bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Markers of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin Therapy for Multiple, High‐Grade, Stage T1 Bladder Cancers
Authors: Lee Eunsik , Park Inae , Lee Chongwook 
Published: July 2007

Background:Prediction of a response to intravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) therapy for bladder cancer is clinically important. We determined whether several molecular markers have prognostic value in intravesical BCG therapy for multiple, high‐grade, stage T1 bladder cancers. Methods: The expressions of p53 (clone D07), bcl‐2 (100‐D5), cathepsin‐D (C5), c‐myc(9E11), c‐erbB‐2 (CB11) and Ki‐67 (MM1) were determined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin‐embedded tissues from 32 multiple, T1, grade II–III bladder cancer patients (1 5 BCG responders, 1 7 nonresponders) who had undergone a single course of BCG therapy (Pasteur strain, 5 × 108 CFU weekly for 6 weeks) after complete removal of the tumors. The association between the expression of these markers and the response to BCG was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:There was no difference in patient and tumor characteristics between the 2 groups. Using multivariate analysis, the only useful marker was p53, with the overexpression of the p53 protein inversely related to the response to BCG therapy (P = 0.0182). Conclusion:Our results suggest that the status of p53 expression offers significant clinical information and may be a useful tool in the selection of suitable candidates for BCG therapy in multiple, high‐grade stage T1 bladder cancer patients.
Correlation of Nuclear Morphometry and Immunostaining for p53 and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Ogura Keiji , Fukuzawa Shigeki , Habuchi Tomonori , Ogawa Osamu , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background:In an attempt to determine the biological significance of nuclear morphometric findings, measurements of mean nuclear volume (MNV) and nuclear roundness factor (NRF) were compared to the immunoreactivityof p53 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in human bladder cancer. Methods:MNV and NRF were measured using stereological methods. Expression of p53 and PCNA were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Specimens from 111 patients with previously untreated bladder cancer were analyzed. Results:The mean MNV was 235.8 ± 1 33.6 μm3 for the 81 patients with p53‐labeling index (LI) less than 10% and 337.2 ± 141.0 μn3 for the 30 patients with p53 LI greater than 10% (P = 0.008). There was Resign if icant correlation between NRF and expression of p53. The mean MNV was 220.1 ± 1 20.5 μm3 for the 67 patients with PCNA LI less than 28% (the mean value of PCNA LI) and 328.9 ± 149.2 μm3 in 44 patients with PCNA LI greater than 28% (P= 0.0001). The mean NRF was 80.7 ± 4.2 for the 67 patients with PCNA LI less than 28%, and 82.3 ± 3.4 for the 44 patients with PCNA LI more than 28% (P= 0.04). Conclusion: Nuclear morphometric findings may reflect the proliferative potential of cancer eel Is of the bladder, as indicated by findings of immunostaining for p53 and PCNA.
Transurethral Visual Laser Ablation of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a KTP/YAG Laser
Authors: Miki Tsuneharu , Kojima Yasuyuki , Nonomura Norio , Matsumiya Kiyomi , Kokado Yukito , Yoshioka Toshiaki , Takahara Shirou , Okuyama Akihiko 
Published: July 2007

Background:Transurethral visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) has been established as an alternative method for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, most VLAP procedures utilize only a neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐gamet (Nd:YAC) laser. Since a potassiumtitenyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser offers limited tissue penetration, KTP can be safely utilized to excise part of the obstructing prostatic tissue. This study assessed the interaction between KTP vaporization and YAG coagulative ablation to determine the safety and efficacy of VLAP utilizing a combined KTP/YAG treatment. Methods:Forty patients with bladder outlet obstruction secondary to BPH were treated with VLAP using a KTP/YAG laser. The laser light was delivered by an angle delivery device. Results:Most cases demonstrated a significant improvement in routine subjective and objective parameters (AUA symptom score, peak flow rate, average flow rate, and amount of residual urine). No significant complications relating to this procedure were reported, however, 4 patients experienced postoperative acute urinary retention. Conclusion:KTP/YAG laser ablation of the prostate is safe and effective for the treatment of BPH.
Influence of Osteoarthritis on Serum Marker Levels of Bone Formation and Resorption in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: Akimoto Susumu , Furuya Yuzo , Akakura Koichiro , Shimazaki Jun , Ito Haruo 
Published: July 2007

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of osteoarthritis of lumbar vertebrae on serum bone formation and resorption marker levels of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Methods:Serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), carboxyterminaltelopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) were examined in 40 patients with BPH, and the presence of osteoarthritis at the lumbar vertebrae of the patients was evaluated by plain x‐ray‐p. Results:Findings of osteoarthritis were observed in 23 of the 40 patients (58%), and 10 of the patients had severe osteoarthritis (involving at least 2 lumbar vertebral bodies). The serum levels of PICP, ALP, ICTP, and PSA of the patients without osteoarthritis findings were not different from those of the patients with osteoarthritis or severe osteoarthritis. Conclusion:The influence of osteoarthritis on serum bone formation and resorption marker levels of patients with BPH appears to be rather slight, if there is any influence at all.
Multifactorial Involvement of Multidrug Resistance Protein, DNA Topoisomerase II and Glutathione/Glutathione‐S‐Transferase in NonP‐ Glycoprotein‐Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Human Bladder Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Wun‐Jae , Kakehi Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background:Multiple mechanisms are important in multidrug resistance in urothelial cancers. We investigated the acquisition of a multidrug resistance phenotype in human bladder cancer cells exposed to doxorubicin. Methods:Human bladder cancer cell line 5637 and 2 doxorubicin drug‐resistant sublines (5637/DR5.5 and 5637/DR50) were used. Measurements were made of the steady state mRNA levels of the multidrug resistance gene (mdr1), multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP), glutathione‐S‐transferase‐π and DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) genes, P‐glycoprotein (PgP) and MRP expression, glutathione (CSH) and GSH enzyme activity, and topo II catalytic activity. The pharmacokinetics were compared between the parent and the drug‐resistant sublines. Results:5637/DR5.5 and 5637/DR50 cells were 7.6‐ and 1 6.2‐fold more resistant to doxorubicin and 16.7‐and 48.3‐fold more resistant to etoposide, respectively, compared with 5637 cells. A dose escalation of doxorubicin increased the MRP expression, CSH levels and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity, although no PgP expression was observed in any cell line. Resistance was brought about by decreased drug accumulation through drug efflux, although intracellular daunorubicin concentrations were similar between DR5.5 and DR50 cells. Topo II catalytic activity was undetectable in DR50 cells, but maintained in both the parent and DR5.5 cells. Conclusion:Reduced drug accumulation in doxorubicin‐resistant cells was mediated by MRP instead of PgP indicating that MRP‐mediated drug efflux functions in a limited manner for drug resistance. An increase in drug efflux via MRP, reduced topo II activity, and increased GSH levels/GSH‐related enzyme activities may play major roles in nonPgP‐mediated multidrug resistance in urothelial cancers treated with anthracyclines.
Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes and Receptor‐Coupled Phosphatidylinositol Hydrolysis in Rat Bladder Smooth Muscle
Authors: Mimata Hiromitsu , Nomura Yoshio , Emoto Akio , Latifpour Jamshid , Wheeler Marcia , Weiss Robert M. 
Published: July 2007

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the muscarinic receptor subtypes expressed in rat bladder smooth muscle and characterize the muscarinic receptor‐coupled phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis in order to clarify the first step of bladder smooth muscle contraction. Methods:Expressions of mRNAs of muscarinic receptor subtypes were examined by Northern blot analysis. Changes in the mass of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate(IP3) and the inhibitory effects of muscarinic subtype specific antagonists on PI hydrolysis were determined after carbachol stimulation. Results:mRNAs of m2 and m3 genes, encoding M2 and M3 receptors, were expressed in rat bladder smooth muscle. Carbachol produced a rapid increase of IP3, which returned to the basal level within 30 seconds. 4‐Diphenylacetoxyl‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide (4‐DAMP; M1 and M3 antagonist) strongly inhibited the PI hydrolysis, but methoctramine (M2 antagonist) partially inhibited it at 10‐4 mol/L The 1C50 value for atropine was 9.5 times 10‐9 mol/L, for pirenzepine 6.4 times 10‐6 mol/L, and for 4‐DAMP 1.5 times 10‐7 mol/L. Conclusion:M2 and M3 receptors are expressed in rat urinary bladder. Only M3 receptor was involved in the production of IP3, which might induce the initial phase of contractile response in rat bladder smooth muscle after carbachol stimulation.
Stimulative Effect of Transforming Growth Factor‐β on Collagen Synthesis by Human Prostatic Stromal Cells In Vitro
Authors: Fukabori Yoshitatsu , Nakano Katsuya , Ohyama Atsuko , Yamanaka Hidetoshi 
Published: July 2007

Background:Expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) in the prostate has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of TGF‐β on collagen synthesis by stromal cells isolated from a patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods:Human prostatic stromal cells (HPSC) derived from BPH tissue were cultured in serum‐free medium. After incubation with TGF‐β1, the concentration of procollagen type I C‐peptide (PIP) in the HPSC‐conditioned medium was measured by enzyme immunoassay while the concentration of procollagen type III N‐peptide (PIIIP) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Per‐cell production of each type of collagen was calculated by multiplying the measured concentration by the volume of medium and dividing by the number of harvested cells. Results:One ng/mL of TGF‐β1 significantly (P< 0.05) increased collagen production by HPSC, to 220% and 120% of control for types I and III, respectively. Increasing the amount of TGF‐β1 to 10 ng/mL had no further effect. TGF‐β1 did not significantly affect HPSC number at concentrations of either 1 or 10 ng/mL. There was a strong correlation between PIP and PIIIP production (r= 0.929, P< 0.001). Conclusion:These findings suggest that TGF‐β stimulates accumulation of extracellular matrix in stromal BPH tissue without affecting proliferation of stromal cells.
Adoptive Immunotherapy of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Using Lymphokine‐Activated Killer Cells, lnterleukin‐2 and Cyclophosphamide: Long‐Term Results
Authors: Tomita Yoshihiko , Katagiri Akiyoshi , Saito Kazuhide , Imai Tomoyuki , Saito Toshihiro , Tanikawa Toshiki , Terunuma Masahiro , Nishiyama Tsutomu , Takahashi Kota 
Published: July 2007

Background Initial results of adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) appeared to offer promise for treating renal cell cancer (RCC). However, lower response rates were seen in subsequent trials, and the long‐term results of this treatment method have not been fully reported. In this study, we examine long‐term results of adoptive immunotherapy using LAK cells, IL‐2, and cyclophosphamide (LAK/IL‐2/CPM therapy). Methods We administered 10 courses of therapy to 9 patients with advanced RCC. One patient had liver and para‐aortic lymph node metastases; the others had only lung metastases. The clinical effects were initially evaluated 4 weeks after therapy and follow‐up was continued for periods of 43 to 76 months. Results The 4‐week evaluation revealed 3 complete responses (CR), 3 partial responses (PR), 1 minor response (MR), 1 patient with no change in disease status (NC), and 2 patients whose disease progressed (PD). One CR patient remained apparently free of disease for 43 months. After tumors recurred in the lung of another CR patient further disease progression was suppressed by IL‐2 administration until the patient died from other causes at 46 months. The third CR patient showed tumor recurrence in the lung and was re‐treated with the sameLAK/CPM/IL‐2 therapy. Lung tumors decreased in size (PR), but the patient died due to brain metastasis 2 months after the second round of treatment. The 2 initial PR patients, as well as the MR and NC patients, developed regrowth or new metastatic lesions within 2 to 15 months following therapy. The 2 PD patients died 2 and 9 months after therapy. Conclusion Long‐term effects ofLAK/IL‐2/CPM therapy were not correlated with the maximal response observed 4 weeks after therapy. AlthoughLAK/IL‐2/CPM therapy appears suitable for use as induction therapy in RCC, our data suggest that long‐term suppression will require surgical removal of remnant tumors or more intensive maintenance therapy.
Hormone/Antihormone Withdrawal and Dexamethasone for Hormone‐Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: Nishiyama Tsutomu , Terunuma Masahiro 
Published: July 2007

Background Flutamide withdrawal has been reported to benefit patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. Several studies have also demonstrated that a combination of corticosteroids and testicular androgen ablation lowers serum androgen levels and improves clinical response. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of withdrawal of oral hormonal agents and administration of dexamethasone in stage D3 prostate cancer patients. Methods Sixteen patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer were enrolled in the study. All patients had osseous metastasis and elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen. Nine had been treated with chlormadinone acetate, 4 with estramustine phosphate, and 3 with flutamide as first‐line hormonal therapy. All patients had also been treated either with bilateral orchiectomy (13 cases) or a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LH‐RH) agonist (3 cases). Seven patients whose disease progressed following hormone withdrawal were treated with oral dexamethasone (initially 1.5mg/day, then tapered to 0.5 mg/day). Results Eight patients demonstrated a decrease in prostate‐specific antigen of greater than 50% following hormone withdrawal. The time to cancer progression for these 8 patients was 2 to 15 months (mean, 4 months). Among the patients receiving dexamethasone, 4 showed a greater than 90% decrease in prostate‐specific antigen after 3 months' treatment. The time to disease progression for these 4 patients was 3 to 11 months. Conclusion In treating hormone‐refractory advanced prostate cancer, the first pharmacologic manipulation should be withdrawal of the oral component of combined hormonal therapy. Patients whose disease progresses after hormone withdrawal should then be treated with glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone.
Clinical Evaluation of Serum Prostate‐Specific Antigen‐Alpha1 ‐ Antichymotrypsin Complex Values in Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: A Cooperative Study
Authors: Kuriyama Manabu , Ueno Kazuya , Uno Hiromi , Kawada Yukimichi , Akimoto Susumu , Noda Masatoshi , Nasu Yasutomo , Tsushima Tomoyasu , Ohmori Hiroyuki , Sakai Hideki , Saito Yasushi , Meguro Norio , Usami Michiyuki , Kotake Toshihiko , Suzuki Yuji , Arai Yoichi , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: July 2007

Background We studied the clinical significance of serum prostate‐specific antigen bound to α1‐antichymotrypsin (PSA‐ACT) values determined with a newly developed enzyme immunoassay. Methods Serum PSA‐ACT values were determined in a total of 652 sera. Clinical utility for the diagnosis of prostate cancer was compared to that of Tandem‐R PSA and y‐seminoprotein (μgm‐ Sm). The new enzyme immunoassay is based on the use of the Stanford reference as an international standard for PSA assays. Results Serum PSA‐ACT values ranged from less than 0.10 to 1.4ng/mL in healthy males (n = 100) while values in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 1 55) averaged 3.4 ± 3.8ng/mL (mean ± SD). In patients with prostate cancer, serum PSA‐ACT values increased significantly with progression of the clinical stage and there were statistically significant differences between benign prostatic hyperplasia and each stage of prostate cancer except for stage A. Using BPH levels as controls (4.8ng/mL for PSA‐ACT, 7.2ng/mL for PSA, 3.8ng/mL for y‐Sm, and 2.4ng/mL for thecomplexed/free PSA ratio of PSA‐ACT/μtgM‐Sm), specificity was 80%. The sensitivity of prostate cancer detection was 79% for PSA‐ACT, 77% for PSA, 57% for γ‐Sm, and 46% for the ratio between PSA‐ACT/γ‐Sm. Conclusion Although the determination of serum PSA‐ACT showed essentially the same utility as that of PSA for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, PSA‐ACT may allow prediction of the clinical stage. The PSA‐ACT assay may therefore replace PSA in the detection of prostate cancer.
Transurethral Electrovaporization of the Prostate: Preliminary Clinical Results with Pressure‐Flow Analysis
Authors: Okada Takuya , Terai Akito , Terachi Toshiro , Okada Yusaku , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background We evaluated the safety and efficacy of transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate (TVP) as a new alternative treatment for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods A total of 22 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, including 4 with urinary retention, underwent TVP. If enough of a cavity was not created after 60 minutes of vaporization, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was performed successively. International Prostate Symptom Score (l‐PSS) with quality‐of‐life index, maximum flow rate, and postvoid residual volume were measured at baseline and at 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months. A pressure‐flow study was performed at baseline and at 3 or 6 months after surgery. Results TURP was required in 10 of 22 patients. At 6 months, mean l‐PSS decreased from 20.0 to 5.2, quality‐of‐life index decreased from 4.6 to 1.1, mean maximum flow rate increased from 6.9 to 16.7 mL/s, and postvoid residual volume decreased from 152 to 32 mL. Detrusor pressure at maximum flow decreased from 108 to 39 cm H20, with a significant relief of bladder outlet obstruction in 93% of the patients. Mean decrease in hematocrit was 4.4%, and in serum sodium, 4.8 mEq/L. None of the patients required transfusions or had TUR syndrome. A urethral stricture and a severe stress incontinence developed in 1 patient. Conclusion TVP seems to be a safe and effective alternative to a standard TURP associated with fewer intraoperative complications. Although preliminary clinical results have been promising, further study is necessary to establish long‐term efficacy and safety of this procedure.
Predictability of Conventional Tests for the Assessment of Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Homma Yukio , Gotoh Momokazu , Takei Mineo , Kawabe Kazuki , Yamaguchi Takuhiro 
Published: July 2007

Background The degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is most accurately quantified by pressure flow studies (PFS), although these studies are more invasive and complicated than conventional tests. We examined how precisely conventional tests predicted the PFS‐assessed degree of BOO. Methods The study population consisted of 232 BPH patients who had undergone routine conventional tests and PFS. Correlation of the conventional test results with the degree of BOO assessed by PFS was examined by Spearman's correlation coefficients. Regression and subgroup analyses were performed to predict the degree of BOO using the conventional test results as the explanatory variables. Results The degree of BOO correlated with prostate volume, the degree of endoscopic obstruction, and to a lesser extent, with the maximum flow rate (Qmax) and age. The predictability of conventional tests alone, or in combination, for BOO, was approximately 60% to 70%, which is not acceptable for investigational use. However, almost all patients with a prostate volume larger than 30 mL, or with severe obstruction on urethroscopic findings, had an obstructed bladder outlet. Conclusion PFS is mandatory when the precise evaluation of the degree of BOO is required, and patients are highly likely to have an outlet obstruction when they have a prostate larger than 30 mL, or severely obstructed posterior urethra on endoscopy.
Treatment for Advanced Testicular Cancer with High‐Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Miyao Noriomi , Masumori Naoya , Takeda Kouichi , Shigyo Masanori , Sasamura Hiroto , Sakamaki Sumio , Niitsu Yoshiro , Tsukamoto Taiji 
Published: July 2007

Background This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy and safety of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) for the treatment of patients with advanced testicular cancer. Methods Seven patients were treated with high‐dose carboplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation. One patient received 1 cycle, 4 patients received 2 cycles, and 2 patients received 3 cycles of HDC. We performed a total of 15 autologous blood stem cell transplantations: 8 with autologous bone marrow; 6 with peripheral blood stem cells; and 1 with peripheral blood stem cells in addition to autologous bone marrow. Results Four of the 7 patients achieved a pathologic complete response via early use of HDC and additional salvage surgery. All 4 patients are still alive without evidence of disease at 12, 30, 33, and 54 months, respectively. One patient is alive with active disease at 35 months. Two patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy died of progressive disease at 5 and 27 months, respectively. The hematologic recovery after HDC was rapid, and peripheral blood stem cells tended to have shorter hematologic recovery compared with those from autologous bone marrow, although the difference was not significant. Nonhematologic toxicity was usually mild and manageable. Conclusion High‐dose chemotherapy, followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation, may be safe and effective for patients with advanced testicular cancer, particularly when early use of HDC is conducted for chemotherapy‐sensitive patients. A further large, long‐term, follow‐up study will be needed to define the role of HDC.
Lack of Selectin‐Dependent Adhesion in Prostate Cancer Cells Expressing Sialyl Lex
Authors: Satoh Makoto , Numahata Kenji , Kawamura Sadafumi , Saito Seiichi , Orikasa Seiichi 
Published: July 2007

Background Recently, it has been reported that upregulation of the oligosaccharide sialyl Lex (SLex) in prostate cancer is associated with hormone‐resistant, aggressive disease. However, it is not clear that SLex expressed on prostate cancer cells has a biological function related to metastatic potential. Methods The expression levels of SLex, sialyl Lea (SLea), disialosyl galactosylgloboside (DSGG), monosialosyl galactosylgloboside (MSGC) and various fucosyltransferases in 3 prostate cancer cell lines were determined. The function of SLex expressed on prostate cancer cell lines was determined by a selectin‐dependent adhesion assay. Results No prostate cancer cell lines expressed SLea, DSGG, or MSGG, but all prostate cancer cells moderately expressed SLex. Fucosyltransferase expression did not correlate with the expression of SLex, and all prostate cancer cells failed to bind immobilized selectin. Conclusion The expression of SLex on these prostate cancer cells does not correlate with selectin‐dependent adhesion.