bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Air Pollution Control Strategies in Kentucky
Authors: SCOTT FRANK A. , BERGER MARK C. , BLOMQUIST GLENN C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the impacts of air pollution control strategies for one state, Kentucky, on its own economy. Effects of the Clean Air Act are estimated, but the emphasis is on scenarios for compliance with pending acid rain legislation. The most restrictive scenario involves a 478,000 ton per year reduction in SO2. Based on elasticity and engineering estimates, we project shifts from high‐sulfur Western Kentucky coal to low‐sulfur Eastern Kentucky coal, higher electric utility rates and manufacturing costs, and lower manufacturing employment. Impacts are always less than 6 percent of 1985 levels.
An Application of the Stock Adjustment Model in Estimating Employment Multipliers for the South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy 1964–84
Authors: ANDREWS DONALD R. , TATE UDAY S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy received an economic rent from its petroleum resources during the energy crisis of the 1970s and early 80s. A differential export‐base model incorporating a geometric lag was developed for estimating dynamic employment multipliers. This technique is especially applicable to regional economies in which exports are a major economic factor. Employment multipliers were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Results from the analysis indicate that agriculture, oil and gas mining, and manufacturing are highly significant employment generators. Both long‐run and short‐run employment multipliers were derived from the model. It is estimated that a five‐dollar change in the real price of crude oil will result in a long‐run employment change of 8,027 for the oil and gas mining industry. Based on estimates of the long‐run multiplier, this will result in a total employment change of 28,014 for this economy.
Regional Marginal Costs and Cost Savings from Economies of Scale in Municipal Waste Treatment: An Application to the Chesapeake Bay Region
Authors: McCONNELL VIRGINIA D. , CUMBERLAND JOHN H. , GORDON PATRICE L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMarginal costs of removing effluent from waste treatment facilities are defined under different assumptions about regulatory policies. Marginal costs are different under a policy of uniform treatment for all plants compared to a least‐cost policy, where different plants treat at different levels. The cost savings under these alternative policies are compared for river basins of the Chesapeake Bay when there are economies of scale in treatment costs. Current regulations for treatment plants in the Bay, which are not entirely uniform, are also compared to both the uniform and least‐cost solutions. The potential savings from a least‐cost policy are substantial for some basins.
The Spatial Impact of Reaganomics: A Test of Six Models
Authors: LOWERY DAVID , BRUNN STANLEY D. , WEBSTER GERALD R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRecent analyses of the Reagan budget reallocations suggest that the spatial distribution of public expenditures among the American states have undergone a major change. What remains unclear, however, is why the Reagan budget reallocations generated these clearly defined spatial effects. In trying to answer this question, we identify five explanations of the spatial impacts, explanations focusing on electoral, partisan, wealth, urban‐rural, and expenditure base effects. Along with controls for regional effects, these explanations are tested by OLS regression analysis of data on the state allocations of federal expenditures from the last Carter to the first Reagan budgets.
Performance of High‐Technology Firms in a Peripheral Resource‐Based Economy: Alberta, Canada
Authors: CHRISTY CRAIG V. , IRONSIDE R. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn the 1980s high technology moved into the forefront in regional development throughout North America and Europe as a leading strategy. The attraction of high technology more recently spilled over into the province of Alberta, a peripheral region in western Canada whose government is seeking to diversify its resource‐based economy. This paper focused upon the performance of high technology firms measured by financial growth, R&D activity, employment created, and marketing. Data were drawn from a 100 percent survey of all identifiable high‐tech firms which constituted the first academic inquiry into Alberta's high‐technology development. Research hypotheses relating gross revenues and net profit to independent firms and subsidiaries, gross revenues to age of firm, and R&D activity to independent firms and subsidiaries were tested.The results indicate that Alberta's high technology sector is composed mainly of small independent firms in the early stages of growth. Widely divergent revenue and profit trends were found among all firms while 41 percent of the respondents received government assistance to fund R&D programs. A young high‐technology base is reflected further in the small size of the labor force although three out of four firms created jobs between 1980 and 1984. Marketing was a key area of performance identified by respondent firms as companies attempted to diversify away from local markets. Overall, the systematic policies of support by the Alberta government were found to assist the growth of the high‐tech industry. Whether or not this growth will be sufficient to substantially diversify this resource‐based economy in a peripheral Canadian region remains to be seen. Further research, particularly in the area of job creation, is necessary to assess the impact of high‐technology firms over a longer period.
Water Analysis: A Systems Approach Incorporating Linear Programming
Authors: ANDERSON CURT L. , GARCIA L. MIGUEL , LICHTY RICHARD W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews an interactive, policy‐oriented simulation model and introduces the addition of a water module. This module enables policymakers to estimate and analyze those direct and indirect socioeconomic effects on a regional economy, occurring over time, which are attributable to regional water supply constraints and water allocation decisions. In addition, this paper presents a hear‐programming‐based approach which can guide the user in making water parameter adjustments for a chosen objective. An empirical demonstration of the procedure based on the Minnesota state economy illustrates its usefulness.
Manufacturing Output Indexes for a Metropolitan Area: A Look at New Economic Indicators
Authors: WOZNIAK GREGORY D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to construct monthly manufacturing output indexes for a metropolitan area, employing a method used by the Federal Reserve Banks to construct regional manufacturing indexes. The Tulsa metropolitan area is the region considered. The index of total manufacturing output is included in a vector autoregression model of the Tulsa economy. The results indicate that the linkages between manufacturing activity and non‐manufacturing employment differ from the linkages between employment in those sectors, and that since the early 1980s both sectors have become less sensitive to changes in the price of oil.
Technology Search and Firm Bounds in Biotechnology: New Firms as Agents of Change
Authors: de LANEY EDWARD J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSchumpeterian perspectives on industrial change suggest a relationship between new firms and the regionally specific technological bases for innovation. However, the links between such firms and the knowledge bases for innovation are more implicit than explicit. The innovation process in new firms reflects both the capabilities found within the firm as well as information sourcing from without.This paper seeks to articulate the nature of change in relationships between firms in science‐based industries and the technological infrastructure accessed to support innovation, as such industries mature out of the birth phase. Innovation is treated as decision making, identifying the firm as innovator and agent of change.Survey research suggests that a shift in the sourcing of information, and an associated shift in the character of information accessed, occurred with maturation in the study industry, comprised of biotechnology firms in the U.S. “Early” and “later” forming firms show somewhat different technology sourcing patterns. Interviews were conducted to help interpret these findings. Implications for industry development are suggested.
The Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Fertility, 1970‐1990
Authors: PANDIT KAVITA , BAGCHI‐SEN SHARMISTHA 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe fertility downturn in the U.S. since the baby boom has been accompanied by a growing divergence in regional fertility rates. This paper examines the spatial implications of recent fertility trends. Two interrelated questions are posed. First, how and why have the time trends in fertility varied spatially? Second, how have the regional patterns of fertility changed over time? These questions are investigated using a continuous spatio‐temporal model of U.S. fertility built using the Dual Expansion Method. Results indicate that the pace of fertility decline has been the most rapid in the Northeast and the slowest in the West. Further, the traditional North‐South distinctions in fertility rates are being replaced by East‐West patterns. These changes tentatively suggest that regional ethnic composition is becoming an increasingly important factor in accounting for the spatial variation of U.S. fertility.
Regional Economic Convergence in Mexico: An Analysis by Industry
Authors: MALLICK RAJIV , CARAYANNIS ELIAS G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Existing studies of convergence across jurisdictions of a nation have focused on developed economies. A key assumption underlying regional convergence is geographical factor mobility, and in a developed economy, mobility is facilitated by low transportation costs. By the same token, convergence in a less‐developed economy may be impeded by the absence of a well‐developed transportation infrastructure. We examine the rate and industrial composition of economic convergence in a neighboring less‐developed country (LDC), Mexico, to examine how it might have differed from the U.S. experience.We find evidence of stronger convergence in Gross State Product per capita in Mexico relative to existing estimates of U.S. convergence. Further, while manufacturing activity has been found to be a primary source of convergence in the U.S., we find weaker evidence of convergence of manufacturing activity in Mexico. On the other hand, industries such as hotels and transportation were found to be significantly influential in regional convergence in the Mexican economy.
Does Public Infrastructure Affect Regional Performance?
Authors: ANDREWS KIM , SWANSON JAMES 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDoes public infrastructure affect state output? This paper uses both a Cobb‐Douglas and a translog production function to examine the impact of public infrastructure spending on state output. Like labor and private capital, the stock of public capital is considered to be an input into the production process. The data are based on Alicia Munnell's work and were provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Unlike many of the earlier studies employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques, this analysis employs estimating methods that take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the data set. While these methods lend support to the public capitol hypothesis, there is evidence that studies relying on OLS have reported a coefficient on public capital that is upward biased. This paper, which controls for heterogeneity in the data, finds the coefficient on public capital to be smaller than that presented in previous studies. This finding has important policy implications. It indicates that while investment in public capital may have a positive impact on the private sector, this impact will be much smaller than predicted by previous studies.
Financial Policy and Efficiency of Resource Utilization in Developing Countries
Authors: ODEDOKUN M.O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study examines the effects of selected policies on economic efficiency in 81 developing countries by pooling cross‐country data over various subperids between 1961–90. An incremental output‐capital ratio is the measure of economic efficiency, while the policy variables include: export orientation, size of the public sector, directed credit program through development bank lendings, financial depth (computed as the ratio of the flow of real value of monetary liabilities to real GDP), inflation rate, real interest rate, and real exchange rate distortion. The export‐orientation, financial depth, and real interest rate are found to promote economic efficiency, while other policy variables are found to hinder it.
The Norwegian Home‐building Industry — Locally Embedded or in the Space of Flows?
Authors: ORDERUD GEIR INGE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDuring the last 25 years the neoliberal institutional turn and globalization have caused profound structural changes and challenged our theoretical understandings. In this article the emerging structure of the Norwegian home‐building industry is presented, with a focus on the interaction between different actors in the different stages and functions of the home‐building network. The structure of employer–contractor relations in the liberalized housing market is disclosed and used as a basis for discussing the theoretical perspectives developed by Amin and Thrift’s work on circulation and distanciation and by Castells’ work on the network enterprise and space of flows. The questions asked are whether these trends are seen in the Norwegian home‐building industry. From the analysis we learn that home‐building is considered a local business due to: a capacity restraint regarding local market knowledge; the interaction with local planning authorities; face‐to‐face meetings; and social relations. On the other hand, there are a set of factors that tell a ‘circulation’ story: an increasing number of participants, especially in design and planning; a more complex market structure; and a need for developer’s knowledge on trends in design and construction. In sum, the analysis discloses a structure of increasing circulation but without a corresponding distanciation, and from Castells’ perspective there is an emerging space of flows, but still a rather local geometry; a pattern probably prone to change in the years to come.
DEBATES AND DEVELOPMENTS. Competitive Cities and Secure Nations: Conflict and Convergence in Urban Waterfront Agendas after 9/11
Authors: COWEN DEBORAH , BUNCE SUSANNAH 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this exploratory article we investigate how longstanding ‘competitive city’ projects are actively reshaped by recent national security initiatives in urban waterfronts. We argue that port districts in large waterfront cities are becoming critical sites where actors are struggling to further different agendas. While proponents of competitive city projects appear directly concerned with promoting a particular vision of capitalist urban development in contrast to the national security agenda of port and border securitization, we contend that a simple dichotomy between ‘economy’ and ‘security’ cannot capture their complex intermingling. We examine the emergent public discourses of port (in)security in the US and Canada since 9/11, paying particular attention to the convergences between port security and waterfront gentrification initiatives, while also noting conflicts between these agendas. We identify four key areas of change: relations of power in the governance of port spaces, rationales of urban planning decisions, physical redesign of urban port spaces, and conflicts between ‘economy’ and ‘security’. Post 9/11 port security initiatives are sometimes at odds and other times at ease with the competitive city agendas that are readily apparent in urban waterfront redevelopments. Both projects have disturbing implications for social justice in waterfront cities.
Abnormal compartmentalization of norepinephrine in mouse dentate gyrus in α‐synuclein knockout and A30P transgenic mice
Authors: Yavich Leonid , Jäkälä Pekka , Tanila Heikki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus, presynaptic recruitment of norepinephrine in response to repeated‐burst stimulation can be described in terms of an interaction between storage and readily releasable pools. The dynamics of this interaction depends on neuronal activity (bursting), so that the higher the demand for norepinephrine, the faster it is delivered from the storage pool. We also found that α‐synuclein, a presynaptic protein that plays a crucial role in dopamine compartmentalization in the striatum, is also involved in the compartmentalization of norepinephrine in the dentate gyrus. Experiments in transgenic mice with modified or absent α‐synuclein revealed that the familial Parkinson's disease‐linked α‐synuclein mutation A30P can cause selective changes in the function of noradrenergic terminals. Addition of mutated human α‐synuclein abolished the normal norepinephrine mobilization. There were no compensatory mechanisms available in the norepinephrine presynaptic terminals. In contrast, deletion of mouse α‐synuclein is compensated for by increased vesicle transport from the storage pool. The effects are essentially the same as previously reported for dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, indicating that the important role of α‐synuclein in neurotransmitter mobilization is not limited to dopaminergic terminals.
Magnetocardiographic Assessment of Healed Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hänninen Helena , Holmström Miia , Vesterinen Paula , Karvonen Milla , Väänänen Heikki , Oikarinen Lasse , Mäkijärvi Markku , Nenonen Jukka , Lauerma Kirsi , Katila Toivo , Toivonen Lauri 
Published: July 2006

Background: We evaluated the capability of multichannel magnetocardiography (MCG) to detect healed myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Multichannel MCG over frontal chest was recorded at rest in 21 patients with healed MI, detected by cine‐ and contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and in 26 healthy controls. Of the 21 MI patients, 11 had non‐Q wave and 10 Q wave MIs. QRS, ST‐segment, T wave and ST‐T wave integrals, ST‐segment and T wave amplitudes, and QRS and ST‐T wave magnetic field map orientations were measured. Results: The MCG repolarization indexes, such as ST segment and ST‐T wave integrals, separated the MI group from the controls (ST‐T wave integral −1.4 ± 5.3 vs 1.5 ± 4.7 pTs, P = 0.034). The abnormalities were more distinct in the Q wave‐MI than in the non‐Q wave MI subgroup. In the latter, however, a trend similar to the Q wave MI group was found. The relation of QRS area to ST segment and T wave integral improved the detection of healed MIs compared to the ST‐T wave indexes alone (QRS‐ST‐T discordance 14 ± 10 vs 5.0 ± 7.1 pTs, P = 0.003). When comparing the MI group to the controls, the orientation of the magnetic field maps differed in the ST‐T wave maps (163 ± 119° vs 58 ± 17°, P < 0.001) but not in the QRS maps (111 ± 95° vs 106 ±93°, P = 0.646). Conclusions: The MCG repolarization variables can detect healed MI. These ST‐T wave abnormalities are more pronounced in patients with Q wave MI than in patients with non‐Q wave MIs. Relating the signals of depolarization and repolarization phases improves the detection of healed MI. Repolarization abnormalities are common in healed MI and thus should not always be interpreted as present ongoing ischemia.
Effect of Right Bundle Branch Block on Electrocardiographic Amplitudes, Including Combined Voltage Criteria Used for the Detection of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Chan Peter G. , Logue Michael , Kligfield Paul 
Published: July 2006

Background: Although right bundle branch block (RBBB) delays right ventricular depolarization, its effect on cancellation of right and left ventricular forces within the QRS complex has not been quantified during stable temporal and physiological conditions. Systematic changes in QRS amplitude during transient RBBB bear directly on performance of standard ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and these changes require quantification. Methods: We examined the instantaneous effect of RBBB on QRS amplitudes and LVH voltages in 40 patients who had intermittent complete RBBB during a single 10 sec standard 12‐lead ECG recording, comprising 0.1% of approximately 400,000 consecutive ECGs in a university teaching hospital setting. Amplitudes were measured by magnifying graticule to the nearest 25 microvolts, averaged for up to 3 normal and 3 RBBB complexes, and compared by paired t test. Results: RBBB was associated with an increase in initial QRS forces (RV1, RV2, and QV6) but significant decreases in mean mid‐QRS amplitudes that reflect left ventricular depolarization (RaVL [−75 microvolts], SV1 [−389 microvolts], SV3 [−617 microvolts], RV5 [−100 microvolts], and RV6 [−123 microvolts]). All late QRS forces were increased with RBBB (R'V1, SV5, SI). As a result, combined voltages used for LVH criteria were significantly reduced by RBBB: Sokolow‐Lyon voltage decreased from 1520 ± 739 to 1014 ± 512 microvolts (p < 0.001), and Cornell voltage decreased from 1438 ± 683 to 746 ± 399 microvolts (p < 0.001). Conclusions: RBBB is associated with significant reduction in "left ventricular" QRS amplitudes of the standard ECG, consistent with cancellation, rather than unmasking, of left ventricular mid‐QRS forces by altered septal and delayed right ventricular depolarization. Because QRS voltages that are routinely combined for the detection of LVH are reduced in RBBB, standard LVH criteria will perform with lower sensitivity in patients with RBBB.
Right Precordial Leads and Lead aVR at Exercise Electrocardiography: Does It Change Test Results?
Authors: Bainey Kevin R. , Kalia Nove , Carter D. , Hrynchyshyn Gregory , Kasza Leslie , Lee T. K. , Wirzba Brian , Senaratne Manohara P. J. 
Published: July 2006

Background: A recent study on exercise testing (ET) suggested that ST‐segment changes in the right precordial leads (RPL) may increase its sensitivity substantially. However, this study looked at a highly selected population of patients who all underwent thallium‐201 scintigraphy and coronary angiography. The present study evaluated the clinical utility of ST‐segment changes in the RPL and lead aVR in an unselected population of patients undergoing ET. Methods: A total of 906 consecutive patients who received ET were included in the study. ET was done using the Bruce Protocol with a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) substituting V4R and V6R for V1 and V6. Leads V1 and V6 were selected for omission as these two leads hardly ever manifest changes in isolation. Substituting two leads would obviate the need for a more complex recording system, thus improving clinical utility. Results: On the basis of horizontal/downsloping ST‐segment depression (STD) of 1.0 mm or more (the usually accepted criterion for a positive ET), 159 (17.5%) patients had a positive ET. In those patients with a negative ET (545 patients), 4 patients (0.7%) manifested STD and 5 patients (0.9%) manifested ST‐segment elevation (STE) in leads V4R and/or V6R, respectively. Of note, 44.7% of the positive ET group had STE in lead aVR. Conclusion: The use of ST‐segment changes in RPL during exercise stress testing does not appreciably change the test results of a standard ET. If one was to consider an additional marker, STE in aVR may be more useful, as it shows a stronger correlation with positive tests and does not require the recording of additional leads.