bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites isolated from the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) and cross‐species amplification in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: CELIS P. , GIL D. , GRAVES J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpotless and European starlings (Sturnus unicolor and Sturnus vulgaris) have attracted attention from researchers interested in sexual selection, evolution of parental care and reproductive strategies. Both species show high levels of intraspecific nest parasitism and extra‐pair paternity, but research in this area is hampered by a lack of molecular markers specific for these species. Here, we describe a set of primers for nine microsatellite loci in spotless starlings, eight of which are highly polymorphic (7.37 alleles in average). These microsatellites are also polymorphic in European starlings (6.75 alleles in average).
famsphere: a computer program for parental allocation from known genotypic pools
Authors: CARVAJAL‐RODRÍGUEZ ANTONIO 
Published: November 2006

Abstractfamsphere is a computer program that implements a distance‐based method to allocate families based on microsatellite marker information. It formalizes the exclusion method considering genotyping errors or mutations. Contrary to the standard exclusion method, famsphere provides a way to resolve conflicts in the case of multiple paternities. The information linked to the defined distances is similar to that of the transmission probabilities used in the likelihood approaches. However, in famsphere the information of loci is used as a whole, contrary to the likelihood approaches. famsphere is free software and can be downloaded from http://www.uvigo.es/webs/c03/webc03/XENETICA/XB2/antonio/famsphere/famsphere.htm
The Impact of Children on Women's Paid Work*
Authors: Paull Gillian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates how and when differences in work behaviour between men and women develop, focusing on the evolution of the gender gaps over the period of family development. The findings support the theory that gender differences in the formal labour market stem from the presence of children in the home and that childbirth and children entering school are critical times in women's employment. Births mark a dramatic decline in participation in work for women, while school entry is a time of considerable turnover in participation. The length of absence from work following a subsequent birth is closely related to whether the mother was in work between births, while maternity pay and leave entitlements appear to influence the precise timing of the return to work. In addition, a return to work following birth is often only temporary. The gradual decline in women's relative wages following the first birth appears to stem from the accumulation of several shorter periods of unusually low wage growth for women around the times of birth and school entry. There is also a sharp movement into part‐time work for women following childbirth and a transition towards non‐permanent positions and non‐supervisory roles at both critical points.
The Effective Tax Burden of Companies and of Highly Skilled Manpower: Tax Policy Strategies in a Globalised Economy*
Authors: Elschner Christina , Lammersen Lothar , Overesch Michael , Schwager Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCompany taxes and taxes on highly skilled labour both influence the attractiveness of a particular region as a location for investment. We measure the effective tax burden on capital investment and on highly qualified labour in 33 locations across Europe and the United States. We then correlate both types of tax burden in order to study the different tax policy strategies applied in different countries. We find that effective tax rates on companies and on highly skilled employees are closely correlated for a number of countries. Ireland and most new EU Member States impose relatively lower taxes on capital investment than on highly skilled manpower. Conversely, in the US, companies are taxed heavily but the effective tax rate on highly skilled employees is moderate.
Separate Spheres: Analytical Persistence in United States Women's History
Authors: Warren Kim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince the 1960s United States women's history has seen a dramatic rise in productivity, reclamation of the past, innovation of new theories and strategies, and analysis of the roles of women in society. Despite this growth, or perhaps because of it, a persistent debate about “separate spheres” has provided a common thread within scholarship of the past four decades. Original separate spheres scholarship demonstrated how the sexual division of labor intensified through industrialization in the mid‐nineteenth century. Subsequent scholarship critiqued separate spheres metaphors, calling attention to the ways in which women of color have rarely had the privilege of occupying a strictly domestic realm. Such arguments only encouraged more analysis and application of separate spheres metaphors until questions about women's and men's roles in society, private and public realms, domestic and political influence pervaded most scholarship about women regardless of race, class, and region.
Sport, Segregation and Space: The Historical Geography of Physical Recreation in the South African City of Pietermaritzburg
Authors: Merrett Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing the city of Pietermaritzburg as a case study, sport is treated as a lens through which to view aspects of the political, social and economic history of Natal and South Africa. Successive, reinforcing ideologies of imperialism, segregation and apartheid created a system of inclusion and exclusion through which the cohesion of White society was promoted by regarding sport as a social service; while Black communities were largely ignored. The authorities in the main spurned the opportunity to uplift these communities through provision of facilities for healthy exercise. Instead, their main concern was territorial segregation to control behaviour and particular instrumental use was made of municipal beerhalls, a form of recreation that produced revenue for general administrative purposes. However, the ambiguities of group areas legislation in relation to social apartheid did eventually provide scope for resistance. From the 1960s onwards the struggle over recreational facilities was an important part of the anti‐apartheid movement in Pietermaritzburg: through their campaigns non‐racial sports organisations challenged plans for autonomous, racially defined suburbs and promoted the idea that the city was no longer the preserve of Whites.
Günter Grass: Hundejahre oder La diabolica commedia germanica
Authors: Arendt Dieter 
Published: November 2006

Hundejahre– der Titel ist beredt: Jahre der Not und des Elends, etwa Kriegsjahre oder Nachkriegsjahre. Hunde spielen ihren Part, nicht zuletzt ein Hund, ein schwarzer deutscher Schäferhund. Assoziationen sind vielfältig: Rannte nicht ein schwarzer Hund durch Saat und Koppeln und entpuppte sich als diabolischer Scholastikus? Hält nicht ein schwarzer Hund Wache vor den Toren des Orkus? Und hatte nicht ein oberster Kriegsherr einen schwarzen Schäferhund?Die Hysteron‐Proteron‐Erzählweise ist ein adäquater Kunstgriff für die schleichende Dämonisierung des kleinbürgerlichen Alltags an der Weichsel. Die Rollen‐Erzähler waren dort Kinder und kennen sich bestens aus hinter den Deichen und als Gymnasiasten in der nahen Stadt – und hinter ihnen steht ein orts‐ und zeitkundiger Autor. An den Fäden des halbjüdischen Redakteurs und Regisseurs Brauxel oder Brauchsel – wie Weichsel – hängen und agieren die tagblinden Primaner‐Soldaten und die bramarbasierenden Partei‐Bonzen. Sie erinnern sich genau, aber ihr Gedächtnis ist ein blinder Spiegel.Brauxel fabriziert in seinem Bergwerk – wie als Junge schon an der Weichsel – Scheuchen als gespenstische Karikaturen der historischen und zeitgenössischen Heroen. Erst als er im Bergwerk seinen Scheuchen‐Reigen vor Augen führt, dämmert im Zwielicht der Karbidlampe die deutsche Historie als Karneval der Welt‐ Geschichte.Dem Titel Hundejahre korrespondiert in spiegelbildlicher Analyse der wortkarge Epilog: ,,Der Orkus ist oben.‘‘
To Approach, to Welcome, to Contest
Authors: Levy Karen D. 
Published: November 2006

As Jacques Derrida emphasizes in his eloquent funeral tribute to Emmanuel Levinas, “welcome” is one of the most frequently used words in Totalité et infini. In the early pages of this work Levinas insists on the broadly framed significance of welcoming and teaching as manifestations of the ethical encounter. In later sections, however, he carefully distinguishes between the discreet welcome of the feminine whose language is silent and without teaching, and the approach of an absolute Other, who teaches transcendence itself. Levinas privileges the masculine when referring to the Other who teaches and seems to relegate the feminine to a silent presence whose welcome sets the stage for the ethical experience but who lacks the capacity to accept this challenge.The role and status of sexual difference in relation to the ethical is perhaps the most highly contested aspect of Levinas's writings, and since the late 1980s women scholars have ever more boldly probed the tensions in Levinas's writings with respect to these issues. Their commentaries, written from a variety of perspectives, force us to acknowledge Levinas's shortcomings. At the same time they enable us to appreciate more specifically the significance of Le Clézio's own undertaking, which changed form dramatically following his years with the Indians in Panama to assume an openly acknowledged ethical dimension. The works from the last two decades that most daringly concretize the process of refusing or accepting the summons of an Other are the Mauritian sagas of Le chercheur d'or, La quarantaine, and Révolutions. These works both valorize the welcome of the Levinasian feminine and embody teaching in female characters, such as Ouma, Suryavati, Ananta, Anna Archambeau, and Catherine Marro. The male protagonists in these works, Alexis L'Étang, Léon Archambeau, and Jean Marro, either reject their teaching outright, preferring to remain enclosed in the solitude of the Same, or in different ways, accept the possibility of re‐commencement as Other, which Le Clézio himself so eagerly embraced.
Native/American Digital Storytelling: Situating the Cherokee Oral Tradition within American Literary History
Authors: Powell Timothy B. , Weems William , Owle Freeman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article utilizes digital video of the Cherokee storyteller Freeman Owle and Flash presentation of historic maps to explore how digital technology can be employed to situate Native American oral storytelling in relation to American literary history more accurately and effectively. The goal of this analysis is to expand the definition of “literature” beyond the narrow margins of the white page and to free “American literary history” from the constrictive confines of a chronological timeline that begins with European colonization. In doing so, the exegesis seeks to encourage Americanists to rethink the temporal borders of the field and to recognize thousands of years of Native American literature that have been previously overlooked by literary scholars.
The Politicization of Science and Technology: Its Implications for Nanotechnology
Authors: Jotterand Fabrice 
Published: November 2006

Nanotechnology represents, in part, a technological revolution in the sense that it allows highly innovative applications of various areas of the physical and life sciences. The development of nanotechnology and nanoscience, however, intensifies challenges to the traditional understanding of how to pursue scientific and technological knowledge. Science (in its broad meaning) can no longer be construed simply as the ideal of the quest for truth (i.e., “pure science”). Science, through its technological applications, has become the source of economic power and, by extension, political power. Science, with its political implications, has entered what John Ziman calls the era of “post-academic science.”In this paper, I argue that nanotechnology is a cardinal exemplar of this politicization, that is, the convergence of science, technology, politics, and economics for social and governmental purposes. At the same time, I assert that this new scientific ethos offers the possibility of abetterintegration of ethical and philosophical reflections at the core of scientific and technological development.
Using Trading Zones and Life Cycle Analysis to Understand Nanotechnology Regulation
Authors: Wardak Ahson , Gorman Michael E. 
Published: November 2006

Productive work on societal implications needs to be engaged with the research from the start. Ethicists need to go into the lab to understand what's possible. Scientists and engineers need to engage with humanists to start thinking about this aspect of their work. Only thus, working together in dialog, will we make genuine progress on the societal and ethical issues that nanotechnology poses.Davis Baird, in testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, May 1, 2003Federal funding of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) has averaged roughly $1 billion annually for the last three years, from 2004 to 2006. Society is poised to see more realistic nano-scale devices enter the marketplace, along with futuristic depictions of nanotechnology. For this reason, serious thought must be given to the societal impact of nanotechnology.
Regulation of Firearm Dealers in the United States: An Analysis of State Law and Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Vernick Jon S. , Webster Daniel W. , Bulzacchelli Maria T. , Mair Julie Samia 
Published: November 2006

Firearms were associated with 30,136 deaths in the United States in 2003; of these, 11,920 were homicides. For every firearm homicide, there are four people who suffer non-fatal firearm assaults. Like many other consumer products in the US, most guns are initially sold to the public through a network of retail dealers. Persons in the business of selling firearms must obtain a federal firearm dealer's license. There were more than 54,000 federally licensed gun dealers in the United States in 2005, though this reflects a seventy-eight percent decline since 1994. Some states also require a state license to sell firearms.Licensed firearm dealers are an important source of guns for criminals and gun traffickers. In one analysis of gun trafficking investigations conducted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), licensed dealers accounted for a plurality of all guns diverted to the illegal market.
Recent Developments in Health Law: ERISA: Subrogation, Sereboff, and the “Make Whole” Doctrine: The D.C. Circuit Defines Ambiguity in ERISA Subrogation Clauses—Moore v. Capital Care, Inc.
Authors: Polak Katherine 
Published: November 2006

On August 29, 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that an injured ERISA plan beneficiary need not be “made whole” by any injury-related recovery from a third party in order for her ERISA plan to assert subrogation or reimbursement rights if the plan's terms either 1) “unambiguously establish a plan priority” to any funds a beneficiary recovers from a third party, or 2) are reasonably interpreted to establish such a priority by an ERISA plan fiduciary clearly authorized to do so.In 1991, appellants William and Judith Moore (the Moores) purchased an ERISA health insurance policy (the plan) from Blue Cross Blue Shield of the National Capital Area and its wholly-owned subsidiary CapitalCare (CC/BCBS). On September 10, 1992, the Moores’ daughter Alistaire, a plan beneficiary, was seriously injured in an automobile accident.
Recent Developments in Health Law: Civil Rights: Prisoners’ Right to Treatment Information under Pabon v. Wright
Authors: Wilansky Daniel P. 
Published: November 2006

In Pabon v. Wright, the Second Circuit held that the Fourteenth Amendment right to refuse medical treatment contained a corollary right to the information necessary to make an informed decision. Plaintiff, William Pabon, was an inmate at Green Haven Correctional Facility in New York (Green Haven). He named two groups of defendants: his doctors and nurses at Green Haven and his doctors at Dutchess Gastroenterologists, P.C. (Dutchess).In October 1996, a laboratory test indicated that Plaintiff may have contracted Hepatitis C. The Green Haven doctors referred Plaintiff to Dutchess for additional testing, where additional tests confirmed that Plaintiff had Hepatitis C. In July 1997, Plaintiff returned to Dutchess for additional evaluation, and the physicians told him that he must undergo a liver biopsy in order to receive treatment for his condition.
Evaluation of a Wipe Surface Sample Method for Collection of
Bacillus
Spores from Nonporous Surfaces
Authors: Brown Gary S. , Betty Rita G. , Brockmann John E. , Lucero Daniel A. , Souza Caroline A. , Walsh Kathryn S. , Boucher Raymond M. , Tezak Mathew , Wilson Mollye C. , Rudolph Todd 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Polyester-rayon blend wipes were evaluated for efficiency of extraction and recovery of powdered
Bacillus atrophaeus
spores from stainless steel and painted wallboard surfaces. Method limits of detection were also estimated for both surfaces. The observed mean efficiency of polyester-rayon blend wipe recovery from stainless steel was 0.35 with a standard deviation of ±0.12, and for painted wallboard it was 0.29 with a standard deviation of ±0.15. Evaluation of a sonication extraction method for the polyester-rayon blend wipes produced a mean extraction efficiency of 0.93 with a standard deviation of ±0.09. Wipe recovery quantitative limits of detection were estimated at 90 CFU per unit of stainless steel sample area and 105 CFU per unit of painted wallboard sample area. The method recovery efficiency and limits of detection established in this work provide useful guidance for the planning of incident response environmental sampling following the release of a biological agent such as
Bacillus anthracis
.
In Silico Model as a Tool for Interpretation of Intestinal Infection Studies
Authors: de Jong Peter , Vissers Marc M. M. , van der Meer Roelof , Bovee-Oudenhoven Ingeborg M. J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

In nutrition research the number of human in vivo experiments is limited because of the many restrictions and the high costs of testing in humans. Up to now predictive computer models aiming to enhance research have been rare or too complex, with many nonmeasurable adjustable parameters. This study aimed to develop a basic physicochemical computer model for a first quantitative interpretation of results obtained from in vivo intestinal experiments with bacteria. This new modeling approach is validated with results obtained from gut infection studies in vivo. The design of the model is described, and its ability to reproduce experimental data is evaluated. The model predictions are compared with new experimental data. The phenomena that take place in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized by model constants for growth, adherence, and release of bacteria. Although the model is far from describing all details and many processes in the intestine are combined, the model calculation results lead to reasonable conclusions and interesting hypotheses. One of these hypotheses concluded from the model outcomes is that
Escherichia coli
bacteria have a much lower intestinal growth rate in humans than in rats. Extra laboratory validation experiments proved the reliability of this hypothesis predicted by the model. In addition, the known protective effect of dietary calcium and detrimental effect of clindamycin on the growth and adherence of
Salmonella
bacteria could be quantified. From these results it is clear that the model enhances the interpretation of in vivo gastrointestinal experiments and will facilitate research trajectories towards new functional foods that improve resistance to pathogenic bacteria in humans.
Vertical Transmission of Diverse Microbes in the Tropical SpongeCorticiumsp
Authors: Sharp Koty H. , Eam Boreth , Faulkner D. John , Haygood Margo G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTSponges are host to extremely diverse bacterial communities, some of which appear to be spatiotemporally stable, though how these consistent associations are assembled and maintained from one sponge generation to the next is not well understood. Here we report that a diverse group of microbes, including both bacteria and archaea, is consistently present in aggregates within embryos of the tropical spongeCorticiumsp. The major taxonomic groups represented in bacterial 16S rRNA sequences amplified from the embryos are similar to those previously described in a variety of marine sponges. Three selected bacterial taxa, representing proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and a clade including recently described sponge-associated bacteria, were tested and found to be present in all adult samples tested over a 3-year period and in the embryos throughout development. Specific probes were used in fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize cells of the three types in the embryos and mesohyl. This study confirms the vertical transmission of multiple, phylogenetically diverse microorganisms in a marine sponge, and our findings lay the foundation for future work on exploring vertical transmission of specific, yet diverse, microbial assemblages in marine sponges.
Operon Prediction for Sequenced Bacterial Genomes without Experimental Information
Authors: Bergman Nicholas H. , Passalacqua Karla D. , Hanna Philip C. , Qin Zhaohui S. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Various computational approaches have been proposed for operon prediction, but most algorithms rely on experimental or functional data that are only available for a small subset of sequenced genomes. In this study, we explored the possibility of using phylogenetic information to aid in operon prediction, and we constructed a Bayesian hidden Markov model that incorporates comparative genomic data with traditional predictors, such as intergenic distances. The prediction algorithm performs as well as the best previously reported method, with several significant advantages. It uses fewer data sources and so it is easier to implement, and the method is more broadly applicable than previous methods—it can be applied to essentially every gene in any sequenced bacterial genome. Furthermore, we show that near-optimal performance is easily reached with a generic set of comparative genomes and does not depend on a specific relationship between the subject genome and the comparative set. We applied the algorithm to the
Bacillus anthracis
genome and found that it successfully predicted all previously verified
B. anthracis
operons. To further test its performance, we chose a predicted operon (BA1489-92) containing several genes with little apparent functional relatedness and tested their cotranscriptional nature. Experimental evidence shows that these genes are cotranscribed, and the data have interesting implications for
B. anthracis
biology. Overall, our findings show that this algorithm is capable of highly sensitive and accurate operon prediction in a wide range of bacterial genomes and that these predictions can lead to the rapid discovery of new functional relationships among genes.
Prevalence of ColE1-Like Plasmids and Colicin K Production among Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains and Quantification of Inhibitory Activity of Colicin K
Authors: Rijavec Matija , Budič Maruška , Mrak Peter , Müller-Premru Manica , Podlesek Zdravko , Žgur-Bertok Darja 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Colicin K exhibited pronounced inhibitory activity against uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) strains. Low prevalence of colicin K production and a relatively high prevalence of ColE1-like plasmids were determined among 215 UPEC strains from Slovenia. Sequencing of the colicin K-encoding pColK-K235 revealed a mosaic structure and the presence of the insertion sequence IS
2
.