bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombination Lifetime Measurements in Silicon
Authors: Gupta D , Backer FR , Hughes W 
Published: March 2009

Description
Presents state-of-the-art research on measurement interpretation, lifetime applications, measurement interferences and future directions for silicon and device processing. This unique volume features 30 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from an array of international experts in the field covering such topics as:
• Lifetime Concepts
• Photoconductivity Techniques
• Elymat Techniques
• Surface Photovoltaic Techniques
• Comparisons Between Measuring Techniques
• Applications of Lifetime Measurement in Silicon
• Standardization and Industry Practices
• Round Robin Testing Results.
This is an invaluable publication for semiconductor process, equipment and reliability engineers, fab technologists, quality engineers and silicon material scientists, as well as material characterization analysts and device engineers.
Alternative Bearing Surfaces in Total Joint Replacement
Authors: Jacobs JJ , Craig TL 
Published: March 2009

Description
Although in widespread use in certain centers abroad, alternative bearing surfaces are currently in the developmental or early clinical stage in the United States. There are numerous manufacturing, regulatory, scientific, and clinical issues that need to be carefully examined prior to the widespread introduction of these devices. STP 1346 reflects the discussion of these issues in the context of relevant standards development.
18 peer-reviewed papers written by members of industry, academia, clinical practice, and the regulatory and standards communities are presented in four sections: Wear Testing (2 papers); • Metal-on-Metal Bearings (9 papers); • Ceramic Bearings (4 papers); • and Alternative Polymeric Bearings (3 papers).
Roofing Research and Standards Development: Fourth Volume
Authors: Wallace TJ , Rossiter WJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the latest research on topics that are crucial for the roofing industry. Experts in the field present nine comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers split into the following two categories:
Low-Sloped Roofing -- Key areas discussed include: Standardization of roofing membranes service life prediction • In-Service thermoplastic olefin roof membrane evaluation • Field performance of single-ply chlorinated polyethylene roof membranes • Comparison of standard and modified asphalt roof systems • Hail resistant coating standards.
Steep Roofing -- major topics include: Artificial slate deterioration • Asphalt shingle wind resistance research • Racked vs. traditionally applied three tab strip shingles • Asphalt-glass felt shingles blister tests • Fiber glass asphalt crack-initiation fracture toughness.
Nondestructive and Automated Testing for Soil and Rock Properties
Authors: Marr WA , Fairhurst C 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first publication of its kind to feature state-of-the-art research on economical and timely ways to evaluate a wide range of soil and rock characteristics.
20 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers are divided into the following key areas:
Nondestructive Testing Methods In The Laboratory -- Evaluation techniques including X-ray absorption, medical imaging, active and passive acoustic imaging and the environmental scanning electron microscope are explored in eight papers.
Nondestructive Testing in the Field -- Four papers discuss such methods as time-domain reflectometry, surface wave measurement and modeling in drilled rock shafts, and construction induced vibrations.
Automated Testing -- In addition to a survey of geotechnical laboratory automation practices and actual experience with automated geotechnical testing, such areas as direct shear testing, modeling pre-failure stress-strain properties, and the use of an automated triaxial apparatus are examined in eight papers.
The Use of and Need for Preservation Standards in Architectural Conservation
Authors: Sickels-Taves LB 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first publication of its kind to compile and evaluate international building preservation issues for the purpose of developing overall protective guidelines. Leading experts from ten countries have written 17 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers divided into the following categories:
Theory and Practice -- Building data management, standards comparisons and Italy's conservation approach are explored in 3 papers.
Building Assemblies/Systems -- 4 papers examine cutting edge technology as it relates to architectural lighting standards, weathering and performance evaluation, and consolidant penetration of stone by minimal drilling and non-destructive methods.
Materials -- Alternative approaches to historic building mortar restoration, wood strength compatibility, and fractured stone rejoining are presented in 6 papers.
Structural Repairs-- 4 papers address varying structural safety issues including settlement, natural hazard risks such as earthquakes, vibration testing and retrofit techniques.
For architectural conservators, historic preservationists, preservation academics, architects, and engineers.
Development of Comprehensive Material Performance Database for Nuclear Applications
Authors: Yokoyama N , Tsuji H , Tsukada T , Shindo M 
Published: March 2009

Computer technology has remarkably improved recently, especially the World Wide Web (WWW), which has become the predominant method for accessing the Internet. As the result, it is possible to extract attractive and sophisticated information easily and timely through massive and quick communication of complex materials data.
At Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), the JAERI Material Performance Database (JMPD) has been developed to utilize various kinds of characteristic data about nuclear metallic materials efficiently. The data entry supporting system is developed to reduce the data input task. Retrieval and graphic presentation are carried out through the WWW. Based on the stored data, analyses are performed.
Inspection Manual for Existing Septic Systems
Authors: Frekot LLC , Elvebak ML 
Published: March 2009

In response to the demand for uniform inspections and conformity of existing Individual Sewage Treatment Systems (ISTS) across the state, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) is developing a manual addressing the need for inspection procedures for existing ISTS. In this effort, the MPCA has done thorough research, formed advisory committees, and tested all the different procedures for inspecting existing ISTS. The manual is to be used as an educational tool to complete a comprehensive inspection of an existing ISTS on a property.
The manual will be used by individual sewage treatment system professionals and local unit of government employees to systematically investigate ISTS to determine which systems meet current Minnesota state standards. It was created to be user-friendly and comprehensive, with sections appropriate for copying and use directly in the field. The manual includes the definition of failing systems according to Minnesota Rule, Chapter 7080, and provides a methodology for inspecting ISTS. It also describes the available equipment used to investigate systems, dye tracer use, safety, a protocol for public involvement and recordkeeping.
Design of Recirculating Sand Filters Using a Standardized Methodology
Authors: Ball JL , Denn GD 
Published: March 2009

The recirculating sand filter is a successful wastewater treatment system for producers of small to medium (2 to 4000 m3/day or 500 to 1,000,000 gallons/day) wastewater flows. This cost effective, low-maintenance technology provides ideal treatment systems for parks, schools, office complexes, resorts, and even small communities with effluent sewer collection systems. Space requirements are reasonably small, construction costs are moderate, and maintenance and monitoring do not require highly trained personnel. The recirculating sand filter purifies septic tank effluent sufficiently that it can be disposed subsurface in most soils, or, where allowed, disinfected and disposed into surface waters.
In the recirculating sand filters investigated by the authors, the quality of effluent is remarkably similar, even though designs, installation costs, and operational costs vary significantly. Incorporation of the most cost-effective methodologies into a standardized RSF design will reduce all those costs without sacrificing efficacy of the treatment.
In this paper the authors discuss a standard design technique for a modular recirculating sand filter, developed to simplify the design process and to reduce equipment, installation and operating costs. This design strategy allows original construction to be limited to a size that accommodates existing flows and defers capital costs of additional capacity until it is warranted by increased flows. Variations in the standard design that may be used to meet special performance or site-specific criteria are also discussed.
Design and Performance of Septic Tanks
Authors: Bounds TR 
Published: March 2009

More than forty million people in the United States currently use onsite wastewater disposal or decentralized sewerage collection and treatment that rely on septic tanks for primary treatment. There is a good reason why, in this age of advanced technology, the septic tank is still in use. It works. More than 45% of ultimate treatment can be accomplished in the septic tank. Advanced onsite and effluent sewer technologies have established their environmental importance by bringing highly reliable, affordable and permanent wastewater treatment to users worldwide. In short, passive—energy free—septic tanks provide the most cost efficient form of primary treatment available for nonindustrial sewage.
Decentralized sewers and onsite alternatives have advanced us to a new era of wastewater treatment and management where designers must be able to rely on the many essential components of the system. System components must be designed and constructed with the same permanency and quality expected of any long-term option. Because the septic tank is an essential ingredient to the success of these systems, a new generation of structurally-sound, watertight septic tanks is evolving.
Further Studies on Oxidative Induction Test on Medical Polymers
Authors: Woo L , Ding SY , Ling MTK , Westphal SP 
Published: March 2009

We have published previously initial results on the application of the oxidative induction test to a wide variety of medical polymers. This is a continuation and further elaboration on the earlier study.
For medical flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds, the traditional measure of degree of degradation by color formation was found to correlate to measured oxidative induction times. Furthermore, three distinct regimes were also detected. In the initial phase of degradation, little color formation was detected for significant decreases in the induction time. This is followed by a nearly linear regime. Finally in the terminal regime, where the stabilizer were nearly exhausted the color increased exponentially. This observation was interpreted by the established mechanism of PVC degradation.
In another series with polyolefins, several subtle phenomena were observed that may have utility in either optimizing the stabilization package or predicting long term shelf life. It was found that significant antioxidant losses occurred at typical experimental temperatures above 200°C. Much better shelf life predictions can be obtained by collecting data at lower temperatures. And the inflection point on the activation energy plot corresponded to the antioxidant volatilization temperature.
Laboratory Simulation of Oxidative Aging of Asphalt
Authors: Memon GM , Chollar BH 
Published: March 2009

The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was funded by Congress in 1987–1993 to study the most pressing problems in the highway field. One of the major items studied in this program was the aging and changes of asphalt in pavements during construction of and during the life of the pavement.
The objective of this study was to determine the aging characteristics of asphalt mixes, which were mixed and conditioned at times corresponding to times experienced during field mixing. This objective was accomplished by measuring functional group changes of carbonyl and sulfoxide peak areas through infrared spectroscopy techniques of asphalts extracted from mixes subjected to various laboratory and climatic conditioning procedures. Correlations were attempted between these infrared functional group changes of asphalt samples from laboratory aged mixes and that from a pavement mix obtained through drum dryer plant production.
Ratios were taken of these unknown peak areas by dividing them by the area of a peak unchanged by oxidation, i.e., the methyl peak. These ratios were evaluated for asphalt mix samples that had undergone a wide range of treatments (oven heating for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours). It was observed through the carbonyl group changes of the asphalts that an oven aged period of 2 hours for asphalt mixes was needed to simulate the degree of aging occurring during plant mix production.
Evaluation of Variability in Material Properties and Chemical Composition for Midland Reactor Weld WF-70
Authors: Nanstad RK , McCabe DE , Swain RL 
Published: March 2009

The Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation (HSSI) Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) includes a task, the Tenth Irradiation Series, to investigate the effects of radiation on the fracture toughness of the low upper-shelf submerged-arc welds in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of the canceled Midland Unit 1 nuclear plant. The welds carry the Babcock and Wilcox Co. (B&W) designation WF-70, a weld which exists in many commercial pressurized-water reactors. Various sections of both the beltline weld and the nozzle course weld were studied. A major part of the study involved the determination of variations in chemical composition and reference temperature (RTNDT) throughout the as-received welds. The RTNDTs, all controlled by the Charpy behavior, varied from -20 to 37°C (-4 to 99°F) while the upper-shelf energies varied from 77 to 108 J (57 to 80 ft-lb). Even though all the welds carry the WF-70 designation, the bulk copper contents range from 0.21 to 0.34 wt % in the beltline weld and from 0.37 to 0.46 wt % in the nozzle course weld. The variation (2σ) of 41-J temperatures for 25 data sets of the Midland weld was 17°C and is comparable to that for the high upper-shelf HSSI weld 72W and that from 13 data sets for HSST Plate 01. Statistical analyses of the Charpy and chemical composition results are discussed.
Although the NDT temperatures and CVN transition temperature ranges were similar for the two welds, the fracture toughness results indicated that the nozzle course weld had a 27°C (49°F) higher transition temperature than the beltline weld. Some postirradiation data are available and are presented in this paper, but the major part of the irradiation effects study will be reported subsequently.
Hardness and Microstructural Response to Thermal Annealing of Irradiated ASTM A533B Class 1 Plate Steel
Authors: Reinhart DE , Kumar AS , Gelles DS , Hamilton ML , Rosinski ST 
Published: March 2009

Hardness measurements were used to determine the post-irradiation annealing response of A533B class 1 plate steel irradiated to a fluence of 1 x 1019 n/cm2 (E&gt;1 MeV) at 150°C. Rockwell hardness measurements indicated that the material had hardened by 6.6 points on the B scale after irradiation. The irradiation induced hardness increase was associated with a decrease in upper shelf energy from 63.4 J to 5-1.8 J and a temperature shift in the Charpy curve at the 41 J level from 115°C to 215°C. Specimens were annealed after irradiation at temperatures of 343°C (650°F), 399°C (750°F), and 454°C (850°F) for durations of up to one week (168 h). Hardness measurements were made to chart recovery of hardness as a function of time and temperature. Specimens annealed at the highest temperature 454°C recovered the fastest, fully recovering within 144 h. Specimens annealed at 399°C recovered completely within 168 h. Specimens annealed at the lowest temperature, 343°C recovered only ∼70% after 168 h of annealing.
After neutron irradiation, a new feature of black spot damage was found to be superimposed on the unirradiated microstructure. The density of black spots was found to vary from 2.3 x 1015/cm3 to 1.1 x 1016/cm3 with an average diameter of 2.85 nm. Following annealing at 454°C for 24 h the black spot damage was completely annealed out. It was concluded that the black spot damage was responsible for 70% of the irradiation-induced hardness.
Refinements to Pressure Vessel Steel Embrittlement Correlations
Authors: Byrne ST , Hardies RO 
Published: March 2009

ASTM E 900-87, Standard Guide for Predicting Neutron Radiation Damage to Reactor Vessel Materials, provides methods for predicting the effects of fast neutron irradiation on the toughness of reactor pressure vessel materials. The prediction methodology is similar but separate for the steel base metal and weld metal. The methodology relies on a correlation between the chemical content of the steel and the fast neutron fluence. The prediction methodology is used to assess the margin of safety against fracture of the reactor vessel during normal operation and postulated transients.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of an effort to improve the accuracy of the predictions of transition temperature shift. Numerous issues have been identified which could influence the calculational approach. Those issues include: • the quality of the input data • the dependence on irradiation temperature • differences in irradiation response between unique subsets (e.g., between welds deposited by different fabrication process and consumables) • saturation of neutron damage at “end-of-life” neutron fluences • saturation of neutron damage above copper solid solubility limits (i.e., modification of the “chemistry factor” above 0.25 to 0.30 weight percent copper) • the significance of minor variations in copper or nickel content within the base metal or weld to the relative sensitivity to neutron damage
This evaluation was performed using a “scrubbed” data base of reactor vessel surveillance data coupled with best-estimate irradiation temperatures; the latter were based on the reactor vessel cold leg temperatures rather than the “go” / “no go” thermal monitor data. A term for dependence on irradiation temperature was derived and added to the correlation for irradiation induced shift of the transition temperature. The assumption used was that differences in irradiation temperature were a significant contributor to the scatter, or standard deviation. Once that scatter was reduced, the other more subtle factors identified above could be quantified. Factors considered in this evaluation were weld fabrication process and saturation at copper solubility limits.
The ultimate objective is to contribute to the development of an improved understanding of the empirical relationships which, when coupled with theoretical models of irradiation damage mechanisms, will result in more accurate correlations for inclusion in ASTM E 900. The data base improvements, addition of a temperature term, consideration of saturation effects (with neutron fluence or copper content) and separation by material subsets are intended to assure that the best estimate predictions and their uncertainty are as realistic as possible.
The Neutron Irradiation Effect on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Beryllium
Authors: Fabritsiev SA , Pokrovsky AS , Bagautdinov RM 
Published: March 2009

The results of an investigation into the effects of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties and structure of beryllium are presented. Irradiation was performed in the BOR-60 reactor up to doses of 0.7–1.1 × 1022 n/cm2 (E &gt; 0.1 MeV) at irradiation temperatures of 350°C, 400°C, 520°C, 780°C. Two modifications of RF beryllium, i.e. DShG-200 and TShG-56, were chosen for investigation.
For irradiation at temperatures of 350 – 400°C Be hardening due to the accumulation of radiation defect complexes. Hardening is accompanied with a sharp drop in plasticity at Ttest ≤ 300°C. The fracture of samples is of brittle, mainly transcrystallite, type. High-temperature irradiation (Tirr = 780°C) gives rise to large helium pores over the grain boundaries and smaller pores in the grain body. Fracture is brittle and intercrystalline at Ttest ≥ 600°C. Helium embrittlement is also accompanied with a drop in the Be mechanical properties. The conclusion is made that the irradiation temperature range, where irradiated beryllium has a satisfactory level of properties, is rather narrow: 300°C ≤ T ≤500°C.
A New Test Method to Measure Triboelectric Static Charge Generation on Protective Clothing Materials
Authors: Stull JO , Greimel TC 
Published: March 2009

Different test methods for evaluating hazards resulting from static charge development and static charge decay on protective clothing materials have been developed. These test methods involve both the application of electrical charge and the measurement of surface resistivity by means of surface electrodes. Misleading information can be produced utilizing the electrode charge decay method when a material has low conductivity. When a material has low conductivity, it is possible that either no charge is developed, or anomalous readings of static charge occur when in actuality no charging or discharging of the material has taken place. In addition, these methods do not employ techniques which simulate the conditions of actual use of a material.
The triboelectric method developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), can be utilized to circumvent some of the shortcomings of the electrode methods. With the triboelectric method, static charge is developed on the test material by means of rubbing friction, thus simulating the manner of actual use of the protective garment. Reproducible application of static charge can be accomplished by way of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) felt wheel which is rubbed against the test specimen for ten seconds. The peak voltage and charge decay rate for five seconds after cessation of rubbing are recorded. This paper gives a complete description of the test method, its development, applications, and provides results on a series of sample materials using this technique. Results of the triboelectric test method are also compared against other industry standards.
Evaluation of Health Care Workers' Apparel Using Microbiological Methods
Authors: Placencia AM , Peeler JT 
Published: March 2009

Health Care Workers are exposed to numerous biological hazards in the work place. This can occur in hospitals, care centers, laundry facilities, laboratories and other units dealing with the various aspects of health care. Some of these biological hazards can lead to death and the economic and emotional impact can be costly. This burden falls not only on the health care worker and individuals receiving these services but also on industry and government.
There is a need to develop methods appropriate for evaluating protective wear against microbial as well as viral hazards. These hazards not only occur through fluid contamination like blood, serum but also through aerosol transmission.
A method has been developed to evaluate the biobarrier properties of materials using either a bacterial spore or a bacteriophage. The indicator organism was aerosolized in an acrylic chamber. Filtration cups containing the testing material were exposed to the indicator organism consisting of B. subtilis var. niger spores. The materials were ranked by comparing the number of organisms that penetrated the material to the initial number exposed.