bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practitioner Review: Psychopharmacology in children and adolescents with mental retardation
Authors: Handen Benjamin L. , Gilchrist Richard 
Published: June 2006

Background:  The use of psychotropic medication to treat children and adults with mental retardation (MR) has a long and extensive history. There are no identified medications to address specific cognitive deficits among persons with MR. Instead, psychotropic medications are used to treat specific behavioral symptoms and/or psychiatric syndromes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the recent literature regarding the use of psychotropic medications in this population, focusing primarily on children and adolescents.Methods:  The paper is divided into five general drug categories: psychostimulants, antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and other drugs. Each section offers an overview of the research supporting the use of that class of medications in children and adolescents with MR as well as cautions regarding potential side effects. Finally, specific clinical recommendations are offered.Results:  The majority of studies in MR tend to be open trials, case reports, or controlled studies with small samples. The available data suggests that persons with MR respond to various psychotropic medications in ways similar to the typically developing population. However, rates of response tend to be poorer and the occurrence of side effects tends to be more frequent.Conclusions:  The use of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents with MR requires even greater monitoring and the use of lower doses and slower dosage increases than in the general population.
Distribution of PINK1 and LRRK2 in rat and mouse brain
Authors: Taymans Jean‐Marc , Van den Haute Chris , Baekelandt Veerle 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMutations in two kinases, PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), have been shown to segregate with familial forms of Parkinson's disease. Although these two genes are expected to be involved in molecular mechanisms relevant to Parkinson's disease, their precise anatomical localization in mammalian brain is unknown. We have mapped the expression of PINK1 and LRRK2 mRNA in the rat and mouse brain via in situ hybridization histochemistry using riboprobes. We found that both genes are broadly expressed throughout the brain with similar neuroanatomical distribution in mouse compared to rat. PINK1 mRNA abundance was rather uniform throughout the different brain regions with expression in cortex, striatum, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum. LRRK2, on the other hand, showed strong regional differences in expression levels with highest levels seen in the striatum, cortex and hippocampus. Weak LRRK2 expression was seen in the hypothalamus, olfactory bulb and substantia nigra. We confirmed these distributions for both genes using quantitative RT‐PCR and for LRRK2 by western immunoblot. As their broad expression patterns contrast with localized neuropathology in Parkinson's disease, the pathogenicity of clinical mutant forms of PINK1 and LRRK2 may be mediated by nigrostriatal‐specific mechanisms.
Cooperative action of glutamate transporters and cystine/glutamate antiporter system Xc– protects from oxidative glutamate toxicity
Authors: Lewerenz Jan , Klein Mathias , Methner Axel 
Published: June 2006

SummaryOxidative glutamate toxicity in the neuronal cell line HT22 is a model for cell death by oxidative stress. In this paradigm, an excess of extracellular glutamate blocks the glutamate/cystine‐antiporter system , depleting the cell of cysteine, a building block of the antioxidant glutathione. Loss of glutathione leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and eventually cell death. We selected cells resistant to oxidative stress, which exhibit reduced glutamate‐induced glutathione depletion mediated by an increase in the antiporter subunit xCT and system activity. Cystine uptake was less sensitive to inhibition by glutamate and we hypothesized that glutamate import via excitatory amino acid transporters and immediate re‐export via system underlies this phenomenon. Inhibition of glutamate transporters by l‐trans‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid (PDC) and DL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) exacerbated glutamate‐induced cell death. PDC decreased intracellular glutamate accumulation and exacerbated glutathione depletion in the presence of glutamate. Transient overexpression of xCT and the glutamate transporter EAAT3 cooperatively protected against glutamate. We conclude that EAATs support system to prevent glutathione depletion caused by high extracellular glutamate. This knowledge could be of use for the development of novel therapeutics aimed at diseases associated with depletion of glutathione like Parkinson's disease.
Involvement of the somatostatin‐2 receptor in the anti‐convulsant effect of angiotensin IV against pilocarpine‐induced limbic seizures in rats
Authors: Stragier Bart , Clinckers Ralph , Meurs Alfred , De Bundel Dimitri , Sarre Sophie , Ebinger Guy , Michotte Yvette , Smolders Ilse 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe anti‐convulsant properties of angiotensin IV (Ang IV), an inhibitor of insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and somatostatin‐14, a substrate of IRAP, were evaluated in the acute pilocarpine rat seizure model. Simultaneously, the neurochemical changes in the hippocampus were monitored usingin vivomicrodialysis. Intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered Ang IV or somatostatin‐14 caused a significant increase in the hippocampal extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels and protected rats against pilocarpine‐induced seizures. These effects of Ang IV were both blocked by concomitant i.c.v. administration of the somatostatin receptor‐2 antagonist cyanamid 154806. These results reveal a possible role for dopamine and serotonin in the anti‐convulsant effect of Ang IV and somatostatin‐14. Our study suggests that the ability of Ang IV to inhibit pilocarpine‐induced convulsions is dependent on somatostatin receptor‐2 activation, and is possibly mediated via the inhibition of IRAP resulting in an elevated concentration of somatostatin‐14 in the brain.
Potentiation of amphetamine‐mediated responses in caffeine‐sensitized rats involves modifications in A2Areceptors andzif‐268mRNAs in striatal neurons
Authors: Tronci Elisabetta , Simola Nicola , Carta Anna R. , De Luca M. Antonietta , Morelli Micaela 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSubchronic intermittent administration of caffeine induces sensitization of motor behaviour and promotes cross‐sensitization to amphetamine motor activity. In order to evaluate the possible mechanisms at the basis of these effects, modifications in A2Areceptor andzif‐268mRNAs were evaluated in rats subchronically treated with caffeine (15 mg/kg i.p.) and challenged with caffeine (15 mg/kg i.p.) or amphetamine (0.5, 1 mg/kg s.c.) 3 days after discontinuation of treatment. Results showed that the sensitized motor response to caffeine was associated with a decrease of adenosine A2Areceptor andzif‐268mRNA levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, whereas cross‐sensitization to amphetamine was linked to a more pronounced increase ofzif‐268mRNA levels in the striatum, but not in the nucleus accumbens. Single‐cell analysis showed thatzif‐268mRNA modifications occurred in Enk(+) striatopallidal neurons after acute or subchronic treatment with caffeine and in Enk(–) striatonigral neurons after acute amphetamine administration. Potentiation of amphetamine effects was not associated with modifications of amphetamine‐induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens in caffeine‐pretreated rats compared with vehicle‐pretreated rats. Results demonstrate that sensitization to caffeine and cross‐sensitization to amphetamine are associated with post‐synaptic neuroadaptive changes in selective neuronal populations of the striatum.
Chronic exposure to U18666A is associated with oxidative stress in cultured murine cortical neurons
Authors: Koh Chor Hui Vivien , Whiteman Matthew , Li Qiao‐Xin , Halliwell Barry , Jenner Andrew M. , Wong Boon Seng , Laughton Katrina M. , Wenk Markus , Masters Colin L. , Beart Philip M. , Bernard Ora , Cheung Nam Sang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFindings that antioxidant treatment may be beneficial in Alzheimer's disease indicate that oxidative stress is an important factor in its pathogenesis. Studies have also suggested that cholesterol imbalance in the brain might be related to the development of neurological disorders. Previously, we have reported that U18666A, a cholesterol transport‐inhibiting agent, leads to apoptosis and intracellular cholesterol accumulation in primary cortical neurons. In this study, we found that neuronal apoptosis mediated by U18666A is associated with oxidative stress in the treated cortical neurons. Cortical neurons treated with U18666A also showed decreased secretion and increased intraneuronal accumulation of β‐amyloid. The association of neuronal apoptosis with oxidative stress and Aβ accumulation may provide clues to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as well as the role oxidative stress plays in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Verrucous Hemangioma Revisited
Authors: Tennant Lucile B. , Mulliken John B. , Perez‐Atayde Antonio R. , Kozakewich Harry P. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  We analyzed the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of verrucous hemangioma, compared these findings to hyperkeratotic mimickers such as capillary‐lymphatic malformation or capillary‐venous malformation and angiokeratoma circumscriptum, and reconsidered whether the term verrucous hemangioma is appropriate in the current nosology of vascular anomalies. Fourteen similar‐appearing localized hyperkeratotic vascular lesions were identified by one surgeon as either angiokeratoma, angiokeratoma circumscriptum, capillary‐venous malformation, capillary‐lymphatic malformation, or verrucous hemangioma. All lesions were located on an extremity, except for one lesion on the trunk, and were single or grouped and 2.6 to 8 cm in diameter. All were raised, red‐to‐purple, variably keratotic with irregular borders, and several manifested intermittent bleeding and oozing. Excision was performed at 4 months to 16 years of age. After histologic review, three lesions were designated as combined vascular malformations composed of capillaries, lymphatics, and veins, and none was designated as angiokeratoma. Eleven of 14 specimens met the histologic criteria for verrucous hemangioma: a hyperkeratotic epidermis with small, thick‐walled, blood‐filled vessels with multilamellated basement membrane involving the entire dermis as well as the subcutis. Immunostaining showed focal GLUT1 endothelial positivity (7/11) and low‐level MIB‐1 reactivity (8/11). Verrucous hemangioma has the accepted clinical features of vascular malformation, specifically presence at birth and proportionate growth. Microscopic features, such as thick vascular walls, multilamellated basement membrane, relatively uniform channel size, and GLUT1 immunopositivity are reminiscent of infantile hemangioma, particularly in its involutive phase. No firm conclusion seems possible as to whether verrucous hemangioma is a malformation or an indolent tumor, but clinical evidence favors the former category.
Oviposition preference and larval performance in the exotic birch‐leafmining sawfly Profenusa thomsoni
Authors: Digweed Scott C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study used experiments at several spatial scales to determine whether (1) intraspecific competition occurs among larvae of the leafmining sawfly Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on birch (Betula spp.), (2) oviposition site preferences of P. thomsoni maximize offspring performance, and (3) early‐season damage by external folivores or the leafminer Fenusa pumila Leach (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) affects oviposition preferences or larval performance of P. thomsoni.Larval P. thomsoni competed at natural densities; survival and weight of larvae were reduced under crowded conditions. Despite this, females of P. thomsoni tended to lay eggs on leaves already bearing eggs from other females and discriminated only weakly among leaves of different sizes on a branch. Both damage by F. pumila and artificial damage to leaves early in the season decreased survival of P. thomsoni larvae on the same branch, and ovipositing P. thomsoni females avoided damaged leaves but not other leaves on the same branch. In general, oviposition choices by P. thomsoni reduced larval survival. Possible reasons for the lack of a strong preference–performance relationship in P. thomsoni are discussed.
Influence of postzygotic reproductive isolation on the interspecific transmission of the paternal sex ratio chromosome inTrichogramma
Authors: Jeong Gilsang , Stouthamer Richard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe paternal sex ratio (PSR) chromosome is a supernumerary chromosome that causes the destruction of the paternal chromosome set in the first mitosis in a fertilized egg. It is known from parasitoid wasps in the generaNasoniaandTrichogramma(Hymenoptera). In these haplodiploids, the egg fertilized by sperm carrying PSR matures as a haploid male that again carries, and is capable of transmitting, the PSR chromosome. Because of its unique transmission behavior, the PSR chromosome may be easily transmitted between species. This study tests whether the interspecific transmission of PSR betweenTrichogramma kaykaiPinto and Stouthamer andTrichogramma deionPinto and Oatman (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is affected by two types of postzygotic reproductive isolation, i.e., hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility. The results show that PSR can rescue fertilized eggs that would normally be inviable in the interspecific cross and the rescued eggs develop into male offspring that carry PSR. The results suggest that the two types of postzygotic reproductive isolation have no effect on the transmission of PSR between the twoTrichogrammaspecies.
Behavioural responses of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to volatiles from Arabidopsis thaliana induced by Myzus persicae
Authors: Girling R.D. , Hassall M. , Turner J.G. , Poppy G.M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn response to herbivory by insects, several plant species have been shown to produce volatiles that attract the natural enemies of those herbivores. Using a Y‐tube olfactometer, we investigated responses of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae MacIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to volatiles from Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Brassicaceae) plants that were either undamaged, infested by the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae), or mechanically damaged, as well as to volatiles from just the aphid or its honeydew. In dual‐choice experiments, female D. rapae given oviposition experience on A. thaliana infested with M. persicae were significantly attracted to volatiles from A. thaliana infested with M. persicae over volatiles from undamaged A. thaliana and similarly were significantly attracted to plants that had been previously infested by M. persicae, but from which the aphids were removed, over undamaged plants. Diaeretiella rapae did not respond to volatiles from M. persicae alone, their honeydew, or plants mechanically damaged with either a pin or scissors. We conclude that an interaction between the plant and the aphid induces A. thaliana to produce volatiles, which D. rapae can learn and respond to. Poor responses of D. rapae to volatiles from an A. thaliana plant that had two leaves infested with M. persicae, with the two infested leaves being removed before testing, suggested the possibility that, at this stage of infestation, the majority of volatile production induced by M. persicae may be localized to the infested tissues of the plant. We conclude that this tritrophic interaction is a suitable model system for future investigations of the biochemical pathways involved in the production of aphid‐induced volatiles attractive to natural enemies.
X‐ray computerized tomography as a new method for monitoring Amegilla holmesi nest structures, nesting behaviour, and adult female activity
Authors: Greco Mark , Bell Melissa , Spooner‐Hart Robert , Holford Paul 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNest structures of the Australian blue‐banded bee, Amegilla holmesi Rayment (Hymenoptera: Apidae), are difficult to monitor non‐invasively, because the bee is a fossorial species that constructs tunnels and natal cells within the soil. Visualization of nest structures requires physical separation of the structures from the soil substrate, which destroys the nest. Using helical, two‐dimensional (2D) X‐ray computerized tomography (CT), and three–dimensional (3D) volume rendering software on 13 artificial mud‐brick nests, we were able to view all previously reported nest structures and cell contents without damaging the nests. We used three volume rendering algorithms (sum along ray, scatter HQ, and false colour), two of which (scatter HQ and false colour) have not previously been used to visualize nest architecture. Each algorithm has a particular advantage for visualizing specific nest structures. The 2D CT images provided the greatest spatial resolution within and between nest structures (capture pixel matrix size 512 × 512; voxel size 0.449 mm3), and for the first time we were able to visualize a meniscus within natal cells that contained liquid provisions, which is a valuable characteristic in detecting the earliest stage of juvenile development once a natal cell is sealed. We also recorded and attributed Hounsfield units to nest structures and their contents that can be utilized in future studies. This new method also enabled us to count and measure natal cells using on‐screen linear callipers, visually observe and record stages of larval and pupal development, and visually gauge the incidence of cell parasitism without damaging the nest. Artificial nests can be transported easily to research facilities that have CT scanners; each scan including image processing takes less than 30 min per nest and currently costs less than AUD 20.00, which is within the reach of apiculturists. X‐ray CT could be used to follow the life cycle of blue‐banded bees and other cryptic species and also to monitor their health.
Disarming the paradox of sublethal plant defense against insects: Trirhabda virgata larval development time and leaf tissue loss on Solidago altissima
Authors: Wise Michael J. , Fox Rebecca J. , Abrahamson Warren G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough the fitness benefits of traits that kill herbivores are obvious, the contention that sublethal antiperformance traits have evolved as plant defenses has proved more controversial. Traits that slow herbivore development seem particularly paradoxical, given the common assumption that a protracted feeding period will lead to greater total consumption. Whereas this assumption is superficially reasonable, there is very little evolutionarily relevant evidence to suggest that plants on which larval development is slower actually lose more tissue. For the assumption underlying the sublethal‐defense paradox to be valid, plant traits that affect larval development time and tissue loss must be positively correlated genetically within natural plant populations. In this study, we examined the relationship between larval development time of the beetle Trirhabda virgata LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and plant tissue loss by its host plant Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae). Plant genets on which the larval development time was longer ended up losing less leaf area than plant genets that allowed quicker larval development. This negative genetic correlation contradicts the common assumption that greater sublethal resistance leads to increased tissue loss. Combined with other hypothesized benefits of sublethal resistance, this result suggests that antiperformance traits may constitute a more potent form of resistance than is generally acknowledged.
AGE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) FROM STRANDINGS IN THE MISSISSIPPI SOUND REGION OF THE NORTH‐CENTRAL GULF OF MEXICO FROM 1986 TO 2003
Authors: Mattson Megan Cope , Mullin Keith D. , Ingram G. Walter , Hoggard Wayne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDespite their high abundance and wide distribution, little is known about the historical or current growth and age structure of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the north‐central Gulf of Mexico. Between 1986 and 2003, teeth were collected from bottlenose dolphins stranded on the mainland coast of Mississippi and the adjacent barrier islands. Bottlenose dolphin strandings occurred year round, peaking in March and April. Neonate strandings also peaked during these 2 mo. Age estimates were obtained from 111 animals by reading the growth layer groups in the dentine layer of the teeth. The ages ranged from <1 yr to 30 yr of age. The two‐stage Laird–Gompertz growth model was fitted to the total length and age data. On the basis of this model, the asymptotic lengths were estimated at 250 cm for females and 255 cm for males. The length at birth estimates were 98–103 cm for females and 100–107 cm for males. These lengths are similar to those of bottlenose dolphin populations from other Gulf of Mexico areas and from the North Atlantic Ocean along the southeastern United States.
On the Interaction between Sea Breeze and Summer Mistral at the Exit of the Rhône Valley
Authors: Bastin Sophie , Drobinski Philippe , Guénard Vincent , Caccia Jean-Luc , Campistron Bernard , Dabas Alain M. , Delville Patricia , Reitebuch Oliver , Werner Christian 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the combination of the sea breeze and the mistral at the Rhône Valley exit, in southeastern France, have been investigated experimentally and numerically on 22 June 2001. The mistral refers to a severe northerly wind that develops along the Rhône Valley. The exit of this valley is located near the Mediterranean Sea where sea-breeze circulation often develops. The sea breeze and the mistral coexist this day because of the weakness of this mistral event.
The event was documented in the framework of the Expérience sur Site pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emissions (ESCOMPTE) field experiment. Several important data sources are used (airborne Doppler lidar, UHF wind profilers, radiosoundings, and surface stations) as well as nonhydrostatic mesoscale simulations.
This paper examines the various mechanisms that drive the time and spatial variability of the mistral and the sea breeze in various regions of the Rhône Valley. In the morning, the sea breeze penetrates inland near the western side of the Rhône Valley then moves back because of the reinforcement of the mistral flow caused by the deepening of the leeward surface low due to convection at noon. At midday, the sea breeze penetrates inland in the middle of the Rhône Valley only. In contrast to pure sea-breeze episodes when the sea breeze can extend inland over a horizontal range of more than 150 km, the presence of the mistral prevents the sea breeze from penetrating more than 40 km onshore. In the late afternoon, the sea breeze reaches the eastern side of the Rhône Valley but over a smaller horizontal range because of higher local topography and because the mistral is more intense in this part of the Rhône Valley.
The situations of sea-breeze–mistral interactions can have a severe impact on regional air quality. Indeed, the southerly sea breeze, which advects toward the countryside the pollutants emitted from the large coastal city of Marseille, France, and its industrialized suburbs, cannot penetrate far inland because of the mistral blowing in the opposite direction. This leads to the stagnation of the pollutants near the area of emission that is also the most densely inhabited area of the region (over one million inhabitants).