bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the behaviour of microorganisms in sponge cake during anaerobic storage (studies on protection against microbiological deterioration of packaged food part xx iv)
Authors: Naito Shigezo , Okada Yasuji , Yamaguchi Naohiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protective effect of an oxygen absorber (commercial names: Vitalon LH‐250, Vitalon GSA‐250, produced by Toa Kasei Industrial Co.) and an alcohol generating agent (commercial names: Antimold 102, Antimold E, produced by Froint Sangyo Co.) on the growth of microorganisms in sponge cake stored at 25 °C for 120 days was investigated. In the testing of the oxygen absorbers (oxygen‐free) and the alcohol generating agents (alcohol), each sponge cake was inoculated with 3.1 × 1010 cells of the yeast Hansenula anomola IFO 1760 and was preserved in an air‐tight bag (KET) with the oxygen absorbers and/or alcohol generating agent.The results obtained were as follows. In the case of sponge cake without oxygen absorber or alcohol generating agent, bacteria and yeast (including inoculated yeast) in the sponge cake rapidly increased at 25 °C for 30 days. However, in the oxygen‐free and alcohol‐generating cases, the changes of bacteria and yeast in the sponge cake were slight. The growth of bacteria and yeast was reduced considerably by the use of carbon dioxide generating oxygen absorbers or alcohol generating oxygen absorbers.
New package system for fresh berries
Authors: Singh S. Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the design criterion and evaluation of a new package system designed to ship fresh strawberries and raspberries. the study describes the evaluation of the new package systems for pre‐cooling after field picking. in addition data is presented describing damage to berries in the form of bruising and cutting owing to vibration in shipment. the paper compares this new concept to the traditional polyethylene injection moulded baskets used in the usa for the past 30 years.
A comparison of leaf‐spring with aircushion trailer suspensions in the transport environment
Authors: Pierce Charles D. , Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPackaging engineers need to be able to accurately determine the forces present in the shipping environment in order to protect packaged goods. The purpose of this study was to determine the vertical vibration levels measured in three separate truck‐trailer suspension systems; conventional leaf‐spring, conventional air‐ride and damaged air‐ride. The main conclusion reached in this study is that the air‐ride suspension when maintained gives lower power density (PD) levels on all road surfaces studied. A damaged air‐ride suspension and leaf‐spring suspension are very similar in response frequencies, although the damaged air‐ride produces higher vibration levels at lower frequencies.
Accurate determination of the mean relative humidity in controlled climates at high humidities (new method)
Authors: De Koeijer A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe measurement of the relative humidity (RH) at high levels to the desired accuracy is still a problem, especially for levels above 90% RH. The reasons for this are:

The accuracy of the standard apparatus is lower at high RH than at moderate and low RH;
The need for accurate measurement of the RH in moisture controlled rooms is greater at high RH than at lower RH, because for moisture sensitive products, such as fibreboard boxes and certain horticultural products, the influence of a minor deviation in RH on the properties of these products is considerably greater at high RH than at moderate and low RH.
Testing of aseptic machines for efficiency of sterilization of packaging materials by means of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Cerny G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAseptic packaging machinery fills heat sterilized foods into sterilised packaging under aseptic conditions. One of the main components of the aseptic machinery is the means of sterilizing the packaging material and the efficiency of this is of paramount importance. A method of measuring this efficiency using Bacillus subtilis SA22 is described and evaluated.
The effect of microhole size and foodstuff on the microbial integrity of aseptic plastic cups
Authors: Ahvenainen R. , Mattila‐Sandholm T. , Axelson L. , Wirtanen G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPenetration of a motile microbe, Enterobacter aerogenes, was investigated through aseptic packages filled with milk, meat soup, sausage gravy and soft agar. Penetration was dependent on the microhole diameter and on the viscosity of the foodstuff in the package. The smallest microhole diameter permitting the passage of E. aerogenes in this study was 5 μm when the packages were filled with milk and the microhole length was 40 μm. While the packages were filled with soft agar, meat soup and sausage gravy, the smallest penetrable microhole was 10, 20 and 25 μm in diameter, respectively. On the other hand, even the microholes of 100μm diameter were not penetrated by E. Aerogenes in every package tested. This may have been owing to blockage of the microholes by the test foodstuff thus hindering the penetration of bacteria.
Measurement of ethylene permeability of plastic films
Authors: Piergiovanni Luciano , Scolaro Mauro , Fava Patrizia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work presents the development of a method to measure the ethylene permeability of plastic films used in vegetable packaging, by exploiting the adsorption and desorption properties of a synthetic sodium zeolite. In order to establish the best conditions and requirements for the procedure, the ethylene adsorption and desorption by the zeolite was studied at different temperatures and partial pressures. The method was used to study the ethylene permeability of two common cling films (EVA and plasticized PVC) and shown to be both economical and accurate.
Matching the proof to achieve quality‐recent developments
Authors: Scott‐Taggart Marcus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA few years ago it would have been difficult to justify the development of a digital proofing system without reference to a filmless environment.To go from original to plate, or cylinder, is not viable commercially without a method of hard copy approval before the production run. However, the technologically sophisticated concept of direct‐to‐plate publishing is far from being the only example of the need for digital proofing.Pre‐press companies have embraced electronic methods of working extensively and their adoption is growing rapidly in packaging production, advertising, graphic design and publishing. The demand for controlled, colour, hard copy is large enough to justify attention at several levels.
Oxygen permeability at high temperatures and relative humidities
Authors: Axelson‐Larsson Lena 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is a well‐known fact that the permeability of polymer materials increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature drops to its original level, the permeability in many instances does the same. When packages are processed in an autoclave, the material will be exposed to both high temperature and high relative humidity. This can strongly affect the barrier of some materials, e.g. ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and polyamide (PA), because the water will act as a plasticizer.A current project is now studying the permeability of different materials after sterilization. The aim of the project is to determine the permeability of different materials during sterilization at autoclave conditions and during storage. Factors that can reduce the negative effect on the barrier are also examined.
Organoleptic and migrational properties of pp films produced with various amounts of scrap
Authors: Lox F. , Van Dael S. , Machiels V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany polymeric materials, e.g. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE), are processed with 20% scrap added to the virgin material. Polypropylene (PP) scrap seems to be very susceptible to the generation of new odorous products during the thermoforming processes. This study is aimed at defining the highest possible reapplication rate of PP scrap. Films made of 20‐60% scrap plus virgin material and of 100% scrap were investigated; six different PP blends were used in this work. First of all the migrational behaviour was assessed in contact with various food simulants at 40 C for 10 days. Migration was followed using our spectrophotometric method and finally determined by measuring the residue left after evaporation of the simulant. The organoleptic properties were also evaluated following the NBN S29‐001 standard. The results show that organoleptic changes were detected at such an intensity as to eliminate plastic for food contact purposes, but as yet no changes in migrational behaviour have been found. The results show clearly that the addition of more than 30% regenerated PP is not acceptable. Investigations are continuing to detect and to determine the hazardous products.
Application of frequency domain analysis in the testing of packages
Authors: Sek M. A. , Rouillard V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sine sweep is a standard method of excitation used experimentally to evaluate the transmissibility characteristics of a package/product. This paper critically analyses this method, points out potential sources of error and shows the advantages of frequency domain analysis. The measurement of transmissibility of packages/products as the frequency response function (FRF) from auto‐ and cross‐spectra is demonstrated. Two ways of broadband excitation are investigated, namely white noise and impulse excitation.
Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of packaged products
Authors: Du Pré W. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA brief historic overview is given of simulation research in the TNO Packaging Research Centre, starting with ideas initiated some 5 years ago and ending with those being considered today. Some of the increasing number of simulation tools available are discussed, and a few thoughts are presented for prospective users making an intelligent choice.The paper presents what the TNO Centre for Packaging Research tries to simulate at present, and then considers why and how such simulations are carried out.Developing simulation techniques is a long‐term commitment and it should be realized that only by performing such simulations is it possible to find out what is possible, affordable and practical.Sometimes the applicability of new techniques can be discussed successfully with representatives of the target group only if a few examples are shown to them.
Packaging aspects of high‐pressure food processing technology
Authors: Mertens Bart 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐pressure (HP) technology is a novel, non‐thermal food preservation and processing technology whereby food is subjected to high isostatic pressure (100–600 MPa) at or around room temperature. This paper discusses the compatibility of HP technology with existing food packages, packaging materials and closures. Based on literature data and our own research data it is shown that:

Container‐lid combinations, which have sufficient flexibility to compensate the limited compression of the food and the complete compression of air at these high pressures, can be HP treated without physical damage;
Mechanical properties and barrier properties of multilayer plastic and aluminium foil packaging materials are not affected;
HP does not influence migration
Heat‐seal strength and integrity also are not affected
It is concluded that packaged foods can be HP treated and that HP opens up new possibilities to make plastic packaging less expensive and more environmentally friendly.
Quantification of the UN leakproofness test method
Authors: Schilperoord A. A. , Schets M. A. A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper a theoretical model is described for the UN leakproofness test, which is one of the test methods of the UN test programme for the type testing of packaging for liquids for the transport of dangerous goods. The test is also required for every single packaging produced. Quantification was thought necessary in order to be able to evaluate production line leakproofness test methods which should be as effective.The model was verified with an experimental programme which was performed with leaks of the pinhole type.The results show that the process of bubble formation and flow of the UN leakproofness test method can be modelled assuming laminar flow and taking into account capillary pressure and bubble frequency. For a leak of the pinhole type and a realistic set of parameters the detection limit of the method can be indicated as being in the order of 20 μm of hole diameter.It is discussed whether analysis of the concept of leakproofness testing might be necessary.
Anhydrides as antimycotic agents added to polyethylene films for food packaging
Authors: Weng Yih‐Ming , Hotchkiss Joseph H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncorporation of free acids or salts of antimycotic food additives, including propionic acid, benzoic acid or sorbic acid, into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films failed to inhibit mould growth when the films contacted inoculated media. However, LDPE films into which benzoic anhydride was incorporated exhibited antimycotic activity when in contact with media and cheese. Benzoic anhydride, which had been added to LDPE film, was hydrolysed within 5h and detected as benzoic acid in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and cheese after contact with the film. LDPE films, into which 1% benzoic anhydride was incorporated, completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer. Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus toxicarius growth on PDA. Lower amounts of anhydride partially inhibited growth by increasing the lag phase and reducing the rate of growth in most cases. LDPE films incorporated with 0.5–2% benzoic anhydride delayed mould growth on cheese. These data suggest that addition of antimycotic agents to LDPE during film manufacture may be a feasible way of controlling surface mould growth in foods such as cheese.
Model of respiration for fresh produce in closed systems: 1. Evolution of oxygen in the case of tomatoes
Authors: Brion J. , Daumont D. , Malicet J. , Augusto C. , Pasca B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA model describing the O2 consumption by fresh produce in a closed system is proposed. The model uses a matrix representation as a new mathematical interpretation based on a physiological approach, in agreement with the observed phenomena but contrary to current models. This is a prime condition necessary to elaborate a more complete model concerning the behaviour of fresh produce packaged under modified atmospheres. Such a model is under study at this time.
Quality of food contacting materials with respect to migration: An advanced testing methodology applied during microwave heating
Authors: Lox F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe UV methodology previously outlined has been applied to assess the influence of microwave heating on the migrational behaviour of plastics. Because the method indicates the way migration changes as a function of t when measured at constant temperature, its exponential relationship as a function of temperature (t) can be evaluated as well. Hence, the behaviour as a function of time while temperature changes are taking place can be calculated.In the current experiments the migrational effects of PET in water were studied as the temperature was raised by microwaves. No influence due the microwaves was found.
Transit packaging—a global view
Authors: Starkey W. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn any large multinational Corporation responsible for the movement of finished equipment on a global basis, the logistics problems created can be daunting. This paper outlines how we endeavour to minimize the risk of in‐transit damage by the use of laboratory test facilities during the design phase of a new product—this could be 3 years prior to launch.First, however, we have to examine the current logistic patterns of our equipment movements. This paper illustrates some of the problems and pitfalls presented to the packaging designers of a large corporation. The challenges are nearly always fun to overcome, and with the ever‐changing distribution patterns and the introduction of new technologies we can never afford to be complacent.
Estimation of the biodegradability of packaging materials by a screening test and a weight‐loss method
Authors: Coma V. , Couturier Y. , Pascat B. , Bureau G. , Guilbert S. , Cuq J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo methods were studied in order to estimate the degradability of packaging materials, using cellulosic materials—such as cellophane or paraffin waxed paper—as models. A preliminary orientation test was carried out, based on the visual observation of microbial development on the materials used. This qualitative test permitted an initial classification of materials according to their potential degradability, and especially allowed the identification of microbial species, particularly fungi, most likely to grow on the materials being studied.The biofragmentation of materials was evaluated from their dry weight loss. For a fixed time of incubation, the classification of these materials was based either on the percentage or on the absolute value of this weight loss. For the method applied to a solid medium, we found that an inoculum deposited on an agar surface was more suitable than direct inoculation of the samples, in fact, pure fungi strains, especially Trichoderma viride or Aspergillus niger, were found to be more suitable for cellulosic materials than the bacterial strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens) or bacterial mixture used.
Biodegradability of packaging materials using a respirometric method
Authors: Coma V. , Couturier Y. , Pascat B. , Bureau G. , Guilbert S. , Cuq J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo measure the biodegradability of packaging materials, a scientific and methodological approach is proposed, using the results obtained with cellulosic materials as models. Their degradation was evaluated using a respirometric method based on the measurement of CO2 released by microorganisms (Pseudomonas fluorescens and a mixture of cellulolytic bacteria). Our study was conducted in confined conditions, and the CO2 released was detected by gas chromatography (GC). Glucose was used as a reference compound because of its complete bioassimilation by the strains studied. The percentage of carbon converted into carbon dioxide was the parameter used to classify materials according to their potential biodegradability. With both inocula, the percentage of absolute conversion of glucose to CO2 reached about 36% compared with 24% and 13% for the hydrated crystalline cellulose and the paraffin waxed paper, respectively. Measurements of the percentage of absolute conversion of glucose to CO2, of the dissolved carbon in the culture medium, of the biomass carbon and of the residual glucose permitted the calculation of an approximate carbon balance with Pseudomonas fluorescens. The percentages of absolute and relative conversion of packaging materials into CO2 were calculated and the growth rates evaluated. It was shown that to evaluate the biodegradation of insoluble substrates, the biomass produced and the dissolved carbon must be taken into account.
Integral approach for optimizing modified atmosphere packages for elstar apples: A combination of product and packaging constraints
Authors: Evelo R. G. , Boerrigter H. A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractModified atmosphere packages with Elstar apples in various packaging systems have been investigated. Loss of firmness during shelf‐life is used as the quality aspect to judge the performance of the modified atmosphere packages. A system‐oriented model is derived that describes the experimentally found concentrations well. In the overall approach the time dependency of the oxygen and carbon‐dioxide concentrations are discussed. It is shown that the quality attribute, the softening of apples, can be affected by the choice of packaging material. Hence this approach can be used to optimize modified atmosphere packaging of Elstar apples.
Influence of sorbed vegetable oil and relative humidity on the oxygen transmission rate through various polymer packaging films
Authors: Johansson F. , Leufvén A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, the effect of a vegetable oil on the oxygen barrier properties of different polymer packaging materials [i.e. amorphous polyethylene terephtalate (APET), polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE)] was investigated. The influence of both relative humidity and the combination of relative humidity and sorbed oil on the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) was studied. Regardless of the relative humidity, the APET film remained an excellent oxygen barrier even after storage in rapeseed oil for 40 days. An increased OTR was observed in both the PP and HDPE films stored for 40 days in rapeseed oil. The OTR of the HDPE films was altered to a much greater extent than the OTR of the PP film. The OTR of the HDPE film was also significantly increased for films stored for 20 days in rapeseed oil. The increase in OTR of an HDPE film stored for 40 days in rapeseed oil was between 36 and 44%, depending on the relative humidity, compared to the OTR through the virginal polymer. The amount of oil sorbed by the polymer films used decreased in the following order: HDPE ≫ APET > PP.
Effect of specimen size on test results to determine cushioning characteristics of corrugated fibreboard
Authors: Naganathan Prabakaran B. , Marcondes Jorge A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the shock absorption properties of corrugated fibre‐board when impacts occur on test specimens of different sizes. In particular, the effect of two types of specimen is studied: (1) a circular specimen of the same size as the flat bottom surface of the drop hammer and (2) a rectangular specimen larger than the contact area of the impacting hammer.This study was conducted as a preliminary investigation of the significance of the cushion areas adjacent to the area in contact with the drop hammer, since this occurs in most cases in practise when packaged products rely on the shock absorbing characteristics of the corrugated fibreboard.The results show that the effect is significant and suggests that the use of traditional cushion curves for corrugated fibreboard be re‐evaluated.
Process of contaminant transfer through a food package made of a recycled film and a functional barrier
Authors: Laoubi S. , Vergnaud J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe process of the transfer of a contaminant through a package made of a recycled film in good contact with a virgin film playing the role of a functional barrier is studied. The two films being made of the same polymer, the contaminant diffuses within the two layers of polymer with the same constant diffusivity. Convective transfer of the contaminant takes place through the surface of the functional layer in contact with the food, while the other external surface is impermeable to it. The effect of the coefficient of mass transfer at the packaging‐food interface on the rate of transfer of the contaminant to the food is especially studied. Dimensionless numbers are used, making the results general.
Packaging reduction by design
Authors: Eschke K.‐R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGerman legislation on the avoidance of packaging waste has provoked German industry to reduce packaging in a number of ways. One of these is reducing the sensitivity of engineered products to transport conditions.The principle of designing such products for the minimisation of their packaging requirements should be supplemented to existing design principles and should be included within the conventional design process.Thereby, future savings of materials, energy and recycling would be ensured and the competitiveness of industry would be increased as a result of cost reductions.