bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of Dispute Resolution in Inter-state Litigation: When States Go to Arbitration Rather Than Adjudication
Authors: Malintoppi Loretta 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhen States decide to litigate their legal differences, different factors – not always of a strictly legal nature – come into play that can tilt the balance in favour of arbitration or judicial settlement. This article does not purport to take a position in favour of arbitration, as opposed to adjudication by an international court or tribunal, but merely to identify some of the considerations which a State may be confronted with when it selects arbitration amongst the available alternatives for inter-State dispute resolution. When diplomacy fails, and adjudication by a permanent court or tribunal is not the preferred solution, international arbitration is considered to be an effective and equitable means of settling a dispute.
The MERCOSUR Settlement of Disputes System
Authors: Vinuesa Raúl Emilio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe establishment of a common market for the southern cone (Mercosur) States was scheduled to be accomplished by the end of 1994. During the transition period, member States were to adopt general rules of origin, a system for the settlement of disputes and safeguards clauses, as contained in the respective annexes to the Asunción Treaty. This article describes the subsequent methods for the settlement of disputes among the Mercosur member States.
The Dispute Settlement System of the WTO: Structure and Function in the Perspective of the First 10 Years
Authors: Sacerdoti Giorgio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (the "WTO") presents a number of innovative features within the various models of international justice existing at the turn of the millennium. Ten years after its establishment, it is worthwhile to examine its key features in the light of a comparative analysis, exploring its strengths and weaknesses, and highlighting aspects of general interest and possible developments.
The Criminal Procedure before the International Criminal Court: Main Features
Authors: Gioia Federica , Politi Mauro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article provides a broad and comprehensive overview so as to confirm the starting assumption that the ICC proceedings do not entirely mirror either the adversarial or the inquisitorial system. Elements drawn and inspired from both traditions are to be found in the Rome Statute and the other institutive instruments of the Court which concur to create an innovative procedural framework aimed at preserving the fairest and most efficient features of both. It will be for the Court's practice to show whether this framework will be able to live up to the ambitious goal pursued by the Rome Conference: the creation of a model for international criminal justice which is not only fair and impartial (both requirements being necessary in order to achieve any form of justice), but is also efficient and expeditious.
International Investment Arbitration: Recent Developments as to the Applicable Law and Unilateral Recourse
Authors: Giardina Andrea 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInternational arbitration relating to investments is a field in which important and rapid developments have taken place. Such developments have produced a noteworthy reinforcement of the procedural and substantive rights and positions of foreign investors vis-á-vis host States. Among the various items characterizing these new developments, two have been selected to be examined in this Article: (I) The compliance with international law by arbitral awards and their rationale; (II) The new form of arbitration which is apparently developing, the unilateral arbitration or arbitration without privity.
Modifications Provided by Protocol No. 14 Concerning Proceedings Before the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Starace Vincenzo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe accumulation of the increasing number of applications to be examined and decided entails the serious danger of a progressive breakdown of the European Convention on Human Rights machinery which, if it is not efficaciously dealt with, would betray its raison d'être, which is to secure for victims of violations of the Convention and its relevant Protocols an international judicial mechanism for remedying violations within a reasonable period of time. It therefore became necessary to adopt without delay certain measures directed at saving the Convention's machinery from its own demise owing to the exponential increase in the number of individual applications. Such measures are incorporated into Protocol No. 14, opened for signature in Strasbourg on 13 May 2004, whose purpose, stated in the preamble, is precisely to "maintain and improve the efficiency of the control system for the long term, mainly in the light of the continuing increase in the workload of the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe", safeguarding at the same time the "pre-eminent role" of the Court "in protecting human rights in Europe".
Legitimate Expectation in the Case-law of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal
Authors: Vicuña Francisco Orrego 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA long-standing tradition of administrative tribunals and other bodies has established the discretionary nature of administrative acts, which generally means that such acts are not subject to judicial review. However, this very concept has been qualified in a number of ways, particularly when some form of abuse of power or procedural irregularity taints the act. Legitimate expectation, dealing in part with procedural matters but also with substantive questions, has also been a concept inspiring the work of international administrative tribunals, which is the topic of this article.
Globalization and its Effect on International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Vecchio Angela Del 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere is a need for the international community to make provision for and construct a system of rules and sanctions with far greater binding force than the previous system and which draws its strength of application from the setting up of new international tribunals endowed with personal, subject matter and territorial jurisdiction. It is precisely these courts and tribunals, when ruling that individual cases fall within the scope of the general interests of the community as a whole, which are the institutions best equipped to respond to globalization. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that courts and tribunals have law-making powers since in the current international legal order the effects of their decisions are often not limited to a single case, i.e. the decisions can be universally valid at least within the geographical area in which the court operates or the sector in respect of which it enjoys jurisdiction. In this connection, the author explores the effects of globalization on international courts and tribunals.
Criminal Proceedings before the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
Authors: Pocar Fausto 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ad hoc Criminal Tribunals have shown, by their case law, how practically to go about judicial enforcement of international humanitarian law at the international level and have guided the formation of other international and mixed criminal courts. Following the precedent set at the Nuremberg trials, the most important legacy of the ad hoc Tribunals has been the development and effective enforcement of the entire body of international humanitarian law put into place since the end of World War II, which seeks to maintain a proper balance between prosecuting individuals for grave breaches of international humanitarian law and upholding due process norms including protection of the rights of the accused. The path paved by the ad hoc Tribunals is crucial for the future regulation of the behaviour of States and individuals in times of conflict and has triggered increased attention to and enforcement of international humanitarian law in various other jurisdictions, including, in the first place, in the International Criminal Court. These are some of the author's conclusions following an analysis of the challenges faced by the ad hoc Tribunals.
Comparative gene expression analysis of NKT cell subpopulations
Authors: Lin Henry , Nieda Mie , Hutton Jonathon F , Rozenkov Vladislav , Nicol Andrew J 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a lymphocyte lineage, which has diverse immune regulatory activities in many disease settings. Most previous studies have investigated the functions of this family of cells as a single entity, but more recent evidence highlights the distinct functional and phenotypic properties of NKT cell subpopulations. It is likely that the diverse functions of NKT cells are regulated and coordinated by these different NKT subsets. Little is known about how NKT subsets differ in their interactions with the host. We have undertaken the first microarray analysis comparing the gene expression profiles of activated human NKT cell subpopulations, including CD8+ NKT cells, which have often been overlooked. We describe the significant gene expression differences among NKT cell subpopulations and some of the molecules likely to confer their distinct functional roles. Several genes not associated previously with NKT cells were shown to be expressed differentially in specific NKT cell subpopulations. Our findings provide new insights into the NKT cell family, which may direct further research toward better manipulation of NKT cells for therapeutic applications.
Cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors: targets for immunomodulation. Conference report: International Cytokine Society Conference 2005
Authors: Jang Myoung Ho , Seoh Ju-Young , Miyasaka Masayuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The International Cytokine Society Conference 2005 was held in Seoul, Korea, October 27–31, 2005. This meeting provided the attendants an excellent forum to discuss recent advances in the biology of cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, and the receptors for innate immunity, with particular emphasis on the possibility of interfering with these systems for therapeutic purposes. We herein summarize some of the key findings discussed at the meeting.
New insights into the regulation of TLR signaling
Authors: Miggin Sinead M , O’Neill Luke A J 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is dictated by a number of factors including the ligand itself and the localization of the receptor, in terms of expression profile and subcellular localization and the signal transduction pathway that has been activated. Recent work into TLR signal transduction has revealed complex regulation at a number of different levels including regulation by phosphorylation, targeted degradation, and sequestration of signaling molecules. Here, we describe recent advances that have been made in our understanding of how TLR signaling is regulated at the biochemical level.
The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research
Authors: Ashwood Paul , Wills Sharifia , Van de Water Judy 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are part of a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders, which occur in childhood. They are characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and the presence of restricted and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. At the present time, the etiology of ASD is largely unknown, but genetic, environmental, immunological, and neurological factors are thought to play a role in the development of ASD. Recently, increasing research has focused on the connections between the immune system and the nervous system, including its possible role in the development of ASD. These neuroimmune interactions begin early during embryogenesis and persist throughout an individual’s lifetime, with successful neurodevelopment contingent upon a normal balanced immune response. Immune aberrations consistent with a dysregulated immune response, which so far, have been reported in autistic children, include abnormal or skewed T helper cell type 1 (TH1)/TH2 cytokine profiles, decreased lymphocyte numbers, decreased T cell mitogen response, and the imbalance of serum immunoglobulin levels. In addition, autism has been linked with autoimmunity and an association with immune-based genes including human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 and complement C4 alleles described. There is potential that such aberrant immune activity during vulnerable and critical periods of neurodevelopment could participate in the generation of neurological dysfunction characteristic of ASD. This review will examine the status of the research linking the immune response with ASD.
Surface‐bound anti–type II collagen–containing immune complexes induce production of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐8 from peripheral blood monocytes via fcγ receptor IIA: A potential pathophysiologic mechanism for humoral anti–type II collagen immunity in arthritis
Authors: Mullazehi Mohammed , Mathsson Linda , Lampa Jon , Rönnelid Johan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveType II collagen (CII) is a major component of hyaline cartilage, and antibodies against CII are found in a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We undertook this study to investigate whether and how antibodies directed against CII can form solid‐phase immune complexes (ICs) with cytokine‐inducing properties in a model theoretically resembling the situation in the inflamed joint, in which CII is exposed for interaction with anti‐CII antibodies during periods of inflammation.MethodsSixty‐five arthritis patients with varying levels of anti–native CII antibodies and 10 healthy controls were evaluated concerning anti‐CII and cytokines induced in a solid‐phase IC model. Monocytes were either depleted or enriched to define responder cells. Antibodies blocking Fcγ receptors (FcγR) were used to define the responsible T cell surface receptors.ResultsICs containing anti‐CII from arthritis patients induced the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐8. We found a close correlation between enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay optical density values and induction of TNFα (r = 0.862, P < 0.0001), IL‐1β (r = 0.839, P < 0.0001), and IL‐8 (r = 0.547, P < 0.0001). The anti‐CII–containing IC density threshold needed for cytokine induction differed among peripheral blood mononuclear cell donors. Anti‐CII–containing IC–induced cytokine production was almost totally abolished (>99%) after monocyte depletion, and receptor blocking studies showed significant decreases in the production of TNFα, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 after blocking FcγRIIa, but not after blocking FcγRIII.ConclusionThese findings represent a possible mechanism for perpetuation of joint inflammation in the subgroup of arthritis patients with high levels of anti‐CII. Blockade of FcγRIIa and suppression of synovial macrophages are conceivable treatment options in such patients.
Process parameter shifting: Part II. Biphasic cultivation—A tool for enhancing the volumetric productivity of batch processes using Epo‐Fc expressing CHO cells
Authors: Trummer Evelyn , Fauland Katharina , Seidinger Silke , Schriebl Kornelia , Lattenmayer Christine , Kunert Renate , Vorauer‐Uhl Karola , Weik Robert , Borth Nicole , Katinger Hermann , Müller Dethardt 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRegulation of cell growth and protein expression potentially results in a sustainable enhancement of the volumetric productivity in a fermentation process. Following a biphasic cultivation strategy the process initially passes through a cell proliferation phase to generate a sufficiently high viable cell mass. In the subsequent production phase cells are maintained viable and productive without significant cell proliferation leading to increased viable cell days and product yields. In a previous work we have shown that the well directed alteration of the process environment based on process parameter shifting is a promising tool to regulate cell growth and protein expression. In continuation of this work we investigated process parameters which have been identified to affect cell proliferation in favor of an increased specific productivity and total product yield in a series of biphasic batch cultivation experiments. In most of these processes the integral of viable cells and the specific productivity were increased leading to a significant improvement of both final product concentration and volumetric productivity. In addition, combined parameter shifts (pH 6.90/30°C and pH 6.90/33°C) exerted a synergistic effect on product quality. The loss of product sialylation which occurred at reduced temperatures was prevented by simultaneously reducing the external pH. In conclusion, biphasic cultivation based on combined shifting of process parameters is a suitable tool for controlling cell proliferation and protein expression of mammalian cells in a batch bioreactor leading to enhanced volumetric productivities and therefore offers an enormous potential for bioprocess optimization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids
Authors: Alonso-Coello P , Zhou Q , Martinez-Zapata M J , Mills E , Heels-Ansdell D , Johanson J F , Guyatt G 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of flavonoids on those symptoms important to patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids.

Methods
A comprehensive search strategy was used. All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials comparing any type of flavonoid to placebo or no therapy in patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion, retrieved all potentially relevant studies and extracted data.

Results
Fourteen eligible trials randomized 1514 patients. Studies were of moderate quality and showed variability in the results with potential publication bias. Meta-analyses using random-effects models suggested that flavonoids decrease the risk of not improving or persisting symptoms by 58 per cent (relative risk (RR) 0·42 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·28 to 0·61)) and showed an apparent reduction in the risk of bleeding (RR 0·33 (95 per cent c.i. 0·19 to 0·57)), persistent pain (RR 0·35 (95 per cent c.i. 0·18 to 0·69)), itching (RR 0·65 (95 per cent c.i. 0·44 to 0·97)) and recurrence (RR 0·53 (95 per cent c.i. 0·41 to 0·69)).

Conclusion
Limitations in methodological quality, heterogeneity and potential publication bias raise questions about the apparent beneficial effects of flavonoids in the treatment of haemorrhoids.
Blood interleukin 12 as preoperative predictor of fatal postoperative sepsis after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy
Authors: Novotny A R , Emmanuel K , Ulm K , Bartels H , Siewert J-R , Weighardt H , Holzmann B 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe value of preoperative whole-blood interleukin (IL) 12 levels in predicting death from postoperative sepsis was evaluated, in patients stratified by underlying malignancy, neoadjuvant tumour treatment and surgical procedure.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 1444 patients before major surgery. Whole blood was incubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-12 production in supernatants was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prognostic impact of ability to synthesize IL-12 before surgery was investigated in patient subgroups with respect to sepsis-related mortality using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsIL-12 synthesizing capability in patients who survived sepsis was significantly higher than that in patients who developed fatal sepsis (P = 0·006). In multivariate analysis only IL-12 was associated with a lethal outcome from postoperative sepsis (P = 0·006). The prognostic impact of IL-12 was evident in patients with underlying malignancy (P = 0·011) and in those who had undergone neoadjuvant tumour treatment (P = 0·008). When patients were analysed according to the type of neoadjuvant therapy, preoperative ability to synthesize IL-12 had a significant prognostic impact in patients who had neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (P = 0·026), but not in those who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy.ConclusionIL-12 production after stimulation of whole blood with LPS appears to be useful for the preoperative assessment of risk of sepsis-related death after operation in patients who have undergone neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy.
Effect of coinitiator and water on the photoreactivity and photopolymerization of HEMA/camphoquinone‐based reactant mixtures
Authors: Wang Yong , Spencer Paulette , Yao Xiaomei , Ye Qiang 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt was reported previously that, in the presence of water, a commercially available light‐activated BisGMA/HEMA adhesive underwent physical separation into solid BisGMA‐rich particles and a fluid‐like HEMA‐rich phase. The HEMA‐rich phase exhibited limited monomer conversion suggesting that the photoinitiator is localized to the hydrophobic phase or that the photoinitiator is not compatible with the hydrophilic HEMA. The objective of the present study was to identify photoinitiators that are compatible with the hydrophilic HEMA‐rich phase, when the mixtures are prepared without and with water added. The photoinitiator was camphoquinone (CQ, 0.5 mol %), and the coinitiators (0.5 mol %) were 2,2′‐dihydroxyethyl‐para‐toluidine (DHEPT), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and N‐phenylglycine (NPG), and (1 wt %) diphenyliodonium chloride (DPIC). Reactivities were evaluated using photodifferential scanning calorimetry, at 37°C, using visible light (>418 nm), with the parameters determined being enthalpy (ΔH), the induction time (herein defined as the time for 1% of the photopolymerization to be complete), and the time at which the maximum exotherm occurred. The degree of monomer conversion was measured using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that the reactivity ranking (based on time to exotherm peak maximum and total enthalpy) was HEMA/CQ/DHEPT < HEMA/CQ/DMAEMA < HEMA/CQ/NPG. Reactivity was dramatically increased for CQ/DMAEMA and CQ/NPG in the presence of DPIC, but not for CQ/DHEPT. Water has a major effect on HEMA conversion. At 10% of water, the conversion level of HEMA formulated with CQ/DMEMA dropped from ∼100% to 86%. In comparison, the conversion in 10% of water increased to nearly 96% when DPIC was used. The results suggest that DHEPT, which is commonly used in commercial adhesives, is not compatible with HEMA. Both NPG and DMAEMA appear compatible with the HEMA. The ionic hydrophilic iodonium salt, DPIC, enhances the polymerization of HEMA, even in the presence of water. Future studies on water‐compatible photoinitiators should be performed to address the detrimental effects of water on dentin adhesive systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006