bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing Fluid Movements with a New Temperature Technique
Authors: Johns Earl 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the SPE Symposium on Mechanical Engineering Aspects of Drilling and Production to be held in Fort Worth, Tex., March 5–7, 1967. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
A new, "a priori" differential temperature survey has been developed which overcomes the flaws that made earlier systems of little use. Although every portion of the system employs new techniques, the key to its new and surprising capabilities is the memorizing and comparing of two absolute measurements made by the same sensor, on the same run into a well.
This new tool has successfully performed tasks not previously assigned to temperature equipment, including; behind-pipe oil-finding and oil-water contact location injection profiles fracture treatment evaluation, lost circulation location and production profiles.
A priori profiles have not only shown the relationship between fluid input and shut-in temperature slope, but have led us to theorize that in profile situations, a true temperature distribution probably exists in the macro-annulus, but that it must be moved into the near annulus, or the borehole, in order to be measured.
Further study has caused us to doubt the common idea that all of an intake zone takes fluid of similar temperature, and to theorize that each increment of intake zone takes fluid of a different temperature. To provide this temperature spectrum fluid column thermodynamics are envisioned that create a radial temperature gradient whereby the topmost intake increment takes its fluid from the warmest outer annulus of the column, while the coolest, central fluid continues to the deepest intake increment. Laboratory experiments indicate that such a distribution is entirely possible.

Introduction
A few years ago the first attempts were made to employ a differential temperature tool; that is a tool that seeks to measure the difference in temperature between two proximate points in the bore hole.
Optimum Field Development With Seismic Reflection Data
Authors: de Buyl M. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Predicting reservoir parameters such as lithology, porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation is essential for estimating" reserves, selecting placement of development wells, and forecasting production. To this end, new methods are presented that integrate three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data with well-log, core, and geological information and significantly improve the spatial characterization of reservoirs. Seismic data are used not only to derived detailed 3-D depth images of the reservoir geometry and faulting, but also to infer spatial and temporal variations of rock parameters relevant to production.
To illustrate the contribution of seismic data to reservoir description, we discuss a case study in the Taber area, Alberta, Canada. The reliability of an integrated reservoir description based on estimates of petrophysical properties (such as porosity and net pore volume) deterministically derived from seismic data is assessed. We compare, at two well locations, the accuracy of different projections of these parameters obtained through an integrated approach incorporating seismic information, and by a conventional approach relying solely on well log and core data. In addition, we further evaluate the validity of the seismically enhanced model by comparing results of history matching obtained from each model. This comparison highlights the importance of including seismic data at earlier stages of a field development program.
An alternate approach to extract petrophysical properties from seismic data capitalize on the existence of patterns of correlation in the data. Geostatistical techniques analyze patterns of variations using spatial correlation functions to produce detailed reservoir models consistent with both seismic and well data. Errorqualified estimates of reservoir properties are derived in keeping with uncertainties in the various measurements. These techniques are presented and also applied to the Taber data set.
Drilling Related Performance
Authors: Walker S. , Coumans H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Control of capital expenditure on drilling/completion operations is important. In many instances the cost of drilling has meant that projects were deferred or cancelled completely. This paper discusses the factors which should be considered in reducing drilling/ completion costs by improving performance in the well pre-planning to well on production, cycle.
Major technological advances in equipment utilised in all aspects of drilling operations are also discussed, highlighting their benefits.
The use of computers for handling and storage of information can assist in the task of analysing drilling performance. An accurate database is of overriding importance and fundamental to being able to define where improvements can be made. A recent case history of one of Shell International’s operating companies is discussed as an example of the techniques employed in analysing performance and data are presented to illustrate the points made.
In a large international company such as Shell, with exploration and development drilling operations worldwide, some means of ensuring that operating departments learn from each other is also required. Performance indicators were developed to assist both operating departments and specialists in Shell Central Offices in The Hague to accomplish this. The benefits of such indicators from the drilling/completion performance aspect are discussed and numerical examples are given which illustrate how such indicators may be used to pinpoint adverse trends.
Wellsim and Pepite: Accurate Models of Multiphase Flow in Oil Wells and Risers
Authors: Roux A. , Corteville J. , Bernicot M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two mechanistic models for multiphase flow calculations are presented. They result from a 10 year research program and predict pressure and temperature profiles in oil wells and pipelines.
These models are based on the theory of fluid mechanics and on experiments carried out in oil industry conditions. The experimental facility consists in long testing lines, 3 and 6 inches in diameter, inclinable from 0 to 90°. Liquid hydrocarbons, water and natural gas have been used to generate multiphase flow at pressures up to 50 bar.
Results of these models have been compared with field data gathered on producing wells and pipelines. A better accuracy is obtained than with conventional methods.
A Practical Approach for Determining Permeability From Laboratory Pressure-Pulse Decay Measurements
Authors: Dicker A. I. , Smits R. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new pressure-pulse decay method is presented to measure permeabilities of tight rock samples. Existing pressure-pulse methods yield pressure decays which are either slow or difficult to analyse. Often approximations are made which may yield considerable errors in the derived permeability values. The new method is simple and enables very fast and accurate permeability measurements.
The exact solution of the differential equation describing the decay curve resulting from a pressure-pulse measurement was analysed in detail. This showed how the decay curve is influenced by various parameters in the design of the pressure-pulse permeameter. In this way various existing designs could be compared. Furthermore, the analysis showed how a pressure-pulse permeameter should be designed such that the measured decay is fast and simple to analyse. Also an approximate solution was obtained which is accurate to within 0.3% of the exact solution which is much more difficult to handle. Using this solution a new and simple analysis procedure was developed. Combining the new design with the new analysis method results in an elegant method for fast and accurate pressure-pulse measurements.
An Overview of Horizontal Well Completion Technology
Authors: Cooper R. E. , Troncoso J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Highly deviated or horizontal wells have led to new thinking in the application of well completion and stimulation technology. Horizontal drilling technology has advanced rapidly over the past few years. It is now common to be able to drill and control horizontal holes of greater than 1,000ft. displacement. However, horizontal completion technology is still on a steep learning curve and many completion practices need to be refined to contribute to the economic success of a horizontal project. In addition, a better understanding of reservoir performance with horizontal completions will be needed.
Proven completion techniques used in less deviated wells have not proved to be cost effective or efficient in this new application. This paper addresses several of these problem areas by discussing the shortcomings of vertical well completion technology and offers solutions to horizontal applications.
Specific completion areas discussed include production string isolation, influence of horizontal wellbore deviation, stimulation considerations, sand control and downhole production equipment. Case histories of three Bima Field wells, offshore Indonesia, are presented to illustrate various completion practices.
Selective Emplacement of Xanthan/Cr(III) Gels in Porous Media
Authors: Chang P. W. , Burkholder L. A. , Philips J. C. , Ghaemmaghami M. , Myer M. A. , Babcock R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Flow characteristics of polymer solutions and crosslinked gels through porous media form the bases for several important enhanced oil recovery processes. When a polymer solution is injected into a reservoir for mobility control, flow distribution determines the flood efficiency. When Cr(III) crosslinking is applied to xanthan for profile modification, flow distribution of the gel solution along with gelation kinetics dictates gel placement and its effectiveness in improving subsequent water flooding.
Rheological characteristics of xanthan and xanthan/Cr(III) solutions are discussed in this paper. Flow rate ratios between capillary bundles of contrasting permeabilities were measured. Flow rate ratios of shear-thinning xanthan and xanthan/Cr(III) solutions were shown to be higher than those of water at low shear rates. Thus, biopolymer solutions are expected to preferentially enter high-permeability streaks in a reservoir formation. A theory to explain this selective emplacement characteristic has been formulated by combining a rheological model and Darcy’s law.
Improved Matrix, Fracture Fluid Transfer Function in Dual Porosity Models
Authors: Ishimoto K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the recent literature, much attention has been given to the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs. The most prevalent approach is a dual-porosity formulation with computational blocks that may represent the system of fracture network by the noncontinuous matrix blocks. In models of this type, proper formulation of the matrix/fracture fluid transfer by gas/oil drainage and water/oil imbibition is requisite. The conventional description of this transfer function uses a matrix/fracture transmissibility and capillary and gravity gradients based upon the averaged values of matrix saturation assuming a simplified saturation distribution in the matrix, or is obtained by "history-matching" using a fine grid model of a single matrix block.
In this paper. the author presents a matrix/fracture transfer model which is consistent with the experimental data. Using vertical equilibrium to define the transition zone in the matrix blocks, the effects of the viscous, capillary and gravity forces on the fluid transfer between matrix and fracture are integrated. The fluid transfer calculated from this approach includes the effects of a varying Pc through the transition zone, the changing gravity potential with the relation between the segregated oil- water contact level in the fracture and the bottom level of the transition zone in the matrix, and the changing matrix block surface area which contributes to the fluid transfer. This approach has been successful in matching laboratory results of fractured systems that could not be matched by the conventional dual-porosity formulations.
An Assessment of Rate Sensitivity by Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Thomas G. W. , Breit V. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The effects of variations in production rate on ultimate recovery are presented for several different combinations of reservoir description and producing mechanisms. The results were obtained from reservoir simulation studies, and were intended to verify the intuitive concept that every reservoir has some limiting production rate, which, if exceeded, can result in serious losses in recoveries.
Our most sophisticated reservoir engineering tools, i.e. reservoir simulators, invariably indicate little rate sensitivity and frequently predict high ultimate recoveries at higher producing rates. In this paper, we focus on the reasons why this occurs when using standard off-the-shelf simulators that have not been equipped with special features to properly address the rate sensitivity issue. We then examine the factors that affect rate sensitivity, i.e. fingering, oil trapping, pore structure, variations in fluid properties, capillary hysteresis, etc., and concentrate on what a reservoir simulator requires to adequately treat these phenomena. We also demonstrate that when a simulator fulfills these requirements, rate sensitiviy is exhibited in certain instances.
Finally we present examples for water-oil, gas-oil, gas-gas and fractured reservoir systems.
Applicability and Accuracy of Two Component Characterizations of Reservoir Oils for Numerical Modeling Purposes
Authors: Coats B. K. , Nolen J. S. , Sherman A. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The applicability and accuracy of a new binary pseudo-component PVT representation relative to conventional black-oil and equation-of-state representations is determined. This PVT representation extends the conventional black-oil treatment by decoupling the reservoir and surface PVT properties and. by modeling the properties of oil and gas through the use of K-values and Z-factors for a two component system.
Processes considered include depletion, water injection, and gas injection in oil reservoirs. In depletion simulations the ability of the two-component K-value (2CKV) representation to model gas phase condensation in surface separators results in higher and more accurate (relative to equation-of-state predictions) oil recovery predictions than those obtained using a conventional black-oil model. The capability of the 2CKV formulation to model time-dependent separator conditions is shown for a waterflood in a vertical cross section. Neither the 2CKV nor the black-oil formulation can accurately simulateds a gas injection process when the composition of the injection gas is significantly different from the composition of equilibrium reservoir gas in the injection cell(s).
The Evaluation of Drilling Fluid Filter Cake Properties and Their Influence on Fluid Loss
Authors: Arthur K. G. , Peden J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reported are the results of an experimental programme to investigate the influence of mud composition, pressure and temperature on the properties of filter cakes formed during static filtration. Three water-based muds were tested at pressures up to 4.2 MPa and temperatures up to 93°C. The spurt loss, cumulative fluid loss, cake thickness and porosity were measured and, using a modified static filtration equation, the cake resistance and compressibility were calculated.
The results clearly illustrate the highly compressible nature of filter cakes formed from drilling muds. Also shown is the profound influence of barite and temperature on the cake properties and fluid loss. Using expressions developed in the general field of solid-liquid separation for the variation in porosity within the filter cake, the behaviour of highly compressible cakes under pressure has been illustrated.
Mechanical Aspects of Medium Radius Well Design
Authors: Kerr D. , Lesley K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
General techniques for designing the bottomhole assembly (BHA) for a medium radius horizontal well are reviewed with emphasis on achieving an integrated drilling system by optimizing bottomhole assembly performance via the proper selection of BHA components. Systems analysis includes detailed mechanical modeling of the bottomhole assembly with concentration on minimizing torque and drag. Other design considerations include stress analysis of a reverse tapered drillstring with emphasis placed on design considerations to ensure the integrity of the entire drillstring. A case history will be discussed for a typical medium radius horizontal well.
Design and Operation of Two Remote Controlled Platforms in the Baltic Sea, West Germany
Authors: Klatt H. J. , Klumker H. C. , Siebel K. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Schwedeneck-See oi1 field is the first offshore oilfield developed in German waters and so far the first field in the Baltic Sea (Fig. 1). A special design of offshore facilities for the pipeline and communication system had to be considered due to wheather impacts and strong requirements for environmental protection.-The paper describes reasons for the selection of concrete gravity type platforms, the construction and and installation of platform facilities in 15 - 25 m (50 - 80 ft) water depth, as well as the pipeline and remote control system.-The field is in operation since late 1984. Operation experience with the production and supervisory systems will be discussed.
Rheology of Waxy Crude Oils
Authors: Wardhaugh L. T. , Boger D. V. , Tonner S. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Crude oils from China, Australasia and many other parts of the world, containing waxy crystals and colloidal asphaltenes, possess distinct non-Newtonian flow properties which depend strongly on the shear and thermal history and result in special difficulties being encountered in all types of viscometers. Experimental techniques are discussed which allow reproducible equilibrium data to be obtained in the concentric cylinder and the cone and plate viscometers. The shear history dependence of the flow properties, which is shown to occur in both Australasian and Chinese crudes, alters the conventional design and scale-up assumptions. Flow in a capillary or pipeline is shown to be a composite effect of the range of shear rates that occurs across the radius of the pipe. An identical composite effect must occur for the scale-up assumption to remain valid. Pipeline flow can be determined from laboratory data by modified design techniques which also allow the quantitative assessment of oil treatment methods. A lower limit to pipeline operation, due to the shear history effect, is shown to exist, which has an effect on the assessment of oil treatment methods and on the operation of declining oil-fields.
An Ada-Based Software Development Environment as Applied to Completion and Production Operations
Authors: Ramamurthy G. , Ward V. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Simulation softwares currently used in the oil industry have generally suffered from a lack of maintainability that has often led to a periodic complete rewriting of the codes, resulting in inefficiencies in the software development cycle. Generally, these problems have their origin in either an absence of long-term specifications for the applications, a lack of adoption of software engineering principles to help upgrade the codes, or the involvement of various teams in the development of different phases of the product.
However, the advent of Ada is changing the software cycle with a number of features that permit a smooth evolution of the softwares; these features include the object-oriented development of modules, and both the reusability and a high level of data abstraction for the associated components. The modularity of the codes is enhanced by the hierarchy of the processes used. Communication between different development teams and protection of the code are handled by the information hiding process.
A series of Ada-based portable softwares has been developed using this methodology: their primary application is in fracturing and cementing; however, similar development strategies can be easily transposed to other applications. The main engine is a data structure handling system associated with different numerical and processing tools. The first system relates to the types of variables and their representation, while the latter consists of general tools for finite elements and finite difference discretization. Applications based on these concepts are described in detail.
Using Microcomputers as Reservoir Engineering Workstations
Authors: Blanc G. , Patey D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper describes the software tools used to develop reservoir engineering software which are portable on a wide range of computers. These tools are: An APPLICATION LAUNCHER which hides the operating system commands to the user,A PROGRAM GENERATOR which is used to build all the screen based preprocessors,A library of graphic routines.
Two examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of such software on MS-DOS micro computers: The first one is a single well model simulator which features a medium sided reservoir engineering application. The resulting package includes a preprocessor, a postprocessor and the numerical model simulator itself.The second one is related to the full field simulation of petroleum reservoirs. For such a high end application the microcomputers can be used to do the preprocessing and postprocessing tasks. Furthermore the numerical simulation of the three phase, three dimensional model can be performed on the new generation of 32 bits microcomputers.
The two benchmarks which are presented show that the number crunching capabilities of microcomputers were considerably improved since the first IBM-PC was introduced. The last generation capabilities are close to those of minicomputers.
Successful Development of PC Engineering Applications
Authors: Schwager R. E. , Baldwin J. O. , Lochmann M. J. , George L. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Personal computers alone cannot change the effectiveness of energy professionals. This will be achieved only through the development and implementation of useful software tools. Software developers, either internal staffs or third party vendors, must establish strategies and standards which determine the design and function of the final product. The environment in which the software operates must be compatible with the philosophy of the developer, while simultaneously addressing all of the legitimate needs of the user community.
PS/2 and OS/2, and PC Workstation Futures
Authors: Hunt B. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
IBM's introduction of the Personal System/2 (PS/2) personal computers and the Operating System/2 (OS/2) are part of an overall Systems Application Architecture (SAA) plan aimed at bringing all lines of computers from PCs to mainframes closer together. Since the benefits of IBM's proprietary PS/2 technology is presently unclear, the decision to purchase IBM's PS/2 or third-party "clones" should be based primarily on price versus performance. The introduction of OS/2 is a true performance breakthrough, but its benefits will not be seen until new applications are developed to take advantage of the new features.