bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Action of Adenosine Triphosphate and Related Compounds on Mammalian Skeletal Muscle.1
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , KAHLSON GEORG 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Close arterial injection of relatively small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (BTP) in the tibialis anterior muscle of the cat releases a tetanus‐like contraction. The effective amounts range between 0.1–1.0 × 10‐‐6 mollg muscle, and the response increases steeply with the injected quantity.
The response to intra‐arterially applied acetylcholine is greatly augmented by previous application of ATP.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ADY + orthophosphate likewise act as chemical stimuli, the effect of the latter being larger than with equal amounts of ADY alone.
Adenylic acid elicits a short tetanic contraction in amounts of 0.04–0.58 × 10‐‐6 mol/g muscle, while it has no effect on frog's muscle. Adenylic acid + pyrophosphate causes a protracted tetanic contraction.
Sodium tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate are highly active as chemical stimuli, while orthophosphate in amounts of 20 times; 10‐‐6 mol/ml (=1.7 × 10‐‐6 mol/g muscle) is ineffective. Pyrophosphate, however, reduces the excitability for all subsequent stimuli.
The active substances (apart from acetylcholine) evoke contraction also after complete curarisation of the muscle.
On Serum Choline Esterase Activity in Experimental Liver Injury
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR , VENNDT HELGE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is found in experiments on dogs, that the serum choline esterase activity increases in experimental liver injury by chloroform poisoning. The simultaneous variations in serum albumin and icterus index are studied. The relation of the results to previous clinical work is discussed, and it is concluded that arguments previously adduced in favour of the assumption that the liver is the place of origin of choline esterase, may need revision in certain respects.
On the Activation of Pancreatic Lipase by Calcium Chloride at Varying pH
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The activating influence of calcium chloride on the hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase of several saturated triglycerides and triolein has been investigated at different pH.1. With increasing number of carbon atoms in the fatty acids of the triglycerides the optimum pH for pancreatic lipase is displaced from 7 to 8.8.2. Addition of CaCl2 does not alter the optimum pH for the enzymatic activity towards a triglyceride.3. CaCl2 activates the hydrolysis of all triglycerides investigated in homogeneous as well as in heterogeneous systems and both in alkaline and acid medium.4. In the presence of CaCl2 the pH‐activity range for the higher saturated triglycerides is widened one pH unit on the acid side.5. The higher free fatty acids are supposed to depress the hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase in a high degree, and the pronounced activation by CaCl2 in experiments with higher triglycerides is explained by the removal of free acids as insoluble calcium soaps.6. The experiments do not support WILLSTÄTTER'S theory of the activation of lipase by formation of complex adsorbates.
A Micromethod for the Estimation of Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine in Nerve Tissue
Authors: EDMAN P. V. , ÅQVIST S. E. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A method is given for the quantitative estimation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine in nerve tissue by the content of ethanolamine. An alcoholic extract of the tissue is hydrolyzed, ethanolamine is distilled off and estimated colorimetrically by the Berthelot reaction.The method is applied to 0.4–1.5 mg quantities of phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Studies on the Blood Supply to Certain Regions in the Lumbar Part of the Spinal Cord
Authors: KROGH ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The paper deals with the special vascularization studied in the anterior horn of the medulla, mainly in rabbits.In the first part it is shown that the cells in the periphery of the anterior horns are more resistant towards lack of oxygen produced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta than the central cells. Since this is true both for nerve cells and, after prolonged occlusion, also for glia cells the difference must be due to a difference in the blood supply.In the second part of the paper it is shown by means of radio sodium that a very slow circulation takes place in the anoxaemic part of the medulla during occlusion. The exchange of blood in the capillaries normally requiring less than a minute now takes an hour or more.In the third part of the paper it is shown by means of injection preparations that there is no difference in the density of the capillary network between the center and the periphery, but that the arteries split up into capillaries mainly at the periphery while the veins are formed mainly near the center.The tissue best resisting the occlusion lies therefore close to the arterial ends of capillaries and the least resistant close to the venous ends, and with the extremely slow flow during occlusion the peripheral cells can appropriate most or all of the available oxygen.The placement of a cell relative to the course of a capillary from the artery to the vein is essential for its oxygen supply when the circulation is much reduced by occlusion.The experiments of EINARSON and RINGSTED on long standing lack of E vitamin in rats point to the conclusion that this relation may also be significant for rapidly diffusing substances of very low concentration at normal rates of circulation, since it is shown that the peripheral cells in the anterior horns of the medulla innervating extensors and supinators (anti‐gravity muscles) better resist an almost complete lack of E vitamin than the cells in the central part (adductor and flexor muscles).
Studies on the Capacity of Serum to Bind Iron. A contribution to our knowledge of the regulation mechanism of serum iron
Authors: HOLMBERG C. G. , LAURELL C. ‐B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By development of colour by means of dipyridyl in serum after addition of ferrous iron we have found that serum can contain about 300 γ % iron in a firm binding. The authors propose the term saturation limit of serum for iron for this figure. The braking effect discussed by WALDENSTRÖM after intravenous injections of iron seems to be due to the fact that the iron which is not firmly bound rapidly leaves the blood stream. The toxic effect at intravenous administration of iron sets in in connection with the transgression of the saturation limit when the surplus iron leaves the blood stream. In untreated cases of pernicious anaemia the iron content of serum is often so high that its capacity to keep the iron in firmly bound form is completely used up. These cases also react toxically even on 1–2 mg iron intravenously.
The Analgetic Action of Morphine, Eserine and Prostigmine Studied by a Modified Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell Method.
Authors: FLODMARK SIGVARD , WRAMNER THURE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A slight modification of the Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell method for measuring pain threshold on man is described.
Eserine raises the pain threshold.
Prostigmine raises the pain threshold.
Prostigmine greatly potentiates and prolongs the analgetic action of morphine.
A Search for Vagal Afferent Fibres Responding to an Increase of Pressure in the Central Veins.
Authors: GERNANDT BO , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Attempts have been made to record from the right vagus of cats and rabbits action potentials due to a sudden increase of the pressure within the central veins and the right auricle. The result was entirely negative.
This finding indicates that the nerve fibres serving as the afferent part of the BAINBRIDGE reflex are, if they really exist, of such a small diameter, that they cannot be recorded by the methods applied. This result is discussed in light of the previous experience of the BAINBRIDGE reflex presented in the literature.
Investigations on the Toxicity and Distribution in the Organism of the Copper (II) Ion in Respect of its Suitability as an Antidote against Hydrocyanic Acid.
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , NORBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By means of copper analyses of blood and organs from rabbits that have been given intravenous injections of copper (II) salts in varying doses, and from rabbits that before this treatment have been poisoned to death with hydrocyanic acid, it has been shown 1. that the minimum lethal dose in the case of copper is over 2 mg per kg of body weight, 2. that copper is enriched in the liver and the blood corpuscles after copper‐treatment of hydrocyanic acid poisoning and 3. that the copper cyan‐complex has a lower toxicity than copper.On the strength of these results it may be said that the use of copper (II) salts in a dose of 1 mg copper per kg body weight can safely be prescribed as an antidote against hydrocyanic acid according to AGNER'S technique (intravenous injection). The toxicity of the copper is presumed to be due to an inhibition of enzymesystems of vital importance to the organism. In the light of our experiments it is probable that the quantitatively most important mechanism of the hydrocyanic acid effect consists in an inhibition of catalase in blood corpuscles and liver.
Protein Metabolism of Tissue Cells in vitro.
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , FISCHER ALBERT , VOLKERT MOGENS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In continuation of our studies on the dialyzable substances required for the growth of animal tissue cells, extracts prepared from kidney, heart and blood corpuscles have been investigated. The experiments indicate that the active substances present in these extracts are not of the same character as the substances present in the genuine media, since the former cannot completely replace the latter.
Dialysates of blood serum are found to contain active components which cannot stand boiling. Similar substances are found in extracts of yeast and barley malt.
While the boiled extracts appear to contain a mixture of various nutrients, the active extracts of yeast and malt appear to contain only one or a few closely‐related substances which probably serve as activators for the utilization of the plasma proteins by the cells.
These thermolabile accessory growth substances appear to be of a highly hydrophilic character as their adsorption from an aqueous solution is difficult and they are insoluble in pure organic solvents. On the other hand, they are soluble in dilute alcohol. They are not precipitated by mereuric chloride at neutral reaction.
The significance of these findings to the understanding of the protein metabolism of the tissue cells is discussed.

The studies here reported have been carried out with the aid of grants from the National Association for the Control of Cancer, King Christian X's Foundation and Danmarks tekniske Højskoles Fond for teknisk Kemi.
Rate of Renewal of the Fish Skeleton
Authors: HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were kept for periods of up to one month in 3 litres of sea‐water containing labelled phosphate. A fish weighing 1 g was found to take up in the course of 16 days 1/40,000; part of the phosphorus present in the water, corresponding to 2.10‐5 mg P.By comparing the specific activity of the skeleton P with that of the free liver P, figures for the degree of the renewal of the skeleton were obtained. At least 95 per cent of the skeleton were found to remain unchanged during the experiment. The rate of renewal of the fish skeleton is thus much lower than that of the mammalian skeleton.The specific activity of the egg P being only slightly lower than that of the free liver P, we may conclude that the greater part of the P atoms present in the eggs was incorporated during the experiment.
Investigations into the Mechanism of the Liberation of Renin in Ischemic Kidneys.
Authors: BING JENS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The mechanism for the liberation of renin in totally ischemic kidneys was ascertained in investigations showing that, by perfusing the kidneys with various capillary‐injuring substances such as toluol, phenol, acetone, hypertonous salt solution and saponin, one obtains a liberation of renin which is best explained as a diffusion through injured capillaries and cell membranes, the permeability of which has been increased. This view is also borne out by examining the content in the perfusates of another renal enzyme, namely phosphatase. There is in fact a rather close relation between the content of renin and phosphatase. We must reckon with the possibility that the same mechanism is found in the abnormal liberation of renin in renally induced hypertension in man and animals.
Further Attempts to Isolate a Gastric Secretory Excitant from the Pyloric Mucosa of Pigs.
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A gastric secretory principle is isolated from the pyloric mucosa of pigs by isoelectrical precipitation. The secretory excitant stimulates the HCl‐glands but not the pepsin glands of the gastric mucosa. The possibility of the existence of an agent which stimulates the pepsin cells, and another which inhibits gastric secretion, is discussed.
Cellulose Sulfuric Acids as Anticoagulants
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , PIPER JØRGEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The preparation and properties of a sulfuric acid ester of cellulose glycollic acid and of a cellulose sulfuric acid ester soluble in concentrated salt solutions are investigated.The toxicity of the substances prepared are decreased considerably in comparison with the toxicity of the synthetic polysaccharide sulfuric acid esters previously investigated, while the anticoagulant activity is only moderately decreased.
Adrenaline Apnoea
Authors: GERNANDT B. , LILJESTRAND G. , ZOTTERMAN Y. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Adrenaline apnoea is increased by inhalation of oxygen. It can be decreased more or less, if the animal is breathing gas mixtures poor in oxygen or rich in carbon dioxide.During the apnoea, the chemical impulses from the sinus nerve are greatly reduced in number. Respiration can be depressed or apnoea provoked if the vagi and the sinus nerves are cut within a short time of each other.The results obtained cannot be reconciled with the hypothesis that adrenaline apnoea is due to a direct inhibition from the baroceptors of the sinus and aortic regions. In our opinion, adrenaline apnoea is the result of a reduction of the activity of the chemoreceptors.
Inulin as an Indicator for the Extracellular Space
Authors: KRUHØFFER POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A number of results are quoted from the literature, showing that the available volumes for Cl‐and Na+are larger than the extracellular volume; the author gives a tabulated summary of literature references to the size of the available volume for these substances and the volumes of distribution for these and SCN‐, Br‐, SO–4, sucrose and Mg++.In 13 nephrectomized rabbits and one nephrectomized dog the decline in the concentrations of inulin and SCN‐in plasma was traced after intravenous injection of a single dose of inulin + NaSCN. It was found that: The experimentally determined curve of distribution for SCN‐(the volumes of distribution plotted against time) was found to be placed well above a theoretical curve of distribution for SCN‐, constructed from the assumptions that inulin and SCN are finally distributed in the same volume and that this distribution proceeded exclusively by diffusion. The quantity of fluid in the erythrocytes is entirely insufficient to explain this discordance; it its presumable that SCN‐penetrates other cells of the organism. The distribution after a very long experimental period (12 hours) suggests that the ultimate distribution in rabbits will be such that inulin distributes itself in slightly less than 20 % of the body weight and SCN– in a little over 30 %. In a few of the experiments, when the distribution of SCN‐and inulin was well advanced, 100–120 ml. isotonic sulphate solution was infused into the rabbits. From the resulting dilution of plasma‐chloride the author calculated the “volume of dilutable chlorides”; at a certain time after the sulphate infusion it was found to be less than the volume of distribution for SCN‐at the same period of time after the NaSCN injection. Whereas the available spaces for SCN‐and Cl‐must be supposed to be larger than the extracellular space, inulin must be assumed to distribute itself in a volume that is equal to the extracellular space. Tests showed that inulin is not excreted in rabbit bile, and experiments with blockade of the reticulo‐endothelial system seem to indicate that inulin is not stored by this system. Inulin's slow distribution, especially in sparsely vascularized tissue such as tendons, is, however, a serious drawback to its practical application for the determination of the extracellular space, even in nephrectomized animals.
Amino Acids and Related Compounds in the Haemolymph of Oryctes Nasicornis and Melolontha Vulgaris
Authors: USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The haemolymph of the larvae of the beetle Melolontha vulgaris was found to contain between 280 and 450 mg% nonprotein amino nitrogen; in haemolymph from the related Oryctes nasicornis between 219 and 316 mg% was found.
This amino nitrogen originates from three main sources, namely a) real amino acids, b) low peptides (di‐ and tripeptides) and c) amides (glutamine and asparagine).
In Melolontha blood the presence of the following substances was established: lysine, arginine, histidine, tyrosin, leucine, valine, tryptophane and the amides asparagine (in some eases) and glutamine; the presence of hydroxyproline in an appreciable amount was indicated. Moreover a small amount of peptides and some dicarbonic amino acid or acids was present.
In Oryctes blood hydroxyproline was identified; this substance and the basic amino acids play the most important part among the real amino acids. Low peptides are present in considerable amounts. Glutamine seems always to be present, whereas asparagine has not been met with.
The non‐protein amino‐nitrogen in the content of the midgut of Melolontha has been examined. It was found that the concentration of all amino acids analyzed for was much lower in the gut than in the haemolymph.
The variations in the amino‐N concentration of the haemolymph is briefly discussed.
The Influence of Anoxia on the Gastric HCl‐secretion
Authors: HARTIALA K. , KARVONEN M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The aim of this investigation is to unravel, whether anoxia as such has – independent of the accompanying variations of the ion‐equilibrium of blood – any effect on the gastric HCl‐secretion.
For this purpose test‐meals were given on three human subjects in a low pressure chamber, both after NH4Cl‐administration the day before, and without it, the O2‐pressures of 149, 87 and 69 mm existing in the inspired air, corresponding to the heights of 0, 4,000 and 5,500 metres.
The following results were obtained:

HCl‐secretion in 69 mm O2‐pressure was greatly reduced;
HCl‐secretion was affected in 87 mm O2‐pressure too, but in a less degree and somewhat irregularly;
HCl‐secretion in all the O2‐pressures was independent of the preceding NH4Cl‐administration.

The answer to our question seems to be – basing on the results – that the decrease of the HCl‐secretion during severe O2‐deficiency is a consequence of anoxia, and happens independent of alkalosis produced by hyperventilation.
The Principle of Evacuation of the Sto mach in Infants and Prematures. A non‐roentgenologic study
Authors: VENDEL STEPHAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By roentgen only the initial and final points of the evacuation curve of the stomach can be determined exactly enough. To follow the entire course of evacuation another technic was applied: the volume of gastric contents being measured at regular intervals by aspiration through a stomach tube. It was demonstrated that the stomach in infants empties with extreme regularity, following mostly a rectilinear curve, the emptying rate depending upon age and the constituents of the meal, and the variations tending to be much more confined than previously accepted.
The Fluorescence Microspectrographic Localization of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Thiamin (Vitamin B1) in Tissue Cells
Authors: SJÖSTRAND FRITIOF 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A method of fluorescence microspectrography has been elaborated for the localization of fluorescent substances normally occurring in the tissue cells.

The method has primarily been utilized for cytologic localization of riboflavin and thiamin. An earlier improved method of fluorescence microscopy (SJÖSTRAND 1944) has been employed in this connection.

Riboflavin occurs in frogs' eyes localized to the choroid membrane.
Thiamin is localized to the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nerves.
Solvent Water in the Human Erythrocytes
Authors: ØRSKOV S. L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The distribution of 5 anelectrolytes, urea, malonamide, glycol, glycerol and glucose added to defibrinated blood has been examined. In some experiments the serum was exchanged with 0.9 % NaCl.The methods used are described.Urea, glycerol and glucose are found in a highier concentration in the watery phase of the erythrocytes than in serum. Glycol is found in a somewhat lower concentration in the erythrocytes than in serum and malonamide in the same concentration in both.In experiments with 0.9 % NaCl in the outer solution, glycol as well as malonamide are found in higher concentration in the erythrocytes.It is assumed that the substances can be adsorbed to the colloids of serum and the erythrocytes but in a varying degree.The discrepancy between previous and the present experiments can partly be explained.
The Volume of the Erythrocytes at Different Osmotic Pressure. Further Experiments on the Influence of Lead on the Permeability of Cations
Authors: ØRSKOV S. L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is demonstrated as by other authors that the volume of the erythrocytes does not follow Boyle‐Mariotte's law. At hypotonic pressure the discrepancy is not considerable, but at hypertonic pressure it corresponds to 15–20 % of the cell water being “bound”.The diffusion through the cell membrane of potassium, sodium and phosphate during the experiment is insignificant. The haematocrit values obtained are very reproduceable.The intercellular fluid of the centrifuged blood cell mass is 1.7–3.8 % in normal blood, in hypotonic solutions it decreases and in hypertonic solutions it increases.It was formerly shown by the author that lead makes the erythrocytes permeable to potassium. It is now shown that sodium can permeate as well, and that the two substances permeate with the same velocity. The potassium loss of the erythrocytes make them shrink considerably, and the haemoglobin concentration increases.The osmotic pressure of the serum water and the cell water in normal blood and blood that has been poisoned is determined by K, Na, Cl and HCO3analysis. An excess of ions is found in serum and this is increased by lead poisoning, and more than the amount of cell water is decreased indicating that the higher haemoglobin concentration increases the “bound” water.In order to explain the problem of “bound” water 4 hypotheses are advanced and discussed.
Determination of Potassium in Urine by Means of Periodic Acid
Authors: DAHR ELIAS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A procedure for the quantitative determination of potassium based upon the separation of this metal as a periodate was applied to biological materials. It was found to be of particular value in urological practice, since no preparative treatment of the urine was required. The precipitate holds certain by‐products which nevertheless do not interfere provided the determination is accomplished by means of iodometrical titration.A procedure fitted for determination of the potassium content in urine samples of 2 ml was reported. The accuracy of this procedure was tested on the normal urine of man and certain mammals. Some control tests were published in Tables 1–3.