bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond “see one, do one, teach one”: toward a different training paradigm
Authors: Rodriguez-Paz J M , Kennedy M , Salas E , Wu A W , Sexton J B , Hunt E A , Pronovost P J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the process of acquiring new skills, physicians-in-training may expose patients to harm because they lack the required experience, knowledge and technical skills. Yet, most teaching hospitals use inexperienced residents to care for high-acuity patients in complex and dynamic environments and provide limited supervision from experienced clinicians. Multiple efforts in the last few years have started to address the problem of patient safety. Examples include voluntary incident-reporting systems and team training workshops for practising clinicians. Fewer efforts have addressed the deficits in training new physicians, especially related to knowledge, skills and competence. The current apprenticeship or “see one, do one, teach one” model is insufficient because trainees learn by practising on real patients, which is particularly an issue when performing procedures. Residents have expressed that they do not feel adequately trained to perform procedures safely by themselves. In this paper, we conduct an informal review of the impact of current training methods on patient safety. In addition, we propose a new training paradigm that integrates competency-based knowledge and clinical skills, with deliberate attitudinal and behavioural changes focused on patient safety in a safe medically simulated environment. We do so with the hope of creating a better marriage between the missions of training and patient safety.
Survival of AIDS Patients in Norway
Authors: Eskild Anne , Magnus Per , Nilsen Øyvind , Holme Ingar 
Published: February 2009

The survival function of the 100 first AIDS patients in Norway is presented and analyzed with respect to four factors obtained at the time of diagnosis; a) year of diagnosis b) initial AIDS related disease c) knowledge of HIV seropositivity prior to onset of AIDS and d) age at time of diagnosis. The median survival was 9.3 months. Among the known seropositive AIDS patients there were almost twice as many with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as initial AIDS related disease, as among the not known seropositives (relative risk 1.8). With Cox regression analysis we found that known seropositivity and age are factors that appear to influence survival, whereas year of diagnosis and initial AIDS related disease appearently do not. The mechanism whereby prior knowledge of HIV seropositivity leads to apparent increase in survival may be due to better follow-up and thereby an earlier date of diagnosis.
Prevalence of Smoking and Oral Contraception in a Sample of Danish Young Women
Authors: Jeune Bernard , Wielandt Hanne 
Published: February 2009

A representative sample of 286 Danish females aged 16-20 years were interviewed during the period April 1984 - February 1985. The response rate was 75%. Both use of oral contraception (OC) and smoking were common; 46.6% used OC, 34.2% smoked and 19.6% combined smoking and OC. The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher (42.0%) among OC-users than among nonusers (27.2%). The combination of smoking and OC was especially prevalent among young women with sexual debut before 16 years (36.8%). The association between smoking and the use of OC was significant both when tested unstratified ( p < 0.05) and stratified by age at sexual debut ( p < 0.01). Smoking was also associated with early debut of intercourse ( p < 0.001). It has been reported that the combination of these two factors in adult women increase the risk for cardiovascular mortality. However, the health consequences later in life of combining smoking and OC at young ages have not been illuminated in the literature. These findings indicate the necessity for prospective studies of young women.
Hysterectomy among Finnish Women
Authors: Luoto Riitta , Hemminki Elina , Topo Päivi , Uutela Antti , Kangas Ilka 
Published: February 2009

Hysterectomy among furnish women: Prevalence and Women's own Opinions. Luoto R., Hemminki E., Topo P., Uutela A. and Kangas I. University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health Helsinki, Finland This article describes the prevalence of hysterectomy, women's own opinions of it, and socioeconomic characteristics of hysterectomized women compared to non-hysterectomized ones. The questionnaire was sent in spring 1989 to 2000 45 to 64-year-old Finnish women picked randomly from the Population Census. After two reminders, 1713 (86%) had responded. One fifth of the women had had a hysterectomy and 5% had also had both ovaries removed. Among the highest educated there were less hysterectomized women than among the less educated. The largest differences in the prevalence of hysterectomy were between counties, not between socioeconomic groups. Fourtyone percent of the hysterectomized women had themselves wished hysterectomy, 25% did not have any specific opinion about the operation. Results raise further questions about clinical decision making and regional variation of hysterectomy.
Impact of pregnancy on gender differences in sickness absence
Authors: Alexanderson Kristina , Sydsjö Adam , Hensing Gunnel , Sydsjö Gunilla , Carstensen John 
Published: February 2009

Women in general have a higher sickness absence than men, and sickness absence is particularly high among pregnant women. Study objectives: To study the level of male sickness absence as compared to female, including and excluding pregnant women. Design: Studies of incidence and length of sickness absence exceeding 7 days using population-based sick-leave records. Setting: The community of Linköping, Sweden, 117,000 inhabitants. Participants: Subjects included in the analysis were all men and women aged 16–44 who in 1985 or 1986 had at least one sick-leave spell exceeding 7 days. Results: Pregnant women had a very high sickness absence. When pregnant women were excluded, the female sick-leave rate decreased from 0.18 (95% C.I. 0.17–0.18) to 0.15 (95% C.I. 0.15–0.16) for all women. The corresponding male sick-leave rate was 0.12 (95% c.i. 0.12–0.13). Gender differences in length of sickness absence decreased to the same extent. The results were similar when restricting the analysis to employed persons. The decrease varied a little with occupational group and was largest in the age-group 25–34. Conclusions: When pregnant women were excluded the excess female sick-leave rate was halved, but still remained 25% higher than the male. The impact of excluding pregnant women was highest in the age group 25–34, where the fertility-rate was highest. Although only 5% of all women aged 16–44 were pregnant, they had a large impact on gender differences in sickness absence.
Expression of heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and ubiquitin in peripheral inflammatory cells from patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Chen Song-Ming , Li Yu-Guang , Wang Dong-Ming , Zhang Guo-Hong , Tan Chun-Jiang 
Published: February 2009

Abstract: The increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 content, a stress-response protein, directly correlates with the incidence of coronary heart disease. Down-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α activity, a major downstream effector of the signaling pathways activated by hypoxia, increases cell survival after hypoxia. The ubiquitin system, a non-lysosomal pathway of protein degradation, is involved in processes of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and ubiquitin in both monocytes and lymphocytes isolated from patients at the mRNA and protein levels in different stages of coronary heart disease and their possible correlation.: A total of 90 patients with coronary heart disease (30 acute myocardial infarction, 30 unstable angina pectoris, and 30 stable angina pectoris) were selected, and 30 cases with normal coronary artery served as controls. The mRNA and protein expression of heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and ubiquitin in monocytes and lymphocytes were examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.: The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 and ubiquitin was associated with the severity of coronary heart disease (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in hypoxia inducible factor-1α mRNA expression between the coronary heart disease patients and controls. The protein expression of heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and ubiquitin was significantly stronger in patients with coronary heart disease than in controls, and the expression levels increased with the severity of the disease. There was a positive association between heme oxygenase-1 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and ubiquitin, antioxidative therapy with adrenergic receptor blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or statins up-regulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α.: These data suggest that heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and ubiquitin are involved in the development and progression of coronary heart disease and thus may be useful biomarkers for coronary heart disease.Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:327–33.
Plant sterols: cardiovascular risk factors?1
Authors: Silbernagel Günther , März Winfried 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Plant sterols are commonly used as cholesterol-lowering nutriceuticals. In subjects who regularly consume plant sterol enriched functional foods, plasma plant sterol concentration is modestly increased. Sitosterolemia, a very rare genetic disorder, is characterized by xanthomas and up to 100-fold elevation of plasma plant sterols. Because patients with sitosterolemia are at high risk to develop severe premature coronary artery disease, even modestly increased plasma plant sterols are suggested to be atherogenic. Thus, there is no consensus on the question if cardiovascular risk can be reduced by the use of plant sterol margarines. In addition to their efficacy to decrease plasma cholesterol, plant sterols together with other non-cholesterol sterols are important for the investigation of cholesterol metabolism. Analyzing plasma non-cholesterol sterols cholesterol absorption from the intestine and endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis can be estimated. The present review offers an overview of the topic “Plant Sterols”. In particular, the role of plant sterols and cholesterol metabolism in atherogenesis is discussed. We focus on cholesterol metabolism, sitosterolemia, and the use of plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents. Furthermore, the significance of plasma plant sterol measurement is explained.
Reference values for thyroid function tests during pregnancy1
Authors: Spielhagen Christin , Bobermien Katja , Krebs Alexander , Wallaschofski Henri 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Euthyroid women experience dramatic changes in the demand for thyroid hormone production as early as the first trimester of pregnancy. These adaptations are important for fetal neurodevelopment and organ development as well as maternal health and successful full-term pregnancy. Thyroid disease is the most common endocrine condition in women of childbearing age and leads to complications in approximately 1–2% of all pregnancies. The hypermetabolic state of normal pregnancy makes clinical assessment of thyroid function more difficult and therefore thyroid function often needs to be investigated biochemically. However, physiological changes of pregnancy, including a 50% plasma volume expansion, increased thyroid binding globulin production, and a relative iodine deficiency, implicate that thyroid hormone reference ranges for non-pregnant women may not be appropriate in pregnancy. Therefore, gestation-specific reference intervals assist in appropriate clinical management of thyroid disease in pregnancy to ensure maternal and fetal health.
Neonatal phrenic nerve injury due to traumatic delivery
Authors: Stramrood Claire A.I. , Blok Cornelia A. , van der Zee David C. , Gerards Leo J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Aims: To describe the clinical course of infants recovering spontaneously from diaphragmatic paralysis due to perinatal phrenic nerve injury as well as those that underwent plication of the diaphragm.

Methods: Between 1990 and 2006, 14 newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital in Utrecht, The Netherlands, were diagnosed with diaphragmatic paralysis due to obstetric phrenic nerve injury. The clinical and follow-up data were studied retrospectively.

Results: Four infants recovered spontaneously and could be weaned from mechanical ventilation within nine days without further treatment. Plication of the diaphragm was performed in 10 infants because of failure to wean from ventilatory support or serious persistent respiratory distress. Time between birth and plication ranged from 10 to 51 days, with a median of 19 days. Satisfactory respiratory outcome was achieved in 86% of the cases.

Conclusions: The minority of infants suffering from diaphragmatic paralysis due to perinatal phrenic nerve injury recovers spontaneously. Infants who fail to wean from ventilatory support and undergo early plication have a quick recovery and can be extubated successfully within a few days.
Makyoh-Imaging zur Charakterisierung reflektierender OberflächenSurface Structure Analysis by Makyoh-Imaging
Authors: von Finck Alexander , Duparré Angela , Pfeffer Michael 
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung
In der Prozess- und Qualitätskontrolle spielen die Erkennung und Einstufung von Oberflächenstrukturen und Defekten eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Mit der Methode des Makyoh-Imaging (“Ma-Kyoh”, jap. für magischer Spiegel) steht ein leistungsstarkes, hochempfindliches Verfahren zur Verfügung, bei dem lokale konvexe und konkave Strukturen unter kollimierter Beleuchtung die Intensitätsverteilung im Reflex beeinflussen. Anhand einer am Fraunhofer IOF realisierten Messanordnung wird gezeigt, dass über den Reflex sowohl zuverlässig als auch schnell qualitative und quantitative Rückschlüsse auf Oberflächenstrukturen und Defekte möglich sind. Ergebnisse untersuchter Feinstrukturen auf Wafern und polierten Glasoberflächen werden vorgestellt.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the elderly patients
Authors: Oktar Gursel , Imren Veli , Erer Dilek , Iriz Erkan , Gokgoz Levent , Soncul Halim 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the results of coronary artery surgery in the elderly patients and to compare the outcome with a younger group. Two hundred thirteen patients aged 70 years and older who underwent on-pump coronary artery surgery were retrospectively studied and data were compared with those of 524 patients aged 50–69. The groups were similar with respect to preoperative characteristics except for sex distribution and the incidences of peripheral vascular disease and prior cerebrovascular accident. The use of internal mammarian artery grafts was significantly lower in the elderly patients (80.3% versus 91.6%, p<0.001). The 30-day mortality for the elderly group was 4.7% while that of younger group was 2.3%. The elderly patients had a significantly higher incidence of postoperative low cardiac output, pulmonary complications and acute renal failure. The elderly group also had also significantly longer intensive care unit length of stay (1.9 versus 1.7 days, p=0.006) and postoperative length of stay (10.1 versus 7.4 days, p<0.001). Although mortality and complication rates are higher, coronary artery surgery can be performed with acceptable risk in the elderly patients. Old age alone should not be a deterrent factor for surgical revascularization in coronary artery disease.
The effects of tamoxifen on homocysteine levels in breast cancer patients
Authors: Eroğlu Aydan , Eğin Yonca , Akar Nejat 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tamoxifen is widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism (TE). An elevated homocysteine is one of the risk factors for TE. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of tamoxifen on serum homocysteine levels in breast cancer patients. We performed a case-control study in 20 female subjects to evaluate the relationship between homocysteine levels, and 5,10-methylenetetrahyrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 19-bp intron-1 deletion polymorphisms in breast cancer patients and in control subjects. It was observed that homocysteine levels were decreased during tamoxifen therapy, but this finding was not statistically significant. There was also no statistically significant difference in homocysteine levels between the two groups (p> 0.05). MTHFR C677T and DHFR 19-bp deletion polymorphisms were not associated with serum homocysteine value in either group.
Is it Williams syndrome?GTF2IRD1implicated in visual–spatial construction andGTF2Iin sociability revealed by high resolution arrays
Authors: Dai L. , Bellugi U. , Chen X.‐N. , Pulst‐Korenberg A.M. , Järvinen‐Pasley A. , Tirosh‐Wagner T. , Eis P.S. , Graham J. , Mills D. , Searcy Y. , Korenberg J.R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGenetic contributions to human cognition and behavior are clear but difficult to define. Williams syndrome (WS) provides a unique model for relating single genes to visual–spatial cognition and social behavior. We defined a ∼1.5 Mb region of ∼25 genes deleted in >98% of typical WS and then rare small deletions, showing that visual–spatial construction (VSC) in WS was associated with the genesGTF2IRD1andGTF2I. To distinguish the roles of GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I in VSC and social behavior, we utilized multiple genomic methods (custom high resolution oligonucleotide microarray, multicolor FISH and somatic cell hybrids analyzed by PCR) to identify individuals deleted for either gene but not both. We analyzed genetic, cognitive and social behavior in a unique individual with WS features (heart defects, small size, facies), but with an atypical deletion of a set of genes that includesGTF2IRD1, but notGTF2I. The centromeric breakpoint localized to the region 72.32–72.38 Mb and the telomeric breakpoint to 72.66 Mb, 10 kb downstream ofGTF2IRD1. Cognitive testing (WPPSI‐R, K‐BIT, and PLS‐3) demonstrated striking deficits in VSC (Block Design, Object Assembly) but overall performance 1.5–3 SD above WS means. We have now integrated the genetic, clinical and cognitive data with previous reports of social behavior in this subject. These results combine with previous data from small deletions to suggest the geneGTF2IRD1is associated with WS facies and VSC, and thatGTF2Imay contribute to WS social behaviors including increased gaze and attention to strangers. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intermolecular Double Prins‐Type Cyclization: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 1,6‐Dioxecanes
Authors: Ullapu Punna Reddy , Min Sun‐Joon , Chavre Satish N. , Choo Hyunah , Lee Jae Kyun , Pae Ae Nim , Kim Youseung , Chang Moon Ho , Cho Yong Seo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVerdoppelter Einsatz: Die Titelreaktion überführt eine Reihe aromatischer Aldehyde in 26–85 % Ausbeute mithilfe von Allenylmethyl‐/Allylsilanen in 1,6‐Dioxecan‐Derivate (siehe Schema; Ar=Aryl, Tf=Triflat, THF=Tetrahydrofuran, TMS=Trimethylsilyl). Die Bisdien‐Produkte wurden durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen in Tricyclen umgewandelt.magnified image
The Role of Free N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) in the Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia–Borane in the Nickel NHC System
Authors: Zimmerman Paul M. , Paul Ankan , Zhang Zhiyong , Musgrave Charles B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEnders' N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) dehydrogenates ammonia–borane with a relatively low barrier, producing NH2BH2 and NHC–(H)2. The nickel NHC catalyst present in the reaction media can activate the NHC–(H)2 produced to regenerate the free NHC and release H2. The release of free NHC enables further dehydrogenation of ammonia–borane.magnified image
Photocontrolled Translational Motion of a Microscale Solid Object on Azobenzene‐Doped Liquid‐Crystalline Films
Authors: Kausar Abu , Nagano Hiroto , Ogata Tomonari , Nonaka Takamasa , Kurihara Seiji 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOn the move: Irradiation of azobenzene‐doped liquid crystalline films with UV/Vis light results in the photocontrolled translational motion of microscale solid object on the surface, which occurs throughcis–transisomerization of the azobenzene unit. Irradiation with an Ar+laser (488 nm) resulted in precise control of the translational motion so that the particle always moved away from the irradiation position (see picture).magnified image
Evaluation of the potential use of ultrasound during the industrial manufacturing of high impact polystyrene
Authors: Bouquet Gilbert , Veraart Rudi , Peltier Jean 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDuring the production of high impact polystyrene the rubber particle formation process is very important to control the final physical property balance. Besides the rubber viscosity, the presence of a copolymer to reduce the interfacial tension between the rubber and polystyrene phase is central. Such a copolymer can be added or can be made during the polymerization. In this study, it was attempted to create a block rubber in situ using ultrasound. Polybutadiene dissolved in styrene has been sonicated to create macroradicals. It was anticipated that these macroradicals would initiate the polymerization of styrene thus generating a poly(butadiene‐block‐styrene) acting as emulsifier during the production of high impact polystyrene. No evidence was found for the formation of a block copolymer but the higher reactivity and the resulting rubber particles indicate that besides rubber molecular weight reduction extra functionality was introduced on the rubber. No attempts were made to define the nature of the functionality. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Discrimination of the roles of crosslinking density and morphology in the swelling behavior of crosslinked polymers: Poly(N‐vinylimidazole) hydrogels
Authors: Pacios Isabel E. , Piérola Inés F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe degree of swelling (S) of crosslinked polymers depends on several variables whose individual contributions are difficult to be distinguished. The aim of this work is to determine the contributions of the morphology to S, discriminating them from the effect of the crosslinking density. Under usual conditions of synthesis, these two characteristics vary simultaneously but here, several samples of chemically crosslinked poly(N‐vinylimidazole) having the same permanent crosslinking density (determined by DSC) and different porous morphologies (determined by SEM) were prepared. It was thus found that the variation of S with porosity, keeping constant the rest of variables, is strongly solvent dependent. Swelling in methanol is almost constant whereas for ethanol, deionized water, and aqueous HCl solutions, S depends on morphological features in a different way for each medium. It was concluded that S increases with inherent porosity and solvent effects arise from the counterbalance of such increment with the dependence of the polymer‐solvent interaction parameter on the polymer volume fraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009