bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIFE‐HISTORY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE CROFTON WEED GALL FLY PROCECIDOCHARES UTILIS STONE (DIPTERA: TRYPETIDAE)
Authors: Haseler W. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe life‐history stages of Procecidocharesutilis Stone are described and figured. The female internal reproductive organs and the male and female external genitalia are figured. Resting and premating behaviour are discussed.
THE ARTHROPODA OF AUSTRALIAN CAVES
Authors: Hamilton‐Smith E. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe Arthropoda of Australian Caves are reviewed and assigned to four ecological categories: trogloxenes, first and second level troglophiles, and troglobites. It is shown that Australia has few troglobitic species and this supports an earlier suggestion that extensive secondary extinction of cavernicoles occurred during the Pleistocene and Recent epochs as a result of climatic change. It is further suggested that flooding of Australian caves during the Pleistocene followed by dehydration through general changes in water table levels or through geomorphological change also played a part in this secondary extinction. However, the general climatic changes were probably also responsible for the development of the large number of second‐level troglophiles through extinction of their surface‐dwelling progenitors.
LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS ON THE MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE ISLAND FRUIT FLY RIOXA PORNIA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Pritchard G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTEvidence is presented which suggests that males of Rioxa pornia (Walker) secrete a volatile sex attractant from glandular cells situated in the pleural regions of abdominal segments 3, 4, and 5. Then material, which appears to be secreted and stored by the salivary glands of the male, is mixed with air to produce a mound of foam on which the female feeds during copulation. Courtship is discussed in relation to the need to get the sexes together and to overcome female aggressiveness.
A NEW ANT OF THE DACETINE GENUS ORECTOGNATHUS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Lowery B. B. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Orectognathus rostratus sp. n. is described from Eastern Australian rain forest. It is placed confidently in the genus Orectognathus Smith, despite superficial resemblances to the related genera, Arnoldidris and Epopostruma.
NEW RECORDS OF LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) IN AUSTRALIA AND A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES
Authors: Kerr J. F. R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Holochila consimilis toza ssp. n. is described from the Iron Range‐Claudie River district of North Queensland. Philiris ziska (Grose‐Smith) and Philiris diana papuanus Wind and Clench are recorded in Australia for the first time, and the hitherto unknown female of P. diana papuanus is described.
A NEMATODE (DELADENUS SP.: NEOTYLENCHIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH RHYSSA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), PARASITES OF SIRICID WOODWASPS
Authors: Hocking Helen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn 1965 nematodes were recorded from three species of Rhyssa in shipments received from India and Europe. The nematodes from European Rhyssa spp. are now known to be Deladenus sp. The growth and reproduction of the nematodes reduces the fecundity and longevity of their hosts. Many of the larval nematodes invade the reproductive system in female hosts, and transfer of the nematodes probably occurs during probing by infested females. The pathological effects of this nematode on both sexes of the host are described. Since the siricid woodwasps, the host of Rhyssa, are also subject to infestation by nematodes, a comparison is made between characteristic symptoms in both insects.
A NATIVE ICHNEUMONID, CERTONOTUS TASMANIENSIS TURN. PARASITISING SIREX NOCTILIO F. (SIRICIDAE) IN TASMANIA
Authors: Hocking Helen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA native ichneumonid, Certonotus tasmaniensis Turn., has been found to parasitise Sirex noctilio F. in Tasmania. The females probe into the wood to deposit their eggs and the larvae are external parasites on Sirex larvae. The final instar larva is illustrated and its principal features described. The possible significance of Certonotus in the biological control of Sirex is discussed.
PANONYCHUS ELONGATUS MANSON (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) —A DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON WITH P. CITRI (McG.)
Authors: Manson D. C. M. 
Published: April 2007

iDescriptions of all stages of Panonychus elongatus are given, and these are compared with the corresponding stages of P. citri. In the material examined, it was possible to find morphological differences in all stages, except that of the egg.
NOTES ON CULISETA (CULICELLA) ATRA (LEE) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Dobrotworsky N. V. 
Published: April 2007

iAdults of Culiseta (Culicella) atra (Lee) are redescribed; the larva is described for the first time and the pupa is figured. The relationships and origin of C. atra are discussed.
AGRILUS CUPRIPES (CARTER) COMB. N. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
Authors: Brooks J. G. 
Published: April 2007

i Synechocera cupripes Carter is transferred to Agrilus Stephens.Subfamily BUPRESTINAETribe AGRILINIGenus Agrilus Stephens Agrilus Stephens, 1830, Ill. Brit Ent.3: 239. Agrilus cupripes (Carter) comb.n. Synechocera cupripes Carter, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.49: 31.
NORTHERN RECORDS OF THE GENUS CULISETA FELT IN AUSTRALIA WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Marks Elizabeth N. 
Published: April 2007

i Culiseta arenivaga sp.n., described from females from Fraser Island, Queensland, provides the northernmost record of Culiseta in Australia. C. arenivaga has postspiracular setae and it is compared in text and figures with the other species known from Queensland, C. antipodea Dobrotworsky, and with the other species possessing postspiracular setae, C. littleri (Taylor), C. inconspicua (Lee), and C. atra (Lee), of which the first two are the only species known from New South Wales. Postspiracular setae are reported in C. inconspicua for the first time. C. littleri is recorded from northern New South Wales and geographical variation in this species is discussed. The unusual palmate empodium of C. antipodea females is described and figured. Relationships within the genus are considered and an austral origin for the genus is suggested.
SOLDIER‐REPRODUCTIVE INTERCASTES IN A SPECIES OF TUMULITERMES (ISOPTERA: TERMITIDAE)
Authors: Gay F. J. 
Published: April 2007

iTwo aberrant specimens in a collection of a species of Tumulitermes are described. These specimens are basically soldier like in appearance, but show a number of reproductive caste characters in such structures as the antennae, head capsule and mandibles, and in the presence of wing rudiments. They are evidently soldier‐reproductive intercastes, which are quite uncommon in the higher termites.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FURNITURE BEETLE, ANOBIUM PUNCTATUM (DE GEER) (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: French J. R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA survey was carried out to study the area of economic abundance of Anobium punctatum (De Geer) in order to assess its potential threat to softwood utilisation in New South Wales, particularly of Pinus radiata D. Don. The survey indicated that Anobium was confined to the more humid and cooler coastal plains, and to the eastern highlands of the Great Dividing Range. Infestations west of the Great Dividing Range were few, and were found to have been brought into the area in furniture and fittings from the coastal regions.Within the area of distribution of Anobium three levels of abundance and destructiveness have been described. These may be correlated with climatic conditions.
OLIGONYCHUS ARANEUM SP.N. AND OLIGONYCHUS DIGITATUS DAVIS (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) AS PESTS OF GRASSES IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Davis J. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Oligonychus araneum sp. n. is described, and host and locality records given for this species and Oligonychus digitatus Davis, which are pests of lawns and pastures in eastern Australia.
THE GENERIC PLACEMENT OF “ALLODAPE” GRISEA ALFKEN (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA) *
Authors: Michener Charles D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Allodape grisea Alfken, 1907, is transferred from the xylocopine Anthophoridae to the genus Euryglossa subgenus Euhesma in the Colletidae.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECTICIDES OF CYDIA POMONELLA (LINNAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) FROM QUEENSLAND
Authors: Rose H. A. , Hooper G. H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPopulations of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) from the Granite Belt area of south‐east Queensland were tested to determine their susceptibility to DDT, azinphos‐methyl and carbaryl. Resistance to DDT in one strain was demonstrated by the topical application test method. By means of a continuous‐exposure toxicological test, which is described, no evidence of resistance to azinphos methyl or carbaryl was found in any of the populations tested.
THE USE OF HEAT FOR THE RECOVERY OF POTATO TUBER MOTH LARVAE FROM FOLIAGE
Authors: Wearne G. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn extraction apparatus for removing larvae of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from potato foliage is described. Heated air is forced over foliage samples driving larvae from their mines as the plant material slowly desiccates.
THE POPULATION OF A LARGE MOUND OF NASUTITERMES EXITIOSUS (HILL) (ISOPTERA: TERMITIDAE)
Authors: Gay F. J. , Wetherly A. H. 
Published: April 2007

iMore than 2.5 million termites, weighing 11.05 kg, were obtained from a mound colony of Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill). Because of the unusually large size of the colony examined, and the favourable conditions that were experienced for extracting the termites, it is thought that this figure is close to the upper limit of nest population attained by this termite.
AN ABERRANT FORM OF TRAPEZITES MAHETA PRAXEDES (PLÖTZ) (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) FROM NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Sibatani A. 
Published: April 2007

iA specimen from New South Wales identified as an aberrant form of Trapezites maheta praxedes (Plötz) is reported. Its maculation deviates from the basic pattern of Trapezitinae and indicates a certain homology in the marking of fore‐ and hindwings.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN MOSQUITO SPECIES UNDER SEVERE DROUGHT CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTHERN WIMMERA OF VICTORIA
Authors: Edmonds J. W. , Gocs A. 
Published: April 2007

iDuring severe drought in the southern Wimmera, mosquito occurrence was severely restricted or stopped at all sites except permanent springs. Salting of creeks and trampling of dam margins by stock appeared to play a significant role.
THE MYCETOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) OF AUSTRALIA PART 1. INTRODUCTION, KEY TO SUBFAMILIES, AND REVIEW OF DITOMYIINAE
Authors: Colless Donald H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFollowing a brief introduction to the family Mycetophilidae in Australia, and keys to its subfamilies, the Ditomyiinae are reviewed. Seven species of Australosymmerus Freeman are described, six of them new, while the new genus Crionisca is erected to accommodate one known species and one new. Australosymmerus is confirmed as an “Antarctic” genus, found also in South America and New Zealand, with the Australian species apparently more closely resembling those of the former area. Crionisca seems to be endemic.
THE SCENOPINIDAE (DIPTERA) OF AUSTRALIA; INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF ONE NEW GENUS AND SIX NEW SPECIES†
Authors: Kelsey L. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Scenopinidae of Australia are reviewed and keys provided for the 7 genera and 31 species including the new genus Paramonova and 6 new species, Scenopinus brittoni, Riekiella rossi, Paramonova brevipalpa, P. emarginata, Neopseudatrichia inglewoodi and N. monteithi. Six species of Riekiella Paramonov, R. collessi Kelsey, R. complexa Kelsey, R. dycei Kelsey, R. quadrifida Kelsey, R. taylori Kelsey and R. uncata Kelsey, are transferred to the genus Paramonova and Scenopinus bolgarti Kelsey to Riekiella.
NOTES ON THE NESTS AND PREY OF AUSTRALIAN WASPS OF THE GENUS CERCERIS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: Evans Howard E. , Matthews Robert W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSome aspects of the nesting behaviour of four species of Cerceris occurring in eastern Australia are described. The species are C. australis Smith, C. opposita Smith, C. antipodes Smith, and C. minuscula Turner. The first is a predator on scarab beetles, while the second two prey on Chrysomelidae. There is evidence that at least two species overwinter as adults in burrows dug in autumn, and some inconclusive evidence of subsociality in C. antipodes.
APPLICATION OF THE INFLATED POISSON DISTRIBUTION TO EGGS PER FLORET OF CLOVER SEED MOTH COLEOPHORA ALCYONIPENNELLA KOLLAR
Authors: Grassia A. , Hardy R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSome properties of the Inflated Poisson distribution are discussed and the types of problems to which it could be usefully employed are outlined. The distribution is fitted to data on the number of eggs per floret of the clover seed moth, Coleophora alycyonipennella Kollar and shown to give a better fit than the simple Poisson and the Negative Binomial distributions based on x2 values from data for the period of greatest vegetative growth in the early summer of 1966–1967.
THE NYMPH OF EUNOTOPERLA AND FAMILY ASSIGNMENT OF THE GENUS (INSECTA: PLECOPTERA: GRIPOPTERYGIDAE)
Authors: Riek* E. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe nymph of Eunotoperla Tillyard confirms the original assignment of the genus to the Gripopterygidae. A key to the nymphs and adults of the described Australian genera of the Gripopterygidae is presented.
THE COMPLEX OF THYSANOPTERA IN ROLLED LEAF GALLS ON GEIJERA
Authors: Mound* L. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTen closely related species are recorded from rolled leaf galls of Geijera in northern N. S. W. and southern Queensland. The genera and species discussed are Choleothrips geijerae Moulton, C. percnus sp. n., Moultonides geijerae (Moulton), Sacothrips bicolor Moulton, S. catheter sp. n., S. corycidis sp. n., S. galbus sp. n., S. ingens sp. n., S. mantoideus (Girault) comb. n. and S. milvus sp. n. These species are placed in three preexisting nominal genera which are also re‐defined. Keys are provided to these genera and species, and their relationships are discussed.
STATUS AND SYNONYMY OF THE GENUS CRASPEDOCHAETA CZERNY (DIPTERA: CLUSIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine* David K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReasons are given for considering Craspedochaeta Czerny to be a valid generic name and Czernyola Bezzi, Tonnoiria Malloch, and Chaetoczernyola Soós to be invalid junior synonyms, in contrast to the opinions of certain recent authors. Chaetoczernyola is a new synonym of Craspedochaeta.
THE EXOTIC DRYWOOD TERMITE CRYPTOTERMES BREVIS (WALKER) (ISOPTERA: KALOTERMITIDAE) AND ENDEMIC AUSTRALIAN DRYWOOD TERMITES IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Heather* N. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe important exotic drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) was found in 1966 to have become established in Maryborough, Queensland. Survey and eradication work has been complicated by the widespread occurrence of the endemic drywood termite, Cryptotermes primus Hill. Findings made on C. brevis during survey work are discussed, together with relevant data on the distribution and biology of three endemic species.
FIELD NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HEMITHYNNUS HYALINATUS (HYMENOPTERA: TIPHIIDAE) AS A PARASITE OF SCARABAEIDS ON THE NEW ENGLAND TABLELANDS†
Authors: Smith* T. J. Ridsdill 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Hemithynmus, hyalinatus Westwood, a wasp parasite of scarabaeid larvae in the New England Tablelands area, is associated with persistent populations of its potential host species which have a discontinuous distribution in the area. Of the larger insects in the soil sampled at one field site from 1964–1968, 77% were Scarabaeidae, 15% Thynninae, 7% predators and 1% hyperparasites. Wasp mortality in the field was only measured for stages in the cocoon; of these 5% were killed by a rhipiphorid and 12% were diseased. The depth of the cocoon affected its susceptibility to attack. The observations suggest that the numbers of H. hyalinatus may be related to the density of the host. However, there is no evidence that the parasites exert an important controlling influence on scarabaeid populations.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EGGS OF BDELLODES LAPIDARIA (ACARI: BDELLIDAE)
Authors: Wallace M. M. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEggs laid by Bdellodes lapidaria Kramer (Acari: Bdellidae) are always in diapause to some degree, with incubation periods at 16 C ranging from 4 to 30 weeks. Diapause development proceeds in dry and moist eggs at constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 38 C, but most rapidly at 30°C, at which temperature 4–8 weeks’ exposure is sufficient to ensure that a high proportion of the eggs hatch within five weeks when subsequently moistened at 16°C. Morphogenesis in moist eggs ceases at about 23°C and all eggs are killed after one week at 50°C. Harmful effects are evident following prolonged exposure to temperatures above 32°C. Dry eggs can toierate higher temperatures.
POLYTYPIC SPECIES OF SPORE‐FEEDING THYSANOPTERA IN THE GENUS ALLOTHRIPS HOOD (PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE)
Authors: Mound L. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour species and sixteen subspecies of the genus Allothrips are recognised and a key provided. The megacephalus series of forms from North America show a gradient in structure between Illinois and Mexico, with one subspecies in Southern Florida. Three new subspecies of megacephalus Hood are described from Australia apparently introduced from Mexico or California; these are m. greensladei, m. prolixus, and m. stannardi. The Indian and African Allothrips are here regarded as subspecies of pillichellus (Priesner). One new subspecies, p. bournieri, is described from France and Spain, and two forms from America are regarded as introduced subspecies of pillichellus from Europe and India. The following nomenclatural changes are made: A. megacephalus acutus Stannard ssp. comb.n.; A. megacephalus mexicanus Stannard ssp. comb. n.; A. megacephalus watsoni Hood stat. n.; A. pillichelus acaciae Faure stat. n.; A. pillichellus africanus Faure stat. n.; A. pillichellus aureus Stannard stat. n.; A. pillichellus bicolor Ananthakrishnan stat. n.; A. pillichellus biminianus Stannard ssp. comb. n.; A. pillichellus indicus Ananthakrishnan stat. n.; A. pillichellus montanus Ananthakrishnan stat. n.; Allidothrips cinctus (Faure) comb. n.
STETHORUS LOXTONI SP. N. (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) A NEWLY‐DISCOVERED PREDATOR OF THE TWO‐SPOTTED MITE
Authors: Britton E. B. , Lee Betty 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Stethorus loxtoni sp. n., a predator on Tetranychus urticae (Koch), is described and the Australian species of Stethorus are reviewed.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS NOTONOPHES SLOANE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: AMYCTERINAE)
Authors: Baker F. H. Uther 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRevision recognizes six species including two described as new (Notonophes gascoynensis and N. hirsutina). Notonophes angulicollis Lea and N. hystricosus Boheman are removed from the genus.
THE TRIBE CTENOCERATINI IN AUSTRALIA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)
Authors: Evans Howard E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe pompilid tribe Ctenoceratini (Pompilidae, Pepsinae) is reported from Australia for the first time. The genus Maurillus Smith is properly included in this tribe, and the type species, australis Smith, is here redescribed. Also included are three new genera: Apoclavelia, based on A. aganippeae sp. n. (Western Australia); Austroclavelia, based on A. venator sp. n. (South Australia); and Cteniziphontes, with Calopompilus protervus Turner as type‐species and also including C. ornatus sp. n. (both Western Australia). Members of the last three genera have been reared from the nests of trap‐door spiders.
A REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN GENUS ODONTOTHRIPIELLA BAGNALI, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOURTEEN NEW SPECIES (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Pitkin Brian R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe uniquely Australian genus Odontothripiella is redefined and fourteen new species are described. The monobasic genus Odontothripoides Bagnall is regarded as a synonym and consequently Odontothripiella, morisoni (Bagnall) represents a new combination. O., bispinest (Bagnall) which is based on a single female, is regarded as an aberration of australis (Bagnall). A key is provided to the seventeen species (and bispinosa); the females of five species cannot at present be distinguished from those of australis. Two species are known from males only, two species and bispinosa are known from females only, and one species exhibits sexual dimorphism.
A SYNOPSIS OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE AUSTRALIAN BUSHFLY (MUSCA VETUSTISSIMA WALKER)
Authors: Hughes R. D. , Greenham P. M. , Tyndale‐Biscoe M. , Walker J. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObservations on the biology of the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages of the bushfly are presented. Many major physiological and behavioural responses and the survival of individuals seem to depend on the temperature and moisture conditions of the environment, and on the quality of animal dung available as food for the larvae. The seasonal distribution of bushfly in Australia seems to be determined directly by this dependence. Temporarily unfavourable areas are apparently repopulated by long distance displacement of adults. No diapausing or other stage resistant to adverse conditions, is known.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TIME OF THE CREPUSCULAR MATING FLIGHT AND DURATION OF MATING OF THE MOTH ONCOPERA ALBOGUTTATA TINDALE (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE)
Authors: VAN Gerwen A. C. M. , Browne L. Barton , Hoo C. F. Soo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractField observations were made on a large population of Oncopera alboguttata at Ebor N.S.W. in order to investigate factors affecting the timing of the crepuscular mating flight and the duration of mating. The onset of the female flight lags about 10–14 minutes behind that of the male flight. The already flying males do not stimulate females to take‐off and their presence therefore does not influence the timing of the female flight. The median time of take‐off for either sex is influenced by differences in cloud cover but is less affected than would be expected if light intensity were the sole determinant of take‐off time. The time at which the first males take to flight is more closely related to light intensity.Mating durations varied from 5–35 minutes. Those pairs which began mating in the early part of the flight period mated for longer than those which paired later in the flight period. This behaviour has the effect of keeping already mated females from taking flight while the male flight is continuing.
SCALE INSECTS (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) ON MACADAMIA
Authors: Williams* D. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAmong some scale insects studied recently from macadamia, Lepidosaphes macella is described as new from New South Wales. Lepidosaphes macadamiae, Pseudaulacaspis brimblecombei and Eriococcus ironsidei are new species from Queensland and are described. The last species is reported as doing severe damage to macadamia by twisting leaves and racemes. A list is given of the scale insects recorded on macadamia throughout the world.
THE BIOLOGY OF FRAUS SIMULANS WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE)
Authors: Hardy* R. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Fraus simulans Walker a univoltine hepialid, is a native of south‐eastern Australia and inhabits most pastoral areas of Tasmania. The adults are crepuscular and fly in late March and early April. The females mate before flying and each lays about 400 eggs. Laboratory studies indicated that the egg stage which lasts about 35 days at 15d̀C is capable of with‐standing the normal range of temperature and moisture experienced in the field in Tasmania in the autumn. The larvae inhabit vertical tunnel in the soil and emerge at night to feed on the foliage of herbaceous plants, particularly grasses. Food consumption appears to be greatest during the period September to December. Pupae are present in February and March. Parasites and predators appear to be few and it is concluded that climatic factors may have a major influence in determining the abundance of F. simulans.