bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Divergence and Gene Flow in the Genus Zea
Authors: Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey , Tenaillon Maud , Gaut Brandon S 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Gene flow plays a fundamental role in plant evolutionary history, yet its role in population divergence—and ultimately speciation—remains poorly understood. We investigated gene flow and the modalities of divergence in the domesticate Zea mays ssp. mays and three wild Zea taxa using sequence polymorphism data from 26 nuclear loci. We described diversity across loci and assessed evidence for adaptive and purifying selection at nonsynonymous sites. For each of three divergence events in the history of these taxa, we used approximate Bayesian simulation to estimate population sizes and divergence times and explicitly compare among alternative models of divergence. Our estimates of divergence times are surprisingly consistent with previous data from other markers and suggest rapid diversification of lineages within Zea in the last ∼150,000 years. We found widespread evidence of historical gene flow, including evidence for divergence in the face of gene flow. We speculate that cultivated maize may serve as a bridge for gene flow among otherwise allopatric wild taxa.
Medications as Risk Factors of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in Children: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Levi Natacha , Bastuji-Garin Sylvie , Mockenhaupt Maja , Roujeau Jean-Claude , Flahault Antoine , Kelly Judith P. , Martin Elvira , Kaufman David W. , Maison Patrick 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to determine the relation of medications to the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children &lt;15 years of age.
METHODS. We conducted a pooled analysis by using data from 2 multicenter international case-control studies: the severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) study and the multinational severe cutaneous adverse reaction (EuroSCAR) study conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, the Netherlands, Austria, and Israel. We selected case subjects aged &lt;15 years, hospitalized for Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis-overlap, or toxic epidermal necrolysis, and age-, gender-, and country-matched hospital controls. Pooled crude odds ratios were estimated and adjusted for confounding by multivariate methods when numbers permitted.
RESULTS. Our study included 80 cases and 216 matched controls. Antiinfective sulfonamides, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine were strongly associated with the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Significant associations were highlighted in univariate analysis for valproic acid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as a group and for acetaminophen (paracetamol) in multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS. We confirmed 4 previously highly suspected drug risk factors for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: antiinfective sulfonamides, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. Among more unexpected risk factors, we suspect that acetaminophen (paracetamol) use increases the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Impacts of piscivorous birds on salmonid populations and game fisheries in Scotland: a review
Authors: Harris Catriona M. , Calladine John R. , Wernham Chris V. , Park Kirsty J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Scottish populations of salmonids are important both ecologically and economically. Game fisheries for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, sea trout Salmo trutta trutta and brown trout Salmo trutta fari are all highly acclaimed and generate substantial levels of income for Scotland, but many populations are in decline and efforts are being made to ensure the future sustainability of these species. These declines have led to a focus on the impact of piscivorous bird predation on fish populations. The purpose of our review was to assess the evidence for population‐level impacts on salmonid populations, and/or economic impacts on Scottish game fisheries of predation by the four primary UK freshwater piscivorous bird species: cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, goosander Mergus merganser, red‐breasted merganser Mergus serrator and grey heron Ardea cinerea. There is evidence that these birds can, in some situations, remove large numbers of fish from stocked and natural fisheries. However, a lack of information on fish population levels, the numbers and species composition of feeding birds, and robust calculations of fish consumption has hampered the conversion of the results of the existing studies into useful quantitative measures of impact. As a consequence, few studies have demonstrated any reductions in numbers of breeding fish or fish productivity due to predation by piscivorous birds, or direct economic loss to fisheries in Scotland. We support a previous recommendation for a reiterative procedure of modelling, experimentation and remodelling to assess the impacts of piscivorous birds on fisheries. Wide‐scale studies of the movements of piscivorous birds, their feeding locations in relation to river characteristics, and the factors that make fish particularly vulnerable to predation are seen as important areas for future research.
The Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia ‐ refuge or sink for wolves Canis lupus in the Gobi
Authors: Kaczensky Petra , Enkhsaikhan Namtar , Ganbaatar Oyunsaikhan , Walzer Chris 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Mongolian hunting law does not mention the wolf Canis lupus, which is generally interpreted in the way that wolves can be hunted anytime and anywhere, including in protected areas. We investigated whether the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (SPA), a strict nature reserve in southwestern Mongolia, acts as a refuge or a sink for wolves in the Gobi. Our expectations were that wolves in the Gobi 1) have large ranges similar to those in other equally unproductive habitats, 2) experience a high hunting pressure, and 3) have recently become an important export item for cross‐border trade to China. We combined GPS positions of two adult wolves, wolf harvest data and a market survey on wildlife products to address the above questions. Range use of the two collared wolves was huge, but varied widely between the two animals (6,670 km2 for an adult female and 26,619 km2 for an adult male) and over time. Reproductive status and residency status were only known during the initial 8‐months monitoring period of the female. During this ‘resident’ period her range size was 1,275 km2. Both wolves showed a clear preference of mountainous terrain over flat steppe, suggesting that only 21% of the SPA constitute preferred wolf habitat. Annual harvest in the park and its vicinity averaged 1 wolf/265 km2 in 2002/03, 1 wolf/120 km2 in 2003/04 and 1 wolf/310 km2 in 2004/05. However, hunting pressure was unequally distributed and particularly high in the northeastern corner of the park. During the active monitoring period of wolf F1, 35 wolves were killed within her ‘resident’ range, suggesting a high hunting pressure. Most wolves were shot from motorised vehicles, possibly explaining the preference of wolves for mountainous terrain which is inaccessible for vehicles. The market surveys revealed products from ∼2,000 wolves on the two border markets, a huge discrepancy to only 150 CITES permits officially issued annually. Although our data are insufficient to allow a truly quantitative assessment of the impact of human induced mortality on wolf conservation status in the Great Gobi B SPA, it points towards a potentially severe conservation problem requiring further attention.
Conversion factors in carnivore scat analysis: sources of bias
Authors: Rühe Ferdinand , Ksinsik Michael , Kiffner Christian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractScat analyses are commonly applied to study feeding ecology of carnivores. Factors developed in feeding trials are often used to convert dry matter mass of scat remainders to fresh matter mass of killed or scavenged prey. In our study, we aimed at: 1) presenting conversion factors (CFs) of roe deer Capreolus capreolus, European hare Lepus europaeus and house mice Mus musculus digested by wolf Canis lupus, Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and red fox Vulpes vulpes, 2) comparing CFs derived from fox exposed to different feeding levels (fasted vs non‐fasted before each feeding trial), 3) comparing effects of using different mesh sizes in the lab procedure on CFs, 4) comparing effects of applying CFs derived from wolf, lynx and fox to wolf scats, and 5) quantifying biases caused by inappropriate procedures in scat analyses. Feeding level, use of different mesh sizes, and application of predator‐specific CFs affected the estimated number of killed prey individuals. The greatest deviations were found for the feeding level in regard to roe deer and European hare, and for the application of lynx CFs of roe deer and European hare to wolf scats. The strong relationship between prey use and CFs in our study may be used to estimate prey numbers from scats more precisely: in cases of low prey use, we suggest applying CFs derived from non‐fasted carnivores, and in cases of high prey use CFs from fasted conspecifics are more appropriate. We recommend applying predator‐prey specific CFs and using the same mesh size on which these CFs are based. The presented CFs allow recalculation of prey masses and prey numbers from scat analyses, which had been gained by using inappropriate CFs.
Individual differences in susceptibility to the effects of speech on reading comprehension
Authors: Sörqvist Patrik , Halin Niklas , Hygge Staffan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIndividuals with high working memory capacity (WMC) are less distracted by task‐irrelevant speech than others. The mechanism behind this relationship, however, is not well understood, and it has only been found in a few paradigms. We used a Number updating task to measure WMC and two suppression mechanisms (immediate and delayed), and tested how they were associated with individual differences in susceptibility to the effects of speech on reading comprehension. The results revealed a negative relationship between WMC and susceptibility to speech distraction. Of the two suppression mechanisms, only immediate suppression was associated with speech distraction, suggesting that susceptibility to distraction is determined by the ability to immediately suppress the irrelevant speech. Furthermore, the relationship between WMC and speech distraction was mediated by the immediate suppression mechanism. The implications of these results and possible explanations of similar results found in other paradigms are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
junya.ishigami+associates
Authors: Grima Joseph 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Executive Director of Storefront in New York Joseph Grima tips off the young Japanese architect Junya Ishigami for our attention. Ishigami's extension to the Kanagawa Institution of Technology might at first glance resemble a humble greenhouse. Stripped back far beyond the bare essentials, it has a finely tuned structure that enables it to be supported on pillars alone and elevates it to the poetic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaporating Theory: An Interview with Yves Michaud
Authors: Puglisi Luigi Prestinenza 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIs architecture evaporating and losing its distinct status as a discipline? In pursuit of an answer to this question, Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi spoke to Yves Michaud, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris and author of L'art à l'état gazeuz (Art in a Gaseous State), 2003. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
muf architecture/art
Authors: Sörstedt Claes 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBarking, in east London, has become the unlikely site for a regeneration project by muf that dissolves art, architecture, landscaping, psychogeography and instant mythology. Swedish architect and critic Claes Sörstedt highlights the ‘attractive combination of mystery and utility’ that he finds in this reinvented piazza. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty Years After (Deconstructivism): An Interview with Bernard Tschumi
Authors: Costanzo Michele 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMichele Costanzo interviews Bernard Tschumi about his work and his vision of the changing field of contemporary design research. How do the younger generation of students receive Tschumi's seminal theoretical works? Is a lack of time merely the current scapegoat for a more considered conceptual approach? How does Tschumi view the proliferation of architectural fetishes in the urban landscape? How is his own theoretical landscape shifting? Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nàbito Arquitectura
Authors: Gausa Manuel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe complexity of contemporary sites and situations requires architects' design skills to exceed the single object and to expertly negotiate between competing forces at both a global and local level. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the city, where a multitude of tensions and scales must be played out. Barcelona‐based architect and author Manuel Gausa locates in the work of Nàbito Arquitectura the ability to develop ‘real connective landscapes’, as explicitly expressed in their scheme for the Poljane area of Ljubljana. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting the New Boss: After the Death of Theory
Authors: Hight Christopher 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChristopher Hight seeks to find out what might be left over after the death of theory. Have theoretical questions become merely replaced by reproducible techniques and business plans? How should architects think and practise if they no longer ‐ in the wake of Koolhaas ‐ solely think architecturally? Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Josep Lluís Mateo/MAP Architects
Authors: Ivanisin Krunoslav 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBy focusing on a ‘scientific approach’ that emphasises the importance of cause and effect, Josep Lluís Mateo/MAP has developed a design for the Camp Nou Stadium in Barcelona that is less about spectacle and more about the people it accommodates. Croatian critic and architect Krunoslav Ivanisin admires the structure for the ‘inherent logic of its parts’, but also for its prioritisation of communal life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Life of Space
Authors: Kerckhove Derrick de , Tursi Antonio 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe digital has revolutionised the notion of space that was formulated on the two‐dimensional page in the Renaissance with the discovery of perspective and the printing press. Derrick de Kerckhove and Antonio Tursi explore how our ideas about space have been overturned since the onset of the computer and the many different ways that architects are reinterpreting them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[ecosistema urbano]
Authors: Rutkowski Roman , Wojciechowski Lukasz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPolish architecture tutors and critics Roman Rutkowski and Lukasz Wojciechowski identify a new kind of architecture in [ecosistema urbano]'s ingenious temporary tower pavilions for a sterile new housing estate in Madrid. Contributing power to the local electricity grid, these towers are explicitly designed to provide shelter from the unmediated heat of the harsh external environment through their cooling effect and in so doing to stimulate communal activities and events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture as a Dissident Practice: An Interview with Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Authors: Kazi Olympia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFor three decades architect Liz Diller and artist Ricardo Scofidio have been collaborating on projects that test the boundaries between art and architecture. They have done more than any other practice to champion interdisciplinary research and to advocate architecture as a wider form of cultural production. Olympia Kazi went to talk to Liz Diller to ask her if she thinks theory could really be dead, or merely in a ‘lull’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supersudaca
Authors: Sant'Ana Carlos 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe simultaneous move towards specialisation and generalisation has opened up the way for ‘new fields of action’ and ‘strategical approaches to design’. Portuguese architect and critic Carlos Sant'Ana describes how urban Latin American think tank Supersudaca epitomise what is best about this new ‘Pragmatopian’ thinking with their Al Caribe project. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Club Cinemetrics: New Post‐Perspectival Design Methodologies
Authors: McGrat Brian , Hsueh  , Leun Cheng , Hoi Shan Paul CHU , Jesús Zamora José De , Marshall Victoria 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCinemetrics is a post‐perspectival, cinematically inspired drawing system that encourages a way of working that is multilayered and multiscalar, responding to the complexities of contemporary life and the city. Here Brian McGrath, in collaboration with Hsueh, Cheng Leun, Paul CHU Hoi Shan, José De Jesús Zamora and Victoria Marshall, demonstrates how in field work in the US, Thailand and Taiwan, Cinemetrics enabled them to adopt an interdisciplinary process addressing transdisciplinary issues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stalker/ON
Authors: Lang Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHow might we ‘reboot’ architecture and ‘regain the critical’? American architectural critic and professor Peter Lang finds in Stalker's interactive field study of a Romany community around Rome a trigger for a re‐energised way of thinking that questions how we might effectively live communally and economically. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
That Old Thing Called Flexibility: An Interview with Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown
Authors: Proto Francesco 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRobert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown hold an unrivalled position within architecture. Now written several decades ago, their classic books Learning from Las Vegas and Complexity and Contradiction remain unsurpassed for their ability to shock and overturn current architectural thought. Francesco Proto talks to Venturi and Scott Brown on their present thinking about iconography, transparency, spectacularisation, architectural pornography and the contemporary architectural avant‐garde. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP)
Authors: Menking Bill 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new generation of architects, urban designers and planners are rethinking the city. Bill Menking describes how the Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) has orchestrated a number of art‐based collaborations in the New York boroughs that enable the community to participate in the reimagining of urban space. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spaces of Freedom
Authors: Gandolfo Emiliano 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe predicaments of the current global climate bring a new poignancy and focus to architecture. Emiliano Gandolfi, the curator of the much lauded ‘Experimental Architecture’ exhibition in the Padiglione Italia at the 2008 Venice Biennale, outlines how an emerging group of designers are redefining architecture as they seek to provide solutions that identify people's needs and address the exigencies of global warning, the environmental crisis and migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘To Go Beyond or Not to Be’ Unsolicited Architecture: An Interview with Ole Bourman
Authors: Guido Luca 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe complex dynamics of today's architecture require a deep intellectual freedom. This is something that Dutch architectural critic Ole Bouman espouses through his provocative writings and lectures and his advocacy of ‘unsolicited architecture’. Luca Guido invited Bouman to reflect on what it means to be an architect today and how it might be possible to pursue critical practice beyond the conventional construction processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAD
Authors: Jun Jiang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractJiang Jun, Editor‐in‐Chief of Urban China magazine, marvels at the architectural phenomenon that is MAD. Riding on the crest of Chinese urban expansion, Ma Yansong has optimised on extraordinary architectural opportunities. His projects, such as Beijing 2050, display a savvy design approach that synthesises innovative forms with Chinese characteristics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross the River by Touching the Stones: Chinese Architecture and Political Economy in the Reform Era: 1978‐2008
Authors: Zhu Tao 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChina's Open Door Policy and economic development set in motion in 1978 can be regarded as the triumph of pragmatism over theory ‐ specifically Chairman Mao's brand of Marxist theory. Tao Zhu traces the progress of reform over the last 30 years, and its impact on Chinese architectural culture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exit Ltd
Authors: Basar Shumon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFor London‐based editor, author and curator Shumon Basar, The Temple of Janus Revisited by Exit Ltd is an effective critique of post‐9/11 politics and culture. A virtual re‐enactment of the Roman Temple of Janus in Washington DC, it evokes the imminent collapse of the American Empire. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Conclusions: Liberating Ourselves from the Tyranny of Architecture
Authors: Puglisi Luigi Prestinenza 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGuest‐editor Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi closes the issue with a positive reflection on the impact of theoretical meltdown. He recognises in the featured architects in this volume a ‘shared attitude, notwithstanding diversity’ that represents a liberation from the last decade's over‐concern with form and super‐creativity and a rediscovery of the political dimension of architecture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WORK Architecture Company's Diane von Furstenberg Studio, New York
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn what was once the goriest part of Manhattan ‐ the Meatpacking District on the far west side ‐ WORKac has created a glittery collection of showrooms, studios and offices spread over four floors, sandwiched between a rooftop dwelling and a street‐level flagship store within a pair of 19th‐century warehouses. Jayne Merkel explains how sunlight from an angular jewel‐like skylight fills the interior, which is intersected by a bejewelled, precast‐concrete grand staircase, with refracted, reflected, constantly changing and relatively natural‐looking light. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vassall Road Housing and Healthcare Centre, Brixton, London
Authors: Littlefield David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTony Fretton's latest project is a demonstration of what can be achieved on a tight budget. David Littlefield describes how the practice has managed to create a thoughtful and yet highly practical health and residential centre on a rather typical south London street. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
51% Studios
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHoward Watson profiles a London‐based studio whose practice results from the interplay of a wide range of influences spanning contemporary culture, history, nature, landscape and the ephemeral. Working at a variety of scales from the domestic to the urban, partners Peter Thomas and Catherine du Toit demonstrate a natural bent for the arts‐related in undertaking collaborations with artists and exhibition installations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Are You Looking At?
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThere is a rebirth of interest in anamorphic perspective ‐ that erudite artistic trick that allows one to represent different points of view in a single plane or view. Neil Spiller sees a new future for this arcane spatial practice that enables objects to dissolve their muteness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.