bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexible Rolled Thick‐Film Miniaturized Flow‐Cell for Minimally Invasive Amperometric Sensing
Authors: Kagie Andrea , Bishop Daniel K. , Burdick Jared , La Belle Jeffrey T. , Dymond Robert , Felder Robin , Wang Joseph 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe describe here a miniaturized flexible thick‐film electrochemical biosensor flow detector, suitable for insertion into the lacrimal canaliculus towards minimally invasive amperometric monitoring of biomarkers in the tear fluid. Our focus here is on the microfabrication and in‐vitro testing of the new laterally rolled screen‐printed sensor. The new device responds rapidly and sensitively to dynamic changes in the levels of norepinephrine and glucose (the later in connection to glucose‐oxidase containing ink). Coverage of the enzyme electrode with an electropolymerized polytyramine minimizes contributions from the common electroactive interferences ascorbic and uric acids. Such attractive performance indicates great promise for minimally invasive monitoring of health biomarkers in the tear fluid, or in alternative usage such as capillary microelectrophoresis, ultralow volume sampling, or in‐flow (tubular) systems for batch processing of blood or culture media.
Computation of a drastic flow pattern change in an annular swirling jet caused by a small decrease in inlet swirl
Authors: Vanierschot M. , Van den Bulck E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the flow pattern change in an annular jet caused by a sudden change in the level of inlet swirl. The jet geometry consists of an annular channel followed by a specially designed stepped‐conical nozzle, which allows the existence of four different flow patterns as a function of the inlet swirl number. This paper reports on the transition between two of them, called the ‘open jet flow high swirl’ and the ‘Coanda jet flow.’ It is shown that a small sudden decrease of 4% in inlet swirl results in a drastic and irreversible change in flow pattern. The objective of this paper is to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms in this transition by means of numerical simulations. The flow is simulated using the unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach for incompressible flow with a Reynolds stress turbulence model. The analysis of the numerical results is based on a study of different forces on a control volume, which consists of the jet boundaries. The analysis of these forces shows that the flow pattern change consists of three different regimes: an immediate response regime, a quasi‐static regime and a Coanda regime. The simulation reveals that the pressure–tangential velocity coupling during the quasi‐static regime and the Coanda effect at the nozzle outlet during the Coanda regime are the driving forces behind the flow pattern change. These physical mechanisms are validated with time‐resolved stereo‐PIV measurements, which confirm the numerical simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unemployment and self‐assessed health: evidence from panel data
Authors: Böckerman Petri , Ilmakunnas Pekka 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe examine the relationship between unemployment and self‐assessed health using the European Community Household Panel for Finland over the period 1996–2001. Our results show that the event of becoming unemployed does not matter as such for self‐assessed health. The health status of those that end up being unemployed is lower than that of the continually employed. Therefore, persons who have poor health are being selected for the pool of the unemployed. This explains why, in a cross‐section, unemployment is associated with poor self‐assessed health. All in all, the cross‐sectional negative relationship between unemployment and self‐assessed health is not found longitudinally. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective content analysis of studies on factors constraining the implementation of health sector reform in Ghana
Authors: Sakyi Dr E. Kojo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGhana has undertaken many public service management reforms in the past two decades. But the implementation of the reforms has been constrained by many factors. This paper undertakes a retrospective study of research works on the challenges to the implementation of reforms in the public health sector. It points out that most of the studies identified: (1) centralised, weak and fragmented management system; (2) poor implementation strategy; (3) lack of motivation; (4) weak institutional framework; (5) lack of financial and human resources and (6) staff attitude and behaviour as the major causes of ineffective reform implementation. The analysis further revealed that quite a number of crucial factors obstructing reform implementation which are particularly internal to the health system have either not been thoroughly studied or overlooked. The analysis identified lack of leadership; weak communication and consultation; lack of stakeholder participation, corruption and unethical professional behaviour as some of the missing variables in the literature. The study, therefore, indicated that there are gaps in the literature that needed to be filled through rigorous reform evaluation based on empirical research particularly at district, sub‐district and community levels. It further suggested that future research should be concerned with the effects of both systems and structures and behavioural factors on reform implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic direct synthesis of acrylic acid esters of mono‐ and disaccharides
Authors: Tsukamoto Junko , Haebel Sophie , Valença Gustavo P. , Peter Martin G. , Franco Telma T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is an increased need to replace materials derived from fossil sources by renewables. Sugar‐cane derived carbohydrates are very abundant in Brazil and are the cheapest sugars available in the market, with more than 400 million tons of sugarcane processed in the year 2007. The objective of this work was to study the preparation of sugar acrylates from free sugars and free acrylic acid, thus avoiding the previous preparation of protected sugar derivatives, such as glycosides, or activated acrylates, such as vinyl acrylate.RESULTS: Lipase catalyzed esterification of three mono‐ and two disaccharides with acrylic acid, in the presence or absence of molecular sieves was investigated. The reactions were monitored by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the products were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. The main products are mono‐ and diacrylates, while higher esters are formed as minor products. The highest conversion to sugar acrylates was observed for the D‐glucose and D‐fructose, followed by D‐xylose and D‐maltose. Molecular sieves had no pronounced effect on the conversionCONCLUSIONS: A feasible method is described to produce and to characterize sugar acrylates, including those containing more than two acrylate groups. The process for production of these higher esters could potentially be optimized further to produce molecules for cross‐linking in acrylate polymerization and other applications. The direct enzymatic esterification of free carbohydrates with acrylic acid is unprecedented. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Fourier multipliers on power‐weighted Hardy spaces
Authors: Quek T. S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUsing Herz spaces, we obtain a sufficient condition for a bounded measurable function on ℝn to be a Fourier multiplier on Hpα (ℝn ) for 0 < p < 1 and –n < α ≤ 0. Our result is sharp in a certain sense and generalizes a recent result obtained by Baernstein and Sawyer. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure, dynamics, and binding thermodynamics of the v‐Src SH2 domain: Implications for drug design
Authors: Taylor Jonathan D. , Ababou Abdessamad , Fawaz Radwan R. , Hobbs Christopher J. , Williams Mark A. , Ladbury John E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSH2 domains provide fundamental recognition sites in tyrosine kinase‐mediated signaling pathways which, when aberrant, give rise to disease states such as cancer, diabetes, and immune deficiency. Designing specific inhibitors that target the SH2 domain‐binding site, however, have presented a major challenge. Despite well over a decade of intensive research, clinically useful SH2 domain inhibitors have yet to become available. A better understanding of the structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic contributions to ligand binding of individual SH2 domains will provide some insight as to whether inhibitor development is possible. We report the first high resolution solution structure of the apo‐v‐Src SH2 domain. This is accompanied by the analysis of backbone dynamics and pKa values within the apo‐ and peptide‐bound states. Our results indicate that the phosphotyrosine (pY) pocket is tightly structured and hence not adaptable to exogenous ligands. On the other hand, the pocket which accommodates residues proximal and C‐terminal of the pY (pY + 3) or so‐called specificity determining region, is a large dynamic‐binding surface. This appears to allow a high level of promiscuity in binding. Binding of a series of synthetic, phosphotyrosyl, peptidomimetic compounds designed to explore interactions in the pY + 3 pocket further demonstrates the ability of the SH2 domain to accommodate diverse ligands. The thermodynamic parameters of these interactions show dramatic enthalpy/entropy compensation. These data suggest that the v‐Src SH2 domain does not have a highly specific secondary‐binding site, which clearly presents a major hurdle to design selective inhibitors. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guiding conformation space search with an all‐atom energy potential
Authors: Brunette TJ , Brock Oliver 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe most significant impediment for protein structure prediction is the inadequacy of conformation space search. Conformation space is too large and the energy landscape too rugged for existing search methods to consistently find near‐optimal minima. To alleviate this problem, we present model‐based search, a novel conformation space search method. Model‐based search uses highly accurate information obtained during search to build an approximate, partial model of the energy landscape. Model‐based search aggregates information in the model as it progresses, and in turn uses this information to guide exploration toward regions most likely to contain a near‐optimal minimum. We validate our method by predicting the structure of 32 proteins, ranging in length from 49 to 213 amino acids. Our results demonstrate that model‐based search is more effective at finding low‐energy conformations in high‐dimensional conformation spaces than existing search methods. The reduction in energy translates into structure predictions of increased accuracy. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of cross‐sections of magnetite thin films by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
Authors: Koblischka‐Veneva A. , Koblischka M. R. , Mücklich F. , Hartmann U. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBy means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), we studied the grain orientation of cross‐sections of magnetite (Fe3O4) thin films grown on (001) oriented MgO substrates. Earlier studies showed that the magnetic properties of the magnetite films are dominated by the presence of so‐called anti‐phase boundaries (APBs). The use of cross‐sections of thin‐films enables to study the growth mechanism in a more direct way. The EBSD maps reveal that the first magnetite layer on the MgO substrate is comprised of many small, misoriented magnetite grains. Subsequent layers show the desired (001) orientation with a ±5° misorientation. The misorientations found in the cross‐section of the film resemble those obtained in EBSD measurements at the sample surface. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase transition in sodium bismuth tungstate NaBi(WO4)2 – acoustic studies
Authors: Khusravbekov L. , Charnaya E. V. , Tien Cheng , Rakhimov I. K. , Borisov B. F. , Salakhutdinov M. I. , Ulfatshoev M. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAcoustic studies of sodium bismuth tungstate, NaBi(WO4)2, single crystal were carried out in the temperature range from 290 K to 340 K. Strong anomalies in ultrasound velocity and attenuation were observed above room temperature for both longitudinal and transverse waves. The results obtained suggested a phase transition at 319.2 K. The order parameter responsible for the phase transition was found to be coupled linearly with strains in transverse acoustic waves and nonlinearly with those in longitudinal waves. It was suggested that the phase transition is related with substitutional ordering of the Na+ and Bi3+ ions at the cation sites. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Competitive intensity and collaboration: impact on firm growth across technological environments
Authors: Ang Siah Hwee 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of competitive intensity and collaboration on firm growth across technological environments. I propose that competitive intensity determines the likelihood of firm collaboration, and that the interaction of competitive intensity and collaboration influences firm growth. These relationships are, in turn, moderated by industry‐level technological intensity. Analyzing 1,004 firms and 378 collaborations from the manufacturing sector in Singapore, I find that firms facing high or low levels of competitive intensity collaborate less often than those facing moderate levels of competitive intensity. Industry technology intensity moderates this relationship, with a stronger inverted‐U‐shaped association between competitive intensity and collaboration in more technology intensive industries. Collaboration leads to higher growth for firms facing lower levels of competitive intensity than for firms facing higher levels of competitive intensity only in more technology intensive industries. In technologically less intensive industries, collaboration leads to higher growth for firms facing higher levels of competitive intensity as compared to those facing lower levels of competitive intensity. These findings have important implications for competitive and collaborative dynamics for firm growth in different technological environments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance effects of imitative entry
Authors: Ethiraj Sendil K. , Zhu David H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article examines how waiting to imitate a product affects the performance of the imitator compared to the innovator. Specifically, we address two research questions. Under what conditions does imitation erode the advantage of the innovator? What strategies of imitators help overcome the innovator's advantage? Our main argument is that the increasing availability of information on the innovator's product increases the imitator's returns to waiting. With this increasing availability of information, imitators' products transition from those that are horizontally differentiated (products are similar in quality but differ in their attributes) to those that are vertically differentiated (products differ in quality). Thus, we hypothesize that shifts in the nature of competition over time from horizontal differentiation to vertical differentiation account for why the innovator's advantage is not preserved. Imitation timing simply reflects the uncertainty inherent in imitation efforts. One such uncertainty is the extent of product differentiation that the imitator can achieve. We develop several hypotheses that elaborate this basic intuition. We obtained detailed data on innovator‐imitator competition in the branded drug industry to test the hypotheses. All our hypotheses are supported. The main contribution of the article is in showing that the nature of product differentiation in product categories is endogenous to the imitative entry decisions of firms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Authors: Song Yujun , Hormes Josef , Kumar Challa S. S. R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAn overview of the current information and analyses on the microfluidic synthesis of different types of nanomaterial, including metallic and silica nanoparticles and quantum dots, is presented. Control of particle size, size distribution, and crystal structure of nanomaterials are examined in terms of the special features of microfluidic reactors.magnified image
Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for volatile lipid oxidation compounds in soybean oil
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Frankel E. N. , Selke E. , Warner K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTo develop new knowledge on undesirable flavors affecting the quality of foods containing polyunsaturated lipids, we investigated the volatiles in soybean oil oxidized at different conditions by three capillary gas chromatographic methods: (a) direct injection (5 min heating at 180 C); (b) static headspace (20 min heating at 180 C, pressurizing for one min), and (c) dynamic headspace (purging 15 min at 180 C onto a porous polymer trap, desorbing from trap for five min). A fused silica column was used with bonded polymethyl and phenyl siloxane phase. At peroxide values between 2 and 10, the major volatile products found in soybean oil by the three methods were pentane, hexanal, 2‐heptenal, 2,4‐heptadienal and 2,4‐decadienal. The intensities of each volatile compound varied with the analytical methods used.
Headspace gas analysis as a measure of rancidity in corn chips
Authors: Robards Kevin , Kerr Amanda F. , Patsalides Emilios , Korth John 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHeadspace analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) has been used to identify and quantify volatiles formed in the oxidative deterioration of corn chips. The effect of light and temperature on the formation of propanal, pentanal and hexanal in stored chips was examined and the data correlated with the results of sensory evaluation. The procedure is suitable for determining concentrations of pentanal and hexanal below, one ppm, which is below the level where rancidity based on sensory evaluation is detected. Problems associated with solute partitioning and sample decomposition in the analysis also were investigated.
Fractionation of anhydrous milk fat by short‐path distillation
Authors: Arul Joseph , Boudreau Armand , Makhlouf Joseph , Tardi Rene , Bellavia Tony 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAnhydrous milk fat was fractionated by short‐path distillation into four fractions at temperatures of 245 and 265 C and pressures of 220 and 100 μm Hg. Two fractions (LF1 and LF2) were liquid, one fraction (IF) was semi‐solid and one fraction (SF) was solid at room temperature. The fractions were characterized by melting temperature profile, solid fat index and triglyceride and fatty acid compositions. The peak melting temperature progressively increased (8.8 to 38.7 C) from liquid to solid fractions. The solid fat content ranged from 0 to 27.5% at 20 C, while native milk fat was 15.4%. The short chain (C24–C34) triglycerides were enriched in the LF1 fraction, long chain (C42–C54) triglycerides were concentrated in the SF fraction, and medium chain (C36–C40) triglycerides in the IF fraction; in the LF2 fraction, though, both short and medium chain triglycerides were enriched. Short chain (C4–C8) fatty acids gradually decreased from liquid to solid fractions and the trend was reverse for long chain (C14–C18) fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated. The weight average molecular weights and geometric mean‐carbon number of milk fat fractions were in the range of 590.7–782.8 and 31.9–46.3, respectively, compared to 729.3 and 41.0, respectively, for native milk fat, suggesting short‐path distillation effects a very high degree of molecular weight separation.
Snacking patterns among adolescents: a comparison of type, frequency and portion size between Britain in 1997 and Northern Ireland in 2005
Authors: Kerr Maeve A. , Rennie Kirsten L. , McCaffrey Tracy A. , Wallace Julie M. W. , Hannon-Fletcher Mary P. , Livingstone M. Barbara E. 
Published: June 2008

Despite the potential link between snack food intake and obesity and the reportedly high prevalence of snacking among adolescents, adolescent snack food patterns (types of foods consumed, frequency and portion size) have not been extensively examined. This study examines these issues using data on the snacking patterns of adolescents aged 13–16 years who took part in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and that from a Northern Irish (NI) cohort of adolescents collected 8 years later, in 2005. Overall energy intake was significantly higher in the NI adolescents in 2005 compared with the NDNS adolescents in 1997 (P < 0·01). Consequently, energy intake from snacks was significantly higher in the NI cohort (P < 0·01) and a trend for a higher % energy intake from snacks compared with the NDNS group was observed (median 32·5 % v. 29·8 %, respectively). Sugar-sweetened carbonated and soft drinks remained the most popular choice of snack over this 8-year period; however, both the portion size consumed and frequency of consumption were significantly higher among the adolescents in 2005 compared with those in 1997 (P = 0·022 and P = 0·014, respectively). Despite the lower popularity, and correspondingly lower frequency of milks and beverages, the portion size of both food groups was significantly higher among the adolescents in 2005 compared with those in 1997 (P < 0·001 and P = 0·007, respectively). These findings may provide scope for policy interventions to place particular emphasis on reducing typical portion sizes consumed of popular snack choices, in particular high-energy carbonated and soft drinks, among UK adolescents.
PRUSSIA'S RELATIONS WITH THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, 1740–1786
Authors: WILSON PETER H. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTMost writers have taken Frederick II at his word and interpreted his sparse and generally derogatory comments about the Holy Roman Empire as indications of its low priority in Prussian policy after 1740. This article offers a reappraisal, based on a re-examination of his writings and his policy towards the Empire and its principal dynasties. Despite his distaste for the imperial constitution, Frederick swiftly appreciated its significance to his goals of security and international recognition. Certainly, relations with the imperial Estates remained secondary to diplomatic and military engagement with Austria and the other major European powers. Nonetheless, the Empire remained more than an arena in which Austro-Prussian rivalry was played out. The imperial constitution offered a means to neutralize threats to Prussia's more vulnerable provinces and a framework to constrain Habsburg ambitions, while ties to minor German dynasties offered avenues to maintain or improve relations with Europe's leading monarchies that were likewise bound within the elite kinship of the Christian old world. For this to be effective, however, Frederick had to engage in all aspects of imperial politics and not just representation in formal institutions.
CULTURE AND COMBAT IN THE WESTERN WORLD, 1900–1945
Authors: WATSON ALEXANDER 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article reviews recent research investigating the impact of societal culture on combat performance in the western world during the first half of the twentieth century. It identifies two main strands of historiography. One group of studies has focused on societal culture's influence in shaping the form and functioning of military institutions. A second approach adopted by current scholarship has been to examine societal culture's effect on individual soldiers' resilience and motivation. The article compares and evaluates the results of this research. It concludes that, while sometimes overstressed at other factors' expense, especially combatants' common humanity and the complexity of militaries' own cultures, societal culture has proved to be a subtle yet important influence on martial performance.