bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute and sensitized response to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats: different behavioral profiles reflected in different patterns of Fos expression
Authors: Colussi‐Mas Joyce , Schenk Susan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe behavioral profile in response to (±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is characterized by acute hyperlocomotion that is primarily restricted to the periphery of the open field, whereas behavioral sensitization to MDMA reflects a selective increase in activity in the central zone, suggesting that acute effects and sensitization might rely on neuroadaptations in different systems. This study was thus undertaken to determine whether specific changes in neuronal activation could be correlated with either the acute or sensitized behavioral responses to MDMA. Animals received five daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline or MDMA (10 mg/kg). Two days later, animals that received saline were injected with saline or MDMA (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals pretreated with MDMA were injected with saline or MDMA (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Locomotor activity was measured in an open field, and neuronal activation was examined by immunodetection of Fos. Acute MDMA exposure produced a dose‐dependent increase in locomotion in the peripheral zone of the open field that was related to an increase in Fos expression in the ventromedial shell of the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, several hypothalamic nuclei and rhomboid thalamic nucleus. Following repeated, intermittent exposure to MDMA, drug‐produced hyperactivity became sensitized but, unlike the effect of increasing dose, the increased response was due to increased activity and time spent in the central zone. Furthermore, the sensitized behavioral response was related to changes in Fos expression in the lateral shell of the nucleus accumbens, central nucleus of the amygdala and anteromedial part of the lateral habenula. This study identifies neural substrates that might specifically underlie the sensitized response to MDMA.
Conditioned effects of heroin on proinflammatory mediators require the basolateral amygdala
Authors: Szczytkowski Jennifer L. , Lysle Donald T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHeroin administration alters the induction of nitric oxide, a molecule known to play a critical role in immune function. Previous research has shown that these alterations can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been associated with drug administration. Little is known about the brain areas that mediate these effects; however, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been implicated in the formation of stimulus–reward associations within models of drug abuse. The present study sought to determine whether inactivation of the BLA would alter heroin’s conditioned effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β in the rat. The conditioning procedure involved repeated pairing of heroin with placement into a standard conditioning chamber. To test the conditioned response, animals were returned to the previously drug‐paired environment 6 days after the final conditioning session. Prior to testing, animals received intra‐BLA microinfusions of a mixture of the GABA agonists muscimol and baclofen. Following removal from the chambers on test day, all animals received subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide to induce systemic expression of iNOS, TNF‐α and IL‐1β. Analyses using real‐time RT‐PCR indicated that inactivation of the BLA blocked the suppressive effect of heroin‐associated environmental stimuli on iNOS induction and on the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β in spleen and liver tissue. This study is important because it is the first to demonstrate that heroin’s conditioned effects on proinflammatory mediators require the BLA. These findings may have significant implications for the treatment of heroin users.
The type 1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in embryonic cortical projection neurons and negatively regulates neurite growth in vitro
Authors: Vitalis Tania , Lainé Jeanne , Simon Anne , Roland Alexandre , Leterrier Christophe , Lenkei Zsolt 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the rodent and human embryonic brains, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus transiently express high levels of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), at a developmental stage when these areas are composed mainly of glutamatergic neurons. However, the precise cellular and subcellular localization of CB1R expression as well as effects of CB1R modulation in this cell population remain largely unknown. We report that, starting from embryonic day 12.5, CB1Rs are strongly expressed in both reelin‐expressing Cajal‐Retzius cells and newly differentiated postmitotic glutamatergic neurons of the mouse telencephalon. CB1R protein is localized first to somato‐dendritic endosomes and at later developmental stages it localizes mostly to developing axons. In young axons, CB1Rs are localized both to the axolemma and to large, often multivesicular endosomes. Acute maternal injection of agonist CP‐55940 results in the relocation of receptors from axons to somato‐dendritic endosomes, indicating the functional competence of embryonic CB1Rs. The adult phenotype of CB1R expression is established around postnatal day 5. By using pharmacological and mutational modulation of CB1R activity in isolated cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we also show that basal activation of CB1R acts as a negative regulatory signal for dendritogenesis, dendritic and axonal outgrowth, and branching. Together, the overall negative regulatory role in neurite development suggests that embryonic CB1R signaling may participate in the correct establishment of neuronal connectivity and suggests a possible mechanism for the development of reported glutamatergic dysfunction in the offspring following maternal cannabis consumption.
The emergence and properties of mutual synchronization inin vitrocoupled cortical networks
Authors: Baruchi Itay , Volman Vladislav , Raichman Nadav , Shein Mark , Ben‐Jacob Eshel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe have studied the emergence of mutual synchronization and activity propagation in coupled neural networks from rat cortical cells grown on a micro‐electrode array for parallel activity recording of dozens of neurons. The activity of each sub‐network by itself is marked by the formation of synchronized bursting events (SBE) – short time windows of rapid neuronal firing. The joint activity of two coupled networks is characterized by the formation of mutual synchronization, i.e. the formation of SBE whose activity starts at one sub‐network and then propagates to the other. The sub‐networks switch roles in initiating the mutual SBE. However, spontaneous propagation (initiation) asymmetry emerges – one of the sub‐networks takes on the role of initiating substantially more mutual SBE than the other, despite the fact that the two are engineered to be similar in size and cell density. Analysis of the interneuron correlations in the SBE also reveals the emergence of activity (function) asymmetry – one sub‐network develops a more organized structure of correlations. We also show activity propagation and mutual synchronization in four coupled networks. Using computer simulations, we propose that the function asymmetry reflects asymmetry between the internal connectivity of the two networks, whereas the propagation asymmetry reflects asymmetry in the connectivity between the sub‐networks. These results agree with the experimental findings that the initiation and function asymmetry can be separately regulated, which implies that information transfer (activity propagation) and information processing (function) can be regulated separately in coupled neural networks.
INEQUALITY, INCENTIVES AND THE INTERPERSONAL TEST
Authors: Lippert‐Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article defends three claims: (1) even if Rawls' difference principle permits incentives to induce talented people to be more productive, it does not follow that it permits inequalities; (2) the difference principle, when adequately specified, may in some circumstances permit incentives and allow that the worst off are not made as well off as they could be; and (3) an argument for incentives might pass Cohen's interpersonal test even if it is unsound and might not pass it even if it is sound.1
COHEN TO THE RESCUE!
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCohen seeks to rescue the concept of justice from those, among whom he includes Rawls, who think that correct fundamental moral principles are fact‐sensitive. Cohen argues instead that any fundamental principles of justice, and fundamental moral principles generally, are fact‐insensitive and that any fact‐sensitive principles can be traced back to fact‐insensitive ones. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of Cohen's argument, and the kind of fact‐insensitivity he has in mind. In particular, it distinguishes between internal and external fact‐sensitivity – that is, whether facts are referenced in the content of the principle, or must otherwise be the case in order for the principle to apply at all. Cohen himself seems likely to endorse internally fact‐sensitive fundamental principles. This leads to a discussion of Cohen's Platonism about moral principles and the extent to which his arguments cover all its rivals.1
Recalls of microbiologically contaminated cosmetics in EU from 2005 to May 2008
Authors: Lundov M. D. , Zachariae C. 
Published: November 2008

SynopsisThe Rapid Alert System for non‐food consumer products in the EU (RAPEX) notifies each week the member countries on dangerous products sold in the EU. Microbiological contaminated cosmetics pose a potential health risk and are recalled from the market. This study investigated the number of recalled microbiological contaminated cosmetics products in the RAPEX database from 2005 to until week 17 in 2008. A total of 173 cosmetic products were recalled in the period, 24 were contaminated and the most frequently found micro‐organism was the pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It appears that the number of contaminated cosmetic products could be two to three times higher in 2008 compared to 2007. The recalled products were manufactured in 17 different countries and only one company had more than one product recalled. It is important to keep monitoring the cosmetic products for contamination because an increasing number of products are recalled each year, and the majority is contaminated with potential pathogenic micro‐organism. More knowledge on the reasons for the contamination is needed.
The Brief Child and Family Phone Interview (BCFPI): 1. Rationale, development, and description of a computerized children’s mental health intake and outcome assessment tool
Authors: Cunningham Charles E. , Boyle Michael H. , Hong Sunjin , Pettingill Peter , Bohaychuk Donna 
Published: November 2008

Background:  This study describes the development of the Brief Child and Family Phone Interview (BCFPI) – a computer‐assisted telephone interview which adapts the revised Ontario Child Health Study’s (OCHS‐R) parent, teacher, and youth self‐report scales for administration as intake screening and treatment outcome measures in children’s mental health services. It focuses on the factor structure of the BCFPI’s hypothesized parent‐reported child mental health scales describing attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and major depression (MDD).Methods:  Data for the analysis come from an OCHS‐R measurement study that included two groups of children and adolescents selected from the same urban area: a general population sample (n = 1,712) and a clinic‐referred sample (n = 1,512); and a third sample that was enlisted in a province‐wide implementation study of clinic‐referred 6‐ to 18‐year‐olds (n = 56,825). We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the factor structure of the BCFPI scales in different populations and to test measurement equivalence across selected groups.Results:  Despite the strong constraints imposed on the measurement models, estimates of model fit across the three samples were comparable in magnitude and approached the cut‐offs suggested for the GFI and CFI (>.9) and RMSEA (<.05). Measurement equivalence was demonstrated between the OCHS‐R clinic and provincial implementation samples. Within the implementation sample, the factor structure of the BCFPI scales was equivalent for boys versus girls and for 6‐ to 12‐ versus 13‐ to 18‐year‐olds. A companion paper examines the test–retest reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and validity of these BCFPI scales when used for screening.Conclusion:  This project supports the feasibility and acceptability of a computer‐assisted telephone interview for assessing emotional‐behavioral problems of children and adolescents referred to children’s mental health services.
Research Review: The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta‐analytic review
Authors: Wilson Helen W. , Stover Carla Smith , Berkowitz Steven J. 
Published: November 2008

Background:  The connection between childhood violence exposure and antisocial behavior in adolescence has received much attention and has important implications for understanding and preventing criminal behavior. However, there are a limited number of well‐designed prospective studies that can suggest a causal relationship, and little is known about the magnitude of the relationship.Methods:  This meta‐analysis provides a quantitative comparison of 18 studies (N = 18,245) assessing the relationship between childhood (before age 12) violence exposure and adolescent antisocial behavior. An overall effect size (Cohen’s d) was calculated for each study, an average for the 18 studies, and averages for subsets of analyses within studies.Results:  Results indicated a small effect from prospective studies (d = .31) and a large effect from cross‐sectional studies (d = .88). The effect for victimization (d = .61) was larger than for witnessing violence (d = .15).Conclusions:  Effect size varied across studies employing different methodologies, populations, and conceptualizations of violence exposure and antisocial behavior. These findings do not support a simple, direct link from early violence exposure to antisocial behavior but suggest that many factors influence this relationship.
A novel molecule ‘shati’ increases dopamine uptake via the induction of tumor necrosis factor‐α in pheochromocytoma‐12 cells
Authors: Niwa Minae , Nitta Atsumi , Cen Xiaobo , Kitaichi Kiyoyuki , Ozaki Norio , Yamada Kiyofumi , Nabeshima Toshitaka 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe psychostimulant properties of methamphetamine (METH) are associated with an increase in extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the brain, via facilitation of DA’s release from pre‐synaptic nerve terminals and inhibition of its reuptake through DA transporter. Recently, we have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) increases DA uptake and inhibits METH dependence. Moreover, we have clarified ‘shati’ identified in the nucleus accumbens of mice treated with METH is involved in METH dependence. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TNF‐α on DA uptake in PC12 cells and established a PC12 cell line transfected with a vector containing shati cDNA to examine the precise mechanism behind the role of shati in DA uptake. Moreover, we examined the relationship between shati and TNF‐α. TNF‐α increased DA uptake via the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase pathway and inhibited the METH‐induced decrease in DA uptake in PC12 cells. Transfection of the vector containing shati cDNA into PC12 cells, induced the expression of shati and TNF‐α mRNA, accelerated DA uptake, and inhibited the METH‐induced decrease in DA uptake. These results suggest that the functional roles of shati in METH‐regulated behavioral changes are mediated through inhibition of the METH‐induced decrease in DA uptake via TNF‐α.
MSH2 deficiency abolishes the anticancer and pro‐aging activity of short telomeres
Authors: Martinez Paula , Siegl‐Cachedenier Irene , Flores Juana M. , Blasco Maria A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryMutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway occur in human colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Mounting evidence suggests that cell‐cycle arrest in response to a number of cellular stresses, including telomere shortening, is a potent anticancer barrier. The telomerase‐deficient mouse model illustrates the anticancer effect of cell‐cycle arrest provoked by short telomeres. Here, we describe a role for the MMR protein, MSH2, in signaling cell‐cycle arrest in a p21/p53‐dependent manner in response to short telomeres in the context of telomerase‐deficient mice. In particular, progressively shorter telomeres at successive generations of MSH2−/–Terc−/–‐ mice did not suppress cancer in these mice, indicating that MSH2 deficiency abolishes the tumor suppressor activity of short telomeres. Interestingly, MSH2 deficiency prevented degenerative pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract of MSH2−/–Terc−/– mice concomitant with a rescue of proliferative defects. The abolishment of the anticancer and pro‐aging effects of short telomeres provoked by MSH2 abrogation was independent of changes in telomere length. These results highlight a role for MSH2 in the organismal response to dysfunctional telomeres, which in turn may be important in the pathobiology of human cancers bearing mutations in the MMR pathway.
Parental Perceptions of the Assessment of Autistic Spectrum Disorders in a Tier Three Service
Authors: Hackett Latha , Shaikh Sabana , Theodosiou Louise 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Little is known about the satisfaction of the parents of children receiving child and adolescent mental health services in general, and autistic spectrum services in particular.Method:  This audit examined parent and carer perceptions of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder assessments undertaken by the multi‐agency team in a Tier Three CAMHS in Manchester. Forty families completed a brief questionnaire.Results:  The majority of parents and carers reported satisfaction with the service (95%), although responses highlighted areas in both the assessment process and the service facilities that needed improvement.Conclusions:  Useful information with both local and national applications can be gathered quickly in an easily replicated manner.
SOME SHORT‐TERM FORECASTING METHODS
Authors: Holme F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary.The calculation of a forecast is preceded by the formulation of premises about the influence of the independent variables, some of which have not been measured. If these ‘hypothetical’ variables are thought to be important, estimates of changes in them must be made; one cannot expect accuracy if it is assumed, as in these examples, that the ‘hypothetical’ variables will remain constant or that retrospective adjustments can be made for changes in them. In such instances it is desirable to consult specialists, e.g. in poultry and pig husbandry, and for forecasts to be made jointly by economists and other specialists.There are rapidly diminishing returns to the effort applied to forecasting and simple methods seem to give as good results as more elaborate ones.
SEASONALITY AND ELASTICITY OF THE DEMAND FOR FOOD IN GREAT BRITAIN SINCE DERATIONING
Authors: BROWN J. A. C. 
Published: November 2008

Summary.Such figures as have been presented in this paper are best regarded as means, often imperfect, of summarising detailed information on the history of price and quantity movements which would otherwise be difficult if not impracticable to assimilate. The advantage of presenting such results for a large number of items is that they tend to reinforce each other and to reveal cases which have individual peculiarities, but the disadvantage is perhaps that too little information can be presented on individual items for any specialised interest. In particular, for the purpose of predicting the future trend of demand or prices of individual commodities any mechanical application of the income and price elasticities here presented would involve the risk of appreciable error. For such a purpose purely econometric studies of past periods form but a small part of the information available to the forecaster, and should perhaps be regarded as the one‐tenth of the iceberg which appears above the surface of the water.
A FURTHER STUDY IN THE DEMAND FOR FATSTOCK*
Authors: COLLEY R. JAMES 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis paper has been prepared in an attempt to interpret some of the price‐supply complexities in the Pork, Beef and Bacon markets. Previous writers have tackled the subject working out price flexibilities on a three monthly, half‐yearly or annual basis. It appeared that the price‐supply relationships could, with advantage, be examined on a monthly basis‐the statistical significance of the results would not be as high as with previous work, but it was felt that the contribution would be worthwhile so long as the conclusions were supported by circumstantial evidence. The pork market has been examined in detail and evidence found suggesting that during the period 1955 to 1965 there have been two shifts in the demand curve, both appearing to result from a coincidence of a period of high pig numbers with one of low beef supply.The beef analysis did not reveal anything of note in the way of shifts in the demand curve, but there was a very marked seasonal pattern of prices in the period 1955 to 1960 with some of the months of high prices having a temptingly low price flexibility suggesting scope for profitable expansion of supplies during these months. The main months when this occurred were after the peak period of fattening stock from yards and before grass fed stock come on the market. Supplies have increased rapidly in this period and moved away from the last three months of the year when price flexibility was large and prices relatively low.The bacon analysis has been done at the wholesale level rather than at the farm gate. Price flexibilities are high and in practically every month of the year expansion in supply results in a decrease in total value of sales. Unless a change in demand can be brought about there would appear to be little scope in expanding total supplies of bacon. The best course for the home producer would appear to be to attempt to expand the U.K. share of the market.
BRITISH HORTICULTURE AND THE COMMON MARKET
Authors: Hinton W. L. 
Published: November 2008

Tariffs and quotas against the Six are not consistent with Britain as a part of the Common Market. Such restrictions have produced the traditional policy for horticulture in Britain. Now their removal is threatened and with it the incomes of our producers.This paper attempts to measure the seriousness of the threat to British growers. Three features are most relevant to this question. Firstly, somewhat less than two‐thirds of the producers depend wholly on income from horticultural produce. Secondly, only one‐tenth of the producers account for two‐thirds of the output. Thirdly, horticultural produce is of distinct types, decorative, dessert, salad, or staple, and the future demand and supply prospects vary accordingly.The E.E.C. is poised to send us more glasshouse vegetables and more apples and pears. Thus the most highly capitalised sectors of horticulture are most vulnerable and those growers with modernised investment will best meet the increased competition. The future will see further adjustment within the industry, but the outcome will mainly depend on the general level of prosperity in Britain.