bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOCALS, EXILES AND COSMOPOLITANS: A THEORETICAL ARGUMENT ABOUT IDENTITY AND PLACE IN MIAMI
Authors: NIJMAN JAN 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTRecent theoretical advances point to the dynamic and plural nature of processes of identity formation. Moreover, the ascendance of the globalisation paradigm implies a greater emphasis on their geographical dimension in terms of place and mobility. Illustrated with the case of Miami, this paper presents a theoretical argument about place, mobility and identity in contemporary global cities. The need to go beyond conventional and singular categories of identity is argued, with special reference to the impact of rapid increases in spatial mobility. In this paper, the role of Miami's different populations is framed in the context of their geographical identities and the ways they identify with Miami as locals, exiles and cosmopolitans. The high mobility of Miami's population and the small number of locals pose some major challenges, with implications for this city's civil society. The case of Miami also sheds a different, and less idealistic, light on the meaning of cosmopolitanism.
THE ROLE OF PROXIMITY AND KNOWLEDGE INTERACTION BETWEEN HEAD OFFICES AND KIBS
Authors: ASLESEN HEIDI WIIG , JAKOBSEN STIG‐ERIK 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe extant literature suggests that a mutual dependency exists between head office location and the location of knowledge‐intensive business services (KIBS) in major cities and capital regions. This is often referred to as a joint head‐office–corporate‐service complex. However, few studies have looked into the functioning and outcomes of these complexes. How concentrated are KIBS and head offices in major cities? How important is geographical proximity in the knowledge interaction between head offices and KIBS? What are the actual outcomes of head office–KIBS relationships, especially as far as innovation is concerned? These issues are discussed by using empirical evidence from Norway. The empirical results indicate that geographical proximity in itself is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for successful relations between KIBS and head offices in cities. However, agglomeration in city regions can provide positive externalities for both parties. Other types of proximity, such as social and cognitive proximity, also play a vital role in the outcome of KIBS‐client relations. There is therefore a certain degree of heterogeneity, but not all projects lead to profound learning and innovation in the actors in this complex.
GEOPOLITICAL IMAGINATIONS ABOUT THE EUROPEAN UNION IN RECENT POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS
Authors: SCHOTT MICHAEL 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWith the end of the Cold War the concepts of the geopolitical order of Europe have changed. Within this process the European Union plays a significant role. When the Iron Curtain came down, negotiations about the potential enlargement to the East started and the EU positioned itself differently regarding worldwide conflicts and wars. The influence of the new geopolitical situation on national long‐term orientations and changes in the representations of the national representatives is the focal point of this paper. It analyses the current discourses on Europe, the European Union and its global role based on selected interviews with high ranking politicians. The main issues are: how far does Europe extend and which part of Europe will form the EU? And which internal power relations will the EU develop in the future. A discourse analysis shows how the current problems are verbalised within the geopolitical representations and how they affect the political arena. In this paper the word discourse is used to describe a social process which can be called ‘inclination of sense’ or, in a more sophisticated manner, ‘genesis of meaning’. This meaning refers to (a) the processual character of political, social and territorial organisation, (b) its reflection in the mass media and its construction of what can be called ‘European’ or ‘familiar with Europe’ and (c) the influence of the semantic order on political decisions, which impose a specific structural order and social organisation.
ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY IN NON‐PALMER SKIN SITES
Authors: Rickles W. H. , Day J. L. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to explore the human body for GSR sites, which would parallel palmar GSR activity, but would not impede the subject or be prone to artifact. Specific resistance values ranged from 10,000 to 800,000 ohm‐cm2. Specific resistance of the scalp was consistently lower than other areas. Spontaneous activity was observed at all non‐palmar, non‐plantar sites except the scalp. At times, this activity was found to be present when the palm was quiescent. Evoked non‐palmar, non‐plantar activity was found to be present irregularly, but was always accompanied by evoked palmar responses. Non‐palmar, non‐plantar sites responded to exertional stimuli with rhythmic, 16–21 per minute, GSR activity. Some subjects demonstrated this rhythmic activity spontaneously, and one subject revealed abrupt suppression of this phenomenon in response to psychosensory stimulation. Medial and lateral hypomalleolar areas of the ankle were found to parallel plantar specific GSR responses and are recommended as useful GSR skin sites under conditions of moderate arousal.
Startle reflex modulation during exposure to pleasant and unpleasant odors
Authors: EHRLICHMAN HOWARD , BROWN SANDRA , ZHU JOHN , WARRENBURG STEPHEN 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe eyeblink component of the startle response to acoustic probes was measured while subjects smelled pleasant odors, unpleasant odors, or no odor. Peak electromyogram (EMG) 20–90 ms after probe onset was greater during unpleasant than during no odor conditions; EMGs for pleasant odors did not differ from those for no odor. Base tension in orbicularis oculi muscles was also higher during unpleasant odors. The results for unpleasant odors parallel those found in previous studies that have used a variety of methods for producing negatively valenced experiences. The results for pleasant odors diverge from those of most previous studies, which have found startle attenuation during positively valenced experiences. However, the results may be compatible with the suggestion (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1992) that the motivational state that modulates startle involves both valence and arousal. Pleasant odors may require appropriate contexts to produce the positive motivational state required for startle attenuation.
Acoustic startle and anticipatory anxiety in humans: Effects of monaural right and left ear stimulation
Authors: GRILLON CHRISTIAN , DAVIS MICHAEL 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe startle reflex elicited by binaural acoustic startle stimuli is potentiated by the threat of electric shock. The present study explored the lateralization of this fear‐potentiated startle reflex effect using acoustic startle stimuli delivered binaurally or monaurally to the left or right ear and recorded from the left and right orbicularis oculi muscles. Consistent with previous results, the acoustic startle to binaural stimulation was potentiated during the anticipation of shock. This effect was also present for monaural stimulation but was greater when startle stimuli were delivered to the right than to the left ear. The results are discussed in terms of hemispheric lateralization during shock anticipation.
Adaptive control of event integration: Evidence from event‐related potentials
Authors: Akyürek Elkan G. , Riddell Patricia M. , Toffanin Paolo , Hommel Bernhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated whether it is possible to control the temporal window of attention used to rapidly integrate visual information. To study the underlying neural mechanisms, we recorded ERPs in an attentional blink task, known to elicit Lag‐1 sparing. Lag‐1 sparing fosters joint integration of the two targets, evidenced by increased order errors. Short versus long integration windows were induced by showing participants mostly fast or slow stimuli. Participants expecting slow speed used a longer integration window, increasing joint integration. Difference waves showed an early (200 ms post‐T2) negative and a late positive modulation (390 ms) in the fast group, but not in the slow group. The modulations suggest the creation of a separate event for T2, which is not needed in the slow group, where targets were often jointly integrated. This suggests that attention can be guided by global expectations of presentation speed within tens of milliseconds.
The interdependence of spatial attention and lexical access as revealed by early asymmetries in occipito‐parietal ERP activity
Authors: Dell'Acqua R. , Pesciarelli F. , Jolicœur P. , Eimer M. , Peressotti F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA test of the possible functional interaction between mechanisms subserving spatial attention and lexical access was devised by displaying one green and one red string of letters, one to the left and one to the right of fixation, and having participants attend to a target string defined by color while ignoring the other distractor string. The target string for a delayed lexical decision task could be a word or a nonword. The distractor was always a word. When the target was a word, target and distractor were associatively related on half of the trials and not related in the other trials. The event‐related potential time‐locked to the onset of the letter strings produced an N2pc (a greater negativity at scalp sites contralateral to the target relative to the ipsilateral sites arising at about 170 ms poststimulus). N2pc amplitude was reduced when the words were related relative to when they were not related. The results provide direct, online evidence that the rapid activation of meaning by visual words can influence the efficiency of the deployment of spatial attention.
Postauricular and eyeblink startle responses to facial expressions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Sabourin Gabrielle , Kleck Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEmotional facial expressions have affective significance. Smiles, for example, are perceived as positive and responded to with increased happiness, whereas angry expressions are perceived as negative and threatening. Yet, these perceptions are modulated in part by facial morphological cues related to the sex of the expresser. The present research assessed both eyeblink startle and the postauricular reflex during happy and angry expressions by men and women. For this 14 male and 16 female undergraduates saw happy, neutral, and angry facial expressions as well as positive and negative pictures. The postauricular reflex was potentiated during happy expressions and inhibited during anger expressions; however, as expected, this pattern was more clearly found for female expressers. Conversely, the expected pattern of eyeblink startle potentiation during angry faces and inhibition during happy faces was found only for male expressers.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Inhibitors of Calcification in Blood and Urine
Authors: Schlieper Georg , Westenfeld Ralf , Brandenburg Vincent , Ketteler Markus 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn bone and teeth formation, coordinated calcification is a highly desirable biological process. However, heterotopic calcification at unwanted tissue sites leads to dysfunction, disease and, potentially, to death and therefore requires prevention and treatment. With the recent discovery of calcification inhibitors we now know that biological calcification is not passive but a complex, active and highly regulated process. Calcification at vascular sites is the most threatening localization and manifests as part of atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is often accompanied by intimal plaque calcification, whereas arteriosclerosis is characterized by calcification of the media. The severity of calcification of cerebral or coronary atherosclerotic plaques is associated with an increased incidence of events such as stroke or myocardial infarction. Medial calcification is the major cause of arterial stiffness, which contributes to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Patients with chronic kidney disease are at especially increased risk for both intimal and medial calcification. In this context, it is currently thought that calcium‐regulatory factors including fetuin‐A, matrix Gla protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphates act in a local or systemic manner to prevent calcifications of the vasculature, and that dysregulations of such calcification inhibitors may contribute to progressive calcifications. Nephrolithiasis represents another process of unwanted calcification responsible for significant morbidity. More than 80% of renal stones contain calcium. Urinary factors inhibiting calcification are citrate, glycosaminoglycans, Tamm‐Horsfall protein, and osteopontin. This review summarizes current experimental and clinical data underlining the biological importance of these calcification inhibitors.
When Should We Pay Attention to Unfavorable News from Pregnancy Registries?
Authors: French Jacqueline A. 
Published: March 2007

In Utero Antiepileptic Drug Exposure: Fetal Death and Malformations. Meador KJ, Baker GA, Finnell RH, Kalayjian LA, Liporace JD, Loring DW, Mawer G, Pennell PB, Smith JC, Wolff MC; NEAD Study Group. Neurology 2006;67:407–412. Background Pregnancy outcomes following in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are uncertain, limiting an evidenced-based approach. Objective To determine if fetal outcomes vary as a function of different in utero AED exposures. Methods This ongoing prospective observational study across 25 epilepsy centers in the United States and United Kingdom enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy from October 1999 to February 2004 to determine if differential long-term cognitive and behavioral neurodevelopmental effects exist across the four most commonly used AEDs. This initial report focuses on the incidence of serious adverse outcomes including major congenital malformations (which could be attributable to AEDs) or fetal death. A total of 333 mother/child pairs were analyzed for monotherapy exposures: carbamazepine (n = 110), lamotrigine (n = 98), phenytoin (n = 56), and valproate (n = 69). Results Response frequencies of pregnancies resulting in serious adverse outcomes for each AED were as follows: carbamazepine 8.2%, lamotrigine 1.0%, phenytoin 10.7%, and valproate 20.3%. Distribution of serious adverse outcomes differed significantly across AEDs and was not explained by factors other than in utero AED exposure. Valproate exhibited a dose-dependent effect. Conclusions More adverse outcomes were observed in pregnancies with in utero valproate exposure versus the other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These results combined with several recent studies provide strong evidence that valproate poses the highest risk to the fetus. For women who fail other AEDs and require valproate, the dose should be limited if possible.
Vaccines, Encephalopathies, and Mutations
Authors: Berg Anne T. 
Published: March 2007

De-Novo Mutations of the Sodium Channel Gene SCN1A in Alleged Vaccine Encephalopathy: A Retrospective Study. Berkovic SF, Harkin L, McMahon JM, Pelekanos JT, Zuberi SM, Wirrell EC, Gill DS, Iona X, Mulley JC, Scheffer IE. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:488–492. Background Vaccination, particularly for pertussis, has been implicated as a direct cause of an encephalopathy with refractory seizures and intellectual impairment. We postulated that cases of so-called vaccine encephalopathy could have mutations in the neuronal sodium channel α1 subunit gene ( SCN1A) because of a clinical resemblance to severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) for which such mutations have been identified. Methods We retrospectively studied 14 patients with alleged vaccine encephalopathy in whom the first seizure occurred within 72 h of vaccination. We reviewed the relation to vaccination from source records and assessed the specific epilepsy phenotype. Mutations in SCN1A were identified by PCR amplification and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography analysis, with subsequent sequencing. Parental DNA was examined to ascertain the origin of the mutation. Results SCN1A mutations were identified in 11 of 14 patients with alleged vaccine encephalopathy; a diagnosis of a specific epilepsy syndrome was made in all 14 cases. Five mutations predicted truncation of the protein and six were missense in conserved regions of the molecule. In all nine cases where parental DNA was available the mutations arose de novo. Clinical-molecular correlation showed mutations in eight of eight cases with phenotypes of SMEI, in three of four cases with borderline SMEI, but not in two cases with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Conclusion Cases of alleged vaccine encephalopathy could in fact be a genetically determined epileptic encephalopathy that arose de novo. These findings have important clinical implications for diagnosis and management of encephalopathy and, if confirmed in other cohorts, major societal implications for the general acceptance of vaccination.
Psychological treatments of subthreshold depression: a meta‐analytic review
Authors: Cuijpers P. , Smit F. , Van Straten A. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  Subthreshold depression has a considerable impact on the quality of life and carries a high risk of developing major depressive disorder. Psychological treatments for subthreshold depression may be able to reduce depressive symptomatology and prevent the onset of major depression.Method:  We conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies examining the effects of psychological treatments for subthreshold depression. We examined the effects on depressive symptoms and the preventive effects on the incidence of major depression.Results:  Seven high‐quality studies with a total of 700 subjects were included. The mean effect size at post‐test was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.23–0.60), with very low heterogeneity. The relative risk of developing a major depressive disorder in subjects who received the intervention was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.47–1.03; P = 0.07).Conclusion:  Psychological treatments have significant effects on subthreshold depression. Furthermore, these interventions may prevent the onset of major depression.
Treating depression with the evidence‐based psychotherapies: a critique of the evidence
Authors: Parker G. , Fletcher K. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  While Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) have been positioned as first‐line evidence‐based treatments for depression, we suggest that limitations to the ‘evidence’ deserve wider appreciation.Method:  A systematic literature search was undertaken, and limitations to the evidence base discussed.Results:  The review suggests that the specificity of CBT and IPT treatments for depression has yet to be demonstrated and details likely reasons.Conclusion:  The superiority of CBT and IPT may well be able to be demonstrated across defined rather than universal circumstances. To achieve this aim, outcome research should move away from testing treatments as if they have universal application for heterogeneous disorder categories. Findings have distinct implications for the clinical management of depressive disorders, and particularly in relation to the utility of psychotherapy.
Patients’ use of alternative methods parallel to psychiatric therapy: does the migrational background matter?
Authors: Assion H. J. , Zarouchas I. , Multamäki S. , Zolotova J. , Schröder S. G. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  Unconventional medicine is widespread in nearly every culture and often used parallel to professional help. This survey evaluates the use of unconventional methods of psychiatric in‐patients with vs. without a background of migration.Method:  A total of 167 psychiatric in‐patients underwent a structured interview. One hundred patients were migrants (group 1) and were compared with 67 German in‐patients (group 2).Results:  Nearly 50% of all patients reported of at least one unconventional therapy. Both migrants and natives used healing methods parallel to professional help. The migrant group rathered to use folk medical concepts and the native group rathered alternative medicine. Around half of the patients with experience of complementary therapy believed it to be efficacious.Conclusion:  The results suggest that nearly half of the psychiatric patients use alternative medicine and a quarter believe in its efficacy. People with a more traditional background tend to use folk medical practices.
Caries prevention with fluoride varnish in a socially deprived community
Authors: Zimmer Stefan , Robke Franz Josef , Roulet Jean‐François 
Published: March 2007

Abstract –It has been suggested that specific preventive programs be developed for children with high caries risk. One possibility is to consider whole classes in socially deprived schools as caries‐risk groups and perform an intensified preventive program for the entire class. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of such a program which includes the application of a fluoride varnish (Duraphat®). Methods: The application of the varnish was offered three to four times a year in a community with low socio‐economic status and a generally high caries level. Two hundred and sixty‐nine children in six primary schools of Linden/Limmer, a district in Hannover, Germany, were allocated to a test or a control group. The test group received the fluoride varnish for 4 years whereas the control group received no professional fluoride application. DMFT was recorded at the beginning of the study and after 4 years. Results: At the end of the study, children who had received a minimum of two fluoride applications per year showed a significantly lower caries increment in comparison with the control group (0.88 DMFT vs 1.39 DMFT, P < 0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that a minimum of two applications of the fluoride varnish Duraphat® per year may be an effective measure in preventing caries in socially deprived children with high caries activity.
Caries‐preventive methods used for children and adolescents in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
Authors: Källestål Carina , Wang Nina J. , Petersen Poul Erik , Arnadottir Inga B. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract –Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden have all had a similar decline in dental caries during the last 20 years, although the decline has come later in Iceland. The purpose of this study was to compare the caries‐preventive methods used for children and adolescents in these four countries. Questionnaires were sent to random samples of dentists, dental hygienists, and dental nurses working with children during 1995 and 1996. The results showed that the use of preventive methods was generally consistent between the countries. Nevertheless there were differences between the countries concerning the choice of preventive strategy for risk patients and also in how prevention was implemented. Danish dental care providers chose oral hygiene education as the priority, which they put into practice. Apart from fluoride varnish for some patients, most of them did not use or recommend fluoride except fluoride toothpaste. The Norwegian and Icelandic dental care providers chose both oral hygiene education and the use of fluoride as priorities, while most Swedish dental care providers preferred to provide dietary advice and oral hygiene education, and additional fluoride for risk patients. The differences could not be explained by other variables than nationality, implying that there are differences between the dental cultures in the four countries. The informational basis of decisions on preventive strategies varied between the different dental professionals in each country as well as between the countries, indicating that national professional cultures are being shaped differently. Despite the differences in choice of preventive methods, the dental health of children varies little across the frontiers. This raises the question of the significance of the choice of preventive methods to the decline of dental caries and points towards an urgent need to develop evidence‐based preventive strategies.