bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of GATA3 in Protein Kinase C θ‐induced Th2 cytokine expression
Authors: Stevens Lisa , Htut Tin M. , White Della , Li Xiang , Hanidu Adedayo , Stearns Carol , Labadia Mark E. , Li Jun , Brown Maryanne , Yang Jianfei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtein kinase C θ (PKCθ) is essential for T cell activation, as it is required for the activation of NF‐κB and expression of IL‐2. PKCθ has also been shown to affect NFAT activation and Th2 differentiation. To better understand the role of PKCθ in the regulation of T helper cells, we used PKCθ‐deficient DO11.10 transgenic T cells to study its rolein vitro. DO11.10 Th1 cells deficient in PKCθ produced significantly less TNF‐α and IL‐2. The expression of Th2 cytokines, including IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13 and IL‐24 was significantly reduced in PKCθ‐deficient T cells. Moreover, the expression of the Th2 transcription factor, GATA3, was significantly reduced in PKCθ‐deficient T cells. Overexpression of GATA3 by retroviral infection in PKCθ‐deficient T cells resulted in increased expansion of IL‐4‐producing T cells and higher IL‐4 production than that of wild type Th2 cells. IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13 and IL‐24 expressions were also rescued by GATA3 overexpression. Our observations suggest that PKCθ regulates Th2 cytokine expressionviaGATA3.
Genomic suppression of murine B29/Ig‐β promoter‐driven transgenes
Authors: Vettermann Christian , Lutz Johannes , Selg Manuel , Bösl Michael , Jäck Hans‐Martin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImmunoglobulin β (Ig‐β) is a critical signal transducer of precursor B cell and B cell receptors. B29, the gene coding for Ig‐β, is switched on in progenitor B cells and expressed until the terminal stage of antibody‐producing plasma cells. Although several cis‐acting elements and transcription factors required for B29 expression have been characterized in cell lines, the in vivo significance of individual motifs located in the 1.2‐kb promoter region remained unclear. To address whether this region drives B lineage‐specific expression in mice as efficiently as in transfected cell lines, we established transgenic animals carrying the B29 promoter fused to either enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or the precursor B cell receptor component λ5. Surprisingly, only minimal levels of B29‐derived transcripts were produced in B lymphoid tissues of several independent transgenic lines, and the respective proteins were below the detection limit. In addition, transgenic transcripts were found in testis, kidney and brain. Hence, the 1.2‐kb‐sized B29 promoter does not define a strong, B lineage‐restricted expression unit when randomly integrated into the genome and passed through the murine germ line. Therefore, yet unidentified genomic locus control elements are required to efficiently drive B29 expression in B lymphocytes.
First Allylpalladium Systems Containing Chiral Imidazolylpyridine Ligands – Structural Studies and Catalytic Behaviour
Authors: Bastero Amaia , Bella Antonio F. , Fernández Fernando , Jansat Susanna , Claver Carmen , Gómez Montserrat , Muller Guillermo , Ruiz Aurora , Font‐Bardía Mercè , Solans Xavier 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalladium/chiral imidazolylpyridine systems were tested in allylic alkylation of rac‐3‐acetoxy‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐propene (rac‐I) and 3‐acetoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propene (II), paying particular attention to the influence of the amine nitrogen hybridisation on their catalytic behaviour. Allylpalladium complexes 9–11 containing optically pure imidazolines were synthesised and fully characterised both in solution (NMR) and the solid state (single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction). NMR studies showed four species in solution for complex 9 containing the unsymmetrical 1‐phenylallyl group, while for 10 and 11, involving the symmetrical 1,3‐diphenylallyl moiety, two species, endo and exo, were identified. In the solid state, only endo isomers crystallised for each complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis of Cp* Iridium and Rhodium Complexes Containing Bidentate sp2‐N‐Donor Ligands and Counter‐Anions [Cp*MCl3]–
Authors: Kennedy Danielle F. , Messerle Barbara A. , Smith Matthew K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComplexes of the type [Cp*MCl(N–N)][X] (M = Rh and Ir) have been synthesised, where N–N is a series of bidentate ligands with sp2 N‐donors: bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (bpm), bis(1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl)methane (bim), bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (dmbpm), bis(1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl) ketone (bik), bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenylimino)acenapthene (mesBIAN), 2,4,6‐trimethylphenylimino‐(1‐methyl‐2‐imidazolyl)methane (mesim–mim), and X = Cl–, BF4– and the unusual anion [Cp*MCl3]–. All of these complexes were synthesised by treatment of [Cp*MCl2]2 with 2 equivalents of ligand and were isolated as air stable solids. The solid‐state structures of [Cp*MCl(bpm)][Cp*MCl3] (M = Rh and Ir) and [Cp*IrCl(bim)][Cp*IrCl3] have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. All of the structures of the bimetallic species displayed a “piano stool” configuration about the both the anionic and cationic metal centre. The solid‐state structures of the monometallic iridium species [Cp*IrCl(N–N)][BF4], where N–N = bim, mesBIAN, and mesim‐mim, were also determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Transition Metal Complexes of Novel N,N,O Scorpionate Ligands Suitable for Solid Phase Immobilisation
Authors: Hübner Eike , Haas Thomas , Burzlaff Nicolai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntroduction of an allyl or a hydroxymethyl group to bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (1) at the bridging carbon atom leads to the new tripodal N,N,O ligands 2,2‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)pent‐4‐enoic acid (Hbdmpzpen) (2) and 2,2‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐hydroxypropionic acid (Hbdmpzhp) (3). These ligands exhibit similar chemical behaviour to that of 1, but they have the additional possibility to be immobilised to a solid phase. Esterification of the hydroxymethyl linker of 3 yields 2,2‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐acetatopropionic acid (Hbdmpzap) (4). The molecular structures of 2, 3 and 4 all exhibit intramolecular hydrogen bridges. Introduction of a hydroxymethyl group to methyl bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetate (5) yields methyl2,2‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐hydroxypropionate(Mebdmpzhp) (6), which can be immobilised on Merrifield polymer to yield modified resin P‐6. To investigate the reactivity of these new ligands, manganese and rhenium complexes of 2, 3 and 4 have been studied. The molecular structures of the two manganese complexes [Mn(bdmpzpen)(CO)3] (7) and [Mn(bdmpzap)(CO)3] (8) have been confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination. Saponification of polymer resin P‐6 and subsequent reaction with [ReBr(CO)5] yields rhenium tricarbonyl complexes anchored on Merrifield polymer (P‐Re). Solid phase immobilisation of the [Mn(bdmpzpen)(CO)3] (7) and [Re(bdmpzpen)(CO)3] (9) complexes on 3‐mercaptopropyl functionalised silica is initialised by AIBN. The tripodal coordination of manganese and rhenium in these functionalised Merrifield resins (P‐Re) and silica (S‐Mn, S‐Re) is proven by a single A1 and two E signals in the IR spectra that are typical for unsymmetrical “piano stool” type carbonyl complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reducing intra‐sample variability of muscle lipid analysis
Authors: Zhou Lianzhen , Guo ZengKui 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntra‐sample variability of intramyocellular triacylglycerols (imcTG) in skeletal muscle has been examined using two different tissue processing sequences assisted by tracer and solvent extraction techniques. Aliquoting after homogenization of muscle biopsies significantly reduced intra‐sample variability compared to the aliquoting before homogenization approach. The results suggested that skeletal muscle samples be homogenized before aliquoting, if necessary, in order to reduce variability in imcTG measurements. Intramyocellular non‐esterified fatty acids have a lower variability than triacylglycerols.
The Synthesis of Dendritic β‐Diketonato Ligands and Their Europium Complexes
Authors: Li Bao‐Lin , Liu Zi‐Tong , Deng Guo‐Jun , Fan Qing‐Hua 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo kinds of dendritic β‐diketonato ligands (1a,1b and 2a–2c) which contain a dibenzoylmethane (dbm) core and poly(aryl ether) dendron, have been synthesized by a convergent strategy. The attachment point of the dendron to dbm is found to play an important role in the preparation of europium(III) complexes. Reaction of the β‐diketonato ligands 2a–2c, which bear a dendron substituted on the phenyl group of dbm, with EuCl3·6H2O gives the first‐ to third‐generation dendritic europium(III) complexes in good yields, while europium(III) complexes could not be formed with β‐diketonato ligands 1a and 1b, which have dendrons attached to the 2‐position of dbm. The resulting dendritic europium(III) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, and further confirmed by luminescence measurements. Incorporation of 1,10‐phenanthroline as the second ligand in these dendritic (β‐diketonato)europium(III) complexes gives new dendritic europium(III) complexes with enhanced luminescence intensity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Smaragdyrin–Azobenzene Conjugates: Syntheses, Structure, and Spectral and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Gokulnath Sabapathi , Prabhuraja Viswanathan , Sankar Jeyaraman , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe syntheses, characterization, and spectral properties of smaragdyrin–azobenzene conjugates are reported. Our synthetic strategy involves linking the azobenzene group in one of the precursors to a dipyrromethane subunit, which was achieved by reaction of azobenzenecarbaldehyde with pyrrole under TFA catalysis. A [3+2] acid‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of this precursor with the tripyrrane moiety gave the expected smaragdyrin–azobenzene conjugates. The azobenzene is in the (E) conformation both in the precursor and in the smaragdyrin conjugates, as revealed by its single‐crystal X‐ray structure. Electronic absorption and emission spectral studies reveal the presence of a moderate electronic interaction between the azobenzene and smaragdyrin π‐systems. Irradiation experiments at 360 nm reveal the presence of a reversible (E)/(Z) transformation of the azobenzene moiety in the precursors 3b and 4b. However, in the smaragdyrin conjugates the formation of the (Z) conformer leads to the decomposition of the macrocycle upon prolonged irradiation. Excitation at the azobenzene absorption results in the appearance of the emission band of smaragdyrin, thereby suggesting an energy transfer. The electrochemical data reveal that ring oxidations of the smaragdyrin macrocycle become harder upon azobenzene introduction, which suggests the electron‐withdrawing nature of the azobenzene in these conjugates. A significant shortening of the N–N bond (0.067 Å) and elongation of the C–N bonds (0.055 and 0.069 Å) in 7a relative to the azobenzene–dipyrromethane precursor 4a clearly reveal a rearrangement of the electronic π‐delocalization pathway in the smaragdyrin–azobenzene conjugates. RhI binds to one amino and one imino nitrogen atom in the smaragdyrin cavity to form a 1:1 complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Absolute Configurations of Globosuxanthone A and Secondary Metabolites from Microdiplodia sp. – A Novel Solid‐State CD/TDDFT Approach
Authors: Hussain Hidayat , Krohn Karsten , Floerke Ulrich , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , Pescitelli Gennaro , Antus Sándor , Kurtán Tibor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absolute configuration of a potent new antitumor dihydroxanthenone, globosuxanthone A (1), active against human solid tumor cell lines and isolated by Gunatilaka et al. from Chaetomium globosum Ames1 and in this study from the endophytic fungus Microdiplodia sp., was established by a new methodology. In this new approach, the Cartesian coordinates of the X‐ray data serve as input geometry for quantum mechanical calculation of the theoretical CD spectrum. Comparison with the solid‐state CD spectrum gives a very good match, since the calculated and the experimentally acquired data are derived from the very same single conformation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by lye‐extraction
Authors: Chang James I. , Tai Hua‐Shan , Huang Teng‐Hsiang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLye extraction was investigated for regenerating a spent bleaching earth (SBE) generated after the discoloration of crude edible oils. Bivariate regression and response surface methodology were applied to find the optimal ratio of the liquid caustic soda to SBE and the retention time at the boiling temperature. Experimental results showed that the oil content in SBE could be reduced to less than 1% by boiling SBE in an aqueous solution of 1% caustic soda for more than 20 min. The deoiled SBE could be mixed in the soy meal for animal feed. A preliminary financial analysis showed that the investment for a hypothetical 10‐ton/day processing unit and an additional 50‐ton/day acidulation and a 100‐ton/day wastewater treatment unit would be paid back in 24 months. The contour lines of the payback period between 18 and 36 months for the investment between $400,000 and $1,200,000 and the meal price between $200 and $300/ton are also shown. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Bias in the estimation of non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance of returns
Authors: Harris Richard D. F. , Guermat Cherif 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatility models such as GARCH, although misspecified with respect to the data‐generating process, may well generate volatility forecasts that are unconditionally unbiased. In other words, they generate variance forecasts that, on average, are equal to the integrated variance. However, many applications in finance require a measure of return volatility that is a non‐linear function of the variance of returns, rather than of the variance itself. Even if a volatility model generates forecasts of the integrated variance that are unbiased, non‐linear transformations of these forecasts will be biased estimators of the same non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance because of Jensen's inequality. In this paper, we derive an analytical approximation for the unconditional bias of estimators of non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance. This bias is a function of the volatility of the forecast variance and the volatility of the integrated variance, and depends on the concavity of the non‐linear transformation. In order to estimate the volatility of the unobserved integrated variance, we employ recent results from the realized volatility literature. As an illustration, we estimate the unconditional bias for both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample forecasts of three non‐linear transformations of the integrated standard deviation of returns for three exchange rate return series, where a GARCH(1, 1) model is used to forecast the integrated variance. Our estimation results suggest that, in practice, the bias can be substantial.  Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of patterns of failure and subjective salivary function in patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Daly Megan E. , Lieskovsky YeeYie , Pawlicki Todd , Yau Jervis , Pinto Harlan , Kaplan Michael , Fee Willard E. , Koong Albert , Goffinet Don R. , Xing Lei , Le Quynh‐Thu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground.Our aim was to correlate patterns of failure with target volume delineations in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and to report subjective xerostomia outcomes after IMRT as compared with conventional radiation therapy (CRT).Methods.Between January 2000 and April 2005, 69 patients with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic HNSCC underwent curative parotid‐sparing IMRT at Stanford University. Sites included were oropharynx (n = 39), oral cavity (n = 8), larynx (n = 8), hypopharynx (n = 8), and unknown primary (n = 6). Forty‐six patients received definitive IMRT (66 Gy, 2.2 Gy/fraction), and 23 patients received postoperative IMRT (60.2 Gy, 2.15 Gy/fraction). Fifty‐one patients also received concomitant chemotherapy. Posttreatment salivary gland function was evaluated by a validated xerostomia questionnaire in 29 IMRT and 75 matched CRT patients >6 months after completing radiation treatment.Results.At a median follow‐up of 25 months for living patients (range, 10–60), 7 locoregional failures were observed, 5 in the gross target or high‐risk postoperative volume, 1 in the clinical target volume, and 1 at the junction of the IMRT and supraclavicular fields. The 2‐year Kaplan–Meier estimates for locoregional control and overall survival were 92% and 74% for definitive IMRT and 87% and 87% for postoperative IMRT patients, respectively. The mean total xerostomia questionnaire score was significantly better for IMRT than for CRT patients (p = .006).Conclusions.The predominant pattern of failure in IMRT‐treated patients is in the gross tumor volume. Parotid sparing with IMRT resulted in less subjective xerostomia and may improve quality of life in irradiated HNSCC patients. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007
Post‐translational synaptic protein modification as substrate for long‐lasting, remote memory: An initial test
Authors: Holahan Matthew R. , Routtenberg Aryeh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe current view of the molecular basis for information storage is that post‐translational modification (PTM) of brain proteins is important for the early stages of memory storage and that protein synthesis is necessary for long‐lasting memory. This view has been challenged by the proposal that PTM of synaptic proteins is the critical instructive mechanism underlying both recent as well as long‐lasting memories (Routtenberg and Rekart,2005). As an initial test, a broad spectrum serine/threonine kinase inhibitor (H‐7) was delivered bilaterally to rat anterior cingulate cortex 1 h before a 3 week retention test of contextual fear conditioning. This significantly blocked 21‐Day retention. In the second experiment evaluating extinction of a 21‐Day remote memory, H‐7 injected into mouse medial prefrontal cortex blocked fear extinction. As the H‐7‐induced impairment in 21‐Day retention was indexed by a decrease in freezing, while the extinction blockade by no decrease in freezing, the results could not be ascribed to a direct effect of the drug on behavioral performance. This represents the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that PTM inhibition, here serine/threonine kinase activity, interferes with long‐lasting memory, providing initial support for the PTM model. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrological versus biogeochemical controls on catchment nitrate export: a test of the flushing mechanism
Authors: Ocampo Carlos J. , Oldham Carolyn E. , Sivapalan Murugesu , Turner Jeffrey V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeciphering the connection between streamflows and nitrate (NO−3) discharge requires identification of the various water flow pathways within a catchment, and the different time‐scales at which hydrological and biogeochemical processes occur. Despite the complexity of the processes involved, many catchments around the world present a characteristic flushing response of NO−3 export. Yet the controls on the flushing response, and how they vary across space and time, are still not clearly understood. In this paper, the ‘flushing response’ of NO−3 export from a rural catchment in Western Australia was investigated using isotopic (deuterium), chemical (chloride, NO−3), and hydrometric data across different antecedent conditions and time‐scales. The catchment streamflow was at all time‐scales dominated by a pre‐event water source, and the NO−3 discharge was correlated with the magnitude of areas contributing to saturation overland flow. The NO−3 discharge also appeared related to the shallow groundwater dynamics. Thus, the antecedent moisture condition of the catchment at seasonal and interannual time‐scales had a major impact on the NO−3 flushing response. In particular, the dynamics of the shallow ephemeral perched aquifer drove a shift from hydrological controls on NO−3 discharge during the ‘early flushing’ stage to an apparent biogeochemical control on NO−3 discharge during the ‘steady decline’ stage of the flushing response. This temporally variable control hypothesis provides a new and alternative description of the mechanisms behind the commonly seen flushing response. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind‐forced seiche events on Great Slave Lake: hydrologic implications for the Slave River Delta, NWT, Canada
Authors: Gardner J. T. , English M. C. , Prowse T. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA limited amount of research has focused on northern lacustrine deltas and the impacts of basin processes prevalent at these deltas. Wind‐forced seiche events have received little focus in deltaic studies. The Slave River Delta, located on the south shore of Great Slave Lake (GSL), NWT, is an ideal environment to study the prevalence of wind‐forced seiche events and the impact of seiche events on the hydrodynamics of the delta. This paper presents an historical analysis of seiche activity on GSL and the effect of seiches on water levels of the Slave River Delta. The seasonality, frequency, and magnitude of seiche events on the lake are quantified. A description of the wind characteristics that force these events is included. The radial distributary pattern of the delta suggests that water level response to seiche events within the delta may be particularly complex. Hydrologic data from delta distributaries illustrate the temporal and spatial dynamics of seiche response. During the open‐water season, seiche response in the delta is affected by the seasonal hydrograph of the Slave River and wind conditions. Spatially, the slope of delta distributaries governs seiche response. Responses are most similar among zones in the delta rather than among different distributaries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interphase effects in dental nanocomposites investigated by small‐angle neutron scattering
Authors: Wilson Kristen S. , Allen Andrew J. , Washburn Newell R. , Antonucci Joseph M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSmall‐angle and ultrasmall‐angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) were used to characterize silica nanoparticle dispersion morphologies and the interphase in thermoset dimethacrylate polymer nanocomposites. Silica nanoparticle fillers were silanized with varying mass ratios of 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), a silane that interacts with the matrix through covalent and H‐bonding, and n‐octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), a silane that interacts through weak dispersion forces. Interphases with high OTMS mass fractions were found to be fractally rough with fractal dimensions, Ds, between 2.19 and 2.49. This roughness was associated with poor interfacial adhesion and inferior mechanical properties. Mean interparticle distances calculated for composites containing 10 mass % and 25 mass % silica suggest that the nanoparticles treated with more MPTMS than OTMS may be better dispersed than OTMS‐rich nanoparticles. The results indicate that the covalent bonding and H‐bonding of MPTMS‐rich nanoparticles with the matrix are necessary for preparing well‐dispersed nanocomposites. In addition, interphases containing equal masses of MPTMS and OTMS may yield composites with overall optimal properties. Finally, the combined SANS/USANS data could distinguish the differences, as a function of silane chemistry, in the nanoparticle/silane and silane/matrix interfaces that affect the overall mechanical properties of the composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007