bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary Pathogens in the Male
Authors: MASKELL ROSALIND , PEAD LINDA , HALLETT R. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryEvidence is presented that the pathogens causing urinary infection in boys differ significantly from those causing infection in girls and in adult males. Studies of the prepuce flora in boys known to have had urinary infection and in matched controls suggest that the focus of infection is in the preputial sac or urethra, rather than the bowel as in girls. It is suggested that the difference in infecting organisms in boys and in adult males may be related to prostatic secretion.
The Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry: 10 Years On
Authors: GACHES C. G. C. , MILLER K. W. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , SLADE N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe reasons for the initiation and the basic structure of the Bristol Pyelonephritis Registry have been discussed.The detailed follow‐up data on those patients clinically at “renal risk” has been noted, with a demonstrably low incidence of proven bacterial infection, no radiological progression and minimal interference with pregnancy.Satisfactory and reassuring information has thus accrued for the first time in a particular group of patients with often severe recurrent symptoms.
The Technique and Results of Pyelocalycotomy for Staghorn Calculi
Authors: TEPHENSON T. P. , BAUER S. , HARGREAVE T. B. , WARWICK RICHARD TURNER 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn 10 kidneys treated by the sinus approach the overall recurrence rate was 40%.In 48 kidneys treated by pyelocalycotomy the overall recurrence rate was 17% but only 6% in functioning kidneys with infective stones.Infection was controlled in 75 % of patients from whom all stone fragments were removed radiologically but all patients in whom fragments remained, or who developed further calculi, remained infected—with Proteus in 75 % of cases.All patients with kidneys completely cleared of calculi in whom infection was controlled remained stone‐free for periods of up to 10 years.
Acute Urinary Retention in the Female
Authors: DORAN J. , ROBERTS MICHAEL 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe causes of acute urinary retention in the female are discussed in relation to 103 cases recorded over a 3‐year period.The authors feel that the findings are at variance with traditional teaching on the subject. Rather than being very rare the condition is found, in fact, to be not uncommon. It is found to occur postoperatively and following childbirth. Gynaecological and neurological lesions are reaffirmed as important causes and pathology within the urinary tract is found to be a more frequent component than is usually appreciated. Our findings do not support the view that hysteria is a common cause of acute urinary retention in females.
The Effect of Adrenergic Blocking Drugs on Outflow Resistance
Authors: WHITFIELD H. N. , DOYLE P. T. , MAYO M. E. , POOPALASINGHAM N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAlpha blockade at a dose which produces minimal cardiovascular effects causes a significant fall in the urethral pressure profile in man.No change in profile height has been seen following the administration of a beta blocking drug in a dose producing cardiovascular changes of a similar order of magnitude.
Flat Carcinoma in situ of Bladder
Authors: RIDDLE P. R. , CHISHOLM G. D. , TROTT P. A. , PUGH R. C. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary36 patients with flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder have been reviewed.Those with widespread disease usually presented with dysuria or obstructive outflow tract symptoms and radical surgery appeared to give better results than radiotherapy. However, when the lesion was confined to small areas of the bladder mucosa, haematuria or pain were the main presenting symptoms and a conservative approach seemed justified.It is suggested that the term flat carcinoma in situ be used for this lesion whose behaviour differs significantly from that of the commoner papillary or invasive tumours. The pathological appearances are to be reported elsewhere in full.
The Ultrastructure of Human Male Urethral Stricture
Authors: SINGH M. , SCOTT T. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBiopsy material was examined from 20 urethral strictures at the time of urethroplasty, using ultramicroscopic methods not hitherto applied to the study of the pathogenesis of stricture. Abundant smooth muscle and elastic tissue was found in the post‐inflammatory strictures. The scar tissue from post‐traumatic strictures merely showed dense collagen.An anatomical basis for the well known difference between the fibrous and the resilent stricture is demonstrated, and the role of smooth muscle in the development and behaviour of strictures is discussed.
Bifid Urethra with Pre‐anal Accessory Track (Y Duplication)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. INNES , BLOOMBERG S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBifid urethra with a pre‐anal or perineal accessory track (Y duplication) is an abnormality insufficiently recognised and its true anatomy may be overlooked. 9 cases are reported together with a description of an operative correction.
Transplantation of Interstitial Cells of the Testis: Effect of Implant Site, Graft Mass and Ischaemia
Authors: BOYLE PAULINE F. , FOX M. , SLATER D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAutotransplantation of testicular tissue was performed in inbred mice to subcutaneous trunk, ear lobe and intraperitoneal sites.The results were assessed after 3 months by determining the weights of seminal vesicle and penis and by the histological appearances of the grafts and seminal vesicles.Intraperitoneal implantation produced maximal effects and as little as 5 mg of testicular tissue could be grafted with demonstrable androgenic action on the host.Spermatogenic tissue atrophied in all cases but interstitial cells were shown to survive and function 3 months after subcutaneous grafting following 48 hours ischaemia at 3°C, 12 hours at 21°C and 3 hours at 37 °C.
Antireflux Ureterocystostomy at the Vertex of the Bladder
Authors: BRADIĆ I. , PASINI M. , VLATKOVIĆ G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis is the first report on the technique and the results of an antireflux ureterocystostomy in the vault of the bladder.During the last 3 years, a total of 106 antireflux ureterocystostomies at the vertex of the urinary bladder has been performed.In 93 cases without another preceding antireflux operation, only 2 (21%) recurrent refluxes were found, whereas in 13 cases where an antireflux operation had been performed previously, 4 cases of recurrent reflux were seen, making a 30% rate of operative failure in this particular group. In all other cases the end result was excellent; the urine has become negative on culture and the dilatation of the ureter has subsided.
The Effect of Chlorhexidine Irrigation of the Bladder in the Rat
Authors: HARPER W. E. S. , MATZ L. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryRats' bladders were irrigated with aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate 1 : 5,000 or 1 : 10,000 for varying periods up to 48 hours. Histologic examination of the bladders showed severe erosive cystitis in a high percentage of cases.It is concluded that chlorhexidine cannot be recommended for prolonged irrigation of the bladder or for instillation during intermittent catheterisation where chlorhexidine has repeated and prolonged contact with bladder mucosa.
Diphosphonate Therapy in Nephrocalcinosis
Authors: MCCREDIE D. A. , POWELL H. R. , ROTENBERG E. 
Published: November 2008

The inhibiting effect of diphosphonates on calcification in tissues has led to their successful use i n conditions associated with abnormal calcification, such as niyositis ossificans (Bassett et al., 1969; Cram et al., 1971; Weiss, Fisher and Phang, 1971; Russell of et al., 1972) and Paget's disease of bone (Smith, Russell and Bishop, 1971; Altman et al., 1973; Russell et al., 1974). In vitroexperiments have shown that diphosphonates inhibit the crystallisation of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate from solutions of these salts (Francis, 1969; Fraser et al., 1972) and the discdium salt of ethane I‐hydroxy‐1.1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) inhibited the formation of calcium stones in rats with experimental nephrolithiasis (Fraser et al., 1972). Few clinical studies have been reported on the use of diphosphonates in human stone‐formers or patients with nephrccalcinosis, but it appears that inhibition of crystal growth may be obtained (Ohata and Pak, 1973; Baumann et al., 1974; Robertson et al., 1974). Whilst Uttley et al., (1975) have recently reported the use of diphosphonates in 3 children with ectopic calcification in skin and subcutaneous tissues, their use in children with renal calcification has not been reported to our knowledge.This paper presents results obtained with the use of EHDP in 4 children with nephrocalcinosis over a 13‐month period. Preliminary results of these studies have been previously presented (McCredie, Powell and Rotenberg, 1974).
An Apparatus for Helmstein's Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment
Authors: MONGA L. S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA new method of producing a balloon catheter for distension of the bladder is presented and an appropriate infusion set for the balloon is described.Various advantages and disadvantages have been discussed.I wish to express my sincere thanks to: Mr J. W. Eadie, FRCS, FRCS(Ed.) Consultant Surgeon, and M r J. D. C. Kelly, FRCS, Consultant Surgeon, for their encouragement to develop the apparatus described; Dr Myers, FFA, RCS, for his help in administering epidural anaesthetic; Theatre Sisters and the Staff for providing useful help during experimentation; Mrs Border, the Medical Photographer; Mrs Williamson, the Medical Secretary, for her help in drafting this article.
Leukoplakia of the Male Urethra
Authors: Vijayan P. , Clark P. B. , Anderson C. K. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryLeukoplakia of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, glans penis and vulva has been well documented but very little has been written about leukoplakia of the urethra, except to mention that it does occur. 8 cases have been reported—3 by Kretschmer (1928), I each by Schloss (1956) and Perl (1965) and 3 by Reece and Koontz (1975). The following case is probably the first to be reported from the United Kingdom and has several unusual features.
Relative Contributions of Smooth and Striated Muscles to the Canine Urethral Pressure Profile
Authors: Awad S. A. , Downie J. W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryCanine urethral pressure profiles were analysed using pharmacological and nerve sectioning techniques.The presence of significant sympathetic and somatic neural components was detected and their locations along the proximal urethra were identified.The neural components peaked at different points in the urethra but overlapped.The non‐neural component appeared to form an even base along the whole proximal urethra.It was concluded that in the proximal part of the profile the non‐neural and the sympathetic components are significant.The sympathetic component becomes larger in the peak pressure zone.More distally and overlapping with the sympathetic component is the contribution of the striated external sphincter.
Methyl Cholanthrene and Cadmium Induced Changes in Rat Prostate
Authors: SCOTT R. , AUGHEY E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Cadmium workers have been thought to be more likely to develop prostatic cancer. The present study compares the effects of cadmium on rat prostate as compared with a known carcinogen, 20 methyl cholanthrene. The various histological effects produced are discussed.Possibly the most important aspect is the stratification and primitive clear cells found in rat prostatic acini in cadmium injected rats.
The Measurement and Interpretation of Urethral Pressures Obtained by the Method of Brown and Wickham
Authors: ABRAMS P. H. , MARTIN S. , GRIFFITHS D. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The most significant error in routine measurement of urethral pressure by the Brown‐Wickham method is caused by the slow response of the system to increasing pressure. Errors due to viscous pressure losses in the measuring catheter and to variable orientation of the catheter sideholes are not normally important.The distensibility of the urethra may be estimated from the variation of the measured pressure with infusion flow rate in the range above 2 ml/min.In highly distensible urethras the pressure actually measured is similar to the true pressure in the undistended urethra, but in less distensible urethras this is not so.Substantial leakage, at a flow rate of 2 ml/min or more, begins to occur when the intravesical pressure is approximately equal to the maximum pressure in the undistended urethra. Therefore, in highly distensible urethras the maximum measured pressure is a satisfactory guide to the intravesical pressure needed for substantial leakage. In less distensible urethras, however, substantial leakage may occur when the intravesical pressure is perhaps 25 cm H2O below the maximum pressure measured in the urethra.Leakage at very low flow rates may be possible through some urethras when the intravesical pressure is very low indeed. The urethral closure pressure profile, as ordinarily measured, is not a reliable guide to the possibility of such leakage.With care, the method of Brown and Wickham gives satisfactory measurements of the urethral closure pressure profile. However, the maximum profile pressure exceeds, sometimes by a considerable amount, the bladder pressure needed to cause leakage.
The Effect of Routine Digital Examination of the Prostate on Serum Acid Phosphatase
Authors: KHAN A. N. , LEE G. S. , JACKETT D. M. R. , NEWCOMBE R. G. , PATHY M. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Hock and Tessier in 1949 recorded an elevation of serum acid phosphatase levels in 17 out of 20 patients 1 h after prostatic massage. Since that time, it has been widely held and taught that prostatic massage causes a rise in the serum acid phosphatase levels for up to 48 h.This study was designed to evaluate the effect of prostatic examination on serum acid phosphatase levels, along with the magnitude of laboratory variations and the effects of tourniquet application on blood sampling.
Visualisation of the Lymphatics of the Vulva and Scrotum by Direct Intratissue Injection of the Dye
Authors: VLAHOS L. , KARATZAS G. , GIANNOPOULOS A. , BENAKIS V. , DIMOPOULOS C. , PONTIFEX Gr. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Visualisation of the regional lymph nodes of the vulva and scrotum was obtained in 12 dogs (6 females and 6 males) by direct intratissue injection of Lipiodol Ultra Fluid.The advantages as well as the potential applications of the method in humans are discussed.
Pyeloplasty in Infants and Children with Particular Reference to the Method of Drainage Post‐operatively
Authors: RICKWOOD A. M. K. , PHADKE D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty‐three consecutive Anderson‐Hynes pyeloplasties in infants and children have been reviewed with particular reference to any influence the method of drainage might have on the post‐operative course and the final radiological result.Extra‐anastomotic drainage, usually with a sump drain, was used in 40 cases and pyelostomy drainage in 23 cases. Fewer post‐operative complications were encountered in the former group.The final radiological result was not influenced by the method of drainage except that, in patients under 2 years of age, those with pyelostomy drainage fared rather better.It is concluded that (a) extra‐anastomotic sump drainage is the method of choice following pyeloplasty in children over 2 years of age, and (b) in infants under 2 years of age pyelostomy drainage probably should be combined with a trans‐anastomotic splint.
The Site of Recurrence of Non‐Infiltrating Bladder Tumours
Authors: PAGE B. H. , LEVISON V. B. , CURWEN M. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A study of 56 cases of non‐infiltrating bladder tumour showed a striking difference in the distribution within the bladder of the primary and the recurrent tumours. More than three‐quarters of the primary tumours were confined to a restricted area near a ureteric orifice whereas only one‐fifth of recurrent tumours were found in this site. By far the commonest site for recurrent tumours was the postero‐superior wall of the bladder. Forty‐five recurrent tumours formed in the air bubble region, a site in which no primary tumour was found in the whole series.The postero‐superior wall of the bladder is subject to mild trauma and abrasion by the tip of an endoscope and the air bubble region is the recipient of hot gas produced by the diathermy. These gas bubbles may also convey detached tumour cells to the recipient site.Local trauma may encourage tumour formation either by producing a raw surface which allows implantation of tumour cells, or possibly also by reducing local resistance to the primary carcinogenic factor.
The Thermographic Characteristics of Varicocele: an Analysis of 65 Positive Registrations
Authors: MONTEYNE REGINALD , COMHAIRE FRANK 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty‐five positive thermograms in patients suspected of subclinical varicocele or presenting with clinically palpable varicocele have been analysed. Two distinct patterns of varicocele associated thermograms could be distinguished, hyperthermia always exceeding 1d̀C.A correlation was found between the clinical grade of varicocele and both the extension and the degree of hyperthermia.
Coagulum Pyelolithotomy
Authors: SMITH P. J. B. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , DUNN M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In 25 patients undergoing pyelolithotomy a supplementary coagulum technique has been used. Initial difficulties were found in the preparation, instillation and extraction of the coagulum, but with experience a satisfactory technique has been developed.The type of stone situation most likely to benefit from coagulum pyelolithotomy would seem to be where there is a small, mobile stone or stone fragment lying in a calix or in a wide renal pelvis.
Calculi in Renal Transplants
Authors: LUCAS B. St. C. , CASTRO J. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Three patients who underwent live donor renal transplantation subsequently developed calculi in their allografts.Hypercalcaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism were present in 2 cases and these were treated by subtotal parathyroidectomy.Urinary stagnation and infection were contributory factors in the third case and reimplantation of the ureter was necessary.In all patients no further calculi have developed following treatment and allograft function remains satisfactory.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Lymphocoeles Associated with Renal Transplantation:A report of 6 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: BROCKIS J. G. , HULBERT J. C. , PATEL A. S. , GOLINGER D. , HURST P. , SAKER B. , HAYWOOD E. F. , HOUSE A. K. , van MERWYK A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Six patients have developed a lymphocoele after renal transplantation, an incidence of 4%. A lymphocoele should be suspected in a patient who develops a rising creatinine with a pelvic mass or pressure effects on the pelvic veins 1 or more months after operation.The diagnosis is confirmed by intravenous urography, venography and ultrasongraphy: the use of the latter as a diagnostic measure is recommended. Treatment is by marsupialisation into the peritoneum or external drainage with breakdown of all loculi. Aspiration is unsatisfactory.
Ureteric Involvement with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: PETERS J. L. , COWIE A. G. A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The clinical presentations of 3 patients found to have an abdominal aortic aneyurysm with ureteric involvement have been described. The world literature concerning this problem and methods of surgical treatment have been reviewed.The importance of medial displacement of the ureters as an ealry diagnostic sign indicating the presence of an abdominal aoritc aneurysm is again emphasised. The possibility of a relatively benign course for the aneurysm should be considered in patients with renal ior cardiorespiratory complications. In such cases, treatment of the ureteric involvement alone is justified.
Polyglycolic Acid Versus Chromic Catgut in Bladder Surgery
Authors: KRONBORG O. , ØSTERGAARD A. , STEVEN K. , GØTRIK J. K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The clinical importance of calcified deposits on sutures in bladder surgery was evaluted in a blind paried randomised trial of 3/0 chromic catgut versus polyglycolic acid 3/0. Cystoscopy with photographic recording was performed 8 weeks after operation in 40 patients wihout and 8 patients with previous or present bladder stones. None had visible calcified deposits at that time and sutures were only visible in 1 patient form each of the 2 groups without bladder stones.It was concluded that neither chronmic catgut nor polyglycolic acid sutures carry any significant risk of bladder stone formation, whether infection is present or not; the conclusion includes both patients with and without previous bladder stones, but is less firm in the formar becuase of the small number of patients studied.
Apha‐Adrenergic Agents in Urinary Disorders of the Proximal Urethra Part I. Sphincteric Incontinence
Authors: AWAD S. A. , DOWNIE J. W. , KIRULUTA H. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Phenylpropanolamine, and alpha receptor stimulant, was found effective in 11 of 13 female and 6 of 7 male patients with sphincteric incontinence. In all the male patients except 1, the incontinence has followed prostatectomy.Side effects occurred in only 1 patient.As a rule, the beneficial response depended on the therapy being continued. The results are consistent with the distribution of alpha receptors and their effect in the proximal urethra.
Serial Bone Scanning: The Assessment of Treatment Response in Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: FITZPATRICK J. M. , CONSTABLE A. R. , SHERWOOD T. , STEPHENSON J. J. , CHISHOLM G. D. , O'DONOGHUE E. P. N. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Serial bone scans and radiographic surveys were performed in 167 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate: 435 scans and surveys were performed.Nineteen of 99 patients with negative findings on diagnosis have become positive on follow‐up. Forty‐nine patients had positive findings on presentation; 8 have regressed on follow‐up and 26 have progressed; 15 have remained unchanged.This is a sensitive method of follow‐up in patients with carcinoma of prostate. Changes occurred in bone scans and skeletal surveys before any alteration in serum acid or alkaline phosphatases, symptoms of metastases or change in prostatic size in the majority of cases.The documentation of progression from MO to M1 disease presents no problems. However, problems in quantitation may arise in patients presenting with M1 disease.
Urethral Tumours
Authors: STEWART P. A. HAMILTON , ANDERSON C. K. , WILLIAMS R. E. , CLARK P. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A series of 33 patients with urethral tumours has been studied to asess the risk of dissemination by endoscopic diathermy. This risk is less than that of cystourethrectomy. Urethral tumours should be treated like the vesical tumours they follow and so closely resemble: by endoscopic treatment while they remain small, sparse and superficial; by cytourethrectomy as soon as they become larger and more extensive.Recurrence of tumour in the urethral stump following cystectomy should always be treatment by urethrectomy.