bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethoxylated rapeseed oil derivatives as non‐ionic adjuvants for glyphosate
Authors: Gauvrit Christian , Müller Thomas , Milius Alain , Trouvé Gérard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a study aimed at finding environmentally benign adjuvants for glyphosate, ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil were synthesized, with ethylene oxide (EO) content up to 40 and 8 respectively. They had less influence on spray retention by barley shoots than ethoxylated (15 EO) tallow amine (ETA). At 10 g L−1, ethoxylated rapeseed oil with 30 or 40 EO and ethoxylated methylated rapeseed oil with 6 or 8 EO promoted glyphosate uptake by barley leaves to a greater extent than ETA at the same concentration. However, uptake rates were similar when the concentration was lowered to 2.8 and 3.1 g L−1 for rapeseed oil derivatives and ETA respectively. In the case of ethoxylated methylated rapeseed oil with 8 EO (MeOil‐8), glyphosate uptake increased when MeOil‐8 concentration was raised from 5 to 10 g L−1. In bioassays under controlled conditions, ethoxylated rapeseed oil with 40 EO (Oil‐40) and MeOil‐8 were slightly less effective than ETA in favouring the efficacy of glyphosate on barley. The same was found on ryegrass. However, both rapeseed oil derivatives compared well with glyphosate formulants such as ethoxylated diethylamine and alkyl ethoxy phosphate. In one field experiment, the efficacy of glyphosate in the presence of Oil‐40, MeOil‐8 or ETA was comparable with that of a commercial formulation. In another trial, MeOil‐8 was as effective as ETA, but Oil‐40 performed less well. It is concluded that ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil are a promising chemistry for glyphosate adjuvants, provided that their ethylene oxide content is high. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of thymoquinone (volatile oil of black cumin) on rheumatoid arthritis in rat models
Authors: Tekeoglu Ibrahim , Dogan Ali , Ediz Levent , Budancamanak Mustafa , Demirel Adnan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany studies have been carried out in recent years on the pharmacological effects of Nigella sativa seeds that have uncovered their antiinflammatory and immunological effects. The objective of this study was to explore the antiinflammatory effects of thymoquinone on arthritis in rat models. Rats with arthritis induced by Freund's incomplete adjuvant were assigned to five groups: group 1: controls 0.9% NaCl (n = 7); group 2: 2.5 mg/kg thymoquinone (n = 7); group 3: 5 mg/kg thymoquinone (n = 7); group 4: Bacilli Chalmette Guerin (BCG) 6 × 105 CFU (n = 7); group 5: methotrexate 0.3 mg/kg (n = 7). Signs of inflammation on the claw and radiological signs were searched for and TNF‐alpha and IL‐1beta were measured. The results of the control and other groups were compared. As a result, thymoquinone, confirmed clinically and radiologically, suppressed adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Withania somnifera inhibits NF‐κB and AP‐1 transcription factors in human peripheral blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cells
Authors: Singh Divya , Aggarwal Amita , Maurya Rakesh , Naik Sita 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWithania somnifera (WS) is an important herb with known antiinflammatory activity. Its molecular mechanism of action has not been investigated. The effect of a WS crude ethanol extract was studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and synovial fluid mononuclear cells of RA patients in vitro. The WS extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐12p40 in normal individuals and RA patients, but had no effect on IL‐6 production at the protein and transcript level. WS also suppressed LPS activated nitric oxide production in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. The extract inhibited nuclear translocation of the transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1 and phosphorylation of IκBα in normal and RA patients' mononuclear cells. HPLC analysis of the crude extract showed the presence of withaferin A and pure withaferin A also inhibited NF‐κB translocation.The study demonstrated that the WS crude ethanol extract suppressed the production of proinflammatory molecules in vitro. This activity is partly through the inhibition of transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1 by the constituent withanolide. The role of additional constituents needs to be studied. Studies on the mechanism of action of the extract may yield potentially useful compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring QSAR for the Inhibitory Activity of a Large Set of Aromatic/Heterocyclic Sulfonamides toward Four Different Isoenzymes of Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram , Miri Ramin , Jafarpour Mehrnaz , Tabarzad Maryam , Shamsipur Mojtaba 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activities of a large number of sulfonamide derivatives toward CA isoenzyme types I, II, IV, and IX were collected and then subjected to QSAR analyses. The dataset used consisted of 343 sulfonamide derivatives with 200 calculated descriptors. For each type of isoenzyme, a separate QSAR model was obtained using multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables. The generalization, stability, and predictivity of the models were evaluated by leave‐many‐out cross‐validation, using an external test set and chance correlation. All the obtained models represented high statistical quality and prediction ability with q2 and $\rm{ R_{\rm{P}}^{\rm{2}} }$ greater than 0.80. The relative errors of prediction were lower than 5%. By the developed models, the ligand–receptor interactions involved in the binding of sulfonamides to different CA isoenzymes were discussed. For all types of isoenzymes, the topological indices represented significant impacts on the ligand–enzyme interactions. It was found that, for CAI, the acid–base properties play a significant role whereas for CAII the coulombic interactions are controlling factors. In addition, number of thiol functional groups exhibited significant negative effect on the binding of sulfonamides to CAII. For CAIV, the hydrogen bonding interactions were detected as a major factor. Finally, for the binding of sulfonamides to CAIX, the lipophilicity, and acid–base properties were selected as highly influential parameters.
Physicochemical Properties/Descriptors Governing the Solubility and Partitioning of Chemicals in Water–Solvent–Gas Systems. Vapor Pressure and Concentration of Chemicals Above Saturated Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Raevsky Oleg A. , Raevskaja Olga E. , Schaper Klaus‐J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVapor Pressure (VP) and concentration of chemicals above saturated aqueous solutions (Cair), interconnected by Henry's law, are important properties with significant effects on the transport and partitioning of chemicals among environmental compartments. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to calculate them from the chemical structure. Published data of 460 diverse chemicals (29 gases at 298 K, 368 liquids, 63 solids) on VP, solubility in water (Sw), partitioning of chemicals in the system water–air (gas) (Lwg) were used to construct QSPRs for VP and Cair on the basis of HYBOT physicochemical descriptors. The correlations of log VP and log Cair in the framework of the usual regression model provided unsatisfactory results but helped to recognize the main factors influencing the investigated properties: the volume‐related term expressed by the molecular polarizability α, H‐bond acceptor factor (ΣCa), and H‐bond donor factor (ΣCd). They all, not unexpectedly, contribute negatively to log VP and log Cair. An alternative approach based on combination of the similarity concept and a regression model with the same physicochemical descriptors essentially improved statistics. Using nearest neighbors (structurally related compounds with high Tanimoto similarity coefficient) and simultaneously aiming at small differences in α, ΣCa, and ΣCd as compared with corresponding data of compounds‐of‐interest the results of prediction of VP and Cair were excellent with standard deviations close to the error of experimental determination for liquid and solid chemicals.
Research on dengue and dengue‐like illness in East Asia and the Western Pacific during the First Half of the 20th century
Authors: Kuno Goro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDengue has become an enormous medical problem worldwide since the end of the World War II (WWII). Despite a voluminous amount of research conducted worldwide for many years to elucidate the mechanism of the development of the two severe forms of dengue (dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)), to develop effective vaccines and to design reliable disease control and prevention strategies, the goals of achieving these objectives are not in sight yet. For such a medical research that requires a multi‐directional approach to resolve a variety of research questions, sometimes it is necessary to step back and re‐examine historically how the current status of the expanding global problems and sudden emergence of severe forms of dengue have evolved in the first place. To examine the history of dengue epidemiology, it is first necessary to put in perspective all relevant documents, including a large number of nearly forgotten, old Japanese publications regarding dengue outbreaks and allied background information in East Asia and the Western Pacific that were documented before the emergence of the haemorrhagic disease outbreaks in the 1950s there. The compiled data in this review, thus, fill in for the first time many blanks in the early epidemiologic history of dengue in this part of the world. Besides the data for epidemiologists, virologic data, clinical studies of haemorrhagic manifestation, significance in military medicine and entomologic investigations covered in this review should be useful for the current researchers investigating any of those subjects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing odds ratios measuring improvement or deterioration across repeated exposure or treatment sessions
Authors: Ohman Strickland Pamela A. , Lu Shou‐En 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnbiased estimating equations are used to estimate and compare the odds ratios representing the odds of heightened anxiety following acute exposures relative to baseline in a cross‐over study examining indoor air contaminants. Although estimating equations are used in the creation of the estimates and standard errors, inference is conditional on subject. The proposed method produces estimates that are less biased and computationally simpler than pseudo‐likelihood. In addition, specification of the form of the random‐effects distributions is not required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The SAEM algorithm for group comparison tests in longitudinal data analysis based on non‐linear mixed‐effects model
Authors: Samson Adeline , Lavielle Marc , Mentré France 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNon‐linear mixed‐effects models (NLMEMs) are used to improve information gathering from longitudinal studies and are applied to treatment evaluation in disease‐evolution studies, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The estimation of parameters and the statistical tests are critical issues in NLMEMs since the likelihood and the Fisher information matrix have no closed form. An alternative method to numerical integrations, in which convergence is slow, and to methods based on linearization, in which asymptotic convergence has not been proved, is the Stochastic Approximation Expectation‐Maximization (SAEM) algorithm. For the Wald test and the likelihood ratio test, we propose estimating the Fisher information matrix by stochastic approximation and the likelihood by importance sampling. We evaluate these SAEM‐based tests in a simulation study in the context of HIV viral load decrease after initiation of an antiretroviral treatment. The results from this simulation illustrate the theoretical convergence properties of SAEM. We also propose a method based on the SAEM algorithm to compute the minimum sample size required to perform a Wald test of a given power for a covariate effect in NLMEMs. Lastly, we illustrate these tests on the evaluation of the effect of ritonavir on the indinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV patients and compare the results with those obtained using the adaptative Gaussian quadrature method implemented in the SAS procedure NLMIXED. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased nuchal translucency thickness and normal karyotype: time for parental reassurance
Authors: Bilardo C. M. , Müller M. A. , Pajkrt E. , Clur S. A. , van Zalen M. M. , Bijlsma E. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo study the outcome of pregnancy in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT), with respect to fetal loss, structural defects and genetic syndromes with developmental delay, and to provide information that would be helpful for parental counseling on the residual risk of adverse outcome when ultrasound findings are normal.MethodsWe reviewed the outcome of all pregnancies presenting at the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam with increased NT between January 1994 and March 2005. Fetal karyotyping and two‐step ultrasound investigation at 13–18 and 20–24 weeks' gestation were offered in all cases. Particular attention was paid to the relationship between normal karyotype, ultrasound findings at the 20–24‐week scan and subsequent pregnancy outcome. An adverse outcome was defined as miscarriage, intrauterine death, termination of pregnancy at parental request or the finding of one or more structural defects or genetic disorders.ResultsA total of 675 fetuses with increased NT, known karyotype and known pregnancy outcome was analyzed. A chromosomal anomaly was detected in 224 (33%) fetuses. In 451 (67%) fetuses, the karyotype was normal. The overall incidence of an adverse pregnancy outcome in this group was 19% and, when analyzed according to the initial degree of increase in NT, the likelihood of an adverse outcome increased with increasing NT, ranging from 8% to 80%. 425 fetuses underwent a detailed second‐trimester ultrasound scan. Anomalies were detected, at the time of ultrasound or after birth, in 54 (13%) of these fetuses (17 isolated cardiac defects, 14 other structural defects and 23 genetic disorders). An adverse pregnancy outcome was recorded in 4% of cases in which there were normal findings at the 20‐week scan. Seven of these cases were classified as ‘potentially amenable’ to ultrasound detection. With exclusion of these cases, the chance of a healthy baby, if the 20‐week scan was completely normal, was 98%. Genetic syndromes with dysmorphic features and neurodevelopmental delay occurred in seven (1.6%) of the fetuses with normal karyotype. In three of these pregnancies, non‐specific suspicious ultrasound findings (nuchal edema, mild pyelectasis, pericardial effusion) were observed at the mid‐trimester scan and in two others, subtle cardiac defects were detected after delivery. In the remaining two cases (0.5%) the mid‐trimester scan was completely normal and no structural defects were observed after delivery.ConclusionAfter exclusion of chromosomal anomalies, one out of five fetuses with increased NT has an adverse pregnancy outcome. The chance of an uneventful pregnancy outcome depends on the initial degree of increase in NT. However, if the detailed ultrasound examination at around 20 weeks is normal, a favorable outcome can be expected with confidence, irrespective of initially increased NT. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary fat composition and tocopherol requirement: III. Quantitative studies on the relationship between dietary linoleate and vitamin E
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Shimma Yaichiro , Hansen Herbert , Wells Penelope , Aftergood Lilla , Melnick Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study has involved biologically titrating linoleate vs. vitamin E using the male rat as the indicator. In the first of the titration studies, the dietary tocopherol level was held constant, while in the second study the linoleate intake was held constant. The investigation was conducted with male rats since these have a much higher linoleate requirement than females. By first depleting such animals of their stores of essential fatty acids by feeding a fat‐free diet from weaning, a sensitive test organism was provided. These animals have an immediate need for linoleate during the repletion periods. If an imbalance between linoleate and vitamin E content existed in any of the dietary regimens, such an imbalance would have been more likely noted in test animals actively metabolizing the ingested linoleate. Based upon various nutritional and biochemical indices, the amount of tocopherol ordinarily included in the basic diets fed to our rats, 0.01% as dl‐alphatocopheryl acetate, was adequate even when the diet provided up to 5% linoleate; an amount corresponding to ca. 12% of the total calories and providing a ratio of linoleate to the tocopherol of ca. 500:1. In the reverse biological titration with all test diets now providing the constant level of 5% linoleate, ratios of linoleate to vitamin E were satisfactory even in a ratio of as much as 2500:1 (or 0.4 mg gram of vitamin E per polyunsaturated fatty acid). The control animals continued on the fat‐free diet indicated that there is a need for added tocopherols even in the absence of linoleate according to a number of biochemical indices. Based upon a number of accepted bioanalytical approaches, the minimum requirement for linoleate by the fat‐depleted male rat was found to be between 100–200 mg/day or ca. 1–2% of the caloric intake. Although the fatty acid composition of tissue lipid fractions is markedly affected by the amount of linoleate in the diet, dietary tocopherol supplements have little effect on these values.
Chromatographic analysis of mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and tristearin containing mineral oil
Authors: Ravin Louis J. , Meyer Robert J. , Higuchi Takeru 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA procedure for the quantitative separation and determination of mono‐, di‐, and tristearin by elution chromatography is presented. The individual components are found to be absorbed on silica gel in the following order: mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides. By using a solvent system of suitable polarity, it is possible completely to separate individual components of a mixture from one another. Satisfactory separation of the stearin mixture is obtained by using 100% isopropyl ether, followed by a solution of 70% ethyl ether in isooctane. This latter solvent system is then followed by a solution of 20% ethanol in isopropyl ether. This chromatographic method compares favorably with the chemical method of analysis of glyceride mixtures.
The destruction of gossypol in cottonseed oil soapstock by a heat treatment
Authors: Pominski Joseph , Pack Frank C. 
Published: June 2007

Summary and ConclusionsSuccessful operation of the apparatus, as described in this paper, was conducted at rates of feed that ranged from 1.89 to 5.51 Ibs. per hour. The data show that cottonseed oil soapstock can be heat‐treated continuously on a pilot‐plant scale so that both the free and total gossypol content, as measured by thep‐anisidine method (2,3), are reduced to values as low as 0.003%. In the work reported, the heat transfer medium was oil, heated electrically. Commercially a direct, gas‐fired, heat exchanger would be more practical. These experiments indicate that additional work on a larger or plant scale is justified, provided, of course, that the marketing economics involved are favorable.
Analysis of corn oil for total tocopherols
Authors: Hivon Katharine J. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA method has been developed to overcome difficulties in the analysis of corn oil for tocopherol. The poor recovery of tocopherol added to corn oil prior to the Parker‐McFarlane treatment does not occur with the present method, and the absorbance drift which occurs when crude corn oil reacts with iron and dipyridyl is largely eliminated.The intefering substance responsible for the drift did not distill appreciably in a molecular still at 170°C., and attempts to remove it from the oil by selective adsorption or solvent extraction were unsuccessful. It was extractable with dilute potassium hydroxide from a hexane solution of the oil and could be transferred from the alkaline extract to benzene. If the alkaline extract were acidified and then shaken with benzene, a much larger amount of the substance could be transferred. Extracts containing the substance showed strong absorption at wave‐lengths between 290 and 315 millimicrons.Alkali treatment of the oil and subsequent adsorption on diatomacous earth reduced the content of interfering constituents to permit analyses for total tocopherol by the Emmerie‐Engel method. By using this method, it was found that the oil from different corn inbreds and crosses varied over a six‐fold range in tocopherol content.
The chemistry of lauric acid‐diethanolamine condensation products
Authors: Kroll Harry , Nadeau Herbert 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe reaction of lauric acid with diethanolamine in the presence of excess alkylolamine results initially in the formation of N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)lauramide. This compound is responsible for the surface‐active properties of the alkanolamides. Under the conditions of the reaction the amide undergoes a thermal rearrangement to the lauroyl ester of diethanolamine, which in turn is converted to the dilauroyl amido ester of diethanolamine. The excess diethanolamine converts both amino ester and amido ester to N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)lauramide.
Urethane foams from animal fats: VII. Reaction of epoxidized tallow with trimethylolpropane and TMP‐HBr
Authors: Bilyk A. , Monroe H. A. , Saggese E. J. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolyols of higher hydroxyl content than previously obtained from tallow were prepared for use in urethane foams. Epoxidized tallow was caused to react with trimethylolpropane with catalysis by p‐toluenesulfonic acid (2%). Reaction at 120 C in toluene gave best results. Alcoholysis occurred both at oxirane and at glyceride linkages, the latter reaction conferring hydroxyl functionality even on nonepoxidized glyceride units. Hydroxyl content of polyol products increased with the functional ratio of the reaction mixture, that is, the molar ratio of OH available from trimethylolpropane to oxirane plus ester from tallow. To provide fire retardant polyols, epoxidized tallow was caused to react with trimethylolpropane and gaseous HBr, best at 80 C in benzene. Examined by thin layer chromatography, the polyols showed polarities in the range of mono‐and diglycerides.
Urethane foams from animal fats: VIII. Properties of foams from epoxidized tallow trimethylolpropane polyols
Authors: Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga M. , Bilyk A. , Riser G. R. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolyols made by reacting trimethylolpropane with epoxidized tallow were converted to urethane foams by reaction with a polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate in the presence of fluorotrichloromethane. Adjusted with triisopropanolamine or an oxypropylated triamine to hydroxyl equivalent of either 100 or 120, the polyols yielded rigid foams of density 1.5–2.0 lb/ft3, open cell content 15–19%, and compressive strength 34–49 psi. These values were superior to those of similar foams from hydrated epoxidized tallow. Polyols made from epoxidized tallow‐trimethylolpropane‐HBr and adjusted to equivalent wt of 100 and 120 by triisopropanolamine gave foams whose small‐scale flammability test samples burned less than 20% of their length. At hydroxyl equivalent 100, foams had density 1.6–1.8, open cell content 20–21%, and compressive strength 34–39 psi; in flammability tests burned <20% of length. The present foams were stronger than those made earlier from solvent‐purified hydroxybrominated tallow. Formulation with half the normal amount of freon gave foams of higher compressive strength but lower flame resistance.