bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Felicity we Make or Find
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter is about the possibility of living enjoyably in the face of adversity and contingency, without seeking consolation in religious or some version of secular faith. The key is to develop realism about the possibilities and limits of life, much as Madame Goesler, Hume, and Montaigne in their different ways have done. It is also to avoid going wrong in the ways Mishima, Cato, and Cellini have done. There are, of course, many other ways of living realistically and enjoyably, and many other ways of living miserably. The importance of literature for living well is that it allows us to reflect realistically on the possibilities and limits of our contingent circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter introduces the major questions and problems which the book seeks to tackle, placing them in historical and historiographical context. Following an overview of the conversion movements in India more generally (c.1860-1930), the main protagonists in the book are introduced: rural converts in Punjab, the Belgian Capuchins, and the Church Missionary Society. Methodological and archival issues are discussed towards the end of the chapter, which concludes with an indication of the structure taken by the book.
The Meaning of Uplift in Punjab
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter sets the socio-economic and cultural scene for the book by looking at the meaning of socio-religious ‘uplift’ in Punjab. It begins by analyzing the socio-economic and cultural background in Punjab, and in particular where rural low-caste peoples were concerned. The shifting yet enduringly dependent and isolated nature of low-caste life is explored, and its manifestation in idiosyncratic and combative forms of low-caste religion analyzed. ‘Uplift’ in the Victorian British context is then examined, followed through to its appearance in Punjab in a variety of forms from the work of mission societies and British officials such as Lieutenant Frank Brayne and Sir Malcolm Darling, to Indian innovations such as the Arya Samaj and Ad Dharm religious movements.
British Evangelicals vs Belgian Catholics
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter looks at how two starkly differing forms of Christianity took root in the province: British Evangelical Protestantism and Belgian Catholicism. Investigating national and social backgrounds, theological convictions, and personal quirks — as well as a range of often colourfully-expressed tensions surrounding money and policy — the discussion sets out to assess the importance, for the convert-mission encounter, of fissures in the missionary ‘type’. The second half of the chapter introduces four rural mission stations as case studies: the Capuchin stations of Adah and Sahowala, and the CMS stations of Tarn Taran and Narowal.
3 Long‐Run Changes in the Concentration of Wealth: An Overview of Recent Findings
Authors: Ohlsson Henry , Roine Jesper , Waldenström Daniel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study is to study the dynamics of the wealth distribution over the path of economic development. More specifically, this chapter is interested in distinguishing between changes that seem to be country specific and characteristics shared by all countries. A historical account of the evolution of the wealth distribution in developed countries is interesting in itself, but it can also hold implications for countries that are currently in an early stage of development or in transition. The data used originate from the taxation of wealth and estates.
9 Land Reform and Land Holdings in Brazil
Authors: Assunção Juliano 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLand and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.
12 Marketable Wealth in a Poor African Country: Wealth Accumulation by Households in Ghana
Authors: Burger Ronelle , Booysen Frikkie , van der Berg Servaas , von Maltitz Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe study uses an asset index of consumer durables to track changes in household wealth in Ghana during the recent period of strong growth. Using the Ghana Living Standards Survey of 1998, which contains both wealth data and consumer durable data, the chapter demonstrates that the asset index approximate marketable wealth adequately. Although asset index estimates of wealth cannot match the precision of wealth surveys, this approach can provide useful information on marketable wealth in countries where more appropriate sources are not available. The asset index analysis with the three demographic and health surveys for 1993, 1998, and 2003 suggests that the solid economic growth seen over this period has been accompanied by a strong rise in the average asset index scores.
14 Housing and Personal Wealth in a Global Context
Authors: Muellbauer John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHousing is the single most important component of personal wealth in most countries. The special characteristics of housing markets are, therefore, key to understanding personal portfolios, saving, the household distribution of wealth, and the monetary transmission mechanism. This study discusses how housing markets and institutions differ across countries, paying particular attention to the UK and the EU, but extending its reach as well to other OECD countries such as Japan and emerging market countries such as South Africa. It analyses how those differences help to create contrasts in the impact on consumption of housing as a component of personal wealth. The impacts of rates of home ownership, credit market characteristics, interest rates, and macroeconomic conditions are studied. Implications for monetary, fiscal, and other policies are discussed.
18 The Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Output, Assets, and Employment
Authors: Pratap Sangeeta , Quintin Erwan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study documents four key facts about informal economic activities: (1) the size of the informal sector varies greatly across nations; (2) this size is strongly correlated with economic development, the tax burden, and the rule of law; (3) the informal sector emphasizes small‐scale, self‐financed, and unskilled labour- intensive economic activities; and (4), while financial markets are generally segmented along formal/informal lines in developing nations, there is no compelling evidence that this is true for labour markets. The chapter reviews the existing theoretical literature on the informal sector and describe a simple model with a trade‐off between tax evasion and access to formal sources of outside finance that is consistent with much of the existing evidence. Finally, the study discusses the challenges associated with measuring informal sector assets.
Peace by Design
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhy does political decentralization reduce intrastate conflict more in some countries than in others? Can political institutions be designed to engender peace? If so, how? Addressing these questions, this book advances the current debate on decentralization beyond a discussion of whether or not decentralization is effective in reducing conflict, to when and under what conditions it is successful. The book bridges opposing views while offering an original one, arguing that decentralization's ability to reduce conflict hinges on the electoral strength of regional parties, which, in turn, varies according to different institutional features of decentralization. Various aspects of political systems likewise affect the extent to which regional parties stimulate conflict and conversely, the degree to which statewide parties mitigate it. This book illuminates the exigent issue of how to design political institutions in order to promote peace.
Introduction
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhy does decentralization reduce ethnic conflict and secessionism more in some countries than in others? This question constitutes the central focus of this book. After presenting the puzzle, the book defines political decentralization and lays out the debate between scholars, who argue that decentralization intensifies intrastate conflict, and policy‐makers, who argue that decentralization reduces it. The chapter previews the book's argument, which is that the effect of decentralization hinges on the electoral strength of regional parties. Subsequently, the book describes its methodological approach, consisting of three carefully selected cases studies — Czechoslovakia (1989–93), Spain (1976–present), and India (1947–present) — and a statistical analysis examining the effect on decentralization and regional parties on intrastate conflict, and decentralization, in turn, on regional parties.
Spain
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the case study of Spain (1976–present). Spain is widely respected as a successful case of decentralization, which has not only avoided conflict among the country's major ethnic groups, but has also held secessionism at bay since Spain's transition to democracy in the late 1970s. This chapter attributes Spain's success to the relatively small presence of regional parties in the country, which have advocated legislation harmful to other regions in India and have supported violent separatist organizations in the country. This chapter attributes the party system to the structure of decentralization in Spain (i.e. the proportion of national legislative seats regions hold individually, the direct election of most of the country's upper house, and the appointment of Spain's first regional legislatures based on national level representation). This structure has reduced the incentive for politicians to form regional parties and prevented them from blocking the adoption of a new political system during the transition era as in Czechoslovakia. In teasing out the relationship between decentralization and regional parties, the chapter points out that statewide parties decentralized Spain in the transition period, and that regions with the strongest regional parties in Spain are not necessarily those that are economically or ethnolinguistically distinct, and that the distinct regions are not necessarily those with strong regional identities.
Chapter 3 Understanding Consumption in Retirement: Recent Developments
Authors: Hurst Erik 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes five facts from the recent literature on consumption behavior during retirement. Most importantly, it shows that there is substantial heterogeneity in spending changes at retirement across consumption categories. Observed declines in spending during retirement are limited to food and work-related expenses. Even though food spending declines during retirement, actual food intake remains constant. Furthermore, the literature shows that there is substantial heterogeneity across households in the change in expenditure associated with retirement. Much of this heterogeneity, however, can be explained by households involuntarily retiring. Overall, the evidence suggests that the standard model of lifecycle consumption augmented with home production and uncertain health shocks does well in explaining the consumption patterns of most households as they transition into retirement.
Chapter 7 Rethinking Social Security Claiming in a 401(k) World
Authors: Mahaney James I. , Carlson Peter C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPrevious research has failed to recognize critical factors that greatly impact the discussion on when it is most beneficial to start Social Security retirement benefits. This chapter shows that the effect of taxes can have a dramatic effect on the financial security of retirees, yet the taxation caused by IRA withdrawals and the interaction with Social Security has been largely misunderstood. In addition, changes made under the Senior Citizens' Freedom to Work Act of 2000 make delaying Social Security for married couples much more favorable. This chapter also illustrates how the traditional approach of starting Social Security benefits early and deriving income from stock and bond mutual funds is expected to under-perform a strategy of taking income from personal retirement assets first, followed by later and higher benefits from Social Security.
Chapter 13 Tax Issues and Life Care Annuities
Authors: Brazell David , Brown Jason , Warshawsky Mark 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A life care annuity combines an immediate life annuity with long-term care insurance. This chapter reviews empirical evidence supporting the claim that the marketing of a life care annuity will produce a lower total price for the combined product, less adverse selection in the individual annuity market, and greater availability of long-term care insurance. It also discusses the institutional, regulatory, and tax aspects of a life care annuity, including its future tax treatment under the recently enacted Pension Protection Act of 2006. The chapter concludes with a numerical illustration of the tax implications of various ways of structuring the life care annuity, and it compares these implications with those produced by an above-the-line deduction for qualified long-term care insurance premiums.
Hilary of Poitiers on the Trinity
Authors: Beckwith Carl 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Hilary of Poitiers (c300–368), who was instrumental in shaping the development of pro-Nicene theology in the West, combined two separate works, a treatise on faith (De Fide) and a treatise against the “Arians” (Adversus Arianos), to create De Trinitate; his chief theological contribution to the 4th-century Trinitarian debates. Scholars have long recognized the presence of these two treatises in Hilary's De Trinitate but have been unable to settle the questions of when and why Hilary did this. This book addresses these questions concerning the structure and chronology of De Trinitate by situating Hilary's treatise in its historical and theological context and offering a close reading of the text. It is argued that De Fide was written in 356 following Hilary's condemnation at the synod of Béziers and prior to receiving a decision on his exile from the Emperor. When Hilary arrived in exile, he wrote a second work, Adversus Arianos. Following the synod of Sirmium in 357 and his collaboration with Basil of Ancyra in early 358, Hilary recast his efforts and began to write De Trinitate. He decided to incorporate his two earlier works, De Fide and Adversus Arianos, into this project. Toward that end, he returned to his earlier works and drastically revised their content by adding new prefaces and new theological and exegetical material to reflect his mature pro-Nicene theology. These revisions and textual alterations have never before been acknowledged in the scholarship on De Trinitate.
5 Book Two of De Trinitate
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Two of De Trinitate. Here we see the influence of the Sirmium manifesto and Basil of Ancyra's theological circle on the revisions to Hilary's text. Book Two demonstrates the thorough integration of Hilary's pro-Nicene theology with the exegetical and theological strategies of Basil of Ancyra and his Homoiousian circle. Particularly noteworthy in this discussion is Hilary's use of St. Matthew's baptismal formula and Basil of Ancyra's father/son analogy. Hilary's alterations to Book Two also constitute his most comprehensive treatment of Photinus of Sirmium's adoptionist Christology.
7 Book One of De Trinitate
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of Book One of De Trinitate. Book One never formed a part of De Fide but was added in 358 when Hilary made the other revisions and updates to Books Two to Six. As such, Book One was not retouched by Hilary in 358 but was newly composed by him and deliberately placed as the opening book of De Trinitate. Hilary uses Book One to outline the theological method necessary for a proper discussion of who God is—a method that Hilary sees his modalist and subordinationist opponents compromising. Hilary articulates this theological method through the literary trope of his own troubled soul searching for truth. Book One discusses such issues as the authority of scripture, the priority of faith, and use of analogy and metaphorical language in theological discourse.
8 Faith and Reason
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Hilary uses Book One of De Trinitate to advance a theological agenda that both apologetically articulates his own theological method and polemically critiques and exaggerates the method of his opponents. The two principal themes highlighted by Hilary are the relationship between faith and reason in acquiring theological knowledge and the normative role of scripture in such a discussion. Although Hilary acknowledges that his various opponents theoretically ground their insights in scripture and give priority to faith, he argues that in practice their theological assertions reveal that they follow not scripture but natural reason. Hilary's polemical charge is that they rely on themselves and their rational insights rather than God and his revelation.
Although Hilary's theological method serves a polemical purpose, it also addresses the criticism that he advanced a simple fideism when faced with difficult theological questions in his original De Fide. Hilary uses the opportunity to revise his works in 358 to address this criticism and develop a nuanced understanding of faith and reason. This chapter looks at Hilary's revised argument on faith and reason and his endorsement of a “heavenly reason” guided by faith.
9 Hilary's Understanding and Use of Scripture
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Hilary's understanding of scripture and its normative use in discussions about God does not proceed on apologetic grounds. The challenge faced by Hilary is that his Homoian opponents routinely insist that their theological assertions are rooted in scripture. Hilary regrettably acknowledges throughout De Trinitate that his opponents not only assign scripture a normative role in their arguments but also promote what he considers faulty theological positions by appealing to scripture only. Hilary recognizes that the dispute over scripture is not on its place in theological reflection but over its employment and the assumptions made about the text. This first half of this chapter surveys Hilary's understanding of scripture. The second half of the chapter looks at two key texts from the fourth-century Trinitarian debates: Proverbs 8 and the prologue to the Gospel of John. These texts demonstrate not only Hilary's theological and exegetical development in the various editorial stages of De Trinitate but also show his careful handling of scripture in securing a pro-Nicene theology.
Constitutional Dilemmas
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis book deals with one of the most important issues of philosophy of law and constitutional thought: how to understand clashes of fundamental rights, such as the conflict between free speech and privacy. The main argument of this book is that much can be learned about the nature of fundamental legal rights by examining them through the lens of conflicts among such rights, and criticizing the views of scholars and jurists who have discussed both fundamental legal rights and the nature of conflicts among them. Theories of rights are necessarily abstract, aiming at providing the best possible answers to pressing social problems. Yet such theories must also respond to the real and changing dilemmas of the day. Taking up the problem of conflicting rights, Zucca seeks a theory of rights that can guide us to a richer, more responsive approach to rights discourse. The idea of constitutional rights is one of the most powerful tools to advance justice in the Western tradition. But as this book demonstrates, even the most ambitious theory of rights cannot satisfactorily address questions of conflicting rights. How, for instance, can we fully secure privacy when it clashes with free speech? To what extent can our societies assist people in dying without compromising the protection of life? Exploring the limitations of the rights discourse in these areas, Zucca questions the role of law in settling ethical dilemmas helping to clarify thinking about the limitations of rights discourse.
Law, Morality, and Conflicts of Fundamental Legal Rights
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter deals with the central problem concerning conflicts of rights: both parties have an exclusive claim to something of value protected by a fundamental right and we are left with no guidance on how to solve the clash. There is not only disagreement, but also a deadlock as both claims are rationally defensible. In other words, the adjudicator faces a dilemma, which cannot be solved in a way that avoids the loss of something of value. To cope with this issue, some suggest that fundamental rights are principles and not rules and as such they can be weighed when in conflict. It is argued instead that fundamental rights are broad permissive rules. As a consequence of such a conception of fundamental rights, the role played by morality in shaping the answer to dilemmas is narrowed down. Ultimately, to deny that genuine conflicts of rights exist is incompatible with a strong understanding of fundamental rights and with value pluralism.
A Framework to Deal with Conflicts of Fundamental Legal Rights
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter tries to bridge the theory of conflicts (part 1) with the practice of conflicts (part 2). In order to do so, it offers a definition of constitutions as frameworks, within which takes place the contest of values generally arbitrated by constitutional courts. In this context, it deals with some orthodox legal responses to the problem of conflicts of rights. It discusses the process of interpretation and the doctrines of balancing and deference, and criticizes them as tools for the resolution of genuine conflicts. In addition, it introduces a comparative analysis of France, the UK, and the USA which provides the framework for the analysis of conflicts in context.
Constituent Power Subverted: From English Constitutional Argument to British Constitutional Practice
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSetting mid-17th century English constitutional conflicts in the context of disputes over the ideas of the body politic, the crown and divine right, this chapter argues that in the revolutionary discourse of the 1640s, we see not only the expression of popular sovereignty but also the drawing of a distinction between the constituting power of the people and the constituted power of government. It proposes that these more radical claims were suppressed, initially to stabilize the republican revolution but later to bolster the principle of (revived) monarchical and aristocratic rule. It is through the consequent absence of a concept of constituent power that we are best able to appreciate the peculiar character of the modern British constitution.