bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ames Laboratory Facility for the Emission Spectroscopic Study of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclei: The Design and Operating History
Authors: Edelson MC , DeKalb EL 
Published: December 2008

A commercially available inductively coupled plasma (ICP) radio-frequency power generator was adapted to operate within a stainless steel glove box and was used for optical emission spectroscopic studies of hazardous alpha-emitting materials. This ICP apparatus has been successfully used to determine plutonium in complex chemical mixtures and to analyze plutonium isotopically in solution.
The finely divided particulates generated by the ICP emission source were removed by filtration of the exhausted gas stream via a train of three high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. The light from the glove-box-enclosed ICP was passed through a window set into a common wall to a separately ventilated spectrometer laboratory. Testing of the apparatus with nonhazardous materials revealed design flaws that were easily corrected prior to studying the emission spectroscopy of plutonium. An unnoticed error in construction that caused a serious problem after the glove box had become contaminated was less easily remedied.
Marine Atmospheric Corrosion Museum Report on the Performance of Thermal Spray Coatings on Steel
Authors: Kain RM , Baker EA 
Published: December 2008

Corrosion control is usually implemented by alloy upgrading or material substitution, environmental modification or providing a protective barrier or sacrificial surface or both. Historically, the coatings approach has been the predominant first choice based on initial economics. Current and emerging coating technologies are continuing to expand the methodology and perfection of metallic and inorganic coatings.
Plated metal, chemical conversion coatings, and flame sprayed zinc and aluminum have been used for many years to protect steel and other metals. The thermal spraying approach is well suited for larger structures as coatings may be applied in the shop or field. Newer processes, such as vapor deposition and ion implantation, for now at least, are likely to be limited to providing improved corrosion resistance for smaller, critical components.
Regardless of the type or method of coating, anticipated performance over the lifetime of the equipment is based on laboratory testing and field trials. In this regard, long-term exposures in a variety of industrial and marine environments have been a recognized approach to characterizing coating performance.
In the early 1950s, a number of zinc-aluminum compositions were applied to carbon steel using then-current practice and exposed at several test sites in England and the United States. The performance of these test panels was described by Hoar and Radovici following 10½ years of exposure. In the ensuing years, a number of the original panels remained on exposure at Kure Beach, NC, in the LaQue Center for Corrosion Technology, Inc., marine atmospheric exposure site.
This paper describes the protection afforded by the various coatings after 34 years of continuous exposure in the moderately aggressive marine location situated 250 m from the Atlantic Ocean. Several electrochemical methods presently in use are reviewed in a reflection of how accurate they might be in forecasting the effectiveness of these coatings.
Geotextiles and Drainage
Authors: Suits LD , Hoover TP 
Published: December 2008

The use of geotextiles in geotechnical engineering has brought about many varying theories and approaches. These theories and approaches vary from a broad-based general requirement to a project-by-project design approach.
Provided in this paper are the methods of selection, testing, and the recommended use of geotextiles for drainage applications as defined by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYS DOT) and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).
Caltrans approaches the use of geotextiles for drainage in the same manner as they approach aggregate filtration for drainage, with the advantages of a filter with tensile properties being incorporated. The Caltrans Standard Specifications address geotextile use from a range of properties associated with drainage rather than singular absolute parameters.
Caltrans approaches geotextile acceptance on a project-by-project basis. While accepting letters of certification concerning geotextile properties, they also carry on a general control testing program for acceptance.
NYS DOT addresses the use of geotextiles from a preapproved list of materials of five basic categories. This concept provides the basis for NYS DOT use of geotextiles in normal (that is, nonsevere) applications. Therefore, the contractor has a choice of several geotextiles based on availability, economics, and experience in use. The characteristics for the drainage application category are given in the discussion. Also given are the conditions which require specific design considerations in critical applications.
The two points which evolve from the discussion are that both agencies have limited drainage applications to nonwoven materials, and through differing empirical approaches both agencies have developed cost-effective and efficient usage of geotextiles in drainage applications.
A Review of Existing Geotextile Tension Testing Methods
Authors: Myles B 
Published: December 2008

The review assesses the existing geotextile tension testing procedures in both North America and Europe with particular reference to the difference between the conditions of local and total stress imposition.
In local stress testing, the adaption of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soil test is described as a complement to the more commonly used Grab Test. The importance of the failure mode and fabric structure integrity under stress are also highlighted.
Attention is drawn in the unidirectional (total stress) test to the relevance of sample width, variation of strain rate, and the different definitions of modulus. Also, the requirement to relate tensile properties to a time base and a means of presenting these properties is shown.
Results of Field Sampling Programs Conducted at Waste Solvent Treatment and Recycling Facilities
Authors: Roeck DR , Pangaro N 
Published: December 2008

As required by the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Act, EPA began a program to conduct in-depth evaluations of all hazardous wastes to determine applicable restrictions on some or all forms of land disposal. Under Section 3004(m) of the amendments, the EPA was required to develop treatment standards for wastes banned from land disposal. The waste streams that were identified as candidates for the Land-Ban Regulations included solvents, dioxin-containing wastes, halogenated organics, corrosives, metals, cyanides, and other reactives.
This paper presents an overall summary of three field sampling programs conducted by Alliance Technologies Corporation to assess the performance capabilities of offsite solvent recycling facilities. This work was performed under contract to the EPA's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (HWERL) in Cincinnati, OH (Contract 68-03-3243). These field programs resulted in the compilation of extensive data on the operation and performance capability of such waste treatment processes as steam distillation, thin-film evaporation, and still-bottom processing. Samples were taken of all waste feed, still bottoms, and distillate product streams and analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents to satisfy EPA criteria. Analytical results were evaluated to determine the fate of various metals and other solvent constituents among input and effluent streams. The suitability of some of these still-bottom streams for subsequent land-based disposal was addressed by determining characteristics such as EP-Toxicity for metals and the newly proposed Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Ultimately, each site tested was described in a comprehensive report that delineated all results and procedures used. These reports have become part of the EPA's database to support any treatment standards developed by the Agency.
In general, these field programs have shown that the solvent recycling processes evaluated are very effective in producing high-quality distillate product streams suitable for a variety of uses. In addition, metal contaminants detected in waste feed streams were virtually all transferred to the still-bottoms streams, which were mostly disposed of by offsite fuel supplement users (i.e., asphalt kilns and blast furnaces).
Hazardous Waste Volume Reduction Research in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Authors: Martin JF , Stutsman MJ , Grossman E 
Published: December 2008

Reducing the volume of hazardous waste may not provide relief from the toxic nature of the compound, but it does provide a significant benefit in reducing transportation, treatment, and disposal costs. The Environmental Protection Agency's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory supports extramural studies in waste detoxification, concentration and recovery, and minimization. Three concentration and recovery projects are discussed.
A phosphate precipitation process is effective in selectively removing metals from metal finishing sludge materials. Research also indicates that sodium smectite clay, an abundant natural material, can be modified in structure so that it has excellent adsorptive properties for removing compounds like benzene, trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. The separation of dilute hazardous organics using thin-film, composite, aromatic polyamide membranes also appears to be advantageous in terms of high solute separation at low pressures (1 to 2 MPa) and broad pH operating ranges (pH 2 to 12).
Deposition Efficiency from Aerial Application of Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Kirk IW , Bode LE , Bouse LF , Stermer RA , Carlton JB 
Published: December 2008

This study was designed to determine the effect of application parameters on spray deposition from aerial application of a mixture of tridiphane, atrazine, and crop oil concentrate. Variables evaluated included nozzle orientation (0 and 90 deg), spray application rate (18.7 and 46.8 L/ha), and airspeed (144 and 208 km/h). Spray deposit was measured from mylar plates, polyethylene soda straws, water-sensitive cards, water-sensitive straws, and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) plants. Biological response (% control of yellow foxtail) from each application was rated at 1 and 2 weeks following application.
The collectors were placed between the center lines of two adjacent spray swaths flown directly into the wind. Two sample lines, 15-m apart, were placed perpendicular to the direction of flight. The first line consisted of 17 mylar plates, 5 flats of plants, 5 straw stands (each containing 10 soda straws and one water-sensitive straw) and 5 water-sensitive cards. The second line consisted of 17 mylar plates and 5 flats of plants. The collectors were gathered at the end of each treatment and transported to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Treatments were replicated three times. Wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity were recorded during each test.
Data from the mylar plates indicated that percent deposit of fluorescent dye at 46.8 L/ha spray mixture application rate was significantly higher than for the 18.7 L/ha rate. The percent deposit for the 144 km/h airspeed and the 46.8 L/ha application rate was higher than for the 208 km/h airspeed and the 18.7 L/ha application rate. There was no difference in deposit due to nozzle orientation.
Deposits on the plant leaves indicated differences due to application rate, airspeed, and nozzle orientation. The highest deposit on plant leaves was obtained with the 46.8 L/ha application rate, 90 deg nozzle orientation and 208 km/h airspeed. The correlation coefficient for deposits on plants and straw collectors was 0.58. For deposits on plants and mylar plates the correlation coefficient was 0.54.
Condensation Problems in a Refrigerated Storage Building—A Case History
Authors: Nelson PE 
Published: December 2008

During warm humid weather, condensation leakage problems plague a “cool” loading dock room of a refrigerated warehouse near Washington, DC. Cold air flows out the base of the room through openings in the gaskets between trucks and open loading dock doors. This creates a stack effect, drawing in warm, humid air through a poor seal between the top of the masonry cavity wall and the roofing system. The warm, humid air condenses in the ribs of the steel deck and the condensate leaks into the building.
During our investigation, I also evaluated the water-vapor transmission through the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) roofing system by testing the permeance of the three-year-old weathered system and comparing it to a nonweathered EPDM sample, and by analyzing the steady-state water-vapor flow. I found the permeance of the EPDM membrane increased 22%, from 2.58 ng/Pa ∙ s ∙ m2 (0.0449 grains/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ in. ∙ Hg)) for nonweathered EPDM to 3.14 ng/Pa ∙ s ∙ m2 (0.0547 grains/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ in. ∙ Hg)) for weathered EPDM. Steady-state analysis showed that only 0.034 kg/m2/year (0.007 lbs/ft2/year) would flow through this roofing system. This is a very small amount of moisture compared to that being transported by the warm air flow.
The pattern of condensation I saw during my investigation confirmed my theory that the “leakage” is caused by moist air flowing into the roof system and not water vapor transmission through the roof system. Successful repairs were designed and installed that blocked the air from flowing into the edges of the roofing system.
Measurement of Unsaturated Wood Permeability by Transient Flow Methods
Authors: Spolek GA , Piroozmandi F 
Published: December 2008

The permeability of wood to liquid, a transport property that is necessary for accurate modeling of industrial processes such as drying and impregnation, should be measured by using experimental conditions that recreate the transient behavior of those processes. Previous works have used more standardized steady-state methods for measuring unsaturated water permeability of wood. The results of these studies are inconsistent with other experimental data, probably due to the difficulty in achieving uniform unsaturated conditions within the wood samples.
This study employed transient flow of water through wood to calculate the unsaturated permeability. Southern pine specimens were initially saturated with water. A low-speed centrifuge was then used to force the water to flow out of the porous wood cell structure while minimizing evaporative drying. Periodically, the moisture distribution within each sample was measured with a scanning gamma-ray densitometer. When water movement ceased, the steady-state moisture distribution was used to define the capillary properties of the wood. Using the data as the solution to the governing equation, the unsaturated permeability was back-calculated. The results demonstrate the trend that unsaturated wood permeability is relatively large at much lower saturation levels than previously reported, therefore capillary transport of liquid through wood can significantly affect industrial processes. The quantitative value of the findings, however, is marginal due to this technique's requirement for differentiation of data that is widely scattered by wood's inherent inhomogeniety.
Aircraft Field Experience with Automotive Gasoline in the United States
Authors: Zeisloft HC 
Published: December 2008

This paper briefly reviews the history behind the incentives for the use of automobile gasoline in small aircraft powered by engines rated for 80-octane fuel.
Data that forms the basis for this paper is from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records in Oklahoma City covering fuel-related accidents and incidents and also fuel-related service difficulty reports. Information is also summarized from a survey of users conducted by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA).
In the years since the successful completion of the FAA Flight Test Certification Program for the use of automobile gasoline in certain aircraft, field experience has shown that unleaded automobile gasoline use results in fewer reports of accidents/incidents or service difficulties than the use of highly leaded 100LL avgas in these low-compression 80-octane engines.
Automotive Gasoline—A Fuel for Modern Aircraft Piston Engines
Authors: Schmauder J 
Published: December 2008

Over the decades, the aircraft piston engine and aviation fuel have developed into a mature functional unit much like the automotive engine and gasoline whose demands have been harmonized in the course of time.
For that reason one might be inclined to say that automotive gasoline (mogas) is not suited for aircraft engines. It would be more correct, however, to say that automotive gasoline is not fit for conventional aircraft powerplants without special precautionary measures.
By converting however an automotive engine into an aircraft powerplant, that is, by providing it with all the design features required for flight operation, we obtain a propulsion system whose basic design predestinates it to mogas operation.
When considering the general trends in aircraft engine design, it is found that for economic reasons new modern aircraft piston engines can be developed from existing automotive engines. Therefore, mogas will be of ever-increasing importance as a fuel for aircraft powerplants. When discussing different kinds of fuel, mogas seems to be the most suitable as an alternative to aviation gasoline (avgas), but the type of mogas should be carefully chosen.
Avgas, unlike mogas, is of uniform quality worldwide. Leaded premium gasoline, for example, shows considerable variations, whereas unleaded premium gasoline has been developed into a fuel with a uniformly good quality level throughout the world. Therefore, the latter should be chosen as the target fuel. The advantages of unleaded premium gasoline are: 1. The fuel is unleaded and thus the air is not polluted with lead. 2. The highly developed modern passenger car engines can be fully utilized for the new aircraft powerplants, particularly because of the reduction of exhaust gas emissions.
Alpine Ski Boot Hysteresis Characteristics Interpreted for Skier Target Groups Within the Current Standards
Authors: Walkhoff K , Bauman CW 
Published: December 2008

The study of modern alpine ski boots has gone through great changes in the last five years. Previous techniques have been limited to the qualitative “feeling” that given test subjects may have had regarding boot stiffnes, flexibility, and comfort (fit). Laboratory and on-hill comparisons at best offered limited observable differences. Quantitative analysis was not scientifically recorded. In addition, the rotation of the ankle joint in bending and the resulting transmission of the skiers forces through the boot to the ski have been inadequately defined. It is assumed that skier comfort will be increased through a better understanding and control of these variables.
This paper will look at the basic physical parameters now being used to define ski boot stiffness and flexibility. Hysteresis curves indicate stiffness and flexibility characteristics through the plotting of daN/metres per degree of anterior/posterior flexion. Designs can be tested and compared with both human and artificial legs under varying temperature conditions. Further research on comfort (fit) requirements through flouroscopic and X-ray films will be presented. It is hoped that future research directions will come to light from this presentation.
Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality of Torso Trauma from Skiing
Authors: Zink RA , Glaeser H 
Published: December 2008

Approximately 375 000 people, living in Western Germany purchase special skiing insurance. More than 95% of the skiing accidents that happened in this population during the winters from 1980 and 1981 through 1983 and 1984 were registered and analyzed. This study includes accidents only if they occurred during Alpine skiing, if they were not caused by avalanches, and if the patients had to spend more than 24 h in the hospital for treatment or observation on behalf of torso trauma or polytrauma. One-hundred sixty-seven patients were finally selected by the following criteria: 71% were male, 29% female. The patient's age ranged from 9 to 72 years with an average of 32.2 years. Most of them were experienced skiers who skied for longer than 15 years and 3 to 4 weeks per winter.
Injuries of the genitourinary tract were found in 34% of the cases, which was surprisingly high, as compared to injuries of 15 to 18% in other trauma groups (traffic accidents, and so forth) where the patients were selected according to the same criteria. Fifty-two percent of all traumas were Grade AIS-3, 32% of Grade AIS-2, and 14% of Grade AIS-4 injuries, according to the “Abbreviated Injury Scale.” The average patient spent 19 days in the hospital, whereas 9% of them had to stay for more than one month.
An Alternative Method for Measuring Microindentations
Authors: Fee AR 
Published: December 2008

An image analysis method was investigated to determine if successful measurements of Knoop and Vickers indentations could be realized. Hopefully, this semiautomated method would eliminate operators' fatigue and thus improve the repeatability and reproducibility associated with the conventional manual optical measurement method.
The specimens included a transverse of Vickers indentations of approximately 50 μm in Cdiagonal length. These indents were measured with both methods, and the results compare the conventional optical method with the image analysis findings.
Another technique of calibrating the image analyzer with a known size indentation rather than with a stage micrometer shows a closer agreement to conventional measurement results.
A second study of Knoop and Vickers indentations of varying sizes, from 25 to 98 μm, shows the different results between the two types of indentations and the subsequent discrepancies experienced.
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Studies of Rockwell Scale Hardness Testers
Authors: Cieplak JJ , Tobolski EL , Williams DM 
Published: December 2008

It is difficult to interpret the results of gage repeatability and reproducibility (GRR) studies on Rockwell scale test instruments because (1) the test can never be performed in the same place more than once, (2) no material is completely uniform in hardness, and (3) the expected variation in hardness is itself hardness dependent.
Therefore, the concept of material variation (MV) must be added to the already recognized sources of variation called equipment variation (EV) and appraiser variation (AV).
Following specific procedures outlined in this paper will insure performance of the most realistic GRR study. Interpretation of the results using methods suggested in this paper will aid in understanding the information gathered in this study.