bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel High Performance Water-Soluble Antifoam Based on Perfluoroalkylphosphinic and Perfluoroalkylphosphonic Acids in Crop Protection
Authors: Dookhith MT 
Published: April 2008

Surface active agents are used to formulate active ingredients for crop protection and are used in either liquid or solid form. The trend is to also incorporate wetting agents in the formulation in order to achieve bio-efficacy enhancement thus lowering the surface tension of the spray solution, resulting in uniform wetting and spreading when in contact with leaf surfaces. Often these wetting agents will produce a high level of foaming in the spray tank. This is undesirable due to the fact that an overflowing spray tank can cause a worker exposure problem.
Foam is extremely complex consisting of polydisperse gas bubbles separated by draining films. These films exhibit complicated hydrodynamics involving the distinct rheology of air-liquid surfaces and, for thin films, colloidal interaction forces. The nature of the foam film collapse processes that are intrinsic to foam are still not well understood. Antifoams are generally hydrophobic, finely divided insoluble materials and, therefore, their presence further complicates the complexities associated with foam. In the case of perfluorinated acids, the agent is solubilized in the foam film and drastically reduces the surface tension between the air-liquid interfaces. Theories of the antifoam mechanism appear to fall into two broad categories: those requiring the antifoam to be surface active at the air-liquid surfaces of the foaming liquid and those that do not.
A multiplicity of antifoams is known; however, these products are unstable under conditions such as high shear temperatures, long-term storage, acid, alkaline and highly ionic medium. Chemistry based on a perfluorinated acid has shown to overcome the previously mentioned issues. In addition, this new compound has the great advantage of being water soluble.
This new compound (Figure 1 ) is highly surface active with an extremely low surface tension of 19 mN/m measured on a 0.1% aqueous solution. The antifoaming behavior is related to the effect of the surface tension in the foam films leading to film rupture.
This paper explains the advantages of perfluoroalkylphosphinic and perfluoroalkylphosphonic acids as a high performance antifoam versus an organo-silicone antifoam.
The Evolution of Base Oil Technology
Authors: Kramer DC , Lok BK , Krug RR 
Published: April 2008

From its humble beginnings over 3000 years ago, lubrication technology has seen many phases of evolution. As it continues to evolve at an ever-increasing rate, base oil performance is making a larger contribution to finished lubricant performance. Turbine oils are perhaps the most dramatic example because they typically contain over 99% base oil.
Early lubrication began with animal fats and oils and slowly evolved to petroleum-based oils. Many generations of refining processes have since improved on Mother Nature. Early processes such as acid treating and solvent extraction improved the quality of base oils by removing some or most of the worst molecules from the oil. Later processes like hydrotreating, catalytic hydrocracking, catalytic dewaxing, and modern wax hydroisomerization transformed feed molecules into molecules with improved lubricating qualities.
Modern wax hydroisomerization, in particular, makes base oils with very low impurities and typically water-white appearance. Now, about one third of all base oils manufactured in North America are of such high quality.
Looking to the future, the trend is toward even higher base oil purity, higher viscosity index (V.I.), lower volatility, and longer life. The distinction between heavily processed mineral oils and traditional “synthetic” oils will continue to blur.
The evolution and future of base oil technology will be discussed in more detail in this paper.
Limitations of Bench Testing for Gear Lubricants
Authors: Hoehn B-R , Michaelis K , Doleschel A 
Published: April 2008

Base oil type, viscosity, and additive packages of gear lubricants influence gear failures as wear, scuffing, micropitting and pitting as well as power loss and efficiency. Numerous test methods have been developed to quantify these influences.
Different test equipment like a gear test rig, a twin disk machine and the Shell four ball tester are shown and discussed. Results of lubricants in these bench tests on scuffing, pitting and friction behaviour are shown and compared to each other and to gear performance.
It can be summarized that poor correlation has to be stated for the bench tests with 100% sliding rate. For the twin disk simulation poor correlation was found for scuffing results, good relative but poor absolute correlation for pitting results and both good relative and absolute correlation for the frictional behavior. From these investigations it has to be concluded that bench test results applied to gears have to be regarded very critically and can only be interpreted correctly with excellent experimental background and experience.
Tribological Testing of Lubricants and Materials for the System “Piston Ring/Cylinder Liner” Outside of Engines
Authors: Woydt M , Kelling N 
Published: April 2008

The test procedure for characterizing the tribological behavior of lubricants and materials for the system “piston ring/cylinder liner” outside of engines is now operational and validated. The test parameters presented in this paper (FN= 50 N; v= 0,3 m/s, s= 24 km) may act only as an indicator and should be adopted to the tasks regarded. It allows the check prior expensive engine testing, if a tribo-material, tribo-couple or new lubricant will reach a satisfactory engine performance.
The introduction of piston ring segments and cylinder liner as specimen into the test rig as well as the volumetric wear determined by means of stylus profilometry represented a big step forward in order to increase the transferability of “tribo-tests” to engine tests on an acceptable level.
Microstructural Alteration of Structural Alloys by Low Temperature Irradiation with High Energy Protons and Spallation Neutrons
Authors: Sencer BH , Bond GM , Garner FA , Maloy SA , Sommer WF , James MR 
Published: April 2008

Several candidate alloys (nickel-based Alloy 718, iron-based 316 L and 304 L stainless steels) have been exposed to mixed proton-neutron particle fluxes and spectra at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), with the radiation conditions similar to those expected in the proposed Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) facility. All alloys developed a high density of small black-spot damage and larger Frank loops, even at the lowest dose examined, producing rapid hardening and concurrent loss of ductility. The radiation-induced evolution of both microstructure and mechanical properties in the 300-series stainless steels is relatively simple, whereas that in Alloy 718 is rather more complex,. Superlattice spots corresponding to the age-hardening precipitate phases γ ′ and γ ″ are lost from the diffraction patterns for Alloy 718 by only 0.6 dpa, the lowest proton/neutron-induced dose level achieved in this experiment. Examination of neutron-irradiated samples to doses of only ∼0.1 dpa showed that precipitates are faintly visible in diffraction patterns but are rapidly becoming invisible. It is proposed that the γ ′ and γ ″ first become disordered (by &lt;0.6 dpa), but remain as solute-rich aggregates that still contribute to the hardness at relatively low dpa levels, and then are gradually dispersed at higher doses.The two 300-series stainless steels (SS) appear to exhibit essentially identical evolution both in their microstructure and mechanical properties. In the 300-series stainless steels, there is an initial strong decrease in uniform elongation at very low dose levels, followed by a second, rather abrupt contribution to ductility loss at higher doses (&gt;3dpa) that is not accompanied by any observed new or enhanced microstructural development. This may be a manifestation of gas-induced loss of ductility resulting from large levels of hydrogen and helium generated by irradiation in these alloys. Although the retained gas levels approached ∼1 at% at the highest exposure levels, no discernible cavities were observed in any of the alloys.With one significant exception, all observed features of radiation-affected properties can be explained in terms of the observed developments in irradiated but undeformed microstructure. Explanation of the remaining feature will require observation of post-deformation microstructure.
Development of Tentative Guidelines for the Selection of Aggregate Gradations for Hot-Mix Asphalt
Authors: Birgisson B , Ruth BE 
Published: April 2008

Aggregate gradations for quality hot-mix asphalt (HMA) should be selected to minimize sensitivity to the variability in asphalt content and gradation during production. In this paper, Job Mix Formulas (JMF) of known performance were obtained from various agencies. These JMF were analyzed in an effort to establish relationships, criteria, and guidelines to facilitate the identification of high quality aggregate gradations, based on a demonstrated record of good in-service pavement performance on fairly high traffic highways.
The results from this study provide a tentative approach for the selection of aggregate gradations for HMA. The coarse aggregate gradations for these asphalt mixtures were defined by a regression power law equation according to the effective maximum size of the aggregate blend. Similar analyses of fine aggregate gradations produced groupings according to the maximum size aggregate and percent passing the 4.75 mm sieve.
Overview of ASTM MNL 40, Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes
Authors: Trechsel HR 
Published: April 2008

Following up on ASTM MNL 18, Moisture Control in Buildings, ASTM Committees C16 and E06 now co-sponsor ASTM MNL 40, Moisture Analysis in Buildings. MNL 40 expands the chapters on Modeling and on Design Tools and adds to the chapters on Weather Data and Materials Data of MNL 18, published in 1994.
The purpose of the new manual is to provide an overview of the current state of moisture analysis in buildings, to encourage the use of moisture analysis by building designers and practitioners, and to provide the necessary technical background for conducting moisture analysis as an integral part of building design. The manual consists of ten chapters written by individual experts. Included are an extensive Glossary of terms used in moisture analysis and a moisture primer addressing the reader with no or with only limited understanding of hygrothermal mechanisms. Other chapters discuss weather and material data and failure criteria. The manual continues with two overviews of analysis methods, a chapter on manual methods and chapters on the models MOIST and WUFI ORNL/IBP. The manual concludes with a Look to the Future. Enclosed with the manual are CD-ROM disks with the programs for MOIST and WUFI ORNL/IBP, including the necessary owners manuals, and with two conversion programs for properties of air.
Tensile Tests of Various Thin Films
Authors: Sharpe WN , Jackson KM , Coles G , Eby MA , Edwards RL 
Published: April 2008

Test methods for two types of thin-film tensile specimens have been developed in earlier works, and these are reviewed as background for new applications. Two kinds of specimens are tested. The first is 600 μm wide and suspended across a support frame, and the second is 6 to 50 μm wide and fixed to the silicon substrate at one end. Test systems incorporating force, strain, and displacement measurement are used, and Young's modulus can be obtained by three methods, which yield equivalent results.Tensile stress-strain curves of polysilicon have been recorded over the temperature range 30 to 250°C. The modulus decreases at a rate of 0.043 GPa/°C, and the strength increases slightly, although the scatter of the data is large in both cases. Polysilicon specimens produced by three vendors show essentially the same Young's modulus, but the fracture strengths vary by almost a factor of two.The first tensile tests of silicon nitride film are reported. The specimens are 0.5 μm thick, 600 μm wide, and 4 mm long in the gage section. Young's modulus is measured as 255 ± 2.6 GPa, Poisson's ratio is 0.22 ± 0.02, and the fracture strength is 6.42 ±1.11 GPa.
Application of Latex Emulsion Polymers in Seed Coating Technology
Authors: Herbert RM 
Published: April 2008

Choice and concentration of latex emulsion polymer is critical to the development of a seed coating which demonstrates excellent properties of abrasion resistance and seed flowability without adversely affecting seed germination and ultimate crop yield.
With low use rate insecticides and fungicides as seed coatings it is important to form a continuous coating over the seed surface by optimum addition of polymer and/or solid diluent. Use of the experimental design associated with blending allows the formulator to identify this precise composition and provides a framework for comparing the performance of alternative emulsion polymers and diluent solids.
Built-in seed coating formulations of low use rate insecticides and fungicides, developed by the addition of 5–20 %w/w emulsion polymer, demonstrate comparable abrasion resistance to the suspension concentrate itself.
Peculiarities of Structural and Behavioral Changes of Some Zirconium Alloys at Damage Doses of Up to 50 dpa
Authors: Kobylyansky GP , Novosyolov AE , Ostrovsky ZE , Shamardin VK , Obuhov AV , Shishov VN , Peregud MM , Nikulina AV 
Published: April 2008

The irradiation-induced damage of zirconium alloys subjected to neutron irradiation up to dose levels of ∼50 dpa was investigated. Specimens of unalloyed zirconium, Zr-1%Nb, Zr-2.5%Nb and Zr-1%Nb-1.3%Sn-0.4%Fe were irradiated in the BOR-60 reactor over the temperature range 320–420°C. The dose dependence of the irradiation growth strain increased sharply in zirconium and Zr-Nb irradiated at ∼350°C at doses above ∼10 dpa. In the case of Zr-1%Nb-1.3%Sn-0.4%Fe, it increased at doses of ∼37 dpa. Upon increasing the irradiation temperature to 420°C, a sharp accelerated irradiation growth of the Zr-1%Nb alloy began shifting up to about 30 dpa. For the Zr- 1%Nb-1.3%Sn-0.4%Fe, no change of the irradiation growth rate was observed up to a dose of 55 dpa. The onset of increased irradiation growth in alloys correlates with the occurrence of c-component dislocation loops which coincides with a loss of coherence of finely-dispersed precipitates. Post-irradiation annealing experiments demonstrated that a delay in loop formation leads to displacement of the “break-away” beginning in the dose dependence of the irradiation growth in the direction of high doses. The &lt;a+c&gt;-type dislocation loops were also formed in Zr-1%Nb alloy at high doses, but their influence on the change of macroscopic properties was not observed.
The high dose irradiation resulted in a change of composition: the hcp matrix solid solution was depleted in niobium; a gradient of concentrations was noted along the radius of (ZrNb)2Fe particles occurring in the Zr-1 %Nb-1.3%Sn-0.4%Fe. The microstructure of Zr-2.5%Nb quenched from β-phase and then tempered was investigated after irradiation up to high doses at the low temperature of $#x223C;80°C. Irradiation-induced precipitates of β- Nb were observed, with concentration increasing with increasing irradiation damage rate.
The Effect of Reflective Roof Coatings on the Durability of Roofing Systems
Authors: Mellott JW , Portfolio DC 
Published: April 2008

Based on the knowledge obtained from the Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association (RCMA) sponsored Oak Ridge National Laboratory studies completed in 2000, the RCMA is launching a new long-term durability study. In the original study, preliminary data indicated that reflective coatings retarded the degradation of built-up roofing systems. This part of the study was minimal in scope and incidental to the original test program. As a result this new, more inclusive study is being undertaken.
In the new study the effect of seven reflective coatings and a control will be determined over four different roofing membranes. The purpose of the study is to determine the long-term effect of the coatings on performance properties of the roofing membrane systems by the applied reflective coatings. The coatings used in the study will be selected from commercially available products. The roofing systems will be exposed in three different geographic regions: the midwest, the southeast and the southwest. The membranes will include a granule surfaced SBS membrane system, a smooth APP membrane system, a standard built-up roof system, and a black, non-reinforced EPDM membrane.
The reflective roof coatings selected include two types of fibered aluminum coating, one white styrene acrylic elastomeric coating, one white acrylic elastomeric coating, one white solvent based elastomeric coating, one water-based aluminum coating, and a standard fibered black asphalt emulsion coating. The systems will be periodically tested throughout the aging process for a group of physical properties related to performance.
Concurrent with the outdoor exposure, accelerated aging will be conducted using two conventional weathering techniques. The objective in this part of the study is to determine if there is a correlation between accelerated aging and in-field exposure. The subsequent effect of accelerated weathering on changes in reflectance and emissivity will be determined. The accelerated data will be compared to existing 3-year in-field data to determine if there is a correlation between the accelerated weathering and real time weathering.
Neutron Spectrum Effect and Damage Analysis on Pressure Vessel Steel Irradiation Behaviour
Authors: Pichon C , Brillaud C , Deydier D , Alberman A , Soulat P 
Published: April 2008

A comprehensive program on pressure vessel irradiation behaviour has been carried out by the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Electricité de France (EDF) from 1989 until 1995. This program is a key approach to EDF plant life assessment strategy. It is based on experimental correlations between pressure vessel steel irradiation behaviour with regard to fluences obtained in two very different irradiation spectra specially designed in the OSIRIS and SILOE CEA test reactors. The aims of this program were to assess a potential neutron spectrum effect in the range met in a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) between the vessel (internal surface, 1/4 thickness) and the surveillance capsules and correlatively to define the most appropriate exposure parameter for low alloy steel embrittlement.
In order to fulfill this objective, all experimental parameters had to be accurately controlled. New high-capacity irradiation rigs have been therefore developed by the CEA to test two materials in parallel with a large number of Charpy-V specimens in well-defined conditions (temperature, neutronic environment). Two weld materials were specifically manufactured from low alloy Mn Ni Mo steel. In terms of embrittling elements (Cu, Ni, P), these materials are representative of average and upper bound chemical compositions found in French nuclear power reactor vessel welds. Target fluences were 0.1 dpa in both reactors, corresponding to 7.1019 n.cm-2 (ΦE&gt;1MeV) in the OSIRIS standard spectrum and to 4.1019 n.cm-2 (ΦE&gt;1MeV) in the SILOE “distorted” spectrum. The spectra characteristics were derived both by damage monitor dosimetry and neutron transport calculations. For each material in each state, Charpy-V transition curves were defined.
The results in terms of Charpy-V transition shifts and fluences (ΦE&gt;1MeV, ΦE&gt;0.1MeV and Φdpa) are presented then discussed. In the range considered, no spectrum effect and a very good correlation using fluence ΦE&gt;1MeV were found.
Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Fe-Cu Model Alloys and RPV Steels Probed by Positron Annihilation and Hardness Measurements
Authors: Hempel A , Saneyasu M , Tang Z , Hasegawa M , Brauer G , Plazaola F , Yamaguchi S , Kano F , Kawai A 
Published: April 2008

To study the formation of microvoids and Cu precipitates in Fe-Cu mode alloys (0–1.0 wt. % Cu) and A533B reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel, positron lifetime and Vickers microhardness have been measured after fast neutron irradiation to a fluence of 8.3×1018n/cm2 below 150°C. Long positron lifetimes for the Fe-Cu alloys ranging from 300 to 420 ps and 270 to 350 ps for A533B RPV steels have been observed, which show microvoid formation. The long lifetimes in the Fe-Cu alloys depend on the Cu content and thermal aging at 550°C before irradiation. This fact suggests incorporation of irradiation-induced vacancies at Cu atoms and their precipitates leading to suppression of the microvoid formation. The long lifetime component for the Fe-Cu alloys recovers around 350°C, while that for A533B steel recovers around 300°C. To estimate the microvoid sizes, superimposed-atom model calculations of positron lifetimes in microvoids consisting of 1 (V1) to 66 (V66) vacancies have been performed, respectively. Based on these calculations, the formation and post-irradiation annealing behaviour of microvoids are examined.
In addition, irradiation-induced hardening monitored by Vickers microhardness is discussed with reference to positron annihilation experiments.
Stress-Affected Dislocation Development of Stainless Steel During Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Porollo SI , Konobeev YV , Kruglov AS , Pevchikh YM , Garner FA 
Published: April 2008

When stainless steels are irradiated at 530°C with neutrons to ∼0.2 dpa at stresses above the yield stress, the evolution of dislocation microstructure is very different from that which occurs when stresses are held below the yield stress. The dislocation network that forms is more uniform and crystallographically-oriented than the cell structure that forms in the absence of irradiation. Small defect clusters form instead of Frank loops, but their density decreases with the applied stress level.Whereas network dislocations, defect clusters and Frank loops evolving at lower stress levels primarily communicate indirectly through their competition for point defects, stress-induced glide of dislocations is strongly activated above the yield strength and there is a strong, direct physical interaction between dislocations and loops that changes the nature of the saturation state of both components.
Selection of Metal for Oxygen Valves
Authors: Fano E , Faupin A , Barthelemy H 
Published: April 2008

The document ASTM G.94.92 “Standard Guide for Evaluating Metals for Oxygen Service ” gives a complete guidance for the selection of metals. The different test methods are explained and a metal ranking table is given for each method. The best-known test is promoted combustion as described in ASTM G.124-95 “ Standard Test Method for Determining the Combustion Behaviour of Metallic Material in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres ”. In this ranking aluminium bronze with only 9 to 13% aluminium is near aluminium and is therefore considered less resistant than any stainless steel.
This result is not consistent with the paper “ Ignition Testing of Hollow Vessels Pressurised with Gaseous Oxygen ” [1]. The particle impact test performed by NASA as described by Benz, et al [2] also gives a better ranking for aluminium bronze, between Inconel 600 and 625.
Analysing how ignition occurs in oxygen pipeline networks, we considered that the most probable cause is promoted ignition by particles. New rankings of metals are established in the case of impact on bulk materials by burning particles. Two theoretical rankings are based on interface temperature associated with a critical temperature, while another ranking is based on the results of tests made on the gaseous oxygen impact apparatus, with the addition of particles. Measurements of interface temperatures for different metals confirm the theoretical values. A comparison of the different rankings is discussed for metal selection for oxygen valves and it appears that stainless steel and aluminium bronze with 9 to 11% aluminium are equivalent choices for oxygen valves.