bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driving performance in patients with homonymous visual field defects and healthy subjects in a standardized virtual reality environment
Authors: PAPAGEORGIOU E , HARDIESS G , VONTHEIN R , SCHOENFISCH B , MALLOT H , SCHIEFER U 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess whether visual field‐related parameters per se are able to predict driving performance of patients with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs) and healthy controls in a standardized virtual reality (VR) environment. Methods Thirty‐two patients with HVFDs due to cerebro‐vascular lesions and 32 healthy control subjects underwent testing on a driving simulator under two levels of traffic density. Driving performance was defined as the frequency of accidents under VR‐conditions. From the binocular visual field, as measured with kinetic perimetry, we assessed the area of sparing within the affected hemifield (A‐SPAR) and the perimetric reaction time (RT). Results Frequency of traffic accidents was best explained by traffic density, age of individuals, A‐SPAR and RT. This model explained 78% of the total variability (Radj2 = 0.78). All factors were significant. The effect of traffic density explained 63.4 % of the total variance. Age, A‐SPAR and RT were minor effects explaining only 2.7%, 2.0% and 0.9% respectively. Conclusion The extent of the visual field loss is weakly related to driving performance. This finding suggests that – at least for this group of patients – the visual field‐related parameters should not be taken as the sole indicator of fitness to drive. Some patients with HVFDs demonstrated sufficient compensatory driving behavior during the simulated test ride, presumably due to eye and head movements. Driving performance declined slightly with age; these changes were exacerbated in the presence of cerebro‐vascular disease.
Reading strategies in nystagmus
Authors: THOMAS MG , PROUDLOCK FA , MCLEAN RJ , GOTTLOB I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To understand how individuals with infantile nystagmus read in view of the sensory motor deficits associated with this condition. Methods Eye movement recordings were carried out in healthy (n=7), IIN (n=7) and albino voulnteers (n=7) during reading for distance (1.2m) and near (0.33m) at five gaze positions (‐20°, ‐10°, 0°, 10° and 20°). Reading speeds (RS) and beating pattern were derived from these recordings. Visual acuity (VA) was also measured over the same eccentricities and distances. The nystagmus volunteers underwent a further fixational task (‐30° to 30°) to derive the waveform characteristics of nystagmus. Results RS were significantly (p<0.05) slower in nystagmus volunteers when compared to age and IQ matched controls. VA is a good predictor of RS in IIN (R2 = 0.48, p<0.05) but not albinism (R2 = 0.08, p<0.05). Right beating waveform was associated with faster RS and left beating with slower RS (p<0.05). Intensity had a significant effect on RS in IIN (p<0.05); however, it was a poor predictor of RS (R2 = 0.12). Conclusion We describe, for the first time, that visual acuity is a reliable measure of RS in IIN but not albinism. However, intensity does not predict RS. Therefore oculomotor recordings and VA measurements should be supplemented with reading tests to assess functional visual improvements. Furthermore, the direction of the fast phase and/or slow phase significantly affects RS. This could be because reading is an asymmetric task (English reading is from left to right). This has important implications because the null region does not always exhibit right beating pattern and faster RS. Therefore therapies aimed at broadening or shifting the null should be evaluated against whether such interventions will improve functional vision.
Torsional optokinetic nystagmus in strabismus
Authors: PROUDLOCK FA , FAROOQ SJ , MCLEAN RJ , GOTTLOB I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Torsional optokinetic Nystagmus (tOKN) in patients with strabismus since childhood has not been previously evaluated.The authors investigated the optokinetic response in horizontal, vertical and torsional directions in strabismus patients and in age‐matched normal volunteers. Methods Monocular torsional, horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded in 16 subjects with childhood strabismus and 15 normal volunteers.Constant velocity horizontal (nasalward and temporalward) and vertical(upward and downward) OKN stimuli were used at 10°/s, 20°/s and 40°/s.Torsional(intorsion and extorsion)OKN stimuli were rotated at velocities of 40° and 400°/s. Results OKN responses from strabismus patients produced significant asymmetric responses in horizontal and vertical directions. The nasalward response was significantly greater than the temporalward and upward response was greater than downward. A significant high incidence of absent tOKN was present in both intorsion and extorsion. Eight of the 15 patients tested did not respond to any stimulus in either direction in their non‐dominant eye and 4 showed no response in their dominant eye. Conclusion Torsional OKN is dramatically affected in the presence of strabismus with a high incidence of no response. The possibility of a lack of development in the binocular cortical structures that respond to torsional motion could explain these findings.
Straylight and the two domains of visual optics; small angle (0‐1 degree) and large angle (1‐90 degree)
Authors: VAN DEN BERG TJTP 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Retinal straylight is the cause of important visual disturbances such as glare hindrance and contrast loss. It results from light scattering in the optical media, over angles of 1 to 90 degrees. So, it addresses part of the visual function not accessible with other means, such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and optical techniques. How independent are those two domains? Methods A forced choice psychophysical assessment technique was developed for objective and at the same time functional assessment of straylight ("Compensation Comparison", implemented in a commercial product, C‐Quant from Oculus). Maximum likelihood estimation is performed, fitting a psychometric function to patient responses for 25 short comparisons, including a reliability estimate of the obtained straylight value. The outcomes were compared to classical visual function measures (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) in 2400 subjects in the European GLARE study. Literature models for different aspects of the optical irregularities in the eye media were used to understand the independence between the two domains of the psf. Results Straylight typically originates from irregularities in the optical media of small characteristic size (collections of particles sized 10 micrometer and below), as opposed to disturbances to the central part of the psf (<0.1 degrees), originating from large scale irregularities (refractile humps and bumps extending over 100 micrometer and more). As a consequence straylight is sensitive to disturbances like early changes to the lens, corneal haze, PCO, multifocal IOL artifacts, corneal scars, vitreous turbidity, etc. Conclusion Straylight assess a domain of visual function not accessible with classical and optical means.
Commercial interest
Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral histomorphometry in myopic and non myopic glaucomatous chinese eyes
Authors: JONAS JB , REN R , WANG N , LI B , LI L , GAO F , XU X 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To study the glaucomatous optic nerve head in Chinese eyes. Methods The histomorphometric investigation included a Normal group (non‐highly myopic eyes) of 40 human globes enucleated due to a malignant choroidal melanoma, a Glaucomatous group (non‐highly myopic eyes) of 55 eyes enucleated due to painful secondary angle‐closure glaucoma, and a Highly Myopic Glaucomatous group of 26 glaucomatous globes with an axial length >26.5 mm. Anterior‐posterior histological sections through the pupil and the optic disc were morphometrically evaluated and compared. Results The lamina cribrosa was significantly (P<0.001) thicker in the Normal group than in the Glaucomatous group, in which it was significantly (P<0.001) thicker than in the Highly Myopic Glaucomatous group. The lamina cribrosa thickness decreased significantly (P<0.001) with increasing axial length and presence of glaucoma (p<0.001). The peripapillary scleral thickness close to the optic nerve scleral canal and just outside of the optic nerve meninges decreased significantly with increasing axial length (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). The peripapillary scleral thickness did not vary significantly between the Glaucomatous group and the Normal Group. The distance between the intraocular space and cerebrospinal fluid space was (p<0.001) shorter in the two glaucomatous groups than in the Normal group. Conclusion Lamina cribrosa thickness and peripapillary sclera thickness decreased significantly with axial length, in addition to a glaucoma‐related thinning of the lamina cribrosa. Within non‐highly myopic eyes, the peripapillary sclera thickness did not vary significantly between glaucomatous eyes and normal eyes.
The incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery‐a retrospective study: evaluation of risk factors and impact of the introduction of intracameral cefuroxime
Authors: IBANEZ J , PEREZ D , MATEO OROBIA AJ , PEIRO C , VALYI S , ROJO M , MINGUEZ E , CRISTOBAL JA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Postsurgical endophthalmitis is an inflammatory reaction of the ocular tissues of infectios or non infectious origin as a consequence of the ocular surgery.Determine the most frecuent causes of endophthalmitis. Methods Retrospective observational study registrating the cases of endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification among the surgeries practiced during the period of 1993 to 2007 in the Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa Zaragoza, Spain. Results The study included 92 eyes with postsurgical endophthalmitis, an incidence of 0,4%. In the 65% of the cases the microbiological samples were positive, the most frequent findings were gram positive bacterias. The type of anaesthesia, the location of the incision, the use of sutures, the type of IOLs and the existence of a systemic disease seem not to be significant risk factors for developing endophthalmitis Conclusion Posterior visual acuity depended mostly of the virulence of the germ causing the infection. The use of intracameral cefuroxime was associated wit a significative descense of the percentage of endophthalmitis.
X‐linked retinoschisis
Authors: GIL ARRIBAS L , PINILLA I , GARCIA MARTIN E , IDOIPE CORTA M 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To expose a case of X‐linked retinoschisis and to correlate findings obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images with visual acuity and macular lesions. Methods We present a case report of a male child diagnosed of X‐linked Retinoschisis at the age of 6. About his family background, we know that his aunt has three sons diagnosed of the same disease. At the age of 18, his visual acuity was 0.5 for right eye and 0.1 for left eye by Snellen scale. The visual acuity did not change along all these years. Results Cystic appearing macular lesions were observed both clinically and by tomography images. Cystic spaces on the foveal region, (as the image of a “cart wheel”), and peripheral retinoschisis were observed in the fundus examination. Optical Coherence Tomography showed cystic foveal blocked images located within the inner nuclear layer. Conclusion The exposed disease has a very low prevalence (1 to 2 cases each 30000 inhabitants). The findings obtained by OCT images let make a diagnosis of localization within retina layers and also let follow up the macular lesions evolution.
Use of mobile‐learning amongst ophthalmic tutors and medical students
Authors: SULEMAN H , MATHEW N , DUA HS , DENNICK R , MATHEW M 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose As the use of SMART PHONE [mobile + personal digital assistant (PDA)] technology is on the increase, this study tried to analyze the attitude towards mobile learning amongst ophthalmic tutors and medical students and the impact of learning styles on the uptake of newer learning technologies Methods Fourth year medical students undertaking their ophthalmology attachment and clinical tutors provided information about their views on their use of mobile technologies. Use of mobile (m‐learning) environment was compared with an assessment of the individual index of learning styles (ILS) Results The mean age of the tutors was 40 years (n=17) and medical students was 26 years (n=46). The students were significantly younger than the tutors (p<0.001, chi square). Students and tutors had a fairly well balanced score (1‐3) on the two dimensions of the ILS scale. Students with moderate preferences for visual learning were more likely to enhance their clinical training and electronic‐based learning (p=0.003), download course materials (p=0.001) and access health and related information (p=0.004) using smart phone technology. Similar correlations were not found with other dimensions of ILS. There was no similar correlation found between tutors and ILS on any dimension. Medical students appeared enthusiastic to use the new PDA based technology whilst tutors, in general, were wary of such technology for use by medical students or themselves Conclusion Medical students had a more positive outlook towards m‐learning with visual learners more likely to use smart phone technology. Tutors attitudes, however, were more reserved towards a potentially useful mode of learning
Effect of eye NGF application on NGF‐receptor expression in visual cortex and geniculate nucleous of rat with glaucoma
Authors: ALOE L , PARISI V , MANNI L , SPOSATO V 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Glaucoma (GL) is an ocular disorder characterized by retinal ganglion cells loss and deficits of brain visual pathways. We have shown that eye topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF), a signaling molecule involved in neuroprotection, can reach brain NGF‐responsive neurons. In this study, we investigated whether (i) experimentally‐induced GL alters the presence of NGF and its receptors in the geniculate nucleus (GN) and visual cortex (VC); (ii) and whether application of NGF eye drops influences these biomarkers. Methods GL was induced in rats with hypertonic saline injected into the right episcleral vein. After seven weeks, glaucomatous and control rats, untreated and treated with eye NGF application, were sacrificed and the presence of NGF, the expression of NGF‐receptors in brain visual areas determined using structural, biochemical and molecular analyses. Results GL reduces the concentration of NGF in the CSF, GN and VC, enhances the presence of the NGF/TrkA receptor in the GN, decreases this receptor in the VC. The NGF/p75 receptor is unaffected in the GN and down‐regulated in the VC. In glaucomatous rats, topical eye NGF application for 35 consecutive days, enhances the concentration of NGF in the CSF, normalizes its presence in the VC and GN, and induces up‐regulation of NGF/TrkA receptor Conclusion Our findings suggest that, GL induced by elevated intraocular pressure significantly impairs the presence of NGF and NGF receptors in the VC and GN. It remains to be established whether NGF application could provide a functional benefit for the protection of GN and VC damaged neurons. Supported by CNR and by “Fondazione Bietti” Roma”, Grant N° RF‐FGB‐2005‐150198
Aqueous humour ghrelin levels of eyes with and without glaucoma
Authors: ROCHA DE SOUSA A , ALVES‐FARIA P , FALCAO‐PIRES I , FALCAO‐REIS F , LEITE‐MOREIRA AF 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Ghrelin is a recently described acylated peptide, which works as a somatosecretagogue and modulates smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles contraction, including that of the eye’s muscle. Our purpose was to determine the levels of ghrelin and des‐acyl‐ghrelin in human aqueous humour collected from control and glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery. Methods Blood and aqueous humour samples were collected from 24 patients (9 with open angle glaucoma and 15 from age matched cataract patients with no associated disease). The samples were analysed by ELISA to determine the levels of ghrelin and des‐acyl‐ghrelin. Results There was a significant reduction of ghrelin levels in the glaucoma patients group, when compared to control (2.28±1.04 vs 4.26±2.56 fmol/ml, respectively), while those of des‐acyl‐ghrelin were similar (19.19 ± 6.64 vs 18.83 ± 4.92 fmol/ml, respectively). Both levels were not correlated to the duration of fasting. The ratio blood/aqueous humour of ghrelin and des‐acyl‐ghrelin were similar in all the groups. Conclusion Ghrelin aqueous humour levels are significantly reduced in glaucoma patients, while the levels of des‐acyl‐ghrelin are maintained. So the intraocular secretion of ghrelin may be impaired in glaucoma patients, even if they have normal IOP levels.
Study of suspicious subjects of suffering glaucoma evaluated by means of HRT, OCT and GDx‐VCC. Representation by means of Venn's diagram
Authors: ALIAS EG , BORQUE E , LARROSA JM , POLO V , HONRUBIA FM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To compare the diagnostic coincidence of the confocal laser HRT3, the optical tomography of coherence Stratus OCT 3000 and the laser polarimetry GDx‐VCC, to discriminate against healthy eyes and glaucomatosos in subjects suspicious of suffering glaucoma. Methods There were studied 312 eyes of 312 consecutive patients sent by ophthalmologists from the centers of speciality, for suspicion to be able to suffer glaucoma, (pressure intraocular> 21 mmHg, suspect optic nerve head morphology and / or standard automated perimetry). There were realized to each of them a clinical photographic study of the optic nerve head and of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and, an analysis by means of HRT, OCT and GDx‐VCC. There was valued the classification obtained by each of the analyzers of image and was represented by means of Venn's graphs. Results They found more positive cases in the evaluation of the optic disk that in the study of the retinal nerve fiber layer so much in global like in the intersection of 3 tests, but fundamentally at the cost of the diagnostic criterion GPS of the HRT. The monochromatic photography studio of the retinal nerve fiber layer detects major number of positive cases, followed by OCT and finally by GDx. Conclusion The diagnostic criteria Moorfields Regression Analysis of the HRT3 and of the OCT presents the results nearest to the clinical photographic evaluation; finding a high diagnostic coincidence of the different analyzers of image. Key words: suspect of suffering glaucoma, HRT, OCT, GDx.
Prevention of UVR cataract with Vitamin‐E
Authors: SÖDERBERG PG , XIAO Y , WANG J , MEYER L , GALICHANIN KONSTANTIN , AL‐SAQRY R , DONG X , MODY V , LÖFGREN S 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To analyze the potential of Vit‐E for cataract prevention Methods The experimental animal was 6 weeks old albino SD rat. Animals supplemented with Vit‐E received a daily dose per os for 4 w prior to exposure. Oxidative stress was induced by in vivo unilateral exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) around 300 nm. Forward light scattering was measured in the lens 1 w after exposure. I: 40 animals were divided into supplementation (100 IU/day)/no supplementation groups. In all animals, one eye was exposed to 8 kJ/m2 UVR. II: 80 animals were divided into two exposure groups, (5 min, 15 min). Each group was divided into supplementation (100 IU/day), no supplementation subgroups. In all animals, one eye was exposed to 8 kJ/m2 UVR. III: 100 animals were divided into 5 dose groups (0, 5, 25, 50, 100 IU/day). All animals were unilaterally exposed to 8 kJ/m2 UVR. IV: 40 animals were divided into supplementation (20 IU/day)/no supplementation groups. Each group was subdivided into 5 dose subgroups. MTD(2.3:16) was estimated for both supplementation groups and the protection provided by Vit‐E was calculated as MTD(2.3:16) ratio between supplementation and no supplementation. Results I: Vit‐E supplemented animals had a higher content of Vit‐E and expressed less light scattering than non‐supplemented animals. II: Vit‐E suppressed additional light scattering expressed after 15 min exposures as compared to 5 min. exposures. III: Vit‐E suppressed the UVR induced light scattering exponentially declining as a function of increasing supplementation. IV: Vit‐E supplementation provided a protection factor of 1.4. Conclusion Vit‐E suppresses oxidative stress from in vivo exposure to UVR.
Impact of glaucoma medications on IOP, blood pressure and perfusion pressure: relevance for the daily practice
Authors: QUARANTA L , PIZZOLANTE T 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHigher it will be the Perfusion pressure and higher it will be the blood flow in a determined body district. How it has been determined by several population‐based studies, low levels of diastolic ocular perfusion pressure (DOPP) are associated with an increased prevalence and incidence of POAG. As a matter of fact, the Baltimore eye study has shown that when DOPP decreases below 50 mm Hg the prevalence of POAG increases; similar results were obtained in the Egna‐Neumarkt in Europe, in the Projecto VER in Mexico, and in the Barbados Eye Study in Caribbean. In the Barbados eye study DOPP was 63 ± 14.9 mmHg in healthy subjects, and 53.8 ± 14.9 mmHg in POAG patients. As a general indication, it can be concluded that when DOPP is lower than 55 mm Hg there is an increased risk to develop POAG. In the present lecture it will analyzed the relationship between BF and POAG, and the correlation between circadian fluctuation of BF and the extent of damage in POAG patients. Twenty‐four hour Blood pressure and IOP will be detailed evaluated in the study of pathogenesis of glaucoma. Moreover it twill be analyzed the behavior of 24‐hour IOP and blood pressure in normal‐tension glaucoma patients. It will be also analyzed the influence of hypotensive drugs for glaucoma on BF and circadian IOP and blood pressure. The mean aim of the present lecture will be to give a comprehensive evaluation of the importance of the monitoring of blood pressure and IOP over the twenty‐four hour, in order to evaluate the risk of progression of each POAG patients, but also to know the effect of hypotensive glaucoma therapy not only on IOP but also on diastolic ocular perfusion pressure.
Combined treatment of conjunctival melanomas. The experience of the Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital of Lausanne
Authors: ZOGRAFOS L 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The recurrence rate of conjunctival melanomas following a monotherapeutic approach (surgery, irradiation or Cryoapplication) is as high as 50%. The etiology of this high recurrence rate is partially related to the biological characteristics of the PAM and partially to the anatomic properties of the various parts of bulbar, limbus and tarsal conjunctiva. Methods We developed a combined therapeutic strategy which associates surgical excision with Gamma or Beta brachytherapy, proton beam irradiation, and Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen under pressure. This combined therapeutic modality is used in all the cases of primary and recurrent conjunctival melanomas which was referred in Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, during the last 20 years (190 cases). Results Therapeutic results depend on the extension and location of conjunctival melanomas. Definitive loss of local tumour control is rare and occurs in cases in which both of the leads are invited by the tumor as well as in cases which present an unpigmented recurrence. Conclusion Positive results may be obtained by the use of a combined therapeutic modality of surgical excision irradiation and Cryotherapy for the treatment of selected cases of conjunctival melanomas.