bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance against greenbug, Schizuphis graminum Rond., and Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko, in tritordeum amphiploids
Authors: Castro A. M. , Vasicek A. , Ramos S. , Martin A. , Martin L. M. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA collection of tritordeum amphiploids (Hordeum chilense × Triticum turgadum) and their wheat parents were screened for resistance against the two main aphid pesis of cereals, the greenhug. Schizaphis graminum Rond. and ihe Russian wheat aphid (RWA) Diuraphis naxia Mord‐vilko. Antixenosis. antibiosis and tolerance were evaluated in controlled environmental conditions using a. clone of greenbug biotypc C and a clone of RWA collected on pasta wheat. Tritordeum amphiploids pos‐sess genetic resistance against greenbug and RWA; some of the lines tested were more resistant than the parental wheat line. Four principal components explained the resistance against both aphid species. The antixenosis shown against both pests was mainly contributed by their wheat parents. The antibiosis againsl both aphid species was obviously dependent on diflerent plant traits. The highest levels of antibiosis against the two aphids occurred in different amphiploids. Different genes are involved in the antibiotic reaction against the two aphids. The Tritordeum resistance to RWA is based on anlixenosis and ant‐biosis since the tolerance trails were not independent of the other types of resistance. The level of tolerance shown to the greenbug was variable and appears to be controlled by differeni mechanisms. The tolerance to aphids shown by H. chilense is expressed in the amphiploids. but with some genomic interaction. Genes conferring resistance to aphids in H. chilensee could be incorporated into new cultivars of wheat to broaden their genetic base of resistance against greenbug and RWA.
Cytogenetic analysis of a spontaneous 5B/6B translocation in tetraploid wheat landraces from Ethiopia, and implications for breeding
Authors: Belay G. , Merker A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree tetraploid (2n= 4x= 28) wheat Triticum turgidum L. landrace morphotypes (= genotypes) from Ethiopia were found to carry a variant karyotype directly discernible under the microscope. This was possible because the rearrangement involved one of the satellited chromosomes. Giemsa C‐banding revealed that the rearrangement resulted from a 5BS.6BS(5BL.6BL) centric reciprocal translation. The banding pattern on 5BL was polymorphic, suggesting that this translocation might have occurred more than once. There was little C‐band polymorphism for the remaining chromosomes, except for 2A. As pure lines, all three morphotypes showed normal chromosome pairing at metaphase I (MI) in pollen mother cells (PMCs). indicating that they are genomically stable. Meiotic analyses of F1 hybrids and F2 segregates derived from crosses with tester varieties clearly indicated that one of them (B‐l–9) carried another translocation. However, we were not successful in delecting the chromosomes involved, presumably the interchanged segments did nol include C‐banding regions. By using T5BS.6BS, direct evidence for segregation distortion against translocation homozygotes in intervarietal hybrids was obtained. The distorted segregation was attributed lo zygotic selection. No aneuploid plants were obtained from the F2 segregates. However, translocation heterozygotes resulting in unstable meiosis were abundant in the F2 generation. The implications of the results in using the indigenous landraces in hybridization breeding are discussed.
Stability of the association of molecular markers with common bacterial blight resistance in common bean (Phascolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Tar'an B. , Michaels T. E. , Pauls K. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCommon bacterial blight (CBB) caused hy Xanthomonas campestrts pv. phaseoli is an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout the world. Two random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers (R7313 and R4865) linked to genes for CBB resistance, that were transferred to P‐ vulgaris by an interspecific cross with Phaseohus acutifoluis. Were identified in a previous study. The current study was conducted to examine the use of these markers for selecting CBB resistant material from 85 F5,6, lines derived from crosses between two of the resistant lines used previously in the linkage study and susceptible breeding lines. The results showed that these two markers were located on the same linkage group and explained 22% (P = 0.0002) of the variation in response to CBB in the current population. Seventy per cent of the lines that had both markers were classified as resistant in a disease test of the F5,6, lines, whereas 73% of the lines that had neither of the RAPD markers were susceptible. The results indicated that the marker‐disease resistance associations remained stable in a plant breeding programme and that they can be used lor marker‐assisted selection of CBB‐resistant beans.
Genetic variability in herbage and seed yield in selected half‐sib families of berseem clover, Trifolium alexandrinum L.
Authors: Martiniello P. , Iannucci A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBerseem clover Trifolium alexandrinum L. is an annual forage legume commonly grown in pure stands and in grass mixtures in the Medi‐terranean basin. Six populations were naturally cross‐pollinated in 1990 and 1991 by a half‐sib breeding method. In 1992 and 1993. 54 half‐sib maternal plants, six original populations, and six advanced populations were field evaluated for forage (short cycle, harvest made at seven or eight inlernodes: long cycle, harvested at flowering) and seed yield (no forage harvest) in experiments at the Forage Crop Institute at Foggia, Italy (typical Mediterranean location). Genetic variability, narrow‐sense herilability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among forage and seed yield component trails were investigated. The genetic variance in dry matter among maternal half‐sib populations in short cycle was 51% greater than in long cycle. Narrow‐sense heritabilily was 35% higher in short cycle than long cycle for dry matter and 26% higher for seed weight than seed yield. The magnitude of the genetic variance components and genetic correlations suggested that selection among plants of maternal half‐sib populations would be more effective for improving dry matter in short than in long cycle harvests. The selection applied in the study was not effective for increasing seed yield per se however, the trait may be increased by selecting indirectly for seed weight.
A protocol to avoid precocious flowering of sunflower plantlets in vitro
Authors: Ivanov P. , Encheva J. , Ivanova I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrecocious flowering in in vitro plantelets of sunflower is one of the unfavourable phenomena when using tissue endure. In this sundy additional evidence is presented on precocious flowering of sunflower regenerats. Three day/night cycles (16/8h. 12/12h and 8/16h) and some modifications of media were investigated. Under standard conditions (16/8h day night. 25C) 62% of the plamlels formed flowers, while 55% formed flowers when grown in 12/12 h day. night at 20C and 31% when plantiets were grown under cultivation conditions of 8/16h day‐night ai 20C. According to the results obtained, precocious flowering of sunflower plantlets in tesl tubes depends on culture conditions, nutrition medium and genotype. It was found that 20C and 8/16h diiy/nighl was the most favourable condition to reduce precocious flowering of sunflower planllels in the lest tuhe. Modified nutrition media can also help to reduce in vitro flowering.
Effect of microstructure on crack propagation in high‐temperature fatigue of directionally solidified Ni‐based superalloy
Authors: YAMAMOTO M. , KITAMURA T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn order to clarify the crack propagation properties of an anisotropic material (Ni‐based directionally solidified superalloy), longitudinally loaded specimens (L‐specimens) and transversely loaded specimens (T‐specimens) with a crack are subjected to high temperature fatigue. The crack propagation rate is reasonably well correlated with the effective stress intensity factor range regardless of the propagation direction (specimens L and T), the stress range and the stress ratio. However, the crack propagation rate shows a notable fluctuation particularly in the T‐specimens. It is at most about five times faster than the average. The fracture surface features can be classified into four types with three transgranular and one intergranular types. In the former, though the crack is along the {100} or {110} planes on a macroscopic scale, it threads through the {111} or {100} planes on a microscopic scale. Crack propagation is notably accelerated in the intergranular region, while deceleration is caused by crack branching.
Research priorities for nursing and midwifery in Southern Ireland
Authors: McCarthy G. , Savage E. , Lehane E. 
Published: April 2006

Aim:  To identify research priorities for nursing and midwifery in the Southern Health Board area in Ireland for the immediate and long term.Method:  Ten focus groups were conducted over a 2‐month period with 70 nurses and midwives working in clinical, managerial and educational roles participating. Based on focus group findings and a literature review a multi‐item Likert type questionnaire was constructed and administered to 520 nurses and midwives (response rate 95%n = 494).Results:  Research priorities were identified as: (1) impact of staff shortages on retention of RNs/RM’s (80%); (2) quality of life of chronically ill patients (76%); (3) stress and bullying in the workplace (76%); (4) assessment and management of pain (75%); (5) skill mix and staff burnout (73%); (6) cardio‐pulmonary resuscitation decision making (72%); (7) coordination of care between hospital and primary care settings (69%); (8) medication errors (67%); and (9) promoting healthy lifestyles (64%). Respondents also indicated that these priorities warranted immediate attention. Implications for practice include the need for: (1) emphasis on quality pain control; (2) recognition and exploration of the ethical issues relating to resuscitation; and (3) management of the context within which clinical care is given.
Improving international nurse training: an American–Italian case study
Authors: Dubois H. F. W. , Padovano G. , Stew G. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Institutionalized international nurse training organized by national educational institutions is a relatively new phenomenon. This, descriptive case study examines an early example of an American–Italian initiative of such training, in order to stimulate future international education of nurses.Aim:  To find out what factors have to be taken into account to improve training and what its potential effects are in exchange and also in the context of nurse migration.Method:  A questionnaire was sent to the 85 nurses who all participated in this particular international programme (response rate: 30.6%).Findings:  The collected data indicate that personalized and well‐aimed training, preparatory language courses, predeparture exposure of nurses to the culture of the host country and well‐prepared welcomes are among the most important ways to improve this programme.Implications for practice:  While the specific circumstances and cultures involved in this particular case study should not be ignored, these factors might also be applied to maximize the positive effects of nurse‐migration. Two‐way learning is among the positive effects of such an international training experience. Motivational and team‐building effects can result in enhanced quality of care and a more efficient allocation of resources. However, the mind‐opening effect seems to be the most important learning experience. Therefore, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of nursing/education is considered the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience. The effects of this experience could include avoiding cultural imposition in the increased cultural diversity of nursing in the country of origin.
Hospice – the ideology and perspectives in Estonia
Authors: Kiik R. , Sirotkina R. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Death and dying tend to be taboo for much of humankind. Themes about death and life ending have not been popular in Estonia because of its cultural traditions and history.Aims:  To describe the attitudes of Estonian professionals towards death and dying and to describe some future visions of hospice service in Estonia.Methods:  The theoretical view in this work comes from hospice conception and empirical data gained from structured interviews with professionals who are connected with dying people in their everyday work.Findings:  Some ideas of the hospice conception (e.g. pain control and psychosocial support) are used in hospitals and general care centres in Estonia, but there is little respect towards dying people and their needs. The idea of interdisciplinary teamwork is not in use.
Where is the “D” in dissonance?1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Epstein Yakov M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe experiment tested the hypothesis that cognitive dissonance has a general drive arousal component which facilitates performance on simple cognitive tasks and impairs performance on complex cognitive tasks After writing a consonant or a dissonant essay dealing with proposed changes in university parking regulations, subjects were given either a simple or a complex task (rote memory or creativity). To maximize dissonance, free choice regarding participation was deliberately emphasized, resulting in a high proportion of subjects who refused to comply with the request Data from refusers were retained and compared with data obtained from compliers Appropriate control groups were employed in order to ascertain whether the results were attributable to the process of self‐selection among complier and refuser subjectsThe dissonance manipulation was successful subjects who wrote dissonant essays subsequently displayed more favorable attitudes toward the parking proposal Their performance on complex cognitive tasks was not unpaired, however, nor did they perform better on simple cognitive tasks than did subjects who experienced no dissonance Subjects who refused to write dissonant essays did better on the complex task than subjects who complied in either the consonant or dissonant conditions Data from the control groups indicated that refusers did not differ from compliers in their initial attitudes toward the proposal nor in their ability to perform the complex cognitive task The results seem to be due to the facilitating effects of refusing to comply with the dissonance instructions, and suggest that the practice of eliminating subjects who refuse to comply may result in the loss of some highly informative data
Quality versus difficulty: Alternative nterpretations of the relationship between self‐esteem and persuasibility1
Authors: Skolnick Paul , Heslin Richard 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeveral investigators have argued that the conflicting findings concerning the relationship between self‐esteem and persuasibility may be resolved by considering the difficulty or complexity of the persuasive communication presented to subjects The present experiment is directed at testing the hypothesis that the quality of persuasive communications rather than difficulty determines the form of the self‐esteem‐persuasibility relationship.Three hundred thirty‐six persons rated the quality and difficulty of 17 communications used in previous studies Results supported the hypothesis that persuasive communications that found negative monotonic relationships between self‐esteem and persuasibility were rated lower in quality (but equal in difficulty) than communications which produced nonmonotonic or positive monotonic relationships between the two variables.
Personal space, anger‐arousal, and psychological defense1
Authors: Meisels Murray , Dosey Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPersonal space was hypothesized to function as a defense mechanism The strength of intrapsychic defense against anger expression was first assessed in 160 college students by the TAT and Word Association Test, and personal space usage was then measured under anger‐arousing versus control conditions and under two types of instructions Results were that instructions accounted for a large proportion of the personal space variance, that under one anger‐arousing condition some subjects apparently counterattacked by invasion of the experimenter's territory, and that, in that condition, subjects with stronger defenses against anger expression employed larger spatial distances These results suggest that larger distances are used for defensive purposes only under conditions in which closer distances imply impulse expression
Internal‐external locus of control and response to influence attempts1
Authors: Biondo John , MacDonald A. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt was hypothesized that subjects having external locus of control orientations (E's) would conform to both subtle and overt influence attempts, whereas internals (I's) would react against such attempts 144 undergraduate students (72 of each sex) rated a proposed grading procedure pre‐ and postinfluence Data were analyzed in a completely crossed and balanced 3‐way factorial design, which included 3 levels of locus of control (I's, middles, and E's), 3 levels of influence (no, low, and high), and 2 levels of sex (male and female) Results showed that E's conformed to both levels of influence and I's reacted against high influence I's were not responsive to low influence
Parental perception and perceived locus of control in psychopathology
Authors: Palmer Robert D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe intrusion of anxiety and disruption of ego functions seen in the more serious forms of psychopathology would seem incompatible with maintenance of an unimpaired sense of personal identity. The present study took the position that the psychiatric patient's fragile or poorly developed sense of his own identity would be reflected (a) in deficient or tenuous identifications with parental norms and values and (b) in the perception of less parental supportiveness and warmth, relative to nonpsychiatric patients, and (c) would lead the individual to perceive reinforcement as contingent primarily upon some external locus of control, rather than upon his own relatively enduring personal characteristics Support was obtained for (b) and (c), above, but not for (a).
Artists, architects, and engineers—three contrasting modes of visual experience and their psychological correlates1
Authors: Holtzman Wayne H. , Swartz Jon D. , Thorpe Joseph S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOver a period of five years, 31 architects, 28 artists, and 26 engineers, a total of 85 outstanding individuals in their respective fields, were studied intensively with a psychological test battery consisting of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, Time Estimation measures, the Stroop Color‐Word Test, the Embedded Figures Test, the Autokinetic Effect, Byrne's Repression‐Sensitization Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Welsh Figure Preference Test. Each subject in the study was chosen by a panel of faculty members as the most outstanding advanced students in nonrepresentational abstract art, architecture, and engineering drawing Highly significant differences were found between the three groups for a number of variables that had been predicted on the basis of previous research and theoretical considerations. These results served to validate the meaning of the perception variables while also giving additional insight into the differences between these three contrasting modes of visual experience as exemplified by the three occupational groups
Effects of status of attacker and intensity of attack on the intensity of counter‐aggression1
Authors: Drost Bruce A. , Knott Paul D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMale college students were exposed to a Same, Lower, or Higher status confederate, and to a small or large number of electric shocks from the stooge. Subjects in the Same and High status conditions were more counter‐aggressive, both in terms of mean intensity and number of shocks, than subjects exposed to a Low status confederate. These results are in contradiction to the related human and animal data, which have generally indicated that more aggression is directed toward low rather than high status persons The major implications of the present data for other research in this area are (1) the importance of varying status of the attacked as well as status of the attacker, (2) the necessity for systematically varying the different dimensions of “status,” e g, functional (i e, powerful) vs. nonfunctional aspects of status, (3) the importance of looking at different kinds of aggression, e g, physical as well as verbal, (4) the importance of systematically assessing the subject's perceptions of the attacker and the subject's own emotions–arousal, anxiety, guilt, etc at the time of the attack, and (5) the potential for studying variables that determine aggressive and altruistic behavior within the same experimental context.
Some situational determinants of the motives attributed to the person who performs a helping act1
Authors: Thompson Vaida D. , Stroebe Wolfgang , Schopler John 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo studies were directed at the assessment of donor motives for and appropriateness and evaluation of an unsolicited helping act directed at a high versus a low power person by self or other Results of the first study demonstrated no differences between self and other, but highly significant differences between high and low power on all three dependent measures, with an act directed at a high power person being seen as more self‐seeking and being more negatively evaluated. A manipulation of liking for other in the second study resulted in significant differences between self and a disliked other on all three measures, with more negative attributions and evaluations of die disliked other As predicted, there were no differences between self and a liked other Power differences remained significant over all conditions of self and other Results were considered not to be attributable to trans‐situational need states of the low power person, however, the act was consistently viewed as more appropriate when directed at a low power person.
Type and frequency of praise as determinants of favorability of self‐image: An experiment in a field setting1
Authors: Baron Reuben M. , Bass Alan R. , Vietze Peter M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn experiment was conducted in a skills training center with a sample of 28 Black female trainees The effects of variations in type (person‐ vs. achievement‐oriented) and frequency (75% vs. 25%) of praise were ascertained on favorableness of selfimage and task performance. It was found that, in general, lower frequencies of praise produced more positive self‐evaluations than high frequencies of praise, and that person‐oriented praise was more effective than achievement‐oriented praise in enhancing self‐evaluation A significant interaction found for “myself as male friends see me” demonstrated that (a) at a 75 percent frequency of reinforcement, person‐oriented praise was significantly more effective than performance‐oriented praise, and (b) performance‐focused praise delivered at a 25 percent frequency enhanced subjects' self‐image significantly more than performance‐oriented praise given at a 75 percent level. No significant effects were found for the accuracy‐type tasks (work recognition, visual perceptiveness) On the task which involved a simple, speeded response (manual dexterity) there were significant effects (a) achievement‐oriented praise was more effective than person‐oriented praise, (b) a significant interaction between type and frequency of praise occurred, indicating that performance‐oriented praise is most effective when given at a 25 percent level