bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pelagic forage fishes and squid of the Southern California Bight
Authors: Jarvis Erica , Schiff Kenneth , Sabin Lisa , Allen M. James 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Large quantities of DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been historically discharged to the Southern California Bight (SCB). While these contaminants have bioaccumulated in sediment-associated fishes, little data exist on concentrations of these compounds in pelagic forage species that are the likely food source for larger predatory mammals and birds. The goal of the present study was to assess the extent and magnitude of DDT and PCB bioaccumulation in the four major pelagic species of the SCB: Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), Pacific chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and California market squid (Loligo opalescens). A total of 99 composite samples were collected from commercial landing docks along the southern California coast from July 2003 to February 2004. Whole fish were homogenized and analyzed for total DDT (ortho- and para-isomers of DDT and its degradation products) and 41 PCB congeners. Virtually all of the samples of Pacific sardine, northern anchovy, and Pacific chub mackerel had detectable levels of total DDT. Only 50% of the California market squid samples had detectable total DDT. Northern anchovy had the highest total DDT concentrations (60 ± 38 μg/kg wet wt), followed by Pacific chub mackerel (41 ± 40 μg/kg wet wt), Pacific sardine (34 ± 29 μg/kg wet wt), and California market squid (0.8 ± 1.2 μg/kg wet wt). In general, concentrations were highest in the central SCB. An estimated 99% of northern anchovy, 83% of Pacific sardine, 33% of Pacific chub mackerel, and 0% of California market squid landings exceeded wildlife risk screening values for total DDT. Virtually none of the landings were estimated to exceed wildlife risk screening values for PCBs.
Toxicity versus accumulation for barley plants exposed to copper in the presence of metal buffers: Progress towards development of a terrestrial biotic ligand model
Authors: Antunes Paula M.C. , Hale Beverley A. , Ryan Adam C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDevelopment of a terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) for higher plants requires a root-Cu accumulation value that corresponds to the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). However, it is not yet known which of the two previously reported Cubinding ligands on the root is associated with Cu toxicity. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the relationship between Cu binding to each ligand group and toxicity, so that the key toxicological site could be identified. To obtain accumulation and toxicity data that were not biased by limited Cu supply to the root, 2-d-old barley seedlings were exposed for 48 h to a range of free Cu ion activities (i.e., {Cu2+}) in simple exposure media buffered by nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Comparison of the amount of predicted root-bound Cu (calculated with the aqueous geochemical program PHREEQC) with root elongation data showed that toxicity likely resulted from Cu binding to low-affinity ligands, as the high-affinity ligands were approximately 99% saturated when a reduction in root elongation was first observed. For plants exposed to both NTA- and the EDTA-buffered {Cu2+} solutions, the root-Cu accumulation value corresponding to the IC50 was approximately 80 μg/g root dry weight, which is similar to the value obtained from previous work with wheat. The linear relationship between the amount of Cu bound to the low-affinity ligands and the percent root growth inhibition suggests that this relationship will be a robust predictor of Cu toxicity when incorporated into the TBLM, and applied to varied exposure scenarios. For the simple solutions used here, the TBLM-predicted and measured IC50 values were statistically indistinguishable.
Occurrence and estrogenicity of phenolics in paper-recycling process water: Pollutants originating from thermal paper in waste paper
Authors: Terasaki Masanori , Shiraishi Fujio , Fukazawa Hitoshi , Makino Masakazu 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Eight phenolics were detected in samples collected from areas where paper-recycling process water is discharged. The detected concentration levels were up to 270 μg/L and 230 μg/g in water samples and sediment samples, respectively, obtained from both the outfall of the paper-recycling process water and its downstream areas. In particular, totarol (compound 4), 2,4-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol (compound 6), 4,4′-butylidenebis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) (compound 7), 2,4-bis(1-phenylethyl)-6-chlorophenol (compound 8), and 4-hydroxy-4′-isopropoxydiphenyl sulfone (compound 9) were identified for the first time as environmental pollutants. The estrogenicities of the identified compounds were assessed by yeast two-hybrid assays incorporating either the human or medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) estrogen receptor a (hERα and medERα, respectively) and an estrogen receptor competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ER-ELISA) both with and without metabolic activation by a rat liver S9 mix. Bisphenol A (compound 3) and 2-naphthol (compound 1) exhibited activity in the assays of both hERα and medERα without the S9 mix. The relative activity (%) to 17β-estradiol was 0.0015% for compound 3 and 0.0009% for compound 1 in the hERα assay and 0.027% for compound 3 and 0.0093% for compound 1 in the medERα assay. These compounds were attenuated by the S9 mix. The binding affinity was evaluated using an ER-ELISA. Compounds 3, 4, 6, and 7 exhibited affinity without the S9 mix. After exposure to the S9 mix, however, the binding affinity of compound 7 was eliminated by the S9 mix; those of compounds 3, 4, and 6 were attenuated; and that of compound 8 exhibited affinity. A comprehensive assessment of the estrogenicities of the phenolics originating from thermal paper and their implications for an aquatic environment may require an examination of the components of the phenolics, as in the present study.
Transferable properties of multi-biological toxicity caused by cobalt exposure inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wang Yang , Xie Wei , Wang Dayong 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCobalt is widespread in the environment and excess dietary Co exposure can result in toxic effects in many organisms. However, whether the multi-biological toxicities caused by Co exposure can be transferred from parents to progeny has not been clarified. In the present study, we analyzed the multiple toxicities of Co to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its progeny. Endpoints of life span, body size, vulva development, brood size, generation time, body bend, head thrash, and chemotaxis plasticity were used for toxicity testing. Our results indicate that Co induced multi-biological defects by affecting the life span, development, reproduction, behavior, and behavioral plasticity. Moreover, we found that most of these multi-biological defects could be transferred from parents to the filial generation (F1 and F2) progenies, and that this transmission could only be partially recovered. Certain specific phenotypes in the progeny exhibited even more severe defects than in the parents, such as chemotaxis plasticity. We classified the defects caused by Co exposure into four groups according to their transferable properties. Furthermore, the stress responses were investigated in embryos using a stable transgenic line, hsp16-2-gfp. Our data suggest that the multi-biological defects caused by Co exposure can be transferred from parents to progeny, and that Co toxicity might be accumulated in the eggs of nematodes.
Use of δ13C, δ15N, and carbon to nitrogen ratios to evaluate the impact of sewage-derived particulate organic matter on the benthic communities of the Southern California Bight
Authors: Ramírez-Álvarez Nancy , Macías-Zamora José Vinicio , Burke Roger A. , Rodríguez-Villanueva Lúz Verónica 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We measured stable isotope ratios (δ13Cand δ15N) of particulate organic matter (POM) sources and benthic organic matter compartments as well as sediment C to N ratios from the coastal area of the southern end of the Southern California Bight (SCB). We used the isotopic values to evaluate the relative importance of the major POM sources to the sediment and two benthic macroinvertebrates. Application of a simple model to sediment δ13C values suggested that sewage-derived POM (SDPOM) supplies an average of 48% of the organic C to study area sediments. Application of a similar model to Spiophanes duplex δ13C values suggested that SDPOM from wastewater treatment plants discharging into the SCB could supply up to 57% of the C assimilated by this important benthic macroinvertebrate in areas as far away as 26 km from SDPOM inputs. The stable isotope data for Amphiodia urtica were more difficult to interpret because of the complex feeding habits of this organism.
Evaluation of sources and loading of pesticides to the Sacramento River, California, USA, during a storm event of winter 2005
Authors: Guo Lei , Kelley Kevin , Goh Kean S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A monitoring study was conducted in the tributaries and main stem of the Sacramento River, California, USA, during the storm event of January 26 to February 1, 2005. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sources and loading of pesticides in the Sacramento River watershed during the winter storm season. A total of 26 pesticides or pesticide degradates were analyzed, among which five pesticides and one triazine degradate were detected. Diuron, diazinon, and simazine were found in all streams with a total load of 110.4, 15.4, and 15.7 kg, respectively, in the Sacramento River over the single storm event. Bromacil, hexazinone, and the triazine degradate diaminochlorotriazine were only detected in two smaller drainage canals with a load ranged from 0.25 to 7 kg. The major source of pesticides detected in the main stem Sacramento River was from the most upstream subbasin, the Sacramento River above Colusa, where detected pesticides either exceeded or were close to those at the main outlet of the Sacramento River at Alamar Marina. The higher precipitation in this subbasin was partly responsible for the greater contribution of pesticides observed. Diazinon was the only pesticide with concentrations above water quality criteria, indicating that additional mitigation measures may be needed to reduce its movement to surface water.
Evaluation of vegetable production management practices to reduce the ecological risk of pesticides
Authors: Rice Pamela J. , Hapeman Cathleen J. , McConnell Laura L. , Sadeghi Ali M. , Teasdale John R. , Coffman C. Benjamin , McCarty Gregory W. , Abdul-Baki Aref A. , Starr James L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe ability of agricultural management practices to reduce the ecological risks of pesticides was evaluated. Risk quotients, a mathematical description of the relationship between exposure and toxicity, and hazard ratings, a rank of the potential risk of pesticides to aquatic environments, were calculated for conventional and alternative cultivation practices for tomatoes: Poly-Bare, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with bare-soil furrows; Poly-Rye, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with cereal rye (Secale cereale) grown in the furrows; and Vetch, raised beds and furrows planted with hairy vetch seed (Vicia villosa). Evaluations were conducted using measured pesticide concentrations in runoff at the edge-of-field and estimated environmental concentrations in an adjacent creek and a theoretical pond receiving the runoff. Runoff from Poly-Bare presented the greatest risk to ecosystem health and to sensitive organisms, whereas the use of Vetch minimized these risks. Previous studies have shown that harvest yields were maintained and that runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site transport of pesticides measured in runoff were reduced using the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch). Together, these results indicate that the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch) have a less adverse impact on the environment than the conventional management practice (PolyBare) while providing growers with an acceptable economic return. In addition, the present study demonstrates the need to consider the management practice when assessing the potential risks and hazards for certain pesticides.
Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-P-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species
Authors: Olsman Helena , Engwall Magnus , Kammann Ulrike , Klempt Martin , Otte Jens , van Bavel Bert , Hollert Henner 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAs a consequence of ubiquitous use of brominated organic chemicals, there is a concern for persistent or increasing environmental levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and mixed polychlorinated and polybrominated di-benzo-p-dioxins/furans (PXDD/Fs). Hence, there is a need to broaden the toxicological and environmental knowledge about these compounds, as a basis for risk assessment. In the study presented here, the relative potencies (REPs) for 18 PBDD/F and PXDD/F congeners were determined in four dioxin-specific bioassays from different species: dioxin receptor chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-CALUX, rat hepatoma cells), TV101L (human hepatoma cells), and GPC.2D (guinea pig adenoma cells), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in the fish cell line RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver cells). The bioassay specific REP factors presented here enable the assessment of the contribution from PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs to total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs: toxic equivalents), using bioassay analysis. The PBDD/Fs were found to be equally potent as their chlorinated analogues in the three mammalian assays, whereas the PXDD/Fs showed relatively higher potencies. Of special concern were the 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- and tetrahalogenated congeners, for which mean REPs were &gt;1. The 2-B-1,3,7,8-CDD (2-bromo-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was up to three times more potent than TCDD in individual experiments (on weight basis). The RTL-W1 was less sensitive to the tested compounds with overall 10-fold lower REPs than the mammalian cell lines. Although the REP factors exhibited species-specific differences, overall resembling rank orders of dioxin-like potency were obtained.
Whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation tools for pyrethroid insecticides: I. Piperonyl butoxide addition
Authors: Amweg Erin L. , Weston Donald P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a synergist used in some pyrethroid and pyrethrin pesticide products and has been used in toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) of water samples to indicate organophosphate or pyrethroid-related toxicity. Methods were developed and validated for use of PBO as a TIE tool in whole-sediment testing to help establish if pyrethroids are the cause of toxicity observed in field-collected sediments. Pyrethroid toxicity was increased slightly more than twofold in 10-d sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca exposed to 25 μg/L of PBO in the overlying water. This concentration was found to be effective for sediment TIE use, but it is well below that used in previous water and pore-water TIEs with PBO. The effect of PBO on the toxicity of several nonpyrethroids also was tested. Toxicity of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos was reduced by PBO, and the compound had no effect on toxicity of cadmium, DDT, or fluoranthene. Mixtures of the pyrethroid bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos were tested to determine the ability of PBO addition to identify pyrethroid toxicity when organophosphates were present in a sample. The PBO-induced increase in pyrethroid toxicity was not seen when chlorpyrifos was present at or above equitoxic concentrations with the pyrethroid. In the vast majority of field samples, however, the presence of chlorpyrifos does not interfere with use of PBO to identify pyrethroid toxicity. Eleven field sediments or soils containing pyrethroids and/or chlorpyrifos were used to validate the method. Characterization of the causative agent as determined by PBO addition was consistent with confirmation by chemical analysis and comparison to known toxicity thresholds in 10 of the 11 sediments.
Whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation tools for pyrethroid insecticides: II. Esterase addition
Authors: Weston Donald P. , Amweg Erin L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An esterase enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the ester bond common to all pyrethroid insecticides has been proposed as a toxicity identification evaluation procedure for the compounds when present in water samples. It appeared to show promise in previous applications to pore water and in one published application to bulk sediment. The present study was designed to provide the additional validation of the technique when applied to whole sediment, demonstrating its efficacy and specificity to pyrethroids. When added to the overlying water in a standard sediment toxicity test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the enzyme reduced toxicity of pyrethroid-spiked laboratory sediments. The technique had no effect on toxicity of DDT or chlorpyrifos, but it dramatically reduced the toxicity of cadmium, presumably by complexation of the cadmium with dissolved organic matter rather than by enzymatic activity. Esterase addition consistently reduced pyrethroid-related toxicity in 12 tests with field-collected sediments. The procedure, however, also results in substantial changes in water quality, provides an undesirable nutritional benefit to the test organisms exposed to the esterase, and achieves a substantial fraction of the protective capability simply by complexation of the pyrethroids with the esterase or the microbial growth that the esterase promotes. The esterase addition technique has potential for whole-sediment application, but further development of procedures and confirmation by independent lines of evidence are needed to reduce the potential for misinterpretation of results.
Organochlorine residues in booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) and goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) eggs from southeastern Spain
Authors: Martinez-Lopez Emma , Maria-Mojica Pedro , Martinez Jose E. , Calvo Jose F. , Wright Julian , Shore Richard F. , Romero Diego , Garcia-Fernandez Antonio J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMost organochlorine (OC) use has been banned in Spain, but these compounds are persistent and may still adversely affect predatory birds. Data generally are lacking, however. Residues of hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, hexachloro-octahydro-epoxy-dimethanonaphthalene, DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in 22 failed eggs of booted eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus) and goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) from southeastern Spain; both species are declining in this region. Hexachloro-octahydro-epoxy-dimethanon-aphthalene, DDE, and sum PCB congener concentrations were significantly higher in booted eagle than in goshawk eggs, and an inverse relationship was found between shell thickness and DDE concentrations in booted eagles. Organochlorides may have been associated with the failure of some booted eagle eggs, but concentrations in booted eagle and goshawk eggs decreased over the period during which populations have dwindled. Thus, although OCs may be a contributory factor, they are unlikely to be the primary cause of the recent population declines in southeastern Spain.
Acute toxicity of oxygenated and nonoxygenated imidazolium-based ionic liquids to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Samorì Chiara , Pasteris Andrea , Galletti Paola , Tagliavini Emilio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) recently have generated great interest as a result of their potential commercial applications. In particular, because of their negligible vapor pressure and low inflammability, they have been suggested as green alternatives to traditional organic solvents. The toxicity and potential environmental risk of this heterogeneous class of chemicals, however, are poorly understood. An alkyl-substituted RTIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]), is one of the most widely used cations of RTILs, and information regarding its toxicity is relatively extensive. On the other hand, oxygenated chain-substituted ionic liquids, 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts (moemims), are a new class of RTILs that have been poorly studied. Here, we compared the acute toxicity of [bmim][BF4] and moemims to the crustacean Daphnia magna (end point, 48-h immobilization) and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (end point, 15-min inhibition of bioluminescence). The concentrations of [bmim][BF4] resulting in 50% of the maximum adverse effect (EC50s) for D. magna and V. fischeri were 5.18 and 300 mg/L, respectively, and were consistent with previously published values. The EC50s of the two moemims for D. magna are very similar, ranging from 209 to 222 mg/L in different experimental trials, and are higher by two orders of magnitude than the EC50 of [bmim][BF4]. The EC50s of 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([moemim][BF4]) and 1-methoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([moemim][dca]) for V. fischeri are 3,196 and 2,406 mg/L, respectively. Results indicate that introduction of an oxygenated side chain in the imidazolium cation can greatly reduce the toxicity of RTILs and that these RTILs are less toxic than commonly used chlorinated solvents, such as tricloromethane, but are more toxic than nonchlorinated solvent, such as methanol and acetone.
Serial analysis of gene expression reveals identifiable patterns in transcriptome profiles of Palaemonetes pugio exposed to three common environmental stressors
Authors: Griffitt Robert J. , Greig Tom W. , Chandler G. Thomas , Quattro Joe M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a transcriptome-profiling technique that allows accurate gene expression profiles to be generated without any need for prior sequence knowledge, making it ideal for assaying toxicant-specific genetic responses in nonmodel species. We used SAGE to perform a large-scale survey of the Palaemonetes pugio transcriptome under different chemical xenobiotic stresses. Four libraries were constructed from fipronil-exposed, endosulfan-exposed, and cadmium-exposed shrimp, as well as from carrier-control-exposed shrimp. A total of 37,152 tags were sequenced from the four libraries, including 13,754 unique tags. Statistical analysis revealed that 117 tags were differentially expressed significantly in at least one of the three exposures. Cluster analyses of the altered tags showed that fipronil and endosulfan elicit transcriptome profiles that are more similar to each other than either one was to cadmium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was performed on a subset of 46 differentially expressed tags, and largely confirmed the SAGE results. The tags were filtered to identify tags for which both SAGE and QPCR agreed in regard to the direction and magnitude of affect, and which were informative about the exposure experienced. A subset of 16 tags was identified that represents a putative biomarker suite that is indicative of exposures to the three toxicants.