bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CATECHOL AMINE CONTENT OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE RAT FOLLOWING RESERPINE-INDUCED DEPLETION
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A single intravenous injection of reserpine (15 mg/kg) into albino rats of the Wistar strain will produce a near complete depletion of adrenal medullary catechol amines within 24 hr. Following this change, pressor amines are resynthesized and stored by the chromaffin cells and reach normal levels after a period of 9–14 days. During the early part of this period noradrenaline is re-formed and stored more rapidly than adrenaline, and is present in greater than normal amounts in the regions of the medulla which are normally concerned with storing adrenaline. It is, therefore, possible that methylation of the primary amine may be a rate-limiting factor in adrenaline synthesis.
SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE OF PRESSOR AMINES IN ADRENAL MEDULLARY GRAFTS
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Auto- and homografts of adrenal medullae depleted of reserpine were used in order to follow the rate of synthesis and storage of pressor amines in non-innervated chromaffin cells. The changes were followed by histochemical methods. The findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the rate of storage of catechol amines in the implanted chromaffin cell and in the normal adrenal medulla.
THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE IN SCORBUTIC GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: HOWARD A. N. , CATER D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Adrenal glands of guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C and hypovitaminosis-C were examined and compared with those of normal controls fed on diets containing ascorbic acid as well as with pair-fed controls kept on restricted food intakes. Guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C were also injected with either adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or cortisone and compared with normal controls or pair-fed controls similarly injected.
2. Adrenals of animals with avitaminosis-C increased in absolute (20%) and relative weight (120%). The number of mitoses increased fourfold in the middle stage and tenfold in the terminal stage of the deficiency. The zona fasciculata contained many lipid-free, hyperplastic and dividing cells. Cortisone prevented the increase in weight and in mitoses and also the histological changes. Administration of ACTH to guinea-pigs with early avitaminosis increased the mitoses fourfold, but when given to normal guinea-pigs mitoses increased sevenfold. Histological changes were similar to those seen in advanced avitaminosis.
3. In the adrenals of animals with hypovitaminosis-C, neither the absolute weight nor the number of mitoses were greater than normal but the relative weight of the glands was doubled.
4. It is concluded that the increase in adrenal weight which occurred in avitaminosis-C was the result of a hyperplastic response to high levels of endogenous ACTH known to be present in the blood of deficient animals.
HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BROWN P. S. , CUNNINGHAM F. J. , FINEGAN R. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Various human urinary gonadotrophins and pregnant mares' serum (PMS) frequently gave log dose-log response lines of divergent slope in the assay of Claringbold & Lamond [1957]. This is contrary to their findings and shows dissimilarity in the early action of different gonadotrophins.
There were marked differences in the response of mice from different colonies to PMS and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).
Results by the method of Claringbold & Lamond contrasted more sharply with those of an 'HCG-augmentation' assay for follicle-stimulating hormone than did results of a 72 hr assay using uterine response.
THE EFFECT OF 6-DIAZO-5-OXO-l-NORLEUCINE (DON) ON PREGNANCY
Authors: JACKSON D. , ROBSON J. M. , WANDER A. C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intraperitoneal and intra-amniotic administration of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) will interrupt pregnancy in mice at all stages of gestation with doses which are only a small fraction of the LD50 for this compound. The intra-amniotic injection of DON into pregnant rabbits kills the foetus but leaves the placenta intact. Rabbits are relatively resistant to the toxic action of this compound. The available evidence indicates that DON acts directly on the developing embryo.
NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES AND RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MARTINI L. , MIRA L. , PECILE A. , SAITO S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The gonadotrophin-releasing activity of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial hormones has been investigated in normal female rabbits. Pooled urine, obtained before and after intravenous injection of different posterior pituitary preparations (Pitressin, Pitocin, lysine-vasopressin and synthetic oxytocin), was extracted by the kaolin-acetone method and assayed by the mouse uterus test. All the posterior pituitary preparations used induced a significant rise in the release of gonadotrophins.
The experiments suggest that posterior pituitary polypeptides may play a role in the physiological regulation of gonadotrophin release.
THE METABOLISM OF 4-14C PREDNISOLONE
Authors: VERMEULEN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of radioactivity after oral administration of 4-14c prednisolone was studied in a patient already receiving large daily doses of non-radioactive prednisolone. The radioactive metabolites in the urine were fractionated by various chromatographic procedures and the following radioactive compounds were identified: prednisolone; prednisone; 11β:17α: 20β:21-tetrahydroxypregna-1:4-dien-3-one; 17α: 20β:21-trihydroxypregna-1:4-diene-3:11-dione; 3α: 11β: 17α:21-tetrahydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one; 3α: 17α:21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane-11:20-dione. The significance of these findings is discussed.
TIMING OF THE STAGES OF THE MATURATION DIVISIONS, OVULATION, FERTILIZATION AND THE FIRST CLEAVAGE OF EGGS OF ADULT MICE TREATED WITH GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: EDWARDS R. G. , GATES A. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The stages of the maturation divisions, ovulation, fertilization and the first cleavage in the eggs of two strains of adult mice have been timed following superovulation treatment. Superovulation was induced by a priming injection of pregnant mares' serum followed after a 40 hr interval by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).
The oocytes were in the dictyate (germinal vesicle) stage until 2 hr after the injection of HCG. They then completed the prophase of the first maturation division, and the first metaphase plates were found 30 min later. From approx. 4½ to 8 hr all oocytes were in metaphase. The first maturation division and extrusion of the first polar body were then rapidly completed just before ovulation.
Ovulation began, as judged by the presence of eggs with adherent cumulus in the uterine tubes, 11 hr after the injection of HCG and was virtually complete by 14 hr. One strain of mice ovulated slightly later than another strain. The time at which ovulation occurred was very similar in mated and unmated females.
Fertilization and the first cleavage were studied in females which mated before ovulation began, and the mean intervals between various stages were as follows. Spermatozoa penetrated through the cumulus and zona pellucida in approx. 1 hr, and remained in the perivitelline space for 50 min. Pronuclei were formed 4¼ hr later, and the first cleavage division occurred at approx. 25 hr after penetration of spermatozoa into the eggs. These estimates are similar to those reported by other workers.
The formation of oocytes in the adult mammalian ovary, the timing of early stages in the prophase of the first maturation division, and the relation between natural and induced ovulation are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE AND OF CORTISOL ON THE RESPONSE OF ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM TO THE STIMULATING EFFECT OF INSULIN ON GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND ON INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEIN
Authors: MANCHESTER K. L. , RANDLE P. J. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of hypophysectomy, or of adrenalectomy, and injection of pituitary growth hormone (GH) or of cortisol, on the uptake of glucose and the incorporation of glycine into protein by isolated rat diaphragm, and the effect of the addition of insulin in vitro on these processes, has been studied.
2. Both hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy raised the uptake of glucose by isolated diaphragm, while treatment of the intact or of the hypophysectomized rat with GH, or of the intact or of the adrenalectomized rat with cortisol, depressed it. Although hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy did not influence the additional glucose uptake induced by 200 mu./ml. of insulin in vitro, both these operations enhanced the effect of 0·1–1·0 mu./ml. of insulin on glucose uptake by diaphragm in vitro. Treatment of the rat with GH or cortisol diminished the rise in glucose uptake of diaphragm induced by 0·1–1·0 mu./ml. insulin.
3. Hypophysectomy depressed, and administration of GH to the intact or hypophysectomized rat raised, the incorporation of glycine into protein of the isolated diaphragm, but neither of these operations altered the magnitude of the stimulation of incorporation induced by 1·0 mu./ml. insulin.
4. Adrenalectomy raised, and administration of cortisol to the intact or adrenalectomized rat depressed, the incorporation of glycine into protein of the isolated diaphragm; adrenalectomy enhanced, the injection of cortisol diminished, the effect of 1·0 mu./ml. insulin on these processes.
5. The possibility that GH directs insulin towards the stimulation of protein synthesis, in part by restraining the action of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism, is discussed.
PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD
Authors: SHORT R. V. , ETON B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The content of progesterone was determined in the peripheral venous blood of pregnant women from the 11th week after the last menstrual period up to the day of birth. There was a steady increase in the blood level from the 11th to the 35th week, but thereafter the level rose more rapidly, and remained high during labour itself. The significance of this rise after the 35th week is not fully understood. It may reflect a decrease in the rate of progesterone metabolism which occurs at this time. The blood level in three cases of twin pregnancy tended to be higher than the corresponding levels for single pregnancies.
After removal of the placenta during elective caesarean sections, it was found that the blood progesterone level rapidly fell below the limits of sensitivity of the method. It has been estimated that the half-life of progesterone in the circulating blood must be 5 min or less.
MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE ADULT RAT AFTER X-RAY STERILIZATION
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
So long as oestrous cycles persist, X-ray sterilized females will frequently accept the male. If insemination occurs during the first 2 days after treatment, it is frequently followed by a period of pseudopregnancy. Matings occur very rarely once the period of continuous vaginal cornification has set in.
SOME ASPECTS OF ADRENAL HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY IN THE SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE OF SOUTH CHINA (CHELONIA AMYDA)
Authors: LIU HIN-CHING , MANEELY R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenal histology of Chelonia amyda is described and emphasis placed upon the interpenetration of the interrenal and chromaffin tissues and on their structural relationships with the vascular endothelium. Diastase-resistant polysaccharide complexes are present within the chromaffin-reactive cells. Alkaline glycerophosphatase is absent from the interrenal tissues but present in the chromaffin tissues, especially in the intercellular material.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CORPORA LUTEA ATRETICA IN THE OVARIES OF PREGNANT DOMESTIC RABBITS
Authors: HALLIDAY R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Corpora lutea atretica were present in 40% of pregnant domestic rabbits and accounted for 7·6% of all corpora lutea. They occurred relatively more frequently during that part of the year when the rabbit breeds most freely, and were probably all formed at the beginning of pregnancy from unruptured mature follicles. It is suggested that their formation may be associated with a state of definite endocrinological imbalance since their distribution is not uniform throughout the population and is significantly related to an increased loss of ova before implantation.
THE POST-NUPTIAL OCCURRENCE OF PROGESTINS IN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES OF BIRDS
Authors: LOFTS B. , MARSHALL A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It has been previously suggested that the cholesterol which appears during the post-nuptial metamorphosis of the seminiferous tubules of submammalian vertebrates may be of endocrine significance. It is now shown by means of paper chromatography that the tubular lipids of pigeons probably contain progesterone and its metabolites. The testes of control ('pre-nuptial') birds contain androgens but no progestins.
Again, the Hooker-Forbes bioassay test indicates the presence of plasma progestins in seven out of eight birds with metamorphosed lipoidal tubules. Of seven control birds in full spermatogenesis six were negative for progestin. The possibility that the regular, post-nuptial accumulation and expenditure of tubular cholesterol is functionally homologous with the formation and regression of the corpus luteum is discussed.
ALTERATION OF RADIO-SENSITIVITY OF THE TESTIS BY EXTREME HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: WEISS L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Mice were irradiated at normal body temperatures, at 1–2° C, at 13–15° C, and after cysteamine injections.
2. Damage to the testis by irradiation was assessed after 28 days by testicular weight and histology.
3. Cooling to 1–2° C during irradiation afforded considerable protection to testes. Cysteamine gave slight protection, and cooling to 13–15° C offered none.
4. It seems probable that the protective effect of hypothermia is due, in part at least, to the associated hypoxia produced when animals are cooled by the method described.
THE EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE SECRETORY CAPACITY OF THE TESTIS
Authors: ABBOTT C. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The production of androgenic hormone (as judged by the weight of the accessory sex organs) was not diminished in the course of 25 weeks following exposure of the testes of rats to 5000 and 10,000 r of X-rays. The characteristic changes in the weights of the pituitary and adrenal glands which usually follow castration were not observed in the X-ray sterilized animals. The seminiferous epithelium was completely destroyed and did not regenerate during the postoperative period of observation of 25 weeks. Most of the intertubular cells remained histologically normal after irradiation. The proportion of intertubular to tubular tissue was considerably higher in the irradiated than in the non-irradiated animals.
X-ray sterilized animals, like their non-sterilized litter-mates, responded to the administration of gonadotrophin by an increased production of androgen.
Copulatory activity was not influenced by X-ray sterilization. All matings except one were sterile. Females inseminated by irradiated males became pseudopregnant (as judged by vaginal smears).
THE PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF THE GUINEA-PIG CORPUS LUTEUM DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND AFTER HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: ROWLANDS I. W. , SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone in the corpora lutea of unmated, pregnant and hysterectomized guinea-pigs was assayed chromatographically using a modification of the procedure described by Short [1958b]. Its concentration on the 6th day after ovulation was similar in unmated and pregnant animals. By the 11th to 13th day the concentration in non-pregnant animals had decreased by one-half, but in the pregnant animals the amount was unchanged. A two- to threefold increase occurred between the 11th to 13th and the 21st to 23rd day which, it is suggested, coincides with the production of a luteotrophin. Throughout the remainder of pregnancy the concentration of progesterone in the corpus luteum was maintained at a high level. The results are compared with those that have been obtained in other species.
A very high concentration of progesterone was found in the corpora lutea of hysterectomized guinea-pigs. The use of this experimental animal is suggested for further work on the hormonal control of the life-span of the corpus luteum.
MYOMETRIAL RESPONSES TO THE MENSTRUAL PLAIN-MUSCLE STIMULANT
Authors: PICKLES V. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The guinea-pig uterus and strips of human myometrium are stimulated in vitro by ether extracts of menstrual fluid; the guinea-pig uterus is also stimulated in vivo by intravenous or intracardiac injections of the same extracts. The amount of the active material recovered from menstrual fluid probably varies from subject to subject, and in one instance was shown to decrease steadily from the beginning to the end of the menstrual period. The uterine responses in vitro take several forms, all excitatory; they are compared with the contractions of the human uterus in vivo during normal menstruation and dysmenorrhoea.
FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE RAT PITUITARY GRAFTED INTO THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Authors: MARTINI L. , DE POLI A. , PECILE A. , SAITO S. , TANI F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It is shown that anterior pituitary tissue grafted into hypophysectomized rats and lacking any connexion with the median eminence does not retain any somatotrophic or gonadotrophic activities, but has some adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) and thyrotrophic (TSH) activities. This conclusion is based on: (1) the partial maintenance of thyroid and adrenal weight; (2) the results of studies on 131I uptake and on TSH concentration in the grafted pituitaries; (3) the persistence of significant adrenocorticotrophic responses to Pitressin, lysine-vasopressin and Guillemin's fraction D; (4) the presence of histological and histochemical signs of activity in the grafted gland.
The subnormal levels of secretion observed in the pituitary grafted into sites far removed from the sella turcica, seem to depend on the lack of some neurohumoral stimulus which normally activates the intact pituitary via the hypophysio-portal vessels.
Evidence is given that vasopressin may be the hypothalamic neurohumor involved in ACTH secretion, and that the ACTH-releasing activity of Guillemin's fraction D may be accounted for by its vasopressin content.
CIRCULATING INSULIN ANTAGONISTS IN DIABETES MELLITUS: UNTREATED DIABETICS, DIABETICS DURING INFECTIONS AND ACROMEGALICS WITH DIABETES
Authors: FIELD J. B. , RIGBY BARBARA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using the effect of insulin on isolated rat hemidiaphragm as an assay system, it has been possible to demonstrate a circulating insulin antagonist in some new cases of diabetes of the growth-onset type as well as during the exacerbation of diabetes secondary to infections. Three out of four acromegalics with diabetes also showed evidence of insulin antagonist, while one diabetic patient with thyrotoxicosis requiring 155 u. insulin/day had no antagonist. The antagonist present in the new diabetics and during infection exhibited some characteristics similar to the antagonist previously described during diabetic acidosis [Field & Stetten, 1956a], but different from the insulin inhibitor present during chronic insulin resistance.
THE FATE OF INJECTED OXYTOCIN IN THE RABBIT
Authors: CHAUDHURY R. R. , WALKER J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oxytocin injected intravenously into anaesthetized rabbits disappears rapidly from the blood stream, and its disappearance is retarded in animals whose liver or kidneys have been excluded from the circulation. The rate of disappearance of injected vasopressin is similar to that of oxytocin in intact rabbits. Homogenates of rabbit liver and kidney inactivate oxytocin rapidly in vitro; the site of inactivation by the kidney is in the tubules and not in the glomeruli.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPERMATOZOA TO TEMPERATURE SHOCK
Authors: WALES R. G. , WHITE I. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The susceptibility of bull, ram, rabbit, dog, human and fowl spermatozoa to cold shock and high temperatures has been assessed. Motility and differential staining were used as criteria.
Ram and bull spermatozoa were increasingly affected by cold shock at temperatures below 15° C; other spermatozoa were, however, little affected. Epididymal ram spermatozoa, particularly those with an attached kinoplasmic droplet, were more resistant than ejaculated ones; the addition of seminal plasma had little effect.
Second ejaculates from bulls were slightly more resistant than first ejaculates. Washing bull or fowl spermatozoa free of seminal plasma did not influence their susceptibility to cold shock.
Five min at 50° C severely depressed the motility of all spermatozoa except those of the fowl which were, however, completely immobilized at 55° C. Most spermatozoa took up stain more readily when mixed with it at high temperatures than when brought back to room temperature and then mixed; this is due to an increase in the toxicity of the stain at high temperatures.
THE EFFECT OF LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF FEMALE MICE
Authors: BARNETT S. A. , COLEMAN ELIZABETH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Breeding stocks of mice of strain A2G have been studied at environmental temperatures of −3° and 21° C. The mean age of opening of the vagina was 33 days at −3° C, 26 days at 21° C. The mean body weight at opening was 13 g in both temperatures. The vaginal smear of typical oestrus appeared at a mean age of 61 days at −3° C, 38 days at 21° C; it was preceded by variable numbers of anomalous smears containing squamous cells. The mean length of the oestrous cycle was 8·5 days at −3° C, 4·8 days at 21° C. Females transferred from 21° to −3° C had longer cycles at first, but tended to return to normal after some months. The interval between parturitions had two modes, at about 3 and 6 weeks respectively: most intervals were around 6 weeks at −3° C, 3 weeks at 21° C. There was evidence of a negative correlation between the numbers weaned in successive parturitions, when the interval between parturitions was near the minimum. The slowing of the reproductive cycle at −3° C may be attributed to the prior demands of catabolism; but this does not account for the recovery of the mice transferred from warm to cold.
SOME EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND INJECTION OF OVARIAN HORMONES IN THE ARMADILLO
Authors: ENDERS A. C. , BUCHANAN G. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uteri of armadillos, spayed before they had ovulated, declined in weight. Administration of oestradiol to such animals results in a gain in uterine weight due primarily to an increase in thickness of the myometrium.
In animals bilaterally ovariectomized subsequent to ovulation, implantation occurred regularly 22–24 days postoperatively, with little loss of blastocysts.
The administration of progesterone to animals from which the ovary containing the corpus luteum has been removed is compatible with maintenance of the blastocyst. In one instance an unimplanted blastocyst was recovered on day 31 after operation.
The enigma of implantation following bilateral ovariectomy in this species remains unexplained.