bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent influence on reaction mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution of β‐substituted alkoxyvinyl trifluoromethyl ketones with piperidine
Authors: Vdovenko Sergey I. , Gerus Igor I. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMultiple linear regressions of solvent effects on reactivity of β‐substituted β‐alkoxyvinyl trifluoromethyl ketones R1OCR2CHCOCF3 (1a, b) [(1a), R1R2CH3; (1b), R1C2H5, R2C(CH3)3] with piperidine (2) [(CH2)5NH] in nine aprotic and six protic solvents were obtained. Values of ln k in dimethyl sulfoxide are out of the regression in view of electrophilic solvent catalysis. For 1a (E‐s‐Z‐o‐Z) and 1b (Z‐s‐Z‐o‐Z), single regressions were obtained for all studied solvents, whereas for 1b (E‐s‐Z‐o‐Z) and 1b (E‐s‐Z‐o‐E) protic and aprotic solvents form separate correlations. In the first two cases, the rate retardation due to nucleophile protonation by alcohols is compensated by the rate acceleration via electrophilic solvent assistance whereas in the second two cases the rate retardation predominates and protic solvents form separate correlations with Reichardt's solvent parameter $E_T^N $. Hence, in those cases the reaction rate depends mostly on the solvent's hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD) acidity (α). The poor proton‐donating ability of enones 1a, b accounts for the negligible effect of solvent's basicity (β) on the reaction rate. For systems for which a single regression is observed, the main influence on the reaction rates comes from the solvent's dipolarity/polarizability (π*). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spirituality and depression: the role of spirituality in the process of recovering from depression
Authors: Rajakumar Sarojni , Jillings Carol , Osborne Margaret , Tognazzini Paula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough there is increasing recognition of the influence of spirituality in health and healing, the understanding and provision of spiritual care in psychiatric practice, especially how spirituality helps in recovering from depression, has not kept pace with this trend. This study explored the role of spirituality in the process of recovering from depression. The findings revealed that spirituality played a significant role for participants in their recovery from depression and that it was experienced as connections. Connections enabled participants to form relationships with God/Higher Power, self, others and nature, and through these relationships participants found meaning and purpose in their lives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of magnesium boride films obtained by CVD
Authors: Crociani Laura , Carta Giovani , Kaciulis Saulius , Mezzi Alessio , Rossetto Gilberto , Zanella Pierino 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe films of magnesium boride were grown on Si(100) substrate by chemical vapor deposition, starting from the synthesis of the single‐source precursor Mg(BH4)2. The deposition time was varied to study its influence on the film composition. The chemical composition of produced samples was investigated by the XPS technique. The depth profiling of MgBx films was carried out by using Ar ion sputtering combined with cyclic XPS measurements. The contributions of different chemical species (boride and oxides) in the depth profiles were separated by peak‐fitting analysis of photoelectron B 1s and Auger Mg KLL spectra. In order to determine the correct parameters of peak fitting, the reference samples of MgB2 and MgO were studied as well. The produced samples were composed of MgBx film covered by an overlayer of magnesium and boron oxides, whose thickness was increasing with deposition time. The surface of the films was enriched with magnesium, while the volume was characterized by the B : Mg ratio exceeding 2. XPS results confirmed that the bulk decomposition of Mg(BH4)2 precursor was successful; therefore, some other phenomenon, such as Mg segregation, was responsible for the formation of MgBx films with x > 2. In addition, a prolonged deposition time resulted in a thicker surface overlayer of Mg and B oxides, but it did not change the stoichiometry of the boride film. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of corrosion products on Vietnamese archaeological bronzes dating from the Dông Sôn period
Authors: Schoukens I. , Tourwé E. , Guillaume J. , Viet Nguyen , Vereecken Jean , Terryn H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this work corrosion products present on Vietnamese archaeological bronzes from the Dông Sôn period are investigated using several complementary surface analysis techniques. An image with the accompanying depth profile of the different elements within the corrosion layer (Cu, Pb, Sn, O, Si, Al, Cl) was obtained by means of scanning electron microscopy—energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDX). Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of azurite, atacamite, and lead white in the corrosion layers. From X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) it is found that lead and tin are present as oxides, the chemical state of copper could not be determined univocally: copper is present as pure Cu or as copper oxide. On the basis of the SEM‐EDX measurements the samples are sorted according to a classification proposed by Robbiola et al. in literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in media with H2S studied by impedance spectroscopy method
Authors: Tsygankova Liudmila E. , Vigdorovich Vladimir I. , Kichigin Vladimir I. , Kuznetsova Ekaterina 
Published: January 2008

AbstractInvestigations of carbon steel corrosion were conducted in the model stratum water saturated with hydrogen sulfide. Inhibitive properties of AMDOR IC‐6, that is, mixture of 10% aminoparafine C12C18 and 10% imidazoline dissolved in specific mixture of organic solvents, EM‐10 (imino‐bis‐[(ethyl‐2)‐(C‐alkyl of tall oil acids)‐(1,3‐diazocyclopenten‐2)]) and EM‐11 (1‐(3,6‐diazo‐8‐amine)‐(C‐alkyl of coco oil acids)‐1,3‐diazocyclopenten‐2) have been studied by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and for comparison by the weight loss and polarization measurements. The inhibitor concentration was equal to 25–200 mg/l. EIS measurements (60 kHz–10 mHz) were carried out at the corrosion potential (Ecor), anodic and cathodic polarization. The suggested equivalent circuit consists of four parallel branches and satisfactorily fits the experimental data obtained in the solutions with and without the inhibitors at Ecor. The observed values of double layer capacity Cdl < 1 µF/cm2 testify that multilayer adsorption of the inhibitors takes place on the electrode surface. It causes a retardation of the anodic reaction and slightly influences the cathodic one. Inhibitor efficiencies calculated on basis of impedance data qualitatively correlate with those obtained from the weight loss tests and the polarization measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile fabrication of silver nanoparticles on silicon for surface‐enhanced infrared and Raman analysis
Authors: Huang Bei‐Bei , Wang Jin‐Yi , Huo Sheng‐Juan , Cai Wen‐Bin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA facile and economic method to fabricate and immobilize silver nanoparticles on a thin Si wafer (AgNP/Si) is reported for an analytical template in ambient environment by surface‐enhanced infrared/Raman spectroscopy. The protocol involves immersion of the Si wafer in a solution containing silver nitrate and hydrofluoric acid. To screen appropriate conditions for preparing AgNP/Si for SEIRAS application, different combinations of AgNO3 and HF solutions were examined with paranitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) used as the probe molecule in transmission measurements. These SEIRA‐active substrates were also promising for SERS application, as demonstrated with high quality SERS spectra of iron (III) protoporphyrin adlayer on AgNP/Si with a red excitation line. The AgNP/Si substrates prepared under different conditions were examined by SEM for qualitative correlation of enhancements with morphologies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysulfonylamine. CLXXXIII. Neues aus der Festkörperchemie der Di(arensulfonyl)amine: Silber(I)‐di(4‐iod‐ benzolsulfonyl)amid, eine Schichtverbindung mit strukturdirigierenden Ag–I–C‐Motiven, und Di(4‐fluorbenzolsulfonyl)amin‐Monohydrat, eine Säulenstruktur mit intracolumnaren Wasserketten und intercolumnaren Wasserstoffbrücken C–H···F–C
Authors: Wölper Christoph , Kandula Maja , Graumann Tobias , Hartwig Sven , Blume Eike , Jones Peter G. , Blaschette Armand 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPolysulfonylamines. CLXXXIII. Novel Solid‐State Aspects of Di(arenesulfonyl)amines: Silver(I) Di(4‐iodobenzenesulfonyl)amide, a Layer Compound Displaying Structure‐Directing Ag–I–C Motifs, and Di(4‐fluorobenzenesulfonyl)amine Monohydrate, a Column Structure Exhibiting Intracolumnar Water Chains and Intercolumnar C–H···F–C Hydrogen BondsLow‐temperature X‐ray structures are reported for (4‐I–C6H4SO2)2NAg (1, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, Z′ = 1) and (4‐F–C6H4SO2)2NH·H2O (2, orthorhombic, Pna21, Z′ = 2). Whereas metal di(arenesulfonyl)amides usually display folded anions (C–S···S′–C′ synperiplanar) and crystallize in lamellar layers, compound 1 has an extended anion (C–S···S′–C′ antiperiplanar) and forms non‐lamellar striated layers in which the ions are connected by Ag–N/Ag–O bonds in one dimension and by Ag–I–C interactions, C–I···O halogen bonds and weak π/π ring interactions in the other dimension. The silver ion adopts a trigonal‐bipyramidal pentacoordination comprising two long axial Ag–O bonds (259 and 261 pm), one short Ag–N bond (228 pm) and two structure‐determining Ag–I bonds (289 and 294 pm, Ag–I–C 107 and 109°). An analysis of Ag···I–C contacts < 340 pm extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database (25 structures, 63 contacts) reveals that the Ag–I–C angles lie between 90 and 110° for contacts < 300 pm, whereas for longer interactions, the directionality rapidly becomes weaker; this result is in keeping with the electrophile/nucleophile model for interactions involving halogen atoms bonded to carbon. In the structure of compound 2, a dimer of two independent water molecules is repeated via glide planes to give a chain in which water 1 acts as a difunctional hydrogen bond donor and water 2 as a difunctional acceptor. The extended disulfonylamine molecules are connected to water 1 by N–H···O(w), to water 2 by O(w)–H···O=S bonds. The resulting supramolecular polymer is a square column that is reinforced by C–H···O=S hydrogen bonds and π/π interactions and bears four one‐dimensional sets of fluorine atoms at the vertices. Dense packing of these columns causes all the fluorine atoms to segregate into parallel tunnels and to form short C–H···F–C intercolumnar contacts strongly suggestive of weak hydrogen bonding (H···F 240–250 pm, C···F 328–346 pm, C–H···F 137–148°).
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two New Open‐Framework Tin(II) Phosphates: Sn5O2(PO4)2 and Sn4O(PO4)2
Authors: Fan Le‐Qing , Wu Ji‐Huai , Huang Yun‐Fang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTwo new three‐dimensional neutral open‐framework tin(II) phosphates, Sn5O2(PO4)2 and Sn4O(PO4)2, were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions with different ratio of tin(II) oxalate, phosphoric acid and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane. Their crystal structures have been solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Sn5O2(PO4)2 crystallizes in the space group $P{\bar 1}$ and contains six‐membered ring and twelve‐membered ring channels running parallel to the b axis. Sn4O(PO4)2 crystallizes in the space group P21/n and contains intersecting eight‐membered ring channels. These two compounds have rare trigonal‐planar Sn3O.
Homologous Silver Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides (N, x)P. II. The (2, x)P and (3, x)P Structure Families of Modular Compounds with Tunable Composition and Structure
Authors: Ruck Michael , Poudeu Poudeu Pierre Ferdinand 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe crystal structures of two members of the solid solution series Ag3xBi5−3xS8−6xCl6x−1 (x = 0.52 (I), x = 0.67 (II)) and three compounds of the Ag4xBi6−4xQ10−8xBr8x−2 series (Q = S: x = 0.70 (III), x = 0.84 (IV); Q = Se: x = 0.72 (V)) were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12) with a = 1326.7(3), b = 403.9(1), c = 1176.7(2) pm, β = 107.83(3)° for (I); a = 1325.4(3), b = 403.3(1), c = 1170.6(2) pm, β = 108.14(3)° for (II); a = 1338.9(4), b = 407.7(1), c = 1426.4(4) pm, β = 113.95(2)° for (III); a = 1346.7(4), b = 409.3(1), c = 1440.7(4) pm, β = 114.40(1)° for (IV); and a = 1370.9(2), b = 417.64(4), c = 1480.4(2) pm, β = 114.92(2)° for (V). (I) and (II) adopt the PbBi4S7 structure type, (III) to (V) crystallize in the CuBi5S8 type. All five compounds belong to the homologous series with general formula [BiQX]2[AgxBi1−xQ2−2xX2x−1]N+1 (Q = S, Se; X = Cl, Br; 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1)), which resemble minerals of the pavonite series. They are characterized by the parameters N and x and are denoted (N, x)P. In the crystal structures, two kinds of layered modules alternate along [001]. Modules of type A uniformly consist of paired rods of face‐sharing monocapped trigonal prisms around Bi atoms with octahedra around mixed occupied metal positions (M = Ag/Bi) between them. Modules of type B are composed of chains of edge‐sharing [MZ6] octahedra (M = Ag/Bi; Z = Q/X). These NaCl‐type fragments are of thickness N = 2 in Ag3xBi5−3xS8−6xCl6x−1 and N = 3 in Ag4xBi6−4xQ10−8xBr8x−2. All structures exhibit Ag/Bi disorder in octahedrally coordinated metal positions and Q/X mixed occupation of some anion positions.
Homologous Silver Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides (N, x)P. III. The (4, x)P, (5, x)P, and (7, x)P Structure Families of Modular Compounds with Tunable Composition and Structure
Authors: Ruck Michael , Poudeu Poudeu Pierre Ferdinand 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe crystal structures of six members of the homologous series with general formula [BiQX]2[AgxBi1−xQ2−2xX2x−1]N+1 (Q = S, Se; X = Cl, Br; 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1) and N = 4, 5, or 7 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The series are characterized by the parameters N and x and are denoted (N, x)P. Ag3Bi4S6Cl3 (x = 0.60) (I), Ag3.5Bi3.5S5Br4 (x = 0.70) (II) and Ag3.65Bi3.35Se4.70Br4.30 (x = 0.73) (III) belong to (4, x)P series Ag5xBi7−5xQ12−10xX10x−3 and adopt the AgBi6S9 structure type. The (5, x)P compound Ag3.66Bi4.34S6.68Br3.32 (IV), which corresponds to x = 0.61 in Ag6xBi8−6xS14−12xBr12x−4, crystallizes isostructurally to AgBi3S5. The compounds Ag4.56Bi5.44Se8.88Br3.12 (x = 0.57) (V) and Ag5.14Bi4.86S7.76Br4.24 (x = 0.64) (VI), which are members of (7, x)P series Ag8xBi10−8xQ18−16xBr16x−6, adopt the Ag3Bi7S12 structure type. In the monoclinic crystal structures (space group C2/m) two kinds of layered modules alternate along [001]. Modules of type A uniformly consist of paired rods of face‐sharing monocapped trigonal prisms around Bi atoms with octahedra around mixed occupied metal positions (M = Ag/Bi) between them. Modules of type B are composed of [MZ6] octahedra, which are arranged in NaCl‐type fragments of thickness N. All structures exhibit Ag/Bi disorder in octahedrally coordinated metal positions as well as Q/X mixed occupation of some anion positions. Corresponding to their black color, all compounds are narrow‐gap semiconductors (Eg = 0.35 eV for (II)). General characteristics of the entire class of (N, x)P compounds are gathered in a catalogue.
Synthesis and Structure of a Carbamato‐bridgded Digallyl‐ferrocenophane – Fixation of Carbon Dioxide with Aminogallanes
Authors: Feier‐Iova Ovidiu , Linti Gerald 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBy reaction of tmp2GaCl (tmp = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidino) (1) with dilithioferrocene the 1,1′‐digallylferrocene [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)2}(tmp2Ga)2] (2) was prepared. 2 reacted with CO2 to afford the ferrocenophane [Fe{η5‐C5H4‐Ga(O2Ctmp)(μ2‐O2Ctmp)}2] (3). Here, an eight‐membered Ga(OCO)2Ga‐Ring is the bridge in the ferrocenophane structure. The gallium carbamates [Me2GaO2Ctmp]2 (5), and tmp2Ga(η2‐O2Ctmp) (7) show structural features embedded in 3. The compounds were fully characterized by NMR, cyclovoltammetry and single crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Halogenide der Seltenerdmetalle Ln4X5Z. Teil 2: Eine orthorhombische Verknüpfungsvariante o‐Ln4X5Z
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Schaloske Manuel C. , Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRare Earth Halides Ln4X5Z. Part 2: An Orthorhombic Variant of Ln4X5ZThe compounds Ln4Cl5C2 (Ln = La, Pr) and the isotypic bromides of lanthanum and cerium are prepared by reaction of LnX3, Ln metal and carbon in sealed Ta‐ampoules at temperature 900 °C < T < 950 °C. They crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Immm: La4Cl5C2: a = 3.9208(8) Å, b = 7.9446(16) Å, c = 17.2967(35) Å, Pr4Cl5C2: a = 3.8475(8) Å, b = 7.7590(16) Å, c = 17.0105(34) Å, La4Br5C2: a = 3.9950(8) Å, b = 8.2770(17) Å, c = 18.1010(36) Å and Ce4Br5C2: a = 3.9835(8) Å, b = 8.1865(16) Å, c = 18.0171(36) Å.In the crystal structure the metal atoms are connected to Ln6 octahedra centered by C2 units. The Ln6C octahedra are condensed via opposite egdes to chains and connected via X atoms. The special interconnection of the M6X12C2 chains by the halogen atoms, Ln2n+2Xi−i2/2Xi−i(2n−2)/2Xi−a4/2Xa−i4/2 (n = 1), results in an orthorhombic crystal structure in contrast to the monoclinic variant described in part 1. The C2 groups together with the halogen atoms form ccp anionic substructure, and 4/5 of the octahedral voids is occupied by the Ln atoms. The C‐C distances vary between 1.41 und 1.44Å corresponding to a shortened C–C single bond and a lengthened C=C double bond. For metal‐metal bonds are 1 < e− < 3 electrons available suggesting an ionic formulation (Ln3+)4(X−)5C2m− e− with C26− or C24− ions (4 < m < 6).
Classifying tetrahydrobiopterin responsiveness in the hyperphenylalaninaemias
Authors: Langenbeck U. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryBackgroundA significant percentage of patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) due to primary deficiency of the phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme (PAH) respond to a dose of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) with an increased rate of phenylalanine (Phe) disposal. The effect is exploited therapeutically, with some patients on BH4 even tolerating a normal diet.AimClassification of the Phe blood level response to a BH4 load by percentage reduction (PR) suffers from loss of information: only part of usually more extensive test data is used, and PR values for different times after load cannot be compared directly. Calculation of half‐life (t1/2) of blood Phe is proposed as an alternative. This classic measure unifies interpretation of tests of different duration (e.g. 8 or 15 h). t1/2 subsumes first‐order formation of tyrosine, of Phe metabolites, and renal Phe excretion; zero‐order net protein synthesis can be neglected during short‐time tests.Methodt1/2 is easily and robustly obtained by fit‐ting the total set of (3–4) data points to a log‐linear regression.ResultsThe advantage of calculating t1/2 is exemplified by the analysis of selected published data. The results clearly speak in favour of an 8 h test period because so‐called ‘slow’ responders could also be detected within this time window and because tests of longer duration are less reliable kinetically. Sequential Phe and Phe/BH4 loading tests appear advantageous because the ‘natural’ t1/2 (without supplementation of BH4) is not normally known beforehand.ConclusionWith t1/2 as a reliable parameter of BH4 responsiveness, therapeutic decisions would be more rational and genotype–phenotype analysis may also profit.
A yeast model reveals biochemical severity associated with each of three variant alleles of galactose‐1P uridylyltransferase segregating in a single family
Authors: Chhay J. S. , Openo K. K. , Eaton J. S. , Gentile M. , Fridovich‐Keil J. L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryClassic galactosaemia is a potentially lethal inborn error of metabolism that results from profound impairment of galactose‐1P uridylyltransferase (GALT). Like many autosomal recessive disorders, classic galactosaemia demonstrates marked allelic heterogeneity; many if not most patients are compound heterozygotes. Owing in part to the fact that most GALT mutations are never observed in patients in the homozygous state, in part to concerns of possible allelic interaction, and in part to the broad range of GALT activity levels associated with the affected, carrier, and control states, definition of the specific functional consequence of individual variant GALT alleles from studies of clinical samples alone can be a challenging task. To overcome this problem we previously developed and applied a null‐background yeast system to enable functional analyses of human GALT alleles expressed individually or in defined pairs. We report here the application of this system to characterize three distinct variant alleles of GALT identified within a single family. Of these alleles, one carried a missense mutation (K285N) that has previously been reported and characterized, one carried a nonsense mutation (R204X) that has previously been reported but not characterized, and the third carried a missense substitution (T268N) that was novel. Our studies reported here reconfirm the profound nature of the K285N mutation, demonstrate that the R204X mutation severely compromises both expression and function of human GALT, and finally implicate T268N as one of a very small number of naturally occurring rare but neutral missense polymorphisms in human GALT.
The mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is up-regulated inOnchocerca volvulusafter the depletion ofWolbachia
Authors: PFARR K. M. , HEIDER U. , SCHMETZ C. , BÜTTNER D. W. , HOERAUF A. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYWolbachia, a genus of endosymbiotic bacteria of filarial worms, represent novel targets for anti-filarial therapy. The efficacy of compounds againstWolbachiahas been evaluated using antiserum raised against the 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) which binds specifically to this protein in bothWolbachiaand mitochondria. It has been shown thatWolbachiastains (using such specific probes) stronger than the mitochondria in untreatedOnchocerca volvulus, whereas after the depletion ofWolbachia(with drugs) staining of the mitochondria is increased. Herein, immunogold electron microscopy showed that specific anti-HSP60 serum specifically labelledWolbachiaand filarial mitochondria, and that both have distinct localization patterns, thus allowing them to be differentiated. Immunohistochemistry ofO. volvulusshowed that HSP60 staining is increased in the mitochondria afterWolbachiadepletion in the hypodermis, epithelia, muscles, oocytes, embryos, and developing spermatozoa. This could have been the result of the antiserum preferentially binding to theWolbachiawhen they are present or due to increased expression of the protein in the absence of the bacteria. To address this, mRNA levels of filarialhsp60inO. volvuluswere measured. After the depletion ofWolbachia, the transcription ofhsp60was significantly greater (7·7 fold) compared with untreated worms. We hypothesize that the increased expression of HSP60 in the absence ofWolbachiais due to a disruption of the homeostasis of the endosymbiosis.
Public health risk analysis of European bat lyssavirus infection in The Netherlands
Authors: TAKUMI K. , LINA P. H. C. , VAN DER POEL W. H. M. , KRAMPS J. A. , VAN DER GIESSEN J. W. B. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYWe present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the Serotine bat,Eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2005. Out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1a. Cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were EBLV positive (six times). We estimated that the average incidence of human bat rabies infection might be between once per year and once per 700 years, depending mainly on the number of infectious viral particles in bat saliva. The risk of bat rabies is higher between April and October, and in the northern half of the country. This is the first study in Europe describing the risk of human bat rabies after bat contact incidents.