Field Measurements of Annular Pressure and Temperature During Primary Cementing
Authors: Cooke C.E. , Kluck M.P. , Medrano R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
To investigate the causes of fluid migration behind the casing after primary cementing, pressure and temperature measurements were made in the annulus of seven wells during cementing operations. Sensors were attached to the outside of the casing as it was run into each well; in this way data were obtained from several depths. A logging cable, also clamped to the casing, was used to bring data from the sensors to the surface. In some of the wells these annular measurements were continued during subsequent completion or work over operations. The pressure data could be used to determine conditions that either prevented or allowed fluid entry into the wellbore. Generally, pressure in the cement column began to decrease shortly after the cement was pumped. The success of the cementing operation depended on the cement attaining sufficient strength to exclude pore fluids from the cement before the pressure somewhere in the cement column declined to pore pressure at that depth. Pressure in the cement generally appeared to decline to the pore pressure in adjacent formations after the cement had set. In one well, however, pressure in the cement opposite a "tight streak" steadily declined to far less than a water hydrostatic gradient as the cement set. Fluid did not enter the wellbore and migrate to the surface soon after cementing in any of the wells investigated, but in one well fluid flow between zones behind the casing was indicated when the pressure in the cement decreased to pore pressure before the cement set. Before perforating was performed, annular flow was confirmed by a noise log in this well. The pressure sensors allowed other observations to be made both during and after cementing, including the effects of annular pressure applied at the surface during curing of the cement, and communication behind the casing during perforating, acidizing, and squeeze cementing. The temperature measurements in the annulus were used to monitor the setting of the cement, which is accompanied by evolution of heat. The cement generally set from the bottom of the wellbore toward the top. These field data confirm laboratory data that show a pressure decline in a cement column as the cement cures. pressure decline in a cement column as the cement cures. Conditions more likely to lead to annular fluid migration before the cement sets and steps that can be taken to decrease the likelihood of these occurrences can be identified from the field results. The pressure loss in a cement column before the cement cures is believed frequently to be responsible for vertical fluid flow behind the casing. The acronym FILAP is suggested for the phenomenon of "flow induced by loss in annular phenomenon of "flow induced by loss in annular pressure." pressure." Introduction
The importance of achieving successful primary cementing of a well is hard to overemphasize. If there is a failure to seal the annulus outside the casing or liner, pressure may appear at the surface of the well from pressure may appear at the surface of the well from migrating gas (which is called "annular gas flow"), a liner top may leak, or fluids may flow between zones behind the casing in the well. Flow between zones can cause the loss of valuable hydrocarbons, the failure of stimulation treatments, and other problems.
JPT
P. 1429