bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Molecular Order on the Local Work Function of Nanographene Architectures: A Kelvin‐Probe Force Microscopy Study
Authors: Palermo Vincenzo , Palma Matteo , Tomović Željko , Watson Mark D. , Friedlein Rainer , Müllen Klaus , Samorì Paolo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report a Kelvin‐probe force microscopy (KPFM) investigation on the structural and electronic properties of different submicron‐scale supramolecular architectures of a synthetic nanographene, including extended layers, percolated networks and broken patterns grown from solutions at surfaces. This study made it possible to determine the local work function (WF) of the differentπ‐conjugated nanostructures adsorbed on mica with a resolution below 10 nm and 0.05 eV. It revealed that the WF strongly depends on the local molecular order at the surface, in particular on the delocalization of electrons in theπ‐states, on the molecular orientation at surfaces, on the molecular packing density, on the presence of defects in the film and on the different conformations of the aliphatic peripheral chains that might cover the conjugated core. These results were confirmed by comparing the KPFM‐estimated local WF of layers supported on mica, where the molecules are preferentially packed edge‐on on the substrate, with the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy microscopically measured WF of layers adsorbed on graphite, where the molecules should tend to assemble face‐on at the surface. It appears that local WF studies are of paramount importance for understanding the electronic properties of active organic nanostructures, being therefore fundamental for the building of high‐performance organic electronic devices, including field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting diodes and solar cells.
Direct Measurement of the End‐to‐End Distance of Individual Polyfluorene Polymer Chains
Authors: Muls Benoît , Uji‐i Hiroshi , Melnikov Sergey , Moussa Alain , Verheijen Wendy , Soumillion Jean‐Philippe , Josemon Jacob , Müllen Klaus , Hofkens Johan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWide‐field imaging of individual multichromophoric molecules and successive photobleaching were used to determine, accurately, the relative position of the chromophores in such systems. First, a polyphenylene dendrimer with well‐defined geometry was used to establish the accuracy in localization that can be obtained by this methodology. For a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 20, interchromophoric distances could be measured with 4 nm accuracy. Next, the method was used to determine the end‐to‐end distribution of an end‐capped polyfluorene polymer. From comparison between the experimental and simulated distributions, information on the conformation of the polymer could be deduced. It was found that the polymer has a nonlinear conformation. A conjugation length of six monomer units gave the best fit of the experimental data to the proposed model.
Flow cytometric analysis of tracheary element differentiation in Zinnia elegans cells
Authors: Weir Iona E. , Maddumage Ratnasiri , Allan Andrew C. , Ferguson Ian B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundTracheary element (TE) differentiation in single cells in culture isolated from Zinnia elegans leaves involves programmed cell death (PCD) co‐ordinated with key morphological developments. We have used flow cytometry to analyze physiological and nuclear changes in the differentiating cells. Flow cytometry allows the identification of subpopulations, thereby removing the obscuring effect of population heterogeneity that occurs with the use of other techniques.MethodsCell viability, plasma membrane integrity, oxidative activity, intracellular calcium and pH, cell wall thickening, the possible role of microtubule rearrangement, chromatin condensation, and DNA breakdown were followed by flow cytometry from the first stages of TE induction.ResultsTE differentiation could be enhanced and made more synchronous by a centrifugation step at 72 h after cell isolation. Size and shape changes were the first changes identified in differentiating cells, and these properties could be used to isolate differentiating populations by back‐gating. Chromatin condensation and nDNA breakdown followed patterns characteristic of programmed cell death.ConclusionsWe have used flow cytometry to characterize the morphological and physiological changes that occur during TE differentiation, and our findings indicate that this process is a form of autophagic PCD in which microtubule rearrangement appears to play a role. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of error rate performance for ODS code‐spread system using simulations
Authors: Naik Ameya K. , Tamhankar Meenal M. , Sinha Mahesh P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCode‐spread and conventional CDMA systems are discussed and compared for varying interleaver sizes. Results are evaluated in terms of BER versusEb/No. It is observed that the code‐spread systems give better performance. It is also observed that performance of both the systems improves significantly with an increase in the interleaver size. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phonological processing skills as predictors of literacy amongst Arabic speaking Bahraini children
Authors: Mannai Haya al , Everatt John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a study of the reading and spelling skills of grades 1–3 Arabic‐speaking children in Bahrain. Children were tested on their literacy skills (single word reading and spelling), their ability to decode letter strings (non‐word reading) and measures of phonological awareness, short‐term memory, speed of processing and non‐verbal ability. These tests were included to identify the best predictors of literacy skills amongst Arabic young readers. The results were consistent with the literature based on tests of English‐speaking children in that measures of phonological skills (decoding and awareness) were the best predictors of variability in reading and spelling among the Bahraini children. The results are discussed in terms of the literacy experiences of the children and the use of short vowels in Arabic writing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method of multifractal traffic generation with appropriate short‐term distribution using nonlinear filtering
Authors: Shimizu Junya 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of generating network traffic patterns needed in stress testing of Web sites. This method mainly consists of two stages: in the first stage, from a positive root signal, a signal pattern with multifractality and a long‐tail distribution is synthesized using wavelets. In the second stage, the short‐term distribution characteristics of the pattern generated at the first stage are adjusted by decomposition into low‐frequency and high‐frequency components by nonlinear filtering and changing the ratios of their two components in order to obtain the appropriate short‐term distribution, so as to finally obtain network traffic that also has an appropriate long‐range dependence. Simulation results are also presented for validation of this proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 47–56, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20223
Investigation on suppression effect of radiated electromagnetic field from printed circuit board with differential transmission mode using method of moments
Authors: Matsubara Ryo , Miyauchi Keiji , Ishida Yasuhiro , Tokuda Masamitsu , Kuwabara Nobuo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAs the frequency used in electronic devices increases, limitations on the lumped element type components for prevention of radiated emission appear. Methods for suppression of radiated emission from printed circuit boards by means of differential mode transmission have been studied. However, most of these studies are centered on theoretical analysis. There has been no investigation from both the experimental and theoretical points of view in the high‐frequency regions. In this paper, with a view to easily deriving the suppression effect of radiated emission, the electromagnetic fields radiated from differential mode transmission and common mode transmission are derived by the method of moments from a model of parallel micro‐strip lines with the effective relative permittivity and the equivalent wires. The suppression of radiation from the differential mode transmission is studied in comparison with the measured data. It is found that the difference between the measured and calculated values of the maximum radiated electric field is less than about 3 dB in the range of 100 MHz to 3 GHz, except near 2 GHz in the case of the common mode transmission. With regard to the suppression effect, the difference between the measured and calculated values is less than 5 dB at 1 to 3 GHz. An investigation with this analytical model found that the radiation suppression effect can be improved by 5 to 10 dB at 1 to 3 GHz by changing the spacing between parallel microstrip lines to 1 mm from 5 mm, that the suppression effect is degraded by about 5 dB due to curvature, and that the radiation suppression effect is decreased by 5 to 20 dB at 1 to 3 GHz if the deviation of the transmission line lengths of a pair of parallel microstrip lines measured from one end reaches 10%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 36–46, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20227
An equivalent weight vector model of array antennas considering current distribution along dipole elements
Authors: Iigusa Kyouichi , Ohira Takashi , Komiyama Bokuji 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the current distribution along the parasitic dipole elements loaded by variable reactors varies greatly depending on the variable reactor value. Thus, when the directionality of an Electronically Steerable Passive Array Radiator (ESPAR) antenna constructed from parasitic dipoles is calculated, we must consider the changes in the current distribution along these elements. Therefore, we propose a method where the current weight is the value of the vector effective length of each element multiplied by the current value at the port. We also show that when the dipole length is less than approximately the half wavelength, the vector effective length is calculated for the most part by the ratio of the port voltage to the port current. From this relationship, even if the current distribution along an element is not determined, the vector effective length of a parasitic element can be calculated from the value of the variable reactor loading the element. Thus, the current distribution along the elements can be easily considered when calculating the directionality of the ESPAR antenna. We present a method that calculates the directionality of the feed dipole array antenna having mutual coupling among the elements that considers the current distribution along the element where not only the port current but also the port voltage are set as the weights. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 22–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20232
Multibits/sequence optical code division multiple access system applying bit erasure correction by differential encoding
Authors: Miyazawa Takaya , Ono Tomoyuki , Sasase Iwao 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a Multibits/Sequence Period Optical Code‐Division Multiple‐Access (MS‐OCDMA) system applying bit erasure correction by differential encoding. In the proposed system, the present transmitted shifted code pattern is determined on the basis of the previous and the present transmitted bits. In the receiver, threshold detection is applied to the avalanche photodiode (APD) output in each shifted code pattern. When the number of APD outputs exceeding the threshold level is either more than two or zero, the present received bit is judged to be an erasure. Then, the present received bit is estimated by the information about the shifted code patterns for which the APD outputs exceed the threshold and the nonerasure bits before or after the present erasure bit, and the erasure bit is corrected. In addition, the proposed system can correct a received bit sequence as an erasure bit instead of an error bit. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system and show that the proposed system has a better BER than the MS‐OCDMA system with Reed‐Solomon (RS) codes at the same bit rate and with the same number of subscribers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 1–11, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20252
Proposal and examination of new type of TFT with tunneling dielectric film at both ends of channel fabrication area
Authors: Matsuo Naoto , Kihara Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Akinori , Kawamoto Naoya , Hamada Hiroki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn important aspect of a thin‐film transistor (TFT) is reducing the current flowing between the source and drain when the gate is off. In this research, we proposed a new TFT, the tunneling dielectric TFT (TDTFT), that has a thin dielectric film on both ends of the channel region, and studied its operation through simulations. We calculated the drain current (Ioff) when the gate is off, the drain current–drain voltage characteristic, and the transconductance in the TDTFT. When the thin dielectric film is a 0.5‐nm‐thick TiO2 film, Ioff of the TDTFT is about six digits less than that of a conventional TFT. We also studied the double silicon on insulator (DSOI) structure which improves the drive power of the TFT even for a thin Si film. When a TDTFT is fabricated on DSOI, simple calculations showed that the on–off ratio was several times better than that of a conventional TFT. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 44–53, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10210
A novel design technique of NRD guide bend
Authors: Sawada Hirokazu , Yoneyama Tsukasa , Kuroki Futoshi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn NRD guide circuit technologies, 90° and 180° bends are often used. However, due to the generation of unwanted parasitic modes, the radius of curvature of an optimum bend can take only discrete values, and this limitation has been a bottleneck for the design of NRD guide circuits. In order to resolve this problem, the theory of NRD guide bends has been reconsidered. It has been found that the radius of curvature of the bend can be designed arbitrarily if the phase‐constant difference (Δβ) between the unwanted LSE mode and the operating LSM mode is made variable. In this paper, as a way to make Δβ variable, the placement of a metal rod or a ring in close proximity to the bend is studied. The investigation results in a new kind of NRD guide bend. Since the transmission characteristics are degraded by a small air gap between the dielectric and metal, a method is proposed for improvement of the characteristics by filling the gap with dry‐hardening liquid dielectric materials (such as enamel). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 37–43, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20114
Design methodology of BPF using LC tap‐coupling λ/4 resonators and location control of attenuation poles
Authors: Kamiyama Tomohide , Wada Kouji , Hashimoto Osamu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we focused on the resonance characteristic of the LC tap‐coupling λ/4 resonator, which can locate the attenuation poles on both sides near the fundamental resonance frequency (fr), and examined the design of the bandpass filter (BPF) using this resonator and the location control of the attenuation poles. From this result, although the number of elements increased somewhat over a conventional loaded‐element tap‐coupling resonator BPF, we theoretically showed that independent control of the placement locations of the attenuation poles appearing near the passband was possible, and the added value was large. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 21–27, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20165
Loss reduction of photonic crystal waveguide fabricated by the autocloning technology
Authors: Miura Kenta , Ohtera Yasuo , Ohkubo Hiroyuki , Sato Takashi , Akutsu Naoto , Hikage Masahiro , Ishino Naoto , Kawashima Takayuki , Kawakami Shojiro 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe heterostructured photonic crystal waveguide fabricated by the autocloning technology allows fabrication jointly with other functional devices. Hence, this approach is useful for elemental components for the next‐generation high‐function planar optical circuits. When this waveguide is used for interconnection of optical circuits, its propagation loss should be as small as possible. In this investigation, Ta2O5/SiO2 is selected as the construction material. Further, by using a waveguide configuration minimizing the scattering loss, substantial loss reduction was achieved. It is especially effective to use a simple flat multilayered film structure. A loss reduction up to a propagation loss of 0.1 dB/mm was realized. The present waveguide has a small coupling loss of 0.43 dB with an existing optical fiber (a high‐Δ fiber with a mode field diameter of 2.7 µm) and hence is easily adapted to the optical communication system. The heterostructured photonic crystal waveguide is thus extremely practical. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 10–20, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20195
Kinetic study of quasi‐ballistic electron transport in nanoscale semiconductor devices
Authors: Sano Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe studied the effect of the scattering accompanying dispersion in quasi‐ballistic transport at room temperature in nanoscale semiconductor devices primarily by using numerical calculations. The electron velocity distribution function based on a simple n+‐n‐n+ structure was directly determined by solving the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation. We discovered that the velocity distribution function of electrons near the potential barrier obtained from the Boltzmann transport equation differs from the function assuming ballistic transport and always has a negative velocity component due to scattering in the channel region that cannot be ignored. This analysis result means that the scattering effect in the channel region cannot be ignored even for nanoscale elements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 1–9, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20196
Improvement of identification algorithms in the freehand curve identifier FSCI
Authors: Takikawa Hiroyasu , Yasufuku Naofumi , Saga Sato 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe already proposed the freehand curve identifier FSCI, based on fuzzy theory, as a freehand figure recognition engine. We next investigated the improvement of the recognition rate of FSCI by learning optimization of parameters. This paper proposes improvements of the FSCI algorithm itself, namely, improvement of the hypothetical fuzzy model formulation, and introduction of necessity into the fuzzy inference rules. It was shown by experiments that these improvements have effects which cannot be obtained by conventional parameter adjustment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 54–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20224
Rotation invariant image matching by interpolated eight‐direction block matching
Authors: Hayashi Hiroki , Saitoh Fumihiko 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTemplate image matching is a method for seeking a target image area that is similar to a registered template image. However, template matching is a general‐purpose technique for various image applications, and the image under consideration must generally have the right position with respect to the template image. Therefore, the computational cost is large when both the location and inclination of the target image area are unknown. This paper proposes a method of searching for a target image area with arbitrary location and inclination by multiple matching using separated block template images. In the method, the template image is divided into small block areas with a size of 3 × 3 pixels. The image pattern in each block is rotated by 45° and matching is performed between the rotated blocks and the image under consideration. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher matching reliability than the conventional methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 66–73, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20107
Distinctive flow properties of liquid jet generated by EHD pump and conical nozzle
Authors: Hanaoka Ryoichi , Nakamichi Hiroyuki , Takata Shinzo , Fukami Tadashi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe electrohydrodynamic liquid jets induced by the mechanism which is referred to as pure conduction pumping were investigated in isothermal weakly conducting liquids, HFC43‐10 and HCFC123. The properties of the liquid jets (flow velocity, pumping pressure, and flow pattern) were examined by using grounded electrodes of four different types opposite a pseudo‐doughnut electrode under an applied DC voltage. These electrode systems gave rise to a powerful liquid jet, but in the working liquids used here, there was an effect of the voltage polarity on the flow direction. In order to create a more effective liquid jet with high directivity, a special nozzle (referred to as a conical nozzle in this paper) was used together with the electrode system. This nozzle can produce a distinctive pattern (spiral structure) of jets emerging from the outlet of the nozzle. In this paper, the spiral structure of the liquid jets has been analyzed using the basic equations of fluid mechanics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 9–19, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20133
Multitrajectory dynamic tunneling algorithm for global optimization
Authors: Yasuda Keiichiro , Kanazawa Takahiko 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMost of the actual optimization problems are large‐scale, nonlinear, and multipeaked (nonconvex). Furthermore, with the widespread use of high‐speed and large‐capacity computers as the background, it is felt necessary in recent years to derive a global solution for nonlinear and multipeaked optimization problems. It is one of the most important topics in optimization. This paper proposes a new dynamic tunneling algorithm with multitrajectories (Multitrajectory Dynamic Tunneling Algorithm) that is composed of two systems, an optimization system and a tunneling system. The numerical stability of the conventional dynamic tunneling algorithm is theoretically investigated and interaction between each trajectory of the tunneling system is introduced in order to improve search efficiency. The proposed algorithm is applied to 2‐variable and 10‐variable typical multipeaked nonlinear optimization problems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 47–58, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20171