bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alkaline phosphatase reduces hepatic and pulmonary injury in liver ischaemia–reperfusion combined with partial resection
Authors: van Veen S Q , Dinant S , van Vliet A K , van Gulik T M 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
Lipopolysaccharides mediate inflammation in liver ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) and partial liver resection (PHX). Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BIAP) detoxifies lipopolysaccharides by dephosphorylation and reduces inflammation in models of sepsis. This study examined the protective effects of BIAP administration in models of partial (70 per cent) liver I/R with or without partial resection of all non-ischaemic lobes during ischaemia (30 per cent).

Methods
Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: I/R + BIAP, I/R + saline, I/R + PHX + BIAP and I/R + PHX + saline, PHX only or sham laparotomy only. A single dose of BIAP (0·5 units/g) or vehicle (saline) was administered 5 min before reperfusion. Inflammatory response, and hepatic and pulmonary injury were assessed during 24 h of reperfusion.

Results
I/R, with or without PHX, increased all markers of inflammation, and hepatic and pulmonary damage (P &lt; 0·050 versus sham operation). I/R + PHX significantly increased release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and hepatic neutrophil influx compared with I/R only (P &lt; 0·050). BIAP treatment decreased hepatic wet/dry ratios, neutrophil influx and histopathological damage after I/R with or without PHX (P &lt; 0·050), and also AST, ALT and interleukin (IL)-6 production after I/R + PHX (P &lt; 0·050). BIAP treatment reduced the neutrophil influx after I/R, and pulmonary histopathological injury was decreased after I/R with or without PHX.

Conclusion
BIAP attenuates hepatic and pulmonary injury after partial liver I/R and PHX.
Comparing the constructs of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a sample of incarcerated women
Authors: Warren Janet I. , South Susan C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOur study examines the relationship between Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and psychopathy among a sample of 137 female offenders. Drawing from a historical review of the evolution of these two concepts, we explore their differential relationship to patterns of criminal behavior, psychological adjustment, co‐morbidity with other personality disorders, victimization, and institutional adjustment. Findings suggest that the two disorders share a common foundation of social norm violations and deception; however, APD is associated with impulsive, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior, higher rates of childhood abuse, and greater co‐morbidity with Cluster A PDs, while psychopathy is better characterized by higher rates of property crimes, previous incarceration, and the manifestation of remorselessness. Results contribute to a further understanding of the etiology and phenomenology of these two disorders and suggest different types of treatment and intervention. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in attitudes toward psychopathic sexual offenders
Authors: Guy Laura S. , Edens John F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough a considerable amount of research has been conducted examining the validity of psychopathy as a psychological construct, relatively few studies have focused on the effects of using this disorder in “real‐world” settings to influence the attitudes of laypersons who are making life‐altering decisions about offenders. This study attempted to replicate and extend earlier findings (Guy & Edens, 2003) suggesting that there are gender differences in the impact of expert testimony regarding psychopathy. A sample of 599 undergraduates reviewed case facts regarding a hypothetical Sexually Violent Predator trial in which the type of risk assessment testimony provided (clinical opinion, actuarial scale, psychopathy evaluation) and the age of the victims (adult versus child) were manipulated. Consistent with prior research, despite overall high rates of support for commitment in the adult victim condition, men were less prone than women to support civil commitment when the defendant was described as “a psychopath” (62.5 versus 86.5%). No such gender differences were noted in the clinical opinion or actuarial conditions. When the victims were identified as children, type of testimony had no impact because support for commitment was almost unilateral. Finally, ratings of how psychopathic the defendant was perceived to be (regardless of the testimony provided) were significantly associated with support for commitment across most conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychopathy in adolescent female offenders: an item response theory analysis of the psychopathy checklist: youth version
Authors: Schrum Crystal L. , Salekin Randall T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the applicability of the PCL:YV items to a sample of detained adolescent girls. Item response theory (IRT) was used to analyze test and item functioning of the PCL:YV. Examination of IRT trace lines indicated that the items most discriminating of the underlying construct of psychopathy included “callousness and a lack of empathy”, “conning and manipulation”, and “a grandiose sense of self‐worth”. Results from the analyses also demonstrated that the items least discriminating in this sample, or least useful for identifying psychopathy, included “poor anger control”, “shallow affect”, or engaging in a “serious violation of conditional release”. Consistent with previous research (Cooke & Michie, 1997; Hare, 2003), interpersonal and affective components of psychopathy provided more information than behavioral features. Moreover, although previous research has also found affective features to provide the most information in past studies, it was interpersonal features of psychopathy in this case, followed by affective features, that provided greater levels of information. Implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The aftermath: aspects of recovery described by perpetrators of maternal filicide committed in the context of severe mental illness
Authors: Stanton Josephine , Simpson Alexander I. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMentally abnormal maternal filicide is a rare and horrifying event. Clinicians are unlikely to develop broad experience with this and there is little information available about recovery. This paper presents a range of descriptions of recovery experiences derived from a qualitative study of mentally abnormal maternal filicide perpetrators. Transcripts from a qualitative, semi‐structured interview study of six women who committed filicide in the context of major mental illness were reviewed. Descriptions related to rehabilitation issues were grouped and themes extracted. The women described patchy but horrific memories they avoided thinking and talking about. They described intense self‐judgement and self‐hate. They valued ongoing relationships with surviving children and were distressed by perceptions that they might be a danger to other children. Managing illness was not described as a major challenge. Acknowledgement of illness was described as important in coming to terms with what they had done. Surviving children and relationships with family and other support networks were described as important in their rehabilitation. We conclude that optimizing treatment and rehabilitation for mental illness, supporting the woman to acknowledge the role of illness in the offence, maximizing support from personal networks, and enabling her to regain some aspect of the mother role may be more efficacious than debriefing with respect to the offence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploration of the association between apology and forgiveness amongst victims of human rights violations
Authors: Allan Alfred , Allan Maria M. , Kaminer Debra , Stein Dan J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForgiving may lead to an improvement of mental health, and from a therapeutic jurisprudence perspective it is important to establish what aspects of judicial procedures can be changed to promote forgiving. The literature suggests that receiving an apology may encourage forgiving. However, there is a dearth of empirical research regarding the association between forgiving and apology in judicial settings. This paper reports the findings of a study that examined the association between forgiving and four restorative situations (i.e. excuse, admission of guilt, apology, and true sorriness) in a group of 134 victims of gross human rights violations who were actual or potential participants in the proceedings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The best predictors of forgiveness in this sample were gender and whether victims perceived wrongdoers to be truly sorry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the mandate make a difference? reporting decisions in emotional abuse
Authors: Carleton Russell A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMandated (N = 57) and non‐mandated (N = 94) reporters were questioned as to their perceptions of the seriousness of 20 vignettes related to child emotional abuse, as well as their willingness to report the actions contained in the vignettes to child protective services. No difference was observed between mandated and non‐mandated reporters on the mean number of vignettes considered reportable. In addition, several psychosocial variables, including perceptions of teasing, political viewpoint, tendencies towards diffuse responsibility, perceptions of child protective services (CPS) and attitude towards helping others, were measured. Separate regression equations for mandated and non‐mandated reporters showed two different models in predicting reporting tendencies. Mandated reporters were most affected by the seriousness of the situation and their willingness to engage in prosocial behaviour, whereas non‐mandated reporters were most motivated by judgements of the seriousness of the abusive situation and their faith in child protective services. Being a male was also observed to be more predictive of reporting for non‐mandated reporters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold decisions: how social workers prioritize referrals of child concern
Authors: Platt Dendy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper examines local authority social workers' decision‐making when considering referrals of children, where the concerns are on the margin of child protection procedures. In doing so, it describes the findings of a qualitative research study undertaken in the policy context of attempts to ‘refocus’ social work practice in the late 1990s and early twenty‐first century. Data collection involved interviews with social workers and parents in 23 cases. Conclusions are that referrals were evaluated on the basis of five key factors, specificity, severity, risk, parental accountability and corroboration, the use of which determined whether an initial assessment or an investigation of alleged abuse took place. The analysis builds on previous work in the child protection field, but demonstrates how the application of these factors differs between cases of child concern and cases of child protection. Policy implications concern the complexity of decision‐making in the uncertain context of limited referral information and it is proposed that the simplistic notion of a continuum of abuse is now outdated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional harm and neglect: the legal response
Authors: Sheehan Rosemary 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on a study of the extent to which child protection applications brought to the Melbourne Children's Court in Victoria, Australia, were based on emotional/psychological harm or neglect of a child and what factors were presented as evidence of harm or neglect. The study examined records of 208 court‐ordered pre‐trial conferences heard in the court between February and July 2002. What was found was that, although cases involving emotional abuse have increased in terms of child protection applications, they remain cases that are difficult to decide. While in 1998/9 emotional harm was a ground in 25.7% of child protection matters completed in the Family Division of the Children's Court of Victoria, legal decision‐makers are reluctant to make a finding of child abuse in these cases because there is less accuracy in the determination of emotional harm and negligible legal criteria available to guide decision‐making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipophilicity Plays a Major Role in Modulating the Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase B by 7‐Substituted Coumarins
Authors: Carotti Angelo , Altomare Cosimo , Catto Marco , Gnerre Carmela , Summo Luciana , De Marco Agostino , Rose Sarah , Jenner Peter , Testa Bernard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of coumarin derivatives (1–22), bearing at the 7‐position ether, ketone, ester, carbamate, or amide functions of varying size and lipophilicity, were synthesized and investigated for theirin vitromonoamine oxidase‐A and ‐B (MAO‐A and ‐B) inhibitory activities. Most of the compounds acted preferentially as MAO‐B inhibitors, withIC50values in the micromolar to low‐nanomolar range. A structure–activity‐relationship (SAR) study highlighted lipophilicity as an important property modulating the MAO‐B inhibition potency of 7‐substituted coumarins, as shown by a linear correlation (n=20,r2=0.72) between pIC50and calculated logPvalues. The stability of ester‐containing coumarin derivatives in rat plasma provided information on factors that either favor (lipophilicity) or decrease (steric hindrance) esterase‐catalyzed hydrolysis. Two compounds (14and22) were selected to investigate how lipophilicity and enzymatic stability may affectin vivoMAO activities, as assayedex vivoin rat. The most‐potent and ‐selective MAO‐B inhibitor22(=7‐[(3,4‐difluorobenzyl)oxy]‐3,4‐dimethyl‐1‐benzopyran‐2(2H)‐one) within the examined series significantly inhibited (>60%)ex vivorat‐liver and striatal MAO‐B activities 1 h after intraperitoneal administration of high doses (100 and 300 μmol kg−1), revealing its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. At the same doses, liver and striatum MAO‐A was less inhibitedin vivo, somehow reflecting MAO‐B selectivity, as assessedin vitro.In contrast, the metabolically less stable derivative14, bearing an isopropyl ester in the lateral chain, had a weak effect on hepatic MAO‐B activityin vivo, and none on striatal MAO‐B, but, surprisingly, displayed inhibitory effects on MAO‐A in both peripheral and brain tissues.
Field mapping and digital elevation modelling of submerged and unsubmerged hydraulic jump regions in a bedrock step–pool channel
Authors: Vallé Brett L. , Pasternack Gregory B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh‐resolution tacheometric field surveying was integrated with computer‐assisted drafting to visualize and contrast three‐dimensional bed and water surface digital elevation models (DEMs) for submerged and unsubmerged hydraulic jump regions in a bedrock step–pool channel. Measurements were conducted for two discharge conditions. Since previous applica‐tions of three‐dimensional field mapping and digital elevation modelling of stream channels have been limited to smoothly contiguous gravel‐bedded systems, surveying was optimized by topographic setting and scaled to localized bed and water surface discontinuities. Traces and visualizations of the jump regions indicated that dichotomous decimetre shifts in water surface topography occurred for both jump regions from lower to higher discharges. Systematic removal of the survey points and DEM differencing indicated that point densities of ten points per square metre, in conjunction with a survey structure targeting grade breaks of 0·3–0·5 m, were required to capture decimetre form variations of the natural jump regions. The DEMs highlight the importance of recognizing the relationship between transcritical flow structures and localized topographic heterogeneities in bedrock channels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bed‐load transport model for rough turbulent open‐channel flows on plane beds
Authors: Abrahams Athol D. , Gao Peng 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData from flume studies are used to develop a model for predicting bed‐load transport rates in rough turbulent two‐dimensional open‐channel flows moving well sorted non‐cohesive sediments over plane mobile beds. The object is not to predict transport rates in natural channel flows but rather to provide a standard against which measured bed‐load transport rates influenced by factors such as bed forms, bed armouring, or limited sediment availability may be compared in order to assess the impact of these factors on bed‐load transport rates. The model is based on a revised version of Bagnold's basic energy equation ibsb = ebω, where ib is the immersed bed‐load transport rate, ω is flow power per unit area, eb is the efficiency coefficient, and sb is the stress coefficient defined as the ratio of the tangential bed shear stress caused by grain collisions and fluid drag to the immersed weight of the bed load. Expressions are developed for sb and eb in terms of G, a normalized measure of sediment transport stage, and these expressions are substituted into the revised energy equation to obtain the bed‐load transport equation ib = ω G 3·4. This equation applies regardless of the mode of bed‐load transport (i.e. saltation or sheet flow) and reduces to ib = ω where G approaches 1 in the sheet‐flow regime. That ib = ω does not mean that all the available power is dissipated in transporting the bed load. Rather, it reflects the fact that ib is a transport rate that must be multiplied by sb to become a work rate before it can be compared with ω. It follows that the proportion of ω that is dissipated in the transport of bed load is ibsb/ω, which is approximately 0·6 when ib = ω. It is suggested that this remarkably high transport efficiency is achieved in sheet flow (1) because the ratio of grain‐to‐grain to grain‐to‐bed collisions increases with bed shear stress, and (2) because on average much more momentum is lost in a grain‐to‐bed collision than in a grain‐to‐grain one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geostatistical analysis in weathering studies: case study for Stanton Moor building sandstone
Authors: McKinley Jennifer M. , Warke Patricia , Lloyd Christopher. D. , Ruffell Alastair H. , Smith Bernard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGeostatistical techniques for spatial prediction and spatial simulation have been used in an innovative application to the study of weathering of natural building stone. The study investigates the differences in the spatial variation of permeability characteristics between fine‐ and coarse‐grained Stanton Moor building sandstone. Non‐destructive permeability measurements, using an unsteady‐state Portable Probe Permeameter, were made on three adjacent faces of two cubic blocks representative of fine‐ to medium‐grained and medium‐ to coarse‐grained Stanton Moor Sandstone. The findings provide greater understanding in the investigation of the durability characteristics of the Stanton Moor Sandstone and show that the spatial distribution and variability of permeability is more important in predicting the overall strength and weathering properties than mean permeability and absolute minimum and maximum values. The results suggest that both primary textural characteristics (such as grain size) and extent of cementation appear to be important factors in determining the overall durability properties of Stanton Moor Sandstone as a building stone. Geostatistical analysis has been shown to be an important tool in the characterization of spatial variation for the investigation of weathering of building stones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a multi‐criteria approach for priority setting: an application to Ghana
Authors: Baltussen Rob , Stolk Elly , Chisholm Dan , Aikins Moses 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground: Many criteria have been proposed to guide priority setting in health, but their relative importance has not yet been determined in a way that allows a rank ordering of interventions.Methods: In an explorative study, a discrete choice experiment was carried out to determine the relative importance of different criteria in identifying priority interventions in Ghana. Thirty respondents chose between 12 pairs of scenarios that described interventions in terms of medical and non‐medical criteria. Subsequently, a composite league table was constructed to rank order a set of interventions by mapping interventions on those criteria and considering the relative weights of different criteria.Results: Interventions that are cost‐effective, reduce poverty, target severe diseases, or target the young had a higher probability of being chosen than others. The composite league table showed that high priority interventions in Ghana are prevention of mother to child transmission in HIV/AIDS control, and treatment of pneumonia and diarrhoea in childhood. Low priority interventions are certain interventions to control blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol abuse. The composite league table lead to a different and more differentiated rank ordering of interventions compared to pure efficiency ratings.Conclusion: This explorative study has introduced a multi‐criteria approach to priority setting. It has shown the feasibility of accounting for efficiency, equity and other societal concerns in prioritization decisions, and its potentially large impact on priority setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whither trial‐based economic evaluation for health care decision making?
Authors: Sculpher Mark J. , Claxton Karl , Drummond Mike , McCabe Chris 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe randomised controlled trial (RCT) has developed a central role in applied cost‐effectiveness studies in health care as the vehicle for analysis. This paper considers the role of trial‐based economic evaluation in this era of explicit decision making. It is argued that any framework for economic analysis can only be judged insofar as it can inform two key decisions and be consistent with the objectives of a health care system subject to its resource constraints. The two decisions are, firstly, whether to adopt a health technology given existing evidence and, secondly, an assessment of whether more evidence is required to support this decision in the future. It is argued that a framework of economic analysis is needed which can estimate costs and effects, based on all the available evidence, relating to the full range of possible alternative interventions and clinical strategies, over an appropriate time horizon and for specific patient groups. It must also enable the accumulated evidence to be synthesised in an explicit and transparent way in order to fully represent the decision uncertainty. These requirements suggest that, in most circumstances, the use of a single RCT as a vehicle for economic analysis will be an inadequate and partial basis for decision making. It is argued that RCT evidence, with or without economic content, should be viewed as simply one of the sources of evidence, which must be placed in a broader framework of evidence synthesis and decision analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid microwave assisted synthesis of [U‐14C]isosorbide and dimethyl[U‐14C]isosorbide from D‐[U‐14C]glucose
Authors: Mathew K. M. , Ravi S. , Padmanabhan D. , Unny V. K. P. , Sivaprasad N. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract[U‐14C]Isosorbide and [U‐14C]dimethyl isosorbide with a specific activity of 462 MBq/mmol was prepared from D‐[U‐14C]glucose, in an overall yield of 79%, under microwave heating conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.