bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Evaluation of Recovery Deformation Measurements as a Means of In-Situ Stress Determination
Authors: Blanton T. L. , Teufel L. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The recovery strain method of stress determination involves a number of assumptions and idealizations that raise questions about its general applicability. Issues of particular concern are gradual removal of stresses during core retrieval, the effect of pore pressure and temperature, working with deviated wells, and observed expansions and contractions in the same core. A procedure is outlined that takes into account the effects of pore pressure, temperature, and anisotropies in the core and can be applied to core from deviated wells by making measurements on appropriate axes. Equations derived in this study for calculating stresses from recovery strains include the effect of gradual unloading experienced by core during its retrieval. Application of the equations to field data show that the effect of gradual unloading is small in most cases but can be significant under certain conditions. One particularly interesting result of the theoretical analysis is that for high Poisson's ratios and deviatoric stresses, core will actually contract. Favorable comparisons of stresses determined by the recovery strain method to those obtained from hydraulic fracturing and overcoring at sites in Colorado, Oklahoma, Nevada, and the North Sea support the practicality of this method.
Design Formulae for 2-D and 3-D Vertical Hydraulic Fractures: Model Comparison and Parametric Studies
Authors: Meyer B. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents asymtotic analytical and numerical solutions for two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) type hydraulic fracture geometries. The fracture propagation models investigated include: a Geertsma-Deklerk (GDK), a Perkins-Kern/Nordgren (PKN) and a 3-D type model.
Comprehensive 2-D and 3-D design formulae for power-law fracturing fluids are given for various cases of fluid loss and containment. These formulae can be used to benchmark 2-D and 3-D hydraulic fracturing simulators. Characteristics of equilibrium 3-D height growth are also discussed. Parametric studies based on the design formulae are performed to show the effect of any one variable.
Typical fracture designs are simulated for various containment and leak-off examples using each of the fracture propagation models, along with a comparison of proppant scheduling and design. The simulation studies identify and illustrate the basic characteristics and design differences of each model.
Laboratory Studies for the Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Fractured Stimulations in Lenticular, Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Sattler A. R. , Hudson P. J. , Raible C. J. , Gall B. L. , Maloney D. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Laboratory studies were used as an aid in designing stimulation treatments and to assist in the analysis of production results. These analyses were done in conjunction with coastal zone stimulation operations at the Department of Energy's Multiwell Experiment near Rifle, Colorado. A multitreatment stimulation plan was designed for the coastal zone because of apparent damage to the paludal zone formations in prior stimulation operations. The stimulation plan was made to minimize the use of water-based, gelled fluids. Two small stimulations were performed in the same coastal interval: an unpropped nitrogen gas frac and a propped, nitrogen foam frac. Gas production decreased from that of the gas frac after the nitrogen foam stimulation and formation damage was apparent. The laboratory program was used to (1) aid stimulation design; (2) help eliminate several possible causes of damage such as permeability degradation in the matrix rock, a gel block in the sand pack, proppant effects, or imbibition of brine from workover operations; and (3) examine the more probable causes, damage that may be centered around fluid effects in the natural fracture system. A unique explanation is not possible because there are some aspects of these damage mechanisms that cannot be verified in the laboratory. However, comparable damage mechanisms that have been seen in cracked core are described. Also, other postulated forms of fluid damage are discussed, largely in terms of natural fractures in core in combination with other measured core properties.
Co-Production of the N.E. Hitchcock Field, Galveston, Texas
Authors: Randolph P. L. , Wible J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The history of primary production and the onset of co-production from the Frio 9100 sand at the N.E. Hitchcock reservoir was previously described by L. Anderson.1 This paper summarizes co-production recovery since its onset in 1983 and then provides details of current operating characteristics for three wells at locations on the structure that result in quite different producing characteristics.
High brine rate production at the Prets Unit No. 1 well commenced three years ago. The produced gas/brine ratio of about 240 SCF/STB provides sufficient natural lift to maintain flow of about 4400 STB/D of brine, 55 STB/D of oil and 1050 MCF/D of gas through 2-7/8 inch tubing.
The other two wells are structurally lower and are being produced with artificial lift to achieve brine rates in the range of 4200 to 5000 STB/D. Produced gas/brine ratios are about 90 SCF/STB and 45 SCF/STB and oil production is similarly less than for the Prets well.
Surface equipment and operating procedures being used for secondary recovery of gas previously trapped by imbibition during primary production are described.
A Joint Venture Methane Drainage Project in Australia's Sydney Basin
Authors: Richards W. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A joint venture test project for methane drainage was conducted by Methane Drainage Ventures (MDV) at Australian Iron and Steel Pty. Ltd's (AI&S) Appin Colliery, Appin, New South Wales, Australia. The project for methane drainage in advance of longwall mining included five (5) horizontal boreholes into the Bulli Coalbed of the Illawarrg Coal Measure in the south Sydney Basin, Australia.
Peak gas flowrates from a total of 1 380m (4500 ft) of horizontal boreholes reached 17,000 m3 per day (600,000 standard cubic ft/d). The total horizontal drilling project was conducted in eight months of 1981. Produced gas of 97% methane was safely vented both during and after the test project due to the efforts of the colliery operators.
Test drilling was successfully conducted from two separate mining sections on opposite sides of the colliery. Data collected during and after the drilling campaign were used to define the properties of the coalbed. Computer simulation was used to predict commercial gas production.
The Appin project and a concurrent exploration corehole project were conducted to provide data to evaluate the Sydney Basin. Results of the evaluation indicate commercial feasibility of methane drainage for natural gas production. A subsequent design was completed for a natural gas production facility utilizing methane drainage technology.
Deep Source Gas Potential Along the West Coast of the U.S.
Authors: Gwilliam W. J. , Cohen K. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Deep Source Gas research is focused on the hypothesis that natural gas is generated in sediments carried to great depths at convergent plate boundaries in the earth's crust. These deeply emplaced sediments may source gas to shallower, drillable traps through deep fracture systems. Many areas of North America are believed to have experienced plate tectonic convergence. The western Cordilleran geologic province in particular appears to have thrust fault structures (associated with subduction and obduction) that enabled deep emplacement of hydrocarbon-generating sediments during more recent geologic ages (during the last 180 million years). The specific area of interest in this province encompasses approximately 1.5 million square miles of the western U.S. (including Alaska) and Canada; other portions of this same province extend southward into Mexico and Central and South America.
The ongoing research consists of basic studies of hydrocarbon generation, stability, and preservation at depths in excess of 30,000 feet in addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the geologic structures, stratigraphy, and geochemistry of the above region.
Results to date include geologic and geophysical evidence of deeply emplaced sedimentary rock units at depths exceeding 30,000 feet in western Washington and south central Alaska, a new methodology for verifying deep methane stability via fluid inclusion studies, and a preliminary gas resource estimate of 3,000 Tcf. If only a fraction of the gas thought to exist is found to be recoverable, it could have a profound influence upon the international energy industry.
Daily Drilling Reporting System: Design/Usage
Authors: Quay B. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A daily reporting system for drilling operations is a relatively recent focus of emphasis for the drilling industry. While many of the major (or very large) operators have had drilling operations data bases for many years, it has only been with the development of the microcomputer as a viable and cost-effective tool for either the individual engineer or the smaller operator that a drilling data base concept has been more widely accepted and requested. With the markedly increased availability of software development tools for the microcomputer, the concept of developing a generic, i.e. commercial reporting system becomes very attractive. This paper will discuss some of the considerations for the design of a commercial reporting system. The problems and/or successes involved with the actual usage of the software will also be discussed.
One of the major goals for any commercial software package is the maintenance of a high level of application to a wide range of users. One way in which this goal can be accomplished is through careful design and implementation of the application. Design steps must be identified and followed in order that as many areas of interest are covered as is possible. The following lists some of some of the questions which should be considered as the design progresses. ◦Who are the users of the package?◦What will be their "style" of usage?◦What reporting requirements do these users already have and what reporting requirements can be foreseen?◦What kind of input "forms" are currently available?
Dynamometer Analysis Using a Digitizer and an IBM PC
Authors: Gray C. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents techniques which will allow Engineers to interface a digitizer to IBM PC's (or compatibles) through an asynchronous communications adapter port (RS232). Also presented is a sample application program which uses this interface to perform pumping unit torsional analyses. The same interface could be adapted to other engineering programs, e.g. well log analysis, mapping, etc.
An Integrated Reservoir Database Management System
Authors: Eskijian M. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An integrated reservoir database, incorporating production, injection, bottomhole locations, pressure histories, completion intervals, well identification and other information can be easily assembled and made operational within only a few hours. This entire effort can be performed by an engineer, without any programming expertise. This database can then be used to perform any sort of calculation, to search for specific production or well information or to sort for a potential problem (i.e. high water cut or low production areas, etc).
BOAST-DRC: Black Oil and Condensate Reservoir Simulation on an IBM-PC
Authors: Fanchi J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
BOAST-DRC is a three-dimensional, three-phase simulator designed for microcomputer applications. It may be used for either black-oil or retrograde condensate reservoir simulation. The program formulation, and solutions to problems encountered in preparing a microcomputer version are presented. Results for several test problems, including the first (black-oil) and third (condensate) SPE Comparative Solution Projects, are shown.
The Joint Applications of Commercial and Self-Developed Softwares That Enhance Microcomputer Uses
Authors: Yu J. P. , Stark J. J. , Flinder H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of microcomputers in the petroleum industry is growing rapidly; and word processors, spreadsheets, data bases and engineering programs are the most popular types of software being used. This paper presents the results obtained using a combination of commercial software and engineering application programs developed at West Virginia University. Two major types of this combined application are described in case studies. The first case uses a spreadsheet as both a storage area for well data and as a method for information analysis and presentation. Advantages gained include ease of operation, cost reduction and time savings. The second case combines an engineering program with a Monte Carlo simulation technique to evaluate reserves. The procedure is readily performed with a microcomputer and allows rigorous statistical testing of results obtained using the limited data commonly available. Computer usage of the types discussed could lead to faster and cheaper reserves analysis and thereby to more effective development and recovery of our petroleum resources.
Hydrocarbon Activity in an Era of Low Oil Prices
Authors: Woods T. J. , Holtberg P. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Recent declines in oil and gas prices have led to concerns about the future levels of oil and gas production in the lower-48 United States. The long-term outlook for lower-48 gas production has been analyzed from the perspectives of lower-48 resource base. The effects on this long-term outlook of the decline in oil and gas prices since the beginning of 1986 have also been assessed. The analysis indicates that lower-48 oil and gas production could be kept near current levels, despite the decline in oil and gas prices. Improved recovery of both oil-in-place and gas-in-place will play a major role in future lower-48 production. Without improved recovery, lower-48 oil and gas production cannot be stabilized. The declines in oil and gas prices have severely reduced net industry cash flow. As a result, despite favorable resource economics, many parts of the industry are unable to undertake much exploration or development activity.
Orcutt Third Zone Waterflood: A Successful Project
Authors: Stracke K.J. , Case C.H. , Baer P.J. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 2–5, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The Orcutt field, Santa Barbara County, California, was discovered in 1902. The Third Zone waterflood began in 1950 with a one well pilot test. The present Third Zone waterflood was initiated in 1963.
The development of the project from the pilot to its current status is reviewed. The response attributable to pilot, peripheral and pattern injection is discussed along with operating principles which are followed.
It is concluded that the change from a peripheral injection plan to pattern injection has been beneficial because of the reduced project life and improved well performance.

Introduction
The Orcutt field is located approximately 175 miles northwest of Los Angeles, California, (Fig. 1) and 8 miles south of Santa Maria in Santa Barbara County.
Careaga 10, the discovery well, was drilled in 1902 by the Western Union Oil Company (Shell Oil). Union Oil Company's first well in the Orcutt field, Hartnell 1, was completed that same year. This well, together with the discovery of the Lompoc field, nine miles south of the Orcutt area, was of particular significance as they were the forerunners to other fields that Union would produce in the Central California Coastal area.
There are three productive horizons underlying the Orcutt field. These are designated as the First, Second and Third Zones. This report is concerned with water injection into the Third Zone. The present areal extent of the project is outlined in Fig. 2.
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS

Structure
The productive portion of the Orcutt Third Zone reservoir lies within a faulted anticlinal dome. Contours on top of the Third Zone, Fig. 3, show the attitude of the structure.
Use of Bottomhole Transient Rate Data To Enhance Transient Pressure Analysis
Authors: Ahmed U. , Watson J. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Efficient development of hydrocarbon zones requires the knowledge of average formation permeability, skin factor, reservoir pressure, formation continuity, reservoir boundaries, drive mechanism, and fluid properties (PVT relationship). The technique most respected and most widely used to determine the first five of these seven parameters is called transient pressure testing. This technique also allows one to make qualitative inference of the last two parameters. Yet, the conventional transient pressure technique, at times, is unable to provide accurate and detailed answers and quite often may not even assure a valid test.
Recent publications have suggested that inclusion of transient rate data along with the pressure data may allow one to eliminate some inadequacies associated with conventional pressure testing. In this paper, we extend the study by presenting several field examples of oil and gas wells, illustrating that inclusion of transient rate information in transient pressure testing (1) eliminates inaccuracies; (2) allows correct interpretation in the presence of fluid segregation within the wellbore; (3) allows determination of near wellbore skin condition and overall skin factor; (4) makes analysis possible when data are influenced by boundary effects; (5) allows more definite differentiation between matrix reservoir behavior and naturally fractured, multilayer flow effects and other flow patterns; and (6) assures a valid test. Apart from these aspects, this technique allows one to perform a well test of relatively short duration.
Some Practical Formulas To Predict Horizontal Well Behavior
Authors: Karcher B. J. , Giger F. M. , Combe J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Horizontal and drainhole drilling have been used successfully to increase productivity of wells in the past years. Many formulae can be used to compute the productivity of horizontal or slanted wells compared to vertical ones. One objective of this work is to recall the proper way to use these formulae and to recall the assumptions made that may limit their use. The increase of productivity due to longer perforated interval increases as the logarithm of length and can reach values of two or three times the vertical well.
Also presented is a sample calculation of the influence of natural or artificial fractures on well productivity: a horizontal well may take advantage from an existing fracture network, much better than a vertical well would have. This is because the most permeable fractures are the open ones which have their planes parallel to the largest stress, and the largest stress is generally vertical because of rock weight. The productivity of a drainhole in a fractured medium can raise to 10 times the productivity of the drainhole alone.
Another improvement expected from horizontal wells is a larger flexibility regarding coning problems: it is possible to produce with an interface while keeping a good productivity and a high critical rate. The analytical means for critical rate computation are reviewed with their assumptions. Model computations give the examples of supercritical production in the bottom water drive case. The advantage of horizontal well is important at water breakthrough but does not increase much after and even decreases for favorable mobility ratios. Short drainholes may perform as well as horizontal wells if their distance allows a large interference of cones.
The third way of using horizontal wells is to increase areal sweep efficiency in regular pattern floods. The pattern showing the poorest efficiency is the direct line drive. Using horizontal wells drilled along the lines of producers can bring the areal sweep efficiency close to perfection. In that particular use, horizontal wells act like artificial fractures, with the advantage that their orientation can be controlled.
Determination of Fracture Height by Spectral Gamma Log Analysis
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Pearson C. M. , Abou-Sayed A. S. , Myers G. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Determining fracture height following hydraulic stimulation of a well is an important step in both evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment and estimating the subsequent production behavior of the well. Unfortunately, the temperature and gamma ray logs commonly used to assess fracture heights seldom yield unambiguous results. A new approach to the problem employs spectral gamma ray data to resolve some of these uncertainties. This paper outlines the method and presents data from a field study made using the new technique.
Material Selection and Welding Criteria for High Pressure Marine Risers Used in Tension Leg Platform Applications
Authors: Inglis Matthew R. , Kovach Paul J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New materials have been developed for high pressure marine risers used in tension leg platform (TLP) applications. Modifications of standard AISI 8630 material provide low alloy steel grades which have good fracture toughness and excellent fatigue properties under high stress conditions, and are readily weldable.
Materials and welding procedures are reviewed in light of increased performance demands forTLP applications, and considering design criteria established by the relevant certifying authorities.
Work performed on the drilling and export risers for the industry's first (and to date, only) TLP installation is presented, with reference to monitoring and quality control activities involved in fabrication of those systems.