bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probing force in relation to probe penetration into the periodontal tissues in dogs A microscopic evaluation
Authors: van der Velden U. , Jansen J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract In four beagle dogs, periodontal tissue breakdown was experimentally induced around the upper left premolars (P1, P2 and P3). Wooden probes were inserted mesially and distally to each premolar. Six different probing forces were used in each dog. Microscopic examination showed:

) the presence of an intact layer of epithelium between the probe tip and the connective tissue in 21 of 23 specimens.
) an increasing compression of the connective tissue with increasing probing force, without penetration of the probe tip into the connective tissue.
Chemical inhibition of Plaque
Authors: Hull P. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Attempts to control plaque by chemical means using enzymes, antibiotics and antiseptics are reviewed. Enzymes such as mucinase, dehydrated pancreas, enzymes at fungal origin, dextranase and mutanase showed limited clinical success despite promising in vitro and animal studies. Side effects from the use of enzymes were observed.Many antibiotics have been used in attempts to control plaque and several have been successful. However, problems exist from the long‐term use of such drugs which precludes their routine use as agents for controlling plaque.The biguanide chlorhexidine is the most widely used and investigated method of chemical plaque control. Many studies have demonstrated that it will successfully control plaque. No toxic side effects have been reported from its long‐term use but local side effects such as staining of the teeth do occur. The quaternary ammonium compounds have at present no advantages over the biguanides and require more frequent usage to achieve the same degree of plaque control as chlorhexidine.
Effect of selective antimicrobial therapy on plaque and gingivitis in the dog
Authors: Heijl Lars , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present investigation was performed to assess the effect of selective antibiotic therapy on developing plaque and gingivitis in dogs, which at the start of the study had normal gingiva. Fifteen beagle dogs were used. Throughout the entire observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation. A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate. The subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark‐field microscopy. Subsequently the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque. A careful tooth‐cleaning program was maintained in the left jaws. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and subgingival plaque sampled in the right jaws after 14 and 28 days. On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated. The dogs were randomly distributed into three groups of five animals each. A new baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which all tooth cleanings were terminated. During the subsequent 28 days each group of dogs was treated with one of three antimicrobial compounds (vancomycin, metronidazole or clindamycin). Examinations were repeated after 14 and 28 days.The results demonstrated that systemic administration of antimicrobial substances can reduce the rate of plaque formation, change the composition of the developing subgingival microbiota and prevent (or retard) the onset of gingivitis. A comparison of the ability of the three compounds to prevent the formation of a “gingivitis‐inducing” plaque revealed that metronidazole and clindamycin were markedly more effective than vancomycin. In fact, in dogs receiving metronidazole and clindamycin treatment, the initiation of gingivitis was almost entirely prevented during the 28 days of treatment.
Assessment of tooth mobility using small loads
Authors: Persson Rutger 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Tooth mobility at loads between 20 p and 80 p was studied in maxillary incisors and canines in eight subjects with moderate periodontal disease. The periodontal conditions of the investigated teeth exhibited clinical criteria of gingival inflammation and a moderate loss of attachment. None of the subjects showed subjective or clinical signs of occlusal disturbances. In all, 35 teeth were investigated over the 12‐week period following periodontal hygiene treatment, including oral hygiene instructions and removal of supra‐ and subgingival plaque and calculus.During the course of the investigation, a gradual decrease of tooth mobility was observed amounting to a tooth mobility decrease of 65 % (using the corrective formula described by Mühlemann 1960) at 50 p load.Tooth mobility curves within the 20–80 p loading area were transformed to lines of regression (Persson & Svensson 1980). Analyses of the lines showed significantly lower tooth mobility values 12 weeks after start of treatment.
Healing after treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects I. Comparative study of clinical methods
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Badersten Anita , Nilvéus Rolf , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Four clinical methods to evaluate healing after reconstructive therapy of intraosseous periodontal defects were compared: 1. probing attachment level, 2. probing bone level, 3. entry/re‐entry bone height measurements, 4, radiographic bone height determinations. Thirteen patients with a total of 33 defects volunteered for the study.It was found that the depth of the lesions recorded by the various methods showed differences which seem to relate to the varying nature of the methods, On the average, the periodontal probe penetrated 0.8 mm deeper during probing for bone level than during probing for attachment level and another O.3mm deeper after denudation of the lesions during entry/re‐entry. The average‐ gain of periodontal support following treatment was approximately 1.4mm as recorded by probing attachment level, probing bone level and entry/re‐entry bone height determinations, respectively. A high degree of correlation was found between all three probing methods when the changes following therapy for the individual sites were compared (r = 0.8 5, 0.75 and 0.81, respectively), Radiographic bone height showed lower degrees of correlation with all three probing parameters (r = 0.45, 0.46 and 0,47, respectively).
Clinical and radiographic long‐term study of teeth with periodontal destruction treated by a modified flap operation
Authors: Raeste Anna‐Maija , Kilpinen Eero 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Forty‐three patients with severe periodontal destruction were treated by a modified flap operation and their periodontal condition reassessed about 4 years later. The aim of the study was to see what would happen to the periodontium when the responsibility for oral hygiene was left to the patients themselves. Before the operation the importance of plaque in the etiology of periodontal disease was explained to the patients. They were requested to return for reexamination every 6 months, but no recall system was used.A highly significant reduction in the depth of the gingival pockets was achieved and the average loss of bony support during the observation time was only 0.3 mm.However, an increased bleeding index, loss of marginal bone and deepening of the gingival pockets were found around teeth provided with artificial crowns, especially when the crowns had ill‐fitting margins extending into the gingival pocket.
Optimal dosage of chlorhexidine digluconate in chemical plaque control when applied by the oral irrigator
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Ramseier‐Grossmann Katharina 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Chlorhexidine digluconate for chemical plaque control was tested in different concentrations using a fractionated jet oral irrigator. The inhibition of plaque formation and the prevention of gingival inflammation were evaluated in a double‐blind study. During a 10‐day period of abstinence from any mechanical oral hygiene procedures, the pattern of plaque formation and gingivitis development under the influence of chemical plaque control was analyzed. As a positive control, one group rinsed twice daily with 30 ml of a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution while a group applying 600 ml of a placebo solution served as a negative control.Forty dental students and assistants with plaque‐free dentitions and healthy gingival tissues were divided into four groups. After a 10‐day period of no oral hygiene, a recovery period of 11 days with perfect oral hygiene was again instituted. This experiment was repealed three times so that a total of 10 concentrations in the irrigator, the control rinsing and the placebo control could be evaluated. Daily application of 600 ml of a 0.001%(6 mg), 0.0033% (20 mg), 0.005% (30mg), 0.01% (60 mg), 0.02% (120 mg), 0.05% (300 mg) and 0.1% (600 mg) and 400 ml of a 0.015 % (60 mg), twice 400 ml of a 0.015% (120 mg) and 400 ml of a 0.02% (SO mg) solution of chlorhexidine was tested. At the start of each experimental period (day 0), after 3, 7 and 10 days and 11 days following reassuming oral hygiene procedures, the plaque accumulations were determined using the Plaque Index System (Silness & Löe 1964) and the development of gingivitis was evaluated according to the criteria of the Gingival Index System (Löe & Silness 1963).The results suggested that one daily irrigator application of 400 ml of a 0.02 % chlorhexidine solution was the optimal and lowest concentration and dose to be used for complete inhibition of dental plaque.
Four years of monthly professional toothcleaning and topical fluoride application in Brazilian schoolchildren.
Authors: Bellini Hamilton Taddei , Campi Rosanne , Denardi José Luiz 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect on gingivitis of monthly professional toothcleaning, without oral hygiene instruction, was evaluated in 103, 7‐ to 11‐year‐old Brazilian children.Plaque and gingivitis (P1I and GI) were recorded initially and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years.The baseline examination showed a similar high level of plaque (P1I ∼ 1.55) and low level of gingivitis (GI ∼ 0.32) around permanent teeth of both lest and control groups. The test children were given monthly professional toothcleaning followed by topical application of fluoride gel (APF), totaling 32 sessions.At all annual follow‐up examinations, the mean P1I in the test group was significantly lower than in the control group. However, even in the test group, at least 20% of the tooth surfaces harbored plaque. In spite of this, no child in the test group showed overt gingivitis (mean individual GI ≥ 1.0) and the distribution of “GI score = 2” was very low. In the control group the percentage of children with overt gingivitis increased from 3% at the baseline to 20% at the final examination and areas scoring GI = 2 doubled in number.It is suggested that for young children, monthly thorough removal of plaque is sufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis.
Dental prophylaxis for youths in their late teens
Authors: Hamp Sven‐Erik , Bergendal Biegitta , Erasmie Thord , Lindström Gunnel , Mellbring Solweig 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A study of the knowledge about dental health and diseases of youths in their late teens has been conducted. A 10‐class questionnaire relating to dental caries and gingivitis/periodontitis was answered by three test groups (A, B, C) totalling seventy‐eight 19‐year‐olds who, during a 3‐year period, had undergone professional prophylaxis at different intervals. Nineteen young people of the same age without organized preventive measures since their last attendance at the public dental service constituted a control group (D).The test groups were found to have a significantly better knowledge of factors relating to gingivitis/periodontitis than the control group. In questions relating to caries there were no differences among the groups. Higher points were scored in knowledge of therapy and prevention than of the causes and symptoms of the dental diseases. Several regularly repeated sessions for professional prophylaxis did not lead to better knowledge than only a few.No consistent correlation was found for any of the groups between knowledge and both quantitative tooth cleaning, i.e. type and frequency of use of oral hygiene aids, and qualitative tooth cleaning, expressed as the occurrence of plaque and gingivitis. Nor were significant differences found in these respects between individuals with and without a caries increment during the observation period regardless of grouping.
Free gingival grafts for the treatment of gingival recession
Authors: Matter Jacques 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Free gingival grails can be utilized, alone or in combination with a coronally positioned flap, for the prevention and the treatment of gingival recession. The graft can be placed directly over the denuded root, as first described by Sullivan & Atkins (1968). This technique will provide adequate results, especially in cases with relatively little recession. After placing a free gingival graft in such an area, one can often observe bridging and or creeping attachment. In the case of bridging, some of the grafted tissue will remain vital over the avascular zone, i.e. the root. Creeping attachment is the result of coronal migration of the grafted gingiva and will take place during the years following surgery. Bridging and creeping are most likely to occur in cases of narrow recession where the grafts had been placed directly over the denuded zone. In a second type of surgical procedure, an enlargement of the attached gingiva is first obtained through the graft. The area of recession is later covered by a coronally positioned flap. Several cases are presented which illustrate the results obtained with this procedure. In children, when there is insufficient attached gingiva. it is often desirable to place grafts before orthodontic therapy.In the prevention or treatment of gingival recessions, four possibilities may be considered: 1)no treatment, 2)placement of a graft to prevent recession, 3)stabilizing an existing recession. 4)attempt to cover the denuded root.
Healing following surgical non‐surgical treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Westfelt Elisabeth , Nyman Sture , Socransky Sigmund S. , Heijl Lars , Bratthall Gunilla 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA clinical trial was undertaken to study the effect of one surgical and one non‐surgical treatment modality in patients with advanced periodontal disease. Fifteen patients were selected for the study. Following aBaseline examinationcomprising assessments of oral hygiene status, gingival conditions, probing depths and attachment levels, all participants were subjected to treatment. In each patient, scaling and root planing were carried out in conjunction with the modified Widman flap procedure in two jaw quadrants while in the contralateral quadrants the treatment was restricted to scaling and root planing. During the phase of active treatment, i.e. the period between the first and last operation, and for the subsequent 6 months of healing, the patients were subjected to “professional toothcleaning” once every 2 weeks. From this time until the end of the trial which was 24 months after active treatment, the patients were recalled for prophylaxis once every 3 months. Reexaminations were performed 6, 12 and 24 months after the completion of active treatment.The results demonstrated that scaling and root planing used alone were almost equally effective as their use in combination with the modified Widman flap procedure in establishing clinically healthy gingiva and in preventing further loss of attachment. Both treatment modalities prevented recurrence of periodontal disease for the 24 months of observation. The analysis of the probing depth data revealed that both methods of treatment resulted in a high frequency of probing depths of <4 mm. The probing depth reduction was more pronounced in initially deep than in initially shallow pockets and, for initially deep pockets, more marked in sites subjected to surgery than in sites exposed to scaling and root planing alone. The measurements also showed that sites with initially deep pockets exhibited more pronounced gain of clinical attachment than sites with initially shallow pockets. Significant loss of attachment did not occur in sites treated with scaling and root planing alone while attachment loss was found following Widman flap surgery in sites with initial probing depth of <4 mm.
New attachment following surgical treatment of human periodontal disease
Authors: Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Karring Thorkild , Rylander Harald 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present experiment was undertaken to test the hypothesis that new connective tissue attachment may form on a previously periodontitis involved root surface provided cells originating from the periodontal ligament are enabled to repopulate the root surface during healing.A mandibular incisor with advanced periodontal disease of long standing (the distance between the cemento‐enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was 9 mm) was subjected to periodontal surgery using a technique which during healing prevented the dentogingival epithelium and the gingival connective tissue from reaching contact with the curetted root surface. Preference was hereby given to the periodontal ligament cells to repopulate the previously diseased root surface. After 3 months of healing a block biopsy containing the incisor and surrounding tissue was sampled. The histological analysis revealed that new cementum with inserting principal fibers had formed on the previously diseased root surface. This new attachment extended in coronal direction to a level 5 mm coronal to the alveolar bone crest. This finding suggests that new attachment can be achieved by cells originating from the periodontal ligament and demonstrates that the concept that the periodontitis affected root surface is a major preventive factor for new attachment is invalid.
Location of probe tip in bleeding and non‐bleeding pockets with minimal gingival inflammation
Authors: van der Velden U. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present study the location of the probe tip was studied on human teeth scheduled for extraction for periodontal reasons. Prior to extraction all teeth were subjected to initial treatment consisting of plaque control and removal of supra‐ and subgingival deposits. Results showed that:

) 43% of the pockets examined were still bleeding on probing after treatment
) bleeding pockets were deeper than non‐bleeding pockets
) in non‐bleeding pockets the probe tip was located more accurately at the attachment level than in bleeding pockets.
Cross‐sectional study of the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on chronic periodontal disease in man
Authors: Sutton R. B. O. , Smales F. C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Oral examinations were performed on 102 patients receiving immunosuppressive drug therapy following renal transplantation. A further III control patients matched for age and sex, were also examined. The severity of dental caries of the 2 groups was compared by considering their decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF‐T), and the severity of periodontal disease was compared in terms of pocket depths, Plaque, Calculus and Sulcular Bleeding Indices, and Russell's Periodontal Index. When comparing the 2 groups, note was made of restorations involving the gingival margins, the presence of partial dentures and recent and current antibiotic therapy.No significant differences were found between the groups with regard to age, sex distribution, plaque levels, DMF and Russell's Periodontal Index. The immunosuppressed group had significantly less calculus, fewer restorations involving the gingival margins and significantly lower mean pocket depth. However, they did have more gingival recession than the controls and also a higher Sulcus Bleeding Index. All differences seen were maintained even when patients from both groups on antibiotics were eliminated from the analysis. Within the immunosuppressed group no relationship was found between the length of time the drugs were taken and the periodontal variables. The study indicates that patients on immunosuppressive therapy show no change in susceptibility to destructive periodontal disease.
Revascularization of gingival autografts placed on different receptor beds
Authors: Busschop J. , de Boever J. , Schautteet H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The revascularization of gingival autografts. placed either on fenestrated periosteum or on non‐fenestrated periosteum, has been compared by means of 12 fluorescein angiographs, taken 8, 10 and 12 days postoperatively on 12 patients, 18–32 years of age.The grafts placed on periosteum (P‐zone) showed a mean increase of fluorescence of 10.6% between the 8th and 10th day and of 19.4% between the 10th and 12th day. At that time the circulatory system in the graft seemed to be established for 97.7%.The grafts placed on fenestrated periosteum (B‐zone) showed a mean increase of fluorescence of 13.2% between the 8th and the 10th day and of 13.5% between the 10th and 12th day. The revascularization reached 96.1% at that time.Between both groups no statistically significant difference has been found. It can be concluded that a periosteal receptor side is not a prerequisite for the formation of an even circulatory pattern in gingival autografts.
Phase contrast microscopy of microbial aggregates in the gingival sulcus of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Leggott Penelope J. , Anderson A. W. , Punwani I. , Sabet T. , Murphy R. , Crawford J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The objective of this study was to study the relationship of microbial aggregates in the subgingival crevice to changes m periodontal health in Macaca mulatta.The sample included 68 oral sites from 17 Rhesus monkeys of various ages. The periodontal health of each site was evaluated using Plaque and Gingival Indices and crevice depth measurement. The subgingival plaque samples were examined by phase contrast microscopy and recorded on 16 mm film.A Microbial Index was developed based on a qualitative estimate of the numbers of organisms, morphology of predominant organisms, and the presence or absence of motility. The Microbial Index was demonstrated to be simple in use and highly reproducible.The findings indicate that changes in the Microbial Index are consistent with tissue changes seen in the periodontal status in M. mulatta.From this preliminary study, the oral flora of adult M. mulatta appears to have sufficient similarities to human oral flora to be used as a microbial model for experimental periodontal disease research.Future studies to refine and confirm the validity of the Microbial Index are warranted. It may prove to be a useful tool to monitor the effect of various treatment modalities on the periodontal flora and to determine the presence or absence of active disease.