bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Discriminability of Temporal Patterns Used in the Whitehead Discrimination Procedure
Authors: Jones Gary E. , Collins Steven W. , Dabkowski Edward A. , Jones Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTKatkin, Reed, and DeRoo (1983) reported that subjects were unable to make discriminations between two exteroceptively presented tones at delays commonly used in the Whitehead heartbeat detection procedure. To further evaluate this report, 72 men and women were equally divided into five experimental and one control group and presented with two tactile, auditory, visual, or two mixed‐mode exteroceptive stimulus pairs (tactile/visual and tactile/auditory). Also, external stimuli were presented so that SI occurred either concomitantly with each R‐wave (coincident) or delayed 100 ms after each R‐wave (noncoincident). This procedure occurred during the first two phases of the data collection process. Phase 3 consisted of 40 standard Whitehead heartbeat discrimination trials. All five experimental groups were shown to have high levels of performance with the exteroceptive stimuli and high proportions of good discriminators. Analyses within groups showed that performance did not differ significantly across the coincident and noncoincident exteroceptive discrimination conditions, but both of these phases showed significantly higher performance than during the Whitehead task. Therefore, the data clearly show that subjects are able to make the temporal discriminations required in the Whitehead paradigm when stimuli are presented exteroceptively, but that the ability to make exteroceptive temporal discriminations has little to do with the ability to make similar interoceptive discriminations.
Topographic Study of Auditory Event‐Related Potentials in Normal Boys and Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Authors: Satterfield James H. , Schell Anne M. , Nicholas Thomas , Backs Richard W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory evoked potentials were recorded from 19 electrode sites in 20 children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity and 20 normal subjects in a two‐choice discrimination task. N2 and Nd were found to be significantly smaller in subjects with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. The N2 abnormalities are discussed in relationship to the mismatch negativity component of the orienting response, poor discrimination of salient stimuli, neurotransmitter deficiency, and theories of “arousal.’Nd findings are related to findings from studies of cerebral blood flow in children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. These results suggest a problem with both automatic (not under conscious control) and controlled (under voluntary control) processing in children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity.
Laboratory and Ambulatory Monitoring of Menopausal Hot Flashes
Authors: Freedman Robert R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA large increase in skin conductance activity recorded from the sternum was found during menopausal hot flashes and corresponded well with patient self‐reports. The magnitude and time course of this skin conductance change was similar during spontaneous hot flashes recorded in the laboratory, during heat‐induced hot flashes, and during those recorded by ambulatory monitoring techniques. This pattern of sternal skin conductance change did not occur in premenopausal women during body heating or ambulatory monitoring. These methods should be useful in research on the etiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes.
Psychophysiologic Stress Responsivity in Type A and B Female College Students and Community Women
Authors: Morell Marie A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExtreme Type A and Type B women (Jenkins Activity Survey) randomly assigned to low or high stress conditions of a forced choice reaction time task were monitored for heart rate (interbeat intervals), pulse transit time, skin conductance levels, and skin conductance responses during baseline, task, and recovery periods. Participants included 41 female undergraduates (student sample) and 58 women aged 25–65 years (community sample).Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that among the students, Type As exposed to high stress had significantly higher skin conductance levels at baseline than did the Type As in low stress. During the reaction time stress task, student Type As in high versus low stress exhibited both higher heart rates and more skin conductance responses, although these effects did not occur for Type Bs. After covarying the baseline physiologic indices, results revealed that both heart rate and skin conductance levels were significantly higher for students in high versus low stress, but the Behavior Type X Stress interaction disappeared. In contrast, the Behavior Type X Stress interaction remained for skin conductance responses. Findings in the community sample showed only a nonsignificant trend for higher heart rate in high stress Type As than in low stress Type As.These results provide very weak evidence for a relationship in physiological indices between Type A behavior and stress in women across a broad age range. Implications are discussed with regard to sex differences in behavior type and possible interactions between behavior type and stress responsivity.
Race, Parental History of Hypertension, and Patterns of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Women
Authors: Anderson Norman B. , Land James D. , Taguchi Fumihito , Williams Redford B. , Houseworth Stephen J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the interaction of race and parental history of hypertension on patterns of cardiovascular responses among women. Two stressors were used that produce different patterns of cardiovascular reactivity: mental arithmetic, primarily a beta‐adrenergic stimulus, and the cold face stimulus, which evokes alpha‐adrenergic (i.e. vascular) activity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance were assessed before, during, and after arithmetic and cold face stimulus. Both tasks produced the expected patterns of cardiovascular adjustment, although no Black‐White differences occurred during arithmetic. However, Black subjects did show a slower recovery of diastolic blood pressure following arithmetic. The cold face stimulus produced significantly greater changes in systolic blood pressure in the Black than in the White women. Parental history of hypertension did not relate significantly to reactivity. The results provide limited support for the idea that Black females exhibit a greater pressor response than White females to a stimulus that produces primarily vascular rather than cardiac changes. These findings are discussed in relation to previous findings with males and with respect to their implications for the role of reactivity in Black‐White differences in hypertension prevalence.
The Autonomic Differentiation of Emotions Revisited: Convergent and Discriminant Validation
Authors: Stemmler Gerhard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe convergent and discriminant validity of three models of physiological emotion specificity were compared, Forty‐two female students served as subjects in a 2 (Context of emotional inductions: real‐life, imagery) × 3 (Emotion: fear, anger, control) + 1 (Happiness induced in real‐life context) repeated measures design. The dependent measures included self‐reports of emotion, Gottschalk‐Gleser affect scores, back and forearm extensor EMG activity, body movements, heart period, respiration period, skin conductance, skin temperatures, pulse transit time, pulse volume amplitude, and blood volumes. Self‐report data confirmed the generation of affective states in both contexts, as intended. Planned multivariate comparisons between physiological profiles established discriminant validity for fear and anger in the real‐life context, whereas under imagery, emotion profiles were essentially equal. Convergent validity could not be substantiated. Implications for models of physiological specificity of emotion were discussed.
Comparison of Spot and Band Impedance Cardiogram Electrodes across Different Tasks
Authors: Boomsma Dorret I. , Vries Johan de , Orlebeke Jacob F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTImpedance cardiography has become of widespread interest as a noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring technique. This study compared the use of spot electrodes and two different types of band electrodes in the determination of systolic time intervals and stroke volume. EKG, impedance cardiogram, and phonocardiogram were recorded on 12 volunteers during rest, during a reaction time task, and after a short exercise task. Systolic time intervals (pre‐ejection period and left ventricular ejection time) were computed on a beat‐to‐beat basis and on the ensemble‐averaged signals. The only differences between spot and band electrodes were for impedance base level and electrode conductance. For stroke volume and the systolic time interval measures there were no differences between electrode arrays, nor were there any interactions with tasks. Correlations for stroke volume and systolic time interval measures as determined under different electrode conditions were around 8.
Psychophysiology at the Interface of Clinical Science, Cognitive Science, and Neuroscience
Authors: Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResearch in schizophrenia illustrates that the field of psychophysiology lies at the interface of clinical science, cognitive science, and neuroscience. Electrodermal abnormalities in schizophrenic patients have been found reliably across laboratories, and data reported here demonstrate that these abnormalities are at least partially dependent upon the clinical state of the patients. Both tonic and phasic electrodermal activity increased when schizophrenic patients entered into a psychotic episode, and preliminary evidence suggests that the increases may serve as early prodromal signs of an impending episode. Significance of the electrodermal abnormalities for understanding cognitive and attentional deficits is suggested by associations with secondary reaction time and startle blink probe findings. Neuroscience implications are highlighted by the correlation of the electrodermal abnormalities with regional brain metabolic activity indexed by positron emission tomography. An important task for the future is to interrelate measures from these various domains. The field of psychophysiology is particularly well positioned for this task.
Startle Reflex Modification: Emotion or Attention?
Authors: Bradley Margaret M. , Cuthbert Bruce N. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlternative interpretations of startle probe modulation by a pictorial foreground were tested: Either reflex amplitude varies as a function of modality‐determined attention allocation, or, regardless of probe modality, reflex amplitude varies with the emotional valence of the foreground content. Thirty‐six subjects viewed a series of 54 slides, divided into two 27‐slide blocks. Each block consisted of nine exemplars of three independently rated emotional content categories—pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant. Startle probes, half visual (flashgun) and half acoustic (white noise), were presented unpredictably during and between slide presentations. Eyeblink reflexes, corrugator and orbicularis oculi muscle tension, heart rate, and skin conductance were recorded during a 6‐s slide interval. Subjects subsequently rated the slides for emotional valence and arousal, and interest value. Free‐viewing times were also recorded. Analysis of reflex response and all ancillary measures supported the hypothesis that the primary determinant of startle modulation was the emotional valence of foreground content.
Relationships Between N1, P300, and Contingent Negative Variation Recorded at Age 15 and Criminal Behavior at Age 24
Authors: Raine Adrian , Venables Peter H. , Williams Mark 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent event‐related potential (ERP) studies indicate that antisocial and psychopathic behavior is in some circumstances characterized by heightened attentional processes. This prospective study assesses whether ERP measures of attention recorded in adolescence are capable of predicting criminality status in adulthood. N1, P300, and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded during a CNV paradigm in a representative sample of 101 male schoolchildren at age 15, and related to criminality status at age 24. Criminals‐to‐be were characterized by larger N1 amplitudes and faster P300 latencies to the warning stimulus. Psychopathic personality within the criminal group was associated with larger N1 and CNV amplitudes. A discriminant function analysis using N1 and P300 measures correctly classified 74% of cases. It is concluded that enhanced early attentional processing may be of etiological significance in the development of criminality and that ERP measures may be of value in the early prediction of criminal behavior.
An Approach to Artifact Identification: Application to Heart Period Data
Authors: Berntson Gary G. , Quigley Karen S. , Jang Jaye F. , Boysen Sarah T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA rational strategy for the automated detection of artifacts in heart period data is outlined and evaluated. The specific implementation of this approach for heart period data is based on the distribution characteristics of successive heart period differences. Because beat‐to‐beat differences generated by artifacts are large, relative to normal heart period variability, extreme differences between successive heart periods serve to identify potential artifacts. Critical to this approach are: 1) the derivation of the artifact criterion from the distribution of beat differences of the individual subject, and 2) the use of percentile‐based distribution indexes, which are less sensitive to corruption by the presence of artifactual values than are least‐squares estimates. The artifact algorithms were able to effectively identify artifactual beats embedded in heart period records, flagging each of the 1494 simulated and actual artifacts in data sets derived from both humans and chimpanzees. At the same time, the artifact algorithms yielded a false alarm rate of less than 0.3%. Although the present implementation was restricted to heart period data, the outlined approach to artifact detection may also be applicable to other biological signals.
Perception of Activity in the Zygomaticus Major and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle Regions
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to assess differences in perception of activity in the zygomaticus major (predominant during smiling) and corrugator supercilii facial muscles (predominant during frowning). Magnitude production psychophysical methods were used to relate subjective intensity to objective electromyographic activity using a psychophysical power function under four conditions: smiling, frowning, smiling concurrent with maintenance of a frown, and frowning concurrent with maintenance of a smile. High correlation coefficients for each power function for both zygomatic and corrugator activity were obtained. Differences in sensitivity evaluated by comparing the exponent for slope of the power functions showed differences across the muscles and as a function of the conditions. The exponent for frowning was greater than for smiling. Although the exponent for zygomatic activity was similar with and without frowning, significantly greater exponents were shown for corrugator activity when concurrently frowning and smiling than when only frowning. Maximal electromyographic activity was greater in the zygomaticus major muscle during smiling than in the corrugator supercilii muscle during frowning. These results provide a methodology for perception of electromyographic activity which could be a useful basis for analysis of the role of perception in regulating affect.
Scoring Criteria for Response Latency and Habituation in Electrodermal Research: A Study in the Context of the Orienting Response
Authors: Barry Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLevinson and Edelberg's (1985) recent critique of scoring criteria for electrodermal studies pointed to the need to reduce the latency range used to define the electrodermal response. The present study examined the impact of such a narrowing of the latency window upon habituation and instructional effects in studies of the orienting response to low intensity innocuous stimuli. The first experiment found only a small effect of halving the latency window upon habituation to neutral stimuli, apparent as a strengthening of trends over trials. A second experiment showed somewhat larger effects with significant stimuli, apparent as slightly modified trial and group effects. These data support the view that nothing is to be lost by moving to a narrower latency range to define the electrodermal orienting response to stimulus presentation, and suggest that the advantages of such a change will become increasingly important as nonspecific electrodermal fluctuations increase with increasing electrodermal arousal. An analysis of habituation criteria within this context suggested that the choice of two rather than three no‐response trials to define habituation adds to the benefits obtained by the selection of a narrow latency window to define the response.
Menstrual Cycle Phase is a Potential Confound in Psychophysiology Research
Authors: Kaplan Bonnie J. , Whitsett Stan F. , Robinson John W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEffects of menstrual cycle phase on physiological levels and reactivity were studied in a withinsubject design with 20 women aged 18–30 years. Basal body temperature was monitored daily; follicular and luteal recording sessions occurred before and after the ovulatory temperature rise, respectively. The design consisted of task and rest periods, presented in counterbalanced order across phases. Half the subjects began during their follicular phase and half began during their luteal phase. Follicular and luteal phases were compared for differences between baseline resting levels, as well as for reactivity. The results showed menstrual phase differences in heart rate, pulse transit time, and EEG alpha, particularly during tasks, but no difference in reactivity. Habituation effects in the group that began during the follicular phase often masked luteal activation. In spite of the fact that not all statistical results achieved significance, the consistency of most trends supports the conclusion that physiological recording sessions with women might best be restricted to the follicular phase.
Hemodynamics of Blood Pressure Responses During Active and Passive Coping
Authors: Sherwood Andrew , Dolan Carol A. , Light Kathleen C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis laboratory study was designed to address a number of interrelated issues regarding cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress. One objective was to extend the previous research comparing cardiovascular responses during active versus passive coping, by comparing responses to two task conditions designed to be similar in all ways except the opportunity to make a response influencing the task's outcome. A second objective was to compare responses to two different passive film tasks, which differed in outcome uncertainty and the degree of vicarious active coping achieved through identification with the role portrayed by the actors. A third objective was to evaluate whether individuals are predisposed to exhibit a particular hemodynamic pattern underlying their blood pressure adjustments, independently of the task demands imposed. Ninety healthy young adult male subjects were tested in pairs on a series of tasks that included a competitive reaction‐time task, an active as well as a passive phase of a team reaction‐time task, and passive viewing of two film segments. The tasks demanding active coping responses tended to raise blood pressure due primarily to an increase in cardiac output, while vascular resistance fell. During passive coping demands cardiac output increased to a lesser extent, but vascular resistance also tended to increase, thereby raising blood pressure by their synergistic effects. However, these patterns were not typical of all participating subjects. On the basis of their cardiac output and vascular resistance responses to the competitive reaction‐time task, one third of the subjects were categorized as being high myocardial reactors (n=30) and another third high vascular reactors (n=31). Post‐hoc analyses of responses to the other tasks, based on these categorizations, indicated that the hemodynamic basis of reactivity is an individual characteristic only partially modified by coping demands. The active/passive coping dimension is discussed both conceptually and in relation to the role of stress in the etiology of hypertension.
Event‐Related Potentials to Different Feedback Stimuli
Authors: Chwilla Dorothee J. , Brunia Cornelis H.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a time estimation task under different feedback conditions, in which the informative value of the feedback signals (true versus false) was manipulated. A control condition was added in which no signal was presented. Fifteen subjects pressed a button 3 seconds after presentation of a warning signal. Two seconds after the response, a visual feedback signal was presented, indicating whether the preceding interval was estimated correctly. Two different slow waves were observed: the response was preceded by a readiness potential and the feedback stimulus was preceded by a negative slow wave called the stimulus‐preceding negativity. The readiness potential was not influenced by the different feedback conditions. The stimulus‐preceding negativity was larger in the true feedback condition compared to the false feedback and no feedback conditions. The P300 to the feedback signal was also larger following a true as compared to a false feedback signal. The conclusion is that the stimulus‐preceding negativity is an anticipatory component contingent upon the presentation of an informative feedback signal.
The Inhibition of Cardiovascular Responses to Mental Stress Following Aerobic Exercise
Authors: Roy Mark , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of exercise on subsequent psychophysiological responses to mental stress were assessed in a study of 30 normotensive male volunteers. Participants were randomly allocated to three experimental conditions—20‐min exercise at 100 Watts (high exercise), 20‐min exercise at 25 Watts (low exercise), or 20‐min no exercise (control). After a recovery period of 20 min, all subjects performed a mental arithmetic task for four 5‐min trials. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously using a Finapres, and respiration and electrodermal activity were also recorded. Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate was assessed using power spectrum analysis. Exercise produced consistent increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective tension, together with reductions in systemic resistance and baroreflex sensitivity. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate reactions to mental arithmetic were significantly blunted in the high exercise compared with control conditions, with the low exercise group showing an intermediate pattern. Subjective responses to mental stress were unaffected by prior exercise. The pattern of hemodynamic response was not a result of changes in baroreflex sensitivity. The mechanisms underlying this result are discussed in relation to the discrepancies between subjective and physiological responses to mental stress, and the implications for the use of exercise in stress management.