Association between Serum Lycopene and Lung Cancer Mortality: An 18-Year Follow-up Study of a National Cohort.
Authors:   Department of Occupational and Environmental Health & Safety, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana., Afriyie-Gyawu Evans , Shankar Padmini ,   Department of Health Sciences & Kinesiology, Waters College of Health Professions, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA, 30460., Shah Gulzar H. ,   Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA 30460., Alicia Brown ,   Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA 30460., Shannon Cearley ,   Research Writer and Consultant. 1017 Iris Glen Drive, Evans, GA 30809., Ampofo-Yeboah Akwasi ,   Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University for Development Studies, Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana, Abrams Nathaniel ,   Department of Occupational and Environmental Health & Safety, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana., Zhang Jian ,   Department of Occupational and Environmental Health & Safety, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
Published: March 2024

Background:	Lycopene is a carotenoid found in some fruits and vegetables that is responsible for the red pigment in tomatoes and tomato products. While many studies have shown a link between lycopene and protection against the initiation and/or progression of lung cancer, data on its effect on lung cancer survivability is limited. Objective:	The primary objective of this study was to see if there was a link between lycopene levels in the blood and lung cancer mortality. A secondary goal was to see if dietary factors influence lycopene levels in the blood. Materials and Methods:	A retrospective cohort study of 14,358 adults who took part in Phase II of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III was carried out (1991-1994). This dataset served as the baseline for a 15-year (1991-2006) follow-up study, which was correlated with the National Death Index database. The Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model was used to calculate the HR for all-cause and cancer-related deaths for individuals with high, moderate, and low serum lycopene levels. Results: The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of deaths associated with low serum lycopene levels (25 percent cutoff) was 1.67 (95 percent CI=1.24-2.23) and 1.00, respectively (ref). After controlling for multiple risk factors such as age and gender, the HR for lung cancer fatalities was 1.45 (95% CI=1.08-1.96) for low serum levels (25 percent cutoff) with a reference value of 1.00. For low vs. high serum lycopene levels, the adjusted HR for lung cancer death using 3-level categorization (and adjusted for fruits and vegetables) was 1.67 (95 percent CI=1.03-2.71). In addition, the adjusted HR for lung cancer death using 3-level categorization (and unadjusted for fruits and vegetables) was 1.68 (95 percent CI=1.04-2.72) for low serum lycopene levels vs. high serum lycopene levels. Conclusions:	The results suggest that high serum lycopene levels may reduce the risk of dying from lung cancer. Furthermore, lycopene may not only reduce the risk of lung cancer development but may also improve survival among lung cancer patients. More research is needed to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying this association. Keywords	Serum lycopene, Lung cancer, Mortality risk, Cohort study