bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some suggested additions to the semantic cognition model
Authors: Mandler Jean M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRogers & McClelland (R&M) present a powerful account of semantic (conceptual) learning. Their model admirably handles many characteristics of early concept formation, but it also needs to address attentional biases, and distinguish direct input from error-driven learning, and fast versus slow learning. Not distinguishing implicit and explicit knowledge means that the authors also cannot explain why some coherently varying information becomes accessible and other information does not.
Concepts, correlations, and some challenges for connectionist cognition
Authors: Marcus Gary F. , Keil Frank C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRogers & McClelland's (R&M's) précis represents an important effort to address key issues in concepts and categorization, but few of the simulations deliver what is promised. We argue that the models are seriously underconstrained, importantly incomplete, and psychologically implausible; more broadly, R&M dwell too heavily on the apparent successes without comparable concern for limitations already noted in the literature.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Hister servus group (Coleoptera: Histeridae): a Neotropical radiation
Authors: Caterino Michael S. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe Hister servus group contains ten species and two species complexes. Although the group’s diversity is centred in Mexico and Central America, one lineage, comprising H. indistinctus Say, H. defectus LeConte and H. fungicola Schaeffer, has probably diversified entirely in the south‐eastern U.S. The servus group also contains the following species: H. servusErichson, H. nodatuslewis, H. doyeni sp.n., H. lagoi sp.n., H. bullatuslewis, H. coronatus Marseul and H. diadema Marseul and two diverse species complexes, dubbed the comes complex and the montivagus complex. These two complexes require additional sampling and study before species within them can be recognized. They are, however, closely related to each other and appear to be paraphyletic with respect to a clade comprising H. bullatus, H. coronatus and H. diadema. A prior hypothesis that the servus group includes H. sallei, H. matador sp.n. and the species of Hister (Spilodiscus) is not well supported. Several sister groups within the servus group show geographical disjunction between seasonal tropical habitats of western North America and wetter montane habitats of the eastern parts of the continent along the Gulf and Caribbean coasts.
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation of Fever and Infection in Older Adult Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities: 2008 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: High Kevin P. , Bradley Suzanne F. , Gravenstein Stefan , Mehr David R. , Quagliarello Vincent J. , Richards Chesley , Yoshikawa Thomas T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractResidents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are at great risk for infection. Most residents are older and have multiple comorbidities that complicate recognition of infection; for example, typically defined fever is absent in more than one-half of LTCF residents with serious infection. Furthermore, LTCFs often do not have the on-site equipment or personnel to evaluate suspected infection in the fashion typically performed in acute care hospitals. In recognition of the differences between LTCFs and hospitals with regard to hosts and resources present, the Infectious Diseases Society of America first provided guidelines for evaluation of fever and infection in LTCF residents in 2000. The guideline presented here represents the second edition, updated by data generated over the intervening 8 years. It focuses on the typical elderly person institutionalized with multiple chronic comorbidities and functional disabilities (e.g., a nursing home resident). Specific topic reviews and recommendations are provided with regard to what resources are typically available to evaluate suspected infection, what symptoms and signs suggest infection in a resident of an LTCF, who should initially evaluate the resident with suspected infection, what clinical evaluation should be performed, how LTCF staff can effectively communicate about possible infection with clinicians, and what laboratory tests should be ordered. Finally, a general outline of how a suspected outbreak of a specific infectious disease should be investigated in an LTCF is provided.
Developing a new publishing model for interdisciplinary research
Authors: PIDGEON Sean 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIt is widely recognized that interdisciplinary collaboration in science is crucial to the success of the research endeavor, but that long‐established institutional structures based on a firm division of the disciplines tend to make such teamwork difficult to achieve in practice. The development of the Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews publishing model highlights some of the opportunities and challenges of crossing these traditional lines of demarcation.
Proteomic Identification and Characterization of a Novel Peroxisomal Adenine Nucleotide Transporter Supplying ATP for Fatty Acid β-Oxidation in Soybean and Arabidopsis
Authors: Arai Yuko , Hayashi Makoto , Nishimura Mikio 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
We have identified the novel protein Glycine max PEROXISOMAL ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE CARRIER (Gm PNC1) by proteomic analyses of peroxisomal membrane proteins using a blue native/SDS-PAGE technique combined with peptide mass fingerprinting. Gm PNC1, and the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs At PNC1 and At PNC2, were targeted to peroxisomes. Functional integration of Gm PNC1 and At PNC2 into the cytoplasmic membranes of intact Escherichia coli cells revealed ATP and ADP import activities. The amount of Gm PNC1 in cotyledons increased until 5 d after germination under constant darkness and then decreased very rapidly in response to illumination. We investigated the physiological functions of PNC1 in peroxisomal metabolism by analyzing a transgenic Arabidopsis plant in which At PNC1 and At PNC2 expression was suppressed using RNA interference. The pnc1/2i mutant required sucrose for germination and suppressed the degradation of storage lipids during postgerminative growth. These results suggest that PNC1 contributes to the transport of adenine nucleotides that are consumed by reactions that generate acyl-CoA for peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation during postgerminative growth.
Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, 2, and 3 expression on the outcome of patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Hirashima Yoshinori , Yamada Yasuhide , Matsubara Junichi , Takahari Daisuke , Okita Natsuko , Takashima Atsuo , Kato Ken , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Shirao Kuniaki , Shimada Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Shimoda Tadakazu 
Published: December 2008

Tumor angiogenesis is a multistep interactive process in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors have a major role. However, the clinical significance of these molecules in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Our study group comprised 86 patients who underwent gastrectomy and subsequently received chemotherapy for recurrent or residual tumor. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we analyzed the expression of VEGF receptors (VEGF‐R) 1, 2, and 3. VEGF‐R1 expression (defined as >5% staining) was found in the tumor cells of 65 tumors (76%) and in the stromal vessels of 36 tumors (42%). VEGF‐R2 expression was found in tumor cells and stromal vessels of 0 and 46 tumors (0 and 53%), respectively, and VEGF‐R3 expression was found in tumor cells and stromal vessels of 0 and 75 tumors (0 and 87%), respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that VEGF‐R expression correlated with shorter survival (VEGF‐R1 in stromal vessels, P = 0.001; VEGF‐R2 in stromal vessels, P = 0.009; VEGF‐R3 in stromal vessels, P = 0.005) and lower response to S‐1 (VEGF‐R1 in stromal vessels, P = 0.039). Multivariate analysis of potential prognostic factors showed that VEGF‐R1 and VEGF‐R2 in stromal vessels were independent predictors of poor outcome. Our data suggest that VEGF‐R expression can be a predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome in GC. VEGF‐R are promising candidates as therapeutic targets. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 310–315)
Expression of CUB domain containing protein (CDCP1) is correlated with prognosis and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of lung
Authors: Ikeda Jun‐ichiro , Oda Tomofumi , Inoue Masayoshi , Uekita Takamasa , Sakai Ryuichi , Okumura Meinoshin , Aozasa Katsuyuki , Morii Eiichi 
Published: December 2008

CUB domain containing protein (CDCP1), a transmembrane protein with intracellular tyrosine residues which are phosphorylated upon activation, is supposed to be engaged in proliferative activities and resistance to apoptosis of cancer cells. Expression level of CDCP1 was examined in lung adenocarcinoma, and its clinical implications were evaluated. CDCP1 expression was immunohistochemically examined in lung adenocarcinoma from 200 patients. Staining intensity of cancer cells was categorized as low and high in cases with tumor cells showing no or weak and strong membrane staining, respectively. MIB‐1 labeling index was also examined. There were 113 males and 87 females with median age of 63 years. Stage of disease was stage I in 144 cases (72.0%), II in 19 (9.5%), and III in 37 (18.5%). Sixty of 200 cases (30.0%) were categorized as CDCP1‐high, and the remaining as CDCP1‐low. Significant positive correlation was observed between CDCP1‐high expression and relapse rate (P < 0.0001), poor prognosis (P < 0.0001), MIB‐1 labeling index (P < 0.0001), and occurrence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0086). There was a statistically significant difference in disease‐free survival (DFS) (P < 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) rates (P < 0.0001) between patients with CDCP1‐high and CDCP1‐low tumors. Univariate analysis showed that lymph node status, tumor stage, and CDCP1 expression were significant factors for both OS and DFS. Multivariate analysis revealed that only CDCP1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS. CDCP1 expression level is a useful marker for prediction of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 429–433).
Heritabilities and quantitative trait loci for blood gases and blood pH in swine
Authors: Reiner G. , Fischer R. , Köhler F. , Berge T. , Hepp S. , Willems H. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryMaintaining pH and blood gases in a narrow range is essential to sustain normal biochemical reactions. Decreased oxygenation, poor tissue perfusion, disturbance to CO2 expiration, and shortage of HCO3− can lead to metabolic acidosis. This is a common situation in swine, and originates from a broad range of medical conditions. pH and blood gases appear to be under genetic control, and populations with physiological traits closer to the pathological thresholds may be more susceptible to developing pathological conditions. However, little is known about the genetic basis of such traits. We have therefore estimated phenotypic and genetic variability and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for pH and blood gases in blood samples from 139 F2 pigs from the Meishan/Pietrain family. Samples were taken before and after challenge with Sarcocystis miescheriana, a protozoan parasite of muscle. Twenty‐seven QTL influencing pH and blood gases were identified on nine chromosomes. Five of the QTL were significant on a genome‐wide level; 22 QTL were significant on a chromosome‐wide level. QTL for pH‐associated traits have been mapped to SSC3, 18 and X. QTL associated with CO2 have been detected on SSC6, 7, 8 and 9, and QTL associated with O2 on SSC2 and SSC8. QTL showed specific health/disease patterns that were related to the physiological state of the pigs from day 0, to acute disease (day 14), convalescence (day 28) and chronic disease (day 42). The results demonstrate that pH and blood gases are influenced by multiple chromosomal areas, each with relatively small effects.
Pain on injection with microemulsion propofol
Authors: Sim Ji‐Yeon , Lee Soo‐Han , Park Do‐Yang , Jung Jin‐Ah , Ki Kyoung‐Ho , Lee Dong‐Ho , Noh Gyu‐Jeong 
Published: December 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Aqueous free propofol in lipid emulsion elicits pain.• No data on the incidence and severity of injection pain for Aquafol™ (Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea), a lipid‐free microemulsion propofol, are available.• Two hypotheses involving plasma bradykinin generation have been proposed to explain propofol‐induced pain; one implicates aqueous free propofol, the other implicates the lipid solvent. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Microemulsion propofol produces more frequent and severe pain on injection, an effect that may be attributable to the high concentration of aqueous free propofol.• There was no evidence that plasma bradykinin generation caused propofol‐induced pain.• In addition, agents known to prevent propofol‐induced pain did not decrease aqueous free propofol concentrations.AIMSTo evaluate the incidence and severity of injection pain caused by microemulsion propofol and lipid emulsion propofol in relation to plasma bradykinin generation and aqueous free propofol concentrations.METHODSInjection pain was evaluated in 147 patients. Aqueous free propofol concentrations in each formulation, and in formulation mixtures containing agents that reduce propofol‐induced pain, were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Plasma bradykinin concentrations in both formulations and in their components mixed with blood sampled from six volunteers were measured by radioimmunoassays. Injection pain caused by 8% polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate (PEG660 HS) was evaluated in another 10 volunteers.RESULTSThe incidence of injection pain [visual analogue scale (VAS) >30 mm] caused by microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol was 69.7 and 42.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The median VAS scores for microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol were 59 and 24 mm, respectively (95% confidence interval for the difference 12.5, 40.0). The aqueous free propofol concentration of microemulsion propofol was seven times higher than that of lipid emulsion propofol. Agents that reduce injection pain did not affect aqueous free propofol concentrations. Microemulsion propofol and 8% PEG660 HS enhanced plasma bradykinin generation, whereas lipid emulsion propofol and lipid solvent did not. PEG660 HS did not cause injection pain.CONCLUSIONSHigher aqueous free propofol concentrations of microemulsion propofol produce more frequent and severe pain. The plasma kallikrein–kinin system may not be involved, and the agents that reduce injection pain may not act by decreasing aqueous free propofol concentrations.
A hybrid fast algorithm for first arrivals tomography
Authors: Mendes Manuela 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA hybrid algorithm, combining Monte‐Carlo optimization with simultaneous iterative reconstructive technique (SIRT) tomography, is used to invert first arrival traveltimes from seismic data for building a velocity model. Stochastic algorithms may localize a point around the global minimum of the misfit function but are not suitable for identifying the precise solution. On the other hand, a tomographic model reconstruction, based on a local linearization, will only be successful if an initial model already close to the best solution is available. To overcome these problems, in the method proposed here, a first model obtained using a classical Monte Carlo‐based optimization is used as a good initial guess for starting the local search with the SIRT tomographic reconstruction. In the forward problem, the first‐break times are calculated by solving the eikonal equation through a velocity model with a fast finite‐difference method instead of the traditional slow ray‐tracing technique. In addition, for the SIRT tomography the seismic energy from sources to receivers is propagated by applying a fast Fresnel volume approach which when combined with turning rays can handle models with both positive and negative velocity gradients. The performance of this two‐step optimization scheme has been tested on synthetic and field data for building a geologically plausible velocity model.This is an efficient and fast search mechanism, which permits insertion of geophysical, geological and geodynamic a priori constraints into the grid model and ray path is completed avoided. Extension of the technique to 3D data and also to the solution of ‘static correction’ problems is easily feasible.
Variable shifts in spring and autumn migration phenology in North American songbirds associated with climate change
Authors: VAN BUSKIRK JOSH , MULVIHILL ROBERT S. , LEBERMAN ROBERT C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMonitoring studies find that the timing of spring bird migration has advanced in recent decades, especially in Europe. Results for autumn migration have been mixed. Using data from Powdermill Nature Reserve, a banding station in western Pennsylvania, USA, we report an analysis of migratory timing in 78 songbird species from 1961 to 2006. Spring migration became significantly earlier over the 46‐year period, and autumn migration showed no overall change. There was much variation among species in phenological change, especially in autumn. Change in timing was unrelated to summer range (local vs. northern breeders) or the number of broods per year, but autumn migration became earlier in neotropical migrants and later in short‐distance migrants. The migratory period for many species lengthened because late phases of migration remained unchanged or grew later as early phases became earlier. There was a negative correlation between spring and autumn in long‐term change, and this caused dramatic adjustments in the amount of time between migrations: the intermigratory periods of 10 species increased or decreased by > 15 days. Year‐to‐year changes in timing were correlated with local temperature (detrended) and, in autumn, with a regional climate index (detrended North Atlantic Oscillation). These results illustrate a complex and dynamic annual cycle in songbirds, with responses to climate change differing among species and migration seasons.
Climate change at the landscape scale: predicting fine‐grained spatial heterogeneity in warming and potential refugia for vegetation
Authors: ASHCROFT MICHAEL B. , CHISHOLM LAURIE A. , FRENCH KRISTINE O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCurrent predictions of how species will respond to climate change are based on coarse‐grained climate surfaces or idealized scenarios of uniform warming. These predictions may erroneously estimate the risk of extinction because they neglect to consider spatially heterogenous warming at the landscape scale or identify refugia where species can persist despite unfavourable regional climate. To address this issue, we investigated the heterogeneity in warming that has occurred in a 10 km × 10 km area from 1972 to 2007. We developed estimates by combining long‐term daily observations from a limited number of weather stations with a more spatially comprehensive dataset (40 sites) obtained during 2005–2006. We found that the spatial distribution of warming was greater inland, at lower elevations, away from streams, and at sites exposed to the northwest (NW). These differences corresponded with changes in weather patterns, such as an increasing frequency of hot, dry NW winds. As plant species were biased in the topographic and geographic locations they occupied, these differences meant that some species experienced more warming than others, and are at greater risk from climate change. This species bias could not be detected at coarser scales. The uneven seasonal nature of warming (e.g. more warming in winter, minimums increased more than maximums) means that climate change predictions will vary according to which predictors are selected in species distribution models. Models based on a limited set of predictors will produce erroneous predictions when the correct limiting factor is not selected, and this is difficult to avoid when temperature predictors are correlated because they are produced using elevation‐sensitive interpolations. The results reinforce the importance of downscaling coarse‐grained (∼50 km) temperature surfaces, and suggest that the accuracy of this process could be improved by considering regional weather patterns (wind speed, direction, humidity) and topographic exposure to key wind directions.
Climatic changes and 13‐year trends in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: CHESSMAN BRUCE C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOver the period from 1994 to 2007, air and water temperatures in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) increased while rainfall and river flows declined. Data on the occurrence of stream macroinvertebrate families in bioassessment samples collected in NSW during this period were examined to see whether a biological response to these climatic and hydrological trends could be discerned. Multiple logistic regression was used to test for long‐term trends in the probability of detection of individual macroinvertebrate families within the samples, taking account of the latitude, longitude, altitude, hydraulic habitat, time of year and subsampling method associated with each sample. Of the 124 families and family groups tested, 33 had statistically significant increasing trends, 37 had significantly declining trends and 54 had no significant trend; however, many of the last group were seldom collected and their trend estimates had wide confidence limits. Significant relationships were found between the thermophily and rheophily of the families and the estimated strength and direction of their long‐term trends, with families that favour colder waters and faster‐flowing habitats more likely to have declined. Although many families showed trends of increasing detection within samples, such trends do not necessarily equate to increasing prevalence in the environment because the extent of wetted habitat has probably declined, especially flowing habitat. In addition, because of likely intrafamilial trait diversity, increasing or apparently increasing families may include species in decline. Many freshwater macroinvertebrate species in NSW may be threatened by anthropogenic climate change, exacerbated by water withdrawals. The thermal tolerances, rheophily and other pertinent traits of individual species need to be determined to identify those most at risk.