bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on Pigeons with Prethalamic Radiolesions in the Nervous Pathways from the Telencephalon
Authors: ÅKerman Bengt , Fabrigius Eric , Larsson Börje , Steen Lennart 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBy local irradiation of the pigeon's brain with high energy protons, lesions were produced in the cerebral peduncles and the septal region at a level in front of the anterior commissure, without apparent damage to diencephalic structures. The behaviour of the animals following the procedure was observed. Spontaneous eating, drinking and flying, escape responses and all social behaviour disappeared during the first four days after irradiation, with a dose of 30 krad, in a group of pigeons in which all connections from the cerebral hemispheres were destroyed. On the contrary, swallowing, blinking and pupillary reflexes as well as the muscular and visual control of standing, walking and flying remained. In another group of pigeons with small, caudal parts of the peduncles intact, similar behaviour changes were observed, but no pattern of behaviour disappeared until after five days or more. In a third group of pigeons in which only more anterior parts of the peduncles were transsected no behavioural changes were observed. The experiments demonstrate that delayed, circumscribed destruction of cerebral structures by means of ionizing radiation may be used to particular advantage in the study of the anatomical foundation of animal behavior.
Breath‐by‐Breath Sampling of Alveolar (End‐Tidal) Gas
Authors: Brismar J. , Hesser C. M. , Matell G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFor studies of the rate of change of alveolar gas composition in transitional states, a breath‐by‐breath end‐tidal gas sampler is proposed which combines great simplicity in design with a much reduced mixing of successive samples. The validity of the method is discussed and illustrated by breath‐by‐breath comparisons of end‐tidal and arterial Pco2, the latter being followed by continuous recording of the arterial pH. It is shown that, in or near the resting conditions, the two parameters closely follow each other, even when exhibiting rapid and great fluctuations, and that the Pco2 of the samples approximates the functional mean alveolar Pco2.
The Rate of Disappearance of Vasoconstrictor Responses to Sympathetic Chain Stimulation after Reserpine Treatment
Authors: Rosell Sune , Sedvall Göran 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVasoconstrictor responses in the vascular bed of skeletal muscles of cats were studied after administration of reserpine (5 mg/kg b. w. i. v.). The vasoconstrictor responses were produced by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic chain. Sympathetic decentralization largely precluded the disappearance of the responses after reserpine treatment. With increasing total number of stimuli applied to the vasoconstrictor nerves, the magnitude of the vasoconstrictor responses gradually decreased. After delivery of about 10,000 stimuli the vasoconstrictor responses had almost completely disappeared. It is suggested that the normal impulse discharge is an important factor in transmitter substance depletion at the nerve endings following reserpinization. The depletion does not seem to be followed by repletion.
Effect of Reserpine and Hypogastric Denervation on the Noradrenaline Content of the Vas Deferens and the Seminal Vesicle of the Guinea‐Pig
Authors: Sjöstrand Nils O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe vas deferens and the seminal vesicle of the guinea‐pig contained the high noradrenaline concentrations of 10 ± 0.56 and 4.3 ± 0.26 μg/g tissue respectively but negligible amounts of adrenaline. After reserpinization no measurable amounts of noradrenaline remained in the organs. Following partial removal of the hypogastric nerve the noradrenaline content of the organs was only slightly reduced, to 8 ± 0.76 and 4.2 ± 0.56 μg/g tissue respectively. The probable existence of a peripheral synaptic mechanism in the sympathetic innervation of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle is discussed.
The Effect of Cardioacceleration by Methylscopolamine Nitrate on the Circulation at Rest and During Exercise in Supine Position, with Special Reference to the Stroke Volume1
Authors: Bevegård By Sture 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 9 healthy, adult males the work intensity at pulse rate 170 (PWC170) was determined before and after i. m. injection of 0.75 mg methylscopolaminenitrate (MSN). The PWC170 decreased 14 % after MSN. In 15 patients with normal circulation the effect of MSN was studied with heart catheterization at rest and during work at two progressive loads in the supine position. At rest the heart rate increased 66 %, the stroke volume decreased 34 %, and the cardiac output was unchanged. The ventricular filling pressures decreased. During work, performed after MSN, ventricular filling pressures and stroke volume increased progressively. At the highest work load the stroke volume was only 12 % lower than before MSN. Oxygen uptake, cardiac output, central blood volume and vascular resistances in the systemic and pulmonary circulations were unchanged after MSN, both at rest and during work. After MSN the heart volume, determined in the prone position, tended to decrease. The duration of the mechanical diastole, as measured from the phonocardiogram, was significantly shorter after MSN both at rest and during exercise. The investigation elucidates the relationship between the size of the stroke volume and the capacity for work at a given pulse rate and also between the size of the stroke volume and ventricular filling pressure.
Conditioned Avoidance Behavior of Cats with Lesions in Globus Pallidus
Authors: Laursen By Arne Mosfeldt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAfter both unilateral and bilateral lesions in globus pallidus conditioned avoidance responses were extinguished more rapidly than in normal and control operated cats. This was observed at a time when retention had returned to normal. Animals with bilateral lesions in globus pallidus tested 30 days after the operation learned the avoidance response slower than normal and control operated cats. Retention tested 30 days after bilateral lesions in globus pallidus was impaired as compared with normal and control operated cats. Sixty days postoperatively retention was normal. Therefore a memory defect cannot account for the rapid extinction observed more than 60 days postoperatively; it may be explained by diminished fear.
ÜUber den initialen Anstieg der O2‐Kapazität des Blutes der Ratte bei Hypoxie
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were submitted to hypoxia corresponding to 6,000 m altitude. The effect on hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite, plasma protein concentration, total hemoglobin and the specific activity of the erythrocytes, tagged in vivo with Ci14‐2‐glycine has been studied during the first two days. The hemoglobin and plasma protein concentrations increased significantly. They were significantly correlated to each other. There is no indication that the spleen should act as a blood reservoir during these circumstances. The specific activity of hemin was unchanged, which indicates that no essential hemolysis or increase of the circulating hemoglobin occurred. However, the total hemoglobin increased significantly. Thus the amount of hemoglobin in the erythropoietically active tissues must have increased.
Cardiovascular Responses in “Diving” and During Brain Stimulation in Ducks
Authors: Feigl By Eric , Folkow Björn 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe circulatory response in the “diving reflex” as indicated by changes in heart rate of unanesthetized ducks was found to depend on more than the asphyxia of submersion. “Diving” bradycardia was found to result from at least three factors; these were:I. A specific nervous reflex, resulting from submersion of the head. This first factor is the permissive and necessary factor for establishing the “diving reflex”, but it is strongly reinforced by at least two other mechanisms.II. The progressive hypercapnia during the asphyxia.III. The increasing anoxia during the asphyxia.The interrelationships of these three factors are briefly discussed. Stimulation of an area in the mesencephalon in many respects closely resembles the specific, central permissive factor needed for the “diving reflex”.A second area, in the diencephalon, was found from which cholinergic vasodilator fibers to the muscle vascular bed could be activated.
Dissociation of Contraction and Stimulation of Lactic Acid Production in Experiments on Smooth Muscle under Anaerobic Conditions
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn experiments on bovine mesenteric arteries under anaerobic conditions tone‐promoting drugs gave rise to contraction and to augmentation of the lactic acid production. Under certain experimental conditions it was possible to dissociate these effects. In the presence of glucose, dihydroergotamine selectively inhibited the contractile effect of adrenaline without influencing its stimulatory effect on lactic acid production. Replacement of the Tyrode solution with 6 per cent dextran solution resulted in selective inhibition of the contractile effects of adrenaline and histamine but did not interfere with the stimulation of the lactic acid production. Potassium ions selectively stimulated the contractile process, while the lactic acid production diminished during the contraction phase per se. On substrate‐depleted arterial muscle, potassium ions had a more pronounced stimulatory effect than did adrenaline, histamine or barium ions. It is assumed that, despite the correlation of the contractile effects of tone‐promoting drugs to the stimulation of lactic acid production, these two factors are activated by separate mechanisms.
Contraction and Glycogenolysis of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm By Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe question as to whether smooth muscle contraction is accompanied by intensified glycogenolysis was studied in experiments on rabbit gut, on bovine tracheal muscle, and on mesenteric artery. Under aerobic conditions electrical stimulation augmented the glycogenolysis in these types of smooth muscle. Of tonus‐increasing drugs, only carbacholine enhanced glycogen breakdown in tracheal muscle. Under anaerobic conditions contraction of smooth muscle was not accompanied by glycogenolysis, despite the fact that lactic acid production was increased. Smooth muscle contraction, therefore, was not consistently associated with increased glycogen breakdown. In this respect there seems to be a difference between smooth muscle and striated muscle.
Effect of Salt on Sugar Response
Authors: Funakoshi By M. , Zotterman Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFunakoshi M. and Y. Zotterman. Effect of salt on sugar response. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 57. 193—200. The integrated responses to 0.5 M sucrose, 0.5 M sodium chloride and a mixed solution containing 0.5 M sucrose and 0.5 M sodium chloride were recorded from the whole chorda tympani of the dog. The mixed solution was applied on the dog's tongue after application of sucrose or sodium chloride with‐out water rinsing between them. Thus it was found that 0.5 M sodium chloride depressed the response to the mixture applied after the salt solution, while the response to mixture was never depressed by previous 0.5 M sucrose. Single fibre analysis showed that the response to 0.5 M sucrose of single “sugar” fibres was depressed entirely by previous 0.5 M sodium chloride while the response to 0.5 M sodium chloride of single “salt” fibres was never affected by a previous application of 0.5 M sucrose and that the response of single “sugar‐salt” fibres to the mixture was depressed partially by sodium chloride but not by sucrose.
Elimination of Ethanol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Larsen Jens Anker 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLarsen, J. A.Elimination of ethanol as a measure of the hepatic blood flow in the cat. I. Experiments with single injection of ethanol. Acta physiol. scand. 1963.57. 201—208. — The elimination curve following a single injection of 0.25 g ethanol per kg weight was studied in 13 cats anesthetized with Nembutal. It was found that the elimination was constant down to arterial concentrations of 40—60 mg/l, the mean value being 103.1 mg/kg/h. Below these concentrations the extraction in the liver was almost complete and the amount metabolized in the liver was thus dependent on concentration and liver blood flow. After correction for the amount of ethanol eliminated outside the liver the hepatic blood flow was calculated from the elimination curve. A mean value of 34.3 ml/kg/min was found.
Elimination of Glycerol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Larsen Jens Anker 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe metabolism of glycerol has been studied in eleven cats anesthetized with Nembutal. The elimination rate after a single injection of glycerol was found to be constant down to arterial concentrations of 100—150 mg/l blood. The elimination rate averaged 257.5 mg/kg/h or 10.35 mg/min. Below arterial concentrations of 100—150 mg/l blood the extraction in the liver seemed to be complete. By continuous infusion of small amounts of glycerol it was demonstrated by changing the amount infused per minute at least once that the liver blood flow could be calculated without catheterization of the liver. The mean value of the flow calculated this way was 57.2 ml/kg/min. An extrahepatic elimination of glycerol was demonstrated in the eviscerated animal, averaging 2.38 mg/min. Apparently the extrahepatic elimination took place in the kidneys.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Vagus Stimulation on Gastric Motility in the Cat
Authors: Martinson J. , Muren A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn acute experiments on cats gastric motor responses were recorded during vagal stimulation with a constant frequency but with different values of impulse duration and voltage. With very low values cardiac responses only were obtained. With higher values pure excitatory motor effects of the stomach were elicited, but when the values were increased above a certain point a gradual depression of the response was observed. After atropine, the gastric motor responses were abolished, and pure relaxation was the result of stimulations which previously had given rise to partially depressed excitatory responses. It is suggested that two groups of efferent fibres, influencing gastric motility are present in the vagus nerve. According to the strength‐duration diagram both fibre groups are of smaller caliber than the cardioinhibitory fibres, the inhibitory fibres being the thinnest ones. The excitatory fibres appear to be cholinergic, whereas the inhibitory effect seems to be mediated by some other transmitter substance.
Pharmacological Analysis of Acetylcholinesterase‐rich Ganglion Cells in the Lumbo‐sacral Sympathetic System of the Cat
Authors: Sjöqvist Folke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that AcChE‐rich or type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion of the cat give rise to cholinergic sweat secretory fibres rather than vasodilator fibres. The purpose of the present investigation was to prove this hypothesis. Type I‐neurons were found in significant amounts exclusively in those lumbo‐sacral ganglia that innervate the eccrine sweat glands of the hind paw. The 7th lumbar ganglion always contained the highest proportion (10.8 %), whereas the other ganglia possessed lower amounts, viz. S1, 7.7 %; L6, 3.5 %; and S2 1.9 %. Occasional type I‐cells were demonstrated in L5 but practically none in other Jumbo‐sacral ganglia. The sweat secretory responses on the hind paw were always proportional to the number of type I‐cells in the stimulated ganglia. The vasodilator responses evoked from ganglia crcmded with type I‐cells and from those lacking such cells were on the other hand approximately equivalent. The results form the basis for the conclusion that the type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion and in the ganglia between L6 and S2 are identical with cholinergic sweat secretory neurons.
The Participation of Bone in the Sodium and Potassium Metabolism of the Rat. I
Authors: Norman N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method is described whereby total exchangeable sodium and potassium in the rat is simultaneously determined by the use of istope dilution techniques. These measurements have been combined with the determination of the total and exchangeable concentrations of sodium and potassium in bone, made possible by a new procedure employing cation exchange resin for isolation of the bone electrolytes. Series of normal 100 g rats, 200 g rats and 300 g rats were examined. The results for the total body content of sodium and potassium obtained in these animals agreed with published data from total body ashing procedures. Total bone sodium concentration increased with age, whereas the concentration of the exchangeable fraction was rather constant in the three groups. The exchangeability of the bone sodium was 71 per cent in the 100 g rats and 56 and 50 per cent in the 200 and 300 g rats. Bone potassium concentration was highest in the 100 g rats; the exchangeability of this ion in bone was 80 per cent in this group and close to 100 per cent in the two other groups. The complete set of figures is given in Table III.
The Participation of Bone in the Sodium and Potassium Metabolism of the Rat. III The effect of adrenalectomy, cortisone, desoxycorticosterone and 2‐methyl‐9‐α‐fluorohydrocortisone
Authors: Norman N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperiments were performed on the effect of sodium loading and sodium depletion in adrenalectomized rats. These treatments were combined with injections of cortisone, desoxycorticosterone acetate and 2‐methyl‐9‐α‐fluorohydrocortisone in unoperated as well as adrenalectomized animals. In the moribund stage after adrenalectomy, when total body exchangeable sodium was reduced by more than 25 per cent, only 6 per cent of the Iost sodium was derived from bone. The effect of the cortical compounds was found to be entirely dependent on, and varying with, the particular state of the test animal, its electrolyte intake, the length of time on the diet regime, and whether it was adrenalectomized or not. Only slight contributions from the bone to the total body pool of sodium and potassium were noted in these experiments with the cortical compounds. Profound changes were, however, produced in the relationship between the exchangeable and inexchangeable fraction of the bone sodium by these compounds in combination with sodium loading of the animals. The observations are discussed in relation to present day concepts of the mechanism of sodium binding in bone, and a possible connection to the pathology of collagen disease is pointed out.
The Splanchnic Hematocrit in Man
Authors: Larsen Ole Andrée , Tygstrup Niels , Winkler Kjeld 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to study to what extent the difference between the total body hematocrit and the hematocrit of the blood in the large vessels is caused by a low hematocrit in the splanchnic area. 131I‐labelled albumin and 51Cr‐labelled red cells were injected into an antecubital vein and samples were drawn simultaneously from the femoral artery and a hepatic vein. The plasma and red cell volumes of the body and the body hematocrit were determined from the activity injected and the calculated initial concentrations. The splanchnic hematocrit was calculated from the arterio‐hepatic venous activity differences. The hepatic plasma flow was determined by the bromsulfalein method for calculation of the splanchnic plasma and red cell volumes. In 10 normal subjects the splanchnic hematocrit was not significantly different from the body hematocrit. The difference between large vessel hematocrit and body or splanchnic hematocrit may be expressed as an amount of ‘extra’ plasma, which in the body on the average was 450 ml, and in the splanchnic area 105 ml. The results indicate that the ‘extra’ plasma is evenly distributed throughout the smaller vessels in the body, or that a substantial amount of ‘extra’ plasma exists in some parts of the body, not examined so far.
Der Einfluss anhaltender hoher O2‐Konzentration der Einatmungsluft (30–100%) auf die Erythropoiese der Ratte
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were subjected to oxygen concentrations of 30—100% for 8—10 weeks. Total hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values were determined. The lungs were unaffected by oxygen concentrations up to 80%. The total hemoglobin and the blood values remained essentially normal although the reticulocytes occasionally decreased appreciably. Acute and chronic lung lesions developed in rats subjected to 100% oxygen concentration. If they survived the initial lesions they were left in the 100% oxygen concentration for 10 weeks and were then placed in an environment of room air for 6 weeks. Upon return to 100% oxygen concentration no further acute lesions of the lungs occurred. The erythropoiesis was markedly influenced by the lung damage.
Die Readaptation der höhenpolyzythämischen Ratte an Meereshöhe
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were submitted to hypoxia corresponding to 6,000 m altitude for 40—50 days. The total amount of hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values had been studied in hypoxia and after transfer to normal oxygen pressure. Total hemoglobin increased during hypoxia by 150—200%, relative blood values by 100%, and blood volume by 25—50%, indicating the increase of oxygen capacity of the blood and the volume of the circulatory system. 30 days after transfer to normal oxygen pressure total hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values had returned to normal. Thereafter relative blood values showed a transient decrease, but not the total hemoglobin. Thus the blood volume increased again. Problems in connection with the homoistatic regulation of erythropoiesis have been discussed. The body weight decreased during hypoxia by about 15%. After the period of hypoxia was over the rate of increase in body weight was faster than that of animals of the same order and body weight.
Catecholamine Release and Uptake in Isolated Adrenergic Nerve Granules
Authors: von Euler U. S. , Lishajko F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIsolated storage granules from bovine splenic nerves, incubated in neutral isotonic K‐phosphate give off noradrenaline at rates rapidly increasing with temperature. Noradrenaline in concentrations of 10—20μg/ml in the incubation fluid inhibits or prevents the release. The noradrenaline thus retained is released at the normal rate after removal of the amine in the incubation fluid. After depletion, the granules are able to take up noradrenaline and adrenaline to about the original content when exposed to catecholamines in concentrations of 10—20μg/ml, suggesting a limited storage capacity of the granules. It is suggested that the noradrenaline in the adrenergic nerve terminals is partly present in a free pool available for immediate release during nerve stimulation and that a lowering of the concentration in this pool causes the granules to give off the stored transmitter until an equilibrium is reached. The following resynthesis is assumed to continue until the free pool has reached a concentration preventing further release from the granules. This concentration is about the same as that normally found in bovine splenic nerves.