bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Moral Standing of the President as an Interpreter of the Constitution: Some Reflections on Our Current “Crises”
Authors: Arkes Hadley 
Published: April 2006

We know that the abuse of power may cause an erosion of authority, but I would suggest that the current “crisis” over Iran and the Contras confirms a notably different lesson: It is the erosion of authority, or the denial to the president of his rightful, constitutional powers, which has produced a stream of factitious crises. The “scandals” are generated by the prospect of an uncontained president, who is seeking to evade the restraints of the law, in order to deploy the instruments of violence in foreign policy. But the president appears to be bent on a course of lawlessness, he seems persistently to be threatening a “constitutional crisis,” only if one accepts the premise that these statutory restraints on the president are eminently reasonable and constitutional. If they are not, then there is no pattern of lawlessness on the part of the president, no scandal, no crisis.One commentator has recently remarked that the War Powers Act and the Boland amendment have been parts of a design to “criminalize” differences in policy between Congress and the president. A president who took seriously his responsibilities under the Constitution, or a president who sought to exercise the powers that his predecessors have routinely exercised, would be compelled to steer around these restrictions. When he does, he will be charged with putting himself “above the law.” The opposition party, and its allies in the media, will express their outrage and declare the presence of another “scandal.” There will be calls for a special prosecutor, for a select congressional committee to hold extended hearings—in short, the whole script and the stage directions for Watergate, called into play once again. We now have a part of the political class, in government and the media, who have made “deploring” into a vocation: Their main competence has been cultivated in the art of investigating and holding long, debilitating hearings, with the object of bringing down the Administration or rendering the government of the day ineffectual.
Hollywood on Trials: Courts and Films, 1930–1960
Authors: Rosenberg Norman 
Published: April 2006

As long as legal scholarship focused on traditional sources that were considered“distinctively legal,” a great variety of “legal texts” were consigned to scholars in other disciplines. Thus, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841–1932) and his classic workThe Common Law(1881) appeared safely inside the categorical “box” identified as distinctively legal, while Louis Calhern's portrayal of Holmes and the filmThe Magnificent Yankee(MGM, 1950) fell outside.In recent years, however, both the inside/outside distinction and the legal box metaphor have become increasingly suspect. Drawing upon post-structuralist theories, which highlight the discursive and representational dimensions of law, a variety of different projects seek to locate the diverse places at which legal rhetoric and imagery are constituted.
Blind Source Separation
Authors: Bronstein Alexander M. , Bronstein Michael M. , Zibulevsky Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBlind source separation (BSS) refers to a wide class of methods in signal and image processing that extract the underlying sources from a set of mixtures without almost any prior knowledge about the sources or about the mixing process. In biomedical applications, BSS is used for the analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG), magenetoencephalogram (MEG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) images.
[4‐(2H‐1,2,3‐Benzotriazol‐2‐yl)phenoxy]alkanoic Acids as Agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors (PPARs)
Authors: Sparatore Anna , Godio Cristina , Perrino Elena , Romeo Sergio , Staels Bart , Fruchart Jean‐Charles , Crestani Maurizio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of [4‐(2H‐1,2,3‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)phenoxy]alkanoic acids has been synthesized and tested as agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor (PPAR) α, γ, and δ. Three compounds displayed 56 to 96% of maximal activity of the reference drug Wy‐14643 on PPARα, and two of these, i.e., 1 and 5, exhibited also moderate activity on either PPARγ or δ with efficacy equal to 50% and 46% of that of rosiglitazone and GW 501516, respectively. Thus, compounds 1 and 5 represent interesting starting point for preparing novel agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia or of dyslipidemic type‐2 diabetes.
Silicon‐Initiated Carbonylative Carbotricyclization and [2 + 2 + 2 +1] Cycloaddition of Enediynes Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes.
Authors: Bennacer Bibia , Fujiwara Masaki , Lee Seung‐Yub , Ojima Iwao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Knoevenagel Reaction in Water Catalyzed by Amine Supported on Silica Gel.
Authors: Isobe Kohei , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio , Hagiwara Hisahiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Regio‐ and Stereoselective Intermolecular Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Phenolic Substrates with Aryl Epoxides.
Authors: Bertolini Ferruccio , Crotti Paolo , Macchia Franco , Pineschi Mauro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers with Carotenoid Antennas.
Authors: Gould Stephanie L. , Kodis Gerdenis , Liddell Paul A. , Palacios Rodrigo E. , Brune Alicia , Gust Devens , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Transformation of Allylic Alcohols and Vinyl Ethers into 2‐Alkoxytetrahydrofurans: Catechol as an Activator of Catalyst.
Authors: Minami Kimi , Kawamura Yasufumi , Koga Koichi , Hosokawa Takahiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Design and Synthesis of YC‐1 Analogues as Probes for Soluble Guanylate Cyclase.
Authors: Hering Kirk W. , Artz Jennifer D. , Pearson William H. , Marletta Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring Transformation Reactions of 3‐[3/4‐Acetylphenyl] Sydnones; Synthesis of Oxime, Hydrazone and Dibromo Derivatives of 3‐[3/4‐Acetylphenyl] sydnones and 3‐[3/4‐Acetylphenyl]‐5‐methyl‐[1,3,4]oxadiazolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Latthe Prashant R. , Kamble Ravindra R. , Badami Bharati V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Functionalized Coumarins as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
Authors: Shen Qiong , Peng Quan , Shao Jialiang , Liu Xufeng , Huang Zhishu , Pu Xianzhang , Ma Lin , Li Yue‐Ming , Chan Albert S. C. , Gu Lianquan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Directed Lithiations of N‐Boc‐1,2‐dihydropyridines Toward Highly Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydro‐4‐pyridones.
Authors: Young Damian W. , Comins Daniel L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optically Pure N‐Hydroxy‐O‐triisopropylsilyl‐α‐L‐amino Acid Methyl Esters from AlCl3‐Assisted Ring Opening of Chiral Oxaziridines by Nitrogen Containing Nucleophiles.
Authors: Di Gioia Maria Luisa , Leggio Antonella , Le Pera Adolfo , Liguori Angelo , Siciliano Carlo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Oligo‐α(2,8)‐3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐2‐octulosonic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Takahashi Daisuke , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies Directed Toward the Synthesis of the Guanidine Alkaloid, Spiroleucettadine: Some Observations at the Level of Structure.
Authors: Li Chaomin , Danishefsky Samuel J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Termolecular One‐Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical Azines of 4‐Acetyl‐3‐arylsydnones. Hydrazone and Azine Derivatives of 4‐Acetyl‐3‐arylsydnones, Their Spectral Characterization and Biological Properties.
Authors: Shinge Prashant S. , Mallur Shanta G. , Badami Bharati V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Activity of Four (N,N‐Dimethylamino)benzamide Non‐steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Based on Thiazole and Thiazoline.
Authors: Lynch Daniel E. , Hayer Ravinder , Beddows Samantha , Howdle Joy , Thake C. Douglas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expanding Structural Diversity of Terpene Trilactones from Ginkgo biloba Extract: Studies Towards Core‐Modified Ginkgolides
Authors: Dzyuba Sergei V. , Bolshakov Sergei , Li Jean , Nakanishi Koji 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequence Similarity and Functional Relationship Among Eukaryotic ZIP and CDF Transporters
Authors: Kambe Taiho , Suzuki Tomoyuki , Nagao Masaya , Yamaguchi-Iwai Yuko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
ZIP (ZRT/IRT-like Protein) and CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) are two large metal transporter families mainly transporting zinc into and out of the cytosol. Several ZIP and CDF transporters have been characterized in mammals and various model organisms, such as yeast, nematode, fruit fly, and zebrafish, and many candidate genes have been identified by genome projects. Unexpected functions of ZIP and CDF transporters have been recently reported in some model organisms, leading to major advances in our understanding of the functions of mammalian counterparts. Here, we review the recent information on the sequence similarity and functional relationship among eukaryotic ZIP and CDF transporters obtained from the representative model organisms.
High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis for Versatile Utilities: A Stacked Slice-Gel System for Separation and Reactions (4SR)
Authors: Salimullah Md. , Mori Masaki , Nishigaki Koichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A novel high-throughput system, called the stacked slice-gel system for separation and reactions (4SR), was developed for the analysis of DNA/RNA and protein/peptide. The system provides a novel three-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach that exploits the property of stacked slice gels. It allows multiple samples simultaneously to react as well as to be separated, offering a two-dimensional (m × n) sample loading system. For this purpose, high-throughput multi-micro vessels (MMVs) containing variable numbers of wells (100 wells in this paper) have been used, which are made of 25 mm square-size polyacrylamide gels. Furthermore, after electrophoretic separation, a slice gel containing a desired sample can be easily removed and proceeded to the next step. Different biological reactions as well as successive separation of products were effectively carried out dealing with DNA/RNA and protein/peptide. It shows that this system has a diversity of potentials to be developed.
The turbulent concentration field of a methane jet
Authors: Birch A. D. , Brown D. R. , Dodson M. G. , Thomas J. R. 
Published: April 2006

Detailed measurements of turbulent concentration parameters in a round free methane jet up to 70 diameters downstream from the jet source are described. The concentration changes were obtained using a Raman spectrometer designed for the measurement of a methane vibrational transition function, and processed using a photon correlator. Mean and fluctuating concentration levels are given, together with the concentration probability density distribution.A theory for interpreting the statistical aspects of the signal is presented and results are compared with other data from the literature on jets of uniform and non-uniform density. It is shown that the intensity of concentration fluctuations has an asymptotic value of 28·5% in the far field region of the jet. One interesting feature of the data is the deviation from Gaussian statistics along the jet centre-line.
The effect of a transverse magnetic field on shear turbulence
Authors: Reed Claude B. , Lykoudis Paul S. 
Published: April 2006

Turbulence measurements under the influence of a transverse magnetic field have been made at Purdue University's Magneto-Fluid-Mechanic Laboratory in a high aspect ratio channel. The Reynolds number range covered was 25000 ≤Re282000; the geometry and experimental conditions were such that the experiment approximated turbulent Hartmann flow. The aspect ratio of the channel was 5·8:1, its walls were electrically insulated and the working fluid was mercury. Measurements in the presence of a magnetic field were made of the skin friction coefficient, the mean velocity profiles, the turbulence intensity profiles (bothu’ andv’) and the Reynolds stress profiles.A sudden change in the damping of the Reynolds stresses was manifested by a ‘hump’ in the curves ofCfversusM/Retaken with the Reynolds number held constant. This ‘hump’ occurs as a gentle rise and sudden drop to the Hartmann laminar line of theCfdata. Close examination of the$\overline{u^{\prime}v^{\prime}}$data near the wall confirms this behaviour, indicating that the turbulent contribution to the shear stress is the controlling factor in this behaviour ofCf. The Reynolds stresses were completely suppressed to zero at high values of the magnetic field, though the turbulence intensities ofu’ andv’ were not. The Reynolds stress data are fundamental in revealing the mechanisms which are at work during the suppression of turbulence by a magnetic field.It was also found that at high magnetic fields, when most of the turbulence was damped, the skin friction coefficient fell below the values predicted by Hartmann's (1937) laminar solution for high values ofM/Re. This result was linked to the presence of ‘M-shaped’ velocity profiles in the direction perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the mean velocity vector. The presence of ‘M-shaped’ profiles has not previously been linked to a reduction inCf.
Small amplitude gasdynamic disturbances in an exploding atmosphere
Authors: Clarke J. F. 
Published: April 2006

The propagation of disturbances through an atmosphere that is, in its undisturbed condition, undergoing a spatially uniform chemical explosion is analysed on the assumption that the disturbances are of small amplitude. When the latter are arbitrarily small, and therefore classifiable as acoustic, the progress of the ambient explosion is undisturbed to first order and a rather complete history of the acoustic waves (including weak shock waves) can be constructed. The generally amplifying effect of the explosion on the disturbances, which has previously been identified at wave heads, is found to occur throughout the disturbed domains.When the disturbance amplitude becomes comparable to the ratio of the thermal energy of the gas to the combustion-reaction activation energy, the ambient explosion becomes involved in the disturbance to first order. For large activation energies a small disturbance theory can be constructed to account for the disturbance behaviour; at present it is limited to time intervals from initiation that are shorter than the ‘no-depletion’ homogeneous ignition time.
An exact theory of nonlinear waves on a Lagrangian-mean flow
Authors: Andrews D. G. , Mcintyre M. E. 
Published: April 2006

An exact and very general Lagrangian-mean description of the back effect of oscillatory disturbances upon the mean state is given. The basic formalism applies to any problem whose governing equations are given in the usual Eulerian form, and irrespective of whether spatial, temporal, ensemble, or ‘two-timing’ averages are appropriate. The generalized Lagrangian-mean velocity cannot be defined exactly as the ‘mean following a single fluid particle’, but in cases where spatial averages are taken can easily be visualized, for instance, as the motion of the centre of mass of a tube of fluid particles which lay along the direction of averaging in a hypothetical initial state of no disturbance.The equations for the Lagrangian-mean flow are more useful than their Eulerian-mean counterparts in significant respects, for instance in explicitly representing the effect upon mean-flow evolution of wave dissipation or forcing. Applications to irrotational acoustic or water waves, and to astrogeophysical problems of waves on axisymmetric mean flows are discussed. In the latter context the equations embody generalizations of the Eliassen-Palm and Charney-Drazin theorems showing the effects on the mean flow of departures from steady, conservative waves, for arbitrary, finite-amplitude disturbances to a stratified, rotating fluid, with allowance for self-gravitation as well as for an external gravitational field.The equations show generally how the pseudomomentum (or wave ‘momentum’) enters problems of mean-flow evolution. They also indicate the extent to which the net effect of the waves on the mean flow can be described by a ‘radiation stress’, and provide a general framework for explaining the asymmetry of radiation-stress tensors along the lines proposed by Jones (1973).
Is the Weis-Fogh principle exploitable in turbomachinery?
Authors: Furber S. B. , Williams J. E. Ffowcs 
Published: April 2006

Weis-Fogh discovered a remarkable new principle of aerodynamic lift. Hovering wasps exploit the principle and fly with an aerodynamic performance superior in some respects to anything previously known. In this paper we address the question of whether the Weis-Fogh effect can be exploited in turbomachinery. We think the answer is yes.Normal turbomachinery design is based on the analysis of isolated cascades of blades with steady entry and exit flows. The interactions between adjacent cascades and nonuniformities of the flow are usually regarded as problems which have to be minimized. Unsteadiness gives rise to noise. In this paper we take the opposite view and examine a novel type of turbomachinery stage that depends on the interaction between rotor and stator for its normal operation. The stage exploits the Weis-Fogh principle and has the unusual property that when started from rest it generates a pressure rise without shedding any vorticity into the fluid. We argue that there may be a performance advantage for stages of this new type.Experiments were done to check the validity of the theoretical model and these are described. The results seem to show that under certain circumstances a strong rotor-stator interaction can result in an improved stage performance, and we suggest that this improvement may be due to the Weis-Fogh effect.
Mass transfer from a particle suspended in fluid with a steady linear ambient velocity distribution
Authors: Batchelor G. K. 
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the rate of transfer of heat or mass from a force-free couple-free particle immersed in fluid whose velocity far from the particle is steady and varies linearly with position. Asymptotic results for both small and large Péclet numbers are considered. There is at least a four-parameter family of different linear ambient velocity distributions, but nevertheless a comprehensive set of results for the transfer rate may be compiled by combining previously published work with some new developments. Some of these are exact results for particular linear ambient flow fields and some are approximate results for classes of linear flow fields.For small Péclet number (P), the non-dimensional additional transfer rate due to convection is equal to αN20P½, where N0 is the Nusselt number for P = 0 and the proportionality constant α is a parameter of the concentration distribution due to a steady point source in the given linear ambient flow field. A general method of determining α is developed, and numerical values are found for some particular linear ambient flow fields. It is estimated that the value of α for any linear ambient flow field in which the vorticity does not dominate the straining motion lies within 10% of 0·34 when P is defined in terms of a particular invariant of the ambient rate-of-strain tensor E.At large Péclet number the transfer rate N depends on the velocity distribution near the particle, and attention is restricted to the case of a sphere in low-Reynolds-number flow. For a rigid sphere $N = \beta P^{\frac{1}{3}}$ for any ambient pure straining motion, and the Levich concentration-boundary-layer method may be used to show that β = 0·90 for both axisymmetric and two-dimensional ambient pure straining, and probably for any other pure straining motion, when P is suitably defined. When the ambient vorticity ω is non-zero, the sphere rotates, and the Levich method cannot be used. However, it is shown that the part of the velocity distribution that varies sinusoidally with the azimuthal angle around the rotation axis does not affect the transfer rate and that N is asymptotically the same as for an ambient axisymmetric pure straining motion with rate of extension in the direction of the axis of symmetry equal to Eω(= ω. E. ω/ω2). In the exceptional case Eω = 0, N approaches a constant as P → ∞.It is possible to interpolate between the asymptotic relations for small and large Péclet number with comparatively little uncertainty for any ambient pure straining motion and for any linear ambient flow field in which ω and Eω are non-zero.