bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Branched‐Chain Keto Acid Decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis (KdcA), a Valuable Thiamine Diphosphate‐Dependent Enzyme for Asymmetric CC Bond Formation
Authors: Gocke Dörte , Nguyen Cong Luan , Pohl Martina , Stillger Thomas , Walter Lydia , Müller Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe thiamine diphosphate‐dependent, branched‐chain 2‐keto acid decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis sup. cremoris B1157 (KdcA) is a new valuable enzyme for the synthesis of chiral 2‐hydroxy ketones. The gene was cloned and the enzyme was expressed as an N‐terminal hexahistidine fusion protein in Escherichia coli. It has a broad substrate range for the decarboxylation reaction including linear and branched‐chain aliphatic and aromatic keto acids as well as phenyl pyruvate and indole‐3‐pyruvate. The dimeric structure of recombinant KdcA is in contrast to the tetrameric structure of other 2‐keto acid decarboxylases. The enzyme is stable between pH 5 and 7 with a pH optimum of pH 6–7 for the decarboxylation reaction. While KdcA is sufficiently stable up to 40 °C it rapidly looses activity at higher temperatures. In this work the carboligase activity of KdcA is demonstrated for the first time. The enzyme shows an exceptionally broad substrate range and, most strikingly, it catalyzes the carboligation of different aromatic aldehydes as well as CH‐acidic aldehydes such as phenylacetaldehyde and indole‐3‐acetaldehyde with aliphatic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, propanal, and cyclopropanecarbaldehyde, yielding chiral 2‐hydroxy ketones in high enantiomeric excess. Noteworthy, the donor‐acceptor selectivity is strongly influenced by the nature of the respective substrate combination.
An Enzyme Module System for in situ Regeneration of Deoxythymidine 5′‐Diphosphate (dTDP)‐Activated Deoxy Sugars
Authors: Rupprath Carsten , Kopp Maren , Hirtz Dennis , Müller Rolf , Elling Lothar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA highly flexible enzyme module system (EMS) was developed which allows for the first time the in situ regeneration of deoxythymidine 5′‐diphosphate (dTDP)‐activated deoxy sugars and furthermore enables us to produce novel sorangiosides in a combinatorial biocatalytic approach using three enzyme modules. The SuSy module with the recombinant plant enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) and the deoxy sugar module consisting of the enzymes RmlB (4,6‐dehydratase), RmlC (3,5‐epimerase) and RmlD (4‐ketoreductase) from the biosynthetic pathway of dTDP‐β‐L‐rhamnose were combined with the glycosyltransferase module containing the promiscuous recombinant glycosyltransferase SorF from Sorangium cellulosum So ce12. Kinetic data and the catalytic efficiency were determined for the donor substrates of SorF: dTDP‐α‐D‐glucose, dTDP‐β‐L‐rhamnose, uridine diphosphate (UDP)‐α‐D‐glucose (Glc), and dTDP‐6‐deoxy‐4‐keto‐α‐D‐glucose. The synthesis of glucosyl‐sorangioside with in situ regeneration of dTDP‐Glc was accomplished by combination of SuSy and SorF. The potential of the EMS is demonstrated by combining SuSy, RmlB, RmlC, RmlD with SorF in one‐pot for the in situ regeneration of dTDP‐activated (deoxy) sugars. The HPLC/MS analysis revealed the formation of rhamnosyl‐sorangioside and glucosyl‐sorangioside, demonstrating the in situ regeneration of dTDP‐β‐L‐rhamnose and dTDP‐α‐D‐glucose and a cycle number for dTDP higher than 9. Furthermore, NADH (reduced form of nicotinamdie adenine dinucleotide) regeneration with formate dehydrogenase in the reduction step catalyzed by the 4‐ketoreductase RmlD could be integrated in the one‐pot synthesis yielding similar conversion rates and cycle numbers. In summary, we have established the first in situ regeneration cycle for dTDP‐activated (deoxy) sugars by a highly flexible EMS which allows simple exchange of enzymes in the deoxy sugar module and exchange of glycosyltransferases as well as aglycones in the glycosyltransferase module to synthesize new hybrid glycosylated natural products in one‐pot.
Comparison of Three Enoate Reductases and their Potential Use for Biotransformations
Authors: Chaparro‐Riggers Javier F. , Rogers Thomas A. , Vazquez‐Figueroa Eduardo , Polizzi Karen M. , Bommarius Andreas S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnoate reductases (ERs) selectively reduce carbon‐carbon double bonds in α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and thus can be employed to prepare enantiomerically pure aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Most known ERs, most notably Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE), are biochemically very well characterized. Some ERs have only been used in whole‐cell systems, with endogenous ketoreductases often interfering with the ER activity. Not many ERs are biocatalytically characterized as to specificity and stability. Here, we cloned the genes and expressed three non‐related ERs, two of them novel, in E. coli: XenA from Pseudomonas putida, KYE1 from Kluyveromyces lactis, and Yers‐ER from Yersinia bercovieri. All three proteins showed broad ER specificity and broad temperature and pH optima but different specificity patterns. All three proteins prefer NADPH as cofactor over NADH and are stable up to 40 °C. By coupling Yers‐ER with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to recycle NADP(H), conversion of >99 % within one hour was obtained for the reduction of 2‐cyclohexenone. Upon lowering the loadings of Yers‐ER and GDH, we discovered rapid deactivation of either enzyme, especially of the thermostable GDH. We found that the presence of enone substrate, rather than oxygen or elevated temperature, is responsible for deactivation. In summary, we successfully demonstrate the wide specificity of enoate reductases for a range of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds as well as coupling to glucose dehydrogenase for recycling of NAD(P)(H); however, the stability limitations we found need to be overcome to envision large‐scale use of ERs in synthesis.
Säulen griechischer Tempel unter Erdbebenbeanspruchung
Authors: Vayas Ioannis , Dasiou Maria‐Eleni , Marinelli Aikaterini 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSäulen antiker griechischer Tempel bestehen aus übereinanderliegenden Wirbeln im Trockenbau. Die Kontaktflächen sind perfekt bearbeitet und absolut zentriert. Das Verhalten solcher Wirbelkonstruktionen unter Erdbebenbeanspruchung ist grundlegend anders als der modernen monolithischen Bauten. Ihre Standsicherheit wird durch unabhängiges Gleiten und Kippen der Wirbel bestimmt, die einen externen Energiedissipationsmechanismus bilden. In diesem Aufsatz werden numerische Untersuchungen zum dynamischen Verhalten antiker Säulen vorgestellt das starke Nichtlinearitäten aufweist. Verschiedene Modellierungsmöglichkeiten werden untersucht und an Versuchsergebnissen kalibriert. Es läßt sich feststellen, dass antike Säulen weniger gefährdet gegenüber Erdbeben als moderne Konstruktionen sein können. Es zeigt sich, dass die Perfektion der Ausbildung die Anforderungen an sthetik, Architektur und Tragfunktion vereinen könnte.
The effectiveness and generalization of a cognitive‐behavioral group treatment to reduce impulsive/aggressive behavior for boys in a residential setting
Authors: Nardone Maria J. , Tryon Warren W. , O'Connor Kevin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwenty of 150 boys living in a residential setting who were emitting high levels of impulsive/aggressive behavior participated in a study of the effectiveness of a cognitive‐behavioral group treatment procedure designed to equip them with skills conducive to alternate and more socially appropriate behavior. Treatment involved 13 meetings of 55 minutes duration over a six‐week period. The results indicated significant behavioral changes in school regarding: (1) the intensity of physical fighting, (2) the frequency and intensity of verbal fighting, (3) noncompliance, and (4) being in an inappropriate location. These behavioral changes did not generalize beyond the school setting. Significant increases in the number of identified logical consequences of aggressive behavior and in the number of alternative responses to aggressive behavior were observed compared to control boys. The behavioral changes observed in school largely extinguished during the five weeks between the last treatment session and the follow‐up observations.
Predicting the nursing care needs of children in an inpatient psychiatry unit
Authors: Mabe P. Alex , Read Elizabeth E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined factors that could be used in the prediction of nursing care needs of the child or adolescent requesting admission into an inpatient psychiatric unit. Using a time sampling observer methodology, nursing care activities provided to 40 child/adolescent inpatients were recorded and used as estimates of nursing care needs. Results indicated a great deal of variability in the nursing care needs of the inpatients. An encouraging finding of this study was that with relatively little difficulty, information can be obtained that is predictive of the child's or adolescent's nursing care needs. Significant predictive contributions were particularly noted for information pertaining to the sex of the child/adolescent, ratings of intellectual functioning, and history of possible abuse and/or neglect.
Marital dissolution and distress in a psychiatric population: A longitudinal design
Authors: Beach Steven R. H. , Winters Ken C. , Weintraub Sheldon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere has been interest in recent years in the relationship between marital distress and psychopathology. It has been rare, however, for investigators to follow patients after their release from the hospital and observe the course of their marital relationships. The present study included patients meeting criteria for three DSM III DISORDERS (MAjor depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenic) and a normal control sample, all of whom are participants in an ongoing longitudinal study of children at risk for psychopathology (Stony Brook High‐Risk Project; Weintraub & Neale, 1984). Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; Locke & Wallace, 1959) scores were collected on patients at entry into the project (Phase I) and at a three year follow‐up (Phase II). Course of marriage was defined as negative if the couple's marital adjustment was rated as poor at Phase II or resulted in divorce or separation at Phase II. It was found that only the depressed group differed from the normal group in having significantly worse course of marital relationship; 84% of the depressive couples showed a “negative” course of marital change over time. However, all three patient groups had significantly higher rates of divorce by Phase II. MAT scores at Phase I successfully predicted course of marital relationship for all diagnostic groups. Implications for aftercare of psychiatric inpatients are discussed.
Relationships between patients' perceived improvement and their evaluations of treatment components in a behaviorally‐oriented psychiatric inpatient unit
Authors: Merkel William T. , Wiener Richard L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPatients on a behaviorally‐oriented inpatient psychiatric unit were asked to rate their perceptions of treatment outcome and the value of 16 program components in producing that outcome. Significant correlations were found between perceived outcome and positive evaluations of the overall behavioral treatment plan, individual meetings with nursing staff, individual meetings with team psychologists, assertion group training, and daily group therapy. Patients perceived individual meetings with the nursing staff to be the single most valuable program component among those related to favorable outcome. Implications for the increased utilization of nursing staff during a time of dwindling resources for mental health are discussed.
Behavioral skills workshop for staff and supervisor in a community residence for developmentally handicapped adults
Authors: Davis John R. , McEachern Mary Anne , Christensen Joanna , Voort Catherine Vant 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA behavioral skills workshop for counselors and a supervisor in a community group home was developed and evaluated. The workshop included group skills training, individual supervised in vivo practice, and supervisor training. Supervisor training taught behavioral staff management skills that were delivered in a multiple baseline design across subjects. Positive changes in staff behavior occurred for each group only after supervisor intervention. Significant positive changes occurred by the end of the workshop and were maintained at follow‐up for staff self‐evaluations of expertise and confidence to resolve problems, severity of client problems, and behavioral observations of positive client behaviors.
Cues‐pause‐point language training: Structuring trainer statements to provide students with correct answers to questions
Authors: Foxx R. M. , McMorrow Martin J. , Faw Gerald D. , Kyle Martha S. , Bittle Ron G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study assessed the applicability of Cues‐Pause‐Point language training procedures in teaching students to obtain information from the statements of others. Two mentally retarded subjects, one of whom was echolalic, received training on one set of stimuli but not on another. During training the subjects were encouraged to remain quiet before, during, and briefly after the presentation of statements and then verbalize (i.e., answer a question) using the verbal cue(s) that had been presented in the statement. Correct responding reached 100% to the trained stimuli and both subjects' responding improved to the untrained stimuli. Posttests revealed that subjects used the trainer's statements to answer novel questions. The results suggest that Cues‐Pause‐Point procedures may be useful in teaching severely retarded individuals the functional use of observing and listening to others' verbal behavior.
Effects of phenobarbitol on aggressive behaviors in a program of required relaxation: A case study
Authors: Seekins Tom , Swenson Richard P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA naturally occurring experiment of the effects of two dosage levels of phenobarbitol on aggressive behaviors in a program of required relaxation is described. A required relaxation program was initiated as a consequence for throwing and hitting by a 13‐year‐old developmentally disabled male resident of an institutional cottage. The resident had been receiving 50 mg of phenobarbitol twice per day to control seizure activity for two years prior to the introduction of this program. Aggressive behavior decreased from an average of 7.2 incidents a day during baseline to 1.7 per day after six weeks of the required relaxation program. Following several reported seizures, medical staff increased phenobarbitol dosage to 100 mg twice per day and hitting behavior increased beyond baseline levels. After five weeks at this dosage, medication was returned to 50 mg twice a day and hitting behavior returned quickly to the lower intervention levels, while seizure activity remained stable. All observations of behavior were collected during unstructured and regularly occurring events of the individual's daily life. These data suggested that changes in medication influenced observed changes in behavior.
Behavior disorder teams: An efficient institutional strategy
Authors: Dura Jason R. , Mulick James A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent trends toward deinstitutionalization have lead to an increased prevalence of behavioral and physical handicaps within institutional populations. At the same time, funding allocations have remained constant or have reduced creating an ever increasing need for the most efficient and cost‐effective delivery of services. The present article traces the evolution of a program designed to create in‐house panels of experts in an intermediate care facility for nonambulatory, severely and profoundly retarded children. The model is proposed as a means of improving quality of care and staff expertise and reducing the need for outside consultation.
The influence of anxiety and mental status on social isolation among the elderly in nursing homes
Authors: Carstensen Laura L. , Fremouw William J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSocial isolation is a pervasive problem for older adults and interventions designed to reduce it have met with only limited success. The current research was designed to identify observable behaviors and qualitative aspects of emotional distress that differentiate socially active from socially isolated elderly nursing home residents. The investigation consisted of two parts: The first involved direct observation of subjects (n = 51) and the second involved a structured interview with a subsample of subjects (n = 23), including an assessment of social anxiety, social competence and depression. Results of a multiple regression analysis suggest that staff views of social isolation are related to rates of specific social behaviors, social anxiety, and mental status. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Promoting unsupervised activities with low‐functioning blind persons: Evaluation of a computer‐aided program
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Oliva Doretta , Adorni Adolfo , Guzzini Francesco , Locatelli Marco , Spinaci Patrizia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study assessed a computer‐aided system devised to promote unsupervised (household and occupational) activities requiring locomotion and orientation with four low‐functioning blind persons. The computer system controlled the presentation of object‐signals (i.e., prompts) and the opening‐closing of little gates leading to the areas where the activities had to be executed. To assess the effects of the computer‐aided program, subjects were also exposed to a control program in which no computer was used. The results indicated that the computer‐aided program was successful in promoting the performance of scheduled activities with all subjects. Their performance was maintained and also improved over time. The control program was unsuccessful with three of the subjects, whereas it showed moderately positive effects with the fourth one. The findings are discussed in terms of program components as well as in terms of cost and benefits.
Fire evacuation skills training for institutionalized mentally retarded adults
Authors: Rowe Mary , Kedesdy Jurgen H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThirty‐seven institutionalized mentally retarded clients were given time‐limited intensive group training in fire evacuation skills. Clients were trained to independently exit their residence within 2.5 minutes of the onset of a fire alarm in drills conducted during both day and night and with one of multiple exits blocked or unblocked. Three weeks of training produced a substantial increase in the percentage of clients passing training drills, and clients continued to improve at three and six month follow‐up periods. Six months after training, 18 of these clients had been independently certified capable of self‐preservation. A post‐hoc analysis of variables related to training outcome suggests that client choice of monetary reinforcers strongly predicted performance, while level of mental retardation, psychiatric diagnosis, and use of psychotropic medication did not.
Organization and evaluation of an inpatient treatment program for eating disorders
Authors: Vandereycken Walter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article briefly describes the basic guidelines of inpatient treatment for eating disorder patients as elaborated at the University Psychiatric Center in Kortenberg, Belgium. It concerns a highly structured group treatment program of which the most important organizational elements are highlighted: multidimensionality with a maximum of integration; active participation of the patients within a group format; involvement of the family and contact with the outside world; intensification of an action‐oriented and time‐limited approach. The second part of the article is devoted to the discussion of evaluation issues from an economic, scientific, and ethical point of view. It is emphasized that critical research, inspired by these issues, must serve as feedback regarding both the form and the content, the process and the outcome of treatment.
Elimination of habitual rumination through the strategies of food satiation and fading: A case study
Authors: Yang Li‐Zen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFood satiation and fading were employed to eliminate habitual rumination of a 17.5‐year‐old spoon‐feeding and profoundly retarded male who displayed rumination for several years. Two phases were implemented in the study: In Phase I, food satiation decreased rumination sharply and quickly, and in Phase II, fading of additional food maintained the effect of prior treatment and eventually decreased rumination. At an 84‐day (12 week) follow‐up no rumination was observed. Weight was also closely monitored during the study and indicated an increase. The results are discussed with reference to other studies of elimination of rumination. The advantages of food satiation over other techniques are also discussed.
Behavior modification in institutions: The development of legal protections of patients' rights
Authors: White Lauri Kent , Morse Larry A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe early to mid 1970s saw an increase in court decisions favoring the rights of patients in mental institutions. These decisions have affected numerous changes to what constitutes patients' rights, and have had significant impact on the practice of behavior modification in institutions. The present article provides the practitioner with a comprehensive guide to the case law affecting behavior modification procedures. The topics covered include: the right‐to‐treatment concept, protection from institutional peonage, the right to enjoy basic privileges, and protection from aversive treatment.
Acceptability of behavioral staff management techniques
Authors: Davis John R. , Rawana Edward P. , Capponi Denise R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study describes an extension of Kazdin's work on acceptability of behavior therapy methods to the assessment of acceptability in the developing field of behavioral staff management. An instrument for assessing acceptability of behavioral staff management techniques was developed and then used to assess staff evaluations of four techniques that have been researched in the staff management literature (instruction, reinforcement, punishment, self‐management). The effects on acceptability of problem difficulty and duration of supervisor‐staff interaction were also investigated. Staff identified the techniques as having differing degrees of acceptability, with instruction rated most acceptable, followed in order by self‐management, reinforcement, and punishment. Ancillary studies supported the reliability and validity of the scale. Results are placed within the context of a recent behavioral supervision model, and discussed in terms of social validity and consumer satisfaction issues. Implications for delivering behavioral staff management interventions are presented.
Staff Management By Behavioral Contracting
Authors: Azrin Nathan H. , Pye Gregory E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEmployee performance has been shown to be improved by reinforcement procedures that are determined by the supervisor. The present study used behavioral contracting between an employee and her supervisor to structure their discussion in arriving at mutually acceptable performance standards and reinforcers. A multiple baseline design across responses was used with an employee who conducted training sessions with persons who are mentally retarded in a large institution. The results showed an improvement of the specific employee behaviors for which behavioral contracting was arranged for the duration of the contracted reinforcement. Behavioral contracting may be useful as a structured method of achieving employee‐supervisor agreements in employee motivation programs.