bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life Events in a South Indian Population and Their Association With Psychiatric Disorder in Children
Authors: Hackett Richard , Hackett Latha , Bhakta Preetha , Gowers Simon 
Published: March 2007

Western research suggests that life events contribute to childhood psychiatric disorder but no studies have examined this in developing countries. During a population-based study of 1403 8-12 year old children in Kerala, South India, a life events schedule was administered to parents of children with ICD10 psychiatric disorders (n = 72) and controls. Life events were associated with lower social class, greater poverty, less educated parents, worse physical health and psychiatric disorder. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association of life events with psychiatric disorder, independent of indices of social adversity.
Community Care: Exploring the Priorities of Clients, Mental Health Professionals and Community Providers
Authors: Van Hoof Frank , Van Weeghel Jaap , Kroon Hans 
Published: March 2007

Co-ordinated joint service planning by all stakeholders is widely accepted as a valuable principle in the development of community support services for persons with severe mental illness. Even so, relatively little is known of the views and priorities of the different parties with regard to the elements that should make up the care and support system. This paper reports on a Dutch study in which clients, mental health care workers and community service professionals offered their opinions on what constitues a support system that enables individuals with long-term mental illness to participate in the community. The results show that the respondents regarded a stable base as an essential prerequisite for the realisation of this objective. Within this general consensus, the clients stressed the importance of advocacy and sheltered meeting places; the mental health professionals emphasised the rehabilitative elements and the representatives of the generic community services felt that the key components in any such system were crisis intervention services and co-ordination at client and system level.
Public Attitudes Towards Mental Illness- the Effects of Behaviour, Roles and Psychiatric Labels
Authors: Nieradzik Krystyna , Cochrane Raymond 
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire to assess various elements of public attitudes towards the mentally ill was given to 108 subjects. 5 hypotheses were tested. 1. Public attitudes towards mental illness are more rejecting than accepting. 2. Social rejection increases with increasing severity of disturbance in behaviour. 3. Public attitudes towards the mentally ill are related to social class as measured by occupational status and to age of the respondent. 4. Rejection of the mentally ill is decreased by the availability of a non-deviant alternative label. 5. Attitudes of the general population towards the mentally ill will be influenced by the label of mental illness as well as by behaviour indicative of mental illness. All the hypotheses were confirmed with one exception — negative public attitudes were not found to be related to social class as measured by occupational status. Public attitudes towards the mentally ill are more diverse than previous research would imply. Possible future research directions are discussed.
Social Tolerance of the Mentally Ill in the Mexican American Community
Authors: Parra Fernando 
Published: March 2007

This work is a comparative study of social tolerance toward mental illness. The central concern is with the orientation of the Chicano toward these phenomena. The aim is to determine whether or not attitudes that Mexican Americans hold toward mental illness differ from those of other Americans. Survey research methods are used to conduct a comparative study of two ethnically distinct groups — Anglo and Mexican American. Attitudes toward mental illness are measured by a social distance scale. High to low tolerance toward the mentally ill is measured. The questions range from close personal to more distant association, such as whether or not one would mind having his or her children marry someone considered to be mentally ill, to whether or not one would mind working with such a person. We have found that sex, age and education are the primary variables associated with attitudes towards mental illness. Better educated Chicanos are clearly more tolerant of the mentally disabled than the little schooled. The gender of the res pondents also appears significant in determining the extent of their tolerance. Older Chicanas with less education are the least tolerant of the mentally ill, while younger women are more tolerant than the older. And the Chicano tends to be tolerant whatever his educational level. There is little difference in tolerance between Chicanos and Anglos.
Italian Psychiatry and Reform Law: a Review of the International Literature
Authors: de Girolamo Giovanni 
Published: March 2007

Through the reform law, and the experiences of change realized prior to the reform, Italian psychiatry expanded its size and influence significantly. The aim of this review is to describe some issues relevant to Italian psychiatry and to try and evaluate the experience of reform as shown in international literature. In this literature, three large groups of contributions can be identified: the so called 'impressionistic' group; the group dealing with the analysis of local and regional situations; and finally the group represented by epidemiological researches and by analysis of national data. The main contributions of each of the three groups are reviewed, and finally the main problems which Italian psychiatry has to face, are outlined.
Interaction in Health Education
Authors: Tähkä Veikko , Viinamäki Heimo , Koskela Kaj 
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the application of the psychodynamic frame of reference in person- to-person health education is examined in the presert study. The health educator's proper understanding of his client through an integrative use of his own cognitive and emotional responses to the client is first discussed. Depending on the level of maturity of their personalities, and on the nature of their formative relations, the clients will develop different modes of interaction in their relationships with the health educator. Learning to adequately recognize and meet clients showing different interac tional modes is considered to substantially increase the prospects of the health educator helping his clients to accomplish a change in health behaviour. Four levels of interaction and their proper encountering are described and discussed. It is concluded that health education and individual health educators would benefit from an increased familiarity with, and use of, the psychodynamic body of knowledge.
A Comparison of Public Attitudes in Britain and Saudi Arabia Towards Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: Wahass Saheed , Kent Gerry 
Published: March 2007

Background. The successful introduction of community interventions is partly dependent on public beliefs about the aetiology and treatment of psychiatric difficulties and tolerance of community integration. Method. This study examined community attitudes towards auditory hallucinations in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United Kingdom (UK) concerning (a) causes of auditory hallucinations, (b) the efficacy of interventions and (c) levels of social rejection. Results. Responses from 281 patients attending their general practitioners indicated that those living in Saudi Arabia were most likely to believe that hallucinations are caused by Satan or due to magic, while the UK sample were more likely to cite schizophrenia or brain damage. While the Saudi sample believed that religious assistance would be most effective, the UK sample supported medication and psychological therapies. Beliefs about aetiology and treatment were unrelated to educational attainment. There was a greater degree of social rejection of patients in Saudi Arabia, but here educational attainment was of significance. Conclusions. These results suggest that beliefs about aetiology are related to treatment recommendations and social distancing, and thus have implications for the care of Arabic patients living in Western countries as well as for the use of Western interventions in non- Western cultures.
Flow Orientation of Short Fiber Composites
Authors: Bell James P. 
Published: March 2007

A method for characterizing the orientation of short fibers during flow of short fiber composites is described. A system comprised of approximately 50% by volume glass fibers in an epoxy resin matrix was used for this study. A glass rheometer was used to observe steel tracer fibers, which were incorporated into feed particles with the glass. By reacting the epoxy resin with a secondary amine, a product was obtained which did not react further during the measurements. The product also had a viscosity at room temperature similar to com mercial systems at processing temperatures; this made flow measure ments at room temperature possible. A technique of data reduction for the orientation measurements is described. Early results show that, at these high fiber loadings, plug flow with little change in orientation occurs above and below the constriction in the rheometer tube. At the constriction, particles are sheared into strands. If feed particles containing pre-oriented fibers are not used, a "log jam" results at the entrance to the constriction, preventing flow. The dependence of extrusion pressure on extrusion rate is much less than one finds for unfilled systems.
Australian Trade Unions in the Context of Union Theory
Authors: Howard W.A. 
Published: March 2007

Trade union theory has a long history and a considerable quality, but it has rarely seemed to touch on the nature of Australian unions of the 20th century. While the unions of the late 19th century may have been a response to con ventional stimuli, those of the 20th have seemed to arise out of the needs of the industrial relations machinery, rather than to satisfy worker demands. The Australian trade union can be regarded in general as an institution called into existence by a bureaucratic mechanism (the arbitration system) to enhance the functioning of that mechanism. Unions generally have not succeeded in carving out for themselves an industrial role that is independent of the arbitral system, and the efforts they have made in this direction have not been sustained. The trade union dependence on the arbitral system suggests that predictions about union behaviour derived from international experience may be based on quite irrelevant premises.
Who Are These Marchers?
Authors: Jenkins Robin 
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire was applied to a representative sample of a British and a Danish Easter march in 1965. Many of the questions were identical with ones asked of national samples in Poland, Norway, and France on another project. The analysis compares the distributions of responses from the five populations, and concludes that Easter marchers are on the whole both more knowledgable about foreign affairs, and more absolutist in their attitude to social change than are the national samples. Most of the marchers are socially disequilibrated; and the knowledge, attitude, and aggression consequences of this social position are worked out with reference to the data. The marchers are found to consist of absolutists and gradualists whose social cosmolo gies are very different. It is concluded that co-operation between absolutists across national boundaries will be more fruitful than attempts at co-operation between absolutists and gradualists within their own nations.
The Functions of Economic Sanctions: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hoffmann Fredrik 
Published: March 2007

This article studies economic sanctions in their political context, from the point of view of the sanctioning powers. The point of departure here is the question: why does a nation in a given political situation select precisely economic sanctions and not one of the other theoretically possible modes of reaction (stretching from absolute passivity to the declaration of full war) ? The article is then based on two case studies: the decision made by the League of Nations to apply sanctions against Italy in 1935, and the decision of the British Govern ment to apply sanctions against Rhodesia in 1965. The League-decision is explained as the outcome of a set of fallacious, legalistic theories about how the international system functions. The decision of the British Government is interpreted as an 'escape' from a political cross-pressure situation. Finally, the contention is formulated that, for political reasons, the probability of successful sanctions is fairly low.
The Anatomy of Imperialism: The Case of the Multinational Mining Corporations in Peru
Authors: Brundenius Claes 
Published: March 2007

This article studies the functioning and the changing character of imperialism and how it affects the people subjugated to it. This is done through an historical analysis of the mining sector of a so-called underdeveloped country, Peru. The study shows the details of the methods of exploitation of modern multinational corporations, and demonstrates the intimate links existing between the 'national' bourgeoisie in Peru and foreign capital. In light of recent developments in Peru, including the massacre of 25 mining workers by Peruvian police and troopers, the conclusion is drawn that liberation from the yoke of imperialism in Peru must depend on the strength of the working class alone and on the future possibility of its leading the exploited sectors of the Peruvian people in a socialist revolution.
The Cost of Vigilance in Israel: Linking the Economic and Social Costs of Defense
Authors: Seliktar Ofira 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the extent of the gun-butter tradeoff in Israel and to assess the level of public support for such a tradeoff. It was found that the extent of the gun-butter tradeoff is very considerable, both in terms of direct cuts in social and welfare spending and the less direct losses in opportunity costs. Because of the 'self-defense' nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict, it has often been argued that Israeli public support for such a tradeoff is continuously high. However, an analysis of the demands articulated by Israeli protest movements reveals that there are important limitations on the level and direction of popular support for the tradeoff. First, social protest groups have increasingly criticized the tradeoff and demanded a reallocation of resources to reflect more closely the social rather than the military need of the country. Second, the Peace Movement groups have undermined the 'package deal' perception of the defense budget, introducing the notion that part of the defense spending, especially on the West Bank, is somewhat of a 'colonial' burden rather than a legimate 'self-defense' expenditure.
Review Essay : The United Nations Study of Disarmament and Development: an Overview
Authors: Hovstadius BO , Wangborg Manne 
Published: March 2007

World military expenditure is currently believed to exceed $500 billion annually. Tens of millions of people — according to some estimates 50-60 million — around the world are directly or indirectly dependent on the military sector. What would, in this situation, the economic consequences of global disarmament be? And how could less developed countries become the main beneficiaries of possible savings? These are the key quesions in a research project under the auspices of the United Nations which this article seeks to illuminate. A number of contributions to the project conclude that it is not economic conversion problems which block disarmament. How large an addition disarmament might contribute to international economic aid depends on how sizable the military expenditure reduction would be and what proportion of the savings were allocated to economic aid. In some of the reviewed alternatives, the addition would be highly marginal, while in other hypothetical scenarios it would grow to the projected size of present aid transfers by the year 2000, if not as early as 1990.
Constitutions, Covenants, and Charters: an Analysis of Decision Rules in International Organisations
Authors: Freeman John R. , Cannizzo Cynthia A. 
Published: March 2007

Issues of constitutional design are fundamental to the study of international organisations, and the North-South debate has given such issues increased prominence and interest; witness the recent debates on the structure of the International Fund for Agricultural Development. Our understanding of how nations design covenants and charters is limited, however. The economics literature offers us insights into how to conduct more rigorous analyses of the constitutional questions facing diplomats and legal specialists. The paper illustrates the usefulness of incorporating that literature in the study of one of the classic constitutional issues, namely, the desirability of unanimity rule. Buchanan and Tullock's Generalised Economic Theory of Constitutions is used to refine some well-known analyses of unanimity. A rational construction for the choice of unanimity rule is developed, and the false dichotomy between majoritarianism and unanimity is illuminated. In turn, more complete explanations for the policy choices of particular governments are constructed and important insights into the UNCTAD voting impasse are gained.
Non-Violence and the Strike Movements in Poland
Authors: Modzelewski Wojciech 
Published: March 2007

Strikes which occurred in the summer of 1980 in Poland, leading to the establishment of independent trade unions and extensions of civic freedoms, are analyzed as a successful revolutionary reform achieved through non-violent means. In 1980, mass strike actions turned out to be an effective example of a fight without the use of violence, and thus should be assessed from the point of view of the theory of non-violent action. Resulting changes could not be attained within official politics and/or methods of coercion. Processes which occurred in Poland in 1980 indicate therefore a way in which non-violent protests can be effectively employed for a deep transformation of a political system. In this paper both factors responsible for bloody repressions of violent riots/uprisings taking place before 1980 and factors which facilitated non-violence in 1980 are analyzed, together with some consequences of the pre-1980 protest.
Recent Developments in the Institute's Domestic Macromodel
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon 
Published: March 2007

The forecast published in this Review uses the latest vintage of the Institute's domestic econometric model, version 11.4. In comparison with the model described a year ago (Model 11.1, see Wren-Lewis, (1988)) some of the main developments are:1) The key price and wage equations are both forward looking, and are based on explicit dynamic theories of adjustment. This is perhaps the first time that a large quarterly econometric model has attempted to identify the structural characteristics of nominal inertia in the UK.
Do UK Price Indexes Overstate Inflation?
Authors: Oulton Nicholas 
Published: March 2007

Official price indexes may overstate (or understate) inflation for a number of reasons. These include substitution bias, outlet bias, failure to allow properly for quality change, and failure to allow for new goods. This note finds that substitution and outlet bias are probably not significant sources of error in the UK. The other two sources most probably do lead to significant overstatement, but the size of the upward bias cannot at the moment be quantified.‘Since, with technological advance, the quality of products tends to improve, the estimates of consumers' expenditure tend to understate the true growth in standards of consumption’. (CSO a 985, p. 72).‘The Producer Price Indices … make some allowance for changes in models and specifications when these can be identified in terms of changes of cost or in technical performance…. [Allowances for quality change] are necessarily somewhat rough and seldom fully satisfactory’. (CSO 1985, p. 40, emphasis added).
Corporate Governance
Authors: Kay John , Silberston Aubrey 
Published: March 2007

Both those who are critical of the current structure of corporate governance, and those who support it, share a common set of prenaises. The corporation is owned by its shareholders: managers exert power and responsibility on behalf of their shareholders: corporate governance is a question of effective accountability to shareholders. If there are problems, they should be dealt with by making these mechanisms more effective. This article challenges that view.The principal-agent model bears no relationship to the way large companies are actually run. The attempt to bring reality in line with the model is one possible road to reform: another is to adjust the model to reality. Shareholders do not own large companies, in any ordinary sense of the word own. Firms like BT or BP are social institutions, owned by nobody. The distinction between plc and the owner managed limited company should be real, and not just titular. Corporate managers are not the agents of the shareholders, but the trustees of the assets of the corporation, which include its reputation, its distinctive capabilities, and the skills of the employees and suppliers. Their objective should not be to maximise shareholder value but to further the interests of the business.This account is probably a better description of the current state of British company law than the principal-agent model, but we advocate a new company statute to put the matter beyond doubt. Disposing of the fiction that executives are the agents of shareholders allows us to establish an effective system for achieving the key goals of corporate governance: freedom for managers to manage, combined with real accountability for their performance. We advocate a fixed four-year term for company chief executives, involving a wide ranging and searching review of effectiveness which would involve not only directors and shareholders but advisors, associated companies and employees.It is better that property should be private, but that man should make it common in use …. it is the task of the legislator to see that the citizens become like that. Aristotle
The “Unspeakable Blessing”: Street Children, Reform Rhetoric, and Misery in Early Industrial Capitalism
Authors: Bellingham Bruce 
Published: March 2007

… surely there would be men enough, willing and glad to contribute to the regeneration of the poor outcasts of the city. It is no longer an experiment since the Children's Aid has removed of this class, in thirteen years, eleven thousand two hundred and seventy two! Who would not rejoice to aid in such an enterprise…? Money only is wanting. Shall that be an insurmountable obstacle in the way of accomplishing such an unspeakable blessing? New York Children's Aid Society, 1866 Annual Report