bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Erythroedema Polyneuritis (Pink Disease)
Authors: Ratcliffe T. A. 
Published: August 2008

Although Selter (1) appears to have described examples of this disease in 1903, it was not given its present name, nor was it generally recognized, until 1914, when Swift (2) in Australia described fourteen cases of a clinical disease entity and gave it the name of “erythroedema.”Since then a number of other cases and series of cases have been described and much work has been done in investigating its possible pathology and aetiology.Byfield (1920) (3), Parkes Weber, Thursfield and Patterson (1922) (4), Findlay and Stern (1929) (5), and Wylie and Stern (1931) (6) have contributed papers in the English language.In 1923 Patterson and Greenfield (10) published a review of the disease and discussed in particular the pathology and causation of its polyneuritic aspect.A description of the disease is to be found in most works on paediatrics, in particular those of Findlay (7) and Hutchinson (8), whilst Still (9) gives a series of 17 cases observed by him. A further description is given by Brain (12), whilst Rocaz (11) has published a monograph summarizing our knowledge of the disease. Reference to this and further literature will be made later in this paper as various points are discussed.In the present investigation 15 cases of pink disease are considered. Of these 7 were obtained from the records of cases admitted to the Sheffield Children's Hospital in the two years 1931 and 1932. One was personally seen by the writer at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, in 1933, and 7 more have been personally investigated in the Sheffield Children's Hospital between October, 1933, and March 1, 1935. In addition many of the old cases have been seen and followed up in the Out-Patient Department by the writer. Some other investigations which bear upon the subject are also described.
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna: Its Relationship to Cerebral Atrophy
Authors: Stewart R. M. 
Published: August 2008

In not a few of the recorded cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna there has been observed some degree of cortical atrophy, chiefly affecting the frontal poles, and its occurrence raises the question of its possible relationship to the osseous change.Three alternatives may be entertained: (1) Brain atrophy is caused by the encroachment and pressure of the hyperostotic area on the surface of the brain; (2) brain atrophy is primary, the shrinkage of the frontal convolutions in some way exciting a compensatory bony overgrowth ; (3) the two processes, osseous and neural, are entirely independent of each other.
The Investigation of Personality in Patients Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Hutton E. L. 
Published: August 2008

I have been fortunate in having the opportunity of studying several of the 15 patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy in connection with the Burden Neurological Institute. I do not propose to discuss the clinical results; it is much too early as yet for any authoritative opinion to be given, and a brief review of the literature and of the early results of the first 8 cases in this series was recently published in the Lancet. It may be mentioned, however, that the results are such as to justify the cautious adoption of this operation for therapeutic purposes. Although obviously any procedure of this kind is only justifiable on therapeutic grounds, its value for psychological medicine is far more than the mere addition of another effective therapeutic method, since for the first time in history an opportunity has been presented for the study of changes in personality produced by a relatively standardized local lesion of the brain, enabling us to investigate as never before the role of the frontal lobe in normal and abnormal mental states. This investigation involves the study and correlation of both neurological and psychological data, and encounters all the difficulties inherent in such correlation.I am only too well aware of the extremely hypothetical nature of much that follows, and of the crying need for experimental evidence to confirm or refute the view here propounded, but I believe that our knowledge of mental disorders would be immeasurably advanced could we but discover the rationale underlying our present empirical methods of therapy.
Serum Choline Esterase and Depression
Authors: Richter Derek , Lee Margaret 
Published: August 2008

While investigating the serum choline esterase activity in anxiety states, a series of successive new admissions to the Neurological Section of the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital were tested with a view to obtaining further information as to the types of cases giving abnormally high or low esterase activities.Sera giving abnormally high esterase activity were generally found to come from patients who had been diagnosed on admission as anxiety states, but an exception was noted particularly in the case of one patient (P. M—) with the very high esterase activity of 169. This patient was described on admission as “always emotional; he feels like weeping when the National Anthem is sung; not afraid of dangers.” He complained of uncontrollable weeping in company and he had considered suicide. Both from our own observation and from that of others it appeared that he was not a particularly anxious person, but he was extremely depressed. This observation raised the question of whether anxiety is the only emotional condition in which the serum esterase activity is raised or whether it may not also be raised in severe depression.It appeared that information on this point might be obtained by analysing the data which had accumulated in testing the new admissions, which consisted of a varied collection of patients suffering from anxiety states, depressive states, hysteria and other neurological and mixed conditions. The possibility of subsequent analytical treatment was not considered at the time when the data were collected and the diagnoses were made by more than 12 different physicians who were known to differ to some extent in their diagnostic criteria. For this reason it was hardly expected that the results would be extremely clear-cut, but in actual fact the analysis brought out surprisingly clearly the differences in serum choline esterase activity in different types of neurotics. The diagnoses were made without a previous knowledge of the esterase activities and were therefore unbiased in this respect; we are indebted to the physicians for their permission to make use of them.Methods.—The method of estimating the serum choline esterase was the same as was described in the preceding paper (Richter and Lee, 1942), except that venous blood from the arm was used instead of capillary blood. In some of the estimations acetylcholine bromide was used instead of the chloride. The bromide ion caused a slight inhibition of the enzyme which was corrected by multiplying by the factor 1·06, which was determined empirically by carrying out estimations on the same sample of serum with the chloride and bromide at the same time. The control group consisted of the 12 normal and 12 surgical patients described in the preceding paper; the mean serum esterase activity for the 24 controls was 75 units. The various esterases occurring in blood have been described by Richter and Croft (1942).
Invalidism from the Army Due to Mental Disabilities. The Aetiological Significance of Military Conditions
Authors: Tredgold R. F. 
Published: August 2008

The question of invalidism from the Army appears to be inextricably bound up with the rather larger problem of the needs of the Army, with which, therefore, at the risk of seeming obvious, I shall try to deal very shortly.If one may judge from the opinions of General de Gaulle, adopted largely in the training of Panzer divisions, this war differs from the last in the importance, firstly, of smaller bodies of picked men, and secondly of the continuance of production behind the lines. Thus it would now seem better to train as warriors a smaller number of eminently suitable men, while leaving others to fill those jobs of any essential kind to which they are best fitted.
Hamlet's “Madness”
Authors: Davie T. M. 
Published: August 2008

Drs. Stern and Whiles, in an interesting and provocative article in the January issue (1), claim to have solved the problem of Hamlet on the assumption that Hamlet suffered from the Ganser state occurring during the course of another psychosis. By this theory they hope to reconcile the seemingly contradictory views that Hamlet was insane, and that he was pretending to be so. He was both, they say, and the latter because of his being in the Ganser state.The authors claim to have examined the problem from a strictly psychiatric viewpoint; but it must be remembered that such a viewpoint is necessarily subject to many limitations, inasmuch as there exists no parallel to Hamlet in actuality. One has constantly to bear in mind that Hamlet is not an historical personage, but a character in a play, and that our task is not to explain some Hamlet of our own, but Shakespeare's Hamlet; and in consequence our theories must not only be psychologically acceptable, but must conform with the text of the play which, after all, is the final arbiter. With this in mind, a psychiatric study of Hamlet may be of great value, but it need not and perhaps cannot be expected to “explain” Hamlet.
Use of a Modified Takata Reaction in the Examination of the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Certain Psychoses
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H. 
Published: August 2008

The Takata reaction has hitherto been mainly applied as a serum protein test and has been claimed useful in the diagnosis of liver disease.It has been modified and applied to the cerebrospinal fluid (Takata-Ara (1)). Preliminary investigators found positive results in syphilis of the central nervous system, and it was thought to be a characteristic of this condition. Subsequent workers, however, found that organic conditions other than neuro-syphilis produced similar positive reactions, with the result that the test fell somewhat into disrepute. Now, however, it seems to be established that the test is indicative of a change in the albumin-globulin (euglobulin) ratios in the cerebrospinal fluid. This condition is mainly found in syphilis of the central nervous system, but occurs, of course, in other conditions affecting the central nervous system, especially where degenerative processes are involved.
Report on One Hundred Female Patients Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Parker C. S. 
Published: August 2008

This report concerns 100 patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy. The technique employed has followed that of Freeman and Watts.In the case of the 47 manic-depressive patients treated the prognosis without operation was considered very poor. The majority (34/44) had failed to respond to electric convulsive therapy, which was contra-indicated in the remainder by reason of physical health. Seven out of these 47 cases had been in hospital under two years, but there was a history of many years' poor social adaptation or recurrent mental illness. The average duration of illness in the recovered cases of this manic-depressive group was 31 months. That of the failures 45 months.
Laughter in Epilepsy, with Some General Introductory Notes
Authors: Roubíček Jiří. 
Published: August 2008

Laughter, known to mankind as a physiological response to happy and comical events in general, is one of the most inviting guides through human life, but sometimes it may point to various morbid states of mind.Physiological laughter has been studied by numerous psychologists and philosophers, the pathological part of the subject and compulsive laughter by many physicians, both clinicians and anatomists. Reading through the accessible part of the extensive literature on laughter one realizes that much has not yet been quite elucidated. In recent years we have had an opportunity of following a few most interesting cases of pathological laughter. This essay has been devoted to a review of the psychological, clinical and anatomical studies, and to an analysis of our five cases and their relation to epilepsy.
Fear Factors in Flying Personnel
Authors: Falla W. A. S. 
Published: August 2008

Section I.—Introduction.Interest in the psychological concomitants of flying was greatly stimulated by the outbreak of war in 1939. The rapid increase in size of the Royal Air Force and the ever-increasing “airmindedness” of the general public led to a far wider realization of the growing importance of this comparatively new field of enquiry.
The Twenty-First Maudsley Lecture: Nosophobia
Authors: Ryle John A. 
Published: August 2008

“Fear is more pain than is the pain it fears.”Sir Philip Sidney.In the opening chapter of his Body and Mind (1873) the physician and philosopher whom these lectures commemorate wisely insists that our inquiries into human faculties should begin with the elementary and proceed only later to the elucidation of the complex. “Surely,” he says, “it is time that we put seriously to ourselves the question whether the inductive method, which has proved its worth by its abundant fruitfulness wherever it has been faithfully applied, should not be as rigidly used in the investigation of mind as in the investigation of other natural phenomena. If so, we ought certainly to begin our inquiry with the observation of the simplest instances …” In the chapters which follow he applies this principle, and—or so it seems to me—provides a number of healthy correctives to much modern thinking and writing, and not least to the opinions of those who have allowed too little or assumed too much in their appraisals of the body-mind relationship. If we have for too long separated psyche and soma, past and present, organism and environment, individual and society, in our attempts to fathom Man, may not an extension of interest in a primitive emotion such as fear, in which the interdependence of all of these is manifest, have value?
A Method for Determining the Typicality of Personality Descriptions. (Applied to Assessing the Noticed After-Effects of Prefrontal Leucotomy.)
Authors: Raven J. C. 
Published: August 2008

I. The Problem.If we have a group of letters describing how discharged post-leucotomy patients are getting on, and what they are doing (1), it is useful to be able to determine how far the traits reported can be regarded as typical of post-leucotomy patients in general, peculiar to a particular clinical class, or unique to a single patient. Information of this kind clearly helps a doctor to predict what personality traits are likely to be noticed after the operation.
Modern Trends in the Planning of Mental Hospitals and other Psychiatric Units in England
Authors: Webster F. C. 
Published: August 2008

The mental hospital of to-day has developed in stages from the earliest of which we have any particulars.Progress in planning and design has been gradual, with periods during which it has been pronounced. Each period has shown an advance in the lay-out and detailed arrangement of the buildings to meet the coincident advance in methods of care and treatment of the patients.
Some Reflections on the Nature of Affective Disorders, Arising from the Results of Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Partridge Maurice 
Published: August 2008

For the use of the term “affective disorder” there is good literary warrant. Shakespeare, writing in the last decade of the sixteenth century, or just before it, uses the word thus:“Necessity will make us all forswornThree thousand times within this three years' space;For every man with his affects is born,Not by might mastered, but by special grace” (92).
The Surgical Uncertainties of Prefrontal Topectomy and Leucotomy (Observations on 100 Cases)
Authors: Beau J. Le 
Published: August 2008

Three is no branch of neuro-surgery in which the assessment of results is more difficult than in psycho-surgery. The main sources of uncertainty are:(a)Mental impairment or improvement cannot yet be measured as precisely as neurological disorders, such as visual field or motor defects.(b)Spontaneous recovery and the influence of the incidental psychotherapy and drugs involved in any form of surgical attention cannot be evaluated with certainty in many cases.(c)Most of the cytoarchitectural fields of the frontal cortex cannot yet be defined during life by any physiological test or anatomical measurement.(d)Finally, from a technical point of view the surgeon is liable to produce many incidental lesions which cannot be ascertained during the patient's life.
Glutamic Acid and its Salts inPetit MalEpilepsy
Authors: Pond D. A. , Pond M. H. 
Published: August 2008

The following experiments on glutamic acid were carried out in view of the conflicting reports of Price, Waelsch and Putnam (1943), Waelsch and Price (1944), and Goodman et al. (1948) on its effect in epilepsy. A number of preliminary experiments were made which suggested that there was an apparent difference between the effects of glutamic acid and sodium glutamate. Such a difference does not appear to have been considered by most other investigators. It was decided therefore to try to determine whether a possible reason for the difference was the effect of the sodium ion on water balance, since this is known to be related to the tendency to seizures (McQuarrie et al., 1932, Swinyard et al., 1946, and Weinland, 1949). For comparison potassium glutamate was given in a way to be described below. The experiments will be reported under the following headings:1.The acute E.E.G. and clinical effects of intravenous sodium glutamate.2.The short term (one week) E.E.G. and clinical effects of glutamic acid, its sodium and potassium salts and a placebo.3.Longer term clinical effects in out-patients.4.Biochemical studies of the blood and urine levels of glutamic acid by paper chromatography of 7 epileptic patients and 5 non-epileptic control subjects, including salt and water balance studies of patients and controls.
A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Operations on the Frontal Lobes
Authors: Petrie Asenath 
Published: August 2008

Three years ago at the last International Congress of Psychology I reported on a preliminary investigation of personality changes after the usual standard prefrontal leucotomy. This investigation was carrried out on 20 neurotic patients before and three months after the operation performed by Mr. McKissock (McKissock, 1943). An extensive group of objective personality tests were chosen to define the factors of “Neuroticism” and “Introversion” as described by Eysenck (1947), which to all intents and purposes are equivalent to Cattell's (1950) factors C and F. In addition, the following intelligence tests were used: the Wechsler Scale, Porteus Mazes, and the proverbs from the Stanford Binet. The changes found provided us with some evidence in support of the hypothesis with which the investigation had been planned. This was that as a result of this type of incision in the frontal lobe there was a decrease in “Neuroticism,” a decrease in “Introversion” and a decrease in certain aspects of intelligence (Petrie, 1949a).Since then a further 50 patients have been examined before and after operations on the frontal lobes, bringing the total to 70. Most of these were severe neurotics attending the psychiatric department of Dr. Desmond Curran at St. George's Hospital, London. Only those changes will be referred to as an alteration in personality where the probability is less than one in twenty that they could have occurred by chance.
The Treatment of Mental Defectives with Glutamic Acid
Authors: Foale Martha 
Published: August 2008

Because of the professional and lay interest in the potential value of glutamic acid in the treatment of mental deficiency the present study has been conducted.From the section of Lennox Castle Institution, which is devoted to the training and treatment of Male Juvenile Mental Defective Delinquents, 30 patients were chosen. Half of these were treated with glutamic acid and half used as controls.The analysis is based upon comparison between experimental and control group rather than between paired individuals. As may be seen from the table, the two groups are very similar. There is no significant difference in the age, intellectual capacity, social background or environment.
Cellular Mechanism of Decreased Bone in Brtl Mouse Model of OI: Imbalance of Decreased Osteoblast Function and Increased Osteoclasts and Their Precursors
Authors: Uveges Thomas E , Collin-Osdoby Patricia , Cabral Wayne A , Ledgard Felicia , Goldberg Leah , Bergwitz Clemens , Forlino Antonella , Osdoby Philip , Gronowicz Gloria A , Marini Joan C 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The Brtl mouse, a knock-in model for moderately severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), has a G349C substitution in half of type I collagen α1(I) chains. We studied the cellular contribution to Brtl bone properties. Brtl cortical and trabecular bone are reduced before and after puberty, with BV/TV decreased 40–45%. Brtl ObS/BS is comparable to wildtype, and Brtl and wildtype marrow generate equivalent number of colony-forming units (CFUs) at both ages. However, OcS/BS is increased in Brtl at both ages (36–45%), as are TRACP+ cell numbers (57–47%). After puberty, Brtl ObS/BS decreases comparably to wildtype mice, but osteoblast matrix production (MAR) decreases to one half of wildtype values. In contrast, Brtl OcS falls only moderately (∼16%), and Brtl TRACP staining remains significantly elevated compared with wildtype. Consequently, Brtl BFR decreases from normal at 2 mo to one half of wildtype values at 6 mo. Immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR show increased RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in Brtl, although a normal RANKL/OPG ratio is maintained. TRACP+ precursors are markedly elevated in Brtl marrow cultures and form more osteoclasts, suggesting that osteoclast increases arise from more RANK-expressing precursors. We conclude that osteoblasts and osteoclasts are unsynchronized in Brtl bone. This cellular imbalance results in declining BFR as Brtl ages, consistent with reduced femoral geometry. The disparity in cellular number and function results from poorly functioning osteoblasts in addition to increased RANK-expressing precursors that respond to normal RANKL/OPG ratios to generate more bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Interruption of the stimulus that increases osteoclast precursors may lead to novel OI therapies.
Postpubertal Architectural Developmental Patterns Differ Between the L3 Vertebra and Proximal Tibia in Three Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Buie Helen R , Moore Christopher P , Boyd Steven K 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
An understanding of normal microarchitectural bone development patterns of common murine models is needed. Longitudinal, structural, and mineralization trends were evaluated by in vivo μCT over 12 time points from 6–48 wk of age at the vertebra and tibia of C3H/HeN, C57BL/6, and BALB/C mice. Longitudinal growth occurred rapidly until 8–10 wk, slowed as the growth plate bridged, and fused at 8–10 mo. Structural augmentation occurred through formation of trabeculae at the growth plate and thickening of existing ones. In the vertebrae, BV/TV increased rapidly until 12 wk in all strains. Between 12 and 32 wk, the architecture was stable with BV/TV deviating &lt;1.1%, 1.6%, and 3.4% for the C57BL/6, BALB/C, and C3H/HeN mice. In contrast, the tibial architecture changed continuously but more moderately for BV/TV and TbTh compared with the vertebra and with comparable or larger changes for TbN and TbSp. Age-related trabecular deterioration (decreased BV/TV and TbN; increased TbSp and structure model index) was evident at both sites at 32 wk. In all strains, the cortex continued to develop after trabecular values peaked. The temporal plateau of BMD was variable across mouse strains and site, whereas tissue mineral density was attained at ∼6 mo for all sites and strains. Geometric changes at the tibial diaphysis occurred rapidly until 8–10 wk, providing the C57BL/6 mice and C3H/HeN mice with the highest torsional and compressive rigidity, respectively. In summary, key skeletal development milestones were identified, and architectural topology at the vertebra was found to be more stable than at the tibia.