bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intradermal tests as an aid to the diagnosis of skin disease in dogs*
Authors: BAKER K. P. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe diagnosis and treatment of skin disease form a major part of the small animal practitioner's work. A significant number of cases will be allergic in nature and may present difficulties in diagnosis. In man, skin testing for allergy is an established aid to diagnosis, but has been little used by the small animal veterinarian; published results are few. This paper is a preliminary report of the results of skin tests using allergens on normal and allergic dogs. It is considered that the method is of value as an aid to the diagnosis of flea hypersensitivity, but that the preliminary results using other allergens are inconclusive.Résumé. Le diagnostic et le traitement de dermatoses constituent une partie importante du travail du vétérinaire spécialisé dans le traitement d'animaux domestiques. De par la nature allergique d'un nombre considérable de cas, leur diagnostic peut poser des problèmes. Chez l'homme, les essais dermiques pour déterminer l'allergie sont reconnus comme facilitant le diagnostic; les vétérinaires, toutefois, n'y ont pas souvent recours et rares sont les résultats publiés dans ce domaine. Cette communication est un rapport préliminaire des résultats qu'ont fournis les essais dermiques en usant des allergènes chez des chiens normaux et ailergiques. On estime que la méthode a de la valeur en ce sens qu'elle aide à établir le diagnostic de l'hypersensibilité aux puce, mais que les résultats préliminaires avec d'autres allergènes sont peu concluants.Zusammenfassung. Die Diagnose und die Behandlung von Hautkrankheiten stellen einen grossen Teil der Arbeit des praktkchen Tierarztes dar. Eine nicht unbedeutende Zahl von Fällen wird allergischer Natur sein und kann diagnostische Schwierigkeiten bieten. Beim Menschen ist die Prüfung der allergischen Reaktion der Haut ein anerkanntes Mittel der Diagnose, das jedoch in der tierärztlichen Praxis wenig angewendet wurde, und auch Veröffentlichungen über die Ergebnisse sind selten. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist ein vorläufiger Bericht über die Ergebnisse von Hauttests unter Verwendung von Allergenen an normalen und allergischen Hunden. Man darf annehmen, dass die Methode einen Wert als diagnostisches Hilfsmittel im Falle der Überempfindlichkeit gegen Flöhe besitzt, dass die vorläufigen Ergebnisse der Verwendung anderer Allergene aber nicht eindeutig sind.
The value of plasma corticosteroid assays in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease in the dog
Authors: HALLIWELL R. E. W. , SCHWARTZMAN R. M. , HOPKINS L. , McEVOY D. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe value of measurements of plasma corticosteroids in the resting state and following dexamethasone suppression and adrenocorticotrophin stimulation in the differential diagnosis of canine Cushing's disease has been studied. Resting plasma levels appear to be rarely of value. An overnight dexamethasone suppression test depresses plasma levels below 5 μg/100 ml in normal but not in Cushing dogs. Marked increase in plasma levels occurs in Cushing dogs following sub‐optimal adrenocorticotrophin stimulation but not in normal dogs. A comparison of a fluorimetric and a competitive protein binding method for the assay of dog plasma corticosteroids has been made.Résumé. Les auteurs ont étudié l'importance des mesures de corticostéroïdes dans le plasma au repos et après la suppression de dexaméthasone et la stimulation adrénocorticotrophine pendant le diagnostic différentiel de la maladie de Gushing chez le chien. Les niveaux de plasma au repos ne semblent avoir de la valeur que dans un rare nombre de cas. Ghez les chiens normaux, mais non pas chez les chiens atteints de la maladie de Gushing, un essai d'un jour pour la suppression de dexaméthasone fait passer les niveaux de plasma au‐dessous de 5 μg/100 ml. On assiste à une hausse prononcée des niveaux de plasma chez les chiens atteints de la maladie de Gushing à la suite d'une stimulation adrénocorticotrophine sous‐optimale, mais non pas chez les chiens normaw. Pour évaluer les corticostérodïes dans le plasma du chien on a fait la comparaison de la méthode fluorimétrique et de la méthode “de la concurrence de fixation” par les protéides.Zusammenfassung. Der Wert der Messungen von Plasmacorticosteroiden im Ruhezustand und der folgenden Dexamethasonsuppression und der Adrenocorticotrophinstimulation in der Differentialdiagnose des Gushing‐Syndroms des Hundes wurde untersucht. Die Ruhestands‐Plasmawerte scheinen selten von Bedeutung. Ein über Nacht durchgeführter Dexametha‐sonsuppressionstest senkt die Plasmawerte beim normalen, aber nicht beim Gushing‐Hund unter 5 μg/100 ml. Eine deutliche Erhöhung der Plasmakonzentrationen tritt bei Gushing‐Hunden nach suboptimaler Adrenocorticotrophinstimulation, nicht aber bei normalen Hunden auf. Ein Vergleich einer fluorimetrischen und einer kompetitiven Proteinbindungsmethode für die Untersuchung von Hundeplasmacorticosteroiden wurde vorgenommen.
Laboratory and Outdoor Assessment of UV Protection Offered by Flax and Hemp Fabrics Dyed with Natural Dyes
Authors: Grifoni Daniele , Bacci Laura , Zipoli Gaetano , Carreras Giulia , Baronti Silvia , Sabatini Francesco 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe safest protection from UV radiation (UVR) exposure is offered by clothing and its protectiveness depends on fabric composition (natural, artificial or synthetic fibers), fabric parameters (porosity, weight and thickness) and dyeing (natural or synthetic dyes, dye concentration, UV absorbing properties, etc.). In this study the UV protection properties of two fabrics made of natural fibers (flax and hemp) dyed with some of the most common natural dyes were investigated. UVR transmittance of fabrics was measured by two methods: one based on the utilization of a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (in vitro test), and the other based on outdoor measurements taken by a spectroradiometer. Transmittance measurements were used to calculate the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). Experimental results revealed that natural dyes could confer good UV protection, depending mainly on their different UVR‐absorbing properties, provided that the fabric construction already guaranteed good cover. An increase in cover factor caused by the dyeing process was also detected. Weld‐dyed fabrics gave the highest protection level. The comparison between the two methods applied to measure fabric transmittance pointed out that the UPFs calculated by in vitro measurements were generally lower than those based on outdoor data, indicating an underestimation of the actual protection level of tested fabrics assessed by the in vitro test.
Quantification of the Effect of Nonphotochemical Quenching on the Determination of In Vivo Chl a from Phytoplankton Along the Water Column of a Freshwater Reservoir
Authors: Serra Teresa , Borrego Carles , Quintana Xavier , Calderer Lluís , López Rocío , Colomer Jordi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a well‐known collection of different photoprotective mechanisms of plants and algae to avoid photodamage under an excess of light energy. In order to evaluate the overall effect of NPQ processes on the fluorometric determination of in vivo Chl a from a phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms, we compared the results obtained by two different fluorometric field devices with the total concentration of extracted Chl a measured by HPLC (in vitro Chl a). A different set of measurements were made to assess the performance of these fluorometers at high, moderate and low irradiance conditions. The Fbbe fluorometer, which is capable of distinguishing different algal groups according to their pigment content, allowed a better determination of in vivo Chl a under high irradiance conditions, with only a 10% mean difference from the in vitro Chl a concentration. In turn, the FMII fluorometer underestimated by as much as 50% the in vitro Chl a concentration under the same light conditions. As data from both fluorometers were in accordance with the in vitro Chl a values at moderate irradiance levels, the differences observed at high irradiances were attributed to the decrease in the yield of Chl a fluorescence caused by photoprotective NPQ processes. Accordingly, we estimated the effect of NPQ processes on the in vivo Chl a determination and the results allow us to provide an equation to correct this effect when in situ fluorometric measurements are carried out under high irradiance regimes. Our results demonstrate that under certain circumstances NPQ seriously compromises the results obtained by in situ fluorometric probes and highlight the need for a cautious interpretation of field data under such environmental conditions.
Safety and Efficacy of Enfuvirtide in Combination with Darunavir-Ritonavir and an Optimized Background Regimen in Treatment-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients: the Below the Level of Quantification Study
Authors: DeJesus Edwin , Gottlieb Michael S. , Gathe Joseph C. , Greenberg Michael L. , Guittari Carol Jean , Zolopa Andrew R. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Enfuvirtide is the first fusion and entry inhibitor approved for use for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection and as such represents a novel class of agents. For the population of patients experienced with three antiretroviral classes, enfuvirtide provides an additional option for treatment. This prospective, open-label, 24-week, single-arm trial assessed the efficacy and safety of enfuvirtide (90 mg injected subcutaneously twice daily) in combination with darunavir-ritonavir (600/100 mg administered orally twice daily) in triple-antiretroviral-class-experienced adults failing their current regimen. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of participants with plasma HIV RNA loads of <50 copies/ml. Other virological and immunological measures were also evaluated, as were the effects of the baseline viral coreceptor tropism and darunavir phenotype sensitivity scores on the outcomes. At week 24, 60.3%, 72.5%, and 84.0% of 131 participants achieved viral loads of <50 copies/ml and <400 copies/ml and a change from the baseline load of ≥1 log
10
copies/ml, respectively. A baseline viral load of ≤5 log
10
copies/ml was a significant predictor of achieving a viral load of <50 copies/ml at 24 weeks; however, neither background genotype sensitivity nor darunavir phenotype sensitivity was a significant predictor of the achievement of viral loads of <50 copies/ml. Although these findings are limited by the relatively small numbers of participants with darunavir susceptibility changes of ≥10-fold, they suggest that combining enfuvirtide and darunavir-ritonavir with an optimized background regimen in triple-class experienced participants naïve to these agents can result in positive virological and immunological responses regardless of most baseline parameters.
Antifungal Activities of Human Beta-Defensins HBD-1 to HBD-3 and Their C-Terminal Analogs Phd1 to Phd3
Authors: Krishnakumari Viswanatha , Rangaraj Nandini , Nagaraj Ramakrishnan 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe activities of defensins HBD-1, HBD-2, and HBD-3 and their C-terminal analogs Phd1, Phd2, and Phd3 againstCandida albicanswere investigated. Phd1 to Phd3 showed lower-level activities than HBD-1 to HBD-3, although metabolic inhibitors did not render Phd1 to Phd3 inactive. Their activities were also less salt sensitive than those of HBD-1 to HBD-3. Confocal microscope images indicated that the initial site of action was the fungal membrane.
Piperacillin-Tazobactam Penetration into Human Pancreatic Juice
Authors: Bertazzoni Minelli Elisa , Benini Anna , Franco Luigina , Bassi Claudio , Pederzoli Paolo 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Piperacillin-tazobactam was administered as a single dose (4.5 g intravenous) to five patients with stabilized external pancreatic fistula. The penetration into pancreatic juice was prompt, and inhibitory concentrations were achieved and maintained for different periods (0.5 to 6 h) according to bacterial susceptibility and patients' characteristics. Piperacillin and tazobactam showed superimposable pharmacokinetics in both serum and pancreatic juice.
Plasmodium vivaxResistance to Chloroquine in Madagascar: Clinical Efficacy and Polymorphisms inpvmdr1andpvcrt-oGenes
Authors: Barnadas Céline , Ratsimbasoa Arsène , Tichit Magali , Bouchier Christiane , Jahevitra Martial , Picot Stéphane , Ménard Didier 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTNo data were available concerningPlasmodium vivaxresistance to chloroquine (CQ) in Madagascar. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of CQ inP. vivaxmalaria, the prevalence of mutations in thepvcrt-oandpvmdr1genes before treatment, and the association between mutant parasites and the clinical response of the patients to CQ treatment. Clinical isolates were collected at six sentinel sites located in the three epidemiological strata for malaria throughout Madagascar in 2006. Patients were enrolled, treated, and followed up according to the WHO 2001 guidelines forP. vivaxinfections. Sequencing was used to analyze polymorphisms of thepvcrt-o(exons 1 to 6) andpvmdr1genes. The treatment failure rate, after adjustment for genotyping, was estimated at 5.1% for the 105 patients included, ranging from zero in the South to 14.8% in the foothills of the Central Highlands. All samples were wild type forpvcrt-obut mutant for thepvmdr1gene. Ten nonsynonymous mutations were found in thepvmdr1gene, including five new mutations, four of which were present at low frequencies (1.3% to 7.5%) while the S513R mutation was present at a much higher frequency (96.3%). The other five mutations, including Y976F, had been described before and had frequencies of 97.8% to 100%. Our findings suggest that CQ-resistantP. vivaxisolates are present in Madagascar, particularly in the foothills of the Central Highlands. The 976Ypvmdr1mutation was found not to be useful for monitoring CQ resistance. Further efforts are required to develop suitable tools for monitoring drug resistance inP. vivaxmalaria.
Tet 42, a Novel Tetracycline Resistance Determinant Isolated from Deep Terrestrial Subsurface Bacteria
Authors: Brown Mindy G. , Mitchell Elizabeth H. , Balkwill David L. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Tet 42, a novel tetracycline resistance determinant from deep subsurface bacteria, was characterized and found to have a 30% sequence similarity to TetA(Z). The protein is a putative efflux pump that shares characteristics with previously characterized pumps, including a divergently transcribed TetR repressor, a conserved GxxSDRxGRR motif, and transmembrane domains.
Protection of Wild-Type and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice against an Intranasal Challenge by Passive Immunization with Monoclonal Antibodies to theChlamydia trachomatisMouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein
Authors: Pal Sukumar , Bravo Jose , Peterson Ellena M. , de la Maza Luis M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTMonoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to theChlamydia trachomatismouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP) were characterized for their ability to neutralize the infectivity of this organism in vitro and in vivo. One of the MAbs (MoPn-23) recognizes a nonlinear epitope in the MOMP, MAb MoPn-40 binds to a linear epitope in the variable domain 1 (VD1), and MAb MoPn-32 recognizes the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. MAb MoPn-23 neutralized 50% of the infectivity ofChlamydia, as measured in vitro by using HAK (FcγIII−) and HeLa-229 (FcγIII+) cells at a concentration 100 times lower than MAb MoPn-40. MAb MoPn-32 had no neutralizing ability. In comparison to the control normal mouse immunoglobulin G, passive immunization of BALB/c mice with MAb MoPn-23 resulted in a highly significant protection against an intranasal (i.n.) challenge as determined by the change in body weight, the weight of the lungs, and the yield ofChlamydiainclusion-forming units (IFU) from the lungs. Passive immunization with MAb MoPn-40 resulted in a lower degree of protection, and MAb MoPn-32 afforded no protection. MAb MoPn-23 was also tested for its ability to protect wild-type (WT) and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) C.B-17 mice against an i.n. challenge. Protection based on total body weight, lung weight, and yield ofChlamydiaIFU was as effective in SCID as in WT C.B-17 mice. In conclusion, antibodies to MOMP can protect mice against a chlamydial infection in the presence or absence of T and B cells.
Vibrio choleraeFlagellins Induce Toll-Like Receptor 5-Mediated Interleukin-8 Production through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and NF-κB Activation
Authors: Harrison Lisa M. , Rallabhandi Prasad , Michalski Jane , Zhou Xin , Steyert Susan R. , Vogel Stefanie N. , Kaper James B. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTVaccine reactogenicity has complicated the development of safe and effective live, oral cholera vaccines. Δctx Vibrio choleraemutants have been shown to induce inflammatory diarrhea in volunteers and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Bacterial flagellins are known to induce IL-8 production through Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Since theV. choleraegenome encodes five distinct flagellin proteins, FlaA to FlaE, with homology to conserved TLR5 recognition regions ofSalmonellaFliC, we hypothesized thatV. choleraeflagellins may contribute to IL-8 induction through TLR5 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Each purified recombinantV. choleraeflagellin induced IL-8 production in T84 intestinal epithelial cells and also induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in HEK293T/TLR5 transfectants, which was blocked by cotransfection with a TLR5 dominant-negative construct, demonstrating TLR5 specificity. Supernatants derived from ΔflaACand ΔflaEDBmutants induced IL-8 production in HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells and in HEK293T cells overexpressing TLR5, whereas ΔflaABCDEsupernatants induced significantly less IL-8 production, demonstrating the contribution of multiple flagellins in IL-8 induction. NF-κB activation by ΔflaABCDEsupernatants was partially restored byflaAorflaACcomplementation. Western analysis confirmed the presence ofV. choleraeflagellins in culture supernatants. Purified recombinantV. choleraeFlaA activated the MAPKs p38, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in T84 cells. FlaA-induced IL-8 production in T84 cells was inhibited by the p38 inhibitor in combination with either the JNK or ERK inhibitors. Collectively, these data suggest thatV. choleraeflagellins are present in culture supernatants and can induce TLR5- and MAPK-dependent IL-8 secretion in host cells.
Lazy and speculative execution in computer systems
Authors: Lampson Butler W. 
Published: September 2008

The distinction between lazy and eager (or strict) evaluation has been studied in programming languages since Algol 60's call by name, as a way to avoid unnecessary work and to deal gracefully with infinite structures such as streams. It is deeply integrated in some languages, notably Haskell, and can be simulated in many languages by wrapping a lazy expression in a lambda. Less well studied is the role of laziness, and its opposite, speculation, in computer systems, both hardware and software. A wide range of techniques can be understood as applications of these two ideas. Laziness is the idea behind:
Redo logging for maintaining persistent state and replicated state machines: the log represents the current state, but it is evaluated only after a failure or to bring a replica online.
Copy-on-write schemes for maintaining multiple versions of a large, slowly changing state, usually in a database or file system.
Write buffers and writeback caches in memory and file systems, which are lazy about updating the main store.
Relaxed memory models and eventual consistency replication schemes (which require weakening the spec).
Clipping regions and expose events in graphics and window systems.
Carry-save adders, which defer propagating carries until a clean result is needed.
"Infinity" and "Not a number" results of floating point operations.
Futures (in programming) and out of order execution (in CPUs), which launch a computation but are lazy about consuming the result. Dataflow is a generalization.
"Formatting operators" in text editors, which apply properties such as "italic" to large regions of text by attaching a sequence of functions that compute the properties; the functions are not evaluated until the text needs to be displayed.
Stream processing in database queries, Unix pipes, etc., which conceptually applies operators to unbounded sequences of data, but rearranges the computation when possible to apply a sequence of operators to each data item in turn. Speculation is the idea behind:
Optimistic concurrency control in databases, and more recently in transactional memory
Prefetching in memory and file systems.
Branch prediction, and speculative execution in general in modern CPUs.
Data speculation, which works especially well when the data is cached but might be updated by a concurrent process. This is a form of optimistic concurrency control.
Exponential backoff schemes for scheduling a resource, most notably in LANs such as WiFi or classical Ethernet.
All forms of caching, which speculate that it's worth filling up some memory with data in the hope that it will be used again. In both cases it is usual to insist that the laziness or speculation is strictly a matter of scheduling that doesn't affect the result of a computation but only improves the performance. Sometimes, however, the spec is weakened, for example in eventual consistency. I will discuss many of these examples in detail and examine what they have in common, how they differ, and what factors govern the effectiveness of laziness and speculation in computer systems.