bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalized Andes? Livelihoods, Landscapes and Development
Authors: Bebbington Anthony 
Published: August 2007

Contemporary globalization in the Andes challenges the sustainability and quality of rural livelihoods. However, it is also the case that rural people have often addressed these destructive dimensions of economic globalization through a progressively deeper engagement in other types of globalized relationship. They have done this by organizing, through engagements with networks linking them to international actors, and through participation in new product and labor markets. While such global entanglements do not guarantee local development and empowerment, they offer one of the few ways to confront the demise of rural localities. This paper discusses such sets of globalized relationships in four localities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the emergence and activities of local organizations and social movements have been affected by the nature of their relationships with wider transnational development networks, and the constraints and possibilities that come with these relationships. The cases demonstrate how forms of global entanglement vary greatly across sites, and so suggest that the effects of globalization on livelihoods and landscapes are not easy to judge normatively or ex ante. Instead they imply that rather than speaking of globalization generically, it is important to consider the types and sequences of globalized relationships in which people and places have been enmeshed. This suggests the need for historically situated studies of ‘glocalization’ in order to understand both the actual processes of livelihood change under conditions of globalization, and the conditions under which more sustainable and locally governed rural livelihoods and landscapes might be built.
`The Awful Shock and Rage of Battle': Rethinking the Meaning and Consequences of Combat in the American Civil War
Authors: Dean Eric T. 
Published: August 2007

Dominated by the New Social History, recent scholarship of the American Civil War has tended to focus on internal social tensions and struggles in the North or South in which the common person (usually defined as women and minorities) is portrayed not as victim or pawn, but as autonomous agent and heroic master of her own fate, engaging in perpetual conflict with social and political elites, usually defined as white males. Where Clausewitz saw war as the continuation of politics by other means, Civil War historians have, in the past several decades, tended to view the Civil War as the continuation of social discourse by other means - leading to the liberation of women and the self-liberation of African Americans. By superimposing such a self-serving agenda, however, this scholarship tends to overlook and minimize the stark brutality of battle, and its effect on soldiers and their families. In rediscovering Clausewitz's maxim that war is ultimately about violence and battle, we should seek to explore the terror, grief, loss and struggle to readjust which soldiers and their families experienced. We should attempt therein to understand what these people's trials, disappointments and triumphs were, and what this may teach us about war.
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients: retrospective survey of an institutional standard
Authors: Jouveshomme S. , Bohn I. , Cazaban A. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and implementation of a diagnostic strategy in hospitalised patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE).A diagnostic strategy was established and implemented in a general hospital. A retrospective cohort study, including 400 consecutive in-patients, was performed in order to assess the appropriateness of the diagnostic management and the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolic events (VTE) during follow-up.PE was confirmed in 116 (29%) patients. The incremental value of adding compression ultrasonography (CUS) to multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for the diagnosis of PE was 8.6%. PE was appropriately excluded in 169 (42%) patients due to a normal lung scan (n = 34), a negative MDCT providing an alternative diagnosis (n = 94), and a negative MDCT and CUS (n = 41). During follow-up, VTE occurred in 3.5% patients. The almost unique cause of inappropriate management was the absence of further work-up after a MDCT-negative result for PE providing no alternative diagnosis (n = 115). Inappropriate management was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk of VTE (7.2%).A frontline diagnostic work-up based on pulmonary multidetector-row computed tomography associated with a compression ultrasonography of the leg veins is effective and more sensitive than pulmonary multidetector-row computed tomography alone in ruling out pulmonary embolism.
p21 is decreased in polycystic kidney disease and leads to increased epithelial cell cycle progression: roscovitine augments p21 levels
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Schutzer William E , Lindsley Jessie N , Bagby Susan P , Oyama Terry T , Anderson Sharon , Weiss Robert H 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease with few treatment options other than renal replacement therapy. p21, a cyclin kinase inhibitor which has pleiotropic effects on the cell cycle, in many cases acts to suppress cell cycle progression and to prevent apoptosis. Because defects in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells occur in PKD, and in light of earlier reports that polycystin-1 upregulates p21 and that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine arrests progression in a mouse model, we asked whether (1) p21 deficiency might underlie ADPKD and (2) the mechanism of the salutary roscovitine effect on PKD involves p21.

Methods
p21 levels in human and animal tissue samples as well as cell lines were examined by immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemisty. Apoptosis was assessed by PARP cleavage. p21 expression was attenuated in a renal tubular epithelial cell line by antisense methods, and proliferation in response to p21 attenuation and to roscovitine was assessed by the MTT assay.

Results
We show that p21 is decreased in human as well as a non-transgenic rat model of ADPKD. In addition, hepatocyte growth factor, which induces transition from a cystic to a tubular phenotype, increases p21 levels. Furthermore, attenuation of p21 results in augmentation of cell cycle transit in vitro. Thus, levels of p21 are inversely correlated with renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation. Roscovitine, which has been shown to arrest progression in a murine model of PKD, increases p21 levels and decreases renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation, with no affect on apoptosis.

Conclusion
The novelty of our study is the demonstration in vivo in humans and rat models of a decrement of p21 in cystic kidneys as compared to non-cystic kidneys. Validation of a potential pathogenetic model of increased cyst formation due to enhanced epithelial proliferation and apoptosis mediated by p21 suggests a mechanism for the salutary effect of roscovitine in ADPKD and supports further investigation of p21 as a target for future therapy.
The construction of identity during group therapy among adults with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kovarsky Dana , Shaw Allan , Adingono-Smith Maureen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis investigation examined how the interpretive practices of a speech–language pathologist (SLP) contributed to the construction of identity among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during group therapy in a hospital setting. Six group therapy sessions were video-recorded and transcribed (yielding a total of 8,056 utterances). Attention was paid to patient expressions of identity and ability, the communicative functions of these expressions, and the manner in which these expressions were evaluated by the SLP. The SLP was also interviewed regarding the nature of therapy practice. Analysis revealed that the interpretive voice of the SLP dominated in ascribing a patient identity of self as damaged goods. Implications are discussed in terms of how the institutional setting, the perceived nature of TBI, the agenda of the SLP, and the interactional substrate combined to motivate such interpretive practices on the part of the SLP.
Site‐Selective Deposition of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films from Solutions Containing Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Lipowsky P. , Hoffmann R. C. , Welzel U. , Bill J. , Aldinger F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWhen soluble zinc salts are hydrolyzed in water, usually elongated micrometer‐sized zincite crystals are formed. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a methanolic solution is used as an agent to control the morphology of the deposition product. It prevents crystal growth and yields zinc oxide nanocrystals. Thin films consisting of zinc oxide nanocrystals are formed on self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of sulfonate‐terminated alkylsiloxanes. Patterned films are deposited after local decomposition of the SAM by UV irradiation. The films fabricated from methanolic solutions containing PVP are particularly smooth, uniform and stable. Their thickness is determined by the deposition time and the molar ratio [PVP]:[Zn2+], so that films of arbitrary thickness and nearly constant roughness can be obtained. The crystal grains are oriented preferentially with 〈001〉 direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. The films show ultraviolet, orange‐red and green‐yellow photoluminescence; the latter is quenched by heat treatment. Based on the obtained experimental results, a deposition mechanism is suggested.
Recent results from the English Heritage caesium magnetometer system in comparison with recent fluxgate gradiometers
Authors: Linford N. , Linford P. , Martin L. , Payne A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractResults are presented from a cart‐mounted caesium magnetometer system developed by English Heritage using an array of specially modified Scintrex SM4 sensors, to investigate the application of high sensitivity magnetic survey. The caesium data are compared with equivalent datasets collected with recently developed fluxgate instruments. The underlying instrument noise level for the magnetometer systems is considered together with attempts to quantify other sources of noise that potentially limit the ability to detect weak magnetic anomalies. Comparative case studies are presented from a number of English sites which demonstrate the equivalence of results that may be obtained, at similar sample densities, between caesium and fluxgate systems over well magnetized causative features. However, the caesium system exhibits a superior ability to detect very weak anomalies (≤ 0.1 nT) due to features buried beneath alluvium and has revealed additional archaeological information from small‐scale changes in magnetization within the plough soil that could not be distinguished from equivalent fluxgate data. © Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The excitatory thalamo‐“cortical” projection within the song control system of zebra finches is formed by calbindin‐expressing neurons
Authors: Pinaud Raphael , Saldanha Colin J. , Wynne Ryan D. , Lovell Peter V. , Mello Claudio V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe learning and production of vocalizations in songbirds are controlled by a system of interconnected brain nuclei organized into a direct vocal motor pathway and an anterior forebrain (pallium‐basal ganglia‐thalamo‐pallial) loop. Here we show that the thalamo‐pallial (“thalamo‐cortical”) projection (from the medial part of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium—DLM to LMAN) within the anterior forebrain loop is composed of cells positive for the calcium‐binding protein calbindin. We show that the vast majority of cells within DLM express calbindin, based both on immunocytochemistry (ICC) for calbindin protein and in situ hybridization for calb mRNA. Using a combination of tract‐tracing and ICC we show that the neurons that participate in the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection are calbindin‐positive. We also demonstrate that DLM is devoid of cells expressing mRNA for the GABAergic marker zGAD65. This observation confirms that the calbindin‐expressing cells in DLM are not GABAergic, in accordance with previous electrophysiological data indicating that the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection is excitatory. Furthermore, we use ICC to determine the trajectory of the fibers within the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection, and to demonstrate a sex difference in calbindin expression levels in the fibers of the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection. Our findings provide a clear‐cut neurochemical signature for a critical projection in the songbird vocal control pathways that enable song learning. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:601–618, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Shock Initiation Threshold of HNS as a Function of its Density
Authors: Clément Dominik , Rudolf Karl P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe shock initiation threshold of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) pellets with different densities has been investigated by performing small‐scale gap tests. As the sensitivity of HNS strongly depends on the density of the pellet, the density was varied in a range that the pellet material can be expected to be insensitive by means of no initiation at pressure loads of 2.6 GPa. In the case of HNS we observed that the material became insensitive at densities larger than 1.65 g cm−3. Further, we found that the pressure loads can be increased from 2.6 GPa to 3.29 GPa for densities increasing from ϱ=1.65 g cm−3 to ϱ=1.70 g cm−3 (98% TMD) without detonation of the HNS pellet.
Theoretical Investigation of Some High‐Performance Novel Amine Azide Propellants
Authors: Sengupta Debasis , Raman Sumathi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMonomethylhydrazine (MMH) is currently the most widely used hypergolic propellant, due to its high performance and low ignition delay. However, its toxicity is a major concern. The present work aims at developing high‐performance hypergolic fuels that are based on tertiary amine azide functionality. A number of potential amine azide candidates have been proposed, and some of their physical and chemical properties have been computed using state‐of‐the‐art molecular modeling techniques. Gas‐phase heats of formation have been calculated using the CBS‐QB3 method, and the first‐principle COSMO‐RS method has been used to compute heats of vaporization and vapor pressures. A density correlation, based on molecular‐volume calculation, has been established to predict the densities of the candidate molecules. Finally, the liquid‐phase heats of formation and densities have been used to predict the specific and density impulses of the proposed candidate molecules. The results show that many of the molecules proposed here have much higher density impulse than that of MMH, and may be considered for experimental studies.
Synthesis of Biodiesel from Canola Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst
Authors: D'Cruz Amanda , Kulkarni Mangesh G. , Meher Lekha Charan , Dalai Ajay K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted alkali earth oxides (CaO, BaO, MgO), as well as K2CO3 supported on alumina (Al2O3), were prepared and used as catalysts for transesterification of canola oil with methanol. Four catalysts such as K2CO3/Al2O3 and alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted BaO were effective for transesterification with >85 wt% of methyl esters. ICP‐MS analysis revealed that leaching of barium in ester phase was too high (~1,000 ppm) when BaO based catalysts were used. As barium is highly toxic, these catalysts were not used further for transesterification of canola oil. Optimization of reaction conditions such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil (6:1–12:1), reaction temperature (40–60 °C) and catalyst loading (1–3 wt%) was performed for most efficient and environmentally friendly K2CO3/Al2O3 catalyst to maximize ester yield using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM suggested that a molar ratio of alcohol to oil 11.48:1, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and catalyst loading 3.16 wt% were optimum for the production of ester from canola oil. The predicted value of ester yield was 96.3 wt% in 2 h, which was in agreement with the experimental results within 1.28%.
Cardiac Nurses' Views of Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Timmins Fiona 
Published: August 2007

Background: There is little information available on cardiovascular nurses' attitudes to continuing professional education. Anecdotally many nurses profess that they require additional study days to keep updated in practice; however these are not always available at local level. This survey aimed to capture the views of cardiovascular nurses with regard to their continuing education needs.Aims: This research aimed to identify cardiovascular nurses' views on continuing professional education.Methods: A 26-item questionnaire collected data from 195 cardiovascular nurses in the Republic of Ireland. Response rate was 52% ( n = 102).Results: Most nurses had attended an educational event in the last 3–6 months and national conferences and local initiatives provided most of these latter services. Most respondents received both funding and study leave to attend. Nurses preferred method of keeping up-to-date was by means of conference and study days, journal use was also frequent. A high level of access to electronic resources was reported. Midweek was the preferred time for continuing education to occur.Conclusions: The findings reveal a positive attitude to continuing professional education. They also support the endeavours of national professional organisations, such as INCA and highlight the important role that these organisations play in the provision of ongoing education to cardiovascular nurses.
Impact of indolent inflammation on neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in mice
Authors: Barks John D.E. , Liu Yi‐Qing , Shangguan Yu , Li Joyce , Pfau Jennifer , Silverstein Faye S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis report describes a new experimental model to evaluate the effect of a recurrent systemic inflammatory challenge, after cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia in immature mice, on the progression of brain injury. Treatment with a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (E. coli O55:B5, 0.2 mg/kg for 3 days, then 0.1 mg/kg for 2 days) daily for 5 days after unilateral cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia (right carotid ligation followed by 35 min in 10% O2) in 10‐day‐old mice resulted in increased right forebrain tissue damage (35.6% reduction in right hemisphere volume compared to 20.6% reduction in saline‐injected controls), in bilateral reductions in corpus callosum area (by 12%) and myelin basic protein immunostaining (by 19%), and in suppression of injury‐related right subventricular zone cellular proliferation. The post‐hypoxic‐ischemic lipopolysaccharide regimen that amplified brain injury was not associated with increased mortality, nor with changes in body temperature, weight gain or blood glucose concentrations. The results of the present study demonstrate that systemic inflammation influences the evolution of tissue injury after neonatal cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia and may also impair potential recovery mechanisms.
Topological Wiener–Wintner ergodic theorems via non-abelian Lie group extensions
Authors: SANTOS SARA I. , WALKDEN CHARLES 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe generalize a series of topological Wiener–Wintner ergodic theorems due to Walters to the context of group extensions of measure-preserving transformations where the group is a non-abelian compact Lie group. Applications to random ergodic theorems for a shift map are given.
Precise Similarity of Many Human Proteins to Proteins of Prokarya
Authors: Britten Roy 
Published: August 2007

Abstract	Proteins originated in early forms of life and have long survived, because they have always been required. Some recognizably similar proteins are found in all sequence comparisons between species, no matter how distant, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reported here are observations on the relationships of human proteins to the proteins of 458 prokaryotes for which protein libraries are available. Each of these libraries includes a protein that matches a human protein with a BLAST score of 573 or more, indicating excellent conservation of certain amino acid sequences. A majority of these proteins also match a yeast protein and other eukaryote proteins with comparable accuracy, indicating that protein conservation is responsible in most cases rather than the horizontal transfer (HGT) between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Rare examples of HGT are apparently also seen.	Very many significant matches are seen as the criterion is opened, including 20,596 human proteins that match at least one prokaryote protein with expectation of 10-3 or less. Individual prokaryote proteins accurately match parts of many modern human proteins that have a wide range of functions showing directly that many proteins of different functions have evolved from an ancestral protein by duplication, rearrangement and divergence of function. The implication is that most or all modern proteins derive from the proteins of the last common ancestor with prokaryotes through many such events.
Metastasis as a faulty recapitulation of ontogeny
Authors: Rapp Ulf 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRAF oncogenes are involved in a variety of phenotypic switch phenomena. If for example oncogenic RAF is expressed together with Myc in B lineage cells, a lineage switch to macrophages occurs at low frequency in vitro and in vivo. In addition, if RAF is expressed in type II alveolar epithelial cells slow growing lung adenomas are formed and a switch from columnar to cuboidal cells is detected in these mice upon p53 deletion. A similar switch is also seen, if ectopic Myc is present in our lung tumor mouse model. Moreover, in the liver of these mice with both oncogenes metastases are found. If E-cadherin function is impaired in our RAF-dependent lung tumor model, a switch from adenoma to adenocarcinoma occurs and genes characteristic for the early endodermal lineage are expressed. Based on these data I propose a novel model of metastasis and describe its implications. The hallmark of the model is the induction of a state of plasticity in tumor cells, which allows the reversal of differentiation to an earlier point in their ontogenic history.