bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olive latent virus‐1, an isometric virus with a single RNA species isolated from olive in Apulia, Southern Italy
Authors: GALLITELLI D. , SAVINO V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA mechanically transmissible virus isolated from some olive trees growing in Apulia, Southern Italy is described under the name of olive latent virus‐1 (OLV–1). Virus particles (c. 30 nm in diameter) sedimented as a single component (11 IS) and contained a major single‐stranded RNA species which when denatured had a size of about 4100 nucleotides and up to seven smaller RNAs. When centrifuged to equilibrium either in CsCl or CS2SO4 gradients, virus preparations were homogeneous. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, about 50% of virus coat protein preparations formed a band of mol. wt 32 000 (32K protein) but two other bands of mol. wt 36 000 (36K protein) and 65 000 (65K protein) and some diffuse bands were also observed. The 32K protein, its probable dimer (65K protein) and diffuse bands are regarded as components of virus coat protein, whereas the 36K protein is probably a contaminant from the host plant. Virus particles were stabilised by divalent cations, pH‐dependent bonds and salt links between protein and RNA. EDTA‐treated virions were sensitive to ribonuclease and SDS.OLV‐1 was serologically unrelated to four tombusviruses, seven sobemoviruses or putative sobemoviruses, and seven other single component isometric plant viruses.
The technology of ethylene control: use and removal in post‐harvest handling of horticultural commodities
Authors: KNEE M. , PROCTOR F. J. , DOVER C. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA meeting of the Post‐Harvest Biology Group of the Association of Applied Biologists on 26 April 1984 discussed the significance of ethylene in the post‐harvest handling of horticultural commodities. The natural production of ethylene by crops and the risks of accidental exposure were surveyed. The effects of ethylene on plants were described in terms of ability to respond (responsiveness) and the relationship between response and concentration of ethylene (sensitivity). Sensitivity is related to the properties of ethylene receptors and may be common to all plant tissues. The varying responses to ethylene of fruits, vegetables and ornamentals were described. The limited studies of production and action of ethylene under temperature and atmosphere conditions of normal post‐harvest handling were reviewed. Methods of applying and removing ethylene were evaluated in terms of their practicality and applicability. The methodology of ethylene measurement was briefly considered. The potential for further research on post‐harvest significance of ethylene was discussed.
Nutrient availability effects on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings and transplants
Authors: HAAS JERRY H. , BAR‐TAL A. , BAR‐YOSEF B. , KRIKUN JAMES 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPepper (Capsicum annuum) seeds were sown in nutrient‐poor sand or nutrient‐rich peat/vermiculite amended or not amended withGlomus macrocarpum. The vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) seedlings were irrigated with three levels of nutrient solution, and transplanted into four levels of P‐amended soil, each of which was irrigated with two levels of nutrient solution minus P. Mycorrhizal seedlings in sand were responsive to increasing nutrient levels; in nutrient‐rich peat the seedlings did not respond to additional fertilisation. The greatest seedling development accompanied by good fungus colonisation was in nutrient‐poor medium irrigated with the highest nutrient solution tested (18 mM N, 1.2 mM P, and 7 mM K). Non‐VAM plants almost ceased growing between the weeks 4 and 5, whereas VAM plants increased in weight by 41–188%. After transplanting, sand‐grown seedlings benefited from VAM when 300 mg P/kg or more was added to the soil but peat‐grown plants did not. Fruit development was delayed in all non‐VAM plants compared with VAM ones.
The dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predatory Coleoptera in cereals
Authors: COOMBES DAVID S. , SOTHERTONS NICOLAS W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYObservations were made on the phenology of the dispersal of polyphagous arthropod predators from their overwintering habitats in field boundaries into adjacent farmland in cereal fields in southern England from 1981 to 1984. Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros and Demetrias atricapillus dispersed from overwintering habitats into adjacent cereal crops by crawling. B. lampros was fully dispersed by early May and the other two species by late May. Tachyporus spp. were thought to disperse mainly by flight, T. hypnorum being fully dispersed by mid‐May and T. chrysomelinus by late May. A small proportion of A. dorsale marked in field boundaries in April before dispersal began were later recaptured up to 200 m into adjacent crops later in the season.Areas of a crop, immediately adjacent to field boundaries in which high numbers of predators had overwintered, were found to have significantly (P<0.01) higher numbers of predators that disperse by walking (A. dorsale, B. lampros and D. atricapillus) moving through them towards the centres of fields. By mid‐summer, the mid‐crop density of D. atricapillus was correlated with its overwintering density in surrounding field boundaries the previous winter, but this was not so in the other species. Mid‐crop, mid‐summer densities of A. dorsale were significantly (P<0. 02) correlated with mean percentage weed cover in fields. The densities of the other species were not correlated with weed cover.Analysis of data collected over a 10‐yr period on a Sussex study area in late June revealed that significantly more D. atricapillus were found in fields surrounded by hedgerows than fields surrounded by fence‐post and wire boundaries.
Diversity within two serogroups ofRhizobium leguminosammnative to soils in the Palouse of eastern Washington*
Authors: TURCO R. F. , BEZDICEK D. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of plant genotype, soil temperature, and moisture on recovery ofRhizobium leguminosammserogroups WA01 and WA02 from soil, was evaluated in the greenhouse using three plant genotypes (Pisum sativumcv. Alaska,Pisum sativumcv. Paloma andLens culinariscv. Rechief), three temperatures (12, 20 and 24°C) and soil from two different slope positions. The impact of moisture was followed by assessing pea nodulation after incubation of soil at different preplanting moisture levels. Isolates were also evaluated for serogroup, response to low levels of antibiotics and efficacy of symbiotic characters.Of the 33 antibiotic‐strain combinations showing growth, 10 permitted 50% or more of the isolates to grow. Of the 24 clusters obtained, all except one were dominated by isolates in either serogroup. WA01 or WA02. There was no relation between either serogroup or cluster groupings and N2fixation. Serogroup recovery was influenced by plant genotype and temperature. At root temperatures of 12 and 24°C, serogroup WA02 occurred in a significantly lower fraction of the lentil nodules as compared to the pea species. At 12°C, recovery of WA02 was higher for the Paloma than Alaska pea. Recovery of WA02 in pea nodules generally increased as the soil moisture was preconditioned to drier levels of ‐0.5 and ‐1.5 MPa water potential.
Epidemiology and control of virus diseases of vegetables
Authors: TOMLINSON J. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe diverse ecological and epidemiological factors which determine virus infection of vegetable crops are discussed. These include the sources and spread of viruses, together with some agricultural and horticultural practices which have influenced their prevalence. Control measures are described, demonstrating ways of avoiding or minimising infection. Developments are reported with insecticides, insect repellents, anti‐feedants, and fungicides for the control of virus vectors. Some of the successes and future requirements in breeding vegetable cultivars with virus resistance are listed.An Appendix lists the economically most important vegetable virus diseases present in 28 countries or regions with temperate, Mediterranean‐like or subtropical climates. The five most important viruses in field‐grown vegetables are transmitted non‐persistently by aphids (cucumber mosaic, turnip mosaic, potato virus Y, lettuce mosaic and watermelon mosaic 1 (= papaya ringspot virus)). In contrast, with protectively‐grown vegetables, the most important are the mechanically‐transmitted tobamoviruses (tomato and tobacco mosaic, Capsicum mosaic and cucumber green mottle mosaic).
Apple replant disease: the influence of soil phosphorus and other factors on the growth responses of apple seedlings to soil fumigation with chloropicrin
Authors: SEWELL G. W. F. , PREECE D. A. , ELSEY R. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of fumigating field soils before replanting apple are frequently predicted from bioassays where apple seedlings are grown in pots, some containing untreated soil and the others containing chloropicrin‐fumigated soil. The results from 418 such bioassays made during eight years are discussed with reference to the effects of certain physical and chemical soil features.Soil phosphorus (P) content and pH had large effects on growth in fumigated (but not untreated) soils; they therefore had large effects on the growth response to soil fumigation. There were no indications of important effects due to soil content of potassium or magnesium or to soil texture.In fumigated soils, the height of seedlings was generally greater, the greater the soil P content, but in untreated soils it was mostly independent of P (range 1 – 156 mg P litre‐1soil). The differing effects of native P on growth in untreated or fumigated soils were attributed respectively to the presence and absence of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas: their absence in fumigated soils was considered (for apple) to be an artefact in the seedling bioassay. The results for untreated soils indicated that the apple mycorrhizal system was very efficient in retrieving P when there was little available.Growth responses to soil fumigation were usually greater in acidic than in alkaline soils for any given level of P. When soils were P‐amended before testing, the effects of native P and pH virtually disappeared and the proportion of orchard soils with economically significant growth responses increased from 39% to 67%.
Virus diseases of lupins
Authors: JONES R. A. C. , McLEAN G. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

INTRODUCTION
APHID‐TRANSMITTED VIRUSES

Potyvirus group

Bean yellow mosaic virus
Clover yellow vein virus
Bean common mosaic virus
Peanut mottle virus
Bidens mottle virus

Cucumovirus group

Cucumber mosaic virus
Peanut stunt virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus
Fabavirus group: broad bean wilt virus
Pea enation mosaic virus
Luteovirus group: soybean dwarf virus
Rhabdovirus group: lettuce necrotic yellows virus

THRIPS‐TRANSMITTED VIRUSES
Tomato spotted wilt virus

NEMATODE‐TRANSMITTED VIRUSES

Tobravirus group: pea early browning virus
Nepovirus group: tomato black ring virus

VIRUS‐LIKE DISEASES

Lupin leaf curl ‘virus’
‘Lupin witches’ broom disease

CONTROL VII. CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Sporulation of Botrytis cinerea as affected by photoselective polyethylene sheets and filters
Authors: REUVENI R. , RAVIVM M. , BAR R. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySporulation of Botrytis cinerea was studied in vitro under various filters and polyethylene co‐polymer (PE) sheets. It was found that continuous darkness blocked sporulation completely. Sporulation was inhibited by reduced ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation. Almost total inhibition of sporulation was also found when cultures were grown under a blue filter. The reduction of spore formation was negatively related to the ratio of transmitted blue/u.v. light. The possibility of using this effect to control the incidence of Botrytis cinerea in greenhouses is discussed. A brief report has been published (Reuveni, Raviv, Allingham & Bar, 1988).
Strain group specific and virus specific hypersensitive reactions to infection with potyviruses in potato cultivars
Authors: JONES R. A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWhen 12 potato cultivars were inoculated with isolates (one each) of potato virus Y (PVY) ordinary (Yo), C (Yc) and tobacco veinal necrosis (Yn) strain groups, potato virus A (PVA) and potato virus V (PVV), none of them responded hypersensitively to Yn. However, with Yo, Yc, PVA and PW specific hypersensitive reactions developed depending on isolate‐cultivar combination which were all independent of each other. When field isolates of PVY thought to be Yoor Ycwere inoculated to the same 12 cultivars, two did not fit into either strain group giving hypersensitive reactions in only two cultivars instead of seven with Yoor eight with Yc. These two isolates may represent a previously unreported PVY strain group (Yz).When Yowas graft‐inoculated to seedlings of the cross Desiree × Maris Piper (hypersensitive × non‐hypersensitive for Yo), the segregation ratio obtained for non‐hypersensitive:hypersensitive reactions was close to 1:1 suggesting that a single dominant gene (Nytbr) determining Yospecific hypersensitivity may be present in cv. Desiree (simplex condition). In tests using PVV and Desiree × Maris Piper (non‐hypersensitive × hypersensitive for PVV) seedlings, the segregation ratio obtained was close to 1:5 indicating that a single dominant gene (Nv) determining PVV specific hypersensitivity may be present in cv. Maris Piper (duplex condition).Cultivars Corine, Pirola and clone G5457(4) which each carry one of the extreme resistance genes (Ry) from Solanum stoloniferum were graft‐inoculated with Yn, Yo, Yc, PVV and PVA. G5457(4) gave a strong localised hypersensitive reaction in all instances, while cv. Pirola did so with all except PVA to which it was immune. In cv. Corine a severe localised hypersensitive reaction developed with PVA, generalised hypersensitivity with PVV but an immune response with the three PVY strain groups. Large‐scale grafting of Ynto plants of cvs Corine and Pirola gave no evidence of selection of a strain which overcomes Ry genes.
The effect of cypermethrin on the feeding of mustard beetles Phaedon cochleariae (F.)
Authors: HAJJAR M. J. , FORD J. B. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCypermethrin deposits on sprayed (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g ha‐1) radish leaves caused a significant antifeedant effect on third instar larvae and adults of mustard beetles.There was a significant inverse relationship between feeding and dose for both stages. In the case of adults on deposits of 1, 3 and 6 g hafeeding was reduced by 60–75% but no mortality was recorded. Much less uniform feeding was associated with higher application rates (9, 12 and 15 g ha‐I) with low mortality at the two highest doses. The mean areas of the individual holes eaten by larvae or adults in either control or treated leaves, did not differ significantly. The number of holes eaten was negatively related to application rate. The antifeedant effect was observed with low concentration of both technical and formulated cypermethrin.
Slug foraging behaviour: Attraction to food items from a distance
Authors: HOWLING G. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySlug foraging paths recorded using time lapse video techniques under infra‐red light were fitted to a correlated random walk model. Analyses were carried out on slugs in arenas where no food was present, as well as those containing commercial molluscicides at two rates of application. Slugs were found to search randomly in empty arenas and those containing commercial metaldehyde baits, but deviated from random search patterns when in the presence of commercial methiocarb bait. Differential attraction from a distance is suggested as a cause of these differences.
Complementary video and acoustic recordings of foraging by two pest species of slugs on non‐toxic and molluscicidal baits
Authors: BAILEY STUART E. R. , WEDGWOOD MARILYN A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effects of adding the molluscicides methiocarb and metaldehyde to pelleted foods on the encounter, acceptance, feeding and post‐meal stages of the foraging sequence of the slugs Deroceras reticulatum and Arion distinctus have been studied using two complementary laboratory techniques ‐ video and acoustic recordings.Whereas non‐feeding slugs encountered wheat grains at random, slugs which fed on wheat grains or pellets encountered them more frequently because of changes in locomotor pattern and olfactory attraction.Slugs would almost always feed on the first pellet they found, regardless of the presence or absence of molluscicide: thereafter they fed on only one pellet in every four encountered. Far fewer slugs accepted wheat grains.Slugs ate much less from pellets containing molluscicide, and meals were more irregular. The relative amounts of non‐toxic pellets of various types which were eaten gave no indication of the relative amounts eaten when molluscicide was added. Meal length did not correlate well with meal size on different pellet types because softer pellets were eaten faster.Most Deroceras fed several times on non‐toxic pellets or pellets containing methiocarb, although subsequent meals were shorter than the first meal. Most returned to shelters by dawn. In contrast, metaldehydefed slugs were rapidly immobilised; they seldom fed again, moved little, and few regained shelter. Arion were also inhibited after methiocarb meals but Deroceras were not. Arion distinctus moved less, ate less during a meal, and had fewer meals on nontoxic baits than Deroceras reticulatum.
Mango stem end rot pathogens — Infection levels between flowering and harvest
Authors: JOHNSON G. I. , MEAD A. J. , COOKE A. W. , DEAN J. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDuring flowering and fruit set of mango (Mangifera indica L.), colonisation by fungi (Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Dothiorella dominicana, Dothiorella mangiferae, Dothiorella sp., Epicoccum purpurascens and Pestalotiopsis sp.) increased as the flowers senesced and young fruit formed.In the third week after flowering, the incidence of Dothiorella dominicana and Dothiorella mangiferae associated with mango fruit‐pedicel connection tissue declined coincidentally with early fruit‐fall, suggesting that early infections by Dothiorella spp. may cause fruitlet abortion. Dothiorella spp. levels in fruit‐pedicel connection tissue remained low for the subsequent 6 weeks, after which they increased. By 16 weeks after flowering, the incidence of Dothiorella spp., determined by isolation from fruit‐pedicel connection tissue, was similar to the incidence of stem end rot caused by Dothiorella spp., which developed in fruit harvested at that time. By contrast, the frequency of detection of Dothiorella spp. in peduncle tissue peaked 11 weeks after flowering, when the levels of stem end rot developing in fruit were already similar to the levels recorded in fruit harvested at 16 weeks and later.The results suggest that in fruit and fruit‐pedicel tissue, colonisation might arise from Dothiorella spp. occurring endophytically in the peduncle. The earliest indicator of stem end rot incidence at harvest was the infection level in peduncle tissue sampled 11 weeks after flowering. Early assays of peduncle tissue for Dothiorella spp. might prove useful for selecting crops with low stem end rot infection levels.
A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds
Authors: LANCASHIRE PETER D. , BLEIHOLDER H. , BOOM T. VAN DEN , LANGELÜDDEKE P. , STAUSS R. , WEBER ELFRIEDE , WITZENBERGER A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA universal scale (to be known as the BBCH scale) using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed. The scale and codes are based on the well‐known Zadoks code for cereals.Developmentally similar growth stages of different crops are given the same codes. The general scale provides a framework within which more specific scales for individual crops may be constructed. The uniformity of the scale makes it easy to remember and use in agricultural practice and simplifies storage and retrieval in a computer system.A description of the general scale is given followed by specific scales for cereals, rice, maize, oilseed rape, field beans, peas and sunflower. Comparisons with scales currently in use are given where appropriate.
Detection of BMYV and BWYV isolates using monoclonal antibodies and radioactive RNA probes, and relationships among luteoviruses
Authors: HERRBACH E. , LEMAIRE O. , ZIEGLER‐GRAFF V. , LOT H. , RABENSTEIN F. , BOUCHERY Y. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn order to discriminate between sugar beet infecting beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and other isolates of beet western yellows virus (BWYV), monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and radioactive riboprobes were used. With MAbs prepared against BMYV or potato leafroll virus (PLRV) no distinction could be established between BMYV and BWYV. Seven probes were synthesised from a lettuce infecting BWYV isolate; their localisation in the genome is known and they cover almost its entire length. Probes from the ′3 part of the genome hybridised with all BMYV and BWYV isolates whereas those from the ′5 part did not recognise BMYV isolates, showing that a divergent ′5 region exists in the genomes of BMYV and BWYV. Probes also readily detected the virus in single aphids. The relevance of this finding for epidemiological studies is discussed.MAbs and riboprobes were also tested against other luteoviruses (PLRV; barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) MAV, PAV and RPV strains). The serological relationship between BMYV and PLRV was confirmed and an epitope common to PLRV and BYDV‐RPV was found. Using probes, PLRV and BYDV‐RPV were found to share domains of homology with BWYV. BYDV‐PAV showed weak homology with BWYV, while BYDV‐MAV showed none.
Localisation of coconut foliar decay virus in coconut palm
Authors: RANDLES J. W. , MILLER D. C. , MORIN J. P. , ROHDE W. , HANOLD D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCoconut foliar decay virus (CFDV) occurs at a very low concentration in coconut palm. A 1203 nucleotide segment of the sequenced encapsidated circular single‐stranded 1291 nucleotide CFDV‐DNA has been amplified and transcribed for use as a 32P cDNA probe for the virus. A rapid method for the extraction of DNA from coconut palm has been devised for a dot‐blot hybridisation assay using this probe. An alternative non‐radioactive probe has also been developed for future use in CFDV diagnosis.CFDV‐DNA was shown to be distributed unevenly in a range of infected palms, necessitating the use of multiple sampling to reliably detect infection in diagnostic tests. Viral DNA was detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic palms of both high and low susceptibility, in disease‐free tolerant cultivars, and in palms in remission from disease. Within the same palm, detectability of viral DNA varied little within leaflets, but varied more within and between fronds. CFDV‐DNA was detected 6–8 months after insect‐mediated inoculation, and symptoms generally appeared after another 1–4 months. In situ hybridisation of rachis tissue showed localisation of DNA within the phloem, but its distribution in the phloem was uneven. CFDV‐DNA was detected in tissue adjacent to and within necrotic zones which develop into the petiolar lesions associated with the disease‐specific collapse of fronds.Virus was detected in the body of the insect vector, and, where its distribution could be resolved, in the abdomen rather than the head.