bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerase chain reaction detection of small round‐structured viruses from two related hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis using inosine‐containing primers
Authors: Green Steve M. , Lambden Paul R. , Deng Yu , Clarke Ian N. , Lowes J. Andrew , Lineham Sarah , Bushell Julie , Rogers John , Caul E. Owen , Ashley Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the UK which occurred nine days apart at Lymington and Southampton hospitals were investigated. The clinical and epidemiological features of both outbreaks were characteristic of small round‐structured virus (SRSV) infection with rapid onset of diarrhoea and/or nausea and vomiting and propagation of the outbreaks by secondary spread. SRSV particles were observed by immune electron microscopy (EM) in 60% of faecal samples from both outbreaks and no other pathogens were detected. The index case for the second outbreak was a patient who was admitted with diarrhoea and vomiting after being discharged from Lymington hospital during the first outbreak. The possibility that the two outbreaks were caused by the same strain of SRSV was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). New inosine‐containing PCR primers were designed to amplify the RNA polymerase region of SRSV cDNA from genetic groups I and II. The PCR using the group II primers achieved a higher detection rate for SRSVs in faecal samples (68% of samples positive from both outbreaks) than immune EM. SRSVs were not detected using the group I primers or using conventional degenerate PCR primets. The nucleotide sequences of PCR amplicons from both outbreaks were identical providing molecular epidemiological evidence for the involvement of a single SRSV strain. Comparison of the RNA polymerase region of this virus with the equivalent regions of genetic group I (69.4‐75.0% amino acid identity) and genetic group II (88.9‐100% amino acid and 77.1‐88.1% nucleotide identity) SRSVs revealed that the causative SRSV was a distinct member of genetic group II. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus genotypes in belgian hemophiliacs
Authors: Sheng Li , Willems Marc , Peerlinck Kathelijne , Yap Sing Hiem , Vermylen Jozef 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHemophiliacs who have been exposed to un‐heated and/or dry heated pooled clotting factor concentrates are at a high risk of chronic hepatitis C. Serum HCV‐RNA was measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique in 58 hemophiliacs positive for anti‐HCV antibodies, HCV‐RNA was detected in 55 patients. Based on the results of PCR positiv‐ity, HCV genotyping was carried out using genotype specific probes and the dot blot hybridization assay: 2 patients were found to be infected with type 1a (3.6%), 31 patients with type 1b (56.4%), 8 patients with type 2 (14.6%), 6 patients with type 3 (10.9%), 1 patient with type 4, and 7 patients with double infection (12.7%). As compared to a control group of 105 nonhemophilia patients with chronic hepatitis C, HCV genotype 1 b was found predominant in both groups. However, double infection with two HCV types as well as a relatively high prevalence of infection with type 2 and type 3 were found in hemophiliacs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of a human calicivirus with sequence relationships closer to animal caliciviruses than other known human caliciviruses
Authors: Matson David O. , Zhong Wei‐Ming , Jiang Xi , Pickering Larry K. , Nakata Shuji , Numata K. , Chiba Shunzo , Estes Mary K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractcDNA clones were produced from a morphologically typical human calicivirus (HuCV) in stool specimens collected in 1982 during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Sapporo, Japan. The cDNA clones were generated separately in two laboratories by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using primers 35 and 36 derived from Norwalk virus. The RT‐PCR product from six specimens was of the predicted size, had a continuous protein encoding frame on the positive strand, and contained GLPS and YGDD amino acid motifs at the predicted distance from the primers. RT‐PCR amplification with primer 35 and a HuCV/Sapporo‐specific primer 36 of four HuCV/Sapporo‐positive stool specimens from a 1986 Houston day care center outbreak yielded products with 93% nucleotide and 99% predicted amino acid sequence identity with the HuCV/ Sapporo strain from the 1982 outbreak. The HuCV/Sapporo strains are genetically distinct from previously characterized HuCVs and more closely related to known animal CVs than other known HuCVs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in the cell fraction of saliva before and after oral surgery
Authors: Chen Margaret , Yun Zhi‐Bing , Sonnerborg Anders , Schvarcz Robert , Bergquist Inge , Berghmd Hans‐Bertil , Sallberg Matti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum, whole saliva, and saliva from the sub‐maxillary glands was investigated before and after oral surgery‐ The presence of HCV RNA (positive and negative‐strand RNA) was determined in serum and saliva by a nested polymerase chain reaction in 26 anti‐HCV positive patients, of whom 11 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus‐1. Oral surgery was carried out on five occasions on four of the patients. HCV RNA was detected in the sera of 23 of 26 (88%) patients, and in the saliva of 4 of the 23 (17%) of the viremic patients. In all four cases, HCV RNA was detected only in the cell fraction derived from centrifugation of whole saliva. Negativestranded HCV RNA was not detected. At one of five occasions of oral surgery, HCV RNA was detected in saliva sampled immediately after surgery, but not before or 24 hours after surgery. The results suggest that HCV is present in saliva in less than 25% of HCV viremic persons. The presence of the virus in saliva is restricted to the cell fraction. Thus, saliva may serve as a possible, but low, nonparenteral transmission route of HCV. Contamination of saliva by blood during and after oral surgery may result in an increased risk of viral exposure. Except for trauma caused by sharp instruments during surgery, this might contribute to the higher HCV seropositivity found among dentists. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measles antibodies in women and infants in the vaccine era.
Authors: Kacica Marilyn A. , Hughes Patricia A. , Lepow Martha L. , Venzia Richard A. , Miller Joan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe present investigation was done to determine whether measles enzyme immune assay (EIA) absorbency values were lower in women born in the vaccine era after 1963 and their infants in an upstate New York metropolitan area, an area of low measles incidence during the past 10 years compared with women born before the measles vaccine era who had natural measles. Aliquots of 202 sera from mother‐infant pairs collected for other purposes from November 1990 to June 1991 at Albany Medical Center Hospital were tested by EIA. The demographic data available for analysis were maternal age and infant gestational age. Measles mean absorbency values were analyzed according to maternal age. Of 202 mother‐infant pairs, 30% of mothers and 17% of their infants were seronegative (EIA < 0.16). Mothers born before 1963 and their infants had significantly higher mean EIA absorbency values than mothers born after 1963 and their infants (P < 0,002). The percent seropositive for measles antibodies by EIA for mothers born before 1963 and their infants, 87% and 94%, respectively, was significantly higher than the percent seropositive for mothers born after 1963 and their infants, 61% and 69%, respectively (P = 0.0001). Since the mean measles antibodies as measured by EIA absorbency were significantly lower in the mothers born after 1963 and their infants compared with women born before the vaccine era, the strategy for measles control in the future may have to include lowering the age of infant immunization. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fulminant human herpesvirus six encephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus‐infected infant
Authors: Knox Konstance K. , Harrington Daniel P. , Carrigan Donald R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSelf‐limited involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is a relatively common complication of primary infection with human herpesvirus six (HHV‐6) in normal children. We describe an HIV‐infected infant who developed fulminant encephalitis as a complication of HHV‐6 infection. Immunohistochemical staining of CNS tissue demonstrated productive infection of all CNS cell‐types. Analysis of the infected brain tissue by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of a dense HHV‐6 infection in the tissue, and demonstrated that the virus present in the CNS tissue was predominantly the A variant of HHV‐6. This is the first demonstration of invasive tissue disease caused by HHV‐6 in an HIV‐infected infant. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening a monoclonal antibody with a fusion‐phage display library shows a discontinuity in a linear epitope within pres1 of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Germaschewski Volker , Murray Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody MA18/7, specific for the PreS1‐domain of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, has been defined precisely by means of a library of fusionphage carrying random hexapeptides on the tip of filamentous phage fd particles. Phage, isolated after only one round of affinity selection, displayed hexapeptides showing strong conservation of the PreSl primary sequence in the region 19–23 with three noncontiguous residues, DP (20 and 21) and F (23) appearing in phage that bound the antibody. The importance of these core residues was supported by comparing the antibody binding of individual phage in solution, which provided relative dissociation constants for these interactions. Replacement of F (23) by Y was the only substitution observed in the three core residues, and resulted in somewhat weaker binding. Synthetic tetra‐ and hexapeptides containing these key residues inhibited the reaction between the phage and the antibody. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological evidence for hepatitis E virus infection in Israel
Authors: Karetnyi Yuory V. , Handsher Rachel , Aboudy Yair , Varsano Noemi , Mendelson Ella , Weiss Peretz , Levin Edit , Bar‐Shani Shulamit , Schwartz Eli , Fields Howard A. , Favorov Michael O. , Khudyakova Natasha S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIsrael is suspected to be endemic for hepatitis E virus (HEV) because of its geographic location and the large‐scale immigration from endemic countries. Although no cases of local HEV infection have been diagnosed, a serological survey would provide indirect evidence for such infection. We examined sera from 1,416 healthy subjects, including 1,139 Jews from various regions of Israel and 277 Arabs, most of whom reside in the West Bank of the Jordan River. In addition, we tested 13 non‐A, non‐B, and non‐C viral hepatitis patients. Sera were screened for antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti‐HEV) by a newly developed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by immuno‐blots for both IgG and IgM anti‐HEV activity. Positive samples were confirmed by neutralization.The seroprevalence found by EIA was 2.81% and 1.81% in the Jewish and Arab populations, respectively. More than a 2‐fold higher prevalence in males compared to females and an increase with age were found in both populations. However, these differences were nonsignificant. The geographical distribution was even throughout the country, except for two clusters of 3 and 4 seropositive individuals possibly reflecting past foci of infection. Eight of 37 ElA‐positive sera were positive for IgG, and 3 were positive for IgM by the immunoblot assay. Among hepatitis patients (9 acute and 4 chronic), one patient with chronic hepatitis was positive for both IgG and IgM.Our study provides indirect evidence that Israel is endemic for HEV. The lack of outbreaks may be attributed to generally good hygienic conditions and a controlled potable water supply, while unrecognized sporadic cases may be due to the unavailability of diagnostic tests. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity in the precore region of hepatitis B virus in hepatitis B e antigen‐negative chronic hepatitis B Patients: Spontaneous seroconversion and interferon‐induced seroconversion
Authors: Karasawa Tatsunobu , Aizawa Yoshio , Zeniya Mikio , Kuramoto Akira , Toda Gotaro , Shirasawa Takuji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo elucidate the relationship between the clinical severity of chronic liver disease and the precore mutations in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐nega‐tive hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, mutations were investigated in the precore region of HBV DNA in 20 chronic hepatitis B patients who sero‐converted either spontaneously or after the administration of α‐interferon (IFN), and 5 asymptomatic carriers. The precore mutation with a stop codon at nucleotide 1896 was found in all patients, irrespective of the histology and in all asymptomatic carriers. The second mutation at nucleotide 1899 was found in 40% of cases studied but always followed by the first mutation at nucleotide 1896. The mixed viral infection of precore mutant and wild‐type HBV virus was found in 40% of seroconverted cases after IFN treatment and in sera of HBV carriers obtained within a year after the spontaneous Seroconversion. These data suggest that the precore mutants prevail over wild‐type HBV in all HBeAg‐negative HBV carriers within several years after the sero‐conversion, but their prevalence could not confine the clinical severity of chronic liver disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type II‐related genes in DNA of peripheral leukocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases
Authors: Yokoi Kenji , Kawai Hisaomi , Akaike Masashi , Mine Hideki , Saito Shiro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNo etiologic role of human T‐lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV‐II) in any disease is yet known. The present study showed a high incidence of HTLV‐II proviral DNA fragments in DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Using primers for the pol and tax regions of HTLV‐II proviral DNA, amplified DNA fragments were demonstrated in 51.5% of the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in 11.8% of those with Graves' disease examined, but in only 1.9% of the disease controls and 1.0% of healthy individuals. These amplified DNA fragments hybridized with each of the inner probes. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments of the pol and tax regions showed high homology with those of the prototype of HTLV‐II. No antibodies for HTLV‐II could, however, be detected in the patients examined. Because of the absence of its antibody, HTLV‐II infection was not confirmed in these patients, but the presence of HTLV‐II proviral DNA or its related DNA at high frequency suggests a relationship of HTLV‐II with the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus genotypes in French blood donors
Authors: Gournay Jérǒme , Marcellin Patrick , Martinot‐Peignoux Michèle , Gabriel Franck , Erlinger Serge , Benhamou Jean‐Pierre , Degott Claude , Courtois Françoise , Branger Michel , Wild Anne Marie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in HCV infected individuals and the relation between the HCV genotypes and the source of the infection are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the HCV genotypes in French blood donors. Fifty‐one anti‐HCV positive blood donors were studied with detectable serum HCV RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers derived from the 5′ non‐coding region. For genotyping HCV, we used a method based on analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) after amplification by PCR of the HCV non‐structural 5 (NS5) genome domain. Using this technique, the genotypes of 39 of the 51 blood donors (76%) were determined. Three previously described genotypes were found: 19 blood donors were infected by HCV genotype I (37%), 14 were infected by HCV genotype II (27%), 3 were infected by HCV genotype III (6%), and 3 were coinfected by two genotypes (6%). All three blood donors infected with two different genotypes were intravenous drug abusers. A past history of intravenous drug abuse was more frequent in blood donors with HCV genotype I. However, there was no difference in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, histological lesions, and RIBA‐2 patterns in blood donors infected with either HCV genotype I or HCV genotype II. These findings indicate that most HCV genotypes isolated from French blood donors belong to HCV genotype I and HCV genotype II, and that risk factors for HCV infection may differ for different genotypes of HCV. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus: Evidence of different outcome with respect to different viral strains
Authors: Pozzato Gabriele , Moretti Michèle , Crocé Lory Saveria , Sasso Franco , Tiribelli Claudio , Crovatto Marina , Santini Gianfranco , Kaneko Suichi , Unoura Masashi , Kobayashi Kenichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the role of different viral strains of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in determining the outcome of the alpha‐interferon (IFN) therapy. Fifty‐seven patients (34 from Italy and 23 from Japan) with HCV‐positive liver disease were enrolled in the study. The NS4 region of HCV was amplified in sera by “nested” polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a primer pair synthesized according to the sequence of JK‐1. The NS4 region was positive in 14 (41%) Italian and in 13 (56%) Japanese patients. In positive patients the sequence of the NS4 region was also obtained. Subsequently, HCV genotype was determined in all patients by PCR amplification of the core region. All patients received recombinant alpha2a‐interferon (IFN), 6 million units 3 times a week for 1 month followed by 3 million units 3 times a week for 5 months. The patients were followed for 1 year after the end of treatment. At the end of the follow‐up, 17 (30%) had sustained normal levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The outcome of treatment was not correlated with race, age, sex, histology, and pretreatment ALT level, but was significantly (P < 0.00001) associated with the presence of both the NS4‐JK‐1 region and HCV type II. Among the 27 NS4‐positive patients, only 1 patient (3.7%) achieved a complete response, whereas the remaining 26 patients (96.3%) either were non‐responders or relapsed after IFN was discontinued. In contrast, among the 30 NS4‐JK‐1‐negative patients, 15 (53%) had a sustained remission. HCV genotyping showed type I in 3 (6%), type II in 40 (74%), type III in 4 (7%), and type IV in 3 (6%) cases. Coinfection was present in 4 (7%), while in 3 cases amplification was not obtained. Patients with type II were all non‐responders or relapsers, while a response to the treatment was oberved in 17 of 17 (100%) of the remaining patients. These data indicate that the presence of JK‐1 variant of HCV or HCV type II is almost always predictive of a poor response rate Of IFN therapy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies that block virus attachment to vero cells are a major component of the human neutralizing antibody response against dengue virus type 2
Authors: He Run‐Tao , Wang Songli , Anderson Robert , Innis Bruce L. , Nisalak Ananda , Usawattanakul Wipawee , And Siripen Kalayanarooj 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEpidemiological data strongly implicate a role for the host humoral immune response in both protection against and exacerbation of dengue virus‐caused disease. In an effort to characterize elements of the normal human immune response against dengue virus we have addressed the issue of antibody‐mediated neutralization of dengue virus. We show here the ability of both mouse monoclonal antibody 3H5 and human anti‐dengue neutralizing sera to block binding of dengue‐2 virus to monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Since Vero cells possess virus receptors but not Fc receptors we conclude that the major effect of host neutralizing antibodies is to block virus attachment to Vero cell dengue virus receptors. Analysis of 61 patient antisera yielded good correlation (Pearson's coefficient = 0.90; P < 0.001) between neutralizing activity and ability to block virus‐cell attachment suggesting that antibody‐mediated neutralization of dengue virus occurs primarily extracellularly and less by a postat‐tachment mechanism as has been described for certain other viruses. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Mapping of a human T‐lymphotropic virus type I gag protein epitope that cross‐reacts with anti‐Plasmodium falciparum antibodies
Authors: Porter Kevin R. , Hayes Curtis G. , Anthony Ronald L. , Solihin Ating 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies in Palawan, Philippines, and Irian Jaya, Indonesia, showed that indeterminate human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) Western blot immunoreactivity is due to cross‐reacting anti‐Plasmodium falciparum antibodies. To further define this immunoreactivity, mapping studies were conducted using the HTLV‐I p19 protein to identify the precise epitope that reacts with these antibodies. Anti‐P. falciparum antibody‐positive sera from Palawan, Philippines, and Irian Jaya, Indonesia, were studied using overlapping synthetic peptides. Immunoreactivity was localized to residues 108–120 of p19. Further analysis of the sera with 5 biotinylated synthetic peptides showed that the cross‐reactive epitope consists of the sequence PDSDPQI (amino acid residues 110–116), which was shown to be homologous to a 7 amino acid sequence on the Exp‐1 protein of the P. falciparum blood stage parasite. This is the first study that identifies a specific HTLV‐I protein epitope that cross‐reacts with malaria antibodies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Correlation of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 with prognostic factors in invasive cervical neoplasias
Authors: Kónya József , Veress György , Hernádi Zoltán , Soós Györgyike , Czeglédy Judit , Gergely Lajos 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty‐seven patients with cervical carcinoma were examined in order to correlate human papillomavirus (HPV) types with prognostic factors in invasive cervical neoplasias. Age, clinical stage, histological type, and grade and parity were analysed with respect to HPV status as determined by a general primer mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a type specific PCR. All but one sample (98%) harboured HPV sequences: HPV 16 was found in 26 cases (55%), HPV 18 in 19 cases (40%0), and HPV 31 in 1 case. The presence of HPV 18 DNA was significantly associated with cancers developed below 40 years of age (P = 0.029). HPV 18 detection was associated with poor differentiation malignancy (P = 0.045) and histological types of poor prognosis (adenocarcinoma or nondifferentiated carcinoma; P = 0.006). HPV 18 positivity was also correlated with advanced clinical stages (FIG0 II and III; P = 0.032). Parity and HPV status proved to be independent of each other (P – 0.99). Eighty‐seven percent (27/31) of pelvic lymph nodes from HPV positive patients contained HPV DNA. The virus types found in lymph nodes were identical with those of the primary tumours in all cases. Virological results were compared to those obtained by routine histological examination. Only 6 of 27 patients with HPV positive lymph nodes had any histological evidence of metastasis. Nevertheless, the lack of metastasis as detected by histology does not exclude the possibility of relapses. Follow‐up of the clinical course of the disease is required to assess the prognostic significance of PCR detection of HPV in the possible sites of early metastases. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.