bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Marxist Theory of War and Peace
Authors: Kára Karel 
Published: March 2007

This study strives to elucidate some fundamental problems of war and peace from the Marxist viewpoint. War and peace are understood exclusively as social phenomena, not manifestations of any super-natural power outside human society. The study emphasizes the explication of concepts used, and points out confusions on some terms in Marxist literature. The author examines the problems of war and peace, both in terms of relations among states and of national liberation and civil wars. Here he attempts to elucidate the relationship of war and revolution, notably the Marxist attitude to the so-called 'export of revolution' and the Marxist conception of peaceful and non-violent forms of revolution. He further deals with the avoidability and unavoidability of wars in our times and the problems relating to peaceful coexistence. The author points out that the tremendous changes in today's world make impossible any solution of these problems in terms of timeworn attitudes. The study also emphasizes the role of thermonuclear weapons in the structure of social phenomena. The emergence of nuclear missile war techniques has changed the social function of wars. Only non- nuclear wars have in essence retained their original social function; but even these involves new elements, and can easily grow into nuclear missile wars. The author concludes that peace and peaceful co-existence among states is not only possible, but a historical necessity. He outlines the views held by various groups in the international Communist movement on some basic issues and also confronts the Marxist conception of war and peace with the views of some non-Marxist scholars.
Tribalism, Nationalism, Rank-Equilibration, and Social Structure
Authors: Himmelstrand Ulf 
Published: March 2007

Some aspects of Nigerian nationalism - particularly as espoused by the Ibo elite in the struggle for Nigerian independence and immediately after - are here interpreted as an al ternative or supplementary response to the same kinds of structural strains which have gener ated impulses to so-called tribalism. Rank-equilibration theory is utilized to provide the ne cessary causal links. Other approaches are also suggested to amount for the emergence of structural strains, and for the political exploitation of tribalist responses to such strains. Further discussed are a number of attendant micro- and macro-circumstances which might explain why rank-equili bration sometimes stimulates tribalism and secessionism, at other times seems to increase the appeals of a broader nationalism. Finally, it is maintained that a more durable form of nationalism appears only when based not on individual rank-equilibrating responses, but on the acceptance of common rules within a differentiated and well-balanced system of social exchange such as that hopefully emerging in the new twelve-state federal structure of Nigeria.
Violence, Ethics and Politics
Authors: Gronow Jukka , Hilppö Jorma 
Published: March 2007

The article is a comment on Johan Galtung's 'On the Meaning of Nonviolence' and 'Vio lence, Peace and Peace Research', in which Galtung has tried to clarify and extend the con cept of violence. The present paper claims that there are various omissions and confusions behind Galtung's analysis. The first theme is ethics. Any exhaustive analysis of a concept has to differentiate between the denotation and the connotation of the concept. Connotation of the concept of violence is very much dependent, through its condemnatory nature, on values, norms and interests of the user of the concept. So, any definition must take these factors into consideration. Galtung has instead tried to neutralize the concept of violence, thus neglecting ethical nature. His analysis of the dimensions of violence also seems vague. Behind his way of defining violence and behind the differences between the two definitions we detect a general shift from one ethical system (deontological) to another (rule ethics). Galtung seems not to have noticed this, nor the implicit political character of the dimensions. His definitions of violence are thus models of definitions, their contents dependent on users' political (and ethical) atti tudes. The second theme concerns Galtung's typology of describing and explaining behaviour. When using the concept of structural violence Galtung has to define social structure, and seems in his definitions and examples to be a holist. So the old controversy between metho dological individualism and holism is relevant in this context. Galtung's definition of struc tural violence as a (violent) influence relation with no (direct) subject cannot be accepted, because of the confusion in his concept of the structure. The same kind of confusion under lies his considerations on the relations of the two kinds of violence. In conclusion, on the basis of the critique above a short comment is made on violence as a theoretical concept in the social sciences. It is claimed that violence is not a useful theo retical concept although an important ethical concept. Thus, it is claimed, the problem of the definition of the concept of violence can be seen in the light of the changing problems of peace research.
Divided Berlin: One Past and Three Futures
Authors: Merritt Richard L. 
Published: March 2007

Postwar developments in divided Berlin have much to tell us about political integration and disintegration. The city endured successive waves of wartime destruction, postwar dismantling, and, after 1948, political division. Structural division was made more permanent after 1961. Not until 1970-1972 could the wartime allies and the two postwar Germanies work out contractual arrange ments to regulate interaction between East and West Berlin. Despite cultural, geographic, and other affinities, the two cities have become and remain separate entities. One possible but improbable future development is the failure of some party to fulfill the letter and spirit of these agreements, leading to a renewal of cold war tension. Another equally improbable scenario envisions the internal decay of West Berlin or its eventual abandonment by the Federal Republic, leading to its absorption by the German Democratic Republic. A more probable scenario sees East and West Berlin developing as sister cities in separate countries. This would necessitate a clearcut recognition of both the two cities' autonomy from each other as well as the legitimacy of this status quo. Each could then work on matters of mutual interest without fearing a loss of control over its own fate. To the extent that policy planners want detente in the Berlin area, it behooves them to search out not the grandiose schemes for reunification, but rather areas of limited, low-risk, but cumulative cooperation between autonomous entities.
Objective and Subjective Premises of Detente
Authors: Pastusiak Longin 
Published: March 2007

Pastusiak attempts to identify the objective and subjective factors that have made the United States enter the road of coexistence and détente with socialist countries. The main objective factors are: changes in the balance of power between East and West; changes in the balance of power within the West; transformations in the configuration of the contemporary world; nuclear parity between USSR and USA; fiasco of previous US policy toward socialist countries; the rising role of domestic priorities in the United States; growing economic interdependence of the American economy; and last but not least the détente policy of the socialist countries which constantly offers the capitalist world the idea of cooperation and coexistence. The factors of subjective nature are: constructive changes in attitudes of American public opinion toward socialist countries, and the traditional pragmatism of the American establishment. Pastusiak also discusses various reservations raised by the critics of détente in the United states. Pastusiak comes to the conclusion that objective factors play the most important role in shaping US policy toward détente and thus the process of relaxation of tension between East and West tends to be more durable.
The China-Indochina Conflict: Notes on the Background and Conflict Resolution — the Case of Neutrality
Authors: Thee Marek 
Published: March 2007

Analyzing the political dynamics of the Indochina conflict the paper emphasizes the growing nationalism of the local actors, the impact of the great power involvement, and the role of economic and strategic interests. Historically, precolonial, colonial, and post-colonial realities meet to mold contemporary fortunes. Current dynamics is towards a protracted conflict with two main interrelated focal points: the China-Vietnam and Vietnam- Kampuchean relations. A key formula for conflict resolution in Indochina is to be found in a new conceptualiza tion of neutrality related both to the record of the two Indochina wars on the one hand, and the non-alignment current which grew parallely in the Third World on the other. A common policy of neutrality by all three Indochina states stressing autonomy and independence, and recognized by an international treaty, offers substantial political and economic advantages to all local actors as well as the great powers involved.
Polish Peaceful Revolution: An Anatomy of Polarization
Authors: Staniszkis Jadwiga 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the processes which make it very difficult in Poland to stabilize a quasi-liberal form of an authoritarian regime, based on a 'social contract' legitimacy on one hand and on bureaucratic- conciliatory patterns of problem-solving on the other. Given deepening economic crisis and the disintegration of the state administration, three phases of the 'Solidarity' union's development are outlined: 'self-limiting revolution', 'identity crisis' and 'open conspiracy.' The analysis of political processes inside 'Solidarity' is then paired with an analysis of parallel processes developing inside the power apparatus, based on the erosion of traditional roles of the communist party. Concluding remarks stress certain similarities between modernizing functions of 'Solidarity' in Poland and Leninist communist party in Russia.
Teaching Mandarin Tones to Adult English Speakers: Analysis of Difficulties with Suggested Remedies
Authors: Lin William C.J. 
Published: March 2007

For adult English speaking students of Mandarin, tones pose a very difficult hurdle to pass over. This paper first identifies some sources of difficulties, then classifies and analyzes them. Suggestions to remedy the difficulties have also been made as follows: (1) a new determinancy of the low- dipping contour of the 3rd tone as the norm with other contours as derivations from this norm; (2) new tone drill materials written on music scales, which help the learner to transform from tonemic abstractions to phonetic realities. Tests and experiments have been carried out from 1980 to 1983. The results have confirmed the effectiveness of these suggestions.
A Simulation Study of Factors Influencing Respiratory Variations in Blood Flow with Special Reference to the Effects of the Phase Delay Between the Respiratory and Cardiac Cycles
Authors: Amoore John N. , Santamore William P. 
Published: March 2007

Respiratory variations in blood flow are initiated by the changing pressures within the intrathoracic and abdominal cavities, thereby altering the pressure gradients for blood flow into and out of the thoracic cavity. The respiratory venous return variations alter the right ventricular volume which directly affects left ventricular function through ventricular interdependence. Variations in right ventricular output affect, after transmission through the pulmonary circulation, left atrial inflow and hence left ventricular (LV) output. LV output is also directly affected by respiratory variations in the pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the systemic circulation. Any respiration-induced variations in the haemodynamic impedance to blood flow (collapse of the great veins, variations in pulmonary vascular impedance) will also contrib ute to flow variations. The heart rate changes with respiration affecting heart chamber filling and output. The wide variety of factors contributing to respira tory blood flow variations complicates its analysis. However, by enabling the individual factors to be separately considered, model studies provide a convenient method of analysing the effects of the different factors involved.
KNOBSAR: A Knowledge Based System Prototype for Robot Assisted Urban Search and Rescue
Authors: Blitch Major John G. , Maurer Ruth 
Published: March 2007

Few disasters inspire more compassion for victims and families than those involving structural collapse situations. Media audiences also sympathize, however, with heroic rescue personnel who are faced with a tremendously complex, hazardous, and often frustrating task environment. Rescue activities in the aftermath of recent earthquakes and bombings indicate a tremendous need for greater access to denied areas within any crisis site involving collapsed structures. Recent developments in the remote inspection industry show great potential for employment of small robotic micro- rover systems in expanded roles for Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). Similar progress in computer science research indicates an increasing role for simulation oriented modeling and intelligent decision support tools in USAR resource management procedures. This paper discusses key issues in the application of robotic systems to Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) activities and discusses ongoing development of a knowledge based system for efficient management of automated search assets.
Office and service1
Authors: Neundorfer L. 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur considère tout d'abord l'Eglise en tant que groupe social; il précise le lien qui unit les membres et circonscrit la fonction du prêtre et le rôle des offices dans la communauté chrétienne. D'autre part, il considère la société actuelle, très industrialisée, dans laquelle les différents services pren nent de plus en plus d'importance. Face à la société actuelle, l'Eglise n'apparaît-elle pas comme une institution vieillie, dépassée ? Quelle espèce de service peut-elle offrir à l'homme moderne ? L'aide spirituelle apparaît de plus en plus nécessaire; l'Eglise ne se borne pas, dans certains cas déterminés, à donner à ses membres une aide spirituelle à caractère individuel. mais elle offre une assistance continuelle qui guide la vie de chacun dans la communauté. Contrairement au besoin continuel de changement qui se manifeste dans tous les domaines de la vie profane, le chrétien d'aujourd'hui ne se lasse pas de la répé tition des offices auxquels il participe chaque diman che. Cette continuité lui apparaît comme un signe de stabilité. Il se sent à l'abri dans la communauté. C'est dans cette perspective qu'il faut concevoir le rôle de l'Eglise dans la société moderne.
Pour une sociologie des « idéations collectives n
Authors: Desroche Henri 
Published: March 2007

The author rejects the form of sociology which reduces the objectives of religion simply to the products of quite other factors. In the first part of his work he deals with the col~ lective formation of ideas and with the theology of the world of the imagination ; he sees here the possibility of a dialogue between, Sociology and Theology. The next stage of his argument — entitled « collective formation of ideas and the sociology of consciousness » — demonstrates that there is such a close and constant relationship between these, two concepts that they should not be separated. A sociology. of collective consciousness is also a sociology of social facts. Normally «Realsoziologie » studies the forces of making for cohesion and « Bewusstseinssoziologie » those making for disintegration. Finally, in a, passage entitled « collective formation of ideas and the anthropology of dreams », the author makes a strong plea for a sociological approach to Utopian dream worlds, or to the dreams which make up such a world, or for a sociology of the world of the imagination, as suggested by R. Bastide.
Le Catholicisme populaire en Amérique Latine (1)
Authors: Rebeiro de oliveira Pedro A. 
Published: March 2007

This article, a by-product of a research project, starts off with a critique of available typologies of Latin American Catholicism, Pin, Buntig, Camargo, Azevedo, Comblin, Rolin and others have made indisputable contributions to the socio logy of Catholicism, but their typologies are still deficient. In emphasizing the multiplicity of forms that Catholicism takes, they play down its unity. It is not the writer's intention to produce a new typology. Any typology is finally tied down to the observer's frame of reference : while it can describe phenomena, it gets us no nearer to their explanation. A different approach to the study is here proposed, one which takes into account both the unity and the polymorphism of Catholic religiosity. The author achieves this by putting forward the notion of constellation of acts, i.e. that set of acts which establish the same type of relationships between man and the sacred. He analyzes direct and mediated relationships, as well as their effects on the pattern of Catholic practice. This leads to a definition of popular Catholicism that is cast in terms of the individual's relationship with the sacred, thus by passing the Church.
War and religion in a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Zahn Gordon C. 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur examine la variété des relations qui peuvent exister entre la guerre et la religion. Il considère en particulier le cas du christianisme. Le christianisme primitif exclut toute possibilité de com portement guerrier pour le croyant. Cependant, avec la con version de Constantin, une nouvelle perspective se développa au sujet de la violence et de la guerre. Elle culmina dans les formulations théologiques de la « juste guerre » qui per mirent au chrétien de « faire son devoir » de citoyen tout en épargnant sa « conscience ». Dès ce moment, la tradition du pacifisme chrétien fut assumée par les seules minorités religieuses « hérétiques » ou « dissidentes ». Ce n'est qu'au XXe siècle, au cours de l'entre-deux guerres que resurgirent les signes précurseurs d'un nouveau pacifisme chrétien. La montée du nazisme et la seconde guerre mondiale interrompit cet élan mais ne parvint pas néanmoins à l'arrêter. Il s'affirma d'autant plus fort après cette pose. L'auteur prend en considération trois des composantes socio logiques du problème religion-guerre : 1) la question de la référence aux valeurs, 2) la question des relations entre les institutions ecclésiale et étatique, 3) la question du contrôle social et de ses fonctions à l'intérieur des institutions. Il esquisse, pour clôturer, une réflexion sur l'impact que les sciences humaines pourraient avoir dans ce domaine où s'entrecroisent les intérêts religieux et sociaux.
Religious Beliefs and Practices in Relation to Peace and Justice
Authors: Eckhardt William 
Published: March 2007

Sur la base des écrits sacrés des grandes religions, on pourrait s'attendre à voir les comportements religieux associés à des attitudes favorables à la paix, l'égalité, la liberté, l'amour et d'autres valeurs semblables. Cependant, les résultats des études réalisées depuis quarante ans, ne confirment pas cette hypothèse. Au contraire, ces études suggèrent de façon vigoureuse que les adeptes les plus « orhodoxes » de ces religions font preuve de soumission et de conformisme plutôt que de compassion. Les changements d'attitudes au sein du christianisme à l'égard de la guerre au cours de ce siècle suggèrent que la relation entre religiosité et militarisme est fonction du type de relation qui existe entre les Eglises et l'Etat. Ceci résulterait surtout du fait que les Eglises stimulent avant tout la con formité de leurs membres. Puisque la conformité ecclésiale contribue tout à la fois aux comportements violents et à la violence structurelle, il serait nécessaire que les Eglises favorisent le non conformisme et la non violence si elles veulent contribuer effectivement à l'avènement de la paix et de la justice dans le monde.
Lightfastness and Surface Activity of Dyes : The Effect of Alkylation and of Sulfonation
Authors: Giles C.H. , Baxter G. , Black W.A. , Macaulay N. , Rahman S.M.K. 
Published: March 2007

The systematic changes in lightfastness produced by alteration of surface activity in dyes are described. Several series of dyes of the sulfonated anthraquinone, sulfonated and unsulfonated azo, azomethin, and merocyanine classes have been irradiated in transparent films and their fading rates and characteristic fading (CF) curves determmed. A marked increase in surface activity of an ionic dye tends to decrease lighfastness in normal substrates. A smaller increase in surface-activity, e.g., by introduction of a short alkyl chain, usually increases lightfastness. The orientation and number of sulfonate groups affects lightfastness. A more even distribution of such groups or increase in their number in the dye molecule improves the fastness ; this rule appear, to apply to most acid wool dyes. The effect of normal aggregation of the dyes in the substrate upon their lightfastness is apparently in most cases sufficient to mask differences in their chemical reactivity, The lower the solubility of a dye in a film before setting. the higher is its lightfastness ; the higher the solubility, the lower the hghtfastness. When dyes are entirely molecularly dispersed, e.g., those in a homologous merocyanine series used here, in collodion, even quite marked changes in length of un attached alkyl chain have almost no effect on fastness.
Studies of the Surface Geometry of Fibers
Authors: Scheier Stanley C. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2007

An electromagnetic transducer, for scanning the surfaces of textile fibers and the associated electronic circuitry for measuring and recording geometric features of the surfaces are described. The steps taken to isolate the highly sensitive system from noise and other extraneous influences are briefly outlined. By means of a counter and an integrating circuit, two parameters characterizing the surface of a given length of fiber can be obtained: the number of asperities and the total height of the asperities in the selected length of fiber. Observations made on a sample of camel hair show, in terms of asperity count and total height, that the fiber surface has a quite uniform scale structure and a marked differential directional character. Two samples of Dacron,3 one contaming 2.0% and the other a negligible 0.1% TiO2 delusterant, were also examined. The former sample was found to have, on the average, from 3 to 7 times as many asperities on the fiber surface as the other had. The average asperity heights appeared to be less severly affected by the differences in the amounts of incorporated TiO2. The reproducibility of this method, as disclosed by the results on these two samples, is discussed.