bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Fracturing Design Optimization in Low-Permeabiiity Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Hareland G. , Rampersad P. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper uses a pseudo three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing model with different fracture height growth models, in conjunction with a fractured reservoir production model to optimize hydraulic fracture design. These models have the capability to optimize the controllable fracturing parameters, such as pump rate, fluid rheology, proppant schedule and fracture length. The production of the fractured reservoir and the economics are compared to the cost of the actual fracture treatment of each individual fracture design. The net revenue is then compared for the various designs and the optimum design parameters for the specific well is recommended. This paper uses input data from a hydraulic fracture performed on the DOE's Multi-Well Experiment Wells as one of the input wells. Results indicate that this approach can be used to optimize hydraulic fracture design. A parametric study using various pump rates and fracture length show fracture length and pump rate for maximum net revenue. Observations on fracturing fluid rheology show that it has a strong effect on pressure drop in the fracture and leakoff to the formation. Fracturing parameter
selection should therefore be conducted with extreme care. This paper shows that this approach can be used to optimize hydraulic fracture design and that it has strong economic benefits.
A Decision Analysis Approach to the Design of a Chemical Flooding Process
Authors: Sanz C. A. , Miller M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to apply decision analysis to the design of a chemical flooding process. A base case was taken from a pilot test at the Big Muddy oil field, Wyoming. Areas of study included reservoir engineering in combination with cash flow, sensitivity and stochastic analyses; the last one through Monte Carlo simulation.
A microcomputer version of a surfactant flooding predictive model which included economic analysis was used for deterministic simulations. Input variables considered uncertain were ranked by means of a sensitivity analysis. Those having the greatest impact received further attention. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to combine possible values of the selected uncertain variables. FORTRAN programs were written to conduct the sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations. To compare different alternatives the concept of stochastic dominance was applied in combination with conditional loss-monetary expectancy.
Finally, alternative strategies are proposed which could yield a significant improvement in the economics of surfactant flooding in a field such as Big Muddy.
Field Applications of Low Invasion Coring
Authors: Rathmell J. J. , Gremley R. R. , Tibbitts G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the field applications of low invasion coring using waterbase coring muds in several Alaskan and lower 48 sandstone reservoirs. This is a companion paper to SPE 20413 which presented the laboratory development of the tow invasion coring method.
High coring rates exceeding 200 feet/hour (61 m/hr) with 100% core recovery were achieved with the new low invasion PDC core bits. In most applications, this technique yields a 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter uninvaded core center in a 4 inch (10.16 cm) diameter core. The invasion of the outer part of the core has been observed in the field as a color change caused by lower oil saturation. Tracers confirm that when coring rate exceeds 80 ft/hr (24.4 m/hr), approximately 80% of the samples taken from the core center have no mud filtrate invasion for permeabilities greater than 50 md.
Connate water saturation measured in offsetting wells by oilbase cores agree with low invasion waterbase cores. This demonstrates the possibility of using low invasion coring for log calibration and other reservoir engineering applications where water saturation is needed. These core samples are also useful for laboratory testing to measure relative permeability and other wettability sensitive parameters.
Field muds with 5 cm3 API fluid-loss may be used in such coring operations as successfully as more costly oilbase coring fluids. The combination of high coring rate (reduced rig time) and use of field muds (reduced mud cost) can have significant impact on coring cost.
Reservoir Evaluation Using Geophysics Methods
Authors: Da Prat G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this work Geophysical methods applicable to Reservoir evaluation are presented. Both the benefits and limitations of each method are discussed and illustrated using field cases. A brief summary is given to Reservoir evaluation objectives, in particular for secondary and enhanced recovery projects. Finally the importance and application of seismic methods, in particular vertical seismic profile (VSP), 3-D seismic and Cross - Borehole tomography are discussed using relevant cases histories.
Scaling with Transverse Dispersion to Reduce Simulation Time
Authors: Kumar V. , Lake L. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this study is to relate transverse dispersivity (αt) to the heterogeneity of an uncorrected permeable medium. We propose a quantitative relation between these and examine the consistency of the relation at different scales as well as at steady and unsteady-state. We also suggest under what circumstances αt can represent the heterogeneity of a medium and, therefore, replace it. The direct application using the quantitative relation is to reduce the computational time of a reservoir simulation by decreasing the number of grid blocks.
Miscible Displacement of Polymers in Porous Media
Authors: Obernauer S. , Tcmprapo N. , Chertcoff R. , D'Onofrio A. G. , Gabbanelli S. , Rosen M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The results of experiments carried out to explore the dynamics of fluid-fluid displacement in a one dimensional (cylindrical) and bidimensional porous medium are presented. The isotropic porous media consist of glass spheres packings. In a first step, the miscible displacement of water by a polymeric dispersion (xanthan) was studied. In this case there is no hydrodynamic instability in the fluid flow.
The originality of the measurement consists in the fact that the polymer molecule was tagged with a γ tracer. The technique used allows us to obtain concentration values of polymeric dispersion, proportional to activity, in terms of time and position of planes perpendicular to the cylinder axis.
Transversely averaged concentration profiles were adjusted with the solution of the convection-dispersion equation modified by the presence of dead and retention zones.
To study the fraction of retained polymer and the presence of instabilities, the sweep of polymeric dispersion was followed by another of water. Anomalous decreasing concentration profiles were obtained.
In order to analyze the viscous instabilities, experiments were performed inside a bidimensional porous media. This miscible displacement process was studied by means of visualization techniques (video-photography). Porous media with two different grain size and a wide range of viscosity ratios and flow rates were used.
In all cases the sample was first saturated with polymer dispersion at different concentration and then flooded with water.
A rich variety of patterns was found and the results obtained show the crucial influence of fluid viscosity ratio in the resulting structure. For values larger than 100 a fractal behavior appears.
A growing law of the fingers length was found and the fractal dimension was measured with different methods. The concentration profiles as a function of time were analyzed.
The results obtained are an original contribution to the understanding of the highly complex phenomena occuring during enhanced oil recovery.
An Analytical Study of Interference in Thermal Oil Recovery
Authors: Guevara-Jordan J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The two zone composite reservoir analytical model is used in the interference test interpretation of a conceptual oil reservoir under continuous steam injection. This application of the composite reservoir model in well test analysis has not been reported before. In addition, the study presents a useful approximation to the two zone composite reservoir model solution at the observation well (external zone), which is used to perform a sensibility analysis of the type curves as a function of the mobility ratio and the distance to the discontinuity. Although this analysis can be found in the literature, the type curves behavior presented in this paper as a function of the mobility ratio is new.
A Systematic Approach to Improve HSE Performance in Construction
Authors: Wiig Erik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Troll HSE Management System, described in an hierarchy of HSE controlling documents, sets out a HSE Programme which fills the gap between the HSE Policy and the actual standards, plans and risk acceptance criteria, thus giving clear strategies to meet the set HSE objectives.
Through systematic identification and assessment of risks in all project phases and activities, risk reducing measures are implemented in order to meet acceptance criteria.
An HSE training programme to enhance the HSE awareness and skills has been implemented for contractor management, supervisors and foremen as well as for own staff.
Special topics like metallizing (hot aluminium spraying) has called for workshops with participation of technicians, health personnel, hygienists and management in order to reduce the human exposure and to develop health monitoring programmes.
The results from this enhancement and systematic approach to HSE have been encouraging with a remarkable improvement of HSE performance and efficiency.
Protecting People and the Environment: Implementing Environment and Safety Policy Internationally
Authors: Pfeil R. W. , Clement D. L 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will describe the process that Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc. is using to formally implement Chevron Corporation's revised safety and environmental policy, Protecting People and the Environment, throughout its international operations. This Chevron policy, which was updated and ratified by stockholders in 1991, fully supports the requirements of the Chemical Manufacturers Association's Responsible Care Program and the American Petroleum Institute's STEP (Strategies for Today's Environmental Partnerships) Program.
The challenge is to put into place enhanced management practices and reinforce existing practices that support the 10 Key Elements of the policy throughout our business units around the world, to maintain a consistent and measurable approach, and also to allow for local variations in style and cultural diversity. The initial emphasis is being focussed on the 3 critical Key Elements pertaining to Safe Operations, Pollution Prevention and Compliance Assurance. The focus in subsequent years will be expanded to include other Key Elements such as Emergency Preparedness and Response, Community Outreach, Legislative/Regulatory Advocacy and others.
Chevron's strategy clearly places prime responsibility on the line management of each individual business unit to implement the policy as a routine part of planning, budgeting, conducting and evaluating the success of their business. Each business unit a) defines its own criteria for attaining implementation of the policy; b) plans and budgets a sound work program to achieve attainment as part of its business planning process and c) measures and reports its own progress in achieving attainment milestones.
Safety Management for Offshore Completion: The Integrated Project Team Approach
Authors: Kjellén U. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The offshore completion of Oseberg C was carried out between May and December 1991 and comprised 1,5 million man-hours. Results showed that Norsk Hydro achieved a simultaneous promotion of safety, progress, quality and productivity in this work. No sever accidents occurred and the lost time incident frequency rate was about 25% of previously experienced rates in similar offshore completion work. The first oil milestone was reached four months after offshore mobilization, which was one month ahead of schedule. Full oil production was achieved two months ahead of schedule.
Results and experiences from the offshore completion phase are presented. Different factors that contributed to the results are described and their effects on the safe behaviour of the offshore organization are discussed. Examples of such factors are careful preplanning in an integrated client/contractor team and delegation of responsibility to the contractor. These factors have promoted short feedback loops and problem solving at a low level in the organization. A positive safety climate developed in the integrated team during preplanning onshore and was transferred offshore. This climate affected the behaviour of the workers in choosing safe work methods and in avoiding risk taking.
The experiences from Oseberg C have shown the benefits of developing a comprehensive strategy for planning and execution of offshore completion work. This strategy has given the necessary weight to safety in relation to progress, quality and costs. The benefits of this strategy have been further shown during the offshore completion of the Brage platform in 1993.
PIMMAG: A Joint Industry Effort in Oil Spill Response and Preparedness in Malaysia
Authors: Rahmat Hussein 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The increasing incidence of oil spills in the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, has resulted in growing concern about Malaysia's capability to respond to oil spills in its waters. This concern is compounded by the ever growing number of oil tankers plying the Straits of Malacca and the South China Seas, as well as the intensifying activities in the exploration and development of offshore petroleum resources.
Various measures were taken by the Government to deal with the problem including a review of the Malaysia National Contingency Plan and a call to the Malaysian oil industry to upgrade the industry oil spill response capability. In response to the Government's request, in April 1993, the industry, led by the National Oil Corporation, PETRONAS agreed to form a service company called ‘the Petroleum Industry of Malaysia Mutual Aid Group’ or in short PIMMAG.
This paper briefly presents an overview of the nature and scope of the company, its structure and modus operandi as well as the cost sharing approach. Most importantly, it describes the commitment and spirit embodied in the birth of PIMMAG.
Managing Environmental Impact Assessment in Russia
Authors: Geerling Chris , de Bie Steven , Jones M. G. , Estratov V. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper describes the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for an oil exploration and production (E&P) project in the Russian Federation of Republics.
Companies operating worldwide encounter a wide range of factors determining environmental actions. However, there is a worldwide trend towards more coherent regulations.
In the past, Russian industry has not adopted a comprehensive environmental management approach. Environmental problems were treated on an ad hoc basis. EIA was designed to obtain permits, it was not part of any development or management process.
EIA in Russia was and is part of the overall economic and technical feasibility study and is focused on the quantitative assessment of potential pollution, on resource utilisation and on alternative resource revenue loss.
Environmental awareness in the population has led to an strong insistence on proper environmental protection and conservation.
Indigenous people have a strong position in Russia. They have statutory land rights and any economic activity in these areas requires their approval.
The formula for dealing successfully with situations as described in this paper has three basic elements:
* high standards of environmental performance as a starting point; * a comprehensive and systematic analysis according to established EIA principles, to identify potential environmental issues, and * a continuous dialogue with all parties involved.
The Development of Goal-Setting Safety Legislation Following the Cullen Report
Authors: Ledsome R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Cullen Report into the Piper Alpha disaster recommended a new approach to regulating health and safety on the UK Continental Shelf based on a goal-setting philosophy.
The UK health and safety authorities have been developing new legislation to implement Lord Cullen's recommendations.
This paper sets out how a goal-setting approach towards health and safety legislation has been developed in the UK. It describes the key elements of the goal-setting philosophy; outlines the new goal-setting regulations which have been put in place or which are in the course of development; and describes other actions being taken to promote a stronger safety culture offshore.
Crisis Management: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Calieri R. B. , McHarg Edward , DiPerna C. J. , Miller D. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mobil Oil Corporation has crisis management programs to address major emergencies which may affect its worldwide operations. This paper reviews the programs, many of which predate the major industrial disasters that occurred during the past ten years, and explains different levels of involvement from the facility level to that of the corporation headquarters. The paper also describes the role of the Crisis Center at Mobil's Headquarters in Fairfax, VA and the newly organized worldwide Regional Response teams.
Experiences in Use of Risk Analysis and Emergency Preparedness Analysis as Active Tools in Safety Management
Authors: Sandve Kjell , Schei Rune 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1991 and 1992 the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate issued new regulations concerning use of risk analyses and emergency preparedness analyses in the petroleum industry. This paper presents some of the results from a research project conducted by Statoil Gas Transport and Rogaland Research. The aim of the project was to introduce the principles and intentions in the new regulations at Statoil Gas Transport's facility at Kårstø. Emphasis was put on emergency preparedness analyses and on the process of establishing specific emergency preparedness requirements. The results indicate that these activities can be initiated successfully and produce immediate valuable results when they are based mainly on operational experiences. A method of establishing specific emergency preparedness requirements is presented.
Personality and Crisis Management in Offshore Installation Managers
Authors: Slaven G. M. , Flin R. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A survey of UK and Norwegian operating and drilling companies identified the characteristics required of effective Offshore Installation Managers (OlMs) to deal with an emergency. Personality profile scores of 93 OlMs were correlated with ratings of their ability to manage a simulated offshore emergency. The findings are discussed in relation to key managerial characteristics and the applicability of personality profiling for selecting OlMs.
Environment, Safety, and Health Compliance Programs at the U.S. Dept. of Energy
Authors: Hartstein A. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Environment, safety, and health (ES&H) compliance remains an overarching mandated goal of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). All research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities for advanced oil and gas recovery technologies incorporate ES&H programs. In carrying out its mission and programs, DOE conducts audits and appraisals to assure compliance with applicable Federal, State, and local ES&H laws, and DOE regulations for environmental protection and worker and public safety.
DOE's Office of Fossil Energy (FE) has initiated a government/industry cost-shared RD&D program to encourage development of advanced exploration and production technologies. This program will consist of over 100 field demonstration projects totalling at least $1 billion over a 10-year period. All contractors and DOE researchers will identify environmental aspects of proposed operations, implement a continuous environmental monitoring program to assess environmental compliance, and obtain technology-specific data throughout the project duration.
This paper details the Office of Gas and Petroleum Technology (OGPT) methods to implement a program to ensure compliance with all applicable ES&H laws, regulations, and the National Environmental Policy Act, which requires environmental review of all Federal actions.
Occupational Health Auditing: Experiences With the Development of a Management Tool To Improve Performance
Authors: de Jong Geert 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
SIPM1 issued in 1989 specific guidelines on the management of occupational health to all Shell Companies outside North America. These ‘Occupational Health Management Guidelines’ highlight occupational health as a management responsibility, which should receive the same attention as other business objectives, including safety and the conservation of the environment. This requires the application of normal business control mechanisms, such as management review and appraisal. Occupational health auditing was developed and promoted as an essential tool to assist the management of Shell companies with this review and appraisal process.
Our experience with auditing has shown that all parts of a health management system can be audited, with the objective of defining areas for improvement. The development of a consistent standardised review/audit method is described and the need for clear definition of objectives, standards and a structured approach is highlighted. On the basis of an analysis of reviews and audits carried out since the publication of the Shell ‘Occupational Health Management Guidelines’ in 1989 it is concluded that the reviews/audits should in the first place address the main elements of a health management system, especially line responsibility and performance measurement, as well as the competency of the occupational health advisers. It is also concluded, that most of the earlier reviews/audits provided (detailed) technical/medical prescriptive advice rather than an assessment of the management controls of occupational health. Follow up audits have shown that such advice did not stick and could not be sustained if the key elements of a health management system are lacking.
Burden or Benefit? ISO9000/Vision 2000/TQM
Authors: Chenault L. M. , Sherman T. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Management of Safety and environmental performance is increasingly integrated with management of business and technical matters. As this process progresses, busy managers with dwindling staff seek simplifying and especially time and cost efficient means to accommodate these demands.
VISION 2000, the planned integration of ISO 9000/Q90 standards with the principles of Total Quality Management, portends to offer the simplication through consistency. Yet, many skeptics prognose costly and ineffective bureaucracy in the rush toward this goal.
This paper describes some practical approaches to achieve effective management of safety and environmental performance while maintaining consistency with VISION 2000 principles.
A top-down approach is recommended, since the common elements in each system focus on management commitment and responsibility. Management's demonstrated commitment must generate employee involvement, especially in training. To be practical, quality management of safety and environment must focus on bringing order to the existing elements of a program, rather than inventing a "new system from scratch. The use of common sense is encouraged without sacrificing the structure that is so urgently needed in many existing systems.
Finally, a discussion of the costs and benefits of implementing improved safety/envirornmental/quality management is presented.