bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation of evidence for prograde metamorphism in ultrahigh‐temperature, high‐pressure kyanite‐bearing granulites, South Harris, Scotland
Authors: HOLLIS J.A. , HARLEY S.L. , WHITE R.W. , CLARKE G.L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMineralogical and mineral chemical evidence for prograde metamorphism is rarely preserved in rocks that have reached ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) conditions (>900 °C) because high diffusion and reaction rates erase evidence for earlier assemblages. The UHT, high‐pressure (HP) metasedimentary rocks of the Leverburgh belt of South Harris, Scotland, are unusual in that evidence for the prograde history is preserved, despite having reached temperatures of ∼955 °C or more. Two lithologies from the belt are investigated here and quantitatively modelled in the system NaO–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O: a garnet‐kyanite‐K‐feldspar‐quartz gneiss (XMg = 37, A/AFM = 0.41), and an orthopyroxene‐garnet‐kyanite‐K‐feldspar quartzite (XMg = 89 A/AFM = 0.68). The garnet‐kyanite gneiss contains garnet porphyroblasts that grew on the prograde path, and captured inclusion assemblages of biotite, sillimanite, plagioclase and quartz (<790 °C, <9.5 kbar). These porphyroblasts preserve spectacular calcium zonation features with an early growth pattern overgrown by high‐Ca rims formed during high‐P metamorphism in the kyanite stability field. In contrast, Fe‐Mg zonation in the same garnet porphyroblasts reflects retrograde re‐equilibration, as a result of the relatively faster diffusivity of these ions. Peak P–T are constrained by the occurrence of coexisting orthopyroxene and aluminosilicate in the quartzite. Orthopyroxene porphyroblasts [y(opx) = 0.17–0.22] contain sillimanite inclusions, indicative of maximum conditions of 955 ± 45 °C at 10.0 ± 1.5 kbar. Subsequently, orthopyroxene, kyanite, K‐feldspar and quartz developed in equilibrated textures, constraining the maximum pressure conditions to 12.5 ± 0.8 kbar at 905 ± 25 °C. P–T–X modelling reveals that the mineral assemblage orthopyroxene‐kyanite‐quartz is compositionally restricted to rocks of XMg > 84, consistent with its very rare occurrence in nature. The preservation of unusual high P–T mineral assemblages and chemical disequilibrium features in these UHT HP rocks is attributed to a rapid tectonometamorphic cycle involving arc subduction and terminating in exhumation.
Lack of Interactions between Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and Selected Antiepileptic Agents
Authors: Cerveny Lukas , Pavek Petr , Malakova Jana , Staud Frantisek , Fendrich Zdenek 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Recent studies have indicated constitutive expression of efflux transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2), in endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In epileptogenic brain tumors such as ganglioma, astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytomas, or glioma multiforme, strong expression of BCRP in the microvasculature of the BBB was observed. Therefore it was hypothesized that this phenomenon could critically influence the bioavailability of drugs in these tumors and potentially contribute to the failure of antiepileptic treatment. The aim of this study was to test whether some commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are substrates transported by human BCRP. In particular, we focused on phenobarbital, phenytoin, ethosuximide, primidone, valproate, carbamazepine, clonazepam, and lamotrigine. Furthermore, the inhibitory potency of these AEDs to BCRP was examined. Methods: To study substrate affinity of tested AEDs to BCRP, transport experiments were performed in epithelial BCRP‐expressing MDCKII‐BCRP and MDCKII‐parent cell lines cultured on microporous membrane. For detection of inhibitory potency of AEDs to BCRP, accumulation assays were carried out in MEF3.8‐BCRP cells with known BCRP substrates, BODIPY FL prazosin and mitoxantrone. Results: No obvious interactions of tested AEDs with BCRP transporter were observed. Therefore these drugs in relevant therapeutic concentrations are neither substrates nor inhibitors of BCRP. Conclusions: Based on our in vitro data we can conclude that resistance to treatment with the tested AEDs probably is not caused by the overexpression of BCRP in the BBB of epileptogenic brain tumors.
Beta and Gamma Range EEG Power‐Spectrum Correlation with Spiking Discharges in DBA/2J Mice Absence Model: Role of GABAB Receptors
Authors: Marrosu Francesco , Santoni Federico , Fà Mauro , Puligheddu Monica , Barberini Luigi , Genugu Fabrizio , Frau Roberto , Manunta Mario , Mereu Giampaolo 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To describe the correlations between spiking pattern and EEG power spectrum frequency in DBA/2J mice, a model for murine absence seizures, after γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)B modulation. Methods: The animals were first tested with the GABAB agonist l‐baclofen followed by the GABAB antagonist SCH 50911. Moreover, digital EEGs recorded under experimental conditions were processed at baseline and 10 and 20 min after l‐baclofen injection. This procedure was followed by injection of the GABAB antagonist SCH50911 and by an additional EEG evaluation at 10 and 20 min from drug administration. The power spectra analysis of signals was obtained for delta (0.5–3 Hz), theta (3.5–7.5 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (13–20 Hz), and gamma (21–50 Hz) frequencies. Results: The spiking pattern and power spectrum of beta activity was increased by ≤80% after administration of 5 mg/kg l‐baclofen, whereas gamma power frequency decreased to the same extent. After administration of 50 mg/kg SCH 50911, spiking activity and beta power frequencies were markedly reduced (>80%), whereas gamma power increased (correlation, 0.92; p < 0.001). The remaining frequency bands were unaffected. Conclusions: This study confirms the potential of GABAB antagonists in contrasting seizure absence in rodent models and suggests the application of drugs with a similar mechanism in humans. In addition, because GABAB antagonists not only contrast seizure in rodent models of absence but also improve “cognitive” performance, it could be hypothesized that gamma increase, correlated with optimized cortical binding during coherent percepts, may produce potential cognition‐enhancing effects.
Brain Homocarnosine and Seizure Control of Patients Taking Gabapentin or Topiramate
Authors: Petroff Ognen A. C. , Hyder Fahmeed , Rothman Douglas L. , Mattson Richard H. 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To assess the relation between seizure control and brain homocarnosine and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels of patients with complex partial seizures taking gabapentin (GBP) or topiramate (TPM) as adjunctive therapy. Methods: In vivo measurements of GABA and homocarnosine were made of a 14‐cc volume in the occipital cortex by using 1H spectroscopy with a 2.1‐Tesla magnetic resonance spectrometer and an 8‐cm surface coil. Poor seizure control was defined as more recent seizures than the median for the two groups of patients studied. Results: Homocarnosine levels were higher in patients with better seizure control than in those with poor control. No differences were found in the intracellular GABA levels between the patients who responded to GBP or TPM compared with those who did not. Conclusions: In the visual neocortex, which is remote from the presumed seizure‐onset zone, higher homocarnosine levels were associated with better seizure control in the patients taking GBP or TPM as adjunctive therapy; elevated intracellular GABA levels appeared to offer no additional protection.
Suppressive Efficacy by a Commercially Available Blue Lens on PPR in 610 Photosensitive Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Capovilla Giuseppe , Gambardella Antonio , Rubboli Guido , Beccaria Francesca , Montagnini Alessandra , Aguglia Umberto , Canevini Maria Paola , Casellato Susanna , Granata Tiziana , Paladin Francesco , Romeo Antonino , Stranci Giuseppe , Tinuper Paolo , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Avanzini Giuliano , Tassinari Carlo Alberto 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Photosensitivity can represent a serious problem in epilepsy patients, also because pharmacologic treatment is often ineffective. Nonpharmacologic treatment using blue sunglasses is effective and safe in controlling photosensitivity, but large series of patients have never been studied. Methods: This multicenter study was conducted in 12 epilepsy centers in northern, central, southern, and insular Italy. A commercially available lens, named Z1, obtained in a previous trial, was used to test consecutively enrolled pediatric and adult epilepsy patients with photosensitivity. Only type 4 photosensitivity (photoparoxysmal response, PPR) was considered in the study. A standardized method was used for photostimulation. Results: Six hundred ten epilepsy patients were tested. Four hundred (66%) were female patients; 396 (65%) were younger than 14 years. Three hundred eighty‐one (62%) subjects were pharmacologically treated at the time of investigation. Z1 lenses made PPR disappear in 463 (75.9%) patients, and PPR was considerably reduced in an additional 109 (17.9%) of them. PPR remained unchanged only in the remaining 38 (6.2%) patients. The response of PPR to Z1 lenses was not significantly influenced by the patients' age, sex, or type of epilepsy. No difference was found between pharmacologically treated and untreated patients. Conclusions: The Z1 lens is highly effective in controlling PPR in a very large number of photosensitive epilepsy patients irrespective of their epilepsy or antiepileptic drug treatment. The lens might become a valid resource in the daily activity of any clinician who cares for patients with epilepsy.
Role ofSOX2Mutations in Human Hippocampal Malformations and Epilepsy
Authors: Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Ragge Nicola K. , Cavalleri Gianpiero L. , Hever Ann , Lorenz Birgit , Schneider Adele , Williamson Kathleen A. , Stevens John M. , Free Samantha L. , Thompson Pamela J. , Van Heyningen Veronica , FitzPatrick David R. 
Published: March 2006

Summary: Purpose:Seizures are noted in a significant proportion of cases of de novo, heterozygous, loss‐of‐function mutations inSOX2,ascertained because of severe bilateral eye malformations. We wished to determine the underlying cerebral phenotype inSOX2mutation and to test the candidacy ofSOX2as a gene contributing to human epilepsies.Methods:We examined high‐resolution MRI scans in four patients withSOX2mutations, two of whom had seizures. We determined theSox2expression pattern in developing murine brain. We searched forSOX2mutation in 24 patients with typical hippocampal sclerosis and for common variations inSOX2in 655 patients without eye disease but with epilepsy, including 91 patients with febrile seizures, 93 with hippocampal sclerosis, and 258 with temporal lobe epilepsy.Results:Striking hippocampal and parahippocampal malformations were seen in all cases, with a history of febrile seizures or epilepsy in two of four cases. TheSox2expression pattern in developing mouse brain supports the pattern of malformations observed. Mutation screening in patients with epilepsy did not reveal any abnormalities inSOX2. No associations were found between any clinical epilepsy phenotype and common variation inSOX2.Conclusions: SOX2haploinsufficiency causes mesial temporal malformation in humans, makingSOX2dysfunction a candidate mechanism for mesial temporal abnormalities associated with chronic epilepsy. However, although mutation ofSOX2in humans causes hippocampal malformation,SOX2mutation or variation is unlikely to contribute commonly to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy or its structural (hippocampal sclerosis) or historic (febrile seizures) associations in humans.
Analyzing the Etiology of Benign Rolandic Epilepsy: A Multicenter Twin Collaboration
Authors: Vadlamudi Lata , Kjeldsen Marianne J. , Corey Linda A. , Solaas Marit H. , Friis Mogen L. , Pellock John M. , Nakken Karl O. , Milne Roger L. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Harvey A. Simon , Hopper John L. , Berkovic Samuel F. 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Benign rolandic epilepsy (BRE) is considered a genetically determined idiopathic partial epilepsy. We analyzed a large sample of twins from four international twin registers to probe the genetics of BRE. We also aim to synthesize the apparently conflicting family and twin data into a model of BRE etiology. Methods: Large population‐based twin registries of epilepsies from Odense (Denmark), Richmond, Virginia (United States), and Oslo (Norway) were reviewed for BRE cases and added to our Australian twin data. Diagnosis of classic BRE was based on electroclinical criteria with normal neurologic development. Cases with a compatible electroclinical picture but abnormal neurologic development were termed nonclassic BRE. Results: Eighteen twin pairs were identified (10 monozygous; eight dizygous) of whom at least one twin was diagnosed with classic BRE among a total sample of 1,952 twin pairs validated for seizures, and all were discordant for BRE. The estimated monozygous pairwise concordance for BRE in this sample was 0.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.0–0.3). Four twin pairs (one monozygous, three dizygous) had nonclassic BRE, and all co‐twins had seizures. Conclusions: The twin data showing an absence of any concordant twin pairs with classic BRE suggest that noninherited factors are of major importance in BRE. Modelling the data shows that the familial occurrence of centrotemporal spikes makes only a minor contribution to the familial aggregation of BRE. Genetic factors are probably more important in nonclassic BRE. The etiology and mode(s) of inheritance of BRE are much more complicated than initially conceptualized.
Seizure Outcome after Resection of Cavernous Malformations Is Better When Surrounding Hemosiderin‐stained Brain Also Is Removed
Authors: Baumann Christian R. , Schuknecht Bernhard , Lo Russo Giorgio , Cossu Massimo , Citterio Alberto , Andermann Frederick , Siegel Adrian M. 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Considering the epileptogenic effect of cavernoma‐surrounding hemosiderin, assumptions are made that resection only of the cavernoma itself may not be sufficient as treatment of symptomatic epilepsy in patients with cavernous malformations. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis whether seizure outcome after removal of cavernous malformations may be related to the extent of resection of surrounding hemosiderin‐stained brain tissue. Methods: In this retrospective study, 31 consecutive patients with pharmacotherapy‐refractory epilepsy due to a cavernous malformation were included. In all patients, cavernomas were resected, and all patients underwent pre‐ and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We grouped patients according to MRI findings (hemosiderin completely removed versus not/partially removed) and compared seizure outcome (as assessed by the Engel Outcome Classification score) between the two groups. Results: Three years after resection of cavernomas, patients in whom hemosiderin‐stained brain tissue had been removed completely had a better chance for a favorable long‐term seizure outcome compared with those with detectable postoperative hemosiderin (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Our study suggests that complete removal of cavernoma‐surrounding hemosiderin‐stained brain tissue may improve epileptic outcome after resection of cavernous malformations.
Prognostic Factors in Neocortical Epilepsy Surgery: Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Yun Chang‐Ho , Lee Sang Kun , Lee Seo Young , Kim Kwang Ki , Jeong Sang Wook , Chung Chun‐Ki 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Defining prognostic factors for neocortical epilepsy surgery is important for the identification of ideal candidates and for predicting the prognosis of individual patients. We use multivariate analysis to identify favorable prognostic factors for neocortical epilepsy surgery. Methods: One hundred ninety‐three neocortical epilepsy patients, including 91 without focal lesions on MRI, were included. Sixty‐one had frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), 80 had neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (nTLE), 21 had parietal lobe epilepsy (PLE), and 22 had occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE). The primary outcome variable was patient status ≥2 years after surgery (i.e., seizure free or not). Clinical characteristics and the recent presurgical diagnostic modalities were considered as probable prognostic factors. Univariate and standard multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify favorable prognostic factors. Results: The seizure‐free rate was 57.5%. By univariate analysis, a focal lesion on MRI, localized ictal onset on surface EEG, epilepsies other than FLE, localized hypometabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), and pathologies other than cortical dysplasia were significantly associated with a seizure‐free outcome (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that a focal lesion on MRI (p = 0.003), correct localization by FDG‐PET (p = 0.007), and localized ictal onset on EEG (p = 0.01) were independent predictors of a good outcome. Conclusions: The presence of a focal lesion on MRI, correct localized hypometabolism on FDG‐PET, or localized ictal rhythms on EEG were identified as predictors of a seizure‐free outcome. Our results suggest that these findings allow the selection of better candidates for neocortical epilepsy surgery.
Autonomic Symptoms during Childhood Partial Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Fogarasi András , Janszky József , Tuxhorn Ingrid 
Published: March 2006

Summary: Purpose:To analyze systematically the occurrence and age dependence as well as the localizing and lateralizing value of ictal autonomic symptoms (ASs) during childhood partial epilepsies and to compare our results with those of earlier adult studies.Methods:Five hundred fourteen video‐recorded seizures of 100 consecutive children 12 years or younger with partial epilepsy and seizure‐free postoperative outcome were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Sixty patients produced at least one AS; 43 (70%) of 61 with temporal and 17 (44%) of 39 with extratemporal lobe epilepsy (p = 0.012). Apnea/bradypnea occurred more frequently in younger children (p < 0.01), whereas the presence of other ASs was neither age nor gender related. Postictal coughing (p < 0.01) and epigastric aura (p < 0.05) localized to the temporal lobe, whereas no ASs lateralized to the seizure‐onset zone.Conclusions:Our study shows that ASs are common in childhood focal epilepsies, appearing in infants and young children, too. As in adults, childhood central autonomic networks might have a close connection to temporal lobe structures but do not lateralize the seizure‐onset zone. To our knowledge, this is the first study comprehensively assessing ASs in childhood epilepsy.
Language and Motor fMRI Activation in Polymicrogyric Cortex
Authors: Araujo David , De Araujo Draulio B. , Pontes‐Neto Octavio M. , Escorsi‐Rosset Sara , Simao Gustavo N. , Wichert‐Ana Lauro , Velasco Tonicarlo R. , Sakamoto Americo C. , Leite Joao P. , Santos Antonio C. 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To analyze the patterns of brain activation in polymicrogyric cortex in epilepsy patients by blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), during language and motor activation tasks. Methods: Five patients with extratemporal epilepsy associated with polymicrogyria were scanned in a 1.5‐T Siemens scanner with BOLD fMRI sequences, by following language and motor paradigms. Functional images were processed by using Brain Voyager software. Results: Activation of polymicrogyric cortex in the brain area that corresponds to the motor strip was present in all patients. Language studies revealed activation of polymicrogyric cortex over Broca's area in three cases. Conclusions: Functionality was shown in polymicrogyric areas. Therefore if surgical resection is indicated, a careful functional planning is necessary because of functionality of the polymicrogyric cortex.
fMRI Shows Atypical Language Lateralization in Pediatric Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Schapiro Mark , Byars Anna W. , Strawsburg Richard H. , Holland Scott K. 
Published: March 2006

Summary:  Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare language lateralization between pediatric epilepsy patients and healthy children. Methods: Two groups of subjects were evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) by using a silent verb‐generation task. The first group included 18 pediatric epilepsy patients, whereas the control group consisted of 18 age/gender/handedness‐matched healthy subjects. Results: A significant difference in hemispheric lateralization index (LI) was found between children with epilepsy (mean LI =−0.038) and the age/gender/handedness–matched healthy control subjects (mean LI = 0.257; t = 6.490, p < 0.0001). A dramatic difference also was observed in the percentage of children with epilepsy (77.78%) who had atypical LI (right‐hemispheric or bilateral, LI < 0.1) when compared with the age/gender/handedness‐matched group (11.11%; χ2= 16.02, p < 0.001). A linear regression analysis showed a trend toward increasing language lateralization with age in healthy controls (R2= 0.152; p = 0.108). This association was not observed in pediatric epilepsy subjects (R2= 0.004, p = 0.80). A significant association between language LI and epilepsy duration also was found (R2= 0.234, p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that epilepsy during childhood is associated with neuroplasticity and reorganization of language function.
Family Predictors of Psychopathology in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Rodenburg Roos , Marie Meijer Anne , Deković Maja , Aldenkamp Albert P. 
Published: March 2006

Summary: Purpose:To examine the contribution of epilepsy‐related factors, proximal (parent–child relationship quality), distal (parental characteristics), and contextual (quality of other family relationships) family factors to psychopathology (both broad‐band and narrow‐band syndromes) in children with epilepsy and normal intelligence.Methods:Parents of 91 children (mean, 8.5 years) participated by filling out questionnaires about family factors and child psychopathology. Regression analyses were used to analyze the unique and combined predictive power of family factors in relation to psychopathology.Results:In contrast to epilepsy‐related factors, family factors, especially those related to the quality of the parent–child relationship, appeared to be strong predictors of psychopathology. The results supported the mediational model: Distal and contextual factors affect child psychopathology by affecting proximal factors.Conclusions:In treating children with epilepsy, clinicians should be aware of the importance of the parent–child relationship quality. Strengthening the relationship quality may prevent or reduce psychopathology.