bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tire Cavity Resonance on Vehicle Road Noise
Authors: Sakata T. , Morimura H. , Ide H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
One of the major factors in road-induced noise in a vehicle is the vibration characteristics of its tires. The effects of tire cavity resonance are clarified in this paper by a mathematical approach to the excitation and by road tests. Peaks of road noise due to cavity resonance in automobile tires exist at frequencies between 230 and 300 Hz. The major peak is at the first mode of cavity resonance in the circumferential direction and is not affected by the cross-sectional shape of the tire. The noise is affected by only the first mode of cavity resonance. Therefore, by using countermeasures to this resonance, the road noise can be reduced.
Material Characterization of Rubber Vulcanizates under Dynamic Conditions Appropriate for Tire Modeling
Authors: Young D. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Material property data used in finite element and other models for tire applications have often been obtained under static or low strain rate conditions at room temperature. In the latter case Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) shifts are assumed in order to relate the data to strain rates and temperatures typical of actual tire operation. However, such shifts may not always be appropriate for the highly loaded, diverse elastomer blends used in tires today unless one wishes to go to the trouble of generating the WLF constant for each compound.
Data are presented to show that one can directly and easily obtain high quality stress or strain energy density results over wide ranges of strain rates, strain levels, and temperature using techniques developed for fatigue characterization. Thus, material properties can be obtained as a by-product of fatigue testing with little added work, or they can be obtained straightforwardly and quickly if fatigue testing is not required. These data are generated in a dynamic, pulsed loading mode which is especially relevant for those modeling applications which deal with the rolling tire.
Results from a high performance tire tread, a sidewall, and an innerliner are presented to illustrate the wide range of compounds that can be accommodated. The primary mode of deformation employed is pure shear. Also, limited data from static simple extension and pulsed simple extension tests are shown for comparison.
The pulsed pure shear and simple extension data, obtained over a wide strain range, are an excellent source of basic information on a given compound to fit empirical models, generate Mooney-Rivlin constant, or define material constants for more generalized nonlinear models such as Ogden, Peng, or Peng-Landel. The latter material models are now becoming available in commercial finite element codes to allow studies of tire deformations, rolling resistance, and failure properties under realistic operating conditions.
Fore-Aft Forces in Tire-Wheel Assemblies Generated by Unbalances and the Influence of Balancing
Authors: Stutts D. S. , Soedel W. , Jha S. K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
When measuring bearing forces of the tire-wheel assembly during drum tests, it was found that beyond certain speeds, the horizontal force variations or so-called fore-aft forces were larger than the force variations in the vertical direction. The explanation of this phenomenon is still somewhat an open question. One of the hypothetical models argues in favor of torsional oscillations caused by a changing rolling radius. But it appears that there is a simpler answer. In this paper, a mathematical model of a tire consisting of a rigid tread ring connected to a freely rotating wheel or hub through an elastic foundation which has radial and torsional stiffness was developed. This model shows that an unbalanced mass on the tread ring will cause an oscillatory rolling motion of the tread ring on the drum which is superimposed on the nominal rolling. This will indeed result in larger fore-aft than vertical force variations beyond certain speeds, which are a function of run-out. The rolling motion is in a certain sense a torsional oscillation, but postulation of a changing rolling radius is not necessary for its creation. The model also shows the limitation on balancing the tire-wheel assembly at the wheel rim if the unbalance occurs at the tread band.
A Study on the Contour of the Radial Tire: Rolling Contour Optimization Theory — RCOT
Authors: Yamagishi K. , Togashi M. , Furuya S. , Tsukahara K. , Yoshimura N. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Rolling Contour Optimization Theory (RCOT) can lead to improved steering, fuel efficiency, riding comfort, and braking performance of tires relative to those of conventional shape. The conventional shape has been guided by natural equilibrium profiles, while the RCOT technology shape is guided by that of the tire in motion. This reduces useless distortions caused by running the tire under load. The RCOT design focuses on the distribution of belt and sidewall tension in the tire. Controlling tension in the belt and carcass area while the tire is in motion was the key to creating this new tire shape.
Silanes in Tire Compounding After Ten Years — A Review
Authors: Wolff S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The desire to obtain a higher share for silica in tire compounding has been one motivation in the development of silane coupling agents. This development has reached a stage where at least a partial replacement of semi-active and active carbon blacks with silane-modified white fillers is technically feasible although costs are still too high. Nevertheless, silica tires with bis-(3-triethoxisilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT) have been built on a development scale and tested under various conditions.
Over the last ten years, the coupling agent TESPT has developed into a special rubber chemical. This is due to its simultaneous capability of forming equilibrium cure systems, polysulfidic crosslinks with extremely high thermal stability, and rubber-to-filler bonds to improve silica-rubber interaction. In conjunction with silica, TESPT gives superior physical vulcanizate properties such as low heat build-up, better performance under continuous deformation, and better tear and cutting resistance than vulcanizates with carbon black only. Its present main application is in truck, off-the-road, and earth-mover tires to solve specific tire problems.
Simulation Model of the Dynamic Behavior of a Tire Running Over an Obstacle
Authors: Bandel P. , Monguzzi C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A “black box” model is described for simulating the dynamic forces transmitted to the vehicle hub by a tire running over an obstacle at high speeds. The tire is reduced to a damped one-degree-of-freedom oscillating system. The five parameters required can be obtained from a test at a given speed. The model input is composed of a series of empirical relationships between the obstacle dimensions and the displacement of the oscillating system. These relationships can be derived from a small number of static tests or by means of static models of the tire itself. The model can constitute the first part of a broader model for description of the tire and vehicle suspension system, as well as indicating the influence of tire parameters on dynamic behavior at low and medium frequencies (0–150 Hz).
Environmental Effects on Tire Treadwear
Authors: Snyder R. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Statistical studies on treadwear of contemporary belted tires, on a nationwide basis, demonstrate that: (1) In any given locality wide differences are to be expected in the performance of individual tires. The best and worst ten-percentile groups exhibit a twofold variation. (2) Different geographical regions are shown to permit wide variations in treadwear behavior. Contour maps are presented which have a coherent pattern.
Advances in Tire Composite Theory
Authors: Walter J. D. , Avgeropoulos G. N. , Janssen M. L. , Potts G. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Fundamentals of composite material technology are applied to the investigation of multi-ply cord-reinforced rubber systems as used in pneumatic tires. The stiffness parameters of such multi-ply systems are determined through the use of the elastic properties of the constituent cord and rubber components. The effects of coupling between the bending and stretching modes of deformation are discussed along with the limitations of present composite material technology as applied to soft rubbery systems. The predicted stiffness parameters are related to tread wear, obstacle envelopment, vibration, and stress analysis of tires.
Mechanics of the Pneumatic Tire. Part I. The Tire Under Inflation Alone
Authors: Robecchi E. , Amici L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The theoretical basis for inflated tire calculations is explained, and models of the tire are developed that exhibit a high degree of accuracy. After establishing the fundamental equations common to the various models, the simplest case, a net of inextensible cords, is treated. The effects of cord extension and angular distributions different from the simple cosine law are then considered. It is shown that for each model it is convenient to proceed to a particular form of the fundamental formula in order to simplify the calculations and to clarify the influence of the various parameters. These models are of value for conventional tires; in the case of radial tires it is only possible to study the part of the carcass away from the belted zone.
Material Characterization of Tire Cords and the Effects of Cord Thermal-Mechanical Properties on Tires
Authors: Chen B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Thermal-mechanical properties of tire cords have a great influence on tire dimension, shape, handling, and other performance related issues. This study focuses on characterizing the material properties for polymeric cords and quantifying their effects on pneumatic tires using finite element analysis (FEA). Various tire cord materials, including nylon and polyester, were characterized by obtaining a series of thermal-mechanical properties in the laboratory using tensile testing, thermal shrinkage measurement and creep testing. Prior to obtaining these laboratory measurements, cords in this study were subjected to thermal-mechanical pre-treatments to simulate the effects of curing and tire operating conditions. The properties derived from these measurements were used as input properties for a finite element analysis of a physical tire. Predictions of tire dimensions and shape, loaded footprint and pressure and cord loads were obtained from the FEA model and compared to measured values of the experimental tire. Good agreement was observed between the measured values and those predicted from the finite element analysis; therefore, future FEA studies of pneumatic tires should utilize the techniques developed in this study to characterize tire cord materials.
FE Simulation of the Effect of Tire Design Parameters on Lateral Forces and Moments
Authors: Olatunbosun O. A. , Bolarinwa O. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Finite Element (FE) tire models are increasingly being used for tire design, vehicle design studies and dynamic investigations. Such tire models have the inherent advantage of being able to cover a wide range of tire design variables (such as detailed tire geometry and material composition), in addition to an extensive coverage of operational conditions (such as tire load, inflation pressure and driving speed). A variety of road input disturbances can also be considered.
This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element tire model developed using ABAQUS, a commercial finite element code for use in the development of new tire designs and simulation of vehicle dynamics. Of particular interest are rolling tire output responses, such as lateral forces and self-aligning moment generated due to steering input during vehicle maneuvering and vibration responses to road disturbances. The model will also be applicable in investigating other tire design issues, such as the heat generated in the carcass of the rolling tire. This can present particular problems in heavily loaded tires, for example aircraft tires during take-off. This model should enable the rapid development of new tire designs to satisfy specific requirements.
Soil/Tire Interaction Analysis Using FEM and FVM
Authors: Oida S. , Seta E. , Heguri H. , Kato K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vehicles, such as an agricultural tractor, construction vehicle, mobile machinery, and 4-wheel drive vehicle, are often operated on unpaved ground. In many cases, the ground is deformable; therefore, the deformation should be taken into consideration in order to assess the off-the-road performance of a tire. Recent progress in computational mechanics enabled us to simulate the large scale coupling problem, in which the deformation of tire structure and of surrounding medium can be interactively considered. Using this technology, hydroplaning phenomena and tire traction on snow have been predicted.
In this paper, the simulation methodology of tire/soil coupling problems is developed for pneumatic tires of arbitrary tread patterns. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM) are used for structural and for soil-flow analysis, respectively. The soil is modeled as an elastoplastic material with a specified yield criterion and a nonlinear elasticity. The material constants are referred to measurement data, so that the cone penetration resistance and the shear resistance are represented. Finally, the traction force of the tire in a cultivated field is predicted, and a good correlation with experiments is obtained.
Pilot study of carotid surgery for acute stroke
Authors: Mead G E , Murray H , Farrell A , O'Neill P A , McCollum C N 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Carotid endarterectomy is usually delayed for 2 months following an acute stroke, but the stroke may progress or a further stroke may occur. A randomized pilot study of urgent carotid surgery for acute stroke was undertaken to assess the feasibility of a definitive multicentre trial.

Methods
Seven Manchester hospitals referred patients with acute stroke (less than 7 days previously), defined according to the Oxfordshire Community Strokc Project classification. The carotid arteries were examined by portable continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography. Patients with more than 50 per cent carotid stenosis on portable Doppler ultrasonography underwent colour duplex Doppler imaging. Patients with more than 70–99 per cent carotid stenosis were randomized to urgent carotid surgery or best medical care.

Results
A total of 593 patients were assessed over 2 years. Of these, 414 had acute stroke, of whom 380 had probable cerebral infarction. Complete ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion was most common in patients with total anterior circulation infarcts (33 (28 per cent) of 117), whereas severe ipsilateral (70–99 per cent) stenosis was most common in partial anterior circulation infarcts (25 (20 per cent) of 128). Only 16 patients (one total and 15 partial anterior circulation infarcts) were fit enough for surgery and consented to randomization.

Conclusion
A definitive trial of urgent carotid surgery would need to screen large numbers of patients but could focus on patients with partial anterior circulation infarcts.
Oral erythromycin improves gastrointestinal motility and transit after subtotal but not total gastrectomy for cancer
Authors: Altomare D F , Rubini D , Pilot M-A , Farese S , Rubini G , Rinaldi M , Memeo V , D'Addabbo A 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Erythromycin has been shown to be a powerful prokinetic of the gastrointestinal tract. Little is known about its value to improve motility and transit in gastrectomized patients.

Methods
Thirteen disease-free patients subjected to subtotal gastrectomy and 11 subjected to total gastrectomy for gastric cancer entered the study. Gastrointestinal transit of a standard 99mTc-labelled meal and fasting motility were studied before and after oral erythromycin.

Results
In patients who had subtotal gastrectomy mean(s.d.) gastric half-emptying time was 42(14) min before and 26(11) min after erythromycin (P = 0·011). Before erythromycin prolonged rhythmical contractions (3 per min) were recorded in eight patients, sporadic non-organized contractions in two and prolonged bursts of waves in one. After erythromycin, clustered waves resembling a migrating motor complex (MMC) appeared in eight patients, while rhythmic motor activity was unchanged in three. In patients who had total gastrectomy jejunal half-emptying time was 39(18) min before and 45(12) min after erythromycin. In eight patients, frequent MMCs were recorded, peristaltic in four, synchronous in one, antiperistaltic in two, with clusters of non-propagated waves in one. After erythromycin, longer peristaltic MMCs were recorded in three, antiperistaltic MMCs persisted in two, synchronous in one and clusters of non-propagated waves in two.

Conclusion
Oral erythromycin improves gastrointestinal transit and motility after subtotal gastrectomy. The findings after total gastrectomy are controversial.
Primary retroperitoneal germ cell tumours: Excision via a thoracoabdominal extraperitoneal approach
Authors: Christmas T J , Doherty A P , Rustin G J S , Seckl M J , Newlands E S 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Primary retroperitoneal germ cell tumours usually present as a large abdominal mass in young men. The testes are normal on examination and ultrasonography but there are usually raised serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin and/or a-fetoprotein.

Methods
Fourteen men (median age 33 years) with primary retroperitoneal germ cell tumours were treated by chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of the primary tumour and metastases via a thoracoabdominal extraperitoneal approach.

Results
There was minimal morbidity. The survival rate was 13 of 14 and the disease-free survival rate was 11 of 14 after a median follow-up of 15 months.

Conclusion
The thoracoabdominal extraperitoneal approach for the removal of retroperitoneal germ cell tumours and their metastases after chemotherapy improves tumour clearance, morbidity and recovery time compared with the transperitoneal anterior approach.
Improving stability by change of representation in time‐stepping analysis of non‐linear beams dynamics
Authors: Lopez S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper we propose a change in the representation of the discrete motion equations in structural non‐linear dynamics to obtain an improvement in the stability of time numerical integrations. In particular, natural local state variables are indicated for a finite element approach to beam problems. The results, relative to Newmark approximations for the variations in the displacement and velocity vectors, show a significant increase in the range of stability of the time integration process and a reduction in the number of Newton iterations required in the time integration steps. The proposed method, further, preserves energy as well as the linear and angular momentum of the dynamical system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Nuclear-Localized CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Protein, OsDOS, Is Involved in Delaying Leaf Senescence in Rice
Authors: Kong Zhaosheng , Li Meina , Yang Wenqiang , Xu Wenying , Xue Yongbiao 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmentally programmed degeneration process, which is fine tuned by a complex regulatory network for plant fitness. However, molecular regulation of leaf senescence is poorly understood, especially in rice (Oryza sativa), an important staple crop for more than half of the world population. Here, we report a novel nuclear-localized CCCH-type zinc finger protein, Oryza sativa delay of the onset of senescence (OsDOS), involved in delaying leaf senescence in rice. The expression of OsDOS was down-regulated during natural leaf senescence, panicle development, and pollination, although its transcripts were accumulated in various organs. RNAi knockdown of OsDOS caused an accelerated age-dependent leaf senescence, whereas its overexpression produced a marked delay of leaf senescence, suggesting that it acts as a negative regulator for leaf senescence. A genome-wide expression analysis further confirmed its negative regulation for leaf senescence and revealed that, in particular, the jasmonate (JA) pathway was found to be hyperactive in the OsDOS RNAi transgenic lines but impaired in the OsDOS overexpressing transgenic lines, indicating that this pathway is likely involved in the OsDOS-mediated delaying of leaf senescence. Furthermore, methyl JA treatments of both seeds and detached leaves from the RNAi and the overexpressing transgenic lines showed hyper- and hyporesponses, respectively, consistent with the negative regulation of the JA pathway by OsDOS. Together, these results indicate that OsDOS is a novel nuclear protein that delays leaf senescence likely, at least in part, by integrating developmental cues to the JA pathway.
Radiolarites et sédiments hypersiliceux océaniques: une comparaison
Authors: STEINBERG M. , DESPRAIRIES A. , FOGELGESANG J. F. , MARTIN A. , CARON D. , BLANCHET R. 
Published: June 2006

RÉSUMÉNous avons étudié la minéralogie et la composition chimique de cherts à Radiolaires (radiolarites) du Dogger‐Malm, liés ou non à des affleurements de roches volcaniques. Les échantillons proviennent du Maroc (Rif), d'Italie (Bassin Lombard et Appenins), de Grèce (Zone du Pinde et Massif du Vourinos) et de Californie (Baie de San Francisco). A titre de comparaison, nous avons également étudié des cherts crétacés du Pacifique (Leg 32) et des boues à Diatomées miopliocènes de la Mer du Japon (Leg 31).La silice des radiolarites est exprimée sous forme de quartz ou de calcédoine. Ces roches renferment en outre des feldspaths et, souvent, de l'hématite. La phase argileuse est constituté d'illite et/ou de chlorite, accompagnée fréquemment d'édifices gonflants et, très localement, de kaolinite. Dans les śediments océaniques le degre d'organisation de la silice est très variable (depuis l'opale jusqu'au quartz), les minéraux argileux sont à peu près identiques à ceux des radiolarites, les feldspaths sont également fréquents.Du point de vue chimique, on peut distinguer, parmi les radiolarites: des faciès massifs, des pélites a Radiolaires et des radiolarites ferrugineuses. Celles‐ci se rencontrent généralement à la base des séries associées à des formations volcaniques. Les cherts du Leg 32 et les boues à Diatomées de la Mer du Japon ont une composition très voisine de celle des radiolarites massives.La minéralogie de ces formations peut ètre expliquée par plusieurs modèles: héritage, diagenèse de boues pélagiques, etc.… Le caractère détritique d'une partie des argiles semble certain.L'origine de la silice est discutee: la position latitudinale de la Téthys au Jurassique, son caractère relativement confiné et d'eventuels apports volcaniques doivent être pris en consideration. Par contre, compte tenu de la composition chimique et minéralogique des radiolarites, la diagenèse des argiles n'est pas susceptible de fournir des quantités notables de silice. L'accumulation de boues à Diatomées dans la Mer du Japon et en d'autres lieux montre que ni l'éloignement des côtes ni de très grandes profondeurs ne sont indispensables au développement d'une sédimentation hypersiliceuse.