bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Compounds in the Vicinity of Ni-SDC/LSGM Interface and Performance of SOFC Single Cells with Different Anode Thickness
Authors: Kawahara Koichi , Suda Seiichi , Suzuki Msaya , Kawano Mitsunobu , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Inagaki Toru 
Published: May 2007

Ni-SDC/LSGM/LSC single cells with different anode thickness were fabricated. The cell performance depended strongly on the anode thickness; the performance monotonically increased with increasing the anode thickness up to 100μm. SEM observations revealed that the fine particles were distributed in the vicinity of anode/electrolyte interface with 15-20μm thickness. Although fine particles distributed in the vicinity of the interface, the cells with thicker anode did not show significant performance drop.	However, cells with thinner anode than 15μm showed critical low performance. The fine particles, therefore, would have a great effect on the cell performance. The fine particles were revealed to be oxides consisting mainly of Mg by TEM/EDX analysis. Since the fine particles were oxides even after the cell performance test, it was suggested that the much lower electronic conductivity of fine particles determined the lower performance of cells with thinner anode.
Understanding Nickel Oxidation and Reduction Processes in SOFC Systems
Authors: Young Jason L. , Vedahara Vedasri , Kung Sherman , Xia Shen , Birss Viola 
Published: May 2007

In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Ni-YSZ cermets have many advantages, but degradation can be severe if the anode is exposed to an oxidizing environment.	It has been found, in this study and others, that the primary cause of degradation is due to a >60% volume change from Ni to Ni oxide. It is shown here that the Ni is reduced and oxidized in a shorter time period for each redox cycle after the first full cycle. For reduction, this is likely due to the development of a larger surface area, as the cellular NiO surface structure is observed. Also, controlled oxidation of the anode leads to reduced series and reaction resistance values and the Van der Pauw technique indicates that the conductivity of the Ni-YSZ electrode improves after the first redox cycle. Thus, as long as there is enough space for the Ni to expand as it is oxidized, there are actually benefits to cell performance from redox cycling.
Microstructural and Electrochemical Study of Charge Transport and Reaction Mechanisms in Ni/YSZ Anode
Authors: Bredikhin Ivan , Sinitsyn Vitaly , Aronin Alexander , Kuritsyna Irina , Bredikhin Sergey 
Published: May 2007

The microstructure and chemical changes in the Ni-YSZ heterojunctions were studied by scanning, transmission, and high-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that new nano-size Ni grains are formed at Ni-YSZ interface at the cell operation. The following two stage reaction mechanism was proposed for hydrogen oxidation on the nano-size Ni grains:	1. NiO + Н2 Þ Н2О + Ni; 2. O2-(YSZ) + Ni Þ NiO + 2e. This mechanism implies that the SOFC will operate during some time even after switching off the hydrogen flow. We have observed and investigated current-voltage characteristics of SOFC after cutting off the hydrogen pass through anode chamber. Electrochemical properties of SOFC were investigated as a function of Ni volume content for two different geometry of anode current collector. Good correlations of experimentally measured SOFC characteristics with results of numeric calculations were found.
Effect of Graded Porous Structure on Ni-YSZ Anode Performance
Authors: Jono Kaori , Suda Seiichi , Hattori Masatoshi 
Published: May 2007

SOFC anode requires long three phase boundaries (TPBs) and appropriate gas diffusion passes for the fast transport of both fuel and exhaust gases, but the area where gas diffusion passes are especially required would be different from the area suitable for electrochemical reaction in the anode. Then gradient porous structures of SOFC anodes have been proposed to fulfill the anodic functions in adequate anodic areas. Ni- YSZ anodes with various gradient pore-distributions were then prepared using pore-formers by screen-printing method.	The relationship between maximum power densities and the pore size and porosity distributions was investigated to identify an effective gradient porous structure that can improve anode performance. The gradient porous structure improved anodic polarization. Pore structure contains two factors of pore size and porosity but the gradient in pore size was more effective in improving anode performance.
Carburization Resistance of Nb Added-16Cr Alloy at 1073 K
Authors: Ito Takuya , Ueda Mitsutoshi , Kawamura Kenichi , Maruyama Toshio 
Published: May 2007

Fe-Cr ferritic alloy is one of the candidates of interconnects.	This alloy has a good oxidation resistance by formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale, which also protects from carburization. Using hydrocarbon gas as fuel, Cr concentration near the alloy surface may decrease by the formation of Cr carbides. The formation of the protective Cr2O3 scale is failed.	It is expected that Nb addition to Fe- Cr alloy prevents from carburization because Nb has stronger affinity to carbon than Cr. Fe-16 mass%Cr and Fe-16 mass%Cr- 1.0 mass%Nb alloys were exposed to the atmosphere with S/C=1.1 at 1073 K up to 604.8 ks. In the case of Fe-16Cr alloy, carburization occurred extensively and internal Cr oxides and carbides were formed inside of the alloy. No Cr carbides were observed in all parts of the Nb added alloy. This indicates that carburization resistance is improved by the addition of Nb.
Ocean Eddy Dynamics in a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model*
Authors: Berloff P. , Dewar W. , Kravtsov S. , McWilliams J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The role of mesoscale oceanic eddies is analyzed in a quasigeostrophic coupled ocean–atmosphere model operating at a large Reynolds number. The model dynamics are characterized by decadal variability that involves nonlinear adjustment of the ocean to coherent north–south shifts of the atmosphere. The oceanic eddy effects are diagnosed by the dynamical decomposition method adapted for nonstationary external forcing. The main effects of the eddies are an enhancement of the oceanic eastward jet separating the subpolar and subtropical gyres and a weakening of the gyres. The flow-enhancing effect is due to nonlinear rectification driven by fluctuations of the eddy forcing. This is a nonlocal process involving generation of the eddies by the flow instabilities in the western boundary current and the upstream part of the eastward jet. The eddies are advected by the mean current to the east, where they backscatter into the rectified enhancement of the eastward jet. The gyre-weakening effect, which is due to the time-mean buoyancy component of the eddy forcing, is a result of the baroclinic instability of the westward return currents. The diagnosed eddy forcing is parameterized in a non-eddy-resolving ocean model, as a nonstationary random process, in which the corresponding parameters are derived from the control coupled simulation. The key parameter of the random process—its variance—is related to the large-scale flow baroclinicity index. It is shown that the coupled model with the non-eddy-resolving ocean component and the parameterized eddies correctly simulates climatology and low-frequency variability of the control eddy-resolving coupled solution.
Wave–Current Interaction: A Comparison of Radiation-Stress and Vortex-Force Representations
Authors: Lane E. M. , Restrepo J. M. , McWilliams J. C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The vortex-force representation of the wave-averaged effects on currents is compared to the radiation-stress representation in a scaling regime appropriate to coastal and shelf waters. Three-dimensional and vertically integrated expressions for the conservative current equations are obtained in both representations. The vortex-force representation decomposes the main wave-averaged effects into two physically understandable concepts—a vortex force and a Bernoulli head. The vortex force is shown to be the dominant wave-averaged effect on currents. This effect can occur at higher order than the apparent leading order for the radiation-stress representation. Excluding nonconservative effects such as wave breaking, the lowest-order radiation or interaction stress can be completely characterized in terms of wave setup, forcing of long (infragravity) waves, and an Eulerian current whose divergence cancels that of the primary wave Stokes drift. The leading-order, wave-averaged dynamical effects incorporate the vortex force together with material advection by Stokes drift, modified pressure-continuity and kinematic surface boundary conditions, and parameterized representations of wave generation by the wind and breaking near the shoreline.
Satellite-Derived Surface Current Divergence in Relation to Tropical Atlantic SST and Wind
Authors: Helber Robert W. , Weisberg Robert H. , Bonjean Fabrice , Johnson Eric S. , Lagerloef Gary S. E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The relationships between tropical Atlantic Ocean surface currents and horizontal (mass) divergence, sea surface temperature (SST), and winds on monthly-to-annual time scales are described for the time period from 1993 through 2003. Surface horizontal mass divergence (upwelling) is calculated using surface currents estimated from satellite sea surface height, surface vector wind, and SST data with a quasi-linear, steady-state model. Geostrophic and Ekman dynamical contributions are considered. The satellite-derived surface currents match climatological drifter and ship-drift currents well, and divergence patterns are consistent with the annual north–south movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and equatorial cold tongue evolution. While the zonal velocity component is strongest, the meridional velocity component controls divergence along the equator and to the north beneath the ITCZ. Zonal velocity divergence is weaker but nonnegligible. Along the equator, a strong divergence (upwelling) season in the central/eastern equatorial Atlantic peaks in May while equatorial SST is cooling within the cold tongue. In addition, a secondary weaker and shorter equatorial divergence occurs in November also coincident with a slight SST cooling. The vertical transport at 30-m depth, averaged across the equatorial Atlantic Ocean between 2°S and 2°N for the record length, is 15(±6) × 106 m3 s−1. Results are consistent with what is known about equatorial upwelling and cold tongue evolution and establish a new method for observing the tropical upper ocean relative to geostrophic and Ekman dynamics at spatial and temporal coverage characteristic of satellite-based observations.
Diagnosis of the Vertical Motions in a Mesoscale Stirring Region
Authors: Legal Cédric , Klein Patrice , Treguier Anne-Marie , Paillet Jerome 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A high-resolution survey was conducted as part of the 2001 Programme Ocean Multidisciplinaire Meso Echelle (POMME 2) experiment in a region of the northeast Atlantic Ocean characterized by a large number of strongly interacting mesoscale eddies. The survey was located between mesoscale eddies in an area where the horizontal stirring processes were dominant. Diagnosis, using SeaSoar data combined with the analysis of altimeter data, reveals an energetic vertical velocity field involving elongated thin structures with alternate signs and amplitude up to 20 m day−1. The 3D dynamics involved in the appearance of these vertical motions is the restoration of the thermal wind balance within the small-scale density filaments that are elongated by the stirring processes. These experimental results reinforce the conclusions of previous numerical studies pointing out the necessity to explicitly include the effects of the filamentation process in ocean models.
Oceanic Isopycnal Slope Spectra. Part I: Internal Waves
Authors: Klymak Jody M. , Moum James N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Horizontal tow measurements of internal waves are rare and have been largely supplanted in recent decades by vertical profile measurements. Here, estimates of isotherm displacements and turbulence dissipation rate from a towed vehicle deployed near Hawaii are presented. The displacement data are interpreted in terms of horizontal wavenumber spectra of isopycnal slope. The spectra span scales from 5 km to 0.1 m, encompassing both internal waves and turbulence. The turbulence subrange is identified using a standard turbulence fit, and the rest of the motions are deemed to be internal waves. The remaining subrange has a slightly red slope (ϕ ∼ k−1/2x) and vertical coherences compatible with internal waves, in agreement with previous towed measurements. However, spectral amplitudes in the internal wave subrange exhibit surprisingly little variation despite a four-order-of-magnitude change in turbulence dissipation rate observed at the site. The shape and amplitude of the horizontal spectra are shown to be consistent with observations and models of vertical internal wave spectra that consist of two subranges: a “linear” subrange (ϕ ∼ k0z) and a red “saturated” subrange (ϕ ∼ k−1z). These two subranges are blurred in the transformation to horizontal spectra, yielding slopes close to those observed. The saturated subrange does not admit amplitude variations in the spectra yet is an important component of the measured horizontal spectra, explaining the poor correspondence with the dissipation rate.
Multipotent cells can be generated in vitro from several adult human organs (heart, liver, and bone marrow)
Authors: Beltrami Antonio P. , Cesselli Daniela , Bergamin Natascha , Marcon Patrizia , Rigo Silvia , Puppato Elisa , D'Aurizio Federica , Verardo Roberto , Piazza Silvano , Pignatelli Angela , Poz Alessandra , Baccarani Umberto , Damiani Daniela , Fanin Renato , Mariuzzi Laura , Finato Nicoletta , Masolini Paola , Burelli Silvia , Belluzzi Ottorino , Schneider Claudio , Beltrami Carlo A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The aims of our study were to verify whether it was possible to generate in vitro, from different adult human tissues, a population of cells that behaved, in culture, as multipotent stem cells and if these latter shared common properties. To this purpose, we grew and cloned finite cell lines obtained from adult human liver, heart, and bone marrow and named them human multipotent adult stem cells (hMASCs). Cloned hMASCs, obtained from the 3 different tissues, expressed the pluripotent state–specific transcription factors Oct-4, NANOG, and REX1, displayed telomerase activity, and exhibited a wide range of differentiation potential, as shown both at a morphologic and functional level. hMASCs maintained a human diploid DNA content, and shared a common gene expression signature, compared with several somatic cell lines and irrespectively of the tissue of isolation. In particular, the pathways regulating stem cell self-renewal/maintenance, such as Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch, were transcriptionally active. Our findings demonstrate that we have optimized an in vitro protocol to generate and expand cells from multiple organs that could be induced to acquire morphologic and functional features of mature cells even embryologically not related to the tissue of origin.
ATF2 impairs glucocorticoid receptor–mediated transactivation in human CD8+ T cells
Authors: Li Ling-bo , Leung Donald Y. M. , Strand Matthew J. , Goleva Elena 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChronic inflammatory diseases often have residual CD8+ T-cell infiltration despite treatment with systemic corticosteroids, which suggests divergent steroid responses between CD4+ and CD8+ cells. To examine steroid sensitivity, dexamethasone (DEX)–induced histone H4 lysine 5 (K5) acetylation and glucocorticoid receptor α (GCRα) translocation were evaluated. DEX treatment for 6 hours significantly induced histone H4 K5 acetylation in normal CD4+ cells (P = .001) but not in CD8+ cells. DEX responses were functionally impaired in CD8+ compared with CD4+ cells when using mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (1 hour; P = .02) and interleukin 10 mRNA (24 hours; P = .004) induction as a readout of steroid-induced transactivation. Normal DEX-induced GCRα nuclear translocation and no significant difference in GCRα and GCRβ mRNA expression were observed in both T-cell types. In addition, no significant difference in SRC-1, p300, or TIP60 expression was found. However, activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) expression was significantly lower in CD8+ compared with CD4+ cells (P = .009). Importantly, inhibition of ATF2 expression by small interfering RNA in CD4+ cells resulted in inhibition of DEX-induced transactivation in CD4+ cells. The data indicate refractory steroid-induced transactivation but similar steroid-induced transrepression of CD8+ cells compared with CD4+ cells caused by decreased levels of the histone acetyltransferase ATF2.
Diverse histone modifications on histone 3 lysine 9 and their relation to DNA methylation in specifying gene silencing
Authors: Wu Jiejun , Wang Shu-Huei , Potter Dustin , Liu Joseph C , Smith Laura T , Wu Yue-Zhong , Huang Tim H-M , Plass Christoph 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Previous studies of individual genes have shown that in a self-enforcing way, dimethylation at histone 3 lysine 9 (dimethyl-H3K9) and DNA methylation cooperate to maintain a repressive mode of inactive genes. Less clear is whether this cooperation is generalized in mammalian genomes, such as mouse genome. Here we use epigenomic tools to simultaneously interrogate chromatin modifications and DNA methylation in a mouse leukemia cell line, L1210.

Results
Histone modifications on H3K9 and DNA methylation in L1210 were profiled by both global CpG island array and custom mouse promoter array analysis. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray (ChIP-chip) to examine acetyl-H3K9 and dimethyl-H3K9. We found that the relative level of acetyl-H3K9 at different chromatin positions has a wider range of distribution than that of dimethyl-H3K9. We then used differential methylation hybridization (DMH) and the restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS) to analyze the DNA methylation status of the same targets investigated by ChIP-chip. The results of epigenomic profiling, which have been independently confirmed for individual loci, show an inverse relationship between DNA methylation and histone acetylation in regulating gene silencing. In contrast to the previous notion, dimethyl-H3K9 seems to be less distinct in specifying silencing for the genes tested.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates in L1210 leukemia cells a diverse relationship between histone modifications and DNA methylation in the maintenance of gene silencing. Acetyl-H3K9 shows an inverse relationship between DNA methylation and histone acetylation in regulating gene silencing as expected. However, dimethyl-H3K9 seems to be less distinct in relation to promoter methylation. Meanwhile, a combination of epigenomic tools is of help in understanding the heterogeneity of epigenetic regulation, which may further our vision accumulated from single-gene studies.
Absidia Corymbiferain an immune competent accident victim with multiple abdominal injuries: case report
Authors: Belfiori Rita , Terenzi Adelmo , Marchesini Laura , Repetto Antonella 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
We report a case of mucormycosis in a healthy 17-year-old accident victim with multiple abdominal injuries which was caused by infection with Absidia Corymbifera, a ubiquitous saphrophyte in the ground.

Case presentation
The patient was admitted to hospital with massive abdominal trauma. During an 8-hour emergency operation he received transfusions of compacted red blood cells, plasma, platelets and hemagel. He developed a crush syndrome with acute renal failure, resolved with extra-corporeal dialysis and had to undergo splenectomy because of spleen hematoma. As wound secretion and central venous catheter (CVC) blood cultures and drainage fluid were positive for Enterococcus Faecium, Providentia Rettgeri, Hafnia Alvei and Candida Albicans, tecoplanin, metronidazole, imipenem, and flucanozole were administered.
Although the CVC was changed high fever persisted and discharge continued from the large abdominal wound. Repeated tampons in different sections and wound secretion smears were positive for A. corymbifera. Flucanozole was stopped and liposomal amphotericin (Ambisome; 5 mg/Kg i.v.) given for over 3 months.
The patient improved; fever gradually disappeared. After 8 days, tampons and wound secretion smears were negative for A. corymbifera. No other fungal infections developed. Drainage fluid was later positive for tecoplanin-resistant E. faecium and Pseudomonas Aeroginosa responding only to meropenem and ciprofloxacin. Abdominal computerized tomography visualized fluid accumulation around the iliac-femoral bypass. Abcess was ruled out when scintigraphy showed no tracer uptake. The lesion was drained. Drainage fluid cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi. Fluid accumulation gradually disappeared with prolonged antibiotic and antifungal therapy.
One year after the accident the patient is in good health, with normal quality of life.

Conclusion
Successful outcome was due to early, specific antifungal therapy, at sufficiently high dosage which was prolonged for an adequate period of time. Early diagnosis of mucormycosis is essential for efficacious anti-fungal treatment and prevention of irreversible spread of mucormycosis to vital organs. It presupposes awareness that A. corymbifera infection can develop in healthy individuals who are stressed and traumatized through skin-ground contact in accidents.
Expression of inflammatory host genes in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected human monocytes
Authors: Schrader Sina , Klos Andreas , Hess Simone , Zeidler Henning , Kuipers Jens G , Rihl Markus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive gene expression analysis of cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected human monocytes in order to elucidate molecular aspects of their involvement in the host response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from three healthy donors were separated and infected with C. trachomatis elementary bodies serovar K (UW/31/Cx) at a multiplicity of infection of 5:1. Three time points of infection were studied by gene expression analysis using microarray: 4 hours (active infection), 1 day (transition), and 7 days (persistent infection). Expression levels of selected genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Transcripts encoding 10 cytokines, chemokines, and receptors were found to be upregulated exclusively in the early, active phase of the infection as compared to four genes in the late, persistent state of the infection. Apart from receptors, both the level and the number of transcripts encoding inflammatory products decreased with ongoing infection. Four genes (interferon-gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1-alpha, MIP-1-beta, and interleukin-2 receptor-gamma) were constantly expressed over a period of 7 days. The current study provides data on the induction of mRNA encoding cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors in C. trachomatis-infected human monocytes. This pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of the monocytic host cell showed several differences between active and persistent chlamydial infections.