bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: What Do Investigators Owe Research Participants?
Authors: Miller Franklin G. , Mello Michelle M. , Joffe Steven 
Published: June 2008

A physician-investigator conducting brain imaging research to study the pathophysiology of depression detects a suspicious finding in a healthy volunteer that suggests a possible brain tumor. Must the investigator disclose this finding to the research subject? Further, is there a duty to ensure that brain scans performed to answer research questions are evaluated clinically to identify potential health problems? If so, what in the nature of the investigator-subject relationship gives rise to such an obligation?Investigators and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) commonly struggle with the question of how to address incidental findings — that is, “a finding concerning an individual research participant that has potential health or reproductive importance and is discovered in the course of conducting research but is beyond the aims of the study.” A working group convened by the National Institutes of Health has recommended that brain imaging research studies should establish protocols for handling incidental findings. However, there is little ethical guidance available to steer such efforts, and practices appear to vary widely. Although several articles have catalogued the ethical dilemmas surrounding incidental findings, with the exception of seminal work by Henry Richardson and Leah Belsky on the more general topic of researchers’ obligations to provide ancillary clinical care to research subjects, systematic ethical analysis of the incidental findings problem is lacking.
Incidental Findings in Genetics Research Using Archived DNA
Authors: Clayton Ellen Wright 
Published: June 2008

There are countless variations on this theme. The call can come from one of your own physicians who was called by the investigator. Your physician may or may not be well informed on what the reported finding about Disease Y means or how to respond. DNA testing can reveal more than susceptibility to disease. People can learn that they do not have the biological connections — parentage or evidence of ethnic origin — that they thought they did.Colleagues who serve on the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in my institution tell me that they currently do not permit “cold calls” of the type portrayed in the opening paragraph. Such direct contacts have, however, occurred in the past, with or without the blessing of an IRB. Sharing findings with the individual’s physician, who is then supposed to serve as a learned and wise intermediary, is not without problems either, given that many physicians understand little about complex genetics. Yet the very existence of this project on managing incidental findings in research demonstrates that some people believe that some research findings ought to be available to participants.
How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonids
Authors: Fraser Dylan J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCaptive breeding programs are increasingly being initiated to prevent the imminent extinction of endangered species and/or populations. But how well can they conserve genetic diversity and fitness, or re‐establish self‐sustaining populations in the wild? A review of these complex questions and related issues in salmonid fishes reveals several insights and uncertainties. Most programs can maintain genetic diversity within populations over several generations, but available research suggests the loss of fitness in captivity can be rapid, its magnitude probably increasing with the duration in captivity. Over the long‐term, there is likely tremendous variation between (i) programs in their capacity to maintain genetic diversity and fitness, and (ii) species or even intraspecific life‐history types in both the severity and manner of fitness‐costs accrued. Encouragingly, many new theoretical and methodological approaches now exist for current and future programs to potentially reduce these effects. Nevertheless, an unavoidable trade‐off exists between conserving genetic diversity and fitness in certain instances, such as when captive‐bred individuals are temporarily released into the wild. Owing to several confounding factors, there is also currently little evidence that captive‐bred lines of salmonids can or cannot be reintroduced as self‐sustaining populations. Most notably, the root causes of salmonid declines have not been mitigated where captive breeding programs exist. Little research has also addressed under what conditions an increase in population abundance due to captive‐rearing might offset fitness reductions induced in captivity. Finally, more empirical investigation is needed to evaluate the genetic/fitness benefits and risks associated with (i) maintaining captive broodstocks as either single or multiple populations within one or more facilities, (ii) utilizing cryopreservation or surrogate broodstock technologies, and (iii) adopting other alternatives to captive‐rearing such as translocations to new habitats. Management recommendations surrounding these issues are proposed, with the aim of facilitating meta‐analyses and more general principles or guidelines for captive‐breeding. These include the need for the following: (i) captive monitoring to involve,a priori, greater application of hypothesis testing through the use of well‐designed experiments and (ii) improved documentation of procedures adopted by specific programs for reducing the loss of genetic diversity and fitness.
Mixed evidence for reduced local adaptation in wild salmon resulting from interbreeding with escaped farmed salmon: complexities in hybrid fitness
Authors: Fraser Dylan J. , Cook Adam M. , Eddington James D. , Bentzen Paul , Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractInterbreeding between artificially‐selected and wild organisms can have negative fitness consequences for the latter. In the Northwest Atlantic, farmed Atlantic salmon recurrently escape into the wild and enter rivers where small, declining populations of wild salmon breed. Most farmed salmon in the region derive from an ancestral source population that occupies a nonacidified river (pH 6.0–6.5). Yet many wild populations with which escaped farmed salmon might interbreed inhabit acidified rivers (pH 4.6–5.2). Using common garden experimentation, and examining two early‐life history stages across two generations of interbreeding, we showed that wild salmon populations inhabiting acidified rivers had higher survival at acidified pH than farmed salmon or F1 farmed‐wild hybrids. In contrast, however, there was limited evidence for reduced performance in backcrosses, and F2 farmed‐wild hybrids performed better or equally well to wild salmon. Wild salmon also survived or grew better at nonacidified than acidified pH, and wild and farmed salmon survived equally well at nonacidified pH. Thus, for acid tolerance and the stages examined, we found some evidence both for and against the theory that repeated farmed‐wild interbreeding may reduce adaptive genetic variation in the wild and thereby negatively affect the persistence of depleted wild populations.
Atopic sensitization to common allergens without symptoms or signs of airway disorders does not increase exhaled nitric oxide
Authors: Rouhos Annamari , Kainu Annette , Karjalainen Jouko , Lindqvist Ari , Piirilä Päivi , Sarna Seppo , Haahtela Tari , Sovijärvi Anssi R. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground:  Elevated fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) associates positively with symptomatic atopy among asthmatics and in the general population. It is, however, unclear whether sensitization to common allergens per se– as verified with positive skin prick tests – affects FENO in healthy individuals.Objective:  The aim of this study was to examine the association between FENO and sensitization to common allergens in healthy nonsmoking adults with no signs or symptoms of airway disorders.Methods:  FENO measurements (flow rate: 50 mL/s), skin prick tests to common inhalant allergens, structured interviews, spirometry, bronchodilatation tests and bronchial histamine challenges were performed on a randomly selected population of 248 subjects. Seventy‐three of them (29%) were nonsmoking asymptomatic adults with no history of asthma, persistent or recurrent upper or lower airway symptoms and no signs of airway disorders in the tests listed above.Results:  FENO concentrations were similar in skin prick test positive (n = 32) and negative (n = 41) healthy subjects, with median values of 13.2 and 15.5 ppb, respectively (P = 0.304). No correlation appeared between FENO and the number of positive reactions (r = −0.138; P = 0.244), or the total sum of wheal diameters (r = −0.135; P = 0.254). The nonparametric one‐tailed 95% upper limits of FENO among skin prick positive and negative healthy nonsmoking subjects were 29 and 31 ppb, respectively.Conclusions:  Atopic constitution defined as positive skin prick test results does not increase FENO in healthy nonsmoking adults with no signs or symptoms of airway disorders. This suggests that same reference ranges for FENO can be applied to both skin prick test positive and negative subjects.Please cite this paper as: Rouhos A, Kainu A, Karjalainen J, Lindqvist A, Piirilä P, Sarna S, Haahtela T and Sovijärvi ARA. Atopic sensitization to common allergens without symptoms or signs of airway disorders does not increase exhaled nitric oxide. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 141–148.
Dental Caries of Lifetime Residents in Baixo Guandu, Brazil, Fluoridated since 1953 – A Brief Communication
Authors: Saliba Nemre Adas , Moimaz Suzely A. S. , Casotti Cézar A. , Pagliari Ana V. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to verify the dental caries prevalence in Baixo Guandu, the first Brazilian city to fluoridate its public water supplies; to compare the findings with the data from the national survey; and also to compare the prevalence in the 12‐year‐old age group with the data obtained before the beginning of the fluoridation. Methods: All the lifetime residents aged 5, 12, 15 to 19, and 35 to 44 years old were clinically examined (World Health Organization). Results: The means of dmft/DMFT were lower than in the Brazilian population living in fluoridated communities. The DMFT Index in 12‐year‐old residents decreased between 1953 and 2005 from 8.61 to 1.55. Conclusions: The addition of fluoride to public water supplies was an important ally in the improvement of the oral health of Baixo Guandu inhabitants.
Dental Care Visits among Dentate Adults with Diabetes, United States, 2003
Authors: Macek Mark D. , Taylor George W. , Tomar Scott L. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: Regular dental assessments are beneficial to adults with diabetes. This analysis evaluates nationally representative data to test the relation between diabetes status and dental care visits, and to compare diabetes care, foot care, eye care, and dental care visits among dentate adults with diabetes. Methods: Data from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey were used to test whether diabetes status was associated with dental care visits among dentate adults aged ≥25 years, controlling for available covariates. Results: There was a significant interaction between diabetes status and sex for the odds of having a dental care visit. Among dentate men, there was no significant association between diabetes status and dental care visits. Dentate women with diabetes were significantly less likely to have had a dental care visit than were dentate women without diabetes. Of the four types of health care visits compared, dentate adults with diabetes were least likely to have had a dental care visit in the preceding year. Disparities in health care visit rates across race/ethnicity, poverty status, and education categories were most pronounced for dental care. Conclusions: Having diabetes is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, including periodontitis. Adults with diabetes would benefit from regular health care visits to address these concerns, but this report shows that women with diabetes are underutilizing dental care services. The underutilization may be a result of the barriers to dental care that disproportionately affect women. Additional research should test the plausibility of these explanations and the influence of sex.
Factors Associated with Dental Caries Experience in 1‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Warren John J. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin , Marshall Teresa A. , Drake David R. , Dehkordi‐Vakil Farideh , Kolker Justine L. , Dawson Deborah V. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: Dental caries in early childhood is an important public health problem. Previous studies have examined risk factors, but they have focused on children during the later stages of the disease process. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with caries in children aged 6 to 24 months as part of a cross‐sectional analysis. Methods: Two hundred twelve mothers with children 6 to 24 months of age were recruited from Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children clinic sites in southeastern Iowa for participation in a longitudinal study of dental caries. Baseline assessments included detailed questions regarding the children's beverage consumption, oral hygiene, and family socioeconomic status. Dental caries examinations using the d1d2‐3f criteria and semiquantitative assessments of salivary mutans streptococci (MS) levels of mother and child were also conducted. Counts of the number of teeth with visible plaque were recorded for maxillary and mandibular molars and incisors. Results: Of the 212 child/mother pairs, 187 children had teeth. Among these children, the mean age was 14 months, and 23 of the children exhibited either d1, d2‐3, or filled lesions. Presence of caries was significantly associated with older age, presence of MS in children, family income <$25,000 per year, and proportion of teeth with visible plaque. Conclusions: Results suggest that not only microbial measures, including MS and plaque levels, are closely associated with caries in very young children, but that other age‐related factors may also be associated with caries. Continued study is necessary to more fully assess the risk factors for caries prevalence and incidence in preschool children.
Use of albumin quotient and IgG index to differentiate blood‐ vs brain‐derived proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of cats with feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Steinberg Tanja Alexandra , Boettcher Irene Christine , Matiasek Kaspar , Hirschvogel Katrin , Hartmann Katrin , Fischer Andrea , Kuntz Anne 
Published: June 2008

Background:Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a frequent condition in cats but etiology often remains unsolved. Routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis can be extended through the calculation of the albumin quotient (Qalb), a marker of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and IgG index, an estimate of intrathecal IgG synthesis.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to validate nephelometric methods for CSF protein analysis, and to use theQalband IgG index to discriminate blood‐ and brain‐derived immunoglobulin fractions in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).Methods:Cats presented to our clinic between 2001 and 2005 were included in the study based on clinical and laboratory data and histopathologic findings at necropsy. Cats were grouped as having nonneurologic disease (controls;n=37), brain tumors (n=8), FIP involving the CNS (n=12), and extraneural FIP (n=12). CSF‐total protein (TP) was measured and albumin and IgG concentrations were measured in paired CSF/serum samples;Qalband IgG index were calculated. Intraassay and interassay precision of the nephelometric assays were determined using pooled samples.Results:Coefficients of variation for the nephelometric assays ranged from 2.7% to 7.2%. In control cats, CSF‐TP concentration ranged from 0.06 to 0.36 g/L,Qalbranged from 0.6 to 5.7 × 10−3, and IgG index ranged from 0.3 to 0.6.Qalband IgG index were significantly higher in cats with brain tumors and cats with CNS‐FIP compared with other groups. Compared with control cats, pleocytosis was evident in 8 of 12 (67%) cats and CSF‐TP was increased in 3 of 12 (25%) cats with CNS‐FIP.Conclusion:Nephelometry is a reliable method for measurement of CSF protein, albumin, and IgG in cats. TheQalband IgG index did not identify a CSF protein pattern specific for BBB dysfunction or intrathecal IgG synthesis in cats with CNS‐FIP.
Hematologic, biochemical, and protein electrophoretic values in captive tawny owls (Strix aluco)
Authors: Spagnolo Valentina , Crippa Valentina , Marzia Amelia , Alberti Isabella , Sartorelli Paola 
Published: June 2008

Background: The tawny owl (Strix aluco) is a protected species in Italy. Orphaned, injured, and ill owls often are sheltered and treated in rehabilitation centers, where hematologic and biochemical analyses would be helpful to evaluate and monitor the status of their health.Objectives: The major aim of this work was to assess hematologic and biochemical constituents together with protein electrophoretic fractions in healthy tawny owls. In addition, we compared laboratory methods for determining hemoglobin (Hgb), total protein, and albumin concentrations.Methods: Heparinized blood samples were collected from 10 clinically healthy adult captive tawny owls between March 2001 and November 2003 for CBC, routine biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis. Alternate methods for Hgb (estimation as HCT÷3 vs spectrophotometry), total protein (biuret vs refractometry), and albumin (bromcresol green vs electrophoresis) concentrations were compared in 34 samples from 16 unhealthy adult owls and 8 nestlings.Results: Results were reported as mean, median, and range (minimum–maximum). Significant differences and poor concordance were observed between methods for Hgb, total protein, and albumin.Conclusions: Hematologic and plasma biochemical values in captive tawny owls may be useful in evaluating and monitoring the health of this species in captivity.
Storage and Possession of Place
Authors: Finrow Gunilla 
Published: June 2008

“Any house needs places for storage and the display of possessions. Things that we possess accumulate with the years and often come to symbolize the memory of a time; of an event. These things stimulate the memory, form a connection with the past, measure the years and punctuate them. The magic of attics has to do with the attic being a container for memories and pasts; a place to save the things to which we attach meaning. We need places to express ourselves which are accessible daily, visually and sensorially. Desktops, shelves, window sills, benches, nooks, hutches, surfaces. Just as importantly, we need proximate larger storage areas where we can store boxes bulging with trivia and mementoes which evoke a nostalgia and remembrance of other times where we can store the old, cumbersom quilt of our grandmother that we intend to patch and use (it's unimportant whether we ever do), where we store our old dolls that we say we'll give to our grandchildren but maybe can never quite part with.”
Continuing Education: A Collaborative Effort
Authors: Fowles Dorothy L. 
Published: June 2008

Continuing education in interior design has had a relatively short history. Professional organizations are still in the formative stages of developing their continuing education or professional development programs. Since AIA has had a longer involvement with continuing education for architects their successful program provides useful insights for interior design. When developing individual programs one concern is with identifying appropriate topics. Programs are currently being designed and developed by several sources. Program quality controls include following CCEU guidelines, providing financial compensation and initiating a review process. Successful program implementation needs to address problems of participation, promotion and economic considerations as well as alternate modes of program delivery. Collaborative continuing education efforts among interior design organizations is seen as an efficient and effective means to establish a clearinghouse of resources; to provide a basis for experimental programs; to initiate team efforts in developing, reviewing and sponsoring programs in the future; and to develop a tradition for life–long–learning.
A Test Method to Establish R–Values of Materials Used in Energy Conserving Window Coverings
Authors: Rymer Jeanne S. 
Published: June 2008

A reliable test method was designed to measure the insulation value (R–value) of materials that might be used in the construction of interior window treatments used to restrict the transfer of heat. This method provides an accurate measure of just one factor by which such window coverings can be judged: heat conduction. The test method is similar to the standard test method ASTM D: 1518–77, “Thermal Transmit–tance of Textile Materials Between Guarded Hot–Plate and Cool Atmosphere,” but provides more specifically appropriate apparatus and procedure calculation methods for interior window materials. After reliability of the procedure was established, 32 samples in six categories were tested. These represented a sampling of typical drapery and lining fabrics, window blind materials, battings, products currently marketed as “energy saving,” and other materials which are not presently used as components of window coverings. This approach of establishing and using an R–value as the only measurement of effectiveness of an energy efficient window treatment can provide a standardized, easily established, quoted, and understood industry and consumer tool for the selection of effective treatments. Presently there is no industry–wide acceptance of a single test method for technical and consumer use.
Stencilling: Interior Architectural Ornamentation a Look at 1870–1930 with examples from Texas
Authors: Harwood Buie 
Published: June 2008

There has been a significant amount of interest in stencilling over the last several years. Very little research and documentation have been completed on the subject, particularly pertinent to its use as interior architectural ornamentation. During 1870–1930, stencilling was used extensively, for the decoration of residential, religious, and commercial/institutional buildings. It was applied to walls, floors, and ceilings as a means of beautifying the room interior. Trade publications of the time indicate that there were two types of stencilling in popular useage: 1) the block or solid stencil and 2) the outline stencil, also known as infill painting or pounce painting. Identification was made by design and method of application. Several jargon terms were used to describe the various kinds of stencils employed in the stencil process. Each designation clarified a different approach or purpose: Detached, Band, Divider, Binder, All–over, and Background. The success of any stencil project depended on the planning of the composition and the selection of the designs made by the artist, and close attention was given to published rules and guidelines.