bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum and Maximum Densities of Granular Materials
Authors: Mehdiratta GR , Triandafilidis GE 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine minimum and maximum densities of arroyo sand, concrete sand, Ottawa sand, and glass beads. Minimum densities were determined by six different methods using two different molds. Maximum density tests were performed using an electromagnetic vibrator producing vertical simple harmonic motion. The vibration parameters investigated were frequency, acceleration, displacement, and the duration of vibrations.
The minimum densities obtained by using the ASTM Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils (D 2049-69) were considerably higher than those obtained by using several other simple procedures. Acceleration appeared to be the most important vibration parameter, and accelerations greater than the optimum acceleration (the acceleration at which the maximum density of a soil was obtained) caused a decrease in the maximum density. We recommend that these tests be performed at different amplitudes of acceleration and that the acceleration be continuously monitored during the test. A simple harmonic motion of the soil container gave results which were highly reproducible. We recommend that the soil container be directly attached to the moving core of the electromagnetic vibrator and that the vibrating table be eliminated.
Intergenerational Transmission of Glucose Intolerance and Obesity by In Utero Undernutrition in Mice
Authors: Jimenez-Chillaron Josep C. , Isganaitis Elvira , Charalambous Marika , Gesta Stephane , Pentinat-Pelegrin Thais , Faucette Ryan R. , Otis Jessica P. , Chow Alice , Diaz Ruben , Ferguson-Smith Anne , Patti Mary-Elizabeth 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease during adult life. Moreover, this programmed disease risk can progress to subsequent generations. We previously described a mouse model of LBW, produced by maternal caloric undernutrition (UN) during late gestation. LBW offspring (F1-UN generation) develop progressive obesity and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with aging. We aimed to determine whether such metabolic phenotypes can be transmitted to subsequent generations in an experimental model, even in the absence of altered nutrition during the second pregnancy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We intercrossed female and male F1 adult control (C) and UN mice and characterized metabolic phenotypes in F2 offspring.
RESULTS—We demonstrate that 1) reduced birth weight progresses to F2 offspring through the paternal line (C♀-C♂ = 1.64 g; C♀-UN♂ = 1.57 g, P &lt; 0.05; UN♀-C♂ = 1.64 g; UN♀-UN♂ = 1.60 g, P &lt; 0.05), 2) obesity progresses through the maternal line (percent body fat: C♀-C♂ = 22.4%; C♀-UN♂ = 22.9%; UN♀-C♂ = 25.9%, P &lt; 0.05; UN♀-UN♂ = 27.5%, P &lt; 0.05), and 3) IGT progresses through both parental lineages (glucose tolerance test area under curve C♀-C♂ = 100; C♀-UN♂ = 122, P &lt; 0.05; UN♀-C♂ = 131, P &lt; 0.05; UN♀-UN♂ = 151, P &lt; 0.05). Mechanistically, IGT in both F1 and F2 generations is linked to impaired β-cell function, explained, in part, by dysregulation of Sur1 expression.
CONCLUSIONS—Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy (F0) programs reduced birth weight, IGT, and obesity in both first- and second-generation offspring. Sex-specific transmission of phenotypes implicates complex mechanisms including alterations in the maternal metabolic environment (transmaternal inheritance of obesity), gene expression mediated by developmental and epigenetic pathways (transpaternal inheritance of LBW), or both (IGT).
Enhanced Expression of Janus Kinase–Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Pathway Members in Human Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Berthier Celine C. , Zhang Hongyu , Schin MaryLee , Henger Anna , Nelson Robert G. , Yee Berne , Boucherot Anissa , Neusser Matthias A. , Cohen Clemens D. , Carter-Su Christin , Argetsinger Lawrence S. , Rastaldi Maria P. , Brosius Frank C. , Kretzler Matthias 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Glomerular mesangial expansion and podocyte loss are important early features of diabetic nephropathy, whereas tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis are critical for progression of diabetic nephropathy to kidney failure. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of genes in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium in kidney biopsies from diabetic nephropathy patients to identify pathways that may be activated in humans but not in murine models of diabetic nephropathy that fail to progress to glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and kidney failure.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Kidney biopsies were obtained from 74 patients (control subjects, early and progressive type 2 diabetic nephropathy). Glomerular and tubulointerstitial mRNAs were microarrayed, followed by bioinformatics analyses. Gene expression changes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistological staining. Samples from db/db C57BLKS and streptozotocin-induced DBA/2J mice, commonly studied murine models of diabetic nephropathy, were analyzed.
RESULTS—In human glomeruli and tubulointerstitial samples, the Janus kinase (Jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) pathway was highly and significantly regulated. Jak-1, -2, and -3 as well as Stat-1 and -3 were expressed at higher levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy than in control subjects. The estimated glomerular filtration rate significantly correlated with tubulointerstitial Jak-1, -2, and -3 and Stat-1 expression (R2 = 0.30–0.44). Immunohistochemistry found strong Jak-2 staining in glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments in diabetic nephropathy compared with control subjects. In contrast, there was little or no increase in expression of Jak/Stat genes in the db/db C57BLKS or diabetic DBA/2J mice.
CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest a direct relationship between tubulointerstitial Jak/Stat expression and progression of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and distinguish progressive human diabetic nephropathy from nonprogressive murine diabetic nephropathy.
Effect of Age of Infusion Site and Type of Rapid-Acting Analog on Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Insulin Boluses in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Receiving Insulin Pump Therapy
Authors: Swan Karena L. , Dziura James D. , Steil Garry M. , Voskanyan Gayane R. , Sikes Kristin A. , Steffen Amy T. , Martin Melody L. , Tamborlane William V. , Weinzimer Stuart A. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of type of insulin analog and age of insertion site on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of a standard insulin bolus in youth with type 1 diabetes receiving insulin pump therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Seventeen insulin pump–treated adolescents with type 1 diabetes underwent two euglycemic clamp procedures after a 0.2 unit/kg bolus of either insulin aspart or lispro on day 1 and day 4 of insulin pump site insertion. The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia was the primary pharmacodynamic measure.
RESULTS—There were no statistically significant differences in any of the pharmacodynamic parameters between aspart and lispro during day 1 and day 4. However, when the two groups were combined, time to discontinuation of exogenous glucose infusion, and time to half-maximal onset and offset of insulin action were observed significantly earlier during day 4 compared with day 1 (P = 0.03–0.0004), but the overall area under the GIR curve was similar on day 1 and day 4.
CONCLUSIONS—With both insulin aspart and lispro, there is an earlier peak and shorter duration of action with increasing duration of infusion site use, but overall insulin action is not affected.
Effects of an Intravenous Lipid Challenge and Free Fatty Acid Elevation on In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity in African American Versus Caucasian Adolescents
Authors: Burns Stephen F. , Kelsey Sheryl F. , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—African American youth have lower insulin sensitivity than their Caucasian peers, but the metabolic pathways responsible for this difference remain unknown. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with insulin resistance through the Randle cycle. The present investigation determined whether elevating FFA is more deleterious to insulin sensitivity in African American than in Caucasian adolescents.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Insulin sensitivity (3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) was evaluated in 22 African American and 21 Caucasian adolescents on two occasions: 1) infusion of normal saline and 2) infusion of 20% intralipid.
RESULTS—During intralipid infusion, fasting insulin and C-peptide concentrations increased while fasting glucose and basal glucose turnover did not change in either group. Insulin sensitivity decreased similarly in African American (normal saline 7.65 ± 0.61 vs. intralipid 5.15 ± 0.52 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 per pmol/l) and Caucasian subjects (normal saline 8.97 ± 0.85 vs. intralipid 5.96 ± 0.56 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 per pmol/l) (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—African American and Caucasian adolescents respond to FFA elevation similarly through increased fasting insulin secretion to maintain fasting glucose homeostasis and reduced peripheral glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Thus, African American adolescents are not more susceptible to FFA-induced insulin resistance than Caucasian youth.
Fasting Plasma C-Peptide and Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in a Large Clinic-Based Cohort of Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Panero Francesco , Novelli Giulia , Zucco Chiara , Fornengo Paolo , Perotto Massimo , Segre Olivia , Grassi Giorgio , Cavallo-Perin Paolo , Bruno Graziella 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—A protective effect of residual β-cell function on microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes has been suggested. Our aim was to retrospectively evaluate the association of fasting plasma C-peptide values with micro- and macrovascular complications.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We recruited a clinic-based cohort of 471 type 1 diabetic patients born after 1945 and cared for in the period 1994–2004. Centralized measurements and standardized procedures of ascertainment of micro- and macrovascular complications were employed. Individual cumulative averages of A1C up to 2007 were calculated.
RESULTS—Residual β-cell secretion was detected even many years after diabetes diagnosis. In multivariate linear regression analysis, fasting plasma C-peptide values were positively associated with age at diagnosis (β = 0.02; P &lt; 0.0001) and triglycerides (β = 0.20; P = 0.05) and inversely associated with diabetes duration (β = −0.03; P &lt; 0.0001) and HDL cholesterol (β = −0.006; P = 0.03). The final model explained 21% of fasting C-peptide variability. With respect to fasting C-peptide values in the lowest tertile (&lt;0.06 nmol/l), higher values were associated with lower prevalence of microvascular complications (odds ratio [OR] 0.59 [95% CI 0.37–0.94]) independently of age, sex, diabetes duration, individual cumulative A1C average during the study period, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. No association was evident with macrovascular complications (0.77 [0.38–1.58]).
CONCLUSIONS—Our study shows an independent protective effect of residual β-cell function on the development of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes, suggesting the potential beneficial effect of treatment that allows the preservation of even modest β-cell function over time.
Egg Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women
Authors: Djoussé Luc , Gaziano J. Michael , Buring Julie E. , Lee I-Min 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Whereas limited and inconsistent findings have been reported on the relation between dietary cholesterol or egg consumption and fasting glucose, no previous study has examined the association between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes. This project sought to examine the relation between egg intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in two large prospective cohorts.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this prospective study, we used data from two completed randomized trials: 20,703 men from the Physicians' Health Study I (1982–2007) and 36,295 women from the Women's Health Study (1992–2007). Egg consumption was ascertained using questionnaires, and we used the Cox proportional hazard model to estimate relative risks of type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—During mean follow-up of 20.0 years in men and 11.7 years in women, 1,921 men and 2,112 women developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with no egg consumption, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.09 (95% CI 0.87–1.37), 1.09 (0.88–1.34), 1.18 (0.95–1.45), 1.46 (1.14–1.86), and 1.58 (1.25–2.01) for consumption of &lt;1, 1, 2–4, 5–6, and ≥7 eggs/week, respectively, in men (P for trend &lt;0.0001). Corresponding multivariable hazard ratios for women were 1.06 (0.92–1.22), 0.97 (0.83–1.12), 1.19 (1.03–1.38), 1.18 (0.88–1.58), and 1.77 (1.28–2.43), respectively (P for trend &lt;0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that high levels of egg consumption (daily) are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Confirmation of these findings in other populations is warranted.
Full Accounting of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in the U.S. Population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006
Authors: Cowie Catherine C. , Rust Keith F. , Ford Earl S. , Eberhardt Mark S. , Byrd-Holt Danita D. , Li Chaoyang , Williams Desmond E. , Gregg Edward W. , Bainbridge Kathleen E. , Saydah Sharon H. , Geiss Linda S. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—We examined the prevalences of diagnosed diabetes, and undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes using fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test values, in the U.S. during 2005–2006. We then compared the prevalences of these conditions with those in 1988–1994.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 2005–2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included a probability sample of 7,267 people aged ≥12 years. Participants were classified according to glycemic status by interview for diagnosed diabetes and by fasting and 2-h glucoses measured in subsamples.
RESULTS—In 2005–2006, the crude prevalence of total diabetes in people aged ≥20 years was 12.9%, of which ∼40% was undiagnosed. In people aged ≥20 years, the crude prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 25.7% and of impaired glucose tolerance was 13.8%, with almost 30% having either. Over 40% of individuals had diabetes or pre-diabetes. Almost one-third of the elderly had diabetes, and three-quarters had diabetes or pre-diabetes. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, age- and sex-standardized prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was approximately twice as high in non-Hispanic blacks (P &lt; 0.0001) and Mexican Americans (P = 0.0001), whereas undiagnosed diabetes was not higher. Crude prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in people aged ≥20 years rose from 5.1% in 1988–1994 to 7.7% in 2005–2006 (P = 0.0001); this was significant after accounting for differences in age and sex, particularly in non-Hispanic blacks. Prevalences of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes were generally stable, although the proportion of total diabetes that was undiagnosed decreased in Mexican Americans.
CONCLUSIONS—Over 40% of people aged ≥20 years have hyperglycemic conditions, and prevalence is higher in minorities. Diagnosed diabetes has increased over time, but other conditions have been relatively stable.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Concerns About Current and Future Medications Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Huang Elbert S. , Brown Sydney E.S. , Thakur Nidhi , Carlisle Lisabeth , Foley Edward , Ewigman Bernard , Meltzer David O. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate ethnic differences in medication concerns (e.g., side effects and costs) that may contribute to ethnic differences in the adoption of and adherence to type 2 diabetes treatments.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted face-to-face interviews from May 2004 to May 2006 with type 2 diabetic patients ≥18 years of age (N = 676; 25% Latino, 34% non-Hispanic Caucasian, and 41% non-Hispanic African American) attending Chicago-area clinics. Primary outcomes of interest were concerns regarding medications and willingness to take additional medications.
RESULTS—Latinos and African Americans had higher A1C levels than Caucasians (7.69 and 7.54% vs. 7.18%, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Latinos and African Americans were more likely than Caucasians to worry about drug side effects (66 and 49% vs. 39%, respectively) and medication dependency (65 and 52% vs. 39%, respectively; both P &lt; 0.01). Ethnic minorities were also more likely to report reluctance to adding medications to their regimen (Latino 12%, African American 18%, and Caucasian 7%; P &lt; 0.01). In analyses adjusted for demographics, income, education, and diabetes duration, current report of pain/discomfort with pills (odds ratio 2.43 [95% CI 1.39–4.27]), concern regarding disruption of daily routine (1.97 [1.14–3.42]), and African American ethnicity (2.48 [1.32–4.69]) emerged as major predictors of expressed reluctance to adding medications.
CONCLUSIONS—Latinos and African Americans had significantly more concerns regarding the quality-of-life effects of diabetes-related medications than Caucasians. Whether these medication concerns contribute significantly to differences in treatment adoption and disparities in care deserves further exploration.
Erratum to “On homological classification of pomonoids by regular weak injectivity properties of S-posets”
Authors: Zhang Xia , Laan Valdis 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Mathematics, 2007, 5(1), 181–200, DOI: 10.2478/s11533-006-0036-3. Unfortunately, the original version of this article contains a mistake: in Theorem 5.2 only conditions (i) and (ii) (and not (iii)) are equivalent. We correct the theorem and its proof.
Solvent-free synthesis and properties of carboxymethyl starch fatty acid ester derivatives
Authors: Mazíková Viera , Sroková Iva , Ebringerová Anna 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWater-soluble, partially hydrophobized polysaccharides have become attractive due to their potential to act as polymeric surfactants. From carboxymethyl starch (CMS), water-soluble polymeric surfactants were prepared by esterification using two unconvential methods based on (A) a reaction with mixed anhydrides and (B) with methyl laureate (MELA) and methyl esters of the fatty acid complex of rape seed oil (MERO) under ‘solvent-free’ conditions. The obtained CMS derivatives were characterized by structural, surface-active and surfactant performance properties. Esterification using method B was successful in contrast to method A which yielded derivatives with a very low extent of esterification. Although the derivatives reduced the surface tension moderately, they exhibited remarkable emulsifying properties. The performance tests indicated good washing power and antiredeposition efficiency. The results suggest that suitable polymeric surfactants can be prepared by the unconventional esterification method B using both acylation agents. The preparations might substitute the expensive and invasive industrially applied conventional methods.
Simultaneous determination of 118 pesticide residues in Chinese teas by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Xin , Xu De , Qiu Jian , Zhang Hua , Zhang Ying , Dong Ai , Ma Ying , Wang Jing 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn efficient and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 118 pesticide residues in teas has been established and validated. A multi-residue analysis of pesticides in tea involved extraction with ethyl acetate-hexane, clean-up using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solidphase extraction (SPE), and subsequent identification and quantification of the selected pesticides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For most of the target analytes, optimized pretreatment processes led to no significant interference with analysis of sample matrix, and the determination of 118 compounds was achieved in about 60 min. In the linear range of each pesticide, the correlation coefficient was R 2 ≥ 0.99. At the low, medium and high three fortification levels of 0.05–2.5 mg kg−1, 118 pesticides average recoveries range from 61 % to 121 % and relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 0.6–9.2 % for all analytes. The limits of detection for the method were 0.00030-0.36 mg kg−1, depending on each pesticide.
Modifications of spectrophotometric methods for total phosphorus determination in meat samples
Authors: Jastrzębska Aneta 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSpectrophotometric determination of total phosphorus in meat samples was modified using the molybdenum blue reaction with the following reducing agents: ascorbic acid (AA), hydrazine sulphate (HS), and mixture of hydroquinone and hydrazine sulphate (HHS). Proposed methods were validated by evaluation of statistical parameters such as: linearity, sensitivity, limits of detection (DL) and quantification (QL), precision, and accuracy, against the standard and malachite green (MG) modified procedures and by applying food certified materials. The values of within-day and between-days precision in meat samples for all tested reducing agents were better than 3.4 % and 4.2 %, respectively. The recoveries for CRMs analyses were between 92 % and 102.3 %. Obtained results suggest usefulness of the hydroquinone and hydrazine sulphate mixture in the determination of phosphorus ions.
Obstetric performance in elderly Nigerian women: A comparative study
Authors: Ezechi OC , Kalu BKE , Loto OM , Ezeobi PM , Nwokoro CA 
Published: November 2008

Aims: To study the obstetric outcome in Nigerian women aged 35 years and above while comparing them with younger women matched for parity, socioeconomic class and body mass index. Method: A cohort of 132 pregnant women aged 35 years and above with another 269 pregnant women aged 20-25 years matched for parity, socioeconomic class and body mass index seen at the obstetric unit of a multidisciplinary proprietary hospital in Lagos Nigeria. Results: There were statistically significant difference between the two group in incidence of chronic hypertension (P = 0.02), gestational diabetes (P = 0.05), symptomatic fibroid (P = 0.01), frequent hospitalisation (P = 0.007), caesarean section (P = 0.005), operative vaginal delivery (P = 0.042), Induction of labour (P = 0.024) premature delivery (P = 0.001), low birth weight (P = 0.021) and congenital abnormality but not in Preeclampsia, malpresentation, obstetric haemorrhage, wound infection and multiple pregnancy . Conclusion: This study demonstrated that women at 35 years and above are high-risk group and should be closely supervised during pregnancy. Keywords: Elderly, Nigerians, obstetric performance doi:10.3126/njog.v2i1.1468 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 9 - 12 May -June 2007