bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On pedagogy
Authors: Gergely György , Egyed Katalin , Király Ildikó 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHumans are adapted to spontaneously transfer relevant cultural knowledge to conspecifics and to fast‐learn the contents of such teaching through a human‐specific social learning system called ‘pedagogy’ (Csibra & Gergely, 2006). Pedagogical knowledge transfer is triggered by specific communicative cues (such as eye‐contact, contingent reactivity, the prosodic pattern of ‘motherese’, and being addressed by one's own name). Infants show special sensitivity to such ‘ostensive’ cues that signal the teacher's communicative intention to manifest new and relevant knowledge about a referent object. Pedagogy offers a novel functional perspective to interpret a variety of early emerging triadic communicative interactions between adults and infants about novel objects they are jointly attending to. The currently dominant interpretation of such triadic communications (mindreading) holds that infants interpret others’ object‐directed manifestations in terms of subjective mental states (such as emotions, dispositions, or intentions) that they attribute to the other person's mind. We contrast the pedagogical versus the mindreading account in a new study testing 14‐month‐olds’ interpretation of others’ object‐directed emotion expressions observed in a communicative cueing context. We end by discussing the far‐reaching implications of the pedagogical perspective for a wide range of early social‐cognitive competences, and for providing new directions for future research on child development.
Religion is natural
Authors: Bloom Paul 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDespite its considerable intellectual interest and great social relevance, religion has been neglected by contemporary developmental psychologists. But in the last few years, there has been an emerging body of research exploring children's grasp of certain universal religious ideas. Some recent findings suggest that two foundational aspects of religious belief – belief in mind–body dualism, and belief in divine agents – come naturally to young children. This research is briefly reviewed, and some future directions are discussed.
Interrelated and interdependent
Authors: Diamond Adele 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe possibilities for building and nourishing connections among the social, cultural, neuroscientific, biological, and cognitive sciences in the service of understanding children and their development are tremendously exciting. Crossing, and integrating across, disciplinary boundaries, especially those disciplines relating to biology/neuroscience, society/culture, cognition, emotion, perception, and motor function has greatly increased over the last decade and hopefully will increase exponentially in the future. All of these aspects of being human are multiply‐interrelated and we need to make far more progress in understanding those interrelations.
A GENERALIZED TWO‐STAGE RANDOMIZED RESPONSE PROCEDURE IN COMPLEX SAMPLE SURVEYS
Authors: Saha Amitava 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe randomized response (RR) technique pioneered by Warner, S.L. (1965)[Randomised response: a survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.60, 63–69] is a useful tool in estimating the proportion of persons in a community bearing sensitive or socially disapproved characteristics. Mangat, N.S. & Singh, R. (1990)[An alternative rendomized response procedure. Biometrika77, 439–442] proposed a modification of Warner's procedure by using two RR techniques. Presented here is a generalized two‐stage RR procedure and derivation of the condition under which the proposed procedure produces a more precise estimator of the population parameter. A comparative study on the performance of this two‐stage procedure and conventional RR techniques, assuming that the respondents' jeopardy level in this proposed method remains the same as that offered by the traditional RR procedures, is also reported. In addition, a numerical example compares the efficiency of the proposed method with the traditional RR procedures.
ON CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR GENERALIZED ADDITIVE MODELS BASED ON PENALIZED REGRESSION SPLINES
Authors: Wood Simon N. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryGeneralized additive models represented using low rank penalized regression splines, estimated by penalized likelihood maximisation and with smoothness selected by generalized cross validation or similar criteria, provide a computationally efficient general framework for practical smooth modelling. Various authors have proposed approximate Bayesian interval estimates for such models, based on extensions of the work ofWahba, G. (1983)[Bayesian confidence intervals for the cross validated smoothing spline.J. R. Statist. Soc. B45, 133–150] andSilverman, B.W. (1985)[Some aspects of the spline smoothing approach to nonparametric regression curve fitting.J. R. Statist. Soc. B47, 1–52] on smoothing spline models of Gaussian data, but testing of such intervals has been rather limited and there is little supporting theory for the approximations used in the generalized case. This paper aims to improve this situation by providing simulation tests and obtaining asymptotic results supporting the approximations employed for the generalized case. The simulation results suggest that while across‐the‐model performance is good, component‐wise coverage probabilities are not as reliable. Since this is likely to result from the neglect of smoothing parameter variability, a simple and efficient simulation method is proposed to account for smoothing parameter uncertainty: this is demonstrated to substantially improve the performance of component‐wise intervals.
LOCAL POLYNOMIAL QUASI‐LIKELIHOOD REGRESSION ON RANDOM FIELDS
Authors: Choi H. , Lee Y. K. , Park B. U. , Yu K. S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn this paper, local quasi‐likelihood regression is considered for stationary random fields of dependent variables. In the case of independent data, local polynomial quasi‐likelihood regression is known to have several appealing features such as minimax efficiency, design adaptivity and good boundary behaviour. These properties are shown to carry over to the case of random fields. The asymptotic normality of the regression estimator is established and explicit formulae for its asymptotic bias and variance are derived for strongly mixing stationary random fields. The extension to multi‐dimensional covariates is also provided in full generality. Moreover, evaluation of the finite sample performance is made through a simulation study.
Histological skin changes in heterozygote carriers of mutations in ABCC6, the gene causing pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Authors: Martin L , Chassaing N , Delaite D , Estève E , Maître F , Le Bert M 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is related to mutations in the ABCC6 gene and characterized pathologically by dystrophic and mineralized elastic fibres. Heterozygote carriers of ABCC6 mutations may have a limited PXE phenotype.Objective  To compare histological changes in the skin of genotyped siblings from two PXE pedigrees.Methods  Mutation analysis of ABCC6 was performed. Skin biopsy samples were stained (orcein) and immunolabelled for elastin, and for vitronectin and bone sialoprotein, which are partially responsible for the mineralization within the elastorrhexic fibres.Results  In all individuals mutation analysis of ABCC6 allowed definition of the genotype status, i.e. PXE (n = 2), heterozygote (n = 7) or wild type (n = 2). The study identified three histological phenotypes related to the ABCC6 genotype in siblings from both families. Heterozygote carriers had changes in dermal elastic fibre organization, morphology and labelling midway between those seen in PXE skin and normal skin.Conclusion  Even though the number of individuals studied here is small and precludes any hasty generalization, having a single mutation in the ABCC6 gene seems enough to modify dermal elastic fibres. The relevance of performing a skin biopsy to identify heterozygote carriers in the family of a PXE patient remains to be determined.
Service User Outcomes of Staff Training in Positive Behaviour Support Using Person‐Focused Training: A Control Group Study
Authors: Grey Ian M. , McClean Brian 
Published: December 2006

Background  Effectively supporting individuals with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviours continues to be a priority for service providers. Person‐focused training (PFT) is a model of service delivery which provides staff with skills in functional assessment and intervention development. Existing longitudinal data from a study of 138 cases suggest that implementation of staff‐developed behaviour support plans through PFT is effective in reducing challenging behaviour in approximately 77% of cases [McClean et al.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (2005) vol. 49, pp. 340–353]. However, no control group was used in this study.Method  The current study involves the use of a control group of individuals with challenging behaviours matched against those selected for PFT over a 6‐month period. Groups were matched on type of challenging behaviour, duration of challenging behaviour, gender and level of disability. Information on the frequency, management difficulty and severity of challenging behaviour was collected pre‐ and post‐training using the Checklist of Challenging Behaviours (CCB) for both groups. Observational data were collected for the target group alone. Rates of psychotropic medication were tracked across the training period.Results  Significant reductions in the frequency, management difficulty and severity of challenging behaviour were found for service users in the target group but not in the control group after 6 months. No significant changes were found in the use of psychotropic medication for either group over the 6‐month period.Conclusion  Overall results suggest that PFT is an effective model for providing support to individuals with challenging behaviours.
A Communication Training Programme for Residential Staff Working with Adults with Challenging Behaviour: Pilot Data on Intervention Effects
Authors: Smidt Andy , Balandin Susan , Reed Vicki , Sigafoos Jeff 
Published: December 2006

Background  Challenging behaviour often serves a communicative function. It therefore stands to reason that the residential staff working in developmental disability services require training to foster appropriate communicative interactions with adults with challenging behaviour.Method  Eighteen members of staff working in three residential services participated in a 4 week communication training programme. The programme focused on staff attitudes to and beliefs about challenging behaviour, communicative interactions between staff and residents and working as a team. Objective measurements were made of the effects of the training programme on staff use of augmentative and alternative communication, praise and use of inappropriate language in a multiple‐baseline design across three organizations. Changes in the rate of challenging behaviours among the residents were also evaluated.Results  As staff's use of AAC and praise increased, and inappropriate language decreased, there was some concomitant decrease in residents’ levels of challenging behaviour; however, these results were not sustained in the long‐term.Conclusion  This pilot data suggest that an approach to staff training based on modifying attitudes and beliefs is potentially beneficial to both staff and residents.
Impact of a 3‐Day Training Course on Challenging Behaviour on Staff Cognitive and Emotional Responses
Authors: Tierney Edel , Quinlan Dave , Hastings Richard P. 
Published: December 2006

Background  A range of factors have been suggested as determinants of staff behaviour in the context of working with people with challenging behaviour. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a typical challenging behaviour staff training course had an effect on staff feelings of efficacy, their negative emotional reactions to challenging behaviour, and their causal beliefs.Methods  Forty‐eight staff attending a 3‐day training course on understanding challenging behaviour and managing stress were assessed pre‐training and at a 3‐month follow‐up. Questionnaires assessing self‐efficacy, emotional reactions and causal beliefs were used.Results  Perceived self‐efficacy in dealing with challenging behaviours increased significantly from pre‐ to post‐training. There were no significant changes in either emotional reactions to challenging behaviours or causal beliefs.Conclusion  In common with previous research, there was a sizeable impact on staff confidence and efficacy after a 3‐day training course. Given the potential significance of emotional reactions both in terms of staff behaviour and their psychological well‐being at work, more research is needed to explore how these reactions might best be dealt with in staff training interventions.
Influences of parturition on home range and microhabitat use of female black‐faced impalas
Authors: Matson T. K. , Putland D. A. , Jarman P. J. , Le Roux J. , Goldizen A. W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe use of home ranges and microhabitats by female black‐faced impalas Aepyceros melampus petersi was investigated using radio‐telemetry over a 4‐month period that coincided with parturition at Ongava Game Reserve, north‐west Namibia. The aim of the study was to test how ranging patterns and microhabitat use were affected by the presence of young. The mean minimum convex polygon (MCP) home range of the 11 tracked female black‐faced impalas exceeded the largest of home ranges of impalas elsewhere by at least six times, and females used significantly larger total ranges (MCPs) after birth, although (50% kernel) core areas did not change significantly. Females were more likely to be solitary or alone with a lamb in the first week of their lambs' lives than in the periods after or before that time, and they both shifted their home ranges and changed their microhabitat use after parturition. Decisions on microhabitat and space use by female black‐faced impalas appeared to be affected by parturition.
Avian brachial index and wing kinematics: putting movement back into bones
Authors: Nudds R. L. , Dyke G. J. , Rayner J. M. V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe relationship between wing kinematics, wing morphology and the brachial index of birds (BI=humerus length/ulna length) was examined. BI was found to differ between three groups of birds, which were classified on the basis of similar wing kinematics. In addition, a comparative analysis of a large dataset, using phylogenetically independent contrasts, suggested a significant, albeit weak, correlation between BI and four measures of wing morphology (wing loading, wing area, wing length and aspect ratio). Although wing kinematics and wing morphology are both correlated with BI in birds, the dominant selective pressure upon this ratio is probably wing kinematics. The previously identified clade specificity of BI within Neornithes is most likely because birds with similar BIs fly with kinematic similarity and closely related birds have similar flight styles. A correlation between BI and wing kinematics means that it may be possible to characterize the wing beat of fossil birds. A more robust relationship between wing morphology and BI may emerge, but only after the relationship between wing kinematics and BI is quantified. A comparative and quantitative study of wing‐bone anatomy and wing kinematics is a priority for future studies of avian wing‐skeleton evolution and functional morphology.
Effects of perceived stress and uplifts on inflammation and coagulability
Authors: Jain Shamini , Mills Paul J. , Von Känel Roland , Hong Suzi , Dimsdale Joel E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated whether depressed mood and chronic hassles and uplifts predicted levels of hemostasis markers D‐Dimer and type‐1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI‐1), as well as the proinflammatory markers interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) in 108 healthy individuals. One hundred eight African‐American and Euro‐American men and women were studied (58 men, 50 women; mean age = 36.5 ± 8 years). D‐Dimer, PAI‐1, IL‐6, and sICAM‐1 plasma levels were analyzed from fasting venous blood samples. Data were analyzed via hierarchical linear regression and followed with partial correlation analysis. Regression analyses combined with partial correlation analyses suggested that increases in hassle frequency predicted elevated levels of sICAM‐1 (p= .034), and increases in hassle severity predicted elevated levels of D‐Dimer (p= .017). Increases in uplift intensity predicted lower levels of PAI‐1 (p= .004) as well as showed a trend for decreased IL‐6 (p= .069). Depressed mood did not significantly predict any dependent variable. These results were independent of sociodemographic, biological, and other related mood variables. The findings suggest that for even relatively healthy persons, increased perceptions of hassles are independently associated with greater inflammation and hypercoagulability, whereas increased perceptions of uplifts are independently associated with decreased hypercoagulability.
Visual novel stimuli in an ERP novelty oddball paradigm: Effects of familiarity on repetition and recognition memory
Authors: Cycowicz Yael M. , Friedman David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe orienting response, the brain's reaction to novel and/or out of context familiar events, is reflected by the novelty P3 of the ERP. Contextually novel events also engender high rates of recognition memory. We examined, under incidental and intentional conditions, the effects of visual symbol familiarity on the novelty P3 recorded during an oddball task and on the parietal episodic memory (EM) effect, an index of recollection. Repetition of familiar, but not unfamiliar, symbols elicited a reduction in the novelty P3. Better recognition performance for the familiar symbols was associated with a robust parietal EM effect, which was absent for the unfamiliar symbols in the incidental task. These data demonstrate that processing of novel events depends on expectation and whether stimuli have preexisting representations in long‐term semantic memory.
Theta phase resetting and the error‐related negativity
Authors: Yeung Nick , Bogacz Rafal , Holroyd Clay B. , Nieuwenhuis Sander , Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt has been proposed that the error‐related negativity (ERN) is generated by phase resetting of theta‐band EEG oscillations. The present research evaluates a set of analysis methods that have recently been used to provide evidence for this hypothesis. To evaluate these methods, we apply each of them to two simulated data sets: one set that includes theta phase resetting and a second that comprises phasic peaks embedded in EEG noise. The results indicate that the analysis methods do not effectively distinguish between the two simulated data sets. In particular, the simulated data set constructed from phasic peaks, though containing no synchronization of ongoing EEG activity, demonstrates properties previously interpreted as supporting the synchronized oscillation account of the ERN. These findings suggest that the proposed analysis methods cannot provide unambiguous evidence that the ERN is generated by phase resetting of ongoing oscillations.
An event‐related potentials study of face identification and naming: The tip‐of‐the‐tongue state
Authors: Díaz Fernando , Lindín Mónica , Galdo‐Alvarez Santiago , Facal David , Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWith the aim of identifying event‐related potential (ERP) correlates of the tip‐of‐the‐tongue (TOT) state, we employed a task involving identification and naming of the faces of famous people with three response categories: KNOW (correct naming), DON'T KNOW (name not known), and TOT. Before 450 ms, no differences are observed between TOT and KNOW conditions in ERPs related to face processing and recognition. The smaller mean amplitude in TOT than in KNOW responses over the 550–750‐ms interval and the N‐TOT difference wave are correlates of the onset of the TOT state, probably reflecting a division of processing resources and low activation of the lexical–phonological route. The smaller amplitude of a late negative wave (between 1350 and 1550 ms) in TOT than in DON'T KNOW responses, and the P‐TOT difference wave, seem to indicate that an important amount of processing resources is engaged in resolving the TOT.
Resisting recently acted‐on cues: Compatibility of Go/NoGo responses to response history modulates (frontal P3) event‐related potentials
Authors: Freitas Antonio L. , Azizian Allen , Leung Hoi‐Chung , Squires Nancy K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUsing event‐related potentials to investigate compatibility between past and present cue–response interactions, an experiment combined elements of selective‐attention and Go/NoGo tasks. In the selective‐attention part of each trial, participants responded to one of two visible numerical digits. Immediately afterward, in the Go/NoGo part of each trial, one of the same two digits appeared, with participants required to press the corresponding key on Go trials and to withhold responding on NoGo trials. Higher‐amplitude anterior P3 responses on NoGo than on Go trials emerged when participants withheld responding to a recently selected cue but were greatly diminished when participants withheld responding to a recently ignored cue. The findings suggest that episodic traces of past Go/NoGo responses guide future action decisions, such that increased response control is needed to overcome bias to respond to recently acted‐on NoGo cues.
Genetic and environmental influences on emotion‐modulated startle reflex: A twin study
Authors: Anokhin Andrey P. , Golosheykin Simon , Heath Andrew C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEmotion‐modulated startle reflex is an important indicator of traitlike differences in affective processing implicated in the biological basis of personality and psychopathology. This study examined heritability of startle modulation by affective pictures in 66 pairs of monozygotic and 57 pairs of dizygotic female twins. Consistent with previous studies, startle magnitude was significantly influenced by emotional valence of the picture (positive<neutral<negative). Absolute response magnitude showed high heritability in all three valence conditions (59–61%); however, there were no significant genetic influences on the amount of startle modulation. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis that emotion‐modulated startle can serve as an indicator of genetically transmitted individual differences in affective processing.