bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial reflex myoclonus in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Fox J. G. , Averill D. R. , Hallett M. , Schunk K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three 6-week-old male purebred yellow Labrador Retrievers were presented with intermittent stimulus-sensitive contractions of the appendicular and axial muscles. Five littermates were normal, although the grandsire of the affected litter had sired 2 previous litters containing similarly affected pup. Although alert and responsive, the affected dogs appeared decerebrate with extensor rigidity and opisthotonus during handling. During severe episodes, respiratory distress was observed. Generalized contractions were initiated by voluntary movements, but at rest the muscles relaxed. Neurologic deficits were not detected, although efforts to elicit segmental reflexes, assess muscle tone, or assist walking resulted in generalized stiffness.
Electromyograms from the semitendinous muscles (musculi semitendinosus) had increased motor unit amplitude (up to 5,000 μV) with polyphasic action potentials. There were no myotonic discharges. A reduced interference pattern was seen. A single tactile stimuli of the distal limb resulted in 3 responses, each lasting ≤ 10 ms at latencies of 0 to 12 ms, 20 to 30 ms, and 35 to 40 ms, characteristic for reflex myoclonus. The motor nerve conduction velocities were normal for age (32 to 35 ms). Age-matched control dogs had motor unit action potentials of 100 to 200 μV and single compound motor unit discharges to single tactile stimuli.
Therapeutic trials with diazepam and clonazepam produced minimal effects on the muscle contractions. Values of urinalyses, complete blood cell counts, and serum chemistries were within normal limits. Frozen muscle section biopsy findings, including enzyme histochemical assessment of muscle fiber types, were normal. Examination at necropsy revealed mild precordial esophageal dilation in 2 dogs, but no lesions in skeletal muscle or nervous tissues.
The term familial reflex myoclonic disorder is suggested; lack of reflex inhibition or abnormal suprasegmental discharges resulting from tactile stimuli was speculated as the basic mechanism for the disorder.
Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits
Authors: Vasseur Philip B. , Paul Howard A. , Dybdal Noel , Crumley Linda 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of lidocaine and bupivacaine on the breaking strength and histopathologic appearance of wounds in the ventral abdominal midline (linea alba) of rabbits was studied. In control rabbits, group 1 (n = 24), skin and subcutaneous tissues were incised, permitting direct infiltration of the linea alba with normal saline solution. The linea alba was then incised, and wound margins were apposed in layers, using absorbable suture material. Group 2 rabbits (n = 24) were given 0.5% lidocaine, group 3 rabbits (n = 24) were given 2% lidocaine, and group 4 rabbits (n = 24) were given 0.5% bupivacaine, rather than saline solution.
Eight rabbits from each group were killed 6, 12, and 18 days after wounding. Eight 1.0-cm wide transverse strips were removed from the abdominal wall of each rabbit. Two strips were used for histopathologic evaluation and 6 were tested for failure, using a mechanical testing device. Breaking strengths in group 1 averaged 0.66 kg, 1.35 kg, and 1.57 kg at 6, 12, and 18 days, respectively. None of the test groups had significantly different (P > 0.05) breaking strength results as compared with that in controls. The histopathologic appearance of tissues infiltrated with local anesthetics did not vary consistently from that of tissues infiltrated with normal saline solution. Local infiltration of lidocaine and bupivacaine does not alter substantially the healing of midline abdominal incisions in rabbits.
Characterization of dermonecrotic toxin produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Nakai Toyotsugu , Sawata Akira , Tsuji Masayoshi , Kume Katsumi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dermonecrotic toxin (dnt) produced by serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida, isolated from pigs, was characterized and compared with dnt produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica. The dnt prepared by sonication from P multocida or B bronchiseptica had dermonecrotic activity and lethal toxicity for guinea pigs and mice, and also induced marked atrophy of spleens in the mice. Toxicity of P multocida or B bronchiseptica dnt was completely inactivated by heating at 70 C for 30 minutes, and was reduced by treatment with trypsin, formalin, or glutaraldehyde, indicating that the dnt may be a protein. Although biologic and toxic properties of P multocida dnt were similar to those of B bronchiseptica dnt, cross-neutralization tests between P multocida and B bronchiseptica indicated that dnt from the 2 bacterial species were serologically distinct.
Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes Over a 24-hour period in horses
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Divers Thomas J. , Whitlock Robert H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four consecutive 6-hour urine collections were obtained from 10 healthy adult horses given free access to a complete pelleted ration and water. Samples of blood were collected from the jugular vein at the start of the test period and then every 6 hours for 4 consecutive samples.
Mean renal clearance of creatinine (CCr) varied significantly during the four, 6-hour collections, ranging from 1.474 in period II to 2.702 ml/min/kg of body weight during period III (P < 0.05). The CCr in period III was significantly different from the 24-hour mean value of 1.877 ml/min/kg (P < 0.05). The mean 6-hour clearances of potassium (CK), chloride (CCl), and calcium (CCa) also varied significantly during the 4 collections (P < 0.05). The 24-hour mean CK and CCl were different from the mean during period III (P < 0.05) There was significant correlation between mean 24-hour CCr and CK (P < 0.01); CCr and CCl(P < 0.05); CNa and CK(P < 0.01); CNa and CCl(P < 0.01); and CK and CCl (P < 0.001).
The 95% confidence interval for 6-hour mean values of fractional excretion of Na (FENa) was 0.032% to 0.522%; FEK was 23.345% to 48.074%; FECl was 0.588% to 1.861%; and FECa was −0.158% to 6.723%. Although FENa, FECl and FECa were highly variable within and between individual horses, mean values for periods I to IV did not differ significantly over time or from 24-hour mean values The FEK varied less throughout the 24-hour test period.
Mean urine volume, urine concentrations of Cr and K, urine osmolality, urine-to-plasma osmolality, urine-to-plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma urea nitrogen varied significantly through time periods I to IV (P < 0.05); however, means for time periods I to IV were not different from 24-hour means.
Immunologic responses of calves to aerosolized antigen: Humoral response to ovalbumin
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Olsen Craig L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The humoral response of cattle to ovalbumin (oa), a nonenvironmental well-defined antigen, was studied. During 9 weeks of aerosolization, weekly serum and nasal secretion concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, IgM, IgA, and IgE were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for oa specific antibody. Data from 3 calves given aerosol oa were compared and contrasted with data from 3 calves given aerosol saline solution and 1 calf given parenteral oa. The presence of cytotropic (skin sensitizing) antibody was evaluated during weeks 6 and 9 by direct skin testing with oa.
A humoral response was induced in all 3 calves given aerosol oa. Serum IgG1 and lgG2 titers reached a maximum of 64,000 and 2,000, respectively, in calves given aerosol oa compared with 521,000 and 16,000, respectively, in the calf given parenteral oa. The elisa did not detect an oa-specific IgM response. In contrast, all 3 calves given aerosol oa had serum IgA concentrations that increased to a peak by week 9. The mean IgA absorbance value for the 3 calves given aerosol oa was slightly greater than 5 times that of the calf given parenteral oa. Similarly, nasal secretions from calves given aerosolized oa had absorbance values that were 15-fold greater than that from the calf given parenteral oa.
Calves given aerosol oa had antigen-specific IgE responses during weeks 6 to 8. The elisa results were compared with results of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. The presence of skin-sensitizing antibody was indicated by positive skin tests in the calves given aerosol oa and the calf given parenteral oa by week 9.
Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: Model for Pasteurella haemolytica- and Pasteurella multocida-induced pneumonia in cattle
Authors: Panciera R. J. , Corstvet R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pneumonic lesions in calves were induced with Pasteurella haemolytica or P multocida. The inoculum, consisting of a suspension of either organism, was administered by transthoracic intrapulmonic injection to 23 calves. Three died of septicemia; the 20 remaining, killed 96 hours after inoculation, had an expanding unifocal pneumonia qualitatively comparable with that of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever). The concentration of bacteria that consistently produced a lesion was a 5-ml volume containing 109 colony-forming units of bacteria; a concentration of 106 colony-forming units inconsistently produced lesions. Bacteria, except in calves that developed septicemia and died, remained localized at the injection site. The inflammatory process spread within the lungs, not only through airways, but through the interlobular and interalveolar septa as well.
Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in dogs and goats
Authors: Abdullah A. Salam , Baggot J. Desmond 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of imidocarb, administered as an iv bolus dose (4 mg/kg), was studied in normal and Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced febrile dogs and goats. In the febrile group, the drug was administered 1 hour after injection of the endotoxin. The plasma and urine concentrations of imidocarb were measured by spectrophotometry. The decline in plasma drug concentrations in both species was analyzed, using a 2-compartment open model. With the exception of the coefficient A and the volume of central compartment, E coli endotoxin-induced fever produced the same changes in kinetic determinants in both species. Fever significantly decreased the distribution rate constant in both dogs (P < 0.05) and goats (P < 0.01). The elimination rate constant and, in turn, the half-life were not altered by the endotoxin-induced fever in either species. The volume of distribution at steady-state was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the febrile dogs and goats. The body clearance of imidocarb was also significantly lower in the febrile dogs (P < 0.05) and goats (P < 0.01). The decreased apparent volume of distribution and lower body clearance of imidocarb could explain the higher plasma values of the drug in the febrile, compared with normal, animals.
Intra-articular tissue response to analytical grade metrizamide in dogs
Authors: Atilola Matthew A. O. , Lumsden John H. , Hulland Tom J. , Pennock Paul W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of analytical grade metrizamide (am) injected into the canine stifle, for purposes of arthrography, was studied in 12 adult dogs using saline solution as the control solution injected into the contralateral joints. The am was used at a concentration of 280 mg of iodine/ml and was administered at the dose of 0.3 ml/cm thickness of the stifle joint. For each joint, arthrocentesis was done before and 7 days after injection of either the contrast medium or saline solution. Physical, biochemical, and cytologic examinations were done on the synovial fluid while the synovial membranes and femoral articular cartilages were sectioned, stained, and examined for histopathologic changes. At the 95% confidence level, significant differences in the total and differential mononuclear cell counts were not seen between the am- and saline solution-injected joints. However, some subtle changes in the synovial membranes were observed. Intra-articular injection of am or saline solution initiated a mild inflammatory response, the am causing slightly more response than the saline solution.
Evaluation of cytopathologic changes induced in chicken tracheal epithelium by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Dykstra M. J. , Levisohn S. , Fletcher O. J. , Kleven S. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Changes in tracheal epithelial surfaces induced by Mycoplasma infection in vivo and in vitro included release of mucous granules followed by exfoliation of ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the loss of cilia from individual cells was infrequent. Epithelial cells typically lost their intercellular connections, rounded up, exfoliated, and then lysed—giving rise to a population of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria and cilia intermixed with mucus to form the exudate found within the tracheal lumen. Repair of the epithelial surface was effected by basilar epithelial cells differentiating and filling in the spaces formed by exfoliated cells. These cells were hypertrophied, nonciliated at 14 days after infection in vivo, and covered with microvilli. In sectioned material obtained during the infection, there was increasing epithelial thickness due to cellular infiltration and edema. Tracheal rings in vitro showed similar changes to those seen in vivo, except that exfoliation was more severe and occurred earlier. In addition, there were no cellular infiltration due to the lack of a vascular supply and only a small amount of mucus due to the smaller number of mucous cells available to release into the tracheal lumen.
Role of insects in the transmission of bovine leukosis virus: Potential for transmission by stable flies, horn flies, and tabanids
Authors: Buxton B. A. , Hinkle N. C. , Schultz R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ability of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans, horn flies (Haematobia irritans), and tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) to transmit bovine leukosis virus (blv) was investigated. Stable flies and horn flies were fed on blood collected from an infected cow, and the flies’ mouthparts were immediately removed, placed in RPMI-1640 medium, ground, and inoculated into sheep and calves. Infection of sheep occurred with mouthparts from as few as 25 stable flies or 25 horn flies. However, sheep were not infected when removal of stable fly mouthparts was delayed ≥ 1 hour after blood feeding. Infection of calves occurred after inoculation of mouthparts removed immediately after feeding from as few as 50 stable flies or 100 horn flies.
Infected blood, applied by capillary action to the mouthparts (labella) of 15 deer flies (Chrysops sp) and a single horse fly (Tabanus atratus) caused infection in each of 2 sheep. Infection did not occur in 2 calves inoculated daily for 5 days with mouthparts from 50 horn flies collected after feeding on a blv-infected steer. Four calves receiving bites from 75 stable flies interrupted from feeding on a blv-positive cow also were not infected. Seronegative cattle held for 1 to 4 months in a screened enclosure with positive cattle in the presence of biting flies were not infected with blv. The feeding behavior of each insect is discussed to assess their potential as vectors of blv.
Isolation of bovine eosinophils by density gradient centrifugation
Authors: Chambers W. H. , Washburn S. M. , Campos M. , Klesius P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method for the isolation of an enriched population (> 60%) of bovine eosinophils was developed, using density gradient centrifugation. Eosinophils were isolated from peripheral blood by centrifugation on a density gradient medium of sp gr 1.092. Viability was ≥ 95%, and the isolated eosinophils were found to be functional in chemokinetic and antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity assays. This method represents a simple, rapid method for obtaining bovine eosinophils that can be used in a variety of assays of eosinophil function.
Postmortem magnesium concentration in bovine vitreous humor: Comparison with antemortem serum magnesium concentration
Authors: Lincoln S. D. , Lane V. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The range for postmortem vitreous humor Mg2+ concentration in 97 healthy cattle was 1.8 mg/dl to 2.72 mg/dl at 23 C for a 48-hour postmortem interval. The postmortem vitreous Mg2+ concentration closely paralleled the antemortem serum Mg2+ concentration at 23 C. Low environmental temperature (4 C) had no effect on postmortem vitreous concentration. However, high environmental temperatures (30 C) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced postmortem vitreous Mg2+ concentration at the 36-hour postmortem interval. It was concluded that postmortem vitreous humor Mg2+ determination could be a useful diagnostic aid in cattle for detecting Mg2+ imbalances for at least 48 hours after death, provided the postmortem environmental temperature did not exceed 23 C after 24 hours.
Efficacy of oral clorsulon in the treatment of Fasciola hepatica infections in calves
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Kilgore R. L. , Presson B. L. , Williams M. L. , Fulton R. K. , Pote L. , Greenway T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty calves at each of 2 Arkansas locations were inoculated with infective Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. After 56 days, the calves at each site were randomly assigned by weight to 2 treatment groups of 10 calves/group; vehicle control or clorsulon at the rate of 7 mg/kg of body weight. All treatments were given orally as a suspension. Calves were killed 6 weeks after treatment and F hepatica counts were performed for all animals. At the 2 sites, mean levels of efficacy were 96% and 91%. Adverse reactions to clorsulon or the vehicle were not observed in the calves.
Platelet and fibrinogen kinetics in healthy and African swine fever-affected swine: [75Se]Selenomethionine-labeling study
Authors: Edwards J. F. , Dodds W. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Platelet and fibrinogen survival times were determined in healthy pigs and in pigs infected with African swine fever (asf) virus. Cohort labeling with [75Se]selenomethionine was performed. The platelet survival time in healthy pigs was 5.3 ± 0.7 days, and the fibrinogen survival time was 6.7 ± 0.8 days. Early deaths and profound thrombocytopenia prevented calculation of accurate platelet and fibrinogen survival times in asf virus-infected animals. The asf virus-infected pigs died of extensive hemorrhage and effusions while thrombocytopenic; however, there was normal thrombocytopoiesis during infection, as measured by incorporation of the radionuclide into platelets. There was a slight decrease in plasma fibrinogen concentration when the platelet count decreased. A dysfunctional fibrinogen was present late in the infection.
Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta: Fenbendazole treatment and abomasal permeability changes in sheep
Authors: Dakkak Allal , Daoudi Ahmed , Ruckebusch Yves 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg of body weight infused during 90 minutes) on abomasal transmural potential difference (pd), pH, and ionic concentrations were determined in 8 lambs fitted with permanent abomasal cannulae. Four sheep were treated before inoculation and on day 28 after inoculation, with 200,000 3rd-stage Ostertagia circumcincta larvae and 4 others were similarly inoculated with 15,000 3rd-stage Haemonchus contortus larvae.
In worm-free lambs, the unique effect was an increase in Na+ concentration of the abomasal contents. The O circumcincta or H contortus-inoculated lambs had an increase in pd, pH, and Na+ concentrations. Treatment further increased these concentrations, but the effects on pd occurred and ceased earlier in sheep inoculated with O circumcincta than in those inoculated with H contortus. The results indicated that part of the changes were linked to substances produced by the parasites or by the host. The increase in pd and pH was associated with a decrease in K+ concentration and indicated that these substances stimulated HCO-3 transfer.
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on mammary gland development and susceptibility to mastitis through intramammary infusion with Staphyloccus aureus in mice
Authors: Chew B. P. , Zamora C. S. , Luedecke L. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Weanling mice were fed 0 or 150 μg retinol equivalent/kg of diet for 5 weeks, were bred, and allowed to complete gestation. On day 3 of lactation, all mice were separated from their litters for 1 hour and were then anesthetized. The 4th right or left mammary gland was inoculated with 0.1 ml of S Aureus (1010 colony-forming units/0.1 ml). Exactly 24 hours after inoculation, the mice were euthanatized and the mammary glands were removed and fixed for histologic evaluations. Vitamin A-deficient dams had smaller litter size and lower liver stores of vitamin A; however, deficiency was not severe enough to produce external signs of vitamin A deficiency in the dams. Morphologic studies showed large areas of adipose tissue, greatly reduced ductal and lobule-alveolar development, and decreased total secretory activity in mammary glands from vitamin A-deficient females. On the other hand, mammary glands from vitamin A-supplemented mice had extensive lobule-alveolar development and highly distended alveoli. Extensive necrosis of alveolar tissue was observed in staphylococcus-infused mammary glands of all mice. Large numbers of leukocytes and cell debris were present in the lumen of alveoli and ducts. However, mammary glands from vitamin A-deficient females had more extensive pathologic damage compared with corresponding glands from vitamin A-supplemented mice. Results indicated that vitamin A-deficient mice had reduced mammary development and increased pathologic damage to the mammary gland after intramammary challenge with staphylococcus.
Effects of cryotherapy on the palmar and plantar digital nerves in the horse
Authors: Schneider Robert K. , Mayhew Ian G. , Clarke Gary L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The duration of anesthetic effect and the histopathologic changes resulting from a controlled freeze of the palmar and plantar digital nerves in the horse were evaluated. Two techniques were compared: (i) nerves were frozen by direct application of the cryoprobe after surgical exposure and (ii) nerves were frozen by percutaneous application of the cryoprobe to the overlying skin.
Return of skin sensation and ability to detect a stimulus were used to determine return of nerve function. The duration of anesthetic effect was significantly (P < 0.005) longer for nerves frozen after surgical exposure than for those frozen by the percutaneous technique (mean 156 days vs 47.5 days).
At the termination of the study, horses were euthanatized and all nerves were examined histologically. Neuromas-in-continuity were observed in 10 of 28 frozen nerves. Classification was based on the involvement of the supporting fibrous connective tissues of the nerve, endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. The direct technique of freezing the nerve after surgical exposure was repeatable and could be used to provide temporary neurectomy in the horse. The percutaneous technique caused a temporary loss of pain perception, but could not be relied on to interrupt nerve function for longer than a few weeks.