bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lead Induced Changes in the Growth and Antioxidant Metabolism of the Lead Accumulating and Non‐accumulating Ecotypes of Sedum alfredii
Authors: Liu Dan , Li Ting‐Qiang , Jin Xiao‐Fen , Yang Xiao‐E , Islam Ejazul , Mahmood Qaisar 
Published: February 2008

Abstract The phytotoxicity and antioxidative adaptations of lead (Pb) accumulating ecotype (AE) and non‐accumulating ecotype (NAE) of Sedum alfredii Hance were investigated under different Pb treatments involving 0, 0.02 mmol/L Pb, 0.1 mmol/L Pb and 0.1 mmol/L Pb/0.1 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 6 days. With the increasing Pb level, the Pb concentration in the shoots of AE plants enhanced accordingly, and EDTA supply helped 51% of Pb translocation to shoots of AE compared with those treated with 0.1 mmol/L Pb alone. Moreover, the presence of EDTA alleviated Pb phytotoxicity through changes in plant biomass, root morphology and chlorophyll contents. Lead toxicity induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and lipid peroxidation in both ecotypes of S. alfredii. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (G‐POD), ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase elevated in both leaves and roots of AE as well as in leaves of NAE with the increasing Pb levels, but SOD and G‐POD declined in roots of NAE. Enhancement in glutathione reductase activity was only detected in roots of NAE while a depression in catalase activity was recorded in the leaves of NAE. A significant enhancement in glutathione and ascorbic acid (AsA)
levels occurred in both ecotypes exposed to Pb and Pb/EDTA treatment compared with the control, however, the differences between these two treatments were insignificant. The dehydroascorbate (DHA) contents in roots of both ecotypes were 1.41 to 11.22‐fold higher than those in leaves, whereas the ratios of AsA to DHA (1.38 to 6.84) in leaves altering more to the reduced AsA form were much higher than those in roots. These results suggested that antioxidative enzymes and antioxidants play an important role in counteracting Pb stress in S. alfredii.
Funnel wall jets and the nature of the soft X-ray excess
Authors: Schurch N. J. , Done C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The smooth soft X-ray excess seen in many type 1 active galactic nuclei can be well described by models of absorption in partially ionized material with a large velocity dispersion, often physically interpreted as a radiatively driven accretion disc wind. However, the state-of-the-art xscort code, which calculates the photoionized radiative transfer through a differentially outflowing absorber, shows that terminal velocities of the order of ∼0.9c are required in order to reproduce the soft X-ray excess. Such a high outflow velocity rules out ultraviolet line driving, continuum radiation driving and thermal driving as mechanisms for producing the wind. Entrainment of material by the magnetically driven jet is the only plausible origin of such a high-velocity flow, but numerical simulations of jets and associated outflows do not currently show sufficient material at high enough velocities to reproduce the soft X-ray excess. If the soft excess is produced by absorption then it seems more likely that the material is clumpy and/or only partially covers the source rather than forming a continuous outflow.
A FIELD‐ABLE RNA EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION PROCEDURE
Authors: SMITH MATTHEW C. , FRIES DAVID P. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT This study describes the use of the ChargeSwitch extraction technique as a method amenable to in‐field RNA extraction and purification. The modified ChargeSwitch extractions were performed by lysing cells captured from filtration of 30 mL seawater sample spiked with cultured Karenia brevis and seawater samples from regions around a known red tide event. Extractions were compared to traditional laboratory‐based silica spin columns by integration with real‐time nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification. The ChargeSwitch extraction method was equivalent to or was faster than traditional laboratory analysis whilst having the additional advantages of obtaining consistently higher RNA concentrations and requiring no specialized or powered equipment. This method represents a fast and field‐able method for RNA extraction from K. brevis and potentially other organisms of public health significance.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis manuscript describes an RNA extraction method that utilizes ChargeSwitch technology suited for in‐field use that can be performed without access to extensive laboratory infrastructure, requiring only magnetic separation equipment and adjustable pipettes. This research is both timely and important as a recent Alliance for Coastal Technologies' workshop on “Genetic Sensors for Environmental Water Quality” (January 5–7, 2005) highlighted in‐field sample preparation as one of the major issues facing the advancement of in situ genetic assays. The method uses detection of the harmful, algal bloom‐forming dinoflagellate Karenia brevis as a demonstration of the use of ChargeSwitch to extract RNA from complex environmental samples in the field. Combined with previously described portable analytical equipment, these techniques will prove invaluable in the advancement of on‐site analysis, leading to faster decision making for public health officials and shellfish managers.
A RAPID PLASMID PREPARATION METHOD BY THE DIRECT BOILING OF ESCHERICHIA COLI CELLS*
Authors: OUYANG LAN , QIN LIANG , XU ZHIWU , HE JIANGUO , LIU QIUYUN 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT A 10 min plasmid extraction method by the direct boiling of Escherichia coli cells, which avoids isopropanol/ethanol precipitation and drying steps used in standard plasmid preparations, is described. Plasmid DNA thus isolated can be used for restriction characterization, chemical transformation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification as well as cloning purposes.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis method requires minimum experimental setup, and plasmid DNA prepared can be subjected to restriction digestions without visible degradation. It will enable researchers to process hundreds of cell cultures in a single day. Terrific Broth can be adopted for high cell density growth to yield more DNA with our protocol.
Surgical treatment of central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Berker Nilufer , Batman Cosar 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.The treatment of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is still a subject of debate. Medical therapy efforts, as well as retinal laser photocoagulation, have mostly dealt with management of the sequelae of CRVO, and have shown limited success in improving visual acuity. The unsatisfactory results of such therapeutic efforts led to the development of new treatment strategies focused on the surgical treatment of the occluded retinal vein. The purpose of this review is to summarize the outcomes of commonly reported surgical treatment strategies and to review different opinions on the various surgical approaches to the treatment of CRVO.
Choice of a Synthetic Colloid for Surgery
Authors: Boldt Joachim 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAdequate volume replacement is known to be a therapeutic cornerstone in the perioperative period. Guarantee or/of restoration of tissue perfusion represents a particular challenge in patients with circulatory abnormalities. Besides the natural colloid albumin and crystalloids, synthetic colloids such as gelatins, dextrans or hydroxethyl starch (HES) preparations are used in this situation. Meta‐analyses have shown conflicting results and appear to be more confusing than helpful in evaluating the ‘ideal’ kind of solution for volume therapy. The principles of volume therapy in the surgical and cardiac surgery patient are presented and the different synthetic colloids as plasma substitutes are reviewed.
Current Status of Perisurgical Erythropoietin [Therapy
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYRecombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) therapy has been approved for use in patients undergoing autologous blood donation (ABD) in Japan, the European Union, and Canada since 1993,1994, and 1996 respectively, and is now approved for perisurgical adjuvant therapy in Canada, Australia, the U.S. and the European Union (Table 1)1. Emerging strategies to improve the dose‐response relationship between erythropoietin therapy and red cell production include low dose EPO and intravenous iron therapy, to be addressed in this discussion.
How to Handle Erythropoietin in Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Earnshaw Peter 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYErythropoietin has been shown in numerous studies to be effective in raising the preoperative hematocrit and reducing the need for allogeneic transfusion in major orthopedic surgery1–4. Erythropoietin may be as good as or better than preoperative autologous5 donation. The safety profile seems well established. There are still a number of unresolved questions regarding its use.Many of these questions relate to the cost‐effectiveness of this treatment. Erythropoietin is not appropriate for universal use; however, at times it may be the best or even the only treatment option available.
Pharmacological Interventions to Prevent the Need for Blood and Blood Component Therapies:
Authors: Royston David 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThis article will focus on the differences between the protease inhibitor aprotinin and the lysine analogue antifibrinolytics in avoiding the need for transfusions of blood and blood components following surgical procedures. While transfusion of blood and blood components can be life‐saving, this course of action is not justified nor universally safe or effective in all circumstances. This is especially true of patients expected to have an increased risk of major hemorrhage or of blood and blood component requirements. Such operative procedures include cardiac, hepatic and orthopedic/trauma surgery. Discussion of this article will concentrate primarily on the efficacy of pharmacological agents in the first two types of interventions, namely cardiac and hepatic, and will mention orthopedic/trauma surgery only briefly.
Effect of Recombinant Activated Factor VII in the Management of Severe Uncontrolled Bleeding During Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Douri M. Al , Shafi T. , Khudairi D. Al , Bokhari E. Al , Black L. , Akinwale N. , OsmanMusa M. , Homaidhi A. Al , Fagih M. Al , Andreasen R. Borum 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYRecombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) is increasingly being used to secure hemostasis in difficult clinical situations. The role of rFVIIa in the treatment of patients undergoing open‐heart surgery for valvular heart disease was evaluated in an open pilot study. The study objectives were to evaluate blood loss and hemostatic effect following the administration of rFVIIa, to evaluate the safety of the treatment, and to determine its effect on laboratory parameters. To date, we have treated five patients (one child aged 2.5 years and four adults) using various surgical procedures, including arterial switch, closure of atrial septal defect and DeVega's procedure (mitral valve replacement with tricuspid valve repair). Four patients received rFVIIa intraoperatively while the fifth received it postoperatively. Satisfactory hemostasis was achieved with a single dose (30 μg/kg) of rFVIIa. Four hours after treatment with rFVIIa, the mean blood loss was 262.5 mL for adults (220–334 mL) and 85 mL for the child. No significant adverse events were seen in relation to rFVIIa therapy. The laboratory parameters indicated a mean 18.5‐fold increase (range 3.7–42) in FVII levels at 30 min post‐injection and a mean reduction of 12 s (range 3–39 s) in prothrombin time.
Is There Still a Place for Autologous Blood Predonation?
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYInterest in autologous blood procurement was stimulated in the 1980s by a renewed awareness that infectious diseases, including post‐transfusion hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are transmissible by blood transfusion. Preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD), acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH), and intraoperative/postoperative autologous blood cell recovery and reinfusion were each techniques identified and promoted in the surgical arena in response to medical and legal pressures to minimize allogeneic blood exposure.The role of autologous blood procurement in surgery continues to evolve based on improved blood safety, increased blood costs, and emerging pharmacologic alternatives to blood transfusion. PAD became accepted as a standard practice in certain elective surgical settings, such as total joint replacement surgery, so that by 1992, over 6% of the blood transfused in the U.S. was autologous. In contrast, ANH was rarely practiced and published data regarding its merits were scant. Subsequently, substantial improvements in blood safety were accompanied by a decline in PAD (Table 1) as well as by an interest in ANH as an alternative, lower‐cost autologous blood procurement strategy. Nevertheless, public perception of blood safety and the reluctance to accept allogeneic blood transfusion in the elective transfusion setting, along with emerging blood inventory shortages, continue to make the application of autologous blood procurement strategies a subject of ongoing debate. The current roles of these strategies are presented.
Use of the Cell Saver in Oncologic Surgery
Authors: ÉLias Dominique , Billard Valérie , Lapierre Valérie 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYUse of the cell saver in oncologic surgery is controversial because of the risk of reinfusion of cancer cells remaining in the packed erythrocytes. Experimental and clinical studies have indeed confirmed the presence of residual cancer cells in packed red cells. However, six clinical studies with a limited number of patients showed no metastatic spread after processing of the blood with a cell saver. The adjunctive use of a leukocyte depletion filter (LDF) greatly reduces the number of cancerous cells in the pack whereas irradiation of the pack with 50 Gy destroys all the cancer cells. Strictly speaking, the stringent application of this safety principle would require use of a cell saver only in conjunction with an irradiator. Studies indicate that cancer cell seeding from infiltrative tumors seems to be greater than that observed when a cell saver is used. In the final analysis, we feel that it is reasonable to use the cell saver in oncologic surgery, if possible with a leukocyte filter, not only in cases of unexpected bleeding risk but also during scheduled procedures with a high risk of massive blood loss.
Transfusion‐Associated Septic Reactions
Authors: Blajchman Morris A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTransfusion reactions associated with bacteria and/or their products, during or following a blood transfusion, were one of the earliest recognized complications of allogeneic blood transfusions. Bacterial contamination of blood products has, therefore, been a problem for many decades and, at the present time, is likely the most common microbiological cause of transfusion‐associated mortality and morbidity. Septic reactions associated with platelet concentrates appear to be much more common than those associated with contaminated red blood cells. The overall prevalence of contaminated cellular blood products has been estimated to be approximately 1 in 3000; however, the transfusion of contaminated platelet or red blood cell units may not necessarily be associated with clinically apparent morbidity in recipients because the majority of contaminated blood product units contain relatively few organisms. Unfortunately, though, in a minority of instances, contaminated blood product units contain clinically significant numbers of bacteria as well as endotoxins that may be associated with significant mortality and/or morbidity. The incidence of clinically evident severe septic episodes has not yet been clearly established, but is probably in the order of 1 per 50,000 platelet units transfused and 1 per 500,000 red blood cell units transfused. In recent years, a variety of interventions have been proposed, and in some instances implemented, in an effort to reduce this significant and potentially preventable transfusion risk.
Anemia in the Intensive Care Unit: How Big Is the Problem?
Authors: Gattinoni Luciano , Chiumello Davide 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAnemia is a common problem in critically ill patients. After three days in the intensive care unit, over 90% of patients present with anemia. Blood loss through phlebotomy appears to be an important cause of anemia in this setting. Lower hemoglobin concentrations are associated with an increased hospital length of stay and higher mortality. In clinical practice, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are administered in order to increase the arterial oxygen content and the oxygen delivery so as to preserve tissue oxygenation. However, it is still not clear if RBC transfusions increase oxygen consumption, i.e. improve tissue oxygenation. Based on available data and clinical practice guidelines, the decision to transfuse RBCs should be based not only on a hemoglobin trigger but on the clinical status of the individual patient. Despite available guidelines, the economic impact of inappropriate RBC transfusions has been shown to account for up to 24% of the total cost of all blood component transfused.
Anemia and Blood Transfusion in the Critically Ill:The Role of Erythropoietin
Authors: Corwin Howard L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBlood transfusion has been an integral part of clinical practice for most of the last century. The benefits of RBC (red blood cell) transfusion in surgery as well as other clinical settings were assumed, while the procedure itself was looked upon as relatively risk‐free. Blood transfusion has been used in clinical settings where an increase in oxygen delivery to the tissues is thought to be beneficial, such as sepsis, ischemic cardiac disease, respiratory failure, and mechanical ventilation. A dramatic change in thinking occurred in the early 1980s, largely in response to concerns about transfusion‐related infection, particularly the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While advances in transfusion medicine have greatly decreased the risk of viral transmission during blood transfusion, other issues now fuel the debate over transfusion practice and have led to a reexamination of the approach to blood transfusion. This review will focus on anemia and blood transfusion strategies in the critically ill, including the use of erythropoietin (EPO).
Massive Transfusion and Coagulopathy
Authors: Hardy Jean‐François , Samama Marc 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCoagulopathy associated with massive transfusion remains an important clinical problem. In this paper, the objectives of the authors are two‐fold: to identify the causes of coagulopathy in massively transfused adult and previously hemostatically competent patients and to differentiate between the elective surgical setting and trauma, in order to recommend the most appropriate treatment strategies.A MEDLINE search was conducted for published articles on massive transfusion, using the terms “transfusion,”“trauma,”“surgery,”“coagulopathy,” and “hemostatic defects.” Articles were organized and reviewed by date of publication in order to better understand the evolution of our thinking on massive transfusion and coagulopathy. Coagulopathy associated with massive transfusion is an intricate, multifactorial, and multicellular event. In trauma patients, tissue trauma and anoxia, shock, and hypothermia contribute to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and microvascular bleeding. In patients undergoing elective surgery, a decrease in fibrinogen concentration is observed initially while thrombocytopenia is a late occurrence. Critically low levels of coagulation factors were seldom reported when whole blood was in common use. With the use of packed red cells, however, dilution or consumption of coagulation factors has become a significant issue requiring specific treatment with, primarily, fresh frozen plasma.Maintaining a normal body temperature is a simple and effective strategy to improve hemostasis during massive transfusion. Red cells play an important role and hematocrit levels as high as 35 to 36% may be required to sustain the process. The administration of platelets and/or fresh frozen plasma should be based on clinical judgment and coagulation testing results, and their use restricted to the treatment of clinical coagulopathies.
Applications of Meta‐Analysis in Transfusion Medicine
Authors: Vamvakas Eleftherios C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARyMeta‐analysis, or statistical overview, is the structured and systematic integration of information from different studies of a given problem. When the results are discrepant, the purpose of an overview is to investigate reasons for disagreements among studies. When the results are concordant, the goal of meta‐analysis is to derive, through the application of a number of quantitative techniques, a measure of the effect of an intervention or exposure across the combined investigations. Metaanalysis has been used and misused widely in the medical literature. Readers must develop the skills necessary to comprehend and evaluate published reports of metaanalyses, because health policy guidelines‐and perhaps also recommendations for patient management‐are likely to be increasingly based in the future on input from statistical overviews.
Anemia, Blood Transfusion, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence Tim 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARyIncreasing evidence indicates that patients known to have cardiovascular risk factors who are anemic should be managed differently from patients not known to be at risk. Clinical studies of patients in critical care units, patients in cardiac care units with acute myocardial infarction, and in Jehovah's Witness patients undergoing surgical procedures have demonstrated that patients at risk suffer adverse clinical consequences with moderate to severe anemia. Studies in a number of clinical settings indicate that morbidity and mortality can be improved with aggressive management of anemia.
Fresh Frozen Plasma: Clinical Guidelines and Use
Authors: Bélisle Sylvain , Hardy Jean‐François 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARyFresh frozen plasma (FFP) is the liquid portion of one unit of human blood that contains the labile and stable components of the coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement systems, as well as the proteins that maintain oncotic pressure and modulate immunity. The clinician must remember that a unit of single‐donor allogeneic plasma is a heterogeneous solution of proteins. Infusion of FFP normalizes abnormal tests efficaciously in patients with hereditary coagulopathies. However, its benefit in the treatment of excessive bleeding remains unclear and variable. In clinical practice, indication to transfuse FFP is based on a double threshold: a combination of abnormal coagulation tests plus excessive bleedings. FFP is not the first‐line option in the prevention of hemorrhage and in emergency reversal of oral anticoagulation for life‐threatening complications.