bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony
Authors: Holst Valerie Fisher , Pezdek Kathy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of scripts on memory for information presented as eyewitness testimony in a mock criminal trial was tested. In Experiment 1 the nature of people's scripts for three types of robberies was examined. There was a high rate of agreement in a heterogeneous sample of 247 people regarding the actions that comprise a typical robbery of each type. In Experiment 2 the effects of people's robbery scripts and the effects of leading questions by the attorney on memory were probed. An audio‐recording of a mock trial was presented in which some of the script‐relevant actions from Experiment 1 were stated by the eyewitness and some were unstated. One week later a significant number of unstated items were recalled and recognized as having been stated. Further, unstated actions mentioned in ‘misleading’ questions by the attorney were recalled as having been stated by the eyewitness, and cautionary instructions warning of the possible misleading effect of the attorney's questions did not significantly reduce this misleading effect. Thus, people have scripts in memory for typical robberies, and when such scripts are activated people incorporate into their memory script‐relevant information not presented, along with information presented. Moreover, most people do not differentiate between information presented by the eyewitness versus the attorney. These results have practical implications for the way jurors process and remember trial testimony.
Examining the generality of eyewitness hypermnesia: A close look at time delay and question type
Authors: Dunning David , Stern Lisa Beth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree studies investigated whether requiring eyewitnesses to provide multiple accounts of a crime prompted them to exhibit more accurate and complete recall (i.e. hypermnesia) or towards providing more inaccurate and confabulated testimony. Subject‐witnesses viewed videotapes enacting several types of crimes. Subjects exhibited hypermnesia in two studies in which they were asked to provide accounts of the incident via a free‐recall procedure. Indeed, there tended to be roughly a 10–20 per cent increase in the number of facts accurately recalled from the initial interview to the third. The number of incorrect recollections and confabulations did not reliably increase. In the second experiment, hypermnesia was observed even when eyewitness memory was degraded by delaying the initial interview until a week after the witness viewed the crime. In a third study, which employed a multiple‐choice questioning procedure, subjects exhibited neither hypermnesia nor heightened incorrect responding. Discussion centres on possible factors influencing the hypermnesia effect and implications of the present research for theory on hypermnesia.
The impact of connectives on the memory for expository texts
Authors: Millis Keith K. , Graesser Arthur C. , Haberlandt Karl 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree experiments investigated the influence of connectives on memory for expository text. Subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 read and later recalled passages with either no connectives, temporal connectives (before/ and then), causal connectives (which caused/which enabled), or intentional connectives (in order that/so that). There was connective interference rather than connective facilitation in the studies reported here: the recall for passages without connectives was higher than the recall for passages with connectives. The results partially supported a semantic complexity hypothesis, which predicted that recall should increase with the semantic complexity of the connective (i.e. temporal < causal < intentional). In a third experiment, the semantic appropriateness of the connective was manipulated. Recall for passages without connectives was better than recall for passages with either appropriate or inappropriate connectives. In a fourth experiment, the subjects filled in missing connectives in natural expository texts. Subjects were able to select the connective category which was originally used by the author. The influence of connectives on text was discussed from the perspective of resource limitations, elaborations, and the semantic compatibility of the connectives to the text.
Does the use of dolls facilitate children's memory of visits to the doctor?
Authors: Gordon Betty N. , Ornstein Peter A. , Nida Robert E. , Follmer Andrea , Crenshaw M. Cristine , Albert Gabrielle 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAge differences in children's recall of salient experiences have frequently been documented, but these findings have routinely been based on studies in which verbal interviews have been employed. Because verbal interview protocols may underestimate the memory of young children, the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of such an interview with two alternative protocols that involved the use of a doll. Using these contrasting protocols, 3‐and 5‐year‐old children were asked to remember the details of a routine physical examination. Neither doll protocol facilitated 3‐year‐olds' recall of the features of the check‐up. In contrast, 5‐year‐olds who were asked to demonstrate with a doll what happened in their examination showed enhanced recall. The inclusion of a doll had no effect on older or younger children's provision of elaborative detail about their visits to the doctor. Various measures of individual differences (e. g. temperament, language skill) predicted some aspects of the children's recall and elaboration. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive skills necessary for effective use of dolls in the assessment process, and are related to problems associated with interviewing young children who are involved in legal proceedings.
Effects of vowel variety and sample lenght on identification of a speaker in a line‐up
Authors: Roebuck Rebecca , Wilding John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects (average age 21 years, recruited by personal contact and through a school) were presented with a spoken sentence on tape and then heard six speakers of the same sex, including the original speaker, say the same sentence. They were required to indicate which was the original speaker. The task was repeated with seven different sentences and sets of speakers. One group of subjects heard short sentences containing an average of 2.14 different vowel sounds and 6.28 syllables, another group heard short sentences containing an average of 6.14 vowel sounds (7.28 syllables) and a third group heard longer sentences containing an average of 6.28 vowel sounds (11.00 syllables). Accuracy of speaker identification improved significantly when more vowel sounds were heard, but increased sentence length had no significant effect on performance. Performance was significantly better when the listener was the same sex as the speaker than when the listener was of the other sex.
A model for predicting the outcomes of basketball games
Authors: Heit Evan , Price Paul C. , Bower Gordon H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated the task of predicting the outcomes of sporting events, in particular, basketball games. In two experiments, college students predicted the outcomes of a series of National Basketball Association (NBA) games. Following each prediction, the subject received feedback in the form of the actual outcome of the NBA game. After a period of initial learning about the relative strengths of the teams, the subjects were surprisingly successful in their predictions. We examined expert–novice differences by comparing the published predictions of professional oddsmakers to the predictions of the experimental subjects. The average predictions by the subjects were approximately as accurate as the predictions of experts. Finally, we applied a mathematical model, developed originally as an account of simpler learning experiments, to the subjects' responses. We found that the course of the subjects' learning about the teams was well‐described by this model.
Towards understanding the effects of interviewer training in evaluating the cognitive interview
Authors: Memon Amina , Holley Angela , Milne Rebecca , Koehnken Guenter , Bull Ray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of the cognitive interview (CI) technique has been demonstrated in experimental studies of eyewitness memory conducted in the USA, Germany, and the UK. Much of the research, however, has used college students as interviewers rather than professionals who regularly interview witnesses (e.g. police officers). The aim of this research was to examine the effects of such CI training using experienced police officers with established interviewing styles. An armed robbery was staged and information was elicited in witness interviews. The CI did not significantly increase correct recall but tended to produce more suppositions and errors. A qualitative analysis of interviewer behaviour showed that many officers had difficulty in applying the new cognitive techniques and in avoiding the use of closed and leading questions. The paper addresses two issues: first, that of training experienced police officers who have received relatively little prior training in investigative interviewing, and second, the extent to which we can generalize from the laboratory data elicited in previous studies of CI.
A snapshot of autobiographical memory retrieval characteristics
Authors: Burt Christopher D. B. , Mitchell David A. , Raggatt Peter T. F. , Jones Carol A. , Cowan Terrina M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study attempts to replicate and extend the results of Burt (1992a), using more ecologically valid memory cues. Twenty‐seven undergraduate students used 138 rolls of film over the 1992‐3 summer vacation. The film produced approximately 4900 autobiographical photographs, which were categorized as to the nature of the cues (event information) they contained (e. g. activity, location, participant). A sample of the subject's autobiographical photographs, and a set of other individuals autobiographical photographs (autobiographical foils), were presented to each subject via a tachistoscope. The subjects were asked to indicate when they had retrieved the 'circumstances and associated context' surrounding the scene depicted in each photograph or had decided the latter was not possible. Differences in memory retrieval times were found between the foils and autobiographical photographs and across the cue categories. The results suggest that autobiographical event memory structures are formed around the most unique event attribute. Rehearsal of an event and occurrence of an experience within an extended event (e. g. a holiday) were also found to predict memory retrieval time.
Helping students acquire belief‐inconsistent and belief‐consistent science facts: Comparisons between individual and dyad study using elaborative interrogatin, self‐selected study and repetitious‐reading
Authors: Woloshyn Vera E. , Stockley Denise B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred and eighty four grade 6 and 7 students processed 32 factual statements in one of two studies reported here. Half the statements were consistent with the students' prior knowledge, whereas the remaining facts were inconsistent with it. Students studied the facts alone, or with a partner, by: (1) answering 'why' questions; (2) reading the information for understanding; or (3) selecting their own method of study. Recall (free and cued) and recognition measures (immediate, 30‐day, and 60‐day) were used to assess learning (immediate, 30‐day, and 60‐day). Instructions to use elaborative interrogation produced superior learning gains relative to instructing students to read information for understanding or to select their own study strategy. Overall, there were no performance differneces as a function of individual versus dyad study. The quality of the elaborative interrogation study response affected learning. When students generated or listened to a partner's response that clarified the target facts, learning of that information was superior to when students generated or listened to other types of study responses.
Providing grade one students with multiple spelling strategies: Comparisons between strategy instruction, strategy instruction with metacognitive information, and traditional language arts
Authors: Kernaghan Kelly , Woloshyn Vera E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to determine whether providing first‐grade students with multiple strategy instruction plus metacognitive information would improve their spelling performances relative to providing them with strategy instruction or traditional language arts activities alone. Students in the strategy conditions received explicit instruction in the use of phonetics, imagery, and analogy. Students in the strategy condition with metacognitive information were also provided with information about when and where to use each spelling strategy. The remaining students completed traditional language arts activities. Students' spelling performances were assessed prior to, immediately after and 14 days after instruction using a dictation test, the Developmental Spelling Test, and a writing sample. For the dictation test, students who received multiple strategy instruction with metacognitive information out‐performed those who received strategy instruction alone or completed language arts activities, with no differences between students' performances in the latter conditions. All students' performances improved on the Developmental Spelling Test and writing samples as a function of time. The authors concluded that even young students are able to acquire a repertoire of effective spelling strategies if they are provided with explicit instruction that includes metacognitive information.
Arsenic and selected elements in inter‐tidal and estuarine marine algae, south‐east coast, NSW, Australia
Authors: Thomson Danielle , Maher William , Foster Simon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cycling of arsenic in marine inter‐tidal and estuarine algae was examined by measuring total arsenic concentrations and arsenic species in marine inter‐tidal and estuarine algae from the south‐east coast, NSW, Australia. A range of elements required for metabolism in photosynthetic organisms were also measured to determine if any relationship between these elements and arsenic concentrations occurred. Total arsenic concentrations varied between classes of algae: red macro algae, 4.3–24.7 µg g−1; green macro algae, 8.0–11.0 µg g−1; and blue green algae, 10.4–18.4 µg g−1. No significant relationships were found between arsenic concentrations and concentrations of iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. Distinct differences between algal classes were found for the proportion of arsenic species present in the lipid and water‐soluble fractions, with green algae having a higher proportion of arsenic in lipids (19–44%) than red inter‐tidal (5–34%) or estuarine algae (10–24%). Acid hydrolysis of lipid extracts revealed dimethyl arsenic, glycerol arsenoribose and two unknown cation based arsenolipids. Within water‐soluble extracts, red macro algae and blue green algae contained a greater proportion of arsenic as inorganic and simple methylated arsenic species compared with green macro algae, which contained predominantly glycerol arsenoribose. Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethyl arsonium ion were also present in some water‐soluble extracts, but are not normally identified with algae and are probably due to the presence of attached microscopic epiphytes. Residue extracts contained predominantly inorganic arsenic, most likely associated with insoluble constituents of the cell. Marine algae contained lipids with arsenic moieties that may be precursors for arsenobetaine. Specifically, the presence of dimethylated arsenoribose‐based arsenolipids can transform to arsenobetaine via intermediates previously identified in marine organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of migration of n‐butyltins and n‐octyltins to food simulants by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Papaspyrou Sophia D. , Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Lampi Eugenia N. , Lioupis Alexandros 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of butyl‐ and octyltin compounds in two aqueous‐based food simulants, water and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The procedure is based on one‐step derivatization/extraction with sodium tetraethylborate directly in the aqueous phase in the presence of 1 ml of 0.05% (w/v) tropolone in hexane. Derivatization parameters such as extraction solvent, pH, reaction time and amount of the reagent were optimized. The corresponding ethylated compounds were analysed by GC‐MS using tripropyltin (TPrT) and diheptyltin (DHT) as internal standards for butyl‐ and octyltin compounds, respectively. This new method was validated and evaluated for linearity, trueness and precision in both simulants. The detection limits were in the range 1.9 (MBT) to 8.8 (TBT) µg l−1 (as organic–metallic cation) in both simulants. The stability of the organotin compounds under migration conditions (10 days at 40 °C) was also tested. The tested organotins presented no significant losses under the migration conditions. The developed method was applied to some PVC food packaging materials from the market. Few organotins were detected at levels near the limit of quantitation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of arsenic species and arsenosugars in marine samples by HPLC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Hirata Shizuko , Toshimitsu Hideki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractArsenic speciation analysis in marine samples was performed using high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ICP‐MS detection. The separation of eight arsenic species, viz. AsIII, MMA, DMA, AsV, AB, TMAO, AC and TeMAs+, was achieved on a Shiseido Capcell Pak C18 column using an isocratic eluent (pH 3.0), in which conditions AsIII and MMA were co‐eluted. The method was successfully applied to several marine samples, e.g. oyster, fish, shrimp and marine algae. For the extraction of arsenic from seafood products, low‐power microwave digestion was employed, and for the extraction of arsenic from marine algae, sonicated extraction was employed. The separation of arsenosugars in the extracts from marine algae was achieved on an anion exchange column, Hamilton PRP X‐100, using ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution (pH 8.4). The concentrations of arsenosugar‐2, ‐3 and ‐4 in the extracts from the marine algae were analyzed to test the use of a Fucus sample as a reference standard material and were in the range 3.6–27.5 µg g−1, which accounted for 6.0–34.9% of total arsenic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic properties of cross‐linked polystyrene grafted diorganotins in a model transesterification and the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Poelmans Kevin , Pinoie Vanja , Verbruggen Ingrid , Biesemans Monique , Van Assche Guy , Deshayes Gaëlle , Degée Philippe , Dubois Philippe , Willem Rudolph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe catalytic properties of cross‐linked polystyrene grafted diorganotins of the types [PH](1−t)[P(CH2)11Sn‐n‐BuCl2]t and [PH](1−t){[P(CH2)11Sn‐n‐BuCl]2O}t/2, in which [PH] represents the monomeric unit of the cross‐linked polystyrene matrix and t is the degree of functionalization, were compared. The grafted chlorodistannoxane catalyst was completely characterized by elemental analysis, IR and Raman, 119Sn high‐resolution magic angle spinning (hr‐MAS) NMR and 117Sn CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopy. In spite of the spatial constraints and the potential steric demand resulting from cross‐linking, the grafted C11 chlorodistannoxane exhibited the same dimeric ladder complex arrangement as its nongrafted n‐butyl analog in the solid state and in solution. Moreover, 119Sn hr‐MAS NMR and 117Sn CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopy appeared to be complementary techniques for the assessment of the tin(IV) functionality of the grafted tetraalkyldichlorodistannoxane. The catalytic activity of the compounds was assessed in a model reaction, the transesterification reaction of ethyl acetate and n‐octanol, as well as in the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone. Residual tin trace analysis was performed on the acquired reaction products. Whereas tin contents of the order of 20 ppm were found in the reaction products of the transesterification, tin leaching values were overall higher for the ROP, being less unfavorable, however, for the distannoxane ( ± 70 ppm) than for the dialkyltin dichloride ( ± 290 ppm). Quantitative liquid 1H NMR was applied to assess the conversions in both reactions, but also to determine various molecular parameters of the synthesized poly‐caprolactones. Furthermore, size exclusion chromatography was used to determine their polydispersity index. It was also demonstrated that 1H and 119Sn hr‐MAS NMR enable the chemical integrity and recycling ability of the catalyst to be assessed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychotherapist's duty to act reasonably to prevent suicide: A proposal to allow rational suicide
Authors: Kjervik Diane K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is proposed that society should re‐examine its assumptions about suicide. Rational suicide is viewed as an extension of the right to die. After a review of the legal liability of the psychotherapist and psychiatric facility for both inpatient and outpatient suicide, the author presents an analysis of philosophical, ethical, and psychoanalytic arguments for allowing rational suicide. It is argued that emotional pain should be given more legitimacy as a reason for suicide. The decision to live or to die is argued to best rest with the individual.
Experimental psychology and the courtroom
Authors: Wells Gary L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExperimental social and cognitive psychology cover a range of topics such as attitudes, attribution, decision making, perception, memory, comprehension, and reasoning. The relevance of these topics to the law is apparent in such domains as jury selection, jury behavior, plea bargaining, eyewitness testimony, sentencing, and police investigation strategies. Despite early attempts to apply experimental psychology to law (circa 1900–1920), it was not until the mid 1970s that a robust law‐relevant literature in experimental psychology began to unfold. The experimental psychology/law interface continues to experience some problems in (1) generalizing from specific research experiments to real‐world conditions, and (2) identifying solutions rather than just problems.
On the relation between genuine and simulated amnesia
Authors: Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen claims of amnesia are made in legal cases, it is necessary to determine whether they are genuine or simulated. This article assesses current knowledge of the relation between genuine and simulated amnesia and discusses issues that are critical to understanding of the problem. It is argued that there are few well established facts regarding the nature of simulated amnesia, and no evidence that experts can distinguish accurately between genuine and simulated amnesia. Suggestions are made for future research that draw upon recent advances in cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology.
Amnesia and competency to stand trial: A review of legal and clinical issues
Authors: Roesch Ronald , Golding Stephen L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent case law is discussed regarding the role of amnesia in determining competency to stand trial. Clinical issues are examined for a range of amnestic conditions on a spectrum of organic and functional disorders. Clinical methods are explored for establishing the extent of amnesia and its relevance to competency.