bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation for the Practice of law—the Views of the Practicing Bar
Authors: Zemans Frances Kahn , Rosenblum Victor G. 
Published: July 2006

The competence of the practicing bar has been subjected to substantial criticism in recent years. Since law schools have a virtual monopoly over access to the bar and licensure is granted without further training, legal education has been a particular focus of attack and reform efforts. Yet there has been little systematic study of what skills and knowledge are important in the actual practice of law or the relevant contributions of legal education. This study of practicing lawyers in Chicago examines the nature of the competencies important to the practice of law and the sources lawyers credit for contributing to their development.
Practitioners cite a broad range of skills, many of them not unique to the practice of law, with their importance varying by the predominant legal specialty practiced. The data further indicate that law schools play but a part in the development of skills and knowledge important to the practice of law and that experience, both prior and subsequent to graduation, plays a significant role. The evaluation of law schools' contributions is related to opportunities for further training, particularly in the context of law firm practice. There is, however, a strong general view that law schools rather uniformly concentrate on some skills to the exclusion of others and that the former are not necessarily those that lawyers think are most important to the practice of law.
Moonlighting in Law School: A Multischool Study of Part-Time Employment of Full-Time Students
Authors: Pipkin Ronald M. 
Published: July 2006

The part-time employment of full-time law students is a significant aspect of contemporary legal education. Successful socialization and training in law are presumed to require the undivided time, effort, and commitment of students. Part-time employment, therefore, is commonly believed to siphon those scarce personal resources away from the central task of legal education. This multi-school study of a sample of 1,370 law students attempted to determine the significant ways in which employed students were differentiated from nonemployed classmates in finances, attitudes, and uses of time, and whether type of law school and student's year in school had effects on patterns of student employment.The incidence of part-time employment, while strongly related to personal financial resources, was found to be equally influenced by the type of school attended and year in school. While those settings varied substantially in the degree of permissiveness toward student part-time employment, students employed part time could not be distinguished statistically from their nonemployed classmates in terms of levels of involvement in law school or their levels of morale. Both temporal and attitudinal disengagement from law school were found to be commonplace among upper-class students in all school settings, but part-time employment did not appear to contribute to it uniquely.
Participation and Rules- The Functions of Zoning
Authors: Steele Eric H. 
Published: July 2006

Data from a case study of piecemeal zoning change suggest that the decisions of citizen zoning boards of appeal are neither lawless nor ineffective. The bulk of requests that come before them are for minor dimension or use variances and are typically allowed unless there is local opposition. The proportion of changes granted varies with the degree of clash between a proposed use or structure and the preexisting local land use-the “character of the community” (particularly in single-family residential areas). Expressions of opinion (positive or negative) by current neighbors and other community members are given heavy weight in zoning decisions.Despite criticism of zoning boards as defective and illegitimate legal institutions and calls for their abolition, they have remained popular and extremely resistant to change. This is because zoning boards have evolved beyond their explicit rule enforcement functions to also play important dispute-settling and community maintenance functions in the contemporary urban setting. These functions of zoning can only be understood in terms of a participatory model of legal process where legal rules serve to identify situations and trigger sociopolitical processes as much as they serve as substantive norms to be enforced.
Thinking Nonsociologically about Sociological Law
Authors: Constable Marianne 
Published: July 2006

Nietzsche is a notoriously difficult philosopher to follow. As he himself wrote, he was not interested in followers. Those who read Nietzsche and care to engage in his thought, then, cannot say that they have not been warned as to its inhospitable character.
That that character is still an issue becomes manifest in two of the four responses to “Genealogy and Jurisprudence.” The responses of Frank Munger and of Christine B. Harrington and John Brigham fail to grasp what is at stake in the claim that Nietzsche can help us to think about “the complicated character of current relations between law and social science” (GJ4 at 554).
Development of thermodynamic models for simulating probe dissociation profiles in fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Yılmaz L. Şafak , Noguera Daniel R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStringency in ribosomal RNA (rRNA)‐targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is typically adjusted with formamide, and the optimum formamide concentration at which the probe can hybridize with the target rRNA, but not with rRNAs with mismatches, is to be found experimentally. This is a difficult task when target or closest non‐target organisms are not available in pure culture, or when there are numerous non‐targets of concern. The objective of this work was to formulate mechanistic models capable of simulating the effect of formamide on probe dissociation. Using a previously described equilibrium model of FISH [Yilmaz and Noguera (2004) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(12):7126‐7139] as the basis, the effect of formamide on free energy changes of probe–target duplex formation (ΔG) and folding of target region (ΔG) was simulated to be linear, and models differing in the definitions of the slopes of these relationships (m1 and m3) were calibrated using experimental dissociation profiles for 27 probes targeting the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A good level of predictive power was obtained when m1 was linearly related to probe length and when m3 was made proportional to ΔG. The effect of single mismatches on probe dissociation with formamide was also studied, although at a preliminary level. The expected changes in ΔG with the introduction of mismatches were not sufficient to capture the overall trends of mismatched dissociation profiles. In conclusion, this study offers the first theoretical method to calculate dissociation profiles for perfectly matched probes, and suggests a direction to systematically evaluate the effect of formamide on mismatched probes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 349–363. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using an aerosol deposition model to increase hairy root growth in a mist reactor
Authors: Towler Melissa J. , Wyslouzil Barbara E. , Weathers Pamela J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGas‐phase reactors, including the mist reactor, have distinct advantages over liquid‐phase reactors including the ability to manipulate the gas composition, to allow effective gas exchange in a densely growing biomass, and to affect secondary metabolite production. Mathematical modeling suggested that roots in a mist reactor are often too sparsely packed to capture mist particles efficiently and cannot, therefore, meet the nutrient demands required to maintain high growth rates. Indeed, growth rates of Artemisia annua hairy roots increased significantly when the initial packing density increased or when a higher sucrose concentration was used in the medium. Growth kinetics for 2, 4, and 6 days, however, showed a decrease or stationary growth rate after only 4 days for both 3 and 5% sucrose feeds. Residual medium analyses indicated that carbon was not exhausted, nor were any of the other major nutrients including phosphate. Increasing the mist duty cycle at constant carbon flux through the reactor reduced the growth rates slightly. In general, the aerosol deposition model correctly predicted how to optimize hairy root growth in the mist reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:881–891. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURAL STATE OF SOILS UNDER LEYS
Authors: LOW A. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAn investigation was made of the time taken by a ley to change the physical state of an old arable soil ro that of an old grassland soil so that, for example, its physical condition on ploughing is the same as that of old grassland on ploughing. The process was found to be slow, taking possibly 50 years or more on some clay soils. On coarse sandy soils the process may be considerably faster, e.g. 5–10 years.
SOILS
Authors: PEREIRA H. C. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe ability of the soil surface to accept continuous heavy rainfall is a critical factor in the prevention of accelerated erosion of tropical soils. The qualities required in the soil are complex, and are not easily inferred from simple laboratory measurements. A direct test has therefore been developed for this property. Large soil cores of undisturbed structure are brought to a standard moisture tension, and are subjected to heavy artificial rainfall of controlled drop‐size and intensity. The drainage tension is maintained at a constant value, and the rate of infiltration is measured. The apparatus is described in detail. Examples of results from a tropical rotation experiment are given, in comparison with porespace and percolation measurements.
ESTIMATION OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN FOR ADVISORY PURPOSES IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA
Authors: SAUNDER D. H. , ELLIS B. S. , HALL A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn Southern Rhodesia the nitrogen mineralized on laboratory incubation of soil samples taken towards the end of the dry season appears to provide a good index of the nitrogen likely to be available for crop use under field conditions during the subsequent growing season. Incubation for 2 weeks at 35° C., at moistures near field capacity, has been adopted. The occurrence of some soils showing a time‐lag between the commencement of ammonification and the commencement of nitrification makes it desirable to determine both ammonia‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen. Owing to practical difficulties in obtaining representative samples of both soil and undecomposed organic matter which has been recently ploughed under, and because it has not been found possible to incorporate this organic matter with the soil sample for incubation in such a way as to reproduce, during the incubation period, its overall effect in the field, soil samples for advisory work are at present sieved before incubation and allowances made for the probable effects of such organic matter when interpreting the results obtained.The nitrogen mineralized during incubation has been shown to be of the same order as that mineralized in miniature lysimeters maintained in the field under bare‐fallow conditions for the duration of the growing season. The mineralized nitrogen obtained after incubation has also been shown to correlate well (r =+.83) with yields, at zero fertilizer‐nitrogen levels, of maize and tobacco obtained in the field during seasons of good rainfall.Responses to fertilizer nitrogen in Rhodesia have been found to be 1–2 bags of maize or 100‐zoo lb. of tobacco per 10 lb. of nitrogen applied, corresponding to an efficiency of uptake of about 30–60 per cent.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PEDOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOME KRASNOZEMS IN NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: COLWELL J. D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryEight krasnozem (red‐earth) profiles representing a wide range of environments have been studied. Contrasting features of the soils can be explained by differences in parent material, climate, vegetation, and land use. The main effects corresponding to these variations are seen in the relative contents of total and readily soluble aluminium, organic carbon, nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and of exchangeable metal cations.Land utilization appears to have led to losses in organic carbon, nitrogen, organic phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and ‘available’ manganese. These losses suggest the possibility of a potassium deficiency and are in agreement with observed nitrogen deficiencies.The cation‐exchange capacity of the organic matter is much greater than that of the inorganic matter, and in some soils extrapolation suggests that losses of organic matter threaten the capacity of the soils to retain cations.
PROBLEMS OF SOIL HISTORY. PODZOL DEVELOPMENT AT GOODLAND AND TORR TOWNLANDS, CO. ANTRIM, NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: PROUDFOOT V. B. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe formation of podzols with well‐marked iron pans on boulder clay soils overlying chalk is described. A sub‐peat soil at Goodland is to be regarded as a fossil soil with two podzol profiles superimposed. The upper podzol formed in a relatively short time prior to the growth of the overlying blanket bog following tillage which helped to accelerate the rate at which podzolization occurred. A well‐marked iron pan in a podzol at Torr has developed during the past hundred years. The formation of an impermeable humuslayer within the top few inches of such soils leads to waterlogged conditions suitable for the development of blanket bog over them. This humus layer effectively seals the underlying podzol from waterlogged or gleying conditions.Accepting the hypothesis that the podzol at Goodland is a fossil soil, a chronology for soil development is proposed using archaeological material as dating evidence.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABILITY OF PLANTS TO ABSORB PHOSPHATE FROM SOILS
Authors: FOSTER W. N. M. , RUSSELL R. SCOTT 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn water‐culture experiments of short duration the transfer of phosphate to plant shoots is reduced by ferric iron applied prior to or simultaneously with phosphate. The effect os more marked in barley than in rye. The retention of phosphate in roots is similar whether iron is applied simultaneously with or prior to phosphate. Variation in the concentration of phosphate which is supplied to plants has no corresponding effect on the retention of iron in roots. The evidence presented is compatible with the view that phosphate is restrained in roots by ferric ions which have already combined with immobile organic molecules. The atom ratio of iron to phosphate in the resultant complex appears to be I.No direct evidence is available to show whether reactions between iron and phosphate within plants contribute significantly to the interaction between the two irons which can occur when plants are grown in soils high in labile iron. This possibility cannot however be discounted.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF GILGAIED SOILS: SOME EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN IRAQ
Authors: HARRIS S. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe discrepancies between the classifications of McGarity and Hallsworth et al. are summarized and confirmed with later descriptions by other writers. Further evidence from Northern Iraq shows that gilgai occurs which forms a transition from normal to‘tank’form in several topographic types. A further form of depression gilgai is described completing the four possible combinations of the lattice‐A, wavy, and normal gilgai of Hallsworth et al. Depression forms from the limit of the area in which gilgai occurs are described.A new classification into gilgai types (based on topography and dominance of shelf and puff) and varieties (based on the nature of the puff and the size of puffs and channels) is suggested.
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF AIR SPACE IN SCOTTISH SOILS
Authors: ROMANS J. C. C. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTotal air‐space values are related to the hydrologic sequence of soils as described by Glentworth and Dion. The greatest differences within the profile are found in freely drained soils, where from a value of approximately 50 per cent. air space in the B2 horizon there is a drop to 25–35 per cent.(depending on the type of parent material) in the indurated B3 horizon. Imperfectly drained soils have a slightly lower air space in the B2 horizon and values decrease below. Poorly drained soils commonly have values between 35 and 40 per cent. and very poorly drained soils values between 30 and 35 per cent. The tendency for values to decrease in the lower horizons of a gley profile becomes less as the natural drainage conditions deteriorate.
INTERACTION OF IRON WITH RAINFALL LEACHATES*
Authors: SCHNITZER M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryLeachates from decomposing leaves of four species of deciduous trees were collected after each rainfall during the months of May to September. Determinations were made of the capacity of these leachates to take up iron from iron‐saturated Dowex‐50 and to withhold this iron from exchange and/or adsorption by exchange resins saturated with H, Al, Ca, and Mn. For both characteristics the leachates ranked maple > poplar > birch > beech. The capacity of ion‐saturated resins to remove iron from iron‐enriched leachates was as follows: H > Al > Ca = Mn. This behaviour may be related to the variable thicknesses of the horizons of eluviation and deposition of iron in various podzolic soils. These horizons are, in general, thinner in the strongly acidic Podzol soils than in Grey‐Brown Podzolic soils more highly saturated with calcium.Potentiometric titrations of metal‐free and iron‐enriched leachates indicated that titratable acid groups were blocked by the added iron. Apparent pK values of metal‐free leachates ranged from 3·6 to 3·9, those of iron‐enriched leachates, except poplar, from 4·7 to 5·0.
IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BURIED SOILS OF QUATERNARY AGE IN THE SOUTH‐EASTERN PORTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE
Authors: JESSUP R. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTwo soil layers of Quaternary age are identified. The distribution of the layers, the older of which is buried in some areas and exposed in others, is discussed. The soils in each layer are developed on parent materials of predominantly wind‐transported origin. The juxtaposition, at the surface of the landscape, of soils with contrasting properties, is interpreted in terms of soil layering and history.Buried soils indicate that periods of soil formation have alternated with periods of erosion‐deposition. The periods of soil formation were associated with relatively humid climates when erosion was at a minimum because the landscape was protected by a well‐developed vegetative cover. Each period of soil formation was followed by a period when the climate became increasingly arid and the vegetative cover was depleted. Desertic conditions led to landscape instability and erosion and deposition by wind.
A TREATMENT OF THE CAPILLARY FRINGE IN THE THEORY OF DRAINAGE
Authors: CHILDS E. C. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWhen a drainage system copes with both artesian and precipitated water the streamline dividing the two flow zones passes through a stagnation point in the medial vertical plane parallel to the drain lines. The approximation is made that the water‐table and capillary fringe boundary may be regarded as those appropriate to precipitated water only, in the presence of an impermeable bed passing through the stagnation point. While the absolute heights may be in error it is shown that the partition of the capillary fringe about the water‐table location in the absence of a fringe is given with only small error. This partition is calculated from hodograph theory with the aid of Edsac 11 for combinations of three values of precipitation rate, seven values of fringe thickness, and nine values of depth of impermeable bed. By interpolation, curves are presented to show the partition for combinations of three selected precipitation rates, five depths of bed, and continuous variation of fringe thickness. It is shown that for high precipitation rates the greatest fringe thicknesses are accommodated almost wholly above that surface which would have been the water table in the absence of a fringe, while for the lowest rates of precipitation and zero bed depth only 30 per cent. of the fringe is so accommodated; the remainder is below.
EFFECT OF DRAINAGE ON CERTAIN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A HEAVY CLAY SOIL
Authors: LEYTON L. , YADAV J. S. P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryComparisons of the physical properties of a drained and undrained heavy clay soil revealed a higher content of water‐stable aggregates, a higher proportion of larger pore spaces and a greater vertical and lateral hydraulic conductivity in the former. The difference generally decreased with depth; at about 15 in there was generally little difference between the two soils. Despite possible initial differences in texture, the difference can be interpreted as being largely due to the effect of drainage on aeration.
CHEMICAL STUDIES OF PODZOLIC ILLUVIAL HORIZONS
Authors: MARTIN A. E. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryResin‐treated humus extracts, adjusted to predetermined pH values, were mixed with solutions of FeCl3, FeCl2, or NiCl2, at the same pH. At C/Fe(III) ratios of 3 and 6, maximum precipitation of humus and Fe occurred at pH 2‐3, i.e. the approximate precipitation pH of hydrous ferric oxide. Above pH 3, humus was almost completely dispersed; Fe was partially precipitated at pH 5 without extensive co‐precipitation of humus. At ratios of C to Fe(III) found in the B horizon of a New Zealand podzol (C/Fe(III) = 22), no flocculation of humus occurred at any pH value from 1 to 5. Using FeCl3 and AlCl3 as a mixed flocculant (C/Al =12, C/Fe(III) = 5·8) complete flocculation of humus occurred from pH 1·8 to pH 4. Comparison of the results with data from pure Al and Fe systems suggested that Fe was the active precipitant at pH3 while Al was active from pH 3 to pH 4.Flocculation of humus by Fe(II) was complete at pH 6‐7, but only at C/Fe(II) = I. At C/Fe(II) = 2 flocculation was partial, the maximum occurring at pH 5. As with the ferric systems, maximal flocculation appears to occur at about the precipitation pH of the metal ‘hydroxide’. Nickel (C/Ni = 3) did not flocculate humus at any pH from 1 to 8. Thus greater amounts of divalent ions are needed to flocculate humus, in agreement with the Hardy‐Schulze effect.Experiments testing the effect of atmospheric oxidation of ferrous‐humus systems on flocculation were, in general, inconclusive, although slight precipitation of humus was observed following aeration of a ferrous‐humus system at pH3.Changes in pH occurred on mixing humus with all metal solutions studied, whether flocculation occurred or not. These changes were negative below a critical mixing pH which depended on the metal species used, and positive above this value. The critical pH values for Fe(III), Fe(II), and Ni were 2·8,6·8‐7·8 (depending on reaction time), and 8·0 respectively; for a mixed Fe(III)‐Al system the critical pH was 4·2. An interpretation of these changes is suggested in the case of ferric iron, that is based on that previously postulated for Al.Semi‐quantitative experiments showed that Ni, Fe(II), and Al ions possess additive properties in flocculation of podzol humus at pH 2·96. Organic matter which contained slightly less than the critical amount of Al necessary for flocculation was still dispersed but highly sensitive towards the addition of small amounts of Fe(II) or Ni which by themselves were without effect. Freshly precipitated hydrous ferric oxide did not sensitize humus towards flocculation by Al at pH 3·2, although considerable amounts of Fe(III) could be co‐precipitated by adding Al in excess of the critical concentration.