bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Word‐Association Latency in Normal Children During Development and the Relation of Brain Electrical Activity
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded in a group of 37 normal boys aged 92–206 months during performance of a word‐association task. Ss were instructed to say the first word that came to mind, as quickly as possible, following presentation of each of 18 stimulus words that were familiar to young children. Word‐association latency, or the associative reaction time (RT), was analyzed only for trials in which a stimulus word evoked the same response word. Younger children were found to have significantly longer associative RTs than older children, with associative RT decreasing with increasing age according to a reciprocal power‐law function. Comparison of this function with similar functions relating simple and disjunctive RT to age, suggested that the longer word‐association latencies of children could not be attributed merely to developmental differences in non‐verbal processes or processes concerned primarily with speed of responding. Sufficient EEG data for analysis were available for only 5 of the stimulus‐response word combinations, and for these data, average EEG period from the left hemisphere was significantly different from (longer than) EEG period from the right hemisphere. Results of a partial‐correlation analysis showed that left‐hemisphere differences in EEG period between Ss can account, in part, for the relationship between associative RT and age, while right‐hemisphere differences in EEG period cannot. Although this suggested a hypothesis which ascribes the long word‐association latencies of young children to age‐associated differences in EEG period of the left hemisphere, evidence was inconclusive.
The Educational Process in Psychophysiology
Authors: Johnson Harold J. , May Jerry R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA questionnaire was sent to members of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) in order to determine the nature and direction of education in the field of psychophysiology. The results revealed that a number of academic institutions are offering formal courses in psychophysiology at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. A brief description of the general course outlines and laboratory requirements is presented. The need for increased communication with respect to educational processes was expressed by many respondents. It is suggested that a forum for the exchange of ideas concerning education in psychophysiology should be available at the annual SPR meeting.
Effect of Knowledge of Response on the Self‐Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Scott Robert W. , Young Larry D. , Edmundson And Eileen D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAt an initial session groups of Ss either were (1) correctly informed of the response to be controlled, HR, and given visual feedback of it, or were (2) correctly informed of the response but given no feedback, or were (3) incorrectly informed of the response and given feedback of HR, or were (4) not informed of the response and given feedback of HR. At a second session half of the misinformed and uninformed Ss were correctly informed. Trials on which Ss were to raise and to lower HR were both given.Between group comparisons generally supported the proposition that correct knowledge of response facilitates learning to lower HR when given external feedback. Results on raising HR, although generally indicating the facilitative role of correct knowledge of response, were not as consistent as those for lowering.Within group comparisons showed trends for correct knowledge of response to improve HR control. Further within group comparisons of raise HR and lower HR trials consistently showed that Ss who knew the correct response and received feedback of it, achieved control of HR, whereas those who were misinformed or who received no feedback did not achieve control.
Effects of an External Cue on Psychophysiological Reactions to a Noxious Event
Authors: Gaebelein Jacquelyn , Taylor Stuart P. , Borden Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects (Ss) who viewed a clock for 6 min while awaiting receipt of an electric shock showed significant changes in HR and SC; these indices did not change significantly for Ss who could not observe the clock. Analyses of responses to the delivery of shock revealed that Ss in the No Clock group demonstrated greater increases in HR and SC than did Ss in the Clock group. Differences in HR within I min following shock were observed between the Clock and No Clock groups. It was suggested that rather than mediating fear arousal per se the external cue facilitated coping with the impending event.
Stimulus Site Effects on Skin Conductance Responses From the Volar Surfaces
Authors: Fuhrer Marcus J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPulse trains were applied separately to each forefinger and to each hallux of 23 Ss to assess stimulus site effects on the relative amplitudes of skin conductance responses recorded concurrently from each palm and from each plantar surface. A binaurally presented tone was used as a non‐lateralized stimulus. Analyses of the ratio of response amplitudes from contralateral recording sites indicated that for both the upper and lower extremities, responses from the volar surface of the stimulated extremity were augmented in amplitude. Responses from the volar surface of the extremity ipsilateral to the stimulus and recording sites involved the same extremity. Analyses of the ratio of response amplitudes from the palmar and plantar surfaces on the same side of the body indicated that the specific effects of stimulation did not cross the body midline. The results were interpreted as indicating a regionally differentiated sympathetic outflow to the volar sweat glands that reflects the locus of cutaneous stimulation.
The Use of Digital Techniques in Psychophysiological Research
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Law Leslie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPP‐T‐0014‐0‐I The development of digital techniques has enabled the psychophysiologist to extend the range and complexity of his experiments. The functioning of digital devices can be divided into four aspects, namely: 1) data acquisition, 2) data storage, 3) data analysis, and 4) data output. The principles underlying these techniques are outlined, the most fundamental step being the conversion of the analog signal to the digital value. Digital instruments in psychophysiology are reviewed including the data logger, the instrumentation‐coupler, the special purpose computer, and the general purpose laboratory computer. The authors' experience with laboratory computers is described and the great flexibility of these devices in psychophysiological research is stressed.
A Micropower, Multichannel Biotelemetry System
Authors: Humphries J. , Phoebus E. , Globus G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to gather biodata in the home environment, we have developed a compact and inexpensive FM multichannel subcarrier system employing micropower integrated circuits of the unique lateral PNP design. The subcarrier system may be used with or without a wireless transmitter. One FM transmitter design that has been used is presented. Components for four channels are mounted on a glass epoxy circuit board. More channels may be added and the potential for hybrid film packaging was considered in the design. Standard IRIG 7.5% proportional subcarrier frequencies from 400 Hz (ch. 1) to 3000 Hz (ch. 8) may be used with the center frequency being determined by the value of a single component in the oscillator circuit. The overall simplicity, stability, fidelity, and low power requirements of this subcarrier system facilitate long term unattended recording.
An Inexpensive Additive Tricolor Mixer Capable of Continuous Variations in Hue and Saturation
Authors: Geddie James C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA design is presented for the construction of an inexpensive tricolor mixer which is capable of continuous variation in hue and saturation. The degree of precision of measurement of the stimuli produced can be manipulated to meet the demands of the experimenter by selection of filters and mechanical components.
Recording Skin Resistance and Beat‐By‐Beat Heart Rate From the Same Pair of Dry Electrodes
Authors: Geddes L. A. , Bourland J. D. , Smalling R. W. , Steinberg R. B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTChanges in skin resistance and beat‐by‐beat heart rate, derived from the EKG, were obtained from the same pair of dry silver electrodes applied to the finger tips. The electronic criteria to be satisfied for application of this technique are discussed. The recording system was constructed using low‐cost, solid‐state circuitry. A typical record of changes in skin resistance and beat‐by‐beat heart rate is presented to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the equipment.
Cutaneous Vasomotor Responses to Cold Pressor Stimulation
Authors: Lovallo William , Zeiner Arthur R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which tested the effect of cold pressor (CP) stimulation on cutaneous vasomotor activity. Both experiments confirm earlier findings that some Ss show decreased digital blood volume to CP (constrictors) while others show an increase (dilators). In Experiment I, it is demonstrated that the constrictor‐dilator responses cannot be attributed to differential response to instruction. A superimposed reaction time task is shown not to change ongoing response to CP. Experiment II investigates the effects of levels of tonic activity upon response to CP stimulation in males and females by two methods: experimental manipulation of tonic level by shock and independent measurement of tonic sympathetic activity by other physiological measures (pulse amplitude and skin conductance). Resting levels of pulse wave amplitude are significantly correlated with response to CP, the higher the amplitude, the greater the time to blood volume rebound. The results tentatively support the hypothesis that constrictors and dilators differ in sympathetic vasomotor tonus prior to cold pressor.
Speed of Movement in Relation to Period of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Children
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMovement Time (MT) and simple reaction time (RT) were investigated in relation to period of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in a group of 17 healthy boys aged 8.5–17.2 years. MT and RT were measured by means of a modified version of the dart‐throwing game in which S thrust his arm and forefinger forward, as quickly as possible, at a target located 28 cm away.Statistically significant negative correlations between RT and age and between MT and age confirmed previous reports that younger children not only take more time to initiate a response than older children but also move more slowly. RT was positively correlated with EEG period but MT and EEG period were not related. MT and RT were unrelated when age of the Ss in the sample had been taken into account. Overall, findings suggested that while MT and RT in children appear to run similar developmental courses, the speed of initiation and speed of execution of a response are not determined by the same processes.
Variability of Sleep Measures in Normal Subjects
Authors: Clausen J. , Sersen E. A. , Lidsky A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVariability of sleep measures during 4 nights was examined in 10 normal young adults. The variables analyzed included: Sleep Stage Percentages; Sleep Time; Latency, Duration, and Cycle Time of REM; No. of REM Periods; and No. of Eye Movements (EM). No indication of First Night Effect was found, except that EM showed significant increases across nights. Although group means corresponded to conventional norms, considerable inter‐ and intraindividual variability was apparent, with Stage 2 and REM yielding lowest Variability Coefficients. Between nights, consistent positive correlations were found for Awake, REM, REM Latency, and particularly for Stage 4 and EM. Consistency of the relationship between nights for the sleep stages was not generally improved by equating sleep time either within or between Ss. Few intercorrelations between variables were significant. Within nights the first REM Duration was the shortest and the first Non‐REM Duration the longest, while neither REM nor Non‐REM Cycle Time changed significantly. In 25% of the records, Stage 3 terminated before Stage 4. Variability was discussed in terms of procedural aspects, trait characteristics, and situational factors.
Body Movements in Sleep During 30‐Day Exposure to Tone Pulse
Authors: Muzet A. G. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. C. , Townsend R. E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBody movements during sleep stages 2 and REM were measured using an artifact method to determine the effects of a tone pulse given every 22 sec, 24 hrs a day, over a period of 30 consecutive days in 10 Navy recruits, aged 19 to 23. The tone pulse produced no significant increase in the number of body movements during stage 2, but it increased body movements in REM sleep to a significant but small (3 movement increase per night) extent. The percentages of body movements observed in the first 7 sec after the tone pulse in sleep stages 2 and REM were significantly higher than those observed during the epochs 8–14 and 15–21 sec, and those observed to the pseudostimulus. The tone pulse used in this study redistributed or regulated the appearance of the body movements to the proximity of the noise, but did not increase the total number of body movements which appeared to be under endogenous control.
Anxiety and Feedback as Factors in Operant Heart Rate Control
Authors: McFarland Richard A. , Coombs Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐three Ss were chosen on the basis of their Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale scores. Eleven Ss were assigned to each of three groups, low anxiety (LA), medium anxiety (MA), and high anxiety (HA). The study was then carried out to determine the relationships between manifest anxiety, amount of feedback, and heart rate (HR) control. Each S attempted to synchronize his HR with a series of clicks so that each heartbeat (R wave) would occur within .2 sec after a click. Each S was tested alternately with non‐augmented biofeedback (NAF), and with visually augmented feedback (AF) during several test periods. Overall, Ss were found to be able to produce a significantly higher than chance percentage of heartbeats in the .2 sec interval in spite of the fact that HA Ss had a negative mean HR control score. MA Ss' mean score was significantly higher than that of the HA Ss. Different physiological characteristics were found to be significantly correlated with successful HR control depending upon which anxiety group S was in. No significant difference was found between NAF and AF conditions.
Interrelationships Between Human Classical Differential Electrodermal Conditioning, Orienting Reaction, Responsivity, and Awareness of Stimulus Contingencies
Authors: Furedy John J. , Schiffmann Karl 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of studying the interrelationships listed in the title was to examine the orienting‐reaction (OR) and cognitive (awareness) interpretations of differential electrodermal conditioning (DEC). The method was to perform correlational analyses on the data obtained from three DEC experiments (N = 32, 40, and 32, respectively) which together provided variations in such factors as the CS‐US interval, and the sensitivity of the awareness measure of subjective contingency (SC). Following Zeiner and Schell (1971), the OR and responsivity measures were obtained, respectively, from preliminary CS+ trials (tone and light) to‐be‐paired with the US and from US (shock) trials. The results clearly disconfirmed the cognitive interpretation, since SC was not correlated either with DEC or with OR in any of the experiments. The OR interpretation received some support, but could handle the following aspects of the results only with difficulty: (a) some significant correlations of responsivity with DEC; (b) the fact that the apparently large OR‐DEC correlations were reduced when statistical control (through partial correlations) was imposed for the influence of consistent individual differences in responding to the CS+ and CS‐ stimuli before any conditioning had taken place; (c) the fact that when these individual differences were not significantly present (in Exp. III), the OR‐DEC correlation was also not significant. It was noted that the first aspect supported an S‐R, contiguity‐reinforcement account of DEC, an account which differs from the cognitive and OR interpretations inasmuch as it does not attempt to reduce DEC to some other process.
Some Observations on the Reliability of REM Variables
Authors: Feinberg Irwin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious reports on inter‐night reliability of sleep stage percentages have not controlled for total sleep time (TST). With TST held constant with either of two methods, REM as well as NREM variables showed significant inter‐night correlation coefficients. Reliability across nights for rapid eye movement activity is reported here for the first time and found to be highly significant.
On Evaluating Autonomic and Verbal Indices of Negative Preception
Authors: Furedy John J. , Klajner Felix 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNegative preception (NP) has been defined as the attenuation of a noxious stimulus by a signal which precedes it. Explanatory theories to account for the NP phenomenon are available, but the concern of this paper is with the methodological and empirical basis for the existence of the NP phenomenon itself. It is argued that autonomic indices based on shock‐elicited responding cannot provide unconfounded evidence for NP because of insurmountable methodological problems associated with response‐interference and perceptual‐disparity (or orienting‐reaction) effects. Furthermore, it is noted that when modified unconfounded autonomic indices have been used, the results failed to support the NP notion. A challenge to the validity of the verbal index of rated intensity is then considered, but it is argued that this verbal index is a valid measure of shock aversiveness. Since the rated‐intensity evidence is also generally against the NP notion, it is concluded that both autonomic and verbal indices, when properly evaluated, do not support the view that signaling attenuates shock aversiveness.
Experimenter and Subject Sex Effects In the Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Fisher Leslie E. , Kotses Harry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to determine the significance of the experimenter's sex on the subject's skin conductance responsiveness and to ascertain the nature and extent of sex differences in basal skin conductance, skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude, and spontaneous skin resistance (SRR) activity. The responses of 30 male and 30 female Ss were recorded by 3 male and 3 female experimental assistants. Following a brief adaptation period, all Ss received 20 5‐sec bursts of 75 dB white noise. Variable stimulus intervals were employed.Male Ss serving in the female E condition evidenced significantly higher basal conductance levels and a more rapid decrease in basal conductance levels over trials. Skin resistance response magnitude data showed a significant Experimenter Sex X Trials interaction such that all Ss serving in the female E condition failed to habituate. An analysis of spontaneous SRR activity showed that Ss serving in the other‐sex E condition emitted more spontaneous responses. All Ss showed a significant decrease in spontaneous activity across trials.
A Comparison of the Statistical Distributions of Beat‐By‐Beat Heart Rate and Heart Period
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , Stringfellow Jeanne C. , Graham Mary 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe statistical distributions of heart rate (HR) and heart period (HP) measures were compared for 10 adults. Kolmogorov‐Smirnov indices of fit and specific indices of skewness and kurtosis were applied to a 40‐min sample of baseline heart beats. Neither individual HR nor HP distributions were consistently normally distributed. Over the sample, HP distribution indices were not significantly different from normal although HR distribution indices were. The use of HP in measuring cardiac evoked responses is advocated.
Pupil Size, Information Overload, and Performance Differences
Authors: Peavler W. Scott 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAs a test of the hypothesis that pupil dilation during performance is partially due to a task related anxiety component, pupillary patterns were measured while subjects (Ss) processed digit strings of various lengths for immediate recall. Information overload resulted in a leveling of the dilation pattern which suggested a momentary suspension of processing effort. In addition, significant correlations were observed between individual differences in pupil size and recall performance.
On Stepwise Discriminant Analyses Applied to Physiologic Data
Authors: Lachin John M. , Schachter Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecently widespread interest has arisen in the use of stepwise discriminant function techniques with evoked physiologic data. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss in non‐mathematical terms how such analyses can easily be misused and misinterpreted, pointing out specific pitfalls to be avoided. The various statistical tests of hypotheses used with stepwise discriminant functions, predominantly in the BMDO7M computer program, are discussed in relationship to the law of the iterated logarithm. This law clearly shows how highly significant differences will almost always be found when a stepwise procedure is used even though there may be norealdifferences between groups. As an empirical illustration, a series of physiologic data (EKG and EEG) was collected under stimulus and no stimulus conditions. Stepwise analyses consistently produced significant differences under no stimulus conditions whereas nonstepwise procedures did not. Under stimulus conditions, stepwise analyses consistently exaggerated the extent of differences detected by nonstepwise analyses.
Does the Averaged Evoked Response Encode Subliminal Perception?
Authors: Schwartz Marvin , Rem Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a series of studies, Shevrin and his colleagues have reported that the effects of subliminal perception are encoded in the average evoked response. Our experiment was a more stringent test in that we (1) collected both physiological and behavioral data in the same trials, (2) attempted to minimize criterial differences in the employment of physiological and behavioral responses, and (3) behaviorally verified conditions designed to be subliminal. Two stimuli were presented tachistoscopically in a given trial, separated by 1 sec; over blocks of trials, exposure duration for the stimuli was 3, 7, 15, and 30 msec. At 3 msec exposure, all subjects detected the stimuli but could not discriminate between them; discrimination increased with increasing exposure duration. But at no exposure duration did average evoked response measures discriminate between the stimuli‐the only changes in evoked response measures were those due to increasing stimulus energy. Thus, there was no evidence for either subliminal or supraliminal discrimination of stimulus content by the AER.