bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracer Diffusion in Compacted, Water-Saturated Bentonite
Authors: Bourg Ian C. , Sposito Garrison , Bourg Alain C. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCompacted Na-bentonite clay barriers, widely used in the isolation of solid-waste landfills and other contaminated sites, have been proposed for a similar use in the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Molecular diffusion through the pore space in these barriers plays a key role in their performance, thus motivating recent measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor of water tracers in compacted, water-saturated Na-bentonites. In the present study, we introduce a conceptual model in which the pore space of water-saturated bentonite is divided into ‘macropore’ and ‘interlayer nanopore’ compartments. With this model we determine quantitatively the relative contributions of pore-network geometry (expressed as a geometric factor) and of the diffusive behavior of water molecules near montmorillonite basal surfaces (expressed as a constrictivity factor) to the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor. Our model predicts, in agreement with experiment, that the mean principal value of the apparent diffusion coefficient tensor follows a single relationship when plotted against the partial montmorillonite dry density (mass of montmorillonite per combined volume of montmorillonite and pore space). Using a single fitted parameter, the mean principal geometric factor, our model successfully describes this relationship for a broad range of bentonite-water systems, from dilute gel to highly-compacted bentonite with 80% of its pore water in interlayer nanopores.
The Effect of Heating on the Surface Area, Porosity and Surface Acidity of a Bentonite
Authors: Noyan Hülya , Önal Müşerref , Sarikaya Yüksel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Hançılı bentonite from Turkey shows significant changes in surface area, micro- and mesoporosity, surface acidity and acid strength with heating from 100 to 900°C for 2 h. The specific surface area (S) and specific micro-mesopore volume (V) of the original and heated samples were evaluated from N2 adsorption and desorption data, respectively, by standard methods. The adsorption of n-butylamine from the solution in cyclohexane on the samples was used to determine the total surface acidity (nm) and the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) was taken as a measure of the acid strength. S, V and nm having initial values of 98 m2g−1, 0.080 cm3g−1 and 4.8 × 10−4 mol g−1, respectively, stayed approximately constant as the temperature increased to 450°C and then decreased almost in parallel with each other, reaching their minimum or zero at 900°C. The total surface acidity, in general, declines with increasing temperature. The most acidic sites, however, increase with heating, and especially at dehydration and dehydroxylation. Acid strength reaches its maximum during the dehydroxylation phase at ∼600°C. It was concluded that the total surface acidity does not necessarily parallel the strength of the most acid sites.
Preparation of Large Platy Particles of Co-Al Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Kayano Mihoko , Ogawa Makoto 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCobalt (II) and Al (III) layered double hydroxides were precipitated from homogeneous solutions using urea hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. The particle sizes were controlled successfully by changing the reaction temperature and period. It was found that larger particles formed by reactions at lower temperatures over longer reaction periods because the slow urea hydrolysis at lower temperatures suppresses the formation of nuclei in the solution. When the reaction was conducted at 60°C for 100 days, particles >40 µm wide were obtained.
X-ray Diffraction Line Broadening on Vibrating Dry-Milled Two Crows Sepiolite
Authors: Bastida Joaquin , Kojdecki Marek A. , Pardo Pablo , Amorós Pedro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA reference sample of sepiolite and products of its comminution by vibrating dry-milling have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line-broadening analysis, complementary field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and surface area measurements. The apparent crystallite sizes determined via XRD are in agreement with observations on FESEM images. The sepiolite aggregates consist of lath-shaped agglutinations of prisms and pinacoids elongated along [001], each lath including several crystallites in that direction. The surface area magnitudes are in the range of previous experimental measurements of other sepiolites. The results obtained show the effectiveness of vibro-milling as the procedure to use for the comminution of sepiolite.
Mechanism of Adsorption of Water Vapor by Muscovite: A Model Based on Adsorption Calorimetry
Authors: Rakhmatkariev Gairat 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdsorption isotherms and differential heats of adsorption of water vapor by muscovite were measured at 303 K. The heats of adsorption are stepwise and each step corresponds to the stoichiometric formation of adsorption complexes of H2O molecules with K+ ions, (H2O)n/K+, (n = 1–6), which are located on the basal and lateral (edge) faces. At saturation, the ditrigonal cavities of the basal faces are fully occupied by hexameric clusters. It is suggested that half of the K+ ions on the basal faces come from neighboring layers by migration under the influence of the adsorbed H2O at the initial stage of adsorption. Similar migration of K+ to the edges was also hypothesized, suggesting that only every second site can be occupied by a cluster. At the final stage of adsorption, H2O molecules are believed to form H-bonded bridges between the hexameric water/cation clusters on the basal faces, whereas on the edge faces no such effect is believed to occur. The mean molar integral adsorption entropy of water is ∼−7 J/mol K less than the molar entropy of the bulk liquid. The mobility of H2O on muscovite is slightly less than in bulk water. Migration of K+ cations under the influence of adsorbed H2O both on the basal and lateral faces of muscovite is reversible.
Development of a Compact and Simple Gas Chromatography for Oral Malodor Measurement
Authors: Murata Takatoshi , Rahardjo Anton , Fujiyama Yuki , Yamaga Takayuki , Hanada Mariko , Yaegaki Ken , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: June 2006

Background: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in oral air are the only type of gases correlated with the strength of oral malodor. We developed a compact and simple gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a newly invented indium oxide semiconductor gas sensor (SCS) for measuring the concentrations of VSCs in mouth air. We have assessed the correlation between measurements with a GC‐SCS and those with a regular GC.Methods: Oral air samples from randomly selected volunteers were analyzed with both a GC‐SCS and a GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD), which is specific to VSCs, and GC‐SCS measurements were compared to those obtained by GC‐FPD. Subsequently, oral air samples before and after mouthrinsing with 5% ethanol mouthwash were analyzed to determine the effect of ethanol on VSC measurements by GC‐SCS.Results: There were strong correlations between VSC concentrations determined using these two gas chromatography methods (hydrogen sulfide, R = 0.821, P <0.0001; methyl mercaptan, R = 0.870, P <0.0001; and dimethyl sulfide, R = 0.770, P <0.0001). Although GC‐SCS can differentiate ethanol and VSCs in oral air samples after mouthrinsing, GC‐SCS measurements demonstrated higher values than those obtained by GC‐FPD; however, this discrepancy improved over time due to the reduced effect of ethanol.Conclusion: The results suggest that GC‐SCS may be useful for the diagnosis of halitosis.
Modified Semilunar Coronally Advanced Flap
Authors: Haghighat Kamran 
Published: June 2006

Background: Correction of mucogingival recession deformities with a variety of periodontal plastic surgery procedures has been described, each demonstrating a variable degree of success. A modified semilunar coronally advanced flap is described for the treatment of recession defects on multiple adjacent teeth.Methods: Semilunar incisions were made apical to the recession defects, starting within mucosa and extended mesio‐distally, arching more coronally to terminate apical to the papillae mesial and distal to the teeth exhibiting the defects. The papilla between the teeth with recession was coronally advanced after a split‐thickness dissection and sutured more coronally, over the deepithelialized portion of the original papilla. The flap design gave better mobility and stability to the repositioned pedicle than previously described semilunar coronally advanced flap procedures.Results: Seven cases treated with this approach healed without complication and remained stable throughout the 8 to 22 months of post‐surgical observation.Conclusions: This technique will be particularly valuable when previous attempts for root coverage with soft tissue autografts have resulted in residual recession defects on adjacent teeth and in a thicker‐tissue biotype that would be amenable to partial‐thickness dissection. An adequate thickness of tissue that will allow a partial‐thickness flap dissection is required to avoid tooth or alveolar bone fenestrations. This technique provides better control over flap repositioning than previously described semilunar coronally advanced flaps.
Cyprus: Nicosia and its d‐visions
Authors: Hadjichristos Christos 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNicosia, the capital of Cyprus, has been divided since the Turkish invasion of 1974 and the physical and spatial separation of the Greek‐Cypriot and Turkish‐Cypriot communities. In an article that exemplifies how, for many countries, the concentration of architectural effort on internal cultural problems remains a priority, Christos Hadjichristos describes how urban interventions in the divided city of Nicosia aspire to heal and ultimately resolve Cyprus's schisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
District court of justice, Katowice
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOn visiting Katowice in southwest Poland, Jeremy Melvin met up with Archistudio, the architects of a substantial new judicial precinct that is due for completion in 2008. He describes how in this scheme, which is so demanding even in its circulation requirements, the practice has been able to combine pragmatism and foresight with ‘elegant and dignified expression’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theatre beyond child's play
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHoward Watson describes how at London Bridge, Keith Williams Architects has produced a permanent home for the Unicorn Theatre for Children with ‘a grown‐up building for kids’. Devoid of primary colours or Disneyesque spectacle, its elegant, intelligent design is tailored to the practical requirements of its audience, but subtly inspires ‘with innovative, surprising touches’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic technique for multidimensional granulation modeling
Authors: Gantt Justin A. , Gatzke Edward P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecent granulation modeling research has produced compelling evidence that simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) models will not suffice when describing the dynamics of particle growth. During the mixing process particles gradually become more saturated due to the loss of air in particles resulting from collisions with the surroundings. This process, called consolidation, influences not only granule pore saturation and binder layer thickness, but also particle coalescence properties. Due to the consolidation behavior observed, a simple size dependent model is typically not adequate. The solution of a multidimensional population balance equation (PBE) is performed using a multiscale solution technique. A microscale model which utilizes a discrete element method (DEM) simulation is used to determine granular flow characteristics and coalescence efficiency. Statistical analysis of data from interactions at the microscale is then used to produce a multidimensional coalescence kernel. Since analytical solutions to PBEs with more than one internal dimension typically do not exist, a constant number kinetic Monte‐Carlo (MC) method is used to solve the PBE. This solution technique is used in a test case to model growth of a lactose/starch/HPC and water mixture. The simulated results corresponded well with experimental data. This technique, while in its infancy, proves to be a unique and effective method of bridging multiple scales of the granulation process. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Pre‐ and postnatal findings in trisomy 17 mosaicism
Authors: Utermann Barbara , Riegel Mariluce , Leistritz Dru , Karall Thomas , Wisser Josef , Meisner Lorraine , Fauth Christine , Baldinger Rosa , Johnson Julie , Erdel Martin , Taralczak Malgorzata , Pauli Richard M. , Baumer Alessandra , Schinzel Albert , Kotzot Dieter 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTrisomy 17 mosaicism is one of the rarest autosomal trisomies in humans. Thus far, only 23 cases have been described, most of them detected prenatally. In only five instances has mosaicism been demonstrated in lymphocytes and/or fibroblasts postnatally, and only in these have multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), facial dysmorphisms, and mental retardation been reported. Patients with trisomy 17 mosaicism at amniocentesis and a normal karyotype in blood and fibroblasts (n = 17) were always healthy. Here, we report on pre‐ and postnatal clinical, cytogenetic, molecular‐cytogenetic, and molecular findings in four patients with trisomy 17 mosaicism. The first case was detected in cultured but not in short‐term chorionic villi and amniocytes. Due to MCA on prenatal ultrasound examination the pregnancy was terminated. The second patient is a 13‐month‐old healthy boy, in whom low level trisomy 17 mosaicism was detected in cultured chorionic villi only. The third patient is a 2‐year‐old girl with growth retardation, developmental delay, MCA, and trisomy 17 mosaicism in amniocytes, fibroblasts, and placenta, but not in blood and buccal smear. The fourth patient is a 9‐year‐old boy with growth and mental retardation, sensoneurinal hearing loss, and MCA. Cytogenetic analyses showed trisomy 17 mosaicism in amniocytes, skin fibroblasts, and urinary sediment cells, whereas in blood and buccal smear a 46,XY karyotype was found. Molecular investigations in all four cases indicated biparental inheritance of chromosome 17. Formation of trisomy was most likely due to a maternal meiosis I error in Patient 1 and a postzygotic non‐disjunction of the paternal chromosome 17 in Patient 4. Cerebellar malformations, reported in two cases from the literature and in two reported here may be a specific feature of trisomy 17 mosaicism. Since the aberration has rarely been reported in lymphocytes, chordocentesis is not indicated in prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal genetic counseling for trisomy 17 mosaicism in chorionic villi or amniocytes should consider that the clinical significance remains uncertain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive prognosis in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Hermann Bruce P. , Seidenberg Michael , Dow Christian , Jones Jana , Rutecki Paul , Bhattacharya Abhik , Bell Brian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveFirst, to determine whether patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy have a different cognitive trajectory compared to control subjects over a prospective 4‐year interval; second, to determine the proportion of patients who exhibit abnormal cognitive change and their profile of demographic, clinical epilepsy, and baseline quantitative magnetic resonance imaging characteristics; and third, to determine the most vulnerable cognitive domains.MethodsParticipants with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 46) attending a tertiary referral clinic and healthy control subjects (n = 65) underwent neuropsychological assessment and reevaluation 4 years later. Analysis of test–retest patterns identified individual patients with adverse cognition outcomes.ResultsThe prospective cognitive trajectory of patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy differs from age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. Lack of practice effects is common, but frank adverse cognitive outcomes are observed in a subset of patients (20–25%), particularly in vulnerable cognitive domains that include memory. Cognitive declines are associated with a profile of abnormalities in baseline quantitative magnetic resonance volumetrics, lower baseline intellectual capacity, as well as longer duration of epilepsy and older chronological age.InterpretationCognitive prognosis is poor for a subset of patients characterized by chronicity of epilepsy, older age, lower intellectual ability, and more baseline abnormalities in quantitative magnetic resonance volumetrics. Ann Neurol 2006;60:80–87
Alsin/Rac1 signaling controls survival and growth of spinal motoneurons
Authors: Jacquier Arnaud , Buhler Emmanuelle , Schäfer Michael K. E. , Bohl Delphine , Blanchard Stephane , Beclin Christophe , Haase Georg 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveRecessive mutations in alsin, a guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPases Rab5 and Rac1, cause juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2) and related motoneuron disorders. Alsin function in motoneurons remained unclear because alsin knock‐out mice do not develop overt signs of motoneuron degeneration.MethodsTo generate an alsin loss‐of‐function model in an ALS‐relevant cell type, we developed a new small interfering RNA electroporation technique that allows efficient knock down of alsin in embryonic rat spinal motoneurons.ResultsAfter small interfering RNA–mediated alsin knockdown, cultured motoneurons displayed a reduced apparent size of EEA1‐labeled early endosomes and an increased intracellular accumulation of transferrin and L1CAM. Alsin knockdown induced cell death in 32 to 48% of motoneurons and significantly inhibited axon growth in the surviving neurons. Both cellular phenotypes were mimicked by expression of a dominant‐negative Rac1 mutant and were completely blocked by expression of a constitutively active Rac1 mutant. Expression of dominant‐negative or constitutively active forms of Rab5 had no such effects.InterpretationOur data demonstrate that alsin controls the growth and survival of motoneurons in a Rac1‐dependant manner. The strategy reported here illustrates how small interfering RNA electroporation can be used to generate cellular models of neurodegenerative disease involving a loss‐of‐function mechanism. Ann Neurol 2006;60:105–117
Progressive vacuolating glycine leukoencephalopathy with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: del Toro Mireia , Arranz José Antonio , Macaya Alfons , Riudor Encarnació , Raspall Miquel , Moreno Antonio , Vazquez Elida , Ortega Arancha , Matsubara Yoichi , Kure Shigeo , Roig Manuel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo report two unrelated patients with a new phenotype of nonketotic hyperglycinemia associated with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Clinical findings included rapidly progressive neurological deterioration with onset in the first year of life characterized by developmental regression without seizures or electroencephalogram abnormalities during follow‐up. Both patients died before the age of 18 months. Glycine cleavage system deficiency was confirmed by enzymatic studies in frozen liver. Molecular analysis in the related genes showed no pathogenic mutation. Radiological and pathological findings were consistent with progressive vacuolating encephalopathy. Our patients with biochemical and enzymatic parameters consistent with atypical nonketotic hyperglycinemia. The clinical and radiological evolution, as progressive vacuolating leukoencephalopathy and the association with pulmonary hypertension constitute a previously unrecognized variant. Ann Neurol 2006;60:148–152
Progressive spinal axonal degeneration and slowness in ALS2‐deficient mice
Authors: Yamanaka Koji , Miller Timothy M. , McAlonis‐Downes Melissa , Chun Seung Joo , Cleveland Don W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveHomozygous mutation in the ALS2 gene and the resulting loss of the guanine exchange factor activity of the ALS2 protein is causative for autosomal recessive early‐onset motor neuron disease that is thought to predominantly affect upper motor neurons. The goal of this study was to elucidate how the motor system is affected by the deletion of ALS2.MethodsALS2‐deficient mice were generated by gene targeting. Motor function and upper and lower motor neuron pathology were examined in ALS2‐deficient mice and in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mice that develop ALS‐like disease from expression of an ALS‐linked mutation in SOD1.ResultsALS2‐deficient mice demonstrated progressive axonal degeneration in the lateral spinal cord that is also prominent in mutant SOD1 mice. Despite the vulnerability of these spinal axons, lower motor neurons in ALS2‐deficient mice were preserved. Behavioral studies demonstrated slowed movement without muscle weakness in ALS2−/− mice, consistent with upper motor neuron defects that lead to spasticity in humans.InterpretationThe combined evidence from mice and humans shows that deficiency in ALS2 causes an upper motor neuron disease that in humans closely resembles a severe form of hereditary spastic paralysis, and that is quite distinct from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006;60:95–104
Trial of celecoxib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Cudkowicz Merit E. , Shefner Jeremy M. , Schoenfeld David A. , Zhang Hui , Andreasson Katrin I. , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Drachman Daniel B. ,   Northeast ALS Consortium
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether chronic treatment with celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor that has been shown to be beneficial in preclinical testing, is safe and effective in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsA double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial was conducted. Three hundred research subjects with ALS were randomized (2:1) to receive celecoxib (800mg/day) or placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the rate of change in upper extremity motor function measured by the maximum voluntary isometric contraction strength. Secondary end points included safety, survival, change in cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E2levels, and changes in the rate of decline of leg and grip strength, vital capacity, ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised, and motor unit number estimates.ResultsCelecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, motor unit number estimates, ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised, or affect survival. Celecoxib was well tolerated and was not associated with an increased frequency of adverse events. Prostaglandin E2levels in cerebrospinal fluid were not elevated at baseline and did not decline with treatment.InterpretationAt the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with ALS, and it was safe. A biological effect of celecoxib was not demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid. Further studies of celecoxib at a dosage of 800mg/day in ALS are not warranted. Ann Neurol 2006;60:22–31
The neurobiology of neurooncology
Authors: Read Tracy‐Ann , Hegedus Balazs , Wechsler‐Reya Robert , Gutmann David H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe histological classification of brain tumors currently is based on the morphological appearance and protein expression patterns that reflect specific cell types within the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that the cells of origin for brain tumors may persist in the fully formed tumors, and that these “cancer stem cells” might represent the relevant cellular targets for anticancer therapy. In this regard, insights into the developmental neurobiology of brain tumors has significant impact on our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these devastating cancers, as well as the development of new strategies for treating brain tumors. Ann Neurol 2006;60:3–11