bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Effects of Poultry Litter, Alum‐Treated Litter, and Ammonium Nitrate on Aluminum Availability in Soils
Authors: Moore P. A. , Edwards D. R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTResearch has shown that alum [Al2(SO4)3·14H2O] applications to poultry litter can greatly reduce phosphorus (P) runoff, as well as decrease ammonia (NH3) volatilization. However, the long‐term effects of fertilizing with alum‐treated litter are unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of normal poultry litter, alum‐treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on aluminum (Al) availability in soils, Al uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and tall fescue yields. A long‐term study was initiated in April of 1995. There were 13 treatments (unfertilized control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum‐treated litter, and four rates of NH4NO3) in a randomized block design. All fertilizers were broadcast applied to 52 small plots (3.05 × 1.52 m) cropped to tall fescue annually in the spring. Litter application rates were 2.24, 4.49, 6.73, and 8.98 Mg ha−1 (1, 2, 3, and 4 tons acre−1); NH4NO3 rates were 65, 130, 195, and 260 kg N ha−1 and were based on the amount of N applied with alum‐treated litter. Soil pH, exchangeable Al (extracted with potassium chloride), Al uptake by fescue, and fescue yields were monitored periodically over time. Ammonium nitrate applications resulted in reductions in soil pH beginning in Year 3, causing exchangeable Al values to increase from less than 1 mg Al kg−1 soil in Year 2 to over 100 mg Al kg−1 soil in Year 7 for many of the NH4NO3 plots. In contrast, normal and alum‐treated litter resulted in an increase in soil pH, which decreased exchangeable Al when compared to unfertilized controls. Severe yield reductions were observed with NH4NO3 beginning in Year 6, which were due to high levels of acidity and exchangeable Al. Aluminum uptake by forage and Al runoff from the plots were not affected by treatment. Fescue yields were highest with alum‐treated litter (annual average = 7.36 Mg ha−1), followed by normal litter (6.93 Mg ha−1), NH4NO3 (6.16 Mg ha−1), and the control (2.89 Mg ha−1). These data indicate that poultry litter, particularly alum‐treated litter, may be a more sustainable fertilizer than NH4NO3
Predicting Soil Fumigant Air Concentrations under Regional and Diverse Agronomic Conditions
Authors: Cryer Steven A. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTSOFEA (SOil Fumigant Exposure Assessment system; Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) is a new stochastic numerical modeling tool for evaluating and managing human inhalation exposure potential associated with the use of soil fumigants. SOFEA calculates fumigant concentrations in air arising from volatility losses from treated fields for large agricultural regions using multiple transient source terms (treated fields), geographical information systems (GIS) information, agronomic specific variables, user‐specified buffer zones, and field reentry intervals. A modified version of the USEPA Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST3) is used for air dispersion calculations. Weather information, field size, application date, application rate, application type, soil incorporation depth, pesticide degradation rates in air, tarp presence, field retreatment, and other sensitive parameters are varied stochastically using Monte Carlo techniques to mimic region and crop specific agronomic practices. Regional land cover, elevation, and population information can be used to refine source placement (treated fields), dispersion calculations, and risk assessments. This paper describes the technical algorithms of SOFEA and offers comparisons of simulation predictions for the soil fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) to actual regional air monitoring measurements from Kern, California. Comparison of simulation results to daily air monitoring observations is remarkable over the entire concentration distribution (average percent deviation of 44% and model efficiency of 0.98), especially considering numerous inputs such as meteorological conditions for SOFEA were unavailable and approximated by neighboring regions. Both current and anticipated and/or forecasted fumigant scenarios can be simulated using SOFEA to provide risk managers and product stewards the necessary information to make sound regulatory decisions regarding the use of soil fumigants in agriculture.
Volunteer Revegetation of Waste Rock Surfaces at the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
Authors: Borden Richard K. , Black Rick 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTVoluntary recolonization of sulfide‐bearing waste rock dumps by native vegetation is inhibited by the harsh chemical and physical conditions. The success of volunteer vegetation on the waste rock surfaces at the Bingham Canyon (Utah) porphyry copper deposit is most strongly dependent on the soil pH and salinity, and to a lesser extent on physical characteristics such as compaction and distance from seed source. Vegetation cover and richness both decline below a paste pH of about 6 and above a paste conductivity of about 0.7 dS/m (for a 1:1 soil to water mixture). No significant vegetation establishment occurs below a soil pH of about 4.5. Young sulfide‐bearing waste rock surfaces at Bingham Canyon have high salinity, but as reactive pyrite is depleted and salts are flushed from the soil, the salinity eventually declines, allowing volunteer native vegetation to become established on surfaces with a circumneutral pH. Under natural conditions, the pH of older acidic weathered surfaces will recover very slowly, but it can be rapidly raised by adding relatively small amounts of limestone because there are few intact reactive sulfides. For uncompacted waste rock surfaces with favorable chemical conditions, less than 90% gravel content, and that are located near a native seed source, the arithmetic mean volunteer vegetation cover was 56 ± 24% and the mean species richness was 17 ± 5. These data indicate that with adequate surface preparation and limestone addition, direct planting of older, acidic, but low salinity waste rock surfaces can greatly accelerate natural revegetation.
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation of CL‐20 and RDX in Soils
Authors: Crocker Fiona H. , Thompson Karen T. , Szecsody James E. , Fredrickson Herbert L. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe caged cyclic nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) is a new explosive that has the potential to replace existing military explosives, but little is known about its environmental toxicity, transport, and fate. We quantified and compared the aerobic environmental fate of CL‐20 to the widely used cyclic nitramine explosive hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) in surface and subsurface soil microcosms. Soil‐free controls and biologically attenuated soil controls were used to separate abiotic processes from biologically mediated processes. Both abiotic and biological processes significantly degraded CL‐20 in all soils examined. Apparent abiotic, first‐order degradation rates (k) for CL‐20 were not significantly different between soil‐free controls (0.018 < k < 0.030 d−1) and biologically attenuated soil controls (0.003 < k < 0.277 d−1). The addition of glucose to biologically active soil microcosms significantly increased CL‐20 degradation rates (0.068 < k < 1.22 d−1). Extents of mineralization of 14C–CL‐20 to 14CO2 in biologically active soil microcosms were 41.1 to 55.7%, indicating that the CL‐20 cage was broken, since all carbons are part of the heterocyclic cage. Under aerobic conditions, abiotic degradation rates of RDX were generally slower (0 < k < 0.032 d−1) than abiotic CL‐20 degradation rates. In biologically active soil microcosms amended with glucose aerobic RDX degradation rates varied between 0.010 and 0.474 d−1 Biodegradation was a key factor in determining the environmental fate of RDX, while a combination of biotic and abiotic processes was important with CL‐20. Our data suggest that CL‐20 should be less recalcitrant than RDX in aerobic soils.
Chemical and Physical Changes Following Co‐Composting of Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure with Phosphogypsum
Authors: Zvomuya Francis , Larney Francis J. , Nichol Connie K. , Olson Andrew F. , Miller Jim J. , DeMaere Paul R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTNitrogen (N) loss during beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure composting may contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and increase ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere while decreasing the fertilizer value of the final compost. Phosphogypsum (PG) is an acidic by‐product of phosphorus (P) fertilizer manufacture and large stockpiles currently exist in Alberta. This experiment examined co‐composting of PG (at rates of 0, 40, 70, and 140 kg PG Mg−1 manure plus PG dry weight) with manure from feedlot pens bedded with straw or wood chips. During the 99‐d composting period, PG addition reduced total nitrogen (TN) loss by 0.11% for each 1 kg Mg−1 increment in PG rate. Available N at the end of composting was significantly higher for wood chip–bedded (2180 mg kg−1) than straw‐bedded manure treatments (1820 mg kg−1). Total sulfur (TS) concentration in the final compost increased by 0.19 g kg−1 for each 1 kg Mg−1 increment in PG rate from 5.2 g TS kg−1 without PG addition. Phosphogypsum (1.6 g kg−1 P) addition had no significant effect on total phosphorus (TP) concentration of the final composts. Results from this study demonstrate the potential of PG addition to reduce overall N losses during composting. The accompanying increase in TS content has implications for use of the end‐product on sulfur‐deficient soils. Co‐composting feedlot manure with PG may provide an inexpensive and technologically straightforward solution for managing and improving the nutrient composition of composted cattle manure.
Transport and Fate of Nitrate and Pesticides
Authors: Puckett Larry J. , Hughes W. Brian 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThere is continuing concern over potential impacts of widespread application of nutrients and pesticides on ground‐ and surface‐water quality. Transport and fate of nitrate and pesticides were investigated in a shallow aquifer and adjacent stream, Cow Castle Creek, in Orangeburg County, South Carolina. Pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations were detected in ground water with greatest frequency and largest concentrations directly beneath and downgradient from the corn (Zea mays L.) field where they were applied. In almost all samples in which they were detected, concentrations of pesticide degradates greatly exceeded those of parent compounds, and were still present in ground waters that were recharged during the previous 18 yr. The absence of both parent and degradate compounds in samples collected from deeper in the aquifer suggests that this persistence is limited or that the ground water had recharged before use of the pesticide. Concentrations of NO−3 in ground water decreased with increasing depth and age, but denitrification was not a dominant controlling factor. Hydrologic and chemical data indicated that ground water discharges to the creek and chemical exchange takes place within the upper 0.7 m of the streambed. Ground water had its greatest influence on surface‐water chemistry during low‐flow periods, causing a decrease in concentrations of Cl−, NO−3, pesticides, and pesticide degradates. Conversely, shallow subsurface drainage dominates stream chemistry during high‐flow periods, increasing stream concentrations of Cl−, NO−3, pesticides, and pesticide degradates. These results point out the importance of understanding the hydrogeologic setting when investigating transport and fate of contaminants in ground water and surface water.
Cost‐Effective Management of bEnign Positional Vertigo Using Canalith Repositioning
Authors: Li John C. , Li Celeste J. , Epley John , Weinberg Lynn 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEThe misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of benign positional vertigo have resulted in significant costs to the medical system. In the current medical‐economic climate, there is an increased emphasis on cost control. Recent studies have shown that the canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) is effective; the next step is to show the impact of CRP in cost‐effective management of benign positional vertigo.METHODSForty‐six of 100 patients who underwent CRP for benign positional vertigo responded to a survey regarding the financial impact of their disease. They were asked to subjectively estimate the sum of all disease‐related expenses. Objective substantiation of this number was estimated by tabulating physician data, laboratory data, and failed treatment costs.RESULTSThe subjective figure totaled $2684.74 per individual. Summation of the tangible objective figures yielded $2009.63 per patient, corroborating the subjective figure.CONCLUSIONSBecause CRP is a relatively simple procedure that can obviate many wasted expenses in most patients, we believe that it is very cost‐effective and should be incorporated into routine practice.
Endolymphatic Mastoid Shunt: A Reevaluation of Efficacy
Authors: Welling D. Bradley , Nagaraja H. N. 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVESThe main goal of this paper was to statistically reevaluate the efficacy of the endolymphatic shunt procedure for Meniere's disease.METHODSThomsen et al (Arch Otolaryngol 1981; 107:271‐7) reported on the placebo effect in surgery for Meniere's disease in a controlled doubleblind study. Thirty patients with typical Meniere's disease in whom medical treatment failed participated in the study. A placebo‐controlled blinded surgical study has not since been replicated. We performed a retrospective statistical analysis using data extracted from the published report and reanalyzed it using both the original and new statistical measures and techniques.RESULTSThe original conclusions drawn by Thomsen et al differed considerably from ours in 5 key areas, including postoperative vertigo, nausea and vomiting, tinnitus, and combined score.CONCLUSIONSThis analysis strongly supports the effectiveness of the endolymphatic shunt in the management of Meniere's disease and refutes the placebo effect previously proposed.
Conductive Hearing Loss Associated with Pressure Equalization Tubes
Authors: Estrem Scott A. , Batra Pete S. 
Published: November 2005

Pressure equalization (PE) tube placement traditionally has been used to lessen conductive hearing loss with chronic middle ear effusion. It is assumed that the small diameter of the tube should not interfere with the conduction of sound. In this article we present 5 patients in whom placement of a PE tube resulted in significantly worse conductive hearing. Occlusion of the PE tube with cigarette paper or Gelfoam improved hearing, as documented with audiometry. The average conductive hearing losses attributable to the ventilation tube for this series of patients were 22, 17, 15, 13, 4, and 10 dB at the frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, respectively. This amount of change attributable to PE tubes in this small selection of patients is much greater than would be commonly appreciated. We conclude that the opening in the tympanic membrane provided by PE tubes can potentially result in a significant conductive hearing loss. Discussion includes those conditions in which reduced hearing may be more likely to occur.
Tall Cell Variant: An Aggressive Form of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Prendiville Stephen , Burman Kenneth D. , Ringel Matthew D. , Shmookler Barry M. , Deeb Ziad E. , Wolfe Katherine , Azumi Norio , Wartofsky Leonard , Sessions Roy B. 
Published: November 2005

Twenty‐four cases of the tall cell variant (TCV), a subset of papillary thyroid carcinoma, were identified in a group of 624 patients with thyroid cancer. All pathology specimens were reviewed, and each patient's carcinoma was categorized according to characteristics on presentation, local recurrence, distant metastases, follow‐up, and tumor‐related mortality. The TCV group was compared with a historical control group (Mazzaferri and Jhiang: 1355 patients). The TCV group had a statistically higher percentage of stage 3 and 4 carcinoma, extrathyroidal invasion, and tumor size less than 1.5 cm than the control group. There was no statistical relationship between age greater than 50 years and stage in the TCV group. No relationship could be found between TCV histology and recurrence or mortality. These findings, combined with those of studies that link stage on presentation to poor outcomes, have led to our conclusion that TCV is an aggressive malignancy warranting appropriate treatment and close follow‐up.
Comparison of Postoperative Pain between Laser‐Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty, Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction of the Palate
Authors: Troell Robert J. , Powell Nelson B. , Riley Robert W. , Li Kasey K. , Guilleminault Christian 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVESThis study compares the posttreatment discomfort between laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP), uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), and radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction (RFVTR) of the palate through the use of visual analog pain scales and a quantitative assessment of the analgesic medication taken.METHODSIn one group, LAUP (n = 10) or UPPP (n = 9) was used to treat patients' snoring or sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB), and the other group underwent RFVTR (n = 22).RESULTSThe mean numbers of days with pain after RFVTR, LAUP, and UPPP were 2.6, 13.8, and 14.3 days, respectively. Narcotic analgesics were required in the RFVTR, LAUP and UPPP groups in 9%, 100%, and 100% of the subjects, respectively. The mean number of these days requiring narcotic pain medications for RFVTR, LAUP, and UPPP was 0.2, 11.8, and 12.4 days, whereas the total narcotic equivalent was 0.3, 7.4 and 29.6 days, respectively.CONCLUSIONRFVTR of the soft palate produced less posttreatment pain than LAUP or UPPP. LAUP and UPPP appeared to show little difference in the severity or duration of posttreatment discomfort.
Surgery and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Riley Robert W. , Powell Nelson B. , Li Kasey K. , Troell Robert J. , Guilleminault Christian 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEOutcome data on the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea are, in general, based on short‐term follow‐up (<6‐9 months). This examination was undertaken to assess long‐term results.METHODSForty patients who underwent soft tissue and skeletal surgery were the subjects of this review. Methods of evaluation included polysomnographic variables (respiratory disturbance index [RDI], low oxyhemoglobin desaturation [LSATT]), body mass index, quality‐of‐life assessments, roentgenographic analysis, and complications. Statistical analysis used the SAS 6.12 system.RESULTSThirty‐six of 40 patients (90%) showed long‐term clinical success. The mean preoperative RDI, nasal continuous positive airway pressure RDI, and long‐term RDI were 71.2 ± 27.0, 7.6 ± 5.2 and 7.6 ± 5.1, respectively. The mean preoperative LSAT, nasal continuous positive airway pressure LSAT, and long‐term LSAT were 67.5% ± 14.8%, 87.1% ± 3.2%, and 86.3% ± 3.9%, respectively. The mean follow‐up was 50.7 ± 31.9 months. The patients showed a statistically significant long‐term weight gain (P = 0.0002) compared with their 6‐month postoperative level (body mass index 31.4 ± 6.7 vs 32.2 ± 6.3). There was a positive correlation with the amount of skeletal advancement and clinical outcome.CONCLUSIONComprehensive evaluation and surgical treatment can result in successful long‐term clinical outcome.
Xenon‐Enhanced Computed Tomography Quantifies Normal Maxillary Sinus Ventilation
Authors: Leopold Donald , Zinreich S. James , Simon Brett A. , Cullen Michelle M. , Marcucci Catherine 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to determine the applicability, safety, and normal parameters of a xenon‐enhanced CT technique to quantify maxillary sinus ventilation.PATIENTS AND METHODSNine healthy subjects inhaled a xenon‐oxygen‐air mixture through their noses while repeated CT scans were performed through the same section of their sinuses. Images were obtained every 1 to 3 minutes and analyzed to measure the density of the gas in the maxillary sinus as a function of time.RESULTSIndividual nasal cavity time constants ranged from 0.5 to 18 minutes. Studies performed after decongestion showed poorer sinus ventilation.CONCLUSIONSThe xenon‐CT washin/washout technique is safe, effective, and gives representative data.
Effects of iNtracochlear Factors on Spiral Ganglion Cells and Auditory Brain Stem Response after Long‐Term Electrical Stimulation in Deafened Kittens
Authors: Myers Eugene N. , Araki Susumu , Kawano Atsushi , Lee Seldon H. , Shepherd Robert K. , Funasaka Sotaro , Clark Graeme M. 
Published: November 2005

Using an animal model, we have studied the response of the auditory brain stem to cochlear implantation and the effect of intracochlear factors on this response. Neonatally, pharmacologically deafened cats (100 to more than 180 days old) were implanted with a 4‐electrode array in both cochleas. Then, the left cochlea of each cat was electrically stimulated for total periods of up to 1000 hours. After a terminal 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose (2DG) experiment, the fraction of the right inferior colliculus with a significant accumulation of 2DG label was calculated. Using 3‐dimensional computer‐aided reconstruction, we examined the cochleas of these animals for spiral ganglion cell (SGC) survival and intracochlear factors such as electrode positions, degeneration of the organ of Corti, and the degree of fibrosis of the scala tympani. The distribution of each parameter was calculated along the organ of Corti from the basal end. There was a positive correlation between SGC survival and the level of fibrosis in the scala tympani, and a negative correlation between SGC survival and the degree of organ of Corti degeneration. Finally, there was a negative correlation between the 2DG‐labeled inferior colliculus volume fraction and the degree of fibrosis, particularly in the 1‐mm region nearest the pair of electrodes, and presumably in the basal turn.
Laser‐Assisted Outpatient Septoplasty: Results in 703 Patients
Authors: Kamami Yves‐Victor , Pandraud Luc , Bougara A. 
Published: November 2005

Laser‐assisted outpatient septoplasty is a new technique devised to minimize and simplify surgery under local anesthesia. It takes 5 minutes and has a specific clinical application in chronic nasal obstruction because of moderate anterior septal deviation in adults. It is less invasive than traditional septoplasty and has less morbidity, lower medical costs, and faster return to full activity. Seven hundred three patients underwent this operation from August 1995 to June 1998, with a patient evaluation performed before and after surgery. The evaluation was first performed by means of a direct interview, with a clinical examination and acoustic rhinometry, and then by means of a telephone interview, with strictly standardized questioning. Our results show a surgical success rate of 90.8% on the nasal obstruction but also an improvement on nasal discharge, sneezing, recurrent headaches, and chronic rhinosinusitis.