Chip Removal by a Hydraulic Jet
Authors: Cheatham J.B. , Yarbrough J.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although adequate removal of cuttings from beneath a drill bit is important for efficient drilling operations, very little basic data are available relative to the fundamentals of chip removal by hydraulic jets. A discussion is presented in this paper of an experimental investigation of the jetting action of hydraulic jets in removing loose particles from the bottom of a cylindrical hole. Conditions for which the jet is no longer capable of removing chips from the bottom of the hole are determined. This situation represents equilibrium between the chip removal force and chip holddown forces such as gravity and pressure. In most of the tests loose particles were jetted with water or a water-glycerine mixture to determine the dependence of chip removal on hole size, jet size, height of jet off bottom of hole, flow rate, particle density and fluid viscosity. A test with a pressurized mud system indicated that relatively low pressures can completely overcome the removal action of a hydraulic jet. Although the system studied herein is not directly applicable to a rotary drill bit, the work with such simplified systems can provide a better understanding of the chip removal action of jets, and with logical extensions it may provide a reasonable basis for the best use of fluid jets in drilling.
Introduction
The primary deterrent to maximum drilling rates is the inability of the drilling system to remove rock cuttings efficiently enough to prevent interference with the drilling action. The objective of chip removal studies is to permit predicting and controlling removal forces under downhole drilling conditions. Conditions at the bottom of a hole during rotary drilling are exceedingly complex and are not likely to be described in a quantitative way by investigations in terms of the total drilling action until a better understanding is developed of the simplified components of the problem. The present study is concerned with the elementary condition of removal of chips by a single central jet. Even this relatively simple model provides mathematical difficulties because of the turbulent nature of the flow from the jet and because of the shape of the bottom of the hole beneath the jet. Theoretical and experimental studies have been made of turbulent jets impinging normally on an infinite body and deductions based on analytical solutions to simplified problems can give some insight into the problem of cutting removal by a jet. However, because of the present lack of understanding of the behavior of the interaction between the fluid jet and the chips being removed, an experimental approach was chosen for the present study. Methods have been developed for maximizing hydraulic horsepower, impact force and jet velocity; but whether maximizing these parameters maximizes chip removal with present drilling bits has not been demonstrated. Simplifying the problem of chip removal may make it possible to develop some understanding of the manner in which the jet velocity is dissipated. Better understanding of a simple case should materially assist in extending analysis to more complicated cases. Thus, we are not concerned in the present study with the rock fracturing process itself but only with the removal of the debris from the bottom of the hole. A problem which is quite similar to the chip removal problem is the suspension of solids in stirred vessels. This problem has been studied by the chemical industry and correlations have been obtained by dimensional analysis which permit the design of mixing vats. An approach similar to that used in the mixing vat problem is used in the analysis of the jetting data in the present paper.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The test equipment arrangement shown schematically in Fig. 1 allows the jetting action to remove particles until an equilibrium height is attained for each combination of hole size, jet size and flow rate.*** Equilibrium conditions require that the removal force is unable to remove additional particles. This balance between holddown and removal forces implies a relationship between the two forces which is constant for the particular system. When the holddown forces are constant,
SPEJ
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