bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SLICING ON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION, ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND RIPENING OF MANGO FRUIT
Authors: ALLONG RENEE , WICKHAM LYNDA D. , MOHAMMED MAJEED 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of slicing on the rate of respiration and ethylene production and on total soluble solids (TSS) content, texture and microbiological contamination in Julie and Graham mangoes were examined. Effects varied with cultivar, the stage of ripeness and storage temperature. For mature‐green fruit of both cultivars, the respiration rates were highest in cut fruit immediately after slicing, decreasing significantly within the first 12 h of storage at both 5C and 10C and remaining sustained at levels above that of intact fruit throughout the storage period. The effect of slicing on half‐ripe and firm‐ripe fruit was an initial increase in respiration rate followed by a decline to levels equal to that of intact fruit. Slicing had no measurable effect on ethylene production. TSS content was greatest in sliced tissue at the higher temperatures while there was no effect of slicing on tissue firmness. Generally, storage at lower temperatures reduced the negative effects of wounding, including the level of microbial contamination.
POSTHARVEST DIPS TO CONTROL BLACK SPECK AND SCAR DISCOLORATION IN STORED BROCCOLI
Authors: DeELL J.R. , TOIVONEN P.M.A. , VIGNEAULT C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of postharvest dips on black speck development and scar discoloration in broccoli. Postharvest chlorine dips of 100, 200 or 300ppm for 5 or 10 min consistently reduced black speck development and scar discoloration in broccoli stored 4 weeks in air at 1C. Concentrations of 200 and 300ppm chlorine were also effective at reducing black speck and scar discoloration, respectively, in broccoli stored 4 weeks in controlled atmosphere (CA, 1% O2 and 12% CO2) at 1C. Citric (1%) and ascorbic (1%) acids, on the other hand, increased both black speck and scar discoloration, while L‐cysteine (0.01%) and combinations of citric (1 or 2%) and ascorbic (1 %) acids had no effect.
EVALUATION OF ISOMALT AND HYDROGENATED STARCH HYDROLYSATE IN SUGARLESS CARAMEL POPCORN1
Authors: BECK L.G. , ARAMOUNP F.M. , SETSER C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive formulations of sugarless caramel popcorn sweetened with different proportions of hydrogenated starch hydrolysate and isomalt were developed. Control and test products were evaluated for changes in physical, chemical and sensory properties over a 3‐month storage period at 33C and 50% humidity. Moisture content and water activity values increased for all products, but color values did not change with time. Texture compressibility measurements were highly correlated with liking of texture values gathered from a consumer study. The fonnula with 100percnt; isomalt was liked significantly more by consumers than the other formulas.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE WATER SORPTION PROPERTIES OF CEREAL FIBERS1
Authors: STRANGE ELIZABETH D. , ONWULATA CHARLES I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSix particle size fractions were prepared by grinding and sieving stabilized hard red wheat bran, oat fiber, and corn bran. Water adsorption indices (WAI's) and effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) were measured for all size fractions. WAI's of wheat bran decreased with particle size. WAI's of oat bran increased as particle size decreased and the WAI's of corn bran fractions did not vary as much as the other fibers. The Deff's of wheat increased, of oat decreased, and of corn were about the same as the particle size decreased. The wheat Deff was less than that of corn which was less than that of oats. Monolayer moisture content and bulk moisture content at high Aw were determined from moisture sorption isotherms measured on the smallest particles. There was no difference in the monolayer moistures but both corn and wheat brans adsorbed much more water at high Aw than did the oat bran. Effect of particle size on water sorption and, by inference, some types of functionality cannot be generalized and must be determined for each type of fiber.
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR SOYMILK AND TOFU QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS1
Authors: AZIADEKEY M. , JR. SCHAPAUGH W.T. , HERALD T.J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic and environmental influences responsible for variation in end‐use quality of soymilk and tofu will help soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] breeders develop cultivars for use in high‐quality products. This study was conducted to examine the relative contribution of genotype, environment, and their interaction to soymilk and tofu quality. Twelve genotypes were evaluated at two locations for 2 years, and a second group of 60 genotypes was tested at three locations for a single year. Genotype was the primary source of variation for most quality characteristics measured in soymilk and tofu. The relatively important genotype by environment interactions for tofu firmness and gumminess suggested the need for extensive testing to evaluate for these traits. A large genotype by environment interaction for chewiness prevented selection for this trait. These results indicate that breeders should consider genotype by environment interaction when developing soybean cultivars for soymilk and tofu.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SET YOGURT AS INFLUENCED BY INCUBATION TEMPERATURE AND HOMOGENIZATION
Authors: SHAKER R.R. , ABU‐JDAYIL B. , JUMAH R.Y. , IBRAHIM S.A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of incubation temperature and homogenization on the rheological nature of yogurt curd during gelation was investigated in this study. Our results indicated that the optimum incubation temperature for acid development was 45C. The minimum viscosity was observed at 40C while the maximum viscosity was at 48C. Our results also indicated that incubation temperature affected yogurt viscosity during the gelation process while homogenization had no significant effect. Increasing the incubation temperature decreased the flow behavior index and increased the consistency coefficient; homogenization increased the flow behavior index and decreased the consistency coefficient as described by a power law model.
EFFECTS OF PEEL ADDITION AND STORAGE ON QUALITY OF GOLDEN APPLE (SPONDIAS CYTHEREA SONN) HOT SAUCES
Authors: LOUIS CAMILLE ST. , BADRIE NEELA 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFresh, frozen or brined golden apple puree (Spondias cytherea) was utilized in hot sauces. The effects of puree, fruit peel addition, and storage on quality of sauces was investigated. Base formulation, (%) consisted of golden apple puree (50), water (25), vinegar (10), peppers (6), sucrose (4) aromatic spices (2), citric acid (1.1) sodium chloride (1.0), xanthan gum (0.8) and sodium benzoate (0.1). Processing of hot sauces was at85–90C for15–20 min followed by hot‐filling into glass bottles. Fruits were acceptable in 20% brine up to 6 weeks at28–31C. Physico‐chemical quality of sauces varied due (>P<0.05) to fruit puree. Sensory quality did not vary (<P>0.05) in sauces with 0% or 5% peel, however, sauces of 100% peel were more yellow (P<0.05), had lower total soluble solids (P<0.05) and were less acceptable (P<0.05). The shelf‐life of sauces was at least 90 days at28–31C or 5C.
PHOSPHATE MARINATION OF PORK LOINS AT HIGH AND LOW INJECTION PRESSURES
Authors: DETIENNE NOEL A. , REYNOLDS A. ESTES , WICKER LOUISE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWhole, boneless pork loins, divided into anterior and posterior sections, were injected with deionized water or sodium tripolyphosphate/NaCl solution at an injection pressure of 200 or 345 kPa with a constant injection level of 13%. A vacuum tumbling process subsequent to injection at 345 kPa was also evaluated. Increasing injection pressure of STPP/NaCl marinades improved cook loss, overall yield, but increased Warner‐Bratzler shear values of water‐only injected controls. Overall yield ranged between 84.6–98.1% for phosphate treated loins compared with yields of that ranged between 61.0–67.7% for no treatment and water injected controls. Posterior loin sections exhibited greater weight loss after 4 days storage than anterior sections. A significant marinade/position interaction was observed for total moisture. Tumbling of pork loins after needle injection increased overall yield.
CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY, SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PEANUT SOY SPREADS
Authors: DUBOST N.J. , SHEWFELT R.L. , EITENMILLER R.R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTextural properties of commercial peanut butter, commercial soy nut spread and three formulated peanut soy spreads with 8, 14, and 20% isolated soy protein were characterized using the Texture Analyser TA.TX2® Significant differences were found between the textural parameters of the treatments (α=0.05). Testing of color, aroma and textural attributes by a descriptive analysis panel indicated significant differences existed between the treatments. Based on consumer acceptability testing using a three‐point acceptability scale, the three peanut soy spreads were acceptable products. A mathematical relationship (R2= 0.5) existed between the sensory descriptor aroma and consumer acceptability, and between superior quality (tastes great) and aroma and mouthcoating. No significant relationships were observed between instrumental and consumer acceptability testing.
DIETARY FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS OF CAMELINA SATIVA SEED
Authors: ZUBR J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an ancient oilseed crop. Camelina seed can be used as a food ingredient and raw material for the production of oil. The by‐product from the production of oil by pressing (oil cakes) was traditionally used as fodder ingredient.Camelina seed samples for analyses were collected from geographically remote localities in Europe and in Scandinavia (6° W ‐ 25° E, 48 ‐ 61° N). The seed was analyzed for the content of oil, fatty acids, total nitrogen and amino acids.The mean content of oil in the seed was 43.3 ± 0.22%/DM. The predominating acid, α‐linolenic (18:3 n‐3), was 37.8 ± 0.17%; and others were oleic acid (18:1 n‐6) 13.4 ± 0.13%; linoleic acid (18:2 n‐6) 14.8 ± 0.12%; gondoic acid (20: 1 n‐9) 15.4 ± 0.16% and erucic acid (22: 1 n‐9) was 2.76 ± 0.07%/total FA.Crude protein was 42.5 ± 0.46%/fat free DM. Considerable amounts of essential amino acids were present, such as arginine 8.15 ± 0.06%; glycine 5.44 ± 0.04%; isoleucine 3.96 ± 0.02%; leucine 6.63 ± 0.04%; lysine 4.95 ± 0.04%; phenylalanine 4.19 ± 0.04%; proline 5.09 ± 0.03%; threonine 4.25 ± 0.03% and valine 5.42 ± 0.04%. The methionine content was 1.72 ± 0.04% and cystine, 2.12 ± 0.05% (A.A. g/16 g N).
EVALUATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF CHITOSAN TOFU DURING STORAGE
Authors: KIM MEERA , SON IN‐SOOK , HAN JIN‐SOOK 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTofu containing both low and high viscosity chitosan was prepared and changes in the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties of the tofu during storage were investigated. The colony forming units of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms in tofu containing high viscosity chitosan were markedly lower during storage than those in the control tofu as well as the tofu containing low viscosity chitosan. The pH of the tofu samples increased during storage. The L and a values of the tofu, especially the control tofu, increased during storage. In the sensory test, the roasted nutty and beany aromas of the tofu decreased during storage. Instrumental analysis of hardness and chewiness of the tofu decreased during storage. Overall preference for the tofu gradually decreased during storage, but overall preference for the tofu containing high viscosity chitosan scored higher than the other tofu samples.
PHYSICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE U.S. STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS GROWN IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: XIE JING , ZHAO YANYUN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTotem, Shuksan, and Puget Reliance are the three predominant strawberry cultivars in the U.S. Northwest. Fruit shape and size, volume, density, porosity, specific gravity, moisture content, water activity, color, firmness, pH value, titratable acid, and mineral content were determined. The three cultivars had significantly different physical and physicochemical properties (P < 0.05). Shuksan had the largest volume, and lowest density and specific gravity. The soluble solids and texture of Puget Reliance were the highest among the three cultivars. Totem had the highest ratio of soluble solids to total acids (SS/TA). Despite these differences, all three strawberry cultivars had attractive color, a high SS/TA ratio, and thus, good commercial qualities. These strawberry cultivars were also excellent sources of manganese, ranging from about 19% to 21% DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) manganese in 100 g fresh strawberries.
A serological and virological survey for evidence of infection with Newcastle disease virus in Australian chicken farms
Authors: Kite VG , Boyle DB , Heine HG , Pritchard I , Garner MG , East IJ 
Published: May 2007

Objective  To determine the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus on Australian chicken farms and to determine the pathotype and relationships of the Newcastle disease viruses present on those farms.Design  A cross‐sectional survey of 753 commercial chicken farms.Procedure  The survey comprised a detailed questionnaire and collection of venous blood samples. The titre of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus was determined by haemagglutination inhibition. Virus isolation was conducted from cloacal and tracheal swabs taken from chickens in serologically positive flocks. Virus isolates were pathotyped on the basis of the deduced Fusion protein cleavage site determined by nucleotide sequencing of a 265 bp region of the genome in the region of the cleavage site.Results  Antibody evidence of Newcastle disease virus infection was found on 300 of the 753 surveyed farms throughout all 11 geographic regions of the survey. The highest prevalence occurred in the Sydney basin, New South Wales and Victoria east regions. Antibody titres were also highest in the regions where serologically positive flocks were most prevalent. The 259 virus isolates revealed nine different RNA sequences. Of the nine virus groups isolated, the most common group W was identical in sequence to the V4 vaccine strain. Five of the other groups had novel RNA sequences in the region of the F protein cleavage site.Conclusions  Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus are highly prevalent in the Australian chicken flock but all identified strains were avirulent in nature.
Trace Element Data (1966‐1977) for the Six “NIMROC” Reference Samples
Authors: STEELE T. W. , WILSON A. , GOUDVIS R. , ELLIS P. J. , RADFORD A. J. 
Published: May 2007

Six rock reference samples (granite, syenite, lujavrite, norite, pyroxenite, dunite) in 250 kg quantities were prepared by the National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM) in 1966. Analytical data contributed by co‐operating laboratories for minor and trace elements in these NIMROC samples since then are presented here. Relevant statistical data are briefly presented; recommended values are given for those elements for which the number of results and their quality are reasonably acceptable. A brief description is also given of the procedures that were used in the estimation of these recommended values but for more details, the original NIM Report No. 1945, dated February 28, 1978 should be consulted.
Role of Statistics in the Certification Of Standard Reference Materials
Authors: BASTENAIRE F. 
Published: May 2007

Caimon practice indicates that measurements made in different laboratories on the same material (chemical analyses, for instance) can vary considerably. The differences can be ignored as long as their amplitude is of little practical significance, but in many cases, they cannot be disregarded and may even become a problem.If the material is intended for use as a reference material, the results obtained by various laboratories have to be treated to produce a “certified” value. The choice of the appropriate method of treatment depends on basic philosophical views about the nature and the structure of the scatterain the results. Statistical methods provide the correct answer when the fluctuations involved can be regarded as random.
Major Element Data (1966–1978) for The Six “Nimroc” Reference Samples
Authors: STEELE T.W. , HANSEN R.G. 
Published: May 2007

The results are given for all the determinations made by the co‐operating laboratories of major elements in the six NIMROC rock samples (granite, syenite, lujavrite, norite, pyroxenite and dunite) prepared by the National Institute for Metallurgy in 1966. Relevant statistical data are given for the sets of results for each major constituent, and recommended values for all constituents except Al203, Na20, K20and CO2 in dunite, Fe2O3, MgO and CO2 in the granite, Fe23 and CO2 in the norite and CO2 in the pyroxenite.This report and that on the trace and minor elements issued in 1978 complete the revision of the recommended values. It is suggested that analysts should concentrate rather on those constituents for which the results have shown such a wide scatter that they can be of no usc for reference purposes, than on those for which the ualues are fairly well established.
A Re ‐ Assessment of the Criteria for Certifiability in CCRMP
Authors: STEGER Henry F. 
Published: May 2007

The effect of the between‐ and within‐laboratory standard deviation and of the number of laboratories on the magnitude of the certification factor, CF, introduced in 1975 by the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project (CCRMP) has been discussed. The applicability of CF to reference materials has been assessed on the basis of the correlation between the between‐ and within‐laboratory standard deviation. The validity of the critical value of 4 for CF for certifiability is examined.An examination of all available data has led to the conclusion that the quality of an interlaboratory program is sufficient to warrant certifiability only if the ratio of the between‐to the within‐laboratory standard deviation is 3 or less for most elements and 2 or less for uranium. It has been shown that the number of laboratories rejected based on the upper limit of this ratio differs only slightly from that based on laboratory means differing by more than twice the standard deviation of the overall mean for the majority of elements that have been certified. A new measure for assessing the certifiability of an element has been introduced and is based on the requirement that the percentage of laboratories that are rejected to give a ratio of the between‐ to within‐laboratory standard deviation less than or equal to the critical value of 3 or, for uranium, 2 should be no greater than 15% regardless of the number of laboratories in the certification program.
Report (1967–1981) on Four ANRT Rock Reference Samples: Diorite DR‐N, Serpentine UB‐N, Bauxite BX‐N and Disthene DT‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU Kuppusami 
Published: May 2007

All data reported by 200 analysts (106 laboratories) are presented for the four ANRT samples: Diorite DR‐N, Serpentine UB‐N, Bauxite BX‐N and Disthène DT‐N. Recommended values are given for the major and minor elements. As far as the as trace elements are concerned, DR‐N has been characterized for 35 elements whereas the other three samples have been for only 20 elements. Wherever possible, brief comments have been inserted so as to explain our way of assigning recommended or proposed values.After more than a decade of existence the total number of data reported for all the four samples reach only 3200 units which are not sufficient enough for a valid evaluation of compiled data. It is also pointed out that these samples are most likely to be available even during the next century as they have been prepared in large quantities of the order of one ton. A plea is therefore made for contribution of more data particularly for trace elements and for major elements which are present as trace elements in UB‐N, BX‐N and DT‐N.
Five Robust Indicators of Central Value
Authors: ELLIS P.J. , STEELE T.W. 
Published: May 2007

The presence of outliers and the statistical noise that affects the data for reference materials have undesirable effects on the mean and on other indicators of the central value. Five robust indicators of the central value, which are resistant to obvious outliers and less obvious contamination (spurious data), were investigated: the dominant cluster mode, the modian, the Gastwirth median, the trimean, and the trimmed mean. The mean and the median were investigated for purposes of comparison.The results confirm that the mean is very unreliable, and that the Gastwirth median and the dominant cluster mode are strong indicators of the central value.
Reference Samples in Geology and Geochemistry
Authors: Flanagan F. J. 
Published: May 2007

The use of geologic reference samples may have started in the last quarter of the 19th century after analysts in England, Germany, and the United States deplored the large variation in data obtained by different analysts for the same constitutent in the same sample. Early samples involved in cooperative analysis, also known as “round robins,” were mainly industrial or agricultural materials of economic value, or products derived from them. Data from some round robins were so diverse that “uniformity in analysis” was a part of early committee names. The first two geologic samples of the National Bureau of Standards were analyzed cooperatively.Samples for geology and geochemistry are classified as artificial samples or as natural materials of either economic or geochemical interest—the latter distinction not always possible. Artificial samples have been prepared in several substrates, and samples in other substrates may be limited only by the ingenuity of the analyst.The principal suppliers of samples of economic interest are discussed, by country, to show the range of samples prepared by organizations. Natural samples of geochemical interest are mentioned by sample type. Because of their intended use, some geochemical samples are restricted to analysts using specific techniques.Methods used for and precautions to be observed while preparing large or small rock samples are discussed. Excess grinding of small rock samples reduces the amount of FeO found in a rock analysis. Unavoidable contamination occurs when processing rocks in steel. Tungsten carbide, and some mechanical equipment, should be avoided. A review of the allied subjects of homogeneity of a sample, sampling errors, and size of the sample grains shows that we have reinvented the wheel since 1885.Methods used tc (1) test the homogeneity of samples, (2) eliminate outliers which some scientists reject repeatedly despite warnings of statisticians, and (3) estimate best values when the method for estimating should be part of the program for a sample are discussed. Calibration lines may be used to determine if “best values” in a series of several samples are really “best” and to furnish confidence limits for a single datum.The agreement of data by an analyst for a reference sample with data preferred by an issuing organization is usually described by one of several adjectives, a subjective procedure. A variation of a x2method may be used if a producer specifies the exact number of data for the cooperative analytical program to be furnished by each analyst and then calculates the population estimates of the mean and standard deviation for an element in a sample.Because of the large increase in the number of reference samples of all types, a revised table listing samples that may be useful in geochemistry is included. It is not known if the samples, other than those of the U.S. Geological Survey, were collected in conformance with provisions of the Plant Pest Control Regulations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or of similar organizations in other nations.