bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin Separation from Egg Yolk: A Serial Filtration System
Authors: KIM H. , NAKAI S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTA serial filtration system was developed for separating immunoglobulin from egg yolk (IgY). Egg yolk was diluted 10 times with water, adjusted to pH 5.0, frozen, then thawed. The diluted yolk was diafiltered through a hard filter paper at 4‐6°C to produce a clear water‐soluble fraction (WSF). The WSF was then delipidated by filtering through a hydrophobic membrane filter. Ultrafiltration of delipidated WSF at pH 9.0, at 4‐6°C, in the presence of 1.5M NaCl resulted in electrophoretically pure (>90%) IgY with a recovery of about 92%. Advantages of this method are the use of only a few mild chemicals and the potential of developing a continuous process.
Mechanically Recovered Neck Bone Lean and Ascorbic Acid Improve Color Stability of Ground Beef Patties
Authors: DEMOS B.P. , GERRARD D.E. , MANDIGO R.W. , GAO X. , TAN J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTGround beef patties at two ascorbic acid (Asc) levels (0 and 1,000 ppm) and three mechanically recovered neck bone lean (MRNL) levels (0, 15 and 30%) were analyzed for percentage surface metmyoglobin (metMb) and HunterLab L* and a* values over 6 days of retail display. Data were collected for two replications. Patties made with Asc had less (P < 0.01) surface metMb than patties made without Asc on days 1‐4 of retail display. Ascorbic acid and MRNL acted synergistically to improve surface color. Patties made with Asc showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in surface metMb as MRNL level increased from 0 to 30%. Patties made without Asc showed no change in surface metMb as MRNL level increased.
Specific Disulfide Bond in α‐Lactalbumin Infiuences Heat‐ Induced Gelation of α‐Lactalbumin‐Ovalbumin‐Mixed Gels
Authors: LEGOWO ANANG MOHAMAD , IMADE TAMOTSU , YASUDA YUKINORI , OKAZAKI KATSUICHIRO , HAYAKAWA SHIGERU 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe gel strength of ovalbumin mixed with α‐lactalbumin (α‐La) was determined after heating at 80°C for 15 min at pH 7.0 Gel strength of the mixture of 4%α‐La and 4% ovalbumin was two times that of 8% ovalbumin. Modified α‐La at Cys6‐Cys120 (3 SSα‐La) had low enhancement effects on ovalbumin gelation. Competitive ELISA using monoclonal antibody to α‐La showed decreased binding reactivities after heating α‐La with ovalbumin at specific concentrations. The decrease of total SH groups in the gel mixed with 3SS α‐La was much less than when mixed with α‐La. A disulfide bond of Cys6‐Cys120 in α‐La contributed to interactions between ovalbumin and α‐La in heat‐induced gels.
Characterization and Food Application of an Amperometric Needle‐Type L‐Lactate Sensor
Authors: KIM NAMSOO , HAGINOYA RYUICHI , KARUBE ISAO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThere have been increasing needs for biosensing in the food industry because it is accurate, rapid and efficient. A needle‐type L‐lactate sensor with a three‐layer membrane system which uses lactate oxidase as the biological component was prepared. The sensor had an optimum pH around 9–10 and an optimum temperature at 45 C. The current response was stable over 40 days and specifically responded to L‐lactic acid. The sensor gave accurate L‐lactate measurements in kimchi and yogurt of 187.4 ± 4.1 and 734.1 ± 34.5 mg/dL, similar to those of a spectrophotometric L‐lactate kit.
Acid Urease: Reduction of Ethyl Carbamate Formation in Sherry under Simulated Baking Conditions
Authors: KODAMA SEIICHI , YOTSUZUKA FUMIO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAcid urease derived from Lactobacillus fermentum was applied to reduce ethyl cthe target level (90 μg/L). However, complete prearbamate (EC) formation in California sherry production. Commercial sherry and sherry base were treated with urease under different conditions. Amounts of urea were determined and EC amounts were monitored by gas chromatography. Urea removal by acid urease reduced EC formation during the baking process and effectively maintained EC concentrations below vention of EC was not achieved because of precursors other than urea.
Inhibition of Browning of Harvested Head Lettuce
Authors: CASTAÑER M. , GIL M.I. , ARTES F. , TOMAS‐BARBERAN F.A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTTreatments to control browning of lettuce stem discs (cv Iceberg) were evaluated by measuring changes in the L*, a* and b* parameters as well as Hue angle values. Cysteine, resorcinol, EDTA and citric acid prevented discoloration. Different concentrations of organic acids (citric, acetic and gluconic), vinegar and lemon juice were also tested. The best results were obtained when the discs were treated with 10 mL/L and 50 mL/L acetic acid solutions and vinegar. These treatments were then applied to head lettuces and browning was measured during 7 days storage at 2°C plus an additional commercialization of 3 days at 13°C. Vinegar and 50 mL/L acetic acid solution inhibited browning on lettuce stem cuttings and could be used to prevent lettuce butt discoloration during cold storage and commercial handling.
Control of Endogenous Enzyme Activity in Fish Muscle by Inhibitors and Hydrostatic Pressure using RSM
Authors: ASHIE I.N.A. , SIMPSON B.K. , RAMASWAMY H.S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTEffects of combination treatments involving hydrostatic pressure, pH, and crude α;2‐macroglobulin on muscle protease activity and viscosity were investigated using response surface methodology. Statistical analysis showed the model was very significant, predicting responses with high accuracy. Proteolytic activities were reduced with increasing pressure and inhibitor concentrations while pH elicited a quadratic response. Reducing pH and increasing pressure also reduced viscosity of tissue homogenate, but inhibitor concentration did not affect (p > 0.05) this response. The proteases did not show any tendency to regain activity during 3 weeks storage possibly due to a crude inhibitor in the homogenate and did not seem to have any direct influence on viscosity as shown by a low correlation (r =–0.30). Viscosity progressively increased during this period.
Connective Tissue/Acidic Phosphate Preblend Effects on Reduced Fat Frankfurters
Authors: CALHOUN C.M. , EILERT S.J. , MANDIGO R.W. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTTo determine the effect of preblending concentrated sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) with modified beef connective tissue (MCT) on reduced fat frankfurters, samples were target formulated at two fat/added water levels (30/10 and 10/25) and manufactured according to 4 treatments: (1) Control = no phosphate, no MCT; (2) Connective tissue = MCT added alone; (3) Preblend = SAPP, MCT, preblended; (4) Preblend SAPP/MCT + alkaline phosphate. The preblend treatments had the lowest emulsion stability and yields (P < 0.01) which were both improved for treatment 4. Collagen solubility did not increase after preblending. Redness and cured color were lowest for treatment 4 but improved during storage. Preblending, with subsequent addition of alkaline phosphate, created a MCT product similar to the control.
Micellar Transition State in Casein Between pH 5.5 and 5.0
Authors: GASTALDI E. , LAGAUDE A. , DE LA FUENTE B. TARODO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTpH‐induced changes in casein micelles during direct acidification and bacterial fermentation of reconstituted skim milk at 20°C were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with biochemical and rheological methods. For SEM casein micelle observations, an original method of milk sample preparation with porous inorganic membranes was developed. Micrographs suggested that different stages of micellar association were related to pH and that between pH 5.5 and 5.0 casein micelles coalesced. Correlations between microstructural and biochemical changes in casein micelles, and rheological behavior of milk or gel, help to explain the different steps leading to the final protein network of the acid milk gel.
Relation of β‐Lactoglobulin – Sodium Polypectate Aggregation to Bulk Macromolecular Concentration
Authors: NDI EMBOLA E. , SWANSON B.G. , DUNKER A.K. , LUEDECKE L.O. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAggregation of β‐Lactoglobulin β‐Lg) solutions, with and without sodium polypectate (SPP), was investigated at pH 6.5 and 3.5 by turbidity measurements and gel permeation chromatography during heating at 1°C/min. The ratio of β‐Lg:SPP was maintained at 10:1. At pH 6.5, the transition temperature of β‐Lg aggregation decreased linearly with the logarithm of β‐Lg concentration. Irrespective of β‐Lg concentration, SPP did not affect the rate of β‐Lg aggregation during heating at pH 6.5. However, SPP influenced the formation of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) β‐Lg aggregates during heating at pH 6.5 was related to bulk macromolecular concentration. No thermal aggregation transitions were detected for β‐Lg solutions at pH 3.5. SPP interacted with β‐Lg at pH 3.5 to form a complex that precipitated on heating.
Model System for Aseptic Processing of Paniculate Foods using Peroxidase
Authors: BHAMIDIPATI S. , SINGH R.K. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTProcess evaluation for aseptic processing of participate foods was carried out using a model food system with a bioindicator. The model food was alginate spheres in Carboxy‐methyl cellulose and the bioindicator was Horseradish peroxidase. Inactivation in the system was studied to determine thermal characteristics in the range 100–130°C using TDT cans. The D‐value was 4.1, 2.6, 1.4 and 1.0 min at 100, 110, 120, and 130°C, respectively and the z‐value was 48.4°C. Spherical particles containing immobilized peroxidase were made with alginate and dehydrated potato. These were processed in a continuous flow system at 110, 120, or 130°C. Destruction of peroxidase was related to thermal treatment received and was used to verify numerical simulation. Results were compared with those of a simulation for particle heating. Data showed good agreement between experimental and simulated results.
Quality Changes During Refrigerated Storage of Packaged Shrimp and Catfish Fillets Treated with Sodium Acetate, Sodium Lactate or Propyl Gallate
Authors: ZHUANG RONG‐YU , HUANG YAO‐WEN , BEUCHAT LARRY R. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and propyl gallate were determined on microbial populations, pH, ammonia content and color of film‐overwrapped or vacuum‐skin packaged fresh shrimp and catfish fillets. Products were stored at 4°C up to 12 days. Vacuum‐skin packaged shrimp or catfish fillets contained lower (P < 0.05) ammonia compared to film‐overwrapped products. Catfish fillets treated with 2% sodium acetate had lower populations of psychrotrophic and anaerobic bacteria compared with untreated catfish, regardless of packaging. Treatment with 2% NaAc has potential for extending shelf life of refrigerated catfish fillets.
Experimental evaluation of ophthalmic devices and solutions using rabbit models
Authors: Werner Liliana , Chew Jesse , Mamalis Nick 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective  To analyze and compare the geometry of the anterior segment of rabbit and human eyes, with relevance for the evaluation of intraocular lenses, and to review rabbit models used in our laboratory for the evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions.Procedures  Fifteen rabbit and 15 human eyes (10 phakic and 5 pseudophakic/group) obtained postmortem were used. Anterior‐posterior length, equatorial diameter, and white‐to‐white (corneal diameter) were measured with calipers. The eyes were then analyzed with a very high‐frequency ultrasound (Artemis, Ultralink) for measurements of the anterior chamber depth, and anterior chamber and ciliary sulcus diameters. The capsular bag diameter was measured with calipers from a posterior view, and the diameter and thickness of the crystalline lenses were measured after their excision from the phakic eyes.Results  Although the size of the rabbit eye is overall smaller than the size of the human eye, the dimensions of the anterior segment of rabbit eyes are generally larger. The differences between rabbit and human eyes were statistically significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test) in terms of anterior‐posterior length, equatorial diameter, white‐to‐white measurements (P < 0.0001), anterior chamber diameter (P = 0.0004), ciliary sulcus diameter (P = 0.0012), and crystalline lens diameter and thickness (P = 0.0003).Conclusions  Experimental evaluation of design features of new phakic intraocular lenses in rabbit eyes may be inconclusive without adaptation of their size/design, contrary to the evaluation of new pseudophakic lenses by implantation in the capsular bag. The rabbit is a very valuable model for the experimental evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions.
The CERES Principles: Model for Public Environmental Accountability
Authors: Smith J. Andy 
Published: August 2006

SummaryIn September, 1989, the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) announced the Valdez Principles (later changed to the CERES Principles), a code of environmental conduct for corporations. The Principles address all major environmental areas, call on corporations of all types and sizes to endorse and submit an annual report on progress, and have been endorsed by major corporate interests in the United States (US). Endorsing the principles means making a commitment to continual environmental performance improvement within the framework of the principles and entering into a partnership with CERES. CERES is a broadly based coalition of environmental groups, labour, public interest groups, public pension funds, social investors, and religious groups based in the United States. The CERES Principles are the only environmental code developed by a group outside of industry that has corporate endorsers. The ongoing relationship of accountability to a group outside of industry provides CERES companies with a unique model of public environmental accountability.
PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS OF COMMUTING TO PERIPHERAL URBAN WORKPLACES IN SINGAPORE: CASE STUDY OF SINGAPORE AIRLINES’ EMPLOYEES
Authors: Raguraman K. , Mei‐Lin Kwek 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the issue of commuting patterns and problems to workplaces in the urban periphery of Singapore. It is based on a case study of journey‐to‐work patterns of employees of Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA). The company's headquarters is in Airline House which is situated in the eastern comer of Singapore, a location which suffers from accessibility problems. The paper focuses on mode choice in the journey‐to‐work and, by means of a questionnaire survey, examines commuting patterns of a sample of Airline House workers in terms of first, the characteristics of the different modes of transportation used; and second, the socio‐economic characteristics of workers including factors such as income, gender, occupational status and age. This is followed by a discussion of the problems faced in the daily commutes of workers. Many of these problems such as inconvenient public transport services, traffic congestion and long transit times are representative of those of other peripheral workplaces in Singapore. Based on the findings of the case study, the paper discusses some policy implications of the government's planning efforts to decentralise office activities from the CBD to suburban regions.
NEW CORPORATE STRUCTURES, REGIONAL OFFICES AND SINGAPORE'S NEW ECONOMIC DIRECTIONS
Authors: Perry Martin 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe adoption of new organisational structures and methods for controlling subsidiaries is affecting the role and characteristics of regional offices. Since 1986 Singapore's economic strategy has given priority to the attraction of regional offices as part of a wider search for new economic directions. This shift coincided with the emergence of a new Southeast Asian division of labour associated with the adoption of a regional focus in multinational investment and the integration of subsidiary investment. A survey of regional offices awarded “operational headquarters” (OHQ) status by the government shows how changes in corporate structures and the formation of the regional division of labour are influencing regional office activity and organisation. This analysis identifies four types of regional office, of which the largest function as centres of logistics and service support, Barriers to the adoption of corporate control functions amongst Singapore OHQs are explained.
PORTRAITS OF PLACELESSNESS: BRITISH NINETEENTH‐CENTURY IMAGES OF THE AFRICAN LANDSCAPE
Authors: Lammas Rebecca Caroline 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTLandscape art provides a window on the world of subjective interpretation and shared perceptions of place. Portraits of places are therefore simultaneously portraits of a society, its preferences and prejudices, and the meaning it imparts to the world. In the nineteenth century, settlers in Africa felt alienated, uncomfortable, abandoned and detached, and their landscape art—both paintings and poetry—was testimony to their emotional and psychological responses to the foreign environment. Both the imported artistic techniques for portraying nat?re and the symbols populating the landscape images revealed the temperament of the pioneers’ attitudes to place.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIMODAL HEART RATE PATTERN IN UNDISTURBED FETAL HARBOR SEALS
Authors: Bacon Jamie P. , Mackay R. Stuart , Cohn Herbert E. , Lee Austin F. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFetal and maternal heart rates were studied in unrestrained, pregnant harbor seals during the last third of gestation. Heart rates were recorded while the mothers were resting on land or performing trained simulated dives of up to 2.25 min. Data from resting mothers showed the development of a bimodal or two‐speed fetal heart rate pattern during late gestation. The mean faster and slower fetal heart rates at term were 125 ± 3.7 and 79 ± 3.1 (mean + SEM) respectively. The amount of fetal bradycardia observed increased steadily towards term, and fetal heart rate changes were not correlated with changes in maternal heart rate or maternal respiration. The bimodal fetal heart rate was also seen during the simulated dives, and no decrease in either the faster or slower heart rate was found. Heart rates from resting, unrestrained harbor seal pups were also studied. The pups displayed a bimodal heart rate similar to the fetuses' with the slower rate occurring during breath‐holds. The bradycardia in the pups was equivalent to the slower fetal heart rate. These findings suggest that the regulatory mechanism that determines the apneic bradycardia in young harbor seals during non‐stressful conditions develops in the last quarter of gestation.
SPATIAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE HUMPBACK WHALE, MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE, IN THE MEXICAN PACIFIC
Authors: Jorge Urbán R. , Anelio Aguayo L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrom observations of the spatial distribution of humpback whales in the Mexican Pacific between 1981 and 1986, it is possible to recognize four subregions: 1) the southern coast of Baja California; 2) the northern Gulf of California, including the Midriff Islands; 3) the mainland coast of Mexico, including the Isla Isabel and Islas Tres Marias and 4) the Revillagigedo Archipelago. The seasonal distribution of whales near the Mexican mainland and the Revillagigedo Archipelago extends from November to May and is similar to that of other winter breeding grounds, including the Hawaiian Islands. Along the southern coast of Baja California, whales have been observed from September to April, possibly indicating a shorter migratory route. In the northern Gulf of California, however, humpback whales have been reported throughout the year and are occasionally observed feeding during both summer and winter months. The degree of individual movement between the four subregions is still unknown. The number of individual humpback whales identified photographically in recent years suggests that there ate more whales in the Mexican Pacific than previously reported.
OBSERVATIONS OF AN UNIDENTIFIED BEAKED WHALE (MESOPLODON SP.) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
Authors: Pitman Robert L. , Aguayo L. Anelio , Urbán R. Jorge 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMultiple sightings of a distinctive but unidentified species of beaked whale have been made in the eastern tropical Pacific. The unidentified whale has two color morphs: a conspicuously marked black and white form (judged to be larger), and a uniformly gray‐brown form. Maximum length estimates have been 5–5.5 m. Other features include a relatively flat head, with a small, distinct melon; a moderately long beak; and a low, wide‐based, triangular dorsal fin. On most animals the trailing edge of the dorsal fin is only slightly falcate and often appears straight. On the black and white morph, a broad white or cream‐colored swathe originates immediately posterior to the dorsal surface of the head and runs posterio‐ventrally on either side of the animal. The prevalence of scarring on the black and white animals suggests sexual dimorphism and that these larger, more conspicuously marked animals are adult males, while the smaller, browner, unscarred animals are females and young. Possibilities for identification include: 1) a well‐marked race of a known Mesoplodon sp., 2) Mesoplodon (Indopacetus) pacificus or 3) an undescribed species.
A DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SEALS, PHOCA VITULINA L. 1758, FROM SVALBARD
Authors: Wiig ØYstein 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe present analysis confirms that the northernmost record of common seals (Phoca vitulina) in the world is at Svalbard nearly at 81°N. The population at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard, is about 900 km away from any other population of common seals and may be termed insular. External and cranial characters of three common seals caught at Prins Karls Forland, and one common seal caught at Rossøya, all at Svalbard, are described. The only three available skins from Svalbard common seals are of a light phase color type. The skulls are characterized by a narrow interorbital width and a posterior extent of the palato‐vomerine septum which is greater than that described for Atlantic common seals. A detailed description of the morphology of Atlantic common seals is highly needed.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF GROUP TYPES IN SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALE (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS)
Authors: Cassini Marcelo H. , Vila Bibiana L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGroups of Eubalaena australis in the Gulf of San Jose, Argentina were characterized and classified. A one‐zero sampling method was used for collecting data. A distance matrix was calculated with the 124 groups recorded and 10 characters including composition, size, activities, belly‐up and tail‐up positions, flipper and tail slaps, and breaching. Cluster analysis separated groups into 12 types. Six low‐interaction group types were differentiated primarily by their composition, and extent of swimming and resting behaviors. Six interaction group types were characterized by the presence of whales in the belly‐up position, by group size, by the absence of females with calves, and by sexual activity. Some interpretations of the possible functional meaning of the observed group types are discussed.