bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny, structure and functional morphology of some spiny Ctenopyge species (Trilobita) from the upper Cambrian of Västergötland, Sweden
Authors: Clarkson Euan N. K. , Ahlgren John , Taylor Cecilia M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper completes the description of intact and three-dimensional Ctenopyge species from the upper Cambrian Peltura minor Zone in Västergötland, central Sweden. All these species are present together, on the same bedding planes. The most abundant species, Ctenopyge (Eoctenopyge) angusta Westergård, 1922 has previously been described, and an almost complete ontogeny worked out. C. (Ctenopyge) gracilis Henningsmoen, 1957 is a small trilobite with nine thoracic segments and very long, thin curving and subparallel thoracic spines; the genal spines partially encircle the body. Two axial spines at the rear are of considerable length. When reconstructed in side view, the posterior thoracic spines rise upwards as an inclined fan, but when relaxed the tips of all the thoracic and axial spines come to lie in the same plane as the horizontal genal spines. An almost complete ontogeny is described for this species, and individuals show an evident spinosity from an early stage, but the body size at which thoracic segments are liberated is highly variable. C. (Ctenopyge) ahlbergi n. sp. is a larger, robust and broad species distinguished by long, stout genal spines, ten thoracic segments, and a very spiny body with the first three to four spines expanded into lateral flanges. A degree 6 meraspis shows these flanges already developing. C. (Ctenopyge) rushtoni n. sp has likewise ten thoracic segments, and has stout, broad-based and tapering spines. Incomplete meraspides 6 and 7 are known for this species. In both C. (Ctenopyge) ahlbergi and C. (Ctenopyge) rushtoni there are also two axial spines at the rear, and the extended body would have had a similar rising tail fan to that of C. (Ctenopyge) gracilis. C. (Mesoctenopyge) tumida is also present as a single large adult and several smaller holaspides. In this species the first thoracic segment is confirmed as bearing a pair of long curving spines, somewhat smaller than the encircling genal spines. The remaining thoracic spines are straight and sharp, and evidently longer in young holaspides. There is a single long axial spine on the last segment. No adult pygidium has been found.Some comments on the diversity of the fauna as a whole and the range of functional types are appended.
The phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve (Somerset, UK)
Authors: Pollitt Jessica R. , Braddy Simon J. , Dunlop Jason A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTStudy of abundant phalangiotarbid (Arachnida: Phalangiotarbida) material – provisionally assigned here to Bornatarbus mayasii (Haupt in Nindel 1955) – from the Upper Carboniferous of Writhlington, UK, has revealed new information about some previously equivocal characters. The present authors report a trifurcate apotele, possible spiracles on sternite 5, and confirm the presence of 10 opisthosomal tergites plus a dorsal anal operculum. The affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with Opiliones (harvestmen) and/or Acari (mites and ticks). Phalangiotarbida is scored for characters used in previous studies of arachnid relationships. A cladistic analysis based on 63 characters using 13 terminal arachnid taxa (plus a hypothetical outgroup), resolves Phalangiotarbida as sister group to (Palpigradi + Tetrapulmonata): the taxon Megoperculata sensu Shultz (1990). Even under cladistic analysis, the position of the Phalangiotarbida remains hard to resolve, but a prosomal sternite with distinct sclerites potentially groups them with the Megoperculata.
A review of the palaeoenvironments and biota of the Windyfield chert
Authors: Fayers Stephen R. , Trewin Nigel H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Windyfield chert site is located 700 m NE of the original Rhynie chert locality at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Originally identified by concentrations of surface float material, a drilling and trenching programme of the area in 1997 revealed a chert ‘pod’ in situ interbedded with fluvial/lacustrine sandstones and hydrothermally altered shales. Chert morphologies identified from float blocks and trench material range from tabular beds to lenticular pods displaying massive, nodular, laminated and brecciated fabrics, and geyserite splash textures. A suite of floral and faunal associations, when combined with distinctive macro- and microscopic chert textures, has been used to interpret depositional conditions. Palaeoenvironments ranged from terrestrial laminated, brecciated and vegetated sinter sheets to low-temperature pools and marginal aquatic settings. The flora comprises six higher land plant species, nematophytes, charophytes, various fungi and probable cyanobacteria. Arthropods include branchiopod crustaceans, a euthycarcinoid, trigonotarbid arachnids, centipedes, eoarthropleurids and a possible hexapod. The biota of the Windyfield chert is closely comparable to that found in the Rhynie chert. Together, the Windyfield and Rhynie cherts contain the most diverse associated fossil arthropod fauna of terrestrial and freshwater origin from rocks of comparable age anywhere in the world.
Late Ordovician brachiopod faunas from Pomeroy, Northern Ireland: a palaeoenvironmental synthesis
Authors: Candela Yves 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTComparisons of the Caradoc assemblages with North American biofacies indicate that the Bardahessiagh Formation was deposited during a transgressive regime, which peaked with the presence of a typical Sericoidea association (member (II)). These diverse and exceptionally preserved faunas lived below the storm-wave base. The assemblages also contained a shallower water brachiopod component typical of transition zone environments or above, which may have been transported during periods of instability. A deep-water regime (BAs 4 to 4–5) through the Rawtheyan occurs with the deposition of the Killey Bridge Formation, which yielded a diverse brachiopod fauna including Bimuria, Chonetoidea and Christiania. The Rawtheyan assemblage also contains a shallower water component. Representatives of the deep-water Proboscisambon assemblage occur in middle parts of the Tirnaskea Formation. This distinctive low-diversity assemblage yields small, thin-shelled brachiopods including Dedzetina, Sericoidea, Protozyga and Proboscisambon. The upper parts of the Tirnaskea Formation yielded the low diversity, shallow water (BA 3) Hirnantia fauna, which is characterised by the presence of Eostropheodonta, which is a key form of the fauna, Dysprosorthis and the absence of Hirnantia. As a whole the changing brachiopod biofacies monitor environmental fluctuations, on part of the Laurentian margin, driven mainly by eustatic and tectonic events.
Framework for intake simulation of functional ingredients
Authors: Kloosterman Janneke , Bakker Martine I , de Jong Nynke , Ocké Marga C 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo create a general framework for the simulation of intakes from mandatory or voluntary fortification, which will make outcomes of simulation studies more comparable and give insight on uncertainties.DesignA general framework was developed based on methods used in already published case studies of mandatory fortification. The framework was extended to be suitable for the simulation of voluntary fortification. Case studies of folic acid fortification were used to illustrate the general framework.ResultsThe developed framework consists of six steps. First, the definition of the fortification strategy (step 1), followed by the identification of potential carrier products (step 2), and the definition of fortification levels or ranges (step 3). Thereafter, virtual food/supplement composition data are created (step 4) and food/supplement consumption data are required (step 5). Finally, the intake of the functional ingredient from functional foods, other foods and dietary supplements is calculated during the simulation resulting in total habitual intake distributions (step 6).ConclusionsSimulation of both mandatory and voluntary folic acid fortification in The Netherlands showed that the general framework is applicable. Also with incomplete data or data from different sources, the (habitual) intake distributions can be estimated using assumptions, statistical procedures or probabilistic modelling approaches. It is important that the simulation procedure is described well, so that an insight on uncertainties and knowledge gaps to be filled is given.
Defining and Choosing Us against the Other: Book Reviews
Authors: MARTIN JANE 
Published: July 2007

Book reviewed in this article:Gender and Management Issues in Education: an international perspective Pat Drake & Patricia OwenSchooling Sexualities Debbie Epstein & Richard JohnsonAssimilating Identities. Racism and Educational Policy in Post 1945 Britain Ian GrosvenorAnswering Back: girls, boys and feminism in schools Jane Kenway, Sue Willis With Jill Blackmore & Leonie RennieBilingual Education: teachers' narratives Nancy LemburgerEducating Muslim Girls: shifting discourses Kaye Haw with contributions from Saeeda Shah & Maria HanifaClass Work: mothers' involvement in their children's primary schooling Diane ReayInternational Perspectives on the Design of Technology‐supported Learning Environments Stella Vosniadou, Erik De Corte, Robert Glaser & Heinz Mandl (Eds)Acting in Classroom Drama: a critical analysis Gavin BoltonForces Series: Science Processes and Concept Exploration: the SPACE research reports Liverpool, Liverpool University Press. T. Russell, L. Mcguigan & A. Hughes
Chemicals and the Law — Retribution or Rehabilitation?*
Authors: Skene Loane 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent research indicates that there is a far higher incidence of alcoholism and drug dependence among criminal offenders than among the general population. Also, many criminal offenders have taken alcohol, other drugs, or both, before committing the offence in question. Alcoholic and drug addicted offenders are more likely to reoffend. This paper describes and assesses the effectiveness of various legislation and sentencing options for dealing with such offenders. Modern drink‐driving legislation is based largely on retribution — improving the detection and prosecution of offenders and imposing increasingly heavier penalties. Alternatively, court‐induced treatment programmes, such as that available under section 13 of the Victorian Alcoholics and Drug Dependent Persons Act, focus on rehabilitation. The effectiveness of both types of legislation is considered, with reference to recent road accident and offence statistics and the attendance rate for treatment of section 13 clients. It is ultimately suggested that the most effective disposition for alcoholic and drug dependent offenders is not based solely on either retribution or rehabilitation, but on a balance of the two.
Aids and IV Drug Users: the Situation in Australia
Authors: Arachne Jim , Ball Andrew 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany people believe that AIDS is not a problem for IV drug users in Australia. Yet, overseas evidence clearly shows that it will be. Early in 1985, infection with AIDS‐related retro‐virus (ARV) among Australian users was apparent. Sharing of needles and syringes is a high risk practice and is common within the IV drug using community. It appears that IV drug users are at a significantly greater risk of ARV infection than other groups. The issues associated with AIDS and IV drug use are many and complex. AIDS will become a major issue for drug and alcohol workers in the near future.
CD137 ligand prevents the development of T‐helper type 2 cell‐mediated allergic asthma by interferon‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells
Authors: Polte T. , Jagemann A. , Foell J. , Mittler R. S. , Hansen G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground
Allergic asthma is a T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cell‐mediated chronic disease that is characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Several studies suggest co‐stimulatory molecules like CD137 as potential targets for therapeutic interventions in allergic airway disease. Recently, we could show in a murine asthma model that administration of an agonistic antibody against the receptor of the co‐stimulatory molecule CD137 prevented and even reversed an already‐established asthma phenotype.Objective
The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of stimulation of the CD137 ligand by a monoclonal antibody (CD137L mAb).Methods
To induce an asthma‐like phenotype, BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA), followed by an intrapulmonary allergen challenge. Anti‐CD137L or control mAb were applied 1 day before OVA immunization or after the asthma phenotype was already established.Results
Stimulation of the CD137L instead of the receptor by CD137L mAb prevents the development of an asthma‐like phenotype but does not reverse established disease. While the receptor‐mediated effect is partly mediated by anergy of CD4+ T cells and partly by induction of IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells, the effect of the CD137L mAb is completely dependent on IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells: blockade of IFN‐γ and depletion of CD8+ T cells fully abrogated the observed protective effect. In vitro experiments showed that the anti‐CD137L mAb ligates directly to CD8+ T cells and induces the generation of IFN‐γ by this cell population.Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that anti‐CD137L mAb prevents disease development via IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells but is inferior to stimulation of the receptor that reverses established disease by a mechanism including CD4+ T cell anergy.
Epithelial cells prime the immune response to an array of gut‐derived commensals towards a tolerogenic phenotype through distinct actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and transforming growth factor‐β
Authors: Zeuthen Louise Hjerrild , Fink Lisbeth Nielsen , Frokiaer Hanne 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHumans and other mammals coexist with a diverse array of microbes colonizing the intestine, termed the microflora. The relationship is symbiotic, with the microbes benefiting from a stable environment and nutrient supply, and the host gaining competitive exclusion of pathogens and continuously maintenance of the gut immune homeostasis. Here we report novel crosstalk mechanisms between the human enterocyte cell line, Caco2, and underlying human monocyte‐derived DC in a transwell model where Gram‐positive (G+) commensals prevent Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4)‐dependent Escherichia coli‐induced semimaturation in a TLR2‐dependent fashion. These findings add to our understanding of the hypo‐responsiveness of the gut epithelium towards the microflora. Gut DC posses a more tolerogenic phenotype than conventional DC. Here we show that Caco2 spent medium (SM) induces tolerogenic DC with lower expression of maturation markers, interleukin (IL)‐12p70, and tumour necrosis factor‐α when matured with G+ and Gram‐negative (G–) commensals, while IL‐10 production is enhanced in DC upon encountering G+ commensals and reduced upon encountering G– bacteria. The Caco2 SM‐induced tolerogenic phenotype is also seen in DC priming of naive T cells with elevated levels of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and markedly reduced levels of bacteria‐induced interferon‐γ production. Caco2 cell production of IL‐8, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and TGF‐β increases upon microbial stimulation in a strain dependent manner. TSLP and TGF‐β co‐operate in inducing the tolerogenic DC phenotype but other mediators might be involved.
How does information influence hope in family members of traumatic coma patients in intensive care unit?
Authors: Verhaeghe Sofie T. L. , Van Zuuren Florence J. , Defloor Tom , Duijnstee Mia S. H. , Grypdonck Mieke H. F. 
Published: July 2007

Aims.  To assess the interplay between hope and the information provided by health care professionals.Background.  Earlier research learned that hope is crucial for relatives of traumatic coma patients. Also it has been reported that the need for information is extremely important for relatives of critically ill patients.Design.  A qualitative approach according to the ‘grounded theory’ method with constant comparison was used.Method.  We held 24 in‐depth interviews with 22 family members of 16 patients with traumatic coma. Data processing and data analysis took place in a cyclic process wherein the induction of themes was alternated by confrontation with new material.Results.  Family members of traumatic coma patients want information that is as accurate as possible, provided by doctors and nurses in an understandable manner and leaving room for hope. At first, family members can do no more than passively absorb the information they receive. After some time, they actively start working with information and learn what to build their hope on. In this way, concrete hope evolves and seems to be strongly determined by information. Information that is more positive than warranted is not appreciated at all. It leads to false hope and once its real nature becomes apparent, to increased distress and loss of trust in the professionals.Conclusion.  The process of hope is crucial in coping with traumatic coma and information can facilitate this process.Relevance to clinical practice.  If professionals, especially nurses, keep the process in mind that family members go through in handling information, they can not only facilitate this process but also help them to establish realistic hope.
Heart transplantation: Literature review 2005–2006
Authors: Pahl Elfriede 
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This is the third review in a series whose purpose is to provide succinct summaries and informative commentaries of the recent medical literature pertinent to pediatric heart transplantation and directed toward the practicing clinician. It is meant to be comprehensive but not all‐inclusive. Important articles published during 2005 and 2006 are summarized.
The public health impact of widespread availability of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis against HIV
Authors: Poynten IM , Smith DE , Cooper DA , Kaldor JM , Grulich AE 
Published: July 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to describe the use of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (NPEP) in Australia, and to estimate the number of HIV infections that its use prevented.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based observational cohort study of people who presented to antiretroviral prescribers in Eastern Australia, and reported a high‐risk nonoccupational exposure to HIV, in 1998–2004. Prescribers collected data at baseline, 4 weeks and 6 months. Data collected included details of HIV exposure, drug regimens and HIV serostatus.ResultsThe great majority of the 1601 participants were male (95%) and presented after male homosexual exposure (87%). Only 32% of exposures were to HIV‐positive sources. Two antiretroviral drugs were prescribed after 48% of events, and three or more drugs after 52% of events. The median time to receipt of NPEP was 23 h. Side effects were reported by 66% of participants. No case of NPEP failure in an adherent individual was identified. It was estimated that 0.9–9.2 HIV infections had been prevented. This compared with a total of 1138 newly acquired HIV infections notified in the geographical area covered by the study.ConclusionsIn Australia, NPEP has been widely prescribed and is mainly targeted at high‐risk exposures. Although there were no identified failures of NPEP, it is likely that only a small proportion of new HIV infections in the study area were prevented. NPEP may be a valuable preventive intervention for an individual, but it can only play a minor role in HIV prevention at the population level unless targeting can be further improved.
LITERACY AND THE CONSUMER
Authors: WILLIAMS ALMA 
Published: July 2007

There is an increasing need for a minimum level of functional competence on the part of consumers and citizens. People must for the sake of their own, their families' and their communities' well‐being be able to read and understand information, 60% of which is communicated in print. They must also be able to decode and follow instructions and labelling, and above all react appropriately to warnings. In all parts of the world there is a growing recognition that reading can provide the key to consumer competence, and that the desire for such competence is often a major motivation in seeking out literacy.Unfortunately, much of the information imparted by governments, industries and the professions cannot be absorbed by the majority of people because it is not expressed in ways and terms which they can generally understand. This paper examines some of the failures in consumer communications, which particularly affect those of low reading ability, and points the way to improvement.
MOULDS IN THE HOME
Authors: BRUNDRETT G. W. , ONIONS A. H. S. 
Published: July 2007

Mould growth in homes is one of Britain's biggest housing problems which is becoming even more widespread. Such growth is not only unsightly, smelly and presents a potential health hazard but leads to deterioration of the building fabric. Mould spore concentrations both indoors and outdoors are reviewed and the environmental conditions needed for germination are given.The critical factor to prevent mould is maintenance of a low relative humidity. This can be achieved by either lowering the moisture content or raising the temperature. Moisture removal at source, background heating, and heat pump dehumidifiers are recommended.
HOT WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE HOME
Authors: PARRY M. J. 
Published: July 2007

A survey of 376 households was undertaken to determine how hot water was used in the domestic environment within the time brackets 7:00–12:00, 12:01–16:00 and 16:01–24:00.The results show that most hot water is used during the evening. This is mainly because bathing and washing up are more frequent per person at this time. Washing machine use was consistently more frequent during lunchtime. The results are laid out so that designers can use the data for prediction of water consumption.
CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE, RIGHTS AND BEHAVIOUR OF COMMUNITY CONSUMER LEADERS
Authors: LYTTON RUTH HARRY , GARMAN E. THOMAS 
Published: July 2007

Research has indicated that the attitudes of teachers are often reflected in their students.1 If so, then what are the attitudes that potential community consumer educators may pass on to the people in their localities?Is there a relationship between their knowledge of consumer rights and responsibilities, and their opinions and behaviours? The knowledge, opinions and behaviours concerning consumer rights and responsibilities of community consumer educators may be reflected in their effectiveness in conducting community programs. Are they knowledgeable of their consumer rights and responsibilities? Do their own reported marketplace behaviours support their attitudes, or are they different? This study was designed to seek answers to these and related questions.2