bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do environmental social controls matter to Australian capital investment decision‐making?
Authors: Ross Donald G. , Wood Dorothy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper looks at how environmental social controls (ESCs), namely mandatory disclosure, regulation, subsidies and stakeholder opinion, are perceived in terms of their relative importance by Australian capital investment managers. We find that regulation and stakeholder opinion are the most important ESCs. Subsidies generally have less influence, while mandatory disclosure has almost no impact on capital investment decisions. However, even the more important ESCs have much less than impact than mainstream financial and strategic factors. Policy makers seeking to influence capital investment managers will have to increase the power levels of the various ESCs if they are to change behaviour. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Industrial symbiosis in the Rotterdam Harbour and Industry Complex: reflections on the interconnection of the techno‐sphere with the social system
Authors: Baas Leo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIndustrial ecology is a concept that is known worldwide; however, its dissemination and implementation is not an easy process. Industrial routines are embedded in unsustainable practices that are difficult to change. The complexity and uncertainties of new concepts are often approached with ignorance and misperceptions. Nevertheless, the integration of economic, environmental and social dimensions in industrial activities is increasingly perceived as a necessary condition for a sustainable society. This paper reflects upon the relevance of theories of capabilities, embeddedness and transformation for providing guidance in understanding the practical experiences of industrial symbiosis, processes and results in the Rotterdam Harbour and Industry Complex. The conclusion is that, despite sustainability learning processes leading to radical applications of waste heat in regional housing areas and a seafood farm, the elaboration of sustainability approaches is still dominantly techno‐centred. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Community Psychology principles and recent innovations in social policies for children in Italy
Authors: Rissotto Antonella , Zampatti Emanuela , Prezza Miretta , Pacilli Maria Giuseppina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe main action carried out in Italy to implement the international agreement on children's rights is Law 285/1997. The aim of this paper is to stress the innovative scope of this law and its links with Community Psychology. The coordination between researchers and practitioners is addressed and the state of art of Community Psychology in Italy is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS‐NGOs and political participation: Brazilian and Canadian experiences
Authors: de Castro‐Silva Carlos Roberto , Hewitt W. E. (Ted) , Sabourin Sharon , Calixto Sergio , Santos Elisandra , Ricard Suzanne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNon‐governmental organizations (AIDS‐NGO) are an instrument of political pressure and assistance, often serving as a life reconstruction aid for people living with HIV/AIDS. In this case study, we analyze data from historical documents, in‐depth interviews, and questionnaires obtained from participants and community agents in two AIDS‐NGOs: one in Canada (NGO‐Ca), and another in Brazil (NGO‐Br). Despite contextual differences, both NGOs are involved in a fight against stigma and discrimination that may aggravate existing social exclusion. Variances in political participation are nevertheless evident. In NGO‐Ca, efforts are directed towards maintaining and consolidating human and social rights. In NGO‐Br, the primary goal is building these. In NGO‐Ca, the participant is part of a structured organization where he or she receives the required supports; the NGO is thus a service provider. Conversely, in NGO‐Br, the participant is both the actor and author of collectively constructed supportive actions. It is hoped that the lessons learned from this limited case study will assist in the strengthening of AIDS‐NGO organization and activity, particularly in the developing world context. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engaging contexts: Drawing the link between student and teacher experiences of the hidden curriculum
Authors: Langhout Regina D. , Mitchell Cecily A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article examines how academic disengagement (being off task, unenthusiastic and uncurious about learning) is facilitated by the hidden curriculum (the values, norms and beliefs transmitted via the structure of schooling), and mediated by race, ethnicity and gender for students in a working class elementary school. Additionally, we contextualize how a teacher was challenged by the hidden curriculum in her attempt to make her classroom environment engaging for all students. Participants included a young white female teacher and 21 second grade, low‐income students, of whom approximately 50% were white and 50% were Black or Latino/a. A teacher interview and fieldnotes covering 8 hours a week over 3 months comprised the data. Results indicated that students were required to show their engagement in particular ways that related to control and conformity. When they did not, they were reprimanded, which led to academic disengagement and the transmission of the hidden curriculum's message that school was not a place for them. This process was especially salient for Black and Latino boys, which indicated that the hidden curriculum was institutionalized. Results also showed that the hidden curriculum was a structural limitation for the teacher, as she was often thwarted in her attempts to create an academically engaging learning environment. Implications include strategies for school change and reform, including making the hidden curriculum more visible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Sandalwood Odorants
Authors: Brocke Constanze , Eh Marcus , Finke Anja 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNatural sandalwood oil, a unique and valuable ingredient in fine perfumery, has been the focus of scientific interest for many years. Due to its scarcity and its high price, the search for novel synthetic raw materials imitating the characteristic odor profile of sandalwood oil is as challenging as ever. In this context, the preparation of the novel sandalwood odorants 26, 33, and 39 will be discussed, including their sensory properties and structure–odor relationship.
Homogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis in Fragrance Chemistry
Authors: Ciappa Alessandra , Bovo Sara , Bertoldini Matteo , Scrivanti Alberto , Matteoli Ugo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOpposite enantiomers of a chiral fragrance may exhibit different olfactory activities making a synthesis in high enantiomeric purity commercially and scientifically interesting. Accordingly, the asymmetric synthesis of four chiral odorants, Fixolide®, Phenoxanol®, Citralis®, and Citralis Nitrile®, has been investigated with the aim to develop practically feasible processes. In the devised synthetic schemes, the key step that leads to the formation of the stereogenic center is the homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of a prochiral olefin. By an appropriate choice of the catalyst and the reaction conditions, Phenoxanol®, Citralis®, and Citralis Nitrile® were obtained in high enantiomeric purity, and odor profiles of the single enantiomers were determined.
Lewis Super‐Acid Catalyzed Cyclizations: A New Route to Fragrance Compounds
Authors: Coulombel Lydie , Grau Fanny , Weïwer Michel , Favier Isabelle , Chaminade Xavier , Heumann Andreas , Bayón J. Carles , Aguirre Pedro A. , Duñach Elisabet 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis review deals with the application of Lewis super acids such as AlIII, InIII, and SnIV triflates and triflimidates as catalysts in the synthesis of fragrance materials. Novel catalytic reactions involving CC and Cheteroatom bond‐forming reactions, as well as cycloisomerization processes are presented. In particular, SnIV and AlIII triflates were employed as catalysts in the selective cyclization of unsaturated alcohols to cyclic ethers, as well as in the cyclization of unsaturated carboxylic acids to lactones. The addition of thiols and thioacids to non‐activated olefins, both in intra‐ and intermolecular versions, was efficiently catalyzed by InIII derivatives. SnIV Triflimidates catalyzed the cycloisomerization of highly substituted 1,6‐dienes to gem‐dimethyl‐substituted cyclohexanes bearing an isopropylidene substituent. The hydroformylation of these unsaturated substrates, catalyzed by a RhI complex with a bulky phosphite ligand, selectively afforded the corresponding linear aldehydes. The olfactory evaluation of selected heterocycles, carbocycles, and aldehydes synthesized is also discussed.
A Smelling Trip into the Past: The Influence of Synthetic Materials on the History of Perfumery
Authors: de Nicolaï Patricia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractContemporary perfumery has its roots in the work of the past, and many of the perfumes from this time have long since disappeared. What follows is a short account of some of the most famous perfumes from the past which have been inspired by the novel synthetic materials of the time. These important creations include, ‘Fougère Royale’ by Houbigant (1884) containing coumarin (1), ‘Jicky’ by Guerlain (1889) containing vanillin (2) and linalool (3), ‘Vera Violetta’ by Roger & Gallet (1892) containing α‐ and β‐ionone (4 and 5, resp.), ‘Trèfle Incarnat’ by Piver (1898) containing isoamyl salicylate (6), ‘La Rose Jacqueminot’ of Coty (1904) containing Rhodinol (7), ‘Après l'Ondée’ by Guerlain (1906) containing para‐anisaldehyde (8), ‘Quelques Fleurs’ by Houbigant (1912) containing hydroxycitronellal (9), ‘N°5’ by Chanel (1921) containing the aldehydes C‐10 (10), C‐110 (11), and C‐12 (12), ‘Nuit De Noël’ by Caron (1922) containing 6‐isobutylquinoline (14), and ‘Femme’ by Rochas (1944) containing the so‐called ‘aldehyde C‐14’ (15, γ‐undecalactone). The Osmotheque, the International Conservatory of Perfumes, was launched in 1990 and is regarded as a primary source of knowledge for the history of perfumery. Its vocation is to compile an amazing collection of 1700 perfumes (400 of them almost forgotten fragrances) – jewels of perfumery.
Taste‐Active Compounds in a Traditional Italian Food: ‘Lampascioni’
Authors: Borgonovo Gigliola , Caimi Sara , Morini Gabriella , Scaglioni Leonardo , Bassoli Angela 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNature is a rich source of taste‐active compounds, in particular of plant origin, many of which have unusual tastes. Many of these are found in traditional food, where spontaneous plants are used as ingredients. Some taste‐active compounds were identified in the bulbs of Muscari comosum, a spontaneous plant belonging to the family of the Liliaceae, very common in the Mediterranean area, and used in traditional gastronomy (called ‘lampascioni’ in South Italy). The bulbs were extracted with a series of solvents of different polarity. The different fractions were submitted to a preliminary sensory evaluation, and the most interesting ones, characterized by a strong bitter taste and some chemestetic properties, were submitted to further purification and structural analysis. From the ethereal extract, several 3‐benzyl‐4‐chromanones and one stilbene derivative were isolated. Pure compounds were examined for their taste activity by means of sensory evaluation, and proved to be responsible for the characteristic taste of this food. Some of these compounds have been synthesized de novo to confirm their structure.
High‐Impact Sulfur Compounds: Constitutional and Configurational Assignment of Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Brennecke Stefan , Ott Frank , Backes Michael , Salzer Reiner , Grunenberg Jörg , Ley Jakob P. , Krammer Gerhard E. , Weber Berthold 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo unambiguously identify their structures and to evaluate their organoleptic properties, several constitutional und configurational isomers of dialkyl‐tetrathianes and dialkyl‐pentathiepanes were synthesized by two different synthetic protocols, and separated by preparative gas chromatography. Raman and NMR spectroscopy were used to differentiate between the constitutional 3,6‐dialkyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrathiane and the 4,6‐dialkyl‐1,2,3,5‐tetrathiane isomers. Furthermore, cis‐ and trans‐isomers of 3,6‐dialkyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrathianes were distinguished by temperature‐dependent NMR experiments. Static, quantum‐chemical simulations of the NMR spectra for these cis‐ and trans‐isomers were calculated in the gas layer in order to confirm our experimental assignments. In addition, the assignment of 4,7‐alkyl‐1,2,3,5,6‐pentathiepanes were deducted from their Raman spectra. Dialkyl‐tetrathianes and dialkyl‐pentathiepanes are interesting components to be used in flavor applications due to their unique olfactory impact and facets.
Human Olfactory Receptor Families and Their Odorants
Authors: Krautwurst Dietmar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe human nose detects volatile chemical stimuli by at least three different receptor families: odorant receptors, trace amine‐associated receptors, and vomeronasal type‐1 receptors. As G protein‐coupled receptors, all of the few functionally characterized olfactory receptors share major functional features: when expressed in heterologous cell systems, they 1) respond to odorants of certain chemical groups, e.g., amines, aliphatic carboxylic acids or aldehydes, floral or fruity odorants, including certain key‐food odorants, and putative pheromones, and 2) transduce their signals to intracellular cAMP signaling. However, little is known yet about specific differences in the functional designation of the three olfactory receptor families. Recently, two heterologous cell systems expressing olfactory signaling molecules have been developed. Different screening strategies will shed light on the yet sparsely available odorant specificity profiles and structure–function relationships of olfactory receptors, as well as the structure–activity relationships of their odorants.
Odorant–Receptor Interactions and Odor Percept: A Chemical Perspective
Authors: Triller Annika , Boulden Elizabeth A. , Churchill Anne , Hatt Hanns , Englund Joakim , Spehr Marc , Sell Charles S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReceptor–ligand interaction models are generally based on a ‘lock and key’ concept. How far this holds true for olfactory receptors and odor molecules is currently uncertain. Here, we have investigated the response of a human olfactory receptor, OR1D2, to a broad array of odorants and found that there is no simple, direct correlation between a molecule's ability to activate this receptor and the odor impression elicited in the brain. In a parallel study on specific anosmia, we have found no evidence for odor‐specific anosmia to either musk or amber, but rather to specific molecules within these categories. Cluster analysis confirmed that there is no simple correlation between molecular structure and impaired perception in either odor type. There are some differences in patterns of impairment between the two odor types and some evidence to suggest that subjects with specific anosmia to a given substance can identify its presence in a mixture. Taken together, our results show that simplistic ‘lock and key’ models of olfaction based on a concept of odor‐quality‐tuned receptors are inadequate, irrespective of the nature of the lock–key interaction. Receptor activation is only one step in a long chain of events leading from inhalation of odorants to perception of odor in the higher brain, and, therefore, although structure–odor correlations are useful tools for the design of novel odorants, caution should be exercised when extrapolating them to models of olfactory perception. Those seeking to understand the odorant–receptor interaction should use receptor activation rather than odor as input data.
Flower Scents from the Pacific
Authors: Joulain Daniel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor a long time, exotic scents from the islands of the South Pacific have universally been appreciated. Most frequently, fragrant flowers (e.g., frangipani, jasmine sambac, tiaré, pua kenikeni) are used locally for ornamental purposes such as flower garlands (leis). Despite their powerful and delightful fragrance, very few of these flowers have been commercially employed in this part of the world for perfume manufacturing. Creative perfumers are nevertheless strongly interested to better understand these fragrances and to use them, either genuine or artificially reconstituted. Analytical results on the fragrance of these flowers are reported, together with some economical considerations.
Chemistry Around Pinene and Pinane: A Facile Synthesis of Cyclobutanes and Oxatricyclo‐Derivative of Pinane from cis‐ and trans‐Pinanols
Authors: Erman Mark B. , Kane Bernard J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstractα‐Pinene and β‐pinene are abundantly represented in nature; they are obtained from renewable sources and are irreplaceable synthons for commercial‐scale production of other terpenes. In a well‐known process practiced by Millennium Specialty Chemicals (MSC), hydrogenation of pinenes gives cis‐ and trans‐pinanes, which are oxidized to hydroperoxides, whose reduction gives cis‐ and trans‐pinanols, respectively. Pyrolysis of the pinanols gives linalool. Industrial availability of the pinanols makes them attractive objects for further synthetic research. We found that, in a very simple process of ‘chlorooxidation’, cis‐ and trans‐pinanols react with hypochloric acid producing a novel chloroketone 1‐[3‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclobutyl]ethanone and a tricyclic ether 6,9‐dimethyl‐7‐oxatricyclo[4.3.0.03,9]nonane, respectively. Both compounds offer new broad synthetic opportunities, providing access to numerous dimethylcyclobutane derivatives and to C(9)‐functionalized pinenes and pinanes. The chlorooxidation reaction was also extended to other terpene alcohols such as dihydroplinol, tetrahydromyrcenol, and tetrahydrolinalool. This review, based on a presentation at the RSC/SCI conference Flavours & Fragrances 2007 in London, September 24–26, 2007, will touch on environmental issues related to pinenes, give a brief overview of the existing pinene‐based technologies, and discuss the new experimental results.
Odorant Design Based on the Carbon/Silicon Switch Strategy
Authors: Tacke Reinhold , Metz Stefan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSilicon chemistry has been demonstrated to be a novel source of chemical diversity in odorant design. The carbon/silicon switch strategy, i.e., sila‐replacement in known odorants, is one of the methods currently used for the development of silicon‐based odorants. Examples resulting from this strategy are sila‐coranol, sila‐dimetol, sila‐linalool, sila‐muguetalcohol, sila‐majantol, sila‐hydratropyl acetate, sila‐bourgeonal, sila‐lilial, disila‐versalide, and disila‐okoumal.
Synthetic Applications of Enantioselective Protonation and Case Study for (S)‐α‐Damascone
Authors: Fehr Charles , Randall Harvey 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAmong the fragrance compounds synthesized by enantioselective protonation, (S)‐α‐damascone, (R)‐muscone, and (S,S)‐Vulcanolide are the most prominent ones. (S)‐α‐Damascone has been prepared by four different procedures: from the magnesium enolate, from the lithium enolate, from the enol, and from the corresponding thiol ester. We now present a new, industrially viable protocol for the addition of allyl magnesium chloride to the ‘cyclogeranoketene’ by a Barbier reaction, followed by protonation of the ensuing magnesium enolate by an aggregate formed from (−)‐N‐isopropylephedrine, lithium isopropylate, and acetic acid, furnishing (S)‐α‐damascone in 91% yield and with 71% ee.
Cetalox® and Analogues: Synthesis via Acid‐Mediated Polyene Cyclizations
Authors: Snowden Roger L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUsing a novel, acid‐mediated cyclization methodology, a direct access to Cetalox® ((±)‐1; a commercially important ambergris‐type odorant) and various structurally related didehydro (i.e., 19, 26, and 30) and tetradehydro (i.e., 28 and 37/38) analogues is described. Treatment of either (E,E)‐14 or (E)‐15 with an excess of FSO3H in 2‐nitropropane at −90° stereospecifically afforded (±)‐1 in 40 and 42% yield, respectively. Under similar conditions, cyclization of (E)‐18 or 20 furnished 19 in 60 and 64% yield, respectively. Analogously, using an excess of ClSO3H in CH2Cl2 at −80°, 26 is formed with high stereoselectivity by cyclization of either (E)‐24 or (Z)‐25 (52 and 31% yield, resp.); in the same manner, 28 was prepared from 27 (22% yield). The same principle was applied to the synthesis of racemic Superambrox (30), via cyclization of 35, but only with poor selectivity (22%) and low yield (7%). Another approach via cyclization of (E)‐40 under solvolysis conditions (excess TFA in CH2Cl2 at −10°) gave a higher yield (15%) with improved selectivity (43%). Finally, cyclization of 34 (1 : 1 diastereoisomer mixture) afforded 37/38 (10 : 1) in 27% yield. The qualitative organoleptic properties of 19, 26, 28, 30, and 37/38 (10 : 1) are briefly discussed.
Behaviour problems in childhood and adolescence in psychotic offenders: an exploratory study
Authors: Goethals Kris , Willigenburg Lisette , Buitelaar Jan , Van Marle Hjalmar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground Several studies have shown that adults who develop schizophrenia and commit a criminal offence may already have shown behaviour problems in childhood or adolescence. It is less clear whether such problems follow a particular pattern in such patients.Aims To examine the utility of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) among offenders, to test whether externalizing behaviour problems, as measured by the CBCL, are more frequent in psychotic offenders than in non‐offenders with psychosis, and to investigate relationships between early behavioural problems and adult personality disorder in psychotic offenders.Methods Three groups of violent offenders detained under the Dutch Entrustment Act (TBS‐detainees)(n = 78) and one group of psychotic patients in general psychiatry (n = 16) were rated from case records on the CBCL.Results There was a significant difference between psychotic offenders with a personality disorder (n = 25) and the non‐offender patients with psychosis (n = 16) on the ‘delinquent behavior’ scale, but no such difference between psychotic offenders with (n = 25) and without (n = 21) personality disorder. A hierarchic cluster analysis revealed significantly higher scores for externalizing behaviour in all TBS‐detainees with a personality disorder. Those starting to offend early had higher scores for externalizing behaviour than late starters.Conclusions Psychotic and non‐psychotic offenders with personality disorder resemble one another in their early childhood behaviour problems; psychotic offenders without a personality disorder differ from these two groups but resemble non‐offenders with psychosis. In contrast to findings in non‐forensic populations, there were no differences on other problem scales of the CBCL. Given the small sample sizes, replication is needed, but the findings lend weight to treatment models which focus on the psychosis in the latter two groups but extend also to personality disorder in the former. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.