bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über das Verhalten von Stärkesirupsäften beim Einkochen und bei Aktivkohlebehandlung unter Betriebsbedingungen
Authors: Hönsch W. , Kröner W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVorwort: Vorliegende Arbeit wurde Ende 1944 im Betriebslabor der Central‐Genossenschafts‐Stärkefabrik, e.G.m.b.H., Schneidemühl, in Gemeinschaft mit dem Forschungsinstitut für Stärkefabrikation in Berlin fertiggestellt. Es sollte dies der Beginn einer eingehenden Untersuchung aller Einflüsse sein, denen der Stärkesirupsaft im Betrieb ausgesetzt ist. Der Krieg und der Zusammenbruch haben die Ausführung dieses Planes zunichte gemacht. Wenn ich als einer der wenigen Überlebenden unserer Arbeitsgemeinschaft, die sich aus Laboranten, Meister und Arbeitern zusammensetzte, diese Arbeit heute nach 5 Jahren zur Veröffentlichung bringe, so geschieht das in Erinnerung an die verstorbenen und verschollenen Mitarbeiter. Eine abschließende Stellungnahme zur Frage der Entfärbungsmittel behalte ich mir vor.
Erfahrungen mit der Auswaschung von Kartoffelreibsel ohne Wasserzusatz
Authors: Bode Heinrich F. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperience in Potato Pulp Washing without Water Addition. In order to reduce the quantity of waste water from potato starch factories many have tried to keep the amount of water, required for washing out the starch from the pulp as low as possible. Our process is based on utilization of the water contained in the potatoes (approx. 80%, including soluble components) for starch extraction, in such a way that undiluted fruit water is separated and further treatment can be carried out in a comparatively economical way.Most of today's starch factories are tied up with production methods that make it impossible to utilize the water contained in the potatoes, as there is firstly no possibility of recirculating the fruit water and secondly there are foaming problems causing a negative effect on the efficiency.A continuous process guaranteeing a direct flow, excluding accumulation of foam, was installed and tested in both a Swedish and in a Dutch factory. The experience obtained showed that starch extraction with fruit water has no negative influence on the efficiency of the extraction (approx. 1 % free starch in the pulp DS/DS) and that up to 80% of the fruit water could be removed in a concentrated form. By extending the extraction process, and by using 300 l of process water from the refining section per ton of potatoes, separation of the fruit water can be increased up to 97%.
A sensitive and reliable quantification method for mouse interleukin‐12 p70 based on fluorometric sandwich ELISA (FS‐ELISA)
Authors: Nakamura Tadashi , Kimura Hirokazu , Kato Masahiko , Kurashige Satonori , Wakamatsu Kaori 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInterleukin‐12 (IL‐12) p70 is an important cytokine secreted by antigen‐presenting cells in response to antigenic stimulation; it is a heterodimer of p35 and p40 subunits. Here, we report a new, highly sensitive, and reliable method that employs fluorometric sandwich ELISA for quantification of the mouse IL‐12 (moIL‐12) p70 protein. Our method could quantify moIL‐12 p70 in the range of approximately 0.5 to 500 pg/ml. In the assay, no signals were produced by the moIL‐12 p40 monomer, homodimer [(p40)2], or mouse IL‐23 even up to a concentration of 500 pg/ml; this ensures that our assay has a high specificity for moIL‐12 p70. To demonstrate that our method can determine natural moIL‐12 in real physiological/pathological samples, we monitored the moIL‐12 p70 secretion from peritoneal exudative cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. IL‐12 p70 secretion as early as 3 h after LPS stimulation was reliably detected due to the high sensitivity of the method.
Image-guided surgical microscope with mounted minitracker
Authors: Caversaccio M , Garcia-Giraldez J , Gonzalez-Ballester M , Marti G 
Published: November 2006

A new image-guided microscope using augmented reality overlays has been developed. Unlike other systems, the novelty of our design consists in mounting a precise mini and low-cost tracker directly on the microscope to track the motion of the surgical tools and the patient. Correctly scaled cut-views of the pre-operative computed tomography (CT) stack can be displayed on the overlay, orthogonal to the optical view or even including the direction of a clinical tool. Moreover, the system can manage three-dimensional models for tumours or bone structures and allows interaction with them using virtual tools, showing trajectories and distances. The mean error of the overlay was 0.7 mm. Clinical accuracy has shown results of 1.1–1.8 mm.
Thresholds for health and thresholds for illness: panic disorder versus subthreshold panic disorder
Authors: BATELAAN NEELTJE , DE GRAAF RON , VAN BALKOM ANTON , VOLLEBERGH WILMA , BEEKMAN AARTJAN 
Published: November 2006

Background. There is increasing evidence that subthreshold forms of psychopathology are both common and clinically relevant. To enable classification of these subthreshold forms of psychopathology, it may be useful to distinguish not only a threshold for illness but also for health. Our aim was to investigate this with regard to panic.Method. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), which is based on a large representative sample of the adult general population (18–65 years) of The Netherlands (n=7076). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used as a diagnostic instrument. By defining two thresholds, three groups were formed: panic disorder, subthreshold panic disorder and no-panic. These groups were compared using multinomial regression analysis, χ2 and analysis of variance.Results. The 12-month prevalence of panic disorder was 2·2% while that of subthreshold panic disorder was 1·9%. Symptom profiles and risk indicators associated with panic disorder and subthreshold panic disorder were similar, and half of the risk indicators were more strongly associated with panic disorder than with subthreshold panic disorder. Subthreshold panic disorder occupied an intermediate position between panic disorder and no-panic with regard to the number of symptoms, the percentage of subjects with co-morbidity, and functioning.Conclusions. Subthreshold panic disorder is common, and seems clinically relevant, but is milder than panic disorder. These results thus support the use of a double threshold in panic. Further research should focus on the positioning of the thresholds, the course of subthreshold panic disorder and its treatment options.
Transmission of bovine leukaemia virus within dairy herds by simulation modelling
Authors: MONTI G. E. , FRANKENA K. , De JONG M. C. M. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYIn Argentina, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection is common in dairy herds. The country currently has a National Voluntary Control Programme but relatively few farms have enrolled. However, there is increased interest from authorities and farmers to implement regional compulsory programmes but there is scarce quantitative information of the transmission of BLV in cattle herds. This information is a prerequisite to develop effective BLV control strategies. Mathematical modelling offers ways of integrating population-level knowledge and epidemiological data to predict the outcomes of intervention scenarios. The purpose of the current paper is to gain understanding about the dynamics of the transmission of BLV in dairy herds from Argentina by simulation and to compare various BLV transmission models and select the one that is most appropriate. The hypothetical herd is conceptually described in terms of BLV status as a population of individuals that are protected by maternal antibodies (M), that are susceptible (S), that are in the latent period (E) or that are infectious (I). BLV is spread by horizontal and vertical transmission. We used an age-structured population model and within-herd transmission was simulated by Monte Carlo techniques. The next-generation approach has been used for the systematic computation of the basic reproduction ratio (R0). Parameter values for disease transmission were derived from previously published data; rates of entry, exit or transition between age groups were calculated based on our previous study, observational data, expert opinions and literature. With these parameter values the probability of a minor outbreak was estimated to be 10%, the probability of extinction was estimated as <0·001% and the expected time to extinction as more than 80 years. The probability of a minor outbreak and changes in prevalence were different when the index case was an adult cow compared to introduction by a heifer. Prediction of prevalences from MSI models fit the data satisfactorily.R0was estimated as 9·5. The sensitivity analysis onR0showed that all measures directed to reduce the transmission rate are potentially effective given operational control measures. An important prediction of these models is that, even in a relatively small, closed dairy herd, the time-scale for a BLV outbreak may be as long as several years and within-herd control of BLV requires intensive efforts.
Simple sequence repeats in organellar genomes of rice: frequency and distribution in genic and intergenic regions
Authors: Rajendrakumar Passoupathy , Biswal Akshaya Kumar , Balachandran Sena M. , Srinivasarao Kommoju , Sundaram Raman M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMotivation: Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are abundant across genomes. However, the significance of SSRs in organellar genomes of rice has not been completely understood. The availability of organellar genome sequences allows us to understand the organization of SSRs in their genic and intergenic regions.Results: We have analyzed SSRs in mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of rice. We identified 2528 SSRs in the mitochondrial genome and average 870 SSRs in the chloroplast genomes. About 8.7% of the mitochondrial and 27.5% of the chloroplast SSRs were observed in the genic region. Dinucleotides were the most abundant repeats in genic and intergenic regions of the mitochondrial genome while mononucleotides were predominant in the chloroplast genomes. The rps and nad gene clusters of mitochondria had the maximum repeats, while the rpo and ndh gene clusters of chloroplast had the maximum repeats. We identified SSRs in both organellar genomes and validated in different cultivars and species.Contact: rms_28@rediffmail.com.Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GECO–linear visualization for comparative genomics
Authors: Kuenne C. T. , Ghai R. , Chakraborty T. , Hain T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: In order to understand and interpret phylogenetic and functional relationships between multiple prokaryotic species, qualitative and quantitative data must be correlated and displayed. GECO allows linear visualization of multiple genomes using a client/server based approach by dynamically creating .png- or .pdf-formatted images. It is able to display ortholog relations calculated using BLASTCLUST by color coding ortholog representations. Irregularities on the genomic level can be identified by anomalous G/C composition. Thus, this software will enable researchers to detect horizontally transferred genes, pseudogenes and insertions/deletions in related microbial genomes.Availability: Contact: Carsten.Kuenne@mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de
Development and characterization of eight new microsatellite markers for the haremic sandperch, Parapercis cylindrica (family Pinguipedidae)
Authors: SMITH‐KEUNE C. , JERRY D. R. , EVANS B. S. , MCCORMICK M. I. , MUNDAY P. L. , JONES G. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEight di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were developed for the haremic sandperch Parapercis cylindrica using a linker‐ligated, magnetic bead enrichment protocol. Screening of at least 17 individuals showed these markers to be polymorphic with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.381 to 1.000 (mean = 0.742) and the numbers of alleles ranging from three to 18. The average polymorphic information content for these eight loci was 0.723. These markers may be used for parentage studies aimed at exploring the complex mating strategies employed by this haremic coral reef fish and will be valuable for population genetic studies.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in the green leaf bug, Lygus lucorum Meyer‐Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: LIU YU‐DI , YANG ZHONG‐CHENG , WU KONG‐MING 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe developed eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for the green leaf bug, Lygus lucorum Meyer‐Dür. The number of observed alleles per locus in 48 individuals ranged from three to 13, whereas the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.133 to 0.810 and from 0.236 to 0.886, respectively. Cross‐species amplifications were conducted both within and between generas, and the amplification results indicated that these primers enriched for L. lucorum Meyer‐Dür are species‐specific.
Effects of Uncertainty in Climate Inputs on Simulated Evapotranspiration and Runoff in the Western Arctic
Authors: Rawlins M. A. , Frolking S. , Lammers R. B. , Vörösmarty C. J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Hydrological models require accurate precipitation and air temperature inputs in order to adequately depict water fluxes and storages across Arctic regions. Biases such as gauge undercatch, as well as uncertainties in numerical weather prediction reanalysis data that propagate through water budget models, limit the ability to accurately model the terrestrial arctic water cycle. A hydrological model forced with three climate datasets and three methods of estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET) was used to better understand the impact of these processes on simulated water fluxes across the Western Arctic Linkage Experiment (WALE) domain. Climate data were drawn from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) (NCEP1), a modified version of the NNR (NCEP2), and the Willmott–Matsuura (WM) dataset. PET methods applied in the model were Hamon, Penman–Monteith, and Penman–Monteith using adjusted vapor pressure data.
High vapor pressures in the NNR lead to low simulated evapotranspiration (ET) in model runs using the Penman–Monteith PET method, resulting in increased runoff. Annual ET derived from simulations using Penman–Monteith PET was half the magnitude of ET simulated when the Hamon method was used. Adjustments made to the reanalysis vapor pressure data increased the simulated ET flux, reducing simulated runoff. Using the NCEP2 or WM climate data, along with the Penman–Monteith PET function, results in agreement to within 7% between the simulated and observed runoff across the Yukon River basin. The results reveal the high degree of uncertainty present in climate data and the range of water fluxes generated from common model drivers. This suggests the need for thorough evaluations of model requirements and potential biases in forcing data, as well as corroborations with observed data, in all efforts to simulate arctic water balances.
Internationalizing the struggle against neoliberal social policy
Authors: Tang Kwong-leung , Peters Heather 
Published: November 2006

English The dominant economic philosophy, heavily influenced by neoliberalism, is antagonistic to state intervention. Drawing on the case of Canada, we argue that women's groups could resort to international advocacy to combat neoliberal social policy. Such advocacy has a number of potentials as discussed, including fostering a rights-based discourse. French Fortement influencée par le néolibéralisme, la philosophie économique dominante est antagoniste à l'intervention étatique. Nous référant à l'expérience canadienne, nous soutenons que les groupes de femmes pourraient faire appel à des organismes internationaux d'appui et de défense des droits pour combattre les politiques néolibérales sociales. De tels défenseurs peuvent plaider en faveur des femmes des façons suivantes: cette inclus promouvoir un discours fondé sur les droits. Spanish La filosofía económica dominante que ha sido influida profundamente por el neo-liberalismo, es contraria a la intervención del estado. Basado en el caso de Canadá, argüimos que los grupos representando a las mujeres recuren a la abogacía internacional para combatir las políticas neo-liberales sociales. Tal forma de abogacía tiene las siguientes características: presiona a los gobiernos a que abandonen políticas contra las mujeres; fomenta un discurso basado en los derechos; y actúa como catalizador para los esfuerzos de implementación a nivel domestico y nacional.
Social workers’ roles in the criminal justice system
Authors: Betancourt Bianca , Dolmage Katie , Johnson Charmonair , Leach Tricia , Menchaca Jonathan , Montero Darrel , Wood Tarina 
Published: November 2006

English This article examines trends in American public opinion on capital punishment between 1953 and 2002. It seems that Americans believe that the government spends too little on crime deterrence, that courts are not harsh enough with criminals, and that the death penalty is appropriate for murderers. Implications for social workers are suggested. French Cet article examine les tendances de l'opinion publique américaine concernant la peine capitale entre 1953 et 2002. Il semble que les américains croient que le gouvernement dépense trop peu sur des stratégies de prévention ou de dissuasion du crime, que les tribunaux manquent de sévérité face aux criminels et que la peine de mort est appropriée pour les meurtriers. Des implications pour les travailleurs sociaux sont énoncées. Spanish Este artículo examina la tendencia in la opinión pública americana con respecto a la pena capital durante 1953-2002. Parece que los americanos creen: el gobierno gasta muy poco en combatir el crimen, las cortes no son lo suficientemente duras con los criminales, y la pena de muerte es apropiada para los asesinos. Las implicaciones para los trabajadores sociales son sugeridas.
Opportunities and challenges for social workers crossing borders
Authors: White Ruth 
Published: November 2006

English Using the author's experience as a social worker who has studied and worked in Canada, Belize, Brussels, Jamaica, London and the USA, this article explores some of the issues facing social work students, scholars and practitioners who migrate across international borders. Topics include equivalency of qualifications, visas and socio-cultural issues. French L'auteur de cette recherche s'appuie sur son expérience d'étudiant et de professionnel dans le domaine du travail social au Canada, au Belize, à Bruxelles, en Jamaïque et aux États-Unis pour explorer certains enjeux auxquels sont confrontés les étudiants, les boursiers ou les praticiens oeuvrant à l'international. Les équivalences en matière de qualification, les visas et les questions d'ordre socioculturelles sont au nombre des thèmes abordés. Spanish Basándose en la experiencia del autor, que como trabajador social estudió y trabajó en el Canadá, Belice, Bruselas, Jamaica, Londres, y los Estados Unidos, se exploran algunas cuestiones con las que se encuentran estudiantes, investigadores y profesionales de trabajo social cuando emigran fuera de sus países. Se exploran los temas de equivalencia de títulos, visas y asuntos culturales.
Immunogenicity of a polyvalent HIV-1 candidate vaccine based on fourteen wild type gp120 proteins in golden hamsters
Authors: Azizi Ali , Anderson David E , Ghorbani Masoud , Gee Katrina , Diaz-Mitoma Francisco 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
One of the major obstacles in the design of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is the hypervariability of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Most HIV-1 vaccine candidates have utilized envelope glycoprotein from a single virus isolate, but to date, none of them elicited broadly reactive humoral immunity. Herein, we hypothesised that a cocktail of HIV-1 gp120 proteins containing multiple epitopes may increase the breadth of immune responses against HIV-1. We compared and evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-1 vaccines containing either gp120 protein alone or in combinations of four or fourteen gp120s from different primary HIV-1 isolates in immunized hamsters.

Results
We amplified and characterized 14 different gp120s from primary subtype B isolates with both syncytium and non-syncytium inducing properties, and expressed the proteins in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines. Purified proteins were used either alone or in combinations of four or fourteen different gp120s to vaccinate golden hamsters. The polyvalent vaccine showed higher antibody titers to HIV-1 subtype B isolates MN and SF162 compared to the groups that received one or four gp120 proteins. However, the polyvalent vaccine was not able to show higher neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1 primary isolates. Interestingly, the polyvalent vaccine group had the highest proliferative immune responses and showed a substantial proportion of cross-subtype CD4 reactivity to HIV-1 subtypes B, C, and A/E

Conclusion
Although the polyvalent approach achieved only a modest increase in the breadth of humoral and cellular immunity, the qualitative change in the vaccine (14 vs. 1 gp120) resulted in a quantitative improvement in vaccine-induced immunity.
Ocular immune privilege is circumvented by CD4+ T cells, leading to the rejection of intraocular tumors in an IFN-γ-dependent manner
Authors: Dace Dru S , Chen Peter W , Alizadeh Hassan , Niederkorn Jerry Y 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough intraocular tumors reside in an immune-privileged site, they can circumvent immune privilege and undergo rejection, which typically follows one of two pathways. One pathway involves CD4+ T cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and the culmination in ischemic necrosis of the tumor and phthisis (atrophy) of the eye. The second pathway is DTH-independent and does not inflict collateral injury to ocular tissues, and the eye is preserved. In this study, we used a well-characterized tumor, Ad5E1, to analyze the role of IFN-γ in the nonphthisical form of intraocular tumor rejection. The results showed that IFN-γ induced tumor cell apoptosis, inhibited tumor cell proliferation, and promoted rejection by inhibiting angiogenesis. Microarray analysis revealed that IFN-γ induced up-regulation of five antiangiogenic genes and down-regulation of four proangiogenic genes in Ad5E1 tumor cells. Although IFN-γ knockout (KO) mice have progressively growing intraocular tumors, IFN-γ was not needed for the elimination of extraocular tumors, as all IFN-γ KO mice rejected s.c. tumor inocula. This represents a heretofore unrecognized role for IFN-γ in circumventing ocular immune privilege and eliminating intraocular tumors. The findings also reveal that some IFN-γ-independent tumor rejection processes are excluded from the eye and may represent a new facet of ocular immune privilege.
Klinefelter's syndrome (karyotype 47, XXY) and
schizophrenia-spectrum pathology
Authors: van Rijn Sophie , Aleman André , Swaab Hanna , Kahn René S. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryKlinefelter's syndrome, characterised by a 47, XXY chromosomal pattern, has
largely been associated with physical abnormalities. Here, we report high
levels of schizophrenia-spectrum pathology in 32 men with this syndrome in
comparison with 26 healthy controls. This may have implications for
treatment of Klinefelter's syndrome and suggests that the X chromosome may
be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia.