bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MAN WHO HATES EVERYTHING
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
With the arrival of 1945, Mencken began feeling the effects of his age. Keenly aware that the rest of the world was in chaos, he was disturbed by post-war conditions in Germany, and sent care packages to German citizens. News of the Nazi concentration camps and the killings of millions reduced to silence. By the end of the decade, a new generation of admirers sought out Mencken, among them biographers Edgar Kemler and William Manchester.
History of the Northern Range Dispute
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo manage a large elk herd that winters on a low-elevation, a 152,663 ha area along the northern border of Yellowstone National Park has gone through four phases since before park establishment in 1872: (1) no management except aboriginal hunting before 1872; (2) protection from hunting, predator control, and winter feeding between 1872 and the 1920s; (3) population reduction through trapping and shooting by park rangers from the 1920s through 1968; (4) no population control from 1969 to the present (the natural-regulation policy). Park officials' reports and 1914-1968 scientific observations agreed that the northern herd occurred at low numbers and migrated out of the park area in winter before 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 wintering animals by the early 1900s; and was heavily impacting the northern-range biota. New research posed the 1971 natural-regulation ecological hypothesis and reinterpreted evidence to infer that elk in prehistory were abundant and wintered outside the park area; had not increased to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s; without control, the herd would stabilize at moderate numbers, and would do so without significant impact on the northern-range ecosystem as it had not in the 1914-1982 period. The purpose of this book is to review the entire documentary and scientific record to evaluate the effects of management phases on the size of the northern herd and, in turn, its effects on the northern range, thereby testing the natural-regulation hypothesis. The park may be entering a fifth management phase, depending on what effect the reestablishment of wolves in 1995 has on the herd, an effect that was not yet evident when this book was written.
Synthesis
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNorthern-range elk numbers have changed through four successive population phases over time: low numbers in prehistory up to ~1883; censuses of &gt;6,000 up to 20,000-35,000 from 1884-1958; &lt;6,000 from 1959-1970 during park reductions; and &gt;6,000 from 1971 to the low 2,000s after reductions stopped. Varying sources of evidence indicate alternating responses to each of these phases by all measured components of the northern-range biota. The pre-1872 northern-range ecosystem can be characterized by a hierarchical model constrained at the top by human and large-carnivore predators that limited elk numbers, prevented heavy herbivory, and allowed development of a vegetation that provided ample food for other herbivores, habitat for other faunal components, and constraints on hydrology. Removing the predatory constraints allowed elk increase that altered the structure of the system and progressively reduced biodiversity. These changes have disproved the ecological-effect tenets of the natural-regulation hypothesis. Expansion of the northern range since 1988 and the reestablishment of wolves could return the system structure back to its 1872 state, although it is too early to ascertain whether this will occur. Meanwhile, climate warming could alter system structure to conditions not previously experienced.
“Pink-Tinged Pages”?
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of McCarthyism on the production, content, and reception of children's literature, tracing a path from 1946 when the children's literature field seemed particularly receptive to books with social content, to the mid-1950s, when several authors (such as Meridel Le Sueur, Langston Hughes, Helen Kay, Howard Fast, Irving Adler, Leo Huberman, and Franklin Folsom) saw their books banned, were called before investigating committees such as the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), and/or became the subjects of lengthy FBI files. Likewise, publishers became more cautious about publishing books with controversial subject matter, including those with “interracial” themes. Despite these pressures, most leftists were able to continue working in the children's literature field, and found support among editors and publishers, as well as librarians (who were outspoken advocates of intellectual freedom). Moreover, public outcry against books by radical children's book authors was relatively rare, and even FBI files suggest that authors who were targeted for investigation attracted attention not for their books but because of other organizational activity.
Countering the Cold War
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines challenges to McCarthyism that benefited leftists in the field of children's literature. Beginning with the establishment in the mid-1940s of Young World Books, a division of (the Communist) International Publishers devoted to publishing children's literature, this chapter argues that leftists made some of their most important inroads into the children's literature field at exactly the same moment that American culture became most constricted under the pressures of McCarthyism. Following the discussion of Young World, the chapter examines the politics surrounding Franklin Watts' publication of Langston Hughes' First Book of Negroes as well as the Kathy Martin nursing series for girls, written by Emma Gelders Sterne and Barbara Lindsay (under the name Josephine James), and published by Golden Books. It also looks at outlets for distributing children's books that were controlled by people sympathetic to the Left, including the Arrow Book Club and the Children's Book and Music Center in Los Angeles. Finally, it examines alliances that formed between writers and other influential people in the field, from the Writers' League to the more informal “Loose Enders”, who resisted the pressures of McCarthyism and pressed for “socially significant” children's literature.
Ballad for American Children
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Beginning with Meridel Le Sueur's River Road: A Story of Abraham Lincoln, this chapter examines children's literature, primarily from the 1940s and 1950s, which employed history, folklore, and American tradition toward a project of “leftist civic education”. Radicals both rewrote master narratives to emphasize a working-class perspective, and also recovered the stories of marginalized people, particularly members of the working class, women, and African Americans. Ironically, by creating markets for children's books dealing with American history and life, civic education programs and other school initiatives usually designed to boost children's patriotism fostered the production of books that used the past to criticize conditions in the present. The chapter explores the traditional association between the Left and folklore as it played out in children's literature. Finally, using biographies of black women by Dorothy Sterling, Ann Petry, Emma Gelders Sterne, and Shirley Graham, it traces leftist concern with African Americans and with women, as these played out in historical works for children.
Epilogue
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Council on Interracial Books for Children (CIBC) was founded in the mid-1960s by a group of Old Left activists. The Council, whose members helped to make children's literature more genuinely representative of American life and cultural diversity, also helped to link the Old Left and the New Left, or the radical generations of the 1930s and the 1960s. Linking undertakings like Scholastic's Firebird Books program (a project of Lilian Moore, a founder of the CIBC) which highlighted the contributions of racial minorities to American life with the popular book, record, and television special, Free to Be You and Me, which challenged gender stereotyping the epilogue focuses on the new terrain of children's books in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond. The work of left-wingers in the children's book field throughout the most repressive years of the Cold War points to the counter-hegemonic impulses that may thrive even during periods that seem to foreclose dissent.
Evolving Embryology
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of embryology. Experimental embryology, which began in the 1880s, aimed to discover the actual physicochemical processes by which the adult developed from the egg. Referred to by its founders as “developmental mechanics”, it originated from the premise that organisms could be understood in the same way as machines. Its findings however, caused biologists to stand back somewhat as their studies revealed a complexity of development that confronted the general aim of understanding the organism in terms of its parts. Many leaders of the new generation of experimental embryologists opposed the concept of organisms as constituting a cell state.
Mendel Palimpsest
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contribution of Austrian monk Johan Gregor Mendel, one of the greatest legends in the history of science. Three moments in this man's history and legacy are extraordinary. The first is that in the 1860s he discovered the laws governing the inheritance of individual characters; second, that the scientific world failed to recognize the monumental importance of these findings during his lifetime; and third, the remarkable rediscovery in 1900 of what came to be called Mendel's laws. Mendel's experiments provided the foundation for a chain of scientific research that led to the Darwinian evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s and to spectacular accomplishments of contemporary molecular biologists.
Darwinian Renaissance
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of evolutionary synthesis. Evolutionary synthesis — the coming together of naturalists and geneticists concerning Darwinism and Mendelism — happened in the 1930s and 1940s. It resolved many of the large issues that had confronted Darwin's theory. Evolutionary synthesis constitutes what many biologists today regard as biology's basic evolutionary paradigm. The phrase “evolutionary synthesis” was introduced by Julian Huxley in his book Evolution: the Modern Synthesis (1942) to indicate two generally accepted conclusions: that evolution can be explained by natural selection acting on variations resulting from gene mutations and recombination, and that phenomena observed by paleontologists, systematists, and field naturalists can be explained in a manner consistent with known genetic mechanisms.
Molecular Evolution and Microbial Phylogeny
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of methods by biologists for tracing life back billions of years to investigate early microbial evolution and create a universal phylogeny. These explorations of the first 75% of Earth's biological history have contradicted long-held assumptions about the course of evolution and the diversity of life on Earth. They have also identified evidence for the fundamental importance of non-Mendelian mechanisms in the evolution of microorganisms.
Symbiomics
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of symbiosis. Although the bacteria living in our bodies have recently begun to attract some medical interest, for most of the 20th century symbiosis research had developed close to the margins of the life sciences and in virtual conflict with the aims and doctrines of the major biological disciplines, as well as with medical concepts of germs. Symbiosis continues to be strikingly absent from all the standard histories and treatises on evolutionary biology. To gain a better understanding of this aspect of biology, this chapter briefly sketches some of the phenomena, issues, and debates that have shaped attitudes about its scope and significance.
Between Two Empires
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBefore World War II, Japanese immigrants, or Issei, forged a unique transnational identity between their native land and the United States. Whether merchants, community leaders, or rural farmers, Japanese immigrants shared a collective racial identity as aliens ineligible for American citizenship, even as they worked to form communities in the American West. At the same time, Imperial Japan considered Issei and their descendents part of its racial expansion abroad and enlisted them to further their nationalist goals. This book shows how Japanese immigrants negotiated their racial and class positions alongside white Americans, Chinese, and Filipinos at a time when Japan was fighting their countries of origin. Utilizing rare Japanese and English language sources, the book stresses the tight grips, as well as the clashing influences, the Japanese and American states exercised over Japanese immigrants and how they created identities that diverged from either national narrative.
Civic Disabilities
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe disabilities that were imposed on prostitutes and pimps constitute infringements on their rights and their standing as Roman citizens. This chapter examines a segment of these: disabilities relating to political and social life, on the one hand, and to the operation of the courts, on the other. Citizenship is an ambiguous concept, one of whose basic functions is to discriminate. Like many such definitions ancient and modern, that of Roman citizenship was informed by certain criteria that excluded individuals from the category that it defined. The definition is of necessity complicated by the fact that, once the dividing line between citizen and non-citizen was drawn, the definition did not stop there but articulated a range of differences on the citizen side of the line.
Ne Serva Prostituatur
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRoman law recognized certain restrictive covenants in agreements for the sale of slaves, covenants that directed a certain disposition of the slave on the part of the buyer but that, when violated, did not void the sale. Although they played a relatively minor role in Roman private law, these covenants had important implications for public policy and for the relationship of policy and the private law system. This is especially true of the restrictive covenant that forbade the buyer to prostitute the slave: ne serva prostituatur. An analysis of the content of these covenants and their treatment by both emperors and jurists reaffirms the accuracy of the distinction traditionally drawn in modern literature between those covenants that were construed to benefit the original vendor and those that were understood to benefit the slave. The contention is that the covenant is best understood in terms of a value complex known as the honor-shame syndrome. This complex, common to Mediterranean societies, assigns role and status within the household on the basis of gender.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introduction looks at the life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, known as “America's Joan of Arc” for her youth and fiery passion in the midst of the Civil War. Dickinson successfully stormed the male-dominated bastion of partisan politics, became a star of the lyceum circuit and one of the country's most widely recognized and oft-photographed celebrities, and then turned to the stage as both playwright and actress, eventually trying her hand at a series of male roles. All of these exploits appeared in the scrapbooks that surrounded Dickinson on February 25, 1891, when she was forcibly taken and confined against her will to Pennsylvania's State Hospital for the Insane at Danville. Dickinson's scrapbooks and clippings comprised the narrative of a distinctly public life, or — to be more precise — they represented her life story as told by the men and women of the press.
EARLY LIFE AND CAREER
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Born in Philadelphia on October 28, 1842, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was the youngest of five children. Her parents were both from old Quaker families, and, like many of their brethren, John and Mary Dickinson were adamant abolitionists who occasionally opened their Arch Street home to fugitive slaves. Although some later chroniclers tried to paint Anna Dickinson as a heroine born in poverty, it is more accurate to say that she grew up comfortably, but without material excess and certainly with the clear expectation that she would have to find some occupation, at least until she married. This chapter chronicles Dickinson's early life and career and how the events during the Civil War transformed her from a radical reformer to a fervent patriot. It remained to be seen what would become of her budding fame in the midst of the war.
DECLINE AND FALL
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
As 1883 ended, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson again found a haven in Chicago's Palmer House Hotel, short on funds, physically and emotionally drained, and with no clear direction. For five months she remained in the city that had become one of her favorite sanctuaries, while gradually depleting her limited savings by staying at one of Chicago's more luxurious hotels. As was so often the case, Dickinson devoted her energies to various schemes for earning a living. In the meantime, she sent depressing letters home complaining of neuralgia in her shoulder and general despair. Worse, Dickinson's circle of friends and correspondents shrunk as she gradually settled into a life of quiet obscurity. She began drinking alcohol, although it is debatable whether her alcohol consumption had turned into true alcohol abuse. Dickinson was also accused of being insane, culminating in her confinement — against her will — to Pennsylvania's State Hospital for the Insane at Danville.
The Politburo's Last Purge
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the Leningrad and Gosplan Affairs of 1949. Although, in many respects, aberrations in the postwar period — these were the only occasions on which a Politburo member was expelled and senior politicians executed — it is argued that Stalin's charges, though contrived, did rest on a rational basis. In addition to demonstrating that it was Stalin who orchestrated these affairs, the chapter describes how he took action to fill the vacancies created by these scandals and reestablish a balance within the leadership.
Conclusion
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding remarks about Stalin's leadership, the events following his death, and his legacy. Stalin was in many respects a patrimonial leader. In his last years, most official business was transacted in private meetings between Stalin and his entourage. He secured the loyalty of his colleagues over and above their commitment to any office and, to underline this, he completely reshaped and renamed posts and committees, maneuvering his companions between them at will. Stalin's death opened the gates for the so-called new course on a variety of domestic and foreign policy issues, many of which were steered by the new collective leadership at the Council of Ministers.
The Endless Quest and Perfect Knowledge
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Joseph built the church on the foundation of dialogic revelation, physical artifacts, testable historical claims, and the promise of spiritual certainty. Truth claims are absolute and categorical. At the same time, Mormonism conceives of salvation as a process rather than event, tied to learning, knowledge acquisition, and growth in intelligence. Eternal progress and continuing revelation are key doctrines.
“A Uniform Look for the Church”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Turn of the century Mormon architecture could be daring and magnificent. World-wide growth, economic constraints, and fierce pragmatism have more recently given to modern Mormon architecture a bland and uniform appearance, with occasional exceptions. Even temples have succumbed to corporate requirements, along with meethinghouses (chapels) and beautiful tabernacles have given way to the generic stake center.
“Cinema as Sacrament”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Film has largely replaced theater as the dramatic medium for Mormon artists. Film was early employed in the anti-Mormon campaign, and Mormons learned early to use it for their own purposes. Evangelistic (missionary films) and public relations varieties (Homefront series) have given way to a recent generation of talented filmmakers who are creating two kinds: one is an insider genre, while the other explores ways of informing popular film with a Mormon sensibility.
“To the Fringes of Faith”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The first great Mormon literature came only with the “Lost Generation” of the 40s, with authors like Maurine Whipple and Virginia Sorensen. The novel has flourished (with Levi Peterson a major figure), as has the short story (Douglas Thayer and Donald Marshall leading the way) poetry, and even science fiction (Orson Scott Card).
“Painting the Mormon Story”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Paris Art Mission introduced European developments and training into Utah art at the turn of the century. Today, loose alliances like the New York Mormon Artists Group have supplanted efforts to create a self conscious style (as with the Art and Belief Movement). World class sculptors as well as prominent painters emerged by mid-century. A regular international art competition is the major vehicle for opening the church to cultural influences from beyond the United States.
Applying IT to Capture, Store, and Share Intellectual Capital
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes a range of information technology (IT) applications that can be used to enhance knowledge capture, storage, and knowledge sharing. Although definitely a solution that must be coordinated with cultural and behavioral changes, IT applications can accelerate learning and problem solving, as well as knowledge storage. Applications described include the use of expert locator and e-learning systems, collaboration technologies, expert systems, document repositories, electronic documentation, lessons learned databases, and knowledge mapping systems.
Launching Knowledge Retention Initiatives
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.