bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Induction Quench and Temper of Tubular Products with Upset Ends—A Case Study of API 5CT L80 and P110 Casing and Tubing
Authors: Tupalo Olexandra , Abbas Mike , Frame Lesley D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Quench and tempering heat treating operations for tubular products are relying more on induction equipment. The reasons for this can be traced to the lower energy costs for operating induction equipment compared to gas furnaces and the greater flexibility that the induction lines offer compared to their furnace counterparts in regards to recipe control and product mix. However, there are limitations and special considerations for induction heat treating equipment and the induction coils used for these operations. This paper reports on the design and operation of a new induction heat treating line for API 5CT grade L80 and P110 casing and tubing with upset ends. Upset ends pose special technical challenges for induction heating; the generation of a uniform temperature distribution relies heavily on proper coil design as well as line layout and heating time. Simulations of induction heating have provided predictions of heating profiles, and on-the-line testing allowed recipe refinement and validation of simulation models. Results from this case study help to increase confidence in this heat treating process as well as create an improved induction heating line layout for future applications.
Improved Reliability of Dew Point Measurements of Furnace Atmosphere on a Continuous Basis
Authors: He Liang , Bowe Donald , Thomas Philips , Ghosh Ranajit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dew point (DP) is a function of the furnace atmosphere composition. In a metal processing furnace, maintaining appropriate atmosphere composition is critical to achieving the desired gas/metal reactions and quality and consistency of the treated product. Continuous measurement of DP is always challenging because of particulates and vapor-phase contaminants in sampled gas stream which can potentially accumulate in filtering systems and on sensors. The DP measurement can also be affected by temperature variations within the sampling unit. Thus, DP readings can drift significantly, necessitating frequent cleaning, recalibration, and sensor replacement. Air Products has developed a DP monitoring system that addresses these issues and based on long-term testing at a customer site, drifts/changes of DP readings on calibration gas were not observed after more than one year of operation, without any maintenance. The contamination and drift issues have been mitigated by incorporating an automated self-cleaning and sensor calibration process after pre-set measurement periods. Temperature control of the sensor and the sampling system are also essential to maintain consistency, and can be achieved via various design features. Drifts/changes in DP that are reported through local monitoring/alarms or remotely through cloud server access can also help to address furnace operational issues quickly and efficiently.
A Troubleshooting Guide for Brazing Furnace Atmospheres
Authors: Philips Thomas , He Liang , Ghosh Ranajit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The atmospheres used in a brazing furnace play a critical role in the final quality and metallurgical properties of the brazed component. Typically, exothermic, dissociated ammonia and nitrogen/hydrogen atmospheres are used for brazing mild steel, alloy steel and stainless steel components. The atmosphere composition, flow rates, pressures, and dew point are some of the key variables control final quality. Almost all brazing companies have quality issues that directly result from improper atmosphere application and control. Common problems include oxidation, flashing, inadequate braze flow, sooting, decarburization and carbon pickup. This troubleshooting presentation reviews years of field experience with nitrogen and hydrogen based atmosphere systems. It will help the heat treater or the brazing production engineer to identify these problems and apply appropriate corrective action.
New Technology Advancing Induction Heat Treatment Quality, Flexibility, and Performance
Authors: Russell Collin A. , Zaharof Michael J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Electromagnetic induction has provided reliable, predictable, and cost-effective heat treatment results for decades. Recently-developed inverter technology, providing instantaneous and calculated frequency control during heating, is dramatically advancing the heat treatment quality and equipment capability that induction heat treatment systems can deliver. This paper presents the many advantages of the technology in numerous real-world induction heat treatment applications, particularly in the scan hardening of shafts and shaft-like components. Coupled electromagnetic-thermal finite element analysis simulation results are utilized throughout to graphically and numerically illustrate the revolutionary nature of this new technology.
Metallurgical Case Studies of Induction Hardening
Authors: Midea Sandra J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Several case studies are presented illustrating issues that may be encountered when developing induction heat treating processes. The relationship of how induction heat treating parameters affect the metallurgy of production parts is examined in the form of case studies. These include the importance of normalized versus anneal starting microstructure as it relates to the ability of pearlite to transform to martensite within the short induction hardening process window. The influence of a non-uniform microstructure with proeutectoid grain boundary ferrite is discussed as it relates to prior structure. A team approach to balancing design specification with manufacturing cost and sound metallurgical practice is covered for an AISI 1060 steel channel component with complex inductor design. Another case study addresses how evaluating hardness in the as-quenched versus tempered condition can provide additional detail relating to back tempering in tooth by tooth hardened gears. The final example is the influence of frequency of case depth formation for an AISI 4140 cross roller section.
Big Data for Heat Treatment — How Data Analytics Can Contribute to Heat Treating Operations
Authors: Frame Lesley D. , Vo Brian , Abuzaghleh Omar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As heat treating equipment and processes are upgraded and redesigned, there is a significant push towards the inclusion of new sensor technologies, “smart” machines, and the Internet of Things for industrial heat treating operations. There is a clear benefit to being able to track the “health” of equipment in operation, as well as knowing and logging the processing parameters and quality control results in real-time. However, faced with ever increasing datasets containing complementary or contradicting information that are generated by multiple operators, different manufacturer’s equipment, and a variety of brands of PLCs and microprocessors, the heat treat industry is now challenged to create the infrastructure, procedures, and databases to make sense (and use) of these data. This paper explores the methods already in place in similar industries, the ways that data analytics are currently being applied to heat treat operations, and it provides recommendations for future Big Data efforts in our heat treat industry.
Achieving Production Flexibility With Automated Multicell Systems
Authors: Kowalewski Janusz 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As technology advances at an accelerated pace – fueled by the growth of the Internet of Things and the demand for integrated, automated systems – the focus on achieving leaner, more streamlined operations also continues to grow. This paper examines the many solutions multicell systems offer, all of which makes them adaptable to a variety of plant configurations and changing production processes.
Empowered Heat Treat Operators—Using Mobility and Data Analytics to Make Operators More Productive
Authors: Sherwin Peter 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Millennials (generation Y and beyond) are more socially conscious, more impatient and highly value individuality. They are digital natives – born into the world where technology is ubiquitous. They have grown up with the world at their fingertips. In a short period, these digital natives will make up the majority of the workforce, and this means moving from an average workforce age of 50+ to a new guard of 20+ somethings who have vastly less experience and very different working practices. Bridging this gap will require digital tools to not only capture the knowledge of older workers before they retire but also make it available to the new generation in a way that supports their preference for digital work practices. As the crew changes, so must the Heat Treat plant. Industry 4.0 and IIoT practices are enabling an evolution of smart connected products and solutions to provide the right information in the right place at the right time. This paper will outline the drivers for connected products and solutions and will provide an overview of the digital tools being used today to enable the next generation of operators to become more productive.
Software Solutions for Streamlining Furnace Compliance
Authors: Wright Nathan K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper summarizes how technology used in everyday applications is also being applied to advance innovation in pyrometry services and ensure compliance with AMS 2750 and CQI-9. The author also covers how innovation could continue to develop in the future, keeping furnace compliance aligned with the ever-increasing technology advancements of the aerospace and automotive industry.
Development of 0.2%C Low Alloyed Steel Hardened by Copper Precipitation
Authors: Dlouhy Jaromir , Zrnik Jozef 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Steels hardened by copper precipitation are the focus of many research programs. Most of this effort is devoted to development of low-carbon steels. Precipitation strengthening of ferrite is used for steel strengthening without losing the capability of deep drawing before the precipitation hardening. This article shows the results of precipitation strengthening in low alloyed steel containing 0.2% carbon. The steel composition is aimed at developing weldable high-strength steel for demanding structural applications. Copper precipitation was exploited to strengthen different types of microstructures. Quenching and ageing and isothermal austenite decomposition into bainite were used to develop copper precipitation. Mechanical properties and microstructure were compared. Tensile tests were performed and hardness was measured. Copper precipitation was documented by FEG SEM microscopy.
Solidification and Homogenization Modeling of High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Hope Adam T. , Chen Hai-Lin , Pedro Oliveira João , Fink Carolin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
High entropy alloys (HEA) are an exciting new class of alloys composed of several metallic elements with equiatomic or near-equiatomic composition to maximize configurational entropy, leading to desirable properties. However, during solidification, as in casting or welding processes, elements segregate, creating local regions of distinct composition. In conventional alloy systems, homogenization heat treatments are used to remove this segregation effect. This study examines the conditions of the heat treatment needed in HEA alloys. First, the solidification behavior of equiatomic alloy composition AlCoCrCuFeNi is modeled using the Scheil module within Thermo-Calc along with the TCHEA2 database. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is performed across the dendrite arms of the as-melted HEA to compare with the Scheil calculations. The resulting dendritic and interdendritic compositions are used as inputs in Thermo- Calc to determine the stable phases as a function of temperature. Selected heat treatments are conducted on the as-melted HEA to compare with the calculation results.
A Match of Material and Process—A Slip for Downhole Isolation Tools Made of a Cast Iron by Surface Hardening Treatments
Authors: Yang Xiangtong , Liu Hongtao , Wang Lei , Xu Jianhui , Liu Yu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the design of a downhole isolation tool for multi-stage fracturing in the oil and gas industry, a setting component, called slip, was used to set the tool in the casing prior to the hydraulic fracturing operation. The material of the slip is made of gray cast iron with surface hardening requirement. This study investigated the performance of slips treated by induction hardening versus flame hardening. The slip treated by induction hardening produced low hardness and insufficient affected layer. On the other hand, flame hardening generated satisfactory results of case hardening layer by 0.762 mm (0.030 in.) thickness with 50 HRC minimum hardness. The Type E graphite in the raw material was transformed to Type A in the flame hardening process, which is favored in the case hardened layer. The effect of different treatment processes on the affected layer and their microstructural response in gray cast iron was discussed in this study. The isolation tool using the slip treated by flame hardening, together with other proven components, showed successful performance of 82.7 MPa (12 ksi) pressure holding at 177 °C (350 °F) for high pressure and high temperature downhole applications.
Preventing Plant/Process Shutdowns Related to Momentary Short Circuits in Heat Treat Furnaces
Authors: Bako Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this presentation is to outline challenges faced by the Heat Treat Industry related to momentary short circuits when electrical furnaces are used in the production process. The common causes of the problem will be outlined along with some examples of the types of equipment and processes that are impacted by these phenomena. The heat control loop, focusing specifically the power control and semiconductor protection will be analyzed and discussed. Newly developed technologies to overcome these issues and the benefits of such technologies will also be discussed. Some common causes of SCR Power control failures and technologies related to integrated thermal protection and diagnostics, and how these technologies are in line with Industry 4.0 will also be presented.
A New Test Method to Characterize Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution in Industrial Gas Quenching Systems
Authors: Lu Yuan , Yu Haixuan , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gas quenching is drawing increasing attention within the heat treat industry. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for gas quenching can reach 2000 when using high pressure and high velocity nitrogen, helium, or mixtures of these gases. The HTC in water quenching is between 3000 and 4000. The lower HTC of gas quenching may result in workpieces with less distortion and residual stress after quenching. Compared to water, polymer, and oil quenching, gas quenching is environmentally friendly, and the surface of the part is clean after quenching.
Identification of the Important Process Parameters to Control Distortion and Residual Stress During Heat Treating
Authors: Yu Haixuan , Lu Yuan , Zhou Tianyi , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A finite element (FE) method was used to determine the important heat treating process parameters that impact the residual stress and distortion in steel. The FE model combines a commercially available heat treatment software DANTE to the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. A thermomechanical FE model was developed to model the evolution of microstructure, the volumetric changes associated with the kinetics of martensitic phase transformation and the formation and distribution of residual stress during quenching of steel. Alternative quenching parameters such as different steel grades, quenching orientation, immersion speed, quenching agent, quenching temperature, austenitizing temperature and part geometry were ranked based on their impact. The main purpose of this paper is to provide processing guidelines to control residual stress and distortion.
An Experimental Study on Blade Curving due to Quenching in the Japanese Sword
Authors: Arimoto Kyozo , Iyota Muneyoshi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Blade curving due to quenching in the Japanese sword has been recognized by swordsmiths through the ages. In the late 1920s, Hattori noted that the sword curving is induced from not only martensitic transformation expansion in the near-edge region but also non-uniform elastic and plastic strains distributed in the section, based on his experimental results using cylindrical specimens. Our research for an updated explanation on the subject prepared Japanese sword (JS) type specimens made of the same steel and process as the Japanese sword, and model JS (MJS) type specimens with the almost same shape as the JS type specimens, which were machined from commercial carbon steel and austenite stainless steel bars. All specimens quenched by a swordsmith using the traditional way showed a usual curved shape with different curvatures. Curving, temperature, hardness, metallic structure and residual stress measurements for the specimens were performed to prepare their future simulation works.
Quenching and Partitioning in Hot Stamped Steels
Authors: Ramón-Reyna Claudia , Álvarez-Elcoro Ignacio , Mercado-Solís Rafael , Leduc-Lezama Luis , Salinas-Rodríguez Armando , García Rincón Omar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The present work is the first stage of an ongoing research project concerning with integration of quenching and partitioning heat treatment into the traditional hot stamping process, for 22MnB5 alloy, high Si and high Mn steels, last two proposed for the research with a special chemical composition to enhance Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. The above, in order to produce a microstructure containing retained austenite and martensite to improve the ductility of resultant components. The investigations of quenching and partitioning process were made by means of dilatometry and hot stamping plus quenching and partitioning (HS - Q&P) process experiments by a special experimental tool. The resulting microstructure was examined using light optical and scanning electron microscope as X-ray diffraction too. Some results obtained shown that compared with conventional hot stamping samples, the HS-Q&P process improves elongation effectively and maintains high-strength at the same time.
Corrosion Resistance of Niobium and Vanadium Carbide Layers Produced by Thermoreactive Diffusion Treatments on Spheroidal Cast Iron
Authors: Soares Carolina , Edson Mariani Fábio , Corrêa Rêgo Galtiere , Satoru Takeya Gustavo , Edward Totten George , Carlos Casteletti Luiz 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the present study unalloyed spheroidal graphite iron was compared with a sample alloyed with copper and nickel (Cu- Ni). Samples of those materials were treated in salt bath (a composite of sodium borate, aluminum, iron-niobium and/or iron-vanadium) at 1000 °C for 2 hours. This resulted in layers of niobium carbide (NbC), vanadium carbide (VC) and ternary carbide of niobium and vanadium (NbVC2). Characterization of these layers was obtained by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness Vickers. The microhardness and the thickness results were statistically analyzed by the two factors variance analysis method. The efficiency of the layered surface in increasing corrosion resistance was demonstrated by submitting it to potentiodynamic polarization corrosion tests.
Alternative Surface Activation Techniques When Nitriding Stainless Steels
Authors: Nousir Saadia , Kalucki Jack A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Because of its qualities such as surface uniformity and high load density, controlled gas nitriding is recognized as one of the best nitriding techniques available. It guarantees greater dimensional and surface morphology stability and, therefore, is applied to a variety of stainless steels components. Classical depassivation methods often contribute to a decreased corrosion resistance. In certain applications, alternative methods may be used to achieve the same extent of surface uniformity and similar results, without the use of classical halogen activation methods.
Uphill Quenching of Aluminum Alloys—A Progress Report
Authors: Mattos Wellington da S. , Ferreira Thiago , Totten George E. , Canale Lauralice de Campos F. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the uphill quenching process which is applied in the heat treatment of aluminum alloys. This lesser known process was developed by Alcoa and first applied more than 50 years ago for aluminum alloys of several thicknesses. Uphill quenching has been reported to reduce residual stresses by &gt; 80%. Typically, uphill quenching is applied after quenching and before aging of aluminum alloys. Uphill quenching consists of the immersion of the part in a cryogenic environment and after equilibration, the part is transferred immediately to a fixture in a superheated steam chamber to obtain a temperature gradient sufficient to maintain the improved mechanical properties gained with heat treatment that result in low residual stresses and superior dimensional stability. Assuming that most of the stresses that appear in aluminum alloys during heat treatment are due to the quenching process, then this intermediate treatment becomes a potentially effective tool for the heat treatment of aluminum alloys. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of recent work showing tensile test results obtained with uphill quenching relative to conventional quenching processes.
Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatments on Electron Beam Welded SAE 5137 Steel
Authors: Bhavar Valmik , Kattire Prakash , Thakare Sandeep , Mane Santosh , Patil Sachin , Pawar Vinayak , Singh RKP 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Though electron beam welding (EBW) causes minimum destruction to the base metal, significantly different microstructure exists at weld zone. Rapid heating and cooling during electron beam welding results in dendritic microstructure, which lowers mechanical properties. In order to recover the original mechanical properties, post weld heat treatments (PWHT) needs to be performed after EBW. This paper presents effect of PWHTs on mechanical and microstructural properties of electron beam welded SAE 5137 H steel. Welded steel plates were processed through different heat treatments like stress relieving, normalizing and hardening & tempering. Micro-structural and mechanical testing were performed to characterize these specimens. It was perceived that, different PWHT’s can be employed and selection depends on final mechanical property requirement from the weld joint.
A New, Innovative Approach to Designing a Vacuum Furnace Hot Zone
Authors: Jones William R. , Fradette Réal J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A new high strength and energy efficient graphite board (HEFVAC) was introduced in fall 2016 as a vacuum furnace insulation package, which has evolved with the goal of further reducing power consumption. The unique features of the HEFVAC material offer a new approach to the design and construction of a vacuum furnace hot zone. Our presentation will document the thermal advantages of the HEFVAC board as well as introduce a new hot zone design that integrates the board into a self-supporting structure. This new design offers greatly improved thermal efficiency, resulting in reduced power usage compared to current vacuum furnace hot zones.