bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A molecular and structural characterization of senescing Arabidopsis siliques and comparison of transcriptional profiles with senescing petals and leaves
Authors: Wagstaff Carol , Yang Thomas J.W. , Stead Anthony D. , Buchanan‐Wollaston Vicky , Roberts Jeremy A. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySenescence of plant organs is a genetically controlled process that regulates cell death to facilitate nutrient recovery and recycling, and frequently precedes, or is concomitant with, ripening of reproductive structures. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the seeds are contained within a silique, which is itself a photosynthetic organ in the early stages of development and undergoes a programme of senescence prior to dehiscence. A transcriptional analysis of the silique wall was undertaken to identify changes in gene expression during senescence and to correlate these events with ultrastructural changes. The study revealed that the most highly up‐regulated genes in senescing silique wall tissues encoded seed storage proteins, and the significance of this finding is discussed. Global transcription profiles of senescing siliques were compared with those from senescing Arabidopsis leaf or petal tissues using microarray datasets and metabolic pathway analysis software (MapMan). In all three tissues, members of NAC and WRKY transcription factor families were up‐regulated, but components of the shikimate and cell‐wall biosynthetic pathways were down‐regulated during senescence. Expression of genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis and action showed more similarity between senescing siliques and petals than between senescing siliques and leaves. Genes involved in autophagy were highly expressed in the late stages of death of all plant tissues studied, but not always during the preceding remobilization phase of senescence. Analyses showed that, during senescence, silique wall tissues exhibited more transcriptional features in common with petals than with leaves. The shared and distinct regulatory events associated with senescence in the three organs are evaluated and discussed.
An investigation of carbohydrate and protein degradation ratios, nitrogen to energy synchronization and hourly effective rumen digestion of barley: effect of variety and growth year
Authors: Yu Peiqiang , Hart K. , Du L. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate rumen available soluble, insoluble and total protein (CP), estimated structural (SC) and non‐structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), degradation characteristic ratios and hourly effective degradation of six barley varieties during three consecutive growth years (2003, 2004, 2005). The magnitude of the differences was determined between the varieties and growth years. Measured degradation kinetics included soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T0) and rate of degradation (Kd) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D). Rumen available soluble, insoluble, and total N, SC and ST and the rumen degradation characteristic ratios were determined using the Tamminga rumen degradation ratio system. Characteristics of the hourly effective degradation between N and carbohydrate (CHO) among the six barley varieties for 3 years were also studied. The degradation ratios included were total rumen available N and carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO), rumen available soluble N and carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO), and rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrate ratio (EN/ECHO). Results show that both the barley variety and growth year had a significant effect on degradation kinetics (S, D, U, T0 and/or Kd). Differences in the ratio of FN/FCHO among varieties ranged from 16.6 to 19.0 g/kg (p < 0.01). There was no difference in SN/SCHO (p > 0.05) with an average of 4.9 g/kg. The difference in the EN/ECHO ratio tended to be significant among the varieties (p = 0.069) ranging from 18.4 to 21.3 g/kg. Differences in the hourly effective degradation between N and CHO were relatively small at shorter incubation times (2–4 h) However, as the length of rumen incubation increased (12–24 h), much larger differences in the rate of effective hourly degradation were observed. In conclusion, both barley variety and growth year had significant effects on rumen degradation kinetics. The mean FN/FCHO ratio of 17.2 (16.6–19.0) was observed for the six barley varieties in this experiment. All barley varieties exhibited a less optimal rumen fermentation ratio (17.2 < optimum: FN/FCHO = 25 to 33 g N per kg CHO). The large differences in the degradation kinetics, characteristics ratios and hourly effective degradation among barley varieties and growth years may help to explain some of the large variations that are seen in cattle performance.
Influence of varying dietary electrolyte balance on broiler performance under tropical summer conditions
Authors: Ahmad T. , Mushtaq T. , Khan M. A. , Babar M. E. , Yousaf M. , Hasan Z. U. , Kamran Z. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance and physiological responses in broiler chicks reared during hot summer months (26.1–37.5 °C). The average minimum and maximum room temperatures recorded from 14 to 42 days of age were 26.1 and 37.5 °C, respectively, with relative humidity ranging from 51% to 55%. Five DEB treatments supplying 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 (Na++K+–Cl−) mEq/kg of diet were prepared by adding NaHCO3 and/or NH4Cl to basal diet that contained 185 mEq/kg from 1 to 28 days and 172 mEq/kg from 29 to 42 days. These DEB diets were randomly offered to six experimental units of 20 chicks each. Improved 42‐day body weight gain (BWG), feed:gain (F:G) and reduced mortality was noted with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg compared to DEB 0 and 350 mEq/kg. A quadratic effect of increasing DEB level was observed on BWG and F:G, whereas the effect was linear for feed intake, water intake and litter moisture. The DEB 50, 150 and 250 maintained better blood pH, pCO2 and HCO3 concentrations during acute heat stress periods than that of 0 and 350. The blood heterophil and lymphocyte percent as well as heterophil:lymphocyte were remained unaffected. The lowest DEB (0 mEq/kg) diet reduced the feed intake and promoted metabolic acidosis. At 350 mEq/kg DEB, water intake and metabolic alkalosis were promoted probably due to high levels of dietary NaHCO3. The study concluded that overall better performance was recorded with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg. These results indicated that single optimal DEB value could not be recommended to combat heat stress in broilers.
Effect of mixing dietary fibre (purified lignocellulose or purified pectin) and a corn meal on glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses
Authors: Vervuert I. , Klein S. , Coenen M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of a purified soluble (pectin) and insoluble (lignocellulose) fibre to a starchy meal on post‐prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. Four horses were fed in a randomized order three different diets: (i) cracked corn, (ii) cracked corn mixed with purified lignocellulose, and (iii) cracked corn mixed with purified pectin. Each diet was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg bodyweight (BW). Lignocellulose was aligned to an intake of 0.2 g/kg BW, and pectin was fed in a dosage of 0.1 g/kg BW. Each period consisted of a 10‐day acclimatization to the diet (fed once per day); during this time, the horses were fed 1.2 kg hay/100 kg BW/day. Blood was collected after each acclimatization period before and after the test meal was fed, without any hay. The increase in plasma glucose and insulin, peak values, and area under the curves were similar for all diets. The present findings suggest that adding purified soluble or insoluble fibre to a corn meal does not affect post‐prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. Feeding strategies for horses with a high energy requirement should include a starch reduction per meal, rather than the addition of purified fibre.
Mapping of QTL for resistance against Fusarium head blight in the winter wheat population Pelikan//Bussard/Ning8026
Authors: Häberle J. , Schweizer G. , Schondelmaier J. , Zimmermann G. , Hartl L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report on the identification of FHB (Fusarium head blight) resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) of the donor ‘G93010’ (Bussard/Ning8026) in the background of elite breeding material adapted to the central European climate. With a multiple interval mapping method, two major resistance QTL were identified. Qfhs.lfl‐7BS/5BL and Qfhs.lfl‐6BS reduced FHB severity individually by 30% and 24%. The combination of both QTL decreased disease severity most effectively by about one half. Qfhs.lfl‐6BS is most likely identical to Fhb2, thus, the effectiveness of Fhb2 in central European breeding material has been validated. Qfhs.lfl‐7BS/5BL overlapped with QTL for plant height and heading date. Nevertheless, the selection of lines combining a good FHB resistance level with an acceptable plant height was possible. As the donors of the QTL have probably not yet been utilized in European breeding material, we identified well‐adapted lines of the mapping population as valuable donors for marker‐assisted breeding programmes.
Incidence of Error in Oestrus Detection Based on Secondary Oestrus Signs in a 24‐h Tie‐Stalled Dairy Herd with Low Fertility
Authors: Ranasinghe RMSBK , Nakao T , Kobayashi A 
Published: October 2008

ContentsOestrus detection error and conception rates after AI based only on secondary oestrus signs were evaluated in a high yielding, 24‐h tie‐stalled dairy herd with low fertility, using milk progesterone profiles. Oestrus detection was based on the secondary oestrus signs such as restlessness, swelling, congestion of vulva and clear mucus discharge. Sixty eight AI conducted after observing the secondary oestrus signs in 44 animals were included in the study. Of the 68 AI, 53 (77.9%) were conducted in the follicular phase, and 13 (19.1%) and 2 (2.9%) were carried out in the luteal phase and during pregnancy, respectively. The overall error in oestrus detection based on milk progesterone profiles was 22.1%. The oestrus detection error did not differ significantly among different secondary oestrus signs. None of the AI conducted in the luteal phase resulted in conception, whereas 20.8% of AI conducted in the follicular phase resulted in conception. No significant difference in the conception rates among the groups of cows with different secondary oestrus signs was shown. The high incidence of oestrus detection error in this study might have been caused by the detection of cows in oestrus based only on secondary oestrus signs due to the confinement of animals. In conclusion, there was a high incidence of heat detection error in the 24‐h tie‐stalled dairy herd and oestrus detection based only on secondary oestrus signs resulted in low conception rate.
Risk Factors for the Development of Haemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicles in the Mare
Authors: Cuervo‐Arango J , Newcombe JR 
Published: October 2008

ContentsHaemorrhage into the dominant follicle during the reproductive season is a subtle but definitive cause of infertility in the mare population. This condition however can be of high relevance for an individual in which its incidence is abnormally high. Little is known about the nature and factors affecting the incidence of haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAFs) in the mare. The objectives of the study were to define and characterize the ultrasonographic development and incidence of HAFs and to investigate possible risk factors influencing its occurrence. Detailed reproductive and ultrasound records of seven mares studied during their entire reproductive lives (>10 years and 612 oestrous cycles) were analysed retrospectively and computed into a statistical mixed model. Of all animal studied, two mares were found to have an unusually high incidence of HAFs of approximately 25%. Time of season and use of induction treatments (Cloprostenol) were found to influence its incidence. It appears that early‐enhanced stimulatory effect of LH on an ovary with the presence of small and immature follicles might increase the risk of ovulatory failure of those follicles later in the cycle. Mares during the months of highest follicular activity (May to August) and after treatment with hormones to induce oestrus and ovulation are at greater risk to develop HAFs. The potential relevance of this study is two folds: clinical relevance for the practitioner to better understand this condition and so improve reproductive management of mares with abnormally high incidence; and to provide useful insights for researchers willing to further investigate the nature of this phenomenon.
Single‐Layer Centrifugation Through Colloid Positively Modifies the Sperm Subpopulation Structure of Frozen–Thawed Stallion Spermatozoa
Authors: García B Macías , Fernández L González , Morrell JM , Ferrusola C Ortega , Tapia JA , Martínez H Rodriguez , Peña FJ 
Published: October 2008

ContentsThe present study attempted to select the subpopulation of stallion spermatozoa that best survived a conventional freezing and thawing procedure, using centrifugation of post‐thawed semen samples through a single layer of a glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane‐coated silica colloid with a species‐specific formulation (Androcoll‐E™). After freezing and thawing, four sperm subpopulations were identified, listed as FT1 to FT4. While subpopulations FT1 and FT2 were characterized by low sperm velocity, high velocities characterized the ones called FT3 and FT4. The single‐layer centrifugation (SLC)‐handled sperm sample was enriched in subpopulation FT3, reaching a proportion of 82.6% of the present spermatozoa, in contrast with the non‐filtered control post‐thawed semen, where this sperm subpopulation only accounted for 16.3% of the total. It is concluded that in the equine industry, the SLC is a practical, easy‐to‐perform approach to improve the quality of equine frozen–thawed semen samples.
Model Selection for Monetary Policy Analysis: How Important is Empirical Validity?*
Authors: Farooq Akram Q. , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigate the economic significance of trading off empirical validity of models against other desirable model properties. Our investigation is based on three alternative econometric systems of the supply side, in a model that can be used to discuss optimal monetary policy in Norway. Our results caution against compromising empirical validity when selecting a model for policy analysis. We also find large costs from basing policies on the robust model, or on a suite of models, even when it contains the valid model. This confirms an important role for econometric modelling and evaluation in model choice for policy analysis.
Whole‐body vibration dosage alters leg blood flow
Authors: Lythgo Noel , Eser Prisca , De Groot Patricia , Galea Mary 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe effect of whole‐body vibration dosage on leg blood flow was investigated. Nine healthy young adult males completed a set of 14 random vibration and non‐vibration exercise bouts whilst squatting on a Galileo 900 plate. Six vibration frequencies ranging from 5 to 30 Hz (5 Hz increments) were used in combination with a 2·5 mm and 4·5 mm amplitude to produce twelve 1‐min vibration bouts. Subjects also completed two 1‐min bouts where no vibration was applied. Systolic and diastolic diameters of the common femoral artery and blood cell velocity were measured by an echo Doppler ultrasound in a standing or rest condition prior to the bouts and during and after each bout. Repeated measures MANOVAs were used in the statistical analysis. Compared with the standing condition, the exercise bouts produced a four‐fold increase in mean blood cell velocity (P<0·001) and a two‐fold increase in peak blood cell velocity (P<0·001). Compared to the non‐vibration bouts, frequencies of 10–30 Hz increased mean blood cell velocity by approximately 33% (P<0·01) whereas 20–30 Hz increased peak blood cell velocity by approximately 27% (P<0·01). Amplitude was additive to frequency but only achieved significance at 30 Hz (P<0·05). Compared with the standing condition, squatting alone produced significant increases in mean and peak blood cell velocity (P<0·001). The results show leg blood flow increased during the squat or non‐vibration bouts and systematically increased with frequency in the vibration bouts.
2 Looking Beyond Gender Hierarchy: Rethinking Gender at Teotihuacan, Mexico
Authors: De Lucia Kristin 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT The absence of gender inequality in art and burials at Teotihuacan, Mexico, poses an interesting problem that has been largely ignored by archaeologists. Archaeologists' lack of attention to gender at Teotihuacan perhaps derives from expectations of gender hierarchies in state societies, resulting in misguided conclusions and unexplored alternative interpretations. In this chapter, I ask how eliminating assumptions about gender hierarchies might help us to gain a better understanding of social relations at Teotihuacan. By incorporating multiple lines of evidence including art, burials, and households, I argue that group identity superseded the importance of the individual, foregrounding “house” identity over gender. Social solidarity may have been particularly necessary at Teotihuacan since a large percentage of male and female residents were foreigners. While socially constructed genders may have been an important component of social identity, I suggest that it was largely an unimportant factor in determining social status.
3 Hearths, Grinding Stones, and Households: Rethinking Domestic Economy in the Andes
Authors: Goldstein Robin Coleman 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT This case study of Andean house remains in central Peru adopts a gendered perspective and, on the basis of archaeological evidence, challenges the normalized domestic model of “lo Andino.” Although most Andean archaeological studies equate economically independent households with independent structures, this analysis reexamines the accuracy of this convention. The presence of a grinding stone, an essential tool of an economically independent unit, varies among house structures, which suggests that multiple houses shared labor on a daily basis.
4 Breaking Down Binaries: Gender, Art, and Tools in Ancient Costa Rica
Authors: Preston‐Werner Theresa 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT Giant metate‐like stone sculptures, found in all regions of Costa Rica, though in various forms, continue to fascinate researchers. Archaeologists contrast these sculptures with other, more utilitarian metates in order to determine their purpose and meaning. They create two groups—metates used by women for grinding subsistence foods and elaborate metates used by men for ritual purposes. This chapter challenges the binaries of tool/art, utilitarian/elaborate, and female/male that essentialize gender and homogenize historical variability. Figurine and burial data demonstrate women's connection to elaborate metates and ritual. In addition, ceramic figurines depict flexibility in gender roles at least within the stratum of ancient Costa Rican society that they depicted. This instance of stereotyped gender attribution and the absence of attention to the possible dynamism of women's lives shows the importance of a feminist approach to archaeology and the need to draw on multiple lines of evidence to answer archaeological questions.
8 She Sells Seashells: Women and Mollusks in Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Pankonien Dawn 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn this chapter, I examine seashells recovered from a 1985 archaeological study of Bahias de Huatulco, Mexico. I focus on both the primary and the secondary functions of the shells, describing their use as food, construction material, and an important dye source. I begin by discussing the shells in their local context and then later outline arguments both for and against shell trade inland. I ask, why are the shells here, and then, why these specific shells? In answering these questions, I investigate how these shells were used, the industries that they imply, and, finally, how women are necessarily implicated in processes of collection and production.
Chaperone signalling complexes in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Koren John , Jinwal Umesh K. , Lee Daniel C. , Jones Jeffrey R. , Shults Cody L. , Johnson Amelia G. , Anderson Laura J. , Dickey Chad A. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction
Chaperone regulation in Alzheimer's disease
Conclusions

AbstractMolecular chaperones and heat shock proteins (Hsp) have emerged as critical regulators of proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease pathologies. The very nature of the chaperone system, which is to maintain protein quality control, means that most nascent proteins come in contact with chaperone proteins. Thus, amyloid precursor protein (APP), members of the gamma‐secretase complex (presenilin 1 [PS1] collectively), the microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) as well as a number of neuroinflammatory components are all in contact with chaperones from the moment of their production. Chaperones are often grouped together as one machine presenting abnormal or mutant proteins to the proteasome for degradation, but this is not at all the case. In fact, the chaperone family consists of more than 100 proteins in mammalian cells, and the primary role for most of these proteins is to protect clients following synthesis and during stress; only as a last resort do they facilitate protein degradation. To the best of our current knowledge, the chaperone system in eukaryotic cells revolves around the ATPase activities of Hsp70 and Hsp90, the two primary chaperone scaffolds. Other chaperones and co‐chaperones manipulate the ATPase activities of Hsp70 and Hsp90, facilitating either folding of the client or its degradation. In the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a number of studies have recently emerged describing the impact that these chaperones have on the proteotoxic effects of tau and amyloid‐β accumulation. Here, we present the current understandings of chaperone biology and examine the literature investigating these proteins in the context of AD.
Association of the composite IL‐1 genotype with peri‐implantitis: a systematic review
Authors: Huynh‐Ba G. , Lang N. P. , Tonetti M. S. , Zwahlen M. , Salvi G. E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective: Cytokine gene polymorphisms may modulate the host response to the bacterial challenge and influence susceptibility to peri‐implantitis.Objective: To systematically review the evidence of an association between the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) composite genotype, i.e. presence of the allele 2 in the gene clusters IL‐1A (−889) and in IL‐1B (+3953), and peri‐implantitis.Material and methods: An electronic search in the National Library of Medicine‐computerized bibliographic database MEDLINE and a manual search were performed. The search was conducted for longitudinal clinical trials comparing progression of peri‐implantitis in IL‐1 genotype positive (carrying allele 2) with IL‐1 genotype negative (not carrying allele 2) subjects. Selection of publications, extraction of data and validity assessment were made independently by two reviewers.Results: The search provided 44 titles of which two longitudinal publications were included.Conclusion: Based on the findings from this study, there is not enough evidence to support or refute an association between the IL‐1 genotype status and peri‐implantitis. Systematic genetic testing for the assessment of the risk of peri‐implantitis cannot be recommended as a standard of care at this time.