bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does personality change and, if so, what changes?
Authors: Duggan Conor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the question of whether or not personality changes is fundamental to much of what clinicians do, we do not appear to be very curious about the question itself.MethodThis paper considers three separate but related issues: (a) Does personality change? (b) If it does, then what changes? (c) How can we show that change has taken place? Costa and McCrea have produced a model of personality that helps to answer (a) and (b), as it distinguishes ‘Basic Tendencies’ from ‘Characteristic Adaptations’. The former are largely innate, fixed dispositions that produce the latter (which are highly variable) depending on its interaction with differing environments. Thus, personality is both static and dynamic depending on its definition. It will also be argued that detecting change is complex as there are many alternative definitions of the relevant outcome variable. Moreover, measuring several different outcomes does not help as change in one measure is often not matched by a concordant change in another. Some practical examples are provided to support this position.ConclusionsIn the absence of a firm theoretical base, the author believes that only limited conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of treatment in personality disorder. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Neurobiological substrates of antisocial and borderline personality disorder: preliminary results of a functional fMRI study
Authors: Völlm Birgit , Richardson Paul , Stirling John , Elliott Rebecca , Dolan Mairead , Chaudhry Imran , Del Ben Christina , Mckier Shane , Anderson Ian , Deakin Bill 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychological and imaging studies of patients with antisocial (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are suggestive of frontal lobe dysfunction in these individuals. In normal subjects functional brain imaging has been used to investigate the neuroanatomy of impulse control. There are no such imaging studies in personality‐disordered populations.AimThis study aimed to investigate which neuronal networks are involved in response inhibition in Cluster B personality disorders and whether these are different from healthy subjects.HypothesisWe hypothesized that the personality‐disordered sample would have attenuated orbitofrontal cortex responses during performance of a Go/NoGo task compared with healthy controls.MethodEight inpatients with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of borderline or antisocial personality disorder and eight healthy controls were scanned using fMRI while performing a Go/NoGo task. Impulsivity was assessed using the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) and the Impulsiveness‐Venturesomeness‐Empathy (IVE) inventory.ResultsIn the control group the main focus of activation during response inhibition was in the prefrontal cortex, specifically the right dorsolateral and the left orbitofrontal cortex. Active regions in the patient group showed a more bilateral and extended pattern of activation across the medial, superior and inferior frontal gyri extending to the anterior cingulate.ConclusionsfMRI is a useful tool to detect brain activation during response inhibition. ASPD and BPD patients activate different neural networks to successfully inhibit pre‐potent responses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precursors and correlates of criminal behaviour in women
Authors: Messer Julie , Maughan Barbara , Quinton David , Taylor Alan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe precursors and correlates of criminal behaviour in women were examined in this longitudinal study of women in their late thirties.MethodsThe sample consisted of a high‐risk group of women (n = 86) and a comparison group ( n = 97): the former had been raised in institutional care. Questionnaire measures of childhood behaviour problems and detailed interview data from two time points in adulthood were obtained, along with official records of offending.ResultsIn terms of childhood precursors, antisocial behaviour, institutional rearing, hyperactivity and adolescent conduct disorder were found to be significantly related to offending. Later adolescent factors were also found to be important: mixing with deviant peers and leaving school without any qualifications or plans for work. Correlates of offending in adulthood included difficulties in mental health, drug use, marriage and parenting. Further analysis was undertaken to clarify the associations by using ex‐care status and conduct disorder as covariates.DiscussionWell‐established predictors of offending in male samples seem quite as important for women and girls. The findings also suggested strong links between offending and problems in parenting. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Criminological psychology in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Farrington David P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis article aims to review key issues that criminological psychologists should address in the twenty‐first century, especially in relation to why people become offenders, why people commit offences, and the link between explanation and the prevention and reduction of offending.ConclusionsIt is important to explain between‐individual differences in the development of criminal potential and within‐individual differences in the commission of crimes. More research is needed on protective factors, on investigating which risk factors are causes, and on causal mechanisms linking risk factors and offending. Questions about situational influences on offending should be included in longitudinal studies of the development of offenders. Comprehensive theories of offending need to be developed and tested. More longitudinal and experimental studies need to be carried out by criminological psychologists. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Legal psychology in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Bull Ray 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis paper examines some of the major topics that legal psychology began to focus on at the end of the last century.AimThe purpose is to contend that such topics (the reliability of ear‐witness testimony, the conducting of identification parades/line ups, the interviewing of suspects, the interviewing of vulnerable witnesses/victims) are deserving of greater attention in this new century.ConclusionsLegal psychologists should be brave enough to research with methodological rigour complex, real‐world topics of importance to society and to advise relevant professional groups on how to improve their performance. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
What is the role of fantasy in sex offending?
Authors: Howitt Dennis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundForensic practitioners conventionally accept that sexual fantasy plays a crucial role in the more serious forms of sexual offending. Fantasy is believed to escalate as part of an increasing cycle of offending severity.AimThis paper explores the various possible roles of sexual fantasy in sex offending.MethodThe research literature on the role of sexual fantasy in the sexual behaviours of offender and non‐offender groups is surveyed. Using research evidence, the strengths of the different models that emerge are assessed.ResultsFantasy in non‐offenders has been shown to be a separate domain of experience that serves to arouse sexually but does not guide behaviour. A number of different models of fantasy in offending are considered: (a) fantasy as a blueprint for offending; (b) fantasy as a rehearsal for offending; (c) fantasy as a means of sexual arousal; (d) fantasy and offending having common origins; and (e) fantasy enhancement/renewal as a cause of offending.ConclusionsIt is argued that the study of sexual fantasy in non‐contact sex offenders may have theoretical and practical benefits for research and practice with sex offenders in general. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A preliminary empirical test of Silverthorn and Frick's delayed‐onset pathway in girls using an urban, African‐American, US‐based sample
Authors: White Norman A. , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundSilverthorn and Frick argued that there is no pathway to criminal activity among girls that is analogous to the early‐onset/life‐course‐persistent‐type one among boys. Instead, they argued for a female‐specific theory in which even girls with the same high‐risk backgrounds and criminal outcomes as early‐onset/life‐course‐persistent boys show delayed‐onset offending.AimsTo test the Silverthorn–Frick model of gender‐specific pathways to offending in an independent cohort.MethodsA cohort of 987 urban, African‐American males and females participated in the Philadelphia portion of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project which collected biological, psychological and sociological variables. By age 18, 220 of these individuals had incurred a least one police contact, of which 64 did so under the age of 13. A criminal history follow‐up was conducted in 1998 when cohort members had all reached their mid‐thirties.ResultsFemales and males were equally likely to experience early‐onset offending (police contact by age 13), but female late‐onset offenders resembled male early‐onset offenders on nine of 10 risk factors. Male early‐onset offenders had worse criminal outcomes compared with female and male late‐onset offenders, but did not differ from female early‐onset offenders. Female late‐onset offenders showed many similarities on key risk factors to male late‐onset offenders.ConclusionsSilverthorn and Frick may have over‐estimated the outcome similarity of late‐onset offending females to early‐onset males and under‐estimated occurrence of early‐onset‐life‐course persistent offending in females. In so far as cohort studies such as these inform social policy, it is likely to be important that they are interpreted with sensitivity to minority needs. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Effects of ssDNA sequences on non‐sequence‐specific protein binding
Authors: Mou Tung‐Chung , Shen Michelle , Abdalla Saada , Delamora Diego , Bochkareva Elena , Bochkarev Alexey , Gray Donald M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe circular dichroism (CD) spectra of single‐stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) are significantly perturbed by the binding of single‐stranded DNA binding proteins such as the Ff bacteriophage gene 5 protein (g5p) and the A domain of the 70 kDa subunit of human replication protein A (RPA70‐A). These two proteins have similar OB‐fold secondary structures, although their CD spectra at wavelengths below 250 nm differ greatly. The spectrum of g5p is dominated by a tyrosyl La band at 229 nm, while that of RPA70‐A is dominated by its β secondary structure. Despite differences in their inherent spectral properties, these two proteins similarly perturb the spectra of bound nucleic acid oligomers. CD spectra of free, non‐protein‐bound ssDNAs are dependent on interactions of the nearest‐neighboring nucleotides in the sequence. The CD spectra (per mol of nucleotide) of simple repetitive sequences 48 nucleotides in length and containing simple combinations of A and C are related by nearest‐neighbor equations. For example, 3 × Δϵ[d(AAC)16] = 3 × Δϵ[d(ACC)16] + Δϵ[d(A)48] − Δϵ[d(C)48]. Moreover, nearest‐neighbor equations relate the spectra of ssDNAs when they are bound by g5p, indicating that each type of perturbed nearest neighbor has a similar average structure within the binding site of the protein. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective metabolism of ifosfamide by the kidney
Authors: Aleksa Katarina , Ito Shinya , Koren Gideon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIfosfamide (IF), a potent chemotherapeutic agent for solid tumors, is known to cause high rates of nephrotoxicity, which is most likely due to the renal production of the metabolite chloroacetaldehyde. Enantioselective oxidation of IF has been shown in the liver but has never been reported in the kidney. Using porcine and human kidney samples, as well as the renal porcine cell line LLCPK‐1, we document enantioselective metabolism of IF with prevalent production of theN‐dechloroethylifosfamide (DCEIF) metabolites from the (S)‐IF enantiomer compared to the amount ofN‐DCEIF metabolites produced from the (R)‐IF enantiomers. Since IF enantiomers appear to be equally effective in chemotherapy, these results suggest that replacing the clinically standard racemic mixture of IF with (R)‐IF may decrease renal metabolism of the drug and hence may decrease nephrotoxicity. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients
Authors: Kuderer Nicole M. , Dale David C. , Crawford Jeffrey , Cosler Leon E. , Lyman Gary H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHospitalization for febrile neutropenia (FN) in cancer patients is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, and cost. The study was undertaken to better define mortality, length of stay (LOS), cost, and risk factors associated with mortality and prolonged hospitalization in cancer patients with FN.METHODSThe longitudinal discharge database derived from 115 US medical centers was used to study all adult cancer patients hospitalized with FN between 1995 and 2000, comprising a total of 41,779 patients. Primary outcomes included mortality, LOS, and cost per episode.RESULTSOverall, in‐hospital mortality was 9.5%. Patients without any major comorbidities had a 2.6% risk of mortality, whereas 1 major comorbidity was associated with a 10.3% and more than 1 major comorbidity with a ≥21.4% risk of mortality, respectively. Mean (median) length of stay was 11.5 (6) days, and the mean (median) cost was $19,110 ($8,376) per episode of FN. Patients hospitalized for ≥10 days (35% of all patients) accounted for 78% of overall cost. Independent major risk factors for inpatient mortality included invasive fungal infections, Gram‐negative sepsis, pneumonia and other lung disease, cerebrovascular, renal, and liver disease. Main predictors for LOS ≥10 days included leukemia, invasive fungal infections, other types of infection, and several comorbid conditions.CONCLUSIONFactors associated with increased mortality, LOS, and cost in hospitalized adult cancer patients with FN include patient characteristics, type of malignancy, comorbidities, and infectious complications. These factors may be useful in identifying patients at increased risk of serious medical complications and mortality for more aggressive supportive care measures. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Localization and characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide receptors in the human cerebellum during development
Authors: Basille Magali , Cartier Dorthe , Vaudry David , Lihrmann Isabelle , Fournier Alain , Freger Pierre , Gallo‐Payet Nicole , Vaudry Hubert , Gonzalez Bruno 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors are actively expressed in the cortical layers of the cerebellum of rodents and contribute to cerebellar development. The present report provides the first anatomical localization and characterization of PACAP receptors in the developing human cerebellum. RT‐PCR analysis from 15‐week‐old fetuses to 22‐year‐old subject showed that PAC1‐R and VPAC1‐R are expressed in the cerebellum at all stages, whereas VPAC2‐R mRNA was barely detectable. In situ hybridization labeling indicated that, in human fetuses, PAC1‐R mRNA is associated with the external granule cell layer (EGL), a germinative neuroepithelium, and with the internal granule cell layer (IGL). The distribution pattern of VPAC1‐R mRNA was very similar to that of PAC1‐R mRNA, whereas VPAC2‐R mRNA was visualized only in 7–22‐year‐old subjects. The localization of [125I]PACAP27 binding sites was fully consistent with the distribution of PAC1‐R and VPAC1‐R mRNA. Pharmacological characterization revealed that, in the EGL and IGL from 15–24‐week‐old fetuses and in the granule cell layer from 7–22‐year‐old patients, binding sites exhibit a PAC1‐R profile. In contrast, PACAP binding sites observed in the molecular layer and medulla of the adult cerebellum consisted of a heterogeneous population of PAC1‐R and VPAC(1/2)‐R. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence that PACAP receptors are expressed in the human cerebellar cortex. PAC1‐R is the predominant PACAP receptor found in fetuses, and both PAC1‐R and VPAC1‐R are expressed in the mature cerebellum. These observations suggest that PACAP has neurodevelopmental functions in the human cerebellum. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:468–478, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter vGluT2 in a subset of cones of the mouse retina
Authors: Wässle Heinz , Regus‐Leidig Hanna , Haverkamp Silke 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCone photoreceptors have a continuous release of glutamate that is modulated by light. Vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluT) play an essential role for sustaining this release by loading synaptic vesicles in the cone synapse, the so‐called cone pedicle. In the present study mouse retinas were immunostained for vGluT1 and vGluT2. vGluT1 was localized to all cone pedicles and rod spherules, whereas vGluT2 was found in only 10% of the cone pedicles. The vGluT2‐expressing cones were characterized in more detail. They are distributed in a regular array, suggesting they are a distinct type. Their proportion does not differ between dorsal (L‐cone‐dominated) and ventral (S‐cone‐dominated) retina, and they are not the genuine blue cones of the mouse retina. During development, vGluT1 and vGluT2 expression in cones starts at around P0 and right from the beginning vGluT2 is only expressed in a subset of cones. Bipolar cells contact the vGluT2‐expressing cones and other cones nonselectively. The possible functional role of vGluT2 expression in a small fraction of cones is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:544–555, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development‐dependent and ‐independent ubiquitin expression in divisions of the cockroach mushroom body
Authors: Brown Sheena M. , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt has been proposed that the alpha and beta divisions of the mushroom bodies support intermediate and long‐term memory whereas the gamma lobes support short‐term memory. Here we investigate developmentally dependent versus developmentally independent alterations of mushroom body structure with special emphasis on its lobes. We show that in the cockroach mushroom bodies there are two types of plastic remodeling. One is developmental, in which episodic addition of new circuitry to the alpha and beta lobes is accomplished by newly born Kenyon cells. The second is revealed as a persistent alteration of structure within the gamma lobe. In the alpha/beta lobes, newly generated Kenyon cell axons extend glutamate‐immunoreactive collaterals across layers of the axons of mature Kenyon cells. At specific times in each developmental episode (instar) these collaterals express ubiquitin, undergo localized degeneration, and are scavenged by glial cells. In contrast, the mature Kenyon cells that comprise the gamma lobe express detectable ubiquitin throughout each developmental episode. This pattern of ubiquitin expression suggests that the gamma lobe circuitry undergoes continuous modification independent of development. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:556–571, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identical twins discordant for type 1 diabetes show a different pattern of in vitro CD56+ cell activation
Authors: Goodier Martin R. , Nawroly Niga , Beyan Huriya , Hawa Mohammed , Leslie R. David G. , Londei Marco 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies in animal models indicate a role for natural killer (NK) cells in the protection against type 1 diabetes. In humans, a reduction of NK cell numbers has been reported in identical twins discordant for type 1 diabetes, irrespective of whether they have the disease. Here we have tested whether the activation and expansion of human NK cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reveals differences between these twins.MethodsProportions of CD56+ NK cells and T‐cells and Va24Vb11+ NK‐T cells from diabetic and non‐diabetic twins was assessed before and after activation using flow cytometry. NK receptor usage was monitored by PCR and flow cytometry.ResultsThe profile of the expressed Killer Cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) repertoire (using mRNA) in freshly isolated NK cells was identical in pairs of identical twins, despite marked variation among individual twins as well as controls. Basal numbers of CD56+ and CD94+ (CD3− and CD3+) cells and Vα24+Vβ11+ NK‐T cells were similarly strongly correlated between identical twins (p < 0.006 for all correlations). Following LPS stimulation, the pattern of KIR mRNA expression remained unaltered in twins and the proportion of NK cells and Vα24+Vβ11+ NK‐T cells remained correlated between pairs of twins. However, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of CD56+ cells and CD94+ cells (whether defined as CD3− or CD3+) responding to LPS in the diabetic compared to the non‐diabetic twin (p = 0.031 and 0.025, respectively).Conclusion:This reduction in NK cell expansion in response to LPS in patients with type 1 diabetes is consistent with a non‐genetically determined alteration in the innate immune response either predisposing to or resulting from the disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diminished IFN‐γ response to diabetes‐associated autoantigens in children at diagnosis and during follow up of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Karlsson Faresjö Maria , Vaarala Outi , Thuswaldner Sophie , Ilonen Jorma , Hinkkanen Ari , Ludvigsson Johnny 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundImbalance of T‐helper (Th)1‐ and Th2‐like cytokines has been associated with type 1 diabetes. We therefore studied the immune deviation in antigen‐specific T cells from diagnosis onwards in type 1 diabetic children.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 15 children after 4 days, 3 months and 18 months of being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, from 15 healthy children matched by age and gender to the type 1 diabetic children and from 14 children with and 35 children without HLA‐risk genes. Secretion of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) was detected by ELISPOT after stimulation with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65, protein and aa 247–279), recombinant tyrosinphosphatase (IA‐2), insulin, ovalbumin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA).ResultsSecretion of IFN‐γ in PBMC stimulated with GAD65 (p < 0.05), the GAD65‐peptide (p < 0.01), IA‐2 (p < 0.01), and insulin (p < 0.01) was lower in diabetic children at diagnosis than in healthy children. Stimulation of PBMC with GAD65 and IA‐2 decreased the secretion of IFN‐γ in children with HLA‐risk genotype. Spontaneous and antigen‐induced IFN‐γ secretion increased significantly after diagnosis of the disease, but did not exceed the levels observed in healthy children. Fasting C‐peptide levels at diagnosis correlated with insulin‐induced IFN‐γ (R = 0.52; p = 0.05) and negatively with spontaneous IL‐4 secretion (R = −0.62; p < 0.05).ConclusionA diminished IFN‐γ secretion and the association of fasting C‐peptide levels with cytokine response in children with type 1 diabetes suggest that factors related to β‐cell function in type 1 diabetes may modify T‐cell function. Thus, the T‐cell responses detected at or after diagnosis may not reflect the pathogenic process leading to type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures and Characterisation of Two CuII Polymers with 8‐Connected Topologies Based on Highly Connected SBUs
Authors: Zhang Jian , Kang Yao , Zhang Jie , Li Zhao‐Ji , Qin Ye‐Yan , Yao Yuan‐Gen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTwo hydrothermally synthesised 3D metal‐coordination polymers, namely [Cu(isonicotinate)(nicotinate)]n (1), with an 8‐connected CsCl topology, and [Cu2(μ3‐OH)(isonicotinate)2(BDC)0.5]n (2), with an unusual 8‐connected 35.411.58.64 topology, demonstrate that highly connected SBUs can be employed in the construction of complicated frameworks. The temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibilities for the two complexes were also determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)