bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Turbulent Flow in Gas Wells
Authors: Modine A.D. , Field M.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method is presented for handling near well-bore gas phase turbulence in complex reservoir systems. The method may be applied in one, two or three phase flow systems. The flow equations describing three-phase flow were modified and incorporated into a single well coning model reservoir simulator. Results are presented for two field gas wells where history matching of observed drawdowns was done to estimate reservoir parameters and turbulence coefficients. The models were then used to investigate water coning behavior in the two gas wells and develop critical rate information.

Introduction
It has long been recognized that to accurately describe gas well performance, in many cases, the effect of turbulence near the well-bore must be accounted for. Katz describes a treatment that may be used to account for the nondarcy flow caused by turbulence in single phase gas flow at steady or quasi-steady state conditions. This and similar methods are widely used and will give reliable results, especially when the parameters needed in the solution are "calibrated" from observed data. However, these analytical solutions are restricted to single phase gas flow and simple reservoir geometry and description.
The analysis of gas well performance in complex reservoir geometries and/or in cases where multiphase flow is occurring is now feasible using reservoir simulation models. The usual approach is to study individual wells using a single-well reservoir simulator or coning model capable of handling one, two or three phase flow with complex reservoir descriptions including stratification, fractures etc. Commonly in the past, the effect of turbulence has not been included in these simulation models because the solution to the Darcy flow problem was difficult enough without further complicating the model. Recent advances in the technology of solving coning problems have now resulted in models that can problems have now resulted in models that can economically be used to study single well performance. Therefore, it is now feasible to performance. Therefore, it is now feasible to go a step further and include the effect of turbulence in these reservoir simulators.
The area where this method probably has the greatest utility is in studying gas-water systems.
A Numerical and Experimental Study of Miscible or Immiscible Fluid Flow in Porous Media with Interphase Mass Transfer
Authors: Corteville J. , Van Quy N. , Simandoux P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A recent paper presented last year described a general multicomponent simulator for two-phase flow. This simulator took into account convection phenomena diffusion and mass transfer between phases; and the main assumptions were:
idothermal one-dimensional flow, two-phase flow (gas or liquid), each phase may be represented by a mixture of three phase may be represented by a mixture of three components or group of components.
This simulator was improved in order to minimize the effects of numerical dispersion.
In order to check the calculations, some experiments were performed under appropriate conditions for precise comparison between experiments and calculations. The fluids used were ternary mixtures of C1, nC4 and nC10, and the experiments were run under high pressure and temperature conditions.
Some examples of numerical calculations are given, as compared with the same experiments on the slug drive case which is the most complex case and also the most widely used in practice. it is shown how the simulator points out the exact time of miscibility breakdown, and then how minimum slug size may be determined in practical cases. practical cases. The calculations made by the simulator are in satisfactory agreement with experience. They help in making a good physical interpretation of the experiments. And the two following conclusions may be drawn:
This project provides better insight into the physical phenomena occuring in miscible displacements. A powerful tool is now available for predicting or interpreting practical cases of predicting or interpreting practical cases of application. These cases concern various types of fluid flow with mass transfer such as (i) high pressure gas drive, (ii) condensing gas drive, (ii) solvent slug process, (iv) carbon dioxide drive, (v) carbonated waterflooding, (vi) and of course totally miscible or immiscible gas drive.
Offshore Platform - Conductor Pipe Interaction
Authors: Yang T.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Offshore platform-conductor pipe interaction is investigated and the conductors in the role of transmitting horizontal loads into the soil are evaluated for a structure erected in a water depth of 176 feet. It is concluded that the conductor pipes will transmit significant horizontal loads into the foundation media.

Introduction
Offshore structures have an important role in the petroleum industry with the increasing expansion of offshore drilling and production operations. Since the first installation of a platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 1947, a number of questions of basic engineering have been raised and considerable research has been performed in this rapidly developing field.
There have been several papers published in the past 20 years which deal with published in the past 20 years which deal with offshore structural problems in particular and provide valuable contributions. Among those notable are the studies of Howe, Reese and Matlock, Bouwkamp, Cooper, Blumberg and Strader, Freudenthal and Gaither, Karsan and Koehler, and McCleeland et al. It is apparent from the foregoing studies that no specific work was reported on the specific problem under consideration.
Conductor pipes are installed to serve as the outside casing for wells on offshore drilling platforms. Normally, these pipes are driven through the prefabricated conductor guides, which are framed to the platform, after the erection of the jacket on platform, after the erection of the jacket on site, and are considered as parasitic elements to the whole structure. It is then customary that the conductors are not treated as structural members in most cases of structural analyses, although the wave forces, which act on the conductors and are transmitted to the platform via guides, have been taken into account. From experience, however, the conductors, which are typically driven to a penetration of 200 to 300 feet, reveal some characteristics of piles with a potential to transmit some part of the horizontal potential to transmit some part of the horizontal loads into the foundation media, thereby reducing bending moments in the primary piling elements.
Fuel Interchangeability - Measuring Its Extent In U. S. Energy Markets
Authors: Jaworek Gibson W. , Schanz John J. 
Published: December 2007

Of increasing importance to the student of fuels economics has been the extent to which different primary energy sources can substitute for each other in the various energy markets of the nation. Knowledge of the nature and extent of fuel interchangeability can aid the fuels economist in projecting trends of energy utilization, as well as giving him a better understanding of the past and present conditions of fuel markets. It is also important to the consumer to know just how much flexibility he can maintain in his energy consuming operations. And, finally, various governmental bodies show keen interest in the degree of energy substitutability in determining public policies concerning the fuels industries. The presence of excess fuel production capacity in the United States during the early 1960's indicates that fuel interchangeability should become more prevalent in the increasingly competitive energy markets of the nation.
Discussion of fuel intercompetition is almost always restricted to qualitative terms because of the lack of comparable statistical data between the different energy sources in geographic or "type-of-use" fuel markets. There are exceptions, of course, such as the excellent fuel assumption data which are available on steam electric generating plants throughout the nation. In other sectors, statistics are at best incomplete. In most instances, indirect fuel consumption indicators, such as sales of fuel burning equipment, are extensively used to measure market shares of a particular fuel; however, these indicators are hard to evaluate precisely without prior knowledge of the total competitive market.
The purpose of this study is to present the results of a comprehensive quantitative study of fuel interchangeability in Pennsylvania in which primary data were obtained from fuel consumers themselves. With such an approach, it was possible to determine, within limits of the sampling procedure, the degree of interchangeability that was theoretically possible for individual types of fuel use. In the final part of this paper, these results are extended to the national level to give an approximation of these measurements of interchangeability for the United States as a whole and to permit a discussion of their importance in future energy trends.
Step Change Improvement and High Rate Learning are Delivered by Targeting Technical Limits on Sub-Sea Wells
Authors: Bond D.F. , Scott P.W. , Page P.E. , Windham T.M. 
Published: December 2007

Step Change Improvement and High Rate Learning are Delivered by Targeting Technical Limits on Sub-Sea Wells.
SPE Members

Abstract
This paper presents an alternative approach to the drilling and sub-sea completion process, the Technical Limit, which has resulted in a "Step Change" in Woodside's performance. Using a simple philosophy characterised by the questions:–Where are we now?–What is possible?–How do we get there?
and applying this tool, three new wells and six subsea completions were completed 20% under budget.
Our target was to drill a directional well in 20 days when the previous best was 42 days. On subsea completions a target of 12 days was set when a conventional approach had previously set 20+ days.
The approach was to ask what would be possible if everything went perfectly with every operation making up the well time. This isn't the usual trouble free time but a well time built up of individual components, with each component performing it's theoretical best performance.
Presented is operational data which confirms that the Technical Limit can be approached. As a result the well construction performance when managed against the Technical Limit delivered step change performance improvement with high rate of learning.

Introduction
Woodside's drilling performance offshore on the North West Shelf of Australia from 1968 to 1992 was erratic. A simple plot of time versus total depth (Figure 1), showed unacceptable scatter and a high average drilling time, particularly when benchmarked against published data (Noerager et al). The authors believed the well construction process was not in control. When faced with an upcoming development project (Wanaea and Cossack developments) we undertook to remedy this.
To get the desired performance an aggressive target setting and planning methodology was developed based on the question "What is possible?" rather than the question "How can we improve?"
Our approach was greatly influenced by achievements in other parts of the world. During the late 70s/early 80s, as documented by Shute et al, Conoco UK Ltd set some drilling operations standards in the North Sea which in our opinion endure today as world class. A major factor claimed in the success of this work came from time analysis which rigorously pursued the identification and removal of drilling problems. The application of this approach was extremely successful. Work by Huber et al also in the North Sea, took a similar approach which, likewise produced excellent results. Latterly Unocal in Thailand have apparently been setting standards in the Far East few can match. Unfortunately, Unocal has published very little on how this high level performance has been achieved. We understand that necessity and aggression drove their improvements.
The high level objective for the Wanaea and Cossack projects the requirement for highly productive wells and low construction cost.
P. 299
Automatic Sampling Act And Commingling Applications
Authors: Lindsey Tom J. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
Subject: This paper evaluates the types of Automatic Sampling Devices and their relation to ACT and Commingling of Crude Oil oproduction application.
Background: There have been varying results in Automatic Sampling on ACT and Commingling operations which are directly related to the application of the Sampling device.
The primary difference in a sampling unit used for an ACT installation and one used on a Commingling installation may be stated simply as the difference in accuracy requirements. The rules and regulations set up by the regulatory bodies are not as strict for Commingling as those for ACT installations, therefore, the precision designed sampler is used for ACT and a more simplified form for Commingling.
The principle of Automatic Sampling is common to both applications and basically the same components are used to construct the complete Sampler Unit. Where there is a difference in the sampling device for each application, it will be noted in the discussion. If a specific reference is not made, it is to be understood that the point of discussion is suitable for either an ACT or Commingling installation.
Description of Equipment:
There are two types of Automatic Sampling Devices and they are as follows:
Type I - The Time-Cycle or Non-Proportional Type.
Type II - The Flow Responsive or Proportional type.
Either type may be applied to both ACT and Commingling installations, but with the increased use of the positive displacement meter Type II - The Flow Responsive or Proportional Type is the most commonly used.
We will discuss briefly the Type I - Time Cycle or Non-Proportional sampler, in order that the difference between the two types may be more clearly indicated. First, though, let us look at the definition of the word "Automatic" and the word "Sampling".
By definition, the word "Automatic" means self-acting, especially of mechanical devices. The definition of the word "Sampling" is a small part of anything selected as a sample for inspection or analysis. Therefore, by combining the two definitions, we have a selfacting, mechanical device selecting a small part of anything for inspection or analysis. The actuation of the mechanical device may be accomplished by pneumatic, electric or hydraulic transmission.
The Type I sampler may be a continuous sampler where one or more equal increments of sample per minute is taken at a uniform rate, or an intermittent sampler where less than one equal increment per minute is taken. The continuous or intermittent sampler may be paced or actuated by an electric time clock, either a pneumatic or hydraulic transmitter, if the pulse is transmitted on a definite time interval. The most commonly used transmitter is the electric time clock when electric power is available. This type of sampler is most applicable where custody transfer is made by manual means, such as hand gauging a tank, but Automatic Sampling is desired.
The Time Cycle or Non-Proportional type of sampler is recommended only where the rate of flow is reasonably constant during the entire sampling period.
Near Wellbore Permeability and Damage Measurements: Experiments and Numerical Simulations for Interpretation of WFT Data
Authors: Samaha A. , Huang K. , Kasap E. , Shwe T. , Georgi D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wireline Formation Test (WFT) can provide a valuable, cost effective source of near wellbore formation damage data. Interpretation of WFT data can be improved with numerical simulation and laboratory experimental data.
A 3-D numerical simulator for WFT was developed and a comprehensive study of problems associated with the wireline test was made. The simulator results are interpreted with the concept of geometric factor. Case studies include sensitivity to formation damage, internal probe diameter, fluid compressibility and viscosity, formation permeability, and drawdown tank volume.
The radial grid system used in finite element method is particularly amenable to handling practical problems with real WFT flow geometries and configurations. The simulated test pressures match well with actual field data.
In addition to the numerical simulations, an experimental setup which models measurements on a downhole damaged formation was built and attached to a laboratory probe permeameter equipment. This experiment enabled us determine dependence of the measured permeability of the damaged formations on the severity and the depth of damage. The results of the experiments are also in good agreement with the 3-D numerical simulator results.
Review of Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Conformance Control Technology
Authors: Azari Mehdi , Soliman Mohamed 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conformance control is any action taken to improve the injection or production profile of a well. It encompasses procedures that enhance recovery efficiency, improve wellbore/casing integrity, and satisfy environmental regulations. Unwanted fluid production in oil- and gas-producing wells is a limiting factor that controls the productive life of a well. The cost of produced water disposal in an environmentally non-threatening fashion may be a major concern for many producers. In addition, control of excess water and gas production improves profitability by allowing additional oil to be produced.
Application of water control technology assists to minimize water production and maintain the oil flow rate of a well. Reservoir engineering and well testing play essential roles in characterizing and detecting the problems associated with producing formations and wells.
This paper starts with problem identification in both producing and injection wells. It then covers the behavior and control of several types of reservoirs with different drive mechanisms. Applications of reservoir simulation and well testing in the control of water and gas coning, determination of the amount and the best appropriate treatment application, effect of formation layering, control of relative permeability to water, application of permeability blocking agents, water channeling, secondary recovery, viscous fingering, and polymer flooding are detailed in this paper. In addition several techniques to evaluate the overall success of a conformance control procedure are presented.
Supercharge Pressure Compensation with New Wireline Formation Testing Method
Authors: Proett Mark A. , Chin Wilson C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wireline formation testers are increasingly being used to obtain formation pressure and permeability measurements which in turn are used in geological evaluations and in designing well completions. It is generally assumed that the pressure measured by the tester probe is near formation pressure. Unfortunately, in many instances such as in low permeability formations, the mudcake is not adequate to isolate the hydrostatic pressure from the formation near the wellbore. As a result, the sandface pressure measured with the formation tester is "supercharged" and not the formation pressure after all. This sandface pressure may be as much as l.000 psi over the actual formation pressure of interest. This paper demonstrates that a new analytical model can be used along with a new testing technique to correct the measured pressure to actual formation pressure.
Maintenance Experience With LACT
Authors: Bailey Jim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the rapid growth of LACT equipment used in the sale of crude oil, the volume of maintenance required of this equipment is increasing somewhat proportionally; for this reason, the object of this paper is to stress the importance of careful consideration with regard to maintenance when initiating LACT unit installations. Also to advance methods by which LACT unit maintenance costs can be minimized, both when specifying unit components at time of purchase, and during the operation of the unit. The decrease in production costs normally realized from LACT unit installations can be reduced still further with the employment of these maintenance methods.

Introduction
As the large majority of LACT units being installed are of the positive displacement type this paper excludes the maintenance of volumetric type LACT equipment.
The realization that a large part of the LACT field maintenance costs could have been eliminated had the production personnel buying and operating the units been more experienced with this type of equipment prompted the writing of this paper.
The following proposals are an effort to convey the experience of designing, manufacturing and maintaining many units for many users.
The design of a LACT unit from the maintenance standpoint only, presents the problem of increased initial cost. Therefore, the economic study used for the justification of the unit purchase can also be used to dictate the extent to which unit components can be specified with maintenance minimizing in mind. As the majority of all components incorporated in these units are well known, no illustrations of individual components are included. Figure no. 1 illustrates the general location of components that might be included in a P. D. type LACT unit.
Unit simplicity should be one criterion used to dictate component specification, as the more complicated a unit the more maintenance is required of other than the operating production personnel. Each component added to a unit for any purpose furthers the possibility of component malfunction. Therefore, if acceptable, a unit containing a minimum of components is the most desirable from the maintenance standpoint.

COMPONENT SELECTION
There are numerous manufacturers of LACT components, the majority of which offer very high quality components that will represent a minimum of maintenance. For this reason no attempt is made to recommend any manufacturer's products, but merely to purpose the use of certain types of equipment that have proved to be more desirable for LACT use than others.
Reserves and Performance of Canyon Sand Gas Wells, 1970-1994
Authors: Swindell Gary S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two fields, Ozona (Canyon) and Sawyer (Canyon), with more than 4,000 total wells, contain the majority of wells in the Canyon Sand trend of Crockett, Edwards, Schleicher and Sutton Counties in Southwest Texas. Average ultimate recovery for the fields decreased from 1,100 MMCF/well for wells drilled in 1970 to 400 MMCF/well for wells drilled in 1985, then remarkably reversed the trend. Recently drilled wells (since 1991) are expected to recover an average 625 MMCF. Initial monthly production decreased from 15,000 mcf/month to 5,000 mcf/month in 1985 and then increased to the present 12,000 mcf/month. Average first year wellhead pressure continued to decrease throughout the 25 years studied to a present 1300 psig in Ozona and 700 psig in Sawyer. The data suggest that drainage interference began to be a factor in about 1985 in the more densely developed areas. Although the average well density was about 200 acres per well in 1985, the true density in areas of active infill drilling probably approached 120 acres per well. Present average density is 143 acres per well in Ozona Field and 131 acres per well in Sawyer Field, but many leases are developed on density of 80 acres or less.