bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From conduct disorder to severe mental illness: associations with aggressive behaviour, crime and victimization
Authors: Hodgins S. , Cree A. , Alderton J. , Mak T. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundConduct disorder (CD) prior to age 15 has been associated with an increased risk of aggressive behaviour and crime among men with schizophrenia. The present study aimed to replicate and extend this finding in a clinical sample of severely mentally ill men and women.MethodWe examined a cohort of in-patients with severe mental illness in one mental health trust. A total of 205 men and women participated, average age 38.5 years. CD was diagnosed using a structured diagnostic tool. Alcohol and illicit drug use, aggressive behaviour and victimization were self-reported. Information on convictions was extracted from official criminal records. Analyses controlled for age and sex.ResultsCD prior to age 15 was associated with an increased risk of assault over the lifespan [odds ratio (OR) 3.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.87–8.44)], aggressive behaviour in the 6 months prior to interview (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.24–5.68), and convictions for violent crimes (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.46–6.97) after controlling for alcohol and illicit drug use. The number of CD symptoms present prior to age 15 significantly increased the risk of serious assaults over the lifespan, aggressive behaviour in the past 6 months, and violent crime after controlling for alcohol and illicit drug use.ConclusionsMen and women with severe mental illness who have a history of CD by mid-adolescence are at increased risk for aggressive behaviour and violent crime. These patients are easily identifiable and may benefit from learning-based treatments aimed at reducing antisocial behaviour. Longitudinal, prospective investigations are needed to understand why CD is more common among people with than without schizophrenia.
Implementing logic spreadsheets in LESS
Authors: VALENTE ANDRE , VAN BRACKLE DAVID , CHALUPSKY HANS , EDWARDS GARY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSpreadsheets are a widespread tool for a variety of tasks, particularly in business settings. Spreadsheet users employ a form of programming that, although popular, is highly error-prone and has limited expressiveness. A promising approach to overcome these shortcomings is to augment spreadsheets with logic-based knowledge representation and reasoning (KR&R) functionality. In this paper, we present Logic Embedded in SpreadSheets (LESS), a system which integrates PowerLoom, a highly expressive logic-based KR&R system, with Microsoft (MS) Excel. The design of LESS provides different tiers of functionality that explore trade-offs between direct access to the underlying logic engine and user-friendly support for spreadsheets users. A prototype of LESS was implemented as an MS Excel add-in.
An introduction to logical spreadsheets
Authors: KASSOFF MICHAEL , VALENTE ANDRE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA logical spreadsheet is a spreadsheet in which the formula language is composed of logical expressions. Logical spreadsheets were invented shortly after traditional electronic spreadsheets were introduced, but since then logical spreadsheet research has been somewhat sparse. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence in the interest of logical spreadsheets in the research community. In this article, we summarize logical spreadsheet research up to this point.
Force, Mathematics, and Physics in Newton's Principia: A New Approach to Enduring Issues
Authors: Maglo Koffi 
Published: November 2007

ArgumentThis paper investigates the conceptual treatment and mathematical modeling of force in Newton's Principia. It argues that, contrary to currently dominant views, Newton's concept of force is best understood as a physico-mathematical construct with theoretical underpinnings rather than a “mathematical construct” or an ontologically “neutral” concept. It uses various philosophical and historical frameworks to clarify interdisciplinary issues in the history of science and draws upon the distinction between axiomatic systems in mathematics and physics, as well as discovery patterns in science. It also dwells on Newton's “philosophy” of mathematics, described here in terms of mathematical naturalism. This philosophy considers mathematical quantities to be physically significant quantities whose motions are best mapped by geometry. It then shows that to understand the epistemic status of force in the Principia, it is important to scrutinize both Newton's mathematical justificatory strategies and his background assumptions about force – without constructing, however, an overarching metaphysical framework for his science. Finally, the paper studies scientific attempts to redefine or eliminate force from science during the period between Newton and Laplace. From a philosophical standpoint, the paper implicitly suggests that questions about the reality of force be distinguished from questions about the validity of force, and that both sets of questions be distinguished from questions about the utility of the concept of force in science.
The Social Architect and the Myopic Mason: The Spatial Politics of the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Lee Paula Young 
Published: November 2007

ArgumentDuring the first half of the nineteenth century, the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle was both workplace and home to functionalist Georges Cuvier and morphologist Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, whose doctrinal differences became enmeshed with political dialogues regarding social reform. Surprisingly, the public not only viewed the arrangement of the collections in terms of the social platforms they were understood to be supporting, but critiqued the Muséum's buildings as expressions of their anatomical dispute. The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 pushed these critiques forward, suggesting to some observers that true reform of the natural sciences would begin by reforming the Muséum's architectural program, thereby placing the goals of Comparative Anatomy in correct relationship to human progress.
“Of sea urchins, volcanoes, earthquakes … and engagement”: Marcello Carapezza, Alberto Monroy, and Italy's University System
Authors: Pagliaro Mario 
Published: November 2007

ArgumentIn Italy, only 2 per cent of the population consider scientists and experts to be society's leading personalities (Censis 2006). Scientists are classified among the “weak social groups” and more precisely as those who have little influence either because they lack representation in the media (the faculty), or because they lack resources. (Young researchers face the lowest percentage of GDP invested in research among the G8 countries.) This article contributes to the current debate on science policies in Europe and addresses the question of why science has such a low reputation in Italy. How did this situation emerge and what methods should be taken to tackle it beyond merely increasing financial resources? An historical overview of how Marcello Carapezza and Alberto Monroy created leading research centers in geochemistry and developmental biology in Palermo offers insight into the opportunities and threats posed by Italy's academic system. This brief analysis of the Italian academic system should interest international readers who want their country to evolve from a closed, corporative, centralized system into a country that can compete at an international level to attract talented students and resources and achieve a higher scientific reputation.
The role of roof rats (Rattus rattus) in the spread ofSalmonellaEnteritidis andS. Infantis contamination in layer farms in eastern Japan
Authors: LAPUZ R. , TANI H. , SASAI K. , SHIROTA K. , KATOH H. , BABA E. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe prevalence ofSalmonellain four layer farms in eastern Japan was investigated between 2004 and 2006 to determine the role of roof rats (Rattus rattus) in the epizootology ofSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). PersistentS. Enteritidis andS. Infantis contamination of the environment and pooled egg samples were detected in three out of four layer farms. A total of 113 (13·3%) and 158 (18·6%) out of 851 rats examined were positive forS. Enteritidis andS. Infantis, respectively. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, only one indistinguishable pulsed-field pattern was yielded byS. Enteritidis strains from rats, eggs and environmental samples from each of the two contaminated layer farms. Although, a variety of pulsed-field patterns were generated byS. Enteritidis isolates from rats, eggs, and the environment of the other contaminated farms, there are, however, someS. Enteritidis strains that are closely related clones. These results suggest that roof rats are carriers ofS. Enteritidis andS. Infantis and that persistentS. Enteritidis andS. Infantis infections in a rat population may play an important role in the spread and maintenance of these pathogens inside the layer premises.
A multiphasic characterization of the impact of the herbicide acetochlor on freshwater bacterial communities
Authors: Foley Meghan E , Sigler Von , Gruden Cyndee L 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Acetochlor is the third most frequently detected herbicide in natural waters; however, it is unknown if exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of acetochlor will impact bacterial community structure and function. This study examined the impact of acetochlor on freshwater heterotrophic bacteria number, and community structure and function using direct counting, community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Acetochlor concentration did not appear to correlate with the number of total (P=0.69) and viable (P=0.80) bacteria, even at concentrations up to 500 μg l−1. However, CLPP indicated that acetochlor increased functional diversity as shown by (i) an increase in the number of carbon sources utilized by the microbial community, relative to nonexposed controls and (ii) increased functional evenness within the heterotrophic bacterial community. Conversely, DGGE fingerprints suggested that exposure to acetochlor generally decreased the community complexity, as the average number of DGGE bands in most treatments was significantly less than in the control treatment. Cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprints revealed three distinct, dose-dependent clusters (i) communities exposed to 0, 1 and 5 μg l−1; (ii) 50 and 100 μg l−1 and (iii) 500 μg l−1, indicating a relationship between acetochlor concentration bacterial community changes. This study indicated that while exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of acetochlor resulted in no significant impact to the number of freshwater bacteria, impacts to the function and structure of the community were revealed by adopting a multiphasic approach.
Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides) as a Natural Host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in India
Authors: Chandel V. , Rana T. , Hallan V. , Zaidi A. A. 
Published: November 2007

Prunus cerasoides, also known as wild Himalayan cherry, grows naturally in the Himalayas. A member of the Rosaceae family, the tree has medicinal (astringent) and other (beads, dye, wood) uses. During surveys in the northwestern Himalayan Region of India, necrotic spots were observed on leaves of P. cerasoides. Since the symptoms were typical of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), preliminary detection was done by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Positive results were obtained three times more than the negative control which is provided in the kit. To further confirm its presence, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis was performed using a primer pair (upstream 5′-AACTGCAGATGGTTTGCCGAATTTGCAA-3′; downstream 5′-GCTCTAGACTAGATCTCAAGCAGGTC-3′) specific for the coat protein gene (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ619984 and AJ619983). Amplification of the expected 675-bp fragment was obtained. The sequence of a cloned copy of the amplified product showed 99% similarity to the PNRSV coat protein gene (GenBank Accession No. AF170165), confirming the presence of PNRSV in P. cerasoides (sequence submitted as Accession No. AM493717). The cloned DNA has the potential for utilization as an additional tool, and an early PNRSV screening (both pollen and seed transmitted) will be highly useful to ensure healthy rootstocks are used for grafting purposes (1). PNRSV mainly infects members of the Rosaceae family, including stone fruits and ornamental plants such as peach, plum, cherry, apricot, nectarines, and roses, and was first reported in P. persica (1). Proper management of PNRSV at this level can prevent its transmission and disease development in grafted scions of commercial Prunus spp. Reference: (1) A. A. Brunt et al. Page 1047 in: Viruses of Plants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 1996.
Phylogenetic relationships and host‐plant evolution within the basal clade of Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)
Authors: Patiny S. , Michez D. , Danforth B. N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBees are among the most important pollinators of angiosperm plants. Many bee species show narrow host‐plant preferences, reflected both in behavioral and morphological adaptations to particular attributes of host‐plant pollen or floral morphology. Whether bee host‐plant associations reflect co‐cladogenesis of bees and their host plants or host‐switches to unrelated host plants is not clear. Rophitinae is a basal subfamily of Halictidae in which most species show narrow host‐plant preferences (oligolecty). We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among the rophitine genera using a combination of adult morphology (24 characters) and DNA sequence data (EF‐1α, LW rhodopsin, wingless; 2700 bp total). The data set was analyzed by parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. All methods yielded highly congruent results. Using the phylogeny, we investigated the pattern of host‐plant association as well as the historical biogeography of Rophitinae. Our biogeographical analysis suggests a number of dispersal/vicariance events: (1) a basal split between North America and South America (most likely a dispersal from South America to North America), and (2) at least two subsequent interchanges between North America and Eurasia (presumably via the northern hemisphere land bridges). Our analysis of host‐plant associations indicates that Rophitinae specialized on a closely related group of angiosperm orders in the Euasterid I clade (mainly Gentianales, Lamiales and Solanales). However, there is little evidence of cocladogenesis between bees and plants and strong evidence of host switches to unrelated host plants. Based on our phylogenetic results we describe two new tribes of Rophitinae: Conanthalictini new tribe (including the genus Conanthalictus) and Xeralictini new tribe (including Xeralictus and Protodufourea).© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Hostility, drinking pattern and mortality
Authors: Boyle Stephen H. , Mortensen Laust , Grønbæk Morten , Barefoot John C. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAims  This study examined the association of hostility to drinking pattern and whether this association mediated the relation of hostility to mortality.Participants and design  Subjects were 3326 current drinkers from the Vietnam Experience Study cohort who were followed for vital status.Setting  United States.Measurements  Hostility was measured by an abbreviated version of the Cook–Medley Hostility Scale (ACM). The alcohol variables were total monthly intake of alcohol, drinking frequency, drinks per drinking day and drinking ≥ 5 drinks on at least one occasion in the past month (i.e. heavy episodic drinking).Findings  Regression analyses showed associations between the ACM and total monthly intake of alcohol (P < 0.0001), drinks per drinking day (P < 0.0001) and heavy episodic drinking (P < 0.0001), but not with frequency of drinking days. Hostility, drinks per drinking day, heavy episodic drinking and total monthly alcohol intake were also associated with all‐cause mortality (all Ps < 0.0001). Further analyses showed that drinking pattern, particularly drinks per drinking day, may account partially for the relation of hostility to mortality.Conclusions  High hostility is associated with elevated mortality and a deleterious drinking pattern characterized by relatively high intake per drinking occasion. Drinking pattern could help explain the relationships between hostility and health.
Proactive interventions for smoking cessation in general medical practice: a quasi‐randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of computer‐tailored letters and physician‐delivered brief advice*
Authors: Meyer Christian , Ulbricht Sabina , Baumeister Sebastian E. , Schumann Anja , Rüge Jeannette , Bischof Gallus , Rumpf Hans‐Jürgen , John Ulrich 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To test the efficacy of (i) computer‐generated tailored letters and (ii) practitioner‐delivered brief advice for smoking cessation against an assessment‐only condition; and to compare both interventions directly.Design  Quasi‐randomized controlled trial.Setting  A total of 34 randomly selected general practices from a German region (participation rate 87%).Participants  A total of 1499 consecutive patients aged 18–70 years with daily cigarette smoking (participation rate 80%).Interventions  The tailored letters intervention group received up to three individualized personal letters. Brief advice was delivered during routine consultation by the practitioner after an onsite training session. Both interventions were based on the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change.Measurements  Self‐reported point prevalence and prolonged abstinence at 6‐, 12‐, 18‐ and 24‐month follow‐ups.Findings  Among participants completing the last follow‐up, 6‐month prolonged abstinence was 18.3% in the tailored letters intervention group, 14.8% in the brief advice intervention group and 10.5% in the assessment‐only control group. Assuming those lost to follow‐up to be smokers, the rates were 10.2%, 9.7% and 6.7%, respectively. Analyses including all follow‐ups confirmed statistically significant effects of both interventions compared to assessment only. Using complete case analysis, the tailored letters intervention was significantly more effective than brief advice for 24‐hour [odds ratio (OR) = 1.4; P = 0.047] but not for 7‐day point prevalence abstinence (OR = 1.4; P = 0.068) for prolonged abstinence, or for alternative assumptions about participants lost to follow‐up.Conclusions  The study demonstrated long‐term efficacy of low‐cost interventions for smoking cessation in general practice. The interventions are suitable to reach entire populations of general practices and smoking patients. Computer‐generated letters are a promising option to overcome barriers to provide smoking cessation counselling routinely.
Estimating regression to the mean and true effects of an intervention in a four‐wave panel study
Authors: Gmel Gerhard , Wicki Matthias , Rehm Jürgen , Heeb Jean‐Luc 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTObjectives  First, to analyse whether a taxation‐related decrease in spirit prices had a similar effect on spirit consumption for low‐, medium‐ and high‐level drinkers. Secondly, as the relationship between baseline values and post‐intervention changes is confounded with regression to the mean (RTM) effects, to apply different approaches for estimating the RTM effect and true change.Sample  Consumption of spirits and total alcohol consumption were analysed in a four‐wave panel study (one pre‐intervention and three post‐intervention measurements) of 889 alcohol consumers sampled from the general population of Switzerland.Methods  Two correlational methods, one method quantitatively estimating the RTM effect and one growth curve approach based on hierarchical linear models (HLM), were used to estimate RTM effects among low‐, medium‐ and high‐level drinkers.Results  Adjusted for RTM effects, high‐level drinkers increased consumption more than lighter drinkers in the short term, but this was not a persisting effect. Changes in taxation affected mainly light and moderate drinkers in the long term. All methods concurred that RTM effects were present to a considerable degree, and methods quantifying the RTM effect or adjusting for it yielded similar estimates.Conclusion  Intervention studies have to consider RTM effects both in the study design and in the evaluation methods. Observed changes can be adjusted for RTM effects and true change can be estimated. The recommended method, particularly if the aim is to estimate change not only for the sample as a whole, but for groups of drinkers with different baseline consumption levels, is growth curve modelling. If reliability of measurement instruments cannot be increased, the incorporation of more than one pre‐intervention measurement point may be a valuable adjustment of the study design.
Spatial and temporal evolution of foredeep basins: lateral strength variations and inelastic yielding in continental lithosphere
Authors: Waschbusch PAULA J. , Royden LEIGH H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLateral strength variations in foreland lithosphere in front of an advancing subduction zone (or thrust belt) can exert strong controls on the spatial and temporal evolution of the foredeep basin because local weak zones within the foreland serve to localize the position of the outer flexural bulge (with respect to the foreland) for extended periods of time. This occurs because the weak segment bends more easily than the surrounding, suffer plate, so that plate bending is concentrated within the weak zone. With time, the dip of the down‐going (foreland) plate becomes steeper, narrowing and/or deepening the foredeep basin. If several weak zones are present within the foreland, basin development can become episodic, with protracted periods of time during which the basin remains fixed with respect to the foreland, interspersed by brief periods of time during which the basin advances rapidly toward the foreland. The flexural behaviour will be directly reflected in the stratigraphic record, producing facies belts which migrate toward the foreland in an episodic fashion. If the foreland lithosphere behaves as an elastic sheet, the weak zones must have a flexural rigidity about an order of magnitude lower than (or an elastic plate thickness about half of) the surrounding, stiffer plate in order to induce strongly episodic behaviour. When the effects of inelastic yielding in a lithosphere of brittle‐elastic‐ductile rheology are considered, the strength contrast required to produce episodic behaviour is reduced to about a factor of two in flexural rigidity (or 10–15 % in initial elastic plate thickness). Examples taken from two foredeep basins show evidence for episodic foredeep basin development: in both the early Proterozoic Kilohigok basin of northern Canada and the Pliocene‐Quaternary Apennine foredeep basin beneath the Adriatic Sea, the outer flexural bulge appears to have remained fixed with respect to the foreland while the inner part of the basin deepened through time. In addition, the flexural geometry of the Pliocene‐Quaternary Apennine foredeep basin is well modelled by an elastic plate varying laterally in strength of thickness Telastic=8.5 km with a 20 km‐long weak zone of thickness Tweak= 4.25 km.