bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANAESTHESIA ON MILK YIELD AND MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE GOAT AND RAT
Authors: YOKOYAMA A. , ÔTA K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of anaesthesia on lactation was studied in the lactating goat and the lactating rat.
Cyclopropane was used in the goat. All goats were milked once daily in the morning. The experimental and the control periods started on Monday and ended on Saturday; the control period was usually followed immediately by the experimental period. Average milk yields in eight experimental periods in three goats ranged from 91·4 to 108·3%, with a mean of 101·4±1·84% (s.e.) of those in the corresponding control periods.
The increase in intramammary pressure, which occurred 30–40 sec. after the start of milking of the contralateral teat in the normal lactating goat, was not observed during milking under anaesthesia.
Lactating rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Six or eight pups were placed with the mother to suckle the teat for 2 hr. in the morning. This suckling regime was continued for 5 days. No increase in the body weight of litters was obtained when the litter suckled under anaesthesia. When oxytocin was injected into the anaesthetized mother, a gain in litter weight was observed during the experimental period, although it was smaller than in the controls.
In conclusion, a species specificity in the importance of the milk ejection response for the removal of milk has been demonstrated. The fact that milk secretion continued normally in the goat milked under the anaesthesia suggests that the secretion of the pituitary hormones concerned with the maintenance of milk secretion continues in the absence of the milking stimulus. In the rat, although milk secretion was maintained at a subnormal level by oxytocin replacement under anaesthesia, it was not possible to draw a final conclusion as to whether the suckling stimulus is dispensable for the maintenance of milk secretion.
OESTROGENS IN THE BLOOD OF THE COW
Authors: POPE G. S. , JONES H. E. H. , WAYNFORTH H. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Extracts of jugular-vein blood of pregnant cows and of cows in oestrus were treated with methanolic HCl and phenolic fractions prepared. Assay by the mouse uterine-weight method failed to detect oestrogen in fractions from cows in oestrus or 2–3 months pregnant but indicated the presence of oestrogen, equivalent to about 1 μg. of oestrone/l. in blood from cows 5–6 months pregnant and about 7 μg./l. in blood from cows 7–9 months pregnant.
The activity of the phenolic fraction from blood of late pregnancy was shown to be due mainly to oestrone, most of which had been present in the blood as a water-soluble derivative.
Similar fractions from blood of cows in oestrus, assayed by the tetrazolium method of Martin, showed a total of 1–10 ng./l. (expressed as oestrone) activity being in the non-ketone and ketone fractions.
INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF RATS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC OBESITY
Authors: TUCKER JANET , TRETHEWEY J. , STEWART G. A. , NEVILLE R. W. J. , HANLEY T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A fixed dose of glucose, irrespective of body weight, used for i.v. glucose tolerance tests in rats with hypothalamic obesity and in non-obese control rats caused almost identical blood glucose increments in both kinds of rats, and the K values (coefficients of glucose assimilation) were not significantly different. Glucose doses proportional to body weight caused much larger increments of blood glucose in the obese animals but the K value was not significantly different from that for the controls.
On the other hand, the insulin sensitivity of obese rats was found to be less than that of control rats when a fixed dose of the hormone was given. When the insulin dosage was proportional to body weight, the fall of fasting blood glucose produced in the obese animals was not significantly different from that in the control group. In vitro, the diaphragm muscle of the obese animals was insensitive to the action of insulin as compared with controls. There was no evidence of insulin insensitivity of the obese animals' adipose tissue; the very low metabolic activity of the adipose tissue of both the control and obese animals may have been responsible. The interpretation of these findings is discussed in the light of similar work in human obesity.
THE MECHANISM OF THE INDUCTION OF OVULATION BY OESTROGENS
Authors: DÖCKE F. , DÖRNER G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
To study the positive feed-back mechanism by which oestrogen induces corpus luteum formation, electrolytic lesions were placed in different parts of the anterior hypothalamus of prepubertal female rats which were then injected with oestradiol benzoate. Ovarian luteinization did not occur when the main parts of the suprachiasmatic nuclei or of the medial preoptic area had been destroyed.
Oestradiol benzoate was implanted stereotaxically into the brain and the anterior pituitary of immature female rats. Whereas 1/25 of the subcutaneously effective dose had to be implanted into the anterior hypothalamus, 1/100 of the peripherally effective dose introduced into the adenohypophysis was sufficient to induce corpus luteum formation in most of the treated animals.
The results suggest that, although the anterior hypothalamus is necessary for this positive feed-back mechanism, the anterior pituitary may be the main site of action of oestrogen.
Oestrogen may increase the hypophysial sensitivity to the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing factor. Thus an enhanced gonadotrophin secretion may result, sufficient for the induction of ovulation. The possibility is discussed that this positive feed-back mechanism is also essential for the induction of ovulation in women.
ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS SUPPRESSION TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. , LANDON J. , WYNN V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenocortical suppression tests, based on the fall in urinary 17-hydroxy-corticosteroid excretion during the oral administration of dexamethasone, were found to be of value in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, but less useful in differentiating bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from adrenal tumour. Such tests have the disadvantage of requiring accurate urine collections and of taking several days to perform. A test is described, based on the decrease in plasma cortisol concentration during i.v. infusion of dexamethasone at a rate of 1 mg./hr. The results obtained in 12 patients with Cushing's syndrome and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia differed from those found in control subjects in that there was a delay between the start of the infusion and the fall of plasma cortisol, and the rate of fall was less rapid. The values found after 180 min., expressed either as μg./100 ml. or as a percentage of the resting level, differed significantly (P < 0·001) in the two groups. The test proved valuable as an aid to the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, was easy to perform, and could be completed in 3 hr.
In some patients with Cushing's syndrome, the administration of synthetic glucocorticoids appeared to result in an increased urinary steroid excretion. A transient increase in plasma cortisol levels was also observed in some of these patients during the early period of dexamethasone infusion. It is thought that this finding reflects an alteration in steroid metabolism induced by dexamethasone and fluorocortisol.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF THE IMMATURE MOUSE TO PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: LANG D. R. , LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Deprivation of food for 24–48 hr. before the injection of gonadotrophin into mice reduced mean uterine weights and the slopes of the dose-response lines; the effect was greater with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) than with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Age and time of weaning relative to the injection of gonadotrophin, and the number of experimental mice per cage, also affected the uterine weight response. Age and weight influenced the number of ovulations after injections of HCG. Fasting for 48 hr. before the priming injection reduced numbers of ovulations as compared with a restricted diet or fasting for 48 hr. after priming. The time of day of the priming and ovulatory injections influenced the number of ovulations, injections in the afternoon resulting in more ova than injections in the morning.
STEROID SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY TUMOUR TISSUE FROM A DYSGENETIC GONAD
Authors: GRIFFITHS K. , GRANT J. K. , BROWNING MARGARET C. K. , WHYTE W. G. , SHARP JESSIE L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A tumour of a dysgenetic gonad was removed from an 18-yr.-old girl, who had presented with primary amenorrhoea and poor breast development. Examination showed clitoral hypertrophy, and chromosome analysis showed a normal male 46/XY karyotype. Microscopically, cells of both ovary and testis were recognized in the tumour. Incubation of the tissue with [4-14C]progesterone in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution showed its capacity to synthesize testosterone and oestradiol-17β. 16α-Hydroxyprogesterone was also formed during the incubation.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN: ANDROGEN INTERACTION ON THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
Authors: NICOL T. , VERNON-ROBERTS B. , QUANTOCK D. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Oestrone, oestriol, 17β-oestradiol, ethinyloestradiol, oestradiol monobenzoate, diethylstilboestrol, 4-hydroxy-α,β-diethyldibenzyl (HDB), dienoestrol, hexoestrol, triphenylethylene and tri-p-anisylchloroethylene (TACE) stimulated the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in intact male and in ovariectomized female mice.
(2) Testosterone propionate inhibited the vaginal smear response to all the above oestrogenic compounds. It also inhibited the RE stimulation produced by oestrone, oestriol, ethinyloestradiol, oestradiol monobenzoate, triphenylethylene and TACE but had no effect on RE stimulation by diethylstilboestrol, HDB, dienoestrol or hexoestrol; it markedly potentiated the stimulant effect of 17β-oestradiol on the RES.
(3) The effect on the RES of oestrogen: androgen interaction does not appear to be dependent on the type of androgen used.
THE INTERACTION IN THE IMMATURE MOUSE OF POTENT OESTROGENS WITH COUMESTROL, GENISTEIN AND OTHER UTERO-VAGINOTROPHIC COMPOUNDS OF LOW POTENCY
Authors: FOLMAN Y. , POPE G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Interaction in the immature mouse of potent oestrogens with the weak utero-vaginotrophic (UV) compounds, coumestrol, genistein, dimethyl-stilboestrol, norethisterone acetate and megestrol acetate though sometimes additive at very low doses appeared to be essentially antagonistic at higher doses.
In particular, the weak oestrogens coumestrol and genistein, found in certain plants, markedly inhibited the UV action of potent oestrogens, e.g. oestradiol-17β, oestrone and diethylstilboestrol and this effect may account in part for the anti-oestrogenic activity of extracts of these plants.
Some differences in the ability of different oestrogens to promote uterine growth relative to vaginal growth were observed.
THE PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF FREE AND PROTEIN-BOUND CORTISOL IN HYPOPROTEINAEMIA
Authors: LEONARD P. J. , D'ARBELA P. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The plasma level and percentage of bound cortisol were measured in sixteen African subjects with hypoproteinaemia of varying aetiologies. When compared with a control group it was found that the percentage of the steroid bound was significantly reduced but that the total cortisol level did not differ from that found in the control subjects. This resulted in a significant increase in the absolute level of free cortisol in the hypoproteinaemic subjects. Attention is drawn to the striking similarity between many of the physical and biochemical changes seen in kwashiorkor and those found in Cushing's syndrome.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND PITUITARY FUNCTION IN GONADAL DYSGENESIS (TURNER'S SYNDROME)
Authors: JACKSON I. M. D. , BUCHANAN K. D. , McKIDDIE M. T. , PRENTICE C. R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in eight patients with gonadal dysgenesis and in two a diabetic response was found. The plasma insulin levels were estimated in response to the glucose load and were abnormal in five out of the six patients examined.
The blood sugar response to the standard insulin tolerance test was normal in six patients and showed increased insulin sensitivity in two. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured in response to the hypoglycaemia induced by insulin and in seven out of the eight patients rose considerably indicating a normally functioning pituitary-adrenal system.
The sera of all eight patients were examined for auto-antibodies and were essentially negative.
Possible reasons for the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism are discussed and it is suggested that gonadal dysgenesis may predispose to diabetes.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF AN ASSAY IN VITRO FOR PROLACTIN
Authors: EVANS ANNE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The release in vitro of β-glucuronidase from rat testicular homogenates under the influence of ovine and bovine prolactin has been investigated further.
A micro modification of the original assay method has been developed, with improved specificity, sensitivity and precision.
Assay results were reproducible over 2½ yr. and were in good agreement with bioassays for prolactin and luteotrophic activity.
CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY OF THE TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS AND ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE RAT AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: WAITES G. M. H. , SETCHELL B. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of s.c. injections of cadmium chloride (3 μmole/100 g. body wt.) on the blood flow and vascular permeability of the testis, epididymis and accessory reproductive organs of rats has been examined. Sapirstein's indicator fractionation technique was used to measure blood flow with [131I]iodoantipyrine and [86Rb]-rubidium chloride. A rubidium-rejecting compartment was found in the testis similar to, but smaller than, that in the brain and pineal body.
Testicular blood flow started to decrease within 3 hr. of giving cadmium (Cd) and by 12 hr. was only 2–9 % of the control values; it then started to recover but after 14 days it was still only 31 % of the control values.
Apart from a small reduction of blood flow to the first part of the head of the epididymis 6 hr. after Cd administration, blood flow was not strikingly reduced in any part of the epididymis by Cd treatment. However, blood flow to all parts of the epididymis had increased markedly when examined 7 days after giving Cd; this was most evident in the first part of the head of the epididymis.
Blood flow through the accessory reproductive organs was reduced within 6 hr. of Cd injection. Blood flow in the seminal vesicles returned to normal between 1 and 14 days after treatment but blood flow in the prostate gland did not recover.
The movement of albumin from intravascular to extravascular compartments was used as an index of vascular permeability. This index increased in the testis in the period 1–6 hr. after Cd administration and the change occasionally occurred before blood flow decreased. A similar increase was seen in the first part of the head of the epididymis 3–6 hr. after Cd, but no change was seen in the rest of the epididymis.
The evidence suggests that Cd acts by damaging the endothelium of the capillaries in the testis leading to prolonged stoppage of blood flow which would lead to hypoxia in the spermiogenic epithelium.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ANTI-OESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS ON THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: NICOL T. , VERNON-ROBERTS B. , QUANTOCK D. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Testosterone, progesterone, oestriol, 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone and MER-25 were shown to inhibit the vaginal smear response and the uterine growth response to 17β-oestradiol and diethylstilboestrol.
(2) Testosterone potentiated the stimulant effect of 17β-oestradiol on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES); but had no effect on the RE stimulation produced by diethylstilboestrol.
(3) Progesterone had no effect on RE stimulation produced by 17β-oestradiol or diethylstilboestrol.
(4) Oestriol and 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone had no effect on RE stimulation produced by 17β-oestradiol; but both compounds inhibited the stimulant effect of diethylstilboestrol on the RES.
(5) MER-25 inhibited RE stimulation produced by both 17β-oestradiol and diethylstilboestrol.
(6) The effect of anti-oestrogens on oestrogen-produced RE stimulation was shown to depend on the nature of the stimulating oestrogen used.
THE LIVER AND THE FEEDBACK ACTION OF OVARIAN HORMONES IN THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: DONOVAN B. T. , O'KEEFFE MARY C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) The structure and function of ovarian autotransplants made to the spleen and kidney were compared in order to measure the ability of the liver to inactivate ovarian hormones at different ages in the rat.
(2) In the immature rat the data from the uterine weights indicated that little or no hepatic inactivation of gonadal hormone occurred since grafts to the spleen or kidney were equally capable of maintaining normal uterine growth.
(3) With increasing age, the liver appeared to develop the ability to inactivate ovarian hormones; this capacity was reflected by the difference in the uterine weights of animals bearing ovarian tissue in the kidney as opposed to those in the spleen.
(4) The ability of the liver to metabolize ovarian hormones appeared to develop to a significant degree at about the time of puberty.
PLASMA NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACID LEVELS IN HYPOPITUITARY SUBJECTS
Authors: STAMP T. C. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Changes in the plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in a group of patients with proven hypopituitarism have been compared with those found in control subjects during prolonged fasting, after the injection of insulin and after the oral administration of glucose with and without the previous administration of insulin.
During a 4 hr. prolongation of an overnight fast plasma NEFA levels increased at a significantly slower rate in the patients with hypopituitarism. The intravenous injection of insulin was followed by a prompt fall in NEFA levels in the control group, and by a rapid return to or above original values. The recovery was consistently and markedly impaired in the patients with hypopituitarism and this abnormality differentiated them more clearly from the normal subjects than the abnormality in their plasma sugar response to insulin.
The patients with pituitary hypofunction had a flat plasma sugar curve after the oral administration of glucose, but there were only minor differences from the normal plasma NEFA levels. Previous insulin administration impaired glucose tolerance in normal subjects and resulted in a more rapid late return of NEFA levels than after the administration of glucose alone. This late rise in NEFA did not occur in the hypopituitary group.
The results obtained support the concept that pituitary integrity is required for normal fat mobilization. The consistency of the changes suggests that tests based on plasma NEFA measurements may provide a useful indirect means of diagnosing pituitary hypofunction.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE RELEASE OF OXYTOCIN DURING PARTURITION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: FUCHS ANNA-RIITTA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of ethanol on parturition was studied in conscious unrestrained rabbits fitted with intra-uterine balloons. The onset of labour was predicted by an oxytocin sensitivity test.
With blood ethanol concentrations of 0·25–0·35 g./100 ml., the onset of labour was inhibited, typical contractions were absent, delivery was prolonged, abnormal and postponed for about 30 hr. With a blood concentration of 0·2 g./100 ml., labour contractions were less intense than normal and delivery was prolonged. At a lower concentration, 0·14 g./100 ml., parturition was apparently normal.
Uterine sensitivity to exogenous oxytocin was unimpaired by ethanol treatment. The interference with parturition by ethanol is attributed to central inhibition of the abrupt reflex release of oxytocin.
THE EFFECT OF RESERPINE, 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND OTHER DRUGS ON INDUCED OVULATION IN IMMATURE MICE
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovulation was induced in immature mice by pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Reserpine in doses of 6–9 μg. prevented ovulation in these animals. Methoserpidine (up to 333 μg.) did not reduce the incidence of ovulation. A single dose of 2 mg. α-methyldopa was without effect but several doses at intervals inhibited ovulation.
Groups of mice treated with gonadotrophin and reserpine were pretreated with other drugs. α-Methyldopa decreased the sedative effect of reserpine but not its inhibitory effect on ovulation. Dopa antagonized both effects of reserpine.
5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate in doses of 100 or 200 μg. injected s.c. 16 or 17 hr. before the mice were killed consistently increased the percentage ovulating in response to gonadotrophin. A significant increase was also obtained when 5-hydroxytryptophan was injected into mice pretreated with iproniazid.
FRUCTOSE AND CITRIC ACID IN THE MALE ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE INDIAN PALM SQUIRREL, FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI (WROUGHTON)
Authors: REDDI A. H. , PRASAD M. R. N. , DURAISWAMI S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The sites of formation of fructose and citric acid in the male accessory glands of reproduction in the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti, are described. The seminal vesicle secretes only fructose in concentrations much higher than any recorded so far in a rodent. The compact prostate produces both fructose and citric acid. The findings are discussed in relation to the sites of formation of these constituents in other rodents.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ASSAY OF HUMAN URINARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE BY THE AUGMENTATION TEST IN MICE
Authors: BROWN P. S. , WELLS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content of urinary gonadotrophic extracts was assayed by its effect on the ovarian weight of immature mice when given in conjunction with 40 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin. About three-quarters of all routine assays gave values of λ between 0·15 and 0·30. Precision was slightly increased when the material was given in three rather than in five injections. Correction of ovarian weight for body weight was either invalid or of no value in reducing variance. Removal of between-litter variance increased precision considerably. Mice of three randomly bred colonies were all satisfactory, and inbred C57BL mice were also suitable for the assay. C3H mice were less sensitive.
The efficiency of different methods of extracting FSH from urine was examined. The method of Johnsen (1958) using precipitation with tannic acid was considered the most satisfactory and gave extracts of high potency and low bulk.
Limited experiments in which purified human pituitary FSH was assayed with and without added luteinizing hormone, gave results compatible with the assumption that the method is specific for FSH.