bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hazard Communication Information: A History and Commentary on the MSDS Problems
Authors: Bransford JS 
Published: December 2008

The history of “Need to Know,” which became “right to know,” began at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1973. The immensity of the task of maintaining and tracking the constantly changing health effects and toxicity data required for material safety data sheets (MSDS) and labels changed the regulators' planned methodology. The emergence in recent years of the courtroom principle of strict liability changed the views of the large chemical manufacturers. The right-to-know standard became a vehicle to downshift some liability away from the suppliers to the supplied parties. The courts took a contentious stand against the restrictive policy of OSHA, which covers only those workers in manufacturing, and ordered a widening to cover all workers falling under federal authority. The courts have been breaking down the ability of a manufacturer or formulator to withhold trade secrets from the MSDS data, and in Nov. 1985 OSHA published a new revised policy.
The communities, which include police, firemen, and in some states the public at large, are claiming rights to the information. Some 35 states have already passed right-to-know legislation in one form or another with a high probability that other states will follow suit.
The technical staff requirements for in-house maintenance and the creation of MSDS information is beyond the reach of many chemical manufacturers and formulators in terms of personnel requirements and the need for an extensive chemical, biological library. Many corporate users have not digested the import of multiple suppliers with drastically different MSDSs on commodity chemicals which they purchase from many manufacturers. The liability will be assessed by the courts in terms of the weakest MSDS whether such MSDS was provided to the worker or not. Such weak MSDSs will be obtained for possible entry as evidence through the discovery process.
Impact Measurements of Low-Pressure Thermoplastic Structural Foam
Authors: Progelhof RC 
Published: December 2008

The most common technique used to report the impact characteristics of a plastic member found in the literature today is the drop-weight-to-fracture test, the ASTM Test for Impact Resistance of Rigid Plastic Sheeting or Parts by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight) (D 3029-82). An impactor or tup of specified mass is dropped from a known height. Through the use of a staircase testing procedure, the probable energy required to crack 50% of the specimens, F50, is obtained. The use of this experimental technique for thermoplastic structural foam members can result in misleading data.
A series of constant velocity instrumented impact tests were conducted on several sets of test plaques. The impact energy correlated with the local density of the member, but relatively large variations did occur between identical positions on “identical” plaques. The experiments clearly indicate that the basic premise that the drop-weight-to-fracture test must be conducted on “identical” sets of specimens from a single population is not valid for thermoplastic structural foam specimens.
Seasonal Variation in Airtightness of Two Detached Houses
Authors: Kim AK , Shaw CY 
Published: December 2008

Fan pressurization tests on two unoccupied houses were conducted once every two weeks for a period of a year (May 1982 to July 1983) to determine the seasonal variation in airtightness. Both houses are of insulated wood frame construction. House No. 1 was built with more insulation than is required by the local building code, and a polyethylene vapor barrier was applied with special care to improve its airtightness. House No. 2, a less airtight house, was built with various wall construction features and a polyethylene vapor barrier in only two walls.
Indoor relative humidity, indoor and outdoor air temperatures, and moisture content of the stud and top plates of the wood framing were measured at the time of airtightness testing to determine whether a correlation exists between these factors and house airtightness. The results indicate that air leakage varies throughout the year, with the minimum value in late summer and fall and the maximum value in winter and early spring. The difference is more pronounced in the leakier house. There is also indication of a rough correlation between envelope airtightness and indoor humidity ratio.
Some Induced-Pressure Measurements in a High-Rise Office Building
Authors: Hunt CM 
Published: December 2008

Induced-pressure measurements were made in the tower of an eleven-story office building using a fan of 7.55-m3/s capacity. The fan was used to depressurize the entire tower as well as a single floor. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas was used to trace air movements from floor to floor during single-floor depressurization.
Average flow coefficients of approximately 5 × 10−4 m3/m2 · s · Pa0.65 for the tower and 7 × 10−4 m3/m2 · s · Pa0.65 for the single floor were estimated from single point measurements. The effect of opening and closing office doors also was determined.
By simultaneous solution of flow equations for the whole tower and a single floor, it was estimated that about 80 to 90% of the airflow during depressurization of a single floor came from floors above and below. From SF6 tracer gas measurements, it was estimated that about 50% of the flow could be traced to the floor below.
The pressure difference measurements upon which the previous estimates are based were in the 3- to 10-Pa range. Uncertainties in the estimates of flow coefficients and air-flow from above and below are discussed in the text. The results essentially are descriptive, but they suggest an experimental approach to the determination of flow coefficients for modeling through the wall and for floor-to-floor components of airflow in building ventilation.
Pressurization Testing of Federal Buildings
Authors: Persily AK , Grot RA 
Published: December 2008

Seven federal buildings ranging in size from 1900 to 48 000 m2 of floor area were pressure tested to determine the airtightness of the building envelopes. These tests are part of a larger project to evaluate the thermal integrity of the envelopes of federal buildings. The buildings were pressurized using the air-handling equipment in the buildings and a constant-injection, tracer gas technique to measure the airflow through the fans. In addition, selected windows in some of these buildings were pressure tested separately to determine the airtightness of individual components.
The results of the whole building and component pressurization tests are presented and discussed. In addition, the component pressurization test results are used to estimate the contribution of the windows to the total building air leakage. The results of the building pressurization tests are compared empirically to measured infiltration rates on the same buildings. The large building infiltration model developed by Shaw and Tamura of the National Research Council of Canada is applied to the buildings to predict air infiltration rates induced by weather.
Failure Analysis of a Graphite/Epoxy Laminate Subjected to Bolt-Bearing Loads
Authors: Crews JH , Naik RVA 
Published: December 2008

Quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy laminates (T300/5208) were tested under bolt-bearing loads to study failure modes, strengths, and failure energy. Specimens had a range of configurations to produce failures by the three nominal failure modes: tension, shearout, and bearing. Radiographs were made after damage onset and after ultimate load to examine the failure modes. Also, the laminate stresses near the bolt hole were calculated for each test specimen configuration, and then used with a failure criterion to analyze the test data.
Failures involving extensive bearing damage were found to dissipate significantly more energy than tension-dominated failures. The specimen configuration influenced the failure modes and therefore also influenced the failure energy. In the width-to-diameter ratio range of 4 to 6, which is typical of structural joints, a transition from the tension mode to the bearing mode was shown to cause a large increase in failure energy.
The failure modes associated with ultimate strength were usually different from those associated with the damage onset. Typical damage sequences involved bearing damage onset at the hole boundary followed by tension damage progressing from the hole boundary. Ultimate failures involved shearout beyond the clampup washer for specimens with small edge distances and involved bearing damage beyond the washer for larger specimens. Strength predictions indicated that the damage corresponding to ultimate strength was governed by the maximum stress near the hole.
On the Interrelationship Between Fiber Fracture and Ply Cracking in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Jamison RD 
Published: December 2008

The present work examines in a systematic way the development of microdamage in several laminates of graphite/epoxy material subjected to both quasi-static tensile loading and tension-tension fatigue. Emphasis is placed upon discriminating and quantifying matrix and fiber microdamage. Penetrant-enhanced standard- and stereo X-ray radiography were used along with edge replication to follow the progression of matrix damage. The recently developed technique of laminate deply was used to map the development of fiber fracture.
The most significant result, confirmed in both the quasi-static and fatigue tests, was the dominant role played by off-axis ply cracks in the fracture of fibers in adjacent load-bearing plies. By direct observation of fiber fractures in situ, it was established in both cases that fiber fractures do not occur in a random pattern at elevated loads/cycles, but instead occur in narrow bands adjacent to off-axis ply cracks. It is the action of these crack tips upon adjacent fibers which may govern the wearout or overload of laminates under these conditions.
By direct accounting of fiber fractures in deplied laminae taken from damaged but unfailed laminates, the relationship between the density of fiber fractures and the number of cycles at one cyclic stress level is reported. The relationship between fiber fracture density and quasi-static stress level is reported as well.
For the quasi-statically loaded specimens, efforts to characterize and discriminate between fiber fracture and transverse ply cracking on the basis of acoustic emission (AE) amplitude distribution are described. Correlations between attributes of the AE amplitude distribution and the established damage extent and chronology are reported. Common assumptions regarding the contributions of these distinct damage modes to acoustic emission from laminates under tensile loading are discussed in terms of the present evidence.
Finally, in comparing damage resulting from quasi-static tension loading of cross-ply laminates with that observed in tension-tension cyclic loading of laminates of similar graphite/epoxy material, microdamage modes unique to fatigue are identified and discussed.
The Most Complex Tire-Pavement Interaction: Tire Wear
Authors: Veith AG 
Published: December 2008

Tire wear is the result of frictional work in the tire-pavement interface that is generated when tread surface elements go through a frictional force-slip cycle during each passage through the footprint. This review focuses on the nature of the two contacting materials in the treadwear process: the tread rubber and the pavement aggregate. To place the unique performance characteristics of rubber in their proper perspective, some text material is devoted to a brief review of the wear of materials in general and to the key role that visco-elastic behavior plays in the rubber-pavement contact.
Laboratory abrasion testers of various sorts have proven to be valuable in investigating rubber wear mechanisms, and they are reviewed, citing both the technological and the theoretical approaches. A general background on tire wear is presented by the use of a simple wear equation. Next the role of the two contacting surfaces is examined: the pavement aggregate and the tread rubber. The key pavement element of in the tread-wear process is the microtexture, that roughness of surface in the 10−2 mm range. Several characteristics of the tread rubber are important: the glass transition temperature, the reinforcement system (carbon black), and the general resistance of the rubber to friction induced (chemical) degradation. The influence of two of the three known external (to the tire) treadwear factors, frictional or tractive tire force intensity and “ambient-tire” temperature, are next examined. (The third external factor is the pavement microtexture.) Finally some brief information is presented on the actual loss mechanism of tread rubber principally by way of microscopic examination of worn tread surfaces and the morphology of abraded rubber particles.
Diagonal Wear Predicted By a Simple Wear Model
Authors: Shepherd WK 
Published: December 2008

Diagonal wear on tires is a significant problem that can cause noise and vibration, and reduce the useful life of the tire. A wear model is used to show how diagonal wear can develop across the tread under certain conditions of toe and camber on a nondrive axle.
In a simple wear model, tread wear is taken to be proportional to abrasion and sliding length. Triaxial stress measurements made in the laboratory on the tread blocks of rolling tires provide data for the wear prediction model. Under nonzero toe and camber the magnitude of the predicted wear is increased and its pattern becomes diagonal; a higher wear rate is predicted near the leading edge of contact on one side of the tire and near the trailing edge on the opposite side. This prediction agrees with the diagonal wear pattern seen on tires run on the road at similar toe and camber settings.
Cleaning Efflorescences from Masonry
Authors: Gauri KL , Holdren GC , Vaughan WC 
Published: December 2008

Salt efflorescences attack masonry in all parts of the world, but in the arid regions they are the major cause of masonry decay. The efflorescences crystallize repeatedly from saturated solutions and become hydrated, generating, in the confined pore space and under surface crusts, pressures large enough to overcome the strength of the masonry material.
Common methods for removing these salts are washing with water and application of surface-active poultices. These methods have their shortcomings: the first tends to transport salts into deeper regions by capillary action while removing some salts from the surface; the second method, besides being highly cumbersome, may result in masonry damage due to the salt crystallizing at the poultice-masonry interface.
This paper describes two suction techniques, one of which appears to eliminate these shortcomings while promising maximum removal of salt from large surfaces in the shortest possible time.
A Case Study of the Cleaning and Conservation of Marble at the Schenectady, New York, City Hall
Authors: Waite JG , Cheng RJ 
Published: December 2008

The Schenectady, New York, City Hall was designed by McKim, Mead, and White, Architects and constructed in 1930–1931. In recent years, severe deterioration of the exterior marble architectural elements was observed by city officials. As a result of this concern, a study was undertaken to analyze the causes and extent of deterioration, as well as methods for its arrest and control.
Investigation of the marble deterioration was carried out using the following equipment and techniques:
(a) optical microscope with photomicrographic dispersive staining capability,
(b) scanning electron microscope and computer-based energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer,
(c) ion chromatography,
(d) electron microprobe, and
(e) environmental pollutants data.
Based on this analysis, the following conclusions were drawn regarding the deterioration of the marble:
1. The deterioration of the marble is caused by a constant direct chemical attack by sulfuric acid. 2. Nitric acid has not played a major role in the deterioration of this marble. 3. Acid precipitations have not played a major role in the deterioration of the marble. 4. The major vehicle for attacking the marble is sulfuric acid produced continuously on wet surfaces by the heterogeneous oxidation of absorbed sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the presence of catalysts associated with the burning of fossil fuels.
As the result of these investigations, a major program for the cleaning and conservation of both the exterior and interior marble was prepared and put into effect. It consisted of the following actions:
(a) thorough cleaning of the exterior marble to remove gypsum crusts and sulfur using low-pressure water washing with the use of chemical cleaning agents in areas with severe deterioration, (b) cleaning of the interior marble using liquid cleaning agents and poultices, and (c) preparation of a long-term building conservation/maintenance/repair program for the City Hall to arrest future deterioration.
A Macrostereogrammetric Technique for Measuring Surface Erosion Losses on Stone
Authors: Winkler EM 
Published: December 2008

Vertical aerial photograph stereoscopic pairs are the principal resource for making topographic maps and terrain profiles. Based on the same principle, close-up stereophotographs were taken of a strongly weathered surface of Georgia marble. Profiles were drawn of the now roughened surface, and the surface reduction was measured against inclusions of unweathered hornblende. Overlapping close-up photographs were taken at a 1:1 size ratio with a Canon macrolens on a nonautomatic Canon AT camera mounted on a sturdy Velbon-Mini tripod. With the optical axis perpendicular to the stone surface, light was provided by both a ringflash mounted in front of the lens and reflected natural light. An ultrafine-grained black and white film (Kodak Technical Pan, TP 2415) was used, printed onto 12.7 by 17.8-cm (5 by 7-in.) contrast paper for a 5:1 enlargement of the original surface.
A simple Abrams Heightfinder was attached to a small folding pocket stereoviewer with about two- to three-power magnification lenses. The accuracy of the optical height measurements was about ±0.1 mm, based on comparison with measurements employing a needle-point depth micrometer.
The method described here is applied to the comparison of uncleaned with cleaned stone surfaces in terms of both surface shape and surface reduction.
Diagnosis of Building Condition by Neutron-Gamma Ray Technique
Authors: Livingston RA , Evans LG , Taylor TH , Trombka JI 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes a technique for nondestructive, in situ analysis of building condition that involves the use of neutrons from a portable source and the detection of the gamma rays resulting from the interactions of the neutrons with the building materials. Applications of this technique include the mapping of salt and moisture profiles within the walls and the location of voids or inclusions.
The technique uses a californium-252 neutron source (106 N/s) for composition measurements and a cesium-137 gamma-ray source for density measurements and energy calibration. Emitted gamma rays are measured with a high-purity germanium detector. The intensity of discrete gamma-ray lines is a function of the concentrations of the various elements encountered within the wall by the neutron flux. Using characteristic gammaray energy signatures for materials of interest, a measured gamma-ray spectra can be processed to yield information on the relative elemental distribution of a variety of substances, including water, salt, and building materials such as limestone, brick, and iron reinforcing bars.
Applications of this technique to several common problems of building diagnosis are discussed, including the case of an 18th-century building at Colonial Williamsburg suffering from salt damage.
Prediction of Reference Transition Temperature Increase Due to Neutron Irradiation Exposure
Authors: Maricchiolo C , Milella PP , Pini A 
Published: December 2008

A new approach of radiation damage data reduction is presented. The approach, called Constant Chemistry Analysis (CCA), is based on the systematic analysis of radiation damage observed on groups of steels having practically the same chemistry, in terms of copper and nickel content, individually considered.
For each group, a chemistry factor (CF) and exponent describing the reference transition temperature shift (ΔRTNDT) trend versus fluence has been inferred.
Finally, a prediction formula for the overall trend is derived bestfitting the chemistry factors and the exponents previously determined. This particular approach emphasizes the role played by copper and nickel on the build-up of radiation damage.
The major finding is that saturation may take place in steels with very high copper/nickel ratio after great damage in the early stage (low fluence).
Furthermore, nickel seems to not contribute in an adverse manner to the radiation damage but it rather helps to reduce the ΔRTNDT up to a content of about 1.0% over which it starts to develop an independent negative effect.
The steels considered in the analysis are A533 and A508 irradiated in test reactors in the United States, Germany, Japan, France, and Sweden with a copper and nickel content spanning from 0.02% to 0.22% and from 0.5% to 1.4%, respectively. The fluence (E &gt; 1 MeV) was ranging from 1 × 1019 n/cm2 to 9 × 1019 n/cm2.
Annealing and Reirradiation Response of Irradiated Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Lott RG , Mager TR , Shogan RP , Yanichko SE 
Published: December 2008

This paper summarizes the results of a series of tests on irradiated, annealed, and reirradiated welds performed to provide a data base for annealing a reactor pressure vessel. Specimens from three test welds were irradiated to neutron fluences of 8 × 1018 n/cm2 and 1.5 × 1019 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) with most of the high-fluence specimens receiving an intermediate anneal. Anneals were performed at temperatures ranging from 340 to 454°C with the primary emphasis placed on one-week anneals. Partial recovery of the yield stress, Charpy transition temperature, Charpy upper-shelf energy, and upper-shelf fracture toughness (JIc) was noted after annealing at all temperatures. The least recovery was observed in the upper-shelf fracture toughness. In sharp contrast, the Charpy upper shelf was fully recovered after the 454°C, one-week anneals.
The increases in the yield stress and the Charpy transition temperature during the second cycle of irradiation were significantly smaller than the increases in the first cycle. The increase in these properties during the second cycle was only marginally larger than the increase in the irradiated but not annealed materials. These results indicate that the beneficial effects of annealing on the Charpy transition temperature are maintained during reirradiation.
A model of irradiation embrittlement and annealing based on copper precipitate coarsening is described. It has been previously demonstrated that a primary cause of embrittlement in these steels is the formation of small copper precipitates. The coarsening of the precipitate structure during annealing would produce a stable structure, which would cause a recovery of mechanical properties and not be subject to large embrittlement rate on reirradiation.