bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception of Sleep in Recovering Alcohol‐Dependent Patients With Insomnia: Relationship With Future Drinking
Authors: Conroy Deirdre A. , Todd Arnedt J. , Brower Kirk J. , Strobbe Stephen , Consens Flavia , Hoffmann Robert , Armitage Roseanne 
Published: October 2006

Background: Subjective and objective measures of poor sleep in alcoholic insomniacs predict relapse to drinking. Nonalcoholic insomniacs underestimate their total sleep time (TST) and overestimate their sleep onset latency (SOL) and wake time after sleep onset (WASO) compared with polysomnography (PSG). This study evaluated 3 hypotheses: (1) subjective SOL would predict frequency of future drinking; (2) participants would overestimate SOL and WASO and underestimate TST; and (3) higher amounts of over‐ and underestimates of sleep at baseline would predict worse drinking outcomes prospectively.Methods: Participants (N=18), mean age 44.6 years (±13.2), underwent an adaptation night and then 2 nights of PSG 3 weeks apart. They also provided morning estimates of SOL, WASO, TST, and sleep efficiency (SE). Following the baseline PSG, participants were followed over 12 weeks. A 2‐way ANOVA (night × method of measuring sleep) compared results and regression analyses predicted drinking. Drinking outcomes were defined as number of days drinking (DD) and number of heavy‐drinking days (HDD) during 2 consecutive 6‐week follow‐up periods.Results: Most participants (72%) overestimated SOL by a mean of 21.3 (±36) minutes compared with PSG [F(1, 14)=7.1, p<0.03]. Unexpectedly, 89% underestimated WASO by a mean difference of 48.7 (±49) minutes [F(1, 14)=15.6, p<0.01]. Drinking during the first 6‐week study period was predicted by both subjective estimates of WASO and their accuracy, whereas drinking during the second 6‐week period was predicted by both subjective estimations of sleep and rapid eye movement sleep latency.Conclusion: Greater subjective accuracy of wakefulness at night provided by the patient predicted drinking during the study. Unlike nonalcoholic insomniacs, this alcoholic sample significantly underestimated WASO compared with PSG values. The predictive ability of sleep parameters depended on the selected measure of drinking outcomes and when outcomes were measured. Subjective sleep measures were better predictors of future drinking than corresponding PSG measures.
Infant Stress Reactivity and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Haley David W. , Handmaker Nancy S. , Lowe Jean 
Published: October 2006

Background: Animal studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is linked to alterations in the stress response systems. To date, little is known about the impact of PAE on stress systems in human infants. The current study examined PAE effects on the stress response, as evidenced by the activation of the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (L‐HPA) axis and autonomic system and changes in negative affect during a social‐emotional challenge in human infants. We also examined whether the effects of PAE on infant responsiveness differed in boys and girls.Methods: Measures of cortisol, heart rate, and negative affect were obtained during a modified version of Tronick's still‐face procedure, a standardized developmental paradigm used to study emotion and stress regulation. Our sample included fifty‐five 5‐ to 7‐month‐old infants whose mothers were enrolled in an alcohol intervention study. Measures of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and after delivery were obtained using Timeline Followback interviewing methods. Relationships between prenatal alcohol consumption and infant outcomes were examined. In addition, mothers were divided into high and low‐frequency drinkers, based on the mean percent of prenatal drinking days (PDD) to facilitate between‐group comparisons of infant stress measures.Results: Mothers enrolled in our study reported significant reductions in alcohol consumption after learning of their pregnancies. Nevertheless, PDD from conception to pregnancy recognition was related to increases in cortisol reactivity, elevated heart rate, and negative affect in their infants. The effects of PAE on infant responsiveness were significant after controlling for the effects of maternal depression and annual income. In addition, the effects of PAE on cortisol reactivity differed for boys and girls.Conclusions: Greater PAE was related to greater activation of stress response systems. Our findings suggest that PAE affects the development of infant stress systems and that these effects differ in boys and girls. This work supports the possibility that PAE is related to alterations in infant stress systems, which could underlie problems in cognitive and social–emotional functioning that are common among persons exposed prenatally to alcohol.
Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Epilepsy: “The Truth is Rarely Pure and Never Simple”1
Authors: Miller John W. 
Published: October 2006

Natural History of Treated Childhood-Onset Epilepsy: Prospective, Long-Term Population-Based Study Sillanpää M, Schmidt D Brain 2006;129(Pt 3):617–624 It is not well known how often drug resistance, a major clinical problem, occurs early or late in the course of epilepsy and how often epilepsy follows a continuous, remitting or relapsing-remitting pattern. To provide evidence if, in fact, different patterns of evolution of drug resistance and remission exist, a prospective, long-term population-based study of 144 patients followed on the average for 37.0 years (SD 7.1, median 40.0, range 11–42) since their first seizure before the age of 16 years was performed. At the end of follow-up, 67% of 144 patients were in terminal remission, on or off antiepileptic drugs. Early remission, starting within the first year of treatment, was seen in 45 patients (31%). In 23 (16%) of them, first remission continued, uninterrupted by relapse, to terminal remission. Late remission with a mean delay of 9 years was achieved by a further 72 patients (50%), including 46 (32%) patients who achieved terminal remission without any relapse and suggested, together with 23 patients, a remitting course. Following a relapse after early or late remission, 28 (19%) patients achieved terminal remission, suggesting a remitting-relapsing pattern. Altogether 20 patients (14%) did not re-enter remission, indicating a worsening course of epilepsy. Twenty-seven (19%) patients were drug-resistant from the start to the end of follow-up. In conclusion, half the patients with childhood-onset epilepsy will eventually enter terminal remission without relapse and a fifth after relapse. One-third will have a poor long-term outcome in terms of persistent seizures after remission or without any remission ever.
Treatment of New Onset Seizures: Predicting Long-Term Outcome
Authors: Ben-Menachem E. 
Published: October 2006

Prediction of Risk of Seizure Recurrence after a Single Seizure and Early Epilepsy: Further Results from the MESS Trial Kim LG, Johnson TL, Marson AG, Chadwick DW; MRC MESS Study group Lancet Neurol 2006;5:317–322. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol 2006;5:383 Background The MRC Multicentre trial for Early Epilepsy and Single Seizures (MESS) showed a reduced risk of further seizures in patients, for whom treatment with antiepileptic drugs was uncertain, who were randomly assigned immediate treatment compared with delayed treatment. However, there was no evidence of long-term remission rates. This study was undertaken to assess the role of patient characteristics and treatment in the prediction of seizure recurrence. This will enable decision making on the basis of the perceived risk of treatment compared with the benefit of reducing the risk of further seizures in the initial years after diagnosis. Methods A prognostic model was developed based on individual patient data from MESS to enable identification of patients at low, medium, or high risk of seizure recurrence. A split-sample approach was used in which the model was developed on a subsample of the full data and validated on the remainder of the sample. Distinction of the prognostic groups and predictive accuracy of the model were assessed. Findings Number of seizures of all types at presentation, presence of a neurological disorder, and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) were significant factors in indicating future seizures. Individuals with two or three seizures, a neurological disorder, or an abnormal EEG were identified as the medium-risk group, those with two of these features or more than three seizures as the high-risk group, and those with a single seizure only as the low-risk group. Interpretation The model shows that there is little benefit to immediate treatment in patients at low risk of seizure recurrence, but potentially worthwhile benefits are seen in those at medium and high risk.
Is Mesial Temporal Sclerosis a Necessary Component of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?
Authors: Kapur Jaideep 
Published: October 2006

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy after Experimental Prolonged Febrile Seizures: Prospective Analysis Dube C, Richichi C, Bender RA, Chung G, Litt B, Baram TZ Brain 2006;129(Pt 4):911–922 Experimental prolonged febrile seizures (FS) lead to structural and molecular changes that promote hippocampal hyperexcitability and reduce seizure threshold to further convulsants. However, whether these seizures provoke later-onset epilepsy, as has been suspected in humans, has remained unclear. Previously, intermittent EEGs with behavioural observations for motor seizures failed to demonstrate spontaneous seizures in adult rats subjected to experimental prolonged FS during infancy. Because limbic seizures may be behaviourally subtle, here we determined the presence of spontaneous limbic seizures using chronic video monitoring with concurrent hippocampal and cortical EEGs, in adult rats (starting around 3 months of age) that had sustained experimental FS on postnatal day 10. These subjects were compared with groups that had undergone hyperthermia but in whom seizures had been prevented (hyperthermic controls), as well as with normothermic controls. Only events that fulfilled both EEG and behavioural criteria, i.e. electro-clinical events, were considered spontaneous seizures. EEGs (over 400 recorded hours) were normal in all normothermic and hyperthermic control rats, and none of these animals developed spontaneous seizures. In contrast, prolonged early-life FS evoked spontaneous electro-clinical seizures in 6 out of 17 experimental rats (35.2%). These seizures consisted of sudden freezing (altered consciousness) and typical limbic automatisms that were coupled with polyspike/sharp-wave trains with increasing amplitude and slowing frequency on EEG. In addition, interictal epileptiform discharges were recorded in 15 (88.2%) of the experimental FS group and in none of the controls. The large majority of hippocampally-recorded seizures were heralded by diminished amplitude of cortical EEG, that commenced half a minute prior to the hippocampal ictus and persisted after seizure termination. This suggests a substantial perturbation of normal cortical neuronal activity by these limbic spontaneous seizures. In summary, prolonged experimental FS lead to later-onset limbic (temporal lobe) epilepsy in a significant proportion of rats, and to interictal epileptifom EEG abnormalities in most others, and thus represent a model that may be useful to study the relationship between FS and human temporal lobe epilepsy.
Atypical neurothekeoma: a new case and review of the literature
Authors: Campanati Anna , Brandozzi Giuliano , Sisti Stefano , Bernardini Maria Luisa , Offidani Anna Maria 
Published: October 2006

Background:  Neurothekeoma is a rare neoplasm ascribed into the broad category of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors. The atypical cellular variant of this neoplasm, showing a peculiar histological pattern, has been very rarely reported in literature.Methods:  The clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical profile of a new case of atypical cellular neurothekeoma in a 32‐year‐old woman is reported.Results:  The described neoplasm showed the histological features of atypical variant of cellular neurothekeoma with high‐rate mitotic activity and deep penetration into subcutaneous fat.Conclusions:  Because only few cases of atypical neurothekeoma have been reported in literature, clinical and morphological available data on this neoplasm are very few, and its prognosis remains uncertain; anyway, dermatologists should be aware of histological features of this neoplasm for which a complete surgical excision is recommended.
The answer is blowing in the wind: simulating the interaction of jets with dynamic cluster atmospheres
Authors: Heinz S. , Brüggen M. , Young A. , Levesque E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We present numerical simulations investigating the interaction of active galactic nucleus jets with galaxy clusters, for the first time taking into account the dynamic nature of the cluster gas and detailed cluster physics. The simulations successfully reproduce the observed morphologies of radio sources in clusters. We find that cluster inhomogeneities and large-scale flows have a significant impact on the morphology of the radio source and cannot be ignored a priori when investigating radio source dynamics. Morphological comparison suggests that the gas in the centres of clusters like Virgo and Abell 4059 shows significant shear and/or rotation. We find that shear and rotation in the intracluster medium move large amounts of cold material back into the path of the jet, ensuring that subsequent jet outbursts encounter a sufficient column density of gas to couple with the inner cluster gas, thus alleviating the problem of evacuated channels discussed in the recent literature. The same effects redistribute the excess energy ΔE deposited by the jet, making the distribution of ΔE at late times consistent with being isotropic.
Growing supermassive black holes by chaotic accretion
Authors: King A. R. , Pringle J. E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We consider the problem of growing the largest supermassive black holes from stellar mass seeds at high redshift. Rapid growth without violating the Eddington limit requires that most mass is gained while the hole has a low spin and thus a low radiative accretion efficiency. If, as was formerly thought, the black hole spin aligns very rapidly with the accretion flow, even a randomly oriented sequence of accretion events would all spin up the hole and prevent rapid mass growth. However, using the recent result that the Bardeen–Petterson effect causes counteralignment of hole and disc spins under certain conditions, we show that holes can grow rapidly in mass if they acquire most of it in a sequence of randomly oriented accretion episodes whose angular momenta Jd are no larger than the angular momentum of the hole, Jh. Ultimately the hole has total angular momentum comparable with the last accretion episode. This points to a picture in which the accretion is chaotic on a lengthscale of order the disc size, that is, ≲0.1 pc.
Infrared observations of the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi: the early phase
Authors: Evans A. , Kerr T. , Yang Bin , Matsuoka Y. , Tsuzuki Y. , Bode M. F. , Eyres S. P. S. , Geballe T. R. , Woodward C. E. , Gehrz R. D. , Lynch D. K. , Rudy R. J. , Russell R. W. , O'Brien T. J. , Starrfield S. G. , Davis R. J. , Ness J.-U. , Drake J. , Osborne J. P. , Page K. L. , Adamson A. , Schwarz G. , Krautter J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We present infrared spectroscopy of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi, obtained 11.81, 20.75 and 55.71 d following its 2006 eruption. The spectra are dominated by hydrogen recombination lines, together with He i, O i and O ii lines; the electron temperature of ∼104 K implied by the recombination spectrum suggests that we are seeing primarily the wind of the red giant, ionized by the ultraviolet flash when RS Oph erupted. However, strong coronal emission lines (i.e. emission from fine structure transitions in ions having high ionization potential) are present in the last spectrum. These imply a temperature of 930 000 K for the coronal gas; this is in line with X-ray observations of the 2006 eruption. The emission linewidths decrease with time in a way that is consistent with the shock model for the X-ray emission.
Efficacy of the Kampo Medicine Xiong-Gui-Jiao-Ai-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Medicine, in the Treatment of Threatened Abortion in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Ushiroyama Takahisa , Araki Ryoji , Sakuma Kou , Nosaka Sakura , Yamashita Yoshiki , Kamegai Hideki 
Published: October 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang (Kyuki-kyogai-to), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, in the treatment of threatened abortion in early pregnancy. We enrolled 72 women diagnosed with threatened abortion at Osaka Medical College Hospital and assigned them at random to the following two groups: a group of 36 women who received Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang at a dose of 7.5 g/day and another group of 36 women who received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)(control group). We found that in the Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang group (2.9 ± 3.5 days), the number of days required before hemostasis was reached in the uterus was significantly shorter than in the control group (10.8 ± 8.2 days, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the number of days required for retroplacental hematoma in the vicinity of the gestational sac to disappear was significantly shorter in the Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang group (9.9 ± 7.1 days) than in the control group (23.2 ± 12.8 days) ( p < 0.0001). In retroplacental hematoma size, significant rates of reduction were obtained in both major and minor axis measurements at the 7th day of treatment for the Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang group compared to the control group (control vs Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang: major axis: 7.5 ± 3.8% vs 42.3 ± 10.5%; minor axis: 15.3 ± 16.8% vs 71.5 ± 48.2%)( p < 0.0001, each case). The results of this study demonstrated the beneficial effects of Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang in stabilizing early pregnancy. Xiong-gui-jiao-ai-tang can be expected to improve unstable early pregnancy with uterine bleeding and to prevent abortion.
A Study on the Clinical Effects of Physical Therapy and Acupuncture to Treat Spontaneous Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Ma Tsochiang , Kao Mu-Jung , Lin I-hsin , Chiu Yen-Lin , Chien Chingwen , Ho Tsung-Jung , Chu Bow-Ching , Chang Yung-Hsien 
Published: October 2006

The integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine and their clinical effects have been widely evaluated. Many studies have shown that using a combination of these two remedies has resulted in better outcomes than using only one of them. Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical technique, which plays an important role in enforcing pain control, prevention and functional improvement. In 1979, the World Health Organization (WHO) journal introduced acupuncture as a remedy for 43 diseases, including frozen shoulder. This study aims to assess the therapeutic outcomes of combining acupuncture and physical therapy to treat frozen shoulder, and hopes to establish an evidence-based study of the integration of acupuncture and western medicine in the future. A total of 75 frozen shoulder patients treated in a medical center were recruited for the study between January 2002 and December 2002. The average age of these patients was 54.8 years. The average duration of the condition was 25.8 weeks before treatment. Of the 75 patients, 30 were treated by physical therapy, 30 by acupuncture and 15 by both remedies. Before the treatment began, all patients were evaluated by assessing static pain scale, motion pain scale, active and passive ROM (range of motion) and quality of life scale sheet SF-36 (Short Form-36). The outcome was evaluated by follow-up assessments conducted at the 2nd week and 4th week of treatment sessions. All patients showed improvement in quality of life (Short Form-36). Pain was controlled better by acupuncture while ROM improved following physical therapy. However, patients treated by both methods had the best outcome. The integration of acupuncture and physical therapy to treat frozen shoulder leads to a better outcome than using only one method. The author suggests that an evidence-based foundation of the integration of Chinese and Western medicine should be established in the future, to encourage the integration of Chinese and Western medicine.
Changing dynamics in the Canadian voluntary sector: challenges in sustaining organizational capacity to support healthy communities
Authors: Steedman Eric , Rabinowicz Jane 
Published: October 2006

The voluntary sector is recognized, by citizens, industry and government, as an increasingly vital contributor to healthy communities within Canadian society, called upon to provide front-line service delivery in areas of community support that were in the past often served by government and or religious charity. (The voluntary sector is large, consisting of an estimated 180,000 non-profit organizations [of which 80,000 are registered as charities] and hundreds of thousands more volunteer groups that are not incorporated [Statistics Canada, 2002].) The dynamics of the sector have changed considerably over the past decade, as government has pulled back the level of core organizational funding support and the role of the church has diminished. As community health is directly related to the organizational health of service-providing non-profits and charities, these organizations are looking increasingly towards corporate and individual donors, along with new self-financing approaches that generate revenues. They are also facing challenges in attracting and retaining skilled and motivated volunteers. As the scope of the voluntary sector and its overall influence grows, so do the organizational and financial challenges it faces. This article will address in particular the issue of funding support for healthy communities and examine a number of potential and existing best practices for sustaining community health in Canada. We will also look at the issue of volunteerism and human resource capacity challenges for organizations. This is an area in which the Canadian government has decided to focus as a result of explicit policy decisions taken in the late 1990s.