bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency Issues and the Montreal Protocol on CFCs
Authors: Bohm Peter 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Given that a treaty among national governments is the best institution available to control global public bads (GPBs) such as ozone layer depletion or global climate change, this chapter presents an investigation on whether there are any incentives to uncooperative inefficient behaviour based on the 1987 Montreal Protocol (MP). The main conclusion is that although at the time it was drafted MP was the ‘best’ feasible treaty for controlling CFC emissions, some incentives appear to be missing. The loss of CFCs as a result of inefficiency within the treaty is likely to be greater than that caused by a large number of (developing) countries not signing the treaty. Differences in net costs of reducing CFC use among signatories were not taken into account. Thirdly, the treaty focuses on CFC use and not on CFC emissions. The treaty allows trade of CFC-based products among signatories. This discourages signatories from trying to reduce CFC use more than that required by the MP. The existence of non-signatories means that scope remains for import of CFC-based products from such countries. This may also hinder the effectiveness of MP.
5 Figures of Speech in Aristophanes
Authors: Slings Simon R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter illustrates some of the problems that arise when we try to separate literary and non-literary language. It argues that a figure of speech such as chiasmus (and similarly anaphora) is a natural (or universal) means to package complex information. As long as it fulfils this primary aim, a chiasmus is therefore not a literary embellishment. If, on the other hand, the information complexity is minor so that the chiasmus is functionally ‘unnecessary’, the addressee will perceive it as a literary figure. Most of the Aristophanic examples of chiasmus and anaphora are not ‘justified’ by an excessive information complexity, leading to the conclusion that Aristophanes' style is in this respect more literate than oral.
Introduction: A Policy Analysis of Market Internationalisation and National Economic Institutions
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers an overview of the book. It sets out the book's subject, namely the effects of different forms of market internationalisation on decisions about national institutions. It also seeks to integrate internationalisation of markets and policy making through its ‘policy analysis’ framework. That framework seeks to avoid an over-narrow focus on international capital/trade flows and concentration on socio-economic interests driven by economic efficiency that weaken existing analyses of internationalisation. Instead, it gives due weight to policy making at both the international and domestic levels, underlines the role of governments and public officials in forming and leading reform coalitions, and shows how policy forms of internationalisation were influential because of their role in the policy process. The introduction ends by setting out the book's research design (five sectors chosen due to variations in forms of internationalisation compared across four countries that represent different ‘varieties of capitalism’) and summarises the following chapters.
The European Path to Radical Reform: Telecommunications in France, Germany, and Italy 1988–2005
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how and why policy forms of internationalisation helped to undermine well-entrenched institutions in France, Germany, and Italy that had survived previous attempts at reform. Policy makers feared regulatory competition from Britain after its reforms of 1984 while EU regulation from 1988 offered occasions for change, arguments to legitimate reform, and opportunities for national champions to become international ones. Aided by these two international factors, governments and national suppliers formed broader reform coalitions that were able to overcome strong resistance and introduce sweeping institutional changes, notably privatisation of incumbent suppliers, termination of monopolies, and delegation of powers to independent sectoral agencies. Thus, by 2005, France, Germany, and Italy had broken with deeply-rooted domestic institutions that protected national suppliers from competition. Instead, they had adopted an institutional model of a liberalised market with private suppliers and independent regulatory agencies, which was similar to that in Britain but reached through a different route.
Liberalising the Letter: The Reform of Postal Services
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPostal services seem an unlikely case for internationalisation. Postal institutions have deep national roots. Few transnational technological and economic developments have taken place, neither the US nor Britain liberalised or even privatised their state-owned post offices and the scope for international regulatory competition is low. The main form of internationalisation has been EU regulation between the mid-1990s and 2005. Nevertheless, from the late 1990s, significant institutional alterations were made, as postal operators became more commercial organisations and expanded overseas. EU regulation provided both pressure for change and justifications for it. The case of postal services underlines the role of EU regulation even in the absence of transnational technological and economic pressures, or prior reforms in the US or Britain through its legal requirements, and more importantly, its indirect influence through being used by actors in the domestic policy process.
Conclusion: Internationalisation through Policy
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis final chapter summarises the findings of the book and relates them to broader debates about internationalisation of markets and domestic institutional reform. It presents a policy analysis approach of market internationalisation and economic institutions that builds on, but develops, second image reversed and comparative institutionalist approaches. The framework put forward differs from these last two by adopting a broader definition of internationalisation, one that includes international policy decisions. It suggests that carriers of internationalisation are not just socio-economic interests but also political and state actors, especially governments. It argues that internationalisation affects national decisions through a broader range of mechanisms than economic efficiency or distributional conflicts, and highlights those mechanisms that feed in directly to the domestic policy process and involve governments. It suggests that nations that represent very different varieties of capitalism can adopt similar sectoral institutions, but that they do so through diverse routes that reflect their domestic politics.
The Corporation Under Siege: Social Movements, Regulation, Public Relations, and Tort Law since the Second World War
Authors: Sicilia David B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the experiences of three US industries — chemical manufacturing, tobacco, and nuclear power — that came under political, legal, and rhetorical attack following World War II, and identifies cross-cutting patterns in the public and private interests who besieged the industries, and in how they responded. At varying times and with few notable exceptions, the conflicts progressed through five stages: industry success and optimism following the war; sustained challenges by social movements; increasing regulatory control by a ‘new social’ regulatory regime in the early 1970s; new, specialized accommodationist public relations strategies and tactics; and involvement in large-scale tort regulation. Unlike most studies of alleged and real corporate malfeasance, this chapter considers both corporate and anti-corporate interests and actions, and suggests a framework for understanding post-World-War-II political economy more broadly.
The Business of Jews
Authors: Dellheim charles 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the economic culture of Jews with particular emphasis on myths and practices. While steering clear of essentialist assumptions about intrinsic ‘racial traits’, it asks whether there was, in fact, anything distinctive about the attitudes and activities of Jewish entrepreneurs. It examines ‘Shylock's shadow’, the scurrilous stereotypes that pictured Jews as greedy, materialistic, and acquisitive; the historical and sociological literature regarding Jewish economic behaviour; and the role of Jews in specific sectors of the American economy, notably in book publishing. It is argued that the Jewish experience in American business underlines the role of social marginality as an important source of innovation.
White Corporate America: The New Arbiter of Race?
Authors: Walker Juliet E. K. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the position of African Americans in management in American corporations since the Civil Rights era. Examining the careers of prominent black executives and the history of anti-discrimination suits filed against major firms, it is argued that African Americans have confronted a glass ceiling in their rise to top corporate leadership position that has changed little in the past thirty years despite a few prominent counterexamples. Meanwhile, black entrepreneurship has increased substantially, with notable success stories in the media and entertainment such as Oprah Winfrey. A broader survey of black capitalism, however, shows that black-owned firms remain smaller and less profitable than white- or other minority-owned businesses. The end of segregation, moreover, decimated some sectors of black enterprise that had served a racially divided marketplace. The chapter concludes on a note of cautious optimism, juxtaposing the important but limited number of high profile success stories with the overall lack of change in the position of black business.
6 The Career of Aegidius
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the career of Aegidius. It is likely that Aegidius was from an upper class family or was of noble barbarian ancestry. Gregory of Tours suggests that Aegidius became magister militum in Gaul shortly after Majorian's accession. Priscus states that Aegidius served with Majorian under Aetius.
13 Ricimer's Early Career and the Reigns of Avitus and Majorian
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the early career of Ricimer, and the reigns of Avitus and Majorian. Ricimer was a barbarian and of noble ancestry. Sources provide no hint of how or why Ricimer entered the imperial service and rose to high rank. Ricimer has been referred to as comes (presumably rei militaris) in AD 456-7 during the reign of emperor Avitus. By the time of the overthrow of Avitus, Ricimer was magister militum.
16 Gundobad, Orestes, and Odovacer
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Gundobad, Orestes, and Odovacer. Gundobad was Ricimer's nephew, who inherited his position following Ricimer's death. Gundobad became the greatest of the Burgundian kings, and a progressive one who introduced coinage and written laws. Orestes was previously the secretary of Attila the Hun, and later became the most powerful man in Italy as magister militum under Nepos. Odovacer was of barbarian ancestry and a rival of Orestes.
Marvell's Watery Maze at Nun Appleton
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter suggests that the narrator of Upon Appleton House (1651) reflects on and responds to pressures of contemporary and personal occasions characterized by loss or uncertainty. While a lowly family tutor, the voyeuristic narrator dares to range far and deep over the Fairfax estate and history, and into the psyche apparently of Lord Fairfax but perhaps more profoundly of himself. The narrator's digressive tour of the landscape progresses through time but also dives out of time to explore an ambiguous self exposed at the depths of a landscape of drowning, watery labyrinths, and trauma. The poem aligns the male narrator and startlingly predatory voices of the ‘subtle’ nun and ‘bloody thestalis’, only to highlight the dead silence of youth including Isabel Thwaites and Mary Fairfax.
‘Lights Framed like Nets’ in Sir Thomas Browne's Garden
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In 1658, Thomas Browne protests the ‘brutall terminations’ of death and silencing of individual voices of cultural and religious institutions by civil war and republican government. Challenging literal-minded readers of ‘this ill-judging age’ suspicious of rhetorical flowers, Browne follows his subterranean exploration of death and burial customs, Hydriotaphia, or Urn-Burial, with his prose ode to light, The Garden of Cyrus, a learned celebration of the five-pointed pattern of planting called a quincunx, the subject of Chapter 3. The narrator ranges in intellectual and sensual freedom as if enacting the invisible ‘plastick principle’ of generation contained in seeds, which becomes the diminutive hero of the visible and invisible universe. Browne cultivates a Paradise that juxtaposes an elegant quincuncial order with digressions ‘into extraneous things’ and ‘collaterall truths’, in contrast to the geometrical gardens and utilitarian, nationalistic horticultural schemes being devised in the 1650s to promote England's economic flowering.
Bodily Awareness and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: O'Brien Lucy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses whether bodily awareness is rightly seen as a source of self-knowledge in the relevant sense of knowledge of ourselves as subjects. It argues that bodily awareness is only one more perceptual faculty, and that in so far as perceptual faculties rely upon a subject attaining knowledge of him or herself via some input, we cannot consider it as a primary source for self-knowledge in the way that we can count knowledge of oneself attained via one's output. Our knowledge of our actions through an agent's awareness, has been characterized as knowledge of oneself via one's output, independent of an incoming representation of the action carried out. As such, it constitutes a primary source for self-knowledge.
An Apprenticeship in Arms
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks, from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. The apprenticeship in arms exposed these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a professional officer class based upon merit, established a fund of military expertise, and helped to shape a British identity. The remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the British and Irish civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggles against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called ‘soldiers of fortune’ led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia. The individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.
The Irish wars
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although England had been at peace for many years prior to 1585, it was thought necessary to diminish Spanish power in the Low Countries to eliminate Spanish influence in Ireland and complete the conquest of the warlike Irish people. The methods of warfare learned in the Netherlands were the most modern in Europe, and brought the English and the Scots into closer contact with the European military world. But Celtic warfare differed from that of mainland Europe, assuming the form of surprise ambushes by the Irish and brutal suppression of rebellion by the English conquerors who made no distinction between soldiers and noncombatants, ruled by martial law, and refused to recognize the Old Irish as subjects of the queen. The Elizabethan conquest was incomplete, and the lessons learned from the Irish wars were more applicable to colonial wars in North America than the siege warfare of mainland Europe.
Futurity and English will
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter defends a thesis of temporality as a species of modality. As a preliminary study of temporality as modality, it focuses on futurity in English and various ways of expressing it, as well as on various (future and non-future modal) uses to which the English auxiliary will can be put. Degrees of modality are proposed, including merger representations for the pertinent constructions, in which an amended version of Grice’s sentential operator Acc is used to capture types and degrees of modality of the constructions.
Figured Speech and Irony in T. Flavius Josephus
Authors: Mason Steve 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the rhetoric of Josephus’ narratives with special attention to his use of irony. It argues that Josephus’ Roman audience would have expected such artistry and playfulness; previous scholarship has not dealt with the concept of irony because they have not looked hard enough at the Flavian context within which Josephus worked. Beginning with Frederick Ahl’s important article on the art of safe criticism and a set of criteria for irony, the chapter demonstrates for example how Josephus can use hyperbolic praise to craft a subtle, and safe, critique of Flavian claims. An example is the figure of Titus in the Judaean War: although Josephus ostensibly flatters the general’s humanistic virtues, his portrait also serves to undercut Titus’ image of toughness (as his troops constantly disobey his orders) and to distance him from his celebrated destruction of enemy strongholds. It is concluded that Josephus was not a mouthpiece of Flavian perspectives, but a sophisticated author who exploited his Roman audience’s knowledge to create an alternative picture, as his prologue promises (War 1.1-3).
Autobiographical transactions
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores how the theme of the ‘self’ as an autonomous and expressive agent — the ‘Romantic’ self — is produced in texts. A case study of sets of works by Elizabeth Gooch and William Henry Ireland demonstrates that autobiography invokes a self which resists or transcends the transactions in which it is enmeshed. In courtesan autobiographies and slave autobiographies, the rhetorical effects of expressive subjectivity are also set in opposition to the transactions that determine the self and its text. This idea is developed in readings of two of the master-texts of ‘Romantic’ subjectivity, De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater, and Hazlitt's Liber Amoris.
Childe Harold canto III
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
At the moment of canto III of Childe Harold's publication, the figure of Byron was at the centre of a complex relationship between privacy, publication, and self-writing. The canto is a reflection on these issues, reconfiguring them so as to distinguish between the public figure of Byron and an implied private, authentic, inward figure. However the language of privacy and separation exploits its own moment of publication, managing the transactions between the figure of the self and the literary public sphere.
Pemex—Transforming a National Company
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter studies the efforts of Pemex, the Mexican oil corporation, to develop effective information systems over the past four decades. The information systems innovation processes are discussed in association with the broader struggles for reform in Pemex. To make sense of the significance attached to information systems innovation in the organization, the difficulties faced, and controversies that arise, this case study describes the links of Pemex with its national context, the international oil industry, and the international financial and political institutions. The analysis shows that the information systems innovation efforts in this company have reflected the struggle over its complex role: simultaneously an actor in a competitive market and the most significant asset for the country’s socio-economic development. Information systems innovation, aligned with the managerial efforts which increasingly saw the company as a free-market-driven business organization, was often in conflict with the powerful alternative rationality of its national role.
The Nature and Significance of Global Diversity for Information Systems
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter draws the main lessons from the empirical studies presented in Chapters 5-8, through the theoretical lenses developed in the book. It elaborates on the non-deterministic nature of ICT, explaining why it does not deliver its expected value when the organizational circumstances do not match the rationality it conveys in its current professional pattern of practice. Evidence from the case studies is used to substantiate the message that the current close alignment of information systems innovation with the rationality of business management limits the extent to which information systems professionals recognize and address alternative rationalities. A notion of context is developed that is relevant to information systems innovation. It is shown how the relevant context of information systems innovation can be drawn as an intersection of the fields of multiple institutions, each with a variable geographical span: national, foreign national, international, and some disembedded from particular geographic location.
3 The Knowledge Worker and the Divided University
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the contemporary conditions of academic work and management in UK universities as organizations. In so doing, it also raises questions about the wider purposes of universities in the modern world. Topics discussed include knowledge work and knowledge management, the state of the contemporary academic knowledge worker, difficulties faced by universities, gender divisions between male and female staff in universities, and divisions between universities.
4 Manager‐Academic Identities, Practices, and Careers in the Contemporary University
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores how the sedimentation of varieties of New Managerialism have suffused the accounts of manager-academics about their work, roles, and identities. It considers the two models of management — neoliberal and neo-technical — and their bearing upon manager-academics' working lives. Drawing upon data from the ESRC New Managerialism project, the chapter examines responses to change in the UK higher education sectors and the extent to which NM has been accepted and internalized (or rejected) by contemporary manager-academics. It addresses four major themes: the identities of manager-academics, generic principles and values about the role of academics in the university, practical characteristics of everyday life in universities, and how academics are turned into manager-academics and their understandings of their careers.