bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fungistatic properties of p‐aminobenzoic acid and related compounds. Part I. Growth curves obtained with aspergillus niger, penicillium roqueforti and byssochlamys fulva
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA. niger, growing in the presence of p‐aminobenzoic acid and its lower alkyl esters, departs significantly from linearity in media of approximate pH 3 to 5, containing nitrate nitrogen. This effect is not observed where media are of pH 6 to 7 or nitrogen is supplied solely as the ammonium ion or the free para‐amino grouping is acetylated or with the corresponding ottho‐ or meta‐aminobenzoate. The non‐linear growth rates can be interpreted in terms of an initial phase, a phase of secondary inhibition and a period of outgrowth. Inhibition in the initial phase is appreciably less at higher pH levels.P. roqueforti growing in the presence of esters of p‐aminobenzoic acid in media where pH rises during growth shows an accelerating curve. This effect is associated with a marked loss of inhibitory power at pH greater than about 5·7. A similar acceleration is seen with methyl N‐acctyl‐p‐aminobenzeate but has not been found with methyl p‐hydroxybenzoate. None of the free aminobenzoic acids departs from the linear growth curve with this organism.B. fulva gives an acceleration in the presence of methyl p‐aminobenzoate under the same conditions of pH and nitrate nitrogen as cause secondary inhibition of A. niger. In contrast to the other two organisms the less acid media (pH 5 and 7) are relatively more inhibitory, this being associated with absence of acceleration such as is seen under the more acid conditions. The three aminobenzoic acids give linear growth curves.
The determination of surface active agents in solution
Authors: Barr T. , Oliver J. , Stubbings W. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn accurate direct titration method for the determination of anion and cation‐active compounds has been developed using new partition end points based on the solubility in organic solvents of complexes formed between anion‐active agents and methylene blue, and between cation‐active agents and bromophenol blue respectively. The new method has been compared with known methods.
The acid‐binding properties of long‐chain aliphatic amines
Authors: Smith E. Lester , Page J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLong‐chain aliphatic tertiary amines such as methyldioctylamine can be used as anion exchangers. Tertiary amines are much more efficient as acid‐binders than primary or secondary amines. The acid‐binding efficiency of tertiary amines improves as the length of the carbon chain increases. Strong acids are extracted more readily than weak acids and can be removed from mixtures with weak acids. Methyldioctylamine and the anion‐exchange resin De‐acidite C have acid‐binding capacities of the same order. The technique can be used to remove mineral acids from acid hydrolysates of protein, but is not of much value for the extraction or purification of penicillin.
The determination of oxidized zinc in ores and concentrator products
Authors: Barker C. W. , Young R. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA satisfactory procedure is presented for the differentiation of sulphide zinc from oxidized zinc minerals. It depends on the selective solubility of the latter in a dilute sulphuric acid solution saturated with sulphur dioxide. This method has been very helpful in the analysis of a variety of complex zinc ores and concentrator products.
Molecular structure and its influence on the properties of phenolic resins
Authors: Megson N. J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFrom a consideration of molecular dimensions and bond angles, it is deduced that a Novolak resin must consist of highly kinked, asymmetrical molecules. As a result, it is concluded that such a resin, when hardened with “hexa, “ will contain much less than the theoretically possible number of methylene cross‐links. A hardened resin will have a sponge‐like structure which can explain, partially, certain physical and chemical properties. Phenol‐methylene resins derived from formaldehyde are contrasted with phenol‐ethylene resins, which can have a symmetrical structure. An explanation is given of the good “tack” producing properties of Koresine, based on this symmetry. It is advocated that attention should be given to the synthetic method, as opposed to the analytical procedure hitherto used in investigating Novolaks. The importance of the synthetic approach is stressed, because of the comparative lack of information on crystalline intermediates. Finally, other methods of attack are outlined, including the desirability of determining the fine structure of simple phenol‐formaldehyde condensation products.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part I. laminaria cloustoni
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is well known that seaweed, vast quantities of which grow around the coast of Scotland, undergoes wide seasonal variation in chemical constitution, and it is important that this variation be known so that the weed can be harvested at the appropriate period. Monthly samples of Laminaria cloustoni have been collected at a definite spot and at a constant depth over a period of two years, the plants divided into stipe and frond and analysed separately for total ash, organic nitrogen, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid. The results show that the wide seasonal variations in composition, previously recorded, are due almost entirely to variations in the composition of the fronds. Samples have also been taken at depths of 1/2 to 61/2 fathoms (L.W.) and the variation in composition with depth of immersion studied.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part III. laminaria saccharina and saccorhiza bulbosa
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn previous communications, 1, 2 the seasonal variation in chemical constitution of the laminariales cloustoni and digitata over a period of two years was recorded. The present paper outlines the seasonal variation in ash, crude protein, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid of L. saccharina for the same period. As with L. digitata, the samples were taken from two different localities, to find the effect of different degrees of exposure on the chemical constitution, and the stipes and fronds have been analysed separately. Samples of the annual saccorhiza bulbosa have also been analysed.
The use of the wurtz‐fittig reaction in the preparation of organo‐substituted silanes
Authors: Bassett E. A. , Emblem H. G. , Frankel M. , Ridge D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Wurtz‐Fittig reaction has been studied as a method for the industrial preparation of organo‐substituted silanes from silicon tetrachloride or silicochloroform. Since the principal products are SiR, or SiHR, compounds the reaction is not as flexible as alternative methods for the preparation of organo‐silicon compounds. The results show the reaction to be suitable for the laboratory preparation of alkyl silanes, but not for alkyl silanes, or nuclear substituted alkyl silanes. Evidence has been obtained for the formation of alkyl chlorosilanes as intermediate products, and of hexa‐alkyl disilanes as by‐products, during the preparation of alkyl silanes. The reaction will be difficult to adapt to large‐scale working.
Comparison of the gel setting properties of polyose from tamarind seed (tamarindus indica linn) with fruit pectins
Authors: Savur G. R. , Sreenivasan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparative study has been made of the jellying properties of tamarind seed polyose with those of certain fruit pectins in presence of varying amounts of sucrose and acid and it is shown that, with a concentration of the polyose about half that of fruit pectins, firm jellies are obtained under otherwise comparable conditions. The possibility of improving the texture of the polyose‐sugar‐acid jelly by pretreatment with mild acid or alkali or by methylation is indicated.
Studies in selective extraction and adsorption. III. The adsorption of acetone, butyl alcohol and 2:3‐butylene glycol from dilute solutions
Authors: Weizmann Ch. , Bergmann E. , Sulzbacher M. , Pariser E. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTechnical fermentations, such as the acetone‐butanol fermentation and the 2: 3‐butylene glycol fermentation, yield products in the form of very dilute aqueous solutions. The volatile products may be isolated by adsorption on active carbon. In the case of 2 : 3‐butylene glycol the desorption has to be effected by solvent extraction, for which acetone is most suitable. In the case of acetone‐butanol, it is not only possible to adsorb the solvent mixture, as produced by fermentation, but also to isolate the two components separately by selective adsorption. The adsorbent bed can be re‐used, without decrease in its adsorptive capacity.
Mechanical stability of bitumen‐aggregate mixtures
Authors: Nijboer L. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of the triaxial test for the determination of the mechanical properties of bitumen‐aggregate mixtures is discussed, special stress being laid on the physical phenomena. An analysis of the resistance to plastic flow is given and the character of the physical magnitudes that describe this resistance is elucidated. The material is characterized as a viscous material showing a yield stress the value of which depends on the state of stress the material is subjected to. The influence of the presence of bitumen in the system is discussed and on the strength of test data a quantitative evaluation is given, taking into account not only changes in the properties of the bitumen, but also in the aggregate properties. This leads to a further analysis of the resistance of the material, with special emphasis on the function of the bitumen. A hypothesis is developed according to which the resistance of the material is partly due to the presence of bitumen adsorbed on the aggregate. As a consequence, the number of contact points between the aggregate particles greatly influences the properties of the material. The results of series of tests in which the composition of the mixtures is varied systematically make it possible to formulate the rules according to which the properties of the material are influenced by these variations. For comparison of the influence on the properties of the mix of bitumens showing variations in properties an arbitrary mix is chosen, the properties of which can be calculated from any other mix containing the same bitumen. Thus the influence of the bitumen on the properties of the mix can be described in a simple way. For the evaluation of the material for various applications a distinction is made between those applications in which the viscous properties of the material cannot be used to meet the external stresses and those in which such a contribution would lead to acceptable or even desirable deformations. Thus, for various applications, it is possible to design mixtures that meet certain mechanical demands. In this design use may be made of components of varying properties.
Fluorescein dyes derived from 2‐methylresorcinol
Authors: Burton H. , Kurzer F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA homologue of fluorescein and a number of its derivatives have been prepared by the condensation of 2‐mcthylrcsorcinol with phthalic and substituted phthalic anhydrides. Bromination and iodination of 4 :5‐dimcthylfluorcsccin have given compounds corresponding to the dyes eosin and crythrosin.
The catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on metal surfaces. Part I
Authors: Tolley G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rate of catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on the surface of mild steel, aluminium sprayed and aluminized steel is reported. The effect of variation in temperature, gas velocity and concentration of sulphur dioxide has been measured. The presence of water vapour has been shown to inhibit catalytic oxidation on the surfaces tested. The catalytic activity of mild steel increases considerably upon exposure; aluminium sprayed specimens exhibit a maximum in catalytic activity after 7–12 hours' exposure with a decrease upon further exposure; aluminized specimens show constant catalytic activity. Coating steel with aluminium considerably reduces the rate of catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide.
The ultra‐violet absorption spectra of dehydrothio‐p‐toluidin and some of its derivatives
Authors: Edisbury J. R. , Hunter R. F. , Scott A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of a very pure specimen of dehydrothio‐p‐toluidine (4′‐amino‐2‐phcnyl‐6‐methyl benzthiazole), which was measured by photographic spectrophotometric technique and redetermined with a Beckman photoelectric spectrophotometer, shows a strong absorption band at 345 mμ. and a rudimentary band at 260 mμ. Acetylation and benzal condensation of the 4′‐amino group result in a shift of maximum to the region of shorter and longer wave length respectively, and substitution of a p‐NMc, group in the 4′‐benzylidcncaminc substituent results in a considerable increase in intensity accompanied by the appearance of a subsidiary maximum close to the rudimentary band in dehydrottuo‐p‐toluidine. Replacement of the 4′‐amino group by hydroxyl is accompanied by a shift of absorption to shorter wave length with loss of intensity, both of which arc further affected in the same direction by acetylation.
The catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on metal surfaces. Part II. The reaction of sulphur dioxide and oxygen at a mild steel surface
Authors: Tolley G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rates of combination of sulphur dioxide and oxygen at a mild steel surface at various temperatures with dry and moist gases have been measured. Sulphide and sulphate formation is found to occur simultaneously, the sulphide being concentrated near to the surface of the basis steel. The rate of sulphate formation is greatest between 580° and 635° corresponding to the maximum catalytic activity of Fe Oa. Water vapour inhibits sulphide and sulphate formation, but increases the rate of oxidation.
The Insoluble matter of coal tar. II. Preliminary work on free carbon
Authors: Green S. J. , Thakur B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of previous conditions of preparation and storage of coal tars on the amount of fre carbon determined by insolubility in toluene has been investigated. Pressure is shown to have little effect but at atmospheric pressure there is progressive increase in free carbon. With rising temperature two effects occur, a reversible increased solubility and an irreversible increase in free carbon which predominates at higher temperatures. The Chemical nature of free carbon is examined and C1 and C2 are distinguished by their chemical and physical properties. A comparison is made of free carbon obtained by centriguging with that obtained by precipitation.In undertaking a study of the occurrence and nature of I “free carbon” in coal tars it was considered desirable first to investigate the effect of time, temperature, pressure, etc., on the quantitative yield of free carbon, and then to consider the general chemical nature of the materials.
The chromatographic separation of N‐nitroso‐N‐ethylaniline and some of its nitro derivatives from propellant explosives
Authors: Parker C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring an investigation into the ageing mechanism of propellent explosives stabilized with syin‐dicthyldiphcnylurea, methods were devised for the separate deterrmination of certain nitrosomines which had been identified as transformation products of the stabilizer. The methods involved the chromatographic separation of the compounds followed by their absorptiometric determination by means of thc α‐naphthylamine reaction. Application to a large number of cordite samples aged under various conditions has yielded information regarding the mechanism of the stabilization and the effect of various factors upon the distribution of the transformation products.
The insoluble matter of coal tar III. Some inorganic constitutents of free carbon
Authors: Green S. J. , Thakur B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe inorganic constituents of coals are bricfly reviewed and their subsequent history during combustion and carbonization is considered. The cxamination is reported of the zinc‐pyridine complex obtained from a free carbon sample by extraction with water. Examination for other elements is described and the presence of lead, iron, cobalt, manganese and others indicated. The form in which these elements are present is discussed.
Photosensitive adsorption of water vapour on wool. Part II
Authors: Bright N. F. H. , Carson T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFurther cxperimental work on the photosensitivity of the adsorption of water vapour on wool within the range of atmospheric relative humidity of 5–20% is described, and details are given of the differences in behaviour of samples conditioned on the adsorption and desorption isotherms. Details of discussions with the Wool Industries Research Association concerning the phenomenon are given, together with a suggested altemative electrostatic explanation of the phenomenon. Difficulties encountered in subsequent attempts to reproduce the earlier experiments are described. There appears to be some factor, at present unknown, which controls the appearance or non‐appearance of the effect.
Combustion in fuel beds
Authors: Arthur J. R. , Bancham D. H. , Thrinc M. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperiments carried out at B.C.U.R.A. in 1939‐40 in connexion with a programme of work on producers for road transport threw doubt on the conventional “two‐zone” theory of producer beds taught in the text‐books. In particular, an overwhelming proportion of the fuel was consumed within the first few particle thicknesses. Temperature measurements and gas analyses of samples taken at a series of points throughout the bed gave evidence of an apparent increase in the total energy of the gases (per unit quantity of ingoing air) on passage through the bed. The only possible explanations are: (a) systematic errors in temperature measurements, (b) systematic errors in gas analyses such as would arise if energy in some latent form were yielded up to the sampling probes. Check measurements with suction pyrometers rendered (a) highly improbable. The most probable explanation was considered to be that carbon monoxide produced as a primary combustion product of the surface reaction between carbon and oxygen bums in the voids where it reacts with the surviving oxygen. Experiments in which air was streamed through a carbon tube at 850° showed that the oxygen removal and nearly the whole of the carbon consumption took place within a path‐length roughly equal to a single tube diameter. This length being quite insufficient for all the oxygen to reach the carbon surface (even with a certain degree of turbulence), this experiment is taken as providing substantial evidence as to the truth of the above working hypothesis. It appears, moreover, that mere thermal quenching is insufficient to “freeze” the reaction between CO and surviving oxygen. This would be at once intelligible if the reaction followed a “chain” mechanism as it does in vitro. Attempts were therefore made to inhibit the gas phase reaction by introducing small quantities of volatile chlorine‐containing materials with the ingoing air, which was carefully freed from moisture. Only minimal quantities of CO2, now appeared in the outgoing gases, and the oxygen survival and carbon consumption were now appreciable after path lengths of about 10 tube‐diameters. Finally, it was found possible to muse partial inhibition of CO2, formation by the use of solid inhibitors (clean fused silica) remote from the carbon surface. These results were obtained at temperatures such that no appreciable reduction of CO2, to CO would take place.The above findings carry important implications in regard to technical fuel beds, which begin to function 85 producers after a path length equivalent to a single particle diameter has been traversed by the ingoing air. In particular it is ordinarily necessary to run with excess air since the physical mixing of the broad stream of producer gas with secondary air is otherwise incomplete. A burner which climates this disadvantage and gives combustion gas “by first intention” has been designed and is in the process of technical development.
Bismuth and arsenic electrodes
Authors: Dickinson H. O. , Rudge E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe properties of bismuth and arsenic electrodes have been examined regarding their use for pH, measurement and as indicators in acid‐base titrations. It is shown that bismuth rod electrodes act as pH indicators over the range pH 5.0‐8.0. Arsenic electrodes arc retable over the range p,H 3.4‐9.0. Both electrodes may be used for titration work. The bismuth electrode is the more reliable as an end‐point indicator.
Is the adsorption of water vapour wool photosensitive?
Authors: Camposortega Carlos , Moncada Felix , Rowen John W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe recent report by Bright and Carson,1 of the reversible action of tight on the adsorption of water vapour by wool is of unusual interest. This type of effect has not been hitherto observed in the many absorbate‐absorbent systems studied.2 Commenting on the report, Cssie stated that the existence of such a phenomenon was not inconsistent with his theory of adsorption.3,1‐ He thought it possible that the absorption of light could lead to 3 very small change in the energy of sorption on the localized sites. If this effect be a true one, there must exist a “light” adsorption isotherm and also a “dark” adsorption isotherm. However, our efforts to account for the apparent reversible shift in equilibrium lead to hypotheses which are highly improbable.The experiments reported here were carried out in an attempt to confirm the work of Bright and Carson and to learn which wave lengths of light were involved. The results of a number of experiments were all negative, no reversible action of light was observed. Bright and Carson have stated in correspondence with us that they have since been unable to control the factor or factors required to reproduce the experiment previously reported. However, they feel that the phenomenon can exist and summarize their experiments with the statement that the appearance or non‐appearance is controlled by some factor not at present within our knowledge.
Protection of wool against insects by mitin FF and DDT
Authors: Burgess R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper briefly reviews the activity of clothes moths and carpet beetles and methods of protecting woollen materials against them It describes the properties of Mitin FF and DDT and their effects on various stages of the insects.A minute amount of Mitin‐treated wool suffices to kill moth larvae and newly‐hatched carpet beetle larvae. It repels older carpet beetle larvae, which find it unpalatable.DDT kills adult clothes moths slowly by contact. It rapidly destroys newly‐hatched larvae, probably by contact alone, whereas death of older larvae is possibly due to combined contact and stomach poisoning. It repels and adversely affects half‐grown larvae of carpet beetles.
Estimation of 2 : 4‐dinitro‐α‐naphthol and martius yellow in woollen fabrics
Authors: Tewari C. N. , Gupta S. C. Das , Bera B. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the estimation of dinitro‐1‐naphthol and Martius Yellow in woollen fabrics. Special features of the method consist in the Soxhlet extraction of the dye from fabrics, by alcohol, followed by quantitative reduction of “nitro groups” of the dye into amino groups by acidic titanium chloride solution while hot, the unreacted titanium chloride being estimated with a ferric salt in an inert atmosphere. From the mount of titanium chloride required for the reduction of “nitro” groups, corresponding amount of dinitro‐α‐naphthol is calculated according to the reactions involved:R.NO2+6TiCl3+6HCl‐R.NH2+6TiCl1+2H2O TiCl3+FeCl3‐TiCl1+FeCl2A spectrophotometric method o f analysis is also described.