bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Morbid-Anatomical Aspects of Mental Deficiency
Authors: Crome L. 
Published: August 2008

Clown: … Nay, I'll never believe a madman till I see his brains.Substantial contributions to clinical medicine have come from the many accounts of abnormalities in the brains of mental defectives, our knowledge of certain conditions such as epiloia, amaurotic family idiocy and microcephaly being largely based on them. But, in the main, these reports have concerned cases selected for some special interest and few workers have attempted to relate morbid-anatomical changes to the general problem of mental deficiency. The most complete description, chiefly histological, of lesions in the brains of idiots is that of Schob (1930), who summarized in his valuable contribution the wide experience of German neuropathologists. The brains of 120 unselected cases were later studied by Berry (1938), the results being published in an atlas illustrating, case by case, the differences between normal and mentally defective individuals. More recently, Christensen and Vestergaard (1949) presented a short account of a routine autopsy series of 46 mental defectives, finding some structural abnormality in every one of these cases. Other researches covered more restricted aspects of the problem and some of these will be referred to below.
A New Hallucinogen: 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-β-Aminopropane
Authors: Peretz Dwight I. , Smythies John R. , Gibson William C. 
Published: August 2008

3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-β-aminopropane (TMA) is structurally related to both amphetamine and mescaline, as is shown in Figure 1.Because of this structural relationship of TMA and amphetamine, methedrine, and mescaline, one could anticipate a clinical response to the compound which would represent certain phenomena characteristic of each of these drugs. This presented an intriguing problem as to whether or not, in actuality, this would be the case.
The Effect of Isoniazid on Depressive States
Authors: Oldham A. J. 
Published: August 2008

Isonicotinyl Hydrazide or Isoniazid has for some years now been used in conjunction with other compounds in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. During this treatment certain workers (Robitzek et al., 1952) noted the development of a state of euphoria in their patients. Since Isoniazid was known to exert toxic effects on nervous tissue (Gammen et al., 1953) the hypothesis was made that the substance might be capable of producing an elevation of mood by direct action on the central nervous system. Acting on this hypothesis, Salzer and Lurie (1953) treated a group of patients suffering from various depressive conditions with Isoniazid given orally in the dosage of 50 mgm. t.d.s. for one week. If no toxic effects occurred the dosage was raised to 100 mgm. t.d.s. for a further two weeks, while in a few cases only higher doses were given. These workers maintained this level of dosage in order to avoid the advent of toxic side effects. Their results, which will be discussed later in this paper, led them to the conclusion that isoniazid had a specific therapeutic effect upon certain depressive disorders.The object of this study, arising out of the work mentioned, was to carry out an initial survey of the effects of isoniazid on the affective component of various depressive states. If any demonstrable therapeutic action had been noted a larger, controlled, and more systematic study would have been undertaken but in view of the results obtained this further project has now been abandoned.
Lilliputian Hallucinations
Authors: Goldin Samson 
Published: August 2008

Raoul Leroy was the first alienist to take a scientific interest in diminutive hallucinations which he labelled “Lilliputian” (1909) and they can best be described in his own words (1922).“It is the vision of small people, men and women of minute and slightly variable height; either above or accompanied by small animals or small objects all relatively proportionate in size…. These hallucinations are mobile, coloured, generally multiple … All this little world, clothed generally in bright colours, walks, runs, plays and works in relief and perspective.”
Alzheimer's Disease Confirmed by Cerebral Biopsy: a Therapeutic Trial with Cortisone and A.C.T.H.
Authors: Sim M. , Smith W. Thomas 
Published: August 2008

This paper describes treatment with cortisone and A.C.T.H. of two patients in whom Alzheimer's Disease (A.D.) had been confirmed histologically by cerebral biopsy.A.D. is a progressive dementia which usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and there is no known specific treatment. Intellectual deterioration, which progresses insidiously over a period of 2–10 years, leads to gross dementia, and the inevitable problems of care and supervision often necessitate removal to an institution. Histologically the disease is characterized by atrophy of cortical nerve cells and the presence within the cortex of argentophile plaques which are demonstrable by the silver impregnation techniques of Bielschowsky or von Braunmühl (see Fig. 1); these plaques have a mixed granular and fibrillary structure. The same silver methods also show irregular thickening and disorientation of the nerve cell fibrils, which form “tangles” and “loops” (see Fig. 2). Identical plaques and neurofibrillary changes are also seen in senile dementia, the term “senile plaque” being used in both diseases.
The Effects of Habit Training on Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Bennett D. H. , Robertson J. P. S. 
Published: August 2008

It has been recognized for at least 150 years that the organization of wards in public institutions often “results in a lack of adequate attention, provides an unnatural environment and promotes neglect, abuse, injuries and confusion”, Noyes (1953). The atmosphere of the mental hospital back-ward, so different from that existing in the patient's home, creates a social, psychological and physiological “vacuum” and is particularly unfavourable to the long staying schizophrenic patient, who, as a result shows a progressive deterioration in habits and social relationships.An early remedy practised at the York Retreat (Samuel Tuke, 1813) was that the nurses, having gained the patients' confidence, should attempt “to arrest their attention, and fix it on objects opposite to their illusions; to call into action as much as possible, every remaining power and principle of the mind; and to remember that, in the wreck of the intellect, the affections not unfrequently survive.”
Iron and Calcium in Sturge-Weber Disease
Authors: Tingey A. H. 
Published: August 2008

This is a report of the chemical analysis of iron and calcium in the brains of three cases of Sturge-Weber disease. Although the clinical and pathological features of this syndrome have been well described, the chemistry of the characteristic deposits is less well understood, and there is a conflict of opinion as to whether iron is present in increased amount.Owing to the kind co-operation of Mr. Alexander of the Neurosurgical Unit, Frenchay Hospital, it has been possible to re-investigate this problem using material derived from lobectomy specimens. The material had been stored in formol saline for some months before the analysis was carried out.Microscopic examination showed the usual picture of meningeal angioma and massive mineral deposits in the outer part of the affected grey matter. There were also a few concretions lying more deeply in the white matter in all the specimens (Dr. R. M. Norman).
Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Therapy in Neurosis
Authors: Hawkings J. R. , Tibbetts R. W. 
Published: August 2008

The first recorded attempt to use carbon dioxide inhalation systematically as a form of psychiatric treatment was by Lovenhart et al. (1929). The subjects were catatonic schizophrenics and such modification as occurred was fleeting in nature.In 1943 Meduna began to use carbon dioxide inhalation in the treatment of the neuroses and his efforts were described in a series of papers and developed in a monograph (1950). This contains a full description of the physiological and pharmacological effects of carbon dioxide upon nervous function and the technique of administration is described as are also the results in 100 patients. These results are taken as giving some support to a neurophysiological theory of the neuroses based on homeostatic and cybernetic considerations. Efforts were made to minimize the effects of “suggestion” and, although the difficulties are acknowledged, the following passage suggests that the author was reasonably satisfied with his precautions.
A Contribution to the Objective Measurement of the Cathartic Process—I
Authors: Goldman-Eisler Frieda 
Published: August 2008

In previous work (8, 9) the writer has found that measures of breathing activity during speech, and of output of speech per breath are related to the emotional intensity and to the extent to which emotions are restrained or given free expression in the exchanges during psychiatric interviews. A high level of ventilation, i.e. high breathing activity with low output of speech per breath was shown to belong to content implying outgoing affect (jealousy, appetite, sex, aggression, wishes and hopes), and a low level of ventilation in speech to be associated with topics of restricted emotionality, such as fear, inhibition, deprivation, as well as to reasoning.Tension states as rated by physicians or as experienced subjectively, as well as anxiety states and other emotional disturbances have been shown to be associated with physiological changes in the muscular system as measured by the electromyograph (15, 19, 21). Increased muscular tension was also found to accompany hyperventilation (1, 6) and increased muscular tension as well as inhibited breathing have been reported to accompany intellectual effort (11, 22, 23). Rising gradients of tension from forehead and chin have recently been shown to accompany sustained attention when listening to read material (26).
A Re-Evaluation of the Fugue
Authors: Berrington W. P. , Liddell D. W. , Foulds G. A. 
Published: August 2008

The fugue has received little recognition in the literature in recent years. Stengel (1941, 1943) defines the fugue state as consisting of “transitory abnormal behaviour characterized by aimless wandering, and more or less marked alteration of consciousness, usually, but not necessarily, followed by amnesia”, According to Henderson and Gillespie (1944) the patient in a true fugue suddenly leaves his previous activity and goes on a journey which has no apparent relation to what he has just been doing, and for which he has complete amnesia afterwards. William McDougall (1926) states: “Fugue is the name given to those instances in which a person suddenly disappears from his accustomed haunts and re-appears at some distant place, astonished and puzzled to find himself there, and unable to give any account of himself in the period between his disappearance and his re-appearance.” In a footnote McDougall adds: “This word is sometimes used in a wider sense to include wandering of a seemingly aimless kind for which the subject (generally a psychopath) can assign no adequate reason or motive, but of which, nevertheless, he can give some description.” In our cases the criteria for a fugue have been sudden onset of wandering with clouding of consciousness and a more or less complete amnesia for the event.Over the past 3 years we have collected 37 cases, either from the hospital records or from cases personally seen by us. Interesting features have emerged which, as far as we can ascertain, have not previously been described. A control group matched for sex, age and clinical diagnosis has been studied to exclude fortuitous associations. In the 37 cases of fugue under review, 31 are men and only 6 women. This incidence in favour of males is in accordance with the findings of other workers who have dealt with mixed groups, but differs from Stengel (1941), who picked his cases mainly from the female wards of Bristol Mental Hospital.
The Cephalic Post-Traumatic Syndrome. Pathological Observations
Authors: McConnell Adams A. 
Published: August 2008

I want to thank you, Mr. President, and the members of this Society for the privilege of appearing before you.You are all familiar with the fact that headache, dizziness and mental disturbance occasionally persist for a long time after closed head injuries. These symptoms are usually grouped together under the title, “Postconcussional Syndrome“. The question whether or not there is an organic lesion at the root of this syndrome has engaged many minds for many moons. I think the majority of observers would agree with the text which I have taken for this discourse. You will find it in the tenth chapter of the last book of Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, page 408. There it is written, “Although predisposition and psychological factors would appear to play a predominant role in its causation, the probability is that some degree of organic change plays its part in most cases.”
A Statistical Study of the Influence of Marriage on the Hospital Care of the Mentally Sick
Authors: Norris Vera 
Published: August 2008

The handicap of the single as compared with the married state in respect of the first admission rates to mental hospitals has been demonstrated by several workers. Dayton (1939), Malzberg (1940) and 0degaard (1946), to mention but a few, have all shown that the admission rates for single persons are greater than those for married persons of the same age. Hospital first admission rates for mental disorders are more likely to give reliable estimates of the incidence of mental disease than are hospital rates for other types of illness, nevertheless hospital admissions are but a sample of the sick population in the community and, generally speaking, there is no means of knowing whether or not it is a representative sample of the total sick population. For this reason, in this paper it is only the effect of marital status on the hospital care of the mentally sick that it is to be considered. This appears to be a necessary restriction in view of the fact that the data analysed here relate only to hospital admissions, but ⊘degaard (1946) categorically stated, although his data, too, were derived from mental hospitals:“It is shown beyond doubt that the incidence of mental disease is much higher in the single than in the married, and that this ‘predominance of the single’ among our insane is no statistical figment caused by such factors as differences in age distribution or in the tendency to hospitalize the insane.”The purpose of this paper is not to discuss differential admission rates between single and married, although some data will be presented to show that the difference exists here as well as in Scandinavia and the United States, for I have dealt with that problem elsewhere.∗ The very great differences between the first admission rates for single and married persons led me to ask the question: “What other differences arise between single and married persons with respect to mental hospital care?” The data of a statistical study of mental hospital admissions which I have already completed provide some information on this point.
The Effects of Prefrontal Leucotomy Upon Visual Imagery and the Ability to Perform Complex Operations
Authors: Costello C. G. 
Published: August 2008

Two observations made on the post-leucotomy patient inspired the investigation to be reported in this paper. They are, first, that the post-leucotomy patient seems unable to deal with two things at once. Both Ackerly (1935) and Brickner (1939) have referred to this deficit. The second observation was that there was apparently lesser vitality of imagery after operation. A photographer in Pippard's study (1955) who had had, as he said, a “photographic memory”, could no longer connect people's faces with photographs of them he had taken in the past. A 35 year old schoolteacher in the same study completely lost her visual imagery after operation, and Brain (1954) has reported a similar deficit in two cases. Zangwill and Humphrey's report (1951) of cessation of dreaming in some patients after brain injury is possibly related to this deficit. Petrie (1952) found an increase in reversals, especially willed reversals on the Necker Cube after operation, and Gordon (1950) has presented findings showing that the control of fluctuation was significantly related to less vivid and controlled imagery.The investigation reported here was designed to examine further these two post-leucotomy deficits, and to see if they were related in any way.
Reserpine (“Serpasil”) in Mental Deficiency Practice
Authors: Fischer E. 
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic problems confronting those of us engaged in mental deficiency practice are manifold. This is due to the varied and mixed population inhabiting our hospitals.There is the group known as “high grade” with intelligence quotients of 75 per cent. upwards who are admitted on account of their social inadequacy due to emotional maladjustment, sexual deviations and other psychopathic behaviour problems. The “low” and “medium grade” with intelligence quotients of 25 to 60 per cent., in addition to their deviant behaviour are intellectually so low that they could not cope outside an institution.It is the aim of the psychiatrist to rehabilitate the former group and here in our hospital we have a very active programme to accomplish this end. The latter group are, however, an ever-pressing therapeutic problem on account of the frequency of psychomotor excitement, noisiness and destructiveness.The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the new drug Reserpine in controlling deviant behaviour in such mentally defective patients.
A Characteristic Form of Overactive Behaviour in Brain Damaged Children
Authors: Ingram T. T. S. 
Published: August 2008

Behaviour disorders resulting from localized lesions of the brain have attracted increasing attention recently. With the rapid progress being made in neurosurgical treatment there is a prospect that their accurate diagnosis may become more than an academic exercise. In the present paper a description will be presented of characteristic overactive behaviour which appears, in the majority of cases, to be due to cortical damage, frequently involving the temporal lobe, and sustained either at the time of birth or in later childhood.The behaviour symptoms exhibited were remarkably constant throughout the series of twenty-five children studied. There was marked restlessness, distractibility and an inability to concentrate for more than a few seconds at a time. The affected children showed an apparent compulsive need to touch every object which they saw, and to suck or chew them. Outbursts of aggressive and irresponsible behaviour occurred frequently, and the patients seemed to be incapable of responding to reprimand or chastisement for longer than a few minutes. The majority suffered from epilepsy or showed other evidence suggesting the presence of cerebral damage on examination.
Mental Disorder in Rural Ghana
Authors: Field M. J. 
Published: August 2008

This paper summarizes the main findings of two years' ethno-psychiatric field-work carried out in N.W. Ashanti throughout 1956 and 1957, and later to be published in full detail.The picture surrounding the rural field-worker is essentially different from that seen by psychiatrists in mental hospitals. In rural districts only homicidal patients are ever referred to a mental hospital, and then only from the police-magistrate's court. All other mental illness is regarded as super-naturally determined and hence outside the province of European medicine.
The Physiognomic, Psychometric, Behavioral and Neurological Aspects of Phenylketonuria
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward 
Published: August 2008

Phenylketonuria is an inborn metabolic disorder affecting the body's ability to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine.Its incidence in the general population has been estimated at 0.004 per cent. and its institutional frequency at approximately 0.2 to 0.9 per cent.
Pecazine (“Pacatal”) Compared with Amylobarbitone Sodium in Anxiety States
Authors: Robin Ashley A. 
Published: August 2008

A review of the literature which is accumulating on the so-called tranquillizing drugs shows:1. A relatively small number of adequately controlled trials with, in general, more conservative conclusions than those of the much greater number of uncontrolled trials (Foulds, 1958).2. Diffuseness in patient selection, with subjects often being chosen for behavioural qualities (e.g. overactivity) or general characteristics (e.g. chronicity) rather than for diagnosis.
Conceptual Structure in Thought-Disordered Schizophrenics
Authors: Bannister D. 
Published: August 2008

“Thought-disorder” in schizophrenia was initially a psychiatric concept derived from clinical observation. As crystallized in standard psychiatric authorities, say Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1954) the primary features of the talk (and inferentially the thinking) of thought-disordered schizophrenic patients are:
(i)Inconsequential following of side issues.(ii)Tendencies for the thought to be directed by alliterations, analogies, clang associations, associations with accidents of the speaker's environment, symbolic meanings, and the condensation of several (perhaps mutually contradictory) ideas into one.(iii)Words used out of context, e.g. concrete meanings taken where abstract meanings would be appropriate.(iv)Clinging to unimportant detail.(v)The use of laconic answers, e.g. I don't know, maybe, perhaps—indicative of emptiness and vagueness of ideas.(vi)Thought is generally marked by gaps, poverty, indefiniteness and vagueness.(vii)Indications of thought-blocking.(viii)Indications of pressure of thoughts.
Experience with Thioridazine (“Melleril”) Therapy
Authors: Gold N. 
Published: August 2008

“A doctor must know not only the virtue of a drug, but also its drawbacks”—Carling (1960).Thioridazine is one of the newer phenothiazine derivatives used in psychiatry. Previous workers have reported few serious side-effects with it. The following pilot trial was carried out on male patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia who required nursing in a closed ward.
Schizophrenia—A Hundred Years Ago and Today
Authors: Klaf Franklin S. , Hamilton John G. 
Published: August 2008

Have there been changes in the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness over the past hundred years? Or, to put the question more precisely, are the schizophrenic patients of the 1950s any different phenomenologically from their counterparts in the 1850s?Recent studies (4, 5, 9, 14, 20) have aimed at determining the presence or absence of an increased incidence of psychosis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Opinion is evenly divided as to whether the social changes of the twentieth century have significantly altered the epidemiology of psychotic illness. In spite of an increasing preoccupation with social psychiatry (13), the psychiatric literature is silent on the vital question “Have the changes of the past hundred years altered the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness itself?”The present study, comparing a selected group of schizophrenics of both sexes from the 1850s and 1950s, begins the search for information on the change or lack of change in this important condition over the past hundred years.
Association, Agnosia, and Intellect
Authors: Bowsher David 
Published: August 2008

“O the mind, mind has mountains; cliffs of fall, Frightful, sheer, no-man-fathomed.”The importance of the anatomical basis of the simpler motor and sensory functions of the central nervous system, and their disorders, has been recognized for over a century (Brown-Séquard, 1855). But that more complex intellectual functions and their disorders should also have a relevant anatomical substrate is only slowly coming into recognition. Indeed, a still-fashionable theory of mental function, originating in Vienna towards the end of the last century, regards the study of brain structure as unnecessary and beneath contempt—for all that its founder began as a neuro-anatomist.