bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing the Fundamentals of a Surface Ship Survivability Design Discipline
Authors: BALL ROBERT E. , CALVANO CHARLES N. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a conceptual structure of ship survivability definitions and concepts and deals with the need to incorporate a total‐ship approach to surface ship combat survivability as part of the philosophy used to guide a ship's design. Included are:* A discussion of the increasing emphasis placed on ship survivability during the ship system development process.* Definitions of the different aspects of ship survivability, in order to suggest a coordinated and coherent understanding of their relationships.* A discussion of the value of making survivability considerations an integral part of the ship design philosophy, to ensure a requirements‐based systems approach to all of the ship's required attributes, including survivability.
Well Deck Deploy able Naval Combatants
Authors: BOSWORTH CDR. MICHAEL , BLACK SCOTT , MEYER JOHN R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSmall, fast surface combatants have not proven as popular to United States Naval planners as they have to planners of other navies. This paper examines the impact of this on the rate of progress of various alternative hull forms, and several reasons for this reluctance are postulated. The authors suggest that the primary reason for so few fast, small U.S. combatants is that the U.S. has a proven requirement for warships that can deploy across an ocean and remain there with only sea‐delivered support for months. These warships must also be prepared to fight for extended periods of time at long distances from friendly shores. The authors recommend the use of alternative hull forms as deployable vehicles supported by a larger vessel with a floodable well deck. Various alternative hull forms are briefly discussed and several are selected for more in‐depth investigation for the postulated deployable vehicle multimission requirement. Two example craft with the same set of missions are described in more detail; the multimission deployable vehicle‐surface effect ship (MDV‐SES) and the multimission deployable vehicle‐hybrid hydrofoil (MDV‐HH). These two concept level designs are described by the respective leaders of the design teams that produced David Taylor Research Center Departmental Reports in the fall of 1990. Each ship displaces on the order of 400 long tons (full load), has a speed in excess of 40 knots, has a crew of 10 to 16 depending upon the mission module embarked, and can land, refuel and rearm a LAMPS III helicopter. Conclusions are drawn from the completed design work and recommendations for further study are put forth.
Contrarotating Electric Drive for Attack Submarines
Authors: DUTTON JEFFREY L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses certain issues relating to the viability of contrarotating (CR) electric drive for attack submarines. Topics include CR propulsion's potential benefits, electric drive advantages, and combining contrarotation with electric drive engine room concepts. CR propellers provide propulsive coefficient (PC) increases compared to open‐type and performance‐enhanced single propellers. The maximum submarine propulsion plant power capacity could therefore be reduced with this PC increase, potentially resulting in a smaller, lighter propulsion plant. This paper concludes, however, that contrarotation shows no propulsion plant weight savings against electric drive attack submarines with performance‐enhanced single propeller designs. Weight improvements in the power generation plant and certain steam plant and electric plant systems are offset by weight increases from the additional shafting and bearing requirements for the CR shaft. Contrarotation is currently more advantageous for nonnuclear ships, where significant fuel savings are achievable with its higher PC.
Methods For Ship Military Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: RAINS DEAN A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShip design and technology selections can be based on complete systems analysis results if one is willing to perform military effectiveness analysis. In the past, these selections have been based on ship size and performance analysis alone, but with improved techniques, comprehensive system analysis on ships can be performed. System analysis is most illuminating because it factors in threat, ship size, cost, weaponry, signatures, vulnerability, decoys/jamming and availability. The purpose of this paper is to explore military effectiveness methodology, develop key relations and show some useful results. The techniques proposed can be used in elaborate computer models for in‐depth studies or in simplified linear relations to gain understanding of the interrelation of the variables and result trends.
Medium Speed Diesel Propulsion Reduction Gearing
Authors: PHINNEY JOHN M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCurrent interest in medium speed diesel propulsion for maritime vessels is driving a third generation of reduction gear designs.The first generation flourished in the 1930s and looked remarkably like those proposed today. However, by comparison, they were designed with low power density; used lightly loaded gear teeth and bearings; had to cope with poorly filtered and blended lubricants; used relatively inaccurate manufacturing techniques, and were based on inaccurate analysis of operating conditions.The second generation, starting in the late 1960s and continuing through 1980, had the benefit of the rational AGMA gear design method, Raimondi and Boyd's work on bearing design, and sophisticated techniques for alignment and vibratory analysis. Power and loading levels increased and many variations of equipment were tried: reversing engines, reversing gears, and reversing propellers. Individually, each, was successful and we now have the benefit of two decades of operating experience for this design generation.This paper will explore the design principles of the gear/engine/propeller/auxiliary equipment package to define the guiding parameters for the third generation based upon the lessons provided by the experience gained in the two previous generations.
A Steam‐Augmented Gas Turbine with Reheat Combustor for Surface Ships
Authors: URBACH HERMAN B. , GARMAN RICHARD W. , KNAUSS DONALD T. , WATTS JERRY W. , DWAN TERRENCE E. , MITCHELL EUGENE E. , HOWES ENSIGN CORY 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe steam‐augmented gas turbine (SAGT) concept has attracted attention because of its benign level of NOx emission, its increased fuel efficiency, and significant, cost‐effective increments of output power, particularly when moisture injection is increased to levels approaching 50% of air flow. Such high levels of moisture consumption distinguish the SAGT engine from commercial steam‐injected gas turbines where steam flow may be less than 15% of air flow. At the high 50% levels, the SAGT burner would operate near stoichiometric combustion ratios with specific powers exceeding 570 hp‐sec/lb.In a previous study, an intercooled, steam‐augmented, gas‐turbine concept was examined for its applicability in the Navy's DDG‐51 class ship environments, which achieves efficiencies approaching the Navy's intercooled regenerative (ICR) engine, and an impressive compactness that arises from the high specific power of steam and low air consumption.A newer SAGT engine concept, described herein, dispenses with the intercooler, but adds a low‐pressure reheat combustor. At the most efficient operating points, the efficiency of this new reheat SAGT engine at 43% exceeds the efficiency of the ICR engine, while exhibiting the compactness of the previous SAGT concept. Tabular and graphical simulation data comparing the baseline engine, with the ICR and other engine simulations, show that the maximum efficiency of the new SAGT engine occurs at powers required for cruising speeds. Since a DDG operates near cruise conditions for the majority of its mission time, a SAGT plant uses less fuel than the ICR plant. Moreover, since it eliminates the intercooler, developmental work on member elements, largely derivable from off‐the‐shelf components, is reduced. Even with conservative cost estimates, the SAGT plant is quite competitive on a first‐acquisition cost basis with the current gas turbine in the fleet.
Main Propulsion Power Take‐Off Configuration for an ETC Gun Pulsed Power Generator
Authors: PETTERSEN KENNETH E. , BIELITZ CHARLES L. , CIANCI JOHN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTElectro‐Thermal Chemical (ETC) Gun technology will increase the range and capabilities of existing CIWS and 5 inch guns. Because of their faster, yet more controllable acceleration, ETC guns will allow for the utilization of smart munitions and, in the case of the 5 inch guns, increase range to beyond 50 nautical miles.This paper examines five power take‐off (PTO) gear configurations from a surface ship class main reduction gears (MRG's) which drive a nominal 10 Megawatt (MW) Pulsed Power (PP) generator. The PP generator is utilized to charge a capacitor‐based pulsed forming network (PFN) which, in turn, provides an electrical pulse to the cartridge of a munition at the breech of an ETC gun upon demand. The PTO gear and resultant placement of the generator will be the major focus of this paper.Major issues that will be examined will include space constraints within the main engine and auxiliary machinery rooms, gear sizing, survivability, shock and vibration, the penetration of watertight bulkheads with high speed shafting and equipment accessibility. Also, design guidelines for the PP generator will be provided. Special emphasis will be placed on the connection of the PTO gear to the MRGs.
An Assessment of Current Warship Damaged Stability Criteria
Authors: SURKO STEPHEN W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCurrent damaged stability criteria for the design of warships is outdated. The U.S. Navy criteria, consolidated in Design Data Sheet (DDS) 079–1, was developed over four decades ago, based largely on World War II battle damage experience. The validity of this standard is assessed with regards to the method in which it is assigned, its historical basis, and assumptions of wind and sea conditions.In general: combatant ships with a length greater than 300 feet must be able to withstand a shell opening of 15 percent along the waterline, while auxiliary ships must be able to withstand a shell opening of 12.5 percent. A warship's ability to withstand underwater damage is determined by an analysis of reserve buoyancy (floodable length) and damaged stability.A comparison of the design standards used by various navies reveals great similarities and some notable differences. Contemporary weapon threats and increased operational demands have changed the traditional ship design equation. The Ship Operational Capabilities Study has emphasized the need for modern ships to be able to fight hurt. Fortunately, a review of combatant ship model testing demonstrates that ships can be made more survivable. DDS 079–1 should be modified to incorporate some stability criteria developed by other nations, and impose more demanding environmental conditions.
A Truly Allied Undertaking: The Progeny of Britain's Empire Liberty 1931–1943
Authors: WEIR GARY E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Ocean, Fort, and Liberty ships began as a single British design, modified in cooperation with American and Canadian builders, and produced in various forms and in great numbers by Canadian, British, and American shipyards. Thus from the outset the British prototype, christened Empire Liberty, represented a truly allied collaboration to produce quickly‐built, standard cargo ships. The present study will briefly explore this cooperative venture from the challenges posed by the interwar depression in the shipbuilding industry, to the selection, modification, and production of the British design in Europe and North America before and after American entry into World War II.
An Airborne Passive/Active Electro‐Optic Sensor System for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense
Authors: DAVIDSON STEVEN A. , GRIMM JOEL G. , BLUMENAU PHILIP M. , SCHULTZ KENNETH I. , KACHELMYER ALAN L. , SULLIVAN LEO J. , KEICHER WILLIAM E. , HESS MICHAEL , PRINCE ADAM , MARTIN MARY 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn airborne passive/active surveillance aircraft‐based, electro‐optic sensor system, named Gatekeeper, is being developed for the US Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense Program. The sensor is designed to detect theater ballistic missiles (TBMs), either in boost or post‐boost phase, and make precision three‐dimensional measurements of the TBM's post‐boost, ballistic trajectory with sufficient state‐vector accuracy for handover to naval, air and land based missile defense systems. The sensor includes a dual‐band IRST for acquisition, a precision angle tracker (MWIR focal‐plane array and high‐bandwidth mirror), and a short‐pulse, direct detection laser radar. The sensor subsystems are coupled and controlled by a sophisticated multiprocessor computer control system. The system has a highly compressed engagement timeline resulting in a substantial target handling capacity. This paper describes the sensor, its specifications, and performance in terms of the accuracy of the state‐vector, and its target handling capability in a realistic engagement scenario.
The Forward‐Deployed Sonar (FDS) and the Mine Countermeasure Vessel (MCMV)
Authors: LETOT LAURENT , VIGNAND BERNARD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIt is recognized today that the best way to improve the detection capability of minehunters is linked to the operational concept of minehunting sonars rather than the performance increase of sonar transducers.The Variable Depth Sonar was a first step in this direction, permitting search and detection at greater depths. But this solution does not improve the ship survivability and generates complicated handling operations due to the static attitude of the towed body.The only way to have substantial improvements while increasing ship safety is to operate a Forward‐Deployed Sonar (FDS), that will operate at greater depths and ranges than current VDS with fewer disadvantages.Feasibility studies have been conducted in order to define an FDS prototype and the associated operational concept. These studies concerned the vehicle (equipment, hydrodynamic, command and control, power generation, cable), the associated platform and the associated mine warfare concept.We concluded that such a sonar subsystem could change today's concept of minehunting and will probably lead to new standards of definition for minehunters.
The Sea Shadow
Authors: CHATTERTON PAUL A. , PAQUETTE RICHARD G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Sea Shadow (designed, built and tested during the mid‐1980s) represents the application of several advanced ship technologies. The Sea Shadow was recently reactivated and has been undergoing additional testing at Santa Cruz Island and in San Francisco Bay.This paper provides a top level description of the ship and ship systems, is supported by photos & sketches, and alludes to the types of data and experience base which exists. The presentation of the paper includes video of the exterior and interior of the ship, the ship systems, and its at‐sea operations.
THE “JIMMIE” HAMILTON AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: Huting William A. , Warren Jefferey W. , Garner Paul N. , Krill Jerry A. 
Published: March 2009

For the best original paper published in the Naval Engineers Journal during the year 1993.The paper, “Circular Overmoded Waveguide for Shipboard Use” in the March 1993 issue of the Naval Engineers Journal is a significant contribution to the literature in the field of naval engineering. It easily meets all the selection criteria, particularly in its originality, substantive content, and quality of presentation, making it worthy of recognition by the Society.Future ship and combat system designs will require the efficient delivery of high‐power microwave energy from transmitters to arrays, in some cases over relatively long distances, accentuating the problems of power loss or voltage breakdown. The authors have helped lay the foundation for a possible solution to this problem through their comprehensive study of the use of overmoded waveguides.In promoting the advancement of the state‐of‐the‐art through its complete, well‐structured presentation, this paper epitomizes the mission of the Society and the Naval Engineers Journal. It constitutes a definite contribution to the naval engineering profession and its literature and is indeed worthy to receive the 1993 “Jimmie” Hamilton Award.
THE HAROLD E. SAUNDERS AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: O'CONNOR JOHN J. 
Published: March 2009

John J. O'Connor's contributions and achievements in naval engineering span a career of over thirty‐six years. He is nationally recognized as outstanding among his peers.Mr. O'Connor's pioneer work as a submarine auxiliary machinery design engineer and later with the formulation of long range programs aimed at the advancement of deep ocean operations has led to notable improvements in the daily logistics and operational support of vehicles and systems delivery to the Fleet. As Program Manager, Deep Submergence Systems (PMS 395) of the Naval Sea Systems Command he has been responsible for life cycle management and technical control of Navy Deep Submergence Vehicles including Seacliff, Turtle, Dolphin and NR‐I, and Swimmer Delivery Systems such as the OSD and USS Point Loma (AGDS‐2).Among his more notable achievements has been leadership of the most ambitious deep ocean engineering project ever undertaken by the U.S. Navy, designed to keep the Nation at the leading edge of ocean engineering technology. Mr. O'Connor has been consistently recognized for his superb performance and extraordinary expertise in ocean engineering technology and exceptional leadership in the control and direction of one‐of‐a‐kind technical projects of extraordinary national importance.Mr. O'Connor has demonstrated productivity, growth and outstanding accomplishment in the field of naval engineering over the years, and is widely recognized by his peers as a leader in his field. John J. O'Connor is of such prestige as to merit acclamation by the Naval Engineering Community and is most deserving to receive the American Society of Naval Engineers Harold E. Saunders Award for 1993.
THE CLAUD A. JONES AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: FUNKE RICHARD H. 
Published: March 2009

Richard H. Funke has been at the forefront of operational marine engineering and associated training for the past four years first as a branch head at CINCLANTFLT Propulsion Examining Board and then as the action officer for the stand‐up and first director of the Engineering Training Group, Atlantic within the Afloat Training Organization. He has also worked extensively in operational logistics and officer technical education.During his tenure at the Propulsion Examining Board, he conducted nearly one‐hundred Light Off Examination and Operational Propulsion Plant Examinations. He pioneered the concept of the PEB as a fleet support agency through active participation and submission of cross‐ship issue papers to annual HM&E Conferences, Steam Generating Plant Inspector seminars, CO Damage Control and Firefighting Working Group, and OpNav Conventional Marine Propulsion Training Steering Committee.While still conducting examinations for the CINCLANTFLT PEB, Captain Funke was tasked to plan and execute the stand‐up of the Engineering Training Group (ETG), Atlantic within the Afloat Training Organization. The culture of engineering training was shifted from inspection based to motivational. The Engineering Training Group provides consistent engineering training standardized with the Propulsion Examining Board.Captain Funke has greatly increased training and knowledge, and improved the material condition of U.S. Navy ships. His contributions over the past four years to the improvement of operational engineering are truly deserving of the Claud A. Jones Award for 1993.
Methodology for the Development of Reliability‐Based Design Criteria for Surface Ship Structures
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Beach Jeffrey E. , Packard W. Thomas 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe development of reliability‐based design criteria for surface ship structures needs to consider the following three components: (1) loads, (2) structural strength, and (3) methods of reliability analysis. A suggested methodology that consists of the following two approaches was developed: (1) direct reliability‐based design, and (2) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) sheets. According to this methodology, loads can be linearly or nonlinearly treated. Also in assessing structural strength, linear or nonlinear analysis can be used. The reliability assessment and reliability‐based design can be performed at several levels of a structural system, such as at the hull‐girder, grillage, panel, plate and detail levels. A rational treatment of uncertainty is suggested by considering all its types. Also, failure definitions can have significant effects on the assessed reliability, or resulting reliability‐based designs. A method for defining and classifying failures at the system level is suggested in this paper. The method considers the continuous nature of redundancy in ship structures. After evaluating commercially available computer software, an outline of a computer program is provided for the purpose of future implementation of the two approaches. Also, a bibliography is provided at the end of this paper for the same purpose.
Weapons Structural Test Firing Aboard the USS Arleigh Burke
Authors: Frederick Jon W. , Jr. Richard E. Miller 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  During gun or missile firings. Navy ships are subjected to extremely high blast levels: over pressure, noise, temperatures, gas and debris. These weapons tiring effects may have serious impacts on ship structure, personnel safety and operational capability. The U.S. Navy's Structural Test Firing (STF) program exists to identify, quantify and correct problems associated with weapons blast. Results of the STFs are used to verify the adequacy of shipbuilding specifications and design, and to ensure that no safety hazards exist due to improper design, construction or installation. The tests also provide data to develop specifications for future ship design.STFs are required on the first ship in a class to ensure the ship can be operated safely during its own weapons fire. STFs are designed to impose the worst possible gun and missile blast effects to the ship. The USS Arleigh Burke (DUG 51), which represents the Navy's newest class of combatants, completed STF in 1991. The Arleigh Burke was designed with a fully integrated Collective Protection System (CPS) which provides protection from chemical and biological agents. The STF results show that the Arleigh Burke structure, equipment and systems are adequately designed to meet all the STF objectives.