bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of dose modification schedules is effective for blinding trials of warfarin: evidence from the WASID study
Authors: Hertzberg Vicki , Chimowitz Marc , Lynn Michael , Chester Cristen , Asbury William , Cotsonis George 
Published: February 2008

Background Randomized clinical trials are blinded to prevent knowledge of treatment assignment from influencing outcomes and their assessments, thus protecting the trial's scientific integrity. Trials involving a warfarin treatment arm are difficult to blind due to the need to continuously adjust dose. Purpose We sought to examine the effectiveness of blinding secondary stroke prevention trials with a warfarin treatment arm in which the blinding system incorporates use of placebo warfarin dose modification schedules for patients in the placebo warfarin arm. Methods We examined treatment assignment guesses of 569 patients or their next of kin as well as study coordinators and principal neurologists at the clinical sites in a multicenter, randomized, double-dummy, double-blinded clinical trial of warfarin and aspirin using dose adjustment schedules for management of placebo warfarin. Results Overall, the crude rates of correct responses are 60% for patient/proxy, 66% for study coordinator, and 56% for principal neurologist. Several indices were used to assess the consistency of guesses with what would be expected if the guessing were done completely at random, and all measures indicate adequate blinding. Limitations Comparison to other trials using warfarin is difficult due to limited data and differences in assessment of blinding. However, results compared favorably to one existing trial. Conclusions Placebo warfarin dose adjustment schedules can protect blinding adequately in trials involving warfarin. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 23—30. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Do we need to adjudicate major clinical events?
Authors: Granger Christopher B , Vogel Victor , Cummings Steve R , Held Peter , Fiedorek Fred , Lawrence Mitzi , Neal Bruce , Reidies Hiedi , Santarelli Leanne , Schroyer Rosemary , Stockbridge Norman L , Feng Zhao  
Published: February 2008

Purpose The use of centralized systems to adjudicate clinical events is common in large clinical trials, in spite of relatively little published literature concerning the rationale and justification. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the reasons for central adjudication and to discuss whether trials could be simplified by limiting or streamlining the adjudication process. Methods We reviewed the literature concerning central adjudication and documented the experience of adjudication in several clinical trials. Since definitions for nonfatal events are generally heterogeneous and subjective, one reason for a central process of adjudication is to assist in assuring systematic application of the definition used in the trial. In open-label trials, assuring that the adjudication is done blinded to treatment assignment may provide protection against differential misclassification. Regulatory authorities, including the FDA, derive confidence in the validity of results when central adjudication is performed. The clinical community has become accustomed to a certain amount of adjudication and may criticize trials that lack adjudication. Limitations It is difficult to document the value of adjudication in trials that have reported adjudicated and nonadjudicated event rates and related treatment effects. Making rationale decisions about when and how to adjudicate is hampered by the lack of published study of when and how central adjudication is helpful to improve the quality and validity of trials and at what cost. Conclusions Adjudication has not been shown to improve the ability to determine treatment effects. Thus, adjudication may be overly complex and overused in many large simple trials. The appropriate role of central adjudication — which trials, which outcomes, what methods — deserves scrutiny and further study. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 56—60. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Structure-based nomenclature for cyclic organic macromolecules (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Mormann W. , Hellwich K.-H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A structure-based nomenclature system for monocyclic and polycyclic organic macromolecules is presented. Single-strand mono- and polycyclic macromolecules as well as spiro macrocyclic compounds are covered. However, rotaxanes and catenanes, which contain interlocked rings, and rings or ring systems formed by noncovalent bonds are excluded. Also, polypeptides and carbohydrate polymers are not included. The nomenclature of cyclic macromolecules is based on the existing nomenclature of regular and irregular macromolecules, which in turn is based on the nomenclature of organic chemistry also published by IUPAC. The procedure for naming a cyclic macromolecule consists of transforming it to an open-chain regular or irregular macromolecule in such a way that naming of units proceeds in descending order of seniority but otherwise follows the rules established for these types of macromolecules. For polycyclic macromolecules, the same principles are followed after the main ring, bridges, and branch units are identified and locants for branch units as well as bridges are assigned. The complete names are assembled by citing the component names and locants in the appropriate order according to the rules in this document. Wherever possible, examples for illustration of the naming procedure have been chosen from the literature.
Glossary of terms related to solubility (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Gamsjäger Heinz , Lorimer John W. , Scharlin Pirketta , Shaw David G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPhenomena related to the solubility of solids, liquids, and gases with one another are of interest to scientists and technologists in an array of disciplines. The diversity of backgrounds of individuals concerned with solubility creates a potential for confusion and miscommunication and heightens the need for an authoritative glossary of terms related to solubility. This glossary defines 166 terms used to describe solubility and related phenomena. The definitions are consistent with one another and with recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for terminology and nomenclature.
Graphical representation standards for chemical structure diagrams (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Brecher Jonathan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The purpose of a chemical structure diagram is to convey information - typically the identity of a molecule - to another human reader or as input to a computer program. Any form of communication, however, requires that all participants understand each other. Recommendations are provided for the display of two-dimensional chemical structure diagrams in ways that avoid ambiguity and are likely to be understood correctly by all viewers. Examples are provided in many areas, ranging from issues of typography and color selection to the relative positioning of portions of a diagram and the rotational alignment of the diagram as a whole. Explanations describe which styles are preferred and which should be avoided. Principal recommendations include: 1) Know your audience: Diagrams that have a wide audience should be drawn as simply as possible; 2) Avoid ambiguous drawing styles; 3) Avoid inconsistent drawing styles.
Overexpression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Suppresses Osteoblast Differentiation and Matrix Mineralization In Vitro
Authors: Wang Hua , Yoshiko Yuji , Yamamoto Ryoko , Minamizaki Tomoko , Kozai Katsuyuki , Tanne Kazuo , Aubin Jane E , Maeda Norihiko 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is produced primarily in bone and acts on kidney as a systemic phosphaturic factor; high levels result in rickets and osteomalacia. However, it remains unclear whether FGF23 acts locally and directly on bone formation.
Materials and Methods: We overexpressed human FGF23 in a stage-specific manner during osteoblast development in fetal rat calvaria (RC) cell cultures by using the adenoviral overexpression system and analyzed its effects on osteoprogenitor proliferation, osteoid nodule formation, and mineralization. Bone formation was also measured by calcein labeling in parietal bone organ cultures. Finally, we addressed the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor (FGFR) in mineralized nodule formation.
Results: Nodule formation and mineralization, but not osteoprogenitor proliferation, were independently suppressed by overexpression of FGF23 in RC cells. Increased FGF23 levels also suppressed bone formation in the parietal bone organ culture model. FGF23 overexpression enhanced phosphorylation of FGFR, whereas the impairment of mineralized nodule formation by FGF23 overexpression was abrogated by SU5402, an inhibitor of FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity.
Conclusions: These studies suggest that FGF23 overexpression suppresses not only osteoblast differentiation but also matrix mineralization independently of its systemic effects on Pi homeostasis.
Sex-Specific Genetic Loci for Femoral Neck Bone Mass and Strength Identified in Inbred COP and DA Rats
Authors: Alam Imranul , Sun Qiwei , Liu Lixiang , Koller Daniel L , Carr Lucinda G , Econs Michael J , Foroud Tatiana , Turner Charles H 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Hip fracture is the most devastating osteoporotic fracture type with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies in humans identified chromosomal regions linked to hip size and bone mass. Animal models, particularly the inbred rat, serve as complementary approaches for studying the genetic influence on hip fragility. The purpose of this study is to identify sex-independent and sex-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for femoral neck density, structure, and strength in inbred Copenhagen 2331 (COP) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats.
Materials and Methods: A total of 828 (405 males and 423 females) F2 progeny derived from the inbred COP and DA strains of rats were phenotyped for femoral neck volumetric BMD (vBMD), cross-sectional area, polar moment of inertia (Ip), neck width, ultimate force, and energy to break. A whole genome screen was performed using 93 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 20 cM. Recombination-based marker maps were generated using MAPMAKER/EXP from the COP × DA F2 data and compared with published Rat Genome Database (RGD) maps. These maps were used for genome-wide linkage analyses to detect sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs.
Results: Significant evidence of linkage (p &lt; 0.01) for sex-independent QTLs were detected for (1) femoral neck vBMD on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 6, 10, and 12, (2) femoral neck structure on Chrs 5, 7, 10, and 18, and (3) biomechanical properties on Chrs 1 and 4. Male-specific QTLs were discovered on Chrs 2, 9, and 18 for total vBMD, on Chr 17 for trabecular vBMD, on Chr 9 for total bone area, and on Chr 15 for ultimate force. A female-specific QTL was discovered on Chr 2 for ultimate force. The effect size of the individual QTL varied between 1% and 4%.
Conclusions: We detected evidence that sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs contribute to hip fragility in the inbred rat. Several QTLs regions identified in this study are homologous to human chromosomal regions previously linked to QTLs contributing to femoral neck and related phenotypes.
Attenuated Response to In Vivo Mechanical Loading in Mice With Conditional Osteoblast Ablation of the Connexin43 Gene (Gja1)
Authors: Grimston Susan K , Brodt Michael D , Silva Matthew J , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: In vitro data suggest that gap junctional intercellular communication mediated by connexin43 (Cx43) plays an important role in bone cell response to mechanical stimulation. We tested this hypothesis in vivo in a model of genetic deficiency of the Cx43 gene (Gja1).
Materials and Methods: Four-month-old female mice with a conditional Gja1 ablation in osteoblasts (ColCre;Gja1−/flox), as well as wildtype (Gja1+/flox) and heterozygous equivalent (Gja1−/flox) littermates (eight per genotype), were subjected to a three-point bending protocol for 5 d/wk for 2 wk. Microstructural parameters and dynamic indices of bone formation were estimated on sections of loaded and control contralateral tibias.
Results: ColCre;Gja1 −/flox mice had significantly thinner cortices, but larger marrow area and total cross-sectional area in the tibial diaphysis, compared with the other groups. The ColCre;Gja1−/flox mice needed ∼40% more force to generate the required endocortical strain. In Gja1+/flox mice, the loading regimen produced abundant double calcein labels at the endocortical surface, whereas predominantly single labels were seen in ColCre;Gja1−/flox mice. Accordingly, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate were significantly lower (54.8% and 50.2%, respectively) in ColCre;Gja1−/flox relative to Gja1+/flox mice. Intermediate values were found in Gja1−/flox mice.
Conclusions: Gja deficiency results in thinner but larger tibial diaphyses, resembling changes occurring with aging, and it attenuates the anabolic response to in vivo mechanical loading. Thus, Cx43 plays an instrumental role in this adaptive response to physical stimuli.
The Muhammad cartoons and humor research: A collection of essays
Authors: Davies Christie , Kuipers Giselinde , Lewis Paul , Martin Rod A , Oring Elliott , Raskin Victor 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAt the 2006 conference of the International Society for Humor Studies (Danish University of Education, Copenhagen), several panels addressed issues raised by the Muhammad cartoon story. Among these, a colloquium organized by Paul Lewis and decorously titled “Transnational Ridicule and Response” focused on the implications for humor research of the events surrounding the publication of the cartoons. Along with other materials, panelists were encouraged to review summaries of and timelines for the story available from the BBC and Wikipedia. Of the questions considered by panelists, the following drew interesting and, at times, provocative responses: Were the cartoons humorous; if so, did they represent a distinct or new kind of humor? Were the modes of global transmission of the cartoons new? Does the story have implications for ongoing humor research and advocacy? The goal was to approach the controversy not as partisans with particular political outlooks but as students of humor. The brief essays collected here were written following the conference by members of the panel (Christie Davies, Giselinde Kuipers, Paul Lewis, and Victor Raskin) and by two others who attended the colloquium (Elliott Oring and Rod A. Martin). After reviewing the essays, HUMOR editor Salvatore Attardo suggested that each of the participants be invited to read what the others had written and submit a brief response. Responses included here were received from Davies, Kuipers, Lewis, Oring, and Raskin.
The fear of being laughed at: Individual and group differences in Gelotophobia
Authors: Ruch Willibald , Proyer René T 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSingle case studies led to the discovery and phenomenological description of Gelotophobia and its definition as the pathological fear of appearing to social partners as a ridiculous object (Titze 1995, 1996, 1997). The aim of the present study is to empirically examine the core assumptions about the fear of being laughed at in a sample comprising a total of 863 clinical and non-clinical participants. Discriminant function analysis yielded that gelotophobes can be separated from other shame-based neurotics, non-shame-based neurotics, and controls. Separation was best for statements specifically describing the gelotophobic symptomatology and less potent for more general questions describing socially avoidant behaviors. Factor analysis demonstrates that while Gelotophobia is composed of a set of correlated elements in homogenous samples, overall the concept is best conceptualized as unidimensional. Predicted and actual group membership converged well in a cross-classification (approximately 69% of correctly classified cases). Overall, it can be concluded that the fear of being laughed at varies tremendously among adults and might hold a key to understanding certain forms of humorlessness.
Political satire and hegemony: A case of “passive revolution” during Mussolini's ascendance to power 1919–1925
Authors: Mascha Efharis 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough political satire can be considered a significant part of humor studies and cultural studies, it has been systematically neglected by theorists of both disciplines. This article looks critically at the role of political humor expressed in early Italian satirical journals in the period 1919–1924, which was central to the rise of fascism. Freud's techniques of condensation and displacement and Gramsci's account of hegemony will be the analytical tools for the satirical discourse and its counter-hegemonic project to the fascist ideological ascendance. Both tools will facilitate my analysis of political satire as a discourse expressing revolutionary sentiments and occupying a middle space between the dominant ideology and the discourse that resists it. In order to understand this space, which is not anti-hegemonic but counter-hegemonic, we should look at the language of the dominant discourse and how this is used by political satire. Having in mind the particular role of censorship and the constraints it poses to the satirical discourse, I will discuss three empirical sections in relation to the ascent of Fascism: the role of power, the political consensus and the political practices.
Weiße Stellen und schwarze Löcher: Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in Ostgalizien
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
I Das Grenzland
Im Jahre 1772 annektierte das Habsburgerreich im Süden Polens gelegene Gebiete und gliederte sie als „Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien“ in seinen Herrschaftsbereich ein. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der Habsburger Monarchie im I. Weltkrieg wurde Galizien 1918 Teil des erneut unabhängigen Polen. In Ostgalizien gründeten ukrainische Nationalisten eine kurzlebige „West-Ukrainische Republik“. Im Anschluss weiterer Kampfhandlungen zwischen Polen, Ukrainern und Sowjets annektierte Polen dann ganz Ostgalizien, das von den Polen „Kleines Ostpolen“ genannt wurde, einschließlich der nördlichen Gebiete Wolhyniens (Wolyñ) und Polesiens (westliches Belorussland). Die im Gefolge des Kriegsendes neu entstandenen Grenzen wurden 1923 international anerkannt. Ostgalizien und Wolhynien wurden 1939 von der UdSSR annektiert und der ukrainischen Sowjetrepublik angegliedert. Während der deutschen Besatzung zwischen 1941–1944 war Ostgalizien Teil des von den Deutschen kontrollierten Generalgouvernements Polen. Im Anschluss an die Befreiung dieser Gebiete durch die Rote Armee kam Ostgalizien wiederum an die ukrainische Sowjetrepublik. Seit der ukrainischen Unabhängigkeit 1991 ist es Teil der West-Ukraine (zusammen mit Wolhynien, dem nördlichen Teil der Bukowina und der Transkarpaten oder früher auch Ruthenien genannten Region). Das ehemalige ostgalizische Grenzlandgebiet erstreckt sich von der im Norden gelegenen Kreishauptstadt L'viv (Lwów, Lvov, Lemberg) bis zu der im Süden gelegenen, der ehemaligen österreichischen Provinz Bukowina zugehörigen Stadt Chernivtsi (Chernovtsy, Czernowitz, Cernăuti), von der Bergkette der Karpaten im Westen bis zum Fluss Sbrutsch (Zbrucz, Pruth) und zu den Ebenen von Podolien im Osten. Es handelt sich um ein Gebiet, das berühmt, aber durchaus auch berüchtigt ist.
Epistemics of the Holocaust Considering the Question of “Why?” and of “How?”
Authors: Diner Dan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Holocaust was a rupture in civilisation – a Zivilisationsbruch –, a shattering of ontological certainty. The perception of the event enshrined in the notion of “rupture in civilisation” is the result of both the historical and the conceptual engagement with the event. Its manifest content seeks to combine two ways of discerning which are in fact opposed to one another: a particular one and a universal one. The particular perspective reflects the experience undergone by Jews as Jews of having been destroyed everywhere and solely because of their belonging, i.e. because of their alleged origin. It was hence the experience of being exposed to total extermination without any reason. Never before had anything of this kind taken place: a rupture in civilisation, carried out upon the Jews. The significance of the concept is further-reaching, however. The concept of rupture in civilisation seeks to denote the indeed singular circumstance of the extermination of human persons by human persons as the transgression of all the ethical and instrumental limits of comportment which had hitherto been considered as certain and secure. Transgression of this kind marks a rupture in civilisation that is carried out upon all humankind. The phenomenon of the crime against humanity experienced by the Jews can, however, be split and regarded from those two opposing perspectives: one that argues historically and that is above all adopted by the victims, while the other is an anthropologically inclined perception of the events which rather reaches further into a universal domain. The latter focuses on the significance of the events for the species as such. These perspectives are necessarily unequal. They may even work against other.
La mémoire, l'histore, l'oubli: A Symposium with Paul Ricœur. Part I: Prefatory Remarks
Authors: Noor Ashraf 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Early in the year 2000, Paul Mendes-Flohr suggested to me that we invite Paul Ricœur to Jerusalem to engage in discussions with the researchers of the Rosenzweig Centre. At the time, Paul Mendes-Flohr, Maria Diemling, and I were participating in a Sonderforschungsbereich on Jewish and Christian thought, in collaboration with Bonn University. We considered that Ricœur's work on hermeneutics and his studies of history and memory coupled with his interest in the philosophy of religion had much in common with our research. After corresponding with Ricœur, I traveled to Paris, to Ricœur's residence in the community of the Murs Blancs in order to prepare the symposium. Ricœur had just finished his book La mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli and he suggested that we base our work in the planned meeting in Jerusalem on the second section of the book. He said that he was exhausted and felt empty, after completing the manuscript. Nonetheless, his conversation was animated, touching on geo-political aspects of the war in what was formerly Yugoslavia and speculating on the reasons why armed conflict often originated and spread from the Balkans. Ricœur had given a paper to the research group of the Rosenzweig Centre, at the invitation of Stéphane Mosès, in December 1994. He was excited about coming to Jerusalem. I returned to Jerusalem with a typescript of the section of the book we were to discuss, and we prepared for the meeting in regular sessions of the research group.