bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PARADIGMS BEHIND (AND BEFORE) THE MODERN CONCEPT OF RELIGION
Authors: BELL CATHERINE 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThis essay identifies five paradigms that are basic to understanding the historical emergence and uses of the generic idea of “religion” in the Christian cultures of Europe and America. The spread of this concept has been sufficiently thorough in recent centuries as to make religion appear to be a “social fact,” to use Durkheim's phrase, rather than so many cultural expressions and different social practices. The supremacy of Euro‐American culture—and an academy still saturated with Christian ideas—has enjoined other cultures and forms of religiosity to conform to this idea of religion; for these cultures contentment with the status quo can vie with the anxieties of influence, including “modernization.” The key paradigms discussed are the following: Christianity as the prototype; religion as the opposite of reason; the modern formulation of “world religions”; the cultural necessity of religion; and critical analysis of the Western “construction” of religion. These paradigms demonstrate the limits on theoretical variety in the field, the difficulty in making real changes in set ways of thinking, and productive foci for interdisciplinary methods of study.
MODERNITY IN RELIGION: A RESPONSE TO CONSTANTIN FASOLT'S “HISTORY AND RELIGION IN THE MODERN AGE”
Authors: CLADIS MARK S. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTContrary to Constantin Fasolt, I argue that it is no longer useful to think of religion as an anomaly in the modern age. Here is Fasolt's main argument: humankind suffers from a radical rift between the self and the world. The chief function of religion is to mitigate or cope with this fracture by means of dogmas and rituals that reconcile the self to the world. In the past, religion successfully fulfilled this job. But in modernity, it fails to, and it fails because religion is no longer plausible. Historical, confessional religions, then, are no longer doing what they are supposed to do; yet the need for religion is still very much with us.Fasolt's account would be a tragic tale, if not for his claim that there is a new religion for the modern age, a religion that fulfills the true reconciling function of religion. That new religion is the reading and writing of history. Indeed, for Fasolt, reading history is religiously redemptive, and writing history is a sacred act. The historian, it turns out, is the priest in modernity.In my response, I challenge both Fasolt's remedy (history as religiously redemptive) and its justification (the fall of historical religions). Indeed, I reject both his romantic view of past religion as the peaceful reconciler, as well as his pessimistic view of present religion as the maker of “enemies” among modern people. In the end, I argue that the way Fasolt employs his categories—“alienation,”“salvation,”“religion,”“history”— is too vague to do much useful work. They are significant categories and they deserve our attention. But in my view, the story Fasolt tells is both too grim (on human alienation) and too cheerful (on historian as modern savior).
Relating root structure and anatomy to whole‐plant functioning in 14 herbaceous Mediterranean species
Authors: Hummel Irène , Vile Denis , Violle Cyrille , Devaux Jeremy , Ricci Benoît , Blanchard Alain , Garnier Éric , Roumet Catherine 
Published: November 2006

Summary
This study investigated the relationships between root structure and anatomy and whole‐plant functioning in herbaceous species.
Fourteen annual and perennial species representative of a Mediterranean old‐field succession were grown in monocultures in a common‐garden experiment. Whole‐plant functioning was assessed by inherent relative growth rate (RGRmax), measured in standardized conditions, and maximum height (Hmax). Root tissue density (TMDr), considered as a major component of root structure, was measured on roots harvested within in‐growth cores. Anatomical characteristics were analysed on cross‐sectional areas (CSA).
TMDr was correlated positively with Hmax and negatively with RGRmax. Root CSA explained interspecific variation in Hmax but not that in TMDr and RGRmax. Root xylem CSA and xylem proportion in root CSA were positively correlated with TMDr and Hmax and negatively with RGRmax. Mean xylem vessel CSA did not account for variations in TMDr, Hmax and RGRmax.
These results suggested that RGRmax and Hmax are constrained by opposite root structural and anatomical traits, which have potential links with hydraulic conductance, support and longevity.
Large variation in whole‐plant water‐use efficiency among tropical tree species
Authors: Cernusak Lucas A. , Aranda Jorge , Marshall John D. , Winter Klaus 
Published: November 2006

Summary
It is well known that whole‐plant water‐use efficiency (transpiration efficiency of carbon gain, TEC) varies among plant species with different photosynthetic pathways. However, less is known of such variation among tree species within the C3 group. Here we measured the TEC of seven C3 tropical tree species. Isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ18O, and δ15N) and elemental analyses (carbon and nitrogen) were undertaken to provide insight into sources of variation in TEC.
Plants were grown over several months in approx. 80% full sunlight in individual 38‐l containers in the Republic of Panama. Soil moisture content was nonlimiting.
Significant variation was observed in TEC among the C3 tree species. Values ranged from 1.6 mmol C mol−1 H2O for teak (Tectona grandis) to 4.0 mmol C mol−1 H2O for a legume, Platymiscium pinnatum.
Variation in TEC was correlated with both leaf N concentration, a proxy for photosynthetic capacity, and oxygen‐isotope enrichment, a proxy for stomatal conductance. The TEC varied with C‐isotope discrimination within species, but the relationship broke down among species, reflecting the existence of species‐specific offsets.
Correlated evolution of genome size and seed mass
Authors: Beaulieu Jeremy M. , Moles Angela T. , Leitch Ilia J. , Bennett Michael D. , Dickie John B. , Knight Charles A. 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Previous investigators have identified strong positive relationships between genome size and seed mass within species, and across species from the same genus and family.
Here, we make the first broad‐scale quantification of this relationship, using data for 1222 species, from 139 families and 48 orders. We analyzed the relationship between genome size and seed mass using a statistical framework that included four different tests.
A quadratic relationship between genome size and seed mass appeared to be driven by the large genome/seed mass gymnosperms and the many small genome size/large seed mass angiosperms. Very small seeds were never associated with very large genomes, possibly indicating a developmental constraint. Independent contrast results showed that divergences in genome size were positively correlated with divergences in seed mass.
Divergences in seed mass have been more closely correlated with divergences in genome size than with divergences in other morphological and ecological variables. Plant growth form is the only variable examined thus far that explains a greater proportion of variation in seed mass than does genome size.
Virtual reality simulation training can improve technical skills during laparoscopic salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Aggarwal R , Tully A , Grantcharov T , Larsen CR , Miskry T , Farthing A , Darzi A 
Published: November 2006

Objectives  To assess the first commercially available virtual reality (VR) simulator to incorporate procedural modules for training of inexperienced gynaecological surgeons to perform laparoscopic salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy.Design  Prospective cohort study.Setting  Departments of surgery and gynaecology in central London teaching hospitals.Sample  Thirty gynaecological surgeons were recruited to the study, and were divided into novice (<10 laparoscopic procedures), intermediate (20–50) and experienced (>100) groups.Methods  All subjects were orientated to the VR simulator with a basic skills task, followed by performing ten repetitions of the virtual ectopic pregnancy module, in a distributed manner.Main outcome measures  Operative performance was assessed by the time taken to perform surgery, blood loss and total instrument path length.Results  There were significant differences between the groups at the second repetition of the ectopic module for time taken (median 551.1 versus 401.2 versus 249.2 seconds, P= 0.001), total blood loss (median 304.2 versus 187.4 versus 123.3 ml, P= 0.031) and total instrument path length (median 17.8 versus 8.3 versus 6.8 m, P= 0.023). The learning curves of the experienced operators plateaued at the second session, although greater numbers of sessions were necessary for intermediate (seven) and novice (nine) surgeons to achieve similar levels of skill.Conclusions  Gynaecological surgeons with minimal laparoscopic experience can improve their skills during short‐phase training on a VR procedural module. In contrast, experienced operators showed nonsignificant improvements. Thus, VR simulation may be useful for the early part of the learning curve for surgeons who wish to learn to perform laparoscopic salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy.
THE INTERACTION OF MONETARY POLICY AND STOCK RETURNS
Authors: Crowder William J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe “irrational exuberance” of the stock market in the late 1990s led to a discussion of the appropriate policy response by monetary authorities. Any response would be contingent on the stock market reaction to policy shocks. In this study, I employ a structural vector autoregression to estimate the response of the stock market returns to innovations in the federal funds rate. The role of the stock market in the Federal Reserve policy rule can also be examined empirically.
Repeat Transseptal Catheterization After Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MARCUS GREGORY M. , REN XIUSHUI , TSENG ZIAN H. , BADHWAR NITISH , LEE BYRON K. , LEE RANDALL J. , FOSTER ELYSE , OLGIN JEFFREY E. 
Published: November 2006

Introduction: A substantial number of patients require a second left atrial procedure after ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), either for left atrial flutter or recurrent AF. The success and complication rates of repeat transseptal catheterization in these patients are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the difficulty and/or success rates of repeat transseptal catheterization after left atrial ablation for AF. Methods and Results: Consecutive patients undergoing repeat left atrial procedures after ablation for AF over a 1‐year period were enrolled. Difficulties with, success rates, and complications of the first and second transseptal catheterizations were recorded. Sixteen patients underwent a repeat transseptal catheterization. Of the 4 in whom the first procedure was performed with an ablation catheter across a patent foramen ovale (PFO), 3 required a transseptal puncture for their repeat procedure. The remaining 12 underwent transseptal puncture without difficulty for their first procedure, and, despite the same operators for each patient, the repeat transseptal was noted to be difficult in 5. Of those 5, the transseptal puncture was unsuccessful due to increased interatrial septal thickness in 2 patients. One repeat transseptal attempt was aborted after posterior right atrial puncture with the transseptal needle occurred, attributed to distorted interatrial septal anatomy not observed prior to the first case. Conclusions: Compared with the first procedure, repeat transseptal catheterization after ablation for AF, whether initially performed across a PFO or via a transseptal puncture, is more difficult, less often successful, and potentially associated with more complications.
Influence of the Two-Component System SaeRS on Global Gene Expression in Two Different
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Rogasch Kathrin , Rühmling Vanessa , Pané-Farré Jan , Höper Dirk , Weinberg Christin , Fuchs Stephan , Schmudde Mareike , Bröker Barbara M. , Wolz Christiane , Hecker Michael , Engelmann Susanne 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The two-component system SaeRS consisting of the histidin kinase SaeS and the response regulator SaeR is known to act on virulence gene expression in
Staphylococcus aureus
. In order to get a more comprehensive picture on SaeR-regulated genes, we studied the contribution of the two-component system on global gene expression by using both the proteomic and transcriptomic approach. Altogether, a loss of SaeRS resulted in a decreased amount of at least 17 extracellular proteins and two cell surface-associated proteins, among them several important virulence factors such as HlgA, HlgB, HlgC, LukF, and LukM. SaeRS activates the expression of these genes at the transcriptional level. The amount of the five proteins Aur, SspA, SsaA, Plc, and GlpQ was negatively influenced by SaeRS. However, the transcription of the corresponding genes was not affected by the two-component system. SaeRS had also no measurable influence on the transcription of the regulatory genes
agr
,
sarA
,
arlRS
, and
sigB
that contribute to the regulation of SaeRS-dependent virulence factors identified in this investigation. Our results clearly show that SaeRS is strongly involved in the tight temporal control of virulence factor expression in
S. aureus
. Its precise role within the regulatory network remains to be determined.
Conservation and Divergence in Cellulosome Architecture between Two Strains ofRuminococcus flavefaciens
Authors: Jindou Sadanari , Borovok Ilya , Rincon Marco T. , Flint Harry J. , Antonopoulos Dionysios A. , Berg Margret E. , White Bryan A. , Bayer Edward A. , Lamed Raphael 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTA 17-kb scaffoldin gene cluster inRuminococcus flavefaciensstrain FD-1 was compared with the homologous segment published for strain 17. Although the general design of the cluster is identical in the two strains, significant differences in the modular architecture of the scaffoldin proteins were discovered, implying strain-specific divergence in cellulosome organization.
Interplay between human papilloma virus infection andp53gene alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of an Indian patient population
Authors: Mitra S , Banerjee S , Misra C , Singh R K , Roy A , Sengupta A , Panda C K , Roychoudhury S 
Published: November 2006

Aim:To investigate the complex interplay between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection andp53gene alteration in 92 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and 28 leukoplakia samples from eastern India.Methods:DNA isolated from the patient samples was subjected to HPV detection, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of the chromosome 17p region harbouringp53, genotyping at thep53codon 72 locus and sequencing of the entirep53gene to identify somatic mutations. Codon 72 heterozygotes carrying thep53mutation were further cloned and resequenced to identify the allele harbouring the mutation.Results:HPV positivity in the HNSCC samples was 69%; 21% of the HNSCC were found to harbourp53mutations in the coding region of the gene. The absence of thep53mutation in HPV positive tumours was statistically significant compared to the HPV negative tumours (p = 0.01), but the same did not hold true forp53LOH (p = 1.0). Among the germlinep53codon 72 heterozygotes, the Pro allele was preferentially lost (p = 0.02) while the Arg allele was mutated in the majority of cases. The risk of HPV mediated tumourigenesis increased with the increase in number of Arg alleles at the codon 72 locus.Conclusion:It is proposed that genetic and epigenetic alteration ofp53follow distinct pathways during the development of HNSCC from normal epithelium via dysplasia. Thep53mutation and HPV mediated p53 inactivation possibly constitute two independent pathways of tumourigenesis.
Lymphatic vascular density and lymphangiogenesis during tumour progression of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
Authors: Soares A B , Ponchio L , Juliano P B , de Araújo V C , Altemani A 
Published: November 2006

Aims:To assess lymphatic vascular density (LVD) and lymph vessel endothelial proliferation in a series of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) that represents the tumour in the different carcinogenesis phases and tumour progression.Methods:In 8 cases of early CXPA (intracapsular and minimally invasive tumours), 8 of advanced CXPA (widely invasive tumours) and 10 of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) without malignant transformation, lymphatic vessels and proliferating cells were detected using the antibodies D2-40 and Ki-67 respectively.Results:Comparing early tumours with advanced ones, LVD was not significantly different at the tumour margin. In contrast, regarding intratumoural lymphatics, PA without malignant transformation and early CXPA contained rare, if any, lymph vessels, whereas in widely invasive carcinomas they were more numerous. However, neither intratumoural nor peritumoural LVD were increased in comparison to adjacent normal salivary gland tissue. In no case did dual immunohistochemistry using D2-40 and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 reveal the existence of proliferating lymphatics. Carcinomatous emboli were found in peritumoural as well as in intratumoural lymphatics only in advanced CXPA without myoepithelial differentiation.Conclusion:In CXPA, the lymphatic network is mainly composed of pre-existing lymphatics which are rare in tumours that have not infiltrated outside the confines of the original PA. In the widely invasive CXPA, intratumoural as well as peritumoural lymphatics are a conduit for carcinoma cells, but in carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation, the neoplastic cells seem to have a lower invasion capacity.
Prospects for Cervical Cancer Prevention by Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Authors: Schiller John T. , Lowy Douglas R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Recent clinical trials in young women have shown that subunit vaccines based on human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and HPV18 L1 virus-like particles are ∼100% effective in short-term prevention of persistent cervical infection and of cervical dysplasia by these major oncogenic types. These remarkable efficacy results, together with an excellent safety profile in thousands of vaccinated women, have led to the HPV prophylactic vaccine from one manufacturer having now been licensed for commercial use and the expectation that the vaccine from a second manufacturer will be approved in the near future. These vaccines seem to have great potential for reducing cervical cancer deaths and treatments to remove premalignant cervical lesions. However, before their public health effect can be fully estimated, several issues must be addressed. These include duration of protection, degree of cross-protection against nonvaccine types, efficacy in men, and vaccine availability to economically disadvantaged women. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10229-32)
Ephrin-A1 Facilitates Mammary Tumor Metastasis through an Angiogenesis-Dependent Mechanism Mediated by EphA Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Mice
Authors: Brantley-Sieders Dana M. , Fang Wei Bin , Hwang Yoonha , Hicks Donna , Chen Jin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEphrin-A1, the prototypic ligand for EphA receptor tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in vascularized tumors relative to normal tissue. Moreover, ephrin-A1-Fc fusion proteins induce endothelial cell sprouting, migration, and assembly in vitro, and s.c. vascular remodeling in vivo. Based on these data, we hypothesized that native, membrane-bound ephrin-A1 regulates tumor angiogenesis and progression. We tested this hypothesis using a transplantable mouse mammary tumor model. Small interfering RNA–mediated ephrin-A1 knockdown in metastatic mammary tumor cells significantly diminishes lung metastasis without affecting tumor volume, invasion, intravasation, or lung colonization upon i.v. injection in vivo. Ephrin-A1 knockdown reduced tumor-induced endothelial cell migration in vitro and microvascular density in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of ephrin-A1 in nonmetastatic mammary tumor cells elevated microvascular density and vascular recruitment. Overexpression of ephrin-A1 elevated wild-type but not EphA2-deficient endothelial cell migration toward tumor cells, suggesting that activation of EphA2 on endothelial cells is one mechanism by which ephrin-A1 regulates angiogenesis. Furthermore, ephrin-A1 knockdown diminished, whereas overexpression of ephrin-A1 elevated, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in tumor cell–conditioned medium, suggesting that ephrin-A1–mediated modulation of the VEGF pathway is another mechanism by which membrane-tethered ephrin-A1 regulates angiogenic responses from initially distant host endothelium. These data suggest that ephrin-A1 is a proangiogenic signal, regulating VEGF expression and facilitating angiogenesis-dependent metastatic spread. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10315-24)
Receptor-Mediated DNA-Targeted Photoimmunotherapy
Authors: Karagiannis Tom C. , Lobachevsky Pavel N. , Leung Brenda K.Y. , White Jonathan M. , Martin Roger F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe show the efficacy of a therapeutic strategy that combines the potency of a DNA-binding photosensitizer, UVASens, with the tumor-targeting potential of receptor-mediated endocytosis. The photosensitizer is an iodinated bibenzimidazole, which, when bound in the minor groove of DNA and excited by UVA irradiation, induces cytotoxic lesions attributed to a radical species resulting from photodehalogenation. Although reminiscent of photochemotherapy using psoralens and UVA irradiation, an established treatment modality in dermatology particularly for the treatment of psoriasis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a critical difference is the extreme photopotency of the iodinated bibenzimidazole, ∼1,000-fold that of psoralens. This feature prompted consideration of combination with the specificity of receptor-mediated targeting. Using two in vitro model systems, we show the UVA cytotoxicity of iodo ligand/protein conjugates, implying binding of the conjugate to cell receptors, internalization, and degradation of the conjugate-receptor complex, with release and translocation of the ligand to nuclear DNA. For ligand-transferrin conjugates, phototoxicity was inhibited by coincubation with excess native transferrin. Receptor-mediated UVA-induced cytotoxicity was also shown with the iodo ligand conjugate of an anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, exemplifying the potential application of the strategy to other cancer-specific targets to thus improve the specificity of phototherapy of superficial lesions and for extracorporeal treatments. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10548-52)