bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scent and the single male: ring‐tailed lemurs produce honest signals
Authors: ASA CHERYL S 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn mating systems that involve competing males and choosy females, males are expected to advertise their genetic quality to discriminating females. Most examples have focused on visual or acoustic signals, such as ornamentation or song; yet arguably, olfactory communication may be more important to the majority of vertebrates with the possible exception of birds. Fortunately, attention has begun to shift to the role of odours in mate choice, with most of that attention being directed at the major histocompatibility complex or more recently at the major urinary proteins. The study of male ring‐tailed lemurs presented by Charpentier and colleagues in this issue adds a new dimension to investigations of the influence of genes on mate choice via odour production. By comparing genetic heterozygosity to the production of semiochemicals in the scrotal scent gland, they provide a link between genetic composition and scent‐marking behaviour as a potential advertisement of male quality.
Genetic variation of Eryngium campestre L. (Apiaceae) in Central Europe
Authors: BYLEBYL KATHRIN , POSCHLOD PETER , REISCH CHRISTOPH 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn Germany, Eryngium campestre is restricted to dry habitats along the rivers Rhine and Elbe and to a few areas in Central Germany. This distribution pattern is usually regarded as a typical pattern of postglacial immigration. In the present study, we investigated whether these two geographically distinct distribution areas are genetically differentiated and whether conclusions can be drawn regarding colonization history. To analyse the phylogeographic structure of E. campestre in Central Europe, 278 individuals from 29 populations within Germany and from further reference populations within Europe were analysed. We applied amplified fragment length polymorphisms to examine their genetic relatedness. Our analyses revealed three groups: a Mediterranean group additionally including two Rhine populations; a Rhine–Main group which further includes the westernmost population from the central German dry area; and one group which includes all eastern populations. Our results show that the two geographically distinct areas are genetically differentiated. As genetic diversity within the Elbe populations is very low, we conclude that this area, which was strongly affected through the late glacial maximum, was colonized relatively recently. High genetic diversity in the Rhine populations indicates a contact zone where lineages of different origin met. This would imply that today's patterns of genetic variation were caused through glacial range contractions and expansions. The present study is one of the first studies that deal with the postglacial distribution pattern of a dry grassland plant species in Central Europe and the results suggest that a survival of E. campestre at least during the Dryas cold stage might be possible.
Chemical evolution of galaxies – I. A composition-dependent SPH model for chemical evolution and cooling
Authors: Martínez-Serrano F. J. , Serna A. , Domínguez-Tenreiro R. , Mollá M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We describe an smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model for chemical enrichment and radiative cooling in cosmological simulations of structure formation. This model includes: (i) the delayed gas restitution from stars by means of a probabilistic approach designed to reduce the statistical noise and, hence, to allow for the study of the inner chemical structure of objects with moderately high numbers of particles; (ii) the full dependence of metal production on the detailed chemical composition of stellar particles by using, for the first time in SPH codes, the Qij matrix formalism that relates each nucleosynthetic product to its sources and (iii) the full dependence of radiative cooling on the detailed chemical composition of gas particles, achieved through a fast algorithm using a new metallicity parameter ζ(T) that gives the weight of each element on the total cooling function. The resolution effects and the results obtained from this SPH chemical model have been tested by comparing its predictions in different problems with known theoretical solutions. We also present some preliminary results on the chemical properties of elliptical galaxies found in self-consistent cosmological simulations. Such simulations show that the above ζ-cooling method is important to prevent an overestimation of the metallicity-dependent cooling rate, whereas the Qij formalism is important to prevent a significant underestimation of the [α/Fe] ratio in simulated galaxy-like objects.
Effect of Glomus mosseae on concentrations of rosmarinic and caffeic acids and essential oil compounds in basil inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici
Authors: Toussaint J.‐P. , Kraml M. , Nell M. , Smith S. E. , Smith F. A. , Steinkellner S. , Schmiderer C. , Vierheilig H. , Novak J. 
Published: June 2008

This study investigated the potential of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae to protect basil (Ocimum basilicum) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici (Fob). It was hypothesised that G. mosseae could confer a bioprotective effect against Fob as a result of increases in leaf rosmarinic (RA) and caffeic acids (CA) or essential oil concentrations. Glomus mosseae conferred a bioprotective effect against Fob by reducing plant mortality to 20% compared to 33% in non‐mycorrhizal (NM) plants. This bioprotective effect was not related to improved phosphorus (P) nutrition, as AM and NM plants treated with Fob had similar shoot P concentrations (6 and 8 mg g−1 dry weight (DW), respectively). Both AM and NM plants treated with Fob had similar leaf and root RA and CA concentrations. Furthermore, phenolic (40–70 mg CA g−1 DW) or essential oil concentrations (0·1–0·6 mg g−1 DW) were not increased in plants treated with the AM fungus and Fob. Therefore, the bioprotective effect conferred by G. mosseae was not a result of increases in the phytochemicals tested in this study. However, under the AM symbiosis, basil plants treated with Fob had lower methyleugenol concentrations in their leaves (0·1 mg g−1 DW) than NM plants treated with the pathogen (0·6 mg g−1 DW).
Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay, Lake Eyre, central Australia
Authors: FISHER JOHN A. , KRAPF CARMEN B. E. , LANG SIMON C. , NICHOLS GARY J. , PAYENBERG TOBIAS H. D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDouglas Creek terminal splay, sited on the western shoreline of Lake Eyre North, central Australia, covers a surface area of approximately 4 km2 with a down‐system length of 2·5 km from the distributary channels terminus to the splay fringe. Two distributary channels feed two sediment lobes which have amalgamated to form the terminal splay. Three primary facies associations have been identified sub‐dividing the creek terminus into distributary channel, proximal and distal splay sections. Proximal splay sediments are characterized by erosionally based, relatively thick (> 100 mm), stacked sheets of coarse to medium sand which commonly display trough and planar cross‐bedding, whereas the distal splay is characterized by thin (generally < 50 mm) massive beds of very fine sand, silt and clay. The change in splay sedimentology is interpreted as reflecting the transition from bedload‐dominated deposition to suspended load‐dominated deposition from decelerating sheetfloods as they spread out from the channel onto the dry lake bed. A proximal to distal splay transition zone is also noted where deposits of both facies associations interfinger laterally and vertically. In scale, geometry and facies associations, the Douglas Creek terminal splay is very different to the often cited Neales terminal splay complex located 70 km to the north. It is suggested that these architectural differences reflect variations in discharge volume, input sediment distribution and the degree of vegetation cover. Understanding the variation in terminal splay architecture has very significant implications for the modelling of analogous subsurface petroleum systems, which at present relies on few modern‐day analogues.
Genetic influence of the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I molecule MICB in multiple sclerosis susceptibility
Authors: Fernandez‐Morera J. L. , Rodriguez‐Rodero S. , Tunon A. , Martinez‐Borra J. , Vidal‐Castineira J. R. , Lopez‐Vazquez A. , Rodrigo L. , Rodrigo P. , González S. , Lahoz C. H. , Lopez‐Larrea C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIt has been widely reported that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region provides the main genetic contribution to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. However, recent studies have suggested that the MHC class I region may also contribute to the development of MS. In this study, we investigated the possible association of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B, MHC class I chain‐related gene B (MICB) and MHC class I chain‐related gene A (MICA) genes, located in the MHC class I region, with MS susceptibility. For this purpose, we analyzed the distribution of HLA‐DR, HLA‐B, MICB and MICA alleles in 121 MS patients and 156 healthy controls. Neither HLA‐B nor MICA alleles were found to be associated with MS susceptibility, and only the frequency of HLA‐DRB1*01 allele was found to be increased in controls (31% vs 14%, Pc = 0.011). However, MICB*004 allele frequency was significantly increased in MS patients (46.3% vs 23.3%, Pc < 0.001, odds ratio = 2.82, 95% confidence interval = 1.68–4.73). Although, MICB*004 and HLA‐DRB1*15 belong to the AH 7.1 ancestral haplotype, the association of MICB*004 to MS susceptibility was found to be independent of HLA‐DRB1*15 in our population. This and previous studies clearly suggest that the MHC class I, in addition to class II, could be involved in MS susceptibility.
Effects of seeding date and canola species on seedling damage by flea beetles in three ecoregions
Authors: Cárcamo H. A. , Otani J. K. , Dosdall L. M. , Blackshaw R. E. , Clayton G. W. , Harker K. N. , O’Donovan J. T. , Entz T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFlea beetles (Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius), Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsheimer) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are chronic threats to canola seedling establishment throughout the Northern Great Plains of North America. We conducted field studies in AB, Canada, from 2001 to 2004 at Lethbridge, Lacombe and Beaverlodge in the southern, central and northern regions of the province, respectively, to assess the impacts of seeding date (fall, April, May), and canola species (Brassica rapa L., Brassica napus L.) on flea beetle damage to canola. Flea beetle damage was generally low at Lacombe but reached economic threshold levels at other sites. Although our results were not consistent in all years, seeding date had opposite effects on flea beetle damage to canola seedlings at the southern and northern sites. In the south, both canola species planted in April escaped flea beetle damage unlike the May‐seeded plots, which required insecticide spraying in 2003. The numbers of flea beetles on sticky cards sampled during the seedling stage of canola were also lower in early‐planted plots than in those planted in May. In the north, flea beetle damage was lower in the May‐planted plots compared with those planted earlier. To maximize yields, canola growers need to plant as early as possible in all agro‐ecoregions; our study showed that crops in the central and northern regions will be at greater risk of flea beetle damage than in southern regions.
A holocyclic life cycle in a gall‐forming adelgid, Adelges japonicus (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Sano M. , Tabuchi K. , Ozaki K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWhile the family Adelgidae (Homoptera) is typically holocyclic and periodically host‐alternating between a primary and secondary host, some anholocyclic species may persist exclusively on the primary or secondary host. In this study, we investigated the life cycle of Adelges japonicus, an anholocyclic species that utilizes either Picea jezoensis and Picea sitchensis (Pinaceae) as the primary hosts. Transfer experiments conducted in Hokkaido, the northern‐most island of Japan, revealed that A. japonicus also includes holocyclic forms that can migrate to the secondary host, Larix kaempferi. The holocyclic forms differed from anholocyclic forms in the date of gall dehiscence, oviposition preference of gallicolae and development of wax gland plates of gallicola adults. However, we treated these two forms as the same species because of a lack of information on their phylogenetic relationships and genetic isolation. Sequence of generations and developmental stages of each generation in the holocyclic forms were reported. Morphology of wax gland plates of first‐instar exulis was consistent with those of the subgenus Cholodkovskya, but different from those of the subgenus Adelges, to which A. japonicus has been assigned. Morphological comparison of gallicola adults suggests that the holocyclic forms were introduced to Hokkaido from central Japan.
Field efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against the Mediterranean flat‐headed rootborer Capnodis tenebrionis
Authors: Morton A. , García‐del‐Pino F. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Mediterranean flat‐headed rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an economically important pest of stone fruit and seed fruit in Mediterranean areas. The potential control of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (strain Bpa), isolated from a dead C. tenebrionis larva, was tested in a cherry tree orchard in Ullastrell, Barcelona (Spain). Nematode infective juveniles (IJs) were applied by drench and injection. In both the treatments, a rate of 1 million IJs was applied per tree every week during 4 or 8 weeks, with a total dose of 4 × 106 IJs/tree and 8 × 106 IJs/tree. Number, stage and localization of insects in each tree trunk were recorded. In both the experiments, S. feltiae significantly reduced the population of C. tenebrionis providing control ranging from 88.3% to 97%. No significant differences were recorded between the different treatments. Persistence of nematodes was recorded until 6 weeks after application. Results indicate that the application of S. feltiae (Bpa) provides adequate control of C. tenebrionis in cherry trees.
Relationship among five populations of Bactrocera dorsalis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences in western Yunnan, China
Authors: Chen P. , Ye H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGenetic variation in the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), was analysed using five populations from western Yunnan, China, to elucidate the distribution and likely dispersal patterns of this fly. A 503‐bp portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene was sequenced from a minimum of seven individuals from each of five fly populations; 25 haplotypes were observed among 57 individuals in these populations. High genetic diversity within populations was detected. Genetic distances between haplotypes reached 1.2%. Mantel tests did not indicate any isolation because of geographic distance. The Ruili (RL) population was significantly isolated from the others (pairwise Fst ranging from 0.10 to 0.21, and average genetic distances being higher than for all other four population comparisons). RL is geographically separated from the other sites by the Gaoligong Mountains. The Liuku (LK) population had a close genetic relationship with the Lujiangba (LJB) population, suggesting that the LK population probably originated from LJB that is located in the same valley to the south. The Baoshan (BS) and Dali (DL) populations were also geographically isolated from the others, not originating from LJB and RL, where the fly is present year‐round. The north‐south orientation of mountains and valleys in western Yunnan appears to prevent latitudinal gene exchange by dispersing flies and thus divides the five populations into four relatively independent zones, namely BS, DL, LK‐LJB and RL. In addition, air currents that generally flow south to north appear to assist dispersing flies, especially in valleys between the mountain chains.
Linyphiid spider populations in sustainable wheat‐clover bi‐cropping compared to conventional wheat‐growing practice
Authors: Gravesen E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLinyphiid web densities in wheat‐clover bi‐crop systems where winter wheat was grown in an under‐storey of white clover were compared with web densities estimated in conventional wheat‐growing systems. The web densities in the wheat‐clover bi‐crop systems were on average between 200 and 250 webs per square‐metre when the densities peaked, while the estimated average web density peak levels under conventional growing practices were 100–150 webs per square‐metre. Repeated Measure anova tests show significant differences between the estimated mean web density levels of the bi‐crop systems compared to the mean density levels of the conventional growing systems in two consecutive growing seasons. Particularly, Bathyphantes gracilis and Tenuiphantes tenuis took advantage of the more heterogeneous conditions with high secondary vegetation layer density and high food animal supply in the bi‐crop plots compared to the more homogeneous conditions under conventional wheat‐growing practices with low food animal supply. Structural equation modelling with a data set pooled from four different wheat‐growing practices shows that the linyphiid juvenile production is influenced by the number of collembolans accessible as food animals for the adult females. The modelling demonstrates the importance of the detritus food chain, particularly for the juvenile recruitment.
Molecular Identification of Banana streak virus Isolates in Kenya
Authors: Karanja Laura , Wangai Anne , Harper Glyn , Pathak Ram Sumer 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Banana streak virus (BSV) is a significant constraint to banana production in Kenya. The ability to quickly and reliably detect BSV is important for the management of the virus. Hence, detection of the variability of BSV was necessary for the optimization of a suitable diagnostic protocol to be used for routine screening of tissue cultured material. In this study, 215 potentially infected banana plants from nine major banana growing regions in Kenya were tested for BSV using serological and molecular techniques. Virus particles were detected by immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) in seven of the ten tested samples confirming the presence of BSV. Immuno‐capture‐polymerase chain reaction (IC‐PCR) using a degenerate primer was used on extracted viral DNA and on immune‐captured viral particles from 80 samples. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the presence of BSV in 200 samples and IC‐PCR in 38 of the 80 tested samples. A total of 33 sequences were obtained from eight samples by PCR (EMBL accession numbers AM 905900–AM905905) across the conserved reverse transcriptase/RNaseH region of the genome. Pairwise comparison of the sequences suggested that they represented seven different isolates with sequence identity thresholds of 90–100%. Southern blotting and hybridization with a radiolabelled probe of the Lisulya clone, confirmed that both integrated and episomally replicating viral DNA may be present in at least one of the Kenya samples. Therefore, the presence of BSV in Kenya and some diversity within the Kenyan population was confirmed. The diagnostic protocol was optimized for the confirmed isolates.
Transmission of a Stolbur Phytoplasma by the Agalliinae Leafhopper Anaceratagallia ribauti (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae)
Authors: Riedle‐Bauer Monika , Sára Anita , Regner Ferdinand 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSeventeen Auchenorrhyncha species were studied for their ability to transmit stolbur phytoplasma. Adult insects were collected alive in Bois Noir infected vineyards, transferred to Vicia faba seedlings (two leaf stage) in cylindrical pot cages and kept in a growth chamber at 23°C (L16:D8). After 5 weeks, plants were inspected visually and sampled for PCR analysis. Anaceratagallia ribauti, Dryodurgades reticulatus and Euscelis incisus were also reared in the laboratory. Insects trapped in the vineyard were allowed to oviposit on V. faba seedlings. Hatching nymphs were transferred to cubical breeding cages containing potted V. faba seedlings and stolbur‐infected Convolvulus arvensis collected in the vineyard. Plants in these cubical cages were routinely tested by PCR for stolbur infections. Adults raised in these cubical cages were subjected to further pot cage experiments with V. faba seedlings. In five of 40 experiments with field‐trapped A. ribauti, stolbur transmission was observed. Laboratory‐reared A. ribauti transmitted stolbur phytoplasma to seven of 23 broad beans in the cubical breeding cages. Laboratory‐reared A. ribauti adults transmitted stolbur phytoplasma in one of 13 pot cage experiments. No transmission of stolbur phytoplasma with any other Auchenorrhyncha species was observed. Furthermore, we characterized Austrian stolbur isolates by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of the tuf gene. Plant samples were collected in 17 symptomatic vineyards all over eastern Austria. Vicia faba plants from transmission experiments were also analysed. All isolates belonged to tuf‐type II.
First Report of Erwinia amylovora Fire Blight in Belarus
Authors: Lagonenko Alexander L. , Komardina Veronika S. , Nikolaichik Yevgeny A. , Evtushenkov Anatoli N. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Erwinia amylovora is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes fire blight, an economically important disease of Rosaceae. Several isolates from pears and apples with fire blight symptoms from Belarus were identified as E. amylovora. All tested isolates were yellow and mucoid on MM2Cu medium, positive in levan production and showed pathogenicity in immature pear fruits. These isolates have identical total protein patterns with E. amylovora 1/79. The PCR with specific primers for E. amylovora harpin gene also gave positive results.
Exo‐β‐1,3‐Glucanase from Yeast Inhibits Colletotrichum lupini and Botrytis cinerea Spore Germination
Authors: Oelofse Dean , Dubery Ian , Berger Dave K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractYeast exo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase (EXG1) was evaluated as an inhibitory agent of Colletotrichum lupini and Botrytis cinerea. Extracts obtained from yeast transformed with the exg1 gene, expressing high levels of EXG1 activity, or control untransformed yeast cultures that lacked EXG1 activity, were added to different starting concentrations of C. lupini fungal spore suspensions (2.5 × 103 to 80 × 103 spores per flask), and mycelial dry weight was measured after 5 days. Inhibition of C. lupini mycelial growth by EXG1 compared with control extracts ranged from 41 to 20% when added to starting fungal spore concentrations of 2.5 × 103 to 80 × 103, respectively. EXG1 activity in the extracts from the transformed yeast remained high over the 5‐day incubation period. Addition of the EXG1 extract after C. lupini spore germination resulted in lower inhibition, indicating that the EXG1 targets the β‐glucan in the cell walls of the fungal spores at an early stage of germination. Furthermore, the yeast EXG1 extracts were also shown to inhibit Botrytis cinerea spore germination and growth. Thus, the use of the yeast exg1 gene for protection of crops, such as lupin and pear in transgenic strategies against C. lupini and B. cinerea, respectively, could be considered.