bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saline giants, cold cradles and global playgrounds of Neoproterozoic Earth: the origin of the Animalia
Authors: Rich P. Vickers 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is still an enigma of just what triggered the development of multicellular animals, the metazoans. The rise of oxygen has commonly been suggested as the cause, which probably had a marked effect. But why do the metazoans seem to appear in the fossil record, with some diversity, in the late Neoproterozoic around 575–580 million years ago? Perhaps the sudden appearance is related to a rapid expansion of metazoans into global oceans as they became markedly less saline with the deposit of saline giants in the Neoproterozoic. Metazoans may well have developed first in ‘cold cradles’ in deltaic and estuarine conditions earlier, when seas were more saline, and with the removal of salts from the global oceans, the seas became their ‘global playgrounds’ and with this invasion the fossil record improved significantly. Such an idea can only be tested with more precise dating of the saline giants themselves.
Ediacaran rocks from the Cadomian basement of the Saxo-Thuringian Zone (NE Bohemian Massif, Germany): age constraints, geotectonic setting and basin development
Authors: Linnemann U. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

This paper is focused on a compilation of known data from the low-grade metamorphosed rocks of the Ediacaran period in the German part of the Saxo-Thuringian Zone at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif. The geotectonic setting during the formation of Ediacaran rock units is characterized by Cadomian orogenic processes from
c.
650–540 Ma at the periphery of the West African Craton. The basin development during that time is characterized by the formation of a Cadomian backarc basin with a passive margin, and the outboard sitting Cadomian magmatic arc originated at
c.
570–560 Ma. This arc-marginal basin system was formed on stretched continental crust in a strike-slip regime and reflects an active-margin setting in a style similar to the recent West Pacific. The backarc basin was closed between
c.
560–540 Ma by the collision of the Cadomian magmatic arc with the cratonic hinterland: this resulted in the closure of the backarc basin and the formation of a Cadomian retroarc basin. Collision of an oceanic ridge with the Cadomian Orogenic Belt led to a slab break-off of the subducted oceanic plate resulting in an extreme heat flow, and a magmatic and anatectic event culminating at
c.
540 Ma that was responsible for the intrusion of voluminous granitoid plutons.
Siliciclastic prelude to Elatina–Nuccaleena deglaciation: lithostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the base of the Ediacaran system
Authors: Raub T. D. , Evans D. A. D. , Smirnov A. V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The basal Ediacaran global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) horizon beneath Nuccaleena Formation cap dolostone in South Australia's central Flinders Ranges South Australia coincides with an interpreted unconformity preceding deglacial transgression. Detailed lithostratigraphy of three sections across the base of the Ediacaran System at its type area reveals contrasting character of the Elatina Formation—Nuccaleena Formation transition across
c
. 9 km of exposure, changing the interpretive context of the GSSP.

We suggest that a locally pervasive, incisive flaser-bedded sandstone exposed between Elatina diamictites and Nuccaleena cap dolostone lies above an unconformity that correlates with the defined base of Wilpena Group, reflecting onset of terminal Elatina ‘Snowball Earth’ deglaciation and dynamic interplay between eustatic sea level change and isostatic rebound. Nuccaleena cap dolostone is sedimentologically mixed and conformable with underlying siliciclastics at Elatina Creek; hence the recently defined Ediacaran GSSP horizon, at the base of solid cap carbonate at Enorama Creek, lies in continuous section and not at an unconformity.

Nuccaleena Formation cap dolostone contains pervasive terrigenous debris, including apparently detrital hematite. While magnetite and/or maghemite is produced in abundance upon heating of the cap carbonate above
c
. 400°C, and we cannot exclude secondary origin of any Nuccaleena magnetite, Nuccaleena Formation cap dolostone should preserve primary magnetization.
The rise and decline of the Ediacaran biota: palaeobiological and stable isotopic evidence from the NW and NE Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Tewari V. C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSediments of Ediacaran age have recently been recognized in the Krol Belt (NW Lesser Himalaya, India) with the discovery of pre-Ediacaran and Ediacaran biotas, carbon isotopic excursions matching the global curve and evidence for one Neoproterozoic glacial event. Other data include evidence for termination of the Krol algal-stromatolitic carbonate cycle in Late Proterozoic and deposition of phosphorite, phosphatic stromatolites similar to Tommotian taxa, and diversification of Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) of Tommotian/Meischucunian Zone 1 in Lower Tal Formation. Recently, Riphean–Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils, stromatolites and sponge spicules (monaxon) have been recovered. The link between the decrease in microbial-induced carbonate sedimentation and the decline of large Riphean stromatolites is recorded in the inner sedimentary belt (Deoban–Gangolihat). The first appearance of complex organic-walled microfossils and acanthomorphic acritarchs is recorded in the Blaini–Infrakrol sediments along with possible Ediacaran soft-bodied metazoans and metaphytes in the Krol Formation. In India, the Late Proterozoic base occurs at the bottom of a pink, microbial limestone in the Blaini Formation, and the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary occurs somewhere in the Lower Tal Formation. Ediacaran metazoans occur above glacial deposits assigned to the Varangian/Marinoan/Blainian and below the first occurrence of SSF (Meischucunian zone I), in the lowermost Cambrian.
Calcite–dolomite cycles in the Neoproterozoic Cap carbonates, Otavi Group, Namibia
Authors: Tojo B. , Katsuta N. , Takano M. , Kawakami S. , Ohno T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The lower cap carbonate (Rasthof Formation) overlies Neoproterozoic glacial deposits (Chuos Formation) and is exposed in the Khowarib-Warmquelle area in Northern Namibia. The basal 14.2 m part of the Rasthof Formation (total about 220 m) consists of the carbonate rhythmite. The rhythmite part of the Rasthof Formation contains 1 m cycles of dark- and light-coloured rhythmites. Alizarin-red staining of thin sections and elemental mapping of polished samples indicate that the dark-coloured parts are rich in calcite, whereas the light-coloured parts are dolomite-rich. On a 1 cm scale, a reddish clay layer is intercalated in each calcite rich dark-coloured rhythmite part. These cycles of reddish clays as well as some associated major turbidites can be well correlated between columns up to about 20 km distance. Furthermore, at one locality (K4), rip-up clasts occur in a turbidite bed. Their lithology consists of dark- and light-coloured rhythmite and a reddish clay layer and can be judged to have been derived from underlying horizons. Because the clasts are elastically deformed, it is strongly suggested that the difference in lithology observed within the basal part of the Rasthof Formation existed when clasts were ripped-up shortly after sedimentation. This suggests that the cycle involving dolomite is synsedimentary, and not a diagenetic feature. Direct precipitation of dolomite does not occur in present day open marine seawater. Hurtgen
et al.
(2002) suggest that seawater was depleted in sulphate after Neoproterozoic glaciation. It is proposed here that some possible depositional models of cycles that consist of calcite-rich and dolomite-rich parts as well as reddish clay beds in rhythmites of the Rasthof cap carbonate.
Correlating the Ediacaran of Australia
Authors: Grey K. , Calver C. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Now that a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been ratified and a new system defined for the terminal Proterozoic era, the Ediacaran, the next step is to develop global correlations and to further subdivide this system. Means of correlating and subdividing older parts of the Proterozoic era are also needed. This is not a simple task. Phanerozoic correlations depend on biostratigraphic zonation made possible by biodiversity, supported by geochronology. Proterozoic biotas are more restricted, geochronological data is often sparse, and although rapid and significant carbon isotope excursions are present through some time intervals, the curve is essentially quiescent and of limited utility at other times. Nevertheless, a foundation for Ediacaran acritarch biostratigraphy has now been established in Australia and linked to the carbon-isotope curve using sample splits. In conjunction with other correlation techniques, this has allowed the development of a continent-wide correlation scheme. The Australian Ediacaran experience suggests that an integrated approach offers the best way forward for Proterozoic subdivision. However, it raises issues about some aspects of Neoproterozoic correlation; in particular, it indicates that reliance on a two-main-glaciations model may be over simplistic.
Convergence Theorem for Equilibrium Problems and Fixed Point Problems of Infinite Family of Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Yao Yonghong , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Yao Jen-Chih 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe introduce an iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem and the set of common fixed points of infinite nonexpansive mappings in a Hilbert space. We prove a strong-convergence theorem under mild assumptions on parameters.
Long-Range Dependence in a Cox Process Directed by a Markov Renewal Process
Authors: Daley D. J. , Rolski T. , Vesilo R. 
Published: December 2007

A Cox process NCox directed by a stationary random measure ξ has second
moment var NCox(0,t]=E(ξ(0,t])+var ξ(0,t], where by
stationarity E(ξ(0,t])=(const.)t=E(NCox(0,t]), so long-range dependence (LRD) properties of
NCox coincide with LRD properties of the random measure ξ.
When ξ(A)=∫AνJ(u)du is determined by a density that depends
on rate parameters νi(i∈𝕏) and the current state J(⋅)
of an 𝕏-valued stationary irreducible Markov renewal process (MRP) for
some countable state space 𝕏 (so J(t) is a stationary semi-Markov
process on 𝕏), the random measure is LRD if and only if each (and then
by irreducibility, every) generic return time Yjj(j∈X) of the
process for entries to state j has infinite second moment, for which a
necessary and sufficient condition when 𝕏 is finite is that at least
one generic holding time Xj in state j, with distribution function (DF)\
Hj, say, has infinite second moment (a simple example shows that this
condition is not necessary when 𝕏 is countably infinite).
Then, NCox has the same Hurst index as the MRP NMRP that counts the jumps
of J(⋅), while as t→∞, for finite 𝕏,
var NMRP(0,t]∼2λ2∫0t𝒢(u)du,
var NCox(0,t]∼2∫0t∑i∈𝕏(νi−ν¯)2ϖiℋi(t)du,
where
ν¯=∑iϖiνi=E[ξ(0,1]],
ϖj=Pr{J(t)=j},1/λ=∑jpˇjμj,
μj=E(Xj),
{pˇj}
is the stationary distribution for the embedded jump process
of the MRP, ℋj(t)=μi−1∫0∞min(u,t)[1−Hj(u)]du, and
𝒢(t)∼∫0tmin(u,t)[1−Gjj(u)]du/mjj∼∑iϖiℋi(t)
where Gjj is the
DF and mjj the mean of the generic return time Yjj of the MRP
between successive
entries to the state j. These two variances are of similar order
for t→∞ only when each ℋi(t)/𝒢(t) converges to some
[0,∞]-valued constant, say, γi, for t→∞.
Study of Magnesium Diboride Clusters Using Hybrid Density Functional Theory
Authors: Rodríguez D. , Soto D. , Ramírez E. , Cruz A. , Santana A. , López G. E. 
Published: December 2007

Using hybrid density functional theory and a relatively large basis set, the lowest energy equilibrium structure, vibrational spectrum, and natural orbital analysis were obtained for magnesium diboride clusters [(MgB2)x for
x = 1, 2, and 3]. For comparison, boron clusters
[Bx for x = 2, 4, and 6] were also considered. The
MgB2 and
(MgB2)2 showed equilibrium structures with the boron atoms in arrangements similar to what was obtained for pure boron atoms, whereas, for
(MgB2)3 a different arrangement of boron was obtained. From the population analysis, large electron density in the boron atoms forming the clusters was observed.
Intellectual Imperialism: Definition, Traits, and Problems
Authors:   Syed Hussein Alatas
Published: December 2007

AbstractImperialism is not confined to the political or economic aspects of the historical process. Rather, it is to be considered as a cluster. A phenomenon such as imperialism is a cluster of different aspects of human undertakings. What is usually discussed is economic and political imperialism. In this paper, however, we turn to intellectual imperialism, first describing what it is, and second enumerating the problems connected with it. Intellectual imperialism has, among other things, resulted in a displacement of attention from issues that should be of vital concern to Asian and African societies. The emancipation of the mind from the shackles of intellectual imperialism is the major condition for the development of a creative and autonomous social science tradition in developing societies.
Cultural Studies/Asian Studies: Alternatives, Intersections, and Contradictions in Asian Social Science
Authors: Clammer John 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe social sciences in Asia face a peculiar theoretical challenge. Heirs to ancient civilizations and traditions of thought and cradles to all of the great world religions, they nevertheless perceive themselves as suffering from a "theoretical deficit". High theory is almost entirely Western and in fact largely European in provenance. This essay is directed to the possibility of constructing an Asian variety of cultural studies as a response to the hegemony of European social theory, and as an attempt to redress the balance of theory-power in the world intellectual economy.
Moving Beyond Critique: Practising the Social Sciences in the Context of Globalization, Postmodernity and Postcoloniality
Authors: Sinha Vineeta 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper addresses attempts to construct and practise regional varieties of social sciences in a global setting. It raises for discussion various themes and problematical issues that are deemed to be central to the task of further pushing the boundaries of the discourse on "alternative" formulations of the social sciences. It is argued that critique is essential but, by itself, not sufficient to bring about fundamental changes in the social science domain. There is a need to ensure that these critiques are not merely superficially co-opted without decentring basic problematic assumptions inherent in mainstream social science traditions, and attend to the task of radically restructuring the institutional base of the social sciences, in order to practise them differently.
Sociology in Singapore: Global Discourse in Local Context
Authors:   Habibul Haque Khondker
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the development trajectory of sociology as a discipline and its practice in Singapore. Viewing sociology as a global discourse, the paper argues that there have been, at least, three waves in the development of sociological practice in Singapore. These waves mark a shift in research interests that somehow parallel the changing official interest in the findings of sociological research. Such shifts in research interest and changes in curricula reflect important dynamics not only in the relationship between academic knowledge and official need for such knowledge but with time also an increasing appreciation of critical inquiry. This paper argues that there are limitations in viewing sociology simply as a "Western social science" in a "non-Western context". For the clarity of both conceptual and empirical understanding, it may be useful to rethink the relationship between sociological knowledge and power as a dynamic process with some universal features. This would entail going beyond the West versus non-West polarity and assessing the development of social science in terms of the global/local interface.
The Pantayo Perspective as a Discourse Towards Kabihasnan
Authors: Salazar Zeus A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe pantayo perspective was developed from my analysis of the fundamental historical perspectives that arose in the process of Philippine nationhood. The essence of this perspective was already an important basis of my course in historiography from the early 1970s, in which the methodology, philosophy and techniques of writing history were studied. The core of the pantayo perspective lies in the internal interrelationships and the inter-relating of the characteristics, values, knowledges, aims, customs, behaviours and experiences of a cultural whole. It refers to a "mentality" that a foreigner who has not yet entered a society and culture possessed of a pantayo perspective will find difficult to understand. It is this pantayo perspective that forms the basis of the P/Filipinizatian of the sciences.
The History of Sociology in Cambodia: Why Sociology was Introduced in Pol Pot's Former Country
Authors: Tomasi Luigi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis essay attempts to describe, with objectivity and precision, the reason for the establishment of sociology in Cambodia, which has suffered a tragic and radical revolution. Sociology in Cambodia is a young science whose roots lie in the desire for rebirth, the will to understand the endemic social and political chaos of the country, and the need to provide an answer to the causes of genocide. The founding of the first Department of Sociology at the Royal University of Phnom Penh in 1994 demonstrates the interest of the political and cultural authorities in this discipline, which is seen as an indispensable aid to the new course set by the nation.
Oral Traditions and Scientific Knowledge: Some Remarks on the Epistemological Validity of the Indigenous Perspective
Authors: Doebel Reinald 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe main concern of this paper is to link personal experience and theoretical reflection. The author argues that the oral traditions of indigenous societies have always honoured this link in their attempts to formulate "knowledge" and transmit it to following generations. This transmission of "tradition" remained creative and flexible enough to incorporate changes while never violating people's need to also have fun. This fun was noted by outside observers from the expanding European empires from an early age. But only today is it realized that this fun may be an essential ingredient in the "indigenous epistemology": a major element of a more personalized method to gain and confirm knowledge about the world. The author suggests that concerned scientists might do well to learn about this method from indigenous societies whose very existence appears to be threatened by a global belief in growth and development based on the application of the results of a science which neglected the link between personal experience and theoretical reflection.
A Levy in Liège for Mazarin's Army: Practical and Strategic Difficulties in Raising and Supporting Troops in the Thirty Years War
Authors: Helfferich Tryntje 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHistorians generally accept that the practice of sustaining armies by exacting forced "contributions" from occupied lands became endemic during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). Historians have hotly debated, however, the question of how the contribution system affected the progress of the war. This article approaches the problem through a case study of a plan by Cardinal Mazarin to raise troops from the neutral bishopric of Liège in 1643-44. In addition to highlighting the surprising difficulty of recruitment by this stage of the war, this study also demonstrates that contemporaries modified their military strategies to fit their belief that the contribution system could sustain only a limited number of troops (though how many troops that might be was an open question). Yet the contribution system influenced not just the progress but also the length of the war, since rulers dependent on contributions could maintain their war effort at a certain level almost indefinitely, but could never support an army large enough to overwhelm their enemies.
Guiral Ot Et Le Mouvement. Autour De La Question De Motu Conservée Dans Le Manuscrit Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 4229
Authors: Bakker Paul J.J.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article examines the authenticity of an anonymous question on local motion ( Utrum omne quod movetur ab alio moveatur ab eo distincto) extant in manuscript Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 4229. This quaestio discusses the motion of three types of mobile objects, namely celestial bodies, heavy and light bodies, and projectiles. A comparison of this anonymous text with three questions from the Sentences commentary of Giraldus Odonis (Sent. II, d. 14, qq. 4, 7 and 8) shows that this Franciscan theologian is very likely to be the author of the anonymous question found in the Madrid manuscript, even if the precise relation between Giraldus's questions, on the one hand, and the anonymous question De motu, on the other, remains uncertain. An edition of the anonymous question is given in an appendix.
Thirteenth and Fourteenth-Century Commentaries On the De LONGITUDlNe Et Brevitate Vitae
Authors: Dunne Michael 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe article seeks to summarise recent research carried out by the author into thirteenth and fourteenth-century commentaries on the De longitudine et brevitate vitae. The texts of some representative commentaries are examined as a means of assessing the reception of Aristotle's natural philosophy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As this is an area which has received comparatively little attention from researchers up to now, it is hoped that in examining commentaries on this one text of the Parva naturalia what emerges might serve to give a clearer picture of the reception and understanding of Aristotle's natural philosophy. The article also contains some brief comments on the two medieval translations of the De longitudine, by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke. In an appendix, a transcription of the prologue to Walter Burley's commentary is also included.
Les Instruments De Travail Philosophiques Médiévaux. Témoins De La Reception D'Aristote
Authors: Hamesse Jacqueline 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIt is possible to study the reception of Aristotle's natural philosophy by means of the various tools that were used by intellectuals during the thirteenth century. This type of literature is often forgotten. Four samples are taken here to illustrate the interest of such works, and the information that we can extract from them. The examples are the sermons by Anton of Padua (ca. 1230); an encyclopedia composed by Arnold of Saxony during the second quarter of the thirteenth century, which includes extracts from recent translations mixed together with Neoplatonic passages; an Aristotelian florilegium, which illustrates thirteenth-century censorship of Aristotelian texts; and a translation of the Meteorologica into the vernacular, which documents the popularity of this treatise at the end of the thirteenth century and the creation of a technical vocabulary in old French texts. The third example is an anthology that originated in a Franciscan milieu and was compiled in its definitive form at the end of the 13th century. This latter presents a series of purged texts about natural science. Finally, it discuss the French translation of Aristotle's Meteorology by Mahieu le Vilain, master at the Arts Faculty of the University of Paris at the end of the 13th century. This is the first translation of an Aristotelian treatise into vernacular, allowing us to understand the popularization of this treatise and its importance for the technical vocabulary of this discipline.