bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research laboratory architecture and the structuring of communications
Authors: Allen T. J. , Fustfeld A. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper brings together results of a number of studies of communication in R & D organizations. These studies show very clearly the way in which communication is influenced by the physical, architectural arrangement of the laboratory. Communication between individuals is very sensitive to both the horizontal and vertical distances separating them. The point at which it becomes desirable to add floors to a building was derived as a function of required floor area. Finally, a partially successful experiment is reported in which an attempt was made to improve communication in an organization through architectural change.The results presented here should form the basis for further experimentation in this same manner. The possibilities are almost limitless. It only remains for some good imagination to be applied to the problem.
A simulation study of research accounting policy
Authors: McCosh A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the problem of accounting for research and development expenditures. After a review of the theory and existing practice, a description of a simulation model and of the results obtained to date with that model is given. The study seeks to analyse the impact of the accounting policy of the firm, the success rate of research and development projects, the methods of appropriating funds to research, and other variables on the growth of the firm and on the fund generating capacity.
Steady state and portfolio concept in R & D management
Authors: Balthasar H. U. , Gutzwiller St. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach for closing the gap between the tools for strategic goal management and operational management in Pharmaceutical R&D. The strategic level may concern with expectation of sales, rising from new products and with total R & D budget. The operational level concerns with project selection, project and multiproject management problems, solution of project related technical problems, determination of the size of the various functions and the functional management. This new method combines the R & D project portfolio management with a steady state concept allowing the attainment of a constant number of projects under development and a continuous full use of the capacity available.
APPLE: A dynamic financial simulation of research and development in a technologically based business
Authors: Bridges R. C. , Martin R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the present state of development of an abstract, dynamic, financial model of industrial research and development called APPLE. The concept, structure and application of APPLE as a practical tool are presented. The application of APPLE to help strategic planning and to increase understanding of the nature, influence and role of research and development is described.
The relationship between the planning and technical functions: Part II‐The longer term growth of a company
Authors: Wilkinson A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper concentrates on m e of the fundamental questions on which a Company needs to focus in generating a longer term corporate strategy, in particular—What is the environment within which the Company will have to develop?A longer term appreciation of this question is not only important for corporate strategy in general but is a key factor in establishing a viable, economic and relevant programme or plan for the Technical function.The actual approach used to study this longer term in a limited number of cases is described and the results in one case are summarized in principle in order to indicate the different fundamental questions with which a Company might be faced by taking a longer view in addition to the more normal short term one. The results also give an example of how the plan for the technical function may need revising. For this revision, however, specific business objectives could be given and many key aspects of the future business environment would have been very carefully considered and evaluated. This greatly improves the basis from which the technical function can develop its ideas and programmes.
A study of communication behaviour in an R & D laboratory
Authors: Hall Kevin R. , Ritchie Eric 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is still much uncertainty about the determinants of technical communication flow in UK R & D laboratories and even more uncertainty about the causal link between communication behaviour and performance. Hence it is not clear what managerial action should be taken to improve technical communication flow and what effect such action would have on research productivity. In this study the main factors influencing communication flow are identified and the role of basic human characteristics in determining both communication behaviour and performance are studied and discussed.
Applying a system concept to R&D management
Authors: Love P. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe author has long been an advocate of the systems approach to forecasting, particularly in the area of resource allocation.In making a number of seminar presentations to middle and senior management, both in the U. K. and the U. S. A., questions from the floor revealed that systems thinking is not as widespread as had been believed. While the media's past attention to the ‘Limits of Growth’ (Meadows, 1972) has communicated the impossibility of infinite expansion, many decision makers remain unaware of the closed‐loop characteristics of the systems in which they work.On the contrary. While activities are often seen as the prime raison d'etre, the nature and origin of the driving force is often mis‐interpreted and the modifying feed‐back controls completely ignored.This paper, therefore, attempts to show that a basic closed‐loop system is the only rational precursor to methodology development for decision making. If this action reveals the genuine system parameters then the researcher may well be performing his most helpful service to the decision maker.
R&D budgeting in Swedish firms
Authors: Kay Neil 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent work by Näslund and Sellstedt report results which apparently conflict with accepted opinion on the techniques generally adopted in R&D budgeting. The analysis here suggests that these results can be reconciled with previous analyses and that in fact the role of ‘big science’ in Swedish R&D as well as relative size of Swedish firms compared to large U. S. and U. K. firms may explain the different conventions adopted in Swedish industry.
How can research on research contribute to a better management of university research?
Authors: Steck R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn recent years new forms of research organizations have been established at universities, which have been faced to a much higher degree with problems of research management. This circumstance provides the main reason for starting research on research in the university field on a new basis.In the ‘Sonderforschungrbereich 79', a large interdisciplinary research unit at Hannover University concerned with ‘water research in the coastal area', a symbiosis and active co‐operation was arranged between a small group of scientists engaged in research on research and a large number of scientists and engineers of several disciplines. The strong liaison between R o R scientists and their subject of investigation is institutionally organized. The purpose of this liaison is to involve R o R scientists in a feed‐back process with a large university research organization and its actual management problems. The results to date have been encouraging and indicate that such an experiment can be a very worthwhile exercise.
A government point of view
Authors: D'Ornano M. 
Published: May 2007

English summaryThe prime responsibility of government is to try not only to foresee but also to prepare the future. As far as possible, it must anticipate developments and encourage those that favour the general wellbeing, and discourage the others if it can. Scientific and technological progress constitutes one of the determining factors, if not the principal factor, in the development of our society. The subject of the responsibility of research and development towards society must therefore be of the greatest interest to a politician.
Managing complex programs: a review of major research findings
Authors: Baker Bruce N. , Wilemon David L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManaging large‐scale research and development projects is without question a difficult task. Success is often dependent on the ability of the project manager to successfully cope with a myriad of unpredictable situations. To assist project managers, the authors review several of the most significant recent research studies to identify potentially useful insights for those charged with the administration of complex research and development projects. Specifically, five areas of research are examined, namely, (1) project manager leadership styles; (2) conflict management; (3) decision‐making styles; (4) organizational design considerations and project authority; and (5) the relationships of the project team with the parent, client, and other external organizations.
The make or buy decision
Authors: Bergen S. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe make or buy decision is one which is frequently faced. The factors to be considered are many and various, and in some cases interactive, and because of the many departments involved there is danger that the decision will end up being taken on an ad hoc basis. This situation can be prevented by reformulating the policy statements in the form of a logic diagram which ensures that the same questions are answered in the same sequence by all departments. This approach has been put to practical test and found to be very useful in a variety of ways. This paper describes the method and illustrates its use by reference to three examples.
Coordination of multinational R & D: A Swedish case study
Authors: Granstrand Ove , Fernlund Lngemar 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe need to coordinate multinational R & D increases in many corporations which want to take advantages of scale, synergy and multinationality on a world‐wide basis. The Swedish engineering corporation SKF has tackled this problem as an early internationalized but lately diversified corporation working in mature technologies and markets. Substantial coordination has been achieved through a heavy resource commitment in a foreign corporate R & D lab, and a subsequent build‐up of a rather elaborate system for R & D management throughout the corporation. The structure and processes of the system are described, together with experiences of coordinating effects, and a project case is given. The chosen mode of coordination is finally compared with situations in other industries.
The management of R & D technological progress as an object for applied systems analysis
Authors: Dobrov G. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMankind's prospects both for finding new types of resources and for ensuring efficiency in resource utilization and substitution depend upon our success or failure in solving the problems of organizing and managing technological systems. A generalized scheme describing interaction among the basic elements of the management of national science and technology (ST) activity is outlined, and one particular element isolated for detailed examination: the system analysis and systematic assessment of new technology (SANT). The role of SANT in the context of decision‐making in the management of ST progress is described, together with the methodological arsenal available. No one technique is universally good; the problem is to find systematic means of using a selection of methods which mutually compensate for each other's weaknesses. Further difficulties are encountered over the non‐comparability or absence of initial data, and a framework for viewing the various classes of data available and making use of them is outlined. Examples are given of the practical application of SANT to problems such as the development of a macro‐model., for the planning of national ST policy, and a model of technological change in the area of the science, technology, and exploitation of computers. A system is described which handles the data stores and information flows necessary for performing SANT routines.
Fuzzy operational approach to analysis of Delphi forecasting
Authors: Eto Hajime 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDelphi forecasting exploits the intuitive side of judgment, but there has been little attempt to analyse Delphi opinions quantitatively as a result of, among other things, severe methodological obstacles. Fuzzy theory provides a possible approach, and here is used to examine the relationship between experts’ views on the degree of importance and year of the breakthrough they are forecasting. The underlying model assumes that the experts also estimate the possibility and range of advancing the year of breakthrough, given that important potential breakthroughs will have more resources diverted to them, and that this will affect the estimated dates (although the experts may not necessarily be aware that they are doing this). Graphical and analytical representations of this process are described which derive an estimate of the technological feasibility of the breakthrough as a function of time, from successive rounds of estimates of importance and year of breakthrough.
A small‐sample survey of the research financing process, with some implications for theory development
Authors: McCosh A. M. , Kesztenbaum M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA group of four British multi‐nationals in high technology industries was interviewed during 1976 to find out how the research activity was budgeted, financed and funded., In each case the same forces were found to be at work. The competitiveness of the firm's market was directly associated with the adventurousness of its research programmes, for example. A general model of the process was developed and additional tests of that model are suggested.
The small‐ and medium‐sized firm as a channel for technology transfer between nations
Authors: Goldberg A. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManagers of small‐ and medium‐sized firms are often unwilling to enter into agreements with firms in other countries to share knowledge developed in their own R & D efforts. They see such arrangements as being primarily withing the normal activities of the larger companies and restrict their own participation to the local market. These smaller firms, however, have much to offer in new technological ideas. Managers willing to establish multinational ties can find them to be advantageous to home and host countries and to lead to greater success for their enterprise.
The internal audit of research and development
Authors: Chambers A. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost activities might benefit from an independent review; but very little attention has been given to the review of research and development (R & D). The evolving scope of internal audit together with trends in R & D provide a more favourable climate for the internal audit of this industry of discovery (Walley, 1974, p. 191).This paper presents the results of a survey which was questionnaire based and completed by internal auditors, most of whom worked for industrial multinationals which are household names. They represented companies employing 0–61 m staff with a turnover of |SL12b p.a.; 75|X% of the respondent organizations were industrial concerns employing 0.56m with a turnover of |SL10.7b p.a., most of the remaining respondents being financial organizations. Forty‐two per cent were under overseas control.By focusing on the practice and intentions of leading organizations with a record of progressive management, the results of the survey point a way which is likely to be followed more generally. As the internal audit departments were also large (29 auditors in each; 35 for the industrial departments) they were better placed to extend the scope of their work.
Technological innovation in tyre manufacture
Authors: Jordan M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses key factors in starting up local production of radials ahead of most other manufacturers, and how this affected comparative profitability. This led to the build‐up of a viable capability for adapting basic overseas innovations to suit local conditions. It will be shown how this capability, in combination with independence in decision‐making, compensated the Australian manufacturer relative to resources available to those manufacturers with overseas affiliations.
Rewarding the employee inventor and the Patents Act (1977)
Authors: Littler D. A. , Pearson A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe new Patents Act which came into force on June 1st 1978 contains radical provisions on the remuneration of employee inventors who are now under certain conditions entitled to a share of the benefits flowing from any outstanding inventions they may make. The reaction of industry has in general been unfavourable and as a questionnaire survey of a sample of British industry taken mainly from the Times Top 1000 companies suggests, there appears to have been some lethargy in taking adequate steps to meet the requirements of the new Law. This short note outlines the changes with regard to the reward for employee inventions, examines the possible effects of the new legislation, and discusses the actions that companies should make and are making.
Re‐charging the costs of R&D: when is it appropriate?
Authors: Aked N. H. , Reader R. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA scheme of recharging the costs of individual R&D projects to internal ‘customers’ in a company is described and its possible advantages discussed. A particular case, recharging in a nationalized industry, is examined and it is concluded that most of the advantages would be difficult to realize; other measures, more suited to individual circumstances, are likely to improve the effectiveness of such corporate R&D. The discussion is generalized to consider which methods of R&D funding are appropriate to different contexts.
Marketing research for new product ideas arising from R&D departments
Authors: Blois K. J. , Cowell D. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractR&D departments often develop products, processes or ideas which they consider might have potential as new products. Such products may have arisen as a result of fundamental research or as a by‐product of research into specific problems rather than as solutions to needs already identified in the market place.This paper discusses the problems involved in identifying and assessing the needs for product ideas originating within R&D. It indicates the need for understanding and co‐operation between R&D and marketing departments in this particular form of new product development.
Innovation among suppliers to automobile manufacturers: an exploratory study of barriers and facilitators1
Authors: Rubenstein A. H. , Ettlie J. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on an exploratory study of the barriers and facilitators that affect technological innovation by suppliers to the automotive industry and the adoption of such innovations by the industry. The specific focus in the study was on key decision and action points in the life of specific innovations or potential innovations (ideas for new products) which may affect their successful development and marketing. The major source of data for this study was in the form of brief cases obtained from interviews of managers and technical personnel in suppliers to the automotive industry. These cases related to specific projects engaged in or ideas proposed by the responding firms or others in their sector of the industry which were aimed at the introduction of new or improved products, components, systems, materials, designs, etc., to the automotive industry.The information and data for this study were collected by means of structured interviews with 15 managers in 13 first level supplier firms to the automotive industry. A total of 32 innovations were investigated and a corresponding number of 32 cases and additional information on barriers and facilitators were generated for these 32 innovations.In general it was found that the most important barriers and facilitators to innovating were federal laws and regulations. Overall, the two types of decisions that are made in the automotive supplier's environment which appear consistently throughout these cases are (1) the automotive customer's decision to accept, encourage development of, or adopt innovations, and (2) the government's decision to mandate changes in safety, environment or energy‐relatedregulations or legislation. The policy implications of the results of this study are discussed as they relate to an evolving model of the effects of potential federal intervention in the R&D/innovation process.
Research & Development management system and profitability method used at Sumitomo Electric
Authors: Nakahara T. , Matsuda Y. , Motoyoshi K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to increase R&D efficiency, it is important to establish an R&D management system best suited for the particular enterprise. This paper presents the outline of the R&D management at Sumitorno Electric Industries, the organization of the R&D Group, the project evaluation method used, and the Sumitorno model of the profitability method as applied to project assessment.
Simulating the forces impinging upon the research budgets and organizations of a major firm—a test of a possible method
Authors: McCosh A. M. , Maluste R. D. 
Published: May 2007

This paper reports work on one of a series of projects studying the utilization of discretionary funds by managers. The model described here is intended to assist decision makers to study the impact on the financial future of the firm, of policies affecting Research and Development. The factors affecting research, its orientation, and success are several and ill‐defined. The present work draws upon the empirical research of Kesztenbaum and McCosh to illuminate the most important factors. The attempt is made to explore how these factors interact, whether this interaction can be simulated by a cross‐impact procedure; and translates the factors into financial results using a modification of a model developed by McCosh (1975).The paper shows how the resulting new model, called ‘RDSIM', was received by some major British companies and also considers the sensitivity of the results to some of the input which must necessarily be imprecise.
Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome: A look at the performance, tenure, and communication patterns of 50 R & D Project Groups
Authors: Katz Ralph , Allen Thomas J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study, carried out in a large laboratory, shows that performance increases up to 1. 5 years tenure, stays steady for a time but by five years has declined noticeably. This tendency is best accounted for by the marked decline in communication rate among group members and between them and critical external sources of information. The authors analyse the significance of this finding and suggest means of maintaining the vitality of long‐standing project teams.The study, carried out in a large laboratory, shows that performance increases up to 1. 5 years tenure, stays steady for a time but by five years has declined noticeably. This tendency is best accounted for by the marked decline in communication rate among group members and between them and critical external sources of information. The authors analyse the significance of this finding and suggest means of maintaining the vitality of long‐standing project teams.