bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metabolism of Bile Pigments in Infants, with Special Regard to Icterus Neonatorum
Authors: LARSEN E. HJALMAR , WITH TORBEN K. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Previous investigations into the metabolism of bile pigments in infants, especially with regard to icterus neonatorum are discussed as well as the theories advanced to interpret the origin of icterus neonatorum. After briefly describing the analytical methods used—which presumably are both specific and quantitative—the material of the authors is presented. It comprises determinations of the serum bilirubin in 90 new‐borns, 35 of whom were subjected to serial determinations during the first 10 days of life. In 25 of the cases also the fecal output of bilirubin was determined and in 20 cases the urinary bilirubin. Finally, the fecal urobilin was determined in 28 infants.The variation of the serum bilirubin is illustrated (Diagram 1, 4 and 2). The direct diazo reaction of the serum was measured and corresponded to 50–80% of the total serum bilirubin.The serum bilirubin threshold for clinical jaundice was found to be ca. 9 mg. per 100 ml. in newborns against ca. 2.5 in adults; the cause of this striking difference is discussed.The threshold for the excretion of bilirubin in the urine was found to be ca. 18 mg. per 100 ml. in newborns against 3–9 (most often 3–6) in adults. Moreover, the bilirubin concentration in the urine, expressed in per cent of that of the serum, was found to be considerably lower in newborns than in adults. This striking difference is attributed to physiologically defective kidney function in the newborn.The fecal excretion of bilirubin in newborns is illustrated (Diagram 4). No significant correlation between the degree of jaundice and the fecal excretion is seen (Diagram 5). The fecal excretion shows considerable variation. The amounts present in mecomum are small (often 0).Urobilin is only exceptionally found in the feces during the 1′ and 2′ weeks of life; in bottle‐fed infants it may be found from the third week, and as the diet becomes varied, its occurrence in the feces becomes more regular while bilirubin disappears from the feces (Table 4). The total amount of urobilin (+ urobilinogen) excreted with the feces in infants is relatively small compared with the findings in adults.The substances found in feces and urine from newborns by means of reactions based on fluorescence are not urobilin; the results of analyses of this kind are misleading.A considerable part of the bile pigments coming into the intestine is destroyed during the process of digestion; one cannot conclude from the amount of bilirubin + urobilin in the feces to the amount of bile pigment which has passed through the common bile duct into the intestine.The most probable theory of the origin of icterus neonatorum seems to be the hepatic. It lacks, however, positive support from analyses of the bile pigment metabolism. Some other evidence pointing to hepatic dysfunction in the newborn is cited.
Microestimation of serum calcium.
Authors: BIERING AXEL 
Published: January 2008

Summary.It is shown that Rappaport & Rappaport's method for the microestimation of serum calcium yields too low results. A modification of the method is indicated consisting chiefly in the precipitation of calcium oxalate taking place at 45–50°C. The modified method is described in detail. 0.2 cc. of serum is used for a single determination.
Einige Worte über die neue Blutgruppe Rh.: Vorläufige Mitteilung über øine klinisch‐serologische Studie.
Authors: BROMAN BIRGER 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird eine Übersicht über die Blutgruppe Rh und ihre Bedeutung für die Erythroblastenkrankheiten bei Neugeborenen sowie für Komplikationen bei Bluttransfusionen gegeben. In einem Material von 1 000 Entbindungsfällen fand man eine Häufigkeit der Kombination rh‐negative Mutter und Rh‐positives Kind von etwa 10%, d. h. bei etwa 100 Müttern, was dem. statistisch zu Erwartenden entspricht. Bei nur vier von diesen Müttern liess sich Anti‐Rh‐Agglutinin nachweisen, und zwar waren hier sämtliche Kinder angegriffen—zwei intrauterin gestorben, eines starb im Alter von ein paar Tagen an Icterus gravis und eines überlebte einen Icterus gravis mit Anämie. Bei einer anderen Gruppe von 17 Prauen, deren Kinder alle irgend eine der sog. Erythroblastenkrankheiten aufwiesen, wurde Anti‐Rh‐Agglutinin nachgewiesen. Transfusionsfälle, wo der Empfänger der rh‐negativen und der Spender der Rh‐positiven Gruppe angehört, weisen selten Anzeichen einer Rh‐Sensibilisierung in Gestalt nachweisbaren Anti‐Rh‐Agglutinins auf. Es wird eine kurze Übersicht der wichtigsten klinischen Massnahmen im Hinblick auf die Polgen einer Rh‐Immunisierung gegeben.Summary.A survey is given of the blood group Eh and its importance in erythroblastosis foetalis and in blood transfusions. Out of 1 000 delivery cases, the combination of rh‐negative mother and Eh‐positive child was found in about 10%—i. e. in about 100 mothers which corresponds to the expected frequency, statistically speaking. Anti Eh agglutinin was found in the blood serum of only four of these mothers. All of their children were affected—two died before delivery, one died from icterus gravis when only two days old and one survived icterus gravis and anemia.In another group of 17 women, all of whose children had contracted erythroblastosis foetalis, anti Eh agglutinin was found. Cases of transfusion in which the recipient belongs to group rh‐and the donor to Rh +, seldom show signs of Eh sensitization in the form of detectable anti Eh agglutinin. A short survey is given of the most important clinical steps that should be taken in view of the effect of Rh iso‐immunization.
Ein Fall von kongenitaler myeloischer Leukämie.1
Authors: HAMNE BERTIL 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Sektion ernes 19 Tage alten Mädchens, welche ein ausgesprochenes Bud von myeloischer Leukämie aufweist, bei der die sämtlichen untersuchten Organe von zum grössten Teil unreifen, myeloischen Zellelementen infiltriert sind. Schon bei der Geburt wies das Kind Hautblutungen, Augenprotrusion und stark aufgetriebenen Leib auf. Mutter nach gründlicher klinischer Untersuchung (auch Sternalpunktion) gesund.Von den 4 früher bekannten Fällen der Literatur sind 2 Knaben (Malmbeeg, Büngeler) und eines ein Mädchen (Stranskt), während in einem Fall das Geschlecht nicht angegeben ist (Koch). Mütter bei sämtlichen Fällen gesund.
B‐Vitaminbehandlung bei Akrodynie
Authors: JELKE HUGO , PORJÉ I. G. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es werden zwei Fälle von Akrodynie (6 bzw. 8 Jahre alter Knabe)beschrieben; bei dem ersten wurde das Bild von Adynamie beherrscht, bei dem zweiten von schweren akropathiscben Symptomen, welche der Behandlung wähi‐end eines vorangehenden halbjährigen Krankenhausaufenthalts getrotzt hatten. Bei beiden Fällen wurde ein wesentlich erhöhter Brenztraubensäuregehalt des Bluts konstatiert (17, 18 γ/ml). Unter Behandlung mit Vitamin B1parenteral trat prompt eine Besserung ein, welche binnen 6 bzw. 11 Wochen zur vollen Genesung führte, und gleichzeitig sank die Brenztraubensäurekorizentration zur Norm ab (8, 9, 10 γ/ml).Die B1‐Therapie ist ja eine Extrazufuhr des integrierenden Bestandteils eines bei der normalen Glykolyse unentbebrlichen Coenzyms, der Cokarboxylase (Thiamin in phosphorylierter Form), welche sich an der oxydativen Dekarboxylierung der Brenztraubensäure beteiligt. Der augenfällige Effekt des Thiamins bei den mitgeteilten Fallen—nicht nur auf die Krank‐heitssymptome, sondern auch auf den Brenztraubensäurespiegel—scheint âafür zu sprechen, dass eine relative Hypothiaminose bei der Pathogenese der Akrodynie eine Rolle spielt, wenn nicht primär, so doch indirekt. Die gemachten Erfahrungen bestätigen die älteren Angaben von verschiedenen Seiten über günstige Erfolge der B‐Therapie und ermuntern zu weiteren Versuchen.
Parapneumonic bullous emphysema in infants.
Authors: MIDDELHOVEN ADA 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThe author gives the case history of a six months old infant, suffering from bullous emphysema as a complication of pneumonia, with survey of the literature on this condition. The child is seriously ill from a staphylococcic empyema originated in the emphysematous bulla, and makes a recovery only after a thoracotomy has been performed. Postoperative expansion of a second bulla, which disappears without having given any symptoms. Complete recovery.Résumél'Auteur présente le cas d'un enfant, agé de six mois, souffrant d'un emphysème à, grosse bulle solitaire, complication d'une pneumonic Exposé de la litérature sur ce sujet. 1'Enfant est grièvement malade à. cause d'un infection staphylocoecique de l′épanchement dans la cavité bulleuse. Succès prompt et remarquable d'un drainage par thoracotomie. Dans la période postopératoire développement d'une seconde bulle non infectée, qui disparaît sans avoir causé de symptômes.ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Fall von bullösem Emphysem besehrieben mit ausserordentlich grosser Blase im Verlaufe einer Pneumonic, bei einem sechs Monate alten Säugling. Schwere Beeinträchtigung des Allgemeinzustandes durch Staphylokokkeninfektion des Exsudats in der Emphysemblase. Prompte Besserung nach operativer Drainage. Entfaltung einer zweiten, nicht infizierten Blase, die symptomlos wieder verschwindet. Restitutio ad integrum. Literaturiibersicht.
Atresia oesophagi congenita with oesophago‐tracheal Fistule.
Authors: KJELLAND P. M. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYKeport of a ease of congenital atresia of the oesophagus. The upper part of the oesophagus ended in a cul‐de‐sac at a level with the 4th thoracic vertebra. From the lower part of the oesophagus a fistule led to the bifurcation. As a result of this the digestive tract was filled with air.
100 Galactose Tolerance Tests on Children with Unimpaired Livers.(Normal Values for Children Down to the Age of Two.)
Authors: SELMAR E. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYA survey of the literature on galactose tolerance tests on children is followed by a report on the writer's 100 galactose tolerance tests using 78 children with unimpaired livers, ranging in age from 2 to 14. Given a quantity of 1 gramme galactose per kilo body weight 95 per cent of children with unimpaired livers proved to eliminate a maximum of 4 per cent of the galactose administered. If the stated dosage is used, it is sufficient to examine the urine from the first 3 hours. The subject should be fasting before and during the test.
Untersuchungen über das weisse Blutbild bei Frühgeburten im Zusammenhang mit regelmässiger Ernährung und Hunger sowie Schwankungen der Körpertemperatur.
Authors: YLIRUOKANEN AINO 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungDie leukozytäre Reaktion bei Frühgeburten wurde hinsichtlich regelmässiger Ernährung und Hunger sowie Sehwankungen der Korpertemperatur untersucht. Bei regelmässiger Ernährung konnte kein Einfluss der Mahlzeiten oder der Beschaffenheit der Nahrung auf die Sehwankungen des weissen Blutbildes festgestellt werden. Naeh 24‐stündigem Fasten (Wasserdiät) traten in der Gesamtleukozytenmenge unregelmässige Veränderungen auf. Imdifferenzierten weissen Blutbild dagegen erschienen in fast alien Fallen nach 24‐stündigem Fasten beträchtliche Eosinopenie und Lymphopenie sowie ziemliche Neutrophilic. Die Sehwankungen der Monozyten folgten keinem regelmässigen Rhytmus. Bei Proben, die nach einer nach dem Fasten genossenen Mahlzeit genommen wurden, waren diese Werte im Verlauf von 4 Stunden noeh nicht zu ihren Ausgangswerte zurüekgekehrt.Die künstliehen Sehwankungen der Körpertemperatur, die durch heisse Bäder erzeugt wurden, riefen im allgemeinen geringe Reaktionen sowohl im quantitativen als auch im qualitativen weissen Blutbild hervor. In vielen Fällen wurde etwas Leukozytose und Neutrophilie festgestellt, in anderen aber wieder Leukopenic. Die Sehwankungen waren unabhängig von der Prämaturität oder dem Alter des Patienten.
≫Pre‐excitation≫ of the ventricular part of the heart and its occurrence in children.
Authors: LIND. JOHN 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The author gives a brief description of the term pre‐excitation, one of the points emphasized being the great morphological diversity shown by the electrocardiograms. Two case reports are appended. All the previously published cases of pre‐excitation in children are presented in tabular form.
On the genesis of erythroblastosis foetalis
Authors: RANSTRÖM. S. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. The earlier known changes in the endocrine organs in erythroblastosis foetalis, i. e. adrenocortical hyperplasia and insular hyperplasia in the pancreas, are supplemented by a pituitary change observed in two cases of hydrops foetalis and consisting of an increase in the basophile cells.2. A critical study of the theory of an Rh iso‐immunisation as the fundamental cause of erythroblastosis is considered to show that this theory is unable to provide an explanation either to the disturbances demonstrated in the endocrine organs and their functions, or to the fact that the dangerous symptoms do not set in until in association with or after partus. In any case, no small number of cases lack the serological conditions for an Rh iso‐immunisation.3. A new theory is advanced, intended to explain the genesis of erythroblastosis as a primary endocrine dysfunction in the mother, which induces a placental lesion and changes within the foetal endocrine organs, resulting in its turn in endocrine disturbances; in many cases, especially in hydrops foetalis, these disturbances are thought to determine the issue. When the appropriate serological conditions are present, the placental lesion paves the way for an Rh iso‐immunisation; this iso‐immunisation is considered to influence the appearance of icterus gravis and anaemia gravis neonatorum.4. On the basis of this theory, the author sketches the lines of a hormonal therapy in erythroblastosis foetalis.
Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis of the Colon Polypus1
Authors: LEWIS‐JONSSON. JOHANNES 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The solitary pedieled colon polypus offers a complex of symptoms which will nowadays lead to a certain diagnosis, if only the possibility of this disease is borne in mind, and the investigation arranged accordingly. Rectal palpation, rectoscopy and radiological examination according to the methods given for colon polypus are the three diagnostic methods which must all be used. Three cases of colon polypus in children are reported: one with threatening bleeding and one with three polypi, one of which was diagnosed with the rectoscope and the other two by means of X‐ray.
Gastro‐Duodenal Ulcer in Childhood
Authors: WAMBERQ ERIK 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The writer reports the case histories of 2 girls, aged 9 and 11 respectively. The younger girl had been suffering from periodic vomiting for 5 years, whereas the other patient had suffered from vomiting for 2 years as well as periodic, partly tardy pain in the epigastric region and exhibited melsena twice. In both patients Ewald's test meal was of a large quantity and X‐ray examination revealed a typical duodenal ulcer.Ulcerations of the stomach and duodenum are most frequently encountered in the first year of life and around puberty. In infancy the ulcers nearly always have appeared in conjunction with infections, intoxications, traumata, circulatory disorders, burns, or cachexia, but the ulcers occurring in children above 5 years of age in the vast majority of cases are based on actual gastroduodenitis.The disease may manifest itself by (a) a gastroduodenitic syndrome just as in adults, (b) the sudden occurrence of complications (haemorrhage or perforation) and finally, presumably most often by (c) vague and uncharacteristic symptoms.Mention is made of complications and differential diagnosis. The treatment should be conservative, considering that the operation most in use for the moment (resection), which presumably is the only rational surgical treatment, entails a high primary mortality apart from being apt to cause lasting disorders. Operation is called for only in cases of severe stenosis and perforation.In the conclusion the writer emphasizes that gastro‐duodenal ulcers in childhood presumably occur more frequently than is generally supposed and that a more extensive use of X‐ray in the examination of children with uncharacteristic dyspeptic symptoms no doubt would lead to a recognition of ulcer more frequently than the procedures used at the present moment.
Schonlein‐Henochsche Purpura als Komplikation der Diphtherie‐Schutzimpfung
Authors: JELKE. HUGO 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird ein Fall von typischer Schonlein‐Henochscher Purpura bei einem 3jährigen Mädchen beschrieben, bei dem die Er‐krankung 2 Tage nach der Diphtherie‐Schutzimpfung ausgelöst wurde. Neben Hautblutungen traten Ödeme an den Gliederen‐den, Gelenkbeschwerden, Kolikschmerzen mit okkulter Darm‐blutung und Hämaturie auf. Die Hautblutungen erschienen in mehreren (8) Schüben im Laufe von 5 Monaten, worauf das Kind gesund wurde. Die Läppchenprobe mit Anatoxin fiel negativ aus, aber nach intrakutaner Injektion einer Verdünnung des‐selben, 0,001 ml Anatoxin entsprechend, erfolgte eine prompte Eeaktion seitens des Darms in Form einer Blutung. Damit wird die Eolle des Diphtherieanatoxins als auslösendes Allergen be‐kräftigt. Der Fall stellt einen Beleg für die Anschauung dar, dass die Krankheit anaphylaktisch bedingt ist, und rechtfertigt die Bezeichnung anaphylaktische Purpura an Stelle der alten Benennung anaphylaktoide Purpura. Er bestätigt hierdurch die Erkenntnisse, zu denen Li auf anderem Wege (durch die inverse Anaphylaxie) gelangt war.Der dargestellte Fall diirfte der erste von Schönlein‐Henoch‐scher Purpura sein, der nach Diphtherie‐Schutzimpfung beobach‐tet – oder jedenfalls bescnrieben – worden ist.
Ein Fall von imbezillen Zwillingsbriidern
Authors: YLIRUOKANEN. AINO 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Der somatische Status des bescbriebenen Zwillingspaars weist wesentlich darauf bin, dass es sich urn identische, eineiige Zwil‐linge handelt: Gesicbtszüge, Haarfarbe und Wirbel, Farbe der Iris, Blutgrappe. In den Körpermassen besteben Unterscbiede, die mit dem Unterschied des Geburtsgewicbts im Verhaltnis steben. Die Masse des Eopfes sind normal. Die Spuren der Rachitis am Brustkorb sind bei beiden Patienten gleich.Der Status psychicus ist bei beiden so gleich, dass sicb im Grad der Intelligenz oder dem Ausdruck der verschiedenen see‐lischen Funktionen keine nennenswerten Unterscbiede wahr‐nebmen lassen. Irgendein exogenes, mit der Geburt verbundenes Trauma ist ätiologisch nicbt festzustellen. Hereditär ist Oligophrenic (Debilitas) des Bruders der Mutter zu berücksichtigen, was zu der Schlussfolgerung berechtigt, dass unsere Zwillinge auf endogenem Boden entstandene OUgophrene (Imbezillen) sind. Der hier beschriebene Fall ist als ein gutes Beispiel für erbhcbe endogene Oligophrenic zu betrachten, aus deren Ätio‐logie die exogenen Faktoren eliminiert werden konnten.
The Liver Function in the Newborn Investigated by Urobilinogen Tolerance Tests
Authors: BIERING‐SØRENSEN K. , WITH. TORBEN K. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYTo elucidate the etiology of icterus neonatorum which is still obscure urobilinogen tolerance tests were performed on 31 newborn and a few infants with diseases of the liver and bile passages. The technic of WITH (1946) was used. The results of the investigation point towards the existence of some degree of liver insufficiency in the newborn, but they are difficult to evaluate as the test is also influenced by other factors than the liver function, presumably the kidney function. The test is consequently of no use as a functional liver test in infants.Attention is drawn to the fact that the serum bilirubin concentration in icterus neonatorum is much higher than in the forms of hemolytic jaundice in adults, which speaks against the hemolytical theory of the origin of icterus neonatorum.
Etiological Studies on Malignant Epidemic Gastro‐enteritis in Infants2
Authors: BIERING‐SØRENSEN K. , ILDT H. E. KN IPSCH , MAGNUS H. VON , TULINIUS SV. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYIn order to find out the cause of the malignant gastroenteritis in infants, the stools from such children have been submitted to thorough bacteriological and serological examination.In a good many cases, furthermore, autopsy was performed under sterile precautions.As the bacteriological findings were not suggestive of any bacterial cause, attempts were made to isolate a possibly present virus. These attempts also proved negative.
Purpura Fulminans and its Relation to Scarlatina.
Authors: FRÖDIN HENRY 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThe object of the present study is a case of purpura fulminans in a boy of 5, treated at the Stockholm Hospital for infectious Diseases. The patient, previously healthy, was taken ill with a fairly mild, although drawn‐out scarlatina infection, which judging from the high sedimentation rate had not healed when after the lapse of 9 weeks erythema exsudativum multiforme supervened and after another week large subcutaneous hemorrhages suddenly appeared, with increasing anemia and deterioration of the general condition leading to death in 3 days, notwithstanding vigorous therapy with inter alia large transfusions. Bleeding, coagulation and prothrombin times were maximally prolonged. The platelet count was not decreased. No bacteria were demonstrable in blood or internal organs but necropsy findings indicated sepsis. In connection with this case a survey was done of the purpura material of the Stockholm Hospital for infectious Diseases from the last 25 years, revealing that no previous case of purpura fulminans had occurred. Six of the purpura cases, all of them mild, were more or less associated with scarlatina and are described in detail. Furthermore, a brief description based on studies in the literature of purpura fulminans is presented, including its relationship to scarlatina, and purpura conditions in general in association with scarlatina. Purpura fulminans stands out as a rare but entirely typical disease, dominated by immense extravasations, with usually a rapid fatal course, generally in association with scarlatina or some other infectious disease. Therapy has in the majority of the cases been hopeless. The etiology is probably toxic‐allergic, with bacteria or bacterial toxins as causative agents, and there is rather a distinction of degree than of form, from the milder purpura Schonlein‐Henoch. A septic pathogenesis may also in a number of instances be considered. Finally, a brief epicrisis of the cases described is presented.
Maladies chez enfants de réfugiés polonais en Allemagne
Authors: NøRGAARD OLAF 
Published: January 2008

ResuméPendant l'hiver 1945–46 l'auteur a examiné 311 enfants de réfugiés polonais logés dans les camps de Mölln, de Jägerslust et de Büdelsdorf. L'observation la plus intéressante chez ces enfants était leur basse fréquence de carie.
A Comparison Between the Sedimentation Rates of Children in Day‐Nurseries and Children Cared for in Their Homes.
Authors: FRISELL ERIK 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYDuring a sedimentation rate investigation made from Sept.— Nov. 1943 in Stockholm on 196 day‐nursery children and 266 children cared for in their homes (controls), much higher rates were found among the day‐nursery children than among the controls within the age group 0–2.9 years. The difference is significant, statistically.