bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphologic and clinicopathologic changes following Strongylus vulgaris infections of immune and nonimmune ponies
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Torbert Betty J. , Ochoa Ricardo , Bello Thomas R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten 2-year-old ponies that were Strongylus vulgaris naive were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group was given a single inoculation of 5,000 S vulgaris infective larvae (L3)/pony and each pony in the 2nd group was given 50 L3/week for 20 weeks. All ponies surviving these initial infections were each challenge exposed with 5,000 L3 236 days after the initial infections. Clinical reactions to initial and challenge-exposure infections were monitored by daily rectal temperatures, weekly weights, and twice daily observations of behavior. Quantitative measurements on blood and peritoneal fluid components were made at weekly or semiweekly intervals for 55 days after the initial infection and for 35 days after the challenge-exposure infections.
Observations on clinical responses of ponies after initial and challenge-exposure infection indicated that a single inoculation of 5,000 L3 was more immunogenic than were 20 weekly inoculations of 50 L3. Protective immunity was judged by the severity of the clinical responses that followed a challenge-exposure inoculation of 5,000 L3. Necropsy observations demonstrated that after inoculations of 5,000 L3, larvae migrated to sites other than the cranial mesenteric artery. In many ponies, these involve migrations through the liver. Blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and HCO3− concentrations did not change after any infections. Blood and peritoneal lactate values increased after challenge-exposure infections of 5,000 L3 in all ponies. The peritoneal fluid lactate values showed more marked increases than did the blood values. Lactate values of ponies that died did not differ from those that survived the verminous colic. Serum values of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase increased to significant (P < 0.05) amounts 21 to 28 days after inoculations with 5,000 L3. Peritoneal fluids obtained 7 to 21 days after inoculations of 5,000 L3 were (i) more difficult to collect, (ii) turbid, (iii) straw-to-amber colored, and (iv) contained high concentrations of protein, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. Differential cell counts of peritoneal fluids of all ponies given 5,000 L3 showed increased numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. Ponies with clinical signs of colic also had increased numbers of eosinophils in peritoneal fluids.
Lymphocytes from ponies experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1: Subpopulation dynamics and their response to mitogens
Authors: Bumgardner M. K. , Dutta S. K. , Campbell D. L. , Myrup A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six pony foals, free of detectable serum neutralization (sn) antibody against equine herpesvirus type 1 by the standard virus-neutralization (vn) test, were inoculated with equine herpesvirus type 1. The ponies showed typical clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and developed a transient leukopenia, involving lymphocytes as well as neutrophils. The leukopenia reached its lowest point on postinoculation days (pid) 3 to 5 and then returned to base-line values by pid 8 to 10. On quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations, T and B lymphocytes were decreased during the onset of leukopenia and then recouped during the recovery from leukopenia. However, the proportions of the T and B lymphocytes remained constant during the lymphopenia, ranging from 70% to 80% and 20% to 30%, respectively. The lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens increased to a peak by pid 2 to 5 and then decreased to base line values or below by pid 7. Mitogen responses of T lymphocyte and mixed lymphocyte preparations were nearly similar. However, the responses of 2 ponies were somewhat different from the responses of others in that there was an increase in the B lymphocytes in the range of 40% to 50% during the recovery phase of lymphopenia. Also, the 2 ponies’ mixed lymphocyte response to mitogens was considerably higher and the T lymphocyte response to mitogen was lower as compared with that of mixed lymphocyte preparation. The importance of these 2 types of responses is discussed.
Comparative in vitro leukotoxin production of three bovine strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: Scanlan C. M. , Berg J. N. , Fales W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The in vitro leukotoxic activity of 3 bovine isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum which varied in pathogenicity were compared. Monolayers of mouse peritoneal macrophages were exposed to culture filtrates from each F necrophorum strain, and cell viability was determined, using the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Two methods were used for production of the leukotoxin: (1) medium M-1 continuous dialysis sac cultures and (2) brain-heart infusion agar plate cultures. Supernatant cultural fluids containing the leukotoxin were subjected to membrane-partition chromatography, using ultrafilters with approximate molecular weight (mol wt) exclusion limits of 100,000, 10,000, 2,000, and 500. All ultrafiltrates had a cytotoxic effect on the monolayers. Cytotoxic activity was not found in the ultrafilter residues or in the control media ultrafiltrates. Comparative study of leukotoxin production indicated that F necrophorum 2101, type A, produced the most leukotoxin; F necrophorum 2030, type AB, produced slightly less leukotoxin; and F necrophorum 2035, type B, produced small amounts of leukotoxin. Endotoxin activity, as demonstrated by the mouse lethality test, was found in the residues of the XM-100A ultrafilter (100,000 mol wt), but not in the filtrates. Culture supernatant fluids and the XM-100A ultrafiltrates were positive for endotoxin, using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay; however, the other ultrafiltrates with lower mol wt exclusion limits were negative.
Vaccination of cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis with a Haemophilus somnus bacterin
Authors: Stephens L. R. , Little P. B. , Humphrey J. D. , Wilkie B. N. , Barnum D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capability of a commercial Haemophilus somnus bacterin to protect cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis was examined. Eighteen cattle were vaccinated twice, 8 were vaccinated once, and 14 were nonvaccinated controls. Serum antibody responses to vaccination were measured by gel immunodiffusion, bacterial agglutination test, and complement-fixation test.
Deaths occurred in 8 of the 14 controls, 3 of the cattle vaccinated once, and 3 of the cattle vaccinated twice. Two vaccinations were found to give significant protection against challenge exposure (P < 0.05). There were no cattle which gave positive reactions in the gel immunodiffusion test, and significant changes in bacterial agglutination test titers were not seen in the cattle after vaccination. There was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the complement-fixation test titers of cattle vaccinated twice. Serum antibody titers were unrelated to the outcome of challenge infection, regardless of vaccination status, in any of the serotests.
Equine ocular onchocerciasis: Histopathologic study
Authors: Schmidt Gretchen M. , Krehbiel Janver D. , Coley S. Claire , Leid R. Wesley 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equine eyes (368) were examined clinically and histologically for abnormalities associated with the presence of ocular microfilariae of naturally occurring Onchocerca sp infection. Forty of the eyes had microfilariae in the conjunctiva, but distinguishing clinical abnormalities were not associated with their presence. In 1 horse with ocular microfilariae that was treated with diethylcarbamazine daily for 2 weeks, ocular tissue samples were obtained before, during, and after the horse was treated, and the samples were compared histologically. During treatment of the horse, microfilariae apparently moved from the conjunctival stroma into the perilimbal corneal stroma; inflammatory cells were more abundant in the perilimbal tissues. The tissue samples obtained before and after the treatment appeared similar.
Indirect imaging of the canine optic nerve, using metrizamide (optic thecography)
Authors: LeCouteur Richard A. , Scagliotti Randall H. , Beck Kathy A. , Holliday Terrell A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Between the optic nerve and its sheath is a small, csf-filled space that communicates with the subarachnoid space of the brain. A technique for the radiographic opacification of the optic nerve subarachnoid space following the intrathecal injection of metrizamide was investigated in 8 dogs.
The technique enabled indirect visualization of the optic nerves from the optic chiasm to the eyeball and of structures within the subarachnoid basal cisterns of the brain, including the optic chiasm, hypophysis, and blood vessels of the cerebral arterial circle. Displacement and obstruction of the optic nerve subarachnoid space were demonstrated after surgically creating optic nerve lesions to simulate orbital tumors and trauma. The technique was found to be safe, effective, and advantageous over other techniques currently available for the visualization of these structures.
Efficacy of injectable and oral paste formulations of ivermectin against gastrointestinal parasites in ponies
Authors: Torbert Betty J. , Kramer Barbara S. , Klei Thomas R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A controlled test was used in ponies to compare the antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) in an injectable micelle solution administered im with the efficacy of the same drug in an oral paste formulation. Parasite infections were naturally acquired in southern Louisiana. The drug was tested in both formulations at a dosage level of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight.
Ivermectin in both formulations tested had an efficacy > 98% against Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis larvae, Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema spp, Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and species of small strongyles present. Efficacy of ivermectin against Oxyuris equi larvae was 100% in the paste formulation and 93% in the injectable formulation. The ponies were less uniformly infected with S equinus, Draschia megastoma, Parascaris equorum, O equi adults, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and A magna. However, observations indicated that the drug in either formulation was also effective against these parasites, except Anoplocephala spp.
Role of insects in the transmission of bovine leukosis virus: Potential for transmission by mosquitoes
Authors: Buxton Bonnie A. , Schultz Ronald D. , Collins William E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine leukosis virus (blv) was transmitted to sheep in a simulated mechanical transmission experiment, using the following species of mosquitoes: Anopheles freeborni, A stephensi, A quadrimaculatus, and A albimanus. Mosquitoes were fed on blood taken from a blv-infected cow with persistent lymphocytosis. Mouthparts and heads of mosquitoes were removed immediately after feeding, placed in RPMI 1640 medium, and inoculated subcutaneously into sheep. Nine sheep were inoculated with mouthparts and heads from 37 to 122 mosquitoes. Infection was determined serologically. Three monthly serum samples were collected from the sheep and were tested for the presence of antibodies to blv, using the agar-gel immunodiffusion (agid) test. Sera that were negative by agid at 3 months were tested by radioimmunoassay. Results from radioimmunoassay agreed with those obtained by agid. Four of the 9 sheep developed antibody to blv. Sheep that seroconverted were inoculated with mouthparts and heads from as few as 54 mosquitoes.
Isolation of ovine lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes by counterflow centrifugation elutriation
Authors: Raghunathan Rukmani , Wuest Carla , Faust Judy , Hwang Stephen , Miller Michael E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A simple, brief 1-step counterflow centrifugation elutriation technique is described for the recovery of highly purified populations of lymphocytes and granulocytes from adult and fetal ovine peripheral blood. Monocytes are obtained as an enriched population. Lymphocyte and granulocyte recoveries average 80%, higher than with routine gradient centrifugation procedures. In this described technique, inexpensive medium is used, and it is completed in about 90 minutes. The individual blood cellular populations, when tested appropriately, demonstrate normal functional responses.
Electrophysiologic studies of the thoracic limb of the horse
Authors: Blythe L. L. , Kitchell R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cutaneous innervation of the thoracic limb was investigated in 18 barbiturate-anesthetized horses, using electrophysiologic techniques. The cutaneous area (ca) innervated by each cutaneous nerve was delineated in at least 4 horses by stroking the hairs with a small watercolor brush while recording from the nerve. Mapping of adjacent ca revealed areas of considerable overlap. The part of a ca of a given nerve supplied only by that nerve is referred to as its autonomous zone (az). In contrast to the standard textbook illustrations cutaneous branches of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves overlapped extensively in the antebrachium. Clinically testable az were found in the antebrachium for the caudal cutaneous antebrachial nerve of the ulnar nerve and in the carpus and manus for the cutaneous branches of the median, ulnar, and musculocutaneous nerves; az were not found for the cutaneous branches of the radial and axillary nerves.
Liver scintigraphy in ponies
Authors: Theodorakis Michael C. , Bermudez Alex J. , Manning John P. , Koritz Gary D. , Hillidge Christopher J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six derivatives of ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis (α-2-hydroxy phenyl) acetic acid labeled with technetium 99m were prepared and their imaging qualities evaluated in ponies. The 6 agents produced good scintigraphic images of certain structures of the liver in the pony. For each agent, 13 different scans were taken. Dorsal views of the left lateral, right lateral, and quadrate lobe were obtained with dorsal scans. Left lateral and left lateral oblique (45°) scans provided a left lateral view of the left lobe and a medial view of the right lateral lobe. Right lateral scans revealed the right lateral and quadrate lobes. Administration of 99mTc-labeled colloids which are commonly used in other species for liver scintigraphy resulted in extensive lung uptake in the pony.
Effect of feeding milk from goats fed tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to rats and calves
Authors: Goeger D. E. , Cheeke P. R. , Schmitz J. A. , Buhler D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dried tansy ragwort, which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (pa), was fed to lactating dairy goats. Milk containing 7.5 ng of pa/g (dry weight basis) from these goats was fed to rats and calves. Rats fed a goats' milk diet for 180 days with a calculated total pa intake of 0.96 mg/rat had swollen hepatocytes of centrilobular distribution, and biliary hyperplasia, indicating pa involvement. Rats fed tansy ragwort at dietary levels of 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.001% (corresponding to pa intakes of 39.77, 5.04, 0.52, and 0.05 mg/rat) showed swollen hepatocytes, megalocytosis, biliary hyperplasia, and fibrosis. The histopathologic changes in the milk-fed rats and those given 0.001% tansy ragwort in the diet were similar. Definitive changes in 2 calves fed goats' milk were not detected. The results with rats indicate that pa are transferred in goats' milk and may produce hepatoxic effects.
Ultrastructure of canine toxic neutrophils
Authors: Gossett Kent A. , MacWilliams Peter S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Turpentine-induced inflammation was used as a model to study the ultrastructure of canine toxic neutrophils. Circulating toxic neutrophils contained large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, but lamellar aggregates (Döhle bodies) were not observed. Cytoplasmic basophilia in Wright's stained neutrophils related to the persistence of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes. Foamy vacuolation of the cytoplasm at the light microscopic level corresponded with irregular, electron-lucent areas which were not membrane bound. However, the presence of membrane remnants and myelin figures within lucent areas, as well as dilation and rupture of membranous structures in bone marrow precursors, indicated that these areas may have been membrane bound. In severely affected cells, there were few lysosomal granules.
Early and intermediate neutrophils in the bone marrow of turpentine-injected dogs contained dilated and fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with irregular, electron-lucent areas in the cytoplasm and perinuclear space. Myelin figures were often in association with these electron-lucent areas.
These findings indicated that cytoplasmic immaturity and cellular degeneration were involved in the morphogenesis of toxic neutrophils in the dog.
Chemotactic factors for bovine leukocytes
Authors: Carroll E. J. , Mueller R. , Panico L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An agarose method was used to determine the nature of chemotaxins for bovine leukocytes as related to coliform mastitis. Freshly collected bovine serum or plasma was frequently chemotactic, probably due to spontaneous complement activation. Fresh serum was always rendered chemotactic when activated with zymosan or when heat-killed or viable coliform bacteria were incubated in the serum. The bacteria did not contribute to preexisting activity in the serum. Escherichia coli grown in synthetic media did not generate chemotaxins, and the synthetic peptide formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenyl-alanine was not chemotactic in the agarose system for bovine leukocytes. Endotoxin-treated serum had variable activity.
Epizootic of viral enteritis in dogs in Thailand
Authors: Tingpalapong Markpol , Whitmire Richard E. , Watts Douglas M. , Burke Donald S. , Binn Leonard N. , Tesaprateep Ted , Laungtongkum Songkram , Marchwicki Ruth H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An epizootic of enteritis occurred in dogs in Thailand during 1979. Observations were made on 44 dogs that had clinical signs of enteritis or had a recent history compatible with a clinical diagnosis of enteritis. Eight of the 44 dogs died. Gross and histopathologic examinations performed on these dogs revealed that the lesions were similar to those described for canine viral enteritis. Antigens that agglutinated rhesus macaque rbc were detected in feces from 4 of 20 dogs. Cytopathic effects were observed in canine A-72 cells after their inoculation with fecal suspensions from these 4 dogs and with a fecal suspension from another dog. Cell culures inoculated with each of the suspensions produced antigens that agglutinated rbc. All hemagglutinating antigens were inhibited in the presence of feline panleukopenia virus antiserum. Using electron microscopy, parvovirus-like virions were observed in a fecal suspension from 2 dogs (1 dog that had antigen that agglutinlated rhesus macaque rbc and 1 dog hat was negative for feline panleucopenia virus). Canine parvovirus hemagglutination inhibition antibody was detected in sera from 33 of the 40 dogs examined, and canine coronavirus (cv) neutralizing antibody was found in 29 of 30 dogs. Antibody titer increases indicative of recent canine panleukopenia virus (cpv)-like virus and cv infections were observed in paired sera for 2 of 35 and for 5 of 30 of the dogs, respectively. Seemingly, the dogs in Thailand were infected with cpv-like virus and a cv, and these viruses were most likely the cause of the epizootic of viral enteritis.
Occurrence of salmonellae in animal feed ingredients in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Nabbut N. H. , Barbour E. K. , Al-Nakhli H. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 346 samples of animal feed ingredients (144 complete feed, 88 feed concentrate, 42 calcium carbonate, 30 meat meal, 29 fish meal, and 13 mixed meat and bone meal), 42 (12.13%) were contaminated with salmonellae. The rate of Salmonella contamination varied according to the nature of the feed sample. Seven (53.84%) of the mixed meat and bone meal, 14 (48.27%) of the fish meal, 12 (13.63%) of the feed concentrate, 7 (4.86%) of the complete feed, and 2 (4.76%) of the calcium carbonate samples contained salmonellae. The 49 Salmonella isolates represented 18 serotypes; the 5 most frequent serotypes in decreasing order were S lill, S new-haw, S livingstone, S kentucky, and S typhimurium. The 4 most common somatic serogroups encountered were C1, E2, B, and C3.
Scanning electron microscopic study of the small intestine of dogs from birth to 337 days of age
Authors: Hoskins J. D. , Henk W. G. , Abdelbaki Y. Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The surface morphology of the small intestine of dogs from birth to 337 days of age was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The small intestinal surface morphology was similar to that described for other species, except or irregular villous length in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the dog from birth to 21 days of age. The absorptive epithelial cells and goblet cells were similar in morphology and distribution from birth to 337 days. Segmented filamentous bacteria were attached to the ileal mucosa of dogs 54 to 161 days of age.
Comparative prenatal development of the spinal cord in normal and dysraphic dogs: Fetal stage
Authors: Engel Harold N. , Draper Donald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The normal prenatal development of the canine spinal cord was examined by light microscopy in 8 fetuses with an average gestational age of 42.75 days and crown-rump lengths of 92.0 mm. The development of the spinal cord in these fetuses was comparable to the development in human etuses of 14 weeks' gestation (900) mm crown-rump length). These normal fetal developments were compared with the levelopment of the spinal cord in 10 fetuses obtained by nating severely dysraphic Weimaraner dogs. These fetuses rad an average gestational age of 42.10 days and crown-rump lengths of 96.5 mm.
Dysraphic lesions were present in all 10 of the fetuses obtained from the dysraphic matings. There was a failure of the dura mater to differentiate and separate from the periosteum of the vertebral canal in 80% of the dysraphic etuses. The ventral median fissure was absent in 70% of he dysraphic fetuses along with concomitant fusion of the ventral white columns and a disruption of the normal ar-hitecture of the gray matter. Central canal abnormalities were evident in 70% of the dysraphic fetuses. These findings ncluded the presence of diverticuli and reduction in the ize of the canal.
The dysraphic fetuses had significantly larger ratios of cray matter to spinal cord diameters, indicating less white matter development. There were no significant differences between the normal and dysraphic transverse diameter measurements of both the gray matter and the entire spinal cord. The lack of expected significance was attributed to differences in breed size. Although not significant, there was the tendency for the dysraphic fetuses to have smaller cross-ectional areas of the dorsal root ganglia in the caudal lumbar region. Furthermore, there was no prevalence for dysraphism to affect one side over the other.
Pharmacokinetics of sulfamerazine and antipyrine in neonatal and young lambs
Authors: Backer P. De , Belpaire F. M. , Bogaert M. G. , Debackere M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The disposition of sulfamerazine after oral and after iv administrations was studied in lambs at different times after birth. There was a gradual increase in systemic clearance and plasma binding until the 9th week. After sulfamerazine was given orally, there was a marked evolution in the shape of the concentration-time curves in function of age, strongly suggesting a defective absorption rate in the first weeks after birth.
For antipyrine, too, the clearance increased gradually during the period of study, but absorption seemed to be rapid in the very young animals.