varieties) was modified to different water contents (12% to 16% wet weight basis) and heated to 60°C, 70°C and 80°C for periods of 4, 8 and 12 min. Germination, seedling vigour, seedling dry matter, free fatty acid (FFA) content, fungal contamination and infestation with the insect pest Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were all markedly affected by heat treatment. The effectiveness of the heat treatment was also influenced by the size of the sample used. Heat treatment at 60°C and 70°C resulted in germination being unaffected or stimulated while at 80°C and the higher water contents significantly reduced, when compared to untreated controls. The dry matter of seedlings, and seedling vigour was positively correlated with germination and heat treatment. Heat treatment had no effect on FFA. All stages of the insect pest, R. dominica, were destroyed at 70°C and an 8 min exposure time. However, the water content of the sorghum was critical in determining the efficacy against this pest. The percentage fungal contamination of grain was reduced from 90% to about 25% by heat treatment. However, some grain fungi, particularly Eurotium spp., Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. could still be isolated from sorghum grain treated at 80°C for up to 12 minutes.
Bendiocarb and diflubenzuron as substitute insecticides for endosulfan in commercial mushroom growing
Authors: GEELS F. P. , RUTJENS A. J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDiflubenzuron and bendiocarb treatments of compost and casing soil at a rate of 1 g a.i./m2 each, resulted in comparable or even improved compost and casing soil colonisation over endosulfan treatments (at a rate of 1.5 g a.i./m2). Alternating diflubenzuron/bendiocarb treatments were preferable to the reverse treatments, which tended to diminish total yield of mushrooms significantly by 1.4–3.9 kg/m2. This effect was due to the casing soil treatment with diflubenzuron and not due to the compost treatment with bendiocarb after spawning. The effectiveness of these substitutes for endosulfan was tested on five commercial mushroom farms, where a similar or improved control of Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae) was obtained over control (endosulfan) treatments. If present, Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Lycoriidae) was very effectively controlled by the substitute insecticides compared with endosulfan. Relatively high numbers of M. halterata were occasionally observed in endosulfan‐treated houses, indicating that a certain level of resistance towards this insecticide may already have developed. This assessment of tolerance in M. halterata emphasised the need for substitute insecticides with different modes of action, in addition to environmental reasons. The chemicals should be alternately applied within individual crops to avoid resistance development.
Detection of Pythium violae and Pythium sulcatum in carrots with cavity spot using competition ELISA
Authors: LYONS N. F. , WHITE J. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryConventional methods indicated that Pythium violae was most commonly isolated from carrot cavity spot samples from 14 UK sites. For one site the most frequently isolated species was Pythium sulcatum. Results of similar isolation work were compared with the assay of cavity spot lesions using polyclonal antibodies, raised to P. violae or P. sulcatum, in competition ELISA. Where lesions were artificially induced the test confirmed which pathogen was causal. With cavities developed on the field‐grown carrots P. violae again predominated and the ELISA confirmed this. In one sample P. sulcatum was also isolated from a small number of lesions and was not detected in ELISA. The competition ELISA did not indicate presence of either Pythium in a range of non‐cavity spot lesions from which attempts at isolation were negative.
Serological relationships and purification of bud necrosis virus, a tospovirus occurring in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India*
Authors: REDDY D. V. R. , RATNA A. S. , SUDARSHANA M. R. , POUL F. , KUMAR I. KIRAN. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA procedure for the purification of a tospovirus which causes bud necrosis disease (BND) of peanut in India is described. The virus contained three polypeptides of 78 kDa, 54 kDa and 31 kDa. In two ELISA procedures the virus failed to react with antisera to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) obtained from different sources and with an antiserum to impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Additionally, in reciprocal tests TSWV and INSV antigens failed to react with antiserum to the virus infecting peanut in India.In electro‐blot immunoassay 54 kDa and 31 kDa polypeptides of the virus reacted with the homologous antiserum. None of the heterologous antisera reacted with any of the three viral polypeptides. On the basis of serological differences the virus that causes BND in India is distinct and therefore has been named bud necrosis virus (BNV). This serotype appears to be restricted to Asia.
Morphological variability of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the Canary Islands
Authors: GONZALEZ J. A. , PHILLIPS M. S. , HACKETT C. A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThirty populations of potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.) from the Island of Tenerife and two populations from the UK were assessed for several morphometric and non‐morphometric characters thought to discriminate between the species G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Also 200 cysts from each population were analysed by isoelectric focusing of soluble proteins. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance and principal component analysis were used to investigate relationships between the morphometric characters, how the relationships varied between species and between populations, and which characters were most useful for discriminating between species.The two species differed significantly for each of the four morphometric characters: stylet length, fenestra length, anus‐fenestra distance and the number of ridges. The stylet length and fenestra length also showed differences between populations of G. rostochiensis while stylet length and number of ridges showed differences between populations of C. pallida. In general, populations of G. pallida showed greater variation than populations of C. rostochiensis.Principal component analysis of the population means indicated that over 73% of the variation in the characters could be explained by the contrast of stylet and fenestra lengths against the anus‐fenestra distance and number of ridges. A plot of the first two principal components separated the two species. Stepwise discriminant analysis provided a linear combination of these four variables which discriminated between the species. Stylet length was found to be the most useful characteristic for distinguishing the species whilst anus‐fenestra distance was the least useful.
The growth of Bibio johannis (L.) and Dilophus febrilis (L.) (Diptera: Bibionidae) larvae in the field
Authors: BLACKSHAW R. P. , D'ARCY‐BURT S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBibionid larvae were extracted from soil samples collected from June 1985 to March 1987. Each larva was identified, weighed and measured for maximum head capsule width. Both Bibio johannis and Dilophus febrilis have six larval instars. Bibio johannis grew slowly in late summer and early autumn but rapidly from October to January. Early and late instar larvae of D. febrilis occurred simultaneously and it was concluded that this species was not bivoltine but may exist as two separate cohorts with distinct flight periods.
Genetical variation for resistance to Alternaria solani in an advanced population of potatoes
Authors: BRANDOLINI A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEighteen clones, selected over three seasons for resistance to Afternaria solani, were evaluated in San Ramon, Peru (warm tropics), to determine their general combining ability for resistance to the diseases, earliness and yield per plant, using a North Carolina design II. Six susceptible and six resistant varieties were included as controls. Narrow sense heritability (h2) and genetic components of the variance were estimated, both for the North Carolina design II population, and for the advanced clones and resistant controls.Outstanding parents for the transmission of resistance were the clones C85.003, C85.008, C85.009, C85.051 and C85.144. Narrow sense heritability in the North Carolina design II population was 0.44, while in the population of the advanced clones and resistant controls h2 was 0.31. The increased levels of resistance found and the rapid reduction, after selection, of the heritability values from about 0.7–0.8 in the starting population of the CIP breeding programme (Mendoza, Martin & Brandolini, 1987a), linked to a decrease in the additive variation, suggest a good breeding efficiency. The introduction of new resistant genotypes and the use of recurrent selection with progeny testing might further enhance the high levels of resistance to A. solani in this population.
Chemical control of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande)
Authors: HELYER NEIL L. , BROBYN PATRICIA J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFifty‐one pesticides currently registered for use in the UK were tested in the laboratory against Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) maintained on chrysanthemum leaf discs. In an initial screening trial of the pesticides against larval thrips, 14 caused more than 75% mortality three days after exposure. These were tested further against adults and pupae and retested against larvae. A series of glasshouse trials were conducted using the most efficacious pesticides evaluated earlier. Granular and systemic compounds were included in the glasshouse trials since these could not be evaluated satisfactorily in the laboratory. Malathion proved to be the most potent chemical currently registered for control of thrips on a wide range of horticultural crops.