bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correction of facial lipoatrophy using autologous fat transplants in HIV‐infected adolescents
Authors: Dollfus C , Blanche S , Trocme N , Funck‐Brentano I , Bonnet F , Levan P 
Published: January 2009

ObjectivesAntiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the survival of HIV‐infected children. Nevertheless, side effects comparable to those found in adults have been encountered, such as facial lipoatrophy, which can have a negative impact on the self‐esteem of otherwise healthy adolescents. Cosmetic surgical procedures in adolescents raise psychological issues which need to be specifically addressed and which have never been previously reported in this population. We evaluated the patient satisfaction, safety and cosmetic results of HIV‐infected adolescents who experienced autologous fat transplants for the correction of facial lipoatrophy.MethodsWe report the results of plastic surgery using autologous fat transplants (Coleman's Lipostructure™) in six HIV‐infected adolescents with facial lipoatrophy: three boys and three girls, aged 14–19 years.ResultsThe quantity of reinjected fat on each side of the face varied from 5 to 12 mL within a single procedure. All the patients reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the cosmetic results and reported a positive impact on their daily life.ConclusionsWith well‐trained surgeons and carefully selected indications, corrective surgery of facial lipoatrophy in HIV‐infected adolescents can provide immediate and long‐lasting benefits in terms of physical appearance and psychological wellbeing, and should be considered as a component of comprehensive care.
Communication As a Technique in Treating Disturbed Children
Authors: Drysdale B. E. Dockar 
Published: January 2009

The word communication is used in a very special sense to describe a technique exployed in a certain kind of treatment of deeply disturbed children, in a residential setting.Communication with is distinguished from interpretation to a child, because while interpretation brings latent content to the surface, communication, while concerned with latent content, is carried out in terms of manifest content.Such communication can be established between a child and the therapist. It is most likely to appear following the formation of a primary bond.It is practical for one therapist to maintain several such lines of communication at the same time. This is therefore an emotionally economic technique.The fact that the therapist can respond to the child at once, in context, and with feeling, provides just the kind of adaption to needs that a very disturbed child needs at a certain stage of treatment.The therapist can continue to maintain such a contact without too much strain—each child having his own highly individual life‐line which he will be inclined to hold very firmly.Mistakes—inevitable in every kind of treatment—are not disastrous once contact is established. Before this point is no communication in the special sense, and after this point the child will correct mistakes.Mothers and certain gifted people have such means of making contact with the inner world of young children; such intuitive skill tends to be lost as the child grows up and inside and outside becomes more firmly established.The therapist, like the mother, must be able to tolerate the eventual loss of the life‐line when it is no longer needed. Some children will have a whole system of communication, others may have moments of contact which are just as important.Story‐tellers and dreamers have been making communicaitons since the beginning of history. We are often concerned with the interpretation of these myths of poems, or whatever we choose to call them. Perhaps there are times when we should simply respond to them as communications.Progress is made from pre‐integration to integration. (For example: Jane, who had been a frozen delinquent, read the fairy‐tale in which, in order to gain a soul, a fairy must sacrifice her immortality, and in recounting this story Jane said “You know, this is what has happened to me.” Because she now knew of a to‐morrow and a yesterday she knew also that she was born and would die—she had lost the “immortality” of the psychopath who lived entirely in “today”)Interpretation seems to belong to transference and probably regression towards disintegration; communication belongs to a primary bond and progress towards first integration.
The Imprisonment of Maintenance Defaulters
Authors: Freeman M. D. A. , Lyon Christina M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOver 3,000 men are imprisoned each year for maintenance default. At any one time there are on average about 300 men in prison for this reason. It costs the State over one and a quarter million pounds a year to keep these men in prison. Yet, despite concern with overcrowding, no initiative is being taken to remove the sanction of imprisonment. This article surveys available evidence on who is imprisoned and argues the case for abolition. In particular the inappropriateness of using criminal sanctions to enforce family obligations is stressed. The case for imprisonment is usually grounded in deterrence. This argument is considered critically.
The Control Unit Regime: Law and Order in Prison
Authors: Birkinshaw Patrick 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article describes the events leading to the introduction of the control unit in Wakefield Prison in 1974, and the way the unit operated. The control unit was recently the subject of litigation in the High Court, when a former inmate of the unit, Michael Sidney Williams, sued the Home Office for false imprisonment, claiming exemplary damages for oppressive and arbitrary governmental action and a declaration that the Home Office had no power to set up the unit. The article examines the decision and some of the possible implications for the future relationship between courts of law and prison administration.
Young Offenders: I. Law, Order and the Child‐Care System
Authors: Morris Allison , Giller Henri 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Government's White Paper Young Offendersaims to alter radically the provisions of the criminal justice system for children and young people. This article looks at the emergence of the White Paper against the policy and practice of the 1969 Children and Young Persons Act and assesses the likely outcome of its proposals. Overall, the Government's programme will enable a considerable toughening of intervention in the lives of children and facilitates the convergence of law and order and the child‐care system.
Industrial Relations in the Prison Service1
Authors: King Roy D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this abbreviated version of an address to the Howard League three models of management‐staff relations in the prison service are reviewed: a military model, a professional model and a wage‐labour model. It is suggested that the military model can no longer apply, and that attempts to introduce a professional model failed. Unless major changes to the service can be achieved, that would allow a new professional model to be introduced, it is argued that the wage‐labour model is here to stay.
Social Enquiry Reports and Sentencing
Authors: Roberts Jenny , Roberts Colin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article describes an analysis of the provision of social enquiry reports, the various sentencing outcomes in magistrates' courts and differences in the level of resources in 34 probation areas. It demonstrates that the level of report provision is strongly associated with the use of probation service administered disposals (i.e. probation and community service orders) but has little effect on the use of custodial disposals. The second part reviews the reasons for the apparent absence of influence in reports on the use of custodial sentences and the ways in which probation officers might enhance their impact on sentences via the preparation of reports, especially in relation to the use of tariff sentences.
The Prison System: Prospects for Change
Authors: King Roy D. , Morgan Rod 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper the authors review developments within the prison service since the publication of the May Report in 1979. They do so from the standpoint of their own evidence to the May Committee because, it is argued, no alternative view of the future of the prison system has been systematically developed. It is suggested that in spite of the abandonment of serious attempts to control the size of the prison population, the massive extension of the prison building programme, and the continuing uncertainty surrounding industrial relations, there are some small signs of change which could, eventually, produce real reforms in the prison system.
Non‐Custodial Penal Sanctions in England and Wales: A New Utopia?
Authors: Morgan Neil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses contemporary developments in penal policy and practice in the light of Professor Stanley Cohen's “Punitive City” concept. It is shown that there is little evidence of a “transformation” in either ideology or practice away from custodial modes of control. Short custodial sentences have much support and, as Cohen suggested, supposed “alternatives” often do not displace custody. For the foreseeable future it is likely that non‐custodial controls will be relatively cost‐effective, rather simple and overtly punitive or reparative in aim: it is highly improbable that they will as Professor Cohen suggests, be oriented towards a “social‐work rationale” of “treatment”.
The Television Licence: Prosecution and Poor Households1
Authors: WALL DAVID , BRADSHAW JONATHAN 
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The B.B.C. is facing a fiscal crisis ‐ its revenue will no longer increase without further rises in the licence fee. The government is reluctant to raise the licence fee for political reasons and because of anxiety over its impact on low income households. There is evidence of growing resistance towards paving the licence fee. One of the major reasons suggested for non‐payment is that poor households simply cannot afford to pay the lump sum required.The Peacock Committee are considering other methods of raising revenue for the B.B.C. The Public Accounts Committee have called for more efficient detection methods and higher penalties. But these solutions will cost money and hurt poor households most. One way of avoiding prosecuting poor evaders and ensuring that the licence is paid, is to introduce a system of licence‐direct similar to that pioneered by the fuel boards.
Identifying important areas for butterfly conservation  in Italy
Authors: Girardello M. , Griggio M. , Whittingham M. J. , Rushton S. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe current study combines the use of niche modelling with a site prioritization method to identify important areas for butterfly conservation in Italy. A novel machine learning method (bagging predictors) was used to predict the distribution of 232 species of butterflies across the Italian Peninsula. The results of the models were used to identify high‐value sites with a multispecies prioritization method called zonation. In order to identify important areas for species of conservation concern, we incorporated a species weighting scheme to zonation analyses. We also used the results of the zonation analyses to identify a series of management landscapes on the basis of the similarity in species composition among sites. The basic zonation showed that most important areas for butterfly conservation are located in the Alps, the Appennine, the Apulia region and in the island of Sardinia. The inclusion of a species weighting scheme in the zonation analyses revealed the importance of two new areas located in Southern Italy and emphasized the importance of the Alps for species of conservation concern. The landscape identification procedure selected a series of landscapes, which provide protection to a full range of species ranging from the Alps to Mediterranean areas. Our study shows that the areas selected in our analyses should be given high priority in future conservation plans and monitoring schemes.
Within‐individual discrimination on the Concealed Information Test using dynamic mixture modeling
Authors: Matsuda Izumi , Hirota Akihisa , Ogawa Tokihiro , Takasawa Noriyoshi , Shigemasu Kazuo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhether an examinee has information about a crime is determined by the Concealed Information Test based on autonomic differences between the crime‐related item and other control items. Multivariate quantitative statistical methods have been proposed for this determination. However, these require specific databases of responses, which are problematic for field application. Alternative methods, using only an individual's data, are preferable, but traditionally such within‐individual approaches have limitations because of small data sample size. The present study proposes a new within‐individual judgment method, the hidden Markov discrimination method, in which time series‐data are modeled with dynamic mixture distributions. This method was applied to experimental data and showed sufficient potential in discriminating guilty from innocent examinees in a mock theft experiment compared with performance of previous methods.
Metabolic syndrome, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus: impact on disease progression and treatment response
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , McCullough Arthur J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, is increasingly recognized as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is an important cause of liver‐related morbidity and mortality. It is among the most common forms of liver disease. NAFLD reflects abnormal partitioning of fat, such that fat deposition is increased in the liver, and provides a link between NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome, a constellation of metabolic disorders that can also be associated with visceral fat or central adiposity. Together, the features of the metabolic syndrome presage overt diabetes and increase cardiovascular risk. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) appears to exacerbate the metabolic syndrome by eliciting increased insulin resistance (IR) and promoting truncal obesity. Moreover, the concomitant presence of HCV and NAFLD is associated with an increased likelihood of diabetes, hypertension and/or hypertriglyceridaemia. Metabolic abnormalities have been shown to influence response to treatment such that the presence of IR or obesity reduces the likelihood of a sustained virological response (SVR); conversely, SVR has been demonstrated to ameliorate IR and improve β‐cell function. Clinically, these data suggest that attention must be paid not only to optimizing antiviral response but also to screening for and treatment of the various components of the metabolic syndrome.
Newcastle disease virus represses the activation of human hepatic stellate cells and reverses the development of hepatic fibrosis in mice
Authors: Li Ya‐Lin , Wu Jiao , Wei Ding , Zhang Da‐Wei , Feng Hao , Chen Zhi‐Nan , Bian Huijie 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground/Aims: Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the crucial factor responsible for liver fibrosis and involved in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by interaction with tumour cells. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has the oncolytic characteristics of intrinsically selective replication in neoplasia cells and transformed cells. But, NDV replication in HSCs and effects on hepatic fibrosis have not been reported.Methods: We detected the effect of conditioned medium (CM) from human HCC cells on the activation of human HSC line, LX‐2 by a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The replication of NDV was evaluated in LX‐2 cells and primary‐cultured mouse HSCs by flow cytometry or by a fluorescence microscope. Indices for hepatic fibrosis were determined in HSCs and a hepatic fibrosis mouse model by gelatin zymography, RT‐PCR, Western blot and Sirius red staining after NDV infection. Colocalization of NDV virions and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were detected by double immunofluorescence staining. Detection of apoptosis was carried out in liver tissues of NDV‐treated mice by the TdT‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling assay.Results: Tumour‐CM and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) could promote the proliferation and activation of LX‐2 cells, indicated by the enhanced expression of α‐SMA, collagen I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 and TGF‐β1. Activated HSCs facilitated the replication of NDV, thereby repressing the secretion of MMP, the expression of these indices for hepatic fibrosis and the expression of α‐SMA and collagen fibrils in hepatic fibrosis of the mouse induced by carbon tetrachloride.Conclusions: HCC cells promote the activation of HSCs and NDV attenuates the activation and represses the hepatic fibrosis by selective replication in activated HSCs.
Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure
Authors: Hesdorffer Dale C. , Benn Emma K. T. , Cascino Gregory D. , Hauser W. Allen 
Published: January 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To compare mortality and subsequent unprovoked seizure risk in a population‐based study of acute symptomatic seizure and first unprovoked seizure due to static brain lesions.Methods:  We ascertained all first episodes of acute symptomatic seizure and unprovoked seizure due to central nervous system (CNS) infection, stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Subjects were residents of Rochester, Minnesota, identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project’s records‐linkage system between 1/1/55 and 12/31/84. Information was collected on age, gender, seizure type, etiology, status epilepticus (SE), 30‐day and 10‐year mortality, and subsequent episodes of unprovoked seizure.Results:  Two hundred sixty‐two individuals experienced a first acute symptomatic seizure and 148 individuals experienced a first unprovoked seizure, all due to static brain lesions. Individuals with a first acute symptomatic seizure were 8.9 times more likely to die within 30 days compared to those with a first unprovoked seizure [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.5–22.5] after adjustment for age, gender, and SE. Among 30‐day survivors, the risk of 10‐year mortality did not differ. Over the 10‐year period, individuals with a first acute symptomatic seizure were 80% less likely to experience a subsequent unprovoked seizure compared with individuals with a first unprovoked seizure [adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.2–0.4].Discussion:  The prognosis of first acute symptomatic seizures differs from that of first unprovoked seizure when the etiology is stroke, TBI, and CNS infection. Acute symptomatic seizures have a higher early mortality and a lower risk for subsequent unprovoked seizure. These differences argue against the inclusion of acute symptomatic seizures as epilepsy.
Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: The human experience
Authors: Temkin Nancy R. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryPosttraumatic epilepsy presents an ideal target for prevention efforts. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common, characteristics that put people at high risk such as penetrating injury or subdural hematoma or provoked seizures are easily identified, and the latency between the injury and the onset of epileptic seizures is frequently short. Several drugs have been tested for their ability to prevent provoked seizures and epilepsy after TBI. We describe the design of those studies and their results. Phenytoin and carbamazepine significantly reduce the incidence of provoked seizures. Phenobarbital and the combination of phenobarbital and phenytoin also look promising for reducing provoked seizures, but small sample sizes in the studies evaluating these drugs do not allow definitive conclusions. None of the drugs studied (phenytoin, phenobarbital, their combination, carbamazepine, valproate, or magnesium) have shown reliable evidence that they prevent, or even suppress, epileptic seizures after TBI. For most of the regimens tested (the phenytoin/phenobarbital combination being the exception), the best estimate of effect is under a 25% reduction in posttraumatic seizures, well less than the 50% reduction most studies were designed to detect. The evaluation of the tested drugs has serious limitations, however, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) developed since 1980 and other compounds have barely been tested at all. Better understanding the process of epileptogenesis, testing treatments that demonstrate antiepileptogenic effects in the laboratory, and performing thorough preclinical and phase II evaluations before attempting definitive trials should greatly improve the chance of identifying ways to prevent posttraumatic epilepsy, providing the ultimate cure for this condition.
Posttraumatic epilepsy: The endophenotypes of a human model of epileptogenesis
Authors: Diaz‐Arrastia Ramon , Agostini Mark A. , Madden Christopher J. , Van Ness Paul C. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryPosttraumatic epilepsy is a common complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), occurring in up to 15–20% of patients with severe brain trauma. Trauma accounts for approximately 5% of chronic epilepsy in the community. Because it is a common condition, and because of the relatively short latency period between injury and onset of chronic seizures, posttraumatic epilepsy represents a good model to test antiepileptogenic therapies. However, several well‐conducted clinical trials have failed to demonstrate antiepileptogenic efficacy for several common anticonvulsants. Posttraumatic epilepsy can arise through a number of mechanisms, which often coexist within a single patient. Penetrating brain injury produces a cicatrix in the cortex and is associated with a risk of posttraumatic epilepsy of approximately 50%, whereas nonpenetrating head injury may produce focal contusions and intracranial hemorrhages, and is associated with a risk of posttraumatic epilepsy of up to 30%. Furthermore, closed head injury often produces diffuse concussive injury, with shearing of axons and selective damage to vulnerable brain regions, such as the hippocampus. The clinical, neurophysiologic, imaging, and neuropathologic features or epileptogenicity differ between these alternate mechanisms. It is likely that better understanding of the subtypes of epilepsy resulting from brain trauma will be required to successfully identify antiepileptogenic therapies.