bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DoWNet—classification of Denial-of-Wallet attacks on serverless application traffic
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Glavin Frank G , Barrett Enda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Serverless computing is an ever-growing programming paradigm being adopted by developers all over the world. Its highly scalable, automatic load balancing, and pay for what you use design is a powerful tool that can also greatly reduce operational costs. However, these advantages also leave serverless computing open to a unique threat, Denial-of-Wallet (DoW). It is the intentional targeting of serverless function endpoints with request traffic in order to artificially raise the usage bills for the application owner. A subset of these attacks are leeches. They perform DoW at a rate that could go undetected as it is not a sudden violent influx of requests. We devise a means of detecting such attacks by utilizing a novel approach of representing request traffic as heat maps and training an image classification algorithm to distinguish between normal and malicious traffic behaviour. Our classifier utilizes convolutional neural networks and achieves 97.98% accuracy. We then design a system for the implementation of this model that would allow application owners to monitor their traffic in real time for suspicious behaviour.
Accuracy of Information given by ChatGPT for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Relation to ECCO Guidelines
Authors: Sciberras Martina , Farrugia Yvette , Gordon Hannah , Furfaro Federica , Allocca Mariangela , Torres Joana , Arebi Naila , Fiorino Gionata , Iacucci Marietta , Verstockt Bram , Magro Fernando , Katsanos Kostas , Busuttil Josef , De Giovanni Katya , Fenech Valerie Anne , Chetcuti Zammit Stefania , Ellul Pierre 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
As acceptance of artificial intelligence [AI] platforms increases, more patients will consider these tools as sources of information. The ChatGPT architecture utilizes a neural network to process natural language, thus generating responses based on the context of input text. The accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT3.5 in the context of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] remains unclear.

Methods
In this prospective study, 38 questions worded by IBD patients were inputted into ChatGPT3.5. The following topics were covered: [1] Crohn’s disease [CD], ulcerative colitis [UC], and malignancy; [2] maternal medicine; [3] infection and vaccination; and [4] complementary medicine. Responses given by ChatGPT were assessed for accuracy [1—completely incorrect to 5—completely correct] and completeness [3-point Likert scale; range 1—incomplete to 3—complete] by 14 expert gastroenterologists, in comparison with relevant ECCO guidelines.

Results
In terms of accuracy, most replies [84.2%] had a median score of ≥4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2) and a mean score of 3.87 [SD: ±0.6]. For completeness, 34.2% of the replies had a median score of 3 and 55.3% had a median score of between 2 and &lt;3. Overall, the mean rating was 2.24 [SD: ±0.4, median: 2, IQR: 1]. Though groups 3 and 4 had a higher mean for both accuracy and completeness, there was no significant scoring variation between the four question groups [Kruskal–Wallis test p &gt; 0.05]. However, statistical analysis for the different individual questions revealed a significant difference for both accuracy [p &lt; 0.001] and completeness [p &lt; 0.001]. The questions which rated the highest for both accuracy and completeness were related to smoking, while the lowest rating was related to screening for malignancy and vaccinations especially in the context of immunosuppression and family planning.

Conclusion
This is the first study to demonstrate the capability of an AI-based system to provide accurate and comprehensive answers to real-world patient queries in IBD. AI systems may serve as a useful adjunct for patients, in addition to standard of care in clinics and validated patient information resources. However, responses in specialist areas may deviate from evidence-based guidance and the replies need to give more firm advice.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Eroglu Talip E , Coronel Ruben , Souverein Patrick C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Aims
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) have a direct cardiac effect that is likely to be independent of its glucose lowering renal effect. Previous research has shown that SGLT2-is mitigate heart failure and prevent arrhythmic cardiac death. Our objective is to determine whether SGLT-2is reduce atrial fibrillation (AF) in comparison to other second-to third-line antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes.

Methods and results
We conducted a population-based, new-user active comparator cohort study using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We identified a cohort of patients initiating a new antidiabetic drug class between January 2013 and September 2020. This cohort included patients initiating their first ever non-insulin antidiabetic drug, as well as those who switched to or added-on an antidiabetic drug class not previously used in their treatment history. Individuals with a diagnosis of AF or atrial flutter at any time before cohort entry were excluded. Cox regression analysis with time-dependent covariates was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of AF comparing SGLT-2-is with other second-line to third-line antidiabetic drugs. Stratified analyses were performed according to sex, diabetes duration (&lt;5 or ≥ 5 years), body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, and presence of heart failure.
The cohort comprised 142 447 patients. SGLT-2is were associated with a statistically significant reduced hazard of AF compared to other second-line to third-line antidiabetic drugs (adjusted HR: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.68–0.88]). This reduced risk was present in both sexes but was more prominently among women (adjusted HRwomen: 0.60 [95% CI: 0.45–0.79]; HRmen: 0.85 [95% CI: 0.73–0.98]; P-value interaction: 0.012). There was no evidence for effect modification when stratifying on duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, or presence of heart failure.

Conclusion
SGLT-2is were associated with a reduced risk of AF in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to other second-line to third-line antidiabetic drugs. This reduced risk occurs in both sexes but more prominently among women.
Law, Nationhood and Religion: Trial Defences of English Priests, 1585–c.1640
Authors: Underwood Lucy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article examines how defendants indicted under the 1585 statute against seminary priests and Jesuits conducted their defences at trial. It explores why, although the indictment—for having returned to England after Catholic ordination overseas—accurately described defendants’ actions, and although chances of acquittal were remote, many priests spent considerable effort defending themselves. The paper argues that strenuous efforts to make good a not-guilty plea illustrate Catholic engagement with the English polity and enabled Catholics both to acknowledge and to circumscribe its authority; also explored are refusals to plead, which were more common than studies of Catholic martyrs have usually recognised, and their motivation. Exploiting these multiple descriptions of low-profile (if not ordinary) criminal trials also enhances our understanding of how law and justice were perceived, and how they operated, during this relatively information-sparse period, and is thus of interest to historians of the law. The essay argues that examining trials of Catholics shows how legal proceedings can reveal dissidents’ engagement with political authority, and how they negotiated its claims while maintaining the justice of their oppositional cause.
Changing smoking habits and the occurrence of lung cancer in Sweden—a population analysis
Authors: Järvholm Bengt , Hedman Linnea , Landström Maréne , Liv Per , Burdorf Alex , Torén Kjell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
The objective is to estimate the importance of the decrease of smoking habits in Sweden for the occurrence of lung cancer.

Methods
The change in smoking habits in the general population was retrieved from surveys and on taxation of sale of cigarettes. We used data from the Swedish Cancer Register on incidence of lung cancer between 1970 and 2021, stratified for sex, age and cell type, and compared the occurrence overtime in ages between 40 and 84 years.

Results
The sale of cigarettes peaked in 1980 to 1800 cigarettes per person and decreased to 600 per person in 2021. The change in incidence rates of squamous cell cancer and other cell types varied over time, sex, and age in a pattern that partly seems to be explained by change in the prevalence of daily smokers. The incidence of adenocarcinoma was similar in men and women 1970–2021 and increased, e.g. for women and men 75–79 years of age from around 20 cases in early 1970s to around 120 cases per 100 000 person-years in the 2020s.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that the risk of lung cancer several years after smoking cessation is less favourable than previously studies have indicated. There is a similar increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma in men and women which is hard to explain only with changing smoking habits. The change from non-filter to filter cigarettes in the 1960s–1970s may be a contributing factor.
Sacred Rubble and Humble Shelters: German Church Building after the Second World War
Authors: Betts Paul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article centres on the cultural politics behind the feverish construction of new houses of worship in West Germany, as well as the restoration of damaged cathedrals and churches, in the first two decades after 1945. At issue is how and why ecclesiastical architecture took on heightened cultural significance at the time, attracting a star-studded group of international architects. After the war, church-building resumed its leading historical role from before the Industrial Revolution as the avant-garde of innovative international architecture, although its comeback has been largely overlooked by architectural and cultural historians alike. While these changes reflected broader international trends, the German situation took on special significance in light of the Nazi legacy of defeat, destruction and dislocation, as well as the pressing need to fabricate new churches for survivors and the millions of expellees arriving in western Germany. Discussions of ecclesiastical architecture therefore touched on broader issues of German history, identity and Christian renewal, and the very form of these houses of worship reflected a unique blend of avant-garde architecture and Christian theology in the aftermath of war.
Healthy Aging and Older Adults With Autism: A Scoping Review
Authors: Stringfellow Mary Kris , Fields Noelle L , Lee Kathy , Anderson Keith A , Brokaw Eva 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong diagnosis. Although several studies have examined the effects of autism throughout childhood, few have considered older adulthood and the difference between the allistic (i.e., persons who are not autistic) population and autistic older adults. In literature regarding healthy aging, there is sparse evidence regarding the intersections of older adulthood and autism. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the state of literature regarding autistic older adults and the domains of healthy aging, utilizing the framework conceived by Arksey and O’Malley (Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005;8(1): 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616).

Research Design and Methods
To identify the research question, we took the following steps: identify the relevant studies; select studies; chart the data; and collate, summarize, and report the results. The specific domains of healthy aging considered include physical health, mobility, mental health, cognition and memory, and social connectedness.

Results
A total of 35 articles were selected for final review. Fifty-seven percent of these studies considered only 1 domain of healthy aging, 23% studied 2 domains, whereas 14% measured 3 domains and 6% assessed 4 domains. No study considered all 5 domains. Of the 5 domains considered for this scoping review, mental health and cognition and memory were the most represented domains in the studies.

Discussion and Implications
Overall, healthy aging among autistic older adults is largely understudied. More research is needed to better identify and tailor interventions and services for autistic older adults and their families to support healthy aging.
The relationship between GRACE gravity and the seismic b-value: a case study of the Northern Chile Triple Junction (25° S–40° S)
Authors: Sun Pengchao , Li Mengyu , Guo Changsheng , Wei Dongping 
Published: March 2024

SUMMARY
The northern Chile Triple Junction (CTJ) is characterized by the ongoing subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. The geological structures within the subduction zone undergo complex changes, resulting in significant tectonic activities and intense seismicity along the western margin of South America. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and earthquake catalogues, this study selects the northern CTJ area (25° S–40° S, 75° W–65° W) as the research object, adopts the mathematical methods of independent component analysis (ICA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to separate the earthquake-related signals within the GRACE data, and fits the changes of seismic b-values through the frequency–magnitude relationship. The characteristics of gravity changes before and after seismic events, the seismic activity parameter b-values, and the relationship between the gravity signals and b-values are discussed. The results show that mathematical methods can effectively extract seismic-related gravity components from the GRACE data. ICA, compared to PCA, provides better results in capturing the temporal variations associated with b-value time-series, which exhibit good consistency in long-term trend changes. The average change of b-values in the study area is 0.66 ± 0.003, fluctuating over time. Generally, prior to larger seismic events, b-values tend to decrease. Along the western margin of South America, b-values are low; this aligns with the active tectonic activities between subducting plates. Additionally, a certain correlation between b-values and gravity changes is observed, but due to the influence of tectonic activities, the correspondence between b-values and gravity anomalies may not be consistent across different areas. The b-value is highly consistent with the strain rate model. Low b-values correspond to high strain rates along the western edge of South America, which is in line with the tectonic characteristics of frequent seismic activity in this area. A gradual concentration of gravity anomalies before major earthquakes is observed, accompanied by the gradual accumulation of smaller seismic events. Meanwhile, several months before the two major earthquakes, the spatial distribution of gravity appears to be similar to the coseismic signals, but the nature of its generation remains to be explored. These methods and results not only add to the applications of GRACE in seismic studies but also raise questions for further exploration.
PAH deficient pathology in humanized c.1066-11G&gt;A phenylketonuria mice
Authors: Martínez-Pizarro Ainhoa , Picó Sara , López-Márquez Arístides , Rodriguez-López Claudia , Montalvo Elena , Alvarez Mar , Castro Margarita , Ramón-Maiques Santiago , Pérez Belén , Lucas José J , Richard Eva , Desviat Lourdes R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We have generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology a partially humanized mouse model of the neurometabolic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), carrying the highly prevalent PAH variant c.1066-11G&gt;A. This variant creates an alternative 3′ splice site, leading to the inclusion of 9 nucleotides coding for 3 extra amino acids between Q355 and Y356 of the protein. Homozygous Pah c.1066-11A mice, with a partially humanized intron 10 sequence with the variant, accurately recapitulate the splicing defect and present almost undetectable hepatic PAH activity. They exhibit fur hypopigmentation, lower brain and body weight and reduced survival. Blood and brain phenylalanine levels are elevated, along with decreased tyrosine, tryptophan and monoamine neurotransmitter levels. They present behavioral deficits, mainly hypoactivity and diminished social interaction, locomotor deficiencies and an abnormal hind-limb clasping reflex. Changes in the morphology of glial cells, increased GFAP and Iba1 staining signals and decreased myelinization are observed. Hepatic tissue exhibits nearly absent PAH protein, reduced levels of chaperones DNAJC12 and HSP70 and increased autophagy markers LAMP1 and LC3BII, suggesting possible coaggregation of mutant PAH with chaperones and subsequent autophagy processing. This PKU mouse model with a prevalent human variant represents a useful tool for pathophysiology research and for novel therapies development.
Healthy Lifestyle Is a Protective Factor from Moderate and Severe Relapses and Steroid Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: García-Mateo Sandra , Martínez-Domínguez Samuel Jesús , Gargallo-Puyuelo Carla Jerusalén , Gallego Beatriz , Alfambra Erika , Escuin María , García-Mateo Sergio , López Julia , Gomollón Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
A healthy lifestyle, including good adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) and regular physical exercise, may be an important factor during the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim is to determine whether adherence to MD, physical activity, and the combination of both can impact on IBD course.

Methods
This prospective cohort study includes 693 IBD outpatients who were in remission with a median follow-up time of 27 months (interquartile range 22-29 months). Each patient completed a survey to assess their adherence to the MD and physical activity. Healthy lifestyle was considered to be a proper adherence to both MD and an active lifestyle. Relapse during follow-up, severity of relapses, need for systemic steroids, and therapy changes were recorded.

Results
During the follow-up period, 188 patients (27.1%) experienced relapse, of which 56.1% were moderate or severe. Among patients with relapse, 85 (45%) required treatment with corticosteroids, and 15 (7.9%) were hospitalized. Patients with ulcerative colitis (CU) were more adherent to healthy lifestyle than patients with Crohn’s disease (P = .011). Healthy lifestyle was associated with lower risk of moderate and severe relapses (adjusted Hazard ratio [aHR], 0.250; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.093-0.670) and steroids use (aHR 0.292; 95% CI, 0.103-0.828) in IBD patients and with lower risk of moderate and severe relapses (aHR 0.270; 95% CI, 0.093-0.789) in UC patients.

Conclusions
Healthy lifestyle has a favorable influence on promoting a milder disease course, and thus should be a crucial part of clinical management of patients with IBD.
Reviewing the Design Features of the Microstructures of Two Popular Chinese-English Learners’ Dictionaries Published in China
Authors: Zhang Jun , Hu Wenfei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Based on the design feature framework of Chinese–English (C–E) learners’ dictionaries (with some modifications made) proposed by Zhang and Hu (2023), this study aims to review the design features of the microstructures of two popular C–E learners’ dictionaries published in China. The results show: 1) the two dictionaries do not distinguish between Chinese and foreign users, nor do they specify target users’ language proficiency; 2) some information items and their contents are not appropriately included and treated, even contrary to the primary function of the two dictionaries; 3) the ordering principles of senses, English equivalents and examples are not pertinent to the primary function of the two dictionaries, or even without any principles at all. The cause of the problems in the two dictionaries lies in the neglect of the study and application of systematic design feature frameworks. Therefore, in compiling C–E learners’ dictionaries, lexicographers should strengthen the study and application of systematic design feature frameworks.
Impact of age and gender differences in the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in the Thai Cohort Study
Authors: Feng Xiyu , Sarma Haribondhu , Seubsman Sam-ang , Sleigh Adrian , Kelly Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
The study aims to identify the common patterns of multimorbidity and their distribution by age and gender.

Method
This cross-sectional study collected self-reported data from 42 785 Thai Cohort Study members through mailed questionnaires. Employing prevalence-based analysis, it identified common multimorbidity (coexistence of two or more chronic conditions) patterns, analysing the three most common patterns stratified by age and sex. P for trend (p-trend) was used to test the linear trend for associations between age and prevalence of these chronic conditions in the multimorbidity patterns.

Results
Chronic conditions with the highest prevalence were related to metabolic syndromes: obesity (28.5%), hyperlipidaemia (13.2%) and hypertension (7.2%). A positive linear age–multimorbidity association was observed (p-trend = 0.0111). The 60+ participants averaged 1.20 diseases, with 33.7% multimorbidity prevalence. Hyperlipidaemia + obesity was most prevalent in the under-40 multimorbid group (38.7%). Men exhibited a higher prevalence of multimorbidity and associated patterns involving hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and obesity than women.

Conclusion
Metabolic syndrome components were the prominent factors driving multimorbidity. Significant age and gender differences were also revealed in multimorbidity prevalence. People aged 60+ faced high risk of multimorbidity, while younger individuals tended towards the multimorbidity pattern of obesity and hyperlipidaemia. Men were more susceptible to multimorbidity patterns associated with metabolic syndromes. Future studies for metabolic-related multimorbidity should consider these differences, addressing age and gender issues.