bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of clinical efficacies of sodium ascorbyl phosphate, retinol and their combination in acne treatment
Authors: Ruamrak C. , Lourith N. , Natakankitkul S. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisAcne vulgaris impairs the appearance of an individual and causes psychological irritation. Inflammatory acne lesion is caused by multifactor incorporates in each step of acne pathogenesis. In an attempt to archive inflammatory lesion treatment with the promise of prevention of acne vulgaris, randomized and double‐blind studies on the comparison of the efficacies of topical formulations containing 5% sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) and 0.2% retinol, separately as well as in combination application, were conducted. The resulting data showed that SAP reduced the inflammatory lesion by 20.14% and 48.82% within 4 and 8 weeks respectively. Application of the formulation containing retinol slightly improved the treatment efficacy as the lesion reduced by 21.79% and 49.50% after 4 and 8 weeks respectively. The combination treatment significantly reduced the inflammatory lesion by 29.28% after 4 weeks and 63.10% after 8 weeks of application. The most effective treatment was by using the combination of 5% SAP and 0.2% retinol, which incorporated the synergistic effects on lipid peroxidation and sebaceous gland function in addition to the enhancement of SAP permeability by the desquamation of stratum corneum influenced by retinol, keratin plug removal and anti‐inflammatory effect of retinol. This study promises for the development of cosmetic products to overcome aesthetic and psychological problems caused by acne vulgaris.
Using the Osteoporosis Self‐Assessment Tool for Referring Older Men for Bone Densitometry: A Decision Analysis
Authors: Ito Kouta , Hollenberg James P. , Charlson Mary E. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare health benefits and costs associated with performing bone densitometry for all men with those of risk‐stratifying using the Osteoporosis Self‐Assessment Tool (OST) and performing bone densitometry only for a high‐risk group.DESIGN: A decision analytical model was developed using a Markov process. Three strategies were compared: no bone densitometry, selective bone densitometry using the OST, and universal bone densitometry. Data sources were U.S. epidemiological studies and healthcare cost figures.SETTING: Hypothetical cohort.PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling 70‐year‐old U.S. white men with no history of clinical osteoporotic fractures.INTERVENTION: Five years of alendronate therapy for those diagnosed with osteoporosis.MEASUREMENTS: Life years, quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.RESULTS: Selective bone densitometry using the OST would cost $100,700 per additional life year gained compared to the no bone densitometry strategy. Universal bone densitometry would cost $483,500 for additional life year gained compared to selective bone densitometry. When quality of life was considered, both strategies became approximately 15% more cost‐effective. Compared with the no bone densitometry strategy, selective bone densitometry would be cost saving for those aged 84 and older, with a reduction of alendronate price (≤$110 per year), or with a higher efficacy of alendronate (a relative risk reduction of nonvertebral fracture ≥82%).CONCLUSION: Universal bone densitometry for 70‐year‐old men is not a good investment for society. It is reasonably cost‐effective to risk‐stratify with the OST, perform bone densitometry only for high‐risk group, and then give men diagnosed with osteoporosis generic alendronate.
Low Diastolic Ambulatory Blood Pressure Is Associated with Greater All‐Cause Mortality in Older Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Ungar Andrea , Pepe Giuseppe , Lambertucci Lorella , Fedeli Angela , Monami Matteo , Mannucci Edoardo , Gabbani Luciano , Masotti Giulio , Marchionni Niccolò , Di Bari Mauro 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between office and ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) and total mortality in elderly patients with hypertension.DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort study.SETTING: Hypertension outpatient clinic in a geriatric academic hospital.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight hundred five older (≥60) subjects with hypertension underwent office and ambulatory BP measurement. Mortality was assessed after a mean follow‐up of 3.8 years.RESULTS: In a total of 3,090 person‐years of follow‐up, 107 participants died (average mortality rate 3.5% per year). With bivariate analysis, participants who died had higher SBP and PP and lower DBP, with office and ambulatory measurements. Mortality rates were greater with higher SBP and lower with higher DBP. As a combined effect of these trends, PP was associated with the widest death rate gradients, from 12 to 66, 13 to 63, and 9 to 70 per 1,000 person‐years across office, 24‐hour, daytime, and nighttime PP quartiles, respectively. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed these trends; the adjusted hazard of death increased linearly with increasing ambulatory SBP and PP, whereas it decreased significantly with increasing ambulatory DBP. A five times greater risk of death was detected when comparing night‐time PP quartile 4 (median PP value 78 mmHg) with quartile 1 (median PP value 46 mmHg).CONCLUSION: In older patients with hypertension, low DBP and high PP, particularly when measured using ambulatory BP monitoring, are associated with greater risk of death. The achievement of an SBP treatment goal should not be obtained at the expense of an excessive DBP reduction.
Read‐across to rank skin sensitization potential: subcategories for the Michael acceptor domain
Authors: Schultz Terry Wayne , Rogers Kathryn , Aptula Aynur Osman 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Eliminating animal testing for skin sensitization is a significant challenge in consumer safety risk assessment. To be able to perform resilient risk assessments in the future, one will need alternative approaches to fill the data gaps.Objectives:  To this end, we propose a subcategory‐based read‐across approach to estimate and rank skin sensitization potential of chemicals. The example described here is for the mechanism of Michael‐type nucleophilic addition with subcategories being limited to carbonyl‐containing compounds.Patients/Methods:  In this approach, in silico tools based on structural alerts were used to determine both the mechanism of protein binding and the relative subcategories within that mechanism.Results:  Fifty compounds previously evaluated in the in vivo mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) were placed in 10 subcategories defined by their polarized α,β‐unsaturated substructure. To offset the limitations and skewness of the published in vivo data, in chemico glutathione (GSH) depletion data also were included.Conclusions:  It was shown that the read‐across approach can be successfully used to rank qualitatively skin sensitization potential of an untested carbonyl‐containing Michael acceptor chemical by using subcategories. Moreover, the use of the more resilient in chemico GSH depletion data added further support to the read‐across result.
There is an association between contact allergy to aluminium and persistent subcutaneous nodules in children undergoing hyposensitization therapy
Authors: Netterlid Eva , Hindsén Monica , Björk Jonas , Ekqvist Susanne , Güner Nuray , Henricson Kent Åke , Bruze Magnus 
Published: January 2009

Background:  The development of persistent itchy nodules at the injection site following hyposensitization therapy with aluminium‐precipitated antigen extract has been described in several reports. Occasionally, contact allergy to aluminium has been reported in individuals with such nodules.Objectives:  To investigate if hyposensitization therapy can induce contact allergy to aluminium and examine if there is any association between persistent subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy.Patients/methods:  Sixty‐one children with allergic asthma and/or allergic rhinitis participated in the study of whom 37 had had hyposensitization therapy. The study consisted of a non‐clinical part based on a questionnaire and a clinical part with a physical examination, self‐assessment of itching, and patch testing. To secure an unbiased evaluation of possible reactions, the investigators were blinded.Results:  Contact allergy to aluminium was found in eight participants, all in the exposed group (8/37 versus 0/24, P = 0.02). Examination showed nodules on the upper arms in 13 participants, all in the group exposed to hyposensitization therapy. Nodules were over‐represented in patients with contact allergy to aluminium.Conclusions:  There was a statistically significant association between contact allergy to aluminium and persistent subcutaneous nodules in children who had had hyposensitization therapy.
Influence of Isoflurane General Anesthesia or Anesthesia and Surgery on Thyroid Function Tests in Dogs
Authors: Wood M.A. , Panciera D.L. , Berry S.H. , Monroe W.E. , Refsal K.R. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Anesthesia and surgery affect thyroid function tests in humans but have not been studied in dogs.Hypothesis:Anesthesia and anesthesia with surgery will affect thyroid function tests in dogs.Animals:Fifteen euthyroid dogs.Methods:Prospective, controlled, interventional study. Dogs were assigned to one of 3 groups: control, general anesthesia, and general anesthesia plus abdominal exploratory surgery. Dogs in the anesthesia and surgery groups were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, induced with propofol, and maintained on isoflurane. Samples for measurement of serum thyroxine (T4), free T4(fT4) by equilibrium dialysis, triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3(rT3), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations were collected from each dog immediately before premedication, at multiple times during anesthesia, surgery, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after anesthesia, once daily for an additional 5 days, and once 14 days after anesthesia. Sampling was performed at identical times in the control group.Results:Serum T4decreased significantly from baseline in the surgery and anesthesia groups compared with the control group at 0.33 (P= 0.043) and 1 hour (P= 0.018), and 2 (P= 0.031) and 4 hours (P= 0.037), respectively, then increased significantly in the surgery group compared with the control group at 24 hours (P= 0.005). Serum T3decreased significantly from baseline in the anesthesia group compared with the control group at 1 hour (P= 0.034). Serum rT3increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared with the control and anesthesia groups at 8 (P= 0.026) and 24 hours (P= 0.0001) and anesthesia group at 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours (P= 0.004,P= 0.016,P= 0.004, andP= 0.014, respectively). Serum fT4increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared to the control at 24 hours (P= 0.006) and at day 7 (P= 0.037) and anesthesia group at 48 hours (P= 0.023).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Surgery and anesthesia have a significant effect on thyroid function tests in dogs.
An Investigation of the Action of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Human Analogue Insulin in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Palm C.A. , Boston R.C. , Refsal K.R. , Hess R.S. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn human analogue insulin (Humulin N) is commonly used for treatment of canine diabetes mellitus (DM). However, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in Humulin N‐treated dogs with naturally occurring DM have not been reported.Objective: To investigate blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in the clinical setting of client‐owned Humulin N‐treated dogs with naturally occurring, well‐regulated DM.Animals: Ten client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring, well‐regulated DM.Methods: In this clinical study, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were measured when dogs received food and insulin (T0), at approximately every half hour for the next 2 hours, and then approximately every 2 hours for an additional 8 hours. Insulin duration of action was defined as the number of hours from T0 to the lowest blood glucose concentration and until blood glucose concentration returned to an interpolated value of 70% of basal blood glucose concentration (Glucoseb).Results: Mean percent of insulin‐induced blood glucose suppression was 49.9 ± 17.1% (median, 46%; range, 29–78%). Insulin duration of action ranged from 4 to 10 hours. Blood glucose concentration increased initially and returned to Glucoseb within 0.6–2.2 hours after T0 in 5 dogs. This initial blood glucose surge then was followed by blood glucose suppression in all 5 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that Humulin N administered SC twice daily is an effective mode of treatment for dogs with naturally occurring DM. Postprandial hyperglycemia is present in some well‐regulated diabetic dogs treated with Humulin N.
Detection of Molecular Markers of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses Using a Pyrosequencing Method
Authors: Deyde Varough M. , Nguyen Tung , Bright Rick A. , Balish Amanda , Shu Bo , Lindstrom Stephen , Klimov Alexander I. , Gubareva Larisa V. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTResistance of influenza viruses to antiviral drugs can emerge following medication or may result from natural variation. Two classes of anti-influenza virus drugs targeting either the M2 protein (amantadine and rimantadine) or neuraminidase (NA; oseltamivir and zanamivir) are currently licensed. These drugs are expected to be important in controlling the early stages of a potential pandemic. In the present study, we describe how a pyrosequencing method can be used to rapidly detect established molecular markers of resistance to M2 blockers and NA inhibitors in influenza A (H5N1) viruses. The residues L26, V27, A30, S31, and G34 in the M2 protein were targeted for pyrosequencing. The NA residues for pyrosequencing analysis included the established markers of drug resistance (H274 and N294), as well as residues of less certain relevance (V116, I117, Q136, K150, and I222). A single pair of pyro-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR primers was designed to allow amplification of an approximately 600-nucleotide-long amplicon of the NA genes of H5N1 viruses from various clades/subclades associated with infections in humans. The sensitivity of the assay was demonstrated by the successful pyrosequencing of RNA extracted from samples of serially diluted (10−5to 10−7) virus stocks with initial concentrations ranging from 105to 108PFU/ml. The markers of resistance were detected in samples with threshold cycle values ranging from 32 to 37, as determined by real-time RT-PCR. The pyrosequencing approach may provide a valuable tool for rapid detection of markers of drug resistance in H5N1 viruses and facilitate the elucidation of the role of such changes in natural and acquired drug resistance.
Critical Roles of Inflammation and Apoptosis in Improved Survival in a Model of Hyperoxia-Induced Acute Lung Injury inPneumocystis murina-Infected Mice
Authors: Beck James M. , Preston Angela M. , Wilcoxen Steven E. , Morris Susan B. , Sturrock Anne , Paine Robert 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTPneumocystisinfections increase host susceptibility to additional insults that would be tolerated in the absence of infection, such as hyperoxia. In an in vivo model using CD4-depleted mice, we previously demonstrated thatPneumocystis murinapneumonia causes significant mortality following an otherwise nonlethal hyperoxic insult. Infected mice demonstrated increased pulmonary inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis compared to controls. To test the mechanisms underlying these observations, we examined expression of components of the Fas-Fas ligand pathway inP. murina-infected mice exposed to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia alone increased expression of Fas on the surface of type II alveolar epithelial cells; conversely, infection withP. murinaled to increased lung expression of Fas ligand. We hypothesized that inhibition of inflammatory responses or direct inhibition of alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis would improve survival inP. murina-infected mice exposed to hyperoxia. Mice were depleted of CD4+T cells and infected withP. murinaand then were exposed to >95% oxygen for 4 days, followed by return to normoxia. Experimental groups received vehicle, dexamethasone, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Compared with the vehicle-treated group, treatment with dexamethasone reduced Fas ligand expression and significantly improved survival. Similarly, treatment with GM-CSF, an agent we have shown protects alveolar epithelial cells against apoptosis, decreased Fas ligand expression and also improved survival. Our results suggest that the dual stresses ofP. murinainfection and hyperoxia induce lung injury via activation of the Fas-Fas ligand pathway and that corticosteroids and GM-CSF reduce mortality inP. murina-infected mice exposed to hyperoxic stress by inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis.
Synchronous Gene Expression of theYersinia enterocoliticaYsa Type III Secretion System and Its Effectors
Authors: Walker Kimberly A. , Miller Virginia L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTType III secretion systems (T3SSs) are complex units that consist of many proteins. Often the proteins are encoded as a cohesive unit on virulence plasmids, but several systems have their various components dispersed around the chromosome. TheYersinia enterocoliticaYsa T3SS is such a system, where the apparatus genes, some regulatory genes, and four genes encoding secreted proteins (yspgenes) are contained in a single locus. The remainingyspgenes and at least one additional regulator are found elsewhere on the chromosome. Expression ofysagenes requires conditions of high ionic strength, neutral/basic pH, and low temperatures (26°C) and is stimulated by exposure to solid surfaces. The AraC-like regulator YsaE and the dual-function chaperone/regulator SycB are required to stimulate thesycBpromoter, which transcribessycBand probablyyspBCDAas well. The putative phosphorelay proteins YsrRS (located at the distal end of theysalocus) and RcsB, the response regulator of the RcsBCD phosphorelay system, are required to initiate transcription at theysaEpromoter, which drives transcription of many apparatus genes. In this work, we sought to determine whichyspgenes were coordinately regulated with the genes within theysalocus. We found that six unlinkedyspgenes responded to NaCl and required YsaE/SycB, YsrRS, and RcsB for expression. Threeyspgenes had unique patterns, one of which was unaffected by all elements tested except NaCl. Thus, while theyspgenes were likely to have been acquired independently, most have acquired a synchronous regulatory pattern.
Adolescent exercise associated with long-term superior measures of bone geometry: a cross-sectional DXA and MRI study
Authors: Kato T , Yamashita T , Mizutani S , Honda A , Matumoto M , Umemura Y 
Published: January 2009

Objective:To investigate whether childhood sports participation, particularly weight-bearing sports, has any effect on bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone geometric characteristics in middle-aged postmenopausal women.Design/setting:In this cross-sectional comparison of two groups, 46 middle-aged women (mean age, 60.2 (SD 5.6) years; range, 52–73 years) were grouped according to sport participation during growth: weight-bearing sports, including high-impact weight-bearing activities; and low-impact non-weight-bearing sports or no participation.Main outcome measures:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured BMC, aBMD in the lumbar spine and femur. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) determined bone geometric characteristics in the femur, such as femoral mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional area, periosteal and endosteal perimeters and maximum and minimum second moment of area.Results:Postmenopausal middle-aged women with participation in weight-bearing sports during junior high to high school (12–18 years old) displayed significantly greater BMC in both lumbar spine and femoral neck regions, and also significantly greater femoral mid-diaphyseal bone cross-sectional area, periosteal perimeter and maximum and minimum second moment of area than the non-weight-bearing sports group.Conclusions:Adolescent weight-bearing exercise exerts preservational effects on femoral mid-diaphyseal size and shape, while DXA-measured BMC effectively identified the same tendency. Weight-bearing exercise in youth affects bone, and these effects may be preserved as BMC, geometric and structural advantages even after 40 years.
Redox biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: protein-protein interaction between GlgB and WhiB1 involves exchange of thiol-disulfide
Authors: Garg Saurabh , Alam Md Suhail , Bajpai Richa , Kishan KV Radha , Agrawal Pushpa 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen encounters redox stress throughout its life inside the host. In order to protect itself from the redox onslaughts of host immune system, M. tuberculosis appears to have developed accessory thioredoxin-like proteins which are represented by ORFs encoding WhiB-like proteins. We have earlier reported that WhiB1/Rv3219 is a thioredoxin like protein of M. tuberculosis and functions as a protein disulfide reductase. Generally thioredoxins have many substrate proteins. The current study aims to identify the substrate protein(s) of M. tuberculosis WhiB1.

Results
Using yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified alpha (1,4)-glucan branching enzyme (GlgB) of M. tuberculosis as a interaction partner of WhiB1. In vitro GST pull down assay confirmed the direct physical interaction between GlgB and WhiB1. Both mass spectrometry data of tryptic digests and in vitro labeling of cysteine residues with 4-acetamido-4' maleimidyl-stilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid showed that in GlgB, C95 and C658 are free but C193 and C617 form an intra-molecular disulfide bond. WhiB1 has a C37XXC40 motif thus a C40S mutation renders C37 to exist as a free thiol to form a hetero-disulfide bond with the cysteine residue of substrate protein. A disulfide mediated binary complex formation between GlgB and WhiB1C40S was shown by both in-solution protein-protein interaction and thioredoxin affinity chromatography. Finally, transfer of reducing equivalent from WhiB1 to GlgB disulfide was confirmed by 4-acetamido-4' maleimidyl-stilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid trapping by the reduced disulfide of GlgB. Two different thioredoxins, TrxB/Rv1471 and TrxC/Rv3914 of M. tuberculosis could not perform this reaction suggesting that the reduction of GlgB by WhiB1 is specific.

Conclusion
We conclude that M. tuberculosis GlgB has one intra-molecular disulfide bond which is formed between C193 and C617. WhiB1, a thioredoxin like protein interacts with GlgB and transfers its electrons to the disulfide thus reduces the intra-molecular disulfide bond of GlgB. For the first time, we report that GlgB is one of the in vivo substrate of M. tuberculosis WhiB1.