bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical exposure in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols and in spraying of phenoxy herbicides
Authors: Kauppinen Timo , Kogevinas Manolis , Johnson Eric , Becher Heiko , Bertazzi Pier‐Alberto , de Mesquita H. Bas Bueno , Coggon David , Green Lois , Littorin Margareta , Lynge Elsebeth , Mathews John , Neuberger Manfred , Osman John , Pannett Brian , Pearce Neil , Winkelmann Regina , Saracci Rodolfo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExposure patterns are reported for manufacturing and sprayer cohorts incorporated in the “IARC International Register of Workers exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants.” Information was based on company questionnaires, company reports, plant visits, and serum 2,3,7,8‐TCDD measurements. In addition to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols, workers in manufacturing plants may have been exposed to raw materials, process chemicals, other agents synthesized or formulated, and impurities of all these agents. Sprayers also had a complex exposure pattern, including phenoxy herbicides and some other pesticides, their carriers and additives, and residues of chemicals formed during manufacture. Occurrence of agents, including dioxins, varied between countries. Biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data were rarely available, most since the late 1970s. Exposure of workers depended mainly on the jobs they performed, but several factors influenced level of exposure. A quantitative exposure classification is not feasible in this study. Semiquantitative exposure estimates may be derived through a critical interpretation of biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data together with individual work histories. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating historical exposure to silica among mine and pottery workers in the people's Republic of China
Authors: Dosemeci M. , Chen J.‐Q. , Hearl F. , Chen R.‐G. , McCawley M. , Wu Z. , McLaughlin J. K. , Peng K.‐L. , Chen A.‐L. , Rexing S. H. , Blot W. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA quantitative retrospective exposure assessment method was developed for use in a nested case‐control study of lung cancer among mine and pottery workers exposed to silica dust in the People's Republic of China. Exposure assessment was carried out in 20 mines (10 tungsten, 6 iron/copper, and 4 tin) and nine pottery factories. A job title dictionary was developed and used in both the collection of historical exposure information and work histories of 1,668 (316 cases and 1,352 controls) study subjects. Several data abstraction forms were developed to collect historical and current exposure information and employees' work histories, starting in 1950. A retrospective exposure matrix was developed on the basis of facility/job title/calendar year combinations using available historical exposure information and current exposure profiles. Information on the amount of respirable, thoracic, and free silica content in total dust was used in estimating exposure to silica. Starting in 1950, 6,805 historical estimates had been carried out for 14 calendar‐year periods. We estimated the average total dust concentration to be 9 mg/M3, with a range from 28 mg/M3 in earlier years to 3 mg/M3 in recent years. Several exposure indices [such as cumulative dust, average dust, cumulative respirable (<5 μ in particle size) and thoracic (<10 μ in particle size) silica dust, average respirable and thoracic silica dust, exposure‐weighted duration, and the highest/longest exposure] were calculated for individuals by merging work history and historical exposure matrix for each study subject. We developed these various measures of exposure to allow investigators to compare and contrast different indices of historical exposure to silica. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A health survey of workers in the pentachlorophenol section of a chemical manufacturing plant
Authors: Cheng Wei Nan , Coenraads P. J. , Hao Zhi Hui , Liu Guo Fang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDuring 1968 to 1985, 109 workers who had been engaged in the production of pentachlorophenol, using non‐gamma isomers of hexachloroclohexane (BHC) as the raw material, were surveyed. Endemic chloracne among them had been noted since 1974. The prevalence of chloracne was 73.4% (80/109) in total and 95.2% (20/21) in a trichlorobenzene (TCB) tank area where dioxin and dibenzofurans levels were thousands of ppm. To our knowledge, PCDDs and PCDFs have not previously been reported from thermal decomposition of BHC.Urinary porphyrins were significantly higher among exposed workers than among the controls but there was no significant difference between the workers with chloracne and those without. The conduction velocities of the median motor nerves were much slower among the workers in the TCB tank area where the highest PCDDs contamination appeared.The mortality study cohort was relatively young. Based on the three deaths observed during the follow‐up, no association could be drawn. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asbestos‐related mesothelioma in monfalcone, Italy
Authors: Bianchi Claudio , Brollo Alessandro , Ramani Lucia , Zuch Clara 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Monfalcone area, in northeastern Italy, is a small industrial territory (population about 60,000), with a large shipyard. Between October 1979 and April 1992, ninety‐two malignant mesotheliomas were diagnosed at the Monfalcone Hospital. The series included 84 men and 8 women, aged 42 to 89 years (median age 68 years). There were 89 pleural and 3 peritoneal tumors. Seventy patients (69 men and 1 woman) had worked in the shipyards; six were seamen, and four insulators. Five men had been exposed to asbestos in various industries; six women had histories of domestic exposure, and one woman had a history of possible environmental exposure. The latency periods (intervals between first exposure to asbestos and diagnosis of the tumor) ranged from 20 to 65 years (median 52 years). Latency periods among insulators were significantly lower than among shipyard workers, as well as lower than among the other categories (p<0.01). Lung asbestos bodies were isolated after chemical digestion in 73 cases at necropsy, and in two cases at surgery. In necropsy cases, asbestos body burdens ranged between 100 and 10,000,000 bodies per gram of dried tissue (median 11,000). Pleural plaques were observed at necropsy in 62 out of 73 cases, and in two cases at surgery.In the time period we considered, the annual incidence rates for pleural mesothelioma were very high among male Monfalcone residents, being 189 per 100,000 among people aged 75 years or more.On the basis of occupational data and of objective signs (lung asbestos bodies, pleural plaques), all the cases of the present series but one (that with possible environmental exposure) were considered as asbestos‐related. The role of co‐factors in the development of asbestos‐related mesothelioma is suggested. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer in Illinois construction workers: A study
Authors: Keller Jane E. , Howe Holly L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of case‐control studies using subjects from the Illinois State Cancer Registry have been conducted. Logistic regression was used to control for age and history of tobacco and alcohol use. Construction workers were consistently found to be younger than other subjects and to have used alcohol and tobacco more often. Significant positive associations between cancer of the stomach and welding (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 4.09), lung cancer and employment in the construction industry (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.26), and lung cancer and welding (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.76) were found. Significant negative associations between cancer of the colon and welding (OR = .54, 95% CI = .29, 1.00), cancer of the prostate and employment in the construction industry (OR = .76, 95% CI = .65, .89), cancer of the prostate and plumbing (OR = .44, 95% CI = .38, .50), cancer of the prostate and metal working (OR = .43, 95% CI = .19, .93), and bladder cancer and employment as an electrician (OR = .60, 95% CI = .36, 1.00) suggest that construction workers did not consistently experience excesses of cancers known to be associated with tobacco use, and an overall excess of sites not known to be related to tobacco use may have occurred. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents: Substituting our way toward human carcinogenicity
Authors: Frangos Stephen A. , Peters John M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA discussion of the history of substitutions in industrial solvent use is presented, and animal carcinogenicity studies with certain chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are reviewed. The present knowledge on the association between occupational exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and human carcinogenicity is summarized, including a critical review of 23 studies pertaining to human carcinogenicity. Several deficiencies are identified in these studies that make interpretation of the results uncertain, including poor characterization of exposures in qualitative and quantitative terms, the small numbers of deaths or cases, and short follow‐up periods. Despite these weaknesses, we conclude that, when viewed collectively, the evidence strongly suggests that occupational exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are associated with an excess human cancer risk. The literature supports an association between occupational exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons and elevated risks of leukemia, lymphoma, and urinary tract cancer. Parental occupational exposures are consistently associated with an elevated childhood cancer risk in the offspring. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic dust exposure from compost handling: Response of an animal model
Authors: Frazer D. G. , Jones W. G. , Petsonk E. L. , Kullman G. J. , Barger M. W. , Afshari A. , Jones T. , Castranova V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this investigation was to elucidate the pulmonary responses of an animal model to dust generated from leaf/wood compost which had caused a severe case of acute respiratory illness in an individual. Guinea pigs were exposed for 4 hr to 30 mg/m3 of aerosolized leaf/wood compost dust. Inhalation resulted in significant cellular activation and changes in pulmonary mechanics. Maximal elevation in breathing rate (↑ 36%) was observed 12–18 hr postexposure. Similarly, maximal granulocyte infiltration (↑ 1,600%) and activation of alveolar macrophages (↑ 65%) occurred 18 hr postexposure. In contrast, maximal airway obstruction (↑ 65%) occurred 18 hr postexposure. In contrast, maximal airway obstruction (↑ 120%) occurred immediately after exposure and returned toward normal (↑ 53%) by 18 hr postexposure. In several respects, the airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation described in the animal model were comparable to the human response to compost dust. Therefore, this animal model may be useful in predicting the potential respiratory hazard associated with exposure to various organic dusts. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
An environmental and respiratory health survey of workers in a grain mill in the Johannesburg area, South Africa
Authors: Fonn S. , Groeneveld H. T. , deBeer M. , Becklake M. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA respiratory health survey was conducted in a grain mill and the relationship of health indicators to quantitative measures of airborne dust, fungal, and bacterial contamination was examined. Respiratory symptoms were more prevalent in the high dust exposure categories; lung function levels were also higher in the high dust exposure categories, consistent with a “healthy” worker effect. Workers in the three higher dust exposure categories showed either no change or a decrease in lung function over the working week, while workers in the low exposure category demonstrated an improvement in lung function over the working week. Total dust and microbiological (fungal and bacterial) load were found to be significantly related to each other, and the relationship of microbiological load to lung function level and changes over the working week were similar to those found for total dust © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of respiratory health status to grain dust in a Witwatersrand grain mill: Comparison of workers' exposure assessments with industrial hygiene survey findings
Authors: Fonn S. , Groeneveld H. T. , deBeer M. , Becklake M. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective measures of exposure furnished by dust monitoring are both costly and time consuming and require a sufficient level of technology. However, they are important in demonstrating exposure‐response relationships, in furnishing information necessary to establish environmental control levels, and to assess if interventions, for instance, improving dust control, have been effective. In this paper respiratory symptoms and cross‐shift changes in spirometric lung function were related to dust exposure level in a grain mill assessed in two ways, subjectively (by workers themselves on a four point scale) and objectively (by personal dust monitoring). Health indicators that depend on the individual's perception (e.g., symptoms) correlated more closely with the subjectively assessed dust category, while health indicators that were measured objectively (e.g., cross‐week FVC and FEV1 change) correlated more closely with the objectively assessed dust category. However, the patterns of relationship of respiratory health indicators to either dust category were similar, and exposure assessed by one method was, to a large extent, a proxy for the other. The most significant predictor of workers' choice of dust exposure category was the measured dust level. These findings indicate that exposure categories based on workers' assessment of dustiness can be a useful tool in etiologic research, in particular in establishing exposure‐response relationships. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Job tasks, potential exposures, and health risks of laborers employed in the construction industry
Authors: Burkhart G. , Schulte P. A. , Robinson C. , Sieber W. K. , Vossenas P. , Ringen K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConstruction laborers have some of the highest death rates of any occupation in the United States. There has been very little systematic research focused exclusively on “laborers” as opposed to other workers in the construction industry. We reviewed the English language literature and various data bases describing the occupational tasks, exposures, and work‐related health risks of construction laborers. The sources of information included 1) occupational mortality surveillance data collected by the states of California and Washington and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); 2) National Occupational Exposure Survey; 3) national fatality data; 4) cancer registry data; and 5) case reports of specific causes of morbidity. While the literature reported that construction laborers have increased risk for mesothelioma, on‐the‐job trauma, acute lead poisoning, musculoskeletal injury, and dermatitis, the work relatedness of excess risks for all‐cause mortality, cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, and leukemia is less clear. Furthermore, while laborers are known to be potentially exposed to asbestos, noise, and lead, and the NIOSH Job Exposure Matrix describes other potential hazardous exposures, little research has characterized other possible exposures and no research has been found that describes the exposures associated with specific job tasks. More advanced study designs are needed that include a better understanding of the job tasks and exposures to construction laborers, in order to evaluate specific exposure‐disease relationships and to develop intervention programs aimed at reducing the rate of work‐related diseases. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Correlation between radiological and pathological diagnosis of silicosis: An autopsy population based study
Authors: Hnizdo Eva , Murray Jill , Sluis‐Cremer Gerhard K. , Thomas Raymond Glyn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe radiological findings for the profusion of rounded opacities were compared to pathological findings for parenchymal silicosis in 557 gold miners who had, on average, 2.7 years between the radiological and pathological examination. Three readers read the radiographs, and ILO category 1/1 or more was defined as a positive diagnosis of silicosis. The sensitivity values were 0.393, 0.371, and 0.236, and the specificity values were 0.987, 0.965, and 0.978, for the three readers, respectively. The sensitivity of the readers improved with increasing degree of autopsy silicosis, but a large proportion of those with a moderate and marked degree of silicosis were not diagnosed radiologically. The diagnostic sensitivity of the radiological test could be improved by using category 0/1 as a cutoff point for workers exposed to a high average concentration of respirable silica dust. The diagnostic specificity of radiology could be improved by using category 1/0 or 1/1 as a cutoff point for a positive diagnosis for workers exposed to a low average concentration of respirable silica dust. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of silicosis in a cohort of white South African gold miners
Authors: Hnizdo Eva , Sluis‐Cremer G. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe risk of silicosis was investigated in a cohort of 2,235 white South African gold miners who had, on average, 24 years of net service from 1940 to the early 1970s and who were followed up to 1991 for radiological signs of onset of silicosis (ILO category 1/1 or more). There were 313 (14%) miners who developed signs of silicosis at an average age of 55.9 years. The latency period was largely independent of the cumulative dust exposure. In 57% of the silicotics, the radiological signs developed, on average, 7.4 years after mining exposure ceased. The risk of silicosis increased exponentially with the cumulative dust dose, the accelerated increase being after 7 mg/m3‐years. At the highest exposure level of 15 mg/m3‐years, which represents approximately 37 years of gold mining at an average respirable dust concentration of 0.4 mg/m3, the cumulative risk for silicosis reached 77%. In conclusion, the risk of silicosis was strongly dose dependent; however, the latency period was largely independent of the dose. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agricultural work and male infertility
Authors: Strohmer Heinz , Boldizsar Andrea , Plöckinger Barbara , Feldner‐Busztin Michel , Feichtinger Wilfried 
Published: April 2007

AbstractData from couples (n = 103) seeking artificial insemination with donor sperm because of poor sperm quality and a control group of couples treated by in‐vitro fertilization due to female causes were analysed according to the occupations of the spouses. Comparison of occupational categories revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of agricultural occupation (11/103 vs. 1/103, p<0,01) between the group with male factor infertility and the normospermic controls. These patients also reported more long‐term exposure to several insecticides and other pesticides. These toxic chemicals probably have a detrimental effect on male fertility and therefore we suggest more caution in the way they are handled. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skin contamination, airborne concentrations, and urinary metabolite excretion of propoxur during harvesting of flowers in greenhouses
Authors: Brouwer Rudi , Van Maarleveld Karin , Ravensberg Luco , Meuling Wim , De Kort Wim , van Hemmen Joop J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn eight greenhouses used for carnation culture, workers engaged in harvesting (n = 16), were monitored for dermal and respiratory exposure and urinary excretion of propoxur. Dermal exposure of hands and forearms was estimated from dislodgeable foliar residue, using a transfer factor (a measure of transfer of pesticides from leaves to the skin) and the total number of working hours. Total estimated dermal and respiratory exposure during harvesting ranged from 0.2 to 46 mg and from 3 to 278 μg, respectively. To study the relationship between external and internal exposure to propoxur, respiratory and dermal exposure levels were compared with the total amount of 2‐isopropoxyphenol (IPP), the major metabolite of propoxur, excreted in urine in 24 hr. The Pearson correlation coefficient between dermal exposure and the total amount of excreted IPP was 0.95. A correlation coefficient of 0.84 was found between respiratory exposure and the amount of IPP excreted. The latter association was probably caused by the covariation of respiratory and dermal exposure levels (r = 0.85). Assuming negligible oral absorption, calculations indicated that dermal exposure could account for >80% of the amount of excreted IPP. On the basis of the amount of IPP excreted, there was no reason to suspect increased health risks for workers from exposure to propoxur during harvesting. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A preliminary study of reproductive outcomes of female maquiladora workers in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Eskenazi Brenda , Guendelman Sylvia , Elkin Eric P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMaquiladoras are plants on the Mexican side of the United States‐Mexico border which are used largely by U.S. manufacturers to assemble premanufactured parts. We examined reproductive outcomes of women employed in electronics (N = 120) and garment (N = 121) maquiladora work compared to women employed in the service sector (N = 119) in Tijuana. Mexico. Women recruited by community health workers were interviewed about their reproductive history, sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and characteristics of their current job. Length of regular menstrual cycle in the past year as well as time of conception and rates of fetal loss in the most recent pregnancy were similar across occupational groups. However, infants of garment maquiladora workers were 653 g lighter (95% confidence interval [CI]: −1,041 g, −265 g) and infants of electronic maquiladora workers were 337 g lighter (95% CI: −682 g. 9 g) than infants of service workers after adjusting for potential confounders. The cause of these differences remains unclear. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of persistent neck and upper limb pain in a historical cohort of sewing machine operators
Authors: Andersen Johan Hviid , Gaardboe Ove 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour hundred and twenty‐four sewing machine operators from a historical cohort of garment industry workers answered questionnaires concerning musculoskeletal symptoms and job exposure. They were compared with 781 women from the general population of the region and an internal control group of 89 women from the garment industry. The risk for persistent neck and shoulder complaints increased with years of being a sewing machine operator: (up to seven years, eight to fifteen years, and more than fifteen years: prevalence proportion ratio 1.8, 3.5 and 4.4 [neck] and 1.5, 4 and 6.8 [shoulder] compared with the controls [n = 781]). The exposure‐response relationships remained when adjusted for potential confounders, of which age, current shoulder‐neck exposure, and child bearing were the most contributing.The study revealed that work for more than eight years as a sewing machine operator probably has a cumulative deleterious effect on the neck and shoulders. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.