bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco sales in pharmacies: time to quit
Authors: Hudmon K Suchanek , Fenlon C M , Corelli R L , Prokhorov A V , Schroeder S A 
Published: January 2006

Objective:To assess the pharmacy profession’s perceptions of tobacco sales in US pharmacies and explore whether a policy prohibiting sales of tobacco in pharmacies would alter adult consumer shopping behaviour.Subjects and design:In California, surveys were administered to 1168 licensed pharmacists and 1518 pharmacy students, and telephone interviews were conducted with 988 adult consumers.Results:Most (58.1%) licensed pharmacists were strongly against sales of tobacco in pharmacies, 23.6% were against it, 16.7% were neutral, 1.2% were in favour of it, and 0.4% were strongly in favour of it. Pharmacists who were current tobacco users were more likely to be in favour of tobacco sales in pharmacies than were pharmacists who were current non-users (p < 0.005). Similar statistics were observed for pharmacy students. Most consumers (72.3%) disagreed with the statement, “I am in favour of tobacco products being sold in drugstores”; 82.6% stated that if the drugstore where they most commonly shopped were to stop selling tobacco products, they would shop there just as often, 14.2% would shop there more often, and 3.2% would shop there less often.Conclusion:Little professional or public support exists for tobacco sales in pharmacies.
Defining the response to interferon‐β in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Río Jordi , Nos Carlos , Tintoré Mar , Téllez Nieves , Galán Ingrid , Pelayo Raúl , Comabella Manuel , Montalban Xavier 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveMany patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are currently receiving treatment with interferon (IFN)–β. Early identification of nonresponder patients is crucial to try different therapeutic approaches. We investigated various criteria of treatment response to assess which criterion better identifies patients with a poor response.MethodsWe studied relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) patients treated with IFN‐β and followed them up for at least 2 years. Expanded Disability Status Score was scored every 3 months and relapses were recorded. We analyzed various criteria based on relapses, disability progression, or both.ResultsThree hundred ninety‐three patients were included. After 2 years of treatment, we observed a proportion of nonresponders, ranging from 7 to 49% depending on the stringency of the criteria used. Criteria based in disability progression had higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The hazard ratio for the development of marked disability after 6 years of treatment was 39.6 (95% confidence interval, 16.6–94.4) among the patients who fulfilled the criterion based only in disability progression.InterpretationCriteria of response to IFN‐β therapy in RRMS using disability progression are more clinically relevant than those based only in relapse rate. This finding may be important for the counseling and care of RRMS patients treated with IFN‐β. Ann Neurol 2006;59:344–352
Low stability of huntington muscle Mitochondria against Ca2+ in R6/2 mice
Authors: Gizatullina Zemfira Z. , Lindenberg Katrin S. , Harjes Phoebe , Chen Ying , Kosinski Christoph M. , Landwehrmeyer Bernhard G. , Ludolph Albert C. , Striggow Frank , Zierz Stephan , Gellerich Frank N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present work was the detection of Mitochondrial dysfunction of Huntington's disease (HD).MethodsWe investigated muscle and muscle mitochondria of 14‐ to 16‐week‐old R6/2 mice in comparison with wild‐type mice.ResultsAtrophic fibers, increased fuchsinophilic aggregates, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase (15%) were found in HD muscle. With swelling measurements and Ca2+ accumulation experiments, a decreased stability of HD mitochondria against Ca2+‐induced permeability transition was detected. Complex I–dependent respiration of HD mitochondria was more sensitive to inhibition by adding 10μm Ca2+ than wild‐type mitochondria.InterpretationData suggest that the decreased stability of HD mitochondria against Ca2+ contributes to energetic depression and cell atrophy. Ann Neurol 2006;59:407–411
Skin sympathetic adrenergic innervation: An immunofluorescence confocal study
Authors: Donadio Vincenzo , Nolano Maria , Provitera Vincenzo , Stancanelli Annamaria , Lullo Francesco , Liguori Rocco , Santoro Lucio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize sympathetic adrenergic innervation of the skin in healthy subjects using dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH) as a specific marker for noradrenergic fibers.MethodsSympathetic adrenergic innervation of human skin was studied in 10 healthy subjects by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy applied to punch skin biopsies. Noradrenergic fibers were identified both in glabrous and hairy skin using DβH antibody.ResultsDβH immunoreactive fibers were mainly localized in arteriovenous anastomoses, arrector pilorum muscles, and arterioles, whereas few adrenergic fibers were found around sweat glands.InterpretationOur description of sympathetic adrenergic innervation of human skin aims to improve the diagnostic ability of skin biopsy to detect selective autonomic nervous system disorders. Ann Neurol 2006;59;376–381
Development of the blood‐brain barrier: A historical point of view
Authors: Ribatti Domenico , Nico Beatrice , Crivellato Enrico , Artico Marco 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough there has been considerable controversy since the observation by Ehrlich more than 100 years ago that the brain did not take up dyes from the vascular system, the concept of an endothelial blood‐brain barrier (BBB) was confirmed by the unequivocal demonstration that the passage of molecules from blood to brain and vice versa was prevented by endothelial tight junctions (TJs). There are three major functions implicated in the term “BBB”: protection of the brain from the blood milieu, selective transport, and metabolism or modification of blood‐ or brain‐borne substances. The BBB phenotype develops under the influence of associated brain cells, especially astrocytic glia, and consists of complex TJs and a number of specific transport and enzyme systems that regulate molecular traffic across the endothelial cells. The development of the BBB is a complex process that leads to endothelial cells with unique permeability characteristics due to high electrical resistance and the expression of specific transporters and metabolic pathways. This review article summarizes the historical background underlying our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of the BBB. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:3–8, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden origins: A general mechanism of evolution based on stress protein concentration and rapid environmental change
Authors: Maresca Bruno , Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA major theme in Darwinian evolutionary theory is that novelty arises through a process in which organisms and their features are gradually transformed. Morgan provided Darwinism and the evolutionary synthesis with the idea that minor mutations produce the minuscule morphological variations on which natural selection then acts, and that, although mutation is random, once a process of gradual genetic modification begins, it becomes directional and leads to morphological, and consequently organismal, transformation. In contrast, studies on the role of cell membrane physical states in regulating the expression of stress proteins in response to environmental shifts indicate the existence of a downstream mechanism that prevents or corrects genetic change (i.e., maintains “DNA homeostasis”). However, episodic spikes in various kinds of environmental stress that exceed an organism's cells' thresholds for expression of proper amounts of stress proteins responsible for protein folding (including stochastically occurring DNA repair) may increase mutation rate and genetic change, which in turn will alter the pattern of gene expression during development. If severe stress disrupts DNA homeostasis during meiosis (gametogenesis), this could allow for the appearance of significant mutational events that would otherwise be corrected or suppressed. In evolutionary terms, extreme spikes in environmental stress make possible the emergence of new genetic and consequent developmental and epigenetic networks, and thus also the emergence of potentially new morphological traits, without invoking geographic or other isolating mechanisms. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:38–46, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote visualisation of Labrador convection in large oceanic datasets
Authors: West L. J. , Killworth P. D. , Cornell V. C. , Challenor P. G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe oceans relinquish O(1PW) of heat into the atmosphere at high latitudes, the lion's share of which originates in localised ‘hotspots’ of violent convective mixing, but despite their small horizontal scale—O(10–100km)—these features may penetrate deeply into the thermocline and are vital in maintaining the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Accurate modelling of the MOC, therefore, requires a large‐scale numerical model with very fine resolution.The global high‐resolution ocean model, Ocean Circulation Climate Advanced Model (OCCAM) has been developed and run at the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) for many years. It was configured to resolve the energetic scales of oceanic motions, and its output is stored at the Manchester Supercomputer Centre. Although this community resource represents a treasure trove of potential new insights into the nature of the world ocean, it remains relatively unexploited for a number of reasons, not the least of which is its sheer size.A system being developed at SOC under the auspices of the Grid for Ocean Diagnostics, Interactive Visualisation and Analysis (GODIVA) project makes the remote visualisation of very large volumes of data on modest hardware (e.g. a laptop with no special graphics capability) a present reality. The GODIVA system is enabling the unresolved question of oceanic convection and its relationship to large‐scale flows to be investigated; a question that lies at the heart of many current climate change issues.In this article, one aspect of the GODIVA is presented, and used to locate and visualise regions of convective mixing in the OCCAM Labrador Sea. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field
Authors: Merola P. , Marino C. , Lovisolo G.A. , Pinto R. , Laconi C. , Negroni A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine whether a modulated radiofrequency of the type used in cellular phone communications at a specific absorption rate (SAR) higher than International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference level for occupational exposure, could elicit alterations on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis processes in a neuroblastoma cell line. The cell line was exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to 900 MHz radiofrequency and proliferation and differentiation were tested by WST‐I assay and by a molecular analysis of specific markers, two oncogenes and a cytoskeleton protein, in exponential growth phase and in synchronized cell cultures. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase activation analysis and by molecular detection of Poly (ADP‐ribose) polimerase (PARP) cleavage. Combined exposures to radiofrequency and to the differentiative agent retinoic acid or to the apoptotic inducer camptothecin were carried out to test possible interference between electromagnetic field and chemical agents. Overall our data suggest that 900 MHz radiofrequency exposure up to 72 h does not induce significant alterations in the three principal cell activities in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics 27:164–171, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid and selective isolation of β‐xylosidase through an activity‐based chemical approach
Authors: Lo Lee‐Chiang , Chu Chi‐Yuan , Pan Yen‐Ru , Wan Chin‐Feng , Li Yaw‐Kuen , Lin Jing‐Jer 
Published: January 2006

Abstractβ‐Xylosidase is a key enzyme in the xylanolytic system with a great potential in many biotechnological applications, especially in the food as well as the pulp and paper industries. We have developed a chemical approach for the rapid screening and isolation of β‐xylosidase. Activity probe LCL‐6X targeting β‐xylosidase was utilized in this study. It carries a β‐xylopyranosyl recognition head, a latent trapping device consisting of a 2‐fluoromethylphenoxyl group, and a biotin reporter group. The biotin reporter group serves both as a readout device and as a tool for enriching the labeled proteins. LCL‐6X could selectively label a model β‐xylosidase from Trichoderma koningii. All other bystander proteins used in this study, including phosphorylase b, BSA, ovalbumin, carbonic anhydrase, and trypsin inhibitor, gave negligible cross‐labeling effect. With the assistance of streptavidin agarose beads and mass spectrophotometry for the recovery and identification of the biotinylated proteins, we demonstrated that LCL‐6X could be successfully applied to identify a bi‐functional enzyme with α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase/β‐xylosidase activity from the total protein extract of a Pichia expressing system and a prospective β‐xylosidase in the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus. The β‐xylosidase activities from numerous microbes were also screened using the LCL‐6X probe. Preliminary results showed significant differences among these microbial sources and some distinct protein bands were observed. Thus, we have successfully developed a novel chemical probe that has potential applications in xylan‐related research.
Stability of sludge flocs under shear conditions: Roles of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
Authors: Sheng Guo‐Ping , Yu Han‐Qing , Li Xiao‐Yan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe roles of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) in the shear stability of aerobic and anaerobic flocs were investigated. Both pH and EDTA concentration had a significant effect on the floc stability. The sludge flocs became much weaker as the solution pH increase to above 10. Addition of 1 mM EDTA or more could cause considerable cell erosion and deflocculation of the anaerobic flocs, whereas more than 3 mM EDTA was needed to show its adverse effect on the stability of aerobic flocs. A fraction of the EPS, around 10 mg/g SS for the aerobic flocs and 15 mg/g SS for the anaerobic flocs, could be extracted by fluid shear when the dispersed mass concentration approached the equilibrium. This suggests that most of the dispersed particles were glued by a small amount of readily‐extractable EPS fraction. In addition to the abundance of this EPS fraction, its proteins/carbohydrates ratio, about 0.22:1 for the aerobic flocs and 2.66:1 for the anaerobic flocs, also appeared to be an important factor governing the microbial floc stability. A lower content of the readily‐extractable EPS fraction and a lower ratio of proteins/carbohydrates were responsible for the greater stability of microbial flocs. The total content of the EPS, however, did not show a direct correlation with the floc stability. A hypothesis about biological flocs with two distinct structural regions was proposed. The outer part contained dispersible cells loosely entangled by the readily‐extractable EPS fraction. This part was layered and would become completely dispersed at an infinite shear intensity. On the other hand, the inner part contains biomass in a stable structure tightly glued by EPS, which could not be dispersed by shear except under unfavorable conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental disclosures and compulsory accounting standards: the case of spanish annual reports
Authors: Llena Fernando , Moneva Jose M. , Hernandez Blanca 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses environmental reporting practices found in the annual reports published by 51 large companies operating in Spain, with the aim of determining which factors in the firms analysed – belonging to ecologically sensitive sectors – explain the quantity and characteristics of the environmental information published and its evolution. Moreover, the paper takes into account the implementation of the Spanish compulsory accounting standard of 25 March 2002 and its impact on the environmental reporting behaviour.The results of the content analysis for the period 2001–02 show a significant increase in the environmental information compared with the 1992–94 period. For the first year in which the environmental accounting standard was in force (2002), the results show a high percentage of environmental disclosures in the notes to the annual accounts, although the degree and level of disclosures is very heterogeneous, in both form as well as quantity and quality. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental leaders: making a difference. A typology of environmental leaders and recommendations for a differentiated policy approach
Authors: Runhaar Hens , Tigchelaar Casper , Vermeulen Walter J. V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the literature, environmental leaders are often implicitly considered as a homogeneous group of companies. In addition, this proposition underlies much public policymaking that is aimed at supporting companies that go green'. A recent exploratory study conducted in the Netherlands however revealed that environmental leaders are often rather heterogeneous – even if they operate in the same sector. Differences are particularly related to incentives for and barriers to environmental leadership. In this paper we develop a typology of environmental leaders and provide recommendations for a differentiated and more effective public policy approach to supporting environmental leaders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Fine‐Tuning of Properties of Bismacrocyclic Dinuclear Cyclidene Receptors by N‐Methylation
Authors: Domagała Sławomir , Więckowska Agnieszka , Kowalski Jarosław , Rogowska Agnieszka , Szydłowska Jadwiga , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan , Bilewicz Renata , Woźniak Krzysztof 
Published: January 2006

AbstractN‐Methylated bismacrocyclic Cu and Ni complexes were synthesised and structurally characterised in the solid state. Their properties in solution were analysed by using NMR and ESR spectroscopies and electrochemical methods. Face‐to‐face biscyclidenes linked through polymethylene chains form rectangular boxlike cations. These moieties can host some small guest molecules (water, π‐electron donating compounds) and are stabilised by a shell of neighbouring counterions. For the bismacrocyclic dinuclear complexes containing two nickel or two copper ions, the intramolecular interactions between the metallic centres are strengthened through methylation of the macrocyclic components, as compared with the nonmethylated species. We report the electron coupling created by two unpaired electrons coming from two copper centres observed by ESR spectroscopy. Methylation weakens the electron‐acceptor properties of the complexes, which leads to less effective binding of the π‐electron‐donating guests. It also increases the stability of the lower oxidation states. In the case of the copper complexes, both CuII/CuI and CuII/CuIII reversible one‐electron transfers are seen in the voltammograms. These changes in properties are interpreted as the consequences of steric repulsion between the methyl substituents and the macrocyclic ring.
Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Luminescence of Cs2KYF6:Pr3+.
Authors: Schiffbauer Daniel , Wickleder Claudia , Meyer Gerd , Kirm Marco , Stephan Michael , Schmidt Peter C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interpenetrating Copper—Silver Cyanometallate Networks: Polymorphs and Topological Isomers.
Authors: Chippindale Ann M. , Cheyne Simon M. , Hibble Simon J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Ylide Intermediates: A Novel Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cycloalkyl Fused Furan‐3‐ones.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Gnanaprakasam Boopathy , Suresh Eringathodi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Participation in Alkoxycarbenium Ion Pools.
Authors: Suga Seiji , Suzuki Shinkiti , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Intriguing Hydroiodination of Alkenes and Alkynes with Titanium Tetraiodide.
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Toyoda Tadahiro , Baba Toru 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Boronates in the Petasis Reaction.
Authors: Jourdan Helene , Gouhier Geraldine , Van Hijfte Luc , Angibaud Patrick , Piettre Serge R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and Convenient Method for the Direct Conversion of Alkyl Silyl Ethers into the Corresponding Alkyl Ethers Catalyzed by Iron(III) Chloride.
Authors: Iwanami Katsuyuki , Yano Kentaro , Oriyama Takeshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Halogen—Metal Exchange/Cyclization of Iodoketones: A Direct Synthesis of 3‐Arylbenzofurans.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Schroeder Jacob D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization Reactions of Vinyl Radicals via 1,6‐H‐Atom Transfer: Facile Access to 2,3‐Disubstituted Dihydrobenzofurans.
Authors: Lin Hechun , Schall Andreas , Reiser Oliver 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regiospecific Synthesis of Mono‐N‐Substituted Indolopyrrolocarbazoles.
Authors: Froehner Wolfgang , Monse Barbara , Braxmeier Tobias M. , Casiraghi Laura , Sahagun Heidi , Seneci Pierfausto 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Thieno[3,2‐b]pyrrolenine Derivatives under the Fischer Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Shirinian V. Z. , Krayushkin M. M. , Nikalin D. M. , Shimkin A. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.