bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HORMONAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TESTICULAR ATROPHY AND GYNAECOMASTIA IN PATIENTS WITH LEPROSY
Authors: MORLEY JOHN E. , DISTILLER LARRY A. , SAGEL JULIUS , KOK S. H. , KAY GRAHAM , CARR PETER , KATZ MAURICE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal LH, FSH, 17ß‐oestradiol and testosterone and the gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in male patients with leprosy (twenty‐four with lepromatous and six with tuberculoid leprosy). The mean basal LH and FSH was significantly elevated in the lepromatous group and was associated with an excessive response of both gonadotrophins following LHRH administration.The mean basal testosterone and 17ß‐oestradiol values of the lepromatous group were significantly lower than those of the tuberculoid and control groups.The abnormal gonadotrophin and sex steroid values in the lepromatous group are in keeping with the testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia accompanying this form of leprosy. However, the lack of a significant correlation between basal FSH and testicular atrophy should be noted. In addition, no correlation between any of these hormonal values and gynaecomastia could be demonstrated.The patients with tuberculoid leprosy had essentially normal hormonal profiles (except for two who had raised 17ß‐oestradiol values). This is compatible with the lack of gonadal involvement in these patients.
ACUTE EFFECT OF INORGANIC IODIDE AFTER 131I THERAPY FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: SCHIMMEL MARTIN , UTIGER ROBERT D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPatients treated with inorganic iodide weeks to years following 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism do not adapt to its antithyroid effect. To determine whether such adaptation occurs soon after 131I therapy, serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured daily for 9‐14 days following 131I therapy in seventeen hyperthyroid patients. Nine patients received 150 mg KI daily starting 48 h after 131I administration; eight received only 131I. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations did not change significantly in the patients who received only 131I. In the patients who received 131I and KI, serum T4 and T3 concentrations fell promptly, reaching nadir values 2‐10 days after initiation of iodide, and then increased despite continuation of KI therapy. The mean maximal fall in serum T4 was 34% and in serum T3 42%. These results show that ‘escape’ from the acute antithyroid effect of iodide occurs when it is given immediately after 131I therapy, thus limiting the utility of iodide as a therapeutic agent at this time. 131I‐iodide is a widely used and effective form of therapy for hyperthyroidism. Reduction in thyroid hormone does not occur within the first weeks after 131I therapy. Exacerbation of hyperthyroidism may occur shortly after 131I administration, with frequency ranging from 0 to 11% in several large species (Chapman et al., 1954; Cassidy & Astwood, 1959; Lamberg et al., 1959; Green & Wilson, 1964). Such exacerbations are thought to reflect acute thyroid radiation necrosis and subsequent hormone release, and may limit the use of 131I therapeutically.Inorganic iodide is a rapidly, but usually transiently, effective antithyroid agent when used alone. No reports are available concerning the efficacy of iodide when given immediately following 131I therapy. Since some hormone release after 131I therapy may reflect thyroid destruction, rather than secretion, it is possible iodide might be less effective in this setting. On the other hand, if iodine is effective immediately after 131I therapy, especially if its action is sustained (as occurs in patients treated with 131I months or years previously; Hagen et al., 1967; Braverman et al., 1969), it might be a useful adjunct for certain hyperthyroid patients treated with 131I. This report describes the result of a study of patients so treated.
THE HORMONE RESPONSE TO A SYNTHETIC ANDROGEN (MESTEROLONE) IN OLIGOSPERMIA
Authors: JACKAMAN F. R. , ANSELL I. D. , GHANADIAN R. , McLOUGHLIN P. V. A. , LEWIS J. G. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYForty subfertile men with oligospermia were treated with a synthetic androgen (Mesterolone). The effect of the drug was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and analysing the semen before and after treatment. The results demonstrated that in twenty‐three patients treated for 6‐9 months there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone (P<0.01); the means ± SEM before and after treatment were 17.05 ± 0.95 and 14.7 ± 0.95 (nmol/1 serum) respectively. There was a pronounced increase in serum LH (P<0.01), the values being 2.73 ± 0.26 and 3.61 ± 0.3 (u/l) respectively. However, no significant difference was found in serum FSH before and after treatment. The sperm concentration showed a variable response to treatment. In twenty‐one patients there was either no change or worsening in the sperm concentration, whereas in nineteen patients an improvement was observed. The analysis of variance of sperm concentration and motility for the periods before and after treatment, for all the patients, showed no significant difference in the sperm concentration F1.145=2.82 (P= 0.1).Various drugs have been used to improve the seminal quality in oligospermic males in whom no obvious cause can be found. These drugs have included human gonadotrophins, clomiphene, corticosteroids and androgens (testosterone, methyl‐testosterone, fluoxymesterone and Mesterolone). Mesterolone (Proviron) is a synthetic steroid (17β‐hydroxy‐1α‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐3‐one) which is thought to contribute to the androgen pool but not to be recognized by the hypothalamus/pituitary system and not to suppress endogenous androgen production through reducing pituitary gonadotrophins (Petry et al., 1968; Gerhards et al., 1968).Improvement in the quality of semen by Mesterolone has already been reported (Schellen & Beek, 1972; Somerville & Hendry, 1972; Barwin et al., 1973) but there has been no detailed study of serum gonadotrophin and testosterone levels during a clinical trial with this drug. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Mesterolone on (1) the semen analysis and (2) the serum hormone values (FSH, LH and testosterone) during treatment.
HYPOTHALAMIC‐PITUITARY‐OVARIAN FUNCTION IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: VAN LOOK PAUL F. A. , LOTHIAN HELEN , HUNTER WILLIAM M. , MICHIE EILEEN A. , BAIRD DAVID T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a group of nine perimenopausal women, aged 37–52 years, with dynsfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), serial measurements were made of urinary total oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and of plasma gonadotrophin and steroid levels under basal conditions and during dynamic tests (oestrogen provocation and LHRH‐tests). Results were compared to those obtained in a control group of regularly menstruating women, 23–45 years of age. Four different patterns of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian (H.P.O.) activity were identified in the perimenopausal subjects with DUB. In two patients with a history of persistent anovulation and cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium, basal plasma gonadotrophin levels were normal but there was a failure to release an adequate amount of LH in response to endogenous and exogenous oestrogen stimulation. One subject had regular ovulatory cycles but the follicular phase was shorter and circulating levels of FSH, but not of LH, were higher than in controls. A similar monotropic increase in FSH was also present in a further patient whose cycles were irregular and included an ovulatory cycle with short follicular phase, an ovulatory cycle of normal length and an anovulatory cycle. In the remaining five women follicular development was infrequent and anovulation the rule. FSH and LH levels in these women were elevated despite the presence of circulating 17β‐oestradiol levels in the early‐mid follicular phase range. At the time of menopausal transition in one of these subjects, the decline of plasma 17β‐oestradiol to undetectable levels was associated with a further rise of both gonadotrophins. Conversely, following a prolonged period of follicular development with elevated urinary total oestrogen excretion in another subject, the raised gonadotrophin concentrations were suppressed and the pituitary response to LHRH was within the normal range. LHRH responses in the other four women were augmented. Oestrogen administration failed to induce a normal LH surge in three out of the five subjects. The results indicate that marked changes in the pattern of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion can be found in perimenopausal women with DUB. The observed increase in peripheral levels of FSH (with or without concomitant increase in LH) may be due to a change in hypothalamic‐pituitary sensitivity to the feedback effects of oestrogen. Alternatively, it is possible that these changes result from a decrease in the ovarian secretion of a hypothetical ‘inhibin‐like' substance produced by the growing follicle and for which the name ‘FSH‐release inhibiting substance’ (‘FRIS’) is proposed.
THE EFFECTS OF HALOTHANE ON PLASMA VASOPRESSIN DURING CARDIO‐PULMONARY BYPASS
Authors: SIMPSON PETER , FORSLING MARY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma vasopressin concentrations were estimated in twelve patients undergoing cardio‐pulmonary bypass for open heart surgery. In six patients anaesthesia was maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen, whilst the remaining six additionally received halothane as a vasodilator during the bypass period. Induction of anaesthesia had little effect on plasma vasopressin concentrations, whilst marked increases were seen during surgery and bypass in both groups of patients. However, in those patients receiving halothane, significantly higher concentrations were reached, a maximum 36.1 ± 8.9 (SEM) μu/ml being seen in contrast to 15.4 ± 2.2 μu/ml in the group receiving nitrous oxide in oxygen alone.
EFFECT OF AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE ON URINARY CORTISOL AND CORTISOL METABOLITES IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: ZACHMANN M. , GITZELMANN R. P. , ZAGALAK M. , PRADER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of aminoglutethimide (AG) 4 × 250 mg (670 mg/m2 daily by mouth) on the excretion of free cortisol (radio‐immunoassay) and of its metabolites THE, THF‐alloTHF, cortolone and β‐cortolone (gas chromatography on capillary column) was studied monthly during 3 – 5 months in four adolescents (one girl, three boys) aged 15.9 – 18 years with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, but without evidence of a pituitary tumour.Under AG, all compounds decreased to a minimum after 1 – 2 months. The decrease of THE‐ THF‐allo THF was most marked, followed by cortolone‐β‐cortolone and free cortisol. The sum of the conjugated metabolites was normalized, but free cortisol remained high. A rebound was noted after 3 – 5 months of continued treatment. This was associated with clinical relapse (weight gain, increasing blood pressure). With AG, a non‐steroidal peak appeared on the chromatograms.It is concluded that: (1) AG is only temporarily effective in diminishing the excretion of cortisol and its metabolities; (2) paradoxical increments of 17‐ketosteroids as reported from colorimetric analysis are non‐specific and are probably due to the non‐steroidal peak; and (3) AG appears to modify steroid catabolizing liver enzymes (inhibition of 5β‐reductases and/or 3a‐dehydrogenase, possibly stimulation of 20a‐ and 20β‐dehydrogenases). This could increase the biological half‐life of cortisol and contribute to the clinical rebound, which is due to increased ACTH‐secretion.Because of its excellent short‐term effects, AG appears to be useful to prepare patients for bilateral adrenalectomy.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW RADIOIMMUNOASSAY KIT
Authors: STEPANAS A. V. , MASHITER G. , MAISEY M. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA new kit for measuring total serum triiodothyronine (T3) by radioimmunoassay (‘T3 RIA’; Radiochemical Centre, Amersham) was evaluated using sera from 1114 patients and normal controls. The kit performed reliably with intraassay and inter‐assay variability figures of 3.9% and 9.3%, respectively, at‘medium’concentrations of T3. A T3 measurement could be obtained conveniently within 18 h after overnight incubation at room temperature. There were no critical steps dependent on time or temperature.Serum T3 values showed no significant sex difference. There was no significant change in mean serum T3 between the ages of 15 and 69 years, but it fell by 0.15 nmol/1 for every 5 years beyond the age of 70. Mean serum T3 (±SD) for 335 normal euthyroid subjects aged 15 ‐69 years was 2.11 ±0.46 nmol/1 (range: mean±2 SD= 1.19‐3.03 nmol/1).64% of pregnant euthyroid women and 12% of those taking oral contraceptives had elevated serum T3 levels, as did all hyperthyroid patients, apart from one with T4 toxicosis. Overlapping T3 values from hyperthyroid patients and euthyroid subjects with elevated concentrations of thyroid binding proteins could be separated completely by two correction techniques which related total serum T3 to the corresponding T3 resin uptake test, viz an‘augmented free T3 index, or a map plot of T3 vs T3 resin uptake. A 25% incidence of T3 toxicosis was observed. One hyperthyroid patient with T4 toxicosis, and seven euthyroid patients with‘biochemical T4 toxicosis’were investigated. 73% of moderately and 30% of severely hypothyroid patients had normal serum T3 levels. This overlap was not reduced by applying correction techniques.Our studies demonstrate the value of serum T3 measurements in screening for and diagnosing hyperthyroidism. As T3 measurements become more widely available, it would seem reasonable to subclassify hyperthyroid patients into three types: those with‘T3/4 toxicosis, T3 toxicosis’and‘T4 toxicosis.
AN EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TESTS FOR THE DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: HANKIN MARGARET E. , THEILE HELEN M. , STEINBECK A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. Results of tests for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome of various aetiologies are discussed for twenty‐five patients in whom the pathology was established by operation or autopsy.2. Control values for the urinary excretion of free Cortisol, 17‐OHCS, Porter‐Silber chromogens (P‐SC) and 17‐OS and plasma levels of P‐SC are compared with those for normal subjects.3. The results indicated that urinary values are within the normal range for some patients with Cushing's syndrome.4. Plasma levels of P‐SC in the morning were within the normal range for the majority and elevated for the rest.5. Some patients showed day‐night variation of plasma P‐SC but evening values were above the normal range.6. The expected response for low dosage dexamethasone was found in all patients tested but unexpected responses followed high dosage in some.7. Plasma 11‐OHCS in the five patients tested failed to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia.8. Metyrapone administration and corticotrophin infusion tests had limited usefulness in establishing the aetiology of the disease. The 17‐OHCS excretion became raised in the response to corticotrophin and the elevation was prolonged beyond normal responsiveness.
THYROID‐STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN OPHTHALMIC GRAVES'DISEASE
Authors: TENG C. S. , SMITH B. REES , CLAYTON B. , EVERED D. C. , CLARK F. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid‐stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) have been detected by receptor assay in the sera of 43% of patients with ophthalmic Graves’disease. Comparison of the receptor assay studies with thyroid function tests indicated that in several patients the antibodies detected by receptor assay were biologically inactive. In other patients, thyroid function appeared to be under TSI control with hyperthyroidism prevented by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid.
REDUCED‘GONADOTROPHS RESPONSE TO RELEASING HORMONE’AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION TO IMPOTENT MEN
Authors: DAVIES TERRY F. , GOMEZ‐PAN A. , WATSON M. J. , MOUNTJOY C. Q. , HANKER J. P. , BESSER G. M. , HALL REGINALD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTen endocrinologically normal men with secondary sexual impotence were given 500 μg LHRH subcutaneously every 8 h. After 4 weeks treatment the LH response to 500 μg LHRH was reduced from a peak of 35.7 ± 5.2 to 16.8 ± 3.5 mu/ml (P< 0.01) and the FSH response from 4.2 ± 0.93 to 2.39 ± 0.4 mu/ml (P< 0.01). Circulating total testosterone, oestradiol, prolactin and sex hormone binding globulin showed no significant changes. Whether this inability of the pituitary to maintain its response to LHRH is peculiar to impotent men requires further study.
GLUCAGON AND DIABETES
Authors: PERRY‐KEENE D. A. , ALFORD. F. P. , CHISHOLM. D. J. , FINDLAY. D. M. , LARKINS R. G. , MARTIN F. I. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYClinical and biochemical variables were examined during two standardized, low‐dose insulin regimens in seven subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis and one with hyperosmolar coma, in order to determine whether glucagon levels can be suppressed in ketoacidosis and whether hyperglucagonaemia influences the clinical and biochemical responses to treatment. Glucagon concentrations were significantly elevated (36.6‐697.0 pmol/1) at presentation in all subjects. After institution of insulin treatment (4‐8 u/h), glucose and glucagon levels decreased rapidly, and in five of the eight subjects, glucagon levels reached undetectable concentrations (<3.0 pmol/1) during the initial treatment period. Further, neither plasma glucagon concentrations at presentation, nor the rate of glucagon decline during insulin treatment, appeared to influence the rapidity of the glucose decline or the persistence of the ketoacidosis. Thus, low‐dose exogenous insulin suppresses glucagon secretion in diabetic ketoacidosis, and the changes in glucagon concentrations during treatment are unrelated to the clinical response.
PHYSIOLOGIC SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Authors: TERRY LEON C. , SAUNDERS ADAH , AUDET JUDY , WILLOUGHBY JOHN O. , BRAZEAU PAUL , MARTIN JOSEPH B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGrowth hormone and prolactin are secreted episodically in man and experimental animals. To investigate physiologic mechanisms of GH and PRL secretion, a series of experiments were performed in individual, unanaesthetized male and female rats.GH secretion in the male rat is characterized by intermittent surges that occur approximately every 3 h and are entrained to the light‐dark cycle. Peaks reach 200‐400 ng/ml and troughs are unmeasurable. PRL is secreted in more frequent episodes with a pattern distinct from GH.In the female rat, GH surges occur more frequently‐approximately once each hour. PRL levels are low (<15 ng/ml) except on the afternoon of pro‐oestrous when they surge to levels of 100‐300 ng/ml. Prolactin rises 4‐6 h before delivery. Levels decline rapidly at the onset of parturition and surge with each episode of suckling in the post‐partum period. Growth hormone and corticosterone rise during delivery and remain elevated for several hours after delivery. Reinstitution of suckling after removal of pups causes an immediate rise in PRL and GH. The PRL response is sustained for 3‐4 h, whereas the GH response is brief with return to baseline within 1 h. The time courses of the two responses are clearly independent.Stress in the male rat causes a rapid rise in PRL and suppression in GH. The PRL surge to stress is brief with return to baseline by 1 h. GH pulses are suppressed for up to 5 h after stress.These studies indicate that separate neuroendocrine control mechanisms exist for regulation of the episodic release of GH and PRL in the rat.
IS THERE ANY ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PROLACTIN RELEASE AND ITS ACTION ON MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS IN THE RAT?
Authors: FEUER G. , KELLEN J. A. , KOVACS K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPretreatment of female Wistar rats with various compounds (coumarin, 4‐methyl‐coumarin, phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) on mammary tumour production by 7,12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) has been studied. The test compounds brought about a variety of actions on DMBA tumours; their effect varied from none (phenobarbital, carbon tetrachloride) to decreased incidence and delayed appearance (coumarin, 4‐methylcoumarin). In all cases studied increased prolactin level was found. The inhibitory action of coumarin on tumour incidence and multiplicity showed a dose‐related association with elevated serum prolactin and reduced hepatic drug metabolism.These results indicate that the production of DMBA‐induced mammary adenocarcinomas in the rat is not associated with serum levels of prolactin. Our results suggest that in this model for tumorigenesis, prolactin only plays the role of a promoter after the carcinogenic event.
PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF POST‐PARTUM LACTATION WITH 2‐BROMO‐ALPHA‐ERGOCRYPTINE (CB‐154)
Authors: MACLEOD S. C. , SCOTT J. , LORD L. , BRODIE G. , PERLIN I. , A.SIMPSON A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMost clinical trials to date have demonstrated the effectiveness of 2‐bromo‐alpha‐ergocryptine in suppressing the onset of puerperal lactation and confirmed the postulative mechanism of action by suppression of serum prolactin concentrations during its administration. The present study involving 112 patients was carried out to demonstrate the dose response and the timing of the administration. The drug was administered in two dose schedules of 1 mg t.i.d. and 2.5 mg b.i.d. commencing immediately after delivery and continued for 14 days. A third group of patients had 2.5 mg administered b.i.d. only after acute engorgement became a problem in the post‐partum period. The drug was just as effective in the lower dose schedule and almost complete relief of pain and engorgement spared both the patient and the nursing staff many complaints. A dramatic relief was also obtained within 48 h even after engorgement had occurred and an overall incidence of rebound filling of 19% is similar to that reported by others.
FAILURE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK IN NORMAL MEN AND SUBJECTS WITH TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: VAN LOOK PAUL F. A. , HUNTER WILLIAM M. , CORKER CHARLES S. , BAIRD DAVID T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe abdity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary unit to release luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to oestrogen Cpositive feedback) was studied in normal men and women and in subjects with testicular feminization or XY gonadal dysgenesis. Ethinyloestra‐diol (200 μg a day for 3 days) given orally to six regularly menstruating women during the early to mid follicular phase of the cycle evoked an LH surge which started between 48 and 72 h after the initiation of treatment. A similar positive feedback effect on the secretion of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) could not be demonstrated.In eight normal men there was no evidence for a stimulatory effect of ethinyl‐oestradiol (in doses of 200 μg or 500 μg a day for 3 days) on gonadotrophin release even though the levels of plasma ethyloestradiol in men on the higher dosage regime were greater than those found in women. Changes of peripheral LH, but not FSH, in men were inversely related to plasma ethinyloestradiol concentrations.A patient with XY pure gonadal dysgenesis exhibited a female type of LH release in response to ethinyloestradiol administration (200 μg a day for 3 days), but two patients with the syndrome of testicular feminization failed to release LH.The results suggest that normal adults of the two sexes differ in their ability to respond to ethinyloestradiol administration with LH release. The female response in XY gonadal dysgenesis emphasizes the importance of testicular secretions for the suppression of positive feedback whereas the male type of response in cases of testicular feminization indicates that testosterone does not represent the central mediator of this testicular function. The reported observations are compatible with the concept that the organizing action of the testes on positive feedback is mediated through 17β‐oestradiol.