bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making the grade
Authors: Quadling Douglas 
Published: January 2007

The candidates have sat the examination. The examiners have marked the scripts. Everyone has gone on holiday … except the chief examiners, for whom one more task remains. Before the Board’s computer can start to churn out the results slips, they must decide the formula for converting the marks into grades.When there is just a single paper, and no course work, as with many AS examinations, this is straightforward enough. The chief examiner, making a judgement of the quality of the scripts against grade descriptions, backed up by past experience, will propose a set of grade boundaries – that is, the lowest marks which should achieve each of the available grades – and the conversion is then automatic. For example, if the grade boundaries are A 76, B 68, C 59, D 50, E 41 and N 32, then candidates with marks of 61, 99 and 30 will be graded C, A and U respectively.
Virtual mathematics
Authors: Cochrane Peter 
Published: January 2007

The single biggest problem we face is that of visualisationRichard P. Feynman, Los Alamos 1945Given the critical dependence of our civilisation on mathematics, it is paradoxical that it lacks any general acclaim or popularity, and usually invokes fear and mysticism. Perhaps this is because, for most of us, the process of acquiring mathematical skills is somewhat protracted and painful. It is often perceived as a nightmare topic, which engenders a defence mechanism of open ignorance that is often lauded. In truth, most people can become reasonably competent. However, the time and effort needed to acquire the formal rigour for even a modest capability is often seen as excessive by modern standards.
A final-year university course on the history of mathematics: actively confronting the past
Authors: Fowler D.H. 
Published: January 2007

Let me emphasise: I shall be describing the ideals and aims that have evolved out of a final-year undergraduate course on the history of mathematics that I have run, off and on, for several years. But some past participants may scarcely recognise what I am writing about!One skill that historians need but mathematicians tend to disdain is the ability to read: to scan rapidly material of peripheral importance, to read closely what is relevant, and to retain an accurate summary. So, as an introduction, at the end of their second year, I circulate all students with an outline of the course and a short reading list: they are very strongly recommended to read, right through, some book that gives a panoramic view of the subject. I suggest Struik, as the shortest, Boyer, for more detail, and the superb but demanding and ridiculously expensive Open University Course for the energetic who can get their hands on it. Also I assign a preliminary selection of texts for study (see (a) below) and I point to a box of relevant articles that I maintain in our university library. Some students do prepare for the course in advance, but the majority only register a mental note to come to the first class then forget about it, even losing their piece of paper!
The factorial function: convex functions, the Bohr-Mollerup-Artin theorem, and some formulae
Authors: Fowler David 
Published: January 2007

How might we define x!? This is the next in my series of articles [1-3]; by now we know quite a bit about the factorial function, except that we have no real definition of it, nothing that would allow us to evaluate, say, ½!. So how do we move on to the next stage?
There is a range of strategies. We could find or manufacture a suitable function f that satisfies the basic relations

and adopt it as our definition.
Some Recent Finds at Alahan (Koja Kalessi)
Authors: Gough Michael 
Published: January 2007

Of the many Byzantine churches in Cilicia which have survived, in a greater or lesser state of ruin, to the present day, there can be no doubt that the best known and most remarkable is the monastery church at Alahan in Isauria. During July, 1890, Professor W. M. Ramsay, D. G. Hogarth and A. C. Headlam visited the site, and in 1892 published their results under the title “Ecclesiastical Sites in Isauria (Cilicia Trachea)” in Supplementary Papers No. II of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. This publication completely superseded that of Laborde who had been at Alahan in 1826, and to-day it is still the only authoritative work on the subject of the architecture and relief sculpture of the monastery.Headlam's description of the site is brief and accurate. “The ruins of Koja Kalessi (i.e. Alahan) are situated about 3,000 feet above the Calycadnus valley and 4,000 feet above the sea, facing south and southwest and looking over the junction of the two great river valleys through which the branches of the ancient Calycadnus run. They consist of a large monastery with buildings of various characters too much destroyed to be easily identified, and a church in very good preservation. They are built on a terrace running due east and west, partly cut out of the side of the hill, with the ground falling away very steeply below and rising almost precipitously above.” (Pl. IX, b).
A Hellenistic Survival at Eucarpia
Authors: Calder W. M. 
Published: January 2007

Two good friends have supplied me with the material for a note which I dedicate, with kind wishes, to a third.Michael Ballance inaugurated the epigraphical harvest of our journey in 1954 with the discovery of two remarkable inscriptions at Emircik near Beyce Sultan (territory of Eumeneia). One of these served to clinch an argument in Anatolian Studies, V, 1955, p. 38. The second is no. 1 below.A few days later Habip Zebir Ağa, itinerant tinker of Sandıklı, called at the excavation headquarters to remind me of an earlier encounter which I had forgotten. He had visited Synnada in the exercise of his craft in 1930 while the American Society's expedition was working there, and I had taught him how to copy Greek inscriptions and urged him to make copies of any monuments he might find in the course of his work in central Phrygia. He brought with him a bundle of copies he had made during the intervening years, mainly from Synnada, the Pentapolis and the Eumeneticus Campus. A number of these copies are of known monuments and show that, for one ignorant of Latin and Greek, he is a careful and reliable copyist. One of his copies is no. 2 below.
The Cappadocian Symbol
Authors: Wainwright G. A. 
Published: January 2007

There are two well-defined varieties of the Cappadocian Symbol; one with bosses and one without. It is the first type that is considered here.Apart from the presence or absence of the bosses there is a fairly well-defined difference in the curved members, Figs, 1, 2. Those with the bosses almost invariably curve upwards and inwards as if embracing the limb of the cross, while those without the bosses are so strongly recurved outwards as to double back on to the other limb of the cross, and perhaps were finally thought of as belonging to it.The two types very rarely combine, but on one occasion we have a curious case where there are only four bosses inside the curves and the curves themselves are very strongly bent backwards in the manner of those without the bosses. On yet another occasion we have a case which again only has the four bosses within the curves, but here the latter have come completely apart from the cross and lie almost on the horizontal limbs, see Figs. 6, 7 infra. As will appear later on, these seem to provide a link between the two types, that with the bosses and that without.
Four Urartian Bulls' Heads
Authors: Hanfmann George M. A. 
Published: January 2007

In this article we bring together for the first time four bronze bulls' heads of impressive size and weight which seem to form a series. One is in the collection of Mr. J. J. Emery, of Cincinnati, another is in the Fogg Museum, a third is in Cleveland (Plates XVII–XVIII), and the fourth (Plate XIX) is in the Louvre. In 1954 Mr. Emery generously lent his piece to the Fogg Museum for the exhibition of “Ancient Art in American Private Collections” and, through the good offices of Miss Dorothy G. Shepherd, the Trustees of the Cleveland Museum of Art consented to send the Cleveland bull's head for a brief period. Thus I was enabled to examine and compare three of the four heads of this series. For the piece in the Louvre, which I have not seen, I am making use of photographs and measurements supplied by A. Parrot.As R. D. Barnett was the first to point out to me, two bulls' heads of this kind were found in 1905 in the village of Guşçi, on Urmia Lake. An account of this discovery was given by “Atrpet” in the Armenian periodical Azgagrakan Handess, Revue Ethnographique publiée par la Société Ethnographique Arménienne, XXIII, Part 2, 1912, pp. 114–124.
Some New Assyrian Rock-Reliefs in Turkey
Authors: Aytuğ Taşyürek O. 
Published: January 2007

Of the Assyrian rock-reliefs in Turkey, only two long-known groups, those of the Cudi Dağ and Bırklin (“the Tigris Tunnel”) have been fully published. These groups are both accompanied by inscriptions and present no problems of dating. A further relief at Eğil has been known for some time but is somewhat inaccessible, to the extent that it is still unclear whether or not it is inscribed. It has been the subject of a recent study.It is the purpose of the present article to make known some further Assyrian rock-reliefs, a single one from Cilicia, and a group from the Hatay. These reliefs were located by the author during surveys and travels, 1973–74. That these reliefs have remained undiscovered up to the present is a curious coincidence, and they may now take their place alongside those of the Cudi Dağ and Bırklin, as well as the rather few other reliefs discovered outside Assyria proper such as those of the Nahr el Kelb; we shall also see that they offer parallels to some of the native Assyrian reliefs such as those of the Maltai. In the absence of any identifying inscriptions the new reliefs present greater problems of dating.
A Hittite Seal of the British Museum
Authors: Mora Clelia 
Published: January 2007

The object which we offer here, kindly entrusted to us by the British Museum for publication, is a typical and very interesting product of Hittite glyptic.We are dealing with a stamp seal of haematite with a circular base and concave lateral surface. The handle, which is faceted, is broken in its upper part, hence there remains no trace of the “grip” which was evidently, when compared with other similar specimens, of a “hammer” or “knob” shape. The surface of the base, which is engraved, is not intact but is damaged at several points around the border. The height of the part preserved, in its highest section, is 28·5 mm., and the diameter is 29 mm.The carved surface, as we see it, consists of two concentric areas: a central field, enclosed by a line and containing three hieroglyphic signs or characters, two of which are the same, surrounded by a border with figures in which it is possible to distinguish two groups or scenes. In the first group (a) a lion with wide open mouth and a bull with lowered head are facing each other as though about to fight, on either side of a tree with branches adorned with a tripartite motif; a similar ornament is repeated in the field above the back of the bull, alongside a v-shaped motif; another tripartite element is to be found in the empty space above the lion. The tails of the animals are characteristic: the bull has a lowered tail, its tip tripartite (to render the tuft of hair); that of the lion is turned upwards and is curved, as is often the case in Hittite scenes.
The Gorgoromeis
Authors: Hall A. S. 
Published: January 2007

An inscription giving the name of this otherwise unknown community was discovered by J. R. S. Sterrett in the West Taurus Lake District, during his 1885 Wolfe Expedition, in the large village of Ortakaraviran, which lies north-east of Suğla Gölü (the ancient Trogitis lacus), on low ground close to the Lake.The text of the inscription records that:
Alahan Monastery, Fifth Preliminary Report
Authors: Gough Michael 
Published: January 2007

In 1967, a fifth season of excavation was completed at Alahan. Work, which began on 5th July and continued until 29th August, was carried out by a labour force of twenty-five workmen, of whom Ahmet Kaya, Aslan Şahin and Süleyman Uysal have not missed a season since the first exploratory sounding made on the site of the Basilica in 1955. Apart from the Director and Mrs. Gough, the members of the staff were Messrs. G. Bakker, P. Pratt and R. Wylie, architects; Mrs. Bakker and Miss M. McGregor, inventory and conservation; Messrs. A. Ray and L. Thomas, site supervisors; Misses H. Cash and M. MacDonald, and Mr. P. Percival-Price, field-assistants. Bayan Nihal Dönmez represented the Ministry of Education, and to her the expedition is grateful for practical help on many occasions. Our thanks are also due to the Institute's Council of Management, to the Russell Trust and to a private subscriber in Ankara for the funds which made the season a success.Apart from the archaeological results, the year 1967 provided two further reasons for special gratification. As a recognition of Alahan's status as a major site in exceptionally beautiful surroundings (Pl. LVI), a good road has now been built up the mountain slope under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism.
An Early Date for the Origin of Felt
Authors: Burkett Mary E. 
Published: January 2007

The origin of felt is unknown. It is in all probability the earliest form of textile making. Like most textiles, it has a low survival rate in archaeological conditions, so that specimens from the earlier millennia rarely come to light. The earliest documentation on it comes from China, c. 2300 B.C. but it is from the Central Asian Steppes that archaeologists have so far found the earliest examples of it. It has been produced there ever since. Sir Aurel Stein made numerous interesting discoveries of felt on his many journeys in Asia.Through T'ang writers we first hear of felt in Tibet and that the Chinese were familiar with the famous felt industry of Persia. Herodotus gives accounts of its frequent use amongst the Persians and associated tribes. Strabo, for example, describes the felt caps of the Persians as “high turbans of felt” which protected them from the cold winters of Media. The Medes themselves can still be seen in the fifth century B.C. portrayed in their rounded felt caps in the reliefs of the Achaemenian palaces of Persepolis. (Pl. XlXa)
A Postscript to the “Letter of Gilgamesh”
Authors: Foster Benjamin R. 
Published: January 2007

The celebrated “Letter of Gilgamesh,” treated by Gurney, AnSt VII (1957), 127 ff. and by Kraus, AnSt XXX (1980), 109 ff., has so far remained without parallel in Akkadian literature. Kraus pondered the significance and interpretation of this enigmatic text, and found it an “Erstling” (p. 120). He looked ahead to Ovid for a parallel. With diffidence one may also look backward to some obscure school-boy efforts from Sargonic Girsu. In the archives of the ensi of Girsu appeared various learner's texts which I have suggested elsewhere were the efforts of bureaucrats learning their profession “on the job.” Among these are two fanciful products that raise some of the same problems that the Gilgamesh letter does.The first is a “letter” (L. 1073), that, daydream though it be, offers a tantalizing glimpse of another scholar apparently thinking along the same lines as the amanuensis of Gilgamesh.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 8: The River God of Heraclea-on-Salbace
Authors: Sheppard A. R. R. 
Published: January 2007

The following unpublished inscription from Vakıf (Heraclea-on-Salbace) was discovered during work for the R.E.C.A.M. project at Denizli. As inscriptions of the area south and west of Babadaǧ will not be included in the projected R.E.C.A.M. volumes, it seemed best to make this text available separately.Slab of brown marble with relief inset in a narrow frame. The inscription is on the upper frame. A river god with centre-parted hair, chest and right shoulder bare, is shown holding a reed in the right hand and a cornucopia in the left. He leans his left fore-arm on a globe (?). Provenance: Vakıf, now in the Denizli museum office.
The Twenty-One “Poultices”
Authors: Lambert W. G. 
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this article is to publish a third version of the ancient Babylonian myth of the Twenty-one “Poultices”, and to comment on the mythological content of all three, while leaving details of the strictly medical aspects to others. The two hitherto known versions of this myth are both preserved on Late Assyrian tablets from Assur: LKA 146, the whole of which is relevant, and BAM 313, of which only part is of direct concern. The tablet published here for the first time, BM 33999, is of Late Babylonian date, probably from Babylon, and is now in the British Museum, by kind permission of whose Trustees it is available.“Poultices” (mêlu) were a common form of Babylonian medicine. A number of drugs, usually between two and four, were combined and then applied to a person's body with the aid of a leather strap or pouch. When specified, the neck is always the part of the body involved, and the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (sub voce) assumes that this was always the case, but perhaps it would be wise to leave the question open for the present.
The Medici-Lazara Map of Alanya
Authors: Mason Roger 
Published: January 2007

The discovery of a hitherto unknown map of Alanya dating from the early seventeenth century enables a comparison to be made between the very detailed fortifications that it depicts and those that are standing today. Such a comparative analysis should permit some inferences about the form of the Seljuk and early Ottoman fortifications that are now ruinous. The Italian military provenance of the map gives an opportunity to illuminate briefly the depredations of the Medici navy in southern and western Anatolia.Most historians have been reluctant to use maps as evidence, the few who have done so have often fallen into the pit of misinterpretation that the former, and perhaps wiser, have avoided: but the study of the history of cartography is gradually emerging from the exclusively archaeological stage, in which it has been delving for over a century, and the corpus of information about maps has now grown to the point where no historian can afford to ignore their value as evidence, provided that he is able to evaluate them accurately. It is in evaluation that the historian of cartography owes a duty to his fellow historians.
Isauria in Pliny
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: January 2007

I. The Isaurians escaped notice for long centuries. They first come to mention in an episode of the year 322 B.C. when Perdiccas after subduing Cappadocia captured their city, described as strong and populous, of ancient opulence. Isaurians next emerge in the campaign that earned a triumphal cognomen for P. Servilius Vatia (cos. 79), the proconsul of Cilicia.As the name of a region, Isauria was destined to acquire a wide extension. Early in the reign of Antoninus Pius it was applied to Cilicia Tracheia, as one of the three portions (with Pedias and Lycaonia) in the enlarged Cilician province. Before that, sundry problems infest the definition of Isauria. One of them that continues to perplex is conveyed by a passage in Pliny. After Cilicia and before proceeding to deal in summary fashion with Pisidae and Lycaonia, he inserts remarks about the “gens Isaurica” and the adjacent people called Homanades.
The East Tomb and other Tomb Buildings at Balboura
Authors: Hallett C. H. , Coulton J. J. 
Published: January 2007

To the north east of Balboura, on the far side of the stream-bed, lie the ruins of an imposing tomb (see Fig. 1), the largest and most elaborate so far discovered in the area. Built directly on and partly into the hillside, the building was oriented to look straight across the valley towards the city (orientation: 27° E of true north—see Fig. 2; i.e. the tomb faces approx. SSW); and apparently it stood in splendid isolation, at some distance from the other tombs of the northern necropolis, and on somewhat higher ground. The remains of another tomb of similar type, but of smaller dimensions, can be seen across the valley in the neighbouring cemetery; and a third faces the city from the slopes to the south.Although at first sight there seems to be little of the building left in place Pl. 1 (a, b); Fig. 2), enough remains for us to be fairly sure of its original form. It was built on two levels: above, standing on a stepped podium, a monumental building designed to house large stone sarcophagi—a structure most often described in inscriptions throughout Asia. Minor as a heroön (and for convenience so designated here); and below, within the podium, a lower chamber or crypt, often referred to in inscriptions as a hyposorion, normally intended for the various dependants of those entombed above. The building was constructed from the local white limestone; and while certainly the most ambitious sepulchral monument yet known from Balboura, it shows a relatively simple design, and the same rather rough-and-ready workmanship as the other buildings of the site.
Trojan Schematic Idols at Munich
Authors: Maliszewski Dariusz 
Published: January 2007

In the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich (SASuG) there are four marble schematic idols from Schliemann's excavations at Troy. In 1902 these objects together with a large group of other Trojan artefacts (pottery, spindle whorls and small stone objects) were transferred from Berlin to Munich, to the Königliche Vasen-Sammlung (Bertram 1992: 44) now an integral part of SASuG.From Schmidt's catalogue we know that more schematic stone idols were sent to Munich (Schmidt 1902: 334). Alfred Götze in the subsection “Brettförmige Idole: Aus Stein und Muschel” of this catalogue described several groups of idols. Thirty idols—28 of marble, one of schist(?) and one of limestone—were marked with numbers 7348 to 7377 (Götze 1902: 277 ff.). Among this group predominate idols with engraved features on the face and neck (nine examples), face (seven examples), face, neck and hair (two examples); the others have engraved features on the face and breasts (one example); on the face and a circle with a central point between “shoulders” (one example).
Some miscellaneous notes on the town and antiquities of Sinop, mainly from travellers' accounts
Authors: Martin M. E. 
Published: January 2007

In these notes are presented various trouvailles encountered by the writer in the course of other researches. Although disconnected and inconclusive, they may be of some use to students of Sinop and to those interested in the general subject of the collection of antiquities in the Levant. In general, well-known sources have not been discussed, except in so far as they afford comparison with the less familiar accounts dealt with here. A final note refers to the Jewish population of Sinop in the early Ottoman period in relation to travellers' accounts.In antiquity, the status of Sinop as a port was well known. Arrian is almost alone in describing the town not as a harbour but only in relation to its being a Milesian colony and the founder of Trabzon (Baschmakoff 1948: 80–81, 94–95). Similarly, in the later middle ages and early modern times, references to Sinop were almost always in relation to its port. For some, the interest was urgent: it was a welcome refuge for Bishop Ignatios of Smolensk when in 1389 his vessel, coasting the Crimea, was driven to the southern Pontic shore. Adverse winds detained him there for two days (Majeska 1984: 86–89). He was more fortunate than Ibn Battuta, some 40 years earlier, whom bad weather had delayed there for 40 days (Ibn Battuta, translated by H. A. R. Gibb 1957: 141).