bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of transportation, surgery, and antibiotic therapy in ponies infected with Salmonella
Authors: Owen Rh. ap Rh. , Fullerton J. , Barnum D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventeen ponies were infected with Salmonella typhimurium and then 15 were variously stressed by transportation and/or surgery and 9 were given oxytetracycline. Indications of Salmonella reactivation occurred in all the stressed ponies.
Diarrhea due to a reactivation of the Salmonella infection did not develop until > 3 days after stress, although maximal shedding of organisms occurred within 24 hours. A neutropenia generally occurred within 24 hours after stress and lasted about 5 days. A rectal temperature > 39 C usually did not occur. An increase in serologic titer was noticed in about half of the ponies.
Transportation had a major role in reactivating the Salmonella infection, and 1 pony died of peracute colitis. The use of oxytetracycline prolonged the excretion of Salmonella; therefore, this drug should not be used after stress, particularly transportation, in ponies that have diarrhea or are known to be Salmonella carriers.
Early arterial injury-induced myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries
Authors: Keith James C. , Schaub Robert G. , Rawlings Clarence 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the early vascular response induced by arterial damage with heartworm infection. The pulmonary arteries were examined in dogs 4 days after experimental transplantation of 6 to 8 Dirofilaria immitis adults. Evan’s blue dye was given iv and followed in 60 minutes by perfusion fixation with 1% glutaraldehyde. Endothelial cell junctions were disrupted and rounded endothelial cells were observed. Macrophages and neutrophils adhered to abnormal endothelial cells. Focal areas had platelet aggregates adhered to exposed subendothelial structures. Platelets were activated and degranulated. Areas of the internal elastic lamina appeared to be disrupted, and smooth muscle cell processes from the tunica media extended through these regions of disruption. Smooth muscle cells were oriented toward the arterial lumen and some had migrated to the surface. These findings are compatible with the response to injury theory of myointimal proliferation.
Efficacy of ivermectin in controlling Strongyloides westeri infections in foals
Authors: Ludwig K. G. , Craig T. M. , Bowen J. M. , Ansari M. M. , Ley W. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-eight foals whose dams were treated im with ivermectin (200 μg/kg of body weight) on the day of parturition were compared with 35 foals whose dams were administered only the vehicle. The effect of ivermectin on the vertical transmission of Strongyloides westeri and foal heat diarrhea was determined by a comparison of results obtained in the 2 groups. Foals from treated mares had significantly fewer S westeri eggs per gram of feces from 17 to 28 days postpartum. There were no differences observed in the frequencies of severity of foal heat diarrhea between the treated and control groups.
In another experiment, using the same foals, 32 foals were treated im with ivermectin (200 μg/kg) at 21 days of age and were compared with 31 foals administered only the vehicle. Significantly fewer S westeri eggs were recovered from the ivermectin-treated foals on day 26 to day 32, the completion day of the trial.
Campylobacter hyointestinalis (new species) isolated from swine with lesions of proliferative ileitis
Authors: Gebhart Connie J. , Ward G. E. , Chang K. , Kurtz H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intestines from 48 swine with enteric disease were examined by bacteriologic cultural technique for the presence of various Campylobacter species. Histopathologic techniques were used to determine whether the submitted specimens had lesions of either swine proliferative ileitis or other enteric diseases. Three species of Campylobacter were identified as Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Campylobacter sputorum ss mucosalis, and Campylobacter hyointestinalis (proposed new species) on the basis of biochemical characteristics and response to various inhibitory substances.
The C hyointestinalis was isolated from 18 of 27 (67%) swine with proliferative ileitis and from only 1 of 21 (5%) swine with other enteric diseases. The C sputorum ss mucosalis was obtained from 16 of 27 (59%) swine with proliferative ileitis and from 2 of 21 (10%) swine with other enteric disease. The C jejuni/coli was isolated from 2 of 27 (7%) swine with proliferative ileitis and from 8 of 21 (38%) swine with other enteric disease.
The new organism, C hyointestinalis, was catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide positive in triple sugar iron agar, glycine tolerant, intolerant to 3.0% sodium chloride, able to grow at 25 C, sensitive to cephalothin, and resistant to nalidixic acid. On the basis of these characteristics, C hyointestinalis was differentiated from other campylobacters isolated from swine and from other sources.
Plasma lipids and lipoproteins of fasted ponies
Authors: Bauer John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied in a group of healthy ponies in which food was withheld for 208 hours. Increases in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol and loss of weight were consistent with increases in free fatty acids circulating to the liver of these animals due to lipid mobilization from adipose tissue. Plasma triglycerides underwent the greatest absolute increase, with 30 times higher levels at the end of the fasted period than those of the fed control animals. Plasma cholesterol concentrations increased to a lesser extent and appeared to plateau at a level twice that of the control group. Total and direct plasma bilirubin concentrations increased to about 5 times their normal value by day 2 of the fast and seemed to plateau at this time.
Separation of the plasma lipoproteins on agarose-gel electrophoresis indicated an increase of the pre-β band in the fasted animals. Isolation of the lipoproteins at the commonly used density ranges for human lipoproteins revealed the pre-β band as having a hydrated density of < 1.006 g/ml which is consistent with a very low-density lipoprotein (vldl) fraction. Compositional analysis of the various lipoproteins indicated no appreciable differences among the low-density lipoprotein (ldl) and high-density lipoprotein (hdl) fractions in fed or fasted animals. The vldl from fasted ponies, however, although containing about the same relative amount of triglyceride, had 50% less protein and 50% more cholesterol than did the vldl of fed ponies. Consequently, vldl in fasted ponies was triglyceride-enriched when compared with its lower protein content. The concentration of this lipoprotein fraction also was appreciably higher in the fasted ponies. Although the equine liver appears able to secrete large amounts of triglyceride in the form of vldl in response to a large fatty acid influx, interferences with the normal metabolism of this vldl may be occurring leading to the hyperlipoproteinemia observed in the present studies.
Influence of antibiotics and intramammary antibiotic products on phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine leukocytes
Authors: Ziv G. , Paape M. J. , Dulin A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibiotics and vehicles used in the treatment and prevention of mastitis were tested in vitro to determine effects on phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus ([32P]sa) by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) isolated from milk. Ampicillin, lincomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, neomycin, penicillin G, streptomycin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, dicloxacillin, rifampin, trimethoprim, amikacin, novobiocin-penicillin, polymyxin B, and tiamulin were tested at in vitro concentrations of 1,000, 500, and 10 μg/ml, and sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol at 4,000, 2,000, and 10 μg/ml of incubation mixture. These dilutions were equivalent to antibiotic values in milk at 0, 6, and 12 hours after injection into the mammary gland. Vehicles included peanut oil, mineral oil, 3% cabosil in peanut oil, 2% aluminum monostearate in peanut oil, 25% polyethylene glycol (peg) in an aqueous base, 25% peg in mineral oil, and 25% peg in peanut oil. These were tested at dilutions of 1:100, 1:1,000, 1:5,000, and 1:10,000.
The percentage of phagocytosis was determined and was compared with the percentage of phagocytosis in phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss). Antibiotics and vehicles were diluted in 0.0132M pbss (pH 7.4); combined with skimmed milk, pmn (12.5 × 106), and [32P]sa (50 × 106); and incubated for 1 hour (37 C, no rocking) followed by rocking for 1 hour. A minimum of 2 runs for the antibiotics and 3 runs for the vehicles were performed with all concentrations or dilutions assayed in a single day's run. Phagocytosis was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at the high and intermediate concentrations for tiamulin, nitrofurantoin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, and amikacin, and at the high concentrations for gentamicin, tetracycline, and novobiocin-penicillin. The only vehicle that inhibited phagocytosis significantly was peanut oil without additives at the 1:100 dilution.
Efficiency and precision of electroimmunoassay for canine factor VIII-related antigen
Authors: Benson Roger E. , Jones Douglas W. , Dodds W. Jean 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Factors that improved the efficiency, precision, and sensitivity of the electroimmunoassay for canine factor VUI-related antigen were investigated. These included rapid electrophoresis, increased rocket heights, deletion of the gel-washing step, and doubling of the sample capacity per plate. The modified assay was reliable and accurate, could be completed within 3 hours, and permitted twice as many determinations. Other experimental variables that affected the assay were the type of agarose and sample diluent, storage conditions of samples before assay, source of antibody, and use of 2 mM calcium lactate.
Canine hip dysplasia: Differences in pectineal muscles of healthy and dysplastic German Shepherd Dogs when two months old
Authors: Ihemelandu Emeruwa C. , Cardinet George H. , Guffy Mark M. , Wallace Larry J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One pectineal muscle was removed from each of 23 purebred German Shepherd Dogs when 2 months old. Transverse frozen sections of each muscle were prepared and stained for the histochemical demonstration of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity which permitted differentiation of the constituent myofibers into type I, type II, and type intermediate myofibers. The mean size and total number of myofibers per section, as well as the mean size and total number of each myofiber type per section, were determined. From those measurements, the absolute and relative myofiber and nonmyofiber compositions of each section were estimated. When the dogs were 24 months old, their hip joints were evaluated and graded for the presence of hip dysplasia by radiographic and pathoanatomic examinations. Subsequently, the pectineal muscle measurements were statistically analyzed: (i) to determine whether they were correlated with the status of the coxofemoral joints when the dogs were 24 months old and (ii) to determine whether differences existed between the muscles of dogs which developed normal hips and those which developed hip dysplasia.
The pectineal muscles of dogs which developed hip dysplasia had significantly smaller type I and type II myofibers than did the pectineal muscles of dogs which developed normal hips. The pectineal muscles of dysplastic dogs were composed of a smaller myofiber component and a larger nonmyofiber component. These measurements also were correlated with the graded status of the coxofemoral joints. The total number of myofibers and the number of each myofiber type per section did not differ significantly. Critical value analyses indicated that the determination of the myofiber and nonmyofiber compositions of pectineal muscles in 2-month-old dogs may be potentially useful in predicting the subsequent development of normal or dysplastic hips. Results of these observations indicate that the composition of pectineal muscles in young dogs predisposed to hip dysplasia is an important associative or causal factor related to the development of hip dysplasia in the dog.
Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollens augmented in dogs by virus vaccines
Authors: Frick Oscar L. , Brooks Dale L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inbred “atopic dog colony” was established to study the effect of viruses on immunoregulation of immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies. Dogs were selected for high skin reactivity to grass and weed pollens. Their offspring were inoculated with pollen extracts in alum immediately after routine vaccinations (attenuated live-virus vaccines for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis, and a killed bacterin for Leptospira). Heat labile antipollen IgE antibodies were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Pups vaccinated for canine distemper before being given pollen extracts had many more IgE antibodies than did their control littermates who were not vaccinated until after the last pollen extract injection. This may be a natural example of the “allergic breakthrough phenomenon.”
Capillary and venous blood compared with arterial blood in the measurement of acid-base and blood gas status of dogs
Authors: van Sluijs F. J. , de Vries H. W. , De Bruijne J. J. , van den Brom W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acid-base and blood gas status of capillary blood from the ear was compared with acid-base and blood gas status of arterial and venous blood in dogs with induced hypoxemia, hypercapnea, and hypovolemia. It was concluded that capillary blood samples can replace arterial blood samples for the measurement of acid-base and blood gas status of dogs with severe impairement of lung function. When circulation is impaired capillary blood samples cannot replace arterial blood samples for the measurement of acid-base and blood gas status of dogs. With impaired capillary circulation, the capillary-arterial differences become unacceptably large. It is, therefore, advisable to submit samples of capillary blood for analysis only if circulation is not impaired and microtubes can be filled quickly and easily.
Experimental infections of horses with Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Cho Sang-Nae , Collins Michael T. , Reif John S. , McChesney Albert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Attempts to infect horses with Legionella pneumophila were undertaken to determine pathogenicity and to evaluate the possibility that horses serve as a reservoir for the organism. A previous study showed that the prevalence of antibodies to L pneumophila in the equine population exceeded 30% of over 600 sera examined.
Horses were infected experimentally with the Philadelphia 1 or Bloomington 2 strain of L pneumophila iv or by aerosolization. Signs of clinical illness were restricted to a transient febrile response. A transient decrease in circulating lymphocytes occurred 2 days after inoculation.
At necropsy, only moderate generalized lymphadenopathy was noted. Histologically, the lungs contained evidence of a low-grade inflammatory response characterized by focal proliferation of alveolar lining cells, with few neutrophils and eosinophils. Lymph nodes had evidence of reactive hyperplasia. The tissue response to Bloomington 2 strain was slightly more pronounced than that to Philadelphia 1.
Attempts to reisolate L pneumophila from blood and nasal or pharyngeal swabs were unsuccessful. The organism was not isolated by culturing tissues obtained at necropsy, nor was it demonstrated by tissue-staining techniques. However, all horses exhibited a marked increase in agglutinating antibodies to L pneumophila serogroups (sg) 1 and 3 as early as 4 days after inoculation. The serologic response was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and was shown to consist predominantly of immunoglobulin M by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. Agglutinating antibodies persisted at least 4 months after infection.
On the basis of these studies, the pathogenicity of L pneumophila sg 1 and 3 for the horse appears to be low. There is no evidence to support a role for the horse in the maintenance of these organisms in nature. Horses may be exposed in the environment and maintain a relatively long-lived serologic response to L pneumophila. However, it is also possible that they become infected with other strains of L pneumophila or Legionella-like organisms more pathogenic for horses, or other non-Lagionella bacteria, which elicit a cross-reacting serologic response to L pneumophila sg 1 to 4.
Caprine α- and β-mannosidase activities: Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status and potential use in heterozygote detection of β-mannosidosis
Authors: Dunstan Robert W. , Cavanagh Kevin , Jones Margaret Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on caprine plasma α- and β-mannosidase activities were studied. The potential use of these plasma assays was evaluated for heterozygote detection of caprine β-mannosidosis in populations of control goats and a breeding herd composed of known and putative heterozygotes for β-mannosidosis.
In the control population, the mean plasma α- and β-mannosidase activities decreased in both sexes with maturity. Male goats generally had higher plasma mannosidase activity than did females, and plasma β-mannosidase activity was affected by the reproductive status of the goats examined. Although putative carriers in the β-mannosidosis breeding herd could not be differentiated from age- and sex-matched controls, known carriers had plasma β-mannosidase values intermediate between those of control and affected goats. The lack of any correlation between α- and β-mannosidase activities excluded α-mannosidase as a reference enzyme for carrier detection, but there are still differences between known carriers and the control population with respect to the α- and β-mannosidase ratio.
Experimental production of rabbit mucoid enteritis
Authors: Toofanian F. , Targowski S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbit mucoid enteritis (mucoid enteropathy) is a subacute fatal disease of weanling rabbits with unknown cause. Mucoid enteritis was experimentally produced by ligating the large intestines in rabbits. Of the rabbits with ligated cecum and those with ligated colon, 70% and 45%, respectively, had excessive production of mucus and passed large amounts of mucus with feces, closely resembling the naturally occurring mucoid enteritis. Injection of oxytetracycline into the cecum at the time of ligation prevented the development of mucoid enteritis, and injection of cholestyramine markedly reduced the frequency of the disease in the rabbits with ligated cecum.
A possible central opiate mechanism involved in the inhibition of food intake and reticular motility by duodenal dl-lactic acid infusion in sheep
Authors: Duranton Albert , Buéno Lionel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intraduodenal infusion of dl-lactic acid was performed in sheep fitted with a permanent cannula into the lateral cerebral ventricle and nichrome electrodes on the reticulum in order to record its electrical activity during periods of controlled food intake in a series of experiments subsequently repeated in animals fasted for 12 hours. A solution of 0.2M dl-lactic acid was infused at a rate of 1 ml/min during the 1st hour of a 3-hour period of feeding with or without previous intracerebroventricular (icv) or iv administration of naloxone (2.4 and 10 μg/kg).
During lactic acid infusion, the food intake and the frequency of reticular contraction (measured during eating) were reduced by 48% and 19%, respectively—these effects being prolonged for the 1st hour after infusion.
Previous icv administration of naloxone (2.4 μg/kg) partially blocked the effects of lactic acid on food intake (63%) and frequency of reticulum contractions (58%). These effects were abolished for the largest dose of naloxone (10 μg/kg) administered icv, whereas its iv administration did not affect significantly the effects of lactic acid.
It is concluded that the duodenal lactic acid concentration may have a role in the control of food intake by a mechanism involving central opiate mediation.
Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of morphine in horses
Authors: Combie Joan. D. , Nugent Thomas E. , Tobin Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphine could be detected in horses dosed with 0.1 mg of drug/kg of body weight for up to 48 hours in blood and 144 hours in urine. This dose of morphine elicited no observable effects and is a suggested analgesic dose. Computer analysis revealed that a 3-compartment open system was the best fitting model with a serum half life (t1/2(β)) of 87.9 minutes and a urine (t1/2(β)) of 101.1 minutes. Binding to equine serum proteins was linear over a drug concentration range of 3.88 × 10-5M to 3.50 × 10-8M and averaged 31.6%, In rbc-partitioning experiments, 78.1% of the drug was found in the plasma fraction. The data indicated that a horse should not be given morphine closer than 1 week before a race.
Reaction of convalescent bovine antisera with strain-specific antigens of parapoxviruses
Authors: Rosenbusch Ricardo F. , Reed David E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two strains of papular stomatitis (ps) virus, 1 of milker’s nodules (mn) virus and 1 of contagious ecthyma (ce) virus possessed 2 distinct external structures when examined by electron microscopy. The innermost, designated coat was closely apposed to the tubular surface, whereas the outer envelope loosely surrounded the virion. When convalescent sera from cattle infected with ps virus were used for immunoelectron microscopy, antibody reacted with coats and envelopes of the ps virus strains, but only with coats of mn and ce viruses. Convalescent sera from cattle infected with ps or mn virus contained complement-dependent antibodies cytolytic to cells infected with the homologous virus. In an indirect immunofluorescence test, the sera reacted with homologous strains to higher titers than with heterologous strains.
Acute and chronic changes in adenohypophyseal hormone secretion in sheep during zeranol administration
Authors: Elsasser T. H. , Bolt D. J. , Bradley B. D. , Roper M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of zeranol on circulating plasma concentrations of 5 adenohypophyseal (anterior pituitary gland) hormones was investigated in growing, castrated male sheep in 3 studies: after im injection of 1 mg of zeranol (acute study), during a 6-week period after subcutaneous implantation of 12 mg of zeranol (chronic study), and during a 4-hour continuous iv infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) plus thyrotropin releasing hormone (trh), 10 μg/hour. The sheep used in the chronic study (challenge study) were the same animals used in the 6-week implant study. Plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh), prolactin (prl), thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), and growth hormone (gh) were measured by specific radioimmunoassay.
Injection of zeranol resulted in a transient decrease in circulating lh and prolonged reduction in fsh concentrations during the 24-hour sampling period. Plasma concentrations of prl, tsh, and gh in zeranol-injected and control animals were not different. Implantation of zeranol caused chronic reduction in plasma lh and fsh, an increase in prl, and no change in plasma gh or tsh concentrations compared with values for control animals. In the challenge study, iv infusion of Gn-RH and trh caused a significant increase in the concentration of each of the 5 hormones compared with preinfusion values, regardless of zeranol treatment, When the hormone-response profiles were compared between zeranol-treated and control sheep in this challenge study, only the lh response was different—being greater in zeranol-treated sheep. Generally, the administration of zeranol resulted in a more pronounced alteration in basal and stimulated secretion of reproductive hormones such as lh, fsh, and prl than in gh or tsh, which are more commonly associated with growth and development.