bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of polyphenol oxidase activity and polyphenol content of tea shoot on quality of black tea
Authors: Thanaraj S N Stephen , Seshadri Ramachandran 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVariation in polyphenot oxidase activity and levels of total polyphenols and catechins with respect to different clones and shoot components, and its effect on quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L) 0 Kuntze, were studied. There was a wide variation in polyphenol oxidase activity of the different clones tested. The optimum fermentation time and polyphenol oxidase activity of different clones exhibited a hyperbolic relationship, viz y = 2.36 + 1129/x, where y = optimum fermentation time in minutes and x = polyphenol oxidase activity in μM catechol oxidised g−1 acetone powder min−1, with an r value of −0.98, which is signi Jicant at P ≤ 0.001. A good non‐linear relationship was found between polyphenol oxidase activity of ji‐esh tea shoots of different clones and the theajavins content of corresponding black teas. Among different shoot components, bud and first leaf had higher levels of polyphenols and catechins than internodes. However, the polyphenol oxidase activity showed a reverse trend: the internodes exhibited a higher enzyme activity compared with other components. Formation of theajavins during fermentation of different shoot components was in good agreement with polyphenol oxidase activity. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the theaflavins fraction in tea brew of black teas made from different components of tea shoot showed that buds resulted in black tea with the highest amount of theaflavin gallates, whereas teas produced from internodes had the lowest amount of theaflavin gallates. A new factor, viz theaflavin digallate equivalent, was developed, and the significance of this factor for chemical evaluation of black tea quality is discussed in this paper.
Origin of variable extraction of myosin from myofibrils treated with salt and pyrophosphate
Authors: Parsons Nick , Knight Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen isolated myofibrils are treated with solutions containing NaCl and pyrophosphate to imitate conditions in meat being cured, considerable dijfirences are observed between myofibrils in the concentration of NaCl required for extraction of the myosin‐containing A‐band. The diferences in extent of extraction at an intermediate concentration of NaCl are between bundles of myofibrils rather than within them, indicating that the variation derives from differences between muscle fibres. The extraction behaviour is determined by the myosin isoenzyme content of the muscle fibre. Thus, the proportion of myofibrils extracted at an intermediate concentration of NaCl in preparations from various bovine and rabbit muscles reflects the documented proportion of fast‐contracting fibres in each muscle. Rabbit M plantaris myofibrils from fast white fibres are extracted in a low concentration of NaCl, whereas those myofibrils containing slow myosin are extracted only in a high Concentration of NaCl. Myofibrils probably from fast red fibres require an intermediate concentration of NaCl for extraction.
A chemical study of Tamarindus indica (Tsamiya) fruits grown in Nigeria
Authors: Ishola Muinat M , Agbaji Edith B , Agbaji Abel S 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe edible part (pulp) of Tamarindus indica L fruit is relatively poor in protein (87.9 g kg−1) and oil (25.3 g kg−1) but the seed is a good source of both (269.3 g kg−1 protein and 109.1 g kg−1 lipid). Both the pulp and seed are good sources of calcium, and the seed of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Low levels of phytic acid and heat‐labile trypsin inhibitors are present.
Effects of some thermal treatments on polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities of banana (Musa cavendishii, var enana)
Authors: Cano Pilar , Marín M Antonia , Fúster Carmen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyphenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities were evaluated during cold storage of banana (Musa cavendishii, L var enana). The effects of some thermal treatments (blanching of peeled bananas, microwave treatment of banana slices and storage of banana slices at −24°C) were studied. Inactivation of both enzymes by blanching was very effective (96–100 %) at all maturity levels. Microwave treatment showed differing efficiency depending on banana ripeness, and produced non‐enzymic darkening due to Maillard reactions mainly in green and full‐yellow bananas. Freezing of fruit slices without previous thermal treatment produced different effects in polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities. It was concluded that immersion in boiling water of peeled bananas with 70 % green/30% yellow peel colour maturity index is the optimal pretreatment for the preservation of frozen banana slices.
Energy values of lactitol and lactulose as determined with miniature pigs and growing rats
Authors: Bird Susan P , Hewitt David , Gurrf Michael I 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDigestible and metabolisable energy values were determined by the metabolic balance method. The mean (and SEM) metabolisuble energy values for lactitol were 11.8 (0.8) arid 9.8 (1.5) kJ g−1, respectively, for the laboratory rat arid the miniature pig. For lactulose, metabolisable energy values were 8.4 (1.0) and 9.0 (0.8) kJ g‐−1, respectiuely, for the rat and pig. Digestible energy vulues were little different from these metabolisable energy values indicating that the efficiency o f utilisation of the digestion products absorbed may be high.
Influence of age on muscle connective tissue in trout (Salmo irideus)
Authors: Montero Pilar , Borderías Javier 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of the connective tissue in the muscle of trout (Salmo irideus Gibb) from four different age groups were studied. Solubility, thermal denaturation and the yields of the α, β and γ components were used as indices of collagen aggregation. Shear strength of connective tissue fiom different locations in trout jllets was also measured. Muscle connective tissue in the larger trout (1800 g ) was more abundant and the collagen exhibited a lower level of crosslinking. However, shear strength values were significantly different only for the youngest specimens (200 g). Collagen crosslinking increased with size in the other three groups studied (200,800 and 1200 g); the connective tissue from the 800‐g and 1200‐g specimens had similar shear strength values which were higher than those for the 200‐g specimens.
Primary metabolites and organic acid metabolism in apple (Malus sylvestris) fruit callus culture
Authors: Prabha T N , Salimath P V , Patwardhan M V 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn‐vitro culture cells were obtained from seven different varieties of Indian apples (Malus sylvestris L). The cultivar Golden Delicious showed the highest yield of callus tissue followed by Maharaji and American Epirouge. Cultured apple cells exhibited some deviation from the apple fruit in primary metabolism as well as primary metabolite profiles.In callus cultures, the pool size of free amino acids and organic acids increased considerably while the free sugar pool decreased drastically compared with apple fiuit. There was higher incorporation of 14C acetate, 14C citrate, 14C malate and 14C succinate into the CO2, lipid, protein, carbohydrate and amino acid fractions and lower incorporation into the free sugar fraction in cultured cells compared with the explant. The incorporation of 14CO2 showed a similar trend. Qualitatively, there was some similarity between the callus and explant in free amino acid and sugar profiles and dissimilarity in organic acids. Compounds such as citrate, succinate and fumarate and also some amino acids (methionine, arginine, leucine and proline) were present at higher concentration in callus cultures whereas they were almost absent in the original tissue. There were also differences in the carbohydrate and protein profiles of explant ana callus as judged by their sugar and amino acid make‐up respectively.
Rheology and baking potential of wheat/plantain composite flour
Authors: Bamidele E Afolabi , Cardoso Anthonia O , Olaofe Olorunfemi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe possibilty of producing bread from wheat/plantain composite flour has been comprehensively assessed. The chemical analysis of the composite flour showed that it contained less protein and higher carbohydrate and minerals than wheat flour. With increasing levels of supplementation with plantain the water absorption capacity and dough development time of the composite flour decreased. However, the mixing tolerance time increased and the mixing quality decreased. It was found that the baking quality decreased with increasing level of supplementation and when unblanched plantain flour was used. The blend with 100 g kg−1 blanched plantain and 900 g kg−1 wheat flour was found to be internally and externally better than other blends and the bread was of acceptable quality.
Effects of selected trace elements on plant growth
Authors: Aller A Javier , Bernal J Luis , Nozal M Jesus Del , Deban Luis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTrace elements in plants are of general concern because of their importance in both animal nutrition and plant growth. Consequently, these elements are the most extensively studied in plants and foodstuffs. We surveyed those other elements which have been shown to have some beneficial effects on the growth of a few plant species only, and, although evidence for this essentiality continues to accumulate, their conclusive essentiality for higher plants still needs confirmation. Plants use these trace elements in small quantities, and we include the following in our review: titanium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, aluminium, silicon, arsenic, selenium, fluorine and iodine. Their effects on plant growth are evaluated, covering the following: absorption, transport and accumulation, biochemical functions, deficiency and toxicity.
Lignin in wheat internodes. Part 1: The reactivities of lignin units during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
Authors: Iiyama Kenji , Lam Thi Bach Tuyet 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe alkaline nitrobenzene procedure for determining lignin building units has been applied to wheat internodes. The effect of reaction time and temperature on the rate of reaction has been measured and the nature of the aldehyde and acid products determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Survival factors for individual phenolic compounds were determined and found to be in the range 0.85–4.99, and were constant for each compound under the reaction conditions (c 6 % nitrobenzene in 2 M NaOH, 170°C, 2 h in a stainless steel pressure vessel), optimised for maximum recovery of products using wood and wheat internode meals. The reaction products fiom 24 monomeric and dimeric lignin model compounds were quantitativety determined to provide information on the susceptibility of various lignin structures to alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation. The results of these and earlier studies by other authors suggest that at the higher temperature a heterolytic reaction mechanism is operating on nitrobenzene oxidation conditions. On nitrobenzene oxidation, ferulic and p‐coumaric acids survived in amounts which allowed the procedure to be used, with appropriate correction factors, to determine the nature and amount of these cinnamic acids associated with walls of grasses.
Effect of preslaughter transport on carcass yield and indices of meat quality in sheep
Authors: Warriss Paul D , Kestin Steven C , Young Ceridwen S , Bevis Edward A , Brown Steven N 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne hundred and sixty castrated male crossbred lambs were fed a complete pelleted diet ad libitum for 4 weeks prior to slaughter at a live weight of about 32 kg in two trials carried out in June and November 1984. They were killed after having been subjected to withdrawal of food, but not water, for 21 h and either no transport on the day of slaughter or a journey lasting for 1, 3 or 6 h. Transport had no signijicant effect on the weights of any body components measured. However, although the effect was not statistically significant (P=O.25), sheep transported for 3 or 6 h produced slightly lighter (1.7%) carcasses than those either not transported or subjected to a 1‐h journey. Transported sheep had higher concentrations of plasma glucose and liver glycogen, and lower levels of plasma jkee fatty acids and urea N. Muscle glycogen, pHu or water holding capacity were not influenced by transport, but fibre optic probe value was lower in sheep transported for 1 h than in those transported for 6 h. No differences were found between the results of the two trials, suggesting that season was not important in determining the responses of sheep to transport.
Studies on characterisation of thermostable antigens of adrenals and muscle tissues of meat animals
Authors: Bhilegaonkar Kiran N , Sherikar Adagonda T , Khot Jayakumar B , Karkare Umesh D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe characteristics of heat‐stable, ethanol‐precipitable antigens (BE) of adrenals and muscle tissues of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig were studied. The antigens were subjected to protein analysis. The distribution patterns of the antigens employing sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) as well as polyacrylarnide gel isoelectric focusing revealed that the heat‐stable antigens of a dreds contained only one component corresponding to troponin T, whereas muscle BE showed associated low molecular weight components along with troponin T as major component. Negative results of thymol‐H2SO4 staining of SDS‐PAGE gels indicated that the thermostable antigens did not belong to the mucoprotein class.
Effect of gamma irradiation on microorganisms and components in empty fruit bunch and palm press fibre of oil palm wastes
Authors: Kume Tamikazu , Ito Hitoshi , Ishigaki Isao , Lebaijuri Muhamad , Othman Zainon , Ali Foziah , Mutaat Hassan H , Awang Mat R , Hashim Ahmad S 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of irradiation on microbiological load and chemical components of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fibre (PPF) were investigated as the preliminary study for upgrading of oil palm wastes to animal feeds by fermentation. The initial contamination of microorganisms in both EFB and PPF was very high and there is no significant difference between the samples collected from various palm oil mills. The dose required to eliminate below the detectable level was more than 15 kGy for total aerobic bacteria, but 5–6 kGy is enough for fungi. The contents of holocellulose and lignin were c 60% and 25%, respectively, in both EFB and PPF, and the change in components by irradiation was small. EFB and PPF have a high water holding capacity suggesting that they are suitable substrates for fermentation. These results show that the irradiation by 5–10 kGy on EFB and PPF is applicable for the pasteurisation of fermentation media without any significant change in components.
Starch determination in horticultural plant material by an enzymic‐colorimetric procedure
Authors: Rasmussen Trevor S , Henry Robert J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe starch content of horticultural plant material (including leaves and woody tissues such as roots, stems, twigs, trunks and bark) was determined by an enzymic procedure. A heat‐stable α‐amylase and amyloglucosidase were used to hydrolyse the starch in the finely ground plant material to glucose. The glucose produced was measured colorimetrically using a coupled glucose oxidase/peroxidase reaction. Conditions necessary for maximum glucose recovery were established. Plant material analysed included samples from macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, trunk and bark), mango (Mangifera indica L; stems and roots), lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn; leaves, stems, twigs and roots), pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merrill; leaves, stems and roots) and nectarine (Prunus persica (L) Batsch var nucipersica (Suckow) C K Schneid; twigs, shoots, branches, limbs, roots and trunk). Starch values ranged from less than 14% to greater than 30%. The method allows assessment of variations in the starch content of perennial plants and may be used in crop management.
Role of reducing sugars and amino acids in fry colour of chips from potatoes grown under different nitrogen regimes
Authors: Roe Mark A , Faulks Richard M , Belsten Joanne L 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of total reducing sugars to predict the fry colour of potato chips may lead to anomalous results because both sugars and amino acids are involved in the Maillard reactions responsible for the production of the colour of fried potato. To clarify the roles of both sugars and amino acids, potatoes were grown under different levels of nitrogen fertilisation to induce different levels of free amino acids and sugars. The potatoes were harvested at maturity and stored at 10°C for up to 10 months, which served to induce further changes in both sugar and amino acid content. At harvest and at intervals during the storage period, potatoes were analysed for total reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and amino acids. Chips from the potatoes were fried and their colour was scored by comparison with standard colour cards. Potatoes grown under high nitrogen had lower amounts of free sugar at all times, and consequently‐tended to have lower colour scores. However, in high nitrogen potatoes there was more colour per unit of sugar indicating that amino acids may be playing a synergistic role. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that around 90% of the variation in the colour could be accounted for by variation in the sugars but that 98% of the variation could be accounted for by including amino acids in the regression analysis.
Sorghum gluten feed in poultry diets: Effect on broiler performance and sensory evaluation of carcasses
Authors: Zubeir Elfadil A El , El Bashir Tag E , Salih Amer M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChicks, Gallus domesticus (Lohmann) were randomly allocated at 240 days of age to one of four dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 7 weeks. The diets, fed as mash, were a control and three other diets with increasing levels of added sorghum gluten feed (SGF‐100, 200, 300 g kg−1). The L‐lysine and DL‐methionine contents of the diets were raised to the level recommended for starter broiler chicks. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of dietary SGF on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and mortality rate throughout the experimental period. Chicks given SGF diets had significantly (P < 0.05) lower meat/bone ratios. Dietary SGF had no detectable effects on the colour, flavour or texture of roasted chicken meat when evaluated by semi‐trained panellists. It is concluded that SGF at the levels tested can be included in the diets of broiler chicks.
Effects of nitrogen fertiliser on yield, dry matter content and flouriness of potatoes
Authors: O'Beirne David , Cassidy J Cyril 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of incremental amounts of nitrogen fertiliser in the range 0–200 kg ha−1 on yield ha−1, tuber dry matter (DM), DM ha−1and flouriness were evaluated in five potato cultivars over three seasons. In general, yield increased with the use of up to 100–150 kg N ha−1and remained constant thereafter; % DM of tubers was significantly diminished by amounts of nitrogen > 150 kg ha−1. In a single poor growing season, yields were small and both yield and% DM were less affected by nitrogen. The mean flouriness score of cooked tubers was highly correlated with specific gravity (SG) class (r = 0.94); tubers with SG > 1.08 were scored floury to very floury. Moderate nitrogen fertiliser use (⩽ 100 kg ha−1) had little effect on weight per cent of crop > SG 1.08; large amounts of N (200 kg ha−1) resulted in a substantial decline in the size of this fraction; the effects of intermediate amounts varied with season and cultivar.
Changes in the volatile composition of La France pear during maturation
Authors: Shiota Haruyasu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVolatile constituents were separated from fully ripe La France pear by using simultaneous distillation and extraction. The principal volatile components were ethyl, propyl, butyl and hexyl acetates, which accounted for 70.6%. Hex‐5‐enyl acetate was detected as an interesting component and probahly contributes to the ketonic estery odour of this pear.The changes in the composition of volatile components during maturation were also investigated. The concentrations of the esters, especially acetates, increased markedly with increasing maturity of the fruit. These results were compared with those obtained from Bartlett pear.
Effects of alterations in the source‐sink ratio on various dates after anthesis on the amino acid composition of wheat grains
Authors: del Molino Isabel M Martín , Rojo Bárbara , Martínez‐Carrasco Rafael , Pérez Pilar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn an experiment with three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L)varieties (Splendeur, Hobbit and Maris Huntsman) cultivated after anthesis in a growth chamber, the upper part of the ear was removed on several dates after anthesis (halving). The remaining grains accumulated more nitrogen, especially between days 5 and 25 after anthesis; the increase depended on variety, the date of halving and the stage of development. The relative composition of the protein was also affected, since the amino acid composition of the grain varied. In the remaining grains the relative amounts of glutamate and, in general after 15 days, those of proline and phenylalanine increased; by contrast those of aspartate, lysine and arginine, among others, decreased. The response of the three varieties was similar. At maturity, the magnitude of the response was related to the variations occurring in the nitrogen (% DW). The stage of development in which the grain accumulated nitrogen supplement did not affect the regressions between the relative amounts of each amino acid and the nitrogen (% D W). However, when the ears were halved on day 25 after anthesis, the relative amounts of glycine, lysine and arginine tended to be slightly higher, especially in the case of Hobbit, than the values that would correspond to these regressions. The departure from regression increased with increasing accumulations of nitrogen in the grain between day 25 and maturity.
Relationship among compositional data of fibrous by‐products as determined by two different extractions in the detergent system of analysis. Influence on the prediction of the digestibility
Authors: Rebolé Almudena , Alvira Pilar , González Gaspar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBoth direct and sequential extractions in the detergent system of analysis were applied to some fibrous by‐products (cereal and legume straws, legume bagasse, vine branch silage and poplar bark) to determine which gave the better prediction of the digestibility through the summative equation, and to study the interferences of fibre‐bound nitrogen and tannins.Permanganate lignin gave a lower correlation than acid‐detergent lignin when figures from direct and sequential extractions were compared. Fibrebound nitrogen (as N × 6.25) was positively correlated to permanganate lignin, whereas tannins were positively correlated to acid‐detergent lignin. Figures for permanganate lignin from sequential extraction and aciddetergent lignin from direct extraction gave a good prediction of in‐vitro digestibility when they were used in the summative equation.More research into lignin, tannins and the detergent system of analysis of fibrous by‐products should be done in order to improve and clarify the prediction of digestibility.