bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using interview data to identify evaluation criteria for interactive, analytical question‐answering systems
Authors: Kelly Diane , Wacholder Nina , Rittman Robert , Sun Ying , Kantor Paul , Small Sharon , Strzalkowski Tomek 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to identify potential evaluation criteria for interactive, analytical question‐answering (QA) systems by analyzing evaluative comments made by users of such a system. Qualitative data collected from intelligence analysts during interviews and focus groups were analyzed to identify common themes related to performance, use, and usability. These data were collected as part of an intensive, three‐day evaluation workshop of the High‐Quality Interactive Question Answering (HITIQA) system. Inductive coding and memoing were used to identify and categorize these data. Results suggest potential evaluation criteria for interactive, analytical QA systems, which can be used to guide the development and design of future systems and evaluations. This work contributes to studies of QA systems, information seeking and use behaviors, and interactive searching.
Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in rats: negligible effects of increase in CYP3A1 on the metabolism of telithromycin
Authors: Lee Joo H. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt was reported that the expression of CYP3A1 increased in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (rat model of U‐ARF) compared with controls. It was shown that telithromycin was mainly metabolized via CYP3A1/2 in rats in this study. Hence, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after both intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg to control rats and a rat model of U‐ARF. After intravenous administration of telithromycin to rats with U‐ARF, the AUC and renal clearance (Clr) were significantly greater (35.0% increase) and slower (99.1% decrease), respectively, than the controls. Unexpectedly, the nonrenal clearance (Clnr) of telithromycin was comparable between the two groups of rats, suggesting that CYP3A isozyme responsible for the metabolism of telithromycin seemed not to be expressed considerably in the rat model of U‐ARF. After oral administration of telithromycin to rats with U‐ARF, the AUC was also significantly greater (127% increase) than the controls and the value, 127%, was considerably greater than 35.0% after intravenous administration of telithromycin. This may be due mainly to the decrease in the intestinal first‐pass effect of telithromycin compared with controls in addition to significantly slower Clr than controls. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viral suppression of RNA silencing: 2b wins the Golden Fleece by defeating Argonaute
Authors: Ruiz‐Ferrer Virginia , Voinnet Olivier 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn plants, virus‐derived double‐stranded RNA is processed into small interfering (si)RNAs by RNAse III‐type enzymes. siRNAs are believed to guide an RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC) to promote sequence‐specific degradation (or ‘slicing’) of homologous viral transcripts. This process, called RNA silencing, likely involves Argonaute (AGO) proteins that are known components of plant and animal RISCs. Plant viruses commonly counteract the silencing immune response by producing suppressor proteins, but the molecular basis of their action has remained largely unclear. A recent study by Zhang and colleagues1 now shows that the 2b suppressor of Cucumber mosaic virus directly interacts with Arabidopsis AGO1 and inhibits its slicing activity, suggesting that AGO1 might be a component of the elusive plant antiviral RISC. BioEssays 29:319–323, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure‐activity relationships of Leu‐enkephalin analog with (4‐carboxamido)phenylalanine substituted for tyrosine: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Wang Yun‐Che , Wu Yng‐Ching , Yeh Che‐Chia , Hwang Chi‐Chuan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMotivated by recent experimental work on Leu‐Enkephalin modification with (4‐Carboxamido)phenylalanine (Cpa), we perform MD simulations to study the structure–activity relationships of the [Cpa1, Leu5]‐enkephalin (Cpa‐LE) for better understandings of the binding affinity in δ‐selective opioid ligands. Recently, Tyr1 substituted into Cpa1 form was experimentally found to be the first example of an amino acid that acts as a surrogate for Tyr1 in opioid peptide ligands, which challenges a long‐standing belief that a phenolic residue is required for high affinity binding. Our simulations show the Cpa‐LE structure in aqueous solution revealed that the occurrence of single‐bend packed state can be stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond from Leu5‐NH to Gly2‐CO (5→2). In addition, an intramolecular sidechain to backbone hydrogen bond, i.e., hydrogen bond binding between the sidechain carbonyl CO group of the Cpa residue and backbone amide NH group of the Phe residue was examined. Furthermore, the hydration effects of carboxamido group (CONH2) for Cpa residue and 5→2 hydrogen bond were calculated via the solute‐solvent radial distribution functions gα‐β (r), providing direct evidence of strong hydrogen bond interactions. Our simulation results further reveal the χ1 rotamers of the Cpa1 and Phe4 that show preferences for trans and gauche (−), respectively. Finally, we elucidate the probability distributions of two aromatic rings among the Cpa‐LE, Leu‐enkephalin, and δ pharmacophore model. The results show that modified the Tyr1 to Cpa1 can lead to increase the potency and selectivity for δ‐opioid receptor (DOR), consistent with experimental findings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 231–239, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Preoperative gastric emptying and patterns of reflux as predictors of outcome after laparoscopic fundoplication
Authors: Wayman J , Myers J C , Jamieson G G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Some studies have suggested that patients with predominantly upright reflux have a poor outcome after laparoscopic antireflux surgery. It has been proposed that this might be related to gastric emptying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between preoperative upright reflux pattern, gastric emptying rate and outcome after laparoscopic fundoplication.

Methods
Patients presenting for antireflux surgery underwent 24-h ambulatory pH testing and dual-isotope radionuclide gastric emptying studies. Reflux pattern was determined by the acid exposure in the distal oesophagus (percentage of time at pH &lt; 4) during supine and upright posture. Outcome after fundoplication was assessed by a standardized postal questionnaire administered at 3 months, and 1, 2 and 5 years after surgery.

Results
Of 372 patients identified from a prospectively maintained database, 109 had upright reflux, 57 supine reflux and 206 bipositional reflux. Overall patient satisfaction was not influenced by reflux pattern at any time after surgery. Delayed gastric emptying was documented in 31·0 per cent of patients, but there was no relationship with reflux pattern.

Conclusion
Patients with upright reflux did not have a less favourable outcome after fundoplication. Categorizing patients according to reflux pattern is of no value in predicting outcome or selecting patients for surgery.
Proliferative activity of micrometastases in the lymph nodes of patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Yonemura Y , Endo Y , Hayashi I , Kawamura T , Yun H-Y , Bandou E 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundImmunohistochemically detectable isolated tumour clusters (ITCs) with a diameter of less than 0·2 mm have been regarded as non-metastatic lesions, because of a lack of proliferative activity. This study investigated the proliferative activities of ITCs.MethodsThree hundred and eight patients with primary gastric cancer diagnosed as pN0 by routine histological examination were studied. All patients underwent curative resection. Sections of lymph nodes were stained by double-immunostaining methods using anti-cytokeratin and anti-Ki-67 antibody (MIB-1).ResultsITCs were detected in 77 nodes from 37 patients, designated as having pN0(i+) lesions. Seventy of 77 lymph nodes with ITCs were detected in the N1 station, and seven were found in the N2 station. Of 25 single isolated cancer cells, 12 showed positive labelling with MIB-1, and 49 of 52 ITCs with clusters of cancer cells had positive MIB-1 labelling (mean(s.d.) 46·6(30·1) per cent). Five of the 37 patients with ITCs (pN0(i+)) versus one of the 271 patients with no evidence of ITCs (pN0(i−)) died from recurrence. Patients with ITCs had a significantly worse prognosis than those without (P = 0·014).ConclusionITCs have a high proliferative activity and may have the potential to evolve into established lymph node metastasis.
Snare extraction of a fractured coronary stent in a saphenous vein graft
Authors: Steinberg Daniel H. , Satler Lowell F. , Pichard Augusto D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRetrieval of intravascular objects can be accomplished through snare retrieval. We report a case in which a patient presented with symptomatic in‐stent restenosis caused by a fractured aorto‐ostial sirolimus‐eluting stent in a saphenous vein graft. Because of the inability to selectively engage the stent ostium with the guide catheter, the fractured stent was removed with an endovascular snare in order to permit successful revascularization. With the proximal portion of the stent retrieved by the snare, a new stent was implanted without complication. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Explicit Critical Pressure Ratio for Choked Two‐Phase Homogeneous Nozzle Flow
Authors: Moncalvo D. , Friedel L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe throat‐to‐stagnation critical pressure ratio for a frictionless and adiabatic nozzle flow of a homogeneous, nonflashing two‐phase mixture can only be expressed as the numerical solution of a transcendental equation. A simple, physically plausible approximation is herein proposed, which fits well over the whole range of mass flow qualities.
A Comparison of Flow Dynamics and Flow Structure in a Riser and a Downer
Authors: Wu B. , Zhu J.‐X. , Briens L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFlow development and flow dynamics were systematically investigated using local solids concentration measurements in a pair consisting of a downer (0.1 m I.D., 9.3 m high) and a riser of the same diameter (0.1 m I.D., 15.1 m high). Both statistical and chaos analysis were employed. Values for the Kolmogorov entropy (K), correlation dimension (D), and Hurst exponent (H) were estimated from time series of solids concentration measurements. Axial distributions of chaos parameters were more complex in the downer than those in the riser, especially in the entrance section. Flow in the downer was more uniform with a flatter core in all the radial profiles of chaos parameters. The radial profiles of K varied significantly with increasing axial levels due to different clustering behavior in the wall region of the downer. In both the riser and the downer, anti‐persistent flow in the core region and persistent flow behavior near the wall were identified from the profiles of H. Different flow behavior in the region close to the wall in the downer and riser was characterized from the combination of the three chaos parameters. Relationships between chaos parameters and local time‐averaged solids holdup in the core and wall regions of the developed sections in both the downer and riser were also analyzed.
A Composite Thermo‐Responsive Membrane System for Improved Controlled‐Release
Authors: Hu L. , Chu L.‐Y. , Yang M. , Yu J. , Wang H.‐D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel composite thermo‐responsive membrane system for improved controlled‐release is successfully developed. The membrane is composed of a porous membrane with grafted poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) gates acting as functional valves, and a cross‐linked PNIPAM hydrogel inside the reservoir acting as the solute carrier. The thermo‐responsive controlled‐release characteristics of the proposed system are studied when the ambient temperature is continuously increased from 20 to 45 °C (across the LCST of PNIPAM) at a constant rate of 1.5 °C/min. The experimental results show that the prepared system exhibits significantly better performance for thermo‐responsive controlled‐release than single‐functional systems currently in existence, due to the cooperative action of the gating membrane and the inner cross‐linked hydrogel. Furthermore, due to the distinctive composite architecture, the proposed system can overcome some inherent disadvantages of current systems, such as the drug security problem of the reservoir‐type systems and the mechanical strength problem of the hydrogel matrix‐type systems. The system proposed in this study provides a new mode for thermo‐responsive controlled‐release.
Influence of Freezing Temperature on Product Parameters of Solid Dosage Forms Prepared via the Freeze‐Casting Technique
Authors: Szepes A. , Fehér A. , Szabó‐Révész P. , Ulrich J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe freeze‐casting technique was used to formulate porous solid bodies containing theophylline as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, potato starch as a filler and citric acid or saccharose as binding agents. Aqueous suspensions of the ingredients were frozen at three different temperatures. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the freezing temperature on the ice crystal growth rate of the suspensions and the resulting porosity of the freeze‐casted samples. The impact of the freezing temperature on the solidification of the suspensions was analyzed via contact angle measurements. The rate of ice crystal growth was expressed as an overall linear growth rate. The porosity of the freeze‐casted bodies was determined by high‐pressure mercury porosimetry. A close correlation was found between the freezing temperature and the investigated product parameters. Lower cooling temperatures resulted in higher final porosities. The lowest temperature, at which final product properties could be regulated by varying the cooling regimes, was –30 °C. The influence of the freezing temperature and the impact of the additives were not remarkable at a freezing temperature lower than –30 °C. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum freezing temperature of the suspensions investigated in this study is in the temperature range between –20 °C and –30 °C.
Identification of Various Transition Velocities in a Bubble Column Based on Kolmogorov Entropy
Authors: Nedeltchev S. , Jordan U. , Lorenz O. , Schumpe A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Kolmogorov entropy (KE) algorithm was applied successfully to gas holdup fluctuations measured in a 0.102 m I.D. stainless steel bubble column equipped with a perforated plate distributor (19 holes ∅︁ 1 mm). Nitrogen was used as the gas, while both 1‐butanol and gasoline were used as liquids. 1‐Butanol was aerated at pressures, P = 0.1 and 0.5 MPa, whereas gasoline was aerated at P = 0.1 and 0.2 MPa. Based on the peaks in the KE values under the pressures examined in both liquids, the boundaries of the following five regimes were identified: bubbly flow, first transition, second transition, coalesced bubble (4‐region flow) and coalesced bubble (3‐region flow). As the pressure increases to P = 0.5 MPa in 1‐butanol, all four transition velocities shift to higher superficial gas velocity, uG. In addition, in gasoline at P = 0.2 MPa and uG ≤ 0.017 m s–1, the existence of a chain bubbling regime was detected, whereas in 1‐butanol at P = 0.5 MPa and uG ≤ 0.02 m s–1, both laminar and turbulent chain bubbling subregimes were identified. It was found that in 1‐butanol under ambient pressure, the second and fourth transition velocities occur earlier than in gasoline.
The Degree of Desulphurization of a Limestone/Gypsum Wet FGD Spray Tower using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zhao J. Z. , Jin B. S. , Zhong Z. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe degree of desulphurization was studied using response surface methodology (RSM), which enables effect examinations of parameters with a moderate number of experiments. All experiments were conducted in a lab‐scale spray tower for limestone/gypsum wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD). The model flue gas was prepared from air and SO2 gas. The SO2 concentrations in the gas phase were determined by a multi‐method analyzer. The degree of desulphurization correlated well with operating parameters, including pH, L/G, T, and v, with a determination coefficient R–Sq of 0.964. Effect tests indicate that L/G has the most significant influence on the degree of desulphurization. The interactions of L/G with pH, and with v, both play important roles. The result indicates that the evolutive response surface model is helpful to describe the degree of desulphurization of the limestone/gypsum wet FGD spray tower.
Extraction of Lipids from Aqueous Protein‐Rich Streams using Near‐Critical Dimethylether
Authors: Catchpole O. J. , Tallon S. J. , Grey J. B. , Fenton K. , Fletcher K. , Fletcher A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn extraction process for obtaining lipids from aqueous protein/lipid mixtures has been developed using near‐critical dimethylether (DME) as the solvent. The process has been demonstrated on fresh and reconstituted egg yolks, and on selected dairy by‐product streams. The lipid yield is dependent on the processing temperature, solids content and feed ratio of solvent to liquid. The extent of protein denaturation is also dependent on these parameters. The phase equilibria of DME‐water‐phospholipid mixtures are presented with modeling of the DME‐water system using the Peng‐Robinson equation of state.
Hydrodynamics and Flow Development in a 15.1 m Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser
Authors: Huang W.‐X. , Yan A.‐J. , Zhu J.‐X. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHydrodynamics and flow development are studied in a long riser circulating fluidized bed reactor (15.1 m). Optic fiber probes were used for the measurement of local solids distribution. Pressure drops were also measured with pressure transducers along the riser. The flow development in the riser center is almost instant with solids holdup remaining constant and low, and particle velocity remaining high along the riser. The particle flow is firstly developed from center, and then towards the wall. The riser height is an important factor for the design of circulating fluidized bed reactors. Increasing the solid circulating rate significantly slows down the flow development process, while increases in the superficial gas velocity accelerate it.
Longitudinal evaluation of the oral mucositis weekly questionnaire‐head and neck cancer, a patient‐reported outcomes questionnaire
Authors: Epstein Joel B. , Beaumont Jennifer L. , Gwede Clement K. , Murphy Barbara , Garden Adam S. , Meredith Ruby , Le Quynh‐Thu , Brizel David , Isitt John , Cella David 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Quality‐of‐life instruments that measure specific functional consequences of mucositis are needed to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeted against mucositis and to guide patient care. The authors undertook a prospective, multicenter, observational study to assess the validity, reliability, and feasibility of a new instrument, the Oral Mucositis Weekly Questionnaire‐Head and Neck Cancer (OMWQ‐HN). The OMWQ‐HN is a patient‐reported outcome questionnaire that measures the symptoms of mucositis, including mouth and throat soreness (MTS), and their impact on patient well‐being and function.METHODS.The OMWQ‐HN, along with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Head and Neck (FACT‐HN), was administered 5 times over an approximately 6‐week period to patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who were receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. Information on supportive care measures also was collected.RESULTS.Seventy‐five patients were enrolled and completed 93% of scheduled assessments (100% at baseline). The OMWQ‐HN demonstrated good test‐retest reliability (correlation coefficient, 0.80–0.89). Cross‐sectional analyses to assess validity showed that OMWQ‐HN scores were different across levels of pain, with those in the worst pain category reporting the highest OMWQ‐HN scores. Strong correlations were observed between OMWQ‐HN and FACT‐HN. Patients experienced increases in MTS, which corresponded with a steady decline in function. MTS scores were highest in the patients who were taking opioid analgesics, suggesting that mucositis pain continued despite standard pain therapy.CONCLUSIONS.The current results indicated that the OMWQ‐HN is a valid, reliable, and feasible instrument for assessing the impact of mucositis on patients who are receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for HNC. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A Theoretical Study of Surface Reduction Mechanisms of CeO2(111) and (110) by H2
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Tsung , Choi Yong Man , Liu Meilin , Lin M. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReaction mechanisms for the interactions between CeO2(111) and (110) surfaces are investigated using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both standard DFT and DFT+U calculations to examine the effect of the localization of Ce 4f states on the redox chemistry of H2–CeO2 interactions are described. For mechanistic studies, molecular and dissociative local minima are initially located by placing an H2 molecule at various active sites of the CeO2 surfaces. The binding energies of physisorbed species optimized using the DFT and DFT+U methods are very weak. The dissociative adsorption reactions producing hydroxylated surfaces are all exothermic; exothermicities at the DFT level range from 4.1 kcal mol−1 for the (111) to 26.5 kcal mol−1 for the (110) surface, while those at the DFT+U level are between 65.0 kcal mol−1 for the (111) and 81.8 kcal mol−1 for the (110) surface. Predicted vibrational frequencies of adsorbed OH and H2O species on the surfaces are in line with available experimental and theoretical results. Potential energy profiles are constructed by connecting molecularly adsorbed and dissociatively adsorbed intermediates on each CeO2 surface with tight transition states using the nudged elastic band (NEB) method. It is found that the U correction method plays a significant role in energetics, especially for the intermediates of the exit channels and products that are partially reduced. The surface reduction reaction on CeO2(110) is energetically much more favorable. Accordingly, oxygen vacancies are more easily formed on the (110) surface than on the (111) surface.