bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
pH-Sensitive Micelles Based on Double-Hydrophilic Poly(methylacrylic acid)-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(methylacrylic acid) Triblock Copolymer
Authors: Tao Youhua , Liu Ren , Liu Xiaoya , Chen Mingqing , Yang Cheng , Ni Zhongbin 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
pH-sensitive micelles with hydrophilic core and hydrophilic corona were fabricated by self-assembling of triblock copolymer of poly(methylacrylic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(methylacrylic acid) at lower solution pH. Transmission electron microscopy and laser light scattering studies showed micelles were in nano-scale with narrow size distribution. Solution pH value and the micelles concentration strongly influenced the hydrodynamic radius of the spherical micelles (48–310 nm). A possible mechanism for the formation of micelles was proposed. The obtained polymeric micelle should be useful for biomedical materials such as carrier of hydrophilic drug.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) gene regulation: a potent clinical bio‐marker of fibroproliferative disease?
Authors: Leask Andrew , Parapuram Sunil K. , Shi‐wen Xu , Abraham D. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe CCN (cyr61, ctgf, nov) family of modular proteins regulate diverse biological affects including cell adhesion, matrix production, tissue remodelling, proliferation and differentiation. Recent targeted gene disruption studies have demonstrated the CCN family to be developmentally essential for chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and angiogenesis. CCN2 is induced by agents such as angiotensin II, endothelin‐1, glucocorticoids, HGF, TGFβ, and VEGF, and by hypoxia and biomechanical and shear stress. Dysregulated expression of CCN2 has also been widely documented in many fibroproliferative diseases. This mini‐review will focus on CCN2, and the recent progress in understanding CCN2 gene regulation in health and disease. That CCN2 should be considered a novel and informative surrogate clinical bio‐marker for fibroproliferative disease is discussed.
Improving Bladder Cancer Outcomes: The Impact of Initiating a Phase IV Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Ray Eleanor R. , Coker Bola , Chatterton Kathryn , Khan Mohamed S. , O'Brien Tim S. 
Published: January 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if patients newly diagnosed with bladder cancer and included in a clinical trial had better outcomes than similar patients treated in the same department before initiation of the trial. Methods: Forty patients presenting with bladder cancer in 2005 and recruited into a randomised trial of photodynamic-assisted tumour resection were compared with a cohort of 40 non-trial patients from 2004. Quality of care was measured by assessing near-miss criteria. Results: There were fewer near-misses in the Trial Group (TG) than in the Control Group (CG) (52 versus 151) ( p< 0.001). There were 15 surgical near-misses in the TG compared with 90 in the CG ( p=0.025). Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy was given within 6 h of resection in 26/31(84%) of the TG and 1/23(4%) of the CG. There were 37 process near-misses in the TG compared with 61 in the CG ( p=0.002). The times to first outpatient appointment, diagnostic flexible cystoscopy, and outpatient follow-up were shorter in the TG (median 10.5/25/17.5 days) than the CG (median 17/32.5/26 days). Conclusions: Patients in the trial had better outcomes than non-trial patients the previous year. The recruitment of patients into trials is a valuable driver of quality improvement.
Diabetes in women: The global perspective
Authors: Roglic Gojka 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe prevalence of diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in particular, in women is increasing worldwide, although it is more pronounced in low‐income countries. This increase is mostly due to population ageing and the ubiquitous rise in prevalence of obesity. Some of this rise is potentially preventable through lifestyle changes. A higher proportion of deaths in women than in men is attributable to diabetes. This article provides an overview of the specificities of diabetes in women and the implications of diabetes onset shifting to women of reproductive age.
The 50‐g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes
Authors: Tan Peng Chiong , Ling Liza Ping , Omar Siti Zawiah 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the 50‐g glucose challenge test (GCT) on pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes (GDM).MethodsGCT was positive if the 1‐hour plasma glucose level was ≥ 7.2 mmol/L. GDM was diagnosed by a 75‐g glucose tolerance test using WHO (1999) criteria. Of the 1368 women enrolled in the study, 892 were GCT negative, 308 were GCT false‐positive, and 168 had GDM. Pregnancy outcomes were extracted from hospital records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with GCT negative women as the reference group.ResultsGCT false‐positive status was associated with preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7) and postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0–2.7). GDM was associated with labor induction (AOR 5.0; 95% CI, 3.3–7.5), cesarean delivery (AOR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6–3.2), postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7), and neonatal macrosomia (AOR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0–6.0).ConclusionGCT false‐positive women had an increased likelihood of an adverse pregnancy outcome. The role and threshold of the GCT needs re‐evaluation.
The sediment infill of subglacial meltwater channels on the West Antarctic continental shelf
Authors: Smith James A. , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter , Larter Robert D. , Graham Alastair G.C. , Kuhn Gerhard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSubglacial meltwater plays a significant yet poorly understood role in the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. Here we present new swath bathymetry from the western Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, showing meltwater channels eroded into acoustic basement. Their morphological characteristics and size are consistent with incision by subglacial meltwater. To understand how and when these channels formed we have investigated the infill of three channels. Diamictons deposited beneath or proximal to an expanded grounded West Antarctic Ice Sheet are present in two of the channels and these are overlain by glaciomarine sediments deposited after deglaciation. The sediment core from the third channel recovered a turbidite sequence also deposited after the last deglaciation. The presence of deformation till at one core site and the absence of typical meltwater deposits (e.g., sorted sands and gravels) in all three cores suggest that channel incision pre-dates overriding by fast flowing grounded ice during the last glacial period. Given the overall scale of the channels and their incision into bedrock, it is likely that the channels formed over multiple glaciations, possibly since the Miocene, and have been reoccupied on several occasions. This also implies that the channels have survived numerous advances and retreats of grounded ice.
On a Differential Equation and the Construction of Milner's Lamp
Authors: Professor Cayley  
Published: January 2009

What sort of an equation isWriteand start with the equationsThis last givesand the system thus isviz., this is a system of ordinary differential equations between the five variables θ, r, X, Y, Z: the system can therefore be integrated with 4 arbitrary constants, and these may be so determined that for the value β of θ, X, Y, Z shall be each = 0; and r shall have the value r0.
Easy Proof of Von Staudt's Theorem
Authors: Milne William P. 
Published: January 2009

The proof usually given of Von Staudt's Theorem is entirely analytical in character. The following proof is geometrical:—If A, B, C, D be the vertices of a tetrahedron whose opposite faces are α., β, γ, δ, and if l be any line, to prove that l [ABCD] = l [αβγδ] where lA denotes the plane through the line l and the point A and lα. denotes the intersection of the line l with the plane α.
Recurrence Formulae for the Functions which represent Solutions of the Differential Equation:
Authors: Flint H. T. 
Published: January 2009

The contents of this paper were suggested by a discussion of the equation:in a paper by Glaisher which appears in the Philosophical Transactions, 1881, Part III.The solutions in series of (1) are:and in the paper referred to it is shewn that the coefficients of hp+1 in the expansions of and of satisfy equation (1) when p is a positive integer.
Determinants connected with the Periodic Solutions of Mathieu's Equations
Authors: Burgess A. G. 
Published: January 2009

Various solutions of Mathieu's equation, or the equation of the elliptic cylinder functionshave recently been discussed in an elegant series of papers in these Proceedings. These papers have dealt with the periodic and quasi-periodic solutions, but the present paper merely considers determinants which give the infinite series of relations between a and q, so that the solutions are purely periodic, i.e. the solutions denoted by Professor Whittaker
A special linear associative algebra
Authors: Wedderburn J. H. M. 
Published: January 2009

The following algebra possesses certain points of interest and is, I think, worth putting on record; it includes the algebra of matrices as a special case. Consider the algebra H over a ring F defined bywhere hpq(p, q = 1, 2, …., n) are linearly independent over F. If are any elements of H, then from (1)
On the approach of a series to its Cesàro limit
Authors: Hyslop J. M. 
Published: January 2009

The object of this paper is to investigate some properties of series which satisfy conditions of the formwhere 0 < ρ ≦ p. denotes, as usual, the n-th Cesàro sum of order p for the series ∑an and the binomial coefficient . It is convenient to state here some properties of and to which we must constantly refer in the sequel.
On a System of Equations
Authors: Sircar H. 
Published: January 2009

I propose to prove the following theorem.With n > 2, the (n + 2) equations derived from the matrixwhereby equating to zero all (n + 1)-rowed determinants from the matrix ‖Δ‖ are equivalent to only two, one of which is linear in li (i = 1, 2, …, n) and the other is homogeneous and quadratic in a certain n – 1 of li (i = 1, 2, …, n); the elements of the matrix are real; (r, s = 1, 2, …, n) and d is arbitrary.
Equal Sums of Like Powers
Authors: Wright E. M. 
Published: January 2009

In this note all small latin letters denote rational integers. We write k ≧ 1, s ≧ 1 and consider the simultaneous equationsA solution of these equations is said to be non-trivial if no set {xiu} is a permutation of another set {xiv}. In 1851 Prouhet constructed a non-trivial solution of these equations with j = sk and Lehmer has recently found a parametric solution for the same j. Here I give two alternative elementary proofs of Lehmer's result. Lehmer's own proof depends on the ideas of generating functions, exponentials, differentiation, matrices, and complex roots of unity, though all at a fairly simple level. One of my proofs requires only the factor theorem for a polynomial and the other only the multinomial theorem for a positive integral index.
A Multiplying Factor Method for the Solution of Wiener-Hopf Equations
Authors: Noble B. , Peters A. S. 
Published: January 2009

In (1), § 6.2, a multiplying factor method has been used to solve certain dual integral equations. The results are then used to solve a single integral equation of the Wiener-Hopf type. In this note we indicate how a related technique can be used to solve Wiener-Hopf integral equations directly. ConsiderwhereDefinewhere α = σ+iτ, and F+(α) is regular for τ>q; K(α) is regular and non-zero in −p < τ < p. For simplicity we restrict ourselves to the case where
The vanishing of Poincaré series
Authors: Rankin R. A. 
Published: January 2009

Every holomorphic modular form of weight k > 2 is a sum of Poincaré series; see, for example, Chapter 5 of (5). In particular, every cusp form of even weight k ≧ 4 for the full modular group Γ(1) is a linear combination over the complex field C of the Poincaré series.Here mis any positive integer, z ∈ H ={z ∈ C: Im z>0} andThe summation is over all matriceswith different second rows in the (homogeneous) modular group, i.e. in SL(2, Z).The factor ½ is introducted for convenience.
l-adic and Z/l∞-algebraic and topological K-theory
Authors: Snaith Victor 
Published: January 2009

Let l be an odd prime and let A be a commutative ring containing 1/l. Let K*(A;Z/lv) denote the mod lv algebraic K-theory of A [3]. As explained in [4] there exists a “Bott element” βv∈K21v–1(l–1)(Z[1/l];Z/lv) and, using the K-theory product we may, following [16, Part IV], formwhich is defined as the direct limit of iterated multiplication by βv. There is a canonical localisation map
Imbedding elements whose numerical range has a vertex at zero in holomorphic semigroups
Authors: Martinez-Moreno J. , Rodriguez-Palacios A. 
Published: January 2009

If a is an element of a complex unital Banach algebra whose numerical range is confined to a closed angular region with vertex at zero and angle strictly less than π, we imbed a in a holomorphic semigroup with parameter in the open right half plane.There has been recently a great development in the theory of semigroups in Banach algebras (see [6]), with attention focused on the relation between the structure of a given Banach algebra and the existence of continuous or holomorphic non-trivial semigroups with certain properties with range in this algebra. The interest of this paper arises from the fact that we relate in it, we think for the first time, this new point of view in the theory of Banach algebras with the already classic one of numerical ranges [2,3]. The proofs of our results use, in addition to some basic ideas from numerical ranges in Banach algebras, the concept of extremal algebra Ea(K) of a compact convex set K in ℂ due to Bollobas [1] and concretely the realization of Ea(K) achieved by Crabb, Duncan and McGregor [4].
On some fractional integrals and their applications
Authors: Lowndes J. S. 
Published: January 2009

In previous papers [3, 4] the author has discussed the symmetric generalised Erdélyi–Kober operators of fractional integration defined bywhere α>0, γ≧0 and the operators ℑiγ(η,α) and defined as in equations (1) and (2) respectively but with Jα−1, the Bessel function of the first kind replaced by Iα−1, the modified Bessel function of the first kind.
ZT-subgroups of sharply 3-transitive groups
Authors: Wefelscheid Heinrich 
Published: January 2009

A permutation group G operating on a set M is called a ZT-group (Zassenhaus transitive group) if G has the properties (i) and (ii):(i) G operates 2-transitively on M;(ii) Ga,b≠{id} and Ga,b,c = {id} for distinct elements a,b,c ∈ M.Here Ga,b = {α ∈ G | α(a) = a and α(b) = b} denotes the stabilizer of {a, b}, and Ga,b,c the stabilizer of {a, b, c}, respectively.
Embedding near-rings into polynomial near-rings
Authors: Meldrum John D. P. , Pilz Günter , So Yong-Sian 
Published: January 2009

In this paper we will show that large classes of near-rings are embeddable into (or even isomorphic to) near-rings Gν[x] of polynomials over G in a suitably chosen variety ν of Ω-groups.For near-rings see [2], for polynomials [1]; for near-rings of polynomials over Ω-groups see [3] [4], [5].
On the Cardinal Function of Interpolation Theory
Authors: Whittaker J. M. 
Published: January 2009

1. The cardinal function is the interpolation functionwhich takes the values αr at the points α + rw. Its principal properties were discovered by Professor Whittaker, amongst others that(A) When C (x) is analysed into periodic constituents by Fourier's integral-theorem, all constituents of period less than 2w are absent.
Note on the Integral Equations for the Lamé Functions
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: January 2009

§1. The Lamé Functions of degree n (where n is a positive integer) may be defined as those solutions of the equationwhich are polynomials in the elliptic functions sn x, cn x, dn x of real modulus K. Such solutions only exist for certain particular values of the constant a; there are 2n + 1 such values and 2n + 1 corresponding Lamé functions.
On Generating Functions
Authors: Ferrar W. L. 
Published: January 2009

It is well known that the polynomial in x,has the following properties:—(A) it is the coefficient of tn in the expansion of (1–2xt+t2)–½;(B) it satisfies the three-term recurrence relation(C) it is the solution of the second order differential equation(D) the sequence Pn(x) is orthogonal for the interval (— 1, 1),i.e. whenSeveral other familiar polynomials, e.g., those of Laguerre Hermite, Tschebyscheff, have properties similar to some or all of the above. The aim of the present paper is to examine whether, given a sequence of functions (polynomials or not) which has one of these properties, the others follow from it : in other words we propose to examine the inter-relation of the four properties. Actually we relate each property to the generating function.
On the “elementary” solution of Laplace's Equation
Authors: Ruse H. S. 
Published: January 2009

Hadamard defines the “elementary solution” of the general linear partial differential equation of the second order, namely(Aik, BiC being functions of the n variables x1, x2, .., xn, which may be regarded as coordinates in a space of n dimensions), to be one of those solutions which are infinite to as low an order as possible at a given point and on every bicharacteristic through that point.
Bazin's Matrix and other allied Matrices
Authors: Williamson J. 
Published: January 2009

In a paper entitled “On differentiating a Matrix” H. W. Turnbull deduced some interesting and elegant results by the use of a matrix operator Ω, a matrix whose elements were the partial differential operators with respect to the elements of a square matrix x. Throughout the present paper the differential operator Ω. is used, or rather a matrix operator, which is the product of Ω and another square matrix Y.By means of this operator in §§ 1 and 2 Bazin's matrix and Reiss's matrix are considered from the standpoint of matrices as distinct from that of determinants. Reiss's matrix is shown to be a constant times a compound of Bazin's matrix; and the latent roots of Reiss's matrix are immediately determined in terms of the latent roots of Bazin's matrix. From this result a theorem, discovered by Deruyts, is deduced as well as a more general theorem.
On One Connexion Between Levi-Civita Parallelism and Einstein's Teleparallelism
Authors: Sen R. N. 
Published: January 2009

In a recent paper Einstein has proposed a new type of geometry in which it is possible to give an arbitrary vector in the field a displacement which conserves parallelism at a distance. It may be briefly stated as follows:Let the metric ofthe space, supposed to be of n dimensions, be given byAt each point of the space we consider a set of n unit vectors, denoted by the n2 quantities phq, which form an orthogonal ennuple such that
PETER PINKERTON, M.A., D.SC, LL.D., F.R.S.E.
Authors: Dougall John 
Published: January 2009

By the death of Dr Pinkerton on 22nd November 1930, at the comparatively early age of 60, we lost a fellow member who in times past had given varied and valuable service to our Society, and who, as Rector of the High School of Glasgow, occupied a distinguished position among Scottish teachers.Peter Pinkerton was born in Kilmarnock on 8th June, 1870. He received his early education in the Academy there, and was Medallist in Classics and Mathematics. In 1886 he entered Glasgow University. In 1890 he graduated M.A. with First-class Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and was awarded the Breadalbane and John Clark Scholarships in those subjects. For two years thereafter he attended the Royal College of Science, Dublin. He took first places in Mathematics, Mechanics, Physics and Chemistry, and second place in Botany.
James Gregory: A Study in the Early History of Interpolation
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: January 2009

In a highly interesting critical account of the mathematical work of James Gregory (1638–1675), written for the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, (1) 41 (1923), 2–25, by the late Professor G. A. Gibson, there occurs at p. 8 something of a mathematical puzzle. On that page a pair of formulae are quoted, which certainly are striking examples of the analytical power of Gregory, and which run as follows:—Gibson adds that “there is another formula (Rigaud, p. 207), but it is of a very complicated character and I do not reproduce it.” It will be convenient to refer to the above pair as formulae A′ and B′, and to the more complicated but analogous series as formula C, and to the original series, from which the above were transcribed, as formulse A and B. I am indebted to Mr A. Inglis for drawing my attention to the problem.
On the Evaluation of Determinants, the Formation of their Adjugates, and the Practical Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: January 2009

There are various methods in existence for the practical solution of a set of simultaneous equationsSome of these methods are appropriate to special systems, as for example to the axisymmetric “normal equations” of Least Squares. In many applications, however, as in problems of statistical correlation of many variables, it may be desired not merely to solve a given set of equations but to obtain as much knowledge as possible about the system or matrix of coefficients; perhaps to evaluate its determinant and various minors, such as principal minors, possibly also to determine the elements of the adjugate matrix, or the reciprocal matrix. The examination of the sign of successive principal minors of an axisymmetric determinant, in order to find the signature of the corresponding quadratic form, is a case in point; and there are many such applications.
Note on Selection from a Multivariate Normal Population
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: January 2009

The problem of statistical “selection” is concerned with the alteration induced in a frequency distribution in several variables by an alteration of the parameters in a subsection of the distribution. It may be illustrated by a simple trivariate case, as follows:From a population characterised by variables x, y, z, correlated and normally distributed, with means 0, 0, 0, variances and product variances r12σ1σ2, r13σ1σ3, r23σ2σ3, a sub-population is extracted by selection in x alone, in such a way that after selection x is still normally distributed, but with mean h and variance s2 . It is required to determine the new values, in the selected population, of the means and variances of y and z, and of the product variances.
An Elementary Proof of the Theorems of Cauchy and Mayer
Authors: Macintyre A. J. , Wilson R. 
Published: January 2009

Attention has recently been drawn to the obscurity of the usual presentations of Mayer's method of solution of the total differential equationThis method has the practical advantage that only a single integration is required, but its theoretical discussion is usually based on the validity of some other method of solution. Mayer's method gives a result even when the equation (1) is not integrable, but this cannot of course be a solution. An examination of the conditions under which the result is actually an integral of equation (1) leads to a proof of the existence theorem for (1) which is related to Mayer's method of solution in a natural way, and which moreover appears to be novel and of value in the presentation of the subject.