bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Phase I Trial to Determine the Safety, Tolerability, and Maximum Tolerated Dose of Deforolimus in Patients with Advanced Malignancies
Authors: Hartford Christine M. , Desai Apurva A. , Janisch Linda , Karrison Theodore , Rivera Victor M. , Berk Lori , Loewy John W. , Kindler Hedy , Stadler Walter M. , Knowles Heather L. , Bedrosian Camille , Ratain Mark J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Purpose: This was a phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose and toxicity of deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antineoplastic effects were also studied.
Experimental Design: Deforolimus was administered intravenously over 30 min every 7 days according to a flat dosing schedule. Dose was escalated according to an accelerated titration design. Patients remained on study until disease progression as long as they tolerated the drug without significant toxicities.
Results: Forty-six patients were enrolled on the study. Common side effects included fatigue, anorexia, and mucositis. The maximum tolerated dose was 75 mg and mucositis was the dose-limiting toxicity. Similar to other mTOR inhibitors, deforolimus exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics and a prolonged half-life. Among 34 patients evaluable for response, 1 patient had a partial response, 21 patients had stable disease, and 12 had progressed. Percent change in tumor size was significantly associated with AUC (P = 0.015). A significant association was also detected for maximum change in cholesterol within the first two cycles of therapy and change in tumor size (r = −0.38; P = 0.029).
Conclusions: Deforolimus was well tolerated on the schedule tested in this trial with toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles that were similar to that of other mTOR inhibitors. Additional phase II studies are needed to determine if deforolimus is superior to other mTOR inhibitors in terms of efficacy. The change in serum cholesterol as a potential biomarker of activity should be studied further.
A Buried Past: The Tomb Inscription (Muzhiming) and Official Biographies of Wang Chuzhi (863-923)
Authors: Schottenhammer Angela 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe present article investigates the tomb inscription of Wang Chuzhi (863-923), a military governor whose career spanned the end of the Tang and the beginning of the Five Dynasties. By comparing the inscription with representations of the deceased in official sources, the article reveals that the tomb inscription presents a critical attitude toward the moral standards of conventional historiography, and demonstrates a shifting moral geography in the works of Song historians. This new standard increasingly excluded nomadic peoples from the newly imagined political body, and excluded with them the pragmatic diplomacy that had characterized the politics of the Five Dynasties. Cet article analyse l'inscription funéraire de Wang Chuzhi (863-923). Ce gouverneur militaire vécut à la fin des Tang et au début de la période des Cinq Dynasties. La comparaison de l'inscription à diverses représentations du défunt contenues dans les sources officielles montre la manière dont l'auteur de l'inscription critique les standards moraux de l'historiographie officielle. Elle montre aussi le cadre géographique mouvant dans lequel s'appliquait la morale Song: les populations nomades étaient de plus en plus exclues du corps politique tel qu'il était alors imaginé; la diplomatie pragmatique qui avait dominé la période des Cinq Dynasties était abandonnée.
Wards of Words: Textual Geographies and Urban Space in Song-Dynasty Luoyang, 960-1127
Authors: de Pee Christian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe conventions of inherited genres of literary composition reorganized the essential horizontality of eleventh-century urban space into vertical, hierarchical geographies that excluded markets, stores, alleyways, and commoners. Poems and inscriptions composed in Luoyang render detailed walks within gardens and outside the city walls, but not urban itineraries. Only the unusual events of miracle tales and the unusual time of the peony season disrupt conventional textual geographies and render visible commoners and commerce in a horizontal, vernacular urban space. Archaeological remains further demonstrate the limiting conventions of transmitted texts. Les conventions des genres littéraires traditionnels substituent à l'essentielle horizontalité de l'espace urbain du XIe siècle des géographies verticales et hiérarchiques qui excluent les marchés, les magasins, les ruelles, et le menu peuple. Les poèmes et les inscriptions composées en Luoyang décrivent d'innombrables promenades dans les jardins et en dehors des murs, mais elles omettent les itinéraires urbains. Seuls les événements extraordinaires des contes miraculeux et le temps exceptionnel de la saison des pivoines dérangent les géographies textuelles traditionnelles et rendent visible le menu peuple et le commerce dans un espace urbain qui devient horizontal et informel. Les vestiges archéologiques confirment le caractère restrictif des conventions textuelles transmises par la tradition.
The Use of the Terms αγνεια, παρενια, σωροσυνη, and εγκρατεια in the Symposium of Methodius of Olympus
Authors: Zorzi Benedetta 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn order to pinpoint the position of Methodius of Olympus in the debate with the encratist movement during the first centuries A.D. the usual terminology needs to be defined. Only then will it be possible to recognise Methodius' originality, which manifests itself in two respects: the body's natural ability to comply with the Spirit and, on the other hand, the extension of the concept of 'chastity' to the spiritual realm. The paper contains a systematic reading of the discourses of Methodius' Symposium, focusing on the semantics of the four relevant terms mentioned in the title of the paper.
Dietary shift in benthivorous cichlids after the ecological changes in Lake Victoria
Authors: Kishe-Machumu Mary , Witte Frans , Wanink Jan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria are well known for their trophic specializations. In our study area, the sub-littoral waters of the Mwanza Gulf (Tanzania), at least 12 trophic groups coexisted in the 1970s. After the Nile perch upsurge and eutrophication in the 1980s, most cichlids disappeared from the area. During the 1990s, heavy exploitation of Nile perch reduced the abundance of this predator. Subsequently, some cichlid species, mainly zooplanktivores and small benthivores, recovered. To establish their ecological role in the changed environment, among other factors we studied their diet. Stomach contents of fish caught before and after the ecological changes were compared. The small benthivores shifted from a diet dominated by detritus and phytoplankton, supplemented with small quantities of midge larvae and zooplankton, to a diet of invertebrate preys of larger sizes. Currently, the diet includes zooplankton, midge larvae, shrimps and molluscs, and a very small amount of detritus and phytoplankton. Apparently, the recovering benthivores have a more carnivorous than a herbivorous diet. Concomitantly, the ratio of intestine length to standard length of the benthivores decreased with 30% and the average stomach fullness decreased as well. The observed dietary shifts may be due to (1) the changed availability of food types and a decline of the nutritious quality of detritus and phytoplankton due to the strong increase of cyanobacteria in the lake, (2) the decline of the former trophic specialists, and (3) the reduced water clarity. The diet of the former detritivores is currently very similar to that of the zooplanktivores. Consequently, if diet plays a role in the relatively slow recovery of the small benthivores compared to the zooplanktivores, this would only hold if they are relatively poorly adapted to their new diet.
Identification of benthic invertebrate and diatom indicator taxa that distinguish different stream types as well as degraded from reference conditions in Luxembourg
Authors: Dohet Alain , Ector Luc , Cauchie Henry-Michel , Hoffmann Lucien 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The main objective of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is to achieve good ecological status for surface waters in Europe by 2015. The ecological status has to be defined based on near-natural reference conditions. Benthic invertebrates and diatoms are among the key biological elements recommended by the Directive to assess ecological quality of water bodies. The purpose of this study is to identify species associations of these biological elements that are characteristic of the different stream types occurring in Luxembourg and that distinguish degraded from reference conditions. In general, the results reveal that diatoms and invertebrates can be considered as complementary indicators with more diatom species being characteristic of small size stream types and more benthic invertebrate species being associated with larger stream types. Among invertebrates, Trichoptera, Hydrachnidia, Ephemeroptera and Diptera show high affinities for most stream types. Plecoptera, Oligochaeta appear as useful indicators for some particular types. If only reference sites are selected (all river types considered), the number of indicator species drops from 55 to 24 for diatoms and from 81 to 48 for benthic invertebrates. Moreover, for the larger stream type, no reference site was found at all. This trend is likely to be a consequence of the multiple anthropogenic pressures that have affected large parts of European lowland rivers for decades. Our results suggest that Trichoptera, Hydrachnidia, Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Oligochaeta could be considered as best candidate groups for a tiered-taxonomic resolution approach where only taxa which have narrow and specific ecological requirements would be identified to finer levels. In Central Europe, however, since taxonomic soundness and easy recognition are required, only Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera are the groups to be recommended at the present time.
State Responsibility and the Primary-Secondary Rules Terminology – The Role of Language for an Understanding of the International Legal System
Authors: Linderfalk Ulf 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the international legal literature, it is commonplace to talk about the law of state responsibility as secondary rules of law. The terminology emphasises that in some way or another the law of state responsibility is different from other rules of the international legal system – what international legal scholars refer to as primary rules of law. The present essay inquires into the soundness of this language. As argued, the primary-secondary rules terminology builds on two assumptions. First, it assumes that the law of state responsibility can be described as separate from the ordinary (or primary) rules of international law. Secondly, it assumes that the two classes of rules can be described as pertaining to different stages of the judicial decision-making process. As shown in this essay, neither assumption can be defended as correct.
The Neutral Ally: The European Security and Defence Policy and the Swedish Constitution
Authors: Österdahl Inger 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Swedish defence policy has undergone a dramatic shift in recent years from focusing on defending Swedish territory to focusing on making the world a better place. The questions asked in this article relate to the Swedish constitutional regulation of the use of the Swedish armed forces and the potential impact of the European Security and Defence Policy on the interpretation of the Constitution. A fundamental revision of a policy central to the identity of the state has taken place, and the constitutional regulation as such stays intact. The old constitutional rules also function in the new defence policy environment, but new practice may entail a new interpretation. Different aspects of the change in defence policy will be weighed in relation to the existing Constitution. The Constitution sets limits to when Swedish armed forces may be sent abroad, but it also provides the opportunities. In a time of internationalisation and active use of military means to accomplish things around the world, the enabling aspect of the Constitution becomes important. The constitutional regulation accords the government and Parliament a lot of freedom, indeed unlimited freedom as long as they agree. Under the Constitution any coalition, context or cause is just.
Restless Spirits in the Land: Finding a Place in Canadian Law for Aboriginal Civil Disobedience
Authors: Milward David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article will argue that Aboriginal use of civil disobedience should be legalised within limited circumstances. Aboriginal peoples have constitutional rights under s. 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Supreme Court of Canada decided in Haida that if a Canadian government possesses knowledge, real or constructive, that its actions may affect Aboriginal interests that are potentially protected under s. 35(1), that government then has duties towards the Aboriginal peoples concerned. These duties can include giving prior notice of the proposed action, or even interim accommodation of the Aboriginal interests pending final resolution. If the Canadian state undertakes an action that 1) threatens harm to or interference with an Aboriginal interest and 2) in a manner that reflects a failure to uphold its obligations under Haida and 3) the action is commenced before the interim hearing contemplated by Haida can be initiated, Aboriginal peoples should be allowed to have recourse to civil disobedience to block that action. The idea is that the action reflects a failure by the state to uphold the rule of law with respect to Aboriginal rights and therefore should disentitle the state from enforcing such action through criminal prosecution.
The Roma Minority and the Utility of Human Rights
Authors: Ringelheim Julie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGiven the magnitude of difficulties experienced by Roma across Europe, some scholars have come to question the utility of individual human rights, as presently guaranteed in international law, as a tool to improve their situation. However, it is important in such a discussion not to confuse problems of substance with problems of effectiveness of the rights. Furthermore, one must keep in mind the different conceptions of human rights obligations. Their relevance for such a deprived minority as the Roma, depends on whether a 'thick' – rather than a formalistic and minimalist – view of human rights is accepted, whereby public authorities are required to take action, where necessary, so as to effectively protect and fulfil the rights guaranteed.
Keeping Up with the Fashion: Human Rights and Global Public Goods
Authors: Langford Malcolm 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe strategic genius of some recent development discourses lies in their appropriation or reappropriation of hegemonic ideas and practices. However, the choice of a conservative framework for progressive goals may mean that the compromise may be more than symbolic. The global public goods movement seeks to resuscitate earlier economic ideas about the economic utility of the public provision of certain goods but in this case at a supranational level. The book Towards New Global Strategies: Public Goods and Human Rights attempts to engage with the idea from a human rights perspective. While there are some notable contributions, much of the book founders on a failure to understand the different, and sometimes confused, strands of the global public goods thinking and properly engage with them from a human rights perspective. This article tries to tease out what appears to be the two diffent schools of thought of global public goods and the human rights questions that should be posed to them. Given the dominance of the economics discourse and the enduring nationalism in much international development cooperation, instrumental arguments for the utility of human rights and development should be cautiously welcomed but also carefully critiqued.
Gleanings on Jews of Greater Iran under the Sasanians: (According to the Oldest Armenian and Georgian Texts)
Authors: Shapira Dan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper is an unbiased investigation of two Jewish tomb inscriptions from Mc'xeta, Georgia, claimed to support the legends about the mission of St. Nino, into the broader context of the oldest Armenian and Georgian texts that mention Jews, with the emphasis on Armenian-Georgian ecclesiastical relations. The conclusion of the author is that it is impossible to use the two mentioned inscriptions as an evidence for a Georgian Jewish community in Mc'xeta in the 4th or 5th centuries.
The Sogdian "Ancient Letters" (I, III)
Authors: Livshits Vladimir 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe "Ancient Letters" is a conventional term applied to a group of Sogdian paper documents (five letters and a number of fragments) found by Aurel Stein in 1907, in the remains of a watch-tower on the Chinese frontier wall. The letters were written, most likely, in the first decades of the 4th century A.D. The "Ancient Letters" are the earliest Sogdian handwritten texts and the oldest available paper documents.The author presents the translations of the first and third letters dictated by a woman named Mēwnāi (lit. "tiger cub"), whose husband Nanaidāt (lit. "Created by goddess Nanai") had left her in Tun-huang.
Are Verbs Always What They Seem To Be?
Authors: Hewitt George 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe North West Caucasian language-family is noted (notorious) for the polysynthetic nature of its verbs. If one couples this with fact (a) that morphemes typically take the shape C(V) and fact (b) that the language has a minimum of 58 consonantal phonemes (sc. in its literary dialect) and that homonymy is widespread, one might expect that, for ease of encoding/decoding, verb-forms would shew great regularity and structural transparency. On the whole, this is indeed the case. However, there are instances where analysis presents some problems.In Abkhaz the causative marker is 'r' prefixed to the verbal root (sometimes to the preverb). Since the procedure for causative formation is clearly of the synthetic type, one would expect that all verbs containing this marker would have to be transitive, and yet the verb /s-'p∫w-r-t∫t∫a-wa-jt'/ 'I smile' has only the one argument, represented by the initial fricative for the 1st person singular, and is intransitive. The verb /j-'s-kw-na-psa-jt'/ 'I came out in a rash' looks to be monovalent and yet has three arguments and is ditransitive, just like its counterpart in the unrelated but neighbouring language Georgian /(muts'uk'-εb-i) ga-m-m-(a-)q'ar-a/ 'I came out in a rash (of spots)'. From its form the Mingrelian verb /-rt-u-k/ looks to be an intransitive form (by virtue of ending in /-u-k/), and yet, if we place the verb in a sentence /si mu-s -rt-u-k/ 'What are you doing?', one might be excused for taking it to be a proto-typical transitive (cp. the exact equivalent in the sister-language Georgian /∫en ra-s∫vr-εb-i/). The paper examines a range of such apparent inconsistencies and some consequential misanalyses.
Naturally occurring regulatory dendritic cells regulate murine cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Sato Kaori , Eizumi Kawori , Fukaya Tomohiro , Fujita Shigeharu , Sato Yumiko , Takagi Hideaki , Yamamoto Mai , Yamashita Naohide , Hijikata Atsushi , Kitamura Hiroshi , Ohara Osamu , Yamasaki Sho , Saito Takashi , Sato Katsuaki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a limiting factor in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) for the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies. Relative to the process that initiates and promotes cGVHD, the regulation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the role of naturally occurring regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs) in murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-compatible and multiple minor histocompatibility antigen (miHAg)–incompatible model of cGVHD in alloHSCT. DCregs generated from bone marrow in vitro (BM-DCregs) exclusively expressed CD200 receptor 3 (CD200R3), which exerted a suppressive function in the Ag-specific CD4+ T-cell response. CD49+CD200R3+ cells showed similarities in phenotype and function to BM-DCregs, which formally distinguishes them from other leukocytes, suggesting that they are the natural counterpart of BM-DCregs. Treatment of the recipient mice after alloHSCT with the recipient-type CD49+CD200R3+ cells as well as BM-DCregs protected against cGVHD, and the protection was associated with the generation of Ag-specific anergic CD4+ T cells as well as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from donor-derived alloreactive CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells. In addition, the depletion of CD49+CD200R3+ cells before alloHSCT enhanced the progression of cGVHD. In conclusion, CD49+CD200R3+ cells act as naturally occurring DCregs to regulate the pathogenesis of cGVHD in alloHSCT mediated through the control of the transplanted alloreactive CD4+ T cells.
Common processes in pathogenesis by fungal and oomycete plant pathogens, described with Gene Ontology terms
Authors: Meng Shaowu , Torto-Alalibo Trudy , Chibucos Marcus C , Tyler Brett M , Dean Ralph A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes result in significant economic losses every year. Although phylogenetically distant, the infection processes by these organisms share many common features. These include dispersal of an infectious particle, host adhesion, recognition, penetration, invasive growth, and lesion development. Previously, many of these common processes did not have corresponding Gene Ontology (GO) terms. For example, no GO terms existed to describe processes related to the appressorium, an important structure for infection by many fungi and oomycetes. In this mini-review, we identify common features of the pathogenic processes of fungi and oomycetes and create a pathogenesis model using 256 newly developed and 38 extant GO terms, with an emphasis on the appressorium and signal transduction. This set of standardized GO terms provides a solid base to further compare and contrast the molecular underpinnings of fungal and oomycete pathogenesis.