bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS OF CATEGORY AND LINE SCALES TO CHARACTERIZE CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF FRUITY FERMENTED FLAVOR IN PEANUTS
Authors: GREENE J.L. , BRATKA K.J. , DRAKE M.A. , SANDERS T.H. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Fruity fermented (FF) flavor is a common off‐flavor in peanuts resulting from high‐temperature curing. The 9‐point hedonic scale is the most widely used scale to determine consumer acceptance; however, research has indicated that line scales may provide equal reliability and greater sensitivity. The objectives of this study were to characterize consumer perception of FF flavor in peanuts and to compare the effectiveness of the two scale types. Consumers (n = 208) evaluated control (no FF), low‐intensity (1.0) FF and high‐intensity (3.0) FF peanut pastes for the strength/intensity of roasted peanut flavor (RPF), sweet taste (ST), fresh peanut flavor (FPF) and overall liking (OV) using randomly assigned ballots. Sensitivity in defining consumer perception of off‐flavor in peanuts was greater with use of line scales than with the hedonic scale. The line scale indicated that FF flavor in peanuts, even at low intensity, negatively impacted OV and further identified significantly lower RPF and FPF perception by consumers. The hedonic scale identified only a difference in FPF and was not sensitive enough to show a difference in OV.
SENSORY EXPECTATIONS OF CHILDREN FROM DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLD INCOMES FOR A BRANDED CONFECTIONARY PRODUCT
Authors: SOSA MIRIAM , HOUGH GUILLERMO 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT The influence of brand and price on the sensory acceptability of alfajor (an individual cake covered in chocolate) among children from different household incomes was measured. Two brands of alfajores, “cheap” and “expensive,” were used. A total of 120 children, half from low‐income households (LI) and half from medium‐ to high‐income households (M–HI), participated in the study. They tasted the alfajores in three conditions: blind, package‐alone and package + product. The LI children were not influenced by brand. For the M–HI children, an assimilation effect was observed. The findings highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors in sensory expectation. In the blind condition, if the price is very high, no matter how much a child likes an alfajor he/she will not buy it. If the price is low, the overall liking will highly influence the choice. Implications of results for manufacturers, money providers and nutritional education agencies are discussed.
SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF URUGUAYAN TANNAT WINE: CORRELATION TO QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: VARELA PAULA , GÁMBARO ADRIANA 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Tannat (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tannat) was the main grape variety to be established in Uruguay, being the only country in the Americas where this grape is commonly found. Because of its small cultivation in the world, this variety has not been thoroughly studied, hence, considerable research and development on this variety is still needed. The aims of this study were to obtain the aroma and taste profiles of Tannat red wine by means of descriptive analysis and to correlate the quantitative sensory data to the quality assessment obtained through a small panel of fine wine consumers. The correlations obtained resulted in a useful tool in Uruguayan Tannat wine development. Results showed that an increment in yeasty, burned and earthy aromas resulted in lower quality scores, while high intensities of dried fruit, phenolic and berry aromas are desirable in this fine wine variety. As far as taste is concerned, astringency positively influences quality evaluation of flavor (attack, evolution and persistence), body and overall quality.
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WILD AND AQUACULTURED SOUTHERN FLOUNDER (PARALICHTHYS LETHOSTIGMA)
Authors: DRAKE S.L. , DRAKE M.A. , DANIELS H.V. , YATES M.D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThere is considerable interest in the aquaculture of southern flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma, because of its worldwide market appeal, high market value and ability to grow in fresh or brackish water. This study was conducted to identify and define sensory properties of wild (WF), freshwater farm‐raised (FFF) and saltwater farm‐raised (SFF) southern flounder. In addition, consumer acceptance of these three sources of southern flounder was determined. A defined sensory lexicon for southern flounder (appearance, flavor, texture) was identified. Descriptive sensory differences were documented among the three types of flounder (P < 0.05). FFF flounder was differentiated by an earthy flavor. WF and SFF flounder were characterized by medicinal and fresh fish flavors, respectively. Consumer acceptance scores for SFF were significantly higher in all attributes compared with WF or FFF flounder (P < 0.05). Consumers preferred SFF > WF > FFF flounder (P < 0.05). SFF flounder may be a viable alternative to WF flounder.
Ground Water Occurrence and Contributions to Streamflow in an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range
Authors: Clow D.W. , Schrott L. , Webb R. , Campbell D.H. , Torizzo A. , Dornblaser M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractGround water occurrence, movement, and its contribution to streamflow were investigated in Loch Vale, an alpine catchment in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Hydrogeomorphologic mapping, seismic refraction measurements, and porosity and permeability estimates indicate that talus slopes are the primary ground water reservoir, with a maximum storage capacity that is equal to, or greater than, total annual discharge from the basin (5.4 ± 0.8 × 106 m3). Although snowmelt and glacial melt provide the majority of annual water flux to the basin, tracer tests and gauging along a stream transect indicate that ground water flowing from talus can account for ≥75% of streamflow during storms and the winter base flow period. The discharge response of talus springs to storms and snowmelt reflects rapid transmittal of water through coarse debris at the talus surface and slower release of water from finer‐grained sediments at depth.Ice stored in permafrost (including rock glaciers) is the second largest ground water reservoir in Loch Vale; it represents a significant, but seldom recognized, ground water reservoir in alpine terrain. Mean annual air temperatures are sufficiently cold to support permafrost above 3460 m; however, air temperatures have increased 1.1° to 1.4°C since the early 1990s, consistent with long‐term (1976–2000) increases in air temperature measured at other high‐elevation sites in the Front Range, European Alps, and Peruvian Andes. If other climatic factors remain constant, the increase in air temperatures at Loch Vale is sufficient to increase the lower elevational limit of permafrost by 150 to 190 m. Although this could cause a short‐term increase in streamflow, it may ultimately result in decreased flow in the future.
Hydrological Dynamics of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia
Authors: Peters Norman E. , Freer James , Aulenbach Brent T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRelations between stormflow characteristics and soil‐moisture content, water table elevation in wells along several transects perpendicular to the stream, and precipitation were evaluated for the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, from water years 1986 through 2001 to refine the conceptualization of streamflow generation, including the relations between ground water dynamics and streamflow. For 759 rainstorms during 16 water years, stormflow water yield correlates best with maximum soil‐moisture content and with maximum water table elevation; the relations are linear above thresholds for the entire period and vary by season. For moderate to large rainstorms, relations among wetness parameters and stormflow water yield are better (less scatter) and more consistent when the watershed is seasonally wet than when the watershed is dry. During rainstorms, soil‐moisture content (minimum or maximum) is highly correlated among soil depths and with water table elevations. The soil‐moisture measurements were made at one site at the base of a hillslope, and the values at any depth are likely to vary spatially and with respect to timing, other landscape positions, and soil types. Stormflow water yield is linearly related to soil‐moisture content at the deepest location (70 cm) above 37% volumetric moisture content, which occurs ∼20% of the time. Maximum water table elevation is linearly related to maximum soil‐moisture content above a threshold, and the soil‐moisture threshold increases with upslope position; the soil‐moisture threshold for flow to occur at a trench hillslope site is 41%, which occurs <0.5% of the time. The general relations among streamflow, soil moisture, and water table response are attributed to variable source areas, particularly the ground water contribution from a riparian zone aquifer ≤5 m thick that expands as the watershed becomes wetter.
Where Does the Ground Water in Small Watersheds Come From?
Authors: Winter Thomas C. , Rosenberry Donald O. , LaBaugh James W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSurface water and ground water watersheds commonly do not coincide. This condition is particularly relevant to understanding biogeochemical processes in small watersheds, where detailed accounting of water and solute fluxes commonly are done. Ground water watersheds are not as easily defined as surface watersheds because (1) they are not observable from land surface; (2) ground water flow systems of different magnitude can be superimposed on one another; and (3) ground water divides may move in response to dynamic recharge and discharge conditions. Field studies of relatively permeable terrain in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Nebraska indicate that lakes and wetlands in small watersheds located near the lower end of extensive ground water flow systems receive ground water inflow from shallow flow systems that extend far beyond their surface watershed, and they may also receive ground water inflow from deeper regional flow systems that pass at depth beneath local flow systems. Field studies of mountainous terrain that have low‐permeability deposits in New Hampshire and Costa Rica also indicate that surface water bodies receive ground water inflow from sources beyond their local surface watersheds. Field studies of lakes and wetlands in North Dakota, Nebraska, and Germany indicate that ground water divides move in response to changing climate conditions, resulting in a variable source of ground water inflow to those surface water bodies.
Enhanced Submarine Ground Water Discharge from Mixing of Pore Water and Estuarine Water
Authors: Martin Jonathan B. , Cable Jaye E. , Swarzenski Peter W. , Lindenberg Mary K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSubmarine ground water discharge is suggested to be an important pathway for contaminants from continents to coastal zones, but its significance depends on the volume of water and concentrations of contaminants that originate in continental aquifers. Ground water discharge to the Banana River Lagoon, Florida, was estimated by analyzing the temporal and spatial variations of Cl− concentration profiles in the upper 230 cm of pore waters and was measured directly by seepage meters. Total submarine ground water discharge consists of slow discharge at depths > ∼70 cm below seafloor (cmbsf) of largely marine water combined with rapid discharge of mixed pore water and estuarine water above ∼70 cmbsf. Cl− profiles indicate average linear velocities of ∼0.014 cm/d at depths > ∼70 cmbsf. In contrast, seepage meters indicate water discharges across the sediment‐water interface at rates between 3.6 and 6.9 cm/d. The discrepancy appears to be caused by mixing in the shallow sediment, which may result from a combination of bioirrigation, wave and tidal pumping, and convection. Wave and tidal pumping and convection would be minor because the tidal range is small, the short fetch of the lagoon limits wave heights, and large density contacts are lacking between lagoon and pore water. Mixing occurs to ∼70 cmbsf, which represents depths greater than previously reported. Mixing of oxygenated water to these depths could be important for remineralization of organic matter.
Advection Within Shallow Pore Waters of a Coastal Lagoon, Florida
Authors: Cable Jaye E. , Martin Jonathan B. , Swarzenski Peter W. , Lindenberg Mary K. , Steward Joel 
Published: March 2006

AbstractGround water sources can be a significant portion of a local water budget in estuarine environments, particularly in areas with high recharge rates, transmissive aquifers, and permeable marine sediments. However, field measurements of ground water discharge are often incongruent with ground water flow modeling results, leaving many scientists unsure which estimates are accurate. In this study, we find that both measurements and model results are reasonable. The difference between estimates apparently results from the sources of water being measured and not the techniques themselves. In two locations in the Indian River Lagoon estuarine system, we found seepage meter rates similar to rates calculated from the geochemical tracers 222Rn and 226Ra. Ground water discharge rates ranged from 4 to 9 cm/d using seepage meters and 3 to 20 cm/d using 222Rn and 226Ra. In contrast, in comparisons to other studies where finite element ground water flow modeling was used, much lower ground water discharge rates of ∼0.05 to 0.15 cm/d were estimated. These low rates probably represent discharge of meteoric ground water from land‐recharged aquifers, while the much higher rates measured with seepage meters, 222Rn, and 226Ra likely include an additional source of surface waters that regularly flush shallow (< 1 m depth) sediments. This resultant total flow of mixed land‐recharged water and recirculated surface waters contributes to the total biogeochemical loading in this shallow estuarine environment.
Hydrogeologic Setting and Ground Water Flow Beneath a Section of Indian River Bay, Delaware
Authors: Krantz David E. , Manheim Frank. T. , Bratton John F. , Phelan Daniel J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe small bays along the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) are a valuable natural resource, and an asset for commerce and recreation. These coastal bays also are vulnerable to eutrophication from the input of excess nutrients derived from agriculture and other human activities in the watersheds. Ground water discharge may be an appreciable source of fresh water and a transport pathway for nutrients entering the bays. This paper presents results from an investigation of the physical properties of the surficial aquifer and the processes associated with ground water flow beneath Indian River Bay, Delaware. A key aspect of the project was the deployment of a new technology, streaming horizontal resistivity, to map the subsurface distribution of fresh and saline ground water beneath the bay. The resistivity profiles showed complex patterns of ground water flow, modes of mixing, and submarine ground water discharge. Cores, gamma and electromagnetic‐induction logs, and in situ ground water samples collected during a coring operation in Indian River Bay verified the interpretation of the resistivity profiles. The shore‐parallel resistivity lines show subsurface zones of fresh ground water alternating with zones dominated by the flow of salt water from the estuary down into the aquifer. Advective flow produces plumes of fresh ground water 400 to 600 m wide and 20 m thick that may extend more than 1 km beneath the estuary. Zones of dispersive mixing between fresh and saline ground water develop on the upper, lower, and lateral boundaries of the plume. The plumes generally underlie small incised valleys that can be traced landward to streams draining the upland. The incised valleys are filled with 1 to 2 m of silt and peat that act as a semiconfining layer to restrict the downward flow of salt water from the estuary. Active circulation of both the fresh and saline ground water masses beneath the bay is inferred from the geophysical results and supported by geochemical data.
Studying Ground Water Under Delmarva Coastal Bays Using Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Manheim Frank T. , Krantz David E. , Bratton John F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFresh ground water is widely distributed in subsurface sediments below the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). These conditions were revealed by nearly 300 km of streamer resistivity surveys, utilizing a towed multichannel cable system. Zones of high resistivity displayed by inversion modeling were confirmed by vibradrilling investigations to correspond to fresh ground water occurrences. Fresh water lenses extended from a few hundred meters up to 2 km from shore. Along the western margins of coastal bays in areas associated with fine‐grained surficial sediments, high‐resistivity layers were widespread and were especially pronounced near tidal creeks. Fresh ground water layers were less common along the eastern barrier‐bar margins of the bays, where sediments were typically sandy. Mid‐bay areas in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, did not show evidence of fresh water. Indian River Bay, Delaware, showed complex subsurface salinity relationships, including an area with possible hypersaline brines. The new streamer resistivity system paired with vibradrilling in these investigations provides a powerful approach to recovering information required for extension of hydrologic modeling of shallow coastal aquifer systems into offshore areas.
Effects of Aquifer Travel Time on Nitrogen Transport to a Coastal Embayment
Authors: Colman John A. , Masterson John P. , Pabich Wendy J. , Walter Donald A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEffects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady‐state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant‐loss factor and the other time‐dependent loss rates. The constant‐loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time‐of‐travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time‐of‐travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon‐unlimited and carbon‐limited cases. Time‐of‐travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of < 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant‐loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time‐of‐travel loss model to approximate the constant‐loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models.
Ground Water Recharge and Discharge in the Central Everglades
Authors: Harvey Judson W. , Krupa Steven L. , Krest James M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA‐2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA‐2A (located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five‐year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA‐2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water‐control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ∼1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water‐control structures.
DEPOSITIONAL AND DIAGENETIC HISTORY OF THE KERENDAN CARBONATE PLATFORM, OLIGOCENE, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Authors: Saller A. H. , Vijaya S. 
Published: March 2006

The Kerendan carbonate platform (Oligocene Berai Limestone) covers a subsurface area measuring approximately 11 by 16 km in the westernmost Kutei Basin, Central Kalimantan. Aggradation of the Kerendan platform occurred during a major Oligocene transgression, and is contemporaneous with aggradation and backstepping of the Barito shelf margin which was located approximately 30 km to the south. The Kerendan platform is approximately 1,000 m thick, and comprises three aggrading seismic sequences identified by the downlap of basinal strata at the platform margin and downlap of transgressive strata within the platform. Carbonate deposition started in the Late Eocene, and ended when the upper limestone sequence drowned and was covered with shale in the Late Oligocene (approximately 28.6 Ma). Three depositional areas can be distinguished in seismic sections: (1) a platform interior (lagoon); (2) a slightly raised platform rim (1–2 km wide); and (3) a basinward‐dipping platform margin and slope. The margin of the platform is identified by inflections on the seismic profiles where the relatively flat platform top begins to slope basinward.Depositional models from outcrops combined with core from three Kerendan wells were used to extrapolate depositional facies onto the seismically‐defined platform. Platform‐interior (lagoon) facies consist largely of fossiliferous wackestones and packstones, and porosities are generally lower than 5%. The platform rim is characterized by interbedded bioclastic wackestones, packstones, grainstones and boundstones, with grainstones increasing toward the platform margin. Porosity preferentially occurs in packstones, grainstones and boundstones. The platform‐rim deposits have greater porosity (5–13%) than the platform interior because the platform run is more grainstone‐rich, and because acidic waters compacting out of basinal shales concentrated dissolution near the platform margin. Pore types include vuggy porosity, microporosity within grains, and intercrystalline porosity in dolomite in the upper part of the platform rim. Different pore types have resulted in variable but locally very high permeabilities (greater than 100 mD). Permeabilities decrease with depth as vuggy pores decrease, and microporosity becomes dominant.