bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grape Seed Extract Inhibits Angiogenesis via Suppression of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wen Wei , Lu Jianming , Zhang Keqiang , Chen Shiuan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Blockade of angiogenesis is an important approach for cancer treatment and prevention. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most critical factors that induce angiogenesis and has thus become an attractive target for antiangiogenesis treatment. However, most current anti-VEGF agents often cause some side effects when given chronically. Identification of naturally occurring VEGF inhibitors derived from diet would be one alternative approach with an advantage of known safety. Grape seed extract (GSE), a widely used dietary supplement, is known to have antitumor activity. In this study, we have explored the activity of GSE on VEGF receptor and angiogenesis. We found that GSE could directly inhibit the kinase activity of purified VEGF receptor 2, a novel activity of GSE that has not been characterized. GSE could also inhibit the VEGF receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase–mediated signaling pathway in endothelial cells. As a result, GSE could inhibit VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration as well as sprout formation from aorta ring. In vivo assay further showed that GSE could inhibit tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in mice. Consistent with the in vitro data, GSE treatment of tumor-bearing mice led to concomitant reduction of blood vessel density and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Depletion of polyphenol with polyvinylpyrrolidone abolished the antiangiogenic activity of GSE, suggesting a water-soluble fraction of polyphenol in GSE is responsible for the antiangiogenic activity. Taken together, this study indicates that GSE is a well-tolerated and inexpensive natural VEGF inhibitor and could potentially be useful in cancer prevention or treatment.
Longitudinal Assessment of Air Conduction Audiograms in a Phase III Clinical Trial of Difluoromethylornithine and Sulindac for Prevention of Sporadic Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: McLaren Christine E. , Fujikawa-Brooks Sharon , Chen Wen-Pin , Gillen Daniel L. , Pelot Daniel , Gerner Eugene W. , Meyskens Frank L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA phase III clinical trial assessed the recurrence of adenomatous polyps after treatment for 36 months with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) plus sulindac or matched placebos. Temporary hearing loss is a known toxicity of treatment with DFMO, thus a comprehensive approach was developed to analyze serial air conduction audiograms. The generalized estimating equation method estimated the mean difference between treatment arms with regard to change in air conduction pure tone thresholds while accounting for within-subject correlation due to repeated measurements at frequencies. Based on 290 subjects, there was an average difference of 0.50 dB between subjects treated with DFMO plus sulindac compared with those treated with placebo (95% confidence interval, −0.64 to 1.63 dB; P = 0.39), adjusted for baseline values, age, and frequencies. In the normal speech range of 500 to 3,000 Hz, an estimated difference of 0.99 dB (−0.17 to 2.14 dB; P = 0.09) was detected. Dose intensity did not add information to models. There were 14 of 151 (9.3%) in the DFMO plus sulindac group and 4 of 139 (2.9%) in the placebo group who experienced at least 15 dB hearing reduction from baseline in 2 or more consecutive frequencies across the entire range tested (P = 0.02). Follow-up air conduction done at least 6 months after end of treatment showed an adjusted mean difference in hearing thresholds of 1.08 dB (−0.81 to 2.96 dB; P = 0.26) between treatment arms. There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects in the DFMO plus sulindac group who experienced clinically significant hearing loss compared with the placebo group. The estimated attributable risk of ototoxicity from exposure to the drug is 8.4% (95% confidence interval, −2.0% to 18.8%; P = 0.12). There is a &lt;2 dB difference in mean threshold for patients treated with DFMO plus sulindac compared with those treated with placebo.
Chromoendoscopy Detects More Adenomas than Colonoscopy Using Intensive Inspection without Dye Spraying
Authors: Stoffel Elena M. , Turgeon D. Kim , Stockwell David H. , Normolle Daniel P. , Tuck Missy K. , Marcon Norman E. , Baron John A. , Bresalier Robert S. , Arber Nadir , Ruffin Mack T. , Syngal Sapna , Brenner Dean E. ,   for Great Lakes New England Clinical Epidemiology and Validation Center of the Early Detection Research Network (GLNE-EDRN)
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Conventional colonoscopy misses some neoplastic lesions. We compared the sensitivity of chromoendoscopy and colonoscopy with intensive inspection for detecting adenomatous polyps missed by conventional colonoscopy.
Fifty subjects with a history of colorectal cancer or adenomas underwent tandem colonoscopies at one of five centers of the Great Lakes New England Clinical Epidemiology and Validation Center of the Early Detection Research Network. The first exam was a conventional colonoscopy with removal of all visualized polyps. The second exam was randomly assigned as either pan-colonic indigocarmine chromoendoscopy or standard colonoscopy with intensive inspection lasting &gt;20 minutes. Size, histology, and numbers of polyps detected on each exam were recorded.
Twenty-seven subjects were randomized to a second exam with chromoendoscopy and 23 underwent intensive inspection. Forty adenomas were identified on the first standard colonoscopies. The second colonoscopies detected 24 additional adenomas: 19 were found using chromoendoscopy and 5 were found using intensive inspection. Chromoendoscopy found additional adenomas in more subjects than did intensive inspection (44% versus 17%) and identified significantly more missed adenomas per subject (0.7 versus 0.2, P &lt; 0.01). Adenomas detected with chromoendoscopy were significantly smaller (mean size 2.66 ± 0.97 mm) and were more often right-sided. Chromoendoscopy was associated with more normal tissue biopsies and longer procedure times than intensive inspection. After controlling for procedure time, chromoendoscopy detected more adenomas and hyperplastic polyps compared with colonoscopy using intensive inspection alone.
Chromoendoscopy detected more polyps missed by standard colonoscopy than did intensive inspection. The clinical significance of these small missed lesions warrants further study.
Pancreatic Cancer: Translating Lessons from Mouse Models and Hereditary Syndromes
Authors: Wescott Melanie P. , Rustgi Anil K. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the overwhelmingly predominant form of pancreatic cancer and the second most common type of gastrointestinal cancer (behind colorectal cancer) in the United States. Recent exciting advances in two areas of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (i.e., the development and characterization of genetically engineered mouse models and the dissection of the genetic basis of hereditary forms in families) have been illuminating. These preclinical models and clinical syndromes provide the first tangible basis for progress in screening and prevention in high-risk populations and in the development of molecular diagnostics and experimental therapeutics.
Translation of the Philadelphia chromosome into therapy for CML
Authors: Druker Brian J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThroughout its history, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has set precedents for cancer research and therapy. These range from the identification of the first specific chromosomal abnormality associated with cancer to the development of imatinib as a specific, targeted therapy for the disease. The successful development of imatinib as a therapeutic agent for CML can be attributed directly to decades of scientific discoveries. These discoveries determined that the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is the critical pathogenetic event in CML and an ideal target for therapy. This was confirmed in clinical trials of imatinib, with imatinib significantly improving the long-term survival of patients with CML. Continuing in this tradition of scientific discoveries leading to improved therapies, the understanding of resistance to imatinib has rapidly led to strategies to circumvent resistance. Continued studies of hematologic malignancies will allow this paradigm of targeting molecular pathogenetic events to be applied to many additional hematologic cancers.
Stem cell concepts renew cancer research
Authors: Dick John E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough uncontrolled proliferation is a distinguishing property of a tumor as a whole, the individual cells that make up the tumor exhibit considerable variation in many properties, including morphology, proliferation kinetics, and the ability to initiate tumor growth in transplant assays. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of this heterogeneity has important implications in the design of therapeutic strategies. The mechanistic basis of tumor heterogeneity has been uncertain; however, there is now strong evidence that cancer is a cellular hierarchy with cancer stem cells at the apex. This review provides a historical overview of the influence of hematology on the development of stem cell concepts and their linkage to cancer.
Religion and Political Economy in Early-Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Faccarello Gilbert , Steiner Philippe 
Published: December 2008

There was in early-nineteenth-century France a widespread revival of religious sentiment, after the turmoil of the Revolution and the intellectual onslaught on religion so central to the French Enlightenment. Simultaneously, political economy became more prominent among “publicists”—educated people or theoreticians writing as journalists—and political elites. These two developments influenced those who sought to modernize society and who in their different ways expressed a new approach known as industrialisme. These writers put forward several versions of the links that should exist in industrial society between political economy and religion.A truly a-religious political economy based on self-interested behavior and utilitarianism, such as the one presented in Jean-Baptiste Say's writings, gained acceptance for most people interested in the “new” science. This point of departure is important not only because Say's thought became a major reference for the different conceptions of industrialisme but also because it provided a utilitarian evaluation of religious institutions and feelings.Some other conceptions of industrialisme can be found in the leading members of two distinct schools of thought: the Groupe de Coppet, with Germaine de Staël and Benjamin Constant; and the less homogeneous group formed by Claude-Henri Saint-Simon, the Saint-Simonians, and Auguste Comte. Both approaches presumed that self-interest was incapable of uniting the social body and emphasized religious feelings to explain how societies could function harmoniously.We examine how Staël and Constant dealt with these issues and how, while they accepted the principle of competition in economic activity, their conception of the specific nature of liberty in a modern society led them to a critique of utilitarianism and morals based on interest and also to the idea that the harmonious functioning of industrial society requires a morality based on religion.We then study how industrialisme was modified to fit the views of modern society held by Saint-Simon, the Saint-Simonians, and Comte. Political and civil liberty was not a central matter for these writers. Instead, they favored the creation of organizations capable of regulating a chaotic social order, and in this perspective new forms of religion were given a prominent place, specifically formed to suit the industrial social order and based on philanthropy or altruism.In the conclusion we briefly note that, after all such criticism, some leading liberal economists reacted in defense of political economy and developed their own conceptions of the links between economics and religion: they rejected the idea of the necessity of a new religion and insisted instead on traditional Catholic ideas. As a result, political economy and religion were conceived as two pillars of a conservative order following the rise of socialist ideas.
Politics of the Unbound: “Students” And the Everyday of Beijing University
Authors: Lanza Fabio 
Published: December 2008

This essay questions how we can interrogate the emergence of politics, specifically student politics, without reducing it to the manifestation of an established social category (in this case “students”). By examining the case of Beijing University during the May Fourth movement (the first instance of student activism in modern China), I show how, before 1919, “students” and “university” did not come into being as stable and circumscribed positions to be occupied but were instead both produced because of and through the practices and the struggles of those years.
A series of contingencies but also of precise intellectual choices had made the physical boundaries of the university porous and the ritual identity of its community open to contention. In the May Fourth years, the students explored and expanded the fragmentation of the communitarian bond by stating and living a radical refusal not only of disciplinary rules but also of basic rites of courtesy and belonging. In this sense, the analysis of everyday life of students at Beijing University shows not only that sociological categories or communitarian identities are no guarantee of politics, but also that politics among students can exist only by challenging the bond signified by the very category of students.
This analysis also provides an insight into how we should reconceptualize our understanding of politics beyond what are usually recognized as political moments (demonstrations, parades, elections). In the case of May Fourth Beida, politics can best be seen as deployed in daily life, fragmented in the gestures and movements of individuals and their interaction and production of organizations. It was precisely by challenging the distinctions between the cultural and the political, the intellectual and the quotidian, that student activists struggled over what a “student” and a “university” could be.
Novel Photoisomerization of N-(2-Nitrobenzylidene)-3-amino-5-methylpyrazole Triggered by Intramolecular Proton Transfer from Azomethine Group to Nitro Group in the Crystal State
Authors: Amimoto Kiichi , Kawato Toshio 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer from the azomethine group to the nitro group of N-(2-nitrobenzylidene)-3-amino-5-methylpyrazole induced the formation of 2-nitrosobenzamide attended by vivid color change from yellow to reddish brown in the crystal state.
Cobalt-catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Benzylic Alcohols with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Yamada Tohru , Higano Sho , Yano Takanori , Yamashita Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols using molecular oxygen and olefins was catalyzed by the optically active ketoiminatocobalt(II) complexes. The various secondary benzylic alcohols were subjected to the aerobic oxidative reaction to afford optically active alcohols of high ee along with the corresponding ketones in high yield. The oxidation of the deuterated alcohols revealed that the accompanying olefin mediated the oxidation for conversion to the corresponding α-deuterated ketones.
Simple and Efficient Metal-free Hydroarylation and Hydroalkylation Using Strongly Acidic Ion-exchange Resin
Authors: Das Biswanath , Krishnaiah Martha , Laxminarayana Keetha , Damodar Kongara , Kumar D Nandan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Higly efficient hydroarylation and hydroalkylation of styrenes with various arenes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds respectively have been developed using Amberlyst-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst. The excellent yields, short reaction times, and high selectivity are the advantages of this method. The C–H functionalization has been achieved here under metal-free conditions.
Ring-opening Bis(alkoxycarbonylation) Reaction of Methylenecyclopropanes Catalyzed by Palladium in the Presence of Copper(I) Salt
Authors: Aratani Takahiro , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed ring-opening bis(alkoxycarbonylation) reaction of methylenecyclopropanes in the presence of copper(I) salt was achieved under normal pressure of carbon monoxide and oxygen to give the corresponding α-methyleneglutarates.
Preparation of New Polymer Nanocomposites with High Aspect Ratio Nanolayers by Use of Nonexpandable Fluoromica
Authors: Yokoyama Shingo , Tamura Kenji , Yamada Hirohisa 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Dodecylammonium ions (DDA+) were successfully intercalated in a synthetic nonexpandable potassium fluoromica (SNEFM) by replacing K+ ions slowly in an aqueous solution of high DDA+ concentrations at 70 °C. The resulting intercalated compound showed exfoliation in the polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix to form polymer nanocomposites. The materials had silicate nanolayers with aspect ratio as high as several dozen to hundreds times greater than that of conventional exfoliated clay–polymer nanocomposites.
Time-resolved Surface-enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectra of Thiacyanine Molecules in Water
Authors: Kitahama Yasutaka , Tanaka Yuhei , Itoh Tamitake , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
We observed change of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectra of thiacyanine molecules adsorbed on a single Ag nano-aggregate. In water, the SERRS spectrum with background emission changes to temporally-fluctuated spectra without background emission. It seems that the change coincides with dissolution of thiacyanine J-aggregate into the monomers or the dimers.
New Ytterbium Complex-catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions for Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines: [4+2] Cycloaddition vs. Biginelli Type Reaction
Authors: Zhu Jie , Zhang Mingjie , Liu Bo , Li Xiaojuan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A new schiff base ytterbium complex was synthesized and used as catalyst for a three-component, one-pot reaction involving 1,3-keto ester with urea or thiourea and aldehyde. The reactions resulted in the formation of two different dihydropyrimidines, the Biginelli type 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones and non-Biginelli type. A new mechanism based on [4+2] cycloaddition was proposed which serves as a reasonable explanation for the two different products.
Ion-selective Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy with a Crown-ether-modified Tip
Authors: Kado Shinpei , Yano Hitoshi , Nakahara Yoshio , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Ion-selective surface imaging was successfully attained by atomic force microscopy with a probe tip functionalized with a 15-crown-5 derivative. The frictional force images for nanopatterned substrates revealed enhanced contrasts attributable to the cation-binding interaction between the 15-crown-5 on the tip and potassium ions on the substrate.
Phenotypic Integration Among Trabecular and Cortical Bone Traits Establishes Mechanical Functionality of Inbred Mouse Vertebrae
Authors: Tommasini Steven M , Hu Bin , Nadeau Joseph H , Jepsen Karl J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Conventional approaches to identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating bone mass and fragility are limited because they examine cortical and trabecular traits independently. Prior work examining long bones from young adult mice and humans indicated that skeletal traits are functionally related and that compensatory interactions among morphological and compositional traits are critical for establishing mechanical function. However, it is not known whether trait covariation (i.e., phenotypic integration) also is important for establishing mechanical function in more complex, corticocancellous structures. Covariation among trabecular, cortical, and compositional bone traits was examined in the context of mechanical functionality for L4 vertebral bodies across a panel of 16-wk-old female AXB/BXA recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. The unique pattern of randomization of the A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) genome among the RI panel provides a powerful tool that can be used to measure the tendency for different traits to covary and to study the biology of complex traits. We tested the hypothesis that genetic variants affecting vertebral size and mass are buffered by changes in the relative amounts of cortical and trabecular bone and overall mineralization. Despite inheriting random sets of A/J and B6 genomes, the RI strains inherited nonrandom sets of cortical and trabecular bone traits. Path analysis, which is a multivariate analysis that shows how multiple traits covary simultaneously when confounding variables like body size are taken into consideration, showed that RI strains that tended to have smaller vertebrae relative to body size achieved mechanical functionality by increasing mineralization and the relative amounts of cortical and trabecular bone. The interdependence among corticocancellous traits in the vertebral body indicated that variation in trabecular bone traits among inbred mouse strains, which is often thought to arise from genetic factors, is also determined in part by the adaptive response to variation in traits describing the cortical shell. The covariation among corticocancellous traits has important implications for genetic analyses and for interpreting the response of bone to genetic and environmental perturbations.
Interstate Variation in the Burden of Fragility Fractures
Authors: King Alison B , Tosteson Anna NA , Wong John B , Solomon Daniel H , Burge Russel T , Dawson-Hughes Bess 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Demographic differences may produce interstate variation in the burden of osteoporosis. We estimated the burden of fragility fractures by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and service site across five diverse and populous states. State inpatient databases for 2000 were used to describe hospital fracture admissions, and a Markov decision model was used to estimate annual fracture incidence and cost for populations ≥50 yr of age for 2005–2025 in Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Florida (FL), Massachusetts (MA), and New York (NY). In 2000, mean hospital charges for incident fractures varied 1.7-fold across states. For hip fracture, mean charges ranged from $16,700 (MA) to $29,500 (CA), length of stay from 5.3 (AZ) to 8.9 days (NY), and discharge rate to long-term care from 43% (NY) to 71% (CA). In 2005, projected fracture incidence rates ranged from 199 (CA) to 266 (MA) per 10,000. Total cost ranged from $270 million (AZ) to $1,434 million (CA). Men accounted for 26–30% of costs. Across states, hip fractures constituted on average 77% of costs; “other” fractures (e.g., leg, arm), 10%; pelvic, 6%; vertebral, 5%; and wrist, 2%. By 2025, Hispanics are projected to represent 20% of fractures in AZ and CA and Asian/Other populations to represent 27% of fractures in NY. In conclusion, state initiatives to prevent fractures should include nonwhite populations and men, as well as white women, and should address fractures at all skeletal sites. Interstate variation in service utilization merits further evaluation to determine efficient and effective disease management strategies.