bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Interior Design Content in K–12 Curriculum Materials
Authors: Clemons Stephanie A. 
Published: June 2008

To assess the presence of interior design content in the elementary and secondary education (K–l 2) curriculum, a study was conducted to ascertain the amount and type of interior design curriculum materials available to K–l 2 teachers, curriculum specialists, and students. It was the first in a two–part funded study titled The K–12 Interior Design Education Project, to assist in the community's understanding of interiors as a part of the built environment and to promote interior design as a career choice. A framework reported by Marshall–Baker (2000) was used to develop initial key words for research on available databases. In addition, the researcher and a secondary education teacher developed a second set of key words related to the interior design profession. A qualitative methodology known as content analysis was used to analyze the findings from this three–month project (Solomon, 1993], Database resources were extensively searched to assess the presence of interior design curriculum and textbook materials available for use by K–l 2 teachers. These included Internet web sites (n = over 1,000), the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), professional organizations for K–l 2 (n = 33), professional foundations [n = 27), museums [n = 75), and design institutes (n = 7). Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the results. Findings indicate that: 1) little information concerning interior design was available within the K–l 2 arena and 2) if present, that information appeared within the context of the architectural profession. Other relevant areas, though related to interior design, did not offer any information about interior design within the context of K–l 2 education.
The Consortium for Design Education: A Model for Internationalizing Interior Design Programs
Authors: Kucko Jane , Prestwood Laura , Beacham Cindy 
Published: June 2008

The trilateral Consortium for Design Education (CODE) project merged an international design experience with a student exchange among six institutions representing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The purposes of CODE were to institute (1) trilateral North American student exchanges, (2) joint design projects through virtual charettes for interior design students, and (3) the means of exposing students to the nature of the profession in North America, so that they would recognize, realize, and capitalize on innovative opportunities, thereby improving quality of community life and the environment in North America. The two significant components of the CODE project were a virtual design charette and the exchange of selected students over a period of four years. The virtual design charette provided an intensive two–day international team experience for over 200 interior design students. The goal of the charette was to take interior design programs beyond geographic boundaries and employ technological and international approaches to a design problem. The intent of the exchange was to provide students with an opportunity to study in a North American culture other than their own. The CODE project embraced a framework of integrating a global community into the interior design curriculum. The project created an international environment that fostered an interactive atmosphere among North American students, faculty, and administration. The project may serve as a model for other institutions that desire to integrate an international program into their interior design curriculum.
The Coffee Shop: Social and Physical factors Influencing Place Attachment
Authors: Waxman Lisa 
Published: June 2008

This study explored the characteristics that encourage gathering behavior and contribute to place attachment in selected coffee shops in the context of literature suggesting social gathering places contribute to social capital. These gathering places, with the potential to enhance community in this manner, have been called third places. The study was qualitative in nature and included the research techniques of visual documentation, observation and behavioral mapping, interview, and survey. A transactional approach to this study was chosen to better understand the meaning of the person–environment relationship. Each coffee shop was observed for twenty–five hours for a total of seventy–five hours. Eighteen interviews were conducted and surveys were collected from 94 patrons to reveal patron attitudes toward the physical and social aspects of the coffee shop as well as their feelings regarding the community in which they live. The key findings regarding the physical characteristics showed the top five design considerations included: cleanliness, appealing aroma, adequate lighting, comfortable furniture, and a view to the outside. A number of themes emerged related to people, their activities, and their feelings and attitudes regarding the coffee shop. Each coffee shop was found to have a unique social climate and culture related to sense of belonging, territoriality and ownership, productivity and personal growth, opportunity for socialization, support and networking, and sense of community. Regarding feelings of community, survey findings from coffee shops patrons showed a positive correlation between length of patronage and their sense of attachment to their community.
Interior Design's Social Compact: Key to the Quest for Professional Status
Authors: Anderson Barbara G. , Honey Peggy L. , Dudek Michael T. 
Published: June 2008

The expectation that all interior design professionals will embrace and embody this social compact in the near future is idealistic but not unrealistic. There are many interior designers and interior design educators for whom this proposed social compact will be reaffirming because they already embody this ethic in their work. We believe the transformation of the profession will happen both within the academy and within the profession itself. Interior design educators will play a significant role in causing the necessary shift away from arguing professional expertise toward embracing the social importance and value of our work. When all interior designers value and act with good faith to enhance the quality of life through their work, society will bestow professional status on interior designers because they will deserve it. Interior design educators must redefine the profession's role in society by educating new interior designers to understand and value the profession's obligation to providing a unique and meaningful service to society, one that contributes to interdependence and thus has value beyond the economic welfare of the practitioner and client. Interior designers can be full participants in the efforts to advance humanity toward maturity (Elgin 2001); in what Edwards (2005) calls the “sustainability revolution”; and in what Berry (1999) calls “the great work.” Interior designers are poised to take full advantage of the opportunities presented by the “conceptual age” that Daniel Pink (2005) says will reward those who focus “on meeting the aesthetic, emotional, and spiritual demands of a prosperous time” (246). Soon after interior design accepts its social compact as the guiding force for all that it does, we believe the interior design profession's self–image—and eventually its public image—will be transformed. Educators must take the lead in communicating the profession's potential to support the common good. When practitioners and educators come together to embrace and embody the profession's social compact we will begin to understand the whole range of work that now falls under the umbrella of interior design in a new and inclusive way. When the interior design profession as a whole finds significance and meaning in its work and is committed to fulfilling a unique and valuable role in society, then our common commitment to a significant purpose will bind us together into a confident, recognized, and valued profession.
Experimental observations on the response of loose sand under simultaneous increase in stress ratio and rotation of principal stresses
Authors: Wijewickreme Dharma , Vaid Yoginder P. 
Published: June 2008

The drained response of loose sand (relative density of 30%) under simultaneous increase in principal stress ratio (R = σ'1/σ'3) and the inclination of major principal stress to the vertical (ασ) is examined using data from hollow cylinder torsional shear testing. The study specifically pertains to the behaviour of loose sand subject to monotonic linear stress path loadings in the R–ασspace, within the domain of R ≤ 2, ασ < 45°, while intermediate principal stress parameter (b) and effective mean normal stress (σ'm) are held constant. The relationship between horizontal shear stress (τzt) and horizontal shear strain (γzt) of loose sand under such loadings is shown to be unique and stress-path independent. At any stress state, the horizontal shear stiffness (dτzt/dγzt) for a given σ'mdepends only on the current value of τzt, and not on the value of individual components of normal effective stress, or their increments. When R and ασare increased simultaneously in a linear manner, loose sand initially exhibits linear strain paths, suggesting no significant changes to the inherent anisotropy during the early stages of such loading. The directions of principal stress increment (αΔσ) and principal strain increment (αΔε) are found coincident, when αΔσ < 45°. An approach to predict the response of loose sand under simultaneous increase in R and ασwith constant b and σ'mhas been developed based on these findings.
Crown reconfiguration and trunk stress in deciduous trees
Authors: Kane Brian , Pavlis Michael , Harris J. Roger , Seiler John R. 
Published: June 2008

In light of the risk of litigation following damage related to tree failure in urban and suburban settings, more empirical data related to tree risk assessment are needed. We measured drag and drag-induced bending moment (M) and calculated drag coefficient (CD) and trunk stress (σ) for three deciduous trees at wind speeds up to 22.4 m/s. We measured the modulus of rupture (MOR) of wood samples from trunks and calculated the factor of safety (SF = MOR / σ) for each tree. We also investigated which tree morphometric variables best predicted drag and M and whether simple two- and three-dimensional shapes accurately represented actual tree crowns. Drag, CD, M, σ, and SF differed among species in accordance with physical parameters. More massive trees experienced greater drag and M, but σ was greater for trees with smaller trunk diameters. Tree mass reliably predicted drag and M; crown dimensions, including crown area, were less reliable predictors. Crown reconfiguration varied only slightly among species, and CDvalues were similar to previously reported values for trees of similar size. Our study has important applications for practitioners who manage tree risk, particularly the critical wind speeds and percentage of trunk cross-sectional area that could be decayed before trunk failure.
Estimation of diameter distributions by means of airborne laser scanner data
Authors: Breidenbach Johannes , Gläser Christian , Schmidt Matthias 
Published: June 2008

Diameter distributions are an important source of information for estimating the timber assortment in forest stands. In this paper, a one-step procedure for deriving the parameters of a Weibull function, itself used to describe diameter distributions, is presented. A generalized linear model (GLM) is employed that allows for an estimation of the shape and scale parameters as functions of different predictors. The GLM was fit using 495 sample plots from a conventional sample-plot inventory. Plotwise height metrics derived from airborne laser scanner data serve as covariates (auxiliary variables). Each sample plot consists of four concentric circle plots, where the largest plot covers an area of 450 m2 (12 m radius). Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) <30 cm are measured only on the smaller circle plots. Because of this design, left- and right-truncated Weibull distributions, conditional on the DBH, were used to fit the data. The frequently used two-step procedure — in which the Weibull distribution is firstly fitted via maximum likelihood, and its parameters are then estimated via linear regression — requires an adequate number of observations per sample plot in the first step. Hence, this method would have been unsuitable for the data source at hand, because a mean of just 12 trees per sample plot was recorded. The visual comparison of the predicted Weibull distributions with observed data shows a good fit to the data. The mean of the DBH distributions was estimated with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.44 cm and a bias of 0.41 cm.
Twentieth-century warming and the dendroclimatology of declining yellow-cedar forests in southeastern Alaska
Authors: Beier Colin M. , Sink Scott E. , Hennon Paul E. , D’Amore David V. , Juday Glenn P. 
Published: June 2008

Decline of yellow-cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ((D. Don) Spach) has occurred on 200 000 ha of temperate rainforests across southeastern Alaska. Because declining forests appeared soon after the Little Ice Age and are limited mostly to low elevations (whereas higher elevation forests remain healthy), recent studies have hypothesized a climatic mechanism involving early dehardening, reduced snowpack, and freezing injury. This hypothesis assumes that a specific suite of microclimatic conditions occurs during late winter and declining cedar populations across the region have responded similarly to these conditions. Based on the first geographically extensive tree ring chronologies constructed for southeastern Alaska, we tested these assumptions by investigating regional climatic trends and the growth responses of declining cedar populations to this climatic variation. Warming winter trends were observed for southeastern Alaska, resulting in potentially injurious conditions for yellow-cedar due to reduced snowfall and frequent occurrence of severe thaw–freeze events. Declining cedar forests shared a common regional chronology for which late-winter weather was the best predictor of annual growth of surviving trees. Overall, our findings verify the influence of elevational gradients of temperature and snow cover on exposure to climatic stressors, support the climatic hypothesis across large spatial and temporal scales, and suggest cedar decline may expand with continued warming.
Forest composition following overstory mortality from southern pine beetle and associated treatmentsExperiment Station Project 06-08-109 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky.
Authors: Coleman T. W. , Clarke Stephen R. , Meeker James R. , Rieske L. K. 
Published: June 2008

Bark beetle caused mortality continues to play a critical role in determining the composition and structure of forests in North America, and revegetation dynamics following these disturbances are poorly understood. We assessed forest composition following southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality and associated cut and leave suppression, and compared them with undisturbed loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., stands in Texas. Abundant hardwood regeneration dominated the understory, with little loblolly pine regeneration following either mortality event. Disturbances eliminated loblolly pine dominance in these even-aged stands, thus stratifying forest structure and apparently increasing stem density (stems·ha–1), richness (species·ha–1), and diversity (ha) in the lower strata. Aspect and elevation, presumably through influences on site moisture, were the primary gradients associated with vegetation variation in the canonical correspondence analyses for new regeneration. Mortality from Dendroctonus and cut and leave practices shifted loblolly pine communities to mixed upland hardwoods in model predictions generated by the southern variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator. In addition to being an effective bark beetle control, cut and leave suppression did not alter predicted forest composition 50 years hence when compared with unsuppressed bark beetle-caused mortality. Because of the predicted shift to hardwood domination and a low pine basal area, it is expected that mortality from D. frontalis and cut and leave will substantially reduce future hazards from D. frontalis outbreaks.
Biophysical controls on surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Keane Robert E. 
Published: June 2008

Litterfall and decomposition rates of the organic matter that comprise forest fuels are important to fire management, because they define fuel treatment longevity and provide parameters to design, test, and validate ecosystem models. This study explores the environmental factors that control litterfall and decomposition in the context of fuel management for several major forest types in the northern Rocky Mountains (Idaho and Montana), USA. Litterfall was measured for more than 10 years using semiannual collections of six fine fuel components (fallen foliage, twigs, branches, large branches, logs, and all other canopy material) collected from a network of 1 m2 litterfall traps installed at 28 plots across seven sites. Decomposition of foliage, twigs, branches, and large branches were measured using litter bags installed on five of the seven sites. Measured litterfall and decomposition rates were correlated with major environmental and vegetation variables using regression analysis. Annual foliage litterfall rates ranged from 0.057 kg·m–2·year–1 for dry Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. stands to 0.144 kg·m–2·year–1 on mesic Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don stands and were correlated with the vegetation characteristics of leaf area index, basal area, and tree height (r > 0.5), whereas decomposition rates were correlated with the environmental gradients of temperature and relative humidity (r > 0.4).
Role of position within the windthrow in forest floor chemistry in the flysch zone of the Carpathians
Authors: Šamonil Pavel , Šebková Barbora , Douda Jan , Vrška Tomáš 
Published: June 2008

A hypothesis was verified that forest floor chemistry varies according to position within the windthrow (mound, pit, or control). A parallel assessment was made of differences in the chemistry of horizons and their forms. A total number of 1720 windthrows were studied in the fir–beech primeval forest in the flysch zone of the Western Carpathians. A total of 100 samples were taken on three positions from the following horizons and their forms (in brackets): litter, fermented (amphigenous, zoogenous, or mycogenous), humification (unresolved, zoogenous, residues, or humic), and mineral. A random sampling eliminated the effect of correlation between the horizons and positions. Parameters assessed were Q4/6, HA/FA, C-forms, total N, P, K, and Mg contents, soil reaction, and cation-exchange capacity. The positions exhibited a significant difference in the forest floor chemistry even at a level of horizon forms. The position’s significance decreased with the horizon depth. Organic horizons in the pit, in particular, exhibited the lowest content of total humic substances, fulvic acids, and the lowest colour coefficient values. However, the mineral horizon showed no significant differences between the positions within the windthrow. Compared with other humus types, the decomposing wood mass did not exhibit a different ratio of humic and fulvic acids.
The use of various soil and site variables for estimating growth response of Douglas-fir to multiple applications of urea and determining potential long-term effects on soil properties
Authors: Sucre Eric B. , Harrison Robert B. , Turnblom Eric C. , Briggs David G. 
Published: June 2008

Estimating the growth response of Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands after nitrogen (N) fertilization is difficult because of the high site variability present in the Pacific Northwest. Our objective was to determine how site and soil variables relate to stand response to repeat applications of 224 kg N·ha–1 as urea once every 4 years. The unstandardized residuals of two dependent variables (total cumulative volume and 4-year periodic annual increment, or PAI) were regressed against site and soil variables using stepwise regression. Data were stratified by three different stand density treatments: unaltered stand density (SD), one-half SD (SD/2), and one-quarter SD (SD/4). Both total cumulative volume and 4-year PAI after the second application of urea was significantly higher in the fertilized plots (p = 0.008; 0.009), whereas only total cumulative volume was significant after the third fertilizer application (p = 0.021). Thinning effects were highly significant (p < 0.001) for all three fertilizer applications. The strongest related stand, site, or soil variable to fertilization response existed between percent N at the 30–50 cm depth and total cumulative volume (R2 = 0.833) for the SD/2 stand density management regime. Regression analysis showed that C, N, NH4+, and NO3– concentration data explained the most variation, while stand and site variables contributing the least. The results demonstrate that multiple applications of urea provide significant increases in total volume, but effects of successive applications diminish over time.
Age trends in genetic parameters of wood density components in 46 half-sibling families of Pinus pinaster
Authors: Gaspar Maria João , Louzada José Luís , Silva Maria Emília , Aguiar Alexandre , Almeida Maria Helena 
Published: June 2008

This study contributes to the Pinus pinaster Ait. breeding programme, which is reaching the third generation by adding information on wood quality of 46 open-pollinated families from a progeny trial located in Leiria, Portugal, that originated from seed collected in a clonal seed orchard. A total of 552 seventeen-year-old trees were sampled at 2 m height. Trends were studied from the pith outward in variance components and narrow-sense heritability (h2) of wood density components and ring-width characteristics as well as genetic correlations between cambial ages. Mean ring density (RD), minimum density (MND), maximum density (MXD), earlywood density (EWD), latewood density (LWD), earlywood width, latewood width, ring width, latewood percentage, and heterogeneity index were determined using X-ray densitometry procedures. RD had higher genetic control (h2 = 0.63), and heritability values of earlywood components (h2MND = 0.54, h2EWD = 0.60) exceeded those of latewood components (h2MXD = 0.34, h2LWD = 0.26). Heritabilities increased with ring number from pith for almost all wood density components, and there were high age–age genetic correlations for wood density traits (rg > 0.98).
Light interception and canopy radiation balance of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina)
Authors: Lafleur Peter M. , Farnsworth Andrew G. 
Published: June 2008

We measured interaction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at a staghorn sumac ( Rhus typhina L.) canopy near Peterborough, Ontario, during summer 2006. Measurements included above-canopy and below-canopy incoming and reflected PAR fluxes and leaf area index (LAI). The ratio of down-welling PAR below the canopy to the flux incident at the top of the canopy (τ) and proportion of incident PAR absorbed by the canopy (fPAR), were calculated. While the canopy was leafless, the sumac stems absorb 10%–20% of incident PAR. LAI increased rapidly during the month of June, and correspondingly τ decreased rapidly while fPAR increased rapidly. Mean values of τ and fPAR at maximum LAI were 0.38±0.09 (SD) and 0.60 ±0.04, respectively. Neither variable showed a relationship with solar zenith angle. We present a simple idealized model of PAR interaction with sumac. Although only one stand was studied, we hypothesize that these results may be more widely applicable to other mature sumac stands.