bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URINARY TESTOSTERONE, OESTROGEN PRODUCTION RATE AND URINARY OESTROGEN IN CHROMATIN POSITIVE KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Gabrilove J. L. , Nicolis G. L. , Hausknecht R. U. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In seven patients with the chromatin positive form of Klinefelter's syndrome, the urinary excretion of testosterone was markedly decreased. In contrast the oestrogen production rate and the urinary excretion of oestrogen were normal. These findings indicate that there is an altered conversion of androgen to oestrogen in patients with this disorder.
ON THE GLYCOLYTIC CONVERSION OF TRIOSEPHOSPHATES IN THE PANCREATIC ISLETS AND ACINI OF NZO MICE
Authors: Brolin Sven E. , Berne Christian 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Methods based on Lowry's microtechniques were developed for measuring the enzymatic activities of phosphoglyceromutase and phosphopyruvate hydratase in pancreatic islets and acini. These determinations complete the activity pattern of glycolytic triosephosphate degradation. The activities were found to be much higher than in the initial part of the glycolysis and significantly higher in the islets than in the acini. The enzymatic equipment of the islets seems to meet the requirements for the degradation of triosephosphates from both the initial glycolytic steps and the shunt. Our results are in accordance with and further support the view that the islets possess a high capacity for glucose metabolism.
PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE IN PROTEIN DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Callard Ian P. , Leathem James H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Animals fed a protein free diet (PFD) without steroid therapy failed to maintain pregnancy. Injection of 0.5 μg oestrone and 6 mg progesterone daily between days 3 and 20 or days 3 and 12 of pregnancy allowed 100% pregnancy maintenance. Restriction of the steroid injection regime to between days 7 and 9 of gestation reduced pregnancy maintenance to 36%. Prolactin (50 IU subcutaneously twice daily) allowed 78% pregnancy maintenance. The evidence suggests that protein deprivation acts rapidly during early pregnancy to reduce hypophysial secretion of the hormones necessary for pregnancy maintenance, specifically prolactin.
IN VITRO UPTAKE OF TRITIATED OESTRADIOL BY THE RAT ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Kato Junzo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The anterior, middle and posterior hypothalamus, the cortex cerebri, the anterior hypophysis, and the diaphragm of postpubertal rats at different phases of the oestrous cycle were incubated in vitro with tritiated 17β-oestradiol. Uptake of radioactivity by the anterior hypothalamus at prooestrus and oestrus was lower than that at dioestrus. In contrast no fluctuation in the concentration of the radioactivity in the other parts of brain, the hypophysis and muscle was observed during the oestrous cycle. These in vitro findings are consistent with the in vivo observations of cyclic changes in phase with the oestrous cycle of the amount of radioactive oestradiol taken up by the anterior hypothalamus following the injection of tritiated oestradiol (Kato et al. 1969b). Thus it is further suggested that the oestradiol receptor in the anterior hypothalamus of the rat is involved in the physiological regulation and maintenance of cyclic changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary system through the mechanism of action of feedback of oestrogen.
VASOPRESSIN CONTENT AND NEUROSECRETORY MATERIAL IN THE HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM OF RATS UNDER DIFFERENT STATES OF WATER METABOLISM
Authors: Vilhardt Hans 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rats were subjected to different degrees of dehydration and overhydration and the vasopressin content of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was examined. Histological preparations of neurohypophyseal tissue were used to estimate changes in neurosecretory material.
As expected, dehydration caused a depletion of the hormone in the system. It was also found that overhydration caused an accumulation of hormone in the neural lobe, but no increase in the hypothalamic nuclei. The amount of stainable material seemed to vary in parallel with the changes in hormone content.
On the basis of the marked accumulation of hormone in the neural lobe during acute overhydration, an estimate of the rate of production of vasopressin was attempted. It was found to be much higher than the rate of secretion. This might indicate the existence of a considerable hormone breakdown in the neurohypophysis.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PARATHYROID HORMONE IN MAN
Authors: Lequin R. M. , Hackeng W. H. L. , Schopman W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
With a guinea-pig antiserum against bovine PTH, human PTH could be measured in plasma. PTH-levels were expressed in terms of equivalents b/PTH per ml. In normal, adult subjects the mean plasma PTH concentration was 140 pg b-PTH eq./ml with a range of non-detectable (< 70) to 200 pg b-PTH eq./ml.
Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed overlap with the normal range; in secondary hyperparathyroidism the levels were usually far higher.
The PTH levels in patients with a variety of disorders involving calcium metabolism were studied.
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF 0.5 mg OF CHLORMADINONE ACETATE ON THE PLASMA LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE AND ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND TOTAL OESTROGENS
Authors: Larsson-Cohn U. , Johansson E. D. B. , Wide L. , Gemzell C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Daily determinations of the plasma level of progesterone and the urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and total oestrogens were performed in 6 subjects during one control cycle, immediately followed by three cycles of daily treatment with 0.5 mg of chlormadinone acetate continuously.
The control cycles were ovulatory according to the parameters investigated. Two of the women showed a normal LH excretion pattern in all treatment cycles. The four other subjects also had periodical variations in the LH excretion but no distinct midcycle peaks occurred. The mean oestrogen excretion was increased in all three treatment cycles but the difference was satistically significant only in the last two cycles.
Compared with the treatment cycles, the sum of progesterone values was significantly decreased in the first two cycles.
Chlormadinone acetate in this dose had no thermogenic effect. Three of the subjects showed bleeding irregularities which had no clear connection with the hormone variations measured in the study.
It is suggested that the low levels of progesterone might be due to a defective corpus luteum function.
STEROIDOGENESIS IN EQUINE TESTIS
Authors: Oh Ran , Tamaoki Bun-ichi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
When the cell-free homogenates (supernatant fluid at 800 × g) and the supernatant fluid at 10 000 × g of equine testis were incubated with 4-14C-labelled progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, radioactive androstenedione and testosterone were isolated as the metabolites. Oestrone was also produced by the same equine testicular preparation from the above mentioned C-21 steroids, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, while 17β-oestradiol was obtained from the testosterone which had been incubated as the substrate. In addition to the androgens and the oestrogens which were obtained as the metabolites, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione, 20α-dihydroprogesterone and androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol were identified as the metabolites by thin layer chromatography, chemical derivation procedures, and isotope dilution methods in the course of recrystallization.
The testicular 19-hydroxylase and aromatizing enzyme system were found to be concentrated intracellularly in the microsomal fraction (10 000-105 000 × g precipitate), while the 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which preferably converted progesterone into 20α-dihydroprogesterone were exclusively found in the soluble fraction or the supernatant fluid at 105 000 × g.
The role and mechanism of aromatization by equine testicular preparations are discussed in relation to those of the placental microsomal aromatase.
IN VITRO INFLUENCE OF OESTRADIOL ON SUCCINATE-SUPPORTED STEROID 11β-HYDROXYLATION BY RAT ADRENAL HOMOGENATES
Authors: Fonzo Domenico , Nelson Don H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Studies of the in vitro effect of oestradiol on 11β-hydroxylation by homogenates of rat adrenal have been carried out. Previous studies indicated increased 11β-hydroxylation by adrenals from animals treated in vivo by oestrogens. An increase in 11β-hydroxylation was noted with the addition of oestrogen when the reaction was supported by succinate. The effect was seen, however, only when rate-limiting amounts of succinate were used. In the presence of saturating amounts of succinate which presumably produce a high rate of electron flow to the hydroxylating pathway, no stimulation was produced by the oestrogen. The amount of oestrogen needed to produce the effect noted in vitro would suggest that this is a pharmacologic rather than a physiologic effect of oestrogens on 11β-hydroxylation, although binding of oestrogen could result in the high levels locally in vivo which were found necessary to produce stimulation in vitro.
AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF HYPOKALAEMIC ALKALOSIS WITH A DISTURBANCE OF RENIN AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Desmit E. M. , Cost W. S. , Brown J. J. , Fraser R. , Lever A. F. , Robertson J. I. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
3 patients with an unusual type of hypokalaemic alkalosis are described. The findings in these patients are compared with those in similar cases reported by Bartter and others (Bartter's syndrome). It is stressed that all of the abnormalities found in Bartter's syndrome may occur in sodium deficiency in the absence of organic disease.
The pathogenesis of the syndrome in our patients is uncertain but several possibilities are discussed. These include an apparently new aetiological hypothesis, a partial block in the adrenocortical response to stimulation by angiotensin.
EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE: PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS IN VITRO
Authors: Desbarats-Schönbaum M.-L. , Sellers E. A. , Laansoo Malle , Koves Eva , Schönbaum E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In guinea pig thyroid tissue incubated at 25°C for forty hours the binding (organification) of iodide appears to be the step most sensitive to TSH. Binding is independent of uptake in this system and physiological doses of TSH can stimulate binding while uptake is partially inhibited. At a suitably low concentration of PTU, the addition of TSH can counteract the effect of this drug. At less than maximal concentrations, the effects of TSH and theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) are additive, which supports the hypothesis that TSH acts by stimulating the production of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP. The effect of TSH appears to be exerted equally on any iodide present in the thyroid at the beginning of, or taken up during, incubation in vitro. In this system deiodination has been excluded as a major complicating factor.
ABOLITION OF MAGNESIUM-INDUCED HYPOCALCAEMIA BY ACUTE THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE CAT
Authors: Nielsen S. Pors 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Intravenous infusion of isotonic magnesium chloride into young cats with a resultant mean plasma magnesium concentration of 7.7 meq./100 g protein was followed by a significant lowering of the plasma calcium concentration in 90 minutes. The rate of decrease of plasma calcium is consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin is released by magnesium in high concentrations. There was no decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in cats of the same weight thyroparathyroidectomized 60 min before an identical magnesium chloride infusion or an infusion of isotonic sodium chloride at the same flow rate. The hypercalciuric effect of magnesium could not account for the hypocalcaemic effect of magnesium. Plasma magnesium concentration during magnesium infusion into cats with an intact thyroid-parathyroid gland complex was slightly, but not significantly higher than in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized cats.
EFFECT OF OESTRONE-PELLET IMPLANTATION ON PLASMA LEVELS OF PROLACTIN
Authors: van der Gugten A. A. , Sala M. , Kwa H. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Eight female and eight male rats were castrated at the age of 8 to 10 weeks. Four spayed and four orchidectomized rats received one oestrone/cholesterol pellet (200 μg oestrone) on the day of operation (day 0), a second pellet on day 11 and a third on day 23. The remaining animals received four oestrone/cholesterol pellets at these times. The fluctuations in the prolactin levels in the circulation induced by the oestrogen challenges in these animals were followed during 31 days by radioimmunoassays performed on days 3, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17, 23, 24, 25, 28 and 31.
The results suggested that the homoeostatic mechanism regulating plasma levels of prolactin was capable of withstanding the three time-spaced oestrogen challenges only in the spayed animals receiving the lower doses of oestrogen, since it allowed the mean values of the prolactin levels to remain fairly constant during the first 4 weeks. The levels in this group rose to much higher levels only on day 31.
The higher doses of oestrone in the spayed rats and both dose levels of oestrone in the orchidectomized animals apparently resulted in a primary break-down of the homoeostatic mechanism, since the prolactin levels in the animals of these groups rose to much higher levels either on day 7 or on day 9. This was followed by a period during which the prolactin levels appeared to be more or less under control, until a second and probably definitive failure of the homoeostatic mechanism allowed the mean levels to rise sharply again.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON NUCLEAR DNA AND RNA SYNTHESIS IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF CASTRATED RATS
Authors: Städtler F. , Stöcker E. , Dhom G. , Tietze H. U. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
DNA and RNA synthesis was studied autoradiographically; 5 groups of cells were observed in the adenohypophysis of rats (gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, acidophils, small and large chromophobes) 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks following castration and the results compared with those obtained in control animals. The proliferation of cells in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, determined by the incorporation of isotopically labelled 3H-thymidine into the nuclei of parenchymal cells, increases by 6 fold about two weeks after castration and returns to a normal level eight weeks after the operation. The number of silver grains/μm2 nuclear area =mean silver grain density (SGD) shows a doubling of the DNA-synthesis rate (= new formation/unit of time) two weeks following castration. This result agrees with a shortening of the DNA synthesis time – and very likely also of the G2 phase and the length of mitosis – to such an extent as to be characteristic for rapidly proliferating tissues. This effect on the mode of proliferation is reversible and normalized by the end of the experiment, i. e. eight weeks following castration. After the operation there is a more marked proliferation of the gonadotrophs than the chromophobic cells.
RNA synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 3H=cytidine into the cell nucleus increases continuously in the nuclei of all cell groups throughout the whole period investigated. On the other hand, the average nuclear area diminishes. This dissociation of the extent of RNA synthesis and the nuclear size is discussed.
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF THE WHIRLER MUTATION IN MALE MICE
Authors: Weltman A. Stanley , Sackler Arthur M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Body weight, metabolic rate, locomotor activity and alterations in endocrine organ activity were noted in recessive homozygous male whirler mice and the phenotypically »normal« heterozygotes. Representative populations of the two types were studied at different age levels. In general, body weights of the whirler mice were consistently and significantly lower. Open-field locomotion studies similarly indicated heightened locomotor activity. Total leukocyte and eosinophil counts were either markedly or significantly lower in the homozygous vs. heterozygous whirler groups.
Evaluation of relative organ weights showed significantly increased adrenal weights in whirler mice sacrificed at 14 weeks and 11 months of age. These changes were accompanied by involution of the thymus. Thus, the varied data indicate persistent increased metabolism and adrenocortical activity during the life-span of the whirler mice. Seminal vesicle weight decreases in the whirler males at 11 months suggest lower gonadal function. The findings are in accord with previous studies of alterations in metabolic rates and endocrine function of homozygous whirler vs. heterozygous female mice.
SERUM THYROXINE IN THE EARLY PHASE OF SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
Authors: Christiansen N. J. B. , Siersbæk-Nielsen K. , Hansen J. E.M. , Christensen L. Korsgaard 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serum thyroxine (T4) and other thyroid function tests were studied in 14 patients with subacute thyroiditis and compared with the same parameters in 32 patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis. The mean values of serum T4 and protein-bound iodine (PBI) were found to be elevated to the same extent in the two groups and the calculated T4 iodine did not differ significantly from the PBI in any of the groups. The resin-T3-test and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) mean values were significantly lower in patients with subacute thyroiditis than in patients with thyrotoxicosis. The serum T4 determination based on competitive protein-binding was not influenced by other organic iodinated products, and our results indicate that the elevated serum PBI in subacute thyroiditis is largely due to T4. The lower BMR in patients with subacute thyroiditis is possibly explained by a difference in the thyroxine binding protein (TBP) binding capacity and free T4 in the serum between patients with subacute thyroiditis and those with thyrotoxicosis.
THE ROLE OF ADENOSINE 3′,5′-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE AND CATECHOLAMINES IN THE PIGMENT MIGRATION PROCESS IN XENOPUS LAEVIS
Authors: van de Veerdonk F. C. G. , Konijn Th. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The mediating role of 3,5-AMP in the MSH induced pigment dispersion, is demonstrated in several ways. The amount of 3,5-AMP in darkened skins is about twice the amount present in lightened skins. Inhibition of 3,5-AMP degradation by theophylline results in a dispersion of the pigment granules. Inhibition of 3,5-AMP synthesis by acetylcholine prevents dispersion of the granules in the presence of MSH.
In Xenopus laevis the dispersion reaction is stimulated by catecholamines. This stimulation is brought about by adrenergic receptors. Using adrenergic receptor blocking agents, some insight in the stimulation has been obtained in larval as well as in adult animals.
Finally, an attempt has been made to explain the pigment aggregation by an intensified breakdown of 3,5-AMP by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Pasqualini J. R. , Marfil J. , Gamier F. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A mixture of deoxycorticosterone-1,2-3H (21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) and corticosterone-4-14C (11β,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) was injected in two cases at laparotomy into the intact foeto-placental circulation 15 minutes prior to the interruption of gestation. Metabolites present in the placenta and various foetal tissues were separated and isolated in a radiochemically homogeneous form.
In the two experiments, 58 and 86 per cent, respectively, of the administered radioactive material was recovered from the placenta plus foetal tissues; only 2 and 4 per cent, respectively, was recovered from the urine. The only compound possessing both 3H and 14C label was corticosterone isolated from the adrenals.
The following 3H-labelled metabolites were isolated: 3α,21-dihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (liver, intestines, residual foetal tissues), 20β,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (placenta and residual foetal tissues), 3β,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (liver), 3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-21-yl-sulphate (liver, intestines, lungs, kidneys, adrenals and residual foetal tissues).
The following 14C-labelled metabolites were isolated: 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione (placenta, liver, lungs, kidneys, residual foetal tissues), 3α,11β,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (liver, intestines, residual foetal tissues), 11β-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dion-21-yl-sulphate (liver, intestines, lungs, kidneys, adrenals and residual foetal tissues).
The results indicate that the foetal adrenals convert a part of the circulating deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone. It is concluded that the reductive metabolism of deoxycorticosterone in the liver of the midgestation foetus differs qualitatively and quantitatively from that of corticosterone. A concept is presented describing the metabolism of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone in the foeto-placental unit at midgestation.
ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN THE AGED, ASSESSED BY THE RAPID CORTICOTROPHIN TEST (SYNACTHEN®)
Authors: Blichert-Toft B. , Blichert-Toft M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
15 aged subjects, average age 81 years, were exposed to maximum corticotrophin stimulation. A single intravenous dose of 250 μg Synacthen was administered, and the changes in the plasma cortisol level were measured over the next 4 hours. 10 young subjects were included as controls.
Both absolutely and relatively, the aged showed a completely adequate response. The maximum rise in cortisol concentration was observed 120 min after stimulation and was amounted to 24 μg/100 ml in the aged and 20.2 μg/100 ml in the young subjects. A significant difference in the level of the stimulation curve in the two age groups could not be demonstrated. The question is discussed whether the uniform rise in the plasma cortisol concentration in the young and the aged can be taken to support the theory of a reduced cortisol synthesis in the latter group.
THE EFFECT OF THE URINARY GONADOTROPHIN INHIBITOR ON THE RAT UTERINE WEIGHT RESPONSE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Hipkin L. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A urinary extract (GIM), which previously had been shown to inhibit small doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in the mouse uterus assay, was tested in the rat. In this species, GIM caused an increase in the basal uterine weight and potentiated the response to 0.1 IU HCG. Similar results, and in addition augmentation of the activity of 0.2 IU HCG, were obtained in rats injected with carbon tetrachloride or starved. GIM inhibited the activity of 0.8 IU and 1.6 IU HCG. This was thought to result from the difference in mean final body weight between the GIM and the control groups.
The results support the hypothesis that GIM causes a non-specific stress reaction. In rats the effect of this is to increase endogenous gonadotrophin secretion. This contrasts with the results previously reported for mice, which suggest that stress suppresses endogenous follicle-stimulating hormone release.
EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF THE SHORT ADRENERGIC NEURONS INNERVATING THE MALE GENITAL TRACT OF THE RAT
Authors: Owman Ch. , Sjöberg N.-O. , Sjöstrand N. O. , Swedin G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of prolonged treatment with high doses of oestrogen and/or progesterone on the amount of adrenergic transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons of the male reproductive tract of castrated rats has been studied by chemical determinations and histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline. Oestrogen, progesterone, or a combination of both, had no overt effect on the total content or on the concentration of noradrenaline in the male genital organs. The results are discussed in the light of recent findings that the content of the noradrenaline transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons to the female genital tract is markedly influenced by these female sex hormones.