bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Gas Permeability Through Clay Soils
Authors: Izadi MT , Stephenson RW 
Published: March 2009

The engineering profession currently has a standard for measuring the coefficient of water permeability of saturated fine grained soils. However, there has not been any attempt to standardized the procedure of measuring the coefficient of gas permeability of unsaturated fine grained soils. Low permeability fine grained soils are often used in landfills as barriers to retard the movement of hazardous gases.
Petroleum engineers were primarily responsible for development of gas flow theories and measurements. Hence, the available test methods and equipment were developed to suit their demands. On the other hand, the increasing involvement of geotechnical and environmental engineers in design and construction of waste landfills necessitate the development of new techniques suitable to their need.
This investigation developed new apparatus and simple and reliable testing procedures for measuring gas permeability of unsaturated fine grained soils. A series of tests were performed on compacted clay samples to verify the technique.
Assessing the Usability of Historical Water-Quality Data for Current and Future Applications
Authors: Spreizer GM , Calabrese TJ , Weidner RS 
Published: March 2009

Large amounts of laboratory data have been generated as part of environmental investigations, and particularly ground-water investigations conducted during the 1970s and 1980s. These data present a historical water-quality record at a facility by representing, in many cases, the baseline ground-water quality, and changes in water quality due to degradational processes and remedial activities.
Ground-water chemistry data collected during the 1970s and 1980s were often generated using laboratory quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures considered inadequate by today's standards. In addition, the documentation required to support the quality of the laboratory data may be unavailable. The absence of the supporting QA/QC documentation or the use of different QA/QC procedures than those used today should not be the basis for removal of the data from the facility's ground-water quality database. In a large number of cases, the historical data are “good data.” Historical water-quality data are useful and should be available for use in the design of ground-water monitoring programs, for the selection and design of remedial measures, and to monitor the effectiveness of past and anticipated future remedial activities.
This paper presents a series of techniques that, when used together, can demonstrate the usability of a historical water-quality database where laboratory QA/QC data are unavailable. This paper makes an important assumption that there is a difference between data usability and data validation. The assessment of the usability of a database is performed as a two-part exercise. The first step is to conduct a qualitative pattern recognition procedure and the second is to use more stringent statistical procedures to identify if the data are presenting a consistent description of the ground-water system. This data-usability technique has been successfully applied at a site in California. The results of this case study are also present in this paper.
Pesticide Protection Through Layered Clothing Systems
Authors: Crossmore DG , Obendorf SK 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether layering fabrics which are readily available to agricultural workers would reduce penetration of methyl parathion. The fabrics used were cotton denim, cotton printcloth, cotton jersey knit, and polypropylene knit. The two chemically-different knit fabrics (cotton or polypropylene) were used to determine the effect of the second layer's chemical composition on penetration.
Penetration studies were conducted using radiolabeled pesticide. Single layers of heavyweight denim acted as a trap allowing little pesticide to pass through, while the thinner shirtweight fabric was easily penetrated. In two-layer systems that used shirtweight printcloth for the outer layer, penetration was reduced by the presence of the second fabric layer, while air permeability remained unchanged.
Cotton and polypropylene knit fabrics were used as underlayers with the cotton printcloth and were examined for differences in retention and penetration. When a hydrophilic, cotton knit underlayer was used, 55.1% of the applied methyl parathion remained in the underlayer, and just under 44% was in the printcloth. On the other hand, when a hydrophobic, polypropylene knit was used under the printcloth, 7.3% of the applied methyl parathion was retained on the polypropylene fabric, and 92.5% remained in the top layer. The collection pads underneath, designed to measure total penetration through the fabric system, contained equal amounts of pesticide. Since the polypropylene underlayer contained only one-seventh as much methyl parathion as the cotton underlayer, we assume that the polypropylene underlayer had less pesticide available for dermal absorption.
A Field Study of the Clothing Used at Cold Work Places
Authors: Olesen BW 
Published: March 2009

At cold places of work like meat packing industries and cold stores, the clothing is an important factor for obtaining an acceptable thermal environment for man. A field study has been performed to investigate what type of clothing people normally are using in cold environments. The study was focused on the meat packing industries and workplaces with a temperature level of 5–10°C. Approximately 300 people participated.
The results showed that there were large individual difference in the thermal insulation of the clothing used, even if activity level and thermal environment were almost the same. The level of insulation varied between 0.6 and 2.2 clo. As an average the clothing selected provided the people with a thermal sensation around neutral. More than one third of the people did not find their clothing acceptable, both due to feeling cold and sweating. The study clearly indicated that it is difficult for people to select the right clothing and that protective work clothing has to be individually adjustable.
The Introduction of Fire Resistant Workwear Programs in Alberta
Authors: Smith GR , Clark P 
Published: March 2009

In conducting a review of its own protective workwear policy Alberta Occupational Health and Safety recognized that most common workwear fabrics posed a significant threat to those workers who may be exposed to flash fires and explosions. It was found that the severity and extent of burn injuries depended principally on the ignition of workwear during the flash fire. When clothing ignited, life threatening third degree burns were the result.
With the recognition that normal workwear could pose a hazard to workers at worksites which handled flammable liquids and gases, Alberta Occupational Health and Safety, in cooperation with burn survivors, embarked on an education and awareness program aimed at changing the normal workwear worn in hazardous areas. Since the implementation of the program, the norm has changed from the preprogram wearing of flammable workwear to the present when fire resistant workwear has become the norm.
Energy as Performance Criterion for Chain Saw Protective Clothing
Authors: Arteau J , Turcot D 
Published: March 2009

In North America, the performance of chain saw protective leggings and footwear is actually evaluated by measuring the threshold stopping speed (TSS) of a gas-powered chain saw. The TSS is an index value that permits a rating of the performance of the protective clothing. The TSS is the greatest chain or motor speed at which no cut-through occurs, measured before the cutting action of the chain takes place. The speed could be related to the power of the motor but the speed is changing rapidly as is the power. Thus, it is difficult to calculate the energy dissipated by the protective clothing.
In order to improve the testing method and to calculate the energy supplied by the motor, a test rig has been perfected. It consists of an electric chain saw (1,4 kW), a support for protective footwear and an electronic data acquisition system. The following data are collected: voltage, current, speed of the motor and cut-through time if any cut-through. All tests are monitored on a high speed video camera.
Seven types of protective footwear and three types of protective pads have been tested. The energy supplied by the motor ranges from 6 joules to 870 joules. The measurement of energy allows a better classification because the relative range of the values (6 to 800 joules) is larger than the one of TSS (10,7 to 13,5 m/s). The energy having a defined zero, integrating TSS and cut-through time criteria and being continuously measurable seems to be a better performance criterion.
The Durability of Flame Resistant Fabrics in an Industrial Laundry Environment
Authors: Loftin DH 
Published: March 2009

Flame resistant (FR) protective apparel must provide protection, comfort, and cost-effectiveness through the anticipated wear life of such garments. Flame retardant treated cotton apparel is known to be comfortable, moderate in cost, satisfactory in wear life, and durable to laundering. Yet, extensive literature on wash durability has not overcome concerns of industrial launderers about performance of the finish under exposure to heavy soiling and at the severe wash conditions of temperature and alkalinity used in their processing. Questions of FR cotton garment life and finish durability compared to inherently flame resistant synthetics, such as Nomex III® have restricted to some degree overall use of FR apparel by industrial launderers.
A new treatment for 100% cotton fabrics based on PROBAN® flame retardant was recently introduced as INDURA® fabric. This finishing technique significantly extends FR durability under industrial laundering conditions.
This study examined INDURA PROBAN cotton and comparable Nomex III fabrics under conditions of heavy soil processing found in industrial laundries. Levels of fabric tensile and tear strength and flex abrasion resistance were tested after extended controlled launderings representing the expected service life of garments. Additionally, vertical flame and thermal protective performance (TPP) tests were conducted to measure flame and thermal resistance.
The Efficiency of Cold Water Machine Washing in Removing Glyphosate from Work Garments
Authors: Samuel O , Guillot J-G 
Published: March 2009

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of washing with cold water to eliminate glyphosate residues absorbed on work garments.
The experiments were performed on work trousers and overalls using both technical glyphosate and the commercial formulation VISION™. During these experiments, the glyphosate concentrations were determined in the wash and rinse water and also on the contaminated pieces of fabric. For the last two experiments, glyphosate concentrations were measured in the soak water. All washes were carried out using cold water in a domestic washing machine. The results indicate that glyphosate was quickly removed from the clothing, and generally, was not detected in the rinse water. Subsequent measurements of residual glyphosate on garments show that the effectiveness of washing in cold water is generally greater than 95%. As appears from this study, cold water washing or a prolonged soaking efficiently removes glyphosate from work garments.
Selection and Development of Chemical-Resistant, Flame-Resistant Protective Gloves for U.S. Navy Shipboard Use
Authors: Stull JO , White DF , Heath CA 
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy currently uses several kinds of chemical protective gloves for protecting personnel in the shipboard environment. Navy shipboard work environments present potential exposure to various acids, bases, organic solvents, can a variety of specialty chemicals, fuels and lubricants. Navy personnel must routinely handle these substances in the course of their duties, and hand protection must be provided. To meet this need, the Navy maintains a large inventory of different gloves rated for specific chemical handling applications. The U. S. Navy Clothing and Textiles Research Facility has sponsored a research study with the goal to develop a single glove which is resistant to flame exposure as well as the priority chemical substances found in the shipboard environment. Certain minimum physical property requirements have also been defined. The experimental work to support this effort has been carried out by TRI/Environmental, Inc., Austin, Texas.
This paper describes interim results of this study, which has been divided into four major phases: (1) surveying existing glove materials likely to meet Navy criteria; (2) identifying new glove candidate materials, (3) evaluating candidate materials; and (4) fabricating prototype gloves. No one glove or glove material was identified which could provide the broad chemical resistance required by the Navy, while also having adequate physical properties. Furthermore, nearly all commercial gloves tested lacked sufficient flame resistance. The project team pursued an approach which combined flame resistant elastomer gloves with film-based glove products, utilizing the film-based glove as an inner liner. The combination was shown to have the potential to overcome both the traditional lack of ruggedness for film gloves and the lack of broad chemical resistance offered by elastomer gloves. Initial prototype efforts have focused on methods to “marry” the two gloves into a single unit, providing a higher level of protection with improved tactility and dexterity for the wearer.
Interaction Assessment III: Predicting Population-level Impacts of Toxicants and Pesticides
Authors: Emlen JM 
Published: March 2009

Wildlife toxicology has made outstanding progress in predicting the impacts of xenobiotic chemicals on mortality, physiological health and, to a lesser degree, fecundity for both animals and plants. It has been less successful, so far, in addressing the impacts of these chemicals on the viability of populations. From the perspective of an ecologist, or an environmentalist concerned with preserving species diversity, the endpoint of concern is clearly population viability. This article suggests a means (Interaction Assessment Analysis, or INTASS) by which lexicological data can be incorporated into an ecological context. The goal is to provide a method whereby effects of xenobiotics can be assessed at the population level and, given input on individual population consequences, to address community-wide ramifications. The INTASS approach involves, 1. Collecting field data on species of concern along with information on microhabitat variables of consequence to that (those) species and microhabitat-scale measures of toxicant concentrations. 2. Fitting the data, based upon an assertion of adaptive dispersion, to a specified model.
The results provide explicit quantitative expressions for the per capita population growth rates of species of interest written as functions of physical and biotic variables as well as toxicant concentrations. Manipulations of these expressions provide the wherewithal to predict consequences of cleanup or other alterations in toxicant levels, or the results of other environmental alterations on the long-term population central tendencies of whole communities.
A Laboratory Evaluation of the Use of Stress Proteins in Fish to Detect Changes in Water Quality
Authors: Dyer SD , Dickson KL , Zimmerman EG 
Published: March 2009

The stress-protein response is a conserved and ubiquitous protective mechanism that enables cells to tolerate a wide variety of environmental insults. This response involves the decreased translation of “normal” genes and the increased translation of stress protein genes, resulting in the preferential synthesis of suites of proteins of different molecular weights. These proteins perform a variety of functions such as protein folding and renaturation, multimeric protein assembly, steroid receptor binding, and heme catabolism.
To evaluate the potential use of this protective response as a biomonitoring tool, we used a stepwise plan that proceeded through various in vivo laboratory chemical exposures. Brain, gill, and striated muscle tissues of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to arsenite, chromate, lindane, and diazinon were found to elicit the stress protein response (SPR) at environmentally realistic concentrations. Data accumulated from all experiments suggest that the SPR has potential as an indicator of both general stress and chemical specific exposure. Briefly, a 70-kD protein (sp70) was found to be induced by all four chemicals, whereas 20- and 30-kD proteins were indicative of metal exposure. Moreover, increased stress responses occurred in target tissues in relation to chemical mode of action. The potential utility of the SPR as a tool for assessing water quality is discussed.
An Aquatic Toxicity Test Using the Moss Physcomitrella Patens (Hedw) B.S.G.
Authors: Morgan EL , Wu Y-CA , Swigert JP 
Published: March 2009

A test method was developed for aquatic toxicity using an autotroph, the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G. Regenerating moss clonal colonies were treated with various toxicants and incubated in liquid minimal medium in a growth chamber. Colonies were subjected to a test matrix of six different salt solutions (for example, aluminum sulfate, barium chloride, boric acid, cadmium chloride, cobalt chloride, and lead nitrate), an acidic leachate, and a coal combustion-limestone scrubber fly-ash leachate. After five weeks' exposure to various treatment concentrations of each substance, colony biomass (wet-dry weight) and chlorophyll (a, b, total) contents were used as criteria to judge concentration-effect relationships.
No regenerates were observed at the higher treatment levels of most toxicants. Generally, increased treatment concentrations reduced moss dry weight and chlorophyll contents (P ⩻0.05). Morphological changes were less distinct than those of cultures treated in previous studies on solid medium. Cadmium chloride, boric acid, and lead nitrate had a pronounced detrimental effect on moss dry weight and chlorophyll; fly ash and Anakeesta leachates and cobalt chloride were the least toxic at the concentrations tested according to the criteria observed. In summary, liquid-medium cultures have specific application to aquatic phytotox-icity testing because: (1) dry weight and chlorophyll-content measurements provide quantifiable response criteria for judging toxic effects; (2) colonies may be transferred to solid phase media at any time in the test period to promote vegetative stages of gametophores; (3) test systems are responsive to toxicants at small exposure volumes; (4) populations are clonal, being homogenous genetically and can be tested under transboundary states on liquid and/or solid medium; and (5) they can provide useful information on an important component of ecological communities at costs similar to those for other short-term tests.
Quality Control in Aquatic Toxicity Testing Programs: Evaluation of Copper and Hexavalent Chromium As Reference Toxicants
Authors: Jop KM , Askew AM , Texeira DJ , MacGregor J 
Published: March 2009

Increased awareness of the value of effluent toxicity test data has stimulated regulatory agencies to develop and implement quality assurance (QA) programs for laboratories performing effluent toxicity tests. As part of a QA program, a standard reference toxicant program should be conducted to verify the health and acceptability of a particular population of test organisms. The recently issued EPA manual for the evaluation of laboratories performing aquatic testing, a pilot study in 1990 to evaluate performance of aquatic toxicology laboratories in New Jersey and North Carolina, and the first study (DMR-QA Study 11) involving laboratories from all states providing data for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program represent examples of proposed practices that specify quality-control parameters to ensure the acceptability of biological data used in the permitting process.
Two reference toxicants, hexavalent chromium and copper, were tested extensively over a two year period in our laboratory. The mean 48-h LC50 for D. pulex was 188 μg Cr+6/L and 3 μg Cu/L, while the mean 96-hour LC50 for fathead minnows was 83 mg Cr+6/L and 180 μg Cu/L. The coefficient of variation (CV) of LCW values for daphnids were similar for both compounds. However, the CV for fathead minnows test results with copper was approximately three times greater than that for hexavalent chromium.
Comparable to multipoint calibration curves used to define the accuracy of a chemical method, results of toxicity tests conducted on a regular basis using reference toxicants can be used as criteria for accuracy and precision of biological effects studies. Because performance standards for testing laboratories are based on the results from reference tests, this study also provided an opportunity to evaluate current EPA criteria for acceptance. For this evaluation the results of 88 toxicity tests were selected (44 tests with chromium and 44 tests with copper using D. pulex). In our opinion, the results of this study indicated that both biological performance and the results from reference tests are equally important for the evaluation of the health of test organisms.
Elements of Automated Mechanical Testing
Authors: Ruth EA 
Published: March 2009

For over 100 years, the words “automatic” and “automated” have been used to describe equipment that tests the mechanical properties of materials. This paper attempts to categorize the various levels of automation used in the past, present, and future. It focuses on the building blocks of automation in use, how to decide what level of automation is correct for an application, and how and what is necessary to integrate the entire system into your process.
This work is based on personal experience with several systems installed in different laboratories. The case cited is the automation of tensile tests in a production test laboratory of an aluminum manufacturer; however, much of the information can be universally applied to other types of tests.
This paper is intended as a primer for those interested or involved in increasing the level of automation in their laboratory.
Keynote Speech: A Brief Overview of Plant Toxicity Testing
Authors: Fletcher J 
Published: March 2009

In 1962 Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring challenged the world to reevaluate the use and disposal of manmade chemicals. The initial reaction to this classic book was outrage by industry, bewilderment from government, and deep concern on the part of the general public. In the intervening years, attitudes of outrage and bewilderment have disappeared and a growing concern for protecting the environment has emerged among all factions of our society. Accompanying this concern has been an ever increasing trend towards cooperation and responsible action by involved parties. Fundamental to this trend is an awareness of potential hazard posed by manmade chemicals to the environment and agreement on measures which must be taken to avert deterioration of the environment.
Laboratory testing of new chemicals on selected biota has become the primary means for evaluating the potential threat of chemicals to the environment. Although the amount of plant testing has been minimal in the past, it is almost certain that more plant testing will be conducted in the future in an effort to curtail and avoid the decline of plant life in threatened habitats. Thus, it is very timely to examine plant tests in current use in an effort to ascertain if they are economically and scientifically sound and whether or not the laboratory data from these tests are being interpreted accurately for the purpose of environmental protection.