bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Yeasts from Infected Bovine Mammary Glands and Their Experimental Infectivity in Cattle
Authors: Richard J. L. , McDonald J. S. , Fichtner R. E. , Anderson A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cultures of yeasts (n = 91) were obtained from infected mammary glands of cows in New York and Iowa. Of the isolants, 78% belonged to the genus Candida. Eleven Candida species were found, with C tropicalis being the most frequently isolated species and C rugosa being the 2nd most frequently isolated species.
Five species of Candida and an isolant of Cryptococcus lactativorus were used for experimental inoculation of mammary glands of healthy cows. Of glands inoculated with C tropicalis, C rugosa, C parapsilosis, and Crypt lactativorus, 100% became infected. Only 3 of 8 glands inoculated with C krusei and 1 of 5 glands inoculated with C albicans became infected. Recovery of organisms from infected glands occurred on an average of 7.4 days after inoculation, and infections were eliminated spontaneously from 10 to 30 days after inoculation. Clinical differences were not noticed in the cows or glands regardless of the species of yeast used for establishing infection.
Serum Inorganic Fluoride and Renal Function in Dogs After Methoxyflurane Anesthesia, Tetracycline Treatment, and Surgical Manipulation
Authors: Fleming John T. , Pedersoli W. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of 2 hours of methoxyflurane-induced anesthesia in 25 dogs were determined by serum inorganic fluoride, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, water intake, urine excretion, and urine specific gravity measurements; arterial concentrations of the anesthetic were also determined.
The dogs were allotted to 5 groups (ptm, ctm, ptml, ctml, ml) of 5 dogs in each group and were anesthetized (m, in group designations) for 2 hours. The dogs were injected with chemically pure tetracycline or commercial tetracycline (pt and ct, in group designations) before, on the day of, and after anesthesia. In 3 groups, laparotomy (l, in group designations) was done; group ml did not receive tetracycline but a laparotomy was performed.
Serum inorganic fluoride increased (P < 0.05) in all groups 24 hours after anesthesia when compared with the base-line values; the highest mean serum concentration was 81.1 ± 7.91 μmol/L (group ptm) and the lowest was 32.7 ± 4.53 μmol/L (group ptml).
There was no difference (P > 0.05) seen in serum urea nitrogen concentrations between groups. Methoxyflurane and tetracycline treatment caused no difference (P > 0.05) on serum concentrations of inorganic fluoride and urea nitrogen. Serum creatinine concentrations differed (P < 0.05) only for groups ptm, ctm, ptml, and ctml vs group ml. Water intake reached peak at 48 hours after anesthesia.
Arterial concentrations of methoxyflurane determined at 60 and 120 minutes of anesthesia indicated no difference (P > 0.05) among groups.
Neither clinical nor laboratory signs of severe kidney dysfunction were detected in any of the experimental dogs during a 5-day observation period after anesthesia.
Sarcocystis Species in Moose (Alces alces), Bison (Bison bison), and Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The transmission of Sarcocystis spp from naturally infected moose, bison, and pronghorn was attempted in laboratory-raised coyotes and dogs. Infected musculature from a moose was fed to a dog and a coyote, and 12 days later, both animals shed sporocysts. Sporocysts were 14 to 17 × 8.5 to 10.5 μm (av 14.5 × 8.8). A coyote was fed muscle from a bison, and 11 days later, it shed sporocysts. The sporocysts were 14 to 16 × 9 to 11 μm (14.0 × 9.0). Infected tissues from a pronghorn were fed to a dog; the dog did not shed sporocysts. Two morphologically distinct sarcocysts (thick walled and thin walled) were found in musculature of a moose. The name, Sarcocystis alceslatrans, sp n, is proposed for the thin-walled sarcocysts in the moose.
Lymphocyte Responses to Virus and Mitogen in Ponies During Experimental Infection with Equine Herpesvirus 1
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Myrup A. , Bumgardner M. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six pony foals, experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), were studied for their lymphocyte responses to ehv-1 and phytohemagglutinin (pha) stimulations. Lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of ehv-1 appeared as early as 2 days after the foals were inoculated, reached a peak in 7 to 10 days, and subsequently decreased. In contrast, the lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of pha increased sharply, reaching a peak in 2 to 3 days, and then decreased to its lowest level in 10 days after which it returned to its near preinoculation level. As for the mechanism of the transient hyporesponsiveness to mitogen, sera from the ponies after inoculation did not cause lessened stimulatory response of normal lymphocytes to pha. The possible mechanism of this transient hyporesponsiveness to mitogen is discussed.
Prophylactic Medication with Pyrantel to Prevent liver Condemnation in Pigs Naturally Exposed to Ascaris Infections
Authors: Kennedy T. J. , Conway D. P. , Bliss D. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The use of pyrantel tartrate (106 mg/kg of feed) as a continuous feed medication was evaluated in 848 finishing hogs for efficacy in preventing Ascaris suum infections, and in reducing liver fibrosis and liver condemnation at slaughter, associated with A suum infections. Liver condemnations due to Ascaris damage were reduced 100% in all pigs given pyrantel, when compared with condemnation in nonmedicated controls. None of the livers from any of the medicated animals was condemned, whereas livers from 101 (21%) of 479 nonmedicated pigs were condemned due to extensive hepatic scarring. Pyrantel medication administered for 62, 45, or 28 to 31 days resulted in reductions of total number of liver lesions at slaughter by 93.4%, 80.5%, and 68.6%, respectively. In nearly all cases, hepatic lesions remaining at slaughter of pigs given pyrantel in the feed were less distinct than were lesions found on livers from nonmedicated pigs.
Distribution of T and B Lymphocytes in Blood and Lymphoid Tissues of Fetal and Adult Sheep
Authors: Chandra P. , Chanana A. D. , Joel D. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Distributions of B and T lymphocytes in blood and various lymphoid tissues of clinically normal adult and fetal sheep were studied. The B and T lymphocytes were identified in enriched preparations of blood lymphocytes and cell suspensions of solid tissues. The T lymphocytes were quantitated by indirect immunofluorescence, using rabbit antisera to sheep thymus cells. The B lymphocytes were identified by direct immunofluorescence, using rabbit antisera to sheep immunoglobulin.
Evaluation of the Agar-Gel Immunodiffusion Test in the Diagnosis of Canine Blastomycosis
Authors: Legendre Alfred M. , Becker Penny U. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The agar-gel immunodiffusion test was used to evaluate 35 dogs with nistopathologically confirmed blastomycosis and 98 dogs without blastomycosis. The test had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 96%.
Thirteen of the dogs treated for blastomycosis were tested at 6 to 33 months after treatment with amphotericin B. Ten of 13 dogs became seronegative and 3, though clinically normal, remained seropositive at 19, 20, and 20 months, respectively, after amphotericin treatment.
Treatment of Psoroptic Mange with Avermectins
Authors: Wilkins C. A. , Conroy J. A. , Ho P. , O'Shanny W. J. , Malatesta P. F. , Egerton J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Good control of Psoroptes cuniculi was achieved in rabbits treated with various avermectin analogues by topical application or by subcutaneous injection of the 22,23-dihydro-avermectin B1.
Determination of Plasma Fibrinogen Concentration in the Horse
Authors: Campbell Mervyn D. , Bellamy James E. C. , Searcy Gene P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The microhematocrit heat-precipitation methods of Millar et al (1971) and Schalm et al (1975) were compared with the reference clottable protein method of Ratnoff and Menzie (1951) in the measurement of plasma fibrinogen concentration in horses. The Millar et al method was more precise and accurate and showed better positive correlation with the reference method than did the Schalm et al method. There was no significant difference in the plasma fibrinogen concentration between healthy Thoroughbreds and healthy horses of other breeds. Horses with bacterial pneumonia and abscesses had significantly greater plasma fibrinogen values than did those with colic, fractures, and nonsuppurative wounds. The Millar et al method was recommended as a simple, relatively accurate procedure for the determination of plasma fibrinogen that might be used as an additional diagnostic and prognostic indicator in the laboratory investigation of diseases in the horse.
Use of the Portable Infrared Thermometer as a Means of Measuring Limb Surface Temperature in the Horse
Authors: Palmer Scott E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Evaluation was made of the portable infrared thermometer to measure limb surface temperature in 3 horses—first standing in a stall and then placed in lateral recumbency under general anesthesia. To determine the effect of pigment, black and white targets were examined with the instrument under various clinical conditions.
In each horse, thermal gradient measurements were consistent along the extremities. Mean limb surface temperatures were less than rectal temperature and greater than ambient temperature. Limb surface temperatures measured in lateral recumbency under general anesthesia were uniformly higher than those obtained in the standing position in the stall.
The average sd of absolute temperature measurements made under general anesthesia was ± 0.1 C, whereas the average sd of those made in standing horses was ± 0.2 C. For practical use, the latter deviation of ± 0.2 C was considered more appropriate as the limit of significance for clinical measurements made with the instrument. When used indoors in the absence of direct sunlight, the influence of pigment on measurements made with the instrument was not significant.
Optimal conditions for the clinical use of the portable infrared thermometer are defined and factors which affect limb surface temperature are discussed.
Lack of Intracellular Degradation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by Bovine Macrophages Infected in Vitro and in Vivo: Light Microscopic and Electron Microscopic Observations
Authors: Bendixen P. H. , Bloch B. , Jorgensen J. Berg 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood-derived macrophages from clinically healthy cows and cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were cultured in vitro and inoculated with heat-killed M paratuberculosis. Five weeks after infection, acid-fast bacteria continued to be demonstrated in the macrophages.
Macrophage cultures also were infected with living M paratuberculosis and were examined by electron microscopy. Four weeks after infection, intact bacteria were found in all cultures.
Electron microscopic examinations of intestinal macrophages from infected cows also demonstrated intracellular intact bacteria.
Isolation of Encysted Toxoplasma gondii from Musculature of Moose and Pronghorn in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for Toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. The isolated strains of T gondii were of low virulence to mice.
Quantitative Survival of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites in Pepsin and in Trypsin Solutions
Authors: Sharma S. P. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii survived in pepsin solution and in trypsin solution. After 120 minutes in trypsin solution at 37 C, infectivity of bradyzoites for mice was reduced 100-fold, whereas in pepsin solution there was no reduction in infectivity. Tachyzoites survived in trypsin, but after 15 and 60 minutes’ incubation at 37 C, there was a 100,000-fold reduction in infectivity titer.
Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in mice inoculated with experimentally infected goat brain digested in pepsin and in trypsin solutions, but not in mice inoculated with undigested brain of the same goat. Seemingly, tissues should be digested in pepsin solution to isolate T gondii from chronically infected animals.
Effects of Killed Brucella abortus Strain 45/20 Vaccine on Reindeer Later Challenge Exposed with Brucella suis Type 4
Authors: Dieterich R. A. , Deyoe B. L. , Morton J. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six seronegative pregnant reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L) were vaccinated with killed Brucella abortus strain 45/20 with added adjuvant. These were challenge exposed with B suis type 4 after 90 days; at the same time, 4 seronegative, nonvaccinated, pregnant reindeer (controls) were given the challenge inoculum.
Humoral antibodies were detected in the vaccinated reindeer by postvaccination day 14. A marked increase in antibody levels also occurred after they were challenge exposed, but did not reach the levels observed in control reindeer which seroconverted within 8 days after they were given the challenge inoculum. One control reindeer aborted at 45 days after challenge exposure (at 165 days of a normal 225-day gestation period), and the fawn of another lived only a few days after delivery. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from tissues of 3 of 4 control reindeer and of 2 of their fawns. All vaccinated reindeer gave birth to live fawns which were culture negative, although 1 fawn lived only a few days. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from tissues of 1 vaccinated reindeer. Under the conditions of this experiment, killed B abortus 45/20 vaccine provided increased resistance to brucellosis.
Characterization of Anaplasma marginale Infection in Splenectomized Domestic Goats
Authors: Maas J. , Buening G. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inoculum of Anaplasma marginale was given (iv) to a splenectomized domestic goat and then was serially passed through 4 additional goats. The results indicated that goats can be latent carriers at 75 days after inoculation, but not at 208 days. There was no evidence of serial passage of A marginale in goats.
Electroretinographic Components of the Canine Visual Evoked Response
Authors: Malnati George A. , Marshall Arvle E. , Coulter Dwight B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Electroretinograms (erg) and visual evoked responses (ver) were recorded from 2 anesthetized dogs before and after surgical manipulation. The erg was recorded from a corneal contact lens, and the ver, from 9 different scalp sites. The recordings were made on a signal averager as done in clinical situations. Surgical manipulation consisted of an alcohol block of the stimulated eye and enucleation of the nonstimulated eye. The results indicated that under the conditions of making the recordings, the major and consistent waves of the ver from all scalp sites were a far-field erg and were not of cortical origin.
Prepartum Changes of Plasma Concentrations of Prostaglandin F and 13,14-Dihydro-15-Ketoprostaglandin Metabolites in Pregnant Animals Exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi or Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Baetz Albert L. , Leiting Sally E. , Bryner John , Barnett Dean 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant cows at 4- to 5-months’ of gestation were exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi or Campylobacter fetus. Plasma prostaglandin F (pgf) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin metabolite (pgm) concentrations were determined at intervals from before exposure until abortion or parturition. The plasma pgf concentration of pregnant infected cattle remained at 0.02 ± 0.04 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition when it increased 5-fold to 0.11 ± 0.12 ng/ml. The plasma pgm concentration of these cattle remained at 0.10 ± 0.07 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition when it increased over 10-fold to 1.36 ± 0.60 ng/ml. This change in pgf and pgm was similar to that of cattle exposed to each of the infective agents and to that of normal cows at parturition. Thus, changes in pgf or pgm concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to determine fetal distress or fetal death for these infections.
Ultrastructural Observations in Ponies After Treatment with Monensin
Authors: Mollenhauer H. H. , Rowe L. D. , Cysewski S. J. , Witzel D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ultrastructural studies were made of myocardium, diaphragm, appendicular muscle, liver, and kidney of 3 ponies acutely poisoned with a single oral dose of monensin (4 mg/kg of body weight). These ponies developed severe signs of toxicosis and were killed 28 to 72 hours after treatment. Severe mitochondrial damage (swelling) and lipoidosis in myocardial tissues were observed in 2 of the 3 ponies; similar, but less severe, changes were observed in the 3rd pony. The hepatocytes of the 3 ponies were characterized by increased amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid droplets, vacuoles bounded by fibrous material, and a 2-fold increase in the number of peroxisomes per cell. Some hepatocytes also contained a membrane-bounded protein-like body. The observations indicate that heart mitochondria are primary targets of monensin poisoning in ponies.
Contagious Equine Metritis: Effect of Vaccination on Control of the Disease
Authors: Sahu S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pony mares were vaccinated with killed contagious equine metritis (cem) bacteria by iv, subcutaneous, and intrauterine (iu) routes (or a combination of these routes). The serum agglutinating antibody titer varied from 1:64 to 1:1,024 after vaccination. In pony mares challenge exposed with 96-hour-old culture of cem bacteria given by iu route, there were clinical signs of cem, but these signs were less severe in vaccinated mares than in nonvaccinated mares. The bacterium was isolated for the exudate and from uterine samples collected from the mares after challenge exposure.
A low titer of iu antibodies to cem bacteria in infected mares was observed with agglutination tests (plate, tube, and antiglobulin), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, a high antibody titer was obtained when passive hemagglutination test was used.
Comparison of Four Serologic Tests for the Detection of Antibodies to Bovine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Miller J. M. , Schmerr M. J. F. , Van Der Maaten M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four tests for detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (blv) were compared. The sera that were tested came from cattle in naturally infected commercial dairy herds, cattle that were infected under experimental conditions, and cattle in an isolated blv-free herd. The tests that were compared included a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ria) with p24 antigen, a ria with glycoprotein (gp) antigen, an agar-gel immunodiffusion (agid) test with gp antigen, and a virus-neutralization (vn) test that was based on inhibition of blv-induced syncytia in cell culture.
Results of the 4 serologic tests agreed for 96.8% of the sera from cattle in commercial herds. The gp ria detected the greatest number of positive sera (188); it was followed in turn by the p24 ria (187), the vn test (183), and the agid test (176). The gp ria titers of the 12 sera that gave negative agid results were 175 or less.
In ria, the percentage of precipitation of labeled antigen by positive sera was almost always higher with gp antigen than with p24 antigen. Satisfactory sensitivity in the p24 ria required the acceptance of a low level of antigen precipitation, 15%, as a positive test. In the gp ria, however, almost all positive sera precipitated at least 50% of the labeled antigen. Nonspecific precipitation of antigen in the ria by sera from blv-free cattle ranged from 4% to 10%.
Examination of sequential serum samples from 17 experimentally infected cattle showed that blv antibody was first detected 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation. In 9 cattle, seroconversion was detected simultaneously by all of the tests. Results from the other 8 cattle indicated that seroconversion could be detected first by p24 ria, followed by the gp ria and the vn test. The longest interval between ria seroconversion and agid seroconversion was 10 days.
Monthly tests of sera from 10 laboratory cattle that were infected by contact exposure showed that 7 animals seroconverted in all tests at the same time. Two cattle were positive first in ria, but by the next month they were also positive in the vn and agid tests. One animal was positive in the ria and the vn test for 2 months before antibody was detected by agid.
Use of a Feline Cell Line in the Syncytia Infectivity Assay for the Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Cattle
Authors: Ferrer Jorge F. , Cabradilla C. , Gupta P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This report describes a modified syncytia infectivity assay (sia) for the direct detection of bovine leukemia virus (blv) in blood lymphocytes of cattle, using transformed feline (CC81) cells as the indicator system. The data show that the syncytia present in cultures of CC81 cells inoculated with blv-infected cells are specific and arise through a mechanism similar to that responsible for the phenomenon of “late” polykaryocytosis described in other virus systems.
The susceptibility of the CC81 cells to the syncytia-inducing effect of blv-infected cells is comparable with that of early passages of bovine embryonic spleen cells, which were previously used as the indicator system in the sia. Unlike the bovine embryonic spleen cells, CC81 cells retain their susceptibility to syncytia induction for long periods of cultivation. Furthermore, the syncytia induced in the CC81 cultures are larger and easier to identify. Thus, the CC81 cells can be used advantageously as the indicator system when the sia is applied to the detection of blv-infected lymphocytes.
The results of the sia for the detection of infective blv agreed closely with those of the radioimmunoassay for the detection of blv antibodies in randomly examined cattle. On the other hand, many cattle in early stages of infection were positive in the radioimmunoassay several months before they reacted in the sia.
The detection of blv in blood lymphocytes provides a useful method for the diagnosis of blv infection in cattle when serologic tests cannot be used, eg, calves that may have passively acquired maternal antibodies and cattle given blv vaccines.
Therapeutic Effect of Phenylbutazone on Experimental Acute Escherichia coli Endotoxemia in Ponies
Authors: Burrows George E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phenylbutazone (pbz), a classic anti-inflammatory and prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor drug, was used to determine the role of prostaglandins and other mediators on the development and perpetuation of the response to intraperitoneal Escherichia coli endotoxin administration. The pbz (15 mg/kg of body weight) was administered iv 30 minutes after endotoxin administration and was repeated later at 6 and 12 hours at a dose of 10 mg/kg. A variety of evaluation measurements (hematologic, blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate and fibrinogen, serum β-glucuronidase, prothrombin time, blood gases, hepatic glycogen, plasma esterase, capillary refill time, and rectal temperature) were utilized. Marked alterations were noted for all evaluators following endotoxin administration except for blood fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and plasma esterase activity. The pbz therapy blocked the hemoconcentration, hyperglycemia, increased blood lactate, decreased bicarbonate, decreased blood pH, pyrexia, and prolonged capillary refill time responses associated with endotoxin administration. Despite the significant blocking effects of pbz on endotoxin responses, the eventual survival rate was unaffected in these experiments.