bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalytic Activity of Pt-Sb Alloys in Oxidation of Formic Acid and Metanol
Authors: Matsui Hiroshi , Saitou Kimiaki , Kashu Kensuke 
Published: May 2008

A series of platinum-antimony intermetallic compounds were prepared by a quenching and annealing method under argon gas	atmosphere. The crystal structure was well confirmed by the powder X ray diffraction method. The surface of the prepared compounds was characterized by a cyclic voltametry in a	sulfuric acid solution, and the catalytic activity of the intermetallic compounds was determined in the solution containing 0.1 M these substances, taking into account the surface characterization. The intermetallic compound of PtSb in formic acid oxidation was the most active in the prepared	compounds, while PtSb2 was quite inactive. An increase in the	platinum composition from 50 mol % resulted in strengthened characteristics of platinum metal. The catalytic activity of PtSb and PtSb2 was explained in terms of atom arrangement. Regarding the methanol oxidation, higher catalytic activity	than that of platinum metal was not obtained.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Manganese Oxide
Authors: Kuratani Kentaro , Tatsumi Kuniaki , Kuriyama Nobuhiro 
Published: May 2008

Manganese oxides with various nanostructures have successfully been synthesized by means of surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. The morphological and structural changes of the	manganese oxides had simultaneously been achieved during hydrothermal reaction under the presence of surfactant. After reaction for 72 hours, the manganese oxide nanorods with 2 x 4 tunnel structure were obtained by using the layer-structured manganese oxide as a starting material. Cyclic voltammogram of thus obtained manganese oxides showed rectangular curve, which is characteristic of capacitive behavior. The layer-structured manganese oxides showed high specific capacitance compared with the 2 x 4 tunnel-structured manganese oxides, indicates that layer-structured manganese oxides are preferable to the	tunnel-structured manganese oxides for applying to the electrochemical capacitor.
Heteropolyacids as Co-Catalysts with Platinum on the Anode of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Ferrell Jack R. , Kuo Mei Chen , Turner John A. A. , Herring Andrew M. 
Published: May 2008

In this work, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments were performed on a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).	Two heteropoly acids, phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and phosphotungstic acid (PTA), were incorporated into the anode catalyst layer in combination with Pt/C. Both PTA-Pt and PMA-Pt showed higher performance than the Pt control at 30 psig	of backpressure. Anodic polarizations were also performed, and Tafel slopes were extracted from the data. An equivalent circuit model which incorporated constant phase elements (CPEs) was used to model the impedance data. From the impedance model it was found that the incorporation of HPAs into the catalyst layer resulted in a reduction in the resistance to charge	transfer, Rct.	This shows that these two heteropoly acids do act as co-catalysts with platinum for methanol electrooxidation. However, the performance seen here is below that of PtRu catalysts.
Tantalum Compounds as New Non-Platinum Cathode for PEFC
Authors: Ishihara Akimitsu , Shibata Yohei , Mitsushima Shigenori , Kamiya Nobuyuki , Ota Ken-Ichiro 
Published: May 2008

A partially oxidized TaC0.52N0.48 has been investigated as new cathodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The working	electrodes were prepared with two methods. First, the working	electrode was prepared with an electrophoretic deposition of	TaC0.52N0.48 on a Ti substrate. Then, the specimen was heat- treated under 0.25% oxygen to proceed to a partial oxidation. Second, the TaC0.52N0.48 was partially oxidized with heat- treatment under 0.25% oxygen, and then, mixed with carbon black to obtain a sufficient electrical contact. In both case, the catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)	significantly depended on the oxidation state of the TaC0.52N0.48. The onset potential for the ORR had maximum value	of 0.83 V in 0.1 mol dm-3 at 30oC. The XRD analysis showed that the specimens, which had a definite catalytic activity, had	both TaCxNy and Ta2O5 peaks. This result indicated that the appropriate oxidation of TaC0.52N0.48 was essenti al to enhance	the ORR activity.
Pulsing for Enhanced CO Mitigation: Single Cell Performance
Authors: Saunders James , Glenn Bradley , Myers Jeffrey , Cucksey Chad , Mukerjee Sanjeev , Boggs Christopher , Urian R. C. 
Published: May 2008

Improved CO tolerance in PEM fuel cells was achieved by periodically varying the anodic overvoltage to convert CO to CO2 directly on the anode. The conversion was controlled by a feedback control algorithm, which used current pulsing and time-	varying flow rate parameters as the control variables. Single cell performance data was obtained with 1 and 3 percent CO in a synthetic reformate mixture at 50 C using conventional catalysts and a Nafion 115 membrane. Favorable comparisons are made to 20 ppm CO in H2 for conventional operation and to representative DMFC performance. Durability remains a challenge, but preliminary data with less degradation is presented.
Effects of Pressure Modulation on Porous Gas Electrodes
Authors: Villa Marco , Lorenzi M. , Nelli P. , Kohnke H-J , Zangari Giovanni 
Published: May 2008

We explore experimentally the coupling between cell voltages at constant current and pressure differentials applied at the gas/electrolyte compartments of a reversible alkaline fuel-cell electrolyzer system. In the fuel cell mode, higher pressure on the gas side improves the efficiency until gas bubbles evolve into the electrolyte; instead, above a well defined value of	overpressure on the electrolyte, the fuel cell voltage drops to zero, as expected. In the electrolyzer mode, an overpressure on the electrolyte decreases the power requirements, mostly due a drop in the overpotential of the H2 electrode. The response of anode and cathode voltages to pressure step consists of a fast component and slow training or relaxation effects.
Characterization of Thin-Film Electrodes on Proton-Conducting Glass Membranes for Micro DMFC Applications
Authors: Mustain William E. , Kim Hyea , Prakash Shruti , Stark Johanna , Osborn Tyler , Kohl Paul 
Published: May 2008

Thin film electrodes for a low power direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were prepared by incorporating carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles (Pt/C) into a silicon dioxide glass matrix. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) indicate that the Pt/C was	well dispersed. The catalyst islands were interconnected into	a conductive sheet by electrolessly depositing platinum from an aqueous plating bath. The Pt/C - SiO2 glass composite thin- film electrodes showed high methanol oxidation peak currents of approximately 180 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.5 M methanol electrolyte. The composite electrode was also applied to the anode of a 1 cm2 passive DMFC and compared to an equivalent passive DMFC with a traditional Nafion®-based Pt anode electrode with 10 M MeOH at room temperature. The new composite electrode DMFC showed a 50 mV higher open circuit	voltage than the Nafion electrode cell and the current density was also modestly improved.
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templated Channel Electrodes via Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Martinson Alex B. , Elam Jeff , Hupp Joseph T. T. , Pellin Michael 
Published: May 2008

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) utilize high surface area metal oxide sintered particle networks to absorb molecular dyes and transport injected charge carriers. While this sintered particle architecture allows liquid electrolyte DSSCs to achieve efficiencies up to 11%, slow charge transport through the semiconductor network limits the amount of modification that can be made to the electrolyte and dye without adversely affecting the efficiency. The functionalization of anodic aluminum oxide membranes with thin films of transparent, semiconducting oxides via atomic layer deposition may allow for significantly faster charge transport. We demonstrate the fabrication of ZnO thin films within and upon commercially available anodic aluminum	oxide membranes via atomic layer deposition.
Phase 1b Randomized Study of Antidote-Controlled Modulation of Factor IXa Activity in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Chan Mark Y. , Cohen Mauricio G. , Dyke Christopher K. , Myles Shelley K. , Aberle Laura G. , Lin Min , Walder James , Steinhubl Steven R. , Gilchrist Ian C. , Kleiman Neal S. , Vorchheimer David A. , Chronos Nicholas , Melloni Chiara , Alexander John H. , Harrington Robert A. , Tonkens Ross M. , Becker Richard C. , Rusconi Christopher P. 
Published: May 2008

Background—Whether selective factor IXa inhibition produces an appropriate anticoagulant effect when combined with platelet-directed therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease is unknown. REG1 consists of RB006 (drug), an injectable RNA aptamer that specifically binds and inhibits factor IXa, and RB007 (antidote), the complementary oligonucleotide that neutralizes its anti-IXa activity.Methods and Results—We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic profile of REG1 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, assigning 50 subjects with coronary artery disease taking aspirin and/or clopidogrel to 4 dose levels of RB006 (15, 30, 50, and 75 mg) and RB007 (30, 60, 100, and 150 mg). The median age was 61 years (25th and 75th percentiles, 56 and 68 years), and 80% of patients were male. RB006 increased the activated partial thromboplastin time dose dependently; the median activated partial thromboplastin time at 10 minutes after a single intravenous bolus of 15, 30, 50, and 75 mg RB006 was 29.2 seconds (25th and 75th percentiles, 28.1 and 29.8 seconds), 34.6 seconds (25th and 75th percentiles, 30.9 and 40.0 seconds), 46.9 seconds (25th and 75th percentiles, 40.3 and 51.1 seconds), and 52.2 seconds (25th and 75th percentiles, 46.3 and 58.6) (P<0.0001; normal 25th and 75th percentiles, 27 and 40 seconds). RB007 reversed the activated partial thromboplastin time to baseline levels within a median of 1 minute (25th and 75th percentiles, 1 and 2 minutes) with no rebound increase through 7 days. No major bleeding or other serious adverse events occurred.Conclusions—This is the first experience of an RNA aptamer drug-antidote pair achieving inhibition and active restoration of factor IXa activity in combination with platelet-directed therapy in stable coronary artery disease. The preliminary clinical safety and predictable pharmacodynamic effects form the basis for ongoing studies in patients undergoing elective revascularization procedures.
Prediction of Spring Elbe Discharge Based on Stable Teleconnections with Winter Global Temperature and Precipitation
Authors: Ionita Monica , Lohmann Gerrit , Rimbu Norel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The predictability of Elbe streamflow anomalies during spring is examined using previous winter sea surface temperature (SST), temperature over land (TT), and precipitation (PP) anomalies. Based on running correlation analysis, the authors identify several regions where the spring streamflow anomalies are stable correlated with SST, TT, and PP anomalies from the previous winter. During the period 1902–71 the Elbe spring streamflow is stable correlated with previous winter PP anomalies from its catchment area, with TT anomalies from the Black Sea–Caspian Sea region, northwestern Europe, and northern Canada as well as with SST anomalies from the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and several regions of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. An index based on winter SST, TT, and PP anomalies from these regions is highly significantly correlated with spring streamflow anomalies during this period. Based on SST, TT, and PP anomalies from stable correlated regions, a forecast scheme is developed and applied to predict spring streamflow anomalies during the last decades. The prediction based on this statistical scheme represents a marked improvement relative to the forecast based on teleconnection indices that are traditionally used for streamflow prediction.
Comparison of Daily Precipitation Statistics for the United States in Observations and in the NCEP Climate Forecast System
Authors: Higgins R. W. , Silva V. B. S. , Kousky V. E. , Shi W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
An intercomparison of the statistics of daily precipitation within seasonal climate over the conterminous United States is carried out using gridded station data and output from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS). Differences in the occurrence of daily precipitation between the observations and a set of CFS reforecasts are examined as a function of forecast lead time for 1982–2005. Difference patterns show considerable evolution depending on season and lead time, with positive biases in CFS at most locations and leads except along the southern tier of states during the spring and summer months.
An examination of differences in daily precipitation statistics by ENSO phase and in the frequencies of wet and dry spells is also conducted using a longer period of gridded daily station data (1948–2006) and a pair of 100-yr CFS coupled simulations. These comparisons expose additional details of the regional and seasonal dependence of the bias in the CFS simulations and reforecasts over the conterminous United States. The analysis motivates additional synoptic studies aimed at improving the linkage between daily precipitation and related circulation features in CFS. Prospects for using this information to develop more reliable ensemble-based probabilistic forecasts in real time at leads of 2–4 weeks (e.g., risks of heavy rain events) are also considered.
NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Ground-Based and Near-Surface Meteorological Observations
Authors: Elder Kelly , Goodbody Angus , Cline Don , Houser Paul , Liston Glen E. , Mahrt Larry , Rutter Nick 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A short-term meteorological database has been developed for the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). This database includes meteorological observations from stations designed and deployed exclusively for CLPX as well as observations available from other sources located in the small regional study area (SRSA) in north-central Colorado. The measured weather parameters include air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, short- and longwave radiation, leaf wetness, snow depth, snow water content, snow and surface temperatures, volumetric soil moisture content, soil temperature, precipitation, water vapor flux, carbon dioxide flux, and soil heat flux. The CLPX weather stations include 10 main meteorological towers, 1 tower within each of the nine intensive study areas (ISA) and one near the local scale observation site (LSOS); and 36 simplified towers, with one tower at each of the four corners of each of the nine ISAs, which measured a reduced set of parameters. An eddy covariance system within the North Park mesocell study area (MSA) collected a variety of additional parameters beyond the 10 standard CLPX tower components. Additional meteorological observations come from a variety of existing networks maintained by the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Temporal coverage varies from station to station, but it is most concentrated during the 2002/03 winter season. These data are useful in local meteorological energy balance research and for model development and testing. These data can be accessed through the National Snow and Ice Data Center Web site.
Probabilistic Multisite Precipitation Downscaling by an Expanded Bernoulli–Gamma Density Network
Authors: Cannon Alex J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA nonlinear, probabilistic synoptic downscaling algorithm for daily precipitation series at multiple sites is presented. The expanded Bernoulli–gamma density network (EBDN) represents the conditional density of multisite precipitation, conditioned on synoptic-scale climate predictors, using an artificial neural network (ANN) whose outputs are parameters of the Bernoulli–gamma distribution. Following the methodology used in expanded downscaling, predicted covariances between sites are forced to match observed covariances through the addition of a constraint to the ANN cost function. The resulting model can be thought of as a regression-based downscaling model with a stochastic weather generator component. Parameters of the Bernoulli–gamma distribution are downscaled from the synoptic-scale circulation, and unresolved temporal variability is generated via an autoregressive noise model. Demonstrated on a multisite precipitation dataset from coastal British Columbia, Canada, the EBDN is capable of specifying the conditional distribution of precipitation at each site, modeling the occurrence and the amount of precipitation simultaneously, reproducing observed spatial relationships between sites, randomly generating realistic synthetic precipitation series, and predicting precipitation amounts in excess of those in the observational record.
A Two-Season Impact Study of NOAA Polar-Orbiting Satellites in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System
Authors: Jung James A. , Zapotocny Tom H. , Le Marshall John F. , Treadon Russ E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Observing system experiments (OSEs) during two seasons are used to quantify the important contributions made to forecast quality from the use of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The impact is measured by comparing the analysis and forecast results from an assimilation–forecast system using one NOAA polar-orbiting satellite with results from using two and three polar-orbiting satellites in complementary orbits.
The assimilation–forecast system used for these experiments is the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System–Global Forecast System (GDAS–GFS). The case studies chosen consist of periods during January–February and August–September 2003. Differences between the forecasts are accumulated over the two seasons and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these satellites.
Anomaly correlations (ACs) and geographical forecasts (FIs) are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations are generated using the standard NCEP verification software suite and cover the polar regions (60°–90°) and midlatitudes (20°–80°) of each hemisphere. The rms error for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region (20°N–20°S). The geographical distribution of forecast impact on geopotential heights, relative humidity, precipitable water, and the u component of wind are also examined.
The results demonstrate that the successive addition of each NOAA polar-orbiting satellite increases forecast quality. The use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar and midlatitude regions. Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are also realized from the use of two NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over only one. The forecast improvements from two satellites are generally smaller than if using three satellites, consistent with the increase in areal coverage obtained with the third satellite.
Dynamical Properties of MOS Forecasts: Analysis of the ECMWF Operational Forecasting System
Authors: Vannitsem S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The dynamical properties of ECMWF operational forecasts corrected by a (linear) model output statistics (MOS) technique are investigated, in light of the analysis performed in the context of low-order chaotic systems. Based on the latter work, the respective roles of the initial condition and model errors on the forecasts can be disentangled. For the temperature forecasted by the ECMWF model over Belgium, it is found that (i) the error amplification arising from the presence of uncertainties in the initial conditions dominates the error dynamics of the “free” atmosphere and (ii) the temperature at 2 m can be partly corrected by the use of the (linear) MOS technique (as expected from earlier works), suggesting that model errors and systematic initial condition biases dominate at the surface. In the latter case, the respective amplitudes of the model errors and systematic initial condition biases corrected by MOS depend on the location of the synoptic station. In addition, for a two-observables MOS scheme, the best second predictor is the temperature predicted at 850 hPa in the central part of the country, while for the coastal zone, it is the sensible heat flux entering in the evolution of the surface temperature. These differences are associated with a dominant problem of vertical temperature interpolation in the central and east parts of the country and a difficulty in assessing correctly the surface heat fluxes on the coastal zone. Potential corrections of these problems using higher-resolution models are also discussed.
Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable
Authors: Heesen C , Böhm J , Reich C , Kasper J , Goebel M , Gold SM 
Published: May 2008

Multiple sclerosis is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical picture. There have been substantial efforts to develop outcome measurements for therapeutic interventions but very few studies have addressed the value of bodily functions from the patient perspective. In a randomly selected cohort of early (<5 years, n = 84) and longer lasting disease courses (>15 years, n = 82) patients we asked for a weighting of 13 bodily functions and compared results with actual disability as measured by the United Kingdom Disability Scale. Lower limb function was given the highest priority in both patient groups followed by visual functioning and cognition especially in longer lasting MS. Actual disability did not correlate with the given priorities indicating that experienced deficits do not influence the subjective ratings of bodily functions. These results underline that ambulation-focused scales in MS represent a key dimension from the patient perspective. Visual functioning should be taken more into account.