bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of the 1st International Genetic Reference Panel for Factor V Leiden, human gDNA
Authors: Hawkins J. , Morrison Marion , Hawkins Malcolm , Byrne Ed , Kitchen Steve , Jennings Ian , Makris Mike , Preston F. , Metcalfe Paul , Gray Elaine 
Published: July 2006

SummaryForty-one laboratories participated in an international collaborative study to assess the suitability of a panel of three genomic DNA samples as the 1st International Genetic Reference Panel for the Factor V Leiden (FVL) variant.The code numbers of the materials were 03/254 (FV wild type), 03/260 (FVL homozygote) and 03/248 (FVL heterozygote).The participants evaluated the panel against their in-house controls which were known patient samples and commercial controls. In total, 859 genotype tests were carried out on the panel, with an error rate of 0.7%.The errors were not related to specific samples of the panel or to any specific techniques.The findings of this study have indicated that this panel is suitable to be used as a reference material for genotyping of factor V Leiden. It was therefore recommended that the three genomic DNA samples be established as the 1st International Genetic Reference Panel for Factor V Leiden, Human gDNA, 04/224. This recommendation was approved by the Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC) of the ISTH (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis) in June 2004 and the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) of theWorld Health Organization (WHO) in November 2004.
Assessment of genetic risk for myocardial infarction
Authors: Matsuo Hitoshi , Segawa Tomonori , Watanabe Sachiro , Kato Kimihiko , Hibino Takeshi , Yokoi Kiyoshi , Ichihara Sahoko , Metoki Norifumi , Yoshida Hidemi , Satoh Kei , Nozawa Yoshinori , Yamada Yoshiji 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAlthough lifestyle and environmental factors influence the prevalence of myocardial infarction, genetic epidemiological studies have suggested that several genetic variants increase the risk for this condition. We have performeda large-scale association study to identify gene polymorphisms for reliable assessment of the genetic risk of myocardial infarction. The study population comprised 3,483 unrelated Japanese individuals (1,913 men; 1,570 women), including 1,192 subjects with myocardial infarction and 2,291 controls. The genotypes for 164 polymorphisms of 137 candidate genes were determined with an oligonucleotide ligation assay based on analysis of fluorescent microspheres with suspension array technology. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and the prevalence of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia revealed that the 677C→T (Ala222Val) polymorphism of MTHFR, the 1595C→G (Ser447Stop) polymorphism of LPL, and the –108/3G→4G polymorphism of IPF1 were significantly associated with the prevalence of myocardial infarction. A stepwise forward selection procedure demonstrated that IPF1, MTHFR, and LPL genotypes significantly affected the prevalence of myocardial infarction. Combined genotype analysis of these polymorphisms yieldeda maximum odds ratio of 2.54 for the combined genotype of TT for MTHFR,CC for LPL,and 3G3G for IPF1.The genotypes for MTHFR, LPL, and IPF1 may prove reliable for assessment of genetic risk for myocardial infarction. Determination of the combined genotype for these genes may contribute to primary, personalized prevention of this condition.
The efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of inhibitor-associated hemostatic disorders
Authors: Veneri Dino , Lippi Giuseppe , Stenner Rachel , Franchini Massimo 
Published: July 2006

SummaryRituximab is a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody active against normal and malignant B cells which has proven to be effective in the therapy of CD-20 positive lymphomas. Its B-cell cytotoxic action has also been exploited in many non-malignant autoimmune disorders in which it has been used with the aim of interfering with the production of pathologic antibodies. The present knowledge regarding the use of rituximab in antibodyassociated disorders of hemostasis (i.e. idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, acquired hemophilia A, congenital hemophilia with inhibitors, acquired inhibitors against coagulation factors) is presented briefly in this review. The results suggest that rituximab can be useful in the treatment of disorders of hemostasis associated with inhibitor formation. Although collectively the number of patients treated is now quite substantial, most of the data are drawn from isolated case reports or descriptions of small, uncontrolled series. Large, prospective, randomized trials are, therefore, needed to confirm the positive, preliminary results.
Ghanaian Sects in the United States of America and their Adherents within the Framework of Migration Challenges since the 1970s
Authors: Dapaah EdwardOpoku 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGhanaian culture revolves around religion hence it is not surprising that Ghanaians have established sects upon resettlement in the United States of America. However, the sects have changed the social organization of the adherents. Instead of mainstream institutions, adherents depend on the spiritual leaders of their sect in dealing with immigration, unemployment, illness and other social problems. The study contends that there are relevant characteristics of some Ghanaians that make it likely that they would be drawn to the sects. Some adherents are drawn to the sects as a result of profound post-migration insecurities including the threat of deportation and limited entitlements such as the denial of employment and educational rights. To such adherents the sects are an important avenue for resolving their post-migration insecurities. Results of this research also suggest that some Ghanaians are drawn to the sects by religious aspirations including the unique theology of the sect. Overall, the sects are not just a transfer of an important segment of indigenous life in Ghana to the United States of America, they also represent a miniature portrait of the changing nature of religion in the United States.
Urban Agriculture as a Global Economic Activity with Special Reference to the City of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Authors: Tambwe Nyumbaiza 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAccording to the UNDP (1996), about 800 million people are involved in urban food production with 200 million doing so for commercial reasons. Considering its rapid expansion all over the world, especially in African countries, urban agriculture is mostly regarded as a survival strategy. The attempt in this paper is to answer the following question: are people pushed into urban farming because they have no choice or are they engaged in urban agriculture because they know they can make a good living out of it? The article identifies several factors that force urban dwellers to resort to agricultural activities, as well as those that attract them for nutritional, financial and social reasons. These factors include, structural adjustment programs, decline in world prices of the primary commodities, economic crisis, low wage or salary, unemployment, rapid population growth, war, poverty, etc., which have led urban people to cultivate or raise animals or livestock. At the same time, urban agriculture has been proven as source of food, income and employment. The study is based on documentary sources, including books, articles, magazines, the Internet and the online publications. It also relies on primary sources from semi-structural interviews conducted in the city of Lubumbashi from November 2004 to March 2005.
Super or superfluous in the South Pacific?
Authors: Fitzsimmons Phil , McKenzie Barbra 
Published: July 2006

English This article discusses the findings of a project that sought to understand the professional, and perhaps the personal, benefits gained from participating in an overseas teaching practicum. Using in-situ classroom observations, semi-structured interviews and informal discussions, it became apparent that the participating students believed they had become empowered because they were forced to take up sets of nested ideals based around personal and professional responsibility. Students thus became much more empowered and confident in both their personal and professional lives. French Cet article analyse les conclusions d'un projet de recherche visant à comprendre les avantages professionnels, et peut-être même personnels, procurés par la participation à un stage d'enseignement à l'étranger. D'après les observations faites dans les salles de classe, différentes entrevues semi-structurées et discussions informelles, il apparaît que les élèves participants ont le sentiment que le fait d'être contraints d'adopter des ensembles d'idéaux entremêlés et fondés sur les notions de responsabilité personnelle et professionnelle a renforcé leurs habilités. Après une telle expérience, les élèves se sentent donc beaucoup plus épanouis, compétents et sãrs d'eux dans leur vie personnelle ainsi que dans leur vie professionnelle. Spanish En este artículo se exponen los resultados de un proyecto que pretendía analizar las ventajas profesionales, y quizás personales, de realizar prácticas como profesor en el extranjero. Tras realizar observaciones en aulas, entrevistas semiestructuradas y debates informales, se comprobó que los alumnos participantes consideraron la experiencia muy provechosa, ya que se vieron obligados a asumir una serie de ideales basados en la responsabilidad personal y profesional. De este modo, los alumnos se sentían más facultados y seguros tanto en su vida personal como profesional.
International students in English-speaking universities
Authors: Andrade Maureen Snow 
Published: July 2006

English International students in institutions of higher education in English-speaking countries make valuable educational and economic contributions. For these benefits to continue, universities must become more knowledgeable about the adjustment issues these students face and implement appropriate support services. This review identifies factors that influence the adjustment and academic achievement of international students. Adjustment challenges are primarily attributable to English language proficiency and culture. Achievement is affected by English proficiency, academic skills and educational background. Understanding international student adjustment issues has global implications for intercultural education. Successful support interventions are reviewed and implications for practice discussed. French Les élèves internationaux étudiant au sein d'institutions d'enseignement supérieur dans des pays anglophones apportent une contribution précieuse tant sur le plan éducationnel que sur le plan économique. Pour continuer à bénéficier de ces atouts, les universités doivent s'informer davantage sur les questions d'adaptation auxquelles ces élèves sont confrontés et mettre en oeuvre des services de soutien appropriés. Cette étude identifie les facteurs qui influencent l'adaptation et les résultats scolaires des élèves internationaux. Les problèmes d'adaptation sont attribués en premier lieu à la maîtrise de la langue anglaise et à la culture. Les résultats scolaires quant à eux sont affectés par la maîtrise de l'anglais, l'aptitude aux études et les acquis scolaires. Comprendre les questions d'adaptation propres aux élèves internationaux a des implications au niveau mondial en termes d'éducation internationale. L'article analyse les interventions de soutien qui portent leurs fruits et discute des implications sur un plan pratique. Spanish Los alumnos internacionales de instituciones de enseñanza superior de países angloparlantes realizan valiosas contribuciones educativas y económicas. Para continuar beneficiándose de estas aportaciones, es necesario que las universidades conozcan mejor los problemas de adaptación que afrontan dichos alumnos y pongan en práctica los servicios de apoyo adecuados. En este trabajo se señalan los factores que influyen en la adaptación y el desempeño académico de los alumnos procedentes de otros países. Sus problemas de adaptación se pueden atribuir principalmente a sus conocimientos de la cultura y la lengua inglesa. Su desempeño depende de la competencia lingüística en inglés, las habilidades académicas y la formación educativa. Entender los problemas de adaptación de estos alumnos repercute en la educación intercultural a escala mundial. Asimismo, se examinan iniciativas de apoyo positivas y se analizan sus implicaciones a efectos prácticos.
Diakonia in the New Testament: A Dialogue with John N. Collins
Authors: Gooder Paula 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe word ministry is widely used, though difficult to define. Within the New Testament, ministry most often translates the Greek word diakonia. For many years scholars were agreed that diakonia meant humble service but the work of John N. Collins has challenged this consensus. This paper seeks to evaluate Collins’s work and to ask what his study contributes to an understanding of ‘ministry’ within the church. Its conclusions are that there are no substantial problems with Collins’s interpretation of diakonia and its cognates. Most occurrences of the word are better understood to mean ‘the carrying out of a commissioned task’ than the more traditional ‘humble service’. This can offer some helpful insights into the meaning and shaping of ministry within the church today.
Getting causal considerations back on the right track
Authors: Höfler Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn their commentary on my paper Phillips and Goodman suggested that counterfactual causality and considerations on causality like those by Bradford Hill are only "guideposts on the road to common sense". I argue that if common sense is understood to mean views that the vast majority of researchers share, Hill's considerations did not lead to common sense in the past – precisely because they are so controversial. If common sense is taken to mean beliefs that are true, then Hill's considerations can only lead to common sense in the simple and well-understood causal systems they apply to. Counterfactuals, however, are largely common sense in the latter meaning.I suggest that the road of scientific endeavour should lead epidemiologic research toward sound strategies that equip researchers with skills to separate causal from non-causal associations with minimal error probabilities. This is undeniably the right direction and the one counterfactual causality leads to. Hill's considerations are merely heuristics with which epidemiologists may or may not find this direction, and they are likely to fail in complex landscapes (causal systems). In such environments, one might easily lose orientation without further aids (e.g., defendable assumptions on biases). Counterfactual causality tells us when and how to apply these heuristics.
Activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) is critical in IL-8-induced angiogenesis
Authors: Yao Min , Zhou Rui-Hai , Petreaca Melissa , Zheng Lei , Shyy John , Martins-Green Manuela 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential in many physiological and pathological processes and can be stimulated by many different fators. To better understand and to manipulate this process more effectively, it would be beneficial to identify molecules common to the signaling pathways stimulated by different classes of angiogenic factors. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids, molecules that are critical in membrane biology, and hence, many of the processes involved in angiogenesis. Here, we show that angiogenic factors of different families, such as basic fibroblast growth factor, thrombin, and interleukin (IL)-8, stimulate SREBP activation, whereas nonangiogenic factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1, do not. We focused our detailed studies on IL-8 in vitro and in vivo, as this chemokine is also involved in inflammation and hence, has the potential to be critical in inflammation-induced angiogenesis, a process common to many diseases. Using human microvascular endothelial cells, a rabbit skin wound-healing model, and the chorioallantoic membrane assay, we show that IL-8 stimulates the activation of SREBP-1 and -2, and this activation is specific and receptor-mediated. SREBP activation leads to activation of RhoA through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. RhoA is a small guanosinetriphosphatase, important in cytoskeletal functions, which in turn, are critical in many of the cellular processes needed for angiogenesis. Given that diverse, angiogenic factors use different cell-surface receptors, identification of this common step in the signal-transduction pathway provides the opportunity for novel approaches for prevention and treatment of diseases involving abnormal angiogenesis.
Prevalence, Incidence, Diagnostic Delay, and Mortality in Turner Syndrome
Authors: Stochholm Kirstine , Juul Svend , Juel Knud , Naeraa Rune Weis , Højbjerg Gravholt Claus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim: Our aim was to study prevalence, incidence, age at diagnosis, and mortality in Turner syndrome (TS) in Denmark.Methods: Using the Danish Cytogenetic Register, we identified all cases (n = 781) of TS alive in Denmark during 1970–2001. Sixty-nine deceased women with TS were identified in the Causes of Death Register. We divided the cohort into women having the karyotype 45,X, karyotypes including an isochromosome Xq, and all other karyotypes associated with TS. We describe the number of patients diagnosed in Denmark yearly, incidence rates, and the age at diagnosis. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated.Results: A total of 349 women had a 45,X karyotype, 86 had a karyotype including an isochromosome Xq (isoXq), and 346 had another TS karyotype. Mortality was increased in TS with an SMR of 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 2.18–3.55). SMR was increased for coronary diseases, congenital malformations, endocrine diseases, and other causes. The mortality was increased for all types of karyotypes in comparison with the general population but was highest among females with 45,X and isoXq. There was a steady increase in prevalence, but incidence was unchanged. Age at diagnosis was mainly distributed in three periods: less than 1 yr of age (14.9%), during adolescence (10–17 yr) (33.2%), and during adulthood (38.5%), with a median age at diagnosis of 15.1 yr, decreasing during the study period (P &lt; 0.01).Conclusions: Patients with TS and especially the karyotypes 45,X and isoXq have a higher mortality compared with the background population. TS was diagnosed with a considerable diagnostic delay. Prevalence is increasing, but incidence of TS was stable.
A STUDY OF THE RECIPROCAL SALT PAIR: [K2, (NH4)2]–[SO4, CrO4] AT 25°C
Authors: Ishikawa Tadashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The equilibrium of the reciprocal salt pair [K2, (NH4)2]–[SO4, CrO4] was studied at 25°.
There exist two complete series of solid solutions in equilibrium with liquid solutions.
The compositions of the solid solutions have been determined by a special method.
The equilibrium of the system has been graphically represented using Janeck’s square diagram.
STUDIES ON MERCAPTALS OF SUGARS. II. NORMAL PROPYL MERCAPTALS OF SUGARS
Authors: Maeda Y\={u}ichi , Uyeda Yoshisuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The following sugars were obtained as new crystalline mercaptals by treatments with normal propyl mercaptan:—
Three hexoses, glucose, galactose and mannose ; one pentose, arabinose, one methyl pentose, rhamnose; two dioses, maltose and sucrose.
A RELATION BETWEEN ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES
Authors: Horiuchi Jurô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. There exists a relation
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
between orthobaric densities for normal and abnormal liquids.
2. By modifying the above equation, we obtain
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
each side being proved to be a linear function of temperature.
3. For constants A and E it was found that A=32.3 (Remark: Graphics omitted.) and E=0.17
Vk for normal liquids. E is, therefore, an additive quantity if Vk is additive.
4. By dint of the relation for constants A and E mentioned above, we have a reduced equation
(Remark: Graphics omitted.).
5. For lower temperatures, we have derived a vapour pressure equation.
(Remark: Graphics omitted.).
SPECTROSCOPICAL STUDY OF AMINO-ACID ANHYDRIDES. I. ON THE CONSTITUTIONS OF SOME SIMPLE AMINO-ACID ANHYDRIDES
Authors: Shibata Yuji , Asahina Tei-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Some simple amino-acid anhydrides were prepared after Maillard’s method and were examined spectroscopically. So far as the present investigation is concerned, it was proved that the solutions of these amino-acid anhydrides show no selective absorption. From this fact we came to the conclusion that these substances are considered to be only in keto-form in aqueous solution.
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. V. RAMAN EFFECT OF HOMO-CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. The Raman spectra of the following substances have been measured: benzene, cyclohexane, phenyl-cyclohexane, di-cyclohexyl, indene, naphthalene, tetrahydro-naphthalene, decahydro-naphthalene, tetrahydro-acenaphthene, decahydro-acenaphthene, decahydro-pyrene, and perhydro-pyrene.
2. A complete Raman spectrum of cyclohexane has been obtained.
3. Considering phenyl-cyclohexane, tetrahydro-naphthalene, tetrahydroacenaphthene, and decahydro-pyrene as the substitution products of benzene as well as of cyclohexane, the Raman frequencies of these substances have been classified into three groups, i. e., the first due to the benzene ring, the second due to the cyclohexane ring, and the third due to the combination of the two.
4. The disappearance of Δν and 1000 cm−1. in the di-derivatives (ortho) of benzene has been confirmed even in the case of the condensed ring compounds, such as indene, naphthalene, and tetrahydro-naphthalene.
5. The oscillation of the two forms of indene, i. e. (Remark: Graphics omitted.), has been explained.
THE THIRD ABSORPTION BANDS OF CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS. I. [Co(NH3)4ClNO2]Cl AND [Co(NO2)6]Na3
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro , Kashimoto Shin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) In order to verify the postulate that the third band is due to a pair or pairs of negative radicals co-ordinated in trans-positions to each other, extinction coefficients of [Co(NO2)6]Na3, [Co(NH3)4Cl NO2]Cl, [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2(6)(1)]Cl, [Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]NH4, etc. were measured.
(2) Aqueous solutions of [Co(NO2)6]Na3 and [Co(NH3)4Cl NO2]C1 were proved to have the third bands as will be predicted from the postulate.
(3) Regularities among the frequencies of the first, the second, and the third band were pointed out, viz., for the cobalt complex salts, which show the third band, ν3–ν2 and ν2–ν1 are 33×1013 and 18×1013, whereas for the pentammine and the tetrammine cobaltic salts, ν2–ν1 is 27×1013 and 24∼26×1013 respectively.
The Motion of Ethylene Halide Molecules in Crystals as Revealed by the Raman Effect.
Authors: Mizushima San-ichiro , Morino Yonezo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the region of the unmodified line there have been observed for crystalline ethylene halides some Raman lines which correspond to motions of a molecule as a whole, but not to internal normal vibrations. For ethylene bromide a considerable change in these low frequency lines was observed between the spectrum at −40°C. and that at 0°C. and it is highly probable that this change is caused at the transition temperature (−24°C.) observed in the thermal measurement. An explanation for these experimental results was suggested to identify these lines with lattice frequencies and to regard the transition point as the temperature at which the one dimensional molecular rotation sets in.