bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of the Phase: Making an Approach to Architecture and Landscape
Authors: Smout Mark , Allen Laura 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe exquisite drawings and models of Smout Allen have become the trademark of this research‐led practice. Here Mark Smout and Laura Allen describe, with particular reference to their Retreating Village project, how visual representation is fundamental to their design enquiries, liberating them to embrace the ‘spontaneous’ and ‘serendipitous’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic Membranes: Exploring a Textile Architecture of Behaviour
Authors: Ramsgard Thomsen Mette 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe robot and the textile seem like a contradiction in terms ‐ the robot standing for everything that is automated and mechanical, and the textile for sensual materiality. Can it be possible to reconcile the two? Here Mette Ramsgard Thomsen demonstrates through her Vivisections and Strange Metabolisms projects, exhibited at the Centre for Information, Technology and Architecture (CITA) in Copenhagen, how it is possible to unite the seeming polarities of the digital and the physical, engaging‘intangible digital data with tactile physical material’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping the Invisible Landscape: An Exercise in Spatially Choreographed Sound
Authors: Bavister Paul 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPaul Bavister of Audialsense describes how a series of auditory research installations in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern presented the opportunity to play with the relationship between sound and the built, inverting the usual relationship in which architecture accommodates the acoustic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Well‐MADE New York City Apartments
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwo New York City apartments redesigned by the Brooklyn‐based practice MADE demonstrate how an architect's ability to manufacture components and manage construction can provide an unusual quality of consistency and detail. Jayne Merkel explains how the apartments, which both owners purchased for the views, have been transformed in very different ways with a rare sensitivity to the clients' needs and desires. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropoidal Energy Production: Generating and Harvesting Electricity from Human Power
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith the depletion of slavery ‐ large‐scale free, if not cheap, manpower ‐ the potential of human force as a major source of energy was forgotten. Here Ken Yeang flags up how some important new research by scientists from universities in Canada and the US has heralded the development of wearable devices that harvest human energy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of Biocatalyst Specific Activity for Glycolic Acid Production
Authors: Ben‐Bassat Arie , Walls Alison M. , Plummer Matthew A. , Sigmund Amy E. , Spillan William L. , DiCosimo Robert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA chemoenzymatic process has been developed that employs an immobilized microbial nitrilase biocatalyst for the conversion of glycolonitrile to high‐purity glycolic acid. The specific activity of this immobilized cell biocatalyst decreased significantly during initial use in either consecutive batch reactions with catalyst recycle, or in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor, but the nitrilase activity remaining after this initial decrease was stable under the reactions conditions. The initial stability of this immobilized cell nitrilase catalyst has been improved by treatment of the microbial cells with glutaraldehyde prior to immobilization. Conditions for glutaraldehyde treatment were defined that completely inactivated the culture without significantly affecting nitrilase activity. A method for dehydration, storage and rehydration of the carrageenan‐immobilized cells has also been demonstrated that further improves the specific activity of this biocatalyst.
A Novel Pyridine‐Bridged Bis‐benzimidazolylidene Pincer Palladium Complex: Synthesis and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Tu Tao , Malineni Jagadeesh , Dötz Karl Heinz 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel pyridine‐bridged bis‐benzimidazolylidene CNC pincer complex 1 was synthesized from cheap, commercially available precursors under microwave assistance in moderate yield. It catalyzes cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with alkyl acrylates (Heck reaction) and phenylboronic acid (Suzuki reaction) under aerobic conditions with extremely high turn‐over numbers (frequencies) indicating that a planar extension of the π‐system by benzannelation significantly increases the catalytic activity even with trace amounts of catalyst loading.
Crystal growth rate dispersion modeling using morphological population balance
Authors: Ma Cai Y. , Wang Xue Z. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCrystal growth in solution is a surface‐controlled process. The variation of growth rates of different crystal faces is considered to be due to the molecular arrangement in the crystal unit cell as well as the crystal surface structures of different faces. As a result, for some crystals, the growth rate for a specific facet is not only a function of supersaturation, but also dependent on some other factors such as its size and the lattice spread angle. This phenomenon of growth rate dispersion (GRD) or fluctuation has been described in literature to have attributed to the formation of some interesting and sophisticated crystal structures observed in experimental studies. In this article, GRD is introduced to a recently proposed morphological population balance model to simulate the dynamic evolution of crystal size distribution in each face direction for the crystallization of potash alum, a chemical that has been reported to show GRD phenomenon and sophisticated crystal structures. The GRD is modeled as a function of the effective relative supersaturation, which is directly related to crystal size, lattice spread angle, relative supersaturation, and solution temperature. The predicted results clearly demonstrated the significant effect of GRD on the shape evolution of the crystals. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Particle deposition study during sessile drop evaporation
Authors: Widjaja Ervina , Harris Michael T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe focus of this article is the numerical study of particle deposition profiles on a solid substrate during the evaporation of a sessile drop of a colloidal particle suspension. The evaporation flux along the drop interface, the induced fluid dynamics inside the drop, and the particle deposition profile on the solid substrate are solved simultaneously. The governing equations are solved numerically using the Galerkin/finite element method (G/FEM) for discretization of the spatial domain and an adaptive finite difference method for discretization in the time domain. Several particle deposition profiles, such as a ring‐shaped deposit and uniform particle distribution, are obtained from the numerical simulations. The particle deposition profile is found to be influenced by the mass transfer (both convective and diffusive mass transfer) of the particles in the bulk liquid and by the deposition rate along the substrate. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A cohort mortality study of chemical laboratory workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Plants
Authors: Kubale Travis , Hiratzka Shannon , Henn Scott , Markey Andrea , Daniels Robert , Utterback David , Waters Kathy , Silver Sharon , Robinson Cynthia , Macievic Gregory , Lodwick Jeffrey 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluates the mortality experience of 6,157 chemical laboratory workers employed at United States Department of Energy facilities.MethodsAll cause, all cancer and cause‐specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated. Cox regression analyses were conducted to further evaluate the relation between chemical exposure and mortality risk due to selected cancers.ResultsThe mortality due to all causes combined and all cancers combined were below expectation for the cohort. There were no statistically significant elevations reported among males for any specific cancer or non‐cancer outcome. There no statistically significant elevations among females for any specific non‐cancer and most specific cancers; however, multiple myeloma deaths were significantly elevated (SMR = 3.56; 95% CI = 1.43–7.33; number of observed deaths, n = 7). Statistically significant elevations were seen among workers employed 20+ years for leukemia using both 2‐ and 5‐year lag periods. Also, a statistically significant positive trend of elevated lung cancer mortality with increasing employment duration was seen using both 5‐ and 10‐year lags. A similar trend was seen for smoking related cancers among men.ConclusionWhile lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer mortality was below expectation, a significant elevation of multiple myeloma deaths among females and an elevation of leukemia among workers employed 20+ years (possibly due to radiation and benzene exposure) were observed. A NIOSH case–control study is underway to examine more closely the relation between multiple myeloma and a variety of chemical exposures among workers employed at the Oak Ridge K‐25 facility. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:656–667, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SLC6A4 variation and citalopram response
Authors: Mrazek D.A. , Rush A.J. , Biernacka J.M. , O'Kane D.J. , Cunningham J.M. , Wieben E.D. , Schaid D.J. , Drews M.S. , Courson V.L. , Snyder K.A. , Black J.L. , Weinshilboum R.M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe influence of genetic variations in SLC6A4 (serotonin transporter gene) on citalopram treatment of depression using the Sequenced Treatment to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) sample was assessed. Of primary interest were three previously studied polymorphisms: 1) the VNTR variation of the second intron, 2) the indel promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR or SERT), and 3) a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs25531. Additionally, SLC6A4 was resequenced to identify new SNPs for exploratory analyses. DNA from 1914 subjects in the STAR*D study were genotyped for the intron 2 VNTR region, the indel promoter polymorphism, and rs25531. Associations of these variants with remission of depressive symptoms were evaluated following citalopram treatment. In white non‐Hispanic subjects, variations in the intron 2 VNTR (point‐wise P = 0.041) and the indel promoter polymorphism (point‐wise P = 0.039) were associated with remission following treatment with citalopram. The haplotype composed of the three candidate loci was also associated with remission, with a global p‐value of 0.040 and a maximum statistic simulation p‐value of 0.0031 for the S‐a‐12 haplotype, under a dominant model. One SNP identified through re‐sequencing the SLC6A4 gene, Intron7‐83‐TC, showed point‐wise evidence of association, which did not remain significant after correction for the number of SNPs evaluated in this exploratory analysis. No associations between these SLC6A4 variations and remission were found in the white Hispanic or black subjects. These findings suggest that multiple variations in the SLC6A4 gene are associated with remission in white non‐Hispanic depressed adults treated with citalopram. The mechanism of action of these variants remains to be determined. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a glutamate receptor gene (GRM8) with theta power of event‐related oscillations and alcohol dependence
Authors: Chen Andrew C.H. , Tang Yongqiang , Rangaswamy Madhavi , Wang Jen C. , Almasy Laura , Foroud Tatiana , Edenberg Howard J. , Hesselbrock Victor , Nurnberger John , Kuperman Samuel , O'Connor Sean J. , Schuckit Marc A. , Bauer Lance O. , Tischfield Jay , Rice John P. , Bierut Laura , Goate Alison , Porjesz Bernice 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEvidence suggests the P3 amplitude of the event‐related potential and its underlying superimposed event‐related oscillations (EROs), primarily in the theta (4–5 Hz) and delta (1–3 Hz) frequencies, as endophenotypes for the risk of alcoholism and other disinhibitory disorders. Major neurochemical substrates contributing to theta and delta rhythms and P3 involve strong GABAergic, cholinergic and glutamatergic system interactions. The aim of this study was to test the potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in glutamate receptor genes and ERO quantitative traits.GRM8was selected because it maps at chromosome 7q31.3–q32.1 under the peak region where we previously identified significant linkage (peak LOD = 3.5) using a genome‐wide linkage scan of the same phenotype (event‐related theta band for the target visual stimuli). Neural activities recorded from scalp electrodes during a visual oddball task in which rare target elicited P3s were analyzed in a subset of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample comprising 1,049 Caucasian subjects from 209 families (with 472 DSM‐IV alcohol dependent individuals). The family‐based association test (FBAT) detected significant association (P < 0.05) with multiple SNPs in theGRM8gene and event‐related theta power to target visual stimuli, and also with alcohol dependence, even after correction for multiple comparisons by false discovery rate (FDR). Our results suggest that variation inGRM8may be involved in modulating event‐related theta oscillations during information processing and also in vulnerability to alcoholism. These findings underscore the utility of electrophysiology and the endophenotype approach in the genetic study of psychiatric disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical properties of palm fruits processed with tools by wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus)
Authors: Visalberghi E. , Sabbatini G. , Spagnoletti N. , Andrade F.R.D. , Ottoni E. , Izar P. , Fragaszy D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHabitually, capuchin monkeys access encased hard foods by using their canines and premolars and/or by pounding the food on hard surfaces. Instead, the wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus) of Boa Vista (Brazil) routinely crack palm fruits with tools. We measured size, weight, structure, and peak‐force‐at‐failure of the four palm fruit species most frequently processed with tools by wild capuchin monkeys living in Boa Vista. Moreover, for each nut species we identify whether peak‐force‐at‐failure was consistently associated with greater weight/volume, endocarp thickness, and structural complexity. The goals of this study were (a) to investigate whether these palm fruits are difficult, or impossible, to access other than with tools and (b) to collect data on the physical properties of palm fruits that are comparable to those available for the nuts cracked open with tools by wild chimpanzees. Results showed that the four nut species differ in terms of peak‐force‐at‐failure and that peak‐force‐at‐failure is positively associated with greater weight (and consequently volume) and apparently with structural complexity (i.e. more kernels and thus more partitions); finally for three out of four nut species shell thickness is also positively associated with greater volume. The finding that the nuts exploited by capuchins with tools have very high resistance values support the idea that tool use is indeed mandatory to crack them open. Finally, the peak‐force‐at‐failure of the piassava nuts is similar to that reported for the very tough panda nuts cracked open by wild chimpanzees; this highlights the ecological importance of tool use for exploiting high resistance foods in this capuchin species. Am. J. Primatol. 70:884–891, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history
Authors: Hassan Hisham Y. , Underhill Peter A. , Cavalli‐Sforza Luca L. , Ibrahim Muntaser E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe study the major levels of Y‐chromosome haplogroup variation in 15 Sudanese populations by typing major Y‐haplogroups in 445 unrelated males representing the three linguistic families in Sudan. Our analysis shows Sudanese populations fall into haplogroups A, B, E, F, I, J, K, and R in frequencies of 16.9, 7.9, 34.4, 3.1, 1.3, 22.5, 0.9, and 13% respectively. Haplogroups A, B, and E occur mainly in Nilo‐Saharan speaking groups including Nilotics, Fur, Borgu, and Masalit; whereas haplogroups F, I, J, K, and R are more frequent among Afro‐Asiatic speaking groups including Arabs, Beja, Copts, and Hausa, and Niger‐Congo speakers from the Fulani ethnic group. Mantel tests reveal a strong correlation between genetic and linguistic structures (r = 0.31, P = 0.007), and a similar correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.29, P = 0.025) that appears after removing nomadic pastoralists of no known geographic locality from the analysis. The bulk of genetic diversity appears to be a consequence of recent migrations and demographic events mainly from Asia and Europe, evident in a higher migration rate for speakers of Afro‐Asiatic as compared with the Nilo‐Saharan family of languages, and a generally higher effective population size for the former. The data provide insights not only into the history of the Nile Valley, but also in part to the history of Africa and the area of the Sahel. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ancient DNA test of a founder effect in Native American ABO blood group frequencies
Authors: Halverson Melissa S. , Bolnick Deborah A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAnthropologists have assumed that reduced genetic diversity in extant Native Americans is due to a founder effect that occurred during the initial peopling of the Americas. However, low diversity could also be the result of subsequent historical events, such as the population decline following European contact. In this study, we show that autosomal DNA from ancient Native American skeletal remains can be used to investigate the low level of ABO blood group diversity in the Americas. Extant Native Americans exhibit a high frequency of blood type O, which may reflect a founder effect, genetic drift associated with the historical population decline, or natural selection in response to the smallpox epidemics that occurred following European contact. To help distinguish between these possibilities, we determined the ABO genotypes of 15 precontact individuals from eastern North America. The precontact ABO frequencies were not significantly different from those observed in extant Native Americans from the same region, but they did differ significantly from the ABO frequencies in extant Siberian populations. Studies of other precontact populations are needed to better test the three hypotheses for low ABO blood group diversity in the Americas, but our findings are most consistent with the hypothesis of a founder effect during the initial settlement of this continent. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites prepared via in situ polymerization with Ni(acac)2 catalyst
Authors: Cui Liqiang , Tarte Naresh H. , Woo Seong Ihl 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)/clay nano‐composites were successfully prepared by a new method, in situ polymerization initiated with a nickel(II) acetylacetonate [Ni(acac)2] catalyst in combination with methylalumoxane (MAO). The synthesized PMMA/clay nanocomposites materials were subsequently investigated through a series of characterization techniques. A partially‐exfoliated and partially intercalated structure was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PMMA/clay nanocomposites having low clay contents less than five weight percent (5 wt %) were found to retain over 90% of transparency of pure PMMA in the visible light region, which is important for optical applications. Compared to pure PMMA, the thermal stability, glass transition temperature of the PMMA/clay nanocomposites were significantly improved by the presence of nanometric silicate layers. The unique properties of the nanocomposites resulted from the strong interactions between the silicate layers and the PMMA chains. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Electrochemical preparation and characterization of conducting copolymer/silica composite
Authors: Chowdhury Al‐Nakib , Rahman Mohammad Rezaur , Islam Dewan Sadequl , Saleh Farhana Sultana 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA composite based on organic copolymer and inorganic oxide, polyaniline/poly o‐toluidine/silica (PANI/POT/SiO2), has been synthesized successfully by a simple electrochemical method. The composite film was found to be deposited on a Pt substrate by sweeping the potential between −0.2 and +1.0 V versus a saturated calomel electrode with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The polymeric composite film thus obtained was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, conductance measurement, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Incorporation of silica in the copolymer results a clear difference in surface morphology compared with the bulk homo‐ and copolymers. Further evidence of silica in the composite was achieved by infrared spectral analysis. Indeed, a chemical analysis of the composite matrix showed a content of as high as 25% SiO2 in the composite thus prepared. Based on the results of cyclic voltammetric analysis, the composite electrode as prepared was found to show good electrochemical stability even at high positive potentials. It also exhibited excellent electroactivity even after incorporation of silica in the matrix. The electroactive composite film was thus examined as electrode modifier to study the redox behavior of ferrous/ferric (Fe2+/Fe3+) and hydroquinone/benzoquinone (H2Q/Q) couples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
New fluorous bipyridine ligands for copper‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the thermomorphic mode
Authors: Lu Norman , Lin Ching‐Lung , Chen Tsung‐Chi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is often carried out under homogeneous conditions, so the residual metal catalyst in the polymer often influences the quality of the polymer and causes environmental pollution in the long run. Novel CuBr/4,4′‐bis(RfCH2OCH2)‐2,2′‐bpy complexes (Rf = n‐C9F19, n‐C10F21, or n‐C11F23; 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) are insoluble in toluene at room temperature yet readily dissolve in toluene at elevated temperatures to form homogeneous phases for use as catalysts in the ATRP reaction, and the Cu complexes precipitate again upon cooling. The CuBr/4,4′‐bis(n‐C9F19CH2OCH2)‐2,2′‐bpy system produced the best results (e.g., polydispersity index by gel permeation chromatography = 1.26–1.41), in that the residual Cu content in the polymer was as low as 19.3 ppm when the ATRP of MMA was carried out in the thermomorphic mode. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008