bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic Nematicides for the Control of Tricbodorid Nematodes and of Potato Spraing Disease caused by Tobacco Rattle Virus
Authors: ALPHEY T. J. W. , COOPER J. I. , HARRISON B. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYField trials in Scotland in 1972 and 1973 tested the effects of three systemic nematicides (aldicarb, fenamiphos and oxamyl) and the fumigant dichloropropane‐dichloropropene mixture (D‐D) on the incidence of spraing in potato tubers (cv. Pentland Del) and on total numbers of trichodorid nematodes, the vectors of tobacco rattle virus. Spraing incidence was least in plots treated with, aldicarb or oxamyl. D‐D and fenamiphos were effective in decreasing spraing incidence in one year but not in the other. Whereas D‐D killed the trichodorid vectors, aldicarb and oxamyl did not kill them but apparently affected their behaviour. None of the chemicals was phytotoxic or decreased tuber yield.
Influence of Spray Timmg for the Control of Powdery Mildew on the Yield of Spring Barley
Authors: JENKINS J. E. E. , STOREY I. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe highest mean yield increase from a single spray of tridemorph applied for the control of powdery mildew was 540 kg/ha (12·1 per cent) more than the yield of unsprayed crops. Two or more sprays increased yields by 703 kg/ha (15·6 per cent). The more susceptible cultivars gave highest yield increases. Crops near winter barley gave higher yield increases than crops not near winter barley and responded best to early sprays whereas the other crops responded best to sprays applied later. Highest yield increases were obtained when sprays were applied as soon as 3–5 per cent of the leaf area of the oldest leaves was affected by mildew and this was the best criterion for timing sprays. Usually such sprays were applied during the growth stages 6–9 so that applying the fungicide with the herbicide up to growth stage 5 would not give the highest yield increase.The best relationship between mildew and yield increase was obtained when a cumulative mildew index (per cent mildew x days) was used.
Comparative Effects of Septoria nodorum on Spring Wheat and Barley
Authors: JONES D. GARETH 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSpore suspensions of Septoria nodorum isolated from wheat were used to initiate epidemics on the spring wheat cv. Cardinal and the spring barley cv. Proctor in a field trial. Inoculations were made at g.s.5, 9 and 10.5.4. as separate treatments in wheat and at g.s.5, 9 and 10.3 in barley. A multiple inoculation treatment consisting of all three inoculations was also included.Disease symptoms were much more severe on wheat than on barley both on the leaves and the heads. The largest reductions in 1,000 grain weight were caused by the triple inoculations with decreases of 48 per cent in wheat and 31 per cent in barley. Inoculation at g.s.5 affected only the number of grains and the mean yield per ear and then only in wheat. Fertile tiller number was also reduced by this early inoculation but not significantly. The results are discussed both in relation to the differential reactions of the two hosts and in terms of the epidemiological implications of cross‐infection under field conditions.
Testing for Field Susceptibility of Potato Tubers to Blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Authors: HOWARD H. W. , LANGTON F. A. , JELLIS G. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA method using microplots is described for assessing the susceptibility of potato tubers to late blight. The relative amounts of tuber infection of five standard cultivars were consistent in tests carried out during five ‘non‐blight’ years except for Arran Banner in 1973. No results were obtained in a sixth year.
Yield‐loss Relationships in Cereals
Authors: RICHARDSON M. J. , WHITTLE A. M. , JACKS MARGARET 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe results of six studies using precision methods to obtain quantitative yield‐loss relationships are reported. Losses ranged from 100 per cent for Pyrenophora graminea on barley, to 51 per cent in a simulated grazing trial on wheat, 20 and 8 per cent respectively for Fusarium nivale and Rhizoctonia solani causing culm lesions on wheat, and 12 per cent for yellow rust on barley. Evidence of interactions between seed treatment with mercury, F. nivale infection and mildew on barley is also presented, in which seed treatment was beneficial regardless of seed infection, and F. nivale intensified the loss due to mildew.
Evaluation of Benomyl Soil Drenches for the Control of Verticillium and Fusarium Wilt of Carnations
Authors: EVANS S. G, 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo benomyl soil drenches at 3–6 g a.i./ll i./m2 applied soon after wilt had appeared in the crop and again a fortnight later gave good control of Verticillium cinerescens in a commercial crop of carnations. Satisfactory control of wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi was obtained in two commercial crops by drenches of benomyl at 3–6 g a.i./5.5 l./m2 when applied soon after planting and subsequently at three‐monthly intervals.
Effects of Fungicide Spraying on Brown Rust and Yield in Spring Barley
Authors: MELVILLE S. C. , GRIFFIN G. W. , JEMMETT J. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn three field experiments in Cornwall in 1969–71, spraying 6–8 times with the fungicides zineb or oxycarboxin gave good control of severe attacks of brown rust (Puccinia hordei) in four cultivars of spring barley and increased the persistence of green leaf tissue. The disease developed late in the season, mainly after ear emergence, Other leaf diseases were slight, except for mildew (Erysiphe graminis) in 1971 in one cultivar. Spraying resulted in increases in grain yield ranging from 17 to 31 per cent and these were almost wholly due to increased grain weight (1000‐grain weight). One and two‐spray programmes of the fungicides gave only a partial control of brown rust and small yield increases. There was a statistically significant relationship between grain yield and brown rust recorded at growth stage 75 (11.1),* an increase of 10 per cent in brown rust on the second top leaf reducing yield by 7.7 per cent.
Effects of Chlorpropham and Storage Temperature on an Abnormal Form of Skin Spot on Potato Tubers
Authors: FRENCH W. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSamples of potato tubers, cv. Désirée showing abnormal skin spot lesions were subjected to different temperature and chlorpropham (CIPC) treatments. The depth of penetration, of lesions was greater at low temperature (5°C) and significantly greater in the presence of chlorpropharn at 5°C. At 10–15°C there was no further skin spot penetration in the presence or absence of chlorpropham.
The Timing of Hot‐water Treatment in Controlling Fusarium oxysporum Basal Rot of Narcissas
Authors: PRICE D. , BRIGGS J. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNarcissus bulbs were treated with various concentrations of formaldehyde in hot water at different times relative to lifting and planting. There was no improvement in control of Fusarium oxysporum basal rot by using formaldehyde concentrations greater than the usual 0.2 percent. The date of treatment was critical, and better control of the disease was obtained by treating in mid‐July than in mid‐August, although flower production in the following season was impaired.
Relationship between Day‐length, Root Growth and Infection of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana var. ellwoodii by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Authors: FOSTER W. R. , SEABY D. A. , MALONE J. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAcute infection of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana var. ellwoodii by Phytophthora cinnamomi occurred when many zoospores were present and the roots were growing actively. Active root growth occurred during periods of long day‐length. It is suggested that chronic infection results when few zoospores are present or if infection takes, place when the majority of the root tips are dormant.
Biological Control of White Rot of Onion (Sclerotium cepivarum) by Coniothyrium minitans
Authors: AHMED A. H. M. , TRIBE H. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe fungus Coniothyrium minitans is pathogenic to Sclerotium cepivorum, the causal agent of white rot of onion. In a glasshouse experiment, pycnidial dust prepared from C. minitans was used in soil treatments and as a seed dressing to protect onion seeds sown in S. cepivorum infested soil. Comparison was made with seed dressed with calomel, the standard fungicide used for white rot control. Seed dressing with C. minitans or soil dusting with C. minitans protected the onion plants from white rot as well as did calomel dressing. The calomel‐treated plants showed markedly poorer development than those treated with pycnidial dust, presumably because of phytotoxicity. The pycnidial dust appears equally effective against white rot, is much safer than calomel and should be very much cheaper. It is recommended for development for practical control of white rot.
The Incidence of Aphis fabae Scop. on Spring‐sown Field Beans in South‐east England and the Efficiency of Control Measures
Authors: GOULD H. J. , GRAHAM C. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys of crops of spring‐sown field beans from 1966 to 1974 in the counties of Hampshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire showed that the incidence of Aphis fabae Scop, infestation varied from season to season and often between counties in the same year. The heaviest infestations occurred in 1967, 1972 and 1973 and the lightest infestation was in 1968 vvhen few winged aphids colonized headland plants. Estimates for 1972 and 1973 showed that treatment was economically worth while on most fields in these years. Phorate was the most frequently used insecticide and gave good control, although it was less effective in years in which there was a dry spring. Disulfoton and sprays of demeton‐S‐methyl and menazon also gave good control, although menazon was less effective as an eradicant spray after colonies of aphids had become established.
Surveys of Foliar Diseases of Spring Barley in England and Wales, 1972–75
Authors: KING J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRandomly selected crops of spring barley in England and Wales were sampled annually in July, when the grain was filling most rapidly, and the diseases affecting the flag and second leaves were assessed. Mildew was the most common disease in all years and was the most severe disease on both leaves, except in 1975 when it was slightly less severe on the flag leaf than yellow rust. Other frequently recorded diseases were brown rust, leaf blotch and, in 1972, 1973 and 1974, Septoria spp. Halo spot and net blotch were infrequent and generally not severe. Fungicides, applied as a seed treatment or foliar spray, were used on up to 47 per cent of the crops assessed and were associated with a decreased severity of mildew. It is estimated that in 1974 and 1975 at least 60 per cent of the crops which received no fungicide would have given an economic yield increase following treatment for mildew control. Annual estimates of national yield losses caused by mildew varied from 5·7 to 13·0 per cent: much greater than the 0·2 to 1·7 per cent estimated for brown rust or leaf blotch. Barley yellow dwarf virus was detected by transmission tests in the majority of the samples tested.
Phytophthora syringae Fruit Rot of Apples
Authors: UPSTONE M. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYApples affected by Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. fruit rot show a firm brown rot which spreads through the fruit and may later be masked by secondary rotting organisms. Occurrence of the disease in commercial apple crops in Kent and Sussex was extremely variable during the four fruit storage seasons 1973–77. Following initial infection in the orchard, the disease spread to adjacent healthy fruit during refrigerated storage. Post‐harvest treatment with benomyl in water had no consistent effect on the spread or development of the disease in fruit in the laboratory or in commercial crops. It is suggested that soil contamination of fruit and rain splash from soil are the means of infection in the orchard, and that the recent prevalence of the disease may be a result of the maintenance of bare soil in orchards and the increased use of dwarfing rootstocks and pruning systems so that fruit are grown nearer to the ground.
Large‐scale Rearing of Wheat Bulb Fly (Delia coarctata (Fall.))
Authors: JONES MARGARET G. , MOORE R. 
Published: April 2007

summaryMethods for large‐scale collection and rearing of wheat bulb flies are described. About 80 000 eggs were obtained from about 4000 flies collected from infested fields in eastern England. When larvae fed on wheat plants, 55–70 per cent of those that hatched from the eggs became flies. At 15°C the time taken from hatching of the larvae until the emergence of flies was about seven weeks. Thirty‐eight artificial media were tried for rearing larvae, but none was successful.
The Period of Susceptibility of Red Beet to Streptomyces Scab
Authors: ADAMS M. J. , LAPWOOD D. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRed beet growing in pots, either out‐of‐doors in Hertforoshire or in the glasshouse, was inoculated with a pathogenic Streptomyces isolate. The Plants which become susecptible at decortication (about five weeks after sowing), became resistant after about a further two weeks. This allows a relatively short period during which a potential control measure would need to be effective.
Treatment of Chrysanthemum Stools against White Rust (Puccinia horiana P. Henn.)
Authors: DICKENS J. S. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYChrysanthemum stools (cvs Yellow American Beauty and Purple Favourite) were treated against Puccinia horiana P. Henn. by immersion for 5 min in water at 46·1°C, by dipping in suspensions containing benodanil or zineb, by spraying them with a suspension containing dmoseb in oil or by removal of all visible green parts. Only the hot‐water treatment prevented the rust from surviving on the stools.
Internal Browning of Hyacinth caused by Erwinia rhapontici
Authors: SELLWOOD JENNIFER E. , LELLIOTT R. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA yellow‐brown necrosis of the innermost scale leaves of hyacinth bulbs was shown to be caused by Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burk‐holder. This finding extends the known host range of this pathogen, which now includes wheat, hyacinth and possibly clover as well as rhubarb. Its existence on apple and pear was established, thus supporting speculation that it is a widespread and an opportunist pathogen. An amended description of E. rhapontici is given.
Effect of Inoculating Soils with Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola on Take‐all Disease of Wheat
Authors: Gutteridge R. J. , Slope D. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a glasshouse pot experiment two successive wheat crops were grown to near maturity in soils naturally infested by the take‐all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, with or without inoculum of Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola (PRG) added before the first crop was sown. PRG decreased take‐all in both crops. More PRG infections were recorded on plants in soil taken from continuous wheat than in soil from a second wheat crop or beans. Field plants were also more infected by PRG in continuous wheat than in first, second or fourth wheat crops after beans, but fewer root pieces were infected than on plants from pots. Evidence to suggest that PRG may contribute to the decline of take‐all in continuous wheat was inconclusive. No PRG was recorded on Alopecurus myosuroides.
Crown Gall of Blackberry: Field Spread and Susceptibility to Disease
Authors: GARRETT CONSTANCE M. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn two commercial blackberry plantations almost all the bushes became infected with crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn) within five years of establishment from nursery stock in which there was some infection. Inoculations to determine the relationship between time of pruning and crown gall susceptibility showed that there was no safe time for cutting out old canes, their cut surfaces remaining susceptible for several days at least, Leaf scars and lateral cuts were susceptible throughout the year but were most readily infected during the growing season.
Effect of post‐harvest fungicide drenches on stored winter white cabbage
Authors: GEESON J. D. , BROWNE K. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn five commercial‐scale storage trials of winter white cabbage during 1974–78, post‐harvest drenches of benomyl, thiabendazole or iprodione gave good control of rotting by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers., which was the main cause of spoilage in untreated cabbage stored at 0–1°C and about 95 per cent relative humidity. All three fungicides controlled rots caused by Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lindau and iprodione also controlled Alternaria spp. Some drench treatments resulted in more bacterial rots due to Pseudomonas marginalia (Brown) Stevens, and the early development of ‘pepper‐spot’ (a non‐microbial leaf necrosis disorder) was accelerated by drenching. However, the recovery after 30 or 36 weeks’ storage of trimmed cabbage suitable for coleslaw manufacture was increased by up to 11 per cent by the fungicide treatments, which could also extend the storage season and reduce trimming costs.
Records of crop damage by some species of cyst nematodes in eastern England, 1967–77
Authors: SAVAGE M. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRecords of crop damage in eastern England from 1967 to 1977 inclusive are tabulated and mapped for the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.), carrot cyst nematode (Heterodera carotae Jones), brassica cyst nematode (Heterodera cruciferae Franklin) and pea cyst nematode (Heterodera goettingiana Liebscher). Although distributions of crop damage by these cyst nematodes have not altered significantly from previous reports, the frequencies show distinct fluctuations from year to year.
Effect of aldicarb on ectoparasitic and migratory endoparasitic nematodes and on the yields of spring barley
Authors: SAYNOR M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn six trials in 1971 on two different soils in eastern England, aldicarb at 4.4 kg active ingredient per ha reduced the numbers of Pratylenchus in the roots of spring barley during the season and also the numbers of Pratylenchus and ectoparasitic nematodes in the soil after harvest. Yields of barley were increased in only two of the five trials harvested. P. neglectus (Rensch) Chitwood & Oteifa was the commonest species of Pratylenchus at all six sites, but small numbers of P. penetrans (Cobb) Chitwood & Oteifa were found at three sites and at two of these aldicarb increased yields slightly.
Survey of diseases of glasshouse tomato crops in England and Wales in 1976
Authors: FLETCHER J. T. , HARRIS PATRICIA A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYOne hundred and forty‐six tomato crops throughout England and Wales were assessed for diseases. The commonest fungus pathogen was Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. which caused stem lesions in 64 per cent of the crops, leaf lesions in 38 per cent and fruit ghost spot in 46 per cent. Benomyl tolerance was widespread in isolates of this pathogen and was detected in 50 of the 68 crops examined. Seventy‐seven per cent of isolates from crops sprayed with a methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide were tolerant compared with 34 per cent from crops where these fungicides had not been used. Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Ciferri was found in 28 per cent of the crops but was severe in only three per cent. Didymella lycopersici Kleb. occurred in seven per cent of the crops. Tomato mosaic (TMV) symptoms were seen in 34 per cent of the crops, although 47 per cent of those surveyed were of resistant cultivars in which no virus symptoms were seen. The Dutch avirulent TMV strain MII‐16 was used for crop protection on 27 per cent of the nurseries. TMV strains collected from crops with symptoms were predominantly strain 1 (85 per cent) and 96 per cent of isolates from crops inoculated with MII‐16 were of this strain. No new strains or tobacco forms of TMV were found.Root rots were extremely common at the end of the crops, varying in intensity according to the pre‐planting soil treatment. Steam treatment was most effective (28 per cent root rot) with methyl bromide the next best (30 per cent), followed by dazomet (42 per cent). Methyl bromide was used by 45 per cent of growers, whereas 17 per cent used steam and 11 per cent dazomet. Peat‐bag culture was used on five per cent of the nurseries. In peat‐bag culture there was little root rot (11 per cent). Verticillium spp. were isolated from 25 per cent of crops in the survey and Fusarium oxysporum Schl. from eight per cent. Chimeras were found in 34 per cent of the crops, but only in 1.1 per cent of the affected plants was the chimera affecting the growing point and likely to affect yield. There was a tendency for early‐planted crops to have a greater incidence of chimera. Generally the cultural factors recorded did not appear to be connected with disease incidence, but there was a significant increase in the amount of Botrytis in the stopped plants. Benomyl, either as a spray or a drench, was the most commonly used fungicide, but more than a third of the crops did not receive any fungicidal treatments.
Tolerance of Botrytis cinerea to iprodione and vinclozolin
Authors: DENNIS C. , DAVIS R. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIsolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. from slow‐developing lesions on strawberries from plants treated with iprodione or vinclozolin fungicides were found to grow on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 10 000 p.p.m. iprodione or 1000 p.p.m. vinclozolin. At smaller concentrations, the presence of these fungicides sometimes stimulated growth of these tolerant isolates. When isolates of B. cinerea sensitive to iprodione and vinclozolin were placed on PDA containing between 1 and 5 p.p.m. of one of these fungicides, a few of the cultures showed mycelial growth after extended incubation for seven days. These cultures were also able to grow when subcultured on fresh PDA containing 5 p.p.m. of iprodione or vinclozolin.
The presence of pathotype Pa2 of Globodera pallida in the United Kingdom
Authors: STONE A. R. , FULLER J. M. , HOWARD H. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens pathotype Pa2 is reported from the United Kingdom for the first time. This pathotype, rather than Pa3, may be the most common among populations designated E in the former UK pathotyping scheme.
The Effects of Pesticides on a Perennial Ryegrass Sward
Authors: PLUMB R. T. , JENKYN J. F. , BROOM E. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDazomet, applied to the soil in September 1972, increased the dry matter yield in 1973 of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Gremie sown that spring in Hertfordshire. The greatest increase (60 per cent) was where least nitrogen had been applied and was not apparently the result of differences in pathogen or pest incidence. Sprays of the fungicides benodanil and benomyl, and drenches of captafol, did not affect yield in 1973 or 1974, although benodanil controlled crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) in August and September 1973.Sprays of the acaricide cndosulfan and the aphicide menazon had no detectable effects in 1973. In 1974, endosulfan sprays, either alone or with menazon, controlled Abacarus hystrix (Nal.), the mite vector of ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV), decreased RMV incidence from 54 to 26 per cent and increased dry matter yield by six per cent.Mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC.) was observed in 1973 and leaf spot (Drechslera spp.) was common in 1973 and 1974, but infection by both diseases was only slight. The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus was slight and not apparently affected by the treatments. Root discoloration was common but not affected by dazomet or captafol. Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. was commonly isolated from very discoloured roots and one isolate, which was weakly pathogenic to ryegrass, killed wheat seedlings. After cutting, patches of grass in plots given 150 kg nitrogen/ha/cut showed poor regrowth, but this could not be associated with pathogens. Mildew and RMV were most common on plots given most nitrogen (150 kg N/ha/cut). RMV and its vectors were apparently more detrimental during the experiment than were other pathogens.