bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 2‐Cyano‐3‐methylthio‐3‐substituted Methylaminoacrylates
Authors: Gao Ying , Zou Xiao‐Mao , Yu Li‐Min , Xu Han , Liu Bin , Zhu You‐Quan , Hu Fang‐Zhong , Yang Hua‐Zheng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of 2‐cyano‐3‐methylthio‐3‐substituted methylaminoacrylates were synthesized as herbicidal inhibitors of photosystem II (PSII) electron transport, in order to estimate the effect of fluorine atom, pyridyl group, chirality and ester chain on activity. The important intermediate 2‐fluoro‐5‐aminomethylpyridine was synthesized with high yield. The bioassay results showed that most of title compounds had high herbicidal activity in postemergence treatment. The introduction of an α‐methyl into the 3‐substituted methylamino could improve the activity notably. The replacement of hydrogen by chlorine or fluorine group and phenyl by pyridyl group showed different effects, and at the same time, the ester chain affected the activity too.
Ferrocene Derivative Mediator Bonded Sol‐gel Membrane Glucose Biosensor
Authors: Xuan Guang‐Shan , Kim Moon‐Chang , Her Dae‐Sung , Lee Heung‐Lark 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The sol‐gel derived glucose biosensor was developed, and the sol‐gel membrane was organically modified by N‐(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐ferrocenylmethylamine (FcSi) as sol‐gel precursor to make electrochemical biosensor. The structure of biosensor was sol‐gel/FcSi+GOx/GC type (glucose oxidase, GOx). The ferrocene mediator was chemically immobilized to the silane network, and GOx was entrapped to the sol‐gel glass network. Therefore, these structures prevented mediator leakage and retained the enzyme activity. Additionally, pH of electrolyte, temperature effects, and interference of positive substances with biosensor were investigated. And the electrochemical performance of biosensor was studied by amperometry. The results indicated that the linear range, detection limit, and response slope of biosensor was 2.00×10−4–1.57×10−3 mol·L−1, 2.0×10−4 mol·L−1 and 5.06×105 nA·mol−1·L, respectively.
Determination of Trace Amounts of Vanadium by Kinetic‐Catalytic Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Pouretedal H. R. , Keshavarz M. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKinetic‐catalytic spectrophotometric methods were proposed for the determination of trace amounts of vanadium element as vanadium(IV) and/or V(V) ions. The vanadium(IV) as VO2+ ion and/or vanadium(V) as VO3− ion showed a catalytic effect on the kinetic reactions between a color reagent such as methylthymol blue (MTB) or SPADNS and bromate in acidic media. The rate of decrease in the absorbance of the reagent MTB at 440 nm or SPADNS at 510 nm was proportional to concentration of V(IV) and/or V(V) ions in the solution. The linear ranges for determination of vanadium were obtained in the range of 1.0–150 and 5.0–100.0 µg/L by the fixed‐time and slope methods, respectively, with using MTB as reagent. In the presence of SPADNS as reagent, the calibration curves were made in the amplitude 1.0–200.0 and 5.0–150 µg/L of vanadium ion by the fixed‐time and slope methods, respectively. Using fixed‐time method, the limits of detection were obtained to be 0.5 and 0.7 µg/L of vanadium in the presence of MTB and SPADNS as reagents, respectively. Detection limits of vanadium by slope method and reagents of SPADNS and MTB were obtained to be 3.5 and 3.8 µg/L of vanadium, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully to determination of vanadium in synthetic and real samples.
New Triterpene Saponins and Flavonol Glycosides from the Leaves of Ilex cornuta
Authors: Li Yan , Wu Tao , Chen Zhi‐Hong , Wang Zheng‐Tao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new triterpene glycoside, pomolic acid 3‐O‐6"‐methyl‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐L‐arabino‐pyranoside, and a new flavonol glycoside, quercetin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside together with three known triterpene saponins and two flavonol glycosides, were isolated from the leaves of Ilex cornuta. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
Impact of changes to the American Joint Committee on Cancer T classification on outcome prediction in patients with oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Asper Joshua A. , Morrison William H. , Rosenthal David I. , Ahamad Anesa , Ang K. Kian , Garden Adam S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe efficacy of the current 6th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor staging criteria in improving outcome prediction for patients with oropharyngeal cancer was analyzed.METHODSFrom the database of the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center the authors identified 875 patients irradiated at the study institution for oropharyngeal cancer between January 1975 and December 1998. The tumors were restaged based on the 6th edition of AJCC tumor staging criteria to reassess the original outcome predictions, specifically overall survival (OS) and local control (LC).RESULTSApplying the new 6th edition staging system resulted in the following T classification distributions: T2, 301 tumors (34%); T3, 248 tumors (28%); T4a, 224 tumors (26%), and T4b, 102 tumors (12%). The 5‐year and 10‐year OS rates based on the new system were: T2, 65% and 45%; T3, 44% and 28%; T4a, 30% and 23%; and T4b, 26% and 12%, respectively. The 5‐year and 10‐year actuarial local LC rates based on the new system were: T2, 85% and 83%; T3, 73% and 71%; T4a, 61% and 58%; and T4b, 42% and 42%, respectively. Differences in OS and LC rates stratified by stage were found to be statistically significant both for the overall distribution of survival and pairwise comparisons of the 4 tumor stage groups.CONCLUSIONSThe modifications established in the 6th edition of the AJCC tumor staging system for oropharyngeal tumors appear to be useful to distinguish prognostic groups for both LC and OS based on tumor stage. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Supramolecular Assemblies with Honeycomb Structures by π‐π Stacking of Octahedral Metal Complexes of 1,12‐Diazaperylene (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 8/2006)
Authors: Kammer Stefan , Müller Holger , Grunwald Nicolas , Bellin Anja , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe , Mickler Wulfhard , Dosche Carsten , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows the honeycomb structure formed by π‐π stacking of homoleptic octahedral NiII complexes of the “large‐surface” ligand 1,12‐diazaperylene (dap), [Ni(dap)3](BF4)2 (Ni red, N green, C dark yellow, B blue, F light yellow). The [Ni(dap)3]2+ cation and one of the BF4− counterions form parallel nanosized channels (ca. 9.60 A° in diameter), which run along the crystallographic c axis and are filled with the other disordered BF4− counterion (omitted for clarity). The C3 symmetry of [Ni(dap)3]2+ is a prerequisite for forming the highly symmetrical supramolecular assembly. Details are discussed in the article by H.‐J. Holdt et al. on p. 1547 ff.
Land degradation assessment with the aid of geo‐information techniques
Authors: Jabbar Mushtak T. , Chen Xiaoling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research integrated selected land degradation indicators (vegetation cover, proportion of drifting sand area, desertification rate, and population pressure) with geo‐information techniques (remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning system) to assess the severity of land degradation risk. The northern part of Shaanxi province in China was taken as a case study. A computerized land degradation severity assessment was implemented, and ERmapper ver.6.2 and ARC/INFO GIS ver.8.3 environments were used to manage and manipulate thematic data, and to process satellite images and tabular data. Two Landsat TM images in October 1987 and October 1999 were used to produce land use/cover maps of the study area based on the maximum likelihood classification method. These maps were then used to generate land use, land cover change, vegetation degradation and land degradation maps for the study area during the study period, and their corresponding data were integrated into a systematic analysis. Results showed that the overall severity of land degradation in the study area worsened during the study period from 1987 to 1999 with severely, highly and moderately degraded land accounting for 73·8 per cent of the total area. While the area affected by desertification has increased, the rate of desertification has also accelerated to reach 41·5 km2 a−1. Risk of land degradation in the study area has increased, on average, by 39·4 per cent since 1987. Incorporation of both natural and anthropogenic factors in the analysis provided realistic assessment of the risk of desertification. The study area, in general, is exposed to a high risk of land degradation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping erosion risk and selecting sites for simple erosion control measures after a forest fire in Mediterranean France
Authors: Fox D. , Berolo W. , Carrega P. , Darboux F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMajor forest fires occur periodically in the Mediterranean environment. The impact of forest fires on soil erosion and runoff processes has been studied extensively, and it has been demonstrated that the first months after a fire represent a high risk period. Erosion control strategies must be established in the weeks following a forest fire to reduce fire impacts during the critical phase. Both dead and live vegetation techniques can be used to either reduce soil loss from slopes or trap sediments in streams before they enter the main channel: these include log erosion barriers, log debris dams and grass filter strips. The major challenge is defining where to position the measures quickly in a catchment where several thousand hectares have been burned. The method proposed here is based, firstly, on a simple soil erosion model that identifies critical erosion zones, and secondly, on a more detailed analysis of high risk slopes according to their potential impact on the main river channel, the value of the soil resource to be protected, the availability of pine logs, and accessibility to the site. Measurements of suspended sediment load in the main channel and tributaries confirmed that the erosion risk map was suitable for the purposes of the study. Many of the recommendations suggested were implemented and a study is underway to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing erosion and trapping sediments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curtailing water erosion of cultivated land: an example from north Norfolk, eastern England
Authors: Evans Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMuch information has been gathered together from maps, air photos and field visits with regard to a parcel of land in north Norfolk, eastern England. Since the 1930s the field pattern, cropping and the incidence of water erosion have changed markedly. Ten fields were amalgamated into one by the late 1960s, there was a shift to winter cereals, and agricultural practices intensified leading to extensive and severe erosion. In 1982 a new owner decided to combat erosion and over time divided the one large 61‐ha field into four, and planted trees and hedges. This not only reduced the extent of erosion and connectivity of flow but also greatly increased the biodiversity of the landscape. There are few examples in the literature of farmer‐devised schemes to curtail erosion. Such schemes, if successful, can help alleviate runoff, erosion and sediment delivery to water courses. They can also be used to demonstrate to other farmers and policy makers which schemes work. Once a farmer accepts there is an erosion problem (s)he is capable of devising schemes which work without calling on the services of experts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the volatile oils of Satureja spicigera C. Koch Boiss. and S. macrantha C. A. Mey from Iran
Authors: Gohari Ahmad Reza , Hadjiakhoondi Abbas , Sadat‐Ebrahimi Esmaeil , Saeidnia Soodabeh , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe essential oils of the aerial parts of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss. and S. macrantha C. A. Mey., from Iran, have been analysed by GC and GC–MS. Forty‐three compounds in the oil of S. spicigera, representing 97.4% of the total oil, and 48 compounds in the oil of S. macrantha, representing 92.1%, were identified. The oil of S. spicigera was rich in monoterpenes (89.9%) with thymol (37.3%) as the major compound, but the oil of S. macrantha consists of approximately equal amounts of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (34.2% and 30.8%, respectively) with spathulenol (14.0%) as the main component. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Sideritis hirsuta L. from Guadalajara Province, Spain
Authors: Palá‐Paúl Jesús , Pérez‐Alonso M. José , Velasco‐Negueruela Arturo , Ballesteros M. Teresa , Sanz Jesús 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe essential oil from the aerial parts of Sideritis hirsuta L. gathered in Guadalajara Province, Spain, has been extracted by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 73 compounds have been identified, monoterpene compounds being the most important. The principal constituents have been identified as β‐phellandrene (23.8%), α‐phellandrene (9.2%), α‐pinene (8.2%) and (Z)‐β‐guaiene (8.1%). Although the chemical composition of the essential oil of this species from other provinces is similar, 44 of the 73 identified compounds have not been previously reported in this species. It is the first time that the sesquiterpene (Z)‐β‐guaiene (8.1%) has been detected and mentioned as a major constituent in this species, therefore it could be considered to describe a new chemotype for Sideritis hirsuta L. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐induced controlled release of fragrance aldehydes from 1‐alkoxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones for applications in functional perfumery
Authors: Levrand Barbara , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLight‐activated chemical delivery systems for the controlled release of fragrances have been shown to be effective in functional perfumery. Upon photolysis around 350 nm, 1‐alkoxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones release aldehydes or ketones and may thus be considered as promising precursors for the photochemical release of perfume molecules. A series of substituted and unsubstituted mono‐ and dialkoxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones was prepared by reaction of the corresponding fragrance bromides with commercial mono‐ or dihydroxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones. Photoirradiation of these compounds in polar and apolar solution yielded the desired fragrance aldehydes. Preliminary olfactory panel evaluations on fabric after exposure to ambient indoor daylight for several days indicated a slightly stronger odour in the presence of the fragrance precursors, as compared to a reference sample containing the unmodified perfumery raw material. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of enzymatic pretreatment on acid fermentation of food waste
Authors: Kim Hee Jun , Kim Sung Hong , Choi Young Gyun , Kim Gyu Dong , Chung Tai Hak 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough food waste is a valuable carbon source for biological nutrient removal systems with low organic wastewater because of high C/N and C/P ratios, it must be pretreated to promote the hydrolysis of particulates, which is considered as a rate‐limiting step. This study investigated the effects of enzymatic pretreatment on hydrolytic solubilization of food waste with commercial enzyme. Both acidification efficiency and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production potential of enzymatically pretreated food waste were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Experimental results indicated that protease exhibited the highest VSS reduction rate among three types of enzymes: carbohydrase, protease and lipase. A mixed enzyme treatment showed better reduction efficiency than a single enzyme treatment, and the highest volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction was observed at an enzyme mixture ratio of 1:2:1 with carbohydrase:protease:lipase, respectively. It has been noted that pretreatment resulted in both maximum VFA production and the highest VFA content of soluble chemical oxygen demand at an enzyme mixture dosage of 0.1% (v/v). VFA production at this dosage revealed a 3.3 times higher rate than that of no‐enzyme added fermenter. The dominant VFAs were n‐butyrate followed by acetate. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Participatory evaluation: a missing component in the sustainable social change equation for public services
Authors: Keast Robyn , Waterhouse Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This article draws on a case study of organizational change with the Queensland public sector to showcase the contribution participatory approaches to evaluation make to sustained change.
Key points outlined in the paper include: changes in human service organizations generally, and child welfare services in particular, have been proven to be difficult to achieve and sustain. Participatory processes including participatory evaluation are presented as key strategies to enhance the uptake of social and organizational change initiatives.
Parallels to continuous change models are found within policy formulation and evaluation theories. In particular, participative evaluation models share similarities to continuous change models through their reliance on self‐evaluation and self‐determination as means of promoting change.
A theoretical contribution to organizational change theories is made through the development of a change model that includes a participatory evaluation component as part of the equation for sustainable change. It is proposed that this model has a wider practical application.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the arabinoxylan composition on the susceptibility of mono‐ and dimeric ferulic acid release by Humicola insolens feruloyl esterases
Authors: Faulds Craig B , Mandalari Giuseppina , Lo Curto Rosario B , Bisignano Giuseppe , Waldron Keith W 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBioconversion of waste residues (by‐products) from cereal processing industries requires the cooperation of enzymes able to degrade xylanosic and cellulosic material. An enzyme preparation from Humicola insolens, Ultraflo, contains feruloyl esterases and glycoside hydrolases capable of solubilising brewers' spent grain and wheat bran, but total solubilisation was not achieved either through steric hindrance or through the lack of certain key activities. H. insolens feruloyl esterases released more diferulates from chemically extracted feruloylated arabinoxylan from both cereal sources than from the complex cell wall material, but less monomeric ferulic acid. The 8‐O‐4′‐form of diferulic acid was released only from spent grain‐derived material, whereas the chemically‐insoluble residue from wheat bran was more extensively degraded than the corresponding spent grain sample. Arabinoxylans with low amounts of arabinose substitutions were preferentially solubilised. These results show that some phenolic acids in cereals are less susceptible to enzyme and alkali cleavage than others. The results also show that the local environment and molecular arrangement of ferulic and diferulic acids on arabinoxylan chains differ between barley and wheat, thus influencing enzyme hydrolysis. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of xylanase inhibitors by immunodetection: the way forward?
Authors: Furniss Caroline , Goldson Andrew , Aliwan Fraj , Chanliaud Elisabeth , Juge Nathalie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWheat varieties exhibit a high level of variation in their xylanase inhibitor content with inter‐individual variations relative to the type of inhibitor. These variations may have a significant impact on the functionality of exogenous xylanases in cereal processing. So far, attempts to measure accurate levels of xylanase inhibitors in wheat varieties have been restricted by the detection method based on activity assays. This paper reports the use of antibodies as an alternative method to measure xylanase inhibitor levels in environmentally controlled wheat varieties. This method could be extended to other type of xylanase inhibitors in order to aid in selecting the wheat variety or the enzyme used in the application with regard to its sensitivity to the different inhibitors. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Erosion‐corrosion of laser and thermally deposited coatings exposed in fluidised bed combustion plants
Authors: Hjörnhede A. , Sotkovszki P. , Nylund A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCoated low alloyed steel tubes were exposed in two combustion power plants of the type Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) and Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC). The power plants were fired with wood chips and coal with a small addition of olive seeds, respectively. In addition to laser coating two thermal spray techniques were used; arc‐spray (air as carrier gas) and High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF). The sample locations in the PFBC plant were at the highest and lowest loops of a platen immersed in the fluidising bed. The material temperatures in each loop were 450 °C and 400 °C, respectively. The exposure lasted over two firing seasons for a total time of 8089 h. In the CFB plant a probe was located at the cyclone entrance where the material temperature was 630 °C for an exposure time of about 2100 h before being reduced to 480 °C for a further 920 h. The material wastage was determined from metallographic studies on cross‐sections of rings cut from the exposed tubes. The nature and chemical composition of the corrosion products and deposits formed were determined by SEM/EDX, Auger spectroscopy, XPS and XRD. Cobalt based coatings show the best performance in both the PFBC plant and the CFB plant, while nickel based coatings are resistant to a corrosive atmosphere but very sensitive to erosion. The degree of corrosion is much larger in the CFB plant as is clearly seen from the chromium carbide containing coating, which totally degraded in this environment. Contrary the performance of the same coating was excellent in the fluidised bed due to its high erosion resistance. The material wastage of a coating with a specific composition is independent of the deposition method. No significant differences in spallation behaviour occurred among coatings deposited with the different techniques.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Fracture in Polymer‐Exfoliated Layered Silicate Nanocomposites
Authors: Song Mo , Chen Lei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: The MD technique was used to investigate the fracture behavior in fully exfoliated layered silicate (nanoplatelet)‐polymer nanocomposites. MD results reveal that the addition of the nanoplatelets can improve the fracture strength of polymers. The interactions between the surface of the nanoplatelets and the segments of the polymer, and the relaxation time of polymer chains have significant influences on the fracture strength of the polymer. For polymers with Tg below room temperature, such as polyurethane, or close to room temperature, such as nylon, the nanoplatelets are always working for the enhancement of the mechanical properties. However, for polymers with Tg above room temperature, such as epoxy and polystyrene, the addition of the nanoplatelets is not working well for toughening these polymers. If the nanoplatelets are to enhance the mechanical properties of these polymers, it is necessary to build up a stress relaxation interface between the polymer and the nanoplatelet in order to reduce the effect of the difference between the relaxation time of nanofillers and that of polymers.Force per area versus distance curves as a function of the difference of the relaxation times of the nanoplatelets and polymer chains.magnified imageForce per area versus distance curves as a function of the difference of the relaxation times of the nanoplatelets and polymer chains.