bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thyroid function in patients with proteinuria and normal or increased serum creatinine concentration
Authors: Adlkofer Franz , Hain Hannelore , Meinhold Harald , Kraft Dieter , Ramsden David , Herrmann Jörg , Heller Wolf-Dieter 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The thyroid function of 13 patients with proteinuria and normal serum creatinine level (Group 1) and 15 patients with proteinuria and increased creatinine level (Group 2) was investigated. The daily urinary T41-and T3 excretion was much higher in Group 1 patients than in Group 2 patients (37.1 ± 25.9 nmol T4 vs 17.5 ± 8.7 nmol T4, 3.3 ± 1.6 nmol T3 vs 1.1 ± 0.8 nmol T3, respectively) and correlated in both groups with the protein loss. None of the patients suffered from hypothyroidism as a consequence of this hormone loss. Although the mean serum T4-, T3-, FT4-, FT3-, TBG-and TBPA concentrations in both groups of patients were within the normal range, the urinary hormone loss appeared to influence these values considerably. It was striking that the rT3 concentration in the patients with the highest hormone loss was frequently less than 0.08 nmol/l, the lower limit of detectability. The basal TSH levels in serum of the nephrotic patients were similar to those of normal individuals. The thyroid function of patients with proteinuria accompanied by retention of creatinine due to renal failure was more difficult to assess because different pathological mechanisms may exert their influence on the thyroidal hormone secretion as well as on the peripheral hormone metabolism.
Influence of age, strain and season on diurnal periodicity of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and parathyroid hormone in the serum of male laboratory rats
Authors: Wong Chun-Cheung , Döhler Klaus-D. , Atkinson Michael J. , Geerlings Heinz , Hesch Rolf-Dieter , von zur Mühlen Alexander 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The influence of age, strain and season on the diurnal pattern of serum hormone levels from the pituitary-thyro-parathyroid complex was studied in male laboratory rats. Distinct 24 h periodicity in the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) was observed in all groups of rats. There was no influence of age (40, 60 and 90 days old Sprague-Dawley rats), but a significant influence of strain (Sprague-Dawley vs. BH/Ztm rats) and season (summer vs. winter) on the diurnal pattern of serum TSH and T3 levels. Significant 24 h periodicity in serum thyroxine (T4) levels existed during winter in BH/Ztm rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of any age. Adult SD rats demonstrated 24 h periodicity in serum levels of T4 only in summer. No diurnal periodicity in serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was observed in any group of rats.
There were significant changes in 24 h mean serum levels of TSH and T3 throughout pubertal development. Twenty-four h mean serum levels of T3 and T4 were significantly higher in summer than in winter. Twenty-four h mean serum levels of T4 were significantly lower in BH/Ztm rats than in SD rats. Significant correlation was observed between serum concentrations of T3 and T4, TSH and T4, and between TSH and T3 in some groups of rats, but not in all.
The results indicate that 24 h periodicity of serum hormone levels from the pituitary-thyroid complex of male laboratory rats may vary with age and strain of the animals and with the season of experiment performance.
Familial Cushing's syndrome due to pigmented multinodular adrenocortical dysplasia
Authors: Böhm N. , Lippmann-Grob B. , Petrykowski W. v. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed in a 14 year old girl and, 5 years later, in her nephew (sister's son) also when he was 14 years of age. Administration of tetracosactid (Synacthen®) did not stimulate adrenocortical function in either patient, nor did dexamethasone suppress the elevated urinary steroids in the girl, and only partially suppressed them in the boy. Both patients were adrenalectomized and made an uneventful recovery.
The surgical specimens were identical both on gross inspection and histologically, showing the typical morphological features of pigmented multinodular adrenocortical dysplasia.
We believe that this lesion represents an inherited adrenocortical maldevelopment (rather than true neoplasia) leading to an autonomous adrenocortical hyperfunction which typically manifests itself clinically during adrenarche (i.e. functional adrenocortical maturation) at the beginning of puberty. Familial Cushing's syndrome, caused by pigmented multinodular adrenocortical dysplasia, represents a disease entity.
A double-blind cross-over study on the effects of ORG OD14 compared to oestradiol valerate and placebo on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in oophorectomized women
Authors: Crona N. , Silfverstolpe G , Samsioe G. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
ORG OD14 is a synthetic steroid which in traditional bioassays has been shown to have oestrogenic and progestogenic as well as very weak androgenic-anabolic properties. As judged from earlier studies, this steroid seems suitable for continuous treatment of climacteric deficiency symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects induced by OD14 on lipid, lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism, as compared to E2V and placebo.
Twenty-two women, oophorectomized as part of the treatment of cervical carcinoma in clinical stage IB or IIA, were given ORG OD14 2.5 mg/day, oestradiol valerate (E2V) 2 mg/day and a placebo for 6 weeks each, in a double-blind cross-over study.
There was a marked decrease in all lipid components of HDL (high density lipoprotein), i.e. total and free cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids (P < 0.001), after OD14. The oral glucose tolerance test showed higher values after OD14 compared to both E2V and placebo (P < 0.05), indicating a slightly impaired glucose tolerance. The lipid metabolic changes induced by OD14 indicate a rather strong androgenic influence in this respect.
Saliva and serum testosterone following oral testosterone undecanoate administration in normal and hypogonadal men
Authors: Schürmeyer Th. , Wickings E. J. , Freischem C. W. , Nieschlag E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Since saliva testosterone reflects the testosterone fraction available to target tissues the therapeutic effectiveness of orally administered testosterone undecanoate was assessed by measuring testosterone in serum and saliva. Matched saliva and serum samples were obtained from 12 normal men and 8 hypogonadal men before and at hourly intervals after the oral administration of 120 mg testosterone undecanoate. The test was repeated in 3 men after they had taken 40 mg testosterone undecanoate twice daily for 4 to 5 weeks.
Following testosterone undecanoate administration serum and saliva testosterone always showed parallel increases. However, the absorption curves showed a high interindividual variability in the time when maximum concentrations were reached, as well as in the maximum levels themselves. The increases in serum and saliva testosterone were similar in normal and hypogonadal men. In normal men basal levels were reached 4 h after the maximum had occurred, while in hypogonadal men testosterone levels were not different from basal levels 2 h after the maximum. The study shows that testosterone undecanoate is well absorbed from the gut and releases significantly elevated amounts of testosterone which is available to target tissues. As the absorption pattern was always parallel in both fluids, hydrolysis of the circulating testosterone ester by the tissue ifself seems to effect no additional increase of testosterone in the tissue.
Prolactin release in man: influence of cimetidine, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and acute hypercalcaemia
Authors: Röjdmark Sven 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The responsiveness of anterior pituitary lactotrophs and thyrotrophs to cimetidine (Cim) was investigated in healthy volunteers. Four-hundred mg Cim, injected iv, raised the serum prolactin level (Prl) from 14 ± 2 to 58 ± 9 ng/ml (P < 0.001), but left the serum thyrotrophin level (TSH) unaffected. Acute hypercalcaemia, induced by iv infusion of calcium, blunted this Cim-elicited Prl response by 35 ± 4% (P < 0.01). Iv injection of 25 μg thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) had similar Prl-releasing potency as 400 mg Cim, and raised the Prl level from 14 ± 1 to 51 ± 6 ng/ml (P < 0.001). In contrast to Cim, TRH also increased the TSH level significantly. Although oral pre-treatment with Cim for 3 days (1000 mg/day) failed to affect the Prl response to TRH in this study, iv injection of the drug more than doubled the above mentioned Prl response to TRH. The TSH response to TRH remained unaffected both by oral and by iv administration of Cim. These results imply that acute changes in serum calcium affect the release pattern of Prl, and that iv administration of Cim may add Prl-releasing power to TRH in healthy individuals.
Androgenic and oestrogenic steroid participation in feedback control of luteinizing hormone secretion in male sheep
Authors: D'Occhio M. J. , Schanbacher B. D. , Kinder J. E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The acute castrate ram (wether) was used as an experimental model to investigate the site(s) of feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) by testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol. At the time of castration, wethers were implanted subdermally with Silastic capsules containing either crystalline testosterone (three 30 cm capsules), dihydrotestosterone (five 30 cm capsules) or oestradiol (one 6.5 cm capsule). Blood samples were taken at 10 min intervals for 6 h 2 weeks after implantation to determine serum steroid concentrations and to characterize the patterns of LH secretion. Pituitary LH response to exogenous LRH (5 ng/kg body weight) were also determined at the same time. The steroid implants produced serum concentrations of the respective hormones which were either one-third (testosterone) or two-to-four times (dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol) the levels measured in rams at the time of castration. Non-implanted wethers showed rhythmic pulses of LH (pulse interval 40–60 min) and had elevated LH levels (16.1 ± 1.6 ng/ml; mean ± se) 2 weeks after castration. All three steroids suppressed pulsatile LH release and reduced mean LH levels (to below 3 ng/ml) and pituitary LH responses to LRH.
Inhibition of pulsatile LH secretion by all three steroids indicated that testosterone as well as its androgenic and oestrogenic metabolites can inhibit the LRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus. Additional feedback on the pituitary was indicated by the dampened LH responses to exogenous LRH.
Prolactin release induced by stress and the influence of oestrogen and progesterone treatments, sex and daily rhythm
Authors: Caligaris L. , Taleisnik S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The effect of sex, ovarian steroids and time of the day on the release of prolactin induced by stress was studied. Albino rats were bled by heart puncture and immediately anaesthetized with ether; 10 min later they were bled again. Ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed rats showed a daily rhythm in the stress (bleeding plus ether) induced prolactin release with maximal concentration of prolactin in the serum at night (01.00 h) and minimum in the morning (09.00 h). In ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated rats the rise of prolactin in the serum after stress was higher than in the non-treated rats both in the morning and at night. However in the afternoon (17.00 h), when the pre-stress levels of prolactin were high, the response to stress was reversed and prolactin levels declined. A similar effect was seen in the ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed rats 4 h after the injection of progesterone. In these animals the concentration of prolactin in serum was high and declined after stress. However 28 h after injection of progesterone stress failed to induce any change in prolactin release. Progesterone injected into ovariectomized, non-primed rats did not influence the response to stress. In male rats, both intact and castrated, the increase of prolactin concentration in serum after stress was lower than in females and failed to exhibit a circadian rhythm.
These results show the importance of the hormonal background and the time of the day in the magnitude of prolactin release induced by stress.
Oxytocin and renal function in the rat; an investigation of a possible proximal site of action
Authors: Garland H. O. , Balment R. J. , Brimble M. J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Direct measurements of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption have been employed to examine the possible renal site of action of oxytocin. In whole kidney studies the natriuresis and chloriuresis, which occurred during the period of oxytocin infusion, did not coincide with the associated diuresis. The latter reached a peak 10–20 min after hormone administration has ceased. The separation in the saliuretic and diuretic responses underlines the apparent independence of these actions of oxytocin on the renal handling of water and electrolytes. The disturbances in renal function were not related to any change in glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and an examination of single nephron function failed to detect any significant effect of oxytocin on proximal tubular reabsorption. The renal actions of oxytocin would therefore appear to emanate from altered tubular rather than glomerular function, though the present study provides no support for a proximal site of action.
Calcitonin increases calcium content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in hepatic microsomes of rats
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayoshi , Momose Kaoru 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the hepatic microsomes of rats was investigated. A single sc administration of CT (80 MRC mU/100 g body weight) produced a significant increase in microsomal calcium content and a corresponding elevation of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity. An appreciable effect of CT was observed at a dose of 20 MRC mU/100 g body weight. On the other hand, the removal of calcium by 10 mM EGTA washing of the microsomes caused a marked reduction of glucose-6-phosphatase activity raised by CT administration. The addition of calcium ion at the amount of 10−2– 103 nmoles Ca2+ per mg protein in the microsomes produced a significant increase in glucose-6-phosphatase activity. The present results suggest that microsomal calcium increased by CT administration activates glucose-6-phosphatase in the hepatic microsomes of rats.
In vivo and in vitro effects of metoclopramide on aldosterone secretion in rats
Authors: Nagahama Shusaku , Fujimaki Masaki , Suzuki Hiroko , Kawabe Hiroshi , Saito Ikuo , Saruta Takao 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, on in vivo and in vitro aldosterone production in the rat. In addition, we examined the effect of various levels of sodium intake on the response of plasma aldosterone to metoclopramide.
Metoclopramide (2–50 mg/kg) was given by ip injection to conscious rats. Metoclopramide induced a dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone, whereas it only increased plasma renin activity at high doses (20 and 50 mg/kg). The response of plasma aldosterone to 10 mg/kg of metoclopramide in the low-sodium group was greater than that in the high-sodium group.
Metoclopramide had no effect on aldosterone production in isolated zona glomerulosa cells in vitro.
TSH-regulation and goitrogenesis in severe iodine deficiency
Authors: Bachtarzi H. , Benmiloud M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract. Since goitre prevalence increases sharply during the first two decades of life, age-related changes in the adaptation of the thyroid to iodine deficiency may occur. In order to study this, we have measured serum levels of TSH, T4 and T3 in 247 subjects (age range 5 to 60 years) living in an endemic goitre area of North Algeria (group A) and in 64 control subjects living in the non-iodine deficient city of Algiers (group B). TRH tests were also performed in 88 subjects from the goitrous area and in 30 controls.
Patients from group A had significantly higher serum TSH and T3 and lower serum T4 than those from group B. Analysis of group A by age groups revealed significantly higher TSH concentrations in the 2–9 years group and a moderate but significant decrease in the group from 50–59 years. No significant changes were demonstrated for T4 and T3.
In the goitrous area, the response of TSH to TRH was exaggerated and prolonged. ΔTSH20 was inversely correlated with age. The different age groups showed a significantly progressive and continuous decrease of ΔTSH20, ΔTSH60, ΔTSH120 from age 10–19 to age 50–59 years.
Our findings thus show a sharp increase of TSH during the first decades of life, which coincides with the phase of maximal growth of the thyroid gland. These results suggest that TSH plays a definite role in the genesis of endemic goitre. The subsequent progressive decrease of TSH secretion and reserve, with unchanged T4 and T3, imply a gradual development of autonomous activity in longstanding multinodular goitre.
Intralysosomal hydrolysis of thyroglobulin
Authors: Fouchier Francis , Mego John L. , Dang Josseline , Simon Claude 
Published: December 2008

Abstract. Intralysosomal hydrolysis of endogenous (125I in vivo labelled) thyroglobulin (Tg) inside thyroid phagolysosomes and its modulation by exogenous factors (external pH, activators and inhibitors of lysosomal proteinases) were studied during in vitro incubations. Tg degradation was followed as the time-dependent increase in TCA-soluble radioiodine (free iodoaminoacids).
The results demonstrate that this hydrolysis is only partially pH-dependent, one component being abolished by pH 8 and a cathepsin B inhibitor (zinc) whereas the residual activity was pH-independent and insensitive to zinc. It would seem therefore that the total thyroid phagolysosome population contains lysosomes permeable to both incubation buffer and zinc and lysosomes impermeable to these compounds. Both classes are operational (degrade Tg) at acidic or neutral pHs, while only impermeable organelles function when incubated at pH 8. These impermeable lysosomes have an acidic internal pH (about pH 5) and resist alkalinization very efficiently due to the high impermeability of their membranes. Additional experiments are in progress to determine the physiological significance of these two classes of lysosomes which might be related to a functional maturation of thyroid phagolysosomes.
Intralysosomal hydrolysis of thyroglobulin
Authors: Fouchier Francis , Mego John L. , Dang Josseline , Simon Claude 
Published: December 2008

Abstract. Degradations of recently (1 h) iodinated thyroglobulin (Tg) and of Tg iodinated for 48 h (fully iodinated molecule) inside thyroid phagolysosomes have been measured in vitro, at different pH, in basal (lysosomes from normal rats) and stimulated (lysosomes from TSH-treated rats) conditions.
In basal conditions, recently iodinated Tg was shown to be preferentially degraded at pH 5 but not at pH 8. Mercaptoethanol (ME) was found to preferentially stimulate the degradation of 48 h-iodinated Tg at pH 5 but not at pH 8.
In stimulated conditions and in the presence of ME, no preferential hydrolysis of recently iodinated Tg was observed, whatever the pH.
Since the degradation of Tg and its stimulation by ME are known to depend on the mean iodine content of the molecule, it was concluded that: 1) the recently iodinated Tg population contains both poorly and fully iodinated molecules, the degradations of which are faster or similar to that of 48 h-iodinated Tg, respectively, 2) among thyroid phagolysosomes, only those which exhibit a pH-dependent proteolytic activity contain poorly iodinated molecules while others, which are functional at either pH, contain solely fully iodinated molecules (1 and 48 h labelled), 3) reduction of the disulphide bridges of fully iodinated Tg, mediated by ME and probably a lysosomal transhydrogenase, is a prerequisite for its optimal degradation by lysosomal proteinases, 4) in addition, TSH, which preferentially stimulates the degradation of fully iodinated Tg, was concluded to interfere directly upon the intralysosomal hydrolytic process, independently of its effect upon Tg endocytosis. This effect of TSH, similar and additive to that of ME suggests that the hormone might activate a lysosomal transhydrogenase.
Antibody production against an agonist analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: evaluation of immunochemical and physiological consequences
Authors: Fraser H. M. , Sandow J. , Krauss B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract. Because of the widespread long-term clinical use of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) agonists, the possibility of antibody development to one of these, (D-Ser-(Butt)6) LRH (1–9) nonapeptide-ethylamide (buserelin), has been studied by examining sera from experimental animals and humans receiving long-term agonist-treatment for ability to bind 125I-labelled buserelin. None of the sera from monkeys, rabbits, dogs or rats receiving buserelin by sc injection or via minipump or from 81 patients receiving the agonist by sc injection or nasal spray had detectable antibodies.
The immunochemistry of buserelin was investigated by actively immunizing male rabbits against the agonist. This also enabled us to determine the possibility of this stimulus to the immune response resulting in the generation of antibodies which could cross-react with endogenous LRH and neutralize its biological effect.
All 41 rabbits immunized against unconjugated buserelin and all 23 immunized against buserelin conjugated to a protein carrier developed antibodies, those in the latter group producing highest titres. Serum from one of the animals immunized against unconjugated buserelin and from 9 of the animals immunized against conjugated buserelin had the capacity to bind 125I-labelled LRH. These LRH antibody titres were very low and were insufficient to cause suppression of serum testosterone concentrations or affect testicular weight except in one rabbit immunized against unconjugated agonist. The LRH antibody titre in this rabbit was always < 1:100 which our other studies have indicated to be too low to produce a biological effect. It may be that the association of low LRH antibody titre with decreased testes weight in this animal was fortuitous.
We conclude that the possibility of circulating antibodies being produced to buserelin or their interfering with the action of endogenous LRH is extremely low.
Partial purification and properties of the TSH receptors from human thyroid plasma membranes
Authors: Iida Yasuhiro , Konishi Junji , Kasagi Kanji , Endo Keigo , Misaki Takashi , Kuma Kanji , Torizuka Kanji 
Published: December 2008

Abstract. Human thyroid plasma membranes were solubilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 and TSH receptors were purified by using DEAE-Sephadex, Con A and TSH affinity chromatography.
A TSH binding activity was bound to DEAE-Sephadex equilibrated with 0.05 m sodium acetate, pH 6.3, 0.2% Triton X-100 and was eluted by a linear gradient of 0.1 m to 1.0 m ammonium acetate, pH 6.3. Eighty-five per cent of the activity was absorbed to Con A Sepharose and was eluted with 0.5 m α-methyl-D-mannoside, 0.05 m sodium acetate, pH 6.0. Seventy-five per cent of the TSH binding capacity could be absorbed to TSH-affinity column and was eluted with 0.1 m glycine-HCl, pH 3.0.
By sequential application of the above procedures, more than 100-fold purification of the receptor activity was attainable. [125I]TSH binding of this fraction was inhibited by addition of unlabelled TSH in a dose-dependent manner. Scatchard analysis gave a curvilinear plot with a high affinity association constant of 0.72 × 109 m−1. By using Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration, the molecular size of the hormonereceptor complex was estimated to be 180 000.