bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of cigarette smoking on electrodermal orienting reflexes to stimulus change and stimulus significance
Authors: LYVERS MICHAEL , MIYATA YO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSkin conductance responses (SCRs) evoked by novel, signal, and frequent tone stimuli were measured in 20 male heavy smokers and 10 male nonsmokers over two sessions. All smokers abstained from smoking for 12 hr prior to each session. Half of the smokers smoked a cigarette of their preferred brand prior to SCR measurement in the first session, whereas the remaining smokers smoked in the second session. Nonsmokers did not smoke. Results combined across the two sessions indicated that abstinence was associated with selective depression of SCRs to the novel tone. Separate analyses of results from each session revealed that, in the second session, SCRs to both novel and signal tones were depressed in abstinent smokers, partially replicating previous findings. By contrast, first session results showed no significant effects of smoking or abstinence. Results were interpreted in terms of nicotine's effects on nonspecific arousal, with some reservations.
Ongoing ischemic pain as a workload indexed by P3 amplitude and latency in real‐versus feigned‐pain conditions
Authors: ROSENFELD J. PETER , JOHNSON MARY M. , KOO JENNY 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe tested four independent groups: real pain, real pain/tracking, feigned pain, and feigned pain/tracking. After baseline (auditory oddball task only, .8/.2), the real pain groups had an ischemia cuff applied, which generated intense pain after 14 min. The pain feigners were instructed to simulate pain. The oddball task was repeated during low pain (6 min following cuff application) and during high pain (7‐15 min following application). Real pain ratings were affected by low versus high pain and by tracking (reporting pain regularly), which elevated ratings. Nontracking feigned‐ and real‐pain subjects differed in oddball‐evoked P3 amplitude and latency during high pain. Oddball P3 amplitude decreased and latency increased from real low pain to high pain. Tracked but not untracked real low pain affected oddball P3 amplitude. Real and feigned pain‐tracking subjects did not differ in P3 amplitude. P3 latency differed between real‐pain and feigning subjects during low‐pain tracking. A 91 % individual hit rate (real vs. feign) obtained.
The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG
Authors: VRANA SCOTT R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goals of this study were (a) to examine differing views on the relationship between self‐report of emotion and physiological expression of emotion, (b) to differentiate between negative emotional contexts during imagery using facial electromyogram (EMG), and (c) to describe the facial muscle patterning and autonomic physiology of situations that involve expelling or avoiding disgusting sensory stimulation. Fifty subjects imagined situations eliciting disgust, anger, pleasure, and joy in 8‐s trials using a tone‐cued imagery procedure. Heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial EMG at the corrugator, zygomatic, and levator labii superioris/alesque muscle regions were recorded during imagery, and self‐reports of emotion were collected after imagery trials. Self‐reports of emotion produced results consistent with the affective categorization of the images. Activity at the levator labii region was higher during disgust than during anger imagery. Corrugator region increase characterized the negative as compared with the positive emotional contents, and activity at the zygomatic region was higher during joy imagery than during the other three emotions. Heart rate acceleration was greater during disgust, anger, and joy imagery than during pleasant imagery. Disgust imagery could be discriminated from anger imagery using facial EMG, and the expressive physiology of disgust was occasioned by the action set of active avoidance or rejection of sensory stimulation.
Baroreceptor stimulation alters cortical activity
Authors: RAU HARALD , PAULI PAUL , BRODY STUART , ELBERT THOMAS , BIRBAUMER NIELS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe arterial baroreceptors constitute an essential sensory link for the short‐term regulation of blood pressure and may also influence higher cortical function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate previous reports of such a cortical influence under conditions of psychologically controlled, mechanical baroreceplor stimulation. This control was achieved by use of PRES (phase‐related external suction), a modified neck suction technique. PRES applies short suction bursts that have a different impact on baroreceptors depending on their timing within the cardiac cycle and has the advantage that subjects cannot easily discriminate between conditions of stimulation and inhibition. Electroencephalograms were recorded from 22 subjects during PRES manipulations. A surface‐negative shift of about 10 μV developed during the cuff manipulations. Over frontal‐central regions, this shift was smaller during baroreceptor stimulation than during inhibition. These data provide support for the proposal that baroreceptor activation influences cortical activity.
Parametric manipulations of auditory stimuli differentially affect P3 amplitude in schizophrenics and controls
Authors: SALISBURY DEAN F. , O'DONNELL BRIAN F. , McCARLEY ROBERT W. , NESTOR PAUL G. , FAUX STEVEN F. , SMITH R. SCOTT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSchizophrenics show P3 amplitude reduction and topographic asymmetries. It is unclear whether the underlying cause of these deficits is primarily functional or structural. This study examined the effect of stimulus discrimi‐nability and task instruction on behavioral performance and P3 in schizophrenics and normal control subjects. Stimulus discriminability was manipulated by varying the overall loudness and pitch disparity of the two tones in an auditory oddball paradigm. Instructions emphasized either speed or accuracy of response. Instructions had no significant effects on reaction time, perceptual sensitivity, response bias, or P3. With increased discriminability, however, both groups improved in mean reaction time to targets and perceptual sensitivity. In controls, P3 became earlier and larger with increased stimulus discriminability and was consistently larger over left temporal areas than over right temporal areas. In schizophrenics, P3 latency was related to stimulus discriminability, but amplitude was not; P3 amplitude did not increase with improvement of perceptual sensitivity and reaction time. Unlike normal controls, schizophrenics had a P3 asymmetry at temporal sites, with reduced left‐sided voltages. The results are not consistent with a primarily functional cause of P3 aberrations in schizophrenia and are compatible with the hypothesis that P3 amplitude deficits in schizophrenia are related to underlying pathophysiology of temporal lobe generator sites.
Social neuroscience: Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress
Authors: CACIOPPO JOHN T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune system is influenced by central nervous system processes that are shaped by social and psychological factors. Considerations of social factors, intrapersonal processes, and autonomic psychophysiology therefore may contribute to a fuller understanding of both immune and brain function. Research reviewed here (a) examines the socioemotional factors that contribute to, or moderate, responses to brief and chronic stressors, (b) determines whether or not stable individual differences in heart rate reactivity predict neuroendocrine and immune responses to a brief psychological stressor and to an influenza virus vaccine, and (c) investigates the autonomic origins of individual differences in low and high heart rate reactivity and their relationship to neuroendocrine and immune responses to chronic and acute stressors. Among our findings are: (a) acute psychological stressors activate the sympathetic adrenomedullary system across individuals and affect immune function; and (b) individuals characterized by high sympathetic cardiac reactivity to acute psychological stressors also show a relative activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical system and altered immune function.
Autonomic cardiac control. I. Estimation and validation from pharmacological blockades
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , QUIGLEY KAREN S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPharmacological blockades have been used to estimate the relative contributions of the autonomic branches to cardiac chronotropic control. Systematic biases in these estimates, however, can arise from both methodological and physiological factors. Selective blockades can be interpreted by two inferential models, and a single blockade condition can yield estimates of autonomic control for both autonomic branches. The residual autonomic control of the heart after blockade of a single division provides an index of the functional contribution of the unblocked branch. In contrast, the change in chronotropic state of the heart after blockade of the same division reflects the subtractive loss of that branch and thus provides an index of the normal contribution of the blocked branch. We demonstrate that the systematic biases that can arise in blockade studies introduce distortions of the subtractive and residual estimates that are of equal magnitude but opposite sign. Consequently, the discrepancy between the subtractive and residual‐model estimates provides a measure of bias in blockade studies and permits the derivation of validity indices that can facilitate interpretations of blockade data.
Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: The psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period
Authors: CACIOPPO JOHN T. , UCHINO BERT N. , BERNTSON GARY G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeart rate reactivity has been conceptualized, at least implicitly, as a unidimensional construct ranging from low to high, reflecting individual differences in adrenergic reactivity to daily stressors. However, an individual's classification as high in heart rate reactivity ignores possible individual differences in the autonomic origins of this reactivity. Sixty‐eight women were exposed to orthostatic and speech stressors to determine the psychometric properties (postural stability, convergent and discriminant validity) of heart rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Results revealed that (a) basal, stress, simple reactivity (stress — baseline), and residualized change indices of heart rate, prejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were stable across postures and (b) heart rate reactivity was significantly reatated to preejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity, whereas the latter two measures were unrelated. Reactivity classifications may therefore be significantly improved by attention to concurrent estimates of the activity of both autonomic branches.
Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event‐related brain potentials
Authors: RUCHKIN DANIEL S. , CANOUNE HOWARD L. , JOHNSON RAY , RITTER WALTER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome event‐related brain potential (ERP) studies of working memory have used delayed match‐to‐sample designs in which a stimulus (S1) is held in memory for comparison with a subsequent stimulus (S2). During the S1‐S2 interval, ERP slow negativities varied with both the type and amount of material held in working memory. One interpretation is that these slow waves index working memory operations. An alternative explanation is that they only reflect general preparatory processing for the response to S2. To decide between these explanations, we used two visual processing tasks that required similar preparation for S2. In one task, visual memory rehearsal operations were required. During the S1‐S2 interval, there were clear differences between the amplitudes, topographies, and the effect of information load on the slow waves in the two tasks, thus ruling out preparation only as an explanation.
Effects of anger/hostility, defensiveness, gender, and family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: SHAPIRO DAVID , GOLDSTEIN IRIS B. , JAMNER LARRY D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, we examined the combined effects of anger/hostility and defensiveness on reactivity to three stressors (math, handgrip, cold pressor) and how these effects are moderated by gender and family history of hypertension. The subjects were 209 college students. Low compared with high Spielberger anger‐out scores were associated with greater diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity in low‐but not high‐defensive women with a negative family history. High compared with low hostility scores were associated with greater heart rate reactivity in low‐defensive men with an opposite effect in high‐defensive men. Gender, family history, and defensiveness each affected differential DBP reactivity to the three tasks. Combined study of biological factors and coping styles can improve our understanding of cardiovascular reactivity and disease.
Circadian distribution of motor activity and immobility in narcolepsy: Assessment with continuous motor activity monitoring
Authors: MIDDELKOOP HUUB A. M. , LAMMERS GERT JAN , VAN HILTEN BOB J. , RUWHOF CINDY , PIJL HANNO , KAMPHUISEN HILBERT A. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe circadian distribution of motor activity and immobility of 14 unmedicated narcoleptics and matched controls was evaluated by monitoring continuous wrist motor activity 5 successive days and nights at home. Sleep was also assessed by sleep logs. The amplitude of the circadian rhythm of motor activity and immobility was significantly lower in narcoleptics than in controls. The variables that best distinguish narcoleptics from controls were the diurnal and nocturnal mean duration of uninterrupted immobility, which can be explained by excessive daytime sleepiness and frequent nocturnal awakenings, respectively. Thus, measures of diurnal and nocturnal motor activity and immobility appear useful for the objective assessment of some of the sleep‐wakefulness manifestations of narcolepsy.
Visual event‐related potentials in first‐episode psychotic patients and their relatives
Authors: KATSANIS JOANNA , IACONO WILLIAM G. , BEISER MORTON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe conducted a comprehensive examination of the sensory visual event‐related potential (ERP) of psychiatric patients and their relatives using a methodology that improves upon those used previously by other investigators. One hundred thirty‐five patients at the onset of their first psychotic episode, 146 first‐degree relatives of these patients, and 113 normal controls were exposed to light flashes of four different intensities while their ERPs were recorded from three central scalp sites. For most analyses, various ERP amplitude measures did not discriminate the different psychiatric groups or their relatives either from one another or from the normal controls. These findings indicate that patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, and affective disorder at the early stage of their illness do not display significant deficits in the processing and regulation of simple sensory visual stimulation.
Distinct early and late subcomponents of the photic blink reflex: Response characteristics in patients with retrogeniculate lesions
Authors: HACKLEY STEVEN A. , JOHNSON LENWORTH N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo assess cortical contributions to the photic blink reflex, signal averaged electromyograms (EMG) were compared for responses to strobe flashes presented within the blind and sighted hemifields of 13 patients with occipital lobe lesions. Reflexes evoked by flashes within the scotoma were virtually identical to those evoked by flashes within the intact visual field. This suggests that both the early and late components of this reflex (R50 and R80, respectively) are mediated by subcortical structures that do not require, or benefit from, conscious visual processing. Additional findings included larger R80s at the eyelid contralateral to the lesion, regardless of stimulated hemifield. This presumably reflects the loss of a tonic descending influence of visual cortex onto the motor limb of the reflex arc. The R80 was also larger for stimuli activating the crossed (temporal hemifield) rather than the uncrossed (nasal hemifield) afferent pathway.
The circadian variation of cardiovascular stress levels and reactivity: Relationships to individual differences in morningness/eveningness
Authors: NEBEL LINDA E. , HOWELL ROBERT H. , KRANTZ DAVID S. , FALCONER JENNIFER J. , GOTTDIENER JOHN S. , GABBAY FRANCES H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo studies assessed the circadian variation of cardiovascular responses to stress in healthy and coronary artery disease (CAD) populations. In within‐subjects designs, stressors were administered to healthy male subjects and male CAD patients both in the morning and afternoon, and subjects were classified as either morning or evening types using the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (Horne & Östberg, 1976, International Journal of Chronobiology, 4, 97–110). No consistent circadian variation in blood pressure or heart rate responses was observed in the aggregate sample of either healthy subjects or CAD patients. However, there were significant interactions between circadian type and time of day. In both populations, morning, subjects exhibited higher cardiovascular levels during the morning session, and evening subjects exhibited higher levels during the afternoon session. Analyses of cardiovascular reactivity revealed less consistent evidence for this interaction. Self‐reports of stress revealed interactions between time of day and and morningness/eveningness only in CAD sample. In CAD patients, preliminary analysis of myocardial wall function, an index of myocardial ischemia, did not reveal a significant interaction between morningness/eveningness and time of day, perhaps due to small sample size. The presence of differing circadian patterns in stress response based on individual differences in morningness/eveningness is discussed in teerms of its methodological implications for psychophysiological research and in terms of the role of stress as an acute trigger of CAD.
Mental and physical countermeasures reduce the accuracy of the concealed knowledge test
Authors: Honts Charles R. , Devitt Mary K. , Winbush Marcus , Kircher John C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of a physical (pressing the toes to the floor) and a mental (counting backward by sevens) countermeasure on the concealed knowledge test (CKT) were examined in a mock crime experiment with 40 subjects. Some knowledgeable subjects were informed about the nature of the CKT and were trained in the use of a countermeasure, whereas others remained uninformed. All subjects were offered a monetary reward if they could produce a truthful outcome. Subjects were tested using standard field techniques and instrumentation. The physical and, to a lesser extent, the mental countermeasures reduced the accuracy of the CKT. These results clearly demonstrate that the CKT has no special immunity to the effects of countermeasures.
Ventilatory responses to imagined exercise
Authors: GALLEGO JORGE , DENOT‐LEDUNOIS SONJA , VARDON GUY , PERRUCHET P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied whether the ventilatory responses to imagined exercise are influenced by automatic processes. Twenty‐nine athletes produced mental images of a sport event with successive focus on the environment, the preparation, and the exercise. Mean breathing frequency increased from 15 to 22 breaths/min. Five participants reported having voluntarily controlled breathing, two of them during preparation. Twenty participants reported that their breathing pattern changed during the experiment: 11 participants were unable to correctly report on the direction of changes in frequency, and 13 incorrectly reported changes in amplitude. This finding suggests that these changes were not voluntary in most participants and may therefore reveal automatic forebrain influences on exercise hyperpnea. However, these changes may also reflect nonspecific processes (e.g., arousal) different from those occurring during actual exercise.
ERP repetition effects in indirect and direct tasks: Effects of age and interitem lag
Authors: RUGG MICHAEL D. , MARK RUTH E. , GILCHRIST JUNE , ROBERTS RICHARD C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for visually presented words in young and older participants while they performed two tasks. In the indirect task, participants responded to occasional target words. Some of the nontarget words were repeated after a single intervening trial, and others were repeated after a mean of 10 trials. In the direct task participants responded to every item, discriminating between words presented for the first and the second times. Compared with ERPs to unrepeated words, those to words repeated in the indirect task after either lag were more positive in both participant groups. For the short lag, this effect was larger among the older participants. In the direct task, words repeated after either lag elicited a positive shift in the ERPs of the young participants. In the older participants, short lag repeats elicited a repetition effect, but smaller than the equivalent effect among the young participants. Long lag repeats failed to elicit a repetition effect in the direct task in the older participants. The findings show that word repetition in these tasks reflects the modulation of two ERP components, which differ in their sensitivity to age‐related changes in memory function.
Ten‐year stability of cardiovascular responses to laboratory stressors
Authors: SHERWOOD ANDREW , GIRDLER SUSAN S. , BRAGDON EDITH E. , WEST SHEILA G. , BROWNLEY KIMBERLY A. , HINDERLITER ALAN L. , LIGHT KATHLEEN C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study we examined test‐retest stability of cardiovascular stress responses over a decade of the life span. Participants were 55 male college undergraduates. 19 years of age at initial testing, and 29 years of age at follow‐up testing Stressors were a foot cold pressor and an aversive reaction time task. Cardiovascular measures included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and preejection period. For cold pressor, the magnitude and pattern of cardiovascular responses remained unchanged at the 10‐year follow‐up. For the reaction time task, the characteristic cardiovascular response patterns was preserved but with significant attenuation of magnitude. The present findings are consistent with previous observations of temporal stability but over a substantially longer test‐retest interval. The long‐term stability of stress responses is discussed in the context of stress test methodology, behavioral response demands, and maturation of the physiological systems involved in cardiovascular response expression.