bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electro‐tinplate. Part I. —The influence of plating conditions on the quality of electro‐tinplate deposited from the stannous sulphate bath
Authors: Angles R. M. , Caulheld K. W. , Kerr R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quality of electro‐tinplate formed under different plating conditions from the stannous sulphate‐eresolsulphonic acid bath has been compared by the thiocyanate and hot‐water porosity teat and by exposure in a humidity chamber. Within the ranges examined, the quality improves with increase of tin concentration of the electrolyte and with decrease of current density. There is an optimum concentration of eresolsulphonic acid, defending on the tin content, liaising the temperature of the electrolyte impairs the quality of the deposits. No significant improvement was obtained by the addition of commercial wetting agents.
Inhibition of hard scale in boilers, and the action of static charges upon colloids
Authors: Willey E. J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that a good case can be made out for a common modus operandi in two methods claimed to give remarkable results in the treatment of feedwater, the first involving an electrode system through which the water circulates under a field of a few milli‐volts, and the second an assembly of glass bulbs containing mercury where static charges develop externally as the mercury is caused to move about by the How of water. The reaction seems to involvo colloids present, these being enabled to undergo strong adsorption at the surface of nascent crystals and, although present in very small amounts, give rise to development of other crystalline forms that normally appear only when large amounts of “boiler fluids” arc used in absence of either of these devices. Static chargesseem able to exert a profound influence upon the rate of reaction of one colloid with another, positive sols being made more reactive towards negative forms, and conversely.
Vitamin c content of vegetables. Part VI. Tomatoes
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe concentration of vitamin C in individual tomatoes shows considerable variation from fruit to fruit. Average values indicate that ripe fruits arc richer in vitamin C than unripe fruits and that outdoor grown tomatoes are richer than those grown in greenhouses; no significant differences occurred between the varieties studied. Some of the individual fruits analysed in 1945 were found to contain a comparatively high concentration of dehydroascorbic acid.
Improved syntheses of phenazines. Part I. 1‐aminophenazine and 1:3 diaminophenazine
Authors: Albert Adrien , Duewell Heinz 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPracticable syntheses of 1‐amino‐ and 1:3‐diamino‐phenazines are described for the first time. These substances (and a byproduct, 1‐hydroxyphenazine) thus become relatively accessible and may prove of interest as redox indicators or as material for further syntheses.
The mixed unsaturated glycerides of liquid fats. Part VI. Low‐temperature crystallisation of rape oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Laurent P. A. , Meara M. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mixed glyecrides of rape oil were separated by systematic crystallisation from acetone at low temperatures into three fractions, each less complex in composition than the whole fat. The component acids of each fraction were determined, after preliminary resolution into two groups by low‐temperature crystallisation from acetone or ether, by ester‐fractionation. Spectrographs analysis of alkali‐isomerised acids from selected ester‐fractions showed the presence of more linolenic acid than ha hitherto been reported, and also of small amounts of a docosadienoic acid, C22H10O2. The component acids of the rape oil included myristic o·2%, palmitic 2·2%, stearic 0·4%, arachidic 0·5%, behenic 1·5%, lignoceric 0·8%, with hexadecenoic 0·1%, oleic 15·2%, linoleic i6·0%, linolcnic 7·0%, erucic 53·8%, and docosadicnoic 2·3% (W/W). The component glyceridcs were made up, approximately, of 54% (mol.) containing one unsaturated C22 and two unsaturated C18 acyl groups, 28% (mol.) containing two unsaturated C18 and one unsaturated C22. acyl group, and 18% (mol.) containing one group each of saturated and unsaturated C183 and unsaturated C22 acids.
Determination of fumigants. Part XVIII. Determination of low concentrations of methyl bromide
Authors: Russell John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to develop a rapid method of determining small quantities of methyl bromide in gas samples collected during fumigation and airing. The vacuum flask technique adapted to catalytic combustion of the methyl bromide has been used, and two methods of determination of the inorganic bromide formed have been tested. The Kolthoff‐Yutzy method is suitable but lengthy. A quicker electrometric method has been evolved.
Spinning band column for high vacuum fractionation
Authors: Birch S. F. , Gripp V. , Nathan W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA fractionating column is described together with its ancillary equipment for operation at high vacuum (0·01–2·5 mm. of mercury). At atmospheric pressure the column is equivalent to 16‐6 theoretical plates, and under vacuum conditions at a boil‐up rate of it operates with a total pressure drop of only 0·04 mm.
The effect of vapour composition on the assessment of fractionating columns in terms of heights of a transfer unit. Part I
Authors: Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy a new “sampling” technique using thermocouples to measure the condensation temperature of vapour mixtures in a wetted‐wall fractionating column, it has been possible to derive curves of vapour concentration along the contact path of the two phases. From these “concentration curves” estimations have been made of the effect on H.T.U. of vapour composition for various column lengths and operating conditions. Discrepancies between data obtained from the same type of column by other workers are found to be due primarily to the effect of vapour composition. The present analysis indicates clearly the limitations of H.T.U. assessments based on the resistance to diffusion of the vapour film alone.
Corrosion of concrete caused by sulphur‐oxidising bacteria
Authors: Taylor C. B. , Hutchinson G. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSerious corrosion of large concrete MouchEl cooling towers has been found to be associated with the activities of sulphur‐oxidising bacteria which were found to be present in large numbers in the circulating waters and the wet corroded material. Pure and mixed cultures of the bacteria have been shown by in vitro experiments to produce sufficient acid from the oxidation of sulphur to corrode test samples of concrete and “ciment fondu.” The nature of the corrosion and the type of bacteria responsible, appear to be identical with those reported by Parker1 in concrete sewer pipes.
Equilibrium between gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide and solutions of alkali carbonates, bicarbonates and hydrosulphides. Part II. Ammonium salts
Authors: Dryden I. G. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the case of ammoniacol solutions, constants corresponding to those determined for potassium salt solutions (Part I) are of theoretical interest only. When the gas phase consists entirely of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide at atmospheric pressure, it has been found that an empirical constant expresses the equilibrium satisfactorily; corresponding values of have also been measured. When the partial pressures are low and the solution is alkaline, equilibrium measurements have been recorded in a set of curves showing the partition factor for hydrogen sulphide as a function of solution composition.
A colorimetric method for the estimation of 2:2‐bis‐(p‐chloro‐phenyl)‐1:1:1‐trichloroethane (DDT)
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Higgons D. J. , Stoneman J. P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract2:2‐Bis‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐1:1:1‐trichlorocthanc reacts with hydroquinone and concentrated sulphuric acid at 100° to produce a wine‐red colour. The reaction has been studied and developed into a quantitative analytical method for the determination of DDT. The reaction is sufficiently specific to permit the determination of the purity of commercial samples of DDT with an accuracy of ± 1%.
South african fish products. Part XXV—The recovery of unsaponifiable matter from marine oils by the society of public analysts' method
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Black M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStudies in progress in this laboratory have demanded the quantitative recovery of unsaponifiable substances from a wide range of marine oils. A critical study of the recovery of different types of unsaponifiable matter from such oils by the Society of Public Analysts' method has therefore been made.
The electrostatic ignitibility of various solvent vapour‐air mixtures
Authors: Boyle A. R. , Llewellyn F. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of discharge capacity, electrode shape and size, electrode material, temperature of the vapour‐air mixture, and resistance in the discharge circuit, on the ignitibility of a number of solvent vapour‐air mixtures has been examined. Ignition occurs most easily, i.e. at a minimum energy, when the capacity is low; when the electrodes are not points a minimum voltage is necessary for ignition no matter what it is the size of the capacitor, but with point electrodes the critical factor is the energy stored in the capacitor.
The polymerisation of olefinic substances by friedel‐crafts catalysts
Authors: Houtman J. P. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has already been found in several reactions that Friedel‐Crafts catalysts are only effective when traces of water are present. We have found that this does not apply to the polymerisation reaction of iso‐butene with BF3 and AlCl3 under conditions where high‐molecular weight products are formed. On the other hand, some indications were found pointing to the fact that the reaction proceeds more slowly when working under dry conditions. The phenomena observed are explained in the most satisfactory way by accepting a polarising effect of the positive metal atom on the olefin. Some possible explanations are given for the phenomena found by Polanyi and co‐workers which indicate that presence of moisture can be important in certain cases.
Investigation of errors arising in iodometric determination of free sulphurous acid by the acetone procedure
Authors: Ingram M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractApart from difficulties in the observation of the end‐points, errors arise bemuse the determinations involve disturbance of the equilibrium between free and combined SO2, leading to production of more free SO2. The change following dilution is not rapid enough to cause serious error. The change following removal of all the free SO2 by titration with iodine is so rapid as to be troublesome in accurate work. Addition of 20% of acetone (the optimum proportion as reckoned by volume on natural strength) does not take up all the free SO2 in a reasonable time, but allowance can be made for this error. The most serious defect lies in the fact that with some juices (perhaps those damaged by overheating) the acetone titration does not correctly measure the reducing power of the components of the juice other than SO2, and the difference may be equivalent to an over‐estimate of free SO2 by as much as 50 p.p.m.
Starches and starch fractions. Part II. The determination of starch by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the hydrolysis of starch to dextrose by hydrochloric acid at 100°, two reactions occur from the commencement of the heating process—(a) a rapid hydrolysis of starch to dextrose, and (b) a much slower decomposition of the dextrose produced. After correction for the dextrose destroyed, it is evident that starch is quantitatively converted to dextrose according to the stoichiometric relationship 90 parts starch = 100 parts dextrose.
South african fish products. Part XXVI. Application of the fitelson method of “squalene” determination to some marine oils
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe technique described by Fitelson1 for the determination of olive oil in edible oil mixtures has been applied to several marine oils with unsaponifiable fractions of different types. The results indicate that the method should be of particular value in the structural analysis and characterisation of fats of marine origin.
The aerial oxidation of scottish shale wax
Authors: Pettet A. E. J. , Greaves W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the aerial oxidation of Scottish shale wax a satisfactory rate of oxidation was attained by oxidising a mixture of 60% fresh wax with 40% unsaponifiable material from previous runs, at a temperature of 110°. Air for oxidation at the rate of 4 cu. ft./hour/100 g. mixture, was best introduced in a finely divided state by means of a ceramic filter block, and either cobalt or manganese oleate at 1% concentration provided a satisfactory catalyst, with a slight advantage in favour of the former. An aluminium apparatus was preferable to one of glass, since the considerable induction period evident in the latter was eliminated when aluminium was used. Adequate space had to be provided in the reaction chamber, for formation of froth, as well as a subsidiary chamber for subsequent froth breaking. With the manganese catalyst in presence of unsaponified material, the yield of C10‐C20 acids rose from 7% when the reaction was taken to an acid number of 36 to 27% at acid number 186. The acetyl number of the final acids also tended to rise when the oxidation was carried to a high acid number but the precise point was not determined at which the oxidation should be stopped so as to give the best results, having regard to both quantity and quality of acids. The wax could be almost completely oxidised, but no advantage was thereby gained.
Chemical research and corrosion, control: Some recent contributions of a corrosion research group
Authors: Vernon W. H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA survey (is presented) of the work of the Corrosion Research Section of Chemical Research Laboratory (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research), Teddington, since 1939. The topics discussed include the “high‐speed rotor apparatus” for accelerated immersed corrosion tests; the investigation of high‐duty coatings; antifreeze solutions; corrosion inhibitors for use in heat‐exchange systems, de‐icing systems, wrapping materials, enclosed air spaces; accelerated atmospheric corrosion tests; methods of pre‐treatment; bituminous coatings; microbiological (soil) corrosion; miscellaneous investigations and information services.
The alkoxyl content of urea formaldehyde resin films
Authors: Shaw B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe butoxyl contents of cured urea‐formaldehyde‐butanol resin films have been determined by a modified Zeisel method, using a technique for film preparation whereby the film is obtained on a glass substrate under controlled conditions. The results show that such films have a high butoxyl content even after long periods of stoving, thus supporting the theory that under the conditions used in the preparation of the resin, the butanol reacts .with the methylol urea polymers to form relatively heat stable ethers.
Methacrylic acid dimer
Authors: Crawford J. W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the preparation of methyl methacrylate by the acetone cyanhydrin‐methacrylamide route, a dimeric ester is formed as a by‐product, and can be isolated in amounts corresponding to about 1 % theoretical. The acid obtained by saponification of the dimeric ester has been shown to be α δ;‐dimethyl‐α β‐hydromuconic acid. Investigations made at points in the methyl methacrylate synthesis indicate that the dimeric acid is formed (as amide) by dimerisation of methacrylamide under the influence of the sulphuric acid present.
Pectin studies.—Part II. The effect of dry grinding
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Judge B. E. , Urie A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dry grinding of pectins from various sources in a ball mill caused depolymerisation of the pectin molecules as evidenced by the fall in the value of viscosity of aqueous solutions of the pectin and of acetone solutions of the nitro‐ester. The depolymerisation was accompanied by loss of gelling power. The calcium pectate and saponification values were not changed significantly by grinding.
The chemotherapy of phenanthridine compounds
Authors: Walls L. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given of the preparation of various phenanthridine compounds and of their use in chemotherapy. Several of the compounds are curative of bovine trypanosomiasis, an African disease transmitted by the tsetse fly, and promise to be of great value in the African colonics. The relation between chemical constitution and trypanocidal action in this series is discussed.
An automatic take‐off for fractionating columns
Authors: Baker A. W. , Dixon O. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA still head which will deliver a constant weight or a constant volume of distillate has been developed. There are no moving parts in the still head itself, the reflux is continuous during operation, and the device may be made in glass or metal. It is particularly suitable for use on high efficiency laboratory columns where the distillation rate is small and automatic control is required.
Silicate phosphors for cathode‐ray tubes
Authors: Campbell P. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes experimental work carried out to investigate the problem of the manufacture of phosphors suitable for use in screens for cheap television cathode‐ray tubes. Experience had been gained in the manufacture of screens for radio‐location tubes, in which, Willemite was used as the phosphor. Using this phosphor, very good screens had been produced cheaply and in quantity but they were green. The object of the experiment to be described was to produce a phosphor which would give a white screen suitable for television.
Basra dates. Relationship between ripening and sugar content of twelve varieties
Authors: Cavell A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe predominant sugar in the early stages of development of twelve varieties of dates grown in Iraq is sucrose; as ripening continues, the sucrose diminishes and in ten varieties ripe dates contain no sucrose; ripe dates of the remaining varieties examined contain small amounts of sucrose. A marked difference in composition exists between the Deglet Noor variety of date when grown in U.S.A. and the twelve varieties examined in Iraq as the former type contains, when fully ripe, a substantial proportion of sucrose.
The keeping properties of confectionery as influenced by its water vapour pressure
Authors: Grover D. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe moisture vapour pressure of a foodstuff, regarded in relation to that of the surrounding atmosphere decides whether loss or gain of moisture can occur and, to a considerable extent, whether the foodstuff can form an acceptable medium for micro‐organisms. It follows that this property has great importance with regard to storage life. The moisture vapour pressure of confectionery has been studied firstly by measuring the vapour pressure/moisture‐content relations of the principal ingredients, namely sucrose, confectioners' glucose and invert sugar, and of some minor ingredients. The resulting information can be combined in the form of a number of formulæ by means of which the moisture vapour pressure of most kinds of confectionery may be calculated from the composition. The figures so obtained agree well with direct measurements made on the individual samples. A wide variation in vapour pressure is observed between different classes of confectionery, these differences resulting in widely different keeping properties and requirements for satisfactory storage.
A note on the chlorination of aqueous phenol
Authors: Walker B. Y. , Hayes T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the course of preparing 2 :4 dichlorphenol as an intermediate on a semi‐technical scale by the chlorination of molten phenol (100%), the possibility of large scale production was considered, with its attendant difficulties of keeping large stocks of the raw material warm enough to remain molten, and the transfer lines and valves sufficiently hot to prevent blockages.
Production of 2:3‐butylene glycol by fermentation of molasses
Authors: Freeman G. G. , Morrison K. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA d‐meso mixture of 2 : 3‐butylene glycol isomers is produced as the main non‐volatile product of the Acrobacter acrogenes fermentations of Blackstrap molasses mashes. In media containing 10% of fermentable carbohydrate with addition of inorganic salts and a neutralising agent fermentation is complete in about 30 hours with 36—39% weight yield of the glycol. Optimal fermentation is obtained with acclimatised strains of the organism at 35° and pH 5·6—6·0, with aeration. Appreciable quantities of ethanol, lactic acid and, if aeration be excessive, of acetoin are also formed. The glycol may be recovered from the fermented liquors in a pure state by an alcohol‐lime extraction process or by vapour‐phase (steam) extraction, with recovery yields of about 95%.
The spectrographic analysis of a complex ferrous alloy
Authors: Gentry C. H. R. , Mitchell G. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA detailed description is given of a spectrographic procedure for the analysis of “Ticonal” alloy, a complex ferrous material. To permit the accurate determination of the high‐percentage constituents, “a concentration ratio” method is used which allows for variations in the content of iron, the base metal. A modification of the calculating board is suggested to simplify the clerical work involved. The precision of the spectrographic method is shown to compare favourably with that obtainable by routine chemical methods. The paper concludes with suggested requirements for the accurate spectrographic analysis of any complex material containing high‐percentage constituents.
Analysis of sludges from benzole recovery plants using petroleum oils
Authors: Dick T. A. , Claxton G. , Hoffert W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given of an investigation of the composition of sludges from petroleum oils used for recovering benzole at coke‐oven and gas works. This investigation was carried out by the National Benzole Association for the Benzole Technical Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power and forms part of the programme of work carried out during the war by that committee on the sludging of petroleum oils, with a view to reducing the consequent loss of crude benzoic. A more complete knowledge of the nature of the solid material contained in the sludges, it was hoped, would give some clue as to its source, and the causes of its formation. For full details of the investigation on sludging, the Report of the Benzole Technical Committee should be consulted.* The material, called deposit, obtained from the sludges after removal of oil and water was extracted selectively with organic solvents. A detailed examination of the deposits and their extracts showed that they were extremely complex in character and that no separation into material of substantially simpler character had been effected. Ultimate analyses showed that all the deposits contained carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and usually iron. Oxygen %vas usually high in amount (5·5% to 36·7%), depending apparently on the extent to which the sludges had been subjected to heat in the plant, and suggesting that the deposits are oxidation and condensation products, rather than polymers of unsaturated compounds. No evidence was obtained that the deposits or extracts contained nitrogenous gum or its heat‐degradation products.