bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent Ratings of Behavior in Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and IQ‐Matched Controls
Authors: Mattson Sarah N. , Riley Edward P. 
Published: May 2006

Background:Behavioral disturbances are well documented in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. However, the degree to which these disturbances are related to factors other than alcohol, such as general intellectual functioning or socioeconomic status, is not known.Methods:Using the Child Behavior Checklist, parent‐rated behaviors of children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were compared with those of a control group matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and verbal IQ score. Using this same questionnaire, children with fetal alcohol syndrome were compared with children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure that did not meet the criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome classification.Results:Data were analyzed by multivariate analyses of covariance. In the comparison of children with and without a history of prenatal alcohol exposure, significant differences were found on the competence, problem, and summary scales (all p < 0.05). For the secondary comparison between the fetal alcohol syndrome and the heavy prenatal alcohol exposure groups, there were no significant differences on any of the scales (all p > 0.10).Conclusions:These results suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure results in the significant and profound impairment of parent‐rated behaviors and that these deficits are not explained entirely by the presence or absence of facial dysmorphology, general intellectual functioning, or demographic factors.
Autoimmune Responses Against Oxidant Stress and Acetaldehyde‐Derived Epitopes in Human Alcohol Consumers
Authors: Viitala Katja , Makkonen Kati , Israel Yedy , Lehtimäki Terho , Jaakkola Olli , Koivula Timo , Blake Joan E. , Niemelä Onni 
Published: May 2006

Background: Studies in experimental animals have indicated that chronic ethanol ingestion triggers the formation of antibodies directed against proteins modified with reactive metabolites of ethanol and products of lipid peroxidation. However, the nature and prevalence of such antibodies have not been compared previously in alcoholic patients.Methods: Autoantibodies against adducts with acetaldehyde‐ (AA), malondialdehyde‐ (MDA), and oxidized epitopes (Ox) were examined from sera of 54 alcohol consumers with (n= 28) or without (n= 26) liver disease, and from 20 nondrinking controls.Results: Anti‐AA‐adduct IgA and IgG antibodies were elevated in 64% and 31% of patients with biopsy‐proven alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n= 28), respectively. The IgA titers were significantly higher than those from nondrinking controls (p < 0.001), or heavy drinkers without significant liver disease (p < 0.001). Anti‐MDA adduct titers (IgG) were elevated in 70% of the ALD patients. These titers were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those from nondrinking controls, or heavy drinkers without liver disease. Antibodies (IgG) against Ox epitopes occurred in 43% of ALD patients, and the titers also were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those from nondrinking controls. The anti‐AA and anti‐MDA adduct titers in ALD patients correlated significantly with the combined clinical and laboratory index (CCLI) of liver disease severity (rs= 0.449, p < 0.05; rs= 0.566, p < 0.01, respectively), the highest prevalences of anti‐AA‐adducts (73%) and anti‐MDA‐adducts (76%) occurring in ALD patients with cirrhosis.Conclusions: The present results indicated that autoantibodies against several distinct types of protein modifications are generated in ALD patients showing an association with the severity of liver disease.
Dopaminergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice Differ in Sensitivity to Ethanol Excitation
Authors: Brodie Mark S. , Appel Sarah B. 
Published: May 2006

Background: The mesolimbic dopamine pathway that originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is important for the rewarding effects of ethanol. Ethanol has been shown to excite dopaminergic neurons of the VTA, both in vivo and in vitro, in rats. Behavioral differences in the rewarding effects of ethanol have been observed between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. The present electrophysiological study examined the effect of ethanol on individual dopaminergic VTA neurons from these two inbred mouse strains.Methods: Extracellular single unit recordings of spontaneous action potentials were made from dopaminergic VTA neurons in brain slices from either C57BL/6J or DBA/2J mice. Ethanol (10 to 160 mM) was administered in the superfusate and the mean change in firing rate produced by ethanol was measured.Results: There was no significant difference in basal spontaneous firing rate of dopaminergic VTA neurons between these two mouse strains. Ethanol caused a concentration‐dependent increase in the firing rate of neurons from both mouse strains. Ethanol excited dopaminergic VTA neurons from DBA/2J mice more potently than those from C57BL/6J mice.Conclusions: The difference in sensitivity to ethanol excitation of dopaminergic VTA neurons in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice may contribute to differences in their behavioral response to ethanol. The fact that a given concentration of ethanol causes greater excitation of dopaminergic VTA (reward) neurons in DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice could explain why DBA/2J mice show much stronger place preference conditioning with ethanol. The higher voluntary intake of ethanol by C57BL/6J mice may be partly due to the insensitivity of their dopaminergic VTA neurons that requires them to drink a lot of ethanol to achieve sufficient excitation of reward neurons, whereas DBA/2J mice avoid oral ingestion of ethanol, despite its rewarding effect, because of their aversion to its taste.
Reduction of Perforin, Granzyme B, and Cytokine Interferon γ by Ethanol in Male Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Dokur Madhavi , Boyadjieva Nadka I. , Sarkar Dipak K. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Chronic alcohol consumption can impair the immune system and predispose individuals to an increased risk of cancer and infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are the first line of defense against viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and play an important role in cellular resistance to malignancy and tumor metastasis. We have shown previously that ethanol administration suppresses NK cell cytolytic activity in male Fischer rats. This study analyzed the effects of ethanol on perforin, granzyme B, and the cytokine interferon (IFN)‐γ, factors that modulate NK cell cytolytic activity, to understand the molecular mechanism involved in ethanol's suppression of NK cell activity.Methods: A group of male Fischer rats was fed an ethanol‐containing diet (8.7% v/v), whereas a control group was pair‐fed an isocaloric diet. At the end of 2 weeks, animals were decapitated, and spleen tissues were immediately removed and used for analysis of NK cell cytolytic activity, perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein levels. The mRNA levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of these factors were analyzed by Western blot, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, or enzymatic activity assay.Results: Ethanol reduced the NK cell cytolytic activity and decreased the mRNA expression of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ in ethanol‐fed animals when compared with pair‐fed animals. Ethanol also significantly reduced the protein levels of perforin and IFN‐γ and the enzyme activity of granzyme B in alcohol‐fed animals as compared with pair‐fed animals.Conclusions: These data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption may suppress NK cell cytolytic activity in male Fischer rats by decreasing the production, activity, or both of granzyme B, perforin, and IFN‐γ.
Developmental Binge Exposure to Ethanol and Artificial Rearing Do Not Affect the Social Transfer of Diet Preference
Authors: Girard T. A. , Hung V. , Patel S. , Ward G. R. , Wainwright P. E. 
Published: May 2006

Background: A previous study reported no effect of binge exposure to ethanol during the brain growth spurt on the social acquisition of enhanced diet preference in male rats. The objective of this study was to replicate this finding by using the artificial rearing technique and to investigate whether delay‐dependent mnemonic deficits previously observed in the water maze would extend to social memory of diet preference. We also addressed whether this naturalistic behavior was dependent on the presentation of diet odor in the context of a rat‐produced component in ethanol‐exposed rats, as it is in normal controls.Methods: Male rat pups were reared artificially from postnatal days 5 to 18, during which (postnatal days 6–9) they were fed either 6.5 g/kg/day of ethanol in a binge model or an isocaloric maltose‐dextrin solution (gastrostomy controls). A third suckled control group was reared normally. These test rats were allowed to interact with conspecifics that had previously consumed a distinctive diet, X. Subsequently, the experimental rats were provided a choice between two novel diets, one of which was X, after delays of 0 hr (experiment 1), 24 hr, and 4 weeks (experiment 2). In experiment 3, the rats were again given the two‐choice preference test, but after exposure to the diet odor alone.Results: All groups demonstrated a significant preference for the socially cued diet in experiments 1 and 2, and the strength of this inclination remained consistent across the 0‐hr, 24‐hr, and 4‐week retention intervals. Moreover, all groups demonstrated sensitivity to the social context of this task, as shown by a lesser preference for the diet exposed alone in experiment 3.Conclusions: Intact performance on the ethologically meaningful diet‐preference test supports specificity in the cognitive/behavioral effects of developmental exposure to ethanol. Interestingly, early isolation, as experienced in the artificial‐rearing procedure, also did not impair performance on this social task.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Alters the Responsiveness of the Rat Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis to Nitric Oxide
Authors: Lee Soon , Blanton Cynthia A. , Rivier Catherine 
Published: May 2006

Background: Prenatal alcohol exposure is known to cause hyperactivity of the mature offspring's hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. We have recently shown that hypothalamic neurons that produce corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), the peptide that represents the major adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretagogue, display increased responses to various stimuli in prenatal alcohol‐exposed (E), compared to control (C) rats. CRF‐producing perikarya are regulated, in part, by nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule whose function is also modified by prenatal alcohol exposure. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to test the hypothesis that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with alterations in NO‐stimulated ACTH secretion.Methods: Adult male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats exposed to alcohol in utero were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with the vehicle or the NO donor 3‐morpholino‐sydnonimine (SIN‐1; 20 or 50 μg). ACTH levels were measured in blood samples collected from indwelling jugular cannulae at 15, 30 and 45 min following injection. Brains were obtained 45 and 90 min after SIN‐1 injection and processed for in situ hybridization.Results: Compared to males, both C and E females exhibited a significantly (p < 0.01) larger ACTH response to SIN‐1 (20 μg). Prenatal alcohol treatment enhanced SIN‐1‐induced ACTH release in all E animals, but this difference only reached statistical significance (p < 0.01) in males. This prenatal influence was also observed in the significantly (p < 0.01) larger SIN‐1‐induced increase in transcripts for the immediate early gene nerve growth factor induced protein B (NGFI‐B) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the males', but not females' hypothalamus.Conclusions: The ability of increased brain NO levels to release ACTH and stimulate PVN neuronal activity is enhanced in adult male rats exposed to alcohol prenatally. These data support the hypothesis that alterations in HPA axis activity in adult offspring of alcohol‐exposed dams may be related to changes in hypothalamic responsiveness to NO.
Induction of CYP3A by Ethanol in Multiple In Vitro and In Vivo Models
Authors: Feierman Dennis E. , Melinkov Zoya , Nanji Amin A. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Cytochrome P‐450 3A (CYP3A) is responsible for the metabolism of numerous therapeutic agents. The content of CYP3A seems to be affected by ethanol ingestion. Because ethanol is used widely, its potential interaction with CYP3A is of great interest. The effects of ethanol on CYP3A content and activity were assessed in different in vivo and in vitro models.Methods: Rats fed either the Lieber‐DeCarli ethanol‐containing diet or an ethanol and liquid diet via the intragastric tube feeding method were used. Additionally, HepG2 cell lines that constitutively and stably express human CYP3A4 were constructed to study ethanol interactions with CYP3A4.Results: In all models tested, ethanol induced CYP3A activity and content, as assessed by the metabolism of fentanyl, a sensitive and specific CYP3A substrate, and Western blot analysis, respectively. In the CYP3A4‐expressing HepG2 cell line, incubation with ethanol caused a dose‐dependent increase in CYP3A4 activity. Ethanol also increased messenger RNA levels of CYP3A4. In the HepG2‐CYP3A4 line, incubation with cycloheximide caused a decrease in fentanyl metabolism secondary to a decrease in CYP3A4 levels; this decrease was prevented by coincubation of cycloheximide with ethanol.Conclusions: Ethanol induced CYP3A activity and content both in vitro and in vivo. There may be multiple mechanisms of induction of CYP3A4 by ethanol, including stabilization of messenger RNA and protein. Ethanol‐induced increases in both the protein level and activity of CYP3A4 may play a role that might be of pathophysiological or clinical significance.
Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine Reproduces the Antiapoptotic Actions of Polyenylphosphatidylcholine Against Ethanol‐Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis
Authors: Mak Ki M. , Wen Kefeng , Ren Chaoling , Lieber Charles S. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), a mixture of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines extracted from soybeans, attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis induced by ethanol feeding of rats. Our aims were to evaluate whether dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), the main component of PPC, reproduces the antiapoptotic actions of PPC against alcohol‐induced apoptosis and to identify the apoptotic proteins that are affected by PPC and DLPC.Methods: Rats were fed Lieber‐DeCarli liquid diets containing ethanol (35% of energy) or an isocaloric amount of carbohydrate for 4 weeks. Another group of rats were given the ethanol diet supplemented with PPC (3 g/liter) or DLPC (1.5 and 3 g/liter). Hepatocyte apoptosis was assessed by terminal transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining and by caspase 3 enzyme activity. Activity of caspases 3 and 9 was assayed by using fluorogenic peptide substrates. Cytochrome c was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The protein contents of cytochrome c, procaspase 3, caspase 3, Bcl‐xL, and Bax were analyzed by Western blot and quantified by densitometry. Lobular localization of active caspase 3 was examined by immunoperoxidase staining.Results: PPC and DLPC decreased ethanol‐induced increases in hepatocyte apoptosis, cytosolic cytochrome c, and caspase 3 content and its activity. Caspase 3 activity correlated with the number of apoptotic hepatocytes. Active caspase 3 was present predominantly in perivenular hepatocytes, and ethanol feeding extended it to lobular hepatocytes; this ethanol effect was reduced by PPC and DLPC. Ethanol significantly decreased Bcl‐xL in homogenate, mitochondria, and cytosol, and there was a trend for increased Bcl‐xL in these fractions after PPC and DLPC supplementation. Microsomal Bcl‐xL did not differ between treatment groups. Bax was detected in homogenate and cytosol, and its level was not affected by ethanol.Conclusions: DLPC, at a dose contained in PPC, reproduces the antiapoptotic actions of PPC through a reduction in cytosolic cytochrome c concentration and caspase 3 activity, possibly in association with up‐regulation of Bcl‐xL expression. Because DLPC is a pure and well defined compound, it may be more suitable than PPC for intervention against alcohol‐induced apoptosis.
Database Requirements for Epidemiological Estimates of Radiation Risks in Continuously Exposed Populations
Authors: Mayya Y. S. , Joshi P. V. , Nambi K. S. V. 
Published: May 2006

Using the revised risk coefficients recommended by the 1990 report of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP), computations have been made on the minimum databases required for detecting radiogenic cancer excesses from epidemiological surveys of populations exposed to low level radiations. The computations have been made separately for Indian and Western populations using their representative demographic data. The western database requirements are generally found to be about half the Indian requirement.For the exposures in high background radiation areas at the rate of say 5 mSv/y, the minimum required database is 121,500 person years, in the Indian case. Similarly, for Indian occupational workers exposed at the rate of say, 10 mSv/y, it is required to observe 30,000 persons for the first 40 years or 3600 persons over their entire lifetime for obtaining statistically significant results.
Longterm follow‐up after deep sclerectomy in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma
Authors: Drolsum Liv 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the longterm results in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) following deep sclerectomy with implant.Methods:  A total of 28 pseudoexfoliative glaucoma eyes and 27 POAG eyes were consecutively included in the study. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of glaucoma medications were compared before surgery and at every postoperative visit. Most patients included had very advanced glaucoma and were using multiple therapies (mean 3.3 and 3.6 in the pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and POAG groups, respectively) and the duration of the disease was more than 8 years in both groups. The definition of complete success was the achievement of IOP < 19 mmHg without therapy.Results:  After a mean follow‐up time of 45 months in the pseudoexfoliative glaucoma group and 43 months in the POAG group, 50.0% of the pseudoexfoliative glaucoma group were considered to represent complete success compared with 33.3% of the POAG group (NS). In survival analyses controlling for covariates, it was found that patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma had a higher rate of success over time than POAG patients (p = 0.014). Furthermore, the duration of glaucoma prior to surgery had a negative influence on the success rate (p = 0.034). Four years after surgery, the mean IOP was 15.5 ± 5.3 mmHg in the pseudoexfoliative glaucoma group and 13.6 ± 3.5 mmHg in the POAG group (NS). The mean number of medications used by each group at that time was 1.7 ± 1.5 and 1.2 ± 1.1, respectively (NS).Conclusion:  The present study suggests that deep sclerectomy is a safe procedure in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Half of the patients were regulated without therapy after 45 months.
The spectrum of cutaneous lymphomas in Japan: a study of 62 cases based on the World Health Organization Classification
Authors: Yasukawa Kana , Kato Naoko , Kodama Kazuo , Hamasaka Asuka , Hata Hiroo 
Published: May 2006

Background:  The relative incidence of malignant lymphoma subtypes differs according to geographic location. This study investigated the epidemiology of cutaneous lymphoma subtypes in Japan and compared it with other countries.Methods:  Sixty‐two patients with cutaneous lymphoma attending the Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center were reviewed. The World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies was adopted.Results:  Of the 62 patients, 31 had primary cutaneous lymphoma (PCL) and 31 had secondary cutaneous lymphoma (SCL). T‐ and natural killer (NK)‐cell lymphoma accounted for 80% of PCL, of which, mycosis fungoides accounted for almost 35%. Of the 31 patients with secondary cutaneous lymphoma, 17 patients (54%) had T‐ and NK‐cell lymphoma, including nine adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma patients, and 14 patients (46%) had B‐cell lymphoma, including 11 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients. The majority of patients with SCL and NK‐cell lymphoma with primary or secondary skin lesions had a poor outcome.Conclusions:  PCL in this study showed a similar incidence to that of other institutions in Japan, while also demonstrating different frequencies from that of other countries, suggesting that the relative frequency of different PCL subtypes differ according to geographical location, similar to previous reports of systemic malignant lymphoma.
Usefulness of D2‐40 immunohistochemistry for differentiation between kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma
Authors: Arai Eiichi , Kuramochi Akira , Tsuchida Tetsuya , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Kage Masayoshi , Fukunaga Masaharu , Ito Tomoo , Tada Toyohiro , Izumi Miki , Shimizu Ken , Hirose Takanori , Shimizu Michio 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Recent investigations have demonstrated the utility of the monoclonal antibody D2‐40 as a marker for lymphatic endothelium. D2‐40 can be used on formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded materials. Our objective was to elucidate, using D2‐40 immunohistochemistry, the differences among capillary hemangiomas, and especially between kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and tufted angioma (TA). We studied four cases of KHE, nine cases of TA, and 31 cases of other vascular tumors. Antibodies against CD31, CD34, factor VIII‐related antigen, and GLUT1 were also applied.Results:  In KHE, D2‐40 was markedly reactive for three and partially for one of four cases in the peripheral area of Kaposi's sarcoma‐like proliferative capillaries and negative in the surrounding dilated vessels. In TA, D2‐40 was partially positive in the surrounding dilated vessels and negative in cannonball‐like proliferative capillaries.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that D2‐40 is a useful antibody for immunohistochemical discrimination between KHE and TA. In addition, the difference of immunostaining pattern of D2‐40 is limited to the peripheral area of capillary proliferation and surrounding dilated vessels; therefore, it is suggested that KHE and TA may reflect different stages in the evolution of a single entity. Namely, they may originate from stem cells possessing the characteristics of both lymphatic and blood vessel endothelial lineages.