bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Country‐specific factors and the pattern of intra‐industry trade in China's manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyong , Chuan LI 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOver the past few decades there have been extensive empirical and theoretical studies of the determination of intra‐industry trade (IIT), but mostly for the industrialized countries. This paper aims to assess the trends and pattern of intra‐industry trade and structural adjustment in China's manufacturing sector associated with its trade liberalization using data spanning from 1990 to 2000. In particular, we distinguish intra‐industry trade as either horizontally or vertically differentiated, and examine how the various country‐specific factors affect the intensity of China's horizontally and vertically differentiated intra‐industry trade with its major trading partners, and how trade liberalization changes the pattern of China's IIT and integration with the East Asian region. These issues have important policy implications for product differentiation strategy and labour adjustment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries
Authors: Seguino Stephanie , Grown Caren 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the evidence of gender effects of globalization in developing economies. It then outlines a set of macroeconomic and trade policies to promote gender equity in the distribution of resources. The evidence suggests that while liberalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long‐term goal of transforming gender inequalities remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital, and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net. This paper sets forth some general principles that can produce greater gender equality, premised on shifting economies from profit‐led, export‐oriented to wage‐led, full‐employment economies. The framework is Kaleckian in its focus on the relationship between the gender distribution of income and macroeconomic outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproducibility of foot structure measurements in neuropathic diabetic patients using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , Maas Mario , Lindeboom Robert 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPurposeTo assess the intra‐ and interobserver agreement of commonly reported foot structure measurements in diabetic patients with neuropathy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and MethodsIn 23 neuropathic diabetic patients and five age‐matched healthy controls, sagittal‐plane MR images of the forefoot were obtained to assess joint configuration and plantar fat‐pad thickness on two different occasions by the same observer and once by a different observer. The degree of intrinsic muscle atrophy was scored from coronal plane images on two different occasions by two observers.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between occasions and between observers were >0.94. The mean differences (bias) and the limits of agreement (LoA = mean ± 2 SDs) were small for the metatarsal‐phalangeal (MTP) joint angle, toe angle, and plantar fat‐pad thickness (bias ≤ 0.8° or 0.2 mm, LoA ≤ 3.8° or 0.8 mm), but larger for interphalangeal joint angles (bias ≤ 3.4°, LoA ≤ 8.8°). The weighted kappa for intrinsic muscle atrophy was 0.94.ConclusionStatic foot structure data can be assessed reliably using MRI. Because changes in foot structure contribute to the development of foot ulcers in neuropathic patients, MRI may be a useful technique to assess risk of ulceration in these patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validating feature‐based specifications
Authors: Turner Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt is argued that specifications should be rigorously validated against requirements. This is useful to build confidence in a specification and to check a specification after it or the requirements have changed. The multiple‐use scenario test and refusal description (MUSTARD) is introduced as a means of formulating and formalizing validation scenarios. The practical use of MUSTARD on a number of case studies is introduced. The MUSTARD notation is then explained, using examples from Internet telephony to show how validation scenarios are written. The core MUSTARD constructs are augmented by domain‐specific vocabularies that adapt it for different kinds of systems. It is demonstrated how MUSTARD can validate specifications written in two standardized formal languages: language of temporal ordering specification (LOTOS) and specification and description language (SDL). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of an enhanced CORBA property service
Authors: Aleksy M. , Korthaus A. , Schmoigl N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPart of the number of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) services specified by the Object Management Group is CORBA's Property Service (PS), which can be used to provide CORBA objects dynamically with additional properties not declared in their static Interface Description Language (IDL) type definitions. Although the management of dynamic properties is a common requirement for several application purposes, the support offered by CORBA's PS is very limited. One shortcoming, for example, is the fact that the PS specification considers the association between objects and properties an implementation detail, which is completely delegated to the developers of applications that require property management. Moreover, CORBA's PS does not support the definition of properties with lifetime restrictions, i.e. it is not possible to specify properties that are only allowed to exist for a certain period of time. In this paper, we address these shortcomings by proposing an extended version of CORBA's PS, which provides explicit property set/object associations managed by the service and integrates the aspect of temporary properties. A primary goal in our design of the Enhanced PS was smoothness of the extensions with respect to downward compatibility with the original specification. In addition, we intended to simplify the integration of the new functionality in CORBA applications that need to utilize the enhanced features. We provide a detailed description of the design of our Enhanced PS by explaining IDL code fragments and offering Unified Modeling Language diagrams. In addition, some implementation aspects concerning our Java‐based prototype of the new service are discussed and the results of several benchmarking runs are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nachweiskriterien von mechanischen Verbindungen bei Fassadenkonstruktionen in Pfosten‐ und Riegelbauweise
Authors: Baitinger Martin , Busse Eric , Masur Nils 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBei immer mehr Gebäuden, insbesondere bei Geschäfts‐ und Hochhäusern, fällt die Wahl bei der Ausführung der Fassadenhaut auf den Baustoff Glas (Bild 1). Energieeinsparungen durch hellere Büroräume, eine schlankere Bauweise oder auch ästhetische Gründe stehen hierbei im Vordergrund. Die Ausführung in Pfosten‐ und Riegelbauweise ist dabei eine wirtschaftliche Variante.Die Idee eines einheitlichen Nachweis‐ bzw. Bemessungskonzeptes ist bereits Gegenstand einer Vielzahl von experimentellen Untersuchungen und Gesprächen zwischen dem DIBt, den Systemherstellern und den zuständigen Prüfstellen. Häufig kommen tragende Komponenten wie Pfosten, Riegel und insbesondere T‐Verbindungen (Verbindung zwischen Pfosten und Riegel) zum Einsatz, die in ihrer Gesamtheit durch die Anwendung geltender technischen Baubestimmungen rechnerisch nur schwer nachzuweisen sind und anderseits hierbei zu unwirtschaftlichen Lösungen führen. Für eine wirtschaftliche Bemessung von Fassadenkonstruktionen in Pfosten‐Riegelbauweise und eine geregelte Anwendung der Verbindungen sind genaue Untersuchungen zum Systemverhalten durchzuführen, da nach DIBt‐Mitteilungen eine allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung bzw. eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall erforderlich ist.Der Verwendbarkeitsnachweis dieser Verbindungen kann dabei im Rahmen der Zulassungen durch rechnerische Nachweise oder Bauteilversuche geführt werden. Dabei wird bisher lediglich der Nachweis im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit in der Zulassung geregelt.Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschreibt zum einen das aktuelle Nachweisverfahren und gibt darüber hinaus einen Ausblick bezüglich einer möglichen Optimierung. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Der Arbeitskreis “Punktgestützte Verglasungen” im FKG
Authors: Havemann Kathrin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDer Arbeitskreis Punktgestützte Verglasungen des Fachverbandes Konstruktiver Glasbau (FKG) untersucht Glas unter lokaler Beanspruchung durch Halter und konzentrierte Lasteinleitung. Die Schwerpunkte liegen derzeit bei folgenden zwei Themen: Glas unter Lochleibung und Berechnungsverfahren für punktgestützte ausfachende Verglasungen. Das erste Thema ist vor allem für den innovativen Einsatz von Glas als Tragwerksbestandteil interessant – Glasschwerter, ‐balken und ‐stützen werden in der Regel über Bolzen in Bohrungen verbunden. Der zweite Arbeitsschwerpunkt befaßt sich damit, ein sicheres, allgemeines Berechnungsverfahren für die üblichen Glashalter zu finden und so die Normungsarbeit für die Bemessung von Glas zu unterstützen. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
‘Ready to drink’ protein substitute is easier is for people with phenylketonuria
Authors: MacDonald A. , Lilburn M M. , Davies P. , Evans S. , Daly A. , Hall S. K. , Hendriksz C. , Chakrapani A. , Lee P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIn phenylketonuria (PKU), compliance with taking protein substitute is an issue in teenage and older patients. A ‘ready to drink’ protein substitute may overcome many of the practical issues associated with its administration. Objective To investigate the efficacy of a liquid protein substitute in a 6‐week, three‐part, randomized, crossover, controlled study. Methods 27 subjects (15 female; 12 male) with PKU with a median age of 30 years (range 8–49 years) were recruited. One subject withdrew from the study. Their median daily dose of protein equivalent was 60 g (range 45–75 g). In parts 1 and 2, subjects were randomized to either a liquid or a powder protein substitute with the same nutritional composition per unit (each 130 ml liquid pouch or 25 g powder sachet contained 15 g protein equivalent). In part 3, subjects chose liquid, powder or a combination of both. Weekly blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations were estimated, and during weeks 2, 4 and 6 subjects completed a daily questionnaire on administration issues. Results All but one of 26 subjects chose the liquid in part 3 as either their sole (69%, n = 18) or partial source (28%, n = 7) of protein substitute. Blood Phe concentrations were significantly better on the liquid (p = 0.03). With the liquid protein substitute, subjects were less self‐consciousness (p = 0.003) and found it easier to take away from home (p = 0.001). Overall, the liquid was easier (p < 0.0001), more convenient (p = 0.002) and resulted in less wastage of protein substitute (p = 0.001). Conclusion Liquid protein substitute was popular and efficacious, reduced self‐consciousness and overall improved compliance of teenagers and adults with PKU.
CCL18: A urinary marker of Gaucher cell burden in Gaucher patients
Authors: Boot Rolf G. , Verhoek Marri , Langeveld Mirjam , Renkema G. Herma , Hollak Carla E. M. , Weening Jan J. , Donker‐Koopman Wilma E. , Groener Johanna E. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGlucosylceramide‐laden tissue macrophages in Gaucher patients secrete large quantities of chitotriosidase and CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), resulting in markedly increased plasma levels. We have comparatively investigated the occurrence of both parameters in plasma and urine samples of Gaucher patients. Chitotriosidase was high in urine samples of some symptomatic patients, but elevations did not correlate with increased plasma concentrations. Urinary chitotriosidase was particularly high in a patient with severe kidney involvement and local storage cell infiltration. Urinary levels of CCL18 were also highly elevated in samples from Gaucher patients as compared to controls. The median value of the CCL18/creatinine ratio in urine samples of 31 Gaucher patients was 143.3 pg/μmol (range 32–551) and in those of 12 normal subjects was 4.1 pg/μmol (range 1.3–6.8). In sharp contrast to chitotriosidase, increases in the low‐molecular‐mass chemokine CCL18 in urine and plasma specimens of Gaucher patients correlated well. A correlation was also observed for reductions in urinary and plasma CCL18 following therapy. It is concluded that assessment of urinary CCL18 of Gaucher patients gives insight into the total body burden on Gaucher cells, whereas that of chitotriosidase does not. Urinary chitotriosidase appears rather to be a reflection of renal pathology.
Size‐asymmetric competition and size‐asymmetric growth in a spatially explicit zone‐of‐influence model of plant competition
Authors: Weiner Jacob , Damgaard Christian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSize‐asymmetric competition among plants is usually defined as resource pre‐emption by larger individuals, but it is usually observed and measured as a disproportionate size advantage in the growth of larger individuals in crowded populations (“size‐asymmetric growth”). We investigated the relationship between size‐asymmetric competition and size‐asymmetric growth in a spatially explicit, individual‐based plant competition model based on overlapping zones of influence (ZOI). The ZOI of each plant is modeled as a circle, growing in two dimensions. The size asymmetry of competition is reflected in the rules for dividing up the overlapping areas. We grew simulated populations with different degrees of size‐asymmetric competition and at different densities and analyzed the size dependency of individual growth by fitting coupled growth functions to individuals. The relationship between size and growth within the populations was summarized with a parameter that measures the size asymmetry of growth. Complete competitive symmetry (equal division of contested resources) at the local level results in a very slight size asymmetry in growth. This slight size asymmetry of growth did not increase with increasing density. Increased density resulted in increased growth asymmetry when resource competition at the local level was size asymmetric to any degree. Size‐asymmetric growth can be strong evidence that competitive mechanisms are at least partially size asymmetric, but the degree of size‐asymmetric growth is influenced by the intensity as well as the mode of competition. Intuitive concepts of size‐asymmetric competition among individuals in spatial and nonspatial contexts are very different.
!ENTROPY NUMBERS OF EMBEDDINGS OF WEIGHTED BESOV SPACES. II
Authors: Kühn Thomas , Leopold Hans-Gerd , Sickel Winfried , Skrzypczak Leszek 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the entropy numbers of the compact embedding $B^{s_1}_{p_1,q_1}(\mathbb{R}^d,w_1)\hookrightarrow B^{s_2}_{p_2,q_2}(\mathbb{R}^d,w_2)$. Here $B^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^d,w)$ denotes a weighted Besov space. We present a general approach which allows us to work with a large class of weights.
A direct interaction with calponin inhibits the actin-nucleating activity of gelsolin
Authors: Ferjani Imen , Fattoum Abdellatif , Maciver Sutherland K. , Bénistant Christine , Chahinian Anne , Manai Mohamed , Benyamin Yves , Roustan Claude 
Published: May 2006

Gelsolin and calponin are well-characterized cytoskeletal proteins that are abundant and widely expressed in vertebrate tissues. It is also becoming apparent, however, that they are involved in cell signalling. In the present study, we show that gelsolin and calponin interact directly to form a high-affinity (Kd=16 nM) 1:1 complex, by the use of fluorescent probes attached to both proteins, by affinity chromatography and by immunoprecipitation. These methods show that gelsolin can form high-affinity complexes with two calponin isoforms (basic h1 and acidic h3). They also show that gelsolin binds calponin through regions that have been identified previously as being calponin's actin-binding sites. Moreover, gelsolin does not interact with calponin while calponin is bound to F-actin. Reciprocal experiments to find calponin-binding sites on gelsolin show that these are in both the N- and C-terminal halves of gelsolin. Calponin has minimal effects on actin severing by gelsolin. In contrast, calponin markedly affects the nucleation activity of gelsolin. The maximum inhibition of nucleation by gelsolin was 50%, which was achieved with a ratio of two calponins for every gelsolin. Thus the interaction of calponin with gelsolin may play a regulatory role in the formation of actin filaments through modulation of gelsolin's actin-binding function and through the prevention of calponin's actin-binding activities.
Host tree architecture mediates the effect of predators on herbivore survival
Authors: RIIHIMÄKI JANNE , VEHVILÄINEN HARRI , KAITANIEMI PEKKA , KORICHEVA JULIA 
Published: May 2006

Abstract1. Vegetation structural complexity is an important factor influencing ecological interactions between different trophic levels. In order to investigate relationships between the architecture of trees, the presence of arthropod predators, and survival and parasitism of the autumnal mothEpirrita autumnataBorkhausen, two sets of experiments were conducted.2. In one experiment, the architectural complexity of mountain birch was manipulated to separate the effects of plant structure and age. In the other experiment the trees were left intact, but chosen to represent varying degrees of natural complexity. Young autumnal moth larvae were placed on the trees and their survival was monitored during the larval period.3. The larvae survived longer in more complex trees if predation by ants was prevented with a glue ring, whereas in control trees smaller canopy size improved survival times in one experiment. The density of ants observed in the trees was not affected by canopy size but spider density was higher on smaller trees. The effect of canopy structure on larval parasitism was weak; larger canopy size decreased parasitism only in one year. Until the fourth instar the larvae travelled shorter distances in trees with reduced branchiness than in trees with reduced foliage or control treatments. Canopy structure manipulation by pruning did not alter the quality of leaves as food for larvae.4. The effect of canopy structure on herbivore survival may depend on natural enemy abundance and foraging strategy. In complex canopies herbivores are probably better able to escape predation by ambushing spiders but not by actively searching ants.
Temporal trends in phenology of the honey bee Apis mellifera (L.) and the small white Pieris rapae (L.) in the Iberian Peninsula (1952–2004)
Authors: GORDO OSCAR , SANZ JUAN JOSÉ 
Published: May 2006

Abstract 1. The first adult appearance of two insect species, the honey bee Apis mellifera (L.) and the small white Pieris rapae (L.), was examined between 1952 and 2004 in Spain.2. After factoring out the variability resulting from the broad geographical and topographical range of the 798 sampling localities, multiple regression models were used to detect temporal trends in phenology.3. The best models were repeated, including spring temperature as the explanatory variable to examine the effects of climate on appearance phenology.4. Both species showed similar temporal trends, delaying their appearance phenology until the mid‐1970s and advancing it since that time.5. The appearance times for both species were negatively related to mean temperature between February and April, with both species appearing earlier in years with warmer springs.6. The strong dependence of appearance dates on temperature indicates that climatic fluctuations are primarily responsible for the inter‐annual variability in spring appearance phenology of both species, and consequently account for the observed long‐term trends.7. This study demonstrates that insect phenology is an accurate and sensitive bioindicator of climate change.
The autecology of the chub, Squalius cephalus (L.), of the River Lugg and the Afon Llynfi
Authors: HELLAWELL J. M. 
Published: May 2006

Summary(1) Analysis of data from samples of chub taken at monthly intervals from two tributaries of the Herefordshire Wye revealed an annual cycle of scale growth with the formation ofa check during May or June. The frequency distributions of ages deter‐mined from scale checks and the length‐frequency distributions showed close simi‐larities. It was concluded that age determinations based on an examination of the scales were valid, provided care was taken in the identification ofthe first scale cheek. The maximum age observed was 15 years.(2) Examination ofthe population structure revealed an overall sex ratio close to unity but there was a significant increase in the proportion of females in the 11 + and older age groups. Dominant year‐classes were observed. The strongest was 1959, which was attributed to exceptionally warm, dry, sunny weather during the period May‐September.(3) Female chub grew more rapidly and attained greater ultimate size than the males. Changes in the pattern of growth during the life‐span were attributed to the attainment of sexual maturity, especially in the females. The length‐weight relation‐ships of the sexes diflFered slightly but were almost identical for the same sex in the two rivers studied. Seasonal variations in the growth‐rate were followed. Most rapid growth occurred after check formation in May or June and continued until September.
The biology of Oligochaeta from Dorset chalk streams
Authors: LADLE M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryFewer species and more individuals of Tubificidae were present in the soft sediments of a polluted ditch than in the relatively unpolluted Bere Stream.Changes in width frequency of natural populations of Tubifex tubifex and Limno‐drilus hoffmeisteri throughout the year were similar at both the sites investigated.In laboratory experiments larger populations of Tubifex tubifex developed in fine sediments than coarse. By means of a width‐dry‐weight relationship it was possible to estimate the weight of the experimental populations.
Maximum and actual field feeding‐rates in larvae of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Authors: LAWTON J. H. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe paper presents information on factors influencing maximum feeding‐rates (measured in the laboratory) in larvae of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula, and compares estimates of feeding rates in the field with maximum feeding‐rates for larvae of the same size at the same temperature.Maximum feeding‐rates in Pyrrhosoma larvae of different sizes were measured at 4, 5, 10 and 15°C. At low temperatures (4–5°C) maximum feeding‐rate was depressed more than predicted either from the effects of temperature on the gut‐clearance time of larvae or their respiratory rate. Maximum feeding‐rate declined steadily throughout metamorphosis in the final instar and stopped completely prior to emergence of the adult.Feeding‐rates in the field were calculated from ‘balanced’ energy equations, i.e. from the sum of larval growth, respiration and the production of faeces and exuviae. Feeding rates in the field were always much less than maximum feeding‐rates for the same size of larva at the same temperature, and at the most were never more than 70% of the latter; they were closer to the maximum in summer than in winter, when they fell as low as 20% of the maximum.The relevance of these findings to studies on the efficiency with which carnivores utilize energy in the field, and the importance of Odonata larvae as predators in aquatic ecosystems is discussed.