bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory and Application: A Cottage Connected
Authors: Birdsong Craig 
Published: June 2008

Issue Integrative learning is a valuable experience for design students. Connecting theory from lecture courses with application in interior design studio courses enhances the learning process and provides multiple benefits. Goal This report identifies the process used and the results of such integrative learning. Description A small Victorian-era cottage, listed on the National Register and belonging to Colorado State University, was used as a learning experience in a junior-level design studio. Students were concurrently enrolled in a lecture course on the history of American interiors. Conclusion The results of the integration were highly successful in terms of student learning. Additional benefits to the students, the Interior Design program, and Colorado State University are discussed
Distance and the Use of Social Space by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Pinet Celine 
Published: June 2008

Objective This study focuses on how far and under what circumstances nursing home residents walk to access social spaces within the home. Its findings provide information on nursing home design to be used by design researchers and practitioners. Research Design A sample of 960 residents served as a pool for 30 days of behavior observations in five nursing homes. Data were collected on how many and in what context residents were observed in social spaces. Fifty residents were interviewed and kept diaries to provide data on (a) when they went out of their bedroom, (b) where they went, (c) what prompted their travel. Analysis A log–linear analysis and Hests (N=378) served to assess whether the use of social spaces was correlated with the distance between bedrooms and social spaces and to uncover factors influencing this dynamic. Qualitative data were classified through a content analysis. Interjudge agreements, means, and percentages served to summarize results. Key Findings The study identified factors influencing the decisions of nursing home residents about their travel through nursing homes to access social spaces. Such factors included whether residents go to social spaces to take a walk and exercise, to see a new bronze sculpture, or to participate in an activity. Conclusion The study highlights an array of positive behaviors among the residents, benefiting design theory and practice. By providing the right settings, features, and context, designers can encourage walking and the use of social spaces among residents.
Three–Dimensional CAD Use in Interior Design Education and Practice
Authors: McConnell Michelle , Waxman Lisa 
Published: June 2008

Objective The primary objective of the project was to compare the current use of three–dimensional (3D) computer–aided design (CAD) by practicing interior designers with what is being taught in interior design programs in colleges and universities. Information on the current state of computer use by both groups also was gathered. Research Design A survey of interior design educators and practitioners was completed using two questionnaires. The first was mailed to 300 Interior Design Educators Council (DEC) corporate members. The second was mailed to 300 International Interior Design Association (IIDA) members. A response rate of 34% and 40% respectively was achieved. Analysis Frequencies of responses were compared to determine similarities between the two groups. Key Findings Educators responded that 96% of their students used two–dimensional (2D) CAD software to complete all or part of their assigned projects, while 70% of practitioners responded that they regularly used 2D software. Sixty–five percent of educators taught students how to produce 3D objects and wireframe perspectives using CAD software while 49% of practitioners created 3D wireframes. Forty percent of educators and 35% of practitioners created computer–rendered scenes that included the addition of materials and lights. Eighty–three percent of educators and 78% of practitioners believed that computer–rendered perspectives were an important communication tool between interior designers and clients. Eighty–nine percent of educators and 74% of practitioners felt that experience with 3D CAD made students more marketable within the profession. Conclusion The majority of students appear to be adequately prepared in 2D CAD. Educators should continue educating in 3D CAD software as it appears to be a design tool valued by practitioners as well as educators.
Design as Narrative: A Theory of Inhabiting Interior Space
Authors: Ganoe Cathy J. 
Published: June 2008

Objective This paper examines a common method by which people interpret and integrate their experience of environment and make their specific responses known to self and others—the method of personal narrative. The characteristics of narrative structure that help to organize the complex world of people, entities, and events through the language of stories provide a flexible framework for understanding and expanding the meanings of design. Research Design Three theories that examine use of language, experience, and constructed meaning relevant to human environments are reviewed. Narrative theory is the most comprehensive. This paper analyzes the 10 components of narrative and considers how interiors can be evaluated for meaning using similar criteria. Analysis A theoretical structure that utilizes the language of shared cultural meaning and diverse personal interpretation provides a comprehensive method for analyzing the human experience of environment. Interpreting interior space as a narrative adds depth and breadth to the understanding of how environment is psychologically inhabited by the individual. Key Findings A new theoretical framework is derived from narrative structure. It establishes specific design criteria applicable to understanding the human experience of interior space. Using narrative criteria to predict or interpret possible human response to interior design can assist designers in making wise concrete decisions about complex and abstract phenomena. Conclusion Design appears to be very similar to personal narrative as both integrate a complex variety of human and environmental phenomena. Design narrative theory provides a practical and dynamic system for acknowledging the importance of human meaning in interior space.
Litigation in Interior Design: Examining United States Appellate Court Cases in Professional Practice
Authors: Peaslee John E. , James Dennis , Simmons Ramona 
Published: June 2008

Objective To increase knowledge of litigation in interior design professional practice, this study examined the relationship among four time periods occurring between 1969–96 and five variables: (a) occurrence of appellate–level lawsuits; (b) number of designer–defendants and designer–plaintiffs; (c) legal bases of lawsuits; (d) dollar value of amounts sought by litigants; and (e) dollar value of amounts awarded to litigants. A profile of allegations in the appellate–level lawsuits also was completed. Research Design A content analysis of litigation abstracts was completed for 137 appellate–level lawsuits using Westlawr̀, a proprietary on–line database for legal research of court abstracts in the United States. An interdisciplinary team composed of interior designers and an attorney undertook the research. Analysis Analysis of variance, including the Kruskal–Wallis test of medians, and chi–square were calculated to determine levels of probability for five hypotheses. Statistical analyses of the data included rankings of allegations in the lawsuits. Key Findings Appellate–level lawsuits were significantly different among the four time periods for (a) number of lawsuits and (b) legal bases. The time periods were nearing significant difference for dollar amounts awarded to litigants. No significant differences were shown for frequencies of designer–plaintiffs and designer–defendants or for dollar amounts sought by the appellate courts. The majority of allegations focused on disputes regarding payments for merchandise and design services. Conclusion The results suggest that over the length of a professional career, a designer is more likely to be a plaintiff in a lawsuit than a defendant and that the great majority of litigated disputes will focus on contractual issues rather than allegations of tortuous acts, such as professional negligence. The dollar amounts involved in litigation are near minimums for appellate court cases.
Beneath the Surface: A Story of Leadership, Recruitment, and the Hidden Dimensions of Strategic Workplace Design
Authors: Danko Sheila 
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this article is to explore issues related to workplace design and corporate leadership in the 21st century, specifically the strategic leadership initiatives needed to recruit, retain, and motivate talented employees. The research design uses a qualitative research method called narrative or life stories in combination with a traditional case study approach. Cases selected had to be strategic, inspiring/aspiring, authentic, and multivocal. Both design process and design product were examined as well as the impact of design on the individual and the organization. Interview data were collected on site, audio taped, and transcribed verbatim to ensure accuracy. Focused narratives were then generated from the case study interview data. The transcripts were reviewed to identify major issues, recurring themes, and categories of analysis. The raw interview data were then sifted through Labov's six–part framework for organizing and interpreting narratives. The process of evolving the raw interview transcripts into a meaningful story followed Lieblich, Tuval–Mashiach, and Zilber's (1998) holistic–content approach. A story entitled “Beneath the Surface” forms the basis of the results and discussion section, and presents a true account of how workplace design impacted the interview process through the eyes of a young executive recruit. The story revealed that the design of space factored heavily into the new recruit's decision–making process and ultimate acceptance of the position, and that the impacts of the workplace design extended beyond the initial recruitment to have longer–term implications for corporate competitiveness. The narrative also revealed that the chief administrative officer (CAO) and new director of organizational development viewed design as a strategic tool, and that the managing partner used design elements strategically to communicate her divisions’ values and social mission. The story reveals strategic implications of both design process and product for six strategic leadership initiatives thought to impact overall quality of work life, and to enhance recruitment and retention: differentiating quality of life as a competitive edge, aligning individual values with corporate values, building a sense of community, nurturing professional growth and knowledge transfer, communicating social mission, and leaving a legacy of social change. Design was shown to play a supportive role for each of the above leadership initiatives.
Creativity and Narrative in Eva Maddox Associates Design beyond Space
Authors: Portillo Margaret , Dohr Joy H. 
Published: June 2008

This study examined aspects of creativity by interviewing a designer and a client group as they reflected on an award–winning design project and their relationship of nearly two decades. The narrative was constructed from semistructured interviews with key informants and an on–site project analysis. The case selection criteria included (1) a professionally recognized design firm and project, (2) access to multiple sources of evidence, (3) authenticity in the reporting of events, and (4) access to the project site. The interview data were transcribed and the narrative structure was constructed and analyzed. Findings showed that the delivery of traditional design services developed into a pioneering of innovative design initiatives that advanced corporate strategy. The case revealed creativity as developmental, showing a mature and concept–driven foundation. Creativity was characterized as complex, a synthesis of apparently dichotomous traits and processes. Finally, creativity also emerged as strategic, enhancing the identity and memorability of the client's product and services. Thus, a narrative approach to design research more fully captures the complexity of real–world creativity that previous methods helped establish and points toward a progressive model of interior design practice.
Narrative Research in Design Practice: Capturing Mental Models of Work Environments
Authors: Budd Christopher 
Published: June 2008

Within practice, designers are increasingly pressured to establish proofs and utilize quantitative data to guide solutions. Analyzing the human component within an organization, however, may require adopting qualitative research tools that redefine performance beyond the limitations of quantitative tools. This report examines STUDIOS Architecture's use of narrative research in practice. Narrative research is utilized in situations when STUDIOS examines mental models of work environments held by clients and end–users. STUDIOS’ definition of a mental model of work is the set of work–related beliefs, motives, and behaviors from which an organization or individuals operate. Narratives gleaned from a wide range of individuals define the organization within a collective voice. STUDIOS’ approach to narrative is related to holistic–content methodologies (Liebich, Tuval–Mashiach, & Zilber, 1998) and incorporates traditional content analysis (Weber, 1990) to deconstruct and analyze narrative content. A predetermined research scope determines the initial parameters of analysis to be most meaningful to the client. Domains, or categories of meaning, are established to fit the project objectives while patterns within and between these domains are then identified within the narratives to capture mental models of work environments. Narrative research allows the designer and client to discover these tacit models and make inferences as to the connection of beliefs, motives, and behaviors to the physical environment. Future exploration in adapting narrative research methods for design, within both education and practice, will increase the body of knowledge that informs design, allowing the designer to better understand the relationship between people and the workplace.
Home as an Alternative Workplace: Negotiating the Spatial and Behavioral Boundaries between Home and Work
Authors: Magee Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2008

Objective As society moves toward flexible work patterns and integrated lifestyles, people working at home are changing their residential environments to support their work activities and meet their psychological needs. This study was conducted to understand how full–time homeworkers define their office space and maintain a functioning family environment through applying the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and control. Research Design Both a quantitative and a qualitative method of investigation were employed. Surveys determined how homeworkers set up their offices, and in–depth interviews explored behavioral issues within the physical context of the home. Analysis The theoretical basis for the study originated from Barker's (1968) behavior setting theory and Taylor's (1988) territorial functioning theory. The survey information was analyzed to calculate percentage quantities and test relationships. The qualitative information was gathered through field research and presented as a series of case studies. Key Findings A mismatch was found between the residential environment and the patterns of work. Behavioral issues were given more significance than aesthetic and functional conditions of the physical space. Spatial boundaries were used more often than temporal boundaries to distinguish work from home. A conflict between sociability and individuality also emerged; the delineation of the office space affected people's perception of being pulled into family life or isolated to work. Conclusion The findings illuminate the need for new housing where the office is an integral part of the residence. The integration of home and work can only occur through a careful negotiation of space and provisions for desired levels of interaction and privacy.
The Citation Gap: Documenting Creative Scholarship
Authors: Kotsiopulos Antigone , Birdsong Craig 
Published: June 2008

Issue While creative scholarship is increasingly recognized in the evaluation of interior design faculty, there is currently no standardized criteria for the documentation of juried shows and exhibitions’ important methods in evaluating creative scholarship. Application Administrators in institutions of higher education could better support interior design educators if creative scholarship were cited in a consistent format and parallel to more traditional research citations. Goal The goal is to develop a citation format for juried shows and exhibitions. Description The authors reviewed various style manuals and peer institutions to identify various methods of documenting creative and artistic works in order to determine a common method for documenting and citing juried shows and exhibitions. Conclusion Use of a consistent and comprehensive format for documenting and citing creative scholarship will help establish its importance to interior design as well as other professions.
Learning Styles of Interior Design Students as Assessed by the Gregorc Style Delineator
Authors: Watson Stephanie A. , Thompson Cecelia 
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the preferred learning style of undergraduate students majoring in interior design. The Gregorc Style Delineator, a self–report instrument to determine learning style, was administered to 147 undergraduate interior design students enrolled in Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) accredited programs located within the Southwest Region of the United States. To determine the dominant learning style of undergraduate interior design students, frequency distributions were compiled. Overall, the most important finding in this study was the diversity of learning styles among interior design students. Not only were all learning styles represented in the sample, but 49% of students exhibited dominance in more than one style—unlike the results of previous studies with non interior design students. The most common learning styles found among interior design students are a logical and hands–on learning style, known as Concrete Sequential, and a combination of experimental, imaginative, and people–oriented learning styles, known as Concrete Random/Abstract Random. Diversity in student learning styles supports the argument for the need for instructors to have a repertoire of teaching methods. Instructors should be knowledgeable in learning style theory, should know their own learning style, and should be able to teach using a variety of styles.
Collaborative Links with K–12: Proposed Model Integrating Interior Design with National Education Standards
Authors: Clemons Stephanie A. 
Published: June 2008

The future of our profession may be dependent upon our interest today in tomorrows adults. Many youth are entering college without an awareness of the interior design profession and its contributions to quality of life. If interior design professionals become involved in elementary and secondary education (K–l2), youths may be attracted and knowledgeable about the profession's contributions, assuring its continued vitality and growth. Although case studies of professional involvement have been reported, a plan has yet to be proposed outlining a cohesive approach integrating interior design into K–l2 educational curriculum. This study develops an integrative model of interior design involvement in elementary and secondary education addressing two national movements: school–to–work (a work–based model) and national education reform (an educational model) offering three levels of participation for interior design professionals. The strength of the model lies in linking the use of experiential, learning–based activities including internships, field trips, simulations, and exercises typically incorporated in post–secondary programs of interior design and the collaborative efforts inclusive of teaming required by interior design professionals. Involvement through collaborations with interior design professionals and industry partners with youth in K–l2 curricula presents an opportunity for accurate representation of the profession, its facets and significant contributions in shaping the built environment contributing to the health, safely and well–being of the population. Such partnerships create multiple benefits for the future of the profession and the community at large.
The Role of the Physical Environment in Supporting Organizational Creativity
Authors: Vithayathawornwong Supaporn , Danko Sheila , Tolbert Pamela 
Published: June 2008

Creativity has been underscored as a key factor to organizational adaptability and competitiveness in today's rapidly changing business environment. Designing as well as managing work environments that facilitate creativity have therefore received growing attention, resulting in a multitude of research examining the social–psychological work environment. Few studies, however, have focused on the contribution of the physical work environment to supporting creativity in the workplace. This study focuses on the role of the physical environment in supporting creativity in organizations by identifying specific physical features and attributes of the work environment perceived to promote or inhibit creativity. The research design compares four organizations publicly acclaimed for their innovative social–psychological work environments, but which are distinctly different in terms of the physical work environment. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by means of survey questionnaires (N = 130). Results indicate that the physical work environment exerts indirect influence on creativity by contributing to two significant social–psychological conditions that are conducive to creativity, namely dynamism and freedom. The study specifies attributes of the physical work environment perceived to be positively and negatively associated with both of these conditions.