bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Spill Dispersants: Do They Do Any Good?
Authors: Mulyono Mul , Jasjfi Epi , Maloringan Max 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Decisions about using dispersants are made in the context of reasons for treating spilled oil which threats to valuable habitat and nursery areas or to vulnerable early stages of marine life. The potential use of chemical dispersants raises some primary questions, principally: Are they effective? Do they reduce the potential damaged caused by spilled oil. What factors affecting toxicity of Chemical Dispersants and Dispersed Oil?
The present paper explains factors affecting the effectiveness and toxicity of oil spill dispersants using a case study of four different chemical dispersants recently used in Indonesia. Chemistry and physics of the dispersants are also presented in order to support evaluation of their effectiveness and toxicity properties.
Accumulation of Hydrocarbons (Base Oil, Crude Oil, and Fuel Oil) in Fish From the North Sea (Statfjord and Oseberg Oil Field Centre, Bank of Egersund), Bank of Halten, and Northwest of the Faroe Islands
Authors: Moe K. A. , Skeie G. M. , Aabel J. P. , Futsaeter Gunnar , Reiersen L. O. , Tjessem Kjell 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Samples of different fish species were obtained at different sites in the North Sea, Bank of Halten and NW of the Faroe Islands and analysed by GC/MS for selected hydrocarbons. Petrogenic contamination of different origin was observed in almost all samples. Tainting, by organoleptic analyses of cod, was not traced.
Marine Environmental Monitoring Program
Authors: Ooi Bee-Hong 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the drilling for and production of crude oil and gas offshore, it is necessary to assess the effects of such activities on the marine environment. Environmental monitoring programs are conducted to collect data for assessing the effects and determining the degree of impact. They provide the bases for implementing appropriate measures to mitigate the impact.
Esso Production Malaysia Inc. (EPMI) has since its early years of operation in Malaysia in the seventies, conducted several monitoring studies to gauge the impact of its operations on marine waters. The studies entail physical, chemical and biological aspects, and use of the benthic community to track short and long term effects.
This paper describes the Seligi Environmental Monitoring Program commissioned by EPMI, and discusses observations made from it.
Macro-Cuttings Study to Accelerate Site Restoration in Tropical Rain Forests
Authors: Ericsson P. H. , Michaloud Georges 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Exploration sites in tropical forests have historically been left unrestored, requiring the natural ecological succession cycle to reestablish the tertiary hardwood forest. Conoco and the University of Montpellier have been cooperating in a study of planting "macro-cuttings" to accelerate tree growth for site restoration in Gabon.
Macro-cuttings are typically 3 m (10 ft.) long and 1030 cm (4-12 in.) in diameter. The cuttings are cut from the trunk, branches or crown of a tree. For the purposes of this study, cuttings from 50 local tree species were planted in varying soil and light conditions.
In addition to those macro-cuttings planted at the time of cutting, some of the cuttings were sealed with wax and stored for two months. These were then planted in the same manner as the original, unwaxed cuttings. This storage method simulated the use of cuttings cut during site construction and used for later restoration at exploration sites.
The use of "macro-cuttings" raises the tops of the cuttings above planted or naturally occurring primary and secondary growth. This improves the competitive position of these trees relative to seedlings of the same species. If successful, this process would accelerate site recovery to tertiary growth conditions at a location by several growing cycles, providing a cost-effective and sustainable means of enhanced site restoration.
Sites used for the study were in Gabon at an abandoned Conoco camp site in Ezanga and at the Gabon Makokou research facility. First year results were mixed but encouraging. Second year results were affected by elephants having destroyed much of the site at Ezanga. There was, however, sufficient progress at Makokou to continue the study. The most recent results indicate 14 different species with observed shoot growth. Although the study is still ongoing, the practices employed and the successes realized suggest that the use of macro-cuttings to accelerate site restoration may prove to be practical and cost-effective.
Monitoring of Gas Treatment Plant Emissions, Changing Limits, Different Techniques
Authors: Waller S. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The LNG/Domestic gas plant operated by Woodside Offshore Petroleum at Karratha in Western Australia has a number of point emission sources to atmosphere spread over a 110 hectare onshore area. The amount of source monitoring was recently agreed with the Western Australia Environmental Protection Authority which set new emission limits for nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and hydrogen sulphide, as well as specifying the monitoring program to be instigated for these. Because the plant consists of a number of duplicate facilities, a monitoring program based on a limited number of representative equipment types has been developed.
This paper describes the history of emission monitoring at the site and Woodside's design of a mobile facility to measure source emissions and ambient concentrations adjacent to areas zoned as hazardous. Also discussed is the management of the atmospheric monitoring program and its rationale in a remote, arid location like north west Western Australia.
Potential Applications of the Microtox Toxicity Test Within the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Whale G. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Microtox* toxicity test is based upon the inverse relationship between the light output of a marine luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum and the concentration of a toxic chemical. Although this test may lack environmental relevance and hence has often been considered only suitable to be used as a screening test, it does have some advantages over many other aquatic toxicity tests. For example, it is relatively portable, sensitive, easy and quick to perform and the test organisms can be stored frozen until required for testing. These features have led to the increasing use of this test to support a variety of activities ranging from monitoring effluent discharges to assessing the toxicity of specific chemicals and contaminated sediments. Similar considerations also make the Microtox test appear a potentially attractive system to use on offshore installations where limitations in space, facilities and technical support may make it difficult to conduct other well established marine toxicity test procedures.
Therefore, various possible applications of the Microtox test relevant to the offshore oil and gas industry have been examined and discussed in this paper. These indicate that:-
The Microtox test has potential to monitor discharges from offshore installations at source. This can be useful as an initial assessment of effects of changes in operational procedures on the toxicity of waste streams and, in some operational areas, predict compliance with discharge consent criteria. For the latter application the Microtox results should be calibrated for individual systems to data for other marine species. The Microtox test provides a useful screening tool for gaining a better understanding of the potential toxic interactions of oilfield chemicals which may be used as mixtures in oil and gas activities. On the basis of laboratory studies the Microtox test has potential to be used to monitor the performance of packages designed to provide antimicrobial protection (i.e. pipeline corrosion protection packages). The speed, simplicity and relatively low cost of the Microtox test may make it suitable as a quality control test for certain chemicals prior to their use offshore.
Slimhole Drilling in the Lake Izabal Area: A Minimum Impact and Maximum Safety Approach
Authors: Teurlai J-L. , Da Silva V. C. , Pinot L. E. Garcia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the approach taken by Shell Exploradora and Productora de Guatemala B.V. (SEPG) to drill a 1600 m slimwell on the eastern shore of Lake Izabal, in a cost effective manner, with maximum regard to safety and environmental protection, and still make such a small project attractive to the drilling contractor.
SEPG holds a production sharing contract (PSC) covering the Lake Izabal watershed, with the Government of Guatemala since end 1990. 500 km of seismic lines have been shot late 1991/early 1992, both in the lake and on land, and the contract calls for a well to be drilled to 1600 m before the end of 1993.
Most of the contract area is environmentally very sensitive and the need for environmental protection is very publicised in Guatemala. A complex web of environmental organisations (Governmental and nonGovernmental), with different roles, motivations and ultimate goals, exist in the country. The law requires approval by the National Environmental Commission (conama) of an Environmental Impact Assessment (eia) prepared by independent consultants registered in CONAMA, before the start of any potentially impacting project.
Smooth approval of the well eia was secured by establishing good communication with all environmental agencies, Governmental and non-Governmental, and by ensuring their involvement in (or at least their awareness of) the preparation of the EIA.
To carry out the activities with minimum disturbance to the environment and maximum safety it is essential (1) to evaluate all the actions required and clearly define objectives, scope of work and HSE requirements, both in the tender documents and in the contract documents, and (2) to supervise and manage the activities with strong emphasis on the HSE side of the business.
Environmental Management System for Oil and Gas Upstream Operations, Design, and Application
Authors: Bashat H. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Quality environmental management requires effective mechanisms and systematic approaches known as environmental management systems. These systems and their importance for ensuring compliance with stated environmental policies and continuous improvement of environmental performance have recently received a world wide recognition.
Being an environmentally responsive operating company, involved in oil and gas upstream activities, Shell Egypt, decided in 1990, to establish its own environmental management system based on its commitment to integrate environmental consideration into its activities and to adopt sustainable development as a policy objective. By 1991 an environmental management system was designed to incorporate three essential elements of quality environmental management; proactivity, life cycle integration and ongoing improvement. The system was completed, documented, adopted and field tested in 1992. In 1993 it was reviewed for compatibility with other environmental activities throughout the full life cycle of oil and gas exploration and production. This paper describes the characteristic features of this system and demonstrates, in general, its compatibility with other environmental management systems and in particular, its specific adaptability to oil and gas exploration and production activities. Successful integration of the system and examples of its implementation are also included to demonstrate its effectiveness in meeting environmental challanges.
Environmental Planning as an Essential Tool for Environmental Improvement
Authors: Tan G. T. , Lee G. P. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper illustrates the main elements of the Environmental Care Plan which is an essential tool for improvement. Performance is measured against set goals and targets. These targets are being continually reviewed against technological development and application. Its implementation has helped successful address of environmental matters, increased staff and contractor environmental awareness besides improving environmental performance. This enables Sarawak Shell Berhad/Sabah Shell Petroleum Company to proactively respond to increasingly stringent global environmental demands.
Rehabilitation of Offshore Based Employees – A Cost Effective Approach
Authors: Gillett Robert J 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper will outline the experience of a cost effective Rehabilitation Policy for Offshore based workers. The Policy focuses on Alternative Duties and Early Intervention as key components.
This approach has enabled Woodside to reduce the average cost of Offshore claims from $26 993 in 1986 to $6043 in 1992.
Days lost have been reduced from 61.1 days per lost time claim in 1986 to 26.2 days in 1992.
Occupational Health Management Training for Seismic and Drilling Personnel Working in Remote Areas
Authors: Kraatz S. L. , Clyde J. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As the petroleum industry explores in the more remote corners of the world, standards of performance in safety and occupational health management of seismic and exploratory drilling operations must be set in unregulated environments. One example of our efforts to partner with contractors is a specifically tailored occupational health training course. Attendees have been company employees and contractors, thus enabling interaction between various operational aspects.
In these operations we face not only unique stressors particular to each environment but also the presence of traditional stressors to a degree unparalleled in the typical industrial setting. For example, biohazards is a recurrent theme woven throughout the four-day version of this course. Hygiene, food and water provisions, and design of a functional camp are examples of discussions, led by company medical personnel, involving control of biohazards.
Life Safety is a practical discussion of logistics pertaining to accommodations, modes of transportation and security.
Traditional training areas such as chemical hazards and noise are also covered although some of the scenarios which present these various stresses can be very different from what is seen in large fixed facilities. For example, chemical handling is often required to be more hands on with a large number of relatively small containers because of space and transportation limitations.
Illness classification in remote areas deserves special consideration in this program. Employees who live in low-risk areas for certain diseases and who must travel to high-risk areas for company business have an increased risk of contracting infectious diseases from environmental exposures including malaria, hepatitis, filariasis and cholera.
On the last day participants divide into four groups (arctic, jungle, marine and desert) to identify the stresses in a camp setting and determine appropriate means to address them. This case study exercise generates many excellent, practical ideas. The hazards and scenarios discussed in the course offer a unique opportunity for participants to expand their knowledge and take the information gained back to the field.
Proposed Method for Testing Drinking Water on Rigs and Remote Seismic Camps
Authors: Barbey Alexander , Bobillier Arnaud , Hansen Hans 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Diarrhea and gastro-enteritis are a frequent problem on board rigs and in remote seismic crews all over the world.
To date, there is no rapid and easy solution to this problem except to bring water samples back to sophisticated laboratories in large cities for analysis.
Schlumberger has supported development of an on-the-spot, easy-to-use, convenient and efficient method of testing water in order to ensure its bacteriological sterility. This technique can be performed rapidly and precisely by any rig or camp personnel after a short 15 minute video training session.
Development of an Industrial Hygiene Program in the Oilfield Servicing Industry
Authors: McCrary J. B. , Sanders J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years, employee health and safety has become an extremely important issue the petroleum industry has had to face. Rising costs of health insurance and medical expenses, and debilitating occupational diseases have brought about the need for aggressive measures of prevention. The science of Industrial Hygiene has been developed to help prevent occupational exposures to physical, chemical, and biological agents. This prevention is performed through the concepts of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control.
This paper will discuss many of the necessary elements of an effective industrial hygiene program and how Halliburton has implemented many of these programs.
Introduction of an Occupational Personal Hygiene Monitoring Programme in Indonesia
Authors: Cunningham G. A. , Tabaluyan Thomas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of an Occupational Personal Hygiene Monitoring programme for Unocal Indonesia under the direction of the Unocal Corporate Industrial Hygiene Department. The results of the programme and the remedial actions taken, are described. The further development and approximate costings of such a programme are outlined. This review should be of interest and benefit to other organisations working in this field.
Chemical Hazard Information Made Available to Employees Through Mainframe Computer System
Authors: Sanders J. R. , Finley P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years the number of chemicals used in the petroleum industry has increased. Unfortunately, some of these chemicals are toxic. Therefore, it is important for industry to inform their employees about the hazards of the chemicals they use. The purpose of this information is to educate employees on how they can protect themselves from chemical hazards.
The main source of chemical hazard information is Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). MSDSs provide employees information on chemical health effects, fire hazards, reactivity, protective measures, and disposal procedures.
In the petroleum industry employees often work in remote locations, making it difficult to make MSDSs available.
This paper describes an image computer system that can be used to store and retrieve vendor supplied MSDSs for remote locations.
Monitoring of Atmospheres Associated With Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Hendriks R. V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the latest years there has been a growing concern about the environmental aspects of the oil & gas industry activities. This awareness has been expressed not only by the public and the authorities but also by the industry itself. Concern was also expressed on the working atmosphere for the workers in the oil & gas industry.
Drilling fluids are employed in exploratory drilling for oil and gas, and in the subsequent development of successful finds. In the early 1980's a requirement was identified to conduct monitoring of airborne hydrocarbons generated during the use of oil based drilling fluids in mud handling areas. Traditionally diesel oil was used as the base oil. However, with the increased use of oil based drilling fluids several companies focused attention on the development of environmentally acceptable "low toxicity" based oils. Low toxic base oils are refined products with reduced content of watersoluble aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatics are considered to be the major contributor to acute toxicity.
Adverse health effects have occurred during the use of oil based drilling fluids; cases of eye and respiratory tract irritation and dizziness have been reported confirming the potential for exposure.
This paper describes the health hazards associated with this change in the fluid technology, a method for monitoring airborne contaminants in the working environment and results of a survey on several drilling rigs operating in the Dutch part of the North Sea, ie the Dutch Continental Shelf (DCS).
Disposal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Oil Production
Authors: Diyashev R. N. , Takhautdinov S. F. , Antonov G. P. , Diyashev I. R. , Zaitsev V. I. , Sattarova F. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Chemical and hydrodynamic processes leading to accumulation of radioactive scales on technological equipment as well as their chemical, radiochemical and isotope composition are considered. Radioactive wastes that accumulate in a considerable volumes in the oil-field objects such as gathering and sedimentation tanks as well as sand collectors are also investigated. Principal ways of radioactive contaminated materials treatment are offered.
Radio-active scales on technological oil producing and desalting - dewatering equipment and radioactive wastes are represented with insoluble sulfates of Ra226, Ra228 isotopes and products of their decay. As the larger radioactive contaminated wastes volumes, the higher their disposal costs the technologies goal is to minimize waste volume. The technological processes includes two stages: separation of hydrocarbons and water for further use, from the mineral part,extraction of radioactive elements compounds from the mineral part.
This part of radioactive wastes should be disposed and its volume is not higher than 1.0 - 1.5 % of the initial waste volume. Specific activity of recovered hydrocarbons, water and remaining mineral part does not exceed safe level.
Medical Evacuations From Oil Fields in the North Sea, Norway
Authors: Arne M. C. E. , Andreassen Dag 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Medical evacuations from the oilfields Statfjord, Gullfaks and Veslefrikk represent a considerable part of the workload of the Occupational Health Department. In our paper, we will describe the number of evacuations, the diagnoses in groups and the total expenses connected.
During the last two years, we have systematically analyzed the data on medical evacuations comparing them to other parametres (consultations, ergonomic surveys, working environment etc.)
The main cause for evacuations is diseases or injuries in the musculo-skeletal system, followed by other injuries and by diseases in the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. Musculo-skeletal disorders are by far the most common cause, and are increasing in number. Conditions like climate, heavy doors, heavy lifts, badly adjusted man-machine relations are responsible for this, together with general stress-at-work (12 hrs. work, 12 hrs. off). We have also registered a marked rise in the number of cardiovascular diseases, although the number is small.
Increasing age in the population and low turnover are contributing factors.
The Department of Occupational Health is actively working with these problemes, trying to improve the working conditions, increase the knowledge of the workers on how diseases and injuries occur and how to avoid them.
We also try to enter new projects in an early stage in order to complement our experience through advices to the construction engineers.
Reversing the Trend? A Health Care Program
Authors: Simpson S. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil companies have shed jobs as a result of current competitive pressures. Core activities have been protected but many service functions have been eliminated or contracted to external providers. Provision of medical care is a classic example of a service function.
Chevron Nigeria Limited took a strategic decision against this trend by significantly expanding its own established medical service. The reasons for this decision will be explored, and early results analyzed. Lessons learnt will be shared.
Provision of in-house medical services may not cut costs, but it can improve quality of care - at least in the developing world.