bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Oral Lead on Serum Proteins and the Development of Specific Antibody Response in Young Sheep
Authors: Hoffman L. J. , Buck W. B. , Quinn L. Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-five lambs of Columbia-Rambouillet cross were divided into 5 equal groups which were given 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg of lead/kg of body weight, respectively, by mouth, for 12 weeks (5 days/week). The lead was administered in the form of solubilized lead acetate by force-feeding, using plastic tubing and a syringe. Mean blood lead concentrations for the 5 groups were 11.7, 37.2, 56.8, 67.7, and 99 µg/dl, respectively, over the 6-month evaluation period. Serum protein fractions were evaluated at regular intervals by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and agar gel immunoelectrophoresis. This testing was initiated when the lambs were 5 days old and was continued until they were 6 months old. In the statistical analyses of absolute concentrations of total protein, albumin, α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin, significant differences were seen among groups in some instances, but there was no definitive evidence for concluding that these alterations were an effect of increasing concentrations of lead, rather than normal biological variation and external stress factors. There were no detectable differences among groups of lambs in their development and maintenance of immunoglobulin (Ig) subgroups IgG and IgM, as determined by electrophoresis precipitin patterns.
These five groups were also compared in their response to injections of heat-killed Serratia marcescens. There were no significant differences noted in passive hemagglutination titers among treatment groups, but during the actual period of immunization, the lead-treated groups consistently had higher serum titers than did the control group.
None of the immunologic variables investigated in this study were consistently affected by the selected concentrations of oral lead exposure. Under these research conditions, one must conclude that lead did not impose a state of immunologic deficiency in the sheep by altering specific antibody synthesis, nor by interfering with the production or maintenance of serum proteins.
Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in the Horse
Authors: Pedersoli Waldir M. , Belmonte Albert A. , Purohit R. C. , Ravis William R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were studied in six healthy mature horses of mixed breeding and of both sexes. A parenteral preparation of gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (iv) at the dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Venous blood samples were taken at 0 (base line), 0.083, 0.25,0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum gentamicin was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The gentamicin concentration data were fitted to a one- and two-compartment open model with first-order elimination from the central compartment with the aid of nonlinear least squares program. The data were found to be best described by the two-compartment model with r2 = 0.997. Half-life, as determined from the terminal phase, was 2.54 ± 0.33 hours. Calculation of the total body clearance provided a mean of 1.16 α 0.11 ml/minute/kg of body weight (1.04 to 1.31 ml/minute/kg, range); the volume of distribution calculated from the area under the curve was determined separately for each animal and had a mean value of 0.254 ± 0.036 L/kg. The initial exponential decline (α) in gentamicin serum concentration had an average value of 3.75 ± 1.86 hours−1, whereas the terminal values were described by β = 0.275 ± 0.036 hours−1. Other pharmacokinetic values determined also are presented.
Characterization of Immune Responses of Cattle to Erythrocyte Stroma, Anaplasma Antigen, and Dodecanoic Acid-Conjugated Anaplasma Antigen: Humoral Immunity
Authors: Francis D. H. , Burning G. M. , Amerault T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal erythrocyte antigen (sonically disrupted erythrocyte stroma; ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and French pressure cell-disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and Anaplasma marginale-infected blood. Portions of saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada). Eleven cattle were vaccinated with ses, saa, saada, or faada. Five weeks later, the 11 cattle, together with 3 controls, were challenge exposed with A marginale. The anti-anaplasma antibody response and the antierythrocyte-antibody response (including the blood group isoantibody response) were evaluated. Only saa-vaccinated cattle developed anti-anaplasma antibody before challenge exposure. Isoantibodies were developed by 1 of the 3 saada-vaccinated cows and 1 of the 2 faada-vaccinated cows, as well as by all 3 saa- vaccinated cows. After challenge exposure, all cattle developed anti-anaplasma antibody and antierythrocyte autoantibody.
Characterization of Immune Responses of Cattle to Erythrocyte Stroma, Anaplasma Antigen, and Dodecanoic Acid-Conjugated Anaplasma Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Francis D. H. , Buening G. M. , Amerault T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sonically disrupted normal erythrocyte stroma (ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and French pressure cell disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and Anaplasma marginale-infected blood. The saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada).
Significant (P ≤ 0.05) anti-anaplasma lymphocyte-transformation responses were obtained from all cattle given saa, saada, or faada vaccines. Only cows given saa developed anti-anaplasma antibody. Mild antierythrocyte lymphocyte-transformation responses were obtained from most vaccinated animals. Delayed hypersensitivity to erythrocyte antigen was not detected.
The saa-vaccinated cows had the highest degree of protection in that they developed a smaller percentage of parasitemia and had less severe anemia than did other cattle in the study. The saada- and faada-vaccinated cattle developed a good cell-mediated immune response, but poor humoral immune response and had lower parasitemias than did challenge-exposed controls; but they developed severe anemia. It is suggested that cellular and humoral mechanisms are essential for protection in anaplasmosis. Evidence of protection from clinical anaplasmosis was not observed in ses-vaccinated cows.
Virucidal Disinfectants and Feline Viruses
Authors: Scott Fredric W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-five commonly used commercial disinfectants (disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizers, and detergents) were evaluated for their virucidal activity against three feline viruses; feline viral rhinotracheitis virus (a herpesvirus), feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus (a parvovirus). Disinfectants were diluted as recommended by the manufacturer and were reacted with virus for 10 minutes at room temperature. Viruses were separated from disinfectants by gel filtration in special centrifuge tubes, and were assayed for infectivity in feline cell cultures.
All 22 products tested were virucidal for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, 11 of 35 were virucidal for feline calicivirus, but only 3 of 27 tested were effective against feline panleukopenia virus.
A 0.175% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and practical broad-spectrum virucidal product used alone or in combination with other disinfectants/detergents.
Echinococcus granulosus in Dogs in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam A. W. M. Shamsul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A survey was carried out during the period February 1975 to January 1978 to find the frequency of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. A total of 611 dogs originating from different places of the country were examined. The frequency of infection varied considerably, the highest (75.79%) being recorded in dogs in and around the slaughterhouses. The average frequency was 62.52%. The seasonal variations of the infection were determined, the lowest (47.09%) and the highest (78.37%) being January to March and October to December, respectively.
Combined Dexamethasone-Suppression Cosyntropin- (Synthetic ACTH-) Stimulation Test in the Horse: A New Approach to Testing of Adrenal Gland Function
Authors: Eiler H. , Oliver J. , Goble D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The objective in the present study was to develop a combined dexamethasone-suppression cosyntropin-(synthetic ACTH-) stimulation test (cdc test) in horses so that information concerning pituitary gland (hypophysis) and adrenal gland competence could be obtained in one relatively short test procedure.
In the combined test, time-response relationships between the plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) concentrations and the dexamethasone and cosyntropin injections were determined. The plasma hydrocortisone concentration (measured by competitive protein-binding [cpb]) decreased to 27% (P < 0.05) of base-line values 3 hours after dexamethasone (20 mg, im) was injected. Further suppression of hydrocortisone concentration did not occur at 5 hours. After cosyntropin was administered (1.0 mg or 100 IU, iv), maximal plasma hydrocortisone concentration (187% of base line) occurred at 2 hours, and the value at 4 hours approached base line (119% of base line). Mean plasma hydrocortisone concentration further declined to suppressed values (18% of base line) 19 hours after cosyntropin treatment, indicating that dexamethasone was still suppressing hydrocortisone release.
Effects of Phenol on Card-Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests for Bovine Anaplasmosis
Authors: Amerault Thomas E. , Rose Joseph E. , Martin Walter E. , Roby Thomas O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of adding phenol to sera used for the card-agglutination test (cat) and for the micro-complementfixation test (cft) for bovine anaplasmosis were studied. Sera were obtained from 14 recently infected cattle, 17 cattle vaccinated with a killed anaplasmosis vaccine, 5 cattle in the carrier phase of the disease, and 45 cattle of unknown anaplasmosis status. Aliquots of sera were tested with and without phenol (0.25% final concentration).
Phenol adversely affected the cat by causing false-negative results. The cat reactions of nonphenolized sera from recently infected cattle were all positive 4 weeks after inoculation, whereas cat reactions of phenolized sera were not all positive until 10 weeks after inoculation. Nine non-phenolized sera from vaccinated cattle that were cat-positive were cat-negative after being phenolized. Phenolized sera from carrier cattle and from cattle of unknown anaplasmosis status were less reactive on the cat than were nonphenolized sera.
Effects of phenol on the cft were not so obvious. Although phenol had little effect on end-titer results, it eliminated most prozones that cause false-negative cft results at the 1:5 dilution. Without phenol, 30 of 215 sera would have been cft-negative at this dilution because of prozones; with phenol, 6 would have been cft-negative.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infection in Pregnant Swine
Authors: Stewart W. C. , Miller L. D. , Kresse J. I. , Snyder Μ. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty pregnant gilts (5 groups of 4) were infected experimentally with 1 of 4 strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) administered intranasally-orally. Blood specimens were taken from the gilts on postinfection day (pid) 7 and cultured for virus. Serum specimens, obtained on pid 21 and at termination of the experiment, were tested for neutralizing antibodies. At 90 to 112 days of gestation, the gilts were euthanatized and their fetuses were examined for evidence of intrauterine infection.
Evidence of infection was demonstrated in all of the gilts, either by isolation of bvdv at pid 7 or subsequently by detection of neutralizing antibody titers. Intrauterine infection was confirmed in one of 20 gilts by isolation of bvdv, detection of neutralizing antibodies, and demonstration of microscopic lesions in the fetuses. The microscopic lesions were characterized as nonsuppurative meningitis and choroiditis. Clinical signs of disease were not seen in the infected fetuses.
Of 8 gilts exposed to strains of bvdv pathogenic for cattle, 1 gilt developed intrauterine infection, 2 gilts were found barren, and 3 gilts had significantly fewer fetuses than corpora lutea.
Experimental Infection of Pregnant Sows with Porcine Enteroviruses
Authors: Huang J. , Gentry R. F. , Zarkower A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a series of experiments, SMEDI A—porcine enterovirus serotype 8—was given by intrauterine route to pregnant gilts at intervals between gestation days 0 and 30, and SMEDI C—porcine enterovirus serotype 1—was given to pregnant gilts at intervals between gestation days 30 and 41 to 43. Antibodies were detected in fetuses from groups inoculated at gestation days 30 and 41 to 43, whereas virus was isolated from fetuses only from groups inoculated at gestation days 41 to 43. When inoculated directly into the uterus, embryonic or fetal infection with these viruses was observed regardless of the preinoculation serologic status of the gilts, indicating that maternal antibody had no effect on embryonic or fetal infections after the virus was in the uterus.
Intranasal inoculation of SMEDI C caused embryonic or fetal infections in seronegative gilts but not in gilts that carried specific antibody to SMEDI C at the time of exposure. Antibodies in gilts that were seropositive at time of inoculation probably neutralized the virus before it could reach the uterus and thus prevented embryo or fetal infections.
Responses of Goat Ruminal Musculature to Bradykinin and Serotonin In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Veenendaal G. H. , Woutersen-van Nijnanten F. M. A. , van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentration-response curves obtained for contraction of goat rumen strips indicated that both bradykinin (bk) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine creatinin sulphate; 5-ht) are potent agents. Sodium meclofenamate antagonized the smooth muscle-stimulating action of bk; the 5-ht blocking agents xylamidine and methysergide diminished the contractile effects of 5-ht. The results indicated that the antagonisms are noncompetitive in nature. In vivo, both bk and 5-ht caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the rumen contraction sequences. The bk was the more potent of the two compounds. This inhibition was probably due to an increase in ruminal smooth muscle tone, resulting in reflex inhibition of the normal cyclical contraction sequences. In conscious goats, bk induced tachycardia, whereas 5-ht produced only minor changes in heart rate. Treatment with sodium meclofenamate or phenylbutazone prevented the bk-induced inhibition of rumen motility. Treatment with the 5-ht blocking agents only partly reduced the 5-ht-induced effects.
Chemoimmunotherapy for Canine Lymphosarcoma; A Prospective Evaluation of Specific and Nonspecific Immunomodulation
Authors: Weller R. E. , Theilen G. H. , Madewell B. R. , Crow S. E. , Benjamini E. , Villalobos A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-six dogs were given chemoimmunotherapy for spontaneous lymphosarcoma. The dogs had been given identical combination chemotherapy (8 weeks) for induction of remission, and after achieving complete clinical remission, they were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups to evaluate immunotherapy as a method ancillary to chemotherapy to maintain or extend the remission. For immunostimulation, one-third of the dogs were given chemically modified autochthonous tumor cell extract in Freund's complete adjuvant (fca). one-third were given nonmodified tumor cell extract in fca, and one-third were given fca alone. A historical control population of dogs given the same chemotherapy was used for comparison.
Of the 56 dogs, 50 (89.3%) achieved initial remission, but 18 of the latter relapsed clinically during the initial 8-week-chemotherapy regimen. The remaining 32 dogs (or 57.1% of the original 56 dogs) were subsequently given immunotherapy. Duration of remission and survival time were recorded. The median remission duration and survival time for all dogs given immunotherapy following cytoreductive chemotherapy were significantly longer than the historical control population given chemotherapy alone. However, there was no significant difference in remission duration or survival among the three immunotherapy groups.
Feline Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Pool Roy R. , O'Brien Timothy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty cats with a chronic progressive polyarthritis were studied. The disorder occurred exclusively in male cats, and all but six of the cats were between 1.5 and 5.0 years of age, There were two forms of the disease as determined by radiographic changes: joint instability and deformity, and clinical course. The most prevalent form of the disease was characterized by osteopenia and periosteal new bone formation surrounding affected joints. Marginal periarticular erosions and collapse of the joint spaces with fibrous ankylosis occurred with time, but joint instability and deformities were not seen. The second form of the disease was characterized by severe subchondral marginal erosions, joint instability, and deformities. The periosteal proliferative form resembled Reiter's arthritis of man, and the deforming type resembled human rheumatoid arthritis. The disease began as tenosynovitis and synovitis, with subsequent changes in the articular cartilage and periosteal bone. Histopathologic changes in these cats were similar to those occurring in both chronic Reiter's and rheumatoid arthritis of man.
Chronic progressive polyarthritis of cats was not caused by identifiable bacteria or mycoplasma, but was etiologically linked to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV) infections. The FeSFV was isolated from the blood or was detected by a serologic test in all of the cats with the disease, whereas FeLV was isolated or identified by immunofluorescence technique in 60% of the cats. The arthritis could not be reproduced by inoculation of cell-free synovial tissue from diseased cats or with tissue culture fluid containing FeSFV and FeLV isolates. It was postulated that arthritis was an uncommon manifestation of FeSFV infection that occurred in predisposed male cats. Feline leukemia virus may not have been directly involved in the disease, but may have acted in some way to potentiate the pathogenic effects of FeSFV.
Immunologic Effects of Experimental Iodine Toxicosis in Young Cattle
Authors: Haggard Dale L. , Stowe Howard D. , Conner Gabel H. , Johnson Donald W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was designed to evaluate effects of 4 dosage levels (0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg) of daily iodine supplementation on cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in 40 calves, 10 per group, for a 6-month period. Immune and inflammatory responses were measured by titers to brucella, leptospira, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccinations, by stimulation of lymphoctye mitoses with pokeweed, phytohemagglutinin (pha), and conconavalin A mitogens, by intradermal pha responses, by in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by wbc, and by total wbc counts. Calves given 1,250 mg of iodine daily had significant (P = < 0.05) decreases in persistence of antibody titers to brucella and leptospira organisms, in lymphocyte mitotic activity, in pha injection induration, in phagocytosis by wbc, and in wbc counts. Calves fed iodine at 50 or 250 mg daily tended to have decreased leptospiral titers, lymphocyte mitoses, pha injection induration, and in vitro phagocytosis by wbc compared with responses of controls. Seemingly, large amounts of dietary iodine interfere with titer maintenance to some antigens, with lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and with phagocytic activity of wbc.
Role of the Raccoon in the Transmission of Pseudorabies: A Field and Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Wright James C. , Thawley David G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples were collected from 42 raccoons trapped in a pseudorabies enzootic area of Missouri. All samples were negative for neutralizing antibodies to pseudorabies virus (prv).
Raccoons were orally exposed with one of four dose levels of prv. The raccoons were found to be susceptible to moderately large doses of prv tissue culture infective dose (104 – 105 tcid50). All raccoons given 103 tcid50 of prv survived and did not develop clinical signs. The prv was consistently isolated from tonsillar swabs collected from raccoons that died after exposure. The prv was also isolated from the brain, tonsils, lungs, and salivary glands of raccoons that died. It was isolated from samples of the brain and tonsils collected from a raccoon 5 days after death.
Neutralizing antibodies to prv could not be detected in the serum of raccoons that survived prv exposure. Tonsillar swabs and tissue samples collected from these raccoons were free of prv. The results indicated that the raccoon may serve as a short-term reservoir for prv, but it is unlikely to have an epizootiologic role as a long-term, subclinical carrier of the virus.
Clearance of Technetium 99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid Particles from the Blood in Normal Dogs and in Dogs with Hepatic Granulomata
Authors: Gorman N. T. , McCarthy T. , Owen L. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The clearance of technetium 99m-labeled sulfur colloid particles from the blood was studied in a series of seven clinically normal dogs. The effect of recent (6 hours) injections of bacteria bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Corynebacterium parvum markedly impeded the clearance of the colloid from the blood, due to a partial blockade effect. This phenomenon was reversible. When multiple experimentally induced hepatic granulomatous lesions were present, the clearance was similarly impeded. In contrast, however, this was not a reversible event. The possible application of this technique to diagnosis was discussed.