bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteolysis of multiple myelin basic protein isoforms after neurotrauma: characterization by mass spectrometry
Authors: Ottens Andrew K. , Golden Erin C. , Bustamante Liliana , Hayes Ronald L. , Denslow Nancy D. , Wang Kevin K. W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNeurotrauma, as in the case of traumatic brain injury, promotes protease over‐activation characterized by the select fragmentation of brain proteins. The resulting polypeptides are indicators of biochemical processes, which can be used to study post‐injury dynamics and may also be developed into biomarkers. To this end, we devised a novel mass spectrometry approach to characterize post‐injury calpain proteolytic processing of myelin basic protein (MBP), a biomarker of brain injury that denotes white matter damage and recovery. Our approach exceeds conventional immunological assays in its deconvolution of multiple protein isoforms, its absolute quantification of proteolytic fragments and its polypeptide selectivity. We quantified and characterized post‐injury proteolytic processing of all MBP isoforms identified in adult rat cortex. Further, the translation of calpain‐cleaved MBP into CSF was verified following brain injury. We ascertained that the exon‐6 sequence of MBP resulted in a characteristic shift in gel migration for intact and fragmented protein alike. We also found evidence for a second post‐TBI cleavage event within exon‐2 and for the dimerization of the post‐TBI 4.3 kDa fragment. Ultimately, the novel methodology described here can be used to study MBP dynamics and other similar proteolytic events of relevance to brain injury and other CNS processes.
The effects of deer browsing on woodland structure and songbirds in lowland Britain
Authors: GILL ROBIN M. A. , FULLER ROBERT J. 
Published: November 2007

The effects of deer in woodlands are known to result in habitat changes which can be detrimental to songbirds. In the first part of the paper we review the effects that deer may have on critical resources for woodland birds. The principal mechanism by which deer may affect habitat quality is through the reduction of low woody vegetation, which forms a key element of the preferred habitat of several species – this may be associated with loss of nest‐sites, increased exposure to predators and reduction of food. The second part of the paper presents new evidence for the impacts of deer on vegetation structure, and how they may be contributing to the declines of some woodland songbirds in Britain. Results from extensive studies of deer at 13 woodland sites in England and Wales reveal that understorey foliage density decreases significantly with increasing deer density. Reduction of foliage was greatest at below 1.5 m above ground. We also report preliminary results of an experimental comparison of songbird densities between deer‐fenced and unfenced areas of young coppice woodland in eastern England. In this study, deer browsing caused extensive impacts on vegetation structure in young coppice, though there was considerable variation between plots. Deer browsing resulted in reduction of canopy cover, reduction in density and cover of understorey vegetation, and an increase in grass cover. Abundance of bird species using the understorey, including all migrants, was significantly higher in coppice where deer were excluded. These results lend support to the hypothesis that deer are at least partly responsible for causing declines in some British bird populations, but they do not eliminate the possibility that increased shading is also responsible for changes in woodland structure. At present there is much spatial variation in deer densities in Britain so that impacts on low vegetation and habitat quality for birds are not expected to be the same in all regions. However, with continuing increases in deer numbers it is to be expected that such impacts will become more widespread.
Self‐Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMotivation is underappreciated in self‐regulation theories (as is true in social personality psychology at large). This paper reviews the role of motivation in the context of the strength, or limited‐resource, model of self‐control in several domains. Sacrificing one desire in order to pursue another is more difficult when the incipient response is strongly motivated, a notion that highlights the struggle between urges and restraints. A reduction in ego resources can be temporarily overcome by strong motivation – nevertheless, ego depletion is not solely a loss of motivation: Recent experiments indicate that regulatory resources are rooted in physical energy stores. Motivational conflicts, especially the clash between selfish motives and behaviors that promote social acceptance, set the stage for the necessity of self‐regulation and the circumstances in which ego depletion is most likely.
Sharing common ground: Nery Delgado (1835–1908) in Spain in 1878
Authors: Carneiro A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Geological Survey of Portugal (Comissão dos Serviços Geológicos), was created in 1857, as a section of the Geodesic Division of the Ministry of Public Works, Trade and Industry. It benefited greatly from the workings of the ministry, which in trying to modernize the country was concerned to keep up with the latest technical and scientific developments occurring elsewhere in Europe. Since its foundation, the Geological Survey of Portugal showed a clear drive towards its participation in an international scientific dialogue and cooperation. This strategy encompassed subscription to specialized foreign books and journals; intense correspondence with foreign specialists; the regular publication of monographs and memoirs in French; occasional or permanent collaboration with foreign experts; and travelling. The main outcome of the ‘travel of negotiation’ undertaken in 1878 to Spain by the Portuguese geologist J. F. Nery Delgado, then adjunct to the Director of the Portuguese Geological Survey, in addition to improving relationships with the geologists of the neighbouring country, was the collection of field data that was useful for the geological characterization of the southern Portuguese regions. He was also able to negotiate and look for data which could persuade his Spanish colleagues to subscribe to interpretations consistent with the Portuguese geological map, published in 1876.
Théodore Andre Monod and the lost
Fer de Dieu
meteorite of Chinguetti, Mauritania
Authors: Marvin U. B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Théodore Monod (1902–2000), of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, was a natural scientist with an extraordinarily wide range of interests and expertise. His early researches were chiefly in marine zoology, which he continued to pursue throughout his career. However, in 1923 he began to work in the Sahara Desert and travelled through it for thousands of kilometres on foot and camel-back collecting samples for the museum and keeping detailed journals of the geology, palaeontology, flora, fauna, prehistoric artefacts, and the customs and cultures of the peoples he met. Monod published nearly 700 technical articles in scientific journals and numerous books for general readers. He won innumerable honours in France and internationally, but only one of his books, few of his articles, and no biographical accounts of Monod's activities have been published in English. This paper focuses on his search for the
Fer de Dieu
, an iron meteorite said to be 40 metres high and 100 metres long, lying in the desert of Mauritania. He found no trace of it, but the meteorite remains legendary in the history of meteoritics.
The geological travels of Sir Charles Lyell in Madeira and the Canary Islands, 1853–1854
Authors: WILSON L. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Throughout his life, Lyell travelled extensively, always as a keen observer. He viewed the Earth's geological history as continuous with and subject to the same processes of change as at present. Leopold von Buch's theory of craters of elevation contradicted Lyell's view of Earth history. Thus Lyell travelled to Madeira and the Canary Islands in 1853 to see von Buch's evidence. Lyell found the islands formed by a long series of volcanic eruptions, not by the single explosive upheaval that von Buch had described. Nevertheless, Lyell still accepted Léonce Élie de Beaumont's claim that lava flows could not form compact rock on steep slopes. In 1855, Lyell learned from Eilhard Mitscherlich that on Stromboli contemporary steeply inclined lava flows were forming solid rock. In 1857, Lyell went to Sicily where unmistakable evidence contradicted Élie de Beaumont. In the walls of the Valle del Bove, steeply inclined layers of lava were intersected by dykes that pointed towards a former centre of eruption at Trifoglietto, later buried by volcanic rocks emitted from the present centre of eruption at the summit of Etna, proving that the Valle del Bove could not have originated as a crater of elevation.
Two Tyrrells cross the Barren Lands of Canada, 1893
Authors: Spalding D. A. E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In May 1893 Joseph and James Tyrrell, sons of an Irish immigrant to Canada, left Edmonton in Canada's Northwest Territories with a group of voyageurs, partly aided by an aboriginal map and First Nations guides. By January 1894 the team had reached Winnipeg, Manitoba, completing the first expedition through the last large unexplored area of the mainland of Canada. The travellers suffered from many dangers, and the expedition was more than three months overdue when its members arrived at York Factory.
Some specimens were lost, but records and photographs acquired on the expedition form an important record of northern exploration. Joe Tyrrell identified the Keewatin centre of glaciation, and the post-glacial extension of the Hudson Bay basin is now known as the Tyrrell Sea. There was criticism at the apparent lack of economic benefit, but Tyrrell located iron ore and a possible copper-bearing area, and his work led indirectly to a productive nickel mine and the present working of diamonds. Tyrrell also documented the huge caribou herds, and the lives of the Inuit that depended on them.
In the footsteps of Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (1792–1855): soldier, surveyor, explorer, geologist, and probably the first person to compile geological maps in Australia
Authors: Oldroyd D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Scotsman, Thomas Mitchell, was one of Australia's leading pioneers and explorers. Trained as a military surveyor, he travelled to Sydney in 1827, and was soon in charge of the mapping of New South Wales, an important position as it was vital to get the new colony surveyed, so that land could be apportioned correctly and fairly. In addition, Mitchell had responsibility for laying out the plans for the early road system of New South Wales, in which work he displayed excellent judgement, selecting a viable route for a road across the Blue Mountains, and directing the construction work. But Mitchell also had ambitions to be a proper explorer and to make original scientific contributions. He undertook four major expeditions, and later wrote them up in what are now classics of early Australian geographical writing. His Department's masterly ‘Nineteen Counties’ topographic map of the Sydney region and its hinterland, produced in 1834, was a milestone for the development of NSW. Mitchell had no formal training in geology, but on learning that he was to take up an appointment in NSW he rapidly made the acquaintance of London geologists and acquired the rudiments of the subject. While in the field in 1834, he was fortunate to be an early visitor to Wellington Caves, west of the Blue Mountains, where he excavated, collected, and dispatched many new mammalian specimens to experts in Britain. These attracted great interest in Edinburgh, London, and Paris, where the study of cave remains had been attracting attention for several years. Also in 1834, Mitchell coloured the outcrops of the main rock types of the Sydney region onto his ‘Nineteen Counties’ map, thus producing what was probably the first geological map of any part of Australia. This is reproduced here in colour for the first time. His later, published, geological maps of the Wellington area and a locality near Bathurst are also reproduced. The paper discusses the possible sources of information for the 1834 map. Mitchell wrote up his Wellington observations and submitted them to the Geological Society of London, but only an abstract was published and the full paper was refused publication (for unknown reasons). He eventually wrote up his findings, with illustrations, in a book describing his explorations (1838); but following his ‘rejection’ he did little further work in geology other than a hasty examination of a goldfield near Bathurst at the time of the NSW gold rush (1852). The present paper seeks to give a comprehensive account of Mitchell's geological work, which was an important adjunct to his career as a ‘traveller/explorer’ and cartographer.
Nineteenth-century observations of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, Nelson, New Zealand and trans-Tasman correlations
Authors: Johnston M. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The Nelson Mineral Belt, part of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt of Permian age, in the north of the South Island of New Zealand, was the subject of intense interest soon after the European settlement of New Zealand owing to the discovery of copper and chromite mineralization. The first geologist to survey the Mineral Belt in east Nelson was Thomas Ridge Hacket (
c
. 1830–1884), who arrived from Britain in 1857, although he was primarily interested in the mineralization. The first scientific description of the belt followed the visit in 1859 of the geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829–1884) of the Austrian Geological Survey who regarded the belt as a sill. He recognized that Dun Mountain was not serpentinite, like the rest of the belt, but an olivine-rich rock that he named dunite. von Hochstetter tentatively considered that thick mafic rocks of the Brook Street Volcanics, that were then considered to be intrusives rather than sedimentary, may have been a correlative of the Mineral Belt. Between the belt and the Brook Street rocks he mapped the Wooded Peak Limestone and Maitai Slates. von Hochstetter tentatively assigned a Mesozoic age to all of the above rocks and for nearly 100 years Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in many parts of New Zealand were regarded as a correlative of the Maitai Slates.

Both Hacket and von Hochstetter confirmed an abundance of chromite in the Mineral Belt, a finding that resulted in the building of New Zealand's first railway. Mining was short-lived but hopes were raised that gold might be found following Hacket's move to Queensland in the late 1860s. He recognized that the Gympie gold-fields had many similarities with Dun Mountain and reasoned that east Nelson might also be auriferous. This was taken up by men in Nelson such as Sir David Monro (1813–1877) and William Wells (1810–1893) who were keen geological observers, and by Monro's son in law Dr, later Sir James, Hector (1834–1907) who was director of the New Zealand Geological Survey. In 1870, Hector arranged for Edward Heydelbach Davis (1845–1871) to undertake a detailed examination of the Permo-Triassic rocks of east Nelson. Davis, like Hacket, regarded the Mineral Belt as metamorphosed Maitai rocks. As well as demonstrating that the east Nelson rocks did not contain economic concentrations of gold, copper or chromite, Davis showed that they were distinct from what had been thought to be similar rocks in the Coromandel gold-fields in North Island of New Zealand. This was the first, if not fully appreciated, step to limit the Maitai rocks. Hacket's correlation of the Gympie and Dun Mountain rocks was forgotten until the advent of plate tectonics. The various major rock units in Nelson are now recognized as terranes that accumulated as a result of convergent plate tectonics along the Mesozoic margin of Gondwanaland.
Writing, ‘inscription’ and fact: eighteenth century mineralogical books based on travels in the Habsburg regions, the Carpathian Mountains
Authors: Klemun M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In the second half of the eighteenth century there was an explosion in travel literature in the German-speaking countries. Travel literature became an important medium for broadening of people's horizons. When transferring travel experiences into the written word the traveller had a wealth of literary forms at their disposal: the diary, the letter, the narrative structured according to the chronology of the journey. Moreover, topography, ‘statistics’ in the contemporary sense and ‘apodemics’ (the art of travelling) as a professional basis for travelling offered the potential for a scientific approach. The scientific interest in ‘mineralogical’ journeys aimed at acquiring reliable empirical data, and required formal strategies to counter the superficiality and selectivity of fieldwork. The choice of one strategy of description, and that is the thesis presented here, is based on epistemological factors. This paper looks at three works of travel literature, in which the chosen form of writing correlates with the central scientific findings of the respective authors: Belsazar de la Motte Hacquet (1739–1815), Ignaz von Born (1742–1791) and Ehrenbert von Fichtel (1732–1795) all of whom wrote ‘mineralogical’ books based on extensive travelling in the eastern Habsburg territories.
Geological travellers in view of their philosophical and economical intentions: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) and Caspar Maria Count Sternberg (1761–1838)
Authors: Schweizer C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Two geological travellers, who clearly differ in their approach to scientific questions and their interpretation, are presented. Goethe was mainly interested in natural phenomenon and linking the interpretation of his observations in a deductive approach to a philosophically and psychologically influenced, more general view of natural mechanisms. Sternberg, on the other hand, chose an inductive approach in his conclusions from geological observations and never inclined to any philosophical explanations behind them. Goethe's natural philosophy behind his scientific concepts was strongly formed by Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677) and led to his own subjective approach of interpreting scientific phenomena. However, Sternberg's knowledge of geognosy along the formations in the Habsburg region and in Germany is based on numerous observations at various locations and on the comparison of his findings, having a vast general knowledge on the geology of a wide area. Goethe and Sternberg's correspondence between 1820–1832 gives insight into the specific differences between these two travellers and their individual methods of geological investigation.
Effects of insurance status on children's access to specialty care: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Skinner Asheley Cockrell , Mayer Michelle L 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe current climate of rising health care costs has led many health insurance programs to limit benefits, which may be problematic for children needing specialty care. Findings from pediatric primary care may not transfer to pediatric specialty care because pediatric specialists are often located in academic medical centers where institutional rules determine accepted insurance. Furthermore, coverage for pediatric specialty care may vary more widely due to systematic differences in inclusion on preferred provider lists, lack of availability in staff model HMOs, and requirements for referral. Our objective was to review the literature on the effects of insurance status on children's access to specialty care.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of original research published between January 1, 1992 and July 31, 2006. Searches were performed using Pubmed.ResultsOf 30 articles identified, the majority use number of specialty visits or referrals to measure access. Uninsured children have poorer access to specialty care than insured children. Children with public coverage have better access to specialty care than uninsured children, but poorer access compared to privately insured children. Findings on the effects of managed care are mixed.ConclusionInsurance coverage is clearly an important factor in children's access to specialty care. However, we cannot determine the structure of insurance that leads to the best use of appropriate, quality care by children. Research about specific characteristics of health plans and effects on health outcomes is needed to determine a structure of insurance coverage that provides optimal access to specialty care for children.
Gene expression profiling of leukemic cells and primary thymocytes predicts a signature for apoptotic sensitivity to glucocorticoids
Authors: Miller Aaron L , Komak Spogmai , Webb M Scott , Leiter Edward H , Thompson E Brad 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundGlucocorticoids (GC's) play an integral role in treatment strategies designed to combat various forms of hematological malignancies. GCs also are powerful inhibitors of the immune system, through regulation of appropriate cytokines and by causing apoptosis of immature thymocytes. By activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), GCs evoke apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of a complex, interactive gene network over a period of time preceding activation of the apoptotic enzymes. In this study we used microarray technology to determine whether several disparate types of hematologic cells, all sensitive to GC-evoked apoptosis, would identify a common set of regulated genes. We compared gene expression signatures after treatment with two potent synthetic GCs, dexamethasone (Dex) and cortivazol (CVZ) using a panel of hematologic cells. Pediatric CD4+/CD8+ T-cell leukemia was represented by 3 CEM clones: two sensitive, CEM-C7–14 and CEM-C1–6, and one resistant, CEM-C1–15, to Dex. CEM-C1–15 was also tested when rendered GC-sensitive by several treatments. GC-sensitive pediatric B-cell leukemia was represented by the SUP-B15 line and adult B-cell leukemia by RS4;11 cells. Kasumi-1 cells gave an example of the rare Dex-sensitive acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). To test the generality of the correlations in malignant cell gene sets, we compared with GC effects on mouse non-transformed thymocytes.ResultsWe identified a set of genes regulated by GCs in all GC-sensitive malignant cells. A portion of these were also regulated in the thymocytes. Because we knew that the highly Dex-resistant CEM-C1–15 cells could be killed by CVZ, we tested these cells with the latter steroid and again found that many of the same genes were now regulated as in the inherently GC-sensitive cells. The same result was obtained when we converted the Dex-resistant clone to Dex-sensitive by treatment with forskolin (FSK), to activate the adenyl cyclase/protein kinase A pathway (PKA).ConclusionOur results have identified small sets of genes that correlate with GC-sensitivity in cells from several hematologic malignancies. Some of these are also regulated in normal mouse thymocytes.