bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Side reactions in the synthesis of triblock copolymers of nylon‐6 with telechelic oligomers
Authors: Gancheva Valeria , Petrov Petar , Vladimirov Nikolai , Velichkova Rumiana , Mateva Roza 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The polymerization of hexanelactam (HL) is complicated by numerous side reactions: chain transfer to monomer, termination of the polymer chain, exchange as transamidation and formation of β‐ketoimides and β‐ketoamides. The generation of by‐products and their effect on the anionic polymerization of HL in the bulk in the presence of functionalized tetrahydrofuran oligomers as polymeric activators (PACs) were investigated.RESULTS: In order to consider how side reactions influence the process of HL polymerization, qualitative and quantitative determination of the by‐products obtained and their exhaustion were carried out. An investigation of the polymerization kinetics and the formation of low molecular weight by‐products through the polymerization was performed. The products are further involved in the polymerization process and consumed until an equilibrium level is reached. The mechanism of their generation is discussed. These processes were followed during the first polymerization stage by means of gel permeation chromatography. A mechanism of by‐product formation and consumption is proposed.CONCLUSION: The investigation of the polymerization kinetics and the formation of low molecular weight by‐products through the polymerization has shown that the side reaction yields oligomeric HL‐based products. The products are further involved in the polymerization process and consumed until an equilibrium level is reached. The equilibrium values depend on the HL/PACs ratio. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural and magnetic characterization of Fe/Cr/Fe tri‐layers and Fe/Cr multilayers after swift Au ion irradiation
Authors: Kąc M. , Dézsi I. , Toulemonde M. , Kruk R. , Polit A. , Zabila Y. , Fetzer Cs. , Szűcs I. , Mitura‐Nowak M. , Tokman V. , Żukrowski J. , Marszałek M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFe/Cr/Fe trilayers and Fe/Cr multilayers were irradiated by 163 MeV Au ions with fluence of 1 × 1011 ions/cm2 to 50 × 1011 ions/cm2. The structural properties of Fe/Cr interfaces were observed using Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) and X‐ray reflectivity (XRR). The magnetic exchange coupling between Fe layers through Cr spacer in trilayers and multilayers was determined from hysteresis loops measured with SQUID magnetometer. The different behavior of Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers and Fe/Cr multilayers was observed after Au ions irradiation. In Fe/Cr multilayers a decrease of the average value of hyperfine magnetic field with increasing Au ions fluence was observed, indicating an increase of the inter‐ increase of the interfacial roughness. In Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers the non‐monotonic behavior of average value of hyperfine magnetic field versus ion fluence was observed suggesting the smoothing of the interfaces at small fluences and roughening at higher ones. The smoothening of interfaces was confirmed by XRR spectra. In multilayers the magnetic properties changed in a similar way as the structural properties and continuous decay of antiferromagnetic coupling as a function of fluence was observed. In trilayers at the low fluences the antiferromagnetic coupling was not sensitive on irradiation, while at large fluences the decrease of antiferromagnetic coupling fraction was seen. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystalline ZnO/SrTiO3 transparent field effect transistor
Authors: Bellingeri E. , Pallecchi I. , Pellegrino L. , Canu G. , Biasotti M. , Vignolo M. , Siri A. S. , Marré D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe fabricated field effect transistors which are transparent at visible wavelength, by realizing epitaxial ZnO/SrTiO3 heterostructures. High crystalline quality ZnO layers were grown by pulsed laser deposition on 110 oriented strontium titanate single crystals. By conventional photolithographic techniques we realized micrometric sized devices in both bottom‐gate stacked layers geometry and planar side‐gate configuration. Our transistors show 80% light transmittance, on/off ratios up to 106 and field effect mobilities up to 30 cm2/Vs at 77 K. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amorphous oxide TFT and their applications in electrophoretic displays
Authors: Ito Manabu , Kon Masato , Miyazaki Chihiro , Ikeda Noriaki , Ishizaki Mamoru , Matsubara Ryohei , Ugajin Yoshiko , Sekine Norimasa 
Published: July 2008

AbstractApplications of amorphous oxide TFTs to electrophoretic display have been demonstrated. First, we focus attention on the low process temperature of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (a‐IGZO) TFT and successfully fabricated a‐IGZO TFT array onto poly‐ethylene‐naphthalate (PEN) films at room temperature. Subsequently, an a‐IGZO TFT array was combined with electrophoretic display and we have successfully driven a flexible electrophoretic display by a‐IGZO TFT. The image of the flexible display was not affected by bending. Secondly, taking advantage of the transparency of oxide TFT, we propose a novel display structure for electronic paper. In our display structure, an oxide TFT array is fabricated directly onto a color filter array, which facilitates good alignment of the color filter and the TFT array. This TFT and color filter array were laminated with electrophoretic frontplane and positioned at the viewing side of the display. In this structure, the electrophoretic display is driven from the viewing side of the display, which we call the “Front Drive” structure. We have successfully displayed QVGA 4 inch color electronic paper by the “Front Drive” structure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of the oxygen partial pressure on the properties of undoped tin oxide films deposited at low temperature
Authors: Parreira P. , Valente J. , Lavareda G. , Nunes de Carvalho C. , Ramos A. R. , Alves E. , Brogueira P. , Amaral A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe aim of this work is to determine the influence of the oxygen partial pressure on the optical, electrical and structural properties of transparent and conductive undoped tin oxide (SnOx) thin films. These films were deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced reactive thermal evaporation (rf‐PERTE) of tin in the presence of oxygen at low substrate temperatures (140 °C). Electrical properties obtained in such thin films show dependence with the oxygen partial pressure. When pressure ranges from 1.5 × 10–2 to 6.0 × 10–2 Pa, resistivity varies between 3.3 × 10–1 Ω cm and 2.6 × 10–1 Ω cm, respectively. The lowest resistivity value obtained was 2.0 × 10–2 Ω cm for films deposited at an oxygen partial pressure of about 3.0 × 10–2 Pa. All samples present a reasonably good visible transmittance value between 75–85%. Topography of the samples obtained by AFM show a relative uniform and flat surface with mean square roughness (RMS) of the order of 1.1 nm. RBS measurements show that the highest conductivity is obtained for SnOx films with an O/Sn ratio of about 2.51. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Cd/S ratio on photocatalytic activity of high‐vacuum‐annealed CdS–TiO2 thin film
Authors: Biswas S. , Hossain M. F. , Takahashi T. , Kubota Y. , Fujishima A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCdS–TiO2 thin film heterojunctions were prepared on glass substrates with various Cd/S ratios to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency in UV–visible light irradiation. The CdS underlayer was prepared by the chemical bath deposition technique and subsequently annealed in high vacuum of 5 × 10–5 Pa at 400 °C. The effect of vacuum annealing of the CdS layer on optical and photocatalytic properties of the CdS–TiO2 thin film was also studied. The photocatalytic activity, evaluated by the measurement of the decomposition of methanol in the gas phase under UV–visible light irradiation, shows higher efficiency for a vacuum‐annealed CdS underlayer deposited with Cd/S ratio ≈1:4. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of pseudo‐single‐nucleus lateral crystallization method for silicon thin film
Authors: Endo T. , Katou T. , Shimoto S. , Ohno T. , Taniguchi Y. , Azuma K. , Matsumura M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBased on the phase‐modulated excimer laser annealing method, an advanced crystallization technology called the “pseudo‐single‐nucleus lateral crystallization method” has been reported recently. Arrays of large rectangular Si grains of almost 6 μm × 5 μm in size were successfully grown by the new method with a sufficiently wide process window. The characterization of crystallized film was investigated by electron backscattering pattern (EBSP) method, Raman spectra and AFM, and it was confirmed that the two‐dimensionally large Si grain had a good crystallinity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lasers solutions for wafer and thin‐film annealing
Authors: Paetzel Rainer , Turk Brandon , Brune Jan , Govorkov Sergei , Simon Frank 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe application of lasers for the annealing of wafer‐based and thin‐film microelectronic devices is steadily increasing. Excellent control of material characteristics (for example, dopant activation profile) can be achieved through proper selection of laser parameters, such as wavelength, pulse duration and fluence. In this paper, we present recent results achieved with our industrial lasers and tailored optical systems used for annealing and activation. Such systems include Excimer Lasers, q‐switched DPSS Lasers and our unique high‐power CW laser system that delivers scalable output power of multiple hundreds of Watts in the visible wavelength range. One focus is the formation of ultra‐shallow Source/Drain junctions for CMOS nodes below 90 nm. We will present results from Excimer Laser Annealing (ELA) that show high dopant activation, exact control over the junction depth and efficient implant damage removal. Another application is power MOSFET, where a laser source is utilized for dopant activation and damage healing over micron depths. The choice of wavelength (i.e. green) with adequate interaction time leads to an optimized activation profile. The use of single laser pulses, pulse trains or continuous irradiation leads to the preferred annealing result. Crystallization of thin films is another large domain for laser annealing equipment. We will present selected results from silicon thin‐film annealing, which is commonly used in the Flat Panel Display industry. The applicability of these technologies beyond displays into electronics and photo‐voltaic applications is also shown. In addition, descriptions are provided of experimental results and simulations of laser sources and optical systems that enable variation of the temperature profile within the irradiated materials and offer the scalability and maturity as demanded by the semiconductor industry. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doping control analysis of tricyclic tetrahydroquinoline‐derived selective androgen receptor modulators using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Kohler Maxie , Thomas Andreas , Schlörer Nils , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSelective androgen receptor modulators represent an emerging class of therapeutics to counteract various diseases such as osteoporosis and muscle wasting. Numerous drug candidates have been developed and investigated including a group that comprises a tricyclic tetrahydroquinoline nucleus such as 2‐methyl‐2‐(8‐nitro‐3a,4,5,9b‐tetrahydro‐3H‐cyclopenta[c]chinolin‐4‐yl)propan‐1‐ol. Due to their novelty and medicinal purpose, these compounds also possess great potential for misuse in sports, and studies on the mass spectrometric behavior of three synthesized model substances and drug candidates were conducted to provide information on typical dissociation pathways following electrospray ionization and collision‐induced dissociation. Product ion mass spectra derived from protonated molecules were studied using high resolution/high accuracy orbitrap mass spectrometry, and characteristic fragmentation routes and product ions were elucidated. Major and general findings include the elimination of a hydroxyl radical from [M+H]+, the elimination of the 2‐substituted side chain, and the gas‐phase rearrangement of the investigated tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines to 6‐nitroquinoline yielding a common product ion at m/z 175. Knowledge of these dissociation pathways supports the identification of related substances as well as metabolic products, which is of utmost importance to drug testing laboratories. The compounds were implemented into existing screening procedures, and detection limits (0.2–0.6 ng/mL), recoveries (92–97%), and intraday and interday precision (<22%) were evaluated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to the giant component problem
Authors: Janson Svante , Luczak Malwina J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe study the largest component of a random (multi)graph on n vertices with a given degree sequence. We let n → ∞. Then, under some regularity conditions on the degree sequences, we give conditions on the asymptotic shape of the degree sequence that imply that with high probability all the components are small, and other conditions that imply that with high probability there is a giant component and the sizes of its vertex and edge sets satisfy a law of large numbers; under suitable assumptions these are the only two possibilities. In particular, we recover the results by Molloy and Reed on the size of the largest component in a random graph with a given degree sequence.We further obtain a new sharp result for the giant component just above the threshold, generalizing the case of G(n,p) with np = 1 + ω(n)n−1/3, where ω(n) → ∞ arbitrarily slowly.Our method is based on the properties of empirical distributions of independent random variables, and leads to simple proofs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Automatic identification of key classes in a software system using webmining techniques
Authors: Zaidman Andy , Demeyer Serge 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSoftware engineers new to a project are often stuck sorting through hundreds of classes in order to find those few classes that offer a significant insight into the inner workings of the software project. To help stimulate this process, we propose a technique that can identify the most important classes in a system or the key classes of that system. Software engineers can use these classes to focus their understanding efforts when starting to work on a new software project. Those key classes are typically characterized with having a lot of ‘control’ within the application. In order to find these controlling classes, we present a detection approach that is based on dynamic coupling and webmining. We demonstrate the potential of our technique using two open‐source software systems that have a rich documentation set. During the case studies we use dynamically gathered coupling information that vary between a number of coupling metrics. The case studies show that we are able to retrieve 90% of the classes deemed important by the original maintainers of the systems, while maintaining a level of precision of around 50%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐automatic segmentation of fetal cardiac cavities: progress towards an automated fetal echocardiogram
Authors: Tutschek B. , Sahn D. J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a novel application of a tool for semi‐automatic volume segmentation and adapt it for analysis of fetal cardiac cavities and vessels from heart volume datasets.MethodsWe studied retrospectively virtual cardiac volume cycles obtained with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) from six fetuses with postnatally confirmed diagnoses: four with normal hearts between 19 and 29 completed gestational weeks, one with d‐transposition of the great arteries and one with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The volumes were analyzed offline using a commercially available segmentation algorithm designed for ovarian folliculometry. Using this software, individual ‘cavities’ in a static volume are selected and assigned individual colors in cross‐sections and in 3D‐rendered views, and their dimensions (diameters and volumes) can be calculated.ResultsIndividual segments of fetal cardiac cavities could be separated, adjacent segments merged and the resulting electronic casts studied in their spatial context. Volume measurements could also be performed. Exemplary images and interactive videoclips showing the segmented digital casts were generated.ConclusionThe approach presented here is an important step towards an automated fetal volume echocardiogram. It has the potential both to help in obtaining a correct structural diagnosis, and to generate exemplary visual displays of cardiac anatomy in normal and structurally abnormal cases for consultation and teaching. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteopontin Expression in Squamous Cell Cancer of the Esophagus
Authors: Wu I‐Chen , Wu Ming‐Tsang , Chou Shah‐Hwa , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Goan Yih‐Gang , Lee Jang‐Ming , Chou Yi‐Pin , Bair Ming‐Jong , Wang Tsang‐En , Chen Angela , Chang Wen‐Hsiung , Kuo Fu‐Chen , Wu Deng‐Chyang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to better understand the role of osteopontin (OPN) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by comparing the OPN mRNA level in ESCC tumor tissue and matched normal tissue and by determining the prognostic significance of the gene expression.MethodsInitially, by an oligo‐nucleotide microarray hybridization technique, OPN expressions were found to consistently elevate at least twofold in three ESCC tissues compared with their adjacent normal ones. Subsequently, the expression of OPN mRNA was detected by real‐time QRT‐PCR among the 58 fresh surgical ESCC specimens. The clinical information was obtained by chart review.ResultsOPN mRNA expression was detectable in 58 of 58 (100%) tumor specimens and 57 of 58 (98.3%) nonmalignant esophageal specimens. OPN expression was higher in tumor tissue than in the matched normal tissue in 54 of 58 (93.1%) individual cases. The overall median mRNA expression level of OPN was approximately 8.8‐fold higher in tumor tissues (4.1; range: 0.02–247) compared with matched normal esophageal tissues (0.5; range, 0.0–21.4; p < 0.001). Overexpression of OPN mRNA was significantly associated with clinical stage (p = 0.01). The more severe the clinical stage (from I‐II, III, to IV) was the higher frequency of overexpression of OPN mRNA. No significant associations were found between overexpression of OPN mRNA and the patients’ survival (p = 0.27).DiscussionOur findings suggest OPN is associated with esophageal tumorigenesis and progression, but not patients’ survival.
Bedeutung von Polymorphismen für venöse und arterielle Thrombosen
Authors: Seidel H. 
Published: July 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die Polymorphismen der thrombozytären Glykoproteine Ia-IIa (GP Ia C807T) und HPA-1a/1b (GP IIIa T1565C), des Fibrinolyseinhibitors PAI-1 675 4G/5G sowie der Methylentetrahydrofolatreduktase MTHFR C677T werden immer wieder als Risikofaktoren für arterielle und venöse Thrombembolien diskutiert. Ihr prädiktiver Wert für das Auftreten von thrombembolischen Ereignissen ist jedoch aufgrund einer widersprüchlichen Datenlage unklar. Nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand gehen die genannten Polymorphismen nicht gesichert mit einem erhöhten Thrombembolierisiko einher. Daher ist ihre Untersuchung zurzeit weder in der arteriellen noch in der venösen Thrombophiliediagnostik indiziert. Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenzen dieser genetischen Merkmale bedarf es weiterer Untersuchungen, um die Grenzen zwischen Confoundereffekt und Risikofaktor zu definieren.
Identification of potential genes/proteins regulated by Tiam1 in colorectal cancer by microarray analysis and proteome analysis
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Shuang , Zhang Qingling , Ding Yanqing 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTiam1 (T‐cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis‐inducing protein 1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Rac, is a colorectal cancer metastasis‐related gene. In this study, we aimed to better understand the mechanism underlying Tiam1‐mediated metastasis. We applied gene microarray and proteome analysis and compared expression of genes and proteins in a stable Tiam1‐silencing colorectal cancer cell line and in a control cell line. Our analysis identified three genes, high‐mobility group box1 (HMGB1), annexin IV (ANXA4) and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) that were associated with Tiam1. Analysis of these proteins, which may be directly or indirectly regulated by Tiam1, may provide insight into the role and mechanism of Tiam1 in colorectal cancer metastasis.
Safety networks: fishery barometers and the outsourcing of judgement at the early Meteorological Department
Authors: DRY SARAH 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn 1854 Admiral FitzRoy, acting as the first head of the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade, initiated a project to distribute fishery barometers to poor fishing communities. Over the next eleven years until his untimely death in 1865, FitzRoy oversaw the distribution of dozens of barometers. The distribution continued after his death and many of the original barometers are still in place. FitzRoy's tenure at the Met Department is today remembered for his innovative and controversial development of weather forecasts, the first of their kind in Britain, which were telegraphed to coastal towns to warn of impending storms. Against the backdrop of this dramatic attempt to predict the weather using the tools of telegraphy and synoptic mapping, the barometer distribution project looks like an unexceptional piece of administration, a routine shuttling of correspondence and instruments. Closer inspection reveals a case study in Victorian governance that shows how individuals could contribute to elite forms of science by remaining independent of them in key respects. Rather than providing disciplined and trustworthy registrations of nature's language, the fishery barometers distributed by FitzRoy and the Met Department were explicitly excluded from the wider project to map British and global weather. By being thus excluded, they helped augment the autonomy of their intended users, the poor fishermen who were thereby made into better, more independent, interpreters of the Met Office forecasts. By revealing the potential for an instrument to be useful when not registering, this episode suggests that instruments could augment as well as replace the autonomous judgements of individuals.
Raising the aerocompass in early twentieth-century Britain
Authors: DAVIS SOPHIA 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper concerns the movement of the old navigational instrument, the compass, into the new situation of the aeroplane in the early part of the twentieth century. In order for the technology that had so long resided on ships or in the hand to continue to function in new contexts, a huge amount of work was required. Relationships were forged and made fraught, inventions were made to contest and succeed one another, new scientific and technical knowledge was produced. Throughout, the perceived nature of compasses and magnetic fields underwent subtle but significant shifts. Until recently histories dealing with the emergence of the aerocompass have largely black-boxed the technological changes, with only superficial treatment of issues lying beyond the compass itself.1 John Bradley's exploration of the feud between the Admiralty and military compass designers, and the sections in both Bradley's and A. E. Fanning's work on lawsuits over originality,2 go some way towards rectifying this imbalance. This paper extends that work further. It focuses on events in Britain, particularly those centred on two institutions, the Admiralty Compass Observatory at Ditton Park, Slough, and the Royal Aircraft Factory (later the Royal Aircraft Establishment) at Farnborough.