bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELECTROPHORETIC WATER CLARIFICATION TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Lyle William M. , Hiler Edward A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTOnly very recently has a limited amount of attention been focused directly on electrophoresis as a method for improving water quality. This approach has been proposed primarily as a method for removal of suspended colloidal material, although solutes can also be removed by this method. Very simply electrophoresis is defined as the movement of charged suspended particles in a dc electric field.Several electrophoretic clarification systems and techniques have been developed and evaluated primarily for removing colloidal clay from suspension. The methods should apply equally well to any negatively charged particulate matter. Design for optimal clay removal efficiency and operating cost efficiency has been based upon previous theoretical results and upon modification of the combination filter‐el ectrophores is model of Bier. These systems and techniques along with the theoretical developments leading to their design are discussed. Results and conclusions are given for tests that have been concluded concerning the feasibility or practicality of these electrophoretic clarification systems for commercial use. These are viewed in light of various limiting factors such as electrical conductivity of the medium, quality of water desired, colloid concentrations and electrophoretic mobility of the suspended materials.
LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT1
Authors: Partain Lloyd E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTraditional conservation measures may not be, and usually are not, all that is needed to assure a quality environment. They are, however, fundamental. A national course of action involving land and water management is determined (1) at the market place, (2) at the ballot box, and (3) in the hearts and minds of individuals. To inform people about environmental management and conservation and appropriate uses of land, water and related resources is an exceedingly difficult problem. Research, action and educational programs dealing with environmental problems must have greater attention and support.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER USE AND REPLENISHMENT1
Authors: Rookaway John D. , Johnson Robert B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA statistical technique which offers considerable promise in ground water studies is the fitting of polynomial trend‐surfaces to ground water data and studying the variations in the surfaces and the residuals from these surfaces over a period of time.The application of trend‐surface analysis to ground water study is based on the premise that the piezometric surface or water table can be approximated by a mathematically computed polynomial surface of the water levels of the wells in the aquifer.The evaluation of trend surface analysis application in ground water investigations was made up essentially of two considerations; a study of the relationship existing between the trend surfaces and the actual ground water surface and a study of the potential use of the residuals from the trend‐surfaces to assist in the location of favorable sites for future development of ground water resources. The conclusions on aquifer behavior drawn from the trend surface analysis were compared with conclusions drawn from a concurrent survey of ground water conditions carried out independently of this investigation. This comparison provided the basis for the critical examination of the application of trend‐surface analysis in ground water investigations.
THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATION OF A MULTI‐PURPOSE WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM1
Authors: Fitah William N. , King Paul H. , Young George K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of any water resource system is to transform the natural waters of a river basin into a form such that optimal use of these waters will result. Thus the water may be transformed into electrical energy, transferred in space for water supply and irrigation, transferred in time for flood control and maintenance of adequate streamflows, or simply retained for use as a means for achieving water‐based recreation.
HOW MUCH UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE CAPACITY DOES TEXAS HAVE?1
Authors: Brune Gunnar 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater imported into Texas under the Texas Water Plan must be stored in surface or underground reservoirs. Ground‐water levels are being drawn down heavily in many parts of Texas. This is causing a shift of much water from a surface‐ to a groundwater environment. The lowering water tables have resulted in a great reduction in wastage of water through evapotranspiration and spring and well flow. The methods used in estimating the quantities of underground storage capacity available in Texas are discussed.Some problems will be encountered in the use of dewatered underground storage capacity by artificial recharge. In spite of these problems, probably 60 to 70 percent of the dewatered storage capacity of Texas aquifers can be reused for groundwater storage. Most of this capacity is located where it can be used in conjunction with the Texas Water Plan.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN GRAVITY WELLS STEADY STATE FLOW1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTUnder steady state conditions of flow, the seepage toward a single gravity well is governed by the Laplace Equation which may be written in terms of either the hydraulic head, the pressure head or the velocity potential. Although this equation is linear, the principle of superposition cannot be applied to sum up the individual effects in the case of a multiple gravity well system due to the variation of the flow domain under the effect of one or several wells. A method is presented allowing the use of the superposition principle in a restricted form. The superposition of the decrements of the base pressure heads than the initial heads before pumping is valid. Also the decrements in the areas of the pressure head diagrams across specific vertical sections than the original areas can be summed up together.
COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Phippen George R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFlooding and the susceptibility to flood damage inherent in all land uses constitute the flood hazard. Resolution of the hazard while properly recognizing flood plain environmental attributes within the context of overall community or area needs is the essence of comprehensive flood plain management. The traditional approach–flood control–has effected modification of only the flooding component of the hazard whether it be coastal or inland. Until recently Federal programs have overlooked the possibilities of modifying the susceptibility component, for which the major responsibility lies with non‐Federal interests. Beginning with actions in the TVA area, the latter is now being strongly encouraged through Federal programs and actions notably the Flood Plain Management Services and Survey Programs of the Corps of Engineers, those stemming from Executive Order 11296, and those required for eligibility under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Flood plain management objectives must be stated in planning, e.g., economic efficiency, reduction in threat to life and health, environmental improvement, and regional development, to permit proper evaluation of the optional means and approaches for achieving them.
A MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND MODEL FOR THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES1
Authors: Burke Thomas R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWith the increasing Federal role in all aspects of water resource planning, the need for a planning model to enable calculations of projected Municipal Water requirements has become evident. This study represents an initial effort at developing an econometric model of Municipal Water requirements which (1) incorporates variables (or proxies) reflecting the various factors affecting water demand (i.e., demographic, social, industrial), and (2) requires only readily available, published data for its use. This model permits determinations of the water requirements of 488 cities grouped into 19 geographic regions or “Pseudo States.” Separate regression functions have been fitted to the cities within each of the 19 regions. Derivation of the exact functions for each region entailed a cross section stepwise regression analysis in which some 18 different variables were examined. KEY WORDS: planning model; econometric model; initial effort; municipal water
ON AN ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE COLUMBIA‐SNAKE RIVER COMPLEX1
Authors: Millham C. B. , Russell R. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper is an effort to establish a lower bound on the economic value of the Columbia and Snake Rivers to the State of Washington, so as to assess the economic consequences of diversion of waters of these rivers to other geographic regions. The uses recognized in this paper are for power generation and irrigation, although the dynamic‐programming model constructed is capable of incorporating, with minor changes, returns from other uses of the rivers when the economic data can be obtained.
ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HEATED WASTE WATER DISCHARGE INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDischarge of heated waste water may affect the entire aquatic ecosystem–the interrelated biological, chemical, physical system–and, if the temperature change is large, may destroy the capacity of the ecosystem to serve a variety of beneficial purposes. However, it is possible to discharge heated waste water in carefully controlled amounts without seriously degrading the aquatic ecosystem. There are four basic alternatives which are open to us with regard to the heated waste water problem which we may choose singly or in various combinations: (1) Placing all heated, waste water in streams, lakes, and oceans without regard to the effects. Thus considering the environmental damage as a necessary consequence of our increased power demand. (2) Using, but not abusing, existing ecosystems. This means regulating the heated waste water discharge to fit the receiving capacity of the ecosystem. (3) Finding alternative ways to dissipate or beneficially use waste heat. (4) Modifying ecosystems to fit the new temperature conditions. We are all dependent upon a life‐support system which is partly industrial and partly ecological. Unfortunately, we have reached a stage of development where the non‐expandable, ecological portion of our life‐support system is endangered by the expanding industrial portion. Optimal function and full beneficial use of both portions of our life‐support system will only be possible if a variety of disciplines and diverse points of view can cooperate and work together effectively. Since wastes in amounts that are acceptable taken one at a time may be lethal collectively, environmental management should be on a regional basis.
SPURIOUS CYCLES IN WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS1
Authors: Bieve Avlo W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews analytical procedures for deducing from annual streamflow data information required for water resources systems planning. The procedure relies on two techniques to determine the extent that cycles exist in annual time series data. The first is to observe how the time series behaves around the mean annual flow. If it tends not to move across the mean frequently, it is concluded that a cyclical nature exists. The second technique is to observe the time path of accumulated departures from the mean annual flow.The validity of both techniques is questioned. The first because it uses mean flow as “normal” or the flow that the time series should fluctuate around. The second because the accumulated departure from the mean time series will be autocor‐related even when the individual annual or seasonal flow observations are uncorrected. Alternative analytical techniques, which find no cycles, are presented.
SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Narayana V. V. Dhruva , Riley J. Paul , Israehen Eugene K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. .A mathematical model for urban watersheds is being developed in stages at the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University at Logan. In verifying the watershed as a unit, watershed coefficients are determined on the computer, and related to the urbanization characteristics.The second stage of verification consists of dividing the watershed into subzones, and determining the urban parameters within each subzone. Each subzone is then individually modeled, and outflow hydrographs are routed through succeeding downstream subzones to the gaging point. The model thus makes it possible to: (a) develop runoff models for subzone hydrographs within the urban watershed, and (b) account for spatial variations of storm and watershed characteristics.An attempt was also made to analytically model the outflow hydrograph based on storm and watershed characteristics.
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF1
Authors: Wells Dan M. , Huddleston Ellis W. , Rekers Robert G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. .Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County were sampled on a routine basis following runoff‐producing rainfall for a period of approximately eighteen months to determine whether or not runoff from intensively farmed agricultural areas contained significant concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, herbicides, or insecticides. An additional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford, Texas, were sampled one time during the summer of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the nature and extent of the potential problem in an area with a different soil type and a slightly different cropping pattern.Based on results of detailed analyses of approximately two hundred samples of water collected from the lakes and an equal number of sediment samples collected from the same lakes at the same time, it appears that the concentrations of all chemical pollutants in runoff from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well below the allowable concentrations for drinking water.
FACTORS IN THE COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS1
Authors: Dynes Russell R. , Wenger Dennis 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe study explores the perception of community problems, including flooding and pollution, among leaders in four different communities, ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000. Water‐related problems were considered in the context of other community problems which were defined by these leaders. Among these leaders, water‐related problems were characterized by low salience and by low consensus. In seeking solutions, these leaders see water problems as being less likely to be solved at the local community level and to necessitate extra‐community assistance. They also see water‐related problems as requiring a relatively low level of community coordination and as being primarily the responsibility of the public sector. Local governmental leaders were seen as being more important in problem solving in water‐related problems than they were in other community problems.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND WATER RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN NEVADA1
Authors: Cochran Gilbert F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Las Vegas Valley in southern Nevada has provided ample opportunity for mission oriented water resources research, and, to some extent, application of those research results. Past studies of the ground‐water systems have resulted in the construction of a direct electrical analog, two digital simulation models, a Hele‐Shaw fluid analog, a linear programming model, and two dynamic programming models. The work accomplished has dealt with the problems of groundwater management, waste water reclamation and artificial recharge, and conjunctive use water management. The current study is attempting to integrate previous results and new work into a detailed and realistic conjunctive use water resource management model to achieve system efficiency under more than one criteria. The research team is interdisciplinary in nature and encompasses the physical and social sciences.
POTENTIALS FOR REUSE OF WASTEWATER IN NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS1
Authors: McKee Jack E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThere are several possible ways in which wastewater from municipalities may be reclaimed and reused so as to minimize the need for imported water in North Central Texas. The rationale for reuse is enhanced by the fact that new water quality requirements in the Trinity River system will necessitate a very high degree of treatment at municipal sewage plants, just for discharge to surface streams. The largest potential market for municipal effluent is the steam‐electric power industry. Within the next decade the generating capacity for electric power in North Central Texas will have to be more than doubled to meet increasing demand. Adequate supplies of condenser cooling water for such expansion will be difficult to obtain and assure. New large power stations might advantageously be located adjacent to municipal wastewater treatment plants, to utilize effluent as make‐up water for cooling towers. Experience elsewhere has shown that well‐treated wastewater can be used for cooling tower make‐up with a minimum of trouble, with a considerable saving in overall cost, and with conservation of pristine water for other uses.
A MULTI‐BASIN PLANNING STRATEGY1
Authors: Weiss Arden O. , Beard Leo R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a procedure for finding an optimal staging plan for implementing a multi‐basin water resource system‐a system that must meet, with tolerable shortages, pre‐specified but highly variable demands for water that increase over time‐a system such as the proposed Texas Water System.The paper stresses that, in the past, planners have paid little attention to quantifying explicitly the impact that uncertainty has on the decision process, and in that context, presents a means for explicitly evaluating the impact that uncertainty has on finding and evaluating the performance of the optimal and several alternate staging plans. The procedure presented evaluates the impact that uncertainty, in both the hydrologic and the economic variables, has on the decisions that need to be made.The decisions requiring resolution are (1) which of an over‐specified set of facilities should be constructed, (2) how large each of the facilities should be at various points in time, and (3) how should the system be operated so as to minimize the capital plus operational costs over the planning period.
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SEA AND FRESH WATER RESOURCES: AN INTEGER PROGRAMMING APPROACH1
Authors: Mobasheri Fereidoun , Budhraja Vikram S. , Mack Frank E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMathematical models are formulated for selection of water resources projects to meet the future additional water requirements of a given region at the minimum present worth cost. The projects available are surface water reservoirs and desalination plants. The modles are used for selecting both the development sequence of projects and their optimum sizes. Decisions with regard to planning time horizon and discount rates are made outside of the mathematical model.The algorithm used for solving these models is an integer programming routine using the implicit enumeration technique. Some computational results are presented for a hypothetical case.
DESIGN OF DESALTING PLANTS FOR CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION1
Authors: Spiewak Irving 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe selection of an evaporator design must reflect the balancing of captial cost (primarily in heat exchanger surface and vessels) against operating cost (primarily steam cost) to achieve minimum cost. In a conjunctive plant the tendency is to select a low‐capital cost, high‐operating cost plant. In addition, it is advantageous to use a high‐capacity plant which needs to be operated much less of the time than a plant which is sized just at the needed rate.For example, in the study of a possible system to satisfy a future increase of 450 MGD in water supply to New York Qty, a plant of 750 MGD capacity was selected as optimum. This plant, of the advanced VTE‐MSF process type, would have a performance ratio of 9 lb product/1000 Btu as compared to 10‐13 normally used for base‐loaded plants. Steam would be supplied by a multi‐unit dual‐purpose nuclear power plant. The most economical type of energy supply would be “interruptible”; the steam would be used by a low pressure turbine to generate electricity during periods of peak electrical demand but would be available to the desalting plant at other times. The low pressure turbine would be available as spinning reserve during desalting plant operation. It is estimated that the desalting plant would have a load factor of 27 per cent over its life.
OPINIONS RELATING TO FLUORIDATION: DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES1
Authors: York C. Michael 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Elected officials, technical specialists and the public are talking more about “citizen input” into the decision process, and how the people view a given issue or kind of public service. However, problem definition and valid instruments are needed before we can meaningfully predict or understand public attitude relating to a particular issue or concept.The fluoridation of community water supplies was chosen for the present methodological demonstration. This issue achieves a high level of controversy among many public segments [Crain, Katz and Rosenthal, 1969; Davis, 1959; McNeal, 1957]. By 1950, there was widespread endorsement for a national program relating to controlled water fluoridation. Yet, public acceptance of this particular technological advance has not been very high.
WATER RESOURCES AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS1
Authors: Ballweg John A. , Ibsen Charles A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Evidence from 1969 studies in Virginia and Ohio suggests that neither community leaders nor the general public are likely to define water related problems as major problem areas. An examination of the components of a social problem tends to indicate that water problems have not moved beyond a level of minimal public concern. When respondents were willing to describe existing or potential water problems, perceptions as well as possible solutions were described in abstract rather than action‐oriented terms. It is suggested that efforts to eliminate water resource problems are not likely to be effective until public concern moves to motivational and behavioral levels.
A CONFIRMATION OF MOUNT'S AUTOPSY TECHNIQUE FOR ZINC‐CAUSED FISH MORTALITY1
Authors: Cairns John , Cromer Nancy H. , Bahns Timothy K. , Waller William T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.A total of 203 bluegill sunfish (Lepornis macrochirus, Rafinesque) which had been used in several acute zinc experiments carried out under varied environmental conditions were autopsied according to Mount's procedure for determining fish mortality due to zinc poisoning. Three classes of fish were used: those exposed to but not killed by zinc; those killed by zinc; and those not exposed to zinc.Two statistical tests were used to analyze these data and both tests gave results indicating significant differences (a = .05) between all three classes of fish. This indicates that the Mount autopsy technique is very probably a valid generalization. The possibilities of using Mount's technique as a predictive tool are discussed.