bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Layerwise mixed element with sublaminates approximation and 3D zig‐zag field, for analysis of local effects in laminated and sandwich composites
Authors: Icardi U. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe analysis of damaged sandwich composites and thick laminates remains a still challenging task, owing to their intricate distributions of displacements and stresses across the thickness. The arduous task is capturing these distributions with an affordable computational effort. The use of sublaminate zig‐zag models appears promising since they allow to group several physical layers into a sublaminate without violating the continuity of interlaminar stresses. To contribute to research in this field, a mixed, sublaminate element is developed in which displacements and stresses are approximated by two independent zig‐zag models. Like for any zig‐zag model, the interfacial contact conditions are fulfilled a priori suitably choosing the continuity functions and constants. In addition to the contact conditions on interlaminar shears, here those on the transverse normal stress and stress gradient are also fulfilled, as required by the elasticity theory. This uncustomary feature implies the presence of unwise terms which need C2 continuous shape functions. To overcome this drawback, C1 and C2 terms are eliminated from the displacement field, as allowed by the mixed approach, then the interlaminar stresses obtained by the C0‐made displacement model are cast into a separate zig‐zag representation which restores their continuity at the interfaces. As nodal d.o.f. the three displacements and the three interlaminar stresses at the upper and lower faces are assumed, in order to fulfil the contact conditions assembling the sublaminates. Standard, C0, serendipity interpolation polynomials are used to represent both internal displacements and stress fields. As a consequence of this choice, the intra‐element stress equilibria are fulfilled in an approximate integral form. This makes easier the development of the element, but does not compromise its accuracy and convergence rate, as shown by former applications. A postprocessing procedure is developed which improves the estimation of interlaminar stresses and helps to reduce the number of sublaminates. The result is that the analysis can be carried out using a single computational layer across the thickness and a reasonably fine in‐plane discretization, even with distinctly different material properties of layers and in presence of damage. The overall computational time is reduced to an half of that required by a conventional sublaminate model, like present one deprived of zig‐zag terms and postprocessing procedure. The numerical applications concern thermally loaded and piezoelectrically actuated thick laminates and damaged sandwich panels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and investigation of the reinforcing effect of maize hull in PE matrix composites
Authors: Dogossy Gábor , Czigány Tibor 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe applicability of maize hull as the reinforcement of composites was examined using the Kelly–Tyson relation modified by the authors. The data obtained from the tensile tests of maize hull were used in the model, and it was concluded that maize hull may function as a reinforcing material provided there is sufficient interfacial adhesion. Hence, polyethylene (PE) composites with 10, 20, 30 wt% filling material content were produced. Two series were manufactured; in the first one no interfacial modifiers have been used, while in the second series 5 wt% maleic‐anhydride‐grafted PE (PEgMA) was applied. Tensile tests revealed that the tensile properties (strength and modulus) of composites decreased if no modifier was used, while the strength of modified composites almost reached that of the matrix, furthermore the modulus improved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of stirring on film formation from a Eudragit RS aqueous dispersion
Authors: Bajdik János , Regdon Géza , Lebák Gábor , Berkesi Ottó , Pintye‐Hódi Klára 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe permeable polymer film‐formation behavior of a Eudragit RS dispersion was investigated in response to stirring at various rates and for various times in an Ultra Turrax instrument. No additives were used. The minimum film‐forming temperature of the liquid, the thermal behavior of the film and the compositions of the dispersion and the foam arising were investigated. It was found that, at a given mixing time, shape‐retaining foam formation could be detected at over 17,500 rpm. The polymer was enriched in the foam, while its quantity was decreased in the liquid. The minimum film‐forming temperature of the liquid phase did not vary significantly, with the exception of the rate of 24,000 rpm, when a uniform film was not formed because of the bubbles. The glass‐transition temperatures of the films formed did not exhibit any differences. Film formation was not influenced by the stirring time at a given rate. It was found that the efficiency of homogenization should not be increased by using a high stirring rate, as a uniform, smooth film did not develop, such a film being indispensable to ensure appropriate drug release. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge‐transporting polymers and molecular glasses for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Grazulevicius J. V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOrganic charge transport materials used in optoelectronic devices such as electrophotographic photoreceptors, light emitting diodes, solar cells, photorefractive materials can be devided into polymers, molecularly doped polymers and molecular glasses.Among charge‐transporting polymers hole‐transporting polymers are the most widely used and studied. An aromatic amino group is a common feature of many known charge‐transporting polymers. Almost all practical systems used in electrophotography belong to this category.Organic low‐molar‐mass compounds with stable solid amorphous phase above room temperature are called molecular glasses, amorphous molecular materials or low‐molar‐mass glasses. A real explosion of interest in organic electronically active low‐molar‐mass glass‐forming materials occurred after the discovery of high performance multilayer electroluminescent devices prepared from vacuum‐sublimed organic dye amorphous films.In this presentation the recent results of the work on the synthesis and properties of charge‐transporting polymers and molecular glasses performed in the author's laboratories are reviewed. The main attention is paid to the synthesis and studies of hole‐transporting polymers and molecular glasses. In the design and synthesis of these materials aromatic amino groups such as carbazolyl, tripehenylamino, phenothiazinyl and hydrazone moieties, have been used as the main building blocks. The properties of the charge‐transporting compounds synthesized are reported. Ionization potentials established by the electron photoemission in air technique range from 5.00 to 5.60 eV. Hole drift mobilities in the amorphous films of some hydrazones and aromatic amines approach 10−2 cm2/V sec at high electric fields as revealed by the time‐of‐flight technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peak quantification in surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization by using mixture models
Authors: Dijkstra Martijn , Roelofsen Han , Vonk Roel J. , Jansen Ritsert C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSurface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time of flight (TOF) is a mass spectrometry technology for measuring the composition of a sampled protein mixture. A mass spectrum contains peaks corresponding to proteins in the sample. The peak areas are proportional to the measured concentrations of the corresponding proteins. Quantifying peak areas is difficult for existing methods because peak shapes are not constant across a spectrum and because peaks often overlap. We present a new method for quantifying peak areas. Our method decomposes a spectrum into peaks and a baseline using so‐called statistical finite mixture models. We illustrate our method in detail on 8 samples from culture media of adipose tissue and globally on 64 samples from serum to compare our method to the standard Ciphergen method. Both methods give similar estimates for singleton peaks, but not for overlapping peaks. The Ciphergen method overestimates the heights of such peaks while our method still gives appropriate estimates. Peak quantification is an important step in pre‐processing SELDI‐TOF data and improvements therein will pay off in the later biomarker discovery phase.
Thiophenol derivatives as a reducing agent for in situ generation of Cu(I) species via electron transfer reaction in copper‐catalyzed living/controlled radical polymerization of styrene
Authors: Mert Humeyra , Tunca Umit , Hizal Gurkan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe copper‐catalyzed living radical polymerization (LRP) of styrene (St) was carried out in the presence of thiophenol derivative such as sodium thiophenolate (PhSNa) or p‐methoxythiophenol as a reducing agent for Cu(II) by using either 1‐chloro‐1‐phenyl ethane or ethyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate as an initiator and N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as ligand at 110 °C. Kinetic experiments were carried out to reveal the effect of PhSNa concentration on copper‐catalyzed LRP of St. This technique was successfully applied for the preparation of both chain‐extended polymer and block copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate). The obtained polymers were characterized using GPC, 1H‐NMR, and MALDI‐TOF measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5923–5932, 2006
Synthesis and antibacterial activities of water‐soluble methacrylate polymers containing quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Dizman Bekir , Elasri Mohamed O. , Mathias Lon J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNew water‐soluble methacrylate polymers with pendant quaternary ammonium (QA) groups were synthesized and used as antibacterial materials. The polymers with pendant QA groups were obtained by the reaction of the alkyl halide groups of a previously synthesized functional methacrylate homopolymer with various tertiary alkyl amines containing 12‐, 14‐, or 16‐carbon alkyl chains. The structures of the functional polymer and the polymers with QA groups were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared and 1H and 13C NMR. The degree of conversion of alkyl halides to QA sites in each polymer was determined by 1H NMR to be over 90% in all cases. The number‐average molecular weight and polydispersity of the functional polymer were determined by size exclusion chromatography to be 32,500 g/mol and 2.25, respectively. All polymers were thermally stable up to 180 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activities of the polymers with pendant QA groups against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were determined with broth‐dilution and spread‐plate methods. All the polymers showed excellent antibacterial activities in the range of 32–256 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity against S. aureus increased with an increase in the alkyl chain length for the ammonium groups, whereas the antibacterial activity against E. coli decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5965–5973, 2006
Stability analysis for drugs with multiple active ingredients
Authors: Chow Shein‐Chung , Shao Jun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFor every drug product on the market, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that an expiration dating period (shelf‐life) must be indicated on the immediate container label. For determination of the expiration dating period of a drug product, regulatory requirements and statistical methodology are provided in the FDA and ICH Guidelines. However, this guideline is developed for drug products with a single active ingredient. There are many drug products consisting of multiple active ingredients, especially for most traditional Chinese medicine. In this article, we propose a statistical method for determining the shelf‐life of a drug product with multiple active ingredients following similar idea as suggested by the FDA and assuming that these active ingredients are linear combinations of some factors. Stability data observed from a traditional Chinese medicine were analysed to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Outcomes for Gastric Cancer in the Upper Third of the Stomach
Authors: Kim Jong Han , Park Sung Soo , Kim Jin , Boo Yoon Jung , Kim Seung Joo , Mok Young Jae , Kim Chong Suk 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe proportion of gastric cancers affecting the upper third of the stomach has been increasing. At our surgical service we perform total and proximal gastrectomy for this condition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surgical outcome of the two operative procedures and determine an optimal surgical approach.MethodsData from 147 patients who underwent resection for gastric cancer affecting the proximal one‐third of the stomach were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were classified into a total gastrectomy (TG) group or a proximal gastrectomy (PG) group, and the clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical results were compared. We analyzed survival rates using Kaplan‐Meier methods and made comparisons using a log‐rank test across the same stage of the gastric cancer.ResultsFrom 1992 to 2000, a total of 104 total gastrectomies and 43 proximal gastrectomies for gastric cancer affecting the upper one‐third of the stomach were performed. Our investigation revealed significantly different clinicopathologic characteristics in Borrmann type, length of the resection margin, degree of lymph node dissection, and lymph node stage. During the procedure, a combined resection of other organs was performed in 30 TG and 27 PG patients. Postoperative complications developed in 15 TG and 22 PG patients. The cancer recurrence rate was 4.8% for the TG group and 39.5% for the PG group; it was highest when the length of the proximal resection margin was < 1 cm. When we compared 5‐year survival rates between the two groups, each at the same cancer stage, a significant difference was noted for stage III and IV gastric cancers.ConclusionsProximal gastrectomy may be performed during the early stage of proximal gastric cancer; but because of the high frequency of complications and cancer recurrence, an additional procedure should be expected afterward. When the cancer stage is advanced, total gastrectomy should be performed with sufficient length of the proximal resection margin.
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection of the Thigh: Consider an Abdominal Cause
Authors: Nijhof H. W. , Steenvoorde P. , Bonsing B. A. , Hartgrink H. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundNecrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a disastrous infection of the subcutaneous tissue and underlying fascial layers. Even if urgent treatment is started, mortality rates are high. Due to the paucity of specific cutaneous signs, early recognition is extremely difficult. This in turn causes a delay in diagnosis and worsens prognosis. Although NSTI can develop after a wide variety of causes, specific clues such as initial gram staining and a high index of suspicion should alert the clinician to an abdominal causative agent, which alters surgical treatment strategy. If detected early, prognosis for the patient is improved.MethodsFour patients with NSTI of the thigh due to an abdominal origin are detailed regarding their clinical presentation, gram stain or culture, abdominal focus, and treatment. Based on our clinical experience and a review of the relevant literature, we address clinical challenges and controversies of importance.ResultsCurrent literature on NSTI recommends prompt surgical debridement and broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy. Our cases revealed that an abdominal focus is not uncommon; however, it can be easily missed, which delays treatment. All cases demonstrated polymicrobial gram stains and cultures, which can raise suspicion of and lead to determination of an abdominal focus.ConclusionsHigh clinical suspicion or a polymicrobial gram stain or culture should quickly lead to determination of an abdominal source. Early surgical exploration and focus treatment, together with prompt surgical debridement and broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy, could reduce mortality significantly.
Postoperative Complications in Obese and Nonobese Patients
Authors: Bamgbade Olumuyiwa A. , Rutter Timothy W. , Nafiu Olubukola O. , Dorje Pema 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative complications are undesirable and potentially common in the increasing obese population of surgical patients. There is a scarcity of recent and reliable studies comparing postoperative morbidity and mortality in obese and nonobese patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and severity of postoperative complications in obese and nonobese surgical patients.MethodsA retrospective review and analysis of adult postoperative complications recorded on an electronic database was conducted. The database covered a period of 4 years and consisted of 7,271 cases of postoperative complications that occurred within 30 days of noncardiac moderate or major surgery. Appropriate data and variables were compared between obese and nonobese patients using the SPSS program.ResultsThe rate of postoperative complications was 7.7%. Obese patients had a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (P = 0.001), peripheral nerve injury (P = 0.039), wound infection (P = 0.001), and urinary tract infection (P = 0.004). ). Morbidly obese patients had a higher mortality rate of 2.2% compared with 1.2%; for all other patients (P = 0.034) and a higher prevalence of tracheal reintubation (P = 0.009) and cardiac arrest (P = 0.015). Obese patients had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status scores than other patients (P = 0.001).ConclusionsObese patients have a significantly higher risk of postoperative myocardial infarction, wound infection, nerve injury, and urinary infection. Obesity is an independent risk factor for perioperative morbidity, and morbid obesity is a risk factor for mortality.
Comparative postnatal development of spinal, trigeminal and vagal sensory root entry zones
Authors: Toma Jeremy S. , McPhail Lowell T. , Ramer Matt S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSomatic and visceral sensory information enters the central nervous system (CNS) via root entry zones where sensory axons span an environment consisting of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. While the embryonic extension of these sensory axons into the CNS has been well‐characterized, little is known about the subsequent, largely postnatal development of the glial elements of the root entry zones. Here we sought to establish a comparative developmental timecourse of the glial elements in the postnatal (P0, P3, P7, P14) and adult rat of three root entry zones: the spinal nerve dorsal root entry zone, the trigeminal root entry zone, and the vagal dorsal root entry zone. We compared entry zone development based on the expression of antigens known to be expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, Schwann cells, radial glial fibres and the PNS extracellular matrix. These studies revealed an unexpected distribution among glial cells of several antigens. In particular, antibodies used to label mature oligodendrocytes (RIP) transiently labelled immature Schwann cell cytoplasm, and a radial glial antigen (recognized by the 3CB2 antibody) initially decreased, and then increased in postnatal astrocytes. While all three root entry zones had reached morphological and antigenic maturity by P14, the glial elements comprising the PNS–CNS interface of cranial root entry zones (the trigeminal root entry zone and the vagal dorsal root entry zone) matured earlier than those of the spinal nerve dorsal root entry zone.
Neuroendoscopic Laser‐Assisted Ventriculostomy of the Third Ventricle
Authors: Williams Ena M. , Galbraith Janet G. , Duncan Charles C. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTHydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Ventriculostomy of the third ventricle now is an acceptable treatment alternative for this problem. This procedure reduces costs over the course of the illness because the patient does not require subsequent shunt revisions throughout his or her life. The specialized care and the fear associated with the dependency on mechanical hardware also are eliminated if shunt placement is avoided. Postoperative complications may include increased intracranial pressure, bleeding, infection, and pain. AORN J 61 (Feb 1995) 345–359.
Implementing a Baccalaureate Perioperative Nursing Elective
Authors: Long M. Charlene , George Susan E. , Gulledge H. Sue 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTTo increase perioperative experience and knowledge, operating room staff members of a southeastern US veterans affairs hospital and the faculty of a nearby college of nursing baccalaureate program developed a perioperative nursing elective. The course included both classroom and clinical experiences. Benefits to students include the ability to transfer knowledge and skills to other clinical settings, increased understanding of the trauma of the surgical experience for the patient, and increased interest in a career in perioperative nursing. AORN J 61 (Feb 1995) 372–376.
Perioperative Nurses' Perceptions of Caring Practices
Authors: McNamara Sharon A. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to determine how caring is practiced in perioperative nursing. The theory of nursing by M. Jean Watson, RN, PhD, FAAN, provided the conceptual framework for the study. The researcher used a qualitative, descriptive methodology to analyze data collected in audiotaped interviews with five perioperative nurses and used standard qualitative research procedures for transcribing and analyzing the interview data. The five study participants identified their perceptions of caring behaviors with conscious and unconscious patients in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. They described the essential structure of wring as the establishment of a human care relationship and provision of a supportive, protective, and/or corrective psychological, physical, and spiritual environment.A0RN J61 (Feb 1995) 377–388.
An experimental double-blind study to evaluate the use of Euphrasia in preventing conjunctivitis
Authors: Mokkapatti Rupa 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA double-blind study using Euphrasia 30c or placebo was carried out during an epidemic of viral conjunctivitis. Nine hundred and ninety-four subjects were available at follow-up, when 48 subjects in the group given Euphrasia and 43 subjects in the placebo group had signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis, a difference which was not statistically significant. The protocol by which Euphrasia was tried may be used without change to scientifically confirm the efficacy of a genus epidemicus. The concept of genus epidemicus lends itself well to experimental double-blind studies in homœopathy during epidemics.
Homœopathic veterinary prescribing
Authors: kayne Steven 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn historical outline of veterinary homœopathy is given together with brief reasons for the recent increase in demand for homœopathic treatment and limiting factors preventing wider acceptance of the discipline. A pilot survey is described in which the six homœopathic medicines most frequently prescribed by homœopathic veterinarians have been identified together with their applications.