bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity of substance use with depression and other mental disorders: from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) to DSM‐V
Authors: Nunes Edward V. , Rounsaville Bruce J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To arrive at recommendations for addressing co‐occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM‐V) criteria. Methods  Synthesis of findings of other papers from a consensus conference and from the literature on diagnosis and treatment of co‐occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Most of the relevant studies examine co‐occurring depression.Results  The diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric syndromes that co‐occur with substance use disorders has been a source of controversy, fueled in part by limitations of pre‐DSM‐IV nosologies. The DSM‐IV scheme of classifying co‐occurring disorders as primary (also referred to as independent) or substance‐induced has promise in terms of good predictive validity, although pertinent longitudinal and treatment studies are limited. The substance‐induced category answers the need of clinicians for a way to categorize patients with clinically significant psychiatric symptoms that occur in the setting of ongoing substance use.Conclusions  DSM‐V should retain the primary (independent) and substance‐induced categories. In DSM‐IV these categories are broadly defined and leave much to clinical judgement. Existing data sets should be brought to bear to refine the criteria, making them more detailed with clearer anchor points and more specificity around particular substances and psychiatric syndromes. More longitudinal studies and clinical trials are also needed. Looking beyond DSM‐V, co‐occurring psychiatric syndromes are likely to be important in the quest for a nosology founded on pathophysiology.
Adolescents and substance‐related disorders: research agenda to guide decisions on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐V)
Authors: Crowley Thomas J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  Since the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM‐IV), many studies have addressed substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescents. Based on that adolescent literature, this paper suggests further research to help guide decisions about revising for DSM‐V the SUD criteria in DSM‐IV.Method  The author has reviewed the ‘Substance Related Disorders’ section of DSM‐IV‐TR, recalled his experience in helping to draft that section, accessed relevant articles in PubMed and reviewed his own extensive file of literature citations.Results  This paper suggests six questions for adolescent research to help guide the framers of DSM‐V’s ‘Substance Related Disorders’ section: (a) DSM‐IV did not provide a diagnosis of cannabis withdrawal; should DSM‐V continue that position? (b) Should SUD be included or referenced among ‘Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence’? (c) Can inter‐rater reliability of the substance abuse (SA) criteria be improved with altered example situations, text descriptions or phrasing of the current criteria? (d) Between ages 14 and 18 years is earlier onset of SUD a severity marker that could be incorporated into DSM‐V as a predictor of worse course? (e) In DSM‐V could a phenotypic descriptor of pathological multi‐substance involvement document severity and predict course of SUD? (f) Could clinicians and patients benefit from DSM‐V‐related postpublication procedures for classifying emerging new drugs into DSM‐V’s categories?Conclusion  Without substantive changes in SA or substance dependence diagnostic criteria, research may improve the usefulness of those criteria for adolescents.
Subtypes of substance dependence and abuse: implications for diagnostic classification and empirical research
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caetano Raul 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate the relevance of a form of diagnostic classification called clinical subtyping in relation to possible revisions in the diagnostic criteria for substance abuse and dependence in psychiatric classification systems.Methods  A general rationale for subtyping is presented. To explore the implications for diagnostic classification, recent research on a variety of subtyping schemes is reviewed in terms of the development of new subtypes and the validation of established theories.Results  Subtypes of alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders have been proposed since the beginning of modern psychiatry. Recent subtyping research suggests that no consensus has emerged about the nature, much less the number, of subtypes that could be used to characterize the clinical heterogeneity assumed to be present in groups of people with substance use disorders. Although several relatively simple binary typologies have been developed (e.g. Cloninger’s type I and type II; Babor et al.’s type A and type B), validation research has produced mixed results in terms of the construct, concurrent and predictive validity of these classifications.Conclusions  The adoption of a subtyping scheme in the major psychiatric classification systems is not recommended until further international research is conducted.
Taking account of cultural and societal influences on substance use diagnoses and criteria
Authors: Room Robin 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims This article reviews the problems of cross‐cultural applicability, which have been identified at the level of instrument items, at the level of criteria, and at the level of concepts and diagnoses. One near‐universal appears to be that the diagnoses carry a weight of moral judgement and often of social stigma, whatever the clinician’s intentions.Methods The findings of studies on variations between cultures in the meaningfulness and meaning of the main substance use diagnoses and criteria are described.Results Suggestions are made for directions of thinking and work to improve the cross‐cultural applicability of five current diagnoses: intoxication, withdrawal, harmful use, abuse and dependence.Conclusion It is argued that the possibility should be held open of bounded applicability of some diagnoses or criteria, in some societies but not in others.
Cultural issues and psychiatric diagnosis: providing a general background for considering substance use diagnoses
Authors: Escobar Javier I. , Vega William A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To establish a general context on the topic of cross‐cultural diagnosis and suggest how it can be applied to substance use disorders.Methods  Critical reviews of the literature on psychiatric diagnosis, cross‐cultural issues and the concept of ethnicity were conducted to provide a framework for making specific recommendations for substance use diagnoses.Results  Cross‐cultural diagnosis remains in a state of flux. Key questions on ethnicity and psychopathology have not yet been fully answered by existing research. The broad use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) system world‐wide requires a careful look at its cross‐cultural applicability.Conclusion  For DSM‐V, cultural/ethnic issues have to be clearly defined in clear terms that lend themselves to operational definitions. Recommendations should be research‐based and testable. Meaningful cultural annotations and a glossary of cultural terms that are applicable in daily clinical practice and not limited to less frequently encountered syndromes (culture‐bound) would be highly desirable.
Diagnosis of alcohol dependence in epidemiological surveys: an epidemic of youthful alcohol dependence or a case of measurement error?
Authors: Caetano Raul , Babor Thomas F. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To review the literature on the prevalence of alcohol dependence according to age, presenting data suggesting that the increased prevalence of alcohol dependence among young adults may be inflated because of measurement error.Design  Household surveys with random selection of respondents.Setting  General population.Participants  Survey respondents 12 years of age and older.Measurements  Alcohol dependence.Findings  Data for male current drinkers show that 4.6% of adolescents (aged 12–17 years) meet criteria for past year dependence, and the rate increases to 8.5% in the 18–23 age group, decreasing thereafter. Symptom level prevalence estimates indicate that younger age groups report higher rates of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms than older age groups.Conclusion  Young adults may be reporting tolerance and withdrawal symptoms partly because the wording of structured interview schedules leads to confusion of binge drinking and its sequelae with physical symptoms of alcohol dependence. There is a need to examine whether young adults are confusing the sequelae of acute intoxication with alcohol withdrawal, and rapid initial tolerance with the classical tolerance reported by alcoholics. Epidemiologists and clinicians need to be cautious of the tendency of structured psychiatric interviews to classify young adults as being alcohol‐dependent. It may be useful to characterize individuals who meet alcohol dependence criteria at a young age (e.g. prior to age 25 years) as manifesting a form of ‘adolescent alcohol dependence’, which may represent a less severe form of alcohol use disorder than that observed in adults.
The development of a research agenda for substance use disorders diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐V)
Authors: Saunders John B. , Schuckit Marc A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  This paper describes the background to the establishment of the Substance Use Disorders Workgroup, which was charged with developing the research agenda for the development of the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It summarizes 18 articles that were commissioned to inform that process.Methods  A preliminary list of research topics, developed at the DSM‐V Launch Conference in 2004, led to the identification of subjects that were subject to formal presentations and detailed discussion at the Substance Use Disorders Conference in February 2005.Results  The 18 articles presented in this supplement examine: (1) categorical versus dimensional diagnoses; (2) the neurobiological basis of substance use disorders; (3) social and cultural perspectives; (4) the crosswalk between DSM‐IV and the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision (ICD‐10); (5) comorbidity of substance use disorders and mental health disorders; (6) subtypes of disorders; (7) issues in adolescence; (8) substance‐specific criteria; (9) the place of non‐substance addictive disorders; and (10) the available research resources.Conclusions  In the final paper a broadly based research agenda for the development of diagnostic concepts and criteria for substance use disorders is presented.
The island rule and a research agenda for studying ecogeographical patterns
Authors: Lomolino Mark V. , Sax Dov F. , Riddle Brett R. , Brown James H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe are currently experiencing a resurgence of interest in ecogeographical rules, which describe general trends in morphology and related traits along geographical gradients. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the generality and underlying causal mechanisms for these patterns, we recommend a new, more integrated research agenda. In particular, we recommend studies that simultaneously consider different clines in morphology, geographical ranges and diversity as intricately related phenomena; all being ecological, evolutionary and biogeographical responses of organisms to selection regimes that vary non‐randomly over space and time, and among species with different ecological and evolutionary histories.
MAMPs and MIMPs: proposed classifications for inducers of innate immunity
Authors: Mackey David , McFall Aidan J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryPlants encode a sophisticated innate immune system. Resistance against potential pathogens often relies on active responses. Prerequisite to the induction of defences is recognition of the pathogenic threat. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the non‐self molecules that are recognized by plants and the means by which plants perceive them. Established terms describing these recognition events, including microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP), MAMP‐receptor, effector, and resistance (R) protein, need clarification to represent our current knowledge adequately. In this review we propose criteria to classify inducers of plant defence as either MAMPs or microbe‐induced molecular patterns (MIMPs). We refine the definition of MAMP to mean a molecular sequence or structure in ANY pathogen‐derived molecule that is perceived via direct interaction with a host defence receptor. MIMPs are modifications of host‐derived molecules that are induced by an intrinsic activity of a pathogen‐derived effector and are perceived by a host defence receptor. MAMP‐receptors have previously been classified separately from R‐proteins as a discrete class of surveillance molecules. However, MAMP‐receptors and R‐proteins cannot be distinguished on the basis of their protein structures or their induced responses. We propose that MAMP‐receptors and MIMP‐receptors are each a subset of R‐proteins. Although our review is based on examples from plant pathogens and plants, the principles discussed might prove applicable to other organisms.
Regular cellular distribution of plasmids by oscillating and filament‐forming ParA ATPase of plasmid pB171
Authors: Ebersbach Gitte , Ringgaard Simon , Møller‐Jensen Jakob , Wang Qing , Sherratt David J. , Gerdes Kenn 
Published: August 2006

SummaryCentromere‐like loci from bacteria segregate plasmids to progeny cells before cell division. The ParA ATPase (a MinD homologue) of the par2 locus from plasmid pB171 forms oscillating helical structures over the nucleoid. Here we show that par2 distributes plasmid foci regularly along the length of the cell even in cells with many plasmids. In vitro, ParA binds ATP and ADP and has a cooperative ATPase activity. Moreover, ParA forms ATP‐dependent filaments and cables, suggesting that ParA can provide the mechanical force for the observed regular distribution of plasmids. ParA and ParB interact with each other in a bacterial two‐hybrid assay but do not interact with FtsZ, eight other essential cell division proteins or MreB actin. Based on these observations, we propose a simple model for how oscillating ParA filaments can mediate regular cellular distribution of plasmids. The model functions without the involvement of partition‐specific host cell receptors and is thus consistent with the striking observation that partition loci can function in heterologous host organisms.
Involvement of Clp protease activity in modulating the Bacillus subtilisσW stress response
Authors: Zellmeier Stephan , Schumann Wolfgang , Wiegert Thomas 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe induction of Bacillus subtilis genes controlled by the extracytoplasmic function alternative sigma factor σW is strongly impaired in a strain deleted for the ClpP peptidase gene and in a double knockout of the ClpX and ClpE ATPase genes. Truncated soluble forms of the σW anti‐sigma factor RsiW are stabilized in a clpP minus strain as revealed by the green fluorescent reporter protein fused to the N‐terminus of RsiW and by pulse‐chase experiments. Conserved alanine residues are present in the transmembrane region of RsiW, and mutations in these positions abolish induction of σW‐controlled genes. Following alkaline shock, a truncated cytoplasmic form of RsiW is detectable in a strain expressing a triple alanine mutant allele of rsiW. These data point to a mechanism where the trans‐membrane segment of RsiW contains a cryptic proteolytic tag that is uncovered as a result of intramembrane proteolysis of RsiW by RasP (YluC). After RasP‐clipped RsiW is detached from the membrane, this proteolytic tag becomes crucial for the complete degradation of RsiW by cytoplasmic proteases and the release of σW. ClpXP plays a major role in this third proteolytic step of stress‐induced degradation of RsiW. Overexpression of SsrA‐tagged green fluorescent protein as a ClpXP substrate protein reduces alkali induction of a σW‐controlled gene by a factor of about three, indicating that a titration mechanism is able to tune the σW‐mediated stress response to the cellular state.
Phagocytosis, Production of Nitric Oxide and Pro‐inflammatory Cytokines by Macrophages in the Presence of Dematiaceus Fungi that Causes Chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Hayakawa M. , Ghosn E. E. B. , Da Gloria Teixeria de Sousa M. , Ferreira K. S. , Almeida S. R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChromoblastomycosis is characterized by the slow development of polymorphic skin lesions (nodules, verrucas, tumores, plaques and scar tissue). Inside the host, infectious propagules adhere to epithelial cells and differentiate into sclerotic forms, which effectively resist destruction by host effector cells and allow onset of chronic disease. A cellular immune response against fungi is essential to control infection. Amongst the cells of the immune system, macrophages play the most important role in controlling fungal growth. In this study, we show that the fungicidal characteristic of macrophages is dependent on the fungal species that causes chromoblastomycosis. We began by observing that the phagocytic index was higher for Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa compared with that of other fungi. Complement‐mediated phagocytosis was more important for Phialophora verrucosa and R. aquaspersa and was inhibited by mannan when F. pedrosoi and R. aquaspersa conidia were phagocytosed by macrophages. We showed that macrophages killed significantly only R. aquaspersa. We also found that the phagocytosis of fungi has functional consequences for macrophages as phagocytosis resulted in down‐modulation of MHC‐II and CD80 expression as well as in the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO. However, the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO nor the down‐modulation of MHC and co‐stimulatory molecules were observed in the presence of R. aquaspersa.
Early infection of scutellum tissue with Agrobacterium allows high‐speed transformation of rice
Authors: Toki Seiichi , Hara Naho , Ono Kazuko , Onodera Haruko , Tagiri Akemi , Oka Seibi , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: August 2006

SummarySeveral approaches have recently been adopted to improve Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of rice, both to generate the large number of T‐DNA insertion plants needed for functional analysis of the rice genome, and for production of rice with additional agronomical value. However, about 3 months of in vitro culture is still required for isolation of transgenic rice plants. Here, we report the competency of scutellum tissue from 1‐day pre‐cultured seeds for Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Furthermore, early infection of rice seeds with Agrobacterium enhanced efficient selection of transformed calli. Using our system, we successfully regenerated transgenic rice plantlets within a month of the start of the aseptic culture of mature seeds. Our new system should reduce the somaclonal variation accompanying prolonged culture of rice cells in the dedifferentiated state and facilitate the molecular breeding of rice.
Socially marketed insecticide‐treated nets effectively reduce Plasmodium infection and anaemia among children in urban Malawi
Authors: Mathanga Don P. , Campbell Carl H. , Taylor Terrie E. , Barlow Robin , Wilson Mark L. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryBackground  Use of insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) has become a central focus for the Roll Back Malaria campaign, and many countries in Africa have now embarked on large‐scale public health programmes aimed at making ITNs available to those at greatest risk. However, the effectiveness of these programmes has rarely been evaluated.Method  We conducted a cross‐sectional survey to assess the impact of an ITN social marketing programme on Plasmodium falciparum infection and anaemia among children in urban Malawi.Results  Knowledge of ITNs was high; however, only 42% of the children surveyed reported to have used an ITN the previous night. Nevertheless, 17% (295/1721) of children had a positive P. falciparum smear at enrolment. Use of ITNs was associated with 52% protective efficacy against Plasmodium parasitemia. More than two‐thirds of children were anaemic, yet the mean haemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in children using ITNs than in those not using nets. ITN use was associated with wealth, as poorer households were 60% less likely to use treated nets.Conclusion  Although ITN social marketing programmes have the potential of improving malaria control and prevention, additional efforts are required to reach those for whom even subsidized nets are still too expensive.
Rehabilitation for cognitive impairments after cerebral malaria in African children: strategies and limitations
Authors: Bangirana Paul , Idro Richard , John Chandy C. , Boivin Michael J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryCerebral malaria results in short‐ to long‐term cognitive impairments in many of its child survivors. Although some of the risk factors for impairments have been identified, no attempts have been made to address the plight of those who develop cognitive impairments. This paper discusses the burden of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral malaria and suggests some rehabilitation strategies based on brain injury and cognitive rehabilitation studies. Potential cognitive rehabilitation solutions such as cognitive exercises, environmental enrichment, nutritional supplementation, physical therapy and speech therapy are highlighted. The limitations of implementing these interventions and solutions are discussed in light of the limited human resources and infrastructure of the developing countries that are malaria endemic.
Sharing the burden of TB/HIV? Costs and financing of public–private partnerships for tuberculosis treatment in South Africa
Authors: Sinanovic Edina , Kumaranayake Lilani 
Published: August 2006

SummaryObjective  To explore the economic costs and sources of financing for different public–private partnership (PPP) arrangements to tuberculosis (TB) provision involving both workplace and non‐profit private providers in South Africa. The financing required for the different models from the perspective of the provincial TB programme, provider, and the patient are considered.Method  Two models of TB provider partnerships were evaluated, relative to sole public provision: public–private workplace (PWP) and public–private non‐government (PNP). The cost analysis was undertaken from a societal perspective. Costs were collected retrospectively to consider both the financial and economic costs. Patient costs were estimated using a retrospective structured patient interview.Results  Expansion of PPPs could potentially lead to reduced government sector financing requirements for new patients: government financing would require $609–690 per new patient treated in the purely public model, in contrast to PNP sites which would only need to $130–139 per patient and $36–46 with the PWP model. Moreover, there are no patient costs associated with the treatment in the employer‐based facilities and the cost to the patient supervised in the community is, on average, three times lower than in public sector facilities.Conclusions  The results suggest that there is a strong economic case for expanding PPP involvement in TB treatment in the process of scaling up. The cost to the government per new patient treated could be reduced by enhanced partnership between the private and public sectors.