bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hidden observer: a straw horse, undeservedly flogged
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. , Barnier Amanda J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ‘hidden observer’ experiment by Green, Page, Handley and Rasekhy is criticized on methodological grounds, especially the inadequate screening of subjects and departure from the canonical principles of both Hilgard's ‘hidden observer’ technique and Orne's real‐simulator design. We also highlight some results of the experiment which appear to undercut the investigators' conclusions – especially the fact that reals and simulators differed markedly in their response to the critical Less Aware instruction. Our principal criticism, however, is conceptual: it is the very nature of hypnosis that the hypnotic subject's behaviours and experiences will be influenced by the wording of suggestions and subjects' interpretations of them. Accordingly, evidence that covert reports are influenced by the wording of suggestions is not evidence that the hidden observer is a methodological artifact, or that it is not a reflection of divided consciousness. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the inevitability of finding hypnosis‐simulator equivalence
Authors: Naish Peter L.N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is argued that any study where hypnotic behaviour is brought about through suggestion must inevitably find similar behaviour in simulators. Consequently, although simulators may still have a role to play in identifying spontaneous behaviour that is unique to hypnosis, they cannot illuminate the question of how suggested experiences are generated. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The observer remains hidden
Authors: Kallio Sakari , Revonsuo Antti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe concept of ‘hidden observer’ is one of the most controversial issues in hypnosis research. Green, Page, Handley and Rasekhy (this issue) approach it by using an ideomotor task which has not previously been used in association with the hidden observer. We regard their experiment as interesting; however, there are conceptual and methodological problems that hamper the impact of their study. In our commentary, we take the opportunity to point out some problems in their paper as well as to stress the importance to integrate concepts used in hypnosis research to mainstream cognitive neuroscience and consciousness research. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrene‐Stacked Nanostructures Constructed in the Recombinant Tobacco Mosaic Virus Rod Scaffold
Authors: Endo Masayuki , Wang Hangxiang , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effect of pyrenes introduced into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein monomer on the formation and stability of the TMV assembly was investigated. The possible arrangement of the pyrenes in the inner cavity of the TMV rod was also estimated. The pyrene derivative was introduced to four specific amino acids in the cavity of the TMV rod structure. Rod‐structure formation was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two pyrene‐attached mutants (positions 99 and 100) assembled to increase the length of the rod structures by 2.5 μm at pH 5.5. The interaction of the pyrene moieties in the TMV cavity was investigated by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic analysis. Strong excimer emission with significantly short wavelength (465 nm) was observed from the two mutants mentioned above. Excitation and UV‐visible spectra indicate that the pyrene moieties form π‐stacked structures in the TMV cavity. Details of the pyrene interaction were investigated by analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of the excimer. Results suggest that the pyrenes formed preassociated rigid structures with partially overlapped geometry in the restricted space of the TMV cavity. The pyrenes effectively stabilize the TMV rod through a π‐stacking interaction in a well‐ordered way, and the single pyrene moiety introduced into the monomer affects the overall formation of the TMV rod structure.
From Allylic Alcohols to Aldols through a New Nickel‐Mediated Tandem Reaction: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Cuperly David , Petrignet Julien , Crévisy Christophe , Grée René 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNickel hydride type complexes have been successfully developed as catalysts for the tandem isomerization–aldolization reaction of allylic alcohols with aldehydes. Optimization of the reaction conditions has shown that a cocatalyst, such as MgBr2, has a very positive effect on the kinetics of the reaction and in the yields of aldols. Under such optimized conditions {[NiHCl(dppe)] + MgBr2 at 3–5 mol %)}, this reaction affords the aldols in good to excellent yields. It is a full‐atom‐economy‐type reaction that occurs under mild conditions. Furthermore, it has a broad scope for the allylic alcohols and it is compatible with a wide range of aldehydes, including very bulky derivatives. The reaction is completely regioselective, but it exhibits a low stereoselectivity, except for allylic alcohols with a bulky substituent at the carbinol center. The use of chiral nonracemic catalysts was not successful, affording only racemic compounds. However, it was possible to use asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of optically active aldols. Various mechanistic studies have been performed using, for instance, a deuterated alcohol or a deuterated catalyst. They gave strong support to a mechanism involving first a transition‐metal‐mediated isomerization of the allylic alcohol into the free enol, followed by the addition of the latter intermediate onto the aldehyde in an “hydroxyl–carbonyl–ene” type reaction. These results confirm that allylic alcohols can be considered as new and useful partners in the development of the aldol reaction.
Robustness of convergence in finite time for linear programming neural networks
Authors: Marco Mauro Di , Forti Mauro , Grazzini Massimo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recent work has introduced a class of neural networks for solving linear programming problems, where all trajectories converge toward the global optimal solution in finite time. In this paper, it is shown that global convergence in finite time is robust with respect to tolerances in the electronic implementation, and an estimate of the allowed perturbations preserving convergence is obtained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive dysfunction associates with white matter hyperintensities and subcortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of the elderly diabetes mellitus Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial (J‐EDIT)
Authors: Akisaki Taichi , Sakurai Takashi , Takata Toshihiro , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Araki Atsushi , Mizuno Sachiko , Tanaka Shiro , Ohashi Yasuo , Iguchi Akihisa , Yokono Koichi , Ito Hideki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction and increases the risk of dementia in the elderly. The aim of this study was to explore, by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, possible relationships among clinical profiles of diabetes, cognitive function, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and subcortical brain atrophy.MethodsData were obtained from 95 nondemented type 2 diabetic participants aged 65 years or over, enrolled in an intervention trial for Japanese elderly diabetic patients. Cognitive function was measured with neuropsychiatric tests, including mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), verbal memory, digit symbol substitution and Stroop tests. Hyperintensity was classified into periventricular, deep white matter, thalamic and basal ganglia. Four ventricle‐to‐brain ratios were used to measure subcortical atrophy. To identify clinical features of diabetes, indices of glycemic control, lipid metabolism, blood pressure and complications were examined. Canonical correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to assess correlation.ResultsScores for digit symbol substitution and MMSE negatively correlated with WMHs in the parietal lobe and hyperintensities in the thalamus, respectively. Lower scores for memory and digit symbol substitution showed positive association with enlarged subcortical atrophy adjacent to lateral ventricles. There was no association between clinical pictures of diabetic patients with cognitive dysfunction and of those with morphological changes in the brain.ConclusionsImpaired cognitive domains of the speed of mental processes and memory were associated with WMHs and subcortical atrophy. Degenerative changes in the cerebral small vessels may constitute predictive factors for the rate of cognitive dysfunction in elderly diabetic patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pioglitazone on urinary liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein concentrations in diabetes patients with microalbuminuria
Authors: Nakamura Tsukasa , Sugaya Takeshi , Kawagoe Yasuhiro , Ueda Yoshihiko , Koide Hikaru 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundUrinary liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) is a useful marker for renal tubulointerstitial injury. Pioglitazone is reported to be effective in early diabetic nephropathy. The aim of the present study was to determine whether pioglitazone affects urinary L‐FABP levels in diabetic nephropathy patients with microalbuminuria.MethodsSixty‐eight patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria were randomized to a 12‐month treatment with pioglitazone (30 mg/d, n = 17), glibenclamide (5 mg/d, n = 18), voglibose (0.6 mg/d, n = 17), or nateglinide (270 mg/d, n = 16). Pre‐ and posttreatment urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and urinary L‐FABP concentrations were compared between the four treatment groups and 40 age‐matched healthy subjects.ResultsPretreatment UAE and urinary L‐FABP levels differed little between the four groups. UAE and urinary L‐FABP levels were significantly greater in the diabetes patients than in the healthy subjects (UAE: p < 0.001; L‐FABP: p < 0.01). After 6 and 12 months, UAE and urinary L‐FABP were significantly lower in the pioglitazone treatment group than in the other treatment groups (UAE: 6 months, p < 0.01 and 12 months, p < 0.001; L‐FABP: 6 months, p < 0.05 and 12 months, p < 0.01).ConclusionsPioglitazone, but not glibenclamide, voglibose, or nateglinide, appears to be effective in reducing UAE and the urinary L‐FABP level, suggesting that pioglitazone has a specific role in ameliorating both glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions associated with early diabetic nephropathy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on the relationships between iron‐, inflammatory‐ and oxidative stress status
Authors: Van Campenhout Ann , Van Campenhout Christel , Lagrou Albert R. , Abrams Pascale , Moorkens Greta , Van Gaal Luc , Manuel‐y‐Keenoy Begoña 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes is an inflammatory condition associated with iron abnormalities and increased oxidative damage. We aimed to investigate how diabetes affects the interrelationships between these pathogenic mechanisms.MethodsGlycaemic control, serum iron, proteins involved in iron homeostasis, global antioxidant capacity and levels of antioxidants and peroxidation products were measured in 39 type 1 and 67 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 control subjects.ResultsAlthough serum iron was lower in diabetes, serum ferritin was elevated in type 2 diabetes (p = 0.02). This increase was not related to inflammation (C‐reactive protein) but inversely correlated with soluble transferrin receptors (r = − 0.38, p = 0.002). Haptoglobin was higher in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (p < 0.001) and haemopexin was higher in type 2 diabetes (p < 0.001). The relation between C‐reactive protein and haemopexin was lost in type 2 diabetes (r = 0.15, p = 0.27 vs r = 0.63, p < 0.001 in type 1 diabetes and r = 0.36, p = 0.001 in controls). Haemopexin levels were independently determined by triacylglycerol (R2 = 0.43) and the diabetic state (R2 = 0.13). Regarding oxidative stress status, lower antioxidant concentrations were found for retinol and uric acid in type 1 diabetes, α‐tocopherol and ascorbate in type 2 diabetes and protein thiols in both types. These decreases were partially explained by metabolic‐, inflammatory‐ and iron alterations. An additional independent effect of the diabetic state on the oxidative stress status could be identified (R2 = 0.5–0.14).ConclusionsCirculating proteins, body iron stores, inflammation, oxidative stress and their interrelationships are abnormal in patients with diabetes and differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbatim and gist recall of sentences by dyslexic and non‐dyslexic adults
Authors: Miles T. R. , Thierry Guillaume , Roberts Judith , Schiffeldrin Josie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty‐eight college students, 24 of them dyslexic, were presented with four sentences of increasing complexity. Participants were asked to repeat each sentence and a record was kept of the number of repetitions required before 100% correct accuracy was achieved. None of the 24 control participants required a total of more than eight repetitions over the four sentences, whereas among the dyslexics the total number of repetitions needed ranged from one to 25. Dyslexic participants were unpredictable in their performance from one level of difficulty to the next and inter‐individual variability was far greater in the dyslexic group than in the control group. Overall, despite their relatively poor performance in achieving verbatim accuracy relative to non‐dyslexic participants, dyslexic individuals regularly managed to preserve the gist of the sentences. Some theoretical issues arising from these results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence of autoreactive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐specific T cell repertoires in MOG‐expressing mice
Authors: Fazilleau Nicolas , Delarasse Cécile , Sweenie Claire H. , Anderton Stephen M. , Fillatreau Simon , Lemonnier François A. , Pham‐Dinh Danielle , Kanellopoulos Jean M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental murine model for multiple sclerosis, is induced by stimulation of myelin‐specific T lymphocytes. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a minor component of myelin proteins, is a potent autoantigen which contributes extensively to the anti‐myelin response. In the present work, immunoscope analyses and sequencing of the oligoclonal expansions revealed anti‐MOG Vα and Vβ public repertoires in lymphocytes infiltrating the CNS of wild‐type (WT) mice. Moreover, a subset of CNS‐infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes bearing the public Vβ8.2 segment have an inflammatory phenotype strongly suggesting that it is encephalitogenic. We then observed that, in lymph node cells of MOG‐deficient and WT animals, the Vα and Vβ public repertoires expressed by MOG‐specific T cells are identical in both strains of mice and correspond to those found in the CNS of WT animals. These findings indicate that the MOG immunodominant determinant is unable to induce tolerance by deletion, and public anti‐MOG T cell repertoires are selected for, regardless of the presence of MOG in the thymus and peripheral organs.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200635914
Expression and alternative processing of IL‐18 inhuman neutrophils
Authors: Robertson Susan E. , Young John D. , Kitson Susan , Pitt Andrew , Evans Jamie , Roes Jurgen , Karaoglu Denise , Santora Ling , Ghayur Tariq , Liew Foo Y. , Gracie J. Alastair , McInnes Iain B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInterleukin‐18 (IL‐18), a member of the IL‐1 cytokine superfamily, is an important regulator of both innate and acquired immune responses. We demonstrate here constitutive expression of IL‐18 by human neutrophils. Unexpectedly, we observed that neutrophils from peripheral blood or rheumatoid synovial compartments contained not only pro and mature IL‐18, but also several novel smaller‐molecular‐weight IL‐18‐derived species. Using specific protease inhibitors, and serine protease gene‐targeted mice, we demonstrate that these IL‐18‐derived products arose through caspase‐independent cleavage events mediated by the serine proteases, elastase and cathepsin G. Moreover, we report that the net effect of elastase treatment of mature recombinant IL‐18 was to reduce its IFN‐γ‐inducing activity. Thus, human neutrophils contain IL‐18 and IL‐18‐derived molecular species that can arise through novel enzymatic processing pathways. Through cytosolic, membrane or secretory expression of such processing enzymes, together with generation of IL‐18 itself, neutrophils likely play a critical role in regulating IL‐18 activities during early innate immune responses.
Immediate antigen‐specific effector functions byTCR‐transgenic CD8+ NKT cells
Authors: Wingender Gerhard , Berg Martina , Jüngerkes Frank , Diehl Linda , Sullivan Barbara A. , Kronenberg Mitchell , Limmer Andreas , Knolle Percy A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOnly recently have natural antigens for CD1d‐dependent, invariant Vα14+ natural killer T (iNKT) cells been identified. Similar data for CD1d‐independent and CD8+ NKT cell populations are still missing. Here, we show that the MHC class I‐restricted CD8+ TCR‐transgenic mouse lines OT‐I, P14 and H‐Y contain a significant proportion of transgenic CD8+ NK1.1+ T cells. In liver, most of NK1.1+ T cells express CD8αα homodimers. Transgenic NKT cells did not bind invariant Vα14‐to‐Jα18 TCR rearrangement (Vα14i)‐specific CD1d/α‐galactosylceramide tetramers and the frequency of iNKT cells was severely reduced. The activated cell surface phenotype and the distribution of transgenic NKT cells in vivo were similar to that reported for iNKT cells. The OT‐I and P14 CD8+ NKT cells recognized their cognate antigen in the context of H2‐Kb and produced cytokines shortly after TCR stimulation. Importantly, transgenic NKT cells exerted immediate antigen‐specific cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate the presence of transgenic CD8+ NKT cells in MHC class I‐restricted TCR‐transgenic animals, which are endowed with rapid antigen‐specific effector functions. These data imply that experiments studying naive T cell function in TCR‐transgenic animals should be interpreted with caution, and that such animals could be utilized for studying CD8+ NKT cell function in an antigen‐specific manner.
Intestinal double‐positive CD4+CD8+ T cells are highly activated memory cells with an increased capacity to produce cytokines
Authors: Pahar Bapi , Lackner Andrew A. , Veazey Ronald S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPeripheral blood and intestinal CD4+CD8+ double‐positive (DP) T cells have been described in several species including humans, but their function and immunophenotypic characteristics are still not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate that DP T cells are abundant in the intestinal lamina propria of normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Moreover, DP T cells have a memory phenotype and are capable of producing different and/or higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to mitogen stimulation compared to CD4+ single‐positive T cells. Intestinal DP T cells are also highly activated and have higher expression of CCR5, which makes them preferred targets for simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV infection. Increased levels of CD69, CD25 and HLA‐DR, and lower CD62L expression were found on intestinal DP T cells populations compared to CD4+ single‐positive T cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intestinal and peripheral blood DP T cells are effector cells and may be important in regulating immune responses, which distinguishes them from the immature DP cells found in the thymus. Finally, these intestinal DP T cells may be important target cells for HIV infection and replication due to their activation, memory phenotype and high expression of CCR5.
R‐form LPS, the master key to the activation ofTLR4/MD‐2‐positive cells
Authors: Huber Michael , Kalis Christoph , Keck Simone , Jiang Zhengfan , Georgel Philippe , Du Xin , Shamel Louis , Sovath Sosathya , Mudd Suzanne , Beutler Bruce , Galanos Chris , Freudenberg Marina A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is a major recognition marker for the detection of gram‐negative bacteria by the host and a powerful initiator of the inflammatory response to infection. Using S‐ and R‐form LPS from wild‐type and R‐mutants of Salmonella and E. coli, we show that R‐form LPS readily activates mouse cells expressing the signaling receptor Toll‐like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (TLR4/MD‐2), while the S‐form requires further the help of the LPS‐binding proteins CD14 and LBP, which limits its activating capacity. Therefore, the R‐form LPS under physiological conditions recruits a larger spectrum of cells in endotoxic reactions than S‐form LPS. We also show that soluble CD14 at high concentrations enables CD14‐negative cells to respond to S‐form LPS. The presented in vitro data are corroborated by an in vivo study measuring TNF‐α levels in response to injection of R‐ and S‐form LPS in mice. Since the R‐form LPS constitutes ubiquitously part of the total LPS present in all wild‐type bacteria its contribution to the innate immune response and pathophysiology of infection is much higher than anticipated during the last half century.
Organ specific autoantigens and the autoreactiveT cell repertoire: The case of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Authors: Wekerle Hartmut , Linington Christopher 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is strong evidence that immunological self tolerance critically relies on the elimination of potentially autoaggressive T lymphocyte clones from the emerging immune repertoire during intrathymic T cell differentiation. These ‘forbidden’ T cells are deleted as a result of a confrontation with their specific self antigen as presented on medullary stroma cells. But this purging mechanism is remarkably leaky, allowing numerous autoreactive T cells to join the healthy immune repertoire. A paper in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology studies the effect of organ‐specific autoantigen expression on the cognate T cell repertoire. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a putative autoantigen in human multiple sclerosis, is used as a model self antigen. T cell receptor profiles in wild‐type mice were compared with those in MOG‐knock‐out mice. Surprisingly, significant differences were not found suggesting that, in this particular case, autoantigen expression does not affect the autoreactive T cell repertoire.See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535021
Structural Studies of β‐Cyclodextrin and Permethylated β‐Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds of Cyclopentadienyl Metal Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Braga Susana S. , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Pillinger Martyn , Seixas João D. , Romão Carlos C. , Gonçalves Isabel S. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract[CpM(CO)nCl] complexes with M = Fe (n = 2) and Mo (n = 3) have been immobilised in plain β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and permethylated β‐CD (TRIMEB) by methods tailored according to the stabilities and solubilities of the individual components. Four adducts were obtained with a 1:1 host/guest stoichiometry. The compounds were studied by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. A comparison of the experimental powder XRD data for the TRIMEB/[CpMo(CO)3Cl] inclusion compound with reference patterns revealed that the crystal packing is very similar to that reported previously for a TRIMEB/ethyl laurate inclusion compound. The unit‐cell parameters refined to a = 14.731, b = 22.476, c = 27.714 Å (volume = 9176.3 Å3), and the space group was confirmed as P212121. A hypothetical structural model of the inclusion compound was subsequently obtained by global optimisation using simulated annealing. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)