bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Provenience, Reinterpretation, and Persistence of an American Archaeological Derogation
Authors: Nickerson Gifford S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe designation pot-hunter, as used by American archaeologists, is examined with respect to both its provenience in England and its relatively recent reinterpretation in the New World. Rather than being coined in American archaeology to designate “a hunter of pots,” this appellation, with its explicit derogatory connotation, clearly has its roots in various sporting events of 16th-century England. The essence of its meaning, then, does not relate to pots or vessels, per se, but to non-scientific attitudes and behavior toward antiquities. Pot-hunter has been reinterpreted in North America to signify the archaeological vandal or spoiler and, although specific definitions of the term often lack precision, there is a remarkable consensus among North American archaeologists as to its import. The functional utility of pot-hunter, in categorizing a segment of individuals interested in antiquities, is clearly demonstrated by its tenacious persistence in North American archaeology.
A Revised Interpretation of the Lagow Discovery, Texas
Authors: Crook Wilson W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results of the F-U-N tests by Oakley and Howells, which show that the Lagow skeleton is not of the same antiquity as the Pleistocene fauna at the site, make possible a reinterpretation of the depositional sequence recorded by Shuler, who reported the apparent association of human remains with Pleistocene fauna. The Lagow human skeleton is now seen as an intrusive into the Upper Shuler yellow sand after the Pemberton Hill-Lewisville (T-2) terrace had been built up and eroded down to near the level of occurrence. Since the age of the overlying red clays is estimated to be about 9500 years, the Lagow skeleton may possibly be early Archaic.
On the Remains of Fish Scales from Archaeological Sites
Authors: Casteel Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA detailed discussion is presented of the archaeological value of the scale remains of fish. The various forms of scales are presented along with a discussion of the morphological characteristics of these elements. A brief summary of the past uses to which fish scales have been put within archaeology is presented and the use of fish scales to estimate the size of the fish and the minimum number of individuals represented, as well as their use as seasonal dating devices is also discussed in detail. In addition, the limitations of scale remains in each of the above areas of interpretation are also presented.
Explanatory Models for the Evolution of Coastal Adaptation in Prehistoric Eastern New England
Authors: Braun David P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological records of the fourth and third millennia B.P. in eastern New England, from Massachusetts to Maine, evidence the initiation and spread of intensive shellfish exploitation from a Late Archaic forest and riverine-oriented economic base. Changes in the degree of exploitation of several shellfish species follow the economic shift during Early and Middle Woodland times. Ritchie and Snow have recently explained these changes as the result of a single process of purely internally initiated cultural evolution involving a systematic expansion of exploitative techniques and the subsistence base. Evidence from the Boston Harbor area, Massachusetts, and from paleoclimatic, ecological, and paleoecological literature are presented in arguing that such an explanation is unwarranted. An alternative framework, emphasizing the primacy of ecological factors, is presented.
The Historical Validity of the Codex Xolotl
Authors: Calnek Edward E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractParsons (1970) has attempted to prove that the first part of the Codex Xolotl (Dibble 1951, Planchas I-IV) is based on “folk tradition” rather than actual history. He notes that the codice's claim that the northern and eastern sectors of the Valley of Mexico were depopulated in the early thirteenth century A.D. is contradicted by the archaeological evidence. He believes that this fact, in itself, is sufficient to invalidate the entire text of this important pictographic manuscript. This paper summarizes historical evidence which confirms the general validity of the Codice’s references to persons, places, dates, and events; illustrates the kinds of errors and misrepresentations which characterize early Mesoamerican historical sources of this type; and suggests that the contradiction between historical and archaeological evidence, which is a central issue in Parsons’ “folk tradition” hypothesis, is more easily explained in terms of the political and ideological objectives of prehispanic historians, and by the conventions and standards of historical relevance which they employed in the composition of their narratives.
New Information on the European Discovery of Yucatan and the Correlation of the Maya and Christian Calendars
Authors: Closs Michael P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has been known since 1972 that Ponce de Leon discovered Yucatan in 1513. New information confirming this is found in the books of Chilam Balam where the Maya record that the Spanish first arrived in their land at that time. The sundry data indicate that 8 July 1513 (N.S.) falls in Tun 13 of Katun 2 Ahau. This relation provides a new test for correlations of the Maya and Christian calendars. The Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation passes the test and the Morley-Spinden correlation fails it.
Vegetational Reconstruction and Climatic Episodes
Authors: Raymond Wood W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractData from United States General Land Office Surveys are commonly used to create vegetation models for the American Pioneer period. These models are then used as baselines for understanding past biotic change. It should be realized that many of these surveys were made near the end of a climatic episode (the Neo-Boreal or "Little Ice Age") when world temperatures were much lower than at the present time. These baselines therefore do not represent vegetational responses to a climatic regime like that of the present, and the vegetation models must be interpreted accordingly.
On the Methodological Validity of Frequency Seriation
Authors: McNutt Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFrequency seriation has often led to valid ordering of archaeological data, yet critiques of the technique, and in particular of the construction of unimodal popularity (battleship) curves, have appeared periodically for almost 20 yr. Problems of type definition, collection manipulation, and chronological inference have been emphasized. It is here suggested that, above and beyond these difficulties of execution and interpretation, frequency seriation is methodologically unsound: that the battleship curve concept is self-contradictory; that a type/collection frequency has descriptive value only within a collection but has no comparative value between collections; that the most commonplace kinds of ceramic variation can negate the type/collection unimodal curve; that seriation of collections to conform to the self-contradictory battleship curve provides a mechanical method by which significant changes in ceramic complexes may be obfuscated. If this basic form of frequency seriation is methodologically invalid, then more complex schemes for manipulating type/collection frequencies using the same or equivalent assumptions (for example, the Brainerd-Robinson technique and others) are also methodologically suspect.
On Whallon's Use of Dimensional Analysis of Variance at Guila Naquitz
Authors: Schiffer Michael B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhallon claims to have made a rigorous application of dimensional analysis of variance to the delineation of spatial artifact patterning at the site of Guila Naquitz. Questions are raised here pertaining to replicability and to the cultural formation processes of the archaeological record. These unresolved questions suggest that Whallon's optimistic claims for the utility of dimensional analysis of variance cannot be adequately evaluated at present.
The Provenience and Contents of the Porfirio Diaz and Fernandez Leal Codices: Some New Data and Analysis
Authors: Hunt Eva 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Codices Porfirio Diaz and Fernandez Leal have not been satisfactorily analyzed as to content, nor have their origins been explained. New data relevant to their history are presented, establishing a definite Cuicatec origin and content. They were utilized in a court case (ca. 1562) concerning nobility succession rights. Historical sections contain dates of founding and conquest of Cuicatec towns. Toponymics written in hieroglyphics, in Spanish, and in Cuicatec using the Latin alphabet mark Cuicatec district landscape features still called by the same names. The codices cover approximately 260 years and correlate with a written document. Where, how, and why the codices were created and multilated is discussed, and evidence is presented which corrects previous analyses.
Paleoecology and Diet at Clydes Cavern
Authors: Winter Joseph C. , Wylie Henry G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDietary and paleoecological data from the Clydes Cavern site has provided information concerning man's adaptations in a desert environment. Moreover, this information reveals certain of the processes involved in the Archaic-Fremont transition in Utah, especially as this transition relates to the utilization of wild grass seeds and the introduction and development of maize horticulture. Although horticulture and wild plant collecting were practiced during the Archaic inhabitation of the site, the coprolite sequence and the alluvial chronology suggest that a greater dependence upon these subsystems developed in a Fremont context, possibly in association with a period of improving alluvial conditions. During the Fremont occupation, the site seems to have functioned as a farming and collecting station within a larger system of regional adaptation.
Clay Figurines from the Lower Pecos Region, Texas
Authors: Shafer Harry J. 
Published: April 2006

All reported findings of anthropomorphic clay figurines from the lower Pecos region of Texas are synthesized. Considerations are given to figurine chronology, technology, morphology, and function. The finds made with adequate chronological control occur in the Middle Archaic period, from about 2000 B.C. to 200 B.C. A brief description of the Lower Pecos Archaic cultural system is presented in order to place the figurines in a context for functional analysis.The figurines are hand-shaped, usually unfired, and represent both males and females. Painted or incised decorations are restricted to female forms; socio-cultural explanations for this pattern are explored. The specific uses of the figurines remain indefinite.
Deer Densities and Population Dynamics: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Starna William A. , Relethford John H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper we argue that although investigators often address themselves generally to human interaction with deer and the results of such interaction, they often fail to consider a number of related nonhuman factors that bear directly upon deer populations. Thus, such populations are seen and described as static, unchanging, and a given rather than as entities capable of considerable fluctuation and change that affect the human adaptive system. In addition, the related issue of the use and abuse of deer density figures is examined. We conclude that in most instances published density figures used by archaeologists are unrealistically high and in need of reassessment.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N‐(Arylsulfanyl)carbonyl Analogues of Paclitaxel (Taxol)
Authors: Karliga Bekir , Schilling Jennifer K. , Kingston David G. I. , Bane Susan , Ravindra Rudy , Talinli Naciye 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour new N‐(arylsufanyl)carbonyl paclitaxel analogues (2a–d) were prepared from 7‐(triethylsilyl)‐protected baccatin III (5). Their cytotoxicities against human ovarian (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, as well as their tubulin‐assembly activities, were determined. In these assays, the new compounds showed rather weak activities, one two orders of magnitude below those of paclitaxel (taxol; 1). The known 3′‐N‐[(thiophen‐2‐yl)carbonyl] paclitaxel analogue 3 was also prepared. As previously reported, 3 exhibited strongly improved cytotoxicities and tubulin‐assembly activities as compared to paclitaxel (1).
Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Weathering: A Case Study
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Udoetok Inimfon A. , Ogali Regina E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPossible alterations in the distribution and composition of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) in the released oil at Idu‐Ekpeye in Niger Delta (Nigeria) were studied within two seasonal variations of two months and six months, with a view to assessing the level of attenuation of these hydrocarbons in impacted soils. Although there were significant contaminations in the kerosene range (n‐C10–n‐C14) two months after, especially of the n‐C12 and n‐C13 fractions, the complete disappearance of the n‐C8 to n‐C23 hydrocarbons, including the acyclic isoprenoids (pristane and phytane), and the reduced amounts of PAHs, and BTEX, six months after, provided substantial evidence of attenuation as indicated in the reduction in total hydrocarbon content (THC) from 61.17 to 42.86%. Soil physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture content, heavy metal, TOC, and TOM, all provided corroborative evidence of hydrocarbon attenuation. The pristane/phytane ratio of the spill samples suggests that the spilled oil was genetically oxic.
Isolation, DNA Topoisomerase‐II Inhibition, and Cytotoxicity of Three New Terpenoids from the Bark of Macaranga tanarius
Authors: Wada Shun‐ichi , Tanaka Reiko 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne new pimarane‐type diterpenoid (1) and two new taraxerane‐based triterpenoids (2 and 3) were isolated from the bark of Macaranga tanarius, along with seven known compounds. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods including NMR and MS analyses. Compounds 1–5 were tested for their in vitro inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II, as well as for their cytotoxicities against human lung carcinoma A549 cells (Table 3). The triterpenoids 2–5 showed strong activities in both assays, but the diterpenoid 1 was only moderately active.
The effects of unemployment on juvenile offending
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Lynskey M. T. , Horwood L. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study examined the associations between duration of unemployment and a series of measures of young offending in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 18 years. Increasing duration of unemployment was significantly (P <0.001) associated with a series of measures of young offending including: violent offending, property offending, arrests and convictions. Specifically, young people who had been unemployed for six months or longer had higher mean levels of offending and rates of property offending, violent offending, arrest and conviction that were 3.0 to 10.4 times higher than those of young people who had not been unemployed. However, unemployment was also associated with a range of adverse social, family, school, individual and related factors. When the associations between unemployment and criminal offending were adjusted for a range of measures assessed prior to school leaving age these associations were substantially reduced. However, even after adjustment for these factors young people exposed to unemployment had significantly (P <0.05) higher mean levels of property and violent offending and significantly (P <0.05) higher rates of recurrent property offending, arrest and conviction. It is concluded that much of the association between unemployment and juvenile crime is likely to reflect common life course processes and factors that make young people vulnerable to both unemployment and criminal offending. However, exposure to unemployment following school leaving may be associated with increased risks of juvenile offending, and particularly property offending. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Multiple risks and comorbidity in an African‐American population
Authors: Mccord Joan , Ensminger Margaret E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSocial problems tend to cluster, developing in similar areas, seemingly produced in similar families, and menacing similar individuals. This fact gives rise to questions about whether the same or different conditions predict violence, depression and alcoholism, whether co‐occurrences of morbidity are attributable to similar risk conditions creating alternative ‘outcomes’ or to the co‐occurrence of risk conditions, whether males and females are equally exposed to risk conditions, and whether adverse (and protective) conditions affect males and females similarly. To answer these questions, we used information about 456 males and 497 females who were part of a panel first studied when they entered elementary school, in 1966, and subsequently interviewed at the age of 32. Six risk factors were considered. Aggressiveness, intelligence, school attendance and frequency of spanking were measured when the panel was in first grade; age at leaving home and exposure to discrimination were measured retrospectively. Risk factors available when children were in first grade were reasonably effective predictors of morbidity 26 years later. The risk factors predicting violence differed from those predicting depression and alcoholism. In addition, some risk factors that increased the likelihood of depression in females increased the likelihood of alcoholism in males. Males were more likely to be exposed to multiple risks, but also males and females appear to have somewhat different responses to similar risk conditions. These results are discussed. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols in Carbon Dioxide with Silica‐Supported Ionic Liquids Doped with Perruthenate
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Hesemann Peter , Moreau Joël J. E. , Carraro Massimo , Campestrini Sandro , Pagliaro Mario 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe replacement of toxic CrVI for O2 and of chlorinated solvents for supercritical carbon dioxide (or ionic liquids) in the oxidation of alcohols remains hindered by the low selectivity and activity of the current heterogeneous catalysts. Using an integrated approach that combines sol–gel entrapped perruthenate as aerobic catalyst, an encapsulated ionic liquid as solubility promoter, and scCO2 as the reaction solvent, we have developed a system capable of rapidly converting different alcohols into carbonyl compounds with complete selectivity, including substrates which are otherwise difficult to oxidise. The methodology is generally applicable and may easily be extended to other waste‐free, catalytic syntheses of fine chemicals.
Theoretical Study of Aln and AlnO (n = 2—10) Clusters
Authors: Sun Jiao , Lu Wen Cai , Wang Hong , Li Ze‐Sheng , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure Refinement of AuSn2.
Authors: Rodewald Ute Ch. , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Wu Zhiyun , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and X‐Ray Crystal Structures of α‐ and β‐[XeO2F][SbF6] (I), [XeO2F][AsF6] (II), [FO2XeFXeO2F][AsF6] (III), and [XeF5][SbF6]×XeOF4 (IV) and Computational Studies of XeO2F+ and FO2XeFXeO2F+ Cations and Related Species.
Authors: Pointner Bernard E. , Suontamo Reijo J. , Schrobilgen Gary J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Nature of Lanthanide Chloride—Alkali Metal Chloride M3LnCl6 Compounds in the Solid State.
Authors: Gaune‐Escard Marcelle , Rycerz Leszek 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rechargeable Li2O2 Electrode for Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Ogasawara Takeshi , Debart Aurelie , Holzapfel Michael , Novak Petr , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemically Produced Divalent Neodymium in Chloride Melt.
Authors: Yamana Hajimu , Park Byung Gi , Shirai Osamu , Fujii Toshiyuki , Uehara Akihiro , Moriyama Hirotake 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pentafluoronitrosulfane, SF5NO2
Authors: Lu Norman , Thrasher Joseph S. , von Ahsen Stefan , Willner Helge , Hnyk Drahomir , Oberhammer Heinz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Borates Containing the First Examples of Large Isolated Polyborate Anions: Chain [B7O9(OH)5]2‐ and Ring [B14O20(OH)6]4‐.
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Hong , Li Lian‐Qing , Zhang Wen‐Juan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cationic P—S—X Cages (X: Br, I).
Authors: Gonsior Marcin , Krossing Ingo , Matern Eberhard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acid‐Induced Conversions in Open‐Framework Semiconductors: From [Cd4Sn3Se13]6‐ to [Cd15Sn12Se46]14‐, a Remarkable Disassembly/Reassembly Process.
Authors: Ding Nan , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structural Evolution, and Electrical Properties of the Novel Mo12 Cluster Compounds K1+xMo12S14 (x: 0, 1.1, 1.3, and 1.6) with a Tunnel Structure.
Authors: Picard Soazig , Gougeon Patrick , Potel Michel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and the Crystal Structure of CeCuS2.
Authors: Komatsuzaki S. , Takase K. , Smura C. F. , Takahashi Y. , Takano Y. , Sekizawa K. , Clarke S. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones by Chiral Diol‐Modified Lithium Aluminum Hydride Reagents.
Authors: Ren Yunlai , Tian Xinzhe , Sun Kunpeng , Xu Jian , Xu Xianlun , Lu Shijie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.