GABAergic synapses between auditory efferent neurons and type II spiral ganglion afferent neurons in the mouse cochlea
Authors: Bachman Julia L. , Kitcher Siân R. , Vattino Lucas G. , Beaulac Holly J. , Chaves M. Grace , Rivera Israel Hernandez , Katz Eleonora , Wedemeyer Carolina , Weisz Catherine J.C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are electromotile and are implicated in mechanisms of amplification of responses to sound that enhance sound sensitivity and frequency tuning. They send information to the brain through glutamatergic synapses onto a small subpopulation of neurons of the ascending auditory nerve, the type II spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The OHC synapses onto type II SGNs are sparse and weak, suggesting that type II SGNs respond primarily to loud and possibly damaging levels of sound. OHCs also receive innervation from the brain through the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent neurons. MOC neurons are cholinergic yet exert an inhibitory effect on auditory function as they are coupled to alpha9/alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on OHCs, which leads to calcium influx that gates SK potassium channels. The net hyperpolarization exerted by this efferent synapse reduces OHC activity-evoked electromotility and is implicated in cochlear gain control, protection against acoustic trauma, and attention. MOC neurons also label for markers of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA synthesis. GABABautoreceptor (GABABR) activation by GABA released from MOC terminals has been demonstrated to reduce ACh release, confirming important negative feedback roles for GABA. However, the full complement of GABAergic activity in the cochlea is not currently understood, including the mechanisms that regulate GABA release from MOC axon terminals, whether GABA diffuses from MOC axon terminals to other postsynaptic cells, and the location and function of GABAAreceptors (GABAARs). Previous electron microscopy studies suggest that MOC neurons form contacts onto several other cell types in the cochlea, but whether these contacts form functional synapses, and what neurotransmitters are employed, are unknown. Here we use immunohistochemistry, optical neurotransmitter imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology from hair cells, afferent dendrites, and efferent axons to demonstrate that in addition to presynaptic GABABR autoreceptor activation, MOC efferent axon terminals release GABA onto type II SGN afferent dendrites with postsynaptic activity mediated by GABAARs. This synapse may have multiple roles including developmental regulation of cochlear innervation, fine tuning of OHC activity, or providing feedback to the brain about MOC and OHC activity.Significance StatementCochlear OHCs receive efferent feedback from the brainstem to regulate auditory sensitivity and send afferent, feedforward information to the brain via type II SGNs. Histological evidence suggests an abundance of additional synaptic contacts in the OHC region, although neurotransmission at these synapses has not been determined. Here we demonstrate a synapse between efferent and afferent neurons that bypasses OHCs, and functions via GABAAR signaling. Although the function of this synapse is unknown, it is activity-dependent and persists in the mature cochlea, suggesting a role in auditory function.