bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodate‐permanganate oxidations. IV. Determination of the position of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids and esters
Authors: von Rudloff E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe reaction of the periodate‐permanganate reagent with unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic, elaidic, eicosenoic, 10‐undecenoic, and linoleic acids proceeded smoothly to give the expected end‐products in quantitative yields. The latter were conveniently isolated and determined by partition chromtography on silicic acid columns in 10 to 100 mgm. quantities.Some compounds, which were unreactive due to insolubility in the reagent, gave satisfactory results when the media contained 5 to 10% of pyridine. This was true also for methyl linoleate even though solution was incomplete. However methyl oleate and triolein did not give quantitative results even in media containing 20% or more of pyridine in which the esters were completely dissolved.
Synthesis of wax esters for use as possible sperm oil replacements
Authors: Perlstein T. , Eisner A. , Schmeltz I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn efforts to prepare wax esters chemically similar to those comprising sperm oil, selected fats or blends thereof were reduced to alcohols which then were reacted with the initial triglycerides to get such wax esters. For instance, lard oil was reduced to lard oil alcohol in the presence of sodium and methyl isobutyl carbinol in xylene. Most of the resulting sodium alcoholates (95–98%) were decomposed with urea, and subsequent addition of lard oil (triglycerides) resulted in rapid formation of the desired wax esters in ca. 80–90% yields. In preliminary studies, the same wax esters were prepared by a more circuitous route. The alcoholates were decomposed completely with urea, the fatty alcohols were liberated, and they then were esterified with free lard oil acids. Similarly treated were a blend of lard, coconut and crambe oils, fractionated tallow, and a commercial grade oleic acid.
Study on quantitative analyses of hydroperoxides and alcohols by NMR shift reagent
Authors: Ikeda Nobuo , Fukuzumi Kazuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently, much literature concerning the effects of NMR shift reagents upon compounds with Lewis's basic functional groups have been reported. These literatures have shown the effects of NMR shift reagents upon hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, ether, ester carbonyl, cyano, and epoxy compounds but not hydroperoxyl compounds. Chemical and paramagnetic shifts of protons in t‐butyl and cumene hydroperoxides, t‐butyl and 2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl alcohols, and autoxidized methyl linoleate with incremental additions of an NMR shift reagent were determined. These experimental results indicated that each alcohol and hydroperoxide could be determined separately and quantitatively even in their mixtures. Moreover, this method can be recommended to obtain information about the structures of hydroperoxides, as well as alcohols.
Thin‐layer chromatography of aliphatic े 舒 and ै ‐lactones
Authors: Urbach Gerda 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHomologous aliphatic े‐ or ै‐lactones are separated by thin‐layer chromatography on a mixture of kieselguhr G and silica gel G (1:8). The thin‐layer plates are chromatographically impregnated with methanol as the stationary phase and developed 3 times with light petroleum (bp 80舑100C) saturated with methanol. े‐ And ै‐lactones can be separated from each other on the same adsorbent with a 1:1 mixture of light petroleum (bp 30舑40C) and isopropyl ether. The systems can be combined 2‐dimensionally. The lactones are detected by spraying the chromatoplates either with a 2% solution of iodine in methanol or with alkaline hydroxylamine followed by ferric chloride and acetic acid. These methods were used for the tentative identification of ै‐C10舑16lactones in commercial Australian butteroil.
Separation by dielectric distribution: Theory
Authors: Black B. C. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDielectric distribution may be defined as the distribution that mobile materials with different constants will assume in a nonuniform electric field. The material moves under the influence of dipoles induced by the electric field. If the suspended material is more polar than the medium in which it is suspended, it will move toward the region of highest field intensity, and if the suspended material is less polar than the medium, it will move toward the region of lowest field intensity.Dielectric distribution will give useful separations. The dielectric distributions of phosphatide micells in petroleum ether and of a mineral oil emulsion in water were studied in a nonuniform radial field produced by a cylindrical condenser. The central and peripheral portions of the cylinder could be drained separately, and the concentrations in the two portions could be determined. The effect of time, voltage, and concentration on the distribution was studied. A theory was proposed to predict the distribution of material in a cylindrical condenser at equilibrium.
Dihydroxy fatty acids inCardamine impatiens seed oil
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe oil ofCardamine impatiens L. (Cruciferae) seed includes glycerides of a series of saturated long‐chain vicinal dihydroxy fatty acids, which make up 25% by weight of the mixed fatty acids. The mixture of diols, after transesterification of the oil with methanol, can be crystallized from an ether solution of the mixed methyl esters and has the following composition: methyl 13,14‐dihydroxydocosanoate, 66%; methyl 15,16‐dihy‐droxytetracosanoate, 24%; methyl 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanoate and methyl 11,12‐dihydroxyeicosanoate, about 5% each. Chemical proof is presented showing that essentially all the diols have thecrythro configuration.
Cold water detergency studies using radiolabeled soils
Authors: Illman J. C. , Finger B. M. , Shebs W. T. , Albin T. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of single and multiple washing and of resoiling‐rewashing of cotton and synthetic fabrics have been studied in Tergotometer tests at various levels of temperature, detergent concentration and water hardness. The soiling mixture consisted of a seven component sebum tagged with tritium and carbon‐14; in some tests gammaray emitting Kaolinite clay was also used. Linear primary alcohol ethoxylate (LAEO) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were used for surfactant type comparisons. In single wash tests in both hot and cold water, LAEO was generally more effective than LAS in removing sebum. This was particularly noticeable at low product concentration where insufficient sodium tripolyphosphate was present to sequester the water hardness. A 1/1 blend of the two surfactants approached LAEO in performance. The nonpolar sebum fraction was more readily removed from Dacron or nylon in cold water; otherwise, detergency was generally better at high temperatures. In rewash tests, using labeled lube oil, cholesterol and clay, a progressive increase in soil removal was found during five wash cycles. The nonpolar lube oil component was the most difficult to remove from permanent press Dacron‐cotton (PP), but was more readily removed from cotton. The more polar cholesterol and especially the clay were more easily removed from PP. LAEO gave better detergency both hot and cold than LAS, especially in hard water. On cotton swatches resoiled with sebum after each wash the residual sebum content was still increasing after five cycles. With PP in soft water, a steady state was reached after three to five cycles. Soil buildup was greater as hardness increased and as wash temperature and active matter concentration decreased, and was generally greater on cotton than on PP. LAEO allowed appreciably less soil buildup than did LAS especially at low concentration in hard water, indicating a reduced requirement for sodium tripolyphosphate.
Aflatoxins M1 and M2: Preparation and purification
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Shannon G. M. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA crude product containing aflatoxins M1 and M2, as well as large quantities of aflatoxins B1 and B2, obtained by fermentation of rice withAspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 was chromatographed on a silicic acid column. Almost all the B1 and B2 were separated from M1 and M2. Aflatoxins M1 and M2 were eluted together with ethanol‐chloroform (5∶95 v/v). The combined M1 and M2 fraction was placed on a Merck silica gel (0.05–0.2 mm) column to be washed with hexane‐chloroform (1∶1 v/v) and chloroform to remove traces of B1 and B2 and eluted with ethanol‐chloroform (1.5∶98.5 v/v) to obtain aflatoxin M1 and mixtures of M1 and M2. Rechromatography of M1 on another silica gel column gave pure M1 which was crystallized from acetonitrile. Aflatoxin M2 was prepared by hydrogenation of M1 and crystallized from acetonitrile.
Nutritional properties of coconut oil
Authors: Kaunitz Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCoconut oil has been one of the most widely used vegetable oils since the agricultural revolution. Only in recent years has there been controversy over the desirability of its uso. Controversy has usually stemmed from observed disturbances of calcium or cholesterol metabolism when hydrogenated coconut oil was fed, frequently with inadequate linoleate supplementation, to experimental animals. Furthermore, in many of the studies involving cholesterol, entirely unphysiological amounts of cholesterol have been included in the diet. It is contended here that the findings in such studies are the consequence of abnormal nutrition rather than inherent defects in coconut oil. Evidence from epidemiological studies of arteriosclerosis in populations consuming large amounts of coconut oil are cited to show that coconut oil in a natural diet is not disadvantageous and may even be of advantage. The high level of medium chain fatty acids in coconut oil is discussed from the point of view that they may contribute to beneficial effects on the part of coconut oil under some abnormal conditions.
Drying moist cottonseed protein products
Authors: King William H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA practical procedure is described together with data obtained during its experimental application, for drying moist oilseed protein products. Specific data are given for drying defatted, raw cottonseed meats, containing as much as 30% of water, to a granular, free‐flowing meal with a moisture content of 10% or less at temperatures below 150 F. This is accomplished by adjustment of pH of the mixture during agitative drying to control its rheological properties so as to keep power requirements within a practical range.
Changes in hardware
Authors: Donovan D. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHardware, i.e., washing machines and associated dispensers represent a vital part of the clothes' laundering process. The home laundry process involves more time of the housewife than any other single household activity. Increasing numbers of wash bath additives, plus growth of fabric inventory and associated complexity of washing recipes can increase this involvement with the washing process. Improved dispensers, timers and controls offer means to reduce this involvement and provide truly automatic clothes washing.
New household detergent based on AOS
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Takao M. , Mori A. , Sekiguchi H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthetic detergent industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Japan. Its production, together with soap, is estimated to be almost 2 billion pounds in 1970. In addition to this increased production, quality modification in terms of biodegradability is now being undertaken. Alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) has been known since the 1930's, but only within the last two years has it been highlighted for commercial interest as a detergent material due to progress in sulfonation technology as well as commercial availability of alpha olefins. To make use of AOS as an active ingredient for formulation of heavy duty household granules, several properties of AOS itself or of the built detergent were studied in comparison with linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS), alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) and alcohol sulfate (AS). AOS was proved to be a potentially economical detergent material having as good performance and better biological properties than LAS or AS and better biodegradability than LAS. It has been marketed since 1967 in Japan as the first AOS‐based household heavy duty granular detergent. It has been accepted by the housewives as the most efficient detergent and has become the best selling brand.
Reactions of azelaaldehydic esters
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlkyl azelaaldehydates and their acetals can undergo reactions at either the aldehyde or the ester group to form a variety of novel and reactive monomers and polymers. Pertinent reactions of the aldehyde group (and resultant products) include acetalization with pentaerythritol (diester‐acetal), acetalization with glycerol (hydroxy ester‐acetal), hydrogenation (hydroxy ester), reductive alkylation of ammonia (amino acid and imino diester), aldolization (dibasic acid) and hydrazone formation (azine dibasic acids). Reactions at the ester group include aminolysis (diacid amides) and hydrazinolysis (hydrazide acetal). These various products can undergo self‐condensation or condensation with glycols or diamines to form polyesters, polyamides, poly (ester‐acetals) and poly (amideacetals). Polymers with cyclic acetal structures in the polymer backbone have latent crosslinking capabilities.
Poly(amide‐acetals) and poly(ester‐acetals) from polyol acetals of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate: Preparation and physical characterization
Authors: Awl R. A. , Neff W. E. , Weisleder D. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCondensation polymers were prepared from the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate by reaction with diamines and with ethylene glycol. The glycerol acetal was self‐condensed to a poly(ester‐acetal) and also copolymerized with caprolactam. A novel step growth, addition polymerization was carried out with ethylene bis[9(10)‐methoxymethylenesterate] and pentaerythritol. Physical and spectral (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) properties of the various products were determined. In general, the long C8–C9 side chains in the polymers of the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate reduced crystallinity to such a degree that, unlike polymers from methyl azelaaldehydate pentaerythritol acetal, they were soluble in the more ordinary solvents, e.g., chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.
Conductance behavior of aqueous solutions of barium, strontium, and nickel soaps
Authors: Varma R. P. , Dayal R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration of aqueous solutions of barium, strontium, and nickel soaps was determined by conductivity measurements. The conductance behavior of soap solutions at various temperatures is exhibited by the equation where A and B are constants and C is the concentration of soap in g moles/liter. The values of constant A were found to vary with temperature, whereas those of B were independent of temperature. Kraus and Bray’s type expression was used to evaluate molecular conductance at infinite dilution, dissociation constant K., and heat of dissociation. The results confirm that the critical micelle concentration remains unaffected by temperature in the range 35–50 C.
A characterization of volatile carbonyl compounds isolated from meat fat subjected to gamma radiation
Authors: Witting L. A. , Schweigert B. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe volatile carbonyl compounds from irradiated lard were isolated and characterized qualitatively and quantitatively as the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. Propional, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, nonanal, decanal, acrolein, crotonal, and 2,4‐undecadienal were identified by paper chromatography and spectrophotometric analysis.
Detection and measurement of hydroperoxides by near infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Holman Ralph T. , Nickell Christense , Privett Orville S. , Edmondson Page R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNear‐infrared spectra have been measured on a group of hydroperoxides of fatty acid esters and related substances. Only those substances having an −OOH group were found to absorb at 1.46 and 2.07 μ. Dialkyl peroxides and ozonized unsaturated substances had no such maxima in their near infrared spectra although they had high iodometric peroxide values. In a study of the thermal decomposition of methyl oleate hydroperoxide and a study of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate, the intensity of absorption at 1.46 and 2.07 μ paralleled the iodometric peroxide value.
The bleaching of soybean oil. A spectrophotometric evaluation
Authors: Armstrong M. R. , Ireland C. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBleaching results are evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in the absorbances at 455 and 670 (or 665) millimicrons, respectively. Three bleaching clays (one was activated) and two activated carbons were used for decolorizing soybean oils made break‐free by either alkali refining or acetic anhydride water degumming. Bleaching times varied from 10 to 40 min. with 30 min. being used in the evaluations. Although bleaching at a temperature of 265°F. removed more color than bleaching at 125° or 220°F., the latter temperature was used in this study. Most of the bleaching was done under vacuum although using a nitrogen pressure of 50 p.s.i.g. removed more color. Results are expressed by Freundlich isotherms, and a bleaching chart for the control of plant bleaching is given. It is shown that in the bleaching of soybean oil primary consideration should be given to the removal of green pigment.
The synthesis of tritium labeled 9, 10‐oleic acid
Authors: Tenny K. S. , Gupta S. C. , Nystrom R. F. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTritium labeled 9,10‐oleic acid was prepared from stearolic acid by reduction with tritium gas, in the presence of 5% Palladium on Charcoal catalyst, at room temperature and under partial vacuum. No stearic or elaidic acids were formed. Unreacted stearolic acid was removed by low temperature erystallization from Skellysolve F. The tritium labeledcis 9,10‐oleic acid was prepared with a specificity of greater than 90% of the activity at the 9 and 10 positions. Specific radio‐activity of the oleic acid was 1000 me of Tritium/g. Tritium labeled stearic acid with a specific activity of 927 me of Tritium/g was also prepared.
Hydrazine‐reduced linolenic acids as a source of C9, C12, and C15dibasic acids
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnticipated reduction in cost of hydrazine, resulting from its increased production as a rocket fuel, suggests the need to reconsider this chemical as an industrial reactant for fats. Hydrazinc reduces the individual double bonds of linolenic acid (9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid) nonselectively and without altering the position of residual unsaturation; thus the monoene fraction from hydrazine‐reduced linolenic acid consists of an equimixture of the 9‐, 12‐, and 15‐octadecenoate acids. Equal amounts of the C9, C12, and C15dibasic acids are derived from this fatty acid mixture by oxidative cleavage along with the corresponding monobasic acids.Kinetics of reactions, source of raw materials and reactants, and problems of processing and utilization of products are discussed.
Investigations on the side reactions in sulfonation reactions‐hydrophobic compounds in the unsulfonated oil fraction
Authors: Shoji Hiroshi , Majima Kanji 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPetroleum ether extracts of alkylbenzene sulfonates prepared by sulfur trioxide, oleum, and sulfuric acid were compared. These extracts contained by‐products as well as unreacted material. Dialkylbenzene, originally existing in raw alkylbenzene, resisted against sulfonation, especially when sulfur trioxide was used as sulfonating agent. Sulfone formation seemed to occur in the early stage of sulfonation. Sulfonation with sulfuric acid gave different characteristics to the petroleum ether extract compared with two other means.
Halogenation
Authors: Soontag N. O. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin the past twenty years, while much of the research and development appeal in the halogenation of fats and fatty derivatives has been associated with the evolution of new and useful derivatives such as arthritis cures and artificial rubber plasticizers, the principal utility of the halogenated fats still continues to be in the production of other materials through halogenated fats as reactive intermediates. Consider, too, the utility of halogenated fats reflected by the fact that considerable quantities of iodochloro fats are discarded down the sinks of our analytical laboratories after the Wijs or other iodine value (I. V.) determinations. Aside from the valuable utility of halogenation as an analytical tool, what‐ever the use of halogenated fatty materials may be, i.e., for new and useful halogenated products per se, or for use as intermediates for the productions of other materials, halogenation is capturing an ever‐increasing share of the effort being directed to the modification of the chemical and physical nature of fats. While the standard and well‐known methods of utilizing fatty acid chlorides as reactive intermediates continue to fluorish, the newer aspects of fat halogenation, as demonstrated by the development of fluorinated derivatives, and in the utilization of chlorination followed by dehydrochlorination for the production of more highly‐unsaturated fat molecules, illustrate a few directions in which progress is being made.
New type reactions
Authors: Harwood H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany products of the reactions of fats and fatty acids are being commercially exploited. There are, however, many other potential products derived from new or inadequately developed reactions. Some of these reactions, involving both the carboxyl and the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain, will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the latter and will include examples of substitution, addition, and elimination reactions. New knowledge relating to some of these reactions will be stressed.
Phase relations in the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in 85‐15 acetone‐hexane mixture at reduced holding‐times
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was to determine whether and under what conditions it would be practicable to use holding‐times of less than three hours in the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in 85‐15 acetone‐hexane mixture. Since the output of the chilling unit varies inversely as the holding‐time required, it is advantageous to use the shortest feasible holding‐time. Systematic winterization data were obtained on a laboratory scale for different oil‐solvent ratios and temperatures using the technique previously described.The results indicate that, under the stalic chilling conditions used in these experiments, the holding‐time can be reduced from three hours to 1 hour by using either a higher oil concentration, a lower chilling temperature, or both. However, on the basis of previously reported data it is known that with agitation during chilling, such as would be encountered in commerical continuous chilling units, the rate of crystal formation would be further increased. Under practical conditions therefore the adjustment of temperature and concentrations should make it feasible to use holding‐times even shorter than one hour with a corresponding increase in the capacity of the chilling units.