bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ABH Antigens and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Hershko Chaim , Gale Robert Peter , Ho Winston , Fitchen John 
Published: March 2008

Summary.We studied the role of ABH antigens in determining graft outcome in 104 patients who received HLA‐identical bone marrow transplants for aplastic anaemia and acute leukaemia. ABH compatibility had no significant effect on incidence of graft rejection or graft‐versus‐host disease. Fifteen recipients had pre‐transplant antibodies against donor ABH antigens. In 14, large volume plasma exchange and transfusion of donor‐type erythrocytes was successful in reducing the antibody titre to low or undetectable levels. In one patient, plasma exchange was unsuccessful and red cells were removed from the marrow inoculum by unit gravity sedimentation. This approach prevented transfusion reaction, and permitted engraftment of all haematopoietic cell lines despite persistently elevated antibody titres. Parallel in vitro studies revealed that antibodies to ABH antigens failed to inhibit the growth of progenitor cells committed to both granulocyte‐macrophage (CFU‐C) and erythroid (BFU‐E) development. These findings indicate that ABH‐antigens are not clinically important transplantation antigens and suggest that ABH antigens are not operationally present on hematopoietic stem cells.
A New Method for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Platelet‐bound Immunoglobuin (IgG) and Complement (C3) Employing an Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Procedure
Authors: Nel J. D. , Stevens K. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.An ELISA technique for the quantitation of platelet‐bound IgG and C3 is described. This is an antiglobulin consumption assay using commercial horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti‐IgG and anti‐C3 antisera. The greater the amount of antiglobulin consumed by the reaction with platelets the less is available to bind to an immune adsorbent in the form of human serum‐coated polystyrene balls. This test can be calibrated by adding known quantities of IgG or C3 to the specific enzymelinked antibody and the unbound fraction of antiserum is quantitated by allowing it to react with a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme and measuring the intensity spectrophotometrically, thus establishing an inverse relationship with the amount of antigen. Platelets from normal donors and those with non‐immunological throm‐bocytopenia gave values of 1·3–15·5 ng IgG/106 platelets and 0·22–0·96 ng C3/106 platelets which are in accordance with the normal ratio of these proteins in normal serum. Fifteen patients in whom immune destruction of platelets was suspected had excess platelet‐bound IgG ranging from 30 to 450 ng IgG/106 platelets. In none of these patients could excess platelet‐bound C3 be demonstrated. Compared to the antiglobulin consumption test we have found this test to be superior both technically and in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility.
Rapid Separation of Cytosol and Particle Fraction of Human Platelets by Digitonin‐induced Cell Damage
Authors: Akkerman J. W. N. , Ebberink R. H. M. , Lips J. P. M. , Christiaens G. C. M. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Current cell disruption and fractionation techniques are time consuming and unsuitable for metabolic studies. We have developed a rapid method for platelets in which separation of cytosol and particle fraction is obtained within 50 s. Isolated platelet suspensions were incubated with low concentrations of digitonin followed by separation of soluble and particle fraction by centrifugation through a phthalate layer. Cell disruption was 90·1±4–2% (mean ± SD, n= 18; lactate dehyd‐rogenase leakage). Contamination of granules: acid hydrolase vesicles 16·2±3·6% (n=18, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase), dense granules 7–9% (n=3, 14C‐serotonin), mitochondrial matrix 0·6±0·1% (n=18, glutamate dehydrogenase). Low concentrations of digitonin did not affect sialic acid content, nucleoside diphosphate kinase and phosphodiesterase activity in isolated membranes. The method showed that most enzymes of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt were localized in the cytosol except for hexokinase (96% particle bound), phosphoglucose isomerase (10% bound) and glutathion reductase (26% bound). About half the total ATP + ADP and most glycolytic intermediates were found partly particle bound, especially fructose 1,6‐diphosphate (40% bound). The data suggest that in platelets glycolysis occurs in different cell compartments.
The Decision to Perform Staging Laparotomy in Symptomatic Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Rutherford Cynthia J. , Desforges Jane F. , Davies Byron , Barnett Arnold I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. This study defines patients with symptomatic Hodgkin's disease for whom risks of staging laparotomy (LAP) outweigh benefits conferred by accurate knowledge of stage. From a database of more than 900 pathologically‐staged patients, probabilities of pathological stage are calculated for combinations of basic findings and lymphangiogram results. Decision‐making thresholds are defined at which results of treatment after LAP, taking operative mortality into account, are equivalent to immediate treatment appropriate to clinical stage. These thresholds are substantially altered by varying LAP mortality estimates, by assigning a false negative rate to LAP, and by considering uncertainty in treatment results. Fifty‐four combinations of findings are described for which immediate therapy with MOPP is justified; total nodal irradiation (TNI) is never indicated in B patients without prior LAP staging. Analysing 94 B patients who had LAP showed an appreciable number might have been spared this, particularly when uncertainty in treatment results is considered. With 0.03 (= 3%) uncertainty in treatment results, and 1% LAP mortality, LAP was not indicated in one in seven patients; nearly one third of patients should have immediate treatment with 3% LAP mortality. Threshold analysis can define those patients for whom risks of LAP outweigh benefits.
Impaired Neutrophil Function and Myeloperoxidase Deficiency in Pregnancy
Authors: El‐Maallem Hilal , Fletcher John 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe ability of neutrophils to phagocytose and kill Candida guilliermondii was investigated in 28 pregnant women and compared with 29 healthy controls. Phagocytosis was normal, but the ability to kill and digest Candida was reduced to 65% of normal. Quantitative myeloperoxidase measurement revealed a considerable reduction of this enzyme (55% of normal) while neutrophil alkaline phosphatase levels were nearly twice as high as in normals. It is suggested that both lack of myeloperoxidase and impaired candidacidal ability result from the discharge of the neutrophil's granules during previous phagocytosis of antibody—antigen complexes in the circulation.
Abolished Production of Interferon by Leucocytcs of Patients with the Acquired Cytogcnetic Abnormalities 5q — or — 5 in Secondary and de‐Novo Acute Non‐lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard J. , Haahr S. , Philip P. , Thomsen M. , Jensen G. , Ersboll J. , Nissen N. I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Interferon production by leucocytes on stimulation with inactivated antigens from herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus was determined in 19 patients with preleukaemia or acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia, in 15 following treatment for other tumours. Production of interferon was abolished in 10 patients and prcscrved in nine cases after stimulation with herpes simplex antigen. Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow demonstrated an abnormal karyotype in 13/15 patients with secondary preleukaemia or leukaemia. Characteristics were (a) hypodiploid cell lines demonstrated in eight cases, (b) a B‐chromosome defect found in five cases and verified as 5q— in four, and (c) defects in C‐group chromosomes in 10, verified as monosomy 7 in nine. All four patients with de‐novo preleukaemia or leukaemia had abnormal cytogenetic findings, two B‐chromosome abnormalities verified as monosomy 5. A relationship between abnormalities in chromosome no. 5 and abolished production of interferon was demonstrated, as only one of seven patients with 5q—, —5 or — B produced interferon by the leucocytes, compared with eight of a total of 12 patients with other cytogenetic defects or a normal karyotype (P=0.04). The results are remarkable, as chromosome no. 5 has recently been discovered to contain a gene for interferon production. Furthermore abolished production of interferon by leucocytes seemed correlated to previous irradiation and to disease‐related fever.
ADP Induced Surface Charge Changes of Adult and Newborn Platelets
Authors: Kosztoiányi G. , Jobst K. , Kellermayer M. , Ludány A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In experiments reported here electrophoretic mobility of washed platelets and platelets suspended in diluted plasma obtained from adults and newborns was practically the same. No significant difference was observed in the pH—mobility relationship of the two types of platelets. These comparative studies indicate that the actual charge density, i.e. the number and sign of the charged groups at the newborn and adult platelet surfaces are essentially identical.However, a significant difference was found between the two platelet populations in the mobility changes induced by ADP. On the basis of cross over experiments between the platelets and plasma of adults and newborns it seems likely that the different behaviour of neonatal platelets arises from a difference between adult and newborn plasma. Preliminary results indicate that this may be due to the presence in adult plasma of a component with molecular weight about 10 000.
Red Cell Mass, Plasma Volume and Blood Volume before and after Venesection in Relative Polycythaemia
Authors: Humphrey P. R. D. , Michael J. , Pearson T. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Seven male patients with relative polycythaemia have had red cell mass, plasma volume and blood volume measurements made before and after venesection. The mean PCV prior to venesection was 0.522. Using a small volume (250 ml) serial venesection technique, in each the PCV was reduced to or below 0.45, the overall mean value being 0.431. Venesection resulted in a rise in plasma volume with no significant reduction in blood volume in six of the patients. Thus hypovolaemia does not occur in the majority of the patients. One patient did not increase his plasma volume on packed cell volume reduction. His blood volume fell by 15%. None of the patients developed any symptoms of hypovolaemia. To maintain the PCV at values less than 0.45, venesection was required on average once every 2 months. It is suggested that venesection of small volumes is an acceptable long‐term method of lowering the PCV in patients with relative polycythaemia.
Marrow Cells from Patients with Untreated Pernicious Anaemia Cannot Use Tetrahydrofolate Normally
Authors: Deacon Rosemary , Chanarin I. , Perry Janet , Lumb Michael 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Folate analogues were added to human bone marrow cells to determine their effect on deoxyuridine utilization in the deoxyuridine suppression test. Forniyltetrahydrofolates fully corrected the impairment of dU utilization in pernicious anaemia marrows but tetrahydrofolate was relatively ineffective. All these analogues were effective in megaloblastic marrows from folate deficient patients.Formyltetrahydrofolates also enhanced dU utilization by normal human marrows whereas methyltetrahydrofolate reduced its use.In terms of the methylfolate trap hypothesis, the expectation that cobalamindeficient marrows would be able to use tetrahydrofolate normally was not realized.
Isoelectric Focusing of Hexokinase and Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Erythrocytes of Newborn Infants and Adults
Authors: Gahr M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Isoenzymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase from red cells of newborn infants were analysed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel after partial purification. The pattern of isoenzyme distribution was compared with that of erythrocytes from adults. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzyme distribution was identical between erythrocytes from newborn infants and adults. Erythrocytic hexokinase isoenzymes patterns were different between newborn infants and adults. Erythrocytes from adults contain a hexokinase isoenzyme which has the same isoelectric point as rat liver hexokinase isoenzyme I (pH 6.01). This isoenzyme is lacking in red cells from newborn infants. Isoenzymes with the isoelectric properties of rat liver isoenzyme II (pH 5.48) were not detectable in red cells from adults, nor from newborn infants. The occurrence of an isoenzyme III in red cells remained unclear, because only a faint staining was observed in the corresponding region of erythrocytic gels. Preliminary results revealed a fetal type of hexokinase isoenzyme distribution in infants with an age of 10 months. This indicates that regulation of the synthesis of Hb F and of fetal hexokinase isoenzynies is not correlated.
Peripheral Blood Cells from Patients with Aplastic Anaemia in Partial Remission Suppress Growth of their Own Bone Marrow Precursors in Culture
Authors: Nissen Catherine , Cornu Pierre , Gratwohl Alois , Speck Bruno 
Published: March 2008

Summary In 12 patients with severe aplastic anaemia who had achieved self‐sustaining autologous bone marrow function after treatment with antilymphocyte globulin, or with cyclophosphamide given for attempted bone marrow transplantation, colony formation by all haemopoietic precursors remained far below normal. Precursors from peripheral blood, erythroid precursors in particular, failed to form a normal number of colonies. This paucity of colony formation does not reflect a true lack of precursor cells but is due to circulating cells which impair maturation. Addition of low density peripheral blood cells to autologous bone marrow cultures diminished colony formation by granulocyte‐macrophage precursors (GM‐CFC) and abolished ‘burst’ formation by BFU‐E. Strong auto‐inhibition preceded relapse in four of eight patients. The phenomenon was not observed in five normals, in five aplastic anaemia patients with stable haemopoietic grafts and in three polytransfused control patients.The T‐cell poor subpopulation of peripheral blood cells, containing mainly B‐cells and macrophages, was especially inhibitory. Accordingly, removal of plastic adherent cells from bone marrow cell suspensions improved plating efficiency in aplastic anaemia patients, but not in normals. Isolated E‐rosette positive cells had no negative effect.Inhibition could only be demonstrated in the autologous situation. Colony formation by normal allogeneic peripheral blood precursors was not impaired by patient cells. The phenomenon is likely to reflect residual disease activity which is compensated in vivo but can be demonstrated in vitro. It may be of help in early recognition of patients who are at risk of relapse after autologous bone marrow reconstitution.
Active Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia: Report of Two Controlled Trials
Authors: Whittaker J. A. , Bailey‐Wood R. , Hutchins S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Over 61/2 years, 182 patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia were treated with one of two combinations of chemotherapy containing cytosine arabinoside and an anthracycline (daunorubicin or doxorubicin). Eighty‐one patients achieved remission and 79 of them were entered into one of two trials of active immunotherapy. The first trial compared maintenance chemotherapy and i.v. BCG immunotherapy with chemotherapy alone. The results have shown that the group given i.v. BCG survived for a significantly longer time (P=0·035) than the group treated only with chemotherapy. The i.v. BCG treated group also had a significantly longer survival (P=0·042) after their first relapse and a higher incidence of subsequent remissions. However, there was no difference in the length of first remissions for the two groups.The second trial compared two different types of active immunotherapy. The results show no significant difference in remission duration or survival after first relapse for 34 patients randomly allocated to treatment with i.v. BCG or irradiated leukaemic blast cells. Sixteen patients relapsed and subsequently 10 patients entered a second remission after reinduction chemotherapy. These patients were distributed evenly between the two immunotherapy groups and this high rate of second remissions is similar to that for the immunotherapy group in the first Cardiff Trial. In the two trials, 21 (62%) of 34 patients receiving immunotherapy entered a second remission after reinduction chemotherapy and six patients achieved third remissions.
Intensive Plasma Exchange in the Management of Severe Rh Disease
Authors: Angela E. , Robinson E. , Tovey L. A. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Fourteen high‐risk cases of Rh alloimmunized women were treated by intensive plasma exchange on the cell separator throughout their pregnancies. The mean volume of plasma exchanged per week was 3·21 with a total volume of 10—123 l. The replacement fluid was mainly plasma protein fraction (PPF) supplemented with fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The mean duration of treatment was 13 1/2 weeks, ranging from 2 to 22 weeks, commencing at 12—30 weeks gestation. The complications encountered and the selection of the optimal time for delivery are discussed. The expected stillbirth rate in this series as determined by their past obstetric histories and anti‐D levels was 62%. Intrauterine transfusion was given to only two of the infants and both were later stillborn. It was possible to reduce and maintain a lower level of anti‐D in the serum of most of the patients and a successful outcome was achieved in nine of the 12 cases included for analysis (75%).Plasma exchange commenced early in pregnancy is recommended as a non‐hazardous form of treatment in the management of severe Rh haemolytic disease. However, if the mean level of anti‐D cannot be maintained at less than 35 iu/ml then the outcome is more likely to be fatal. Amniocentesis should be delayed where possible until 28 weeks gestation and intrauterine transfusion reserved for those cases where the anti‐D level becomes uncontrollably high and fetal death is imminent.
Hyperviscosity and Thrombotic Changes in Idiopathic and Secondary Raynaud's Syndrome
Authors: Blunt R. J. , George A. J. , Hurlow R. A. , Strachan C. J. L. , Stuart J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Whole‐blood viscosity (measured at 128, 23 and 0·2 s‐1) was significantly increased in 29 females with Raynaud's syndrome, 13 males with vibration‐induced Raynaud's syndrome, and 18 males with calf claudication secondary to atherosclerosis, as compared with 50 healthy controls matched for sex, age and smoking habit. Viscosity was higher at low temperature (27 and 22°C) in all three types of vascular disease and, despite symptoms of cold hypersensitivity, patients with Raynaud's syndrome did not show selective hyperviscosity at low temperature.Patients with vascular disease, irrespective of aetiology, also showed an increase in the acute‐phase reactants haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and factor VIII antigen, together with reduced fibrinolytic activity and minor activation of platelets. These alterations in viscosity and haemostatic factors in vascular disease are probably related to the degree, rather than the aetiology, of endothelial damage and their cumulative effect may contribute to local stasis and thrombosis, particularly in cold extremities.
Autologous Neutrophils Inhibit Production of Colony Stimulating Activity by Normal Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Lutynski A. , Th'ng K. H. , Goldman J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Experiments were designed to study the way in which normal human polymorphs (PMNs) inhibit the production or release of colony stimulating activity (CSA) by normal lymphocytes incubated alone or in conjunction with normal monocytes. PMNs were first incubated with lymphocytes for varous periods at various concentrations. The PMNs were then removed and the ‘conditioned’ lymphocytes were used alone or after addition to adherent mononuclear cells (monocytes) for the production of conditioned medium. The samples of conditioned medium were then assayed for CSA in a standard system for culturing granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFU‐C) in agar. We found that the capacity of PMNs to inhibit CSA production by lymphocytes or by lymphocytes plus monocytes was directly proportional to the number of PMNs originally incubated and maximal at relatively short incubation times (i.e. 2–4 h). Such inhibition could be counteracted by the introduction of known stimulators of CSA production by monocytes, e.g. phytohaemagglutinin or bacterial toxin.We conclude that normal lymphocytes ‘conditioned’ or ‘programmed’ by contact with PMNs may themselves have a reduced capacity to produce CSA and may also act to reduce CSA production by monocytes. Such programmed lymphocytes could thus be a component of the mechanism by which PMNs exert a physiological inhibition on CSA‐dependent granulopoiesis in vivo.
Differentiation of Cell Surface Receptors on Normal Human Bone Marrow Myeloid Precursors
Authors: Barrett Sondra G. , Hansen Keith S. , Bainton Dorothy F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Receptors for IgG and complement are present on the plasma membrane of functionally mature blood neutrophils. Neutrophilic precursors lack these membrane receptors, which may account for their diminished phagocytic capability. In this study, myeloid precursors from human bone marrow were examined for the presence and activity of membrane receptors for IgG and activated complement. Morphologic identification by light microscopy of neutrophilic cells was made by rosetting techniques and chloroacetate esterase cytochemical staining and at the ultrastructural level by peroxidase reactivity.This study showed that the Fc receptor was the only membrane marker on the myeloblast and that the number of cells with this receptor increased with maturation. Functional investigation of the Fc receptor indicated that its presence on early myeloid cells was insufficient to induce IgG‐mediated ingestion. Phagocytosis via the Fc receptor was not acquired until the metamyelocyte stage. Complement receptors, C3d and C3b, appeared later than the Fc receptor. The C3d receptor, detected first on the promyelocyte, remained relatively constant throughout maturation, whereas the C3b receptor acquired at the myelocyte stage increased with maturation.These data provide evidence that distinct membrane changes occur during normal myeloid cell maturation and that the presence of these membrane receptors is not sufficient for Fc‐mediated ingestion to occur.