bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inscriptions from Casarea, Lydae, Patara, Myra
Authors: Hicks E. L. 
Published: May 2006

In last year's volume of this Journal (ix. pp. 82, 83) Mr. Theodore Ben described the situation of this Carian town, which he discovered about three miles to the north-east of Loryma. In laying before the reader the inscriptions found on this site, from which we recover its name, I would call attention to the accompanying Map of Casarea and its neighbourhood, prepared by Mr. Bent at my request. He has made it the more valuable by adding the following memoranda:—‘During investigations on the southern coast of Caria, near the promontory anciently called Cynossema, and now known as Cape Aloupo or Fox, we were anchored in the Bay of Aplotheka, around which are the ruins of ancient Loryma. Whilst here, we heard from the peasants of a curious harbour and ruins at a little distance from the bay. Accordingly we rowed along the coast in our boat past several islets, and soon arrived at this harbour, the entrance of which is not a stone's throw across, though it opens within into a considerable basin surrounded by high mountains.
Artemis-Leto and Apollo-Lairbenos
Authors: Ramsay W. M. 
Published: May 2006

One of the most curious series of Anatolian inscriptions known to me has been published by Mr. Hogarth in this Journal, 1887, pp. 376 ff. Their importance lies in the fact that they show us the manners and religion of one district hardly affected by Greek civilisation, and almost purely native in character. As the use of the Greek language and knowledge of Greek civilisation spread, the native manners were proscribed as barbarous, and even native mythology was discarded and Greek tales adapted to suit the locality. I have frequently given instances of this. At Magnesia ad Sipylum, for example, if we may judge from the references of Pausanias, the mythology of the district was re-modelled under the influence of the Greek literary tradition of Niobe, and localities had to be found to suit the details of the story.As to the inscriptions published by Mr. Hogarth, Nos. 12–20, probably no one who reads over the texts can doubt that Greek was strange to the writers. They were native Phrygians, speaking their own language with a smattering of Greek, quite uneducated, but impressed with the belief universal over Asia Minor that Greek was the one language of education, and trying to express themselves in Greek. In every part of the country where the inscriptions enable us to penetrate below the Graeco-Roman varnish, the same inference is forced on us. Greek did not succeed in forcing itself on the native population of Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, and Cappadocia (except in the large cities which were centres of Graeco-Roman civilisation) until Christianity gave it the additional power of being the language of the Scriptures.
Archaic Etruscan Paintings from Caere
Authors: Murray A. S. 
Published: May 2006

The British Museum has lately acquired five terra-cotta slabs on which are Etruscan paintings of an archaic and interesting character such as have not hitherto been seen in this country. These slabs were found at Cervetri in 1874 inside a small tomb to which they had served as wall decorations. The only measurement that is given of the tomb is the size of the entrance which was forty inches in height. As that corresponds with the height of the three principal slabs we may perhaps assume that they had been placed against the walls so as to rest on the ground and reach up to the height of the doorway. The surface of the slabs has been first covered with a white slip which converts them into πίνακες λελευκωμένοι such as were used by Craton of Sikyon, one of the oldest painters in Greece.On this white slip the designs were sketched in with an ivory or wood point and then filled in with reds and blacks, the white ground being allowed to stand for the faces and arms of the women and for dresses which were meant to be white, whereas the flesh of the men is always painted red. In this use of white to distinguish women from men we have an artifice familiar in the Greek black-figure vases. But there the white is specially laid on and becomes a conspicuous feature on the vases. Here we have an older stage of the process, more natural, less conspicuous, yet quite effective enough. It is said by Pliny that the painter Eumaros was the first of the Greeks to distinguish men from women, and it has often been thought that this distinction consisted in white colour for the flesh of women. But as this use of white had been traditional from very early times, possibly long before Eumaros, we may perhaps assume that his peculiar name had given rise to the story of his having first made the distinction in question.
Archaeology in Greece, 1887–1888
Authors: Harrison Jane E. 
Published: May 2006

The progress of archaeological work in Greece will be most conveniently noted under three heads.1. New arrangements made for the building of museums and the general arrangement and exhibition of antiquities already known.2. Excavations on the Acropolis and other discoveries at Athens itself.3. Excavations carried on in the remainder of Greece and Asia Minor by the Greek government, the Archaeological Society, and the Archaeological Institutes of Germany, France, America. The work of the British School in Cyprus will be matter for separate publication, and need not be noted here.The arrangement of antiquities is put first to avoid subsequent repetition. It is to be understood throughout that unless the contrary is expressly stated all antiquities found in the Acropolis have gone to the Acropolis Museum, all those found elsewhere in Greece to the Central Museum.On the Acropolis the second museum is nearly complete. It is intended to contain vases, terra-cottas, and minor antiquities generally, and all such as are likely to be of interest to the ‘professional’ archaeologist, architect, and artist only. To this museum the general public will not be admitted. The Greek government acting through the general-director, Mr. Kabbadias, is most liberal in allowing all possible facilities for study to foreign archaeologists, and it is good news that there will now be space and seclusion in which it will be possible for them to avail themselves of such liberality. The disposition of the more notable antiquities in the first museum is nearly complete. It is unnecessary to describe in detail a collection well known and perhaps, in the department of archaic art, the finest in the world, but it may be noted that at last the beautiful slabs of the Parthenon frieze and those of the Nike balustrade are set up to full advantage. A catalogue of the museum is promised, but not as yet published.
Note on some Attic Stelai
Authors: White John Forbes 
Published: May 2006

I should like to call attention to an attitude in some of the Attic stelai which has attraced little, if any, notice, while its meaning, so far as I know, has met with no consideration.The best example of the attitude is to be found in the beautiful Plate XXIV. of Mr. Percy Gardner's ‘Sculptured Tombs of Hellas’ (Conze, Pl. LXXVIII). Mr. Gardner describes the sitting figure as ‘a lady stretching out both hands towards a matron who stands before her,’ certainly an inadequate description of a peculiar attitude. Conze, in his great work ‘Die Attischen Grabreliefs,’ says that the standing figure with the left hand takes hold of the right arm of the sitter on the under side (unterfasst). But this seems to me to miss the point. It is not the right arm but the right wrist of the sitter that is laid hold of. The forefingers of the standing figure are extended along the forearm and the thumb is raised at the wrist, so that the sitter's right hand lies softly in a sort of couch. From an artistic point of view the attitude is a remarkable one, being unlike that of any of the other best known stelai.
Excavations in Cyprus in 1894
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: May 2006

Early in 1894 the Committee of the Cyprus Exploration Fund offered the small balance which remained from the excavations of 1891, to the British School of Archaeology in Athens, for use in Cyprus if possible. As a student of the School was then watching the excavations which were being carried on at Amathus on behalf of the British Museum, this sum was applied to defray part of the cost of several small excavations, the principal object of which was to test certain theories current in Cypriote archaeology; though some new ground was broken incidentally.Five sites were examined in all; none of them exhaustively, but all with distinct and definite result.I.—Agia Paraskevi (Nicosia District): Bronze Age Necropolis.The celebrated Bronze Age Necropolis which occupies the edge of the plateau S.W. of Nicosia seemed the most suitable site for making practical acquaintance with the Bronze Age of Cyprus, and for verifying previous observations, with a view to the re-organisation of the Cyprus Museum which took place in the course of the summer.Fourteen tombs were opened along the northern edge of the plateau, half a mile north of the Church of Agia Paraskevi, to the west of the Larnaka road, and between it and the stone quarries in the direction of the village of Agii Omologitádes. The tombs in the surface of this part of the plateau were found nearly exhausted by Dr. Ohnefalsch-Richter's excavations in 1883–4: but enough evidence was collected to illustrate the general character of the site. Tomb 12, as explained below, was an intruder of Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman date. Similar tombs have been opened on the low hills west of the road to Strobilo village.
Tithonus on a Red-Figured Vase
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

The vase now published is a Nolan amphora (height, 14¼ inches). It was acquired by the Ashmolean Museum from Castellani, and is No. 275 in the published catalogue of Ashmolean vases. As however it is unfortunately not engraved in that catalogue, I give here a sketch by Mr. F. Anderson of the two sides.On one side is Eos, clad in chiton, winged, running r. with outstretched arms: on the other side is Tithonus standing l., bald but for a thin line of hairs, and leaning on staff. Under the figures is a line of maeander pattern. An Ε is scratched beneath the foot.The date of the vase is about the middle of the fifth century, or a little later. Its main interest lies in its subject, the love of Eos and Tithonus being almost unrepresented in ancient art. Eos appears frequently on vases pursuing or carrying off young men: her pursuit of Cephalus is an ordinary motive in art: but the artists avoid Tithonus, either because he is unfamiliar to them, or perhaps with the usual Greek dislike for the incongruous and undignified.
Archaeology in Greece, 1892
Authors: Gardner E. A. 
Published: May 2006

The chief interest of the excavations that have taken place in 1892 is associated, directly or indirectly, with Delphi. The French School, under M. Homolle's direction, has now actually begun systematic work upon the site, which will probably continue for many years, and which is certain to yield results of the highest importance. Indirectly, also, the charm of Delphi has led to discoveries of the most valuable kind during the past season. The American School had, owing to the indefatigable exertions of Dr. Waldstein, raised a large sum of money with a view to the excavation of the site; and when the French School succeeded after all in establishing its claim to Delphi, the Americans turned their energies and their resources into another channel; their excavations at the Heraeum near Argos have realized the expectations that so promising a site could not fail to raise. One head, in particular, is a most valuable addition to the known monuments of the very finest period of Greek sculpture, whatever may be the ultimate decision of experts as to its exact position in the history of art.I will, as before, begin my description of the year's excavation with Athens and Attica, and then go on to speak of what has been done both by the Government Department of Antiquities, the Greek Archaeological Society, and the Foreign Schools, in various parts of Greece. Finally, I will describe the progress made in the arrangement, cleaning, and cataloguing of antiquities in the Museums of Athens.
Newly-Discovered Fragments of the Balustrade of Athena Nike
Authors: Yorke V. W. 
Published: May 2006

The immediate object of this paper is to publish three fragments of sculpture, which I had the good fortune to find on the Acropolis at Athens during the present year, and which may be, I think, claimed as belonging to the reliefs which ran round the bastion of Athena Nike. At the same time I should like to draw attention to, and discuss, certain corrections which have recently been made in some fragments of the same reliefs in the Acropolis Museum, and to make a few suggestions with regard to others.The most important of the new fragments, which is reproduced in the plate, was found among a small heap of débris upon the top of the bastion fifteen yards to the east of the temple of Athena Nike. The marble is Pentelic; the sculptured surface measures roughly ·40 m. by ·28 m., the back of the slab is finished and the thickness from the back to the ground from which the relief springs is ·23 m., while the height of the relief is ·12 m. These measurements, which correspond exactly to the measurements of other slabs that we possess of the balustrade, the high relief, and delicate style of the torso all show that this fragment undoubtedly belongs to the balustrade. Further evidence is present in the small hole drilled in the top for the in-insertion of the bronze screen, which ran along the top of the slabs. The fragment consists of the left shoulder and breast, and portions of the left arm and wing of a Nike.
On Waxen Tablets with Fables of Babrius (Tabulae Ceratae Assendelftianae)
Authors: Hesseling D. C. 
Published: May 2006

Some six months ago Mr. A. D. van Assendelft de Coningh presented the Leiden library with a set of seven waxen tablets, forming a small book. They were acquired at Palmyra in 1881 by his brother, Mr. H. van Assendelft de Coningh, officer in the Royal Dutch Navy. Mr. H. van Assendelft de Coningh died soon after his return to his country; we know, however, that the tablets were found at Palmyra from a fragment of a letter which he wrote some days before his death. It runs as follows: ‘During my brief visit to Palmyra I acquired these wooden tablets.’ The tablets came into the possession of Mr. A. D. van Assendelft de Coningb and were put aside with other souvenirs of his brother's travels. They happened to be shown to me and I easily saw that they contained Greek writing. The tablets were then presented to the Leiden library, the principal librarian of which, Dr. W. N. du Rieu, gave them the name of Tabulae ceratae graecae Assendelftianae, in honour of the generous giver and his deceased brother.The seven tablets are covered with writing on both sides, except the first one, of which the recto-side is plain wood. Of the others the wooden surface is sunk to a slight depth, leaving a raised frame at the edges; they are of beech-wood, like most waxen tablets preserved in the British Museum. The wood is coated with wax of a very dark colour, probably due to pitch being added to the wax in order to prevent melting and to make the writing clearly visible. They measure 14·5 by 12 cm. (5·7 by 4·7 inches).
Archaeological Research in Italy during the last Eight Years
Authors: von Duhn F. 
Published: May 2006

Eight years ago, I had the honour of speaking at the Philologists' Convention at Zürich on the methods aims and materials of archaeological research in Italy. A summary of work, both prospective and retrospective was then not inappropriate, for we stood at a point of transition. With the altered constitution of the Archäologisches Institut, the death of Henzen and the retirement of Helbig one epoch had come to an end, and we had reason to suppose that the new period would present many features of difference.Until the unification of Italy there could be no question of a thorough scientific and consistent investigation of the country. Even the Istituto di Corrispondenza archeologia, the only scientific body whose activity was not confined within the bounds of a single state, found itself so hampered by want of means and the hindrances arising from the bad condition of communications, that all it could do was to contribute a meagre report of discoveries made in the limited area including Rome itself, Southern Etruria, where excavations were undertaken by the Papal government and private persons, and Pompeii, where under the Naples government work was slowly proceeding. In other districts excavation either fell entirely into neglect or took the form of secret and irresponsible plunder.
Epigraphical Notes from Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R. 
Published: May 2006

These notos are a result of a short tour in the autumn of 1896 through the coastlands north of the Aegean from Xerxes' canal to the Hebrus. Professor W. C. F. Anderson of Firth College, Sheffield, accompanied me. and gave much valuable help. Of the inscriptions which we copied the following seem to be either unknown, or imperfectly published or described, If I have overlooked a previous publication of any of them, I may plead the difficulty of finding out what has or has not been edited.1. Hierissos (Acanthus): in a wall near the Byzantine gate on the acropolis. Fragment of coarse marble block, 1 foot 11 inches high, 10 inches broad. Letters about 3½ inches. Published by Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine, t. II., p. 151; by Boeckh, C.I.G. 2007k; and, the epigraphic text only, by Le Bas, No. 1414.I believe that the right half of the stone has been cut away. If so, it is better to read with Cousinéry than with Boeckh. The stone may have marked the boundary of public land.2. Lympiada: in a wall on the beach. Rough block of granite, 3 feet 3 inches long, 1 foot 7 inches high. Letters 5½ to 3 inches, irregular and much weathered.
The Bronze Statue from Cerigotto and the Study of Style
Authors: Waldstein Charles 
Published: May 2006

The article of Mr. Frost in the preceding number of this Journal (pp. 217, seq.) gives me an opportunity to protest against what I consider a dangerous development of archaeological study in our days. I must thank the Editors for having, in spite of the great pressure upon their space, granted me a few pages in the present number to record this protest; while I must defer to a later issue of this Journal the fuller exposition of my views on the Cerigotto Bronze, the statue of Agias from Delphi, on Scopas and Lysippus.The protest—or, perhaps better, the warning—which I wish to publish concerns the course given in the present day to the study of style in Classical Art. To this study, as practised by the late Heinrich v. Brunn, Archaeology owes its greatest advance; and the serious students of Mediaeval and Renaissance art have borrowed these methods from classical archaeology, thus opening out a vast field of accurate information. I have myself devoted my energies to its cultivation and endeavoured to lay down the principles of its proper application in the first chapter of my Essays on the Art of Pheidias published in 1885. I believe, moreover, that we are only at the beginning of this line of work which promises such great results ia the future. Nor need we remain content with the establishment and amplification of our knowledge of Greek art in the great classical period, as little as in Greek literature study, and especially research, are to be confined to the great classical writers.
Greek Inscriptions from Lycia
Authors: Davies Gilbert 
Published: May 2006

1. At Lydae, on the western edge of the horizontal slabs of a tomb, on the side of which is Mr. Hicks' No. 12.This may be compared with the inscription No. 16 of Mr. Hicks, which it very closely resembles. The builder would seem to be the same Heliodoros who is numbered 6 in the genealogical tree. Letters ·04m.Below the three lower heroa and further south we found two inscribed fragments. One had the letters ΑΥΤΟ (·06m.) and obviously had an imperial connection: the other showed ΩΡΟΥΤΟΥ ΝΙΑΗΛΙΟ and must have referred to the Diophantus family.
Work and Wages in Athens
Authors: Jevons F. B. 
Published: May 2006

Büchsenschütz in his Besitz und Erwerb comes to the conclusion (on pp. 343 and 349) that the rate of pay in Athens for an artizan was from 5 obols to a drachma and for a labourer 3 obols. The facts and figures on which he bases his conclusions are taken from Boeckh (Staatshaushaltung, Bk. I. c. 21), the conclusions are his own. Büchsenschütz is indeed somewhat puzzled by two facts, viz. that on 3 obols a man could scarcely support himself, much less a wife and family, and that in an inscription of the Periclean age (now published in C.I.A. I. 325) a mere labourer got a drachma a day. However, Büchsenschütz neither attempts to explain these two facts nor does he allow them to modify his conclusions.But since the publication of Besitz und Erwerb some inscriptions have been discovered (now in C.I.A. II. ii. 834 b and c) which throw more light on these points. These inscriptions are fragments of the building accounts of the epistatae of Eleusis and the treasurers of the two goddesses, 834b in the archonship of Cephisophon (329/8), and 834c some ten or twenty years later.
On some Traces connected with the original Entrance of the Acropolis of Athens
Authors: Penrose F. C. 
Published: May 2006

At the south-western angle of the Athenian Acropolis and immediately to the south of the temple of Nike Apteros are some traces of foundations of walls and other indications which appear to throw some light on the original approach to the citadel before what is called the Beulé gate, which gave a direct west access to the Propylaea, was constructed.The evidence seems to show that this approach coincided with that which was until very recently (i.e. previous to about 1890) the only regular approach, immediately under the S. W. angle of the Nike bastion; and where, a little within the old gateway (now destroyed), may be seen rough rock-cut grooves which had been made to assist the ascent. If from the site of that gateway a straight line be produced to the southward for about twenty feet, we find a portion of the rock of uneven surface but worn quite smooth. Indeed, when first uncovered on the removal of the Turkish or mediaeval buildings in 1889—1890, the surface was so extremely smooth that it appeared to have been worn by the feet of multitudes who had used it as a path to the Acropolis during a long series of years.
Statue of a Boy leaning on a Pillar
Authors: Strong Eugénie 
Published: May 2006

This statue, which was in the possession of Dr. Philip Nelson of Liverpool, has recently become the property of the Bavarian ‘Verein der Kunstfreunde’ who allow the charming work to be exhibited on loan in the Munich Glyptothek.That the original, of which this statue is a copy, was famous and popular in antiquity is amply proved by the large number of extant replicas. The present example brings up to twenty the number of authenticated replicas given in the English edition of Furtwängler's ‘Masterpieces’ (p. 272, note 4) and the list could doubtless easily be increased if the eleven replicas in Rome (Matz-Duhn, Antike Bildwerke in Röm, vol. i. pp. 275–278) and the thirtyseven replicas enumerated by M. Salomon Reinach in his Répertoire de la Statuaire (Index, s.v. ‘Narcissus’) could be thoroughly examined and sifted. This is a task which I had proposed to myself in view of this paper, but which I have as yet been unable to carry out.