bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the longitudinal course of depression and economic integration of south‐east Asian refugees: an application of latent growth curve analysis
Authors: Wickrama K.A.S. , Beiser Morton , Kaspar Violet 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper has both methodological and substantive application for mental‐health researchers. Methodologically, it presents the latent growth curve (LGC) technique within a structural equation modelling (SEM) framework as a powerful tool to analyse change in depressive symptoms and potential correlates of such changes. The rationale for LGC analysis and subsequent elaboration of this statistical approach are presented. The limitations of traditional analytical methods are also addressed. Substantively, the paper considers socio‐contextual factors as correlates of change in symptoms, and examines the dynamic systematic relationship with the degree of economic integration of south‐east Asian immigrants in Canada over time. Using the LGC technique, this study also investigated how the longitudinal course of sub‐clinical depression places individuals at risk for developing full‐blown major depression. The LGC results provided strong evidence for the reciprocal influence between economic integration and subclinical depression of immigrants. The initial level of economic integration negatively influenced the rate of change in subclinical depression whereas the initial level of sub‐clinical depression negatively influenced the rate of change in economic integration. Both initial level and the rate of change in subclinical depression placed individuals at risk for full‐blown major depression. However, traditional auto‐regressive models were not capable of revealing these dynamic associations. Thus, an investigation of within‐individual change in symptoms and potential correlates of such changes is necessary to understand the process that results in full‐blown mental disorder. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Clinical Interview Schedule – Sinhala version: validation in a community setting in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickramasinghe Shiranee Champika , Rajapakse Lalini , Abeysinghe Ranil , Prince Martin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS‐R) was validated in a clinic setting for adolescents 15–19 years of age in Sri Lanka. The interview schedule was translated into Sinhala and modified to include sections introducing each symptom group. One‐hundred‐and‐thirty‐one adolescents attending a psychiatric clinic for the first time were interviewed by a lay interviewer using CIS‐R (Translated). They had previously been examined and rated by a psychiatrist using local (emic) diagnostic procedures. All the filtering questions showed a high level of sensitivity (80%–96%). None of the questions in the sleep problems and phobias sections were effective at discriminating between those who did and did not show significant symptoms in these areas according to the psychiatrist. The internal consistency of the sections of the interview schedule (when these two sections were excluded) varied between 0.60 and 0.82. Linear regression showed that, when both sections were excluded, 97% of the variation of total score could be explained. Therefore, it was decided to exclude the sleep problems and phobias sections from the modified interview schedule.As the population samples are likely to be different from clinic samples it is necessary to test the validity again in a community sample before confirming the validity of the modified interview schedule. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Surveying older people from minority ethnic groups: an evaluation of a primary care sampling method for UK African‐Caribbean elders
Authors: Stewart Robert , Richards Marcus 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere are substantial logistical difficulties in conducting community surveys of minority ethnic group populations. Primary care lists have been identified as an important potential resource but the representativeness of samples derived through this method has received little evaluation. In a community survey of psychiatric morbidity, African‐Caribbean people aged 55–75 were identified by practice staff from registration lists for seven primary care teams in south London. The sensitivity of the process was evaluated by contacting a random sample of people whose ethnicity was not known. Participants aged 65–75 (n = 174) were also compared to a similarly aged group sampled through household enumeration (n = 34) with respect to demographic factors, risk factors for vascular disease, depression and cognitive function. For those with correct addresses, the identified group was estimated to include 72% of the potentially eligible population. Only 8% of contacted people were found not to be eligible in terms of ethnicity. Compared to the household enumeration sample, the primary care sample had marginally higher socio‐economic status but was similar with respect to all other measured characteristics. Primary care list sampling with staff‐assigned ethnicity therefore appeared highly specific, reasonably sensitive, and did not seem to introduce substantial bias for this population. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The economic burden of depression and the cost‐effectiveness of treatment
Authors: Wang Philip S. , Simon Gregory , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCost‐of‐illness research has shown that depression is associated with an enormous economic burden, in the order of tens of billions of dollars each year in the US alone. The largest component of this economic burden derives from lost work productivity due to depression. A large body of literature indicates that the causes of the economic burden of depression, including impaired work performance, would respond both to improvement in depressive symptomatology and to standard treatments for depression. Despite this, the economic burden of depression persists, partly because of the widespread underuse and poor quality use of otherwise efficacious and tolerable depression treatments. Recent effectiveness studies conducted in primary care have shown that a variety of models, which enhance care of depression through aggressive outreach and improved quality of treatments, are highly effective in clinical terms and in some cases on work performance outcomes as well. Economic analyses accompanying these effectiveness studies have also shown that these quality improvement interventions are cost efficient. Unfortunately, widespread uptake of these enhanced treatment programmes for depression has not occurred in primary care due to barriers at the level of primary care physicians, healthcare systems, and purchasers of healthcare. Further research is needed to overcome these barriers to providing high‐quality care for depression and to ultimately reduce the enormous adverse economic impact of depression disorders. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Patients presenting with somatic complaints: epidemiology, psychiatric co‐morbidity and management
Authors: Kroenke Kurt 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSomatic symptoms are the leading cause of outpatient medical visits and also the predominant reason why patients with common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety initially present in primary care. At least 33% of somatic symptoms are medically unexplained, and these symptoms are chronic or recurrent in 20% to 25% of patients. Unexplained or multiple somatic symptoms are strongly associated with coexisting depressive and anxiety disorders. Other predictors of psychiatric co‐morbidity include recent stress, lower self‐rated health and higher somatic symptom severity, as well as high healthcare utilization, difficult patient encounters as perceived by the physician, and chronic medical disorders. Antidepressants and cognitive‐behavioural therapy are both effective for treatment of somatic symptoms, as well as for functional somatic syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, pain disorders, and chronic headache. A stepped care approach is described, which consists of three phases that may be useful in the care of patients with somatic symptoms. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?
Authors: Friborg Oddgeir , Hjemdal Odin , Rosenvinge Jan H. , Martinussen Monica 
Published: March 2006

AbstractResources that protect against the development of psychiatric disturbances are reported to be a significant force behind healthy adjustment to life stresses, rather than the absence of risk factors. In this paper a new scale for measuring the presence of protective resources that promote adult resilience is validated. The preliminary version of the scale consisted of 45 items covering five dimensions: personal competence, social competence, family coherence, social support and personal structure.The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC) and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) were given to 59 patients once, and to 276 normal controls twice, separated by four months.The factor structure was replicated. The respective dimensions had Cronbach's alphas of 0.90, 0.83, 0.87, 0.83 and 0.67, and four‐month test‐retest correlations of 0.79, 0.84, 0.77, 0.69 and 0.74. Construct validity was supported by positive correlations with SOC and negative correlations with HSCL. The RSA differentiated between patients and healthy control subjects. Discriminant validity was indicated by differential positive correlations between RSA subscales and SOC.The RSA‐scale might be used as a valid and reliable measurement in health and clinical psychology to assess the presence of protective factors important to regain and maintain mental health. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Association chain graphs: modelling etiological pathways
Authors: Höfler Michael , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Lieb Roselind , Hoyer Jürgen , Friis Robert H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMultiple time‐dynamic and interrelated risk factors are usually involved in the complex etiology of disorders. This paper presents a strategy to explore and display visually the relative importance of different association pathways for the onset of disorder over time. The approach is based on graphical chain models, a tool that is powerful but still under‐utilized in most fields. Usually, the results of these models are displayed using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). These draw an edge between a pair of variables whenever the assumption of conditional independence given variables on an earlier or equal temporal footing is violated to a statistically significant extent. In the present paper, the graphs are modified in that confidence intervals for the strengths of associations (statistical main effects) are visualized. These new graphs are called association chain graphs (ACGs). Statistical interactions cause ‘edges’ between the respective variables within the DAG framework (because the assumption of conditional independence is violated). In contrast they are represented as separate graphs within the subsample where the different association chains may work within the ACG framework. With this new type of graph, more specific information can be displayed whenever the data are essentially described only with statistical main‐ and two‐way interaction effects. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Measuring well‐being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF‐36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO‐Five well‐being scale
Authors: Bech Per , Olsen Lis Raabaek , Kjoller Mette , Rasmussen Niels Kristian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe health status questionnaire Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) includes subscales measuring both physical health and mental health. Psychometrically, the mental health subscale contains a mixture of mental symptoms and psychological well‐being items, among other things, to prevent a ceiling effect when used in general population studies. Three of the mental health well‐being items are also included in the WHO‐Five well‐being scale. In a Danish general population study, the mental health subscale was compared psychometrically with the WHO‐Five in order to evaluate the ceiling effect. Tests for unidimensionality were used in the psychometric analyses, and the sensitivity of the scales in differentiating between changes in self‐reported health over the past year has been tested.The results of the study on 9,542 respondents showed that, although the WHO‐Five and the mental health subscale were found to be unidimensional, the WHO‐Five had a significantly lower ceiling effect than the mental health subscale. The analysis identified the three depression symptoms in the mental health subscale as responsible for the ceiling effect. The WHO‐Five was also found to be significantly superior to the mental health subscale in terms of its sensitivity in differentiating between those persons whose health had deteriorated over the past year and those whose health had not.In conclusion, the WHO‐Five, which measures psychological well‐being, reflects aspects other than just the absence of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The construct validity of the client questionnaire of the Wisconsin Quality of Life Index – a cross‐validation study
Authors: Caron Jean , Corbière Marc , Mercier Céline , Diaz Pablo , Ricard Nicole , Lesage Alain 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Wisconsin Quality of Life Index (W‐QLI, Becker, Diamond and Sainfort, 1993) consists of eight scales: satisfaction with life domains, occupational activities, symptoms, physical health, social relations/support, finances, psychological wellbeing, and activities of daily living. The W‐QLI has been modified to fit the characteristics of the Canadian population, the universal Canadian health system, and community and social services in Canada and the modified form was named CaW‐QLI (Diaz, Mercier, Hachey, Caron, and Boyer, 1999). This study will verify the empirical basis of these theoretical dimensions by applying a cross‐validation procedure on two samples, most of whose subjects have a serious mental illness. Confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory factor analyses using the principal component extraction technique with varimax rotation were applied. With the exception of the occupational activities domain, the remaining scales were correctly identified by the factor analyses on each sample. The occupational activities scale should be developed by additional items for representing this scale, which is too brief, and two other items should be revised in order to improve the quality of the instrument. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A modelling strategy for the analysis of clinical trials with partly missing longitudinal data
Authors: White Ian R. , Moodie Erica , Thompson Simon G. , Croudace Tim 
Published: March 2006

AbstractStandard statistical analyses of randomized controlled trials with partially missing outcome data often exclude valuable information from individuals with incomplete follow‐up. This may lead to biased estimates of the intervention effect and loss of precision. We consider a randomized trial with a repeatedly measured outcome, in which the value of the outcome on the final occasion is of primary interest. We propose a modelling strategy in which the model is successively extended to include baseline values of the outcome, then intermediate values of the outcome, and finally values of other outcome variables. Likelihood‐based estimation of random effects models is used, allowing the incorporation of data from individuals with some missing outcomes. Each estimated intervention effect is free of non‐response bias under a different missing‐at‐random assumption. These assumptions become more plausible as the more complex models are fitted, so we propose using the trend in estimated intervention effects to assess the nature of any non‐response bias. The methods are applied to data from a trial comparing intensive case management with standard case management for severely psychotic patients. All models give similar estimates of the intervention effect and we conclude that non‐response bias is likely to be small. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Screening for antisocial personality disorder in drug users – a qualitative exploratory study on feasibility
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Haydon Emma , Kim Gregory , Rehm Jürgen , El‐Guebaly Nady 
Published: March 2006

AbstractKnowledge about co‐occurring personality disorders in drug users is important for planning therapy and prevention. The objective of this study was to assess whether the SCID‐II (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R) Screen for antisocial personality disorder was feasible and acceptable in a population of opioid users. A qualitative study on veridicality and emotional quality in responses to SCID‐II Screen was carried out by personal interview in a multifunctional addiction centre. The subjects were 10 outpatient participants (six female, four male) in methadone substitution treatment.The SCID‐II Screen triggered a high level of emotions. Some questions were mainly interpreted from a victim's perspective, even though the intention was the perpetrator's view. Questions were seen as sex‐biased. Provision of support to deal with potential emotional problems should be supplied. Potential revision should be considered to include the female perspective in the screen. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Validation of the Routine Assessment of Patient Progress (RAPP) in patients with psychosis in South India
Authors: Charles H. , John T. , Chandy S. , Ezhilarasu P. , Antonisamy B. , Jacob K.S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to validate the Routine Assessment of Patient Progress (RAPP), an instrument for assessment by nurses, among patients with psychosis in South India. One hundred consecutive patients with psychosis admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, were assessed on day five and day 19 using the RAPP, the PANSS, and the CGI scales. The correlation of the RAPP with the other scales, its change over time, the inter‐rater reliability, and factor structure were assessed. The subscales of RAPP correlated significantly with those of the other scales at intake and at follow‐up. The RAPP scores changed significantly after treatment. Its inter‐rater reliability as measured by the intra‐class correlation coefficient was 0.98. The Cronbach's alpha, used to measure the internal consistency of the scale, was 0.87. The split‐half reliability (Spearman‐Brown) was 0.89. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation revealed six factors, which explained 67.4% of the variance. Items related to life skills explained a major proportion of the variance. The good psychometric properties, concurrent validity, high inter‐rater reliability and sensitivity to change make it a useful instrument for nurses to employ to assess patients with psychoses. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in a homeless sample
Authors: Burger Gary K. , Yonker Robert D. , Calsyn Robert J. , Morse Gary A. , Klinkenberg W. D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study used a confirmatory factor analysis procedure, the Oblique Multiple Group Method (OMG), with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) on a sample of homeless individuals who had both a severe mental illness and a substance use disorder. The hypothesized five‐factor model of Guy (1976) accounted for 93% of the possible variance, and all the appropriate scales had their highest loading on their respective hypothesized factor. In addition, the Guy model accounted for more variance than did an alternative model. The five factors were labelled: thinking disorder, anergia, anxiety‐depression, hostility‐suspicion, and activity. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Toward better probing for hypomania of bipolar‐II disorder by using Angst's checklist
Authors: Benazzi Franco 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe reliability of the diagnosis of bipolar‐II disorder (BP‐II) is still a problem. Semi‐structured interviews by clinicians might partly overcome this problem. The aims of this study were to find the degree of agreement in the diagnosis of BP‐II between the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) and a semi‐structured interview based on Angst's hypomania checklist (Angst et al., 2003), and to assess the priority among hypomanic symptoms for the diagnosis of BP‐II. Remitted depression outpatients (N = 102) were interviewed during a follow‐up visit using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID), and then with Angst's semi‐structured interview, following DSMIV criteria. Bipolar I (BP‐I) patients were excluded. Using the SCID, 29 patients were diagnosed BP‐II, 26 BP‐I, and 47 major depressive disorder (MDD). By the semi‐structured interview 69 patients were diagnosed BP‐II, 33 MDD, and none BP‐I. Agreement for the diagnosis of BP‐II between the two interviews was 53.9% (k = 0.18). Re‐analysis, after deleting the SCID question on the impact on functioning (DSM‐IV unclear boundary between BP‐I and BP‐II), increased agreement to 78.4% (k = 0.55). Elevated mood and overactivity (increased goal‐directed activity) had the lowest agreement (k = 0.46–0.49). For predicting BP‐II, overactivity had the highest sensitivity (94.2%), while elevated mood had a sensitivity of 84.0%. Multivariate analysis for predicting BP‐II (diagnosed by semi‐structured interview), including all DSM‐IV hypomanic symptoms, found that mood change and overactivity were the only independent predictors. Overactivity plus at least three symptoms (as suggested by Angst and Gamma, 2002) were present in 71 patients, of whom 91.5% also met DSM‐IV criteria for hypomania. Overactivity and elevated mood were strongly associated (but not overactivity and irritability). Findings may support a diagnosis of BP‐II based on Angst's semi‐structured interview versus the fully structured SCID interview. While DSM‐IV always requires mood change for the diagnosis of hypomania, the present findings may suggest that overactivity could have the same priority, as suggested by Angst et al. (2003) and by Akiskal et al. (1977, 2001, 2003). Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Screening for personality disorder: a comparison of personality disorder assessment by patients and informants
Authors: Walters Paul , Moran Paul , Choudhury Partha , Lee Tennyson , Mann Anthony 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders (SCID‐II Version 2.0) is becoming the most favoured instrument to measure personality disorder but takes up to an hour to complete. The Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP), an informant‐based measure, takes 10 to 15 minutes to complete. Both instruments have been validated independently. This study aimed to determine whether the SAP is a suitable screening instrument for personality disorder as measured by the SCID‐II.Fifty‐seven psychiatric patients were assessed for personality disorder using both the SAP and the SCID‐II. The SAP assessments were conducted blind to the results of the SCID‐II assessments.Agreement between the two instruments in this population was low (kappa = 0.3). The level of agreement differed between personality disorder categories, ranging from kappa = 0.4 (antisocial) to −0.1 (narcissistic).In this population of patients, the SAP proved to be a poor screen for the SCID‐II. The study highlights the discrepancy between informant and self‐report assessments for personality disorder. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.