bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image reconstruction in SNR units: A general method for SNR measurement†
Authors: Kellman Peter , McVeigh Elliot R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe method for phased array image reconstruction of uniform noise images may be used in conjunction with proper image scaling as a means of reconstructing images directly in SNR units. This facilitates accurate and precise SNR measurement on a per pixel basis. This method is applicable to root‐sum‐of‐squares magnitude combining, B1‐weighted combining, and parallel imaging such as SENSE. A procedure for image reconstruction and scaling is presented, and the method for SNR measurement is validated with phantom data. Alternative methods that rely on noise only regions are not appropriate for parallel imaging where the noise level is highly variable across the field‐of‐view. The purpose of this article is to provide a nuts and bolts procedure for calculating scale factors used for reconstructing images directly in SNR units. The procedure includes scaling for noise equivalent bandwidth of digital receivers, FFTs and associated window functions (raw data filters), and array combining. Magn Reson Med, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amelioration of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice by oral immune regulation towards liver‐extracted proteins is associated with elevated intrahepatic NKT lymphocytes and serum IL‐10 levels
Authors: Elinav Eran , Pappo Orit , Sklair‐Levy Miriam , Margalit Maya , Shibolet Oren , Gomori Moshe , Alper Roslana , Thalenfeld Barbara , Engelhardt Dean , Rabbani Elazar , Ilan Yaron 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNon‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis in the Western world. In an animal model of NASH, leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice present with alterations in number and function of hepatic NKT and peripheral CD4 lymphocytes. Oral immune regulation is a method to alter the immune response towards orally administered antigens. To determine the effect of oral immune regulation towards liver‐extracted proteins on the metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice, ob/ob mice and their lean littermates were orally administered liver extracts from wild‐type or ob/ob mice or bovine serum albumin for 1 month. The effect of treatment on hepatic fat content was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and using a histological steatohepatitis grading scale. Glucose tolerance was measured by an oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). T lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Induction of immune regulation by oral presentation of liver‐extracted proteins resulted in a significant 18% reduction of the hepatic fat content in ob/ob mice fed with either wild‐type or ob/ob liver extracts for 1 month. The MRI signal intensity index in treated mice decreased to 0.48 and 0.51, respectively, compared with 0.62 in BSA‐fed controls (p = 0.037 and p = 0.019, respectively), while the histological steatohepatitis score decreased in both treated groups to 2.0, compared with 2.4 in BSA‐fed controls (p = 0.05). A significant improvement in GTT was noted in treated ob/ob mice. These changes were accompanied by a marked increase in the intrahepatic NKT lymphocyte population in mice fed with proteins extracted from both wild‐type and ob/ob mice (46.96% and 56.72%, respectively, compared with 26.21% in BSA‐fed controls; p < 0.05) and a significant elevation in serum IL‐10 levels. Oral immune regulation towards liver extracted proteins in leptin‐deficient mice resulted in a marked reduction in hepatic fat content and improved glucose tolerance. This effect was associated with a significant increase in the intrahepatic NKT lymphocyte population and serum IL‐10 levels, suggesting a Th1 to Th2 immune shift. Immune regulation towards disease‐associated antigens holds promise as a new mode of therapy for NASH. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhabdomyosarcomas utilize developmental, myogenic growth factors for disease advantage: A report from the children's oncology group
Authors: Blandford Mary C. , Barr Frederic G. , Lynch James C. , Randall R.L. , Qualman Stephen J. , Keller Charles 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundUnresectable or metastatic disease represents the greatest obstacle to cure for children with rhabdomyosarcoma. In this study we sought to identify gene expression signatures of advanced stage and progressive disease.ProcedureUsing oligonucleotide gene expression analysis for a focused set of 60 genes, we analyzed the myogenic expression profiles of 89 rhabdomyosarcomas from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study‐IV.ResultsWhile the expression profile of rhabdomyosarcomas closely paralleled gene expression profiles of normal embryonic myogenic progenitors, growth factors were most closely associated with disease progression. Specifically, we identified platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and insulin‐like growth factor as strongly correlated with decreased failure‐free survival. Real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) of an independent data set suggested that autocrine growth signaling, if present, is not regulated in a simple manner at the transcriptional level.ConclusionsIncreased transcriptional levels of PDGF receptors and insulin‐like growth factor are associated with decreased survival in rhabdomyosarcomas. Dual blockade of these growth‐factor‐signaling pathways may be a valuable strategy in preclinical therapeutic studies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Jaing Tang‐Her , Tsay Pei‐Kwei , Hung Iou‐Jih , Chiu Cheng‐Hsun , Yang Chao‐Ping , Huang I‐Anne 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe outcome of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is classified as acute or chronic depending on whether platelet count returns to normal. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection increases with age and is independent of gender. We investigated the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Chinese children from Northern Taiwan and analyzed the association between H. pylori infection and acute ITP. Our prospective cohort studies found no statistically significant relation between H. pylori infection and acute ITP. There is therefore no indication to screen children with presumed acute ITP for H. pylori infection. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inherited predispositions and hyperactive Ras in myeloid leukemogenesis
Authors: Lauchle Jennifer O. , Braun Benjamin S. , Loh Mignon L. , Shannon Kevin 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIdentifying the molecular basis for inherited cancer predispositions reveals genes that when mutated, play a critical role in the earliest stages of tumorigenesis. Although rare, inherited predispositions to myeloid leukemias have led to a greater understanding of pathways important for myeloid proliferation and maturation. In particular, elucidating why children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Noonan syndrome (NS) are predisposed to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) has uncovered a critical role of hyperactive Ras signaling in normal myeloid growth and leukemogenesis. Here, we review studies of human samples and experiments performed in genetically engineered strains of mice investigating the molecular and biochemical basis of aberrant growth in JMML. These strains model human disease features and provide an opportunity to investigate novel therapeutic strategies that may ultimately cure JMML and other myeloid malignancies characterized by hyperactive Ras. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early blood transfusions protect against microalbuminuria in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Alvarez Ofelia , Montane Brenda , Lopez Gabriela , Wilkinson James , Miller Tracie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundMicroalbuminuria (MA) is an early indicator for glomerulopathy in sickle cell disease (SCD).ProcedureWe reviewed the medical records of asymptomatic patients ages 4–20 with sickle hemoglobinopathies, who were screened for MA in order to find out its prevalence and risk factors.ResultsNineteen of 120 (15.8%) screened patients had MA detected by spot urine (mean albumin absolute value 6.95 ± 0.56 mg/dl) and abnormal albumin to creatinine ratios (79.8 ± 0.62 mg/g creatinine). Twenty four‐hour urine collections confirmed 57% of MA cases by spot urine. There was no difference in hyperfiltration between positive and negative patients. From the MA‐positive patients, 15 had SS (16.8% of SS group) and 4 had SC (18% of SC group). Nineteen percent of children 10 years of age or older had MA, as compared to 8% of the younger children (P = 0.018), demonstrating that increasing age is a risk factor for MA. There was a positive correlation between MA and acute chest syndrome. Young age at start of chronic transfusions was inversely related to MA and therefore renoprotective (P = 0.03). We did not see a protective effect in the group of patients taking hydroxyurea for a relatively short time, mean age at start of treatment 12 ± 5 years; however the sample was small.ConclusionsWe conclude that: (1) children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies 10 years or older should be screened for MA and (2) chronic transfusions starting at an early age may be renoprotective. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Curing childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at the half‐way point: Promises to keep and miles to go before we sleep
Authors: Woods William G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractChildhood and adolescent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is traditionally one of the hardest childhood cancers to successfully treat and had an overall survival well under 10% in the 1960s. Initial progress was made by three major events: (1) active chemotherapeutic agents were identified which led to remissions for the first time in this disease; (2) cooperative groups were instituted leading to important clinical trials; and (3) several single institutions began experimenting with the role of allogeneic matched sibling donor (MSD) BMT as effective intensification. Over the last 25 years, the cure rate has improved from <20% to 50% or higher. Most of the clinical research during this time of great advancement focused on two major themes: (1) the role of aggressive induction therapy in not only improving CR rates but in post‐remission outcomes; and (2) the role of aggressive post‐remission therapy in further improving survival, with an emphasis on high‐dose Ara C‐based chemotherapy, BMT, and supportive care. But we have “miles to go before we sleep.” Some of the challenges that will lead to ongoing reduction of population‐based mortality for AML through young adulthood include: (1) improving access of adolescents to pediatric AML therapy; (2) stratification by prognostic factors; (3) individualized therapy based on individual genetics and leukemia cell biology; (4) and the use of novel therapies including targeted immuno‐conjugates and “small molecules” which disrupt abnormal signal transduction pathways. This brief review looks at both the advances over the last three decades as well as discusses the challenges moving forward for ultimately curing all children with this disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to subcutaneous therapy with mistletoe in recurrent multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Seifert Georg , Laengler Alfred , Tautz Christoph , Seeger Karl , Henze Günter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report a case of histologically proven multisystem (MS) Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with recurrent disease reactivations after systemic chemotherapy. Through the use of subcutaneous therapy with mistletoe (MT), an inactive disease state was achieved. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:591–592. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic findings of acute leukemia included in the Brazilian Collaborative Study Group of Infant acute leukemia
Authors: Emerenciano Mariana , Agudelo Arias Diana Patricia , Coser Virginia Maria , de Brito Gilena Dantas , Macedo Silva Maria L. , Pombo‐de‐Oliveira Maria S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundChromosome abnormalities often occur prenatally in childhood leukemia, characterizing an early event in leukemogenesis. The majority of the abnormalities occurring in infants involve the MLL gene on chromosome band 11q23. We describe the molecular cytogenetic findings of 207 infant acute leukemia (IAL) cases included in the Brazilian Collaborative Study Group of Infant acute leukemia.ProcedureThe diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) was made according to morphology and immunophenotyping classification, followed by conventional karyotyping. Samples were then screened using RT‐PCR for the presence of specific chromosome translocations. FISH assay for MLL rearrangements was performed only in cases with negative or inconclusive cytogenetic or PCR results.ResultsThe characteristics of children with IAL were as follows: 115 boys and 92 girls, age range 0–23 months, mean age 12 months, 145 ALL, and 62 AML. A statistically significant association was observed between pro‐B ALL cases and MLL+ve (P = 0.0001) cases and the age group 0–3 months with MLL+ve (P = 0.008) cases. Two rare cases of pro‐T ALL with MLL+ve were found. Other than MLL rearrangements, various other molecular aberrations were detected including TEL/AML1+ve (n = 9), E2A/PBX1+ve (n = 4), PML/RARA+ve (n = 4), and AML1/ETO+ve (n = 2). Cytogenetic analysis revealed hyperdiploidy (n = 6), del(7) in two cases and del(11)(q23) in seven cases.ConclusionsOur results show that not only MLL rearrangements, but also other molecular abnormalities occur before birth and may contribute to leukemogenesis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47:549–554. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptide–polymer vesicles prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Ayres Lee , Hans P. , Adams J. , Löwik Dennis W. P. M. , van Hest Jan C. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe peptide Ac‐Ser‐Ala‐Gly‐Ala‐Gly‐Glu‐Gly‐Ala‐Gly‐Ala‐Gly‐Ser‐Gly‐OH was prepared with solid‐phase peptide chemistry. Before the removal of the peptide from the solid support, the alcohol side groups of the two serines were functionalized with an α‐bromo ester moiety to create a bifunctional initiator. This peptide‐based initiator was used in solution for the atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate to yield a well‐defined ABA triblock copolymer, in which the poly(methyl methacrylate) end blocks had a number‐average molecular weight of 1.1 kg/mol (based on 1H NMR spectroscopy) and a polydispersity of 1.17. The aggregation behavior of this amphiphilic triblock copolymer was then investigated. Upon the suspension of the polymer in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, followed by the removal of tetrahydrofuran, spherical aggregates were formed. By the application of different electron microscopy techniques, it was determined that these aggregates were polymersomes, presumably coexisting with large compound micelles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6355–6366, 2005
QSAR Study of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls using the Heuristic Method and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Luan F. , Ma W. P. , Zhang X. Y. , Zhang H. X. , Liu M. C. , Hu Z. D. , Fan B. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractQuantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and biphenyls (PCBs) binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) have been developed based on the Heuristic Method (HM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Since various members of all three classes of compounds have been shown to produce qualitatively similar toxicities, a combination of the different classes for each bioactivity were performed in one QSAR study. A subset of five molecular descriptors selected by HM in CODESSA was used as inputs for SVM. The results obtained by none linear SVM model were compared with those obtained by the linear heuristic method. The prediction result of the SVM model is better than that obtained by HM. The model of SVM leads to a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.928 and mean‐square error (MSE) of 0.324 for the test set and the values for HM model are 0.845 and 0.667 respectively. This QSAR models provide a rapid, simple and valid way to model the PCDFs, PCDDs, and PCBs binding affinity in relation to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).
Prediction of Solubility Parameters for Polymers by a QSPR Model
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Wang Xueye , Wang Hanlu , Li Xiaobing , Gao Jinwei 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA set of molecular descriptors, such as hb, alk, Eint, Qii, QH and nN, which are obtained directly from polymeric repeating unit structures, are used to predict the solubility parameter (δ) of polymers and generate a quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) model, with the standard error s of 0.75 (J/cc)0.5 for the training set of 51 polymers and the standard error s of 1.01 (J/cc)0.5 for the test set of 46 polymers. The calculated results show that the QSPR model is easier to apply and has better predictive capability than the existing models.
Theoretical investigation of the decomposition of acyl azides: Molecular orbital treatment
Authors: Abu‐Eittah Rafie H. , Mohamed Adel A. , Al‐Omar Ahmed M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of formyl, acetyl, and benzoyl azides to the corresponding isocyanate and nitrogen has been treated theoretically using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the Møller–Plesset type 2 (MP2)(full)/6‐31G* level. The reaction is stimulated by elongation of NN bond and is followed until the formation of the isocyanate and expulsion of nitrogen. The decomposition of formyl azide proved to be a concerted one‐step reaction without the formation of a nitrene intermediate. In contrast, the conversion of both acetyl and benzoyl azides to the corresponding isocyanate and nitrogen is a two‐step reaction, and a nitrene intermediate is formed. One transition state is located and identified during the course of the conversion of formyl azide, but two transition states are located and identified during the course of the conversion of acetyl and benzoyl azides. The thermodynamic functions, ΔEr and ΔHr, of the studied reactions are calculated. The results predict that the ease of conversion of the acyl azide to the isocyanate and nitrogen goes in the order: formyl azide > acetyl azide > benzoyl azide. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta scheme for Maxwell's equations
Authors: Huang Zhi‐Xiang , Wu Xian‐Liang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUsing the symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta (PRK) method, we construct a new scheme for approximating the solution to infinite dimensional nonseparable Hamiltonian systems of Maxwell's equations for the first time. The scheme is obtained by discretizing the Maxwell's equations in the time direction based on symplectic PRK method, and then evaluating the equation in the spatial direction with a suitable finite difference approximation. Several numerical examples are presented to verify the efficiency of the scheme. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Post‐translational modifications of recombinant B. cinerea EPG 6
Authors: Xie Min , Krooshof Geja H. , Benen Jacques A. E. , Atwood James. A. , King Daniel , Bergmann Carl , Orlando Ron 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe fungus Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous plant pathogen that infects more than 200 different plant species and causes substantial economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops and harvested products. Endopolygalacturonases (EPGs) are among the first array of cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes secreted by fungi during infection. Up to 13 EPG glycoforms have been described for B. cinerea. The presence of multiple N‐linked glycosylation modifications in BcPG1‐6 is predicted by their deduced amino acid sequences. In this work, the glycosylation sites and the attached oligosaccharide structures on BcPG6 were analyzed. The molecular mass of the intact glycoprotein was determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric (MALDI‐TOFMS) analysis. BcPG6 contains seven potential N‐linked glycosylation sites. Occupancy of these glycosylation sites and the attached carbohydrate structures were analyzed by tryptic digestion followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) using a stepped orifice voltage approach. Five out of seven potential N‐linked sites present in BcPG6 were determined to be occupied by high‐mannose‐type oligosaccharides. Four of them were readily determined to be at Asn58 (T3 peptide), Asn198 (T7 peptide), Asn237 (T9 peptide) and Asn256 (T11 peptide), respectively. Another was located on the T8 peptide, which contained two potential N‐linked sites, Asn224 and Asn227 (SNNN224VTN227ITFK). LC/MS/MS of a sample treated with N‐glycanase placed the glycan in this peptide at Asn224 rather than at Asn227. The potential glycosylation site on Asn146 (T6 peptide) was not glycosylated. In addition, two disulfide bonds were observed, linking the Cys residues within the T13 and T16 peptides. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of the BEB method for electron‐impact ionization of atoms and molecules
Authors: Stone Philip M. , Kim Yong‐Ki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn accurate and simple method for the calculation of electron‐impact ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules was developed by Kim and Rudd in 1994. Since then, many articles by Kim and coworkers have demonstrated the validity of the technique and have applied it to various atomic and molecular systems. The method is particularly useful for computational modeling, where numerous cross sections are needed. This paper presents the basic formulas and method of calculation, shows applications to some neutral atoms, and describes the NIST website where results of recent calculations are available. The limitations of the method as well as the advantages are outlined. Published in 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and model study of the Rh/Al system by means of EPES
Authors: Pavluch J. , Zommer L. , Polyak Y. , Pekárek Z. , Jablonski A. , Lesiak B. , Hrnčíř T. , Nehasil V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Rh/Al system has drawn significant attention as a model heterogeneous catalyst due to its unique adsorption properties. In this study, a set of samples consisting of Al substrates made of polished and etched pure metal sheets and deposited in situ with ultrathin Rh overlayers of different thickness was prepared. During the preparation of the samples, in‐depth diffusion of Rh into the surface region of Al substrates obviously took place. To quantify this process, i.e. by non‐destructively ascertaining the resulting depth profile of the samples, elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) was employed. An EPES measurement was performed for energies of 500, 750 and 1000 eV with the initial Rh overlayer thickness in the range 3–20 Å and using pure Rh and Al standards. The measurement was carried out on a precision spherical retarding‐field analyser (RFA). The resulting experimental EPES intensities, as a function of the primary energy and the initial thickness of the Rh overlayer, were compared and fitted with the intensities simulated by the Monte Carlo (MC) method. An MC model of the sample surface consisting of three regions of different inelastic mean free path (IMFP) and Rh concentration were assumed: the first—Rh on the substrate top, the second—Rh/Al with exponential decay of Rh in Al and the third—pure Al. The best fit and best consistency for different primary energies were achieved under the assumption that no Rh was left on Al substrate top, but an exponentially decaying profile of Rh in Al was created at the surface. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.