bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability and Historic Preservation in Retail Design: Integrating Design into a Model of the REI Denver Decision–Making Process
Authors: Hyllegard Karen H. , Ogle Jennifer Faff , Dunbar Brian 
Published: June 2008

Recreational Equipment Inc.'s (REI) leadership in sustainable retail design is exemplified in the redesign of the historic Tramway Power Company Building for its new Denver flagship store. Although REI provided leadership, the design team's experience and knowledge were instrumental to the implementation of sustainable design and historic preservation principles. This study (a) describes and models REI's decision–making related to the location and redesign of their store, (b) defines the integral role of designers in the collaborative process undertaken to incorporate sustainability and historic preservation into the design solution, and (c) provides a holistic evaluation of the outcome. The study was guided by the Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel (2001) model of decision–making and other design process models. Data were collected via interviews with primary stakeholders involved in the project. The outcome of the analyses was a modified version of the Blackwell et al. model (2001) that integrates the design process and illustrates the juxtaposition of three orienting philosophies— retailing, sustainable design, and historic preservation. These three philosophies were used to evaluate the project outcome—an amenable design solution that serves the needs of an environmentally conscious retailer and contributes to the enrichment of the Denver community. Findings from the analyses provide an example of corporate stewardship for retailers and design professionals who wish to make environmentally–sound practices part of their business philosophy and activities. The REI model also can serve as a useful teaching tool and provides directions for future research in this area.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS): The Controversy and Relation to Interior Design
Authors: Nussbaumer Linda L. 
Published: June 2008

It is important for designers to become knowledgeable on multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) as it relates to indoor air quality (IAQ). It is also important to design spaces and specify materials for the built environment that promotes good IAQ. MCS is a condition in which a person reports sensitivity or intolerance to a number of chemicals and other irritants at very low concentrations (EPA, 2003). Within the medical community, MCS has been controversial, and still is today, regarding its name, definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Some physicians consider MCS a psychological illness or phenomenon, while other physicians and clinical ecologists treat patients with MCS. However, research indicates that many individuals have become ill from chemicals emitted from materials within interior spaces. A consensus on MCS within the medical community is essential. The relevance of MCS for the design community is that many materials used in building construction, interior finishes and furnishings, and products for installations contain chemicals that may trigger MCS. Therefore, it is essential that designers specify safe, healthy materials. Since many designers (architects and interior designers) are working to improve IAQ, they could take the initiative for change by working collaboratively on research with the medical community and individuals with MCS; by educating other designers about appropriate product specifications; and by becoming a legislative advocate.
Toward a Common Language: Proposed Index Categories to Enhance Dissemination and Retrieval of Interior Design Scholarship
Authors: Clemons Stephanie A. , Eckman Molly 
Published: June 2008

Dissemination and retrieval of scholarship within any given discipline and profession are necessary when defining the body of knowledge. Effective dissemination and retrieval of scholarly work is dependent upon selecting appropriate index categories to describe a publication. Therefore, an accurate categorization system is critical in guiding that dissemination/retrieval process necessary when building a comprehensive body of knowledge for a discipline and profession. The goal of this research was to develop a proposed categorization for systematizing dissemination and retrieval of scholarly work for the discipline and profession of interior design. As a first step in achieving this goal, this study intended to develop a revised categorization for systematizing the dissemination and retrieval of scholarship for the Journal of lnterior Design. The proposed categories would contribute to the interior design discipline and profession by providing: 1) consistency in subject matter categorization for interior design scholarship; 2) a common language within the shared body of knowledge of interior design that includes such disciplines as art, architecture, and social sciences; and 3) clearer identification of topics for future scholarship within the knowledge base for interior design and related areas. For this study, a framework developed by Marshall–Baker (2000) was used in the development of criteria and analysis. Her framework depicted overlapping and unique knowledge within and among fields related to interior design: art, architecture, and social science. Findings supported Marshall–Baker's research and further identified a common language among elated disciplines. This common language enhances communication among publishers, educators, researchers, practitioners, students, and employers. The body of knowledge in interior design will continue to require definition as new knowledge emerges and refinement takes place. Consistent index categorization of scholarship will enable scholars and reviewers of scholarly work to trace the evolution of research on particular topics, thereby assessing the contribution of scholarly work to the expansion and application of the body of knowledge in interior design. The findings offer a proposal for key words and categories identiking interior design scholarship for the purpose of dissemination and retrieval, as well as, providing a platform for common language across related disciplines.
Humanizing Design through Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Danko Sheila , Meneely Jason , Portillo Margaret 
Published: June 2008

An increasing number of practice–based disciplines are embracing narrative inquiry as a powerful means of teaching the more intangible, human–centered issues of professional practice. While the field of design has a long history of using narrative metaphorically—that is, creating designs that tell a story—less emphasis has been placed on examining the potential of narrative as design method—as a tool for exploring ideas and guiding decisions throughout the various stages of the design process. This article examines the potential benefits of a narrative inquiry in a studio setting on design process and product. The authors present findings from an exploratory study in which twenty–eight senior level interior design students formally integrated narrative (storytelling) into three different phases of their creative design process: Programming, Conceptualization, and Presentation. The studio setting became a laboratory for exploring the unique qualities of narrative method in relation to more traditional 2–D and 3–D design methods. Personal insights and self–reported changes in thinking were collected, indicating how the students perceived the impact of the narrative intervention upon their design inquiry, design decisions, and quality of work. A content analysis of the written reflections of the students revealed that designing with stories resulted in a transformative learning experience that encouraged a deeply humanized design process by nurturing empathy, enhancing multi–sensory conceptualization and visualization, and facilitating holistic designing.
American Abstract Art and the Interior Design of Ray and Charles Eames
Authors: Havenhand Lucinda Kaukas 
Published: June 2008

During the postwar period, the husband–and–wife team of Charles and Ray Eames emerged as leaders in the development of modern design in America. Although the Eameses are now primarily remembered for their innovations in product design and visual communications, their contribution to interior design was also significant, particularly In the design of their own home, built in 1949. For architectural historians, the design of the Eames House, which combines an orthodox modernist structure with what has been labeled as “Victorian clutter” and an excess of objects in its interior design, has been difficult to reconcile. This character of the interior has been generally characterized as reflective of a feminized, decorative, non–modern impulse that is usually ascribed to Ray Eames. This analysis puts forward the argument that Ray Eames's training and practice as an artist played an important, if not essential, role in all the work done by the Eames Office, but particularly In the design of the Eames House. It posits that viewing the design of the Eames House through the lens of art provides a more integrated explanation of its interior and exterior and demonstrates that the house, in its entirety, is an interdisciplinary effort that integrates ideas about modernism from both art and design into an “everyday” environment.
Arab–American Muslims’ Home Interiors in the US: Meanings, Uses and Communication
Authors: Amor Cherif M. 
Published: June 2008

The role of tradition and the attachment to homeland culture remain prerequisites that guide the development of the interior home environment of Arab–American Muslims in the United States. Space appropriation and the use of artifacts illustrate the rooted sensory need to reaffirm the attachment to the homeland's social and cultural values; additionally, these trends symbolize the enduring values of the group and render the home interior a place apart. This paper explores the role of tradition and its influence in shaping the home interior's physical environment, identifies the meanings associated with the resulting composition, and examines the consequences of adaptation to the host environment. This qualitative investigation used a grounded theory of two Arab–American Muslim immigrant settlements in Chicago, Illinois and Dearborn, Michigan. The sample consisted of 20 household heads living in two–parent families. The heterogeneity of the Arab–Muslim immigrants necessitated the use of purposeful sampling. Focus groups, interviews, and participant observation constituted the different forms of data collection. Data were analyzed using open coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Findings indicated and confirmed that cultural forces remain a pivotal role in influencing the design of the home interior. More importantly, it was found that despite the attachment to traditional values, a growing indifference to homeland ideals can be sensed as the household undergoes generational, social, and cultural metamorphosis.
The History of Women in Interior Design: A Review of Literature
Authors: Turpin John 
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the development and current state of literature regarding the history of the interior design profession, particularly as it relates to the female decorators and interior designers of the 20th century. Currently, a masculine narrative of architects constitutes the identity of a field dominated by women in number, but by men in perceived significance. With the growth and development of the feminist movement over the past few decades, numerous scholars have re–examined the role of women within their individual disciplines. As a result, histories have been rewritten and professional identities have been redefined. However, the field of interior design–specifically the writing of its history—has not been affected by feminist scholarship to the same degree as many other fields. This has prevented a fully–developed history of the profession. The following literature review identifies three types of publications: 1) general surveys of women in design, 2) critiques of the current state of the history of interior design, and 3) specific case studies/biographies. A comparative content analysis of the texts is conducted with the intent of identifying major themes and issues. The presentation of materials in chronological order sets up an opportunity to analyze evolving attitudes and theories. The findings are twofold. First, a cyclical trend of survey–critique characterizes the last three decades of the 20th century with little advancement. Second, five major concepts dominate those poststructuralist case studies that demonstrate a 21st–century shift in methodological approaches regarding the evaluation of women and design. These concepts include: gender, taste, consumerism, identity, and modernism. The overall conclusion is encouraging. Scholarship has momentum in a positive direction, but there is still much to be done.
Geotechnical properties of a municipal water treatment sludge incorporating a coagulant
Authors: O’Kelly Brendan C. 
Published: June 2008

The geotechnical properties of a municipal water treatment sludge from an upland catchment are presented. The gelatinous sludge comprised flocs of mainly quartz, manganoan calcite, and clay-sized organic solids, and incorporated an alum coagulant and an anionic polyelectrolyte. Standard Proctor compaction yielded low bulk density values of 0.95–1.10 t/m3and dry density values of 0.12–0.36 t/m3(water content is 160%–780%) in line with the low specific gravity of solids value of 1.86. The undrained shear strength and the water content were inversely related on a semi-log plot. The effective stress shear strength parameter values were c' = 0 and ϕ' = 39°. The consolidation properties were studied using the oedometer, consolidometer, and triaxial apparatus. The material was highly compressible with primary compression index (Cc) values of 2.5–3.7, and primary compression ratio (C*c) values of 0.20–0.28. The majority of the strain response occurred due to primary consolidation although the material had a very low permeability (coefficient of permeability values decreasing from 2 × 10−9to 5 × 10−11m/s for an effective vertical stress of σ'v= 3–800 kPa). Secondary compression was minor, with a mean secondary compression index (Cαe) value of 0.15, and Cαe/Cc= 0.04–0.06.
Significance and evaluation of Poisson's ratio in Rayleigh wave testing
Authors: Karray Mourad , Lefebvre Guy 
Published: June 2008

Important progress has been made in the past 20 years in the use of surface-wave testing in soil characterization. However, the effect of Poisson's ratio on the construction of the theoretical dispersion relationships, associated with the inversion process, has not received enough attention and remains poorly documented. Five ideal profiles with different degrees of variation of shear-wave velocity with depth and three published case records are considered in this paper to study the effect of Poisson's ratio on Rayleigh wave phase velocities. The effect of the variation of Poisson's ratio on the evaluation of shear-wave velocity profiles (Vs) is also examined. Poisson's ratio is generally assumed in surface-wave testing, and therefore the paper also examines the possibility of evaluating its value using a multi-mode inversion process. The results of surface-wave testing obtained at two experimental sites are then used to illustrate the potential of surface-wave testing to evaluate the Poisson's ratio profile in addition to the Vsprofile. The impact of Poisson's ratio in Rayleigh wave testing is shown to be significantly more important than previously demonstrated. The error resulting from Poisson's ratio does not depend solely on the magnitude of the inaccuracy. A multi-mode inversion process is shown to be a useful tool to determine the Poisson's ratio profile, leading to a more accurate soil characterization.
Modeling trends in stem quality characteristics of loblolly pine trees in unthinned plantations
Authors: Choi Jungkee , Burkhart Harold E. , Amateis Ralph L. 
Published: June 2008

Trends in stem quality characteristics of loblolly pine trees were investigated by using data from unthinned control plots established in plantations across 12 southern states in the United States and measured at 3 year intervals. At each measurement, the stem quality was classified into (i) single stem or forked, (ii) normal top or broken top, (iii) straight or sweep (bole sweep, butt sweep, short crook), and (iv) no disease or disease. Data through the first 15 years of observation showed that, on average, 4% of the trees were forked, 5% had broken tops, 41% had sweep, and 12% had disease or insect damage; 48% exhibited single stem, normal top, straight, and no disease or insect damage. Recovery rates out of forked, broken top, sweep, and disease classes were 37%, 83%, 30%, and 11%, respectively, over the 15 years. Multicategorical logit models were developed to predict stem quality characteristics from stand-and tree-level variables. Forked trees were related with tree diameter; broken tops were related with stand density, DBH, and relative height; sweep was related with stand age. Significant predictor variables for the incidence of disease or insect attack were not found. The occurrence of undamaged and disease-free trees can be predicted from DBH and relative height.
Generic biomass functions for Common beech (Fagus sylvatica) in Central Europe: predictions and components of uncertainty
Authors: Wutzler Thomas , Wirth Christian , Schumacher Jens 
Published: June 2008

This study provides a comprehensive set of functions for predicting biomass for Common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in Central Europe for all major tree compartments. The equations are based on data of stem, branch, timber, brushwood (wood with diameter below 5 or 7 cm), foliage, root, and total aboveground biomass of 443 trees from 13 studies. We used nonlinear mixed-effects models to assess the contribution of fixed effects (tree dimensions, site descriptors), random effects (grouping according to studies), and residual variance to the total variance and to obtain realistic estimates of uncertainty of biomass on an aggregated level. Candidate models differed in their basic form, the description of the variance, and inclusion of various combinations of additional fixed and random effects and were compared using the Akaike information criterion. Model performance increased most when accounting for between-study differences in the variability of biomass predictions. Further, performance increased with the inclusion of age, site index, and altitude as predictor variables. We show that neglecting variance partitioning and the fact that prediction errors of trees are not independent with respect to their predictor variables will lead to a significant underestimation of prediction variance.
Effect of precommercial thinning followed by a fertilization regime on branch diameter in coastal United States Douglas-fir plantations
Authors: Briggs David G. , Kantavichai Rapeepan , Turnblom Eric C. 
Published: June 2008

The effect of precommercial thinning in 6- to 13-year-old Douglas-fir ( Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii ) plantations with and without fertilization with 224 kg·ha–1nitrogen (N) as urea on the mean diameter of the largest limb at breast height (DLLBH) was modeled. DLLBH is a simple, nondestructive field measurement related to log knot indices used to measure log quality in product recovery studies. Model [1] succeeded in predicting mean DLLBH (RMSE = 2.80 and radj2= 0.84) using only site, initial stocking, and treatment variables. Model [2], which used only mean tree variables, improved on model [1] and was simpler. However, model [3], which used a combination of both groups of variables, produced the best model. Model [4] successfully predicted mean DLLBH using variables that can be measured with light detection and ranging (LIDAR), a high-resolution remote sensing technology. Since the age when the live crown receded above breast height is an important variable in some of the models, model [5] was developed to predict when crown recession above breast height occurs. This study found that mean DLLBH of Douglas-fir plantations can be estimated using variables obtained from stand-level growth models or remote sensing, providing a quality indicator that can be easily measured and verified in the field.
Fire return intervals and tree species succession in the North Shore region of eastern Quebec
Authors: Bouchard Mathieu , Pothier David , Gauthier Sylvie 
Published: June 2008

We evaluated geographic variations in mean fire return intervals and postfire forest succession within a 66 497 km2 land area located in the eastern Quebec boreal forest. Fire return intervals were calculated using a time since last fire map for 1800–2000, and forest dynamics were studied by superimposing 3204 forest inventory plots onto the fire map. Mean fire return interval proved significantly shorter in the western part of the study area, at 270 years, compared with the eastern part, where it was probably more than 500 years. The two main tree species in the study area were balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). Balsam fir abundance increased progressively as a function of time since fire, whereas black spruce abundance increased during the first 90 years after fire and then declined. Balsam fir was significantly more abundant in the southeastern portion of the study area, which we attribute to the combined limitations imposed by temperature along the north–south axis and by fire along the east–west axis. Large forest patches (i.e., ≥200 km2) dominated by early successional tree species, within a matrix of irregular black spruce – balsam fir mixtures, are an important feature of preindustrial forest landscapes in this region.
Above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, production, and distribution of sweetgum and loblolly pine grown with irrigation and fertilization
Authors: Coyle David R. , Coleman Mark D. , Aubrey Doug P. 
Published: June 2008

Increased forest productivity has been obtained by improving resource availability through water and nutrient amendments. However, more stress-tolerant species that have robust site requirements do not respond consistently to irrigation. An important factor contributing to robust site requirements may be the distribution of biomass belowground, yet available information is limited. We examined the accumulation and distribution of above- and below-ground biomass in sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) stands receiving irrigation and fertilization. Mean annual aboveground production after 4 years ranged from 2.4 to 5.1 Mg·ha–1·year–1for sweetgum and from 5.0 to 6.9 Mg·ha–1·year–1for pine. Sweetgum responded positively to irrigation and fertilization with an additive response to irrigation + fertilization. Pine only responded to fertilization. Sweetgum root mass fraction (RMF) increased with fertilization at 2 years and decreased with fertilization at 4 years. There were no detectable treatment differences in loblolly pine RMF. Development explained from 67% to 98% of variation in shoot versus root allometry for ephemeral and perennial tissues, fertilization explained no more than 5% of the variation in for either species, and irrigation did not explain any. We conclude that shifts in allocation from roots to shoots do not explain nutrient-induced growth stimulations.