bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational fertility among hispanic women: New evidence of immigrant assimilation
Authors: Parrado Emilio A. , Morgan S. Philip 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In recent decades, rapid growth of the U.S. Hispanic population has raised concerns about immigrant adaptation, including fertility. Empirical research suggests that Hispanics, especially Mexicans, might not be following the historical European pattern of rapid intergenerational fertility decline (and convergence toward native levels). If confirmed, continued high Hispanic fertility could indicate a broader lack of assimilation into mainstream American society. In this paper, we reexamine the issue of Hispanic and Mexican fertility using an approach that combines biological and immigrant generations to more closely approximate a comparison of immigrant women with those of their daughters’ and granddaughters’ generation. Contrary to cross-sectional results, our new analyses show that Hispanic and Mexican fertility is converging with that of whites, and that it is similarly responsive to period conditions and to women’s level of education. In addition, we employ a mathematical simulation to illustrate the conditions under which cross-sectional analyses can produce misleading results. Finally, we discuss the import of the fertility convergence we document for debates about immigrant assimilation.
Child poverty and changes in child poverty
Authors: Chen Wen-Hao , Corak Miles 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This article offers a cross-country overview of child poverty, changes in child poverty, and the impact of public policy in North America and Europe. Levels and changes in child poverty rates in 12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the 1990s are documented using data from the Luxembourg Income Study project, and a decomposition analysis is used to uncover the relative role of demographic factors, labor markets, and income transfers from the state in determining the magnitude and direction of the changes. Child poverty rates fell noticeably in only three countries and rose in three others. In no country were demographic factors a force for higher child poverty rates, but these factors were also limited in their ability to cushion children from adverse shocks originating in the labor market or the government sector. Increases in the labor market engagement of mothers consistently lowered child poverty rates, while decreases in the employment rates and earnings of fathers were a force for higher rates. Finally, there is no single road to lower child poverty rates. Reforms to income transfers intended to increase labor supply may or may not end up lowering the child poverty rate.
Characterization of a Novel Alu-Alu Recombination-Mediated Genomic Deletion in the TCIRG1 Gene in Five Osteopetrotic Patients
Authors: Pangrazio Alessandra , Caldana Maria Elena , Sobacchi Cristina , Panaroni Cristina , Susani Lucia , Mihci Ercan , Cavaliere Maria Luigia , Giliani Silvia , Villa Anna , Frattini Annalisa 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Human malignant autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by reduced bone resorption by osteoclasts. Biallelic mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, encoding the a3 subunit of the vacuolar proton pump, are responsible for more than one half of ARO patients. However, a few patients with monoallelic mutations have been described, raising the possibility of a dominant-like TCIRG1-dependent osteopetrosis, of a digenic disease, or of peculiar mutations difficult to detect with standard methods. We describe here a novel genomic deletion in the TCIRG1 gene explaining why, in some patients, mutations in only one allele have previously been found. The analysis of a proband from a consanguineous Turkish family allowed us to define the deletion boundaries encompassing introns 10 and 13 and occurring within AluSx repeat sequences, suggesting Alu-mediated homologous recombination as a mechanism. An identical genomic deletion at the heterozygous level was found in four unrelated Italian families in whom only a single mutated allele has previously been found. TCIRG1 haplotype analysis in these five families suggests a possible common ancestral origin for this large deletion. In summary, we describe the identification of a novel genomic deletion in the TCIRG1 gene that is of clinical relevance, especially in prenatal diagnosis.
Structural changes within and between the two isotypic series ABiO2 (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) and ASbO2 (A = K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Keller Egbert , Röhr Caroline 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Structural changes within the isotypic series ABiO2 (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) and ASbO2 (A = K, Rb, Cs) and between corresponding members of the two series are analyzed after re-determination of the structure of NaBiO2. Despite the low valence of A—O bonds as compared to E—O bonds (E = Sb, Bi), the A atoms of different sizes are largely able to satisfy their individual spatial requirements. Small deviations between expected and experimentally determined Na/K size differences in the ABiO2 series are explained by a change in the bonding scheme in the transition from NaBiO2 to KBiO2. The results of DFT calculations show that the unexpected increase of the lattice parameters b in the three transitions ABiO2 → ASbO2 is not caused – as assumed before – by the different stereochemical activities of the Sb and Bi lone electron pairs. Instead, this increase is caused by cation-cation repulsions owing to the observed decrease in c.
Monoclinic FeO at high pressures
Authors: Kantor Innokenty , Kurnosov Alexander , McCammon Catherine , Dubrovinsky Leonid 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A high-pressure quasi-single crystal X-ray diffraction study of a synthetic iron oxide Fe0.95O sample was performed up to 80 GPa using the diamond anvil cell technique. At a pressure of about 75 GPa after laser annealing we observed a new high-pressure monoclinic modification of FeO with P21/m space group. The structure is closely related to that of cubic sodium chloride as a distortion of the lattice. The sequence of transitions cubic-trigonal-monoclinic for FeO follows group-subgroup relations.
GH replacement in hypopituitarism improves lipid profile and quality of life independently of changes in obesity variables
Authors: Abrams Pascale , Boquete Hugo , Fideleff Hugo , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Jönsson Peter J , Koltowska-Häggström Maria , Wilton Patrick , Abs Roger 
Published: August 2008

ObjectiveGH deficiency (GHD) in adults is characterized by elevated body mass index (BMI), increased waist girth (WG) and increased fat mass (FM). Information about how these indicators of obesity affect the lipid profile and quality of life (QoL) of GHD subjects is scarce. It is also unclear how changes in these indicators brought about by GH replacement influence lipids and QoL.Design and methodsAdult GHD subjects from the Pfizer International Metabolic Database were grouped according to BMI (n=291 with BMI <25 kg/m2, n=372 with BMI 25–30 kg/m2, n=279 with BMI >30 kg/m2), WG (n=508 with normal WG, n=434 with increased WG) and FM (n=357) and according to changes in these variables after 1 year of GH replacement. Serum IGF-I concentrations, lipid concentrations and QoL using the QoL Assessment of GHD in Adults questionnaire were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of treatment.ResultsAt baseline, total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were similarly elevated in the BMI and WG groups, but high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased and triglycerides increased with increasing BMI and WG. QoL was progressively poorer with increasing BMI and WG. After 1 year of GH replacement, total and LDL cholesterol and QoL improved in all BMI, WG and FM groups.ConclusionsVariables of obesity adversely affect the already unfavourable lipid profile in GHD subjects by decreasing HDL cholesterol, but do not counteract the positive effect of GH replacement on LDL cholesterol. Similarly, QoL is influenced by obesity, but responds equally well to GH treatment independent of BMI, WG and FM.
Effects of Tributary Spatial Position, Urbanization, and Multiple Low-Head Dams on Warmwater Fish Community Structure in a Midwestern Stream
Authors: Slawski Thomas M. , Veraldi Francis M. , Pescitelli Stephen M. , Pauers Michael J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A survey of stream fish communities was conducted in the upper Des Plaines River watershed in Illinois and Wisconsin to determine the distribution of fish species and to evaluate the effects of tributary spatial position, urbanization, and multiple low-head dams on fish species diversity and species composition. Forty-eight sites upstream of Salt Creek in Illinois to the headwaters in Wisconsin were surveyed between 2002 and 2004. We found that fish species diversity decreased as agricultural land was replaced by urban land. In addition, tributary position within the drainage network caused significant differences in fish species diversity; specifically, we found significantly less fish species diversity in main-stem tributary streams located lower in the drainage network than in similarly sized streams located in the headwaters of the drainage area. Fish species composition, determined by multivariate principal components analysis, also showed significant differences among stream position within the drainage network. Increases in urbanization did not have a significant effect on fish species diversity within undammed tributary sites, but it did have a strong influence on fish species composition. Hence, as urbanization increased in these undammed tributaries, the fish species composition changed from coolwater–riverine specialist to warmwater–riverine generalist assemblages. In contrast, for tributary streams with low-head dams, the presence of dams had a greater effect on fish species composition than urbanization. In addition, the presence of multiple low-head dams on the main stem had a cumulative detrimental effect on fish species diversity, which decreased along an upstream-to-downstream gradient. Consequently, it is important to consider tributary spatial position within the drainage network, the amount of urbanization, and the number and locations of dams when characterizing the structure of warmwater fish communities, especially in relation to the development of restoration plans in highly urbanized or urbanizing watersheds.
Physiology, Behavior, and Survival of Angled and Air-Exposed Largemouth Bass
Authors: Thompson Lisa A. , Cooke Steven J. , Donaldson Michael R. , Hanson Kyle C. , Gingerich Andrew , Klefoth Thomas , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Catch-and-release practices are common in recreational fisheries, yet little is known about the behavior, physiology, and ultimate fate of released fish. We used a combination of radiotelemetry (external attachment) and nonlethal blood sampling (i.e., the blood concentrations of lactate and glucose and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Na+, K+, and Cl−) to assess the relationship between the prerelease physiological status and postrelease behavior and mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The experiments were conducted at two temperatures: approximately 15°C and 21°C. Immediately after capture by standard angling techniques, largemouth bass were exposed to air for 0 to 15 min to assess the consequences of air exposure at two moderate water temperatures. Fish exposed to air for long periods (approximately 10 min or more) had significantly higher concentrations of blood glucose 30 min after air exposure and took significantly longer to regain equilibrium than fish exposed for shorter periods (approximately 3 min or less). The responses of other physiological indicators were inconsistent. Interestingly, at lower water temperatures, males had greater initial concentrations of glucose and AST than females, revealing the importance of sexual differences in the response to angling stress. The fish exposed to air for longer durations tended to exhibit behavioral impairments and remained close to the release site longer than those exposed for short periods. Despite exposure to air for lengthy periods, no postrelease mortality was observed during the 5-d monitoring period. Although the two water temperatures that we used were moderate for this species, a number of sublethal differences (e.g., physiological disturbances and behavioral impairments) were evident in the longer-air-exposure treatment group, highlighting the need to minimize air exposure during catch-and-release angling to maintain the welfare of angled fish.
Development and Field Use of a Novel Solvent/Water Emulsion for the Removal of Asphaltene Deposits in Fractured Carbonate Formations
Authors: Lightford Stephen , Pitoni E. , Armesi F. , Mauri L. 
Published: August 2008

Summary
The formation of asphaltene scale inside the tubing or in the reservoir is a common problem associated with crude oils in many parts of Italy and is common to the industry as whole. In Italy, regular treatments with coiled tubing or washing by bullheading are performed to re-establish production. While asphaltene inhibitors can be injected into the tubing string, asphaltenes can still create problems below the injection point and plug the perforations, formation pores, and/or natural-fracture-network systems.
There is a wide range of hydrocarbon-based solvents that have been used in the industry to remove asphaltenes. The more effective solvents have a low flash-point temperature, making them expensive and hazardous. In addition, these hydrocarbon-based solvents leave the formation in an oil-wet state after asphaltene removal instead of re-establishing the water-wet condition that acts as barrier to slow down the deposition of the asphaltene on the formation. This effect accelerates the redeposition of the asphaltene in the formation and increases the rate of the production decline, increasing the frequency of remedial treatments.
This paper describes the laboratory development and field application of a water/aromatic-solvent emulsion system that has been used successfully to clean/dissolve asphaltene and leave the carbonate fractured formation in a water-wet state to delay the production decline. Other advantages when using this type of emulsion are cost reduction and improved effectiveness in removing asphaltene deposits, when compared to alternative solvents that have been used. This is of particular significance to those wells where large volumes of a washing phase have to be pumped down-hole. Hazards also have been reduced by using relatively high-flash-point aromatics. Continuous mixing of the emulsion when pumping reduces waste and improves the logistics involved in pumping the large volumes needed to treat long openhole sections and/or to treat the fractures deeper in the near-wellbore region.
Two successful field applications in southern Italy will be discussed, describing the placement technique used and the results achieved with this new system. These treatments will be compared to previous treatments using a hydrocarbon-based solvent. In the first well where previous treatments had failed to make significant improvements, following the application of this emulsion the production was almost fully restored and the production decline was significantly slower than previous treatments. The second well treated was a long horizontal wellbore; again, the emulsion and technique proved successful in returning the production to previous levels and sustaining the new level for an extended period of time.
Challenges for Waterflooding in a Deepwater Environment
Authors: Al-kindi Azhar , Prince-Wright Robert , Walsh John , Kuijvenhoven Cor , Morgenthaler Lee , Moore Wesley 
Published: August 2008

Summary
Big reservoirs in deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) typically produce at world-class rates. The scale of investment is likewise world class.
The energy industry's drive to invest in enhanced oil recovery from deepwater basins is sustainable in a world of volatile oil prices and increasing demand for energy. However, project economics will continue to depend on accurate risk assessment, risk-mitigation strategies, and, more fundamentally, progressive deployment of evolving technologies in brownfield deepwater secondary-recovery projects.
Details of well geometry and design optimizations may prove to be minor sensitivities in high-cost deepwater developments; however, rig rate has a major impact on economics. The assessment required to minimize the number of injectors and ensure their proper placement logically takes more time than exotic choices of injection patterns. With such major constraints in mind, an optimal design for wells and materials has to take precedence. Accepting this as a given, additional, more common challenges would then follow.
The waterflood-study team for the deepwater Ursa/Princess field in the GOM has spent appreciable time and effort evaluating various potential challenges affecting the surface and subsurface aspects of the development plan. The design for an optimum injection rate was a bottom-up process starting from the reservoir up to the topsides injection facilities. Reservoir-sweep efficiency and reservoir-pressure distribution logically dictated injection-well designs and injection-pump sizing. Subsurface risks, such as reservoir souring and hydrate formation, dictated materials selection and completions design.
This paper addresses the challenges primarily affecting the design of the deepwater subsea-injection wells. In addition to the well cost, several other underlying factors have played an influential role in defining the boundary conditions for the injectors design.
Evaluation of inciting causes, alternative targets, and risk factors associated with redirected aggression in cats
Authors: Amat Marta , Manteca Xavier , Brech Susana Le , Ruiz de la Torre José Luís , Mariotti Valentina M. , Fatjó Jaume 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify inciting causes, alternative targets, and risk factors associated with redirected aggression in cats.
Design—Case-control study.
Animals—19 cats with a history of redirected aggression and 64 cats with no such history.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to identify cats evaluated for problems with redirected aggression (case cats), in which the primary inciting stimulus and alternative target of aggression were clearly identifiable. Data obtained from the records and from follow-up interviews included details about the cats and incidents of redirected aggression. Owners of control cats were interviewed via telephone to obtain similar information on their cats.
Results—22 incidents of redirected aggression were reported for the 19 case cats. In 95% of those incidents, loud noises or interactions with other cats were identified as the inciting stimuli. Case cats most commonly redirected their aggression toward the owner, followed by another cat living in the same household. Compared with control cats, case cats were more likely to have a sound phobia but were less likely to be outdoor cats. In addition, case cats were more likely to be from small households (≤ 2 people) than were control cats. In most situations, case cats had adopted a defensive body posture immediately before the incident of redirected aggression, which suggested that the underlying motivation was fear.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fear was likely the most common motivation for redirected aggression in the cats of this report. To reduce the risk of redirected aggression, veterinarians should encourage owners to socialize kittens and habituate them to novel objects and sounds.
Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity in healthy green iguanas
Authors: Holland Mason F. , Hernandez-Divers Stephen , Frank Paul M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity in healthy green iguanas.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—26 healthy green iguanas (20 males and 6 females).
Procedures—For coelomic ultrasonography, animals were physically restrained in dorsal recumbency by an assistant; chemical restraint was not used. Qualitative and quantitative observations were recorded.
Results—Structures that could be visualized in all animals included the heart and cardiac chambers; liver; caudal vena cava; hepatic veins; portal vein; gallbladder; pyloric portion of the stomach; and, when distended, urinary bladder. Visualization of the kidneys was poor. The spleen could be identified in 17 animals, and the gonads could be identified in 22, but were most easily identified in males evaluated during November (ie, during the breeding season); no females were evaluated during the breeding season. Physiologic enlargement of the testes yielded an acoustic window for the spleen by displacing overlying intestine. Anechoic, free coelomic fluid was identified in 3 animals. Measurements of overall cardiac size, ventricular wall thickness, gallbladder size, thickness of the pyloric portion of the stomach, and splenic size were obtained. Only ventricular wall thickness was significantly correlated with body weight.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ultrasonography allowed examination of most coelomic structures in green iguanas. The procedure was easily performed and was well tolerated in conscious animals.
Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic abnormalities in dogs with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: 19 cases (1991–2005)
Authors: Rørvik A. Magnus , Teige Jon , Ottesen Nina , Lingaas Frode 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical, radiographic, and pathologic abnormalities in dogs with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—19 dogs with MED from 10 litters.
Procedures—The diagnosis was made on the basis of radiographs of the shoulder region and vertebral column. Ten dogs underwent necropsy.
Results—There were 11 Hygenhund, 6 Dunker, 1 Golden Retriever, and 1 English Pointer. Most dogs were examined because of lameness that developed at 5 to 8 months of age. The most common radiographic abnormality was a deficiency in ossification of the epiphyses, apophyses, and cuboidal bones of the appendicular skeleton and the epiphyses of the vertebrae; ossification of the metaphyses and the diaphyses typically were normal. Disease severity was consistent among littermates, but varied among dogs from different litters.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that MED is a rare condition in dogs characterized by a deficiency in ossification of the epiphyses of the long bones, the epiphyses of the vertebrae, the cuboidal bones, and the apophyses. Radiographic abnormalities were evident in dogs examined as young as 8 weeks of age, and most dogs had developed severe lameness by 5 to 8 months of age. The condition most likely had an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, although genetic studies of mode of inheritance could not be performed.