bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycotoxins in cereal grain Part 12. Contamination with ochratoxin A and penicillic acid as indicator of improper storage of cereal grain
Authors: Chelkowski J. , Goliński P. , Wiewiórowska M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormation of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in wheat kernels at 6 moisture levels: 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30% at 15 °C has been examined during 4 months of storage. The minimum time for formation of significant amount (0.5–1 mg/kg) of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid (6–8 mg/kg) in stored grain has been found for the various water contents as follows: 18%–16 weeks, 21%–6 weeks, 24% and more — 2 weeks. At 15% of moisture content formation of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid was not observed until 4 months of storage.
Rechnergestützte Nitratanalytik in biologischem Material
Authors: Zimmermann K. , Lengerken J. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZur quantitativen NO3‐Bestimmung in Pflanzenproben, Gemüse‐ und Obsterzeugnissen mittels neuartiger, direktkontaktierter sensitiver Elektroden werden aufwendige Trocknungsprozeduren vermieden, wenn entweder frisches Untersuchungsmaterial in Schwingscheibenmühlen mazeriert oder schockgetrocknet und gemahlen aufbereitet wird. Der Gesamtzeitbedarf je Probe wird so auf etwa 45 min gesenkt. Anhand eines mathematisch‐statistischen Modells zur Fehlerbetrachtung wird gezeigt, daß sich insbesondere durch kontinuierliche Kalibrierungen der ionensensitiven NO3‐Elektrode (Zusatz steigender NO3‐Stammlösungsinkremente zu einer definierten Menge Kupfersulfatlösung) niedrige Eichfehlerbeträge ergeben. Als zulässiger Grenzwert der Steilheit gealterter ionensensitiver NO3‐Elektroden werden ‐50,00 mV/pX, als tolerierbarer Fehler von S ± 1,10 mV/pX (ΔS = 2,54 mV) empfohlen, da bei Einhaltung dieser Grenzwerte die für Praxisbelange erforderlichen niedrigen Vertrauensintervalle der Zellspannungen (ΔE) und Konzentrationen von NO3‐Standards (Δc) resultieren. Zur Kalibrierung, Kontrolle der Kenngrößen und exakten Probengehaltsermittlung sollten bevorzugt freiprogrammierbare Rechner im off‐line‐Betrieb verwendet werden.
Assessing the influence of scanner background noise on auditory processing. I. An fMRI study comparing three experimental designs with varying degrees of scanner noise
Authors: Gaab Nadine , Gabrieli John D.E. , Glover Gary H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe compared two experimental designs aimed at minimizing the influence of scanner background noise (SBN) on functional MRI (fMRI) of auditory processes with one conventional fMRI design. Ten subjects listened to a series of four one‐syllable words and had to decide whether two of the words were identical. This was contrasted with a no‐stimulus control condition. All three experimental designs had a duration of ∼17 min: 1) a behavior interleaved gradients (BIG; Eden et al. [1999] J Magn Reson Imaging 41:13–20) design (repetition time, TR, = 6 s), where stimuli were presented during the SBN‐free periods between clustered volume acquisitions (CVA); 2) a sparse temporal sampling technique (STsamp; e.g., Gaab et al., [2003] Neuroimage 19:1417–1426) acquiring only one set of slices following each of the stimulations with a 16‐s TR and jittered delay times between stimulus offset and image acquisition; and 3) an event‐related design with continuous scanning (ERcont) using the stimulation design of STsamp but with a 2‐s TR. The results demonstrated increased signal within Heschl's gyrus for the STsamp and BIG‐CVA design in comparison to ERcont as well as differences in the overall functional anatomy among the designs. The possibility to obtain a time course of activation as well as the full recovery of the stimulus‐ and SBN‐induced hemodynamic response function signal and lack of signal suppression from SBN during the STsamp design makes this technique a powerful approach for conducting auditory experiments using fMRI. Practical strengths and limitations of the three auditory acquisition paradigms are discussed. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of corpus callosum damage on ipsilateral motor activation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A functional and anatomical study
Authors: Lenzi Delia , Conte Antonella , Mainero Caterina , Frasca Vittorio , Fubelli Federica , Totaro Porzia , Caramia Francesca , Inghilleri Maurizio , Pozzilli Carlo , Pantano Patrizia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown increased activation of ipsilateral motor areas during hand movement in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that these changes could be due to disruption of transcallosal inhibitory pathways. We studied 18 patients with relapsing‐remitting MS. Conventional T1‐ and T2‐weighted images were acquired and lesion load (LL) measured. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed to estimate fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the body of the corpus callosum (CC). fMRI was obtained during a right‐hand motor task. Patients were studied to evaluate transcallosal inhibition (TCI, latency and duration) and central conduction time (CCT). Eighteen normal subjects were studied with the same techniques. Patients showed increased MD (P < 0.0005) and reduced FA (P < 0.0005) in the body of the CC. Mean latency and duration of TCI were altered in 12 patients and absent in the others. Between‐group analysis showed greater activation in patients in bilateral premotor, primary motor (M1), and middle cingulate cortices and in the ipsilateral supplementary motor area, insula, and thalamus. A multivariate analysis between activation patterns, structural MRI, and neurophysiological findings demonstrated positive correlations between T1‐LL, MD in the body of CC, and activation of the ipsilateral motor cortex (iM1) in patients. Duration of TCI was negatively correlated with activation in the iM1. Our data suggest that functional changes in iM1 in patients with MS during a motor task partially represents a consequence of loss of transcallosal inhibitory fibers. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative modelling of two catchments in Taiwan and England
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chi , Han Dawei , Yu Pao‐Shan , Cluckie I. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparative modelling of two catchments of similar sizes in Taiwan and England is described. In the study, despite its success in many Taiwanese catchments, including the Yan‐Shui Creek catchment in this study, the distributed model GBDM was initially found unsuitable when applied to the Brue catchment in South West England. However, the simulations are much better after revising the infiltration capacity. Further exploration reveals several interesting findings. (1) The infiltration computation based on soil characteristics and classifications is unreliable in the model. Other factors, such as climate, farming practice and vegetation cover, could have a much more significant impact. (2) The application of the GBDM far away from its ‘home country’ unveils a possible weakness of such a model for being ‘underfitting’. The fact that an ‘adjustment factor’ added in the model could improve both its calibration and validation may indicate that there is a room to improve the GBDM structure for catchments outside Taiwan. (3) The study illustrates the difficulty in creating a universal distributed model that could suit all possible hydrological environments, under the constraint of model parameter parsimony to minimize the ‘equifinality’ problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrometric and natural tracer (oxygen‐18, silica, tritium and sulphur hexafluoride) evidence for a dominant groundwater contribution to Pukemanga Stream, New Zealand
Authors: Stewart Michael K. , Mehlhorn Jens , Elliott Sandy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPukemanga is a small (3 ha) steep headwater catchment at the Whatawhata Research Station near Hamilton, New Zealand. The water balance (1996–2002) shows average annual rainfall of 1640 mm producing annual runoff of 440 mm (baseflow 326 mm, stormflow 114 mm) and ‘deep seepage’ loss of 450 mm (i.e. 450 mm of water not appearing in the stream). Oxygen‐18 (18O) concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for 8–15 months at six sites, ranging from Pukemanga Stream baseflow through wetland seepage to ephemeral streams and surface runoff. The first two showed no significant 18O variations. Inferred mean residence times within the catchment ranged from at least 4 years (for the stream baseflow and seepage) to a few weeks (for the ephemeral flows and surface runoff). Silica concentrations could also be used to distinguish deep flowpath water from near‐surface flowpath water. Tritium concentrations gave an estimated mean residence time of 9 years for Pukemanga Stream baseflow. Sulphur hexafluoride tended to give younger ages, while the chlorofluorocarbon ages were older, but are not considered as reliable for dating streamflow in this time range. These results show that deep pathways predominate with over 74% of runoff deriving from deep hillslope flowpaths via the wetland, and 87% of total drainage (baseflow and deep seepage) travelling via deep hillslope flowpaths. Our conception of the deep drainage process is that there is a large volume of slowly moving water in the system (above and below the water table), which reaches the wetland and stream via an unconfined groundwater system. Subsurface water equivalents are estimated to be 2·9 m for drainage at the weir and 4·1 m for drainage bypassing the weir, giving a total of 7 m depth over the catchment. The unsaturated zone plays an important role in storing water for long periods (about 4 years), while linking the surface with the groundwater water table to contribute to the fast streamflow response to rainfall. A schematic model of the various pathways with indicative residence times is given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI to assess arrhythmia and cardiomyopathies
Authors: Macedo Robson , Schmidt Andre , Rochitte Carlos E. , Lima João A.C. , Bluemke David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is highly precise for morphological and functional analyses of the myocardium, and has been used to assess different types of cardiomyopathies. Its ability to characterize tissue, especially with gadolinium (Gd) delayed‐enhancement techniques, has shown promising results for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. In this review we discuss the background and potential of this approach, as well as its usefulness for assessing arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the protective action of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate in the apoptotic death of cerebellar granule neurons induced by low potassium
Authors: Bazán‐Peregrino Miriam , Gutiérrez‐Kobeh Laila , Morán Julio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral neurotrophic factors, including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, may influence neuronal apoptotic death. Rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) cultured in low potassium (5 or 10 mM KCl) for more than 5 days in vitro (DIV) die apoptotically. These cells survive in the presence of high potassium (25 mM KCl, K25) or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA), an agonist of glutamatergic receptors. CGN transferred from high to low potassium die apoptotically. Here, we characterized the effect of BDNF and NMDA on the apoptotic death induced by low potassium in CGN. Cell death of CGN by culturing in low potassium for 6 DIV was inhibited by BDNF and NMDA. When CGN were cultured in K25 and transferred to a low‐potassium medium, 65% of neurons died after 48 hr. Under these conditions, BDNF, NMDA, or BDNF + NMDA increased CGN survival. Both BDNF and NMDA decreased caspase‐9 activity and mRNA caspase‐3 levels and activity induced by low potassium. CGN survival induced by BDNF is mediated by TrkB activation, whereas that induced by NMDA is mediated by NMDA receptor and TrkB activation. NMDA, but not BDNF, raised [Ca2+]i, which was reduced by low‐potassium treatment. These results suggest that NMDA receptor stimulation induces CGN survival through the influx of extracellular Ca2+ that may evoke the release of BDNF and the activation of TrkB. Complementary mechanisms induced by depolarization and changes in Ca2+ levels would also contribute to the neuroprotection exerted by NMDA and potassium. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding rainfall spatial variability in southeast USA at different timescales
Authors: Baigorria G. A. , Jones J. W. , O'Brien J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study seeks to understand the spatial variability of monthly and daily rainfall in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, USA. Monthly spatial statistics are needed to improve downscaling from climate models producing seasonal rainfall forecasts, and spatial correlation of daily rainfall is needed to inform spatial weather generators used in climate risk analysis. We first determined the historical record length that is stationary followed by an analysis of the monthly spatial characteristics of rainfall variables. Rainfall data from 523 weather stations (National Climate Data Center) were obtained for the period 1915–2004 and divided into 15‐year subsets for comparisons. Differences in rainfall were found between the most recent 15‐year period and all others occurring during the 90‐year period of record. Thus only data from 1990 to 2004 (208 weather stations) were used to avoid the detected changes in climate in the region. Correlation, covariance and variance matrices of daily and monthly rainfall amounts were calculated at monthly steps. The same statistics were also computed for frequency of rainfall events and monthly number of rainy days. Results show different spatial patterns at different temporal scales; two spatial patterns were well established. A widely spread correlation in a northeast—southwest direction was found around weather stations during the frontal rainy season, and a concentric short distance‐decay in correlations existed around weather stations during the summer convective season. Spatial correlations among daily rainfall amounts are needed for spatial weather generators in a storm‐by‐storm basis while monthly spatial statistics are needed to ensure the validity of downscaled data from numerical seasonal rainfall forecasts. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
An MIS 3 age organic deposit from Balglass Burn, central Scotland: palaeoenvironmental significance and implications for the timing of the onset of the LGM ice sheet in the vicinity of the British Isles
Authors: Brown Eleanor J. , Rose James , Coope Russell G. , Lowe John J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the analysis of a glaciotectonised organic deposit located between a lower weathered till and an upper unweathered till at Balglass Burn, north of the Campsie Fells in central Scotland, UK, close to the centre of ice accumulation in Scotland. Sedimentology, pollen, macroscopic plant remains and Coleoptera indicate accumulation in a small pond, as part of an open, tundra landscape with low floral diversity. MCR palaeotemperature reconstructions for the Coleoptera give a mean temperature for the warmest and the coldest months of 8 to 10°C and −26 to −10°C respectively, indicating the presence of at least discontinuous permafrost. Six AMS dates on Carex fruit and Coleoptera fragments give ages between 34 480 and 28 050 14C yr BP (ca. 39.8 to ca. 32.8 cal. yr BP; Fairbanks et al. (2005)). The upper till and the glaciotectonism are attributed to glaciation during the LGM. Glaciotectonic deformation means that the ages do not indicate sequential development and it is not possible to relate this palaeo‐evidence to the fine resolution palaeoclimatic signature for MIS 3. However, the fact that this part of central Scotland was ice‐free at this time means that some recent proposals suggesting that the British ice sheet began to accumulate around the middle of MIS 3 are unlikely to be correct. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the vibrational modes of carbon nanotubes induced by electron‐beam irradiation: resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gupta S. , Patel R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfluence of electron‐beam (e‐beam) irradiation on multi‐walled (MW) and single‐walled (SW) carbon nanotube films grown by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique is investigated. These films were subjected to an e‐beam energy of 50 keV from a scanning electron microscope for 2.5, 5.5, 8.0, and 15 h, and to 100 and 200 keV from a transmission electron microscope for a few minutes to ∼2 h continuously. Such conditions resemble an increased temperature and pressure regime enabling a degree of structural fluidity. To assess structural modifications, they were analyzed prior to and after irradiation using resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) in addition to in situ monitoring by electron microscopy. The experiments showed that with extended exposures, both types of nanotubes displayed various local structural instabilities including pinching, graphitization/amorphization, and formation of an intramolecular junction (IMJ) within the area of electron beam focus possibly through amorphous carbon aggregates. RRS revealed that irradiation generated defects in the lattice as quantified through (1) variation of the intensity of radial breathing mode (RBM), (2) intensity ratio of D to G band (ID/IG), and (3) positions of the D and G bands and their harmonics (D* and G*) and combination bands (D + G). The increase in the defect‐induced D band intensity, quenching of RBM intensity, and only a slight increase in G band intensity are some of the implications. The MW nanotubes tend to reach a state of saturation for prolonged exposures, while the SW ones transform from a semiconducting to a quasi‐metallic character. Softening of the q = 0 selection rule is suggested as a possible reason to explain these results. Furthermore, these studies provide a contrasting comparison between MW and SW nanotubes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Entwicklung des Anbaues und der Züchtung von Ölpflanzen in Mitteleuropa I
Authors: Schuster W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZur Zeit sind die öl‐ und eiweißliefernden Pflanzen unter dem Gesichtspunkt von Alternativfrüchten für die in Überproduktion stehenden Getreidearten und Hackfrüchte interessant. Hierzu werden ganz unterschiedliche Pflanzenarten für den Anbau diskutiert und empfohlen. Es werden Versuche mit alten und neuen Ölpflanzen angestellt und dabei vielfach vorhandene Kenntnisse und Veröffentlichungen außer acht gelassen. Es wird deshalb eine Übersicht zum Stand der Kenntnisse über Anbau und Züchtung der wichtig und anbauwürdig erscheinenden Arten gegeben: Raps, Rübsen, Sonnenblumen, Lein, Mohn, Sojabohnen, Senf, Ölrettich, Leindotter, Ölrauke, Krambe, Ölkürbis und einige weniger interessante Arten. Nach dem jetzigen Stand der Züchtung und der Versuchserfahrungen scheinen für einen alternativen Anbau anstelle der bisherigen Kulturarten außer Winterraps in Frage zu kommen, sofern Absatz und kostendeckende Preise zu erzielen sind: I. für wärmere Anbaugebiete (Weinklima): Sonnenblumen, Sojabohnen, Ölkürbis, Saflor (in Trockengebieten); II. unter kühleren Bedingungen: Lein (Kombinationslein), Sommerraps, Senf (Sanapis alba eventuell Brassica juncea), Ölrettich, Krambe, Leindotter. Bei der Auswahl der anzubauenden Art müssen die Absatzmöglichkeiten für das jeweilige Fettsäuremuster der erzeugten Ölsaat berücksichtigt werden.
Acacia albida Seed Oil: Characterization of Coronaric Acid
Authors: Farooqui J. A. , Ahmad Raft , Ahmad M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCoronaric acid makes up 7.8% of Acacia albida (leguminosae) oil triglycerides. Direct acetolysis of the oil followed by saponification gave cis‐9,10‐dihydroxyoctadec‐cis‐12‐enoic acid which was characterized by various spectroscopic studies and chemical transformations. Quantitation of the coronaric acid was done by gas‐liquid chromatography. Chrysanthemum coronarium seed oil was used as the reference standard throughout the study.
Schnelle und präzise Bestimmung des Gesamtglucosinolatgehaltes von Rapssamen‐Vergleich der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse mit Gaschromatographie und Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie
Authors: Schnug E. , Haneklaus S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFür die in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft bevorstehende Umstellung auf glucosinolatarme Rapssorten sind Verfahren erforderlich, mit deren Hilfe eine sichere Separierung des Erntegutes bereits in der ersten Erfassungsstufe möglich ist. Mit der indirekten Bestimmung des Gesamtglucosinolatgehaltes durch die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit konventionellen Verfahren aufweist (r2 = 99% für GC‐Referenzproben, r2 = 92% für GC‐Einzelanalysen, r2 = 96% für HPLC‐Einzelanalysen; Abweichungen der Mittelwerte: GC‐Referenzproben 1.3%, Einzelanalysen mit GC und HPLC 7.4 bzw. 3.1%) und das nur 4 Minuten für eine Bestimmung benötigt und einfach durchgeführt werden kann.
Biologische Abwasserreinigung mit hoher Abbauleistung in einem Kompaktreaktor (HCR‐Verfahren)
Authors: Räbiger N. , Naundorf E. A. , Vogelpohl A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie konsequente Anwendung verfahrenstechnischer Erkenntnisse hat zur Entwicklung eines Hochleistungsreaktors für die biologische Reinigung von Abwässern geführt, der sich gegenüber konventionellen Anlagen durch eine hohe Abbauleistung, eine kompakte Bauweise und einen umweltfreundlichen Betrieb auszeichnet. Damit eröffnet sich insbesondere auch die Möglichkeit, industrielle Abwässer wirtschaftlich am Ort ihrer Entstehung zu behandeln und damit die Entsorgung in den Produktionsprozeß zu integrieren. Die 10–30fach höhere biologische Abbauleistung im Kompaktreaktor gegenüber konventionellen Belebungsverfahren beruht auf der besonderen Wirkungsweise des Kompaktreaktors mit den folgenden Merkmalen: hohe Stoffaustauschleistung durch eine extrem große Gas‐Flüssigkeit‐Austauschfläche und feinste Verteilung der Bakterienmasse, niedriger Schlammindex und damit erhöhte Trennwirksamkeit im Sedimentationsbecken, hohe betriebliche Flexibilität.
Quantitative Determination of Oligosaccharides in Defatted Soybean Products by High Speed Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Shukla V. K. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA high speed liquid chromatography (HSLC) method for the determination of oligosaccharides in soybean products at nanogram sensitivity is described. The extraction procedure is modified by introducing two extra steps of centrifugation and deproteinisation by a combination of freezing and using acetonitrile. This modified extraction procedure quantitatively extracts complete sugars from soy flour, while leaving behind undesirable organic contaminants. This HSLC method surpasses the existing methods with respect to total analysis time, precision, accuracy and sensitivity, and is specially applicable for those samples having a low oligosaccharide content and a high content of interfering material.
Abbau halogenorganischer Verbindungen vom Typ der chlorierten Phenole an einem biologischen Festbettreaktor
Authors: Frahne D. , Ling St. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Abbau persistenter Organohalogenverbindungen am Beispiel des Pentachlorphenols einschließlich der darin spurenweise enthaltenen Dioxine. Ein Teil des Metabolismus wird analytisch belegt und der technische Weg für die Durchführung des biologischen Abbaus auf einem biologisch besiedelten und belüfteten Festbettreaktor beschrieben. Der Abbau verläuft in ähnlicher Geschwindigkeit und mit einer Ausbeute, wie er in mechanisch‐biologischen Kläranlagen sonst nur für die Eliminierung von biologisch leicht abbaubaren Verbindungen bekannt ist. Es handelt sich um eine Fortsetzung über den in analoger Weise im halbtechnischen Maßstab gelungenen Abbau von synthetischen wasserlöslichen Farbstoffen, insbesondere Reaktivfarbstoffen, Tensiden und einigen Pflanzenschutzmitteln sowie Abwasser aus der Zellstoff‐ und Papierproduktion.