bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noninferiority testing in cost-minimization studies: Practical issues concerning power analysis
Authors: Span Mark M. , TenVergert Elisabeth M. , van der Hilst Christian S. , Stolk Ronald P. 
Published: April 2008

Objectives:In cost-minimization studies, it is important to establish noninferiority in the clinical effect of the treatments under investigation. The relationship between the proportion of patients reaching the end point in a study, equivalence limit (δ), and power is investigated in the context of cost-minimization studies with dichotomous clinical end points. Two formulations of the null-hypothesis, absolute and relative formulations of δ, will be explored.Methods:Sensitivity analysis was performed, in which the effect of the predicted proportions and δ on the power in a noninferiority setting was investigated. The patterns found are discussed in terms of the practical relevance within the cost-minimization framework.Results:Sensitivity analyses show different patterns of results for both null-hypotheses. The differences in these results originate from the way δ is expressed. By expressing δ as absolute difference, power grows quite fast when sample proportions are smaller than expected. In the case of a proportional δ at small sample proportions, the power to establish noninferiority remains low.Conclusions:To obtain valid results from a cost-minimization study, care has to be taken to adapt the correct methodology for noninferiority testing in clinical outcomes. Defining δ in terms of absolute differences between treatments can lead to obscured results. Although conservative, the expression of δ as a proportion of the effectiveness of the treatment as usual is found to be closer to clinical practice. The inflated δ, resulting from smaller clinical effects than expected when absolute formulation is applied, thus can be avoided.
Author contacts for retrieval of data for a meta-analysis on exercise and diet restriction
Authors: Gibson Cheryl A. , Bailey Bruce Wayne , Carper Michael J. , LeCheminant James D. , Kirk Erik Paul , Huang Guoyuan , DuBose Katrina Drowatzky , Donnelly Joseph E. 
Published: April 2008

Objectives: The mode of contact and response levels of authors who had been asked to provide missing or incomplete data for a systematic review on diet and exercise interventions for weight loss was examined.Methods: We contacted authors by electronic mail, letter, or both. Survival analyses were performed with the Kaplan–Meier method to determine differences in the proportion of responders over time among the different modes of contact and to determine whether response rates differed between authors from the United States and those from other countries. Logistic regression was used to determine whether the number of items requested and publication date influenced the likelihood of response.Results: Two hundred forty-one (39.9 percent) studies had missing or incomplete data (e.g., sample size, age, caloric restriction, exercise amount, and so on). We were unable to locate ninety-five authors (39.4 percent). Of the remaining authors, forty-six authors (31.5 percent) responded to information requests. Time to respond differed by contact method (p<.05): e-mail (3 ± 3 days), letter (27 ± 30 days), and both (13 ±12 days). Response rates from U.S. authors did not differ from those of other countries.Conclusions: Our study suggests poor success in the acquisition of essential information. Given considerable time and resources, weight loss studies require improved reporting standards to minimize the relatively unsuccessful attempt to contact authors for important and necessary information.
Locating Therapeutic Vaccines in Nineteenth-Century History
Authors: Gradmann Christoph 
Published: April 2008

ArgumentThis essay places some therapeutic vaccines, including particularly the diphtheria antitoxin, into their larger historical context of the late nineteenth century. As industrially produced drugs, these vaccines ought to be seen in connection with the structural changes in medicine and pharmacology at the time. Given the spread of industrial culture and technology into the field of medicine and pharmacology, therapeutic vaccines can be understood as boundary objects that required and facilitated communication between industrialists, medical researchers, public health officials, and clinicians. It was in particular in relation to evaluation and testing for efficacy in animal models that these medicines became a model for twentieth-century medicine. In addition, these medicines came into being as a parallel invention in two very distinct local cultures of research: the Institut Pasteur in Paris and the Institut für Infektionskrankheiten in Berlin. While their local cultural origins were plainly visible, the medicines played an important role in the alignment of the methods and objects that took place in bacteriology research in France and Germany in the 1890s. This article assesses the two locally specific regimes for control in France and in Imperial Germany. In France the Institut Pasteur, building on earlier successful vaccines, enjoyed freedom from scrutinizing control. The tight and elaborate system of control that evolved in Imperial Germany is portrayed as being reliant on experiences that were drawn from the dramatic events that surrounded the launching of a first example of so-called “bacteriological medicine,” tuberculin, in 1890.
Enacting Cultural Boundaries in French and German Diphtheria Serum Research
Authors: Klöppel Ulrike 
Published: April 2008

ArgumentThe experimental development of a therapeutic serum against diphtheria between 1891 and 1894 was characterized by a scientific competition that pitted Emil Behring from the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin against Émile Roux and Elie Metschnikoff from the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In general, their competition can be regarded as an extension of the fundamental differences that separated the research schools of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. However, to characterize the competition for a diphtheria-serum as “national rivalry” fails to account adequately for the mutual adoption of experimental practices by the Berlin and Parisian protagonists, whose contributions to the development of a therapeutic serum were intertwined in complex ways. Nor can it be characterized as “cooperation,” given their fierce public disputes over scientific concepts and the fact that these disputes also shaped the peculiarities of the experimental procedures in Berlin and Paris. A close analysis reveals a complex picture of the dynamic interaction between the conceptual and experimental activities of Behring, Roux, and Metschnikoff – interaction that defined as well as bridged the “French” and “Prussian” experimental systems of diphtheria-serum research.
Packaging BCG: Standardizing an Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine in Interwar Europe
Authors: Bonah Christian 
Published: April 2008

ArgumentUsing the example of the anti-tuberculosis vaccine BCG during the 1920s and 1930s, this article asks how a labile laboratory-modified bacteria was transformed into a genuine standard vaccine packaged and commercialized as a pharmaceutical product. At the center of the analysis lies the notion of standardization inquiring why and how a local laboratory process with standard operating procedures (SOPs) reached its limits and was transformed when the product faced international distribution. Moving from Paul Ehrlich's initial technological notion ofWertbestimmungreferring to a practice physiologically testing the effects of ill-defined antitoxins, the concept of standardization is extended to pharmaceutical and economical meanings implying quality control for biological therapeutic agents produced by a variety of industrial entrepreneurs. Following the request for product uniformity, two ways to maintain levels of compatibility and commonality are depicted opposing SOPs and end-product control. Furthermore, standardization is understood as a spiral, never ending process where progressive transformation of the vaccine in its production and medical uses periodically recreated the necessity of standardization. Developments analyzed are thus understood as a stabilization process aligning laboratory settings, products, and practices with medical theories and practices through technical, bureaucratic, and organizational systems. A paradox of the analysis is that standardization as a historical phenomenon and moment in the history of drug development was initially linked to a problem of under-determination of what was to be standardized and to a knowledge gap before it could become a central concept for quality control.
WHEN ARE ON–OFF SOURCES SIS?: CONDITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vanichpun Sarut , Makowski Armand M. 
Published: April 2008

Recent advances from the theory of multivariate stochastic orderings
can be used to formalize the “folk theorem” that positive
correlations lead to larger buffer levels at a discrete-time infinite
capacity multiplexer queue. In particular, it is known that if the
input traffic is larger than its independent version in the
supermodular (sm) ordering, then their corresponding buffer contents
are similarly ordered in the increasing convex (icx) ordering.A
sufficient condition for the aforementioned sm comparison is the
stochastic increasingness in sequence (SIS) property of the input
traffic. In this article, we provide conditions for the stationary
on–off source to be SIS. We then use this result to find
conditions under which the superposition of independent on–off
sources and the M|G|∞ input model
are each sm greater than their respective independent version. Similar
but weaker SIS conditions are also obtained for renewal on–off
processes.
The Elgin Marbles: questions of accuracy and reliability
Authors: Jenkins I 
Published: April 2008

The Elgin Marbles continue to be one of the more controversial issues
of the contemporary debate over cultural property and questions of its
moral ownership. Unfortunately but perhaps inevitably, the pace of
discussion is often driven by emotion. In this highly charged
atmosphere, misunderstandings and misrepresentations are so often
repeated that they gain a reality of their own and are very rarely
challenged.Recently the corpus of disinformation was given
sustenance from a new quarter. In two separate publications, one of them
in this journal, William St. Clair launched an attack on the British
Museum and its care of the Parthenon sculptures. As this work is now
likely to enter the core bibliography of the Parthenon sculptures, I am
grateful to the editors of IJCP for this opportunity to correct some of its many misrepresentations and errors of fact.
Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. , Bush Nicole R. , Long Anna C. , Kovacs Erica A. , Trancik Anika M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffortful control was examined as a moderator of the relations of three domains of contextual risk factors to growth in internalizing and externalizing problems in a community sample (N= 189) of children (8–12 years at Time 1). Socioeconomic, maternal, and environmental risk factors were examined as predictors of initial levels and growth in children's adjustment problems across 3 years. The effects of the risk factors depended on children's level of effortful control. For children lower in effortful control, socioeconomic risk was related to significantly higher initial levels of internalizing and externalizing problems and decreases over time. However, children lower in effortful control had higher levels of problems at all three time points than children higher in effortful control. Maternal risk was associated with increases in internalizing for children lower in effortful control, and environmental risk was related to increases in internalizing and externalizing problems for children lower in effortful control, but not those higher in effortful control. Children who were lower in effortful control appeared to experience more adverse effects of contextual risk than those higher in effortful control, suggesting that interventions aimed at improving children's effortful control might serve to protect children from increased risk of adjustment problems associated with contextual risk factors.
Face emotion labeling deficits in children with bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation
Authors: Rich Brendan A. , Grimley Mary E. , Schmajuk Mariana , Blair Karina S. , Blair R. J. R. , Leibenluft Ellen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChildren with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder (NP-BD; i.e., history of at least one hypomanic or manic episode with euphoric mood) are deficient when labeling face emotions. It is unknown if this deficit is specific to particular emotions, or if it extends to children with severe mood dysregulation (SMD; i.e., chronic irritability and hyperarousal without episodes of mania). Thirty-nine NP-BD, 31 SMD, and 36 control subjects completed the emotional expression multimorph task, which presents gradations of facial emotions from 100% neutrality to 100% emotional expression (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust). Groups were compared in terms of intensity of emotion required before identification occurred and accuracy. Both NP-BD and SMD youth required significantly more morphs than controls to label correctly disgusted, surprised, fearful, and happy faces. Impaired face labeling correlated with deficient social reciprocity skills in NP-BD youth and dysfunctional family relationships in SMD youth. Compared to controls, patients with NP-BD or SMD require significantly more intense facial emotion before they are able to label the emotion correctly. These deficits are associated with psychosocial impairments. Understanding the neural circuitry associated with face-labeling deficits has the potential to clarify the pathophysiology of these disorders.
Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: Testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Frick Paul J. , Munoz Luna C. , Aucoin Katherine J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCallous-unemotional (CU) traits in antisocial youth have been associated with deficits in the processing of emotionally distressing stimuli in a number of past studies. In the current study, we investigated moderators of this association in a sample of 88 ethnically diverse detained boys (mean age = 15.57, SD = 1.28). Overall, emotional processing of distressing stimuli using a dot-probe task was not related to CU traits and there was no moderating effect of ethnicity. However, CU traits were related to deficits in emotional processing in youth high on aggression and youth high on exposure to community violence. Further, youth high on CU traits but with enhanced orienting to distressing stimuli had stronger histories of abuse, supporting the possibility that there may be environmentally influenced pathways in the development of these traits.
Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms
Authors: Cohen Patricia , Chen Henian , Gordon Kathy , Johnson Jeffrey , Brook Judith , Kasen Stephanie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLow socioeconomic status (SES) background has been identified as a risk for several mental disorders. However evidence regarding SES and the developmental course of personality disorder (PD) has not been addressed. Nor is it clear whether an SES relationship to PD symptom course may be attributable to known associated risks. Further, specificity of such relationships to a particular PD diagnostic pattern independent of comorbidity with other PD or with depression has not been investigated. Data are from a general population studied longitudinally between ages 10 and 36 in four assessment waves. Effects of SES-associated risks on the level of symptoms of schizotypal and borderline disorders are estimated and compared to effects on depressive symptoms. Low family SES had robust modest independent effects on both PDs over the entire age span despite substantial cumulative effects of trauma history, stressful recent life events, IQ, poor parenting, and comorbid symptoms. SES effects on depressive symptoms were generally absent, but a small “protective” effect of low SES appeared when comorbidity with PD symptoms was taken into account. Cumulatively, these risks account for developmental failures of substantial magnitude and consequence, marking the importance of understanding the remaining mechanisms of SES effects and programmatic implications for minimizing associated risk.
Unresolved loss in the Adult Attachment Interview: Implications for marital and parenting relationships
Authors: Busch Amy L. , Cowan Philip A. , Cowan Carolyn P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined links between the unresolved loss of a significant person and current functioning in marital and parenting relationships. Participants were 80 women who had experienced loss, their husbands, and their preschool children. Unresolved loss was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview, and individual, marital, and parenting adaptation was assessed through videotaped observations and women's self-reports. As predicted, women with unresolved loss displayed less positive emotion and more anxiety and anger with both their husbands and children, compared to women who were not unresolved. They also displayed less authoritative and more authoritarian parenting styles with their children. Yet unresolved women did not report more individual or relationship difficulties, suggesting that direct observations are needed to assess the implications of unresolved loss for family functioning.
INTRODUCTIONFIN-DE-SIÈCLERENAISSANCE: DIVERSITY, HISTORY, MODERNITY
Authors: Thain Marion , Vadillo Ana Parejo 
Published: April 2008

Professor Goodwin has been most good to me, tells me what books to read, argues my “modernisms” of thought away as much as he can.—A. Mary F. Robinson (1879)The command of words and felicity of phrase are as remarkable as the decorative, yet unconventional, qualities of form and colour, so unusual a merit in the handling of motives chosen from the antique. Throughout, thetechniqueis large and modern.—Graham R. Tomson's review of Amy Levy'sA Minor Poet(1891)Her verse is … modern, clever.—Review of Graham R. Tomson'sA Summer Night(1891)… it is for us, England's living and yet unspent poets to make all things new. We are for the morning – the nineteenth century thinks it has no poets – nothing to lose – verily it has nothing: for we are not of it – we shake the dust of our feet from it, and pass on into the twentieth century.—Michael Field,Journal(1892)I don't know what I am or what I shall become.The Modern.—Michael Field,Journal(1894)
DOLLIE RADFORD AND THE ETHICAL AESTHETICS OFFIN-DE-SIÈCLEPOETRY
Authors: Livesey Ruth 
Published: April 2008

I got your poems, my dear Dollie. They made me sad. They make me think of the small birds in the twilight, whistling brief little tunes, but so clear, they seem almost like little lights in the twilight, such clear vivid sounds. I do think you make fine, exquisite verse…I hear your voice so plainly in these, so like a bird too, they are, the same detachment.—D. H. Lawrence to Dollie Radford, January 1916
Neuropsychology and Neuropsychological Assessment in Portugal
Today
Authors: Willadino Braga Lucia 
Published: April 2008

Avaliação Neuropsicológica, Psychologica, No.
34. Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da
Educação de Coimbra. Coimbra: Gráfica de Coimbra
Ltda., 300 pp., $12.Psychologica journal is published every four months.
Generally written in Portuguese, its contents are organized by the
Departments of Psychology and Education at Coimbra University, Portugal.
Its aim is to divulge scientific work in psychology and education,
emphasizing the interaction between theory, research, and practice.
Difficulties in screening for adjustment disorder, Part II: An
attempt to develop a novel self-report screening instrument in cancer
patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation
Authors: KIRSH KENNETH L. , McGREW JOHN H. , PASSIK STEVEN D. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: Screening for adjustment disorder (AD) in cancer
patients presents a significant clinical challenge. As seen in Part I
of this research, conventional, existing measures are rather poor at
detecting this most common of psychiatric diagnoses. Bone marrow
transplantation (BMT) has a high level of morbidity that can cause
significant stress for patients faced with the procedure.Methods: A sample of 95 BMT patients completed a
semistructured interview and a novel self-report instrument, the Coping
Flexibility Scale for Cancer (C-Flex), to determine if it could
identify patients with adjustment disorder in need of further
assessment and intervention.Results: The screen yielded four factors but was not
predictive of AD. However, the C-Flex was significantly related to the
presence of any disorder (r = −0.44, p <
0.001) in this sample. In addition, Factor I of the screen was found to
be correlated to the presence of any diagnosis (r =
−0.44, p < 0.001) and to have adequate sensitivity
(81.63%) and specificity (76.09%).Significance of results: Either because of problems with the
scale or the amorphous nature of the AD category, or both, rapid
identification of patients with this common problem has proven to be
elusive.
Conversion disorder with convulsion and motor deficit mimicking the
adverse effects of high-dose Ara-C treatment in a posttransplant acute
myeloid leukemia patient: A case report and review of the
literature
Authors: ONISHI HIDEKI , KAMIJO AKI , ONOSE MASANARI , YAMADA TOMOKI , MIZUNO YASUHIRO , ITO MIZUHO , SAITO HIDEYUKI , MARUTA ICHIRO 
Published: April 2008

In this communication, we report an acute leukemia patient who
developed conversion disorder mimicking the adverse effects of
high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) treatment after the patient
received high-dose Ara-C treatment.A 21-year-old woman, with acute recurrent leukemia after bone marrow
transplantation, received high-dose Ara-C treatment and 10 days later
was referred for psychiatric consultation because of an abrupt onset of
convulsion. On neurologic examination, she showed convulsion of all the
limbs without loss of consciousness. All limbs looked paretic; however,
tendon reflexes in all limbs were normal and pathological reflex was
not recognized. When her hand was dropped onto her own face, it fell
next to her face but not on her face. Laboratory data were
unremarkable. She had no history of psychiatric illness or drug or
alcohol abuse.The patient explained that she knew about the recurrence of her own
leukemia and the news of the death of a close friend due to leukemia at
the same time, which was a shocking event for her, focusing her
attention on her own fears of dying from the same disease.Conversion disorder in cancer patients is not common; however,
appropriate diagnosis is very important to avoid inappropriate
examinations and treatments.In leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy, various kinds of signs
and symptoms may develop due to the adverse effects of chemotherapy
and/or infection. Therefore, conversion disorder might be
overlooked and inappropriate treatment and examinations might be
performed. Clinicians should consider conversion disorder in the
differential diagnosis when patients develop unexplained neurological
symptoms.