bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropharmacological studies of an insecticidal trihaloimidazole derivative in the crayfish neuromuscular preparation
Authors: Umeda Kimitoshi , Hirano Masachika 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA trihaloimidazole derivative (S‐377; 1‐(4‐chlorobutoxymethyl)‐2,4,5‐trichloroimidazole) caused giant excitatory junctional potentials by a single electrical stimulus to the excitatory nerves. Repetitive discharges were simultaneously induced in the nerve fibres. S‐377 also caused repetitive firing in the inhibitory nerve fibres. Permethrin showed quite similar actions on both the junction and nerve fibres. It was supposed that S‐377 inhibited the inactivating system of the sodium channel, like pyrethroids. However, S‐377 reduced the number of spikes of the permethrin‐induced repetitive discharges on the excitatory nerve fibres. These observations suggest that binding sites of S‐377 on sodium channels are different from those of pyrethroids.
Distribution and activity of spray deposits in an oak canopy following aerial application of diluted and undiluted formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Wiesner Charles J. , Riley Chris M. , Nystrom Carl , Howard Craig A. , Howse Gordon M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution and biological activity of spray deposits resulting from aerial applications of diluted and undiluted Bacillus thuringiensis, ‘Dipel 64AF’ against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., were examined in oak stands in south‐eastern Ontario, Canada. The sprays were applied by fixed‐wing aircraft equipped with four ‘Micronair AU4000’ atomizers. Application of diluted formulation at 30 BIU ha−1 in 6.0–6.4 litre generally resulted in a higher droplet density (10–28 cm −2 leaf) than application of undiluted product at the same dosage rate in 1.8 litre ha−1 (4–10 cm −2). However, spray deposits of undiluted product with a volume median diameter (Dv.5) of 90–130 μm caused as much mortality of gypsy moth larvae in bioassays of sprayed foliage as deposits of diluted product with a Dv.5 of 150–350 μm despite a two‐ to three‐fold reduction in droplet density. Our data suggest that by using fine spray atomization, undiluted application of these formulations can offer the same efficacy against gypsy moth as coarsely atomized sprays of diluted product.
An association between triazine resistance and powdery mildew resistance inEpilobium ciliatumandSenecio vulgaris
Authors: Clay David V. , Nash Caroline , Bailey John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe response of four naturally occurring biotypes ofEpilobium ciliatumand four sources of Senecio vulgaris to the herbicide atrazine were compared with their susceptibility to the powdery mildewsSphaerotheca epilobiiand Erysiphe cichoracearum. Biotypes that were resistant to atrazine were also resistant to mildew. Mechanisms that might explain the association between atrazine resistance and mildew resistance are discussed, along with possible implications of these findings for farmland ecology and for the production of herbicide‐ and mildew‐resistant crop plants.
Activity of fumaramidmycin mimics against oomycetes
Authors: Loubinoux Bernard , Gérardin Philippe , Kunz Walter , Herzog Jürg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious fumaric acid derivatives have been prepared from the corresponding vinyl acylisocyanates. They exhibit interesting fungicidal activity, especially against the two important oomycetes Plasmopara viticola and Pythium ultimum.
Acaricidal and insecticidal activities of three synthetic oxazolidinones
Authors: Roberts Ralph R. , Williams Lawrence A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of three synthetic 2‐oxazolidinones were investigated on two arthropod pests: (1) Boophilus microplus (Canestrinii), the Southern cattle tick; and (2) Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summer), a sweet potato weevil.
Structure‐activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Oettmeier Walter , Hilp Ursula , Draber Wilfried , Fedtke Carl , Schmidt Robert R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWeeds resistant to the s‐triazine herbicide atrazine also show resistance to the triazinone herbicide metribuzin. However, with highly lipophilic triazinones, thylakoids isolated from atrazine‐resistant Amaranthus retroflexus (mutation at position Ser264 of the photosystem II D‐1 reaction centre protein) in general show a higher pI50 value in photosystem II electron transport than those from the wild type (i.e. negative cross‐resistance; ‘supersensitivity’). A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) can be established, wherein the lipophilicity of the compound plays a major role. In in‐vivo experiments, it was found that the triazinone DRW2698 killed resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album whereas the wild type was almost unaffected. Triazinones were further investigated in five different mutants of Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii (mutations in the D‐1 protein at positions Ser264, Ala251, Leu275, Phe255, and Val219). Inhibitory activity of all triazinones was generally enhanced in the Phe255 mutant but decreased in the Val219 mutant. In the other mutants, biological activity was decreased when position 3 of the triazinone was substituted by CH3, OCH3, SCH3, NHCH3 or N(CH3)2. However, negative cross‐resistance was again observed when this position was occupied by free thiol. It is therefore suggested that these two groups of triazinones orient themselves differently within the herbicide binding niche of the photosystem II D‐1 protein.
Comparative fate in soil of the enantiomers of triadimenol when applied individually to barley seed
Authors: Clark Terence , Wong Wilson W.‐C. , Vogeler Klaus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe systemic fungicide triadimenol is a mixture of four enantiomers which have different biological activities. Dissipation and metabolism of the individual enantiomers in soil were investigated after seed treatment. Forty‐nine days after 1R2S and 1S2S treatments, more of the radioactivity (87% for both) had dissipated from the seeds into the 0–10 cm soil layer than after the 1S2R (76%) and 1R2R (73%) treatments. After 1R2S treatment 56% of the radioactivity extracted from soil was accounted for as the parent isomer and 44% as its 1R2R epimer. After 1S2R treatment 76% of the radioactivity was in the parent form and 24% was converted to the 1S2S (17%) and 1R2R (7%) isomers.
Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Australian Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Gunning Robin V. , Easton Clive S. , Balfe Marjorie E. , Ferris Ian G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 1983, at the onset of pyrethroid resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera, three resistance mechanisms were identified. They were: a strong nerve insensitivity (Super‐Kdr), penetration resistance (Pen), and a factor which was overcome by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Super‐Kdr nerve insensitivity appeared to be a major cause of pyrethroid resistance and contributed to high‐order resistance (> 100‐fold). From 1987 to 1990, to monitor the effect of the Australian Helicoverpa insecticide resistance management strategy on insecticide resistance, we conducted a survey of the frequencies of these mechanisms in field‐collected H. armigera. The relative importance of the Pen and Pbo mechanisms in resistant H. armigera have increased but Pen and Pbo confer only low order (∼ 20‐fold) resistance. We found no evidence of the 1983 Super‐Kdr mechanism in the latest samples, but, instead, found another distinct Kdr‐type mechanism. This mechanism was correlated with very low‐order nerve insensitivity and was of little toxicological significance. The impact of the Helicoverpa insecticide resistance management strategy on pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera is discussed.
Off‐target glyphosate from aerial silvicultural applications, and buffer zones required around sensitive areas
Authors: Payne Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOff‐target glyphosate deposits were measured downwind of aerial silvicultural applications which used D8‐46 hollow‐cone hydraulic nozzles, ‘Micronair’ AU 5000 rotary atomisers, and the ‘Thru Valve Boom’ (030), with volume application rates of 35, 20 and 20 litre ha−1respectively, and a glyphosate application rate of 2·1 kg ha−1. Crosswind spray lines were released 10 m above ground level over a short forest canopy, from a fixed‐wing aircraft flying at 45 m s1in atmospheric boundary layers with average wind speeds and air temperatures of 2·2‐3·7 m s−1and 8‐23°C at release height. Ground sheets and artificial foliage clusters were exposed at downwind distances of between 50 and 300 m. Glyphosate deposit measurements at various downwind distances (x) were fitted with non‐linear regression lines; deposits were attenuated at rates inversely proportional to x at powers of 1·3‐2·3. For a particular trial, deposits on ground sheets and artificial foliage were generally similar, and ranged between 19 and 0·04 mg m−2over the sampling distances used. For 100‐ha applications the estimated buffer‐zone widths around water bodies were less than 50 m, whereas those around non‐target vegetation ranged between 75 and 1200 m, depending on the application method and the meteorological conditions.
1(R)‐(2,6‐cis‐dimethylmorpholino)‐ 3(S)‐(p‐tert‐butylphenyl)cyclopentane: A representative of a novel, potent class of bio‐rationally designed fungicides
Authors: Huxley‐Tencer Alica , Francotte Eric , Bladocha‐Moreau Michelle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInhibition of the Δ8‐Δ7 sterol isomerase in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway is known to lead to fungistatic or even fungicidal effects. Our approach to the rational design of new putative inhibitors of the enzyme was based on the assumed mechanism of the enzymic transformation and in particular on the structure of the unstable carbocationic intermediate, i.e. the ‘transition‐state‐analogue’ principle. The synthesis and the biological properties of 1(R)‐(2,6‐cis‐ dimethylmorpholino)‐3(S)‐(p‐tert‐butylphenyl)cyclopentane, a representative of a novel, potent class of rationally designed fungicides, as well as the synthesis and biological activities of several other related compounds are described and discussed.
Some physicochemical factors influencing foliar uptake enhancement of glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) by polyoxyethylene surfactants
Authors: Gaskin Robyn E. , Holloway Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and field bean (Vicia fabaL.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions. Candidate surfactants had mean molar ethylene oxide (EO) contents ranging from 5 to 20 and were added at concentrations varying from 0·2 to 10 g litre−‐1to [14C]glyphosate formulations in acetone–water. Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptake fromc. 0·2–μl droplet applications of formulations to leaves were influenced by surfactant EO content, surfactant hydrophobe composition, surfactant concentration, glyphosate concentration and plant species, in a complex manner. Surfactant effects were most pronounced at 0·5 g acid equivalent (a.e.) glyphosate litre−‐1where, for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake: surfactants of lower EO content (5–10) frequently reduced, or failed to improve, glyphosate absorption. Whereas, at optimal EO content, AM surfactants caused greatest uptake enhancement on wheat, A surfactants gave the best overall performance on field bean; NP surfactants were generally the least efficient class of adjuvants on both species. Threshold concentrations of surfactants needed to increase glyphosate uptake were much higher in field bean than wheat (c.2 g litre−‐1and < 1 g litre−‐1, respectively); less herbicide was taken up by both species at high AM surfactant concentrations. At 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre−‐1, there were substantial increases in herbicide absorption and surfactant addition could cause effects on uptake that were different from those observed at lower herbicide doses. In particular, the influence of EO content on glyphosate uptake was now much less marked in both species, especially with AM surfactants. The fundamental importance of glyphosate concentration for its uptake was further emphasised by experiments using formulations with constant a.i./surfactant weight ratios. Any increased foliar penetration resulting from inclusion of surfactants in 0·5 g litre−‐1[14C]glyphosate formulations gave concomitant increases in the amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of application. At these low herbicide doses, translocation of absorbed [14C]glyphosate in wheat wasc.twice that in field bean; surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat but substantially enhanced it in field bean.
The use of ecotoxicological risk assessment in deriving maximum acceptable half‐lives of pesticides
Authors: Van Straalen Nico M. , Schobben John H. M. , Traas Theo P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApproaches in ecological risk assessment are usually based on estimating the probability that organisms will be exposed to environmental concentrations of chemicals greater than some toxicological criterion (LC50, NOEC). Following this approach, quality standards for persistent chemicals in soil can be derived. For readily degradable chemicals emitted at intervals, the ecological risk can be related to the time taken for the chemical concentration to fall to a level causing no effect on most, e.g. 95%, of the species. A formula is derived for the maximum acceptable half‐life, assuming a log–logistic distribution of species susceptibilities and a simple exponential decay of the chemical. It is also assumed that the pesticide is distributed homogeneously through the top 20 cm of the soil. A numerical example is elaborated for carbofuran, demonstrating that for a recommended dose applied to soil, the maximum half‐life should be 47 days, if the ecotoxicological protection level is to be reached within one year after a single application. This estimate may vary between 35 and 61 days, depending on the margins of uncertainty attached to ecotoxicological data. Complete recovery not only includes the disappearance of the chemical but also the recolonization of treated soils. The half‐life condition derived in this paper should therefore be considered as a minimum requirement.
Studies on wetting phenomena on plant leaf surfaces. 3: A retention model for droplets on solid surfaces
Authors: Watanabe Tadakazu , Yamaguchi Isamu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo investigate the factors governing retention of pesticidal spray solutions on plant surfaces, a new retention model for droplets on solid surfaces has been introduced asmagnified imagewhere ΔΘ = Θa – Θr. The minimum sliding volumes (MiSV) of surfactant aqueous solutions (2 g litre−‐1; surface tensions; 28·5 – 72·5 mN m−‐1) on smooth surfaces of paraffin wax and polymer sheets were measured and the validity of the above retention equation was verified on combinations of these solutions and surfaces. A concept of the specific adhesional force (Fa) of a droplet was defined asmagnified imagewhich was the maximum adhesional force on a unit length of the width of the contact circle of a droplet, and Fa values of the solutions on the surfaces were compared. The predominant factors for droplet retention are discussed on the basis of this model.
Determination of the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron‐methyl in soil, water and plant material by gas chromatography of their pentafluorobenzyl derivatives
Authors: Cotterill Edward G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe measurement of the sulfonyl urea herbicides, chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron‐methyl as pentafluorobenzyl derivatives has been investigated and the kinetics of reaction optimised. The reaction product was identified by mass spectroscopy as N,N‐bis(pentafluorobenzyl)‐2‐chlorobenzenesulfonamide. Amounts of herbicide derivative as low as 0·1 pg per injection can be detected. Suitable conditions for both packed and capillary chromatography are given. Application of the method to residue determination is discussed and the method is shown to be suitable for residues in soil and water but less so for plant material.
Methyl bromide in natural fresh waters: Hydrolysis and volatilisation
Authors: Gentile Irene Abbattista , Ferraris Lucia , Sanguinetti Mario , Tiprigan Marinela , Fisichella Giuseppina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of some physical factors on the processes (hydrolysis, volatilisation) regulating the persistence of methyl bromide in fresh surface waters was investigated to complement previous research.It has been confirmed that electromagnetic radiation in the visible field has no influence on the hydrolysis kinetics of the fumigant.The removal of methyl bromide by volatilisation from stirred and ventilated solutions appears to be of greater importance in practice. It has been shown that under these conditions the half‐life is directly proportional to the liquid depth.Without stirring volatilisation is greatly reduced, due to the low diffusivity of methyl bromide in the aqueous phase.
Towards the rational design of crop protection agents
Authors: Goosey Michael W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crop protection industry has consistently provided new and improved products during the past forty years. The discovery process has, to a large extent, relied upon empirical procedures and imitative chemistry to generate these compounds. Although these methods will continue to be employed, it is envisaged that additional technology will be incorporated into the process and in this respect the development of molecular biology, computational sciences and biophysical techniques is discussed. The successful integration of these skills requires an open and communicative environment involving multi‐disciplinary research groups.
Simulation modelling to assess the potential value of formulation development of lambda‐cyhalothrin
Authors: Day Roger K. , Collins Martyn D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSimulation modelling was undertaken to investigate the likely practical benefits of more persistent formulations of a synthetic pyrethroid for control of Heliothis sp. on cotton. A model was built describing mortality to first‐instar Heliothis larvae on cotton during the period following a spray application and used to evaluate the influence of formulation type on persistence of effect. The product used in the study was lambda‐cyhalothrin. Data for the model were gathered principally from published and unpublished reports. Two parameters were used to describe a formulation; the half‐life of the biologically active residue, and the toxicity relative to a standard formulation. To achieve a 50% increase in persistence of effect, defined as days' mortality above 50%. it was necessary to treble the values of both parameters. Persistence of effect was more sensitive to the way in which larvae were distributed over the plant than to the growth rate of the plant but the relative increase in persistence of effect from improved formulation was robust to changes in larval distribution and plant growth.
Evaluation of the membrane approach to solid‐phase extractions of pesticide residues in drinking water
Authors: Davi Letizia M. , Baldi Massimo , Penazzi Luciano , Liboni Michelina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to compare the method and analytical results obtained by liquid/liquid extraction with those of solid‐phase extraction, in particular with the use of an Empore disc, in the investigation of pesticide residues in drinking water.
Spectrophotometric determination of ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate (ferbam) in formulations, grain and apples using 1, 10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Malik Ashok Kumar , Rao A. L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure has been developed for the determination of ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate) by converting it into ferbam‐phenanthroline complex, which is dissolved in acetone + water (1 + 1 by volume), and the absorbance measured at 490 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0–8–20‐0 mg litre−1 in the final solution. The method is sensitive, selective and can be used for the direct determination of ferbam in commercial samples, in mixtures with various other dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb, etc.) and from grains (rice and wheat) and apples. The limit of determination from foodstuffs is 0–4 mg kg−1.
Synthesis and bioactivity of some fluorine‐containing benzoyl arylureas. Part II: Insecticidal products in which the aryl group bears a polyfluoroalkoxy or (polyfluoroalkoxy)alkoxy side chain
Authors: Rama Franco , Meazza Giovanni , Bettarini Franco , Piccardi Paolo , Massardo Pietro , Caprioli Vincenzo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis and insecticidal activities of benzoyl arylureas in which the aryl group bears a polyfluoroalkoxy or (polyfluoroalkoxy)alkoxy side‐chain. The activity of these compounds has been evaluated against larvae of S. littoralis, A. aegypti and L. decemlineata.The effects have been studied of varying (a) the substituents, R1 and
R2 in the 2‐and 6‐positions of the benzoyl moiety; (b) the polyfluoroalkoxy chain R1 in the 4‐position of the aryl moiety; and (c) the other substituent(s), R3, on this ring.In general, the highest activities were achieved against S. littoralis when R1, R2 = F, R3 = 2‐F and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3 or R1 = Cl and R2 = H. R3 = 2‐Cl and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3; against A. aegypti when R1, R2 = F. R3 = 3‐F and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3 or R1 = Cl and R2 = H. R3 = 3‐F and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3; and against L. decemlineata by compounds in which R1 = Cl and R2 = H. R3 = 3. 5‐CI and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3, R1, R2 = F, R3 = 3.5‐Cl and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF2CF3, R1, R2 = F, R3 = 3‐CI and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF2CF2CF3. The greatest overall insecticidal activities were achieved when R1, R2 = F, R3 = 2‐F and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3 and when R1, R2 = F, R3 = 3‐Cl and R1 = OCF2CFHOCF3.
Activity of adjuvants in ‘aliette’ against Botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinered) and their cross‐resistance with benzimidazole fungicides
Authors: Faretra Francesco , Pollastro Stefania , Sansiviero Francisco 
Published: November 2006

Abstract‘Aliette’, a formulation of the fungicide fosetyl‐aluminium, is moderately active in vitro against the ascomycete Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). In contrast, fosetyl‐aluminium and related chemicals, such as phosphonic acid and sodium phosphonate, have low efficacy, although it is enhanced by media with low phosphate content. This indicates that the effectiveness of ‘Aliette’ against B. fuckeliana is not due to fosetyl‐aluminium but to adjuvants included in the formulation.The genetic basis of differences in sensitivity to ‘Aliette’ was investigated in field and laboratory isolates of B. fuckeliana. Genetic analysis showed that reduced sensitivity to ‘Aliette’ always co‐segregated with resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in meiotic progeny of sexual crosses. This indicates that differences in sensitivity to ‘Aliette’ in B. fuckeliana are due to the major gene Mbcl of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides and active adjuvant(s) present in ‘Aliette’ are linked to benzimidazoles by cross‐resistance.