bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF COW SLURRY ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION, INTAKE BY CATTLE AND GRAZING BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Pain B. F. , Leaver J. D. , Broom D.M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTGrassland plots were dressed with different amounts of cow slurry in January or March and grazed by dairy heifers at intervals from late April to August. In the first experiment slurry was applied at levels up to 56 tonnes/ha (22±4 tons/ac) in March. Total herbage DM production was directly proportional to the amount of slurry applied. There was no effect of treatment on percentage herbage utilization. In the second experiment slurry was applied at levels up to 100 t/ha (40 tons/ac) in January or in March. There was no significant effect of time or level of slurry application on herbage production or on animal intake, but the behaviour of the heifers was modified during the first eight weeks after plots had been dressed with 75 or 100 t/ha (30 or 40 tons/ac).
A NOTE ON THE INTAKE OF LACTATING EWES AT PASTURE
Authors: Young N. E. , Newton J. E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe grass intake of three breeds of ewe was measured in the 5th–7th week (Period 1) and the 9th–11th week (Period 2) of lactation. The breeds of ewe were Finnish Landrace × Scottish Halfbred (FH), Finnish Landrace × Scottish Blackface (FB) and Thornber Colburn Colbred × Scottish Blackface (TC2). The immature FH ewes had a lower intake of digestible OM (26±1g/kg LW per day) than the mature FB (32±2g/kg LW per day) and TC2 ewes (33±5g/kg LW per day) in Period 1, but there were no difference between the breeds in Period 2. The intakes in Period 2 were significantly lower than those in Period 1.
AN INTEGRATING WATTMETER FOR MEASURING THE ENERGY USED TO GRIND PASTURE SAMPLES
Authors: Minson D. J. , Cowper J. L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn integrating wattmeter for measuring the electrical energy used by a laboratory grinder during fixed periods of 60 or 90 seconds is described. The energy required to grind small forage samples was determined as the difference in energy recorded in separate periods when the grinder was either idling or grinding. the conversion of current used by the grinder to recorded output was linear over the range experienced when grinding forage samples.
THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON THE YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF A NEWLY‐SOWN RYEGRASS LEY AND OF AN OLD MIXED PASTURE
Authors: Henderson I. F. , Clements R. O. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTNewly‐sown S24 perennial ryegrass at Hurley and old established ryegrass‐dominant mixed pasture at Rothamsted were treated with several pesticides, singly and in combination, over the period 1969–73. Yields were either unaffected or increased by up to 30% in any one year, depending on the treatment, the newly‐sown sward giving the more consistent response from year to year.
THE EFFECT OF SHOOLY LARVAE (DIPTERA) ON GRASS YIELD
Authors: Mowat D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTElimination of shooly larvae increased grass yields daring the September feeding period. Increases were usually less than 10% bat in one case, where growth was abnormally slow, die increase was over 30% and in another, where the larval population was atypically dense, it was almost 60%. The effects of damage were not cumulative daring the feeding period; and at the end of this period insecticidreated plots sometimes gave lower yields than untreated plots. Fertilizer increases had a much greater effect on yield than did control of larvae and, where N was applied at 75 kg/ha (67 lb/ac) in spring, the additional effect of larval control was usually negligible. It is suggested that shoot‐fly damage may be more serious in other localities.When turf containing shoot‐fly larvae was ploughed, Oscinella spp. re‐established themselves more successfully than others in seedling ryegrass bat did not damage the new sward appreciably.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL OF A HIGH‐TEMPERATURE GRASS‐DRYING ENTERPRISE
Authors: Audsley E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA linear programming model of a high‐temperature grass‐drying enterprise is described. From information about seasonal crop response, area of crop available and management constraints, the model determines the harvesting schedules which give greatest returns, less costs, from the enterprise over the season. This information can be used to examine the effects of long‐term strategic decisions or to evaluate economically data on new crops from field experiments. For example, assuming a fixed cost of λ70,000/year for a high‐temperature grass‐drying installation and what is considered to be reliable input data for 1972, the returns less costs for optimum harvest schedules from different areas or crop varieties are:

Corp area

Surplus

Grass ac (ha)
Lucerne ac (ha)
Return, £
Less costs £/ac(£/ha)
crop ac (ha)

800(324)
0(0)
42,849
536(132.3)
0(0)

1000(405)
0(0)
60,286
603(1489)
205(83)

600(243)
200(81)
46,731
58.4(1442)
0(0)

800(324)
200(81)
65.661
65.7(1621)
109(44)

The model can also provide information con cerning tbe limitations imposed by equipment stage of tbe process and management re straints sucb as limitations on overtime and shut downs for holidays or maintenance.
SEED PRODUCTION STUDIES ON PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, TIMOTHY AND PRAIRIE GRASS
Authors: Hill M. J. , Watkin B. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the sequence of seed development by measurement and observation of ehanges in seed moisture content, weight, colour, endosperm consistency, germination capacity and yield in perennial ryegrass Grasslands Ruanui, timothy Grasslands Kahu and a New Zealand strain of prairie grass (Bromus unioloides).Seed moisture content was high (60–70%) after anthesis and declined at different rates, depending on the species and the weather. Maximum seed dry weight (maturity) was reached approximately 30 days after peak anthesis in all species and was influenced by N application and grazing. Colour changes in the seedhead and endosperm solidification proved unsatisfactory as measures of maturity. Endosperm solidification was reached 4, 11 and 12 days before maximum seed dry weight in ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass, respectively.Seeds removed from the plant as little as 7, 10 and 4 days after anthesis in ryegrass, timothy, and prairie grass, respectively, germinated, provided that dormancy was broken; but they did not retain viability after 3 months storage. Maximum viability of ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass seed tested immediately after harvest occurred 30, 38 and 16 days after anthesis, compared with 17, 35 and 12 days, respeetively, when germination testing was delayed for 3 months.In ryegrass, grazing caused a significant increase in seed yield in the second year while N application alone did not significantly increase yield. In timothy, grazing and to a lesser extent N, were both detrimental to seed yield in the second year. Highest yields were obtained in treatments not receiving either grazing or N. In prairie grass, grazing depressed and N application increased yields in both years. In all species similar or increased yield could be obtained by mowing the crop at, or slightly prior to, seed maturity and allowing seed development and ripening to continue on the cut straw for up to 10 days. Using this technique higher seed yields were obtained in ryegrass and timothy than when seed was direct‐harvested. In prairie grass similar yields were obtained whether the erop was direct‐harvested or threshed following drying in the swath for 10 days.The use of ‘drying curves’ for the prediction of correct cutting time of seed crops is suggested for ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND IMPLICATIONS IN EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN USE
Authors: Hunt I. V. , Frame J. , Harkess W R. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTDM yield and N uptake data are presented from primary growth and two successive regrowths of perennial ryegrass treated with combinations of three N treatments for the primary growth viz. 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha (PN) and four N treatments applied for the second growths, viz. 0, 33, 66 and 100 kg N/ha (SN). Primary growth gave a response of 24·2 kg DM/kg applied N to PN50 with only a further l±0 kg DM/kg applied N from the second PN increment. A significant interaction between PN and SN treatments was shown in second growth. The residual DM response to PN was highest at SN0 and reduced as the level of SN was raised. Substantially greater residual responses to PN treatments were shown in the third growth. Third growth DM responses to SN treatments were high. High apparent recovery of fertilizer N reached 111% of primary N where SN66 followed PN50.High available soil N is partly responsible for both high apparent recovery of N and high DM response. The latter appears to be associated with inclusion of growths given no fertilizer N so that the full residual effects of fertilizer N and ‘priming’ of available soil N can be realised.
ESTIMATION OF THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF OESOPHAGEAL EXTRUSA SAMPLES. 2. A COMPARISON OF MANUAL SEPARATION AND A MICROSCOPE POINT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Hall D. G. , Hamilton B. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe botanical composition of extrusa collected from oesophageally fistulated sheep fed diets of known proportions of a legume and a grass was estimated by manual separation and a microscope point technique. The microscope hits were adjusted for the weight per unit area of each plant component in order to estimate composition by weight. The microscope point technique was more accurate than manual separation. The deviations between the actual lucerne percentages and percentages estimated by manual separation were explained by higher losses of organic matter prior to separation from the legume than the grass and by the presence of unidentifiable particles that resulted in only a portion of the samples being separated. After adjustments for these sources of error the estimates determined by manual separation were similar to the actual botanical composition of the ingesta.
POWER CORE SAMPLING OF FRESH FORAGE IN SMALL PLOT EXPERIMENTATION
Authors: Alexander R. H. , McGowan Mary , Whyte J. S. C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA power‐driven corer, designed to collect internally samples cored from small plot forage cuts of about 5–15 kg, is described. Sampling errors for percentage DM are shown to be lower than those associated with conventional practices; smaller than usual sample weights (200 g) which are less demanding on oven space are shown to be feasible, and the tedium of the sampling procedure is alleviated.
THE EFFECT OF STOCKING RATE ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION FROM CONTINUOUS AND ROTATIONAL GRAZING SYSTEMS
Authors: Robinson G. G. , Simpson I. H. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTLiveweight and wool production data are presented from a grazing management experiment in which continuous stocking was compared with a four‐paddock rotational system at three stocking rates on a sown pasture. Significant differences were recorded in liveweight and wool production between stocking rates. The overall effect of management was non‐significant but its interaction with stocking rate and year were both significant.At the intermediate stocking rate (8 wethers/ac, 20 wethers/ha) increases in both liveweight and wool production were recorded for the rotational management system; in this treatment there was also less need for supplementary feeding. Greater wool production was recorded from the continuously grazed treatments at both the high and the low stocking rates but there was little effect on liveweight or the need for supplementary feeding.
The effect on young beef cattle of supplementing hay with dried grass or concentrates
Authors: McCULLOUGH T. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractForty‐eight Friesian steers with an average live‐weight of 168 kg were given hay ad libitum supplemented with 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 30 kg artifically dried grass or concentrates. In vitro dry matter digestibility of hay was 55%. Liveweight gain increased with each successive increase in the level of supplementation. The intake of hay decreased but the total DM was greatest at the higher level of supplementation. The results suggest that dried grass pellets combine well with hay and may be used to replace concentrates. It was shown that 1 kg of either dried grass or concentrates given as a supplement to hay fed ad libitum, will increase the live‐weight gain by 0.16 kg d−1 and decrease hay intake by 0.25 kg d−1.
The effects on ewes and lambs of grazing pasture containing differing levels of nitrate‐nitrogen
Authors: DICKSON I. A. , MACPHERSON A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards were given annual applications in six equal instalments at 21‐day intervals of either 100, 400 or 700 kg ha−1 N in 1973 and 1974. Ewes with twin lambs were rotationally grazed on these areas. The nitrate‐N content of the grass was measured immediately before grazing. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals from the ewes and lambs to estimate blood methaemoglobin and certain plasma mineral concentrations. A maximum nitrate‐N concentration of of 0.67% in the herbage dry matter was recorded but no adverse effect of N fertilizer was found in terms of the blood constituents or growth of the sheep, or in the carcase quality of the lambs.
A simple disc instrument for estimating herbage yield
Authors: CASTLE M. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA simple instrument for estimating the yield of herbage from measurements of height has been tested in cutting and grazing experiments. The instrument consists of a verticle graduated shaft and two linked aluminium discs which settle on the herbage. The height of the discs from the ground is recorded. Highly significant relationships were established between the yield and the height of herbage. Linear regressions explained 80–90% of the variation in the cutting experiments, and 39–62% in the grazing experiments. The errors attached to the estimated yields were high, but, because of the simple construction, low cost and rapid operation of the instrument, it is concluded that it has many useful functions in grassland research and management.
Silage and milk production. A comparision between barley and groundnut cake as supplements to silage of high digestibility
Authors: CASTLE M. E. , WATSON J. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGrass silage of hjgh digestibility made in late May from S23 perennial ryegrass was offered to twelve Ayrshire cows in a 16‐week winter‐feeding experiment. The silage had a DM content of 27.2% and contained 147% crude protein and 70.3% digestible organic matter in the DM. The silage was fed ad libitum and was the sole feed in the control treatment. In the other three treatments the silage was supplemented with barley, groundnut cake or a mixture of barley and groundnut supplying 4.7, 1.5 and 4.7 kg DM per cow per day respectively. The daily intakes of silage DM were 10.8 kg per cow in the control treatment and 8.6, 11.1 and 9.3 kg per cow in the barley, groundnut and barley plus groundnut treatments, respectively. The daily yields of milk were 14.6 kg per cow in the control, and 16.1, 17.6 and 17.9 kg per cow in the three supplement treatments, respectively. The fat content of the milk was highest in the barley treatment, whereas the SNF and CP contents were highest in the barley plus groundnut treatment. It is concluded that with a high digestibility silage, a supplement of groundnut cake was superior to barley for milk production.
Non‐symbiotic nitrogen fixation in some soils of England and Wales
Authors: LOCKYER D. R. , COWLING D. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe acetylene‐reduction method was used to estimate the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by non‐symbiotic micro‐organisms in soils from England and Wales. Significant fixation was found only in the surface horizon of the soil (0–1 cm) and was much higher in the light than in the dark. The highest rates were found with samples having a well‐developed surface film of blue‐green algae and were from 6 to 10 g ha−1 N per h. Generally, rates were very much lower. The addition of fertilizer nitrogen at 100 kg ha−1 markedly reduced N fixation by blue‐green algae.
Qualitative effects of asulam and glyphosate on swards dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn)
Authors: WILLIAMS GARETH H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe initial effect on the underlying sward of spraying bracken with 4.5 kg ha−1 a.i. asulam or 2.0 kg ha−1 a.i. glyphosate was to cause some damage which was greater if glyphosate was used rather than asulam or if treatment was carried out in August rather than in July. Agrostis species were especially susceptible while Festuca species were resistant. The recolonization of areas of bare ground after spraying was primarily by Holcus moliis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium hercynicum and Potentilla erecta, but the population of the latter two species decreased as Agrostis became reestablished. If Digitalis purpurea, Urtica dioica or Cirsium arvense were present originally, heavy infestations developed following the use of asulam, with a smaller increase after glyphosate spraying. In all cases, by the end of three years after treatment, grasses occupied a greater area of the sward in treated than in control plots.
Voluntary feed intake and metabolism of sheep when lactic acid is administered in the feed or intraruminally
Authors: MORGAN D. J. , L'ESTRANGE J. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment were offered ad libitum grass meal pellets alone or supplemented with lactic acid at 600, 800 or 1000 mmol per kg dry matter (DM) intake, either mixed into the feed or continuously infused intraruminally for 6‐d periods. When added to the feed lactic acid did not significantly affect DM intake but when infused intraruminally it significantly reduced DM intake especially at the highest rate of infusion.In a second 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment, four sheep were offered ad libitum grass meal pellets alone or supplemented with lactic acid mixed into the pellets at 900, 1200 and 1500 mmol per kg DM for 15‐d periods. There was a small reduction in intake on the three lactic acid treatments but this was not significant.In a third experiment the effects of intraruminal infusion with lactic acid was studied further with four sheep which received infusions of lactic acid at a fixed daily rate of 40 mmol per kg W−0·75 per d or of an equal volume of distilled water for 3‐d periods while being offered grass meal pellets ad libitum. Infusion with lactic acid resulted in reduced DM intake but the effect was less consistent than in Experiment 1.In all three experiments lactic acid supplementation had little effect on the pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration of rumen
Optimum time of combine harvesting for amenity grasses grown for seed
Authors: HEBBLETHWAITE P. D. , AHMED M. el H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe relationships between, and changes in moisture content, 1000‐seed weight, germination percentage and seed yield were determined from anthesis onwards in ten amenity grasses in 1975. These relationships were used to indicate the optimum date for combine harvesting and to give some indication of the consequences which follow if harvest was not carried out at this stage.In all species seed moisture content declined, and 1000‐seed weight and germination increased to a maximum value, during ripening.
Effect of partial and complete defoliation on regrowth of white clover plants
Authors: KING J. , LAMB W. I. C. , McGREGOR MARY T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSingle plants of white clover (Trifolium repens) were subjected either to two intensities of overall defoliation or to severe defoliation of different parts of the plant. Measurements were made of growth in terms of leaf size, petiole length, internode length and other parameters, and compared with those of undefoliated plants. The results show that, while growth of all parts of the plant was reduced by severe overall defoliation, partial defoliation affected various parts of the plant differently according to which leaves were removed. The results are interpreted in terms of the acropetal movement of assimilates from alternative sources in response to defoliation.The probable effects of this on yield and its relevance to grazing management of newly seeded clover are discussed.
A comparison of continuous grazing systems for milk production
Authors: CASTLE M. E. , WATSON J. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn two experiments conducted with Ayrshire dairy cows in 1974 and 1975 on swards of S23 perennial ryegrass, four systems of continuous grazing were investigated. The leys received 345 and 370 kg ha‐1 fertilizer nitrogen in 1974 and 1975 respectively and were stocked at the rate of five cows per ha. In 1974, a comparison was made between two systems which either integrated silage making with, or separated it from, the continuous grazing. The provision of a silage aftermath in late July increased milk yield after that time, but had no significant effect on milk yield over the 19‐week experimental period. In 1975, a comparison between weekly and monthly applications of fertilizer N showed no significant differences between milk yields in a 20‐week period. The feeding of supplementary concentrates from late July onwards significantly increased milk yield. The treatments in both years had only small and mainly non‐significant effects on milk composition. On average, excluding the concentrate treatment, the annual output of milk was 10,800 kg ha‐1 using spring‐calved cows.
Antimicrobial effects of mineral acids, organic acids, salts and sterilizing agents in relation to their potential as silage additives
Authors: WOOLFORD M. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMineral acids, organic acids, salts and sterilizing agents were tested against a range of microorganisms at pH 4, 5 and 6. The antimicrobial spectra obtained revealed that hydrochloric, orthophosphoric, sulphuric and glycollic acids have no specific antimicrobial properties and merely function as acidifying agents. Acrylic acid, sulphamic acid and sodium formaldehyde bisulphite would apparently encourage a lactic acid‐type fermentation by suppressing the growth of butyric acid‐producing microorganisms. Chlorine dioxide and sodium metabisulphite are both antibacterial and of potential value for restricting silage fermentation Ammonium isobutyrate might find application in the production of a conventional fermented silage which is stable on exposure to air; it would appear particularly suited to silage made from wilted material. Sodium chloride apparently had no potential as a silage additive.
Seasonal variation in in vitro digestibility and structural carbohydrate content of some commonly grazed plants of blanket bog
Authors: GRANT SHEILA A. , CAMPBELL D. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOven‐ and freeze‐dried samples of the separated green material of Trichophorum caespitosum, Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum vaginatum, Erio‐phorum angustifolium, Juncus acutiflorus and J. squarrosus collected in May, July and September were analysed for dry matter digestibility (DMD) using an in vitro procedure and for structural carbohydrate content.Results were affected by method of drying, oven‐dried (45°C) samples in general giving lower estimates of quality than freeze‐dried samples. Low DMD values were obtained for J. squarrosus for all sampling dates. The remaining species had DMD values above 60 in May; some maintained these levels until July but all had low values by September.A comparison was made between in vitro DMD and predicted DMD using the data from the structural carbohydrate analyses and the summative equation of Van Soest (1965a). Two species, J. acutiflorus and J. squarrosus, showed poor agreement between values obtained by the two methods. The other species showed good agreement between values in May and July but poor agreement in September.The data are discussed in relation to the quality and seasonal patterns of growth of species of hill vegetation.