bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the formation of an adduct of formamide with dioxane by means of Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Norbert Gabriel , Alves Wagner A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRaman experiments of formamide (FA) and p‐dioxane (DX) mixtures at different compositions were carried out. A red shift of the CO stretching band of DX was observed upon dilution, while blue shifts were observed for the CH stretching and COC bending bands. In this latter region, the new band at ∼441 cm−1, whose intensity shows large dependence on the FA concentration, has been assigned to an FA–DX adduct and it is reported for the first time in the literature. The spectral changes observed in the COC bending region allowed to determine a proportion of 4:1 FA–DX and this experimental evidence is also presented for the first time by Raman spectroscopy. The present work shows an excellent agreement with our previous investigation, where the 2:1 FA—THF (tetrahydrofuran) adduct was characterized. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal‐nanoparticle plasmonics
Authors: Pelton M. , Aizpurua J. , Bryant G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe rapid emergence of nanoplasmonics as a novel technology has been driven by recent progress in the fabrication, characterization, and understanding of metal‐nanoparticle systems. In this review, we highlight some of the key advances in each of these areas. We emphasize the basic physical understanding and experimental techniques that will enable a new generation of applications in nano‐optics.
The reliability and validity of the forensic Camberwell Assessment of Need (CANFOR): a needs assessment for forensic mental health service users
Authors: Thomas Stuart D. M. , Slade Mike , Mccrone Paul , Harty Mari‐Anne , Parrott Janet , Thornicroft Graham , Leese Morven 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNo instrument exists that measures the individual needs of forensic mental health service users (FMHSUs). The aim of this study was therefore to develop a valid and reliable individual needs assessment instrument for FMHSUs that incorporated staff and service user views and measured met and unmet needs. The Camberwell Assessment of Need was used as a template to develop CANFOR. Consensual and content validity were investigated with 50 forensic mental health professionals and 60 FMHSUs. Both were found to be satisfactory. Concurrent validity was tested using the Global Assessment of Functioning and a five‐point needs scale, and again was found to be satisfactory. Reliability studies were carried out with 77 service users and 65 staff in high and medium security psychiatric services in the UK. Inter‐rater reliability, rating whether a need was present or not, was high for service users (0.991) and staff (0.998). Similarly high reliability was found for unmet needs (0.985 and 0.972, respectively). Test–retest reliability was found to be moderately high for service users (0.795) and staff (0.852) when ratings were made two weeks apart. Similar levels were found for ratings of unmet needs (0.813 and 0.699, respectively). The average interview time was 23 minutes. CANFOR has good validity and reliability, and is suitable for further testing with other service user groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Five new bidesmoside triterpenoid saponins from Stauntonia chinensis
Authors: Hao Gao , Zhao Wang , Lei Yang , Yang Yu , Zhi‐Hong Yao , Nai‐Li Wang , Guang‐Xiong Zhou , Wen‐Cai Ye , Xin‐Sheng Yao 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEleven triterpenoid saponins (1–11) were isolated from Stauntonia chinensis DC. (Lardizabalaceae), including five new compounds, yemuoside YM21–25 (1–3, 6, 7) structures of which were elucidated by chemical methods and a combination of MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐ NMR experiments including DEPT, 1H1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY, and NOESY as 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐]α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐akebonicacid‐28‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐akebonic acid‐28‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (2), 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐akebonic acid‐28‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (3), 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐]α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐akebonic acid‐28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (6), 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐[α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐]α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐akebonic acid‐28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (7). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outsourcing in China: an exploratory assessment
Authors: Jing Yijia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe increasing demands for public services, growing resource externalisation and decentralisation have driven Chinese governments to seek alternative means of service delivery. This article addresses the largely ignored outsourcing practice in China. Lack of awareness of and research on the widespread outsourcing was a result of the conceptual barriers created by China's economic transition and its choice of incremental reform path. By decomposing national fiscal expenditures, the article finds that from 2002 to 2004, outsourcing accounted for about one‐third of the total governmental services expenditures and demonstrated a trend of continuous growth. Such developments effectively transformed the basic landscape of public service delivery and created significant external dependence. Within just three decades, China has quickly shifted from an omnipotent state to an ‘incomplete’ state. The capacity of the administrative hierarchy has become severely constrained. Nonetheless, the political risks of the macro‐level transformation are largely mitigated at the micro‐level by mechanisms of public–private cooperation. These developments are embedded in informal arrangements that, remarkably, maintain the survival of the current power structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and dynamic mechanical analysis of extruded layered silicate PVC nanocomposites
Authors: Romero‐Guzmán Maria Eugenia , Romo‐Uribe Angel , Ovalle‐García Erasmo , Olayo Roberto , Cruz‐Ramos Carlos A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nanostructure and dynamic mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and the bentonite nanocomposites have been investigated. Nanocomposites with 5 wt% concentration of bentonite were prepared by melt extrusion followed by two‐roll‐milled processing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) were utilized to study the micro and nanostructure of the two‐roll‐milled sheets. The nanocomposites were compounded with two types of coupling agents: KZTPP® and Tamol 2001®. Optical microscopy showed that the materials remained optically transparent, i.e. they did not show evidence of nanoclay agglomeration. The WAXS patterns of PVC‐bentonite‐KZTPP nanocomposite were anisotropic, suggesting flow‐induced preferred orientation of the nanoplates. Moreover, the 001 reflection of the bentonite was shifted toward smaller angles, suggesting that the nanoplates were intercalated by the macromolecules. On the other hand, the WAXS patterns of PVC‐bentonite‐Tamol 2001 nanocomposite remained isotropic and did not show evidence of bentonite, suggesting exfoliation of the nanoplates. The nanocomposites showed an increase in glass transition temperature Tg, with the sequence Tg,PVC < Tg,KZTPP < Tg,Tamol 2001. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed an increase in mechanical moduli and activation energy (and a decrease in the intensity of the mechanical damping Tan δ) following the same sequence. Interestingly, the improvement in mechanical moduli became more pronounced above the glass transition temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for readmission after initial diagnosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Slone Tamra L. , Rai Rachna , Ahmad Naveed , Winick Naomi J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundSpecific hospital discharge criteria following the initial diagnosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have not been reported. This retrospective cohort study was designed to identify risk factors for readmission during induction therapy, to assist with development of discharge guidelines.ProcedureWe reviewed the records of 142 consecutive children with newly diagnosed B‐precursor ALL and found 129 eligible patients. Chi square, t‐test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare differences in absolute neutrophil count (ANC), NCI risk status, age, type of corticosteroid administered, and other potential risk factors for readmission during induction therapy.ResultsANC at initial hospital discharge was the only significant predictor of readmission for fever during induction therapy (P = 0.006) by multivariate analysis. Specifically an ANC ≤200/mm3 at discharge had the strongest association with readmission for fever (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.422, 7.729).ConclusionAn ANC >200/mm3, in a clinically stable patient, is associated with minimal risk of readmission during induction therapy following the initial diagnosis of ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:375–379. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of methoxyfenozide exposure on the sexual attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., in small orchard blocks
Authors: Barrett Bruce A 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The sexual attractiveness of female and the responsiveness of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide were investigated in small orchard block experiments. The main purpose of the study was to determine whether the reported sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide affecting moth behavior also occur under field conditions.RESULTS: Data from the first experiment showed that in some trials untreated females were significantly more attractive to wild males than methoxyfenozide‐treated females. The second experiment revealed that some released methoxyfenozide‐treated males were not as responsive to calling females as untreated males, and that some untreated females were more attractive to males than methoxyfenozide‐treated females. The third experiment revealed that wild males exposed to treated tree surfaces were significantly less responsive to traps than were wild males exposed to untreated trees. However, there were no significant differences in mean recaptures of released males between the untreated and treated orchard blocks.CONCLUSION: Exposure of adult C. pomonella to methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces resulted in a negative impact on male responsiveness to calling females and synthetic pheromone lures. However, the level of impact on the sexual attractiveness of treated females did not appear to be as explicit. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Dielectric properties of InAsP alloy thin films and evaluation of direct‐ and reciprocal‐space methods of determining critical‐point parameters
Authors: Choi S. G. , Aspnes D. E. , Stoute N. A. , Kim Y. D. , Kim H. J. , Chang Y.‐C. , Palmstrøm C. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpectroscopic ellipsometry is used to determine pseudodielectric function spectra 〈ε 〉 = 〈ε1〈 + i 〈ε2〈 of InAsx P1–x al‐loy thin films from 1.5 to 6.0 eV at room temperature. The structures for the E1, E1 + Δ1, E ′0, E2, and E ′2 critical points (CPs) were observed in the data. We compare direct‐ and reciprocal‐space methods of extracting CP energies Eg. The direct‐space values show less uncertainty, a result of how the two procedures use available information. Energies obtained are compared with the results of theoretical calculations using the linear augmented Slater‐type orbital (LASTO) method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared generalized ellipsometry on non‐polar and superlattice group‐III nitride films: strain and phonon anisotropy
Authors: Darakchieva V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis contribution reviews the application of generalized infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (GIRSE) to studies of optical phonons in heteroepitaxial wurtzite GaN films with a ‐plane orientation and c ‐plane Al(Ga)N/GaN superlattices. We demonstrate the capability of GIRSE to detect spectrally narrow dichroism, caused by anisotropic strain in non‐polar oriented films thereby allowing a precise location of the phonon mode resonances for different polarizations. A distinct correlation between anisotropic strain components, which have been independently assessed by high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction, and phonon frequencies reveal the phonon deformation potentials. Further, GIRSE is shown to be a valuable tool in identification of superlattice phonon modes and their character. The frequency shifts of the superlattice modes with respect to the strain‐free positions are analyzed versus strain and composition in order to assess the mode suitability for estimation of strain, polarization doping, and composition for the individual layers in complex device heterostructures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polaron transitions in charge intercalated amorphous tungsten oxide thin films
Authors: Saenger M. F. , Höing T. , Hofmann T. , Schubert M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe present a parametric dielectric function model in depen‐ dence of the intercalated charge per tungsten ion ratio x, which excellently describes the ellipsometric experimental data, and allows the identification of two polaron modes corresponding to transitions between W4+ and W5+ and between W5+ and W6+ tungsten ion sites. A competitive relation between the two polaron transitions is found. An empirical relation for the amplitude of the polaron transitions is found useful to provide a good description of the polaron transition dependence on x. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vortex motion in quasi‐2D d‐wave superconductors
Authors: Morita Yoshifumi , Maki Kazumi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe vortex motion and the related transport properties in unconventional superconductors are studied in the clean limit within the microscopic model following Caroli and Maki. Here we start from (a) quasi‐2D s‐wave superconductors and next move on to (b) quasi‐2D d‐wave superconductors where we mean by ‘quasi‐2D” the layered structured crystals or the case with a cylindrical Fermi surface. The diffusion constant which controls the vortex motion and the entropy carried by a single vortex are determined. We propose that the Nernst (or the Ettingshausen) effect will provide the most sensitive test of the present theory. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of dopant concentration on charge transport in crosslinkable polymers
Authors: Pitarch Angeles , Meerholz Klaus , Hertel Dirk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCrosslinkable polymer hole‐only structures have been characterized by current–voltage, and admittance spectroscopy. Our hole transport layer (HTL) consists of a triphenylene‐diamine derivative (QUPD) crosslinked after deposition with a photoinitiator. The crosslinking leads inadvertently to doping of the HTL depending on the initiator concentration. We study the influence of doping on charge transport in the HTL. We show that the increase of low‐frequency capacitance with increasing voltage and dopant concentration, as well as the low‐voltage region in the (J –V) characteristics are injection limited. At higher voltages, the transport is space‐charge limited (SCL) with a field‐dependent mobility. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermally and seed‐layer induced crystallization in rubrene thin films
Authors: Nothaft M. , Pflaum J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have analyzed the tendency of crystallization and the thermal activation of ordering processes in rubrene thin films. As we will demonstrate, a crystalline phase with a unit cell in agreement to the bulk structure can be stabilized upon heating of amorphous rubrene layers previously capped by a sputtered SiOx layer. This encapsulation significantly enhances the thermal stability of the organic film by about 150 °C. We compared this approach with crystallization initiated by the presence of a pentacene seed layer during rubrene deposition. Thin film transistors prepared by this route showed hole mobilities of 0.01 cm2/Vs which are four orders of magnitude higher than for their amorphous counterparts. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct evidence of the self‐compression of injected electron–hole plasma in silicon
Authors: Altukhov Pavel , Kuzminov Evgenii 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA surface distribution of the electroluminescence intensity of silicon p–n light‐emitting diodes is obtained under space‐scanning experiments at room temperature. An emitting surface of the diodes, represented by a few small bright emitting dots and a weakly emitting area outside the dots, serves as direct evidence of the self‐compression of injected electron–hole plasma in silicon. The plasma self‐compression explains concentration of injected carriers into one or a few strongly emitting plasma drops. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles calculations of transition phase and thermodynamic properties of CdO
Authors: Yao Liping , Peng Feng , Fu Hongzhi , Cheng Xinlu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe transition phase of CdO from NaCl‐type (B 1) structure to CsCl‐type (B 2) structure is investigated by ab initio plane‐wave pseudopotential density‐functional theory, and the thermodynamic properties of the B 1 and B 2 structures under high pressure and temperature are obtained through the quasiharmonic Debye model. The transition phase from B 1 structure to B 2 structure occurs at a pressure of 83.1 GPa, which agrees well with other calculated values. Moreover, the relationship of the relative volume V /V0, and the Debye temperature Θ and the heat capacity CV with the pressure P and temperature T are also successfully obtained. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absorption and emission of polariton modes in a ZnSe–ZnSSe heterostructure
Authors: Seemann M. , Kieseling F. , Stolz H. , Florian M. , Manzke G. , Henneberger K. , Hommel D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigate the absorption and emission of a 25 nm ZnSe layer, which was grown on a GaAs buffer and cladded by ZnSSe layers. Due to the coupling of light with the exciton resonances polariton modes propagate through the ZnSe layer. Their interferences appear as additional peaks in the reflection spectra and can be explained by the effect of spatial dispersion. We present additional experimental results for the emission of the sample after excitation by a pump pulse, showing corresponding interference peaks of the polariton modes, whose maxima strongly decrease to higher energies. Our exact theoretical analysis shows that the ratio of emission and absorption is given by the population of the globally defined states of the electromagnetic field, i.e. the polariton distribution which is generated by the pump pulse. This distribution, being far from thermal quasi‐equilibrium, shows pronounced peaks at the polariton modes depending on the energy of the pump pulse. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time and spatially resolved photoluminescence of quantum structures with interfacial roughness: a theoretical description
Authors: Pistone G. , Savasta S. , Stefano O. Di , Girlanda R. , Portolan S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe present a microscopic theoretical analysis of time and spatially resolved photoluminescence of naturally occurring quantum dots induced by monolayer fluctuations in the thickness of semiconductor quantum wells. The analysis is based on a recently developed theoretical tool for spatially‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy in semiconductor quantum structures. The theoretical framework here presented allows to study the influence of temperature and spatial resolution on the detected images. We find that the carrier recombination dynamics is significantly affected by thermal populations in optically inactive or poorly active exciton states. The presence of these states slows‐down radiative recombination, determining an increase of the photoluminescence decay time as a function of temperature in a wide temperature range, in agreement with recent experimental results. We investigate these effects in symmetric dots displaying dark excited states. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fatigue life evaluation for single‐ and poly‐crystalline silicon films by pulsating‐tension cyclic loading test
Authors: Nagai Yuji , Namazu Takahiro , Inoue Shozo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the fatigue life of microscale single‐crystalline silicon (SCS) and poly‐crystalline silicon (PCS) used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs). The fabricated SCS and PCS specimens having nominal dimensions of 20 µm in width, 600 µm in length, and 2 µm in thickness at the gauge section were subjected to cyclic loading by means of pulsating‐tension fatigue test under a constant frequency from 1 to 10 Hz. The average fracture strengths of the SCS and PCS specimens measured by quasi‐static tensile test were 3.26 and 2.08 GPa, respectively, which were utilized as the reference stresses in the fatigue test. In the fatigue test, the peak stress and stress amplitude were maintained constant for both the specimens. The number of cycles to failure increased with a decrease in the peak stress. No manifest fatigue limit was observed in both the specimens. The stress ratio parameter, σpeak/σf, gave a good correlation with the number of cycles to failure, and a large scatter of the lifetime data in the SCS specimens was found as compared with the PCS specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that a number of latent defects inside or on the surface of the specimen would have influenced the scatter of the fatigue life. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles study on STM current images of C2H2‐adsorbed Si(001) surface
Authors: Egami Yoshiyuki , Ono Tomoya , Hirose Kikuji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe present a first‐principles electron‐transport investigation of a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image of an acetylene‐adsorbed Si(001) surface with an end‐bridge di‐σ adsorption configuration. In the simulated STM image, three bright spots are observed in the absorbed acetylene molecule and bare Si atoms, and one of them located on the molecule is darker than the others. Tunneling current is strongly affected by the π states of the bare Si atoms; however, the contributions of states around the absorbed molecule to the current is smaller. This leads to an STM image in which bare Si atoms look higher than the adsorbed acetylene molecule. This result corresponds to the experimental images observed by STM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.