bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epoxidation of methyl linoleate. II. The two isomers of methyl 9, 10: 12, 13‐diepoxystearate
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Herb S. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEpoxidation of methyl linoleate results in the formation of two stereoisomeric methyl 9,10:12,13‐diepoxystearates. The previously well‐known isomer, mp 32C, represents only 60% of the total diepoxides formed. The newly isolated form is liquid at room temperature and is measured incompletely by standard titrimetric oxirane analysis. The isomers differ by the relative positions of their oxirane oxygen atoms. The oxygens of the solid are located on opposite sides and those of the liquid are on the same side of the molecular plane.
Polymorphism of palmitoyl and stearoyl dioleins
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolymorphism has been explored for the pairs of homologs 1) 2‐palmitoyl diolein (OPO) and 2‐stearoyl diolein (OSO), and 2) 1‐palmitoyl diolein (POO) and 1‐stearoyl diolein (SOO). The symmetrical compounds show ॅ, ॆ艂‐2 and stable ॆ‐3 forms; the unsymmetrical compounds show ॅ (presumed) and stable ॆ艂‐3 forms.
Biological treatment of fatty acid and nitrogen derivative waste water
Authors: Harp Emile F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArmak Company’s McCook, Ill., plant has installed an aerobic biological treatment system to handle a portion of its waste water flow prior to discharge to a municipal treatment plant operated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The waste includes a mixture of animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty acids, nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids, and miscellaneous organic chemicals. The purpose of the treatment system is to reduce fats, oils, or greases as measured by a hexane soluble test to below 100 mg/liter, as required by Metropolitan Sanitary District ordinance. The biological treatment system achieved an average reduction of 92% in hexane solubles and an 82% reduction in chemical oxygen demand during the reporting period, when incombing hexane solubles average 760 mg/liter, and chemical oxygen demand average 4800 mg/liter. The hydraulic flow during this same period average 320,000 gpd. Odors associated with the operation required covering the aeration basins and treating the effluent air.
Treatment of vegetable oil refining wastes to conform to government regulation
Authors: Cantrell Mollie Kaye , Keller Howard F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHistorical and conventional methods for the treatment of vegetable oil waste water are described. The results obtained and the economics of the various processes for oil‐water separation are reported. A process utilizing selective adsorption filtration is described. The new regeneration procedure for cleaning the filter media allows for its total reuse. The process produces effluent water which will conform to existing government regulations for oil content. Development of the filtration/regeneration process is described up to full‐scale installation with test results.
Operating experience with biological cooling towers
Authors: Neuner William M. , Holt Ernest K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne of our major water pollution problems concerns the purification of, and disposal of or the bottling up of, waste water from our edible oil processing plant in Edgewater, N.J., and our fatty acids distillation plant in Hammond, Ind. It was decided to investigate the use of a cooling tower as a means of developing an environment for biota growth so that aerobic bacteria would feed on the organic matter present. This preliminary work was done in 1966 on a 30 gpm prototype tower in Hammond and a 720 gpm tower (modified) in Edgewater. As a result of this test work, Lilie Hoffman cooling towers, with high fill to volume ratio and abnormally large water basins, were purchased for our Edgewater plant and Hammond plant. The towers were commissioned in September 1972. The tower systems are fitted with the necessary controls to maintain proper basin water temperature along with automatic feed systems for the nitrogen and phosphorous required for satisfactory biota growth. The Edge water tower, with a capacity of 3700 gpm, has performed satisfactorily with regard to chemical oxygen demand values and odor problems. There have been a few minor mechanical problems. The Hammond tower, with a capacity of 380 gpm, has had mechanical problems which have precluded sufficient continuous operation to assess its performance completely.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: X. Nature of detergent deposits
Authors: Noble W. R. , Weil J. K. , Bistline R. G. , Jones S. B. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe cumulative deposition of detergent residue on unsoiled cotton and polyester‐cotton permanent press finish cloth was determined for a variety of detergent formulations after washing 25 consecutive times in 300 ppm hard water in a laboratory Tergotometer. Included in this study were: a phosphate‐built laundry detergent, two carbonate‐built detergents, tallow soap and various tallow soap formulations with anionic and amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents, and a glassy sodium silicate. Sample swatches washed with each formulation were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and organic acid content. Fabric washed with the carbonate detergents showed the highest calcium and magnesium content, while those washed with the phosphate detergent and the soap‐lime soap dispersant‐builder formulations had the lowest. Fabric washed with soap alone had a much higher fatty acid residue than those washed with the other detergent formulations. However, the amount of organic acids left on the fabric after washing with a soap‐lime soap dispersing agent formulation was no greater than that produced by phosphate‐ and carbonate‐built detergents. The presence or absence of deposits also was verified visually with a scanning electron microscope. Each formulation also was tested for detergency by measuring the soil buildup in a multiwash procedure. Generally, the buildup of soil paralleled the deposit of detergent residue on the unsoiled cloths.
Aqueous processing of coconuts: Economic analysis
Authors: Hagenmaier Robert D. , Cater Carl M. , Mattil Karl F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA process previously has been developed at Texas A&M University for aqueous processing of coconuts to produce oil and a concentrated skim milk. This paper details the costs for that process and concludes that 20% of rate‐of‐return can be realized if the market price of coconut skim milk solids are assigned the value of $0.50/kg (bulk price).
Synthesis of mono‐ and di‐functional silicon containing derivatives of long chain fatty acid esters
Authors: Saghian Nasser , Gertner David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe addition products of some monochlorosilanes to methyl oleate and undecanoate were hydrolyzed and condensed to yield the corresponding difunctional disiloxanes, which were, inturn, transformed by alkaline hydrolysis or reduction to the corresponding diacids or diols. The addition products of dichlorosilanes gave on hydrolysis and condensation cyclosiloxanes but not linear polymers, as shown by mol wt data and IR spectra, while the corresponding addiiton products of trichlorosilances gave on similar treatment rubbery cross‐linked polymers. In contrast to the silanol intermediates, obtained on hydrolysis of methylchlorosilanes, which condensed easily to the corresponding disiloxanes, the corresponding bulkier phenyl chlorosilanes gave stable silanols which showed a lower tendency to condense. Some mono‐and di‐alkoxy, phenoxy, and acetoxy silyl derivatives of the long chain fatty acid esters also were synthesized.
Composition of the kernels of the faveleira nut (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus)
Authors: Daun J. K. , Burch L. D. , Tkachuk R. , Mundel H. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCnidoscolus phyllacanthus (faveleira) nuts had a high oil content (32% of nut, 54% of kernels) and the meal had a high nitrogen level (12.4% of oil‐free kernels) and acceptable amino acid composition. The oil contained 55% linoleic acid and traces of arachidic, gadoleic and behenic acids. The possible presence of toxic substances in the meal must be considered.
Thermogravimetric determination of water in household liquid detergents
Authors: Al‐Sammerrai Dhoaib , Al‐Madfai Suham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThermogravimetric analysis has been applied successfully in determining the amount of water constituent in household liquid detergents. Results were comparable to those obtained from the standard methods of testing.The simple, rapid technique is potentially useful and can be considered as a supplementary tool to the conventional methods of analysis.
The alkali isomerization of a methyl docosahexaenoate and the spectral properties of conjugated fatty acids
Authors: Hammond Earl G. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe dependence of the ultraviolet absorption spectra for docosahexaenoate upon conditions used in alkali‐isomerization has been studied. The extinction coefficients at all wavelengths varied with sample size when 21% KOH‐glycol was used as the isomerization reagent at 180°C.; the effect of sample size was due to the solubility characteristics of 22‐carbon fatty acid esters in the isomerization reagent.Spectrophotometer slit width is an important consideration in the measurement of extinction coefficients at the absorption maximum at 374 mμ.Certain conditions which must be met for accurate analysis of hexaenoate in fatty acid mixtures are described.An extension of a theory of Lewis and Calvin has been used to clarify the number, position, and to some extent, intensity of the peaks in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of natural conjugated and alkali‐isomerized fatty acids.
Molecular regulation of kidney development: is the answer blowing in the Wnt?
Authors: Merkel Calli E. , Karner Courtney M. , Carroll Thomas J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDevelopment of the metanephric kidney is a complicated process regulated by reciprocal signals from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme that regulate tubule formation and epithelial branching morphogenesis. Over the past several years, several studies have suggested that Wnt signaling is involved in multiple aspects of normal kidney development as well as injury response and cancer progression. We will review these data here.
Variation in shoot mortality within crowns of severely defoliated Betula maximowicziana trees in Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Ohno Yasuyuki , Umeki Kiyoshi , Watanabe Ichiro , Takiya Mika , Terazawa Kazuhiko , Hara Hideho , Matsuki Sawako 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo clarify mortality patterns of current‐year shoots within the crown of Betula maximowicziana Regel after severe insect herbivory in central Hokkaido, northern Japan, we investigated the degree of defoliation, pattern of shoot development, shoot mortality, and leaf tissue‐water relations. One hundred current‐year long shoots growing in a B. maximowicziana plantation were observed for defoliation and mortality in June 2002. An outbreak of herbivorous insects (Caligula japonica and Lymantria dispar praeterea) occurred in the stand in mid‐to‐late June, and the monitored shoots were defoliated to various degrees. Within 1 month of defoliation, some of the severely defoliated shoots had produced new leaves on short shoots that had emerged from axillary buds. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that the probability that current‐year long shoots would put out axillary short shoots with leaves is closely related to the degree of defoliation. To evaluate the water relations of the leaves, we determined pressure–volume curves for the leaves that survived the herbivorous insect outbreak and the new leaves that emerged after defoliation. The water potential at turgor loss (Ψl,tlp) and the osmotic potential at full turgidity (Ψπ,sat) were higher for the new leaves than for the surviving leaves, indicating a lower ability to maintain leaf cell turgor against leaf dehydration in the new leaves. Of the 100 shoots, 13 died after the emergence of new leaves. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that the probability that the long shoots would die generally increased with the emergence of new leaves, with increasing shoot height. This result suggests that the combined effect of the vulnerability of newly emerged leaves and low water availability, associated with higher shoot positions within the crown, caused shoot mortality. Based on our results, some possible mechanisms for mortality in severely defoliated B. maximowicziana are discussed.
Central sensitization phenomena after third molar surgery: A quantitative sensory testing study
Authors: Juhl Gitte I. , Jensen Troels S. , Norholt Sven E. , Svensson Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground: Surgical removal of third molars may carry a risk of developing persistent orofacial pain, and central sensitization appears to play an important role in the transition from acute to chronic pain.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate sensitization (primarily central sensitization) after orofacial trauma using quantitative sensory testing (QST).Methods: A total of 32 healthy men (16 patients and 16 age‐matched control subjects) underwent a battery of quantitative tests adapted to the trigeminal area at baseline and 2, 7, and 30 days following surgical removal of a lower impacted third molar.Results: Central sensitization for at least one week was indicated by significantly increased pain intensity evoked by intraoral repetitive pinprick and electrical stimulation (p<0.05) including facilitation of temporal summation mechanisms (p<0.05), extraoral repetitive electrical stimulation (p<0.001), significantly more frequent aftersensation in patients (p<0.001), extraoral hyperalgesia due to single pinprick stimulation (p<0.05) and larger pain areas due to intranasal stimulation (p<0.001). Peripheral sensitization was indicated by intraoral hyperalgesia due to single pinprick (p<0.05).Conclusion: We found clear signs of sensitization of the trigeminal nociceptive system for at least one week after the surgery. Our results indicate that even a minor orofacial surgical procedure may be sufficient to evoke signs of both central and peripheral sensitization, which may play a role in the transition from acute to chronic pain in susceptible individuals.
‘Blowback’ for Britain?: Blair, Bush, and the war in Iraq
Authors: KENNEDY-PIPE CAROLINE , VICKERS RHIANNON 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAs debate continues over the conduct, the legality and the morality of the war in Iraq, this article addresses how and why Prime Minister Blair decided on the British road to war in Iraq. The article argues that Tony Blair was working within a mindset at both the domestic and international levels that meant he was predisposed to use military force against Iraq and indeed against other perceived threats to the West. His mindset arose, we will argue, through fear rather than arrogance, through the experiences of the past two decades as much as contemporary events, and this meant that he systematically over-estimated the threat posed by Saddam Hussein. We postulate that Blair was not pressured into invading Iraq by President Bush. Rather, he believed that it was the right path for Britain to take, and that the overthrow of Saddam Hussein was actually the logical outcome of the ‘Doctrine of the International Community’ outlined in his Chicago speech in 1999. We go on to make the claim that by concentrating on supporting the United States in its grand strategy, Tony Blair misunderstood the pattern of politics at home and perhaps more seriously of the ‘threat’ to the domestic security of the United Kingdom. This was not a danger from Iraqi WMD or even from ‘foreign’ terrorists as had happened on 9/11 but from home-grown suicide bombers, some of whom claimed to be inspired by opposition to Blair’s wars. This was the blowback that mattered – and will continue to do so – for the UK.
Blood for oil? Global capital, counter-insurgency and the dual logic of American energy security
Authors: STOKES DOUG 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe US-led invasion and occupation of Iraq coupled with the increased militarisation of international relations as part of the ‘war on terror’ has led to the development of a ‘blood for oil’ thesis that posits the centrality of oil and the economic interests of US oil corporations to American intervention in the Third World. This article argues that this thesis, whilst correct in identifying the importance of energy to US intervention, is not sufficiently attentive to the dual nature of American resource interventions whereby the American state seeks not only to ensure US oil supplies but also to maintain sufficient oil supplies for the global economy as a whole. American intervention is thus driven by oil to a large extent, but in different ways to those commonly suggested by ‘blood for oil’ theorists. In contrast to this thesis I argue that recent energy security moves to diversify oil acquisition away from the Middle East towards new areas such as South America, the Caspian region and Africa continue to be subject to this dual logic. Moreover, counter-insurgency warfare is increasingly being deployed to insulate oil-rich states from internal pressures which is in turn having a profound effect on human rights, social justice and state formation in the global South.
Security communities and the habitus of restraint: Germany and the United States on Iraq
Authors: BJOLA CORNELIU , KORNPROBST MARKUS 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBorrowing from Norbert Elias, we introduce the habitus of restraint to the study of security communities. This habitus constitutes a key dimension of the glue that holds security communities together. The perceived compatibility of practices emanating from the habitus that members hold fosters the collective identity upon which a security community is built. The violation of a member’s habitus by the practices of another member, however, disrupts the reproduction of collective identity and triggers a crisis of the security community. Our analysis of Germany’s reaction to Washington’s case for war against Iraq provides empirical evidence for the salience of the habitus for the internal dynamics of security communities.
Studies of the defect structures and g factors for two trigonal Ti3+ centers in LaMgAl11O19:Ti3+ crystal
Authors: Wen-Chen Zheng , Wang Fang 
Published: June 2007

The defect models of two trigonal Ti3+ centers in the LaMgAl11O19:Ti3+ (LMA:Ti3+) crystal are resuggested as center 1 at the 2a site and center 3 at the 4f site. By using the crystal field parameters Dq based on the suggestion, the g factors g∥ and g⊥ for both Ti3+ centers are calculated from two microscopic spin-Hamiltonian theory methods, the complete diagonalization (of the energy matrix) method (CDM) and the perturbation theory method (PTM), based on the two spin-orbit (SO) parameter model (where both the contribution to spin-Hamiltonian parameters from the SO coupling parameter of the central 3dn ion and that of ligand ions are included). The calculated results from CMD and PTM are not only close to each other, but are also in agreement with the observed values. This suggests that (i) the present defect models of the two Ti3+ centers in the LMA:Ti3+ crystal are suitable and (ii) both CDM and PTM methods are effective to the explanations of spin-Hamiltonian parameters of 3d1 ions in crystals. The defect structures of both Ti3+ centers (which are quite different from the corresponding structures in the host LMA crystal, in particular, for center 1, the oxygen octahedron changes from the trigonal elongation in the host LMA crystal to the trigonal compression in the Ti3+ center) are also estimated from the calculations. The results are discussed.
Finding cis-regulatory modules in Drosophila using phylogenetic hidden Markov models
Authors: Wong Wendy S.W. , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Finding the regulatory modules for transcription factors binding is an important step in elucidating the complex molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of gene expression. There are numerous methods available for solving this problem, however, very few of them take advantage of the increasing availability of comparative genomic data.
Results: We develop a method for finding regulatory modules in Eukaryotic species using phylogenetic data. Using computer simulations and analysis of real data, we show that the use of phylogenetic hidden Markov model can lead to an increase in accuracy of prediction over methods that do not take advantage of the data from multiple species.
Availability: The new method is made accessible under GPL in a new publicly available JAVA program: EvoPromoter. It can be downloaded at http://sourceforge.net/projects/evopromoter/
Contact: sww8@cornell.edu
A novel approach to improving recombinant factor VIIa activity with a preserved platelet preparation
Authors: Campbell Robert A. , Fischer Thomas H. , Wolberg Alisa S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRecombinant activated factor VII (NovoSeven, rFVIIa) is used to abrogate bleeding in haemophiliacs with inhibitors and is hypothesised to work by increasing activated factor X generation on the platelet surface. We hypothesised that rFVIIa activity could be increased by the co‐addition of platelet procoagulant surface. This study characterised the ability of a rehydrated, lyophilised (RL) platelet preparation to increase rFVIIa activity in haemophilic conditions. RL platelets supported thrombin generation in the presence of factors VIII and IX but, in the absence of factors VIII and IX, thrombin generation was significantly reduced. RL platelets supported rFVIIa‐mediated thrombin generation in a rFVIIa‐concentration dependent manner. In a cell‐based in vitro model of haemophilia, the presence of RL platelets increased the rFVIIa‐dependent thrombin generation rate 2.8‐fold compared with rFVIIa alone. Similarly, the addition of RL platelets plus rFVIIa to the in vitro model of haemophilia and to haemophilic platelet‐rich plasma shortened the onset of clot formation and increased clot stability in a fibrinolytic environment versus rFVIIa alone. These results suggest that RL platelets can support rFVIIa‐mediated thrombin generation, and that co‐administration of RL platelets with rFVIIa may increase the efficacy of rFVIIa in some patients.