bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Window Exit Sidetrack Enhancements Through the Use of Solid Expandable Casing
Authors: Rivenbark Mark , DeMong Karl , Al Faraj Omar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Proposal
When most operators think of solid expandable casing, they primarily focus on their application as it relates to solving hole problems while minimizing any loss of hole size incurred by running a casing string. A new application for solid expandable casing quickly growing in popularity uses the tubulars to sidetrack through a milled window. Solid expandable casing can minimize, if not eliminate, many of the obstacles associated with sidetracking.
The historic drawback of losing hole size through the window exit can be largely eliminated by using solid expandable casing. These tubulars enable the hole section to be drilled beyond the expandable casing with larger drill pipe and bottomhole assemblies (BHAs), including measure-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, which may have been impossible with a conventional sidetrack. Larger production tubulars and related completion equipment add to the value generated by using the solid expandable casing. This technique can also be instrumental in initiating slot recoveries that might not otherwise be economically viable.
As with other applications of solid expandable casing, a successful installation requires proper pre-job planning. This paper reviews issues critical for success and also looks at specific examples of installations performed to date. Other technologies associated with expanding the solid casing will also be discussed in the context of wells already completed or in the planning stages. The economic benefits of this technique will also be explored.
Characterization of Heterogeneity Using Inverse Model Equipped with Parallel Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Kwon S. I. , Sung W. M. , Huh D. G. , Lee W. S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study presents the development of reservoir characterization inverse model equipped with ANN type of ISGA and MSGA parallel processing algorithms. In order to efficiently run the developed model, homogeneous PC-cluster was constructed by connecting four PC which have the same features. The model was adapted ANN to automatically determine optimum GA parameters of operator, number of individuals and operation rate, which is appropriate for the reservoir heterogeneity.By utilizing the developed model in this study, inverse calculation was conducted for the synthetic reservoir system with the aid of an ISGA-PP. As a result, it was found that convergence is stably progressed. In the result of permeability distribution, it shows that low permeable zone in central area for the system studied is appeared to be little different comparing to the result obtained by Kriging method which is using only static data. In the matching result of pressure, maximum relative error of 1.54% was presented at OP-4, and hence, the calculated permeability distribution is thought to be quite reliable. When MSGA-PP was applied to the same reservoir system as ISGA-PP, it converged stably similar to ISGA-PP. The difference between ISGA-PP and MSGA-PP is appeared only at convergence rate and the resulting permeability distribution is very similar to each other.In the evaluation of computing efficiency of ISGA-PP and MSGA-PP against GA-SP, the result shows that the efficiency of parallel processing system is more greater as the number of individuals increases. Also, regardless of the number of individuals, the calculating time in parallel processing system was greatly reduced by 3.6 times comparing to serial processing system of GA-SP. Finally, inverse calculation was carried out with MSGA-PP-ANN. As a result, it converged much more faster than MSGA-PP without having a artificial neural network system. It was expected that the model takes only superior individuals at the beginning obtained by optimum GA operator set, which have greater fitness values.
The Function of Gas-Water Relative Permeability Hysteresis in the Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Saline Formations
Authors: Flett Matthew , Gurton Randal , Taggart Ian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into saline formations for the purpose of limiting greenhouse gas emissions has been proposed as an alternative to atmospheric venting of carbon dioxide. To date, research of the subsurface interactions of injected CO2 in saline formations have focused on two main areas: dissolution of CO2 into saline formation waters and the geochemical/mineralisation effects of the injected CO2 on the formation rock matrix. Both of these topics investigate forms of potential permanent sequestration or trapping of CO2.It is proposed that trapping of CO2 as a residual phase due to imbibition of water is another form of permanent sequestration of CO2. This paper will outline the role that gas-water relative permeability hysteresis can have towards the success of storage for a geological CO2 sequestration project. This process is similar to the experience of aquifer encroachment on depleted gas reservoirs where water traps gas along its path.During the injection phase of a geological CO2 sequestration project, the movement of CO2 is dominated by a drainage relative permeability state, as CO2 displaces brine, the wetting phase in the formation. After injection, the governing force on the injected fluid is gravity. CO2, at most reservoir conditions, is more buoyant than brine and thus injected CO2 will tend to migrate up-dip along the top seal. The migration of the CO2 plume, over hundreds of years, is dominated by both drainage and imbibition relative permeability effects. At the head of the migrating plume, drainage relative permeability is prominent as water drains away from the migrating plume. At the tail of the migrating plume, imbibition relative permeability dominates as water imbibes behind the migrating plume trapping CO2 as a residual phase. Thus the amount of mobile CO2 diminishes over time, as more of the plume dissolves and is trapped as a residual phase.A reservoir simulation study was conducted to investigate gas trapping in a geologic sequestration project. Many subsurface parameters were varied, including the effects of gas-water relative permeability hysteresis. The results of these parametric changes were monitored with regard to the effects on migration, pressure build up at the geological seal and the fraction of CO2 in the formation that is either mobile, dissolved or trapped as a residual phase. It is demonstrated that the factors determining the long term outcome and hence success of a sequestration project includes: the permeability field, the degree of dissolution and the degree of gas trapping as a residual phase. Trapping CO2 as a residual phase is shown to have a constructive impact on the success of a geologic sequestration project.
Understanding Fluid Phase Using A Seismic PVT Chamber
Authors: Evans Brian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As oil fields produce liquids (oil or gas/condensate), they undergo pressure change, with the pressure reducing as a function of production rates. Equally, the high production of water from a reservoir can cause major reduction in pressures of gas fields resulting in an increase in the gas cap size and a consequent loss of gas to the surrounding formations.
The injection of water or CO2 into reservoirs or underground storage areas causes an increase in local pressure which in turn, has the potential to cause local increases in permeability in the reservoir or at the storage site. Time-lapse three dimensional (3-D) seismic methods are used to monitor the fluid movement during both fluid extraction in producing fields and injection of water or CO2 for EOR or storage purposes.
However, little is understood about the seismic effects caused by variations in both pore pressure or rock matrix stress as a result of these operations. During 2003, a low pressure/volume and temperature (PVT) chamber was built at Curtin University to simulate such effects, and to establish the seismic reflection response under these variations.
Past research has shown that variations in pressure can cause tuning effects which appear to be identical to bright spots occurring. In that research, it was shown that a variation in pressure causes a change in formation density which can cause a rotation of the AVO fluid line, and this highlighted both the fact that this attribute can be used for sensing variably pressured compartments in 3-D data (missed pay zones) as well as indicate that a bright spot is not always gas-associated but can be pressure-associated in a producing field.
This paper discusses the development of this research and the applications of this unique PVT chamber.
The Mapping of Hydraulic Flow Zone Units and Characterisation of Australian Geological Depositional Environments
Authors: Biniwale S. , Behrenbruch P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Carman-Kozeny formulation has been used as a basis to provide a new perspective of flow zone units (FZUs), by mapping similar rocks in terms of "Characteristic Envelopes", for different geological depositional environments. A large amount of data, covering several fields and different Australian basins, has been analysed.
The methodology has been used for well-to-well correlation, reverse modelling for better identification of depositional trends, diagenetic affects and grain characteristics. It is also shown how photomicrographs, scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and log shapes can be incorporated in a detailed analysis. The method is ideal for validating plug samples used in special core analysis. It is shown how various data types, geological attributes and engineering parameters can be integrated. Results from such analysis can then be used in consistent model preparation and better quantification of petroleum recovery efficiency.
Knowledge Management Strategies to Combat Tomorrow's Challenges – Lessons from Woodside Energy
Authors: Chiri Khaled 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Woodside's success is fundamentally due to its people. Success is derived from a very experienced, skilled workforce who through many years of experience, simply ‘know what to do'. When what the experienced workforce knows is captured in repeatable, sustainable business processes, knowledge, ‘good' practices and lessons learned captured and reused, then past performance can lead to future success.
The western world is suffering from an increasingly transient and ageing workforce. Additionally the oil and gas workforce is shrinking and experiencing a shortage of Petroleum Engineers and general Geosciences related degrees. Many key staff employees are contractors, secondees or permanent staff close to retirement.
Over abundance of information can also affect performance in one way or another. It causes delays and in some cases inaction as people tend to examine all available information before they make any important decisions. It is also a source of considerable distraction, for example as people try and manage their emails rather than think creatively.
To combat tomorrow's challenges and to effectively leverage our "local" strength and apply it at a "global" level, Knowledge Management has been adopted as a strategic choice. This paper outlines the approach taken and reveals the progress made to date. It also explains the steps and processes used to create an environment that is conducive to knowledge sharing.
Pressure and Pressure Derivative Analysis without Type-Curve Matching for Triple Porosity Reservoirs
Authors: Escobar Freddy H. , Saavedra Nestor F. , Escorcia Gerson D. , Polania John H. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
Currently, the study of naturally fractured reservoirs represents a constant-growing technology because of the high amount of this type of behavior in many reservoirs worldwide. Therefore, for an efficient exploitation is necessary to adequately model them, so a more realistic fracture-matrix flow behavior can be obtained and identified. However, by inspecting some well pressure tests, anomalous slope changes during a matrix-controlled flow period are observed. This behavior does not follow the one described by a dual porosity model.
Throughout the years, the pressure transient behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs has been extensively studied. Customary, dual porosity models have been widely utilized to describe the flow behavior taking place in the fracture/matrix system of naturally fractured reservoirs. However, a remarkable flaw of these models is their assumption of homogeneous matrix properties through the whole system. Recently, pseudosteady-state and transient-state triple porosity models have been introduced to take into account the existence of two domains in the matrix with different properties and one domain in the fracture net. There is no flow between the two matrix domains. On a semilog plot of pressure versus time, three parallel straight lines are observed when one domain has lower storativity and higher interporosity flow coefficient. Well pressure analysis for such systems was conducted using the conventional method or semilog type-curve matching.
In this study, pressure derivative is applied to triple porosity reservoirs so their typical characteristics and fingerprints are reported. A technique to analyze pressure and pressure derivative data without using type-curve matching is also provided. This technique uses characteristics lines, characteristics points and features found on the pressure and pressure derivative plot to obtain analytical expressions for a practical estimation of permeability, skin and the fundamental parameters of such systems. The proposed methodology was successfully verified by its application to field data cases and simulated pressure data.
Integrated Asset Modeling, a Quick Solution for Identifying an Infill Well Opportunity
Authors: Luciawaty Mery , Suyasa I Made 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes an integrated asset modeling program designed to determine reserves that can be drained by an infill prospect within a mature asset. This model has proven its ability to reduce risks and improve reservoir decline management. It is able to quickly identify potential benefits of drilling without spending significant time building complex reservoir simulation models.
The West Java fields, operated by BP Indonesia, are located in the northwestern part of the Java Island. Production commenced in 1971 on these mature offshore assets with interdependent oil and gas systems. Over 50 separate reservoirs have been identified in these highly stratified structures and many wells produce hydrocarbon from multiple horizons (commingled production). The surface facility network is very complex integrating many producers, various production/compression systems and long pipeline sections.
As the fields become mature then there is an increasing need to drill more and more wells to recover untapped reserves and reduce production decline. Quick screenings are required to identify the possibility of drilling an infill well surrounding the existing producers or to access untapped hydrocarbon reserves.
An integrated model connecting reservoir tanks, wells, pipeline networks and surface facilities was build support the infill decision. The model can handle naturally flowing, gas lifted and ESPed producing wells. There is no limit on number of wells and/or platforms that can be analyzed. Constraints can be considered at all levels, from well, joint, separator and the overall system. Moreover, production forecasting from the model can also accommodate constraints at the reservoir level.
Simulation of Production from Naturally Fractured Reservoirs with the Use of Effective Permeability Tensor
Authors: Teimoori A. , Tran N. H. , Chen Z. , Rahman S. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical model for simulating fluid flow and production from naturally fractured reservoir based on a flux continuous control volume mixed finite element approach. The main features of the present model are that it accounts for the heterogeneity of the fractured media by applying effective permeability tensor in each grid block and allows the direct calculation of fluid flow velocity. Flux continuous control volume mixed finite element technique is used to simultaneously solve two coupled partial differential equations for fluid pressure and velocity. Effective permeability tensor represents directional permeability in fractured media. Thus the model overcomes the existing problems in previous models in relation to irregular fracture patterns, flow interactions between matrix and fractures and effects of fracture characteristics (dimension, density and orientation). The model is validated against data published in literature and applied to a typical naturally fractured reservoir, where the fracture network was characterized by a hybrid object-based fracture characterization technique.
Application of Genetic Algorithm to History Matching for Core Flooding
Authors: Tokuda N. , Takahashi S. , Watanabe M. , Kurose T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recently it has become a common practice to construct 3D coreflooding simulation model to interpret water displacement experiments conducted under X-ray CT scanning. The unknown grid block parameters i.e. kro/krw and Pc curves are required to be optimized to get reasonable matching with experimental data such as changes of grid block water saturation. In order to evaluate the matching process efficiently a new automated history-matching program has been developed. This program applies Genetic Algorithm to optimize several coefficients for normalized kro/krw and Pc curves for each litho-facies.
Several blind tests were carried out on hypothetical coreflooding models by changing the conditions of velocity and wettability to investigate the degree of accuracy and limitation of the program. The result of the reproducibility of the relative permeabilities was excellent for both water-wet and oil-wet cases regardless the velocity of coreflooding. On the other hand, the degree of reproducibility was not necessarily satisfactory for capillary pressure curves especially in high velocity case.
Sensitivity of the controlling parameter in Genetic Algorithm such as crossover rate and mutation ratio was also investigated. The suitable values are estimated, though no simple trend was found.
The program was finally applied to the interpretation of actual water displacement tests on oil-wet carbonate cores. The program successfully gave a reasonable set of kro/krw and Pc curves for each litho-facies and demonstrated its capability of grid block parameter optimization.
CO2 Recovery and Utilization for EOR
Authors: Morsi Kamal , Leslie John , Macdonald Doug 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to replace valuable natural gas presently used for pressure maintenance ADNOC is investigating capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from several flue gas sources and its transport to a developed field for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). A study was commissioned to evaluate available technologies and determine the optimum technical and economic configuration for capture and delivery of high quality CO2 for injection.
Three flue gas sources for CO2, were considered, appropriate capture technologies were chosen and a formal licensor selection process was performed. Key considerations in selection of technology and licensors were existence of successful commercial applications and utilities requirements (natural gas, power and cooling water).
The process configuration chosen involves placing the absorber equipment near the flue gas sources, with a common stripping operation located at a single site.
The study also included design of compression and pipeline facilities to deliver dense-phase CO2 to the nominated field, and booster pumps to raise the CO2 to required injection pressure.
The paper describes the process employed to select technologies and discusses the considerations involved to arrive at the final configuration.
Key Improvements for Client Source Inspection on Lump Sum (EPC) Oil and Gas Projects
Authors: Al-Abed Bassem I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In consideration of lump-sum EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) oil & gas Project needs and potential benefits of Client source inspection, a review of recent experience in Client Third Party Inspection (TPI) involvement at source on EPC Projects has been conducted. The review of Client TPI involvement at source has considered experience on several large EPC Projects.
This paper summarizes the findings of the review and recommendations for improvements. Four key themes that run thorough these recommendations are as follows: Improvements to the criteria for purchase order selection for Client source inspection involvement.Improvements to the criteria for inspector selection.The need for the Client Quality Manager to remain engaged with the technical scope of inspection activities.The importance of technical definition of inspection scope and requirements for inspection reporting.
The scope of this paper does not include requirements for specialist engineering witness of final factory acceptance or performance testing.
Development of a Competent Workforce for the Oil and Gas Sector
Authors: AlMatroushi Salem 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The need to ensure that every task is being performed by competent workers at the right place at the right time has become one of management's top priorities. This implies the need to ensure that health-safety-environment (HSE) performance, asset integrity systems, organizational processes and staff development programs are standardized and optimized within a framework of a competency-based system. The Competence Assurance Management System (CAMS) in the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Exploration and Production (E&P) group of companies aims at addressing these issues in a structured approach. In May 2002, a multi-disciplinary Best Practice and Skills Management (BPSM) team of E&P skill pool advisors (SPA's) was assembled to build discipline-specific development frameworks (DFW's) and guidelines (GL's) documents and facilitate the CAMS implementation process. The project team worked very closely with many contributors from the E&P group of companies including skill pool technical experts (SPE's), competence assurance coordinators from human resources (CAC's) and other groups and reached a CAMS pilot implementation milestone in early 2004. The CAMS pilot involved 5 E&P technical disciplines: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, reservoir geology, well engineering and reservoir engineering. Lessons learned from the pilot implementation were the base for optimizing the DFW's/GL's and implementation plans for 16 additional E&P disciplines to be launched in late 2004 and 2005. CAMS is initially implemented on new UAE National technical graduates to support the Emiratization targets of 50% by 2004 and 75% by 2009. Eventually, CAMS can be implemented on the entire workforce in the E&P group of companies. Additionally, and as part of the full CAMS implementation, a knowledge and learning management information technology (IT) system across the E&P group of companies is being established. CAMS DFW's/GL's include comprehensive development roadmaps, graduate development matrices, competence skill profiles, performance-knowledge-evidence criteria for every skill and detailed formal and on-the-job training programs.