bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Authors: HEISHMAN STEPHEN J. , BALFOUR DAVID J. K. , BENOWITZ NEAL L. , HATSUKAMI DOROTHY K. , LINDSTROM JON M. , OCKENE JUDITH K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe proceedings of the second annual scientific conference of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco are summarized. The goal of the annual conference was to disseminate information about ongoing nicotine research from biological, behavioral and social perspectives. Data were presented describing our current understanding of the structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetycholine receptors, by which nicotine exerts most, if not all, of its effects in the brain. The conformational complexity of receptor subunits expressed in different brain areas contributes significantly to the complexity of responses observed to nicotinic agonists. Nicotine is being developed as a medication that might be used to maintain smoking cessation and to treat various medical diseases. The potential toxicity of nicotine, apart from cigarette smoking, is an important variable in assessing the benefits and risks of such therapeutic applications. The risks of nicotine‐containing medications appear to be far less than those associated with tobacco use. Recent data indicate that cigarette smoking is increasing among youth in the United States. Adolescent smokers are interested in quitting and make frequent quit attempts, but are usually not successful. Effective methods are needed to manage adolescent smokers before they become heavily addicted. Nicotine replacement as a pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation has made a significant contribution in improving quit rates. New medications have been developed that target specific populations of smokers.
Assessment of cocaine use with quantitative urinalysis and estimation of new uses
Authors: PRESTON KENZIE L. , SILVERMAN KENNETH , SCHUSTER CHARLES R. , CONE EDWARD J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractQualitative urinalysis methods of monitoring cocaine use may over‐detect frequency of use, possibly decreasing the ability of clinical trials to detect effective treatments. Quantitative urinalysis and newly developed criteria for identifying new cocaine use were evaluated as alternative measures of cocaine use. Urine specimens collected in a cocaine dosing study in non‐treatment‐seeking subjects (n = 5) and a cocaine treatment trial (n = 37) were analyzed for the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine, with qualitative and quantitative methods. Pharmacokinetic criteria (‘New Use’ rules) were applied to quantitative data to identify occasions of new cocaine use. Results were compared to known cocaine administrations in the laboratory study and to self‐reported drug use and qualitative urinalysis for subjects in the clinical trial. New Use criteria correctly identified cocaine administrations in the cocaine dosing study in all but a small number of specimens. In the clinical trial, quantitative urinalysis and estimated New Uses provided more information about patterns and frequency of use than qualitative urinalysis in the different treatment conditions in the clinical trial. Interpretation of quantitative urinalysis with New Use rules appears to be a useful method for monitoring treatment outcome and may be more accurate than traditional qualitative urinalysis in estimating frequency of cocaine use.
Access to alcohol from licensed premises during adolescence: a longitudinal study
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , ZHANG JIA‐FANG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractControl of young people's access to alcohol via licensed premises has been shown to be an effective alcohol harm reduction strategy in the United States. In a longitudinal study of young New Zealanders their access to alcohol at the ages of 15 and 18 years was shown to be significantly predictive of the quantities of alcohol they consumed during a drinking occasion both then and in subsequent years. In turn the quantities of alcohol consumed were predictive of the respondents' experience of intoxication related adverse consequences. The impact of access via licensed premises on drinking and related problems was greater in this cohort of young people than the impact of peer or parental influences.
Prescribing amphetamines to drug misusers: data from the 1995 national survey of community pharmacies in England and Wales
Authors: STRANG JOHN , SHERIDAN JANIE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResults from the 1995 survey of community pharmacy services for drug misusers provide data on 177 amphetamine prescriptions dispensed by pharmacists; this extrapolates to an estimated 900‐1000 patients receiving amphetamine for the treatment of addiction in England and Wales, at any one time. Seventy‐three per cent and 24% of prescriptions were for dexamphetamine tablets and oral liquid, respectively, and 3% for injectables amphetamines. Fifty‐seven per cent of prescriptions were from doctors working in hospital/clinics and 92% in NHS practice. Hospital/clinic‐based prescribes tended to prescribe lower daily doses and were more likely to instruct daily pickups than general practitioners, as did those in NHS compared with private practice. Major regional variations were noted in the overall distribution of prescriptions and for the different dosage forms. In conclusion, we find that there is a disturbing lack of consistency nationally and a lack of safeguards against diversion into the black market.
The Self‐Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) form as a retrospective measure of the risk for alcoholism
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , SMITH TOM L. , TIPP JAYSON E. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. A low level of response (LR) to alcohol is a characteristic of sons of alcoholics and predicts an elevated future alcoholism risk. A 12‐question Self‐Rating of the Effects (SRE) of alcohol form has been shown to correlate cross‐sectionally with a designation of a low LR determined by alcohol challenges. Design. his study evaluates the potential usefulness of the SRE as a retrospective measure of both the response to alcohol and of subsequent alcoholism in two samples. Setting. All subjects were studied in the United States, most in California. Participants. First, 94 sons of alcoholics and controls completed the SRE 15 years after an alcohol challenge, and SRE values were compared to their prior LR results and their alcoholic outcomes. Secondly, the relationship between SRE results and alcoholic status was determined in 551 men and women alcoholics, their relatives, and controls. Measurements. Subjects were evaluated with face‐to‐face interviews. Findings. Despite the interval of 15 years, the correlation between the SRE and the subjective high feelings on the alcohol challenge was between ‐0.3 and ‐0.4. For those 94 subjects the full SRE correlated with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence at 0.5, a figure that remained at 0.3 even when only the estimates related to the earliest drinking experiences were considered. For the 551 men and women, the correlation between the SRE and alcohol dependence diagnoses was 0.6, including 0.3 for the estimates of the first five times of drinking. All major findings in both samples remained robust when the recent drinking history or the number of items endorsed was considered, or when the most severe alcohol problem, passing out, was deleted from the analysis. Conclusions. When alcohol challenges are not possible, these retrospective reports indicate that the SRE is a potentially useful surrogate for determining a subgroup of people who might carry a low level of response to alcohol and a subsequent elevated risk for alcoholism.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk driving recidivism in California
Authors: DEYOUNG DAVID J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aim. There has been long‐standing interest in determining which sanctions work best to reduce drunk driving. This study examines the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk‐driving recidivism. Design. This quasi‐experimental study examines the relationships between the sanctions that drivers convicted of driving‐under‐the‐influence (GUI) receive and their subsequent reconviction of DUI, while statistically controlling for pre‐existing differences among groups receiving different sanctums. Separate analyses were conducted for subjects having 0, 1 or 2 or more prior DUI convictions on their driving record. Setting. The study analyzes drunk driving reacidivism throughout the state of California. Participants. All drivers holding a California driver license who were convicted of DUI by a California court during 1990 and 1991 were selected for inclusion in the study. Measurements. A number of demographic, prior personal driving history and surrogate traffic environment measures were collected and used as covariates in the analyses. Data were also gathered on subsequent DUI reconvictions, and the number of days to first subsequent DUI reconviction, and used as outcome variables in the study. Findings. Results of the analyses showed that for all levels of prior DUI convictions, combining alcohol treatment with either driver license restriction or suspension is associated with the lowest DUI recidivism rates. Conclusions. Based on this research, and the results of prior studies, it can be persuasively argued that combining license actions with alcohol treatment represents the most effective sanction combination for combating DUI recidivism.
Methadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users
Authors: CROFTS NICK , NIGRO LUCIANO , OMAN KIMBERLEY , STEVENSON ELAINE , SHERMAN JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHarm reduction strategies for the prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs) have been widely implemented in Australia and are seen to have been effective in preventing the spread of HIV. A major strategy has been increasing the availability of and accessibility to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) programmes. We have reviewed the experience of a major MMT general practice with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from 1991 to 1995. Of 1741 individuals tested for HCV antibodies at least once 66.7% were positive. Of 73 IDUs who were initially seronegative and were retested at least once, 19 were subsequently seropositive. Seroconverters to HCV were younger than non‐seroconverters, and were more likely to have evidence of previous hepatitis B infection. The overall HCV incidence rate was 22 cases per 100 person‐years, and this did not differ between those on MMT programs (continuous or interrupted) between HCV tests and those not on MMT. These findings suggest that the role of MMT in the control of the spread of HCV infection among IDUs needs further assessment, and that control of the current epidemic of HCV infection among IDUs in Australia will be very difficult.
The effect of drinking and driving interventions on alcohol‐involved traffic crashes within a comprehensive community trial
Authors: VOAS ROBERT B. , HOLDER HAROLD D. , GRUENEWALD PAUL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Drinking and Driving Component, one of five elements of the Community Trials Project, involved the implementation of a special drink driving countermeasure in the three experimental communities, one in Northern California, one in Southern California and another in South Carolina. This intensified enforcement of driving under the influence (DUI) was designed to deter potential drinking drivers by increasing their perception of the risk of being arrested leading to a reduction in the consumption of alcohol before driving. See component detailed description in Voas (1997, this issue). The evaluation found that media advocacy training and technical assistance resulted in increased DUI news coverage and that additional police officer hours for DUI enforcement, greater use of breathalyzer equipment, increased officer training and more checkpoints produced increased DUI enforcement. The combined effects of increased DUI news coverage and DUI enforcement yielded increased public perceived risk of arrest and subsequently less drinking and driving. Overall the evaluation found that alcohol‐involved traffic crashes were reduced as a result of this component in the experimental communities as contrasted with the matched comparison communities.
Summing up: lessons from a comprehensive community prevention trial
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. , SALTZ ROBERT F. , GRUBE JOEL W. , TRENO ANDREW J. , REYNOLDS ROBERT I. , VOAS ROBERT B. , GRUENEWALD PAUL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the findings and lessons from a community prevention trial involving three experimental communities in the United States to reduce alcohol‐involved trauma. The paper provides recommendations for other community prevention efforts. Effectiveness was demonstrated by: (a) 78 fewer alcohol‐involved traffic crashes as a result of the Drinking and Driving Component alone (approximately a 10% reduction); (b) a significant reduction in underage sales of alcohol, i.e. off‐premise outlets sold to minors about one‐half as often as in comparison communities; (c) increased implementation of responsible beverage service policies by bars and restaurants; and (d) increased adoption of local ordinances and regulations to reduce concentrations of alcohol outlets.
End‐of‐treatment self‐efficacy: a predictor of abstinence
Authors: GOLDBECK RAINER , MYATT PAUL , AITCHISON TOM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResults of previous studies suggest that end‐of‐treatment self‐efficacy in problem drinkers has limited predictive validity. One explanation for this finding has been the postulated existence of a ceiling effect, i.e. the possibility that subjects who rate themselves highly in terms of self‐efficacy form a heterogeneous group with some subjects making inflated self‐efficacy judgements based on an over‐optimistic perception of their coping abilities. In the present study, end‐of‐treatment self‐efficacy in 63 problem drinkers, as measured by the Situational Confidence Questionnaire and a newly designed Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ), was predictive of abstinence status at 3 month follow‐up. In those patients who on the SEQ had expressed great confidence in their ability to remain abstinent over the follow‐up period, the additional consideration of keyworkers' confidence in their patients' ability to remain abstinent as well as patients' anticipated need for future help improved the prediction of abstinence status. These results are discussed with respect to the postulated ceiling effect. A prognostic tree using just three baseline variables predicted abstinence status correctly in 88% of all cases.
The efficacy of disulfiram: a review of outcome studies
Authors: HUGHES JULIAN C. , COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwenty‐four studies of outcome following oral disulfiram and 14 following implanted disulfiram were identified for review from MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases and by manual searching for the period 1967–95. The methodological rigour of these studies teas generally poor, albeit not as poor as that of earlier studies (not reviewed here). An overall assessment of the results of research in this field is hampered by the diversify of both the methods used and the subject populations studied. However, it is dear that support for the general use of oral disulfiram is equivocal, mostly being found in the form of reduced quantity of alcohol consumed and a reduced number of drinking days. Evidence for an effect in increasing the proportion of patients who achieve abstinence is surprisingly lacking. Where it is prescribed, disulfiram use should be supervised and it should be employed as one pan of a comprehensive treatment programme. There is no good evidence in favour of implanting disulfiram tablets, but the possibility of a depot injection is intriguing.
Drug abusers in Danish mental hospitals
Authors: HANSEN SØREN SØBERG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate trends in drug abuse among psychiatric inpatients in Denmark. The investigation was based on data collected from The Danish Psychiatric Case Register. The findings show that drug abusers occupy an increasing number of beds in Danish psychiatric hospitals and departments. Moreover, an increase in the number of patients with schizophrenic or borderline diagnoses combined with drug abuse was found. Furthermore, the drug abuse found among psychiatric patients now is frequently more serious than previously. Finally, an increased number of young males admitted with drug abuse was discovered. Young males are also more frequently diagnosed as illegal, or polydrug abusers, as opposed 10 older males and females.
Alcohol, the individual and society: what history teaches us
Authors: ROOM ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrinkers derive both pleasure and pain from drinking, but harm may come also to others. Through religious or secular rules, societies have sought to limit these “externalities” of drinking. Societal reactions have primarily focused on social harms from drinking; policy attention to casualties and chronic health effects is fairly recent. Drinking behaviour varies greatly according to the cultural framing of alcohol; societal policies tend to vary accordingly. Ecological constraints and social norms on preparation and use meant that alcohol was often available only sporadically in tribal and village societies. Alcohol production has been increasingly industrialized and marketing increasingly globalized in the modem era. Now, free trade agreements and the doctrine of consumer sovereignty increasingly limit the scope of national alcohol control policies. On the other hand, modem society demands exacting standards of attention and care incompatible with intoxication, for instance when driving a car or minding children. Managing the conflict between these and alcohol's ready availability is seen as a wholly individual rather than a societal responsibility. Those who fail the task are defined as alcoholics, and modem states have increasingly provided treatment for them. While there is a renewed public health concern about the externalities of drinking, substantial availability reductions have historically often required the mobilization of strong popular movements of remoralization.
Trends in alcohol production, trade and consumption
Authors: WALSH BRENDAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper is a survey of the structure and significance of international trade in alcoholic beverages in the contemporary world economy. It presents data on the level of trade in the main alcoholic beverages for the period since 1970. The constant‐dollar value of this trade grew by a factor of 2.1 between 1975 and 1992. It represents approximately one half of the one per cent of the value of world trade in all commodities. This proportion has remained very stable over the past 20 years. International trade in beer, wine and spirits has greatly extended the range of alcoholic beverages available around the world and reduced their cost. It has played a large part in the tendency for convergence in the patterns of alcohol consumption, as countries diversify away from their dependence on locally produced beverages. Traditional spirits‐drinking and beer‐drinking countries have witnessed very rapid increases in the consumption of wine, while heavy wine drinking countries have seen rapid growth of the consumption of beer. While imported beverages remain relatively unimportant in total consumption of alcoholic beverages, they have played a significant role in the growth and diversification of alcohol consumption in many countries.
Population level policies on alcohol: are they still appropriate given that ‘alcohol is good for the heart’?
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe research finding that a reduced risk of coronary heart disease is associated with alcohol use has been widely disseminated. This paper addresses the significance of this research finding for decisions about what kind of alcohol harm reduction policies it is appropriate to implement. The public policies of greatest concern to the vested interest groups are population‐based policies such as taxation and restrictions on availability. Other public policies which impact on the drinkers' environment are minimum drinking age laws, drink drive deterrence, prevention of intoxication in public drinking places and restrictions on advertising. A review of the effectiveness of the available strategies provided strong support for environmentally focused approaches rather than education targeting high‐risk drinkers. Many of these environmental strategies seem unlikely to have significant direct effect of reducing ‘heart healthy’ drinking by older people. Furthermore, the impact of alcohol on premature mortality among the older sectors of the population has to be weighed against any possible impact on younger drinkers resulting in loss of or disability in many years of life. Given the relative effectiveness of environmental strategies for reducing harm and the likely low level of impact of these strategies on the heart healthy drinking of older people it is concluded that the evidence of reduced risk of coronary heart disease does not preclude their implementation.
Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence
Authors: GALLOWAY GANTT P. , FREDERICK S. L. , STAGGERS FRANK E. , GONZALES MARCO , STALCUP S. ALEX , SMITH DAVID E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a compound found in mammalian brain which meets many criteria of a neurotransmitter. GHB has been investigated as a Tool for inducing absence (petit mal) seizures, for use as an anesthetic, and for treatment of narcolepsy, alcohol dependence and opiate dependence. Since 1990 GHB has been abused in the United States for euphoric, sedative and anabolic effects. Coma and seizures have been reported following abuse of GHB, but dependence liability has received little attention. The neuropharmacology, potential therapeutic uses and acute adverse effects of GHB are reviewed, followed by a case series of eight people using GHB. Adverse effects of GHB may include prolonged abuse, seizure activity and a withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome includes insomnia, anxiety and tremor; withdrawal symptoms resolve in 3‐12 days. GHB has the potential to cause a significant incidence of abuse and adverse effects. Prolonged use of high doses may lead to a withdrawal syndrome, which resolves without sequelae. Educational efforts should address the narrow therapeutic index, possible physical dependence and dangers of combining GHB with other drugs of abuse.
Decreased nociceptive sensitivity: a biological risk marker for opiate dependence?
Authors: LEHOFER MICHAEL , LIEBMANN PETER M. , MOSER MAXIMILIAN , LEGL THOMAS , PERNHAUPT GÜNTER , SCHAUENSTEIN KONRAD , ZAPOTOCZKY HANS GEORG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn recent studies using a cold pressor tea we could show that former opiate addicts are persistently less pain‐sensitive than healthy controls, indicating a neurophysiologic dysfunction in these patients. In the present study we addressed the issue of whether this dysfunction was caused by the drug abuse or already existed prior to the heroin addiction, and whether it ii restricted to pain sensitivity or affects somatosensory or nociceptive sensitivity in general. After validating the method we obtained retrospective ratings for the pain, cold and warmth sensitivity for the time before addiction, during addiction and during detoxification. Ex‐addicts perceive themselves less pain‐ and cold‐sensitive than healthy controls, and no difference was detectable between the pre‐addiction and the rehabilitation ratings, although nociceptive sensitivity is highly increased during detoxification. Warmth sensitivity was not different to healthy controls and was not affected by drug withdrawal. Our findings suggest that a decreased nociceptive sensitivity may already precede opiate addiction pointing to physiological dysfunctions in heroin pre‐addicts.