bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE GERMAN DAIRY INDUSTRY
Authors: SCHULZ M. E. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe author makes an attempt to explain the German dairy situation to Congress visitors from Great Britain by comparing the British and German dairy industries. Both countries, being large centres of consumption, are interesting outlets for those countries which depend upon the export of dairy products. The economic situation and structure of both countries are very similar. The main difference is the fact that market milk consumption in Great Britain ‐ amounting to 60 per cent of total dairy milk ‐ represents the most important factor of milk utilization, whereas in Germany this is only 30 per cent. Much of Germany's total milk production of 21,000 million kg/year is manufactured into butter. Butter consumption in Germany amounts to about 500,000 tons, 95 per cent of which is home produced, whereas 90 per cent of butter consumption in Great Britain is covered by imports. About 50 per cent of cheese consumption in Great Britain is covered by imports, whereas it amounts to 27 per cent in West Germany. For health reasons, fresh cheese varieties ‐ preferably skim milk quarg and cream quarg ‐ have gained great importance in Germany. 3–5 kg of ripened cheese varieties and 3‐2 kg of fresh cheese varieties are consumed in Germany per capita each year. The latter figure corresponds to a total amount of 179,000 tons fresh cheese annually. Technical equipment of German market milk plants equals that of British plants; engineering facilities in Germany are highly influenced by technical developments in other countries. Typical German developments on the engineering sector are continuous buttermaking machines according to the system of Dr. Fritz and a number of continuous cheesemaking machines which facilitate operations in cheese factories. In 1965 500 continuous butter‐making machines and 150 quarg separators operated in German dairies. The main factor for progress in the whole field of the dairy industry is the co‐operation of all disciplines of science and practice. Therefore the importance of research utilization and every kind of extension service will increase in future.
A STUDY OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE COMPOSITION OF MIXED HERD MILKS
Authors: EDWARDS R. A. , DONALDSON E. 
Published: August 2007

SummarySamples of mixed herd milks from thirty‐two herds were examined for fat, total solids and solids‐not‐fat content over a period of thirteen days. Day to day variations have been calculated. Estimates of ‘allowable variations’ in composition have been made. Sampling requirements for accurate assessment of the quality of a milk supply are suggested. A comparison of the variability of the composition of mixed herd milks from cows under normal indoor conditions, on grass and in the transitional period between the two has been made.
THE INFLUENCE OF VACUUM PRESSING ON THE TEXTURE OF CHEDDAR CHEESE*
Authors: ROBERTSON P. S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA study was made of the influence of several factors on the texture of young and mature vacuum‐pressed rindless cheese. Pressures greater than 26 lb/in2 were required for maximum improvement in texture. A vacuum of 15 in was less effective than a vacuum of 25 in. Vacuum pressing of ‘dressed’ cheese for 5 min was almost as effective as vacuum pressing for 17 h; vacuum pressing after dressing was more effective than before dressing; transfer of vacuum‐pressed cheese to a normal press for the completion of pressing did not affect texture. Vacuum treatment of curd before hooping and pressing in the normal way had no beneficial effect on texture; vacuum pressing improved the texture of cheese made with mixed‐strain starters although this cheese was not as close as vacuum‐pressed cheese made with single strain starters.The distinct improvement in cheese texture which resulted from some combinations of vacuum pressing condition was confirmed in commercial scale trials involving 2,540 rindless cheese. This improvement was evident when cheese were graded at two weeks and when regraded at maturity.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SPRAY‐DRIED WHOLE MILK POWDER
Authors: ABBOT J. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYSpray‐dried whole milk powders containing either 0.01 per cent ascorbyl palmitate or this compound plus 0.01 per cent citric acid were prepared and their keeping quality under accelerated storage conditions at 37°C compared with control powders and powders containing dodecyl gallate. Ascorbyl palmitate alone afforded little protection against oxidative deterioration but together with citric acid considerably improved keeping quality.Although the addition of several antioxidants to edible oils and fats and butter intended for manufacture is permitted, their addition to milk powder is forbidden (Regulations, 1966). There are several reasons for this discrimination, the chief of which lies in the phenolic nature of the most effective antioxidants in spray‐dried whole milk powder (Findlay, Smith & Lea, 1945). More recently ascorbyl palmitate has been used to delay the onset of oxidation in butter (Koops, 1964) and milk fat (Englelhardt & de Man, 1963). It seemed appropriate therefore, despite the different chemical composition and physical condition of the fat in butter and in milk powder, to examine its effectiveness in the latter product. In the quantity employed (0–01 per cent), ascorbyl palmitate would not present a risk to health, and its usefulness could probably be enhanced by the addition of a simple synergist such as citric acid, known to be effective with dodecyl gallate in lard (Lea, 1958).
SUBJECT: MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ULTRAFILTRATION
Authors: Evans E. W. , Glover F. A. 
Published: August 2007

Theories of the process of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, that involve permeation of solvent through a membrane in a sense opposite to that which obtains in osmosis, are considered. Factors that affect rates of permeation of solute and of solvent, and hence the selectivity of the membrane, are discussed.The physical structure and chemical composition of membranes are discussed, and the effect of processing variables on structure and composition, and hence on permeation rates and selectivity, are considered. The formation of boundary layers of high solute concentration at the surface of the membrane exposed to the solution has an appreciable effect on permeation; techniques for preventing their formation are mentioned. Some basic considerations relating to the power requirements of membrane processes are defined.
RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR GLASS AND PLASTICS MILK BOTTLES
Authors: Boustead I. 
Published: August 2007

This paper illustrates that any discussion of the energy requirement for milk bottling must examine not just the material from which the bottle is made but also the returnable or non‐returnable nature of the delivery system. Furthermore, for a returnable system, the energy needed to deliver a pint of milk is very sensitive to the trippage and comparison of returnable and non‐returnable delivery systems leads to an energy criterion for deciding which system is the most efficient in specific circumstances.The paper also includes a brief discussion of some future developments which could influence the type of delivery system used.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE REFRIGERATED FARM BULK MILK TANK ON THE QUALITY OF THE MILK AT THE PROCESSING DAIRY
Authors: THOMAS S. B. 
Published: August 2007

A brief review is given of the bacteriology of bulk milk collection, with particular reference to the total bacterial content of the raw milk at different stages of collection. This is followed by a consideration of appropriate reference, routine and simplified tests and standards for the bacteriological quality control of bulk collected milk.It is recommended that the total colony count, thermoduric count and coliaerogenes count, all at 27°C, should always be used for investigational, survey and advisory work. As these tests are too laborious, slow and expensive for the routine fortnightly grading of farm bulk tank milk supplies at creamery laboratories, a modified resazurin test at 30°C is prescribed for this purpose.
YOGHURT ‐ A REVIEW OF THE PRODUCT AND ITS MANUFACTURE
Authors: TAMIME A. Y. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reviews some recently published information concerning the manufacture of yoghurt. A wide range of procedures has been assessed, and particular attention has been paid to the type of additives employed, and the micro‐organisms involved. Techniques for prolonging the shelf life of yoghurt are also discussed.The legal standards for yoghurt proposed by certain countries are considered in the light of current or possible commercial practice.
Subject: Transport and storage of milk and milk products
Authors: SINCLAIR G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReference is made to the anticipated completion of churn conversion by 31st July, 1979. The main designs of bulk milk tanks currently in use on farms in England and Wales and the milk cooling systems associated with them are illustrated and discussed. Cleaning systems for both refrigerated and non‐refrigerated tanks are described and their relative effectiveness indicated. Methods intended to reduce energy requirements and costs in connection with milk cooling are discussed. The relative importance of bulk milk storage equipment and other sources of contamination on the hygienic quality of refrigerated bulk milk is considered.
The transport of milk from farm ot dairy in England and Wales
Authors: ELLEMOR R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe history of bulk development is described showing the resulting marketing efficiency and the problems arising from bulk collection are examined. Progress in bulk development since the mid‐fifties is described with the financial and technical aspects involved. Economics and the advantages of bulk collection with improved hygienic quality in ex‐farm haulage are discussed and the future of the meter measurement scheme assessed.
Heat‐stable milk powders
Authors: KELLY P. M. 
Published: August 2007

Many milk products are subject to high temperature heat treatments during the course of manufacture. However, when heating becomes severe, as in the cuse of sterilisation temperatures, there is an increased risk of milk coagulation, Examples of dried milks whose heat‐stable characteristics are of importance include heat‐stable skimmed milk powder which is used in the manufacture of recombined evaporated milk and also coffee whiteners.Factors that affect the heat stability of skimmed milk powder are discussed. These include milk composition as affected by seasonal change, processing factors such as the effect of preheat temperature, and the role of various additives which stabilise milk to heat treatment.
Influence of some polyvalent organic acids and salts on the colloidal stability of milk
Authors: MOHAMMAD K. S. , FOX P. F. 
Published: August 2007

Fifteen polyvalent organic salts and acids increased, some very markedly, the heat stability of milk progressively with increasing concentration; acetate and mesaconic acid had no effect, and maleate caused destabilization. Citrate, oxalate and EDTA markedly reduced the [Ca+] in the milk and increased its ethanol stability by shifting the ethanol/pH profile to lower pH values. These additives ≥ 20 mmol/l prevented the coagulation of milk by rennet, but the other additives caused only slight increases in RCT.Citrate, EDTA and oxalate disrupted casein micelles and would therefore not be suitable additives: however, the other acids and salts did not alter the appearance of the milk and might be recommended as suitable additives to improve the heat stability. In terms of the response to the level of Ca2+ and colloidal calcium phosphate in milk, there appeared to be a correlation between ethanol stability and rennet coagulation time.
Field evaluation of mechanical milk sampling devices on road tankers
Authors: FLEMING M G 
Published: August 2007

Six tanker‐mounted milk sampling devices (called ‘samplers’) were evaluated by comparing the samples taken by them with those taken manually from the same milk supplies by trained operators. The samplers under test, although of different design, transferred the milk from the tanker milk line directly to the sample bottle at a point near the milk pump. The sampling rate was adjusted before each operation to ensure a fixed sampling rate from the complete supply and provide a standard sample size. When sampling for compositional quality (per cent fat) from refrigerated farm bulk milk tanks the mean difference (bias) between sampler and manual control values ranged from 0.003 to 0.018, while the standard deviation of individual differences (sampler ‐ control) ranged from 0.043 to 0.088. When sampling for hygienic quality the mean difference (bias) between sampler and control samples for the standard plate count (expressed as log10) ranged from 0.026 to 0.39, while the SD of individual differences ranged from 0.11 to 0.49.It is concluded that with correct installation and operation the sampling devices tested are satisfactory for sampling producer milk supplies for compositional quality but not all are suited for sampling for hygienic quality. However, with minor adjustment in design or operation, in some cases performance may be improved.
Interleukin‐12 regulates natural killer cell‐dependent Propionibacterium acnes‐primed, lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver injury
Authors: Margenthaler Julie A. , Ku Grace , Flye M. Wayne 
Published: August 2007

Aim:  Interleukin (IL)‐12, produced primarily by macrophage/monocytes, modulates mature T and natural killer (NK) cell functions, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production.Methods:  To determine the role of IL‐12 in Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)‐primed, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced liver injury, mice were injected with an anti‐IL‐12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1 and 2 days before P. acnes injection (day 0) or 5 and 6 days before LPS challenge (day 7). The survival rates, plasma cytokine levels, and liver mononuclear cell phenotypes were evaluated for the mice treated with and without anti‐IL‐12 mAb.Results:  The observed mortality with P. acnes‐primed, LPS‐induced liver injury in C57BL/6 (B6) mice was 100%, but was reduced to 0% in interferon (IFN)‐γ receptor‐deficient mice and B6 mice treated with anti‐IL‐12 mAb on 1 and 2 days before P. acnes exposure (day 0). The plasma IFN‐γ levels weresignificantly lower (P < 0.05), and significantly less (∼90% reduction) hepatic infiltrating mononuclear and NK1.1 cells were also found in the IL‐12 mAb‐treated, P. acnes‐primed mice. The plasma cytokine levels after LPS challenge and in vitro cytokine release by liver mononuclear cells were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the mice treated with anti‐IL‐12 mAb prior to P. acnes exposure. The in vivo administration of anti‐NK1.1 mAb also improved survival in this liver injury model.Conclusion:  IL‐12‐regulated IFN‐γ production is crucial during the priming phase by P. acnes, but not at the time of the subsequent LPS challenge. NK1.1+CD3‐CD4‐ NK or NK1.1+CD3+CD4‐ NKT cells are important in this model of liver injury.
Mitogenic Component in Polar Lipid-Enriched
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Membranes
Authors: Choi Kyoung-Seong , Dumler J. Stephen 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by
Anaplasma phagocytophilum. A. phagocytophilum
cells activate Toll-like receptor 2 signaling and possess mitogenic activity, and
A. phagocytophilum
infection in vivo activates NKT cells unrelated to major surface protein 2 (Msp2) hypervariable region expression. Thus, we hypothesized that lipoprotein or glycolipid components of
A. phagocytophilum
membranes could be important triggers of the innate immune response and immunopathology.
A. phagocytophilum
membranes depleted of Msp2 and protein antigens enhanced the proliferation of naïve mouse splenocytes beyond that of untreated membranes. Protein-depleted and polar lipid-enriched membranes from low-passage
A. phagocytophilum
cultures enhanced naïve splenocyte lymphoproliferation to a much greater degree than did these fractions from high-passage cultures of bacterial membranes (1.8- to 3.7-fold for protein-depleted fractions and 4.8- to ≥17.7-fold for polar lipid-enriched fractions). These results support the hypothesis that components that are enriched among polar lipids in the
A. phagocytophilum
membrane stimulate innate immune cell proliferation, possibly activating NKT cells that link innate and adaptive immunity, and immunopathology.
Comparative Efficacies of Three Commercially Available Vaccines against West Nile Virus (WNV) in a Short-Duration Challenge Trial Involving an Equine WNV Encephalitis Model
Authors: Seino K. K. , Long M. T. , Gibbs E. P. J. , Bowen R. A. , Beachboard S. E. , Humphrey P. P. , Dixon M. A. , Bourgeois M. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We used a severe challenge model that produces clinical West Nile virus (WNV) disease to test the efficacy of three commercially available equine WNV vaccines in horses. Twenty-four healthy, WNV-seronegative horses of varying ages and genders were placed, in random and blind manner, into three trial groups consisting of eight horses each; two horses in each group received (i) an inactivated WNV vaccine (K-WN), (ii) a modified-live vaccine (CP-WN) containing the WNV prM and E proteins expressed by a canarypox vector, (iii) a live-chimera vaccine (WN-FV) containing WNV prM and E proteins expressed in a YF17D vector, or (iv) a diluent control. Challenge by this model caused grave neurological signs, viremia, moderate to severe histopathologic lesions in the brain and spinal cord, and an outcome of 0% survivorship in all six control horses. In contrast, challenge in horses at between 28 days postvaccination with the chimera vaccine and 56 days postvaccination with the commercial inactivated or modified-live vaccine resulted in 100% survivorship (protection from the onset of WNV encephalitis and viremia). Horses vaccinated with the live-chimera vaccine showed significantly fewer clinical signs than did the control horses (
P
≤ 0.01) and the horses vaccinated with inactivated vaccine (
P
= 0.035). Mild residual inflammatory lesions were seen in a few of the vaccinated horses.
In Vitro Drug Susceptibility Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Clinical Quasispecies Populations
Authors: Zhu Yuao , Curtis Maria , Snow-Lampart Andrea , Yang Huiling , Delaney William , Miller Michael D. , Borroto-Esoda Katyna 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the replication and drug resistance of patient serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) populations can contribute to the therapeutic management of chronic hepatitis B. We developed a procedure for cloning serum HBV quasispecies populations and for phenotypic analysis of the cloned populations for in vitro drug susceptibility. Equivalent sequences were compared to the respective serum HBV DNAs of the cloned quasispecies by population sequencing. Analysis of individual clones revealed that each population contained a diversity of HBV quasispecies. Furthermore, secreted HBV in the supernatant following transfection of the quasispecies populations remained mostly unchanged from the respective input populations. HBV obtained from patients who had developed resistance to adefovir or lamivudine, as demonstrated by development of the rtA181V or rtL180M/M204V mutations in HBV polymerase, respectively, were tested. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that a population containing the HBV rtA181V mutation showed a 2.9-fold increase in the 50% effective concentration (EC50) for adefovir compared to the wild-type baseline isolate, while the lamivudine-resistant HBV quasispecies population showed a >1,000-fold increase in the lamivudine EC50. In summary, a strategy of cloning full genome HBV quasispecies populations from patient sera was developed, which could provide a useful tool in clinical HBV drug resistance phenotyping and studies of the evolution of clinical viral species.
Pharyngeal Colonization Dynamics of
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Haemophilus haemolyticus
in Healthy Adult Carriers
Authors: Mukundan Deepa , Ecevit Zafer , Patel Mayuri , Marrs Carl F. , Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Haemophilus influenzae
is an important cause of respiratory infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis, which are preceded by asymptomatic
H. influenzae
colonization of the human pharynx. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of pharyngeal colonization by
H. influenzae
and an intimately related species,
Haemophilus haemolyticus
, in healthy adults. Throat specimens from four healthy adult carriers were screened for
Haemophilus
species; 860 isolates were identified as
H. influenzae
or
H. haemolyticus
based on the porphyrin test and on dependence on hemin and NAD for growth. Based on tests for hemolysis, for the presence of the 7F3 epitope of the P6 protein, and for the presence of
iga
in 412 of the isolates, 346 (84%) were
H. influenzae
, 47 (11%) were
H. haemolyticus
, 18 (4%) were nonhemolytic
H. haemolyticus
, and 1 was a variant strain. Carriers A and B were predominantly colonized with nontypeable
H. influenzae
, carrier C predominantly with b
−
H. influenzae
mutants, and carrier D with
H. haemolyticus
. A total of 358
H. influenzae
and
H. haemolyticus
isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following SmaI or EagI digestion of their DNA, and the carriers displayed the following: carrier A had 11 unique PFGE genotypes, carrier B had 15, carrier C had 7, and carrier D had 10. Thus, adult
H. influenzae
and
H. haemolyticus
carriers are colonized with multiple unique genotypes, the colonizing strains exhibit genetic diversity, and we observed day-to-day and week-to-week variability of the genotypes. These results appear to reflect both evolutionary processes that occur among
H. influenzae
isolates during asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage and sample-to-sample collection bias from a large, variable population of colonizing bacteria.
Identification of Dermatophytes by an Oligonucleotide Array
Authors: Li Hsin Chieh , Bouchara Jean-Philippe , Hsu Mark Ming-Long , Barton Richard , Chang Tsung Chain 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Species of dermatophytes are classified into three anamorphic (asexual) genera,
Epidermophyton
,
Microsporum
, and
Trichophyton
. Conventional methods used to identify dermatophytes are often lengthy and may be inconclusive because of atypical microscopic or colony morphology. Based on the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and ITS-2 sequences of the rRNA genes, an oligonucleotide array was developed to identify 17 dermatophyte species. The method consisted of PCR amplification of the ITS regions using universal primers, followed by hybridization of the digoxigenin-labeled PCR products to an array of oligonucleotides (17- to 30-mers) immobilized on a nylon membrane. Of 198 dermatophyte strains and 90 nontarget strains tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the array were 99.5% and 97.8%, respectively. The only strain not identified (
Microsporum audouinii
LMA 597) was found to have a nucleotide insertion at the ITS-2 region where the probe was designed. Two nontarget strains,
Microsporum equinum
LMA 40396666 and
Trichophyton gourvilii
var.
intermedium
CBS 170.65, were misidentified as
Microsporum canis
and
Trichophyton soudanense
, respectively. Sequence analysis of the ITS regions revealed that the two misidentified strains displayed high sequence homology with the probes designed for
M. canis
and
T. soudanense
, respectively. The present method can be used as a reliable alternative to conventional identification methods and can be completed with isolated colonies within 24 h.