bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeder-Free Monolayer Cultures of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Express an Epithelial Plasma Membrane Protein Profile
Authors: Van Hoof Dennis , Braam Stefan R. , Dormeyer Wilma , Ward-van Oostwaard Dorien , Heck Albert J.R. , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Mummery Christine L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are often cocultured on mitotically inactive fibroblast feeder cells to maintain their undifferentiated state. Under these growth conditions, hESCs form multilayered colonies of morphologically heterogeneous cells surrounded by flattened mesenchymal cells. In contrast, hESCs grown in feeder cell-conditioned medium on Matrigel instead tend to grow as monolayers with uniform morphology. Using mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, we showed that hESCs under these conditions primarily express proteins belonging to epithelium-related cell-cell adhesion complexes, including adherens junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. This indicates that monolayers of hESCs cultured under feeder-free conditions retain a homogeneous epithelial phenotype similar to that of the upper central cell layer of colonies maintained on feeder cells. Notably, feeder-free hESCs also coexpressed vimentin, which is usually associated with mesenchyme, suggesting that these cells may have undergone epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions, indicating differentiation. However, if grown on a “soft” substrate (Hydrogel), intracellular vimentin levels were substantially reduced. Moreover, when hESCs were transferred back to feeder cells, expression of vimentin was again absent from the epithelial cell population. These results imply that on tissue culture substrates, vimentin expression is most likely a stress-induced response, unrelated to differentiation.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Case Management and Social Role Theory as Partners in Service Delivery
Authors: Blakely Thomas J. , Dziadosz Gregory M. 
Published: August 2008

This article proposes a reorganized model of case management for persons with a serious psychiatric illness, including a substance abuse disorder. The model was designed as a response to the changing demands of federal law, public funding sources, and social work licensure requirements in some states. It partners case management with social role theory and uses the person-in-situation paradigm and social functioning as organizing concepts.This model may be helpful for those adult mental health agencies serving this population who are faced with making adjustments to changing demands of federal law, public funding sources, and the requirements of social work licensure in some states, all of which place restrictions on service delivery. An important feature of the model is partnering case management with social role theory in a way that enhances the delivery of case management services. It is being implemented at Touchstone innovaré, a mental health agency serving adults who have a serious psychiatric condition or a co-occurring disorder.
Invasive Non-Native Solidago Species in Latvia: Expansion History and Current Distribution
Authors: Priede Agnese 
Published: August 2008

Invasive Non-NativeSolidagoSpecies in Latvia: Expansion History and Current DistributionTwo non-nativeSolidagoL. species of North-American origin are aggressive plant invaders in most of Europe.Solidago canadensisoccurs frequently in most of temperate Europe, whileS. gigantealags behind in north and east Europe. For the first time the distribution and history of expansion of bothSolidagospecies in Latvia were studied and reviewed in maps. The distribution data were gathered mainly in field surveys (2004-2007); other data sources include herbarium materials, literature and unpublished data. Both the widespreadS. canadensisand rareS. giganteaare well adapted to a wide range of habitats mostly occurring in human-disturbed habitats in the vicinity of settlements and transportation routes. Over the last century, the dispersal success of goldenrods had been greatly facilitated by land use changes, human alteration of ecosystems, and development of transportation networks.
Concepts of Rurality and Urbanity as Analytical Categories in Multidimensional Research
Authors: Kūle Laila 
Published: August 2008

Concepts of Rurality and Urbanity as Analytical Categories in Multidimensional Research
This paper is a review of the concepts of rurality and urbanity and of various approaches to their differentiation. The author reviews the continuum and dichotomy of rurality and urbanity and the challenges that occur when seeking to differentiate between them. The author has reviewed the descriptive approach, which is based on empirical data, as well as the social approach, which is based on various social agents and different ways of perceiving space. The author has evaluated various approaches to studying rural-urban separation, focusing on the challenges that are created by contemporary developments in society. New forms of populated areas are emerging, and they do not correspond to this binary separation. Both rural and urban areas are becoming increasingly multidimensional and interactions between them more intensive. "Urban" and "rural" are abstractions and metaphors that are needed to ensure human communications which enables the bridging of knowledge from one area of science or politics to another. That is particularly relevant for interdisciplinary research such as spatial and environmental studies. In the conclusion, the author reviews the way in which rurality and urbanity are studied by researchers in Latvia.
Premise of Optimal Water Management in Latvia
Authors: Zaķis Gunārs , Ernšteins Raimonds 
Published: August 2008

Premise of Optimal Water Management in Latvia
The development of water management in Latvia was broadly investigated with a focus on identifying the main managerial problems when analysing all factors affecting water administration and management optimisation prospects. Combined sociological research was performed using traditional and also case study research methodologies to produce systemic assessment of institutional and human resource capacities and managerial impact on the organisational ability of municipalities and the provision of water supply and waste water treatment services by companies and utilities. Alternative water management models and their applications were also elaborated and evaluated. To provide rational use of water resources in Latvia and to meet the requirements of the EU legislation, it is necessary to change the water management system in the country, but, most important, to develop principles of systemic integration and coordinated cooperation with respecting historically formed conditions, and, to introduce an optimal water management model comprising a set of management preconditions—approaches, principles, structural components and set of tools into complement institutional capacities.
Amenity Migration in Postsocialist Metropolis: The Case of Rīga Agglomeration
Authors: Bērziņš Māris , Krišjāne Zaiga 
Published: August 2008

Amenity Migration in Postsocialist Metropolis: The Case of Rīga Agglomeration
Over the last ten years, the metropolitan area of Rīga has seen a population increase, while the number of people actually living in the city of Rīga has declined. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of deconcentration in the Rīga agglomeration, linking these to motivation for migration and changes in the territorial distribution of places of residents. The study analyses factors that lead people to choose a specific place of residence. A comparison of motivation for migration in Rīga and in the zones of its agglomeration shows that there are significant differences in terms of a job as a motivation factor. More important in selecting a new home are the purchase or construction of property, the desire for an attractive environment, and the ability to move into a better home. Efforts to improve quality of life are more distinct in the internal zone of the agglomeration, which means that environmental amenities play a more important role there than in the external zone.
A New Tristichopterid (Pisces, Sarcopterygii) from the Devonian of Latvia
Authors: Zupiņš Ivars 
Published: August 2008

A New Tristichopterid (Pisces, Sarcopterygii) from the Devonian of Latvia
A new species of tristichopterid sarcopterygians, Eusthenopteron kurshi, sp. nov., the earliest representative of the family reported to this date from the territory known as the Main Devonian Field, is described from the well-known fossil locality of Latvia, the Lode clay quarry (Upper Givetian/Lower Frasnian). One complete skeleton and several disarticulated bone elements of the head and shoulder girdle have been found. The material reveals some morphologic features like a relatively short parietal shield in the cranial roof and rather asymmetric caudal fin. Characteristic features for the species are a front end of the squamosal extending comparatively far anteriorly and opercular being twice as high as the subopercular.
Approaches for Management of Chemical Substances: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Kazerovska Kristīne , Kļaviņš Māris , Dipāne Judīte 
Published: August 2008

Approaches for Management of Chemical Substances: Challenges and Solutions
This article analyses the development of approaches for management of chemical substances in the frame of current reform of chemicals policy at the European Union level with regard to implementation of REACH Regulation No. 1907/2006. REACH is considered as an integrated approach to the control of the production, import and use of chemicals in the European Union, especially of those chemical substances with the most hazardous properties. The new approach covers both the strengths of old and new chemical policies, also requires revision of existing understandings about chemical production, import and use: responsibilities of all involved actors, the chemicals supply chain, and information flow within chemicals supply chain.
Roles of Reflex Activity and Co-contraction During Assessments of Spasticity of the Knee Flexor and Knee Extensor Muscles in Children With Cerebral Palsy and Different Functional Levels
Authors: Pierce Samuel R , Barbe Mary F , Barr Ann E , Shewokis Patricia A , Lauer Richard T 
Published: August 2008

Background and PurposeSpasticity is a common impairment in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in passive resistive torque, reflex activity, coactivation, and reciprocal facilitation during assessments of the spasticity of knee flexor and knee extensor muscles in children with CP and different levels of functional ability.SubjectsStudy participants were 20 children with CP and 10 children with typical development (TD). The 20 children with CP were equally divided into 2 groups: 10 children classified in Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) level I and 10 children classified in GMFCS level III.MethodsOne set of 10 passive movements between 25 and 90 degrees of knee flexion and one set of 10 passive movements between 90 and 25 degrees of knee flexion were completed with an isokinetic dynamometer at 15°/s, 90°/s, and 180°/s and concurrent surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis and medial hamstring muscles.ResultsChildren in the GMFCS level III group demonstrated significantly more peak knee flexor torque with passive movements at 180°/s than children with TD. Children in the GMFCS level I and level III groups demonstrated significantly more repetitions with medial hamstring muscle activity, vastus lateralis muscle activity, and co-contraction than children with TD during the assessment of knee flexor spasticity at a velocity of 180°/s.Discussion and ConclusionChildren with CP and more impaired functional mobility may demonstrate more knee flexor spasticity and reflex activity, as measured by isokinetic dynamometry, than children with TD. However, the finding of increased reflex activity with no increase in torque in the GMFCS I group in a comparison with the TD group suggests that reflex activity may play a less prominent role in spasticity.
B
12
‐Dependent Enzyme Reactions, Chemistry of
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang , Golding Bernard T. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The vitamin B
12
cofactor called coenzyme B
12
(adenosylcobalamin) assists enzymes called mutases and eliminases in the catalysis of molecular rearrangements. The mutases comprise reactions in which a substrate equilibrates with a product by migration of an amino group (as with β‐lysine 5,6‐aminomutase) or a carbon‐based group (e.g., COSCoA in methylmalonyl‐CoA mutase, which interconverts methylmalonyl‐CoA with succinyl‐CoA). The eliminases (e.g., propane‐1,2‐diol dehydratase) have either hydroxyl or amino as the migrating group, but they differ from the mutases by affording an intermediate that eliminates water or ammonia to give the observed product (e.g., propanal from propane‐1,2‐diol via propane‐1,1‐diol). Methylcobalamin is essentially an intermediary for synthetic reactions catalyzed by methyltransferases. These reactions depend on the “supernucleophilicity” of reduced vitamin B
12
(cob(I)alamin) and in humans provide for the synthesis of the amino acid methionine.
Cell Death: Biological Mechanisms and Small Molecule Inhibitors
Authors: Korkina Olga , Degterev Alexei 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The process of regulated or programmed cell death (PCD) executed through genetically encoded intrinsic cellular machinery is widely accepted to represent one of the key cellular responses to extrinsic and intrinsic stimulation. Extensive analysis of PCD carried out during the last decade clearly established that proper execution of PCD is important for normal mammalian development and also for homeostasis of the adult organism. Deregulation of PCD has been linked to development of many severe human diseases like cancer, autoimmunity, stroke, and some neurodegenerative diseases. Although apoptosis, which is the first discovered form of PCD, has been and remains the mainstay of PCD research, better understanding of the process of apoptosis led to the surprising discovery that other forms of PCD also exist and play multiple important roles in health and disease. Small‐molecule inhibitors of apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death have been successfully developed and proved very useful in defining the mechanisms and functional role of various PCD processes. Furthermore, some molecules have been developed extensively and represent emerging new therapies for human pathologies. In this article, we will discuss the major PCD‐related protein targets of chemical inhibitors and describe the major classes of small molecule inhibitors developed to this point.
Drug Discovery and Development: Computational Approaches
Authors: Li Honglin , Zheng Mingyue , Luo Xiaomin , Zhu Weiliang , Jiang Hualiang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecently, computational approaches have been considerably appreciated in drug discovery and development. Their applications span almost all stages in the discovery and development pipeline, from target identification to lead discovery, from lead optimization to preclinical or clinical trials. In conjunction with medicinal chemistry, molecular and cell biology, and biophysical methods as well, computational approaches will continuously play important roles in drug discovery. Several new technologies and strategies of computational drug discovery associated with target identification, new chemical entity discovery, and lead optimization will be the focus of this review.
Peptide Synthesis: Coupling Methods
Authors: Benoiton N. Leo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPeptide‐bond formation requires activation of a carboxyl group followed by aminolysis of the activated carbonyl. The reagents and methods employed for activation, the intermediates and activated forms generated and their aminolysis are described. Rationalization of the strategy employed to avoid isomerization during coupling is presented. Approaches for minimizing aggregation that interferes with coupling are also given.
Flavoenzymes, Chemistry of
Authors: van Berkel Willem J. H. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Flavoenzymes are omnipresent in nature and are involved in many cellular processes. Flavoenzymes typically contain the vitamin B2 derivatives FAD and FMN as a redox‐active prosthetic group. By varying the protein environment around the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin, evolution has created a great diversity of flavoprotein active sites and catalytic machineries. Most flavoenzymes perform one‐ or two‐electron redox reactions and belong to the following groups: Flavoprotein reductases primarily use NAD(P)H as electron donor and pass these electrons to a protein substrate or another electron acceptor. Flavoprotein dehydrogenases oxidize organic substrates and mainly use quinones and electron transfer proteins as electron acceptors. Flavoprotein disulfide oxidoreductases contain active‐site thiols. They use a dithiol substrate and NAD
+
to form a disulfide product and NADH or act in the other direction yielding NAD(P)
+
and a reduced (dithiol) product. Some flavoprotein (di)thiol oxidoreductases stabilize a reactive and reversibly oxidized cysteine in their active site. Flavoprotein oxidases catalyze the conversion of a substrate single bond to a double bond. The reduced flavin generated during this reaction is reoxidized by molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. Flavoprotein monooxygenases mainly use NAD(P)H as an electron donor and insert one atom of molecular oxygen into their substrates. By doing so, they act in different biological processes, ranging from lignin degradation and detoxification to the biosynthesis of polyketides and plant hormones.
Informatics for Glycans
Authors: Raman Rahul , Sasisekharan Ram 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDatabases and informatics tools are central to rapid acceleration in the progress of the genomics and proteomics fields. Glycomics, an emerging paradigm in the age of postgenomics, involves understanding the structure–function relationship of glycans in fundamental biological processes. In comparison with genomics and proteomics, the advancement of glycomics has faced unique challenges in the pursuit of developing tools, biological readouts, and an informatics platform to investigate glycan structure–function relationships. These challenges are because of the structural diversity and heterogeneity in glycans that develops from their complex nontemplate biosynthesis. This review focuses on areas of technologies for sequencing glycans and the importance of developing a bioinformatics platform to integrate the diverse data sets generated using the different technologies to allow a systems approach to glycan structure–function relationships. Although aspects of glycan analysis and integration of glycomics data sets have been covered in earlier reviews, this review brings these aspects together for both linear and branched glycans.
Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Phosphoproteomics
Authors: Giorgianni Francesco , Beranova‐Giorgianni Sarka 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Proteins are biological macromolecules whose structure and functions are essential to every biological process within cells. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important post‐translational modifications and it has a profound effect on protein function. Recently, concurrent advances in bioanalytical technologies and informatics enabled studies of proteins and phosphoproteins on a global scale. These large‐scale approaches represent an integral component of systems biology, which is an area of scientific inquiry that focuses on a biological system as a whole. State‐of‐the art mass spectrometry is a key technology for global‐scale protein and phosphoprotein analyses. Phosphorylated proteins from diverse biological systems can be probed with a combination of separation methods, tandem mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics, to reveal the identity of the phosphorylated protein and the exact localization of the site(s) of phosphorylation. Characterization of the phosphoproteomes in cells, tissues and biological fluids provides an excellent foundation on which to build new knowledge of living systems.
Membrane Proteins: Properties
Authors: Columbus Linda , Nakamoto Robert K. , Cafiso David S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Membrane proteins constitute a significant fraction of the proteins that are encoded in the typical genome, and they are critical to many cellular processes, which include transport, cell signaling, and energy transduction. This importance is underscored by the fact that membrane proteins represent the major class of protein targets for pharmaceuticals that are currently in use. However, despite their importance, there are relatively few high‐resolution models for membrane proteins, and little is known about their molecular function. The lack of information on membrane proteins in part reflects the difficulties in efficient expression of this class of proteins and difficulties with structural approaches, such as high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that are not well suited to membrane proteins. In the field of structural biology, membrane proteins represent a significant challenge, and in recent years new structural and biochemical tools have been developed to characterize these systems. In this review, we discuss the functions and properties of membrane proteins, and we discuss the approaches and tools that yield new information on their structure and molecular function.
Metabolic Diseases: Biological Mechanisms
Authors: Arbeeny Cynthia M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), lipid disorders, and hypertension are chronic and disabling diseases that afflict hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. In this article, they are collectively referred to as “cardiometabolic diseases,” because they have “common ground:” They increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Considerable research has been performed to understand the etiology of cardiometabolic diseases and to translate this research into effective treatment paradigms. However, it has been challenging to understand the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. This difficulty is attributed to the complexities involved in metabolic regulation, a resultant “snowballing” effect, and a downward spiral as disease progresses. The first line of therapy for treating obesity, T2D, and/or dyslipidemia is lifestyle intervention, which can impact significantly on disease and decrease CV risk, but is usually not effective because of lack of patient compliance. Patients are then given a plethora of drugs to treat the individual risk factors. However, new therapies are critically needed, because most patients require multiple drugs, some drugs may treat one CVD risk factor and exacerbate another, and most patients do not meet treatment goals. A “magic bullet” that treats the underlying causes that contribute to cardiometabolic risk has been a longstanding goal but remains elusive. Ongoing research to uncover novel targets holds promise for future therapeutics that might treat multiple facets of cardiometabolic diseases. This introductory review focuses on the epidemiology and etiology of cardiometabolic diseases, current therapies, and future treatment strategies.