bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the monomer concentration of polymerization influences various properties of polybenzimidazole: A case study with poly(4,4′‐diphenylether‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole)
Authors: Sannigrahi Arindam , Ghosh Sandip , Lalnuntluanga Joseph , Jana Tushar 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this work, a series of poly(4,4′‐diphenylether‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole)s (OPBIs) were synthesized from 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid) and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminobiphenyl through the variation of the initial monomer concentration with a solution polycondensation technique in a poly(phosphoric acid) medium. The resulting polymers were characterized by various techniques such as infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis. The initial monomer concentration in the polymerization mixture played an important role in controlling the molecular weight of the resulting polymers. A temperature‐dependent IR study showed that the free movement of the NH group of the imidazole ring was blocked by the absorbed moisture. The DMA study showed that the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) varied with the molecular weight, and the presence of the ether linkage in the OPBI polymer backbone had a significant influence on Tg. A high‐molecular‐weight OPBI polymer tended to form a supramolecular organization, which influenced the thermal characteristic of the polymer. Photophysical studies demonstrated the fluorescent characteristics of the OPBI polymers in both solid and solution states. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The importance of exposure to human material in anatomical education: A philosophical perspective
Authors: Gillingwater Thomas H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDespite reductions in the importance, time committed to, and status of anatomical education in modern medical curricula, anatomical knowledge remains a cornerstone of medicine and related professions. Anatomists are therefore presented with the challenge of delivering required levels of core anatomical knowledge in a reduced time‐frame and with fewer resources. One common response to this problem is to reduce the time available for students to interact with human specimens (either via dissection or handling of prosected material). In some curricula, these sessions are replaced with didactic or problem‐based approaches focussed on transmitting core anatomical concepts. Here, I propose that the adoption of philosophical principles concerning the relationship and differences between “direct experience” and “concept” provides a strong case in support of requiring students to gain significant exposure to human material. These insights support the hypothesis that direct experience of human material is required for “deep,” rather than “superficial,” understanding of anatomy. Anat Sci Ed 1:264–266, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Hostile Environmental Intellectuals? Critiques and Counter‐Critiques of Science and Technology in West Germany after 1945
Authors: Beyler Richard H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFeindliche intellektuelle Umwelt? Kritiker und Gegenkritiker von Naturwissenschaft und Technik in Westdeutschland nach 1945. Paul Forman stellt in seiner Arbeit über Physik in der Weimarer Republik die These auf, dass in diesem Kontext von Niederlage und politischer Krise eine irrationalistische Strömung innerhalb deutscher intellektueller Geschichte plötzlich gestärkt wurde. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Lage Deutschlands noch katastrophaler, dennoch kam ein vergleichbares Klima von Irrationalismus nur sehr begrenzt auf. Der Zusammenbruch des Nationalsozialismus war genügend rational erklärbar, ohne einen philosophischen Fatalismus als Grund anzuführen. F.G. Jünger, als eine Ausnahme, setzte dem eine autonome, dämonische Technik als Erklärungsmodell gegenüber. Viele Kulturkritiker der damaligen Zeit fanden solche Betrachtungen unrealistisch und favorisierten stattdessen eine Integration technischer und humanistischer Interpretationsansätze. Auch eine neue Welle einer teilweise apokalyptischen Umweltkrisen‐Literatur nach dem Krieg stützte sich auf spezifisch wissenschaftliche Analysen und nicht auf einen generellen gesellschaftlichen Kulturpessimismus.Hostile Environmental Intellectuals? Critiques and Counter‐Critiques of Science and Technology in West Germany after 1945. Paul Forman, in his work on physics in Weimar Germany, advanced the thesis that an irrationalist current within German intellectual history was then suddenly exacerbated in a context of defeat and political crisis. After World War II, Germany's situation was if any thing even more catastrophic; nevertheless, a comparable climate of irrationalism arose only in a limited way. The collapse of National Socialism was, in effect, sufficiently explicable on rational grounds to resort to a philosophical fatalism. F. G. Jünger, as a possible exception, put forward a theory of autonomous, demonic technology as an explanation; many cultural critics of the time, however, found these views unrealistic and favored an integration of technical and humanistic approaches. Moreover, even a new wave of (sometimes apocalyptic) literature of environmental crisis focused on specific scientifically analyses rather than a diffuse cultural pessimism.
Die Konstituierung eines Netzwerkes reaktionärer Physiker in der Weimarer Republik
Authors: Wolff Stefan L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Constitution of a Network of Reactionary Physicists during the Republic of Weimar. The dominance of physicists from Berlin in the German Physical Society caused a controversial discussion on the statute initiated by those outside of Berlin in 1914. It could not be finished because of the outbreak of World War I. This antagonism got a political and ideological quality when only the ‘Non‐Berliners’ supported a chauvinistic appeal of German physicists in the so‐called “Krieg der Geister”. After the war this development led to the constitution of a network of reactionary physicists just before the “Naturforscherversammlung” in Bad Nauheim in 1920. Its members shared a hostile attitude towards the new Republic of Weimar and were mostly chauvinistic and anti‐Semitic. Temporarily the network was able to mobilise a considerable part of German physicists for their aims. A decentralisation of the German Physical Society was put through. Considering this network we examine one of the theses of Paul Forman according to which there is a close correlation between political and scientific orientations during that time. We are able to confirm this as far as science policy is concerned. There a bias for a certain kind of research can be found. It becomes more difficult when we investigate the influence of a political attitude on the individual research. We succeed in those cases where the modern theories are involved.
The Fin de Siècle Thesis
Authors: Staley Richard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDie Fin de Siècle‐These.Der Aufsatz untersucht das Verhältnis zwischen John Heilbrons Argumentation, die Physiker des ‘fin de siecle’ hätten Bild und Substanz ihrer Disziplin kulturellen Belangen angepasst, und Paul Formans Interpretation der Akausalität in der Weimarer Periode. Ergänzend zu ihrer Fokussierung auf Repräsentationen anstelle von Wahrheit, legten die von Heilbron benannten Anhänger “deskriptionistischer” Epistemologien den Schwerpunkt auf Methodik, statistische anstelle kausaler Erklärungen, historisches Verständnis von Epistemologie und unterstrichen die Beziehungen zwischen der Physik und anderen Disziplinen. Ihre Perspektive liefert einen intellektuellen Kontext – innerhalb der Disziplin Physik – für zumindestens einen Teil dessen, was Forman als Kapitulation vor einer feindlichen sozialen Umgebung, wie sie sich in Oswald SpenglersDer Untergang des Abendlandesausdrückte, beschrieben hat.The Fin de Siècle Thesis.This paper examines the relations between John Heilbron's argument that fin de siècle physicists adjusted the image and substance of their discipline to cultural concerns, and Paul Forman's approach to acausality in the Weimar period. In addition to their focus on representation rather than truth, adherents of the “descriptionist” epistemologies that Heilbron identified also promoted an emphasis on method, statistical rather than causal explanations, historical understandings of epistemology, and stressed the relations between physics and other disciplines. Their views provide an intellectual context – within the physics discipline – for at least some part of what Forman had described as a capitulation to the hostile social environment expressed in Oswald Spengler'sDer Untergang des Abendlandes.
The relationship of oral disturbances of diabetes mellitus patients with paraoxonase gene polymorphisms
Authors: Ünür Meral , Demirez Erdinç , Ağaçhan Bedia , Görmüş Uzay , Ergen Arzu , Dalan Burak , İsbir Turgay 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multisystemic disorder with serious complications and these patients may also have serious problems with their oral cavity probably because of the microangiopathic and neuropathic complications. In diabetic patients, there may be several problems of the oral cavity such as gingivitis, periodontitis, candidiasis, glossitis, oral ulcerations, loss of taste sensations, opportunistic infections and several other conditions dependent on these. One of the recent theories about complications in DM is the contribution of reactive oxygen radicals. Paraoxonase (PON1) is an enzyme that is synthesized in liver and having the capability of hydrolasing the active metabolite of an insectisid, parathion. Previously it was shown that there are two polymorphic areas on the PON1 gene: one causing a Leu → Met substitution at 55th position, the other causing Gln → Arg at the 192nd position. We investigated the differences in PON activities related to the oral lesions in Type 2 diabetics and control subjects to see their relationships with PON1 activity levels and the two main gene polymorphisms of PON1 genes, PON1 192 and PON1 55. We had 51 patients and 53 healthy subjects used in the study. PON activity was significantly decreased in Type 2 DM group compared to the control group. Neither PON1 192 nor PON1 55 genotypes had any differential effect on PON1 enzyme activity levels in either group. However, we found that PON1 55 M allele carriers had greater risk for general periodontal and/or gingival problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust partial least squares regression method with applications
Authors: González Javier , Peña Daniel , Romera Rosario 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPartial least squares (PLS) regression is a linear regression technique developed to relate many regressors to one or several response variables. Robust methods are introduced to reduce or remove the effect of outlying data points. In this paper, we show that if the sample covariance matrix is properly robustified further robustification of the linear regression steps of the PLS algorithm becomes unnecessary. The robust estimate of the covariance matrix is computed by searching for outliers in univariate projections of the data on a combination of random directions (Stahel—Donoho) and specific directions obtained by maximizing and minimizing the kurtosis coefficient of the projected data, as proposed by Peña and Prieto [1]. It is shown that this procedure is fast to apply and provides better results than other methods proposed in the literature. Its performance is illustrated by Monte Carlo and by an example, where the algorithm is able to show features of the data which were undetected by previous methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and developmental regulation of oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin receptors (OTR) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal epithelium
Authors: Welch Martha G. , Tamir Hadassah , Gross Kara J. , Chen Jason , Anwar Muhammad , Gershon Michael D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) are known for roles in parturition and milk let‐down, they are not hypothalamus‐restricted. OT is important in nurturing and opposition to stress. Transcripts encoding OT and OTR have been reported in adult human gut, and OT affects intestinal motility. We tested the hypotheses that OT is endogenous to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and that OTR signaling may participate in enteric neurophysiology. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed OT and OTR transcripts in adult mouse and rat gut and in precursors of enteric neurons immunoselected from fetal rats. Enteric OT and OTR expression continued through adulthood but was developmentally regulated, peaking at postnatal day 7. Coincidence of the immunoreactivities of OTR and the neural marker Hu was 100% in the P3 and 71% in the adult myenteric plexus, when submucosal neurons were also OTR‐immunoreactive. Co‐localization with NeuN established that intrinsic primary afferent neurons are OTR‐expressing. Because OTR transcripts and protein were detected in the nodose ganglia, OT signaling might also affect extrinsic primary afferent neurons. Although OT immunoreactivity was found only in ∼1% of myenteric neurons, extensive OT‐immunoreactive varicosities surrounded many others. Villus enterocytes were OTR‐immunoreactive through postnatal day 17; however, by postnatal day 19, immunoreactivity waned to become restricted to crypts and concentrated at crypt‐villus junctions. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed plasmalemmal OTR at enterocyte adherens junctions. We suggest that OT and OTR signaling might be important in ENS development and function and might play roles in visceral sensory perception and neural modulation of epithelial biology. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:256–270, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron microscopic localization of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptor in rat and mouse central nucleus of the amygdala
Authors: Treweek Jennifer B. , Jaferi Azra , Colago Eric E. , Zhou Ping , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCorticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) is expressed in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), where the CRF receptor (CRFr) plays an important role in anxiety‐ and stress‐related behaviors. To determine the subcellular sites of CRFr activation in this region, we examined the electron microscopic immunolabeling of antisera recognizing CRF or CRFr. The ultrastructural analysis was principally conducted in the lateral subdivision of the rat CeA, with comparisons being made in mice so as to optimally utilize mutant mice in control experiments. The CRFr labeling was seen in many small dendrites and dendritic spines as well as in a few somata, large dendrites, axons, and axon terminals or more rarely in glial processes. Approximately 35% of the CRFr‐labeled dendrites contained CRF immunoreactivity, which was distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm, or specifically affiliated with either endomembranes or large dense‐core vesicles. The CRF‐immunoreactive vesicles also were present in somata and axon terminals with or without CRFr labeling. The CRF immunoreactivity was usually absent from both terminals and dendrites joined by asymmetric, excitatory‐type synapses, where a postsynaptic location of the CRFr was commonly observed. Numerous terminals containing both CRF and CRFr were seen, however, within the neuropil and sometimes apposing the excitatory synapses. These results provide ultrastructural evidence for a primary involvement of CRF receptors in modulation of the postsynaptic excitability of CeA neurons, an effect that may be limited by the availability of CRF. The findings have important implications for understanding CRF mediation of rapid responses to stress. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:323–335, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On stochastic modelling of linear circuits
Authors: Rawat Tarun Kumar , Parthasarathy Harish 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the deterministic modelling of linear circuits is replaced by stochastic modelling by including variance in the parameters (resistance, inductance and capacitance). Our method is based on results from the theory of stochastic differential equations. This method is general in the following sense. Any electrical circuit that consists of resistances, inductances and capacitances can be modelled by ordinary differential equations, in which the parameters of the differential operators are the functions of circuit elements. The deterministic ordinary differential equation can be converted into a stochastic differential equation by adding noise to the input potential source and to the circuit elements. The noise added in the potential source is assumed to be a white noise and that added in the parameters is assumed to be a correlated process because these parameters change very slowly with time and hence must be modelled as a correlated process. In this paper, we model a series RLC circuit by using the proposed method. The stochastic differential equation that describes the concentration of charge in the capacitor of a series RLC circuit is solved. Numerical simulations in MATLAB are obtained using the Euler–Maruyama method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A versatile platform for comprehensive chip‐based explorative cytometry
Authors: Hennig Christian , Adams Nico , Hansen Gesine 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAnalysis of the immense complexity of the immune system is increasingly hampered by technical limitations of current methodologies, especially for multiparameter‐ and functional analysis of samples containing small numbers of cells. We here present a method, which is based on the stepwise functional manipulation and analysis of living immune cells that are self‐immobilized within microfluidic chips using automated epifluorescence microscopy overcoming current limitations for comprehensive immunophenotyping. Crossvalidation with flow cytometry revealed a 10‐fold increased sensitivity and a comparable specificity. By using small sample volumes and cell numbers (2–10 μl, down to 20,000 cells), we were able to analyze a virtually unlimited number of intracellular and surface markers even on living immune cells. We exemplify the scientific and diagnostic potential of this method by (1) identification and phenotyping of rare cells, (2) comprehensive analysis of very limited sample volume, and (3) deep immunophenotyping of human B‐cells after in vitro differentiation. Finally, we propose an informatic model for annotation and comparison of cytometric data by using an ontology‐based approach. The chip‐based cytometry introduced here turned out to be a very useful tool to enable a stepwise exploration of precious, small cell‐containing samples with an virtually unlimited number of surface‐ and intracellular markers. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The confirmability and disconfirmability of trait concepts: Competence affects evidentiary standards for warmth
Authors: Tausch Nicole 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBased on Peeters' behavioural‐adaptive model which posits that biases in trait attribution serve to avert potential harm to the individual, this study tested the hypothesis that the evidentiary standards for inferring warmth‐related traits are affected by the competence of the target being judged. As incorrectly ascribing warmth to a highly competent target is potentially more harmful than incorrectly ascribing warmth to an incompetent target, I expected higher confirmation and lower disconfirmation thresholds for positive warmth‐related traits and lower confirmation and higher disconfirmation thresholds for negative warmth‐related traits for competent as opposed to incompetent targets. The hypotheses were confirmed for positive, but not for negative traits. The effect of target competence on instances confirming (but not instances disconfirming) ratings was mediated by differences in the potential harmfulness of making incorrect trait attributions. An alternative explanation for these findings, namely that different expectancies for competent versus incompetent targets can account for differences in (dis‐) confirmation thresholds, was ruled out. The implications of these findings for interpersonal relations and group stereotypes are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The primacy of communion over agency and its reversals in evaluations
Authors: Wojciszke Bogdan , Abele Andrea E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAgency (A) and communion (C) are basic dimensions of social judgment and C is typically more important than A. Building on the two‐interest account of bidimensionality of social cognition, we hypothesized that this “C over A” pattern is typical for judging distant persons but is attenuated or even reversed when people judge the self or interdependent persons. In Study 1 we found that the construal of events leading to changes in a target's evaluation was different in dependence on perspective. There was a “C over A” pattern in case of distant others, but an “A over C” pattern in case of close friends or the self. In Study 2 we found that the degree of dependence on one's supervisor determined the “C over A” pattern, as well. C was more important for the supervisor's overall evaluation if there was no dependence, and conversely A was more important in case of dependence. The studies underline the theoretical significance of a social interaction perspective in social judgment, and particularly in judgments on the two basic dimensions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective stereotype activation: The joint impact of interpersonal goals and task context
Authors: Bukowski Marcin , Moya Miguel , de Lemus Soledad , Szmajke Andrzej 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn complex social interactions, such as co‐operation or competition with another person on an ability test, people tend to activate stereotypes strategically in order to achieve their self‐enhancement goals. If multiple ways of categorizing the target person are available, the selected stereotypical traits that serve their motives might also depend on the specific task context in which the interaction is situated. We assumed that people selectively process trait information in order to increase their perceived chances to win in a currently performed task. We tested this hypothesis in a study in which participants were told to perform an analytical or emotional skills task having as a co‐operator or rival, a multiple categorizable target person (female computer science student). In the analytical task context, we found stronger inhibition of stereotypically female traits in the co‐operation than in the competition condition. In the emotional skills task context, we found stronger inhibition of computer scientist traits in the co‐operation than competition condition. The interactive nature of goals and context influences on stereotype activation is discussed and some theoretical implications about the dynamics of stereotype activation processes are drawn. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting future affective states: How ease of retrieval and faith in intuition moderate the impact of activated content
Authors: Keller Johannes , Bless Herbert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPrior research suggests that duration bias—the tendency to overestimate the duration of affective states—is due to individuals' inordinate focus on event‐related information. We propose that the impact of focusing on event‐related (vs. unrelated) content is moderated by the ease with which the information is brought to mind. In the present experiment, participants thought about a possible future negative event and made affective forecasts after retrieving either few or many aspects in their life that would be affected (or unaffected) by the event. Participants estimated longer duration of affective consequences when they retrieved event‐related rather than event‐unrelated information. However, this effect was restricted to conditions where the respective information was brought to mind easily. Importantly, results also revealed that individual differences in faith in intuition moderated the effect of manipulated ease of retrieval. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.