bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Type I Interferons on the Adjuvant Properties of Plasmid Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor In Vivo
Authors: Qin Lizeng , Greenland John R. , Moriya Chikaya , Cayabyab Mark J. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWhile administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can induce the local recruitment of activated antigen-presenting cells at the site of vaccine inoculation, this cellular recruitment is associated with a paradoxical decrease in local vaccine antigen expression and vaccine-elicited CD8+T-cell responses. To clarify why this cytokine administration does not potentiate immunization, we examined the recruited cells and expressed inflammatory mediators in muscles following intramuscular administration of plasmid GM-CSF in mice. While large numbers of dendritic cells and macrophages were attracted to the site of plasmid GM-CSF inoculation, high concentrations of type I interferons were also detected in the muscles. As type I interferons have been reported to damp foreign gene expression in vivo, we examined the possibility that these local innate mediators might decrease plasmid DNA expression and therefore the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. In fact, we found that coadministration of an anti-beta interferon monoclonal antibody with the plasmid DNA immunogen and plasmid GM-CSF restored both the local antigen expression and the CD8+T-cell immunogenicity of the vaccine. These data demonstrate that local innate immune responses can change the ability of vaccines to generate robust adaptive immunity.
Amino Acid Substitutions in the S2 Region Enhance Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infectivity in Rat Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Expressing Cells
Authors: Fukushi Shuetsu , Mizutani Tetsuya , Sakai Kouji , Saijo Masayuki , Taguchi Fumihiro , Yokoyama Masaru , Kurane Ichiro , Morikawa Shigeru 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTo clarify the molecular basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) adaptation to different host species, we serially passaged SARS-CoV in rat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing cells. After 15 passages, the virus (Rat-P15) came to replicate effectively in rat ACE2-expressing cells. Two amino acid substitutions in the S2 region were found on the Rat-P15 S gene. Analyses of the infectivity of the pseudotype-bearing S protein indicated that the two substitutions in the S2 region, especially the S950F substitution, were responsible for efficient infection. Therefore, virus adaptation to different host species can be induced by amino acid substitutions in the S2 region.
Mike Coward's early days: the Lewisian, and what he made of it
Authors: Graham Rodney H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mike Coward began his career working on Lewisian rocks and readdressed the problems they pose several times during his life. His ability to extrapolate ideas from one area of geology to another and to straddle geological time scale enabled him to reappraise the regional Lewisian structure and evolution in the light of ideas evolving elsewhere, whether that was in his own head or in the geology of the wider world. It was done through an understanding of theoretical structural geology and small-scale example, yet at the same time it extrapolated to large scale and was significant not only in terms of the Lewisian and the Precambrian in general, but also in understanding the way in which the Earth's crust deforms. Coward's work rarely stayed within conventional bounds; and when it did, it pushed the limits. Our understanding of the world progresses through that sort of approach. It is seen too rarely nowadays.
A major high-strain zone in the Lewisian Complex in the Loch Torridon area, NW Scotland: insights into deep crustal deformation
Authors: Wheeler John 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The Lewisian Complex is an Archaean-Proterozoic high-grade gneiss region with widespread amphibolite-facies fabrics. These fabrics have, on the 100 km scale, a subhorizontal enveloping surface and are interpreted as forming in gently dipping crustal-scale shear zones and steeper lateral ramp structures. The Scourie dyke swarm, of Proterozoic age, runs NW-SE subvertically outside such zones, but is transformed into subhorizontal concordant amphibolite sheets within them. The terms ‘Scourian’ and ‘Laxfordian’ are used to describe pre-dyke and post-dyke fabrics and events. In the southern mainland Lewisian at Loch Torridon, unmodified Scourian gneisses in the north pass southwards into lozenges bounded by anastomosing zones of Laxfordian deformation, and eventually to a region consisting entirely of Laxfordian fabrics. This geometry is compatible with a major Laxfordian shear zone that dips northeastwards beneath a Scourian hanging wall. Detailed maps show that structures on the metre to kilometre scale do not relate in a simple way to the crustal shear zone model for four reasons. First, many amphibolite-facies fabrics in the quartzo-feldspathic gneisses predate the dykes (they relate to a late Scourian or ‘Inverian’ event), so the dykes cannot be used to infer overall geometry and movement sense. A few structures along the Loch Roag Line, the most northeasterly high-strain belt in the Loch Torridon inliers, may indicate syntectonic dyke emplacement. Second, local shear with opposing senses is present in both the pre-dyke and post-dyke (Laxfordian) deformation. Third, foliation deflections on a variety of scales relate more to varying shear planes than to the deflection caused by increasing simple shear strain, and cannot be used to infer shear sense. Fourth, there is pure-shear stretching within the gneisses that masks the effects of simple shear. These structures can be incorporated into a crustal-scale shear zone model, but are not diagnostic of it. The scatter of foliation planes with a relatively constant lineation is a feature of other crustal-scale high-strain zones (e.g. Canisp, Nordre Strømfjord), although different explanations are available. Other high-strain zones (e.g. the Laxford Front) show a spatially varying lineation pattern, but this could relate more to a varying shear direction than to deflections of linear features into a single movement direction. The geometry of classic simple shear is not versatile enough to explain the kilometre-scale geometry of such high-strain zone, although it may work well in local subareas.
Inferences from shear zone geometry: an example from the Laxfordian shear zone at Upper Badcall, Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland
Authors: Tatham Daniel J. , Casey Martin 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
This contribution presents a Laxfordian age shear zone near Upper Badcall, NW Scotland, as an example of using field data and theory to assess the kinematics and nature of deformation in a shear zone. The deformation zone includes quartzofeldspathic background gneiss and a dolerite dyke that cuts the gneissic banding at a high angle. A detailed field description of the deformation zone, which is critically discussed in terms of pure and simple shear, is presented. Analysis of gneissic banding and mineral lineation data, together with a consideration of the outcrop pattern, shows that the deformation zone is best described in terms of a simple shear zone with varying finite stretching direction. To analyse this deformation we introduce the concept of local plane strain. Although the deformation of the zone as a whole is 3D, at each point there is a direction in which it does not change its length. This direction is perpendicular to the local shear direction and so varies in orientation across the shear zone. In a reference frame defined at a point, the deformation can thus be understood in terms of conventional simple shear. Details of strain are hence determined according to this conclusion. A stereographic method for the determination of the reorientation of lines is used to calculate shear strain. The shear strain values across the shear zone are then used to restore the sheared dolerite dyke to its undeformed geometry. The success of the restoration provides supports for the strain calculation and also the conclusion of simple shear deformation.
The use of shear zones and related structures as kinematic indicators: a review
Authors: Cosgrove J. W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Shear zones (i.e. locally developed planar zones of ductile deformation that contain a tectonically induced fabric) are one of the most commonly used kinematic indicators (i.e. asymmetric structures that can be used to determine the sense of movement and the orientation of the stress field operating at the time of their formation). This is because of the abundant occurrence of these structures, and the assumption that there is a unique relationship between them and their causative stress field. However, there is a range of structures that, when viewed in two dimensions on an outcrop surface, display the geometry of shear zones but are formed in a variety of different ways and are oriented at various angles to the maximum principal compression. These include shear zones that form at angles between 25° and 45° to σ
1
and that have the same relationship to σ
1
as brittle shear fractures, shear zones linked to the deformation of anisotropic materials that form at angles between 45° and almost 90° to σ
1
, and structures with the geometry of a shear zone that can be inclined at angles between
c.
10° and 80° to σ
1
and that appear on certain sections though folded mineral fabrics. Unless the mechanisms of formation of these structures are understood, there is a strong possibility that their kinematic implications will be misinterpreted.
Strain variations within a major carbonate thrust sheet of the Apennine collisional belt, northern Calabria, southern Italy
Authors: Vitale S. , Iannace A. , Mazzoli S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mike Coward's seminal work on strain within thrust sheets clearly showed how understanding crustal scale deformation associated with orogenesis requires a knowledge of both: (1) deformation associated with major thrusts and/or high-strain shear zones, and (2) finite strain states within the (usually large) surrounding rock volumes. In this study, the strain variations within a major, far-travelled thrust sheet internally deformed at very low-temperature, sub-metamorphic conditions, are analysed. The studied rocks belong to the thick carbonate succession of the Apennine Platform, which constitutes a major tectonostratigraphic unit of the southern Apennines. Finite strain analysis, besides quantifying the relative importance of different deformation mechanisms and the role of matrix and object strain, points to the existence of both vertical and horizontal strain gradients. These are probably controlled by both heterogeneous shear deformation associated with NE-directed tectonic transport and sedimentary carbonate facies distribution. The relative position with respect to the main overlying tectonic contact and the occurrence of a barrier to fluid flow, represented by siliciclastic beds located at the top of the carbonate succession, are also likely to have played an important role in the development of the observed regional strain gradients. On the metre scale, deformation appears to be partitioned into domains of quasi-coaxial and dominantly non-coaxial strain, controlled by different degrees of strain localization in texturally different stratigraphic layers.
Two-phase exhumation of ultra high-pressure and medium-pressure Indian Plate rocks from the Pakistan Himalaya
Authors: Treloar Peter J. , Vince Kathryn J. , Law Richard D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

The Indian Plate rocks of NW Pakistan contain evidence for both Eocene and Miocene phases of post peak metamorphic exhumation. The Eocene phase shortly followed peak synchronous ultra high-pressure (UHP) and Barrovian metamorphism and was driven by the rapid return towards the surface of deeply buried, positively buoyant coesite-bearing UHP rocks, flanked by thrusts below and extensional shears above. Uplift of the UHP rocks contributed to crustal thickening and resulted in internal imbrication of the Barrovian metamorphic rocks onto which they were thrust. The Eocene and Miocene events were separated by a phase of large-amplitude and -wavelength folding. Upright folds related to this event have shallow WNW or ESE plunges. Quartz
c
-axis data suggest that the maximum stretching direction paralleled the fold axes. During the Miocene the Main Mantle Thrust was reactivated as a major top-side-north extensional fault zone. Cascading folds on its hanging wall and cascading folds and a variety of ductile to brittle top-side-north meso- and microstructures on its footwall document significant top-side-north movement. The driving force for Miocene extension is unlikely to be channel flow as suggested for the central Himalaya. Instead, rapid shortening of the overriding plate following Late Oligocene slab break-off could have destabilized the wedge and driven extension in its upper parts.
Geology and tectonics of the South Atlantic Brazilian salt basins
Authors: Davison Ian 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

This paper first reviews the salt basins and depositional ages in the South Atlantic salt province. This comprises a series of salt basins separated by basement highs, deep graben (that never dried up), later volcanic highs and subaerial ocean spreading ridges. Initial halite and anhydrite deposition occurred first in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin of NE Brazil at
c.
124.8 Ma, and was closely followed by deposition in the Kwanza Basin, Angola between 124.5 and 121 Ma. The later potassium-magnesium-rich salts were deposited in the Sergipe-Alagoas and Gabon-Congo basins before 114.5 Ma. The age of the main Santos-Campos salt is not known precisely, but the latest anhydrites deposited on the southern margin of the Santos Basin post-date volcanic rocks dated at 113.2 Ma. The paper then compares the salt tectonics of the wide Campos-Santos Basin segment with the narrow South Bahia basins segment. Sediment loading in the Santos Basin produced a landward-dipping base salt, which led to the development of counter-regional faults, and inhibited downslope sliding, and enhanced later contractional effects caused by either gravity spreading or regional tectonic compression. Folding occurred in simultaneous pulses across the Santos Basin, suggesting that regional tectonic compression occurred. The narrow salt basins of South Bahia have a steeply dipping base salt horizon (4°) and pronounced folding, which initiates at the oceanward pinch-out of the salt and propagates back up the slope. The topographic highs, above fold anticlines, are rapidly eroded on narrow margin slopes, which allows the folds to grow more easily to large amplitudes at the top salt horizon.
Analogue models of basin inversion by transpression: role of structural heterogeneity
Authors: Mattioni Luca , Sassi William , Callot Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The process of faulting within a crustal-scale rift basin, subjected to transpression, is simulated in a series of small-scale experiments using sand and silicone layers. The structural scenario involved three stages: (1) extension; (2) sedimentation; (3) coeval shortening and strike-slip motion. A sandpack, placed above a basal silicone layer, was submitted to extension and produced a system of horst and grabens. Following the extension phase, the resulting surface topography was covered with silicone material, thus introducing a potential décollement between the pre- and post-rift sediments. These latter strata were made of sand. After sedimentation, deformation by transpression was applied using the same amount of shortening and an increasing strike-slip displacement in the different experiments. The strain partitioning increased with the amount of horizontal shear, and strike-slip faults developed at the more advanced stages of transpression. Two phases of faulting were observed before the horst and graben faults could be reactivated. The first phase was characterized by conjugate reverse faults, striking parallel to the rift-bounding faults, compatible with a stress regime in compression. A second phase of faulting was recognized at the end of transpression, leading to the generation of Riedel R-type strike-slip faults. The stress regimes responsible for the kinematics of fault generation and reactivation were interpreted using the Coulomb failure criterion and assumed a friction angle of 30° for the undisturbed sand. The reactivation of the steep normal faults in the horst and graben occurred only after a large strike-slip displacement. The general sequence of fault generation and reactivation suggested a temporal change in the stress regime. This change was caused by the permutation of the minimum and the intermediate principal stress axes and also by a progressive rotation, in the horizontal plane, of the axis of the maximum compressive stress. The spatial variation of the stress regime was also strongly controlled by the geometry of the interbedded silicone layer. A regular and undeformed post-rift silicone layer introduced a more efficient mechanical decoupling between the post-rift cover and the stretched basin. In summary, when a pre-existing graben was present, there was a succession of two distinct ‘tectonic phases’, whereas without a rift, the resulting fault kinematics reflected a single stress state and one tectonic phase.
The implications of fracture swarms in the Chalk of SE England on the tectonic history of the basin and their impact on fluid flow in high-porosity, low-permeability rocks
Authors: Belayneh Mandefro , Matthäi Stephan K. , Cosgrove John W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

The Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Chalk in Kent, SE England, is considered with the aim of establishing the tectonic history of the basin in which it was deposited, based on the chronology of fractures and an understanding of the role of these fractures in controlling fluid movement in high-porosity-low-permeability sediments. The earliest brittle structures in the study area are NE-SW-striking, flint-filled shear fractures, with dips of
c.
60°, which were formed when the maximum compression (σ
1
) was vertical and were utilized as channels for fluid movement during flint filling. Flint also occurs along bedding planes, suggesting a diagenetic source. This phase was followed by the development of NW-SE-striking fracture swarms containing fractures ranging between vertical joints and steeply dipping hybrid fractures with acute dihedral angles of
c.
40°. The absence of flint along these fractures indicates that they formed after diagenesis of the Chalk. NW-SE-striking, subvertical, regularly spaced, through-going joints then formed as a result of a NW-SE regional compression linked to the Alpine collision. The final stage in the basin history relates to the formation of bed-parallel and vertical (i.e. bed-normal), bed-restricted, systematic and unsystematic fractures associated with uplift and unloading. To model fluid flow through the fracture network present in the Chalk, a finite-element-finite-volume modelling was carried out. The fracture geometries mapped in the field were discretized using unstructured hybrid element meshes with discrete fracture representations. The permeability of fractures was calculated from the cubic law and the petrophysical properties of the rock matrix were taken from Chalk reservoirs in the North Sea. In the models, a constant pressure was applied at the top of the oil-saturated, fractured Chalk while water was injected at the base. In spite of greater density, the water preferentially displaced the oil from the fractures and migrated faster through the fracture swarms and joints than through bed-restricted fractures and the rock matrix. Almost 830f the total flow within the model occurred through the fractures. The results of the field study, combined with those of the numerical modelling, suggest that fracture swarms have a strong impact on the movement of fluids in fractured and faulted reservoirs.
Progressive evolution of a late orogenic thrust system, from duplex development to extensional reactivation and disruption: Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa
Authors: Jolley S. J. , Stuart G. W. , Freeman S. R. , Knipe R. J. , Kershaw D. , McAllister E. , Barnicoat A. C. , Tucker R. F. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
This paper examines progressive evolution of fault architectures through late orogenic compression- to post-orogenic extensional deformation in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. The results indicate that rapid extrusion of mafic lavas of the lower Klipriviersberg Group formed a rigid ‘lid’ over the thrust front, changing its mechanical character and thereby driving a change of structural style from fold growth to passive roof duplex. Flexural tightening of folds in the core of the triangle zones at this time may have helped provide the dynamic permeability for distributed ingress of hydrothermal fluids and consequent gold mineralization. Shortly afterwards, the kinematic environment changed to become extensional. However, this study shows sharp lateral partitioning of the duration of kinematic style and structural amplification, such that thrusting and extension coexisted along strike in the upper Klipriviersberg Group. Thus the switch from thrusting to extension was progressive within the region, but locally very rapid. As the local kinematic environment became extensional, the fault system evolved progressively, with the early stages of kinematic changes being dominated by a process of reactivation by architectural scavenging, in which new extensional structures developed by selectively reusing and incorporating geometrical segments of earlier formed thrust and normal faults. Three basic stages can be identified in this evolution: broad extension above underlying detachments, involving reactivation of lateral structures; a period of intensive reactivation and kinematic reworking incorporating frontal structures; and an abandonment stage when the detailed influence of the earlier architecture diminished and the fault system developed larger through-going normal faults. The interaction of the newly developing fault system with the pre-existing architecture constitutes pre-programming of the final geometry, in which individual large faults are composed of a reticulated network of new and inherited segments. The observations are consistent with fault scale being a key control on the fault reactivation involved. This study has involved full integration of a dataset comprising 2D and 3D seismic reflection data, geological mine plans, logging of over 120 km of drill core and underground mapping in deep mine workings that pass 3 km into the seismic volume at 2–3 km depth.