bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis Planning Management For The International Organization
Authors: Quarles Chester L. 
Published: March 2007

The Index of Concern was first administered in 1983 as a pilot survey to American missionaries living overseas. Since the pilot study, over 500 members of missionary, charitable andphilanthropic organizations havebeen tested. This population of international citizens living overseas is considered to be unique, but nontheless representative of "vulnerable" citizens who do not have the protective services offered diplomats, businessmen and military officials. Over one hundred and sixty-eight books were reviewed during the study. Hundreds of international news reports were analyzed. Interviews were accomplished on mission and charitable organization sites in Mexico, Peru, Columbia, Equador, Brazil, England and the Phillipines. The article addresses the lack of crisis planning and the problems associated with reactive management of crisis events. It seeks to give direction to administrators of international organizations.
Fatigue and Hysteresis Modeling of Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Yoo In K. , Desu Seshu B. 
Published: March 2007

Due to their nonlinear properties, ferroelectric materials are ideal candidates for smart materials. Degradation properties such as low voltage breakdown, fatigue, and aging have been major problems in commercial applications of these materials. Such degradations affect the lifetime of ferroelectric materials. Therefore, it is important to understand degradation for reliability improvement. In this article, recent studies on fatigue and hysteresis of ferroelectric ceramics such as Lead Zir conate Titanate (PZT) thin films is reviewed. A new fatigue model is discussed in detail which is based on effective one-directional movement of defects by internal field difference, defect entrapment at the ferroelectrics-electrode interface, and resultant polarization loss at the interface. A fatigue equation derived from this model is presented. Fatigue parameters such as initial polarization, piling constant, and decay constant are defined from the fatigue equation and voltage and temperature de pendence of fatigue parameters are discussed. The jump distance of defect calculated from voltage dependence of the decay constant is close to the lattice constant of ferroelectric materials, which im plies that oxygen or lead vacancies migrate either parallel or antiparallel to the polarization direc tion. From the temperature dependence of the decay constant, it is shown that the activation energy for domain wall movement plays an important role in fatigue. The hysteresis model of ferroelectrics is shown using polarization reversal. The hysteresis loop is made by four polarization stages: nucleation, growth, merging, and shrinkage of domains. The hysteresis equation confirms that dielectric viscosity controls hysteresis properties, and temperature dependence of the coefficient of dielectric viscosity is also discussed in conjunction with fatigue mechanism.
The Manifest and Latent Functions of Legal Aid
Authors: Hackler Jim 
Published: March 2007

The way in which legal aid services are provided can make a difference in the quality of that service. This paper argues that the fee-for-service model, which is profitable for lawyers, has considerable drawbacks for juvenile clients. By way of contrast, the Children's Court in Melbourne, Australia, illustrates how young, poorly paid lawyers can become skilled and effective in juvenile matters. Instead of going through the slow learning process experienced by new lawyers in the U.S. juvenile courts, and by duty counsels in Canadian youth courts, the young Melbourne lawyers take part in a training process that quickly familiarizes them with the subtleties of the system, gives them access to communication networks, and makes them part of a subculture that generates both competence and high morale. These young lawyers develop confidence and know that they are good at their job. In the Children's Court of Melbourne they accomplish more for their clients than the better paid, better dressed, higher status lawyers who occasionally appear in the juvenile system. The practices developed in Melbourne will probably not be imitated in North America, nor in the rest of Australia for that matter. The process that produces. expertise in legal matters relating to juveniles may be good for the clients, but it leads to greater efficiency and works against the financial interest of lawyers. One can therefore anticipate strenuous resistance from the established legal profession wherever such a program is suggested.
Infant-like Social Interactions between a Robot and a Human Caregiver
Authors: Breazeal Cynthia , Scassellati Brian 
Published: March 2007

From birth, human infants are immersed in a social environment that allows them to learn by leveraging the skills and capabilities of their caregivers. A critical pre-cursor to this type of social learning is the ability to maintain interaction levels that are neither overwhelming nor under-stim ulating. In this paper, we present a mechanism for an autonomous robot to regulate the intensity of its social interactions with a human. Similar to the feedback from infant to caregiver, the robot uses expressive displays to modulate the interaction intensity. This mechanism is integrated within a general framework that combines perception, attention, drives, emotions, behavior selection, and motor acts. We present a specific implementation of this architecture that enables the robot to react appropriately to both social stimuli (faces) and non-social stimuli (moving toys) while maintaining a suitable interaction intensity. We present results from both face-to-face interactions and interactions mediated through a toy. Note: This paper was submitted in June, 1998.
Escape, Avoidance, and Imitation: A Neural Network Approach
Authors: Schmajuk Nestor A. , Zanutto B. Silvano 
Published: March 2007

We present a real-time neural network that integrates classical and operant processes to describe how animals learn to escape and avoid an aversive stimulus either by trial and error or by imitation. It is assumed that through classical conditioning animals build an internal model of the environment and that through operant conditioning animals select from alternative responses. The internal model of the environment provides predictions of the aversive stimulus based on environmental stimuli and the animal's own responses, and these predictions are used to train the operant conditioning block to generate responses that minimize the aversive stimulus. Computer simulations show that the model correctly describes many of the features that characterize escape and avoidance. The network also is able to describe the imitation of a demonstrator by an observer. During the demonstration, a neural network representing the observer stores classical associations between environmental stimuli and the demonstrator's responses and aversive stimuli, and these associations serve to train the operant associations during the observer's performance. It is assumed that the demonstrator's responses evoke a representation of identical responses in the observer and that the demonstrator's unconditioned response to the aversive stimulus serves as an aversive reinforcer for the observer. The network contributes to a general theory of adaptive behavior and is relevant to the design of autonomous systems that learn either through trial and error or through imitation.
Self and Relationship: An Informal Relationship Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Watts Richard E. , Medler Byron W. 
Published: March 2007

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples and families. If it works wellfor you, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too. Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts.
Attitudes Toward Fathering and Father‐Child Activity
Authors: Bigner Jerry J. 
Published: March 2007

Responses of 77 middle‐class fathers of preschool‐aged children on two scales, Attitudes Toward Fathering and Father‐Child Activity, were analyzed to determine: (a) whether an association existed between scores on the two scales; and (b) whether responses were associated with age of father; age, sex, and ordinal position of child; and estimated interaction time with child.As attitude scores increased (became more developmental in nature), there was an associated increase in degree of father‐child activities. Age of fathers was not associated with attitudes toward fathering nor with degree of father‐child activities. Both Attitude and Activity Scale scores remained unchanged as age of children increased. However, as ordinal position of children increased there was a related change in attitudes that were more devel opmental but a related decrease in activities with children. Comparison of scores on both scales showed no significant differences as a function of sex of child. Data from item analyses of the two scales as a function of the three child variables provided additional interpretation to response patterns of the subjects.
Engineers, intellectuals and the state: assessing technology in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Knie Andreas , Wagner Peter 
Published: March 2007

Dierkes, M., Knie, A. and Wagner, P., 1990. Engineers, intellectuals and the state: assessing technology in the Weimar Republic. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 155-174. Political debate about technological development has intensified in the Fed eral Republic of Germany since the 1970s, questioning in particular the ade quacy of the modes of regulation governing the use of new technologies. Against this background, this paper reassesses the discussion about the relation be tween technology and politics during the Weimar Republic, with a view to plac ing the present disputes in a broader political context. The analysis starts with a look at the mode of technological regulation in use at the end of the 19th century, which restricted political measures to the setting of legal frames and did not allow detailed guidelines to be laid down. Critical debates on this mode became one of the dominant political themes during the 1920s. Social science and philosophical discourses on the cultural crises of mass society had a particular impact in these debates. Proposals which stemmed from this intellectual milieu contrasted with the old concepts in their strong affinity to ideas of the authoritarian state. Some of these proposals are described, and related to the actual measures taken by parliament and government to regulate the introduction of new technologies.
The Effect of Basement Insulation on the Depth of Frost Penetration Adjacent to Insulated Foundations
Authors: Figley D.A. , Snodgrass L.J. 
Published: March 2007

Insulating house basements is becoming a popular method of reducing space heating energy consumption and improving the basement environment. With a reduced heat flow to the surrounding soil, the soil temperatures are lowered and the depth of the frost penetration increases. Insulation strategies must be considered carefully, otherwise foundations bearing on soils that experience volume changes upon freezing can be shifted and building damage may occur. This study reports on frost penetration measurements adjacent to nine dif ferent house basement configurations. The maximum depth of frost penetra tion against the exterior wall and 1.5 m (5 ft.) from the wall are reported for a number of winters with a range of freezing indices from 1249°C days to 2409°C days (2248°F days to 4336°F days). Initial observations show that only shallow, highly insulated basements with both wall and floor insulation have frost depths extending below the footings.
Thermal Resistance Measurements of Well-Insulated and Superinsulated Residential Walls Using a Calibrated Hot Box
Authors: Zarr R.R. , Burch D.M. , Faison T.K. , Arnold C.E. 
Published: March 2007

Thermal resistance measurements of two highly insulated residential walls are made using a calibrated hot box operated under winter and summer climatic condi tions. The well-insulated wall consists of two insulated wood-frame sections with staggered framing, having a nominal thermal resistance of R-27 F·ft2·h/Btu (4.8 K· m2/W). The superinsulated wall is identical in construction, except for additional in sulation placed between the two wood-frame sections increasing the wall thermal re sistance to a nominal value of R-39 F·ft2·h/Btu (6.9 K·m2/W). The measured thermal resistance for both walls is examined as a function of mean wall temperature and compared with predictions using the ASHRAE parallel-path method, the ASHRAE isothermal-plane method, and a finite-difference model with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities. Good agreement between measured and predicted values is obtained using both ASHRAE methods and the finite- difference model. At mean wall temperatures above 40°F (4.4°C), the ASHRAE parallel-path method tends to overpredict, while the ASHRAE isothermal-plane method tends to underpredict the overall thermal resistance. The effects of the com pression of glass-fiber blanket insulation and nail penetrations on the overall thermal resistance are investigated.
Aging of Cellular Plastics: A Comprehensive Bibliography
Authors: Tye Ronald P. 
Published: March 2007

Fluorocarbon blown cellular plastics are used widely for insulating building and industrial systems because of their potentially high thermal resistance per unit thick ness characteristics. However, due to gas diffusion and other environmental and prac tical factors involved both during and after installation, changes involving especially the phenomenon described as "aging" take place whereby this high thermal resistance decreases with time to lower values. This "aging" subject has been, and is being, studied extensively worldwide, partic ularly in the laboratory. More recently, in situ results are becoming available and con troversies exist about the results. In order to assist those involved and those planning to become involved in the subject, a comprehensive bibliography has been prepared and is being maintained. This contains well over two hundred and fifty (250) cita tions of information relating to this complex subject involving materials and prod ucts behavior, installed system performance, and testing and evaluation issues.
The Use of an Array of Heat Flux Transducers to Study Thermal Property Variations
Authors: Graves R.S. , Yarbrough D.W. 
Published: March 2007

An array of 30 heat flux transducers (HFTs) has been fabricated and installed in a heat flow meter apparatus in order to measure heat flow across inhomo geneous specimens. Calibration of the individual transducers was accomplished with a 25.4-mm-thick piece of NIST SRM 1450b and a sufficient number of temperature differences to establish a linear relationship between individual transducer output and heat flux. The HFT array was used to determine apparent thermal conductivity, ka, as a function of position on a test specimen. The measured ka of a foamboard specimen cut to fit into a high-density fiberglass frame was within 2.4% of the ka of the uncut foamboard. The HFT array has also been used to study the change in ka with time of faced and partially unfaced specimens of foamboard insulation. The array was used to monitor changes in ka specimens with 0 to 100% of the facer removed for approx imately five months. The calibration of the HFT array and the heat flux measurements that have been completed are discussed in this paper. The HFT array provides a way to study the thermal resistance of a specimen as a function of time, temperature, and position.
A Comparison between Actual and Published k-Values for Saudi Insulation Materials
Authors: Al-Hammad Abdul-Mohsen , Abdelrahman M.A. , Grondzik W. , Hawari Aiman 
Published: March 2007

The objective of this technical note is to compare the tested results of the k-values of Saudi manufacturers' insulation materials with the same manufactur ers published values. The test insulation materials include expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, extruded polystyrene, light weight concrete (Siporex), polyiso cyanurate, glass fiber, and perlite from different Saudi manufacturers. The ASTM test for "Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate" (C-177) was utilized for testing the insulation samples. A guarded-hot-plate thermal conductance measuring system was utilized for conduct ing the tests. Insulation material samples from over 14 Saudi insulation manufacturers were ob tained. The results indicate that published thermal conductivity values do not necessarily represent the proper values for Saudi climatic conditions.
Development Training - Using the Outdoors in Management Development
Authors: Beeby J.M. , Rathborn S. 
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that although the increased use of outdoor components in management courses has led to a resurgence of interest in the approach it remains, nonetheless, mistrusted and misunderstood by many trainers. The authors consider this to be due to the interplay of several factors which include the nature of media coverage of particular courses; the character of the existing literature; and the indiscriminate use of certain 'labels' by those active in the field. In an attempt to clarify the nature and scope of the overall approach the authors discuss relevant aspects of their own experience as providers of outdoor Develop ment Training programmes, the distinctive characteristics of which are defined, and compared and contrasted with Adventure Education and Outward Bound.
Managing Masculinity in Contemporary Organizational Life: A Managerial Project
Authors: Kerfoot Deborah , Knights David 
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to theorize managerial discourses and practices in terms of their effects upon sexuality, intimacy and power in organizations. While accepting the real and immediate gendered material and social inequalities that are reinforced by the recent resurgence of unadulterated `free market' capitalism, the authors focus here on certain limited aspects of femininity and masculinity that are important for an understanding of gender identity and sexuality. Acknowledging the multiplicity of masculinities and femininities, they speak of a predominant form of masculinity that is elevated and privileged in everyday life, not least in organizational settings. This form of masculinity offers many men a secure and `comfortable' identity in generating and sustaining feminine dependence and a sexuality of men that displaces intimacy. By contrast, as a socially privileged yardstick by which women are judged, and judge themselves and one another, the model of what womanhood has come to be is bound up in an image of passivity. Feminine passivity then, may be understood as an often `reluctant collaborator' in what can be seen as a silencing of women's authority and fuller participation in organizations. The authors argue that the idealized conception of passive femininity and this silencing of women's authority has the effect of privileging men over women both materially and socially.
The Re-Emergence of the Cadre Party?
Authors: Grabow Karsten 
Published: March 2007

Since unification of the two German states and of the sister organizations of the major German political parties, the SPD and the CDU, party organizers in eastern Germany have been engaged in (re)building their extra-parliamentary organization into efficient and organizationally strong political agencies. The formally equal political environment since unification and also a massive transfer of material and non-material resources from western sister organizations have created conditions conducive to adjustment of the internal structures between East and West German parties. Based on empirical data from more than 140 local branches and 25 Land associations I compare major organizational characteristics of the parties in an East-West perspective. After an analysis of the development of the party organizations since unification, I describe the type of party organization that has emerged in eastern Germany in the course of the political and societal transformation. I argue that in spite of formally equal political conditions in unified Germany, the East German parties differ so much in organizational structure from their western sisters that they resemble much more the so-called `cadre party', whereas the western parties still represent people's parties.
Bodies of Nature: Introduction
Authors: MACNAGHTEN PHIL , URRY JOHN 
Published: March 2007

This issue of Body & Society was assembled to extend the interest in the embodied nature of people's experiences in, and of, the physical world. It thus seeks to develop further the emergent sociology of the body that has provided extensive insight into the embodied character of human experience. Such a sociology has, though, dealt less systematically with the various social practices that are involved in being in, or passing through, nature, the countryside, the outdoors, landscape or wilderness. These practices reflect the apparently enhanced `culture of nature' in many contemporary societies. In particular, we are concerned with various embodied performances. The various articles consider: how is the body implicated in, and reproduced through, the diverse social practices happening within `nature'? Why is the body, and its physical capital, developed by practices thought to be beneficial because of the `natural' setting for such practices? In what form do these practices `in nature' come to be part of the reflexivity about the body, as the self and identity are increasingly matters of deliberation, negotiation and self-monitoring?
The origins of open visiting and resident mothers at Amersham Hospital
Authors: Burton Veronica M. 
Published: March 2007

■ Before the 1950s, visiting was strictly limited in paediatric wards as it was believed to disturb or distress the child ■ Open visiting was an innovation in the 1950s based on attachment theory ■ Attachment theory identified the strong bond between mother and child, and saw separation of mother and child to be detrimental to the child ■ Residence of mothers was also introduced in recognition of the fact that the most vulnerable children needed the continuous presence of their mothers
Review : Child health — the future of paediatric nursing? A discussion paper
Authors: Cooper Christine , Coad James 
Published: March 2007

■ A critical examination of some of the recommendations within the report 'Developing roles of nurses in clinical child health' (Report of Joint Working Party, 1996) ■ Practitioners have a responsibility to be proactive in analysing and shaping the developing role of the children's nurse to ensure quality of care for the child and family ■ The developing role of the children's nurse needs to incorporate a model which crosses traditional multidisciplinary boundaries ■ Improved quality in care can only be achieved when research into clinical outcomes within children's nursing are available. This will require sufficient support and resources)