bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Roles for EGF Receptor Signaling During Resection‐Induced Intestinal Adaptation
Authors: Warner Brad W. , Erwin Christopher R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe adaptation response of the remnant gut to massive intestinal resection represents a mitogenic signal involving all bowel wall layers. In the mucosa, this response results in taller villi, deeper crypts, and enhanced enterocyte turnover as gauged by greater rates of both proliferation and apoptosis. Although the exact mechanisms and mediators of this important compensatory response remain incompletely understood, work from this laboratory over the past decade has illuminated a crucial role for intact receptor signaling for a robust response. Using a murine model for intestinal resection, transgenic, null and mutant mouse strains have provided unique experimental paradigms to dissect molecular mechanisms for epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor‐directed influence on adaptation. Stimulation of this receptor is linked with a magnified adaptation response, whereas attenuation of the activity of this receptor is associated with impaired adaptation. EGF receptor activation and expression are both elevated in enterocytes after resection, and salivary levels of EGF‐the major ligand for the EGF receptor‐are increased. In addition to stimulation of enterocyte proliferation, EGF receptor signaling prevents the typical increase in rates of enterocyte apoptosis, probably by affecting the ratio of expression of both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members. The key to optimizing care for patients with short gut syndrome will necessarily follow a thorough understanding of intestinal adaptation responses.
Vitiligo and ocular findings: a study on possible associations
Authors: Bulbul Baskan E , Baykara M , Ercan İ , Tunali S , Yucel A 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ocular findings in vitiligo patients and reveal any clinical feature that might suggest an association or a risk factor.Background  Very few reports in the literature are available about the ocular findings in vitiligo and the possible associations of the ocular findings in vitiligo patients have not been studied so far.Methods  A total of 45 patients with previously documented cutaneous vitiligo were examined for ocular findings. Demographic features including age, gender, duration of vitiligo, presence of associated autoimmune diseases, type of vitiligo and the anatomical distributions of vitiligo were recorded to evaluate a possible relationship with the ocular findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses as well as cluster analysis were performed. After description of the clusters, the Mann–Whitney U‐test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine the variables. Concordance among the variables in each group was evaluated with the McNemar test.Results  Ten patients had ocular findings that included anterior segment (iris) involvement, ring‐like peripapillary atrophy around the optic nerve, atrophy of pigment epithelium, focal hypopigmented spots and diffuse hypopigmentation. The presence of periorbital vitiligo was significantly related to the ocular findings. Cluster analysis revealed concordances between periorbital and genitalial localizations of vitiligo and ocular findings.Conclusion  The number of patients and the range of ocular findings in our study are insufficient to make definite conclusions but anatomical localizations, primarily periorbital and to a lesser extent genitalial vitiligo, seem to be the most probably alerting features for ocular findings.
Task and Job: The Promise of Transactional Analysis
Authors: Papathanasis Anastasios , Vasiliopuios Chrisiopher 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTO gain analytical precision and simplicity, proponents of scientific management have ignored the distinction between the concepts of task and job This effort is analogous to the attachment, despite its artificiality, to the concept of discrete exchange In economic and marketing theory the concept of relational transaction has helped to inform economic analysis with phenomenal reality Considering job in the light of relational transactions promises to improve management theory in regard to employer‐employee relations The power vectors inherent in all human relations thus become explicit variables, not exogenous or irrational factors Any loss in analytical precision is offset by a greater comprehension of the reality of employee‐manager interactions
New Organicism
Authors: Krabbe Jacob J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This essay focuses on the “organismic” approach to the world of economic phenomena, as found in Carl Menger's work and, in a more mature form, in that of the present‐day author Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen. The author calls this type of organicism New Organicism, considering it a modern version of the organicism of nineteenth‐century authors like Wilhelm Roscher.This study presents Carl Menger as the main founder of the new way of economic thinking in organismic terms. It also shows that Menger did not fully integrate his organismic ideas into his economic philosophy. Furthermore, mention is made of Menger's antipode, Gustav Schmoller, as a fundamental thinker in this field. The author sees Schmoller as a predecessor of the systems theory variant of modern organismic economic thought. Next Krabbe looks at Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen, whose organismic synthesis he reflects. Finally, mention is made of the organismic orientation of three authors; Anghel Rugina, Lazaros Houmanidis and John Sutherland.
The London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933: A Public Goods Analysis
Authors: Morrison Rodney J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Hegemony theorists attribute the duration and severity of the Great Depression to the fact that, in 1933, the United States refused to take the place of Great Britain as world economic leader. This argument is based on the proposition that a major power must coordinate the international monetary and trading systems if is to obtain in those sectors. This thesis is reappraised by applying the theories of public goods, clubs, and public choice to the London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933, an occasion when the United States declined the role of world economic hegemon.Dig deep tunnels, store grain everywhere, and never seek begemony.
Meta‐ethical Reasoning: Applied to Economics and Business Principles
Authors: Reilly Bernard J. , Kyj Myron J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Ethics and ethical thinking involve two primary and interdependent elements of analysis: the individual and the society. Economic thought dichotomized these two elements into the individual (competitive capitalism) or the society (Marxist socialism), with one element being the cause, and the other the effect. Views of economic reality were developed not on the basis of the interdependence of the individual and the society but their mutual antagonism.Economic thought is based on the scientific reasoning of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its abstract definition of reality narrowed the significance of the concrete appearances of things in favor of the rules (science) that define things. Science requires both an objective causal order (independent of human definitions and beliefs) and the development of laws (independent of the human observer or participant) that explain the nature of the objective world. Ethical reasoning requires that economic causality be defined to include both the individual and the society. Ethical reasoning is needed to bring together both the scientific and the metaphysical for human meaning. The science of means must be joined to the human purposes of ends.
Boston Research Center for the 21st Century
Authors: Boulding Elise , Carnesale Albert , Clements Kevin , Montgomery John D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.The first annual Global Citizens Awards of the Boston Research Center for the 21st Century were presented to Elise Boulding and John D. Montgomery. The introductory remarks of Albert Carnesale and Kevin P. Clements are here reported with the acceptance speeches of the two honorees.
A Fraternity Of Danger
Authors: Simpson Charles R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Interviews and participation with members of rural volunteer fire departments (VFDs) in New York State, indicate that local communities in rural regions are structured around VFDs. Such “communities” involves both the fraternity of the fire house, resting on the teamwork essential to firefighting, and a wider locality, which the VFDs spatially define and symbolically integrate through a ritual of parades, fund raising efforts, and their example of community service. The working class, attached to the locality by stable residence and recruited intergenerationally into the fire service, supplies the majority of volunteers.Neoliberal modernization threatens this recruitment pattern. Problems have developed because the “new middle class” rejects VFD participation, except as ambulance volunteers. As localities compete for outside investment through the reduced cost of their services, they have exploited volunteers to provide fire protection at less cost than that of paid departments. This commodification of the VFDs risks destroying their character as a system of moral obligation unifying a locality and is an inequitable, and unsustainable, “tax” on working class volunteers. But innovative systems of emergency and other services can be used to attract the new male and female middle class into volunteer local activities.
The Neglected Economics of Trust
Authors: Perelman Michael 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Economists have little understanding of trust. As economists, we are trained to think of the economy as an amalgam of individual agents, although the social element is an indispensable part of the economy. This perspective has caused us to lose sight of the role of trust. As a result, not only does the quality of life suffer, but the economy becomes less efficient.In this article, I want to call attention to the central importance of trust in a market economy. I will show that markets both require and destroy trust. As a result, measures that appear to promote the economy may actually threaten the long‐term health of the market by undermining trust.
Trust and Sociability
Authors: Seligman Adam B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Trust is distinguished from confidence in that the latter rests on knowledge or predictability of the alter's actions, while trust is necessary to maintain interaction in the absence of such knowledge. While confidence may have many different bases, trust is a preeminently modern phenomenon, resting, ultimately on the self‐regulating, autonomous individual. It emerges concomitantly with the moral privileging of the private realm and of individual conscience. Contemporary developments associated with late or postmodern culture and society are however calling into question this model of the individual and with it the potential for trust to exist beyond the realm of regulations and constraints.Vladimir Ilych Lenin is said to have remarked: “Vertraun ist gut, Kontrol noch besser”–trust is good, but control is much better. In this saying we find what I think is a distinction critical to any preliminary understanding of trust‐that is, the distinction between trust and confidence (control in Lenin's terms). Control or confidence is what you have when you know what to expect in a situation; trust is what you need to maintain interaction if you do not.1
A novel HLA‐A*0119 allele of a Caucasian family containing a mutation in a highly conserved region
Authors: Schlaf G. , Wahle A. , Seliger B. , Altermann W. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA novel human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A (HLA‐A*0119) allele has been identified in two individuals of a Caucasian family from Middle Europe using a single‐allele‐specific sequencing strategy. This allele is identical to the HLA‐A*0101 allele except for one point mutation in the highly conserved codon 92 (TCT → GCT) resulting in an amino acid change from serine to alanine.
Cardiotoxicity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Depsipeptide in Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Shah Manisha H. , Binkley Philip , Chan Kenneth , Xiao Jim , Arbogast Daria , Collamore Minden , Farra Yasser , Young Donn , Grever Michael 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: This phase II study was undertaken to assess objective response and toxicity of histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide in patients with neuroendocrine tumors.
Experimental Design: A total of 15 patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors received a 4-hour i.v. infusion of depsipeptide at 14 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Tumor response was assessed at 8-week intervals using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Most patients were chemo-naïve (n = 12) but receiving long-acting octreotide for carcinoid syndrome (n = 11). All patients had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1.
Results: The study was terminated prematurely due to an unexpected high number of serious cardiac adverse events so the objective response rate could not be determined. A total of 77 doses of depsipeptide with a median of four doses (range, 2-13) per patient were administered. The most common adverse events included nausea (86%), anorexia (73%), vomiting (66%), and fatigue (73%). A sudden death attributed to possible fatal ventricular arrhythmia occurred within 24 hours after the fifth dose of depsipeptide. Furthermore, asymptomatic grade 2 ventricular tachycardia (n = 2) and prolonged QTc (n = 3) probably related to depsipeptide were observed. Plasma depsipeptide levels measured in a subset of patients failed to reveal differences among patients with or without cardiac adverse events.
Conclusions: Depsipeptide was associated with a high number of potentially serious cardiac adverse events in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. As sudden death possibly associated with depsipeptide was observed in this trial, the risks for potentially life-threatening arrhythmia associated with this agent need to be comprehensively evaluated.
Time-dependent cytotoxicity induced by SJG-136 (NSC 694501): influence of the rate of interstrand cross-link formation on DNA damage signaling
Authors: Arnould Stéphanie , Spanswick Victoria J. , Macpherson Janet S. , Hartley John A. , Thurston David E. , Jodrell Duncan I. , Guichard Sylvie M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
SJG-136 is a new pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer inducing time-dependent cytotoxicity. HCT 116 cells were exposed to 50 nmol/L of SJG-136 for 1 hour or 1 nmol/L of SJG-136 for 24 hours to achieve similar levels of interstrand cross-links (ICL). The short exposure led to a rapid formation of ICLs (1 hour), early H2AX foci formation (4 hours), prominent S phase arrest, and greater phosphorylation of Nbs1 (on serine 343) and Chk1 (on serine 317) than a 24-hour exposure. The prolonged exposure at low concentrations of SJG-136 induced a gradual formation of ICLs (up to 24 hours) which was associated with a limited S phase arrest and delayed Nbs1 phosphorylation. Prolonged exposure was also associated with a reduced phosphorylation of p53 on serines 15 and 20, a limited and delayed phosphorylation on serine 392, and a less prominent increase in p21 levels. These data suggest that the 24-hour exposure to a low concentration of SJG-136 led to delayed and reduced DNA damage signaling compared with a higher concentration of SJG-136 for 1 hour, resulting in greater cytotoxicity and contributing to the time-dependent cytotoxic effect of SJG-136. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1602–9]
Potentially Predictable Components of African Summer Rainfall in an SST-Forced GCM Simulation
Authors: Tippett Michael K. , Giannini Alessandra 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An ensemble of general circulation model (GCM) integrations forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) represents the climate response to SST forcing as well as internal variability or “noise.” Signal-to-noise analysis is used to identify the most reproducible GCM patterns of African summer precipitation related to the SST forcing. Two of these potentially predictable components are associated with the precipitation of the Guinea Coast and Sahel regions and correlate well with observations. The GCM predictable component associated with rainfall in the Sahel region reproduces observed temporal variability on both interannual and decadal time scales, though with reduced amplitude.
Climatology and Changes of Extratropical Cyclone Activity: Comparison of ERA-40 with NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis for 1958–2001
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Swail Val R. , Zwiers Francis W. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this study, a cyclone detection/tracking algorithm was used to identify cyclones from two gridded 6-hourly mean sea level pressure datasets: the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) for 1958–2001. The cyclone activity climatology and changes inferred from the two reanalyses are intercompared. The cyclone climatologies and trends are found to be in reasonably good agreement with each other over northern Europe and eastern North America, while ERA-40 shows systematically stronger cyclone activity over the boreal extratropical oceans than does NNR. However, significant differences between ERA-40 and NNR are seen over the austral extratropics. In particular, ERA-40 shows significantly greater strong-cyclone activity and less weak-cyclone activity over all oceanic areas south of 40°S in all seasons, while it shows significantly stronger cyclone activity over most areas of the austral subtropics in the warm seasons.
The most notable historical trends in cyclone activity are found to be associated with strong-cyclone activity. Over the boreal extratropics, both ERA-40 and NNR show a significant increasing trend in January–March (JFM) strong-cyclone activity over the high-latitude North Atlantic and over the midlatitude North Pacific, with a significant decreasing trend over the midlatitude North Atlantic and a small increasing trend over northern Europe. The JFM changes over the North Atlantic are associated with the mean position of the storm track shifting about 181 km northward. Importantly, there is no evidence of abrupt changes identified for the boreal extratropics, although previous studies have suggested that the upward trend found in the NNR data could be biased high. However, there exist a few abrupt changes over the austral extratropics, which appear to be attributable to the increasing availability of observations assimilated in the reanalyses. After diminishing the effects of these abrupt changes, strong-cyclone activity over the austral circumpolar oceanic region is identified to have an increasing trend in October–December (OND) and July–September (JAS), with a decreasing trend over the 40°–60°S zone in JAS.
Neutron Diffraction Studies on the Hydrogen-Bonded Structure of Water Molecules in Ion Exchange Resins
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Yamanaka Koji , Sasaki Motoya , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out for anion and cation exchange resins (AER and CER, respectively) absorbing H/D isotopically substituted water molecules in order to obtain structural information on the hydrogen-bonded network among water molecules within the resins. Partial structure factors, aHH(Q), aXH(Q), and aXX(Q) (X: atoms involved in the sample except for water-hydrogen atom), for AER and CER samples were respectively deduced from combined analyses of intermolecular interference terms observed for resins containing D2O (99.8% D), 0H2O (35.9% D), and 0–2H2O (67.9% D). The nearest neighbor distances, r(O···H) = 1.95(3) Å and r(H···H) = 2.40(3) Å, determined for the AER sample agree well with those reported for pure liquid water. On the other hand, considerably shorter intermolecular distances, r(O···H) = 1.78(3) Å and r(H···H) = 2.28(3) Å, were found for the CER sample, implying that the hydrogen-bonded network among water molecules in CER would be strongly affected by a highly acidic environment.
Sulfur-Bridged Heterotrimetallic CoIII2PtIIAgI Complexes Consisting of Two Tris(thiolato)-Type Cobalt(III) Octahedra Linked by PtII and AgI Ions
Authors: Yoshinari Nobuto , Chikamoto Yu , Iwata Masako , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sulfur-bridged CoIII2PtIIAgI tetranuclear complexes [Ag{Pt(NH3)2}{Co(aet)3}2](NO3)3 (1; aet = NH2CH2CH2S−) and [AgPt{Co(L)}2]Cl3 (2; L = N(CH2NHCH2CH2S−)3), in which two fac(S)-tris(thiolato)-type cobalt(III) units are linked by two different kinds of metal ions, PtII and AgI, were newly synthesized by the reaction of fac(S)-[Co(aet)3] with a mixture of trans-[Pt(H2O)2(NH3)2]2+ and Ag+ and by the reaction of [Ag3{Co(L)}2]3+ with [PtCl4]2−, respectively. The crystal structures of 1 and 2, which adopt racemic and meso forms, respectively, were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones with an Electron-Withdrawing Group to Allylic Alcohols Utilizing Diisopropyl Tartrate as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Ding Xia , Taniguchi Katsumi , Hamamoto Yoshihira , Sada Kazunori , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones possessing an electron-withdrawing group to allylic alcohols was achieved by the use of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding isoxazolidines with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. In the case of nitrones possessing an electron-withdrawing cyano or t-butoxycarbonyl group, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to 2-propen-1-ol occurred to produce the corresponding 3,5-trans-isoxazolidines with high enantioselectivity. To the contrary, nitrones possessing an amide moiety afforded the corresponding optically active 3,5-cis-isoxazolidines with completely opposite diastereoselectivity. A catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones possessing the N,N-diisopropylamide moiety to allylic alcohols was achieved to afford di- or trisubstituted isoxazolidines with excellent enantioselectivity of up to over 99% ee. The present asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was applied to the synthesis for the (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyornithine derivative.
Photochromism of Diarylethene Derivatives Having n-Alkylbenzothiophene and n-Alkylbenzofuran Units
Authors: Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Irie Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photochromic diarylethenes having benzofuran and benzothiophene rings have been synthesized and their photochromic performance in a single-crystalline phase has been examined. Although 1,2-bis(2-methyl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) is photochemically inactive in the single-crystalline phase, diarylethene derivatives having a benzofuran ring (2a and 3a) undergo photochromism in the single-crystalline phase. 1-(1-Benzofuran-3-yl)-2-(1-benzothiophen-3-yl)hexafluorocyclopentene having ethyl, propyl, and butyl chains at the 2-position (4a–6a) were also synthesized. The derivative having propyl chains (5a) underwent photochromism in a single-crystalline phase. Upon UV irradiation, the crystal showed a brilliant red color in the single-crystalline phase.
Optimal Levels of Fertilization Under Risk: The Potential for Corn and Wheat Fertilization Under Alternative Price Policies in Argentina
Authors: De Janvry Alain 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBecause economic return from fertilization is stochastic, a precise assessment of the risk in fertilizer investment is critical, especially in less‐developed countries. Using corn and wheat fertilizer response data from the Argentine Pampa, production conditions under which use of fertilizer would be economical are determined. Government protection of an obsolete fertilizer industry, high fertilizer prices, and inadequate tax breaks for users retard development of modern fertilizer technology. Despite current prices, fertilization would be possible on a majority of Argentine farms. Lack of use is attributed to the unavailability to farmers of technical and economic information. Social gains from alternative fertilizer price policies are calculate.