bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurotensin type 2 receptor is involved in fear memory in mice
Authors: Yamauchi Rena , Wada Etsuko , Kamichi Sari , Yamada Daisuke , Maeno Hiroshi , Delawary Mina , Nakazawa Takanobu , Yamamoto Tadashi , Wada Keiji 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNeurotensin receptor subtype 2 (Ntsr2) is a levocabastine‐sensitive neurotensin receptor expressed diffusely throughout the mouse brain. Previously, we found that Ntsr2‐deficient mice have an abnormality in the processing of thermal nociception. In this study, to examine the involvement of Ntsr2 in mouse behavior, we performed a fear‐conditioning test in Ntsr2‐deficient mice. In the contextual fear‐conditioning test, the freezing response was significantly reduced in Ntsr2‐deficient mice compared with that of wild‐type mice. This reduction was observed from 1 h to 3 weeks after conditioning, and neither shock sensitivity nor locomotor activity was altered in Ntsr2‐deficient mice. In addition, we found that Ntsr2 mRNA was predominantly expressed in cultured astrocytes and weakly expressed in cultured neurons derived from mouse brain. The combination ofin situhybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that Ntsr2 mRNA was dominantly expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells in many brain regions including the hypothalamus, while Ntsr2 gene was co‐expressed with neuron‐specific microtubule associated protein‐2 in limited numbers of cells. These results suggest that Ntsr2 in astrocytes and neurons may have unique function like a modulation of fear memory in the mouse brain.
Investigation of the Lith6 candidate genes APOBEC1 and PPARG in human gallstone disease
Authors: Schafmayer Clemens , Völzke Henry , Buch Stephan , Egberts Jan , Spille Annika , Von Eberstein Huberta , Franke Andre , Seeger Markus , Hinz Sebastian , ElSharawy Abdou , Rosskopf Dieter , Brosch Mario , Krawczak Michael , Foelsch Ulrich R. , Schafmayer Anton , Lammert Frank , Schreiber Stefan , Faendrich Fred , Hampe Jochen , Tepel Juergen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground: Genetic susceptibility contributes to the aetiology of gallbladder diseases as shown by multiple epidemiological studies. A major gallstone susceptibility locus (Lith6) was identified in 2003 by quantitative trait locus mapping in mice. Two attractive positional and functional candidate genes in apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing protein (APOBEC1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARG) are located in this interval.Aims: To investigate APOBEC1 and PPARG as candidate genes for common symptomatic gallstone disease in humans.Patients and methods: Eight hundred and ten patients who underwent cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease (median age of onset 50) were compared with 718 sex‐matched control individuals. An independent additional sample included 368 gallstone patients and 368 controls. Control individuals were sonographically free of gallstones. Haplotype tagging and all known coding single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped for PPARG (N=32) and APOBEC1 (N=11).Results: The investigated high‐risk patient sample provides a power of greater than 80% for the detection of odds ratios down to 1.45. No evidence of association of the two genes in the single‐point tagging markers, coding variants and in the sliding window haplotype analysis was detected (all nominal single point P‐values >0.04). A logistic regression analysis including age, sex and BMI as covariates was also negative (nominal P‐values ≥0.08).Conclusions: In the investigated German samples, no evidence of association of APOBEC1 and PPARG with gallstone susceptibility was detected. Systematic fine mapping of the complete Lith6 region is required to identify the causative genetic variants for gallstone in mice and humans.
Prediction of coronary atherosclerotic disease with liver transaminase level
Authors: Adibi Peyman , Sadeghi Masoumeh , Mahsa Majid , Rozati Golnaz , Mohseni Masood 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Recent studies have shown that liver transaminases are associated with components of the metabolic syndrome including central obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and high blood pressure, but their direct influence on coronary atherosclerosis has not been investigated before. We conducted this study to evaluate the predictive value of liver transaminases for angiography‐documented coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods: Six hundred and thirty consecutive patients with suspicious coronary artery disease (CAD) who were candidates for coronary angiography were enrolled. In addition to coronary angiography, measurements of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations, C‐reactive protein (CRP) level and assessment of the traits of the metabolic syndrome were performed in all patients.Results: ALT and ALT/AST ratios were significantly correlated with angiographic atherosclerosis score in women (r=0.17 and 0.24 respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that the ALT/AST ratio in women could predict severe CAD [odds ratio (OR) 3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76–8.76]. After adjustment for components of the metabolic syndrome and CRP concentration, the OR remained significant (4.00 [1.76–9.14]). Although significant in univariate analysis, neither ALT (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.77–1.15) nor AST (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72–1.22) could predict severe CAD in men.Conclusion: An elevated ALT/AST ratio in women predicts coronary atherosclerosis independently of the metabolic syndrome and serum CRP concentration, and should warrant further diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus genotype C do not correlate with disease progression of chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Tai‐Chung , Liu Chun‐Jen , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lai Ming‐Yang , Lin Chih‐Lin , Kao Jia‐Horng , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C (HBV/C) has two subgenotypes: HBV/Cs and Ce. The prevalence and clinical implications of subgenotype Cs and Ce in Taiwanese HBV carriers remain unknown.Methods: Subgenotypes of HBV/C were determined in 242 Taiwanese HBV carriers with various stages of liver disease. The clinical as well as virologic features between patients with HBV/Cs and HBV/Ce infection were further compared.Results: HBV/Ce was the predominant subgenotype in Taiwan. The prevalence of HBV/Ce was 93.6% in the inactive carriers group, 84.2% in chronic hepatitis patients, 81.2% in cirrhosis patients, 92.5% in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients without cirrhosis and 91.9% in HCC patients with cirrhosis. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the HBV/C subgenotypes among patients with different stages of liver disease.Conclusions: Subgenotypes of HBV/C may not have a clinical impact on the disease progression of chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan.
Middle Archean ocean ridge hydrothermal metamorphism and alteration recorded in the Cleaverville area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
Authors: SHIBUYA T. , KITAJIMA K. , KOMIYA T. , TERABAYASHI M. , MARUYAMA S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA hydrothermally metamorphosed greenstone complex, capped by bedded cherts and banded iron formations (BIFs), is exposed in the Cleaverville area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. It has been interpreted as an accretionary complex characterized by both a duplex structure and an oceanic plate stratigraphy, and is shown to represent a 3.2 Ga upper oceanic crust. Three metamorphic zones are identified in the basaltic greenstones. The metamorphic grade increases from sub‐greenschist facies (zones A and B) to greenschist facies (zone C) under low‐pressure conditions. The boundaries between three mineral zones are subparallel to the bedding plane of overlying chert/BIF, and metamorphic temperature increases stratigraphically downward. The zones correspond to the thermal structure of ocean‐floor metamorphism, at a mid‐ocean ridge.The uppermost greenstone in the study area is more pervasively altered and carbonatized than the modern upper oceanic crust. This indicates the enrichment of CO2 in the metamorphic fluid by which widespread formation of carbonate occurred, compared with a narrow stability region of Ca‐Al silicates. It is, therefore, suggested that the Archean hydrothermal alteration played a more important role in fixation of CO2 than present‐day ocean‐ridge hydrothermal alteration, as an interaction between sea water and oceanic crust.
Clasts of Variscan high‐grade rocks within Upper Viséan conglomerates – constraints on exhumation history from petrology and U‐Pb chronology
Authors: KOTKOVÁ J. , GERDES A. , PARRISH R. R. , NOVÁK M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, U‐Pb zircon, monazite and rutile data for crystalline rocks deposited as clasts in the Upper Viséan conglomerates at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif are reported. U‐Pb data of spherical zircon from three different granulite clasts yielded a mean age of 339.0 ± 0.7 Ma (±2σ), while oval and spherical grains of another granulite pebble define a slightly younger date of 337.1 ± 1.1 Ma. These ages are interpreted as dating granulite facies metamorphism. Thermochronology and the derived pressure–temperature (P–T) path of the granulite pebbles reflect two‐stage exhumation of the granulites. Near‐to‐isothermal decompression from at least 44 km to mid‐crustal depths of around 22 km was followed by a near‐isobaric cooling stage based on reaction textures and geothermobarometry. Minimum average exhumation rate corresponds to 2.8–4.3 mm year−1. The extensive medium‐pressure/high‐temperature overprint on granulite assemblages is dated by U‐Pb in monazite atc. 333 Ma. This thermal event probably has a close link to generation and emplacement of voluminous Moldanubian granites, including the cordierite granite present in clasts. This granite was emplaced at mid‐crustal levels at 331 ± 3 Ma (U‐Pb monazite), whereas the U‐Pb zircon ages record only a previous magmatic event atc.378 Ma. Eclogites and garnet peridotites normally associated with high‐pressure granulites are absent in the clasts but exotic subvolcanic and volcanic members of the ultrapotassic igneous rock series (durbachites) of the Bohemian Massif have been found in the clasts. It is therefore assumed that the clasts deposited in the Upper Viséan conglomerates sampled a structurally higher tectonic unit than the one that corresponds to the present denudation level of the Moldanubicum of the Bohemian Massif. The strong medium‐temperature overprint on granulites dated atc. 333 Ma is attributed to the relatively small size of the entirely eroded bodies compared with the presently exposed granulites.
Talk‐Story: Perspectives of Children, Parents, and Community Leaders on Community Violence in Rural Hawaii
Authors: Affonso Dyanne D. , Shibuya June Y. , Frueh B. Christopher 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To enhance our understanding of what community violence means to a multiethnic school community in rural Hawaii and obtain people's perspectives of how to deal with and prevent violence‐related behaviors among children.Design and sample: An exploratory design was used to collect qualitative data from a purposive sample of 150 key stakeholder participants, including 84 school children aged 5–10 years and 66 adults.Measurement: Focus group methodology via Hawaiian island‐style (culturally adapted techniques) of “talk‐story” and a metaphor of introduction were used to elicit contextual data on the experiences, meanings, and perceptions of youth violence. Qualitative narrative analyses were used to analyze the data.Results: Five higher order themes were found, including the need to: build a common understanding of what violence looks like; develop school‐based identification, management, and prevention efforts; develop comprehensive school health services; develop state‐level school health policies; and conduct outreach to make violence prevention a community affair.Conclusion: The findings will inform the development of a school‐based culturally adapted violence‐prevention program led by teachers, in partnership with parents, students, and community‐cultural leaders.
Legacies of Advantage and Disadvantage: The Case of Teen Mothers
Authors: SmithBattle Lee 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The life trajectories of teen mothers and their children were examined with data from a larger longitudinal study.Design: All 5 waves of the study were designed from the hermeneutic tradition.Sample: Sixteen families began the study in 1988–1989 (Time 1) and were invited to participate in subsequent studies (1993, 1997, 2001, and 2005). Twenty‐eight informants participated in the fifth wave of the study (Time 5).Measurement: This analysis capitalized on the diversity of teen mothers' family backgrounds to examine the life chances of mothers and their first‐born children as mothers entered their 30s. Three domains are addressed: teen mothers' educational attainment, their social class status, and their oldest child's school progress and sexual activity.Results: Teen mothers' life trajectories reflected legacies of unequal life chances that began in childhood and persisted into their 30s. Mothers with childhood advantages fared better over time than impoverished mothers, and a legacy of advantage contributed to a cushion of safety and opportunity for their teenaged children.Conclusion: The powerful legacy of social class and racial divisions on teen mothers' long‐term outcomes challenges the view that teen mothering leads to a downward spiral with negative repercussions for mothers and children.
Public Health Perspectives on the Rising Incidence of Pertussis
Authors: Judelsohn Richard G. , Koslap‐Petraco Mary Beth 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Pertussis is one of the few vaccine‐preventable diseases on the rise in the United States, particularly among adolescents. We analyzed the epidemiology of pertussis, focusing on disease burden in public health, and examined methods for controlling pertussis and reducing its incidence.Design, sample, and measurements: We evaluated current knowledge about pertussis, reported cases of pertussis in the United States, and the changing recognition, diagnosis, and management of the disease. The development of a pertussis vaccine, now licensed and recommended for use in adolescents and adults, was reviewed.Results: Of reported cases in 2004, 38% occurred in adolescents. The increased incidence of pertussis may be the result of better diagnosis, better reporting, and increased awareness of the disease. The burden of adolescent and adult pertussis is significant and includes medical visits, laboratory tests, treatment for cases and contacts, time lost from school and work, disruption of schools experiencing outbreaks, and public health and media turmoil. At current disease rates, the financial cost of adolescent pertussis in this decade is projected at $3.2 billion.Conclusions: Efforts are needed to increase health care providers' knowledge of pertussis disease and vaccines, improve on‐time infant immunization rates, promote immunization registries and public health surveillance, and ensure adequate compensation for vaccine purchase and administration. Universal recommendations for and widespread use of acellular pertussis vaccines in adolescents are the most effective measures in controlling the disease.
Acute Ethanol Exposure Combined With Burn Injury Enhances IL‐6 Levels in the Murine Ileum
Authors: Scalfani Michael T. , Chan David M. , Murdoch Eva L. , Kovacs Elizabeth J. , White Fletcher A. 
Published: August 2007

Background:  Recent studies suggest that ethanol use imposes a greater risk of trauma‐associated intestinal injury than trauma alone. The initiating and regulatory factors for multiple organ dysfunction syndromes are not well defined, yet evidence points to the gut as a possible trigger of the systemic inflammatory cascade as well as a potential source of cytokines. In the current study, we hypothesized that ethanol administration would alter cytokine levels and intestinal infiltration by neutrophils within the ileum of mice exposed to burn injury (15% total body surface of dorsal skin).Methods:  Ileal samples were collected for histological assessment, myeloperoxidase quantitation and the protein presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL‐) 6, macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2; CXCL2) and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10. Additional ileal tissue samples were examined for localization of the IL‐6 immunoreactivity.Results:  We did not detect statistically significant cytokine/chemokine differences (MIP‐2 and IL‐10) between sham control and treatment conditions at either 2 or 24 hours. However, there was a significant decrease in TNFα at 24 hours in both burn injury alone and in combination with ethanol treatment conditions (p < 0.05). In addition, there was an increase in IL‐6 levels at 24 hours in intestinal tissue obtained from mice subjected to a combination of acute ethanol and burn injury, compared to the mice receiving burn or sham injury (p < 0.001). Ileal homogenate increases in IL‐6 at 24 hours were concurrent with decreased villus height in the ileum, but no discernable changes in neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity levels) at either 2 or 24 hours. Additional immunocytochemical localization studies of ileal tissue revealed that there was a substantial increase of IL‐6 in intestinal enterocytes subjected to both burn injury alone, or in combination with acute ethanol exposure.Conclusions:  The present study suggests that acute ethanol exposure combined with burn injury enhances levels of IL‐6 protein in the ileum. The enhanced levels of ileal IL‐6 are likely due to enterocyte production of the cytokine.
The Relationship Between Self‐Rated Health and Mortality in Older Black and White Americans
Authors: Lee Sei J. , Moody‐Ayers Sandra Y. , Landefeld C. Seth , Walter Louise C. , Lindquist Karla , Segal Mark R. , Covinsky Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the association between self‐rated health (SRH) and 4‐year mortality differs between black and white Americans and whether education affects this relationship.DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: Communities in the United States.PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen thousand four hundred thirty‐two subjects (14,004 white, 2,428 black) enrolled in the 1998 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population‐based study of community‐dwelling U.S. adults aged 50 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were asked to self‐identify their race and their overall health by answering the question, “Would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?” Death was determined according to the National Death Index.RESULTS: SRH is a much stronger predictor of mortality in whites than blacks (c‐statistic 0.71 vs 0.62). In whites, poor SRH resulted in a markedly higher risk of mortality than excellent SRH (odds ratio (OR)=10.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=8.0–13.6). In blacks, poor RSH resulted in a much smaller increased risk of mortality (OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.5–5.5). SRH was a stronger predictor of death in white and black subjects with higher levels of education, but differences in education could not account for the observed race differences in the prognostic effect of SRH.CONCLUSION: This population‐based study found that the relationship between SRH and mortality is stronger in white Americans and in subjects with higher levels of education. Because the association between SRH and mortality appears weakest in traditionally disadvantaged groups, SRH may not be the best measure to identify vulnerable older subjects.
Identifying Vulnerable Older Adults with Cancer: Integrating Geriatric Assessment into Oncology Practice
Authors: Hurria Arti , Lichtman Stuart M. , Gardes Jonathan , Li Daneng , Limaye Sewanti , Patil Sujata , Zuckerman Enid , Tew William , Hamlin Paul , Abou‐Alfa Ghassan K. , Lachs Mark , Kelly Eva 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To integrate the principles of geriatric assessment into the care of older patients with cancer in order to identify vulnerable older adults and develop interventions to optimize cancer treatment.DESIGN: A brief, comprehensive, self‐administered questionnaire and intervention algorithm were developed consisting of measures of geriatric assessment that are brief, reliable, validated, and predictive of mortality and morbidity in older patients.SETTING: Academic tertiary care cancer center and community‐based satellite practice.PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older with cancer.MEASUREMENTS: The questionnaire solicits information about the patient's functional status, comorbidity, psychological status, nutritional status, and social support. A scoring algorithm for referral to a multidisciplinary team was developed.RESULTS: Two hundred forty‐five of 250 patients completed the questionnaire (mean age 76, range 65–95). The majority of patients were women (71%), white (95%), married (52%), and retired (90%), with a variety of tumor types and stages. Most patients (78%) completed the questionnaire on their own and reported acceptance of questionnaire length (91%), no difficult questions (94%), no upsetting questions (96%), and no missing questions (89%). The mean time to completion was 15 minutes, with a median of 12.5 (standard deviation 10, range 2–60). Information from this questionnaire helped identify physical and psychological impairments, poor nutrition, lack of social support, and untreated comorbidities. Appropriate referrals to a multidisciplinary team were made.CONCLUSION: This brief, comprehensive, self‐administered questionnaire is feasible for use in the outpatient oncology setting and helped identify the needs of geriatric oncology patients. Prospective trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of the interventions offered.
Working Orders in Limit Order Markets and Floor Exchanges
Authors: BACK KERRY , BARUCH SHMUEL 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe analyze limit order markets and floor exchanges, assuming an informed trader and discretionary liquidity traders use market orders and can either submit block orders or work their demands as a series of small orders. By working their demands, large market order traders pool with small traders. We show that every equilibrium on a floor exchange must involve at least partial pooling. Moreover, there is always a fully pooling (worked order) equilibrium on a floor exchange that is equivalent to a block order equilibrium in a limit order market.
Lazy Investors, Discretionary Consumption, and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns
Authors: JAGANNATHAN RAVI , WANG YONG 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWhen consumption betas of stocks are computed using year‐over‐year consumption growth based upon the fourth quarter, the consumption‐based asset pricing model (CCAPM) explains the cross‐section of stock returns as well as the Fama and French (1993) three‐factor model. The CCAPM's performance deteriorates substantially when consumption growth is measured based upon other quarters. For the CCAPM to hold at any given point in time, investors must make their consumption and investment decisions simultaneously at that point in time. We suspect that this is more likely to happen during the fourth quarter, given investors' tax year ends in December.
How Costly Is External Financing? Evidence from a Structural Estimation
Authors: HENNESSY CHRISTOPHER A. , WHITED TONI M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe apply simulated method of moments to a dynamic model to infer the magnitude of financing costs. The model features endogenous investment, distributions, leverage, and default. The corporation faces taxation, costly bankruptcy, and linear‐quadratic equity flotation costs. For large (small) firms, estimated marginal equity flotation costs start at 5.0% (10.7%) and bankruptcy costs equal to 8.4% (15.1%) of capital. Estimated financing frictions are higher for low‐dividend firms and those identified as constrained by the Cleary and Whited‐Wu indexes. In simulated data, many common proxies for financing constraints actually decrease when we increase financing cost parameters.