bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory among dentists: burnout measurement and trends
Authors: Te Brake J. H. M. , Bouman A. M. , Gorter R. C. , Hoogstraten J. , Eijkman M. A. J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To extend our knowledge about the applicability of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) among dentists and to investigate trends in burnout risk among dental professionals.Methods:  The structure of the MBI is examined among two independent, representative samples of dentists (n = 493 and 497, respectively). Moreover, results are compared to those of other independently‐practicing health professionals (i.e., general practitioners and physiotherapists). In addition, the percentage of dentists that are at risk for burnout are compared in samples from 1997, 2000, and 2001.Results:  Correlations between the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization subscales among dentists were higher than those found elsewhere. Additionally, a considerable increase in burnout risk was found since 1997.Conclusions:  It was confirmed that the MBI can be considered a suitable instrument for use among dentists. It is argued that certain specific aspects of entrepreneur‐like occupations are reflected in deviating responses to the MBI. Given the clear increase in burnout risk found, this topic should remain under investigation among dentists.
Optional active compliance chamber performance in a pulmonary artery-pulmonary artery configured paracorporeal artificial lung
Authors: Alpard Scott K. , Wang Dongfang , Deyo Donald J. , Smolarz Casey M. , Chambers Sean , Zwischenberger Joseph B. 
Published: June 2007

Introduction: Our group has developed a paracorporeal artificial lung (PAL) attached in a pulmonary artery (PA) to PA in series configuration to address profound respiratory failure and serve as a bridge to transplant and/or recovery. We recently designed, developed and converted our passive pre-PAL compliance chamber to an active, synchronized, counterpulsating assist device to relieve right heart strain and offset increased work placed on the right ventricle when the PAL is attached. In this study, we evaluated the safety and performance of both a valved and non-valved optional active compliance chamber (OACC) in a PA-PA PAL for right heart assistance in normal adult sheep. Methods : Eleven sheep (30—50 kg) were divided into non-valved OACC (n = 6) and valved (n = 5) OACC groups. To mimic pulmonary hypertension, a C-clamp was placed distal to the OACC-PAL and occluded until a 20% decrease in cardiac output (CO) was achieved. The OACC was activated, and right ventricular pressure (RVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CO were recorded. Results: All eleven animals tolerated the implantation of the OACC PAL. Activation of the OACC resulted in a significant increase in CO. Systolic and diastolic right ventricular pressure decreased in both groups. Lastly, counterpulsation increased the mean PAP in all animals and peak PAP reached 89 mmHg. Despite providing right heart assistance, synchronizing the counterpulsation was technically difficult, and the high peak PA pressures resulted in anastomotic bleeding in all animals and anastomotic breakdown in 4/11 animals. Conclusions: An OACC PAL perfused by the right ventricle applied in series with the pulmonary circulation reduces ventricular load and improves cardiac efficiency. These preliminary data suggest the potential of an artificial lung in unloading the strained right ventricle and acting as a bridge to transplantation. The augmented peak PA pressures, resulting in bleeding and anastomotic breakdown, and complexity in synchronizing the cardiac cycle with the pulsations of the augmented OACC, compromise this configuration. Perfusion (2007) 22, 81—86.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Telemedicine Use
Authors: Marcondes Felippe O. , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Le Cook Benjamin , Huskamp Haiden A. , Rodriguez Jorge A. , Barnett Michael L. , Uscher-Pines Lori , Busch Alisa B. , Mehrotra Ateev 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceIndividuals of racial and ethnic minority groups may be less likely to use telemedicine in part due to lack of access to technology (ie, digital divide). To date, some studies have found less telemedicine use by individuals of racial and ethnic minority groups compared with White individuals, and others have found the opposite. What explains these different findings is unclear.ObjectiveTo quantify racial and ethnic differences in the receipt of telemedicine and total visits with and without accounting for demographic and clinical characteristics and geography.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included individuals who were continuously enrolled in traditional Medicare from March 2020 to February 2022 or until death.ExposureRace and ethnicity, which was categorized as Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, White non-Hispanic, other (defined as American Indian/Pacific Islander, Alaska Native, and Asian), and unknown/missing.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTotal telemedicine visits (audio-video or audio); total visits (telemedicine or in-person) per individual during the study period. Multivariable models were used that sequentially adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics and geographic area to examine their association with differences in telemedicine and total visit utilization by documented race and ethnicity.ResultsIn this national sample of 14 305 819 individuals, 7.4% reported that they were Black, 5.6% Hispanic, and 4.2% other race. In unadjusted results, compared with White individuals, Black individuals, Hispanic individuals, and individuals of other racial groups had 16.7 (95% CI, 16.1-17.3), 32.9 (95% CI, 32.3-33.6), and 20.9 (95% CI, 20.2-21.7) more telemedicine visits per 100 beneficiaries, respectively. After adjustment for clinical and demographic characteristics and geography, compared with White individuals, Black individuals, Hispanic individuals, and individuals of other racial groups had 7.9 (95% CI, −8.5 to −7.3), 13.2 (95% CI, −13.9 to −12.6), and 9.2 (95% CI, −10.0 to −8.5) fewer telemedicine visits per 100 beneficiaries, respectively. In unadjusted and fully adjusted models, and in 2019 and the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Black individuals, Hispanic individuals, and individuals of other racial groups continued to have fewer total visits than White individuals.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this cross-sectional study of US Medicare enrollees suggest that although nationally, Black individuals, Hispanic individuals, and individuals of other racial groups received more telemedicine visits during the pandemic and disproportionately lived in geographic regions with higher telemedicine use, after controlling for geographic region, Black individuals, Hispanic individuals, and individuals of other racial groups received fewer telemedicine visits than White individuals.
Concomitant Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors With Oral Anticoagulants and Risk of Major Bleeding
Authors: Rahman Alvi A. , Platt Robert W. , Beradid Sarah , Boivin Jean-François , Rej Soham , Renoux Christel 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants associated with a small increased risk of major bleeding. However, the risk of bleeding associated with the concomitant use of SSRIs and oral anticoagulants (OACs) has not been well characterized.ObjectivesTo assess whether concomitant use of SSRIs with OACs is associated with an increased risk of major bleeding compared with OAC use alone, describe how the risk varies with duration of use, and identify key clinical characteristics modifying this risk.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA population-based, nested case-control study was conducted among patients with atrial fibrillation initiating OACs between January 2, 1998, and March 29, 2021. Patients were from approximately 2000 general practices in the UK contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. With the use of risk-set sampling, for each case of major bleeding during follow-up, up to 30 controls were selected from risk sets defined by the case and matched on age, sex, cohort entry date, and follow-up duration.ExposuresConcomitant use of SSRIs and OACs (direct OACs and vitamin K antagonists [VKAs]) compared with OAC use alone.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of hospitalization for bleeding or death due to bleeding.ResultsThere were 42 190 patients with major bleeding (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [9.3] years; 59.8% men) matched to 1 156 641 controls (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [9.3] years; 59.8% men). Concomitant use of SSRIs and OACs was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding compared with OACs alone (IRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.24-1.42). The risk peaked during the initial months of treatment (first 30 days of use: IRR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.37-2.22) and persisted for up to 6 months. The risk did not vary with age, sex, history of bleeding, chronic kidney disease, and potency of SSRIs. An association was present both with concomitant use of SSRIs and direct OACs compared with direct OAC use alone (IRR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.40) and concomitant use of SSRIs and VKAs compared with VKA use alone (IRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.25-1.47).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study suggests that among patients with atrial fibrillation, concomitant use of SSRIs and OACs was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding compared with OAC use alone, requiring close monitoring and management of risk factors for bleeding, particularly in the first few months of use.
Phloem Parenchyma
Authors: Kim Ji Yun , Frommer Wolf B 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Phloem parenchyma is one of the key cell types constituting the phloem of angiosperms. Phloem parenchyma cells play essential roles in the transfer of diverse compounds, such as sucrose and amino acids, into the sieve element‐companion cell complex (SECCC). A fraction of the phloem parenchyma cells
trans
‐differentiate into phloem parenchyma transfer cells (PPTC) by developing plasma membrane amplification associated with cell wall ingrowth. The increased membrane surface area in PPTCs may create additional space for the transporters to localise thereby enhancing phloem loading efficiency. Recent advances in single‐cell sequencing and imaging techniques have provided new information on the potential roles of the phloem parenchyma, not only in the transport of nutrients but also in plant metabolism and defence mechanisms.

Key Concepts

The phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells and phloem parenchyma cell types.

The phloem parenchyma cells play pivotal roles during phloem loading.

Certain phloem parenchyma cells undergo
trans
‐differentiation and develop cell wall ingrowth.

The entry of sucrose into the SECCC follows at least one of the two paths – the apoplasmic and/or the symplasmic pathway.

In
Arabidopsis
, SWEET11, SWEET12 and SWEET13, sucrose transporters are localised to the phloem parenchyma and efflux sucrose to the apoplasm. Sucrose in the apoplasm is actively taken up into the SECCC complex by SUT1/SUC2 proton‐coupled sucrose symporters for long‐distance transport.

Metabolic activities in the phloem parenchyma and the adjacent companion cells likely contribute to reshaping the metabolomes of the phloem and xylem.

The ontogenetic development of phloem parenchyma remains elusive, requiring future research activities.
Blumeria
graminis
f. sp.
avenae
Authors: Reilly Aisling , Kildea Steven , Finnan John , Feechan Angela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Blumeria graminis
f. sp.
avenae (Bga)
, the causal agent of powdery mildew disease on oats, is one of the most important diseases of oat production. The main control strategies include the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars. However, with the overuse of chemical controls and a dependency on a limited number of resistance genes, this pathogen is becoming more difficult to control and eradicate from the crop. To date, only 12 genes that confer resistance to
Bga
have been catalogued in oats, and only half of these are deployed in commercially available oat cultivars. Because of this, there is a constant need to understand the mechanisms underlying oat resistance and a demand for new durable forms of resistance.

Key Concepts

Bga
is the causal agent of powdery mildew disease in oats and a major limiting factor to oat yield and quality.

Genetic resistance is considered the most sustainable control method, to date 12 powdery mildew (Pm) resistance genes have been identified in oats.

Pre‐ and post‐penetration defence mechanisms, such as papillae formation, cell death and encasements contribute to oat plant defence against Bga infection.

New disease resistance may be sourced from wild oat relatives, but sterility barriers may cause breeding issues.

The published oat
MLO (Mildew Locus O)
gene family presents a potential opportunity for generating durable mlo‐based powdery mildew resistance in oats.
Carnosine and Inflammation
Authors: Caruso Giuseppe , Maugeri Salvatore , Privitera Anna , Lazzarino Giacomo , Lazzarino Giuseppe , Amorini Angela M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Inflammation represents a complex biological response of the body to dangerous stimuli such as pathogens and involves different types of cells including immune cells (e.g., astrocytes and microglia), blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The main function of inflammation is to eradicate the causes responsible for cell injury, remove dead cells and damaged tissues, and allow the beginning of tissue repair. Carnosine is a dipeptide composed by β‐alanine and
l
‐histidine possessing multiple functions that include anti‐aggregant, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory activities. Carnosine has also been shown to accelerate the wound‐healing process. Since numerous diseases are characterized by systemic and/or central inflammation such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders, this molecule could be of great interest.

Key Concepts

Carnosine is a naturally occurring molecule characterized by a multimodal mechanism of action.

The inflammatory process can be either short‐lived (acute; hours or days) or long‐lasting (chronic; months or years).

Numerous systemic and neurodegenerative diseases show common pathogenic mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation and aggregation phenomena such as diabetes and Alzheimer disease.

The versatile pharmacodynamic profile of carnosine including its anti‐inflammatory potential suggests a promising therapeutic potential in different diseases.

Inflammation represents a complex biological response of the body to dangerous stimuli and involves different cell types such as immune cells (eg., astrocytes and microglia), blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
Obesity: Its Status as a Disease
Authors: Hofmann Bjørn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Is obesity a disease? Yes, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other authoritative institutions say so, is the standard answer. However, by investigating these sources and some standard definitions of disease, the answer becomes much less obvious. According to naturalist and hybrid definitions of disease, obesity does not qualify as a disease, but according to several normativist conceptions of disease, it does. This undecidedness gives leeway for a wide range of pragmatic arguments for and against making obesity a disease. Using social conceptions of disease to make obesity a disease calls for careful reflection, as they may be based on contested aesthetic, moral and other social norms. History is full of examples where socially defined diseases later have been heavily criticised. Homosexuality, dissidency, drapetomania and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are some examples.

Key Concepts

Obesity is acknowledged as a disease by a wide range of organisations.

Obesity is commonly defined by having a body mass index (BMI) over 30.

Disease is defined as naturalistic, normativistic, or hybrid concepts.

The reasons for making obesity a disease are pragmatic and not principled.

It is easier to argue that obesity is a disease from normativist than from naturalist conceptions of disease.

Until more facts are available, and a wide range of key issues are solved, obesity's status as a disease remains speculative.
An Injectable Hydrogel System with Mild Photothermal Effects Combined with Ion Release for Osteosarcoma‐Related Bone Defect Repair
Authors: Yao Jiaxin , He Qiya , Zheng Xiaoyan , Shen Shihong , Hui Junfeng , Fan Daidi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOsteosarcoma, a common invasive malignant bone disease, presents therapeutic challenges due to the persistent problem of incomplete resection during surgical treatment. This often results in postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, and large‐scale bone defects are difficult to self‐repair, seriously affecting patient health. In this study, a dual‐ion doped organic‐inorganic composited SOH1(CP)1 injectable hydrogel system is successfully designed and constructed. This system consists of sericin protein grafted with hydrazide bonds, oxidized chondroitin sulfate, Se and Mg co‐doped HAp nanorods, and polydopamine‐coated CaO2 nanospheres. The system displays strong anti‐tumor activity due to its mild photothermal effects combined with the chemotherapeutic efficacy of SeO32−. Because the degradation behavior of hydrogel matches the bone repair cycle, including the nutritional support of hydrogel skeleton degradation products to promote bone cell proliferation, and the positive regulation of Ca2+, Mg2+, and PO43− released via the degradation of inorganic nanoparticles to promote bone differentiation, the system shows excellent bone defect repair efficacy. Importantly, this system achieves 100% tumor inhibition after 18 days, while ensuring complete bone repair after 12 weeks. Hence, the SOH1(CP)1 injectable hydrogel system, which displays both high anti‐osteosarcoma efficacy and strong bone repair properties, can serve as a new tool for osteosarcoma‐related bone defect repair.
Biotechnological Effects of Advanced Smart‐Bile Acid Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanogels for Ear Delivery and Treatment of Hearing Loss
Authors: Kovacevic Bozica , Wagle Susbin Raj , Ionescu Corina Mihaela , Foster Thomas , Đanić Maja , Mikov Momir , Mooranian Armin , Al‐Salami Hani 
Published: March 2024

AbstractInner ear delivery requires safe and effective drug delivery vehicles incorporating high‐viscosity formulations with permeation enhancers. This study designs novel thermoresponsive‐smart polymer‐bile acid and cyclodextrin‐based nanogels for inner ear delivery. Nanogels are examined for their rheological and physical properties. The biocompatibility studies will be assessed on auditory and macrophage cell lines by investigating the impact of nanogels on cellular viability, mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, intracellular oxidative stress, inflammatory profile, and macrophage polarization. Novel ther nanogels based on bile acid and beta‐cyclodextrin show preserved porous nanogels' inner structure, exhibit non‐Newtonian, shear‐thinning fluid behavior, have fast gelation at 37 °C and minimal albumin adsorption on the surface. The nanogels have minimal impact on cellular viability, mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, intracellular oxidative stress, and inflammatory profile of the auditory cell line House Ear Institute‐Organ of Corti 1 after 24 h incubation. Nanogel exposure of 24 h to macrophage cell line RAW264.7 leads to decreased viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased intracellular ROS and inflammatory cytokines. However, polarization changes from M2 anti‐inflammatory to M1 pro‐inflammatory macrophages are minimal, and inflammatory products of RAW264.7 macrophages do not overly disrupt the survivability of HEI‐OC1 cells. Based on these results, thermoresponsive bile acid and cyclodextrin nanogels can be potential drug delivery vehicles for inner ear drug delivery.
Design of Mixed‐Matrix MOF Membranes with Asymmetric Filler Density and Intrinsic MOF/Polymer Compatibility for Enhanced Molecular Sieving
Authors: Hardian Rifan , Jia Jiangtao , Diaz‐Marquez Alejandro , Naskar Supriyo , Fan Dong , Shekhah Osama , Maurin Guillaume , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Szekely Gyorgy 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe separation of high‐value‐added chemicals from organic solvents is important for many industries. Membrane‐based nanofiltration offers a more energy‐efficient separation than the conventional thermal processes. Conceivably, mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs), encompassing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as fillers, are poised to promote selective separation via molecular sieving, synergistically combining polymers flexibility and fine‐tuned porosity of MOFs. Nevertheless, conventional direct mixing of MOFs with polymer solutions results in underutilization of the MOF fillers owing to their uniform cross‐sectional distribution. Therefore, in this work, a multizoning technique is proposed to produce MMMs with an asymmetric‐filler density, in which the MOF fillers are distributed only on the surface of the membrane, and a seamless interface at the nanoscale. The design strategy demonstrates five times higher MOF surface coverage, which results in a solvent permeance five times higher than that of conventional MMMs while maintaining high selectivity. Practically, MOFs are paired with polymers of similar chemical nature to enhance their adhesion without the need for surface modification. The approach offers permanently accessible MOF porosity, which translates to effective molecular sieving, as exemplified by the polybenzimidazole and Zr–BI–fcu‐MOF system. The findings pave the way for the development of composite materials with a seamless interface.
Magnetic Fe‐Ni bimetallic oxide shell nanorods containing anti‐protein polymer segments for protein purification
Authors: Wang Ting , Lyu Yanting , Ahmad Mudasir , Zhang Baoliang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this paper, BSA surface‐imprinted magnetic Fe‐Ni bimetallic oxide shell nanorods (m‐FeNi@MIPs@PCBMA) were prepared with the assistance of poly(3‐[[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethylammonium] propionate (PCBMA) in connection with the surface‐imprinting technique. The Fe‐Ni bimetallic oxide shell layer nanorods (m‐FeNi) with magnetic responsiveness simplified the separation and recovery process of adsorbed materials. The controlled introduction of PCBMA facilitated the reduction of protein non‐specific adsorption. At the optimal encapsulation ratio of 1:0.75 (Wm‐FeNi@MIPs: WCBMA), m‐FeNi@MIPs@PCBMA could adsorb 122.98 ± 5.00 mg/g of BSA within 80 min, and the value of the imprinting factor (IF) was also increased from 1.68 (m‐FeNi@MIPs) to 3.95. In the mixed protein adsorption and real sample separation experiments, m‐FeNi@MIPs@PCBMA could selectively separate BSA. Meanwhile, after seven adsorption–desorption experiments, the loss of BSA adsorption by the imprinted nanorods was only 15.9%, which had good reusability. Therefore, m‐FeNi@MIPs@PCBMA has a broader application prospect in the field of protein separation and purification.
Medical findings and congenital anomalies in Vermeer's paintings
Authors: Bianchi Diana W. , Scherjon Sicco A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe 17th century was a time of scientific discovery in Europe. Leading academic centers provided the general population with an opportunity to view anatomic dissections of human bodies. Rather than portray idealized versions of individuals, Dutch painters were committed to accurately representing their models. This was true for Johannes Vermeer. The 2023 exhibition of Vermeer's paintings at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam provided an unprecedented opportunity to observe 28 of his 37 existing paintings simultaneously in person. Here the authors suggest that in at least eight paintings a visibly pregnant woman is present. Vermeer's wife was pregnant or lactating most of the time during their 22‐year marriage. Further, evidence of specific medical findings and congenital anomalies such as polydactyly, ectrodactyly, alopecia, kyphosis, and hyperthyroidism were observed in the paintings. These have not been previously reported in the medical or art history literature.