bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids Associated with Mechanical Loading Inhibit Matrix Metallopeptidase Activity and Affect the Remodeling of the Achilles Tendon in Rats
Authors: Marqueti Rita C. , Parizotto Nivaldo A. , Chriguer Rosangela S. , Perez Sergio E. A. , Selistre-de-Araujo Heloisa S. 
Published: April 2006

Background The indiscriminate use of anabolic-androgenic steroids has been shown to induce pathologic changes in the Achilles tendon in several situations. Purpose To study tendon remodeling in rats treated with anabolic-androgenic steroids combined with an exercise program. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Wistar rats were grouped as follows: sedentary (group I), injected with anabolic-androgenic steroids only (group II), trained only (group III), and trained and injected with anabolic-androgenic steroids (group IV). The trained groups performed jumps in water: 4 series of 10 jumps each, with an overload of 50% to 70% of the animal's body weight and a 30-second rest interval between series, for 6 weeks. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (5 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously. Activity of matrix metallopeptidases, a marker for tendon remodeling, was analyzed in tissue extracts by zymography on gelatin–sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results Morphological analyses of tendons showed that in group II, the most external layer that covers the tendon was thicker with aggregation of the collagen fibers, suggesting an increase in collagen synthesis. In group IV, an inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis in tendons as well as a pronounced increase of the serum corticosterone level were observed. This training protocol upregulated matrix metallopeptidase activity, whereas anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment strongly inhibited this activity. The appearance of lytic bands with molecular masses of approximately 62 and 58 kDa suggests the activation of matrix metallopeptidase–2. Conclusion Anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment can impair tissue remodeling in the tendons of animals undergoing physical exercise by downregulating matrix metallopeptidase activity, thus increasing the potential for tendon injury. Clinical Relevance Since the AAS abuse is so widespread, a better comprehension of the pathological effects induced by these drugs may be helpful for the development of new forms of therapy of AAS-induced lesions.
Short-term Effectiveness of Hyperthermia for Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in Athletes
Authors: Giombini Arrigo , Di Cesare Annalisa , Safran Marc R. , Ciatti Riccardo , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: April 2006

Background Hyperthermia has been introduced as a physical therapy modality for soft tissue injuries. Hypothesis The authors tested the null hypothesis that there are no short-term differences after the use of hyperthermia, ultra-sound, and exercises for tendinopathy of the supraspinatus tendon. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods The authors studied 37 athletes (29 men, 8 women; mean age, 26.7 ± 5.8 years; range, 19-43 years) with supraspinatus tendinopathy who had had symptoms between 3 and 6 months. Subjects were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group A (n = 14) received hyperthermia at 434 MHz. Group B (n = 12) received continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz at an intensity of 2.0 w/cm23 times a week. Group C (n = 11) undertook exercises, consisting of pendular swinging and stretching exercises 5 minutes twice a day every day. All interventions were undertaken for 4 weeks. Subjects were evaluated at baseline, immediately on completion of treatment, and at 6 weeks after the end of the intervention using mean pain score for pain at night, during movement, and at rest on a visual analog scale; pain on resisted movement and painful arc on active abduction between 40° and 120° on a 4-point scale; and Constant score. Results Patients who received hyperthermia experienced significantly better pain relief than did patients receiving ultrasound or exercises: group A, 5.96 to 1.2 (P = .03); group B, 6.3 to 5.15 (P = .10); group C, 6.1 to 4.9 (P = .09). Conclusion Hyperthermia at 434 MHz appears safe and effective in the short term for the management of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
Global transcriptional profiling of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense using Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing
Authors: Erdner Deana L , Anderson Donald M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Dinoflagellates are one of the most important classes of marine and freshwater algae, notable both for their functional diversity and ecological significance. They occur naturally as free-living cells, as endosymbionts of marine invertebrates and are well known for their involvement in "red tides". Dinoflagellates are also notable for their unusual genome content and structure, which suggests that the organization and regulation of dinoflagellate genes may be very different from that of most eukaryotes. To investigate the content and regulation of the dinoflagellate genome, we performed a global analysis of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense under nitrate- and phosphate-limited conditions using Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS).

Results
Data from the two MPSS libraries showed that the number of unique signatures found in A. fundyense cells is similar to that of humans and Arabidopsis thaliana, two eukaryotes that have been extensively analyzed using this method. The general distribution, abundance and expression patterns of the A. fundyense signatures were also quite similar to other eukaryotes, and at least 10% of the A. fundyense signatures were differentially expressed between the two conditions. RACE amplification and sequencing of a subset of signatures showed that multiple signatures arose from sequence variants of a single gene. Single signatures also mapped to different sequence variants of the same gene.

Conclusion
The MPSS data presented here provide a quantitative view of the transcriptome and its regulation in these unusual single-celled eukaryotes. The observed signature abundance and distribution in Alexandrium is similar to that of other eukaryotes that have been analyzed using MPSS. Results of signature mapping via RACE indicate that many signatures result from sequence variants of individual genes. These data add to the growing body of evidence for widespread gene duplication in dinoflagellates, which would contribute to the transcriptional complexity of these organisms. The MPSS data also demonstrate that a significant number of dinoflagellate mRNAs are transcriptionally regulated, indicating that dinoflagellates commonly employ transcriptional gene regulation along with the post-transcriptional regulation that has been well documented in these organisms.
Three-dimensional drip infusion CT cholangiography in patients with suspected obstructive biliary disease: a retrospective analysis of feasibility and adverse reaction to contrast material.
Authors: Persson A , Dahlström N , Smedby Ö , Brismar TB 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Computed Tomography Cholangiography (CTC) is a fast and widely available alternative technique to visualise hepatobiliary disease in patients with an inconclusive ultrasound when MRI cannot be performed. The method has previously been relatively unknown and sparsely used, due to concerns about adverse reactions and about image quality in patients with impaired hepatic function and thus reduced contrast excretion. In this retrospective study, the feasibility and the frequency of adverse reactions of CTC when using a drip infusion scheme based on bilirubin levels were evaluated.

Methods
The medical records of patients who had undergone upper abdominal spiral CT with subsequent three-dimensional rendering of the biliary tract by means of CTC during seven years were retrospectively reviewed regarding serum bilirubin concentration, adverse reaction and presence of visible contrast media in the bile ducts at CT examination. In total, 153 consecutive examinations in 142 patients were reviewed.

Results
Contrast media was observed in the bile ducts at 144 examinations. In 110 examinations, the infusion time had been recorded in the medical records. Among these, 42 examinations had an elevated bilirubin value (>19 umol/L). There were nine patients without contrast excretion; 3 of which had a normal bilirubin value and 6 had an elevated value (25–133 umol/L). Two of the 153 examinations were inconclusive. One subject (0.7%) experienced a minor adverse reaction – a pricking sensation in the face. No other adverse effects were noted.

Conclusion
We conclude that drip infusion CTC with an infusion rate of the biliary contrast agent iotroxate governed by the serum bilirubin value is a feasible and safe alternative to MRC in patients with and without impaired biliary excretion.
In this retrospective study the feasibility and the frequency of adverse reactions when using a drip infusion scheme based on bilirubin levels has been evaluated.
On systems and control approaches to therapeutic gain
Authors: Radivoyevitch Tomas , Loparo Kenneth A , Jackson Robert C , Sedwick W David 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Mathematical models of cancer relevant processes are being developed at an increasing rate. Conceptual frameworks are needed to support new treatment designs based on such models.

Methods
A modern control perspective is used to formulate two therapeutic gain strategies.

Results
Two conceptually distinct therapeutic gain strategies are provided. The first is direct in that its goal is to kill cancer cells more so than normal cells, the second is indirect in that its goal is to achieve implicit therapeutic gains by transferring states of cancer cells of non-curable cases to a target state defined by the cancer cells of curable cases. The direct strategy requires models that connect anti-cancer agents to an endpoint that is modulated by the cause of the cancer and that correlates with cell death. It is an abstraction of a strategy for treating mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cancers with iodinated uridine (IUdR); IU-DNA correlates with radiation induced cell killing and MMR modulates the relationship between IUdR and IU-DNA because loss of MMR decreases the removal of IU from the DNA. The second strategy is indirect. It assumes that non-curable patient outcomes will improve if the states of their malignant cells are first transferred toward a state that is similar to that of a curable patient. This strategy is difficult to employ because it requires a model that relates drugs to determinants of differences in patient survival times. It is an abstraction of a strategy for treating BCR-ABL pro-B cell childhood leukemia patients using curable cases as the guides.

Conclusion
Cancer therapeutic gain problem formulations define the purpose, and thus the scope, of cancer process modeling. Their abstractions facilitate considerations of alternative treatment strategies and support syntheses of learning experiences across different cancers.
Evaluating the quality of interaction between medical students and nurses in a large teaching hospital
Authors: Nadolski Gregory J , Bell Mary A , Brewer Barbara B , Frankel Richard M , Cushing Herbert E , Brokaw James J 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Effective health care depends on multidisciplinary collaboration and teamwork, yet little is known about how well medical students and nurses interact in the hospital environment, where physicians-in-training acquire their first experiences as members of the health care team. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of interaction between third-year medical students and nurses during clinical rotations.

Methods
We surveyed 268 Indiana University medical students and 175 nurses who worked at Indiana University Hospital, the School's chief clinical training site. The students had just completed their third year of training. The survey instrument consisted of 7 items that measured "relational coordination" among members of the health care team, and 9 items that measured psychological distress.

Results
Sixty-eight medical students (25.4%) and 99 nurses (56.6%) completed the survey. The relational coordination score (ranked 1 to 5, low to high), which provides an overall measure of interaction quality, showed that medical students interacted with residents the best (4.16) and with nurses the worst (2.98; p < 0.01). Conversely, nurses interacted with other nurses the best (4.36) and with medical students the worst (2.68; p < 0.01). Regarding measures of psychological distress (ranked 0 to 4, low to high), the interpersonal sensitivity score of medical students (1.56) was significantly greater than that of nurses (1.03; p < 0.01), whereas the hostility score of nurses (0.59) was significantly greater than that of medical students (0.39; p < 0.01).

Conclusion
The quality of interaction between medical students and nurses during third-year clinical rotations is poor, which suggests that medical students are not receiving the sorts of educational experiences that promote optimal physician-nurse collaboration. Medical students and nurses experience different levels of psychological distress, which may adversely impact the quality of their interaction.
Stress analysis in a layered aortic arch model under pulsatile blood flow
Authors: Gao Feng , Watanabe Masahiro , Matsuzawa Teruo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Many cardiovascular diseases, such as aortic dissection, frequently occur on the aortic arch and fluid-structure interactions play an important role in the cardiovascular system. Mechanical stress is crucial in the functioning of the cardiovascular system; therefore, stress analysis is a useful tool for understanding vascular pathophysiology. The present study is concerned with the stress distribution in a layered aortic arch model with interaction between pulsatile flow and the wall of the blood vessel.

Methods
A three-dimensional (3D) layered aortic arch model was constructed based on the aortic wall structure and arch shape. The complex mechanical interaction between pulsatile blood flow and wall dynamics in the aortic arch model was simulated by means of computational loose coupling fluid-structure interaction analyses.

Results
The results showed the variations of mechanical stress along the outer wall of the arch during the cardiac cycle. Variations of circumferential stress are very similar to variations of pressure. Composite stress in the aortic wall plane is high at the ascending portion of the arch and along the top of the arch, and is higher in the media than in the intima and adventitia across the wall thickness.

Conclusion
Our analysis indicates that circumferential stress in the aortic wall is directly associated with blood pressure, supporting the clinical importance of blood pressure control. High stress in the aortic wall could be a risk factor in aortic dissections. Our numerical layered aortic model may prove useful for biomechanical analyses and for studying the pathogeneses of aortic dissection.
Diabetes and urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data
Authors: Al-Moosa Siba , Allin Sara , Jemiai Nadia , Al-Lawati Jawad , Mossialos Elias 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Oman is high and appears to be rising. Rising rates of diabetes and associated risk factors have been observed in populations undergoing epidemiological transition and urbanization. A previous study in Oman indicated that urban-dwellers were not significantly more likely to have diabetes. This study was undertaken to determine if a more accurate urban and rural categorization would reveal different findings.MethodsThis study included 7179 individuals aged 20 years or above who participated in a cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey in Oman including blood and anthropomorphic tests. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the factors associated with diabetes, first in the whole population and then stratified according to region.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes (fasting blood glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l) in the capital region of Muscat was 17.7% compared to 10.5% in rural areas. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 4.3%. Urban residence was significantly associated with diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.1), as was age (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1- 1.2), obesity (abnormal waist circumference) (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5–2.1), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) 120–139 (OR = 1.4, 95% CI:1.04–1.8), SBP 140–159 (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4–2.6), SBP ≥ 160 (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.5). Stratified analyses revealed higher education was associated with reduced likelihood of diabetes in rural areas (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9).ConclusionA high prevalence of diabetes, obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol exist in the Omani population, particularly among urban-dwellers and older individuals. It is vital to continue monitoring chronic disease in Oman and to direct public health policy towards preventing an epidemic.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Sucrose Analgesia in Infants Younger Than 90 Days of Age Who Require Bladder Catheterization in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Rogers Alexander J. , Greenwald Michael H. , DeGuzman Michael A. , Kelley Mary E. , Simon Harold K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
To determine whether an oral sucrose solution improves pain response for infants undergoing bladder catheterization in an emergency department (ED) population.
Methods:
A randomized, double‐blinded study comparing the analgesic effects of a sucrose solution to placebo for infants ≤90 days of age and requiring bladder catheterization. Infants with prior bladder catheterization, previous painful procedures that day, or neurological or genital abnormalities were excluded. Infants were assigned baseline pain scores and then given 2 mL of sucrose or water 2 minutes before catheterization. Trained pediatric ED nurses rated the infants for pain, presence of cry, and time to return to baseline.
Results:
Eighty‐three patients were enrolled; 40 were randomized to sucrose, and 40, to placebo. Baseline pain scores were similar within each age group. Overall, sucrose did not produce a significant analgesic effect. In subgroup analysis, infants 1–30 days of age receiving sucrose showed a smaller change in pain scores (2.9 vs. 5.3, p = 0.035), were less likely to cry with catheterization (29% vs. 72%, p = 0.008), and returned to baseline more rapidly after catheter removal (10 seconds vs. 37 seconds, p = 0.04) compared with infants who received placebo. Infants older than 30 days of age who received sucrose did not show statistically significant differences in pain scores, crying, or time to return to baseline behavior.
Conclusions:
There was no overall treatment effect when using an oral sucrose solution before bladder catheterization in infants younger than 90 days of age. However, infants younger than or equal to 30 days of age who received sucrose had smaller increases in pain scores, less crying, and returned to baseline more rapidly than infants receiving placebo. Older infants did not show an improved pain response with oral sucrose.
Emergency Medicine Research Directors and Research Programs: Characteristics and Factors Associated with Productivity
Authors: Karras David J. , Kruus Linda K. , Baumann Brigitte M. , Cienki John J. , Blanda Michelle , Stern Susan A. , Panacek Edward A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background:
Periodic surveys of research directors (RDs) in emergency medicine (EM) are useful to assess the specialty's development and evolution of the RD role.
Objectives:
To assess associations between characteristics and research productivity of RDs and EM programs.
Methods:
A survey of EM RDs was developed using the nominal group technique and pilot tested. RDs or surrogate respondents at programs certified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were contacted by e‐mail in early 2005. The survey assessed programs' research infrastructure and productivity, as well as RD characteristics, responsibilities, and career satisfaction. Three measures of research productivity were empirically defined: research publications, grant awards, and grant revenue.
Results:
Responses were received from 86% of 123 EM programs. Productivity was associated with the presence of nonclinical faculty, dedicated research coordinators, and reduced clinical hours for research faculty. Programs with an RD did not have greater research productivity, using any measure, than those without an RD. The majority of RDs cited pursuing their own studies, obtaining funding, research mentoring, and research administration to be major responsibilities. The majority characterized internal research funding, grant development support, and support from other faculty as inadequate. Most RDs are satisfied with their careers and expect to remain in the position for three or more years.
Conclusions:
Research productivity of EM residency programs is associated with the presence of dedicated research faculty and staff and with reduced clinical demands for research faculty. Despite perceiving deficiencies in important resources, most RDs are professionally satisfied.
Synthesis and Structure of Novel Organo(siloxo)platinum Complexes. Facile Reduction by Dihydrogen
Authors: Fukuoka Atsushi , Sato Akihiro , Mizuho Yuji , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Novel mono- and dinuclear organo(siloxo)platinum complexes PtR(OSiPh3)(cod) (R = Me, Ph) and [{PtMe(cod)O}Ph2Si]2O have been prepared and characterized. The molecular structure of PtPh(OSiPh3)(cod) has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The activity for reduction of PtMe(OSiPh3)(cod) and PtMe(OPh)(cod) by H2 is higher than that of PtMe2(cod).
Regie-Control of Formal [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of 5-Alkoxyoxazoles with Diethyl Oxomalonate
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Shi Xiaolan , Ibata Toshikazu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tin(IV) chloride-catalyzed formal [3 + 2] cycloadditions of 5-alkoxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- or 2-phenyloxazoles with diethyl oxomalonate gave 2-oxazoline-4,5,5-tricarboxylates in high regioselectivity. 4-Substituted 5-alkoxy-2-methyloxazoles showed a trend to shift the regioselectivity to offer more 3-oxazoline-2,5,5-tricarboxylates in terms of regioselectivity than 2-oxazolines.
π-Conjugated Charge Transfer Polymer Constituted of Electron-donating Thiophene and Electron-withdrawing Quinoxaline
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Kanbara Takaki , Ooba Naoki , Tomaru Satoru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed polycondensation between 2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene and 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline derivatives gives soluble new π-conjugated polymers, which exhibit absorption bands at 575 ± 30 nm assignable to intramolecular charge transfer bands and show the three-photon resonant third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) of about 5 × 10−11 esu.
Imidazolate-mediated Antiferromagnetic Coupling between Fe(III) Ions in Rigidly-linked Porphyrin Dimers and Trimers
Authors: Naruta Yoshinori , Sawada Nobuyuki , Tadokoro Makoto 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1,8-Anthracene- and o-phenylene-linked iron(III) porphyrin dimers and the trimer were synthesized. Their Fe(III) ions were ligated by imidazolate(s) in the molecular creft to form the corresponding low-spin complexes. Relatively large imidazolate-mediated antiferromagnetic exchange coupling (−J = 15.3–29.4 cm−1) between the Fe(III) ions is observed by means of their esr and magnetic susceptibility measurements.