bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELIGIOSITE PAYSANNE AU PORTUGAL
Authors: ALMEIDA JOATO FERREIRA DE 
Published: March 2008

RésuméDans un pays à tradition catholique ancienne et tenace, on essaye ?analyser quelques dimensions de la religiosityéà la campagne. On a choisi une région du Nord‐Ouest, au peuplement dense et dispersé, oùľagriculture familiale se caractérise par son morcellement et par un haut taux de fermage. A partir des années soixante, ľémigration traditionelle cède peu à peu la place à des migrations quotidiennes: les ruraux travaillent à la ville, mais conservent leur exploitation agricole et leur résidence à la campagne. En même temps qu'on observe une modernisation des biens religieux offerts, on voit que la transformation de la structure sociale locale est en train de briser ľhomogénéité relative des demandes et des formes de consommation des biens symboliques.AbstractThis article analyses some aspects of religiosity in the countryside, in a country with an ancient and deep‐rooted catholic tradition. It focuses on a northwestern area where the population is dense and dispersed with fragmented family farms and a high proportion of tenant farming. From the sixties onwards, traditional emigration has progressively been replaced by increasing commuting; people are working in the cities but keeping farms and living in the villages. While the religious goods supplied are being modernized, transformation of the local class structure is breaking down the relative homogeneity of demand and forms of consumption of these symbolic goods.KurzfassungIn einem Land mit linger und tief verwurzelter katholischer Tradition wird versucht, einige Dimensionen ländlicher Religiosität zu analysieren. Es wurde eine Region im Nordwesten ausgewählt mit dichter, aber disperser Bevölkerung und einer kleinparzellierten familienbe‐trieblichen Landwirtschaft mit hohen Pachtlandanteilen. Seit den 60er Jahren hat die traditionelle Auswanderung zunehmend einer ansteigenden Pendelwanderung mit Lohnarbeit in der Stadt ohne Aufgabe des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebes und der Wohnung im Dorf Platz gemacht. Gleichzeitig mit einer Entwicklung zur Modemisierung im Angebot religiöser Güter ist auch die Umgestaltung der klassischen dörflichen Struktur im Begriff, die relative Einheitlichkeit der Nachfrage nach und des Gebrauchs von Gütern dieser Art aufzubrechen.
TOWARDS A SURVEY OF ANGLING TERMINOLOGY: AN UNTAPPED SOURCE OF TRADITIONAL AND DIALECTAL USAGE
Authors: SHORROCKS GRAHAM 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe terminology of angling or sport‐fishing is a field that has hitherto been neglected by dialectologists, although there are good reasons for expecting that a survey of angling terminology would yield dialectologically interesting results. Angling terms reflect settlement patterns, vary regionally and socially, and constitute a rich specialised vocabulary. Some of the possibilities inherent in angling nomenclature are sketched out here on the basis of informally collected data, and suggestions are made that might lead to a questionnaire for a more extensive and more rigorous survey.
THE CHILDREN OF HETH AND THE EGO OF LINGUISTICS: A STORY OF SEVEN YIDDISH MERGERS
Authors: Katz Dovid 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe accepted history of Yiddish, based on historical and literary records, places its origin in the Rhineland, in the far west of the German speaking area. The Germanic parts of Yiddish, however, point to dialects much further east. This has been explained through a ‘Principle of Exchangeability’, whereby ongoing contact with other German dialects on the long trek eastward obliterated earlier forms. Unambiguous evidence may be gleaned from the Semitic elements in Yiddish, which have no European cognates. Modern Yiddish dialects show no trace of the old Rhineland merger of Semitic/h/with/h/. The standard model explains this by reversal of merger, and invokes additional reversals to explain the modern Yiddish oppositions/s/vs./Š/, and five long vs. five short vowels in Semitic‐origin items. Reversal of unconditioned merger is untenable. Where seven such reversals are needed to sustain a historical model, it should be abandoned. The comparative method, which takes empirically confirmed modern data as its point of departure, is superior to the writing of language history as a corollary of external or literary history.
UNDERSPECIFICATION THEORY AND THE ANALYSIS OF DIALECT DIFFERENCES IN LEXICAL PHONOLOGY1
Authors: McMAHON APRIL M. S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThere has recently been an upsurge in interest in variation in both synchronic and diachronic linguistics. This paper begins with two hypotheses: first, that phonologists ought these days to be interested in how variation is analysed, and secondly, that the Standard Generative approach involving underlying identity is not the way to do it. It is shown that a particular difference between RP and Standard Scottish English can be appropriately analysed within a Lexical Phonology allowing underlying discrepancies between dialects. However, the introduction of underspecification into the model allows the (badly motivated) reintroduction of underlying identity. The paper concludes with a survey of further problems with underspecification theory.
SYNCRETISM IN INDO‐EUROPEAN LANGUAGES‐MOTIVES, PROCESS AND RESULTS
Authors: Meiser Gerhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSyncretism, which I understand in this paper as the functional merging of paradigmatic categories, is caused either by inflectional homonymy or by changes in needs of communication, when the linguistic cost for the retention of two grammatical concepts no longer appears to be justified. The free variance of allomorphs which arises through syncretism is seldom tolerated for long. Mostly the allomorphs are redistributed according to principles which can be compared with concepts of ‘natural morphology’ (iconicity, system adequacy, distinctive strength). But the excess of morphemes is sometimes used to create a new category.
SCOTTISH STANDARD ENGLISH IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper attempts to draw attention to the rich tradition of grammar and dictionary writing which flourished in Scotland in the late eighteenth century. While the work of Elphinston and Buchanan is relatively well known, there is little on record concerning the large number of works written in Scotland in the period which set out not only to record the ‘deficiencies’ of Scottish English pronunciation (and syntax) but also to provide exemplification of a standard for emulation. That this endeavour was instigated and organized by the Select Society of Edinburgh gives Scotland a claim to have gone some way to actually setting up an equivalent to the proposed English Academy.However, it has not been generally recognized that in many instances writers of Scottish grammars and pronouncing dictionaries were not holding up for emulation some version of London society English, but rather a Scottish standard of the type spoken by members of the clergy, the universities and the legal profession, probably based on upper class usage in Edinburgh and Glasgow. The phonological characteristics of this Scottish Standard, as they are evidenced in Alexander Scot's The Contrast, are the main subject of this paper.
TOPIC INTRODUCTION IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION
Authors: Geluykens Ronald 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with information flow in English conversation, more particularly with the question of how new discourse topics are introduced. Topics are defined as information which has a low degree of Recoverability (i.e. the extent to which an element is derivable from the previous discourse record) and which has Persistence (i.e. the recurrence of the element, directly or indirectly, in the subsequent discourse context). It is argued that topic introduction is a three‐stage interactional process depending on the active collaboration of speaker and hearer(s). In other words, conversational topics are not just ‘introduced’ but are ‘negotiated’ interactionally through the turn‐taking system. Several topic‐introducing strategies are discussed, all of which share this collaborative dimension. Data employed are from the Survey of English Usage.
WORDS FOR RYE AND WHEAT IN RUSSIAN
Authors: COOPER BRIAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTAn examination is presented of lexicological and etymological aspects of Russian terminology for wheat species, rye and some related crops, including wheat‐rye hybrids, in relation to the early development of cereal cultivation, especially in areas of the former U.S.S.R. In examining the origin of the words concerned, the influence of some cereal names on one another is indicated, together with cases in which the earliest names were superseded.
AMBIGUITY, SENTENCE AND UTTERANCE: A REPRESENTATIONAL APPROACH1
Authors: BURTON‐ROBERTS NOEL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWhile some, more or less radical, distinction between language and linguistic behaviour (between language and speech, language and communication, sentence and utterance) is universally assumed, the nature of the relation between them is less often addressed or characterised in a manner satisfactory in itself or consistent with the distinctions we wish to make. The more radical the distinction, the more urgent the question of their relation becomes. The paper sketches some of the problems and outlines a proposal. This takes the form of a Representational Hypothesis about the relation, designed to be consistent with (and render defensible) a very radical distinction between language and such behaviour. The discussion focuses on ambiguity both for itself and for illustrative purposes. It is suggested that ambiguity is not a linguistically semantic phenomenon and indeed not linguistic.
How far are we from unravelling self‐incompatibility in grasses?
Authors: Yang Bicheng , Thorogood Danny , Armstead Ian , Barth Susanne 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe genetic and physiological mechanisms involved in limiting self‐fertilization in angiosperms, referred to as self‐incompatibility (SI), have significant effects on population structure and have potential diversification and evolutionary consequences. Up to now, details of the underlying genetic control and physiological basis of SI have been elucidated in two different gametophytic SI (GSI) systems, the S‐RNase SI and the Papaver SI systems, and the sporophytic SI (SSI) system (Brassica). In the grass family (Poaceae), which contains all the cereal and major forage crops, SI has been known for half a century to be controlled gametophytically by two multiallelic and independent loci, S and Z. But still none of the gene products for S and Z is known and only limited information on related biochemical responses is available. Here we compare current knowledge of grass SI with that of other well‐characterized SI systems and speculate about the relationship between SSI and grass SI. Additionally, we discuss comparative mapping as a tool for the further investigation of grass SI.
Variation in UV light reflected from the wings of Favonius and Quercusia butterflies
Authors: IMAFUKU Michio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe wing colors of eight lycaenid species of the genera Favonius and Quercusia were examined with a spectrophotometer. Four (F. orientalis, F. taxila, F. jezoensis and F. ultramarinus) of five green to blue‐green Favonius species had a double‐peaked pattern, reflecting UV light (345–355 nm) and green light (515–525 nm), whereas F. cognatus reflected only visible green light (539 nm). Thus, the species considered most closely related, F. ultramarinus and F. cognatus, had quite different wing colors in terms of insect vision. Two bluish species had utterly different reflection patterns: F. saphrinus had a single peak in the UV range and Q. fujisana had two peaks, one each in the UV and visible light ranges. The black F. yuasai did not have any peak in the examined range of wavelengths (300–700 nm).
Diversity of drosophilid flies on Kume‐jima, a subtropical island: comparison with diversity on Iriomote‐jima
Authors: KONDO Masanori , KIMURA Masahito T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe drosophilid fauna was studied on Kume‐jima, a subtropical island located in the central part of the Ryukyu archipelago, and compared with the fauna of Iriomote‐jima located near the south‐western end of the archipelago. The number of species collected from Kume‐jima was 37, much fewer than that recorded from Iriomote‐jima (95 species). The number of subtropical species was particularly reduced on Kume‐jima, possibly owing either to this island being more distantly located from the sources of subtropical species (e.g. Taiwan) than Iriomote‐jima and/or to winter temperature on Kume‐jima being a little lower (by approximately 1.5°C). The number of fungus‐feeders was also much reduced on Kume‐jima, but the number of fruit‐feeders was only slightly reduced. On Kume‐jima, fungi seem to be less abundant because forests are smaller, resulting in a smaller number of fungus‐feeders. Habitat selection and seasonality were analyzed for species collected using “retainer” type traps baited with banana. For species occurring on both islands, habitat selection differed little between the two islands, whereas the seasonality of some species differed markedly between the two islands.
The Turkish Agromyzidae (Diptera), with descriptions of four new species
Authors: ÇIKMAN Emine , SASAKAWA Mitsuhiro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA total of 117 agromyzid leafminers are known to occur in Turkey, among which Agromyza phylloposthia, Pseudonapomyza pyriformis, Liriomyza cardariae and Phytomyza geminata are described as new to science. A faunistic account of the Agromyzidae in Turkey is given.
Effects of temperature on body color change in the grasshopper Atractomorpha lata (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) with reference to sex differences in color morph frequencies
Authors: TANAKA Yosuke 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effects of five environmental factors, background color, density, humidity, photoperiod and temperature, on the body color of a pyrgomorphid green/brown polymorphic grasshopper, Atractomorpha lata, were examined in rearing experiments, in which the differences in color morph frequencies between males and females were also examined. Field censuses were conducted to determine whether the sex difference in body‐color polymorphism occurs under field conditions. Among the environmental factors examined, temperature was the only factor that significantly affected body color: the frequency of brown morphs tended to be higher at higher temperatures. The frequency of brown morphs in the female was higher than in the male, a consistent finding in both the rearing experiments and the field censuses. The threshold temperature at which body color changes may be lower in the female than in the male.
Methodology and outcomes of platelet aggregation testing in Australia, New Zealand and the Asia‐Pacific region: results of a survey from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Haematology Quality Assurance Program
Authors: DUNCAN E. M. , BONAR R. , RODGERS S. E. , FAVALORO E. J. , MARSDEN K. ,   ON BEHALF OF THE RCPA QAP IN HAEMATOLOGY, HAEMOSTASIS COMMITTEE
Published: March 2008

SummaryPlatelet aggregometry is widely used to investigate platelet function but its performance is poorly standardized between laboratories. The aim of this work was to document the platelet aggregation methods used in specialist laboratories enrolled in the Haematology Quality Assurance Program of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. A questionnaire requesting many details of methodology was distributed and from the responses, we determined a consensus view. Consensus was defined here as >70% agreement among respondents in answer to a question and this was seen for a number of aspects of the preanalytical, analytical and interpretive phases. However, for many questions there was a wide variation in responses. Sixteen laboratories provided a breakdown of the types of abnormal results typically seen in a 12‐month period. In these laboratories a total of 1400 patients were tested and 390 (27%) had abnormal platelet function. Although it was common to diagnose the cause as aspirin or an aspirin‐like defect or a release/storage pool disorder, the range of experience was wide and other rare defects were reported. We conclude that whilst there are a number of points of agreement between laboratories in platelet function testing, standardization could be improved.
Refinement and feasibility testing of a manual micro‐method for protamine titration
Authors: NEWALL F. , JOHNSTON L. , IGNJATOVIC V. , SUMMERHAYES R. , MONAGLE P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCurrent clinical recommendations for unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy suggest target APTT ranges should reflect heparin concentrations of 0.2–0.4 IU/ml by protamine titration or 0.35–0.7 IU/m by an anti‐Xa assay. Historically, performance of a manual protamine titration assay has been labour intensive and required a large plasma sample. However, recent studies have described difficulties with standardizing anti‐Xa assays and demonstrated poor correlation of anti‐Xa assays in children. This study aimed to refine and test the feasibility of a modified protamine titration assay using 100 μl of plasma. The resultant method produced reliable and repeatable results in adult plasma pools spiked with UFH. The feasibility of this method was proven by testing of in vivo heparinised samples obtained from children. This protamine titration method may offer an alternative to anti‐Xa assays for clinical monitoring of children on heparin therapy, and will enhance clinical studies investigating paediatric‐specific management of UFH therapy.
CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expression in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: HUH H. J. , CHAE S. L. , LEE M. , HONG K. S. , MUN Y. C. , SEONG C. M. , CHUNG W. S. , HUH J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with hypocellular bone marrow (BM) is often difficult to distinguish from aplastic anemia (AA). Furthermore, the diagnosis of MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype may be problematic. These issues highlight the need for a reliable marker for the diagnosis of MDS. This study was conducted to determine if changes of mRNA expression in any of the four selected genes would be useful markers for differentiation of hypoplastic MDS from AA, and MDS from benign disease, as well as to investigate whether mRNA expressions differ between MDS risk subgroups. Thirty‐five patients diagnosed with MDS, 27 patients with AA and 17 patients with benign diseases were included. The CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA levels were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR. The CD34 mRNA expressions in hypoplastic MDS were higher than those found in AA. PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expressions were significantly lower in MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype than those of benign disease. High‐risk MDS showed higher CD34 expressions than those of low‐risk MDS. This study suggests that measurement of CD34 and GFI1 mRNA expressions could be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for MDS.
Influence of temperature and time before centrifugation of specimens for routine coagulation testing
Authors: SALVAGNO G. L. , LIPPI G. , MONTAGNANA M. , FRANCHINI M. , POLI G. , GUIDI G. C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe accurate standardization of the preanalytical phase is of pivotal importance for achieving reliable results of coagulation tests. Because information on the suitable storage conditions for coagulation testing is controversial, we aimed at investigating the sample stability with regard to the temperature and time before centrifugation. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen and D‐dimer were assayed in specimens collected from 26 consecutive patients on antivitamin K therapy on the ACL TOP analyzer. Three primary 3.6‐ml siliconized evacuated tubes containing 0.109 mol/l buffered trisodium citrate were sequentially collected from each patient. These three tubes were mixed, pooled and divided into seven identical aliquots. The first aliquot was immediately centrifuged according to the standard protocol [1500 g for 15 min at room temperature (RT)] and analyzed. The other aliquots were left for 3, 6 and 24 h, respectively, at RT or 4 °C, and then centrifuged and analyzed. Test results were compared with those obtained on the reference specimen. Statistically significant prolongations were observed for aPTT in all the samples. Such differences exceeded the analytical quality specifications for desirable bias in the samples stored for 24 h. A significant reduction, yet comprised within the desirable bias, was observed for PT and fibrinogen in uncentrifuged specimens stored at RT for 3 and 6 h. No significant biases could be recorded in D‐dimer. In conclusion, a 6‐h storage of uncentrifuged specimens at either RT or 4 °C may still be suitable to achieve results of routine coagulation testing comprised within the analytical quality specifications for desirable bias.
Advocacy organizations and dentistry: a survey
Authors: ENTWISTLE BEVERLY A. , CASAMASSIMO PAUL S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEighty‐three national and 65 local advocacy groups for handicapped persons were surveyed by questionnaire. National groups described financial obstacles as primary barriers to care, whereas local groups described difficulty in performing oral care procedures as primary barriers to dental care. Both national and local groups were interested in dental involvement, although they differed in prior involvement with dental health matters. Dental information and speakers at programs were cited as ways to increase dental input.
Self‐awareness of premalignant oral lesions among veterans attending six U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers
Authors: Shugars Diane C. , Adesanya Margo , Diehl Scott R. , Redman Robert S. , Malley Kevin J. , Silva Rebeka G. , Farish Sam E. , Francis Thomas , Craig Robert M. , Jones‐Richardson Trina , Buchanan C. Richard , Jordan Ruth , Chattopadhyay Amit , Winn Deborah E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTEarly identification is key to reducing the morbidity and mortality of oropharyngeal cancer. This study identified factors associated with self‐awareness among patients newly diagnosed with a premalignant oral lesion. Data describing sociodemographics, medical/dental histories, tobacco/alcohol use and oral health were obtained by questionnaire and clinical examination of 73 veterans at six U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Lesion types included homogenous and non‐homogenous leukoplakia, smokeless tobacco lesion (STL), papilloma, lichen planus and erythroplakia. Prior to diagnosis, 29 subjects (39.7%) were unaware of their lesion. In bivariate analyses, lesion self‐awareness was associated with anatomic location, multifocal/generalized appearance, pain, oral sores, and cigar use (p<0.05). Awareness varied with lesion diagnosis and was more likely with STL and less likely with homogenous leukoplakia (p<0.05). In multivariate analyses, awareness was predicted by the presence of a lesion on easily visible mucosa (adjusted odds ratio, OR=11.2) and a history of mouth sores (OR=11.2). These findings identified marked variations in patient self‐awareness of oral premalignant conditions.