bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3 Generation of GWs in linearized theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the theory of generation of GWs in linearized theory. It is assumed that the gravitational field generated by the source is sufficiently weak, so that an expansion around flat space-time is justified. This allows for an understanding, in the simple setting of a flat background space-time (and therefore Newtonian or at most special-relativistic dynamics for the sources), of how GWs are produced. In this chapter, the formulas for GW production valid in flat space-time, but exact in v/c, are derived. Then, expanding the exact result in powers of v/c, it is shown how, for small velocities, the GW production can be organized in a multipole expansion. The Einstein quadrupole formula is discussed and its angular distribution is computed. The next-to-leading order terms in the multipole expansion, i.e., the current quadrupole and the mass octupole, are discussed. The chapter also shows how the multipole expansion to all orders, using both the language of symmetric-trace-free tensor and the language of tensor spherical harmonics, can be performed systematically.
6 Experimental observation of GW emission in compact binaries
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the experimental evidence for the existence of GWs, which was first obtained from the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, PSR B1913+16, and which is now further confirmed by observations in other relativistic binary systems. These binary pulsars are remarkable, allowing for high precision verification of various predictions of general relativity. Hulse and Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993, ‘for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation’, which included a demonstration of the emission of gravitational radiation, achieved by Taylor and co-workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The full pulsar timing formula, including various special- and general-relativistic effects such as Roemer, Einstein, and Shapiro time delay, is then derived. The recently discovered double pulsar is also discussed.
8 Resonant-mass detectors
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the basic principle of resonant-mass detectors, with emphasis on aspects that have an intrinsic conceptual interest, such as understanding how a GW interacts with a macroscopic piece of matter, and on how it is possible to detect vibrations of a macroscopic body which are incredibly small, with amplitude many orders of magnitude smaller than the size of a nucleus. It is shown that, by themselves, resonant detectors are remarkable instruments (such as EXPLORER, NAUTILUS, AURIGUA, ALLEGRO, miniGRAIL). It is possible to measure vibrations in two-tonnes objects, such as a typical bar, which corresponds to just a few tens of phonons, and variations ΔL of their length L, with ΔL/L ~ 10-19-10-18. This chapter then studies how to compute the response of a resonant-mass detector to a GW, how the signal is actually amplified and detected with resonant transducers, what the main sources of noise are, and how to compute the main features in the noise curve of the detector. Quantum non-demolition measurement is also discussed. Both resonant bars and resonant spheres are studied.
Wittgenstein and the Metaphysics of Grace
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWhat is the meaning of the word ‘grace’? Can Wittgenstein's maxim that the meaning of a word is its usage help explicate the claims that Christians have made about grace? When Christians use the word, they reference within language the point of contact between humanity and the divine. This book suggests that grace is not an occult object but rather an insight, a moment when we perceive God to be active on our behalf. The book examines the biblical evidence that grace begins as a recognition of God's favour, before considering Augustine as the theologian who champions history rather than nature as the place of encounter with grace. Aquinas' work on grace is also explored, retrieving the saint's thought on three seminal concepts: nature, form, and the striving intellect. Overall, the book suggests that grace is the perception of a form, an awareness that the human person is being addressed by the world itself.
4 Grace as Meaning in the World
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter shifts the search for the metaphysical foundations of grace into a linguistic key, asking if the experience that is grace would be more comprehensible to our contemporaries if one spoke of grace as the apperception of being addressed by the world. Here the assertion is that grace connotes the experience of the human person who perceives the world itself to be speaking. The evaluation of such an apparently simple statement requires an examination of its constituent elements. In doing so, the work of Wittgenstein, Lonergan, and Rahner is juxtaposed with the assumption that the linguistic turn of Wittgenstein's work does not invalidate the fundamental premisses of Transcendental Thomism. On the contrary, it only highlights the dynamic intellectualism by which that movement characterized human knowing. If grace — speaking of its human side — is an act of perception, then the metaphysics of epistemology that Transcendental Thomism deployed seems essential in any consideration of it.
5 The Growth of International Governance and the Restructuring of Business Systems: The Effects of Multi‐levelled Governance in Europe and Elsewhere
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the changing transnational governance of economic activities in the late 20th and early 21st century, and its likely effects on established patterns of economic organization. It summarizes the major principles of transnational business regulation that have become established since 1945. It discusses their most likely implications for the organization of economic coordination and control systems, then considers their likely impact on three ideal types of institutional regimes, and on relationships between key actors in societies dominated by them. The chapter then suggests how this general analysis could be applied to the developing institutions of the EU, which is the most elaborate and institutionally established example of transnational governance.
7 Developing Innovative Competences in Different Institutional Frameworks
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.
10 Divergent Multinational Firms: Home and Host Economy Effects on Internationalization Strategies and Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMultinational companies vary considerably in the extent to which they invest key resources in different kinds of market economy and encourage learning from these diverse environments. They therefore differ greatly in the level of organizational innovation and change they undergo as the result of internationalization, and in their development of novel and distinctive characteristics. These variations stem from both the governance and capabilities of the firms concerned, which in turn are connected to their dominant domestic business system characteristics and institutional pressures, and the nature of the business systems to which they commit significant resources. This chapter explores these connections in more detail and shows how companies from different kinds of economies are likely to internationalize their activities in different ways. How three very different ideal types of firms are likely to follow contrasting internationalization strategies is also considered.
12 The Changing Japanese Multinational: Application, Adaptation, and Learning in Car Manufacturing and Financial Services
Authors: Whitley Richard , Morgan Glenn , Kelly William , Sharpe Diana 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines how international managerial careers and attitudes are changing in Japanese companies in two different industries: car manufacturing and banking. This assessment is based on a series of interviews with Japanese and British managers working in Japanese firms in the UK, and with head office managers of these multinational companies (MNCs). It seems that Japanese car firms were primarily using expatriate managers to apply their domestically developed recipes to foreign subsidiaries, and then to transmit new information about plant operations to Japan to improve them. They were not, however, encouraging them to develop novel kinds of capabilities in diverse environments that could lead to the adaptation of the basic business recipe. In the case of Japanese banking, the central position of the City and Long-term Credit banks in the domestic business system, together with their largely domestic client-driven internationalization in the 1970s and 1980s, limited their adaptation to, and learning from, foreign operations. The changed conditions of the 1990s have mostly resulted in a retreat to traditional customers and sources of competitive advantage, i.e., their knowledge of, and centrality to, the domestic business system, and so foreign subsidiaries are greatly subordinated to domestic decisions and routines.
War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Historians have long debated the effects of war on state formation in early modern Europe. Did military competition increase rulers' power over their subjects and forge more modern states, or did the strains of war break down political and administrative systems? This book seeks a rounded answer to these questions by comparing England and the Netherlands in the age of warrior princes such as Henry VIII and Charles V. It examines the development of new military and fiscal institutions, but goes beyond them to ask how mobilization for war changed political relationships throughout society. Towns in England, such as Norwich, York, Exeter, and Rye, are compared with towns in the Netherlands, such as Antwerp, Leiden, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Valenciennes, to see how the magistrates' relations with central government and the urban populace were modified by war. Great noblemen from the Howard and Percy families are set alongside their equivalents from the houses of Croÿ and Egmond to examine the role of recruitment, army command, and heroic reputation in maintaining the power of the nobility. The wider interactions of subjects and rulers in wartime are reviewed to measure how effectively war extended princes' claims on their subjects' loyalty and service; their ambitions to control news and public opinion and to promote national identity; and their ability to manage the economy and harness religious change to dynastic purposes. The book presents picture of societies and polities tested and shaped by the pressures of ever more demanding warfare.
Polities at War
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces the debate on war and state formation in early modern Europe, and describes the societies and governments of Tudor England and the Habsburg Netherlands. It analyses the legacies of the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses for England, and the formation of the Burgundian state for the Netherlands. It briefly narrates the reigns, wars, and peace treaties of the period 1477-1559. In these, England and the Netherlands both repeatedly fought France, but other polities such as Scotland, Guelders, and the German Protestant principalities, and other peoples such as the Gaelic Irish and the Frisians were drawn into a web of dynastic warfare, civil wars, and rebellions.
The Military Resources of the Nobility
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the resources deployed by the nobility in their participation in warfare. In England, their recruitment of troops became less important over time as retinues raised from their estate tenants and household servants were superseded by drafts from the county militias. In the Netherlands, great nobles led bandes d'ordonnance, permanently waged by the prince but staffed by the captain's clients and other contingents animated by their local influence. Generals there also cultivated entrepreneurs able to raise mercenaries beyond the borders of the Netherlands. Noblemen's private arsenals were better stocked with artillery in the Netherlands than in England, and their private fortifications better maintained and modernized. The English, however, were more likely to own ships that could be turned to war or privateering.
War, Nobles, and the State
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter concludes the discussion of the nobility by drawing out the similarities and differences between the role of noblemen in war and the effects of war on noble power in England and the Netherlands. War was not the sole key to noble power, but it remained very important through the resources, skills, and social power noblemen deployed in sustaining their princes' wars; through the offices, influence, and rewards they gained in war; through the relationships with others forged in war; and through the honourable reputations they won or lost. In some respects, the independent military power of the nobility in both polities declined over the period. But in helping to develop new forms of state power, the nobility built its own influence into them at many points.
Information and Response
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the dissemination and reception of news about war. Tudors and Habsburgs alike sent out news of their campaigns by letter, but the market for pamphlets and printed news developed much faster in the Netherlands with its extensive printing industry. Such material interacted with civic entries, proclamations, and rumours to shape popular views of war. When these criticized rulers, their disseminators might be punished for sedition, but in the cosmopolitan Netherlands it was harder than in England to exclude hostile material from public discussion. Christian humanist pacifism was outweighed by the church's role in coordinating support for war and a nascent English Protestant nationalism. Englishmen and Netherlanders alike were ordered to celebrate their rulers' successes, but the English response concentrated on military victories and dynastic events, while Netherlanders put their efforts into celebrating peace.
Introduction
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the problem studied in the remainder of the book: what happens when a group of agents get together to write one or more agreements. If a subgroup forms a coalition, they act cooperatively by choosing and implementing a joint course of action. However, the actions of different coalitions are chosen independently and non-cooperatively. This book is interested in the equilibrium of coalition formation. Which coalitions will come about? Is there a presumption that such coalition formation will be efficient? If so, under what circumstances will they be efficient? If not, can one place bounds on the extent of inefficiency that may occur?
Irreversible Agreements
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces a model of coalition formation with two important features. First, all negotiations are expressed formally as part of a non-cooperative bargaining game. Second, we suppose that all agreements to form a coalition are ‘fully’ binding, in the sense that they are irreversible. A coalition once formed cannot disintegrate or be subsequently absorbed into a larger group. Particular choices are therefore made from the options presented in Chapter 2. Other analytical combinations will be examined in later chapters.
Applications
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter studies two applications of the theory developed so far. First, coalition formation in a Cournot oligopoly is examined. The second application studies coalition formation in a pollution control problem. In both these applications, equilibrium agreements and coalition structures are characterized by applying the algorithm developed in Chapter 5. While there are some differences between the two applications, they share the following common features: (a) inefficient outcomes are endemic despite the ability to write any binding agreement; (b) inefficient outcomes in symmetric games typically involve asymmetric coalition structures; but (c) the degree of inefficiency cannot be ‘too high’, in a sense made precise in the chapter.
Reversible Agreements Without Externalities
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes reversible commitments in two steps. First, it studies reversible commitments in situations without externalities across coalitions. It shows that any equilibrium of this game satisfying some mild restrictions must lead, ultimately, to absorption into an unchanging, efficient payoff outcomes. Such a finding is in sharp contrast to games with irreversible commitments, in which inefficiency can be endemic even in situations without externalities. The assumption that negotiations are, in principle, ever-ongoing is central for this result.
Reversible Agreements With Externalities
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter takes the second step in the study of reversible commitments by extending the framework given in Chapter 9 to cover situations with externalities across coalitions. Matters are quite different now; the ubiquitous absorption results reported for characteristic functions break down in this setting. Equilibrium payoffs may cycle, and even if they don't, inefficient outcomes may arise and persist. Indeed, the ability to make sidepayments — presumably to eliminate such inefficiencies — may actually worsen the situation. In particular, the variant of this book's model with upfront transfers can heighten the prevalence of inefficiency.
Irreversible Commitments
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter develops a theory of coalition formation under the blocking approach when all agreements are irreversible. The concept of equilibrium binding agreements is introduced: these are agreements that cannot be blocked by other equilibrium binding agreements. The obvious circularity of this description is cut through by presuming that only subgroups of existing coalitions can deviate, thus permitting a recursive construction. It is shown that such equilibrium outcomes are often inefficient. This observation reinforces similar findings for the bargaining model studied earlier. The chapter also studies an application of the solution concept to political party formation. The last part of the chapter relaxes the restriction that only subcoalitions of existing coalitions can block proposed agreements.
1 Calvin, Participation, and the Problem of the Gift in Contemporary Thought
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a detailed account of the critiques of Calvin emerging from the Gift discussion. It then states the book's central thesis in response to these critiques, and briefly considers key issues in Calvin studies related to this thesis. It argues that Calvin's doctrine of justification, and hence part of his theology of participation in Christ, is unmistakably ‘forensic’; a righteousness from outside ourselves (extra nos) is received both in being united with Christ and simultaneously through God's free and gracious pardon. It further argues that one cannot simply label Calvin's doctrine of the double grace (duplex gratia) wholly forensic or simply reducible to a non-forensic account of ‘union with Christ’. His view is irreducibly forensic, but a courtroom analogy of an external, forensic decree is not the exclusive image for his theology of union with Christ and the double grace. Rather, Calvin's theology of union with Christ is articulated with reference to participation, adoption, imputation, and the wondrous exchange. It is a multifaceted doctrine, utilizing both legal and transformative images.
3 The Development of Calvin's Language of ‘Participation in Christ’
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows how attention to the development of Calvin's ‘programme’, as carried out in the Institutes and the biblical commentaries, can illuminate the theme of participation in Christ in Calvin's theology. In spite of recent attention in Calvin studies to the development of his thought, there is no current account of how the nexus of themes related to participation fits into Calvin's overall theological development. It is shown in this chapter that the theme of participation receives a great deal of expansion and intensification through the course of Calvin's work.
4 Participation in Christ: The Activity of Believers in Prayer and the Sacraments
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that the place of the human is illuminated in Calvin's theology of participation via a Trinitarian account of the duplex gratia used as the framework for participation. For Calvin, participation in Christ must emphasizes the legal and the transformative language in the ‘double grace’ of justification and sanctification. In prayer, believers act in ascetic struggle to pray rightly, yet the foundation for their active struggle is a recognition of God's free pardon. Likewise, in the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper, believers act in response to God's justifying act in a way that incorporates them into a Trinitarian soteriology: the Father is revealed as gracious and generous through his free pardon of believers in their union with Christ; this union also involves the activation of believers by the Spirit — toward a life of piety and love, requiring ascetic effort and activity.
5 Participation and the Law: God's Accommodation to Humanity so that Humanity may be Accommodated to God
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows the way in which Calvin has a complex, multifaceted theology of the law with strong connections to his notion of ‘participation in Christ’. The law is God's accommodation to humanity intended to unite humans to God. Its ‘principle end’ lies in inviting humans to God so that they can experience ‘true happiness’, in ‘being united to God’. Before the Fall, the law was the primal mode by which humans could participate in God. After the Fall, the law leads humans to repentance and curbs the social wickedness of humanity. However, through participating in Christ — the fulfilment of the law — believers can have a taste of the delight and intimacy with God that was lost in the Fall.