bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Separator Operation within Temperature Ranges To Minimize Effects on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Perfusion Culture
Authors: Drouin Hans , Ritter Joachim B. , Gorenflo Volker M. , Bowen Bruce D. , Piret James M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA cell retention device that provides reliable high‐separation efficiency with minimal negative effects on the cell culture is essential for robust perfusion culture processes. External separation devices generally expose cells to periodic variations in temperature, most commonly temperatures below 37 °C, while the cells are outside the bioreactor. To examine this phenomenon, aliquots of ∼5% of a CHO cell culture were exposed to 60 s cyclic variations of temperature simulating an acoustic separator environment. It was found that, for average exposure temperatures between 31.5 and 38.5 °C, there were no significant impacts on the rates of growth, glucose consumption, or t‐PA production, defining an acceptable range of operating temperatures. These results were subsequently confirmed in perfusion culture experiments for average exposure temperatures between 31.6 and 38.1 °C. A 25−1 central composite factorial design experiment was then performed to systematically evaluate the effects of different operating variables on the inlet and outlet temperatures of a 10L acoustic separator. The power input, ambient temperature, as well as the perfusion and recycle flow rates significantly influenced the temperature, while the cell concentration did not. An empirical model was developed that predicted the temperature changes between the inlet and the outlet of the acoustic separator within ±0.5 °C. A series of perfusion experiments determined the ranges of the significant operational settings that maintained the acoustic separator inlet and outlet temperatures within the acceptable range. For example, these objectives were always met by using the manufacturer‐recommended operational settings as long as the recirculation flow rate was maintained above 15 L day−1 and the ambient temperature was near 22 °C.
Induction of Zone‐Like Liver Function Gradients in HepG2 Cells by Varying Culture Medium Height
Authors: Camp James P. , Capitano Adam T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn most laboratory‐scale mammalian cell cultures, the primary mode of oxygen delivery to cultured cells is by passive diffusion through a thin layer of culture medium, and the height of culture medium chosen may therefore have a significant effect on the phenotype of oxygen‐sensitive cell types. Many of the liver functions performed by hepatocytes are thought to be regulated into zones by the local oxygen concentration; of particular interest to in vitro toxicologists, the cytochrome P450 family of detoxification enzymes is known to be preferentially expressed by hepatocytes at low (perivenous) oxygen concentrations. Using an array of different medium heights in a 12‐well plate format, we show that the height of culture medium has a significant effect on cytochrome P450 1A1 detoxification activity, glucose metabolism, and cell morphology of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cultures. In particular, cytochrome P450 activity exhibits a maximum at medium heights corresponding to perivenous oxygen concentrations. This work demonstrates that optimizing cell culture performance is not always the same as maximizing oxygen delivery.
Evaluation of coronary bypass graft occlusion and stenosis with 64-detector-row computed tomography angiography
Authors: Oncel D. , Oncel G. , Taştan A. , Tamci B. 
Published: October 2007

Background: A noninvasive imaging modality is desirable for the evaluation of coronary bypass graft stenosis and occlusion. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of 64-detector-row computed tomography (DCT) for the assessment of coronary bypass grafts. Material and Methods: Forty-two patients (35 male, seven female, mean age 66.3 years) with 103 bypass grafts (32 arterial, 71 venous) were examined with 64-DCT. The evaluations were done by two radiologists blinded to the results of quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), used as the reference standard. Results: All of the 26 occluded grafts, nine of the 10 stenosed grafts, and 66 of the 67 patent grafts were correctly diagnosed with 64-DCT angiography. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for 64-DCT in detecting graft stenosis were 90%, 99%, 90%, and 99%, respectively. For graft occlusion, all were 100%. No statistically significant difference was found between 64-DCT and QCA for the evaluation of bypass grafts. Intermodality and interobserver agreement were excellent. Conclusion: 64-DCT angiography is a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic method for the assessment of coronary bypass grafts. It can be considered as a useful tool for follow-up purposes and may function as a gatekeeper before invasive procedures.
The rotation ratios method: a method to describe altered pelvic orientation in sequential radiographs
Authors: Foss O. A. , Klaksvik J. , Benum P. , Anda S. 
Published: October 2007

Background: A method to describe pelvic rotations between pairs of standard sequential pelvic anteroposterior radiographs based on a pelvic phantom is described in a former study. Purpose: To expand this method into clinical use based on clinical data. Material and Methods: Teardrop distances were measured on 262 pelvic radiographs from 46 patients in a clinical material using a computer program designed to perform measurements on digital radiographs. Anthropometric data recorded from 141 pelvises in an anatomical collection were employed in a computer program designed to simulate radiographs of virtual objects. Virtual rotations of the pelvises were carried out with 4653 virtual radiographs obtained. Virtual radiographic measures were analyzed. Results: A statistically significant difference of 8 mm between mean teardrop distance in females (120 mm) and males (112 mm) was found in the clinical material. A set of formulas describing the relations between differences of two rotation ratios and pelvic rotations were derived. Four simple regression analyses were carried out with the use of virtual measures. Adjusted teardrop distances were implemented. Conclusion: A clinical method to describe pelvic rotations using standard pelvic radiographs was developed.
High-resolution computed tomography with single-slice computed tomography and 16-channel multidetector computed tomography: a comparison regarding visibility and motion artifacts
Authors: Vikgren J. , Båth M. , Johnsson Å. A. , Flinck A. , Milde H. , Thilander-Klang A. , Kheddache S. 
Published: October 2007

Background: High-resolution computed tomography is the image procedure of choice in the evaluation of interstitial lung disease. Multidetector-row computed tomography provides the possibility of simultaneous reconstruction of thin and thick slices from the same raw data, acquired from one single series. Thus, it may be tempting to exclude the step-and-shoot series. Purpose: To compare high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT step-and-shoot) from single-slice CT (SSCT) and 16-channel multidetector CT (MDCT) in terms of visibility and motion artifacts, and to investigate whether thin images reconstructed from helical MDCT are equal to or better than conventional HRCT by SSCT in terms of visibility and motion artifacts. Material and Methods: 20 patients underwent HRCT step-and-shoot by SSCT (SSCT step-and-shoot) and MDCT (MDCT step-and-shoot), and a helical MDCT acquisition (MDCT helical). Images from four anatomical levels were analyzed in random order regarding visibility and motion artifacts. Results: Visibility using MDCT step-and-shoot was significantly better than or equal to SSCT step-and-shoot for segmental bronchi and fissures, but not for subsegmental bronchi. For MDCT helical, visibility was equal to or better than SSCT step-and-shoot for segmental bronchi, but not for fissures and subsegmental bronchi. Concerning motion artifacts, MDCT step-and-shoot and MDCT helical were significantly better than or equal to SSCT step-and-shoot. Conclusion: The image quality (accounting for motion artifacts and visibility) of SSCT step-and-shoot and MDCT step-and-shoot is comparable. The visibility of anatomic structures in images from MDCT helical is inferior to HRCT step-and-shoot.
Reforming the Revolution
Authors: Soroush Abdol Karim , Mobasser Nilou 
Published: October 2007

One of the most distinguished and controversial thinkers in today's Iran,Abdol Karim Soroush has been the butt of both sides of the Iranian divide. Conservatives accuse him of 'extremism' in his attacks on the clergy and in his challenge to traditional interpretations of Islam as well as the main pillar of the post-revolutionary government, the Velayat-e-Faqih. Reformers, particularly those 'liberals' who would prefer to see the replacement of the present system of government by a wholly secular system, accuse him of not going far enough in this direction and so reinforcing the hold of the clerics. Though he has argued the separation of Church and State if either is to prosper, he remains a committed Muslim who sees the necessity of reform in a society where religion still plays so large a part in the life of the majority of the population. Those familiar with the arguments of the Protestant Reformation will find what Soroush says on the necessity of reform and the end of religious 'tyranny',for instance, unremarkable. For the authorities in Iran, however, it is another matter (Index 4/1996, 'God is not dead'). Between 1996 and 1999, Soroush was effectively prevented from teaching at the university — his classes were violently disrupted by members of the extremist Ansar-e Hezbollah; he and his family received death threats from the same source; his passport was withdrawn, most journals closed their pages to him and he was unable to work at the university, finally losing his job in 1998. Today, he is working at the Middle East Center in Harvard, Massachusetts. JVH
Voices Under Occupation
Authors: Pearlman Wendy 
Published: October 2007

Every Palestinian man, woman, and child in the West Bank and Gaza has a story to tell about how his or her life has been affected by the Israeli occupation in general and the current violence in particular. Occupied Voices: Stories of Everyday Life from the Second Intifada presents interviews with the few dozen people whom I was able to meet when I lived and travelled in the Palestinian territories. The photographs and stories in the book wer one window into the pain, dreams and resilience of real people enduring a terrible conflict. Some will read the stiffering portrayed in these interviews and retort, 'Yes, but Israelis have suffered, too.' They will be right but they will have missed the point. I am not trying to argue that Palestinians' miseries trump those of Israelis, only that Palestinians be given the chance to express themselves in their own terms. Others may say: 'Yes, but given the suicide bombings, Israel must act to defend itself.' They too will be right and they too will have missed the point. Many of the hardships described in this book are difficult to justify on the grounds of security. Moreover, the volume as a whole paints a portrait of the kind of political and social context that nourishes extremism. While particular stories will vary, the message remains the same: a nation's cry for the right to live with freedom and dignity on its own land. WP
In defence of the word
Authors: Galeano Eduardo , Rowe William 
Published: October 2007

During long sleepless nights and days of depression, a fly buzzes and buzzes around the head:' Writing, is it worth it?' In the midst of the farewells and the crimes, will words survive? Does this profession, which one has chosen or which has been chosen for one, make any sense? I am South American. In Montevideo, where I was born, I edited some newspapers and journals; one after the other they were closed down, by the government or by the creditors. I wrote several books: they are all banned. At the beginning of ‘73, my exile began. In Buenos Aires, we founded Crisis. It was a cultural journal with the biggest circulation in the history of the Spanish language. In August of last year its last number appeared. It could not continue. When words can be no worthier than silence, it is better to say nothing. And to hope. Where are the writers and journalists who produced the journal? Almost all have left Argentina, Some are dead. Others, imprisoned or disappeared. The novelist Haroldo Conti, or what remained of him, was seen for the last time in the middle of May 1976. Broken by torture. Nothing more has been heard of him. Officially, he was not detained. The government washes its hands. The poet Miguel Angel Bustos was taken from his home and has disappeared. The poet Paco Urondo was killed in Mendoza. The writers Paoletti and Di Benedetto are in prison: As is Luis Sabini, the journal's head of production: he is accused of possessing arms because he had a bullet to make himself a key ring. Our editor, Carlos Villar Arauja, was the first to go. In July 1975 he had to leave the country. He had published a courageous work, with documentary evidence, on oil in Argentina. That edition of Crisis was put on sale in the kiosks and, six evenings later, Carlos did not come home to sleep. They interrogated him with his eyes covered. The police denied holding him. Two days later he was flung, by a miracle still alive, into the woods of Ezeiza. The police said they had arrested him by mistake. They circulated lists of those condemned to death. The poet, Juan Gelman, editor in chief, had to take a plane. Some time later, they came looking for him in his home in Buenos Aires. As he was not there, they took his children away. The daughter turned up alive. Of the son and daughter-in-law, seven months pregnant, nothing is known. Unofficial government information indicated that they had been in prison and had been set free. The earth has swallowed them up. In such stormy times, the profession of writing is dangerous. In such circumstances, one recovers pride and joy in words, or loses respect for them for ever.
Kidnapped in Buenos Aires
Authors: Larreta Enrique Rodriguez 
Published: October 2007

For two months they had maltreated me, tortured me, kept me handcuffed and blindfolded; I had eaten badly, slept on the floor covered with just a filthy blanket and had no news about my family, who in turn must have thought me dead-all this without being accused of any crime.' This is how Enrique Larreta sums up his terrifying ordeal at the hands of the Argentinian and Uruguayan security forces in the summer and autumn of last year. A 55-year-old journalist with an unblemished record and no political involvement of any kind, he went to Buenos Aires in July 1976 to search for his son, who had disappeared. The son, also a journalist, 26 years old and married with a five-year-old child, had been living in Argentina for the past three years. He had been a student leader in Uruguay and was arrested by the Army in 1972, held incommunicado for nine months, interrogated and tortured, before being released as there was no evidence against him. Until his disappearance he had worked for the Buenos Aires newspaper, El Cronista Comercial. Enrique Larreta joined his daughter-in-law in attempting to trace the missing journalist and to secure his release. On 2 July he presented a writ of habeas corpus, requesting the court that the police, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, and the other security forces be asked about his whereabouts. A few days later he was told that the authorities had no record of his son and that he had not been detained. Enrique Larreta then contacted a number of organisations, including the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the Episcopal Council, and Dr Abelardo Rossi, a member of the Court of Justice. Everyone assured him of their sympathies but said they were unable to help. A member of the Supreme Court pointed out that on the same day over six thousand writs of habeas corpus had been received in cases similar to his. Undeterred, he wrote letters to various individuals and institutions, and he publicised his son's disappearance in Buenos Aires newspapers. What follows is an abbreviated version of Enrique Larreta's statement, which he made at the London offices of Amnesty International during his visit to England in March this year.
Four Poems
Authors: Sepamla Sipho , Hope Christopher 
Published: October 2007

Sydney Sipho Sepamla was born in 1932 and has lived most of his life in Soweto, the giant township southwest of Johannesburg, so recently notorious. Soweto, with an unofficial population perhaps upward of a million (so much in Soweto has been unofficial always, even the people are thought of as temporary sojourners) living in a vast dormitory of jerry-built houses stretching for astonishing miles over the flat, bleak veld, existing in the minds of the planners and ideologues as merely a place to sleep the thousands who service the white city next door by day. Sepamla must be ranked along with Oswald Mtshali and Wally Mongane Serote among what I might call the poets of the new cities. I am referring not to Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban, but to their black satellites, Soweto, Langa and Kwa Mashu, cities of night attending the cities of the sun. Such mirror images and inverted relationships are characteristic in South Africa. In his anthology of Black South African verse, the first and best introduction to the new city poets, which takes its title from Sepamla's fine satirical poem ‘To Whom It May Concern’, Robert Royston remarked that the new poetry was ‘a form of self-preservation’. However angry and expressive it might be, it presented less of a target to censors, priests and police who had sunk, literally without trace, an entire raft of black prose writers in the fifties and sixties. Understandably, some of the new city verse is assertive, angry and confused - but in South African poetry there has been nothing so invigorating for years. What sets Sepamla apart from the others, I think, has been a certain wariness of political rhetoric, a most un-South African subtlety. There is nothing unusual about using the big stick in South Africa; everybody has one. But in a country of brutal distinctions what is truly rare is the ability to distinguish. Sepamla's is a nervy, urban sensibility, perfectly suited to finding the chinks in the regime's fibrous armour and thrusting in his spear. He is at his steely best in ‘the deadpan, factual, throwaway line’ which Douglas Livingstone has pointed to, splendidly instanced in this poem, ‘The Will’: The burglar-proofing and the gate will go to my elder son so will the bicycle and a pair of bracelets His strength is double-edged; not only does he recount the pains of the blacks under apartheid, but articulates, too, the white nightmare of dispossession, often imagined, always expected, forever abjured. Sepamla's books include Hurry Up To It! ( 1975) and The Blues Is You In Me ( 1976), both published in Johannesburg. With the publication of The Soweto I Love his work is for the first time available abroad. He edits the review New Classic ( named for the dry-cleaning business in the room above which the magazine was founded), now in its latest metamorphosis and always amongst the most worthwhile South African little magazines open to the work of black writers. He edits, too, the drama magazine, Sketsh!
Breaking the Ice Barrier
Authors: Havel Václav 
Published: October 2007

In October, the Czech playwright Václav Havel received a sentence of 14 months, suspended for three years, at the end of a trial at which he and three other defendants (see p.68) were accused of ‘subversion of the Republic’ for having sent banned manuscripts out of the country for publication abroad. The day after the trial ended the BBC in London showed part of an interview with Havel, filmed clandestinely in Czechoslovakia, in which the writer discussed his arrest the previous January, his feelings about his four-month-long detention, and the imminent court case; he also gave his views on Charter 77, of which he was one of the three spokesmen when the document was first made public in January of last year. The following is the full text of the interview.
From a North Korean jail
Authors: Lameda Ali 
Published: October 2007

Denied all writing materials, he continued to compose poetry in prison, committing the verses to memory. The first poem on p.49 ( translated by Tom Jones) dates from his first prison term and is on the war in Vietnam. It was published in 1969, having been sent out when he was between detentions. The other two ( translated by Jo Labanyi) were composed in Suriwon camp and published in 1975 by Monte Avila Editores, Caracas. The following is from Ali Lameda: A Personal Account of the Experience of a Prisoner of Conscience in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Amnesty Int., 8–14 Southampton St., London WC2).
Why I made ‘Death of a Princess’
Authors: Thomas Anthony 
Published: October 2007

The dramatised documentary Death of a Princess, first shown on British television on 9 April, caused a political and diplomatic storm, with Saudi Arabian protests leading to the expulsion of the British Ambassador from Jeddah and to strenuous efforts by official and business representatives to prevent the film being screened in a number of other countries. In this interview with John Bonus, a writer on Middle East affairs, Anthony Thomas Princess and rebuts Saudi charges that his film was ‘anti-Islamic’. Q. What gave you the idea of making the film in the first place?
Interview with Ivan Kovalev
Authors: Daniels Guy 
Published: October 2007

Last August, the KGB continued its round-up of Soviet human rights campaigners by arresting Ivan Kovalev, one of the last active members of the Moscow Helsinki Monitoring Group then still at liberty. A 27-year-old engineer, Kovalev had been working as a fireman after being ousted from his profession for his involvement in human rights activities. His father, biologist Sergei Kovalev, was arrested in 1974 and sentenced to seven years' labour camp and three in exile for his work on the sanizdat Chronicle of Current Events, while his wife, Tatiana Osipova, received a sentence of five years' labour camp and five exile last year as a member of the Helsinki watch group. The following interview on the present situation and future prospects of the human rights movement in the USSR was made in the early part of 1981. (For earlier articles on the Soviet human rights movement in Index on Censorship 1/1975, Natalya Gorbanevskaya 1/1977 and Peter Reddeway 4/1980.)
The truth sometimes shocks: Dismissal, censorship and imprisonment have not deterred this champion of the cause of women and critic of Arab society
Authors: Saadawi Nawal el 
Published: October 2007

Short story about a village girl's wedding night by a leading Egyptian champion of women's rights ‘Isn't the man who slaughters his sinned sister the same who makes sin with the sisters of men? Isn't the wolf who fools the innocent child the same as the father who locks and ties up his daughter? Isn't the man who is unfaithful to his wife the same man tho kills his wife to protect his honour? Isn't the wife who is unfaithful to her husband the same woman who gossips about other women? Isn't the society that broadcasts the love songs the same society that puts the noose around everyone that falls in love?’