bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SALT II: Consequences for Europe and the Nordic Region
Authors: Sjaastad Anders C. 
Published: March 2007

Sjaastad, A. C. SALT II: Consequences for Europe and the Nordic Region. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 237-248. As a countermove to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, President Carter has asked the Senate to shelve the SALT II treaty and postpone its ratification process. Yet there seems to exist an understanding that the signatories will respect the provisions of SALT II, even though the treaty has not formally taken effect. In evaluating the consequences of SALT II, it is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, consequences of the negotiations and treaties and, on the other, developments in the military-strategic field which have come about independently of the SALT process. In this article conceivable political and strategic-military consequences of SALT II for Europe in general, and the Nordic area in particular are analysed in the light of recent developments in the East-West strategic balance. It is concluded that SALT II contributes to the maintenance of a high level of strategic arms, not the least consequence of which is a significant concentration of strategic weapons systems in the immediate vicinity of the Nordic countries.
Prediction on the Basis of Official Doctrines
Authors: Mouritzen Hans 
Published: March 2007

Mouritzen, H. Prediction on the Basis of Official Doctrines. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 25-38. A concrete prediction (and explanation) is offered concerning the degree of value-pro motion in Danish foreign policy in the future (i.e., how moralizing is it likely to be?) The various building-blocks of this prediction are examined and discussed, specifically as regards the respective contributions of synchronic and diachronic theoretical perspectives. One particular diachronic perspective is discussed at some length, that of treating official foreign policy doctrines as a restriction on future foreign policy. The Swedish 'Midsummer Crisis' of 1941 is used as a post-dictive 'test'. The risk of committing doctrine reification when evaluating the perspective is discussed; a risk that springs from the temptation of confusing analytically different perspectives on official doctrines.
The Illusory Nordic Balance: Threat Scenarios in Nordic Security Planning
Authors: Lindberg Steve 
Published: March 2007

Lindberg, S. The Illusory Nordic Balance: Threat Scenarios in Nordic Security Planning. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 57-70. This article outlines a number of threat scenarios which might disturb the stability of the Nordic region and which have not been given sufficient attention in Nordic defense planning. The concept of a Nordic balance is central to security-political planning in the Nordic countries. Recent developments both in the global bipolarity and within the Nordic region may, however, erode the functionality of the existing security-political solutions. The Nordic balance conception, the author argues, may thus become illusory and even dangerous.
Civilian Defence as a Complement
Authors: Bergfeldt Lennart 
Published: March 2007

Bergfeldt, L. Civilian Defence as a Complement, Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 279-296. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, civilian defence was much discussed as an alternative form of defence. In the last ten years, the idea has gradually lost momentum among peace activists and researchers. However, it has been taken up and partly accepted by authorities in a few European states, at least for further exploration as a possible complementary form of resistance. In this article, which argues that there is an actual need for a practical policy of civilian defence, the concept is briefly reviewed and the relevant literature analysed in a concise manner. After that, the arguments for and against the idea of civilian defence as a complement to the existing, militarily dominated, forms of defence are presented. Two 'actually existing' models of a combination are also briefly discussed on the basis of some theoretically possible combinations. A rapprochement may be on its way between the opposite standpoints 'civilian defence — a full-blown alternative' and 'civilian defence — a perhaps beautiful, but totally useless thought'. The synthesis would, then, be a wider acceptance of the idea of a complement: a future co-existence between military and civilian forms of defence and resistance. Such a development may be the proper way to give new impetus to the idea of civilian defence — e.g. through renewed and intensified research and practical development — and it may even prove to be a step in the direction of improved and more secure policies of defence.
International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob 
Published: March 2007

Bercovitch, J. International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 155-168. This paper analyses the role and relevance of mediation in international disputes. Mediation is placed within the general structure of conflict management and its specific characteristics are discussed. Adopting a systematic approach, the paper looks at the incidence of international mediation and offers a new case-list of 72 international disputes since 1945. Of these, 44 disputes were mediated, some more than once, giving a total of 210 mediation cases. Three basic conditions are found to affect the likelihood of a successful outcome. These are (a) the identity of the parties, (b) the nature of the dispute, and (c) the characteristics of a mediator. These conditions are evaluated, using cross-tabulation and tests of significance, to determine which has the greatest impact on mediation outcomes.
Greenland's International Fisheries Relations: A Coastal State in the "North" with Problems of the "South"?
Authors: Fløistad Brit 
Published: March 2007

Fløistad, B. Greenland's International Fisheries Relations: A Coastal State in the "North" with Problems of the "South"? Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 35- 48. Two questions are addressed in this article. One is whether Greenland, a fisheries state of the "North", can be said to have many of the features characterizing coastal states of the "South". The other question relates to whether any sign of "Nordism" can be found in the relationship between Greenland and her Nordic neighbours. Having formally left the European Community, Greenland's need for financial funding from the EC puts her in a situation characteristic of that of coastal states in the Third World, namely of having to sell the resources in the sea today in order to develop her national fishery tomorrow. Any sign of special considerations from Nordic neigh bours — "Nordism" — is found only when it supports, or at least does not come contrary to, these countries' foreign and security policy objectives.
The Value of Life
Authors: Lehtinen Marlene W. 
Published: March 2007

Criminologists have generally attacked capital punishment and have argued for its abolition. They contend (1) that there is no evidence showing the superior general deterrent effectiveness of the death penalty, (2) that the death penalty has been applied discriminatorily in the past, (3) that innocent persons may be executed, (4) that the public does not want a constitutionally acceptable form of the death penalty, (5) that the death penalty does not allow rehabilitation, and (6) that the application of the death penalty is too costly. A careful examination of these arguments reveals their inherent limitations and weaknesses. This paper outlines the benefits to be gained from systematic employ ment of the death penalty—greater general deterrence and conformity to law, strengthening of taboos generally, and emphasis on the value of life—and argues for systematic use of the death penalty as a part of rational state policy for the greater protection of society and a net saving of innocent lives.
The "Unionization" of College Presidents — Their Response to Faculty Unions
Authors: Kerchner Charles T. 
Published: March 2007

The author explores the impact of faculty organizations at eleven Illinois community colleges, seven of which have union contracts. The response of the college presidents to interactions with faculty organiza tions suggests that presidents view the totality of their relationships with faculty as strategic and a potential influence on the union- management relationship. This, in turn, suggests that bargaining is not confined to the negotiating table. Patterns of strategic response found at various colleges are described. Charles T. Kerchner is Assistant Professor, Education Faculty, Claremont Graduate School. He was formerly Assistant Director for Academic Affairs, Illinois Board of Higher Education.
Les 'Cahiers De La Presse' I938—I939
Authors: Kayser Jacques 
Published: March 2007

The Institut de Science de la presse de l'Université de Paris was founded July 5, I937. This Institute existed only until the outbreak of the Second World War, September I939. The cause of the free press and free science was served most brilliantly and enthousiastically. During this period the Paris Institute took the place of the formerly important German press institutes which conformed themselves to the requirements of the Nazi officials. The seven issues of the Gahiers de la presse published by the Institute form a for gotten but still very rich source for modern press research. That's why we publish a complete table of contents of the seven issues. We thank monsieur Jacques Kayser, the eminent researcher of the present Institut français de presse for his intersting introduction.
Telecommunications and new information technologies in India
Authors: Kumar Keval J. 
Published: March 2007

India has joined the league of rich industrial nations which have accorded top priority to the promotion of telecommunications (both basic telephone systems and value-added services) as well as the new information technologies. The economic policy of 'liberalization' has resulted in a scramble among multinationals to invest in the Indian technology market. However, in the effort to promote these information technologies and the infrastructure nec essary for their effective functioning, developing countries like India have overlooked the social and cultural consequences, besides the neglect of other priority sectors like education, employment generation, poverty alleviation, health and medical care, etc. The hope is that the new policy will stimulate industrial and economic growth. This paper takes a hard critical look at Indian government policy on telecommunications and the new information technologies, and the implications of such a policy for the social and cultural life of the nation. The critique takes the stance that information technologies are not a-historical or a-cultural and that they imagine on society in ways that aggravate social conflict, and challenge the cultural values of communities. The focus of the paper is on the pos sible implications of the technologies for employment, privacy, surveillance, human relations, consumerism, and efficiency in administration.
Illness anxiety and somatic health concerns of northern rural Scottish young people
Authors: Reid Marylou , Hendry Leo B 
Published: March 2007

Objectives Over 20 per cent of northern Scottish young people from relatively remote areas had indicated health concerns in an earlier survey. This study reports findings of further investigations of concerns related to physical illnesses or somatic symptoms, and bases their understanding within the context of young people's own perspectives. Design Individual, semi-structured interviews were set up in which participants led a discussion of their personal health concerns, and responded to a list of common health concerns generated by their peers. Data was analysed by two independent coders using a framework including the concern topic, cause of or factors related to each concern, and responses made to each concern. Setting Five northern Scottish secondary schools different in geography, community size, local economy, and proximity to an urban centre were selected for participation, and a total of 37 young people (mean age 14.5 and 16.5) from two class levels volunteered to be interviewed. Results Over half of the sample indicated anxiety about physical concerns, symptoms or disease. These included concerns over acquiring serious illness, managing chronic illnesses, managing weight, becoming ill from environmental poisons and coping with common ailments. They were embedded within personal contexts involving other health beliefs, health resources, and social worlds. Conclusions Parameters of developmental adjustment triggered by health concerns were implicit in these discussions. These included the tasks of acknowledging personal limitations, coping with lack of control, choosing between personal and social choices affecting body image and behaviour related to physical wellbeing. Participants did not feel that adult-generated health education agendas have addressed these concerns nor their impact on development, and several suggestions are made to remedy this deficit.
Smoking cessation programmes in pregnancy: Systematically addressing development, implementation, women's concerns and effectiveness
Authors: Oliver S. , Oakley L. , Lumley J. , Waters E. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To increase a review's relevance to practitioners and service users and identify the implications for systematic review methodology. Methods A systematic review of the effects of smoking cessation programmes implemented during pregnancy integrated process indicators and the views of maternity service users and health promotion specialists. Additional qualitative data were extracted systematically from included randomised control trials (RCTs) to determine whether the design of interventions and conclusions arising from their evaluation related to the views of service users. On completing the review we reflected on the types of observational and qualitative research it drew on, where this research was incorporated into the review, and its added value. Results Incorporating process indicators into the review revealed: 1) problems with implementation and transplantation of some interventions and 2) studies with more stringent quality criteria and process evaluations demonstrated greater impact (weighted mean difference in smoking). Pregnant smokers were rarely involved in the design or evaluation of the interventions. Prior observational and qualitative studies and small scale consultations influenced the criteria by which the effectiveness of the interventions were judged, and revealed to what extent these criteria are adopted in practice. Conclusions Systematically abstracting data about the development and delivery of interventions revealed gaps that might be filled by the active involvement of service users.
A pilot study to explore the challenges of changing children's food and health concepts
Authors: Bullen Kathryn , Benton David 
Published: March 2007

Objective To investigate the effect of a nutrition education intervention and four hours of related teaching on the nutrition concepts of a sample of 9 year-old children. Design Prepost test design. Children's food classification concepts were assessed before and after the intervention and nutrition teaching. Setting Year 4 class of a suburban primary school in South Wales. Method The children completed a food classification task before and after visiting a health promotion exhibition and receiving lessons emphasising food/health related concepts. Results Comparison of the results before and after the intervention suggested that there was no significant change in the participant's conceptual understanding of food. Conclusion Children's food classification concepts remain resistant to change despite enhanced exposure to nutrition information.
What teenage girls write to agony aunts
Authors: Williams Maureen 
Published: March 2007

Teenage magazines are viewed by their readers as 'trusted friends' that provide reliable information on sex and relationship issues. Agony aunts and uncles receive approximately half a million letters each year from teenagers in the UK. Objective To understand the perceptions, pressures and needs of young girls on issues pertaining to their relationships. Design A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological approach that subscribes to thematic analysis of transcribed letters over a period of four months. Method Analysis of 254 anonymous letters sent by young people to the Agony Aunt of Mizz, a teenage magazine aimed at girls aged between 11 and 14 years. An inductive approach was used, codes were developed and modified as new themes and sub-themes emerged from the data and, thus, a thematic framework produced. Results A framework of the four main problem-themes was identified: boyfriends, friends, family and 'others'. Each theme was scrutinised to identify highest sub-themes, aspects unique to each theme and sub- themes shared between themes. The proportion of concerns over 'relationships' was high. Conclusion Relationship issues are of most concern to the young female writers. This has important implications for sex and relationship education of young teenage girls, where addressing relationship issues to include negotiation, reciprocity and conflict resolution may be most important to them at this stage of their development.
Evidence informed policy making for health communication
Authors: Stewart Ruth , Hargreaves Katrina , Oliver Sandy 
Published: March 2007

Background Health care decision-making requires research evidence and good judgement. This applies to policy making, as much as it does to deci sions about an individual's care. We have attempted to employ the principles of patient involvement and evidence-based medicine to the development of policies for communication about newborn blood spot screening. Methods We identified points of communication along the newborn screening pathway and gathered evidence about these communication events. We asked three questions: what research evidence is available about screening and communication; what are parents' experiences of and preferences for communication about screening; and, to what extent does current parent information match the evidence, and meet parents needs? Drawing together these different forms of evidence, we employed consensus development methods, convening a multi-disciplined working group to guide our decisions in drafting communication resources and procedures. Finally we carried out a consultation to garner feedback on these draft communication policies. Results Feedback from our consultation was largely positive. We made changes to the format of the parent leaflet, and simplified the content. Where we faced contradictory advice, we followed NICE guidelines, prioritising the views of the majority of parents. Discussion We have employed a process of developing evidence-informed communication policy that incorporates a wide range of evidence, and incorporates the judgement of patients and health professionals, through the use of consensus development methods.
Promoting physical activity amongst children outside of physical education classes: A systematic review integrating intervention studies and qualitative studies
Authors: Brunton Ginny , Thomas James , Harden Angela , Rees Rebecca , Kavanagh Josephine , Oliver Sandy , Shepherd Jonathan , Oakley Ann 
Published: March 2007

Objective To assess what is known about the barriers to, and facilitators of, physical activity outside the physical education (PE) lesson amongst children aged four to ten years. Design Systematic review of intervention studies assessing impact on health outcomes and studies evaluating the 'views' of children and parents on what helps and hinders children in being physically active. Mcthods Studies were located by searching multiple sources. Those meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality. Intervention and views studies were analysed separately; then their results were brought together to examine matches, mismatches and gaps between children's and parents' views and intervention strategies. Results Of 90 identified studies, 26 met the inclusion criteria: 21 intervention studies (of which five were sound) and five 'views' studies. Education and equipment provision for monitoring TV/video/video game use and multi-component interventions are promising approaches. In the views studies, children and parents identified several barriers and facilitators, and made suggestions for improving participation levels. There were important matches and mismatches between what children say influences their physical activity participation and the barriers and facilitators addressed in five soundly evaluated interventions. A major gap was the lack of soundly evaluated interventions addressing the barriers in children's local environments. Conclusion Children's and parents' clear views on what helps and hinders children's participation in physical activity rarely informed the development of interventions. Few well-evaluated health promotion interventions address physical activity beyond the PE lesson. Gaps between children's views and soundly evaluated interventions were most noticeable in relation to issues of restricted access to opportunities for physical activity.
Smoking among primary and secondary schoolteachers
Authors: Nutbeam Don 
Published: March 2007

A study of smoking among teachers found preva lence to be relatively low and showing signs of a downwards trend, particularly among women. Teachers who smoke cigarettes tend to have a lower consumption than is normal in the general popu lation - possibly reflecting restrictions on their habit associated with their working environment. Cigar and pipe smoking is a common alternative for men. A slightly higher proportion of teachers in primary and middle schools smoke than do secondary school teachers. In general, teachers accept that they have an important exemplary role relating to smoking, and believe it important to try to influence young peoples' smoking habits. However, there is a marked resistance on the part of existing smokers to further restrictions on their habit, or to a total ban on smok ing in schools. Thought should be given by schools to ways in which health education taught in the class room is supported by the wider school environment, including exposure to tobacco smoke and teachers' own smoking habits.
One big rush: dinner-time at school
Authors: Turner Sheila , Mayall Berry , Mauthner Melanie 
Published: March 2007

The qualitatiye study described in this paper considers the social context of school meals in an urban primary school in southern England. The study was designed to provide information about the factors affecting children's food consumption, the contexts in which food is eaten in school and rushed and stressful occasion rather than a pleasant social experience. rerely related to teaching and learning about food in the classroom. Lunch break is too long ... You have twenty minutes in the canteen for your lunch and it's a scramble and you have an hour outside and they lock the classrooms so you have to stay outside1 .