bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The In Vitro Growth Response of Giardia Trophozoites from the Rabbit*
Authors: DANCIGER MICHAEL , MEYER ERNEST A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A visual technic has been developed for determining concentration of Giardia trophozoites in culture tubes. Such a technic is desirable because the nature of Giardia growth makes routine enumeration of these organisms by hemocytometer or electronic cell counter expensive in both time and material. The visual method of counting Giardia trophozoites was correlated with counts of the same suspensions of organisms using an electronic particle counter.As a part of the correlation, the growth response, as measured by electronic cell counter, was established for 8 primary axenic cultures of Giardia trophozoites from the rabbit. The average starting number of organisms was 3.7 ± 0.6 × 103 per ml, the average number of organisms at the peak of logarithmic growth was 1.78 ± 0.2 × 105 per ml, and the generation time was 18.1 ± 1.6 hr. These data are compared with the available literature data quantitating Giardia growth.
The Life Cycle of Eimeria vermiformis Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971 in the Mouse Mus musculus1
Authors: TODD KENNETH S. , LEPP DONALD L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Eimeria vermiformis from the mouse Mus musculus is described from experimental infections. The prepatent period was 7 days, and the patent period 7–22+ days. Endogenous stages were in the lower 2/3 of the small intestine. Two generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st generation schizonts, seen 4 days after inoculation, were 16–25 × 9–16 μ and had long vermiform merozoites. Mature 2nd generation schizonts were first seen 5 days after inoculation. They were 8–18 × 7–14 μ (mean 11.2 × 13.1 μ). Mature microgametocytes, 17–32 × 12–25 μ, were present 6 days after inoculation. Macrogametes with plastic granules were found at the same time.The life cycle of E. vermiformis is compared with those of other species of Eimeria from Mus.
The Effects of Selected Chemical Agents on the Amoeba‐Flagellate Transformation in Naegleria gruberi*
Authors: YUYAMA SHUHEI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Amoeboid Naegleria gruberi grown on an agar surface were induced to transform synchronously into flagellates by changing the pH of the environment from 3.8 to 7.2. Flagellates started to appear 70 min after stimulation, reached the 90% level within the next 30–40 min, and gradually reverted to the amoeboid form in the next several hrs. The presence of previously induced cells did not influence normal induction of transformation, indicating that no interaction took place during transformation.Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (DNP and cyanide), of protein synthesis (puromycin and cycloheximide), and of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D), delayed or blocked the transformation, suggesting that RNA and protein synthesis are required. Because the flagellated stage is shortened by puromycin treatment, protein synthesis appears to be linked to the duration of the flagellated stage.
Sarcocystis gracilis n. sp. from the Brazilian Tortoise Kinosternon scorpioides*
Authors: LAINSON R. , SHAW J. J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis gracilis n. sp. is described in the tortoise Kinosternon scorpioides (Reptilia, Chelonia) from the Island of Marajó, north Brazil. This appears to be the first record of a sarcosporidian from this group of reptiles.The cysts are restricted to the skeletal musculature and may reach up to 8.0 mm in length. The cyst wall is extremely delicate, with no visible striations or spines: the trabeculae are well developed and growth of the cyst appears to be largely from caps of proliferative cells at the poles.The zoites are long and slender, averaging 18.4 × 1.4 μ in fresh preparations. They undergo sudden and rapid gliding movements. The parasite produces striking pathologic changes in the muscle.
The Occurrence of Schellackia and Plasmodium in two Georgia Lizards
Authors: JORDAN HELEN B. , FRIEND MARGARET B. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. During a 15‐year survey (1956–1970) involving more than 12,000 lizards, the incidence and annual fluctuations of both Plasmodium floridense and Schellackia occidentalis are reported. The occurrence of P. floridense in Anolis carolinensis from the Mainland (Fargo, Georgia area) varied from 52% (1958) to 10% (1964) with an average of 35%, while in Sceloporus undulatus from the same area during the same period it varied from 10% (1969) to 2% (1964) with an average of about 5%.The occurrence of Schellackia and Plasmodium in both Anolis and Sceloporus from Cumberland Island, and Schellackia from Anolis from 2 other Coastal Islands (Sapelo, 2% and Seahorse, 30%) are reported for the first time. On Cumberland, the only Georgia island thus far studied, where both Anolis and Sceloporus are found together, 16% of Anolis and 13% of Sceloporus had sporozoites of Schellackia sp. in the blood, while 11% of Sceloporus and 21% of Anolis harbored P. floridense.
Two New Subspecies of Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy, 1856) Kent, 1880
Authors: ROGERS WILLIAM E. , WALLACE F. G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum n. subsp. was isolated from Musca domestica L. In culture at 20 C it assumed the opisthomastigote (up to 15%), double‐flagellate and flagellate promastigote forms. At 30 C or with 4% urea added to cultures at 20 C, the proportion of opisthomastigotes was greater (up to 40%). In experimentally infected flies only transient infections, which included both opisthomastigotes and promastigotes, occurred. The promastigotes were 15–30 μ long and the kinetoplast was small and subspherical or transversely elongate. H. muscarum ingenoplastis n. subsp. was isolated from Phormia regina (Meigen). In culture at 20 C almost all individuals were double‐flagellate promastigotes 20–40 μ long and less than 1% were opisthomastigotes. At 30 C or with added urea there was no increase in the proportion of opisthomastigotes and the cultures were not vigorous. In experimentally infected flies opisthomastigotes were 5–39% of the population depending on the part of the gut sampled. In all stages the kinetoplast was large (1.5–2.5 μ long) and tear‐drop‐shaped with the point directed posteriorly.In artificially mixed cultures of H. m. muscarum and H. m. ingenoplastis the former predominated after a short time and eventually survived alone. A mixed culture that was about 98%H. m. muscarum was fed to Phormia regina and produced heavy pure infections of H. m. ingenoplastis, which lasted for 22 days with no indication of decline. No evidence of cyst formation was found in either subspecies.
Immunologic‐mediated Protection of Trypanosoma congolense‐Infected Mice by Polyribonucleotides
Authors: HERMAN ROBERT , BARON SAMUEL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When the synthetic polyribonucleotides polyinosinic acid‐polycytidylic acid (poly I poly C) and polyadenylic acid‐polyuridylic acid (poly A poly U) were tested against mice infected with varying numbers of Trypanosoma congolense the results varied with the method of passage of trypanosomes in mice. Thus, when 100 flagellates were passaged every 7th day and experiments were initiated with these trypanosomes from mice on the 7th day of their infection, the protective effects of poly I poly C and poly A poly U apparently varied independently of each other as assayed by the mean parasitemias and cumulative mortalities of infected mice.Poly I poly C‐resistant and poly I poly C‐susceptible variants (“R” and “S”, respectively) were isolated and maintained in mice by passage of 106 trypanosomes every 4th day. Mice infected with these variants responded consistently to poly I poly C and poly A poly U injections in that mice infected with the “R” variant showed no response to either polyribonucleotide but those infected with the “S” variant consistently had a decrease in mean parasitemias and cumulative mortality when treated with poly I poly C, but not with poly A poly U.Using mice infected with the “S” variant, the protective effect of poly I poly C was dose‐dependent and best protection was afforded when 1st injections of poly I poly C were given around the time of infection of the mice.The protective effects of the synthetic polyribonucleotides used in these experiments are probably due to their immunologic enhancing capacities and not to interferon. To support this, injections of Newcastle disease virus, a strong inducer of interferon in mice, did not protect against T. congolense in mice. It was not possible to determine whether serum from poly I poly C‐treated mice had a greater neutralizing effect upon trypanosomes in vitro than serum from saline‐treated mice since any effect of antibody was masked by a naturally occurring inhibitor in normal mouse serum which was reduced during infection. The protective effects of poly I poly C in T. congolense‐infected mice were reversed by treatment with cyclophosphamide. This strong immunosuppressant, however, could not reverse the protective effects of poly I poly C against mice infected with Semliki Forest virus, strongly suggesting that the protective mechanisms stimulated by poly I poly C in these 2 infections were different.The response of mice infected with the “R” and “S” variants of T. congolense to synthetic polyribonucleotides is discussed in relation to antigenic variation of trypanosomes.
Serologic Changes Associated with the Encystment of Axenically Grown Hartmannella culbertsoni*
Authors: RAIZADA M. K. , SAXENA K. C. , MURTI C. R. KRISHNA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Serologic reactions elicited by sonically ruptured trophic and cystic forms of Hartmannella culbertsoni were studied. The antigens of trophic amoebae reacted with their homologous rabbit antiserum showing multiple precipitin lines which could not be seen when the reacting antigens were treated with trypsin prior to application on the Ouchterlony plates. Antigens of trophic amoeba did not react with antiserum against cysts. Cyst antigens reacted with their homologous antiserum only after trypsin treatment. Antigens prepared from trophozoites excysting from cysts reacted positively with the antiserum against antigens of trophic amoebae.Antigens of trophic as well as cystic forms fixed guinea pig complement in presence of their homologous antisera. With the trophic form, this property was abolished after trypsin treatment. Non‐specific complement fixation mediated by cyst antigens was abolished by treatment with cellulase. Antiserum against trophic amoebae immobilized trophozoites and, in the presence of guinea pig complement, led to their lysis.
Axenic Mass Cultivation of Entamoeba invadens and Cell Membrane Isolation
Authors: SPIES F. , ELBERS P. F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method for axenic mass cultivation of Entamoeba invadens is described. A known monophasic culture medium for E. histolytica was modified by mixing it with a medium for Acanthamoeba castellanii and adding ferric chloride to provide more particulate material. This results in a high number of cells per ml after a relatively short culture period.A cell membrane fraction of such a mass culture of E. invadens can be prepared by simple disruption of the cells and by low speed centrifugation. Owing to the lack of membrane‐bounded organellae in the amebic cytoplasm there are only 2 kinds of membranes to be separated: the plasmalemma and the vacuole membranes.
Fine Structure of the Surface and Infraciliature of Gastrostyla steinii
Authors: GRIM J. NORMAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In many hypotrich ciliate protozoa there are at least 6 possible categories of ciliary structures: right marginal cirri, left marginal cirri, fronto‐ventral‐transverse cirri, membranelles, and 2 oral membranes. This report describes the kinetosomes, fibrils and microtubules which make up the cytoplasmic portion of these structures in Gastrostyla steinii.Altho light microscope studies have revealed significantly different infraciliature for the 3 classes of cirri, the fine structure of these locomotor organelles indicates that they have a remarkable number of homologous structures. There is also a number of apparent homologies between the cirri of this organism and ciliary structures of both more primitive and more highly evolved ciliates. The oral ciliature of G. steinii is analyzed and compared to that of other spirotrichs for clues to the phylogeny of the hypotrichs. Function of the infraciliature is considered briefly.
The Ultrastructure of Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with Particular Reference to Spherical Arrangements of Osmiophilic Cylindrical Bodies
Authors: FERIA‐VELASCO ALFREDO , TREVINO NORBERTO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica were cultured under xenic, monoxenic and axenic conditions. Some of the monoxenically cultured trophozoites were grown in the presence of Bacteroides symbiosus and others in the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi (Mexican strain). Other trophozoites were obtained from experimentally produced amebic liver abscesses in hamsters. The trophozoites were centrifuged and prepared for study by electron microscopy. Acid phosphatase activity in the parasites was determined by cytochemical reactions.The various elements of the trophozoites were described and special attention was given to the spherical arrangements of electrons‐dense cylindrical units surrounding finely granular material. Their presence was independent of the strain studied and of the nutrient elements in the culture medium. The cylindrical units probably arise from endoplasmic reticulum elements and their possible function in the digestive processes and aggression mechanisms of the trophozoites is discussed.Acid phosphatase activity was found in round non‐branching intranuclear bodies in trophozoites cultured in various media. Whether these bodies represent part of the lysosomal system of the parasite is unknown.In preliminary work on the action of some amebicidal drugs, a special arrangement of cytomembranes morphologically similar to a Golgi complex was frequently seen in trophozoites of E. histolytica.
The Structure of the Oocyst and the Excystation Process of Isospora marquardti sp. n. from the Colorado pika, Ochotona princeps
Authors: DUSZYNSKI DONALD W. , BRUNSON JOHN T. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora marquardti sp. n. from the Colorado pika, Ochotona princeps, have spheroid oocysts, 30.5 (23–36) μm in diameter, and ovoid sporocysts, measuring 19.3 × 12.0 (17–22 × 10–14) μm. A polar body, 2 × 4 μm, a spheroid sporocyst residuum (8.3 μm in diameter), a Stieda body, and a distinct substiedal body (3 × 3 μm) are present. A micropyle and an oocyst residuum are absent. Excysted sporozoites, averaging 3.0 × 18.5 (2–4 × 15–20) μm, contain 2 refractile globules, 1 on each side of the nucleus with a prominent nucleolus.The sporozoite excystation process using a trypsin‐sodium taurocholate fluid is described.
Periodicity of Nuclear DNA Synthesis in the Intraerythrocytic Cycle of Plasmodium knowlesi
Authors: GUTTERIDGE W. E. , TRIGG P. I. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Preparations of the various intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi nearly free of host‐cell material were made from infected rhesus monkey blood. Analyses of these revealed that late trophozoite and schizont stages contain similar amounts of DNA and that ring stages contain much less DNA. This indicates that DNA synthesis occurs mainly during the ring and trophozoite stages of the cycle. Attempts to confirm these results using a quantitative Feulgen staining technique yielded anomalous results.The analytical data indicated that incorporation of 3H‐adenosine rather than of 3H‐orotic acid, was the better indicator of DNA synthesis in P. knowlesi in culture. A detailed study with time course and pulse‐labelling experiments showed that incorporation of 3H‐adenosine occurred at a similar rate throughout the intraerythrocytic cycle until schizogony began, that it ceased during this period, and began again as soon as the parasites had invaded new cells.It is concluded that the S‐phase of the cell cycle occupies most of the ring and trophozoite stages and that the G1 and G2 phases, if they occur, are of short duration. The amount of DNA in the nucleus is increased 10–20 fold during the S phase. At schizogony, the nucleus divides without further DNA synthesis to yield a 16‐nuclear schizont.
Cortical Structure in Nondividing and Cortical Morphogenesis in Dividing Oxytricha fallax*†
Authors: GRIMES GARY W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Light‐ and electronmicroscopic observations of nondividing Oxytricha fallax revealed a high degree of cortical complexity in this species and provided much additional detail to previous descriptions of hypotrich ciliates.By the same microscopic methods, the morphogenetic pattern of O. fallax was found to be similar to that of other hypotrich genera with regard to the formation of oral primordium in association with cirri and to the incorporation of specific cirri into cirral primordia. There is no donation of any cirral part to the oral primordium, but cirri involved in cirral primordia formation appear to be donated fully to these primordia. Attainment of final form and size of the oral primordium and new cirri is a multistep process. Alignment of kinetosomes to form membranelles occurs first in pairs, the immature membranelles containing only 2 rows of kinetosomes. The 3rd and 4th rows are added by production of new kinetosomes from right to left on the anterior edge of each membranelle. Cirral development, likewise, is not completed until individual new cirri are distinguishable, new kinetosomes being added as the cirri move to their final locations on the organism's surface.The cirral resorption process also is reported briefly. Means of experimental analysis of the possible role of individual cortical structures in morphogenesis is discussed.
Plasmodium berghei NK65 in the Inbred A/J Mouse: Age Immunity in the Female Retired Breeder A/J Mouse*
Authors: ALGER NELDA E. , BRANTON MARILYN , HARANT JOYCE , WILLIS LINDA , SILVERMAN PAUL H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Death rates of A/J and CF1 female mice 4 weeks and 6 months of age were compared after the mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65C deme (population) and NK65RR deme. Death rates were compared also when female A/J retired breeder mice were infected with blood passages 18 and 40 of NK65C.NK65C was found to be less virulent than NK65RR. The 40th blood passage of NK65C was more virulent than the 18th passage, but still not as virulent at the NK65RR deme. A/J retired breeders were clearly more resistant to infection than 4 week old A/J mice, while little difference was found in the different age groups of the CF1 mice.
A New Saurian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium clelandi sp. n. from Ceylon*
Authors: MANAWADU BINGUMAL R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISPlasmodium clelandi sp. n. is described from Varanus cepedianus of Mannar District, Ceylon. The earliest asexual stages were seen as a chromatin dot. Trophozoites have a vacuole with chromatin material spread around its periphery. The trophozoites divide and mature to form the schizont.The maximum number of merozoites observed in a schizont was 8. Pigment was scanty and sometimes absent. The gametocytes had a characteristic elongate form and tend to encircle the host cell nucleus.
Cyclidium citrullus Cohn, a Ciliate from the Hot Springs of Tiberias (Israel)
Authors: KAHAN DAVID 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA thermophilic ciliate Cyclidium citrullus (Hymenostomatida) was collected from Tiberias hot springs at temperatures of 50–58 C. In the laboratory, the ciliates were grown in monoxenic cultures with Escherichia coli in a mineral medium of 3% (w/v) salts similar in composition to that of the hot springs. C. citrullus tolerates a wide range of temperatures, 18–47 C. The optimal temperature is ∼44 C. The ciliates could tolerate direct transfer to salt concentrations of 0.2–7.0% (hot springs composition). No cysts or other dormant forms have been observed. A description of the ciliate based on living and stained specimens is given. The taxonomy and ecology of Cyclidium from hot springs is discussed.
A Redescription of Rhyncheta cyclopum Zenker (Ciliatea, Suctorida)*
Authors: HITCHEN E. T. , BUTLER R. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISRhyncheta cyclopum Zenker (Ciliatea, Suctorida) is described from Cyclops albidus and C. viridis occurring in small lakes in Cheshire. The adults have elongated or irregularly spherical bodies which are rounded apically and flattened basally. There is usually a single primary tentacle which is variable in position, length, and activity. Additional tentacles in various stages of growth and resorption may be present, and an account of these processes is given. The body is attached to the host by a short stalk. The barrel‐shaped embryos are produced by a rapid or multiple endogenous budding. The presence of the stalk and supernumerary tentacles are described for the first time, and it is considered that these, together with other features, warrant a redescription of this species. The taxonomic relationship of R. cyclopum to other species of Rhyncheta is considered and a probable connection of the tentacle form in this suctorian with its possible food source is discussed.
Kinetosome Production in Condylostoma Occurs During Cell Division*
Authors: DE TERRA NOEL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISKinetosome counts in different stages of the cell cycle of Condylostoma indicate that somatic kinetosome production occurs during cell division. The kineties apparently increase in length during interphase by spacing‐out of preexisting kinetosomes. This spacing‐out may be passive and caused by expansion of the cortical membrane to which the kinetosomes are attached.
Euplotes raikovi Agamaliev, 1966 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) From New Hampshire: Description and Morphogenesis
Authors: WASHBURN EDWARD S. , BORROR ARTHUR C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISEuplotes raikovi, an interstitial hypotrich ciliate described once from the Caspian Sea, was isolated from intertidal sand at Rye Harbor, New Hampshire. Specimens were observed in life, and also stained by Corliss’ modification of the Chatton‐Lwoff wet‐silver technic and by 2 nigrosin methods. Living individuals and those fixed with Parducz's fluid are 43 × 30 (37‐50 × 25–35) μm. The AZM has an average length of 27 μm and contains 24–32 membranelles. The anterior part of AZM lies on the ventral face of an apical channel, much as in E. bisulcatus. There are 7 fronto‐ventral, 4 transverse, 1 left marginal, and 2 right caudal cirri. An additional small, rounded argentophilic area resembling a cirrus base is evident in silver‐stained preparations, but it is barren in virtually 100% of the population. There are 7–8 (usually 7) dorsal ciliary rows with E. patella‐type argyrome. The modal number of cilia in rows I‐VII are 3‐7‐9‐9‐9‐10‐10. The unique fronto‐ventral cirrus pattern is stable and predictable at the time of streak phase. Morphogenetic development indicates that the barren cirrus base is 2/V (Wallengren system), and that it apparently buds from 1/V. The left marginal cirrus and right caudal cirri have different origins.