bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of PP2A by LIS1 increases HIV-1 gene expression
Authors: Epie Nicolas , Ammosova Tatyana , Turner Willie , Nekhai Sergei 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Lissencephaly is a severe brain malformation in part caused by mutations in the LIS1 gene. LIS1 interacts with microtubule-associated proteins, and enhances transport of microtubule fragments. Previously we showed that LIS1 interacts with HIV-1 Tat protein and that this interaction was mediated by WD40 domains of LIS1. In the present study, we analyze the effect of LIS1 on Tat-mediated transcription of HIV-1 LTR.

Results
Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription was upregulated in 293 cells transfected with LIS1 expression vector. The WD5 but not the N-terminal domain of LIS1 increases Tat-dependent HIV-1 transcription. The effect of LIS1 was similar to the effect of okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We then analyzed the effect of LIS1 on the activity of PP2A in vitro. We show that LIS1 and its isolated WD5 domain but not the N-terminal domain of LIS1 blocks PP2A activity.

Conclusion
Our results show that inhibition of PP2A by LIS1 induces HIV-1 transcription. Our results also point to a possibility that LIS1 might function in the cells as a yet unrecognized regulatory subunit of PP2A.
Individual freedom versus collective responsibility: too many rights make a wrong?
Authors: Looker Katharine J , Hallett Timothy B 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIndividuals might reasonably expect the freedom to make their own decisions regarding their health. However, what happens when an individual's wishes conflict with what is in that individual's best interests? How far should an individual's rights be restricted for his or her own benefit? Similarly, what limitations should be placed on an individual's behaviour when that person's wishes go against what is good for the population in general? Here we discuss the issues that can arise when the rights of individuals conflict with individual and population benefits in relation to infectious diseases.
Migration and health: fact, fiction, art, politics
Authors: Tam Clarence C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe recent Immigration Bill debate in the United States Congress has again re-ignited the polemic regarding immigration policy. In this essay, I argue that disputes surrounding the legality of migrant workers highlight chronic, underlying problems related to factors that drive migration. The public health field, although concerned primarily with addressing the health needs of migrant populations, cannot remain disengaged from the wider debates about migration. The health needs of migrants, although in themselves important, are merely symptoms of deeper structural process that are intrinsically linked to equity and human rights, and simply focusing on health issues will be insufficient to address these societal pathologies.
Mathematical modeling of tumor therapy with oncolytic viruses: effects of parametric heterogeneity on cell dynamics
Authors: Karev Georgy P , Novozhilov Artem S , Koonin Eugene V 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground:One of the mechanisms that ensure cancer robustness is tumor heterogeneity, and its effects on tumor cells dynamics have to be taken into account when studying cancer progression. There is no unifying theoretical framework in mathematical modeling of carcinogenesis that would account for parametric heterogeneity.Results:Here we formulate a modeling approach that naturally takes stock of inherent cancer cell heterogeneity and illustrate it with a model of interaction between a tumor and an oncolytic virus. We show that several phenomena that are absent in homogeneous models, such as cancer recurrence, tumor dormancy, and others, appear in heterogeneous setting. We also demonstrate that, within the applied modeling framework, to overcome the adverse effect of tumor cell heterogeneity on the outcome of cancer treatment, a heterogeneous population of an oncolytic virus must be used. Heterogeneity in parameters of the model, such as tumor cell susceptibility to virus infection and the ability of an oncolytic virus to infect tumor cells, can lead to complex, irregular evolution of the tumor. Thus, quasi-chaotic behavior of the tumor-virus system can be caused not only by random perturbations but also by the heterogeneity of the tumor and the virus.Conclusion:The modeling approach described here reveals the importance of tumor cell and virus heterogeneity for the outcome of cancer therapy. It should be straightforward to apply these techniques to mathematical modeling of other types of anticancer therapy.Reviewers:Leonid Hanin (nominated by Arcady Mushegian), Natalia Komarova (nominated by Orly Alter), and David Krakauer.
Cartilage contact pressure elevations in dysplastic hips: a chronic overload model
Authors: Russell Mary E , Shivanna Kiran H , Grosland Nicole M , Pedersen Douglas R 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition in which bone growth irregularities subject articular cartilage to higher mechanical stresses, increase susceptibility to subluxation, and elevate the risk of early osteoarthritis. Study objectives were to calculate three-dimensional cartilage contact stresses and to examine increases of accumulated pressure exposure over a gait cycle that may initiate the osteoarthritic process in the human hip, in the absence of trauma or surgical intervention.MethodsPatient-specific, non-linear, contact finite element models, constructed from computed tomography arthrograms using a custom-built meshing program, were subjected to normal gait cycle loads.ResultsPeak contact pressures for dysplastic and asymptomatic hips ranged from 3.56 – 9.88 MPa. Spatially discriminatory cumulative contact pressures ranged from 2.45 – 6.62 MPa per gait cycle. Chronic over-pressure doses, for 2 million cycles per year over 20 years, ranged from 0.463 – 5.85 MPa-years using a 2-MPa damage threshold.ConclusionThere were significant differences between the normal control and the asymptomatic hips, and a trend towards significance between the asymptomatic and symptomatic hips of patients afflicted with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The magnitudes of peak cumulative contact pressure differed between apposed articular surfaces. Bone irregularities caused localized pressure elevations and an upward trend between chronic over-pressure exposure and increasing Severin classification.
Hemorrhage into the esophagus at birth and in the adult.
Authors: Mosher Harris P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe esophagus may be infected before birth. Periesophageal hemorrhage has been found in premature babies born dead.In babies dying with hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, periesophageal hemorrhage has been found, as well as subepithelial hemorrhage in the esophagus and the stomach.Extensive intramuscular and periesophageal hemorrhage has been found in a baby which lived 36 hours and died of intracranial hemorrhage; in a baby whose mother had toxemia of pregnancy, and in a baby born with congenital syphilis, which died of sepsis from ulcerative tonsillitis and pharyngitis.The hemorrhages were found to come from the smallest of the capillaries.The hemorrhage in babies dead at birth is probably due to pre‐birth toxemia.Hcmorrhagic disease of the newborn is probably due to prebirth toxemia.Infection of the gall bladder, one the commonest of abdominal diseases, often is associated with infection of the terminal portion of the esophagus. By causing adhesions it is one cause of cardiospasm. Very extensive intramuscular and periesophageal hemorrhage has been found associated with acute cholecystitis and jaundice.Associated with fibrosis of the facial edge of the crura, narrowing of the crural opening and constriction of the esophagus has been found.Two cases of peri‐ and intraesophageal hemorrhage have been found in adults, one associated with acute infection (cholecystitis), and the other with chronic infection (multiple lung abscess).828 Beacon Street.
Nasopharyngeal irradiation and hearing acuity: A follow‐up study of children.
Authors: Guild Stacy R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe title of today's Symposium stresses the irradiation aspect of the basic topic, which is lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. The data of the follow‐up study of school children reported above yield information about the broad aspect of the relation of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue to hearing acuity as well as information about the effect on hearing thresholds of treatment of this tissue by irradiation.The shortest interval between the first and the last hearing tests of the children in this study was six years, the average interval was slightly over 61/2 years, both for the treated and for the untreated children. The average age of the children at the time of the first examination was 91/2 years; the age range at that time was from 8 to 13 years.In a group of 259 children (518 ears) whose hearing was good at the first examination and who had no throat treatment, either irradiative or operative, during the entire period of the study, a slight average gain in hearing acuity occurred for low tones, as measured by audiometric air‐conduction thresholds, and on the average a slight loss occurred for high tones. The gain for low tones occurred consistently in each of the subgroups based on the four possible combinations of normal or of abnormal tubal orifices at the beginning and at the end, respectively, of the period of observation. One subgroup, however, had on the average no loss for high tones; it consists of 53 children (106 ears) whose tubal orifices were abnormal in appearance, on nasopharyngoscopic inspection, at both the first and the last examinations. The greatest average loss for high tones occurred in the subgroup of 63 children who had normal appearing tubal orifices at the beginning and at the end of the study.A group of 95 ears of children who had impaired hearing only for high tones, either bilaterally or unilaterally, and who were treated by irradiation of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue, showed an average gain for low tones similar to that in the untreated children, in whom it is regarded as normal for the age period, and a slight additional loss for high tones. In no instance of the 52 ears that had an “abrupt” type of high‐tone loss was the highest tone that was well heard of a higher frequency at the last examination than it was at the first examination.A group of 24 ears that had a moderate impairment of hearing for allt ones — “flat” audiograms at the 25 to 40 db. level — had, as a group average, real improvements in hearing acuity for all tones, after irradiation of the nasopharynx. About half of them, however, showed either very little or no improvement in hearing acuity.The broad conclusion is reached that previous ideas, widely prevalent, of the effect of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue on hearing and of the effect of nasopharyngeal irradiation on impaired hearing, need to be revised.
Suggestions for determining the mobility of the stapes by means of an endotoscope for the middle ear
Authors: Békésy Georg V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a method for the measurement of the transmission loss in anatomical preparations. If a patient's hearing loss is known, and it is possible, at a postmortem examination, to measure the conductive loss, then the difference between the two values is a measure of the nerve deafness. In this way we can separate the conduction loss from the nerve loss and express each in decibels. This makes it possible to determine the importance of different histological findings in the etiology of transmission deafness and nerve deafness.Four cases of stapes fixation were measured. The decrease in mobility of the stapes for tones of 1000 cps was correlated with a decrease in the mobility of the stapes for static deformations.For accurate diagnoses it seems possible to introduce into the middle ear a small endotoscope through a perforation of 1 to 2 mm. diameter in the eardrum. With this special endotoscope the mobility of the stapes could be observed, as has been demonstrated on anatomical preparations. It is supposed that this method will prove valuable in the diagnosis of the causes of hearing loss. The small dimensions of the endotoscope make it possible to observe parts of the ear canal that are usually inaccessible. For the examination of the ear canal of experimental animals (guinea pigs, rats, etc.) this endotoscope proved to be indispensable.
Embryonic hearing organs after maternal rubella.
Authors: Schall Leroy A. , Lurie M. H. , Kelemen G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree temporal bones of two four‐month embryos, operatively removed from mothers who suffered rubella in the second month of pregnancy, were histologically examined. Hyperemia and free hemorrhages were seen, while the nervous elements of the inner ear were found to be in a condition corresponding to the fetal age.This being the period in which the organ of Corti is differentiating along the basilar membrane, any possible disturbance in the delicate mechanism of adjustment, e.g., the lagging behind of certain sections, has to be closely watched as a possible source of hearing defects.The specific infectious agent causes arrest of development of the end‐organ in the most critical period and vascular damage, possibly the latter being the primary change. Vulnerability of the vessels shows up at the end of the pregnancy in an increased tendency for birth injuries. This way a series of factors collaborate to produce the picture of defective hearing in the progeny, after rubella of the mother.As far as a survey can be given today, there are two ways in which damage results by exposure to the virus of rubella: One being arrest of development, the other vascular changes. The two can be formulated into a monistic theory by assuming that the vessels are the first to suffer, and lack in nutrition is then followed by developmental arrest. Here is a field of research of rare interest with many problems unsolved. The first decade after the basic discovery of Gregg yielded a rich crop of investigative results, among which, however, pathological findings are negligible. Aycock said that rubella now takes on the status of a disease worthy of the best in diagnosis, treatment, prevention and research. In attacking the problem of the pathology of aural damage it is desirable that the otologist should assume the leading rǒle before the initiative is definitely lost to borderline disciplines
Facial palsy: Unusual Etiology
Authors: Breadon George. E. , Cody D. Thane R. , Weilandz Louis H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis is a report of three patients who presented at the Mayo Clinic over a two‐year period. All were initially diagnosed as having Bell's palsy but were later found to have a malignant neoplasm causing the paralysis. Two of the patients had breast carcinoma metastases involving the mastoid portion of the facial nerve. The third patient had an adenocarcinoma of the deep lobe of the parotid that involved the facial nerve distal to the stylomastoid foramen.The course of the facial paralysis in the two patients with the metastatic breast disease was almost identical. It consisted of episodes of pain in the mastoid area, generally in the late evening or during the night, often awakening the patient from sleep. This was then followed by peripheral facial‐nerve paralysis, sometimes partial and at other times complete. These episodes lasted from 10 minutes to several hours and then resolved completely. They recurred over several months. The patients were completely asymptomatic and normal on examination in the intervals between episodes of paralysis until it became permanent.Metastatic lesions causing facial paralysis are extremely rare in the literature. In those cases that have been reported, the paralysis was progressive from the start and in the vast majority of cases was either painless or associated with other aural symptoms such as otorrhea, hearing loss, and periauricular swelling.There are two unusual features of these two cases: 1. the initial presentation of a breast metastasis as a facial paralysis; in the first case there were no other metastatic lesions present at diagnosis, whereas the second patient had other, asymptomatic, metastatic nodules; and 2. the multiple, brief, recurring episodes of facial paralysis, which have not previously been reported as a mode of presentation of metastatic disease.The third patient was diagnosed as having Bell's palsy. A facial nerve decompression was performed, and the nerve apparently looked normal. The paralysis failed to resolve. He was later found to have adenocarcinoma of the deep lobe of the parotid that involved the facial nerve distal to the stylomastoid foramen. A report of only one similar case could be found in the literature.The sequence of events in these three cases emphasizes the importance of submitting a patient suspected of having Bell's palsy to a thorough otoneurologic examination.
Anaerobic isolates in hemovac lines
Authors: Yoder Milton G. , Silva Joseph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeventeen of 68 patients (25 percent) who required the use of hemovac drainage system after major head and neck procedures had positive anaerobic isolates. Co‐isolation of aerobic (94 percent) and other anaerobic (29 percent) microorganisms are common. There was an increased rate of positive anaerobic isolates with procedures requiring exposure of mucosa. Radiotherapy, except in doses greater than 6,800 rads, did not affect the culture rate. Eight of 17 patients (47 percent) with positive anaerobic isolates had infectious‐related complications while five of 51 patients (10 percent) with negative cultures had similar complications. Positive anaerobic isolates in hemovac lines can be correlated with pathogens isolated from subsequent complications.
Orotracheal intubation in the newborn
Authors: Conner George H. , Maisels M. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne hundred consecutive cases of orotracheal intubation in the premature and term newborn at the Hershey Medical Center were studied retrospectively. The reason for intubation was for respiratory failure most commonly associated with hyaline membrane disease. The duration of intubation ranged from six hours to 63 days. Seventy‐nine percent required intubation for more than 24 hours and 28 percent required intubation for more than one week. No tracheotomies were performed.There were 56 survivors, 50 of which were seen in follow‐up examination at three, six or 18‐month intervals. There were no cases of clinically evident upper airway damage or obstruction in this group. Post mortem examinations were carried out on 35 infants with tracheal necrosis found in one case. The authors feel that orotracheal intubation is superior to nasotracheal intubation and tracheotomy in this age group. This method of management should be carried out where there is adequate trained personnel and professional staff and equipment capable of proper orotracheal tube placement and management.
The significance of negative middle ear pressure
Authors: Cooper J. C. , Langley Lynn R. , Meyerhofp William L. , Gates George A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn increasing body of experience is defining the value of the impedance bridge for the detection and diagnosis of otologic disorders. In this study the audiometric status of 1,133 ears is correlated with the tympanometric configuration and middle ear pressure. It is noted that the air‐bone gap systematically increases as the middle ear pressure decreases from 0 to — 400 mm H2O. Mildly negative middle ear pressure (Jerger's Type A Tympanogram) produces air‐bone gaps statistically greater than at atmospheric pressure. These data demonstrate the magnitude of the adverse effect of negative middle ear pressure upon middle ear auditory function.
External marking in rhinoplasty planning
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Smith Richard C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhotographs, drawings, and examination at consultation have value in rhinoplastic planning. However, the surgeon is not operating on photographs, drawings, or an alert sitting or standing patient; he is operating on a nose with what was forward now facing upward. We find it most helpful to plan and mark almost the entire procedure on the external nose and surrounding structures just before the patient is put supine and sedated or anesthetized.In primary rhinoplasty, it is possible to mark essentially all skeletal anatomy within 1 mm tolerances by palpation, pushing the tip up and back, observing the changes from the outside, and looking at the inside. We believe that the anatomy and planned changes can and should be depicted by appropriate marks put on the skin. The mere act of drawing in the procedure forces us to think it through from beginning to end, a most worthwhile endeavor. Moreover, we learned very shortly after we began forcing ourselves to quantitate the anatomy and proposed changes, that we ran into fewer and fewer surprises as we worked.Photographs taken of the markings become by far the best “operative note” we can have. Comparison of these with the patient or his photographs showing the result allow us to make accurate judgments about long term effects of each surgical maneuver. Much that seemed mysterious before is found to be quite scientifically explainable.We do not propose in this short report to show how we mark every nose. Rather we shall show with drawings and a few examples how we go about marking a nose. The reader may use the suggested marking techniques or may evolve his own. The important thing is that he work out a system meaningful to him. It will be noted that we have used differing techniques for depicting similar concepts from case to case. In other words, we have not settled immutably on one system because we are still searching for the best.
Carcinoma in situ of the larynx
Authors: Doyle Patrick J. , Flores A. , Douglas G. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective study of carcinoma in situ of the larynx at the British Columbia Cancer Institute indicates that radiotherapy, using a tumoricidal dose of Co 60, is the treatment of choice for this condition.Between 1940 and 1972, 43 patients with carcinoma in situ of the vocal cords were seen. A follow‐up of five years or more was possible in 28 of these cases. Twenty‐two were treated primarily with a tumoricidal dose of radiotherapy. Twenty‐one of the 22 were free of disease for at least five years.This study, therefore, shows a five‐year cure rate of almost 100 percent for patients treated with radiotherapy. It also brings out two further points regarding carcinoma in situ of the larynx; namely, an apparent increase in its incidence, and the presence of co‐existing invasive carcinoma in some cases. We feel that since the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma has not increased, this apparent increase probably represents a greater awareness by both the pathologist and the clinician. We have also achieved more accurate diagnosis since the introduction of routine microlaryngoscopy. The single radiotherapy failure in our series was due to failure to diag: Nose co‐existing invasive carcinoma. This would seem to be the most likely cause of similar failures reported in the literature.Carcinoma in situ should be managed as follows:

Any patient found to have carcinoma in situ on laryngeal biopsy must have careful microlaryngoscopy with examination of the hypopharynx, larynx, subglottic larynx, and upper trachea.
If the lesion is small and confined to one cord, complete stripping of that cord is indicated.
If both cords are abnormal, stripping and/or careful multiple biopsies are essential.
If a small localized lesion is found, repeat cord stripping is performed in one month.
If any biopsy reveals invasive carcinoma, the patient must not be classified as a case of carcinoma in situ.