bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Performance Review of 14 Horizontal Wells in Baronia Field After 12 Years of Production
Authors: Jadid Maharon , Mustapah Mohd Fahmi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As a production optimization strategy in a brown field, horizontal wells were introduced in the Baronia Field some 22 years after the first production in 1972. With the help of a reservoir simulation model, the performances of typical horizontal wells were simulated to justify drilling of 14 horizontal wells in the infill drilling campaign of 1994. The simulation results indicated a substantial increase in the recovery factor with horizontal wells compared to conventional wells due to delays in gas or water breakthrough. In addition, with the better drainage coverage, less wells were needed to drain the stratified reservoirs. During these early days various types of horizontal completions were introduced to compare the effectiveness of the various well constructions.
This paper presents a review on the actual performance of the 14 horizontal wells in Baronia based on the past 12 years of production history. This review is highly desirable and timely, firstly in verifying the initial reservoir simulation results in order to improve and optimize on the horizontal well technology applications in future wells. The second objective is to determine the productivity and efficiency of different types of horizontal well completions that were applied in Baronia i.e. cased hole and perforated, open hole with pre-perforated liner and open hole with pre-packed screen.
As expected, the performance review indicated that horizontal well performance is much more superior than the performance of the normal conventional deviated well. It is also clearly shown that of the different horizontal well completion types, the open hole completion with pre-perforated liner or pre-packed screen yeilds a better productivity compared to cased and perforated completion. In addition, the horizontal borehole size (i.e. the size of the liner) has an impact on the productivity. The results confirmed that the biggest liner size i.e. 7 inch or 7-1/2 inch liner gave the best productivity.
The results of this review including the various advancements in the horizontal well technology will be adapted as a general reference for the future horizontal well construction and application in PETRONAS Carigali fields.
PIMS (SDIP)—Safe Driving Integrated Process: An Integral Vision To Solve an Old Problem
Authors: Martín Carlos M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Description
Serious consequences of failures that occur while driving vehicles having to do with our industry are widely known. Movement of equipment has a more than considerable specific weight within the set of operations.
This work aims to show the importance of an integrated vision of the problem in search of its solution, as well as attainable improvements through this one in Journey Management and Driving.

Application
Because it has been detected that faults in driving oil industry vehicles are mainly associated with risky behavior or driver's decision errors, BJ has been forced to reorientate its programs: we have stopped talking about defensive driving and management tools, to start talking about a Safe Driving Integrated Process, composed by key elements related to each other. If any of these elements is weak, the process itself is bound to fail.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Experience demonstrates that application of isolated specific management tools implemented up to now, has not given the expected results.
After 2 years of the implementation of the Safe Driving Integrated Process, key indicators trend shows improvement: lower incident frequency and severity.
The elements that compose the system are: A defined Driving and Journey Management Policy: it establishes the suitable frame of leadership, from which the whole process management is developed.Knowledge: a driver applying safe driving techniques to develop his abilities, without solid knowledge, is not possible.Verification of skills and abilities: fundamental part for the process assurance.Journey Management: it aims to obtain that a driver knows how to identify and to control the hazards and risks associated to a trip - including himself and his equipment- but mainly to make him realize how to make the proper decision. It includes the emergency response actions.Monitoring and follow up of behavior: to allow preventive and corrective actions to be taken so as to align the driving process to the behavior based safety program.

Significance of Subject Matter
The effective and successful application of this process results in having less fatalities, personal injuries and property damage in our industry and areas of influence.
Improved Frac and Pack Job Design and Execution in Baram Field—A Case History
Authors: Arfie Mezlul , Jadid Maharon , Samsudin Norsamsuriya , Azer Alfred , Ali Razien 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Baram Delta Field is a mature hydrocarbon-producing field in east Malaysia. The reservoirs are predominantly friable and unconsolidated. Downhole sand-exclusion systems are required to help ensure prolonged well productivity.
Historically, most wells were completed with internal gravel packs (IGP) and high-rate water packs (HRWP) with good success rates. However, there were concerns of inconsistent final completion skins that could result in wells not producing to full potential.
In an effort to improve and optimize sand-control techniques, the frac-pack technique was introduced to achieve not only sand exclusion but also provide additional reservoir stimulation.
This paper describes the transition of an idea from sand control only to optimizing production through reservoir stimulation. A reservoir selection process for applicable frac-pack treatments is also reviewed.
Because this technique was relatively new to this field, fracture design analysis was thoroughly reviewed before the actual application in an effort to ensure maximum benefit from the treatment.
This paper is intended to systematically translate and interpret the field data acquired, with the aim of improving the quality of the job, the fluid design, and pumping diagnostic stage to achieve TSO (tip screenout) fracs.
It is expected that variability in skin after frac-pack treatments can be minimized and the best productivity can be achieved by having an optimized fluid design along with standardized pumping diagnostic and TSO design technique.
The well performance from these frac-pack wells was also evaluated to quantify the benefit of these improved techniques.
Cement Design To Optimize Production in a Highly Active Waterdrive Reservoir
Authors: Capacho Carlos , Baquero Felipe , Ravi Kris , Vela Jose 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the improvement in well production from using advanced well-construction techniques compared to conventional techniques. The advanced technique uses an engineering approach including finite element analysis (FEA), specialized erodability testing, rock mechanics lab testing, and conformance reservoir simulation predictions.
In a highly permeable and very mobile water-drive environment where natural hydraulic seal is practically non-existent, an effective cement sheath imposes a very good mechanical seal to shut the water influx. In this case, the cement sheath is not only a well-construction or pipe-stability issue, it is a final or well-termination product for enhancing well life or last-recovery production. The FEA analysis studies the mechanical interaction among the formation, cement sheath, and casing while applying different stresses on the system. Pressure and temperature changes inside the casing during the life of the well affect the behavior from the cement sheath. To address the performance from the cement system design, the well history for water production requires review. Production and simulated data from reservoir simulators are compared to determine if water production is as expected or not. Conformance reservoir simulators give a good comprehensive criterion to predict water behavior in the reservoir and predict at earlier stages when water will affect well productivity.
In the study presented in this paper, three advanced solutions were applied to address an optimization in a highly active water-drive reservoir as: (1) spacer efficiency study, (2) cement-sheath characterization through measured mechanical properties/FEA analysis, and (3) use of conformance simulators to determine the productive capacity of the well. Results are compared with the real production data to determine whether this engineering design improved well productivity.
Results of using all new practices were evaluated by CBL logs and production; production results were close to the expected, with low water cut. Yuralpa Field can become uneconomical if cement sheath quality and reservoir standoff to oil-water contact are not suitable.
Production Data Analysis of CBM Wells
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Jordan C. L. , Gierhart R. R. , Seidle J. P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecent advances in production data analysis (PDA) techniques have greatly assisted engineers in extracting meaningful reservoir and stimulation information from well production and flowing pressure data. Application of these techniques to coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs requires that the unique coal storage and transport properties be accounted for. In recent work, the authors and others have demonstrated how new techniques such as the flowing material balance (FMB) and production type-curves may be adapted to account for CBM storage mechanisms (i.e. adsorption), but to date the focus has been on relatively simple CBM reservoir behavior. Although adaptations of PDA to include more complex CBM reservoir characteristics were introduced, the focus of the current work is advancement of modern PDA techniques to incorporate reservoir behavior such as single-phase flow of water in undersaturated reservoirs, two-phase (gas+water) flow in saturated reservoirs, effective permeability changes during depletion, and changing gas composition due to relative adsorption. Specifically, the FMB technique is modified in this work to include several complex CBM reservoir characteristics. FMB can be a powerful diagnostic technique when relative and absolute permeability changes are apparent during depletion. Several synthetic and field examples are given to demonstrate how FMB, type-curve analysis and analytical simulation can be used in parallel to provide a particularly useful data analysis tool.The adapted PDA techniques used in this work make use of the pseudotime and pseudopressure concepts, modified to account for CBM reservoir behavior, to linearize the (constant-rate) diffusivity equation for CBM. Material balance pseudotime was used to account for variable operating conditions. These techniques were used successfully to extract quantitative reservoir information from single- and two-phase CBM simulated and field production and pressure data. The techniques for two-phase CBM require further evaluation, however.Several key assumptions were used in deriving the PDA techniques including (but not limited to) instantaneous desorption (small sorption times) and single-layer behavior. Although the former is not considered a serious limitation, as most commercial reservoirs analyzed to date by the authors have exhibited single-porosity behavior during production, the latter may be quite important for some producing fields. PDA of multi-layered CBM reservoirs will be discussed at length in a future paper.
The Frade Development Asset: How Robust Project Management Drove the Asset From Economically Marginal to One Company's Cornerstone Development Project in Brazil
Authors: Bergeron J. M. , Parvez N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Frade project is Chevron's recently announced (June, 2006) deepwater heavy-oil sanctioned development project requiring a capital investment of approximately $2.5B. The development project is located in the northern Campos Basin juxtaposed to Petrobras's Albacore Leste and Roncador developments. First oil for Frade is scheduled for Q1 2009. Frade, being a deep water heavy oil development project, has historically been both technically and economically challenged. The inherent subsurface and surface complexities alone might have shelved the development of this asset – particularly in the early evaluation period. Moreover, the fiscal and political landscape in Brazil has proven to be less than predictable further providing additional obstacles to project success.
After merging with Texaco in 2001, Chevron realized that a different approach would be required to assess the true value of the Frade asset, and initiated a systematic and standardized asset valuation process for Frade as part of its worldwide portfolio management exercise.
This paper will review the manner in which the development concept evolved from full-field platform to phased subsea as a consequence of employing tried and true business and technical processes that integrate G&G, reservoir engineering, drilling, decision analyses, and surface facilities. In particular, we will address one of the principle elements of Chevron's asset evaluation process - the Peer Assist - as it was employed at Frade along with resulting workplan and results.
The paper is a case history describing the progression of the Frade project from a marginally economic asset to the foundation of Chevron's deepwater Brazil portfolio. The focus of the paper will describe the approach used by the Frade Project Team to facilitate better decision making at critical stages of project development. Key elements of the approach involve: A multidisciplinary collocated team to ensure cross functional alignmentPeer Assist engagement meetings that involve cross-functional technical staff to review project uncertainty and recommend workplans to address these uncertaintiesIncorporating uncertainty in asset evaluation and development cost modeling/probabilistic analysis so as to ensure acceptable project economicsApplication of probabilistic Decision AnalysisA structured Decision Process involving cross-functional business and technical teams
Finally, we will show how robust Front End Loading (FEL) is critical to drive high quality investment decisions – specifically in marginally economic projects similar to Frade.
Beyond the Frac: Using the Fracture Process as the Delivery System for Production Chemicals Designed to Perform for Prolonged Periods of Time
Authors: Szymczak Steve , Brock Gene , Brown J. Mike , Daulton Dan , Ward Brian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is a well-accepted practice to add production chemicals to a formation through a squeeze process. These are designed to place chemical in the near well area and treat the fluid for scale, paraffin, salt, etc. Now, frac-fluid approved chemicals are added to the fracture in order to place products deeper in the formation. In addition, concentrated solid versions of some chemicals have been formulated to provide prolonged treatment. This paper deals with the application of three production chemicals through the fracture fluid process. These chemicals were used to address the problems of scale deposition, bacteria-related corrosion and oxygen induced corrosion.
Fracture fluids are complex blends of chemicals designed to perform specific purposes in a specific order during the fracturing process. The addition of non-frac chemicals adds another level of complexity to the formulation and compatibility processes. Thus, it was necessary to limit the scope of production chemical choices and to seek out the most robust products.
To date the following types of production chemicals have been added to a variety of fracture fluids: scale inhibitors, salt inhibitors, oxygen scavengers, biocides, asphaltene dispersants and relative permeability modifiers. Gas hydrate inhibitors and paraffin inhibitors, although not yet applied, have been tested and approved for compatibility. In the future the authors hope to report on the outcome of fracturing and chemical programs that addressed the problems that required the use of these chemistries.
The significance of this new area of chemical application falls into two levels. For a land or shallow water well where intervention costs are a major issue then the choice to add production chemicals to the fracture depends on the severity of expected treatment problems, the remoteness of the well and other operational and economic drivers. However, in the case of a deep-water well the application of key production chemicals applied during the initial stimulation could make the difference between a highly profitable well and a well that sees a production decline and requires an expensive intervention.
Effect of the Elastic Constants on the Pressure Behavior of Vertical Wells
Authors: Escobar Freddy Humberto , Munoz Oscar Armando , Brinez Diego Fernando , Guzman Julio Cesar , Cantillo Jose Humberto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Everyday, it is more frequent and common to adequately know the dynamical behavior of stress and strain sensitive formations and to improve their geomechanical characterization, as well. For this purpose, a coupled simulator of fluid flow and rock deformation was used in this study to investigate the impact of the elastic constants of the rocks during a well pressure test. The results were compared with those obtained for a reservoir with average properties in which the geomechanical effects were neglected.
The numerical experiments were focused on simulating drawdown tests for four different scenarios as follows: a standard case without geomechanical effects, two cases with isotropic initial state of stress and two cases with anisotropic stress. For interpretation and comparison purposes, we utilized the TDS technique to determine the reservoir parameters of the simulated pressure data. The results allow us to visualize that Young's modulus causes a pronounced effect on the pressure test during pseudosteady-state flow which leads to a wrong estimation of reservoir drainage area; a range of values were established above which its variation does not cause important effects. On the other hand, it was found that variations of Poisson's ratio are not significant since they fit in a small range of the values customary reported in the literature.
Polymer Flooding: A Sustainable Enhanced Oil Recovery in the Current Scenario
Authors: da Silva Ivonete P. Gonzalez , de Melo Maria Aparecida , Luvizotto Jose Marcelo , Lucas Elizabete F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a simplified economical analysis of PETROBRAS’ experience with the pilot project for polymer mobility control in the Carmópolis field, and an evaluation of the world and Brazilian current scenario of this technology.
The positive results of this pilot and the new world scenario of the oil industry, shown here, assure great potential of this technology, especially in a time marked by a rising oil prices and growing environmental and social conscience.
The pilot project was aimed firstly to evaluate the fit of the polymer technology to Carmopólis field, considering the particular characteristics of the field regarding rock heterogeneities, oil type, water salinity, temperature, pressure, etc. A second goal was to obtain know-how in all the project phases like lab tests, design and operation in field scale and, finally, technical and economical analysis as a function of the additional oil recovered and the direct investment. This economic analysis is a starting point for more comprehensive economical evaluations.
This economic evaluation closed the sequence and will be important to the possible future unfolds. This evaluation was done with a special criteria because of the operational typical difficulties of this kind of project. All the investment is justified by the fact of polymer injection to be, according the literature, the easiest application and one of the lowest cost of the incremental oil and besides, the onshore experience is the first step for the future offshore field application.
This experience demonstrated that the injection process of polymer for mobility control is efficient even for heterogeneous reservoirs as Carmópolis field, and still, in a sustainable way, in other words, with increase of the oil production and reduction of the use of the water and consequentially of the water produced, and of the costs and of the environmental problems associated to this water, in agreement with the new world partner-environmental conscience.
Novel Technology Replaces Perforating and Improves Efficiency During Multiple Layer Fracturing Operations
Authors: Rytlewski G. , Lima J. , Dolan B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new method of completing multiple layer wells has been successfully tested in the Piceance basin for Petrogulf Corporation. This new method placed sliding sleeve valves in the casing string and completed the well with normal cementing operations. The sliding sleeves were opened one at a time to fracture layers independently without perforating.
The valves have a unique design feature which allows an unlimited number of valves to be placed in a single well without incremental reductions to the ID, thus allowing normal cementing operations. A control line is connected to sequential valves. When the bottom valve opens, the control line becomes pressurized and transfers this pressure to a piston in the valve immediately above. This piston squeezes a C-ring and makes the ID smaller. At the end of the fracture treatment to the lower valve, a dart is dropped during the flushing operation. This dart lands on the C-ring and seals the bore inside the sliding sleeve. Pressure is then increased until the next valve is pumped open. When this valve opens, the next control line is pressurized, squeezing the next C-ring.
The main feasibility issue with this cemented sliding sleeve concept was the possibility of high fracture initiation pressure through the cement and into the formation without perforated holes. Significant laboratory testing was conducted that predicted fracture initiation pressure to be near openhole fracture initiation pressure. To confirm the laboratory testing, Petrogulf agreed to place two of these casing valves in a well in the Piceance basin to measure the fracture initiation pressure and test the functionality of the valves.