bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The activation of ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases is dynamically regulated in the developing rat visual system
Authors: Oliveira Camila Salum , Rigon Ana Paula , Leal Rodrigo Bainy , Rossi Francesco Mattia 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine/threonine kinases that play an instrumental role in signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. These enzymes are major intracellular mediators of developmental events and recently have been shown to control also synaptic plasticity processes [Sweatt, J.D., 2004. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases in synaptic plasticity and memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14, 311–317; Thomas, G.M., Huganir, R.L., 2004. MAPK cascade signalling and synaptic plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 173–183]. Mammalian members of this family are extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2), c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinases or stress‐activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPKs) and p38 kinases (p38MAPK). At the level of the visual system, it has been demonstrated that the ERK pathway regulates developmental plastic processes at both retino‐thalamic and thalamo‐cortical level and that p38MAPK controls a peculiar form of long‐term depression in the visual cortex [Di Cristo, G., Berardi, N., Cancedda, L., Pizzorusso, T., Putignano, E., Ratto, G.M., Maffei, L., 2001. Requirement of ERK activation for visual cortical plasticity. Science 292, 2337–2340; Naska, S., Cenni, M.C., Menna, E., Maffei, L., 2004. ERK signaling is required for eye‐specific retino‐geniculate segregation. Development 131, 3559–3570; Xiong, W., Kojic, L.Z., Zhang, L., Prasad, S.S., Douglas, R., Wang, Y., Cynader, M.S., 2006. Anisomycin activates p38 MAP kinase to induce LTD in mouse primary visual cortex. Brain Res. 1085, 68–76]. Here, as a first approach to gain more insight on the role of two MAPKs – ERK1/2 and p38MAPK – in visual system maturation, we characterized by western blot the regulation of their phosphorylation/activation in rat retina, superior colliculus and visual cortex, during postnatal development from birth to adult age. Our main results show that: (i) in the retina p38MAPK activation peaks at P4, and then, from P15 to P45, both ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation increases; (ii) in the superior colliculus phosphorylation of both MAPKs increases between P4 and P15; (iii) in the visual cortex ERK1/2 phosphorylation increases from P15 to P45, while phosphorylation of p38MAPK increases starting from P4. The present data demonstrate a distinct regulation of the activation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in the three visual areas analyzed which occurs in temporal correlation with critical events for visual system maturation. These results suggest an important role for ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in the postnatal development of the rat visual system.
Electrical Immunoassays toward Clinical Diagnostics: Identification of Vulnerable Cardiovascular Plaque
Authors: Reddy R.K.K. , Prasad S. , Barrett T. , Carruthers J. 
Published: January 2008

A technology for electrical detection of protein biomarkers has been developed. It is based on developing high-density, low-volume multiwell plate devices. The scientific core of this technology lies in integrating nanoporous membranes with microfabricated chip platforms. This results in the conversion of individual pores into wells of picoliter volume. Specific antibodies are localized and isolated into individual wells. The formation of the antibody–antigen-binding complex occurs in individual wells. The membrane allows for robust separation among individual wells. This technology has the capability to achieve near real-time detection with improved sensitivity and selectivity. This is due to the two factors associated with the technology: (1) event-based electrochemical detection process, where the individual step in the formation of the binding complex results in a specific change to the electrochemical conductance due to the pertubation of the electrical double layer at the base of the each well. (2) The nanoporous membrane is an electrical insulator and is structurally robust throughout hence there is improved signal-to-noise ratio and cross-contamination between is minimized. Another advantage of this technique is the use of electrical signal in protein identification as compared to the use of optical methods; hence, it is a noninvasive and a label-free technique. The signal acquisition is simple and it uses the existing data acquisition and signal analysis methods. We have demonstrated the use of this technology for addressing a specific clinical problem: identification of vulnerable coronary plaque in the perioperative state.
Influence factors for operational control and compensation in professional service firms
Authors: Goodale John C. , Kuratko Donald F. , Hornsby Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractProfessional service firms have distinct operational challenges due to the type of work that is transacted by the employees of these firms, and due to the nature of the employees themselves. In this paper, we develop and present factors that influence professional service operations in firms and compensation structures for professional service providers. We establish professional service influence factors, which we posit will impact agency relationships in professional service firms. That is, we hypothesize that professional service influence factors (PSIFs) will moderate the effect of task programmability and outcome measurability in predicting the use of behavior‐ or outcome‐based compensation schemes (control strategy). Logistic regression is used on data provided by 192 professional service providers in order to examine the impact of the agency variables and moderating factors on control strategies. The results indicate that company‐ and profession‐based factors have moderating effects on task programmability when predicting control strategy. We discuss the implications of our findings.
Out of Sight: Industrial Espionage, Ocular Authority and East German Communism, 1965–1989
Authors: ZATLIN JONATHAN R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Stasi continues to enjoy a reputation as one of the most effective espionage agencies in the world, especially in the area of foreign intelligence gathering. This article employs the case of Gerhardt Ronneberger, one of East Germany's most capable spies, to challenge assumptions about the Stasi's operational successes, economic relevance and methodological proficiency. In particular, it argues that East German intelligence gathering was undermined by an institutionalisd distinction between sight, or the work of observation, and vision, or the process of signification. In Ronneberger's case, the spy agency wasted considerable time and resources trying to make sense of his operational performance and political reliability. In the end, however, even his most spectacular successes, which included smuggling a laser-guided navigation system into the GDR and acquiring proscribed computer chip and microprocessor designs from Toshiba, did not matter, since they did not change East Germany's inability to narrow the technological gap with the West.
Beyond the Sterling Devaluation: The Gold Crisis of March 1968
Authors: HAMILTON ARRAN 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe 1967 devaluation of sterling has been the subject of considerable academic interest. However, its aftermath represents one of the great silences in the literature. This article aims to rectify this deficiency. The principal argument is that the devaluation was not a significant event in its own right; its real importance rests in its legacy and the way in which it altered the context in which sterling's managers operated. In the aftermath, the problem of sterling was actually far greater than it had ever been before and consequently the solutions proposed were far more radical.
The American Spirit in Europe Revisited?
Authors: DANIELSEN HELGE 
Published: January 2008

In 1949, the Norwegian historian Halvdan Koht opened his book The American Spirit in Europe: A Survey of Transatlantic Influences (from which the title for this review article is borrowed) with the following lines:
America in this book means the United States of America. The subject of the book, however, is not America. It is rather Europe. The plan of the book is to present a comprehensive view of the effect of American activities, struggles and efforts upon European life and progress.
ON THE ORIGIN OF GLOW PEAKS IN EUGLENA CELLS, SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS AND SUBCHLOROPLAST FRAGMENTS ENRICHED IN SYSTEM I OR II
Authors: Sane P. V. , Desai T. S. , Tatake V. G. , Govindjee  
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The origin of glow peaks (thermoluminescence) was investigated in isolated spinach chloroplasts and Euglena cells by pretreatment with various concentrations of 3‐(3,4 dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU)†, different light intensities, and after mild heating at various temperatures. Experiments are also reported on subchloroplast fractions enriched in pigment systems I (PSI) or II (PSII) (prepared under conditions to reduce destruction of membranes by excessive detergent contact).These results provide the following, most likely, suggestion for the origin of glow peaks: (1) Z peak originates in metastable states; it is insensitive to DCMU, temperature (320–328 K), and appears only when other peaks are saturated (10 Wm‐2). (2) Peak I involves the use of a reducing entity A (plastoquinone) beyond Q (the primary electron acceptor of pigment system II, PSII), or, of a high “S” state (charge accumulator) of oxygen evolving system; its intensity is dramatically reduced by low concentrations (1 μM) of DCMU, and, there is more of it in PSII than in PSI particles. (3) Peak II is due to reaction of Q‐ with the “S” states of the oxygen evolving system; its intensity increases upon the addition of low concentrations of DCMU, at the expense of peak I; it is most sensitive to mild heating, and there is more of it in PSII than in PSI particles. (4) Peak III was not studied here as it was not resolved in most of our preparations. (5) Peak IV is from both pigment system I and II; it is sensitive to heating (>50°C), is somewhat sensitive to DCMU, and is present in both PSI and PSII particles. (6) Peak V is from PSI; it is least sensitive to mild heating, and it is enriched in PSI particles.The present studies have extended our knowledge regarding the origin of glow peaks in spinach chloroplasts and Euglena cells; in particular, the involvement of the charge accumulating “S” states of oxygen evolution (for peaks I and II) and of system I (for peak V) are emphasized in this paper.
ENERGY STORAGE STATES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC MEMBRANES: ACTIVATION ENERGIES AND LIFETIMES OF ELECTRONS IN THE TRAP STATES BY THERMOLUMINESCENCE METHOD
Authors: Tatake V. G. , Desai T. S. , Govindjee  , Sane P. V. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract Several methods discussed by R. Chen (1969) were used for the calculation of the activation energies (E), frequency factors (s) and mean lifetimes of electrons in trap states at glow peak temperatures (Tm) and at room temperature (Tr) from thermoluminescence glow peaks in spinach chloroplasts and Euglena cells. Results are presented for E calculated independently, i.e. without any assumptions regarding the frequency factors which were determined subsequently using the activation energy values thus calculated. The most reliable values for E, s, r(Tm) and (Tr) for the well‐resolved glow peaks Z(118 K), I(236 K), II(261 K), III(283 K), IV(298 K) and V(321 K) are as follows:The present comprehensive study has been compared with the earlier ones and the significance of the observed high frequency factors is discussed. It is concluded that only peaks I and II, related to photosystem II, follow the Randall–Wilkins (RW) theory, whereas peaks IV and V, related to photosystem I, do not.
A Closer Look at the Pig in Proverbs xi 22
Authors: Heim Knut 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe present study denies that Prov. xi 22 equates a certain kind of woman with a pig, although a survey of recent scholarship on the book of Proverbs suggests just that. Material about women in the whole book of Proverbs shows that Prov. xi 22 needs to be interpreted in the context of instruction in gender relations. Such education about healthy and legitimate relationships with mothers, wives and other women is aimed at the target audience of Proverbs, young males who are being prepared for leadership roles in ancient Israelite society. Such teaching is in that society's best interest, as it promotes the family as a key social institution and hopefully contributes to the integrity and happiness of its future leaders and society as a whole. Specifically, the proverb warns men not to make fools of themselves by marrying socially inept women simply because of their good looks.
Tropical Cyclones and Transient Upper-Ocean Warming
Authors: Pasquero Claudia , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Strong winds affect mixing and heat distribution in the upper ocean. In turn, upper-ocean heat content affects the evolution of tropical cyclones. Here the authors explore the global effects of the interplay between tropical cyclones and upper-ocean heat content. The modeling study suggests that, for given atmospheric thermodynamic conditions, regimes characterized by intense (with deep mixing and large upper-ocean heat content) and by weak (with shallow mixing and small heat content) tropical cyclone activity can be sustained. A global general circulation ocean model is used to study the transient evolution of a heat anomaly that develops following the strong mixing induced by the passage of a tropical cyclone. The results suggest that at least one-third of the anomaly remains in the tropical region for more than one year. A simple atmosphere–ocean model is then used to study the sensitivity of maximum wind speed in a cyclone to the oceanic vertical temperature profile. The feedback between cyclone activity and upper-ocean heat content amplifies the sensitivity of modeled cyclone power dissipation to atmospheric thermodynamic conditions.
European Climate Extremes and the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Folland Chris K. , Alexander Lisa V. , Moberg Anders , Knight Jeff R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The authors estimate the change in extreme winter weather events over Europe that is due to a long-term change in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) such as that observed between the 1960s and 1990s. Using ensembles of simulations from a general circulation model, large changes in the frequency of 10th percentile temperature and 90th percentile precipitation events over Europe are found from changes in the NAO. In some cases, these changes are comparable to the expected change in the frequency of events due to anthropogenic forcing over the twenty-first century. Although the results presented here do not affect anthropogenic interpretation of global and annual mean changes in observed extremes, they do show that great care is needed to assess changes due to modes of climate variability when interpreting extreme events on regional and seasonal scales. How changes in natural modes of variability, such as the NAO, could radically alter current climate model predictions of changes in extreme weather events on multidecadal time scales is also discussed.
The Strength of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation in a Changing Climate: Coupled Chemistry–Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Li Feng , Austin John , Wilson John 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) in a changing climate is studied using multidecadal simulations covering the 1960–2100 period with a coupled chemistry–climate model, to examine the seasonality of the change of the BDC. The model simulates an intensification of the BDC in both the past (1960–2004) and future (2005–2100) climate, but the seasonal cycle is different. In the past climate simulation, nearly half of the tropical upward mass flux increase occurs in December–February, whereas in the future climate simulation the enhancement of the BDC is uniformly distributed in each of the four seasons. A downward control analysis implies that this different seasonality is caused mainly by the behavior of the Southern Hemisphere planetary wave forcing, which exhibits a very different long-term trend during solstice seasons in the past and future. The Southern Hemisphere summer planetary wave activity is investigated in detail, and its evolution is found to be closely related to ozone depletion and recovery. In the model results for the past, about 60% of the lower-stratospheric mass flux increase is caused by ozone depletion, but because of model ozone trend biases, the atmospheric effect was likely smaller than this. The remaining fraction of the mass flux increase is attributed primarily to greenhouse gas increase. The downward control analysis also reveals that orographic gravity waves contribute significantly to the increase of downward mass flux in the Northern Hemisphere winter lower stratosphere.
ENSO and Wintertime Extreme Precipitation Events over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Schubert Siegfried D. , Chang Yehui , Suarez Max J. , Pegion Philip J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In this study the authors examine the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation events over the continental United States using 49 winters (1949/50–1997/98) of daily precipitation observations and NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. The results are compared with those from an ensemble of nine atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations forced with observed SST for the same time period. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the daily precipitation fields together with compositing techniques are used to identify and characterize the weather systems that dominate the winter precipitation variability. The time series of the principal components (PCs) associated with the leading EOFs are analyzed using generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions to quantify the impact of ENSO on the intensity of extreme precipitation events.
The six leading EOFs of the observations are associated with major winter storm systems and account for more than 50% of the daily precipitation variability along the West Coast and over much of the eastern part of the country. Two of the leading EOFs (designated GC for Gulf Coast and EC for East Coast) together represent cyclones that develop in the Gulf of Mexico and occasionally move and/or redevelop along the East Coast producing large amounts of precipitation over much of the southern and eastern United States. Three of the leading EOFs represent storms that hit different sections of the West Coast (designated SW for Southwest coast, WC for the central West Coast, and NW for northwest coast), while another represents storms that affect the Midwest (designated by MW). The winter maxima of several of the leading PCs are significantly impacted by ENSO such that extreme GC, EC, and SW storms that occur on average only once every 20 years (20-yr storms) would occur on average in half that time under sustained El Niño conditions. In contrast, under La Niña conditions, 20-yr GC and EC storms would occur on average about once in 30 years, while there is little impact of La Niña on the intensity of the SW storms. The leading EOFs from the model simulations and their connections to ENSO are for the most part quite realistic. The model, in particular, does very well in simulating the impact of ENSO on the intensity of EC and GC storms. The main model discrepancies are the lack of SW storms and an overall underestimate of the daily precipitation variance.
Cooperatives, Labor, and the State: The English Labor Economists Revisited
Authors: Davis Peter , Parker Martin 
Published: January 2008

The article attempts to reopen a discussion about the legacy of the English labor economists. In the past they have been essentially seen as utopian radicals who predated Marx in certain respects but were superseded by his mature analysis. The authors claim that it is important to re-examine the validity of this position and suggest that in many respects the English labor economists have been misrepresented. Contemporary conditions also make this an important issue because both social democrats and anti-state radicals are now examining the market-based and voluntarist associational strategies first put forward by Hodgskin, Thompson, and Bray. The article also examines their emphasis on issues of the role of intellectual labor and collective self-help and suggests that this might help us understand why worker associations have found it difficult to compete in the market economy. The article ends with a call for a much wider and sustained research interest into the contemporary global cooperative movement, which the paper claims is a modern heir to the English labor economists' ideas. JEL classification: B14, B31, P13
Social Inequalities, Social Capital, and Health of Canadians
Authors: Reza Nakhaie M. , Smylie Lisa K. , Arnold Robert 
Published: January 2008

Research has demonstrated that social inequality affects public health. Social capital theory has shown that social exchange, social contacts, and social support are also important. We test social inequality and social capital, using the data from the National Population Health Survey, 1996—7. We find weak support for capital theory and show that effects often depend on measures of social capital and health. Social capital appears less useful in explaining the health status of Canadians. JEL classification : I10, I18, D63
The Proposed Market for Human Organs
Authors: Spurr Stephen J. 
Published: January 2008

During the last decade there have been enormous advances in the transplantation of vital human organs-in particular, the kidney, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, and small intestine. Unfortunately, efforts to provide the benefits of these operations to patients have been severely hindered by limitations in the supply of organs-limitations that are a consequence of regulation prohibiting the use of market incentives to increase the supply.
Markets for organs could take various forms: sales by living donors; sales of future interests in organs, to be removed on the death of the donor; and sales of organs of a recently deceased person by the family of the deceased. Two additional issues relate to the design of a market: the geographic scope of the market and rules of liability for the sale of diseased or defective organs.
Health Services Research for Decision-Makers: The Use of the Delphi Technique to Determine Health Priorities
Authors: Moscovice Ira , Armstrong Patricia , Shortell Stephen , Bennett Roger 
Published: January 2008

In an effort to make health manpower training programs and health services research and policy analysis activities more responsive to health care needs in Washington State, a Delphi process was used to obtain perceptions of critical health problems from knowledgeable persons in the health services field.
The technique revealed a reasonable agreement among respondents that the following items, in order of priority, were the ten most important problems facing the citizens of Washington State.