bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological features of breast cancer in carriers of ATM gene variants
Authors: Balleine R L , Murali R , Bilous A M , Farshid G , Waring P , Provan P , Byth K , Thorne H ,   kConFab Investigators, Kirk J A 
Published: October 2006

Aims:  Germline variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene have been implicated in increased breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether the histopathology of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers is distinctive or resembles the described BRCA1 mutation‐associated phenotype.Methods:  The histopathological features of breast cancers occurring in ATM variant carriers from multiple‐case breast cancer families were compared with matched controls. The test group included 21 cases of in situ and/or invasive cancer from carriers of either the IVS10‐6T→G, 2424V→G or 1420L→F ATM variants in the absence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. An additional four invasive cancers from carriers of a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation in the context of a familial ATM variant were also examined.Results:  The histopathology of breast cancers in ATM variant‐only carriers was not significantly different from controls and known features of BRCA1 mutation‐associated cancer were rarely seen. In contrast, these features were prominent in the small group of cases with a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation.Conclusions:  Breast cancer occurring in carriers of ATM variants is not associated with distinctive histopathological features and does not resemble the tumour phenotype commonly observed in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
Effect of inulin on the textural and sensory properties of mortadella, a Spanish cooked meat product
Authors: Luisa García Maria , Cáceres Ester , Dolores Selgas Maria 
Published: October 2006

SummaryInulin is a fructooligosaccharide with demonstrable beneficial effects on health. Its effect on the textural and sensory properties of mortadella, a Spanish cooked meat product, was studied. Conventional (23% fat) and reduced‐fat sausages (10% fat) were prepared. Fat reduction yields an energy value reduction close to 33%. In both cases, inulin was incorporated, in powder and as gel form, in sufficient amounts to constitute the 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of the final product. To evaluate the effect of inulin, instrumental measures of texture and sensory analysis (hedonic test) were performed. Textural analysis indicated that powdered inulin increases hardness and this fact was more evident in reduced‐fat sausages which showed that this changes even at concentrations of 2.5%. However, when inulin was incorporated as a gel, textural parameter changed only when the high levels were assayed (7.5%) showing softer sausages independent of the fat content. Sensory analysis was highly favourable and the overall acceptability was good in all batches in spite of the changes observed in texture. It can be established that this product can be enriched with inulin to a maximum level of 7.5% and preferably as gel with a good sensory quality.
Effect of malt pretreatment on phytate and tannin level of two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars
Authors: Idris Wisal H. , AbdelRahaman Samia M. , ElMaki Hagir B. , Babiker Elfadil E. , El Tinay Abdullahi H. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe seeds of two cultivars of Sudanese sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), namely Wad Ahmed and Tabat, were germinated for 4 days to obtain 1‐, 2‐ and 4‐day‐old malts. Sorghum malt (5% and 10%) was added to sorghum flour. The mixtures were incubated at 30 °C with shaking for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Malting loss was very slight for both cultivars and for all incubation periods. Phytic acid and tannin contents were assayed for all treatments. The results revealed that phytate and tannin contents were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced when sorghum flour was pretreated with malt. When a mixture containing 10%, 4‐day‐old malt and sorghum flour was incubated for 120 min, it significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced phytate and tannin contents by 92% and 98%, respectively, for Wad Ahmed cultivar, while for Tabat they were reduced by 93% and 96%, respectively. The rate of reduction of phytate and tannin content increased with incubation time and malt age and concentration.
Durum wheat quality I: some physical and chemical characteristics of Syrian durum wheat genotypes
Authors: El‐Khayat Ghassan H. , Samaan Jihad , Manthey Frank A. , Fuller Mick P. , Brennan Charles S. 
Published: October 2006

SummarySome physical and chemical characteristics of nine Syrian durum wheat genotypes were determined in order to investigate the relationships among individual kernel components and kernel quality. All genotypes were grown on fully irrigated plots in Syria. Test weight, 1000‐kernel weight, kernel size distribution, hardness and semolina extraction rates were determined along with the chemical characteristics of the kernel (ash, moisture, protein, wet gluten, starch content and falling number). All tested genotypes had high test weight (83.1–85.9 kg hl−1) and 1000‐kernel weight (42.5–55.5 g) indicating high milling yield potential. Additionally, all the wheat genotypes demonstrated high falling numbers (433–597 s). Correlation coefficients among the quality properties showed that moisture content did not demonstrate any strong correlations with the studied quality parameters. Protein content exhibited a positive correlation with vitreousness (r = 0.78), and a negative correlation with ash content (r = −0.57). Test weight exhibited a negative correlation with 1000‐kernel weight (r = −0.66), and a positive correlation was observed between test weight and starch content of the kernel (r = 0.78). The results illustrate the commonality between Syrian durum wheat genotypes and US and Canadian durum wheat genotypes reported by researchers previously.
Clinical prediction rules for bacteremia and in‐hospital death based on clinical data at the time of blood withdrawal for culture: an evaluation of their development and use
Authors: Nakamura Tsukasa , Takahashi Osamu , Matsui Kunihiko , Shimizu Shiro , Setoyama Motoichi , Nakagawa Masahisa , Fukui Tsuguya , Morimoto Takeshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  To develop clinical prediction rules for true bacteremia, blood culture positive for gram‐negative rods, and in‐hospital death using the data at the time of blood withdrawal for culture.Methods  Data on all hospitalized adults who underwent blood cultures at a tertiary care hospital in Japan were collected from an integrated medical computing system. Logistic regression was used for developing prediction rules followed by the jackknife cross validation.Results  Among 739 patients, 144 (19.5%) developed true bacteremia, 66 (8.9) were positive for gram‐negative rods, and 203 (27.5%) died during hospitalization. Prediction rule based on the data at the time of blood withdrawal for culture stratified them into five groups with probabilities of true bacteremia 6.5, 9.6, 21.9, 30.1, and 59.6%. For blood culture positive for gram‐negative rods, the probabilities were 0.6, 4.7, 8.6, and 31.7%, and for in‐hospital death, those were 6.7, 15.5, 26.0, 35.5, and 56.1%. The area of receiver operating characteristic for true bacteremia, blood culture positive for gram‐negative rods, and in‐hospital death were 0.73, 0.64, and 0.64, respectively, in original cohort and 0.72, 0.64, and 0.64 in validation respectively.Conclusions  The clinical prediction rules are helpful for improved clinical decision making for bacteremia patients.
Consequences of hydrochory in Hibiscus
Authors: KUDOH HIROSHI , SHIMAMURA RYOUJI , TAKAYAMA KOJI , WHIGHAM DENNIS F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeed dispersal provides a template upon which the demographic processes of plant life cycles operate and, most importantly, seed dispersal determines the spatial distribution of genetic variation. Here, we review recent studies on seed dispersal by water (hydrochory) in species of Hibiscus to elucidate the potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of hydrochory at different spatiotemporal scales. We consider seed dispersal related processes that determine the distribution and dynamics of genetic variation, that is, the spatial shuffling effect of the seed bank that modifies genetic make‐up within a population, the formation of a genetic reservoir within a metapopulation, and lineage dispersions and speciation that may produce patterns in plant phylogeography. Seed movement patterns within ecological time and space are likely to leave non‐random patterns in long‐term plant evolution and phylogeny.
Differences in the allocation patterns between liana and shrubHydrangeaspecies
Authors: KANEKO YOHEI , HOMMA KOSUKE 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAllometric analysis of fourHydrangeaspecies (Hydrangea petiolaris,Hydrangea paniculata,Hydrangea macrophyllavar.megacarpaandHydrangea hirta) was conducted to test the hypothesis that the liana species (H. petiolaris) invests more in leaves and reproductive organs than the shrub species. We calculated the allocation ratios of leaves, supporting tissues (trunks and roots) and reproductive organs.Hydrangea petiolarisdiffered markedly from the three shrubs in terms of trunk and root allocations, while leaf allocation was not statistically different. The C/F ratios (the ratios of the dry weights of non‐photosynthetic organs to photosynthetic ones) of the four species ranged from 9 to 12, and were not statistically different. These results did not support the hypothesis. The biomass ofH. petiolariswas up to 100‐fold greater than the biomass of the three shrubs. The growth form ofH. petiolariswould minimize allocation to supporting tissue and produce a large biomass. The biomass of reproductive organs ofH. petiolariswas up to 700‐fold greater than the biomass of the three shrubs. This advantage might, therefore, serve as a driving force for the evolution of lianas.
Population biology of Pogonia japonica in Russia and Japan
Authors: TATARENKO IRINA V. , KONDO KATSUHIKO 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Pogonia japonica (Orchidaceae) is a clonal plant forming numerous adventitious shoots on long perennial roots. Seeds remained dormant for 3 years or more and rarely germinated. Populations consisted of ramets of different ages. Each ramet was a partial shoot growing vertically and monopodially before changing to sympodial growth after the first flowering. Annual growth consisted of two internodes making it easy to determine the shoot age. Three to 12 ramets were connected by a common root system. This might provide rapid development of ramets. In favorable habitats, vigorous ramets started flowering in the second or third year, and flowering lasted for another 3–4 years. In unfavorable habitats, preflowering shoot development took 3–5 years, or it died before or just after the first flowering. Ramets remained alive but senescent for 1–2 years after the last flowering. Disconnection of 2–4‐year‐old shoots was a normal process of vegetative reproduction. Some isolated mature shoots stayed dormant for 1–2 years. Young shoots disconnected within the first year usually died. Vegetative mature shoots predominated in the Russian populations, whereas young ramets were more numerous in the Japanese populations. The proportion of flowering to vegetative shoots averaged 15%, but reached as high as 55% in one Japanese population. Fruiting was high (80%) in Russian populations, but in some Japanese populations it dropped to zero after all fruits were damaged by insects. Differences in plant size and population structure reflected differences in ecological conditions more than geographic difference.
Andromonoecious sex expression of flowers and pollinia delivery by insects in a Japanese milkweed Metaplexis japonica (Asclepiadaceae), with special reference to its floral morphology
Authors: TANAKA HAJIME , HATANO TAKEO , KANEKO NORIKO , KAWACHINO SUGATAKO , KITAMURA OSAMU , SUZUKI YURIKO , TADA TAEKO , YAOI YOSHIHITO 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPollination ecological studies of Metaplexis japonica Makino were carried out in central Japan. We found that the flowers were andromonoecious; the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers was 61%. Unlike other Asclepiadaceae flowers, M. japonica has a unique and outstanding long protrusion on the pistil end, which looks like a stigma. However, we confirmed that the true stigma is present on the lateral surface of the style, as it is in other Asclepiadaceae flowers. Various insects visited the flowers for nectar and the most effective pollinators were scoliid wasps. The pollen/ovule ratio was 21 and the fruit set of the hermaphrodite flowers was 11%.
7: Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae)
Authors: OHARA MASASHI , NARUMI TADASHI , YOSHIZANE TOMOKO , OKAYASU TAROU , MASUDA JUNZO , KAWANO SHOICHI 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe life‐history characteristics of Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino (Liliaceae) are described here. This is a unique monocarpic perennial herb of temperate broad‐leaved deciduous forests in the Japanese Islands and adjacent Far East regions. New aerial shoots appear above ground in mid April to early May. Cardiocrinum cordatum comprises distinct growth stages, single‐leaf and multiple‐leaved rosette stages, and then a flowering stage with a large multiflowered inflorescence at the top of the stem. The flowering plants attain 0.7–2.0 m in height and bear several large cordate cauline leaves, and 2–15 laterally blooming, greenish white flowers, 12–18 cm in size, are borne at the top of the straight inflorescence. Cardiocrinum cordatum depends on two reproductive modes, sexual reproduction via seeds and vegetative reproduction forming a few to several bulblets at the base of mother bulbs. The flowers are furnished with large nectar glands at the base of corolla, and the amount of nectar secreted is very high; thus, many bumblebee species are attracted to the flowers. Each flower has 600–670 ovules and produces 393–531 seeds (average 410). The average seed‐setting rate per flower is high at 65–79%. An exceedingly large number of seeds with 4–5 mm thin filmy wings are produced, attaining several thousand (800–6000) in number per plant. Individuals asexually formed have large one‐leaf or multiple‐leaves, and can bypass crucial small juvenile stages with high mortality. In addition, because mature plants die after sexually reproducing once, ramets asexually reproduced can use the large spaces that the mother plants occupied.
Hypermedia authoring with writing process guidance
Authors: Chang Kuo‐En , Sung Yao‐Ting , Zheng Jie‐Wen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA writing process of five stages, setting the topic and goals, planning the outline, organising the structure, building the content, and reviewing, is proposed to guide hypermedia authoring. To explore the effects of the system designed with writing‐process guidance, this study enrolled 108 seventh graders at a junior high school as experimental subjects. Results of the experiment show that writing‐process guidance does indeed help in the presentation of students’ web page creations. This experiment also explored the differences in web page creations between different genders. Results show that creations of male students are better than those of female students.
The effect of problem‐based video instruction on learner satisfaction, comprehension and retention in college courses
Authors: Choi Hee Jun , Johnson Scott D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two major components (ie, video and group discussion) of problem‐based video instruction (PBVI) on college students’ learning. To achieve this purpose, this study examined whether or not PBVI can improve learner satisfaction, comprehension and retention by comparing the results from three dependent variables in PBVI with two other kinds of instruction: (1) problem‐based text instruction (PBTI) and (2) PBVI without group discussion.According to the findings, there were significant differences in learner satisfaction, comprehension, and delayed retention between PBVI and PBTI groups, whereas there were no significant differences in learners’ satisfaction, comprehension, and delayed retention between PBVI and PBVI without group discussion. This study implies that PBVI in college courses have the potential to enhance student satisfaction, comprehension and delayed retention.
The death of a mind: a study of Shakespeare's Richard III
Authors: Anderson Maxine K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Some of the most difficult aspects of our work involve our encounters with states of mind which are steeped in and spread violence. In these circumstances, we experience our best efforts to offer empathic presence and thought to avoid being assaulted and obliterated. In these instances, a figure from literature depicting the details in question may come to our aid.In the play popularly known as Richard III,William Shakespeare depicts how the state of mind which is etched by grievance and committed to revenge may impose the ‘winter of (its) discontent’ upon the sunny dispositions of others' healthy, integrated functioning. Shakespeare masterfully depicts Richard's cunning and malice, but he also illustrates how this vengeful state uses guile and ‘changes of shape’ to seduce its way past protective boundaries, utilizing the human qualities of trust, open‐heartedness and longing as pathways for invasion, betrayal and emotional devastation.This paper will view excerpts of the play's text from a psychoanalytic perspective which suggests that several clear lessons about this obliterative state of mind may be gleaned: that grievance can only operate to spread grievance and destruction; that our open‐hearted and trusting qualities do make us vulnerable to such invasion and betrayal, but that our humanity is also the only avenue for rescue from this plight. In addition a clear lesson is offered about the value of protected ‘sanctuary’, that is, mental space where our most potent tool in these circumstances, our discerning minds, might find residence.
Lower urinary tract injuries after transobturator tape insertion by different routes: a large retrospective study
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah M , Ramsay I , Pringle S 
Published: October 2006

Objectives  To identify the rate of, and risk factors for, lower urinary tract (LUT) injuries associated with the transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape (TOT) procedure.Design  Retrospective cohort study.Setting  Tertiary referral urogynaecology centre.Population  390 women who underwent transobturator suburethral tapes for management of urodynamic stress incontinence between July 2002 and January 2006.Methods  Early cases were identified from theatre records and a case note review performed. From May 2005 (n= 94), data from an ongoing prospective audit were reviewed. Data for LUT injuries with TOT procedures were examined and routes of insertion were compared using Fischer’s exact test.Main outcome measures  Rate of LUT injuries associated with the TOT procedures. Assessment of factors increasing risk of LUT injury, and comparison of the ‘outside‐in’ and ‘inside–out’ techniques.Results  241 women underwent TOT outside–in technique and 148 of them underwent inside–out technique. Four LUT injuries occurred (1%): two urethral injuries (0.5%) and two bladder injuries (0.5%). All LUT injuries occurred in the outside–in group, although this difference did not reach significance (P= 0.146). Bladder injuries occurred in women who underwent concomitant vaginal surgery, while urethral injuries occurred in women undergoing secondary procedures.Conclusion  LUT injury is an uncommon complication of the TOT procedures, and in our hands only occurred with the outside–in technique. Intraoperative cystoscopy should be considered only in selected cases.
Sublingual compared with vaginal misoprostol for labour induction at term: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bartusevicius A , Barcaite E , Krikstolaitis R , Gintautas V , Nadisauskiene R 
Published: October 2006

Objective  To compare the efficacy and safety of 50 μg of sublingual misoprostol with 25 μg of vaginal misoprostol administered for labour induction at term.Design  Double‐blinded, randomised controlled trial.Setting  University Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania.Sample  A total of 140 women at term with indications for labour induction.Methods  Women were randomised to receive either 50 μg of sublingual misoprostol with vaginal placebo (n= 70) or sublingual placebo with 25 μg of vaginal misoprostol (n= 70) every 4 hours (maximum six doses).Main outcome measures  The number of women delivering vaginally within 24 hours of labour induction.Results  Fifty‐eight women (83%) in the sublingual misoprostol group and 53 (76%) in the vaginal misoprostol group delivered vaginally within 24 hours [relative risk (RR) 1.1, 95% confidential interval (CI) 0.9–1.3]. However, the induction to vaginal delivery time was significantly shorter in the sublingual group (15.0 ± 3.7 hours) compared with the vaginal group (16.7 ± 4.1 hours, P= 0.03). The incidence of tachysystole was more than three‐fold higher in the sublingual than in the vaginal group (14 versus 4.3%; RR 3.3, 95% CI 0.9–11.6), but this was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the incidence of hypertonus or hyperstimulation syndrome, mode of delivery, interventions for fetal distress or neonatal outcomes between the two groups.Conclusion  A 50 μg of sublingual misoprostol 4 hourly for labour induction at term seems to have similar efficacy as 25 μg of vaginal misoprostol. Further studies on safety with larger numbers of women need to be conducted before routine sublingual misoprostol use in this setting.
BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?
Authors: BALLANTYNE ANGELA 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThere is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally‐sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients’ decision‐making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants’ motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects’ behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects’ behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants.