bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatal development of preterm and low birthweight infants compared to term infants – What do we know? Part 2: The palate of the preterm/low birthweight infant
Authors: Hohoff Ariane , Rabe Heike , Ehmer Ulrike , Harms Erik 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Well-designed clinical studies on the palatal development in preterm and low birthweight infants are desirable because the literature is characterized by contradictory results. It could be shown that knowledge about 'normal' palatal development is still weak as well (Part 1). The objective of this review is therefore to contribute a fundamental analysis of methodologies, confounding factors, and outcomes of studies on palatal development in preterm and low birthweight infants.

Methods
An electronic literature search as well as hand searches were performed based on Cochrane search strategies including sources of more than a century in English, German, and French. Original data were recalculated from studies which primarily dealt with both preterm and term infants. The extracted data, especially those from non-English paper sources, were provided unfiltered for comparison.

Results
Seventy-eight out of 155 included articles were analyzed for palatal morphology of preterm infants. Intubation, feeding tubes, feeding mode, tube characteristics, restriction of oral functions, kind of diet, cranial form and birthweight were seen as causes contributing to altered palatal morphology. Changes associated with intubation concern length, depth, width, asymmetry, crossbite, and contour of the palate. The phenomenon 'grooving' has also been described as a complication associated with oral intubation. However, this phenomenon suffers from lack of a clear-cut definition. Head flattening, pressure from the oral tube, pathologic or impaired tongue function, and broadening of the alveolar ridges adjacent to the tube have been raised as causes of 'grooving'. Metrically, the palates of intubated preterm infants remain narrower, which has been examined up to the age of the late mixed dentition.

Conclusion
There is no evidence that would justify the exclusion of any of the raised causes contributing to palatal alteration. Thus, early orthodontic and logopedic control of formerly orally intubated preterm infants is recommended, as opposed to non-intubated infants. From the orthodontic point of view, nasal intubation should be favored. The role that palatal protection plates and pressure-dispersing pads for the head have in palatal development remains unclear.
Prolonged refractory status epilepticus following acute traumatic brain injury: a case report of excellent neurological recovery
Authors: Peets Adam D , Berthiaume Luc R , Bagshaw Sean M , Federico Paolo , Doig Christopher J , Zygun David A 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be under-recognized and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Methods
This case report describes a 20 year old previously healthy woman who suffered a severe TBI as a result of a motor vehicle collision and subsequently developed RSE. Pharmacological coma, physiological support and continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) were undertaken.

Results
Following 25 days of pharmacological coma, electrographic and clinical seizures subsided and the patient has made an excellent cognitive recovery.

Conclusion
With early identification, aggressive physiological support, appropriate monitoring, including cEEG, and an adequate length of treatment, young trauma patients with no previous seizure history and limited structural damage to the brain can have excellent neurological recovery from prolonged RSE.
Tamoxifen Versus Control After Adjuvant, Risk-Adapted Chemotherapy in Postmenopausal, Receptor-Negative Patients With Breast Cancer: A Randomized Trial (GABG-IV D-93)—The German Adjuvant Breast Cancer Group
Authors: Kaufmann Manfred , Graf Erika , Jonat Walter , Eiermann Wolfgang , Geberth Matthias , Albert Ute-Susann , Gademann Günther , Conrad Bettina , Stahl Karin , von Minckwitz Gunter , Schumacher Martin 
Published: October 2005

Purpose To investigate the effect of adjuvant sequential tamoxifen after chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor–negative breast cancer. Methods Patients were randomly assigned to oral tamoxifen (30 mg daily for 5 years; n = 421) or no additional treatment (n = 408) after risk-adapted polychemotherapy consisting of three 28-day cycles of CMF (cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2, methotrexate, 40 mg/m2, and fluorouracil, 600 mg/m2) in patients with negative or one to three positive lymph nodes and four 21-day cycles of epirubicin 90 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 followed by three cycles of CMF in patients with four to nine positive lymph nodes. Results Thirty-six percent of the patients included were older than 60 years, 63% were node negative, 13% had four to nine positive nodes, 55% had tumor grade 3, and 41% received breast-preserving surgery. At 5.3 years’ median follow-up, the first event of failure (recurrence, secondary tumor, or death) had occurred in 123 patients in the tamoxifen group and 107 patients of the control group. Event-free survival rates after 5 years were 70.3% (95% CI, 65.5% to 75.0%) and 72.8% (95% CI, 68.2% to 77.5%) for the tamoxifen and control groups, respectively. The estimated hazard ratio of tamoxifen versus control was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.48; P = .34), which gives no indication of an additional benefit of tamoxifen in these patients. Conclusion This study contributes substantially to finalization of the presently emerging evidence that tamoxifen does not benefit women with receptor-negative breast cancer after chemotherapy.
Length of Stay and Mortality Associated With Febrile Neutropenia Among Children With Cancer
Authors: Basu Swati K. , Fernandez Isabel D. , Fisher Susan G. , Asselin Barbara L. , Lyman Gary H. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for longer length of stay (los) and mortality among hospitalized children with cancer who have febrile neutropenia. Methods This study involved analysis of longitudinal data from the University HealthSystem Consortium database from 1995 to 2002. All patients who were 21 years or younger, with diagnostic codes for both neoplastic disease and febrile neutropenia at discharge, were included. Results A total of 12,446 patients were identified for the study. The los was 5 days or less for 6,799 patients, and greater than 5 days for 5,647 patients. The mortality rate was 3%. On bivariate analysis, race, age, cancer type, and associated complications (bacteremia/sepsis, hypotension, pneumonia, and fungal infections) were significantly associated with longer length of stay and death. On multivariate analysis, age group, race, cancer type (acute myeloid leukemia, multiple cancers v acute lymphoblastic leukemia), and the complication variables were significantly associated with increased risk of longer los and death. Certain types of cancer (Hodgkin's disease, osteosarcoma/Ewing’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, compared with acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and year of discharge after 1995 were significantly associated with a reduced risk of longer length of stay and/or mortality. Conclusion Race, age group, year of discharge, associated complications, and cancer type were significantly associated with risk of longer los and mortality. These factors may potentially help in identifying high-risk patients who might benefit from targeted antibiotic therapy or prophylactic hematopoietic growth factor support.
An Intensive Surveillance Program Detected a High Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Hepatitis B Virus Carriers With Abnormal Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels or Abdominal Ultrasonography Results
Authors: Mok Tony S.K. , Yeo Winnie , Yu Simon , Lai Paul , Chan Henry L.Y. , Chan Anthony T.C. , Lau Joseph W.Y. , Wong Herman , Leung Nancy , Hui Edwin P. , Sung Joseph , Koh Jane , Mo Frankie , Zee Benny , Johnson Philip J. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose To study the incidence and treatment outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detected in an intensive surveillance program (ISP) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. Patients and Methods We screened 1,018 HBV carriers by serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement and abdominal ultrasonography (AUS). Patients with an abnormal AFP level or AUS result were enrolled in an ISP that included Lipiodol computed tomography followed by AFP measurement/AUS every 3 months for 2 years and then every 6 months thereafter. The rest were on routine surveillance for 2 years. Results A total of 9,849 serum AFP measurements and 3,053 AUSs were performed. After a median follow-up of 4.12 years, we diagnosed 24 HCCs among 78 patients with abnormal screening test results at enrollment (group A); 23 HCCs among 93 patients with only abnormal surveillance test results during follow-up (group B); and nine HCCs among 847 patients with 2 years of normal surveillance (group C). Annual incidence of HCC in the ISP was 760.2 (95% CI, 538.4 to 1,073.7) per 100,000. Mean tumor sizes were 3.02, 2.91, and 4.82 cm in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P = .01). Tumor resection rate of the ISP was 36.2%, although another 29.8% of the patients were eligible for locoregional ablative therapy. Conclusion This study illustrated that a high incidence of relatively small HCCs may be detected by using intensive surveillance of high-risk HBV carriers. However, the surgical resection rate was low, and we were not able to demonstrate clinical benefit with the early detection. Future surveillance studies should consider incorporation of therapy aimed at long-term control of small-sized tumors.
Prostate Size and Risk of High-Grade, Advanced Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy: A Search Database Study
Authors: Freedland Stephen J. , Isaacs William B. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Terris Martha K. , Aronson William J. , Amling Christopher L. , Presti Joseph C. , Kane Christopher J. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose Prostate growth and differentiation are under androgenic control, and prior studies suggested that tumors that develop in hypogonadal men are more aggressive. We examined whether prostate weight was associated with tumor grade, advanced disease, or risk of biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods We evaluated the association of prostate weight with pathologic tumor grade, positive surgical margins, extracapsular disease, and seminal vesicle invasion using logistic regression and with biochemical progression using Cox proportional hazards regression among 1,602 men treated with RP between 1988 and 2003 at five equal-access medical centers, which composed the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database. Results In outcome prediction models including multiple predictor variables, it was found that the predictor variable of prostate weight was significantly inversely associated with the outcomes of high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension (all P ≤ .004), and biochemical progression (comparing prostate weight < 20 v ≥ 100 g: relative risk = 8.43; 95% CI, 2.9 to 24.0; P < .001). Similar associations were seen between preoperative transrectal ultrasound–measured prostate volume and high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension (all P ≤ .005), seminal vesicle invasion (P = .07), and biochemical progression (P = .06). Conclusion Men with smaller prostates had more high-grade cancers and more advanced disease and were at greater risk of progression after RP. These results suggest that prostate size may be an important prognostic variable that should be evaluated for use pre- and postoperatively to predict biochemical progression.
Approaches to Size-selective Formation of Fullerenes by Cyclization of Highly Reactive Polyyne Chains
Authors: Umeda Rui , Sonoda Motohiro , Wakabayashi Tomonari , Tobe Yoshito 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
As an approach to size-selective formation of fullerenes, we developed a method based on the cyclization of reactive cyclic polyynes which were generated by [2 + 2] cycloreversion of [4.3.2]propellatriene units. This method was proven to work successfully for the first time for the formation of fullerene ions C60+ and C60− in the gas phase. This protocol is useful for generation of a small three-dimensional carbon cluster ion C36− and a large fullerene C78−, as well.
Photochromic Oligothiophenes
Authors: Tanifuji Naoki , Irie Masahiro , Matsuda Kenji 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
New oligothiophenes having a photochromic switching unit were synthesized. Upon irradiation with UV and visible light the oligomers underwent photochromic reactions in solution. The chain length dependence on the photoreactivity was examined to reveal that the reactivity decreased as the chain length gets longer. These molecules can be used as new photoswitching units.
Catalytic Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Ketones Using Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Polymer
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Takasugi Hitomi , Sato Toru , Noguchi Hiroshi , Kanoh Hirofumi , Kaneko Katsumi , Yanagisawa Akira 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Oxidation of silyl enolates was found to be smoothly catalyzed by [Cu(bpy)(BF4)2(H2O)2(bpy)]n (bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine) under molecular oxygen, and provided the corresponding α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds in high yield. The insoluble organic–inorganic hybrid polymer was readily recovered by centrifugation after the completion of reaction, and the recovered catalyst could be reused.
Language and the Law Revisited: An Intellectual History of Contractual Interpretation
Authors: McMeel Gerard 
Published: October 2005

Lawyers, like other human beings, are users of language. A facility with words is a desirable attribute for a good lawyer. On the negative side, lawyers attract both distrust and derision for their supposed abuses of ordinary language, such as the deployment of arcane terms, over-elaborate syntax and gobbledegook. The areas in which issues arising from the drafting and interpretation of legal language have attracted most attention to date are the fields of constitutional and statutory law. This is unsurprising given that such documents govern the exercise of significant social and political power. In contrast, this paper addresses issues of construction in private law, and in particular, contractual interpretation. Ascertaining the meaning of the language deployed by contracting parties constitutes a large proportion of the business of courts and tribunals dealing with commercial disputes. It is tempting to see this as a problem inherent to language due to its flexibility and vagueness, or else to detect a link with the supposed nit-picking mentality of lawyers, always keen to identify an unintended ambiguity in words or loophole in documentation. In practice though, most disputes which have to be resolved by resorting to interpretation are not problems about the meanings of words or ones which require familiarity with grammatical niceties. Rather, they are problems about the application of the language of a contract to the (perhaps unexpected) events which have subsequently transpired. As such they represent an unavoidable source of potential dispute.
Pompey v Saints: A Case Study in Crowd Segregation
Authors: Frosdick Steve 
Published: October 2005

In the United Kingdom, spectator violence at sports events, particularly at football (soccer) matches, is an ancient yet current policing problem. ‘Football hooliganism’ has received considerable academic scrutiny, however the main focus has been on who the hooligans are and why they behave as they do. Other salient issues, for example the policing of spectator violence, have received rather less research attention. One aspect of such policing involves the physical segregation of rival sets of supporters. This paper is an empirical case study of the crowd segregation arrangements adopted for the 2003–2004 Derby1 matches between Southampton and Portsmouth football clubs. This case study outlines the concept of segregation and describes the two stadiums. It then gives a participant observer account of the segregation arrangements and incidents at the matches. Finally, the paper suggests six more general conclusions based upon the case study. Segregation remains necessary and is best achieved by management rather than physical measures. The proximity of the visiting fans coach (bus) arrival point is important, and it is easier to manage the staggered arrival of small groups of fans. What happens outside the ground has a direct effect on what happens inside and experienced stewards are more effective at ‘policing’ fans than the public police service.
Thyroid Function and Prevalence of Anti-Thyroperoxidase Antibodies in a Population with Borderline Sufficient Iodine Intake: Influences of Age and Sex
Authors: Hoogendoorn Elizabeth H , Hermus Ad R , de Vegt Femmie , Ross H Alec , Verbeek Andre LM , Kiemeney Lambertus ALM , Swinkels Dorine W , Sweep Fred CGJ , den Heijer Martin 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Background: We present a large European population-based study of thyroid function, performed in a population with longstanding borderline sufficient iodine intake.
Methods: The Nijmegen Biomedical Study is a population-based survey conducted in the eastern part of The Netherlands. Randomly selected inhabitants received a postal questionnaire on lifestyle and medical history, which was filled out by 9371 individuals (41.7%). We measured serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) in 6434 responders. A reference population of 5167 individuals was selected by excluding those at risk for thyroid disease.
Results: Overt thyrotoxicosis was found in 0.4% of the total population and subclinical thyrotoxicosis in 0.8%. Overt hypothyroidism was found in 0.4% and subclinical hypothyroidism in 4.0%. In individuals older than 60 years, mean FT4 concentrations increased with age. Mean TSH decreased with age, from 1.46 mIU/L at 18–24 years to 1.07 mIU/L after 85 years. The mean TSH in the total population did not differ from the mean TSH in the reference population; the exclusion of those at risk for thyroid disease, however, lowered the upper limit of the TSH reference interval considerably. In the total population, 8.6% of males and 18.5% of females had positive TPOAbs. The presence of TPOAbs was associated with abnormally high and low TSH concentrations.
Conclusion: In inhabitants of the eastern part of The Netherlands, serum TSH gradually decreases with age, whereas after age 60, serum FT4 increases, possibly because of the development of thyroid autonomy after longstanding borderline sufficient iodine intake.
Population Differences in the Polyalanine Domain and 6 New Mutations in HLXB9 in Patients with Currarino Syndrome
Authors: Garcia-Barceló Mercè , So Man-ting , Lau Danny Ko-chun , Leon Thomas Yuk-yu , Yuan Zheng-wei , Cai Wei-song , Lui Vincent Chi-hang , Fu Ming , Herbrick Jo-Anne , Gutter Emily , Proud Virginia , Li Long , Pierre-Louis Jacqueline , Aleck Kirk , van Heurn Ernest , Belloni Elena , Scherer Stephen W , Tam Paul Kwong-hang 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Background: The combination of partial absence of the sacrum, anorectal anomalies, and presacral mass constitutes Currarino syndrome (CS), which is associated with mutations in HLXB9.
Methods: We analyzed 5 CS families and 6 sporadic cases for HLXB9 mutations by direct sequencing. Potentially pathologic expansions of HLXB9 GCC repeats were analyzed in patients, 4 general populations [Chinese, Japanese, Yoruba, and Centre du Etude Polymorphisme Human (CEPH)] from the HapMap project, and 145 healthy Chinese.
Results: We identified 6 novel mutations affecting highly conserved residues (Ser185X, Trp215X, Ala26fs, Ala75fs, Met1Ile, and Arg273Cys). GCC allele and genotype distributions showed marked statistically significant differences. (GCC)11 was the most common allele overall; its frequency ranged from 90% in CEPH to 68% in Yoruba and 50% in Chinese and Japanese populations. (GCC)9 was almost as common as (GCC)11 in Chinese and Japanese populations, whereas its frequency was &lt;10% in Yoruba and CEPH populations. The Yoruba population had the highest frequency of the largest alleles [(GCC)12 and (GCC)13], which were almost absent in the other groups.
Conclusions: Lack of HLXB9 mutations in some patients and the presence of variable phenotypes suggest DNA alterations in HLXB9 noncoding regions and/or in other genes encoding HLXB9 regulatory molecules or protein partners. If HLXB9, like other homeobox genes, has a threshold beyond which triplet expansions are pathologic, those populations enriched with larger alleles would be at a higher risk. The data illustrate the importance of ethnicity adjustment if these polymorphic markers are to be used in association studies.
Normalizers of space groups: A useful tool in crystal-structure description, comparison and determination
Authors: Koch Elke , Fischer Werner 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
After an illustrative example for the ‘symmetry of symmetry’ the group-theoretical concept of normalizers is introduced by a series of definitions. Subsequently, this concept is applied to space groups for which Euclidean and affine normalizers are discussed. Their implications on point configurations, Wyckoff positions and coordinate descriptions of crystal structures are explained. The derivation of all equivalent descriptions of a crystal structure with the aid of the tables of normalizers given in the International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A is elucidated by several examples.
Opechowski's magic relations
Authors: Kopský Vojtěch 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Transformation properties of tensors under the action of the full magnetic group SO(3) × E

o
are specified by the intrinsic symmetry which defines how the tensor transforms under the action of the proper rotation group SO(3) and by their parity which defines how the tensor transforms under the action of the group of inversions E

o
= {e, i, e′, i′}, where i denotes the space inversion, e′ the magnetic inversion and i′ = i.e′ their combination. There exist therefore four types of tensors to each intrinsic symmetry whose transformation properties under the group SO(3) are identical while their transformation under the group E

o
determines their parities with respect to the three inversions. As a result of this separation, transformation properties of tensors of the same intrinsic symmetry under the action of magnetic groups of the same oriented Laue class are strongly correlated by relations for which we propose the name Opechowski's magic relations in homage to late Prof. Opechowski. The origin of these relations is explained and tables which describe them are presented. It is found, in particular, that the number of different forms of tensor decompositions under the action of groups of oriented Laue class of magnetic point groups equals the number of one-dimensional real irreducible representations of the proper rotation group which generates the Laue class. Accordingly, there exists also the same number of allowed forms of tensors which do not vanish.
Topological transformations performed on nets via their quotient graphs
Authors: Eon Jean-Guillaume 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Topological transformations in nets resulting from the insertion or deletion of edges or vertices are analyzed through the analogous operations performed on their quotient graphs. The role of strong rings and cages of the net is emphasized. It is shown that closed trails of the oriented quotient graph define the topology of 3-periodic nets derived from regular, vertex and edge transitive, 4-periodic minimal nets.