bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxocara canis‐induced murine pulmonary inflammation: analysis of cells and proteins in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: BUIJS J. , LOKHORST W. H. , ROBINSON J. , NIJKAMP F. P. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe pulmonary immuno‐inflammatory reaction and its effect on microvascular integrity was studied in Toxocara canis infected BALB/c mice. The investigation aimed to compare changes in lung histology and composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) caused by T. canis infection with those described to occur in allergic asthma. Groups of (non)‐infected mice (1000 ova) were investigated until 90 days post infection (p.i.). Migration of the larvae through the lungs was followed by a rapidly progressing multifocal interstitial and alveolar inflammation. Eosinophils and lymphocytes formed perivascular and partially peribronchial mixed cellular infiltrates. Lymphocytes with plasma cell morphology staining intracellularly for either α, ɛ or γ immunoglobulins were demonstrated. BALF, collected from mice infected with either 250, 500 or 1000 ova was analysed at 14 and 28 days p.i. A dose‐related increase in cell numbers and in albumin and IgA concentration was observed. IgE increase was independent of the infective dose. Peak values were measured at 14 days p.i. Albumin increase in lung homogenate was highest at 28 days p.i. 30% of the lymphocytes consisted of T cells carrying Thy‐1.2 and L3T4 surface antigens. It is concluded that T. canis‐induced pulmonary inflammation affects the permeability of the microvasculature. This is expressed by interstitial oedema and plasma exudation in the airway lumen. Both phenomena occur also in allergic asthma. It is suggested that increased permeability of the microvasculature is mediated by T cells and eosinophils.
Cross‐protection between species of the Schistosoma haematobium group induced by vaccination with irradiated parasites
Authors: NAVARRETE S. , ROLLINSON D. , AGNEW A. M. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYMice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis and S. margrebowiei showed good levels of resistance (38–62%) against an homologous challenge, and varying degrees of resistance (19–46%), against challenges with closely related species. No protection against S. mansoni was induced by vaccination with any of these species. This restricted cross‐protection reflects the close phylogenetic relationship between species of the S. haematobium group and indicates that immunologically important epitopes are conserved within this species complex.
Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission‐blocking immunity under conditions of low endemicity as in Sri Lanka
Authors: PREMAWANSA SUNIL , GAMAGE‐MENDIS ASOKA , PERERA LAKSHMAN , BEGARNIE STEVEN , MENDIS KAMINI , CARTER RICHARD 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYSera from acute primary Plasmodium falciparum patients in Sri Lanka were tested for the presence of antibodies against gamete antigens and for their functional effects of transmission blocking activity. Comparisons were made with corresponding data from a previous study from sera of patients from Papua New Guinea where malaria is more highly endemic. Although the prevalence of anti‐gamate antibodies in the two groups were broadly similar, the prevalence of infectivity suppressive effects in the Sri Lankan sera (56%) was less than in Papua New Guinea sera (75%), suggesting that the generation of functionally effective transmission blocking antibodies requires prolonged exposure to multiple inoculations of malaria. In Papua New Guinea sera there was a good correlation between transmission blocking effects and antibody responses to Pfs 230, a known target of transmission blocking antibodies. Among the Sri Lankan sera no strong correlation was found between transmission blocking effects and the presence of antibodies to gamete surface antigens Pfs 230 nor Pfs 48/45 as detected by immunoprecipitation of radio‐iodinated gamate proteins; a strong correlation was however, found between the intensity of response to gamete surface antigens by IFA and transmission blocking effects of these sera. It is possible therefore, that the antigens identified by IFA include non‐protein moieties and that these may be the targets of transmission blocking antibodies in sera from acute primary infections of P. falciparum.
Tumour necrosis factor production by monocytes from cattle infected with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: possible association with severity of anaemia associated with the disease
Authors: SILEGHEM MAARTEN , FLYNN J. NORMAN , LOGAN‐HENFREY LINDA , ELLIS JOHN 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYPlasma of cattle infected with Trypanosoma vivax IL2337 was analysed for the presence of bovine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by EIA in which TNF was captured by a monoclonal antibody (MoAb BC9) and detected by a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. At week 2–3 post infection (p.i.) only a low activity was detected. Therefore, an alternative approach was used in which TNF production was measured ex vivo. Monocytes from T. vivax IL2337‐infected cattle manifested a strong TNF production which peaked around week 2½ p.i. Monocytes from pre‐infection controls did not produce significant concentrations of TNF. In contrast to the strong production of TNF by monocytes from cattle infected with T. vivax IL2337, TNF production was not detected from monocytes of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense ILNat 3.1. Trypanosomiasis due to these parasites differs in the degree if anaemia as indicated by packed cell volume (PCV). T. vivax IL2337 causes a severe, acute PCV fall whereas T. congolense ILNat 3.1. causes a more gradual fall in PCV.
Transmission‐blocking antibodies against multiple, non‐variant target epitopes of the Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigen Pfs230 are all complement‐fixing
Authors: READ D. , LENSEN A. H. W. , BEGARNIE S. , HALEY S. , RAZA A. , CARTER R. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYWe have studied the properties of 16 newly derived monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against Pfs230, a gamete surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum and a target of transmission‐blocking antibodies. All 16 MoAbs recognized Pfs230 by immunoprecipitation from non‐ionic detergent extracts of the protein radio‐labelled with 125Iodine. The MoAbs also recognized this protein on Western blots under non‐reducing conditions but none of them recognized the protein under reducing conditions. Using an immunoradiometric assay the MoAbs appear to define nine different epitope regions. The MoAbs were tested for their ability to lyse extra‐cellular female gametes of P. falciparum isolate 3D7. Eight of the MoAbs, all of isotype IgG2a, mediated complement‐dependent lysis of the gametes; seven of the MoAbs, all isotype IgG1, failed to lyse the gametes in the presence of active complement. The eight complement‐fixing MoAbs mediated almost total suppression of infectivity of gameto‐cytes of P. falciparum 3D7 to mosquitoes; where tested this suppression was mainly complement‐dependent. The seven non‐complement‐fixing MoAbs had no significant effect on the infectivity of gametocytes of P. falciparum 3D7 to mosquitoes. When tested by immunofluorescence the target epitopes of all the MoAbs were conserved in each of the five different isolates of P. falciparum which were tested.
Heterogeneity of antigen‐specific CD4+ T cell clones from a patient with Schistosomiasis mansoni
Authors: HIRAYAMA KENJI , S. ABRAMS JOHN , J. QUINN JOHN , A. HARN DONALD 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYTwo subsets of differentiated murine helper T cells, Th1 and Th2, based on secretion products in response to antigen have been described (Cher & Mosmann 1987, Coffman et al. 1988, Lopez et al. 1988, Paliard et al. 1988, Patel et al. 1988, Mosmann & Coffman 1989). To analyse immunological function of antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells in human schistosomiasis, we produced schistosomal egg antigenspecific T cell clones from a former patient. We identified four different types of CD4+ T cell clones by analysis of cytokine production. Two of the four types of the clones corresponded to murine Th1 or Th2 subsets; a third type was of the Th0 subset (Th1 + 2) and a fourth type produced IL‐5 dissociated from IL‐4. Analysis of the antigen(s) recognized by these T cell clones showed that all of the clones proliferated in response to soluble egg antigen(s) (SEA) found within a pl fraction whose pH was 5·2. T cell Western blot analysis of the stimulatory pl fraction demonstrated that the apparent Mr of the relevant antigens recognized by the clones were 38 kDafor the Th2 homologue, and 45–55 kDa for the Th1 homologue.
The effect of treating with anti‐interleukin‐1 receptor antibody on the course of experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: M. THEODOS CYNTHIA , SHANKAR ANURAJ , L. GLASEBROOK ANDREW , D. ROEDER WILLIAM , G. TITUS RICHARD 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYTo assess the role of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) in cutaneous leishmaniasis, Leishmania major‐infected mice were treated with an anti‐IL‐1 receptor monoclonal antibody, LA‐15.6. MoAb LA‐15.6 prevents binding of IL‐1 to both the T cell and B cell/macrophage forms of the IL‐1 receptor. We found that treating with LA 15.6 inhibited the development of cutaneous lesions of L. major in both genetically‐susceptible and resistant mice. Interestingly, this treatment had little or no effect on parasite numbers in the lesions or on the cytokines (interferon‐gamma, interleukin‐4) that the animals produced in response to infection with the parasite. These results suggest that although IL‐1 plays a detrimental role in cutaneous leishmaniasis, it does not mediate this effect by altering the parasite‐specific T cell response.
Antibody‐dependent neutrophil‐mediated parasite killing in non‐lethal rodent malaria
Authors: WAKI S. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe effects of administrating recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) and passively transferring immune serum on infection with an attenuated variant of Plasmodium berghei XAT (Pb XAT), in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were examined. In immune competent (C.B‐17) mice, the attenuated parasite infection was inevitably self‐resolving and degenerating forms inside erythrocytes appeared, coinciding with the drop in parasitaemia, whereas SCID mice were unable to control parasite growth and all the mice died. Continuous administration with rhG‐CSF caused neutrophilic granulocytosis in both SCID and C.B‐17 mice. The effect of rhG‐CSF on the infection in C.B‐17 mice was to suppress the course of the parasitaemia at an early phase whereas it had no effect in SCID mice. When immune serum was transferred on the day of infection, the prepatent period was prolonged two days in both SCID and C.B‐17 mice. When administration with rhG‐CSF was combined with transfer of immune serum, SCID mice showed four days delay in patency and degenerating parasites were seen during the course of parasitaemia, although the infection was ultimately fatal. C.B‐17 mice similarly treated showed a seven day delay in the onset of the patent parasitaemia which was of a lesser magnitude and shorter in duration compared with control mice. On the other hand, when C.B‐17 mice were splenectomized three weeks before infection and then treated with rhG‐CSF and immune serum, no degenerating parasites were seen during the infection and all mice died with high parasitaemias. These results show that antibody‐dependent neutrophil‐mediated parasite killing may occur in the spleen of mice infected with P. berghei XAT.
An analysis of the humoral immune response of dogs following vaccination with irradiated infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: MEJIA J. SANTIAGO , CARLOW CLOTILDE K. S. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYIn this study, dogs were immunized with irradiated L3 larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Following challenge with non‐irradiated L3, vaccinated dogs had an average of 71% fewer adult worms compared to non‐vaccinated animals. A comparative analysis of eosinophil and antibody responses of these two groups of dogs is presented. Vaccinated dogs preferentially recognized several larval (14, 20, 30, 34, 39 kDa), adult worm (20 kDa) and microfilarial (36, 38, 71, 84 kDa) antigens. To characterize these antigens, the extent of glycosylation was assessed. The data suggest that an earlier response to these antigens may be important in the protection induced in dogs by administration of irradiated L3 of D. immitis.
Restricted heterogeneity of T cell receptor variable alpha chain transcripts in hearts of Chagas’disease cardiomyopathy patients
Authors: CUNHA‐NETO EDÉĈAIO , MOLITERNO RICARDO , COELHO VERÔNICA , GUILHERME LUIZA , BOCCHI EDIMAR , HIGUCHI MARIA DE LOURDES , STOLF NOEDIR , PILEGGI FULVIO , STEINMAN LAWRENCE , KALIL JORGE 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis and progression of heart lesions in the chronic phase of Chagas’disease is controversial. In the absence of parasites in situ, the T cell infiltrate seen in heart lesions may be the primary determinant of tissue damage ultimately leading to heart failure and death. We used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify each known T cell receptor (TCR) Vα and Vβ subfamily‐specific sequence in transcripts derived from heart samples obtained from Chagas’cardiomyopathy patients. The average number of TCR Vα. subfamilies (7·1 per tissue sample) was significantly lower than that for TCR Vβ subfamilies (15·1 per sample). The average percentage of tissue samples positive per TCR Vα. and Vβ subfamily was respectively 39·6% vs. 73·5%. These data suggest that, in Chagas’heart lesions, the detectable TCR Vα. repertoire is significantly narrower than TCR Vβ repertoire. On the other hand, in normal heart tissue, diversity of Vα. and Vβ TCR is similar among the scarce circulating T cell population. Such evidence of restricted TCR V region repertoire has been described in experimental and human autoimmune diseases. Our results are consistent with the possibility that T cells responsible for heart damage in chronic Chagas’cardiomyopathy may be recognizing a few heart‐specific antigenic targets.
Release of nitric oxide during the experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: PETRAY PATRICIA , ROTTENBERG MARTÍN E. , GRINSTEIN SAUL , ÖRN ANDERS 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYWe analysed the production of nitric oxide (NO) intermediates by cells from BALB/c mice infected with either virulent (Tulahuén or RA) or avirulent (CA‐1) strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Peritoneal or spleen cells from mice infected with T. cruzi released NO when incubated without further stimuli. Cells from mice during the acute stage of infection accumulated higher levels of inducible NO synthase mRNA and produced both, before and after lypopolysaccharide stimulation, higher amounts of NO than cells from mice chronically infected with T. cruzi. NO synthesis showed similar kinetics in connection with all three strains ofT. cruzi, but cells from mice inbred with the Tulahuén or RA strains released higher levels of IFN‐γ, an activator of the NO pathways, than cells from mice infected with the CA‐1 strain. In vivo administration of L‐Ng‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase, increased the susceptibility of mice to T. cruzi. We conclude that infection with T. cruzi induces NO production, and suggest that NO plays a role in the resistance against the parasite.
Cellular inflammatory responses in skin of sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and fly strike
Authors: COLDITZ I. G. , LAX J. , MORTIMER S. I. , CLARKE R. A. , BEH K. J. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYLeucocyte populations were examined in normal and inflamed skin of sheep bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to bacterial fleece rot and the common sequela, body strike caused by the dipteran parasite Lucilia cuprina. No differences between R and S lines were found in numbers of neutrophils accumulating in acute inflammatory lesions induced by activated complement, leukotriene B4, interleukin(IL)‐lβ, tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐8 orendotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. T19+ (a γδ T cell subset) lymphocytes and eosinophils were more prevalent in skin of sheep from the S line whereas IgE+ cells were more prevalent in skin of sheep from the R line. In an unrelated population of sheep, animals with low fleece rot scores had more intense neutrophil migration into inflammatory lesions induced by all the mediators examined than did animals with high fleece rot scores. IgE+ cells were more prevalent in animals with low fleece rot scores, although in contrast to R and S lines, T19+ cells tended to be elevated in this group of animals. The results suggest that defence mechanisms associated with IgE+ cells in skin may play an important role in resistance to fleece rot and fly strike.
Mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in SCID mice
Authors: McDONALD V. , BANCROFT G. J. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYSCID mice, which lack T and B cells, were used as hosts to investigate the nature of both T cell‐independent and T‐cell‐dependent immune responses to infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. We found previously that SCID mice developed chronic infections in which the level of oocyst excretion was low up to about eight weeks post‐infection but then increased significantly to cause morbidity and death after 13 weeks. In the present study, weekly administration of an anti‐IFN‐γ monoclonal antibody (MoAb) resulted in a shortened prepatent time, significant increase in oocyst excretion and early onset of disease and death. These results suggested an immunologically mediated resistance to C. parvum in the SCID host which required the production of IFN‐γ. Attempts to demonstrate a role for TNF in nonspecific immunity were unsuccessful as injection of mice at weekly intervals with an anti‐TNF MoAb failed to alter the course of infection. In contrast to the chronic infection observed in the mice above, SCID mice reconstituted with spleen cells from naïve BALB/c mice were able to recover. Depletion of CD4+ cells from the donor population abrogated this protective effect. Mice receiving spleen cells depleted of CD8+ cells were able to recover but the patent infection was prolonged compared with those obtained in mice receiving unfractionated cells. These results demonstrate that CD4+ cells are necessary for the development of immunity to C. parvum infection in reconstituted SCID mice, but, in addition, that CD8+ cells also make a significant contribution to this immunity.
Zinc deficiency impairs T cell function in mice with primary infection of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda)
Authors: SHI HAI NING , E. SCOTT MARILYN , M. STEVENSON MARY , G. KOSKI KRISTINE 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThis study was designed to determine whether severe zinc deficiency would prolong the course of a primary Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in mice, and whether this could be related to impaired T cell function. Female BALB/c mice were fed a zinc‐sufficient (Zn+; 60 mg/kg), a zinc‐deficient (Zn‐; 0.75 mg/kg) or an energy restricted (PF; 60 mg zinc/kg) diet. After four weeks, some mice in each dietary group were given a primary infection with 100 larvae; nutritional, parasitological and immunological parameters were assayed over the following five weeks. Liver zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in Zn‐ mice compared with Zn+ mice. In certain cases, PF mice also had reduced liver zinc concentrations, showing the negative effects of restricted food intake on zinc status. Zinc deficiency prolonged the course of a primary infection, with the effects being most evident five weeks post‐infection when Zn+ mice had only 40% as many worms as Zn‐ mice. Parasite infection induced strong immunological responses in Zn+ mice in contrast to Zn‐ mice. The reduced production of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ, the reduced peripheral eosinophilia and reduced serum levels of IgE and IgG1 in Zn‐ mice were attributed to the zinc deficiency, whereas the reduced delayed type hypersensitivity response to parasite antigen and reduced production of IL‐5 were in certain instances attributed to reduced energy intake rather than zinc deficiency. These results show that zinc deficiency significantly impairs functions normally attributed to both Th1 and Th2 cell populations, and that these alterations are associated with elevated worm numbers in zinc‐deficient mice.
The role of CD4 cells in protective immunity to Brugia pahangi
Authors: BANCROFT A. J. , GRENCIS R. K. , ELSE K. J. , DEVANEY E. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe BALB/c mouse immunized sub‐cutaneously (s.c.) with 45 kRad attenuated third stage larvae (L3) of the lymphatic filarial nematode Brugia pahangi is strongly immune to a challenge infection (75–100% reduction in recovery at day six post challenge). Analysis of spleen cell supernatants from immunized mice re‐stimulated in vitro, with parasite antigen or the non specific T cell mitogen Con‐A reveals a cytokine profile (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐9) which indicates that the Th2 subset of CD4 cells has been expanded. In an attempt to formally prove a critical role for CD4 cells in immunity in this model system, immunized mice were given either anti‐CD4 or anti‐CD8 neutralizing antibodies. Administration of anti‐CD4 antibody had a significant and detrimental effect on the immune response whereas anti‐CD8 antibody had a negligible effect on immunity. The efficacy of antibody in neutralizing their target cells was determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis (FACS). Spleen cells from anti‐CD4 treated immunized mice, when re‐stimulated with parasite antigen had a significantly reduced potential to secrete IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐9 in vitro and serum from these mice had reduced levels of parasite specific IgG and IgE. These results demonstrate a critical role for CD4 T cells in host protective immunity to B. pahangi in vivo and strongly suggest that some component of the Th2 response plays an important role in the immune response elicited in this model system.
Vaccination of goats against the trematode Schistosoma bovis with a recombinant homologous schistosome‐derived glutathione S‐transferase
Authors: BOULANGER D. , TROTTEIN F. , MAUNY F. , BREMOND P. , COURET D. , PIERCE R. J. , KADRI S. , GODIN C. , SELLIN E. , LECOCQ J. P. , SELLIN B. , CAPRON A. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYWe assayed the vaccine potentialities of a recombinant S. bovis‐derived glutathione S‐transferase (rSb28GST), member of a molecular family already shown to have protective capacities in the S. mansoni and S. japonicum models. Injection of the rSb28GST in Freund's Complete Adjuvant resulted in good specific IgG responses allowing all the animals to display high antibody titres on the day of experimental challenge with S. bovis cercariae. No statistically significant differences were observed in the faecal egg output. Although tissue egg counts in vaccinated animals were lower than in controls, the difference was not statistically significant, apart from the number of eggs trapped in the liver (P<0·05). Likewise, PCV values remained parallel between the two groups. However, immunized goats gained 1·4 kg of body weight throughout the experiment whereas controls lost 1·2kg (P<0·05). In addition, the mean worm burden, assessed by perfusion 20 weeks after infection, was significantly reduced by 48% in the vaccinated group, the sex ratio being unaffected. It appears that a recombinat homologous protein can affect, in a natural host, the course of an experimental infection with a local strain of S. bovis, by affecting worm viability but not fecundity. These results also point to the striking differences in the effect of vaccination according to animal species. Because it has the capacity to prevent growth impairment due to schistosome pathogenicity, the molecule can be proposed as a valuable tool in the development of vaccine‐based control programs in endemic areas.