bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Tansfer Characteristics of a Microchannel Device of Split‐Flow Type
Authors: Hotta T. , Nii S. , Yajima T. , Kawaizumi F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA solute was transferred from an aqueous solution to deionized water in a microchannel device with a rectangular channel of 200 μm × 200 μm. The two liquid layers flowed in parallel within the rectangular channel. After making contact in the channel, the layers were split into two streams through a knife‐edge. The amount of solute transferred was determined by analyzing liquid samples taken from the outlet. Thus, conventional analytical instruments were readily available for obtaining the total concentration. Mass tansfer characteristics were examined through the measurement of diffusion coefficients for several solutes. Although the two liquids were carefully supplied at the same velocity, equal flow splitting was difficult to obtain. The unequal splitting led to scattering of the observed solute concentrations at a fixed supply flow rate. This could be a serious drawback as a mass tansfer device; however, a method was proposed to choose an appropriate value for equal splitting. The ratio of effluent flow rate of one liquid to another was changed intentionally. The solute concentration in the receiving liquid for the flow rate ratio of unity corresponds to the data for equal flow splitting. On the basis of the solute concentrations defined, the diffusion of benzoic acid was successfully analyzed using a conventional penetration model with a correction parameter. Furthermore, diffusion coefficients for sucrose and glycine were determined using the basic equation obtained with benzoic acid. The observed values compared fairly well with reported ones. The correction parameter expresses characteristics of the microchannel device; however, the physical picture is still unclear.
Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels in T1‐2 N0 laryngeal cancer treated with primary radiation therapy
Authors: Parikh Rahul R. , Yang Qifeng , Haffty Bruce G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels in a large cohort of patients with T1‐T2 N0 laryngeal cancer treated with primary radiation therapy (XRT).METHODS.Primary tumor specimens from a cohort of 123 patients with T1‐T2 N0 laryngeal cancer treated with XRT between 1975 and 2000 were constructed into a tissue microarray. Clinical prognostic factors included age, sex, T classification, and tumor subsite. Molecular prognostic factors included vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and p53 expression, determined by using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. The association between vascular endothelial growth factor status, covariables, and outcome was assessed.RESULTS.With a median follow‐up of 9.9 years, 32 (26%) were diagnosed with local relapse (5‐year local relapse‐free rate, 70.4%). T2 tumor stage (31.7%) was a significant predictor of local relapse (relative risk [RR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–2.43; P<.05). Positive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and p53 were: 8.5%, 58.7%, and 36.4%, respectively. In univariate analysis, vascular endothelial growth factor positivity was a significant predictor of overall survival (RR = 1.62; 95% CI, 0.99–2.42; P = .05). In multivariate analysis, positive vascular endothelial growth factor status maintained significant correlation with overall survival (RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.49–4.95; P = .002).CONCLUSIONS.Vascular endothelial growth factor positivity appeared to be a significant predictor of overall survival in a multivariate model. Further evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor‐positive laryngeal cancers treated with primary XRT is warranted. Cancer 2007;109:566–573. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Collateralization of the tectonigral projection with other major output pathways of superior colliculus in the rat
Authors: Coizet Véronique , Overton Paul G. , Redgrave Peter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDopaminergic (DA) neurons exhibit a short‐latency, phasic response to unexpected, biologically salient stimuli. The superior colliculus (SC) is also sensitive to such stimuli and sends a projection directly to DA‐containing regions of the ventral midbrain. Recent evidence suggests that the SC is a critical relay for transmitting short‐latency visual information to DA neurons. An important question is whether the ventral midbrain is an exclusive target of tectonigral neurons, or whether the tectonigral projection is a collateral branch of other tectofugal pathways. Double‐label retrograde anatomical tracing techniques were used to address this issue. Injections of either Diamidino Yellow or Fluorogold into substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were combined with larger injections of True Blue into one of the following efferent projections of the SC: 1) target regions of the ipsilateral ascending projection to the thalamus; 2) the crossed descending tecto‐reticulo‐spinal pathway; 3) target structures of the ipsilateral descending projection; and 4) the contralateral superior colliculus. Moderate numbers of double‐labeled neurons were observed following combined injections into substantia nigra and individual nuclei in the thalamus (ventromedial nucleus, 21.3%; central lateral, 18.4%; parafasicular nucleus 6.0%). Much less double‐labeling was associated with injections into either of the descending projections (crossed, 1.0–3.2%; uncrossed, 0.2–2.7%) or the contralateral SC (0.7–1.9%). These results suggest: i) the SC may provide a coordinated input concerning the occurrence of unpredicted sensory events to both the substantia nigra and striatum (via the thalamus); and ii) few gaze‐related motor signals are simultaneously relayed to DA‐containing regions of the ventral midbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1034–1049, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of vasopressin in the brain of the eusocial naked mole‐rat
Authors: Rosen Greta J. , De Vries Geert J. , Goldman Sharry L. , Goldman Bruce D. , Forger Nancy G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNaked mole‐rats are eusocial rodents that live in large subterranean colonies in which one queen breeds with one to three males. All other animals are nonbreeding subordinates. The external features of male and female subordinates, including their genitalia, are remarkably monomorphic, as is their behavior. Because vasopressin (VP) is associated with social behaviors and sex differences in other species, its distribution in naked mole‐rats was of interest. We used immunohistochemistry to examine VP in the brains of subordinate and breeding naked mole‐rats of both sexes. As in other mammals, VP‐immunoreactive (‐ir) somata were found in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) and VP‐ir projections from these nuclei ran through the internal and external zone of the median eminence. However, naked mole‐rats had very few VP‐ir cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and none in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); the extensive network of fine‐caliber VP‐ir fibers usually seen in projection sites of the BST and SCN were also absent. Equally unexpected was the abundance of large‐caliber VP‐ir fibers in the dorsomedial septum. VP immunoreactivity was generally similar in all groups, with the exception of VP‐ir cell number in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). Breeders had a population of labeled cells in the DMH that was absent, or nearly absent, in subordinates. Future studies on the function of VP in these areas are needed to determine how the atypical distribution of VP immunoreactivity relates to eusociality and the unusual physiology of naked mole‐rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1093–1105, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of aldolase C compartments in the mouse cerebellar cortex by olivocerebellar labeling
Authors: Sugihara Izumi , Quy Pham Nguyen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAldolase C (zebrin II) is expressed in Purkinje cells aligned in complicated longitudinal stripe‐shaped compartments. The tight link between these aldolase C compartments and the topographic olivocerebellar projection to them has made it possible to identify each compartment as a target of a specific subarea of the inferior olive and thus as a functionally distinct entity in the rat. However, it is unknown whether the overall organization of aldolase C compartments is preserved in other mammals. In this study, we tried to clarify this organization in the mouse, which is more useful in genetic studies than the rat, by identifying each aldolase C compartment in terms of the olivocerebellar projection pattern. First, aldolase C compartments were reconstructed from serial sections throughout the cerebellar cortex. Aldolase C and olivocerebellar climbing fibers were then doubly labeled by small injections of biotinylated dextran amine into various areas of the inferior olive. Climbing fibers were topographically distributed on a specific linked pair of aldolase C compartments in the rostral and caudal cerebellum. The overall relationship between aldolase C compartments and the topographic olivocerebellar projection to them in the mouse was similar to that in the rat, except for some minor differences, suggesting that the aldolase C compartments and olivocerebellar projection are organized according to a common fundamental organization in the mouse and rat. This allowed the unequivocal identification of all aldolase C compartments in the mouse by referring to the definition and nomenclature in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1076–1092, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compensatory and transneuronal plasticity after early collicular ablation
Authors: Dunlop Sarah A. , Rodger Jenny , Beazley Lyn D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlasticity within the visual system was assessed in the quokka wallaby following unilateral superior collicular (SC) ablation at postnatal days (P) 8–10, prior to the arrival of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. At maturity (P100), projections were traced from the eye opposite the ablation, and total RGC numbers were estimated for both eyes. Ablations were partial (28–89% of SC remaining) or complete (0–5% of SC remaining). Projections to the visual centers showed significant bilateral (P < 0.05) increases in absolute volume. Minor anomalous projections also formed within the deep, surviving non‐retino‐recipient layers of the ablated SC and via a small bundle of RGC axons recrossing the midline to innervate discrete patches in the SC contralateral to the lesion. Total absolute volume of projections did not differ between partial and complete ablations; moreover, values did not differ from normal (P > 0.05). Compared with normal, total RGC numbers were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the eye opposite the ablation but increased (P < 0.05) in the other eye. Consequently, the sum of the two RGC populations did not differ from normal (P > 0.05). As in rodents, the visual system in quokka compensates following injury by maintaining a set volume of arborization but does so by forming only minor anomalous projections. Furthermore, increased RGC numbers in the eye ipsilateral to the lesion indicate that compensation occurs transneuronally, thus maintaining total numbers of projecting neurons. The implication is that the visual system acts in concert following unilateral injury to maintain set values for RGC terminal arbors as well as their cell bodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1117–1126, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional and anatomical connection between the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and dopamine fibers of the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Parsons Matthew P. , Li Sa , Kirouac Gilbert J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe shell of the nucleus accumbens (NacSh) receives a dense innervation from dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and from glutamate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). The present study examined in urethane‐anesthetized rats the effects of electrical stimulation of the PVT on DA levels in the NacSh as measured with amperometry and chronoamperometry. Stimulation of the PVT (40 Hz, 1.0 ms, 400 μA, 5 seconds) resulted in a brief increase in electrochemical currents detected in the NacSh. Inhibition of DA neurons in the VTA using lidocaine (4%, 500 nL) or intravenous apomorphine (0.15 mg/kg) decreased the resting voltammetric signal but had no effect on PVT‐evoked responses. Blocking of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the NacSh with local administration of kynurenic acid attenuated the PVT‐evoked responses. Anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine demonstrated that PVT targets regions of very dense tyrosine hydroxylase fiber staining in the NacSh. Consistent with the projection pattern of the PVT to the NacSh, stimulation of the PVT evoked the largest oxidation current changes in the NacSh, whereas small or no changes were elicited in other areas of the striatum. This study suggests that glutamate release from PVT terminals can act on ionotropic glutamate receptors in the NacSh to induce DA efflux. Modulation of DA levels in the NacSh by the PVT may be linked to arousal‐induced increases in DA tone and could be involved in the facilitation of specific behavioral patterns associated with arousal or stressful situations. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1050–1063, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of RET immunoreactivity in the rodent spinal cord and changes after nerve injury
Authors: Jongen Joost L.M. , Jaarsma Dick , Hossaini Mehdi , Natarajan Dipa , Haasdijk Elize D. , Holstege Jan C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRET (for “rearranged during transfection”) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase signaling receptor for members of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands. We used RET immunohistochemistry (IHC), double‐labeling immunofluorescence (IF), and in situ hybridization (ISH) in adult naïve and nerve‐injured rats to study the distribution of RET in the spinal cord. In the dorsal horn, strong RET‐immunoreactive (‐ir) fibers were abundant in lamina II‐inner (IIi), although this labeling was preferentially observed after an antigen‐unmasking procedure. After dorsal rhizotomy, RET‐ir fibers in lamina IIi completely disappeared from the dorsal horn, indicating that they were all primary afferents. After peripheral axotomy, RET‐ir in primary afferents decreased in lamina IIi and appeared to increase slightly in laminae III and IV. RET‐ir was also observed in neurons and dendrites throughout the dorsal horn. Some RET‐ir neurons in lamina I had the morphological appearance of nociceptive projection neurons, which was confirmed by the finding that 53% of RET‐ir neurons in lamina I colocalized with neurokinin‐1. GDNF‐ir terminals were in close proximity to RET‐ir neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. In the ventral horn, RET‐ir was strongly expressed by motoneurons, with the strongest staining in small, presumably γ‐motoneurons. Increased RET expression following peripheral axotomy was most pronounced in α‐motoneurons. The expression and regulation pattern of RET in the spinal cord are in line with its involvement in regenerative processes following nerve injury. The presence of RET in dorsal horn neurons, including nociceptive projection neurons, suggests that RET also has a role in signal transduction at the spinal level. This role may include mediating the effects of GDNF released from nociceptive afferent fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1136–1153, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity of horizontal cells in the chicken retina
Authors: Fischer Andy J. , Stanke Jennifer J. , Aloisio Gina , Hoy Heather , Stell William K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDespite numerous reports that different markers are expressed by horizontal cells in the avian retina, it remains unknown whether different types of horizontal cells can be defined by differences in their immunocytochemical profiles. The purpose of this study was to rectify this deficiency. We identified horizontal cells by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to calretinin, trkA, GABA, Prox1, AP2α, Pax6, islet1, and Lim1 + 2. We found two major groups of horizontal cells, those that express trkA and those that express calretinin. The trkA‐immunoreactive (‐IR) horizontal cells had small, round somata and robust, bulbous dendritic endings, whereas calretinin‐IR horizontal cells had large, polygonal cell bodies and fine, diffuse dendritic endings, both contacting the calbindin‐IR pedicles of double cones. Weak γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity was observed only in a few of the trkA‐IR horizontal cells, whereas the overlap of calretinin and GABA immunoreactivities was 100%. The majority of trkA‐IR horizontal cells expressed islet1, and the majority of calretinin‐IR horizontal cells expressed Lim1 + 2, AP2α, and Pax6. Islet1 immunoreactivity was observed in a small fraction of calretinin‐IR/non‐trkA‐IR cells. In agreement with previous reports, we detected Prox1 immunoreactivity in all types of horizontal cells. These immunolabeling profiles suggest that there are four immunochemically distinct subtypes of horizontal cells in the postnatal chick retina, which may match the four types that have been observed in Golgi‐impregnated pigeon and turtle retinas. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1154–1171, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perisynaptic organization of plasma membrane calcium pumps in cerebellar cortex
Authors: Burette Alain , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCalcium, a ubiquitous intracellular messenger, regulates numerous intracellular signaling pathways. To permit specificity of signal transduction and prevent unwanted cross‐talk between pathways, sites of calcium entry in neurons are localized to specific membrane domains. To test whether Ca2+ extrusion pumps might exhibit analogous compartmentalization, we used immunohistochemistry to determine the subcellular localization of the two main plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) isoforms in the cortex of the rat cerebellum. We find that both PMCA2 and PMCA3 are targeted to distinct compartments within the plasma membrane. In the molecular layer, both isoforms were at highest levels within synaptic profiles, but PMCA2 was postsynaptic and PMCA3 was presynaptic. Moreover, inside these compartments, both pumps exhibited nonuniform distributions. These data imply that cerebellar neurons possess remarkably effective mechanisms to target and restrict PMCA2 and ‐3 to specific membrane domains, raising the possibility that calcium pumps contribute to local Ca2+ signaling. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1127–1135, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estradiol enhances neurogenesis following ischemic stroke through estrogen receptors α and β
Authors: Suzuki Shotaro , Gerhold Lynnette M. , Böttner Martina , Rau Shane W. , Dela Cruz Christopher , Yang Enhua , Zhu Hong , Yu Jin , Cashion Adrienne B. , Kindy Mark S. , Merchenthaler Istvan , Gage Fred H. , Wise Phyllis M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNeurogenesis persists throughout life under normal and degenerative conditions. The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) generates neural stem cells capable of differentiating to neuroblasts and migrating to the site of injury in response to brain insults. In the present study, we investigated whether estradiol increases neurogenesis in the SVZ in an animal model of stroke to potentially promote the ability of the brain to undergo repair. Ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice were implanted with capsules containing either vehicle or 17β‐estradiol, and 1 week later they underwent experimental ischemia. We utilized double‐label immunocytochemistry to identify the phenotype of newborn cells (5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐labeled) with various cellular markers; doublecortin and PSA‐NCAM as the early neuronal marker, NeuN to identify mature neurons, and glial fibrillary acidic protein to identify astrocytes. We report that low physiological levels of estradiol treatment, which exert no effect in the uninjured state, significantly increase the number of newborn neurons in the SVZ following stroke injury. This effect of estradiol is limited to the dorsal region of the SVZ and is absent from the ventral SVZ. The proliferative actions of estradiol are confined to neuronal precursors and do not influence gliosis. Furthermore, we show that both estrogen receptors α and β play pivotal functional roles, insofar as knocking out either of these receptors blocks the ability of estradiol to increase neurogenesis. These findings clearly demonstrate that estradiol stimulates neurogenesis in the adult SVZ, thus potentially facilitating the brain to remodel and repair after injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:1064–1075, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Piecewise divergence‐free discontinuous Galerkin methods for Stokes flow
Authors: Hansbo Peter , Larson Mats G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we consider different possibilities of using divergence‐free discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Stokes problem in order to eliminate the pressure from the discrete problem. We focus on three different approaches: one based on a C0 approximation of the stream function in two dimensions (the vector potential in three dimensions), one based on the non‐conforming Morley element (which corresponds to a divergence‐free non‐conforming Crouzeix–Raviart approximation of the velocities), and one fully discontinuous Galerkin method with a stabilization of the pressure that allows the edgewise elimination of the pressure variable before solving the discrete system. We limit the analysis in the stream function case to two spatial dimensions, while the analysis of the fully discontinuous approach is valid also in three dimensions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Methodological Approach for the Analysis of Host–Ligand Interactions
Authors: Strat Daniela , Missailidis Sotiris , Drake Alex F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTraditional analysis of drug‐binding data relies upon the Scatchard formalism. These methods rely upon the fitting of a linear equation providing intercept and gradient data that relate to physical properties, such as the binding constant, cooperativity coefficients and number of binding sites. However, the existence of different binding modes with different binding constants makes the implementation of these models difficult. This article describes a novel approach to the binding model of host–ligand interactions by using a derived analytical function describing the observed signal. The benefit of this method is that physically significant parameters, that is, binding constants and number of binding sites, are automatically derived by the use of a minimisation routine. This methodology was utilised to analyse the interactions between a novel antitumour agent and DNA. An optical spectroscopy study confirms that the pentacyclic acridine derivative (DH208) binds to nucleic acids. Two binding modes can be identified: a stronger one that involves intercalation and a weaker one that involves oriented outer‐sphere binding. In both cases the plane of the bound acridine ring is parallel to the nucleic acid bases, orthogonal to the phosphate backbone. Ultraviolet (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) data were fitted using the proposed model. The binding constants and the number of binding sites derived from the model remained consistent across the different techniques used. The different wavelengths at which the measurements were made maintained the coherence of the results.
Toward Separation of Nuclear Spin Isomers with Coherent Light
Authors: Deeb Omar , Leibscher Monika , Manz Jörn , von Muellern Wulf , Seideman Tamar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe propose an approach for separating nuclear spin isomers with coherent light and illustrate it by numerical calculations using fulvene as a model system. The scheme employs the equivalence of torsion and interchange of equivalent H‐atoms in a class of molecules of which fulvene is a simple example. The exchange symmetry couples with the rotational symmetry to produce a spatial distinction between the two photo‐excited nuclear spin isomers, and wavepacket interferometry is applied to separate the species.