bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE PLUM SAWFLY, HOPLOGAMPA FLAVA L.1, WITH NOTES ON CONTROL EXPERIMENTS
Authors: PETHERBRIDGE F. R. , THOMAS I. , HEY. G. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.Observations on the biology of Hoplocampa flava L. are given.Reasons are given for stating that all records of plum sawfly damage in England referred to H. fulvicornis should be referred to H. flava L.Observations are given showing the variation in intensity of attack during 1925–32.Control experiments with the object of killing the larvae were promising in 1929, but yielded no control in 1932.The authors are indebted to Dr H. W. Miles and Mr H. Kingston, who were associated with us in the above observations in 1926, and to Messrs M. H. Ivatt and G. H. Cannon, on whose plantations the observations were made.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF GACOEGIA CRATAEG ANA HUB. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICTDAE) ON FRUIT TREES IN THE WISBECH AREA
Authors: HEY G. L. , THOMAS. I. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.An account has been given of the life history and habits of the moth Cacoecia crataegana, in the Wisbech area, where it attacks fruit trees.The egg and egg‐laying habits have been described and the external anatomy and biology of the larva and pupa have been studied.The measurement of the larval head capsule in relation to Dyar's hypothesis has been discussed.The effect on the egg and on the larva of routine control measures has been observed.The parasitism of the moth has been studied. One Dipterous, and five Hymenopterous parasites have been bred out, and the biology of one of these, the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens Westw., has been studied in detail.The writers wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Mr P. R. Petherbridge, under whose supervision the work has been carried out, and to Dr A. D. Imms and Mr J. C. F. Fryer for criticism of the manuscript. They also wish to thank members of the staff of the British Museum of Natural History, for identification of the moth and its parasites, and for supplying references to the literature, and to Mr M. H. Hey, of the Mineralogical Department, for the analysis of the egg‐masses. Thanks are also due to Messrs J. Lefevre, E. G. Davison, and G. E. Munday, for reporting, the presence of egg‐masses at the various centres, and to the growers in whose orchards the observations were made.
A CAMBIUM MINER, OF BASKET WILLOWS (AGROMYZIDAE) AND ITS INQUILINE GALL MIDGE (CECIDOMYIDAE)
Authors: BARNES H. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. A brief resume is given of the information available concerning Dipterous cambium miners (Agromyzidae).2. The morphology of the egg, larva, pupa and adult of Dizygomyza barnesi sp.n. Hendel is described.3. The bionomics of this fly receive detailed attention. There is only one brood a year and the larvae mine in the cambium of different species of Salix. Pupation takes place in the soil. While S. viminalis is attacked most commonly, S. triandra, S. purpurea, S. viminalis×purpurea and S. triandra×viminalis occasionally suffer. In addition the larvae can live on S. caerulea. The damage caused by the larvae is considerable. The Braconids, Symphia ringens Halid. and S. hians Nees, are recorded as primary parasites.4. Two gall midges are described, the larvae of one living as inquilines in the burrows of the Dizygomyza larvae. The bionomics of this species are described.
STUDIES IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VIRUS DISEASES OF THE POTATO
Authors: BARTON‐WRIGHT EUSTACE , ALAN M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.The present investigation is concerned with the differences between the nitrogen metabolism of healthy and leaf‐roll affected potato plants.Diurnal estimations were made of the total nitrogen as well as the following nitrogen fractions, ammonia N, asparagine N, amino‐acid N, nitrate N, residual N and protein N in the leaves and petioles of healthy and leaf‐roll infected Arran Victory and President. Weekly determinations of total nitrogen and the above nitrogen fractions were also made in the laminae of Arran Victory and President throughout the growing season.Evidence is presented to show that there is apparently no fundamental difference in the nitrogen metabolism of healthy and leaf‐roll plants, and that the formation of nitrogenous compounds proceeds along the same lines in the two cases.A theory is put forward to account for protein synthesis direct from nitrate N, and not via amino‐acids. The problem of translocation is also discussed, and it is considered that the residual N fraction plays an important part in nitrogen transport.We wish to express our indebtedness to Mr William Robb. F.E.S.E., for reading the manuscript and making a number of suggestions. We would also like to take this opportunity of thanking Dr W. H. Pearsall, of the Botany Department, The University, Leeds, for his help and assistance in a number of different directions. This work was carried out at the Station of the Scottish Society for Research in Plant Breeding, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, under a scheme supported by a grant from the Empire Marketing Board.
ON THE OCCURRENCE, PERPETUATION AND CONTROL OF GRAM (CICER ARIETINUM L.) BLIGHT CAUSED BY ASCOCHYTA RABIEI (PASS.) LABROUSSE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIAN CONDITIONS
Authors: SATTAR A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. The importance and distribution of blight of gram are described.2. The field appearance of blight, and the influence of environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, wind and cultural practices on its incidence and development have been studied. The occurrence of blight in various parts of India is shown to be highly correlated with the amount of rainfall during the flowering and fruiting periods of the gram crop.3. It is shown that the gram plant increases in susceptibility with age and is most susceptible at the flowering and fruiting stages. This susceptibility has been found to be directly proportional to the amount of malic acid secreted by the plant on its surface.4. Germination of spores of A. Rabiei has been studied in some detail, and it has been found that they are favoured in their germination by the presence of N/50‐N/25 malic acid or acidified carbon food (pH 2–5).5. Modes of transmission of blight from one year to another are described.6. Measures to control blight are given and some new lines of attack have been indicated.The writer wishes to record his indebtedness to Prof. Luthra and to Mr Zafar Alam of the Agricultural College, Lyallpur, Punjab, for their assistance in providing diseased specimens and healthy seeds of the gram plant, and to Prof. W. Brown of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, for help and advice given during the period of two years' study leave which the author spent in England.
GNARLED STEM CANKER OF TEA CAUSED BY THE CAPSID BUG (HELOPELTIS BERGROTHI REUT.)
Authors: LEACH K. , SMEE COLIN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. Gnarled stem canker of tea is shown to be caused by the tea mosquito bug (H. bergrothi Reut.).2. An account is given of the development of the canker from the time that the insect starts feeding.3. The measurements of cankers found occurring in the field and those caused by different stages of the insect are given.4. The path of the stylets in the tissues of the stem is described. The cause of the collapse of the affected tissues is discussed.5. Control measures are considered in brief.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF CERTAIN NITRITE‐FORMING BACTERIA
Authors: CUTLER D. WARD , CRUMP. L. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. One hundred and four species of bacteria which produce small quantities of nitrite from ammonium sulphate have been isolated from niters receiving waste water from a beet sugar factory, and these bacteria do not differ in their behaviour on carbohydrates from non‐nitrifying bacteria from the same source.2. Ammonium lactate is the salt of ammonia which is most readily oxidised.3. In the majority of cases nitrite can also be utilised, by these bacteria in the course of growth.4. There is a positive correlation between increase in bacterial numbers and the percentage nitrite in a culture during the initial growth period.5. Nitrite may disappear slowly from solutions at a pH. of 4–8 when the bacteria have been killed by autoclaving; but this is not invariably the case.
THE SEEDLING CHARACTERS OF SOME CULTIVATED BRASSICAE
Authors: ROBSON W. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.A detailed study was made of the morphological characters of the seedlings of some cultivated forms of Brassica, namely, white‐fleshed and yellow‐fleshed swede turnips, winter swede and summer swede rapes, white‐fleshed and yellow‐fleshed common turnips, and winter and summer turnip rapes.It is shown that there are no constant points of difference between the seedlings of swede turnips and swede rapes, nor between the seedlings of the bulb‐forming turnips and their corresponding leafy turnip rapes.These investigations were carried out at the Agricultural Botanic Garden and in the Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Reading, under the direction of Prof. Percival, to whom I desire to express my cordial thanks for suggestive criticism and assistance with the illustrations.
EXPERIMENTS BEARING ON THE NATURE OF INTRACELLULAR INCLUSIONS IN PLANT VIRUS DISEASES
Authors: SHEFFIELD F. M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe intracellular changes resultant on infection with aucuba mosaic and Hy. III diseases are described and are compared with the cytological effects of tobacco mosaic virus. With the two former viruses, inclusion bodies are formed by the aggregation and fusion of minute particles which appear in the cytoplasmic stream. With tobacco mosaic disease an amoeba‐like body is produced and this persists for some weeks before suddenly disappearing again. It is accompanied by striate material all of which ultimately fuses into one large body.Attempts have been made to parallel these conditions in healthy cells of Solanaceous plants by treatment with substances known to coagulate protoplasm. Almost all the reagents used induced stimulation of the cytoplasmic stream similar to the initial sign of virus infection. With salts of molybdic acid, all the cytological abnormalities due to aucuba mosaic or Hy. III disease have been imitated. Treatment with lactic acid induces the formation of amoeboid bodies like the X‐bodies of tobacco mosaic, but these bodies persist for only a few hours.Attempts have also been made to inhibit the formation of inclusion bodies induced by several different diseases in a number of hosts but no success was obtained.The experiments support the view that the intracellular inclusions of plant virus diseases are essentially products of the host cell.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE CLOTHES MOTH LARVA, TINEOLA BISELLIELLA HUM. (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: MELLANBY KENNETH 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.Methods for breeding clothes moths with very little attention are described.Experiments were made in which fasting clothes moth larvae were exposed to a number of temperatures (35, 30, 22 and 10° C.), and four humidities at each temperature (0, 30, 60 and 90 per cent.). The rate of loss of weight of the larvae was determined, and al 50 the amount of solid matter lost.In moderately dry or moderately moist air, the larvae maintained their water balance, but in very dry air the proportion of solid matter in their bodies rase, and in moist air it fell. A considerable amount of dry matter was lost by excretion and the production of silk, in addition to metabolism. These processes were not affected by humidity.The results suggest that the rate at which water is evaporated from the !arvae is proportional to the saturation deficiency of the air.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MITE, GLYCYPHAGUS DOMESTICUS DE GEER. (TYROGLYPHIDAE, ACARINA)
Authors: HORA A. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. A list is given of the mites most commonly found in houses. The most important of these is Glycyphagus domesticus, the furniture mite, and this has been mainly studied during this investigation.2. An account is given of the occurrence of G. domesticus in houses and the conditions under which it is found.3. The life history is described. It is characterised by the occurrence of the hypopus, a cyst‐like stage which is found only amongst the Tyroglyphidae.5. Humidity and temperature have a marked effect on the life of the mite. Tables are given showing the effect of (a) humidity on the adult, (b) humidity and temperature on the hypopus and egg.6. Some experiments on the effect of carbon tetrachloride and methyl salicylate on the hypopus are recorded.
THE PINEAPPLE BUD MOTHS IN HAWAII
Authors: HERFORD G. V. B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

The two most important species of bud moth, in Oahu are Pyro‐derces rileyi Wlsm. and Ereunetis flavistriata Wlsm.
Both species are evenly distributed over the island, the latter being the more common.
They are most numerous in old ratoon fields, where they feed on dead plant tissue. They are also often found on young fruits, where, contrary to certain claims, they appear to do very little damage.
Methods of distribution are discussed; wind is probably the most important factor.
Although often found with mealy bugs, neither species appears to be predacious.
Except when disturbed, the larvae are not molested by ants, but when unfavourable circumstances cause them to wander, large numbers may be killed in this way.
Parasitism is very low. Only two parasites have been reared from several hundred larvae. Predators, principally Sphecoid wasps, carry off many larvae, but being unable to reach the majority are relatively ineffective as a means of control.
Apart from the regular spraying for control of mealy bugs and the knocking down of old ratoon fields, no specific control measures are practised against bud moths, and any further effort would appear to be unwarranted.
Zone Lines in Plant Tissues: Ii. The Black Lines Formed by Armillaria Mellea (Vahl) Quel.
Authors: CAMPBELL A. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.The black lines of Armillaria melleu have been found in the tissues of a number of plants. Isolations were made from the lines and an account of the development of Armillaria mellea in culture is given. Particular mention is) made of the formation of sclerotium‐1il.e bodies in the culture medium and of the development of the rhizomorphs. Pure cultures of the fungus on wood blocks have produced black lines in the substratum similar to those occurring in nature. A short review is given of the nature of the sclerotium, and from a consideration of the formation of the black plates, or lines, as they appear in section, the suggestion is made that they form the limiting layer of sclerotium‐like bodies, which are partly immersed in the substratum. The black lines in the wood are continued at the surface as the black rind of an effused mycelial mass named the black xylostroma. Thus there is formed a body comparable to a sclerotium in that it is completely surrounded by a black rind of bladder hyphae and has a medulla of hyaline hyphae. It is, however, partly immersed in the wood substratum and, in consequence, contains a considerable proportion of host tissues. Further, this body, probably as a result of its immersion in a hard woody substratum, has developed the power of apical growth resulting in the
On the Relation Between the Stage of Development of the Potato Crop and the Incidence of Blight (Phytophthora Infestans)
Authors: BEAUMONT A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The evidence for the common opinion that potato plants above a certain age are on that, account more susceptible to blight than younger ones is based on (1) general field observations, (2) dates of planting experiments, (3) artificial inoculation experiments. The results of such observations and experiments are discussed and summarised, and it is shown that they do not consistently support this opinion; further, it is pointed out that much more careful analysis than is usually employed is needed to interpret the results correctly.The difference in behaviour towards blight sometimes observed between assemblages of old and young plants appears in reality to be due to variation in “epidemic potentiality,” and not to change in inherent susceptibility with age. It is not necessary to assume the existence of differences in susceptibility between plants of different ages, for the differences in disease intensity and resultant rate of spread will follow from the increasing chances of the occurrence of primary infection foci as the plants become older, and from the greater chances of the environment (particularly the micro‐climate) being suitable for the development of the parasite amongst older than amongst younger plants. Accurate conclusions concerning inherent resistance or susceptibility are possible only from carefully controlled artificial inoculation experiments carried out under uniform optimum infection conditions. Seedlings are often readily attacked so that youthfulness does not confer any degree of resistance on the plant. The results of experiments hitherto carried out with older plants are conflicting, and further study of the problem on carefully planned lines is eminently desirable.
On the Biology of Psylliodes Hyoxcyami Linn. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), The Henbane Flea‐Beetle, with Descriptions of the Larval Stages
Authors: NEWTON H. C. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.1. A severe attack by a flea‐beetle, Psylliodes hyoscyami Linn. on Hyoscyamus niger L. grown as a commercial crop is recorded.2. The life history and developmental stages of the beetle are described.3. Suggestions for control are made.4. The larvae of Lonchaea flavidipennis Zett. (Sapromyzidae, Diptera) has been found associated with the beetle larvae in the damaged stems.
Reviews
Authors: BRIERLEY W. B. 
Published: February 2008

Recent Advances in Cytology. By C. D. Darlington. Recent Advances in Plant Genetics. By F. W. Sansome and J. Philp The Apple. By Sir A. Daniel Hall and M. B. Crane. Pp. 235, 11 figs, and 12 plates. London: Martin Hopkinson, Ltd., 1933. 10s. 6d. net. Elements of Agriculture. By the late R. Pream, LL.D. Ed. by Prof. Sir Rowland H. Biffen Plant Parasitic Nematodes. By T. Goodey. Phytopathological and Botanical Research Methods. By Thomas Elsworth Rawlins.
The Physiology of Virus Diseases in Plants: V. The Movement of the Virus Agent in Tobacco and Tomato
Authors: CALDWELL JOHN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Experiments on the movement of the virus of aucuba or yellow mosaic of the tomato in the host plant are described. It has been found that the presence of the virus in the tissues is not always associated with symptoms, and that the symptoms appear in those tissues which have developed after infection. It was also found that the distribution of the virus throughout the plant was not uniform. In the chlorotic tissues the virus content was higher than in the neighbouring green areas.A large series of experiments has been carried out on the transmission of six different viruses in the seed of tomato or tobacco. In no instance was there any evidence of transmission, and it is suggested that the chance of seed transmission of these viruses is very slight.The movement of the virus from an infected leaf and the possibility of its being carried with the food material were examined, and results are given which show that the virus can move independently of the food materials and that, under certain conditions, the virus apparently moves in the direction opposite to that of the metabolites.
Studies in Bacteriosis: Xx. The Spraing Disease of Potato Tubers
Authors: GRIEVE BRIAN JOHN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.1. The disease symptoms generally grouped in England under the designation “spraing or internal rust spot” hare been segregated into two types, namely “arc” lesions constituting spraing disease and “blotch” lesions constituting internal rust spot disease.2. Isolation experiments have been carried out to see if either of the organisms reputed to be the cause of these tuber necroses (B. solaniolens and B. rubefaciens) were constantly present in the lesions. The results show that neither organism occurs in spraing, but that there is some slight evidence that bacteria may be concerned in the production of internal rust spot.3. Inoculation experiments have been carried out with B. solaniolens and B. rubefaciens. No infection has been produced by B. solaniolens, and though some slight evidence of infection with B. rubefaciens has been obtained the results are far from convincing.4. Spraing has been transmitted by tuber grafting in three cases out of eighteen, so that the results of Atanasoff have to that extent been confirmed. Spraing was also transmitted in one instance by a ground‐up suspension of the arc lesions. This evidence, together with the absence of any constantly occurring bacterial organism in the lesions, inclines the writer to support Quanjer's view of the virus origin of spraing. Internal rust spot could not be transmitted by tuber grafting. The fact that organisms are more constantly present in the lesions, that B. rubefaciens apparently produced internal rust spot in one experiment, and the failure to transmit this disease by grafting suggest that internal rust spot is a distinct disease from spraing, and may possibly be bacterial in origin.6. Attempts to isolate a possible infectious principle by leaching from soil after having buffered soil suspensions to different pH values have so far led to no success.
A study of the Compositton and Utilisation of Alberta Peats
Authors: NEWTON J. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.1. The three elements commonly applied in the form of mineral fertilisers in farm practice did not produce rapid decomposition of filter paper cellulose in incubated cultures, whereas the addition of all “essential” elements produced rapid decomposition.2. Fungi appeared to be more important than bacteria in the decomposition of the filter paper cellulose.3. The numbers of ammonifying bacteria in cellulose fermentation cultures increased with each additional “essential” element or group of “essential” elements.4. Different horizons or layers of the Alberta peats studied differ greatly in colour or stage of decomposition and in reaction or pH value.5. The surface samples of peat usually contain less ash than the deeper samples.6. The nitrogen content of the different samples varies rather widely, and the subsurface layer usually contains about twice as much nitrogen as the surface layer.7. The total phosphorus content of the different samples does not vary as much as the nitrogen content.8. The calcium oxide percentages and the pH values indicate that the Carnwood and Spruce Grove peats require liming and that the Winter burn and Stonyplain peats do not require liming for satisfactory crop production.9. The cellulose content of the peats varies from none to about 47 per cent. of ash‐free cellulose, and the lignin from about 20 to 49 per cent. A decrease in cellulose content is usually accompanied by an increase in lignin.10. Cellulose, lignin, and ash together nearly always make up about two‐thirds or more of the weight of the peat. Nitrogeneous organic matter would account for about 3–16 per cent., and petroleum‐ether‐soluble material for only 1 per cent. or less of the total peat.11. Growth of oat seedlings and bacterial plate counts indicated that the fertility of Carnwood surface peat was not greatly increased or affected by the addition (about three to four months earlier) of ordinary applications of fertiliser salts.12. At the end of an incubation period of 50 days appreciable losses of cellulose had occurred in the Carnwood peat cultures to which an abundant supply of fertiliser salts had been added; and bacterial numbers were increased by the addition of fertiliser salts. In the case of the Winterburn peat the losses of cellulose, if any, were within the experimental error of the determination.13. After nineteen days' incubation at a relatively high temperature (55°C.) all of the cultures of Spruce Grove peat showed loss of cellulose, the largest loss occurring in the culture to which lime was given in addition to an abundant supply of the other nutrient salts.