bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Wnt signaling in the intestinal mucosa of Apc+/min mice does not cause overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Met
Authors: Boon Elles M. J. , Pouwels Walter , Redeker Sandra , Joosten Sander P. J. , Hamann Jörg , Van Der Neut Ronald , Pals Steven T. 
Published: July 2006

The receptor tyrosine kinase MET is overexpressed in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, suggesting an instrumental role for MET signaling in the onset and progression of colorectal cancer. To corroborate this role, animal models are needed. To study the expression of Met in the normal and neoplastic mouse intestine, we generated an Armenian hamster monoclonal antibody against mouse Met. By using this antibody in immunohistochemical studies, we observed strong Met expression in fetal mouse intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast, in the intestines of adult mice, Met expression was very low whereas the protein was undetectable on the neoplastic epithelium of intestinal adenomas in Apc+/min mice. By immunoblotting, we were also unable to detect Met in intestinal adenomas, whereas Met mRNA levels in microdissected adenomas were very low. The absence of detectable Met protein expression in adenomas of Apc+/min mice contrasts sharply with the vast overexpression of the protein in adenomas of humans with familial adenomatous polyposis or sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Our results imply that deregulation of Wnt signaling in mouse − unlike in human − intestinal epithelium does not result in Met overexpression. Our findings thus reveal important interspecies differences in the regulation of Met expression during intestinal tumorigenesis. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 710–715)
Abundance and diversity of rodents at the human–wildlife interface in Western Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Magige Flora , Senzota Ramadhani 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRodent species abundance and diversity in Western Serengeti are evaluated and discussed in relation to different levels of conservation status [Unprotected Area (UA), Game Reserve (GR) and National Park (NP)] and broad site differences in human livelihood activities. A total of 2170 individuals, spread over 16 rodent species, were caught in a capture‐mark‐recapture study which covered both the dry and wet seasons. The more humid site (Tabora B) in the northern part of Serengeti had the highest diversity of rodents followed by the Mihale site at the western extension. The driest site at Robanda had the lowest overall species diversity. Diversity also varied between the three levels of conservation status whereby the UA had the least diversity while the NP, which enjoyed the highest level of conservation status, had the highest diversity of rodents. Unprotected Area and NP plots at Tabora B showed a rodent species similarity index of 40%; all the other paired plots scored over 50% similarity indices, suggesting that, within a site, species composition did not vary significantly between the three levels of conservation status. The Robanda site had the highest (56%) overall abundance of rodents; Mihale and Tabora B sites had about the same level of rodent abundance (20 and 24% respectively). For the Mihale site, Mastomys natalensis ranked first followed by Arvicanthis niloticus and Tatera robusta, each of which contained 40, 38 and 16%, respectively, of all individuals caught at the site. For the Robanda site, the figures were 66%A. niloticus, 22%M. natalensis and 9%T. robusta; while for the Tabora B site the scores were 37%M. natalensis, 18%T. robusta and 11%Lemniscomys barbarus. The differences in diversity, species composition and population abundance appear to result largely from physiognomic vegetation types, and habitat perturbations caused by livelihood activities in Western Serengeti.
Making a home, finding a job: investigating early housing and employment outcomes for young people leaving care
Authors: Wade Jim , Dixon Jo 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents findings from a new study of outcomes for young people leaving care funded by the Department for Education and Skills. It reports findings for a sample of 106 young people in relation to progress made in housing and employment some 12–15 months after leaving care. The generally poor employment outcomes of care leavers are acknowledged, but ingredients that make for success are also highlighted, including the value of settled care and post‐care careers, sound career planning and, significantly, the value of delaying young people’s transitions from care. Early career paths also interconnect with how young people fare in housing, in developing life skills and with other problems in their lives after leaving care. Housing outcomes were more encouraging and predominantly shaped by events after leaving care, and faring well in housing was the factor most closely associated with positive mental well‐being in young people. Some groups that are at risk of faring badly are identified, including young people with mental‐health problems, young people with persistent offending or substance misuse problems and, in some respects, young disabled people. The implications of these findings for leaving care services are considered.
Predicting after‐care outcomes: the importance of ‘felt’ security
Authors: Cashmore Judy , Paxman Marina 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTYoung people who ‘age out of care’ generally do not have the continuing source of emotional, social and financial support that is available to most young people in their transition to early adulthood. They therefore face the challenges of making various transitions with fewer resources and less support, and at an earlier age and in a less graduated way than young people of the same age in the general population. Some, however, manage this process more successfully than others. The current study examines the links between stability, perceived or ‘felt’ security and later outcomes for young people 4–5 years after leaving care. It is based on a four‐wave longitudinal study over 5 years of 47 young people leaving care in New South Wales, Australia. Felt security in care, and continuity and social support beyond care were the main significant predictors of these young people’s outcomes 4–5 years after leaving care. While stability in care was important, this may be as a means to an end–building a sense of security, belonging and a network of social support.
Sediment respiration and lake trophic state are important predictors of large CO2 evasion from small boreal lakes
Authors: KORTELAINEN PIRKKO , RANTAKARI MIITTA , HUTTUNEN JARI T. , MATTSSON TUIJA , ALM JUKKA , JUUTINEN SARI , LARMOLA TUULA , SILVOLA JOUKO , MARTIKAINEN PERTTI J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe show that sediment respiration is one of the key factors contributing to the high CO2 supersaturation in and evasion from Finnish lakes, and evidently also over large areas in the boreal landscape, where the majority of the lakes are small and shallow. A subpopulation of 177 randomly selected lakes (<100 km2) and 32 lakes with the highest total phosphorus (Ptot) concentrations in the Nordic Lake Survey (NLS) data base were sampled during four seasons and at four depths. Patterns of CO2 concentrations plotted against depth and time demonstrate strong CO2 accumulation in hypolimnetic waters during the stratification periods. The relationship between O2 departure from the saturation and CO2 departure from the saturation was strong in the entire data set (r2=0.79, n=2 740, P<0.0001). CO2 concentrations were positively associated with lake trophic state and the proportion of agricultural land in the catchment. In contrast, CO2 concentrations negatively correlated with the peatland percentage indicating that either input of easily degraded organic matter and/or nutrient load from agricultural land enhance degradation. The average lake‐area‐weighted annual CO2 evasion based on our 177 randomly selected lakes and all Finnish lakes >100 km2 (Rantakari & Kortelainen, 2005) was 42 g C m−2 LA (lake area), approximately 20% of the average annual C accumulation in Finnish forest soils and tree biomass (covering 51% of the total area of Finland) in the 1990s. Extrapolating our estimate from Finland to all lakes of the boreal region suggests a total annual CO2 evasion of about 50 TgC, a value upto 40% of current estimates for lakes of the entire globe, emphasizing the role of small boreal lakes as conduits for transferring terrestrially fixed C into the atmosphere.
Variation in Serripes groenlandicus (Bivalvia) growth in a Norwegian high‐Arctic fjord: evidence for local‐ and large‐scale climatic forcing
Authors: AMBROSE WILLIAM G. , CARROLL MICHAEL L. , GREENACRE MICHAEL , THORROLD SIMON R. , McMAHON KELTON W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe examined the growth rate of the circumpolar Greenland Cockle (Serripes groenlandicus) over a period of 20 years (1983–2002) from Rijpfjord, a high‐Arctic fjord in northeast Svalbard (80°10′N, 22°15′E). This period encompassed different phases of large‐scale climatic oscillations with accompanying variations in local physical variables (temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, sea ice cover), allowing us to analyze the linkage between growth rate, climatic oscillations, and their local physical and biological manifestations. Standard growth index (SGI), an ontogenetically adjusted measure of annual growth, ranged from a low of 0.27 in 2002 up to 2.46 in 1996. Interannual variation in growth corresponded to the Arctic climate regime index (ACRI), with high growth rates during the positive ACRI phase characterized by cyclonic ocean circulation and a warmer and wetter climate. Growth rates were influenced by local manifestations of the ACRI: positively correlated with precipitation and to a lesser extent negatively correlated with atmospheric pressure. A multiple regression model explains 65% of the variability in growth rate by the ACRI and precipitation at the nearest meteorological station. There were, however, complexities in the relationship between growth and physical variables, including an apparent 1 year lag between physical forcing changes and biological response. Also, when the last 4 years of poor growth are excluded, there is a very strong negative correlation with ice cover on a pan‐arctic scale. Our results suggest that bivalves, as sentinels of climate change on multi‐decadal scales, are sensitive to environmental variations associated with large‐scale changes in climate, but that the effects will be determined by changes in environmental parameters regulating marine production and food availability on a local scale.
European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern
Authors: MENZEL ANNETTE , SPARKS TIM H. , ESTRELLA NICOLE , KOCH ELISABETH , AASA ANTO , AHAS REIN , ALM‐KÜBLER KERSTIN , BISSOLLI PETER , BRASLAVSKÁ OL'GA , BRIEDE AGRITA , CHMIELEWSKI FRANK M. , CREPINSEK ZALIKA , CURNEL YANNICK , DAHL ÅSLÖG , DEFILA CLAUDIO , DONNELLY ALISON , FILELLA YOLANDA , JATCZAK KATARZYNA , MÅGE FINN , MESTRE ANTONIO , NORDLI ØYVIND , PEÑUELAS JOSEP , PIRINEN PENTTI , REMIŠOVÁ VIERA , SCHEIFINGER HELFRIED , STRIZ MARTIN , SUSNIK ANDREJA , VAN VLIET ARNOLD J. H. , WIELGOLASKI FRANS‐EMIL , ZACH SUSANNE , ZUST ANA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGlobal climate change impacts can already be tracked in many physical and biological systems; in particular, terrestrial ecosystems provide a consistent picture of observed changes. One of the preferred indicators is phenology, the science of natural recurring events, as their recorded dates provide a high‐temporal resolution of ongoing changes. Thus, numerous analyses have demonstrated an earlier onset of spring events for mid and higher latitudes and a lengthening of the growing season. However, published single‐site or single‐species studies are particularly open to suspicion of being biased towards predominantly reporting climate change‐induced impacts. No comprehensive study or meta‐analysis has so far examined the possible lack of evidence for changes or shifts at sites where no temperature change is observed. We used an enormous systematic phenological network data set of more than 125 000 observational series of 542 plant and 19 animal species in 21 European countries (1971–2000). Our results showed that 78% of all leafing, flowering and fruiting records advanced (30% significantly) and only 3% were significantly delayed, whereas the signal of leaf colouring/fall is ambiguous. We conclude that previously published results of phenological changes were not biased by reporting or publication predisposition: the average advance of spring/summer was 2.5 days decade−1 in Europe. Our analysis of 254 mean national time series undoubtedly demonstrates that species' phenology is responsive to temperature of the preceding months (mean advance of spring/summer by 2.5 days°C−1, delay of leaf colouring and fall by 1.0 day°C−1). The pattern of observed change in spring efficiently matches measured national warming across 19 European countries (correlation coefficient r=−0.69, P<0.001).
Podocalyxin‐like protein 1 expression in primary hepatic tumours and tumour‐like lesions
Authors: Heukamp L C , Fischer H P , Schirmacher P , Chen X , Breuhahn K , Nicolay C , Büttner R , Gütgemann I 
Published: July 2006

Aims:  The differential diagnosis of benign hepatic lesions and well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas can be a challenge, especially in small biopsy specimens. Recently, novel proteins expressed by the neovasculature in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been identified. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of podocalyxin‐like protein 1 (PODXL1), a CD34‐related sialomucin, in HCC and benign liver tumours or tumour‐like lesions.Methods and results:  Vascular marker expression was examined using tissue microarrays as well as standard paraffin sections from formalin fixed paraffin‐embedded liver tissue samples. Expression of PODXL1 was compared with anti‐CD34, CD31 and von Willebrand factor VIII staining by immunohistochemistry. PODXL1 is expressed in tumour‐associated microvasculature endothelial cells in HCC, as well as in capillarized sinusoidal endothelium of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatic adenoma. Expression in cirrhotic nodules correlates with CD34 and highlights endothelium in the inflow area. In dysplastic nodules CD34 and PODXL1 are not or only focally expressed.Conclusions:  Expression patterns of CD34 and PODXL1 are almost identical in primary hepatic tumours and tumour‐like lesions. The presence of CD34+ and PODXL1+ sinusoidal endothelial cells aids in the diagnosis of HCC. Sinusoidal expression of PODXL1 is also seen in a less diffuse pattern in FNH and adenoma.
Mineral trioxide aggregate: a review of the constituents and biological properties of the material
Authors: Camilleri J. , Pitt Ford T. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on the constituents and biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). A Medline search was conducted. The first publication on the material was in November 1993. The Medline search identified 206 papers published from November 1993 to August 2005. Specific searches on constituents and biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate, however, yielded few publications. Initially all abstracts were read to identify which fitted one of the two categories required for this review, constituents or biocompatibility. Based on this assessment and a review of the papers, 13 were included in the constituent category and 53 in the biocompatibility category. Relatively few articles addressed the constituents of MTA, whilst cytological evaluation was the most widely used biocompatibility test.
Influence of sterilization on mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments
Authors: Viana A. C. D. , Gonzalez B. M. , Buono V. T. L. , Bahia M. G. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  To evaluate the effect of repeated sterilization cycles in dry oven or autoclave, on the mechanical behaviour and fatigue resistance of rotary endodontic Ni–Ti instruments.Methodology  New Ni–Ti instruments were subjected to five consecutive sterilization cycles in a dry oven or steam autoclave. Microhardness was measured in the nonmachined parts of the shanks of instruments using a Vickers indenter. Specimens of Ni–Ti wires were submitted to the same sterilization protocol and tensile tested until rupture. A group of instruments were fatigued to one half of their average fatigue life and then sterilized. New and sterilized instruments were fatigue tested until rupture. anova tests at α = 0.05 were used for statistical analysis.Results  Sterilization procedures resulted in no significant changes in Vickers microhardness, nor in the parameters describing the mechanical behaviour of the wires. However, the number of cycles to failure was statistically higher for all instruments after dry heat or autoclave sterilization cycles. In the instruments previously fatigued to one half of their fatigue life, autoclave sterilization gave rise to an increase of 39% in the remaining number of cycles to failure.Conclusions  Changes in the mechanical properties of Ni–Ti endodontic instruments after five cycles of commonly used sterilization procedures were insignificant. The sterilization procedures are safe as they produced a significant increase in the fatigue resistance of the instruments.
Referred pain: a confusing case of differential diagnosis between two teeth presenting with endo‐perio problems
Authors: Koyess E. , Fares M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  A case of a patient with a confusing referred pain is reported that emphasizes the importance of providing a differential diagnosis in order to avoid inappropriate treatment.Summary  This article describes the management of a patient presenting with a combined endo‐perio problem that was apparently treated adequately. After a short period of time, the reappearance of mild pain was misdiagnosed. The situation was more complicated when multiple diagnostic procedures were attempted and inadequate therapies were tried consecutively. When the true differential diagnosis was established and appropriate treatment provided, the symptoms disappeared and normal function returned. Diagnosis of teeth with necrotic pulps may be difficult to establish with possible reasons including inconclusive and poorly localized symptoms and signs. The situation can be further complicated if other teeth developing endodontic or combined endo‐perio problems occur simultaneously as this may lead to misdiagnosis and treatment of the wrong tooth.Key learning points:• Diagnosis of teeth with necrotic pulps can be difficult to establish.• The entire dentition should be examined for possible causes of pain before commencing treatment.• Some periodontal lesions of endodontic origin can heal following root canal treatment alone.
Robust hierarchical state–space models reveal diel variation in travel rates of migrating leatherback turtles
Authors: JONSEN IAN D. , MYERS RANSOM A. , JAMES MICHAEL C. 
Published: July 2006

Summary

Biological and statistical complexity are features common to most ecological data that hinder our ability to extract meaningful patterns using conventional tools. Recent work on implementing modern statistical methods for analysis of such ecological data has focused primarily on population dynamics but other types of data, such as animal movement pathways obtained from satellite telemetry, can also benefit from the application of modern statistical tools.
We develop a robust hierarchical state–space approach for analysis of multiple satellite telemetry pathways obtained via the Argos system. State–space models are time‐series methods that allow unobserved states and biological parameters to be estimated from data observed with error. We show that the approach can reveal important patterns in complex, noisy data where conventional methods cannot.
Using the largest Atlantic satellite telemetry data set for critically endangered leatherback turtles, we show that the diel pattern in travel rates of these turtles changes over different phases of their migratory cycle. While foraging in northern waters the turtles show similar travel rates during day and night, but on their southward migration to tropical waters travel rates are markedly faster during the day. These patterns are generally consistent with diving data, and may be related to changes in foraging behaviour. Interestingly, individuals that migrate southward to breed generally show higher daytime travel rates than individuals that migrate southward in a non‐breeding year.
Our approach is extremely flexible and can be applied to many ecological analyses that use complex, sequential data.
Operational feasibility of lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) as a tool in routine process monitoring of filariasis control programmes
Authors: Vanamail P. , Subramanian S. , Srividya A. , Ravi R. , Krishnamoorthy K. , Das P. K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryLot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) with two‐stage sampling plan was applied for rapid monitoring of coverage after every round of mass drug administration (MDA). A Primary Health Centre (PHC) consisting of 29 villages in Thiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu was selected as the study area. Two threshold levels of coverage were used: threshold A (maximum: 60%; minimum: 40%) and threshold B (maximum: 80%; minimum: 60%). Based on these thresholds, one sampling plan each for A and B was derived with the necessary sample size and the number of allowable defectives (i.e. defectives mean those who have not received the drug). Using data generated through simple random sampling (SRSI) of 1750 individuals in the study area, LQAS was validated with the above two sampling plans for its diagnostic and field applicability. Simultaneously, a household survey (SRSH) was conducted for validation and cost‐effectiveness analysis. Based on SRSH survey, the estimated coverage was 93.5% (CI: 91.7–95.3%). LQAS with threshold A revealed that by sampling a maximum of 14 individuals and by allowing four defectives, the coverage was ≥60% in >90% of villages at the first stage. Similarly, with threshold B by sampling a maximum of nine individuals and by allowing four defectives, the coverage was ≥80% in >90% of villages at the first stage. These analyses suggest that the sampling plan (14,4,52,25) of threshold A may be adopted in MDA to assess if a minimum coverage of 60% has been achieved. However, to achieve the goal of elimination, the sampling plan (9, 4, 42, 29) of threshold B can identify villages in which the coverage is <80% so that remedial measures can be taken. Cost‐effectiveness analysis showed that both options of LQAS are more cost‐effective than SRSH to detect a village with a given level of coverage. The cost per village was US $76.18 under SRSH. The cost of LQAS was US $65.81 and 55.63 per village for thresholds A and B respectively. The total financial cost of classifying a village correctly with the given threshold level of LQAS could be reduced by 14% and 26% of the cost of conventional SRSH method.