bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic properties of Zn0.7Co2.3O4+δ spinel prepared by thermal decomposition of binary oxalates in air
Authors: Bazuev G. V. , Gyrdasova O. I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMagnetization and ac susceptibility of two Zn0.7Co2.3O4+δ spinel specimens obtained by decomposition of the binary oxalate Znx Co1–x C2O4·2H2O in air were measured in the temperature range 2–300 K. It is shown that the complex oxide Zn0.7Co2.3O4+δ formed right after the decomposition of the oxalate (at 220 °C) contains about 0.002 mass% metal cobalt, which is responsible for the dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ on magnetic field at 300 K. Below 100 K, the χ = f (T) dependence of this specimen is characterized by divergence between curves measured under ZFC and FC conditions and a magnetic hysteresis loop at 2 K. The specimen synthesized at 700 °C does not contain a ferromagnetic component and is paramagnetic in the temperature interval 2–300 K. The observed differences in magnetic properties are explained by a higher degree of oxidation of cobalt and the nanodimensional state of the compound formed at a lower temperature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Korean red ginseng attenuates hypercholesterolemia‐enhanced platelet aggregation through suppression of diacylglycerol liberation in high‐cholesterol‐diet‐fed rabbits
Authors: Hwang Seock‐Yeon , Son Dong Ju , Kim Il‐Woong , Kim Dong‐Man , Sohn Sang‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Jin , Kim Si‐Kwan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntake of Korean red ginseng (KRG, ginseng Radix rubra), rich in glycosylated saponins (ginsenosides), has been known to inhibit platelet aggregation in the normocholesterolemic condition. However, it is unclear whether KRG can attenuate hypercholesterolemia‐enhanced platelet aggregation. This study examined whether the daily consumption of a KRG‐water extract (WE) could prevent the hypercholesterolemia‐enhanced platelet aggregation and progression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. KRG‐WE administration (200 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks potently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by low doses of agonists (0.5 µg/mL collagen and 0.025 unit/mL thrombin), whereas it weakly reduced the blood‐cholesterol levels and formation of atheromatous lesions. In further investigation, KRG‐WE significantly suppressed collagen‐induced 1,2‐diacylglycerol liberation, but had no significant effect on arachidonic acid liberation. Taken together, it can be suggested that the antiplatelet effect of KRG‐WE may, at least partly, be due to the inhibition of 1,2‐diacylglycerol generation rather than regulation of blood lipid levels. In conclusion, daily consumption of KRG‐WE could be a useful alternative measure for the prevention of thrombus and atheroma formation in hypercholesterolemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust design for multiple dynamic quality characteristics using data envelopment analysis
Authors: Tong Lee‐Ing , Wang Chung‐Ho , Tsai Chih‐Wei 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Taguchi method is extensively adopted in various industries to continuously improve product design in response to customer requirements. The dynamic system of the Taguchi method is frequently implemented to design products with flexible applications. However, Taguchi's dynamic system can be employed only for individual quality characteristic, and the relationship between the quality characteristic and the signal factor is assumed to be linear. Because of these restrictions, Taguchi's dynamic system is ineffective for multiple quality characteristics or when the quality characteristic has a nonlinear relationship with the signal factor. This study describes a novel procedure for optimizing a dynamic system based on data envelopment analysis. The proposed procedure overcomes the limitations of Taguchi's dynamic system. Two cases are analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure. The results show that the proposed procedure can enhance multiple dynamic quality characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifts in sauger spawning locations after 40 years of reservoir ageing: influence of a novel delta ecosystem in the Missouri River, USA
Authors: Graeb Brian D. S. , Willis David W. , Spindler Bryan D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo determine how reservoir ageing affects sauger Sander canadense spawning locations in Lewis and Clark Reservoir, we quantified riverine habitat and determined sauger spawning locations during recent years (2003–2004) and compared these results to historic (1950–1966) habitat conditions and spawning locations. The riverine habitat above the reservoir, which was historically homogeneous, has developed into two distinct areas: the upstream remnant river reach, characterized by a distinct main channel, and cold and clear water from the hypolimnetic discharge from the upstream reservoir, and the downstream delta section, which has abundant side channels and backwater areas and is warmer and more turbid water than the remnant reach. Sauger spawning locations have shifted markedly in the last 50 years. Sauger historically spawned in the upper reaches of this system, near Fort Randall Dam. However, in 2003, we found that sauger spawned in the lower delta reach and avoided the remnant reach. This shift likely occurred concomitantly with the development of the novel delta habitat. The delta likely functions more similarly to the historic remnant reach of this system (warmer temperature, turbidity, active meandering, complex habitats, etc.), indicating that sauger prefer to spawn in areas with historic riverine function. Thus, future management activities intended to enhance sauger populations should focus on the restoration of riverine function, such as that provided by emerging reservoir deltas, which may mimic pre‐impoundment conditions on the Missouri River. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational fluid dynamics modelling of forebay hydrodynamics created by a floating juvenile fish collection facility at the Upper Baker River Dam, Washington
Authors: Khan Liaqat A. , Roy Elizabeth W. , Rashid Mizan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Upper Baker River Dam utilizes a combination of a floating surface collector (FSC) and a guide net to facilitate the downstream migration of anadromous juvenile fish. The FSC generates attraction currents by withdrawing water from the forebay, upstream of the guide net. The withdrawn water is discharged at the rear of the FSC by two pumps. A three‐dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the forebay of the dam is presented in this paper. The objective was to investigate forebay hydrodynamics generated by the FSC and operation of the powerhouse. The CFD model, consisting of approximately one million computational cells, was validated against field data. Model results were analyzed, using a recently proposed strain–velocity–pressure (SVP) hypothesis, to identify hydrodynamic cues responsible for attracting juvenile fish to the FSC. The CFD model indicates that the FSC pumps generated high velocity jets dominate the circulation pattern downstream of the guide net. Upstream of the guide net, the velocities are weak, except in the region impacted by attraction currents. The sweeping and normal velocities on the guide net are smaller than those suggested by regulatory agencies for designing screens at juvenile fish collection facilities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological changes and ecological impacts associated with water resource development in large floodplain rivers in the Australian tropics
Authors: Leigh Catherine , Sheldon Fran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe majority of rivers in the Australian tropics possess near‐natural flow regimes and are an ecological asset of global significance. We examined flow variability in large floodplain rivers in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia, and the potential ecological impacts of future water resource development (WRD). Flow metrics based on long‐term records were used to classify flow regimes and predict hydrological drivers of ecological function. Flow regimes of selected rivers were then compared with those simulated for pre‐ and post‐WRD flows in the Darling River, a highly modified river in Australia's south‐east. Generally, rivers were classified as typically ‘tropical’ (more permanent, regular flows) or ‘dryland’ (more ephemeral, with greater flow variability). In addition, all rivers displayed wet–dry seasonality associated with changes in flow magnitude or number of zero‐flow days. We propose that these features (flow permanence and regularity; flow variability and absence; wet–dry seasonality) are the key hydrological drivers of biodiversity and ecological function in the floodplain rivers of Australia's north. In terms of WRD, inter‐annual flow variability was predicted to increase or decrease depending on rivers' natural flow regimes, specifically their tendency toward lower or higher flow magnitudes. Either outcome is expected to have adverse effects on the biodiversity and ecological function of these relatively pristine rivers and floodplain habitats. In particular, reduced and homogenized habitat, loss of life‐history cues, inhibited dispersal and shifts in community composition, as a result of WRD, threaten the ecological integrity of rivers adapted to the three hydrological drivers above. These findings serve as a caution for careful consideration of WRD options for rivers in the Australian tropics and for those with similar flow regimes the world over. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the flood regime on the reproduction of fish species with different reproductive strategies in the Cuiabá River, Upper Pantanal, Brazil
Authors: Bailly D. , Agostinho A. A. , Suzuki H. I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of the flood regime of the Cuiabá River on the reproductive dynamics of fish species with different reproductive strategies. Sampling was carried out at ten sites in the basin, between March 2000 and April 2004. The reproductive strategies evaluated were long‐distance migrant (LM), short‐distance migrant (SM), sedentary with parental care (PC) and sedentary or SM with internal fertilization (IF). Period, duration and intensity of floods were the flooding attributes considered. Duration and time of spawning were evaluated using the index of reproductive activity (IRA), and inferences concerning reproductive allocation were based on the analysis of gonad weight. Reproductive success was evaluated based on the annual catch of young‐of‐the‐year of each species. Reproductive dynamics and flood regime were closely correlated; the reproductive peaks of fishes using all four strategies always preceded flood peaks. Intense floods favoured gonadal development of LM and PC, but were less important for IF. In relation to juvenile survival, the occurrence of floods appeared to be crucial for the strategies of LM, PC and IF, because such floods increased fish survival in the period of initial development. In contrast, SM appeared to be less dependent on floods for reproduction. These results indicate that, except for SM, floods have an important role in the recruitment of species using other reproductive strategies, and influence spawning success as well as juvenile survival. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of solid‐liquid ratios in bulk fats and emulsions by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: van Boekel M. A. J. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSeveral pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods were evaluated to estimate the solid fat content of fats and oil‐in‐water emulsions. The methods were checked with samples of paraffin oil or triolein containing known quantities of crystalline tristearate. A method based on the signal of solid fat (with use of a correction factor, the “f‐factor”) was rejected in this work for general use. Correct results were obtained with methods that used only the signal of the liquid phase. With emulsions, disturbances could arise due to the surfactant present and to possible solubilization of water in the oil phase, presumably by monoglycerides. Without these disturbances, solid fat content in emulsions could be estimated as in bulk fats, after correction of the liquid phase signal for the contribution of protons from the aqueous phase. The signal from fat crystals inside emulsion droplets differed from that of crystals of the same fat in bulk, which may have been due to difference in crystal size but not to difference in crystal modification. Measurements on natural cream showed that disturbances were also possible in this type of emulsion.
Determination of TBA number by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kakuda Y. , Stanley D. W. , van de Voort F. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitation of malonaldehyde in aqueous distillates was developed. Compared with the standard TBA test, the HPLC method was faster, and less affected by side feactions. A total of 5 min was necessary to assay each distillate and only malonaldehyde was detected. The standard curves were reproducible and standards were stable for up to 6 days. The HPLC method could detect malonaldehyde levels ranging from 1×10−11 to 4×10−11 mol/10µL and either peak height or peak area could be used to quantitate the malonaldehyde concentration. The coefficient of determination between absorbance values determined by the TBA test and peak heights determined by HPLC was 0.946. Twenty‐one freeze‐dried chicken samples with TBA numbers ranging from 3.93 to 16.6 were used for this correlation.
Studies of the phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols of wheat endosperm
Authors: McKillican Mary E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe phospholipid‐glycolipid mixture, isolated chromatographically from the 舠free舡 (hexane soluble) and 舠bound舡 (hexane insoluble, water‐saturated butanol extractable) lipid of wheat endosperm, was fractionated by column and thinlayer silicic acid chromatography. The components were identified by hydrolysis followed by thin‐layer or paper chromatography of the products. They included a sterol‐containing glycolipid, hitherto unreported in wheat. The fatty acid and sterol compositions of the phospholipidglycolipid components were determined by gasliquid chromatography. Differences were found between varieties and between components.
Fatty acids: XXIII. A rapid method for the preparation of C18 furanoid fatty ester involving dry‐column chromatography
Authors: Lie Ken Jie M. S. F. , Chan H. W. M. , Wai J. S. M. , Sinha S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA rapid method for the synthesis of methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadeca‐9,11‐dienoate from methyl ricinoleate was developed. Methyl ricinoleate was oxidized to the corresponding keto ester, which was treated with mercury (II) acetate to give the required furanoid ester. Dry column silica gel chromatography was used for the purification process and was found to be reliable and efficient.
Effect of salt on the structure and properties of sonicated emulsions stabilized by a tertiary oil recovery formulation
Authors: Vijayan S. , Ramachandran C. , Shah D. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStructure of sonicated emulsions obtained by varying sodium chloride concentration in surfactant formulations containing 5% (w/w) TRS 10–410 (a petroleum sulfonate), 3% (w/w) isobutanol and equal volumes of aqueous and dodecane oil phases was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure of these emulsions together with that of the mutually equilibrated oil and aqueous phases was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. Extensive physical property data for the emulsion system and for the equilibrated phases were measured. The phase inversion of emulsions from O/W type at low salinities to W/O type at high salinities was confirmed by ESR, viscosity and electrical conductivity measurements. With increasing salt concentration, the macroemulsion passed through a series of structural changes as revealed by the electron microscopy results. A detailed analysis of viscosity and electrical conductivity of the emulsions is presented. The anomalous behavior of the emulsion at optimal salinity is highlighted. A discussion to correlate the structure, stability and type of emulsions with physical property behavior as a function of electrolyte concentration is included.
Quaternization of imidazoline: Unequivocal structure proof
Authors: Trivedi B. C. , Digioia A. J. , Menardi P. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo structures are possible for the product of quaternization of an N‐alkylimidazoline, i.e., symmetrical and unsymmetrical. The literature employs both versions, with no unambiguous proof available for either. Proton and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used in this work. The product of quaternization under neutral conditions is shown to be symmetrical. This can be easily rationalized on the basis of resonance stabilization caused by delocalization of the positive charge.
Synthesis and properties of amphoteric surfactants
Authors: Gawish S. M. , Hazzaa A. A. B. , Zourab Sh. , El‐Din Gebril B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCarboxylic amphoteric surfactants containing ether tertiary amino and carboxylic groups were prepared. Specifically, 2‐(2‐dimethyl‐aminoethoxy)octadecanoic, hexadecanoic and dodecanoic acid hydrochloride were synthesized. Surface and interfacial tension, emulsifying action, corrosion inhibition effect and after‐treatment of direct dyed cotton fabrics were determined for these surfactants. Antibacterial activities were also examined.
Asymptotic spreading of KPP reactive fronts in incompressible space–time random flows
Authors: Nolen James , Xin Jack 
Published: April 2008

We study the asymptotic spreading of Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov (KPP) fronts in space–time random incompressible flows in dimensiond > 1. We prove that if the flow field is stationary, ergodic, and obeys a suitable moment condition, the large time front speeds (spreading rates) are deterministic in all directions for compactly supported initial data. The flow field can become unbounded at large times. The front speeds are characterized by the convex rate function governing large deviations of the associated diffusion in the random flow. Our proofs are based on the Harnack inequality, an application of the sub-additive ergodic theorem, and the construction of comparison functions. Using the variational principles for the front speed, we obtain general lower and upper bounds of front speeds in terms of flow statistics. The bounds show that front speed enhancement in incompressible flows can grow at most linearly in the root mean square amplitude of the flows, and may have much slower growth due to rapid temporal decorrelation of the flows.RésuméOn étudie le comportement asymptotique des solutions des équations de réaction–diffusion du type Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov (KPP) avec convection stochastique en dimensiond > 1. Dans le cas où l'écoulement est stationnaire et ergodique, nous démontrons que la solution forme un front qui se propage avec une vitesse déterministe. Les vitesses de propagation satisfont une formule variationnelle associée à un principe de grandes déviations pour un processus de diffusion en milieu aléatoire. Avec cette formule, nous obtenons quelques estimations de la vitesse. Les preuves sont basées sur une inégalité de type Harnack, le principe de maximum, et le théorème ergodique sous-additif.
Null controllability of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation
Authors: Rosier Lionel , Zhang Bing-Yu 
Published: April 2008

The paper investigates the boundary controllability, as well as the internal controllability, of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation. Zero-controllability results are derived from a new Carleman estimate and an analysis based upon the theory of sectorial operators.

Résumé
Dans ce papier on étudie la contrôlabilité au bord, ainsi que la contrôlabilité interne, de l'équation de Ginzburg–Landau complexe. On obtient des résultats de contrôlabilité à zéro au moyen d'une inégalité de Carleman et d'une analyse basée sur la théorie des opérateurs sectoriels.
Genetic variation in the schizophrenia-risk gene neuregulin1 correlates with personality traits in healthy individuals
Authors: Krug Axel , Markov Valentin , Leube Dirk , Zerres Klaus , Eggermann Thomas , Nöthen Markus M. , Skowronek Markus H. , Rietschel Marcella , Kircher Tilo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundDifferences in personality traits have long been acknowledged as potential risk factors in developing psychiatric disorders. Lately, several susceptibility genes of different psychiatric disorders have been linked to personality traits. This has not been done for schizophrenia yet. Neuregulin1 has been repeatedly shown to be associated with schizophrenia and is involved in numerous neurodevelopmental functions such as neuronal migration and myelination. The impact of this gene might also modulate personality traits in healthy subjects.MethodsTheNRG1status of 523 healthy subjects was determined with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP8NRG221533) which has been described as a tagging marker being part of the core at-risk haplotype for schizophrenia. Genotype was correlated with personality traits using the NEO-FFI questionnaire.ResultsSubjects with theNRG1risk allele scored higher on neuroticism (p<.05) and lower on conscientiousness (p<.05). Further, interactions of genotype by gender for extraversion (p<.05), openness (p<.05) and conscientiousness (p<.05) were found with men carrying the risk allele scoring the lowest.ConclusionsThe data indicate that theNRG1gene which has found to be associated with schizophrenia may also influence personality differences in healthy subjects.
Fasting heat production and energy cost of standing activity in veal calves
Authors: Labussière Etienne , Dubois Serge , van Milgen Jaap , Bertrand Gérard , Noblet Jean 
Published: April 2008

Metabolic body size of veal calves is still calculated by using the 0·75 exponent and no data were available to determine energy cost of physical activity during the whole fattening period. Data from two trials focusing on protein and/or energy requirements were used to determine the coefficient of metabolic body size and the energy cost of standing activity in male Prim'Holstein calves. Total heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry in ninety-five calves weighing 60–265 kg and was divided using a modelling approach between components related to the BMR, physical activity and feed intake. The calculation of the energy cost of standing activity was based on quantifying the physical activity by using force sensors on which the metabolism cage was placed and on the interruption of an IR beam allowing the determination of standing or lying position of the calf. The best exponent relating zero activity fasting heat production (FHP0) to metabolic body size was 0·85, which differed significantly from the traditionally used 0·75. Per additional kJ metabolizable energy (ME) intake, FHP0 increased by 0·28 kJ; at a conventional daily 650 kJ/kg body weight (BW)0·85 ME intake, daily FHP0 averaged 310 kJ/kg BW0·85. Calves stood up sixteen times per day; total duration of standing increased from 5·1 to 6·4 h per day as animals became older. The hourly energy cost of standing activity was proportional to BW0·65 and was estimated as 12·4 kJ/kg BW0·65. These estimates allow for a better estimation of the maintenance energy requirements in veal calves.