bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual factors influencing the facilitation of others' learning through everyday work experiences
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D. , Cseh Maria 
Published: September 2007

PurposeInterest and research on workplace learning has intensified in recent years, however, research on assessing how employees facilitate each other's learning through everyday work experiences and how organizational contextual factors promote or impede the facilitation of others' learning at work is underdeveloped. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore how employees facilitate others' learning and the contextual factors that influence employees' facilitation of others' learning in a workplace setting.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study approach was selected for this study. An adaptation of the critical incident technique and semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted with 13 employees representing various functional areas within a learning‐oriented consumer‐focused manufacturer. Content analysis and constant comparative analysis were the approaches used to analyze the data.FindingsSeveral findings emerged that describe the catalysts for employees' facilitating others' learning, the behaviors that facilitators engaged to facilitate others' learning, and the perceived outcomes from facilitating learning. Several positive and negative organizational contextual factors emerged that influence the facilitation of others' learning. Specifically, the role of learning‐committed leadership, manifested in several ways, emerged as a powerful organizational contextual factor.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings from case study research are not intended to be generalizable. The use of self‐report data is another limitation, as are recollections of critical incidents. However, integrating multiple sources of data collection was an attempt to allow for triangulation of findings.Practical implicationsThe findings depict the importance of leadership and management in the process of facilitating learning and the extent to which leaders and managers can create organizational environments conducive to the facilitation of learning that has implications for management and leadership development programs. This study also identifies avenues for future research.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to research that explores how employees facilitate others' learning and the contextual factors that influence employees' facilitation of others' learning in a workplace setting.
Harmonic Circles: a new futures tool
Authors: Anthony Marcus 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a futures tool developed by Marcus Anthony called Harmonic Circles.Design/methodology/approachThe paper introduces a new futures tool, using a personal example. There is a description of the tool itself and its purposes. An example from the author's own research is used to demonstrate one potential way of implementing Harmonic Circles. Some appropriate and inappropriate applications of Harmonic Circles are then outlined, as well as possible problems.FindingsThe paper finds that Harmonic Circles can be used by futurists in a number of specific settings, especially to detach from confrontational binaries.Originality/valueThe paper presents a new introspective tool, compatible with critical and postconventional futures.
IS projects and implementation
Authors: Kolltveit Bjørn Johs. , Hennestad Bjørn , Grønhaug Kjell 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to participate in the discussion related to why IS projects, both in Western and in Eastern European countries, e.g. Poland, often fail. One major reason is claimed to be poor implementation, and the article asks whether the stakeholders involved overlook the challenge of and the need for knowledge in change management (CM) when implementing complex IT systems.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on observations of what is reflected in the CM, the project management (PM) and the IS literature. A basic assumption for the approach is that what PM and IS textbooks focus on strongly influences the views and practice of practitioners. A content analysis method was applied to examine empirically 22 textbooks to evaluate whether the IT/PM literature emphasizes relevant essential recommendations developed in the CM literature for handling changes. A mini‐case was used to illustrate how implementation is done in practice.FindingsThe research reveals that in particular the PM authors give little priority to implementation and to essentials developed in the CM discipline. Further, the authors apply rather rational perspectives when discussing implementation. This implies focus on deterministic N‐stage models and overlooking vital organizational processes. The research also reveals that IS success depends to a large extent on how well the interfaces between the project development and the implementation processes are coordinated. The stakeholders often split the project development and implementation into two projects and postpone implementation until the development is completed. This may lead to coordination problems and to ineffective implementation.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this research is the assumption that what is written in the IT/PM books influences what the practitioners do. This may be an area for further research.Practical implicationsThe authors of IS/PM textbooks and the practitioners should pay more attention to implementation. The textbooks may benefit from borrowing essentials from the CM literature. Further, the stakeholders should start the implementation processes early and ensure effective coordination between project development and the implementation processes.Originality/valueThe main value of the paper is related to the contribution to the discussion related to why IS projects, both in Western and in Eastern European countries, often fail.
Entrepreneurs' coping with challenging role expectations
Authors: Örtqvist Daniel , Drnovsek Mateja , Wincent Joakim 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze entrepreneurs' coping strategies used to face stakeholders' expectations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws from the general management, role theory, and entrepreneurship literature to develop hypotheses that are tested by using hierarchical regression techniques on a sample of 183 Slovenian entrepreneurs. The paper develops and tests four coping strategies (structural role redefinition, personal role redefinition, reactive role behavior, and passive role behavior) to assess influence on new venture performance. The analysis examines moderating effects of entrepreneurs' perceived role‐related stress.FindingsResults reveal that coping strategies focused on reducing expectations and/or working harder to meet expectations positively affect new venture performance. However, entrepreneurs' focus on suppressing perceived expectations negatively influences new venture performance. Furthermore, entrepreneurs' role‐related stress moderates the relationship between reactive role behavior and new venture performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a better understanding of types of coping strategies available to entrepreneurs and practical consequences for new venture performance. It also explores why some entrepreneurs perform well and why some may quit early being an entrepreneur while others remain and prosper in their role. Possible study limitations are discussed due to sample characteristics and measurement.Practical implicationsThe study results are relevant for practising and nascent entrepreneurs, support organizations, and policy makers since empirical evidence can be used in designing entrepreneurs' training and competency‐building programs.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to illustrate effects on early entrepreneurial performance of coping strategies to meet stakeholders' expectations and, indirectly, entrepreneurs' ability to endure establishing a new venture.
Internet‐enabled youth and power in family decisions
Authors: Marshall Roger , Reday Peter Alan 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe relationship between knowledge and power appears to be assumptive in marketing; the study reported here attempts to justify this assumption.Design/methodology/approachThe study is set in a family decision context. The research divides families according to the domain‐specific internet use of sons, and then the analysts inspect family decision‐power patterns for a range of products. Analysis is by factor analysis in the first instance, followed by ANOVA to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe relationship between the internet‐enabled, domain‐specific knowledge acquisition of young consumers and their consequent increase in power in group decisions is supported.Research limitations/implicationsAcademics need to adjust their existing beliefs about family decisions, given the impact technology is having on knowledge patterns.Practical implicationsMarketers not only must be cognizant of the increasing power of youth in family purchase decisions as technology changes knowledge structures, but also must realize the potential of technological promotion channels for reaching this newly empowered target audience.Originality/valueThe concept that knowledge leads to power is not original, but the application of the idea to consider the structure of group decisions in a family context is. Most observers accept that the youth market is large and growing in its own right. It also seems possible, though, that many young consumers will have even more importance than previously considered because of their increasing influence within their family group.
Frequency of promotional strategies and attention elements in children's food commercials during children's programming blocks on US broadcast networks
Authors: Page Randy M. , Brewster Aaron 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the current study is to identify the extent to which promotional strategies and attention elements appear in a sample of children's food commercials.Design/methodology/approachThe research was a content analysis study of 147 commercials that examined 20 separate promotional strategies and 20 different attention elements. The sample of commercials included those appearing on five US broadcast networks during children's programming blocks.FindingsFindings show that the most frequently used promotional strategies were the use of jingles/slogans, showing children with the food, and the use of product identification characters. The use of animation, “real children,” and animal characters were the most used attention elements in the commercials.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample of commercials used in this analysis was obtained from broadcast networks and did not include cable network programming; however, the commercials represent commercials from a wide variety of food products and food product categories. Although not determined empirically, the same commercials appeared to air on the broadcast and cable networks.Practical implicationsHealth and nutrition educators can draw on this study's findings by applying this information in creating more effective nutrition and health promotion messages designed to counter promotional strategies and attention elements in advertising messages that are addressed in this study.Originality/valueAlthough specific promotional strategies and attention elements found in children's food commercials have been identified, there have been no studies addressing the frequency of these strategies/elements among a sample of commercials.
Children's influence on and participation in the family decision process during food buying
Authors: Kümpel Nørgaard Maria , Bruns Karen , Haudrup Christensen Pia , Romero Mikkelsen Miguel 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to studies of family decision making during food buying. In particular a theoretical framework is proposed for structuring future studies of family decision making that include children's influence and participation at specific stages of the process.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual framework is developed on the basis of earlier theoretical work focused on family shopping as well as an ethnographic study of parents and children. The framework was refined after testing in a survey with 451 Danish families with children aged ten to 13 using questionnaires for both children and parents.FindingsFamily food decision making is often a joint activity, and children's active participation, among other things, determines the influence they gain. Parents and children do not always agree on how much influence children have in the various stages of the process, indicating the importance of listening to both parties in research into the family dynamics and processes involved in everyday food buying.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should further extend the knowledge about the areas where children have influence, about the techniques used by children to achieve influence, and more about those factors that explain when they gain influence.Practical implicationsMarketers can benefit from the findings when promoting food products to adults as well as to children. Specifically, the findings suggest that children have most influence on decisions regarding easily prepared meals.Originality/valueThis mixed‐method approach provides interesting new results, and the main findings emphasise the importance of looking at food decision making as a joint activity where children participate actively and gain influence.
Disturbance of the Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent signalling pathway is responsible for the resistance of Arabidopsis dnd1 against Pectobacterium carotovorum infection
Authors: AHN IL‐PYUNG 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY Arabidopsis thaliana wild‐type Col‐0 and its mutant, ‘defence, no death’ (dnd) 1‐1, were infected with biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 and necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum strain KACC 10228, and cellular and molecular responses among them were then analysed. Col‐0 wild‐type was susceptible to both pathogens. By contrast, neither DC3000 nor KACC 10228 infected dnd1‐1 (Yu et al., 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 7819–7824). Neither of the pathogens triggered cell death or accumulation of active oxygen species in dnd1‐1. KACC 10228 induced accelerated transcriptions of PDF1.2 and AtEBP genes in wild‐type Col‐0, while DC3000‐induced transcriptions of them were relatively retarded. Neither of the pathogens modified the constitutive transcription of PR1 in dnd1‐1. PDF1.2 and AtEBP transcriptions were not induced by the same treatments. Hydrogen peroxide scavengers, catalase and ascorbic acid, and LaCl3, an inhibitor of Ca2+ influx, diminished cell death and protected the wild‐type plant from KACC 10228 infection, while EGTA inhibited cell death and pathogen growth. Exogenous Ca2+ nullified resistance against KACC 10228 challenge in dnd1‐1. W‐7 and chloropromazine, two calmodulin antagonists, also triggered cell death in dnd1‐1 and abolished resistance against KACC 10228. In summary, cell death is correlated with KACC 10228 infection and disease development. Furthermore, the resistance of dnd1‐1 against P. carotovorum is dependent on calmodulin and inhibition of cytosolic Ca2+ increment.
User satisfaction and forces generated during laryngoscopy using disposable Miller blades: a manikin study*
Authors: Sudhir G. , Wilkes A. R. , Clyburn P. , Aguilera I. , Hall J. E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIncreasing awareness of prion‐related diseases has led to an increase in the number of disposable laryngoscope blades available. We compared 11 disposable and standard re‐usable Miller size 1 blades. In this manikin‐based study, we studied user satisfaction for field of view at laryngoscopy, build quality and users' willingness to use the blade in an emergency situation. These were found to be better with metal disposable blades (p≤0.001). Vertical and horizontal forces developed during laryngoscopy were greater with plastic than with metal blades.
Statistics‐based alarms from sequential physiological measurements
Authors: Harrison M. J. , Connor C. W. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have developed an anaesthesia alarm system that responds in a more clinically appropriate manner than current threshold alarms. A decrease in systolic arterial pressure of 10 mmHg from a previous value of 70 mmHg has a greater clinical significance than a decrease of 10 mmHg from 150 mmHg. However, it has been difficult to envisage a simple algorithm for the detection of these contextually adverse changes in physiological variables. We have processed systolic arterial pressure data to create a mathematically straightforward statistical tool for sampling intervals up to 5 min. Both the blood pressure and the change in blood pressure over a known time interval are plotted on x and y axes with the units in standard deviations. Some 10 824 measurements were obtained at 10‐s intervals in 17 patients. The mean (SD) systolic arterial pressure for all observations in our patients was 118 (17.0) mmHg. The mean (SD) change in systolic arterial pressure over 5 min was − 0.35 (15.2) mmHg. Combining the value for the standard deviation of systolic arterial pressure and the standard deviation of the change in systolic arterial pressure using Pythagoras's theorem creates a value in standard deviations for this particular state. Instead of alarms being set in mmHg, they would be set in standard deviations. This technique was developed further using Principal Component Analysis to isolate uncommon deviations from normal, clinically unimportant physiological variations. These clinically unimportant changes occur in a predictable fashion only if the sampling interval is 90 s or less. This new alarm system is asymmetric – a small decrease in systolic arterial pressure from 90 mmHg may, appropriately, set off an alarm but it would require a much larger increase in systolic arterial pressure to do so.
The assessment of postoperative pain by monitoring skin conductance: results of a prospective study*
Authors: Ledowski T. , Bromilow J. , Wu J. , Paech M. J. , Storm H. , Schug S. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second correlates with postoperative pain. The aim of this prospective study was to test the cut‐off value for the number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second obtained from a previous study. Seventy‐five patients were asked to quantify their level of pain on a numeric rating scale (0–10) in the recovery room. The number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second was recorded simultaneously. The number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second was different between patients with no (0.07), mild (0.16), moderate (0.28) and severe pain (0.33); p < 0.001. The tested cut‐off value for the number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second (0.1) distinguished a numeric rating scale ≤ 3 from > 3 with 88.5% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity. The number of fluctuations of skin conductance per second may be a useful means of assessing postoperative pain.
Ultrasound‐guided training in the performance of brachial plexus block by the posterior approach: an observational study
Authors: Van Geffen G. J. , Rettig H. C. , Koornwinder T. , Renes S. , Gielen M. J. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe application of ultrasonography in guiding and controlling the path of the stimulating needle to the brachial plexus via the posterior approach (Pippa technique) was studied. In 21 ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients, scheduled for surgery of the shoulder or upper arm, needle insertion was monitored by ultrasonography and the interaction between needle, surrounding structures and brachial plexus was followed. During injection, the spread of local anaesthetic was visualised and a prediction of block success was made. One failure was predicted. Complete block was achieved in 20 (95%) patients. One potential complication, puncture of the carotid artery, was prevented using ultrasound. Ultrasound is a useful tool in the training and performance of a neurostimulation‐guided brachial plexus block by the posterior approach. Ultrasonographic guidance may prevent serious complications associated with this approach to the brachial plexus.
Autonomic dysfunction in tetanus – what lessons can be learnt with specific reference to alpha‐2 agonists?
Authors: Freshwater‐Turner D. , Udy A. , Lipman J. , Deans R. , Stuart J. , Boots R. , Hegde R. , McWhinney B. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySevere tetanus is seen infrequently in the developed world, but often requires intensive care support. Mechanical ventilation with neuromuscular blockade and heavy sedation, good wound care and prompt administration of antitoxin are important. The management of autonomic dysfunction remains challenging. We measured serum catecholamine levels in a patient with severe tetanus in whom autonomic crises were a major and persistent feature, and investigated the impact of sedatives plus α2‐agonists on these levels. Serum adrenaline levels were elevated up to 100‐fold with clinically observed crises, although noradrenaline levels were much more difficult to interpret. There was no appreciable difference in catecholamine levels following administration of α2‐agonists in the doses we used, although clonidine did allow easier control of crises with other agents. This case highlights some important lessons in the management of severe tetanus.
Inhibition of a pacemaker during nerve stimulation for regional anaesthesia*
Authors: Engelhardt L. , Große J. , Birnbaum J. , Volk T. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryElectromagnetic interference is an important cause of pacemaker malfunction. We describe a case in which the use of a peripheral nerve stimulator at a pulse duration of 1 ms and a current of 1.4 mA led to complete but transient inhibition of a permanent pacemaker in a 73‐year‐old female who had undergone a total shoulder replacement.
Enhanced osteopontin expression in a murine model of allergen‐induced airway remodelling
Authors: Kohan M. , Bader R. , Puxeddu I. , Levi‐Schaffer F. , Breuer R. , Berkman N. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBackground
Airway remodelling is a central pathophysiological feature of chronic asthma. A wide variety of cytokines and growth factors are likely to be involved in the development of airway remodelling. Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine with pro‐fibrotic properties; however, its role in airway remodelling in asthma has not been explored.Objective
To determine the expression and cellular sources of OPN in a murine model of chronic allergen‐induced airway remodelling.Methods
BALB/c mice were sensitized and exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) or saline inhalations for 5 weeks and killed 24 h after the last inhalation. The following parameters of inflammation and remodelling were assessed: differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lung collagen content (colorimetric biochemical assay) and peribronchial smooth muscle content (immunohistochemistry, followed by image analysis). OPN expression in BAL and lung tissue was determined by PCR and ELISA. The cellular source and distribution of OPN were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.Results
OPN expression is up‐regulated in lung tissue and in BAL fluid of OVA‐treated mice and correlates with collagen content and peribronchial smooth muscle area. In addition, OPN significantly increases collagen deposition in vitro in a murine lung cell line. Cells producing OPN include the airway epithelium and cells of the submucosal inflammatory infiltrate (T cells, eosinophils, and macrophages). Positive staining for OPN was also observed in bronchial tissue from human asthmatic subjects.Conclusion
OPN expression in the lungs is increased in a murine model of allergen‐induced chronic airway remodelling, suggesting a role for this cytokine in airway remodelling in asthma.