bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of early non‐response in depressed patients
Authors: Boyer William F. , Feighner John P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMany authorities recommend a 6‐week trial of an antidepressant before deciding whether the patient will have a favorable response. However, this length of time is frequently impractical, especially for hospitalized patients. Some data suggests that ultimate response to a tricyclic antidepressant may be predicted from improvement within the first few weeks. To investigate this issue the authors analyzed data from six 6‐week double‐blind, controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Five studies included a placebo control group and all had an active antidepressant control. Overall the data showed that if there is no improvement early in treatment the chance of meaningful response by week 6 is poor. If a patient on active drug does not have at least a 20% improvement in the HAMD score at any point during the first 4 weeks the chance of 6‐week response was 3.7%. If a patient did not have a 20% improvement at 4 weeks but did at one or more previous weeks the chance of 6‐week response was 23.1%. The overall response rate for the whole sample was 60.7%. Very similar results were obtained using the Clinical Global Impressions Scale. These data suggest that a full 6‐week trial of an antidepressant is usually not warranted if there is not at least some improvement during the first 4 weeks of the trial. Depression 2:32–35 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morbidity in treated bipolar disorder: A one‐year prospective study using daily life chart ratings
Authors: Denicoff Kirk D. , Blake Kimberly D. , Smith‐Jackson Earlian E. , Jacob Paula A. , Leverich Gabriele , Post Robert M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper we describe the use of systematic retrospective and prospective life chart methodology and document the substantial morbidity experienced even in closely monitored and aggressively treated bipolar patients rated on a daily basis for 1 year. 35 BP I (n = 26) and BP II (n = 9) patients were recruited for an ongoing treatment study comparing the prophylactic effects of lithium or carbamazepine for 1 year with a crossover to the other drug in the second year, and a third year on the combination of the two. Adjuncts such as antidepressants and neuroleptics were allowed in each phase when clinically required. The results of the combined cohort for the first year are presented in this manuscript. All patients also had a retrospective life chart completed to map affective episodes based on the degree of functional incapacity (mild, moderate, severe). For prospective ratings patients were usually interviewed biweekly (but at a minimum of every 4 weeks), and daily ratings integrating degree of functional incapacity and self‐rated mood based on the Life Chart Method and Manual (the NIMH‐LCM) were obtained. In the first year of treatment 12 patients (34.3%) had to have their treatment phase (lithium or carbamazepine) discontinued far the fallowing reasons: jive were hospitalized, five had severe dysfunction without hospitalization, and two had treatment‐limiting side effects. Adjunctive treatment was required by 71.4%. The mean number of days ill for each level of severity for all the patients was as follows (in days): 66.1, mild depression; 31.1, moderate depression; 2.8, severe depression; and 28.7, mild mania; 5.4, moderate mania; 0.9, severe mania; or a mean of 40.2 d/year with moderate to severe illness‐related dysfunction. The duration of illness prior to study entry correlated with time depressed in the prospective year. These findings suggest that closely‐monitored bipolar patients followed with prospective daily ratings during treatment with a primary mood stabilizer (carbamazepine or lithium) experience a substantial degree of morbidity and the need far adjunctive antidepressants and neuroleptics. There was notable continuity between course of illness life charted in the retrospective year and that observed prospectively. Depression 2:95–104 (1994). ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute and delayed effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone on dopamine activity in man
Authors: Posener Joel A. , Schildkraut Joseph J. , Williams Gordon H. , Gleason Ray E. , Salomon Melinda S. , Schatzberg Alan F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that administration of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (co‐syntropin) to healthy human subjects produces an increase in plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), the principal dopamine metabolite. Co‐syntropin 0.25 mg was administered intravenously at 8:35 <AM to healthy volunteer subjects having no active medical problems, personal psychiatric history, or family psychiatric history. In a sample of 12 subjects, plasma levels of cortisol and HVA were measured at baseline and then at 30 min intervals over the 3.5 h following co‐syntropin. In a subgroup of six subjects, these same measurements were obtained at baseline, then in the morning and afternoon on each of the 2 days following the day of co‐syntropin administration. We did not observe an increase in plasma HVA over the 3.5 h following co‐syntropin, but a statistically significant increase in plasma HVA was observed over the subsequent 2 days. These results suggest that ACTH may exert delayed effects on dopamine activity in man, although confirmation of our findings with a larger sample will be required. Depression 2:292–296 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Women's increased vulnerability to mood disorders: Integrating psychobiology and epidemiology
Authors: Blehar Mary C. , Oren Dan A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBeyond the repeatedly confirmed finding that women greatly outnumber men among those diagnosed with mood disorders lies a widely‐varying set of hypotheses that attempt to explain affective disorders from various perspectives. This article reviews the epidemiological and diagnostic factors that account for the finding. In addition, we review some of the current hypothetical constructs of the etiology and pathophysiology of depression and their potential relevance to the disproportionate number of women with unipolar depression. Particular attention is paid to the unique biological stages of a women's life and the differences between the biology of men and women. We also review some of the potential social, psychological, and environmental factors that might particularly promote the development of depression in women. Depression 3:3–12 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, IncThis article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America..
Gender differences in coping with depression across the lifespan
Authors: Nolen‐Hoeksema Susan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWomen are twice as likely as men to report high levels of depressive symptoms and to be diagnosed with a unipolar depressive disorder. I propose that throughout adolescence and adulthood women tend to have a more ruminative and passive style of responding to their own distress than men. This ruminative style of mood management exacerbates and prolongs the periods of distress that arise for women, and interferes with women's ability to overcome the negative events they face. I discuss evidence from experimental and field studies supporting this explanation of the gender differences in depression. I also describe a model for the emergence of gender differences in depression in early adolescence. Depression 3:81–90 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination therapy and the depressed woman
Authors: Karp Jordan F. , Frank Ellen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhile the question of the relative efficacy of combination pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy vs. either therapy alone has received some research attention within the last 25 years, the authors attempt to narrow the focus of this question by discussing the possibility that combination therapy may be of special value for women with major depression. Theoretical models explaining why combination therapy, in general, might be expected to be more effective are described. The authors then discuss reasons why combination therapy might be a particularly efficacious treatment for depressed women, including greater psychosocial stress prior to and resulting from depression and increased cognitive distortion, both of which are more associated with depression in females. Despite a reasonable theoretical rationale for the superiority of combination in comparison to either monotherapy, examination of the available literature on acute, continuation, and maintenance treatment studies generally failed to find benefits for the use of combination therapy. Similarly, examination of the literature for gender differences among patients treated with combination therapy failed to find a specific benefit of this treatment for women. Possible reasons for these findings and suggestions for future studies are discussed. Depression 3:91–98 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alextthymia in male cannabis users: The role of comorbid depressive disorders
Authors: Spalletta Gianfranco , Troisi Alfonso , Pasini Augusto 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhereas there is strong evidence for a high prevalence of alexithymia among patients with alcohol dependence and mixed substance abuse, no study has investigated the association between cannabis use and alexithymia. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of alexithymia, as measured by the 20‐item revised Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20), in a group of newly abstinent cannabis abusers (N = 60) who abused cannabis exclusively. We found a large difference in the rate of alexithymia between cannabis abusers with and without comorbid DSM‐III‐R depressive disorders. Only 7% of nondepressed cannabis‐abusing subjects were alexithymic. In contrast, 57% of cannabis abusers with comorbid major depression, dysthymia, or adjustment disorder with depressed mood were alexithymic. The prevalence rate of alexithymia among the cannabis abusers with comorbid depressive disorders was similar to that (50%) found in a control group of pure depressives, even though the TAS‐20 F1 subscale discriminated between the two groups (depressed cannabis abusers had more difficulty identifying their feelings than pure depressives). These results suggest that a syndromal diagnosis of comorbid depression may be a major confounding variable in the assessment of alexithymia (as measured by the TAS total score) among subjects with cannabis abuse and dependence. Depression 3:246–249 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbamazepine increased pregnenolone synthesis blocked by peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor antagonist
Authors: Pan Bai‐Shen , Manji Husseini K. , Schmidt Mark E. , Potter William Z. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDespite the widespread use of carbamazepine (CBZ) in the treatment of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, its mechanism(s) of action remain to be elucidated. In view of the postulated interaction of CBZ with peripheral type benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors and the role of these receptors in regulating neuroactive steroid biosynthesis, we investigated the effects of CBZ on pregnenolone accumulation in cultured rat C6 glioma cells. We found that CBZ elevates pregnenolone accumulation over a period of 60 min, and that this effect was not due to inhibition of pregnenolone metabolism. Preincubation of C6 cells with the selective peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor antagonist PK11195 blocked the CBZ‐induced elevation in pregnenolone‐induced elevation in pregnenolone accumulation. The results suggest that CBZ stimulated pregnenolone biosynthesis in cultured C6 cells involves a direct or indirect interaction with peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors. These effects may provide additional insights into the mechanisms by which CBZ regulates neuronal excitability. Depression 3:267‐y (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, IncThis article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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The behavior of specific sediment yield in different grain size fractions in the tributaries of the middle Yellow River as influenced by eolian and fluvial processes
Authors: Xu Jiongxin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBased on data from 35 stations on the tributaries of the Yellow River, annual specific sediment yield (Ys) in eight grain size fractions has been related to basin‐averaged annual sand–dust storm days (Dss) and annual precipitation (Pm) to reveal the influence of eolian and fluvial processes on specific sediment yield in different grain size fractions. The results show that Ys in fine grain size fractions has the highest values in the areas dominated by the coupled wind–water process. From these areas to those dominated by the eolian process or to those dominated by the fluvial process, Ys tends to decrease. For relatively coarse grain size fractions, Ys has monotonic variation, i.e. with the increase in Dss or the decrease in Pm, Ys increases. This indicates that the sediment producing behavior for fine sediments is different from that for relatively coarse sediments. The results all show that Ys for relatively coarse sediments depends on the eolian process more than on the fluvial process, and the coarser the sediment fractions the stronger the dependence of the Ys on the eolian process. The Ys–Dss and Ys–Pm curves for fine grain size fractions show some peaks and the fitted straight lines for Ys–Dss and Ys–Pm relationships for relatively coarse grain size fractions show some breaks. Almost all these break points may be regarded as thresholds. These thresholds are all located in the areas dominated by the coupled wind–water process, indicating that these areas are sensitive for erosion and sediment production, to which more attention should be given for the purpose of erosion and sediment control. A number of regression equations were established, based which the effect of rainfall, sand–dust storms and surface material grain size on specific sediment yield can be assessed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS dementia complex and Hashimoto encephalopathy in a senescent woman
Authors: Waltereit Robert , Schulte‐Brochterbeck Gudrun , Wiltfang Jens , Frölich Lutz 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAIDS dementia complex is one of the specific infectious dementias, which is rarely seen in senescent (>75 years of age) subjects. Hashimoto encephalopathy has been described as the cause of several neurological and psychiatric syndromes including dementia. The proposed pathophysiological mechanism is an autoimmune reaction to shared, thyroid gland and CNS epitopes with subsequent cerebral dysfunction. We report here the first case of a patient who fulfils both, the criteria for AIDS dementia complex and Hashimoto encephalopathy, yet being unresponsive to steroid therapy. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute phase response induction by cancer treatment with photodynamic therapy
Authors: Korbelik Mladen , Cecic Ivana , Merchant Soroush , Sun Jinghai 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInflammation and immunity development are well recognized as responses to tumor treatment by photodynamic therapy (PDT). To demonstrate that another major host response effector process, acute phase response, may be also induced by this cancer treatment modality, the expression of serum amyloid P component (SAP) acknowledged as a hallmark acute phase reactant in the mouse was investigated following PDT of murine FsaR fibrosarcomas. The results reveal almost 150‐fold increase in the expression of SAP gene in the liver of mice bearing tumors treated by Photofrin‐mediated PDT, while serum SAP levels increased around 50‐fold at the peak interval about 24 hr post PDT. The same tumor treatment induced also the liver gene upregulation and serum levels elevation of another established acute phase reactant, mannose‐binding lectin A (MBL‐A). Both SAP and MBL‐A were found to accumulate in PDT‐treated tumors, but this includes local production because their genes in these tumor tissues were upregulated as well. Gene encoding C‐reactive protein (CRP) was also upregulated almost 7‐fold in the same tumor tissues, suggesting a rare example of CRP participation in host response of the mouse. Interleukin‐6 and glucocorticoid hormones were identified as major mediators promoting tumor PDT‐induced upregulation of liver SAP gene. Moreover, glucocorticoids were found to act as critical inducers of SAP gene upregulation in PDT‐treated tumors. The study definitely proves the occurrence of a strong acute phase response following tumor PDT, and reveals that glucocorticoid hormones released during this development impact the expression of host response‐relevant genes in PDT‐treated tumors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matuzumab and cetuximab activate the epidermal growth factor receptor but fail to trigger downstream signaling by Akt or Erk
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Okamoto Isamu , Okabe Takafumi , Iwasa Tsutomu , Satoh Taroh , Nishio Kazuto , Fukuoka Masahiro , Nakagawa Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMolecular inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a promising anticancer strategy, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to EGFR are undergoing extensive evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials. However, the effects of anti‐EGFR mAbs on EGFR signaling have remained unclear. We have now examined the effects of 2 anti‐EGFR mAbs, matuzumab (EMD72000) and cetuximab (Erbitux), both of which are currently under assessment for treatment of various cancers, on EGFR signal transduction and cell survival in nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines. Similar to EGF, matuzumab and cetuximab each induced phosphorylation of EGFR at several tyrosine phosphorylation sites as a result of receptor dimerization and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase. In contrast to the effects of EGF, however, EGFR activation induced by these antibodies was not accompanied by receptor turnover or by activation of downstream signaling pathways that are mediated by Akt and Erk and are important for regulation of cell proliferation and survival. In addition, clonogenic survival assays revealed that matuzumab and cetuximab reduced the survival rate of H292 cells, in which they also inhibited the EGF‐induced activation of Akt and Erk. Although we have examined only a few cell lines, our results indicate that the antitumor effects of matuzumab and cetuximab depend on inhibition of EGFR downstream signaling mediated by Akt or Erk rather than on inhibition of EGFR itself. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Dickkopf‐homolog 3 is expressed in tumor endothelial cells and supports capillary formation
Authors: Untergasser Gerold , Steurer Michael , Zimmermann Martina , Hermann Martin , Kern Johann , Amberger Albert , Gastl Günther , Gunsilius Eberhard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA critical event in tumor growth and progression is the upregulation of angiogenesis. Thus, targeting angiogenesis has become an attractive treatment modality in cancer medicine. Our study analyzed various solid tumor types for the expression of Dkk‐3, a cystein‐rich, N‐glycosylated secreted member of the dickkopf protein family that has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene. Tissue microarrays of gliomas (n = 30), high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL, n = 80), colorectal cancer (n = 35) and melanoma (n = 30) were immunohistochemically analyzed for Dkk‐3 and CD31 expression. Moreover, the effects of Dkk‐3 were studied in vitro in primary endothelial colony‐forming cells (ECFC) and in vivo in a mouse melanoma model. In comparison to normal tissue, the number of blood vessels expressing Dkk‐3 was increased in glioma, high‐grade NHL, melanoma and colorectal carcinoma. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that Dkk‐3 vesicles localized also in Weibel Palade bodies. In vitro cell proliferation and migration of ECFC was not significantly affected by adenoviral overexpression or siRNA‐mediated downregulation of Dkk‐3. Interestingly, tube formation in matrigel decreased after downregulation of Dkk‐3 and increased after adenoviral overexpression. Stable overexpression of murine Dkk‐3 in B16F10 cells significantly increased microvessel density in the C57/BL6 melanoma model. Thus, we postulate a novel function of Dkk‐3 in endothelial cells as a differentiation factor involved in remodeling the tumor vasculature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining transition state structure using kinetic isotope effects
Authors: Westaway Kenneth C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractKinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have been found to be the most powerful tool available to physical organic chemists for determining the mechanism of reactions and for estimating the structure of their transition states. Various types of KIEs including primary‐leaving group‐, nucleophile‐, and α‐carbon KIEs and secondary alpha‐ and beta‐deuterium KIEs are introduced. The factors that affect the magnitude of each of these KIEs are covered in some detail. Finally, the use of these KIEs to determine the mechanism of a reaction and to estimate the structure of the transition state for a reaction is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope effect on chemical shifts in hydrogen‐bonded systems
Authors: Hansen Poul Erik 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn overview of recent developments in the use of isotope effects in hydrogen‐bonded systems with special emphasis on intramolecular hydrogen bonding is given. The systems investigated cover both resonance‐assisted hydrogen bonded (RAHB) and non‐RAHB systems. Deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts are discussed extensively together with effects on 1H, 19F and 15N chemical shifts. The compounds cover a large range from hydrogen‐bonded esters over amides, thioamides, Schiff bases also covering proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Isotope effects are discussed both in static and tautomeric systems and in the liquid and solid states. Theoretical approaches to isotope effects on chemical shifts are likewise treated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐flow and flood trends in a network of undisturbed catchments in the UK
Authors: Hannaford Jamie , Marsh Terry J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study presents the results of trend tests applied to high‐flow and flood records from a network of catchments in the UK. These rivers have flow regimes which are relatively undisturbed by anthropogenic influences, enabling a characterization of natural, climate‐driven trends. Trend tests were applied to indicators of flood magnitude and frequency, and also indicators of high‐flow magnitude (10‐ and 30‐day maxima) and duration (prevalence of high‐flows). Significant positive trends over the 30–40 years leading up to 2003 were identified in all indicators, and these were primarily found in upland, maritime‐influenced catchments in northern and western areas of the UK. The results suggest a trend towards more protracted high‐flows and more spate conditions in northern and western areas, but trends in flood magnitude were less prevalent. Few compelling trends were found in the English lowlands, where significant high‐flow trends were influenced by a sequence of notable flood events through the exceptionally wet winter of 2000/1. The observed trends have parallels with some projections for extreme rainfall changes under climate change scenarios. However, high‐flow indicators for many northern and western catchments were correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), so recent increases are probably caused by a shift towards a more prevalent positive NAO since the 1960s. Six longer (>55 years) hydrometric records were used to place recent trends in a historical context; there was little evidence for trend in the longer time series, but fluctuations in the records suggest that recent trends may be influenced by multi‐decadal variability, which has important consequences for trend detection as the majority of UK gauging station records begin in a relatively quiescent period for high‐flows. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society