bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The medical digital library landscape
Authors: Ismond Kathleen P. , Shiri Ali 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify two medical digital libraries from each of the following three countries: Canada, the USA and the UK. It aims to discuss strengths and weaknesses in system design in an effort to provide a basis on which to improve both the organisation of, and the access to, electronic, scholarly information.Design/methodology/approachInclusion criteria for identifying the medical digital libraries were, those who: had primarily text‐based collections, intended for use by researchers or healthcare professionals; were freely accessible, and fulfilled the author's definition of a digital library as opposed to an online database. (Medical digital libraries with either a historical focus or that had primarily image/video collections were excluded.) To identify suitable medical digital libraries, the following resources were used: scholarly databases, online search engines, government and national library web sites, lists of online medical resources, and university web sites. Selection preference was given to those libraries with the most recent launch dates and service features. Each library was systematically evaluated, qualitatively and quantitatively, from the user's perspective in six distinct areas: administrative overview and site architecture, knowledge organisation, results management, interaction with the collection, additional information services, usability, and personalisation.FindingsThe study finds that each digital library had a unique set of strengths and weaknesses. Each offered different services to help users identify relevant material and to quickly understand and assess their contents. However, this required that each library have a team of experts to obtain, assess, catalogue, and annotate the information. Where available, user comments were supportive of each effort and very positive.Research limitations/implicationsMedical digital libraries are an excellent conduit between authors and practitioners. However, they require intensive resources for establishment and maintenance. For these libraries to realise their full potential, emphasis must be placed on the currency and quality of their collections, maintaining pace with the technology employed by their users, providing services that facilitate the access and digestion of complex, scholarly information, and ensuring that online users are aware of the existence of these libraries.Practical implicationsThis paper contributes to the overall improvement of existing and future medical digital libraries.Originality/valueThis is the first ever evaluation and comparison of freely available medical digital libraries from three countries.
The impact of participation in virtual brand communities on consumer trust and loyalty
Authors: Casaló Luis , Flavián Carlos , Guinalíu Miguel 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe importance of virtual brand communities is growing day by day as a result of consumers increasingly using online tools to contact fellow consumers in order to get information on which to base their decisions. For this reason, this work aims to explore some of the effects of participation in a virtual brand community on consumer behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes the positive effects of participation in a virtual community on both consumer trust and loyalty to the product, brand or organisation around which the community is developed. In addition, it also proposes a positive effect of trust on consumer loyalty. After the validations of measurement scales, the hypotheses are contrasted through structural modelling.FindingsThe data, obtained through a web survey using members of several free software virtual communities, show that participation in the activities carried out in a virtual community may foster consumer trust and loyalty to the mutual interest of the community (the free software in this case). In addition, the study also found a positive and significant effect of consumer trust on loyalty.Research limitations/implicationsData were collected thanks to a web survey using Spanish‐speaking subjects.Practical implicationsThe high costs every company has to face in order to get new customers make it increasingly necessary to reinforce the ties established with customers. In this respect, this study has shown that managers may foster consumer trust and loyalty by developing virtual brand communities and promoting consumers' participation in them.Originality/valueMost of the works that are focused on virtual communities have been conducted at the conceptual level. Thus, with the aim of moving on this topic, this study analyses empirically the effects of participation in a virtual brand community on consumer behaviour.
An exploratory study of Google Scholar
Authors: Mayr Philipp , Walter Anne‐Kathrin 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the new scientific search service Google Scholar (GS). It aims to discuss this search engine, which is intended exclusively for searching scholarly documents, and then empirically test its most important functionality. The focus is on an exploratory study which investigates the coverage of scientific serials in GS.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on queries against different journal lists: international scientific journals from Thomson Scientific (SCI, SSCI, AH), open access journals from the DOAJ list and journals from the German social sciences literature database SOLIS as well as the analysis of result data from GS. All data gathering took place in August 2006.FindingsThe study shows deficiencies in the coverage and up‐to‐dateness of the GS index. Furthermore, the study points out which web servers are the most important data providers for this search service and which information sources are highly represented. The paper can show that there is a relatively large gap in Google Scholar's coverage of German literature as well as weaknesses in the accessibility of Open Access content. Major commercial academic publishers are currently the main data providers.Research limitations/implicationsFive different journal lists were analysed, including approximately 9,500 single titles. The lists are from different fields and of various sizes. This limits comparability. There were also some problems matching the journal titles of the original lists to the journal title data provided by Google Scholar. The study was only able to analyse the top 100 Google Scholar hits per journal.Practical implicationsThe paper concludes that Google Scholar has some interesting pros (such as citation analysis and free materials) but the service cannot be seen as a substitute for the use of special abstracting and indexing databases and library catalogues due to various weaknesses (such as transparency, coverage and up‐to‐dateness).Originality/valueThe authors do not know of any other study using such a brute force approach and such a large empirical basis. The study can be considered as using brute force in the sense that it gathered lots of data from Google and then analysed the data in a macroscopic way.
Relevance ranking is not relevance ranking or, when the user is not the user, the search results are not search results
Authors: Bade David 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of the differences between the actual technical principles determining relevance ranking, and how relevance ranking is understood, described and evaluated by the developers of relevance ranking algorithms and librarians.Design/methodology/approachThe discussion uses descriptions by PLWeb Turbo and C2 of their relevance ranking products and a librarian's description on her blog with the responses which it drew, contrasting these with relevancy as it is indicated in studies of the ISI citation record reported by White.FindingsThe study finds that product descriptions and librarians consistently use the term “relevance ranking” to mean both the artificial relevance ranking by statistical methods using various surrogates assumed to reliably indicate relevance and the real relevance as determined by the searcher. The paper indicates the misunderstandings arising from this terminological confusion and its consequences in the context of the invalid user models and artificial searches which accompany discussions of “relevance ranking”.Research limitations/implicationsEvaluations of relevance ranking must be based on real users and real searches. Theorising relevance as a judgement about information rather than a property of information clarifies many issues.Practical implicationsThe design of search engines and OPACs will benefit from incorporating metadata that contain indications of user‐determined relevance.Originality/valueThe activity of subject analysis and indexing by human beings is presented as an activity identical in kind to the real searcher's determination of relevance, a definite statement of relevancy arising from a real communication situation rather than a statistically indicated probability.
Cognitive shifts related to interactive information retrieval
Authors: Spink Amanda , Dee Cheryl 
Published: November 2007

PurposeInteractive information retrieval (IR) involves many human cognitive shifts at different information behaviour levels. Cognitive science defines a cognitive shift or shift in cognitive focus as triggered by the brain's response and change due to some external force. This paper aims to provide an explication of the concept of “cognitive shift” and then report results from a study replicating Spink's study of cognitive shifts during interactive IR. This work aims to generate promising insights into aspects of cognitive shifts during interactive IR and a new IR evaluation measure – information problem shift.Design/methodology/approachThe study participants (n=9) conducted an online search on an in‐depth personal medical information problem. Data analysed included the pre‐ and post‐search questionnaires completed by each study participant. Implications for web services and further research are discussed.FindingsKey findings replicated the results in Spink's study, including: all study participants reported some level of cognitive shift in their information problem, information seeking and personal knowledge due to their search interaction; and different study participants reported different levels of cognitive shift. Some study participants reported major cognitive shifts in various user‐based variables such as information problem or information‐seeking stage. Unlike Spink's study, no participant experienced a negative shift in their information problem stage or level of information problem understanding.Originality/valueThis study builds on the previous study by Spink using a different dataset. The paper provides valuable insights for further research into cognitive shifts during interactive IR.
Help features in digital libraries: types, formats, presentation styles, and problems
Authors: Xie Hong (Iris) 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Help features in digital libraries and identify problems related to their design.Design/methodology/approachThis study selects six digital libraries to represent a variety of digital libraries developed or sponsored by different types of organisations. The Help features of these selected digital libraries are examined by their types (explicit versus implicit), formats (texts, images, screenshots, multimedia materials, and interactive formats), and presentation styles (descriptive, guided, procedural, and exemplary).FindingsThis study presents the types of Help features available in the selected digital libraries, and further characterises the formats and presentation styles of these Help features. In the process of analysis, the author also identifies six types of problems: lack of standards; tradeoff between using explicit Help and implicit help; tradeoff between using general Help versus specific Help; lack of interactive Help features; lack of dynamic presentation styles; and lack of Help features for advanced users and users who do not understand English.Research limitations/implicationsIn order to design Help features that facilitate users to effectively use digital libraries, further research needs to extend studies to what types of help‐seeking situations users generally encounter and the corresponding support they need.Originality/valueThis study provides insightful information regarding the current status and problems of the Help features in existing digital libraries.
Software issues related to cited references
Authors: Jacsó Péter 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe underlying software issue related to cited references is the capability of the software to identify the specific work cited by a reference, and associate it with the correct author and journal. This paper aims to investigate this issue and to discuss the latest editions of Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the strengths and weaknesses of the Distinct Author Set feature of WoS and the Author Details feature of Scopus are discussed.FindingsThe paper reveals that these tools will have an increasingly important role in refining the process of disambiguating author (and journal) names in calculating their h‐index.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful information on software issues related to cited references and on the Distinct Author Set feature of WoS and the Author Details feature of Scopus.
Operating company or investment company: what would a reasonable investor think?
Authors: Menconi Christopher D. 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss a recently‐decided Seventh Circuit case in which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) alleged that National Presto Industries, Inc., a seller of household goods and munitions, was unlawfully operating as an investment company. The paper also aims to explain concisely the definition of investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the 1940 Act).Design/methodology/approachUsing the Seventh Circuit's decision as an introduction, this paper summarizes the definition of investment company under the 1940 Act, highlights a statutory exclusion from the definition and a related SEC interpretation, reviews the judicial opinion and offers commentary on the court's decision.FindingsThe study finds that a typical investment company, such as a mutual fund, is nothing more than a pool of securities and cash. Most operating companies, such as manufacturers or service providers, look nothing like an investment company. Their assets consist of buildings, plants, inventory, computers and more. Yet, it is possible for an operating company to become an investment company. The definition under the 1940 Act provides a rather mechanical test for making this determination. The Seventh Circuit's decision concerned an operating company that the SEC believed satisfied the definition. In disagreeing with the SEC, the court seemed to focus on how a reasonable investor would perceive the company's business.Originality/valueThis paper provides a useful summary of how an operating company inadvertently could become an investment company. It should be valuable to officers and employees, particularly those who are engaged in cash management activities, of both public and private operating companies because it raises awareness of the ease with which an operating company can become an investment company and the availability of options to avoid such an outcome.
Revisiting insider trading in the debt markets: lessons for debt investors and members of committees in bankruptcy cases
Authors: Groskaufmanis Karl A. , Ochs Kalman 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) insider trading principles as they apply to trading in debt securities based on the Commission's recent settlement with Barclays Bank.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the SEC's complaint that Barclays purchased and sold securities while it was aware of material nonpublic information and discusses the implications of the resulting settlement and lessons that should be learned, including a warning for members of committees in bankruptcy cases, the critical significance of receiving material information under a confidentiality agreement, the uncertain legal standing of so‐called “big boy” letters, and the importance of “information barriers” being demonstrably effective.FindingsWhile the law of insider trading was developed predominantly in the equity markets, the Settlement demonstrates that the SEC remains committed to exporting its insider trading principles to the markets for other securities.Practical implicationsEvery financial institution should be aware of when a part of its organization is receiving material, non‐public information from a public company, restrict trading while the firm is aware of this information, or alternatively maintain and document procedures that separate that information from individuals who are making investment decisions, and develop systems to ensure compliance with applicable bankruptcy laws,Orginality/valueThe paper provides practical guidance from experienced securities lawyers.
Supreme Court holds that the federal securities laws implicitly preclude application of the antitrust laws to the underwriting of initial public offerings
Authors: Frischer Harry , Ratner Stephen L. , Gold Sarah S. , Mashberg Gregg M. , Lazaroff Michael S. 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the background and reasoning behind the June 18, 2007 US Supreme Court decision in Credit Suisse Securities (USA) v. Billing et al.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains the US District Court for the Southern District of New York's dismissal of two antitrust class action lawsuits filed against a group of investment banks in 2002, the reversal by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 2005, and the Supreme Court's rejection of the Second Circuit's analysis in 2007.FindingsThe Court found that, due to the specialized knowledge required to parse the SEC's rules and distinguish permissible from prohibited conduct, there was a “serious risk” that antitrust courts would produce inconsistent results. The Court also expressed a concern that allowing antitrust claims here would weaken the heightened pleading requirements in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, which Congress passed to weed out “umeritorious securities lawsuits.”Practical implicationsThe decision undoubtedly will have important implications regarding the extent to which the antitrust laws may be applied to other conduct regulated by the securities laws, or in the context of other regulated industries.Orginality/valueThe paper provides practical interpretation and guidance by experienced securities lawyers.
State securities legend requirements in Rule 506 private placement memos
Authors: Gale Adam D. 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss state securities legend requirements for private offerings made pursuant to Rule 506 of Regulation D, with a particular focus on hedge fund and private equity fund issuers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains relevant federal and state securities registration laws, including the National Securities Market Improvement Act of 1956 (“NSMIA”), which creates a category of “covered securities” that are partially preempted from certain state securities regulations. Explains that offerings under Rule 506 of Regulation D are “covered securities” under NSMIA, but that an issuer that offers its securities may be considered a broker‐dealer under some state broker‐dealer laws; those state broker‐dealer registration laws may require a state securities legend on offering documents in order to meet a state exemption from registering as a broker‐dealer in the state. It also explains state legend requirements under state broker‐dealer laws in general and then provides detail on four states whose legends practitioners often include in private placement memos: Florida, Georgia, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.FindingsThe paper finds that state securities legends, other than Florida's legend, will never be required for a Rule 506 offering, and the inclusion of unnecessary legends, even as a precaution, can result in confusion or possibly claims that the issuer has violated state securities laws or included misleading information.Originality/valueThe paper provides practical advice from an experienced securities lawyer.
SEC and BaFin sign regulatory cooperation arrangement
Authors: Lercara Angelo 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain a comprehensive memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the SEC and BaFin designed to facilitate their supervision of internationally active firms and their oversight of markets.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains the scope of supervisory consultation, cooperation, and exchange of information relating to firms, related entities, and dual‐regulated entities; describes procedures for on‐site visits of regulated entities and dual‐regulated entities; discusses the intended framework for cooperation with regard to affiliated markets; explains how requests for assistance should be executed; outlines permissible uses and procedures for requesting confidential information; and discusses the possible gathering of information under the auspices of the MOU for enforcement purposes.FindingsThe paper finds that the MOU sets forth the terms and conditions for the sharing of information about regulated entities and financial groups that operate in the USA and Germany and, in view of the growing trend toward cross‐border exchange affiliations, outlines a framework for cooperation in the oversight of markets in both countries.Originality/valueThe paper provides a practical insight from an experienced lawyer who is an expert in German and cross‐border securities regulations.
China opens up issuance of Renminbi Bonds in Hong Kong
Authors: Heng Connie , Yanping Cao , Li Rupert , TieCheng Yang 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the legal framework of both Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China (PRC) that governs the issuance of Renminbi bonds in Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains the background; outlines key requirements under PRC laws, including eligibility requirements, application procedures in China, timing and reporting, and remittance and payment procedures; and looks at key issues arising from the regulatory regime of Hong Kong.FindingsThe paper finds that, given the relatively low interest rate for Renminbi deposits in Hong Kong, Hong Kong, investors have generally welcome the inaugural issues of Renminbi bonds by the China Development Bank and the Export‐Import Bank of China.Originality/valueThe paper provides practical guidance from experienced Hong Kong and China securities lawyers.
Summary of selected FINRA Regulatory Notices
Authors: Davis Henry A. 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide excerpts of selected Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Regulatory Notices issued in July and August 2007. In July 2007, FINRA Regulatory Notices replaced NASD Notices to members.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides excerpts from NASD Notice to Members 07‐32 (July 2007), Annual Certification of Compliance and Supervisory Processes; FINRA Regulatory Notice 07‐34 (August 2007), “New Issue” Rule; FINRA Regulatory Notice 07‐36 (August 2007), Supervision of Recommendations after a Registered Representative Changes Firms; FINRA Regulatory Notice 07‐37 (August 2007), Options Position and Exercise Limits; FINRA Regulatory Notice 07‐39 (August 2007), Order Audit Trail System (OATS); and FINRA Regulatory Notice 07‐40 (August 2007), Three Quote Rule.FindingsThe paper finds useful information in each of these notices.Originality/valueThe paper provides direct excerpts that are designed to provide a useful digest for the reader and an indication of regulatory trends.