bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL‐12p40 is essential for the down‐regulation of airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of bronchial asthma with prolonged antigen exposure
Authors: Onari Y. , Yokoyama A. , Haruta Y. , Nakashima T. , Iwamoto H. , Hattori N. , Kohno N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground
We previously reported a mouse model of bronchial asthma showing eosinophilic inflammation, but not airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), after prolonged antigen exposure. This model showed an increase of IL‐12 in the lung.Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL‐12p40 in a murine asthma model with prolonged antigen exposures.Methods
An ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma model was first established in wild‐type (WT) and IL‐12p40‐deficient (IL‐12p40−/−) mice. Both strains of mice were further exposed to either OVA (prolonged exposure group) or phosphate‐buffered saline (positive control group) 3 days per week for 3 weeks. During week 4, both groups of mice were given a final challenge with OVA.Results
Prolonged antigen exposures resulted in marked suppression of airway eosinophilia in both WT and IL‐12p40−/− mice. However, AHR persisted in IL‐12p40−/− but not in WT mice. There were no significant differences of IL‐5, IL‐13 or IFN‐γ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between WT and IL‐12p40−/− mice. The hydroxyproline content of the lung and peribronchial fibrosis were, however, significantly increased in IL‐12p40−/− mice.Conclusion
The results suggest that endogenous IL‐12p40 is essential for inhibition of AHR and peribronchial fibrosis, but not eosinophilic inflammation, in a murine asthma model with prolonged antigen exposures.
Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are potent regulators for hepatic Dec1 expression
Authors: Noshiro Mitsuhide , Usui Emiko , Kawamoto Takeshi , Sato Fuyuki , Nakashima Ayumu , Ueshima Taichi , Honda Kiyomasa , Fujimoto Katsumi , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi , Makishima Makoto , Kato Yukio 
Published: November 2008

DEC1 (BHLHB2/Stra13/Sharp2)—a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor—is known to be involved in various biological phenomena including clock systems and metabolism. In the clock systems, Dec1 expression is dominantly up‐regulated by CLOCK : BMAL1 heterodimer, and it exhibits circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)—the central circadian pacemaker—and other peripheral tissues. Recent studies have shown that the strong circadian rhythmicity of Dec1 in the SCN was abolished by Clock mutation, whereas that in the liver was affected, but not abolished, by Clock mutation. Moreover, feeding conditions affected hepatic Dec1 expression, which indicates that Dec1 expression is closely linked with the metabolic functions of the liver. Among ligand‐activated nuclear receptors examined, LXRα and LXRβ with T0901317—agonist for LXR—were found to be potent enhancers for Dec1 promoter activity, and a higher expression level of LXRα protein was detected in the liver than in the kidney and heart. T0901317 increased the levels of endogenous Dec1 transcript in hepatoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that LXRα bound to the Dec1 promoter, and an LXRα‐binding site was identified. These observations indicate that hepatic DEC1 mediates the ligand‐dependent LXR signal to regulate the expression of genes involved in the hepatic clock system and metabolism.
Generation of Chlamydomonas strains that efficiently express nuclear transgenes
Authors: Neupert Juliane , Karcher Daniel , Bock Ralph 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe unicellular green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii is both an invaluable model organism for plant biology and an attractive biotechnological production system. Despite the availability of efficient methods for introduction of foreign genes into the nuclear genome of the alga, transgene expression levels are usually very poor. This is a serious limitation that has severely hampered both post‐genomics research in Chlamydomonas and use of the alga in molecular farming. Here we report a solution to this problem. We have designed a genetic screen that facilitates isolation of algal strains that efficiently express introduced transgenes. The levels of accumulation of foreign protein in our expression strains are almost uniformly high in all transgenic clones and are little influenced by position effects. The possibility of expressing transgenes to high levels will greatly facilitate post‐genomics research in Chlamydomonas, and will also boost exploitation of the alga as an inexpensive production host for biopharmaceuticals and other valuable compounds.
Characterization of the ABA‐regulated global responses to dehydration in Arabidopsis by metabolomics
Authors: Urano Kaoru , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Ogata Yoshiyuki , Morishita Yoshihiko , Takeda Migiwa , Sakurai Nozomu , Suzuki Hideyuki , Saito Kazuki , Shibata Daisuke , Kobayashi Masatomo , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko , Shinozaki Kazuo 
Published: November 2008

SummaryDrought is the major environmental threat to agricultural production and distribution worldwide. Adaptation by plants to dehydration stress is a complex biological process that involves global changes in gene expression and metabolite composition. Here, using one type of functional genomics analysis, metabolomics, we characterized the metabolic phenotypes of Arabidopsis wild‐type and a knockout mutant of the NCED3 gene (nc3‐2) under dehydration stress. NCED3 plays a role in the dehydration‐inducible biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone that is important in the dehydration‐stress response in higher plants. Metabolite profiling performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems, gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight MS (GC/TOF‐MS) and capillary electrophoresis MS (CE‐MS), revealed that accumulation of amino acids depended on ABA production, but the level of the oligosaccharide raffinose was regulated by ABA independently under dehydration stress. Metabolic network analysis showed that global metabolite–metabolite correlations occurred in dehydration‐increased amino acids in wild‐type, and strong correlations with raffinose were reconstructed in nc3‐2. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed ABA‐dependent transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of the branched‐chain amino acids, saccharopine, proline and polyamine. This metabolomics analysis revealed new molecular mechanisms of dynamic metabolic networks in response to dehydration stress.
European populations of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera are resistant to aldrin, but not to methyl‐parathion
Authors: Ciosi M. , Toepfer S. , Li H. , Haye T. , Kuhlmann U. , Wang H. , Siegfried B. , Guillemaud T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of cultivated corn in North America and has recently begun to invade Europe. In addition to crop rotation, chemical control is an important option for D. v. virgifera management. However, resistance to chemical insecticides has evolved repeatedly in the USA. In Europe, chemical control strategies have yet to be harmonized and no surveys of insecticide resistance have been carried out. We investigated the resistance to methyl‐parathion and aldrin of samples from nine D. v. virgifera field populations originating from two European outbreaks thought to have originated from two independent introductions from North America. Diagnostic concentration bioassays revealed that all nine D. v. virgifera field populations were resistant to aldrin but susceptible to methyl‐parathion. Aldrin resistance was probably introduced independently, at least twice, from North America into Europe, as there is no evident selection pressure to account for an increase of frequency of aldrin resistance in each of the invasive outbreaks in Europe. Our results suggest that organophosphates, such as methyl‐parathion, may still provide effective control of both larval and adult D. v. virgifera in the European invasive outbreaks studied.
Short‐Term Antiandrogen Flutamide Treatment Causes Structural Alterations in Somatic Cells Associated with Premature Detachment of Spermatids in the Testis of Pubertal and Adult Guinea Pigs
Authors: Maschio LR , Cordeiro RS , Taboga SR , Góes RM 
Published: November 2008

ContentsIn spite of widespread application of flutamide in the endocrine therapies of young and adult patients, the side effects of this antiandrogen on spermatogenesis and germ‐cell morphology remain unclear. This study evaluates the short‐term androgen blockage effect induced by the administration of flutamide to the testes of pubertal (30‐day old) and adult (65‐ and 135‐day old) guinea pigs, with an emphasis on ultrastructural alterations of main cell types. The testes removed after 10 days of treatment with either a non‐steroidal antiandrogen, flutamide (10 mg/kg of body weight) or a pharmacological vehicle alone were processed for histological, quantitative and ultrastructural analysis. In pubertal animals, flutamide androgenic blockage induces spermatogonial differentiation and accelerates testes maturation, causing degeneration and detachment of primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, which are subsequently found in great quantities in the epididymis caput. In post‐pubertal and adult guinea pigs, in addition to causing germ‐cell degeneration, especially in primary spermatocytes, and leading to the premature detachment of spherical spermatids, the antiandrogen treatment increased the relative volume of Leydig cells. In addition, ultrastructural evaluation indicated that irrespective of age antiandrogen treatment causes an increase in frequency of organelles involved with steroid hormone synthesis in the Leydig cells and a dramatic accumulation of myelin figures in their cytoplasm and, to a larger degree, in Sertoli cells. In conclusion, the transient exposition of the guinea pigs to flutamide, at all postnatal ages causes some degenerative lesions including severe premature detachment of spermatids and accumulation of myelin bodies in Leydig and Sertoli cells, compromising, at least temporarily, the spermatogenesis.
Phased‐array transducers for damage detection in aircraft structures*
Authors: PEÑA‐MACIAS J. , PÉREZ M. C. , MARTÍNEZ‐OÑA R. , GÓMEZ‐ULLATE Y. , DE ESPINOSA F. MONTERO , KAWIECKI G. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe work outlined in this paper is a part of a wider effort aimed at the development of a built‐in system for real‐time damage detection in aircraft structures. The objective of this study was to show the feasibility of applying low‐frequency phased‐array transducers for damage detection in metallic structures with bonded repairs and, also, in structures made of composite materials. This paper is divided into two main portions: a component dedicated to the monitoring of crack growth under a simulated composite repair and a part describing an introductory study done for composite panels monitoring. The data acquisition system is also described. The results of the study described in this paper indicate that a low‐frequency, built‐in phased‐array system can successfully estimate the length of a crack growing under a bonded repair. Satisfactory results of monitoring simulated defects in composite structures are presented, as well.
SOME COMMENTS ON THE LONG‐TERM RESULTS OF ENDOCRINE TREATMENT OF PROSTATIC CANCER1
Authors: Franksm L. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYProstatic cancer patients may be divided into three groups. which differ in their response to endocrine treatment. These differences in response may be due to changes in the host or in the tumour cells.A temporary state of tumour retardation or latency follows endocrine treatment—generally anti‐androgenic—in about 70 to 80 per cent. of all cases of prostatic cancer, but whatever form of treatment is used about 75 per cent. of all cases die within three years. Even in tumours which show a marked response, endocrine treatment does not destroy all tumour cells. Hormone sensitivity therefore is not a property of the tumour as a whole but may vary from part to part of the same tumour.The original concept of anti‐androgenic treatment does not altogether explain the observed facts. It is possible that endocrine treatment controls only the residual normal element in prostatic cancer cells.
PHæOCHROMOCYTOMA OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: Pugh R. C. B. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYPhæochromocytoma of the bladder is a very rare tumour which is of considerable clinical importance as it may be an unsuspected cause of hypertension or the “adrenal sympathetic” syndrome. Because of the frequency of hsematuria as a symptom, the tumour may mimic one of the commoner forms of bladder neoplasm. Manipulation or operative removal is not without risk to the patient as there is the possibility of severe hypotension occurring when the tumour is handled.
KIDNEY HOMOTRANSPLANTATION IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Shackman Ralph , Dempster W. J. , Wrong O. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

Seven human kidney homotransplantations carried out at Hammersmith Hospital since January 1961 are reported in detail.
Together with twenty‐nine relevant cases recorded by other writers the successes and failures have been defined and analysed.
With the proviso that the maximal reported follow‐up period is only three and a half years, complete success may be claimed for two patients; one is well three and a half and another two and a half years after homotransplantation. The fact that both successes occurred in non‐identical twins may be significant.
Partial success, meaning that an individual's life has been significantly prolonged by homotransplantation, has been achieved in seven cases; one patient in the Hammersmith Hospital series is at work two years after the homotransplantation. Renal functional deterioration, not necessarily fatal, subsequently occurred in six; death ascribed to malignant metastases occurred in one.
Immediate failure occurred in nine cases and was associated with vascular thrombosis in six, ischaemic necrosis of a cadaver kidney in one, “humoral” shut‐down with cortical necrosis in one, and acute tubular necrosis in one.
Early failure, within five days, occurred in nine cases and was associated with vascular thrombosis in five.
Infection and haemorrhage, sometimes occurring concomitantly, have been prominent complications: infection occurred in twelve instances and haemorrhage in nine.
While it is not unreasonable to anticipate immediate success in a majority of cases of human kidney homotransplantation, early and late failures due to thrombosis, infection, haemorrhage, or renal functional deterioration, a manifestation of rejection, may vitiate the achievement.
EXPERIENCE WITH URETERO‐ILEOSIGMOIDOSTOMY
Authors: Houtappel H. C. E. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYUretero‐ileosigmoidostomy has been performed in twelve patients without operative mortality and with few post‐operative complications. This series is too small and the observation period of eight of the twelve patients too short to allow a well‐founded judgment to be made. The method certainly has theoretical and probably practical advantages over ureter implantation into the intact colon. The fact remains, however, that 50 per cent. of the patients require sodium citrate to preserve the alkali reserve and that regurgitation of sigmoid contents into the loop seems to be possible, at least during the early post‐operative period.
Acute Hypertension and Perirenal Haematoma— A New Aspect of Page's Syndrome
Authors: LINGÅRDH GUNNAR , SCHÖNEBECK JAN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryChronic hypertension induced by perirenal constrictive processes is known from experimental studies as well as from clinical experience. In this report we present 2 cases of acute hypertension induced by massive perirenal haematoma, in 1 case as a complication following pyeloplasty, in the other as a complication following percutaneous renal biopsy.Since the shock may be masked by the hypertension (and operation thereby postponed) it is essential to be aware of this syndrome.
The Management of Urinary Fistulae following Cadaveric Renal Transplantation
Authors: BROCKIS J. G. , GOLINGER D. , HAYWOOD E. F. , HOUSE A. K. , HURST P. , SAKER B. , MERWYK A. VAN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryVesicoureteric, ureteric and calyceal fistulae in cadaver transplants may be successfully treated by early exploration and nephrostomy splintage with silastic tubing for a period of not less than 6 weeks.
Procidentia and Ureteric Obstruction
Authors: RIDDLE P. R. , SHAWDON H. H. , CLAY BARBARA 
Published: November 2008

Summary3 cases of renal failure, due to procidentia, presenting as emergencies are described. The upper urinary tracts of 4 asymptomatic patients with procidentia were investigated; dilatation was found in 1 instance only.We would like to thank Miss A. Bigby and Mr Harron Thomson for allowing us to study the latter cases in this presentation, also Dr D. A. L. Bowen who performed the autopsy on the second case: and Dr F. Pygott who stimulated us to collect and publish this series.
False Cytodiagnosis of Bladder Malignancy due to Previous Radiotherapy
Authors: COWEN P. N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryResults from a urological cytodiagnosis service indicate that it is not possible to distinguish with any degree of certainty malignant from non‐malignant irradiated urothelial cells in urine.It is stressed, therefore, that when urine specimens are sent for cytological examination, details of any previous irradiation should be given to the cytologist.
Non‐parasitic Chyluria (presenting with Urinary Retention)
Authors: TAYLOR T. V. , STRACHAN A. W. B. , ISHERWOOD I. , MOORE THOMAS 
Published: November 2008

SummaryTwo cases of non‐parasitic chyluria are presented each presenting with retention of urine.Abnormal communications in both cases have been demonstrated lymphangiographically. The thoracic ducts were patent and there was no evidence of filariasis.Surgical removal of the anomalous dilated lymphatics was carried out, the patients being symptom‐free at 7 and 10 years.The two cases seem to have lymphatic malformations which may be the basis of the disorder.
The Urodynamic Assessment of Adult Enuresis
Authors: TORRENS M. J. , COLLINS C. D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryUrodynamic analysis has revealed a high proportion of uninhibited bladder activity in adult enuresis. There was no associated neurological deficit to explain this abnormality. There was no correlation between the various diurnal symptoms and the presence of uninhibited bladder contractions. Enuresis was associated with obstructive uropathy in only 6% of cases. Some evidence has also been presented to support the concepts of ectopic sensory receptors and abnormal sphincter inhibition.A review of the problem of pathogenesis has suggested four main areas of possible abnormality:1. A sensory lesion producing inadequate or delayed appreciation of bladder activity.2. Cortical and subcortical dysfunction because of inadequate arousal or defective maturation of subconscious inhibition.3. A congenital or acquired upper motor neurone lesion causing an uninhibited bladder.4. A similar or related lesion causing an over‐inhibited sphincter.These factors probably always occur in varying combinations. Because of the lack of association between symptoms, signs and objective measurements, there is a strong case for relating diagnosis, prognosis and treatment to urodynamic assessment.
Constituents of Urinary Calculi containing Struvite
Authors: SUTOR D. JUNE 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn a collection of 615 stones containing struvite and in which the sequential deposition of the constituents from the nucleus to the surface had been determined, other substances were found to follow a marked deposition of struvite in 139 cases. In 122, the compound was accompanied by struvite, in 16, struvite was replaced by it and in 1, both types of deposition had occurred in different layers. All urinary stone constituents could accompany struvite and many could replace this compound.
The Long‐term Management and Social Consequences of Ureterosigmoid Anastomosis
Authors: MCCONNELL J. B. , STEWART W. K. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIt is regrettable that while the recognised complications of ureterosigmoid anastomosis—recurrent urinary tract infection, and acidosis—can be avoided and obstructive uropathy can be recognised early and so treated, the operation frequently condemns the patient to a restricted life with an unpleasant ritual of bowel frequency and incontinence. It seems that the lack of awareness of this bizarre life‐style and the occasional true successes have allowed the operation to remain in use.Our experience confirms the unpredictability of the end result of ureterosigmoid anastomosis and suggests that the operation should be largely abandoned, in favour of the conduit type procedure.
Transperitoneal Ureterolithotomy
Authors: BOSE T. K. , SHAW RICHARD e. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe transperitoneal approach to the pelvic ureter has many advantages over the extraperitoneal technique for ureterolithotomy but the operation is safe only if contamination of the peritoneal cavity is avoided by establishing extraperitoneal drainage after closing the incision in the peritoneum over the ureter.
Urological Complications following Aortofemoral Bypass Graft
Authors: WALLIJN E. , RENDERS G. , VEREECKEN L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary3 cases of ureteric obstruction secondary to aortic femoral bypass grafting are presented.This complication has been infrequently reported and we feel that it may be more common than is recognised.In all other published cases the ureter lay behind the prosthesis but the authors present a surgically proved case where the ureter lay in its normal position.The aseptic vascular reconstructive surgical procedures are to be preferred to ureteric reconstruction.
The Influence of Vesical Distension on Urethral Resistance to Flow: the Collecting Phase
Authors: GHONEIM M. A. , FRETIN J. A. , GAGNON D. J. , SUSSET J. G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryUsing female dogs, changes in the urethral pressure profile in response to vesical distension were studied. It was noted that during the collecting phase there was an increase in the amplitude of the profile tracing.These experiments revealed that this increase is not mediated through an autonomic reflex and does not reflect a significant enhancement of a‐adrenergic activity. These changes are mainly due to increased tension of the urethral muscle, secondly to detrusor stretch.
Suprapubic Prostatectomy combined with Vesico‐urethroplasty
Authors: MAGRI J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA new look at the operation of suprapubic prostatectomy is suggested in view of the continuing substantial morbidity associated with traditional techniques.The proposition is that a reconstructive as distinct from a simple ablative operation is possible, notwithstanding long‐standing beliefs to the contrary. The writer goes on to outline the principles, and to describe and illustrate in detail the steps in a new technique of prostatectomy combined with a urethroplasty, which uses full‐thickness bladder wall flaps to provide immediate epithelial cover for the denuded surfaces of the prostatic urethra.The theoretical advantages of such a technique are borne out by the results in the first 400 cases so treated, which are contrasted with those from a comparable personal series of 200 retropubic prostatectomies and other representative series.
Iglesias Resectoscope with Continuous Irrigation, Suction and Low Intravesical Pressure
Authors: IGLESIAS JOSE J. , SPORER ANDREW , SEEBODE JOSEPH J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA resectoscope with continuous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure is described.Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml per min, a constant intravesical pressure less than 10 mm Hg during the resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon.Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected, blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption determined.