bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending a combined dynamic energy budget matrix population model with a bayesian approach to assess variation in the intrinsic rate of population increase. An example in the earthwormDendrobaena octaedra
Authors: Klok Chris , Holmstrup Martin , Damgaard Christian 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMatrix models can be used to extrapolate effects of environmental toxicants on life history parameters to the population level. In applications of these models, life history parameters are usually treated as independent factors; however, they are actually strongly linked to each other. To interpret the effect of toxicants on life history parameters considering their interrelatedness the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory can be applied. This theory is based on closed energy and mass balances and describes in a mechanistic way the acquisition and use of energy by individuals. In the present study we extended an existing combined DEB and matrix population model with an approach to take covariability of the DEB parameters into account. This was accomplished by estimating the joint posterior distribution of the parameters using Bayesian statistics. We used this model to extrapolate effects of copper in the common earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra to the population level.
Sponges as biomonitors of heavy metals in spatial and temporal surveys in northwestern Mediterranean: Multispecies comparison
Authors: Cebrian Emma , Uriz María-J. , Turon Xavier 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals has increased drastically in the coastal Mediterranean during the last 20 years. A comparative study on metal bioaccumulation by four widespread sponge species (Crambe crambe, Chondrosia reniformis, Phorbas tenacior, and Dysidea avara) has been performed to select the most suitable species for metal monitoring. Copper bioaccumulation fits an accumulation strategy while Pb concentration seems to be regulated in most sponges. Crambe crambe was the only studied species that bioaccumulated Pb and Cu as a function of the available metal, proving its suitability for monitoring purposes. Then, we examined its effectiveness as a bioindicator at large spatial and temporal scales, comparing metal accumulation in this species and in sediments. Crambe crambe provided accurate information on the background levels of metals in the area at both spatial and temporal scales, and furthermore it reflected seasonal fluctuations of the bioavailable metals, which would be impossible to assess by means of a sediment survey.
Revegetation of High Zinc and Lead Tailings with Municipal Biosolids and Lime: Greenhouse Study
Authors: Svendson Alex , Henry Chuck , Brown Sally 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAcidic (pH 4.1) and high Cd, Pb, and Zn mine tailings (mean ± SD: 17 ± 0.4, 3800 ± 100, and 3500 ± 100 mg kg−1, respectively) from an alluvial tailings deposit in Leadville, Colorado were amended with municipal biosolids (BS) (224 Mg ha−1) and different types of lime (calcium carbonate equivalent of 224 Mg ha−1 CaCO3) in a greenhouse column study to test the ability of the amendments to neutralize surface and subsoil acidity and restore plant growth. The types of lime included coarse, agricultural, and fine‐textured lime (CL, AL, and FL), sugar beet lime (SBL), and lime kiln dust (LK). The FL was also added alone. All treatments increased bulk pH in the amended horizon in comparison to the control, with the most significant increases observed in the FL, SBL+BS, and LK+BS treatments (7.33, 7.34, and 7.63, respectively). All treatments, excluding the FL, increased the pH in the horizon directly below the amended layer, with the most significant increases observed in the SBL+BS and LK+BS treatments (6.01 and 5.41, respectively). Significant decreases in 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2–extractable Zn and Cd were observed in the subsoil for all treatments that included BS, with the largest decrease in the SBL+BS treatment (344 and 3.9 versus 4 and 0.1 mg kg−1 Zn and Cd, respectively). Plant growth of annual rye (Lolium multiflorum L.) was vigorous in all treatments that included BS with plant Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations reduced over the control.
Investigation of the Toxicity of the Products of Decoloration of Amaranth by Trametes versicolor
Authors: Gavril Mihaela , Hodson Peter V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTrametes versicolor decolorized 2000 mg L−1 of the mono‐azo substituted naphthalenic dye Amaranth with no dye sorption observed visually. The changes in the toxicity were assessed over a period of 30 d for the dye‐treated viable culture, control (no dye added), and a boiled culture treated with dye, using the Microtox Acute Toxicity assay. Before dye addition, the culture filtrate had some toxicity, which increased after the dye addition. The toxicity of the dye‐treated culture decreased during the treatment. The loss of toxicity occurred at the same time, with the loss of color suggesting that detoxification is associated with decoloration. The change in pH was due to natural metabolic processes and had a small effect on detoxification. Because the toxicity of the treatment was similar to that of the control at the end of the treatment, the effluent seems to be safe for release into the environment, potentially rendering this treatment suitable for industrial application.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Exports from High Rainfall Zone Cropping in Australia: Issues and Opportunities for Research
Authors: Mathers Nicole J. , Nash David M. , Gangaiya Philomena 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCropping is one of the many industries contributing to the excessive loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to rivers and lakes in Australia. Nitrogen and P exports from cropping systems have not been systematically investigated to the same extent as those from other agricultural sectors, such as dairy pastures. Therefore, this review relies heavily on information derived from agronomy and other fundamental studies on soil–nutrient interactions to determine the potential for nutrient export from high rainfall zone (HRZ) cropping. There is a great deal of variation in environmental and management strategies across cropping in the HRZ, which suggests that nutrient exports could occur under a range of scenarios. The potential for exports is therefore discussed within a conceptual framework of nutrient sources, mechanisms for mobilization, and transport pathways in HRZ cropping. Transport refers to nutrient movement by flowing water after it has been mobilized, and export refers to the transfer of nutrients from one landscape compartment (e.g., a soil) to another (e.g., a stream or lake). The transport of nutrients from HRZ cropping can occur through surface and/or subsurface pathways depending on factors such as landform and infiltration and nutrient sorption characteristics of the soil profile. Surface pathways are likely to be more significant for phosphorus. For N, subsurface movement is likely to be as significant as surface movement because nitrates are generally not bound by most soils. Information about mechanisms of nutrient mobilization is essential for developing management strategies to control nutrient exports from HRZ cropping.
Relationships between Water Quality, Habitat Quality, and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Illinois Streams
Authors: Heatherly Thomas , Whiles Matt R. , Royer Todd V. , David Mark B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe influence of specific stressors, such as nutrient enrichment and physical habitat degradation, on biotic integrity requires further attention in Midwestern streams. We sampled 53 streams throughout Illinois and examined relationships between macroinvertebrate community structure and numerous physicochemical parameters. Streams were clustered into four major groups based on taxa dissimilarity. Habitat quality and dissolved nutrients were responsible for separating the major groups in a nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Furthermore, the alignment of environmental factors in the ordination suggested there was a habitat quality–nutrient concentration gradient such that streams with high‐quality habitats usually had low concentrations of nutrients. Discrimination by community measures further validated the major stream groups and indicated that forested streams had generally higher biological integrity than agricultural streams, which in turn had greater integrity than urban streams. Our results demonstrate that physical habitat degradation and nutrient pollution are important and often confounded determinants of biotic integrity in Illinois streams. In addition, we suggest that management of Midwestern streams could benefit from further implementation of multivariate data exploration and stream classification techniques.
Distribution of Copper, Zinc, and Phosphorus in Coastal Plain Soils Receiving Repeated Liquid Biosolids Applications
Authors: Sukkariyah Beshr , Evanylo Gregory , Zelazny Lucian 
Published: October 2007

AbstractContinuous N‐based application of biosolids contributes to a gradual increase of trace elements and P in soils. The objectives of this study were to assess the accumulation and vertical transport of Cu, Zn, C, N, and P within the profile of two coastal plain soils. Liquid (6–8% total solids) biosolids were applied to an Acredale silt loam (fine silty, mixed, thermic typic Ochraqualfs) and Bojac loamy sand (coarse loamy, mixed, thermic typic Hapludult) annually from 1984 to 1998. The repeated applications supplied 70, 204, and 3823 kg ha−1 of Cu, Zn, and P, respectively, to the Acredale and 81, 225, and 4265 kg ha−1 of Cu, Zn, and P, respectively, to the Bojac. The total C and N contents were not different than background levels in the Bojac soil and were slightly higher in the Acredale soil 7 years after cessation of biosolids application. Phosphorus, Cu and Zn are still concentrated in the top 0.25 m of the Acredale soil. Enrichment of P, Cu, and Zn were detected to the deepest soil increment in the coarse‐textured Bojac soil. Approximately 20 to 40% of the Cu and Zn applied in the biosolids could not be accounted, which was likely due to a combination of leaching and incomplete extraction. Excessive Mehlich 1‐P concentrations and a high degree of P saturation were found in amended soil, raising the potential for P release to runoff or leaching water.
Response of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes to High‐Intensity and Low‐Intensity Manure Management
Authors: Storteboom Heather N. , Kim Sung‐Chul , Doesken Kathy C. , Carlson Kenneth H. , Davis Jessica G. , Pruden Amy 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the response of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) to manure management. A pilot field study was conducted using horse manure containing no antibiotics, into which chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MON) were spiked and compared to unspiked controls. Subsequently, a large‐scale field study was conducted comparing manure from a dairy with minimal use of antibiotics and a feedlot with regular subtherapeutic use of antibiotics. The manures were subjected to high‐intensity management (HIM) (amending, watering, and turning) and low‐intensity management (LIM) (no amending, watering, or turning) and were monitored for antibiotic concentrations and levels of tetracycline ARG [tet(W) and tet(O)] using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. All three antibiotics in the pilot study dissipated more rapidly in HIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 4 to 15 d, compared to LIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 8 to 30 d. Levels of tet(W) were significantly higher after 141 d of treatment, but levels of tet(O) were significantly lower in all treatments. In the large‐scale study, the feedlot manure had higher initial concentrations than the dairy manure of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and CTC as well as tet(W) and tet(O). Tetracycline and OTC dissipated more rapidly in HIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 6 to 15 d, compared to LIM manure, with half‐lives ranging from 7 to 31 d. After 6 mo of treatment, tet(W) and tet(O) decreased significantly in feedlot manure, whereas dairy manure required only 4 mo of treatment for similar results.
Determining Long‐Term (Decadal) Deep Drainage Rate Using Multiple Tracers
Authors: Si Bing C. , de Jong Eeltje 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe deep drainage rate is a critical hydrological parameter in understanding contamination mechanisms of soil and groundwater. Little research has been conducted on the temporal variations in deep drainage rate during the last century. The objective of this study was to determine the long‐term deep drainage rate on a cultivated loamy soil in the Canadian Prairies. Three tracers were used: KCl applied in 1971, fallout tritium in 1963, and NO3− released during the initial cultivation of the field (1923). Two soil cores to a depth of 3.6 m were taken along a flat portion of the field, and soil Cl−, 3H, and NO3− concentrations were measured as a function of depth. An additional four cores were taken for soil water content measurements between 2000 and 2003. Distinct peaks in the depth distribution of these three tracers were located at 1.27 m for Cl−, 1.31 m for 3H, and 1.52 m for NO3−, 32, 40, and 80 yr after the application of Cl−, 3H, and NO3−, respectively. The average deep drainage rates, calculated as the product of the estimated tracer velocity and volumetric soil water content below the active root zone, were 2.0 mm yr−1 from the Cl− tracer, 2.2 mm yr−1 from 3H, and 2.5 mm yr−1 from the NO3− tracer. Therefore, there was little temporal variability in the groundwater recharge over the eight decades that the field has been cultivated. The recharge rates are less than 1% of the mean annual precipitation (333 mm).
Papermill Biosolids Effect on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Price G. W. , Voroney R. P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPapermill biosolids (PB) can provide multiple benefits to the soil system. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of a high C/N ratio (C/N = 100) de‐inked PB on soil physical and chemical properties, including soil bulk density, infiltration rates, wet aggregate stability, total soil carbon, and heavy metal concentrations. Four rates of PB (0, 50, 100, and 150 Mg ha−1) were applied annually, for up to 3 yr, on four agricultural soils in Ontario, Canada. Decreases in soil bulk density between 0.27 and 0.35 g cm−3, relative to the nonamended treatment, were observed in soils receiving PB treatments over 3 yr. Total soil carbon increased within 1 yr on PB‐amended soils planted to soybeans but not on soils planted to corn. Hydraulic conductivities (Kfs) were greater in all soils receiving PB amendments relative to the nonamended treatment throughout the study. Other properties measured, such as pH and electrical conductivity, were relatively unchanged after 2 yr of PB applications. While some increases in heavy metal accumulation occurred, there were no clear trends observed at any of the sites related to PB rates. The results of this study provide support to the idea that annual applications of PB can add significantly to the stability of soil structure.
Fungal Inoculum Properties: Extracellular Enzyme Expression and Pentachlorophenol Removal in Highly Contaminated Field Soils
Authors: Ford Christopher I. , Walter Monika , Northcott Grant L. , Di Hong J. , Cameron Keith C. , Trower Tania 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to improve the pentachlorophenol (PCP) bioremediation ability of white‐rot fungi in highly contaminated field soils by manipulating bioaugmentation variables. These were the dry weight percentage of fungal inoculum addition (31–175 g kg−1), PCP concentration (100–2137 mg kg−1 PCP), fungal inoculum formulation, and time (1–7 wk). Five fungal isolates were used: the New Zealand isolates Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) HR131 and Trametes sp. HR577; the North American isolates Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. (two isolates) and Phanerochaete sordida (Karst.) Erikss. & Ryv. Pentachlorophenol removal, manganese peroxidase, and laccase activity, and the formation of chloroanisoles in the contaminated field soils were measured. The majority of PCP removed by the Trametes isolates was in the first week after bioaugmentation. The maximum PCP removal by the fungi varied from 50 to 65% from a 1065 mg kg−1 PCP contaminated field soil. Pentachlorophenol was preferentially converted to pentachloroanisole (PCA) by the Phanerochaete isolates (>60%), while 2 to 9% of the PCP removed by two Trametes isolates was converted to PCA. A pH increase was measured following bioaugmentation that was dependent on PCP concentration, fungal inoculum addition, and formulation. This, together with rapid initial PCP removal, possibly changed the bioavailability of the remaining PCP to the fungi and significantly decreased the sequestering of PCP in the contaminated field soils. The research supports the conclusion that New Zealand Trametes spp. can rapidly remove PCP in contaminated field soils. Bioavailability and extractability of PCP in the contaminated field soil may significantly increase after bioaugmentation.
Bioavailability of Permethrin and Cyfluthrin in Surface Waters with Low Levels of Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Yang W. C. , Hunter W. , Spurlock F. , Gan J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments, and their potential movement to surface streams and toxicity to susceptible aquatic species is an emerging concern. Natural surface waters usually contain low levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Limited data have shown that DOM preparations can significantly alter the bioavailability and toxicity effects of pyrethroids. However, the importance of these effects in natural waters has not been investigated. In this study we measured uptake and acute toxicity of permethrin and cyfluthrin by Daphnia species in 15 surface water samples. Low levels of DOM (3–20 mg L−1) inhibited cyfluthrin uptake by Daphnia magna and acute toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia in most samples. For permethrin, the effects of DOM on bioavailability and toxicity were generally not significant. The effects of DOM on bioavailability of cyfluthrin could not be explained from the DOC concentration alone, suggesting that properties of DOM were also important in regulating bioavailability. Regression of KDOC with selected DOM properties revealed significant dependence of KDOC on the carboxylic acid content of DOM. Moreover, concentrations sensed by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were well correlated with the observed changes in bioaccumulation by D. magna and acute toxicity to C. dubia Therefore, selective sampling methods such as SPME may be used for measuring the bioavailable concentrations of pyrethroids in waters with naturally occurring DOM levels and predicting the actual toxicity effects.
Quantifying Ammonia Emissions from a Cattle Feedlot using a Dispersion Model
Authors: McGinn S. M. , Flesch T. K. , Crenna B. P. , Beauchemin K. A. , Coates T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLivestock manure is a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. In the atmosphere, NH3 is a precursor to the formation of fine aerosols that contribute to poor air quality associated with human health. Other environmental issues result when NH3 is deposited to land and water. Our study documented the quantity of NH3 emitted from a feedlot housing growing beef cattle. The study was conducted between June and October 2006 at a feedlot with a one‐time capacity of 22,500 cattle located in southern Alberta, Canada. A backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) inverse‐dispersion technique was used to calculate NH3 emissions, based on measurements of NH3 concentration (open‐path laser) and wind (sonic anemometer) taken above the interior of the feedlot. There was an average of 3146 kg NH3 d−1 lost from the entire feedlot, equivalent to 84 μg NH3 m−2 s−1 or 140 g NH3 head−1 d−1 The NH3 emissions correlated with sensible heat flux (r2 = 0.84) and to a lesser extent the wind speed (r2 = 0.56). There was also evidence that rain suppressed the NH3 emission. Quantifying NH3 emission and dispersion from farms is essential to show the impact of farm management on reducing NH3–related environmental issues.
Insulin Resistance of Protein Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pereira Sandra , Marliss Errol B. , Morais José A. , Chevalier Stéphanie , Gougeon Réjeanne 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—We previously demonstrated that 1) obesity impairs and 2) sex influences insulin sensitivity of protein metabolism, while 3) poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes accelerates protein turnover in daily fed-fasted states. We hypothesized that type 2 diabetes alters the insulin sensitivity of protein metabolism and that sex modulates it.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Hyperinsulinemic (∼570 pmol/l), euglycemic (5.5 mmol/l), and isoaminoacidemic (kept at postabsorptive concentrations) clamps were performed in 17 hyperglycemic type 2 diabetic subjects and 23 subjects without diabetes matched for age and body composition, after 7 days on a inpatient, protein-controlled, isoenergetic diet. Glucose and leucine kinetics were determined using tracers.
RESULTS—In type 2 diabetes, postabsorptive (baseline) glycemia was 8–9 mmol/l, glucose production (Ra) and disposal (Rd) were elevated, and once clamped, endogenous glucose Ra remained greater and Rd was less (P &lt; 0.05) than in control subjects. Baseline leucine kinetics did not differ despite higher insulin levels. The latter was an independent predictor of leucine flux within each sex. With clamp, total flux increased less (P = 0.016) in type 2 diabetic men, although protein breakdown decreased equally (∼20%) in male groups but less in female groups. Whereas protein synthesis increased in male control subjects and in both female groups, it did not in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. In men, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance predicted 44%, and, in women, waist-to-hip ratio predicted 40% of the change in synthesis.
CONCLUSIONS—During our clamp, men with type 2 diabetes have greater insulin resistance of protein metabolism than that conferred by excess adiposity itself, whereas women do not. These results may have implications for dietary protein requirements.
Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte Toxicity
Authors: Singh Harpal , Purnell Elissa , Smith Carion 
Published: October 2007

Mechanistic Study on Aniline-Induced Erythrocyte ToxicityStrategies for the use of bio-indicators in the prediction of environmental damage should include mechanistic research. This study involves the relationship between the chemical structure and hemotoxic markers of aniline and its halogenated analogs. Aniline-induced methemoglobinemia, loss of circulating blood cells, blood stability, glutathione depletion and membrane cytoskeletal changes were assessed following exposure to phenylhydroxylamine (PHA),para-fluoro-,para-bromo-, andpara-iodo in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methemoglobin was determined spectrophotometrically at 635 nm. Erythrocyte depletion was investigated by loss of radioactivity in chromium-labeled red blood cellsin vivo.Membrane proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using red blood ghost cells treated with various aniline analogs. Results showed dose- and time-dependent changes in the induction of methemoglobin of up to 78 % withpara-bromo PHA and 75 % withpara-iodo PHA compared to 3 % to 5 % in control. Treated animals lost up to three times more blood from circulation compared to control within 14 days after treatment. Erythrocytes were more stable in buffer solution than inpara-iodo-treated cells. Depletion of reduced glutathione in PHA andpara-iodo-PHA treated red cells was also observed. Analysis of red cell skeletal membrane treated withpara-iodo-PHA showed that protein band 2.1 became broader and band 2.2 diminished completely in some treatments. Dose- and time-dependent changes suggested the use of hemotoxic endpoints as potential biomarkers for assessing chemical and drug safety.