bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Recruitment of Young Colorado Pikeminnow: Synthesis of Predation Experiments, Field Studies, and Individual‐Based Modeling
Authors: Bestgen K. R. , Beyers D. W. , Rice J. A. , Haines G. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPredation experiments, field studies, and individual‐based‐model (IBM) simulations revealed factors that affected the survival and recruitment of early life stages of endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Green River basin, Utah and Colorado. Small‐bodied, nonnative red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis attacked Colorado pikeminnow larvae an average of once per minute, and predation success approached 30% in laboratory aquaria. Attack rate was also high in mesocosm experiments; turbidity and alternative prey reduced predation success. Distributions of hatching dates derived from otolith daily increment analysis showed that large cohorts of Colorado pikeminnow larvae that hatched in the Green River in early summer had low survival to autumn and that the few survivors were fast growing. Larvae hatched in midsummer or later had higher survival. Autumn juveniles grew 12–73% faster than summer juveniles, which suggested differential mortality of slow‐growing fish. The IBM simulations integrated size‐dependent predator–prey relationships, Colorado pikeminnow life history information, temperature‐dependent pikeminnow growth, Green River predator size‐structure dynamics, seasonally variable Green River water temperatures, and turbidity and alternative prey availability effects; the simulations showed that red shiner predation interacting with environmental variables may significantly reduce age‐0 pikeminnow recruitment in autumn. Recruitment and growth patterns from simulations and field observations were consistent and suggested that the IBM is useful in evaluating management scenarios. Experiments, field studies, and predictive modeling provided consistent evidence that interacting effects of predation and environmental variables, including flow fluctuations, may structure intra‐annual growth and recruitment patterns of age‐0 Colorado pikeminnow. Flow management to benefit growth and survival of young pikeminnow, particularly early hatching ones, and reduced nonnative predator abundance in Green River backwaters may enhance the Colorado pikeminnow populations.
The Effect of Moderately Increased and Variable Raceway Flow Rates on Juvenile Physiology, Survival, and Adult Return of Hatchery‐Reared Chinook Salmon
Authors: Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Carmichael Richard W. , Keniry Patrick J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncreasing hatchery raceway flow to a rate similar to that seen in nature exercises salmon in the expectation that improving swimming ability will result in better survival. However, insufficient water prevents most hatcheries from fully simulating natural stream currents. We examined the effect of moderate and seasonally variable flow rates (0.25–0.75 body lengths/s) on growth and physiology of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and their ability to withstand acute stress, survive downstream migration, and return as adults. Changes in salmon growth, condition, and hematocrit followed similar patterns and did not substantially vary between treatments or cohorts. Patterns of change in plasma glucose levels were also similar for each treatment. Hepatosomatic index was higher in the 1994 cohort than in the 1995 cohort and in the exercised salmon. Liver glycogen levels were higher in the 1995 cohort. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels increased after stress and were greater in the control. Hematocrit decreased following stress but did not differ between cohorts or treatments. Hepatosomatic index decreased following stress and was higher in the 1994 cohort. Liver glycogen levels did not change following stress or between treatments but were greater in the 1995 cohort. Downstream survival did not vary between cohorts or treatments. Migration time did not vary between treatments, but the 1995 cohort migrated more quickly. Harvest and stray rates were very low and did not vary between cohorts or treatments. Hatchery return, total return, and total survival rates did not vary between treatments, but the 1995 cohort had greater survival. A greater percentage of the exercised salmon returned at age 3 than was the case for the control salmon. Our results provide little evidence that rearing Chinook salmon under a moderately increased and seasonally variable flow regime confers any benefit to the salmon over that derived from a steady, low flow rate.
Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Jonsen Kimberly L. , Supernault Janine , Wetklo Michael , Deng Langtuo , Varnavskaya Natalia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Pacific Rim population structure of Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawas examined with a survey of microsatellite variation. Variation at 13 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 52,000 Chinook salmon sampled from over 320 localities ranging from Russia to California. The genetic differentiation index (FST) over all populations and loci was 0.063; individual locus values ranged from 0.026 to 0.130. The most genetically diverse Chinook salmon were observed from northern British Columbia, Washington (Puget Sound and coastal populations), and the upper Columbia River (spring run). Chinook salmon from the Alsek River, northern British Columbia, and the Klamath River, California, displayed the fewest number of alleles relative to Chinook salmon in other regions surveyed. Differentiation in Chinook salmon allele frequencies among river drainages and populations within river drainages was approximately 13 times greater than that of annual variation within populations. We observed a general pattern of regional structuring of populations, and Chinook salmon spawning in different tributaries within a major river drainage or in smaller rivers within a geographic area were generally more similar to each other than to populations in different major river drainages or geographic areas. Population structure of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis supports the concept of a minimum of two refuges, northern and southern, during the last glaciation. The distribution of microsatellite variation of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis reflects the origins of salmon radiating from refuges after the last glaciation period.
Editor's Column: Uprooted Words on a Bookshelf in Chernivtsi
Authors: Hirsch Marianne 
Published: November 2006

WHEN PAUL CELAN ACCEPTED THE BREMEN LITERATURE PRIZE in 1958, he used the occasion to reflect on the region of his birth: “The landscape from which I—by what detours! But are there such things: detours?—the landscape from which I come to you might be unfamiliar to most of you.” On the syntactic level, Celan's speech performs the detours (Umwege), repetitions, and redoublings of his journey to Germany, a country in which he never lived or spent more than a few weeks but whose language he persisted in calling his own:It is the landscape that was home to a not inconsiderable portion of those Hasidic tales that Martin Buber has retold for us all in German. It was, if I may add to this topographic sketch something that appears before my eyes now from very far away—it was a region in which human beings and books used to live. There, in the former province of the Habsburg monarchy, now fallen into historylessness [Geschichtslosigkeit]… Bremen… still had the ring of the unreachable.… Reachable, near and not lost, there remained in the midst of the losses this one thing: language. (“Speech” 395; Gesammelte Werke 185-86)
Nitric Oxide Signaling in Oxytocin-Mediated Cardiomyogenesis
Authors: Danalache Bogdan A. , Paquin Joanne , Donghao Wang , Grygorczyk Ryszard , Moore Jennifer C. , Mummery Christine L. , Gutkowska Jolanta , Jankowski Marek 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Oxytocin (OT), a hormone recently identified in the heart, induces embryonic and cardiac somatic stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CM), possibly through nitric oxide (NO). We verified this hypothesis using P19 cells and P19 Clone 6 derivatives expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter linked to cardiac myosin light chain-2v promoter. OT treatment of these cells induced beating cell colonies that were fully inhibited by N,G-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (l-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthases (NOS), partially reduced by 1400W, an inhibitor of inducible NOS, and ODQ, an inhibitor of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclases. The NO generator S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reversed the l-NAME inhibition of cell beating and GFP expression. In OT-induced cells, l-NAME significantly decreased transcripts of the cardiac markers Nkx2.5, MEF2c, α-myosin heavy chain, and less, GATA4, endothelial NOS, and atrial natriuretic peptide, as well as the skeletal myocyte (SM) marker myogenin. Image analysis of OT-induced P19Cl6-GFP cells revealed ventricular CM coexpressing sarcomeric α-actinin and GFP, with some cells exclusively expressing α-actinin, most likely of the SM phenotype. The OT-mediated production of CM, but not SM, was diminished by l-NAME. In P19 cells, exogenously added OT stimulated the expression of its own transcript, which was reduced in the presence of l-NAME. Surprisingly, l-NAME alone decreased the expression of anti-stage specific embryonic antigen-1 marker of the undifferentiated state and induced some beating colonies as well as GFP in P19Cl6-GFP cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the pleiotropic action of NO is involved in the initiation of CM differentiation of P19 cells and maintenance of their undifferentiated state.
Constitutive Gene Expression Predisposes Morphogen-Mediated Cell Fate Responses of NT2/D1 and 27X-1 Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chadalavada Rajendrakumar S. V. , Korkola James E. , Houldsworth Jane , Olshen Adam B. , Bosl George J. , Studer Lorenz , Chaganti R. S. K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their levels of pluripotency. Thus, NT2/D1 cells differentiate into neural lineages upon exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and non-neural epithelial lineages upon exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). In contrast, 27X-1 cells differentiate into extra-embryonic endodermal (ExE) cells upon treatment with either morphogen. To understand the molecular basis for the differential responses of the two cell lines, we performed gene expression profiling at the undifferentiated EC cell line state to identify constitutive differences in gene expression. NT2/D1 cells preferentially expressed transcripts associated with neurectodermal development, whereas 27X-1 cells expressed high levels of transcripts associated with mesendodermal characteristics. We then determined temporal expression profiles of 27X-1 cells during ExE differentiation upon treatment with ATRA and BMP-2 and compared the data with changes in gene expression observed during BMP-2- and ATRA-induced differentiation of NT2/D1 cells. ATRA and BMP-2 induced distinct sets of transcription factors and phenotypic markers in the two EC cell lines, underlying distinct lineage choices. Although 27X-1 differentiation yielded comprehensive gene expression profiles of parietal endodermal lineages, we were able to use the combined analysis of 27X-1 data with data derived from yolk sac tumors for the identification of transcripts associated with visceral endoderm formation. Our results demonstrate constitutive differences in the levels of pluripotency between NT2/D1 and 27X-1 cells that correlate with lineage potential. This study also demonstrates that EC cells can serve as robust models to investigate early lineage choices during both embryonic and extra-embryonic human development.
Concise Review: Cancer/Testis Antigens, Stem Cells, and Cancer
Authors: Costa Fabrício F. , Le Blanc Katarina , Brodin Bertha 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the multistep process of cancer development, the concept that cancer stem cells are derived from normal stem cells that have gradually accumulated various genetic and epigenetic defects is gaining strong evidence. A number of investigations have identified molecular markers that, under normal conditions, are responsible for stem cell homeostasis but are also expressed in tumor “stem cell-like” subpopulations. In this regard, it was recently reported that a group of tumor-specific antigens known as cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed in human MSCs. It has long been stated that in normal tissue these antigens are exclusively expressed in germ cell precursors; however, based on these results, we suggest that CTAs are expressed at earlier stages during embryogenesis. The tumor-restricted expression of CTAs has led to several immunotherapeutic trials targeting some of these proteins. The clinical implications that these trials may have on the normal stem cell pools, as well as the immunologic properties of these cells, is to date poorly studied and should be considered.
A Case‐Control Study on the Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen‐A*9 and ‐B*15 Alleles With Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis in an Indian Population
Authors: Roshna T. , Thomas Rasmi , Nandakumar K. , Banerjee Moinak 
Published: November 2006

Background: The genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs; major histocompatibility complex [MHC]) have been considered candidate markers for periodontitis because they are involved in regulating immune responses. Several studies have examined this association, and despite the inconclusive results, the antigens HLA‐A9 and HLA‐B15 have been found to be consistently associated with the destructive forms of periodontitis in many populations. Ethnic factors are considered to be a major variable for evaluating the predisposition to the disease. The purpose of the present study was to: 1) assess the association of HLA‐A*9 and HLA‐B*15 with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and 2) evaluate the role of these genetic risk factors in influencing the severity of GAgP in a South Indian population.Methods: Forty GAgP patients (cases) and 80 periodontally and systemically healthy subjects (controls) participated in this study. HLA‐A*9 and HLA‐B*15 typing was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR‐SSP)‐based molecular method.Results: HLA‐B*15 was a significant risk factor for GAgP and was positively correlated with the disease severity, whereas HLA‐A*9 had no association with the disease. The haplotype of HLA‐A*9:B*15 did not impart any additional risk for GAgP compared to that imparted by HLA‐B*15 alone.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report on HLA‐B*15 association with GAgP in an Indian population. The finding of HLA‐B*15 as a risk factor may have potential use in the future management of GAgP. The precise disease‐causing mechanism of this HLA disease association and whether this association is “causal” or “casual” need to be evaluated further.
Postoperative Complications Following Gingival Augmentation Procedures
Authors: Griffin Terrence J. , Cheung Wai S. , Zavras Athanasios I. , Damoulis Petros D. 
Published: November 2006

Background: Postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding are the most common complications following soft tissue grafting procedures; however, detailed documentation is sparse in the literature. The aims of this prospective study were as follows: 1) to compare the frequency of complication occurrence after free soft tissue grafting (FSTG) or subepithelial connective tissue grafting (SCTG) procedures; 2) to evaluate the use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as the donor tissue alternative to an FSTG or SCTG; and 3) to identify possible predictors for these complications.Methods: Seventy‐five FSTG and 256 SCTG procedures were performed in 228 patients by a single operator. In five free soft tissue and 84 bilaminar graft procedures, an ADM was used instead of autogenous tissue. Variables such as the duration and location of procedures, smoking history, gender, and age were recorded. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire 1 week after the surgeries regarding postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios were calculated for moderate and severe adverse outcomes grouped together.Results: The duration of surgical procedures was highly correlated with pain or swelling post‐surgically (P = 0.001). Current smokers were three times more likely to experience post‐surgical swelling (P = 0.01). Patients who underwent FSTG procedures were three times more likely to develop post‐surgical pain (P = 0.002) or bleeding (P = 0.03) compared to those who received SCTG procedures. When an ADM was applied instead of autogenous tissue, the probability of swelling or bleeding was significantly reduced (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46, P = 0.02 and OR = 0.3, P = 0.001, respectively).Conclusions: Long surgical procedures and smoking may increase the severity and frequency of certain post‐surgical complications after gingival augmentation procedures. FSTG procedures incur a higher likelihood for postoperative pain or bleeding than SCTG procedures, whereas the application of an ADM may significantly reduce the probability of swelling and bleeding.
Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α, Transforming Growth Factor‐β, Interleukin‐10, IL‐6, and Interferon‐γ Gene Polymorphisms in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Babel Nina , Cherepnev Georgy , Babel Daniel , Tropmann Alla , Hammer Markus , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Reinke Petra 
Published: November 2006

Background: Cytokine gene polymorphisms may have an impact on the susceptibility to and progression of chronic periodontitis. In this study, we analyzed the −1082 interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), −308 tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) (codons 10 and 2‐), −174IL‐6, and +874 interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in a cohort of patients with chronic periodontal disease.Methods: The diagnosis was made on the basis of standardized clinical and radiographic criteria. A total of 122 adult patients with chronic periodontitis and 114 unrelated, ethnically and age‐matched white control subjects were genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer.Results: The number of individuals carrying the −174IL‐6 CC genotype was significantly higher in the group of patients than in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.896; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.106 to 3.250; P = 0.0283). The TGF‐β1 (codon 25) GG (Arg25/Arg25) genotype was detected more frequently in control subjects than in periodontitis patients (OR = 0.459; 95% CI = 0.230 to 0.920; P = 0.0421).Conclusion: The −174IL‐6 and TGF‐β1 (codon 25) single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in the population studied.
Enhancing Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on the Production of Interleukin‐6 and Interleukin‐8 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Chang Lien‐Yu , Wan Hsiao‐Ching , Lai Yu‐Lin , Liu Tsung‐Yun , Hung Shan‐Ling 
Published: November 2006

Background: The habit of chewing areca quid (AQ) has been implicated in oral pathogenesis, including periodontal disease. Little is understood about the roles of AQ in the cytokine secretion by immune cells. The study examined the effects of areca nut, the major ingredient of AQ, on the production of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the immunocompetent cells. The possible role of oxidative stress of areca nut was also examined.Methods: Extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) were examined for their cytotoxic effects on human PBMC using the trypan blue exclusion test. The production of IL‐6 and IL‐8 by ANE‐treated PBMC was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Effects of an antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on ANE‐induced cytokine secretion were also studied.Results: At the experimental conditions, 20 μg/ml rANE decreased cell viability significantly, whereas no significant effect of tANE (≤80 μg/ml) was observed. Both rANE (≤20 μg/ml) and tANE (≤160 μg/ml) significantly increased the secretion of IL‐6 and IL‐8 by PBMC in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The altered mRNA expression of IL‐6 by rANE and tANE was also observed. Moreover, the stimulating effects of rANE on cytokine expression in PBMC could be attenuated by PDTC, suggesting that the oxidative stress of rANE may play a role.Conclusions: Markedly enhancing effects of ANE on PBMC‐released inflammatory cytokines might cause a sustained cytokine‐rich inflammatory milieu in oral cavity of AQ chewers. These excessive cytokines from ANE‐treated immune cells may impair periodontal health.
Effects of Periodontal Therapy During Pregnancy on Periodontal Status, Biologic Parameters, and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Offenbacher Steven , Lin Dongming , Strauss Robert , McKaig Rosemary , Irving Joanna , Barros Silvana P. , Moss Kevin , Barrow David A. , Hefti A. , Beck James D. 
Published: November 2006

Background: Few studies have examined the potential effects of periodontal treatment during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, periodontal status, and inflammatory biomarkers.Methods: A randomized, delayed‐treatment, controlled pilot trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of second‐trimester scaling and root planing and the use of a sonic toothbrush on the rate of preterm delivery (<37 weeks gestation). Secondary outcome measures included changes in periodontal status, levels of eight oral pathogens, levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 8‐isoprostane (8‐iso), and IL‐6, and serum levels of IL‐6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), 8‐isoprostane, soluble glycoprotein 130 (sGP130), IL‐6 soluble receptor (IL‐6sr), and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Logistic regression models were used to test for effects of treatment on preterm delivery. Secondary outcomes were analyzed by analysis of covariance adjusting for subject baseline values.Results: Periodontal intervention resulted in a significantly decreased incidence odds ratio (OR) for preterm delivery (OR = 0.26; 9‐% confidence interval = 0.08 to 0.85), adjusting for baseline periodontal status which was unbalanced after randomization. Pregnancy without periodontal treatment was associated with significant increases in probing depths, plaque scores, GCF IL‐1β, and GCF IL‐6 levels. Intervention resulted in significant improvements in clinical status (attachment level, probing depth, plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding on probing scores) and significant decreases in levels of Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia, serum IL‐6sr, and GCF IL‐1β.Conclusions: Results from this pilot study (67 subjects) provide further evidence supporting the potential benefits of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. Treatment was safe, improved periodontal health, and prevented periodontal disease progression. Preliminary data show a 3.8‐fold reduction in the rate of preterm delivery, a decrease in periodontal pathogen load, and a decrease in both GCF IL‐1β and serum markers of IL‐6 response. However, further studies will be needed to substantiate these early findings.