bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Boron-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Free Fire-Retardant Treatment. Part III. Evaluation of Full-Size 2 by 4 Lumber per ASTM Standard D 5664-95 Method C
Authors: Winandy JE , McNamara W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of a new boron-nitrogen, phosphate-free fire-retardant (FR) formulation on the initial strength of No. 1 southern pine 2 by 4 lumber and its potential for in-service thermal degradation. The lumber was evaluated according to Method C of the D 5664 standard test method. The results indicated that for lumber exposed at 150°F (66°C) for 108 days, FR treatment and redrying significantly (α ≤ 0.10) decreased initial bending strength by about 13% compared to that of untreated controls. No significant difference occurred in the rate of strength loss over time of exposure. This infers that, after accounting for the initial reduction in strength, the field performance of FR-treated lumber should be comparable to that of untreated lumber. From a practical standpoint, the effect of FR treatment on maximum load capacity was similar to that on bending strength. Treatment significantly reduced work to a maximum load by 29%, but it had no differential effect on the rate of change in this property when the lumber was exposed to elevated temperatures. Although modulus of elasticity was not significantly changed by treatment, this property was significantly increased by extended exposure at high temperature. In summary, the reduction in mechanical properties for FR-treated 2 by 4 lumber occurred at a rate no different than that for matched untreated lumber when exposed to elevated temperature.
Fatigue-Creep Dynamic Strain Rate Map of a Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy with Coarse Branch Crystals
Authors: Fu HQ , Liang CG , Hua ZS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of branch crystals on fatigue-creep deformation behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr casting alloy has been studied. The different orientations between the branch crystal boundaries and the loading axis played an important role in inducing the deformation process. The fatigue-creep dynamic strain rate curves could be classified into three interaction regions according to the differing stress dependence of the fatigue creep strain rate. A new characteristic strain rate map with three fatigue-creep interaction regions of a Fe-Ni-Cr casting alloy with different branch crystal orientations has been established to provide full information on deformation under a wide range of combinations of fatigue and creep stresses.
Testing of Protective Organic Coatings on Metals: Comparison of Salt Spray and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Deflorian F , Rossi S , Fedrizzi L , Bonora PL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the salt spray chamber are very popular techniques for testing the protective properties of organic coatings. It is common that the results obtained by the two methods often show significant differences and it is difficult to compare the performances.
This paper discusses some experimental results obtained on polyester-coated galvanized steel, analyzing the data dispersion of 36 identical samples tested both with EIS and salt spray. The morphology of degradation is very different because blisters develop in the salt spray chamber, but not in immersion. In order to quantify the degradation in the salt spray test, we propose a blister index (BI); the data dispersion of BI and the data dispersion of the parameters obtained by EIS are compared and discussed. A mechanism is proposed: only the double-layer capacitance can be compared with the development of blisters in the salt spray chamber while the barrier properties of the coating measured by EIS follow a completely different behavior.
Ultrasonic Attenuation and Velocity in Pearlitic Rail Steel During Fatigue Using Longitudinal Wave Probing
Authors: Kenderian S , Berndt TP , Green RE , Boro Djordjevic B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A computer-controlled narrowband ultrasonic pulser/receiver system was used to determine changes in the coefficient of attenuation and the acoustic velocity in pearlitic steel specimens during reverse bending fatigue. The specimens were interrogated through their length, in a direction normal to the loading and crack formation planes, using longitudinal wave bursts at 5 MHz. The ultrasonic data are compared with microscopic observations of microcracks in the fatigue-damaged zone and the fractured surfaces. The pattern in which attenuation evolves with respect to fatigue life is found to be sensitive to the onset of microcracks but appears to be unaffected by the magnitude of fatigue load, number of cracks causing failure, prior low-load fatigue history, or the hardness of the specimen. The change in velocity is found to be more pronounced during the early stages of fatigue than during the more advanced stages. It appears to be insensitive to microcracks but sensitive to stress accumulation and dislocation pileup.
Precision of the Performance of the En Core® Sampler to Store Low Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Sorini SS , Schabron JF , Rovani JF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Soil sampling and storage practices for volatile organic analysis must be designed to minimize loss of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from samples. The En Core® sampler is designed to collect and store soil samples in a manner that minimizes loss of contaminants due to volatilization and/or biodegradation. ASTM D 6418, Standard Practice for Using the Disposable En Core® Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis, describes the use of the En Core® sampler to collect and store a soil sample for volatile organic analysis.
To support the ASTM practice, a study was performed to estimate the precision of the performance of the En Core® devices to store soil samples spiked with low concentrations (&lt;200 µg/kg) of VOCs. Data generated in the precision validation study show good precision of the performance of the samplers to store soil samples containing low concentrations of a variety of VOCs.
Determining Minimum Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances of Difficult-To-Ignite Compounds
Authors: Dean Smith N , Mitchell WA , Tufts MW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Difficulties experienced using ASTM Method E 582-88 for determination of minimum ignition energies of compounds more difficult to ignite than simple hydrocarbons are described along with remedies for overcoming those difficulties. Minimum ignition energies and associated quenching distances are reported for four hydrofluorocarbon compounds using a modified Method E 582-88 apparatus and procedure.
Assessing Testing Bias in Two Walkway-Safety Tribometers
Authors: Smith RH 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA recent paper reported repeatability and bias test results for the variable incidence tribometer (VIT) and for the portable inclineable articulated strut slip tester (PIAST). These two tribometers approximate initial pedestrian heel-contact during walking, a critical consideration when attempting to quantify walkway slip resistance in a representative manner. Horizontal/vertical force-ratio settings on the tribometers were compared to measured ratios detected by a force plate. When these detected ratios were assessed mathematically by standard statistical methods, both tribometers displayed a high degree of repeatability and a low degree of bias. However, when assessed by graphical means, both tribometers exhibited patterns of indicated bias. An effort is made to identify the sources of the indicated bias. Results of the VIT analysis are consistent with its indicated bias being related to the influences of inertial forces. The PIAST appears systematically affected by the presence of elastomeric friction in its testing regime. Under elastomeric friction conditions, the ratio of the friction force developed divided by the applied normal force decreases as the applied normal forces increase. Under these conditions, the applied normal force and developed friction force are not directly proportional. The relevance of such conditions to pedestrian ambulation is discussed.
Application of Stress Relaxation Test Methodology for Predicting Creep Life of a Large Steam Turbine Rotor Steel (1CrMoV)
Authors: Bose SC , Singh K , Jayaraman G 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe technique proposed here adopts short-term stress relaxation testing (SRT) to determine the metallurgical life of 1CrMoV large rotor steel. SRT has been performed at two temperature levels of 550°C and 600°C, on samples taken from the core region of a large rotor. At 550°C, five initial prestrains ranging from 0.2–1.0% strain were applied, while at 600°C, the specimens were relaxed from 0.6% and 0.8% prestrains. All test durations were kept between 4 to 5 h. To validate the results, a few conventional creep tests have been conducted at same temperature levels and at different stresses. The initial data, stress versus time, were converted into stress versus inelastic strain rate and the creep life was predicted with the help of the Monkman-Grant relationship (ˊεs × tr) = C), where the value of the constant C is taken from experimental creep data. The comparison of creep life, predicted through SRT, with the actual creep data revealed that they were agreeing extremely well at higher test temperature, i.e. 600°C. The computed SRT data have delivered higher activation energy (600 kJ mol−1) than conventional creep testing (344 kJ mol−1). Detailed SEM and TEM studies revealed that degradation and/or development of microstructures had taken place and was commensurable to long-term creep exposure. Therefore, the methodology has the capacity to assess the inherent creep strength of any material.
Nondestructive Evaluation of In-Service Toughness Degradation for Cr-Mo-V Steam Turbine Rotor Steel
Authors: Kimura K , Inukai T , Saito K , Kashiwaya H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEmbrittlement was investigated for five retired and three laboratory-aged steam turbine rotors by sampling Charpy V-notch test coupons and testing them. A nondestructive evaluation method of toughness degradation was discussed.The investigation has revealed that Cr-Mo-V rotor steel becomes embrittled by phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries over a long period of use at high temperatures. The phosphorus-enhanced toughness degradation can be nondestructively detected by the electrochemical polarization (ECP) test.An approximate formula to evaluate the degraded fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) of a specific Cr-Mo-V rotor was established that included the nondestructive information of the ECP minimum current density, grain size, and data given from the fabrication record. The nondestructive estimation procedure for the ductile fibrosity percentage versus the temperature curve for the specific rotor is also presented.
Elasto-Plastic Fracture Characterization of Paving Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Mahboub K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A methodology for characterization of low-temperature fracture behavior of paving mixtures is presented. The critical elasto-plastic energy release rate, the JIc parameter, is adopted as the fracture criterion. The methodology permits the study of fracture in plasticized sulfur (Sulphlex) and asphaltic paving mixtures. To accommodate special fracture characteristics of pavement materials, certain modifications to the standard ASTM fracture testing procedures are proposed. The rationale for these modifications is also discussed. Approximate values of KIc, KQ, are correlated to the JQ measurements, which are a provisional representation of JIc, and results are compared with theoretical predictions. Tearing modulus is also investigated. The overall results of this study indicate that the JQ parameter can be effectively utilized for characterization of thermal cracking susceptibility of pavement materials.
Dynamic Loading: A New Microhardness Test Method
Authors: Weiler WW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new non-destructive microhardness test method has been developed to measure the microhardness of surface layers, coatings, and homogeneous material using ultra-low loads in the range of (0.025 to 1 N) 2.5 to 100 gf. The method is based on the use of a conventional Vickers indentor that is coupled to a displacement measuring device. An HVL (Vickers Hardness under Load) number is computed from the indentor displacement under load. The test load is applied step-wise up to full nominal test load, yielding a microhardness number at each load increment. Through the use of appropriate computer software, hardness versus load, hardness versus indentation depth, and indentation depth versus load profiles can be generated. The method also provides information regarding creep and elastic recovery properties of the specimen. Because the hardness number is computed from the indentor displacement under load, special operator skills in the optical measurement of the diagonals of the indentation area are not required.
Measuring the Stress Intensity Factor for Propagating Cracks with Strain Gages
Authors: Dally JW , Sanford RJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new method for measuring the K value of a straight crack propagating in an isotropic plate is presented. A row of strain gages is placed at a constant distance above the crack line, and each gage is oriented to eliminate the second (B0) term in a three-term representation of the strains. The method of analysis then provides a solution with three-parameter accuracy. Both static and dynamic analyses were performed, and the differences between the two were found to be small for crack velocities less than 0.3cR. The method was demonstrated with an experiment on 4340 alloy steel, and results for K at a crack velocity of 656 m/s were obtained.
Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Mechanical Performance of a Gas-Fired Ceramic Radiant Tube at Steady-State
Authors: Segall AE , Hellmann JR , Strzepa P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermal profiles determined on instrumented silicon carbide radiant tubes were used to quantify thermoelastic stress distributions during steady-state operation at temperatures up to 1260°C. Tube failure probabilities were calculated using finite-element analysis incorporating Weibull strength data compiled on tubular sections at high temperature. Results indicate the significance of the axial and radial temperature gradients on the thermoelastic stresses and failure probabilities as well as the viability of a reaction bonded silicon carbide material for radiant tube applications up to 1260°C.
Behavior of Rubber-Based Elastomeric Construction Adhesive in Wood Joints
Authors: Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Eight generically similar (i.e., rubber base) commercial elastomeric construction adhesives were evaluated to determine the differences in strength and load-slip behavior when wood joints were subjected to lateral (shear) loading. Eighteen joints were made with each of the eight adhesive brands. Ten of these specimens were exposed for various lengths of time (1 to 80 days) to temperatures of 150°F (65°C), before equilibrating to room temperature, then testing. The remaining eight specimens made with each adhesive were used as a control.
Analysis of the control group indicated that not all adhesives of a common chemical base could be considered to behave similarly under lateral loading. At 0.003 inch (0.0762 mm) slip, five of the adhesives carried statistically indistinguishable mean loads which were greater than the other three adhesives, which also showed insignificant differences. At 0.015 inch (0.381 mm) slip, six of the adhesives could not be demonstrated to have different mean load-carrying levels. The remaining two adhesives were similar and significantly inferior.
The results indicated that at low slip levels (0.003 inch), no statistically significant differences in load level was identifiable between treated and control specimens for any of the adhesives. At a significantly higher slip level (0.015 inch), two of the adhesives showed marginally significant differences at the 0.05 level of probability.
When load level was plotted versus duration of exposure to elevated temperature, no relationship between the parameter could be found at either 0.003 or 0.015 inch slip. Therefore, for the elastomeric construction adhesives studied, the issue of whether or not the joints will be exposed to elevated temperatures, not the length of time of exposure, will be more critical.
J
Ic Data Analysis Methods with a “Negative Crack Growth” Correction Procedure
Authors: Rosenthal YA , Tobler RL , Purtscher PT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It often occurs in J-R testing that some of the initial crack extension (Δa) data points have anomalous negative values. ASTM Methods E 813-87 and E 813-81, however, do not specify any procedures for treating such data. We propose a procedure for data analysis which utilizes the negative Δa values and is consistent with ASTM E 813-87. The proposed correction procedure is illustrated using a data set for austenitic steel; also, JIc values obtained using ASTM E 813-87 are compared to those obtained from its predecessor E 813-81.
Nondestructive Testing (Metallurgy and Materials Science)
Authors: Leon-Salamanca  
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT) has become one of the multidisciplinary fields in increasinf demand in all industrial environments. Nondestructive Testing covers the conventional and special techniques that have been developed through the years. The book includes visual, radiological, ultrasonic, magnetic, electrical, and penetrant, as well as special methods, in that sequence. while the author's descriptions are brief, they are sufficiently detailed to provide pertinent facts concerning the governing physical properties being measured. Also included is a section on acceptance standards, explaining the ways in which NDT is useful. This section details the necessity, in every instance, for an expert to make the ultimate decision as to the acceptance or rejection of specific criteria. Also, a wide variety of setups and techniques is briefly outlined along with pertinent standards from around the world.
Influence of Test Methodology on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Engineering Plastics
Authors: Clark TR , Hertzberg RW , Manson JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of mean stress on the fatigue threshold in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate was investigated using both low and high constant R-ratio (Rc), constant Kmean (Kmeanc), and constant Kmax (Kmaxc) threshold testing procedures. While ΔKth for commercial PMMA under Rc = 0.1 conditions was found to be 0.35 MPa√m, no threshold condition was obtained during the Kmaxc procedure for ΔK as low as 0.1 MPa√m due to the high mean stress which exists in the latter test procedure. Similar results were obtained for two other PMMA resins. Creep tests conducted at room temperature on PMMA clearly demonstrated the synergistic relation which exists between fatigue and creep induced damage during the Kmaxc test procedure. Kmaxc experiments also confirmed the beneficial mean stress effect in polycarbonate, while high temperature testing (65°C) revealed that this mean stress effect can be almost entirely suppressed. Finally, it was shown that a K-gradient as high as −0.2 mm−1 can be used to decrease test time and material required for the determination of ΔKth; this gradient compares favorably with the ASTM maximum recommended value of −0.08 mm−1, established for metals.
Use of X-Ray Diffraction for Measuring Recrystallization of Low Carbon Steels for Tin Plate Application
Authors: Liao KC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An X-ray diffraction technique has been investigated as an alternative to the conventional Rockwell (R) superficial scale 30T hardness testing to evaluate the applicability of tin mill products. Cold-rolled low carbon steels for T-4 and T-5 tin plate applications were heat treated in a salt pot at temperatures ranging from 627 to 677°C for times between 1 and 120 s to simulate various continuous annealing cycles. X-ray diffraction patterns of the 211 line were obtained, and conventional R 30T hardness measurements were made on the cold reduced and annealed specimens. Test results show that an X-ray line broadening parameter can be established for monitoring the progress of recrystallization in the annealed steel.
Influence of Contact Angles on the Leakage of Latex Condoms
Authors: Davis GB , Schroeder LW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study consists of an investigation of the contact angle properties of latex after fabrication into condoms. The angles were determined with various fluids such as hot and cold water, citric acid solution, and bovine serum. All trends indicate that the biological situation is more wetting (i.e., lower contact angles) than water at room temperature. The findings on the contact angle properties were applied to studying the sensitivity of a water leakage test, as described in ASTM D 3492, used by manufacturers and others. A variation of this test is used by FDA field laboratories. This test involves filling the condom with 300 cm3 of water and visually examining it for leaks. The equations that predict the conditions whereby water will pass through a small hole in the condom include contact angles as parameters. This study indicates that use of a surfactant solution instead of water in the current test may make it far more effective in determining the presence of very small holes in condoms.
Impact Energy/Specimen Thickness Relationship for Two Turbine Steels
Authors: Bashu SA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A steam turbine rotor and blading steel manufactured to chemical composition per ASTM A470, Class 8, and AISI Class 422, respectively, were impact load tested at room temperature in the hardened and tempered, as well as in the annealed, condition with a view to correlate energy levels with specimen thickness. The V-notch Charpy impact specimens used for this purpose included the standard size of 10 by 10 mm and various sub-sizes permitted by ASTM Standard A 370. Results indicate that the impact energy reduced linearly with the decreasing size of the specimen in two regimes, suggesting that two different mechanisms are operating in the fracture initiation for the corresponding specimen thickness ranges. It is, however, established that the energy levels obtained with the lowest thickness specimens (2.5 mm) correlate to the standard energy levels by a multiplying factor of 3 to 4 for all materials except the hardened-and-tempered blading steel, for which the multiplying factor is found to be around 2. A brief account of the fractographic features of both steels for 10, 5, and 2.5 mm thick impact specimens is presented. The relationship obtained between impact energy and specimen thickness is expected to be useful for estimating the impact toughness of service components and assessing their condition, since limitations in component size and/or codes and statutory regulations sometimes preclude removal of large amounts of material for making standard V-notch Charpy specimens.