bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of South Florida Operations
Authors: Gordon J.R. , Broussard F.W. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
This paper will discuss the techniques and equipment employed by Sun Oil Company to successfully operate in the highly corrosive environment in South Florida. This paper will illustrate that deep, low pressure, undersaturated reservoirs can be pressure, undersaturated reservoirs can be economically produced even in the presence of severe corrosion.
Primary emphasis will be placed on producing problems caused by internal producing problems caused by internal corrosion from hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and external corrosion from sulfate reducing bacteria.

Introduction
The two fields in which Sun Oil Company operates in South Florida are the Sunoco Felda Unit and the West Sunoco-Felda Field located approximately 25 miles east of Ft. Myers in Hendry and Collier Counties, as shown in Figure 1.
Drilling in South Florida has unique problems such as extended drilling without problems such as extended drilling without returns and drilling and setting intermediate casing through the Boulder Zone. Certain techniques exist which must be applied to successfully drill and complete a well in this area.
The presence of corrosive fluids causes many operational problems the worst of which are casing failures. Repairing these casing failures employs a unique method of replacing the entire production string from the surface to near the top of cement.
The application of chemicals, coatings, and proper metallurgy has been successful in combating the corrosion problem and reducing the number of failures in subsurface equipment. The severity of the corrosion problems has been increased by producing problems has been increased by producing some wells at high rates with low producing fluid levels.

FIELD AND RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
Both fields produce from the Middle Member of the Sunniland Limestone, the Roberts Pay Zone, occurring at an approximate depth of 11,450 feet. The formations are massive, dome shaped carbonate accumulations, deposited in a back reef environmental area.
HISS, Electronic Intelligence for Unmanned Supervision and Future Condition - Based, Self-skilled Maintenance
Authors: Schlemm F. , Muessig S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Automation within the oil and gas industry is highly developed and unmanned production plants are common practice. However, to ensure continuously safe working processes and safe technical systems human experiences gained over a long time are still required. Based on these experiences and human knowledge a wide range of activities is initiated, encompassing controls, routine maintenance, preventive maintenance, risk maintenance and security measures. But is this really a professional basis for best practices, cost optimisation and risk assessment? Is it a guarantee of a justified technical integrity? And what will happen if human experiences do not exist, due to the rapid changes our industry is faced with?
The answer is HISS – Human Interface Supervision System, a new intelligent electronic system which will be one of the "world-wide projects" at the Expo in Hanover. What does HISS mean? Some years ago the vision was to have a continuously working control system at one's disposal which is able to hear, to see and to smell with an intensity like humans and even top human abilities. A strategy was set up to investigate the technical feasibility and economic materialisation. The aim of the new electronic system is to take over part of the role of humans, and to come up with justified programs due to environmental, safety and security requirements and with a new professional maintenance philosophy. Routine maintenance, preventive maintenance and risk maintenance are activities derived from the HISS logic. The technical background of HISS, its status and current results and the improvements to technical integrity, safety, environment and security are described.
The KPD Centre. A Joint Database for Ecotoxicological Information for Offshore Chemicals - Operational Experience
Authors: Ostebrot Andreas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Three oil companies operating on the Norwegian Continental Shelf established in 1995 a joint database for ecotoxicological information of offshore chemicals according to the HOCNF format. The database is operated by the KPD Centre on behalf of all the member companies. The objectives and properties of the database were presented on SPE's HSE Conference in 1996. All oil and gas producing companies on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, are now members of the KPD Centre. In addition the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority (SPCA) has access to the database. This paper sums up the industry's experience after 4 years of database operation.
The paper will describe how the KPD Centre is organised and operated, including communication with the chemical suppliers. Database, access and security will be addressed, including how confidentiality requirements are complied with. The methods for and experience with data entry, quality control and database maintenance is described.
The benefits for the oil companies will be specifically highlighted, including elements such as simplified communication with the pollution control authority, quicker environmental evaluation of chemicals and quicker and better reporting of chemical discharges according to environmental criteria set by the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SPCA) and OSPAR.
The plans and potentials for further development and utilisation of the database are also addressed in the paper.
Quantitative Risk Assessment as a Design Tool -- Recent FPSO Experience
Authors: Overfield R. E. , Collins J. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Quantitative risk assessment was used as a tool for conceptual and detailed design of Esso Norge FPSO installations. Risk assessment study results were used to identify significant risk contributors influencing the design and operation of the facilities and to demonstrate that risk acceptance criteria adopted by the company were met. The results were also used to identify opportunities to further reduce the risk to a level that is As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP).
Traditional risk, reliability, and consequence analysis methods were used to evaluate impacts from process and marine facilities and to determine design accidental loads during the conceptual engineering and design phases. Results were used as inputs to a detailed fault tree analysis of accident scenarios and to set design criteria for significant structures and facilities.
In addition, analyses of subsea facility interfaces and field operations were performed to incorporate the full development scope. Particular attention was given to subsea pipelines and flexible risers as well as tanker operations and their effects on FPSO operations and designs.
Event frequencies were determined from industry data, conditioned for special design and operating features of the chosen FPSO concept. Sources of risk impacting fatal accidents, impairment of safety functions, and loss of asset value were quantified for use in demonstrating an acceptable level of risk and to test opportunities to further reduce operating risks.
Results from the analyses show that process fires and explosions dominate the risks to personnel and safety functions, followed by cargo tank explosions. Tanker collisions, subsea pipeline and riser leaks, and turret operations were found to represent significant asset risks. Design development and operations planning efforts focused on these areas to reduce risk and improve reliability.
Improving Waste Management Using Traditional and Novel Techniques
Authors: Roebuck Keith , Kobbeltvedt Nils Birger , Østebrot Andreas , Hansen Harald Børge 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To achieve better waste management results for less cost, Statoil combined the use of traditional quality management tools, promoted "zero" mindset and information technology (IT) tools to E&P waste management. The traditional quality management "checklist" (Plan – Do – Check – Act) applied proved to be a simple, practical and effective work method to improve the quality of waste management, reduce environmental impact and reduce cost.
Results indicate that after less than one year, Statoil has reduced unsorted waste by 20%, doubled waste recycling efficiency, reduced environmental impact and has improved its ranking compared to other Norwegian operators as regards the quality of waste management. Additionally, results indicate that managing waste is less resource intensive while providing better quality at a lower price compared to previous mangement practices in Statoil and in Norway.
Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids Used in Mexican Offshore Facilities Tested with Postlarvae White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Setiferus)
Authors: Muñoz-Mejía G. , Domínguez-Cuéllar L. E. , Luna-Pabello V. M. , Nuñez-García R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental standards for the regulation of drilling fluids used in petroleum facilities, land or offshore, do not exist in Mexican legislation, specially their toxicity limits. Thus, type and quality of these products and their toxicity are unknown, mainly those of oil constituents, which are highly toxic to aquatic biota and their early life cycles. In this study the LC50 (96 hours) of different drilling systems (generic fluids and field muds) using white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) in postlarvae stage were evaluated. This organism was selected because its regional distribution and economic importance. Also Mysidopsis bahia was used, only for comparing results, for assessing generic fluids because is applied as reference specie by USEPA. In order to know the white shrimp sensitivity, and its potential to be used as reference specie in Mexico, additional tests using Sodium dodecyl sulfate were run. A toxicity test procedure using L. setiferus is presented. Results with both species shown similar responses to generic fluids evaluations. Only one generic fluid was toxic for both species while the others did not. In case of field muds only two were toxic to L. setiferus because they were formulated with oil. It is recommended to include Litopenaeus setiferus postlarvae as a reference specie in Mexican Regulations for drilling fluids due to its distribution in Mexican petroleum offshore facilities and because of its replication and high sensitivity (similar to Mysidopsis bahia) in toxicity tests.
Towards Zero Incidents - Delivering Continuous Improvement in HSE Performance. A Case Study
Authors: Sealy I. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over a three year period a group of well service contractors, working in an alliance project for a major E&P operator on the North Slope of Alaska, has delivered continuous improvement in health, safety and environmental incident rates. Compounded year-on-year reductions of over 20% in overall incident rates (and similar reductions in risk-specific incident rates) have been achieved through periods of both rapid expansion and of major contraction in activity levels.
This paper is a case-study that describes and explores a range of management practices that have been critical to HSE performance delivery for the project. Emphasis is placed on what are believed to be the primary reasons for the improvements that have been achieved.
In the performance measurement section, the selection development of performance metrics, benchmarks and objectives is described, with emphasis on the evolution of the performance measurement process over the life of the project. Performance data sets are presented and, where relevant, bench-marked against groups exposed to similar risks.
In the management leadership section, the methods chosen to ensure exceptional demonstration of commitment by the project leadership team are discussed.
The development, application and continuous revision (through four versions in the first three years of the project) of an integrated project HSE management plan is described in detail. There were significant differences between the scope and the effectiveness of the HSE management programs in the ten contractors associated with the project. The methodology used to deliver consistent application of the program amongst the primary contractors and amongst the sub-contractor and third-party suppliers is also discussed. The evolution of the use of incentives both for the project contractors and for the individual employees is described.
In conclusion, plans for future management program development are described.
The Cyber Service Unit An Integrated Logging System
Authors: Eaton F.M. , Elliott J.W. , Hurlston F.D. , Olsen R.S. , Vanderschel D.J. , Warren J.P. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 51st Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in New Orleans, Oct. 3–6, 1976. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited.

Abstract
Wireline logging has grown up along evolutionary lines, producing a family of stand-alone logging tools which share the cable and recorder, but little else. The advantage of an integrated system of surface instrumentation built around a computer was recognized, and now such a system has been built. The CYBER SERVICE UNIT (CSU) is a complete, self-contained system for acquiring, storing, processing, and presenting well log data. Full processing, and presenting well log data. Full use is made of preprogrammed machine computation for routines and tasks which previously required constant human interaction: such operations as tool calibration, operating sequences, scaling, and selection of parameters, for example. CSU is far more than just a recording system. It applies computerized control to most aspects of the logging operation, providing direct benefits to the user in many areas, including:faster logging operations, more accurate and more consistent logs, visible, on-depth log display either up or down, and log quality control The CSU system takes full advantage of the opportunity to improve the efficiency of the logging operation. Freeing the logging engineer from continuous, monotonous interaction is a giant first step. In addition, the system incorporates many basic design features directed at insuring reliability under oil-field conditions, such as: integral redundancy of all essential components; a family of diagnostic software programs for system checkout and troubleshooting; and significantly improved packaging. The on-board computer also permits more sophisticated wellsite interpretations than have previously been possible. This new kind of logging unit has been enthusiastically received by crews and users alike. It represents a major forward move in the field of logging.
Modelling Transport Phenomena in Porous Media by Networks consisting of Non - Uniform Capillaries
Authors: Dullien F.A.L. , Chatzis I. , El Sayed M.S. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
In the first part of this paper a simplified network model of pore structure of isotropic porous media has been proposed, consisting of a porous media has been proposed, consisting of a set of cubic component networks that have arbitrary orientations with respect to the direction of the macroscopic flux. Based on this model, simple equations have been derived to calculate the permeability and the formation resistivity factor of and the rate of capillary rise (penetration) in porous media. The input data of these equations consist of the mercury intrusion porosimetry curve of and (photomicrographic) porosimetry curve of and (photomicrographic) information on the bulge sizes in the sample.
Predictions of the equations have been compared with measured values of permeabilities, formation factors and rates of capillary rise for fourteen widely different sandstones. The lack of additivity of component network conductivities has been corrected for by using average empirical factors of 1/2 and 1.7 for the formation factors and permeabilities, respectively. With these factors the agreement between predictions and experimental results is plus or minus 12% for the formation factors and plus or minus 30% for the permeabilities. Similarly good agreement has been found between predicted and measured values of rates of capillary rise in the sandstone samples.
In the second part of the paper, penetration of a non-wetting phase into various regular 2-D networks with randomly distributed capillary diameters has been studied by computer simulation, and the correspondence between bond percolation probability theory and network penetration has probability theory and network penetration has been exploited to find the penetration history in various 3-D networks, as well. The number based saturation of the network has been obtained as a function of the cumulative number fraction of pores with sizes greater than or equal to the pores with sizes greater than or equal to the smallest pore penetrated in the network at that point. Using photomicrographic number based pore point. Using photomicrographic number based pore size distributions of sandstone samples the calculated number based saturation vs. cumulative pore number fraction curves have been transformed pore number fraction curves have been transformed into the corresponding conventional capillary pressure curves of the samples. Comparison of pressure curves of the samples. Comparison of these with the corresponding measured capillary pressure curves has shown a need to significantly pressure curves has shown a need to significantly change the type of networks that have been used in the past if capillary pressure curves of sandstones are to be simulated more accurately.
Lightweight Cement Evaluation Using Ultrasonic Measurements
Authors: Morris C. W. , Zanutto S. L. , Dacres W. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Hydraulic isolation of wellbore casing and cement is critical for the completion of petroleum wells. Zonal isolation prevents contamination of groundwater by fluids in the wellbore and allows conformance control of 1,2the injected fluids. New lightweight cement formulations have been developed to allow more efficient completion operations especially in low-strength formations. These cements, although less dense (&lt;13 lbm/gal) than conventional cements, actually provide higher acoustic impedance, lower porosity, and lower permeability material properties.
Cement evaluation is routinely performed in wells using sonic and ultrasonic tools. The latest generation of ultrasonic cement evaluation tools can provide high quality measurements of casing dimensions and cement acoustic impedance properties. To investigate the ultrasonic tool response to lightweight cement compositions, experiments were run in 5 ½-in. casing sections to measure the acoustic characteristics of many of the new cement compositions. Depending on the density of the composition, the measured acoustic impedance values ranged from 3 to 7 MRayls. For completeness, other cement compositions tested in this project included standard neat cements, foam cements, and high-density cement mixtures. Additional experiments confirmed the importance of the preflush fluid in removing drilling mud from the casing surface (especially for oil-base mud systems).
The results from this project are compared to the sonic and ultrasonic data acquired from actual wellbore completions using the new lightweight cements. Although lightweight and foam cements have generally lower acoustic impedance properties, they can be evaluated with current logging tools.
Mungo Field: Improved Communication Through 3D Visualization of Drilling Problems
Authors: Holt J. , Wright W. J. , Nicholson H. , de-Chizelle A. Kuhn , Ramshorn C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The drive for greater and greater efficiency, combined with the ever-increasing complexity of today's wells, requires operators to search for improved work methods. This search has taken the form of better interdisciplinary communication and cooperation allied with better-adapted software tools. However, there is still a lack of shared understanding of the problems faced by the various disciplines in the design and construction of today's wells. Visualization provides one means to convey complex models simply, but in most cases it has been used only within the reservoir. It is no coincidence that this is the area with the greatest amount of interpreted data that can be viewed as helpful information.
This paper illustrates the enormous gains possible throughout the well construction phase if we can maximize the use of the available data from the surface to total depth and transform it into "driller-usable information." Visualization is used to communicate potential problems in the planning phase and to foster common understanding of past problems. For key planning reviews, the team is gathered in a collaboration center to share all information, uncover key problems and take steps to resolve them. The approach shown is unusual in that the problems portrayed in the geoscience model are drilling problems that arose while drilling the overburden. In our case, visualizing well planning data in the context of the shared earth model made it clear to all the subsurface team that more geoscience data had to be interpreted to maximize efficiency of future well construction.
Application of Semipermeable Membrane Technology in the Measurement of Hydrocarbon Gases in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Brumboiu A. O. , Hawker D. P. , Norquay D. A. , Wolcott D. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For three-quarters of a century, the detection and analysis of formation gas released into the drilling fluid and returned to surface, has been used to identify the presence of petroleum reservoirs. The value of this data source has been its immediacy. Reservoir zones can be evaluated while they are being penetrated for the first time and observations are not subject to post-drilling changes to the formation, such as mud invasion, that can limit the effectiveness of other evaluation techniques such as wireline logging.
However, although the acquisition of this data is widespread in the petroleum industry, it has long had the reputation of being an unreliable source of data with inconsistent results. The inconsistencies of surface gas measurement results largely from the way that the gas is extracted from the drilling fluid. Virtually unchanged through the history of mud logging, dissolved gas is broken out of solution by applying some form of agitation to the mud. The released gas is held within a trap and transported to a remote gas analyzer by a flow of air. There are many variables and inconsistencies in this process that result in a purely qualitative gas measurement and leave important questions unanswered. Namely, how much gas is actually present in the drilling fluid and what exactly is the composition?
This paper details the development of a new generation of gas measurement technology (Fig. 1) employing semipermeable membranes, providing a significant improvement in real-time wellsite gas-in-mud analysis and answers many of the previously unanswered questions. Laboratory and field results show how the semipermeable membrane functions and removes many of the inefficiencies and inconsistencies previously associated with gas extraction from the drilling fluid. Housed "within" a small probe that can be positioned directly within the returning mud stream, the semipermeable membrane provides quantitative data that benefits both formation evaluation and drilling safety. Through various stages of testing and development, the paper will illustrate how the present semipermeable membrane wellsite system signifies the starting point for a whole new generation of gas analysis devices.