bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elementary remarks on units in monoidal categories
Authors: KOCK JOACHIM 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe explore an alternative definition of unit in a monoidal category originally due to Saavedra: a Saavedra unit is a cancellable idempotent (in a 1-categorical sense). This notion is more economical than the usual notion in terms of left-right constraints, and is motivated by higher category theory. To start, we describe the semi-monoidal category of all possible unit structures on a given semi-monoidal category and observe that it is contractible (if non-empty). Then we prove that the two notions of units are equivalent in a strong functorial sense. Next, it is shown that the unit compatibility condition for a (strong) monoidal functor is precisely the condition for the functor to lift to the categories of units, and it is explained how the notion of Saavedra unit naturally leads to the equivalent non-algebraic notion of fair monoidal category, where the contractible multitude of units is considered as a whole instead of choosing one unit. To finish, the lax version of the unit comparison is considered. The paper is self-contained. All arguments are elementary, some of them of a certain beauty.
Homeomorphisms of finite distortion: discrete length of radial images
Authors: KOSKELA PEKKA , NIEMINEN TOMI 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe study homeomorphisms of finite exponentially integrable distortion of the unit ball Bn onto a domain Ω of finite volume. We show that under such a mapping the images of almost all radii (in terms of a gauge dimension) have finite discrete length. We also show that our dimension estimate is essentially sharp.
Sets with large intersection and ubiquity
Authors: DURAND ARNAUD 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA central problem motivated by Diophantine approximation is to determine the size properties of subsets of$\R^d$ ($d\in\N$)of the formwhere ‖⋅‖ denotes an arbitrary norm,Ia denumerable set, (xi,ri)i∈ Ia family of elements of$\R^d\$× (0, ∞) and ϕ a nonnegative nondecreasing function defined on [0, ∞). We show that ifFId, where Id denotes the identity function, has full Lebesgue measure in a given nonempty open subsetVof$\R^d\$, the setFϕbelongs to a class Gh(V) of sets with large intersection inVwith respect to a given gauge functionh. We establish that this class is closed under countable intersections and that each of its members has infinite Hausdorffg-measure for every gauge functiongwhich increases faster thanhnear zero. In particular, this yields a sufficient condition on a gauge functiongsuch that a given countable intersection of sets of the formFϕhas infinite Hausdorffg-measure. In addition, we supply several applications of our results to Diophantine approximation. For any nonincreasing sequenceψof positive real numbers converging to zero, we investigate the size and large intersection properties of the sets of all points that areψ-approximable by rationals, by rationals with restricted numerator and denominator and by real algebraic numbers. This enables us to refine the analogs of Jarník's theorem for these sets. We also study the approximation of zero by values of integer polynomials and deduce several new results concerning Mahler's and Koksma's classifications of real transcendental numbers.
Projective manifolds of sectional genus three as zero loci of sections of ample vector bundles
Authors: LANTERI ANTONIO , MAEDA HIDETOSHI 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLet ϵ be an ample vector bundle of rank r ≥ 2 on a smooth complex projective variety X of dimension n such that there exists a global section of ϵ whose zero locus Z is a smooth subvariety of dimension n-r ≥ 2 of X. Let H be an ample line bundle on X such that the restriction HZ of H to Z is very ample. Triplets (X, ϵ, H) with g(Z, HZ) = 3 are classified, where g(Z, HZ) is the sectional genus of (Z, HZ).
DENTAL INDICATORS OF DIET AND HEALTH FOR THE POSTCLASSIC COASTAL MAYA ON WILD CANE CAY, BELIZE
Authors: Seidemann Ryan M. , McKillop Heather 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDental indicators of health and subsistence for Postclassic Maya from the island site of Wild Cane Cay, off the coast of southern Belize, are examined. A total of 213 teeth were recovered from 26 individuals in Fighting Conch Mound. This survey documents dental wear, calculus, alveolar resorption, caries, and alveolar abscesses. This study excludes deciduous teeth. The total sample examined in this study contains 188 teeth from 19 adults. In general, the dental sample indicates a healthier diet than what the inland contemporaries of the Fighting Conch Mound individuals were consuming, as shown by lower rates of several pathologies. The dental data support the interpretation that the healthy diet of the Wild Cane Cay Maya was a function of their island setting in the Caribbean. Plant and animal remains generally corroborate the dental findings.
Bloody rain again! Red rain and meteors in history and myth
Authors: McCafferty P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn July 2001, red rain fell over Kerala in India shortly after reports of a meteor. When analysed, this red rain appeared to contain red cells, apparently demonstrating that such cells must exist in space and that the theory of panspermia is correct. However, doubts have been expressed about whether reports of a meteor were merely a coincidence. This paper examines historical and mythical accounts of red rain, to establish if these, too, show a connection with meteors.
Drilling of the Mjølnir Structure, the Barents Sea: Workshop on Marine Impacts and Environmental Consequences; Longyearbyen, Norway, 10–13 September 2007
Authors: Dypvik Henning , Claeys Philippe , Deutsch Alex , Kyte Frank T. , Matsui Takafumi , Smelror Morten 
Published: January 2008

In September 2007, thirty‐three scientists attended an international workshop in Norway to discuss impacts into marine targets and prepare the drilling of the 142‐million‐year‐old Mjølnir impact structure in the Barents Sea. The workshop focused on (1) mechanisms of marine impact cratering, including ejecta distribution, geothermal reactions, and tsunami production, and (2) environmental effects of marine impacts and potential links to the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (about 145 to 140 million years ago). A field trip visited the ejecta layer in Svalbard's Janusfjellet mountain.Impacts, particularly in marine environments, can significantly affect Earth's geological and biological evolution. However, detailed knowledge of the marine impact cratering process is still limited. Among the 170 terrestrial craters, Mjølnir and its proximal ejecta deposits are unique: It is one of few marine impacts, and since the proximal ejecta always remained under water in calm conditions, it is most likely very well preserved. Today, the crater's central uplift is buried under ∼50 meters of postimpact sediments and 350 meters of water.
Mao Receives 2007 Inge Lehmann Medal
Authors: Hemley Russell J. , Mao Ho‐Kwang 
Published: January 2008

The Inge Lehmann Medal is awarded in recognition of “outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.” When Ho‐kwang (Dave) Mao completed his Ph.D. in 1968 at the University of Rochester and moved to the Geophysical Laboratory, a revolution in how we could achieve that understanding was in the making.Over the following four decades, Dave Mao redefined solid Earth geophysics, demonstrating that the mantle and core are accessible in the laboratory through direct study of their components at high pressures and temperatures. Through diverse, ingenious experimentation, this journey to the center of the planet has revealed the many dramatic ways that Earth materials transform under extreme conditions and established a materials‐based understanding of the deep interior.
Modern Perspectives on Measuring and Interpreting Seafloor Heat Flux: The Future of Marine Heat Flow: Defining Scientific Goals and Experimental Needs for the 21st Century; Salt Lake City, Utah, 6–7 September 2007
Authors: Harris Robert N. , Fisher Andrew , Ruppel Carolyn , Martinez Fernando 
Published: January 2008

There has been a resurgence of interest in marine heat flow in the past 10–15 years, coinciding with fundamental achievements in understanding the Earth's thermal state and quantifying the dynamics and impacts of material and energy fluxes within and between the lithosphere and hydrosphere. At the same time, technical capabilities have dwindled to the point that no U.S. academic institution currently operates a seagoing heat flow capacity.In September 2007, a workshop was convened in Salt Lake City with sponsorship from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participation by scientists and engineers from North America, Europe, and Asia. The primary goals of the workshop were to (1) assess high‐priority scientific and technical needs and (2) to evaluate options for developing and maintaining essential capabilities in marine heat flow for the U.S. scientific community.
From proper name to primary interjection
Authors: Gehweiler Elke 
Published: January 2008

This paper is concerned with interjections that have evolved from nouns. Looking at a subclass of interjections, so-called expletives like gee!, jeeze!, gosh!, crikey!, it will be shown how primary interjections regularly evolve from religious names (here Jesus, God, Christ) via secondary interjections (Jesus!, God!, Christ!). Four stages can be distinguished:

I	proper name Jesus

II	secondary interjection Jesus!

III	phonological modification of Jesus!

IV	primary interjection gee!

The “standard” model for subjectification in grammaticalization, Traugott and Dasher’s Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change (2002), which focuses on the speaker as initiator of change, suffices to explain the gradual process through which the secondary interjection Jesus! has evolved through the repeated use of Jesus in invocations, oaths and prayers. Moreover it is claimed that the syntactic position of Jesus in these uses — sentence-initial and separated from the rest of the sentence — played a crucial role in the emergence of the interjection.

Invited inferencing, however, fails to explain the emergence of gee!. It will be shown with corpus data that gee! emerged rather abruptly. The meaning of gee! is different from the meaning of Jesus! from its very beginning, and — in contrast to the process through which the secondary interjection Jesus! emerged — there are no transitional stages attested where both the meaning of Jesus! and the meaning of gee! can be inferred. It will be argued that this change was hearer-based and that semantic stability and relationships between words are determined by aspects of phonological transparency. As a result of the clipping of Jesus! (speakers did not want to “take the name of the Lord in vain”), which yielded gee!, the semantic base of gee! became phonologically obscured. Accordingly the hearer had to infer the meaning of gee! from the context of its occurrence alone — consequently gee! differed in meaning from Jesus! straightaway.

The OED will be used as a corpus for the diachronic study (cf. Fischer 1992 and Hoffmann 2004 for a discussion of how the OED can be used as a historical corpus). The synchronic use of the forms discussed will be illustrated with examples from the British National Corpus and from the GoogleGroups newsgroups (cf. Bergh 2005 for a discussion of whether and how the Internet can be used as corpus).
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSPLANTATION OF URETERS INTO THE INTESTINE.
Authors: Taylor P. N. Walker‐ 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. A brief history of the operation is given up to the present date. 2. General surgical opinion judges that the principle of submucous transplantation described by Coffey offers best hope of success.3. A new technique is described which is truly aseptic. The sub‐mucous principle is employed, but the necessity of incision and resuture of the muscle and peritoneum of the bowel wall is obviated.4. Operations have been carried out on 77 dogs, with the implanta‐tion of 106 ureters. 15. Peritonitis as a complication is not serious; none occurred while using the completed technique; that is, 34 operations (one case originating from a gangrenous wound is not considered).6. Pyelonephritis is not frequent and is always accompanied by some evidence of ureteral obstruction.7. Hydronephrosis following on contracture of the cut end of the ureter still remains the greatest problem.8. The use of ureteral catheters, though particularly well suited to the technique, produced bad results in these experiments because they blocked so easily on account of the small bore. I n animals in which large catheters could be used, it is considered the objection to their use would be removed.
ABDOMINAL INCISIONS IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT WORK ON THE INTERCOSTAL NERVES.
Authors: Davies Francis , Wakeley Cecil P. G. 
Published: January 2008

Conclusion and Summary1. The course and divisions of the intercostal nerves in the thoracic and abdominal walls are described in the light of recent work on this subject.2. The estensive inter‐communications between neighbouring nerves, both in the thoracic and especially in the abdominal walls, are noted.3. Although, owing to these inter‐communications, post‐operative hernia (zipart from sepsis) is not a common sequel even of the wide and variable incisions that are commonly practised, yet' the endeavour should always be made t o inflict the minimal damage to the nerves and musculature of the abdominal wall. From this point of view certain abdominal incisions are reviewed.
ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN NEW ZEALAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACUTE TYPE
Authors: Bell F. Gordon 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. A series of 40 cases of idiopathic ulcerative colitis of purely New Zealand origin is analysed.2. The high percentage of acute cases forms the striking feature, and chief attention has been devoted to the problems arising in this severe and often rapidly fatal type.3. The high incidence in young people is demonstrated.4. The bacteriological findings were as disappointingly negative as they are commonly found to be.5. The total mortality was 32‐5%.6. Surgical treatment is discussed and the value of a timely ileostomy is emphasized.
TREATMENT OF ILEUS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTINUOUS STOMACH ASPIRATION AND MASSIVE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION1
Authors: Wood Ian J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The signs and symptoms of ileus are recorded.2. The normal distribution and movement of water in the body are discussed with special reference to the gastro‐intestinal circulation.3. The treatment of ileus by aspiration with the indwelling stomach tube and by fluid replacement by the continuous intravenous drip method is discussed.4. The necessity of maintaining a positive fluid balance is emphasized.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTICULAR ASCENT AS PRODUCED IN A MARSUPIAL (TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA)1
Authors: Bolliger Adolph , Carrodus Arthur 
Published: January 2008

Summary.If œstrogenic material is administered to sexually immature possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), testes and epididymes show a tendency to leave the scrotum and to become situated under the skin near the abdominal ring. This process, which is called testicular ascent, was rapidly completed in a young animal of about Ave and a half months of age. In older but still immature animals, the process is slower and requires larger or lethal doses of cestrogenic material. In mature adult animals the testicles were confined to the scrotum, even after large doses of œstrin.
THE RADICAL OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF THE POSTERIOR GROUP OF THE UPPERNASAL ACCESSORY SINUSES1
Authors: Brown R. Graham 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The author emphasizes the importance of the work done by Onodi and later more extensively by Óickworth in giving us a comprehensive pathology of sinus disease and its frequently associated changes in the surrounding bone, meninges, pituitary body and stalk and the adjacent vessels, the cerebral vessels and the brain tissue itself.2. The logical outcome of such important, findings is that more radical operative work should be performed in chronic nasal accessory sinus disease.3. Two operations have been described that offer a satisfactory means of approach to the cells in question, that is, the Ferris Smith and the transantral radical operations.4. It is essential that the operator be sound in his anatomy and thoroughly efficient in his technique before undertaking such operations.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPOTHENAR ELEVATION IN MOVEMENTS OF OPPOSITION OF THE THUMB
Authors: SUNDERLAND SYDNEY 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Attention has been drawn to the significance of hypothenar elevation in movements of opposition of the thumb and little finger.
An additional test for ulnar nerve lesions involving the supply to the hypothenar musculature is described–namely, persistent flatness of the dorsum of the hand on the affected side when opposition of the thumb and little finger is attempted.
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS AND THE DECEPTIVE ACTION OF MUSCLES IN PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS
Authors: SUNDERLAND SYDNEY 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe trick or supplementary movements which have been observed in 170 cases of peripheral nerve injuries have been described. These are voluntary movements which can still be effectively carried out even when those muscles customarily held to be responsible for their execution have been deprived of their nerve supply.Trick movements have been recorded in isolated and combined lesions of all the main peripheral nerves.The immediate recognition of such movements in peripheral nerve injuries is of considerable importance since the failure to detect them will lead to false estimates of the extent of the nerve lesion and the progress of regeneration. This will in turn result in incorrect diagnoses and in unjustified optimism concerning either the progress of spontaneous regeneration or the efficacy of a surgical procedure designed and undertaken to facilitate regeneration.Attention has been directed to the care which must be exercised in testing voluntary movements and in estimating, solely on the basis of the derangement of movement, the condition of any muscle or muscles.
THE REMOVAL OF BLOOD FROM TRAUMATIC HÆMOTHORACES
Authors: Hayward John I. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The reasons for removing the blood from a hemothorax are given.2. The strange ways in which hemothorax blood may clot are described, and the theo'ries to explain the clotting are discussed.3. The various ways in which heahorax blood may be removed are discussed.4. A brief outline of how hemothorax patients have been treated in New Guinea is given.5. Important practical points concerned in the aspiration of hemo‐thoraces are described.
CARCINOMA OF THE RECTUM
Authors: Turner John 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. An analysis of the records of carcinoma of the rectum in three teaching hospitals in Melbourne is presented.2. The means whereby the operability rate and the mortality rate could be improved are suggested.3. The use of colostomy in cases regarded as inoperable is discussed.4. Combined perineo‐abdominal excision without preliminary colostomy is recommended as the method of choice in the majority of cases.5. The importance of the preoperative and post‐operative treatment is stressed.6. The post‐operative complications are discussed, with particular reference to bladder dysfunction and to complications arising from the colostomy.7. The care of the colostomy is described in detail.
PYLORIC STENOSIS WITH AZOTÆMIA
Authors: Dunn R. M. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. Four cases of azotazmia following severe fluid loss from the upper gastro‐ intestinal tract are reported. Three cases followed pyloric stenosis ahd the other case followed gastro‐enterostomy and vagotomy for a similar condition.2. Disturbance of the dynamics of the circulatory system and of the intrarenal circulation appears to account for the outstanding features of the syndrome.3. Further doubt is cast on the role played by toxins.
TWO UNUSUAL CASES OF INTUSSUSCEPTION OCCURRING IN CHILDREN, WITH A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Hipsley Donald , Goulston Eric 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. Two unusual cases of intussusception in childhood are presented, one illustrating a chronic variety due to polypoidal‐like hyperplasia of the lower part of the ileum, the other an acute intussusception due to polypi of the upper part of the jejunum.2. It is felt that operative methods of bowel fixation to prevent recurrence of intussusception are unnecessary and unlikely to be successful.3. It is worth while to make a careful examination of the bowel in all cases of intussusception, especially in children over two years, as small tumours within the intestinal wall in an edematous bowel may be easily overlooked.4. Xtiology of intussusception is discussed with reference to lymphoid hyperplasia in the terminal part of the ileum.5. Age incidence is discussed.6. A review of the relevant literature is given.
THE REVISION OF THE DERMATOMES1
Authors: Young James H. 
Published: January 2008

In pursuing the study of this subject it is necessary to divest the mind of all preconceived ideas bearing upon it and to note carefully every individual circumstance, however contrary it may appear to one's expectations and desires. One great difficulty is the unreliability of the patient. Pain of the most excruciating kind leaves in the mind but a very imperfect recollection of its exact site. In all cases the description of the pain prior to examination should be received with great caution, and instructions given to note accurately the exact site during an exacerbation or recurrence. In the latter case trustworthy accounts can generally be received even when the observer is not present.I must confess I have also found it necessary to put a control on my own observations, by having them verified by a colleague. In making my observations I invariably had the most striking and important cases examined independently. Such phenomena as my colleagues could not verify I rejected, for if these sensory symptoms are to be of value they must be capable of being elicited by observers free from bias. And further, cases should not be recorded based upon recollections alone, for it is wonderful how far from the truth memory may wander, when there is a favourite theory to be advanced.
THE GENESIS OF VARICOSE VEINS
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn review, at the early stage of varicosis there is in an area, a dilatation, sometimes of sudden onset, without valvnlar in competence, with centripetal pulsation and without involvement of the proximal part of the veins. At this stage the veins are capable of contraction, that is, the muscle is not degenerate nor intrinsically weak; yet dilatation does occur.These phenomena are explained by the action of some chemical factor, possibly a hormone or hormones of the oestrogen group, which have been shown to produce relaxation of smooth muscle in other tubes.Once the condition has developed, then, just as with other structures such as bones, mechanical factors come into play and produce the various secondary changes which are clearly the effect of hydrostatic stresses. These give rise to the structures which are “ill‐faced”, worse bodied, shapeless everywhere.The distinction between the two stages is of paramount importance in distinguishing between primary aetiological factors and those responsible for the more obvious and, in some respects, the more important secondary changes.
DESMOID TUMOUR OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
Authors: Burnell G. H. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of desmoid tumour of the abdominal wall is described, in which it was necessary to remove all muscular layers of the abdominal wall over an area eight inches by eight inches, reinforcing the gap so caused by the insertion of a large stainless steel wire filigree.