bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term variability in physical forcing in temperate reservoirs: effects on phytoplankton dynamics and sedimentary fluxes
Authors: PANNARD ALEXANDRINE , BORMANS MYRIAM , LAGADEUC YVAN 
Published: November 2006

Summary1. The effects of wind events on phytoplankton dynamics were investigated in two temperate reservoirs.2. Meteorological forcing, change in physical and chemical structure of the water column and biological responses of phytoplankton communities were followed for 3 weeks in three seasons.3. Depending on the season, the phytoplankton response differed in response to nutrient and light conditions, and to the intensity of stratification and mixing.4. We demonstrated that, on a time scale of a few days, wind events can modify phytoplankton dynamics, in terms of size structure and exported biomass. An increase of mixing favoured the largest size class and disadvantaged the smallest size class, while an increase in stratification had the opposite effects. The short‐term change in size structure was reflected in the sedimentary fluxes but with a time lag.
Effects of emergence phenology, taxa tolerances and taxonomic resolution on the use of the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique in river biomonitoring
Authors: RAUNIO JANNE , PAAVOLA RIKU , MUOTKA TIMO 
Published: November 2006

Summary1. We studied chironomid communities of four rivers in south‐eastern Finland, differing in their water quality, during summer 2004 using the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique, CPET. The aims of the study were to (i) test the adequacy of the generic‐level identification in the CPET method, (ii) define the emergence patterns of chironomid taxa classified as intolerant to organic pollution, (iii) assess the tolerance levels of intolerant chironomids and (iv) identify taxa most indicative of good water quality.2. Procrustean rotation analysis indicated very strong concordance between the ordinations using either species or genus‐level data, suggesting that generic‐level identification of chironomids is adequate for biomonitoring based on CPET. However, when only a few taxa occur in great numbers, it may be advisable to identify these to the species level, especially if these taxa are important indicators of the impact in question.3. The detection of a particular species may require accurate timing of sampling, whereas a species‐rich genus might be detected throughout a season. Given that the emergence of chironomid species may vary from year‐to‐year and between sampling sites, community differences detected at the species level may be related to between‐site variation in species’ emergence patterns rather than true differences in species composition.4. Indicator species analysis (IndVal) showed that the distribution and abundance of intolerant chironomid taxa differed strongly among the studied rivers. Some of the intolerant taxa were restricted to unimpacted conditions, whereas others occurred mainly in impacted rivers. Thus, the indicator status of some genera (e.g. Eukiefferiella, Parametriocnemus, Stempellinella and Tvetenia) needs reassessment.
Signals of range expansions and contractions of vascular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994–2004) at the GLORIA* master site Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria
Authors: PAULI HARALD , GOTTFRIED MICHAEL , REITER KARL , KLETTNER CHRISTIAN , GRABHERR GEORG 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh mountain ecosystems are defined by low temperatures and are therefore considered to react sensitively to climate warming. Responding to observed changes in plant species richness on high peaks of the European Alps, an extensive setup of 1 m × 1 m permanent plots was established at the alpine‐nival ecotone (between 2900 and 3450 m) on Mount Schrankogel, a GLORIA master site in the central Tyrolean Alps, Austria, in 1994. Recording was repeated in a representative selection of 362 quadrats in 2004. Ten years after the first recording, we observed an average change in vascular plant species richness from 11.4 to 12.7 species per plot, an increase of 11.8% (or of at least 10.6% at a 95% confidence level). The increase in species richness involved 23 species (about 43% of all taxa found at the ecotone), comprising both alpine and nival species and was pronouncedly higher in plots with subnival/nival vegetation than in plots with alpine grassland vegetation. Only three species showed a decrease in plot occupancy: one was an annual species, one was rare, and one a common nival plant that decreased in one part of the area but increased in the uppermost part. Species cover changed in relation to altitudinal preferences of species, showing significant declines of all subnival to nival plants, whereas alpine pioneer species increased in cover. Recent climate warming in the Alps, which has been twice as high as the global average, is considered to be the primary driver of the observed differential changes in species cover. Our results indicate an ongoing range contraction of subnival to nival species at their rear (i.e. lower) edge and a concurrent expansion of alpine pioneer species at their leading edge. Although this was expected from predictive distribution models and different temperature‐related habitat preferences of alpine and nival species, we provide first evidence on – most likely – warming‐induced species declines in the high European Alps. The projected acceleration of climate warming raises concerns that this phenomenon could become the major threat to biodiversity in high mountains.
Statins inhibit lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes
Authors: Schramm René , Menger Michael D. , Harder Yves , Schmits Rudolf , Adam Oliver , Weitz‐Schmidt Gabriele , Schäfers Hans‐Joachim 
Published: November 2006

SummaryLymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes is governed by adhesion molecules, including lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 (LFA‐1). Statins are 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and exert anti‐inflammatory effects, e.g. inhibition of LFA‐1. It is still not known whether statin compounds are capable of inhibiting lymphocyte homing in vivo. We used a cervical lymph node preparation to study the effects of simvastatin on lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venules (HEVs) by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM). IVM revealed that firm adhesion of lymphocytes to HEV endothelium critically depends on the adhesive function of LFA‐1. The number of firmly adherent lymphocytes was reduced by 58% in LFA‐1‐deficient mice (P < 0·05 versus wild‐type controls). As in mutant mice, acute treatment with simvastatin (i.p. injection at 2 hr prior to IVM) inhibited the firm adhesion of lymphocytes to HEV endothelium of wild‐type animals by 63% (P < 0·05 versus vehicle‐treated wild‐type controls). In addition, acute treatment with the synthetic statin‐derivate LFA878 also reduced firm lymphocyte adhesion in HEVs by 63% (P > 0·05 versus placebo‐treated controls). Histological analysis after a 10‐day treatment with simvastatin showed reduced cellularity of cervical lymph nodes, as indicated by a reduction of the relative area of haematoxylin‐stained cell nuclei in cervical lymph node cross‐sections from 94 ± 0% in vehicle‐treated controls to 77 ± 3% in simvastatin‐treated mice (P < 0·05). We conclude that statin compounds are capable of inhibiting lymphocyte homing to murine peripheral lymph nodes in vivo. This may have novel implications for the treatment of adaptive immune responses, e.g. transplant rejection.
Hemin nutritional stress inhibits bacterial invasion of radicular dentine by two endodontic anaerobes
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To determine if anaerobic bacteria routinely found in infected dentine and root canals require the presence of heme in the environment in order for them to invade dentinal tubules.Methodology  Noncarious, unrestored human teeth with single root canals were prepared for invasion experiments and soaked in either TSB‐M supplemented with hemin (5 μg mL−1) (n = 12 roots), TSB‐M media (n = 12 roots) or TSB‐M media followed by hemin soak (n = 12 roots) for 2 days, then inoculated with either Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 or Peptostreptococcus micros ATCC 33270 and incubated anaerobically for 14 days. Roots were prepared for light microscopy, stained with Brown and Brenn or antisera raised to the bacteria, and invasion within tubules assessed using a tubule invasion index (TI). Data were analysed using Student's t‐test and Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results  Prevotella intermedia (TI = 0.7 ± 0.04) and P. micros (TI = 0.96 ± 0.08) showed low invasion when grown in the presence of hemin with cells generally restricted to the superficial 20 μm of the tubules, whilst neither bacteria invaded tubules (TI = 0) when hemin was absent from the growth media (P < 0.01).Conclusions  Hemin was required in the growth medium for P. intermedia and P. micros to invade dentinal tubules.
A land‐cover map for South and Southeast Asia derived from SPOT‐VEGETATION data
Authors: Stibig H.‐J. , Belward A.S. , Roy P.S. , Rosalina‐Wasrin U. , Agrawal S. , Joshi P.K. , Hildanus  , Beuchle R. , Fritz S. , Mubareka S. , Giri C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  Our aim was to produce a uniform ‘regional’ land‐cover map of South and Southeast Asia based on ‘sub‐regional’ mapping results generated in the context of the Global Land Cover 2000 project.Location  The ‘region’ of tropical and sub‐tropical South and Southeast Asia stretches from the Himalayas and the southern border of China in the north, to Sri Lanka and Indonesia in the south, and from Pakistan in the west to the islands of New Guinea in the far east.Methods  The regional land‐cover map is based on sub‐regional digital mapping results derived from SPOT‐VEGETATION satellite data for the years 1998–2000. Image processing, digital classification and thematic mapping were performed separately for the three sub‐regions of South Asia, continental Southeast Asia, and insular Southeast Asia. Landsat TM images, field data and existing national maps served as references. We used the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) for coding the sub‐regional land‐cover classes and for aggregating the latter to a uniform regional legend. A validation was performed based on a systematic grid of sample points, referring to visual interpretation from high‐resolution Landsat imagery. Regional land‐cover area estimates were obtained and compared with FAO statistics for the categories ‘forest’ and ‘cropland’.Results  The regional map displays 26 land‐cover classes. The LCCS coding provided a standardized class description, independent from local class names; it also allowed us to maintain the link to the detailed sub‐regional land‐cover classes. The validation of the map displayed a mapping accuracy of 72% for the dominant classes of ‘forest’ and ‘cropland’; regional area estimates for these classes correspond reasonably well to existing regional statistics.Main conclusions  The land‐cover map of South and Southeast Asia provides a synoptic view of the distribution of land cover of tropical and sub‐tropical Asia, and it delivers reasonable thematic detail and quantitative estimates of the main land‐cover proportions. The map may therefore serve for regional stratification or modelling of vegetation cover, but could also support the implementation of forest policies, watershed management or conservation strategies at regional scales.
Sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic tests for gill‐associated virus in Penaeus monodon
Authors: Munro J , Owens L 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study reports the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy between a reverse transcriptase‐nested polymerase chain reaction (RT‐nPCR) and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of gill‐associated virus (GAV) from a sample of 120 Penaeus monodon. Subsequently, the same comparisons were applied to the ELISA and haemagglutination (HA) assays for detection of GAV from a second 120 prawns. The optical density (OD) or dilution cut‐off point had a direct influence on the tested parameters. The cut‐off OD of 0.5–0.6 with the ELISA produced a sensitivity of 98% compared with RT‐nPCR. However, these OD produced the lowest accuracy (85.8% and 86.7%, respectively). The OD cut off of 0.75 resulted in the highest accuracy (91.7%) and NPV (81.3%) while it had the second highest sensitivity (97%) and PPV (93.3%). However, the OD cut off of 0.9 had the highest specificity (80%). With regards to HA, the titre cut off at 8 resulted in the highest sensitivity, specificity and NPV (94%, 100% and 100%, respectively) compared with the ELISA, while the HA titre of 16 gave the highest accuracy (73%) and the second highest specificity (75%). A HA titre of 64 gave the highest PPV (81%). Using the RT‐nPCR as the gold standard, the ELISA had an accuracy of 91.7% when using a cut off >0.75 as a positive result. When compared with the ELISA, the HA had an accuracy of 73% when using an HA titre cut off greater than 16 as a positive result. These results indicate that alternative tests for GAV (ELISA and HA) can be used to explore multiple questions about the disease status of P. monodon stocks in a cost‐effective manner.
Comparison of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles between Flavobacterium columnare strains from different genomovars
Authors: Zhang Y , Arias C R , Shoemaker C A , Klesius P H 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS) and total protein profiles from four Flavobacterium columnare isolates were compar. These strains belonged to genetically different groups and/or presented distinct virulence properties. Flavobacterium columnare isolates ALG‐00‐530 and ARS‐1 are highly virulent strains that belong to different genomovars while F. columnare FC‐RR is an attenuated mutant used as a live vaccine against F. columnare. Strain ALG‐03‐063 is included in the same genomovar group as FC‐RR and presents a similar genomic fingerprint. Electrophoresis of LPS showed qualitative differences among the four strains. Further analysis of LPS by immunoblotting revealed that the avirulent mutant lacks the higher molecular bands in the LPS. Total protein analysis displayed by immunoblotting showed differences between the strains analysed although common bands were present in all the isolates. FC‐RR lacked two distinct common bands (34 and 33 kDa) shared by the other three isolates. Based on the difference of LPS and total protein profiles, it is possible to discriminate the attenuated mutant FC‐RR from other F. columnare strains.
The Arabidopsis ClpB/Hsp100 family of proteins: chaperones for stress and chloroplast development
Authors: Lee Ung , Rioflorido Ignatius , Hong Suk‐Whan , Larkindale Jane , Waters Elizabeth R. , Vierling Elizabeth 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe Casein lytic proteinase/heat shock protein 100 (Clp/Hsp100) proteins are chaperones that act to remodel/disassemble protein complexes and/or aggregates using the energy of ATP. In plants, one of the best‐studied proteins from this family is cytosolic ClpB1 (At1g74310), better known in Arabidopsis asAtHsp101, which is a heat shock protein required for acclimation to high temperatures. Three other ClpB homologues have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome (ClpB2, ClpB3 and ClpB4; At4g14670, At5g15450 and At2g25140). To define further the roles of these chaperones in plants we investigated their intracellular localization, evolutionary relationships, patterns of expression and the phenotypes of corresponding T‐DNA insertion mutants. We first found that ClpB2 was misannotated; there is no functional ClpB/Hsp100 gene at this locus. By fusing the putative transit peptides of ClpB3 and ClpB4 with GFP, we showed that these proteins are targeted to the chloroplast and mitochondrion, respectively, and we therefore designated them as ClpB‐p and ClpB‐m. Phylogenetic analysis supports two major lineages of ClpB proteins in plants, an ‘eukaryotic’, cytosol/nuclear‐localized group containingAtHsp101, and an organelle‐localized lineage, containing both ClpB‐p and ClpB‐m. AlthoughAtHsp101, ClpB‐p and ClpB‐m transcripts all accumulate dramatically at high temperatures, the T‐DNA insertion mutants of ClpB‐p and ClpB‐m show no evidence of seedling heat stress phenotypes similar to those observed inAtHsp101 mutants. Strikingly, ClpB‐p knockouts were seedling lethals, failing to accumulate chlorophyll or properly develop chloroplasts. Thus, in plants, the function of ClpB/Hsp100 proteins is not restricted to heat stress, but a specific member of the family provides housekeeping functions that are essential to chloroplast development.
Sorghum can Compensate for Chilling‐Induced Grain Loss
Authors: Wood A. W. , Tan D. K. Y. , Mamun E. A. , Sutton B. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChilling during male gametophyte development in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) inhibits development of microspores, causing male sterility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of night chilling on yield components in sorghum. This study identified and employed collar distance as a morphological marker of anther development following chilling. Two cultivars Buster and Bonus, were subjected to three temperature regimes (25/20 °C, 25/12 °C and 25/8 °C) for five consecutive nights at 0 cm collar distance, which corresponds to the meiotic stage of anther development. Pollen viability, grain number and harvest index were reduced in both cultivars at 12 and 8 °C night temperatures. Total grain weight of cultivar Bonus was not reduced as much as Buster at 12 °C because of the ability of Bonus to increase individual grain weight when grain number was low. This work further elucidates the mechanism and genetic potential of chilling‐induced yield compensation for developing sorghum cultivars that are better adapted to low night temperatures.
Application of bovine microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of European bison (Bison bonasus)
Authors: Roth T. , Pfeiffer I. , Weising K. , Brenig B. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryIn this study, the cross‐amplification of a commercial multiplex set of 11 cattle (Bos taurus) microsatellites was tested on a panel of 35 European bison (Bison bonasus) individuals. After polymerase chain reaction optimization, all loci cross‐amplified successfully in investigated bisons. Number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosity per locus are in the range of 2–4, 0.086–0.629 and 0.288–0.621 respectively. The availability of a heterologous set of multiplexed microsatellite markers derived from cattle opens an avenue for collecting profound genetic data for efficient conservation management strategies of the European bison.
Impact of dominance effects on sow longevity
Authors: Serenius T. , Stalder K.J. , Puonti M. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe purpose of the current study was to estimate variance components, especially dominance genetic variation, for overall leg action, length of productive life and sow stayability until third and fifth parity in the Finnish pig populations. The variance components were estimated in two purebred [Landrace (LR), n = 23 602 and Large White (LW), n =22 984] and crossbred (LR × LW, n = 17 440) data sets. Five different analyses were carried out for all the traits to compare the effect of sows’ inbreeding, common litter environment and parental dominance in the statistical model when determining the genetic correlations of the traits for the two purebred and crossbred populations. Estimated heritabilities for the traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.06. The estimates for the proportion of dominance variance of phenotypic variance (d2) varied between 0.01 and 0.17, and was highest in the crossbred dataset. The genetic correlations of the same traits in purebred and crossbred were all high (>0.75). Based on current results, the effect of dominance should be accounted for in the breeding value estimation of sow longevity, especially when data from crossbred animals are included in the analyses. Because dominance genetic variation for sow longevity exists that variation should be utilized through planned matings in producing sows for commercial production.
Asymptomatic dermatophyte scalp carriage in school children in Adana, Turkey
Authors: Ilkit Macit , Demirhindi Hakan , Yetgin Mesut , Ates Aylin , Turaç‐Biçer Aygül , Yula Erkan 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic dermatophyte scalp carriage and symptomatic tinea capitis in Adana Province, Çukurova region, Turkey. For this purpose, a screening study was performed in five schools, between January 2004 and May 2005, covering a total of 5143 children with 2740 (53.3%) boys and 2403 (46.7%) girls, aged 7–14 years (9.6 ± 2.0). The diagnosis was made using the cotton swab method with inoculation onto Sabouraud glucose agar amended with cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Among 10 (0.2%) cases, six asymptomatic carriers (mean age 10.7 ± 2.3) and four symptomatic cases (mean age 8.3 ± 0.5) were detected, all of whom were boys and had immigrated from the south‐eastern and eastern region of Anatolia, Turkey. The mean age differences were found to be statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U = 3.000, P = 0.046). Boys were found to be more prone to asymptomatic carriage (P = 0.033), but not tinea capitis (P > 0.05). Zoophilic dermatophytes, namely Microsporum canis (40%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (40%) were the most commonly isolated species, followed by anthropophilic Trichophyton tonsurans (10%), while no causative agent was detected in a case (10%) with tinea capitis superficialis. Scalp cultures were found to be dermatophyte‐negative after 3‐ to 8‐month follow‐up in cases with asymptomatic carriage. As a conclusion, the prevalence of asymptomatic carrier state was similar with the prevalence of symptomatic cases, and we found a predominance of zoophilic species.
Involvement of cyclooxygenase‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in vascularization and lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancers with submucosal invasion
Authors: Abe Akihito , Fukui Hirokazu , Fujii Shigehiko , Fujita Mikio , Mukawa Kenichiroh , Ichikawa Kazuhito , Tomita Shigeki , Ono Yuko , Imai Yasuo , Imura Johji , Kubota Keiichi , Fujimori Takahiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Although patients with early colorectal cancer invading the submucosa (CRC‐sm) may be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection alone, they generally undergo additional surgery because of the risk of lymph node metastasis. The aims of the present study were to examine the roles of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor vascularization and to investigate whether COX‐2 and VEGF expression and tumor vascularity are useful markers for predicting lymph node metastasis in CRC‐sm.Methods:  Twenty‐seven resected specimens of CRC‐sm with lymph node dissection were examined, and expression of COX‐2 and VEGF was evaluated immunohistochemically and scored. Microvessel density (MVD) in CRC‐sm tissues was estimated using a Macscope system after CD34 immunostaining. The relationships among clinicopathological parameters, COX‐2 and VEGF expression, and MVD in CRC‐sm tissues were then analyzed.Results:  Scores for COX‐2, VEGF and MVD were all significantly higher in patients with CRC‐sm with lymphatic invasion or lymph node metastasis. COX‐2 score (P < 0.0001) and VEGF score (P = 0.035) were significantly correlated with MVD in CRC‐sm tissues. In addition, COX‐2 score was significantly correlated with VEGF score in the CRC‐sm specimens examined.Conclusions:  Both COX‐2 and VEGF are involved in tumor vascularization in CRC‐sm. COX‐2 expression, VEGF expression, and MVD are possible markers for predicting lymph node metastasis in patients with CRC‐sm, and use of COX‐2 expression may be clinically practical.