bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATION OF NIXTAMAL HARDNESS OF CORN
Authors: IBARRA‐MENDÍVIL M.H. , GALLARDO‐NAVARRO Y.T. , TORRES P.I. , RAMÍREZ WONG B. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT Two varieties of corn (Blanco and Toluca) were cooked in water at boiling temperature (at a ratio of 1:3) for different cooking times (25 or 45 min) and concentrations of lime (0.0, 0.5 or 1.0%). The cooked corn was allowed to rest for 5 or 14 h, resulting in the nixtamal product. The nixtamal was tested for hardness utilizing the nixtamal puncture cell (NPC) connected to a texturometer. The parameters of hardness measured were the maximum force (MF) required to rupture the nixtamal and the modulus of elasticity (ME). It also were determined the moisture content of the nixtamal, pH of the nejayote and loss of solids into the nejayote. The concentration of lime, cooking time and corn variety had a highly significant effect (P < 0.01) on the MF and ME of the nixtamal. Both determinations correlated very significantly with the moisture content of the nixtamal (r = −0.94 and r = −0.96, respectively). The ME values correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with the loss of solids and pH of the nejayote (r = −0.881 and r = −0.858, respectively). The NPC was capable of detecting the difference in the hardness of nixtamal obtained under different conditions of the traditional nixtamalization process, where it could be a useful tool for further studies of this raw material in the production of corn tortillas.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNixtamal is the alkaline cooked corn in the process to make corn tortillas. Actually, nixtamal hardness evaluation is made subjectively by the operator of the process. Depending on the nixtamal texture are the masa and the tortilla texture. Therefore, with the nixtamal punch cell, nixtamal hardness can be measured instrumentally and a better control of the corn tortilla process could be carry out. In addition, with the nixtamal puncture cell it is possible to study any factor affecting the nixtamal hardness.
EFFECT OF PACIFIC WHITING WASH WATER PROTEINS ON ALASKA POLLACK SURIMI GELS
Authors: VELAZQUEZ GONZALO , MIRANDA‐LUNA PATRICIA , LÓPEZ‐ECHEVARRÍA GERARDO , VÁZQUEZ MANUEL , TORRES J. ANTONIO , RAMÍREZ JOSÉ A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of adding insoluble proteins recovered from Pacific whiting surimi wash water (SWW) on the mechanical and functional properties of Alaska pollack surimi gels. Insoluble proteins from Pacific whiting SWW were added at 0 (control), 10, 30 or 50 g/kg into Alaska pollack grade FA surimi. Changes on mechanical properties, expressible water (EW) and color attributes were evaluated in pastes and gels. Results obtained showed that texture profile analysis, puncture test and EW parameters increased significantly by increasing the amount of insoluble proteins added. Although slight changes in color attributes were detected, all surimi gels remained in the same color zone. The results obtained suggest that insoluble proteins from Pacific whiting SWW could be used to improve the mechanical properties of Alaska pollack grade FA surimi gels with a minimum effect on color.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSInsoluble proteins recovered from surimi wash water (SWW) of Pacific whiting added at 10–50 g/kg to Alaska pollack surimi showed no adverse effects on their textural properties (hardness, fracturability, springiness and chewiness) and slight changes on color attributes. The results obtained suggest that it is feasible the use of insoluble proteins recovered from SWW of Pacific whiting in Alaska pollack surimi. Therefore, a double target is obtained: the preservation of environment and an increase in the yield of surimi processing without negative effects on texture.
Kadhi Court and Appointment of Kadhi in Kenya Colony
Authors: Mwakimako Hassan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrior to 1895 when European legal institutions became dominant among Muslim communities in Kenya, ulama were prominent men of religion whose authority depended as much on their religious standing and moral authority. Ulama played significant socio‐political and religious roles. However, colonial rule introduced structured justice and a court system that changed the way ulama operated. Their authority now rested on their legal expertise, colonial patronage and prestige of office. This inter play is discussed through a review of the appointment of Sharif Umar b. Abd Allah al Mahdaly to be Kadhi of Mumias in western Kenya during the Colonial Era.
Scripture as Guru in the Sikh Tradition
Authors: Singh Pashaura 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe study of the Sikh scripture, the Adi Granth, is quite useful in understanding the general notion of ‘scripture’ as a cross‐cultural phenomenon. In fact, the study of a text as scripture is not only concerned with its textual problems, the reconstruction of its history, the formation of the canon, and its contextual meaning, but also with its ongoing role in the cumulative tradition of a religious community, both as a normative source of authority and as a prodigious living force. Perceived from this angle the reception of the Adi Granth as Guru by the Sikh community is highly significant.
Activity‐Regulated Cytoskeleton‐Associated Protein in Rodent Brain is Down‐Regulated by High Fat Diet in vivo and by 27‐Hydroxycholesterol in vitro
Authors: Mateos Laura , Akterin Susanne , Gil‐Bea Francisco‐Javier , Spulber Stefan , Rahman Atiqur , Björkhem Ingemar , Schultzberg Marianne , Flores‐Morales Amilcar , Cedazo‐Mínguez Angel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGrowing evidence strongly suggests that high fat diet (HFD) has an important role in some neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To identify new cellular pathways linking hypercholesterolemia and neurodegeneration, we analyzed the effects of HFD on gene expression in mouse brain. Using cDNA microarrays and real time RT‐PCR, we found that HFD has a mild, but significant effect on the expression of several genes. The altered genes include molecules linked to AD pathology and others of potential interest for neurodegeneration. We further investigated the effect of HFD on the activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein (Arc). Expression of Arc was decreased in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of HFD‐fed animals. From the known regulatory mechanisms of Arc expression, HFD reduced N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity, as seen by decreases in tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDAR2A and levels of NMDAR1. Additionally, we demonstrated that 27‐hydroxycholesterol, a cholesterol metabolite that enters the brain from the blood, decreases Arc levels as well as NMDAR and Src kinase activities in rat primary hippocampal neurons. Finally, we showed that Arc levels are decreased in the cortex of AD brains. We propose that one of the mechanisms, by which hypercholesterolemia contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, could be through Arc down‐regulation caused by 27‐hydroxycholesterol.
Permethrin toxicity in cats: a retrospective study of 20 cases
Authors: DYMOND NL , SWIFT IM 
Published: May 2008

Objective Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid widely used in flea control products for small animals. Accidental toxicity can occur with off‐label usage, and cats are particularly susceptible.Methods Retrospective study of 20 cases of permethrin toxicity in cats treated at an emergency clinic in Brisbane, Queensland from October 2004 to June 2005.Results The diagnosis of permethrin toxicity was made on the basis of a history of exposure and characteristic clinical signs, including seizures, muscle fasciculations, and tremors. Decontamination and appropriate seizure or muscle fasciculation control were the basis of treatment. The outcome was good after rapid intervention and 19 of the 20 cats were successfully treated, with the only death occurring in a kitten for which treatment was delayed for 24 h. No long‐term complications were reported by the cats’ owners at 4‐month follow‐up after discharge from hospital.Conclusions Owner education, together with more appropriate product labelling, may help eliminate this problem in the future.
To catch a buffalo: field immobilisation of Asian swamp buffalo using etorphine and xylazine
Authors: MCMAHON CR , BRADSHAW CJA 
Published: May 2008

Objective  To demonstrate the efficacy of a mixture of etorphine and xylazine to safely immobilise wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the field.Methods  Body mass was estimated (to calculate mass‐specific dosages) by deriving a predictive relationship between morphometric measurements (body length, height) and mass based on a dataset collected in Vietnam, because the study animals could not be weighed in the field.Results  Mass‐specific dosages varied between 0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg for etorphine and between 0.14 and 0.22 mg/kg for xyalazine; induction times varied between 10 and 33 min, mean recumbency time was 68 min, and the mean time to standing was 10 min (range: 10–17 min).Conclusions  The mixture of ethorphine and xylazine was effective for immobilisation of this species and appeared to have a relatively large safety margin, based on the mass‐specific dosages used. The allometric relationships described here should prove useful for those working with wild swamp buffalo.
Psychosocial Perspectives on Pregnancy: Prenatal Maternal Stress and Coping
Authors: Lobel Marci , Hamilton Jada G. , Cannella Dolores T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPregnancy is a momentous life event experienced by most women that involves biomedical and psychosocial changes that are potentially stressful. High levels of maternal stress in pregnancy contribute to adverse fetal, infant, child, and adult outcomes, including cognitive, emotional, neurodevelopmental, and physical health effects. This article discusses definition, measurement, and effects of stress in pregnancy and describes current research questions such as whether the timing or pattern of prenatal stress accentuates its effects and whether prenatal stress accounts for ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes in the United States. We review research on the ways that women cope with prenatal stress and research examining associations of coping with maternal emotional state, health, and birth outcomes. Additionally, we describe important factors that improve women's psychosocial adaptation to pregnancy, their health, and their birth outcomes, specifically trait optimism, social support, and physical activity, and we emphasize interventions that utilize these factors.
Moving Toward a Secure Attachment Style: Can Repeated Security Priming Help?
Authors: Gillath Omri , Selcuk Emre , Shaver Phillip R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDespite the abundant literature on attachment processes and the development of a secure or insecure attachment orientation during childhood, it is still unclear whether adult attachment style can be changed through systematic interventions, and if so how the change process works. One way to learn more about such change is to create it, on a small scale, in the laboratory. It is already known that a person's sense of security can be momentarily changed in the laboratory (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007a). But there is clearly a difference between very short‐term and longer‐term change. According to Bowlby (1982), the development of an attachment orientation in childhood is based on many encounters and interactions with caregivers, which gradually create a mental network of relatively stable expectations and concerns. Thus, it may take many episodes of security priming in a laboratory to begin to affect a young adult's attachment style in a lasting way. Here, we explore this possibility, review existing evidence from our own and other researchers’ laboratories, and discuss directions for future research.
Evaluating a conservation investment designed to reduce human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Gore Meredith L. , Knuth Barbara A. , Scherer Clifford W. , Curtis Paul D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOutreach programs are interventions that have the potential to influence the unique context of human–wildlife conflict as well as the political, economic, and social systems within which human–wildlife conflict occurs. However, evaluation of these programs is limited. The purpose of this research was to determine a human–wildlife conflict outreach intervention's effect on environmentally responsible behavior using the case of human–black bear conflict in New York, The New York NeighBEARhood Watch Program, and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. We found no short‐term evidence of environmentally responsible behavior change after the program was implemented. We discuss inhibitors of desired program impact and the utility of our evaluation framework to measure program effect. Given the staying power of outreach interventions and their unknown effects on mitigating human–wildlife conflict, it is imperative that evaluation of programs be a required part of their implementation. Results presented herein can advance discussion about the role of outreach interventions by highlighting assumptions, realistic expectations, and outcome measures.
Implant radiography and radiology
Authors: Monsour PA , Dudhia R 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe practitioner placing dental implants has many options with respect to pre‐implant radiographic assessment of the jaws. The advantages and disadvantages of the imaging modalities currently available for pre‐implant imaging are discussed in some detail. Intra‐oral and extra‐oral radiographs are generally low dose but the information provided is limited as the images are not three‐dimensional. Tomography is three‐dimensional, but the image quality is highly variable. Computed tomography (CT) has been the gold standard for many years as the information provided is three‐dimensional and generally very accurate. However, CT examinations are expensive and deliver a relatively high radiation dose to the patient. The latest imaging modality introduced is cone beam volumetric tomography (CBVT) and this technology is very promising with regard to pre‐implant imaging. CBVT generally delivers a lower dose to the patient than CT and provides reasonably sharp images with three‐dimensional information. A comparison between CT and CBVT is provided. Magnetic resonance imaging is showing some promise, but the examinations are not readily available, generally expensive and bone is not well imaged. Magnetic resonance imaging is excellent for demonstrating soft tissues and therefore may be of great use in identifying the inferior dental nerve and vessels. All of the above technology is of little value if the information required is not obtained and so information is also provided on imaging of some of the vital structures. Of particular interest is the inferior dental canal, incisive canals of the mandible, genial foramina and canals, maxillary sinus and the incisive canal and foramen of the maxilla.
Occlusion in implant dentistry. A review of the literature of prosthetic determinants and current concepts
Authors: Gross MD 
Published: May 2008

AbstractToday the clinician is faced with widely varying concepts regarding the number, location, distribution and inclination of implants required to support the functional and parafunctional demands of occlusal loading. Primary clinical dilemmas of planning for maximal or minimal numbers of implants, their axial inclination, lengths and required volume and quality of supporting bone remain largely unanswered by adequate clinical outcome research. Planning and executing optimal occlusion schemes is an integral part of implant supported restorations. In its wider sense this includes considerations of multiple inter‐relating factors of ensuring adequate bone support, implant location number, length, distribution and inclination, splinting, vertical dimension aesthetics, static and dynamic occlusal schemes and more.Current concepts and research on occlusal loading and overloading are reviewed together with clinical outcome and biomechanical studies and their clinical relevance discussed. A comparison between teeth and implants regarding their proprioceptive properties and mechanisms of supporting functional and parafunctional loading is made and clinical applications made regarding current concepts in restoring the partially edentulous dentition. The relevance of occlusal traumatism and fatigue microdamage alone or in combination with periodontal or peri‐implant inflammation is reviewed and applied to clinical considerations regarding splinting of adjacent implants and teeth, posterior support and eccentric guidance schemes.Occlusal restoration of the natural dentition has classically been divided into considerations of planning for sufficient posterior support, occlusal vertical dimension and eccentric guidance to provide comfort and aesthetics. Mutual protection and anterior disclusion have come to be considered as acceptable therapeutic modalities. These concepts have been transferred to the restoration of implant‐supported restoration largely by default. However, in light of differences in the supporting mechanisms of implants and teeth many questions remain unanswered regarding the suitability of these modalities for implant supported restorations. These will be discussed and an attempt made to provide some current clinical axioms based where possible on the best available evidence.
Immediate loading of dental implants
Authors: Henry PJ , Liddelow GJ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to explore the concept of immediate loading as it pertains to dental implants and the indications for clinical practice. The definition of immediate loading will be considered together with a review of the relevant literature in an attempt to provide evidence‐based guidelines for successful implementation into practice.A search of electronic databases including Medline, PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was undertaken using the terms ``immediate loading'', ``dental implants'', ``immediate function'', ``early loading'', ``oral implants'', ``immediate restoration'' and ``systematic review''. This was supplemented by handsearching in peer‐reviewed journals and cross‐referenced with the articles accessed. Emphasis was given to systematic reviews and controlled clinical trials.A definition of immediate loading was suggested pertinent to the realities of logistics in clinical practice with respect to application and time frame. The literature was evaluated and shown to be limited with significant shortcomings. Guidelines and recommendations for clinical protocols were suggested and illustrated by examples of case types with a minimum of 1–3 years follow‐up. A list of additional references for further reading was provided.Within the limitations of this review, there is evidence to suggest that immediate loading protocols have demonstrated high implant survival rates and may be cautiously recommended for certain clinical situations. However, more high level evidence studies, preferably randomized controlled trials (RCTs), over a long time frame are required to show a clear benefit over more conventional loading protocols.
Patterns of exercise-related inflammatory response in sickle cell trait carriers
Authors: Tripette Julien , Connes Philippe , Hedreville Mona , Etienne-Julan Maryse , Marlin Laurent , Hue Olivier , Hardy-Dessources Marie-Dominique 
Published: May 2008

ObjectiveTo clarify whether sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers (SCT group) present a specific postexercise inflammatory response to repeated and strenuous exercise.DesignThe patterns of inflammatory markers in response to repeated heavy exercise were investigated in SCT carriers (SCT group: eight men, 20.0±0.7 years) and subjects with normal haemoglobin (CONT group: seven men, 20.6±0.7 years). The exercise consisted of three successive maximal ramp exercise tests, interspaced with 10 min of recovery, and accomplished at room temperature. Blood was sampled at rest (TR), at the end of each of the three tests (T1, T2, T3) and during the immediate (T1 h, T2 h) and late (T24 h, T48 h) recovery periods. Standard haematological parameters and plasma levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) and adhesion molecules: soluble L- and P-selectins (sL-selectin, sP-selectin), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured.ResultsIn both groups, the three successive maximal exercise bouts prompted an inflammatory response (ie, white blood cells and IL-6 levels increased in response to exercise). sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels did not change during or after exercise and presented no difference between groups. However, during exercise, sL-selectin and sP-selectin kinetics differed between groups: sL-selectin increased earlier in the SCT group than in the CONT group, and sP-selectin statistically increased only in the SCT group.ConclusionAlthough the data do not indicate an extended exercise inflammatory response in SCT carriers, a specific activation of the L- and P-selectins was observed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the selectins' changes are evidence of greater risk for SCT carriers during physical exercise in specific conditions or an indication of a protective mechanism mediated by the shedding process of adhesion molecules.
Life cycle and sexual mode adaptations of the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) to its host, the eumenine wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Okabe K. , Makino S. 
Published: May 2008

We investigated two important life-history traits in parasites, i.e., life cycle and reproductive mode, that should be adapted to specific hosts using the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica Vitzthum, 1925 and the host wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Giraud, 1866) in field- and laboratory-reared nests. The life cycle of E. parasitica was synchronized with that of the wasp; this synchronization facilitated dispersal. Life-cycle plasticity of the mite was low and development was halted on dead hosts. There was no significant difference in wasp juvenile mortality between mite-laden and mite-free individuals under controlled conditions. Therefore, the mites were suggested to be not toxic to the hosts. We confirmed for the first time that virgin female mites ovoviviparously produce arrhenotokous males the size of a protonymph to compensate for the absence of males in a cell. Although no obvious antagonistic behaviour between large (i.e., sexual) and small males was observed, large males mounted females on late prepupal hosts, about 1–2 days before either the egg or the small male was laid. We conclude that the adaptations of the mite to its host involve life-cycle synchronization, low-impact parasitism, and facultative parthenogenesis.
Age estimation for young bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) using annual baleen growth increments
Authors: Lubetkin S. C. , Zeh J. E. , Rosa C. , George J. C. 
Published: May 2008

We compiled age estimates and baleen plate δ13C data from 86 bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus L., 1758). We used previous whale age estimates based on aspartic acid racemization (AAR) and corpora counts to extend the use of δ13C data for age determination from cycle counting to a modified exponential model using annual baleen growth increments. Our approach used the growth increment data from individual whales in a nonlinear mixed effects model to assess both population-level and whale-specific growth parameters. Although age estimates from baleen-based models become less precise as the whales age, and baleen growth and length near steady state, the growth increment model shows promise in estimating ages of bowhead whales 10–13.5 m long with baleen lengths <250 cm, where other techniques are less precise or the data are scarce. Ages estimated using the growth increment data from such whales ranged from 6.4 to 19.8 years.