bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of azobenzene‐containing poly(1‐alkyne)s with different functional pendant groups
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Lun , Chen Xiao‐Fang , Fan Xing‐He , Chai Chun‐Peng , Lu Chun‐Xiang , Zhao Xiao‐Dong , Pan Qi‐Wei , Tang Hao‐Yu , Gao Long‐Cheng , Zhou Qi‐Feng 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1‐Alkynes containing azobenzene mesogenic moieties [HCC(CH2)9O phNNphOR; R = ethyl (1), octyl (2), decyl (3), (S)‐2‐methylbutyl (4), or (S)‐1‐ethoxy‐1‐oxopropan‐2‐yl (5); ph = 1,4‐phenyl] were synthesized and polymerized in the presence of a Rh catalyst {(nbd)Rh+[B(C6H5)4]−; nbd = 2,5‐norbornadiene} to yield a series of liquid‐crystalline polymers in high yields (e.g., >75%). These polymers had moderate molecular weights (number‐average molecular weight ≥ 12,000), high cis contents in the main chain (up to 83%), good thermal stability, and good solubility in common organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and dichloromethane. These polymers were thoroughly characterized by a combination of infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction techniques. The liquid‐crystalline behavior of these polymers was dependent on the tail group attached to the azobenzene structure. Poly‐1, which had the shortest tail group, that is, an ethyl group, showed a smectic A mesophase, whereas poly‐2, poly‐3, and poly‐5, which had longer or chiral tail groups, formed smectic C mesophases, and poly‐4, which had another chiral group attached to the azobenzene structure, showed a chiral smectic C mesophase in both the heating and cooling processes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4532–4545, 2006
Measurement and Account Method for the Available Standing Time of a Smoke Screen Applying the Diffusion Equation
Authors: Chen‐Guang Zhu , Gong‐Pei Pan , Xiao‐Yun Wu , Hua Guan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe available shielding area of a smoke screen is an important parameter to evaluate its protection capability. It varies with time according to a parabola equation, which could be obtained by the diffusion equation and a few measured data. The available standing time which could satisfy the request of rating area can be calculated. The process of deriving the equation, the experimental procedure and the method of data collecting and processing is presented in detail in this paper. The calculated result is compared with engineering experience to verify the method.
Combustion of Environmentally Altered Molybdenum Trioxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Moore Kevin , Pantoya Michelle L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNanocomposite thermite mixtures are currently under development for many primer applications due to their high energy densities, high ignition sensitivity, and low release of toxins into the environment. However, variability and inconsistencies in combustion performance have not been sufficiently investigated. Environmental interactions with the reactants are thought to be a contributing factor to these variabilities. Combustion velocity experiments were conducted on aluminum (Al) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) mixtures to investigate the role of environmental interactions such as light exposure and humidity. While the Al particles were maintained in an ambient, constant environment, the MoO3 particles were exposed to UV or fluorescent light, and highly humid environments. Results show that UV and fluorescent lighting over a period of days does not significantly contribute to performance deterioration. However, a humid environment severely decreases combustion performance if the oxidizer particles are not heat‐treated. Heat treatment of the MoO3 greatly increases the material's ability to resist water absorption, yielding more repeatable combustion performance. This work further quantifies the role of the environment in the decrease of combustion performance of nanocomposites over time.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐Aminotetrazolium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Penger Alexander , Welch Jan M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (2) was synthesized in high yield from 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) and silver 5‐nitrotetrazolate. Both new compounds (1, 2) were characterized using vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N), elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (2) represents the first example of an energetic material which contains both a tetrazole based cation and anion. Compound 2 is hydrolytically stable with a high melting point of 190 °C (decomposition). The impact sensitivity of compound 2 is very low (30 J), it is not sensitive towards friction (>360 N).  The molecular structure of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) in the crystalline state was determined by X‐ray crystallography: orthorhombic, Fddd, a=1.3718(1) nm, b=1.4486(1) nm, c=1.6281(1) nm, V=3.2354(5) nm3, Z=16, ρ=1.979 g cm−1, R1=0.0169 (F>4σ(F)), wR2 (all data)=0.0352.
Bifurcations of Propellant Burning Rate at Oscillatory Pressure
Authors: Novozhilov Boris V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new phenomenon, the disparity between pressure and propellant burning rate frequencies, has revealed in numerical studies of propellant burning rate response to oscillatory pressure. As is clear from the linear approximation, under small pressure amplitudes, h, pressure and propellant burning rate oscillations occur with equal period T (T‐solution). In the paper, however, it is shown that at a certain critical value of the parameter h the system in hand undergoes a bifurcation so that the T‐solution converts to oscillations with period 2T (2T‐solution). When the bifurcation parameter h increases, the subsequent behavior of the system becomes complicated. It is obtained a sequence of period doubling to 4T‐solution and 8T‐solution. Beyond a certain value of the bifurcation parameter h an apparently fully chaotic solution is found. These effects undoubtedly should be taken into account in studies of oscillatory processes in combustion chambers.
Investigation of the Various Structure Parameters for Predicting Impact Sensitivity of Energetic Molecules via Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Jaafari Mohammad 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA generalized scheme is introduced for predicting impact sensitivity of any explosives by using artificial neural networks. Experimental values for the impact sensitivity for 291 compounds containing C, H, N and O have been used for training and testing sets. The input descriptors include aromatic character, heteroaromatic character, the number of NNO2 bonds and the number of α‐hydrogen atoms as well as the number of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen divided by molecular weight. The reliability of the proposed model was assessed by comparing the results against measured values as well as five models of complicated quantum mechanical computed values of 14 CHNO explosives from a variety of chemical structures. The model gives root mean squares errors of 41 cm and 56 cm for training and test sets, respectively, of the H50 quantity.
Stopping Power of ERA Sandwiches as a Function of Explosive Layer Thickness or Plate Velocities
Authors: Held Manfred 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe stopping power rises in symmetric sandwiches with increasing explosive layer thickness, which is equivalent to higher plate velocities. Further the additional weight is a burden for add‐on armor. Therefore a study was made with very thin sandwich plates of 1 mm as more or less the minimum, what can be used in practice. The reduction effect is more reduced with thicker plates at constant explosive layer thickness. For the penetration reduction the product of plate thickness and plate velocity seems important, as a thumb rule.
Properties of CP: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Decomposition Kinetics, Reaction to Spark, Friction and Impact
Authors: Weese Randell K. , Burnham Alan K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe properties of pentaamine (5‐cyano‐2H‐tetrazolato‐N2) cobalt (III) perchlorate (CP), which was first synthesized in 1968, continues to be of interest for predicting behavior in handling, shipping, aging, and thermal cook‐off situations. We report coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values over four specific temperature ranges, decomposition kinetics using linear and isothermal heating, and the reaction to three different types of stimuli: impact, spark, and friction. The CTE was measured using a Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) for samples that were uniaxially compressed at 68.95 MPa and analyzed over a dynamic temperature range of −20 °C to 70 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, was used to monitor CP decomposition at linear heating rates of 1–7 °C min−1 in perforated pans and of 0.1–1.0 °C min−1 in sealed pans. The kinetic triplet was calculated using the LLNL code Kinetics05, and predictions for 210 °C and 240 °C are compared to isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. Values are also reported for spark, friction, and impact sensitivity.
Assessment of corrosion‐induced damage and its effect on the structural behavior of RC beams containing supplementary cementitious materials
Authors: Ahmed Shaikh Faiz Uddin , Maalej Mohamed , Paramasivam P. , Mihashi Hirozo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the results of an experimental program on the effect of steel loss and corrosion induced‐damage (cracking, delamination, spalling, etc.) on the post‐corrosion flexural response of reinforced concrete beams incorporating supplementary cementing materials (fly ash, slag and silica fume) used as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Eight reinforced concrete beams measuring 2.5 m in length and 210 × 300 mm in cross‐section were cast, four of which were subjected to accelerated corrosion. Among all specimens incorporating supplementary cementing materials (SCM), the specimen containing fly ash showed the best performance in terms of the highest residual load carrying capacity at failure. Its best performance was also evident from the lowest measured steel loss, the least corrosion‐induced cracking and the lowest tendency for the concrete cover to delaminate as measured by a concrete‐embeddable fiber optic strain sensor (FOSS). Correlation between the amount of steel loss and the reductions in load carrying at failure was also established.
Capacitance thermometer using BaxSr1–xTiO3 solid solutions
Authors: Tetsuka H. , Takashima H. , Prijamboedi B. , Wang R. , Shoji A. , Shan Y. J. , Itoh M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract Parallel capacitors of Bax Sr1–x TiO3 (x = 0.01 and 0.05) were fabricated, and their characteristics as a capacitance thermometer were investigated. The dimensionless temperature sensitivities at 2.5 K for x = 0.01 and 0.05 were found to be 0.041 and 0.026, respectively. Particularly, the value for a capacitor with x = 0.01 is five times larger than those of commercially available ferroelectric doped SrTiO3 capacitance thermometers. These results reveal that a parallel‐plate capacitor using quantum ferroelectric Bax Sr1–x TiO3 has a potential application as a capacitance thermometer for monitoring cryogenic temperatures in a high magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diffusion of 65Zn in Mg and in Mg–x Al solid solutions
Authors: Čermák Jiří , Stloukal Ivo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHeterodiffusion of 65Zn in Mg, Mg–x Al (x = 1.77, 3.9 and 9 wt% Al) and the commercial AZ91 alloy was studied in the temperature interval 498–848 K by serial sectioning and residual activity methods. The concentration and temperature dependence of the Zn bulk diffusion coefficient D is described by the relation D = exp (0.1c Al – 9.16) exp (–125.8 kJ mol–1/RT ) m2 s–1 (c Al – concentration of Al in wt%). The Zn grain boundary diffusivity P = sδD b (s – segregation factor, δ – grain boundary width and D b – diffusion coefficient in the grain boundary) was also determined and obeyed the Arrhenius law P = 7.2 × 10–15 exp (–46 kJ mol–1/RT ) m3 s–1. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of a standardized large river bioassessment protocol (LR‐BP) for macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: Flotemersch Joseph E. , Blocksom Karen , Hutchens John J. , Autrey Bradley C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEfforts to develop benthic macroinvertebrate sampling protocols for the bioassessment of lotic ecosystems have been focused largely on wadeable systems. As these methods became increasingly refined and accepted, a growing number of monitoring agencies expanded their work and are now developing sampling protocols for non‐wadeable large rivers. Large rivers can differ from wadeable streams in many ways that preclude the use of some wadeable stream sampling protocols. Hence, resource managers need clear and consistent large river bioassessment protocols for measuring ecological integrity that are cost effective, logistically feasible, and meet or are adaptable to the multi‐purpose sampling needs of researchers and managers. We conducted a study using an experimental macroinvertebrate sampling method that was designed to overcome limitations of several methods currently in use. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the appropriate number of sampling points needed; (2) determine an appropriate laboratory subsample size to use and (3) examine how varying reach length affects assemblage characteristics. For six reaches in each of two large rivers, we sampled the macroinvertebrates of both banks at 12 transects separated by increasingly larger distances using a multi‐habitat, semi‐quantitative technique. Interpretation of results relied on the values attained for nine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics. Results from Monte Carlo methods indicated that, using the sampling methods described herein, a representative sample of the assemblage was collected by sampling both banks on 6 transects. Across all sites, we did not observe a consistent relationship between transect spacing (i.e. total reach length) and metric values, indicating that our sampling protocol was relatively robust with respect to variation in reach length. Therefore, flexibility exists that permits the study reach length to be dictated by the spatial scale (e.g. repeating geomorphic units) in question. For those preferring to use a fixed reach length, we recommend that transects be spaced at a minimum of 100 m intervals over a 500 m distance. We recommend that the field method be coupled with a fixed laboratory subsample size of 300 organisms for bioassessment purposes, with the recognition that a subsample size of 500 organisms may be needed to meet the objectives of more rigorous studies. It is likely this approach will over‐sample sites of uniform composition, but the goal was to develop a robust sampling protocol that would perform well across sites of differing habitat composition. Possible modifications to the method to streamline its future application in the field are provided. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Listening to Diversity Stories: Principles for Practice in Community Research and Action
Authors: Harrell Shelly P. , Bond Meg A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThree broad Diversity Principles for Community Research and Action are described and offered as community psychology's contribution to the growing literature on multicultural competence in psychology. The principles are applicable to multiple dimensions of diversity including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and social class. The diversity principles are illustrated with examples from the twenty‐two diversity stories in the AJCP Special Issue on Diversity Stories in Community Research and Action. Each of the three diversity principles (Community Culture, Community Context, and Self‐in‐Community) are associated with a fundamental assumption, a process emphasis (descriptive, analytic, and reflective), a core question to engage, an orienting stance (informed compassion, contextualized understanding, and empowered humility), and three areas of focus. Taken together, the principles suggest the value of the overarching stance of connected disruption. It is suggested that applying the principles to community work in diverse settings will facilitate the process of bridging differences and enhance the relevance and effectiveness of our work.
Stronger Relationships, Stronger Communities: Lessons From a Regional Intergroup Grant Initiative
Authors: Lee Kien S. , Calvin James R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper tells the story of an intergroup grant initiative and the neighborhood projects it supported. It highlights the challenges of race and power, in conjunction with other overlapping identities and forms of discrimination. The demographics of the greater Goodland region have changed dramatically over the last few years and decades. The life for traditionally European American and African American communities is being altered by a steady influx of new immigrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This paper discusses a philanthropic community's response to these changes and within this, two specific neighborhood‐based responses. The lessons and insights described in this paper, told by the initiative's evaluator and advisory council co‐chair, are drawn from five years' of systematic data collection and analysis, focused observations, and the reflections of other participants in the initiative.
Realities and Myths of Safety Issues for Community Researchers Working in a Marginalized African American Community
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Kinney Leah 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCommunity psychologists often conduct research in collaboration with marginalized communities in which safety is an issue. However, we rarely talk about what specific safety issues we experience and how we deal with them. Our story describes the realities and myths of neighborhood safety that were experienced in a low‐income African American neighborhood of Chicago, while collaborating on a project designed to increase access to the Internet to obtain health information. We examine both the challenges experienced and our responses in the context of a community intervention planned, implemented, and evaluated by a partnership team composed of various stakeholders. Critical lessons such as the importance of building on community strengths and the need to be aware of our own biases are discussed.
TSSub: eukaryotic protein subcellular localization by extracting features from profiles
Authors: Guo Jian , Lin Yuanlie 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Summary: This paper introduces a new subcellular localization system (TSSub) for eukaryotic proteins. This system extracts features from both profiles and amino acid sequences. Four different features are extracted from profiles by four probabilistic neural network (PNN) classifiers, respectively (the amino acid composition from whole profiles; the amino acid composition from the N-terminus of profiles; the dipeptide composition from whole profiles and the amino acid composition from fragments of profiles). In addition, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier is added to implement the residue-couple feature extracted from amino acid sequences. The results from the five classifiers are fused by an additional SVM classifier. The overall accuracies of this TSSub reach 93.0 and 77.4% on Reinhardt and Hubbard's eukaryotic protein dataset and Huang and Li's eukaryotic protein dataset, respectively. The comparison with existing methods results shows TSSub provides better prediction performance than existing methods.
Availability: The web server is available from
Contact: guojian99@tsinghua.org.cn
Supplementary Information: The Supplementary Data can be downloaded from
HCNet: a database of heart and calcium functional network
Authors: Hong Seong-Eui , Rho Seong-Hwan , Yeom Young Il , Kim Do Han 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Summary: The Heart and Calcium functional Network (HCNet) database is a collection of functional gene modules calculated from the microarray data compendium available from the GEO database. It is a specialized database designed to assist experimentalists for cardiac calcium signaling research by providing the pre-calculated gene clusters and their potential correlation network in heart.
In the current release of HCNet, 57 functional modules from 786 target genes obtained by a bi-clustering analysis of 381 microarray datasets are available. Detailed information of the clusters such as expression profiles, network diagrams is provided in two categories, heart-specific genes and heart-specific genes along with calcium toolkit genes. Overrepresented gene ontological categories and transcription factors in each cluster are also provided to infer the biological implications of the detected functional modules.
Availability: HCNet is available at
Contact: dhkim@gist.ac.kr
Contrasting functional traits maintain lichen epiphyte diversity in response to climate and autogenic succession
Authors: Ellis Christopher J. , Coppins Brian J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim  Lichen epiphytes are important for biodiversity conservation and are also widely applied as environmental indicators. However, biogeographical and ecological knowledge underpinning lichen epiphyte conservation, and the use of lichens as indicators, is based primarily on a limited range of ‘macrolichen’ species. Wider trends in epiphyte biodiversity remain largely unexplored. This paper examines the community structure of lichen epiphytes on aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Scotland, including species across all functional groups and comprising, therefore, taxonomically difficult ‘microlichens’.Location  Northern Britain (Scotland).Methods  Epiphytes were sampled from 12 sites throughout Scotland and examined at two scales: between and within aspen stands. Species were classified into contrasting functional groups and ordination by detrended correspondence analysis was used to summarize community structure.Results  Within aspen stands (between trees) epiphyte communities showed successional patterns related to tree age. These successional patterns changed predictably for stands aligned along a climatic gradient (between stands).Main conclusions  A dual climatic–successional trend in epiphyte community structure is presented. Large‐scale trends in epiphyte diversity are explained as the local response of species with contrasting functional traits to climate and autogenic succession. Turnover of functional groups between stands is positively related to β‐diversity, and ecological limits to the frequency of contrasting functional groups are presented. Accordingly, the study and application of lichen species with similar functional traits may inadequately represent patterns of biodiversity. This prompts criticism of the currently accepted conservation strategy, i.e. (1) an emphasis in the conservation literature on ‘macrolichen’ species with similar ecologies and (2) the application of lichen indices over climatically variable geographical areas.