bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani) in pigeonpea cultivars and in wild relatives of Cajanus*
Authors: SHARMA S B , REMANANDAN P , JAIN K C 
Published: February 2008

Summary Heterodera cajani is an important nematode pest of pigeonpea in India. Evaluation of 58 pigeonpea cultivars and 61 accessions of Cajanus acutifolius, C. cajanifolius, C. grandifolius, C. lanceolatus, C. lineatus, C. mollis, C. pla‐tycarpus, C. reticulatus, C. scarabaeoides, C. sericeus, C. volubilis, Flemingia macrophylla, F. stricta, F. strobilifera, Rhynchosia aurea, R. bracteata, R. cana, R. densiflora, R. minima, R. rothii, R. suaveolens and R. sublobata revealed that the tested pigeonpea cultivars lacked resistance to H. cajani. Eight accessions of wild relatives were resistant and 20 accessions were moderately resistant. Based on the white cyst number on roots and low plant‐to‐plant variation, two accessions of C. scarabaeoides (ICPWs 111 and 128), three accessions of Flemingia spp. (ICPWs 194, 202 and 203), and one accession each of R. rothii (ICPW 257), R. densiflora (ICPW 224), and R. aurea (ICPW 210) were identified as resistant and promising for use in intergeneric hybridisation programmes.
Comparison of swathing and desiccation of borage (Borago officinalis) and estimation of optimum harvest stage
Authors: SIMPSON M J A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn trials of borage (Borago officinalis L.) between 1988 and 1991, swathing resulted in substantially higher yields than desiccation with diquat or glyphosate. Earlier harvest resulted in slightly lower seed oil content. Optimum swathing stage for uniform crops was estimated as that in which youngest flowers on apical cymes with shed or mature seed were the first to the third from the cyme base (i.e. stage 5,1 to 5,3). In crops with low plant population density, in which production of lowest branches is not suppressed, assessment of swathing stage is likely to be difficult and may require sampling from lower cymes.
Fruit abscission and ethylene production of four blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.)
Authors: BURDON J N , SEXTON R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn all cultivars the force required to harvest fruit declined during ripening. The fruit retention strength (FRS) of ripe fruit varied between cultivars with ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Chehalem’ being easier to remove than ‘Bedford Giant’ or ‘Oregon Thornless’. The cultivars ‘Ashton Cross’ and ‘Oregon Thornless’ showed no increase in ethylene production during fruit ripening whereas ‘Bedford Giant’ and ‘Chehalem’ had increased rates of ethylene production (EPR) in the ripe fruit. Exogenous ethylene accelerated abscission, ethylene production and pigment changes in ‘Ashton Cross’ fruit at all stages of development. 1‐amino‐cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) supplied to fruit at all stages of development was converted to ethylene at levels in excess of those found naturally. The differences between cultivars are discussed with reference to the role of ethylene in both machine harvesting and post‐harvest storage of blackberry fruit.
Resistance to six viruses in the legume goat's rue {Galega orientalis Lam.)
Authors: VALKONEN JARI P T 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPlants from 2nd to 6th year leys of the legume goat's rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) were tested for infection with bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), bean common mosaic (BCMV), alfalfa mosaic (AMV), broad bean stain (BBSV), red clover mottle (RCMV) and cucumber mosaic (CMV) viruses by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electron microscopy, and by sap‐inoculation to various test plant species. No virus infections were observed in goat's rue in the field. Glasshouse‐grown seedlings of goat's rue were inoculated with the above viruses. No virus was detected in the inoculated plants. The results suggest that goat's rue is extremely resistant to the above six viruses which are important in other forage legumes.
Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) isolates in different farmland habitats in western France and south‐west England
Authors: HENRY M , GEORGE S , ARNOLD G M , DEDRYVER C A , KENDALL D A , ROBERT Y , SMITH B D 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe incidence and distribution of the three principal isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (PAV, RPV and MAV) are described in winter cereal crops, cereal (stubble) regrowth and grasses from 11 sites in western France and south‐west England during 1987 and 1988. Isolates were identified by indirect ‘sandwich’ ELISA using the monoclonal antibodies MAC91, MAC92 and MAFF2. More virus infection occurred in all localities and in most of the plant communities sampled, with the exception of perennial grass leys, in 1987 than in 1988. All three isolates were widespread. MAV was associated more with sites further north and PAV more with those further south. The geographical distribution of RPV was less variable. Underlying these trends, the relative abundance of isolates differed considerably between habitats. RPV always predominated in perennial grass leys and MAV in most cereal crops, although in the latter MAV was less prevalent in 1987 than in 1988. The greatest regional difference was found in stubble regrowth where PAV predominated in France but MAV predominated in England. Grasses from field margins (only sampled in England) were mainly infected by MAV and RPV. The implications of these findings for the epidemiology of BYDV are discussed, especially the roles of different host plant communities or habitats in the annual infection cycle of small‐grain cereals.
Inheritance and genetic linkage of fusarium wilt {Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum race 1) and scab {Cladosporium cucumerinum) resistance genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: VAKALOUNAKIS D J 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe inheritance of resistance of the cucumber cv. SMR 18 to the race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, the linkage relationship between resistance to race 1 of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, resistance to Cladosporium cucumerinum and fruit spine colour, and the reactions of several cucumber cultivars to inoculations with race 1 of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum and C. cucumerinum were examined. The inbred line Straight 8 (P,), which has white fruit spines and is susceptible to both fusarium wilt and scab was crossed with the inbred line SMR 18 (P2), which has black fruit spines and resistance to both diseases. When F, F2, F3, BC1P1 BC1P2 and BC1P1 selfed progenies were inoculated at the cotyledon stage with a suspension of spores of race 1 of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, the ratios of resistant to susceptible plants indicated that resistance was conferred by a single dominant gene, designated Fcu‐1. When 171 BC^! plants were selfed and from each resulting F2 family different groups of 15–25 seedlings each were tested for resistance to either disease, segregation data indicated that the Fcu‐1 locus and the Ccu locus for C. cucumerinum resistance were completely linked. No evidence for linkage was found between the Fcu‐1 (Ccu) locus and the B locus for fruit spine colour. Among the 59 cultivars tested at the seedling stage, 15 were susceptible, while the remainder were highly resistant to inoculations with both pathogens.
Inter‐plot competition in yield trials of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) with single‐drill plots
Authors: CONNOLLY T , CURRIE I D , BRADSHAW J E , McNICOL J W 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to assess the significance of inter‐plot competition in a yield trial of potato cultivars. Seventeen cultivars were deliberately chosen and assessed for yield in single‐drill and four‐drill plots. Inter‐plot competition for fresh‐weight yield was a significant factor in the single‐drill plots. It was modelled using a common competition coefficient with a covariate based on neighbour fresh‐weight yields. In contrast, there was no statistically significant inter‐plot competition for specific gravity. After adjustment for inter‐plot competition, varietal ranking in estimated monoculture yield differed little from that based on unadjusted means. However, there was a reduction in the range of yield estimates, and a closer agreement with the observed pure‐stand yields from the inner two drills of the four‐drill plots. The adjustment for monoculture performance was most pronounced for the higher and lower yielding varieties, as expected from the assumption that the performance of high yielding varieties was enhanced in a competitive environment at the expense of low yielding ones.A general and flexible method of estimating competition coefficients in variety trials, together with a suitable algorithm, was developed and is explained in an appendix. It was used to check for inter‐plot competition in a number of potato trials with single‐drill plots and a large number of entries. Competition was found in some trials but not in others. Thus, where potato tubers are grown in single‐drill plots for assessment of fresh‐weight yield, adjustment should be made for inter‐plot competition when evidence of inter‐drill competition is found.
Postharvest disease control in mangoes using high humidity hot air and fungicide treatments
Authors: COATES L M , JOHNSON G I , COOKE A W 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe disease control efficacy of quarantine heat treatments developed for fruit fly disinfestation in mangoes cv. Kensington Pride was evaluated in this study. Heat was applied using high humidity (>95% r.h.) hot air (HHHA) at temperatures ranging from 47–49°C.Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was well controlled in mangoes heated to a core temperature of 46°C, 47°C or 48°C for 24, 10 or 8 min respectively, prior to ripening at 23°C for 16 days. Stem end rot, caused by Dothiorella dominicana and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was not satisfactorily controlled by these treatments.In a subsequent experiment, fruit were immersed in a hot benomyl (0.5 g a.i. litre“1 at 52°C for 5 min) or unheated prochloraz (0.25 ml a.i. litre1 at 28°C for 30 s) dip before or after the application of HHHA (core temperature of 47°C for 10 min). During storage at 23°C for 15 days, the incidence of stem end rot was reduced by HHHA alone, although immersion in hot benomyl either before or after HHHA treatment greatly improved stem end rot control.HHHA treatment (core temperature of 46.5°C for 10 min) alone reduced the incidence of anthracnose in mangoes stored at 13°C for 14 days prior to ripening at 22°C, although a combination treatment consisting of HHHA and either hot benomyl or unheated prochloraz gave complete control of anthracnose under these storage conditions. HHHA treatment alone gave no control of stem end rot in mangoes stored at 13°C prior to ripening at 22°C. A supplementary hot benomyl treatment was required for acceptable control of this disease in cool‐stored mangoes. The development of yellow skin colour in fruit was accelerated by HHHA treatment.
The effects of crop development upon slug distribution and control by Abax parallelepipedus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: SYMONDSON W O C 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe polyphagous carabid beetle Abax parallelepipedus has been shown to be capable of controlling slugs within a lettuce crop in previous studies. This report describes experiments undertaken in plots within a polythene tunnel. Field slugs, Deroceras reticulatum, were introduced to plots containing either large or small lettuce plants, at 30 slugs per plot. The plots were further subdivided into those with or without six beetle predators. Slug numbers were assessed after two weeks, and were found to be affected by plant size, both with and without the presence of predators. These two factors had an additive effect, with both small plant size and the presence of beetles causing significant reductions in slug numbers. Plots with beetles contained either males or females, and females were shown to be significantly better at reducing slug numbers than males, particularly within plots of small plants. The four principal treatments (combinations of two plant sizes and the presence/absence of beetles) generated four distinct patterns of slug distribution within the plots. The potential of the residual slug populations to inflict further damage was measured in a subsequent crop of seedling lettuces. It appeared that the beetles were generally incapable of capturing slugs within large lettuce plants, but were effective predators at soil level. Possible reasons for the survival of fewer slugs in plots with small plants, both with and without the presence of predators, are discussed.
The effect of weeds on the numbers of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults and the distribution and composition of their eggs in winter wheat
Authors: COWGILL S. E. , WRATTEN S. D. , SOTHERTON N. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe abundance and species composition of syrphid adults in herbicide‐treated and untreated headlands was recorded in a replicated within‐field experiment conducted over a two‐year period. The highest numbers of the most abundant syrphid species, Episyrphus balteatus, were recorded in the untreated headland strips. Analysis of the behaviour of the adult flies showed that they were retained in the untreated strips because they were foraging on the flowering non‐crop plants.The distribution of syrphid eggs between herbicide treated and untreated headland replicates was examined. A significant positive relationship between the numbers of eggs per aphid and weed density was detected during June in the second year of the study. This is in part attributed to the tendency of Melanostoma females to oviposit on non‐crop plants.The implications of the implementation of a modified herbicide regime in the headlands of cereal fields for the biological control of cereal aphids by syrphid larvae is discussed.
Fungus gnats vector Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicislycopersici1
Authors: GILLESPIE D. R. , MENZIES J. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFungus gnat adults transported Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐lycopersici from Petri dish culture and infected host plants to the roots and hypocotyls of healthy tomato and bean plants. The source of the fungus did not affect the ability of fungus gnats to transport the fungus to healthy hosts. The presence of fungus gnat larvae in media in which young tomato plants were grown did not increase the incidence of plant infection by the pathogen. Fungus gnat adults appear to aid in the dissemination of F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐lycopersici.
Components of partial resistance of barley to Rhynchosporium secalis: use of seedling tests to predict field resistance
Authors: KARI ANDREAS G. , GRIFFITHS ELLIS 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYComponents of partial resistance [disease incidence (DI), infection frequency (IF), latent period (LP), spores per lesion (SPL)] were assessed on glasshouse‐grown barley seedlings following inoculation with spore suspensions of Rhynchosporium secalis at growth stage 12 (Zadoks, Chang & Konzak, 1974). Four experiments were carried out at different times during 1988. Three spring barley cultivars [two from Cyprus (cvs Kantara and Athenais) and one from the UK (cv. Triumph)] were used in the first three experiments. In the fourth experiment eight additional UK cultivars with NIAB resistance ratings ranging from 3 to 9 were used. Two races of R. secalis were used in the first three experiments and three in the fourth.The three cultivars, Kantara, Athenais and Triumph, were examined in all four experiments and significant differences detected for virtually all components of partial resistance in each. Differences, however, were often small and ranking of cultivars varied in different experiments. The greater susceptibility of cv. Kantara compared to cv. Athenais, observed under field conditions in Cyprus, would not be anticipated from the small differences in components of partial resistance observed in these experiments, but, for these cultivars, the possibility of a marked genotype x environment interaction cannot be discounted.Mean values for the components of partial resistance differed in the four experiments. LP was correlated with mean glasshouse temperature from inoculation to the onset of sporulation but differences in IF and SPL were not correlated with temperature. For these components, light quality and/or duration appeared to be more important.Overall, there were no differences between races but significant race X cultivar interactions were observed in two experiments.In the fourth experiment, examining 11 cultivars, there were significant differences between cultivars for all components of partial resistance. IF and LP were correlated but neither of these components was correlated with SPL indicating independent control of this latter component. Both IF and LP were correlated with field performance (NIAB ratings) but there was no correlation with SPL. However, combining IF with mean values of SPL restricted to the 5 days following the end of the LP, produced the best correlation (r= 0.92) with NIAB ratings.Problems of assessing components of partial resistance and possible means of improving assessments are discussed.
Phytophthora cryptogea root rot of tomato in rockwool nutrient culture:
Authors: KENNEDY R. , PEGG G. F. , WELHAM S. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of root temperature on growth and yield of rockwool‐grown tomato plants infected with Phytophthora cryptogea was investigated. Measurements of shoot and root growth were taken at high (25oC) and low (15oC) root temperatures during the generative phase of growth. The growth of roots of healthy and P. cryptogea‐infected tomato plants in rockwool blocks was higher in plants grown with roots at 25oC than at 15oC after 60 days and a similar effect was found in slabs after 98 days. Under sub‐optimal conditions for growth the disease became severe when root temperatures were low. Growth of roots was greatest when roots were maintained at a high temperature in combination with an ambient air temperature of c. 15oC and the response was greater in cv. Counter than cvs Calypso and Marathon. Water‐soluble carbohydrates of roots were higher in those produced in blocks than slabs and were reduced by infection compared to healthy plants with roots at 15oC and 25oC. Reduced transpiration rates were found 17 days after inoculation in symptomless plants grown at a root temperature of 25oC. Infection, regardless of the temperature of the roots or cultivar, led to reduced stem growth. The plants grown at 25oC were taller than those with a root temperature of 15oC. After 9 wk of harvest, the cumulative fruit yields in infected cvs Counter and Calypso grown at 25oC were comparable to that in healthy plants grown at either temperature and cumulative fruit numbers followed a similar pattern. High root temperatures led to delayed fruit ripening between weeks 3–10 and a larger number of unripe fruit. The weight of unripe fruit from infected plants grown at 25oC at the terminal harvest was higher than from healthy plants with roots maintained at 15oC.
Attachment of the Flavescence doree pathogen (MLO) to leafhopper vectors and other insects
Authors: LEFOL C. , CAUDWELL A. , LHERMINIER J. , LARRUE J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFlavescence doree (FD) is an important yellows disease of grapevine, caused by mycoplasma‐like‐organism (MLO) and is transmitted in the field by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball. It can be transmitted in the laboratory between Vicia faba test plants by the leafhopper, Euscelidius variegatus Kbm. A technique to identify a specific attachment system between the MLO and the leafhopper vectors was developed. In this method, called “Double Dot”, extracts of macerated healthy whole insects or organs applied to a support membrane or cryosections of healthy whole leafhoppers, are incubated with a MLO‐enriched extract from FD‐infected V. faba or FD‐infected E. variegatus. Attached MLO cells were identified by immunolabelling using FD‐MLO specific monoclonal antibodies. Attachment of MLO cells was obtained on extracts of healthy S. titanus and E. variegatus and on tissues such as salivary glands, hemolymph and alimentary tract. On cryosections, MLO attachment was obtained on acini IV and V of the salivary glands and on some acini III, on the ventriculus of the alimentary tract, and on the abdomen fat bodies. “Double dot” experiments were done using other insect species, and MLO cells attachment was obtained on most MLO‐vector insects but also on insects from a few non‐vector species.
The effect of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida on in vitro root growth of potato genotypes, differing in tolerance
Authors: ARNTZEN F K , VISSER J H M , HOOGENDOORN J 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRoots of eighteen potato genotypes, differing in tolerance of G. pallida, were grown from tuberpieces on agar in Petri dishes. Juveniles of G. pallida were inoculated directly onto root tips. Root length was measured at various times after inoculation. Inoculation reduced root growth within one day. At later stages, genotypes differed strongly in growth of inoculated roots. Between four and seven days after inoculation, growth of inoculated roots was not significantly correlated with growth of untreated roots, and was only poorly correlated with tolerance assessed in the greenhouse or in the field. However, multiple regression analysis revealed that the tolerance of the tested genotypes was associated with both the rate at which they induced hatching and the growth of roots after inoculation. The combination of these two variables accounted for high percentages explained variance.
Leaf surface wetness in sorghum and resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata: role of soil and plant water potentials
Authors: SOMAN P , NWANZE K F , LARYEA K B , BUTLER D R , REDDY Y V R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn experiments with potted plants, the relationships between soil matric potential, plant water potential and production of water droplets (leaf surface wetness) on the folded central whorl leaf of seedlings of sorghum genotypes that are either resistant or susceptible to shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) damage were investigated. Differences in soil matric potentials in the pots affected the plant water status, which in turn had profound effects on the production of water droplets on the central whorl leaf of the sorghum genotype susceptible to shoot fly. There was no consistent variation in the relationship between plant water potential and soil matric potential of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes. However, there was very little or practically no water droplets on the central whorl leaf of the resistant genotypes, indicating that the production of water droplets is not solely the result of internal water status of the plant. It is suggested that leaf surface wetness is genetically controlled and that an understanding of the mechanism by which water is transferred to the leaf surface will enhance breeding for resistance to shoot fly.
Genotype X environment interaction and simultaneous selection for high yield and stability in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: DASHIELL K E , ARIYO O J , OJO K 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEighteen genotypes of soybean were grown in five locations in Nigeria. The heritability estimates for seed yield were generally low, ranging from 22.6% to 45.3%. Joint regression analysis indicated the presence of genotype x environment, although a large proportion was non‐linear. The genotypes responded differently to environments, highlighting the possibility of breeding for specific environments.The correlation of regression coefficients with mean yield indicated that high yielding genotypes were responsive to changing environments. The simultaneous selection parameters Pi, S3 and rank‐sums gave somewhat similar results but Pi produced higher yielding genotypes than others. The correlation between Pi and rank‐sum indicated that either of the techniques could be employed during selection.