bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OESTROGEN ANTAGONISMS: THE EFFECTS OF OESTRIOL AND 16-EPIOESTRIOL ON OESTRONE-INDUCED UTERINE GROWTH IN SPAYED RATS
Authors: EDGREN R. A. , CALHOUN D. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Studies on spayed rats treated simultaneously with mixtures of oestrone and oestriol showed that at low dose levels of oestrone the minor uterine growth response produced is augmented by oestriol; at intermediate doses of oestrone the response is inhibited by oestriol. Large doses of oestrone appear to be unaffected. 16-Epioestriol would appear to show a somewhat similar pattern of activities. We believe that these data suggest that oestriol, and perhaps 16-epioestriol, may act as a sort of biological buffer for the stronger oestrogens, maintaining the uterus when titres of the stronger oestrogens are low, restricting their actions when they are relatively high.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENAL STEROIDS UPON THE SECRETION OF HYPOTONIC URINE BY THE RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After destruction of the supraoptico-hypophysial tracts, rats drank up to twice their body weight of water daily. Subsequent adrenalectomy diminished their polyuria, but they continued to excrete abnormal quantities of urine which was slightly hypotonic to plasma. Cortisone alone caused a small and usually transient increase in the urine output of doubly operated rats, but deoxycortone alone almost restored the pre-adrenalectomy output. Full polyuria was restored by treatment with both steroids. Deoxycortone appeared to act directly on the distal tubule, where it stimulated the release of osmotically free water. Cortisone probably acted in part indirectly through an antagonism with antidiuretic hormone.
A METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF OESTRIOL, OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL-17β IN THE BLOOD OF THE PREGNANT WOMAN AND OF THE FOETUS
Authors: ROY EVELINE J. , BROWN J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A chemical method for the estimation of oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol-17β in the blood of the pregnant woman and of the foetus is described. It is based on a method previously developed for urine and involves acid hydrolysis of whole blood, extraction of the phenolic fraction, methylation, chromatography on alumina columns and colorimetric measurement using a micro-modification of the Kober reaction. Kober-chromogenic impurities in the final extracts are derived from the procedure, not from the blood, and are eliminated by the spectrophotometric correction of Allen. The accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of the method have been determined.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN THYROXINE ANALOGUES ON THE SERUM LIPIDS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: BOYD G. S. , OLIVER M. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Certain analogues of thyroxine have been administered to twenty-six hypothyroid patients and 132 euthyroid hypercholesterolaemic men with coronary heart disease. The analogues studied were d-thyroxine, 3:5:3′:5′-tetraiodothyroformic acid, 3:5:3′:5′-tetraiodothyronamine, 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine, 3:5:3′-triiodo-d-thyronine, 3:5:3′-triiodothyroacetic acid, 3:5-diiodo-l-thyronine, 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine and 3:5-diiodothyroacetic acid.
2. In both hypothyroid and euthyroid patients, most of these analogues reduced the serum cholesterol without necessarily elevating the basal metabolic rate (b.m.r.). Nevertheless, in euthyroid patients with coronary heart disease several produced angina in the absence of any change in b.m.r. and this has been regarded as a sign of increased myocardial metabolism insufficient to be reflected in the overall measure of b.m.r. of all tissues. The possible differential effect of these analogues on the oxygen requirements of various tissues is discussed.
3. Although it has been possible to maintain low cholesterol levels for periods up to 3 months during the administration of several of these analogues, the dose required for this purpose was often so close to the dose which provoked angina that most cannot be recommended for widespread administration for the reduction of the hypercholesterolaemia frequently found in patients who have coronary heart disease. d-Thyroxine may prove to be an exception and requires further clinical assessment.
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THYROXINE ON SERUM AND LIVER CHOLESTEROL AND ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART WEIGHTS IN RATS AND MICE
Authors: CUTHBERTSON W. F. J. , ELCOATE P. V. , IRELAND D. M. , MILLS D. C. B. , SHEARLEY PATRICIA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Methods are described for comparing the activity of compounds related to thyroxine in controlling the increases in cholesterol concentration in the serum and in the liver, and the increased sudanophilia in the cardiovascular system, after feeding diets containing cholesterol, choline, fat and cholic acid.
2. The three test procedures described placed the compounds tested in a similar order of activity. Little activity could be detected in compounds not containing an iodine atom at both the 3 and 5 positions in the molecule. Compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′ positions were more active than those substituted at the 3:5:3′:5′ positions, which in turn were more active than the 3:5 di-substituted compounds. The l isomers of 3:5:3′-triiodo-thyronine and thyroxine were more active than the d isomers, but 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine was as active as 3:5-diiodo-l-thyronine.
3. Methods are also described for comparing the activity of the same compounds in causing ventricular enlargement in mice maintained on a stock diet and in rats maintained on a diet containing added fat, cholesterol, choline and cholic acid or on a stock diet with added thiouracil.
4. The tests involving ventricular hypertrophy placed all the compounds tested in approximately the same order of activity, broadly similar to that shown in published results obtained by the oxygen consumption rate or antigoitrogenic tests. Little, if any, activity could be detected except in compounds with iodine atoms at both the 3 and 5 positions in the molecule. Compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′ positions were more active than the corresponding compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′:5′ positions, which in turn were more active than the 3:5 di-substituted products. Iodinated l-thyronine derivatives were more active than the corresponding thyroacetic acid compounds, which in turn were more active than the thyroformic acid derivatives. Iodinated l-thyronine derivatives were more active than the d-isomers.
5. The ratio of the activity of a compound in preventing elevation of serum cholesterol to its effect on the heart was about three times as great for some, such as 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine and d-thyroxine, as for others, such as 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine and l-thyroxine.
REVERSAL OF DIURNAL RHYTHMS OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION IN MAN
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In Spitsbergen, with Arctic summer conditions of 24 hr daylight, an investigation of the diurnal rhythms of water and electrolyte excretion has been carried out in six human subjects. Diet, activity and lighting were carefully controlled in a study of the effect of reversal of the activity—sleep routine upon these rhythms.
2. All subjects showed the same general pattern of diurnal rhythm and reversal after inversion of routine.
3. The time taken for the excretory rhythms to reverse varied in individual subjects, but for any one subject the rhythms for the elimination of water, sodium and potassium reversed in phase with each other. This suggests that one prime factor is controlling the rhythm.
4. The rhythms are dependent upon habit and environment.
5. The significance of these findings and their possible relationship to adrenocortical activity are discussed.
PITUITARY GRAFTS AND MILK SECRETION IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: COWIE A. T. , TINDAL J. S. , BENSON G. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lactating rats were implanted under the kidney capsule or in the anterior chamber of the eye with pituitary tissue obtained from their 7–8-day-old sucklings. These rats were again mated and were hypophysectomized on the 4th day of their second lactation. Injections of oxytocin were given thrice daily to induce milk ejection. In such rats the pituitary grafts under the kidney capsule gave a slight temporary maintenance of milk secretion. Substantial increases in the amount of milk and in the duration of milk secretion were obtained when the grafted animals were given daily injections of adrenocorticotrophin. The administration of antidiuretic hormone failed to increase significantly the milk yield of grafted animals. These observations are consistent with the view that such pituitary grafts secrete prolactin.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBLE PRECURSORS OF URINARY PREGNANETRIOL
Authors: FOTHERBY K. , LOVE D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The conversion of three possible precursors of pregnanetriol, namely 11-deoxycortisol, 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, to pregnanetriol has been studied quantitatively. After the intravenous injection of pregnanetriol, 66% of the dose was recovered as pregnanetriol in urine. The amounts of the three possible precursors converted to pregnanetriol were 0, 8 and 35% of the injected dose, respectively.
Evidence is presented to show that the pregnanetriol excreted after the injection of 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one was 5β-pregnance-3α,17α,20α-triol. The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone was not increased by the injection of 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one.
CHANGES IN THE ADRENAL AND PITUITARY GLAND IN EXPERIMENTAL MALNUTRITION
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , FERNAND V. S. V. , SCHNIEDEN H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation has been made of the effects of malnutrition produced by a diet of cassava on the adrenal cortex and hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of rodents.
2. The renal response to isotonic saline was impaired in the malnourished animals. A reduction in adrenal ascorbic acid and in neurohypophysial pressor content also occurred.
3. In response to an intravenous isotonic saline load, adrenalectomized animals were unable to excrete as great a volume of urine as sham-operated controls, but no differences were detected in urinary sodium output.
4. In the malnourished animals, histochemical observation revealed a fall in adrenal alkaline phosphatase activity and impaired synthesis and secretion of neurosecretory material in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
5. From the evidence presented it is likely that the reduced renal response to isotonic saline in the malnourished animals reflects a disturbance in the adrenal cortex rather than increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
SUPEROVULATION TREATMENT OF ADULT MICE: THEIR SUBSEQUENT NATURAL FERTILITY AND RESPONSE TO FURTHER TREATMENT
Authors: EDWARDS R. G. , FOWLER RUTH E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of an injection of pregnant mares' serum (PMS), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), or of superovulation treatment with both of these gonadotrophins on subsequent reproductive behaviour of adult mice and on their response to a second superovulation treatment given shortly afterwards have been studied.
An injection of PMS had induced ovulation, but not superovulation, in dioestrous mice autopsied 24 hr later. The injection also induced oestrus and superovulation in many mice (c. 30%) 60–62 hr later, a positive correlation being found between mating and ovulation in these mice. The resumption of the natural oestrous cycle after an injection of PMS was delayed in some of the mice. HCG had induced ovulation in mice in metoestrus-II and dioestrus autopsied 24 hr later. Most mice quickly resumed their natural oestrous cycle after the injection of HCG.
If mice were not paired with males after the full superovulation treatment with PMS and HCG, they resumed their natural oestrous cycle within 3–6 days. Ovulation, fertilization and pregnancy during or after this natural oestrus were quite normal. These mice were also capable of further induced oestrus and superovulation when given a second course 1–3 days after the first treatment, though the number of mice that ovulated was lower, and the variability between mice in the number of eggs ovulated was higher, if the second treatment was given 1–2 days after the first.
The corpora lutea formed in mice that mated after a superovulation treatment were fully active. A second treatment induced superovulation in most mice, but failed to induce oestrus in the majority of them, especially when given during mid-pseudopregnancy. Fertilization and embryonic development were quite normal in the few mice that mated.
THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE CONTROL OF AMINO ACID INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN OF ISOLATED RAT LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: KORNER A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Microsomes, isolated from rat liver a day after adrenalectomy, incorporate more radioactive amino acid into their protein in vitro than microsomes from normal rat liver. This enhanced rate of incorporation progressively declines with time after adrenalectomy until it reaches a plateau level which is below the normal rate of incorporation.
2. Following adrenalectomy microsomes isolated from liver of male rats show a greater rise in incorporating ability than those from liver of female rats, and maintain it longer.
3. Most of the increased incorporation observed in the in vitro system soon after adrenalectomy of the rat, and most of the decreased incorporation observed in rats adrenalectomized for some time, results from alterations in the microsomes which change their ability to incorporate activated amino acids into proteins.
4. Treatment of rats with cortisol acetate results in an increase in the ability of liver microsomes to incorporate amino acid into protein. This heightened incorporating ability is probably a secondary result of the breakdown of extrahepatic tissue protein which is stimulated by cortisol.
5. Somewhat similar responses to acute adrenalectomy and to treatment with cortisol were found in hypophysectomized rats.
6. The protein anabolic response of adrenalectomized rats to treatment with insulin, and of adrenalectomized-hypophysectomized rats to treatment with insulin or growth hormone, is greater than that shown by rats which possess adrenal glands.
BONE METABOLISM IN RATS, STUDIED WITH STABLE STRONTIUM
Authors: HARRISON M. , FRASER RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The retention of a dose of stable strontium given intraperitoneally to rats has been measured after 24 hr.
2. When the total retention is expressed in terms of the amount in the plasma, it provides an estimate of the rate of bone formation.
3. The strontium retention is a function of the age of the rat, but is independent of the sex.
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND CALCIUM DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT
Authors: HARRISON M. , FRASER RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In rats maintained on a diet deficient in calcium but otherwise adequate, there is increased parathyroid activity. Evidence is presented which shows that the osteoporosis of calcium deficiency is the result of this activity. The rapid bone turnover which characterizes this form of osteoporosis is dependent on the presence of the parathyroid glands, and in their absence it is not seen, but instead bone turnover is much slower than normal. Hypoparathyroidism protects the skeleton from the osteoporosis due to calcium deficiency, but at the expense of somatic and skeletal growth.
THE HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM IN OLD RATS
Authors: RODECK H. , LEDERIS K. , HELLER H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of chrome-alum-haematoxyphil material in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system has been studied in young (3–6 months), old (12–24 months) and senile (over 24 months) rats. No difference could be detected between the abundance of 'neurosecretory' material in 'young' and 'old' animals, but there was a decrease in the senile rats. The neural lobes of young and old rats contained similar amounts of antidiuretic hormone. It seems likely from this and other evidence that changes in the water metabolism of old rats are due to regression of renal functions rather than to alterations in the rate of synthesis, storage and release of the neurohypophysial hormones.
PATTERNS OF STEROID EXCRETION IN THREE TYPES OF POST-PUBERTAL HIRSUTISM
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The steroid excretion of patients with three types of post-pubertal hirsutism has been studied both before and during the administration of corticotrophin. The types of hirsutism distinguished were post-pubertal adrenal virilism (three cases), idiopathic hirsutism (five cases) and the Stein-Leventhal syndrome (seven cases).
1. The patients in the adrenal virilism group were found to have a pattern of steroid excretion of the type seen in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Thus they excreted relatively small amounts of cortisol metabolites in the urine, but the excretions of pregnanetriol, 17-hydroxypregnanolone, 11-oxopregnanetriol and 11-hydroxyandrosterone were high.
2. The patients with idiopathic hirsutism showed a tendency to excrete relatively more of those 17-oxosteroids derived from C19 precursors compared with those derived from cortisol. The evidence suggests, however, that this disproportion is due not to an impairment of cortisol synthesis but to a potentiation of the production of adrenal androgens.
3. A similar abnormality in the patterns of steroid excretion was also found in some of the patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Since this abnormality includes the excretion of increased amounts of those 17-oxosteroids thought to be exclusively of adrenal origin, viz. dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-hydroxyandrosterone, this would suggest adrenal involvement in at least some of the cases.
ESTIMATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF FREE AND CONJUGATED CORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: GORE MARION B. R. , BARON D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An examination has been made of the free and glucuronide-conjugated corticosteroids in the plasma of normal controls and of patients before and after hypophysectomy. Quantitative measure of the free plasma corticosteroid level 72 hr after withholding cortisone from a hypophysectomized patient (cortisone withdrawal test) is a useful index of completeness of hypophysectomy. Qualitative examination failed to detect corticosteroids in these patients.
2. In all plasmas examined (controls and patients in resting state and after adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)) the main component of the free corticosteroid fraction is cortisol. In 50% of the plasma samples cortisone was detected. Even after ACTH only occasional traces of corticosterone were detected by the method used in this study.
3. In the glucuronide-conjugated fraction of plasma from subjects in the resting state three compounds, concluded to be tetrahydrocortisol (THF)†, tetrahydrocortisone, and allo-THF†, were regularly seen. After ACTH other material was detected in this fraction which is considered to be tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB), tetrahydro 11-deoxycortisol (THS) and allo-THB. Administration of oral cortisone to hypophysectomized patients did not increase the amounts of THB, THS or allo-THB in the plasma.
THE DETERMINATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS IN BLOOD
Authors: BRAUNSBERG HANNELORE , JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method has been described for the extraction, chromatographic purification and fluorimetric determination of cortisol and corticosterone from human peripheral blood plasma. Data are presented on specificity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and results for normal individuals and persons with adrenal hyperfunction are given and discussed.
THE STABILITY OF HEXOESTROL IN SOIL AND ITS UPTAKE BY PLANTS
Authors: BROOM W. A. , GURD M. R. , HARMER G. L. M. , RANDALL S. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Strips of arable land were treated with hexoestrol at 10 μg and 50 μg/kg, harrowed into the top 4 in. of soil.
2. When known amounts of hexoestrol were added to soil, about 70% was recovered by the method of extraction used.
3. Samples of treated soil were assayed biologically for oestrogenic activity at intervals after treatment; crops of grass, clover and cabbage grown on the treated soil were similarly assayed at intervals after sowing or planting.
4. The hexoestrol disappeared from the soil within a few weeks. Where the initial concentration was 10 μg/kg, no hexoestrol could be detected after 4 weeks, the lowest detectable level being 4 μg/kg. Where the initial concentration was 50 μg/kg, the concentration had fallen to about 4 μg/kg after 4 weeks and to about 2 μg/kg after 8 weeks.
5. Part of the loss is due to leaching into lower layers of the soil.
6. No oestrogenic activity could be demonstrated in grass grown on the treated plots when cut at 7, 17 or 22 weeks after sowing.
7. No oestrogenic activity could be demonstrated in cabbage grown on the treated plots when cut at 8 or 16 weeks after planting.
8. No oestrogenic activity could be demonstrated in clover grown on the treated plots when cut at 7 or 17 weeks after sowing. Clover grown on the treated plots showed a low level of oestrogenic activity when cut at 22 weeks. Clover grown on untreated soil under the same conditions showed no activity.
The practical significance of these findings is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AGE, NUMBERS OF OOCYTES AND FERTILITY IN VIRGIN AND MULTIPAROUS MICE
Authors: JONES ESTHER C. , KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The oocytes in the ovaries of virgin and multiparous mice (A, CBA, RIII and CBA × A strains) have been classified and counted. The ages of the virgin mice ranged from 0 (the day of birth) to 933 days and of the breeding mice from 93 to 735 days.
In each strain there is a continuous gradual decline in numbers of oocytes which can be expressed by regression equations of the form: log y = a + b (x − [unk]), where y = number of oocytes and x = age in days. The strains differ in the stage of development reached at birth, in the total numbers of oocytes they contain and in the rates at which the oocytes are lost (given by the regression coefficients b). CBA mice lose their oocytes most rapidly and this is the only strain in which the ovary became totally depleted of oocytes long before death.
The proportion of oocytes classified as normal, on histological grounds, falls during the first few weeks of life to a figure of 50–60%, around which it remains throughout the rest of life. The strain with the highest proportion of normal oocytes was the one in which the decline in total numbers occurred most slowly.
Breeding has no significant effect on the rate at which the total number of oocytes declines.
Figures for the levels of fertility (in terms of litter size at birth) throughout the reproductive lifespan follow the accepted pattern of rising productivity for the first few litters followed by a gradual decline until the mice become sterile. The levels of fertility differ between the strains but cannot be related either to the total number of oocytes, the rate at which they decrease, or to a decline in numbers of Graafian follicles or corpora lutea. It is suggested that the explanation for the decline in fertility towards the end of the reproductive lifespan is more likely to be found in defects in the hormonal control of the ovary or in the uterine environment rather than in the loss of oocytes per se.