bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Socratic Durkheim*
Authors: Turner Stephen P. , Bertha Carlos 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses pedagogical uses of Durkheim that serve to make sense of obligation by enabling students to see how these and related moral concepts are based on, and express, actual moral feelings and bear on actual moral experience. The chapter looks at a course taught by this bookʇs author to a multidisciplinary audience, including students interested in political philosophy, sociological theory, and political theory. The discussion centres on a four-week section of the course devoted to Durkheim, which focused on readings from Pickering's Sociology of Religion. The course readings also included substantial material from selections in Durkheim's Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
Confronting the Canon in the Classroom
Authors: Pedersen Jean Elisabeth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter recounts this book's author's own experiences of teaching Durkheim and introducing feminist theory, which have always occurred in settings where the dominant approach is reading and discussion. Each section takes a similar approach, beginning with an overview of the existing work on Durkheim in a particular area, continuing with an analysis of its relevance to the Elementary Forms of Religious Life, and including a series of possible discussion questions for classroom use. Topics covered include women, sex, and gender in Durkheim's works; Durkheim on divorce and sex education; and feminist theory and Durkheimian social realism.
Durkheim's Theory of Misrecognition
Authors: Berlinerblau Jacques 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief exegesis of Durkheim's theory of misrecognition, a component of his work that has received little attention. Although he never explicitly employed the term misrecognition, it accurately describes a basic idea seen in all of his major works and many of his minor ones. The analysis of this concept is germane to this inquiry in the following respects. First, this theme is found in everything that irks students and scholars about Durkheimian theory. Second, within the notion of misrecognition are a variety of pedagogical orientations which may be of use to those who lecture on theory.
Biological Synergies and Disease
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter brings together the results of numerous scientific studies on the biology of immune function and disease. It presents the biomedical evidence that malnutrition and parasite infection contribute to greater susceptibility to any infectious disease, including those which are transmitted sexually. The conditions of poverty increase HIV susceptibility, not only to opportunist diseases after HIV infection but also to HIV transmission, just as they increase vulnerability to other infectious diseases.
HIV-Specific Synergies
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter explains the biological synergies of malnutrition, parasitic and infectious diseases, and immune response that are specific to HIV transmission, and widespread among poor populations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the transition countries. It draws on extensive medical literature that demonstrates that malnutrition, malaria, soil-transmitted helminths and other worms, schistosomiasis (and its genital lesions and inflammation, which resemble sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs), and other parasites increase HIV viral load and viral shedding, and hence increase the risk of HIV transmission.
The Context of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the health profile of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union within the context of an emerging HIV epidemic. Unlike the epidemics in most of the developing world, the HIV epidemics in the transition economies of Europe are apparently fueled by drug use and commercial sex work. The emphasis on the behavioral conditions, however, masks the important role played by economic crises in the collapse of public health services and the increase in human trafficking. This chapter broadens the analysis of declining health in the former socialist economies and situates the study of HIV epidemics within a biomedical analysis of disease vulnerability, rather than the reigning behavioral model.
Racial Metaphors
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines Western preconceptions regarding African sexuality that distorted early research on the social context of AIDS in Africa and continue to limit the scope of preventive policies. It examines social science and policy works that constructed a hypersexualized pan-African culture as the main reason for the high prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, supporting their hypotheses with sweeping generalizations and innuendo based on anecdotal evidence, rather than on useful comparative data on sexual behavior. This chapter offers a critical analysis of the discourse on African “exceptionalism”, excessive reliance on anthropological or ethnographic methodology, and the historical and philosophical origins of treating Africa as a special case that derives from racial science and the eugenics movement.
Opportunistic Investments for Health and Human Development
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter uses the economic concept of externalities to evaluate the positive spillovers that exist in health interventions. It argues for mainstreaming AIDS prevention by addressing a broad array of development problems, rather than by employing a just-in-time approach to HIV intervention. It demonstrates that non-health investments are often the best way to achieve health goals, such as increasing the efficiency of customs regulations at border posts to reduce the spread of HIV along trucking routes. It also argues for broad community health programs that exploit economies of scale and scope.
Nietzsche's New Darwinism
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Nietzsche wrote in a scientific culture transformed by Darwin. He read extensively in German and about British Darwinists, and his own works dealt often with such obvious Darwinian themes as struggle and evolution. Yet most of what Nietzsche said about Darwin was hostile: he sharply attacked many of his ideas, and often slurred Darwin himself as mediocre, so most readers of Nietzsche have inferred that he must have cast Darwin quite aside. But in fact, this book argues, Nietzsche was deeply and pervasively influenced by Darwin. He stressed his disagreements, but was silent about several core points he took over from Darwin. Moreover, the book claims, these Darwinian borrowings were to Nietzsche's credit: when we bring them to the surface we discover his positions to be much stronger than we had thought. Even Nietzsche's radical innovations are more plausible when we expose their Darwinian ground; we see that they amount to a new Darwinism.
Metaethics
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the interface between Nietzsche's values generally and the claims of fact sketched in Chapter 1. It is argued that just as his explanations are variants on Darwinian ones, so is his way of making his transition from explanations to values. How Nietzsche explains values is determined in order to address his metaethics — in particular this question about the ontic and epistemic relations between his facts and his values. It is shown that Nietzsche uses his quasi-Darwinian facts about the sources of our values to raise himself (as he thinks) into a superior valuative stance, from which he carries out his “revaluation of values”. This stance gives credit or support to the “new values” that result from this revaluation.
Ethics-Politics
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Nietzsche's ethics and politics. It considers the particular genealogies Nietzsche gives for pity and altruism; his genealogies generally proceed through two stages: natural and social selection. Whether/how those social virtues get selected naturally and how they are then exapted by social selection are examined. This Nietzschean story is compared with the Social Darwinists' account of how morality evolves. These Darwinists hold that the development of these social virtues represents “progress”, and that it shows us the way to progress still further. Nietzsche vehemently rejects this claim about progress, and even seems to dispute whether the notion itself is coherent. It is argued that his critique of progress leaves untouched kinds of personal and social progress in which he still believes. Nietzsche's ethical and political revaluings are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This introduction discusses the areas of widespread agreement about morality, and lists those features of rational human nature that account for it. The sources of unresolvable moral disagreement, e.g., different rational rankings of the goods (benefits) and evils (harms), and different views about the scope of morality, are described. The strong analogy between morality and grammar is used to explain how to know what counts as morally acceptable without being able to state this explicitly.
Part I The Moral System
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Part I describes the moral system, including the moral rules, moral ideals, morally relevant features, and the two-step procedure for determining when a violation of a moral rules is strongly justified, weakly justified, or unjustified. It includes a list of the ten justified moral rules. An account of the moral virtues and vices is provided, and their relation to the moral system is shown.
Part II The Moral Theory
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Part II contains a justification of the moral system that shows that all rational persons who limit their beliefs to those shared by all other moral agents, and who seek agreement with them, will put forward morality as the system they should all follow. The standard accounts of rationality are criticized, and an account that makes rationality the fundamental normative concept is presented. The distinction between the requiring force and the justifying force of reasons is used to explain why it is often rational to act either morally or immorally. Although morality does not provide a unique correct answer to every moral question, it always provides adequate reasons for acting morally.
A Korean Contribution to the Zen Canon: The Oga Hae Seorui
Authors: Muller Charles 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter traces the role of the Diamond Sutra through the earlier Korean tradition down to the present, focusing on the various types of commentarial treatment it received, and the way it is used at present both in monastic and lay practice. It also focuses on another sutra, the Ogahae, its production and content, along with Gihwa’s own assessments of its value. With widespread awareness of the Korean Sōn (Zen) tradition that developed mainly during the Goryeo and Joseon periods, having come relatively late as compared with its Japanese and Chinese counterparts, there is always a tendency to make comparisons with these traditions when trying to identify the character of Korean Sōn. One of the most prominent distinctive aspects of the Korean Sōn tradition is the degree to which Buddhist scriptural texts have continued to play a central role in the tradition. The most influential scripture is the Diamond Sutra, which has not only been studied and commented on extensively, but is by far the most commonly chanted text in Korea.
“Rules of Purity” in Japanese Zen
Authors: Foulk T. Griffith 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of the Japanese Zen appropriation and adaptation of Chinese rules of purity attributed to master Baizhang, from the Kamakura period down to the present. The so-called transmission of Zen from China to Japan in the Kamakura period (1185-1333) was a complex event with many facets, but it is convenient to analyze it as having two distinct dimensions: (1) the communication to Japan of Chan mythology, ideology, and teaching styles, accomplished largely through the media of texts such as Chanyuan qinggui (Rules of Purity for Chan Monasteries), in which the distinctive rhetorical and pedagogical forms of Chan were re-enacted; and (2) the establishment in Japan of monastic institutions modeled after the great public monasteries of Southern Song China. This was facilitated by the travels of mainly Myōan Eisai, Enni Ben’en, and Dōgen to China, who brought various “rules of purity”.
Zen Kōan Capping Phrase Books
Authors: Hori G. Victor Sōgen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractZen phrase books include books of proverbs or wise sayings, handbooks compiled by early Zen monks as aids to composing Chinese poetry, dictionaries of Chinese dialect or colloquial language, and guidebooks for reading tea ceremony scrolls. In a narrower sense, the Zen phrase book is the handbook that Japanese Rinzai Zen monks use for the “capping phrase” exercise in the Zen kōan practice. This chapter describes two classic and three modern Zen Phrase Books. The classic ones are Kuzōshi by Tōyō Eichō Zenji and Zenrin Kushūi by Ijōshi. The new collections are: Zudokko Kushō, compiled by Fujita Genro, Shinsan Zengoshō, complied by Tsuchiya Etsudō, and Kunchō Zenrin Kushū, edited and revised by Shibayama Zenkei Roshi. The chapter closes with some reflections on two broader questions: How can Zen, supposedly “not founded on words and letters” have a capping phrase practice? And what are the origins of the capping phrase exercise and how did it get incorporated into Zen meditation practice.
“Thou Shall Not Freeze-Frame,” or, How Not to Misunderstand the Science and Religion Debate
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This essay aims to subvert typical assumptions about science and religion as a necessary preface to rethinking their relationship. Latour likens religion to love as a performative (vs. merely referential) manner of speech that brings immediacy, not the distant God as is generally assumed. He similarly flips science on the head of general assumptions, arguing that it is concerned not with the immediate stuff of life, but with largely invisible worlds (the supposed domain of religion). He then addresses representation in science and religion, suggesting how science is not the simplistic matter of corresponding words to world, but an unending process of cascading chains of transformation by which matter becomes form. Latour also critiques the traditional notion of religious images as pointing toward the invisible and not being sacred in themselves. Rather, he argues that religious images work to distort and confuse general notions of direct apprehension of the distant and invisible, thus placing re-emphasis on the immediate, a (literal) re-presentation. In both cases, Latour argues for a dynamic notion of truth, cautioning against “freeze-framing” truth as a static world of scientific reference or a static incarnation of the sacred in historical time.
Kabbalah and Contemporary Cosmology: Discovering the Resonances
Authors: Matt Daniel C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis essay considers the possible resonances between contemporary physical cosmology and the kabbalistic tradition of Jewish mysticism. Matt begins by suggesting that common views of science and religion as distinct or separable are themselves limited in not suggesting possibilities for fruitful interaction. Religion, for example, gives science wonder, and science gives religion a view of knowledge as provisional, thus leading to humility in light of realities such as the nature of God. Matt then recapitulates the scientific theory of the Big Bang; yet perhaps in the Big Bang one can recapture mythic depth and meaning, as the Big Bang indicates that we are made out of the same stuff as all creation. Kabbalah and physical cosmology, in fact, make parallel statements as to the singularity of the origin of the universe and its resultant unfolding. Other physical theories such as broken symmetry find kabbalistic parallels, in spite of their widely differing methodologies, and suggest that science and spirituality are complementary. Matt argues that utimately, this fractured world needs mending, and that God needs us to mend it — God being best understood as infinite and hidden, yet as close to us as is our connection with the Big Bang.
The Complementarity of Science and Religion
Authors: Oliver Harold H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis essay focuses on the notion of complementarity between science and religion. Oliver grounds complementarity in relativity theory and quantum theory. He appeals to metaphysics as the basis for his relational paradigm, reassessing its Aristotelian legacy, which assumed the subject/object structure of the Greek language and produced the substantialist thesis that reality ultimately consists of things, whereas relations between things are accidental. To Oliver, the cosmos is a grand unity of relations, with subject and object, mind and brain, and ultimately God and World, existing as derivatives from this fundamental relatedness. Oliver then proceeds to argue that religious language is not referential, but symbolic of relational reality. It is when this relational reality is reduced to its derivatives that religious language is changed from mythical to referential discourse. In the case of science, Oliver argues that science aims for the most economical way of speaking of the world, versus the rich metaphorical language of religion; ultimately, though, religion and science are about the same domain of human experience. Oliver then considers the question of science, religion, and truth, cautioning against saying that certain scientific theories may be “true,” and arguing instead that it is preferable to consider that well-established scientific theories add to our experience of reality. In the case of religion, Oliver cautions even more strongly against truth as referring to the independent existence of an object, religious “truth” being realization or experience of relational reality.
Darwin, Design, and the Unification of Nature
Authors: Brooke John Hedley 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This essay focuses on the idea of the unity of nature which has been important in both scientific and religious discourse. Brooke notes that the unity of nature thesis — so central to Christian theology — was not simply an epistemological assertion, but one which was intended to demonstrate the beauty of God and creation. In the case of Darwin, the unity of nature thesis would seem to pose a threat to his religious belief, as naturalistic explanation of the origin of life would leave no need for God. Yet Brooke notes that Darwin’s own personal beliefs on God were complex, arguing that it was ultimately a series of incidents, both personally experienced and impersonally witnessed, which led Darwin to thoroughly question the idea of God as a caring, guiding Creator. Darwin’s own theory of evolution did not seem to uphold any tidy unity of nature — since nature competed against itself in a struggle for existence —. Among some Christian leaders, it had similarly challenging implications as well. But what greater unification could be imagined than Darwin’s theory? In particular, his inclination toward the view that all of life had been derived from a single proto-life form suggests his striving toward unification. Brooke concludes by noting the important political ends to which the unity of nature thesis was taken after Darwin, suggesting that it could remain as a meeting-ground between science and religion.
Darwinism and Christianity: Must They Remain at War or Is Peace Possible?
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis essay considers the arguments of three scholars who have maintained that there is indeed a contradiction between Darwinism and religion. The first is entomologist and sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson, whom Ruse argues is quite sympathetic to religion as an ethical system, but maintains that its existence can be explained on evolutionary grounds; yet, Wilson considers religion to be a necessary illusion, hardly true in its own right. In the case of Richard Dawkins, Ruse considers the thesis — popular among early Christian Darwinians — that God designed life through the process of evolution. One problem with this thesis is the very random, seemingly undersigned nature of evolution, yet Dawkins himself was not worried by random variation. As his third example, Ruse considers his own argument — that the biblical injunction to love one’s neighbor as oneself does not seem to be based on biological fitness as much as would a near-neighbor form of love; yet, Ruse counters himself by arguing that perhaps Jesus’ injunction did not admonish one to love everyone equally, or alternatively. Christianity could be reaching out to extend a system of morality that biology has attuned to only near-neighbor forms of concern. Ultimately, Ruse argues that the conflict between Darwinism and religion was initiated for social and political, not scientific reasons, and that though challenges still exist in reconciling the two viewpoints, there is no necessary contradiction.
Gods and the Mental Instincts That Create Them
Authors: Boyer Pascal 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis essay offers an evolutionary explanation of religion, in particular, religious mental concepts. Boyer argues that the human “mind-brain” consists of multiple systems that guide understanding and action in different realms. Although none of these is specific to religion, several may be connected to religious concepts, and some concepts may be more successful at cultural transmission via these systems than others. The first important feature of religious concepts to Boyer is that they are supernatural concepts, defined by their violation of some, but not all, normal domain-level expectations. Boyer further clarifies that religious concepts tend to build on our templates of persons, but emphasize their intentional agency, which can be evolutionarily explained either in terms of the mind-brain’s need to understand complex social interaction characteristic of humans, or as an asset in predator-prey interactions. Religious concepts are also about social interaction, yet in contrast to ordinary people, supernatural agents have “perfect access” to all strategic (socially relevant) information relevant to a given social situation. Boyer cites research which suggests that people who believe in the Christian God combine features of omniscience with a human-like mind, for instance, one must pray in order for God to hear you. Finally, Boyer argues that religious concepts prey upon common intuitions about misfortune. Gods that do not matter much to people’s daily lives — no matter how powerful they are otherwise — are not that religiously important. Thus, these concepts focus not on how but why the supernatural agents cause misfortune, the reason tracing back to some mishap of social interaction with these agents.