bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution ultrasound analysis of subsynovial connective tissue in human cadaver carpal tunnel
Authors: Ettema Anke M. , Belohlavek Marek , Zhao Chunfeng , Oh Sang Ho , Amadio Peter C. , An Kai‐Nan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe carpal tunnel contains the median nerve, nine flexor tendons, two synovial bursae, and peritendinous subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT). Fibrosis of the SSCT is the most consistent pathological finding in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. We investigated the anatomy and gliding characteristics of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and its adjacent SSCT with high‐resolution ultrasound (15 MHz). Our hypotheses were that tendon and SSCT are distinguishable by ultrasound and that their velocities during tendon excursion are different. Qualitative ultrasound analysis of a flexor tendon and its SSCT was performed on five cadaver wrists and correlated to respective findings after anatomical study of the same cadavers. Quantitative Doppler velocity analysis of eight cadaver wrists was done to assess the sliding movement of the tendon and its SSCT within the carpal tunnel. No significant difference was found between the thickness of SSCT measured by ultrasound and that measured directly after dissection. The SSCT moved slower than its flexor tendon. The SSCT velocities were statistically different from the tendon velocities (t‐test, p > 0.001). High‐resolution ultrasound is a very precise method to display the anatomy of the tendon and SSCT within the carpal tunnel, and their different velocities can be detected with Doppler. Noninvasive assessment of the thickness and velocity of the tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome by high‐resolution sonography might be a new diagnostic tool for disorders affecting the SSCT, especially carpal tunnel syndrome. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:2011–2020, 2006
Effect of durum flour enrichment with chickpea flour on the characteristics of dough and lasagne
Authors: Sabanis Dimitrios , Makri Eleousa , Doxastakis Georgios 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe ability of chickpea flour to enrich pasta products (e.g. lasagne) was studied. In addition, the influence of protein and other components upon the rheological properties of the dough and the cooking quality of the wheat–chickpea blends was determined. Supplementing lasagne with 5–20% w/w chickpea flour improves the physical characteristics of dough, which achieves optimum strength and extensible properties thus allowing the lasagne to maintain a firm and elastic form. Organoleptic properties (colour, flavour and overall acceptability) improved with a low proportion of chickpea flour, especially for 5% w/w substitution. For supplementation ≥ 30%, while the content of the total protein increased along with the level of fortification, lasagne processing, handling and cooking characteristics deteriorated proportionally. This could be attributed primarily to the gluten fraction, which decreases upon being diluted by the added chickpea protein. The rheological properties of high supplemented dough products (30–50% w/w) have low extensograph values and the lasagne obtained has a brown colour and a soft mushy taste that is unacceptable to consumers. So, durum wheat flour can carry 5–10% (w/w) of chickpea flour and still meet the specification of pasta products in terms of firmness, cooking quality and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Antifungal activity of chitosan and its application to control post‐harvest quality and fungal rotting of Tankan citrus fruit (Citrus tankan Hayata)
Authors: Chien Po‐Jung , Chou Cheng‐Chun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this study, the antifungal activity of chitosan A (MW = 92.1 kDa) and B (MW = 357.3 kDa), with 94.2% N‐deacetylation were examined at various concentrations against fungi including Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrydiplodia lecanidion and Botrytis cinerea. The effectiveness of these chitosans to control the post‐harvest quality of Tankan fruit, a popular sub‐tropical citrus fruit, was investigated. It was found that chitosan, depending on type and concentration, caused 25.0–90.5% growth inhibition on test organisms after 5 days of cultivation at 24 °C. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage decay of Tankan fruit during storage at 24 °C. After 42 days of storage at 13 °C, chitosan‐coated Tankan fruits were firmer, exhibited less decay and weight loss, and showed higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and total soluble solids than the control fruit. Weight loss of Tankan fruits decreased as the concentration of chitosan was increased. On the other hand, chitosan A, regardless of concentration tested, was found to be more effective in retaining the firmness, titratable acidity and water content, total solid content and ascorbic acid content of Tankan fruits than chitosan B. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health
Authors: Mueller‐Harvey Irene 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the nutritional and veterinary effects of tannins on ruminants and makes some comparisons with non‐ruminants. Tannin chemistry per se is not covered and readers are referred to several excellent reviews instead: (a) Okuda T et al. Heterocycles 30:1195–1218 (1990); (b) Ferreira D and Slade D. Nat Prod Rep 19:517–541 (2002); (c) Yoshida T et al. In Studies in Natural Product Chemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 395–453 (2000); (d) Khanbabaee K and van Ree T. Nat Prod Rep 18:641–649 (2001); (e) Okuda et al. Phytochemistry 55:513–529 (2000). The effects of tannins on rumen micro‐organisms are also not reviewed, as these have been addressed by others: (a) McSweeney CS et al. Anim Feed Sci Technol 91:83–93 (2001); (b) Smith AH and Mackie RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1104–1115 (2004). This paper deals first with the nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds, their qualitative and quantitative diversity, and the implications of tannin–protein complexation. It then summarises the known physiological and harmful effects and discusses the equivocal evidence of the bioavailability of tannins. Issues concerning tannin metabolism and systemic effects are also considered. Opportunities are presented on how to treat feeds with high tannin contents, and some lesser‐known but successful feeding strategies are highlighted. Recent research has explored the use of tannins for preventing animal deaths from bloat, for reducing intestinal parasites and for lowering gaseous ammonia and methane emissions. Finally, several tannin assays and a hypothesis are discussed that merit further investigation in order to assess their suitability for predicting animal responses. The aim is to provoke discussion and spur readers into new approaches. An attempt is made to synthesise the emerging information for relating tannin structures with their activities. Although many plants with high levels of tannins produce negative effects and require treatments, others are very useful animal feeds. Our ability to predict whether tannin‐containing feeds confer positive or negative effects will depend on interdisciplinary research between animal nutritionists and plant chemists. The elucidation of tannin structure–activity relationships presents exciting opportunities for future feeding strategies that will benefit ruminants and the environment within the contexts of extensive, semi‐intensive and some intensive agricultural systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A preliminary investigation into the possible transfer of latex allergens from latex protein containing materials in contact with food
Authors: Topping Joanna R , Haines John , Kneller Sian , Patel Pradip 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCommercial FITkits™ ELISAs for four major latex allergens (Hev b1, Hev b3, Hev b5 and Hev b6.02) were modified to enable semi‐quantitative measurement of the allergens at low concentrations (5–10 ng mL−1). The recovery of latex allergens from foods spiked with a latex cold seal adhesive was determined using one sample from each of the following food groups: confectionery/chocolate, fruit/vegetables, fruit juices, ice cream, cheese, meat and pastry. Cheese and pastry samples proved problematic owing to their high fat content. When these samples were excluded, the overall recovery for Hev b6.02 was 98 ± 12% (mean ± SD) and for Hev b5 80 ± 17%. In general, Hev b1 and Hev b3 allergens were difficult to extract from all the foods tested.Of 21 food contact materials tested, the assays detected one or more latex allergen in seven of the samples. Commercial foods associated with these wrappers were tested to determine possible transfer of the allergens to the foods. Transfer of Hev b3 or Hev b5 to food was identified at low levels in three samples, with the highest level being found in a chocolate biscuit (approximately 17 ng mL−1 extract). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of non‐food crops in the UK construction industry
Authors: Yates Tim 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe use of non‐food crops in construction has a long history. In addition to the use of wood as a mainstay in building housing, until recently the uses were limited to the inclusion of fibres such as wool in plasters and renders, the use of straw in ‘wattle and daub’ walling and, of course, the use of reed and straw in thatching. During the last 15 years the move toward sustainable buildings has led to a renewed interest in the use of non‐food crops, particularly straw bale construction, the use of fibres in walls and boards and the development of insulation products from wool. This review covers the development of these materials in the UK as well as looking at the demand for more traditional uses such as thatch. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Unique selective detectors for gas chromatography: Nitrogen and sulfur chemiluminescence detectors
Authors: Yan Xinwei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMany of present day's complex analyses and challenging analytical tasks demand highly selective detection techniques for GC. Universal nitrogen/sulfur chemiluminescence detection is one of the most powerful analytical tools for gas chromatographic analysis. Its strength stems from the unique and beneficial characteristics of high selectivity, sensitivity, and equimolarity. The nitrogen/sulfur chemiluminescence detection technology has provided analytical solutions unsurpassed by any other techniques to a broad range of applications in petroleum characterization, food/beverage flavor analysis, and environmental monitoring. This paper presents a general review of this unique technology, including a brief description of operating principles, an overview of detector performance, practical discussions on instrument operation, and a sizable list of applications.
Recent applications of conductivity detection in capillary and chip electrophoresis
Authors: Šolínová Veronika , Kašička Václav 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe review provides a comprehensive survey of the recent applications of contact and contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoretic and chip electrophoretic analyses of a broad scale of compounds, from low‐molecular‐mass highly mobile small inorganic and organic ions, via medium‐molecular‐mass peptides and oligo‐ and polynucleotides up to high‐molecular‐mass biopolymers, proteins and nucleic acids fragments. The review presents also the recent developments in the construction of different types of conductivity detectors (detectors with galvanic contact of the sensing electrodes with the BGE and sample components, contactless conductivity detectors with capacitively coupled tubular and semitubular electrodes and combined conductivity/optical detectors) applied in the capillary electromigration methods performed in classical fused silica, polytetrafluorethylene, and polyetheretherketone capillaries or on glass and polymethylmethacrylate microchips. In addition, the principle and theoretical bases of conductivity detection in capillary electromigration techniques, zone electrophoresis, ITP, micellar EKC, and electrochromatography are briefly described.
A discussion of the possible ways to improve the performance of silica monoliths using a kinetic plot analysis of experimental and computational plate height data
Authors: Gzil Piotr , De Smet Jan , Desmet Gert 
Published: August 2006

AbstractUsing kinetic plots to analyse the performance of some of the best silica monoliths found in the literature shows that the current generation of silica monoliths outperform particulate beds only in the high plate‐number region (roughly N > 40 000). The plots also reveal the existence of a so‐called ‘forbidden region’ wherein no existing chromatographic support seems to be able to operate. To investigate several possible approaches to intrude this forbidden region, computational fluid dynamics simulations of the flow field and band‐broadening characteristics of a simplified structural mimic of real silica monoliths were made for five different porosities (ε = 0.38, 0.49, 0.60, 0.72, 0.86). It was found that entering the forbidden region will necessitate new synthesis methods, yielding either a strong improvement of the structural homogeneity (if assuming constant domain size conditions) or a decrease of the domain size (if assuming constant homogeneity conditions).
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Hemström Petrus , Irgum Knut 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSeparation of polar compounds on polar stationary phases with partly aqueous eluents is by no means a new separation mode in LC. The first HPLC applications were published more than 30 years ago, and were for a long time mostly confined to carbohydrate analysis. In the early 1990s new phases started to emerge, and the practice was given a name, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Although the use of this separation mode has been relatively limited, we have seen a sudden increase in popularity over the last few years, promoted by the need to analyze polar compounds in increasingly complex mixtures. Another reason for the increase in popularity is the widespread use of MS coupled to LC. The partly aqueous eluents high in ACN with a limited need of adding salt is almost ideal for ESI. The applications now encompass most categories of polar compounds, charged as well as uncharged, although HILIC is particularly well suited for solutes lacking charge where coulombic interactions cannot be used to mediate retention. The review attempts to summarize the ongoing discussion on the separation mechanism and gives an overview of the stationary phases used and the applications addressed with this separation mode in LC.
Relating soil electrical conductivity to remote sensing and other soil properties for assessing soil salinity in northeast Thailand
Authors: Shrestha R. P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMapping and monitoring of soil salinity is required to establish its areal extent and also to keep track of changes in salinity in order to formulate appropriate and timely management strategies for reclamation and rehabilitation of such soils. Remote sensing data have been increasingly used in soil‐salinity studies as they are not only quicker but are also useful for making realistic predictions. A study was conducted in northeast Thailand to understand the relationship of spectral reflectance and physico‐chemical soil properties to electrical conductivity (EC) by using remote sensing data (Landsat® ETM+) and laboratory analysis of soil sample data. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between EC and spectral/soil properties and to generate several models. In the case of spectral properties, mid‐infrared band (Landsat® band 7) and near‐infrared (band 4) were found to be most correlated with the observed EC values of the surface layer of the soil. For the soil properties, chloride (Cl), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were found to be most correlated with observed EC values. Similarly, for the subsurface layer, Cl and P were found to be significant predictors of observed EC values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment, Kenya
Authors: Mutua B. M. , Klik A. , Loiskandl W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDevelopment of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R2=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of landmines to land degradation
Authors: Berhe A. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLandmines are one of the most environmentally destructive aftermaths of war facing the world today. The barely chronicled global landmine problem has transcended both humanitarian and sociological concerns to bring about environmental damage. Disruption of land's stability, pollution and loss of biodiversity constitute major ecological repercussions of landmine crisis. This review qualitatively integrates ecological, social, economic and political variables that play a role in creating and perpetuating a serious land degradation problem in landmine‐affected regions. Through a mail survey and interview with professionals working in areas related to landmines, peace research, environmental management and law and extensive archival research this review tries to unravel the many facets and causal links in the ecological and socio‐politico‐economic problems. This paper highlights the complexity of the landmine problem and interrelationships between the issues surrounding the degradation and management of landmine‐affected environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upland development policy, livelihood change and land degradation: interactions from a Laotian village
Authors: Lestrelin G. , Giordano M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study uses a local political ecology approach that examines the physical and social dimensions of land use and soil erosion and their broader political and socioeconomic environment in Ban Lak Sip, a village located in the uplands of the Luang Prabang Province in Laos. The study indicates that, despite an explicit government policy aimed at improving both socioeconomic and environmental conditions, the resulting livelihood change has in part led to a deterioration in working conditions with mixed impacts on the environment. While land degradation and economic transition appear to have driven villagers to rework the role and importance of the land in their livelihoods, this paper argues that the Laotian rural development policy has constrained the adaptation process and led to a significant intensification in labour and land use. In fact, Ban Lak Sip villagers have had to adapt both to actual land degradation processes and to a discourse on upland environmental degradation constructed by the Laotian State and international development actors. The results of this study have significant implications for the formulation of environmental policy and for land degradation research more widely. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land use change and land degradation in China from 1991 to 2001
Authors: Zhang K. , Yu Z. , Li X. , Zhou W. , Zhang D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChina has long been experiencing intense land use/cover changes (LUCC). Undesirable land use/cover changes have resulted in widespread land degradation. This study examines the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use change and land degradation as evident from land use survey datasets (1991–2001). Six prominent land degradation processes were identified, namely: desertification, secondary salinisation, loss of agricultural use, deforestation, grassland degradation and loss of wetland. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of GIS. The results showed that these land use changes have affected the wider environment and accelerated land degradation. It provided a more complete and up‐to‐date picture of China's land degradation which helps to develop improved conservation policies that combat land degradation and promote sustainable land management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land degradation assessment in Southern Africa: integrating local and scientific knowledge bases
Authors: Stringer L. C. , Reed M. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent attempts to address land degradation have seen calls for greater integration of scientific expertise with local knowledges. In this paper we investigate the potential for such combined understandings to enhance the accuracy, coverage and relevance of land degradation assessment. We followed a participatory approach, using methods from a variety of disciplines, to elicit potential land degradation indicators from communities in Botswana and Swaziland. These indicators were then assessed according to local and scientific understandings. We noted a significant overlap between scientific and local knowledges about land degradation in most instances. Where discrepancies occurred, the integrated participatory approach we used allows appropriate explanation to be reached, supporting the case that such an iterative process can lead to both accurate and relevant monitoring of land degradation. However, the incorporation of integrated knowledges into national policy has not been widespread in either country, suggesting that much greater efforts are required to institutionalise participatory land degradation assessment methodologies. Powerful, often neo‐Malthusian narratives of degradation continue to dominate policy discourse and limit the extent to which hybrid combined local and scientific knowledges can enhance land degradation assessment on a national and regional scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.