bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrolytical deposition of NiCo films on Fe micro‐particles
Authors: Oriňáková Renáta , Oriňák Andrej , Kupková Miriam , Kabátová Margita , Chovan Peter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBinary NiCo coating layer was deposited electrolytically onto Fe micro particles surface. Galvanostatic electrolysis was carried out in fluidised bed system using Ni anode as well stainless steel anode.Surface morphology of coated micro particles and depth distribution of individual metals (Ni, Co) in coating layer on the cross‐section of coated particles was investigated by SEM/EDX analysis.Composition of coatings formed on powder particles was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the character of co‐deposition was studied. The electrochemical deposition of NiCo alloys can show anomalous behaviour, in which there is a preferential deposition of the less noble rather than the more noble metal. The anomaly of Ni‐Co electrodeposition was not observed even when the stainless steel anode was used. It was found that the ratio between Ni and Co in binary deposit is dependant on the anode material. Employment of Ni anode was reflected in higher content of Ni in binary layer and changed distribution of coating components on the surface of coated particles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface properties of activated carbon prepared from wastes
Authors: Demiral Hakan , Demiral İlknur 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this study, activated carbons were produced from animal wastes (cow dung) by chemical activation. The effects of the activating agent and the impregnation ratio were investigated at constant temperature of 700 °C. Chemical activations were carried out by mixing the solution of ZnCl2 or KOH and animal wastes with a chemical agent/waste, ratio (wt/wt) varying from 0.5 to 2.5. The pore properties including the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller(BET) surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and average pore diameter of the activated carbons were determined by physical adsorption of N2 at − 196 °C. The highest BET surface areas and total pore volumes were achieved as 1367 m2/g and 0.788 cm3/g for ZnCl2‐activated carbon and as 1916 m2/g and 1.13 cm3/g for KOH‐activated carbon, respectively. The microstructure of the activated carbons was examined by SEM. The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). This study has demonstrated that high surface area activated carbons can be prepared from the chemical activation of animal wastes with KOH and ZnCl2 as activating agents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconciling perspectives of software logic testing
Authors: Kaminski Garrett , Williams Gregory , Ammann Paul 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMany software logic test coverage criteria have emerged over the past several years; however, they are scattered throughout the literature. The goal of this paper is to describe the various logic tests and explain their rationale in a centralized location in order to aid software testers in their decisions about which to implement. Each logic test is examined in terms of its minimum and maximum test sizes, subsumption relationship to other logic tests, and its fault detection capability. It is shown that although semantic tests generally have a smaller test size, syntactic tests are better in terms of fault detection capability. Furthermore, it is shown that the syntactic tests subsume their semantic counterparts. Two new software faults are introduced to Kuhn's fault hierarchy, namely the term insertion fault and the term negation fault, and the fault detection capability of the logic tests with respect to these faults is examined. A new software testing criterion called multiple unique true point/near false point (MUTP/NFP) is also presented, with a description of its benefits and limitations. Specifically, a detailed comparison of the MUTP/NFP criterion and the CUTPNFP/MNFP/MUTP criterion is given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular multi‐effect screening of environmental pollutants using the MolDarT
Authors: Liedtke Anja , Muncke Jane , Rüfenacht Karin , Eggen Rik I. L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMolecular effect detection is a useful approach for ecotoxicological screening of chemicals. We show here the application of the molecular DarT (MolDarT), where the expression of selected target genes is detected in short‐term (120 h) exposed developing zebrafish (Danio rerio), thus allowing subacute multi‐effect compound screening. The genes metallothionein 2 (mt2), cytochrome P450 1A1 (cyp1a1), and recombination activation gene 1 (rag1) are used as endpoints that describe detoxification/metal toxicity (mt2), detoxification/PAH toxicity (cyp1a1), and acquired immune system disruption (rag1). Each gene's developmental expression was studied in unexposed zebrafish during 4 to 120 h past fertilization (hpf), and all three genes were found to be expressed at 120 hpf. Furthermore, mt2 transcripts were present at high levels at 4 hpf, indicating a maternal transfer. For positive toxicity controls, freshly fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed for 120 hpf to ZnSO4, 1,5‐dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) and CdCl2. Exposure to 100 and 200 μM ZnSO4 significantly induced mt2; 10 μM DMN and 20 μM DMN resulted in significantly increased cyp1a1 abundance; and 5 and 10 μM CdCl2 significantly reduced rag1 expression levels. Furthermore, we analysed these target genes for their expression in zebrafish eggs from a previous exposure study. The eggs were exposed for 120 hpf to the environmental pollutants estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), nonylphenol (NP), atrazine, cyproconazol, and bisphenol A (BPA) and found differential expression of the three genes. Exposure to the (xeno‐)estrogenic compound NP (0.75 μM) significantly lowered mt2 expression. This study shows the potential of short‐term in vivo multi‐effect screenings within one single subacute exposure using the MolDarT. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Biomarkers for exposure to estrogenic compounds: Gene expression analysis in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Kausch Ulf , Alberti Martin , Haindl Stefanie , Budczies Jan , Hock Bertold 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGene expression analyses in male zebrafish (Danio rerio) were carried out using microarray technique and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genes responding to the exposure to 17β‐estradiol, bisphenol A and genistein were identified, among them genes involved in metabolism, reproductional and developmental processes. Threshold levels of 17β‐estradiol (200 ng/L), bisphenol A (2000 μg/L), and genistein (5000 μg/L) for the upregulation of the vtg1 gene in short‐time exposures (11 days) were determined by qPCR. 14k microarrays were used to generate complete lists of genes regulated by these estrogenic compounds. For this purpose, liver samples from 10 exposed zebrafish and 10 controls were processed. In this case the expressions of 211 genes were significantly regulated by 17β‐estradiol, 47 by bisphenol A and 231 by genistein. Furthermore, it is shown that fish exposed to 17β‐estradiol and genistein have similarities in their gene expression patterns, whereas bisphenol A apparently affected gene expression in a different way. Only genes coding for egg‐yolk precursor protein vitellogenin were found to be regulated by all three compounds, which shows that these genes are the only suitable markers for exposure to different estrogenic compounds. The regulated genes were assigned to gene ontology classes. All three estrogenic compounds regulated genes mainly involved in primary and cellular metabolism, but genistein regulated several genes involved in cell cycle‐regulation and bisphenol A several genes involved in protein biosynthesis. Genistein also upregulated the expression of four eggshell proteins, which can be used as biomarkers for exposure to this chemical. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Evaluating wastewater‐induced plant genotoxicity using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
Authors: Swaileh K. M. , Hussein R. , Ezzughayyar A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWastewater often contains genotoxic substances that can resist different stages of the treatment process. In the present study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technology was applied to evaluate the genotoxic effects of wastewater (treated and raw) irrigation on oat plants (Avena sativa). RAPD profiles obtained showed that both treated and raw wastewater (RWW) were having genotoxic effects on oat plants. This was apparent by the appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with the control plants. From the 15 primers used, 186 bands were obtained with an average of 12.4 bands per primer. Irrigating plants with RWW caused 51 new bands to appear and 19 to disappear. Treated wastewater (TWW) caused only 16 new bands and the loss of 17 bands. This makes TWW less genotoxic than RWW. The Euclidean distances shown on the dendrogram, revealed the presence of two clusters according to dissimilarity values. One cluster contained the control plants and those irrigated with TWW, whereas the second contained the plants irrigated with RWW. Similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with TWW had a similarity index of 0.87, the control and plants irrigated with RWW 0.73 and between the treatments 0.75. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Effects of a saxitoxin‐producer strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) on the swimming movements of cladocerans
Authors: Filho Aloysio da S. Ferrão , da Costa Simone M. , Ribeiro Manuel Gustavo Leitão , Azevedo Sandra M. F. O. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of a saxitoxin‐producer strain (T3) of the cyanobacteria species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming movements of three cladoceran species (Daphnia gessneri, D. pulex, and Moina micrura). Acute toxicity bioassays were designed to access the effects of T3 strain, of a nonsaxitoxin producer strain (NPLP‐1) of the same species and of a raw water sample from Funil reservoir (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), that contained this and other cyanobacteria. In the acute bioassays, animals were exposed to C. raciborskii filaments or Funil water for 24–48 h and then transferred to food suspensions without cyanobacterial filaments for a further 48 h. During the exposure time to T3 strain filaments there was a decrease in the number of swimming individuals, with animals showing progressive immobilization. The same effect was observed with Funil water sample. Animals stayed alive on the bottom of the test tube and recovered swimming movements when transferred to food suspensions without toxic cells. This effect was not observed with the strain NPLP‐1. The cladoceran D. pulex showed to be extremely sensitive to T3 strain and to Funil water containing C. raciborskii filaments, showing complete paralysis after 24‐h exposure to T3 cell densities of 103 and 104 cells mL−1, and after 24‐h exposure to only 10% of raw water. However, D. gessneri was not sensitive to both T3 and to Funil water, whereas M. micrura was intermediate in sensitivity. This is the first report on the effects of cyanobacterial saxitoxins on movements of freshwater cladocerans, showing also difference in sensitivity among closely related Daphnia species. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Algicidal activity of phthalocyanines—Screening of 31 compounds
Authors: Jančula Daniel , Drábková Michaela , Černý Jiří , Karásková Marie , Kořínková Radka , Rakušan Jan , Maršálek Blahoslav 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPhthalocyanines and their analogues show great potential as photodynamic agents producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in medicine. However, their biocidal effects may also be employed to inhibit various undesirable organisms. This study explores their potential algicidal effects. The laboratory tests concern the effects of various phthalocyanine derivatives on the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and cyanobacterium Synechococcus nidulans. Their effects on one example of the sensitive nontarget aquatic organism—crustacean Daphnia magna were also screened. Among 31 tested compounds, the cationic phthalocyanines substituted with heterocycle exhibited the strongest effects on phytoplankton species, some of them even below the level of 1 mg/L, while effects on crustaceans ranged from 3.6 to more than 50 mg/L. These results show that some phthalocyanine derivatives can act as potent algicides. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Toxicity of the antimicrobial compound triclosan and formation of the metabolite methyl‐triclosan in estuarine systems
Authors: DeLorenzo M. E. , Keller J. M. , Arthur C. D. , Finnegan M. C. , Harper H. E. , Winder V. L. , Zdankiewicz D. L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTriclosan, a commonly used antimicrobial compound, has been measured in aquatic systems worldwide. This study exposed marine species to triclosan to examine effects primarily on survival and to investigate the formation of the degradation product, methyl‐triclosan, in the estuarine environment. Acute toxicity was assessed using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta, and three life stages of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. P. pugio larvae were more sensitive to triclosan than adult shrimp or embryos. Acute aqueous toxicity values (96 h LC50) were 305 μg/L for adult shrimp, 154 μg/L for larvae, and 651 μg/L for embryos. The presence of sediment decreased triclosan toxicity in adult shrimp (24 h LC50s were 620 μg/L with sediment, and 482 μg/L without sediment). The bacterium was more sensitive to triclosan than the grass shrimp, with a 15 min aqueous IC50 value of 53 μg/L and a 15 min spiked sediment IC50 value of 616 μg/kg. The phytoplankton species was the most sensitive species tested, with a 96 h EC50 value of 3.55 μg/L. Adult grass shrimp were found to accumulate methyl‐triclosan after a 14‐day exposure to 100 μg/L triclosan, indicating formation of this metabolite in a seawater environment and its potential to bioaccumulate in higher organisms. Triclosan was detected in limited surface water sampling of Charleston Harbor, SC at a maximum concentration of 0.001 μg/L, substantially lower than the determined toxicity values. These findings suggest triclosan poses low acute toxicity risk to estuarine organisms; however, the potential for chronic, sublethal, and metabolite effects should be investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons in a multiorgan assay for apoptosis in mouse
Authors: Lee Hae‐June , Kim Joong‐Sun , Moon Changjong , Kim Jong‐Choon , Jo Sung‐Kee , Kim Sung‐Ho 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis study compared the effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) fast neutrons on the induction of apoptosis in several tissue types (hair follicle, intestine crypt, testis) of ICR mouse exposed to low LET 60Co γ‐rays. The changes that occurred from 0 to 24 h after exposing the mice to either 2 Gy of γ‐rays (2 Gy/min) or 0.8 Gy of neutrons (94 mGy/min, 35 MeV) were examined. The maximum frequency of apoptosis was observed at 8 or 12 h after irradiation. The mice that had received 0–8 Gy of γ‐rays or 0–1.6 Gy of neutrons were examined 8 h after irradiation. The best‐fitting dose–response curves were linear‐quadratic, and there was a significant relationship between the number of apoptotic cells and the dose. The stained products in the TUNEL‐positive cells or bodies correlated with the typical morphologic characteristics of apoptosis observed by optical microscopy. In the follicles showing an apoptosis frequency between 2 and 14 per hair follicle, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the neutrons in the small and large follicles was 2.09 ± 0.31 and 2.15 ± 0.18, respectively. In the intestine crypts showing an apoptosis frequency between 1 and 3 per crypt, the RBE of the neutrons was 4.03 ± 0.06 and 3.87 ± 0.04 in the base and total crypts, respectively. The RBE of the neutrons in the seminiferous tubule showing an apoptosis frequency between 0.5 and 2 per tubule was 5.18 ± 0.06. The results determined the time–response relations and the RBE for fast neutron‐induced apoptosis in several organs at the same time. The differences in RBE observed between the high and low LET radiation and it is believed that the difference in the DSB repair capacity in hair follicle, intestine crypt, and seminiferous tubule cells plays a role in determining the RBE of the high‐LET radiation for the induced apoptotic cell formation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Inorganic arsenic induces necrosis of human CD34‐positive haematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Vernhet Laurent , Morzadec Claudie , van Grevenynghe Julien , Bareau Benoît , Corolleur Michel , Fest Thierry , Fardel Olivier 
Published: January 2008

AbstractInorganic arsenic is a major environmental contaminant known to exert immunosuppressive effects. In this study, we report toxicity of As2O3, a trivalent inorganic form, toward isolated human hematopoietic CD34+ progenitor cells. Our results demonstrate that low concentrations of As2O3 (0.1–5 μM) inhibit in vitro proliferation of CD34+ cells and their differentiation into various hematological cell lineages. These effects were associated with the induction of a necrotic process independent of caspases and likely related to mitochondrial damage. We conclude that As2O3 can impair in vitro human hematopoiesis by decreasing survival of CD34+ progenitor cells. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Tissue‐specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium
Authors: Ma Wenli , Wang Lan , He Yongji , Yan Yao 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe freshwater crabs Sinopotamon henanense were exposed to different concentrations of waterborne cadmium (Cd). The relationship between tissue‐specific Cd accumulation and metallothionein (MT) induction was investigated using the Cd saturation assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The results showed that Cd accumulation rose significantly in all tissues studied after Cd exposure, and the Cd accumulation level in various tissues followed the following order: gill > hepatopancreas > muscle > ovary. MT levels were clearly tissue‐specific after Cd exposure. Hepatopancreas was found to have the highest MT level, followed by the gill, muscle, and ovary. In conclusion, the results indicated although Cd exposure clearly resulted in MT induction, its synthesis does not correlate with Cd accumulation in the later stage of Cd exposure. The calculated ratios of actual Cd to theoretical maximum Cd‐MT in the hepatopancreas were <1.0 under acute waterborne Cd at all sampling points, indicating that the hepatopancreas had much greater Cd‐binding potential of MT than the gill, muscle, or ovary. It is clear from our results that a positive correlation was shown between MT induction and Cd accumulation both in hepatopancreas and gill. Therefore, MT induction can be considered as a biomarker for acute waterborne Cd pollution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Response of antioxidant enzymes in coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) plants under cadmium stress
Authors: Mishra Seema , Srivastava Sudhakar , Tripathi R. D. , Dwivedi Sanjay , Shukla M. K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCadmium (Cd) contamination of aquatic systems is of major concern since it is a nonessential element and hampers plant growth upon accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the Cd accumulation behavior of coontail plant, Ceratophyllum demersum L., toxicity induced and response of the antioxidant system. Plants were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0–10 μM) for a period of 1–7 days. Accumulation of Cd was found to be a concentration duration dependent phenomenon. The maximum accumulation of Cd, 1293 μg g−1 dw, was observed after 7 days at 10 μM. Plants showed significant stimulation of the activities of various antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and tolerated toxicity of Cd up to moderate concentration of 5 μM. At 10 μM exposure, enzyme activities declined and plants experienced toxicity, which was evident by the significant decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and by increase in the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation and ion leakage. In conclusion, modulation of antioxidant system in a coordinated manner in response to Cd accumulation appears to help plants tolerate toxicity of Cd up to 5 μM. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Effect of long‐term exposure to simazine on brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Oropesa A. L. , García Cambero J. P. , Soler F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral water‐contamination incidents with simazine have occurred in the province of Badajoz (Spain), due to its excessive use for controlling weeds in olive trees and vineyards. Simazine residues were also detected in drinking water, increasing public health concern. However, little is known on the effects that low levels of simazine pose to environment organisms. We investigated if residues of simazine in the natural waters would affect brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity in common carps captured in areas in which simazine residues were detected at average levels of 4.5 μg/L. Results confirmed depression on brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity of 20% and 29%, respectively, in carps inhabiting one of the simazine‐contaminated ponds, termed “Molinos de Matachel.” To assess the biological significance of this finding, we developed a controlled laboratory study in which carps were exposed to simazine at 45 μg/L (10‐fold that of the natural water levels) for 90 days. The results obtained in the field study were not confirmed in our laboratory experiment, since carps did not show evidence or brain or muscle acetylcholinesterase activity depression for the duration of the experiment, and therefore, we can conclude that acetylcholinesterase depression found in carps collected in “Molinos de Matachel” should be ascribed to other compounds or mixtures of xenobiotics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Interaction of bisphenol a with human UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 enzyme
Authors: Hanioka Nobumitsu , Takeda Yuri , Tanaka‐Kagawa Toshiko , Hayashi Keiko , Jinno Hideto , Narimatsu Shizuo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) activities in microsomes from human livers and yeast cells expressing human UGT1A6 (humUGT1A6) were investigated. Serotonin (5‐HT) and 4‐methylumbelliferone (4‐MU) were used as the substrates for UGT1A6. BPA dose‐dependently inhibited 5‐HT and 4‐MU glucuronidation activities in both enzyme sources. The IC50 values of BPA for 5‐HT and 4‐MU glucuronidation activities were 156 and 163 μM for liver microsomes, and 84.6 and 80.3 μM for yeast cell microsomes expressing humUGT1A6, respectively. The inhibitory pattern of BPA for 5‐HT and 4‐MU glucuronidation activities in human liver microsomes exhibited a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive components, with Ki values of 84.9 and 72.3 μM, respectively. In yeast cell microsomes expressing humUGT1A6, 5‐HT glucuronidation activities were noncompetitively inhibited by BPA (Ki value, 65.5 μM), whereas the inhibition of 4‐MU glucuronidation activities by BPA exhibited the mixed type (Ki value, 42.5 μM). These results suggest that BPA interacts with human UGT1A6 enzyme, and that the interaction may contribute to the toxicity, such as hormone disruption and reproductive effects, of BPA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.