bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rifting through a heterogeneous crust: insights from analogue models and application to the Gulf of Corinth
Authors: Mattioni L. , Le Pourhiet L. , Moretti I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We used analogue models to study the fault evolution produced by extension through a heterogeneous crust. In the experiments, the heterogeneous crust consisted of a gently dipping silicone layer surrounded by brittle material. The viscous silicone level simulates a weak, upper crustal nappe stack that formed during a previous phase of shortening. X-ray scanner facilities allowed us to acquire 3D images of the experimental models at regular time invervals and hence to study the fault pattern development and the location of the main depocenters during rifting. The experimental results show that the inherited weak nappe stack acts as a décollement and localizes deformation. In the early stages of extension a system of conjugate high-angle normal faults initiates close to the upper tip of the gently dipping silicone layer near the free surface and propagates upwards, resulting in an initial symmetrical graben configuration. Further extension results in (1) a progressive asymmetry of the rifted zone, due to migration of its right margin down the nappe, (2) a shift of the main depocentre downward along the décollement, and (3) the simultaneous activity of several normal faults within the rifted zone. When the pre-existing silicone layer is oblique to the extension, the normal faults develop in an en echelon array, with a strike intermediate between the azimuth of the gently dipping silicone layer and the extension direction. The experiments also show how rheological differences between areas with potential intracrustal weak layers and adjacent domains without décollement level can lead to significant differences in fault pattern, dimension and orientation of the rifted zone. Complete asymmetry of a rift and switches in fault dip direction between adjacent domains can be explained by the presence of pre-existing upper crustal heterogeneities.
Potential Eocene and Oligocene stratigraphic traps of the Rockall Plateau, NE Atlantic Margin
Authors: McInroy D. B. , Hitchen K. , Stoker M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Following thermal uplift during the late Paleocene to early Eocene, the denudation of the subaerial hinterland provided a massive sediment supply that led to the development of a number of large, prograding sedimentary wedge systems flanking the Hatton and Rockall basins. Regional seismic data mapping and borehole data indicate that the wedges are Eocene in age and have a high percentage of coarse clastic material typical of high-energy, fluvial or near-shore marine environments. The prograding wedges have been mapped and can be viewed as large, clastic fairways within which trapping at a number of scales exists. Seismic interpretation suggests that the wedges are present at various stratigraphic levels within the Eocene and are locally separated by unconformities. However, all pre-date the margin-wide late Eocene unconformity (C30), which resulted in subsidence and deepening of the Rockall and Hatton basins. A marine transgression inundated most former land areas, and a marked change occurred in basinal facies; a change from fluvial/near-shore clastic sedimentation to deep-water mud and ooze deposition influenced by bottom-currents. These conditions persisted throughout most of the Oligocene and Neogene and hence provided a seal for potential hydrocarbon-bearing sand-prone Eocene reservoirs internal to the wedge-systems. Additional sealing potential may be provided by shale layers internal to the wedges. Buried Eocene pinchout lobes, submarine fans at the base of basalt scarp faces and Oligocene slump deposits also provide potential trapping mechanisms. High, and probably unacceptable, risks include biodegradation and poor seal development due to the typically shallow depth of burial of the wedges. However, the majority of the wedges should be treated as analogues, with some of the deeper examples providing some scope for consideration as exploration targets. The scale of the prograding wedge play fairway is massive, with volumes measured in tens of cubic kilometres.
Cool-water carbonate ramps: a review
Authors: Pedley Martyn , Carannante Gabriele 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This review of marine, cool-water carbonate ramps considers both their defining features and the key publications relating to them. Cool-water carbonate environments are dominated by open, skeletal debris-covered sea bottoms which support biological assemblages devoid of hermatypic coral reefs, calcified green algae and non-skeletal grains. The growing body of modern literature deals mainly with Neogene to Recent examples, particularly from the Australian, New Zealand and Mediterranean regions. Nevertheless, many ancient examples have been recognized and, without doubt, many more — currently described as ‘tropical carbonates’ — will also be found to be cool-water examples.
Present-day temperate carbonate sedimentation on the Balearic Platform, western Mediterranean: compositional and textural variation along a low-energy isolated ramp
Authors: Fornós Joan J. , Ahr Wayne M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The pre-1980s literature on modern carbonates was biased toward tropical examples because non-tropical carbonates had not been studied extensively. Though non-tropical carbonates have received considerable attention in the past decade, the variety of low-energy, temperate ramp examples in the literature is limited. In contrast, examples of modern and ancient low-energy, tropical ramps are well represented. They are characterized by a gradual change from calcarenites updip to calcilutites downdip, by a photozoan biota, abundant non-skeletal aragonitic grains, such as ooids and peloids, and by widespread and rapid marine cementation. The Balearic Platform in the western Mediterranean is an isolated, low-energy, temperate ramp. This paper describes the Balearic ramp bathymetry, environmental regimes and depositional facies, which include (from the shoreline seaward): coastal lagoons, beach—dune complexes, inner-ramp seagrass meadows with mixed terrigenous—foraminiferal—molluscan muddy calcarenites, middle-ramp bryozoan—rhodalgal facies and outer ramp clastic—carbonate muds. Biotic and textural characteristics vary with depth, with hydrological conditions and with environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, light and nutrients. Seagrasses extend across the inner and part of the middle ramp, where the grasses offer shelter to a variety organisms, including epibionts, molluscs, bryozoans, echinoderms and red algae. Most of the beach and dune sediments consist of bioclasts derived from the communities that thrive in the seagrass meadows, but the greatest volume of skeletal carbonates is produced as bryozoan, rhodalgal and molluscan gravels that occur as patchy blankets, primarily on the middle ramp. The Balearic Platform is characterized by an oligotrophic, clear water, microtidal environment. The dominant biota of the Balearic ramp — bryozoans, red algae, echinoderms and molluscs — is common in other non-tropical modern environments as well as in ancient temperate settings. This fact, combined with the absence of aragonitic non-skeletal grains, abundant marine cements and photozoans other than red algae, establishes the modern Balearic ramp as a model for comparison with low-energy, non-tropical ramps in the global rock record.
Variety of coralline algal deposits (rhodalgal facies) from the Bays of Naples and Pozzuoli (northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)
Authors: Toscano Francesco , Vigliotti Marco , Simone Lucia 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The occurrence and variability of the coralline algal (rhodalgal) facies both in active factories and in palimpsest and/or winnowed deposits in the Bay of Naples and the Bay of Pozzuoli is reported. The present-day coralline algal deposits resulted from the complex volcano-tectonic events and biological changes which occurred in the Phlegrean Fields, in particular after the sea-level lowstand at the last glacial maximum regression and the succeeding Holocene transgression.
Biocalcarenite and mixed cool-water prograding bodies of the Mediterranean Pliocene and Pleistocene: architecture, depositional setting and forcing factors
Authors: Massari F. , Chiocci F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Plio-Quaternary basinward-prograding heterozoan carbonate wedges with seawarddipping, steep clinoforms and significant along-strike extension, are common both on land and along the submerged margins of the Mediterranean area. They developed as distally steepened ramps on storm-dominated, relatively steep-gradient margins, commonly controlled by tectonics. Dispersal of the skeletal hash was mainly due to storm-driven downwelling and geostrophic currents, changing into gravity flows down the clinoformed ramp margin. Due to active winnowing and bypass in the shallow-water settings, biocalcarenite ramps were entirely detached from the shoreline. Sequence-stratigraphic architecture of cropping out prograding bodies indicates the presence of internal unconformity surfaces bounding shingled units with sigmoidal to oblique clinoforms. Similar wedges identified by seismic survey on the margins of the Tyrrhenian Sea generally show a back-stepping pattern, with the deeper-located wedges related to the last lowstand and the subsequent wedges reflecting episodic stillstands during sea-level rise. A critical role in determining the efficiency of the carbonate factory is thought to have been played by the increase in the strength of atmospheric and marine circulation which accompanied the long-term climatic change affecting the Mediterranean area since 3.1 Ma, especially during cooler to colder stages.
The response of cool-water carbonates to eustatic change in microtidal, Mediterranean Quaternary settings of Sicily
Authors: Pedley Martyn , Grasso Mario 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Information concerning the glacio-eustatic controls on Quaternary cool-water carbonates is dominated by data contained within the Holocene to Recent marine shelf record. However, this information represents only part of a full eustatic cycle. Much of the data comes from Southern Ocean-based biofacies studies associated with seafloor sediments. Geophysical studies provide further information on earlier Quaternary seafloor deposits and yield valuable data on sediment geometries; however, these works yield little direct information that can be applied to carbonates at outcrop scale. In contrast, Quaternary cool-water carbonates in the Mediterranean region offer outcrops with continuous exposure along which facies changes are readily accessible for study. In southern Italy and Sicily in particular, post-depositional uplift permits outcrop-based studies of large tracts of Quaternary microtidal cool-water carbonates, containing complete interglacial eustatic cycles. The study examines the carbonates associated with the Emilian sub-stage of the early Quaternary Calabrian Stage.
Rudist lithosomes related to current pathways in Upper Cretaceous temperate-type, inner shelves: a case study from the Cilento area, southern Italy
Authors: Ruberti Daniela , Toscano Francesco , Carannante Gabriele , Simone Lucia 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Shallow-water foramol limestones have been studied from a locality in the southern Apennines in which outcrop conditions show an excellent overview of the lateral and vertical evolution of rudist bodies and allow their geometry and the dynamic aspects to be reconstructed. The lithofacies suggest open depositional settings characterized by peloidal silty-muddy sediments. Rudists inhabited well-defined sectors of these shelves, giving rise to wide biostromal bodies, and supplied most of the skeletal debris via bioerosion and minor physical breakdown. In particular, the characteristics of rudist lithosomes document the existence of a complex network of channel-like depressions. In such a depositional context, the evolution of rudist lithosomes was controlled by the environmental hydrodynamic conditions. The resulting composite rudist assemblages are characterized by often-toppled individuals, suggesting continuous sediment removal between the organisms. The good preservation of the shells and the common articulation of the valves, however, point to an absence of sustained transport but rather a slight sediment destabilization. The gross lenticular geometry of the shell beds could be related to the above-mentioned patterns of weak, perhaps channelized, pathways. In such a depositional context, rudist colonization on channel margins assumes particular importance as it documents the rudist ability to exploit a wide array of environments, comparable to that of oysters in Recent seas, and reflecting the probable opportunistic nature of rudists.
Cool-water shell bed taphofacies from Miocene-Pliocene shelf sequences in New Zealand: utility of taphofacies in sequence stratigraphic analysis
Authors: Hendy Austin J. W. , Kamp Peter J. J. , Vonk Adam J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An investigation of the taphonomy, palaeoecology and stratigraphy of cool-water skeletal concentrations (shell beds) of the Matemateaonga Formation (Late Miocene-Early Pliocene) of Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, has provided the basis for the classification of taphofacies presented here. Two taphofacies described from transgressive systems tracts include the amalgamated shell bed and sediment starved shell bed taphofacies, representing skeletal concentration dominated by wave and current agitation, and sediment starvation, respectively. A further five taphofacies described from highstand and regressive systems tracts exhibit a gradient of sedimentological, taphonomic and palaeoecological properties that result from variation in storm event and fair-weather wave processes across the palaeoshelf bathymetric gradient. A principal components analysis of semi-quantitative data (53 observations) from sequences in Manutahi-1 well core demonstrates that taphonomic properties may be limited to particular systems tracts in some cases, but can also be repeated in different system tracts where the depositional environments are similar. Taphofacies, which are contained within siliciclastic-dominated portions of sequences (highstand and regressive systems tracts) possess little direct relevance to sequence stratigraphic analyses, but do provide valuable information on environmental conditions, in particular, depth relative to storm and fair-weather wave base, and proximity to shoreline.
History of the meteorite collection of the Natural History Museum of Vienna
Authors: Brandstätter F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The meteorite collection of the Natural History Museum of Vienna has the longest history of all comparable collections in the world. In the second half of the 18th century, soon after the foundation of the Imperial Natural History Cabinet in 1748, the Viennese curators began to collect meteorites. Owing to the efforts and scientific interest in meteorites of Carl von Schreibers (1775–1852) and his successors the Vienna collection became the largest and most extensive in the course of the 19th century. Simultaneously, the collection and its curators became one of the centres of the newly established science of meteoritics. The outbreak of the First World War and the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy brought all these research activities and the growth of the collections at the Viennese museum to an abrupt end. Modest activities between the world wars were interrupted by the onset of the Second World War, again leading to a complete halt. It was not before the late 1960s that the situation improved and a budget for purchases permitted the acquisition of select contemporary meteorite falls and finds. From then on, the meteorites in the collection had again been used intensively for research purposes. Up until the end of the year 2003, the meteorite collection had increased to a total of 2336 localities.
Characterization of Maltese pottery of the Late Neolithic, Bronze Age and Punic Period by neutron activation analysis
Authors: Mommsen H. , Bonanno A. , Chetcuti Bonavita K. , Kakoulli I. , Musumeci M. , Sagona C. , Schwedt A. , Vella N. C. , Zacharias N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A set of 41 samples from Tas-Silg, Malta, has been analysed by neutron activation. It contained nine ware groups formed by visual examination covering the Late Neolithic, Bronze Age and Punic Periods (
c.
3000-218
bc
). Despite this diversity and long time range, seven of these ware groups, including the ‘Thermi Ware’, all have a similar chemical composition and, therefore, have been made from the same clay. This points most probably to a local origin. One group from the Punic Period, containing only Bricky Red cooking ware, is chemically separate and represents a second distinct pattern probably assignable to a local production. Five amphora sherds also from the Punic Period, and consisting of a micaceous fabric, all have different chemical characteristics and are probably imports from overseas production sites of unknown location.
Cobalt blue painted pottery from 18th Dynasty Egypt
Authors: Shortland A. J. , Hope C. A. , Tite M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Cobalt blue painted pottery was produced in New Kingdom Egypt, with the heyday for its production being from about 1400
bc
to 1200
bc
. Previous scientific examination has established that the cobalt blue pigment was a CoAl-spinel, which it was suggested was produced from cobaltiferous alums from the Western Desert of Egypt. In the present paper, quantitative analyses of a range of cobalt blue painted pottery have confirmed the Western Desert as the source of the cobalt blue pigment but suggested that the cobaltiferous alums used for the pottery differed in composition from those used in the production of contemporary cobalt blue glass. The pottery bodies were produced using either non-calcareous Nile silt or calcareous clay. Before being painted, the Nile silt bodies were first coated with pale firing calcareous clay slip to which gypsum had probably been added.
Golden mica cooking pottery from Gökeyüp (Manisa), Turkey
Authors: Çolak Mümtaz , Maggetti Marino , Galetti Giulio 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Gökeyüp cooking pottery is a particular type of pottery produced according to ancient craft tradition in western Turkey. It is made by mixing 75 wt% of local red and green smectitic clays with 25 wt% of local gneissic temper. Both temper and tempered objects are rich in MgO, as can be seen from XRF analyses. The vessels are coated with a sheet-silicate enriched layer, corresponding to the <2 mm sieved fraction of the crushed gneissic temper. The pottery is fired for 45 min using the bonfire technique. Apart from the dehydroxylation of the smectites, no clear mineralogical difference can be observed between the unfired and fired products. The reduction factor FeO/FeO
tot
reveals no significant oxidizing or reducing firing conditions. As evidenced by SEM-EDS analyses, there is no chemical difference between the unfired and externally fired micas of the coating. The golden colouring is therefore due to the oxidation of the biotites during firing.
Glass production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period: a geochemical perspective
Authors: Freestone Ian C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

First millennium
ad
glass production was divided between a relatively small number of workshops that made raw glass and a large number of secondary workshops that fabricated vessels. Glass compositions reflect the primary glassmaking source. For most of the period, Egyptian mineral soda was fused with lime-bearing siliceous sand to produce soda-lime-silica glass. The location of the Belus glassmaking sand, which is known from the classical literature, is located on that part of the Levantine coast where iron contents are lowest.
87
Sr/
86
Sr of primary glass from workshops in the Levantine region is close to that of modern seawater, and confirms the use of beach sand, which contained shell. Heavy mineral assemblages of Levantine beach sands are dominated by hornblende, hence the primary glasses are characterized by very similar trace element signatures. Glasses believed on archaeological grounds to have been made in other regions, for example in inland Egypt, may have higher
87
Sr/
86
Sr, reflecting terrigenous sources of lime, and have different trace element signatures. Compositional data for glasses from as far away as Britain suggest origins of the glass material in the Eastern Mediterranean. Recycling of old glass may be recognized by the presence of elevated transition metals. The use of plant ash as a flux became dominant practice in the ninth century and preliminary data for plant ash glasses from the early Islamic world indicate that primary production centres may be separated using strontium and oxygen isotopes as well as by major and trace elements.
Biostratigraphy of the Mosasauridae (Reptilia) from the Cretaceous of Antarctica
Authors: Martin James E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Field expeditions to Seymour, James Ross and Vega islands, Antarctic Peninsula, have resulted in significant specimens of mosasurs (marine lizards). Enough taxonomic diversity is now known to allow preliminary biostratigraphic assessment. These specimens were collected from the Late Campanian levels of the Santa Marta Formation and the Late Campanian-Late Maastrichtian López de Bertodano Formation. All specimens are from near-shore marine deposits, and an overall shallowing appears in younger successions. Most mosasaur individuals are represented by single specimens, but, in some cases, jaws and cranial material are preserved. Based on these specimens, tylosaurines appear in the Santa Marta Formation and extend into the López de Bertodano Formation, and Plioplate-carpines and mosasaurines occur in the upper López de Bertodano Formation. Therefore, the extent of mosasaur ranges in Antarctica is similar to that elsewhere in the world where the bulk of mosasaur differentiation occurred in the Campanian and Maastrichtian. Not enough specimens are available from the Campanian sedimentary rocks to determine whether the faunal turnover during the Campanian-Maastrichtian in North America exists in Antarctica. Some differences in taxa occur between Antarctica and elsewhere, but these are at generic levels, not subfamilial. Even so, most genera are similar, but the tylosaurines may be endemic, and, if the
Moanasaurus
reference is substantiated, this genus is also known only in New Zealand and Antarctica. Therefore, the ranges and occurrences of taxa suggest a mix of endemic and cosmopolitan genera. Additional field investigations are required to refine biostratigraphic ranges, and the ranges of many taxa such as those of
Mosasaurus
and
Plioplatecarpus
will be extended into older deposits.