bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Valuation of Collective Goods: Overlooked Input Market Free Riding for Non-Individually Incrementable Goods
Authors: Graves Philip E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For at least fifty years economists have argued that vertically-aggregated marginal willingness to pay, when set equal to marginal provision cost, will result in optimal public good provision levels. This methodological approach would be expected to yield an exact analog, in terms of optimal levels of public good provision, to efficient provision of private goods in a perfect market setting. There is, however, a potentially serious flaw in the approach as actually practiced, since initial incomes are implicitlyand wronglytaken to be optimal. From a given income, the output demand revelation problem has long been recognizedthat there will be difficulty inferring true demands for public goods at that income (the traditional `free rider' problem). But what has failed to receive widespread recognition among theoreticians, and especially among practitioners, is that there will also be a concomitant `input demand revelation' problem. In any situation where workers cannot individually increment a class of goods by increasing their income (e.g. public goods), they will have no incentive to generate the income that would have been devoted to that class of goods. They will only generate income that is optimal to pay the higher taxes or prices associated with whatever initial public goods levels are provided. As a consequence, the benefit-cost practitioner will, even if somehow able to accurately guess marginal willingness-to-pay out of current income, observe only one apparent optima. There are an infinite number of such optima, one for each level of free riding in input markets, where aggregated marginal willingness-to-pay will appear to equal marginal provision cost. The one true Samuelson `optimum optimorum' occurs when there is free riding in neither output nor input markets (that is, when the `full' demand revelation problem is solved). As a consequence, pure public goods, as well as other `non-incrementable' goods and goods for which non-use values are of importance will be undervalued, hence under-provided. Evidence is presented that the problem raised here might be of importance, undermining the practical significance of the Coase theorem vis-à-vis Pigouvian taxation.
Attitudes of Veterinary Faculty to the Assessment of Clinical Reasoning Using Extended Matching Questions
Authors: Tomlin Jane L. , Pead Matthew J. , May Stephen A. 
Published: February 2009

For assessment purposes, clinical expertise is often divided into three broad components: scientific and clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, and practical/technical skills. This structure can be used to define the tools used for assessment of clinical students. Knowledge can be assessed through a variety of written formats and skills through various practical assessments, including the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), but the assessment of clinical reasoning has proved to be far more challenging. A companion paper (Tomlin JL, Pead MJ, May SA. Veterinary students’ attitudes toward the assessment of clinical reasoning using extended matching questions. J Vet Med Educ 35:612–621, 2008) reports on the identification and implementation of a valid and reliable method to assess clinical reasoning using clinical-scenario-based extended matching questions (EMQs) in the final examinations at the Royal Veterinary College and looks at students’ response to the new examination format. Although EMQs were generally well accepted, many students were concerned about the implied encouragement of pattern recognition, a non-analytical form of clinical reasoning that results from recognition of familiar clinical situations. This paper addresses the attitudes of the teaching faculty to the EMQ format. The students’ concerns about promotion of pattern recognition, was also explored in more depth. Overall, faculty perceived EMQs as an appropriate way to test clinical reasoning and as relevant to the experience that students would have gained during their clinical rotations. However, faculty felt that EMQs were difficult to write and that poorly written questions tended to promote pattern recognition. Almost half reiterated the students’ concerns that pattern recognition may be an inappropriate reasoning strategy for undergraduates.
National trends in spinal arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Lad Shivanand P. , Santarelli Justin G. , Patil Chirag G. , Steinberg Gary K. , Boakye Maxwell 
Published: February 2009

Object
Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare and understudied vascular lesions that cause neurological insult by mass effect, venous obstruction, and vascular steal. These lesions are challenging entities to treat because of their complicated anatomy and physiology. Current management options include open microsurgery, endovascular embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery.

Methods
Our study used the National Inpatient Sample database to analyze outcome data for spinal AVMs treated nationwide over an 11-year period from 1995 through 2006. Trends in procedural management, hospital course, and epidemiology of spinal AVMs are investigated.

Results
Annually, an average of 300 patients presented with spinal AVMs requiring hospital treatment. The average length of hospital stay for this treatment has declined from more than 9 days in 1995 to 6 days in 2006. However, the average cost of a hospital stay has increased from < $30,000 to nearly $70,000. Whereas one-half of spinal AVMs were treated operatively in 1995, one-third were managed operatively in 2006.

Conclusions
Spinal AVMs are being increasingly treated by endovascular, radiosurgical, or combined means. A discussion of modern strategies to treat these disorders is presented.
Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular effects-a review
Authors: Hossain AKM Mosharraf , Pasha Mostofa Midhat 
Published: February 2009

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of sleep-disordered breathing, affecting 5-15% of the population. It is characterized by intermittent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep that disrupts normal ventilation and sleep architecture, and is typically associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and witnessed apneas. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea present risk to the general public safety by causing 8-fold increase in vehicle accidents, and they may themselves also suffer from the physiologic consequences of OSA; these include hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Of these possible cardiovascular consequences, the association between OSA and hypertension has been found to be the most convincing. Although the exact mechanism has not been understood, there is some evidence that OSA is associated with frequent apneas causing mechanical effects on intrathoracic pressure, cardiac function, and intermittent hypoxemia, which may in turn cause endothelial dysfunction and increase in sympathetic drive. Therapy with continuous positive airway pressure has been demonstrated to improve cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in patients with OSA and may reverse the endothelial cell dysfunction. Limited availability of diagnostic measures and unawareness of physicians, many patients with OSA remain undiagnosed. Awareness and timely initiation of an effective treatment may prevent potential deleterious cardiovascular effects of OSA. Key words: Obstructive Sleep apnea, Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Continuous positive airway pressure. Â doi:10.3329/uhj.v4i2.2075 University Heart Journal Vol. 4 No. 2 July 2008 p.41-45
Primary hyperaldosteronism- a resistant endocrine hypertension- A case report
Authors: Ahsan Syed Ali , Rahman Md Rubayat , Salman Mohammad , Haque Md Ashraful , Bari Ahmed Saiful , Sultan Md Ashraf Uddin 
Published: February 2009

Â A thirty years old lady presented with uncontrolled hypertension and dizziness during working for last 5 years. She had history of termination of pregnancy due to treatment-resistant hypertension. Even in the post-partum period her blood pressure remains uncontrolled with more than three antihypertensive drugs. Her serum K+ level was low and USG of KUB & adrenal glands showed slightly increased right renal cortical echotexture; CT scan of abdomen revealed right Adrenal adenoma. She underwent unilateral adrenalectomy. Now, she has no complaints and her blood pressure is normal without any antihypertensive drugs. There is no target organ damage. Key words: Primary hyperaldosteronism, unilateral adrenal adenoma, resistant endocrine hypertension Â doi:10.3329/uhj.v4i2.2077 University Heart Journal Vol. 4 No. 2 July 2008 p.49-50
The Importance of Medical and Nursing Sub-cultures in the Implementation of Clinical Information Systems
Authors: Braithwaite J. , Westbrook J. I. , Callen J. L. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Objective: To measure doctors’ and nurses’ perceptions of organisational culture and relate this to their attitudes to, and satisfaction with, a hospital-wide mandatory computerised provider order entry (CPOE) system in order to illuminate cultural compositions in CPOE use.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data were collected by administering an organisational culture survey (Organisational Culture Inventory, OCI) along with a user-satisfaction survey to a population of 103 doctors and nurses from two clinical units in an Australian metropolitan teaching hospital. Clinicians from the hospital had used the CPOE system since 1991 to order and view clinical laboratory and radiology tests electronically for all patients. The OCI provides a measure of culture in terms of three general styles which distinguish between: constructive; passive/defensive, and aggressive/defensive cultures. The cluster which best describes the overall culture is the one that has the highest percentile score when the percentile scores of the four cultural norms included in the cluster are averaged. The user satisfaction survey asked questions relating to satisfaction with, and attitudes to, the system.
Results: We found identifiable sub-cultures based on professional divisions where doctors perceived an aggressive-defensive culture (mean percentile score = 43.8) while nurses perceived a constructive culture (mean percentile score = 61.5). There were significant differences between doctors and nurses on three of the attitude variables with nurses expressing more positive views towards CPOE than doctors.
Conclusion: The manifestation of sub-cultures within hospitals and the impact this has on attitudes towards clinical information systems should be recognized and addressed when planning for system implementation. Identification and management of the cultural characteristics of different groups of health professionals may facilitate the successful implementation and use of clinical information systems.
Categorizing Communication Errors in Integrated Hospital Information Systems
Authors: Ammenwerth E. , Saboor S. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Objectives: Hospital information systems (HIS) are the hospital’s nervous system. The HIS are mostly grown over several years, dedicated to specific needs and comprise individual workarounds. Changes to such complex systems may cause a variety of different negative side-effects. In order to understand the nature of incorrect communication in integrated HIS, a concise structured categorization of common communication problems and their reasons is essential. The objective of this paper is to present such a categorization, its development and verification.
Methods: We used a combined approach for the development of the error categorization: We started with a qualitative content analysis on available literature in PubMed. In order to ensure the validity and completeness of the results, we chose the method of problem-centered expert interviews.
Results: The resulting categorization of communication problems is represented as a five-level hierarchy. It comprises 81 problems that are related to the electronic communication. Further, it contains in total 229 entries that are either the reasons of these problems or recommendation for avoiding the problems.
Conclusion: To our knowledge there is no similar summary that concisely summarizes common communication problems and also refers to their underlying reasons. Equivalent content is mostly published in experience reports that just concentrate on single aspects. We used the details of such references in order to compile our categorization – it thus can be regarded as an intersection of relevant experiences. The categorization can raise a basic awareness on potential problems and supports the understanding of the underlying reasons. An evaluation in a real environment must prove whether the content of the categorization is correct.
Evaluating the Impact of Hybrid Electronic-paper Environments Upon Novice Nurse Information Seeking
Authors: Lemieux-Charles L. , Nagle L. , Eysenbach G. , Borycki E. M. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hybrid environments (i.e. where part of the patient record is paper-based and part of it is electronic) upon aspects of novice nurse information seeking (i.e. amount of information accessed, choice of key information sources, type of information and use of information seeking tactics).
Methods: A within group, laboratory, experimental study was conducted using two simulated environments (i.e. a paper environment and a hybrid environment). Thirty-five novice nurses participated in the study.
Results: Findings revealed significant differences between the paper and hybrid environments in terms of their effects upon aspects of novice nurse information seeking. Subjects accessed: 1) less information in the hybrid environment than the paper environment, 2) more non-electronic sources of information were accessed by novice nurses in the hybrid environment, and 3) novice nurses used more passive information seeking tactics in the hybrid environment than the paper environment. Qualitative findings from the cued recall data revealed subjects experienced increased cognitive load in the hybrid environment.
Conclusions: Hybrid environments may affect aspects of novice nurse information seeking. Future research should explore the effects of hybrid environments upon the information seeking of other types of health professionals (e.g. physicians, physiotherapists) with differing levels of expertise (i.e. novice, intermediate and expert).
Library automation: strategies for library human resource management
Authors: Arachchi Theja Kuruppu , De Silva WRG 
Published: February 2009

This article examines the automation processes University libraries and the new managerial issues coming on in this technological era. A survey was used ascertain the library automation practices in University libraries and to determine important managerial functions for working with library staff. All the university libraries including faculty libraries were deemed as the study population. The results showed that library catalogue had been computerized in most of the University libraries (89.25%). Acquisition, circulation, serials controls, theses and dissertations processing, selective dissemination of information and interlibrary loans were identified as the processes that need improvements with new technology. The study further indicated that shared motivating vision, open communication, participative management, appropriate staffing and training were important strategies for working with library staff motivating them to provide efficient and effective service in the new technological environment. Keywords: Library automation, library management, change management, human resource management, university libraries doi: 10.4038/jula.v11i0.325 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 11) 2007 p.98-110
The Effect of the Superconducting Transition on Plastic Deformation of Ultrafine‐Grained Aluminum
Authors: Estrin Yuri , Fomenko Vera , Grigorova Tatyana , Isaev Nikolai , Pustovalov Vitaliy , Shumilin Sergiy , Janecek Milos 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the mechanical behavior of ultrafine‐ and coarse‐grained Al at a record low temperature of 0.52 K is presented. It is demonstrated that grain refinement by equal channel angular pressing leads to increased flow stress and to a change in the strain hardening behavior of Al at this temperature. Special emphasis is placed on the effect of the superconducting transition on the mechanical behavior in the different microstructural conditions. It is shown that the magnitude of the stress jump associated with the transition correlates with the strain hardening behavior which, in turn, is related to the microstructure of the material.
Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S‐transferases and cytochrome P450s, tobacco smoking, and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Kilfoy Briseis A. , Zheng Tongzhang , Lan Qing , Han Xuesong , Qin Qin , Rothman Nathaniel , Holford Theodore , Zhang Yawei 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe investigated variation in glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and smoking in a population‐based case‐control study of NHL including 1,115 women. Although risk of NHL was not altered by variant polymorphisms in GSTs or CYPs, it was significantly changed for DLBCL when considered in conjunction with smoking behavior, though only in nonsmokers. An increased risk of DLBCL in nonsmokers was associated with the variant G allele for GSTP1 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.3) and CYP1A1 (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.0–5.7), but a decreased risk for the variant G allele for CYP1B1 (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–1.0). Our results confer support investigation of the gene‐environment interaction in a larger study population of DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic Tracking of Molecular Transport Junctions Generated by Using Click Chemistry
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Braunschweig Adam B. , Wiester Michael J. , Yeganeh Sina , Ratner Mark A. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMit einem Klick die Lücke gefüllt: Mithilfe der Klick‐Chemie wird ein Moleküldraht, der eine durch „On‐Wire“‐Lithographie erzeugte Nanolücke überbrückt, in situ modular aufgebaut (siehe Bild). Der Draht entsteht in hoher Ausbeute, und es können unterschiedliche Moleküle getestet werden; die Triazolgruppe bleibt auch im Moleküldraht konjugiert. Der Aufbau des Drahtes wurde Raman‐spektroskopisch verfolgt.magnified image
High‐Resolution Structural Characterization of a Helical α/β‐Peptide Foldamer Bound to the Anti‐Apoptotic Protein Bcl‐xL
Authors: Lee Erinna F. , Sadowsky Jack D. , Smith Brian J. , Czabotar Peter E. , Peterson‐Kaufman Kimberly J. , Colman Peter M. , Gellman Samuel H. , Fairlie W. Douglas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGet into the groove: The first high‐resolution structure of a foldamer bound to a protein target is described (see picture; foldamer in sticks). The foldamer consists of α‐ and β‐amino acid residues and is bound to the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL. The overall binding mode and key interactions observed in the foldamer/Bcl‐xL complex mimic those seen in complexes of Bcl‐xL with natural α‐peptide ligands. Additional contacts in the foldamer/Bcl‐xL complex involving β‐amino acid residues appear to contribute to binding affinity.magnified image
Spectroscopic Tracking of Molecular Transport Junctions Generated by Using Click Chemistry
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Braunschweig Adam B. , Wiester Michael J. , Yeganeh Sina , Ratner Mark A. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractClick to fill the gap: The in situ modular fabrication of molecular transport junctions in nanogaps generated by on‐wire lithography is achieved by using click chemistry (see picture). The formation of molecular junctions proceeds in high yields and can be used to test different molecules; the triazole group also maintains conjugation in the molecular wires. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the molecular assembly processes.magnified image
Pharmacokinetics of pyrrole‐imidazole polyamides after intravenous administration in rat
Authors: Fukasawa Akiko , Aoyama Takahiko , Nagashima Takashi , Fukuda Noboru , Ueno Takahiro , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Nagase Hiroki , Matsumoto Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of pyrrole (Py)‐imidazole (Im) polyamides was studied in rats after the intravenous administration of these compounds. Py‐Im polyamide (A) was composed of Ac‐ImPyPy‐ImPyPy‐β‐Dp (β: β‐alanine, Dp: N,N‐dimethylaminopropylamide). Py‐Im polyamide (B) was composed of Ac‐PyIm‐β‐ImIm‐PyPy‐β‐PyPy‐β‐Dp. Py‐Im polyamide (C) was composed of Ac‐PyPy‐β‐PyImPy‐PyPyPy‐β‐ImPy‐β‐Dp. The molecular weight of Py‐Im polyamide (A) was 1035.12, that of Py‐Im polyamide (B) was 1422.51 and that of Py‐Im polyamide (C) was 1665.78. After the intravenous injection of Py‐Im polyamide (A) at 1.3, 2.0, 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg, Py‐Im polyamides (B) and (C) at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, the average systemic clearance and the volume of distribution at the steady state obtained by a non‐compartmental method were in the ranges of 4.6–6.4 ml/min/kg and 244–412 ml/kg, 8.9–10.3 ml/min/kg and 1990–4567 ml/kg, and 7.3–11.9 ml/min/kg and 407–667 ml/kg, respectively. Dose linearity of Py‐Im polyamides was observed. The plasma concentration‐time profiles after the intravenous administration of Py‐Im polyamides (A) and (B) were fitted well by a two‐compartment model. Py‐Im polyamide (C) was observed at high concentrations in the lungs. The plasma concentration‐time profiles after the intravenous administration of Py‐Im polyamide (C) were described using a catenary two‐compartment model. This model is useful for describing the time course after the administration of high‐molecular‐weight Py‐Im polyamides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotin
Authors: Zempleni Janos , Wijeratne Subhashinee S.K. , Hassan Yousef I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBiotin is a water‐soluble vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans. Biotin is also covalently attached to distinct lysine residues in histones, affecting chromatin structure and mediating gene regulation. This review describes mammalian biotin metabolism, biotin analysis, markers of biotin status, and biological functions of biotin. Proteins such as holocarboxylase synthetase, biotinidase, and the biotin transporters SMVT and MCT1 play crucial roles in biotin homeostasis, and these roles are reviewed here. Possible effects of inadequate biotin intake, drug interactions, and inborn errors of metabolism are discussed, including putative effects on birth defects. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.