bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation Into The Use of High Pressure Nitrogen Breakdown Treatments Prior to Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Pearson C. Mark , Reinbold Eric W. 
Published: December 2007

SPE Members

Abstract
The use of high pressure nitrogen for overbalance perforating and reservoir stimulation has been gaining favor in the industry. In some cases favorable results have been reported in using the technique prior to hydraulic fracturing. This paper reports on an investigation of using high pressure nitrogen breakdowns at the Kuparuk River Field. At the DS-1Y Infill Development project, four of eleven wells were selected for a test of the effectiveness of high pressure nitrogen perforation breakdown as a tool to aid in placing better fracture treatments. Results are presented Comparing treatment success/placement, well productivity, and the results of Pressure Buildup tests run on the wells after fracturing.
No production benefit is found from the nitrogen pretreatments. These results are reviewed in the context of the completion design and perforating schedules employed in the Kuparuk River Field. No high pressure perforation breakdowns have been carried out in the Kuparuk River Field since the results of these tests.

Introduction
Located in the Alaskan arctic, the Kuparuk River Field is one of the United State's largest producing oil fields (300,000 barrels oil per day), and covers an area of approximately 115,000 acres. The field was discovered in 1969, but was not deemed economic for development until 1977, after completion of the Trans Alaska Pipeline. Figure 1 shows the field location on the North Slope of Alaska. Field development was started in 1979 using gravel pads as central drill sites from which deviated wells are drilled to drain a four section area (4 square miles). Initial development is on 160 acre well spacing with some 80 acre infill locations.
The Kuparuk reservoir is a sandstone at approximately 6000 feet subsea with solution gas drive as the primary production mechanism. The majority of the field is under secondary recovery receiving pressure support through a combination of waterflood and water alternating immiscible and miscible gas injection. Previous reports have documented both the geological description and the reservoir mechanisms of the field.
Production occurs from two horizons within the Kuparuk sandstone. An upper sandstone interval, referred to as the C Sand, is present over most of the southern half of the field and consists of very coarse to very fine grained siderite and sandstone.
P. 713
Computing Realistic Effective Porosity and Fluid Saturations from Total Porosity and Fluid Saturation Calculations in the 26R Sand, Stevens Zone in the Elk Hills Field, California
Authors: Shiflett D.W. , Murphy J.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A graphical method is presented for computing effective porosities from total porosities. This method references hydrocarbon pore volume. The conventional. method of defining shale properties was determined to be inappropriate and one which led to errors in computing effective porosity. The goal of the graphical method is to have a numerical representation of effective porosity that preserves the hydrocarbon pore volume component of the reservoir. The results are effective porosities adequate to contain the hydrocarbons from the total porosity, fluid saturation determination.
Petrophysical evaluation of 26R Sands in the Elk Hills oil field in California to determine porosity and water saturation uses the Juhasz Normalized Waxman Smits routine. The porosity and water saturation results are expressed in terms of total porosity and total water saturation. Reservoir engineering and geostatistical analyses of voidage, recovery efficiency and reservoir distribution require effective porosity and water saturation.
A conventional shale porosity determination was used in the conversion of calculated total porosity and fluid saturation to effective porosity and effective fluid saturation. The resulting effective porosity and effective water saturations did not compute the same hydrocarbon pore volume as computed from the total porosity, total water saturation computations.
The equation selected for computing effective porosity () from total porosity is as follows:
where = Effective porosity
= Total porosity
= Volume of shale
= Porosity of shale
Volume shale (Vsh) is computed using an average of the resistivity and SP curves. The results were consistent with the geologic model for turbidite overbank splays in a shale matrix. A conventional determination of shale porosity was used based on the mean value of a distribution of shale porosities in intervals with over 80% shale volume. This method assumes that shale properties within a sand interval are identical to shale properties in adjacent shale beds. This assumption is not always correct, as the deposition of clastic material generally is a random process. The shale porosity from this method generates too large of a reduction of total porosity to effective porosity. The results of this excess porosity reduction is negative effective water saturations, which are rounded to values of zero for water saturation.
Obtaining Real Improvement in Health & Safety Performance Requires Force
Authors: Powell T. A. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper compares how the US and UK governments have attempted to encourage employers to integrate the mangement of health & safety into the overall management of the E&P business rather than continuing to treat safety as an add-on, and where compliance with detailed government rules is the overarching H, S & E goal. It describes the 2 regimes, particularly through! the period when the industry was rocked by a number of large scale fatal accidents and explains the drivers which forced both regulators, at the start of this decade, to want to see big changes in the management of safety.
It explains how the US MMS, without modifying its statutory regime, encouraged industry to develop a programme for undertaking voluntary formal safety assessments under the lead of API subcommittees 75 & 14J. It also explains how the UK took a different course by sweeping away virtually all of its regulations and introducing a tough new statutory code. The paper attempts to make sense of these different positions.
It concludes with an assessment of the potential for success and the liklihood for ineffectiveness of the 2 approaches, from a UK perspective.
Standards for Local Medical Support, E & P Forum Report No 6.44/222
Authors: Dawson D. G. , Barbey A. , Burke N. , Dahl-Hansen E. , Gilbert M. J. , Howe W. , Keech J. , McCready D. , Rodier J. , Thomas I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This set of standards has been developed for use by health professionals in assessing local medical support facilities. The assessment, which is part of a Health Management System, is in essence a checklist for assessing the suitability of an existing medical facility in a proposed area of operation. The assessment describes the standards required for non-life threatening situations (non-time critical) and life threatening situations (lime critical) covering outpatient and inpatient consultation and treatment in each instance. Evaluation of centers for preventative care (occupational health) is also covered. Each section deals with health professionals qualifications and experience, recommended equipment, building standards, administration details and logistics involved in patient transportation.
Use of Photochemical Models to Assess the Ozone Impacts and Need for Controls for Petroleum Production Sources: Two Case Studies
Authors: Ziman Stephen D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many areas in the United States are not in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone. These areas include some with petroleum production operations, such as Kem County, California. In addition, major OCS development and production sources in the Western Gulf of Mexico are located offshore of the Houston and Beaumont/Port Arthur nonattainment areas. EPA requires that states implement a planning (SIP) process to develop strategies to achieve the federal ozone standard. These plans have the potential to result in significant control requirements for the production facilities. Potential impacts from different source types can be assessed through use of photochemical modeling of ozone precursor emissions (hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides) from all anthropogenic (man made) sources. This modeling information can be used to: 1) identify whether specific types of sources contribute to the ozone nonattainment problem, and 2) develop a set of control measures to reduce ambient ozone levels.
This paper will examine two photochemical modeling case studies which assessed the impact of petroleum productions sources in the Bakersfield and Houston nonattainment areas. The San Joaquin Valley SIP modeling showed that additional controls of NOx emissions from heaters, boilers and internal combustion engines located on the west side of the Valley were not necessary to meet the federal ozone standard by 1999. In the case of the assessment of OCS impacts on Houston, modeling showed that at times and locations where the federal ozone standard was exceeded, OCS contributions were minimal. This finding not only removes the probability of controls, but also greatly limits any probability of transfer of jurisdiction for OCS air quality from Minerals Management Service to EPA.
Recommendations on how to develop and implement a modeling assessment program will be presented to aid those who may be involved in similar planning processes in the future.
The Effect of Ventilation and Gas Cloud Sizes on Explosion Overpressures
Authors: Moros A. , Tam V. , Webb S. , Paterson K. , Coulter C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas cloud build up from releases in offshore process modules which could eventually lead to an explosion depends on the air flow in the module and the equipment arrangement. In any offshore operation it is also necessary to estimate the frequency of gas cloud sizes in a module. These in turn affect the explosion frequency which ultimately has an impact on the Individual Risk (IRPA) and Temporary Refuge Impairment Frequency (TRIF).
In this paper we describe the overall methodology of how to estimate a gas cloud frequency from a specified release and the models available for predicting ventilation and gas dispersion in offshore operations.
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections The Fall and Rise of Disease
Authors: Shaw Robert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mankind has been battling infectious diseases for thousands of years. Parasites were the first communicable disease agents to be recognized, followed by bacteria and most recently viruses. The impact of this ongoing battle between man and microbes has been significant. A massive epidemic of plague swept across Western Europe in the Middle Ages, reducing the population at that time by almost 25%. The discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 provided a fertile ground for transmission of infectious disease beyond the European continent. The importation of European measles to the Western Hemisphere caused significant mortality among native American tribes. (1) By the start of the 18th century, a number of diseases that previously had been transmitted regionally became distributed throughout the world by population growth and immigration. These included malaria, smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid fever, tuberculous, syphilis, plague and cholera.
The potential for worldwide infectious disease transmission that began centuries ago continues unchecked today. In 1918, epidemic influenza swept the world, killing more than 20 million people in less than one year. In the nearly 70 years since that epidemic, dramatic advances in medical knowledge and treatment have been made in mankind's ability to battle infectious agents.
With all the medical magic being developed in the second half of this century, there was a time, not so long ago, when infectious diseases were viewed as having been conquered. Indeed, in 1969, the U.S. Surgeon General stated it was time to close the book on infectious diseases. (2)
Food Sanitation: A Health Planning Component of Remote Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Projects
Authors: Balge M. Z. , Krieger G. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of food sanitation programs is a critical health planning component of oil and gas exploration and development projects. Herein is presented practical methodologies to enhance health at minimum costs by maximizing benefits of food sanitation programs at remote work camps.
Food sanitation programs should be incorporated in the project planning phase, and can either provide offensive or defensive measures. Used offensively, the program can result in healthy food products with corresponding economic benefits realized through less down time due to food-borne illness. An effective program addresses these areas: 1) food supplies, protection, storage, preparation, display and transportation, 2) food handler’s health, personal cleanliness, clothing and work practices, 3) equipment and utensil cleaning, sanitization and storage, 4) water supply, plumbing, and toilet facilities, 5) insect and rodent control, 6) construction and maintenance of physical food service facilities, and 7) work practice evaluations. Work practice evaluations are an essential component of an effective program since the prevention of enteric (diarrheal) diseases by their nature, involve behavioral change. Food sanitation programs are necessary for these projects because enteric diseases, especially diarrhea, are among the most severe health problems in the developing world where extensive oil and gas exploration now occurs. Intestinal parasites are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the areas, affecting over three billion people. A subset of this population includes those workers who are employed as food handlers and food service managers at remote work camps housing oil exploration and production workers in Latin and South America, Sub-Sahara Africa, and Asia- Pacific.1
The incorporation of food sanitation standards in the request for proposals (RFP) process for camp facilities contractors clarifies up front the corporate expectations in this area. Standards are contractually specified and are easier to measure and manage. The implementation of an effective food sanitation program will create both short term improvements in camp operations (prevention of short term morbidity) and sustained improvements over the long term due to higher overall workforce productivity.
Friendly Forests
Authors: Miller John A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Removal of releases of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons from soil and groundwater has been a nationwide effort since the mid-1980s. Successes have been rare. Mechanical removal systems have been found to require an inordinate amount of time. Bioremediation has used existing, added, or altered microorganisms to metabolize or biodegrade hydrocarbons. Problems with delivering the microorganisms directly to the hydrocarbon and specific site factors have combined to thwart or slow bioremediation.
Phytoremediation uses plants to biodegrade shallow soil contamination in the rhizosphere. Trees are used to extract groundwater from aquifers and simulate a pumping system for contaminated groundwater plume control. Simultaneously, the trees create a rhizosphere biodegradation zone and extract hydrocarbons through uptake in the transpiration stream. Phytoremediation is proposed for environmental cleanup of historical contamination as a method that will occur in place, at a reasonable cost, and require little maintenance.
The initiative of one major oilfield service company at a Louisiana site is described. The effort commenced in June 1995 with the planting of 92 hybrid poplar trees for the purposes of (1) controlling groundwater movement, (2) uptaking constituents from soil and groundwater, and (3) enhancing bioremediation of soil and groundwater in the rhizosphere. Results to date are reported.

Introduction
Hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater have been the subject of thousands of laboratory experiments in search of removal and destruction techniques or technologies. To control the parameters that require analysis and monitoring, these experiments usually focus on one or a few specific hydrocarbons and use a consistent soil and water matrix. These ideal conditions are not duplicated in an actual site containing soil that is horizontally and vertically heterogeneous. If the site also has point sources of hydrocarbons, the range of concentrations can be orders of magnitude in both soil and groundwater.
One step up from laboratory pilot tests are bench tests that analyze the remediation techniques and new technologies on representative samples drawn from the actual site. The mere process of soil removal from the site can change the compaction of the sample. Combined with the greater surface area exposed to air or water in the laboratory column, the bench tests frequently produce more optimistic remediation time periods and greater destruction or removal efficiencies.
Aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated aliphatic compounds are some of the most common groundwater contaminants. Many aromatics are the more soluble components of gasoline, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene. Together with diesel components, they constitute the compounds normally found from leaking underground storage tanks and connecting fuel service lines or from overfills and spills.
The chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds were commonly used as degreasing solvents for truck and automobile repair and for pipe cleaning. P. 717
Floating Production System: An Environmentally Sound Alternative Production Facility
Authors: Nour M. H. , Thompson I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of floating production systems ( FPS ) in offshore oil and gas developments is proliferating around the world The Zaafarana Oil Field, which was discovered in late 1990 is located in approximately 60 meters of water, 7 kilometers off the west coast of the north Gulf of Suez. Egypt The field consists of a conventional not normally manned wellhead/drilling platform tied into a floating production, storage and offloading facility (FPSO). Processing, storage and offloading of the oil is conducted on a dedicated tanker, the ‘A1 Zaafarana', which is permanently located in the field
This paper shows, in a systematic way, the management approaches, process design considerations, field operations and other environmental practices utilized to implement a proactive Environmental Management System (EMS) for the FPSO operations The EMS comprises the elements listed below which will be discussed in details through this paper
The Environmental Policy
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Design Features and Process
Environmental Risk Assessment and Contingency
Planning
Field Environmental Management
The results presented in this paper illustrate that :
Through efficient environmental management acceptable environmental standards can be achieved for a FPS facility, such as the ‘A1 Zaafarana’
It was necessary to use modem assessments methods to determine the environmental hazards and demonstrate that the FPS was a controllable facility producing acceptable environmental risks compared with other production development options.
Utilizing a FPS incorporating a reliable environmental management system has been a challenge both on technical and managerial grounds.
Implementation of E & P Forum Health, Safety and Environmental Management
Authors: Nyvik Reidar O. , Bogwald Stein 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
E&P Forum Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health, Safety and Environmental Management System (HSEMS) has been used as a tool for several companies within the Oil Industry. This paper describes the various elements used by Saga Petroleum ASA, Norway. It contains the basic elements addressed in the guidelines and in addition how various aspects have been operationalized in the company. It also outlines the ongoing implementation and inter-relationship with the European Foundation of Quality Management, and some results achieved during the last years.

The Company
Saga Petroleum was founded in 1972. The company now plays a central role in Norwegian Oil Industry.
Use of the E&P Forum Guidelines 6.36/210
All elements of the HSEMS model were addressed in 1994 during a revision of the company's standards concerning HSE. The various paragraphs listed below gives the reader a brief understanding how the company has implemented the basic elements in the guidelines.

Management and responsibility
The company's management shall ensure a strong and visible management of HSE and of the resources required to develop HSE activities according to the Company's strategies and objectives. The management's involvement shall ensure achievements in:–a conscious and agreed management involvement in HSE at all levels–a credible company objective of continuous improvement of HSE–good communication about HSE horizontally and vertically in the company and with contractors and suppliers–an increased understanding of; and involvement in, HSE by all employees–continuity in the follow-up of HSE–optimal utilization of the company's technical HSE resources–acceptance of individual responsibility for, and involvement in, HSE work–the desired results.

Policy and strategic goals
The Company is to be among the leaders in the HSE matters. Objectives and goals are set accordingly.
The aim is that all company activities are to be carried out without personal injury, damage to the environment or loss of property.
However we have to accept that the Company's activities always involve a possibility of incidents occurring. In order to manage this risk, acceptance criteria must be established.
The aim is that the overall working environment, i.e., the physical, working, safety and inter-human conditions, shall have a positive effect on the well-being and motivation of the individual employees.
Health, Safety and Environmental considerations shall be included in plans and business strategies. Costs associated with the maintenance of HSE are to be regarded in a long-term perspective, in which considerations of a high HSE level shall not be weighed against short-term economic savings.
Parameters must be defined which enables the Company to measure HSE results against the results achieved by other companies in the industry. We must identify the best HSE practice within our fields of activity and set our objectives accordingly.
The Company shall appear as a Health, Safety and Environmentally conscious company.
P. 93
It's Not Easy Being Green: Environmental Legal Challenges and Strategies for International Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Authors: Armstrong K. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
International oil and gas E&P companies are being exposed to a steady proliferation of policies, laws, guidelines and other standards applicable to their activities. These are accompanied by expanded potential for legal and other liability. There are a number of treaties and other international agreements potentially relevant to F&P activities. National laws are the primary source of environmental law of concern to companies. However, guidelines developed by international governmental, financing, industry and other organizations arc establishing standards to which companies may be held legally accountable. A number of key' environmental issues and trends are influencing the development of environmental laws and generating areas of legal exposure for companies. Many basic company activities which involve lawyers are potentially affected. Companies can and should undertake a variety of activities to manage the environmental legal risks they face. Lawyers and negotiators for companies will play an essential role in developing and implementing such risk management programs.