bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling the humoral immune response in colon cancer patients: Diagnostic antigens from Streptococcus bovis
Authors: Tjalsma Harold , Schöller‐Guinard Marie , Lasonder Edwin , Ruers Theo J. , Willems Hans L. , Swinkels Dorine W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe human bowel contains a large and dynamic bacterial population that is not only essential for intestinal health, but also critical for the development of diseases such as cancer. In this respect, the Gram‐positive bacterium Streptococcus bovis has been associated with colon cancer for many years. To investigate the clinical importance of this association, an immunocapture mass spectrometry assay was developed that can generate infection‐related protein profiles. The composition of these profiles is governed by the capture of specific antigens by serum antibodies from colon cancer patients. This assay showed that S. bovis antigen profiles could distinguish 11 out of 12 colon cancer patients from 8 control subjects, whereas antigen profiles derived from the gut bacterium Escherichia coli were not diagnostic for colon cancer. Moreover, S. bovis antigen profiles were also detected in polyp patients, indicating that infection with this bacterium does occur early during carcinogenesis. Highly accurate tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify one of the diagnostic antigens as a surface‐exposed heparin‐binding protein, which might be involved in attachment of S. bovis to tumor cells. Together, these findings corroborate the hypothesis that colonic lesions provide a specific niche for S. bovis, resulting in tumor‐associated “silent” infections. These infections, however, only become apparent in colon cancer patients with a compromised immune system (bacteremia) or coincidental cardiac valve lesions (endocarditis). This makes profiling of the humoral immune response against “silent” S. bovis infections a promising diagnostic tool for the early detection of human colon cancer, which is crucial for the effective treatment of this disease. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MicroCT for high‐resolution imaging of ectopic pheochromocytoma tumors in the liver of nude mice
Authors: Ohta Shoichiro , Lai Edwin W. , Morris John C. , Bakan Douglas A. , Klaunberg Brenda , Cleary Susannah , Powers James F. , Tischler Arthur S. , Abu‐Asab Mones , Schimel Daniel , Pacak Karel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSuccessful outcomes for patients with cancer often depend on the early detection of tumor and the prompt initiation of active therapy. Despite major advances in the treatment of many cancers, early‐stage lesions often go undetected due to the suboptimal resolution of current anatomical and functional imaging modalities. This limitation also applies to preclinical animal tumor models that are crucial for the evaluation and development of new therapeutic approaches to cancer. We report a new mouse model of metastatic pheochromocytoma, generated using tail vein injection of the mouse pheochromocytoma cell (MPC) line that reproducibly generated multiple liver tumors in the animals. Furthermore, we show that in vivo microCT imaging enhanced using a hepatobiliary‐specific contrast agent, glyceryl‐2‐oleyl‐1,3‐di‐7‐(3‐amino‐2,4,6‐triiodophenyl)‐heptanoate (DHOG), detected tumors as small as 0.35 mm as early as 4 weeks after the injection of the tumor cells. This model may be useful for in vivo studies of tumor biology and for development of new strategies to treat metastatic pheochromocytoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of enzymes to improve cereal diets for animal feeding
Authors: Brufau Joaquim , Francesch Maria , Pérez‐Vendrell Anna M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExogenous enzyme supplementation of animal feeds has been practised successfully since the late 1980s. Early research demonstrated that enzymes improve the nutritional value of several main ingredients such as barley, wheat, rye and triticale. More recent studies have associated feed enzymes with environmental and welfare benefits. By 2000, around 60 enzyme products had been authorised in the European Union (EU) as feed additives, and currently around 40 of these have attained definitive EU approval. This paper reviews EU legislation relating to feed enzymes and recent advances in the understanding of enzyme properties, future potential and modes of action when added to animal feeds. First, the legislative history of feed enzymes in the EU is summarised. Recent developments in the knowledge of substrate structure and the influence of enzyme inhibitors are then discussed. Also considered is the application of enzymes to maize/soybean diets, traditionally thought to be less sensitive to improvement with enzymes. Finally, an evaluation is made of the potential of enzymes to reduce environmental pollution and to improve animal health, welfare and performance in a possible future scenario where both coccidiostats and antibiotic growth promoters are prohibited. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Temperature‐Triggered Nanosphere Formation Through Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Polyphosphazene
Authors: Zhang Jian Xiang , Qiu Li Yan , Wu Xiao Li , Jin Yi , Zhu Kang Jie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: An amphiphilic graft polyphosphazene with a molar ratio of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) to ethyl glycinate (GlyEt) of 0.54:1 was synthesized. This copolymer in aqueous solution exhibited two temperature induced phase transitions at 17.2 and 33.7 °C, which correspond to the transformation of primary aggregate morphology (at Tph1) and the collapse of PNIPAm chains (at Tph2) respectively. Network micelles were assembled in water at lower temperature (far below Tph1), and then narrowly dispersed nanoparticles were formed above Tph1, while inter‐nanoparticle aggregation occurred due to the collapse of PNIPAm chains surrounding the GlyEt core when the temperature was above Tph2. Through solubilization of the hydrophobic drug ibuprofen into polymeric aggregates at lower temperature, drug loaded nanospheres were prepared successfully. In vitro release revealed that sustained drug release was achieved with this novel delivery system. These results suggest that this novel copolymer could be used as a potential drug carrier, especially for the delivery of hydrophobic biocompounds through parenteral administration.Schematic illustration of the temperature‐triggered self‐assembly process of PNIPAm/GlyEt‐PPP in aqueous solution.magnified imageSchematic illustration of the temperature‐triggered self‐assembly process of PNIPAm/GlyEt‐PPP in aqueous solution.
Development of a functional magnetic resonance imaging simulator for modeling realistic rigid‐body motion artifacts
Authors: Drobnjak Ivana , Gavaghan David , Süli Endre , Pitt‐Francis Joe , Jenkinson Mark 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) is a noninvasive method of imaging brain function in vivo. However, images produced in FMRI experiments are imperfect and contain several artifacts that contaminate the data. These artifacts include rigid‐body motion effects, B0‐field inhomogeneities, chemical shift, and eddy currents. To investigate these artifacts, with the eventual aim of minimizing or removing them completely, a computational model of the FMR image acquisition process was built that can simulate all of the above‐mentioned artifacts. This paper gives an overview of the development of the FMRI simulator. The simulator uses the Bloch equations together with a geometric definition of the object (brain) and a varying T model for the BOLD activations. Furthermore, it simulates rigid‐body motion of the object by solving Bloch equations for given motion parameters that are defined for an object moving continuously in time, including during the read‐out period, which is a novel approach in the area of MRI computer simulations. With this approach it is possible, in a controlled and precise way, to simulate the full effects of various rigid‐body motion artifacts in FMRI data (e.g. spin‐history effects, B0‐motion interaction, and within‐scan motion blurring) and therefore formulate and test algorithms for their reduction. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of temperature and aldehyde fixation on tissue water diffusion properties, studied in an erythrocyte ghost tissue model
Authors: Thelwall Peter E. , Shepherd Timothy M. , Stanisz Greg J. , Blackband Stephen J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEx vivo biological sample imaging can complement in vivo MRI studies. Since ex vivo studies are typically performed at room temperature, and samples are frequently preserved by fixation, it is important to understand how environmental and chemical changes dictated by ex vivo studies alter the physical and MR properties of a sample. Diffusion and relaxation time measurements were used to assess the effects of temperature change and aldehyde fixation on the biophysical and MR properties of a model biological tissue comprised of erythrocyte ghosts suspended in buffer or agarose gel. Sample temperature was varied between 10°C and 37°C. Diffusion MRI data were analyzed with a biophysically appropriate two‐compartment exchange model. Temperature change resulted in a complex alteration of water diffusion properties due to the compartmental nature of tissues and alteration in membrane permeability. Formaldehyde, Karnovsky's solution, and glutaraldehyde all caused statistically significant changes to the biophysical and MR properties of the samples. Fixation caused large decreases in water proton T2, which was restored to near prefixation values by washing free fixative from the samples. Water membrane permeability was also significantly altered by fixation. This study demonstrates that relating in vivo MR data to chemically fixed ex vivo data requires an understanding of the effects of sample preparation. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Government, corporate or social power? The internet as a tool in the struggle for dominance in public policy
Authors: Roper Juliet 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper sets out to demonstrate to corporations the need to monitor closely and to respond genuinely to public opinion. It predicts a rise in the power of citizens and a government response to that power that will include regulation to protect social and environmental interests.The paper gives an overview of the ways in which the economic sector, embodied in corporations, has risen to and maintained a position of dominance both within nation states and globally. It provides a model that illustrates the power relationship between corporations, governments and the public, noting in particular that the fundamental key to corporate dominance is the positioning of the public as consumers.Using the framework of legitimation, the paper then demonstrates and theorises the rise of opposition to the dominant order and the corporate and government responses to such opposition. It is proposed that these responses may be insufficient to maintain corporate dominance and that a new model is likely to gain ascendance. In this new model the public make a shift from consumers to citizens in order to reassert their role in governance. Internet sites of activist groups are examined in order to determine the ways in which the sites are used as a tool to facilitate a shift towards the second model. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Self‐regulation of alcohol advertising: is it working for Australia?
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Donovan Robert J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective:Restrictions on alcohol advertising have increasingly become an issue for debate around the world. Some countries rely on governmental regulation, whereas others, including Australia, utilise a system of industry self‐regulation. This study calls into question the effectiveness of the alcohol beverage industry's self‐regulation of advertising in Australia.Method:Between May 1998 and April 1999, 11 alcohol advertising complaints (relating to nine separate advertisements) were lodged with the Advertising Standards Board (ASB) by members of the general public. In Phase One of the present study, eight marketing academics (‘expert judges’) were asked, without knowing the ASB's rulings, to judge whether the advertisement(s) breached any of the clauses of the Australian Association of National Advertisers' Code of Ethics or Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code. In Phase Two, the same ads were similarly assessed by a group of second‐year advertising students at an Australian university (‘student judges’).Results:A majority of the expert judges perceived breaches of the Codes for seven of the nine advertisements. For all nine of the advertisements, a majority of the university students felt that each of the ads was in breach of one or more of the Codes of Practice. The ASB had ruled that none of the ads breached any of the Codes.Discussion and Conclusions:There is a clear discrepancy between our judges and members of the ASB with respect to interpretations of the Codes of Practice. Given that our judges were not biased against alcohol advertising and self‐regulation, it appears that ASB members may lack objectivity (or expertise) in their assessments of complaints. Furthermore, consumers who contact the ASB prior to submitting a written complaint are provided with copies of recent decision records, namely 11 out of 11 complaints rejected in this case. It may well be that this information would discourage many complainants from proceeding. This potentially inhibitory practice, as well as our ‘failure to replicate’ the ASB's decisions, lead us to question whether ethical responsibility is being met by the self‐regulatory system for alcohol advertising. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Assessing online issue threats: issue contagions and their effect on issue prioritisation
Authors: Coombs W. Timothy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo be effective, issue managers must develop a sophisticated understanding of the Internet's effect on issues management. Our current understanding is in an early phase of description. We know that the Internet makes it easier for publics to form so they can press an issue but precious little is known of how the dynamic operates. The issue contagion perspective is offered as an explanatory and prescriptive device. The idea of an issue contagion posits that the Internet provides a means for altering issue priorities, often with blinding speed. One route for change is altering the likelihood; a common evaluative tool for prioritising issues that assesses the probability of an issue gaining strength and requiring action. Through various Internet communication channels, attempts can be made to change the likelihood of an issue requiring attention and action — an issue manager will witness shifts in issue prioritisation. This paper details why likelihood is important, how it can be altered via the Internet, and the implications for issue managers. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
The public relations philosophy of John W. Hill: bricks in the foundation of issues management
Authors: Heath Robert L. , Bowen Shannon A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper contends that John W. Hill, founding partner of Hill and Knowlton, based his philosophy of public relations on four signal elements of issues management: strategic business planning sensitive to the threats and opportunities of public policy; high standards of corporate responsibility; issues monitoring; and issues communication. His philosophy, now nearly one‐half century old, was enlightened in that it fares well against the standards of ethics, symmetry and sensitive relationship management championed in public relations literature today. This analysis is based on the philosophy Hill expressed in his two books, which establish him as one of the founders of modern issues management. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Rhetoric and resources: notes for a new approach to public relations and issues management
Authors: Ihlen Øyvind 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis theoretical paper criticises the dominant rhetorical approach to public relations and issues management for not integrating symbolic and material dimensions. It is suggested that public relations and issues management assist actors in pursuing their interests with the help of symbolic strategies and various types of resources or capital. By drawing on rhetorical and sociological theories, the paper presents elements for a heuristic analytical device that has the potential to help both the critic and the practitioner to get a better grasp of such processes. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Elite executives in issues management: the role of ethical paradigms in decision making
Authors: Bowen Shannon A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe perspectives of elite (or top‐level) issues managers on ethics are explored in this paper. From these elites we can learn how issues were managed at their global organisations and how questions of ethics were addressed in issues management. The organisations in this study were chosen because of their superlative rankings in measures of ethics and reputation. Research questions explored ethical decision making and the predominant paradigm of ethics in each organisation through six elite interviews and observation. Although both organisations attempted to address ethics, the elite issues managers at one organisation did so more thoroughly and effectively than did the managers at the other organisation. This efficacy was due to the depth of ethical study and training engaged in by the elites, the intense ethical analysis of issues, and the choice of a deontological approach to ethics. This paper argues that ethics should be concerted, codified, consistent, trained and rigorously analysed. A deontological paradigm of ethical decision making fits all of these criteria, and this research shows that a deontological ethical paradigm can contribute to effective issues management. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Building an integrated issue management process as a source of sustainable competitive advantage
Authors: Palese Michael , Crane Teresa Yancey 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper defines the key values, principal participants and operational requirements that characterise a strategically relevant global issue management process. It is the authors' intention to reveal and provide support for the most important ‘truth’ about this great discipline: ‘Excellence and relevance is determined by the optimal mix of dedicated, focused and highly imaginative people with processes that unleash their remarkable innovative potential. You need both.’ Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
What have public affairs and advertising got in common?
Authors: Buer Lars 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe author argues that to be successful companies need to adopt a stakeholder view of how they interact with society—in short their communications need to be integrated. Rather than focusing purely on their consumer markets, advertisers should be aware of the impact of their messages on public opinion, pressure groups, politicians and others that make up the ‘political market’. Equally, public affairs practitioners should be more involved in the commercial activities of their colleagues in advertising and marketing. Integrated communications, in the author's view, is not only an operational necessity for companies, but a strategic imperative for sustainable success in a global world with differing local expectations. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Breaking down the barriers? New public management in the European commission
Authors: Quinlivan Aodh , Schön Emmanuelle 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOn 15 March 1999, the mass resignation of the College of Commissioners amidst accusations of fraud, mismanagement and nepotism was the catalyst for potential transformation of the European bureaucracy in a radical way. The Commission is at the centre of networks of European governance but it only demonstrates a ‘shadow of a cohesive administrative culture’ (Cini 1996: 223). The managerial reforms which have finally been engaged by the Commission twenty years later than its member countries focus primarily on efficiency and accountability in order to bridge the ‘EU's management deficit’ (Metcalfe 2000: 824). This paper seeks to argue that reforms in the European Commission can only be successful if a cultural analysis is carried out, developing a distinctive approach to European public management in order to lay the basis for new forms of European governance. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Intersectoral differences in public affairs: the duty of public reporting in public administration
Authors: Lee Mordecai 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPublic reporting is a requirement for public affairs practitioners in public administration because of the democratic context in which government operates. By reporting to the public‐at‐large on agency activities, government agencies contributed to an informed citizenry, the essential foundation of a democracy. For public affairs in business administration and non‐profit administration, public reporting is desirable rather than mandatory. Public reporting was traditionally accomplished indirectly, through news media coverage of government. However, recent research suggests a diminution of interest by the media in fulfilling its role as an instrument of democracy. This means that the public reporting obligation of public affairs professionals in public administration needs to shift to direct reporting, through such products as annual reports, newsletters, TV programmes, Internet websites etc. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Managing public affairs through storytelling
Authors: Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStorytelling has recently been discovered as an important tool for gaining the support of those external constituencies the organisation critically depends upon. This paper explores the narrative approach to public affairs by reporting an in‐depth case study of the storytelling practices of representatives of the global foods industry and environmental activist groups during the recent introduction of genetically modified food crops. The analysis reveals that these parties use competing versions of what are essentially the same narratives to gain the support of regulators and the public at large in the various market and non‐market arenas in which these groups compete. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
The ideal profile of the PA expert at the EU level
Authors: Schendelen Rinus van 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIf public affairs management is what public affairs managers do, then there is no stable definition of the ideal profile of such a manager. There is, however, a need for this in practice. If an interest group decides to strengthen its public affairs function and to open a vacancy, what then should be the text of the profile? The question also has much academic relevance, as it invites a selection of the most important characteristics required for effectively handling and influencing a specific playing field. Below is presented the ideal profile of the public affairs expert at the level of the European Union. As the ideal is always above the reality, we suggest in addition specific training of skills and development of talents in order to bridge the gap. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.