bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Goami No. 2 Rice, a Natural Fiber‐Rich Rice, on Body Weight and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Lee K.W. , Song K.E. , Lee H.S. , Kim Y.K. , Lee S.W. , Kim D.J. , Hwang W.S. , Choe S.J. , Kim Y.S. , Kim T.Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Increased intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. We assessed the effects of a fiber‐rich diet on body weight, adipokine concentrations, and the metabolism of glucose and lipids in non‐obese and obese subjects in Korea, where rice is the main source of dietary carbohydrates.Research Methods and Procedures: Eleven healthy, non‐obese and 10 obese subjects completed two 4‐week phases of individual isoenergetic food intake. During the control diet phase, subjects consumed standard rice; during the modified diet phase, subjects consumed equal proportions of fiber‐rich Goami No. 2 rice and standard rice. We used a randomized, controlled, crossover study design with a washout period of 6 weeks between the two phases.Results: After the modified diet phase, body weight was significantly lower in both the non‐obese and obese subjects (non‐obese, 57.0 ± 2.9 vs. 56.1 ± 2.8 kg, p = 0.001; obese, 67.7 ± 2.1 vs. 65.7 ± 2.0 kg, p < 0.001 for before vs. after). The BMI was significantly lower in obese subjects (26.9 ± 0.5 vs. 26.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2, p < 0.001). The modified diet was associated with lower serum triacylglycerol (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05), and C‐peptide (p < 0.05) concentrations in the obese subjects.Discussion: These results indicate that fiber‐rich Goami No. 2 rice has beneficial effects and may be therapeutically useful for obese subjects.
Influence of Parents’ Eating Behaviors and Child Feeding Practices on Children's Weight Status
Authors: Johannsen Darcy L. , Johannsen Neil M. , Specker Bonny L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effects of mothers’ and fathers’ eating behaviors, child feeding practices, and BMI on percentage body fat and BMI in their children.Research Methods and Procedures: Four hundred fifty‐eight parents (239 mothers, 219 fathers) were asked to complete two questionnaires: the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire, which measure dimensions of parent eating behavior and child feeding practices, respectively. Parent BMI was calculated from self‐reported height and weight; children's measures included BMI and percentage fat assessed by DXA. Regression analyses were used to analyze relationships between parents’ BMI and questionnaire scores and children's weight status.Results: One hundred forty‐three mothers and 68 fathers returned questionnaires, representing parents of 148 children 3 to 5 years old (78 boys). Children's weight was related to mothers’ BMI, but not fathers’. Girls had a greater BMI if either parent reported being overweight as a child, and both girls and boys were likely to be overweight if their mothers believed they had risky eating habits (fussiness, eating too much, etc.). Girls with fathers who were more controlling had a higher percentage fat; these fathers were also more concerned about their daughters’ future health.Discussion: Mothers exert a strong influence over their children's weight and seem to be more concerned about their children's eating behaviors; however, fathers play a role in imposing child feeding practices. Gender bias may be present in child feeding, as suggested by dissimilar effects of parent practices on the weight status of girls vs. boys. Fathers should be included in future studies analyzing parent feeding practices and children's weight outcome.
Psychological Workload and Weight Gain Among Women with and without Familial Obesity
Authors: Overgaard Dorthe , Gamborg Michael , Gyntelberg Finn , Heitmann Berit L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: High job demands and low job influence may be associated with subsequent weight gain. Predisposition to obesity may further modify such associations. The purpose of the study was to determine whether familial predisposition to obesity modified associations between psychological workload and 6‐year weight changes among nurses.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 6404 Danish nurses 45 to 65 years old, who belonged to the workforce in both 1993 and 1999, answered a questionnaire on psychological workload, body weight, and familial obesity. Women were considered to be predisposed to obesity if they were overweight and had at least one obese parent. Parents’ body shape was reported using pictograms.Results: An increased psychological workload, reflected by high job demands and low influence in job, was associated with an increased body weight. This was particularly the case for nurses being predisposed to obesity, suggesting a synergy between familial obesity predisposition and the psychological workload environment. An interaction test among job demands, familial predisposition to obesity, and weight gain on adjusted data was made. The test showed p = 0.05. The adjusted interaction test among influence in job, familial predisposition to obesity, and weight gain showed p = 0.02.Predisposed nurses who were busy in their job gained 4.4 kg, whereas other nurses gained only 3.2 kg during the 6 years. Similarly, nurses predisposed to obesity with low influence in job had a higher body weight gain (5.4 vs. 3.2 kg) compared with other nurses.Discussion: High psychological workload due to high job demands and low influence in job seems to predict weight gain in general and, in particular, among those nurses with a familial predisposition to obesity.
Lifestyle Variables, Non‐traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and the Metabolic Syndrome in an Aboriginal Canadian Population
Authors: Liu Juan , Young T. Kue , Zinman Bernard , Harris Stewart B. , Connelly Philip W. , Hanley Anthony J.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine lifestyle factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to explore the relationships between MetS and non‐traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors [adiponectin, leptin, C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and serum amyloid A (SAA)] in an isolated Aboriginal Canadian community.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were obtained from 360 non‐diabetic adults participating in a population‐based study of Aboriginal Canadians. Fasting samples were drawn for glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, leptin, CRP, IL‐6, and SAA. Percentage body fat was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Past year physical activity and fitness level were assessed. MetS was diagnosed according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, the World Health Organization, and the International Diabetes Federation.Results: The results showed that older age, higher percentage body fat, and lower fitness levels were associated with increased odds of MetS regardless of MetS definition and subject gender. Past year physical activity was independently related with the World Health Organization‐MetS in male subjects. Subjects with MetS had significantly higher leptin, CRP, IL‐6, and SAA levels and lower adiponectin levels; however, only adiponectin remained significantly low after adjustment for age and percentage body fat.Discussion: The study showed that higher percentage body fat and lower physical activity and fitness were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS in this Aboriginal community and that hypoadiponectinemia was independently associated with MetS.
Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Reporting Homebound Status among Community‐Dwelling Older Persons
Authors: Jensen Gordon L. , Silver Heidi J. , Roy Marie‐Andree , Callahan Eve , Still Christopher , Dupont William 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the a priori hypothesis that obesity is a predictor of risk for reporting homebound status.Research Methods and Procedures: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with 21, 645 community‐dwelling men and women 65 to 97 years old. A nutrition risk screen was administered baseline between 1994 and 1999 and again 3 to 4 years later. Univariate analyses identified baseline variables associated with subsequent reporting of homebound status. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to identify baseline variables that were significant independent predictors of reporting homebound status.Results: At baseline, 24% of the cohort had BMI ≥ 30. There were 12, 834 (45% men) respondents at follow‐up (68% response). Non‐responders at follow‐up differed little from responders except for greater baseline age (72.2 ± 6.2 vs. 71.4 ± 5.6 years, p < 0.001) and reporting of any functional limitations (9.2% vs. 4.9%, p < 0.001). At follow‐up, those who reported homebound status (n = 169) were significantly (p < 0.001) older (80.3 ± 7.3 vs. 75.1 ± 5.5 years) and more likely to report functional limitations (83.4% vs. 10.8%). Univariate analyses identified 16 baseline variables that were eliminated stepwise until five significant independent predictors remained: age ≥ 75 years (2.21, 1.55 to 3.15/odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), BMI ≥ 35 (1.75, 1.04 to 2.96), poor appetite (2.50, 1.29 to 4.86), low income (1.59, 1.00 to 2.56), and any functional limitation (10.67, 7.36 to 15.46).Discussion: Obesity remained a significant independent predictor for reporting homebound status and should be considered in screening of older populations and in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of services for homebound older persons.
Neighborhood Safety, Collective Efficacy, and Obesity in Women with Young Children
Authors: Burdette Hillary L. , Wadden Thomas A. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the hypothesis that mothers of young children would have a higher prevalence of obesity if they lived in neighborhoods that they perceived as unsafe or as having a low level of collective efficacy.Research Methods and Procedures: Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a cross‐sectional analysis was conducted of 2445 women living in 20 large (population ≥ 200, 000) U.S. cities. BMI was measured on 72% and self‐reported on 28%. Perception of neighborhood safety was assessed with the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales. The collective efficacy measure was adapted from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods.Results: Thirty percent of the women were married, 38% lived below the U.S. poverty threshold, and 66% reported no education beyond high school. Approximately one‐half of the women were non‐Hispanic black, and one‐fourth were Hispanic (any race). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors (household income, education, race/ethnicity, age, and marital status), smoking, depression, and television time, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) increased across tertiles of neighborhood safety from safest to least safe (37% vs. 41% vs. 46%, p = 0.004) but did not differ across tertiles of collective efficacy from highest to lowest (41% vs. 40% vs. 42%, p = 0.67).Discussion: In a national sample of women with young children, obesity was more prevalent among those who perceived their neighborhoods to be unsafe.
Lack of Association of Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 Gene Polymorphisms with Severe Obesity in Utah
Authors: Hunt Steven C. , Xin Yuanpei , Wu Lily L. , Hopkins Paul N. , Adams Ted D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree polymorphisms of the glutamate decarboxylase 2 gene, which encodes the glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme, have been associated with severe obesity in a large French cohort. One of these polymorphisms was shown to have functional consequences on promoter expression. Another polymorphism was associated with insulin levels and secretion. These associations were examined in 855 severely obese Utah subjects (mean BMI = 48 kg/m2) and a normal‐weight and normoglycemic subset (N = 130, mean BMI = 22 kg/m2) of a random sample of the Utah population (N = 462). Comparisons of the normal‐weight random group with the severely obese group did not result in significant genotype or allele frequency differences for any of the three polymorphisms, C61450A, T83897A, or A‐243G (all p ≥ 0.18). Haplotypes were also not related to severe obesity (p = 0.10). None of the polymorphisms was significantly related to fasting glucose, insulin levels, or homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance or secretion indices. This study of normal‐weight and severely obese subjects from Utah does not provide evidence for involvement of the three genotyped polymorphisms in the glutamate decarboxylase 2 gene with obesity or with insulin‐ and glucose‐related measures associated with obesity.
Peptide YY and Proglucagon mRNA Expression Patterns and Regulation in the Gut
Authors: Zhou Jun , Hegsted Maren , McCutcheon Kathleen L. , Keenan Michael J. , Xi Xiaochun , Raggio Anne M. , Martin Roy J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 are important in the control of energy homeostasis and are both secreted from the gut in response to ingested nutrients. However, more studies are needed on nutrient regulation of their gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut. This study detailed PYY and proglucagon (the gene that encodes glucagon‐like peptide‐1) gene expression patterns and regulation in the gut. We further examined the regulation of PYY and proglucagon mRNA by a diet containing fermentation‐resistant starch (in vivo) and butyrate (in vitro).Research Methods and Procedures: Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was used to measure PYY and proglucagon gene expression in epithelial cells collected from the duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and colon in normal Sprague‐Dawley rats and in rats fed a resistant starch diet for 4 weeks. The same measurements were also performed in primary epithelial cells collected from the cecum and colon of normal rats after the cells were incubated with butyrate for 3 hours.Results: The gene expression patterns for PYY and proglucagon are similar to their peptide distribution patterns in the gut. Also, PYY and proglucagon mRNA expression were up‐regulated in the cecum and colon in resistant‐starch—fed rats. Butyrate increased PYY and proglucagon gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner in vitro.Discussion: Our data provide evidence that the distal part of the gut has the ability to sense nutrients such as butyrate, resulting in the up‐regulation of PYY and proglucagon gene expression.
Trends and Dietary Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in a Multiethnic Population
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Takata Yumie , Pagano Ian , Carlin Linda , Goodman Marc T. , Le Marchand Loïc , Nomura Abraham M. Y. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Kolonel Laurence N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To describe trends in BMI among different ethnic groups in Hawaii and to explore the relation of nutrient and food intake with excess weight.Research Methods and Procedures: We pooled demographic, anthropometric, and nutritional data derived from a detailed diet history for 159, 683 participants of 18 population‐based epidemiological studies conducted in Hawaii over a 25‐year period. The age‐adjusted prevalence of excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) was estimated for 5‐year intervals. To explore dietary determinants of excess weight, we computed odds ratios using logistic regression.Results: During the study period, the prevalence of excess weight increased considerably among all ethnic groups. Native Hawaiians had the highest and Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence of excess weight at all times. Although the percentage of calories consumed from carbohydrates increased, the percentage of calories from fat decreased over time. On an individual level, fat and protein consumption predicted a higher BMI, and dietary fiber intake predicted a lower BMI. Similarly, a higher consumption of meat, poultry, and fish was related to excess weight, whereas fruit and vegetable intake were inversely associated with excess weight. After stratification by ethnicity, the associations were not materially altered among women, but carbohydrates seemed to have a stronger association with excess weight among Native Hawaiian and Japanese men than among white men.Discussion: In this large ethnically diverse population, plant‐based foods and dietary fiber emerged as a potential protective factor against excess weight regardless of ethnicity.
PAI‐1 Gene 4G/5G Polymorphism and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Population‐based Sample
Authors: Meigs James B. , Dupuis Josée , Liu Chunyu , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Fox Caroline S. , Kathiresan Sekar , Gabriel Stacey B. , Larson Martin G. , Yang Qiong , Herbert Alan G. , Wilson Peter W. F. , Feng DaLi , Tofler Geoffrey H. , Cupples L. Adrienne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractElevated plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) increase risk for type 2 diabetes. The PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism is a major genetic determinant of plasma PAI‐1 levels, with 4G/4G homozygotes having elevated PAI‐1 levels relative to 5G allele carriers. These observations suggest the hypothesis that the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism could be a genetic risk factor for diabetes. We tested this hypothesis among 2169 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study followed for seven examinations over 26 years for 216 cases of type 2 diabetes. PAI‐1 4G/4G homozygotes (genotype frequency, 27.4%) were not at significantly (p > 0.05) increased risk of incident diabetes compared with 5G allele carriers and did not have elevated levels of diabetes‐related quantitative traits including BMI, fasting plasma glucose, or fasting insulin. In proportional hazards regression models accounting for correlation among siblings, with the 5G/5G genotype as the referent, the hazard ratio for incident diabetes for 4G/5G carriers was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.28) and for 4G/4G carriers was 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.92). Results were not altered by further adjustment for sex or levels of BMI, triglycerides, or PAI‐1. We conclude that the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism is not an important genetic risk factor for type 2 diabetes in this community‐based sample. Elevated PAI‐1 levels may be associated with an increased risk for diabetes as a marker for underlying endothelial dysfunction rather than by a direct effect of genetically mediated elevated levels.
Electrophysiological Characterization of Left Ventricular Myocytes from Obese Sprague‐Dawley Rat
Authors: Ricci Estelle , Smallwood Sébastien , Chouabe Christophe , Mertani Hichem C. , Raccurt Mireille , Morel Gérard , Bonvallet Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease that is often associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Various animal models have been used extensively to study the effects of obesity on physiological functions, but, to our knowledge, no study related to ionic membrane currents has been performed on isolated cardiac myocytes. Therefore, we examined the electrophysiological characteristics of four ionic currents from isolated left ventricular myocytes of a high‐energy (HE)‐induced obesity rat model.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed with either a control diet or a diet containing 33% kcal as fat (HE) for 14 weeks starting at 6 weeks of age. Voltage‐clamp experiments were performed on ventricular myocytes. Leptin receptor (ObR) expression was measured using ObR enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: In the HE group, rats designated as obese did not develop a cardiac hypertrophy, either at the organ level or at the cellular level. Densities and kinetics of the L‐type calcium current, the transient outward potassium current, the delayed rectifier potassium current, and the sodium‐calcium exchange current (INCX) were not significantly different between control and obese rats. A down‐regulation of ObR expression was evidenced in the heart of obese rats compared with controls. Acute exposure (5 minutes) of leptin (100 nM) did not induce a significant modification in the current densities either in control or in obese rats, except for INCX density measured in control rats.Discussion: The absence of effect of leptin on INCX in obese rats could be a potential arrhythmogenic substrate in obesity.
11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 mRNA is Increased in Both Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Patients
Authors: Desbriere Raoul , Vuaroqueaux Vincent , Achard Vincent , Boullu‐Ciocca Sandrine , Labuhn Martin , Dutour Anne , Grino Michel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Data from rodents provide evidence for a causal role of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD‐1) in the development of obesity and its complications. In humans, 11β‐HSD‐1 is increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of obese patients, and higher adipose 11β‐HSD‐1 was associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. To date, there is no evidence for an increased expression of 11β‐HSD‐1 in human visceral adipose tissue (VAT), although VAT is the major predictor for insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.Research Methods and Procedures: 11β‐HSD‐1 and hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the cofactor required for 11β‐HSD‐1 oxoreductase activity) mRNA levels were measured using real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in abdominal SAT and VAT biopsies obtained from 10 normal‐weight and 12 obese women. Adiponectin mRNA was used as an internal control.Results: 11β‐HSD‐1 mRNA concentrations were significantly increased in both SAT and VAT of obese patients (720% and 450% of controls, respectively; p < 0.05) and correlated with hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels. The level of VAT 11β‐HSD‐1 mRNA correlated with anthropometric parameters: BMI (r = 0.41, p = 0.05), waist circumference (r = 0.44, p = 0.04), abdominal sagittal diameter (r = 0.51, p = 0.02), and percentage fat (r = 0.51, p = 0.02).Discussion: Our results demonstrate for the first time that 11β‐HSD‐1 mRNA expression is increased in VAT from obese patients. They strengthen the importance of 11β‐HSD‐1 in human obesity and its associated complications and suggest the need of clinical studies with specific 11β‐HSD‐1 inhibitors.