bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A speech and character combined recognition engine for mobile devices
Authors: Suk Soo‐Young , Chung Hyun‐Yeol 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe a speech and character combined recognition engine (SCCRE) developed for working on personal digital assistants (PDAs) or on mobile devices. Also, the architecture of a distributed recognition system for providing a more convenient user interface is discussed.Design/methodology/approachIn SCCRE, feature extraction for speech and for character is carried out separately, but the recognition is performed in an engine. The client recognition engine essentially employs a continuous hidden Markov model (CHMM) structure and this CHMM structure consists of variable parameter topology in order to minimize the number of model parameters and to reduce recognition time. This model also adopts the proposed successive state and mixture splitting (SSMS) method for generating context independent model. SSMS optimizes the number of mixtures through splitting in mixture domain and the number of states through splitting in time domain.FindingsThe recognition results show that the developed engine can reduce the total number of Gaussian up to 40 per cent compared with the fixed parameter models at the same recognition performance when applied to speech recognition for mobile devices. It shows that SSMS can reduce the size of memory for models to 65 per cent and that for processing to 82 per cent. Moreover, the recognition time decreases 17 per cent with the SMS model while maintaining the recognition rate.Originality/valueThe proposed system will be very useful for many on‐line multimodal interfaces such as PDAs and mobile applications.
Bank stock repurchase extent and measures of corporate governance
Authors: Webb Elizabeth 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the extent of stock repurchase and measures of corporate governance.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of stock repurchase announcements by banks after the 2002 tax reform, the paper uses an event study methodology to confirm the positive market response to stock repurchase announcements. A regression analysis is then used to study the determinants of the abnormal response to the bank stock repurchases. Regression analysis is also used to analyze whether corporate governance variables are significant determinants of bank extent of stock repurchases and size.FindingsCorporate governance techniques have little impact on market response to bank stock announcements, but are related to some extent to manager decisions regarding the stock repurchase. Board structure and executive/director stock ownership do not influence the market's response to repurchases. However, in some cases board structure is positively related to management's decision regarding the extent and size of the repurchase offer. Proportion of insider equity holdings has less influence on stock repurchase characteristics.Practical implicationsBoard structure may have a more important role to play in the banking industry in regards to managerial decision‐making than equity ownership. Equity ownership in banks tends to be driven by bank size and therefore may have less of an impact on reducing agency problems within the banking industry.Originality/valueThe sample is taken after the 2002 tax reform, which provides an analysis of repurchases without tax effect implications. This is the first paper to study the contribution of board structure and equity ownership to stock repurchases in publicly‐traded banks.
Is there information content in corporate asset writedowns?
Authors: Datta Sudip , Iskandar‐Datta Mai 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend the current literature on corporate asset writedowns.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains the anomalous price responses to asset writedowns by examining both stock and bond price responses. It applies bond and stock event study methodologies using daily prices. Firms are analyzed by partitioning them according to their financial viability. This analysis is based on the logic that it is more difficult to assess the prospects of firms in financial difficulty from publicly available information.FindingsThe study reveals that while asset writedowns have no information content for stockholders of healthy firms, stockholders of financial distressed firms suffer a significant adverse effect. This differential stock price reaction provides an explanation for the anomalous results reported in previous studies. Similar price responses are found for bondholders. The results indicate that the market interprets an asset writedown announcement by a financially distressed firm as a strong negative signal about the firm's prospects. It is also found that the firm's financial health, the subordination status of the bond, the bond's maturity, the bond rating, the amount of the write‐off undertaken by a firm in distress, and the leverage change experienced by the firm are all important determinants to bond price response. Long‐run analysis reveals significant differences in performance and leverage change between healthy and financially distressed firms undertaking asset writedowns.Practical implicationsThe paper resolves the anomalous results on information content of corporate asset writedown announcements on stockholders and bondholders. Broadly, the findings have important implications for both finance and accounting literatures in terms of semi‐strong market efficiency and security market signaling issues and the importance of considering financial viability of firms when testing market efficiency in the presence of publicly available information.Originality/valueThis is the first study to address this issue by examining the information content of asset writedown announcements for both stockholders and bondholders. Past studies document a significant negative stock price response to asset writedown announcements, while there is no bond price response to such official acknowledgment of asset impairment.
Relative efficiency measures for the knowledge economies in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Boon Tan Hui , Wooi Hooy Chee , Islam Sardar M.N. , Manzoni Alex 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to assess the relative efficiency of 12 selected Asia Pacific countries in their development of knowledge‐based economies (KEs).Design/methodology/approachThe performances of the selected countries are evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA).FindingsThe DEA scores indicate that four of the emerging countries (India, Indonesia, Thailand and Mainland China) are relatively inefficient in K‐E development compared to the other eight which are equally efficient. The main reason for their backwardness is due to the outflow of their human capital resource to the developed countries. This seriously undermines the level of their K‐E development compared to their counterparts. The results also indicate that knowledge dissemination is generally not a serious problem, except for India.Research limitations/implicationsThe results and the discussion should be taken as the first step in an analysis which warrants further research. The knowledge clusters identified earlier could suggest that thek‐economy may be better studied by its components where the more diagnostic versions of the DEA model can be applied.Practical implicationsThe importance of this study however, is not so much the immediate result which highlights comparative efficiencies, but rather that DEA is a workable model which can take the study of KE further in investigating the contributory factors of KE.Originality/valueThis paper makes an original contribution because a comprehensive analysis of this type, of relative performance measures of the knowledge economy in the Asia Pacific countries, has not been done before using the quantitative technique of DEA.
A review of recent approaches for capturing heterogeneity in partial least squares path modelling
Authors: Sarstedt Marko 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically review the latest approaches for capturing and explaining heterogeneity in partial least squares (PLS) path modelling and to classify these into a methodological taxonomy. Furthermore, several areas for future research effort are introduced in order to stimulate ongoing development in this important research field.Design/methodology/approachDifferent approaches to treat heterogeneity in PLS path models are introduced, critically evaluated and classified into a methodological taxonomy. Future research directions are derived from a comparison of benefits and limitations of the procedures.FindingsThe review reveals that finite mixture‐PLS can be regarded as the most comprehensive and commonly used procedure for capturing heterogeneity within a PLS path modelling framework. However, further research is necessary to explore the capabilities and limitations of the approach.Research limitations/implicationsDirections for additional research, common to most latent class detection procedures include the verification and comparison of available approaches, the handling of large data sets, the allowance of varying structures of path models, the profiling of segments and the problem of model selection.Originality/valueWhereas modelling heterogeneity in covariance structure analysis has been studied for several years, research interest has only recently been devoted to the question of clustering in PLS path modelling. This is the first contribution which critically consolidates available approaches, discloses problematic aspects and addresses significant areas for future research.
Measuring and managing franchisee satisfaction: a study of academic franchising
Authors: Abdullah Firdaus , Rashidee Alwi Mohd , Lee Nagarajah , Boo Ho Voon 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThis paper attempts to explore different approaches of franchisee satisfaction within an academic setting, develop and validate a new measuring instrument, examine the key factors and the intention to remain in the network, and eventually manage the franchise network for long‐term continuity.Design/methodology/approachThe survey instrument was drawn from a multi‐stage process involving extensive review of literature, focus group interviews, pilot testing and validation by the experts before being administered to a sample population consisting top managers of franchised colleges. The new instrument was empirically tested for unidimensionality, reliability and validity using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.FindingsThe findings suggest five dimensions of franchisee satisfaction namely social interaction, service support, financing, assurance and competence. Results also indicate that the dimension “competence” which relates to possession of required skills, knowledge and the right attitude to perform franchise services has significantly influenced the overall satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsThe five dimensions of franchisee satisfaction may be specific to academic setting.Practical implicationsAcademic institutions should be able to ascertain the level of services provided, and to determine which dimensions need improvement. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of these dimensions and their relative influence may result in better allocation of resources so as to provide a better service to the franchised colleges.Originality/valueAnother contribution to the franchising literature by advancing a new 23‐item measuring instrument, specifically tailored for academic franchising. This is a tool that academic institutions could use to improve their performance in the light of increased competition with the development of global academic franchising.
The impact of Nigeria's external debt on economic development
Authors: Adegbite Esther O. , Ayadi Folorunso S. , Felix Ayadi O. 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of huge external debt with its servicing requirements on economic growth of the Nigerian economy so as to make meaningful inference on the impact of the debt relief which was granted to the country in 2006.Design/methodology/approachThe neoclassical growth model which incorporates external sector, debt indicators and some macroeconomic variables was employed in this study. The paper investigates the linear and nonlinear effect of debt on growth and investment utilizing the ordinary least squares and the generalized least squares.FindingsAmong other things, the negative impact of debt (and its servicing requirements) on growth is confirmed in Nigeria. In addition, external debt contributes positively to growth up to a point after which its contributions become negative reflecting the presence of nonlinearity in effects.Originality/valueNigeria's external debt is analyzed in a new context utilizing a different but innovative model and econometric techniques. It is of tremendous value to researchers on related topic and an effective policy guide to policymakers in Nigeria and other countries with similar characteristics.
Motivation, influences, and perceived effect of ICT adoption in Botswana organizations
Authors: Iyanda Olukunle , Ojo Sunday O. 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the motivation, influences, and perceived effect of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption in Botswana organizations. While a conceptual model of the adoption process in developed countries has been studied, not much empirical studies have been undertaken. This paper is an attempt to bridge this gap. Specifically, the paper addresses five questions: What motivated organizations in Botswana in their decision to adopt ICT in their operations? What factors, internal and external, influenced the adoption decision? Which sources did the organizations contact for information on the adoption of ICT? What is the relative importance of those influencing/motivating factors and information sources? What are the perceived effects of adoption?Design/methodology/approachThe study was carried out using a survey method. The main instrument is a personally administered questionnaire that was based on items obtained and adapted from literature. Data were collected from a judgment sample of 29 business and public sector establishments, drawn from nine towns and cities of Botswana. The respondent in each organization was either the IT manager or the chief executive. The initial stage of the adoption process is examined by identifying, in the sample Botswana organizations, the internal and external proponents of the ICT adoption process, the sources from which organizations seek technical information, their perceived relative importance in the process, and the effect of adoption on organizations' activities.FindingsThe study found that ICT application in Botswana was still at an elementary stage, mainly communications and recordkeeping. In terms of motivation and influence, the competitive motive and internal sources of information and influence were dominant and that the overall effect of ICT adoption on several organizational activities was moderately positive.Originality/valueThe identification of the key sources of influence and information for the adoption of ICT helps ICT marketing companies to target their marketing efforts more specifically, and services offered limited to basic needs that are relevant to the use to which ICT is currently applied in Botswana. Widespread adoption of ICT has turned it into a kind of “hygiene” factor rather than a “motivator”. In spite of the positive effect adoption has on various activities of adopting organizations, adoption benefits are matched by similar benefits of competing organizations, thus conferring no competitive advantages. It is only in the absence of adoption that those organizations adopting enjoy such competitive advantage.
Trends in the development of technology and engineering education in emerging economies
Authors: Adegbuyi P.A.O. , Uhomoibhi J.O. 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on the nature of technology and engineering education provision in developing economies, focusing on Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on recent developments in the shake up and implementation of new measures to call for quality technology and engineering education in the country, following changes brought about by new education and administrative structures and the new policies being promulgated by both the now democratically elected government working in tandem with universities throughout the country. Issues relating to methods, curriculum, contents, quality and related are examined and reported. The role of planning, input from engineering industries, improved competition and expanded export of engineering services are all investigated and presented.FindingsThe paper finds that the establishment of stability in governance of state and universities is signaling positive and upward trend in the implementation of informed policies for improved technology and engineering education in universities which could herald improved economy and conditions of life in the country.Originality/valueIn the wake of new developments in education in emerging economies such as Nigeria, the need to take stock and review systems for technology and engineering education is highlighted. Using available information, issues affecting present developments and education practice, some suggestions are provided for the future.
Cross cultural marketing teachers' profile
Authors: Vila Natalia , Kuster Boluda Ines 
Published: August 2008

PurposeMarketing has attracted increased interested over the past 15 years in both academic and commercial circles and there has been a market rise in the number of students. At the university level, the characteristics of the teacher play an essential role in student/teacher interaction and influence academic results and future professional success. This influence is revealed in three main areas: the choice of subjects, teaching media and teaching methods. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most commonly found marketing teacher profile and the differences among marketing teachers with respect to the marketing subjects that they impart and the media and methods that they use.Design/methodology/approachInternational research was carried out among 135 marketing teachers from universities in Europe and the USA. The AMS directory was used. Respondents were representative of the research‐active marketing academic community. The Z‐test was used to contrast the hypotheses. To answer the research questions, χ2 method was used to analyse significant differences between the different groups (male/female; old/young; expert/unexperienced; PhD/master degree/bachelor degree).FindingsWith the exception of age, no significant differences have been identified in marketing teacher profiles between North American and European universities. The most common marketing lecturer profile is that of a man, over 35 years old, with more than 15 years of experience, and with a PhD degree.Originality/valueThe paper presents some interesting results with regard to marketing subjects, teaching media and teaching methods that marketing lecturers select according to their gender, age, years of experience, and degree of training.
E‐learning in a university interdisciplinary and bilingual context
Authors: Ruiz‐Molina Maria‐Eugenia , Cuadrado‐Garcia Manuel 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of virtual learning environments in multicultural higher education of two different subjects: foreign language and marketing.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the aims, development and results of an interdisciplinary collaboration project was held between two European universities through a webCT system, where students had to work on linguistic aspects and economic and management topics.FindingsUnivariate analysis shows students to have a great interest in the project. Different multivariate techniques determine a strong positive relationship between students' participation, implication and motivation in the project and their individual final grades in the course. Regression also proved that the more exciting and challenging the class activities, and the higher the student's active participation, the better the results obtained by the student.Research limitations/implicationsEven if it is an exploratory research that should be replicated in other contexts, both the qualitative and quantitative results seem to confirm the positive contribution of this interdisciplinary e‐learning activity to the multicultural teaching‐learning process.Originality/valueResults support the positive influence of interdisciplinary activities in the students' performance and the use of learning methods that facilitate active and cooperative learning through audiovisual pedagogical resources in multicultural contexts.
Evaluation of cost per contact and cost per response in interactive and direct media planning
Authors: Reinares Lara Pedro , Manuel Ponzoa Jose 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyze over time the evolution of associated costs of direct marketing in Spain and offer operational conclusions for the optimization of marketing budgets intended for the establishment of contact and/a relationship with the customer.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyses and compares the relationship between advertising messages sent through direct mail, electronic mail, telemarketing and short cell‐phone messages (SMS), over five years. In the context of a loyalty program, and by means of a historical analysis, an alternating media marketing test is presented: a total of 10,000 contacts per medium studied per year were made.FindingsThe relationship that exists between the cost per contact and the cost per effective response for each one of the above mentioned direct and interactive media.Practical implicationsA series of operational conclusions can be extracted for direct media planning and its marketing budget optimization with regard to choice of medium according to expected response and choice of medium according to cost per response.Originality/valueThe relevance of this work is based on the relative lack of information in Spain over the cost of communications channelled through direct media. Besides, the inclusion of advertising by SMS in this work is particularly relevant due to the fact that the novelty of this media channel means that it has only been analyzed independently by very few existing studies.
A method for building new marketing channels
Authors: Cônsoli Matheus Alberto , Fava Neves Marcos 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe aim is to describe the analysis conducted by a leading company in the dairy (yogurt and fermented milk) sector in Brazil regarding the decision to implement a door‐to‐door distribution channel, in which one of the authors was involved.Design/methodology/approachA brief overview of the marketing channels is presented and the descriptive case study method was used to present the main company information.FindingsThe paper describes the decision‐making process that was used to define how basic services like breaking bulks, product variety, special convenience and wait time should be performed in this case. It also emphasizes the main channel decisions, the channel objectives and the chosen door‐to‐door structure for the company described in the case study.Research limitations/implicationsEven though case analysis has a theoretical background, the decision process used here cannot be generalized, being only a guide for academics and practitioners about how company A addressed the direct marketing issue.Originality/valueThe paper presents specific analysis of the Brazilian yogurt market and use as theoretical background the strategic environmental analysis. As a real case, it can be useful for practitioners as reference for decision making, as well for teaching purposes for case studies with college and MBA students. Finally, the paper presents as main contribution a “method for developing new marketing channels”.