bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
Authors: LLOYD-RICHARDSON ELIZABETH E. , PERRINE NICHOLAS , DIERKER LISA , KELLEY MARY L. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundFew studies have investigated non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), or the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, and the motivations for engaging in NSSI among adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence, associated clinical characteristics, and functions of NSSI in a community sample of adolescents.MethodA total of 633 adolescents completed anonymous surveys. NSSI was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM).ResultsSome form of NSSI was endorsed by 46·5% (n=293) of the adolescents within the past year, most frequently biting self, cutting/carving skin, hitting self on purpose, and burning skin. Sixty per cent of these, or 28% of the overall sample, endorsed moderate/severe forms of NSSI. Self-injurers reported an average of 12·9 (s.d.=29·4) incidents in the past 12 months, with an average of 2·4 (s.d.=1·7) types of NSSI used. Moderate/severe self-injurers were more likely than minor self-injurers, who in turn were more likely than non-injurers, to have a history of psychiatric treatment, hospitalization and suicide attempt, as well as current suicide ideation. A four-factor model of NSSI functions was indicated, with self-injurers likely to endorse both reasons of automatic reinforcement and social reinforcement. The most common reasons for NSSI were ‘to try to get a reaction from someone’, ‘to get control of a situation’, and ‘to stop bad feelings’.ConclusionsCommunity adolescents reported high rates of NSSI, engaged in to influence behaviors of others and to manage internal emotions. Intervention efforts should be tailored to reducing individual issues that contribute to NSSI and building alternative skills for positive coping, communication, stress management, and strong social support.
The profile and risks of suicidal behaviours in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: GUREJE OYE , KOLA LOLA , UWAKWE RICHARD , UDOFIA OWOIDOHO , WAKIL ABBA , AFOLABI EBENEZER 
Published: March 2007

Background. Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide but information about it is sparse in Sub-Saharan Africa. Suicide-related behaviours can provide an insight into the extent of this compelling consequence of mental illness.Method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a representative sample of persons aged 18 years and over (n=6752) in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing about 57% of the national population). Suicide-related outcomes, mental disorders, as well as history of childhood adversities were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).Results. Lifetime prevalence estimates of suicide ideation, plan and attempts were 3·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–6·5], 1·0% (95% CI 0·4–7·5) and 0·7% (95% CI 0·5–1·0) respectively. Almost two of every three ideators who made a plan went on to make an attempt. The highest risks for transition from ideation to plan and from plan to attempt were in the first year of having ideation or plan respectively. Mental disorders, especially mood disorders, were significant correlates of suicide-related outcomes. Childhood adversities of long separation from biological parents, being raised in a household with much conflict, being physically abused, or being brought up by a woman who had suffered from depression, anxiety disorder, or who had attempted suicide were risk factors for lifetime suicide attempt.Conclusions. History of childhood adversities and of lifetime mental disorders identify persons at high-risk for suicide-related outcomes. Preventive measures are best delivered within the first year of suicide ideation being expressed.
Two-phase survey of eating disorders in gifted dance and non-dance high-school students in Taiwan
Authors: TSENG MEG MEI-CHIH , FANG DAVID , LEE MING-BEEN , CHIE WEI-CHU , LIU JEN-PEI , CHEN WEI J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite a growing body of literature reporting eating disorders (EDs) in non-Western countries in recent years, most of these studies are limited to questionnaire-based surveys or case-series studies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of EDs in Taiwanese high-school students.MethodsThe study subjects consisted of all the female high-school students enrolled in the gifted dance class in 2003 in Taiwan (n=655) and non-dance female students randomly chosen from the same school (n=1251). All the participants were asked to complete self-report questionnaires, including the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE). All the screen positives and an approximate 10% random sample of the screen negatives were then interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders Patient Version (SCID-I/P).ResultsThe prevalence of individual EDs was much higher in the dance [0·7% for anorexia nervosa (AN), 2·5% for bulimia nervosa (BN) and 4·8% for EDs, not otherwise specified (EDNOS)] than in the non-dance (0·1, 1·0 and 0·7% respectively) students. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that being in the dance class, higher concern about body shape and lower family support were correlates of EDs for all students, whereas lower parental education level was associated with EDs only for non-dance students.ConclusionEDs were more prevalent in the weight-concerned subpopulation. Although AN is still rare, BN has emerged as a comparable prevalent disorder in Taiwan, as in Western countries.
A naturalistic study of the effects of pharmacotherapy on substance use disorders among ADHD adults
Authors: FARAONE STEPHEN V. , BIEDERMAN JOSEPH , WILENS TIMOTHY E. , ADAMSON JOEL 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundStudies of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show an elevated prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and the substance abuse literature shows that ADHD is elevated in substance users. Some researchers postulate that stimulant treatment of ADHD increases the risk for SUD in ADHD patients but follow-up studies suggest treatment protects patients from subsequent SUDs. This report uses retrospective data to assess the impact of prior ADHD pharmacotherapy on SUDs in 206 ADHD adults (n=79 late-onset ADHD, n=127 full ADHD) grouped by lifetime history of ADHD treatment (no treatment, past treatment, current and past treatment).MethodStructured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) data were used to establish abuse and dependence, and Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) responses were used to establish prevalence of use, preference for cigarettes, alcohol and drugs of abuse, complications from use, and motivation for use (get high, change mood, sleep better).ResultsNo differences were found in the prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol or drug abuse or dependence, as well as no significant differences in 1-month prevalence of any use or use more than 20 times. No differences were found in complications of drug or alcohol use across groups. Subjects with current treatment rated getting high as a motivating factor significantly more frequently than subjects in the past treatment group; this result lost significance when we included ADHD diagnostic category.ConclusionsOur results are consistent across substances and ADHD diagnoses, and support the hypothesis that pharmacotherapy does not cause subsequent SUDs.
Suicide and other causes of mortality in bipolar disorder: a longitudinal study
Authors: DUTTA RINA , BOYDELL JANE , KENNEDY NOEL , VAN OS JIM , FEARON PAUL , MURRAY ROBIN M. 
Published: March 2007

Background. The high risk of suicide in bipolar disorder is well recognized, but may have been overestimated. There is conflicting evidence about deaths from other causes and little known about risk factors for suicide. We aimed to estimate suicide and mortality rates in a cohort of bipolar patients and to identify risk factors for suicide.Method. All patients who presented for the first time with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in a defined area of southeast London over a 35-year period (1965–1999) were identified. Mortality rates were compared with those of the 1991 England and Wales population, indirectly standardized for age and gender. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to test potential risk factors for suicide.Results. Of the 239 patients in the cohort, 235 (98·3%) were traced. Forty-two died during the 4422 person-years of follow-up, eight from suicide. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide was 9·77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·22–19·24], which, although significantly elevated compared to the general population, represented a lower case fatality than expected from previous literature. Deaths from all other causes were not excessive for the age groups studied in this cohort. Alcohol abuse [hazard ratio (HR) 6·81, 95% CI 1·69–27·36, p=0·007] and deterioration from pre-morbid level of functioning up to a year after onset (HR 5·20, 95% CI 1·24–21·89, p=0·024) were associated with increased risk of suicide.Conclusions. Suicide is significantly increased in unselected bipolar patients but actual case fatality is not as high as previously claimed. A history of alcohol abuse and deterioration in function predict suicide in bipolar disorder.
Climatic factors associated with hospitalizations for rotavirus diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age
Authors: D'SOUZA R. M. , HALL G. , BECKER N. G. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThis study compares the seasonality of rotavirus diarrhoeal hospital admissions and its relationship to climatic factors across three Australian cities. Weekly admission of rotavirus diarrhoea (1993–2003) in children aged <5 years and weekly average temperature and relative humidity for each city were modelled using a log-linear model with a cubic trend and season. Interactions were included to test for differences in the effect of temperature and humidity between seasons and between cities. Admissions of rotavirus diarrhoea peaked in winter and spring and were lowest in summer. Higher temperature and humidity in the previous week were associated with a decrease in rotavirus diarrhoeal admissions in three cities. The effects of both temperature and humidity on rotavirus admissions in Brisbane differed across seasons. Strategies to combat outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea should take climatic factors and seasonal effects into consideration to plan for the excess seasonal hospital admissions.
Protecting contacts of hepatitis A: what's the difference between vaccine and human normal immunoglobulin?
Authors: CROWCROFT N. S. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThe efficacy of vaccine when time since exposure is prolonged (more than 1 week from onset of illness in the index case) is unknown, but is likely to be significantly lower than human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG). We estimated the number of additional secondary cases that may occur through giving vaccine instead of HNIG to contacts of cases of hepatitis A who are identified more than 1 week after onset in the index case. This was calculated for different levels of vaccine efficacy, assuming HNIG efficacy to be 80–90%. The number of households that need to be treated to prevent one secondary case was calculated using estimates of secondary attack ratios (AR). If more than 1 week has elapsed from onset of illness in the index case, for an average household size of 2·3 people, a vaccine efficacy of 50% and an AR of 10–25%, 8–26 households would need to be treated with vaccine before one additional secondary case would be observed. As UK public health professionals manage around one hepatitis A case per month, it would take from 8 months to over 2 years for them to observe one additional case amongst contacts using vaccine rather than HNIG. It is unlikely that an average practitioner would notice if vaccine were 30% less effective than HNIG. Public health practice and advice to patients and contacts should be based on evidence as well as experience.
Estimating infectious diseases incidence: validity of capture–recapture analysis and truncated models for incomplete count data
Authors: VAN HEST N. A. H. , GRANT A. D. , SMIT F. , STORY A. , RICHARDUS J. H. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYCapture–recapture analysis has been used to evaluate infectious disease surveillance. Violation of the underlying assumptions can jeopardize the validity of the capture–recapture estimates and a tool is needed for cross-validation. We re-examined 19 datasets of log-linear model capture–recapture studies on infectious disease incidence using three truncated models for incomplete count data as alternative population estimators. The truncated models yield comparable estimates to independent log-linear capture–recapture models and to parsimonious log-linear models when the number of patients is limited, or the ratio between patients registered once and twice is between 0·5 and 1·5. Compared to saturated log-linear models the truncated models produce considerably lower and often more plausible estimates. We conclude that for estimating infectious disease incidence independent and parsimonious three-source log-linear capture–recapture models are preferable but truncated models can be used as a heuristic tool to identify possible failure in log-linear models, especially when saturated log-linear models are selected.
Ten years of viral and non-bacterial serology in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: CLIFTON I. J. , KASTELIK J. A. , PECKHAM D. G. , HALE A. , DENTON M. , ETHERINGTON C. , CONWAY S. P. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYViral infections are associated with pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but few studies have addressed the frequency in adults. This paper investigates the frequency and impact of viral infections in adults with CF receiving intravenous antibiotics. Pre- and post-treatment spirometry, inflammatory markers and antibody titres against influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella burnetti were analysed over a 10-year period. Non-bacterial infections were identified in 5·1% of 3156 courses of treatment. The annual incidence of admissions per patient associated with viral infection was 4·9%. The presence of viral infection in association with a pulmonary exacerbation did not adversely affect lung function or inflammatory markers in the short term. Adults with CF have a lower incidence of respiratory viral infections associated with pulmonary exacerbations requiring intravenous antibiotics compared to children and infants with CF.
Evaluating measles surveillance using laboratory-discarded notifications of measles-like illness during elimination
Authors: WANG Y.-H. J. , ANDREWS R. M. , KELLY H. , LAMBERT S. B. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYFor jurisdictions implementing measles elimination strategies, a minimum surveillance benchmark of 1/100 000 population per year measles-like illness (MLI) cases initially notified, but then rejected based on laboratory testing was proposed. We used this standard to assess the quality of the Victorian enhanced measles surveillance between 1998 and 2003. Victorian enhanced measles surveillance includes interviews with notified cases and confirmatory laboratory testing for notifications. We found 72% (918/1281) of measles notifications were discarded after testing. The median annual rate of discard was 2·9/100 000. The annual discard rate was inversely associated with the age of the notifications, and measles negative with no other diagnosis made was the most common laboratory outcome. The annual rates of discarded notifications in Victoria were consistently above the minimum recommended standard. The rate of discarded MLIs as a surveillance threshold should be useful in measles endemic regions, but may require modification where disease elimination has occurred.
The spread of the progressive and its ‘future’ use
Authors: NESSELHAUF NADJA 
Published: March 2007

Numerous factors have been identified as being relevant to the spread of the progressive in Late Modern English. The potential role of the ‘future’ use of the construction (as in I'm flying home next week) has, however, been neglected so far. The present study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of the development of the progressive with future time reference since 1750 in British English. The investigation focuses on the question of whether and to what degree the factors at work in the development of the construction coincide with factors relevant to the development of other types of progressives.The analysis demonstrates that the ‘future’ use of the progressive does indeed play a part in the spread of the progressive. Several hitherto unknown factors special to the development of the ‘future’ use of the progressive are also uncovered, among them an increased (and possibly) new use of the construction to express spontaneous decisions.
A pair of Partridges
Authors: GREEN JONATHON 
Published: March 2007

Tom Dalzell, with Terry Victor, The new Partridge dictionary of slang. London: Routledge, 2005. 2 volumes. Pp. xvii + 2189. ISBN 9780415212588/0415212588.The renegade subset of the English language that is defined as ‘slang’ is, to pun quite unashamedly on both slang and its standard cousin, a ‘bastard’, a term that here stretches its usual definition as ‘illegitimate’ to mean, as the OED has it, ‘having the appearance of, somewhat resembling; an inferior or less proper kind of; … things resembling, but not identical with, the species which legitimately bear the name’. Like standard English it is a language, variously, if inaccurately, synonymized as an argot, a cant, and a jargon, but it is undeniably a rougher-edged variety of that language. A bastard in both registers. It deals, unsurprisingly, with the rougher edges of life. As the essayist J. Y. P. Greig put it in 1938, the content of slang concentrates on ‘sex, money and intoxicating liquor’, and if one adds the vocabulary of ‘recreational’ drugs (which after all are no more than an alternative form of intoxication, albeit one that has drawn the short straw of illegality) there is no reason to feel that anything has changed. Nor had it done in the five centuries of slang-gathering that preceded Greig's analysis. A broad-brush taxonomy of the slang lexis covers crime (notably murder, nonterminal violence, robbery, confidence trickery, and prostitution, as well as the whole world of punishment, especially as regards police and prisons, wherein a whole new subset of language has been coined); intoxication (especially the state of drunkenness); insults whether personal, national, religious or racial; sexuality (including parts of the body and the uses to which they are put, plus of course defecation and allied bodily functions). It is unreservedly sexist: there are few positive words for women, and those only in terms of their sexuality. The word ‘mother’ is most commonly found combined with ‘fucker’, the oedipal polysyllable. There are few abstracts, no philosophizing other than the occasional cynical aphorism. Of caring, sharing, and compassion, as slang itself might have it: ‘sweet fuck all’. It is a rude, brutal vocabulary which revels in its lack of correctness, political or otherwise (it is as orthographically unruly as it is socially: the most ‘spoken’ of all vocabularies, its spelling defies regulation, and who is to say how centuries-old terms were in fact pronounced?); it is, to its credit, honest in its declarations: the word's most likely etymology lies in various Scandinavian terms meaning ‘throw’; to extend the image, it is a language that is wholly ‘in your face’. Yet it is not without wit, nor is the prevalent coarseness there merely for its own sake. It has a purpose. Of humanity most human it reflects our innate tendency to say ‘no’, to run counter to what has been established. If there is a standard, then we evolve an opposition, a contrary, counter-form; if the standard is linguistic, then slang is a counter-language.
Epigenetic control of cellular senescence in disease: opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Atkinson Stuart P. , Keith W. Nicol 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUnderstanding how senescence is established and maintained is an important area of study both for normal cell physiology and in tumourigenesis. Modifications to N-terminal tails of histone proteins, which can lead to chromatin remodelling, appear to be key to the regulation of the senescence phenotype. Epigenetic mechanisms such as modification of histone proteins have been shown to be sufficient to regulate gene expression levels and specific gene promoters can become epigenetically altered at senescence. This suggests that epigenetic mechanisms are important in senescence and further suggests epigenetic deregulation could play an important role in the bypass of senescence and the acquisition of a tumourigenic phenotype. Tumour suppressor proteins and cellular senescence are intimately linked and such proteins are now known to regulate gene expression through chromatin remodelling, again suggesting a link between chromatin modification and cellular senescence. Telomere dynamics and the expression of the telomerase genes are also both implicitly linked to senescence and tumourigenesis, and epigenetic deregulation of the telomerase gene promoters has been identified as a possible mechanism for the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer. Recent studies have also suggested that epigenetic deregulation in stem cells could play an important role in carcinogenesis, and new models have been suggested for the attainment of tumourigenesis and bypass of senescence. Overall, proper regulation of the chromatin environment is suggested to have an important role in the senescence pathway, such that its deregulation could lead to tumourigenesis.
A Constructive semantic characterization of aggregates in answer set programming
Authors: SON TRAN CAO , PONTELLI ENRICO 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis technical note describes a monotone and continuous fixpoint operator to compute the answer sets of programs with aggregates. The fixpoint operator relies on the notion ofaggregate solution. Under certain conditions, this operator behaves identically to the three-valued immediate consequence operator ΦaggrPfor aggregate programs, independently proposed in Pelov (2004) and Pelovet al.(2004). This operator allows us to closely tie the computational complexity of the answer set checking and answer sets existence problems to the cost of checking a solution of the aggregates in the program. Finally, we relate the semantics described by the operator to other proposals for logic programming with aggregates.