bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waterside Corrosion of Zircaloy-Clad Fuel Rods in a PWR Environment
Authors: Garzarolli F , Jorde D , Manzel R , Politano JR , Smerd PG 
Published: March 2009

Waterside corrosion of fuel rods has generally not been a problem under normal pressurized-water reactor (PWR) operating conditions, although some instances of accelerated corrosion have been reported. However, an incentive exists to extend the average fuel rod discharge burnups to about 50 000 MWd/Mtu. To minimize corrosion at these extended burnups, the factors which influence Zircaloy corrosion need to be better understood.
A data base of Zircaloy corrosion behavior under PWR operating conditions has been established. The data are compiled from previously published reports as well as from new Kraftwerk Union (KWU) fuel examinations.
This PWR data base has been compared with the predictions of a corrosion model derived from ex-reactor data. In order to predict the in-reactor corrosion behavior from ex-reactor corrosion models, a fitting factor (F) is required. The calculated fitting factor will depend on the corrosion models used to represent the ex-reactor kinetics; for the data analyzed, it was found to vary from 0.8 to 2.8. The data show that the reactor environment increases the corrosion. For a given corrosion model, the fitting factor varies from reactor to reactor, and within a given reactor it varies from cycle to cycle.
ZrO2 film thermal conductivity is another major factor that influences corrosion behavior. The thermal conductivity of the oxide layer has been determined only in out-of-pile tests on unirradiated specimens having a variety of oxide film microstructures. There is relatively large scatter in the measured data, and no such measurements exist for representative irradiated specimens. It was inferred from KWU film thickness data that the oxide film thermal conductivity may decrease once circumferential cracks develop in the layer. Measurements on irradiated specimens are needed to better evaluate the effect of the thermal conductivity of oxide films formed in-reactor on the in-reactor corrosion rate.
The corrosion mechanisms and the factors influencing the waterside corrosion of PWR fuel rods are not known precisely enough to allow for a reasonable extrapolation of current operating experience to rod average burnups of 50 000 MWd/Mtu.
Slow Strain-Rate Stress Corrosion Testing of Metals in Gaseous Atmospheres at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Ugiansky GM , Johnson CE 
Published: March 2009

A total of six different alloys—stainless steel (SS) Types 310, 310S, 347, and 446, and nickel alloys 800 and 671—were tested using the slow strain-rate test technique in oxidizing/sulfidizing and in oxidizing/sulfidizing/carburizing simulated coal gasification environments, and in helium (and other inert environments) at both 450 and 600°C at a strain rate of 10-6/s. Of the six alloys, four (Types 310 stainless steel and 310S stainless steel, nickel alloy 800, and nickel alloy 671) were found to be susceptible to cracking at 600°C by possibly different mechanisms, however, all were detected by the slow strain-rate technique.
For cracking, the nickel alloy 671 required no reactive environment; it suffered internal cracking in helium and all other test environments used. However, the stainless steel Type 310, Type 310S, and nickel alloy 800, all of which failed through surface initiated cracking, required increasingly severe environments for cracking. The Type 310 stainless steel required very little reactive environment; it cracked not only in the simulated coal gasification gases but also in low vapor pressure O2 or water (H2O) environments, or both (for example, helium), as did the Type 310S stainless steel, although with greater ductility than the Type 310 stainless steel. The nickel alloy 800 required the rather reactive environment of the simulated coal gasification gases; it did not crack in the low vapor pressure O2 and H2O environments.
The detection of the environmentally independent failure of Alloy 671 shows that the use of the slow strain-rate technique need not be limited to use for testing for susceptibility to cracking by stress corrosion cracking. The slow strain-rate technique is shown to be a viable testing method for detecting an alloy's propensity to premature failure in simulated coal gasification environments.
A Modified Spread Plate Technique for the Determinations of Concentrations of Viable Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Young M 
Published: March 2009

Four techniques for the enumeration of viable heterotrophic bacteria were evaluated for use with environmental samples. Factors being sought were an economical use of materials and time and a superior level of bacterial recovery. The techniques compared in this study were pour plate, spread plate, membrane filtration, and the modified spread plate technique (spot plate).
Eighty-four water and thirty-two sediment samples were analyzed for heterotrophic bacterial concentrations using the four methods under study. A statistical analysis of the data by a factorial analysis of variance and a t test indicated that there was no significant difference in the recoveries of the spread plate and spot plate techniques. Both of these produced superior recoveries to the membrane filter and pour plate methods. Poorest recoveries were obtained with the pour plate for water and membrane filter for sediment.
The spot plate method was determined to be the most appropriate method for our purposes, since it was superior in most areas of interest to the other methods tested.
Determining the Sediment Distribution of Methanogenic Bacteria by Direct Fluorescent Antibody Methodology
Authors: Ward TE , Frea JI 
Published: March 2009

A direct fluorescent antibody (FA) methodology was devised to accurately quantitate a select number of known methanogenic bacteria in the sediments of Lake Erie. The specificity of the respective fluorescent antibodies was evaluated against a limited number of hetero- and methylotrophic bacteria. The fluorescent antibodies for each of the surveyed methanogens were specific in that no cross reactions with the other methanogenic species could be shown. The autofluorescence of the methane bacteria and nonspecific absorption were masked by rhodamine isothiocyanate conjugated bovine serum albumin (RhoITC-BSA). The FA methodology devised permitted the detection of the specific methanogens in numbers as low as 106 cells per gram of lake sediment. The FA method worked equally well when applied to fine silt, sand-silt, or sand sediments. The presence of large numbers of other microorganisms did not interfere with the staining process. To increase the sensitivity of this sediment analysis, organic and inorganic enrichments were pursued. These procedures permitted the selective enrichments of specific methanogens to population sizes (106/ml or greater) large enough for direct FA observation. Thus, this direct FA staining methodology can specifically and accurately quantitate the known methanogenic bacteria in lake sediments. This procedure can be combined with concentration techniques to increase the sensitivity of the FA procedure. Also, this staining procedure could be adapted to other methanogenic bacteria, either known pure cultures or natural isolates, which could be obtained from lake sediments.
The greatest advantage this enumeration has over other methods of enumerating methanogens [most probable number (MPN), substrate limitations, or general cellular morphology] is that it is a direct count that is species specific.
Lipid Analysis of Sediments for Microbial Biomass and Community Structure
Authors: White DC , Bobbie RJ , King JD , Nickels J , Amoe P 
Published: March 2009

The microbial ecology of sediments has proved notoriously difficult to analyze because of the complex composition of nonliving structures. Examination of the lipid extracts of lyophilized core samples has proved a feasible method of biomass determination. Extractable lipid phosphate, shown in previous work to correlate well with other measures of the microbial biomass and to correlate with sedimentary extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP), can be reproducibly determined from sedimentary materials. Labeled lipids and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) added to the sediments can be recovered in reasonable yields, and analysis from a single estuarine station shows reasonable reproducibility between different core samples.
The community structure as measured by the proportion of diacyl phospholipids, plasmalogens, phosphonolipids, and characteristic fatty acids as well as the bacterial endogenous storage material PHB shows differences between the different horizontal horizons in a sedimentary core that are consistent with expected changes based on predictions from bacterial monocultures.
Toughness of 18Cr-2Mo Stainless Steel
Authors: Redmond JD 
Published: March 2009

The effect of residual and stabilizing elements on toughness has been investigated for a series of 18Cr-2Mo ferritic stainless steels which contained 0.015C and 0.015N. The residual elements varied were sulfur, manganese, and silicon. The stabilization variables were niobium, titanium, (Nb + Ti), and (Nb + Al).
The impact transition temperature was determined in the base metal and weld deposit for all steels. Crack opening displacement (COD) measurements were made on selected steels in the welded condition and a COD transition temperature was determined for these.
Over the ranges investigated, sulfur, manganese, and silicon had only minor effects on the base metal and welded impact toughness.
The best base metal impact toughness was achieved with a combination of (Nb + Al) stabilization. A niobium-stabilized steel to which 0.5 percent aluminum had been added exhibited a FATT50 (fracture appearance transition temperature) of -60°C. Niobium stabilization and (Nb + Ti) stabilization gave transition temperatures intermediate between (Nb + Al) combination and titanium-stabilization.
The (Nb + Al) stabilizer combination also gave the best weld metal impact toughness with a FATT50 of approximately 25 °C; however, the steel had limited weld ductility. The niobium-stabilized steels had higher weld impact transition temperatures than the titanium-stabilized steel, with the mixed (Nb + Ti) combination being intermediate between them.
The (Nb + Ti) stabilized steel had the best COD fracture toughness and seems to be the best stabilizer choice for a combination of base metal and welded toughness and ductility.
Vapor Retarders in Roofing Systems: When Are They Necessary?
Authors: Condren SJ 
Published: March 2009

Despite continuing debate about the need for, and efficacy of, vapor retarders as part of a roofing system, little information has been published on the specifics governing their use. This paper proposes criteria and computation methods to determine the need for vapor retarders.
We evaluate vapor diffusion as a source of condensation. We present a procedure to calculate moisture migration by diffusion, using typical interior and exterior temperature and moisture parameters, to determine the vapor migration into a roofing system. Our methods include provisions for calculating moisture accumulation in the roofing system during winter conditions, and its drying out during the summer when vapor pressures reverse direction to the interior. We propose allowable limits for moisture accumulation at any time, which are designed to prevent loss of insulating value and degradation of the roofing system from excessive moisture. This analysis, when coupled with design limits, provides a rational basis for the incorporation of vapor retarders into the roofing system.
We also consider the problem of air leakage through the building envelope as the more frequent cause of condensation problems. We discuss the mechanisms by which condensation problems arise, and provide guidelines to minimize this problem through the use of vapor retarders and other air seals. Condensation through air leakage is best controlled by proper detailing of the roofing components to prevent air leakage. Calculations are unnecessary.
Coordination of Performance Standards on Moisture Control in Buildings
Authors: Hans GE 
Published: March 2009

Changing and expanding uses of consensus standards favor their organization in the format of clusters composed of concise specific documents covering different aspects of a broad subject. A framework for a cluster format on the control of water-induced damage in building constructions has been developed, and is hereby proposed for adoption.
The framework defines distinctions among design strategies, construction requirements, material properties, and test methods to be covered by separate but interrelated documents. It permits easy identification of inadequate coverage in specific areas. It allows separation between condensation and surface water control strategies and technologies. It also provides an opportunity for redefinition of the critical applicable technical terms and effective coordination with other related documents.
Clustered consensus standards are better protected against untimely obsolescence than those written in a comprehensive format.
Moisture Control in Building Wall Retrofit
Authors: Trechsel HR , Achenbach PR , Launey SJ 
Published: March 2009

For the Residential Conservation Service Program (RCS), the Department of Energy (DOE) in 1979 promulgated standard practices for the installation of various energy conservation retrofit measures, including insulation. Various standard provisions and recommendations exist for moisture control in insulated walls of new constructions. These provisions in general require a vapor retarder on the warm side of walls and ceilings in all but the warmest climate areas. To apply these existing requirements to retrofit applications of insulation would be burdensome and costly. Since field experiences did not indicate conclusively that moisture problems in insulated walls can be prevented by the application of vapor retarders, nor that the absence of vapor retarders necessarily leads to moisture damage in insulated walls, DOE, with the assistance of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and outside consultants, developed new standard provisions specifically designed for retrofit wall installations. For roofs, the vapor retarder and attic ventilation requirements contained in the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Minimum Property Standards (MPS) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Guidelines were adopted unchanged. This paper thus deals with exterior wall retrofit.
The provisions were developed based on the premise that the relative humidity of the interior air is a good indicator of the potential for moisture condensation in walls. The RCS provisions stipulate a vapor retarder only in high-moisture rooms of houses in ASHRAE condensation Zone 1, but such rooms also require the sealing of cracks on the interior face of exterior walls to prevent moist indoor air from penetrating into the wall cavity. In addition, the standards recommend the same provisions in Zone 2. Finally, the provisions identify houses by size, occupancy rate, and other parameters for which additional precautions may be justified.
Air Leakage, Ventilation, and Moisture Control in Buildings
Authors: Handegord GO 
Published: March 2009

Air leakage through the building envelope traditionally has been regarded as an acceptable means of ventilation, although it is a major cause of condensation problems in buildings and can be a contributing factor to rain penetration. Recent concern for energy conservation, promoting the need for air tightness, is still clouded by the notion that some leakage must be provided and that the primary effort must be toward quantifying the resultant energy loss.
This paper discusses the possible effects of wind, stack effect, vents, and fans on air leakage, and the influence of air leakage openings and their location on the pattern of air flow through buildings. The possible extent and location of condensation in relation to these patterns is considered, as well as methods of controlling moisture entry and removal of accumulated moisture. Effort toward the development of construction details, techniques, and standards to ensure air tightness in buildings and building components is advocated as the primary means of achieving energy conservation through improved building performance and extended service life.
Mechanical Testing for Deformation Model Development
Authors: Rohde RW , Swearengen JC 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication of 24 technical papers that utilize an interdisciplinary approach to deformation modeling by providing a vehicle for increased communication between analytical mechanics and materials science disciplines. The contents of STP 765 encompass three major subject areas: Implication of Experimental Techniques, Phenomenological Modeling and Applications, and Microstructural Evolution and Derived Models.
Selected Sensory Methods: Problems and Approaches to Measuring Hedonics
Authors: Kuznicki JT , Johnson RA , Rutkiewic AF 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 773 is a presentation of methodologies currently in use in measuring pleasurable and annoying human sensory experiences, a field known as hedonics. A keynote paper provides background and an overview of remarkable sensory sensitivities and other features found at all levels of development in nature.
Role of the Equator in the Early Overcorrection of Intermittent Exotropia
Authors: Cho Yoonae A. , Kim Seung-Hyun 
Published: March 2009

Purpose:
To determine the cause of consecutive esotropia on the basis of the relationship between the location of the equator and a new insertional site of the recessed lateral rectus muscle in cases of intermittent exotropia.

Methods:
Ninety-two patients with intermittent exotropia, all of whom underwent recessions of both lateral rectus muscles (5 to 8 mm), were included. The distances from the limbus to the equator (LE distance) and from the equator to the new insertion of the recessed lateral rectus muscle (EIN distance) were calculated using the following formula: (LE = axial length·π/4 – corneal diameter/2). Overcorrection was defined as esophoria in excess of 5 prism diopters, and all patients were followed up for at least 3 months after surgery.

Results:

In all patients, the mean LE distance was 12.7 mm in the right eye and 12.6 mm in the left eye. The mean EIN distance in the successfully corrected patients was −0.82 mm in the right eye and −0.95 mm in the left eye. A negative distance value indicates a new insertion anterior to the equator. Overcorrection was detected in 15 patients (16.3%), whose mean EIN distances were −0.93 mm in the right eye and −0.78 mm in the left eye. No significant differences were determined to exist between the corrected and overcorrected patients with regard to the affected eye (
P
> .05).

Conclusions:
Overcorrection of intermittent exotropia did not appear to be related to the location of new insertions of the lateral rectus muscle of up to 8 mm of recession. This may indicate the redistributing of relatively more innervational inputs to the medial rectus muscle after the completion of lateral rectus recession in consecutive esotropia.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:30–34.]
Comparative Study of Analgesic Effectiveness Using Three Different Anesthetic Techniques for Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab
Authors: Cintra Léssia P. , Lucena Levy R. , Da Silva José A. , Costa Rogério A. , Scott Ingrid U. , Jorge Rodrigo 
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To compare the analgesic effectiveness and aesthetic appearance associated with topical, subconjunctival, and peribulbar anesthesia for intravitreal bevacizumab injection.

Patients and Methods:
Sixty consecutive patients undergoing their first intravitreal bevacizumab injection were randomized to receive one of three forms of anesthesia: proxymetacaine eye drops, subconjunctival injection of 2% xylocaine, and peribulbar injection of 2% xylocaine. Pain associated with the intravitreal injection and with the entire procedure (including anesthesia administration) was recorded using a Visual Analog Scale 15 minutes after intravitreal injection. Anterior segment evaluation was performed 24 hours after injection to measure the number of clock hours of subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Results:

Median injection-related pain score was significantly lower in the peribulbar group compared with the topical and subconjunctival groups (
P
< .05). Median entire procedure pain score was significantly higher in the peribulbar group compared with the topical and subconjunctival groups (
P
< .05). The median extent of subconjunctival hemorrhage was significantly lower in the topical group compared with the other groups (
P
< .05).

Conclusion:
Among the three anesthetic techniques, peribulbar anesthesia was associated with greater effectiveness in controlling injection-related pain but was least effective in controlling entire procedure pain. There was no significant difference in pain scores between the topical and subconjunctival groups, and topical anesthesia was associated with less subconjunctival hemorrhage.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:13–18.]
Vitrectomy Alone Versus Vitrectomy With Simultaneous Intravitreal Injection of Triamcinolone for Macular Edema Associated With Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Uemura Akihiro , Yamamoto Shuichi , Sato Eiju , Sugawara Takeshi , Mitamura Yoshinori , Mizunoya Satoshi 
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To evaluate the efficacy of vitrectomy with simultaneous intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion.

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective study of 45 eyes with macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. A posterior vitreous detachment was created and the vitreous cortex was completely removed, after which 23 eyes immediately had an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (triamcinolone acetonide group) and 22 eyes did not (no triamcinolone acetonide group). Visual acuity, fluorescein angiograms, and foveal thickness determined by optical coherence tomography were examined preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results:

Mean postoperative visual acuity at 12 months was significantly better than the preoperative visual acuity in both groups. The fovea was significantly thinner 1 month postoperatively in both groups. Foveal thickness gradually decreased until 12 months in the no triamcinolone acetonide group; however, foveal thickness increased for 12 months in the triamcinolone acetonide group. A recurrence of macular edema was more frequent in the triamcinolone acetonide group than in the no triamcinolone acetonide group (
P
= .006).

Conclusions:
Because there was no significant difference in the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity between the groups 12 months postoperatively, there may be no benefit in the use of intraoperative intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:6–12.]