bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'Allemagne et l'Europe centrale
Authors: Wohlfeld Monika 
Published: November 2007

Germany and Central Europe, by Monika Wohlfeld
The litmus test for an united Germany's foreign policy whose parameters have heen swept away by the end of the Cold War remains, due to both geographical proximity and 'demons of the past', its relationship to CEEC. These states constitute actual or potential allies, markets and suppliers. But Germany is also probably the EU country most directly affected hy the difficulties of transition. Therefore Germany must maintain a policy directed at stabilization of these countries. In order to avoid any Germany's 'reluctant return to power', Bonn needs support and hurden sharing — German pressure for enlargement of EU and NATO follows this logic.
Les enjeux des négociations entre l'AIS et l'armée
Authors: Martinez Luis 
Published: November 2007

Algeria: the Issues of the Negotiations Between ISA and the Army, by Luis Martinez
The call for a truce issued by the émir of the ISA (Islamic Salvation Army) on September 21, 1997, is a turning point in the Algerian civil war. For the first time this truce offers a genuine opportunity for a return to civil peace. After six years of war the presidency and the ISA have reached an agreement accepted by the ISF. However, the truce is running up against the total war strategy of the « eradicators on both sides », viz. General Lamari, chief of staff of the armed forces, and the GIA. Seen from this perspective, the massacres of villagers aim to diminish the significance of this truce.
L'économie russe entre stagnation et reprise
Authors: Sokoloff Georges 
Published: November 2007

The Russian Economy Between Stagnation and Recovery, by Georges Sokoloff
Although the Russian economy has become a market economy, it remains fragile. Contrary to what is often heard and expected after six years of depression (1990-1996), growth is not yet being recorded, particularly as the public finance situation is depriving the government of any room for manoeuver in stimulating the economy. Moreover, Russia's young brand of capitalism still prefers financial investment to investment in production. The lack of strength shown by the domestic economie players makes foreign assistance particularly necessary, even if the latter may be a source of disappointment.
Le Royaume-Uni et l'UEM
Authors: Marsh David 
Published: November 2007

The United Kingdom and EMU, by David Marsh
This article supports and justifies the wait-and-see attitude of the United Kingdom, which announced in October 1997 that it would not be participating in the launch of the Euro on January 1, 1999. In the author's view, this non-participation will affect neither the City nor the pound sterling ― which might even become a refuge currency by staying out of EMU ― nor the country's influence on Europe which, on the contrary, might even be enhanced by this non-participation.
Nature, cause et conséquences de la crise asiatique
Authors: Estanislao Jesus P. 
Published: November 2007

Asian Crisis: the IMF in the Dock, by Françoise Nicolas
The IMF's role has changed greatly since it was established in 1945. It now focuses more on crisis prevention and management — particularly in DCs and emerging countries - than on its initial function of exchange-rate stabilization. However, the Asian crisis has exposed the failure of the strategy of preventing crises through information, as well as the limits of the Fund's management of the crisis and of the efficacy of its interventions (insufficien-cy of its financial base, inadequacy of the conditionality, interventions to correct the private sector's malfunctioning). The mixed results of the IMF's action in the Asian crisis should therefore be an opportunity to redefine its role and terms of reference.
Les essais nucléaires indiens et pakistanais et la non-prolifération
Authors: Labbé Marie-Hélène 
Published: November 2007

The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests and Non-Proliferation, by Marie-Hélène Labbé
The Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests are tolling the knell of the post-Cold War era by showing that the power race — of which nuclear weapons are a major vector — is not obsolete in the age of globalization. The Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests have revealed the helplessness and contradictions of American non-proliferation policy and have weakened the non-proliferation system. However, the latter might be strengthened if India and Pakistan were to sign the technical treaties, if the nuclear States were to solemnize their commitment to non-proliferation and, particularly, if China were to agree to behave as a responsible protagonist. Tne system would then emerge strengthened from this crisis, as it would be more universal and more democratie.
Interventions internationales, souveraineté des Etats et démocratie
Authors: De Montbrial Thierry 
Published: November 2007

Greenhouse Effect and Emission Quotas: the Challenges of a New Form of International Trade, by Olivier Godard
In spite of all-pervasive differences between States, an international Convention on global climate change was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and followed by the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997. The latter introduced binding quantitative targets for industrial countries and, at the level of basic principles, mechanisms providing flexibility in the choice of national strategies. Such mechanisms are based on the 'emissions trading' concept. What can be learned from the diplomatic process about the ability of international negotiations to introduce cost-effective means of implementation ? What are the critical issues related to emissions trading for France in the post-Kyoto context ? Behind emissions we find issues of huge cost-savings, strategic flexibility and democracy in energy choices, while at the same time legitimate fears concern possible distortions of international competitiveness of industry and non-compatibility with green tax reforms. On paper, possible deviations can be mastered, since solutions do exist. The political will to implement them is more questionable.
L'ASEAN a-t-elle encore un rôle ?
Authors: Koh Tommy 
Published: November 2007

Is ASEAN Dead or Alive?, by Tommy Koh
Since the collapse of the Thai Baht in July 1997, the economies of ASEAN have fallen into recession or low growth. Bilateral tensions have arisen between some ASEAN countries. This is not, however, the first time ASEAN has faced a crisis. The ASEAN Summit in Hanoi in December 1998 was a successful one. ASEAN will, again, counfound its critics and emerge stronger than ever from this crisis.
L'Afrique face à la mondialisation
Authors: Bédié Henri Konan 
Published: November 2007

Africa in the Face of Globalization, by Henri Konan Bédié
Since gaining its independence, Côte d'Ivoire has chosen economie liberalism and openness to the outside world. While considering that globalization is irreversible in nature, it does not unreservedly subscribe to the process because its contribution to the development of developing countries is extremely limited. The right form of development for these countries — particularly African countries - implies efforts on their part, notably to promote national enterprises. The advanced countries must also contribute by making substantial financial transfers, by accepting the establishment of regional markets that are reasonably protected from the outside world and by cancelling debt. In fact, if globalization is not to head directly for disaster, liberalism must be tempered by taking into account the political sphere of régulation and cooperation, as well as justice and solidarity.
Sécurité et interdépendance
Authors: Robertson  
Published: November 2007

Security and Interdependence, by Lord Robertson
Europe's experience since the Second World War, through the European Union and NATO, demonstrates that interdependence contributes to security. The NATO area has thus become a haven of stability in which war has become impossible. NATO nevertheless remains vulnerable to crises in the Euro-Atlantic region, as was the case in Kosovo, where intervention was required. The continent's security also involves close cooperation with Russia and the countries of the Partnership for Peace. Moreover, the durability of the Transatlantic ties implies fairer burden-sharing within the Alliance, that is, the emergence of a stronger European security and defence identity within the latter.
Science, société de l'information et interdépendance
Authors: Tiraspolsky Anita 
Published: November 2007

The Future of the Information Society: a European Perspective, by Martti Ahtisaari
The information society is opening up a revolutionary era. It is changing the structures of the economy by developing the service markets. Thanks to new technologies, Finland — which was hard-hit by recession in the early 1990s — has been able to regain durably stable growth. From this point of view, the key was a change of mentality and an open mind about the future. The information society also has a strong influence on culture. It tends to strengthen linguistic and cultural diversity. Lastly, it directly affects society and the individual, in particular by reinforcing civilian society. The information society has tremendous potential, but if it is to meet the ideals of freedom, shared responsibility and equality, the emphasis must be placed on citizens' participation in the decision-making process, on tolerance and on reducing inequality.
L'ONU et la sécurité à l'échelle planétaire
Authors: Bertrand Maurice 
Published: November 2007

The UN and Global Security, by Maurice Bertrand
The présent collective security System suffers from the United States' hégémonie ambitions. Although the Europeans reject the UN being controlled by the United States, no initiative has been taken to remedy the situation. In particular, Europe's position is confused by a number of misconceptions about the UN as an institution: it is thought to be an inescapable player and to be reformable from within... but above ail, Europe reasons on the basis of an archaic concept of the collective security System, which sees the latter as being based on the notions of unpredictability of crises and use of force. Hence the aim for Europeans should be to define a new, more preventive and pragmatic security System.
L'élargissement communautaire après le sommet de Nice
Authors: Verheugen Günter 
Published: November 2007

The Enlargement Process After Nice, by Gunter Verheugen
This article looks at the current enlargement process of the European Union, unique in the history of European integration. The process consists of negotiations with ten candidate countries from Central and Eastern Europe as well as Cyprus and Malta. Turkey has been granted candidate status. What conditions do thèse countries have to fulfil and how do the negotiations proceed? Answers to these questions, and the benefits and challenges of the process are discussed. Finally, it is shown how the Nice Treaty has cleared the remaining institutional obstacles to enlargement for the Union such that it will be ready to admit new Member States from the end of 2002.
Une Constitution européenne, si et seulement si...
Authors: Goulard Sylvie , Lequesne Christian 
Published: November 2007

A European Constitution: if, and only if..., by Sylvie Goulard and Christian Lequesne
The adoption of a European Constitution can be a qualitative leap for the European Union as it does not consist in yet another treaty resulting from the "old" intergovernmental method. In this paper, the authors propose a new method for the adoption of a European Constitution. The French National Assembly and the German Bundestag should set the process in motion by organizing a common session to which other national parliaments are invited to debate and produce reports. A group of Member States, including France and Germany, should then ask a body of independent experts to produce a draft text. This group should include representatives from candidate countries. The next step should be the examination of the draft text in a Convention opened to the Member States that favour the deepening of the integration process. This Convention would be comprised of members of European and national parliaments, government representatives, and experts. In approving the final text, the choice should be between ratification at the European or national levels. This paper underlines the fact that the constitutional process should aim at the reform of the institutions rather than an altering of the balance of the Rome Treaty between Member States and the supranational bodies such as the Commission, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice.
La défense européenne, de l'autonomie à l'intégration
Authors: Walch Jacques 
Published: November 2007

European Defence: from Autonomy to Integration, by Jacques Walch
After much vacillation, European defence has become a reality. Its advent is announced through organisations, procedures and obligations. Henceworth, Member States, and the Union itself will have to plan for the coexistence between present military structures and the new ones. For the European Union, it is a matter of finding a comprehensive efficiency through the coalescing of the practicies of its three pillars. The present members will have to manage the issue of a genuine European command structure. France will have to balance the discrepancies between its traditional strategy and the new European military policy.
La difficile réconciliation tchéco-allemande
Authors: Rupnik Jacques , Bazin Anne 
Published: November 2007

The Uneasy Reconciliation Between Germany and the Czech Republic, by Jacques Rupnik and Anne Bazin
In Spite of the Friendly Cooperation Treaty of 1992, and the Déclaration of Reconciliation of 1997, relations between Germany and the Czech Republic remain troubled by problems inherited from the Second World War: the expulsion of Sudetan Germans on one side, and compensation for Czech victims of nazism on the other. Ten years after German Reunification and Vaclav Havel's speech in front of the Brandenburg Gâte in Berlin, these questions are stakes in domestic politics in Berlin, Prague, and, also, Vienna. They feed po-pulist currents in Germany and Austria and alter the terms of the debate over the young republic's entry into the European Union. If they persist, these obstacles, bequeathed by history, could even defer and complicate the European enlargement process to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Japon : "Oui, la réforme est possible !"
Authors: Kitera Masato 
Published: November 2007

Japan: Yes, Reform is Possible!, by Masato Kitera
As an introduction to a series of articles on various facets of Japan, this article describes who governs the country, the modalities of work, administrative reforms under consideration, and the expectations of the Japanese people. Backed by popular support, the Koizumi government pursues its own agenda. After its astute diplomatie handling in the period following the September 11 attacks, the Koizumi government may attempt to pass a law entitled "the fundamental law on the security of Japan". A State programme, "Koizumi's vision", will be elaborated, with the participation of the population, through internet. The new Prime Minister is bringing profound change to Japanese political life, but he will have to deal with people who react in real time.
Japon : la décennie perdue
Authors: Kaji Sahoko 
Published: November 2007

Japan: the Lost Decade, by Sahoko Kaji
In just 10 years, from the beginning of the 1990s, Japan moved from being a universally admired economie model to emerge as the problem child of the G7. There are many indicators of crisis: negative growth in GDP, rising unemployment, bankruptcy of financial institutions and excessive public borrowing. Up to 2001 successive governments preferred to manage the crisis with short term measures without addressing the core issues. But the new Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi, has, since his élection, piled on the structural reforms: recasting the financial intermediation System, privatisation and dereglementation, modernising the taxation system, resolution of the doubtful debts issue, reinforcing the social security system, and emphasising the role of the individual. The objective is to turn Japan into a country more open to the rest of the world, and more competitive with other countries. But Japan can only undertake this metamorphosis, which would be comparable with the Meiji era, if public opinion stays on Koizumi and the reformers' side accepting painful decisions in exchange for a better future.
A la charnière ?
Authors: Dufourcq Jean 
Published: November 2007

France at a Turning Point, by Jean Dufourcq
Rediscovering the strategie advantages of its traditional pivotal position, France is at a decisive juncture: the convergence between a still preserved uniqueness and a European commitment which had become more and more demanding. This dilemma is the strategie reincarnation of an old geopolitical position that placed France at the junction of Europe's major Unes and from which it has always taken advantage. From now on, questions for France's leaders are: should a choice be made for a new framework, if yes, what choice to make -and how to choose?
La France et l'Afrique : le crépuscule d'une ambition stratégique ?
Authors: Gouttebrune François 
Published: November 2007

France and Africa: Towards the End of a Strategie Ambition?, by François GOUTTEBRUNE
In 1960, French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa disappeared to leave room for a System of diplomatie, economie (the maintaining of a "franc" zone of co-operation), and privileged military relations that allowed France, in spite of decolonialisation to, consolidate its hold on Sub-Saharan Africa. As the years and several Franco-African summits went by, the interests of a growing number of states in this development and stability policy for the continent even extended France's influence beyond what it was in colonial times. The upheaval of 1989 and, later, the Rwandan crisis would spoil bilateral relations, which France began to disengage from in the 1990s. Has September 11 replaced old économie interests witn strategie value that would announce renewed French support in the region?
L'adversaire irakien
Authors: Harling Peter 
Published: November 2007

Considering a Non-Conventional Iraqi Opponent, by David BARAN
The debate on Iraqi war capabilities, initiated month's ago by the American threats against Iraq, totally ignores the non-military, non-tangible assets of Saddam Hussein in a war that might not have much to do with conventional warfare and classic theory. This article will hopefully contribute to the debate in three ways. First of all, it develops a historical outline of the Iraqi military and security apparatus, so as to define precisely its various organs and illus-trate the expériences and concepts that determined its current doctrine. Secondly, it will concentrate on the adaptability displayed by the Iraqi regime in the face of the specifie American threats during the nineties. This adaptability is seen as a prolongation of the impressive plasticity demonstrated by the regime throughout the aforementioned historical process. Last of all, this article implies an atypical but non-the-less plausible war scenario, based precisely on a better attention paid, paradoxically, to Saddam Hussein's non-military resources.
L'architecture financière internationale et les faillites d'Etat
Authors: Sgard Jérôme 
Published: November 2007

International Financial Architecture and State Bankruptcy, by Jérôme SGARD
In April 2003, the proposition by the IMF to create an international bankruptcy court for sovereign States has finally been abandoned. The main reasons for its eventual rejection were the resistance to public intervention into financial contracts and the supra-national character of the body that would have been endowed with such a right. The proposed innovation was however not negligible, as it would have separated the two main functions included in ail previous debt-renegotiation frameworks: conditionality, and the regulation, sometimes the arbitration, of the financial negotiation between the sovereign debtor and the private investors. While the former function would have remained within the realm of an un-reformed IMF, the latter would have been transferred to a new, ostensibly de-politicised, "proto-judiciary" entity. This failure has had unanticipated conséquences: local regulators have strongly re-emerged, under the form of respectively national judiciaries and central banks. If global institutions fail, globalisation may then lead to institutional "re-localisation". Such a trend underlines the risk of a possible, immediate collapse of collective action against financial crisis.
Biodiversité et mondialisation : défi global, réponses locales
Authors: Trommetter Michel , Weber Jacques 
Published: November 2007

Biodiversity and Globalisation: A Worldwide Challenge, Local Answers, by Michel TROMMETTER and Jacques WEBER
The globalisation of the world economy is increasing the interdependence of the ecosystems of the planet, and therefore that of its biological resources, too. Thèse are essential both for the local populations that live off them and for humanity as a whole. The difficulty is that global public goods as critical as health, food and the environment can potentially be affected by the public or private use that is made of biological diversity. It is then that the question of regulating access to and the use of these resources is posed. This issue must be handled at a global level, associating the countries and populations concerned. Consultation and discussion between North and South have become even more necessary on this issue both to put in place an effective management System of biodiversity, and to offer to the local population a genuine and equitable access to national and/or world markets. ■
Les réseaux terroristes islamistes : moins puissants, plus violents
Authors: Légaré François 
Published: November 2007

The Terrorist Activity of Islamic Networks, by François LÉGARÉ
For just over a décade, the world has witnessed the growth of Islamic terrorist activity. How do we characterize it and where is it leading? Following and centered upon the 9/11 attacks, has the call to Jihad by Al Qaeda been adopted by most radical Muslims? To answer thèse questions we must identify the patterns of Islamic terrorist network activity, understand what fuels it and identify what the most recent attacks portend for the future. Analysis shows that Al Qaeda's call to Jihad has been heard - the number of attacks has risen and the most violent ones focus on Western targets. Nevertheless, antiterrorist activity seems to have diminished the capacity of the Islamic terrorists to stage complex opérations like those of 9/11. In particular, Al-Qaeda remains weakened. But the most disturbing feature of these terrorist networks is the effect of their activity on the Muslim world as a whole. They now benefit from sizeable ideological, financial and logistic support, and we must not forget that they are much better aligned with the opinion of their own public than is the US.
Les Européens existent-ils ?
Authors: Demesmay Claire 
Published: November 2007

Do Europeans Exist?, by Claire DEMESMAY
While Europe has long been an economie, juridical and institutional matter, the year 2003 (and especially the work of the Convention on the future of Europe and the debates about the plan for a future Constitution) raised the question of its human basis, at the same time clouding further reflection about this issue. At first sight, national peculiarities are so obvious that it appears difficult to identify the Europeans and to define a European identity. However, even though they are discrète, some common tendencies can be seen in mentalities and behaviours. But will it be enough to found a coherent political project with which the Europeans could identify? The question remains, especially before the EU opening to ten new countries, most of them from the East.