bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microarray-Based In Vitro Test System for the Discrimination of Contact Allergens and Irritants: Identification of Potential Marker Genes
Authors: Szameit Sandra , Vierlinger Klemens , Farmer Letizia , Tuschl Helga , Noehammer Christa 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground: Animal tests have been used to characterize the potential of chemicals to produce allergic contact dermatitis, but this approach is increasingly a matter of public and political concern. Our aim was to develop and validate an alternative in vitro test that can identify contact allergens.Methods: We developed a targeted microarray containing oligonucleotide probes for 66 immune-relevant genes and analyzed gene expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) treated with 1 irritant (SDS) and 2 prominent contact allergens, nickel and Bandrowski’s base (BB), which is the oxidation product of the most important hair dye allergen, p-phenylenediamine.Results: Comparing RNA amounts in chemical-treated and solvent-treated cells, we identified significant changes in the expression of 21 genes and 10 genes after exposure of immature DCs (iDCs) to nickel and BB, respectively, but not after exposure to SDS. Eight genes were differentially expressed after application of both nickel and BB. Real-time PCR was used to confirm the results for selected genes.Conclusion: We propose a microarray-based in vitro test that might allow the identification of contact allergens. Independently from donor variability, several immune-relevant genes were up- or downregulated after the application of the tested sensitizers to iDCs, therefore presenting potential marker genes. While reducing the number of laboratory animals used, this test would also enable reliable analysis of chemicals using a human system.
Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand bei Romanos dem Meloden
Authors: Nickau Klaus 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
‘Kontakion der reuigen Zerknirschung, gesungen auf jegliches Erdbeben und (jegliche) Feuersbrunst’ (ϰοντάϰιον ϰατανυϰτιϰòν ψαλλóμενον εις εϰαστον σεισμòν ϰαι εμπϱησμóν), so wird das Lied des Romanos 54 M.-Tr. in dem einzigen vollständigen Textzeugen bezeichnet und überdies dem Mittwoch der dritten Fastenwoche zugewiesen. Doch keines von Romanos' Liedern ist als ganzes so wenig zum wiederholten Gebrauch geeignet wie dieses. Paul Maas erkannte, daß hier auf die Nika-Revolte vom Januar 532 angespielt wird, in deren Verlauf die Kirche der Heiligen Weisheit und große Teile der Stadt in Flammen aufgingen, und bei deren Unterdrückung nach zeitgenössischen Berichten mehr als dreißigtausend Angehörige der Demen von den Truppen der kaiserlichen Feldherren Belisar und Mundus im Hippodrom von Konstantinopel wehrlos niedergemacht wurden.
Gélase de Césarée. Un compilateur du cinquième siècle
Authors: Nuffelen Peter Van 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
À partir de la fin du cinquième siècle, on rencontre parfois des références à une histoire ecclésiastique de Gélase, évêque de Césarée (367-avant septembre 400) et neveu de Cyrille de Jérusalem (348-387). On a beaucoup spéculé sur le caractère et l'étendue de cet ouvrage, mais depuis les travaux de F. Winkelmann un consensus s'est établi: Gélase fut le successeur immédiat d'Eusèbe de Césarée et son histoire ecclésiastique, des persécutions de Dioclétien jusqu'à son propre temps, fut la source principale des historiens postérieurs de l'église, Rufin, Socrate, Sozomène, Théodoret et Gélase de Cyzique, et de nombreuses vies hagiographiques. Bien qu'il existe encore des discussions sur le point de chute de l'histoire (la mort de Valens en 378 ou celle de Théodose I en 395) et sur son caractère (un ouvrage indépendant ou une continuation, dans le même manuscrit, de l'histoire ecclésiastique d'Eusèbe de Césarée), on ne doute plus de l'originalité de Gélase de Césarée. En effet, selon cette théorie Gélase fut à l'origine d'importantes traditions comme la trouvaille de la vraie croix par Hélène, ou la conversion des Éthiopiens et des Géorgiens. Désireux de connaître la version originelle de Gélase, des savants ont investi beaucoup d'énergie dans la reconstruction minutieuse de son texte perdu, surtout sur la base des ouvrages de Rufin, Socrate et Gélase de Cyzique.
Textkritische Nachträge zu Alexias XIII 1,3 (24) Reinsch-Kambylis = III 88,5 Leib und I 12,7 (23–25) Reinsch-Kambylis = I 44,31–45,1 Leib
Authors: Reinsch Diether Roderich 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Mit Konjekturen und vermeintlich notwendigen Ergänzungen in byzantinischen Texten kann man nicht vorsichtig genug sein, wie folgende Beispiele zeigen.
F. CICCOLELLA, Cinque poeti bizantini. Anacreontee dal Barberiniano greco 310
Authors: Longo Augusta Acconcia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Il libro di C., che costituisce il quinto volume della nuova promettente collana diretta da E.V. Maltese, nella quale sono già apparsi importanti contributi ed altri sono annunciati, comprende l'edizione critica e il commento di una parte delle poesie anacreontiche giunte sino a noi nella ben nota raccolta tramandata, mutila, come dimostra l'indice antico dei ff. 1-7, dal codice Barb. gr. 310, e più precisamente i componimenti classicheggianti sopravvissuti nella prima parte del manoscritto, con l'esclusione delle anacreontiche di Sofronio di Gerusalemme, tutte già ripubblicate in edizione critica nel 1957, e dell'anacreontica di Michele Sincello, riedita in anni recenti. Anche i poemetti dei cinque autori scelti da C. — Elia Sincello, Ignazio Diacono, Leone Magistro, Giovanni di Gaza e Giorgio Grammatico — sono stati, per la verità, già pubblicati (e taluni tradotti in italiano) una o più volte, e forse, almeno da un punto di vista utilitaristico, sarebbe valsa la pena di ripubblicare tutta la sezione di anacreontiche classicheggianti della Silloge. Tanto più che questa nuova edizione ha soprattutto il merito di consentire al lettore italiano, anche non bizantinista, una uniforme consultazione di testi complessi ed eterogenei, degli apparati, della traduzione a fronte, accompagnata da note di commento; sebbene l'indice generale del volume, poco dettagliato, e non preceduto da un indice dei nomi, non aiuti il lettore nell'individuazione immediata dei testi e degli argomenti.
A. COLINET, Les alchimistes grecs. Tome X. L'Anonyme de Zuretti ou L'art sacré et divin de la chrysopée par un anonyme
Authors: Bio Anna Maria Ieraci 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
La Collection Les Alchimistes Grecs della CUF si arricchisce d'un altro volume con un'opera del tutto nuova rispetto ai due volumi già pubblicati, l'Anonyme de Zuretti: il testo, che prende il nome da C. O. Zuretti, il quale ne curò nel 1930 l'editio princeps nel VII volume del Catalogue des manuscrits alchimistes grecs, è «un traité pratique, complet et systematique, rédigé à l'époque médiévale par un Grec d'Italie du Sud. Celui-ci se base sur de nombreuses sources latines et arabo-latines, sans renier pour autant la tradition grecque, et il écrit dans une langue déroutante … respectée au maximum» (p. VII). Come scrive l'Editrice nell'Avant-propos, questa sintesi delle conoscenze alchemiche mediterranee degli inizi del 1300 è il più lungo dei testi alchemici greci e presenta diversi motivi di interesse:
• è il testimone del sincretismo culturale che fioriva nel regno di Napoli in epoca angioina;
• è un documento interessante per lo studio della lingua greca medievale della Calabria;
• permette di affrontare problemi filologici legati al fenomeno della traduzione.
G. KIOURTZIAN, Receuil des inscriptions grecques chrétiennes des Cyclades, De la fin du IIIe au VIIe siècle après J.-C.
Authors: Drossoyianni Phane 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This is a very good book. It gives 205 inscriptions from ten of the Cycladic islands. A number of them are published here for the first time. In their majority they are either funerary or invocations for divine help. Some are dedicatory. Some are inscriptions on well-paintings identifying the scene or the saint depicted or being themselves dedicatory or invocatory. Some are in praise of God or in thanks to God. Some are exhortations to the faithful or quotations from the Scriptures. Two are boundary stones and two are magical exorcisms. Outstanding among them are the cadastre of the area of Perissa on the island of Thera, the invocations for divine help carved by weatherbeaten seafarers on the rocks of the desert cove of Grammata (= Letters) on the island of Syros, and the intriguing 60-odd funerary inscriptions of the angels, also from Thera, that keep defying explanation. As a whole they give an insight and lead to a close intimacy with the life of the islanders in these early centuries, fortified as they were by the christian faith, toiling on the thin soil of their land and venturing at sea. Some of them raise questions that cannot be easily answered. Others are quite straightforward.
F. KOLOVOU (ed.), Michaelis Choniatae Epistulae
Authors: Fatouros Georgios 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Die hiermit herausgegebene Briefsammlung des Bischofs von Athen Michael Choniates ist unter zweierlei Aspekten besonders wichtig: Einerseits wegen der Information, die uns über die Zustände im byzantinischen Reich im allgemeinen und in Athen und Umgebung bzw. auf einigen Inseln der Ägäis insbesondere sowie über die Gesellschaft jener Zeit (Ende des 12. – Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts) bietet, andererseits wegen der Briefe selbst, die nicht nur die starke Orientierung der zeitgenössischen Gelehrten auf die Literatur des alten Hellas verraten, sondern auch unter den anmutigsten und stilistisch interessantesten, die je in byzantinischer Zeit abgefaßt wurden, zählen.
O. MAZAL, Justinian I. und seine Zeit. Geschichte und Kultur des Byzantinischen Reiches im 6. Jahrhundert
Authors: Külzer Andreas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Der als Flavius Petrus Sabbatius um das Jahr 482 in Bederiana geborene Justinian I. gehört unbestritten zu den faszinierendsten Herrscherpersönlichkeiten des Byzantinischen Reiches; in den annähernd vierzig Jahren seiner alleinigen Regentschaft zwischen dem 1. August 527 und dem 14. November 565, seinem Todestag, verstand er es, die Grenzen des Reiches bis in den Süden Spaniens und an den Euphrat auszudehnen. Ein großer Förderer der Baukunst, wie wesentlich aus der Schrift De aedificiis des Geschichtsschreibers Prokopios von Kaisareia bekannt ist, ließ er neben zahlreichen Neuschöpfungen und Restaurierungen im gesamten Reichsgebiet alleine in der Hauptstadt Konstantinopel mehr als dreißig Kirchenbauten errichten, darunter die Hagia Sophia als einen bis heute unübertroffenen Vertreter christlicher Architektur. Neben umfangreichen Reformen im Innern regte er bereits in seinen frühen Regierungsjahren mit dem Corpus Iuris Civilis eine Rechtskodifikation an, deren Auswirkungen bis in die Moderne hinein spürbar geblieben sind. Persönlich von hoher Gelehrsamkeit und auch theologisch umfangreich gebildet, stand ihm zwischen 525 und 548 mit Theodora eine Frau zur Seite, die seine Charaktereigenschaften durch ihren Mut, ihre Ausdauer und ihr Beharrungsvermögen in idealer Weise ergänzte und auf Zeitgenossen wie auch auf Nachgeborene eine tiefe Faszination auszuüben vermochte. Gleich Konstantin dem Großen gehört Justinian I. zu den wenigen, deren Namen sich mit Fug und Recht mit dem bedeutungsschweren Terminus „Zeitalter“ verbinden lassen.
CHR. STIEGEMANN (Hrsg.), Byzanz. Das Licht aus dem Osten. Kult und Alltag im Byzantinischen Reich vom 4. bis 15. Jahrhundert
Authors: Altripp Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Die Ausstellung „Byzanz: Das Licht aus dem Osten“ (2001/2002) in Paderborn ist bereits die zweite in dem dortigen Diözesan-Museum, die sich der spätantiken und oströmischen Kultur widmet. Die erste Ausstellung fand um die Jahreswende 1996/1997 unter dem Titel „Frühchristliche Kunst in Rom und Konstantinopel“ statt. Beide Präsentationen decken somit die beiden Teilbereiche des universitären Studienfaches „Spätantik-frühchristliche Archäologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte“ ab. Es kommt daher zwischen beiden Ausstellungen zu thematischen Überschneidungen im Bereich der Spätantike, die jedoch als Anknüpfungspunkte eines Fortsetzungskonzeptes zu verstehen sind und nicht zu einer wiederholten Präsentation einunddeselben Exponates geführt haben. Interessant ist dagegen eine Verschiebung der Akzente: Während die erste Ausstellung ein gewisses Schwergewicht auf der reinen Kunstgeschichte und hierbei auf den Arbeiten der unterschiedlichen Bereiche der Plastik aufwies, stellt die Byzanz-Ausstellung die Alltagsgeschichte in den Vordergrund und veranschaulicht diese durch die Exponate.
Study of kinetics of reaction of lignin model compounds with propylene oxide
Authors: Pandey Krishna K. , Vuorinen Tapani 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The etherification of phenolic groups has been found to inhibit photodegradation in wood and lignin rich pulps. The precise understanding of kinetics of chemical reaction between lignins or their model compounds and the etherifying agent is the first step for developing a viable modification procedure. In this study, we have investigated the reaction of lignin model compounds (namely, phenol and guaiacol) with propylene oxide in aqueous media. The kinetics of etherification reaction was studied under varying pH conditions in the temperature range 30–60°C. The etherified reaction products were characterized by gas chromatogram-mass spectrum (GC-MS). The extent of etherification of phenols and the rate of chemical reaction was followed by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. The reaction between lignin model compounds and propylene oxide was indicated by a rapid reduction in the absorbance accompanied by the development of a new band corresponding to etherified products. The reaction kinetics was investigated at pH ∼12 under the condition of excess concentration of propylene oxide. The reaction followed first order kinetics and rate constants increased linearly with an increase in the temperature and concentration of propylene oxide. The MS fragment data of reaction product support the proposed reaction scheme. The activation energy of the reaction of propylene oxide with phenol and guaiacol, calculated with the Arrhenius equation, was 56.2 kJ mol-1 and 45.4 kJ mol-1, respectively.
Degradation of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM)-densified wood by soft-rot fungi
Authors: Skyba Oleksandr , Niemz Peter , Schwarze Francis W.M.R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM)-densified wood is more resistant to colonisation and degradation by brown-rot fungi than untreated wood. Colonisation and degradation by soft-rot fungi was investigated in treated Norway spruce (Picea abies) and treated beech (Fagus sylvatica) to assess their suitability for utility class 4. Three different treatments were applied: thermal-hygro (TH) treatment, mechanical densification and THM-treatment including densification and post-treatment under saturated steam conditions at different temperatures. For comparison, additional wood specimens were treated with two concentrations of a chromium-copper (CC) wood preservative. After 32 weeks incubation, weight losses induced by soft-rot fungi were lowest in wood treated with CC. Highest weight losses were recorded from TH-treated wood, in which soft-rot erosion attack (type 2) was exclusively observed in spruce. In comparison to controls, significantly lower weight losses by soft-rot fungi were recorded in THM-treated spruce wood, but no such differences were found in beech wood. Microscopical examination showed that in THM-treated wood of spruce, soft-rot type 1 commenced from the outer wood surfaces and cavity formation was not found in deeper regions of the wood samples. THM-treated beech wood was more susceptible to degradation than that of spruce which can be partly explained by the higher syringyl lignin content in beech wood, which is more susceptible to all kinds of degradation. Hyphal colonisation and soft-rot was facilitated within deeper regions of beech wood mainly in the non-occluded lumina of parenchyma cells in multiseriate xylem rays. It can be concluded that TH-treated spruce wood and THM-treated beech wood is susceptible to soft-rot and therefore inappropriate for utility class 4.
Prediction and optimization of surface roughness in milling of medium density fiberboard (MDF) based on Taguchi orthogonal array experiments
Authors: Gaitonde Vinayak N. , Karnik S. Ramesh , Davim João Paulo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The main objective of this paper was to develop a mathematical model to predict the surface roughness and to determine the optimal cutting conditions during milling of medium density fiberboard. The milling experiments were carried out as per Taguchi orthogonal array with feed rate and cutting speed as the controlling parameters. A second-order surface roughness model has been developed using the methodology of response surface analysis. The paper presents the details of analysis of variance to validate the developed model. The Taguchi optimization results show that the surface roughness can be optimized with lower feed rate and higher cutting speed values.
Fixation of copper-protein formulation in wood: Part 2. Molecular mechanism of fixation of copper(II) in cellulose, lignin and wood studied by EPR
Authors: Hoffmann Stanislaw K. , Goslar Janina , Ratajczak Izabela , Mazela Bartłomiej 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were recorded for copper(II) ions in cellulose, lignin and pine sapwood impregnated with a water based formulation containing CuSO4·5 H2O, tannic acid and animal protein SOLUTEIN. EPR parameters were derived from computer-simulated spectra. The parameters were interpreted in terms of molecular orbital theory giving coefficients of spin delocalization onto ligands. Five different spectra of chemically fixed complexes were identified. The complexes were octahedral with a different degree of elongation. For a copper concentration higher than approximately 0.5%, the additional EPR signal from the precipitated CuSO4·5 H2O salt appears. Two possible coordination sites are proposed for fixed copper complexes in cellulose structure and a single site is proposed for copper in a lignin. These complexes are different from the copper complex in wood, where Cu(H2O)4O2 octahedral complex exists with apical coordination to two oxygen atoms of deprotonated hydroxyl groups of polymeric units. When tannic acid is added to the impregnating solution, copper ions are strongly coordinated in a square-planar geometry of CuO4 and are easily leached. The copper-SOLUTEIN complex yields a distinguished EPR spectrum only in the impregnating solution, but not in the wood. Except for the copper(II) EPR spectra, where the signals from free radicals were detected in wood and lignin with a concentration in the order of magnitude of 1017 g-1 dependent on wood treatment.
An investigation on the permeability of different wood furnish materials
Authors: Thoemen Heiko , Klueppel André 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In wood-based composite mats, mass and heat transfer are substantially influenced by their gas permeability. Thus, reliable permeability data are needed if one wants to model and simulate those processes taking place prior, during, and after hot-pressing operations of the mat. In this study, wood particles of surface and core layer type were obtained from two particleboard manufacturers, using impact mills and knife ring flakers, respectively. The permeability measurements were performed on the initial materials, as well as on subsets of it obtained by laboratory sieving. Additionally, medium density fibreboard (MDF) fibres from three species, namely pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies) and rubberwood (Hevea Brasiliensis) were investigated. Cross-sectional and within-plane permeability was measured for densities from 250 to 1000 kg m-3. The permeability of the core particle materials was determined on solidified samples. On the other hand, the surface particles and MDF fibres were investigated by means of a rapid testing method on loose furnish materials (without solidification). MDF mats exhibited lower permeability values than particle mats at low densities, but values were found in the same order of magnitude for high densities. Mainly, the small particles determine the pore structure and permeability of particle mats. Thickness and in-plane size of particles affect the mat permeability, with the in-plane size becoming primarily effective at elevated densities. The permeability of MDF fibre mats depends more on the anatomy of the raw material than on its size distribution. We suggest, based on computer simulations, that only the within-plane permeability has a strong effect on gas pressure and temperature conditions during hot pressing. The cross-sectional permeability does not play an essential role in this regard.
Effects of fixation temperature and environment on copper speciation in ACQ treated red pine
Authors: Tascioglu Cihat , Cooper Paul , Ung Tony 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) sapwood samples treated with alkaline (amine) copper quaternary (ACQ) were conditioned at different temperatures and under wet or dry conditions to evaluate the stability of copper (Cu) to leaching and conversion of divalent copper (Cu-II) to monovalent copper (Cu-I). Significant Cu-II was reduced to Cu-I during post-treatment stabilization, especially at elevated temperatures (105°C and 120°C). The percent conversion to Cu-I was higher at lower retentions; in some cases, at low retentions and high fixation temperatures, all of the cupric Cu was reduced to Cu-I, raising the possibility of reduced activity of Cu as a biocide when high temperature conditions are used to fix ACQ treated wood. However, exposure of wood to a leaching procedure (rewetting, re-drying) generally resulted in a significant component of the Cu-I in wood being oxidized back to Cu-II. Steaming of weathered ACQ treated wood at 120°C also converted significant amounts of Cu-II to Cu-I.
Revisiting the mechanism of β-O-4 bond cleavage during acidolysis of lignin. Part 1: Kinetics of the formation of enol ether from non-phenolic C6-C2 type model compounds
Authors: Yokoyama Tomoya , Matsumoto Yuji 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The reaction route of a dimeric non-phenolic C6-C2 type lignin model compound, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (VIII), was kinetically examined under acidolysis conditions (0.2 mol l-1 HBr in 82% aqueous 1,4-dioxane at 85°C). The disappearance of (VIII) followed the pseudo-first-order rate law, and the rate constant k
(VIII) was 0.00854. In the course of the reactions, the following compounds were produced quantitatively at any time: an enol ether, 1-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylene (IX), 2-methoxyphenol (X), and a Hibbert's ketone, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde (XI). The substances (X) and (XI) are the result of the β-O-4 bond cleavage and their amounts were always equal during the whole reaction. When (IX) was subjected to the acidolysis under the identical conditions, its disappearance followed the pseudo-first-order rate law, and the rate constant k
(IX) was 0.00825. Furthermore, (VIII) was not observed at all, and (X) was produced quantitatively at any time. Based on these results, the formation rate of (IX) during the acidolysis of (VIII) is expressed by the equation: d[(IX)]/dt=A·k
(VIII)[(VIII)]-k
(IX)[(IX)], where A is the proportion of (VIII) that converted into (IX) when (VIII) degraded. It was confirmed by solving this differential equation that the formation and disappearance of (IX) is best simulated when A was assumed to be 1.00. Therefore, it was proven in this paper for the first time that (VIII) primarily converts into (IX), and subsequently the β-O-4 bond cleavage occurs and (X) and (XI) are yielded.