bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Current Meter Data from Wells by Flow‐Distribution Curvesa
Authors: Leve Gilbert W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFlow‐distribution curves, constructed from velocity graphs of current‐meter traverses, can be used to locate water‐bearing and nonwater‐bearing zones in an aquifer or in separate aquifers in a well and to determine the quantity of water entering between various depths. Current‐meter traverses in artesian wells in northeastern Florida show the applicability of flow‐distribution curves.The velocities recorded in the uncased portion of a well by a deep‐well current meter reflect either changes in the cross‐sectional area of the bore at the different depths or movement of different quantities of water through the well at these depths. Reasonably accurate measurements of the flow at certain depths in the uncased portion of a well can be determined by constructing flow distribution curves. These curves are constructed by utilizing points of maximum velocity, which are assumed to be levels having the minimum diameter of the well.Artesian wells in northeast Florida are generally cased to the top of the Floridan aquifer through 500 to 600 feet of clay, marl, and dolomite of Miocene to Recent age. The wells are completed open hole in the Floridan aquifer to depths of from 650 to 1,400 feet. Current‐meter traverses were run in four wells in the vicinity of Jacksonville.Flow‐distribution curves constructed from the velocity graphs indicate three separate water‐bearing zones occur in the aquifer. The first water‐bearing zone lies from about 600 to 800 feet below the land surface; the second, from 900 to 1,200 feet; and the third lies below 1,280 feet. These water‐bearing zones are separated by relatively impermeable non‐water‐bearing zones. Bar graphs constructed from the flow‐distribution curves show that the first water‐bearing zone yields from less than 10 to as much as 35 percent of the water; the second water‐bearing zone yields more than 50 percent of the water; and the third water‐bearing zone yields about 20 percent of the water with a penetration of only 50 to 70 feet. The flow‐distribution curves from current‐meter traverses made while there was no surface flow indicate internal leakage of less than 70 gallons per minute in wells 2 and 4 while the wells were not discharging at the surface. Leakage probably does not occur between these zones while the wells are discharging.
Corrosion of Well Points and Piping in Domestic Water Near AEC Planta
Authors: Hoxie E. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDescribes investigation made to determine cause of excessive corrosion of construction materials of wells supplying domestic water to communities bordering atomic energy plant in South Carolina. Corrosion resulted from natural corrosiveness of soft water with high carbon dioxide and oxygen contents. No effect from atomic energy plant was indicated.
Earthquake Magnitudes from Hydroseismic Data
Authors: Vorhis R. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIf earthquakes are recorded on your water‐level charts, you can make your own estimate of earthquake magnitudes! As an aid in doing this, this paper presents two graphs: one to calculate distance from well to earthquake epicenter; the other, a nomogram from which to read hydroseismic magnitude plus log C. Examples given show (1) direct computation of ms+ log C, (2) use of aftershocks to estimate total water‐level fluctuation caused by a major earthquake (when the recorder drum has spun around or when reversals cover up the record), and (3) how to determine if aftershocks theoretically should have been recorded. Hydroseismic magnitude is the surface‐wave magnitude (Ms) calculated from seismically induced water‐level fluctuations in wells. As yet it must be computed indirectly from ms+ log C but because log C is a variable the result is only approximate. Log C is believed to represent a resultant controlled by magnification, period of the surface waves, instrumental frictions, well lag, and resonance if the well is underdamped.
Qualitative Hydrologic Models
Authors: Greene D. K. , Halpenny L. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRelatively simple and inexpensive qualitative hydrologic models have been found by the authors to serve as an extremely effective means of demonstrating the interrelationship of various hydrologic factors and their resultant effect upon each other to persons not familiar with this subject. The models consist of clear plastic tanks mounted on a vertical display board made of plywood. The tanks are connected with hoses. Flow of water is regulated by surgical clamps on the hoses. Vegetable dye is used in the water to differentiate among waters from various sources. The models have been extremely useful in lawsuits related to water supplies which were tried before juries.
Federal Legislation and Ground‐Water Developmenta
Authors: Stamm G. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe 88th Congress has passed more landmark legislation in the conservation field than any preceding Congress. This seems to indicate a badly needed awakening of concern on the part of the American public for the preservation of its environment and a growing awareness that our soil, water, and atmosphere are only components of an integrated coherent environment that must be kept in balance in all of its aspects.One good example of recently passed legislation is the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, which will be administered by the Department of the Interior. This bill provides three important programs: an annual allotment to state water resources research centers plus two other programs in the nature of contracts and grants, matching or otherwise to state research centers and to other qualified research institutions, foundations, individuals, and agencies. Other important aspects of the bill include the training of scientists in hydrology.Another bill, the S. 1111 or Water Resources Planning Bill, being considered by Congress, would, by means of a Water Research Council, serve to coordinate all water resource purposes and use all components of the resource base in unified plans for river basins, combinations of basins, and sub‐basins. This commission would provide assurance that the valid interests of every state are given full recognition by the action agencies of the federal government and the states having comparable programs.
Water‐Level Measurements in Texasa
Authors: Wyatt Wayne , Rayner Frank , Reddell Donald 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe annual water‐level measurements of more than 800 observation wells in the High Plains Water District started in early January, 1964. The wells in the High Plains District are a portion of the over 1700 wells to be measured in a 39‐county area by personnel of the Texas Water Commission, North Plains District, and High Plains District.In September of 1963, the Water District entered into an agreement with the Texas Water Commission, whereby the observation well network within the District was to be updated and expanded. Under the terms of this expansion, 211 wells were added to the program. These new wells were precisely mapped and identified by a metal plate attached to the concrete pump base. The existing observation wells were remapped by field survey and all current information, regarding the individual wells was recorded. Identification plates were attached to several of the older wells.
Environmental Framework of Ground‐Water Contaminationa
Authors: LeGrand H. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRamifications of contamination are increasingly involved in the majority of ground‐water problems. The volume of usable ground water is shrinking in many places because of dispersion of contaminated water. Consideration of ground‐water contamination as a multitude of independent problems, separately solvable as each problem arises, is outmoded; wise policies, relating water supply to contamination potential, are needed to alleviate and to forestall problems.Methodology of managing contamination problems calls for appropriate classification of the hydrogeologic environment; these classifications include aspects of interdependent factors such as permeability, sorption, hydraulic gradient, position of water table relative to some base, and distance from source of contamination. Effective evaluations relate the dynamics of the hydrogeologic environment to contingencies involving contamination, as man changes his water‐development and waste‐disposal practices.Ways of contamination and pertinent parts of the physical environment include: waste‐disposal practices (at or near land surface and in deep formations), artificial recharge (at land surface and in aquifers), accidents, and salt‐water contamination of aquifers (shallow depth from salty surface water and at variable depths from subjacent salty aquifers).Evaluation of waste‐disposal problems calls for appreciation of two opposing tendencies–the tendency of wastes to move with ground water and the tendency to be attenuated near disposal sites by decay or inherent decrease in potency, by chemical and physical sorption, and by dilution through dispersion of ground water. Mixed wastes of differing attenuation habits represent special complex problems.
Supplementing Sample Logsa
Authors: Carter V. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the past 20 years, since 1945, there has been a substantial increase in the application of electric well logging to water wells. In the early days, there were very few water wells being logged, principally city supply wells and other larger commercial wells. Now, it is not uncommon to be called to service water wells of all sizes, even the small back yard well. The well drilling industry is becoming more and more aware of the benefits that can be derived from use of the electric log, and there will almost certainly be an increase along these lines in the years ahead. There are some very good reasons for this growth and acceptance of the electric log, and pointing out some of these reasons and applications of the electric logs to water well drilling is the purpose of this paper.
Techniques for Computing Rate and Volume of Stream Depletion by Wellsa
Authors: Jenkins C. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects on flow of a nearby stream from pumping a well can be calculated readily using dimensionless curves and tables. Computations can be made of: (1) the rate of stream depletion at any time during the pumping period or after the cessation of pumping; (2) the volume induced from the stream during any time, both during pumping or after the cessation of pumping; and (3) the effects, both in rate and volume of stream depletion, of any selected pattern of intermittent pumping. Sample computations illustrate the use of the curves and tables. An example shows that intermittent pumping may have a pattern of stream depletion not greatly different from a pattern for steady pumping of an equal volume.The residual effects of pumping, that is, effects after cessation of pumping, on streamflow may easily be greater than the effects during the pumping period. Adequate advance planning that includes consideration of residual effects thus is essential to effective administration of a stream‐aquifer system.
Use of the Electrical Resistivity Method for Investigating Geologic and Hydrologic Conditions in Santa Clara County, California
Authors: Page Leo M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe electrical resistivity method has been a valuable tool used in the discovery of ground‐water recharge facilities with percolation capacities in excess of 100,000 acrefeer per year. The procedures used in doing the field work and the methods of plotting the data are described using a typical area where studies were made. Correlations of soil types, recharge rates, and resistivity data for Santa Clara ‐County are included. Ground‐water level data from observation wells are used to measure the regional and long‐term effects of the ground‐water recharge program.
Preliminary Field Studies Using Earth Resistivity Measurements for Delineating Zones of Contaminated Ground Water
Authors: Warner Don L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe measure of earth resistivity is a possible means of detecting and outlining zones of ground‐water contamination where a resistivity contrast exists between contaminated and unconcaminated ground water.As a preliminary evaluation of the use of electrical resistivity for defining zones of contaminated ground water, five sites on Long Island and three sites in western Texas were examined. The surveys at three of the Long Island sites and at one of the western Texas sites were at least partially successful in their objectives. The lack of success at the other sites is attributed to the particular physical conditions that existed.Further effort toward developing electrical resistivity as a method for evaluating variations in ground‐water quality is encouraged.
Cost of Pumping Wafera
Authors: Ackermann William C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUse of this material will assist in the determination of cost of pumping water, given the quantity of flow required, the total pumping head, the wire‐to‐water efficiency, and the unit cost of power.A table of conversions is presented to aid in reducing theoretical equations to simplified equations, and a figure is provided for graphical solutions of the equations.
New Thrusts in Ground Watera
Authors: McGuinness C. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFour principal trends in ground water are apparent:(1) Increasing use of ground water for domestic supplies. Geohydrologists must learn to quantitatively evaluate the supply under conditions of maximum development, not merely determine the availability of a supply that does not strain the aquifer. (2) Aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for surplus flood water, in place of dams and reservoirs. The key here is economics – optimum utilization of resources. The job of the geohydrologist is to do enough research and experimentation to determine when, where, and how ground‐water reservoirs can be recharged artificially at a reasonable cost. (3) Saline aquifers will be looked at as sources of water supply. The cost curves of developing new supplies of fresh water are ascending while the cost curves for desalinization are declining, and inevitably they will cross in one area after another. There is a paucity of information on saline ground‐water aquifers; hence, the utmost skill must be used in evaluating the resource. (4) With efforts to prevent stream pollution, aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for industrial and domestic waste effluents. Control is urgently needed so the effects of waste injection can be predicted, the technology for confining those effects as intended can be developed, and a basis can be provided for a rational decision as to whether waste injection or an alternative use of the chosen aquifer is best for the economy in the long run. However, there is little legal basis for control, and the cost of such control may make the practice unfeasible in many situations.A systems‐analysis approach is needed to develop a working model of a given hydrologie and socio‐economic problem from which quantitative answers can be given to water planners.
A Simplified Technique for Well‐Field Design
Authors: Mount J. Russell 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe planned development of an individual water supply from a group of wells must take into consideration several controllable and uncontrollable factors. The uncontrollable factors may include aquifer coefficients of transmissibility and storage, aquifer boundaries, static water level, aquifer depth, recharge capabilities, and competing users. The controllable factors often include the acreage allocated to ground‐water development, well locations, and pumping rates. Well‐field design is oriented mainly toward proper selection of the controllable factors.Water requirements, the cost of water and the life of the well field are related to limitations of acreage, draw‐down of water level, and investment in pumping and transmission facilities. All of these factors, in turn, are influenced by the location of individual wells with respect to one another.Well‐field design calculations involve the combined interference of water level drawdown among the various wells in the field. Repeated computational trials for various numbers of wells and well spacings may be required. Calculations using conventional methods are, in most cases, rather time‐consuming.The final design decision can be approached quickly if it is assumed that the wells have regular spacing. Through the use of a simple formula and table developed in this paper, a given well‐field problem can be calculated in a few minutes with a slide rule. When well spacing deviates appreciably from the regular spacing assumed, the final design calculations should be made with computer techniques.
Effects of Mine Drainage on Ground Watera
Authors: Emrich Grover H. , Merritt Gary L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCoal mining in Appalachia has degraded both the surface and ground water. During mining, ground water is drained from the rocks and the pyrite associated with the coal beds is exposed to air. Oxidation of the pyrite produces high iron ana sulfate concentration and a low pH in the water. Some of this polluted water flows directly into nearby streams and some moves into the ground‐water system. When the latter occurs, the iron concentration can increase up to several hundred mg/1 and the sulfates to over one thousand mg/1. Unfortunately, in most cases the cessation of mining does not stop the ground‐water pollution, and it can take many decades before the ground water again becomes usable.A detailed study of the effects of coal mining on ground water was conducted in the Toms Run drainage basin in northwestern Pennsylvania where coal mining and oil and gas well drilling have occurred for almost 100 years. The rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Age produce a multiaquifer system–three major aquifers separated by siltstone and shale beds (aquitatdes). The oil and gas wells act as a conduit system permitting acid mine drainage to move downward from the strip mines to underlying aquifers. It then moves laterally down dip and discharges as springs. The acid mine drainage adversely affects the ground‐water quality by increasing the iron and sulfate content of the water especially in the vicinity of the strip mines.
Flow to Wells in the Presence of Radial Discontinuities
Authors: Sternberg Yaron M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn analysis is presented for the nonsteady state problem of a well, pumping a constant discharge, and located at the center of a circular aquifer surrounded by a radial discontinuity. On either side of the discontinuity, the transmissibility and the storage coefficient are constant but may have different values from those on the other side of the discontinuity. The solution is obtained by using an approximate inversion formula for Laplace transforms. This method leads to a relatively simple set of equations which commonly requires only short computer time for solution.
Infiltration Induced Soil Instabilities
Authors: Adrian Donald Dean 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTheoretical analyses predicted and experimental observations—confirmed a mechanism by which strong capilary forces hindered instead of helped promote infiltration into soils. Infiltration into an unsaturated soil overlying an impermeable barrier displaces the air from the soil interstices. Unable to escape downward, the air may escape upward in bubbles travelling through large pores, or, if the pores are small and the capillary forces are large, the air is compressed between the wetting front and the barrier. This reduces the infiltration rate and may result in an almost stable wetting front. Under certain calculable conditions the air pressure build‐up is sufficient to cause sudden localized horizontal rupturing of the soil at the wetting front and to lift it along with the infiltrating water, forming a cavity. The air‐filled cavity breaks the flow passages and percolation ceases through pores terminating in the cavity. Observations with soil columns have shown that when provision was made fot the displaced air to escape less than one minute was required for the wetting front to move three inches; when the air was not free to escape and the soil raptured, two weeks were required for the wetting front to move this distance. Grain size and packing play a role by limiting the capillary pressure build‐up and the bubbling pressure. This phenomenon should emphasize precautions to be followed in applying laboratory infiltration results to engineering predictions of field conditions.
The Chemical History of Some Spring Waters in Carbonate Rocksa
Authors: Jacobson Roger L. , Langmuir Donald 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTInsights into the chemical and Hydrogeologie history of spring waters in carbonate rocks can be gained from a study of the chemical quality of such waters and of the waters which feed springs. The median Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio was 3.4 in 29 spring waters from folded and faulted carbonate rocks near State College, Pennsylvania, indicating ground‐water flow predominantly in limestone. The mean dissolved oxygen content was 7.7 mg/1 or 71% of saturation consistent with subsurface flow chiefly under water table conditions. Most of the dissolved solids (as specific conductance) including pollutants such as Cl and NO3 were added to spring waters during ground‐water flow. Specific conductances ranged from 180 to 476 micromhos, with a mean of 347 micromhos. CO2 pressures were from 10−1.9 to 10−2.6 atm with a mean of 10−2.2. atm. The CO2, which is chiefly introduced as gas by downward diffusion from the soil zone, gives spring waters the capacity to hold about 3 times more hardness and alkalinity than streams in equilibrium with the atmosphere. However, all spring waters were undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite because of their short residence times as ground water. Dye tracing of ground‐water feeding springs in two drainage basins gave residence times of 2–6 days for subsurface flows of about 4,000 feet. The specific conductance and carbonate saturation data indicate that ground‐water residence times of the 29 spring waters average somewhat longer than 2–6 days.
Comments on Water Laws in Minnesota
Authors: Walton William C. , Haik Raymond A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA research project “Hydrologic and Other Aspects of Water Laws in Minnesota,” was conducted by the authors during the period July 1, 1967 through June 30, 1969 (see Walton and others, 1968, and Haik and others, 1969). The project was supported by funds provided by the U. S. Department of the Interior as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964 (Public Law 88–379).The project was concerned with: a compilation and analysis of the numerous codified and uncodified legislative laws, major court decisions, federal legislation, and ordinances of villages and cities bearing on water and related land resources in Minnesota. This paper briefly summarizes, without citation, the results of the research and presents the authors' views on the following subjects: state water resources administration, water policies as expressed in Minnesota's laws, problems associated with differing scientific and legal classifications of water, conflicting objectives of major resource agencies, provincialism and precedent in court decisions, insecurity of existing water rights, the adequacy of current legislation regulating water permits, the adequacy of the existing riparian doctrine of water rights, conflicts of federal‐state jurisdiction, and constraints on development and management of water and related land resources in Minnesota.
Ground‐Water Velocity Partition
Authors: Dunn Darrel E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe true velocity, V, of ground water at a point in the ground‐water system may be expressed as the sum of a number of partial velocities labeled V1, V2, V3, et cetera. Each partial velocity may be denned as a velocity which results from the presence of certain features of the configuration of the water table. Partial velocities may be used to facilitate the discussion of ground‐water flow systems and associated phenomena.