bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis transcription factor WRKY27 influences wilt disease symptom development caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Mukhtar M. Shahid , Deslandes Laurent , Auriac Marie‐Christine , Marco Yves , Somssich Imre E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWRKY transcription factors play a key role in modulating the plant defense transcriptome. Here we show that the Arabidopsis mutant wrky27‐1, which lacks a functional WRKY27 transcription factor, showed delayed symptom development in response to the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Additionally, wrky27‐1 plants did not express PR marker genes upon infection, as also observed in resistant Nd‐1 plants. Spatial expression of WRKY27 correlated well with the route of bacterial infection and propagation in planta. Complementation experiments restored both the early wilting phenotype of wild‐type Col‐1 plants and activation of PR genes, not only when the WRKY27 cDNA is expressed under the control of the native promoter, but also when the SUC2 promoter was used, suggesting that WRKY27 exerts its function in phloem companion cells. Expression studies identified genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) generation as potential targets of negative regulation by WRKY27. Our results show that WRKY27 negatively influences symptom development of a vascular pathogen, possibly by affecting signaling or trafficking between the phloem and the xylem.
Detoxification of the explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in Arabidopsis: discovery of bifunctional O‐ and C‐glucosyltransferases
Authors: Gandia‐Herrero Fernando , Lorenz Astrid , Larson Tony , Graham Ian A. , Bowles Dianna J. , Rylott Elizabeth L. , Bruce Neil C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlants, as predominantly sessile organisms, have evolved complex detoxification pathways to deal with a diverse range of toxic chemicals. The elasticity of this stress response system additionally enables them to tackle relatively recently produced, novel, synthetic pollutants. One such compound is the explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). Large areas of soil and groundwater are contaminated with TNT, which is both highly toxic and recalcitrant to degradation, and persists in the environment for decades. Although TNT is phytotoxic, plants are able to tolerate low levels of the compound. To identify the genes involved in this detoxification process, we used microarray analysis and then subsequently characterized seven uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Six of the recombinantly expressed UGTs conjugated the TNT‐transformation products 2‐ and 4‐hydroxylaminodinitrotoulene, exhibiting individual bias for either the 2‐ or the 4‐isomer. For both 2‐ and 4‐hydroxylaminodinitrotoulene substrates, two monoglucose conjugate products, confirmed by HPLC‐MS‐MS, were observed. Further analysis indicated that these were conjugated by either an O‐ or C‐glucosidic bond. The other major compounds in TNT metabolism, aminodinitrotoluenes, were also conjugated by the UGTs, but to a lesser extent. These conjugates were also identified in extracts and media from Arabidopsis plants grown in liquid culture containing TNT. Overexpression of two of these UGTs, 743B4 and 73C1, in Arabidopsis resulted in increases in conjugate production, and enhanced root growth in 74B4 overexpression seedlings. Our results show that UGTs play an integral role in the biochemical mechanism of TNT detoxification by plants.
Papular cutaneous lesions in a cat associated with feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Declercq Jan , De Bosschere Hendrik , Schwarzkopf Ilona , Declercq Lies 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA 7‐month‐old‐intact male domestic shorthair cat was presented with fever, anterior uveitis in the right eye and respiratory distress when handled. These signs along with mild changes in serum protein levels and the exclusion of other potential causes were suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). As the disease progressed, more clinical signs consistent with FIP, including renal involvement and later pleural effusion, became evident. Non‐pruritic cutaneous lesions, characterized by slightly raised intradermal papules over the dorsal neck and over both lateral thoracic walls, were recognized at the end stage of the disease. The identification of papules in well‐haired skin was difficult, and clipping of the fur facilitated their detection. Definitive diagnosis of FIP was made by histopathology and by immunohistochemical demonstration of coronavirus antigen in macrophages within kidney and skin lesions. The case was classified as a mixed form of FIP. Recognition of associated cutaneous lesions may facilitate a diagnosis of FIP in suspicious cases.
Amplification of papillomaviral DNA sequences from a high proportion of feline cutaneousin situand invasive squamous cell carcinomas using a nested polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Munday John S. , Kiupel Matti , French Adrienne F. , Howe Laryssa 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSquamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common skin tumours of cats. Previous studies have suggested that papillomaviral (PV) DNA is detectible within some feline SCCs. A PV DNA sequence has been previously amplified from five feline bowenoidin situcarcinomas (BISCs). Primers specific for this sequence were used in a nested polymerase chain reaction to compare PV detection rates in SCCs to rates within non‐SCC skin lesions. Papillomaviral DNA was amplified from 20 of 20 BISC, 17 of 20 invasive SCC and 3 of 17 non‐SCC controls. The rate of PV amplification from feline cutaneous SCCs was significantly higher than from non‐SCC lesions. These results confirm that feline cutaneous SCCs are associated with PV infection. In humans, there is evidence that PVs promote SCC development within sun‐exposed skin. The demonstrated association between PVs and feline cutaneous SCCs suggests, but does not prove, that PVs may also promote feline SCC development. If PVs are oncogenic in cats, prevention of PV infection may reduce feline cutaneous SCC development. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that PV DNA has been amplified from a non‐SCC sample of feline skin.
Influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor immunohistochemistry
Authors: Kirzeder Elizabeth M. , Frank Linda A. , Sowers Kristi D. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Donnell Robert L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate oestrogen receptor alpha staining in a variety of breeds and skin conditions. The influence of inflammation and coat type on the presence and intensity of oestrogen receptor alpha staining was evaluated. Approximately 1700 haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained slides of skin biopsies were screened for presence of small hair bulbs. Slides from 94 cases were submitted for oestrogen receptor alpha immunohistochemistry. H&E‐stained skin biopsy tissues were examined for inflammation and hair follicle stages. Oestrogen receptor alpha staining characteristics of telogen follicles, flame follicles, large anagen bulbs, small hair bulbs and early anagen hairs (capped bulbs) were recorded. To assess the influence of inflammation and coat type on oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types, chi‐square tests, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression models were performed. Slides were classified as inflammatory (65) and noninflammatory (29). There were no statistically significant differences in oestrogen receptor staining when comparing inflammatory to noninflammatory skin biopsies or skin biopsies from dogs with different coat types. A subset of 13 noninflammatory biopsies from alopecic skin was identified. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of flame follicles in this subset as compared to all others. Comparison of oestrogen receptor staining of hair follicle types from these biopsies and all other biopsies revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of mature telogen hair follicles stained in this subset. No statistical difference in staining of early follicle stages was noted. Therefore, the oestrogen receptor is unlikely to be the controlling factor for the transition from telogen to anagen in the dog.
Pets as the main source of two zoonotic species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in Switzerland, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii and Arthroderma benhamiae
Authors: Drouot Stéphane , Mignon Bernard , Fratti Marina , Roosje Petra , Monod Michel 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn cases of highly inflammatory dermatophytosis in humans, it is important to identify the possible source of animal transmission in order to prevent recurrence, family outbreaks or rapidly progressing epidemics. A survey of dermatophytes in pets during a 14‐month period in Switzerland revealed, in addition to Microsporum canis, two different species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex, Arthroderma benhamiae and Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, all causing inflammatory dermatophytoses. Arthroderma benhamiae was only and frequently isolated from guinea pigs. Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii was isolated mainly from European short hair cats, but also from dogs and in one case from a pure‐bred cat. Ninety‐three percent of the cats carrying A. vanbreuseghemii were hunters and all had skin lesions. In contrast, cats with skin lesions that were strictly indoors were found to be almost exclusively infected by M. canis. Therefore, it can be suspected that infection with A. vanbreuseghemii occurred during hunting and that the natural source of this dermatophyte is either soil or an animal other than the cat, most probably a rodent.
CLINICAL STUDY: Subjective responses and cardiovascular effects of self‐administered cocaine in cocaine‐abusing men and women
Authors: Lynch Wendy J. , Kalayasiri Rasmon , Sughondhabirom Atapol , Pittman Brian , Coric Vladimir , Morgan Peter T. , Malison Robert T. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine sex differences in cocaine self‐administration and cocaine‐induced subjective and cardiovascular measures. The research was based on secondary analysis of data collected in our human laboratory in which subjects self‐administered cocaine infusions (8, 16 and 32 mg/70 kg) over a 2‐hour period under a fixed ratio 1, 5 minute time out schedule in three test sessions. Subjects were 10 women and 21 men with a history of either cocaine abuse or dependence who were not currently seeking treatment. Women and men self‐administered similar amounts of cocaine. None of the subjective effects measures showed a significant main effect of sex during the cocaine self‐administration session. Significant interactions were observed for subjective ratings of ‘high’ (sex × time) and ‘stimulated’ (sex × time × dose), with women reporting lower ratings over time/doses than men. Relative to men, cocaine produced dose‐ and time‐dependent increases in feelings of hunger (i.e., reduced appetite suppression) in women. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed different patterns of change in men and women, with women showing less robust cocaine‐induced increases than men. Taken together, these findings suggest that women and men may differ in their subjective and cardiovascular responses to self‐administered cocaine. Further research that prospectively controls for hormonal influences upon these measures is needed.
GENETIC STUDY: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene and alcohol use among college students
Authors: Gacek Paul , Conner Tamlin S. , Tennen Howard , Kranzler Henry R. , Covault Jonathan 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTGenes that regulate serotonin activity are regarded as promising predictors of heavy alcohol use. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) plays an important role in serotonergic neurotransmission by serving as the rate‐limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis in the midbrain and serotonergic neurons. Despite the link between TPH2 and serotonergic function, TPH2's role in the pathogenesis of alcohol‐use disorders remains unclear. The goal of this study was to examine whether a variation in the TPH2 gene is associated with risky alcohol consumption. Specifically, this study examined whether the TPH2 G‐703T polymorphism predicted alcohol consumption among college students. In two successive years, 351 undergraduates were asked to record their alcohol use each day for 30 days using an Internet‐based electronic diary. Participants' DNA was collected and polymerase chain reaction genotyping was performed. Results show that alcohol consumption was not associated with the TPH2 G‐703T polymorphism alone, or the interaction of TPH2 with two other candidate polymorphisms (TPH1 C218A and the SLC6A4 tri‐allelic 5‐HTTLPR), or negative life events. In conclusion, this study supports recent null findings relating TPH2 to drinking outcomes. It also extends these findings by showing null interactions with the TPH1 C218A polymorphism, the SLC6A4 tri‐allelic 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism and environmental stressors in predicting sub‐clinical alcohol use among Caucasian American young adults.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Systemic administration of ghrelin induces conditioned place preference and stimulates accumbal dopamine
Authors: Jerlhag Elisabet 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTGhrelin, preferably via hypothalamic circuits, is known to play a role in the control of energy balance, body weight homeostasis and appetite. In addition, it has recently been found that ghrelin injection into key structures of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system increases food intake in rodents and induces locomotor stimulation as well as accumbal DA overflow in mice. Thus, centrally administered ghrelin activates the mesolimbic DA system. However, ghrelin is mainly produced in and secreted from peripheral tissues. The present series of experiments were therefore undertaken to investigate the effects of peripherally injected ghrelin on mesolimbic DA system activity and, herewith, associated behaviours. It was found that intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin (0.33 mg/kg) induces locomotor stimulation, conditioned place preference and accumbal DA‐overflow in mice. In conclusion, peripherally produced ghrelin, e.g. in the stomach, may activate the mesolimbic DA system. This suggests that the pre‐prandial rise in plasma ghrelin may, via this system, increase the incentive value for motivated behaviours such as food seeking.
CLINICAL STUDY: Cannabimimetic effects modulated by cholinergic compounds
Authors: McPartland John M. , Blanchon Dan J. , Musty Richard E. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThis report is based upon a clinical case series describing five patients who volitionally adultered cannabis with a variety of compounds that shared a common trait—cholinergic modulation. They included a nicotinic agonist, muscarinic antagonist and antiacetylcholinesterase compounds. Some of these compounds (e.g. tobacco) are known to exert pharmacokinetic effects upon cannabinoids (e.g. improved drug absorption). Contrarily, our patients claimed that the compounds altered pharmacodynamic ‘cannabimimetic’ effects. The case series was supported by forensic identification of adulterants and by use of a symptom causality algorithm. A survey of the gray literature and drug culture web sites indicated that the case series portended a larger social phenomenon. Furthermore, many clinical reports, animal behaviour studies and in vitro mechanistic studies substantiated our observations. In conclusion, we provide empirical data regarding a new trend in the drug culture—cholinergic modulation of cannabinoid effects—that presents new research directions.
Natural selection drives patterns of lake–stream divergence in stickleback foraging morphology
Authors: BERNER D. , ADAMS D. C. , GRANDCHAMP A.‐C. , HENDRY A. P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo what extent are patterns of biological diversification determined by natural selection? We addressed this question by exploring divergence in foraging morphology of threespine stickleback fish inhabiting lake and stream habitats within eight independent watersheds. We found that lake fish generally displayed more developed gill structures and had more streamlined bodies than did stream fish. Diet analysis revealed that these morphological differences were associated with limnetic vs. benthic foraging modes, and that the extent of morphological divergence within watersheds reflected differences in prey resources utilized by lake and stream fish. We also found that patterns of divergence were unrelated to patterns of phenotypic trait (co)variance within populations (i.e. the ‘line of least resistance’). Instead, phenotypic (co)variances were more likely to have been shaped by adaptation to lake vs. stream habitats. Our study thus implicates natural selection as a strong deterministic force driving morphological diversification in lake–stream stickleback. The strength of this inference was obtained by complementing a standard analysis of parallel divergence in means between discrete habitat categories (lake vs. stream) with quantitative estimates of selective forces and information on trait (co)variances.
Identification and molecular analysis of candidate genes homologous toHcrVfgenes for scab resistance in apple
Authors: Boudichevskaia A. , Flachowsky H. , Dunemann F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe genetic locus for resistance to apple scab most frequently used in apple breeding isVf, derived fromMalus floribunda821. For theVflocus a cluster of four resistance gene paralogs (called asHcrVfgenes) encoding receptor‐like proteins (RLP) with similarity to the tomatoCfresistance genes is known. Based on published sequences forHcrVf1andHcrVf2PCR primers were designed from the domain B and the variable leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) C1 subdomain. PCR products with high amino acid identity (85–100%) toHcrVf1andHcrVf2were obtained not only fromM. floribunda821 andVfcultivars but also from other apple scab resistance sources, such as ‘Russian Seedling’ R12740‐7A (Vrresistance) or ‘Antonovka polutorafuntovaya’ (VAresistance). A series of 13HcrVfcandidate genes have been partly cloned from the PCR fragments spanning N‐terminal LRRs 20–30. A considerable number of amino acid exchanges within the solvent‐exposed xxLxLxx structural motives were detected among the homologous sequences. Expression analyses and mapping focused on a selectedVf‐homologous candidate gene (calledVf2ARD) identified in resistantMalusgenotypes known for carrying other scab resistance genes thanVf. RT‐PCR experiments showed thatVf2ARDis expressed under pathogen‐free conditions. The results of a quantitative PCR‐based transcription profiling suggest that this gene is scab‐inducible in some resistant cultivars.Vf2ARDhas been mapped on linkage group LG 1. It is separated from theVfgene cluster with a genetic distance of about 2 cM and might be a member of a secondVf ‐like locus on apple linkage group LG 1.
The power of routine and special observations: producing civility in a public acute psychiatric unit
Authors: Hamilton Bridget , Manias Elizabeth 
Published: August 2008

The power of routine and special observations: producing civility in a public acute psychiatric unitThis study directly addresses controlling aspects of psychiatric nursing practice, which are currently marginalised in practice and research. We first consider the discursive tensions surrounding the mandated goal of social control in public acute psychiatric units, particularly referring to those units located within medical hospitals. We attest to the enduring social control mandate in psychiatric nursing and explore ways in which it is enacted.Specific nursing practices of ‘doing the obs’ while scanning the ward and ‘special observations’ are investigated as important activities of social control, based on findings from an ethnographic study in one acute psychiatric unit in Australia. These practices are acknowledged as key modes of nursing surveillance. Contrary to past work, they are regarded as productive for engendering civil conduct among patients in acute psychiatric settings. We reframe these activities of surveillance as liberal therapeutic practices in themselves, to the extent that they assist patients to achieve treatment goals and promote self‐surveillance and self‐control. Instead of effacing practices of control, we encourage nurses to discriminate between more and less liberal modes of control in everyday practice and to build their skills in liberal controlling strategies.
Personality disorders: illegitimate subject positions
Authors: Crowe Marie 
Published: August 2008

Personality disorders: illegitimate subject positions The diagnosis of personality disorder is common in mental health nurse settings and is a term often used without critical consideration. In clinical practice, the term personality disorder has pejorative connotations, which arise out of the way in which these behaviours are constructed as behavioural rather than psychiatric. The discursive construction of categories of personality disorder are inculcated into clinical practice and become taken‐for‐granted by those in practice culture. The construction of some personalities as disordered and, therefore, illegitimate becomes natural. This paper provides a critical analysis of the diagnosis and suggests an approach to mental health nursing care that is more legitimising for those people who receive psychiatric diagnoses.
Obesity and positive surgical margins by anatomic location after radical prostatectomy: results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database
Authors:   The SEARCH Database Study Group:, Jayachandran Jayakrishnan , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Presti Jr Joseph C. , Amling Christopher L. , Kane Christopher J. , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVESTo determine if there is predilection for any specific anatomical location of positive surgical margins (PSMs) after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer in obese men, as previous studies found that obesity was associated with an increased risk of PSMs.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe analysed retrospectively 1434 men treated with RP between 1989 and 2007 within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database. The association between increased body mass index (BMI) and overall and site‐specific PSMs was assessed using multivariate logistic regression.RESULTSAfter adjusting for several preoperative clinical and pathological characteristics, a higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of PSMs both overall and at all specific anatomical locations (all P ≤ 0.007). For mildly obese men, this risk was very similar across all anatomical sites (44–78% increased risk relative to men of normal weight). When BMI was coded as a continuous variable, the odds ratio for the risk of overall PSMs or at any specific locations was nearly identical at 1.05–1.06. Among men with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2, there was more variation, with the highest excess risk of PSMs at the bladder neck and apex.CONCLUSIONSObesity was associated with an increased risk of overall PSMs and at all anatomical locations. Although the excess risk of PSMs was similar across all anatomical locations, there was a suggestion of a higher risk of apical margins among the most obese men, which if validated, further supports the importance of the apical dissection in all men and suggests added difficulty in obese patients.
Audit quality, auditor compensation and initial public offering underpricing
Authors: Chang Xin , Gygax André F. , Oon Elaine , Zhang Hong Feng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe jointly study the impact of audit quality on auditor compensation and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing using a sample of Australian firms going public over the period 1996–2003. We find that quality (Big Four) audit firms earn significantly higher fees than non‐Big Four auditors, and audit quality is positively associated with IPO underpricing. The positive relation between audit quality and underpricing is more pronounced for small issues, IPOs underwritten by non‐prestigious underwriters, and those that are not backed by venture capitalists. Taken together, our results suggest that quality auditors serve as a signalling device that enhances post‐issue market value of equity.