bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetragalactosyl‐diacylglycerols and their Natural Estolides in Oat Kernels
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Doehlert Douglas C. , Welti Ruth , Isaac Giorgis , Roth Mary , Tamura Pamela , Nuñez Alberto 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOat kernels were extracted with methanol, and glycolipid‐enriched fractions were prepared using silica solid phase extraction. Using direct infusion electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐ESI‐MS, and HPLC‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)‐MS, we confirmed previous reports that digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) was the most abundant glycolipid in oat kernels and confirmed a previous report of the presence of a DGDG mono‐estolide in oat kernels. In the current study we also identified several additional natural galactolipid estolides: two new DGDG estolides (di‐ and tri‐estolides), two trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TriGDG) estolides (mono‐ and di‐estolides), and one tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol (TetraGDG) estolide (mono‐estolide). The levels of total galactolipid estolides in oat kernels were estimated to be about 29% of the total glycolipid fraction. To our knowledge, this report is the first evidence of natural di‐ and tri‐estolides of polar lipids.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α Agonists Regulate Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein
Authors: Beyer Thomas P. , Chen Yanqun , Porter Regina K. , Lu Deshun , Schmidt Robert J. , Mantlo Nathan B. , Konrad Robert J. , Cao Guoqing 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates multiple target genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) is a secreted glycoprotein that modifies high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. In humans, plasma CETP activity is inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol levels. We report here that PPARα agonists increase CETP mRNA, protein and accordingly its activity. In a human CETP transgenic animal model harboring the natural flanking regions (Jiang et al. in J Clin Investigat 90:1290–1295, 1992), both fenofibrate and a specific synthetic PPARα agonist LY970 elevated human CETP mRNA in liver, serum protein and CETP activity. In hamsters, the endogenous liver CETP mRNA level and the serum CETP activity were dose‐dependently upregulated by fenofibrate. In addition Wy14643, a PPARα agonist, also significantly elevated CETP mRNA and activity. In a carcinoma cell line of hepatic origin, HepG2 cells, overexpression of PPARα resulted in increased CETP mRNA and agonist treatment further elevated CETP mRNA levels. We conclude that PPARα agonists upregulate CETP expression and activity and may play an important role in PPARα (agonist mediated HDL cholesterol homeostasis in humans.
Inductive Limits of K-theoretic Complexes with Torsion Coefficients
Authors: Eilers Søren , Toms Andrew S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present the first range result for the total K-theory ofC*-algebras. This invariant has been used successfully to classify certain separable, nuclearC*-algebras of real rank zero. Our results complete the classification of the so-called AD algebras of real rank zero.
The Farrell-Jones isomorphism conjecture for 3-manifold groups
Authors: Roushon S.K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe show that the Fibered Isomorphism Conjecture (FIC) of Farrell and Jones corresponding to the stable topological pseudoisotopy functor is true for fundamental groups of a large class of 3-manifolds. We also prove that if the FIC is true for irreducible 3-manifold groups then it is true for all 3-manifold groups. In fact, this follows from a more general result we prove, namely we show that if the FIC is true for each vertex group of a graph of groups with trivial edge groups then the FIC is true for the fundamental group of the graph of groups. This result is part of a program to prove the FIC for the fundamental group of a graph of groups where all the vertex and edge groups satisfy the FIC. A consequence of the first result gives a partial solution to a problem in the problem list of R. Kirby. We also deduce that the FIC is true for a class of virtuallyP D3-groups.Another main aspect of this article is to prove the FIC for all Haken 3-manifold groups assuming that the FIC is true forB-groups. By definition aB-group contains a finite index subgroup isomorphic to the fundamental group of a compact irreducible 3-manifold with incompressible nonempty boundary so that each boundary component is of genus ≥ 2. We also prove the FIC for a large class ofB-groups and moreover, using a recent result of L.E. Jones we show that the surjective part of the FIC is true for anyB-group.
CUBIC EDGE-TRANSITIVE GRAPHS OF ORDER 8p2
Authors: ALAEIYAN MEHDI , GHASEMI MOHSEN 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA simple undirected graph is said to be semisymmetric if it is regular and edge-transitive but not vertex-transitive. Let p be a prime. It was shown by Folkman [J. Folkman, ‘Regular line-symmetric graphs’, J. Combin. Theory3 (1967), 215–232] that a regular edge-transitive graph of order 2p or 2p2 is necessarily vertex-transitive. In this paper an extension of his result in the case of cubic graphs is given. It is proved that every cubic edge-transitive graph of order 8p2 is vertex-transitive.
Diamonds or development? A structural assessment of Botswana's forty years of success
Authors: Hillbom Ellen 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTDue to its four decades of high long-term economic growth and democratic system, Botswana has been depicted as an exceptional success story in a region full of economic and political failures. In this article, a structural analysis is applied, and it is argued that Botswana's success should be understood as one of pre-modern growth without development. It is claimed that although the country may be a growth miracle, it has not yet experienced ‘modern economic growth’, characterised by structural change in patterns of production as well as in social and political institutions. Such analysis also offers an explanation for the duality of Botswana's economy and society, since pre-modern growth, as opposed to development, allows for significant poverty rates and extremely unequal resource and income distribution to prevail in the midst of plenty.
Diversity and habitat selectivity of harpacticoid copepods from sea grass beds in Pujada Bay, the Philippines
Authors: De Troch Marleen , Melgo-Ebarle Jenny Lynn , Angsinco-Jimenez Lea , Gheerardyn Hendrik , Vincx Magda 
Published: May 2008

The spatial diversity of meiofauna from sea grass beds of Pujada Bay (the Philippines), was studied with special emphasis on harpacticoid copepods. Sediment cores were obtained from areas adjacent to the different species of sea grasses. Meiofauna was enumerated at higher taxon level and harpacticoid copepods were identified to genus level. Diversity indices were calculated corresponding to the hierarchical levels of spatial biodiversity, i.e. alpha, beta and gamma. Nematodes were the most abundant meiofaunal group in all sediment layers and along the entire tidal gradient (37–92%); harpacticoids were second in abundance (3.0–40.6%) but highly diverse (N0: 9.33–15.5) at the uppermost sediment layer (0–1 cm) near all beds of sea grass species. There was a sharp turnover of harpacticoid genera along the tidal gradient, thus suggesting a relatively low proportion of shared genera among benthic communities in different sea grass zones. The families of Tetragonicipitidae and Miraciidae were the dominant harpacticoid groups occurring in all sediment layers of all sea grass species. The presence of the epiphytic genera of Metis at the deepest sediment layers in some sea grass species was striking. Overall, the major contributor to gamma (total) diversity of harpacticoid copepods in Pujada Bay is the high local (alpha) diversity (N0: 80.6%, H′: 94.7% of total diversity); hence, the habitat heterogeneity among sediment layers in sea grass beds is most relevant for the total diversity and richness of harpacticoid copepod genera in the area.
Morphology of antennular sensors in Clausocalanus furcatus (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Uttieri Marco , Brown Euan R. , Boxshall Geoff A. , Mazzocchi Maria Grazia 
Published: May 2008

The success of planktonic copepods in aquatic environments is dependent on efficient sensing of their three-dimensional surroundings. The detection of external cues is of importance for the localization of other organisms (prey, predators and mates), and is mediated by an array of mechano- and chemoreceptors located on the paired antennules (A1).We investigated the morphology and distribution pattern of A1 sensory structures in the adult female of Clausocalanus furcatus (Copepoda: Calanoida) using different techniques (camera lucida, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy) each focusing on a specific aspect of the structures analysed. Integration of the information collected shows that C. furcatus possesses an array of mechanical, chemical and dual-function sensors over its A1, by which the copepod can detect different stimuli from the environment. Results are discussed in the light of the unique swimming behaviour displayed by this widespread epipelagic copepod.
Synchronous blooms of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiand three dinoflagellates in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System)
Authors: Turkoglu Muhammet 
Published: May 2008

This study focuses on the synchronous blooms of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiand three dinoflagellatesProrocentrum micans, Ceratium furcavar.furcaandCeratium fususvar.setaobserved between 7 June and 11 July 2003 in the Dardanelles. An analysis of the vertical distribution of theE. huxleyipopulation size with respect to various environmental parameters was discussed. Additionally, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton interactions were investigated in relation to the bloom conditions and hydrography of the Dardanelles. The algal bloom started in nearby Izmit Bay (eastern end of the Sea of Marmara) in early June, then quickly spread through the Sea of Marmara and continued until mid-July. Thermal stratification was observed between different water masses at the time of sampling. During the bloom period, cell density ofE. huxleyiranged from 3.58 × 107to 2.55 × 108cells l−1in the superficial layer.Prorocentrum micanswas the second most-abundant species and the cell numbers ranged from 1.0 × 106cells l−1to 3.3 × 106cells l−1. Other abundant species in this area includedC. furcavar.furcaandC. fususvar.seta.
Contrasting fecundity, size at maturity and reproductive potential of southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii in two South Australian fishing regions
Authors: Linnane A.J. , Penny S.S. , Ward T.M. 
Published: May 2008

The annual commercial catch from the Southern Zone of the South Australian rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery is ~1900 tonnes, representing ~50% of total landings from south-east Australia. A single minimum legal size (MLS) of 98.5 mm carapace length (CL) exists across the entire zone. Fecundity (F), size at onset of maturity (SOM) and relative reproductive potential (RRP) of female rock lobsters were investigated in two major fishing regions, i.e. the North Southern Zone (NSZ) and South Southern Zone (SSZ) with a view to providing a basis for future fine-scale spatial management of the resource. F ranged from 45,292 to 466,800 eggs per female and increased proportionally with CL according to the relationship: F = 0.0584 × CL3.1642. F was significantly higher in the NSZ compared to the SSZ but was attributed to differences in lobster size between regions. There was no significant difference in the number of eggs · g−1 of egg mass between areas. SOM, estimated as the size at which 50% of females reached sexual maturity (L50) was higher in the NSZ (104.1 mm CL) compared to SSZ (92.3 mm CL). Approximately 20% of lobsters above the MLS in the commercial catch in the NSZ were under the L50 estimate. RRP, as a measure of egg production, was calculated for each size-class from the product of F, SOM and population length–frequency. The modal RRP size-classes in the NSZ were 117.5–122.5 mm CL, while in the SSZ it was 97.5–102.5 mm CL. Only 6% of RRP was contributed by female rock lobsters below the MLS in the NSZ, compared to 34% in the SSZ. Regional differences in SOM and RRP in the Southern Zone of South Australia suggest that different MLSs may be beneficial, particularly if the fishery is to be effectively managed at finer spatial scales.
Reproductive cycle of the Patagonian scallop Zygochlamys patagonica in the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Campodónico Silvana , Macchi Gustavo , Lomovasky Betina , Lasta Mario 
Published: May 2008

The reproductive cycle of Zygochlamys patagonica was studied from October 1999 to February 2001 in a bed located in the south-western Atlantic (Reclutas bed 39°24′ S–55°56′W). Scallops were collected monthly and the sexual maturity stages were determined histologically (N = 508). Sex-ratio was 1:1 (t-test P > 0.05). The size of first sexual maturity was estimated from males of an average of 36.63 mm and females of 36.31 mm of shell height. The relative gonadal condition index (RGCI) showed an annual cycle, with higher values during winter–spring and lower values during summer–autumn; an inverse relationship for the relative muscle condition index (RMCI) was observed with maximum values in early summer. Thus, a reallocation of energy from soma to gonad appears to be inevitable to meet energy demand of gonad development. Seven histological stages of sexual maturity were established for both sexes: (1) immature; (2) early maturity; (3) advanced maturity,;(4) ripe; (5) spawning; (6) spent; and (7) recovery. Individuals in early and advanced maturity were found throughout the year; however, they were found more frequently between June and September. Spawning began in October (early spring) and extended through March (late summer–early autumn) coexisting with early and advanced maturity stages supported by the annual variation of the RGCI and the food availability into the system.
Foraminifers epibiontic on Eudendrium (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Di Camillo C. , BO M. , Lavorato A. , Morigi C. , Reinach M. Segre , Puce S. , Bavestrello G. 
Published: May 2008

Four species of foraminifers Rosalina globularis, Lobatula lobatula, Acervulina inhaerens and Miniacina miniacea were observed as epibionts on some species of the athecate hydroids of the genus Eudendrium—E. armatum, E. glomeratum, E. moulouyensis and E. racemosum—from the Mediterranean Sea. The abundance and the distribution of the protozoans were determined for each hydroid and considered in relation to the shape and size of the Eudendrium branches. Results revealed differences in the composition of the epibiontic assemblage among different species of Eudendrium which were dependent on several factors, but were mainly related to the habitat and to the morphology of the host.The interactions between Eudendrium and its epibionts were considered to emphasize the role of the Eudendrium colonies as a hotspot not only of poorly known species but also of co-evolutionary relationships and life histories.
An acanthocephalan parasite boosts the escape performance of its intermediate host facing non-host predators
Authors: MEDOC V. , BEISEL J.-N. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYAmong the potential effects of parasitism on host condition, the ‘increased host abilities’ hypothesis is a counterintuitive pattern which might be predicted in complex-life-cycle parasites. In the case of trophic transmission, a parasite increasing its intermediate host's performance facing non-host predators improves its probability of transmission to an adequate, definitive host. In the present study, we investigated the cost of infection with the acanthocephalanPolymorphus minutuson the locomotor/escape performance of its intermediate host, the crustaceanGammarus roeseli. This parasite alters the behaviour of its intermediate host making it more vulnerable to predation by avian definitive hosts. We assessed the swimming speeds of gammarids using a stressful treatment and their escape abilities under predation pressure. Despite the encystment ofP. minutusin the abdomen of its intermediate host, infected amphipods had significantly higher swimming speeds than uninfected ones (increases of up to 35%). Furthermore, when interacting with the non-host crustacean predatorDikerogammarus villosus, the highest escape speeds and greatest distances covered by invertebrates were observed for parasitized animals. The altered behaviour observed among the manipulated invertebrates supported the ‘increased host abilities’ hypothesis, which has until now remained untested experimentally. The tactic of increasing the ability of infected intermediate hosts to evade potential predation attempts by non-host species is discussed.
Evolutionary conservation of actin-binding proteins inTrypanosoma cruziand unusual subcellular localization of the actin homologue
Authors: MELO L. D. B. DE , SANT'ANNA C. , REIS S. A. , LOURENÇO D. , SOUZA W. DE , LOPES U. G. , CUNHA-E-SILVA N. L. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThe actin cytoskeleton controls pivotal cellular processes such as motility and cytokinesis, as well as cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Assembly and spatial organization of actin filaments are dynamic events regulated by a large repertoire of actin-binding proteins. This report presents the first detailed characterization of theTrypanosoma cruziactin (TcActin). Protein sequence analysis and homology modelling revealed that the overall structure ofT. cruziactin is conserved and that the majority of amino-acid changes are concentrated on the monomer surface. Immunofluorescence assays using specific polyclonal antibody against TcActin revealed numerous rounded and punctated structures spread all over the parasitic body. No pattern differences could be found between epimastigotes and trypomastigotes or amastigotes. Moreover, in detergent extracts, TcActin was localized only in the soluble fraction, indicating its presence in the G-actin form or in short filaments dissociated from the microtubule cytoskeleton. The trypanosomatid genome was prospected to identify actin-binding and actin-related conserved proteins. The main proteins responsible for actin nucleation and treadmilling in higher eukaryotes are conserved inT. cruzi.
Imaginative scrub-jays, causal rooks, and a liberal application of Occam's aftershave
Authors: Emery Nathan J. , Clayton Nicola S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe address the claim that nonhuman animals do not represent unobservable states, based on studies of physical cognition by rooks and social cognition by scrub-jays. In both cases, the most parsimonious explanation for the results is counter to the reinterpretation hypothesis. We suggest that imagination and prospection can be investigated in animals and included in models of cognitive architecture.
Analogical apes and paleological monkeys revisited
Authors: Thompson Roger K. R. , Flemming Timothy M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe argue that formal analogical reasoning is not a uniquely human trait but is found in chimpanzees, if not in monkeys. We also contest the claim that the relational matching-to-sample task is not exemplary of analogical behavior, and we provide evidence that symbolic-like treatment of relational information can be found in nonhuman species, a point in contention with the relational reinterpretation hypothesis.
Visuomotor delay in interceptive actions
Authors: Benguigui Nicolas , Baurès Robin , Runigo Cyrille Le 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNeural delays, which are generally defined as visuomotor delays in interceptive actions, must be compensated to enable accurate timing in movement. Visuomotor delays can depend on the kind of task, the use of information, and the skill of the performer. The compensation for such delays does not necessarily require prediction or representation but can be made by an attunement of some parameters in what is called a law of control.
Prediction and postdiction: Two frameworks with the goal of delay compensation
Authors: Eagleman David M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough prediction is one of the key tasks of intelligent brains, it often proves impossible in an unpredictably changing world. Hence, brains often decide what happened retrospectively. This framework of postdiction, the opposite of prediction, stands as an alternative or complimentary framework to prediction. I further show how motor-sensory recalibration demonstrates delay compensation at the perceptual level.
Perception of direction is not compensated for neural latency
Authors: Krekelberg Bart 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNeural activity in the middle temporal area (MT) is strongly correlated with motion perception. I analyzed the temporal relationship between the representation of direction in MT and the actual direction of a stimulus that continuously changed direction. The representation in MT lagged the stimulus by 45 msec. Hence, as far as the perception of direction is concerned, the hypothesis of lag compensation can be rejected.
Moving backward through perceptual compensation
Authors: Öğmen Haluk , Patel Saumil S. , Purushothaman Gopathy , Bedell Harold E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the target article Nijhawan speculates that visual perceptual mechanisms compensate for neural delays so that moving objects may be perceived closer to their physical locations. However, the vast majority of published psychophysical data are inconsistent with this speculation.
Single mechanism, divergent effects; multiple mechanisms, convergent effect
Authors: Sheth Bhavin R. , Wu Daw-An 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt is commonplace for a single physiological mechanism to seed multiple phenomena, and for multiple mechanisms to contribute to a single phenomenon. We propose that the flash-lag effect should not be considered a phenomenon with a single cause. Instead, its various aspects arise from the convergence of a number of different mechanisms proposed in the literature. We further give an example of how a neuron's generic spatio-temporal response profile can form a physiological basis not only of “prediction,” but also of many of the other proposed flash-lag mechanisms, thus recapitulating a spectrum of flash-lag phenomena. Finally, in agreeing that such basic predictive mechanisms are present throughout the brain, we argue that motor prediction contributes more to biological fitness than visual prediction.
The mechanisms responsible for the flash-lag effect cannot provide the motor prediction that we need in daily life
Authors: Smeets Jeroen B. J. , Brenner Eli 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe visual prediction that Nijhawan proposes cannot explain why the flash-lag effect depends on what happens after the flash. Moreover, using a visual prediction based on retinal image motion to compensate for neuronal time delays will seldom be of any use for motor control, because one normally pursues objects with which one intends to interact with ones eyes.