bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction Of Spontaneous Ignition In In-Situ Combustion
Authors: Schoeppel Roger J. , Ersoy Demir 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for Oklahoma Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla., October 25, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical study of spontaneous ignition as it could intentionally or unintentionally occur during the ignition stage of an in-situ combustion project. The study is based on a combined heat and mass transfer analysis of this low temperature oxidation situation wherein chemical reaction is also present. The mathematical approach approximates field conditions by using a radial model and determines temperature and oxygen concentrations as a function of radius and time.
From the study, it can be predicted whether the well will ignite spontaneously without use of an outside heat source, the distance from the well bore where ignition occurs, the time required to obtain ignition, and the effect of controlling variables such as the chemical activity of the crude, interfacial area, initial temperature, oxygen enrichment of injected air, pressure, and the influence of chemical agents used to promote low temperature oxidation.
In-situ combustion consists of injecting ambient temperature air into the reservoir and burning a portion of the oil to improve recovery efficiency. To start this process it is first necessary to ignite the oil in the formation and then to sustain combustion by continuous air injection. Several methods have been used to initiate the combustion process. These have used electrical and/or process. These have used electrical and/or chemical means to raise the immediate well bore surroundings to a temperature level sufficient to sustain combustion.
Spontaneous ignition is a phenomenon wherein ignition occurs spontaneously as a result of air injection into the reservoir. In the initial stages heat released due to low temperature oxidation accumulates faster than can be dissipated resulting in an increase in temperature. If heat continues to be generated at a rate greater than can be dissipated, a temperature condition is soon reached which is generally accepted as the "ignition temperature."
Drilling Performance Optimization and Identification of Overpressure Formations
Authors: Wardlaw H.W.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Rock-bit drilling efficiency falls off at higher rotary speeds and at higher values of weight on bit, due to higher rate of generation of rock cuttings and the need to expend mechanical energy on their removal.
A simple relationship is shown to exist between drilling efficiency and penetration rate, whether controlled by rotary speed or by weight on bit. Factors affecting either of the two parameters of this relationship are shown to be
differential pressure on bottom, mud characteristics, circulation rate, jet velocity and rock-bit design.
Examples are cited from literature.
Further analysis leads to an indication of when to expect drilling performance to depend on impact value and when on hydraulic horsepower. Two quite straightforward methods are explained for rapid determination of optimal economic rotary speed, and two for optimal economic bit weight., based on current performance. performance. Three separate methods are offered for identification of overpressured formation, using only the response of bit to standard drilling variables, thus eliminating the need to wait for a log to be run or to rely on shale determinations.
Introduction
Probably the most important single realization in rotary drilling is that not only must rock be fractured on bottom, but also the fractured particles must be removed from the rock face instantly and efficiently, to provide for further fracturing and drilling progress.
For this purpose, energy is brought from the surface to the rock face and applied as efficiently as possible. This energy appears in two forms:
Mechanical energy, applied through the rotary and drill string, and converted into its most useful form through the mechanism of bit cones and teeth. Hydraulic energy, applied through pump and drill string conduit, and converted into its most efficient form through correctly positioned jet nozzles, aimed at the rock face just ahead of the oncoming tooth.
It has been customary to consider the mechanical energy purely as the medium for rock fracture, and the hydraulic energy as the medium for chip removal and bottom scavenging. Further examination reveals, however, that the processes are by no means mutually exclusive. processes are by no means mutually exclusive. In fact, both types of energy play a part in both rock fracture and rock removal.
Trans
A Comparison of Field Drilling Experience with Low-Viscosity Mineral Oil and Diesel Muds
Authors: Jacques D. F. , Newman H. E. , Turnbull W. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Diesel has been the most widely used base-oil for oil muds. Mineral oil muds have found some application where operators wished to drill with an oil mud but wanted lower aromatic exposure to workers and the environment. Regulations have now been established that increase the difficulty of using diesel in drilling muds. From a human health, safety, and environmental issues perspective, alternates to diesel mud have merit. This paper will describe laboratory and field performance data comparing diesel oil muds with a low-viscosity, low-aromatic, low-toxicity oil or enhanced mud oil (EMO), an improvement over the early mineral oils. The physical, compositional, environmental, and human health differences between diesel and the EMO are discussed. Field data are presented which show that EMO muds have improved rate of penetration over diesel muds when used under similar conditions by 23 to 54 %.
Acquiring and Maintaining ISO Technical Quality Standards
Authors: Bryan J. K. , Dror Yehuda 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Certification to the internationally accepted ISO Series 9000 quality standards is perceived as being compulsory for companies wishing to participate in the "Harmonized Europe," which is to be effective Jan. 1, 1993.
Universally, the demand for certification to ISO 9000 has grown tremendously in recent years. This demand has created a quasi-partnership between the certified company and the certifying agency, both of which have progressed steadily up the learning curve in the implementation and maintenance of an accredited quality program.
This paper describes the certification (registration) process from the vantage point of both a registered company and the certifying agency. The establishment of a procedure structure will be discussed, along with the document preparation and review, common oversights, the initial registration audit and the renewal audits.
The tangible benefits derived from ISO certification, such as less nonconformance, identification of areas needing improvement and the company-wide culture change it fosters also will be examined. The role of ISO certification in laying the groundwork for a Total Quality Management (TQM) program will be discussed.
The Market for Williston Basin Oil
Authors: Winger John G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper attempts to define the probable market for Williston Basin crude oil. The total market area available to this oil is considered to lie mainly within the borders of PAW District 2. Estimates of future supply and demand in this region indicate a growing deficiency of crude oil which parallels the anticipated growth in the Williston Basin productive capacity; hence Williston production could fill the void.
The local market, embracing North Dakota and portions of Montana, South Dakota and Minnesota, is considered to be large enough and will grow sufficiently to absorb all the Williston production for the foreseeable future. The supply which will be thus replaced will be absorbed elsewhere in District 2.

Introduction
The discovery or oil in the Williston Basin has aroused keen and widespread interest. This is one of the largest sedimentary basins in Continental North America and includes portions of Montana and the Dakotas in the United States as well as Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada. Sporadic attempts to discover oil have been made since 1923: but there was not an intensive search until oil was actually found in April 1951. It is now one of the most active areas in the United States or Canada. Results have been encouraging and oil has been found in North Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The search continues and must for many years in order to explore the more than one hundred million acres in this huge geological province. After studying the potentialities of the area, some geologists have estimated that more than 2 1/2 billion barrels will ultimately be discovered.
The Williston discovery raises these questions:Will there be a market for Williston Basin oil? andIf so, how large will it be?
In this paper an attempt is made to find the answers.
Although part of the Basin extends into Canada, we are concerned here only with that portion which lies within the United States and all references in this paper are to that portion.
For the purpose of locating the Williston Basin in respect to its potential market area, frequent reference will be made to the five Petroleum Districts set up during World War II. [Figure 1]
Evaluation of Premium Threaded Connections Using Finite-Element Analysis and Full-Scale Testing
Authors: Hilbert L. B. , Kalil I. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The procedures developed by Exxon Production Research Company (EPR) for evaluating the performance of premium tubing and casing threaded connection designs using a combination of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and full-scale physical tests are described in this paper. Over the past several years, EPR has developed advanced techniques for nonlinear FEA to accurately and efficiently calculate the stresses and deformations in threaded connections. Concurrently, EPR's Tubular Goods Test Facility (TGTF) was constructed to assist in verification of FEA models and to conduct full-scale physical tests. Evaluation procedures have been developed that are based on using the combined results of state-of-the-art nonlinear FEA and rigorous full-scale physical tests. Finite element models are "linked" to full-scale tests to form the tools for evaluating threaded connections. Several years of experience in implementing these two evaluation tools together have revealed a unique and valuable synergism between analytical models and physical tests. EPR's evaluation philosophy is to use knowledge gained from advanced accurate FEA to test fewer connections with greater confidence in the results.
Computerized Kill Sheet for Most Drilling Operations
Authors: Leitão H. C. F. , Maidla E. E. , Santos O. A. , Netto F. A. , Bourgoyne A. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses a portion of what is actually needed for deep water operations involving well control procedures for directional and horizontal drilling.
Drillpipe pressure schedules were investigated together with the analysis of surface pressure gauge limit to avoid further gas influx and predict the onset of casing shoe fracture.
Examples are run mainly using directional and horizontal well data illustrating the procedure and operation.
Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontal Wellbores
Authors: Hudson P. J. , Matson R. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The creation of hydraulic fractures from horizontal wellbores is often characterized by unusual injection pressure behavior and has resulted in inconsistent post-treatment production. A methodology is presented for the design and evaluation of hydraulic fractures from horizontal and extended-reach wellbores, including economic analysis based on improved production forecasts. The requirements for designing appropriate treatments are stated, and the significance of each parameter is discussed. Reservoir scenarios are outlined and specific examples cited to describe specific production predictions relative to anticipated fracture morphology. The results from laboratory testing are used to exemplify the relationship between the orientation of the wellbore, in-situ stresses, and created fractures. In addition, effective perforating strategies and wellbore notching techniques for optimizing fracture initiation and propagation are described.
A knowledge of the orientation and magnitude of principal stresses is required in order to anticipate successful implementation of a treatment design. The ability to reduce the effects of near-wellbore restrictions is possible by influencing the initiation and, therefore, intersection of the fracture with the wellbore. Sealed experiments suggest this may be accomplished by controlled wellbore notching techniques, and in some cases, high-density perforating procedures. Predictions made using a production simulator can be used to explore possible scenarios and by using a non-Darcy correlation can provide improved accuracy in forecasting results.
The Redevelopment of Depleted Queen Waterflood Projects in the Permian Basin
Authors: Hickman T. S. , Hunter C. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Significant future reserve additions in the Permian Basin of West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico will come about through improved oil recovery techniques (IOR) applied to existing reservoirs. The major companies have an impressive list of improved or enhanced recovery projects on their strategic lists. On the other side of the street, independents are competing to acquire the major's non-strategical properties that are judged to have IOR potential. The Permian Basin is certainly one of the world's most mature producing provinces, but it is also a frontier for advanced IOR technology.
Primary development of the world class Permian Age producing horizons in the Permian Basin occurred from the mid- 1930's through the 1950's. The 1960's was the era of secondary recovery with the establishment of many of the Basin's water injection projects. A majority of these waterflood projects were probably based on the "Tank Model" concept of a reservoir, involving little or no geologic input. The fallout from the initial failure of some of these projects started industry on the road to developing a joint geological/engineering approach. One of the earlier papers to appear in engineering literature discussing the geological aspects was Dowling's 1970 paper titled "Application of Carbonate Environmental Concepts to Secondary Recovery Projects(1). A recent contribution in this area is a 1991 SPE Paper by Holtz, Ruppel and Hocott with the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas(2). Reading these two papers together shows the advances in carbonate geology and it's application to reservoir exploitation.
On the engineering side, much of the emphasis has been infill drilling. A 1974 paper by Driscoll listed nine factors that influence additional recovery through infill drilling(4). In 1976, Stiles authored a paper on optimizing waterflood recovery in the Clearfork(4). This was the first of several papers by Stiles and his colleagues at Exxon that has served as the foundation for the technology that has evolved into reservoir characterization. A good summary of what has been accomplished through infill drilling and reservoir characterization in West Texas carbonates is contained in a 1991 article by Wu et.al.(5)
Determination of Oil Core Flow Velocities and Porosities Using MRI
Authors: Robinson M. A. , Deans H. A. , Bansal Sitanshu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to obtain local values of the porosity and fluid flow velocity in a water-saturated sample of Casper sandstone during water injection. Histograms of the porosity and axial flow velocity are shown. In addition, the correlation between local fluid velocity and local porosity is shown graphically and indicates that the average velocity increases with porosity, as it should.
Simultaneous Determination of Dynamic Rock Properties by Critical Angle Wave Propagation Techniques
Authors: Schroeder R.H. , Gray K.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Critical angle wave propagation measurements were taken at atmospheric pressure on slate and Green River shale pressure on slate and Green River shale samples to study the effect of stratification on dynamic elastic rock properties. The rock samples were taken in 10 degrees increments, from 0 degrees to 90 degrees to the plane of cleavage or bedding.
Ultrasonic pulses with a frequency of approximately six megacycles per second were used to determine the velocity of dilatational and shear waves through rock samples immersed in a mineral oil bath.
Results indicate a considerable variation of elastic properties with orientation of the bedding or cleavage plane. Data for slate samples indicate general constant values of dynamic elastic properties for cleavage plane orientation properties for cleavage plane orientation angles from 20 degrees to 60 degrees. Anisotropy was indicated for orientation angles near parallel and near normal to the cleavage planes.
Green River shale lean in kerogen content exhibited a sharp change in values for elastic properties as orientation of the bedding planes increased from 0 degrees to 30 degrees. The measured rock properties continued to change, but at a lesser rate, as the bedding plane orientation increased from 30 degrees to 90 degrees.
Data for samples of Green River shale rich in kerogen content were so widely scattered for individual orientations that only general trends were evident. Generally, S-wave velocities and shear modulus values were higher for GRS-2 than GRS-1, while values for bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio were lower. Poisson's ratio were lower
Introduction
The transmission of acoustic waves through a discontinuity surface has been studied both theoretically and experimentally by many investigators. Although the law of reflection for light waves was known to Euclid and that of refraction was discovered experimentally by Snell, Knott seems to have been the first to derive general equations for reflection and refraction of acoustic waves at a plane boundary.
Numerical Modeling of Multilayer Fracture Treatments
Authors: Elbel J. L. , Piggott A. R. , Mack M. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A substantial proportion of hydraulic fracture treatments are performed in formation and well completion settings conducive to the extension of multiple fractures, a process not adequately described by existing hydraulic fracture simulators. This paper introduces a procedure for the simulation of multilayer fracture treatments. The approach uses an analytical PKN fracture model to describe the behavior of each fracture and couples the behaviors using a set of constraints describing conservation of volume and continuity of pressure. The performance of the simulator is demonstrated by application to several examples.
Drillpipe for Horizontal Drilling
Authors: Smith J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Horizontal or extended reach drilling is a rapidly emerging technology that, in some areas, can be considered the norm rather than the exception. While most horizontal drilling is done with the same pipe that would be used in the same size vertical hole, a different pipe or tool joint type may improve the overall drilling performance and efficiency. This paper discusses drill pipe selection based on the influence of: Pipe weight on torque and drag,Pipe OD and ID dimensions on torsional strength, buckling capacity, fatigue resistance and hydraulic efficiency, 3) Tool joint dimensions on torsional strength and hydraulic efficiency.
Biological Treatment of Petroleum Oily Sludges
Authors: Hahn W. J. , Loehr R. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Biological liquid/solids treatment (LST) processes can be an economical treatment alternative for meeting treatment and disposal requirements for tank bottoms and other petroleum oily sludges. The major factors affecting the choice of this alternative relate to: a) the characteristics of the sludges requiring treatment, b) the process operating conditions, c) the fundamentals of biological treatment as applied to these wastes, d) air emissions from the process, and e) the characteristics of the treated residues that require disposal. This paper a) discusses the fundamentals of biological treatment that affect use of this process with petroleum oily sludges, b) describes the analytical parameters used to evaluate biological treatment processes, and c) illustrates the application of the process for such sludges.
An Integrated Electronic Flow Measurement (EFM) System for Gas-Gathering Operations
Authors: Dunham R. D. , Trosper R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Phillips 66 Natural Gas Company is the largest natural gas processor in the State of New Mexico. With over 2,000 miles of low pressure gathering line and approximately 2,000 meter connections, efficient collection of gas flow information is important.
In 1990, Phillips embarked on a development program to integrate electronic flow measurement, high speed digital telemetry, networked gas-management software and an extensive wide area communications network to pilot an advanced gas measurement and surveillance system.
The system is comprised of electronic flow meters located at individual measurement stations and connected to 4800 baud 900 MHZ digital radios. These radios communicate with one of three digital telemetry repeaters situated to provide wide geographic coverage of Southeast New Mexico. In Hobbs, New Mexico, the hub of the system, data is collected from each of the telemetry repeaters and processed in a networked configuration. After compilation and processing, the information is transferred over a wide area network to Bartlesville, Oklahoma and elsewhere as needed.
Remote Data-Entry System for Production Accounting
Authors: Parker J. N. , Gibbs S. G. , Lynch W. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Efficient selection, installation, operation and maintenance of available technology can improve oilfield operations as well as reduce safety hazards. This paper describes a remote data entry system (RDES) for production accounting which improves both safety and efficiency.
Self imposed restrictions and those prescribed by governmental groups make the simple act of gauging a stock tank a difficult activity for an oil producer. To combat the hazards of hydrogen sulfide, the buddy system and/or extensive use of breathing equipment is required. This is not cost effective in the present day of low product prices and high labor costs. The subject method is predicated on ground level gauging (GLG) to reduce personnel exposure to hydrogen sulfide and slips, trips and falls as a result of climbing tank stairways and/or ladders, often in inclement weather.
The system outlined in the paper complements and extends others being used (ref 1) in that it is an integrated data gathering and computational system.