bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Technology for Downhole Steam Production
Authors: Fox Ronald L. , Donaldson A. Burl , Mulac Anthony J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two concepts for downhole production of steam for drive operations have been selected for comparative development. The two designs differ in method of transferring heat from hot combustion gases to produce steam. A low pressure combustion design transfers energy to water through a heat exchanger thus enabling the combustion process to be conducted at a pressure less than the injection pressure; a high pressure combustion design mixes the combustion gases directly with water, resulting in the injection of steam and combustion gases into the reservoir.
The comparative development program has included analysis of energy efficiency, computational examination of recovery, core recovery experiments, and field evaluation.
Field tests have been conducted under low reservoir injection pressure (2.76 MPa). The tests were carried out in a 260 m (800 ft) deep reservoir utilizing a 2.5 acre five spot pattern. Data collected from injection and production wells included fluid flow rates, fluid compositions, and energy content. The reservoir conditions were monitored by a combination of global flow measurements and simultaneous core flow tests. Test results have demonstrated that the recovery with the high pressure combustion design is equivalent to the low pressure design at low reservoir pressure. The injection of combustion gases with steam have reduced the quantity of air contaminents released to the atmosphere.
Sloss Micellar/Polymer Flood Post Test Evaluation Well
Authors: Taggart Davis L. , Russell George C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A successful post-test evaluation well was drilled in the Sloss Field, Kimball County, Nebraska, following a micellar-polymer flood. Drilling and sampling procedures are discussed which help insure valid data. Sulfonate loss, adsorption plus partitioning, was determined to be 0.4 of a pound per barrel (1.1 Kg/m3) of pore space. From core analysis and logging survey, oil was displaced over the entire pay interval from the average post waterflood residual of 30%, although some of the lower permeability zones had a final oil saturation of up to 16% compared to the average of 8%. The polyacrylamide polymer used in the mobility control bank was severely degraded causing the loss of mobility control. The degradation was not caused by a simple thermally induced hydrolysis. Limited tests indicate well workover fluids may have contributed to the degradation.
A Laboratory Study to Determine Physical Characteristics of Heavy Oil After CO2 Saturation
Authors: Miller John S. , Jones Ray A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum recovery techniques are being developed by laboratory experimentation by personnel at the Bartlesville (Okla.) Energy Technology Center, U. S. Department of Energy. These techniques are being studied and developed to aid production from shallow, low productivity, heavy oil sand deposits in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma.
Heavy oil samples ranging from 10 to 17° API gravity (1.000 to 0.953 g/cm3) were tested to determine physical characteristics of heavy oils before and after CO2 saturation. The experimentation was conducted using a modified PVT apparatus designed and constructed at BETC.
Viscosity, density, saturation and swelling factor were determined at temperatures of 75°, 140° and 200°F (24°, 60° and 93° C) and at eleven pressures ranging from 200 to 5,000 psi (1400 to 34,500 KPa) at each temperature.
Results of a Micellar-Polymer Flood in a Flooded-Out, Low Gravity Reservoir
Authors: Staub Harrison L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the early results of a micellar-polymer demonstration project in the Wilmington Field, California. This project is a joint venture between the City of Long Beach and the U. S. Department of Energy, designed to establish a tertiary oil recovery technique applicable to unconsolidated low-gravity oil sands typical of many in the California Coastal Province. The pilot area is located on the flank of an essentially watered-out reservoir and contains about 10 acres with an average net thickness of 58 feet.
This paper briefly describes some of the early problems encountered in initiating the project, how they were solved, and their possible effect on the final outcome of the flood. The results of a tracer test program are reviewed and related to the initial response to the chemical chemical injection. Some operational difficulties relating to breakthrough of the chemical constituents are revealed. The current response to micellar-polymer injection is presented and analyzed.
Performance of Deutsche Texaco AG's Oerrel and Hankensbuettel Polymer Floods
Authors: Maitin Balram K. , Volz Hartwig 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1975 Deutsche Texaco AG initiated a polymer pilot flood in a part of the Oerrel field. The main objective was to plug off a zone of high permeability in the reservoir and hereby improve the areal sweep efficiency of flood operations. A second polymer project was brought into operation in a part of the homogeneous Hankensbuettel field in 1977.
In this paper flood performance is described. Both floods are considered successful and polymer application was extended to larger parts of both fields.
Immiscible Displacement Of Oil By Simultaneous Injection Of Water And Nitrogen
Authors: Slack William W. , Ehrlich Robert 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Mobilization of waterflood residual oil by simultaneous injection of water and nitrogen is possible in some cases even where nitrogen and oil are immiscible and no swelling, viscosity reduction or vaporization of oil occurs. Residual oil saturation reduction is found to depend very strongly on three-phase relative permeability characteristics. For Berea sandstone, reductions of up to 18% PV were measured.
Numerical simulation of water-nitrogen flooding was used to predict process performance in real reservoir geometries and to study the effects of water-nitrogen ratio, kv/kh and permeability profile. Results show that despite gravity segregation, immiscible water-nitrogen flooding is capable of recovering an appreciable fraction of waterflood residual oil at reasonable nitrogen-oil ratios and in reasonable times.
Calcium Effects in the DOE Surfactant-Polymer Pilot Test
Authors: Lorenz Philip B. , Tham Min K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The surfactant and polymer slugs for the chemical recovery pilot test operated by DOE were designed to be effective at the divalent ion concentration of the injection water. Laboratory tests indicated that even if there were no intrusion by the formation brine, the slugs would experience an increase in divalent ion content on contact with the rock. It was found that with calcium present, optimal salinity of the surfactant system was reduced by 4 to 7 times the amount of calcium on an equivalent basis. The minimum IFT was raised 4-fold by 8 eq/m3(meq/L) of calcium, but the valley was much broader. The distribution of calcium indicated that it occurred primarily in the surfactant phase. Empirical equations were developed for calculating the effect on polymer viscosity of polymer concentration, salinity, and calcium. Over a range of polymer concentrations and salinities, calcium had close to 10 times more effect on viscosity than an equivalent increase in salinity. It was found that calcium from the rock played a major role in surfactant behavior, but affected polymer behavior in only a minor way.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Incentives (And Dis-Incentives) From a Producer's Standpoint
Authors: Goldburg Arnold , Morgenthaler Charles 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) as a group of producing techniques -- here we will restrict ourselves to the four (4) high EOR technologies of micellar-polymer (microemulsion), carbon dioxide, fireflood and deep steam (&gt;2500′ or &lt;10° API) — have had two special economic problems:
1. Rate of Return (ROR) when balanced against technical risk; and
2. Front-End Capital formation for independent oil operators.
To illustrate these two problems, and the impact of various past and possible future incentives and disincentives upon them, we use here as a typical example, tertiary micellar-polymer flooding of the Bell Creek Field in southeastern Montana. The reservoir parameters of this field are well suited to the micellar-polymer technique; and, starting in 1976, a micellar-polymer pilot for Bell Creek Unit ‘A’ reservoir (cost-shared with DOE, Contract No. DE-AC03-78SF01802) was carefully designed, deployed and executed, Refs. 1–11. The economics of a full field micellar-polymer flood in Unit ‘A’, based upon this pilot experience, have been developed extensively during the past 3 years and placed in the public domain, Refs. 12 – 16, in order to address the two designated financial problems of ROR vs. risk and capital formation.
Thus, there is a body of data for micellar-polymer project economics in Bell Creek Unit ‘A’ and a history of the Working Interest Owner (W.I.O.) group deployment decisions in the light of such economic information. This empirical information -- of what set of economic factors did motivate and (more importantly) what set did not motivate the W.I.O. to move forward with proposed tertiary recovery projects -- will be used to examine the likely impact of future incentives and dis-incentives on the deployment of the high EOR technologies by managements and owners.
Application of New Well Logs and Geology to Fracturing and Producibility in Tight Gas Sands, Cotton Valley Group
Authors: Hunt Ercill R. , Raymond Dean H. , Haskett Carl E. , Pirie Robert G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A combination of new tools, the Digital Sonic and the Induced Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy (GST*) with the High Resolution Dipmeter (HDT*), a SARABAND* suite of logs, and a rock core study provided a unique opportunity to re-examine fracturing (fracing) procedures and producibility in the "tight gas sands" of the Cotton Valley Group in East Texas.
The depositional paleoenvironment of the Cotton Valley tight gas sandstones is interpreted as a sequence of shallow, marine, organically-burrowed, shoreface deposits which, with the HDT, can be separated into sedimentation units–barrier bars or tidal deltas. This separation is important because the local feature, the tidal delta, may have a more limited reservoir than the massive sand unit, the barrier bar.
The Digital Sonic tool measures values of shear and compressional velocities from which Poisson's ratio is determined. These velocities in combination with bulk density yield Young's Modulus which is commonly used to calculate fracture width. Combining Poisson's ratio with SARABAND provides answers needed to determine the vertical containment boundaries of the hydraulic fracture.
The GST provides a lithological description which identifies hydrated shales and well-developed intergranular pore-filling cements such as quartz, calcite, and clay minerals which, in some cases, are containment boundaries.
Producibility is then estimated as a function of the fracture surface area (fracture length x height) and the hydrocarbon pore volume (calculated from the SARABAND listing). This estimate of producibility is compared to flowmeter results. In several studies, the comparison is good; however, some significant, yet foreseeable, exceptions occur.
Impact of Job-Specific New-Hire Functional Testing
Authors: Kalkan S. , Bunch R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ergonomic injuries in the oil industry can occur when there is a gap between employee physical capacities and the physical demands of the job. Improper matching of the employee to the job can be prevented with job-specific functional testing. This paper describes the effect of new-hire functional capacity testing on injury reduction and wellness in an oilfield services company after 2 years of program implementation.
Data analysis revealed a 96% pass rate among a random sample population. A detailed investigation was conducted among the 4% of the sample who failed to meet the essential functional demands because of insufficient physical capacities or existing medical conditions. The results of the analysis of safe maximum lift capacities were used to develop ergonomic and behavioral-based intervention strategies to reduce the gap between the worker's physical capacities and the required job demands. Estimates related to direct and indirect costs for each applicant who failed were analyzed and compared to the program administration cost. The return on investment was 13:1.
The results show that improper matching of the employee to the job can be effectively prevented with job-specific functional testing. Post-offer new-hire functional testing is shown to be highly effective in preventing injuries, avoiding aggravation of preexisting medical conditions, educating new hires about specific needs for improved wellness, improving productivity, and reducing medical costs.
Discussion will include how some medical conditions can be identified effectively in the functional capacity examination. Data concerning human performance capacities is important in developing strategies that further reduce the risk of ergonomic injuries among an aging work force plagued by a growing epidemic of obesity and reduced fitness capacities.
The Analysis and Control of Hydraulic Fracturing Problems
Authors: Osborne M. W. , McLeod Harry O. , Schroeder Herbert D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fracturing formations deeper than 10,000 feet at temperatures greater than 200°F with crosslinked gels created a variety of special problems in South Texas and Anadarko Basin wells. Engineering analysis of these problems resulted in modifications of fluids systems, treatment design, and fracturing operations. These changes eliminated premature shut-downs of fracturing treatments and improved stimulation ratios.
The Department of Energy’s Western Gas Sands Project Multi-Well Experiment
Authors: Atkinson Charles H. , Crawley Alex B. , Northrop David A. , Sattler Allan R. , Mann Robert L. , Schillo John C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Department of Energy has initiated a Multi-well Experiment with the objectives: (1) characterization of low permeability, lenticular gas sands and (2) evaluation of state-of-the-art and developing technology for their production. The location is in the Rulison Field in the Piceance Basin, Garfield County, Colorado where the lenticular Mesaverde sequence and the underlying blanket Corcoran-Cozzette are the formations of interest and lie at depths between 4,000 and 8,600 ft.
Features of this research-oriented field experiment include: (1) three close-spaced wells (100 to 500 ft) for reservoir characterization, conventional well tests, interference testing, well-to-well geophysical profiling, and placement of diagnostic instrumentation adjacent to fracture treatments; (2) complete core taken through the formations of interest; (3) a comprehensive core analysis program; (4) an extensive logging program featuring conventional and experimental logs; (5) determination of in situ stress in sand lenses and bounding shales; (6) application of geophysical techniques to determine sand lens orientation; (7) use of seismic, electrical potential and tilt diagnostic methods for hydraulic fracture characterization; and (8) a series of stimulation experiments.
Analysis of data from these activities will yield the following kinds of information: (1) geologic characterization emphasizing the morphology, properties and variability of lenticular sands; (2) a reservoir model for lenticular sand production; (3) a fracture model including correlations between stress, geometry and lens orientation; (4) core-log-well test correlations for improved formation evaluation, and (5) economic assessments.
Gas Compressor Design & Operation
Authors: Littlefield Robert G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oil and gas production requires compression of gases involving considerable range of initial inlet and final discharge pressures as well as widely varying volumes. Frequently the applications are further complicated by the gas containing H2S or entrained liquids and equipment space/weight limitations imposed by offshore platform designs or semi-portability due to future relocation plans onshore.
The manufacturers of compressors, engines and gas turbines have responded to these requirements with a broad selection of power and compressor machinery to make possible an optimum selection for any given installation.
Design of Gas Conditioning and Processing Facilities
Authors: Campbell John M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The proper planning and choice of such facilities depends on a number of non-process factors--market/economic, geographical, climate, cultural, political, etc. These determine the optimum output of the facility. The input is determined by the characteristics of the reservoirs supplying raw material for conditioning and processing. These establish boundary conditions within which the process must conform. The engineering calculations therefore must find the optimum path between input and output … and are not independent of these considerations.
This paper presents the state of the art of gas plant design and how this relates to the non-process factors. It is necessarily an overview but outlines a plan of attack that should provide maximum profitability.
“They suffered with us and should be compensated”: Entitling Caregivers of Canada's Veterans
Authors: Struthers James 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThis article examines the struggle to win lifetime eligibility for selected home care benefits provided through the Veterans Independence Program (VIP) for veterans' widows in recognition of their years of unpaid caregiving – a policy change eventually implemented between 2003 and 2004. It explores how arguments on their behalf shifted from discourses of dependency, cost-saving, and compassion to ones of entitlement and commemoration between 1981 and 2004 as the large cohort of Second World War veterans and their wives moved towards the end of their lives. This policy victory for veterans' widows marked a historic shift in mandate for Veterans Affairs Canada and an important recognition by the state of unpaid caregiving as a form of national service. If Canadians are to learn from this example, however, it must be through seeing all caregiving labour – not just that of veterans' wives – as equally heroic and worthy of compensation.
French Immersion and At-Risk Students: A Review of Research Evidence
Authors: Genesee Fred 
Published: December 2007

Abstract: This report reviews results of research on the outcomes of French immersion students with special educational needs related to low levels of general academic ability and low levels of first language ability (and possibly impairment), as well as those of students with difficulty or who are at risk for difficulty in learning to read. Studies of the effectiveness of interventions for such students are also reviewed and analyzed. The report ends with suggestions for future research and educational policy.
Les élèves allophones dans les programmes de français seconde langue officielle: revue de la littérature
Authors: Mady Callie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract: In Canada, education in French as a second language (FSL) offers students the opportunity to learn a second official language. Is such an opportunity appropriate for allophone students who are still in the process of learning English? This literature review provides a four-fold consideration of the issue. Section 1 examines the political response by investigating whether Canadian federal policies provide for the inclusion of allophone students in FSL programs. Section 2 provides an overview of provincial policies, specifically examining allophone students’ access to FSL. A review of the literature regarding the motivation of allophone students is found in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 details the research on the achievement of allophone students studying French.
Synthesis of Microscale Raft‐shaped Zinc(II)–Phenylalanine Complexes and Zinc(II)–Phenylalanine/dye Hybrid Bundles with New Optical Properties
Authors: Cong H.‐P. , Yu S. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNovel raft‐like zinc(II)–phenylalanine complexes and zinc(II)–phenylalanine/acid green 27 (AG27) hybrid radial bundles have been successfully synthesized by a simple refluxing reaction. The formation processes of the morphologies and the superstructures of the hybrid bundles were proposed based on the time‐dependent evolution process. The AG27 molecules act as both the inclusion compound and the controller of the morphologies and the superstructures of the final hybrid. The combination of the zinc(II)–phenylalanine complex and AG27 leads to distinct optical properties compared with the individual component materials. This approach opens a new and effective way for the fabrication of amino acid/dye hybrid materials with unique optical properties and is expected to allow access to other organic/organic hybrid materials with structural specificity and functional novelty.
Rational Design of Chelating Phosphine Functionalized Os(II) Emitters and Fabrication of Orange Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Solution Process
Authors: Cheng Y. M. , Lee G. H. , Chou P. T. , Chen L. S. , Chi Y. , Yang C. H. , Song Y. H. , Chang S. Y. , Shih P. I. , Shu C. F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA new series of charge neutral Os(II) pyridyl azolate complexes with either bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) or cis‐1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene (dppee) chelates were synthesized, and their structural, electrochemical, photophysical properties and thermodynamic relationship were established. For the dppm derivatives 3a and 4a, the pyridyl azolate chromophores adopt an eclipse orientation with both azolate segments aligned trans to each other, and with the pyridyl groups resided the sites that are opposite to the phosphorus atoms. In sharp contrast, the reactions with dppee ligand gave rise to the formation of two structural isomers for all three kind of azole chromophores, with both azolate or neutral heterocycles (i.e., pyridyl or isoquinolinyl fragments) located at the mutual trans‐disposition around the Os metal (denoted as series of a and b complexes). These chelating phosphines Os(II) complexes show remarkably high thermal stability, among which and several exhibit nearly unitary phosphorescence yield in deaerated solution at RT. A polymer light‐emitting device (PLED) prepared using 0.4 mol % of 5a as dopant in a blend of poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 30 wt % of 2‐tert‐butylphenyl‐5‐biphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (PBD) exhibits yellow emission with brightness of 7208 cd m–2, an external quantum efficiency of 10.4 % and luminous efficiency of 36.1 cd A–1 at current density of 20 mA cm–2. Upon changing to 1.6 mol % of 6a, the result showed even better brightness of 9212 cd m–2, external quantum efficiency of 12.5 % and luminous efficiency of 46.1 cd A–1 at 20 mA cm–2, while the max. external quantum efficiency of both devices reaches as high as 11.7 % and 13.3 %, respectively. The high PL quantum efficiency, non‐ionic nature, and short radiative lifetime are believed to be the determining factors for this unprecedented achievement.