bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Leaf Blight of Chinese Ground Orchid (Phaius tankervilliae) Caused by Botrytis cinerea in India
Authors: Baiswar P. , Chandra S. , Kumar R. , Ngachan S. V. , Roy A. R. , Upadhayay D. N. 
Published: October 2008

Chinese ground orchid (Phaius tankervilliae Banks:Blume) is a beautiful, terrestrial orchid, which belongs to the family Orchidaceae. It is used as a cut flower, which lasts for 4 to 5 weeks. This species is considered endangered and rare in nature. In June of 2007, potted plants of P. tankervilliae in Shillong, Meghalaya (northeast India; maximum temperature 24°C, minimum temperature 18°C, and 83.5% relative humidity) exhibited leaf blight. Symptoms included water-soaked lesions and dense, gray mold growing on infected tissues. Thirty-six percent of the plants surveyed were found to have this disease. For isolation, diseased tissue was surface disinfested by soaking it in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, air dried, plated on potato dextrose agar, and incubated at 20°C. Mycelia were initially white but later turned gray. Mature, unicellular, ellipsoid, hyaline conidia (6.3 to 8.2 × 9.6 to 11.4 μm) were formed in botryose heads. Hard, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (average size 1.8 × 2.3 mm) were formed after 15 days. On the basis of these morphological characters, the pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by spraying plants with a spore suspension (106 spores per ml), which were then maintained under high humidity for 48 h at 20 to 22°C by covering with cheesecloth. Five potted plants were inoculated and five were sprayed with sterile water. Lesions and spore masses that were identical to those observed appeared 5 to 6 days after inoculation. Water-treated control plants remained asymptomatic. B. cinerea was reisolated from inoculated plants. A literature search revealed no previous record of this disease in India. So, to our knowledge, this is the first record of B. cinerea on P. tankervilliae in India. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971.
First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Nebraska
Authors: Watson S. R. , Giesler L. J. , Ziems A. D. , Brovont T. E. 
Published: October 2008

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow was first observed in the continental United States in Louisiana in November 2004 (2). As part of the national soybean rust monitoring effort, samples were collected on 3 October 2007 during the scouting of fields with green leaves in southeastern Nebraska. After incubation at room temperature for 24 h, uredinea and urediniospores were observed with microscopic examination. Urediniospores were obovoid, hyaline to pale brown, and measured 20 to 30 × 18 to 20 μm. The observed morphology was typical of P. pachyrhizi (1). In addition to microscopic observation, P. pachyrhizi was confirmed with real-time (q)-PCR with Taq DNA polymerase on 4 October 2007 with the q-PCR standard operating procedure version 1.9 outlined by the USDA-CSREES and utilized by the National Plant Diagnostic Network with appropriate positive and negative controls (1). Samples initially identified with soybean rust were from Richardson County near the town of Rulo and in Otoe County south of Nebraska City. On 12 October 2007, soybean rust was confirmed in adjacent Pawnee and Nemaha counties. Soybean rust was identified in six fields with an incidence and severity of less than 1%. In fields where the disease was identified, the disease was distributed in low-lying, shaded areas near wind breaks. Although soybean rust was detected in four southeastern Nebraska counties, soybean yields were not affected by the disease. At the time of first detection, more than 80% of the Nebraska soybean crop was harvested. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi on soybeans in Nebraska, and currently, the northwestern most find on any host in the continental United States. References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.
First Report of Cherry virus A in Prunus mume in China
Authors: Marais A. , Faure C. , Svanella-Dumas L. , Candresse T. 
Published: October 2008

Natural infections of Cherry virus A (CVA) have been reported in sweet (Prunus avium) and sour cherry (P. cerasus) from a number of European countries, North America, and Japan. CVA has been detected occasionally in other Prunus hosts such as peach, plum, and apricot (1). In the spring of 2007, samples from four Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) trees from the Jiangsu Province of China were analyzed by a polyvalent reverse transcriptase-PCR assay that amplifies a short region of the polymerase gene of viruses from several genera in the family Flexiviridae (2). Sequencing of the amplified products identified CVA in three samples. Two isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EU730949 and EU730950) were closely related and highly homologous (97.5 to 99.3% identity) to noncherry isolates of CVA (GenBank Accession Nos AY792509 and DQ445275 to DQ445292). The third isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU730951) was approximately 90% identical to the other P. mume isolates and showed the highest identity (92.3%) to a cherry isolate (GenBank Accession No AF413923). CVA infection of the P. mume samples was confirmed by two CVA-specific primer pairs targeting genomic regions corresponding to the movement or coat protein genes. Since the samples showed mixed infections with Plum pox virus (PPV) or Asian Prunus virus 1 (APV1), potential CVA symptomatology could not be evaluated. To our knowledge, these results are the first identification of CVA in China and in P. mume, extending the geographical distribution and natural host range of this virus. Additional work is needed to evaluate whether CVA poses a threat to P. mume production or whether, as in other identified hosts, CVA is largely latent. References: (1) M. Barone et al. Plant Dis. 90:1459, 2006. (2) X. Foissac et al. Phytopathology 95:617, 2005.
An Englishman abroad: Charles Blagden's visit to Paris in 1783
Authors: Fauque Danielle M.E 
Published: October 2008

Summary
Once the preliminaries of peace had been signed in January 1783, after the war of American independence, exchanges between British and French men of science resumed their normal course. On a visit to Paris in 1783, the francophile Charles Blagden (with the encouragement of Joseph Banks) made a number of contacts that fostered relations between the Royal Society and the Académie royale des sciences. In the course of this and several subsequent visits to France, Blagden became especially intimate with the chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet. His correspondence, now in the Royal Society, is a rich source for our understanding of some of the leading scientific debates of the day, in particular concerning the nature of water, which forms the main subject of this article.
RhoC is essential for angiogenesis induced by hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulation of endothelial cell organization
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Fan , Fang Feng , Tao Yiming , Yang Lianyue 
Published: October 2008

The angiogenesis induced by tumor cells is essential for metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Available information suggests that RhoC participates in angiogenesis through regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor cells. For its broad functions in cell migration and cytoskeletal organization, we hypothesized that RhoC regulating angiogenesis does not exclusively depend on regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. To address this question, in the present study, we used a retroviral small interfering RNA approach to selectively knockdown the expression of RhoC in a neovascularization model in vivo and in vitro. Our present results indicate that RhoC is the downstream regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells and is essential for angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor, notwithstanding that RhoC regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor cells. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of RhoC is associated with the inhibition of invasion and migration but not apoptosis of endothelial cells. Knockdown of RhoC results in inhibition of endothelial cell organization through restraining the reorganization of F‐actin filaments, which represses endothelial cell network and sprout formation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that knockdown of RhoC inhibits angiogenesis induced by tumor cells not only through effecting the release of vascular endothelial growth factor, but also through inhibiting endothelial cell migration and organization, which implies that it blocks tumor metastasis by specifically inhibiting RhoC in endothelial cells. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 2012–2018)
External apical root resorption: two case reports
Authors: Armas J. M. , Savarrio L. , Brocklebank L. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim  To present two cases of external root resorption and in so doing highlight rarer causative factors as well as the difficulties in classifying root resorption.Summary  Root resorption in the permanent dentition is usually pathological. Local factors are the most frequent causes of resorption, most commonly excessive pressure and inflammation. However, many systemic abnormalities have been implicated in the resorption process. Resorption is often an incidental finding during routine examination. Otherwise, late in the disease process, tooth mobility or infection may arise. A rarer form of root resorption is external apical root resorption which may or may not be linked to systemic disease. In most cases, no causative factors are found. At present there is no curative treatment for external apical root resorption. The current management for these patients is symptomatic, minimal intervention and long‐term monitoring.Key learning points  • Apical resorption may be associated with a systemic disease or of an idiopathic origin. It may also occur in association with orthodontic treatment or with pathoses such as tumours, cysts, etc.• In the absence of signs or symptoms of pulpal and/or periapical disease, endodontic treatment is not indicated.• Long‐term monitoring of affected patients is essential.
Technical quality of root fillings and periapical status in root filled teeth in Jönköping, Sweden
Authors: Frisk F. , Hugoson A. , Hakeberg M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim  To study changes in technical quality of root fillings and periapical status in root filled teeth in random samples of 20 to 70 year‐olds between 1973 and 2003.Methodology  Data from dentate subjects aged 20–70 years from examinations conducted in 1973 (n = 498), 1983 (n = 530), 1993 (n = 547) and 2003 (n = 491) were used for the analysis. Length of root fillings were measured on radiographs to the nearest 0.1 mm. Adequate seal was defined as a root filling without lateral and/or apical voids. Periapical status was assessed according to the periapical index. All observations were made by one calibrated observer registered from full mouth radiographic examinations. Teeth with root fillings ending within the canal without lateral or apical voids were considered adequate. The association between root filling quality and periapical status was analysed by means of the Chi‐squared test and a multilevel logistic regression analysis.Results  Adequately root filled teeth had a significantly lower frequency of apical periodontitis than inadequately root filled teeth (11.8% vs. 22.8%). The frequency of technically adequate root fillings increased statistically significant from 1973 (23.7%) to 2003 (36.4%) without a concomitant improvement of the periapical status in root filled teeth over time (24.5% vs. 24.6%).Conclusions  This study reports on an improving technical quality of root fillings over time, without a concomitant improvement of the periapical status in root filled teeth. A larger proportion of treated molars over time may be of importance for the result.
Step‐wise treatment of two periodontal‐endodontic lesions in a heavy smoker
Authors: Walter C. , Krastl G. , Weiger R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim  To report a clinical case of two advanced periodontal‐endodontic lesions with a focus on treatment issues related to tobacco use.Summary  A 53‐year‐old Caucasian male was referred to the School of Dentistry, Basel, Switzerland, for periodontal treatment. The major diagnoses were chronic (smoker) periodontitis and advanced combined periodontal‐endodontic lesions on the mandibular left lateral incisor and right incisor. Conventional root canal treatment was performed, and subsequently led to reduced radiolucencies around the affected roots after 14 months. The remaining osseous defect was augmented by guided tissue regeneration using bovine bone substitute and resorbable membrane. The follow‐up revealed a stable situation from clinical (probing depth 2–4 mm) and radiological points of view 32 months after initiation of treatment. Treatment considerations related to tobacco use are discussed.Key learning points  • After conventional root canal treatment, osseous healing should occur before further complementary therapy is taken into account.• Issues related to tobacco use have to be considered before treatment is initiated.
Forensic psychiatric perspective on criminality associated with intellectual disability: a nationwide register‐based study
Authors: Männynsalo L. , Putkonen H. , Lindberg N. , Kotilainen I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground  Contrasting views exist over the association of intellectual disability (ID) and criminal offending. This nationwide study attempts to shed further light to expand understanding to substantiate the relation between socio‐demographic characteristics, psychiatric co‐morbidity and criminal behaviour among the Finnish forensic population with ID.Method  We reviewed all forensic psychiatric examination reports of individuals with ID who underwent a pre‐trial forensic psychiatric evaluation in Finland during an 11‐year period (1996–2006).Results  One‐third of the offenders had been regularly and sufficiently treated as outpatients. Half of the offenders had previous criminality, and the single most common crime was arson. Almost half of the offenders were diagnosed with alcohol abuse/dependence and two‐thirds with any substance abuse/dependence. Furthermore, almost half were intoxicated during the index crime. Antisocial personality disorder was diagnosed in 25% of the offenders. Almost half of the offenders were placed in involuntary special care for the ID, which lasted ca 2 years. Among the last‐mentioned, two‐thirds of the nursing care plans lacked recommended structure.Conclusions  The offenders with so‐called triple diagnosis – substance abuse, mental illness and ID – form a small subgroup of criminal offenders with complex needs. The results of the present study underline the importance of close, long‐term cooperation among specialists in the field of ID, addiction service, mental health services and forensic psychiatry.
Evidence for differential human slow‐wave activity regulation across the brain
Authors: ZAVADA ANDREI , STRIJKSTRA ARJEN M. , BOEREMA ATE S. , DAAN SERGE , BEERSMA DOMIEN G. M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe regulation of the timing of sleep is thought to be linked to the temporal dynamics of slow‐wave activity [SWA, electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power in the ∼0.75–4.5 Hz range] in the cortical non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEG. In the two‐process model of sleep regulation, SWA was used as a direct indication of sleep debt, or Process S. Originally, estimation of the latter was performed in a gross way, by measuring average SWA across NREM–REM sleep cycles, fitting an exponential curve to the values thus obtained and estimating its time constant. In later studies, SWA was assumed to be proportional to the instantaneous decay rate of Process S, rather than taken as a direct reflection of S. Following up on this, we extended the existing model of SWA dynamics in which the effects of intrusions of REM sleep and wakefulness were incorporated. For each subject, a ‘gain constant’ can be estimated that quantifies the efficiency of SWA in dissipating S. As the course of SWA is variable across cortical locations, local differences are likely to exist in the rate of discharge of S, eventually leading to different levels of S in different cortical regions. In this study, we estimate the extent of local differences of SWA regulation on the basis of the extended model of SWA dynamics, for 26 locations on the scalp. We observed higher efficiency of SWA in dissipation of S in frontal EEG derivations, suggesting that SWA regulation has a clear local aspect. This result further suggests that the process involved in (local) SWA regulation cannot be identical to the Process S involved (with Process C) in effectual determination of sleep timing – a single behaviour that cannot vary between locations on the scalp. We therefore propose to distinguish these two representations and characterize the former, purely SWA‐related, as ‘Process Z’, which then is different for different locations on the scalp. To demonstrate those differences, we compare the gain constants derived for the medial EEG derivations (Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz) with each other and with the decay rate derived from SWA values per NREM–REM sleep cycle.
Ecology and conservation of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: BEARZI GIOVANNI , FORTUNA CATERINA MARIA , REEVES RANDALL R. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus are amongst the best‐known cetaceans. In the Mediterranean Sea, however, modern field studies of cetaceans did not start until the late 1980s. Bottlenose dolphins have been studied only in relatively small portions of the basin, and wide areas remain largely unexplored.
This paper reviews the ecology, behaviour, interactions with fisheries and conservation status of Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins, and identifies threats likely to have affected them in historical and recent times.
Whilst intentional killing was probably the most important cause of mortality until the 1960s, important ongoing threats include incidental mortality in fishing gear and the reduced availability of key prey caused by overfishing and environmental degradation throughout the region. Additional potential or likely threats include the toxic effects of xenobiotic chemicals, epizootic outbreaks, direct disturbance from boating and shipping, noise, and the consequences of climate change.
The flexible social organization and opportunistic diet and behaviour of bottlenose dolphins may allow them to withstand at least some of the effects of overfishing and habitat degradation. However, dolphin abundance is thought to have declined considerably in the region and management measures are needed to prevent further decline.
Management strategies that could benefit bottlenose dolphins, such as sustainable fishing, curbing marine pollution and protecting biodiversity, are already embedded in legislation and treaties. Compliance with those existing commitments and obligations should be given high priority.
Fruit consumption by carnivores in Mediterranean Europe
Authors: ROSALINO LUÍS M. , SANTOS‐REIS MARGARIDA 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

We reviewed patterns of fruit consumption amongst 10 species of mesocarnivores: red fox Vulpes vulpes, weasel Mustela nivalis, stoat Mustela erminea, polecat Mustela putorius, stone marten Martes foina, pine marten Martes martes, Eurasian badger Meles meles, common genet Genetta genetta, Egyptian mongoose Herpestes ichneumon and wildcat Felis silvestris in Mediterranean Europe.
The 65 reviewed studies recorded 79 different fruits eaten by carnivores, 58 of which were identified to species. Most records (63%) were of fleshy fruits with high pulp content. The frequency of occurrence of fruit items varied widely amongst species and regions. Four of the carnivore species (red fox, stone marten, badger and common genet) included more than 30 fruit species in their diet.
A longitudinal pattern was detected in the consumption of fruit in the Mediterranean region, with the frequency of occurrence of fruit consumption increasing towards the east.
Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus
Authors: ACEVEDO PELAYO , CASSINELLO JORGE 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

The Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and of the four subspecies originally recognized, recent extinctions mean that only two now persist. Recent genetic analyses have cast doubt on the generally accepted taxonomy of the species, where four subspecies were distinguished by coat colour and horn morphology, and propose the distinction of two subspecies based on their mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism. These analyses make clear the need for a comprehensive revision that integrates genetic and morphological approaches resulting in a definitive description and differentiation of the subspecies.
Studies of ibex behavioural ecology and health status are scarce and generally descriptive. They should be implemented in an integrative way, taking into account the ecological requirements of the species, current population status, the presence of other sympatric wild and domestic ungulates, and the type of hunting regime and management in their distribution areas.
A natural expansion of the species is currently taking place. Ibexes are present and well established in all the main mountain ranges of the Spanish Iberian Peninsula, and have recently expanded their range into the north of Portugal. Other authors estimated a total population of more than 50 000 individuals 10 years ago, distributed over more than 60 000 km2, with an average population density of 2.7 ibex/km2. However, these estimates were obtained prior to the species' recovery from recent epizootics of sarcoptic mange and should be updated. Survey methods, mainly direct count‐based methods, should be adjusted to suit mountainous conditions, where it is difficult to estimate accurately the surveyed surface.
A series of threats to ibex conservation have been identified, such as population overabundance, disease prevalence and potential competition with domestic livestock and invasive ungulates, along with negative effects of human disturbance through tourism and hunting.
Applied ecological issues focused on the proper management of populations should be prioritized, along with the identification of current threats based on empirical, ecological data obtained from populations living in various ecological conditions in different regions.
Small membrane proteins found by comparative genomics and ribosome binding site models
Authors: Hemm Matthew R. , Paul Brian J. , Schneider Thomas D. , Storz Gisela , Rudd Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe correct annotation of genes encoding the smallest proteins is one of the biggest challenges of genome annotation, and perhaps more importantly, few annotated short open reading frames have been confirmed to correspond to synthesized proteins. We used sequence conservation and ribosome binding site models to predict genes encoding small proteins, defined as having 16–50 amino acids, in the intergenic regions of the Escherichia coli genome. We tested expression of these predicted as well as previously annotated genes by integrating the sequential peptide affinity tag directly upstream of the stop codon on the chromosome and assaying for synthesis using immunoblot assays. This approach confirmed that 20 previously annotated and 18 newly discovered proteins of 16–50 amino acids are synthesized. We summarize the properties of these small proteins; remarkably more than half of the proteins are predicted to be single‐transmembrane proteins, nine of which we show co‐fractionate with cell membranes.