bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ijuice: integer JUstIfied counterfactual explanations
Authors: Kuratomi Alejandro , Miliou Ioanna , Lee Zed , Lindgren Tony , Papapetrou Panagiotis 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCounterfactual explanations modify the feature values of an instance in order to alter its prediction from an undesired to a desired label. As such, they are highly useful for providing trustworthy interpretations of decision-making in domains where complex and opaque machine learning algorithms are utilized. To guarantee their quality and promote user trust, they need to satisfy the faithfulness desideratum, when supported by the data distribution. We hereby propose a counterfactual generation algorithm for mixed-feature spaces that prioritizes faithfulness through k-justification, a novel counterfactual property introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm employs a graph representation of the search space and provides counterfactuals by solving an integer program. In addition, the algorithm is classifier-agnostic and is not dependent on the order in which the feature space is explored. In our empirical evaluation, we demonstrate that it guarantees k-justification while showing comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods in feasibility, sparsity, and proximity.
Bounding the Rademacher complexity of Fourier neural operators
Authors: Kim Taeyoung , Kang Myungjoo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRecently, several types of neural operators have been developed, including deep operator networks, graph neural operators, and Multiwavelet-based operators. Compared with these models, the Fourier neural operator (FNO), a physics-inspired machine learning method, is computationally efficient and can learn nonlinear operators between function spaces independent of a certain finite basis. This study investigated the bounding of the Rademacher complexity of the FNO based on specific group norms. Using capacity based on these norms, we bound the generalization error of the model. In addition, we investigate the correlation between the empirical generalization error and the proposed capacity of FNO. We infer that the type of group norm determines the information about the weights and architecture of the FNO model stored in capacity. The experimental results offer insight into the impact of the number of modes used in the FNO model on the generalization error. The results confirm that our capacity is an effective index for estimating generalization errors.
Comprehensive design of the 3D printing process for architectural models. A case study: the medieval walled enclosure of Priego De Cordoba (E1:200)
Authors: García-Molina Diego Francisco , Carmona-Ávila Rafael , Moltalvo-Gil Juan Manuel , Rubio-Paramio Miguel Ángel 
Published: March 2024

AbstractNowadays, an object can be viewed both physically and virtually. In both cases, the visualization process consists in a continuous variation of the observer’s perspective. When looking at objects, visual interactivity is achieved by the tandem formed by human vision and the position of the observer. 3D technology allows the viewer to delve into this aspect: starting from a virtual reconstruction. It is possible to go from the virtual 3D reconstruction of a model shown on a display to a real element materialized by means of a scale model or prototype. The innovation of this research lies in the development of an efficient method for printing 3D models, with a specific emphasis on material and time savings. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional physical model of the walled enclosure of the city of Priego de Córdoba in the Middle Ages, at its time of greatest historical development, i.e., in the late 15th century. To this end, 3D printing technology was applied, which is an innovative method for the realization of architectural scale models. The performance of 3D printers, with different printing formats, was evaluated in terms of efficiency and quality of the architectural scale models. Our theoretical assumption showed that material saving is determined by the orography slopes of the model. Obtaining slopes with values in the range of 1–5%, a large format printer is the most suitable option; in the range of 5–15%, the medium format printer is recommended; and, for a slope greater than 15%, the small format printer should be used.
In vitro demetalation of central magnesium in various chlorophyll derivatives using Mg-dechelatase homolog from the chloroflexi Anaerolineae
Authors: Sato Soma , Hirose Mitsuaki , Tanaka Ryouichi , Ito Hisashi , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the metabolic pathway of chlorophylls (Chls), an enzyme called STAY-GREEN or SGR catalyzes the removal of the central magnesium ion of Chls and their derivatives to their corresponding free bases, including pheophytins. The substrate specificity of SGR has been investigated through in vitro reactions using Chl-related molecules. However, information about the biochemical properties and reaction mechanisms of SGR and its substrate specificity remains elusive. In this study, we synthesized various Chl derivatives and investigated their in vitro dechelations using an SGR enzyme. Chl-a derivatives with the C3-vinyl group on the A-ring, which is commonly found as a substituent in natural substrates, and their analogs with ethyl, hydroxymethyl, formyl, and styryl groups at the C3-position were prepared as substrates. In vitro dechelatase reactions of these substrates were performed using an SGR enzyme derived from an Anaerolineae bacterium, allowing us to investigate their specificity. Reactivity was reduced for substrates with an electron-withdrawing formyl or sterically demanding styryl group at the C3-position. Furthermore, the Chl derivative with the C8-styryl group on the B-ring was less reactive for SGR dechelation than the C3-styryl substrate. These results indicate that the SGR enzyme recognizes substituents on the B-ring of substrates more than those on the A-ring.
Patterns of tolerance: how interaction culture and community relations explain political tolerance (and intolerance) in the American libertarian movement
Authors: Marom Oded 
Published: March 2024

AbstractExisting explanations of political intolerance and partisanship highlight how individuals’ ideological commitments and the homogeneity of their political environments foster intolerance toward other political groups. This article argues that cultural, interactional conditions play a crucial role in how personal and environmental factors work – or do not work – in local groups. Based on a four-year ethnographic study and 12 focus group discussions with two culturally distinct civic associations of American libertarians, I show how groups’ varying patterns of interaction, or “styles,” establish distinct cultural settings, in which different attitudes and behaviors seem sensible and appropriate, particularly regarding other political groups. Thus, when libertarian groups established a “community style” of interaction, viewing the relationship among members in terms of friendship and community bonds, they also opened their social activities to non-libertarians, collaborated with them in political projects, and viewed politics as a matter of advancing shared interests with people from other political groups. Comparisons across and within field sites show how this relationship between style and political tolerance works in different libertarian groups and different social environments. These findings highlight the role of local factors in explaining variations in groups’ levels of political tolerance and present a key mechanism—centered on interaction patterns—to supplement existing analyses of the relationship between political intolerance and changing forms of civic organizing in the US.
ROC curve analysis: a useful statistic multi-tool in the research of nephrology
Authors: Roumeliotis Stefanos , Schurgers Juul , Tsalikakis Dimitrios G. , D’Arrigo Graziella , Gori Mercedes , Pitino Annalisa , Leonardis Daniela , Tripepi Giovanni , Liakopoulos Vassilios 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the past decade, scientific research in the area of Nephrology has focused on evaluating the clinical utility and performance of various biomarkers for diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis. Before implementing a biomarker in everyday clinical practice for screening a specific disease context, specific statistic measures are necessary to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and performance of this biomarker. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analysis is an important statistical method used to estimate the discriminatory performance of a novel diagnostic test, identify the optimal cut-off value for a test that maximizes sensitivity and specificity, and evaluate the predictive value of a certain biomarker or risk, prediction score. Herein, through practical examples, we aim to present a simple methodological approach to explain in detail the principles and applications of ROC curve analysis in the field of nephrology pertaining diagnosis and prognosis.
Hyperbolic Deep Learning in Computer Vision: A Survey
Authors: Mettes Pascal , Ghadimi Atigh Mina , Keller-Ressel Martin , Gu Jeffrey , Yeung Serena 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDeep representation learning is a ubiquitous part of modern computer vision. While Euclidean space has been the de facto standard manifold for learning visual representations, hyperbolic space has recently gained rapid traction for learning in computer vision. Specifically, hyperbolic learning has shown a strong potential to embed hierarchical structures, learn from limited samples, quantify uncertainty, add robustness, limit error severity, and more. In this paper, we provide a categorization and in-depth overview of current literature on hyperbolic learning for computer vision. We research both supervised and unsupervised literature and identify three main research themes in each direction. We outline how hyperbolic learning is performed in all themes and discuss the main research problems that benefit from current advances in hyperbolic learning for computer vision. Moreover, we provide a high-level intuition behind hyperbolic geometry and outline open research questions to further advance research in this direction.
Asphaltene-derived nanocomposites for the removal of emerging pollutants and its antimicrobial effects: batch and continuous column studies
Authors: Nayak Abhishek , Karkare Vaishnavi P , Sadani Kapil , Dasari Harshini , Sivasamy Arumugam , Sundarabal Nethaji 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEmerging contaminants are diverse ecotoxic materials requiring unique treatment for removal. Asphaltenes are environmentally hazardous carbon-rich solid waste product of the petroleum industry. In the current work, asphaltene-derived activated carbon (AC) was loaded with silver (Ag/AC) and used to remove amoxicillin (AMX) and tetracycline (TC) from aqueous phase. The prepared Ag/AC was characterised using FESEM, FTIR, XRD and surface area analysis. The FESEM micrographs confirmed the spherical silver nanoparticle-laden porous AC, and the BET surface area was found to be 213 m2/g. Batch adsorption studies were performed, and the equilibrium data were fit into adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The Ag/AC exhibited superior monolayer adsorption capacity of 1012 mg/g and 770 mg/g for AMX and TC, respectively. The continuous column studies were also performed to evaluate the breakthrough parameters. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the adsorbent was evaluated using zone of inhibition studies. Ag/AC was found to have an 8-mm-diameter zone of microbial inhibition. The obtained results showed that Ag/AC was a promising material for the removal of antibiotics and inhibition of resistance-developed mutated microbes in effluent water.
Assessing the socio-economic impacts of tourism packages: a methodological proposition
Authors: Miralles Cristina Casals , Roura Mercè Boy , Salas Sergio Ponsá , Argelaguet Laia Llenas , Jordà Joan Colón 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The effects of tourism extend beyond purely economic considerations; they also have an impact on both the environment and people. Development of tools and procedures that foster consensus among practitioners and enable the measurement and benchmarking of impacts are required for tourism managers to be able to work on lowering and mitigating the sector’s effects, while enhancing the positive benefits. In this study a methodological proposition to assess the social impacts of tourism packages is presented.

Aim and scope
This study adapts and tests for the first time a social evaluation technique, the Product Social Impact Assessment (PSIA) method, to assess the social implications of tourism products and services. It is iteratively tested on 9 tourism packages in Mediterranean Protected Areas. Numerous parties, including managers of protected areas and private tourism stakeholders, have engaged in this process at various stages, such as developing the packages or supplying the data required for the assessment.

Conclusions
The methodology tested appears appropriate to quantify and qualify the social impacts of tourism packages and is valid for enhancing the social performance since positive progress between the two testing faces was registered. This study is a step towards standardizing the social assessment of tourism packages following a Life Cycle Assessment approach, and future developments are needed to make the approach proposed in the paper adequate to assess the social impacts of the upstream and downstream components of the system.
Remark on a theorem of Oguiso
Authors: Kaur Inder , Prendergast-Smith Artie 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFor a Calabi–Yau variety X, Oguiso (Math Res Lett 25(1):181–198, 2018) gave a useful criterion for primitivity of a self-map of X in terms of the associated linear map on the Néron–Severi space of X. In this short note, we prove a variant of Oguiso’s criterion and use it to verify primitivity of a certain birational automorphism of a Calabi–Yau threefold, to which Oguiso’s original criterion does not apply.
Behavioural Endocrinology in the Social Sciences
Authors: Botzet Laura Josephine , Kordsmeyer Tobias L. , Ostermann Sabine , Ruß Johannes , Penke Lars 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHormones are the endocrine system’s messengers and an important coordinating mechanism of the body’s growth, development, and functioning, with often simultaneous effects throughout the body and brain. Echoing calls for more interdisciplinary research bridging the gap between endocrinology and social sciences, we review evidence for hormones influencing human psychology (behaviour, cognition, and sociality), with a focus on health, sexuality, and further outcomes. We focus on four steroid hormones: testosterone (T), cortisol (C), estrogen (E), and progesterone (P). Embedded into life history theory as a prominent evolutionary framework, effects of T are conceptualised as modulating trade-offs between mating and parenting effort, especially when exposed to potential mates, interacting with offspring, and during competition. The challenge hypothesis suggests acute increases in T when facing challenges, with high T being linked to more competitive behaviour. The dual-hormone hypothesis postulates that C, as a measure of stress, inhibits the effects of T on status-seeking behaviour. The allostatic load framework suggests that chronic stress as indicated by high C levels could have detrimental health consequences. Various measurements of C are negatively related to socioeconomic status. The female steroid hormones E and P coordinate female reproduction by regulating the development and function of the uterus. They affect women’s sexual desire as well as self-perceived attractiveness and are influenced by endogenous (e.g. pregnancy) as well as exogenous (e.g. hormonal contraceptives) factors. We address misinterpretations of biological determinism, highlight potential challenges in measuring hormones, and discuss ways in which social scientists can continue to incorporate hormones into their research.
Tall, large-diameter trees and dense shrub layer as key determinants of the abundance and composition of bird communities in oak-dominated forests
Authors: Komlós Mariann , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Bölöni János , Aszalós Réka , Veres Katalin , Winkler Dániel , Ónodi Gábor 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIncreasing human activity is altering the structure of forests, which affects the composition of communities, including birds. However, little is known about the key forest structure variables that determine the richness of bird communities in European temperate oak forests. We, therefore, aimed to identify key variables in these habitats that could contribute to the design of management strategies for forest conservation by surveying 11 oak-dominated forest sites throughout the mid-mountain range of Hungary at 86 survey points to reveal the role of different compositional and structural variables for forest stands that influence the breeding bird assemblages in the forests at the functional group and individual species levels. Based on decision tree modelling, our results showed that the density of trees larger than 30 cm DBH was an overall important variable, indicating that large-diameter trees were essential to provide diverse bird communities. The total abundance of birds, the foliage-gleaners, primary and secondary cavity nesters, residents, and five specific bird species were related to the density of high trunk diameter trees. The abundance of shrub nesters was negatively influenced by a high density of trees over 10 cm DBH. The density of the shrub layer positively affected total bird abundance and the abundance of foliage gleaners, secondary cavity nesters and residents. Analysis of the co-dominant tree species showed that the presence of linden, beech, and hornbeam was important in influencing the abundance of various bird species, e.g., Eurasian Treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris) and Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix). Our results indicated that large trees, high tree diversity, and dense shrub layer were essential for forest bird communities and are critical targets for protection to maintain diverse and abundant bird communities in oak-dominated forest habitats.
Colonization of a Novel Host Plant Reduces Phenotypic Variation
Authors: Nilsson Kalle J. , Tsuboi Masahito , Opedal Øystein H. , Runemark Anna 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution of evolvability—the evolutionary potential of populations—is key to predicting adaptation to novel environments. Despite growing evidence that evolvability structures adaptation, it remains unclear how adaptation to novel environments in turn influences evolvability. Here we address the interplay between adaptation and evolvability in the peacock fly Tephritis conura, which recently underwent an adaptive change in ovipositor length following a host shift. We compared the evolvability of morphological traits, including ovipositor length, between the ancestral and the derived host race. We found that mean evolvability was reduced in females of the derived host race compared to the ancestral host race. However, patterns of multivariate evolvability (considering trait covariances) were very similar in both host races, and populations of the derived host race had diverged from the ancestral host race in directions of greater-than-average evolvability. Exploration of phenotypic integration patterns further revealed relatively high levels of independent variation in ovipositor length compared to other measured traits, allowing some degree of independent divergence. Our findings suggest that adaptation to novel environments can reduce mean evolvability without major changes in patterns of variational constraints, and that trait autonomy helps facilitate divergence of functionally important traits.
Common spaces matter: curricular experiences through mathematics with young prisoners and prospective teachers
Authors: Stathopoulou Charoula , Appelbaum Peter , Fovos Ioannis , Chrysikou Vasiliki 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMathematics teaching usually occurs in a “public space”—e.g., a classroom is a public space with rules defining student and teacher roles that cultivate hierarchic relationships. Working in prison with young inmates (18–23 years old) from marginalized populations, we promoted alternative “common spaces” (physical and symbolic) challenging established hierarchies through equal contribution. Such mathematics curriculum employs an antideficit model (Louie et al., 2021) as prisoners co-research their lives with mathematics. Common spaces empower through recognition while enabling identity transformation. Qualitative data from the CoSpIRom [Common Spaces for Integration of Roma Project (http://cospirom.sed.uth.gr).] project explores: (a) whether common spaces, recognition and equal participation can support mathematics literacy while empowering and emancipating young prisoners; and (b) if and how this framework might prepare prospective teachers within contemporary diversity. Bringing together young prisoners and prospective teachers affects both populations. Mathematics curriculum developed through collaboration meets a consistent request from prisoners that educational programs bridge with the outside world as re-entry preparation. Contrasting life stories from prospective teachers operate as alternative models motivating prisoners to rethink their own life stories and self-concepts. Prospective teachers demonstrated significant intercultural communication skill development, empathy and solidarity for marginalized people, reporting important professional identity growth.
Application of metal cored filler wire for environmental-friendly welding of low alloy steel: experimental investigation and parametric optimization
Authors: Abhishek Kumar , Prajapati Vishalkumar , Kumari Soni , Potnuru Balaji Krushna , Bandhu Din 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMotivated by the crescente demand for eco-friendly and worker-safe welding techniques, this study optimizes current (A), voltage (V), and gas flow rate (GFR) for regulated metal deposition (RMD) welding of ASME SA387 Gr.11 Cl.2 steel. Employing MEGAFIL 237 M metal cored filler wire and a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, bead-on-plate trials were conducted to evaluate heat-affected zone (HAZ), depth of penetration (DOP), and bead width (BW). A unique dual-pronged optimization approach was implemented. The utility function method, combined with Taguchi’s signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, maximized desirable and minimized undesirable responses. Additionally, TOPSIS with Taguchi S/N ratio identified the optimal process parameters. Both optimization strategies converged on identical. A = 135 A, V = 14 V, and GFR = 13 L/min. Notably, voltage emerged as the most influential factor in the mean S/N response table, highlighting its critical role in controlling weld quality. The proposed procedures offer a robust framework for determining optimal RMD welding conditions in pipeline applications. This not only enhances weld integrity and worker safety but also paves the way for sustainable manufacturing and continuous quality improvement in the field.