bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Onion Rust Caused by Puccinia allii on Allium pskemense and A. altaicum
Authors: Lupien S. L. , Hellier B. C. , Dugan F. M. 
Published: May 2007

In June 2003, uredinial and telial pustules were seen on leaves of accession W6-12755 Allium pskemense B. Fedtsch. originating from Uzbekistan and grown for germplasm increase in Pullman, WA. W6-18947 A. altaicum Pall., originating from Mongolia, displayed similar symptoms in the same garden in June 2000. A. altaicum is a wild onion exploited for food in its native range and is ancestral to A. fistulosum L., bunching onion (2). A. pskemense is a wild perennial sometimes propagated under cultivation (2). Both species have been exploited for research in breeding and systematics of Allium and used to a lesser degree in screening for pest or disease resistance. Clustered, golden orange, amphigenous uredinia were approximately 1 × 0.5 mm and surrounded by stromatic, subepidermal, blackish telia of variable size. Urediniospores (thick-walled, pale orange, echinulate, (25-) 27 to 32 (-34) × (19-) 21 to 25 μm, with as many as 10 scattered, indistinct pores), teliospores (two-celled, smooth, golden brown, 42 to 65 × 18 to 26 μm), and mesospores (27 to 42 × 15 to 21 μm, and approximately 30% as frequent as teliospores) all approximated the description for P. allii Rudolphi (4), but were more strongly congruent with the description of Puccinia blasdalei Diet. & Holw. (1), now considered a synonym (4). Specimens are deposited with WSP, Washington State University, Pullman. P. allii or its synonyms have been recorded from over 30 species of Allium (1,3,4), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of this rust on A. pskemense or A. altaicum. References: (1) J. C. Arthur. Manual of the Rusts in United States and Canada, Hafner Publishing, N.Y., 1962. (2) J. L. Brewster. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums. CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K, 1994. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2003. (4) G. F. Laundon and J. M. Waterston. Puccinia allii. No. 52 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, U.K., 1965.
Hydrangea macrophylla Flower Spot Caused by Botrytis cinerea in Buenos Aires
Authors: Rivera M. C. , Morisigue D. E. , Lopez S. E. 
Published: May 2007

During the spring of 2003, flower spots were observed on French hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) DC) in CETEFFHO-INTA-JICA experimental greenhouses in Castelar, Argentina. Brown, irregular spots randomly distributed on petals were detected on an old, whiteflowering variety of unknown origin, cultivated by growers. Small pieces of diseased tissue were surface disinfested with 2% NaOCl, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) with pH 7, and incubated at 22 to 24°C. Dense, whitish mycelium developed within 48 h and turned gray after 72 h. Conidia were ellipsoid, hyaline, nonseptate, and formed in botryose heads. Spores from 10-day-old colonies that were developed on PDA in test tubes were removed with 4 ml of sterile water per tube. Prior to inoculation, inflorescences were detached and placed in water-filled glass vases. To test pathogenicity, eight healthy inflorescences were sprayed with a 5-ml suspension (2 × 104 conidia per ml of sterile distilled water). Another eight healthy inflorescences were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The inflorescences were maintained at 21°C and covered with polyethylene bags that were removed after 3 days. Brown, circular-to-irregular spots appeared on petals 5 days after inoculation, became coalescent, and covered 50 to 60% of each inflorescence in 8 days. Gray mold consisting of black conidiophores and gray-in-mass conidia was observed 3 days after the development of the symptoms. Controls remained symptomless. The same pathogen was recovered from inoculated flowers and was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus on Hydrangea macrophylla in Argentina. Reference: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (condial state: Botrytis cinerea).No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Cashew Caused by Oidium anacardii in South Africa
Authors: Swart W. J. 
Published: May 2007

The cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale L.) (family Anacardiaceae) is native to Brazil. It was introduced in East Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century where it is now widely cultivated, especially in Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique. The processed kernels are the most important product derived from the plant, although in Brazil and India, juices, jam, and alcoholic and soft drinks are also made from the pear-shaped edible receptacle. The plant is currently being evaluated in South Africa for commercial production. During May 2002, at least 25% of 5-year-old cashew trees grown from seed in the northern KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa were infected with powdery mildew. Signs included extensive growth of white, superficial mycelium bearing upright conidiophores on young shoots with tender leaves, inflorescences, and young receptacles. In severely affected trees, approximately 35% of young shoots and 45% of young receptacles displayed signs of powdery mildew. Severely infected young leaves were brown and deformed in contrast to older leaves that were unaffected. Microscopic examination of diseased tissue revealed hyaline, cylindrical-to-slightly doliform, single-celled conidia (10 to 17.5 × 2.5 to 5 μm) borne in chains. The pathogen was subsequently identified as Oidium anacardii Noack on the basis of morphology (1). No other species of powdery mildew fungi have been reported on cashew. A pathogenicity test was conducted by gently pressing a heavily diseased leaf onto two healthy leaves of each of 10 cashew plants maintained in pots on open benches in the glasshouse at 22 to 25°C and mean relative humidity of 65%. Control treatments entailed pressing an asymptomatic leaf onto each of two healthy leaves per plant. The experiment was conducted three times. After 14 days, at least one powdery mildew colony had developed on 80% of inoculated leaves but were absent from all replications of the control treatment. The source of inoculum for this reported outbreak is unknown, although O. anacardii is known to occur in southern Mozambique less than 100 km from the infected site. Cashew powdery mildew was first officially reported in Tanzania in 1979 where significant crop losses, partially attributable to the pathogen, have been recorded since (3). No significant damage to production has been recorded in Brazil (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. anacardii occurring on cashew in South Africa. References: (1) E. Castellani and F. Casulli. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale 75:211, 1981. (2) F. C. O. Freire et al. Crop Prot. 21:489, 2002. (3) P. J. Martin et al. Crop Prot. 16:5, 1996.
First Report of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora on Vitis vinifera and French American Hybrids in Chile
Authors: Auger J. , Esterio M. , Pérez I. , Gubler W. D. , Eskalen A. 
Published: May 2007

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous. M.J. Wingfield & L. Mugnai) Crous & Gams (= Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum) was isolated during the growing seasons of 2003-2004 from roots, trunks, and cordons of grapevines, including cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Thompson seedless, Ruby seedless and root stock 3309C, and Kober 5BB, from 10 locations in V, VI, VII, and metropolitan regions of Chile. P. chlamydospora was isolated from 82% of samples from vines 2 to 18 years old that showed decline symptoms in the field. Isolates were identified on the basis of a previous description (1) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) rDNA sequences identical to those of P. chlamydospora isolated from Vitis vinifera (culture CBS 22995, GenBank Accession No. AF 197973). P. chlamydospora is established as a member of the petri and esca disease complex and as a pathogen of grapevines (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were completed by injecting into the pith of 50 single-node, rooted cuttings of Pinot noir and 3309C, approximately 20 μl of a 106 conidia per ml suspension, obtained from four isolates from Chile and one from California. Ten control cuttings of Pinot noir and 3309C were injected with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. Twenty-four weeks after inoculations, all P. chlamydospora-inoculated cuttings exhibited dark streaking of the vascular tissue extending 40 to 45 mm from the point of inoculation. The vascular streaking observed in inoculated plants was identical to symptoms observed in declining vines in the vineyard. No symptoms were observed in the controls. P. chlamydospora was isolated from the region of vascular streaking in 85% of inoculated cuttings. P. chlamydospora was not isolated from the water-treated controls. The reisolated P. chlamydospora was verified with means of morphological characters and polymerase chain reaction amplification with the species-specific primers (3). P. chlamydospora is widespread and readily isolated from declining grapevines in Chile and other grape growing regions of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. chlamydospora from the cultivars cited above in Chile. References: (1) M. Groenewald et al. Mycol. Res. 105:651, 2001. (2) L. sparapano et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. (Suppl.)40:376, 2001. (3) S. Tegli et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 39:134, 2000.
First Report of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) on Soybean in North Dakota
Authors: Bradley C. A. , Biller C. R. , Nelson B. D. 
Published: May 2007

During August 2003, soybean (Glycine max) plants from Richland County, North Dakota with white-to-yellow, lemon-shaped structures on the roots were brought to the North Dakota State University Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. To confirm that the structures were females of a cyst nematode, they were crushed and observed microscopically to determine if nematode eggs and second-stage juveniles were present. Morphology of the second-stage juveniles was consistent with Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). A survey was conducted in soybean fields in 34 km2 around the field in which the samples originated. Ten of twenty fields surveyed had visible females on the roots of plants. Symptoms observed in those fields included patches of stunted, chlorotic, and dead plants. Soil samples were collected from selected areas within eight fields, eggs were extracted using standard soil sieving techniques, and egg numbers were determined. Egg numbers ranged from 550 to 20,000 eggs per 100 cm3 of soil. SCN collected from two different fields, designated as Dwight and LaMars, were used to determine their HG Type. Standardized procedures (1) were used in a growth chamber set at 27°C with 16-h days. Pots in the test were organized in a completely randomized design with three replicates; the test was repeated over time. After 30 days, females were extracted from roots and counted, and a female index (FI) was calculated for each indicator line (1). The mean number of females on susceptible standard cv. Lee 74, was 110. The Dwight SCN population had an FI of 5.3 on plant introduction (PI) 88788, 1.5 on PI 209332, 5.8 on PI 548316 (Cloud), and 0 on all other indicator lines. The LaMars population had an FI of 1.0 on PI 88788, 3.1 on PI 548316 (Cloud), and 0 on all other indicator lines. These results indicate that both SCN populations tested are HG Type 0. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SCN on soybean in North Dakota. Because other hosts of SCN, as well as soybean, are economically important in North Dakota, such as dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and dry pea (Pisum sativum), this disease could adversely impact several commodities throughout the state. Reference: (1) T. L. Niblack et al. J. Nematol. 34:279, 2002.
First Report of Cucumber leaf spot virus in Poland
Authors: Pospieszny H. , Cajza M. , Plewa R. 
Published: May 2007

During April 2003, four young cucumber plants with slight stunting and delay of flowering were found in two commercial greenhouses in the Wielkopolska Region in Poland. Sporadically, chlorotic spots, sometimes with necrotic centers, were observed on the leaves of plants. Later, symptoms were less recognizable or they disappeared completely. Crude sap from symptomatic leaves of Cucumis sativus was used for mechanical inoculation of various plant species. The virus caused local and systemic infections on Cucumis sativus, Nicotiana benthamiana, and N. clevelandii and induced local necrotic lesions only on Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, C. ficifolium, C. murale, Petunia hybrida, Cucurbita melo, Zinnia elegans, and Spinacia oleracea. No symptoms were seen in inoculated N. tabacum, N. glutinosa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, Physalis floridana, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Cucurbita pepo. Symptoms and host range were similar to those described for infection by Cucumber leaf spot virus (CLSV) (1). Electron microscopic examination of negatively stained leaf-dip preparation from infected plants showed spherical virus particles (approximately 30 nm). Total RNA extracted from symptomatic C.sativus and N. benthamiana plants, and RNA extracted from purified virus preparations were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific primers designed to amplify a fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (4). RT-PCR products were sequenced with CEQ DTCS dye terminator cycle sequencing kit and the CEQ 2000 DNA Analysis System (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA). The 664-nt amplicon sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY571334) had 95% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence identity with the Spanish CLSV isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY038365) (4) and 98 and 99% identity, respectively, with another CLSV isolate (3). The nucleic acid sequence of the Polish CLSV isolate was 81 to 84% identical to the equivalent region of two isolates of Pothos latent virus, another aureusvirus (GenBank Accession No AJ243370 and X87115) and had 86% identity with the amino acid sequence of both isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CLSV in Poland. The virus was previously reported in Germany, Great Britain, Jordan, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and Bulgaria (1,2,4). CLSV is a member of the genus Aureusvirus, formerly Carmovirus (family Tombusviridae). In the first half of 2004, no cucumber plants testing positive for CLSV were found. This incidental occurrence of CLSV indicates that the virus is not a significant threat to cucumber in Poland at this time. References: (1) A. Brunt et al. Cucumber leaf spot virus. Viruses of Plants.Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, 1996. (2) D.Kostova et al. J. Plant Pathol. 83:147, 2001. (3) J. S. Miller et al. Virus Res. 52:51, 1997. (4) E. Segundo et al. Plant Dis. 85:1123, 2001.
First Report of Peronospora parasitica on Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: May 2007

Several species of Diplotaxis (D. tenuifolia, D. erucoides, and D. muralis), known as wild rocket, are now widely cultivated in Italy. Wild rocket is used in Mediterranean cuisine as salad, a component of packaged salad products, and as a garnish for food. During the fall of 2002, a foliar disease of D. tenuifolia was observed in the field or greenhouse on several commercial farms in the Liguria Region of northern Italy. Symptoms appeared as small, irregular, dark brown-to-black speckling on the adaxial surfaces of leaves. The speckled areas sometimes expanded into larger spots. These symptoms were followed by leaf yellowing and the appearance of sporangiophores and sporangia on the lower and upper leaf surfaces. Sporangiophores were dichotomously branched with slender curved tips. Sporangia were ovoid, measuring 20 to 28 (average 22) μm long and 15 to 25 (average 19) μm wide. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Peronospora parasitica (3). Pathogenicity was established by inoculating 10 30-day-old plants of D. tenuifolia grown in pots in a peat/pumice/clay/composted bark mix (60:20:10:10), with a conidial suspension (102 conidia per ml). Ten noninoculated plants maintained under the same conditions served as the control. Plants were maintained in a glasshouse at air temperatures ranging between 10 and 26°C (average 16°C) and relative humidity at 85%. The pathogenicity test was done twice. Downy mildew symptoms developed within 12 days, and the same fungus was observed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not develop symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. parasitica on D. tenuifolia in Italy. P. parasitca has been reported as the causal agent of downy mildew on D. muralis in England (1) and on cultivated rocket (Eruca sativa) in California (2). References: (1) J. Fraymouth. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39:79, 1956. (2) S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 82:1063, 1998. (3) D. M. Spencer. The Downy Mildews. Academic Press. New York, 1981.
First Report of Cytospora Canker Caused by Cytospora chrysosperma on White Poplar in Israel
Authors: Madar Z. , Solel Z. , Kimchi M. 
Published: May 2007

A new disease, causing death of mature white poplar trees (Populus alba L.), was observed in Hulla Valley in northern Israel in the summer of 2002. The affected branches turned yellowish brown, and the inner bark turned black. The bark dried out and separated from the underlying wood. Later, copious, dark pycnidia developed on the dead bark. The pycnidia had a diameter of 650 µm (n = 50), ranging 600 to 800 µm. Under moist conditions, spore masses oozed out in long, reddish brown, coiled tendrils. The spores were hyaline, one-celled, and slightly curved, 1.1 × 5.5 µm (5.0 to 6.0 µm) (n = 100), and somewhat smaller than those reported by Schreiner (1). A herbarium specimen was deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 843390). Isolations made from affected branches yielded colonies of Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.:Fr.)Fr. with a whitish orange mycelium that turned dark green 11 days later. Its growth rate on potato dextrose agar at 25°C was 7.1 mm per day. Exposure to daylight induced pycnidial development after 3 to 4 weeks. Inoculation of eight 1-year-old seedlings of white poplar and willow (Salix acmophylla Boiss) proved the pathogenicity of several isolates of C. chrysosperma. The average canker length at 28 days after inoculation was 28.0 and 14.5 cm on white poplar and willow, respectively, indicating the higher susceptibility of P. alba. No cankers developed on the control seedlings. Reisolations from inoculated plants yielded C. chrysosperma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cytospora canker on white poplar in Israel. Reference: (1) E. J. Schreiner. Am. J. Bot.18:1, 1931.
First Report of White Pine Blister Rust on Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Authors: Blodgett J. T. , Sullivan K. F. 
Published: May 2007

White pine blister rust caused by Cronartium ribicola was introduced into North America in the early 20th century and is spreading throughout the range of five-needle pines. In northern Colorado, this pathogen was first observed in 1998 on limber pine (Pinus flexilis) (1). It has not been reported on Rocky Mountain or Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata and P. longaeva, respectively) in nature. However, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine is susceptible to the disease when artificially inoculated (2). In October 2003, a Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine was found infected with C. ribicola in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa County, Colorado. Seven branch cankers were observed on the tree. Cankers ranged in length from 15 to 41 cm and were estimated to be approximately 5 to 7 years old. Distinct C. ribicola branch symptoms were observed, including flagging, spindle-shaped swellings, and 6 mm long aecial scars. A branch was deposited at the Colorado State Herbarium. Microscopic examination of spores within remnant aecial blisters revealed aeciospores characteristic of C. ribicola (yellow-orange, ellipsoid, verrucose, and 19 × 25 μm). Cankers were only observed on one bristlecone pine. However, most limber pines in the area were infected with C. ribicola, including a limber pine less than 1 m from the infected bristlecone pine. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine can become infected naturally, and the pathogen is further south in Colorado on limber pine than previously reported. These observations suggest the need for a more complete investigation of this disease on bristlecone pines. References: (1) D. W. Johnson and W. R. Jacobi. Plant Dis. 84:595, 2000. (2) B. R. Stephan, Allg. Forst Z. 28:695, 1985.
Tumorigenic Agrobacterium sp. Isolated from Weeping Fig in Spain
Authors: Penyalver R. , Sánchez J. J. , Petit A. , Salcedo C. I. , López M. M. 
Published: May 2007

Agrobacterium-like colonies were recovered onto Roy-Sasser's medium from a young tumor (4 cm in diameter) on the stem of weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.), 10 cm from the crown. The galled plant was collected in 1999 from a garden center in Valencia, Spain. After colony purification and tomato and weeping fig plant inoculations, one nonpathogenic and five Agrobacterium isolates that were tumorigenic in both plant species were characterized. On the basis of biovar classification tests, the nonpathogenic isolate was identified as belonging to biovar 1 of Agrobacterium (now called A. tumefaciens), whereas the tumorigenic isolates could not be assigned to any of the known Agrobacterium biovars. The isolates were positive for oxidase, growth in 2% NaCl, production of alkali from l-tartaric acid, and production of acid from mannitol-CaCO3 and negative for 3-ketolactose production, growth and pigmentation in ferric ammonium citrate, growth at 35°C, citrate utilization, acid production from sucrose and melezitose, and alkali production from malonic acid. Nopaline was the unique opine found in galls induced in weeping fig plants inoculated with the pathogenic isolates. Moreover, all isolates utilize the opine nopaline, but not octopine, manopine, agropine, chrysopine, cucumopine, or mikimopine. They were susceptible to agrocin 84 produced by strain K84. Heat-treated bacterial suspensions of these isolates yielded the expected amplification product using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the FGPtmr530/FGPtmr701′ primers pair from the tmr gene (3). Aerial gall disease was first reported on F. benjamina in Florida (1), and the isolated agrobacteria belongs to a new species named A. larrymoorei (2). Later, tumorigenic agrobacteria from weeping fig galls were isolated in Italy and the Netherlands (4). Our data suggest that the tumorigenic strains isolated in Spain differ greatly from those first described in the United States (1) on the basis of alkali production from l-tartaric acid, chrysopine detection on tumors, susceptibility to agrocin 84, and tmr amplification, but they might be similar to some of the Italian isolates (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of tumorigenic Agrobacterium sp. from F. benjamina L. in Spain. References: (1) H. Bouzar et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:65, 1995. (2) H. Bouzar and J. B. Jones. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:1023. 2001. (3) X. Nesme et al. Pages 47–50 in: Endocytobiology IV. P. Nardon et al. eds. INRA, France, 1989. (4) A. Zoina et al. Plant Pathol. 50:620, 2001.