bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chiral recognition in complexation of guests by designed host molecules
Authors: Cram D. J. , Helgeson R. C. , Sousa L. R. , Timko J. M. , Newcomb M. , Moreau P. , de Jong F. , Gokel G. W. , Hoffman D. H. , Domeier L. A. , Peacock S. C. , Madan Khorshed , Kaplan Lester 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Thermal Behavior of Multifluid-Saturated Formations Part 1: Effect of Wettability, Saturation, and Grain Structure
Authors: Gomaa Ezzat E. , Somerton W.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A conceptual model is developed for prediction of thermal conductivity of multi-fluid saturated formations. The model incorporates the physical properties as well as wettability and solid-fluid affinity concepts. The fluid saturation distribution, the Biot number related to the surface of contact between the solid matrix and fluids, and a grain contact parameter successfully explained the thermal behavior of given rock fluid systems.
Experimental measurements on actual rock-fluid systems confirmed the validity of the proposed method. Both the model and experimental results indicated the thermal conductivity of formations to be a function of the square root of wetting phase saturation.
The degree of compaction and cementation between solid grains of the rock is also an effective factor in determining the thermal conductivity. Being expressed in terms of a dimensionless grain contact parameter, the compaction cementation was correlated with the formation resistivity factor.

Introduction
Analyses of thermal recovery processes and geothermal steam and hot water formations require knowledge about thermal behavior and properties of multi-fluid saturated porous media. The validity of such analyses and the applicability of their results are sensitive to the reliability of these data. In particular, it is important to use the proper values of the system's thermal properties and to have a good notion about their modes of change with the existing variables.
A porous sandstone consists of a framework of solid grains, whether cemented together or not, within which pores and openings are present. Such openings are filled with different combinations of fluids. Thermal properties of these rock-fluid systems will be, of course, a certain combination of the individual properties of their constituents and a function of the existing environmental conditions. In addition these properties are functions of the modes of behavior and interactions between fluids and solid matrix.
The literature contains a considerable amount of work on different methods and techniques for measurements and prediction of some of these properties. However, such methods and data are limited to porous media saturated with a single fluid. Very little has been done on the mixed fluid saturation problem and the above effects were not quantitatively evaluated.
Thermal Behavior of Multifluid-Saturated Formations Part 2: Effect of Vapor Saturation - Heat Pipe Concept and Apparent Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Gomaa Ezzat E. , Somerton W.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
When porous systems contain liquids at or near their vapor pressures and saturation temperatures, evaporation-condensation reactions may combine with capillary pressure gradients and greatly enhance the heat transfer capacity of the system. This behavior was simulated by the so-called Heat Pipe, a mechanism which is capable of transferring heat at rates much higher than those observed by simple conduction.
A conceptual model was derived for the theoretical analysis of the heat pipe concepts in porous media. Equations were developed for expressing the heat pipe effect in the form of an additional thermal conductivity as function of the system's characteristics.
The mechanism was illustrated experimentally by testing four different rock samples with two liquids of different latent heats of vaporization. Results, which were in consistent agreement with the derived theory, showed that vapor saturations resulted in high apparent thermal conductivities for the rock samples that was, in some cases, several times greater than the expected basic value. Both theoretical and experimental observations showed that the heat pipe effect is a function of permeability, porosity, latent heat of vaporization of the saturating liquid, vapor saturation, capillary pressure, and relative permeabilities and kinematic viscosities of the liquid and vapor phases.
A statistical correlation was obtained expressing the heat pipe effect in terms of other easy measuring properties of the physical system.

Introduction
Analyses of the processes of thermal recovery of crude oil, energy extraction from geothermal steam formations, heat transfer in packed towers, and many other important engineering applications often require knowledge of thermal behavior and properties of partially vapor saturated porous media. The effect of partial vapor saturation on thermal behavior of such materials was not fully investigated. Few authors had reported briefly that the presence of some vapor saturation in porous media samples made their thermal conductivities higher than expected. These findings were mainly experimental and in some cases they were reported as experimental errors. Theoretical explanation was not available and thus these effects were not evaluated quantitatively.
In the present work the effects of partial vapor saturation on the heat transfer characteristics of formations were considered and evaluated.
Noise Characteristics of Oil Wells and Reservoirs
Authors: Shuck L.Z. , Keech T.W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Monitoring the acoustic emission from oil, gas, geothermal, and other reservoirs under various conditions promises to yield valuable information regarding the reservoir characteristics and the results from such processes as hydraulic fracturing conducted in the reservoir. In order to interpret the emissions generated during various operations, it was first necessary to study and evaluate the reservoir under relatively undisturbed conditions. The acoustic noise environment as seen by a hydrophone on the end of a logging cable is discussed. Hydrophone-type sensors-transducers, as used for obtaining this data, have many advantages for monitoring such acoustic emission. Measurements of ambient noise at various depths from the surface down to 2,050feet (625m) in one well and in 11 different wells at 2,030 feet (619m) were made.
From these measurements and analyses, it was found that the noise environment is in general wide-band and random. The noise can be further classified as stationary and ergodic. The noise is attenuated with depth, typically decreasing by a factor of one-half from the surface to 50.0 feet(15.2m). Typically, the time average RMS pressure amplitude had a value of 0.75to 0.8 Pa below 1,000 feet (305m) and did not vary greatly with further increases in depth. A 40 mv RMS signal corresponded to 0.8 pa(N/m2). The acoustic energy was found to have some dominant frequency bands near 450 hz and 1,200 hz. In general, the pressure signals were considerably weaker at frequencies above 2 khz where the system electronic noise became a significant portion of the overall signal.

Introduction
Acoustic monitoring of oil and gas wellbores promises to yield increasingly more information about the characteristics of reservoirs. In the past, acoustic monitoring in wellbores for any reason has been done on a rather limited scale. The monitoring of seismic waves with borehole geophones has been the principal technique used. Bois, and others have described recent experimentation in this area and give the historical developments. These seismic measurements are usually made with the objectives of exploration or seismic velocity surveys and the determination of elastic properties. The maximum frequencies of interest are 150 hz and frequently less than 10 hz.
Current Perspective on Gas Well Testing - Objectives, Methods, Procedures, Analyses and Requirements of Northern Natural Gas Company as Purchaser
Authors: Smith D.L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Objectives of obtaining well performance data to determine quantity and quality of reserves and to provide facility design data are accomplished by utilizing producer and state test information and supplementing with company gathered data. Analysis is made by steady and unsteady-state methods on data obtained at the wellhead and bottom-hole. The use and description of the latest well test equipment, used and designed by the testing group, is also presented.
A general discussion of Northern Natural Gas Co.'s current gas well test objectives, methods, procedures, analyses and requirements from a purchaser'spoint of view is presented. Objectives of obtaining adequate well performance data to determine quality of reserves and design data are accomplished by utilizing producer and state test information and supplementing with company information. Data is collected at the wellhead if indicative of reservoir conditions. If surface datum is not reliable, bottom-hole pressure datum is obtained. Analysis is made by steady-state and unsteady-state methods as required to determine stabilized wellhead performance. This stabilized wellhead performance is projected for at least five years for use in facilities design, reserve acquisition, operating schedules, long range planning and budgeting.

Introduction
The competitive nature of natural gas as a fuel in the market place is placing more emphasis on quality and available quantity of gas reserves in the purchase areas. The collection and use of gas well test data is increasing in importance to satisfy present and future operating requirements. This discussion was written to present the current perspective of Northern Natural Gas Co.'s interest in gas well testing and how the information is gathered and utilized. Casinghead, plant or storage gas testing is not included in this discussion.
Effort is made to collect physical environment data on gas wells principally at the wellhead. Data is collected at reservoir level if liquid problems prohibit reliable prediction of reservoir characteristics from wellhead test data. The data is analyzed using selected current technology to satisfy economic environment needs such as [1] contractual obligations, [2] regulatory body requirements of adequate source data for the accounting system which enables control decisions.
Northern Natural Gas Co. currently engages in two types of gas well testing activities - initial tests before connection and recurring tests after connection. Both types of testing involve the field collection, engineering analysis, and application of gas well test data. Initial test data is gathered and analyzed to determine productivity as a function of time. The initial well productivity aids in estimating reserves and in determining qualification for connection. After connection the testing continues and original estimates are revised as needed.
Gas Well Testing - Storage
Authors: Katz Donald L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The usual back pressure tests or inflow tests during gas injection are needed to understand gas well flow capacities. Such individual well capacities are combined into composite field deliverability curves for predicting the flowing well head pressure during heavy gas withdrawal periods. Some practices for gas storage in both depleted gas fields and aquifers are discussed.
Gas wells are tested regularly in connection with storage operations. Two types of reservoirs will be considered; depleted gas fields and aquifer storage fields. Generally, the objective is to know the flow capacity of the gas wells during the high withdrawal periods.

Depleted Gas Fields
The flow capacity of gas wells is normally determined shortly after drilling. At the time of conversion of depleted gas fields to storage, it is advisable to re-test the wells for deliverability. Such tests usually must wait until a reasonable degree of repressuring has taken place to give enough gas pressure to permit blowing the wells and to assure that the well sand face is dry. A comparison of the re-test performance with the original test indicates the degree of deterioration and whether remedial work is indicated. Fig. 1shows a Stray Sand gas well with severe deterioration during it's productive life. Any new wells drilled are tested to give their flow capacity.
The information of interest is the composite performance curve for the field. This is obtained by taking the sum of the flow capacities [Q] at a given difference of squares of the pressures. Such a field curve along with the gathering system pressure drop will give the field delivery pressure for any flow rate and gas reservoir pressure. The reservoir pressure is often observed directly by a pressure observation well to find Pf.
Flow tests are most conveniently taken in the summer time in a period corresponding to gas injection rather than withdrawal. It has been shown that inflow testing gives the same results as outflow testing and Fig. 1 shows inflow test results after conversion to gas storage. In well testing it is customary to use a deadweight pressure gage for well head pressure measurements and individual well orifices meters.
The relative close spacing of gas wells for storage removes the usual problem of unsteady state. However, before developing a reservoir, initial tests on a gas well involving unsteady state may be made in the manner followed by Robertson. The more likely problem is that a portion of the gas reservoir has high permeability and hence contains most of the deliverability capacity.
Gas Current Perspective on Well Testing in Storage Fields
Authors: Guinane J.P. , Evrenos A.I. 
Published: April 2008

Introduction
Gas well testing is not new, but the practical approach which forces innovation and departure from the laboratory technique may present a challenge. This is especially true in testing wells penetrating gas storage reservoirs developed in aquifers.
It is hoped that this paper will present some of the aspects of well testing for storage fields which will also pinpoint the direction for future laboratory research. The analysis of the data is not covered in the scope of this discussion, but rather the objectives of the tests and the procedures used to conduct the tests are explored.
Since all gas well testing is performed for certain specific needs and objectives, it is not difficult to understand the reason for the approaches presented in this paper. Whether it be company justification or regulatory requirements, all storage well testing is geared to the ultimate proof of the storage reservoir. Well condition is indicated, but basically each test run on a storage well or group of wells will prove the injectability or the deliverability of each storage zone tested.
The authors' experience in gas well testing has been primarily with storage developed in aquifers. That is reservoirs which have not previously contained gas or oil. The views presented will therefore indicate actual problems associated with this type of reservoir. The similarity in many respects to conditions encountered in depleted oil and/or gas reservoirs converted to gas storage reservoirs will be of interest to those concerned with such storage facilities. The unusual aspects of gas well testing in "aquiferstorage" will point out the areas where additional research has been done or needs to be done for the progress of this phase of reservoir technology.

Gas Well Testing - Storage Fields
Gas well testing is normally concerned with the deliverability of a gas well. Gas well testing in storage fields is primarily concerned with both injectability and deliverability of a well or of many wells. As will be explained in this discussion, injection and withdrawal characteristics of an entire field may be more important or at least equally important as individual well performance.
Most storage fields are developed to fulfill a specific basic requirement of a gas company. This basic need is the ultimate efficient service to the customer. By the nature of their purpose, transmission and distribution companies are the major developers of storage projects. This may be small capacity, low volume rate service or large capacity, high volume rate service depending on the need.
Theory of Deterrence and Individual Behavior. Can Lawsuits Control File Sharing on the Internet?
Authors: Oksanen Ville , Välimäki Mikko 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The music and movie industries have recently added individual consumers as the target of the file sharing lawsuits. It is often questioned why the industries use substantial resources to fight in the courtrooms instead of making better and more affordable products. In this article, we first analyze the reasons of the industry behavior suggesting that the court strategy may be in fact more effective, at least in the short term, than it should be based on pure economic calculations. However, the empirical evidence seems to imply that lawsuits fail to send a strong signal to individuals about the society’s supposedly negative attitude towards file sharing. General deterrence from the threat of being sued does not help in the end either because people are risk seeking in the face of making a decision between a certain and probable loss. In conclusion, we argue that the court strategy cannot be used to establish any social norm with a long lasting effect on individual behavior as long as the peer pressure works towards the opposite direction.
The Inheritance of Educational Inequality: International Comparisons and Fifty-Year Trends
Authors: Hertz Tom , Jayasundera Tamara , Piraino Patrizio , Selcuk Sibel , Smith Nicole , Verashchagina Alina 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper estimates 50-year trends in the intergenerational persistence of educational attainment for a sample of 42 nations around the globe. Large regional differences in educational persistence are documented, with Latin America displaying the highest intergenerational correlations, and the Nordic countries the lowest. We also demonstrate that the global average correlation between parent and child's schooling has held steady at about 0.4 for the past fifty years.
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Human Pancreatic β-Cells: Electrophysiological Characterization and Role in Insulin Secretion
Authors: Braun Matthias , Ramracheya Reshma , Bengtsson Martin , Zhang Quan , Karanauskaite Jovita , Partridge Chris , Johnson Paul R. , Rorsman Patrik 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE— To characterize the voltage-gated ion channels in human β-cells from nondiabetic donors and their role in glucose-stimulated insulin release.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Insulin release was measured from intact islets. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments and measurements of cell capacitance were performed on isolated β-cells. The ion channel complement was determined by quantitative PCR.
RESULTS— Human β-cells express two types of voltage-gated K+ currents that flow through delayed rectifying (KV2.1/2.2) and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. Blockade of BK channels (using iberiotoxin) increased action potential amplitude and enhanced insulin secretion by 70%, whereas inhibition of KV2.1/2.2 (with stromatoxin) was without stimulatory effect on electrical activity and secretion. Voltage-gated tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na+ currents (NaV1.6/1.7) contribute to the upstroke of action potentials. Inhibition of Na+ currents with TTX reduced glucose-stimulated (6–20 mmol/l) insulin secretion by 55–70%. Human β-cells are equipped with L- (CaV1.3), P/Q- (CaV2.1), and T- (CaV3.2), but not N- or R-type Ca2+ channels. Blockade of L-type channels abolished glucose-stimulated insulin release, while inhibition of T- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels reduced glucose-induced (6 mmol/l) secretion by 60–70%. Membrane potential recordings suggest that L- and T-type Ca2+ channels participate in action potential generation. Blockade of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels suppressed exocytosis (measured as an increase in cell capacitance) by &gt;80%, whereas inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels only had a minor effect.
CONCLUSIONS— Voltage-gated T-type and L-type Ca2+ channels as well as Na+ channels participate in glucose-stimulated electrical activity and insulin secretion. Ca2+-activated BK channels are required for rapid membrane repolarization. Exocytosis of insulin-containing granules is principally triggered by Ca2+ influx through P/Q-type Ca2+ channels.
Serum Heat Shock Protein 27 and Diabetes Complications in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study
Authors: Gruden Gabriella , Bruno Graziella , Chaturvedi Nish , Burt Davina , Schalkwijk Casper , Pinach Silvia , Stehouwer Coen D. , Witte Daniel R. , Fuller John H. , Perin Paolo Cavallo ,   the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a member of the small heat shock protein family of proteins. HSP27 expression is enhanced in target tissues of diabetic microvascular complications, and changes in circulating serum HSP27 levels (sHSP27) have been reported in patients with macrovascular disease. We investigated whether sHSP27 levels were associated with micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A cross-sectional, nested, case-control study from the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study of 531 type 1 diabetic patients was performed. Case subjects (n = 363) were defined as those with one or more complications of diabetes; control subjects (n = 168) were defined as those with no evidence of any complication. We measured sHSP27 levels and investigated their associations with diabetes complications.
RESULTS—Mean sHSP27 levels were significantly higher in case subjects with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) than in control subjects, even after adjustment for age and albumin excretion rate (AER) (785.9 vs. 574.7 pg/ml, P = 0.03). In logistic regression analysis, sHSP27 levels in the upper quartile were associated with a twofold increased odds ratio (OR) of DSP, independently of conventional risk factors, markers of inflammation, and AER (OR 2.41 [95% CI 1.11–5.24]).
CONCLUSIONS—In this large cohort of type 1 diabetic subjects, we found an independent association between sHSP27 and DSP. This suggests that sHSP27 levels may be a novel marker for diabetic neuropathy.