bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need to understand the behaviour of fish reared for mariculture or restocking
Authors: Gro Vea Salvanes Anne , Braithwaite Victoria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFollowing severe stock collapses in many natural populations, efforts are now being invested in farming marine species, and in rehabilitating populations through controlled releases. While the development of cod farming is still relatively new, it may be wise to consider some of the problems other fish farming industries have encountered. For example, farmed fish generally have a different genotype from that of local wild populations, and these artificially selected fish are typically bigger and more aggressive than wild fish. These differences can be problematic if farmed fish escape and begin breeding with local wild populations. An alternative approach to farming is to rehabilitate local wild populations through restocking. To date, however, this approach has had mixed success. Fish behaviour develops during early life stages through a combination of innate characteristics and experience. Apparently, the capacity for behavioural flexibility later in life is affected by the early experiences of juvenile fish. Here, we review the literature concerning the role of population origin and juvenile experience on fish behaviour. We highlight our recent studies on Atlantic cod, which demonstrate that variability in the nursery habitat generates behaviourally flexible fish. We discuss these issues in the context of gadoid mariculture and restocking. We conclude that behavioural studies are an important part of applied research for developing an industry of fish farming in gadoids, as well as for research concerning restocking and conservation of marine resources.
Nutrition in cod (Gadus morhua) larvae and juveniles
Authors: Hamre Kristin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOver the past few years, great progress has been made in culturing cod larvae in indoor hatcheries using rotifers and Artemia or formulated feed as start-feed (intensive systems). However, when compared with natural systems based on copepods grown in seawater lagoons, the growth potential has not been fulfilled, and deformities of larvae and juveniles increase production costs. The deformities, which are seldom seen in natural systems, also constitute an ethical problem. The differences in growth and development of deformities in intensive and natural systems may be dependent, in part, on nutrition, but are caused by environmental conditions and early husbandry practises as well. To identify nutrients that may be deficient or in excess in live feed, we are in the process of screening the nutrient compositions of rotifers and Artemia grown or enriched on different feeds and comparing them with the composition of copepods and published requirements for larger fish. Replacing live food with formulated diets as early as possible is a goal of marine larval aquaculture. It is important that these diets contain protein which is available for the larvae and phospholipids that promote the absorption and transport of fat. The optimum macronutrient composition in diets for cod juveniles has been determined and can be extrapolated, with caution, to the larval stage. A problem in using formulated diets is the extensive leakage of nutrients as a result of the large surface area to volume and the short diffusion distance in the microparticles. Leakage leads to rapid loss of small, water-soluble molecules such as free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, but extensive leakage of water-soluble protein has also been shown. The demand for protein available to the larvae, which probably will make the protein more water soluble, is therefore in conflict with the need to reduce protein leakage from the feeds. Development of feed production technology to prevent nutrient leakage is essential in order to make formulated diets a good alternative to live feed.
Growth, survival, and development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) weaned onto diets containing various sources of marine protein
Authors: Opstad I. , Suontama J. , Langmyhr E. , Olsen R.E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe studied the effects of partial or complete substitution of fishmeal with alternative sources of marine protein (amphipod or krill meal) on growth, survival, liver index, and deformities of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.). The diets contained either 100% fishmeal or fishmeal that was replaced with 25%, 50%, or 100% amphipod meal or 50% or 100% Antarctic krill meal. Cod larvae were start-fed on rotifers and weaned directly to one of the six formulated feeds at a mean wet weight of 28 mg, 40 days post first-feeding. The mean weight of fish reared on different diets at the end of the experiment ranged from 0.92 to 2.52 g. The best growth was obtained by cod fed 100% fishmeal and 50% krill meal. There was a trend in the direction of slower growth with increasing levels of amphipod meal in the diets. Survival ranged from 87% to 79%, and there was a tendency for higher mortality with increasing content of amphipod meal. The liver index varied between 11.7% and 9.9%. The composition of the diets also had a significant influence on the occurrence of skeletal deformities. The highest proportion of deformities (16% of all fish) was in fish fed 100% amphipod meal, decreasing as the proportion of amphipod meal in the diets declined. A similar effect was not seen with Antarctic krill meal. The amphipod meal had a high content of ash, fluoride, cadmium, and mercury, which may have caused the deformities.
In Vivo Characterisation of Parathyroid Lesions by Use of Gamma Probe: Comparison with Ex Vivo Count Method and Frozen Section Results
Authors: Uĝur Ömer , Kara Pelin Özcan , Bozkurt Murat Fani , Hamaloĝlu Erhan , Tezel Gaye Güler , Salanci Bilge Volkan , Karabulut Erdem , Sayek Iskender 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEIn this study we hypothesized that if timing of gamma probe‐guided parathyroidectomy were individualized according to an optimal‐time‐to‐surgery technique, in vivo characterization of parathyroid lesions would be possible. We compared our findings with an ex vivo counting method (“20% rule”) and frozen section results.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGSThirty‐five patients who were referred for surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism were studied. Maximum parathyroid to thyroid sestamibi uptake ratio (URmax) was measured by use of preoperative dynamic scintigraphy. The interval between sestamibi injection and URmax was defined as the optimal time to surgery. On the day of surgery, the patients received the same dose of sestamibi and were taken to the operating room at URmax as determined by preoperative scintigraphy. Intraoperative in vivo gamma probe counts from parathyroid lesions were compared with in vivo contralateral background thyroid counts (in vivo/Bkg) and to ex vivo parathyroid counts relative to postexcision background of the adjacent normal tissue (ex vivo/Bkg).RESULTSA total of 70 excised lesions were evaluated. In vivo/Bkg counts obtained from parathyroid adenoma were significantly different from parathyroid hyperplasia (z = −3.093, P = 0.002) and other lesions (z = −3.958, P = 0.0001). By receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, we found the cutoff value for the in vivo/Bkg counts ratio to be 103% to differentiate parathyroid adenoma from hyperplasia with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 82.5, 65, and 74.4%, respectively. On the other hand, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the ex vivo/Bkg method to differentiate parathyroid adenoma from hyperplasia with a cutoff value of 34.7 was found to be 70.8%, 60%, and 65.9%, respectively. The difference between the accuracy of these 2 tests was not significant statistically (P = 0.137). Sensitivity of frozen section to differentiate parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia was 76.2% and 33.3%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSPatient‐specific optimal protocol for timing of sestamibi injection together with in vivo/Bkg method is a useful alternative method in guiding the surgeon to differentiate parathyroid adenoma from parathyroid hyperplasia and other tissues and may help surgeons' decisions during the operation. Combined use of in vivo/Bkg and ex vivo/Bkg methods may give more accurate results than frozen section.EBM rating: C‐4
Epithelial Lacrimal Gland Tumors: A Clinicopathological Study of 18 Cases
Authors: Perez Danyel E. C. , Pires Fàbio R. , Almeida Oslei P. , Kowalski Luiz P. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to report the clinicopathological features of 18 epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland treated in a single institution.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGClinical data and treatment were recorded and histological features reviewed.RESULTSTwelve tumors (66.7%) were adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), 5 (27.8%) pleomorphic adenoma (PA), and 1 (5.5%) carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. All patients with ACC presented with advanced clinical stage, and most were treated by wide surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. No recurrence was observed in 4 cases of ACC; however, 7 patients died from persistence of disease or by local and/or distant recurrence. All PA patients were successfully treated by surgical resection.CONCLUSIONSEpithelial lacrimal gland tumors are mainly PA and ACC, and malignancies are more common than benign tumors. Although ACC presented typically with advanced clinical stage, 33% of the patients survived without tumor recurrence or metastasis.EBM rating: C‐4
Hyaluronate Gel Stapedotomy
Authors: Angeli Simon I. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo evaluate hearing results and postoperative dizziness after stapedotomy with application of sodium hyaluronate gel (HG) to the oval window niche during fenestration of the footplate.STUDY DESIGNCase‐control study comparing 27 stapedotomies with HG and 32 stapedotomies without HG.OUTCOME MEASUREPreoperative and postoperative audiometric data, postoperative dizziness (vertigo or dysequilibrium), and nystagmus.RESULTSPostoperative hearing results were not statistically different for the 2 groups. There were no cases of postoperative sensorineural hearing loss greater than 10 dB. Early postoperative dizziness (χ2 = 4.08, P = 0.043) and nystagmus (χ2 = 5.05, P = 0.024) were reduced in the HG group.CONCLUSIONSHG stapedotomy is safe and effective and results in less early postoperative dizziness and nystagmus when compared with the standard technique of stapedotomy. The application of HG to the oval window niche to prevent blood from entering or perilymph from escaping the vestibule during fenestration of the stapes footplate may contribute to a quicker recovery in outpatient otosclerosis surgery.EBM rating: B‐3b
Endoscopic Stapling Diverticulotomy: An Audit of Difficulties, Outcome, and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: de Casso Carmen , Lalam Muralidhar , Ghosh Sudip , Timms Michael 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the procedure in terms of technical difficulties, patient satisfaction, symptom relief, recurrence, and further management.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective study including 41 patients who underwent endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy. Clinical notes were reviewed, and patients were sent a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using the χ2 square test.SETTINGTeaching hospital.RESULTSLarger pouches had the best results; 81.578% were satisfied with the surgery, and 86.84% had improved swallowing. Complications presented in 6 patients (15%), including a perforated pouch and an esophageal perforation. Complications were more frequent in small pouches.CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCEEndoscopic stapling diverticulotomy offers rapid recovery in most patients, with early oral intake and short hospital stay. There is a high degree of symptoms relief, and the patient's satisfaction rate is high. The assessment of the pharyngeal pouch size is an important factor when deciding the best management for a patient with a pharyngeal pouch.EBM rating: C‐4
Packing in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Is it Really Required?
Authors: Eliashar Ron , Gross Menachem , Wohlgelernter Jay , Sichel Jean‐Yves 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to evaluate the routine use of packing or local hemostatic agents in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).METHODSPacking and/or hemostatic agents were used only when necessary in 100 consecutive adult ESS patients in a tertiary academic hospital. Necessity for packing the nose after excessive bleeding was analyzed in relation to demographic characteristics, medical history, previous surgeries, current surgical procedure, type of anesthesia, and amount of intraoperative bleeding.RESULTSThree patients who required packing because of other reasons (such as bolstering of mucosa) were excluded from the study. The remaining 97 patients included 61 males and 36 females between the ages of 16 to 86 (mean 44). Forty‐nine patients underwent only ESS, 40 ESSs associated with nasal polypectomy, and 8 underwent other endoscopic procedures. Fifty‐four underwent the operation under general anesthesia and 43 under local anesthesia. Intraoperative blood loss was less than 30 mL in 82 patients (85%), 30 to 50 mL in 11 (11%), and more than 50 mL in 4 (4%). In 89 patients (92%), packing or a hemostatic agent was not used. No patient had bleeding complications postoperatively. A comparison between patients who required packing to those who did not showed that the only statistically significant associations related to general anesthesia (P = 0.0082) and to the amount of intraoperative bleeding (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSMost ESS procedures can be managed without packing or any other hemostatic measures. Local anesthesia, use of local vasoconstrictors, and careful operative technique minimize the need for nose packing, thus reducing patient's discomfort, postoperative complications, and cost of surgery.EBM rating: C‐4
Distribution of Class I and II Human Leukocyte Antigens in the Larynx
Authors: Wang Edward C. , Damrose Edward J. , Mendelsohn Abie H. , Nelson Scott D. , Shintaku I. Peter , Ye Ming , Berke Gerald S. , Blackwell Keith E. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo examine the antigenic distribution of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) of the human larynx.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGTwelve human larynges were examined for Class I (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C) and Class II (HLA‐DR) histocompatibility antigens using mouse monoclonal antibodies in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Structures of the larynx and surrounding tissues were examined and given a semiquantitative score based on HLA Class I and II expression.RESULTSThe mucosal surface epithelium of the larynx stains 2+ or stronger for HLA Class I antigens and 1+ for Class II antigens. The deeper submucosal glands stain 1+ for Class I antigens and 2+ or stronger for Class II antigens. Thyroid cartilage showed 2+ or stronger staining of the chondrocytes for Class I antigens only. Thyroid follicular cells also stain only for Class I antigens. Perichondrium and Schwann cells of nerves stain stronger for Class I antigens than Class II antigens. Cartilage matrix, muscle cells, and axons of nerves do not stain for either class of antigens. Endothelium stains 3+ for both classes of antigens.CONCLUSIONSThe detailed distribution of major transplantation antigens in the human larynx is elucidated. Class II antigens implicated as initiators of organ transplant rejection were primarily found in 6 areas: mucosal surface epithelium, submucosal glands, ducts, vascular endothelium, perichondrium, and Schwann cells of nerves. The relevance of these findings to the initiation and detection of laryngeal allograft graft rejection is discussed.
Evaluation of Potential Predictors of Outcome of Laser‐Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty for Snoring
Authors: Macdonald Audrey , Drinnan Michael , Johnston Andrew , Reda Mohamed , Griffiths Clive , Wilson Janet , Gibson G. John 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVELaser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) is a common treatment for snoring, but up to 50% of patients obtain little or no sustained benefit. We investigated whether pre‐operative measurements from lateral cephalometry, acoustic rhinometry, analysis of snoring sounds, and body mass index (BMI) could predict which snorers benefited from LAUP.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGFifty‐five snoring patients were assessed pre‐ and 6 months post‐LAUP. Snoring severity was assessed by objective sound level recorded during polysomnography, and a Snoring Symptoms Inventory (SSI) questionnaire.RESULTSThe outcome of surgery was assessed by changes in objective sound measurements and in SSI, 6 months after LAUP.CONCLUSIONSRelationships between the predictive measurements and outcome were at best only weak and none had sufficient predictive value to be useful in clinical practice.EBM rating: C‐4
Evaluation of Type 3 Portable Monitoring in Unattended Home Setting for Suspected Sleep Apnea: Factors That May Affect its Accuracy
Authors: Yin Min , Miyazaki Soichiro , Ishikawa Kazuo 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEThis study evaluates the reliability of type 3 portable monitoring (PM) in a home setting.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGProspective study in sleep laboratory. Type 3 device (Stardust II) was evaluated in comparison with standard polysomnography (PSG) among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Quality of recorded data and agreement between PM and PSG results were evaluated.RESULTSLow quality of recorded data was observed only in 5 cases. Pattern of disordered breathing was recognized correctly by PM. Apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) correlated well with a mean bias of 3.7 ± 13.1/h. High sensitivity of PM was observed generally, whereas specificity was lower in mild patients. AHI, record time, and sleep position were found to be the main factors that would affect the accuracy of PM.CONCLUSIONType 3 PM is feasible in unattended home‐setting for routine examination. Influence of the factors above should be comprehensively considered especially for mild patients.
Nasal Airflow Recovery after Decongestion Test is Associated with Bronchial Hyperreactivity in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ciprandi Giorgio , Cirillo Ignazio , Klersy Catherine , Vizzaccaro Andrea , Tosca Maria Angela , Marseglia Gian Luigi 
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUNDThe decongestion test involves spraying an intranasal vasoconstrictor drug to evaluate the recovery of nasal airflow.OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between pulmonary function (assessed by spirometry and methacholine challenge) and nasal airflow recovery after a topical vasoconstrictor had been administered in patients with allergic rhinitis (perennial, seasonal, or mixed allergic rhinitis).METHODSA total of 150 subjects were studied. The total symptom score, sensitization, and pulmonary function were all assessed. All subjects underwent rhinomanometry and the decongestion test.RESULTSUnivariate analysis revealed that nasal symptoms and spirometric parameters (except FEF25–75 in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis) were not. Only bronchial hyperreactivity, assessed by methacholine challenge, proved to be significantly (and independently) associated with outcome (OR 1.45, P = 0.025).CONCLUSIONSThis study provides the first evidence of an association between a positive response to the decongestion test and bronchial hyperreactivity, assessed by methacholine challenge, in patients with allergic rhinitis.
Steroids for Post‐Tonsillectomy Pain Reduction: Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Afman Chad E. , Welge Jeffrey A. , Steward David L. 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether meta‐analysis supports the use of corticosteroids to reduce post‐tonsillectomy pain for pediatric patients.METHODSA systematic review of currently available randomized controlled trials using a single‐dose, intravenous corticosteroid during pediatric tonsillectomy was performed. Visual analog pain scale (VAS) data was extracted with reviewers blinded to results. Meta‐analysis was performed with weighted mean difference and random‐effects model using Revman 4.2 software.RESULTSEight randomized trials were included in analysis of post‐tonsillectomy pain. A statistically significant reduction in pain as measured by VAS on postoperative day 1 was noted (mean VAS difference = −0.97; CI 95 % = −1.74,−0.19; P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSA single, intraoperative dose of dexamethasone may reduce post‐tonsillectomy pain on postoperative day 1, by a factor of 1 on a 10‐point pain scale. As the side effects and cost of dexamethasone dose appear negligible, consideration of routine use seems reasonable.
Proinflammatory Effects of Staphylococcus Aureus Exotoxin B on Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Damm Michael , Quante Gero , Rosenbohm Jakob , Rieckmann Roland 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin B (SE‐B) on proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine releases in primary nasal epithelial cell cultures (NECC) of subjects with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGNECC (CRS: n = 14; Controls: n = 11) were stimulated with SE‐B. Protein concentrations of interleukin‐(IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 levels were measured in NECC supernatants by ELISA before (T0) and after 24 hr stimulation with SE‐B (T1).RESULTST0: supernatants of the NECC of CRS patients contained significant lower levels of IL‐8 (2.1 ng/ml) compared to Controls (IL‐8: 6.2 ng/ml; P < 0.01). T1: SE‐B induced a significant increase of IL‐6 in NECC (P < 0.001). IL‐1β was not detectable.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first study evaluating the effects of exotoxins on NECC. SE‐B showed proinflammatory effects on NECC.SIGNIFICANCEOur data suggest that resident NECC are involved in immunological responses to Staphylococcus aureus toxins, supplementing the so‐called “superantigen hypothesis” in CRS.
Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ünal Murat , Eskandari Gülçin , Muşlu Necati , Pata Yavuz Selim , Akbaş Yücel 
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVETo investigate the serum leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis during the symptomatic period.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA randomized, prospective study was performed on 26 adult patients with allergic rhinitis and 20 control subjects with similar age, sex and body mass index in a tertiary otolaryngology center.RESULTSLeptin levels were 28.8 ± 14.1 ng/mL in the patients with allergic rhinitis, and 20.8 ± 13.5 ng/mL in the control group respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.04).CONCLUSIONSerum leptin levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis in symptomatic period.SIGNIFICANCEApart from its primary role in the regulation of body weight and energy expenditure, leptin may have a role in the inflammatory process of the allergic rhinitis.