bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Federalism and Multilevel Governance in Tobacco Policy: the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Devolved UK Institutions
Authors: ASARE BOSSMAN , CAIRNEY PAUL , STUDLAR DONLEY T. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMost studies of tobacco control policy focus on the central level of national governments. Yet within the European Union, three levels of government have responsibilities for tobacco control: the EU; the central governments of member states; and provinces or devolved levels of government. This article examines the role of each in the formation of tobacco policy in the United Kingdom. It compares the theory of regulatory federalism with multilevel governance as explanations for tobacco regulatory policy within the EU. While executive-legislative fusion in the United Kingdom leads to the practice of discretionary federalism, the EU provides mixed support for the theory of regulatory federalism. There is significant policy innovation in the UK and its devolved territories as well as limited policy authority for tobacco control in the EU. Overall, multi-level governance (MLG) may be a superior, albeit incomplete, explanation of tobacco control within the EU and the UK.
A deformation problem for Galois representations over imaginary quadratic fields
Authors: Berger Tobias , Klosin Krzysztof 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe prove the modularity of minimally ramified ordinary residually reducible p-adic Galois representations of an imaginary quadratic field F under certain assumptions. We first exhibit conditions under which the residual representation is unique up to isomorphism. Then we prove the existence of deformations arising from cuspforms on GL2(AF) via the Galois representations constructed by Taylor et al. We establish a sufficient condition (in terms of the non-existence of certain field extensions which in many cases can be reduced to a condition on an L-value) for the universal deformation ring to be a discrete valuation ring and in that case we prove an R=T theorem. We also study reducible deformations and show that no minimal characteristic 0 reducible deformation exists.
Potential level-lowering for GSp(4)
Authors: Sorensen Claus M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article, we explore a beautiful idea of Skinner and Wiles in the context of GSp(4) over a totally real field. The main result provides congruences between automorphic forms which are Iwahori-spherical at a certain place ω, and forms with a tamely ramified principal series at ω, Thus, after base change to a finite solvable totally real extension, one can often lower the level at ω. For the proof, we first establish an analogue of the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence, using the stable trace formula. The congruences are then obtained on inner forms, which are compact at infinity modulo the centre, and split at all the finite places. The crucial ingredient allowing us to do so, is an important result of Roche on types for principal series representations of split reductive groups.
Transient limb ischaemia remotely preconditions through a humoral mechanism acting directly on the myocardium: evidence suggesting cross-species protection
Authors: Shimizu Mikiko , Tropak Michael , Diaz Roberto J. , Suto Fumiaki , Surendra Harinee , Kuzmin Elena , Li Jing , Gross Gil , Wilson Gregory J. , Callahan John , Redington Andrew N. 
Published: January 2009

rIPC (remote ischaemic preconditioning) is a phenomenon whereby short periods of ischaemia and reperfusion of a tissue or organ (e.g. mesentery, kidney) can protect a distant tissue or organ (e.g. heart) against subsequent, potentially lethal, ischaemia. We, and others, have shown that transient limb ischaemia can provide potent myocardial protection experimentally and clinically during cardiac surgery. Nonetheless, our understanding of the signal transduction from remote stimulus to local effect remains incomplete. The aim of the present study was to define the humoral nature of rIPC effector(s) from limb ischaemia and to study their local effects in isolated heart and cardiomyocyte models. Using a Langendorff preparation, we show that infarct size after coronary artery ligation and reperfusion was substantially reduced by rIPC in vivo, this stimulus up-regulating the MAPKs (mitogen-activating protein kinases) p42/p44, and inducing PKCε (protein kinase Cε) subcellular redistribution. Pre-treatment with the plasma and dialysate of plasma (obtained using 15 kDa cut-off dialysis membrane) from donor rabbits subjected to rIPC similarly protected against infarction. The effectiveness of the rIPC dialysate was abrogated by passage through a C18 hydrophobic column, but eluate from this column provided the same level of protection. The dialysate of rIPC plasma from rabbits and humans was also tested in an isolated fresh cardiomyocyte model of simulated ischaemia and reperfusion. Necrosis in cardiomyocytes treated with rIPC dialysate was substantially reduced compared with control, and was similar to cells pre-treated by ‘classical’ preconditioning. This effect, by rabbit rIPC dialysate, was blocked by pre-treatment with the opiate receptor blocker naloxone. In conclusion, in vivo transient limb ischaemia releases a low-molecular-mass (&lt;15 kDa) hydrophobic circulating factor(s) which induce(s) a potent protection against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in Langendorff-perfused hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes in the same species. This cardioprotection is transferable across species, independent of local neurogenic activity, and requires opioid receptor activation.
Glycocalyx volume: a critical review of tracer dilution methods for its measurement
Authors: MICHEL CHARLES. C. , CURRY FITZ‐ROY E. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA clinical measure of endothelial glycocalyx structure would have great potential importance, because lesions of the glycocalyx may be the first changes to occur in diabetes and in a wide range of vascular diseases. A method recently described by Nieuwdorp et al. for estimating the volume of the luminal glycocalyx of the entire human vascular system would seem to be the first attempt to develop a measure of this kind. It is based on the tracer dilution principle, and this review considers the principles and conditions that underlie this method and the extent to which the conditions appear to have been fulfilled in this case. Our analysis raises two questions about 1) the estimation of the concentration of the tracer (dextran 40) at zero time and 2) the estimation of plasma volume, both of which can be answered by changes in experimental protocol. A third question, concerning the partition coefficient of the tracer between plasma and the fluid within the glycocalyx, cannot be answered at the present time, and until it has been resolved, glycocalyx volume cannot be estimated from the dilution of a macromolecular tracer.
The Vasodilatory Response of Skin Microcirculation to Local Heating is Subject to Desensitization
Authors: CIPLAK MERAL , PASCHE ANTOINE , HEIM ABIGAEL , HAEBERLI CHRISTIAN , WAEBER BERNARD , LIAUDET LUCAS , FEIHL FRANÇOIS , ENGELBERGER ROLF 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: In humans, local heating increases skin perfusion by mechanisms dependent on nitric oxide (NO). Because the vascular effects of NO may be subject to desensitization, we examined whether a first local thermal stimulus would attenuate the hyperemic response to a second one applied later. Methods: Twelve healthy young men were studied. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured on forearm skin with laser Doppler imaging. Local thermal stimuli (temperature step from 34 to 41°C maintained for 30 minutes) were applied with temperature‐controlled chambers. We also tested the influence of prior local heating on the vasodilation induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of NO. Results: On reheating the same spot after two hours, the response of SkBF (i.e., plateau SkBF at 30 minutes minus SkBF at 34°C) was lower than during the first stimulation (mean±SD 404±212 perfusion units [PU] vs. 635±100 PU; P<0.001). There was no such difference when reheating after four hours (654±153 vs. 645±103 PU; P=NS). Two, but not four, hours after local heating, the response of SkBF to SNP was reduced. Conclusion: The NO‐dependent hyperemic response induced by local heating in human skin is subject to desensitization. At least one part of the mechanism implicated consists of a desensitization to the effects of NO itself.
Exploring phenotype-associated modules in an oral cavity tumor using an integrated framework
Authors: Sun Zhirong , Luo Jie , Zhou Yun , Luo Junjie , Liu Ke , Li Wenting 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Like most human diseases, tumors are complex traits, the genesis and development of which recruit a number of genes and several important biological processes. As proteins involved in common processes tend to be centralized in the same local area of protein–protein interaction networks, here a novel framework has been developed to identify which areas of the networks are most relevant to a phenotype.
Results: These areas termed ‘coherent modules’ can be regarded as gene sets dynamically defined in the networks. Compared with previous analogous approaches, one critical feature of our method is the optimization of coherent modules for two distinct aspects balanced by tuning a parameter in the framework. First, we seek the low coupling between coherent modules and then maximize the intrinsic similarity within a module. The framework has good expansibility, with classical expression data analysis methods generalized as particular cases. This coherent module approach was applied to an oral cavity tumor dataset with 18 significant coherent modules identified, which could indicate the presence of lymph node metastasis. Further examination shows that most of the modules are responsible for comparatively independent biological processes. Our framework is helpful for the prognosis of tumors and offers a new perspective for tumor research.
Contact: sunzhr@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CORNA: testing gene lists for regulation by microRNAs
Authors: Wu X. , Watson M 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: With the increasing use of post-genomics techniques to examine a wide variety of biological systems in laboratories throughout the world, scientists are often presented with lists of genes that they must make sense of. A consistently challenging problem is that of defining co-regulated genes within those gene lists. In recent years, microRNAs have emerged as a mechanism for regulating several cellular processes. In this article, we report on how gene lists and microRNA targets data may be integrated to test for significant associations between gene lists and microRNAs.
Results: We discuss CORNA, a package written in R and released under the GNU GPL, which allows users to test gene lists for significant microRNA–target associations using one of three separate statistical tests, to link microRNA targets to functional annotation and to visualize quantitative data associated with those data.
Availability: CORNA is available as an R package from http://corna.sf.net
Contact: xikun.wu@bbsrc.ac.uk
Pentatricopeptide Repeat Proteins with the DYW Motif Have Distinct Molecular Functions in RNA Editing and RNA Cleavage in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Chateigner-Boutin Anne-Laure , Nakamura Takahiro , Delannoy Etienne , Sugita Mamoru , Myouga Fumiyoshi , Motohashi Reiko , Shinozaki Kazuo , Small Ian , Shikanai Toshiharu 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The plant-specific DYW subclass of pentatricopeptide repeat proteins has been postulated to be involved in RNA editing of organelle transcripts. We discovered that the DYW proteins CHLORORESPIRATORY REDUCTION22 (CRR22) and CRR28 are required for editing of multiple plastid transcripts but that their DYW motifs are dispensable for editing activity in vivo. Replacement of the DYW motifs of CRR22 and CRR28 by that of CRR2, which has been shown to be capable of endonucleolytic cleavage, blocks the editing activity of both proteins. In return, the DYW motifs of neither CRR22 nor CRR28 can functionally replace that of CRR2. We propose that different DYW family members have acquired distinct functions in the divergent processes of RNA maturation, including RNA cleavage and RNA editing.
Free school meals, the plate model and food choices in Finland
Authors: Tikkanen Irma , Urho Ulla‐Marja 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to describe free school meals with respect to a plate model and to analyse how the meals were chosen by pupils at Finnish comprehensive schools.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews the history of the Finnish school catering system and free school meals. It also briefly analyses theoretical approaches to school meals and introduces a plate model based on national nutritional recommendations. The empirical data were collected in 2003 by the second author of this paper. In total, 3,041 pupils returned the questionnaire from ten comprehensive schools. Data from the pupils' school meal choices were analysed using one‐way ANOVA and F‐tests.FindingsThe findings indicate that there were significant differences in the chosen school meals between boys and girls, between classes, and between schools. Thus, the plate model has not been followed when choosing the free school meals.Practical implicationsThis paper has, for example, the following implication: school meals should not be considered with respect to food only, but should be viewed from a broader perspective, namely that of pupils' needs and wants.Originality/valueSchool meals have previously been studied with multiple theoretical approaches. The authors believe that the broader focus on pupils and their socio‐ecological environment will further increase understanding of their food choices in Finland.
Connecting product attributes with emotional benefits
Authors: Barrena Ramo , Sanchez Mercedes 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to test whether the effects of wine consumption on the emotions vary with the age of the consumer, the objective being to use the results to orient further product differentiation in a highly saturated and competitive market.Design/methodology/approachThe decision structures of various age groups of wine consumers were explored by means of laddering interviews, a technique drawn from means‐end chain theory, to reveal consumers' attribute‐consequence‐value chains.FindingsThe results reveal that wine consumers perceive an emotional benefit from drinking wine and that this varies with the age of the consumer. The degree of abstraction in the cognitive process involved in the perception of this benefit increases inversely with the age of the consumer. Older people report less complex decision‐making processes. In general terms, consumers drink wine for the sensory pleasure it gives, but younger drinkers are also motivated to drink it for reasons relating to cultural identity and social status, while older generations focus primarily on the potential of wine as a social catalyst.Originality/valueThis study offers the wine industry new alternatives to enhance information, communication and product differentiation campaigns.
Assessing the consumer perception of the term “organic”: a citizens' jury approach
Authors: Barnes Andrew P. , Vergunst Petra , Topp Kairsty 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThe paper seeks to assess the knowledge consumers have of organic farming and what they would prefer from the organic system.Design/methodology/approachA citizens' jury (CJ) was held in Penicuik, a small town on the peri‐urban fringe of Southeast Scotland. A CJ consists of a small group of people, selected from the general public, who meet over a number of days to deliberate upon a particular question. The major advantage of this approach is the ability to provide a greater level of technical information and offer fewer time constraints on the deliberation process amongst the group. In the case of dairy farming, the jury was presented with evidence of the economic, environmental and welfare impacts of both conventional and organic systems and asked to recommend its favoured system and how it would define the term “organic”.FindingsThe jury's knowledge of certain aspects of farming had improved over the two‐day period and was unanimous in favouring organic agriculture when solely considering the environment, but was mixed towards the animal welfare effects. Conversely, when considering the economic impacts the jury supported the conventional system. This complicated the decision for the group favouring one particular system.Research limitations/implicationsSome bias is introduced into the jury as most citizens either worked or came from an urban background and hence may have less knowledge of dairy systems when compared with those from a rural background. However, most CJs begin from a point where participants have little or no knowledge of the subject and their views are shaped by the CJ process itself.Practical implicationsThe findings show the implications of the consumer decision‐making process.Originality/valueThis paper is the first application of a CJ to consider organic food. Previous studies have adopted a questionnaire or focus group approach, both of which impose constraints on information dissemination and time to deliberate on decisions.
Attitude toward organic foods among Taiwanese as related to health consciousness, environmental attitudes, and the mediating effects of a healthy lifestyle
Authors: Chen Mei‐Fang 
Published: January 2009

PurposeInstead of using general food choice motives, this study adopts more specific attitudes – i.e. health consciousness and environmental attitudes – to predict the consumer's attitude toward organic foods. The main objective of the paper is to test the hypothesis whether health consciousness and environmental attitudes influence the consumer's attitude toward organic foods through an individual's healthy lifestyle.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in Taiwan by means of a national self‐administered consumer questionnaire survey in this study. A series of regression models are used to detect how the mediating role of the healthy lifestyle construct plays in the relationships between the determinant factors (i.e. health consciousness and environmental attitudes) and the consumer's attitude toward organic foods.FindingsThe results are consistent with previous studies, which assert that concern for one's health and for the environment are the two most commonly stated motives for purchasing organic foods, with the former exceeding the latter in importance. In addition, the healthy lifestyle indeed exerts effective mediating effects on the positive relationships between health consciousness and environmental attitudes and the consumer's attitude toward organic foods. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle should be advocated to render the consumer's attitude toward organic foods more positive.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, the selection of advertising messages, social interaction and so forth should revolve around the issues of health consciousness, environmental attitudes, and healthy lifestyle in the future.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to examine the mediating effect of a healthy lifestyle that bears on organic foods. The empirical findings from this study are expected to benefit the continued development of the organic sector in Taiwan's food industry.
Consumer acceptance of wood‐based food additives
Authors: Stern Tobias , Haas Rainer , Meixner Oliver 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate consumer attitudes to, and acceptance of, affective communication in the context of pre‐knowledge regarding wood‐based food additives.Design/methodology/approachA survey of 263 Austrian consumers was carried out to investigate pre‐knowledge, attitude and attitude change as a result of affective communication about wood‐based food additives.FindingsAbout 14 per cent of the sample had pre‐knowledge concerning wood‐based food additives. In general the attitudes towards wood‐based additives were significantly better than those towards food additives in general. The results indicate a connection between pre‐knowledge and attitude. Respondents who had knowledge about wood‐based food additives evaluated them better, especially in contrast to those who had wrong ideas about them. Furthermore, it proved possible to improve the evaluations of those respondents who did not know about wood‐based additives by providing basic information.Practical implicationsThe provision of additional information would improve the marketing potential of wood‐based additives, especially in contrast to additives in general. If the topic is ignored, there is a risk that public discussion could be based on non‐knowledge‐based conceptions by some consumers. The provision of early impact information is suggested in this regard.Originality/valueAlthough the use of wood as a raw material in the food industry is common, it has not been a subject of public or scientific discussion to date.
Select televised sportscasters for Olympic Games by analytic network process
Authors: Liao Sen‐Kuei , Chang Kuei‐Lun 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show how a multiple criteria decision‐making method, the analytic network process (ANP) is applied to help Taiwanese TV companies to effectively select optimal televised sportscasters for the Olympic Games.Design/methodology/approachAfter interviewing 44 practitioners, criteria for the selection of the Olympic Games televised sportscasters were collected. To avoid the complicated computing process from additional pairwise comparisons of the ANP, the 12 critical criteria that were mentioned more than 30 times by theses respondents were retained. After discussions with 18 senior executives these were classified in three perspectives to structure the hierarchy for the selection of the Olympic Games televised sportscasters.FindingsAfter discussions with the 18 senior executives, it is found that the selection criteria for televised sportscasters are interrelated. Unlike former contributors who ignored the interdependence among factors, a more feasible and accurate approach, the ANP, which captures the dependent relationship, is applied in this paper to handle such problems.Practical implicationsAccording to the hierarchy base on three perspectives and 12 important criteria, Taiwanese TV companies could select the optimal Olympic Games televised sportscasters more effectively. A practical application of the ANP presented is generic and could be exploited for Taiwanese TV companies.Originality/valueThe Olympic Games are one of the most important and most popular sporting events in the world. This paper contributes to a more effective selection of the optimal Olympic Games televised sportscasters.