bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies
Authors: Lunt D. H. , Zhang D.‐X. , Szymura J. M. , Hewltt O. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractInsect mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes are used as a model to examine the within‐gene heterogeneity of evolutionary rate and Its implications for evolutionary analyses. The complete sequence (1537 bp) of the meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) COI gene has been determined, and compared with eight other Insect COI genes at both the DNA and amino acid sequence levels. This reveals that different regions evolve at different rates, and the patterns of sequence variability seems associated with functional constraints on the protein. The COOH‐terminal was found to be significantly more variable than Internal loops (I), external loops (E), transmembrane helices (M) or the NH2 terminal. The central region of COI (M5‐M8) has lower levels of sequence variability, which Is related to several Important functional domains In this region. Highly conserved primers which amplify regions of different variabilities have been designed to cover the entire insect COI gene. These primers have been shown to amplify COI in a wide range of species, representing all the major insect groups; some even In an arachnid. Implications of the observed evolutionary pattern for phylogenetic analysis are discussed, with particular regard to the choice of regions of suitable variability for specific phylogenetic projects.
The structure, sequence and developmental pattern of expression of the white gene in the blowfly Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Garcia R. L. , Perkins H. D. , Howells A. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe have sequenced the complete coding region of the white gene of Lucilia cuprina. Strong sequence identity exists between this gene and its homologue from Drosophila melanogaster at both nucleotide and derived amino acid levels (68% and 78% respectively). The exon/intron structure of the two genes is also largely conserved, although the Lucilia gene contains one extra Won. Expression of the gene peaks during mid‐pupal stage, with secondary peaks in late larval and early adult stages. Comparisons between this and other white genes will contribute to a better understanding of ATP‐binding transmembrane transport proteins. The white gene should also serve as a useful marker gene in the development of a gene transformation system for the sheep blowfly.
Intravenous filters, panacea or placebo?
Authors: JOHNS TIMOTHY 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Proponents of intravenous filters claim that they remove bacterial contaminants, particulate matter, air emboli and reduce the incidence of phlebitis.
From unstructured observation by the author at a large general hospital not using filters it was concluded that the incidence of complications was no greater than at a hospital having a policy for using these filters. Despite the introduction of a filter that claims to retain endotoxin for up to 96 h, filters are still misused, over used or unused in different departments of the same hospital.
This paper examines the literature that supports and criticizes the advantages and disadvantages of using such filters. The research is reviewed to ascertain whether the widespread use of filters is justified and whether they effectively reduce or prevent the complications of intravenous therapy. The paper reviews the causes and incidence of complications of intravenous therapy and alternative methods used for reducing these complications. The evidence shows conflicting results and argues that complications are inevitable despite the use of filters or careful medical action.
The manufacturer's claims are supported by a plethora of literature but discrepancies are evident and the author remains unconvinced of their widespread use in today's fragile economic climate when the cost of treating the adverse effects of intravenous therapy is considered.
Preoperative hair removal: a case report with implications for nursing
Authors: SMALL SANDRA P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Preoperative hair removal has been a practice since the beginning of this century. Research in the 1970s and 1980s provide support for the contention that the procedure is unnecessary for wound asepsis and may increase the rate of surgical site infections (Seropian & Reynolds, 1971; Hamilton et al., 1977; Cruse & Foord, 1980; Court‐Brown, 1981; Alexander et al., 1983; Winfield, 1986; Fairclough et al., 1987). However, some hospitals have continued routine preoperative hair removal long after dissemination of recommendations against it. This begs the question, ‘Why is it that so often research findings are not applied in practice’.
In Stroud v. General Hospital Corp. and Pollett (1993), a man died of sepsis resulting from cuts he gave himself after he was asked by a nurse, in complete violation of the hospital's preoperative skin preparation protocol, to clip hair from his abdomen. The court held the hospital liable for the nurse's negligent breach of its protocol. The case clearly supports findings in the literature that preoperative hair removal is potentially dangerous. It reinforces the importance of strict adherence to hospital protocols which have been put in place to protect patients' safety.
Self‐care: the application of a ward philosophy
Authors: FURLONG SARAH 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The purposes of this study were twofold. The first was to determine the rationale behind the adoption of a self‐care approach to nursing. The second, to determine how a self‐care philosophy is applied in practice.
The study was carried out from a phenomenological perspective, as it facilitated an understanding of nursing practice from the practitioners' perspective.
The adoption of a self‐care philosophy and approach to caring, appears to have evolved through patients need. This finding has implications for all practitioners.
Can elderly residents with memory problems be prepared for relocation?
Authors: DICKINSON DAVID 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Relocation of elderly clients between residential establishments can be unsettling, although good preparation can help reduce negative effects and contribute to successful transfer. However, it is less clear whether preparation is feasible for residents with cognitive deficits and clarification of this issue was the objective of the study.
Results indicated that with the exception of those with severe cognitive deterioration, residents generally retained awareness of impending relocation and reported feelings appropriate to the situation.
Implications for the types of preparation are discussed.
Patient‐controlled analgesia: a review of the literature
Authors: WILLIAMS CAROLINE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Patient‐controlled analgesia is rapidly becoming accepted as an important method of providing pain relief.
A description of the technique is provided and its subsequent development traced.
Following this, the review of the literature organizes the information into the following categories:

clinical application,
efficacy,
economic factors,
patient and staff acceptance,
patient education,
potential complication.

Areas for future investigation are suggested.
Feminist approaches to change and nursing development
Authors: BILEY ANNA , WHALE ZOE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

In Britain, nursing development units (NDUs) have provided a focus for change and innovation in nursing since the early 1980s. This paper explores the approaches to change in these areas of practice.
A review of both the management of change and feminist literature has been conducted. By identifying the similarities between the management of change in NDUs and feminism, it is suggested that feminist philosophies as demonstrated in NDUs may provide the key to successful and sustained, patient‐focused changes in practice.
What do elderly people do in hospital?
Authors: BIRCHALL RUTH , WATERS KAREN R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Current health‐care reforms have sharpened the focus on efficiency of bed usage; one useful method of exploring this concept is to determine how patients spend their time in hospital.
This small study explored how 23 elderly patients spent their time on two elderly care wards.
A time‐sampling, patient‐focused, structured observation method was employed to observe the patients. The most commonly observed activity was eating and drinking.
The findings, in keeping with previous work, suggest that therapeutic activities occupy a minimal proportion of the patient's day.
Reasons for inactivity are explored and recommendations made for further research.
Creating consensus about nursing outcomes. I. An exploration of focus group methodology
Authors: MILLAR BRIAN , MAGGS CHRISTOPHER , WARNER VICKI , WHALE ZOE 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The aim of this study is to explore a method for achieving consensus about nursing outcomes between patients, nurses and health professionals.
Focus group work as a research tool is described and reviewed.
Problems of recruiting and facilitating such groups are highlighted.
The relationship between focus groups and consensus is discussed.
It is concluded that focus group work is not without problems, yet means of incorporating patient views into health services need to be developed.
Using vignettes to collect data for nursing research studies: how valid are the findings?
Authors: GOULD DINAH 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Vignettes are simulations of real events which can be used in research studies to elicit subjects' knowledge, attitudes or opinions according to how they state they would behave in the hypothetical situation depicted.
Advantages associated with the use of vignettes as research tools include: the ability to collect information simultaneously from large numbers of subjects, to manipulate a number of variables at once in a manner that would not be possible in observation studies, absence of observer effect and avoidance of the ethical dilemmas commonly encountered during observation.
Difficulties include problems establishing reliability and validity, especially external validity.
This paper considers the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of vignettes as data collection tools, concluding with a check‐list to help critique vignettes studies.
Self‐medication in acute surgical wards
Authors: JONES L. , ARTHURS G. J. , STURMANB E. , BELLIS L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Self‐medication of oral drugs is not current practice on surgical wards.
We have introduced a system for suitable patients in which they give to themselves all their oral medication while in hospital. This was introduced in stages to gain the confidence of staff.
Many patients wish to self‐medicate; this system allows better use of the drugs that they bring into hospital from home; more appropriate timing when in hospital and speeds up discharge procedures, as the patient is already familiar with, and has a supply of, their drugs to take home.
The decision to prolong life: ethical perspectives of a clinical dilemma
Authors: TRNOBRANSKI PHILIPPA H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

As a result of rapid developments in medical technology, health‐care workers are increasingly faced with decisions regarding the prolongation of life and the withdrawal of treatment. Such decisions are often extremely complex and present a moral dilemma: they are further complicated by prevailing politico‐economic, social and cultural influences.
This article contrasts deontological and utilitarian philosophical perspectives, and discusses ethical principles which impinge on the decision making process.
A knowledge and understanding of these philosophies and principles are essential to assist clinical practitioners in the examination of moral issues surrounding life and death.
Audit or research – what is the difference?
Authors: CLOSS S. J. , CHEATER F. M. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAudit and research are activities which have some characteristics in common and others which are rather different.This paper presents working definitions of each process and then examines their attributes and interrelationships in some detail.Areas covered include their purposes, what types of process they are, their theoretical bases, the methods used in each, sampling, the use of findings, confidentiality and the time frame of each.If nurses are to use or undertake research and/or audit appropriately in their practice, it is important that the similarities and differences between the two are clear.
Paediatric nursing and children's autonomy
Authors: LOWES LESLEY 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The topic of children's rights is a wide‐ranging and complex subject, and in recognition of this fact this paper specifically addresses the concept of the right of children to make decisions about their own health‐care.
This paper explores the many factors which may influence a child's right to autonomy, including family relationships and the broader external influences exerted by health‐care workers.
The discussion highlights the dilemmas which may be faced by nurses when their values and beliefs, or hierarchical position within the health‐care structure, inhibit their ability to promote children's autonomy.
An evaluation of the King's Fund Centre Nursing Development Unit Network 1989–91
Authors: PEARSON ALAN 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This article reports on a study carried out in 1991 of the King's Fund team and the Nursing Development Unit network.
The study is essentially descriptive and largely qualitative in nature and cannot therefore be the basis of generalization.
Overall, it illuminates the emergence of a large number of embryonic nursing development units across the UK.
The findings suggest that the NDU network established by the King's Fund has played an important role in the initiation of a number of these units and in providing them with ongoing support.
Transcending chronic liver disease: a qualitative study
Authors: WAINWRIGHT STEVEN P. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis study explores and describes experiences of chronic liver disease from the patient's perspective. No qualitative research studies appear to have examined the experiences of these patients. In–depth focused interviews and grounded theory data collection and data analysis methods were used. A two‐stage theoretical framework (becoming ill, and not living) of the experience of transcending chronic liver disease is presented.Sociological and psychological literature on common sense models of health and illness are briefly reviewed. Several suggestions for further research are made. The way in which this qualitative research study is leading to a quantitative and qualitative appraisal of the psychological adjustment in end‐stage chronic liver disease patients is outlined.
Chronic illness: the importance of support for families caring for a child with cystic fibrosis
Authors: COYNE IMELDA T. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

The effect of chronic life‐threatening illness on the family is one of the major problems confronting the health‐care system today. Increasingly, parents have the major responsibility for the daily management of their child's condition.
There is evidence that many parents lack the pofessional help and support which could ameliorate some of their problems. It is important that nurses have an understanding of how families cope with the burden of caring for a chronically ill child.
Health professionals need clear guidelines on how to support these families in their role as primary care‐givers.
This paper examines how families of children with cystic fibrosis adapt to the illness in order to provide indicators for nursing practice and to enhance the care and support provided for these families.
Effective coping strategies include: assigning meaning to the illness, sharing the burden, denial of diagnosis and incorporating therapy in a schedule.
Evaluation of stress prevention and management workshops in the community
Authors: HOSTICK TONY , NEWELL ROB , WARD TIM 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Little emphasis has been placed by clinicians on the need for routine evaluation of outcomes of community mental health nursing interventions. Although numerous descriptive studies exist, there is little systematic evaluation of the work of community mental health nurses, and this problem is particularly acute in the field of preventative work.
This paper presents the results of a small initiative to incorporate outcome evaluation into the clinical work of a community mental health team.
Ninety‐nine participants in a series of stress management workshops completed stress questionnaires before a series of 2‐day workshops and were followed up at between 3 and 6 months afterwards.
At follow‐up, participants reported greater gains in terms of stress management than did no‐treatment controls.
The study offers tentative evidence for the effectiveness of community mental health nurses in offering effective preventative interventions and also indicates that such interventions are amenable to outcome evaluation within the context of routine clinical practice.
Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle‐aged men
Authors: NEWENS ANDREW J. , MCCOLL ELAINE , BOND SENGA 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Education of patients and their partners about appropriate lifestyle changes following myocardial infarction (MI) is a key element in rehabilitation; developing relevant educational strategies requires a knowledge of patient beliefs and attitudes. This paper reports findings from a survey of diet and exercise in a group of 153 middle‐aged men who had suffered a first uncomplicated MI.
Just over half of those questioned expressed a desire to change their diet post‐MI; those who perceived their pre‐morbid diet to be ‘less healthy’ were more likely to want to change. Significant changes in food consumption (towards a more healthy diet) were observed at 3 months post‐MI. Patients were less likely to change their behaviour with respect to exercise, and few attained recommended levels of physical activity either pre‐ or post‐MI.
Patients held a number of misconceptions regarding the role of diet and exercise in predisposing to coronary heart disease, and the need for change in behaviour. Beliefs and behaviour change were only weakly associated with receipt of information and advice. The findings have important messages for the more appropriate targeting of information‐provision during the period of rehabilitation.
Nurses caring for families – issues in a multiracial society
Authors: CHEVANNES MEL 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Social, racial and ethnic factors are examined as key issues which affect nurses caring for families.
A co‐ordinated approach to caring for all families means that diverse clinical or therapeutic nursing may result.
Quality caring for all families requires improved education, at pre‐ and post‐registration levels, about the relationship between race and ethnicity and families' health, and the treatment regimens undertaken by families.
Effective caring for families from different social, racial and ethnic groups is still at a rudimentary level.
Orem's (1989) self‐care nursing model is explored to show how ethnic differences and similarities among families are incorporated into caring.
Underwater seal chest drains: the patient's experience
Authors: OWEN SUZANNE , GOULD DINAH 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Chest drains are routinely inserted during thoracic surgery and to conservatively manage spontaneous pneumothorax.
An extensive search of the literature revealed only a small number of highly prescriptive articles to advise the nurse on the specific care needs of this patient group.
An exploratory study undertaken with 18 patients drew attention to the persistent discomfort and pain experienced by patients throughout the entire time that the chest drain remained in situ.
Most of the patients also experienced short‐lasting but intense pain when the chest drain was removed.
Patients appeared ill‐prepared for their experiences despite opportunities to obtain verbal and written information from staff.
Research and the configuration of nursing services
Authors: LUKER KAREN A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This paper is concerned with the way in which nursing research has influenced changes in the organization of nursing services, particularly the shift from so‐called traditional nursing to new nursing. To this end published research and professional literature are selectively reviewed.
The case is made to support the view that change in nursing has been driven forward by the evangelical zeal of opinion leaders rather than evidence.
It is suggested that holistic care as embodied in new nursing is no longer affordable. Market pressures have precipitated a revisiting of the task basis of nursing. An effective anchor would have been a solid body of research evidence pointing up the value new nursing may have. Regrettably not enough research was done prior to the diffusion of new nursing. What was done was not always adequate, and what was adequate was not effectively deployed by nurse leaders.
Nursing is the largest workforce in the NHS and has attracted a great deal of policy interest. It is suggested that it will become increasingly important for nursing to be more strategic, and develop its own professionally driven research agenda.
The future of the nursing profession is uncertain. It is clear that evidence‐based practice is centre stage, and there is a need for nursing to re‐negotiate its professional boundaries and to develop intellectual partnerships in order to move the knowledge base of practice forward.
The therapeutic use of music in a care of the elderly setting: a literature review
Authors: KNEAFSEY ROSALEEN 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This paper reviews recent literature concerning the use of music and music therapy in health care.
Focusing particularly on the elderly, the use of music in relation to patients with dementia and Parkinsonism is examined.
Brief reference is also made to the use of music in pain control.
Although in this case, literature is not specific to care of the elderly settings, the results are still relevant to gerontological nursing.
Projects which achieved positive results in controlling pain perception could be transferable to a care of the elderly scenario, where chronic pain is often part of daily life.
Survivorship and breast cancer: the psychosocial issues
Authors: RENDLE KAREN 
Published: December 2007

Summary

This article addresses some of the psychosocial issues concerning survivors of breast cancer.
Issues relating to employment and social support are discussed.
Social support is also related to the significant other.
Recommendations for nursing practice and research are made, including the need for a unilateral definition of ‘survivor’ and for attitudinal changes.
As the number of survivors increase, psychosocial barriers need to be diminished by nursing practice and research.