bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The action of albendazole on hydatid cysts in sheep experimentally infected with eggs of Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Santos H.T. , Santos A.F. , de la Rue M.L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAccording to the Brazilian Agricultural Ministry, the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil has decreased between 1990 and 1998, possibly due to the common use of albendazole to control parasites in sheep. Therefore, albendazole (ABZ) action was tested on hydatid cysts of sheep experimentally infected with eggs of Echinococcus granulosus in Uruguaiana County (RS) with the aim of evaluating the observed changes in the parasite's prevalence. The sheep were divided into three groups of 15 animals each and treated as follows. Group 01 was a control (without treatment), groups 02 and 03 received 7.5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg, respectively, of ABZ orally for 12 months, at intervals between 36 and 45 days. At the end of the studied period the animals were necropsied and the viability of the hydatid cysts was evaluated. Lung and hepatic cysts of sheep treated with ABZ were reduced in size. Degeneration and evident calcification were seen in 87.3% (group 02) and 75.7% (group 03), which were significantly different (P < 0.01) from the 17.3% demonstrated in the control group. It could be concluded that ABZ used early and over long periods, even in small doses, is capable of promoting lesions that devitalize the cysts. This leads to a decrease in fertility of E. granulosus in sheep and could be the reason why the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis has decreased in recent years.
The stratification of knowledge in the thought of T. F. Torrance
Authors: Myers Benjamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractT. F. Torrance has made a significant contribution to theological method with his model of the stratified structure of theological knowledge. According to this model, which is grounded in Torrance's realist epistemology, the knowledge of God takes place at three distinctive levels of increasing conceptual refinement. First, at the level of tacit theology, we intuitively grasp God's trinitarian reality through personal experience, without yet understanding that reality conceptually. Second, at the level of formalised theology, we develop an understanding of the economic trinitarian structure which underlies our personal experience. Finally, at the meta-theological level, we penetrate more deeply into the structure of God's self-revelation in order to develop a refined conceptualisation of the perichoretic relations immanent in God's eternal being. The conceptuality achieved at this meta-theological level constitutes the ultimate grammar and the unitary basis of all theological knowledge; and a concentration of thought at this level offers the promise both of thoroughgoing theological simplification and of a shared ecumenical vision of the essential content of theological knowledge. Central to Torrance's entire model is the homoousial union of Jesus Christ with God: thehomoousionenables a movement from a personal encounter with Jesus Christ to a knowledge of the economic Trinity, just as it further enables a movement from the economic to the ontological Trinity. Although our theological thought thus moves towards increasingly refined concepts and relations, it remains always grounded in and coordinated with our personal knowledge of Jesus Christ.
On the Aubry–Mather theory for symbolic dynamics
Authors: GARIBALDI E. , LOPES A. O. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe propose a new model of ergodic optimization for expanding dynamical systems: the holonomic setting. In fact, we introduce an extension of the standard model used in this theory. The formulation we consider here is quite natural if one wants a meaning for possible variations of a real trajectory under the forward shift. In other contexts (for twist maps, for instance), this property appears in a crucial way. A version of the Aubry–Mather theory for symbolic dynamics is introduced. We are mainly interested here in problems related to the properties of maximizing probabilities for the two-sided shift. Under the transitive hypothesis, we show the existence of sub-actions for Hölder potentials also in the holonomic setting. We analyze then connections between calibrated sub-actions and the Mañé potential. A representation formula for calibrated sub-actions is presented, which drives us naturally to a classification theorem for these sub-actions. We also investigate properties of the support of maximizing probabilities.
Iterated realizability as a comma construction
Authors: HOFSTRA PIETER J. W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe show that the 2-category of partial combinatory algebras, as well as various related categories, admit a certain type of lax comma objects. This not only reveals some of the properties of such categories, but it also gives an interpretation of iterated realizability, in the following sense. Let φ: A → B be a morphism of PCAs, giving a comma object A ⋉φB. In the realizability topos RT(B) over B, the object (A, φ) is an internal PCA, so we can construct the realizability topos over (A, φ). This topos is equivalent to the realizability topos over the comma-PCA A ⋉φB. This result is both an analysis and a generalization of a special case studied by Pitts in the context of the effective monad.
Uniform approximation by universal series on arbitrary sets
Authors: STEFANOPOULOS VANGELIS 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBy considering a tree-like decomposition of an arbitrary set we prove the existence of an associated series with the property that its partial sums approximate uniformly all elements in a relevant space of bounded functions. In a topological setting we show that these sums are dense in the space of continuous functions, hence in turn any Borel measurable function is the almost everywhere limit of an appropriate sequence of partial sums of the same series. The coefficients of the series may be chosen in c0, or in a weighted ℓp with 1 < p < ∞, but not in the corresponding weighted ℓ1.
On the action of the Hua subgroups in special Moufang sets
Authors: SEGEV YOAV , WEISS RICHARD M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe show that in a special Moufang set, either the root groups are elementary abelian 2-groups, or the Hua subgroup H (= the Cartan subgroup) acts “irreducibly” on U, i.e. the only non-trivial H-invariant subgroup of a root group normalized by H is the whole root group.
Averages in vector spaces over finite fields
Authors: CARBERY ANTHONY , STONES BRENDAN , WRIGHT JAMES 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe study the analogues of the problems of averages and maximal averages over a surface in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ when the euclidean structure is replaced by that of a vector space over a finite field, and obtain optimal results in a number of model cases.
On the lines passing through two conjugates of a Salem number
Authors: DUBICKAS ARTŪRAS , SMYTH CHRIS 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe show that the number of distinct non-parallel lines passing through two conjugates of an algebraic number α of degree d ≥ 3 is at most [d2/2]-d+2, its conjugates being in general position if this number is attained. If, for instance, d ≥ 4 is even, then the conjugates of α ∈ $\overline{\Q}$ of degree d are in general position if and only if α has 2 real conjugates, d-2 complex conjugates, no three distinct conjugates of α lie on a line and any two lines that pass through two distinct conjugates of α are non-parallel, except for d/2-1 lines parallel to the imaginary axis. Our main result asserts that the conjugates of any Salem number are in general position. We also ask two natural questions about conjugates of Pisot numbers which lead to the equation α1+α2=α3+α4 in distinct conjugates of a Pisot number. The Pisot number $\al_1\,{=}\,(1+\sqrt{3+2\sqrt{5}})/2$ shows that this equation has such a solution.
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007
Authors: Stroeve Julienne , Serreze Mark , Drobot Sheldon , Gearheard Shari , Holland Marika , Maslanik James , Meier Walt , Scambos Ted 
Published: January 2008

Arctic sea ice declined rapidly to unprecedented low extents in the summer of 2007, raising concern that the Arctic may be on the verge of a fundamental transition toward a seasonal ice cover.Arctic sea ice extent typically attains a seasonal maximum in March and minimum in September. Over the course of the modern satellite record (1979 to present), sea ice extent has declined significantly in all months, with the decline being most pronounced in September. By mid‐July 2007, it was clear that a new record low would be set during the summer of 2007.
Alley Receives 2007 Roger Revelle Medal
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Alley Richard B. 
Published: January 2008

I can't think of anyone on the planet more deserving of the Roger Revelle Medal than Richard Alley. He's not only a brilliant climate scientist but also a highly gifted communicator.Let me first say a few worlds about Richard's science. It centers on glaciers and branches out from there to many aspects of climate and paleoclimate. To me, Richard is the “answer man.” When I'm puzzled about something I read or hear, I call or e‐mail Richard. Nine times out of 10 he gives me a well‐reasoned, easily understood explanation, and if it's not on the tip of his tongue, he'll get back to me. Traditionally, his papers deal with the movement of glaciers over their substrates and how ice shelves influence this motion, but with the advent of the central Greenland ice core program, he has immersed himself in the reading of these records and what they have to tell us about the relationship between climate and ocean circulation.
Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California
Authors: Beman J Michael , Popp Brian N , Francis Christopher A 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Nitrification plays an important role in marine biogeochemistry, yet efforts to link this process to the microorganisms that mediate it are surprisingly limited. In particular, ammonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, yet ammonia oxidation rates and the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) have rarely been measured in tandem. Ammonia oxidation rates have not been directly quantified in conjunction with ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), although mounting evidence indicates that marine Crenarchaeota are capable of ammonia oxidation, and they are among the most abundant microbial groups in the ocean. Here, we have directly quantified ammonia oxidation rates by 15N labeling, and AOA and AOB abundances by quantitative PCR analysis of ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, in the Gulf of California. Based on markedly different archaeal amoA sequence types in the upper water column (60 m) and oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; 450 m), novel amoA PCR primers were designed to specifically target and quantify ‘shallow’ (group A) and ‘deep’ (group B) clades. These primers recovered extensive variability with depth. Within the OMZ, AOA were most abundant where nitrification may be coupled to denitrification. In the upper water column, group A tracked variations in nitrogen biogeochemistry with depth and between basins, whereas AOB were present in relatively low numbers or undetectable. Overall, 15NH4+ oxidation rates were remarkably well correlated with AOA group A amoA gene copies (r2=0.90, P&lt;0.001), and with 16S rRNA gene copies from marine Crenarchaeota (r2=0.85, P&lt;0.005). These findings represent compelling evidence for an archaeal role in oceanic nitrification.
Galactography without discomfort using lidocaine/prilocaine anesthetic cream
Authors: Berná-Serna J. D. , Redondo M. V. , Durán I. , Berná-Mestre J. D. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Galactography (ductography) is the technique of choice for studying pathologic nipple discharge. It is sometimes difficult or even impossible to perform cannulation of the ductal orifice because of the discomfort caused to the patient. Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) containing lidocaine and prilocaine applied as a cream to reduce discomfort during galactography. Material and Methods: 46 patients with abnormal nipple secretion underwent galactography. The patients were distributed in non-randomized form into two groups (A and B). Group A consisted of 19 patients who were treated without application of the anesthetic cream; group B consisted of 27 patients to whom the anesthetic cream was applied prior to galactography. Pain intensity was measured using a verbal description scale. Results: Galactography was successfully performed in all cases in group B ( n = 27) and in 15 cases (78.9%) in group A. In four patients from group A, it was initially impossible to cannulate the discharging duct because of patient discomfort and anxiety. The same patients were submitted to galactography 1 week later after application of the anesthetic cream to the areola/nipple area. In total, then, 31 cases (all 27 of group B plus four) registered 0 ( = no pain) on the verbal description scale after application of the cream. In the 19 patients of group A, the degree of pain registered was mild in 11 cases and discomforting in eight cases. Conclusion: The application of anesthetic cream over the areola/nipple area enables galactography to be performed without patient discomfort. It also reduces anxiety, allowing the radiologist to perform the procedure with confidence and safety, and without stress on the part of the patient or radiologist.
Usefulness of computed tomography linear measurements in diagnosing alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhang Yi , Londos E. , Minthon L. , Wattmo C. , Liu Huaijun , Aspelin P. , Wahlund L. -O. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current method of choice for measuring MTA is volumetric measurement based on 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but this complicated method has not been implemented clinically. Purpose: To investigate whether simple computed tomography (CT) linear measurements of the brain could be of value in AD workup. Material and Methods: Fifty-nine healthy control subjects and 248 AD subjects were recruited. They were evaluated using a comprehensive clinical workup. A series of linear CT measurements were obtained from brain CT. Results: In discriminant analysis, the temporal horn ratio and the suprasellar cistern ratio were the atrophy factors that contributed most significantly to the diagnoses. Combined with other clinical factors (apolipoprotein E4 genotype), a correct AD classification of 90.2% was achieved. Conclusion: CT linear measurements could be of value in the workup of AD patients, considering the inexpensiveness and availability of CT as well as the simplicity of linear measurements.
7 Constantinople, Our Star
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOn April 25, 1915, Denis Browne wrote a letter to Edward Marsh concerning the passing and burial of Rupert Brooke, who had died of a fever on a British hospital ship in the Aegean. Brooke and Browne were among the British troops sent to the Aegean to take part in the assault on Gallipoli, which the British and French hoped would force open the Hellespont and Dardanelles, cause Turkey to sue for peace, and bring a speedy conclusion to the First World War. This chapter shows that the Byronization of Brooke was an exclusively English enterprise, a kind of philhellenism without Greeks. Given the aura of Byron that had pervaded writing about modern Greece, it was perhaps too much to ask a group of aspiring young authors not to associate a fellow poet who had died of a fever on the eve of an assault against the Turks with the hero of Missolonghi.
2 VICTORIAN RAPTURE
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter Two examines Tennyson’s dramatic monologue “St. Simeon Stylites” from several angles. The first section, “Victorian End Times,” places St. Simeon’s desire for rapture in the context of Victorian evangelicalism and millenarianism. Pearsall demonstrates the ways in which the theological arguments concerning rapture propounded by the evangelist Edward Irving (a controversial figure who deeply interested Tennyson’s fellow Cambridge Apostles, including Arthur Henry Hallam and Richard Chenevix Trench) influenced Tennyson’s portrayal of St. Simeon. The second section, “The Rapture of St. Simeon’s Stylites,” engages in a detailed reading of Tennyson’s monologue, examining the ingenious discursive strategies employed by St. Simeon as he labors to perform his own rapture. The chapter’s final section, “Simeon’s Afterlife: The Message of the Butterfly,” parallels Tennyson’s St. Simeon with contemporary environmental activist Julia Butterfly Hill, probing the similarities in their strategies for attaining communal as well as personal transformation.
Pillar of Charismatic Renewal
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter expounds the role of Bible translation in the indigenous awakening and local adaptation. It describes Nigeria's Mojola Agbebi and his call for liturgical renewal in Christianity's African phase. The chapter returns to the story of Christian Independency and charismatic awakening, with a discussion of social ministry and philanthropy. The role of New World Africans in the inter‐continental transmission of revival religion is reviewed alongside post‐Western developments in World Christianity, as is the impact of vernacular Bible translation and mother tongue education. The chapter rounds up the work of missions with a synopsis of the work of John Philip, Walter Miller, and Samuel Ajayi Crowther in the advancement of African rights.
The Ministry of Ordained Women
Authors: Macy Gary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A detailed analysis of the references to and the liturgical functions of four ministries are the focus of this study: episcopae (women bishops), presbyterae (women priests), deaconesses, and abbesses. Women are described, for instance, as leading liturgies, distributing communion, hearing confessions, and serving at the altar. The ministries of episcopae presbyterae and deaconesses may have been supported by an understanding of the local church as an extended family, as clergy were married and clerical spouses may have co‐ministered those churches. The role of deaconess and abbess were understood by some contemporaries to have merged by the 10th century. The functions of deaconess and abbesses is much clearer as the rites for the ordinations of both have survived, as have detailed instructions on the role of abbesses in their religious rules.
Conclusion
Authors: Macy Gary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The concluding chapter speculates on some of the reasons why the definition of ordination changed in the 11th and 12th centuries, and, more importantly, why women were no longer considered either ordained or able to be ordained. Four factors contributed to the change. The Gregorian Reform Movement with its insistence on celibacy introduced a new and more virulent form of misogyny into Western Christianity. Roman law was read selectively to enforce the idea that women were incapable of leadership roles in the church. The biology and politics of Aristotle, newly introduced in the West, asserted that women were biologically and intellectually inferior to men. Theologians read scripture as supporting the assumptions of Roman law and Aristotle concerning the inferiority women and Eve in particular become the scapegoat for the Fall. No one cause seemed determinative in relegating women to an inferior status, but rather a concatenation of several mutually reinforcing factors.
Discourse on Civility and Barbarity
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book analyzes the development of different meanings of the term “religion” in different contexts and in relation to other categories with shifting and unstable nuances such as the state, politics, economics, and the secular. It traces a major transformation of the category as a function of Euro‐American colonialism and capitalism from its traditional meaning of Christian Truth to the modern generic and pluralized category of religions and world religions. For centuries the English word Religion meant Christian Truth, and it stood in opposition to superstition, paganism, and falsehood. As such Religion encompassed not only individual salvation but also, and of equal importance, what we today refer to as the secular, the state, politics, economics, law, and science. Until the second half of the seventeenth century there was no powerful discourse on the nonreligious. Indeed, terms such as politics and economics were newly coined in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the term secular had a profoundly different nuance, for example, referring to the priesthood. Furthermore, the discourse on Religion as Christian Truth in contrast to superstition and paganism overlapped significantly with discourses on “our” civility, as opposed to “their” barbarity, and thus functioned as an expression of the superiority of the Christian male elite. Current uncritical practices of historians, political scientists, anthropologists, and religionists in their projection of modern Anglophone categories such as “religion,” “politics,” and “economics” as though they are eternal features of all human experience and social organisation indirectly and usually unconsciously serve the interests of the modern state under the guise of secular objectivity.
On Civility and Barbarity
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that throughout the vicissitudes of discourses on Religion and religions, there has always been a significant overlap with a parallel discourse on civility and barbarity. By noticing this overlap of discursive formations we can see a major source of continuity underlying the radical change in cosmological assumptions that have led to the invention of the modern “secular.” The Church, which was also a State, drew on earlier Greek and Roman self‐representations between “our” civility and rationality as against “their” barbarity and madness. Religion as Our Truth is difficult to separate from the self‐representations of Christian male elites as the upholders of a rational civility which provided salvation from pagan madness. As modern ideology transformed the meanings of terms like “religion” and “natural reason,” and generated new dichotomies such as faith and science or private piety and public rationality, the persistent discourse on civility and barbarity became attached to modern imperial and orientalist representations of white, Protestant males, imbued with scientific reason and rational religion, offering the salvational disciplines of civility to barbaric, irrational, and feminine orientals unable to organize their own polities.
After Redemption
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book explores religious transformation in the lives of ex-slaves and their descendants living in the Arkansas and Mississippi Delta between the end of Reconstruction and the start of the Great Migration. It argues that Delta blacks, who were overwhelmingly rural sharecroppers and tenant farmers, developed a rich and complex sacred culture during this era. They forged a new religious culture by integrating their spiritual life with many of the defining features of the post‐Reconstruction South, including the rise of segregation and racial violence, the emergence of new forms of technology like train travel, the growth of black fraternal orders, and the rapid expansion of the consumer market. Experimenting with new symbols of freedom and racial respectability, forms of organizational culture, regional networks of communication, and popular notions of commodification and consumption enabled them to survive, make progress, and at times resist white supremacy. The book then evaluates the social consequences of these changes and shows in particular how the Holiness‐Pentecostal developed in large part as a rejection of them. It ends by probing how this new religious world influenced the Great Migration and black spiritual life in the 1920s and 1930s.