bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity, efficiency, and robustness of a family‐based test of association
Authors: Lewinger Juan Pablo , Bull Shelley B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe propose a new test of linkage in the presence of allelic association that uses all available information in a sample of nuclear families, including parental phenotypes, genotypes from both affected and unaffected siblings, and families with homozygous parents. The test is based on the conditional framework developed by Rabinowitz and Laird [2000: Hum Hered 50:211–223] and is thus immune to population stratification and can be applied to families with any pattern of missing information. The test statistic is a conditional likelihood ratio based on a standard two‐point linkage model with allelic association, where parameters are estimated from the sample. Through a simulation study, we determined that the proposed test has near optimal power for a wide range of scenarios, outperforming FBAT both when data were complete and when parental genotypes were missing, although differences between the two tests diminish as the genetic effect is reduced. To assess robustness, we also evaluated the performance of the tests under scenarios with population stratification and found that although there is a loss of efficiency, our proposed test remains a strong competitor to FBAT. Genet. Epidemiol. 30:62‐76, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of methods incorporating quantitative covariates into affected sib pair linkage analysis
Authors: Tsai Hui‐Ju , Weeks Daniel E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor complex traits, it may be possible to increase the power to detect linkage if one takes advantage of covariate information. Several statistics have been proposed that incorporate quantitative covariate information into affected sib pair (ASP) linkage analysis. However, it is not clear how these statistics perform under different gene‐environment (G × E) interactions. We compare representative statistics to each other on simulated data under three biologically‐plausible G × E models. We also compared their performance with a model‐free method and with quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage approaches. The statistics considered here are: (1) mixture model; (2) general conditional‐logistic model (LODPAL); (3) multinomial logistic regression models (MLRM); (4) extension of the maximum‐likelihood‐binomial approach (MLB); (5) ordered‐subset analysis (OSA); and (6) logistic regression modeling (COVLINK). In all three G × E models, most of these six statistics perform better when using the covariate C1 associated with a G × E interaction effect than when using the environmental risk factor C2 or the random noise covariate C3. Compared with a model‐free method without covariates (Sall), the mixture model performs the best when using C1, with the high‐to‐low OSA method also performing quite well. Generally, MLB is the least sensitive to covariate choice. However, most of these statistics do not provide better power than Sall. Thus, while inclusion of the “correct” covariate can lead to increased power, careful selection of appropriate covariates is vital for success. Genet. Epidemiol. 30:77–93, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of Nutrients, Plankton Communities and Macrophytes to Fish Manipulation in a Small Eutrophic Wetland Lake
Authors: Tátrai István , Mátyás Kálmán , Korponai János , Szabó Gitta , Pomogyi Piroska , Héri János 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA food web manipulation experiment was started in 1999 in a small shallow eutrophic (Major Lake as a part of the wetland area, the Kis‐Balaton Water Protection System, KBWPS). The development of submerged macrophytes, the structure and biomass of phytoplankton and crustacean plankton responded rapidly to the removal of 60% of omnivorous cyprinid fish. An increase in transparency and a decrease in the concentrations of chlorophyll‐a, phytoplankton and phosphorus occurred simultaneously with the increased presence of submerged macrophytes, which covered 45% of the lake area compared with <10% during the premanipulation period. The success of fish manipulation demonstrated the potential of this measure as a short‐term management strategy. Our data also indicated that the clear water state was not stable in the long term. As long as phosphorus level is high, there is a risk that macrophytes will not successfully establish for longer period. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combined Effects of Food Level and Temperature on Life Table Demography of Moina macrocopaStraus (Cladocera)
Authors: Xi Yi‐Long , Hagiwara Atsushi , Sakakura Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe combined effects of four levels of temperatures (18 °C, 23 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C) and food densities (0.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106, 2.0 × 106 and 4.0 × 106 cells ml–1 of Chlorella vulgaris) on the life‐table demographic parameters (age‐specific survivorship and fecundity, average lifespan, gross reproductive rate, net reproductive rate, generation time and intrinsic rate of population increase) of a laboratory population of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa were investigated. Both food level and temperature, independently and in interaction, significantly influenced nearly all the parameters. The average lifespan was maximized at 18 °C under 1.0 × 106 cells ml–1 of Chlorella. The reproductive performance was a direct function of the food level, but the magnitude of food‐level effect depended on temperature. Among the algal concentrations used here, 0.5 × 106 – 2.0 × 106 cells ml–1 were suitable for the survival and reproduction of M. macrocopa. Regardless of the food‐level effect, both the gross reproductive rate and the net reproductive rate at 23 °C was higher, and the generation time generally decreased with the rise of temperature. Within the suitable food‐level range, the average value of the intrinsic rate of population increase ascended with the rise of temperature from 0.72 to 2.41 day–1. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 6 stimulate osteoclast generation
Authors: Wutzl Arno , Brozek Wolfgang , Lernbass Isolde , Rauner Martina , Hofbauer Guenter , Schopper Christian , Watzinger Franz , Peterlik Meinrad , Pietschmann Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBone regeneration is required for fracture‐healing, and different procedures have been used to promote osteogenesis. Recently, BMP‐2 has been shown to induce bone formation in vivo and has been tested in clinical trials. A recent in vitro study evaluated the osteogenic activity of 14 BMPs on osteoblastic progenitor cells with an osteogenic hierarchical model in which BMP‐2 and BMP‐6 may play an important role in inducing osteoblast differentiation. Although the relative osteoinductive activity of each BMP is important, bone regeneration is a process consisting of bone formation and bone resorption. Therefore, it remains unclear which effects BMP‐5 and ‐6 have on the generation of osteoclasts and by which mechanism osteoclastogenesis is stimulated. To compare osteoclastic potency of each BMP, primary murine bone marrow cells were treated with human recombinant BMP‐2, BMP‐5, or BMP‐6 and 1,25‐(OH)2 vitamin D3 and stained for the TRAP enzyme. Osteogenic activity of BMP‐5 was determined by measuring induction of ALP‐activity and proliferation after incubation with primary murine osteoblasts. For elucidating the molecular mechanism, primary bone marrow cells with various concentrations of OPG were added to the TRAP assay and mRNA levels of RANKL and OPG were measured after stimulation with BMP‐5. The presented data show that BMP‐5 and BMP‐6, unlike BMP‐2, enhanced the formation of murine TRAP+/MNCs in a biphasic curve. BMP‐5 and ‐6 were less potent in stimulating osteoclastogenesis compared to BMP‐2. Concerning the effects of BMP‐5 on osteoblasts, there was a dose‐dependent increase of ALP activity and proliferation up to a maximum dose of 300 ng/mL. At the mRNA level, BMP‐5 increased the RANKL/OPG ratio. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in contrast to BMP‐2, BMP‐5 and ‐6 influences the generation of osteoclasts in a biphasic mode. Both proteins might be very important regulators of bone homeostasis, and therefore, potent candidates for future treatment strategies of bone regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Effects of a biodegradable polymer synthesized with inorganic tin on the chondrogenesis of human articular chondrocytes
Authors: Banu Nasreen , Tsuchiya Toshie , Sawada Rumi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRecent study has shown that biodegradable polymers are attractive candidates for chondrocyte fixation and further transplantation in cartilage tissue engineering. Poly (glycolic acid) (PGA), a polymer of glycolic acid, is widely used in orthopedic applications as a biodegradable polymer. Organotin, lead, antimony, and zinc are catalysts commonly used in synthesizing PGA. Here, we investigated the biocompatibility of PGA, synthesized with and without inorganic tin as a catalyst in chondrogenesis of human articular chondrocytes in a micromass culture system. Significant enhancement of chondrocyte proliferation and expression of the collagen type II protein gene were observed in cultures treated with PGA synthesized with a tin catalyst. However, aggrecan gene expression was very similar to the control culture. Amount of collagen type II protein was also increased in the same group of cultured chondrocytes. In contrast, PGA without a catalyst caused overall inhibition of chondrogenesis. Despite several positive findings, extensive investigations are essential for the feasibility of this PGA(Sn) in future clinical practice. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Three‐dimensional culture of porcine fetal liver cells for a bioartificial liver
Authors: Ehashi Tomo , Ohshima Norio , Miyoshi Hirotoshi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3‐D) culture experiment of porcine fetal liver cells (FLCs) was performed using a porous resin substrate, for the purpose of developing a bioartificial liver. A long‐term 3‐D culture and monolayer culture as the control were performed for more than 1 month. To promote cell growth and maturation, human oncostatin M (OSM), the human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or cortisol was added to the cultures, and the effect of each agent on cell proliferation and liver‐specific cellular functions was investigated. The cell numbers in both the monolayer and 3‐D cultures increased gradually with time, irrespective of the supplementation of the stimulating agents. In the monolayer culture, the albumin secretion of FLCs decreased rapidly, and scarce activity was detected from 2 weeks onward under all culture conditions tested. In the 3‐D cultures, neither human OSM nor human LIF had any definite effect on the albumin secretion of FLCs. However, in the cultures with cortisol, albumin secretion was maintained for a considerably long period. These findings suggest that a bioartificial liver can be developed by culturing porcine FLCs with cortisol as the stimulant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Application of programmable temperature vaporisation injection with resistive heating‐gas chromatography flame photometric detection for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides
Authors: Patel Katan , Fussell Richard J. , Goodall David M. , Keely Brendan J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe combination of a programmable temperature vaporisation (PTV) injector with resistive heating GC (RH‐GC), a form of fast GC, has been applied to the analysis of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. The PTV injector was optimised in the ‘at‐once’ solvent vent mode for the injection of ethyl acetate (10–40 μL) or ACN (10 μL). The short RH‐GC column (5 m×0.25 mm ID) with fast temperature ramps (up to 153°C/min) allowed the separation of a total of 20 OP pesticides in less than 6 min. Average recoveries between 67 and 119% were obtained for pesticides spiked at 0.01 mg/kg into apple and pear matrix. Extraction of orange juice with ACN provided higher recoveries (92–104%) for methamidophos, acephate and omethoate compared to ethyl acetate (62–73%). Results for analysis of OP pesticides in samples containing incurred residues were in good agreement with those obtained using GC‐MS. The overall method was rapid, allowing 20 samples to be analysed in 4 h.British Crown Copyright © 2005 Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Feasibility of gas chromatography – ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in food
Authors: Gómara Belen , Fernández Mario Antonio , González M.‐José , Ramos Lourdes 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe different parameters affecting the ionisation and fragmentation of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an IT detector working in the MS/MS mode, ITD(MS/MS), have been optimised for maximum selectivity and sensibility. The low LODs (in the range 0.03–0.3 μg/L), the satisfactory repeatability (RSDs in general below 11%) and reproducibility (RSDs below 17%) obtained when analysing standard solutions ensured proper determination of the PCBs studied at the concentrations typically found in food samples. Foodstuffs naturally contaminated with varying levels of PCBs have been analysed using the optimised GC–ITD(MS/MS) method. The results obtained compared favourably with those found using more conventional detectors, such as (micro‐)electron capture detection (for ortho‐PCBs) and high‐resolution MS (for non‐ortho‐PCBs), as well as with the consensus PCB levels established for these particular samples via an international interlaboratory exercise. The relative merits of these three detectors have been discussed.
Headspace solvent microextraction as a simple and highly sensitive sample pretreatment technique for ultra trace determination of geosmin in aquatic media
Authors: Bagheri Habib , Salemi Amir 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA headspace solvent microextraction method was developed for the trace determination of geosmin, an odorant compound, in water samples. After performing the extraction by a microdrop of an organic solvent, the microdrop was introduced directly into a GC‐MS injection port. One‐at‐the‐time optimization strategy was applied to investigate and optimize some important extraction parameters such as type of solvent, drop volume, temperature, stirring rate, ionic strength, sample volume, and extraction time. The analytical data exhibited an RSD of less than 5% (n = 5), a linear calibration range of 5–900 ng/L (r2 > 0.998), and a detection limit of 0.8 and 3.3 ng/L using two different sets of selected ions. The proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of geosmin in the spiked real water sample and reasonable recovery was achieved.
Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken tissues by LC‐coupled electrospray ionisation and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation
Authors: Bailac Sandra , Barrón Dolores , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria , Barbosa José 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a method for determining seven quinolones (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, difloxacin, oxolinic acid and flumequine) in chicken muscle by LC coupled to MS. Two ionisation techniques, ESI and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) were compared using standard solutions. LOD and LOQ were determined under the optimised conditions for the two sources. The ESI was found the best for the purpose. The optimised method (LC‐ESI‐MS) was validated for the simultaneous analysis of the quinolones regulated by European Community in spiked chicken tissues, using norfloxacin as internal standard. Recoveries obtained varied in the range 60–109%. This method was compared with LC‐UV method established previously.
Gene‐chip analysis of the effect of tripeptide tyroservatide (YSV) on gene‐expression in human hepatocarcinoma BEL‐7402 tumors transplanted to nude mice
Authors: Jia Jing , Lu Rong , Zhou Chunlei , Zhao Lan , Fu Zheng , Zhu Zhitong , Wang Li , Zheng Minna , Yang Jing , Zhang Yanjun , Yao Zhi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTyroservatide (YSV) is a bioactive tripeptide of tyrosyl‐seryl‐valine. In this study, we studied the effects of YSV on human hepatocarcinoma BEL‐7402 tumors transplanted in BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice, and gene expression in the tumor cells with gene‐chip analysis. Results show that YSV significantly inhibits the growth of transplanted human hepatocarcinoma BEL‐7402 in nude mice (n = 12) compared with the control group (P < 0.05); with an inhibition rate of 55% at 320 µg/kg/d. Seven hundred eighty‐one genes were different between the YSV group and the control group. Fifty‐two genes changed in expression level by onefold or more including 37 downregulated genes and 15 upregulated genes. Probably, YSV exhibits a significant antitumor activity by inhibiting the expression of tumor cells histone genes, then damaging tumor cell chromosome and killing tumor cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand effect in Ti‐mediated living radical styrene polymerizations initiated by epoxide radical ring opening. III. Substituted sandwich metallocenes
Authors: Asandei Alexandru D. , Moran Isaac W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe ligand effect and reaction conditions for the living radical polymerization of styrene initiated by epoxide radical ring opening were investigated in a series of substituted sandwich metallocenes: L2Ti(IV)Cl2 [L = cyclopentadienyl (Cp), EtCp, iPrCp, tBuCp, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*), or indenyl (Ind)], Cp2TiX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, or CO), tBuCp2TiMe2, and PcTiCl2 (Pc = phthalocyanine). The polymerization was mediated by the reversible termination of growing chains with Ti(III) species derived from the Zn reduction of the Ti(IV) precursors. With the exception of Ti derivatives with Cp*, Pc, F, CO, and Me ligands, which could not be reduced, all other complexes catalyzed a living radical process with a linear dependence of the number‐average molecular weight on the conversion and a narrow polydispersity at 70–90 °C. A relatively weak dependence (RCp: R = H ∼ Et ∼ iPr ∼ tBu > Ind) of the polymerization on the nature of the Cp substituent was observed. This was provisionally rationalized as a result of the constant balance between electronic and steric effects with increasing substituent size. By contrast, the apparent Cl > Br ≪ F and L2TiCl2 > LTiCl3 trend qualitatively paralleled the decrease in the Lewis acidity with a decreasing number of Cl ligands and the increased electron donation and steric effects of the metallocene ligands. Thus, sandwich metallocenes are better suited for this polymerization than Ti bisketonates, alkoxides, and half‐sandwich derivatives. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1060–1070, 2006
Synthesis of polyisoprene–poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers via a two‐electron‐transfer mechanism
Authors: Janeczek Henryk 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSupramolecular complexes of alkali metals were used as catalysts in the polymerization of isoprene via a two‐electron‐transfer mechanism. The obtained polyisoprene, having a living end group, was subsequently used to initiate methyl methacrylate polymerization in tetrahydrofuran. Polyisoprene–poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers were obtained, and their structure was established with 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and experiments of selective extraction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1086–1092, 2006
Inorganic–organic nanocomposites of polybenzoxazine with octa(propylglycidyl ether) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Liu Yonghong , Zheng Sixun 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOcta(propylglycidyl ether) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OpePOSS) was used to prepare the polybenzoxazine (PBA‐a) nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). The crosslinking reactions involved with the formation of the organic–inorganic networks can be divided into the two types: (1) the ring‐opening polymerization of benzoxazine and (2) the subsequent reaction between the in situ formed phenolic hydroxyls of PBA‐a and the epoxide groups of OpePOSS. The morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the nanocomposites displayed higher glass‐transition temperatures than the control PBA‐a. In the glassy state, the nanocomposites containing less than 30 wt % POSS displayed an enhanced storage modulus, whereas the storage moduli of the nanocomposites containing more than 30 wt % POSS were lower than that of the control PBA‐a. The dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that all the nanocomposites exhibited enhanced storage moduli in the rubbery states, which was ascribed to the two major factors, that is, the nanoreinforcement effect of POSS cages and the additional crosslinking degree resulting from the intercomponent reactions between PBA‐a and OpePOSS. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the nanocomposites displayed improved thermal stability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1168–1181, 2006
Serum hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type I (HAI‐I) and type 2 (HAI‐2) in prostate cancer
Authors: Nagakawa Osamu , Yamagishi Toshiya , Akashi Takuya , Nagaike Kazuhiro , Fuse Hideki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDHepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI‐1) and type 2 (HAI‐2) are Kunitz‐type serine protease inhibitors for hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of HAI‐1 and HAI‐2 could be a useful marker in patients with prostate cancer.METHODSSerum levels of HAI‐1 and HAI‐2 were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 27 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 118 patients with prostate cancer.RESULTSThe mean serum levels of HAI‐1 in patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with BPH. Furthermore, the serum HAI‐1 levels in patients with distant metastasis and hormone resistant prostate cancer were significantly elevated compared with those in patients with organ‐confined diseases. There were no significant differences in serum HAI‐2 levels among prostate cancer subgroups according to clinical stage. Significantly elevated levels of HAI‐1 were detected in 38 patients with prostate cancer before any treatment.CONCLUSIONSHAI‐1 may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of HAI‐1. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic dimer of indole‐3‐carbinol: Second generation diet derived anti‐cancer agent in hormone sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: Garikapaty Venkata P.S. , Ashok Badithe T. , Tadi Kiranmayi , Mittelman Abraham , Tiwari Raj K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDCruciferous vegetables have been found to have anti‐prostate cancer effects. The active compounds mediating these effects include indoles such as indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) and isothiocyanates. I3C is unstable having tissue tropic effects and clinical utility has been partly addressed by the synthesis of a more stable dimer diindolylmethane (DIM).METHODSAnti‐proliferative activity was measured by XTT assay and cytosolic proteins quantitated by Western blot analysis.RESULTSDIM (IC50 50 µM) is a better anti‐proliferative agent than I3C (IC50 150 µM) in androgen dependent LNCaP cells, inhibits DNA synthesis, and growth of R1881 stimulated LNCaP cells. Androgen receptor (AR), cyclin D1, and cdk4, induced by R1881, are downregulated by DIM. DIM downregulates phosphorylated Akt and phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase and downstream inhibition of cyclin D1 and cdk4.CONCLUSIONThese studies provide evidence that DIM is a second‐generation chemopreventive agent with a viable cellular target and has clinical potential as an anti‐prostate cancer chemopreventive. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.