bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ECONOMIC THEORISTS' READING OF SIMONE WEIL
Authors: Heifetz Aviad , Minelli Enrico 
Published: August 2008

In Economics individuals are defined by their preferences over the consequences of their own actions and the actions carried out by others. In contrast, Simone Weil depicts the individual as continuously re-constituted by the contact that he establishes with reality via his action. Such an action is aimed at achieving an effect in the physical world, but what makes ithumanis not success per se, but rather the fact that it stems from reasoning and planning.Afflictionis caused by effort carried out mechanically like that of a beast of burden, when the individual has no opportunity to exercise reason for choosing how to confront reality's ever-challenging hazards andnecessity.Simone Weil also emphasizes the importance of the socially forgedlanguagein affecting the individual's horizon and his ability to act meaningfully. In particular, foresight cannot be assumed in situations of oppression and affliction, which are extremely hard to communicate exactly because they imply an alienation between reason and action.These observations of Simone Weil suggest new dimensions which standard economic modelling has hitherto avoided.
Comment on “Improving How Scientists Communicate About Climate Change”
Authors: Sedgemore Francis 
Published: August 2008

In a recent issue of Eos (89(11), 11 March 2008), Susan Joy Hassol argued that climate researchers are failing in their efforts to communicate effectively with the public.As a space physicist turned freelance journalist, I know how researchers think and act, and also how media workers function. From informal discussions with journalists, bloggers, and members of the general public, it is clear to me that the public is crying out for hard information. But people will instinctively mistrust those who feed them science‐lite.
Efficiency of Intermittent Exercise on Adiposity and Fatty Liver in Rats Fed With High‐fat Diet
Authors: Sene‐Fiorese Marcela , Duarte Fernanda O. , Scarmagnani Flavia R.R. , Cheik Nadia C. , Manzoni Marla S.J. , Nonaka Keico O. , Rossi Eliseu A. , De Duarte Ana C.G. Oliveira , Dâmaso Ana R. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: This study aimed to examine and compare the effects of continuous or intermittent exercises on adiposity and fatty liver in rats fed with high‐fat diet.Methods and Procedures: Wistar rats were divided according to diet composition—chow diet (C) or high‐fat diet (H)—and kinds of exercise—sedentary (S), continuous (CE), or intermittent (IE) exercises. The CE group swam 90 min/day, and the IE group swam 3 × 30 min/day (at 4‐h intervals between sessions); both groups exercised 5 days/week during 8 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily. Lipogenesis rate in vivo was determined by the incorporation of 3H2O into saponified lipids in retroperitoneal (RET), epididymal (EPI), and visceral (VIS) white adipose tissues, brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver (L), and gastrocnemius muscle (GAST) using the gravimetric method. Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triacylglycerol (TG) were analyzed.Results: The major finding of this study is that IE was more efficient than CE in reducing the adverse effects of high‐fat diet and sedentarism. There was an improvement in the lipid profile and a reduction in food intake, body weight gain, visceral and central adiposity, and fatty liver, contributing to the control of obesity and other comorbidities, including nonalcoholic fat liver diseases.Discussion: Earlier studies have discussed the effects of diet consumption on adiposity and their relation to chronic diseases and obesity. This study discusses the effects of high‐fat diet consumption and the different kinds of exercise on weight gain, adiposity, fatty liver, and lipid profile in rats. The results may depend on the exercise, time of each session, age, gender, and experimental period.
Association of ADIPOR2 With Liver Function Tests in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: López‐Bermejo Abel , Botas‐Cervero Patricia , Ortega‐Delgado Francisco , Delgado Elías , García‐Gil Maria M. , Funahashi Tohru , Ricart Wifredo , Fernández‐Real José M. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: Adiponectin protects against liver dysfunction in insulin‐resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the role of adiponectin receptors in this disorder is largely unknown. We studied whether common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 are associated with liver function tests (LFTs) in human subjects with various degrees of insulin resistance.Methods and Procedures: Serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), −8503 G/A (rs6666089) and +5843 C/T (rs1342387) SNPs in ADIPOR1, −64,241 T/G (rs1029629) and +33447 C/T (rs1044471) SNPs in ADIPOR2 were assessed in 700 white subjects from a population‐based study.Results: In nondiabetic subjects, the at‐risk alleles for the common −64,241 T/G and +33447 C/T SNPs in ADIPOR2 were associated with increased circulating adiponectin (P < 0.05 to P < 0.005), but not with LFT. Conversely, in T2DM subjects (who are at risk for liver dysfunction), the same alleles were associated with increased serum ALT and AST (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001), but not with circulating adiponectin. No significant associations with these parameters were evident for the common −8503 G/A and +5843 C/T SNPs in ADIPOR1. In a replication study, the −64,241 T/G and +33447 C/T SNPs in ADIPOR2 were associated with ALT and AST (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001) in pooled obese and T2DM subjects.Discussion: Common SNPs in ADIPOR2 are associated with LFT in T2DM subjects, which suggests a possible role of this receptor in liver dysfunction associated with insulin resistance.
Pre‐treatment change in psychotherapy with adult children of problem drinkers: The significance of leaving home
Authors: Mackrill Thomas 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn a qualitative diary study of four adult children of problem drinkers in psychotherapy, it transpired that all four clients had experienced significant changes before they entered psychotherapy. This study first addresses the issue of how pre‐treatment change may be conceptualised in psychological theory and research. Five ways of understanding pre‐treatment change are presented. Data from the case studies are then presented, highlighting how these clients experienced a diminishing sense of self‐control in relation to leaving the home they cohabited with their alcoholic parent. The dynamics of how leaving home affects the clients are analysed. It is suggested that change experienced in relation to leaving home is significant to the decision to enter therapy. The fit between the data and the theories of pre‐treatment change is discussed.
Understanding Pamina's recovery: An application of the hermeneutic single‐case efficacy design
Authors: Carvalho Maria João , Faustino Inês , Nascimento Ana , Sales Célia Maria Dias 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article reports an effectiveness case study of the individual systemic therapy of a 22‐year‐old Portuguese woman with a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder, conducted in a university‐based clinic in Lisbon, Portugal. Data were analysed using the hermeneutic single‐case efficacy design, a non‐experimental interpretive approach that aims to determine whether change occurred, whether change was due to therapeutic strategies, and what in therapy caused the change. Results indicate that the treatment was effective and that de‐pathologising Pamina's condition and genogram‐based exploration techniques played a crucial role in her recovery.
Distribution, abundance, and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) on the Porcupine Bank (west of Ireland)
Authors: Velasco Francisco , Landa Jorge , Barrado Joaquín , Blanco Marian 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Velasco, F., Landa, J., Barrado, J., and Blanco, M. 2008. Distribution, abundance, and growth of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) on the Porcupine Bank (west of Ireland). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1316–1325. This manuscript presents the first results on abundance and distribution of white anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) from a series of groundfish surveys carried out on the Porcupine Bank. White anglerfish were caught in all trawlable areas, recruits and juveniles mainly from the shallower parts of the bank, around the central mound and closer to the Irish shelf. A strong cohort was manifest in 2001, and it could be tracked over time by age matrices obtained with illicia age–length keys (ALKs) collected during the surveys. However, a mismatch in the cohort analysis suggests that the growth pattern based on illicia underestimates around three of the younger age classes. Using an ALK estimated numerically from a faster growth model, this mismatch disappears, which seems to confirm faster growth. Recruits of the 0-group and adults of age 4 (with the faster growth: ca. ∼57–65 cm) dominated, whereas the intermediate age groups were scarce on the bank. These results and recent findings from tag-and-recapture experiments suggest that white anglerfish move to and from the Porcupine Bank, calling into question the stock boundaries currently accepted for the species in the North Atlantic.
Prognosis of Chronic or Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: Gieteling Marieke J , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita MA , Passchier Jan , Berger Marjolein Y 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) or recurrent abdominal pain is common in childhood and is rarely associated with organic disease. With modern diagnostic technology, new organic abnormalities are found in children with CAP. Thus far a causal relation between these abnormalities and CAP has not been established. The additional prognostic value of extensive testing of children with CAP is a subject of debate.Objectives:To investigate how often abdominal pain persists in children with CAP and to investigate whether medical tests such as laboratory tests, imaging, and endoscopy have additional prognostic value to history taking and clinical examination.Materials and Methods:A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for prospective cohort studies published from 1960 until October 2005. The most common medical key words for CAP were used in our search strategy. The methodological quality of studies was determined. Clinical heterogeneity between studies was analyzed. The percentages of children with abdominal pain after follow‐up were pooled.Results:The search yielded 2620 citations, of which 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, 1331 children were followed up for 5 years (median, range 1–29 years). In total, 29.1% (95% CI 28.1–30.2) of patients with CAP had abdominal pain after follow‐up. The prognosis of CAP diagnosed clinically was similar to that diagnosed after additional medical testing.Conclusions:CAP persisted in 29.1% (95% CI 28.1–30.2) of children. In the absence of alarming symptoms, additional diagnostic testing did not influence the prognosis of CAP.
Assessing the Validity of Clinical Trials
Authors: Akobeng Anthony K 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTClinical trials use scientific methods to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatments or other interventions. Trials should have both internal and external validity, and a well‐conducted randomised controlled trial is considered to be the most powerful tool for evaluating interventions. Systematic error (bias) and random error could threaten the internal validity of trials, and all efforts should be made to minimise these in the design, conduct, and analysis of studies. Careful attention should be paid to issues such as randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, and sample size. In an internally valid trial, external validity refers to the ability of the results to be generalised to the “real world” population. Issues to consider in determining the external validity of a study include the setting of the trial, the study population, the types of interventions used, duration of follow‐up, and the types of outcome and how they were assessed.
Secular and Seasonal Trends in Obesity in Chilean Preschool Children, 1996–2004
Authors: Stanojevic Sanja , Kain Juliana , Uauy Ricardo 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTObjectives:Chile is a unique example of the nutrition transition, with improvements in undernutrition and subsequent rapid increases in obesity occurring at a rate much faster than in other countries. This study aims to describe the cross‐sectional obesity trends in Chilean preschool children from 1996 to 2004.Materials and Methods:Anthropometric measurements from preschool children (ages 2–5) registered in the Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles program from 1996 to 2004 were analysed. The weight‐for‐height z score using the World Health Organization 1977/1985 reference curves for age, sex, height, and weight were defined to estimate overweight and obesity. The overall trends in obesity were described for each study year and generalized estimating equation models were used to describe trends in obesity after adjusting for the correlated nature of repeated measurements in individual children in consecutive years.Results:The prevalence of obese and overweight children has remained constant in both boys and girls during the past 9 years; however, after adjustment for repeated measurements in individual children, the odds of obesity increased by 30% each year (odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.31, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the odds of obesity were significantly greater in both August and November compared with March.Conclusions:The prevalence of obesity in Chilean preschool children continues to be a major public health concern, and cross‐sectional trends may underestimate the magnitude of the problem.
Mediators of a successful web‐based smokeless tobacco cessation program
Authors: Danaher Brian G. , Smolkowski Keith , Seeley John R. , Severson Herbert H. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To examine self‐efficacy and program exposure as possible mediators observed treatment effects for a web‐based tobacco cessation intervention.Design  The ChewFree trial used a two‐arm design to compare tobacco abstinence at both the 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up for participants randomized to either an enhanced intervention condition or a basic information‐only control condition.Setting  Internet in US and Canada.Participants  Our secondary analyses focused upon 402 participants who visited the web‐based program at least once, whose baseline self‐efficacy rating showed room for improvement, who reported that they were still using tobacco at the 6‐week assessment, and for whom both 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up data were available.Intervention  An enhanced web‐based behavioral smokeless tobacco cessation intervention delivered program content using text, interactive activities, testimonial videos and an ask‐an‐expert forum and a peer forum. The basic control condition delivered tobacco cessation content using static text only.Measurements  Change in self‐efficacy and program exposure from baseline to 6 weeks were tested as simple and multiple mediators on the effect of treatment condition on point‐prevalence tobacco abstinence measured at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.Findings  While both participant self‐efficacy and program exposure satisfied the requirements for simple mediation, only self‐efficacy emerged as a mediator when we used the more robust test of multiple mediation.Conclusions  Results confirm the importance of self‐efficacy change as a probable underlying mechanism in a successful web‐based behavioral intervention. While program exposure was found to be a simple mediator of tobacco abstinence, it failed to emerge as a mediator when tested with self‐efficacy change in a multiple mediator test suggesting that self‐efficacy and program exposure share a complex, possibly reciprocal relationship with the tobacco abstinence outcome. Our results underscore the utility of searching for mediators in research on web‐based interventions.
Initiation and persistence with clopidogrel treatment after acute myocardial infarction – a nationwide study
Authors: Sørensen Rikke , Gislason G. H. , Fosbøl E. L. , Rasmussen S. , Køber L. , Madsen J. K. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Abildstrom S. Z. 
Published: August 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Treatment with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction (MI) is recommended to almost all patients for 12 months.• There is interpatient variation in the effect of clopidogrel treatment, one possible explanation for this being low initiation or poor persistence with therapy. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • We found remarkably high initiation and persistence with clopidogrel treatment among MI patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); interpatient variation cannot be explained by poor initiation and persistence in these patients.• Among MI patients without PCI and among MI patients with concomitant heart failure we found substantial underuse; therefore, focus on these groups is important.AIMSTo identify possible underuse by analysing initiation and persistence with clopidogrel treatment in an unselected population of patients admitted with myocardial infarction (MI) with or without subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).METHODSPatients admitted with first‐time MI from 2000 to 2005 and subsequent prescription claims of clopidogrel were identified by individual‐level linkage of nationwide administrative registries in Denmark. Independent factors affecting initiation and persistence with treatment were analysed by multivariable logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTSA total of 46 190 MI patients were included in the study, of whom 14 939 were treated with PCI. From 2000 to 2005 initiation of clopidogrel increased from 80.4 to 93.7% among MI patients with PCI and from 2.8 to 39.3% among MI patients without PCI. MI patients with concomitant heart failure received less treatment [odds ratio (OR) 0.49, confidence interval (CI) 0.43, 0.56 among patients with PCI and OR 0.90, CI 0.81, 0.99 among patients without PCI in 2002–2003, and OR 0.89, CI 0.80, 1.00 in 2004–2005, respectively]. Of MI patients with PCI, 77.5% completed 9 months' clopidogrel treatment in 2004–2005, the corresponding figures for MI patients without PCI being 53.9%.CONCLUSIONSInitiation and persistence with clopidogrel treatment is high in MI patients with PCI. However, we found substantial underuse among MI patients without PCI and in MI patients with heart failure.
High density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels increase with age in American women but not in Hong Kong Chinese women
Authors: Cheung Bernard M. Y. , Li Mingfang , Ong Kwok Leung , Wat Nelson M. S. , Tam Sidney , Pang Richard W. C. , Thomas G. Neil , Woo Jean , Janus Edward D. , Lau Chu Pak , Lam Tai Hing , Lam Karen S. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryObjectives  High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a powerful cardiovascular risk factor. Important gender and ethnic differences in plasma HDL levels exist and warrant investigation.Design  Cross‐sectional survey in two different general populations.Patients  7700 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 and 1944 participants of the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study‐2 (CRISPS2) 2000–2004.Measurements  Plasma HDL levels.Results  Plasma HDL levels were higher in women than in men in both populations. In the United States women, it increased with age, whereas in Chinese women, it declined with age and converged with male HDL levels. In the United States, 37·1 ± 1·2% men and 38·9 ± 1·1% women had low HDL levels. In Hong Kong, 34·3 ± 1·6% men and 34·5 ± 1·5% women had low HDL levels. In Americans, the independent predictors of low HDL levels were lower age, being non‐Mexican Hispanic, waist circumference, triglycerides and not drinking alcohol in men, and lower age, being Hispanic, waist circumference, triglycerides, current smoking and not drinking alcohol in women. In Hong Kong Chinese, the independent predictors of low HDL levels were body mass index, triglycerides, current smoking and not drinking alcohol in men, and lower age, waist circumference, triglycerides, diabetes and former smoking in women.Conclusions  The decline in plasma HDL with age in Chinese women is opposite to that seen in American women. The increased cardiovascular risk in elderly Chinese women requires further study.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Pentylenetetrazole‐induced status epilepticus following training does not impair expression of morphine‐induced conditioned place preference
Authors: Zhang Jie , Tan Hua , Niu Hai C. , Wang Jian H. , Tang Xiang D. , Sanford Larry D. , Ma Yuan‐Ye 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTLearning and memory play an important role in morphine addiction. Status epilepticus (SE) can impair the spatial and emotional learning and memory. However, little is known about the effects of SE on morphine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of SE on morphine CPP, with food CPP being used as a control. The effects of SE on spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y‐maze were investigated. SE was induced in adult mice using intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole; control mice received saline. The data indicated that SE had no effects on the formation of morphine CPP; however, the formation of food CPP was blocked by SE. Meanwhile, spatial memory assayed in the MWM and Y‐maze was impaired by SE. In addition, the data demonstrated that SE did not cause a lasting disturbance of motor activity nor a change in the mice's appetite. These results suggested that although SE had no effects on morphine CPP, there was impaired food CPP and spatial memory in both the MWM and the Y‐maze. The mechanisms underlying memory process of morphine CPP may be different from other types of memory.
Cognitive Orientation to (daily) Occupational Performance (CO‐OP) with children with Asperger's syndrome who have motor‐based occupational performance goals
Authors: Rodger Sylvia , Brandenburg Julia 
Published: August 2008

Background/aim:  Motor difficulties associated with Asperger's syndrome (AS) are commonly reported, despite these not being diagnostically significant. Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO‐OP) is a verbal problem‐solving intervention developed for use with children with developmental coordination disorder to address their motor‐based difficulties. This paper reports on two case studies of children with AS illustrating the outcomes of CO‐OP to address motor‐based occupational performance goals. Methods:  A case study approach was used to document how two children with AS engaged in 10 weekly sessions of CO‐OP addressing child‐chosen motor‐based occupational performance goals and the outcomes of this intervention. Results:  Pre and post‐intervention assessment using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales and the Performance Quality Rating Scale indicated that both children were able to engage in CO‐OP intervention to successfully improve their occupational performance. Conclusions:  Further research into the application of CO‐OP with children with AS is warranted based on preliminary positive findings regarding the efficacy of this intervention to address motor‐based performance difficulties in two children with AS.