bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ESTIMATION OF FEED INTAKE BY SHEEP ON A SILAGE DIET
Authors: McDonald P. , Purves D. 
Published: April 2006

The results of nineteen digestibility trials with sheep on different silages have been reported. From these data and from the results of forty trials with sheep carried out by Watson (15) it has been shown that Lancaster's method of calculating feed intake (9) can be applied to silages when the crude protein content is within the range studied (9–24% of the dry matter). For silages in this category, no advantage has been found in taking the nitrogen content of the silage dry matter into account in calculating feed intake.The digestibility of crude protein and Lancaster's‘constant’have both been correlated with the crude protein content of the silage dry matter for the fifty‐nine trials considered (r = 0.767 and r = 0.452 respectively). Although it has been found unnecessary to take the protein content of silage into account in calculating dry matter intake when feeds containing 9.24% crude protein in the dry matter are used, evidence is presented which indicates that this factor is of considerable importance when herbage of low protein content is fed. The equation,
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which has been derived from the silage data considered, has been found to be valid when compared with the results of trials with fresh herbage and well preserved hays of low protein content.The results of this work indicate that Lancaster's method is a suitable one for estimating the feed intake of animals engaged in self feeding of silage, provided the silage has been well preserved.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT IN STRAINS OF TIMOTHY (PHLEUM SPP.)
Authors: Cooper J. P. 
Published: April 2006

A study has been made of the flowering requirements, for temperature and photoperiod, of a range of timothy strains, including American, British and Scandinavian material.All the strains tested are long‐day in their photoperiodic responses, and there is no “winter requirement” for low temperature (0–5°C.) or short days before flowering. There is, however, an inhibitory effect of high temperature in the greenhouse on flower formation, lf the temperature is too high, no heads are produced, although photoperiod may be adequate. Instead elongated indeterminate shoots are formed which often become stoloniferous.The effect of high temperature varies with the strain, and appears to be related to the May temperature of the region of origin. Under greenhouse temperatures of 55–65°F. American and Canadian commercial strains show little inhibition of flowering, but many plants of the Scandinavian strains fail to produce heads. The British hay strains show intermediate heading behaviour, but only an occasional plant of the diploid S.50 formed heads under these conditions.
STUDIES ON THE MAGNESIUM STATUS OF GRASSLAND HERBAGE AND ITS POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE IN ANIMAL HEALTH
Authors: Griffiths T. W. 
Published: April 2006

Various forms of magnesium compounds were applied to grassland managed under modern intensive conditions and the effects on yield and composition of the herbage were measured. Magnesium limestone increased both yield and magnesium content. Commercial magnesite (MgO) increased the magnesium content rapidly and also gave a small increase in yield. An annual dressing of magnesium sulphate had little effect on magnesium content and tended to depress yield after two years.A marked seasonal effect exists in pasture magnesium content. Increasing the magnesium content had little effect on its distribution within the plant, but it tended to depress calcium and potash.The results are discussed with special reference to recent research on the magnesium metabolism in dairy cattle.
THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF WINTER GRASS AT VARIOUS CENTRES IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1954–60
Authors: Baker H. K. , Chard J. R. A. , Hughes G. Pearson 
Published: April 2006

The effects of management on the production of winter grass wen studied of 47 site England and Wales from 1954 to 1958.Cocksfoot swards provided better grazing during December and January than perennial ryegrass. The best treatment for winter‐grass production from cockfoot swards was to rest from mid‐August, giving un application of 52 lb of nitrogen per acre at this time.Perennial ryegrass produced relatively high yields if rested from early September, but the herbage should be grazed before the end of November because of the risk of it rotting.Cocksfoot herbage in normal swards lost more weight from December to January than cocksfoot sown in wide drills.Local Factors, such as aspect, altitude and sward vigour, were generally more important than latitude in determining level of yield in December. but there were greater lovsess of dry matter from December to January in the north than in the south.
THE INDUCTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR FLOWERING OF SOME TEMPERATE GRASSES
Authors: Cooper J. P. , Calder D. M. 
Published: April 2006

A survey was made of the flowering responses of 47 annual, biennial and perennial grasses, to measure the extent of any winter requirement for floral induction, and to see how far this could be provided by controlled cold or short‐day treatment.The annual species showed little or no inductive requirement, nor did the perennials Arrheuatherum elatius, Ceratochloa unioloides, Phleum pratense and Poa nemoralis. Most perennials possessed a definite inductive requircinent. A few species, such as Lolium perenne, responded to both cold and short‐day given to the young seedling, while others, such as Phleum nodosum, Agrostis alba, A. canina, A. stolonifera and A. tenuis, responded to short‐day induction but not to cold.Many temperate perennials, however, including Cynosurus cn'status, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, F. rubra, Poa pratensis and P. trivialis did not respond to seedling induction and possibly have a juvenile stage before they are able to respond to inductive conditions.The sequence of flowering responses in the temperate perennial grasses is evidently more complex than was previously thought, and the perennial habit can be achieved by many different developmental pathways.
THE FREQUENCY OF DEFOLIATION OF INDIVIDUAL TILLERS IN A SET‐STOCKED SWARD
Authors: Hodgson J. 
Published: April 2006

A method designed to study the defoliation of individual tillers in a set‐stocked sward is described. This was used on S23 ryegrass swards carrying 19 (medium‐stocked) and 30 (heavily‐stocked) sheep/ac.The tillers in the heavily‐stocked sward were defoliated, on average, every 7–8 days, and those in the medium‐stocked sward every 11–14 days. The total green leaf length (GLL) of tillers grazed by the sheep was generally greater than that of tillers not grazed. On average 27 and 40% of the GLL of tillers in the medium‐ and heavily‐stocked swards respectively was removed at each grazing. Older leaves on the grazed tillers were defoliated much less frequently than were younger leaves.It is suggested that a rational analysis of the relationship between the grazing animal and the grazed sward cannot be made without more work of this nature.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN APPEARANCE AND GROWTH OF GRASS ROOTS
Authors: Garwood E. A. 
Published: April 2006

Data from two field experiments, and from a root observation trench, suggest an annual cycle of root growth by grass swards. The production of adventitious roots from the tillers of four grass species, and from perennial ryegrass in a grass/clover sward varied greatly during the year. They were produced in increasing numbers through late winter to early spring; this rate fell sharply in April or May, and was low in summer. The differences in this annual cycle between grass species were small. Examination of roots of perennial ryegrass in a glass‐sided trench showed that root elongation was most rapid in summer and was largely confined to the lower soil horizons. Rather more roots were produced in early autumn than during summer, but the rate of elongation was slow from October until spring.Individual roots of grasses appeared to survive for limited periods. Their longevity depended upon the time of year in which they were first formed; those produced in autumn or winter lived longer than those produced in spring or summer.
COMPARISONS OF LIQUEFIED (ANHYDROUS) AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE AS NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS FOR GRASSLAND
Authors: Jeater R. S. L. 
Published: April 2006

Three trials were conducted to compare liquefied ammonia and ammonium nitrate as nitrogenous fertilizers for grassland. One was at Jealott's Hill and the other two at Henley Manor, Crewkerne, Somerset. At neither centre was the response to liquefied ammonia as great as that from equivalent rates of ammonium nitrate applied in a number of split dressings throughout the season.Split applications of liquefied ammonia were more efficient than single large dressings, but even these were not as efficient as ammonium nitrate.The response from a single large application of liquefied ammonia in spring was superior to that from an autumn application, especially under the high‐rainfall conditions at Henley Manor.The pattern of response from split applications of ammonium nitrate was more uniform than that from a single application of liquefied ammonia. In general, the latter gave a large mid‐summer cut, but fell away badly at the end of the season. These data confirm earlier findings, which also showed that liquefied ammonia was not as efficient as ammonium nitrate applied in the normal way as a nitrogenous fertilizer for grass.
THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF DEFOLIATION OF INDIVIDUAL TILLERS IN SET‐STOCKED SWARDS
Authors: Hodgson J. , Ollerenshaw J. H. 
Published: April 2006

Individual tillers of S23 ryegrass, in three paddocks set‐stocked with sheep at widely differing grazing pressures, were marked and studied from 11 July to 19 August, 1966, and observations were made on the frequency and severity of grazing.The uprooting of tillers, and the destruction of others, were major sources of loss of records. It was found that an acceptable measure of the frequency of defoliation could be made by recording three times a week. In a subsidiary experiment it was shown that repeated handling did not affect the DM yield, the number of tillers or the length of green leaf (G.L.L.) of single plants.Despite the extreme differences in grazing pressure, there were no significant differences between paddocks in the daily increase in the G.L.L. of tillers which were not grazed during a short period of intensive recording. In all three paddocks the sheep tended to graze the tillers with the greatest G.L.L. at any one time, and there was evidence of patchy grazing only at the lowest grazing pressure.An increase in grazing pressure resulted in increases in both the frequency and severity of defoliation. Comparisons were made between the product of the frequency X severity of defoliation of individual tillers, and the stocking rate, grazing pressure and herbage consumption on the three paddocks.
NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND LEAF AREA INDEX RELATIONSHIPS IN SWARDS OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA UNDER CONTRASTING DEFOLIATION REGIMES
Authors: Vickery P. J. , Brink V. C. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTNet photosynthesis per unit area of ground surface was determined at saturating light energy levels in Dactylis glonwrata swards over a wide range of leaf area indices (LAI). The relationship between net photosynthesis and LAI was influenced by the particular defoliation regime to which the sward was subjected. In most instances net photosynthesis and LAI were linearly related, with defoliation regime influencing both the slope and intercept of the regression. However, a defoliation regime which left leaves below 3 inches (7.5 cm) resulted in a curvilinear relation. The net photosynthesis‐LAI relationships were compared with the DM production of the swards on which they were obtained. Differences in these relationships did not entirely explain the differences in sward yield. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the theories of light interception and pasture growth.
FAECES COLLECTION IN YOUNG MALE LAMBS AND WETHER SHEEP
Authors: Ingleton JeanW. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe construction and use of a lightweight plastic harness for total faecal collection from young male lambs and wethers is described. The presence of this harness does not appear to interfere with growth and normal behaviour; it is therefore suitable for indoor‐ and‐field experiments.
THE SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTROL OF POA TRIVIALIS IN RYEGRASS PASTURES
Authors: Haggar R. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA review of published information on the growth and productivity of Poa trivialis in relationship with perennial ryegrass is presented. The available evidence indicates that P. trivialis is usually out‐yielded by ryegrass, particularly under drought and infertile soil conditions. In addition, the quality and seasonal distribution of the yield is often of questionable value. It would therefore appear that P. trivialis can be considered an undesirable species in most intensively managed ryegrass pastures. Preliminary results from competition studies between F. trivialis and S23 perennial ryegrass confirm that the replacement of ryegrass by P. trivialis leads to a lowering of productivity. The latest control measures for preventing the invasion and/or removal of P. trivialis from ryegrass pastures are given, based largely on the use of selective herbicides.
THE ERROR IN PREDICTING PASTURE DRY–MATTER DIGESTIBILITY FROM FOUR DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR LIGNIN
Authors: McLeod M. N. , Minson D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe lignin content of 50 samples of five grasses of known in vivo digestibility were determined by the methods of Armitage, van Soest and two modifications of the van Soest technique. The error in predicting DM digestibility varied from ±3.1 for tbe Armitage metbod to ±5.0 for the van Soest method. This error compares nnfavourably witb ±2.1 previonsly obtained on tbe same samples with the in vitro technique of Tilley and Terry.
THE ENSILAGE OF AUTUMN‐SOWN RYE
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Wilkins R. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAutumn‐sown rye was cut on five dates in spring and ensiled in laboratory silos. On two of the dates forage‐harvested material was ensiled in PVC silos (containing about 1 t of fresh crop) as well as in laboratory silos. Ensiling was carried out with and without the addition of formic acid or glucose solution. After 96 days in laboratory silos, rye cut before ear‐emergence and ensiled without additives gave silages of high pH value and high ammonia content. After ear‐emergence satisfactory silage was produced without an additive, but the addition of formic acid always resulted in silages having lower pH values and lower ammonia contents. The addition of glucose resulted in silages with only slightly lower pH values and ammonia contents which were closely similar to those made without addition. Silages made in PVC silos were all well preserved, as indicated by low contents of acetic and butyric acids, but the addition of formic acid resulted in pH values and ammonia contents lower than those found in other treatments.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF CATTLE DUNG AND ITS EFFECT ON PASTURE
Authors: Castle M. E. , MacDaid Elizabeth 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA total of 228 separate dung pats voided by lactating dairy cows between May and October on a ryegrass/dover sward were studied for 2 years. The pats were on grazed swards receiving, on average, either 440 or 110 lb N/ac (492 or 123 kg/ha) per year. The mean area of the pats was 0.62 ft2 (0.058 m2) with no difference in area between the pats on the two N treatments. On average, the pats on the high‐ and the low‐N treatments crumbled in 63 and 55 days, respectively, and disappeared in 115 and 113 days, respectively. Pats deposited in July disappeared significantly quicker than pats deposited in May. The average area of rejected herbage around the pats was 2.63 and 084 ft2 (0.244 and 0.078 m2), respectively, 1–2 months, and 1 year after they were voided; but after 2 years the affected areas were recolonized with ryegrass and clover and were grazed normally. It is concluded that the levels of N fertilizer applied had no differential effects on the breakdown of the dung and on the subsequent recolonization of the affected areas by pasture plants.
EFFECT OF STRENGTH, TILTH AND HETEROGENEITY OF THE SOIL SURFACE ON RADICLE‐ENTRY OF SURFACE‐SOWN SEEDS
Authors: Campbell M. H. , Swain F. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSeeds of Medicago sativa, Trifolium subterraneum, Lolium perenne and Phalaris tuberosa were sown on different soil surfaces and the effects of strength, tilth and heterogeneity of the surface on the entry of the radicle into the soil were noted.On a level, finely structured soil surface prepared in the laboratory slight increases in soil strength markedly reduced percentage radicle‐entry. At constant soil strength, radicle‐entry was greater on coarse than on fine tilth; which helped to explain the higher percentage radicle‐entry on heterogeneous soil surfaces taken from the field compared with the level, finely structured surface, prepared in the laboratory despite the lower soil strength of the latter.As conditions for radicle‐entry hecame less favourable (stronger, smoother surface) the rate of radicle‐entry became slower and there was a greater use of radicle‐entry methods in which the radicle was more exposed to desiccation.The radicle‐entry ability of the four species declined in the order: perennial ryegrass < phalaris < lucerne and subterranean clover. Factors considered to account for the superior radicle‐entry of the grasses were better anchorage of the seedling, better angle of entry of the radicle and smaller radicle diameter.
WHOLE‐CROP VICIA FABA FOR CONSERVATION. A COMPARISON BETWEEN WINTER‐, HORSE‐, TICK‐, AND BROAD‐BEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: Toynbee‐Clarke Gillian 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA trial containing cultivars of Vicia faba var. equina, minor and major was harvested as a whole‐crop in 1971. The aim was to estahlish the DM yield obtainahle from a selection of spring‐hean cultivars and evaluate this in relation to previously reported yields from winter heans. DM yields ranged from 48 to 86 hkg/ha over the three cutting dates. Significant differences were found hetween cv. in digesdhiUty, the range being 54 to 71%, and one hroad‐hean cv. was shown to have a high digestihility at all cuts. Crude‐protein contents of 13 to 19% were recorded. Percentage DM rose from 16 to 18% at the first cut to 23 to 45% at the third, hroad‐hean cv. rising more slowly than horse‐ and dck‐hean cv. Spring‐bean cv. had a lower DM yield than winter cv. Horse hean was superior to tick bean in DM yield, percentage DM, and D‐value. Broad‐bean cv. proved difficult to dry and therefore may be more suitable for ensilage than dehydradon.
THE SPECIES PREFERENCES OF GRAZING HORSES
Authors: Archer Marytavy 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPalatability studies of 29 species of grasses, legumes and herbs, and two seeds mixtures, were conducted using three replicates of each species. Crossbred ponies and a few Thoroughbreds were obserred and timed for a total of 260 hours grazing. The results were analysed and sbowed small statistical differences between replicates, between tbe 2 years observed and between horses; and highly significant differences (P<0.001) between certain species. The most palatable was a clover‐rich mixture. Tbe pasture varieties of perennial ryegrass were significantly more palatable tban S24, and as palatable as timothy and cocksfoot Alta tall fescue, crested dogs tail and wild white clover were palatable. Some herbs, red clover, brown top, red fescue and meadow foxtail were tbe least palatable. Dandelion, ribgrass and yarrow were palatable herbs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DM CONTENT OF HERBAGE FOR SILAGE MAKING AND EFFLUENT PRODUCTION
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA study of 16 silages made at the Hannah Research Institute and 22 silages made at the Grassland Research Institute showed highly significant positive relationships hetween the DM percentages of the material ensiled and the resultant silage. Using regression equations derived from this data, and from a record of the presence or absence of effluent, it was calculated that the average minimum DM content of herbage for ensiling which would produce no effluent was 22.9%. To ensure a margin of safety against production of effluent, a minimum DM content of 24.7% in the herbage was calculated from the confidence limits. To obtain this DM content, herhage will normally require wilting; effluent production should then be negligible.
THE MANAGEMENT OF LONG GRASS AS A BIRD REPELLENT ON AIRFIELDS
Authors: Mead H. , Carter A. W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAuthorities responsible for the safety of aircraft have for a number of years been very concerned with the dangers and the damage caused by aircraft striking birds while in flight, particular since the introduction of the jet engine. Methods of reducing this risk have been sought, which have brought about the method of grass management described in this paper.
POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES
Authors: Munro J. M. M. , Davies D. A. , Thomas T. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTDetailed soil and vegetation analysis at Pant‐y‐dwr Hill Centre illustrated the main physical, chemical and biological factors involved in low output from rough grazing on 5 soil series, ranging from acid brown earth to undifferentiated peat, which are representative of most of upland mid‐Wales. While all the soils, derived from Silurian shale, had low pH and base saturation status and high lime, phosphate and potash requirements, the principal restraint on the productivity of resown grassland, particularly on the wet peaty gleys, was low available N status.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASS AND FODDER CROPS AFTER SWARD DESTRUCTION BY HERBICIDES
Authors: Squires N. R. W. , Elliott J. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA series of 9 experiments carried out on an alluvial soil at two levels of fertility during the period 1971–3 showed that cultivation of the mineral soil was unnecessary for the satisfactory germination, emergence and establishment of a wide range of forage crops. With small‐seeded crops (grasses and clover) non‐cultivation gave improved establish ment and early growth compared with crops from soil which had been disturbed.A second series of 6 experiments investigated the effects of surface plant material on the establishment of a smaller range of forage crops sown without cultivation. The presence of this mat or trash was associated with a reduction in establishment of seedlings, but not with subsequent growth of the plants that became established. Treatments which processed or partially removed the organic matter were associated with increased emergence. Crops with small seeds were more susceptible to the effects of organic matter than those with larger seeds.