bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antidepressants in child and adolescent depression: where are the bugs?
Authors: Moreno C. , Arango C. , Parellada M. , Shaffer D. , Bird H. 
Published: December 2006

Objective:  To examine the data on the effect of antidepressant medication in depressed children and adolescents and the causes of the results obtained.Method:  A systematic literature search was conducted, supplemented by a manual search, and a search of public online information on paediatric antidepressant trials reviewed by regulatory agencies.Results:  Data gathered from published and unpublished randomized controlled trials vary in their findings, with most of the studies showing a lack of efficacy characterized by a high placebo response rate.Conclusion:  Differences from efficacy results with the same drugs in adult depression may be because of neurobiological developmental correlates, developmental differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, high rates of placebo response in children, and a number of methodological influences. There are several areas needing more attention in paediatric antidepressant clinical trials. Judicious use of published and unpublished studies to assess who may benefit from treatment with antidepressants seems warranted.
Development of the Bipolar Inventory of Symptoms Scale
Authors: Bowden C. L. , Singh V. , Thompson P. , Gonzalez J. M. , Katz M. M. , Dahl M. , Prihoda T. J. , Chang X. 
Published: December 2006

Objective:  Most rating scales for bipolar disorders (BDs) do not encompass the spectrum of symptomatology now established as characterizing the illness. We report the rationale, format, reliability and initial validity studies of the Bipolar Inventory of Symptoms Scale (BISS), a 44‐item scale designed to encompass the spectrum of behavioral disturbances in BDs.Method:  Structured video interviews of 20 patients representing four bipolar syndromal subtypes were rated by nine raters.Results:  Generally, high inter‐rater reliability and internal consistency were established for the depression and mania subscales and the BISS total score. The BISS discriminated across subtypes of bipolar patients with depressed, manic/hypomanic, mixed manic or recovered status.Conclusion:  The BISS has adequate reliability, concurrent validity and is capable of discriminating between bipolar subtypes. It also provides a comprehensive scale to assess discrete behavioral components of BD.
Clinical evaluation of demineralized bone allograft in a hyaluronic acid carrier for sinus lift augmentation in humans: a computed tomography and histomorphometric study
Authors: Schwartz Zvi , Goldstein Moshe , Raviv Einav , Hirsch Ariel , Ranly Don M. , Boyan Barbara D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectives: Natural and synthetic graft materials are used routinely in sinus floor augmentations to help support implants in atrophic maxillary ridges. This clinical study was based on the hypothesis that the clinical effectiveness of demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft/demineralized bone matrix (DFDBA/DBM) in sinus lifts varies when used in combination bone graft substitute materials. To test this hypothesis, DFDBA was used together with one of three materials: in saline plus anorganic bone (DFDBA: Bio‐Oss®); in hyaluronic acid (DFDBA: HY, 32 : 68, w/w; DBX®) alone; DBX® plus Bio‐Oss®; and DBX® plus tricalcium phosphate granules (β‐TCP).Material and methods: Thirty‐two sinus lift procedures, eight per group, were performed on 26 patients. Before surgery and at 8 months post‐surgery when implants were placed, ridge heights were visualized by computed tomography (CT) and measured by morphometric analysis. Cores of bone were removed by trephine at the sites of implant placement; these biopsies from the graft sites were used for histomorphometric analysis.Results: All 32 sinus lift elevations were successful when measured by CT, increasing from an average 2.84±0.2 mm before treatment to 15.2±0.6 mm after treatment. The percent of each biopsy that was occupied by new bone and incorporated bone graft materials varied with each treatment: DFDBA+Bio‐Oss®, DBX®+Bio‐Oss®, or DBX® alone was higher than that for DBX®+β‐TCP by approximately 10%. When comparing only newly formed bone, DBX®+β‐TCP treatment resulted in 50% less bone than the other three preparations. All grafted sites received implants as per the treatment plan for each patient.Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypothesis that new bone formation is dependent on the DFDBA formulation used and demonstrated that DBX®, alone or in combination with other materials, can be used successfully for sinus floor elevation.
Therapy of peri‐implantitis with resective surgery. A 3‐year clinical trial on rough screw‐shaped oral implants. Part II: radiographic outcome
Authors: Romeo Eugenio , Lops Diego , Chiapasco Matteo , Ghisolfi Marco , Vogel Giorgio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectives: This clinical study on therapy of peri‐implantitis aimed to compare the marginal bone loss of implants treated with different surgical approaches: implantoplasty and peri‐implant resective surgery only.Material and methods: Over a period of 6 years, 10 patients (20 implants) were treated with implantoplasty (test group) and 9 had resective surgery (control group). A computerized analysis of radiographs was performed to calculate marginal bone loss (MBL) values mesial and distal to the implants. The measurement system was set by means of known implant sizes. Data on MBL were collected at the time of peri‐implantitis diagnosis, 1, 2 and 3 years after surgery.Results: There was no difference between the mean MBL values three years after implantoplasty in the test group: 0 and 0.01 mm of MBL mesial and distal to the implant were found (P>0.05). Conversely, the mean MBL values recorded in the control group were statistically different: 1.44 and 1.54 mm of MBL mesial and distal to the implant were found (P<0.05) 3 years after resective surgery. Moreover, the variation of peri‐implant marginal bone after peri‐implantitis surgical treatment was significantly lower in the test group than in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusions: The results of this radiographic research suggested that implantoplasty was an effective treatment of peri‐implant infections and peri‐implantitis progression.
Influence of controlled immediate loading and implant design on peri‐implant bone formation
Authors: Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace , Geris Liesbet , Sloten Jozef Vander , Puers Robert , Duyck Joke 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim: Tissue formation at the implant interface is known to be sensitive to mechanical stimuli. The aim of the study was to compare the bone formation around immediately loaded versus unloaded implants in two different implant macro‐designs.Material and Methods: A repeated sampling bone chamber with a central implant was installed in the tibia of 10 rabbits. Highly controlled loading experiments were designed for a cylindrical (CL) and screw‐shaped (SL) implant, while the unloaded screw‐shaped (SU) implant served as a control. An F‐statistic model with α=5% determined statistical significance.Results: A significantly higher bone area fraction was observed for SL compared with SU (p<0.0001). The mineralized bone fraction was the highest for SL and significantly different from SU (p<0.0001). The chance that osteoid‐ and bone‐to‐implant contact occurred was the highest for SL and significantly different from SU (p<0.0001), but not from CL. When bone‐to‐implant contact was observed, a loading (SL versus SU: p=0.0049) as well as an implant geometry effect (SL versus CL: p=0.01) was found, in favour of the SL condition.Conclusions: Well‐controlled immediate implant loading accelerates tissue mineralization at the interface. Adequate bone stimulation via mechanical coupling may account for the larger bone response around the screw‐type implant compared with the cylindrical implant.
Fibre retention osseous resective surgery: a novel conservative approach for pocket elimination
Authors: Carnevale Gianfranco 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim and Background: The position of the most apical inter‐dental portion of the alveolar crest is classically used in osseous resective surgery (ORS) to establish the amount of the inter‐proximal and buccal/lingual bone resection. Supracrestal fibres connected to the root cementum are always present coronal to the alveolar crest both in healthy and diseased sites. The aim of this paper is to report a novel surgical approach that combines the classical method of osseous resection with the gingival fibre retention technique.Material and Methods: A description of the surgical procedure in four steps is provided (flap design, marginal soft tissue removal and fibre retention, ORS, suture of the flap).Results and Conclusion: The proposed technique shifts the bottom of the defect in a more coronal position at the level of the connective tissue fibre attachment, establishing a more conservative supporting bone resection.
Periodontal healing after non‐surgical therapy with a new ultrasonic device: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Christgau M. , Männer T. , Beuer S. , Hiller K.‐A. , Schmalz G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and microbiological healing outcomes following non‐surgical periodontal therapy using the new Vector™ ultrasonic system versus scaling and root planing (S/RP) with Gracey curettes.Material and Methods: The study comprised 20 chronic periodontitis patients. Using a split‐mouth design, both treatment modalities were randomly applied to one quadrant of the upper and the lower jaws each. Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 6 months after treatment. Furthermore, post‐operative hypersensitivity was assessed. The Wilcoxon signed rank test (α=0.05) was used for statistical analysis.Results: Both therapies provided statistically significant clinical and microbiological improvements of periodontal conditions after 4 weeks and 6 months. Hypersensitive teeth were found only 4 weeks after S/RP. Besides a significantly better bleeding on probing reduction in deep S/RP sites, no other clinical and microbiological parameters revealed significant differences between the sites treated with the Vector™ system or S/RP.Conclusion: Both the Vector™ system and S/RP provided favourable periodontal healing results, although in deep pockets S/RP appeared to achieve a better resolution of inflammation.
Forest Structure and Primary Productivity in a Bornean Heath Forest
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuki , Rahajoe Joeni S. , Kohyama Takashi , Mirmanto Edi 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAboveground forest structure, biomass, and primary productivity in a tropical heath forest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) were examined using data from 1‐ha plots and stand‐level allometric equations developed from harvested tree samples. The study site experienced a severe drought in 1997–1998 associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation event. The drought effect on heath forest productivity was also assessed by evaluating changes in wood mass increment rates. Allometric relationships suggested that heath forest trees had leaves with smaller specific leaf area (SLA), and large heath forest trees allocate more to leaf mass compared to mixed dipterocarp forest trees. Aboveground biomass (for trees ≥ 4.8 cm DBH) in two 1‐ha plots, P1 and P4, totaled 244.8 and 232.0 Mg/ha. Aboveground wood mass increment rate was –0.1 and 4.7 Mg/ha/yr in P1 and P4 during the drought period (from February to August 1998), while it quickly recovered to 8.1 and 8.5 Mg/ha/yr during the post‐drought period (from August 1998 to August 1999 for P1 and from August 1998 to November 1999 for P4). This suggests a severe impact of the drought on heath forest productivity. Leaf characteristics of heath forest such as small SLA and long‐lived leaves probably play a significant role in effective assimilation and maintenance of heath forest productivity under stressful conditions.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Abundance and Diversity of an East African Leaf Litter Amphibian Fauna
Authors: Gardner Toby A. , Fitzherbert Emily B. , Drewes Robert C. , Howell Kim M. , Caro Tim 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe present data on sample richness, relative abundance, and community structure of a leaf litter amphibian assemblage from globally important miombo‐mopane woodlands characteristic of western Tanzania. We describe patterns of diversity across major habitat types and between different seasons from an annual pitfall‐trapping campaign. We recorded 28 species of amphibians, which is significantly higher than existing richness estimates for other miombo woodland sites elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa. We found that cultivation of native habitat reduces frog diversity, a conclusion that has important implications in light of the rapid conversion of miombo woodland for agriculture and fuel‐wood across much of southern and central Africa. Many species showed strongly ansynchronized patterns of seasonality in relative abundance, which has significant implications for the establishment of successful monitoring programs and biodiversity surveys. These conclusions emphasize the importance of stratified long‐term sampling in biodiversity studies and demonstrate that superficial levels of sampling effort can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding patterns of diversity in amphibian communities. The relatively poor focus on herpetofaunal research in African miombo‐mopane woodland is out of proportion to its ecological and conservation significance.
Bat Diversity and Movement in an Agricultural Landscape in Matiguás, Nicaragua
Authors: Medina Arnulfo , Harvey Celia A. , Merlo Dalia Sánchez , Vílchez Sergio , Hernández Blas 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough agriculture dominates much of Central America, little is known about the bat assemblages that occur within agricultural landscapes and how bats use different types of tree cover within these landscapes. Using mist‐nets and a mark‐recapture protocol, we compared bat diversity and movement across six types of tree cover within an agricultural landscape in central Nicaragua. The tree cover types surveyed included secondary forests, riparian forests, forest fallows, live fences, pastures with high tree cover and pastures with low tree cover. We captured a total of 3084 bats of 39 species, including two new species records for the country (Lonchorhina aurita and Molossops greenhalli). Of these, 2970 bats and 27 species were in the Phyllostomidae family. There were significant differences in mean species density, abundance and evenness of phyllostomid bats across the different types of tree cover, but not in bat diversity. Riparian forests had the highest mean species density and bat abundance per plot. In contrast, mean bat abundance and species density were lowest in pastures with low tree cover. Of the 1947 phyllostomid bats marked, a total of 64 bats of eight species were recaptured. The average linear distance between extra‐site recaptures was 2227 m (± 228 SE) and the maximum distance was 10.6 km. Bats were recorded moving between almost all types of tree cover, and especially to and from riparian forests. Our study suggests that agricultural landscapes retaining a heterogeneous tree cover may maintain a diverse bat assemblage, and that bats visit and use a variety of tree cover types within the agricultural matrix.
Phosphorus Limits Tropical Rain Forest Litter Fauna
Authors: McGlynn Terrence P. , Salinas Daniel J. , Dunn Robert R. , Wood Tana E. , Lawrence Deborah , Clark Deborah A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe stoichiometry of resources may explain bottom‐up regulation of higher trophic levels. We tested the effects of soil and litter nutrient stoichiometry on the invertebrate litter fauna of a Costa Rican tropical rain forest. Animal densities were estimated from 15 sites across a phosphorus gradient. The density of the invertebrate litter fauna varied considerably, and was strongly tied to soil and litter phosphorus concentrations. An increase in phosphorus concentrations corresponded with an equally proportionate increase in animal densities. Natural variation in nutrient levels can thus serve as a predictor of density in a highly diverse tropical animal community.
Frugivory by Small Vertebrates Within a Deforested, Dry Tropical Region of Central America
Authors: Griscom Heather P. , Kalko Elisabeth K.V. , Ashton Mark S. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTSmall vertebrates were inventoried within three habitat types in a degraded dry forest region of Panama. Animals were classified as frugivorous if they were observed foraging on fruit or if fecal samples contained mostly or exclusively seeds. Overall, we found that eight bat species and 21 bird species consumed fruit. The greatest numbers of birds were observed within live fences and bird species richness was greatest within riparian forests. Bat assemblages were not significantly different between habitats. The implication is that ecosystem services such as seed dispersal may still be functional in this landscape.
Resource Partitioning in Sympatric Cynopterus bats in Lowland Tropical Rain Forest, Thailand
Authors: Bumrungsri Sara , Leelapaibul Watcharee , Racey Paul A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTDiet and habitat use of the closely related and size‐overlapping sympatric Cynopterus brachyotis and C. sphinx were established in lowland dry evergreen forest, Thailand, between March 1998 and March 2000. Feces from netted bats were analyzed, and the recapture rate determined. Although both species share a set of food plants, and fruits from early successional forest contribute about half of their diet, C. brachyotis, the smaller of the two species, ate a significantly greater proportion of fruits from early successional forest than C. sphinx. The latter ate a significantly greater proportion of fruit species in larger size classes. More C. brachyotis were captured in early successional forest in almost every month, while C. sphinx is more common in old‐growth forest. However, the capture rate of C. sphinx increased in early successional forest in the mid‐dry season when its preferred fruits become available. The recapture rate of C. brachyotis in early successional forest was significantly higher than that of C. sphinx, and the reverse situation was observed in old‐growth forest. Male C. sphinx had a significantly higher recapture rate in early successional forest than females. Fruit size and habitat use are the major determinants of resource partitioning between these size‐overlapping congeners.
The isocurvature fraction after WMAP 3-yr data
Authors: Trotta Roberto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
I revisit the question of the adiabaticity of initial conditions for cosmological perturbations in view of the 3-yr Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data. I focus on the simplest alternative to purely adiabatic conditions, namely a superposition of the adiabatic mode and one of the three possible isocurvature modes, with the same spectral index as the adiabatic component.
I discuss findings in terms of posterior bounds on the isocurvature fraction and Bayesian model selection. The Bayes factor (models likelihood ratio) and the effective Bayesian complexity are computed for several prior ranges for the isocurvature content. I find that the cold dark matter isocurvature fraction is now constrained to be less than about 10 per cent, while the fraction in either the neutrino entropy or velocity mode is below about 20 per cent. Model comparison strongly disfavours mixed models that allow for isocurvature fractions larger than unity, while current data do not allow one to distinguish between a purely adiabatic model and models with a moderate (i.e. below about 10 per cent) isocurvature contribution.
The conclusion is that purely adiabatic conditions are strongly favoured from a model selection perspective. This is expected to apply in even stronger terms to more complicated superpositions of isocurvature contributions.
Perceptions of veterinarians and clients to expressions of clinical uncertainty
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Crisp J. , De Palma G. , Spratt D. P. , Urwin D. , Wright M. J. H. , Zago S. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes of veterinarians and clients towards expressions of clinical uncertainty. Methods: Questionnaires that assessed the respondent’s attitudes towards expressions of clinical uncertainty were completed by clients at six small animal practices. In addition, questionnaires that evaluated what veterinarians thought their client’s attitudes would be towards expressions of clinical uncertainty were completed by veterinarians. The responses from clients and veterinarians were statistically compared. Results: Veterinarians significantly underestimated the desire of clients to be told about uncertainties in treatment and significantly overestimated how the expression of uncertainty would generally reduce client confidence. Veterinarians significantly overestimated the loss of client confidence resulting from saying “I am not sure about this” and from asking a nurse for advice. Both clients and veterinarians considered that verbal expressions of uncertainty would lead to a greater reduction in client confidence than behavioural expressions of uncertainty. Clinical Significance: This study suggests that most clients want to be told about their veterinarian’s clinical uncertainties, and how this uncertainty is expressed can markedly influence client confidence.
KILLER WHALES AND MARINE MAMMAL TRENDS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC—A RE‐EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE FOR SEQUENTIAL MEGAFAUNA COLLAPSE AND THE PREY‐SWITCHING HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Wade Paul R. , Burkanov Vladimir N. , Dahlheim Marilyn E. , Friday Nancy A. , Fritz Lowell W. , Loughlin Thomas R. , Mizroch Sally A. , Muto Marcia M. , Rice Dale W. , Barrett‐Lennard Lance G. , Black Nancy A. , Burdin Alexander M. , Calambokidis John , Cerchio Sal , Ford John K. B. , Jacobsen Jeff K. , Matkin Craig O. , Matkin Dena R. , Mehta Amee V. , Small Robert J. , Straley Janice M. , McCluskey Shannon M. , VanBlaricom Glenn R. , Clapham Phillip J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSpringeret al. (2003)contend that sequential declines occurred in North Pacific populations of harbor and fur seals, Steller sea lions, and sea otters. They hypothesize that these were due to increased predation by killer whales, when industrial whaling's removal of large whales as a supposed primary food source precipitated a prey switch. Using a regional approach, we reexamined whale catch data, killer whale predation observations, and the current biomass and trends of potential prey, and found little support for the prey‐switching hypothesis. Large whale biomass in the Bering Sea did not decline as much as suggested by Springeret al., and much of the reduction occurred 50–100 yr ago, well before the declines of pinnipeds and sea otters began; thus, the need to switch prey starting in the 1970s is doubtful. With the sole exception that the sea otter decline followed the decline of pinnipeds, the reported declines were not in fact sequential. Given this, it is unlikely that a sequential megafaunal collapse from whales to sea otters occurred. The spatial and temporal patterns of pinniped and sea otter population trends are more complex than Springeret al. suggest, and are often inconsistent with their hypothesis. Populations remained stable or increased in many areas, despite extensive historical whaling and high killer whale abundance. Furthermore, observed killer whale predation has largely involved pinnipeds and small cetaceans; there is little evidence that large whales were ever a major prey item in high latitudes. Small cetaceans (ignored by Springeret al.) were likely abundant throughout the period. Overall, we suggest that the Springeret al. hypothesis represents a misleading and simplistic view of events and trophic relationships within this complex marine ecosystem.