bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARACTER COMPATIBILITY AND PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SEVERAL CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF CHENOPODIUM OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: La Duke John , Crawford Daniel J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe method of Character Compatibility, using both morphological and chemical characters, was employed to develop a phylogeny for several closely related diploid species of Chenopodium occurring in the western United States. The species include C. atrovirens, C. desiccatum, C. fremontii, C. hians, C. incanum (including two varieties in addition to the typical one), C. leptophyllum, and C. pratericola. The three similar phylogenies produced by using Character Compatibility were then compared to an hypothesis of phyletic relationships derived intuitively. The intuitive phylogeny in general agrees with those developed by Character Compatibility. Chenopodium fremontii is regarded as having the greatest number of primitive characters and thus is considered to be least modified from the hypothetical ancestral type. Two lines occur from this hypothetical ancestor, one which includes C. incanum and C. desiccatum and the other which contains the remaining four species. The intuitive phylogeny differs in one significant respect, namely, that C. desiccatum is viewed as more closely allied to C. pratericola than to C. incanum. The reason for this is that in the intuitive phylogeny leaf shape is employed as a primary character for producing the two basic phyletic lines. Character Compatibility used a greater number of compatible features for generating the phylogenies (eight as opposed to six in the intuitive phylogeny) but it did not use leaf shape in constructing the trees. It is suggested that several characters placing C. desiccatum and C. incanum together in the trees produced by Character Compatibility may be due to parallel evolution, and not the result of a direct phyletic relationship.
IRIDOIDS IN VERBENA
Authors: Damtoft S⊘ren , Jensen S⊘ren Rosendal , Nielsen Bent Juhl 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeveral species of Verbena were examined for iridoid glucosides. These were found in all species of subgenus Verbenaca investigated. In two of three species of the group Pachystachyae the iridoid glucoside griselinoside was detected, while all species from the group Leptostachyae contained mixtures of cornin and the closely related hastatoside. The species from subgenus Glandularia only occasionally contained iridoids, and in no case were the compounds from subgenus Verbenaca detected.
HISTORY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS CAREX
Authors: Robertson Alexander 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe history of the classification of the genus Carex from 370 B.C.‐1955 A.D., including a synopsis of the etymology of the generic name Carex, is reviewed. The refinement of descriptive terminology during the Middle Ages, caricology during the Renaissance period and the concepts of classification systems for Carex are also discussed.
TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF DUMONTIA LAMOUROUX (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDumontia contorta (Gmelin) Ruprecht is the earliest available name for the widely distributed northern hemisphere red alga, D. incrassata (Müller) Lamouroux, which has also been incorrectly known as D. filiformis (Hornemann) Greville and D. filiformis (Lyngbye) J. Agardh.
EMBRYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND THE TAXONOMY OF THE STIPEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Barkworth Mary E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEpiblast length and shape were examined in 39 species of the Stipeae, 29 of which are native to North America. In most species of Stipa examined the epiblast equalled or exceeded the coleoptile and was acute with or without a small V‐shaped notch at the apex. In contrast, in most species of Oryzopsis the epiblast extended no more than three‐quarters of the way up the coleoptile and was more or less truncate. Two other characters that tended to differ between Stipa and Oryzopsis were the overall shape of the embryo as seen in ventral view and the position of the tip of the coleorhiza. In Oryzopsis the embryo tended to be broader (length/width 1.0‐1.6) than in Stipa (length/width 1.5‐3.7) and the tip of the coleorhiza higher with respect to the base of the embryo.Some taxonomically significant variation was seen within each genus. The species of Stipa sect. Hesperostipa are distinguished by a deep, parallel‐sided apical notch. The placement of S. webberi and S. hendersonii in Stipa rather than Oryzopsis was supported by the characters considered here. The two species of Nassella examined were stipoid in their epiblast characters, but their over‐all shape and the position of the coleorhiza were oryzopsoid. The only species of Piptochaetium examined, P. pringlei, was typically stipoid in the characters examined.
RECENT CHANGES IN THE FLORA OF THE JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS, CHILE
Authors: Sanders Roger W. , Stuessy Tod F. , Marticorena Clodomiro 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuring the recent Universidad de Concepción–Ohio State University expeditions to the Juan Fernandez Islands, observations were made concerning recent changes in the composition and extent of the native flora. In comparison with the data of Skottsberg from 1916‐17, many of the endemic species have become much rarer, and some perhaps extinct. Several especially aggressive introduced species, e.g., Acaena argentea, Aristotelia chilensis, and Rubus ulmifolius, continue to invade and replace the native vegetation. Increasing areas of dry habitats and increasing proportions of xeromorphic or lithophilic plants now characterize the total vegetation. The total area of native vegetation is now restricted to the central ridges and cliffs. The major causes for the floristic degradation appear to be the introduced animals which have overgrazed and trampled the plants as well as compacted the soil. This has lead to erosion and further loss or degradation of the plant cover.
ON THE CORRECT NAME FOR PROTOPTERIDIUM (RELLIMIA) THOMSONII (FOSSIL)
Authors: Matten Lawrence C. , Schweitzer Hans‐Joachim 
Published: April 2006

SummaryProtopteridium Krejčí (1880) is validly published and has priority over Milleria Lang (1926) and Rellimia Leclercq and Bonamo (1973). Ptilophyton thomsonii Dawson (1878) is not the type species of Ptilophyton and when synonymized with the plants described by Krejčí, Lang and Leclercq and Bonamo becomes Protopteridium thomsonii (Dawson) Kräusel and Weyland (1933).
CECROPIACEAE A NEW FAMILY OF THE URTICALES
Authors: Berg C.C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe problem of the correct position of the Conocephaloideae, a subfamily of the Moraceae in Engler's system, but transferred to the Urticaceae by Corner (1962), can be satisfactorily solved by assigning the rank of family to this taxon, to be named Cecropiaceae. Diagnoses of and a key to the six genera constituting this family (Cecropia, Coussapoa, Musanga, Myrianthus, Poikilospermum, and Pourouma) are given. The classification of the Urticales and the relationship between the Cecropiaceae and both Moraceae and Urticaceae are discussed. A key to the families of the Urticales is given.
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF SESQUITERPENE LACTONES IN VERNONIA (COMPOSITAE) AND MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES
Authors: Burnett William C. , Jones Samuel B. , Mabry Tom J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEastern cottontail rabbits, Syhilagus floridanus (Allen), were demonstrated to prefer feeding upon Vernonia flaccidifolia Small which lacks sesquiterpene lactones rather than V. gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ssp. gigantea which contains the bitter sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide‐A. The rabbits also essentially avoided V. flaccidifolia coated with a thin layer of glaucolide‐A. Whitetail deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), were shown to prefer V. flaccidifolia over V. gigantea as well as V. flaccidifolia coated with glaucolide‐A. These experimentally determined feeding preferences supported field observations. Sesquiterpene lactones, in addition to functioning as insect feeding deterrents, also appear to defend Vernonia against browsing mammals. The wide distribution of sesquiterpene lactones in Compositae may be related to coevolution not only with insects but also with mammalian herbivores.
IPOMOEA CARNEA JACQ. VS. IPOMOEA FISTULOSA MART. EX CHOISY
Authors: Austin Daniel F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe literature on Ipomoea carnea and I. fistulosa is briefly discussed. Original publications, illustrations, type specimens, distributions, and habitat preferences are reviewed, and the criteria used to separate these two names at the species level are found invalid. Modern interpretation of I. carnea has been based in part on a misconception of the original publication and on a complex population adapted for two habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: I. carnea ssp. carnea Jacq. and I. carnea ssp. fistulosa (Mart, ex Choisy) D. Austin.
4. IRIDOID GLUCOSIDES
Authors: Jensen S⊘ren Rosendal , Nielsen Bent Juhl 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA chemical investigation of Aralidium pinnatifidum and four species of Griselinia has demonstrated that iridoid glucosides are present in the former and in the two New Zealand species of the latter. Ten species from the Araliaceae were also examined and found devoid of iridoids. The data suggest a placement of Aralidium within the Cornalian complex.
HETEROSTYLY AND INCOMPATIBILITY IN VILLARSIA CAPITATA (MENYANTHACEAE)
Authors: Ornduff Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVillarsia capitata, a diploid annual of Western Australia, has distylous flowers. Results of a crossing program indicate that its distyly is associated with an incompatibility system. Intramorph pollinations produced 0.4‐0.8 seeds per pollination; intermorph pollinations produced 10.2 seeds per pollination in pins and 3.3 in thrums. About sixty percent of pin ovules and twenty percent of thrum ovules mature to seed following intermorph pollinations. These differences may result from the smaller size of thrum stigmas, from greater difficulty in transferring pollen to thrum stigmas in artificial pollinations, or from unknown causes. Villarsia capitata is a highly specialized member of the genus in its capitate, bracteate inflorescences and its annual habit, yet it retains a breeding system that is primitive in the Menyanthaceae.
CHROMOSOME COUNT FOR HIPPEASTRUM IGUAZUANUM
Authors: Williams Margot , Dudley T. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA chromosome count for Hippeastrum iguazuanum was made, using the acetocarmine squash technique, and the species was found to have a somatic chromosome number of 2n = 24. New nomenclature was provided for the species to conform with the conserved generic name.
THE TYPE LOCALITY FOR MENZIES' COLLECTIONS OF PYROLA PICTA, P. DENTATA, AND P. APHYLLA FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Haber Erich 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type locality for the species Pyrola picta, P. dentata, and P. aphylla, collected by Menzies from the northwest coast of North America, has been considered to be Nootka Island, located on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. A review of Menzies' journal of Vancouver's survey of the northwest coast during 1792 and other publications dealing with his voyage during the 1793 and 1794 seasons indicates that the type specimens could not have been collected at Nootka Island. Visits to the settlement at Nootka were made at the wrong times of the year for collecting flowering specimens. Menzies'journal for 1792 suggests that the probable collection site is Nipple Summit on West Redonda Island off the mainland coast of British Columbia. It is at the same latitude as Nootka, but about 150 km to the east.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF SPECIES NAMES OF RHODYMENIALES (RHODOPHYTA) FOR THE RED ALGAL FLORA OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN WASHINGTON
Authors: Hawkes Michael W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhile preparing a floristic treatment of the red algal order Rhodymeniales in British Columbia and northern Washington, several names were found to be lacking holotypes or were incorrectly typified. Lectotypes are designated here for the following names: Botryocladia psendodichotoma (Farlow) Kylin, Fauchea fryeana Setchell, Fauchea laciniata J. Agardh, Fryeella gardneri (Setchell) Kylin, Gastroclonium subarticulatum (Turner) Ktitzing [=Gastroclonium coulteri (Harvey) Kylin], Leptofauchea pacifica Dawson, Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo.
A NOMENCLATURAL REVISION OF THE JAPANESE MAGNOLIA SPECIES (MAGNOLIACEAE) TOGETHER WITH TWO LONG‐CULTIVATED CHINESE SPECIES. I. M. HYPOLEUCA
Authors: Veda Kunihiko 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUntil recently names accepted by Rehder and Wilson (1913) for Magnolia species in Japan have commonly been followed. Magnolia obovata Thunb., which has been applied to the Japanese Umbrella Tree, is rejected as a superfluous, illegitimate name for M. denudata Desr. (=M. heptapeta) and M. liliiflora Desr. (=M. quinquepeta), and Magnolia hypoleuca Sieb. et Zucc. is accepted as the correct name.
SUBGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF CHLORIS SW. (POACEAE)
Authors: Varadarajan G. S. , Gilmartin A. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWorld wide distribution of Chloris Sw. (Poaceae) consists of 56 species that are classified into two subgenera, viz., Phacelaria (43 species) and Chloris (13 species).
HISTORY OF GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Cronquist Arthur 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGeneric delimitation in the Compositae is notoriously difficult, because a great many of the recognizable groups are connected by palpable intermediates. Neither lumping nor splitting leads consistently to well‐defined, conceptually useful genera, and the fruits of a determined pursuit of absolute monophylesis are equally poisonous. In order to have conceptually useful genera, we must accept the fact that many of them are inherently ill‐defined and unresponsive to efforts at precision.The number of recognized genera of Compositae has increased from 90 in 1753 to about 1200 today. By 1838 the number had reached 889, and was still rapidly rising. In 1873 Bentham shook the number down to 766. He submerged most of the genera that had been proposed half a century earlier by Cassini, but even so he continued to accept nearly a hundred of them, and some others have subsequently been resuscitated. Much of the increase since Bentham's time reflects new discoveries, but there has also been some splitting and refinement of Bentham's genera. Recent proposals to divide such large genera as Eupatorium and Senecio into hordes of minigenera have provoked a vigorous counter‐reaction, and the issue remains in doubt.
CLADISTICS AND GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Funk V. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCladistic classifications seek to recognize monophyletic groups while changing the existing nomenclature as little as possible. When applied to the discussion of generic concepts this approach means that new descriptions and combinations are justifiable only when they are necessary for the delimitation of natural groups of species (monophyletic groups, sensu Hennig).
SENSITIVITY OF THE FOUR CYTODEMES OF ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM L. S. LAT. (POACEAE) TO PUCCINIA SARDONENSIS GÄUMANN (UREDINALES)
Authors: Felber F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAttempts to infect the four cytodemes of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. s. lat. (Poaceae) with Puccinia sardonensis Gäumann (Uredinales) were successful with half the individuals of A. alpinum A. & D. Löve (diploid and tetraploid) but not with those of A. odoratum s. str. (diploid and tetraploid). For each cytodeme, the sensitivity to the parasite was not dependent on the origin of the material and no correlation was established between the distribution of the rust and that of susceptible individuals. Susceptibility and resistance to P. sardonensis would therefore probably be long‐established characteristics which originated at the time of differentiation of the two diploid taxa of A. odoratum s. str. and of A. alpinum but which preceded their respective polyploidization phases. Resistance to infection would have no adaptive value since resistant A. odoratum is not exposed to infection in nature and probably never has been. These results support the division of A. odoratum s. lat. into A. alpinum and A. odoratum.RésuméDes essais d'infection des quatre cytodèmes d'Anthoxanthum odoratum L. s. lat. (Poaceae) par Puccinia sardonensis Gäumann (Urédinée) réussissent sur la moitié des individus d'A. alpinum A. & D. Löve (diploïde et tétraploïde) mais jamais sur ceux d'A. odoratum s. str. (diploïde et tétraploïde). Pour chaque cytodème, la sensibilité au parasite est indépendante de l'origine du matériel et aucune corrélation n'a été établie entre la distribution de la rouille et celle des individus sensibles. La susceptibilité et la résistance à P. sardonensis représenteraient done des caractères anciens dont l'apparition serait contemporaine de la différentiation des deux taxons diploïdes d'A odoratum s. str. et d'A alpinum mais antérieure à leurs phases respectives de polyploïdisation. La résistance à l'infection n'aurait pas de valeur adaptative puisque A. odoratum résistant n'est pas exposé à l'infection dans la nature et ne l'a vraisemblablement jamais été. Ces résultats témoignent de l'indépendance taxonomique d'A alpinum et d'A. odoratum.
A PHYLOGENETIC TREE FOR SOME MONOCOTYLEDONS AND GYMNOSPERMS DERIVED FROM PROTEIN SEQUENCES
Authors: Martin P. G. , Dowd J. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFirst‐40 amino acid sequences of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit are presented for six monocotyledons and two gymnosperms and are analysed together with previously published sequences of nine monocotyledons and two gymnosperms. In the resulting minimal phylogenetic tree, the gymnosperms are clearly separate from the monocotyledons with Ephedra closest to them. The families Poaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae and Liliaceae (sensu lato) are separate although the last does not have a clearly defined origin. The two members of Alismatidae are closest to the origin of the monocotyledons. The majority of the tree agrees well with other taxonomies.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CORYNOCARPACEAE
Authors: Nowicke Joan W. , Skvarla John J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pollen of seven collections representing three of the four species of Corynocarpus (the only genus in the family) has been examined in LM and SEM, and one species examined in TEM. If the colpi are meridionally oriented, then the pollen of Corynocarpaceae is weakly heteropolar, 2‐colporate, with a mostly psilate exine, and an unstratified or poorly differentiated exine structure. This highly distinctive pollen has no known counterpart in either the Celastrales or Ranunculales, two orders to which the family has been assigned. Corynocarpus pollen is similar to that of the saxifragaceous genus Itea, which is also illustrated in SEM and TEM.
UPTAKE OF NICKEL BY SPECIES OF ALYSSUM, BORNMUELLERA, AND OTHER GENERA OF OLD WORLD TRIBUS ALYSSEAE
Authors: Reeves Roger D. , Brooks Robert R. , Dudley Theodore R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt has been shown previously that 45 species of Alyssum (Cruciferae), found on serpentine soils, can accumulate nickel to levels above 1000 μg/g (on a dry mass basis). An investigation of most species of the Old World genera of Tribus Alysseae has now demonstrated that this remarkable nickel accumulation is exhibited by five additional serpentine taxa from Turkey and the Balkans: Alyssum peltarioides subsp. virgatiforme, Bornmuellera glabrescens, B. baldaccii, B. tymphaea, and the hybrid B. × petri. All of these taxa had maximum nickel concentrations in the range 1.0‐3.1%. Additional data are presented for Alyssum species, including some for taxa not previously reported.Although adaptation by plant species to unfavourable edaphic factors may take place in a relatively short time, it is noteworthy that all species so far recognised as nickel accumulators are from regions that were beyond the maximum advance of the Pleistocene ice‐caps. These plants may therefore represent a type of behaviour which started to evolve prior to the most recent glacial episodes. Possible reasons for the endemism of many of the nickel accumulators are outlined.
HEMOLYSIS, A SYNAPOMORPHIC DISCRIMINATOR OF AN EXPANDED GENUS MEDICAGO (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Jurzysta Marian , Small Ernest , Nozzolillo Constance 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHemolysis is a traditional test for the presence of certain saponins in plant tissues. The hemolytic capacities of Medicago and allied genera were examined. It was found that leaves of Medicago species are hemolytic, although there are considerable differences in strength of reaction among species and populations of species. The leaves of species of six related genera consistently proved not to be hemolytic. Thus hemolysis by leaves is a synapomorphic discriminator, and supports a recent, controversial expanded circumscription of Medicago. The hemolytic capacities of seeds of Medicago and its closest allies, Trigonella and Melilotus, were also examined. Only about a third of Medicago species had hemolytic seeds, and the distribution of these is more or less characteristic of certain infrageneric groups. Three interrelated species of Trigonella proved to be the only species of genera other than those of Medicago with hemolytic seeds. In Medicago, hemolysis is caused by glycosides of the saponin medicagenic acid; different but as yet unidentified hemolytic agents are present in the seeds of the three hemolytic species of Trigonella.
MEASUREMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON PLANT CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Cronk Q. C. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPlant classifications have a frequency distribution of taxon sizes which is very skewed (the celebrated “hollow curve” of Willis). In the first part of this paper I suggest that the best general measure of the hollow curve is the variance of the fitted lognormal distribution. By this means we can compare classifications, such as Linnaean classifications with modern ones; the Linnaean classification of the Gramineae is more “lumped” but more “even” than the modern one.In the second part I use phenetic automatic classifications as a model for the classification process to show that (as Walters (1961) has predicted) classifications are heavily influenced by the method used (amount of chaining), but that the biological patterns of character state distribution among organisms also contribute to the hollowness of the curve. Although classifications are influenced by historical factors, underlying biological patterns are still evident in the relative sizes of genera. The model indicates that artificial and “real” components are present in classifications in roughly equal proportions. It seems that Clayton's (1983) phylogenetic “optimism” and Walters' (1986) psycho‐historical “realism” both need modification.Monotypic taxa, in particular, may have a biological meaning. Willis interpreted monotypic genera as nascent and big genera as old. Walters interpreted monotypic genera as young historically and big genera as old historically. I suggest, from relict theory, that monotypic taxa tend to be ancient relicts and large genera tend to represent blooms of recent evolution, and that extinction, not evolution, tends to delimit taxa.