bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model for the prediction of triglyceride molecular species by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takahashi K. , Hirano T. , Egi M. , Zama K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe physicochemical and theoretical relationships between the traditional equivalent carbon number (ECN) and a proposed elution theory for triglyceride molecular species that has been expressed as a matrix model were demonstrated by multiple regression analysis. It was concluded that the ECN expression has two independent variables, that is, the total acyl carbon number (CN) and the total double bonds (DB), and one dependent variable, the relative retention time (RRT). In the proposed elution equation, there are six independent variables, including the carbon numbers and number of double bonds in each acyl group to be considered.
Isoricinoleic acid inAnnona squamosa seed oil
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Afaque S. , Ahmad M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnnona squamosa seed was found to contain 23% oil, of which 9.8% was a hydroxy acid. After isolation from the other acids using silica gel column chromatography, it was identified as isoricinoleic acid. The fatty acid composition and analytical data on the oil are given.
Composition of triacylglycerols containing cyclopropene fatty acids in seed lipids of Munguba (Bombax munguba Mart.)
Authors: Schuch Ricardo , Ahmad Faslh , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seed lipids of Munguba (Bombax munguba Mart., Bombacaceae) were found to contain substantial proportions (ca. 30%) of cyclopropene acyl moieties (sterculoyl and malvaloyl). In a novel approach to the analysis of glycerolipids containing cyclopropene acyl moieties, the triacylglycerols of Munguba seed were first treated with silver nitrate in acetonitrile‐acetone (1:1, v/v), in order to convert the cyclopropene groups to the correspondingα,β‐unsaturated ketones. The resulting triacylglycerols were fractionated by thin layer chromatography into molecular species containing none, one and two keto (corresponding to none, one and two cyclopropene) acyl moieties per molecule. Each of these molecular species was further fractionated according to carbon numbers by gas chromatography, and the positional distribution of the acyl moieties in each species was determined. Both sterculoyl and malvaloyl moieties were found predominantly at thesn‐2 position of the triacylglycerols. The major triacylglycerols of Munguba seed were found to be 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐linoleoylglycerol and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐sterculoylglycerol.
Effect of salinity and alcohol partitioning on phase behavior and oil displacement efficiency in surfactant‐polymer flooding
Authors: Pithapurwala Y. K. , Sharma A. K. , Shah D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of a crude oil, namely Ankleshwar crude, is successfully modeled by a mixture of pure alkanes. The EACN of the crude oil is found to be 9.3, and an appropriate mixture of nonane and decane exhibited phase behavior similar to that of the crude oil. A surfactant system for a water flooded reservoir at 80 C and having a salinity in the range of 2% to 3% NaCl is formulated by blending a phosphated ester with a petroleum sulfonate in the weight ratio of 2/5. The addition of phosphate ester not only increases the salt tolerance of the petroleum sulfonate system, it also broadens the IFT minimum. The oil displacement tests at 80 C in sandpacks and Berea cores showed that the surfactant formulation containing tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) displaced 92% oil in sandpacks and 79% crude oil in Berea cores. The oil recovery efficiency was poor when formulations contained other alcohols. From the effluent surfactant concentration, it is shown that there is a correlation between the tertiary oil recovery, surfactant breakthrough and surfactant retention in porous media. It is proposed that, because alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), isobutyl alcohol (IBA) and secondary butyl alcohol (SBA) partition significantly in the equilibrated excess brine phase, the alcohol‐depleted surfactant slug forms stable emulsions resulting in faster breakthrough of surfactant in the effluent and lower oil displacement efficiency. In the case of TAA‐containing formulation, there is a partitioning of TAA in the oil phase. Therefore, there is a mass transfer of alcohol from surfactant slug to the oil ganglia in porous media. This produces a transient ultralow IFT between residual oil and the surfactant solution which mobilizes oil, resulting in higher oil displacement efficiency.
Low‐temperature properties of triglyceride‐based diesel fuels: Transesterified methyl esters and petroleum middle distillate/ester blends
Authors: Dunn R. O. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work examines low‐temperature properties of triglyceride‐based alternate fuels for direct‐injection compression‐ignition engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were studied as neat fuels and in blends with petroleum middle distillates (No. 1 or No. 2 diesel fuel). Admixed methyl esters composed of 5–30 vol% tallowate methyl esters in soyate methyl esters were also examined. Pour points, cloud points, and kinematic viscosities were measured; viscosities at cooler temperatures were studied to evaluate effects of sustained exposure. Low‐temperature filterability studies were conducted in accordance with two standard methodologies. The North American standard was the low‐temperature flow test (LTFT), and its European equivalent was the cold‐filter plugging point (CFPP). With respect to cold‐flow properties, blending methyl esters with middle distillates is limited to relatively low ester contents before the properties become preclusive. Under most conditions, cold‐flow properties were not greatly affected by admixing the methyl esters with up to 30 vol% tallowate (before blending). Least squares analysis showed that both LTFT and CFPP of formulations containing at least 10 vol% methyl esters are linear functions of cloud point. In addition, statistical analysis of the LTFT data showed a strong 1:1 correlation between LTFT and CP. This result may prove crucial in efforts to improve low‐temperature flow properties of alternate diesel fuels that contain methyl esters derived from triglycerides.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane—A kinetic study
Authors: Ramamurthi Suresh , McCurdy Alan R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of immobilized lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane were investigated. The reaction follows Michaelis‐Menton kinetics as observed from the relationship of initial rate of the reaction, both as a function of enzyme and of substrate concentration. Inhibition by excess of methanol has been identified. The kinetic constants have been measured for the reaction in the absence of any significant external diffusional limitations. The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction are suggested to agree with a Ping‐Pong Bi Bi mechanism.
Interesterification of butterfat by commercial microbial lipases in a cosurfactant‐free microemulsion system
Authors: Safari M. , Kermasha S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed interesterification of butterfat was carried out in a cosurfactant‐free microemulsion system containing mixtures of Span 60 and Tween 60 (ICI Specialty Chemicals Altemix Inc., Brantford, Ontario, Canada) as surfactants. Four commercial lipases were used—Lipozyme 10,000L (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) and N, D and MPA (Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan). Stereospecific analyses of fractionated selected high‐molecular weight triacylglycerols were performed by enzymatic deacylation with commercial pancreatic lipase, random generation ofrac‐1,2‐diacylglycerols by Grignard degradation, synthesis ofrac‐phosphatidylcholines and a stereospecific release ofsn‐1,2 diacylglycerols by phospholipase A2. The results showed that the hydrolytic affinity of commercial lipases demonstrated an acyl‐group specificity toward lower‐molecular weight fatty acids C4–C14∶0. Stereospecific analyses of fatty acids of interesterified selected triacylglycerols of butterfat catalyzed by lipase N demonstrated a 46% increase in the proportion of C18∶1cis Δ9 at thesn‐2 position, whereas those catalyzed by lipases MAP, D and Lipozyme 10,000L were enriched with C16∶0 at the same position by 21, 35 and 41%, respectively.
Functionalization at the double bond region of jojoba oil. 6. Production of aminesvia azides
Authors: Avidon Victor , Shani Arnon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe apolar and hydrophobic jojoba molecule was made more hydrophilic by the incorporation of primary amino groupsvia the introduction and subsequent reduction of azido groups. The azides were obtained by the substitution of bromine or a mesylate group introduced into the jojoba oil molecule; by opening of the epoxide ring in epoxy jojoba; or by the addition of bromoazide to the double bonds of jojoba.
Characterization of sucrose polyesters‐triacylglycerols mixtures
Authors: Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Pérez‐Camino M.C. , Rios J.J. , Dobarganes M.C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and thin‐layer chromatography/flame‐ionization detection (TLC/FID) have been used for the characterization of mixtures of either monoacid sucrose octaesters with triacylglycerols (TAG) or sucrose polyesters (SPE) prepared from oils with natural oils. In mixtures of monoacid sucrose octaesters/TAG, no significant differences were found between the values obtained by either HPSEC or TLC/FID and the actual component proportions. Additionally, components could be separated by TLC, which was confirmed by fatty acid composition data of each fraction. Analysis of SPE/oil mixtures was attainable by HPSEC, but alternative quantitation by TLC/FID required previous silylation. Likewise, fatty acid composition could be determined only in the total mixture and in the sucrose octaester fraction. A formula derived for calculation of oil fatty acid composition, based on analytical data, showed the validity of the approach used in this study to determine component proportions in functional SPE/oil mixtures.
Effect of triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid on the solidification properties of sal (Shorea robusta) fat
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractComponents affecting solidification properties of sal (Shorea robusta) fat have been studied. Triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid (DHS‐TGs) present to about 3% have been found to affect the supercooling property of sal fat at as low a level as 2%. The DHS‐TGs were composed of 57.5% stearic, 5.8% arachidic, 6% palmitic and 30.5% 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids. As DHS‐TGs are soluble in acetone, solvent fractionation using acetone improved the supercooling capacity of stearin while that of the olein fraction was not affected. When the fat was subjected to dry fractionation at 35 C, DHS‐TGs, due to their high melting nature, were removed to a greater extent in the form of stearin, thereby improving the supercooling capacity of the olein.
Variations in fat content and lipid class composition in ten different mango varieties
Authors: Ali M. A. , Gafur M. A. , Rahman M. S. , Ahmed G. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe kernels of 10 different mango varieties were extracted. The physico‐chemical characteristics and lipid class composition of fats were studied. The fat content of mango kernels grown under the soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh varied from 7.1% to 10%, depending on the variety. The total lipid extracts were fractionated into lipid classes by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The hydrocarbon and sterol esters varied from 0.3% to 0.7%, triglycerides from 55.6% to 91.5%, partial glycerides from 2.3% to 4% and free sterol from 0.3% to 0.6%. Free fatty acids amounted to 3.0–37% as oleic; glycolipids were 0.6–1.2% and phospholipids 0.11–0.8%. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG) fractions was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Palmitic acid varied from 7.9 molar % to 10.0 molar %, stearic from 38.2% to 40.2%, oleic from 41.1% to 43.8%, linoleic from 6.0% to 7.6%, linolenic from 0.6% to 1.0% and arachidic acid from 1.7% to 2.6%. TLC revealed the presence of lyso‐phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in the phospholipid fraction.
Preparation and surface active properties of alcohol ethoxylates with an amide oxime terminal group
Authors: Masuyama Araki , Okano Tomomichi , Okahara Mitsuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAmide oxime compounds have become of major interest because they can complex with uranium, gallium and various transition metal ions. In this work surface active amide oximes were prepared to make some functions of the amide oxime group exhibit as molecular aggregates in aqueous media. Amide oximes were obtained from nitriles which were prepared by the cyanoethylation of alcohol ethoxylates with a monodispersed oligo(oxyethylene) group. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured under various conditions and were compared with nonionics of the alcohol ethoxylate type. The pKa1 values of these amide oximes were about five, and they acted as cationic surfactants under acidic conditions and nonionic ones under neutral and basic conditions. When they served as nonionics, the cloud point, CMC, γCMC and foaming properties of surface active amide oximes were similar to other alcohol ethoxylate nonionics.
Adsorption of lutein from soybean oil on silicic acid II. Kinetics
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Snyder Harry E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAdsorption kinetics of lutein on silicic acid from a crude soybean oil miscella were first order with respect to lutein at small pigment concentrations but zero order above 15 µM. Lutein adsorption was first order with respect to silica. Triglyceride adsorption was first order with respect to triglyceride concentration and adsorbent dose. The adsorption rate constant of lutein was reduced by increasing the triglyceride concentrations relative to that of lutein. Both lutein and triglyceride were reversibly bound. The kinetic data indicated competition between lutein and triglyceride for adsorption sites.
The calibration of NIR reflectance spectrometer for the determination of diverse compositional parameters
Authors: Barton F. E. , Cavanagh G. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNear Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to analyze a variety of agricultural commodities. Many times the success or lack of it has been due to inadequate computational capabilities or asking more of the instrument than its capabilities. This study showed that for the development of multiple analytical methods by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) a sophisticated instrument computer software system can perform multiple analyses and that different data treatments were required for each constituent. In this case a scanning monochromator with a digital mini computer and the USDA/Pennsylvania State University software system could easily be calibrated to determine simultaneously the percentages of moisture, protein and residual oil in cottonseed meal. High RSQ (.98–.99 for all constituents) and low standard errors of prediction (SEP) (0.18 moisture, 0.1 oil and 0.34 protein) were obtained. Success was due to the acquisition of sufficient data for all three analyses (via the monochromator) and the use of sufficient computing power to obtain an optimized calibration where each constituent required a different mathematical data treatment.
Super acid catalyzed dimerization of fatty acids derived from safflower oil and dehydrated castor oil
Authors: Rajadhyaksha R. A. , Chaudharl D. D. , Joshi G. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDimerization of fatty acids derived from dehydrated castor oil and safflower oil was carried out on the recently described sulphate‐treated zirconia catalyst and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid (triflic acid) under autogeneous pressure in the temperature range of 160–240 C. Triflic acid was observed to be highly active; however, the product obtained was deeply colored. Zirconia exhibited high activity for the reaction. The important features of this catalyst were the high selectivity for dimer (low yields of trimer) and no significant coloration of the products. The zirconia catalyst shows promise for industrial use.
Instrumental method for evaluating static control in laundry
Authors: Tiede Merlin G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe most difficult performance attribute to measure when evaluating a fabric softener has been static control. Several instrumental methods have been used in the past, all with limited success. The most frequently used method has been a subjective evaluation by an experienced operator, but this also has obvious short‐comings. The topic method is based on a Faraday Cage. Test swatches are removed from the dryer and placed in an insulated stainless steel tank. As each swatch is removed, a corresponding charge is induced on the tank, which is measured by a high impedence volt meter.
Seed proton NMR spin‐grouping
Authors: Schreiner L. J. , Pintar M. M. , Blinc R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProton spin grouping in the rotating frame allows for a distinction between oil, water and starch protons with a resolution which exceeds the one with the standard proton T1 or T2 oil and water separation experiments. Hence, it has clear advantages in plant breeding programs in those situations where, because of the relatively high oil and water content, the standard NMR technique fails unless the seeds are dried artificially. This technique is just as fast as the standard technique.
Antioxidant effects of d‐tocopherols at different concentrations in oils during microwave heating
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Kajimoto Goro , Emura Shiuji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of d‐tocopherols at different concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) on the oxidative stability of ethyl linoleate and tocopherol‐stripped oils were investigated under microwave heating conditions. Purified substrate oils were prepared by aluminum oxide column chromatography. After the addition of tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ or δ‐) to the oils, peroxide, carbonyl andp‐anisidine values were measured in the samples after heating in a microwave oven. Further, the residual amount of tocopherol homologues in the oils after heating was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography for evaluation of their effects at different concentrations on oxidative deterioration. Microwave heating resulted in some acceleration in the oxidation of the purified substrate oils. Optimum concentrations of tocopherols required to increase oxidative stability were 100 ppm for α‐, 150–200 ppm for β‐ or γ‐ and 500 ppm for δ‐tocopherol, respectively. The antioxidant effect of tocopherols decreased in the order α>β ≒ γ>δ at each level, in all substrates. Therefore, α‐tocopherol was consumed first, followed by β‐ or γ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocopherol was consumed more slowly. The tocopherols had no further significant antioxidant activity (P>0.05) at concentrations higher than 500 ppm.
Our experiences in processing maize (corn) germ oil
Authors: Leibovitz Z. , Ruckenstein C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the properties and composition of corn oil. Influences of processing steps on oil quality are described, along with alkali and physical refining, degumming, bleaching, dewaxing, deacification‐decodorization. A new method for wet degumming‐bleaching and deacidification‐deodorization is presented. Flowsheets and other data are given for a new 150 metric tons per day of corn oil plant.
Economics of energy use in various solvent extraction processes
Authors: Juristowszky G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnergy consumption such as steam and electricity for processing various oilseeds, particularly sunflower and rapeseed, is compared for three different processes‐conventional prepressing and solvent extraction, direct solvent extraction, and cold prepressing of whole seed and solvent extraction. Besides emphasizing energy, the talk discusses aspects of quality and economics of edible oil production.
Identification of diacylglycero‐4′‐O‐(N,N,N‐trimethyl)homoserine in mushrooms
Authors: Vaskovsky Victor E. , Khotimchenko Svetlana V. , Benson Andrew A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn unusual polar lipid component was found in some mushrooms and was isolated fromBoletus edulis. It has been identified as diacylglycero‐4′‐O‐(N,N,N‐trimethyl)‐homoserine (DGTS) by its thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) mobilities and staining behavior as well as by means of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Identification of this lipid in mushrooms indicated that DGTS is widely distributed among a diverse group of lower plants and may have chemotaxonomic significance for fungi. It is interesting that DGTS is a component of some edible mushrooms commonly consumed in food.
Phospholipid synthesis by chick retinal microsomes: Fatty acid preference and effect of fatty acid binding protein
Authors: Sellner Peggy A. , Phillips Arlana R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe acylation of 1‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerophosphocholine (1‐16∶0‐GPC) or 1‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerophosphoethanolamine (1‐16∶0‐GPE) was measured using the microsomal fraction prepared from retinas of 14–15‐day‐old chick embryos. Rates of incorporation of exogenously supplied fatty acids into diacyl‐GPC were generally 5–7 times greater than into diacyl‐GPE. Substrate preferences for incorporation into diacyl‐GPC and diacyl‐GPE were, respectively, 18∶2>18∶3=20∶5>20∶4>18∶1>22∶6=18∶0 and 18∶2>22∶6≽18∶3=18∶0≽20∶4=18∶1>20∶5. The apparent selectivities were not consistent with the reported fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes. The addition of partially purified fatty acid binding protein (FABP) to the reaction had no effect either on overall rates of incorporation or on the substrate preference. When fatty acyl‐CoA substrates were used, rates of incorporation of the 18∶0 derivative were much higher than with the fatty acid, while rates with other fatty acyl‐CoA were similar to those with the respective fatty acid. Substrate preferences for CoA derivatives incorporated into diacyl‐GPC were: 18∶0>20∶4>18∶2≽22∶6, and into diacyl‐GPE: 20∶4=22∶6>18∶0>18∶2. Polyunsaturated fatty acyl CoA (PUFA‐CoA) were thus favored for incorporation into diacyl‐GPE, and to a lesser extent into diacyl‐GPC, a result that is consistent with composition data. When purified FABP was added to the reactions, there was an increase in the incorporation of 18∶0‐CoA and a decrease or no change in the incorporation of PUFA‐CoA. The deacylation/reacylation cycle thus appears to play a role in the modification of phospholipid composition. The data are not consistent, however, with a role for FABP in directing PUFA toward membrane lipid synthesis.
Capillary gas‐liquid chromatographic separation of oxo and oxo‐hydroxy bile acid isomers of theallo and normal series
Authors: Iida Takashi , Komatsubara Ichiro , Chang Frederic C. , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCapillary gas‐liquid chromatographic separation was studied for 60 oxo and oxo‐hydroxy bile acids of theallo (5α‐H, A/B‐trans) and normal (5β‐H, A/B‐cis) series, which differ from one another in the number, position, and configuration of oxo and hydroxy groups at positions C−3, C−4, C−6, C−7, and/or C−12. Good separation of the isomers was achieved by the use of an aluminum‐clad fused‐silica capillary column coated with bonded and cross‐linked methyl polysiloxane.