bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of some husbandry practices on the physical properties of spring barley grain
Authors: Taylor B. Richard , Blackett George A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpecific weight, 1000 grain weight, and percentages of grain held by a 2.5 mm sieve and passing through a 2.2 mm sieve were measured in husbandry trials carried out on spring barley at Craibstone, Aberdeen, from 1975 to 1979. Sowing date had the greatest influence on these properties, apparently due more to poor crop development than to increased foliar disease following late sowing. Fungicide treatment, particularly a spray application of tridemorph, resulted in an improvement, but growth regulators, especially when applied late or at high rates, had the reverse effect and both chemicals affected specific weight less than other parameters. The mean specific weight, 1000 grain weight and grain size of a number of varieties declined at nitrogen application rates above 50 kg ha−1, but there were significant differences between varieties, with short‐strawed, small‐grained varieties such as Midas and Maris Mink being most affected. Different levels and application methods of phosphatic fertiliser had little effect on the parameters measured.
Development of a method to measure dietary fibre in oranges
Authors: Dovell C. J. , Harris N. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method to measure dietary fibre in oranges has been developed. Pectin was extracted from the food sample using heat, acid and a cation‐exchange resin. This was followed by enzymic digestions, using pepsin and pancreatin, of the remaining residue. Optimal levels of resin, pH, time and temperature for maximum pectin extraction were found. Optimal levels of enzymes and pH for maximal enzyme digestion was also found. Other food products tested for dietary fibre content were: cauliflower, oranges, pole beans, carrots and whole wheat flour. Values found were greater than those for other fibre analyses; however, most other methods fail to measure the water‐soluble indigestible components, such as pectin.
Characteristics of kernel oils from Elaeis oleifera, F1 hybrids and back‐cross with Elaeis guineensis
Authors: Tan Boon K. , Berger Kurt G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKernel oils from different palms of Elaeis oleifera, F1 hybrids and back‐cross with Elaeis guineensis were analysed for iodine value, fatty acid and triglyceride composition. Kernel oils of F1 hybrids and back‐cross were close in fatty acid and triglyceride composition to that of E. guineensis. Kernel oils of E. oleifera showed a different triglyceride distribution pattern to that of E. guineensis.
Ingestion and retention of mercury by sheep grazing near a chlor‐alkali plant
Authors: Edwards Philip R. , Pumphrey Nicholas W. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn experiment is described in which a flock of sheep was kept for 23 months on a field contaminated with mercury as a result of atmospheric emissions from a chloralkali site. The mercury concentration found in the flesh of the sheep during the trial was within the range present in other commercially available meat. Levels of mercury found in the kidney and liver were elevated, although < 10% of the mercury in the organs or the flesh was in the methylated form. About 0.1% of the total mercury taken in by inhalation and ingestion was retained by the sheep. The breeding performance of the flock was normal. It is concluded that contamination of grass as a result of atmospheric discharges of inorganic mercury from UK chlor‐alkali sites causes no hazard either directly to grazing animals or indirectly to humans who might ultimately consume their flesh.
The changes in cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) tissues during plant development
Authors: Cooke Rodney D. , de la Cruz Elba M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe cyanide concentrations in the leaves, meristems, root cortex and root parenchymal tissues of cassava (cv. Valencia) were investigated at 2‐month intervals up to a plant age of 17 months. Six plants were analysed at each interval and sampling methods investigated to ensure that the cyanide estimations (by enzymic assay) were representative for each plant. Root yield per plant increased to 10 months and then remained almost constant to 17 months. Leaf weight per plant reached a maximum at 6 months (380 g per plant), decreased to 12 months and then slowly increased. Cyanide concentrations in the root parenchymal tissue and root cortex were not significantly different between 6 and 14 months; both tissues displayed peak concentrations at 6 and 14 months. Cyanide concentration maxima in the leaves appeared to precede those shown by the roots. Meristem concentrations showed similar trends to those shown by the leaves. The precise plant age at harvest had little effect on the potential toxicity of the roots. A modification to the earlier published procedure for leaf tissue is described. The cyanide concentration in old (green) leaves was < 50% of that in young leaves of the same plant. Intra‐leaf and inter‐leaf cyanide concentration variations are described, and the importance to low‐cyanide cassava screening programmes indicated.
Insulin secretion in relation to fatness in cattle
Authors: Gregory Neville G. , Truscott Terry G. , Wood Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe insulin secretory response to tolbutamide was examined in cattle to determine: whether this agent is insulinogenic in this species, what effect age has on insulin secreting ability, and whether the insulin response is related to body fatness. Intravenous injection of sodium tolbutamide (27 mg kg−0.75) caused a three‐ to sevenfold rise in plasma insulin concentration, but the response was delayed and protracted in comparison with that seen in non‐ruminants. The insulin response was higher at 20 than at 12 months of age. The insulin response was not related to the proportion of dissectible fat in the empty body, and it was lower in Hereford than Friesian steers despite the Herefords being slightly fatter. It was concluded that tolbutamide is insulinogenic in cattle and its effectiveness increases with age. Unlike the non‐ruminant, there is no association between fatness and insulin response to tolbutamide in cattle compared at the same age.
Distribution of 45Ca between soluble and colloidal phases of buffaloes' milk as affected by processing
Authors: Sindhu Jagveer S. , Roy Nirendra K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of 45Ca between the soluble and colloidal phases of skimmed buffaloes' milk, and the effects of five processing treatments, was determined by the rennet coagulation technique. The five processing treatments consisted of pasteurisation (at 71.8°C for 15 s), pre‐warming (at 96°C for 5 min), sterilisation (at 121.5°C for 15 min), and cooling (for 24 h at 4–6 and 0°C). The proportion of 45Ca in the soluble phase of raw milk was about 44% (in vitro) and 37% (in vitro), while that of original Ca was about 21% (control). In vitro, pasteurisation, pre‐warming and sterilisation progressively decreased the amount of 45Ca incorporated into the soluble phase to about 39, 31 and 27%, respectively. The decline of incorporated 45Ca was statistically significant (P < 0.01) for the prewarming and sterilisation of milk. In vitro, the decline of incorporated 45Ca or the transfer of 45Ca from the soluble to the colloidal phase due to the heat treatment, was small, irregular and not significant. Changes due to cooling were not significant for any of the experiments. Significantly different results were observed for the partitioning of Ca when comparisons were made between in‐vitro introduced 45Ca and original Ca, and between in‐vivo incorporated 45Ca and original Ca.
Seasonal variation in the viscosity of the extracts of muscle proteins of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) stored on ice
Authors: Barassi Carlos A. , Crupkin Marcos , Martone Celina B. , Trucco Raúl E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges in viscosity of high‐ionic‐strength muscle extracts of hake stored on ice are subject to seasonal variation. A rapid fall in the viscosity occurs in extracts of fish caught during the summer. The viscosity declines at a slower rate after the sixth day of storage for those fish caught during the autumn. No change in the viscosity was observed in hake caught during the winter and spring.
The reactivity of intermediates in non‐enzymic browning reactions towards nitrite ion
Authors: Wedzicha Bronislaw L. , Hill David , Cockshott Janet B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe intermediates of non‐enzymic browning reactions, 4, 5‐dihydroxy‐2‐oxopentanal and 2‐oxo‐4,5,6‐trihydroxyhexanal, show significant reactivity towards nitrite ion at pH 4.7 and 7.0, respectively.
Leaching losses of nutrients and yield and nutrient uptake by container‐grown begonia as affected by lime and fertiliser applications to a peat medium
Authors: Haynes Richar D. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of increased lime applications and one rate of soluble basal fertiliser on leaching losses of NH4‐N, NO3‐N, P, Ca, Mg and K from peat in containers was studied in the presence or absence of Begonia semperflorens plants in a greenhouse pot experiment. Percentage recoveries (leached, plus extractable nutrient remaining in the peat, plus plant uptake) of mineral N and P were in the range of 60–80% while those for Ca, Mg and K ranged from 95 to 111%. Percentage leaching losses in the absence of plants were: mineral N, 75–76%; P, 59–74%; Ca, 5–7%; Mg, 14–19%; and K, 17–31%. In the presence of plants, the average decrease in the percentage loss of nutrients by leaching was: N, 9.3%; P, 4.4%; Ca, 0.5%; Mg, 0.3%; and K, 1.3% Liming tended to decrease leaching losses of NH4‐N, P, Ca and Mg but increase those of K and NO3‐N. The phosphate adsorption capacity of the peat was not measurable but significant ammonia fixation from added (NH4)2SO4 was demonstrated at high pH (>6.5) concomitant with high N rates (> 300 g N m−3). Effective cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) and CEC measured with unbuffered 1m NH4CI were both more than doubled with increased lime additions as the pH of the peat increased from 4.3 to 5.6. The conventional CEC measurement (NH4OAc, pH 7.0) and BaCl2‐TEA (pH 8.2) CEC both remained unaffected by the initial lime rates, and both greatly overestimated the CEC of the peat at its unbuffered pH.
The effect of water stress and form of nitrogen on the incidence of blossom‐end rot in tomatoes
Authors: Dekock Pierre C. , Hall Alexander , Boggie Robert , Inkson Robert H. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of water stress, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate on the incidence of blossom‐end rot (BER) in tomatoes was studied, using plants grown in peat modules. There was little evidence that water stress per se affected BER incidence, which was largely determined by the ammonium ion, as found in previous studies. Water stress increased ammonium and nitrate levels in both the peat modules and the leaves of the plants. This effect may account for the relation between moisture stress and BER reported by others.
An investigation into some causes of the differences of protein expressibility from leaf pulps
Authors: Butler Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn a laboratory scale, changes in expressibility of protein with age from leaf pulp of lucerne, amaranth, garden orache, sunflower, fat hen, dock and field beans were not closely correlated with changes of fibrous dry matter, cell robustness, pH or tannin content. However, for amaranth, garden orache and fat hen, a strong correlation was found between protein expressibility and the proportion of the total leaf water that was expressed. This suggests that expressibility from those species was determined more by the proportion of leaf water that was expressed as juice than by the concentration of protein in the juice. Interspecific differences of protein expressibility between fat hen, amaranth, sunflower, beans and pea, all at the same age, were strongly correlated with differences in leaf tannin content. However, garden orache was also examined and it did not fit the pattern established by the other crops. Therefore, the correlation exhibited by the other crops may not be general.
A kinetic study of bread staling by differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of loaf specific volume
Authors: Fearn Tom , Russell Peter L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges in the starch fraction of bread at 21°C have been measured as a function of loaf specific volume using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data from five bakes were fitted by Avrami equations Ø = exp (‐ktn) (where Ø is the fraction of the total thermal change still to occur) using an iterative non‐linear least squares procedure which enabled simultaneous estimation of limiting value, rate constant (k) and Avrami exponent (n). The method allowed the fit of a number of different models to be tested. It was concluded that Avrami exponents from each bake were the same and < 1 and that the rate constants were also equal. For comparison, crumb compressibility measurements were made on the same loaves used for DSC. These data were also analysed in a similar way. An adequate fit in this case was given by an Avrami exponent of 1; however, rate constants appeared to vary with loaf specific volume.
Effect of moisture content on the development of carboxylic acids in traditional maize dough fermentation
Authors: Plahar W. A. , Leung Henry K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMaize dough samples containing 45, 52, 65 and 80% initial moisture were fermented over a 3 day period, and the rate of development of carboxylic acids was determined. The desired volatile: non‐volatile acids ratio of 0.16, titratable acidity of 2.4 mg NaOH g−1 sample, and pH of 3.7 could be achieved with only the 52% moisture samples. A slow rate of acid production and an early onset of mould growth was observed in samples with 45% moisture. The 65 and 80% moisture samples developed high concentrations of acids with resultant high degree of sourness. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids were the major volatile acids in samples with moisture contents over 52%.
Effect of gamma irradiation on aflatoxin production in barley
Authors: Chang Hak‐Gil , Markakis Pericles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBarley was inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999, and at 0°C was left to equilibrate at three moisture levels: 17, 20 and 25%. Gamma irradiation at five doses, 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 krad, was applied to the grain either soon after moisture equilibration (3 days after inoculation) or 10 days later (13 days after inoculation). Increasing the radiation dose resulted in decreasing aflatoxin formation, with one exception: 200 krad applied 13 days after inoculation on barley stored at a moisture level of 25% (100% relative humidity) and 25°C led to higher aflatoxin production than at 100 or 50 krad. For the control of aflatoxin contamination in barley, storage at low moisture content appears to be more practical and effective than irradiation.
Ultrastructure of denaturated potato proteins
Authors: Shomer Ilan , Lindner Pinhas , Ben‐Gera Itamar , Vasiliver Rosa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe structure of potato protein precipitates formed by heat treatment or acidification of potato juice was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Precipitates formed by heat denaturation (3 min at 100°C) consist of electron‐dense particles of diameter < 300 nm, aggregated into three‐dimensional open networks. Precipitates, formed by acidification to pH 3.0 and holding the acidified juice at room temperature, consist of network‐like aggregates of electron‐dense particles embedded in thin films which hinder the formation of a dense sediment. This structure explains the high sediment volumes which are typical of this kind of precipitate. By warming the acidified potato juice to 40°C, rapid flocculation and sedimentation of the suspended insoluble protein are observed within a few minutes and a dense sediment is finally obtained. This sediment consists mainly of the network‐like aggregates of electron‐dense particles and material of low electron density formed by the collapse of the films. Protein films have also been observed in precipitates of heat‐denatured bovine serum albumin (BSA). High‐methoxyl pectin promotes the formation of protein films on heat denaturation of potato proteins or BSA.
A comparison of seed phosphatides and synthetic compounds as antioxidants for cow and buffalo ghee (butter fat)
Authors: Kaur Narinder , Sukhija Pritam S. , Bhatia Iqbal S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant capacity of seed phosphatides and synthetic antioxidants when compared in cow ghee was found to be in the order: phosphatidyl ethanolamine < propyl gallate <palmitoyl ascorbate <butylated hydroxy anisole < phosphatidyl choline. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine was found to be the most effective antioxidant. Cow ghee had less peroxide development than buffalo ghee. The ghee prepared at 100°C was more stable against peroxide development compared with that prepared at 50°C. These observations were supported by the analysis of ghee samples for peroxide values and for fatty acids. The phosphatides imparted more antilipolytic activity to ghee then to synthetic antioxidants.
The digestibility and chemical composition of plant parts in Italian and perennial ryegrass during primary growth
Authors: Wilman David , Altimimi Mehdi A. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractItalian ryegrass (cv. S22) and perennial ryegrass (cv. S24) were sampled duringprimary growth at head emergence, pollen shedding and seed shedding in each of 2 years. Each sample was separated into approximately 19 plant parts and for each part the true dry matter digestibility, digestibility of cell wall and percentages of cell content, nitrogen, water‐soluble carbohydrate and lignin were determined. Trends reported in the literature, based on a smaller number of plant parts, were generally confirmed, but were shown to conceal appreciable variation. Thus, while, on average, stem declined in digestibility faster than leaf sheath, the upper sheaths declined in digestibility faster than the lower internodes and nodes; similarly, the proportion of cell content declined at a rather similar rate to digestibility in leaf blade and much less than digestibility in stem but the position was reversed between pollen shedding and seed shedding in the case of dead leaf blade and internodes. While the N content of the inflorescence as a whole did not decline greatly with advancing maturity, the N content of the rachis was nearly halved. The upper part of the crop was more digestible than the lower part at head emergence, but not at seed shedding. Italian ryegrass had a higher proportion of cell content than perennial ryegrass in all types of plant part. The digestibility of cell wall declined with advancing maturity in all the plant parts examined. The lower portions of internodes had a higher proportion of cell content than the upper portions. There were gradients from top to bottom of the plant, e.g. percentage N declined and percentage water‐soluble carbohydrate increased from top to bottom.
The conditioning of wheat. The influence of roll temperature in the bühler laboratory mill on milling parameters
Authors: Hook Simon C. W. , Bone Geoffrey T. , Fearn Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of roll temperature increases observed during successive millings using a laboratory Bühler mill has been investigated for both UK and Canadian wheats. A sequence of four millings each day, at fixed times, has been employed for experimental work on the conditioning of wheat. The results of four successive days' milling of a single wheat sample have shown that flour yield increased with each successive daily milling for the UK wheats but only for the first three millings with Canadian wheat. In both cases flour moisture fell throughout the day and the rate of decrease appeared to be unaffected by wheat texture. Flour colour and ash content were largely unaffected during the daily milling programme. The results obtained can be used to correct for these ‘order of milling’ effects that would otherwise influence the results of milling data in subsequent studies on wheat conditioning.
Phenolic acids in pig slurry subjected to various treatment processes
Authors: Garraway James L. , Ramirez Maureen E. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThin‐layer chromatography of extracts of raw and treated pig slurries revealed the presence of phenolic acids. The number of phenolic acids present in raw slurry was reduced considerably by aeration and, to a smaller extent, by treatment with hydrogen peroxide; anaerobic storage and digestion proved ineffective for the removal of phenolic acids from pig slurry.
The detoxification of pot ale and other copper‐rich effluents by cementation of copper on aluminium metal
Authors: Ure Allan M. , Welch Karen H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is described for the removal of copper from copper‐rich effluents such as pot ale—a waste product from malt whisky distillation in copper stills. This method makes use of cementation on aluminium metal, obtained cheaply from aluminium beer cans, and could be of potential practical value for the detoxification of copper‐rich effluents such as pot ale and pig slurry before disposal to agricultural land. Traces of silver, gold and platinum have been found in pot ale by a spark source mass spectrographic technique which also uses a cementation procedure to pre‐concentrate trace elements on to aluminium metal.
The tryptophan content of some feedingstuffs for poultry
Authors: McNab James M. , Scougall Robert K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tryptophan contents of a range of raw materials which are commonly included in poultry diets have been determined by a modification of a previously published procedure. It is based on the enzymic release of tryptophan from the protein source and its subsequent reaction with dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde. The values obtained for the animal protein sources, cereals and soya bean meal agree well with previously published data. However, the tryptophan contents of other vegetable proteins agree less well with values published elsewhere and that for rapeseed meal is considerably lower. The method is suitable for application in a quality control laboratory where one operator can process eight samples daily.
The development of universal calibrations for measurement of protein and moisture in UK home‐grown wheat by near‐infrared reflectance analysis
Authors: Osborne Brian G. , Douglas Stuart , Fearn Thomas , Willis Kenneth H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNear‐infrared reflectance analysis was used to measure protein and moisture contents of UK wheat samples over five harvests (1975–1979 inclusive). The use of universal constants produced stable instrument calibrations valid for both hard and soft varieties and all growing locations in the UK which required no more than an annual bias adjustment except for 1976, a year when unusual climatic conditions prevailed in UK. The universal calibrations were achieved by the statistical selection of stable subsets of wavelengths. The accuracy of the calibrations when compared with classical methods (oven drying and Kjeldahl) was 0.25% or better for both moisture and protein.