bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional transition in the wake of a transversely oscillating cylinder
Authors: LEONTINI JUSTIN S. , THOMPSON M. C. , HOURIGAN K. 
Published: April 2007

A Floquet stability analysis of the transition to three-dimensionality in the wake of a cylinder forced to oscillate transversely to the free stream has been undertaken. The effect of varying the oscillation amplitude is determined for a frequency of oscillation close to the natural shedding frequency. The three-dimensional modes that arise are identified, and the effect of the oscillation amplitude on their structure and growth rate quantified.It is shown that when the two-dimensional wake is in the 2S configuration (which is similar to the Kármán vortex street), the three-dimensional modes that arise are similar in nature and symmetry structure to the modes in the wake of a fixed cylinder. These modes are known as modes A, B and QP and occur in this order with increasing Re. However, increasing the amplitude of oscillation causes the critical Reynolds number for mode A to increase significantly, to the point where mode B becomes critical before mode A. The critical wavelength for mode A is also affected by the oscillation, becoming smaller with increasing amplitude. Elliptic instability theory is shown also to predict this trend, providing further support that mode A primarily arises as a result of an elliptic instability.At higher oscillation amplitudes, the spatio-temporal symmetry of the two-dimensional wake changes and it takes on the P + S configuration, with a pair of vortices on one side of the wake and a single vortex on the other side, for each oscillation cycle. With the onset of this configuration, modes A, B and QP cease to exist. It is shown that two new three-dimensional modes arise from this base flow, which we call modes SL and SS. Both of these modes are subharmonic, repeating over two base-flow periods. Also, either mode can be the first to become critical, depending on the amplitude of oscillation of the cylinder.The emergence of these two new modes, as well as the reversal of the order of inception of the three-dimensional modes A and B, leads to the observation that for an oscillating cylinder wake there are four different modes that can lead the transition to three-dimensionality, depending on the amplitude of oscillation. Therefore this type of flow provides a good example for studying the effect of mode-order inception on the path taken to turbulence in bluff-body wakes.For the range of amplitudes studied, the maximum Re value for which the flow remains two-dimensional is 280.
Acoustic near field of a transonic instability wave packet
Authors: LE DIZÈS STÉPHANE , MILLET CHRISTOPHE 
Published: April 2007

We consider the problem of acoustic radiation generated by a spatial instability wave on a weakly developing shear flow. Assuming a local WKBJ approximation for the instability wave near its maximum, we compute the acoustic pressure field by using a Fourier transform along the streamwise direction. When the instability wave is close to transonic near its maximum amplitude, approximations for this pressure field are obtained by a steepest descent method. A branch cut and several saddle points are shown possibly to contribute to the approximation. A detailed analysis of these contributions is provided. The modifications of the acoustic field when we pass from subsonic to supersonic are examined. In particular, the superdirective character of the acoustic field of subsonic instability waves and the directivity pattern of supersonic waves are shown to be both compatible with our mathematical description and associated with a single saddle-point contribution.The acoustic near field is also shown to possess a caustic around which a specific approximation is derived. In a large region of the physical space, the near field is composed of two saddle-point contributions. Close to the shear flow, one of these contributions degenerates into a branch-point contribution which always becomes dominant over the instability wave downstream of a location that is computed. An interesting phenomenon is observed in certain regions downstream of the maximum: the transverse behaviour of the instability wave has to be exponentially growing far from the shear layer to match the acoustic field. We demonstrate that this phenomenon neither requires a branch-point contribution nor a supersonic instability wave.
Two-point similarity in the round jet
Authors: EWING D. , FROHNAPFEL B. , GEORGE W. K. , PEDERSEN J. M. , WESTERWEEL J. 
Published: April 2007

The governing equations for the two-point velocity correlations in the far field of the axisymmetric jet are examined and it is shown that these equations can have equilibrium similarity solutions for jets with finite Reynolds number that retain a dependence on the growth rate of the jet. The two-point velocity correlation can be written as the product of a scale that depends on the downstream position of the two points and a function that only depends on the similarity variables. Physically, this result implies that the turbulent processes producing and dissipating energy at the different scales of motion, as well as transferring energy between the different scales of motion, are in equilibrium as the flow evolves downstream. A particularly interesting prediction from the analysis is that the two-point similarity solutions depend only on the separation distance between the points in the streamwise similarity coordinate (i.e. υ = ξ′ − ξ), that is, the logarithm of the streamwise coordinate itself (i.e. ξ = lnx1, wherex1is measured from a virtual origin). Thus, the measures of the turbulence are homogeneous in the streamwise similarity coordinate.The predictions from the similarity analysis for the streamwise two-point velocity correlation were compared with combined hot-wire and LDA measurements on the centreline of a round jet at a Reynolds number of 33000, and with two-point velocity correlations computed from PIV measurements in a round jet at a Reynolds number of 2000 performed by Fukushimaet al. In both cases, the measured two-point velocity correlations in the streamwise direction collapsed when they were scaled in the manner predicted by the similarity analysis. The results provide further evidence that the equilibrium similarity hypothesis does describe the development of the flow in fully developed turbulent round jets and that the two-point correlations are statistically homogeneous in the streamwise similarity coordinate.
Actin cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis thaliana under blue and red light
Authors: Krzeszowiec Weronika , Rajwa Bartek , Dobrucki Jurek , Gabryś Halina 
Published: April 2007

Background information. Actin cytoskeleton is the basis of chloroplast‐orientation movements. These movements are activated by blue light in the leaves of terrestrial angiosperms. Red light has been shown to affect the spatial reorganization of F‐actin in water plants, where chloroplast movements are closely connected with cytoplasmic streaming. The aim of the present study was to determine whether blue light, which triggers characteristic responses of chloroplasts, i.e. avoidance and accumulation, also influences F‐actin organization in the mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Actin filaments in fixed mesophyll tissue were labelled with Alexa Fluor® 488‐conjugated phalloidin. The configuration of actin filaments, expressed as a form factor (4π·area/perimeter2), was determined for all actin formations which were measured in fluorescence confocal images.Results. In the present study, we compare form‐factor distributions and the median form factors for strong and weak, blue‐ and red‐irradiated tissues. Spatial organization of the F‐actin network did not undergo any changes which could be attributed specifically to blue light. Actin patterns were similar in blue‐irradiated wild‐type plants and phot2 (phototropin 2) mutants which lack the avoidance response of chloroplasts. However, significant differences in the shape and distribution of F‐actin formations were observed between mesophyll cells of phot2 mutants irradiated with strong and weak red light. These differences were absent in wild‐type leaves.Conclusions. Actin does not appear to be the main target for the blue‐light chloroplast‐orientation signal. The modes of actin involvement in chloroplast translocations are different in water and terrestrial angiosperms. The results suggest that co‐operation occurs between blue‐ and red‐light photoreceptors in the control of the actin cytoskeleton architecture in Arabidopsis.
Expression of the Longin domain of TI‐VAMP impairs lysosomal secretion and epithelial cell migration
Authors: Proux‐Gillardeaux Véronique , Raposo Graça , Irinopoulou Theano , Galli Thierry 
Published: April 2007

Background information. TI‐VAMP (tetanus neurotoxin‐insensitive vesicle‐associated membrane protein; also called VAMP7) belongs to the Longin subfamily of v‐SNAREs (vesicular soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion protein‐attachment protein receptors). The regulatory N‐terminal extension, called the Longin domain, of TI‐VAMP has been shown previously to have a dual biochemical function: it inhibits the capacity of TI‐VAMP to form SNARE complexes and it binds to the δ subunit of the AP‐3 (adaptor protein 3) complex in early endosomes, thereby targeting TI‐VAMP to late endosomes.Results. We have generated MDCK (Madin—Darby canine kidney) cell lines expressing the Longin domain of TI‐VAMP coupled to GFP (green fluorescent protein) in a doxycycline‐dependent manner. As expected, AP‐3δ (AP‐3 δ subunit) is not properly localized in Longin‐expressing cells. We have shown that the expression of the Longin domain impairs lysosomal secretion, as determined by the release of a pre‐internalized fluorescent fluid‐phase marker and by electron microscopy of the membrane‐associated released particles. Membrane repair following mechanical wounding, a process requiring lysosomal secretion, is also impaired in cells expressing the Longin domain. Furthermore, cell migration, assessed by wound healing of MDCK monolayers, is also inhibited.Conclusions. The results of the present study suggest that the expression of the Longin domain of TI‐VAMP regulates lysosomal secretion of epithelial cells and provide molecular evidence for a role of the late endocytic system in cell migration.
Prospective Observational Study of Candidemia in São Paulo, Brazil: Incidence Rate, Epidemiology, and Predictors of Mortality
Authors: Colombo Arnaldo L. , Guimarães Thaís , Silva Ligia R. B. F. , Monfardini Leila Paula de Almeida , Cunha Anna Karenine B. , Rady Patrícia , Alves Thelma , Rosas Robert C. 
Published: April 2007

Background.
Studies conducted in tertiary care hospitals of different European countries and the United States have shown incidence rates of candidemia ranging from 0.17 to 0.76 and 0.28 to 0.96 per 1,000 admissions, respectively. So far, only 1 study has evaluated the incidence rates of candidemia in tertiary care hospitals in Latin American countries.

Objective.
To evaluate the epidemiology of candidemia in 4 tertiary care hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil.

Design.
Multicenter, laboratory-based surveillance of candidemia.

Results.
A total of 7,038 episodes of bloodstream infection were identified, and Candida species accounted for 282 cases (4%). The incidence rate of candidemia was 1.66 candidemic episodes per 1,000 hospital admissions. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated Candida species in all hospitals, but Candida species other than C. albicans accounted for 62% of isolates, including predominantly Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Azole resistance was restricted to only 2% of all Candida isolates (1 isolate of Candida glabrata and 4 isolates of Candida rugosa). Candidemia was mostly documented in surgical patients with long durations of hospital stay. The crude mortality rate was 61%, and advanced age and high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score were both conditions independently associated with risk of death.

Conclusions.
We observed in our series a higher incidence rate of candidemia than that reported in European countries and the United States. Advanced age and a high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score were factors associated with a higher probability of death in candidemic patients. Fluconazole-resistant Candida strains are still a rare finding in our case-based study of candidemia.
Assessment of Intervention Measures for the 2003 SARS Epidemic in Taiwan by Use of a Back-Projection Method
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Hsieh Y. H. , Xu Ying , Lam K. F. , King C. C. , Chang H. L. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives.
To reconstruct the infection curve for the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Taiwan and to ascertain the temporal changes in the daily number of infections that occurred during the course of the outbreak.

Method.
Back-projection method.

Results.
The peaks of the epidemic correspond well with the occurrence of major infection clusters in the hospitals. The overall downward trend of the infection curve after early May corresponds well to the date (May 10) when changes in the review and classification procedure were implemented by the SARS Prevention and Extrication Committee.

Conclusion.
The major infection control measures taken by the Taiwanese government over the course of the SARS epidemic, particularly those regarding infection control in hospitals, played a crucial role in containing the outbreak.
Desert Christians
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In the fourth century, the deserts of Egypt became the nerve center of a radical new movement, what we now call monasticism. Groups of Christians—from illiterate peasants to learned intellectuals—moved out to the wastelands beyond the Nile Valley and, in the famous words of Saint Athanasius, made the desert a city. In so doing, they captured the imagination of the ancient world. They forged techniques of prayer and asceticism, of discipleship and spiritual direction, that have remained central to Christianity ever since. Seeking to map the soul’s long journey to God and plot out the subtle vagaries of the human heart, they created and inspired texts that became classics of Western spirituality. These Desert Fathers were also brilliant storytellers, some of Christianity’s finest. This book introduces the literature of early Christian monasticism, examining all the best-known works, including Athanasius’ Life of Antony, the Lives of Pachomius, and the Sayings of the Fathers (Apophthegmata Patrum). Later chapters focus on two pioneers of monastic theology: Evagrius Ponticus, the first great theoretician of Christian mysticism; and John Cassian, who brought Egyptian monasticism to the Latin West. Along the way, readers are introduced to path-breaking discoveries—to new texts and recent archeological finds—that have revolutionized contemporary scholarship on monastic origins. Included are snippets from papyri and from little-known Coptic, Syriac, and Ethiopic texts. Interspersed in each chapter are illustrations, maps, and diagrams that help readers sort through the key texts and the richly textured world of early monasticism.
Patriarchs, Councils, and Controversies: 300–451
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe patriarchs of Alexandria would cast long shadows over the history of Egyptian monasticism. This chapter focuses on the five most influential: Alexander, Athanasius, Theophilus, Cyril, and Dioscorus. It surveys both their careers and their theological controversies, especially their doctrine-defining clashes at the ecumenical Councils of Nicaea, Ephesus, and Chalcedon. This chapter provides critical historical and theological background, since the politics and theologies of the bishops of Alexandria figure prominently in early monastic literature, and their international prominence would help draw the world’s attention to Egypt and its monks.
Evagrius Ponticus: Ascetical Theory
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Evagrius (c.345–399) grew up in Pontus near the Black Sea, and, after serving as a deacon in Constantinople, embarked on a monastic career, settling in Kellia in Lower Egypt. There he apprenticed under two leading desert fathers, Macarius the Egyptian and Macarius the Alexandrian. Evagrius was one of the first monastic theologians and is best known for two works, the Praktikos and the Chapters on Prayer. These and other works of his are strings of terse and somewhat cryptic proverbs, known as “chapters” (kephalaia). This introduction surveys Evagrius’s life and surviving writings and explores the ascetical side of his theology, especially his brilliant and original psychology of temptation—centered on what he called the “eight evil thoughts” (logismoi).
John Cassian
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
John Cassian (d. after 345) was one of the key figures who brought traditions of desert monasticism to the Latin West. He grew up in what today is Romania and became a monk in Bethlehem and then moved to Egypt, settling at the monastery of Scetis, where he became a disciple of Evagrius Ponticus. In the wake of the Origenist Controversy, he left Egypt and settled in southern France, in the port city of Massilia (modern Marseilles), where he composed in Latin two profoundly influential works, the Institutes and the Conferences. This chapter surveys Cassian’s career and introduces his key works and theological themes, especially the monastic search for purity of heart and the monastic practice of unceasing prayer.
Sectoral Patterns of Technological Change
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the similarities and differences amongst sectors in terms of the sources, nature, and impact of innovation. The first section describes the taxonomy of patterns of technological change developed by Pavitt (1984). The second section presents a taxonomy of patterns of innovation in services. The third section examines innovation in construction. The fourth section is concerned with innovation in pharmaceuticals. The fifth section considers innovation in the agrofood industry. The final section examines innovation in chemicals.
Networks and Alliances
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores networks and strategic alliances as a qualitative change accompanying globalization. It analyses the reasons for the growth in alliances — the databases complied by researchers to analyse them —and different approaches to studying alliances and networks (complementary assets, actornetwork theory, and transaction cost economics). A number of networks and alliances are examined (including US CRADAs, Benetton network, linkages between small and large firms in biotechnology, and the case of the Maastricht region).
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cochlear Implant Surgery
Authors: Hirsch Barry E. , Blikas Athanasios , Whitaker Mark 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: We conducted this study to determine the incidence of infection in cochlear implant surgery after using perioperative antibiotics.Study Design: Study design was a retrospective case series.Methods: There was a retrospective chart review of 95 patients (81 adults, 14 children) undergoing 98 cochlear implants.Results: The incidence of infection following cochlear implant surgery was 1% with the use of perioperative antibiotics.Conclusions: Perioperative antibiotics, usually administered as a single dose, are sufficient for the prevention of major wound infection after cochlear implant surgery.
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Nasopharyngectomy in the Treatment of Recurrent T1‐2a Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Mu‐Kuan , Lai Jui‐Chung , Chang Cheng‐Chaun , Liu Mu‐Tai 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective: To study the efficacy of endoscopic nasopharyngectomy in salvaging recurrent T1 to 2a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Study Design: An investigation of the outcome of endoscopic nasopharyngectomy.Methods: Six nasopharyngectomies for patients presenting with locally recurrent T1 to 2a NPC were performed exclusively by way of endoscopic resection by a single surgeon (m.‐k.c.) during the period 2001 to 2005. All patients were operated on with curative intent without postoperative radiotherapy.Results: All six operations were successfully performed endoscopically, and no conversions to conventional open resection were necessary. Of the patients who underwent endoscopic excision, three of them had rT1 disease, and the others had rT2a disease. No surgical specimens had microscopic invasion of the resection margins. No complications associated with the operation occurred. The patients were followed up for 16 to 59 (average, 29) months. One local recurrence was noted in this series to date, and the patient was treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Conclusions: Exclusively endoscopic nasopharyngectomy is a feasible method for treatment of locally recurrent T1‐ to 2a‐staged NPC.
Simulated mechanisms of soil N feedback on the forest CO2 response
Authors: PEPPER DAVID A. , ELIASSON PETER E. , McMURTRIE ROSS E. , CORBEELS MARC , ÅGREN GÖRAN I. , STRÖMGREN MONIKA , LINDER SUNE 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn improved understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere is crucial because atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to increase at an accelerating rate and forests are an important sink in the global carbon cycle. Several CO2‐enrichment experiments have now been running for more than 10 years, with highly variable short‐term results after the first decade. Responses to rising [CO2] over the next few decades will depend on several plant and ecosystem feedbacks that are inadequately understood. In this study, we conduct a sensitivity analysis, within the context of the simulated CO2 response, using a new version of the G'DAY ecosystem model, with an improved decomposition submodel, applied to a nitrogen‐limited Norway spruce forest site in the north of Sweden. The new decomposition model incorporates important modifications to soil processes, including some that constitute negative feedbacks on an ecosystem's growth response to elevated [CO2]. The sensitivity analysis reveals key parameters and processes that are important for the simulated CO2 response on the short term and others that are more important on the long term. A process that has a strong impact on the short‐term response is a change in decomposer composition, potentially in response to altered litter quality. Parameters that become increasingly important in the long term are carbon allocation to root exudates that are directly or indirectly associated with atmospheric N2 fixation, and the rate of humification of soil organic matter. We identify factors intrinsic to species and site (microbes and resources) and ecosystem nutrient supply that determine the duration of the enhanced simulated growth response to elevated [CO2].