bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGN in deep radio/X‐ray surveys: Hunting the earliest massive galaxies
Authors: Seymour N. , Moss D. , McHardy I. , Gunn K. , Page M. , Mason K. , Loaring N. , Dwelly T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDespite the plethora of deep (sub‐mJy) radio surveys there remains considerable doubt as to the exact nature of the galaxies contributing to the source counts. Current evidence suggests that star formation in moderately luminous normal galaxies is responsible for the bulk of the emission below 1 mJy. However given the sensitivities of these surveys we would expect a fraction of these sources to be distant radio galaxies. Using deep VLA and GMRT data we have found ∼20 high‐z candidate radio galaxies in two fields using the classical ultra‐steep radio spectrum technique (De Breuck et al. 2000) and selecting galaxies with faint (i ′ > 25) optical counterparts. Several of these sources have X‐ray detections in our deep XMM/Chandra observations and have fluxes high enough to put them in the quasar regime if they lie above redshift 3. Recently performed Spitzer GTO observations and upcoming near‐infrared observations will help reveal the nature of these sources. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The TOOT00 redshift survey of radio sources
Authors: Vardoulaki E. , Rawlings S. , Hill G. J. , Croft S. , Brand K. , Riley J. , Willott C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present first results from the study of the TOOT00 region consisting of 47 radio sources brighter than 100 mJy at 151 MHz. We have 81% spectroscopic redshift completeness. From theK‐zdiagram we deduce that the host galaxies are similar to ∼ 3L* passively evolved elliptical galaxies and thus estimate the redshifts of the 9 sources without a secure spectroscopic redshift yielding a median redshift of 1.287. Above the RLF break we have a quasar fractionfq∼ 0.3 although the quasars appear reddened; below the RLF breakfq→0 if we exclude flat‐spectrum radio sources.We present a histogram of the number of TOOT00 radio sources versus their redshift which looks broadly like the Willott et al. (2001) prediction for TOOT, although the observed ratio of high to low redshift objects is somewhat lower than the prediction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biologic effects of microwave exposure. II. Studies on the mechanisms controlling susceptibility to microwave‐induced increases in complement receptor‐positive spleen cells
Authors: Schlagel Charles J. , Sulek Kazimierz , Ho Henry S. , Leach William M. , Ahmed Aftab , Woody James N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn attempting to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for susceptibility to the inductive increase in splenic complement receptor‐positive (CR+) cells following exposure to 2450‐MHz microwaves, it was found that sensitivity to microwave‐induced CR+cell increases was under genetic control. In particular, evidence was accumulated suggesting that regulation was under the control of a gene or genes closely associated with but outside of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H‐2). All responsive strains of mice tested were of the H‐2k haplotype, while mice of the H‐2a, H‐2b, H‐2d and H‐2i5 haplotypes were refractory to the microwave‐induced increases in CR+ cells. By utilizing certain H‐2k strains of mice that were genetically unable to respond to endotoxin, we were able to show that these strains of mice responded to microwaves, but not to endotoxin, by increasing CR+ cells. Microwave‐induced increases in CR+cells were not mimicked by the intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone. Athymic mice responded to microwave exposure, indicating that this event was not regulated by the T‐cell population. Mice less than eight weeks old were found not to be susceptible to exposure to 2450‐MHz microwaves. These studies indicate that microwaves do induce changes in the population of cells with specific cell‐surface receptors, that susceptibility to these changes is under genetic control, and that it is unlikely that endotoxin, corticosteroids, or regulatory T cells play a significant role in the mechanisms regulating these increases.
General properties of the interaction between animals and ELF electric fields
Authors: Kaune William T. , Gillis Murlin F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis is given of the interaction between extremely low‐frequency (ELF) electric fields and animals of arbitrary body shape. This analysis is based on three approximations which are valid in the ELF range: In living tissues, capacitive (displacement) currents are negligible compared to conduction currents; effects resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of electromagnetic fields are negligible; skin effect in living tissues is negligible. Major conclusions of the analysis are: (a) The electric field outside the body, the induced charge on the surface of the body, and the total current crossing any section through the body (eg, through the neck or limbs) are completely determined by the characteristics of the applied ELF electric field, the shape of the body, its location relative to ground and other conductors, and any conduction currents from the body to ground or other conductors. (b) All of the quantities in (a) can be measured using conducting animal models. (c) The magnitudes of the electric field outside the body and the induced charge density on the surface of the body are independent of frequency, in the ELF range, when the body is either insulated from or shorted to ground (and any other conductors in the system). (d) The only quantities affected by the electrical properties of the tissues comprising the body are the current density and electric field inside the body. (e) The electric field outside and inside a body will be unchanged by a scaled change in its size.
Microwave‐induced increase of water and conductivity in submaxillary salivary gland of rats
Authors: Mikolajczyk Henryk 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHypersalivation is an important mechanism for heat dissipation by animals without sweat glands. The water content and conductivity (at 20 kHz) in sub‐maxillary salivary gland (SSG) and in other tissues were investigated in adult male rats exposed to microwaves (2880 MHz, 1.5 μs pulses at 1000 Hz) or to conventional heat at 40 °C. Eighty rats in one series were exposed, one at a time, for 30 min to microwaves producing a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.2,6.3,6.8,8.4,10.8 or 12.6 W/kg. Fifty rats were sham‐exposed under similar environmental conditions. In the second series, ten rats were sham‐exposed, 33 rats were exposed, one at time, for 15, 30 or 60 min to microwaves at a SAR of 9.5 W/kg, and 32 rats were exposed for similar periods to conventional heat at 40 °C. In rats of the first series colonic temperatures were elevated significantly at a SAR of 4.2 W/kg, while SSG water content and conductivity increased significantly at SAR values of 6.3 W/kg and higher. In the second series of experiments increases in colonic temperature and SSG water content were greater after 15 and 30 min of microwave exposure than after exposure to heat. Also, SSG conductivity was significantly depressed by heat and significantly increased by microwaves after exposure for 15 or 30 min. The results support the hypothesis that water content and conductivity of SSG of rats can be used as a sensitive specific test of a microwave induced thermal response.
Possible humoral mechanism of 2450‐MHz microwave‐induced increase in complement receptor positive cells
Authors: Wiktor‐Jedrzejczak Wieslaw , Schlagel Charles J. , Ahmed Aftab , Leach William M. , Woody James N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThese studies indicate that the increase in the frequency of complement receptor‐positive (CR+) spleen cells observed 6 days after a 30‐min exposure to 2450‐MHz microwaves is not the result of microwave‐induced alterations of lymphocyte recirculation patterns, but is mediated by a soluble, humoral factor produced by cells within the spleen.
Dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivo at frequencies 10 MHz – 1 GHz
Authors: Stuchly Maria A. , Athey T. Whitt , Stuchly Stanislaw S. , Samaras George M. , Taylor Glen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn open‐ended coaxial line sensor in conjunction with an automatic network analyzer was used to measure in vivo the permittivity of several feline tissues (skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain – gray and white matter) at frequencies between 10 MHz and 1 GHz. The estimated uncertainties of measurement were between 1.5% and 5%. The data are in general agreement with previously obtained data in vitro and in vivo. Significant differences in the properties of different types of the same tissue (eg, skeletal and smooth muscle) were observed. Many tissues were found to be non‐homogeneous in its permittivity.
Effect of homogeneous magnetic fields on responses to toxic stimulation in spirostomum ambiguum
Authors: Ripamonti A. , Ettienne E. M. , Frankel R. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEffects of DC magnetic fields, up to 125,000 G, on the survival of the ciliated protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum exposed to the toxic substance 2,2′‐dipyridyldisulfide are reported. The magnetic field diminishes the ability of the organism to survive the drug, and lengthens the extension phase of the contraction cycle. It is proposed that the magnetic field alters the regulation of intracellular (C2+) transients.
Inhibition of growth rate of escherichia coli induced by extremely low‐frequency weak magnetic fields
Authors: Ramon Ceon , Ayaz M. , Streeter Daniel D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCultures of Escherichia coli kept at 0 °C in a phosphate buffer solution were exposed to a sinusoidal weak 60‐ or 600‐Hz magnetic field of strength 2 × 10−3 Tesla. A decrease of more than 40% in bacterial count was observed after a 60‐h exposure to the magnetic field. Electron micrographs of exposed bacteria show ruptured cell walls, possibly due to the breaking away of flagella under the influence of the sinusoidally varying electromotive force.
Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies
Authors: Joines William T. , Blackman Carl F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPresented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60‐Hz high‐intensity electric field
Authors: Guy Arthur W. , Davidow Scott , Yang Gen‐Yuan , Chou Chung‐Kwang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields. The 60‐Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3‐MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 × 3.66 × 2.44‐m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2–30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 °C) along internal cross‐sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W′, calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full‐scale model exposed to a 60‐Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/ f2 · (σ′/σ) · W′ where f′ is the model exposure frequency, σ′ is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and σ is the conductivity of the full‐scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full‐scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full‐scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200 nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60‐Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full‐scale models.
Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous‐wave 2.8‐GHz microwaves on temporally defined behavior
Authors: Thomas John R. , Schrot John , Banvard Richard A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of pulsed‐(PW) and continuous‐wave (CW) 2.8‐GHz microwaves were compared on the performance of rodents maintained by a temporally defined schedule of positive reinforcement. The schedule involved food‐pellet reinforcement of behavior according to a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) contingency. The rats were independently exposed to PW and to CW fields at power densities ranging from 1 to 15 mW/cm2. Alterations of normal performance were more pronounced after a 30‐minute exposure to the PW field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of appropriately timed responses declined after exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas exposure at the same power levels to the CW field did not consistently affect the rate of responding. Change in performance associated with microwave exposure was not necessarily related to a general decline in responding: in some instances, increases in overall rates of responding were observed.
Near‐field absorption in a circular cylinder from electric and magnetic line sources
Authors: Morita N. , Andersen J. Bach 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA homogeneous, lossy circular cylinder is used as a simple model of a biological object in which interior heating is produced by the absorption of electromagnetic waves. For this model, we determined the optimum frequency, polarization, orientation and shape of applicators. Analytical and numerical results are given for both electric and magnetic line sources, with three different polarizations relative to the cylinder. Coupling efficiencies and contour plots are presented for a range of parameters. One particularly interesting result is the production of maximum energy deposition at the center of a cylinder of muscle tissue when exposed in the 100‐MHz frequency range by the use of four applicators surrounding the cylinder.
Effects of weak amplitude‐modulated microwave fields on calcium efflux from awake cat cerebral cortex
Authors: Adey W. R. , Bawin S. M. , Lawrence A. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCalcium (45Ca2+) efflux was studied from preloaded cortex in cats immobilized under local anesthesia, and exposed to a 3.0‐mW/cm2 450‐MHz field, sinusoidally amplitude modulated at 16 Hz (modulation depth 85%). Tissue dosimetry showed a field of 33 V/m in the interhemispheric fissure (rate of energy deposition 0.29 W/kg). Field exposure lasted 60 min. By comparison with controls, efflux curves from field exposed brains were disrupted by waves of increased 45Ca2+ efflux. These waves were irregular in amplitude and duration, but many exhibited periods of 20–30 min. They continued into the postexposure period. Binomial probability analysis indicates that the field‐exposed efflux curves constitute a different population from controls at a confidence level of 0.96. In about 70% of cases, initiation of field exposure was followed by increased end‐tidal CO2 excretion for about 5 min. However, hypercapnea induced by hypoventilation did not elicit increased 45Ca2+ efflux. Thus this increase with exposure does not appear to arise as a secondary effect of raised cerebral CO2 levels. Radioactivity measurements in cortical samples after superfusion showed 45Ca2+ penetration at about 1.7 mm/hr, consistent with diffusion of the ion in free solution.
Measurement of blood‐brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450‐MHz microwaves
Authors: Ward T. R. , Elder J. A. , Long M. D. , Svendsgaard D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdult rats anesthesized with pentobarbital and injected intravenously with a mixture of [14C]sucrose and [3H]inulin were exposed for 30 min to an environment at an ambient temperature of 22, 30, or 40 °C, or were exposed at 22 °C to 2450‐MHz CW microwave radiation at power densities of 0, 10, 20, or 30 mW/cm2. Following exposure, the brain was perfused and sectioned into eight regions, and the radioactivity in each region was counted. The data were analyzed by two methods. First, the data for each of the eight regions and for each of the two radioactive tracers were analyzed by regression analysis for a total of 16 analyses and Bonferroni's Inequality was applied to prevent false positive results from numerous analyses. By this conservative test, no statistically significant increase in permeation was found for either tracer in any brain region of rats exposed to microwaves. Second, a profile analysis was used to test for a general change in tracer uptake across all brain regions. Using this statistical method, a significant increase in permeation was found for sucrose but not for inulin. A correction factor was then derived from the warm‐air experiments to correct for the increase in permeation of the brain associated with change in body temperature. This correction factor was applied to the data for the irradiated animals. After correcting the data for thermal effects of the microwave radiation, no significant increase in permeation was found.
Comparison of bacterial growth to high‐intensity microwave exposure and conventional heating
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Dutta S. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEscherichia coli pol A+ and pol A− strains were exposed to 8.8‐GHz microwaves pulsed at 1,000 Hz (1‐μs pulse width) and an SAR of 40 W/kg, which increased the temperature of the cell culture by 7 °C. Two‐way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the growth rates of microwave irradiated and thermally exposed cells.
Electric‐field exposure of persons using video display units
Authors: Harvey S. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectric fields produced by a selection of video display units have been measured over a frequency range from DC to 1 MHz. The magnitude and the time variation of the electric fields were both recorded by means of a single broadband capacitive sensor located on the surface of a simple simulation of the human body. The electric field at a given location was found to be the sum of three discrete components, each having a different spatial and time variation. These components are produced by, respectively, the charged CRT screen, the flyback transformer, and the low‐voltage circuitry. For the units tested, operator exposures are substantially below the limits of existing workplace guidelines.
The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism
Authors: Sanders Aaron P. , Joines William T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were maintained at 35.6, 37.0, 39.0, and 41.0°C. At 37, 39, and 41°C brain [ATP] and [CP] were down 6.0, 10.8, and 29.2%, and 19.6, 28.7, and 44%, respectively, from the 35.6°C control concentrations. Exposure of the brain to 591‐MHz radiation at 13.8 mW/cm2 for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min caused further decreases (below those observed for 30°C hyperthermia only) of 16.0, 29.8, 22.5, and 12.3% in brain [ATP], and of 15.6, 25.1, 21.4, and 25.9% in brain [CP] after 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min, respectively. Recording of brain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence before, during, and after microwave exposure showed an increase in NADH fluorescence during microwave exposure that returned to preexposure levels within 1 min postexposure. Continuous recording of brain temperatures during microwave exposures showed that brain temperature varied between −0.1 and +0.05°C. Since the microwave exposures did not induce tissue hyperthermia, it is concluded that direct microwave interaction at the subcellular level is responsible for the observed decrease in [ATP] and [CP].
Viability and phagocytosis of neutrophils exposed in vitro to 100‐MHz radiofrequency radiation
Authors: Cleary Stephen F. , Liu Li‐Ming , Garber Francine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN, neutrophils) obtained from peritoneal exudate were exposed in vitro for one‐half or one hour to continuous wave or amplitudemodulated (20‐Hz) 100‐MHz RF radiation in a temperature‐controlled coaxial exposure chamber at field strengths from 2.5 to 4.1 V/cm (SARs of 120 to 341 W/kg). RF exposure at 37° 0.2°C had no detectable effect on PMN viability or phagocytosis compared to sham‐exposed cells simultaneously subjected to the same time‐temperature regime. Temperature control studies indicated that at 37°C no effect on PMN viability would be expected but phagocytosis would be reduced by approximately 6%/°C temperature increase. The absence of an effect of RF exposure suggests that there was minimal undetected intrasample heating and that phagocytosis was not affected by 100‐MHz RF radiation under the conditions of this study.
Influence of constant magnetic fields on certain physiochemical properties of water
Authors: Gonet Bolesław 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere has been considerable recent interest in the question of effects of constant magnetic fields (CMF) on living organisms. The possible alteration of the physiochemical properties of water appears to be one example of such an influence. The dielectric constant, pH, and surface tension of water exposed to CMF action were studied. The results fail to confirm the changes observed by some authors. Controversial opinions on this problem are also summarized and discussed.
A cytohistological analysis of roots whose growth is affected by a 60‐Hz electric field
Authors: Brulfert Annie , Miller Morton W. , Robertson Dominique , Dooley David A. , Economou Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRoots of Pisum sativum were exposed for 48 h to 60‐Hz electric fields of 430 V/m in an aqueous inorganic growth medium. The growth in length of the exposed roots was 44% of that for control roots. Root tips were analyzed for mitotic index and cell cycle duration. Mature, differentiated root sections from tissue produced after electrode energization were analyzed for cell lengths and number of files. The major reason for the observation that exposed roots are shorter than control roots is that cell elongation in the former is greatly diminished relative to controls.