bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermally responsive polymeric micelles self‐assembled by amphiphilic polyphosphazene with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and ethyl glycinate as side groups: Polymer synthesis, characterization, and in vitro drug release study
Authors: Zhang Jian Xiang , Qiu Li Yan , Jin Yi , Zhu Kang Jie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThermally responsive amphiphilic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)‐grafted‐polyphosphazene (PNIPAm‐g‐PPP) was synthesized by stepwise cosubstitution of chlorine atoms on polymer backbones with amino‐terminated NIPAm oligomers and ethyl glycinate (GlyEt). Polymer structure was confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and GPC. The thermosensitivity of PNIPAm‐g‐PPP aqueous solution was investigated by turbidity method. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAm‐g‐PPP was observed to be ∼30°C in water, while it was 24°C in 0.1M PBS (pH 7.4). Micellization behavior of PNIPAm‐g‐PPP in aqueous solution was characterized by fluorescence probe technique, TEM, and DLS. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), thus, determined was 0.0187 g/L. Both TEM and DLS measurement suggested that the diameter of micelles was ∼190 nm at 20°C. Diflunisal (DIF)‐loaded micelles were prepared by dialysis method. In vitro release test at various temperatures was also performed to study the effect of temperature on the drug release profiles. It was demonstrated that DIF release from PNIPAm‐g‐PPP micelles was slower at the temperature of 37°C than that at 4°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Asymmetrically functional surface properties on biocompatible phospholipid polymer membrane for bioartificial kidney
Authors: Ueda Hideto , Watanabe Junji , Konno Tomohiro , Takai Madoka , Saito Akira , Ishihara Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo obtain a bioartificial kidney composed of a porous polymer membrane and renal cells, a polysulfone (PSf) membrane (PSM) blended with 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer was prepared. The PSM flat membrane with a porous structure could be prepared from the polymer blend containing 1 wt % of the MPC polymer in PSf by the phase inversion technique in a dry–wet process. Asymmetrical surface properties were observed on both sides of the membrane surfaces. That is, the sponge layer formed at the substrate‐contacting surface of the membrane had 10–20 μm pores, but the pores in the micrometer range could not be observed for a skin layer formed at the air‐contacting surface of the membrane. At the sponge layer surface, the MPC unit composition was 7 times larger than that at the skin layer surface. The amount of proteins adsorbed on the surface corresponded to the MPC unit composition. On the skin layer, a small amount of adsorbed proteins and platelet adhesion could be suppressed compared with those on the sponge layer. However, the skin layer had a moderate protein adsorption, so it showed a sufficient cytocompatibility to enable renal tubule epithelial cells to adhere and proliferate in the membrane. Thus, it functioned well as a renal tubule. Therefore, because of both its hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, we could conclude that the PSM membrane is useful for as a renal tubule device for a bioartificial kidney. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Effects of the length of crosslink chain on poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) swelling and biomechanical properties
Authors: Mabilleau G. , Stancu I. C. , Honoré T. , Legeay G. , Cincu C. , Baslé M. F. , Chappard D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPolymers are widely used in medicine for vascular prostheses, bone substitutes, and devices for controlled release. Among these polymers, poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) is the most employed. To confer particular properties, pHEMA can be copolymerized with other monomers or in the presence of plasticizers or crosslinking agents. The influence of the length of crosslink chains on swelling, surface rugosity, hardness, and stiffness of crosslinked pHEMA were studied by several techniques, including fractal analysis and AFM. Four crosslinking agents (divinyl benzene, DVB; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA; tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, TEGDA; and polyethylene glycol diacrylate, PEGDA) were added to the bulk polymerization mixture. Only linear and PEGDA–pHEMA presented a significant decrease in surface roughness confirmed by fractal analysis. Differences in hardness and biomechanical properties were evidenced on dried polymers but the highest differences were exhibited for hydrated pHEMA. Correlations between the length of the crosslink chain and hardness or stiffness of hydrated crosslinked pHEMA were evidenced. TEGDA and PEGDA appeared to be the two most suitable crosslinking agents for controlled release of bioactive molecules in bone. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Effects of 58S sol–gel glasses on the temporal expression of bone markers during mouse osteoblastic differentiation
Authors: Hattar S. , Loty S. , Gaisser D. , Berdal A. , Sautier J‐M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that bioactive glasses can support osteoblastic growth and differentiation in vitro as well as in vivo. More recently, a new category of sol–gel glasses has been developed with enhanced bioactivity and open pores enclosed in a mesoporous matrix. In our study, we investigated the effect of 58S sol–gel glasses on the growth and differentiation of mouse calvaria osteoblasts. Two types of granules were used: 58S sol–gel granules and 60S inert glasses used as control. Phase contrast microscopy showed that cells proliferated and formed mineralized bone nodules in both cultures. However, this phenomenon occurred earlier and to a higher degree in cultures with 58S sol–gel glasses. Northern blot analysis of the expression of osteoblastic markers revealed that osteoblasts retained their phenotype in both types of cultures. Interestingly, stimulation of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin was noticed at day 18 in sol–gel cultures when compared with that in control. These data confirm that 58S bioactive glasses are capable of supporting the growth and maturation of primary mouse osteoblasts. In addition, it was shown that 58S glasses affected the gene‐expression profile, causing an up‐regulation of the major bone markers. These results indicated that 58S sol–gel glasses appeared as suitable candidates for osteoblast scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Anti‐inflammatory properties of micropatterned titanium coatings
Authors: Sahlin Herman , Contreras Ramiro , Gaskill Daniel F. , Bjursten Lars M. , Frangos John A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractProlonged inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated around an implanted biosensor are the primary causes of the foreign body response, including encapsulation of biosensor membranes. We have previously demonstrated that TiO2 surfaces reduce ROS. Here we investigated the potential of using the anti‐inflammatory properties of TiO2 in the design of biosensor membranes with improved long‐term in vivo transport properties. Micropatterned Ti films were sputtered onto quartz surfaces in a series of hexagonally distributed dots with identical coverage area of 23% and dot size ranging from 5 to 100 μm. The antioxidant effect of the surfaces was investigated using a cell‐free peroxynitrite donor assay and assays of superoxide released from stimulated surface‐adhering neutrophils and macrophages. In all three assays, the amount of ROS was monitored using luminol‐amplified chemiluminescence. Patterned surfaces in all experimental models significantly decreased ROS compared to the etched surfaces. In the cell‐free experiment, the ROS reduction was only dependent on fractional surface coverage. In the cell experiments, however, a dot‐size‐dependent ROS reduction was seen, with the largest reduction at the smallest dot‐size surfaces. These results indicate that micropatterned surfaces with small dots covering only 23% of the surface area exhibit similar antioxidative effect as fully covered surfaces. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Photochemically enhanced transduction of polymer‐complexed adenovirus targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Bonsted Anette , Engesæter Birgit Øvstebø , Høgset Anders , Mælandsmo Gunhild M. , Prasmickaite Lina , D'Oliveira Christine , Hennink Wim E. , van Steenis Jan Hein , Berg Kristian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe development of methods for specific delivery of genes into target tissues is an important issue for the further progress of gene therapy. Biological and physical targeting techniques may be combined to redirect gene therapy vectors to specific cells and enhance gene transfer.MethodsThe polymer poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA) was conjugated with avidin or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and complexed with adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Targeting of polymer‐coated Ad5 to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was accomplished by the binding of biotin‐EGF to pDMAEMA‐avidin. A photochemical treatment procedure using photosensitizer and light was applied to increase transduction with EGFR‐targeted viral complexes.ResultspDMAEMA‐avidin efficiently enhanced transduction through unspecific viral uptake into cells, while pDMAEMA‐PEG provided charge shielding of the complexes and increased the specificity to EGFR when biotin‐EGF ligands were used. Transduction of PEG‐containing, EGFR‐targeted viral complexes was inhibited by 66% in coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR)‐deficient RD cells and by 47% in CAR‐expressing DU 145 cells in receptor antibody experiments. The photochemical treatment had a substantial effect on transduction, enhancing the percentage of reporter gene positive cells from 20% to 75% of the total viable RD cell population and from 10% to 70% in DU 145 cells.ConclusionPhotochemical treatment of cells infected with targeted viral vectors exhibiting a neutral surface charge is a potent method for enhancing transgene expression. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicalizing melancholia: Exploring profiles of psychiatric professionalization
Authors: Misbach Judith , Stam Henderikus J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe nineteenth century was the site of radical changes in understanding mental illness. The professionalization of psychiatry consisted primarily of the discipline's aspiration to the status of an expert medical subspecialty. While all forms of insanity were eventually reframed in medical terms, melancholia—for moral and nosological reasons—assumed a special role that made it an ideal diagnosis for conceptual reframing. Our analysis of the journal literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in North America and Germany traces several ways in which melancholia was medicalized. As the care for the insane shifted into the professional realm of physicians and medical terminology came to replace prior descriptors of mental illness, melancholia was replaced by depression. In addition, the process of delineating affective pathology assumed a distinctly medical flavor. Finally, melancholia was firmly medicalized when its boundaries blurred with neurasthenia. Differences in how ordinary affective terms became medicalized in German and North American psychiatry illustrate the importance of local historical approaches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lost direction in binocular vision: The neglected signs posted by Wells, Towne, and Leconte
Authors: Wade Nicholas J. , Ono Hiroshi , Mapp Alistair P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStudies of vision have informed theories first in philosophy and then in psychology. Over the centuries, an increasing number of phenomena have been enlisted to refute or reinforce particular theories. Nowhere has this been more evident than in binocular vision. How we see a single world with two eyes is one of the oldest and most consistently studied topics in vision research. It has been discussed at least since the time of Aristotle and it has been examined experimentally since the second century, when Ptolemy defined lines of visual correspondence for the two eyes. Prior to Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope in the 1830s, binocular vision had been studied in terms of visual directions. The stereoscope established distance (or depth) as well as direction as dimensions of binocular vision. Subsequently, depth rather than direction has been the principal concern of students of vision, and texts in English devoted to analyses of direction rather than depth have been neglected. We examine the experiments on binocular visual direction conducted by Wells before Wheatstone, and by Towne and LeConte after him, and discuss the reasons for their neglect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
G. H. Mead in the history of sociological ideas
Authors: da Silva Filipe Carreira 
Published: December 2005

Abstract My aim is to discuss the history of the reception of George Herbert Mead's ideas in sociology. After discussing the methodological debate between presentism and historicism, I address the interpretations of those responsible for Mead's inclusion in the sociological canon: Herbert Blumer, Jürgen Habermas, and Hans Joas. In the concluding section, I assess these reconstructions of Mead's thought and suggest an alternative more consistent with my initial methodological remarks. In particular, I advocate a reconstruction of Mead's ideas that apprehends simultaneously its evolution over time and its thematic breadth. Such a historically minded reconstruction can be not only a useful corrective to possible anachronisms incurred by contemporary social theorists, but also a fruitful resource for their theory‐building endeavors. Only then can meaningful and enriching dialogue with Mead begin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectroscopy of walpurgite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Weier Matt L. , Čejka Jiří , Theo Kloprogge J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRaman spectra of walpurgite, (UO2)Bi4O4 (AsO4)2·2H2O, recorded at 298 K and 77 K are presented and compared with infrared spectra of walpurgite and phosphowalpurgite. Bands connected with (UO2)2+, (AsO4)3−, and H2O stretch and bend, and BiO stretch are tentatively assigned. Hydrogen bond lengths are calculated from the wavenumbers of the H2O stretching vibrations and compared with those from the crystal structure analysis of walpurgite. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limonoids as cancer chemopreventive agents
Authors: Ejaz Sohail , Ejaz Ahmed , Matsuda Kiku , Lim Chae Woong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNutritional research on the health benefits of substances in plant foods has recently advanced to a new stage. The research frontier has moved from study of classical vitamin deficiency diseases to study of the thousands of phytochemicals that may have important physiological effects. Recent research suggests that citrus fruit consumers may be getting another health benefit from orange juice and other citrus products called limonoids, which appear to possess substantial anticancer activity. Limonoids are highly oxidized triterpenes present in Rutaceae and Maliaceae families. Several citrus limonoids have recently been subjected to anticancer screening utilizing laboratory animals and human breast cancer cells. The experimental results described that citrus limonoids may provide substantial anticancer actions. The compounds have been shown to be free of toxic effects in animal models, so potential exists for the use of limonoids against human cancer in either natural fruits, in citrus fortified with limonoids, or in purified forms of specific limonoids. Although the initial studies are very promising they have been conducted primarily with in vitro cell culture and animal models. Thus, research is needed to determine whether the limonoids may be useful in preventing or treating cancer in humans. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Polymer and Clay Platelet Orientation in Blown Films Based on Polypropylene‐Clay Nanocomposite
Authors: Cole Kenneth C. , Perrin‐Sarazin Florence , Dorval‐Douville Geneviève 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe “tilted film” transmission infrared spectroscopy method was used to characterize the biaxial orientation in a set of blown films containing polypropylene (PP), layered silicate nano‐reinforcement, and two different compatibilizing agents based on maleic‐anhydride‐grafted PP. Both interactive spectral subtraction and peak fitting were used to determine trichroic ratios. The biaxial orientation of the polymer chains could be clearly quantified according to well‐established relationships for PP. In addition, the clay platelet orientation could be determined from the trichroism of the SiO stretching bands around 1100 – 1000 cm−1. The clay orientation was found to be quite high (Hermans orientation function around +0.8) and was not significantly affected by the presence of compatibilizing agent.
Novel Color‐Shifting Mobility Sensitive Fluorescent Probes for Polymer Characterization
Authors: Jager Wolter F. , van den Berg Otto , Picken Stephen J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract1‐Methyl‐7‐dimethylamino quinolinium tetrafluoroborate, a highly stable, highly fluorescent color‐shifting mobility sensitive fluorescent probe was employed for detecting the glass transition and phase transitions, notably crystallization, in polymers and polymer blends. Glass transitions in amorphous and semi‐crystalline polymers were detected by a change in gradient in emission wavelength λmax versus T plots. Crystallization resulted in discrete blue shifts in λmax versus T plots. Selective probing of PMMA in a PS/PMMA blend, down to a PMMA content of 1%, was demonstrated. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy has established a clear link between the mobility of dipoles in PMMA and the emission wavelength of the fluorescent probe.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Characterization of Thin Films of Polymer Blends
Authors: Hinrichs K. , Gensch M. , Nikonenko N. , Pionteck J. , Eichhorn K.‐J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMorphology, composition, miscibility, interdiffusion, and interactions at interfaces are important quantities of polymer blends. Many of these parameters can be probed with spectroscopic ellipsometry. Ellipsometry in the visible spectral range is very suitable for determination of thicknesses and the high frequency refractive indices of thin organic films. However the spectral contrast is low for many polymers in comparison to infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IRSE) where specific contributions of the molecular vibrations are probed. In the presented study the infrared optical constants of a double layer (206.6 nm in total) of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and of the films of the single compounds have been determined with optical simulations using layer models. The multiple layer model served for simulation of the ellipsometric spectra taken after an annealing induced mixing process in a polymeric double layer. The ellipsometric spectra of a not completely mixed sample could be fitted in a three‐layer model, in which a mixed interphase in between the two layers of the polymers is formed due to interdiffusion.
Blends of Sulfonated Polysulfone and Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Grafted‐Polyethersulfone as Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Deimede V. , Kandilioti G. , Kallitsis J. K. , Gregoriou V. G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBlends composed of sulfonated polysulfone (SPSF) and poly(ethylene oxide)‐grafted‐polyethersulfone (PEO‐g‐PES) in different compositions have been prepared and studied in terms of fuel cell relevant parameters like thermal behaviour, water uptake and ionic conductivity. Moreover, spectroscopic characterization (FT‐IR) has also been conducted in order to elucidate their miscibility and to investigate the influence of polymer blending on the crystallinity level of the individual components. These blends exhibit very good mechanical properties, a very high water uptake and a high ionic conductivity (4 × 10−3 S/cm) at ambient temperatures and they are amorphous, a property that facilitates their use as polymer electrolytes in fuel cells.
FT‐IR Spectroscopy and Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid)/Poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinyl pyridine) Blends
Authors: ElMiloudi Khaled , Benygzer Mourad , Djadoun Said , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas , Geribaldi Serge 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis contribution reports on a FT‐IR study of the hydrogen bonding interactions within blends of different ratios of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) containing 15 mol% of methacrylic acid PSMA‐15 and poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) containing 15 mol% of 4‐vinylpyridine PS4VP‐15. Equilibrium constants describing both the self‐association K2 and inter‐association KA in the (75:25) blend of poly‐ (styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) containing 12 mol% of methacrylic acid PSMA‐12 with poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) containing 22 mol% of 4‐vinylpyridine PS4VP‐22 were experimentally determined using a curve fitting analysis of the infra‐red spectra. The FT‐IR study at various temperatures confirms the miscibility of this blend up to 175 °C.
Infrared Monitoring of the Modification of Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymers with Oxazoline and Its Interfacial Reaction with Acid‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Li Juan , Prusty Manoranjan , Goossens Han , van Duin Martin , de Wit Gert 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of the modification of styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) with aminoethanol to oxazoline‐containing copolymers has been monitored with FTIR spectroscopy. Further, the interfacial reaction in bilayer samples of the oxazoline groups of these copolymers and the carboxylic acid groups of poly(ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PE‐co‐MA) copolymers has been studied by FTIR at different temperatures. The interfacial formation of ester‐amides has been measured quantitatively by FTIR difference spectroscopy.
SERS Investigation on the Polymerization of Carbazolyl‐diacetylene Monolayers on Gold Surfaces
Authors: Muniz‐Miranda Maurizio , Giorgetti Emilia , Margheri Giancarlo , Del Rosso Tommaso , Sottini Stefano , Giusti Anna , Alloisio Marina 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSurface Enhanced Raman Scattering experiments were performed on self‐assembled carbazolyl‐diacetylene monolayers chemisorbed on smooth gold substrates and UV irradiated. The Raman enhancement was ensured by depositing silver colloidal nanoparticles, which strongly increase the surface roughness. The co‐existence of two polymer phases, characterized by different degree of order in the polymeric backbone, was detected by SERS results, which suggest a polymerization scheme with conjugated triple bonds nearly parallel to the plane of the metal surface.
Acidity of Alginate Aerogels Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules
Authors: Valentin Romain , Horga Raluca , Bonelli Barbara , Garrone Edoardo , Di Renzo Francesco , Quignard Françoise 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSupercritical drying of alginate gels is an efficient way to prepare aerogels with high surface area (>300 m2 · g−1). FTIR spectroscopy allows to monitor the adsorption of NH3 from the gas phase onto the acid sites of the alginate. Free carboxylic groups are effective Brønsted sites, whereas the divalent cations used in the ionotropic gelation present the properties of Lewis sites. The ratio between Brønsted and Lewis sites provides infomation on the role of pH in alginate gelation and suggests that non‐buffered gelation by transition‐metal cations is a mixed ionotropic‐acid process.