bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of a colorimetric microtitration assay for quantifying Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin and antileukotoxin
Authors: Vega Maria V. , Maheswaran Samuel K. , Leininger Joel R. , Ames Trevor R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A colorimetric microtitration assay was adapted to quantify the cytotoxicity of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin to bovine neutrophils used as target cells. The viability of leukotoxin-treated target cells was detected by use of a tetrazolium dye that living cells reduced to dark blue formazan. The amount of formazan formed (which was quantified by use of an elisa plate reader) was directly proportional to the number of viable target cells. This assay system also was used to measure leu-kotoxin-neutralization antibody titers of bovine serum and lung lavage specimens obtained during vaccination experiments. The major advantages of this assay over other methods such as the 51Cr-release and trypan blue-exclusion assays are precision, rapidity, and low cost; it also does not use radioisotopes.
Experimental infection of weanling pigs with Salmonella typhisuis: Effect of feeding low concentrations of chlortetracycline, penicillin, and sulfamethazine
Authors: Fenwick Brad W. , Olander Harvey J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical and pathologic variables of Salmonella typhisuis infections were studied in weanling pigs. The influence of daily feeding of low concentrations of Chlortetracycline, penicillin, and sulfamethazine on S typhisuis infection also was determined.
Ten pigs (group 1) given feed containing low concentrations of Chlortetracycline, penicillin, and sulfamethazine when orally inoculated with S typhisuis became pyretic, developed a mild neutrophilia, and had increased serum agglutinating antibody titers, but were clinically normal. Lesions were not present, and S typhisuis was not isolated from 2 group-1 pigs that were killed and necropsied on postinoculation day 8. Then, the antimicrobial agents were withdrawn from the feed of the remaining 8 pigs for 6 days. The pigs were reinoculated with S typhisuis on postinoculation day 16 and developed mild clinical disease with sustained high rectal temperatures. Severe necrotizing typhlocolitis and ulcerative proctitis were found at necropsy in all 8 of the pigs. Similar findings were induced in 7 additional pigs (group 2) that were concurrently inoculated with S typhisuis, but that had no previous exposure to S typhisuis. Successful isolation of S typhisuis required special care and media.
Effect of estradiol and progesterone on antistaphylococcal activity of neutrophils from ovariectomized mares
Authors: Strzemienski Paul J. , Dyer Robert M. , Kenney Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutrophils isolated from jugular blood of ovariectomized mares were studied for the effect of estradiol and progesterone on bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In experiment 1, neutrophils obtained from 4 mares were tested for bactericidal activity by adding estradiol (43 pg/ml) or progesterone (6.4 ng/ml) to the bactericidal assay. In experiment 2, 3 of the 4 ovariectomized mares were given 2 mg of estradiol, im, daily for 3 days. Eighteen days after the initial estradiol injection, mares were given 300 mg of progesterone, im, for 6 days. Neutrophils from these mares were tested for bactericidal activity 4 days after the initial estradiol injection, 17 days after the initial estradiol injection (control), and 7 days after the first progesterone injection.
Bactericidal activity was measured at 30 and 120 minutes by counting the number of colony-forming units remaining. Neutrophil antistaphylococcal activity was not altered by adding estradiol and progesterone to the assay or by supplementing ovariectomized mares with estradiol and progesterone (P > 0.05).
Biologie characterization of canine melanoma cell lines
Authors: Wolfe Lauren G. , Oliver Julian L. , Smith Bonnie B. , Toivio-Kinnucan Maria A. , Powers Robert D. , Brawner William R. , Henderson Ralph A. , Hankes Gerald H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight canine melanoma cell lines were established from tissues from 6 dogs with spontaneous primary or metastatic melanomas. Cell lines were characterized for morphologic features and growth patterns on plastic, pigmentation, ultrastructure, cloning efficiency in soft agar, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Biologic properties of cell lines were distinct and preserved during 40 to 120 passages in vitro. All cell lines were clonogenic and tumorigenic.
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 colonization of the nasal passages of virus-infected calves
Authors: Frank Glynn H. , Briggs Robert E. , Gillette Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nasal passages of calves with a virus-induced respiratory tract disease became colonized by Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 after they were inoculated intranasally with P haemolytica. Inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus caused a more severe clinical illness and resulted in a greater degree of colonization with P haemolytica than developed after inoculation with parainfluenzal virus. Nasal passages of parainfluenza-3 virus-inoculated calves were colonized to a greater degree with P haemolytica than were those of healthy, non-stressed calves. Calves were susceptible to P haemolytica colonization during or shortly after virus-induced illness, even though they had been previously exposed to P haemolytica and had serum antibody and nasal secretion antibody to P haemolytica.
Unipolar thoracic electrocardiograms in which P waves of relative uniformity occur in male horses
Authors: Illera J. C. , Hamlin R. L. , Illera M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bipolar and unipolar limb leads and unipolar thoracic lead ecg were obtained from 100 male crossbred horses. P-wave morphologic features were classified according to positivity negativity and monopolarity dipolarity, and the percentage of horses that had P waves of a given morphologic class in each lead was calculated. P-Wave morphologic features of 4 precordial leads were most uniform, with > 80% of the horses having a single configuration.
Morphologie features of Sertoli cells in the intra-abdominal testes of cryptorchid dwarf goats
Authors: Ezeasor Daniel N. , Singh Amreek 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Light and electron microscopy revealed an age-related progression of alterations of Sertoli cells in the intra-abdominal and scrotal testes of unilaterally cryptorchid West African dwarf goats between the ages of 1 and 30 months. Alterations in the scrotal testis were, however, matura-tional and included differentiation of Sertoli-to-Sertoli cell junctional specializations, profusion of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, convolution of nuclear profiles, development of vacuolar components of the nucleolus, and an overall change in cell shape in response to proliferation of germinal cells. Corresponding features were observed in Sertoli cells of the contralateral intra-abdominal testis, but the cytoplasmic features were transient because the cells degenerated progressively. Early changes included segregation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum into compact masses composed of dense, narrow cisternae, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae into large, irregular profiles, atrophy of the Golgi complex, and accumulation of lipid droplets and lipofuscin granules. Many of these organelles and inclusions no longer were obvious in Sertoli cells of 12- to 15-month-old goats; rather, intracellular vacuoles and dilated intercellular spaces had become common. In the 24- to 30-month-old goats, Sertoli cells in the intra-abdominal testis contained mostly microfilaments and basally located mitochondria with circular cristae in dense matrices. The Sertoli-to-Sertoli cell junctional specializations were structurally intact. These results indicated that, in spite of the unfavorable intra-abdominal environment, Sertoli cells of the intra-abdominal testis, before their degeneration, had developed features similar to those of the scrotal testis.
Influence of interferon in natural resistance of mice to Sendai virus pneumonia
Authors: Breider Michael A. , Adams L. Garry , Womack James E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of interferon (ifn) on the natural resistance to Sendai virus was investigated in resistant (C57BL/ 6NCr) and susceptible (DBA/2NCr) mouse strains. After inoculation with strain 52 Sendai virus, the pulmonary titers of Sendai virus were similar in both mice strains, indicating that the quantity of virus in the lungs may not be a major factor in determination of resistance. The pulmonary ifn titers were higher in DBA/2 mice, indicating that increased susceptibility of DBA/2 mice is not a result of inadequate production of ifn. Treatment of both strains with exogenous ifn before and during viral infection induced an increased survival time in C57BL/6 mice, but eventual mortality was the same in both mouse strains. Administration of anti-ifn antibodies to both mouse strains during Sendai infection decreased mortality equally in both strains, compared with mortality in control mice. Seemingly, the difference in resistance to Sendai virus in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice was probably not a result of the beneficial effects of ifn. On the contrary, administration of anti-ifn antibodies decreased the susceptibility of both mouse strains.
Efficacy of amoxicillin trihydrate for the treatment of experimentally induced foot rot in cattle
Authors: Braun R. Kenneth , Bates Douglas B. , Shearer Jan K , Tran Thang Q. , Keiey Mohamed El 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty holstein heifers were intradermally inoculated in the interdigital skin with a suspension containing Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to induce acute foot rot. Lesions, lameness, and swelling were evaluated during the study, using a subjective scoring system. Rectal temperature, species and number of bacteria isolated, and change in body weight were monitored throughout the study.
Ten heifers (treated) were given amoxicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg of body weight, im) for 5 days, beginning at the onset of lameness. The remaining 10 heifers (controls) were given physiologic saline solution im. Treated heifers had less severe lesions and greater weight gain than did control heifers. Rectal temperatures of treated heifers did not differ significantly from those of control heifers. It was concluded that administration of amoxicillin trihydrate early in the course of acute foot rot may reduce the severity of lesions associated with foot rot in cattle.
Reproductive evaluation of male Beagles and the safety of ivermectin
Authors: Daurio Carolyn P. , Gilman Martin R. , Pulliam James D. , Seward R. Lee 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ivermectin had no adverse effects on spermatogenesis, fertility, or reproductive performance of Beagle dogs when administered orally at 600 μg/kg (0.6 mg/kg) of body weight monthly for 8 treatments. Semen was collected every 3 days from 28 days before treatment began until 83 days thereafter from 6 ivermectin-treated Beagles and 6 similar water-treated controls (38 collections/dog). All dogs were then bred to 2 nontreated bitches each; litter size, birth weights, and pup abnormalities and mortalities were evaluated. After all pups were whelped, each dog was euthanatized and necropsied, and the testis and epididymis were examined microscopically.
Healing of transverse humeral fractures in pigeons treated with ethylene oxide-sterilized, dry-stored, onlay cortical xenografts and allografts
Authors: MacCoy Douglas M. , Haschek Wanda M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transverse humeral fractures were created in adult male pigeons (Columbia livia). They were bridged with an allograft or a xenograft, or they were allowed to heal without treatment. Tissues were examined for wound healing, bony union, infection, and sequestration of the graft at 28, 43, 85, 106, and 168 days after surgery. Neither allografts nor xenografts contributed to nor interfered with bone healing. In nontreated pigeons (controls), bony union with marked callus formation developed between misaligned fragment ends. When onlay grafts were used, bone fragments remained aligned, with minor callus formation. There was a significant (P = 0.0001) increase in the number of wounds opening after surgery and infections of the surgical site (xenograft, P = 0.0026; allograft, P = 0.0021) associated with graft use. A significant (P = 0.0001) frequency of graft sequestration was observed, regardless of graft type. A significant (P = 0.0001) frequency of foreign body reaction also was observed. Under these circumstances, the application of a graft should be considered as an alignment device, rather than a stimulus to healing.
Effect of atropine on cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry in the dog
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Finco D. R. , Brown J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of atropine on cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry were examined in 12 healthy young adult dogs by comparing recordings obtained after xylazine alone with those obtained after administration of xylazine and atropine. Significant differences (P > 0.05) were not found, indicating that atropine, when administered sc with xylazine, did not markedly affect cystometrographic results and urethral pressure profiles.
Hereditary parakeratosis in Shorthorn beef calves
Authors: Vogt D. W. , Carlton Carol G. , Miller R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Parakeratosis was diagnosed in 9 Shorthorn beef calves over a 4-year period. When pedigrees of these calves were analyzed, familial associations were strong. Thirty-six coefficients of relationship among all possible combinations of the 9 affected calves ranged from 0.5 to 39.8% and averaged 15.6%. All affected calves were descendants of bull A. Of 9 affected calves, 6 had bull A in their paternal and maternal pedigrees. The 3 remaining affected calves had bull A in their sire's pedigree and were born to 2 full-sib dams. Seemingly, parakeratosis in this Shorthorn herd was hereditary with the mode of inheritance being that of a simple autosomal recessive.
Total parenteral nutrition in four healthy adult horses
Authors: Hansen Thomas O. , White Nathaniel A. , Kemp Douglas T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total parenteral nutrition was accomplished in 4 healthy adult horses. During the 10-day study, the horses were not permitted to ingest food or water. Body weight was maintained at 94% of initial values without clinical evidence of dehydration. Serum urea nitrogen and triacyl-glycerol concentrations decreased during the study, without other significant hematologic or biochemical changes. Horses adapted without problems to the routine of iv feeding and confinement. All horses were healthy at the conclusion of the study. It was concluded that intravenous feeding with a lipid-glucose-amino acid-electrolyte solution was an acceptable method of maintaining nutrition in the healthy adult horse.
Plasma heparin values and hemostasis in equids after subcutaneous administration of low-dose calcium heparin
Authors: Gerhards Hartmut , Eberhardt Christiane 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Different doses of heparin were given to equids sc to establish 0.05 to 0.20 U of heparin/ml of plasma. Plasma heparin values and antithrombin III activities were assayed, using chromogenic substrate methods. Activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times were determined, using conventional coagulation assays. Tests were run every hour (or every 2 hours for antithrombin III) for 12 hours from 5 groups of 5 equids each after single injection of 40, 60, 80,100, or 125 U of calcium heparin/kg of body weight and from 11 equids after injection of 150 U of calcium heparin/kg.
The smaller dose (40 U/kg) did not or only insufficiently increase plasma heparin values. After 150 U of heparin/kg, plasma heparin concentrations were increased for 11 hours and were significantly (P = 0.05) increased between postadministration hours 2 and 7. The desired range beyond 0.05 U of heparin/ml was achieved between postadministration hours 2 and 6. Antithrombin III, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were not significantly affected by any heparin dose.
In cumulative studies, 2 equids were given 150 U of heparin/kg 7 times at 12-hour intervals. After the 3rd injection, a mean plasma concentration of 0.20 U of heparin/ml was achieved; after the 7th injection, the mean concentration was 0.22 U of heparin/ml. Four equids were given 150 U of heparin/kg initially, followed by 125 U of heparin/kg 6 times at 12-hour intervals. After the 3rd injection, a maximal plasma heparin concentration of 0.12 U of heparin/ml was achieved; after the 7th injection, the mean concentration was 0.18 U of heparin/ml. Repeated sc heparin injections caused moderate swelling at the injection sites. After similar heparin doses, great interindividual and intraindividual variations in resulting plasma heparin concentrations were observed. Between 2100 and 0900 hours, plasma heparin values were higher than those between 0900 and 2100 hours.
Seemingly, sc administration of 150 U of heparin/kg, followed by 125 U of heparin/kg at 12-hour intervals, resulted in plasma heparin values between 0.05 and 0.20 U of heparin/ml. This heparin regimen may be useful for efficacious low-dose heparin prophylaxis in equids.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration in cats
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , Wilson Robert C. , Hatch Roger C. , Kemp Douglas T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six adult mixed breed cats were given 5 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight by rapid iv, im, or sc injection. The serum concentration vs time data were analyzed, using a noncompartmental model based on statistical moment theory. The mean ± sd for the effective half-life after iv administration was 1.25 ± 0.30 hours. Mean residence time was 1.80 ± 0.43 hours. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.14 ± 0.02 L/kg. Total body clearance was 1.38 ± 0.35 ml/min/kg. Bioavailability was 67.8% after im and 76.2% after sc administration. A recommended dosage of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hours was calculated; this dosage would induce an average steady state serum gentamicin concentration of 4 μg/ml. The sc route of administration was preferred because of rapid absorption, good bioavailability, and ease of administration.
Eructation of gas through the gastroesophageal sphincter before and after gastric fundectomy in dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Turner W. Drew , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The gas eructation function of the gastroesophageal sphincter (ges) was investigated in 6 conscious, fed dogs before and after gastric fundectomy. Using a perfused 4-lumen catheter with a Dent sleeve, gastric and ges pressures were measured. To induce eructation, nitrogen gas was insufflated (440 ml/min) into the stomach through one channel of the catheter. After base-line studies were completed on each dog, fundectomy, to remove 30% of the stomach, was performed. Mean (± sem) ges pressure was 45.3 ± 3.3 mm of Hg before fundectomy and 41.4 ± 1.9 mm of Hg after fundectomy (P > 0.05). Before fundectomy, treatment with metoclopramide or cisapride increased ges pressure to 62.2 ± 4.1 mm of Hg (P < 0.001) and 61.1 ± 5.0 mm of Hg(P < 0.05), respectively. Gastric contraction rates were the same, 4.92 ± 0.24/min and 4.80 ± 0.16/min before and after fundectomy, respectively.
During insufflation, gastric pressures before eructation increased to 12.2 ± 1.3 mm of Hg before fundectomy and to 13.6 ± 0.9 mm of Hg after fundectomy (P > 0.05). Eructation occurred at intervals of 1.44 ± 0.20 minutes before fundectomy and 1.56 ± 0.13 minutes after fundectomy (P > 0.05). Before fundectomy, administration of metoclopramide or cisapride resulted in eructation intervals of 1.72 ± 0.21 minutes and 1.39 ± 0.02 minutes, respectively; these intervals were not significantly different from those measured in dogs not given drugs. After fundectomy, the ges pressure in 5 dogs decreased and remained low during insufflation. After a series of normal eructation intervals, multiple eructations were observed in 4 of these dogs. Fundectomy did not impair ability to eructate gas from the stomach.
Efficacy of ivermectin against Cooperia curticei infection in sheep
Authors: Bogan James A. , McKellar Quintin A. , Mitchell E. Sian , Scott Elspeth W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lambs were inoculated with a single dose of Cooperia curticei. Subcutaneous administration of ivermectin at a dosage of 200 μg/kg of body weight resulted in 61.1% and 90.4% anthelmintic efficacy, when measured at 7 and 14 days after treatment, respectively. In the treatment groups, parasites that remained were located more distally in the small intestine than those in the lambs in the control groups.
Serologic studies of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains of serotype-3 and their antigenic relationships with other A pleuropneumoniae serotypes in swine
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Higgins R. , Lariviére S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serotype-3 strains of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae possess epitopes shared with almost all other Actinobacillus serotypes. Common epitopes detected in particulate antigens were heat-labile and heat-stable and were of minor nature. Additional cross-reactive epitopes were detected in soluble and particulate antigens prepared from strains of serotypes 3, 6, and 8. Crossreactions occurring between serotype-3 antigens and those of other serotypes were of 2 types: one associated mainly with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-me)-sensitive IgM antibodies and the other associated mainly with 2-me-resistant IgG antibodies. The cross-reactivity between serotypes 3, 6, and 8 was associated mainly with IgG antibodies, as shown by the results of 2-me tube agglutination, 2-me-indirect hemagglutination, and coagglutination tests. None of the tests was entirely satisfactory for serotyping serotype-3 isolates, mainly as a result of overlapping of type-specific antigenic determinants of serotypes 3, 6, and 8 in different combinations in the same strain. A combination of tests, using particulate and soluble antigens, may be necessary for typing of serotype-3 isolates.
Humoral immune response of the bovine fetus to in utero vaccination with attenuated bovine coronavirus
Authors: Mullaney T. P. , Newman L. E. , Whitehair C. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A fetal response to in utero vaccination with attenuated bovine coronavirus (9 to 49 days before parturition) was determined in 8 calves, 5 vaccinated and 3 controls. Calves were derived by hysterotomy before parturition and were maintained in a closed gnotobiotic environment.
The IgA, IgM, and IgG values and coronavirus-neutralizing antibody titers were higher in the sera and intestinal loop fluid from vaccinated calves than in those from control calves. Sections of ileum and ileal lymph nodes from 1-day-old vaccinated calves, when stained with monospecific anti-bovine IgG, IgM, and IgA had numerous positively stained plasma cells. Positive fluorescence was not detected in comparable tissues from controls.
When the 8 calves were given virulent coronavirus orally at 6 days of age, vaccinated calves did not become ill, whereas control calves had diarrhea in 19 to 22 hours. All calves were killed at 10 days of age. Control calves had lesions characteristic of coronavirus infection, and intestinal epithelial cells were positive by fluorescent antibody tests. In vaccinated calves, lesions of coronavirus infection were absent, and results of fluorescent antibody tests were negative. Although in utero vaccination with a coronavirus vaccine stimulated immunity in the newborn calf, the frequency of abortions (2 of 14 cows inoculated intra-amniotically) and premature births (4 of 14) precluded practical application.