bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bushmeat and bycatch: the sum of the parts
Authors: CLAPHAM PHIL , VAN WAEREBEEK KOEN 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn many developing countries, the killing of wild animals for commercial purposes (the bushmeat trade) is a significant factor in the reduction of biodiversity, and probably represents a major threat to the survival of many more populations than we know. This includes marine species such as cetaceans, sea turtles and sirenians (‘marine bushmeat’), which are often neglected in the discussion of this issue. Estimating the impact of the bushmeat trade anywhere is problematic because even the most thorough visual surveys of meat markets cannot easily translate an observed quantity of butchered products into the number of animals killed. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Baker et al. provide a powerful new tool for such assessments: molecular identification of commercially available products from a depleted population of minke whales in South Korea is combined with genotyping and novel capture–recapture methods to estimate not only the number of individuals taken, but also the persistence of the resulting products in the marketplace.
Acclimation of wild‐type cells and CO2‐insensitive mutants of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea to elevated [CO2]
Authors: OCHIAI TERUHIKO , COLMAN BRIAN , MATSUDA YUSUKE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCO2‐insensitive mutants of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea were previously shown to be unable to repress an inorganic carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) when grown under 5% CO2. When air‐grown, wild‐type (WT) cells were transferred to 5% CO2, an abrupt drop of Pmax to 43% the original level of air‐grown cells was observed within the initial 12 h. Photosynthetic affinities of WT cells to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were maintained at high levels for the initial 4 d of acclimation, and then decreased gradually to lower levels over the next 6 d. In contrast to WT cells, the CO2‐insensitive mutant, ENU16, exhibited a constant Pmax at maximum levels and a low K1/2[DIC] throughout the acclimation period. The rapid Pmax drop within 12 h of acclimation in WT cells was significantly reduced by treatment with 0.5 mm of 6‐ethoxybenzothiazole‐2‐sulphonamide (EZA), a specific membrane‐permeable inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA), suggesting the participation of internal CAs in the temporary drop in Pmax in WT cells. WT and ENU16 cells were grown in controlled equilibrium [CO2], and the photosynthetic rate of each acclimated cell type was measured under equilibrated growth [DIC] conditions. In WT cells acclimated to 0.14–0.4% [CO2], K1/2[DIC] values increased as [CO2] increased, and the photosynthetic rates at growth DIC conditions were shown to decrease to about 70% the Pmax level in this intermediate [CO2] range. Such decreases in the net photosynthetic rates were not observed in ENU16. These results suggest that algal primary production could be depressed significantly under moderately enriched CO2 conditions as a result of acquiring intermediate affinities for DIC because of their sensitive responses to changes in the ambient [CO2].
The Distribution of the Cardiac Veins in Angora Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Bahar S. , Tipirdamaz S. , Eken E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis study was carried out to describe the ramifications of the cardiac veins of Angora rabbit. For this purpose, a total of 16 adult healthy Angora rabbits of both sexes, 1.5–2 years of age, were used. The great, middle, right cardiac veins ran in a subepicardial course and opened into the left cranial vena cava, but some tributaries of the right cardiac veins sometimes also joined various portions of the right atrium. The smallest cardiac veins followed subendocardially and terminated in the right chambers of the heart. Based on their origin, course and frequency, it was concluded that the smallest cardiac veins are primarily responsible for the drainage of the interventricular septum. Results from this study are thought to shed light on further heart‐related medical studies, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge of the cardiac veins in this species.
Epidémiologie du Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev.
Authors: Par Lanier L. , Sylvestre G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Epidemiology of the needle‐cast fungus of pines (Lophodermium pinastri): results of four years studies with the aid of a Hirst spore trap. This study is dealing with the results of laboratory and forest (Haguenau) observations on the biology of the needle cast fungus of pines.The spores were harvested during a period of four years with a Hirst spore trap and their germination rate was studied.The results obtained permit to apply chemical treatments with a certainty of success.
Scleroderris lagerbergii: Resistance and differences in attack between pine species and provenances
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVarious pine species and provenances attacked by Scleroderris lagerbergii are reviewed with respect to their resistance. Pinus aristata is a new host. Introduced pine species may often become attacked if the ecological conditions in the new localities are different from those occurring under natural circumstances. Usually local provenances are more resistant than southern ones, but less resistant than more northern ones.
Our present‐day knowledge of Scleroderris canker control
Authors: Gremmen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis final paper deals with the present‐day knowledge of Scleroderris canker control. The author discusses the removal and burning of diseased plants and trees from neighbouring nurseries; spraying of nurseries with maneb or other chemical substances; the necessity of better silvicultural methods and heavy thinnings and finally the development of resistant trees.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Cuticularwachsen auf die Infektionsfähigkeit pathogener Pilze
Authors: Von Schütt P. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The effect of cuticular waxes on the infection rate of pathogenic fungi. 2. Rhytisma acerinum, Microsphaera alphitoides and Fusarium oxysporum. Cuticular waxes of Acer and Quercus species stimulate germination rate and germ‐tube development of certain foliar pathogens. The stimulation increases with host susceptibility. In the case of Rhytisma acerinum, the chemical composition of the leaf wax may be responsible for the host specificity of physiological races. Cuticular waxes showed a marked effect on Fusarium oxysporum also.In some cases, individual chemical components of different fractions seem to play a role in the mechanism of resistance.
Susceptibility of Healthy and Ozone‐injured Needles of Pinus strobus to Invasion by Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans1
Authors: Costonis A. C. , Sinclair W. A. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans were the fungi most often associated with foliar symptoms, including those caused by ozone, on Pinus strobus in the field. Following artificial inoculation of ozone‐fumigated and untreated foliage on pine seedlings, L. pinastri was Isolated without relation to visible symptoms of ozone injury. A, pullulans was isolated only from tissues killed by ozone. No evidence of additive or interacting effects of ozone and the fungi was found.
Integrierter Schutz gegen Pilzschädlinge in den tschechoslowakischen Forstbaumschulen1
Authors: Von Jančařik V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntegrated pest control in the Czechoslovak forest nurseries. In the last decades new permanent forest nursery centres are being built in Czechoslovakia. Plant protection is one of the important components of the new nursery technology and the main problems and principles of integrated disease control are discussed. One of the main components are fungicides, which have to be used very sensibly and with high responsibility not only because of their good effectiveness and disease control, but also because of the environment protection and healthy landscape conservation. In a short survey main disease‐types in Czechoslovak nurseries and an outline of Czechoslovak fungicides are given.
Les Rouilles du Pin Maritime
Authors: Par Arthaud J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Rust fungi on Pinus pinaster. Study of spores with the scanning electron microscope. Description of aecio‐ and uredospores of three Uredinales, parasitic on Pinus pinaster Sol, examined with a scanning electron microscope.Les spores des Urédinales ont, le plus souvent, une exospore ornée ?aspérités diverses; les urédospores, notamment, sont généralement échinulées, les écidiospores finement verruqueuses, ponctuées, etc. Ces aspérités ont des dimensions de ľordre du micron, qui les rendent tout juste perceptibles au microscope photonique; encore vaut‐il mieux, pour les observer, monter les spores dans ľeau que dans ľacide lactique, dont ľindice de réfraction (1,44) est trop élevé; le montage à sec donne des images encore plus contrastées, mais moins détaillées. Quant à la forme et aux dimensions précises de ces ornementations, le microscope photonique ne permet pas de les déterminer, surtout quand il s'agit des écidiospores, toujours plus finement ornées que les urédospores.
Research on Poplar Canker (Aplanobacter populi) in the Netherlands
Authors: Gremmen J. , Koster R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper bacterial canker research of poplar in the Netherlands has been reviewed. A scale representing six stages in the development of canker for rating susceptibility of new clones; the culture of the pathogen in vitro, and finally inoculation techniques, have been described in detail.
Ü ein Vorkommen der Hauptfruchtform von Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis an der Douglasie
Authors: Von Holz B. , Butin H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The Occurrence of the Perfect Stage of Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis on Douglas Fir. The perfect stage of Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis is recorded on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. This is both the first record of apothecia in Germany and also on this host. Identity of the fungus is based both on disease symptoms and comparison of fruit bodies and ascospores with published descriptions. Identity was confirmed by the production of the imperfect stage (Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae) on malt agar and on sterilised twigs of Douglas fir, pine and larch.
Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der parasitischen imperfekten Pilze der Gattung Pollaccia Bald. et Cif an Pappeln (Populus spp.)
Authors: Von Ondřej M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract A contribution to the knowledge of the parasitic imperfect fungi of the genus Pollaccia on poplars. The generic name Pollacia was used in 1937 by Baldacci and Ciferri for the single (type) species Pollaccia radiosa (Lib) Bald. et Cif. the well known leaf‐spotting fungus on Populus. In 1939 Servazzi differentiated two species of Pollaccia on Populus (P. radiosa [Lib.] Bald. et Cif. and P. elegans Serv.).During a study of various collections; in Herb. (BRA, HBG, BP, DAOM, L, W, CUP, BUCA, PR, WA, ZT, CL, BRNU, FH, WSP) the occurrence of four different species of the genus Pollaccia (P: radiosa, P. elegans, P. ramulosa and P. americana) was recognised.
Infektion und Abbau des Wurzelholzes von Fichte durch Fornes annosus1
Authors: Von PEEK R.‐D. , Liese W. , Parameswaran N. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Infection and Deterioration of Spruce Root Wood by Fornes annosus. The paper describes the mode of infection and subsequent deterioration of spruce root wood by Fornes annosus using light and electronmicroscopic observations. In the secondary xylem the overall penetration of cell walls is effected by means of microhyphae which produce boreholes. The degradation of cell walls is initiated in the S2 layer by diffusion of enzymes along the cellulose fibrils with subsequent hydrolysis of the amorphic incrusting substances.
Interaction of bacteria, decay fungi, and live sapwood in discoloration and decay of trees1
Authors: Shortle W. C. , Menge J. A. , Cowling E. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults of this study indicate that pioneer bacteria found in sapwood and discolored wood may: (1) contribute to wood discoloration, (2) alter the rate of cellulase activity of decay fungi, (3) interact with wood parenchyma to alter the rate of wood colonization by decay fungi, and (4) help provide growth factors and soluble nitrogen. Parenchyma cells appeared to be the major obstacle to the establishment of decay fungi in sapwood. Brief exposure to steam caused many changes in sapwood resulting in loss of vitality, and with it, loss of resistance to colonization by decay fungi. Whatever factors arc lost, bacteria alone do not restore them.
Studies on volatile compounds from Pinus silvestris and their effect on wood‐decomposing fungi
Authors: Flodin Kerstin , Fries N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVolatiles from fresh pine wood (Pinus silvestris) generally inhibited the growth of the five wood‐rotting fungi tested, while volatiles from heat‐dried pine wood in some cases were stimulatory. Fomes annosus and Stereum sanguinolentum, exposed to monoterpenes known to be produced from fresh pine wood, were inhibited in their growth, whereas hexanal and α‐pinene +− hexanal, known to be produced from heat‐dried pine wood, stimulated growth of S. sanguinolentum. Effects on mycelial morphology were also observed.
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring 1974–75 and 1975–76 “top‐dying” foliar symptoms in badly diseased Norway spruce began appearing on current year's needles as early as mid summer and autumn whereas in healthy or mildly affected trees they appeared later, in late winter and spring. In all trees however the maximum rate of needle loss occurred just before and during the flushing period. The disease affected current as well as second year needles. Needle loss took place during the whole year at different rates for different tree‐health categories. The total amount of needle loss increased significantly with worsening health status of trees.
Influence of zinc smelter emissions on peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles of various families
Authors: Niemtur St. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGreat differences in peroxidase activity were found in pine needles of 58 families, growing in two experimental areas at differing distances from the Zinc Metallurgical Works. Such differences reduce the diagnostic value of p.a., and may be important in the selection of Scots pine.
Sensibilité des jeunes rameaux de Peuplier au Marssonina brunnea (Ell. et Ev.) P. Magn.
Authors: Pinon J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Susceptibility of young poplar shoots to Marssonina brunnea (Ell. et Ev.) P. Magn. On shoots of various poplar clones, numbers of pustules were recorded in field susceptibility tests for Marssonina brunnea. Levels of infection in shoots do not necessarily reflect those of leaves. On shoots, the bases where early defoliation occurred are the parts most severely attacked.
Tuberculina maxima on Pinus sylvestris infected by Melampsora pinitorqua
Authors: von Weissenberg K. , Kurkela T. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Tuberculina maxima was observed in late August in a plastic greenhouse on seedlings of Pinus sylvestris inoculated with Melampsora pinitorqua. Apparent lack of this association in nature may be due to time difference in development of M. pinitorqua aecia on pine and in dispersal of T. maxima spores. Aecia of M. pinitorqua normally develop between mid‐June and late July.
Scanning electron microscopy reveals differences in surface morphology between basidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Shaw C. G. , Florance E. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBasidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum (Fomes annosus) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy did not allow for accurate and reliable separation between the two spore types. Contrarily, SEM clearly demonstrated that conidia have relatively smooth surfaces whereas basidiospores are consistently ornamented with numerous echinulations. SEM also demonstrated a definite dissimilarity in the shape and location of the apicular structures on basidiospores and conidia. With these differences now apparent, attempts can be made to examine airborne inoculum of H. annosum for the presence, absence, and/or relative abundance of the two spore types. Additional Key Words: Ultrastructure; spore ornamentation.
The nature and role of phytoalexin produced by aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
Authors: Flores G. , Hubbes M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhytoalexin produced by aspen in response to infection by Hypoxylon mammatum was isolated and found to be active against ascospore germination of Hypoxylon mammatum and conidial germination of Alternaria sp. Analysis carried out by thin layer chromatography suggests that the active compounds are phenolic glycosides. These compounds gave an inhibition up to 92.5% when tested against the germination of Alternaria spores.
Entomosporium leaf spot of Pomoideae, Rosaceae in Japan.
Authors: Horie H. , Kobayashi T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe host range of the Entomosporium fungus was proved to be limited to the Rosaceae, especially to the sub‐family Pomoideae, through comprehensive inoculation experiments. No pathogenic strains occurred among the isolates from different hosts. The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves on trees or on the ground and on lesions on young twigs. Conidia on them serve as the source of primary infection in spring. Formation of the perfect state was not observed in Japan.
Ecology and biology of three Lophodermium species on secondary needles of Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSecondary needles of Pinus sylvestris afford at least five distinct habitats in which microfungi mature and fruit. Three are occupied profusely by Lophodermium, a different species in each (L. pinastri on senesced needles, L. conigenum on needles on dying trees or branches and L. seditiosum on young needles on seedlings and in young plantations). The biology of each species is examined in its appropriate habitat.
The colour of Pinus silvestris L. seeds and their susceptibility to damping‐off. II. Colour of seed coats and their chemical composition
Authors: Rosochacka Jadwiga , Grzywacz A. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBlack seed of Scots pine are more resistant to damping‐off. The content of certain elements and chemical compounds in the seed coats differs widely depending on seed colour and physiological state (resting, germinating and infected seeds). The quantitative and qualitative differences in fatty acids content, total nitrogen, amino acids, some metals and nonmetals, chlorogenic acid, phenol and a number of its derivatives seem to be some of the factors conditioning differences in resistance to damping‐off.
Control of spike disease of sandal
Authors: Nayar R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the natural sandal reserves arsenic compounds have not proved successful in erradicating the spike disease; benlate has no curative or remission effect; tetracyclines have remission effects but application is not practical in forests due to the low density of sandal per hectare and difficulty in locating diseased trees. Compounds tried by various workers have provided no cure in the field. As vegetative propagation in sandal has not been successful, heat therapy also cannot be taken up. Eucalyptus has failed to control spike. But encouraging results have been obtained in checking the incidence of spike in man made forests by soil working, use of cover crop, interplanting sandal with trees giving shade at different levels, thus reducing the loss of water by evapotranspiration. In the natural reserves where the above conditions are prevalent spike disease has not been reported for the last 80 years.
Antagonists of Fomes annosus in the rhizosphere of grey alder (Alnus incana) and Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Authors: Johansson M. , Marklund E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison was made of the fungistatic effects of the root microflora of grey alder and Norway spruce with Fomes annosus as test fungus. The significantly higher frequency of actinomycetes in the alder rhizosphere probably constituted the main difference in this respect. The importance of fungi seemed to be about equal in the rhizosphere of the two tree species. Methods for studies of antagonism are tested and discussed.
Mise en évidence d'une relation entre la teneur en fluor et la chute de production dans les forêts résineuses soumises à une pollution fluorée
Authors: Garrec J. P. , Audigier C. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The relationship between fluoride content of needles and decrease in yield in conifer forests subject to fluorine pollution. In conifer forests (Picca abies Lk.), subject to fluoride pollution, a logarithmic correlation exists between the F‐content of unwashed needles and the decrease in wood production.
The identification of the two subspecies of Xanthomonas populi in vitro
Authors: Kam M. de 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Xanthomonas populi subsp. populi, the cause of bacterial canker in poplar and X. populi subsp. salicis, causing bacterial canker in willow can be distinguished in vitro by their metabolic pattern, NaCl‐tolerance and motility.
Barriers to decay in conifer roots
Authors: Tippett Joanna T. , Shigo A. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe process of compartmentalization, including the formation of barrier zones, localized discolored and decayed wood in roots of balsam fir, red spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine, and tamarack. The decay was caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel. and unidentified hymenomycetes. The most effective “walls” to decay were composed of resin ducts and parenchyma cells. Cylindrical patterns of decay formed due to tangential bands of resin ducts and parenchyma. In response to injury, conifer roots increase production of parenchyma cells which accumulate polyhenols. Three types of parenchyma may be produced: that associated with resin ducts, xylem rays, and tangential rings of cells resembling marginal parenchyma.
Effect of phenolic compounds and tannin on growth and laccase activity of Fomes annosus
Authors: Haars Annegret , Chet I. , Hüttermann A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe growth ofFomes annosus in liquid medium was inhibited by phenols which were oxidized by the fungus and/or induced high laccase acitivity. The effect of some of the tested phenols was different when they were applied to wood.The applicability of hydroquinone in spruce‐stems as protecting agent against invasion of Fomes annosus is discussed.
The influence of fertilizers on the occurrence of Armillaria mellea in Scots pine plantations
Authors: Rykowski K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAssessment was made of the health of fertilized (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and non‐fertilized Scots pine plantations infected by Armillaria mellea. Fertilization improved the appearance of the plantations by retarding or stabilizing or preventing the appearance of disease symptoms in the crowns of some specimens even if their roots were partially colonized by A. mellea. The modifications of anatomical aspect of infection due to fertilization were not observed. The partial mycological analysis of roots was made. The mortality, in two cases, was higher on fertilized plots, in one (the youngest plantation) ‐ on non‐fertilized area. The problems of genetical and ecological resistance were discussed.
Carbon dioxide fixation by wood‐rotting fungi
Authors: Schinner F. , Concin R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHeterotrophic CO2 fixation was measured quantitatively on the wood‐rotting fungi Armillariella mellea, Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidium annosum, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Piptoporus betulinus, Trametes quercina and Chaetomium globosum. Fomitopsis pinicola showed the highest fixation activity of 19, 4 nCi/g, which corresponds to a carbon uptake of 0,253 mg/g dry matter. The values of the other organisms did not exceed 4 nCi/g DW under the same conditions.No correlation between carbon fixation activity of fungi and their taxonomic position or their nutritional requirements could be demonstrated.