bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dehulling cottonseed and separating kernels and hulls: Comparison of several varieties of seed
Authors: Clark S. P. , Wiederhold L. R. , Cater C. M. , Mattil K. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe proteinaceous components of cottonseed can be converted into several different forms for use in human food. All of them require nearly complete separation of kernels and hulls. In research on improving separation processes, eight multiton lots of cottonseed were processed through pilot size commercial‐type dehulling and kernel‐hull separating machinery. The machinery was operated to produce the cleanest separations possible. Each lot of seed was from a different variety of cotton. For six of the lots, seed were delinted to 2 levels of ca. 7.0 and 2.5% residual linters; and separate dehulling runs were made on seed of each level. Weak hulled seeds were the only lots showing any important differences in dehulling characteristics. They produced higher yields of coarse kernels than the other lots. In terms of nearly pure kernels, good results were obtained with all lots. Yields of kernels averaging 90% of the total kernels from each variety were concentrated into a product which contained less than 1.0% hulls. These products could be converted into meals of more than 55% protein and less than 3% crude fiber. With the addition of a specific gravity separator to the process, loose hulls in coarse kernels can be reduced to nearly zero.
System for production of high and low protein dispersibility index edible extracted soybean flakes
Authors: Milligan E. D. , Suriano J. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA standard flash desolventizing system has been combined with horizontal agitated meal stripping and cooking vessels operating at atmospheric pressure to provide an integrated system for the production of high, intermediate, or low protein dispersability index edible soybean flakes from extracted solvent‐wet flakes. Flash desolventizing removes most of the hexane in the wet flakes by evaporation at low temperature in a turbulent stream of superheated hexane vapor. The small remaining hexane quantity is removed in a stripping process capable of producing the full range of protein dispersability index values in the flakes by treating the flash desolventized flakes with either dry superheated steam or wet saturated steam under carefully controlled conditions of steam temperature, pressure, flow rate, and moisture content. The products are light colored, with little production of fine particles.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: IV. Use of hexane‐acetic acid
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHexane and mixtures of hexane and 2–25% acetic acid (v/v) were used to prepare oil and protein from glanded cottonseed by solvent extraction. As the amount of acetic acid in the solvent increased, the amounts of total lipid, phospholipid, neutral oil, and gossypol in each miscella increased, but the amount of free fatty acids did not change significantly. However, the solubility of protein in 0.02N NaOH decreased as the amount of acetic acid in the solvent used to prepare each meal increased. Other aspects of using acidified hexane are described.
Physical properties and aflatoxin content of individual cateye fluorescent cottonseeds
Authors: Koltun S. P. , Gardner H. K. , Dollear F. G. , Rayner E. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe density and aflatoxin content of individual cateye fluorescent cottonseeds have been investigated. In general, higher average levels of aflatoxin contamination were found among the lower density seeds. However, significant amounts of aflatoxins were detected in a few of the higher density seeds. Subjective evaluation of color and texture of disected kernels indicated a predominance of poor quality seeds at the lower densities. Visually determined physical characteristics, however, were not indicative of the presence or absence of aflatoxins.
Determination of tocopherols, sterols, and steryl esters in vegetable oil distillates and residues
Authors: Feeter D. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA twofold technique for determination of tocopherols and a gas liquid chromatography procedure for determination of sterols and steryl esters are described. Incorporated herein are a modified Emmerie‐Engel procedure for total tocopherols and gas liquid chromatographic analysis for tocopherols and sterols as their propionate esters. The approach is directly applicable to quality control and production use.
Study on skin roughness caused by surfactants: I. A new method in vivo for evaluation of skin roughness
Authors: Imokawa G. , Sumura K. , Katsumi M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple and accurate method for evaluating skin roughness caused by surfactants has been developed. The intensities of the roughness have been correlated with the chemical structures of surfactants by using this method. Results indicated in general, that the surfactants having 12 carbons in their alkyl chain gave the skin more roughness than did those which had more or less than 12. The results obtained by this method were in good agreement with those from the immersion method usually used.
Lipids of seven cereal grains
Authors: Price P. B. , Parsons J. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGrain samples of representative varieties of barley, corn, oats, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat grown commercially in the north central US were analyzed. Chemical constituents of the varieties studied are presented to provide an overview of their characteristics.Lipids of the milled grain samples were solvent extracted, classified by silicic acid column chromatography, and separated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was determined by gas liquid chromatography and the fatty acid content was determined by saponification and extraction.Total lipid content of the grains ranged from 2.3% for ‘Polk’ wheat to 6.6% for ‘Chief’ oats. Lipid composition varied considerably. The row crops, corn and sorghum, have a high neutral lipid and low glycolipid content. The small grain varieties have a more balanced distribution among neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition of the total lipid was similar for all grains. Minor qualitative differences were noted among the lipid classes of the 7 cereals.
Lubricants and lubricant additives: II. Performance characteristics of some substituted fatty acid esters
Authors: Magne F. C. , Mod R. R. , Sumrell G. , Koos R. E. , Parker W. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSixty‐one compounds, principally substituted fatty esters of mono‐ and polyhydric alcohols, but including some amides and two imidazolidines, were prepared and evaluated as lubricants and lubricant additives for paraffin and diester base oils. The effects of chloro, phosphato, phosphorodithio, thio, epithio, mercapto, and sulfuryl substituents, alone and in certain combinations, on the performances of the compounds as antiwear and extreme pressure lubricants were investigated. The epithio (thiirane) group was the most effective and consistent in enhancing extreme pressure and antiwear performances of the compounds as additives. Sulfurized and chloro‐sulfone derivatives also were effective, but perhaps somewhat less predictably so, than the epithio derivatives. The phosphato and phosphorodithio derivatives were good, consistent, antiwear additives, but only the latter seemed potentially useful for improving extreme pressure lubrication. Structure‐performance correlations favor use of the esters over the amides.
Acyl esters from oxo‐derived hydroxymethylstearates as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Neff W. E. , Thomas F. L. , Khoe T. H. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHydroxymethylstearates were made by hydroformylation or oxo reaction of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fats and esters with either rhodium‐triphenylphosphine or cobalt carbonyl catalysts. Rhodium‐oxo products were hydrogenated with nickel catalyst, whereas, cobalt‐oxo products were heated directly under hydrogen pressure. Hydroxymethyl fatty alcohols also were prepared by a two‐step copper‐chromite hydrogenation of hydroformylated linseed fatty esters. Of these hydroxymethyl compounds, 39 were converted to their acetates and other acyloxy derivatives and then evaluated as primary plasticizers for polyvinylchloride. For compounds with good compatibility, methyl 9(10)‐acetoxymethylstearate and 9(10)‐acetoxymethyloctadecyl acetate gave the lowest flex temperature (−47 C). An unusual combination of good compatibility and low flex temperature was obtained with 2‐methoxyethyl 9(10)‐acetoxymethylstearate. Addition of more than one acetoxymethyl group in the fatty acid molecule, made possible by rhodium hydroformylation, imparted good compatibility and outstanding permanence (low migration and volatility) but raised flex temperature. Butyl diacetoxymethylstearate, methyl triacetoxymethylstearate, and polyacetoxymethyloctadecyl acetate from linseed esters displayed good compatibility, strength, and volatility characteristics. As glycerides, acetoxymethylated safflower and linseed oils produced good compatibility and outstanding permanence, better than esters commonly used as commercial plasticizers.
Differential scanning calorimetry of palm kernel oil products
Authors: Rossell J. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA variety of fractionated and hydrogenated fats were derived from a commercial sample of Malayan palm kernel oil. These were studied by differential scanning calorimetry at different rates of cooling and heating. The resulting thermograms, and latent heats derived from them, were compared with one another and with underlying triglyceride compositions. This enabled three potential interpretations of the thermograms to be compared. The shapes of the cooling thermograms were most complicated, and dependent on the influence of the spontaneous crystallization, which followed supercooling when cooling rates of 8 C per min or more were imposed. Triglyceride composition had a less significant influence on the shapes of the curves, while polymorphism had almost no influence. The cooling thermograms, thus, are more complicated than heating thermograms, a conclusion at variance with one expressed elsewhere. The dynamic nature of the differential scanning calorimetry method is highlighted by the results of this work, and it is concluded that there are dangers in conducting differential scanning calorimetry studies at a single rate of temperature change.
Effects of refining and bleaching on oxidative stability of sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSunflowerseed oils extracted from seed grown in the northern and southern US were laboratory refined and bleached with 1 and 3% activated clay. The crude, refined, and bleached oils were heated for four 8‐hr days. Samples of oil were taken daily and active oxygen method values determined. In addition, “Ple‐zrs,” a porous, fat free snack item, were fried in the oils at the end of each day and stored for 5 weeks. Plots of the log of the active oxygen method values versus the number of hr the oil had been heated were straight lines, the slope of which reflected the oxidative stability of the oil on heating. The lack of change in slopes for the southern oils indicated that oxidative stability after heating was not changed markedly by refining or bleaching. Two samples of northern oil, the refined and oil bleached with 1% activated clay, showed an increase in oxidative stability on heating but a lowering of overall stability. The peroxide values of the oils expressed from the stored “Ple‐zrs” indicated that the southern oil was slower than the northern oil to oxidize on storage in a fried product.
Fatty acid composition of oleaster pulp and pit oils
Authors: Farrohi F. , Mehran M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFatty acid compositions of oleaster pulp and pit oils were determined by gas chromatography in 4 samples of different varieties. Pit oils were highly unsaturated, containing >90% linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids, as well as traces of palmitoleic acid. Saturated fatty acids consisted of palmitic and stearic acids with traces of arachidic acid. Pulp oils showed fatty acid compositions entirely different from that of pit oils. They contained 9 saturated fatty acids, C12 to C24, some of them with high quantities, up to 34.9%, of the total fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic, with low quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids composed about one‐third of the total fatty acids.
Precipitation of nonionic surfactants by polymeric acid
Authors: Saito Shuji , Taniguchi Takumi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNonionic surfactants of the polyethylene oxide type are precipitated by carboxy vinyl polymer (CVP) in its acid form. While the reduced viscosity of the CVP solution is affected more markedly by a surfactant with a longer polyethylene oxide chain, the binding to CVP of the nonionic surfactants with the same hydrophobic parts occurs more effectively with shortening of the polyethylene oxide chain or with lowering of the critical micelle concentration. The structure of the complexes formed is discussed.
Hyperchlorinated fatty acids: II. Photochlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride, reaction study
Authors: Chals M. , Perron R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe free radical chlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride was studied with variation of the chlorine flow rate, the active light intensity and the initial fatty acid concentration. In addition the variation of temperature with time was measured. The chlorine flow rate affects only the reaction time and modifies neither the chlorine content of the products obtained nor the yield, approximating 100%. On the other hand, the initial fatty acid concentration seems to be the prime factor determining the chlorine content of the products. Similarly, the onset of the polymerization of the chlorinated monomers depends essentially on the initial fatty acid concentration. These polymers are probably chlorinated polyesters. This behavior can be explained by the incursion of radical ions RCOO·+ resulting from irradiation of exciplexes formed by interaction between the more or less highly chlorinated fatty acid and the solvent. These interactions take place when the fundamental complex occupies a critical volume, which depends on the acid concentration.
Distribution of fatty acids during germination of soybean seeds
Authors: Joshi A. C. , Chopra B. K. , Collins L. C. , Doctor V. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGas chromatographic determination of the fatty acids in the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) showed mainly linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids with linoleic acid being the major component. Changes in the distribution of fatty acids were measured during germination in the cotyledons and roots. A decrease in palmitic and oleic acids was observed in the cotyledons from 6 to 12 days, while linoleic acid increased during the same period. In roots also, the major fatty acid was linoleic acid, while palmitic and linolenic acids were higher in roots in comparison with the cotyledons. During the 3–12 days of germination period, no major changes in the distribution pattern of fatty acids were observed in the roots. The possible significance of these changes is discussed.
Epimino derivatives from β‐lodoazides
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A. , Schmeltz I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe preparation of the epimino derivatives of oleyl alcohol and methyl oleate by a two‐step procedure has been studied. The procedure utilized the addition of iodine azide to the unsaturated compound, followed by reductive cyclization to the aziridine. For the latter step, several hydride‐reducing agents and direct hydrogenation over metal catalysts were investigated. Comparison of the various methods studied showed that the best yields of epimino derivatives were obtained with lithium aluminum hydride, whereas direct hydrogenation gave the poorest yield. The reaction of the β‐iodoazide adducts with trimethyl phosphite was also investigated and was shown to give rise to the dialkylphosphonoaziridinyl derivative of the starting olefin.
Automated determination of silicate and carbonates in detergents
Authors: Babulak S. W. , Gildenberg L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe analysis of silicate and carbonate builders in detergents is time consuming by standard gravimetric procedures (1,2). By modifying established Technicon AutoAnalyzer methods, rapid and simple methods of analyzing these detergent builders have been achieved. Standard AutoAnalyzer modules, arranged for colorimetric analysis, are used, and 10–15 samples per hour can be handled. In the silicate analysis, an aqueous solution of the sample is reacted with ammonium molybdate in an acid medium to form silicomolybdic acid. This acid is partially reduced by ascrobic acid forming the pentavalent molybdenum blue complex. The carbonate method is based upon the evolution of carbon dioxide gas, which is reacted with a buffered phenolpthalein solution. The color intensity of the system is inversely proportional to the carbon dioxide concentration. When a blend of carbonate and bicarbonate is present in the sample, analysis before and after heating is required.
Sources of error in determination of available lysine in cottonseed and peanut meals
Authors: Frampton V. L. , Kuck J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExperiments were made to identify the sources of error in the Rao procedure for available lysine in cottonseed and peanut meals and to estimate the magnitude of each. The partition of squares in analyses of variance of the data reported revealed that the major error can be attributed to sampling. The variances due to other possible sources of error, such as dinitrophenylation, hydrolysis, chromatography, etc., were not significantly different from the error variance, which (after the sampling error is accounted for) corresponds to confidence limits at the 5% level of probability of ±0.5% of the mean of the available lysine concentration.
Participation of singlet oxygen in photosensitized oxidation of 1,4‐dienoic systems and photooxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Clements A. H. , Van Den Engh R. H. , Frost D. J. , Hoogenhout K. , Nooi J. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSensitized photooxidation of a model 1,4‐diene, 4cis, 7cis‐undecadiene, was shown to yield 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7cis‐undecadiene and 5‐hydroperoxy‐3trans,7cis‐undecadiene as initial products. Further irradiation (in the presence of the sensitizer) caused the isomerization of 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7cis‐undecadiene to 4‐hydroperoxy‐5trans,7trans‐undecadiene. Oxidation of 4cis,7cis‐undecadiene with chemically formed singlet oxygen gave the same initial products as the photosensitized oxidation. 5‐Hydroperoxy‐3trans,7cis‐undecadiene is, however, not formed in the radical autoxidation of the diene. It is concluded that singlet oxygen is the reactive intermediate in the photooxidation. Comparison with this model reaction suggests that the photooxidation of refined soybean oil in propanol also proceeds via singlet oxygen: the photooxidations of both 4,7‐undecadiene and soybean oil are inhibited by β‐carotene and by triethylamine, but unlike radical chain autoxidation, they are not inhibited by 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol. Also soybean oil can act as a sensitizer for the photooxidation of 4,7‐undecadiene. Chlorophyl‐like sensitizers are probably unimportant in the well refined soybean oil used in this work. The observed photooxidation of the skipped dienoic components of soybean oil, which is probably due to some other, unidentified sensitizer(s), absorbing below 500 nm, can be avoided by using a yellow filter.
Polyurethane foams from hydroxymethylated fatty diethanolamides
Authors: Khoe T. H. , Otey F. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSatisfactory rigid polyurethane foams were prepared from diethanolamides of hydroxymethylated oleate, linseed oil, safflower oil and their methyl esters. These foams were improved when the fatty polyols were blended with a commercial, low molecular weight polyol.
Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Field inoculation of bolls byAspergillus flavus spores in wind‐driven soil
Authors: Lee L. S. , Lee L. V. , Russell T. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConditions typical of an Arizona monsoon were mimicked in the field to inoculate cotton plants withAspergillus flavus. Spores, mixed with autoclaved local soil, were blown onto cotton plants having bolls at all stages of maturity, using a modified commercial leaf blower. Half the plants were sprayed with water following inoculation. After one month, plants were pulled and the position of bolls mapped. All bolls were examined for bright‐green‐yellow fluorescence (BGYF) of lint, and ginned seeds from each boll were assayed for aflatoxin. Control non‐wetted, non‐inoculated bolls had no BGYF lint and no aflatoxin‐containing seed. In contrast, 15% of the bolls from wetted, inoculated plants exhibited BGYF; 18% of these BGYF bolls had toxin. Only 3% of the non‐wetted bolls had BGYF lint and none contained toxin. Lower bolls (fully fluffed at inoculation) were not infected, nor were upper bolls (flower stage at inoculation). Infection occurred only in bolls that had opened during the 30 days following inoculation. While the position of BGYF bolls on naturally contaminated plants was the same as for the inoculated, the ratio of toxic bolls to BGYF bolls was different. All BGYF bolls from plants naturally contaminated withA. flavus contained aflatoxin.
Aflatoxin inactivation of undelinted cottonseed by ammoniation
Authors: Koltun Stanley P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe inactivation of aflatoxin in cottonseed products has been restricted principally to ammoniation of cottonseed meal. More recently, attention has been focused on the feasibility of ammoniating whole cottonseed as a feed for ruminants. Preliminary work is presented on treatment with gaseous ammonia of undelinted (fuzzy) cottonseed containing an average of 1,500 µg/kg total aflatoxins. These seed were treated with 4% anhydrous ammonia (w/w) for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 66 C to 82 C. The data obtained in this study indicate that inactivation of aflatoxins in undelinted whole cottonseed may be accomplished using processing conditions comparable to those proposed for cottonseed meal.
Lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of palm oil
Authors: Khor H. T. , Tan N. H. , Chua C. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hydrolysis of palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin, soybean oil, corn oil and peanut oil by the commercial lipase fromCandida rugosa (formerly known asC. cylindracea) was studied. The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of palm oil by the lipase were established. The lipase fromC. rugosa exhibits an optimal activity at 37 C and at pH 7.5. The optimal oil to hexane ratio is 1 g of oil to 0.5 ml hexane. The rate of hydrolysis of palm oil by the lipase is linear on a logarithmic scale. Under the same conditions, palm oil and palm olein were hydrolyzed at the same rate, whereas palm stearin was hydrolyzed much more slowly.
A comparative fatty acid profile of seeds rich in oleic and linoleic acid with corresponding calli
Authors: Pandey Banibrata , Mandal Sukla , Gadgil D. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparative study was made of the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from cotyledons and the corresponding calli of five species ofSolanum and two varieties ofCarthamus tinctorius. The investigation revealed a closer resemblance in the fatty acid composition of callus cells than that of the cotyledons of different species ofSolanum; inC. tinctorius fatty acid composition of calli was influenced by the character of the original material from which calli were derived.