bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2D-S (Stereo) Probe: Design and Preliminary Tests of a New Airborne, High-Speed, High-Resolution Particle Imaging Probe
Authors: Lawson R. Paul , O’Connor Darren , Zmarzly Patrick , Weaver Kim , Baker Brad , Mo Qixu , Jonsson Haflidi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The design, laboratory calibrations, and flight tests of a new optical imaging instrument, the two-dimensional stereo (2D-S) probe, are presented. Two orthogonal laser beams cross in the middle of the sample volume. Custom, high-speed, 128-photodiode linear arrays and electronics produce shadowgraph images with true 10-μm pixel resolution at aircraft speeds up to 250 m s−1. An overlap region is defined by the two laser beams, improving the sample volume boundaries and sizing of small (&lt;∼100 μm) particles, compared to conventional optical array probes. The stereo views of particles in the overlap region can also improve determination of three-dimensional properties of some particles.
Data collected by three research aircraft are examined and discussed. The 2D-S sees fine details of ice crystals and small water drops coexisting in mixed-phase cloud. Measurements in warm cumuli collected by the NCAR C-130 during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) project provide a test bed to compare the 2D-S with 2D cloud (2D-C) and 260X probes. The 2D-S sees thousands of cloud drops &lt;∼150 μm when the 2D-C and 260X probes see few or none. The data suggest that particle images and size distributions ranging from 25 to ∼150 μm and collected at airspeeds &gt;100 m s−1 by the 2D-C and 260X probes are probably (erroneously) generated from out-of-focus particles. Development of the 2D-S is in its infancy, and much work needs to be done to quantify its performance and generate software to analyze data.
Considerations on Open Boundary Conditions for Regional and Coastal Ocean Models
Authors: Marsaleix P. , Auclair F. , Estournel C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper reviews the usual open boundary conditions (OBCs) for coastal ocean models and proposes a complete set of open boundaries based on stability criteria, on mass and energy conservation arguments, and on the ability to enforce external information. This set includes a radiation condition for barotropic variables, an equation of wave propagation for baroclinic velocities, and an advection equation for tracers. Considerations on mass and energy conservation properties suggest a suitable numerical treatment of the barotropic scheme, which is different from what is commonly used. Restoring terms, when classically added in the Sommerfeld OBCs, are not consistent with external fields. It is shown that this can be avoided if proper numerical schemes are used or if OBCs are applied on differences between the model and forcing rather than on absolute variables. Finally, this paper shows that simplistic advection-type methods for temperature and salinity should not be used in sigma coordinate models because this introduces errors in the computation of the horizontal pressure gradient.
Comparison of Observed and Modeled Drifter Trajectories in Coastal Regions: An Improvement through Adjustments for Observed Drifter Slip and Errors in Wind Fields
Authors: Edwards K. P. , Werner F. E. , Blanton B. O. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Lagrangian particle tracking using three-dimensional (3D) numerical modeling approaches has become an important tool in coastal oceanography. In this note, an approach is described that can reduce the difference between observed and numerical drifter trajectories in the coastal ocean by including corrections to the water velocity due to differences between observed winds and the wind field used to drive the 3D circulation model and some specific characteristics of the observed drifters in the algorithm that estimate the numerical trajectory. Quantitative improvements are obtained whereby the separation distance between the numerical and observed drifters is almost halved (in this particular field case from 2.6 to 1.4 km day−1).
High-Altitude Cloud Effects on Airborne Electro-Optical Sensor Performance
Authors: Chervet Patrick , Roblin Antoine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA modeling approach is proposed to predict the impact of high-altitude clouds on the detection performance of an airborne electro-optical surveillance sensor. The sensor is dedicated to target detection, and it may be disturbed by cloud presence along the line of sight. The targets are supposed to be dim artificial sources in the atmosphere or stars, and the viewing conditions lead to lines of sight close to horizontal paths. The model is suitable to determine sensor performance for various locations in the earth’s atmosphere and for different seasons. It is based on cloud statistics data determined by the inversion of NOAA satellite observations. Computations of clear line-of-sight probabilities are based on geometric and statistical approaches, and the major hypothesis used here is that all clouds can be considered opaque. Seasonal and diurnal/nocturnal cloud cover variations strongly change the probability of a clear line of sight for a fixed viewing geometry, and the maximal range without clouds that can be reached for a fixed viewing angle and a fixed observer altitude has large temporal variations. These results can be used to reduce the sensor’s field of view to a line of sight having a sufficiently high probability of being cloud free.
Rainfall Profiling Using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Vertically Pointing 8-mm Wavelength Radars
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , May Peter T. , Shupe Matthew D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
An attenuation-based method to retrieve vertical profiles of rainfall rate from vertically pointing Ka-band radar measurements has been refined and adjusted for use with the U.S. Department of Energy’s cloud radars deployed at multiple Atmospheric Radiation Program (ARM) test bed sites. This method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the rainfall rate and the attenuation coefficient, and can account for a priori information about the vertical profile of nonattenuated reflectivity. The retrieval method is applied to a wide variety of rainfall events observed at different ARM sites ranging from stratiform events with low-to-moderate rainfall rates (∼5 mm h−1) to heavy convective rains with rainfall rates approaching 100 mm h−1. The Ka-band attenuation-based retrieval results expressed in both instantaneous rainfall rates and in rainfall accumulations are compared to available surface data and measurements of a scanning C-band precipitation polarimetric radar located near the Darwin, Australia, ARM test bed site. The Ka-band retrievals are found to be in good agreement with the C-band radar estimates, which are based both on conventional radar reflectivity approaches and on polarimetric differential phase shift measurements. Typically, the C-band–Ka-band radar estimate differences are within the expected retrieval uncertainties. The magnitude of the Ka-band rainfall-rate estimate error depends on the retrieval resolution, rain intensity, and uncertainties in the profiles of nonattenuated reflectivity. It is shown that reasonable retrieval accuracies (∼15%–40%) can be achieved for a large dynamic range of observed rainfall rates (4–100 mm h−1) and the effective vertical resolution of about 1 km. The potential enhancements of the Ka-band attenuation-based method by including a priori information on vertical profiles of nonattenuated reflectivity and increasing the height range of the retrievals by using Ka-band polarization measurements are also discussed. The addition of the precipitation products to the suite of ARM hydrometeor retrievals can enhance the overall characterization of the vertical atmospheric column.
Arthroscopic Distal Clavicle Resection in Athletes
Authors: Charron Kevin M. , Schepsis Anthony A. , Voloshin Ilya 
Published: November 2006

Background The clinical success of arthroscopic distal clavicle resection for athletes has been well documented. There are, however, no published studies that prospectively compare the recovery rates in athletes as well as the outcomes of the indirect versus direct approaches. Hypothesis Both procedures are equally successful; however, the direct approach affords faster return to sports. Study Design Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Thirty-eight consecutive athletes with osteolysis of the distal clavicle or isolated posttraumatic arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint without instability underwent arthroscopic distal clavicle resection. The patients were randomized into 2 groups: a direct superior approach and an indirect subacromial approach. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Athletic Shoulder Scoring System scores were measurable outcomes. Results Thirty-four athletes were available for a minimum 2-year follow-up. The 2 groups were similar, including preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Athletic Shoulder Scoring System scores. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in both scores at final follow-up when compared with preoperative scores (P < .001). The direct group demonstrated higher American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (82 vs 64) and Athletic Shoulder Scoring System (74 vs 56) scores at week 2 (P < .001) and week 6 (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 88 vs 77; Athletic Shoulder Scoring System, 87 vs 73) (P < .001). At final follow-up, both groups demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes, even though there was a statistical difference in scores, with the direct group scoring better (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 95.7 vs 91.2; Athletic Shoulder Scoring System -94.9 vs 88.3). The direct group demonstrated faster return to sports (mean, 21 days) than the indirect group (mean, 42 days) (P < .001). Radiographic analysis demonstrated an equivalent resection. One patient in each group had a clinically insignificant increase in coracoclavicular distance. Conclusions Both the direct superior approach and the indirect subacromial approach to the arthroscopic distal clavicle resection result in successful clinical outcome with clinically insignificant difference at final follow-up. Athletes treated with the direct superior approach improved faster clinically and returned to sports earlier.
CcpA affects expression of the groESL and dnaK operons in Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Castaldo Cristiana , Siciliano Rosa A , Muscariello Lidia , Marasco Rosangela , Sacco Margherita 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in food industry and their growth performance is important for the quality of the fermented product. During industrial processes changes in temperature may represent an environmental stress to be overcome by starters and non-starters LAB. Studies on adaptation to heat shock have shown the involvement of the chaperon system-proteins in various Gram-positive bacteria. The corresponding operons, namely the dnaK and groESL operons, are controlled by a negative mechanism involving the HrcA repressor protein binding to the cis acting element CIRCE.

Results
We studied adaptation to heat shock in the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum. The LM3-2 strain, carrying a null mutation in the ccpA gene, encoding the catabolite control protein A (CcpA), showed a lower percent of survival to high temperature with respect to the LM3 wild type strain. Among proteins differentially expressed in the two strains, the GroES chaperon was more abundant in the wild type strain compared to the mutant strain under standard growth conditions. Transcriptional studies showed that class I heat shock operons were differentially expressed upon heat shock in both strains. Indeed, the dnaK and groESL operons were induced about two times more in the LM3 strain compared to the LM3-2 strain. Analysis of the regulatory region of the two operons showed the presence of cre sequences, putative binding sites for the CcpA protein.

Conclusion
The L. plantarum dnaK and groESL operons are characterized by the presence of the cis acting sequence CIRCE in the promoter region, suggesting a negative regulation by the HrcA/CIRCE system, which is a common type of control among the class I heat shock operons of Gram-positive bacteria. We found an additional system of regulation, based on a positive control exerted by the CcpA protein, which would interact with cre sequences present in the regulatory region of the dnaK and groESL operons. The absence of the CcpA protein results in a lower induction of the chaperon coding operons, with a consequent lower percent of survival of the LM3-2 mutant strain population with respect to the wild type when challenged with a heat insult.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Small interfering RNA targeted to stem-loop II of the 5' untranslated region effectively inhibits expression of six HCV genotypes
Authors: Prabhu Ramesh , Garry Robert F , Dash Srikanta 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
The antiviral action of interferon alpha targets the 5' untranslated region (UTR) used by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to translate protein by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mechanism. Although this sequence is highly conserved among different clinical strains, approximately half of chronically infected hepatitis C patients do not respond to interferon therapy. Therefore, development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to the 5'UTR to inhibit IRES mediated translation may represent an alternative approach that could circumvent the problem of interferon resistance.

Results
Four different plasmid constructs were prepared for intracellular delivery of siRNAs targeting the stem loop II-III of HCV 5' UTR. The effect of siRNA production on IRES mediated translation was investigated using chimeric clones between the gene for green fluorescence protein (GFP) and IRES sequences of six different HCV genotypes. The siRNA targeted to stem loop II effectively mediated degradation of HCV IRES mRNA and inhibited GFP expression in the case of six different HCV genotypes, where as siRNAs targeted to stem loop III did not. Furthermore, intracytoplasmic expression of siRNA into transfected Huh-7 cells efficiently degraded HCV genomic RNA and inhibited core protein expression from infectious full-length infectious clones HCV 1a and HCV 1b strains.

Conclusion
These in vitro studies suggest that siRNA targeted to stem-loop II is highly effective inhibiting IRES mediated translation of the major genotypes of HCV. Stem-loop II siRNA may be a good target for developing an intracellular immunization strategy based antiviral therapy to inhibit hepatitis C virus strains that are not inhibited by interferon.
Cross-priming of cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin-specific CD8+T cells by dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Dubsky Peter , Dantin Carole , Finn Olivera J , Banchereau Jacques , Palucka A Karolina 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Introduction
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to take up whole tumor cells and process their antigens for presentation to T cells ('cross-priming') is an important mechanism for induction of tumor specific immunity.

Methods
In vitro generated DCs were loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells and offered to autologous naïve CD8+ T cells in 2-week and/or 3-week cultures. CD8+ T cell differentiation was measured by their capacity to secrete effector cytokines (interferon-γ) and kill breast cancer cells. Specificity was measured using peptides derived from defined breast cancer antigens.

Results
We found that DCs loaded with killed breast cancer cells can prime naïve CD8+ T cells to differentiate into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Importantly, these CTLs primed by DCs loaded with killed HLA-A*0201- breast cancer cells can kill HLA-A*0201+ breast cancer cells. Among the tumor specific CTLs, we found that CTLs specific for HLA-A2 restricted peptides derived from three well known shared breast tumor antigens, namely cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin.

Conclusion
This ability of DCs loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells to elicit multiantigen specific immunity supports their use as vaccines in patients with breast cancer.
Finite-element modelling of thermo-mechanical stress distribution in laser beam ceramic tile grout sealing process
Authors: Liaqat A , Safdar S , Sheikh M A 
Published: November 2006

Laser tile grout sealing is a special process in which voids between the adjoining ceramic tiles are sealed by a laser beam. This process has been developed by Lawrence and Li using a customized grout material and a high power diode laser (HPDL). The process has been optimally carried out at laser powers of 60–120 W and at scanning speeds of 3–15 mm/s. Modelling of the laser tile grout sealing process is a complex task as it involves a moving laser beam and five different materials: glazed enamel, grout material, ceramic tile, epoxy bedding, and ordinary Portland cement substrate. This article presents the finite element model (FEM) of the laser tile grout sealing process. The main aim of this model is to accurately predict the thermo-mechanical stress distribution induced by the HPDL beam in the process. For an accurate representation of the process, the laser was modelled as a moving heat source. A three-dimensional transient thermal analysis was carried out to determine the temperature distribution. Temperature-dependent material properties and latent heat effects, due to melting and solidification of the glazed enamel, were taken into account in the FEM, thereby allowing a more realistic and accurate thermal analysis. The results of the thermal analysis were used as an input for the stress analysis with temperature-dependent mechanical properties. The results obtained from the FEM are compared with the published experimental results.
Potential Utility of Plasma Fatty Acid Analysis in the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Batal Ibrahim , Ericsoussi Mhd-Bassel , Cluette-Brown Joanne E , O’Sullivan Brian P , Freedman Steven D , Savaille Juanito E , Laposata Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: An altered distribution of fatty acids in cells and tissues is found in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, we assessed the potential role of plasma fatty acid analysis in the diagnosis of CF.Methods: In this 2-part study, we first used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to analyze fatty acids in plasma from 13 CF patients and 11 controls without CF. We then used the fatty acid distribution data to identify the fatty acids or multiple fatty acid calculations most effective in identifying CF patients. Part 2 of the study was a blinded analysis of 10 CF patients and 9 controls to directly test the effectiveness of the diagnostic parameters for CF identified from the plasma fatty acid analysis.Results: In the nonblinded trial, the multiplication product of (18:2 n-6) × (22:6 n-3) (each as percentage of total plasma fatty acid) was the most effective indicator for distinguishing patients with CF from controls (P = 0.0003). In part 2 (the blinded trial), this multiplication product was also the most effective indicator for distinguishing CF patients from controls (P = 0.0008).Conclusions: The product of (18:2 n-6) × (22:6 n-3) is effective for distinguishing CF patients from persons without CF. This diagnostic marker may have value as an alternative to the sweat chloride test in selected patients being evaluated for CF.
Mitochondrial morphology and distribution in mammalian cells
Authors: Frazier Ann E. , Kiu Clement , Stojanovski Diana , Hoogenraad Nicholas J. , Ryan Michael T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is now appreciated that mitochondria form tubular networks that adapt to the requirements of the cell by undergoing changes in their shape through fission and fusion. Proper mitochondrial distribution also appears to be required for ATP delivery and calcium regulation, and, in some cases, for cell development. While we now realise the great importance of mitochondria for the cell, we are only beginning to work out how these organelles undergo the drastic morphological changes that are essential for cellular function. Of the few known components involved in shaping mitochondria, some have been found to be essential to life and their gene mutations are linked to neurological disorders, while others appear to be recruited in the activation of cell death pathways. Here we review our current understanding of the functions of the main players involved in mitochondrial fission, fusion and distribution in mammalian cells.
Media repertoires as a result of selective media use. A conceptual approach to the analysis of patterns of exposure
Authors: Hasebrink Uwe , Popp Jutta 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article sets out to provide a conceptual contribution to theoretical and empirical work on the level of media repertoires. We will first discuss theoretical approaches which allow for an explanation of media repertoires and relate them to the most prominent approaches to selective audience behavior. Secondly, in order to empirically analyze media repertoires we propose a combination of secondary analyses of existing surveys on media use and qualitative studies on the internal ‘architecture’ of these repertoires and their practical meaning in the user's everyday life. These proposals for secondary analyses are illustrated by two examples based on different data sets and referring to different levels of analysis.
“Play it again, Sam”. A differentiating view on repeated exposure to narrative content in media
Authors: Hoffmann Jella 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Whereas repeated exposure to communication is a widespread phenomenon, it has so far received little attention in communication research. This article takes a step towards describing, differentiating, and explaining repeated exposure to communication. It discusses different forms of repeated exposure and then focuses on repeated exposure to narrative films. It explores possible motivations for reusing the same media content again and again, while taking processes of repeated exposure as well as situational and personal variables into account. The initially theoretical considerations are then supported, expanded, and specified both by existent empirical evidence and findings from a focus group study. Finally, further questions about repeated exposure to narrative content in media are discussed.
The cognitive mechanisms of adversarial humor
Authors: Veale Tony , Feyaerts Kurt , Brône Geert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an in-depth cognitive analysis of a specific humor strategy we coin “trumping”, a multi-agent language game that revolves around the subversion of the linguistic forms of exchange. In particular, we illustrate how, in a conversational setting, agents can “reflect” and “distort” the linguistic-conceptual construal of each others' utterances. Because this reflection or parallelism in the trumping game can be situated on different levels of linguistic organization, a multi-dimensional semantic-pragmatic account is proposed. Using insights from cognitive linguistics, we show that adversarial agents exploit the conceptual mechanisms underlying the opponent's utterances in order to turn the tables in the humor game. In doing so, an agent can trump an adversary by demonstrating a “hyper-understanding” of the lexico-conceptual meaning of an opponent's utterance. This subversion of construal operations like metaphor, metonymy and salience leads to a sudden manipulation of the discourse space that has been set up in the previous utterance(s) (Langacker 2001). In general, by providing an analysis in terms of basic principles of semantic construal, we argue that a cognitive linguistic treatment of humor has an ecological validity that is lacking in most linguistic humor research.