bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic diagnosis of dwarfism in six Friesian horses
Authors: BACK W. , van der LUGT J. J. , van dar NIKKELS P. G. J. , van den BELT A. J. M. , van den KOLK J. H. , STOUT T. A. E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryAn extreme form of abnormal development, dwarfism, is common in man and some animals, but has not been officially reported in horses. Within the Friesian horse breed, congenital dwarfism has been recognised for many years, but no detailed report exists on its phenotype. The most salient feature of the dwarf syndrome is the physeal growth retardation in both limbs and ribs. Affected animals have approximately 25% shorter fore‐ and hindlimbs and approximately 50% reduced bodyweight. Post natal growth is still possible in these animals, albeit at a slower rate: the head and back grow faster than the limbs and ribs leading to the characteristic disproportional growth disturbance. Thus, mature dwarfs exhibit a normal, but a relatively larger head conformation, a broader chest with narrowing at the costochondral junction, a disproportionally long back, abnormally short limbs, hyperextension of the fetlocks and narrow long‐toed hooves. Furthermore, a dysplastic metaphysis of the distal metacarpus and metatarsus is radiographically evident. Microscopic analysis of the growth plates at the costochondral junction shows an irregular transition from cartilage to bone, and thickening and disturbed formation of chondrocyte columns, which is similar to findings in osteochondrodysplasia.
Evaluation of common vaginal tunic ligation during field castration in draught colts
Authors: CARMALT J. L. , SHOEMAKER Dr.R. W. , WILSON D. G. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine if ligation of the common vaginal tunic could prevent or reduce the incidence of omental herniation and eventration in draught colts undergoing routine field castration. It was found that common vaginal tunic ligation, while not completely preventing omental herniation and evisceration, significantly reduced the incidence of these complications and should be considered in those males deemed at increased risk of significant post castration complications.
The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia
Authors: PATTERSON‐KANE J. C. , CARRICK J. B. , AXON J. E. , WILKIE I. , BEGG A. P. 
Published: September 2008

Summary Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe post mortem lesions in EIV‐infected foals. Methods: Post mortem examinations were conducted on 11 young foals (age 2–12 days) submitted to the Scone Veterinary Hospital, New South Wales, Australia over a 2‐month period in 2007. The foals had presented with or developed fatal pneumonia, and were known or suspected to be EIV‐positive. Equine influenza virus nucleic acid was detected in tissue specimens using an influenza A group reactive real‐time reverse transcriptase PCR assay. Results: Grossly there was diffuse or extensive pulmonary consolidation. Histological changes included: bronchiolar and alveolar necrosis; neutrophilic infiltration; hyaline membrane formation; and hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of airway epithelium. Tissues for 10 foals were EIV‐positive, with a positive nasal swab from the remaining animal. Conclusions: This is the first detailed pathological description of bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with EIV infection in young foals. It is also the first series of such cases in which a causative agent has consistently been detected. Potential relevance: Given the findings in this outbreak, and a previous outbreak in the UK in 1965 involving a similarly naive population, veterinary clinicians and pathologists should be aware that EIV can cause fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals that do not have maternal immunity. The lesions did not differ from those previously reported in foals of various ages with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of other or undefined causes, indicating that this is most likely to be a stereotypical response to a variety of insults. Therefore, tissue specimens should be obtained from cases of pneumonia in young foals for virological and bacteriological testing. Reasons for performing study: The first outbreak of equine influenza virus (EIV) infection was confirmed in Australia in 2007. Some EIV‐positive young foals died with broncho‐interstitial pneumonia, a rare disease process in this age group that is often postulated to be caused by viral infection.
Evaluation of dimethyl sulphoxide effects on initial response to endotoxin in the horse
Authors: KELMER G. , DOHERTY T. J. , ELLIOTT S. , SAXTON A. , FRY M. M. , ANDREWS F. M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Endotoxaemia is one of the most severe and ubiquitous disease processes in horses. Although dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is used clinically in horses, there is no study indicating its efficacy in endotoxaemic horses.Hypothesis: DMSO ameliorates the clinical response to i.v. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration.Methods: Eighteen horses were assigned randomly to one of 4 groups: Normosol‐LPS (0.2 μg/kg bwt, i.v.); DMSO (1 g/kg bwt, i.v.)‐saline; high‐dose DMSO (1 g/kg bwt, i.v.)‐LPS; low‐dose DMSO (20 mg/kg bwt, i.v.)‐LPS. Horses participating in the DMSO‐saline group were later assigned randomly to one of the LPS groups. Data for physical parameters, white blood cell counts, plasma TNF‐α, and blood lactate and glucose concentrations were examined for the effect of treatment using a repeated‐measures mixed‐model ANOVA. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Endotoxaemia occurred in all horses receiving LPS, as indicated by the clinical score, physical parameters, haemoconcentration and leucopenia. High‐dose DMSO ameliorated the effect of LPS on fever. DMSO, at either dose, but did not have a significant effect on LPS‐induced changes in all other evaluated parameters.Conclusions: In this study, DMSO had minimal effects on clinical signs of induced endotoxaemia in horses. The effects were manifested by amelioration of LPS‐induced fever.Potential relevance: DMSO does not appear to have a significant protective effect against induced endotoxaemia; however, since some protective effect appears to exist further studies are needed in order to determine the role of DMSO in the treatment of endotoxaemia.
Bradykinin stimulates prostaglandin E2production and cyclooxygenase activity in equine nonglandular and glandular gastric mucosain vitro
Authors: MORRISSEY N. K. , BELLENGER C. R. , BAIRD A. W. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: There are few data available regarding regulation of prostaglandin (PG) generation by equine gastric mucosae and the role of the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in their production.Objectives: To: 1) characterise and quantify PGE2outputin vitro;2) examine the sensitivity of PGE2production to exogenous bradykinin (BK) exposure; 3) determine the contribution of the COX‐1 and COX‐2 pathways to basal and BK‐stimulated PGE2production; and 4) measure if BK influences electrogenic ion transport in equine gastric mucosaein vitro.Methods: Full thickness gastric sheets were obtained from horses atpost mortem, stripped of muscle layers and mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were exposed to bradykinin (BK, 0.1 μmol/l) either alone, or following pretreatment with a selective COX‐2 inhibitor (NS‐398, 1 μmol/l) or a nonselective COX inhibitor (piroxicam, 1 μmol/l), or were untreated.Results: BK administration increased PGE2output from the basolateral but not the apical faces of both tissue types. Piroxicam, but not NS‐398, reduced basolateral PGE2release below control levels in both tissue types. Both piroxicam and NS‐398 pretreatment inhibited BK‐stimulated PGE2release. In separate experiments, BK was without effect upon electrophysiological parameters of tissues mounted in Ussing chambers.Conclusions: PGE2is produced by the nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosaein vitro.Significantly more PGE2is released basolaterally than apically. BK stimulated the production of PGE2from the basolateral side of both tissue types. These findings suggest that COX‐1 is a significant pathway for basal PGE2production from the basolateral faces of both nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosaein vitro.Potential relevance: The identification of the cells responsible for basolateral PGE2release, via both COX‐1 and COX‐2 pathways, under basal and BK‐stimulated conditions requires further study.
Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine
Authors: COOK V. L. , SHULTS J. JONES , McDOWELL M. , CAMPBELL N. B. , DAVIS J. L. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Absorption of endotoxin across ischaemic‐injured mucosa is a major cause of mortality after colic surgery. Recent studies have shown that flunixin meglumine retards mucosal repair. Systemic lidocaine has been used to treat post operative ileus, but it also has novel anti‐inflammatory effects that could improve mucosal recovery after ischaemic injury.Hypothesis: Systemic lidocaine ameliorates the deleterious negative effects of flunixin meglumine on recovery of mucosal barrier function.Methods: Horses were treated i.v. immediately before anaesthesia with either 0.9% saline 1 ml/50 kg bwt, flunixin meglumine 1 mg/kg bwt every 12 h or lidocaine 1.3 mg/kg bwt loading dose followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min constant rate infusion, or both flunixin meglumine and lidocaine, with 6 horses allocated randomly to each group. Two sections of jejunum were subjected to 2 h of ischaemia by temporary occlusion of the local blood supply, via a midline celiotomy. Horses were monitored with a behavioural pain score and were subjected to euthanasia 18 h after reversal of ischaemia. Ischaemic‐injured and control jejunum was mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and permeability to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Results: In ischaemic‐injured jejunum TER was significantly higher in horses treated with saline, lidocaine or lidocaine and flunixin meglumine combined, compared to horses treated with flunixin meglumine. In ischaemic‐injured jejunum LPS permeability was significantly increased in horses treated with flunixin meglumine alone. Behavioural pain scores did not increase significantly after surgery in horses treated with flunixin meglumine.Conclusions: Treatment with systemic lidocaine ameliorated the inhibitory effects of flunixin meglumine on recovery of the mucosal barrier from ischaemic injury, when the 2 treatments were combined. The mechanism of lidocaine in improving mucosal repair has not yet been elucidated.Potential relevance: Recovery of ischaemic‐injured jejunum in post operative colic cases may be improved when treatment with flunixin meglumine is combined with lidocaine.
Detection of calprotectin and its correlation to the accumulation of neutrophils within equine large colon during ischaemia and reperfusion
Authors: GROSCHEt A. , MORTON A. J. , POLYAK M. M. R. , MATYJASZEK S. , FREEMAN D. E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReason for performing study: The cytosolic protein complex, calprotectin, is abundant in neutrophils and could be used to improve the ability to localise and assess neutrophil infiltration in the equine intestine during ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R), but further study is required.Objectives: To assess the number of calprotectin‐containing cells by immunohistochemistry in correlation with direct counting and scoring of neutrophils in the equine colon during I/R.Methods: One and 2 h ischaemia of the left dorsal colon were induced, followed by 30 min reperfusion under general anaesthesia or by 18 h reperfusion after anaesthetic recovery. Biopsies were processed for light microscopy and stained with H&E for detection of neutrophils. To identify calprotectin‐containing cells, immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin‐fixed tissues with the murine MAC 387 antibody and a biotin‐free peroxidase staining procedure. The number of neutrophils within submucosal venules and the colonic mucosa were calculated and compared with the number of calprotectin‐positive cells.Results: The number of calprotectin‐positive cells within submucosal venules and within the colonic mucosa correlated significantly with the accumulation of neutrophils within the corresponding tissue segments. Within the submucosal venules, both calprotectin‐positive cells and H&E‐stained neutrophils increased with duration of ischaemia and peaked after 30 min of reperfusion. After 18 h reperfusion the number of these cells declined within the vessels. After 2 h ischaemia, neutrophils started to migrate into the mucosa towards the epithelium, with a significant increase over time during reperfusion, and peak infiltration after 18 h reperfusion.Conclusions: Neutrophil infiltration into the colon after I/R is a time‐dependent process, involving migration through the submucosa towards the epithelium.Potential relevance: Immunohistochemical staining for calprotectin can be used to demonstrate the pattern of neutrophil accumulation and migration following I/R.
Risk factors for epiploic foramen entrapment colic in a UK horse population: A prospective case‐control study
Authors: ARCHER D. C. , PINCHBECK G. L. , FRENCH N. P. , PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) is a common cause of small intestinal strangulation in the horse and its epidemiology requires further investigation.Objectives: To identify horse‐ and management‐level risk factors for EFE and to explore reasons for the apparent seasonality of this condition.Hypothesis: Horses exhibiting certain behaviours and those exposed to particular management practices that vary seasonally are at increased risk of EFE.Methods: A prospective unmatched, multicentre case‐control study was conducted over 24 months in the UK. Data on 77 cases and 216 control horses were obtained from 9 collaborating clinics and logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse and management variables and the likelihood of EFE.Results: In a final multivariable model crib‐biting/ windsucking behaviour was associated with the largest increase in likelihood of EFE. A history of colic in the previous 12 months, increased stabling in the previous 28 days and height of the horse also increased the likelihood of EFE. Horses with access to a mineral/salt lick, those easily frightened and horses not fed at the same time as others were at reduced risk of EFE.Conclusions: Horses exhibiting certain behaviours, those with a previous history of colic and horses of greater height appear to be at inherently greater risk of EFE. The increase in likelihood of EFE with increased duration of stabling may explain the apparent seasonality of this condition.Potential relevance: These findings assist identification of horses at high‐risk of EFE and provide information on management strategies that may reduce this risk. If the observed associations are causal, avoiding sudden increases in duration of stabling, not feeding horses in the same group at the same time and providing a mineral/salt lick may reduce the likelihood of EFE. The risk factors identified in this study provide important clues to the aetiology of EFE.
Intra‐articular stabilisation of the equine cricoarytenoid joint
Authors: CHEETHAM J. , WITTE T. H. , RAWLINSON J. J. , SODERHOLM L. V. , MOHAMMED H. O. , DUCHARME N. G. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: The success of laryngoplasty is limited by abduction loss in the early post operative period.Objective: To determine the efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in stabilising the cricoarytenoid joint (CAJ) and reducing the force on the laryngoplasty suture.Hypothesis: Injection into the cricoarytenoid joint resists the forces produced by physiological laryngeal air flows and pressures thereby reducing the force experienced by the laryngoplasty suture.Methods: Ten cadaver larynges were collected at necropsy and PMMA was injected into one CAJ at selected random. Each larynx was subjected to physiological conditions with with constant (static) or cycling (dynamic) flow. The specimens were tested sequentially in each of 4 conditions: 1) bilateral full abduction(Control1); 2) transection of the suture on the side without PMMA; 3) bilateral abduction achieved by replacing the suture(Control2); and 4) cutting the suture on the PMMA side. Tracheal pressure and flow and pressure in the flow chamber were recorded using pressure and flow transducers. The strain experienced by each suture during bilateral abduction(Controls 1and 2) was measured. Statistical comparison of the 4 conditions was performed using a mixed effect model with Tukey'spost hoctest for multiple comparisons. The strain gauge data were analysed by paired comparison of the regression slopes.Results: In the static and dynamic states, tracheal pressure increased and tracheal flow decreased when the suture on the non‐cement side was cut (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in any outcome measure between PMMA injected into the CAJ and bilaterally abducted specimens(Controls 1and2)for either condition. The rate of increase in strain with increasing translaryngeal pressure was significantly less on the suture with PMMA placed in the CAJ (P = 0.03).Conclusions: These data provide strong evidence that injecting PMMA into the CAJ resists the collapsing effect of physiological airflows and pressuresin vitroand reduces the force experienced by the laryngoplasty suture during maximal abduction.Potential relevance: Augmentation of prosthetic laryngoplasty with this technique may reduce arytenoid abduction loss in the early post operative period.
Transvaginal ultrasound‐guided aspiration of unilateral twin gestation in the mare
Authors: Govaere J. L. J. , Hoogewijs M. K. , De Schauwer C. , Dewulf J. , De Kruif A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryEmbryo reduction of unilateral twin vesicles is normally successful before fixation of the vesicles. After fixation, however, it becomes a challenge, and the later in the gestation period that the reduction is performed, the greater the challenge. One therapy to reduce a twin into a singleton pregnancy is the transvaginal ultrasound‐guided aspiration (TUGA) of one of the vesicles. The results of 35 unilateral twin reductions by TUGA are discussed in this paper and possible negative influences of age, parity and days pregnant are analysed statistically.
Quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat test in horses
Authors: Mackay R. J. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe aim of the current study was to quantify sweating responses to intradermal terbutaline in normal horses. Seven Thoroughbred horses were used. Terbutaline (10‐fold dilutions from 1000‐0.001 mg/l) and a saline control were injected intradermally (0.1 ml/site) and sweat collected for 30 min into absorbent pads taped over each injection site. Tests were performed monthly for 11 successive months and temperature, relative humidity and dewpoint were measured at the time of testing. There was no significant effect (P≤0.05) of environmental variables or time of year on sweat responses at any dose. There was significant effect (P<0.001) of terbutaline concentration on sweat weight, with significant increases at every concentration from 0.1–1000 mg/l. This quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat test should be a useful aid to the study of equine sweating and anhidrosis.
Effect of track maintenance on mechanical properties of a dirt racetrack: A preliminary study
Authors: PETERSON M. L. , McILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryWhen Thoroughbred racehorses experience catastrophic injuries, the track surface is often discussed as a factor. The present study investigated the mechanical properties of the surface and found that significant changes in a track occur during routine maintenance. Questions regarding the relative importance of track variability and hardness require further investigation.
Position of the head is not associated with changes in horse vision
Authors: BARTOŠ L. , BARTOŠOVÁ J. , STAROSTOVÁ L. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryIt has become accepted that the horse cannot see directly in front when the nose is lowered and must therefore rely on the rider. We tested the hypothesis that this conclusion would be correct only if the horse did not adjust the eyeball horizontal axis to changes of the head position. The results of the present study suggest that it is unlikely that horses have limited vision in relation to their head position when driven by the rider, and that the horse maintains the optimal horizontal eyeball position regardless of head position relative to the ground.
Experimental reactivation of equine herpesvirus‐3 following corticosteroid treatment
Authors: BARRANDEGUY M. , VISSANI A. , OLGUIN C. , BECERRA L. , MIÑO S. , PEREDA A. , ORIOL J. , THIRY E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryState of latency, well known for several herpesviruses, has been proposed for equine herpesvirus‐3 (EHV‐3) and supported by epidemiological observations. No detailed assessment about reactivation, patterns of excretion and re‐excretion has been formally reported. An experimental reactivation study by corticosteroid treatment in previously naturally infected horses was therefore carried out. Two polo mares with clinical and virologically confirmed history of equine coital exanthema were injected with dexamethasone and prednisolone on 3 successive days. Clinical signs, body temperature and clinical samples for virological and serological studies were obtained daily. Mares did not show any systemic clinical signs or hyperthermia. EHV‐3 shedding, seroconversion and the presence of a small lesion were observed in one of the mares under study 2 weeks after corticosteroid treatment. The results demonstrate that this virus exhibits a latency‐reactivation behaviour similar to that of other alpha herpesviruses. Reactivation of latency may have an important bearing on the appearance of clinical signs in mares and/or stallions during the breeding season without the actual evidence of transfer from mare to stallion or vice versa.
Suspected primary lactose intolerance in neonatal foals
Authors: Roberts V. L. H. , Knottenbelt D. C. , Williams A. , McKane S. A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe intestine of neonatal mammals must be able to secrete lactase enzyme to hydrolyse lactose in its mother's milk. Failure to secrete lactase results in failure to digest lactose. This results in osmotic diarrhoea, weight loss, failure to thrive, lethargy, colic and abdominal distension. Lactose intolerance may occur secondarily to intestinal bacterial infection. Primary lactose intolerance is recognised in human infants. Here we report 2 cases of suspected primary lactose intolerance in foals. The foals responded well to oral administration of exogenous lactase enzyme.
Splenectomy in a foal to control intra‐abdominal haemorrhage caused by splenic rupture
Authors: Muurlink M. A. , Walmsley J. P. , Savage C. J. , Whitton R. C. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryIntra‐abdominal haemorrhage in horses can be due to rupture of the spleen and may result in severe blood loss. The assessment and resuscitation of a foal that collapsed due to intra‐abdominal haemorrhage is presented. Diagnosis of the source of the blood loss required exploratory laparotomy and confirmed splenic capsular rupture and haemorrhage. Splenectomy using a 17th rib resection approach was used to control the haemorrhage. Complications included acute cardiac muscle damage, which was monitored using echocardiography and troponin I levels. The successful surgical management of the ongoing blood loss in this foal suggests that splenectomy should be considered an option to control severe blood loss due to splenic rupture.