bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous production of structured lipid containing γ‐linolenic and caprylic acids by immobilized Rhizopus delemar lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Suenaga Masaharu , Sugihara Akio , Nakai Seiichi , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProduction of a structured lipid containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) achieved by the continuous acidolysis of borage oil with caprylic acid (CA) using 1,3‐specific Rhizopus delemar lipase as a catalyst. The lipase immobilized on a ceramic carrier was activated by feeding the borage oil/CA (1:2, w/w) mixture saturated with water into a column packed with the enzyme. However, the generation of partial glycerides (20%) in the reaction mixture showed that hydrolysis occurred concomitantly with acidolysis. The concomitant hydrolysis was completely repressed by feeding the oil/CA substrate mixture without adding additional water. When the substrate mixture was fed at 30°C and a flow rate of 4.5 mL/h into a column packed with 8 g of the carrier with immobilized lipase, the content of CA incorporated in glycerides was 50 to 55 mol%. The acidolysis activity scarcely changed even though the substrate mixture was continuously fed for 60 d; then it gradually decreased. The CA content in glycerides was decreased to 73% of the initial value after 100 d, but returned to the initial level when the flow rate was reduced to 3.1 mL/h. Molecular distillation was employed to separate the transesterified oil from the reaction mixture. No glycerides were detected in the distillate, and the transesterified oil was recovered as the residue (acid value, 2.6). Regiospecific analysis of the transesterified oil showed that only fatty acids at the 1‐ and 3‐positions of borage oil were exchanged for CA. It was additionally found by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis that all the triglycerides contained one or two CA, and that the triglyceride with two GLA and one CA was also present, because the lipase acted on GLA very weakly.
Composition and thermal profile of crude palm oil and its products
Authors: Che Man Y. B. , Haryati T. , Ghazali H. M. , Asbi B. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas‐liquid chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine fatty acids and triglyceride (TG) compositions of crude palm oil (CPO), refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil, RBD palm olein, and RBD palm stearin, while their thermal profiles were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The HPLC chromatograms showed that the TG composition of CPO and RBD palm oil were quite similar. The results showed that CPO, RBD palm oil, RBD olein, and superolein consist mainly of monosaturated and disaturated TG while RBD palm stearin consists mainly of disaturated and trisaturated TG. In DSC cooling thermograms the peaks of triunsaturated, monosaturated and disaturated TG were found at the range of −48.62 to −60.36, −25.89 to −29.19, and −11.22 to −1.69°C, respectively, while trisaturated TG were found between 13.72 and 27.64°C. The heating thermograms of CPO indicated the presence of polymorphs β2′, α, β2′, and β1. The peak of CPO was found at 4.78°C. However, after refining, the peak shifted to 6.25°C and became smaller but more apparent as indicated by RBD palm oil thermograms. The heating and cooling thermograms of the RBD palm stearin were characterized by a sharp, high‐melting point (high‐T) peak temperature and a short and wide low‐melting point (low‐T) peak temperature, indicating the presence of occluded olein. However, for RBD palm olein, there was only an exothermic low‐T peak temperature. The DSC thermograms expressed the thermal behavior of various palm oil and its products quite well, and the profiles can be used as guidelines for fractionation of CPO or RBD palm oil.
New data on crustal sensitive zones and formation of precursors and postseismic responses to earthquakes
Authors: Kissin I.G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The paper summarizes twenty years of studies in crustal sensitive zones. Sensitive zones show prominent geophysical responses to stress and strain changes and high-amplitude and distant preseismic and postseismic effects. Four sensitive zones are known today in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, and northeastern China, which occur at junctions of large crustal blocks. High-amplitude and distant responses are due to deformation and high strain sensitivity of geophysical parameters along block boundaries. Data from sensitive zones are used to investigate earthquake-related effects as controlled by crustal heterogeneity and nonlinearity. These effects act also outside sensitive zones and should be taken into account when interpreting precursor signals. The knowledge of sensitive zones has important implications for active deformation along block boundaries.
Catagenesis of organic matter of oil source rocks in Upper Paleozoic coal formation of the Bohai Gulf basin (eastern China)
Authors: Rongxi Li , Youzhu Li , Yunwen Gao 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Bohai Gulf basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China. Its Carboniferous-Permian deposits are thick (on the average, ca. 600 m) and occur as deeply as 5000 m. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation formed in inshore plain swamps. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are fluorescent vitrinite, exinite, alginite, etc. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Permian Shanxi Formation were deposited in delta-alluvial plain. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbonaceous rocks of these formations are characterized by a high thermal maturity, with the vitrinite reflectance R0 &gt; 2.0%. The Bohai Gulf basin has been poorly explored so far, but it is highly promising for natural gas.
Does staff–patient agreement on needs for care predict a better mental health outcome? A 4-year follow-up in a community service
Authors: Lasalvia A. , Bonetto C. , Tansella M. , Stefani B. , Ruggeri M. 
Published: May 2007

BackgroundPatients treated in primary care settings report better mental outcomes when they agree with practitioners about the nature of their core presenting problems. However, no study has examined the impact of staff–patient agreement on treatment outcomes in specialist mental health services. We investigated whether a better staff–patient agreement on needs for care predicts more favourable outcome in patients receiving community-based psychiatric care.MethodA 3-month prevalence cohort of 188 patients with the full spectrum of psychiatric conditions was assessed at baseline and at 4 years using the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN), both staff (CAN-S) and patient versions (CAN-P), and a set of standardized outcome measures. Baseline staff–patient agreement on needs was included among predictors of outcome. Both clinician-rated (psychopathology, social disability, global functioning) and patient-rated (subjective quality of life and satisfaction with services) outcomes were considered.ResultsControlling for the effect of sociodemographics, service utilization and changes in clinical status, better staff–patient agreement makes a significant additional contribution in predicting treatment outcomes not only on patient-rated but also on clinician-rated measures.ConclusionsMental health care should be provided on the basis of a negotiation process involving both professionals and service users to ensure effective interventions; every effort should be made by services to implement strategies aiming to increase consensus between staff and patients.
Opa-typing can identify epidemiologically distinct subgroups within Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence type (NG-MAST) clusters
Authors: MORRIS A. K. , PALMER H. M. , YOUNG H. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYA collection of 106 Neisseria gonorrhoeae ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were typed using Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Opa-typing was performed on 74 isolates which had non-unique sequence types to determine if further discrimination could be achieved and if so whether this had any epidemiological basis. The 74 isolates were separated into 12 sequence types and 20 opa-types (OT). Seven opa-type clusters were congruent with the sequence types and five sequence types could be subdivided by opa-typing. These results demonstrate that opa-typing can add a further level of discrimination compared with NG-MAST. The surveillance data for isolates in the largest sequence type cluster (ST 147) indicated that two major subdivisions OT 1 and OT 2 differed epidemiologically by patients' sexual preference and geographical location. ST 147 is a common strain that has been isolated in several countries since 1999; our results suggest that it has diverged into at least two epidemiologically discrete forms.
Clustering microarray-derived gene lists through implicit literature relationships
Authors: Burkart Mark F. , Wren Jonathan D. , Herschkowitz Jason I. , Perou Charles M. , Garner Harold R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMotivation: Microarrays rapidly generate large quantities of gene expression information, but interpreting such data within a biological context is still relatively complex and laborious. New methods that can identify functionally related genes via shared literature concepts will be useful in addressing these needs.Results: We have developed a novel method that uses implicit literature relationships (concepts related via shared, intermediate concepts) to cluster related genes. Genes are evaluated for implicit connections within a network of biomedical objects (other genes, ontological concepts and diseases) that are connected via their co-occurrences in Medline titles and/or abstracts. On the basis of these implicit relationships, individual gene pairs are scored using a probability-based algorithm. Scores are generated for all pairwise combinations of genes, which are then clustered based on the scores. We applied this method to a test set composed of nine functional groups with known relationships. The method scored highly for all nine groups and significantly better than a benchmark co-occurrence-based method for six groups. We then applied this method to gene sets specific to two previously defined breast tumor subtypes. Analysis of the results recapitulated known biological relationships and identified novel pathway relationships unique to each tumor subtype. We demonstrate that this method provides a valuable new means of identifying and visualizing significantly related genes within gene lists via their implicit relationships in the literature.Contact: mark.burkart@utsouthwestern.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Occurrence of Rust Caused by Puccinia carthami on Snow Lotus in China
Authors: Zhao S. , Xie G.-L. , Li H. , Li C. 
Published: May 2007

Snow lotus (Saussurea involucrata (Kar. & Kir.) Sch. Bip.) is an economically important medicinal herb increasingly grown in China in recent years. In August 2005, a rust disease on snow lotus plants commercially grown was found in the Tianshan mountain area of Xinjiang at 2,100 m above sea level. Disease incidence was approximately 15% of the plants observed in a commercial field in 2006. At the initial stage, tiny (1 to 2 mm long), orange brown pustules are formed on leaves. Later in the season, pustules turned chestnut brown to form bigger rust patches. Severely attacked leaves may die prematurely. During the growing season, rust pustules broke open to release reddish brown spores that cause secondary infection. The infected snow lotus plants were sampled, and the urediniospores and teliospores were observed for identification with a light microscope (4). Urediniospores were globose or broadly ellipsoid, 22 to 28 × 22 to 25 μm; teliospores were slightly or not constricted at the septum, 31.5 to 41.5 × 21.5 to 26.5 μm, wall was sienna to fulvous, occasionally chestnut colored, and pedicels were basal or oblique, verrucose, hyaline, and fragile. The pathogenicity test of the fungus was done by burying five leaves bearing telia around the roots of healthy safflower seedlings grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions (25°C and 70% relative humidity) and healthy snow lotus seedlings grown under natural conditions with five replications. Symptoms were evaluated 60 days after inoculation. Similar rust symptoms were observed on both the snow lotus and safflower seedlings (1). The pycnidial and aecial stages of this autoecious rust were not observed in nature or the pathogenicity tests. The teliospores were reisolated and deposited at the Key Oasis Eco-Agriculture Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Xinjiang and the Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University. The causal organism of rust of snow lotus was identified as Puccinia carthami Corda on the basis of the morphology and pathogenicity test. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this rust on snow lotus (S. involucrata) (1–4). References: (1) W. L. Bruckart. Plant Dis. 83:181, 1999. (2) M. L. Deadman et al. Plant Dis. 89:208, 2005. (3) S. J. Kolte. Diseases of annual edible oilseeds crops. In: Rapeseed-Mustard and Sesame Diseases. Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1985. (4) G. F. Laundon. N. Z. J. Bot. 8:310, 1970.
Determination of metastasis‐associated proteins in non‐small cell lung cancer by comparative proteomic analysis
Authors: Tian Tian , Hao Jia , Xu Anjian , Hao Juanting , Luo Chonglin , Liu Chuanjun , Huang Lingyun , Xiao Xueyuan , He Dacheng 
Published: May 2007

The development of metastasis is the leading cause of death and an enormous therapeutic challenge in cases of non‐small cell lung cancer. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis process and to discover novel potential clinical markers for non‐small cell lung cancer, comparative proteomic analysis of two non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials, the non‐metastatic CL1‐0 and highly metastatic CL1‐5 cell lines, was carried out using two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty‐three differentially expressed proteins were identified unambiguously, among which 16 proteins were significantly upregulated and 17 proteins were downregulated in highly metastatic CL1‐5 cells compared with non‐metastatic CL1‐0 cells. Subsequently, 8 of 33 identified proteins were selected for further validation at the mRNA level using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and three identified proteins, S100A11, PGP 9.5 and HSP27, were confirmed by western blotting. The protein S100A11 displaying significant differential expression at both the protein and mRNA levels was further analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in 65 primary non‐small cell lung cancer tissues and 10 matched local positive lymph node specimens to explore its relationship with metastasis. The results indicated that the upregulation of S100A11 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer tissues was significantly associated with higher tumor–node–metastasis stage (P = 0.001) and positive lymph node status (P = 0.011), implying that S100A11 might be an important regulatory molecule in promoting invasion and metastasis of non‐small cell lung cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1265–1274)
An Audit of Cervical Cancer Deaths In Nottingham
Authors: WILSON S. H. , JOHNSON J. 
Published: May 2007

Death certificates were reviewed and 57 women were identified whose primary cause of death was cervical cancer. Their cervical smear records were reviewed from laboratory files. Only nine had participated in the cervical cancer screening programme before the diagnosis of cervical cancer was made. One woman had an abnormal smear as a result of cervical screening but failed to attend for follow‐up.The problem of false negative smears is also addressed and the value of review of negative smears for the purposes of cytology audit is emphasized.
Shelter availability affects behaviour, size‐dependent and mean growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon
Authors: FINSTAD A. G. , EINUM S. , FORSETH T. , UGEDAL O. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Anthropogenic disturbances of the physical habitat and corresponding effects on fish performance are key issues in stream conservation and restoration. Reduced habitat complexity because of increased sediment loadings and canalization is of particular importance, but it is not clear to what extent fish populations are influenced directly by changes in the physical environment, or indirectly through changes in the biotic environment affecting the food availability.2. Here, we test for the direct effect of habitat complexity on the performance (growth) of juvenile Atlantic salmon by manipulating shelter availability (interstitial spaces in the substrate) across 20 semi‐natural stream channels without altering the substrate composition, and stocking each channel with a common density of fish. A simple method for measuring salmonid shelters using flexible PVC tubes was developed and tested. Daytime sheltering behaviour and growth rates were compared across the channels differing in shelter availability.3. Measured shelter availability was strongly negatively correlated with observed number of fish not finding shelters and mass loss rates of the fish (growth performance) increased with decreasing number of measured shelters. Number and mean depth of interstitial spaces explained up to 68% and 24% of the among‐channel variation in sheltering behaviour and growth performance, respectively. Furthermore, negative effects of shelter reduction increased with fish body size. Thus, changes in habitat structure may even influence the size selection gradients.4. Shelter availability is an easily measured variable, possibly affecting the population demographics and long‐term evolutionary processes, and is therefore a key habitat factor to be considered in stream restoration and habitat classification.
Responses of taxonomic distinctness and species diversity indices to anthropogenic impacts and natural environmental gradients in stream macroinvertebrates
Authors: HEINO JANI , MYKRÄ HEIKKI , HÄMÄLÄINEN HEIKKI , AROVIITA JUKKA , MUOTKA TIMO 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Many studies have shown traditional species diversity indices to perform poorly in discriminating anthropogenic influences on biodiversity. By contrast, in marine systems, taxonomic distinctness indices that take into account the taxonomic relatedness of species have been shown to discriminate anthropogenic effects. However, few studies have examined the performance of taxonomic distinctness indices in freshwater systems.2. We studied the performance of four species diversity indices and four taxonomic distinctness indices for detecting anthropogenic effects on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages. Further, we examined the effects of catchment type and area, as well as two variables (pH and total phosphorus) potentially describing anthropogenic perturbation on biodiversity.3. We found no indications of degraded biodiversity at the putatively disturbed sites. However, species density, rarefied species richness, Shannon's diversity and taxonomic diversity showed higher index values in streams draining mineral as opposed to peatland catchments.4. Of the major environmental gradients analysed, biodiversity indices showed the strongest relationships with catchment area, lending further support to the importance of stream size for macroinvertebrate biodiversity. Some of the indices also showed weak linear and quadratic relationships to pH and total phosphorus, and residuals from the biodiversity index‐catchment area regressions (i.e. area effect standardized) were more weakly related to pH and total phosphorus than the original index values.5. There are a number of reasons why the biodiversity indices did not respond to anthropogenic perturbation. First, some natural environmental gradients may mask the effects of perturbation on biodiversity. Secondly, perturbations of riverine ecosystems in our study area may not be strong enough to cause drastic changes in biodiversity. Thirdly, multiple anthropogenic stressors may either increase or decrease biodiversity, and thus the coarse division of sites into reference and altered streams may be an oversimplification.6. Although neither species diversity nor taxonomic distinctness indices revealed anthropogenic degradation of macroinvertebrate assemblages in this study, the traditional species diversity and taxonomic distinctness indices were very weakly correlated. Therefore, we urge that biodiversity assessment and conservation planning should utilize a number of different indices, as they may provide complementary information about biotic assemblages.
A functionally divergent hydrogenosomal peptidase with protomitochondrial ancestry
Authors: Brown Mark T. , Goldstone Heather M. H. , Bastida‐Corcuera Felix , Delgadillo‐Correa Maria G. , McArthur Andrew G. , Johnson Patricia J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMatrix proteins of mitochondria, hydrogenosomes and mitosomes are typically targeted and translocated into their respective organelles using N‐terminal presequences that are subsequently cleaved by a peptidase. Here we characterize a ∼47 kDa metallopeptidase, from the hydrogenosome‐bearing, unicellular eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis, that contains the active site motif (HXXEHX76E) characteristic of the β subunit of the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) and localizes to hydrogenosomes. The purified recombinant protein, named hydrogenosomal processing peptidase (HPP), is capable of cleaving a hydrogenosomal presequence in vitro, in contrast to MPP which requires both an α and β subunit for activity. T. vaginalis HPP forms an ∼100 kDa homodimer in vitro and also exists in an ∼100 kDa complex in vivo. Our phylogenetic analyses support a common origin for HPP and βMPP and demonstrate that gene duplication gave rise to αMPP and βMPP before the divergence of T. vaginalis and mitochondria‐bearing lineages. These data, together with published analyses of MPPs and putative mitosomal processing peptidases, lead us to propose that the length of targeting presequences and the subunit composition of organellar processing peptidases evolved in concert. Specifically, longer mitochondrial presequences may have evolved to require an α/β heterodimer for accurate cleavage, while shorter hydrogenosomal and mitosomal presequences did not.
Molecular genetic analysis of purine nucleobase transport in Leishmania major
Authors: Ortiz Diana , Sanchez Marco A. , Pierce Steven , Herrmann Timo , Kimblin Nicola , Archie Bouwer H. G. , Landfear Scott M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary Leishmania major and all other parasitic protozoa are unable to synthesize purines de novo and are therefore reliant upon uptake of preformed purines from their hosts via nucleobase and nucleoside transporters. L. major expresses two nucleobase permeases, NT3 that is a high affinity transporter for purine nucleobases and NT4 that is a low affinity transporter for adenine. nt3(–/–) null mutant promastigotes were unable to replicate in medium containing 10 μM hypoxanthine, guanine, or xanthine and replicated slowly in 10 μM adenine due to residual low affinity uptake of that purine. The NT3 transporter mediated the uptake of the anti‐leishmanial drug allopurinol, and the nt3(–/–) mutants were resistant to killing by this drug. Expression of the NT3 permease was profoundly downregulated at the protein but not the mRNA level in stationary phase compared with logarithmic phase promastigotes. The nt4(–/–) null mutant was quantitatively impaired in survival within murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Extensive efforts to generate an nt3(–/–)/nt4(–/–) dual null mutant were not successful, suggesting that one of the two nucleobase permeases must be retained for robust growth of the parasite. The phenotypes of these null mutants underscore the importance of purine nucleobase transporters in the Leishmania life cycle and pharmacology.