bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF STANDARDIZED FLAVOR LANGUAGES AND QUANTITATIVE FLAVOR PROFILING TECHNIQUE FOR FLAVORED DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: STAMPANONI CHANTAL R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSensory terminology is very important in descriptive analysis and perceptions are greatly influenced by the language. Definitions can be very useful for specifying and describing a sensation. However, many sensory attributes are not easily defined and physical reference standards can contribute a great deal to smoothing language problems. They can be used to develop the proper descriptive language, to reduce the amount of time required to train the sensory subjects, and to calibrate the panel in the use of the intensity scale, all the while providing documentation of the sensory terminology.The Quantitative Flavor Profiling (QFP) technique was applied to evaluate flavored cheese analog, yoghurt and sweetened milk samples. Specific standardized flavor languages were developed for each product type and included reference standards for each sensory descriptor. The results of QFP were analyzed by principal component analysis.
A COMPARISON OF FREE CHOICE PROFILING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING OF VANILLA SAMPLES1,2
Authors: HEYMANN HILDEGARDE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn Free Choice Profiling (FCP) each individual panelist creates his own series of descriptors to describe the differences among a set of samples. This is in contrast to multidimensional scaling (MDS) where the panelists assess the similarities among the samples. The objective of this study was to compare the results obtained from two FCP panels (one composed of “sensory‐savvy” persons and the other of “sensory‐naive” individuals) with MDS results. Vanillin and four vanilla samples each originally at 3‐fold, 10‐fold and 20‐fold concentration were evaluated. On average the sensory‐savvy (SS) panelists did not use significantly more descriptors than the sensory‐naive (SN) group. However, the terms used by the SS group were more likely to discriminate among the samples than the SN terms. Procrustes analysis indicated that the SN data did not have a true consensus space while the SS data did. The MDS data space was visually similar to the FCP space.
MATCHING THE SHAPE OF TIME‐INTENSITY CURVES1
Authors: DIJKSTERHUIS GARMT , VAN DEN BROEK ELS 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTime‐Intensity Curves are often summarized by average curves. From these curves TI‐parameters are inferred. In this paper a different method is proposed in which the shape of the curves is the central concept. Isotropic scaling factors are computed for each curve. These factors can be tabled and inspected. Often a large number of scaling factors will be computed, which makes it hard to study them in a table. In such cases they can be represented in a plot, for which in this paper PCA is suggested. In this plot a structure in the scaling factors for the different TI‐curves may become visible. It is also possible to make a plot in which the homogeneity of the panel of subjects can be studied.
TWO MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE DISCRIMINABILITY OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES
Authors: HAUTUS MICHAEL J. , IRWIN R. JOHN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the suitability of signal detection theory methods for assessing the discriminability of foods and beverages, the discriminability of two dairy milk products that differed in fat content was measured with two detection‐theoretic methods: the single‐interval rating method, and the same‐different method. The nominal fat contents of the milk products were 0.1 and 1.6%. Measures of discriminability for three observers were derived by fitting receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) based on equal‐variance normal models to the ratings of each observer with a procedure that combined jackknifing and maximum‐likelihood estimation. The fitted ROCs provided a good fit to the data indicating that the equal‐variance models were appropriate for these tasks. The best‐fitting estimates of d′ obtained for each task were not significantly different, demonstrating that d′ is a measure of sensitivity that is largely independent of the task from which it is determined. However, estimates of proportion correct obtained for each task were shown to be significantly different.
FACTORS AFFECTING PUNGENCY OF MALT DISTILLATES AND ETHANOL‐WATER MIXTURES
Authors: WITHERS STEPHANIE J. , PIGGOTT JOHN R. , LEROY GWENN , CONNER JOHN M. , PATERSON ALISTAIR 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTpaungency is a physical sensation usually perceived as a component of flavor. Foods and beverages which are described as pungent often impart unpalatable sensations to those uninitiated in the experience. Variations in pungency were examined in whiskies, ethanol‐water mixtures, and whisky model systems. Effects on sensory pungency of changes in composition showed that pungency in whisky is not only dependent on the concentration of ethanol in the headspace, but also on a complex of other effects.
SCREENING INDIVIDUAL ABILITY TO PERFORM DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS: BASIC STATEMENTS AND APPLICATION TO A CAMEMBERT CHEESE DESCRIPTIVE PANEL
Authors: ISSANCHOU SYLVIE , LESSCHAEVE ISABELLE , KÖSTER E.P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA battery of sensory tests is proposed to select potential descriptive panelists. This set of tests is flavor specific. Several abilities are examined: odor and taste recognition, odor memory, discrimination and descriptive capacities. A detailed example of such a battery to select a Camembert cheese descriptive panel is given. The objectives of each test are discussed. Stimuli are chosen to be consistent with the sensory properties which can be perceived in cheese. Score distributions demonstrate the discrimination among candidates for each test. Globally, results show the difficulty to find 20 panelists amongst about a hundred with good scores on each test. The panel leader has to choose the final criteria taking into account whether or not some abilities could be improved by training and whether weak capacities (small deficiencies) in some panel members could be compensated for by other subjects.
SALIVATION OF SENSORY PANELISTS: EFFECTS OF SELECTED PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS1
Authors: BRAMESCO NICOLE P. , SETSER CAROLE S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSalivation may affect texture and taste perception. Thus, any influences that affect salivation also might affect a panelist's sensory responses. Twelve sensory panelists were compared for psychophysiological factors that might influence their salivary responses. Medication, body mass index (Quetelet), dieting‐induced deprivation, nutrient deficiency, and caffeine, tannin, and fiber consumptions along with smoking were considered. Specific nutrient deficiencies or fiber consumption did not affect salivation of the panelists studied. All other factors, especially smoking and diet‐induced deprivation, appeared to warrant further study with a larger population.
A COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE SELECTION OF A PANEL FOR SENSORY EVALUATION OF INSTANT COFFEE
Authors: ZAMORA M.C. , CALVIÑO A.M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty judges performed a variety of chemosensory tasks in order to select the best scores to form a panel for coffee evaluation. An average of correct responses (P%), one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were compared. The tests involved: ability to recognize the four basic tastes, identification and matching of odors, taste intensity evaluation and perception of small differences in taste. P% accounted for 71.17 ± 4.34% and 10 of the judges had scores greater than the final average. ANOVA and PCA resulted in 2 different panels consisting of 9 and 12 judges, respectively. The panel was composed by the nine panelists selected by the three methods. The other three panelists that were doubtful could improve to the point of acceptance with additional training. These methods should be used simultaneously to have more security in the acceptance or rejection of panelists.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: Johnson Jennal L. , Collo Mary Bourne , Finch William R. , Felicetta James V. 
Published: May 2007

Fibromyalgia is a chronic rheumatologic disorder. The primary symptoms include musculoskeletal pain and aching, disturbed sleep, fatigue, morning stiffness, and local tenderness. It is frequently misdiagnosed, despite being a fairly common, chronic disorder in most primary care clinics. Failure to make this diagnosis often leads to unnecessary medical and surgical treatment.The treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome is multifaceted. Goals include reassurance, education about pain management and modification, and symptom reduction. Exercise may be beneficial. Amitriptyline is effective in reducing certain symptoms of fibromyalgia, such as pain and lack of restful sleep. Narcotics, steroids, and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided.
Research Presentations: Disseminating Knowledge for Practice
Authors: Dumas Mary Anne Staudt , Gallo Kathleen , Shurpin Kathleen Moriarity 
Published: May 2007

The abstract should have a title and should include the purpose and the significance of the study to the target audience, the design and procedures used for data collection, a succinct summary of the most important findings, and a brief statement of conclusion (Table 1). Careful attention should be given when constructing a title. The title should be interesting, brief, representative of the focus of the study, and attract attention to the research. Most research titles include the type of study, the variables, and the population studied (Ryan, 1989).It is important to identify whether there is a limitation on the number of words to be contained in the abstract. If there is not a limitation, follow the rule, “Never more than one typewritten page.” The abstract that is sent with a query letter to an editor of a journal does not have a word limit, but the above rule generally applies. The limit for conferences can vary from 150 to 300 words, and will be indicated in the Call for Abstracts. Use of the word count feature in a word processing program will assist in the construction of an abstract that adheres to the word count stated in the Call for Abstracts (Plaut, 1982).Specific references to the literature are included in rare instances. The language used in writing the abstract should not be highly technical. It should be clear and concise and should communicate to the reader the motive of the study, why and how the study was conducted, and what knowledge was gained from the study. Many conferences print the abstracts in the conference syllabus. A clear, concise, well‐organized abstract has a greater probability of being accepted for presentation and is more likely to be well attended at a conference than one that is highly technical or disorganized.
Momentum and Energy Transport by Gravity Waves in Stochastically Driven Stratified Flows. Part I: Radiation of Gravity Waves from a Shear Layer
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Ioannou Petros J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In this paper, the emission of internal gravity waves from a local westerly shear layer is studied. Thermal and/or vorticity forcing of the shear layer with a wide range of frequencies and scales can lead to strong emission of gravity waves in the region exterior to the shear layer. The shear flow not only passively filters and refracts the emitted wave spectrum, but also actively participates in the gravity wave emission in conjunction with the distributed forcing. This interaction leads to enhanced radiated momentum fluxes but more importantly to enhanced gravity wave energy fluxes. This enhanced emission power can be traced to the nonnormal growth of the perturbations in the shear region, that is, to the transfer of the kinetic energy of the mean shear flow to the emitted gravity waves. The emitted wave energy flux increases with shear and can become as large as 30 times greater than the corresponding flux emitted in the absence of a localized shear region.
Waves that have horizontal wavelengths larger than the depth of the shear layer radiate easterly momentum away, whereas the shorter waves are trapped in the shear region and deposit their momentum at their critical levels. The observed spectrum, as well as the physical mechanisms influencing the spectrum such as wave interference and Doppler shifting effects, is discussed. While for large Richardson numbers there is equipartition of momentum among a wide range of frequencies, most of the energy is found to be carried by waves having vertical wavelengths in a narrow band around the value of twice the depth of the region. It is shown that the waves that are emitted from the shear region have vertical wavelengths of the size of the shear region.
Meridional Momentum Flux and Superrotation in the Multiscale IPESD MJO Model
Authors: Biello Joseph A. , Majda Andrew J. , Moncrieff Mitchell W. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The derivation of the meridional momentum flux arising from a multiscale horizontal velocity field in the intraseasonal, planetary, equatorial synoptic-scale dynamics (IPESD) multiscale models of the equatorial troposphere is presented. It is shown that, because of the balance dynamics on the synoptic scales, the synoptic-scale component of the meridional momentum flux convergence must always vanish at the equator. Plausible Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) models are presented along with their planetary-scale meridional momentum fluxes. These models are driven by synoptic-scale heating fluctuations that have vertical and meridional tilts. Irrespective of the sign of the synoptic-scale meridional momentum flux (direction of the tilts) in each of the four MJO examples, the zonal and vertical mean meridional momentum flux convergence from the planetary scales always drives westerly winds near the equator: this is the superrotation characteristic of actual MJOs. The concluding discussion demonstrates that equatorial superrotation occurs when the planetary flow due to the vertical upscale momentum flux from synoptic scales reinforces the horizontally convergent flow due to planetary-scale mean heating.
Successful treatment of lymphoproliferative disease complicating primary immunodeficiency/immunodysregulatory disorders with reduced-intensity allogeneic stem-cell transplantation
Authors: Cohen Jonathan M. , Sebire Neil J. , Harvey Julia , Gaspar H. Bobby , Cathy Cale , Jones Alison , Rao Kanchan , Cubitt David , Amrolia Persis J. , Davies E. Graham , Veys Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) is a recognized complication of primary immunodeficiency (PID) and immunodysregulatory syndromes. Historically, it has a very poor outcome. For patients surviving LPD, myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) was the only cure for the underlying PID, with a high risk of developing posttransplantation complications, including recurrent lymphoproliferative disease. We describe 8 patients with a range of PID and immunodysregulatory syndromes complicated by LPD. After initial treatment of the LPD (including the use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, in 6 of the patients), all patients underwent reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) SCT with prospective monitoring for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viremia. After transplantation, 3 patients received rituximab, and 3 patients received prophylactic EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Only 1 patient developed recurrent LPD posttransplantation, which responded to rituximab. All patients who underwent transplantation survive free of LPD and are cured of their PID at a median follow-up of 4 years (range, 1-7 years). With careful monitoring and pre-emptive therapy, we advocate this RIC SCT approach to patients with PID who have pre-existing EBV-LPD.
Development and Application of a Convergent Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Polycyclic Ether Natural Products
Authors: Sasaki Makoto 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The polycyclic ether class of marine natural products presents formidable and challenging synthetic targets due to their structural complexity and exceptionally potent biological activities. Over the past decade, however, their extremely limited availability from natural sources has precluded detailed biological studies on polycyclic ethers. Therefore, the supply of useful quantities of these natural products by chemical total synthesis has been strongly demanded. We developed a highly convergent strategy for the rapid assembly of a huge polycyclic ether array, which features Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of alkylboranes, generated from exocyclic enol ethers, with cyclic ketene acetal triflates or phosphates combined with reductive ring-closure. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated by its application to the convergent total synthesis of the natural products gambierol and gymnocin-A. These practical synthetic routes allowed for the first time systematic studies of the structure–activity relationships of the polycyclic ether class of natural products.
Investigations of Electronic Structures and Photocatalytic Activities under Visible Light Irradiation of Lead Molybdate Replaced with Chromium(VI)
Authors: Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kato Hideki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Chromium-replaced PbMoO4, PbMo1−xCrxO4, prepared by an aqueous reflux method, showed a photocatalytic activity for O2 evolution from an aqueous solution containing an electron accepter, such as Ag+ or Fe3+ under visible light irradiation (vis) (λ ≥ 420 nm). PbMo0.98Cr0.02O4 (Energy gap: 2.26 eV) showed the highest activity for the O2 evolution under vis and UV + vis light irradiation. The activity of PbMo0.98Cr0.02O4 was one order of magnitude higher than that of PbMoO4 under UV + vis light irradiation. The crystal structures of PbMo1−xCrxO4 were studied by the Rietveld analysis for powder X-ray diffraction. PbMo1−xCrxO4 had a scheelite-type structure when x was equal to or smaller than 0.2. The energy band structures of PbMo1−xCrxO4 were calculated based on density functional theory using the structural parameters refined by the Rietveld analysis. It was revealed that the top of the valence band of PbMoO4 consisted of O2p and Pb6s orbitals and the accepter level was composed of a Cr3d orbital in the forbidden band below the conduction band consisting of a Mo4d orbital. It was concluded that the visible light response was due to the excitation from the Pb6s + O2p valence band to the Cr3d accepter level.
Dinuclear Valence Tautomeric 1,2-Semiquinonato/Catecholatocobalt Complexes Containing 1,1,4,7,10,10-Hexamethyltriethylenetetramine
Authors: Liang Hui , Na Young Mee , Chun In Sung , Kwon Soon Sik , Lee Young-A , Jung Ok-Sang 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Dinuclear 1,2-semiquinonato/catecholatocobalt complexes containing 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (hmdeta) as a potential tetradentate N4 coligand, [Co2(hmteta)(dbbq)4], (dbbq = 3,5- and 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone (3,5-dbbq and 3,6-dbbq)) were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures proved that [Co2(hmteta)(3,6-dbbq)4]·2C6H5CH3 ([3,6]) exists as low spin [(3,6-dbsq)(3,6-dbcat)CoIII(hmteta)CoIII(3,6-dbsq)(3,6-dbcat)] (3,6-dbsq = 3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-semiquinonato; 3,6-dbcat = 3,6-di-tert-butylcatecholato), while [Co2(hmteta)(3,5-dbbq)4]·C6H5CH3 ([3,5]) approximates to [(3,5-dbsq)2CoII(hmteta)CoII(3,5-dbsq)2] in the solid state at ambient temperature. On the basis of the effective magnetic moments, the [CoIII] → [CoII] conversion of [3,6] underwent a relatively abrupt transition around 330 K while that of [3,5] occurs in a wide range of temperature. Electronic absorption spectra showed that [3,6] shifts predominantly to [CoIII] whereas [3,5] shifts to [CoII] valence tautomer in solution at room temperature. The charge distribution of [3,6] exhibited significant solvent effects at room temperature. These prominent features between [3,5] and [3,6] appeared to be associated with difference between delicate electronic and steric effects of the two dbbq ligands.
Catalytic Alkane Hydroxylation Reaction with Nickel(II) Complexes Supported by Di- and Triphenol Ligands
Authors: Nagataki Takayuki , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
NiII-complexes supported by the tetradentate ligands containing two or three 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol groups were synthesized and structurally characterized. The NiII-complex of the diphenol ligand has been found to act as a very efficient turnover catalyst in the alkane hydroxylation reaction with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA).
Dietary exposure to low pesticide doses causes long-term immunosuppression in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Albert Anathea , Drouillard Ken , Haffner G. Douglas , Dixon Brian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This study examines the relationship between dietary exposure of pesticides, DDT, and dieldrin and immunosuppression in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Immune function was measured before, during, and after a 10-week exposure period with the use of both adaptive and innate immunity responses. Exposure to low doses (75 ng/g body wt DDT or 2.1 ng/g dieldrin total dose over the 10 weeks) resulted in significant suppressive effects on antibody production and secondary delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The high doses (750 ng/g DDT and 21 ng/g dieldrin), however, did not affect antibody production, DTH, or oxidative burst in a predictable dose–response manner. The differences in magnitude and direction of the effects of the two dosing regimes were likely due to differences in chemical exposure on the basis of feeding and effectiveness of chemical uptake. The low dose results demonstrated that moderate concentrations of pesticides, frequently observed in the environment, are able to weaken the immune response of R. pipiens.
Wildlife ecological screening levels for inhalation of volatile organic chemicals
Authors: Gallegos Patricia , Lutz Jill , Markwiese James , Ryti Randall , Mirenda Rich 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
For most chemicals, evaluation of ecological risk typically does not address inhalation because ingestion dominates exposure. However, burrowing ecological receptors have an increased exposure potential from inhalation at sites contaminated with volatile chemicals in the subsurface. Evaluation of ecological risk from contaminants like volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) is constrained by a lack of relevant ecological screening levels (ESLs). To address this need, inhalation ESLs were developed for 16 VOCs: Acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, chloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, trichloro-fluoromethane, and total xylene. These ESLs are based on Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) as a representative fossorial receptor. The ESLs are presented with an emphasis on the process for developing inhalation toxicity reference values to illustrate the selection of suitable toxicity data and effect levels from the literature. The resulting ESLs provide a quantitative method for evaluating ecological risk of VOCs through comparison to relevant exposure data such as direct burrow-air measurements. The toxicity reference value development and ESL calculation processes and assumptions detailed here are provided as bases from which risk assessors can use or refine to suit site-specific needs with respect to toxicity and exposure inputs.