bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrosynthesis of 5-Chloro- and 5-Azido-4-pyrazole Carboxylic Acid at the Nickel Hydroxide Electrode
Authors: Abdel-Azzem Magdi , Zahran Magdi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Pyrazole derivatives are valuable intermediates for drugs and agrochemicals. The literature seems to be almost devoid of suitable methods, from environmental point of view for the preparation of simple pyrazole carboxylic acid derivatives which could be prepared from aldehydes with oxidizing agents such as NaClO4. These reagents are partially toxic and large scale conversions create waste disposal problems. A clean oxidation technique would be the indirect electrochemical oxidation at the nickel hydroxide anode. Until recently there have been few examples of oxidation of heterocyclic aldehydes to the corresponding acids. We represent here an electrochemical method for oxidizing 5-chloro-4-pyrazole carbaldehyde (1) and 5-azido-4-pyrazole carbaldehyde (2) to their corresponding acids (3 and 4) at a nickel hydroxide anode in good yields (80—85%) (Scheme 1).
Tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyrimidinone Ring Formation of Bellenamine, a Biogenic Amine, with Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Ikeda Yoko , Gomi Shuichi , Naganawa Hiroshi , Ikeda Daishiro , Kondo Shinichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bellenamine, (R)-3,6-diamino-N-(aminomethyl)hexanamide in a neutral aqueous solution at 37 °C formed a new tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyrimidinone compound, N1,N3-methylenebellenamine by the reaction with self-generated formaldehyde. The structure was elucidated by NMR spectral analyses. Two tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyrimidinone compounds, N1,N3-methylenebellenamine and (R)-6-(3-aminopropyl)tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyrimidinone (tentatively named cyclized bellenamine) were synthesized from bellenamine and d-β-lysinamide, respectively, with an equimolar amount of formalin in good yields. However, formation of a 5-membered ring 4-imidazolidinone compound by the reaction of l-lysinamide with formalin was a very low yield. Reaction of bellenamine with acetaldehyde gave a mixture of four diastereomeric aldol adducts. By the reaction with acetone or diacetone alcohol, two stereoisomeric diacetone adducts, (2R,9aS)- and (2R,9aR)-2-(3-aminopropyl)-8,8,9a-trimethyloctahydro-4H-pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidin-4-one, were obtained. Although these adducts were difficult to separate, the (2R,9aR) diastereomer was more stable than the other in acidic aqueous solution.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions of Methyl 2-Oxo-3-alkenoates with Alkenes
Authors: Sera Akira , Ohara Meguru , Yamada Hiroaki , Egashira Emiko , Ueda Naohiro , Setsune Jun-ichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Lewis acid-catalyzed cycloadditions of 4-substituted methyl 2-oxo-3-butenoates and -3-pentenoates with alkenes took place with high regio- and stereoselectivities to afford substituted 6-methoxycarbonyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans in good to moderate yields. None of the ene products were produced. Similar reactions of methyl 3-phenyl-2-oxo-3-butenoate with alkenes afforded both the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans and a dimeric cycloadduct of the diene component. The regio- and stereoselectivities of the present inverse-electron-demand cycloadditions indicated that the reactions proceeded through a concerted exo transition state.
Synthesis and Properties of Sterically-Protected 2-Azulenylphosphaethenes. II. 2-(1-Azulenyl)- and 2-(2-Azulenyl)-1-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphaethenes
Authors: Ueno Tetsuya , Yasunami Masafumi , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several sterically-protected 2-(1-azulenyl)- and 2-(2-azulenyl)-1-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphaethenes were synthesized as kinetically-stabilized crystalline compounds by the phospha-Peterson reaction of the corresponding 1- and 2-formylazulenes with lithium (2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)trimethylsilylphosphide. On the basis of the 31P NMR spectral data, the 1-azulenyl group is believed to be more electron-donating than the 2-azulenyl group. The bathochromic shift of the n–π* transition of the 1-azulenyl derivatives relative to the parent azulene and N-(1-azulenylmethylene)-2,4,6-tri-t-butylaniline indicated that the 2-phosphaethenyl group has an electron-donating nature in contrast to the electron-withdrawing nature of the iminomethyl group.
Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Structure of a 1,1′-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)trichotomine Derivative
Authors: Irikawa Hajime , Enomoto Masanori , Shimoda Yoshinori , Atsumi Tadashi , Okumura Yasuaki , Iijima Kinya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
On an oxidative dimerization in dichloromethane containing diisopropylamine, methyl 1-ethoxycarbonyl2,5,6,11-tetrahydro-3-oxo-3H-indolizino[8,7-b]indole-5-carboxylate gave a trichotomine derivative bearing ethoxycarbonyl groups on C1 and C1′. In the presence of triethylamine, the initially formed trichotomine derivative changed to a blue compound, which had the skeleton of the trichotomine derivative and a =CH–CH= group. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of the trichotomine derivative showed the torsion around the central C–C double bond, and the dihedral angle of the adjacent two five-membered rings was 30.0°. This torsion is due to the steric interactions between the ethoxycarbonyl groups and the amido carbonyl groups, and might explain the difference of the λmax between the trichotomine derivative (690 nm) and the blue compound (633 nm).
Structure Analyses of Nickel(II) Complexes Bound to Copolymersof 2-Acetyl-5-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)phenol, Acrylamide,and 2,2′-Methylenediacrylamide by EXAFS and XANES
Authors: Sato Mitsunobu , Fujii Yuki , Yamamura Takeshi , Yano Shigenobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The coordination of the nickel(II) centers bound to the titled polymers were determined by EXAFS and XANES as being of the octahedral Ni(avp)2(H2O)2 type in both template and non-template polymers.
Tranformations of Gypsum to Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate andHemihydrate to Gypsum in NaCl Solutions
Authors: Imahashi Masayuki , Miyoshi Towako 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The transformations of gypsum to calcium sulfate hemihydrate and hemihydrate to gypsum were carried out in NaCl solutions containing a small amount of strontium ions in order to elucidate their mechanisms. The values of the apparent partition coefficient of strontium between solution and solids were followed during the transformations and the gypsum and hemihydrate crystals were observed by SEM. The results showed that the transformations progressed by a dissolution-reprecipitation process.
Photolysis of (2,4,6-Tri-t-butylphenyl)bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphine
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki , Shimura Kazuho , Toyota Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photolysis of (2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphine in benzene gave products suggesting homolytic P–C bond cleavage followed by rearrangement and coupling.
Intramolecular Photocyclization in Quinone-Bearing Oligopeptides
Authors: Tamiaki Hitoshi , Hashimoto Masakazu , Maruyama Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoexcited anthraquinone moiety (AQ) of (N-acetylglycyl)oligopeptide-linked anthraquinones in acetonitrile abstracted intramolecularly the hydrogen in the α-methylene of glycine to give a sole isomeric ring-closure product. Site-selectivity was produced mainly by a difference in the spatial distance between the C=O of AQ and reactive CH2.
A Synthesis of Senecionine, a Representative of Hepatotoxic, Macrocyclic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids of Retronecine Type
Authors: Niwa Haruki , Sakata Tomoyo , Yamada Kiyoyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Described is a synthesis of (−)-senecionine, the best-known hepatotoxic, 12-membered pyrrolizidine alkaloid of retronecine type. Integerrinecic acid lactone methyl ester was converted into protected senecic acid, which was regioselectively coupled with (+)-retronecine, achieving the first synthesis of (−)-senecionine.
A case series to pilot cognitive behaviour therapy for women with urinary incontinence
Authors: Garley Ailyn , Unwin Jennifer 
Published: July 2006

Objective. Psychological factors have been identified with respect to female urinary incontinence. However, there is limited research regarding psychological interventions. The effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as a treatment for women with urinary incontinence was investigated.Design. The study adopted an AB case series design with a follow‐up phase.Methods. Ten women with urinary incontinence each attended individual sessions. The Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and Incontinence Quality of Life (I‐QOL) were administered pre‐treatment, post‐treatment, and 3‐months post‐treatment. Participants kept weekly records of bladder functioning. An unstandardized client satisfaction questionnaire was administered at 3‐months post‐treatment.Results. Anxiety and depression, as measured by the HADS did not show any significant changes. Improvements in incontinence‐related quality of life reached statistical significance at the post‐treatment administration and were maintained at the 3‐months post‐treatment follow‐up. Significant changes in bladder functioning were not apparent until the 3‐month post‐treatment follow‐up. The satisfaction questionnaires suggest that the participants found the intervention of value.Conclusions. The findings of this study tentatively suggest that incontinence‐related quality of life might be improved by involvement in a CBT intervention. Some modest improvements occurred in bladder functioning. Further research is required to confirm these findings.
Augmenting the theory of planned behaviour with the prototype/willingness model: Predictive validity of actor versus abstainer prototypes for adolescents' health‐protective and health‐risk intentions
Authors: Rivis Amanda , Sheeran Paschal , Armitage Christopher J. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. The present research tested: (a) whether prototype perceptions and descriptive norms from the prototype/willingness model (PWM; Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton, & Russell, 1998) enhance the prediction of adolescents' intentions to engage in health‐protective and health‐risk behaviours after variables from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) and past behaviour have been taken into account and (b) whether images of the type of person who engages in a health behaviour (actor prototypes) and images of the type of person who does not engage in a health behaviour (abstainer prototypes) have equivalent predictive validity.Design. An experimental design with a single between participants factor (actor versus abstainer prototype) was employed.Method. Participants in this study were 247 school pupils who completed measures of TPB variables, PWM variables and past behaviour in relation to three health‐protective and three health‐risk behaviours.Results. Findings indicated that PWM variables accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in behavioural intentions after TPB variables and past behaviour had been taken into account (Mean ΔR2 = .05). Perceived similarity to prototypes was the most consistent additional predictor of intention. Actor and abstainer prototypes exhibited equivalent predictive validity.Conclusions. The present research suggests that variables from the PWM, especially prototype similarity, enhance the predictive validity of the TPB. The findings also provide new evidence that acquiring the characteristics of both health and risk images may be goals among adolescents and suggest that both healthy and risky prototypes constitute useful cognitive targets for interventions.
Despite its strong transactivation domain, transcription factor FOXM1c is kept almost inactive by two different inhibitory domains
Authors: Wierstra Inken , Alves Jürgen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
FOXM1c (MPP2) is an activating transcription factor with several nuclear localization signals, a forkhead domain for DNA binding, and a very strong acidic transactivation domain. Despite its very strong transactivation domain, FOXM1c is kept almost inactive by two different independent inhibitory domains, the N-terminus and the central domain. The N-terminus as a specific negative-regulatory domain directly binds to and thus inhibits the transactivation domain completely. However, it lacks any transrepression potential. In contrast, the central domain functions as a strong RB-independent transrepression domain and as an RB-recruiting negative-regulatory domain. The N-terminus alone is sufficient to eliminate transactivation, while the central domain alone represses the transactivation domain only partially. This hierarchy of the two inhibitory domains offers the possibility to activate the almost inactive wild type in two steps in vitro: deletion of the N-terminus results in a strong transactivator, while additional deletion of the central domain in a very strong transactivator. We suggest that the very high potential of the transactivation domain has to be tightly controlled by these two inhibitory domains because FOXM1 stimulates proliferation by promoting G1/S transition, as well as G2/M transition, and because deregulation of such potent activators of proliferation can result in tumorigenesis.
NIR photoresponse in the mixed phthalocyanine films
Authors: Pakhomov Geogrij , Kuzin Evgenij , Murel Arkadij 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structure, optical and conducting properties of thin vacuum deposited films of erbium bisphthalocyanine (Pc2Er) and its mixtures with metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) have been studied with particular reference to the near infrared (NIR). It has been found that, in spite of intense optical absorbance over the UV/Vis/NIR domain, pure Pc2Er films are weakly photoconductive. However, in the mixed Pc2Er/H2Pc films the photocurrent signal was detected in the NIR range of 1200–1500 nm, which is associated with optical activity of Pc2Er molecules.
An Overview of QT Interval Assessment in Safety Pharmacology
Authors: Lacroix Pierre , Picard Sandra 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMedicinal products that prolong cardiac repolarization unintentionally, as assessed in terms of prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram, may trigger a potentially fatal arrhythmia called torsade de pointe (TDP). This lethal risk necessitates a detailed preclinical evaluation before initiating clinical trials. There are two different and complementary approaches to assess the potential of drugs to cause QT interval prolongation. The in vivo approach provides information on the potential of the compound to prolong the QT interval under near‐physiological conditions. It is mostly descriptive and not explanatory in terms of mechanisms of action. The in vitro approach provides much more mechanistic information, but is far removed from the clinical situation. While both approaches appear to possess reasonable predictive value, the results may depend largely on the experimental conditions employed. This unit reviews these issues and discusses a strategy aimed at understanding the problems associated with this cardiovascular risk.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides
Authors: Katayama Satoshi , Takamatsu Satoshi , Hirose Naoko , Izawa Kunisuke , Maruyama Tokumi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo practical synthetic approaches to the production of lodenosine [FddA, 9‐(2,3‐dideoxy‐2‐fluoro‐β‐D‐threo‐pentofuranosyl)adenine] via 6‐chloropurine riboside or 6‐chloropurine 3′‐deoxyriboside are described. The reaction sequence contains new fluorination methods and new applications of radical reduction. The reagents and reaction conditions of each step have been carefully selected to ensure robustness and safety.
Blood Collection
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBlood is most frequently sampled for evaluation of serum antibodies or analysis of surface markers on peripheral blood cells. The protocols offered in this unit describe collection of blood from the orbital sinus or plexus of the mouse, rat, or hamster. With appropriate techniques, small amounts of blood can be obtained with little ill effect on the animal. Collection from the auricular vein or artery of the rabbit is also relatively unstressful to the animal. Bleeding procedures that should be performed on the anesthetized animal include collection from the mouse axillary plexus, cardiac puncture of the mouse, rat, hamster, or rabbit, and collection from the hamster abdominal aorta or vena cava.
Characterization and Functional Analysis of Mouse Invariant Natural T (iNKT) Cells
Authors: Bezbradica Jelena S. , Stanic Aleksandar K. , Joyce Sebastian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInvariant natural T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that recognize CD1d‐restricted lipid antigens and have immunoregulatory properties. Human and mouse CD1d‐restricted glycolipid antigen(s) and the iNKT cell functions they elicit are highly conserved, whereby, making the mouse an excellent animal model for understanding iNKT cell biology in vivo. This unit describes basic methods for the characterization and quantification (see ) and functional analysis of murine iNKT cells in vivo or in vitro (see Basic Protocols 2, 3, and 4). This unit also contains protocols that describe enrichment of iNKT cells (see ), generation of CD1d‐tetramer (see ), and lipid antigen loading on cell‐bound (see ) or soluble (see ) CD1d.
Studies of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System
Authors: Lorick Kevin L. , Yang Yili , Jensen Jane P. , Iwai Kazuhiro , Weissman Allan. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA concept that has arisen over the last decade is that proteins can, in general, be covalently modified by polypeptides, resulting in alterations in their fate and function. The first‐identified and most well studied of these modifying polypeptides is ubiquitin. Although targeting for proteasomal degradation is the best studied outcome of ubiquitylation, we now understand that modification of proteins with ubiquitin has numerous other cellular roles that alter protein function and that are unrelated to proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitylation is a complex process that is regulated at the level of both addition and removal of ubiquitin from target proteins. This unit includes a number of different basic protocols that will facilitate the study of components of the ubiquitin system and substrate ubiquitylation both in vitro and in cells. Because another protein modifier, NEDD8, itself regulates aspects of the ubiquitin system, basic protocols on neddylation are also included in this unit.
Active Site Profiling to Identify Protein Functional Sites in Sequences and Structures Using the Deacon Active Site Profiler (DASP)
Authors: Fetrow Jacquelyn S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMethods for the annotation and analysis of functional sites in proteins are an area of active research, and those methods that allow detailed characterization of functional site features are much needed. A Web site application, DASP, which implements a previously described method (Cammer, et al., 2003) to allow users to create an active site profile for any protein family, is described. Two protocols for functional site analysis of protein families using DASP are presented: 1) creation of functional site signatures and a profile from proteins of known structure and 2) utilization of the active site profile to search sequences that contain fragments similar to those found in the functional site signatures. The active site profile produced by Basic Protocol 1 allows the user to analyze the features of the functional site, i.e., those characteristics that are common across the family and those that are unique to one or several members of the family. The characteristics that are unique to a subfamily might be described as specificity determinants i.e., features that impart specificity to a particular function. Basic Protocol 2 provides instructions for searching for sequences that might contain a similar functional site.
Use of FTIR spectroscopy to distinguish between capsular types and capsular quantities in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Sahu R. K. , Mordechai S. , Pesakhov S. , Dagan R. , Porat N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has shown remarkable ability in distinguishing between bacterial species and identifying bacterial colony structures, when used in tandem with methods such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, or linear discriminant analysis. The present work was aimed to evaluate the potential of FTIR–microscopy (FTIR‐MSP) to distinguish between different serotypes and capsular quantities of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In general, the results obtained have consistently proven that the spectral information at the region 900–1185 cm−1 was sufficient to distinguish between various pneumococcal serotypes. Moreover, the method was able to differentiate between S. pneumoniae phase variants on the basis of their relative carbohydrate content. The unsupervised cluster analysis of the samples showed differences, not only in the carbohydrate content, but also in the region 1350–1480 cm−1, which is dominated by absorptions due to lipids and phospholipids. This approach proved to be useful for the distinction between S. pneumoniae serotypes and between phase variants, which were shown to acquire different pathogenic capacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:434–442, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Developing a sustainability accounting framework to inform strategic business decisions: a case study from the chemicals industry
Authors: Taplin James R. D. , Bent David , Aeron‐Thomas David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractForum for the Future worked in partnership with a division of a blue‐chip chemicals company (‘ChemCo’), to develop a framework for sustainable business decision‐making. The supply chain impact framework was used to produce a six‐stage analysis that allowed the assessment of ChemCo's operations and products on key stakeholders and contributed to key strategy setting and innovation processes. Of most significance to ChemCo were the final two sustainability accounting stages of this work, which found that the external environmental benefits of one of its products in use (a refrigerant lubricant) were eight times greater than the external environmental costs produced by the entirety of ChemCo's operations. These findings helped inform ChemCo's future economic, social and environmental sustainability strategy, whilst the action of conducting the research fostered greater communication and understanding between different sections of the business, developed new data collection and management processes and helped embed sustainable development objectives throughout the organization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.