bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zuttiyeh face: A view from the east
Authors: Sohn Songy , Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe analyze the phylogenetic position of the frontofacial fragment from Zuttiyeh, Israel. This specimen is dated to the Middle Pleistocene (the latest estimate is between 250 and 350 kyr) and is associated with the Acheulo‐Yabrudian, which makes it the oldest cranium from the region. It has been previously regarded as a Neandertal, and early “anatomically modern Homo sapiens,” and a generalized specimen ancestral to both. These different phylogenetic interpretations of its features have a historic basis but in our view also result from a confusion of grade and intraspecies clade as valid sources of variation. We show here that generally the differences that distinguish Zuttiyeh from Neandertals are similarities it shares with the Zhoukoudian remains. These similarities involve a unique combination of features, and suggest the possibility of an ancestral relationship. It is less likely that Middle Pleistocene remains from Europe or sub‐Saharan Africa are uniquely or significantly ancestral to Zuttiyeh. An accurate understanding of the relationship between populations of eastern and western Asia is important for resolving the more general questions surrounding the position of the Upper Pleistocene Levant populations in human evolution, including (1) whether there are significantly different contemporary Mousterian populations in the Upper Pleistocene, (2) whether Neandertals are clearly intrusive in the region, and (3) whether there is an early appearance of (what many workers call) “anatomically modern Homo sapiens.” The hypothesis of a recent unique African ancestry for all modern humans is disproved by our study, which shows Asia as a significant source area for at least some living populations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape variation in the mandibular symphysis of apes: An application of a median axis method
Authors: Daegling David J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSymphyseal contours in a sample of living and fossil apes were assessed by application of the line skeleton, a form of median axis transformation. While the line skeleton offers novel opportunities for the analysis of shape, this study reaffirms previous observations that the shape of the symphysis is highly variable within great ape species, such that symphyseal morphology is not useful as a taxonomic marker. There is also little indication that symphyseal shape differs significantly between the sexes. The perception of what constitutes a salient superior or inferior transverse torus among living apes appears to be dependent on the expression of the genioglossal fossa. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximal femur of Australopithecus africanus from member 4, Makapansgat, South Africa
Authors: Reed Kaye E. , Kitching James W. , Grine Frederick E. , Jungers William L. , Sokoloff Leon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA left proximal femur (MLD 46) from Member 4, Makapansgat, South Africa is described and analyzed. It consists of the head, neck, and a small segment of the shaft that extends to just below the lesser trochanter. The femur exhibits degenerative joint disease in the form of marginal osteophyte formation and thus its taxonomic identity has been somewhat obscured. Consideration of all like‐sized mammalian femora from Makapansgat suggests that the femur is that of either a felid or hominid. Comparison of MLD 46 to femora of extent and extinct felids reveals that MLD 46 does not possess two morphological features that are characteristic of felids, namely a deep, prolonged trochanteric fossa and a high neck‐shaft angle. Simple shape variables (ratios) and multivariate analyses consistently place MLD 46 with modern and fossil hominids, and most closely align it with the australopithecines. We conclude that the femur is most reasonably attributable to Australopithecus africanus, which is the only hominid yet identified from Makapansgat. Despite its pathological condition, MLD 46 is the most complete proximal femur known for A. africanus, thereby permitting further morphological comparisons with homologues of A. afarensis and Paranthropus. Marginal osteophytes of mammalian femoral heads characteristically occur in individuals of advanced age, suggesting that MLD 46 may have lived some time with the disease. Finally, MLD 46 is considerably larger than the previously described specimen, Sts 14, from Sterkfontein Member 4. There may be as great a contrast in body size in A. africanus as there is between the large and small specimens of A. afarensis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independent test of the fourth rib aging technique
Authors: Russell Katherine F. , Simpson Scott W. , Genovese Jeremy , Kinkel Mary D. , Meindl Richard S. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe sternal surface of the 4th rib has been suggested as a useful predictor of adult age‐at‐death (Iscan et al.:Journal of Forensic Sciences29:1094–1104, 1984;American Journal of Physical Anthropology65:141–156, 1984). We tested its ability to do so in two tests. In the first, we developed a method of seriation and target age assignment for the 4th rib so that inaccuracy and bias of the method could be assessed by decade. We found that the 4th rib shows characteristic changes in morphology with age and can be included in multifactorial age estimates. In the second test, we applied the phase method developed by Iscan et al. (Journal of Forensic Sciences29:1094–1104, 1984). The results of our three judges were generally similar to those reported by Iscan and Loth (Journal of Forensic Sciences31:122–132, 1986).Measures of race differences in 4th rib morphology were included in both tests. Americans of African descent (black) showed a non‐significant trend for the rib changes to be delayed compared to Americans of European descent (white). This is in contrast to the work of Iscan et al., which predicted that blacks would show a tendency toward accelerated rib changes compared to whites, especially after the early 30s (phases 5–7) (Iscan et al.:Journal of Forensic Sciences32(2):452–466, 1987). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molar microwear in extant small‐bodied faunivorous mammals: An analysis of feature density and pit frequency
Authors: Strait Suzanne G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study quantitatively examined molar microwear in nine species of extant small‐bodied faunivorous primates and microchiropterans. Comparative analyses were performed within the food category faunivory, both between hard‐ and soft‐object feeding faunivores and between primarily insectivorous and carnivorous taxa. Additionally, microwear in faunivores was compared to that reported in the literature for frugivorous and folivorous primates.The results indicated that although insectivores and carnivores could not be distinguished by microwear analyses, hard‐object faunivores (i. e., those that primarily consume beetles or actively comminute bone) can be readily distinguished from soft‐object faunivores (i. e., moth, caterpillar, or vertebrate flesh specialists). The hard‐object faunivores consistently exhibited greater pit frequencies (in excess of 40%).Furthermore, comparisons of these microwear data on faunivorous mammals to previous work on frugivorous and folivorous primates (Teaford, 1988, pers. comm.; Teaford and Runestad, 1992, pers. comm.; Teaford and Walker: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64:191–200, 1984) permitted three observations to be made. 1) Faunivores tend to have higher mean feature densities than either frugivores or folivores, although these differences are not consistently statistically distinct. 2) Faunifores and frugivores that feed on hard‐objects have comparable mean pit frequencies. 3) Although it is impossible to distinguish faunivores and folivores on the basis of metric analysis of gross molar morphology, this distinction can be made on microwear criteria. Both hard‐ and soft‐object faunivores exhibit much higher mean pit frequencies than primarily folivorous species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gladysvale: First early hominid site discovered in South Africa since 1948
Authors: Berger Lee R. , Keyser André W. , Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report here the discovery of fossil hominid teeth at Gladysvale, near Johannesburg in the southern Transvaal. This find makes the site the seventh in South Africa to yield australopithecine remains and the first new early hominid‐bearing locality to be found in this region since 1948. Apart from the hominid specimens, our excavations at Gladysvale have added appreciably to the abundant Plio‐Pleistocene fauna previously recorded from the cave deposit. The fauna indicates that savanna conditions prevailed during deposition of at least part of the fill. Preliminary faunal dating gives an age of deposition of between c1.7 and c2.5 mya. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hominid radius from the middle Pliocene of Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Heinrich R. E. , Rose M. D. , Leakey R. E. , Walker A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA nearly complete left radius, KNM‐ER 20419, was recovered from middle Pliocene sediments east of Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1988. Ape‐like characteristics of the fossil include an eccentrically positioned articular fovea, relatively long radial neck, wide distal metaphysis, and large brachioradialis crest. The robustness of the radial neck in proportion to the radial head, and the semilunar shape of the distal diaphysis, however, clearly distinguish KNM‐ER 20419 as hominid. The distal articular surface possesses a larger area for radius‐lunate articulation than for radius and scaphoid, a radiocarpal arrangement that is associated with increased wrist adduction among quadrumanous climbers. Since this morphology is also found in hylobatids, Pongo, and other early australopithecines, it is argued to be plesiomorphic for hominoids. This further supports the argument that vertical climbing was an important locomotor behavior among both early hominoids and our more immediate prebipedal ancestors. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex hormone levels and body hair growth in !Kung San and Kavango men from Namibia
Authors: Winkler Eike‐Meinrad , Christiansen Kerrin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relation between hair growth and levels of sex hormones in serum and saliva was investigated in 256 !Kung San and Kavango men (ages 18 to 39 years) from Namibia/Southern Africa. Serum concentrations of total testosterone (Tser), 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (E2) as well as the level of bioavailable non‐SHBG‐bound testosterone in the saliva (Tsal) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The distribution and density of scalp and facial hair as well as the development of terminal hair on the chest, abdomen, pubic area, arms, fingers, and legs were categorized using objective criteria.Covariance analyses revealed marked differences in the distribution of body hair in the San and the Negro sample. This is partly explained by a significant influence of androgen and estrogen levels on the growth of terminal hair. DHT and the ratio DHT/Tser are significantly positively related to midphalangeal hair growth and negatively to pubic hair development. Tsal, the bioavailable fraction of total testosterone, exerts a weak positive influence on the degree of arm and leg hair growth; the most significant positive effect on the growth of abdominal, arm, and leg hair in our samples is caused by E2. The ratio Tser/E2 correlates significantly negatively with the arm and leg hair development and the ratio DHT/E2 with the degree of abdominal, pubic, arm, and leg hair, whereas lower DHT concentrations occur in men with stronger hair development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in schoolchildren of the Villa IAPI neighborhood (Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Carnese Francisco R. , Pinotti Luisa V. , Guimarey Luis M. , Goicoechea Alicia S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVilla IAPI is a poor neighborhood of about 5,000 inhabitants in the overpopulated conurbano bonaerense at the outskirts of the city of Buenos Aires. Most of the adult male residents are construction workers; the rest are temporary workers, underemployed, or unemployed. The inhabitants of Villa IAPI suffer the effects of many adverse socio‐economic conditions, including poor nutrition, deficient sanitation, and inadequate medical care. Seven anthropometric variables were measured on 765 children from 6 to 14 years old to test for the presence of an altered pattern of sexual dimorphism. It was found that there were practically no sex differences in standing height and upper‐arm muscle circumference. In some age groups, there was a weak but significant sexual dimorphism in body weight and sitting height. The greatest and most persistent dimorphism was found in head circumference, and in triceps and subscapular skinfolds. In all except two age groups, head circumference in males was significantly greater than in females. The other dimorphic variables (body weight, sitting height, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds) showed the opposite relationship. Essentially, females showed increments in subcutaneous fat, while reduced growth in muscle and bone was evident in males. The hypothesis of “better female canalization” can explain the altered dimorphic pattern found in the malnourished Villa IAPI population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy tests of tooth formation age estimations for human skeletal remains
Authors: Saunders Shelley , DeVito Carol , Herring Ann , Southern Rebecca , Hoppa Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstimations of age from tooth formation standards for a large (n = 282) sample of subadult skeletal remains from a 19th century historic cemetery sample were analyzed. The standards of Moorrees et al. (1963a, b) for the permanent and deciduous teeth, and Anderson et al. (1976) for the formation of permanent dentition were employed in a variety of combinations to calculate mean dental ages. Tests of accuracy and bias were made on a small sample (n = 17) of personally identified individuals, and age of attainment scores were compared to age of prediction scores for each individual. The resulting dental age distributions for the skeletal sample were compared to documented burial records for the cemetery to determine the representativeness of the skeletal sample. These comparisons showed little difference between age of attainment versus age of prediction methodologies. The standards of Moorrees et al. (1963a, b) were observed to provide the most accurate estimates of age with a standard deviation of one‐half year. The standards of Anderson et al. (1976), while easier to use and more extensive, are problematic in that the original reference sample begins at three years of age, while the sample used by Moorrees and colleagues begins at birth. The skeletal age distributions compare well to the overall chronological age distribution for the cemetery. These results affirm that tooth formation age estimates for subadult skeletal remains from archaeological or forensic samples provide accurate assessments of age at both the individual and population level. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T. , Merbs Charles F. , Rothschild Bruce M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe paleopathological study of human osteological remains from the site of Semna South, of northern Sudan, revealed that about thirteen percent of this ancient Nubian population had diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). As in modern cases, males were more affected than females. Two thousand years ago, ancient Nubian males had the same spinal problems elderly men have today. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial growth and growth dimorphism in Ateles geoffroyi
Authors: Corner Brian D. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWith the exception of the work of Schultz (1960), cranial growth in Ateles is not well documented. This paper describes the results of a detailed quantitative study of cranial ontogeny in male and female Ateles geoffroyi. Using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA), local areas of form change due to growth within spider monkey crania are identified. We found substantial change local to the zygomatic region in the face, identified mediolaterally directed changes in the palate, detected relatively larger amounts of change local to the anterior neurocranium compared to the posterior neurocranium, and demonstrate a greater amount of basicranial growth along a mediolateral axis than previously reported. Cranial sexual dimorphism is also examined. A. geoffroyi is noted for being monomorphic, and we found a general similarity between male and female cranial forms at all developmental ages. However, differences in overall cranial size between the sexes were found in the oldest subadult age group but not between male and female adults. This difference suggests that A. geoffroyi females attain their adult cranial form slightly before males and implies a pattern of earlier onset of female maturity relative to males. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An update on stature estimation in prehistoric native Americans of Ohio
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Giesen Myra J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present regression equations to estimate skeletal height and stature for prehistoric Native Americans of Ohio. The regression equations are based on skeletal height as the dependent variable and various postcranial elements and combinations of elements as the independent variables. A total of 171 individuals, 95 males and 76 females, make up the sample.The present sample includes the 64 individuals we previously used for stature estimation (Sciulli et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 83:275–280, 1990) and 107 additional individuals distributed more widely in time and space. The present more inclusive sample, however, shows the same proportional contributions to skeletal height of each skeletal height component as the previous sample. This result suggests that these proportions were a consistent feature of the prehistoric Native Americans of Ohio.Because the prehistoric Native Americans of Ohio were characterized by relatively long legs and distal elements of the limbs, stature estimation from regressions based on East Asian populations, which express in general relatively short legs and distal limb elements, will overestimate stature in Native Americans of Ohio and, possibly, all Eastern Woodlands Native Americans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reexamination of the immature hominid maxilla from Tangier, Morocco
Authors: Minugh‐Purvis Nancy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReexamination of the immature Upper Pleistocene hominid maxilla from Mugharet el‐'Aliya (Tangier), Morocco is undertaken in light of new evidence on the growth and development of Upper Pleistocene hominids. Metric and qualitative comparisons were made with 17 immature Upper Pleistocene maxillae, and with a recent Homo sapiens sapiens sample. No unambiguous criteria for aligning the maxilla with Neandertals were found, although one character, the degree of maxillary flexion on the zygoma, strongly suggests that this child could be a representative of H. s. sapiens. The probable lack of a canine fossa in Mugharet el‐'Aliya 1, the primary criterion used previously to align it with Neandertals, cannot be accurately extrapolated to its adult form from this juvenile. The present evidence suggests that it is inappropriate to refer to this fossil as “Neandertal‐like” or as a North African “neandertaloid.” Thus, the Tangier maxilla should not be cited as evidence for the presence of Neandertal facial features in North Africa during the Upper Pleistocene. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative position of the cheirogaleidae in strepsirhine phylogeny: A comparison of morphological and molecular methods and results
Authors: Yoder Anne D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn examination of previous morphological and molecular studies of strepsirhine systematics suggests a conflict between the two types of data. Cladistic analyses of morphological data have indicated that the Malagasy primate family Cheirogaleidae is the sister taxon of the Afro‐Asian lorisiforms and that together, cheirogaleids and lorisiforms comprise a monophyletic clade that excludes the Malagasy lemuriforms. Molecular studies, on the other hand, have consistently found that cheirogaleids and lemuriforms together are monophyletic to the exclusion of lorisiforms. Both types of studies, however, have suffered from methodological weaknesses: the morphological studies looked at too few characters and the molecular studies looked at too few taxa.This study examines a large and diverse morphological data set as well as molecular data from a comprehensive sample of strepsirhine taxa. The data sets are considered independently and jointly. When they are analyzed independently, the morphological data give weak support, and the molecular data strong support, to the hypothesis of Malagasy primate monophyly. When the two data sets are combined in a single analysis, the results are decisive. The “total evidence” approach yields compelling support to the hypothesis that cheirogaleids and remaining Malagasy lemuriforms comprise a monophyletic assemblage that excludes lorisiforms. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generic level relationships of the papionini (cercopithecoidea)
Authors: Disotell Todd R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhylogenetic hypotheses for the Old World monkey tribe Papionini based on molecular data are incongruent with those inferred from previous morphological analyses. Morphologists have often inferred a close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio based on their overall similarity. Theropithecus has been variously proposed to be either quite distantly related to these two genera, their sister taxon, or anywhere in between. Molecular and chromosomal analyses on the other hand unambiguously group Theropithecus and Papio together to the exclusion of Mandrillus. Additionally, molecular and chromosomal analyses reveal that mangabeys (Cerocebus) are paraphyletic. Morphologists have acknowledged this possibility resurrecting the genus name Lophocebus for one group of mangabeys. A review and reanalysis of the morphological characters put forth by various researchers find little to contradict the consensus phylogeny derived from analysis of chromosomal banding, nuclear RNA restriction mapping, alpha and beta hemoglobin sequences, albumin and transferrin microcomplement fixation, DNA‐DNA hybridization, repetitive DNA patterns, immunodiffusion, hemoglobin and adenylate kinase isozymes, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II DNA sequences. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.