bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removing 99.99998% of oil aerosols from compressed air and other gases
Authors: Benner Don W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oil and water particulates in compressed air and other gases are present as sprays, mists, fogs, smoke, fumes and vapors. The best method found to date for removing the oil and water contaminants from compressed air is a combination of direct impaction, inertial compaction, diffusion (Brownian motion) and coalescence, the latter being the main method of removing them. Baffles, centrifugal flow and flow directional changes of the air stream are helpful in causing coalescence and impingement. Flowing the air through porous media also is effective. The best way to coalesce liquid particulates from compressed air is to control the air flow and velocity as it passes through a fibrous bed that has predetermined porosity and which has minute strands and permanent electrostatic charges. An element designed with a prefilter with tiny pores in a cloth‐like layer such as silicon‐treated borosilicate enhances coalescing of the liquids. The air passageway between the random microfibers of inert strands located in the next layer through which air travels, and at right angles to the air stream, is very small. he strands must also be very fine (0.5 μ mean diameter). Because of the smaller open area and the smaller diameter of the fibers, this material is more effective as a coalescer of liquid droplets from 5 μ in size down to 0.01 μ in size. This structure also removes small solid particulates by diffusion (Brownian motion) and direct or inertial impaction. As long as air is flowing this design results in an almost continuous film of liquid on the outer layer. Ordinarily excessive air velocities in an element of this kind will cause subdivision of coalesced droplets. An outer cover of a material like a soft plastic, porous foam traps the coalesced film of liquid something like a sponge sleeve would “soak” liquids off a wetted outer cylinder wall. By gravity the liquids migrate down within the foam cover, dropping off the bottom of it and into the sump, out of the gas system.
Controlled foam laundry formulations
Authors: Katstra Richard D. , Sosis Paul 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeavy duty laundry systems are complex formulations containing a large number of ingredients. They can be formulated to produce a variety of foam profiles. This work has demonstrated that laundry detergent systems, which consist principally of biodegradable nonionic active components, may be formulated to exhibit low and moderate controlled foam profiles under typically American and European working conditions. In addition these formulations demonstrate excellent detergency properties when compared to currently distributed commercial brands.
Analysis of arsenic and bromine in marine and terrestrial oils
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSamples of marine and terrestrial oils of both plant and animal origin have been analyzed for arsenic and bromine content. Two oil samples (cod liver oil and oil extracted from mackerel fillets) were fractionated on silica gel columns and bromine was determined in the different fractions. The results obtained indicate that lipid soluble bromine and arseno organic compounds are characteristic components of marine animal and marine plant oils (seaweed). The results also show that the bromine is not localized in any particular compound or type of compounds. The bromine‐containing compounds seem to be relatively stable, but the arseno‐containing compounds are not. When oils containing arsenic and bromine were saponified, some of the arsenic and bromine compounds were found in the fatty acid fraction while others appeared in the water soluble fraction.
The glyceride structure of camphor(Cinnamomum camphora) seed fat
Authors: Mathur J. M. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe glyceride structure of a specimen ofCinnamomum camphora seed fat has been studied using oxidation procedure for determining the trisaturated and the gravime tric azelaogly ceride analysis technique for determining di‐ and monosaturated glycerides. The fat contains 93% saturated acids and the molecular proportions of tri‐, di‐ and monosaturated and triunsaturated glycerides are found to be 80,17,1 and 2% respectively. The pattern of acyl group distribution is in close agreement with the requirements of Random Distribution, Glyceride Type Distribution Rule, Widest Distribution and the three theories of Gunstone. There is no restriction in synthesis of fully saturated glycerides. The mean position of first double bond in fatty acids suggests the presence of positional isomers.
Trace phosphate analysis in silicate‐containing detergents
Authors: Domsky I. I. , Graber M. B. , Goldstein M. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA colorimetric method has been developed, suitable for determining low levels (10–200 ppm) of phosphorous in detergent formulations containing large amounts of silicate. Samples are ashed to remove organic matter, hydrolyzed to convert all phosphates to ortho‐phosphate, and centrifuged to remove any SiO2, carbon or other solids. Phosphomolybdic acid is formed and extracted into an organic solvent, where it is reduced to the classic molybdenum blue color by stannous chloride. The procedure yields accurate and reproducible results, with reliability at the 25 ppm phosphorous level of ±3 ppm.
Crystallization and fractionation of milk fat
Authors: Sherbon J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRecent progress in understanding milk fat crystallization and fractionation is reviewed. Extent of fat solidification in butter can be altered by variations in thermal treatment of cream prior to churning. Because of its compositional complexity, milk fat rarely exhibits polymorphism. As with mixtures of closely related triglycerides, milk fat forms solid solutions. A typical milk fat begins melting below −40 C, maximum melting occurs at 15–18 C, and the highest melting fraction appears 20–37 C as a shoulder on the main peak. Dispersion of fat in emulsions increases its tolerance to supercooling, thereby altering the properties and composition of the solid phase. Most studies of milk fat fractionation have used progressive fractional crystallization, either of the melt or of solutions. Both procedures result in fractions showing larger changes in mp than in composition. The high melting glyceride fraction, ca. 5% total fat, influences crystallization out of proportion to concentration. The Alfa‐Laval system, using an aqueous suspension of partially crystalline fat, produces two fractions. Typical high melting fractions have softening points ca. 3C higher than the original fat. The softening point of typical low melting fractions is lowered 10 C. Refractionation is easier with the high melting fraction. Melting thermograms of these fractions show them as resembling fractions prepared from melted fat.
Chromatographic separation of lactone precursors and tentative identification of the े‐lactones of 4‐hydroxy octanoic and 4‐hydroxy nonanoic acids in butterfat
Authors: Kinsella J. E. , Patton S. , Dimick P. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA combination of silicic acid column and thin layer chromatography which separates े‐ and ै‐hydroxy acid containing glycerides from butterfat is described. This procedure facilitates the isolation of the े‐ and ै‐hydroxy acids (lactone precursors) while avoiding lactonization. The method indicated that the hydroxy acids are entirely esterified to the glyceride in fresh butterfat. Hydrolysis, using pancreatic lipase, showed that these polar acids are located on the ॅ‐positions of the glycerides. The े‐lactones of 4‐hydroxy octanoic and 4‐hydroxy nonanoic acids were tentatively identified by gas liquid chromatography. These occurred in quantities of 0.25‐0.5 ppm and approximately 0.2 ppm respectively in the butterfat samples investigated.
The effects of seed pretreatments and extraction conditions on the amount of minor components in seed oils. I. Lipid peroxides
Authors: Appelqvist L. ‐Ɨ. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProcedures are described for careful extraction of rape and mustard seeds resulting in oils with no detectable peroxides (<0.02 meq/kg) if high quality viable seeds are used. Oils from heatdamaged seeds contain peroxides even after very careful extraction of the seeds. The effects of separate precautions such as prewashing of equipment and the exclusion of light and heat on the peroxide value of the oil extracted are shown to differ, depending on the kind and quality of seed. Oils from white mustard seed obtain lower peroxide values than oils from rapeseed when subjected to pro‐oxidative conditions during extraction.
Synthesis of long chain alkyl glyceryl ethers from triglycerides using boron trifluoride etherate and lithium aluminum hydride
Authors: Go H. C. , Branen A. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure for direct conversion of long chain triglycerides to their corresponding ether derivatives has been accomplished using a combination of lithium aluminum hydride and boron trifluoride etherate. Reaction products obtained from reduction of tristearin or trimyristin were isolated by thin layer and column chromatography and identified using infrared spectroscopy. Glyceryl triethers, glyceryl monoethers, and aliphatic alcohols were the major reaction products, making up 2–3%, 9–19%, and 43–75%, respectively, of the theoretical molar yields. Yields of both ether derivatives were increased when a lithium aluminum hydride solution was added to a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate rather than adding a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate to lithium aluminum hydride. Increasing the quantities of lithium aluminum hydride increased glyceryl triether yield, but decreased glyceryl monoether yield.
Enzymatic modification of canola/palm oil mixtures: Effects on the fluidity of the mixture
Authors: Kurashige J. , Matsuzaki N. , Takahashi H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra‐micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated. The adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fats in micro aqueous phase.To improve the handling properties of palm oil at rather low temperature, palm oil was blended with canola or soybean oil, and then these blended oils were modified by enzymatic selective interesterification in a solvent‐free, ultra‐micro aqueous bioreactor system with an immobilized lipase that had 1,3‐positional specificity. The effects of enzymatic interesterification were confirmed by triglyceride determination, by solid fat content profiles and by cloud point profiles, which were also compared to products of chemical interesterification. The improvement in the fluidity of blended oils with canola oil by the enzymatic reaction was bigger than with soybean oil, and chemical interesterification had no effects on the fluidity of blended oils.
Determination of total carbonyl compounds in aqueous media
Authors: Yukawa Natsuko , Takamura Hitoshi , Matoba Teruyoshi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for the quantitative determination of total carbonyl compounds in aqueous media has been developed. The analysis is based on the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine with aldehydes and the subsequent formation of the quinoidal ion under basic conditions. The aldehydes react with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine in both ethanol and aqueous‐ethanol media. The optimal wavelength to determine the total carbonyl compounds is 425 nm where the molar absorption coefficient of saturated aldehydes equals that of unsaturated aldehydes. The method can be used to determine all aldehydes in aqueous food media.
Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment for mechanical expelling of soybeans
Authors: Smith D. D. , Agrawal Y. C. , Sarkar B. C. , Singh B. P. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMechanical expelling of soybeans with enzymatic hydrolysis as pretreatment was investigated, and the process parameters were optimized by means of response surface methodology. Enzyme pretreatment enhanced both the amount of extractable oil in soybeans and oil extractability. A second‐order response surface model was developed to predict the expelled oil as a function of the six process parameters investigated. The optimum was found at: Moisture content during hydrolysis, 23.00% wet basis (w.b.); enzyme concentration, 11.84% vol/wt; incubation period, 13.24 h; moisture content during pressing, 9.36% w.b.; pressing pressure, 75 MPa; and pressing time, 5.36 min. The parameters had no interactive effects on expelled oil. Pressing pressures above 75 MPa caused extrusion. Under the optimal conditions, oil expelled from dehulled cracked soybeans by static pressing at room temperature (18°C) was 63.5% of the total extractable oil. Much higher oil recovery would be expected in actual screw expellers due to dynamic pressing and higher operating temperature. Oil recovery could be further increased by adding one or more conventional pretreatments to the enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment investigated in this study.
High‐resolution gas chromatographic determination of alkanols in oils extracted from olives
Authors: Frega N. , Bocci F. , Lercker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolar columns with stationary phases characterized by high thermal stability have attracted a great deal of interest in the study of lipid compounds that have, until recently, been studied with nonpolar columns. Such polar columns have also proved useful in the study of the entire unsaponifiable matter of a lipid and in determining the alkanols of extra‐virgin olive oil, husk oil and their relative mixtures. The proposed procedure permits the study of alkanols without having to isolate them from the other classes of compounds present in the unsaponifiable matter by means of thin‐layer chromatography.
Densities and viscosities of trichloroethylene miscellas of cottonseed oil, fish oil, and beef tallow
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G. , Arvidson Harold C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryData on the densities and viscosities of miscellas from trichloroethylene and cottonseed oil, fish oil, and beef tallow for four different temperatures are presented. Equations, with the necessary constants, are given for calculating both densities and viscosities.
Solvent extraction of cottonseed meats
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryIn the experimental countercurrent extraction of flaked cottonseed meats by trichloroethylene the residual oil content of the extracted flakes decreased with: first, a decrease in the final oil content of the final miscella; second, decrease in the flake moisture down to 8.64%; third, decrease in flake thickness; fourth, increase in temperature; and fifth, increase in extraction time. For the batch of cottonseed meats used the following equation was developed:urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0613:equation:aocs0613-math-0001 whereR is percent residual extractables,b is flake thickness in feet,D is meat diameter in feet,ϑ is extraction time in hours,μ in viscosity, lb. per ft. hr.,ρ is density, lb. per cu. ft., andt is extraction temperature in degrees F.Not enough data were secured by extraction with hexane to check the equation developed for trichloroethylene extraction. Hexane is a poorer solvent for cottonseed oil than trichloroethylene. The amount of oil remaining in the meal is affected to a greater extent by the miscella concentration in hexane extraction than in trichloroethylene extraction.
Precursors of alk‐2,4‐dienals in autoxidized lard
Authors: Kimoto W. I. , Gaddis A. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEvidence suggested that the low proportions of C10 alk‐2,4‐dienal found in mildly autoxidized linoleate or lard was basically due to a selective scission mechanism of the 13 and 9 conjugated linoleate hydroperoxide isomers. Spontaneous scission tended to be at the carbon linkage between a double bond and the hydroperoxide group. Thus the 13 hydroperoxide isomer produced the typically predominant amounts of hexanal. The 9 hydroperoxide isomer formed little C10 dienal and scission between the 9 and 10 carbons possibly led to some C9 alk‐2‐enal. Earlier studies of free aldehyde formation by autoxidized oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate support such a scission mechanism. Autoxidized linoleate was decomposed by dilute acid to C6 alkanal, some C9 enal and no dienal. Under different stress, such as heat, alkaline conditions and Cu++, large proportions of C10 dienals were formed. This appeared due to a shift in the point of scission to the saturated side of the hydroperoxide group.
Continuous fractionation of chilean anchovy oil with furfural
Authors: Oscar Contreras R. , Aldo Migliaro O. , Andres Raffo R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUseful data for liquid‐liquid extraction were obtained by countercurrent fractionation of Chilean anchovy oil in an extraction column. Furfural was used as the extracting solvent while the oil was dissolved in petroleum naphtha. The data obtained by varying the velocity of agitation, the feed rate, the furfural oil ratio and the naphtha oil ratio are adequate for the design and operation of an extraction system.
Properties of 2‐oleodipalmitin, 2‐elaidodipalmitin and some of their mixtures
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe glycerides 2‐oleodipalmitin (POP) and 2‐elaidodipalmitin (PEP) were synthesized and their melting behavior and dilatometric properties were determined. Three mixtures of POP with PEP were examined. Five polymorphs of POP and four of PEP were identified by x‐ray diffraction patterns. Rates of transformation of the lower melting polymorphs were, in general, quite rapid at temperatures just below their melting points. But transformation of unseeded POP to its highest melting form was slow and required several days at a temperature just below melting. Coefficients of expansion were determined for the highest melting polymorph and the liquid form of each triglyceride. Melting dilation was determined for the highest melting polymorph. Mixtures of POP with PEP exhibited different melting ranges depending on the tempering procedures and the composition, but even quickly‐solidified mixtures tempered without melting to the highest melting range as they were slowly heated over a period of 2 hr. Slow cooling from the melt essentially segregated the components.
Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)2
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Matheson K. Lee , Cox Michael F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper compares the appearance and detergency properties of LAS solutions in which Ca(LAS)2 has formed either in the presence or absence of a micelle promotion agent.
Technical news feature
Authors: Berger K. G. 
Published: January 2007

ConclusionPORIM can look back at its first six years of existence with pride. It is now permanently housed in its own buildings on a site which provides pleasant working conditions. It has recruited a large, well qualified and enthusiastic staff. This rapid progress is due mainly to the unanimous support and collaboration of the industrial and government organizations involved. Significant contributions to the technology of the industry are being made, and the institute is established on the international scene. However, both individual scientists and PORIM are more interested in the future. They are confident of making continued contributions to the production and use of basic foodstuff which is economical for the world population and of major economic importance to Malaysia.
Limited extraction of soybeans with hexane
Authors: Nash A. M. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean flakes were extracted with lower than optimal quantities of hexane in the laboratory and comparisons were made of oil yield, phospholipids yield and phospholipids composition as a function of the volume of hexane. Although the oil yield and the total amount of phosphorus were significantly decreased with limited volumes of hexane, the distribution of phospholipid components remained essentially the same. Because the oil obtained by this limited solvent extraction contained less phosphatides, it is expected to be more easily processed by conventional techniques.
Analytical methodology for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in waters and wastes
Authors: Osburn Q. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnalytical methodology has been developed for the measurement of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in a broad spectrum of water and wastewater samples. In addition to providing the homolog‐isomer composition of LAS, the gas chromatographic procedure has been quantified by incorporation of an internal standard to provide a specific measurement of LAS. The applicability and sensitivity of the standard, but non‐specific, methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method have been increased by concentration and clean‐up steps that eliminate many of the known interferences. The gas chromatographic procedure has provided specific, as well as significant, information relative to the removal of LAS in the waste treatment process.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group VIII. Synthesis and surface activities for amphoteric oligomeric or polymeric surfactants of β‐alanine type
Authors: Moriya Masafumi , Nishimura Akira , Hosoda Kazuo , Takai Makoto , Hidaka Hisao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of amphoteric oligomeric and polymeric surfactants of poly(iminoethylene) (PIE) containing both a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group (C12‐HA or C14‐HA) and a 2‐carboxyethyl (CE) group as N‐substituents was studied as follows: PIE having 1,000 or 20,000 molecular weight was treated with 1,2‐epoxydodecane or 1,2‐epoxytetradecane and subsequently methyl acrylate. The adducts were saponified to obtain amphoteric oligomeric surfactants (AO) or amphoteric polymeric surfactants (AP), poly{[N‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐N′‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)]iminoethylene}. Various adducts of which the ratios of CE/HA for one unit of iminoethylene group are 2, 3.5, 8, 17 and 89 were synthesized.Surface activities such as surface tension, solubilization of orange OT, and foaming power, and physicochemical properties such as turbidity, isoelectric point, and the dissociation constant, were studied. Particular attention was paid to the dependence of solubilization, viscosity and turbidity on pH value.
Enrichment of arachidonic acid: Selective hydrolysis of a single‐cell oil fromMortierella withCandida cylindracea lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Sugihara Akio , Maruyama Kazuaki , Nagao Toshihiro , Nakayama Suguru , Nakano Hirofumi , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree lipases, isolated previously in our laboratory, and a known lipase fromCandida cylindracea were screened for the enrichment of arachidonic acid (AA). The enzyme fromC. cylindracea was the most effective for the production of oil with high concentration of AA. When a single‐cell oil fromMortierella alpina, containing 25% AA, was hydrolyzed with this lipase for 16 h at 35°C, the resulting glycerides contained 50% AA at 52% hydrolysis. After this, no further hydrolysis occurred, even with additional lipase. However, when the glycerides were extracted from the hydrolyzate and were hydrolyzed again with new lipase, the resulting oil contained 60% AA, with a recovery of 75% of its initial AA content. Triglycerides were the main components of the resulting oil. The release of each fatty acid from the oil depended on the hydrolysis rate of its ester. The fatty acid, whose ester is the poorest substrate for the enzyme, is concentrated in the glycerides.