bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravel Packing for High Rate Completions
Authors: McLeod Harry O. , Crawford Horace R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Good engineering design and execution of gravel pack procedures can and have increased the oil flow rates of wells in the Gulf of Mexico by many thousands of barrels per day. However, many completions have failed to perform at design rates. The primary reason is that design methods have neglected the effect of the damaged formation around perforations. If damaged perforations are considered along with the effects of perforation washing, well flow analysis can better predict expected well productivity and help select better completion procedures.
The Influence of Placement Conditions on the Response of Gravel Packs to Production
Authors: Torrest Robert S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Experiments in well bore models illustrate the influence of placement variables on gravel pack response to fluid production. Increasing pressure drop across packed perforations with increasing flow rates for production into the well bore was used as a measure of pack quality. With proper placement, pressure drop to 150 psi followed a smooth curve characteristic of a fixed porous medium. Otherwise, the perforation gravel is pushed back in a series of plug-like movements which show up as discontinuities on the curve and may lead to "blow-outs."
Multiphase Flow in Porous Media: II. Pore-Level Modeling
Authors: Mohanty Kishore K. , Salter Stephen J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The pores a phase occupies and the way those pores are interconnected are shown here to determine the macroscopic transport properties of that phase. Such transport properties are dispersivity, capacitance, relative permeability and. capillary pressure. A pore-level, three-dimensional network model is presented in this paper which incorporates the structure of porous rock, pore-level fluid displacement mechanisms and saturation history. The model calculates pore-level distribution of fluids, and then computes steady-state transport properties of such distributions. The results are compared with experimentally obtained values and illustrate the nature of fluid flow and the mechanisms of mixing in strongly wetting rocks.
The Effect of Drainage Area and Production Rate on the Performance of Depletion Drive Oil Reservoirs
Authors: El-Khatib Noaman A. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A modified performance prediction method for depletion drive oil reservoirs that accounts for pressure and saturation variations within the reservoir is outlined. This developed method is used to study the effect of such parameters as production rate, well spacing, shape of drainage area and well location and formation damage on reservoir performance. This study shows that production rate,well spacing and formation damage significantly affect the performance while the shape of drainage area and the well location within a specified drainage area has insignificant effect on the performance. Fractional oil recovery Is found to Increase and the producing gas-oil ratio to increase at increasing production rate, increasing well spacing and increasing skin factor.
An Analysis of Infill Drilling
Authors: Gould Thomas L. , Mupoz Mark A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Infill drilling of a pattern waterflood is a common practice in order to achieve accelerated production and improved recovery. Infill drilling is also performed for tertiary oil recovery projects in order to decrease project life and improve reservoir control. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of reservoir and fluid properties on infill performance and determine the conditions under which infilling is economically justified. In many cases a tertiary project cannot justify the capital cost of infill wells. However, if incremental secondary oi1 was recovered as a result of infilling, this could partially or fully offset the investment.
Waterflood simulations were performed on single 1ayer and multi-1ayer five spot symmetry elements. Infilling was performed at several water cuts in order to evaluate the effect of initial saturation distribution on oil rate decline characteristics. Infill decline characteristics and "cut-cum" analysis were compared with continuation of the existing waterflood to the economic limit.
We have shown that infill drilling performance is sensitive to water cut at infill, oil viscosity, heterogeneity, and the degree of cross-flow between 1ayers. Under the right conditions, infilling has three major benefits to a project: Incremental recovery at the economic limitAccelerated oil productionReduced operating cost through lower water cuts
The results of this work can be used to estimate the amount of incremental secondary oil that will result from infill drilling an ongoing pattern waterflood.
Pressure Transient Analysis for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Cinco-Ley Heber , Samaniego V. Fernando 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTNew ideas are presented for the interprtation of pressure transient tests for wells in naturally fractured reservoirs. This work is based on the transient matrix flow model formulated by de Swaan. The differences between this model and the Warren and Root model occur during the transition flow period.It is demonstrated that the behavior of a naturally fractured reservoir can be correlated by using three dimensionless parameters. (i.e. ω, AfD, ηmaD. It is established that regardless of matrix geometry the transition period might exhibit a straight line whose slope is equal to half the slope of the classical parallel semilog straight lines, provided the transient matrix linear flow is present. In addition, information is provided on the estimation of fracture area per unit matrix volume or matrix parameters from the transition period semilog straight line. It is shown, that matrix geometry might be identified when pressure data are smooth. Field examples are included to illustrate the application and the validity of the theoretical results of this study.
The Economic Advantages of Computers in Producing Operations
Authors: Attra H.D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Continued advances in computing technology have stimulated great interest in the objectives and the results of this activity. This paper summarizes some profitable new computing applications developed for producing operations in the fields of Economics, Planning, and Reservoir and Production Engineering. Each application is reviewed in terms of the problem to be solved, the approach used to solve it, results where available, and the requirements for long-range profit potential.
Two basic conclusions are reached. First, advanced computing methods can be adapted to a wide scope of our producing operation with profitable results, and, second, the most important requirement for successful computing is a thorough understanding of our problems and the economic potential to be gained from their solution.
INTRODUCTION
"The requirements for scientific computing have doubled each year since 1952, and the trend seems to be continuing." This statement and others like it have led to two very basic questions - How is this activity improving profits? And where is the payout? A great deal of information is available in the technical literature on new mathematical techniques for solving otherwise insurmountable problems. An equal volume of accounting literature is devoted to automated but straightforward data-handling methods that aim simply at reducing cost over manual procedures. Most of these articles stress computing techniques rather than the fundamental requirements for profitable use.
This paper discusses the basic consideration involved in applying some of the new computing techniques to economic planning studies of field producing operations Each application is discussed in terms of the basic problem to be solved, the approach used to solve it and the economic considerations involved The discussion is not intended to detail the numerical approach or data requirements used for each procedure. However, this information is available through the referenced material. In most cases, the applications do not employ mass data-handling methods or involved numerical techniques. They follow an approach which closely simulates sound engineering logic and relies upon a thorough understanding of the problem trid the economic potential to be gained from its solution. This point is better illustrated by reviewing specific problems which are being solved in the fields of Economics, Planning, Drilling and Reservoir Analysis.
Measurement of Formation Resistivity Changes Induced by In-Situ Combustion
Authors: Lee D. O. , Wayland J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Use of controlled source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT) techniques to map thermal fronts associated with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes depends upon knowledge of the changes in formation electrical resistivity. Measurement of these changes required the development of a technique which survives high temperatures and a very corrosive environment while measuring over a frequency range of 5 Hz to 5000 Hz. The apparatus to make these measurements is described. The results from a laboratory forward dry combustion test in the University of Calgary combustion tube are presented. It is found that there is a two-decade change in the resistivity as the fire front traverses through a region. Also there are indications of the separate zones within a fire front. The importance of these results to interpreting CSAMT data are then considered. The frequency dependency of the resistivity changes suggests means of increasing CSAMT sensitivity of deep oil pay-zone mappings.
Effects of Hydraulic Parameter Cleaning Variations on Rate of Penetration of Soft Formation Insert Bits
Authors: Doiron Harold H. , Deane John D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Effects of hydraulic cleaning parameter variations on rate of penetration response of 7 7/8 inch diameter soft formation insert bits have been measured in laboratory drilling tests. Tests were conducted in Mancos Shale rock samples at 700 psi and 4000 psi simulated overbalance pressure conditions using a 9.1 pound per gallon bentonite-barite water base drilling fluid. Bit hydraulic horsepower was varied from 0.72 to 9.5 HHP/in2 using two or three nozzles in sizes ranging from 9/32 to 14/32 inches in diameter. Some improvements in ROP at constant bit hydraulic horsepower and impact force levels were obtained with two nozzle configurations vs. three nozzle configurations, but improvements were not consistently out of the range of normal test to test variations.
Reduction in drilling costs due to the measured response of ROP to improved hydraulic cleaning is compared to increased operating costs required to provide additional hydraulics. Results indicate that bit hydraulic horsepower levels in excess of popular rules of thumb are cost effective in slow drilling due to high overbalance pressure.
The Development of Structured Cavitating Jets for Deep-Hole Bits
Authors: Johnson Virgil E. , Chahine Georges L. , Lindenmuth William T. , Conn Andrew F. , Frederick Gary S. , Giacchino George J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The erosion and cleaning effects of jets are enhanced when the degree of cavitation occurring on or near the bottom of the hole is increased. A new, STRuctured Acoustically Tuned Oscillating Jet ("STRATOJET") system causes the formation of large discrete vortex rings that promote cavitation to depths several times greater than for conventional jets. The new nozzle designs are shown to be suitable for existing mechanical drill bits and may even enhance hole cleaning in the absence of cavitation. Recent data on the effect of drilling mud on the amplitude of excitation and some laboratory hole bottom cleaning results are also presented.
How Instantaneous are Instantaneous Shut-In Pressures?
Authors: McLennan J. D. , Roegiers J. -C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Instantaneous shut-in pressure is a term commonly employed, but often used indiscriminately. Shut-in pressure is conventionally regarded as a static pressure-equilibrium condition existing between a slightly open fracture and the in-situ stress regime. Several techniques for determination of this pressure level, from pressure-time records, have been presented.
This report reviews the various definitions and mechanisms for shut-in pressures and critically evaluates the general validity of this concept as a stress parameter indicator. It also outlines the factors which may affect the positive identification of a distinct shut-in (i.e., leakoff, nonuniform fracture azimuth, presence and distribution of proppant and fracture length). The report also provides an alternate interpretation technique, allowing for discrimination between effects of this nature and the existing in-situ stress field.
The alternate technique is corroborated by precise laboratory testing and by back analyses of various field situations, including micro-hydraulic fracturing and hydraulic fracturing treatments.
Enhanced Recovery of Oil by Alkaline Steam Flooding
Authors: Okoye Christian Udokwu , Tiab Djebbar 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The results of the laboratory studies of alkaline steam flooding of previously water flooded sandpacks and cores are presented in this paper. In these studies the applicability of alkali as chemical additives to steam in tertiary recovery of heavy oil was investigated. Four kinds of alkali: Sodium hydroxide sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide were added to steam, each on separate case, as a chemical additive to enhance oil recovery from water flooded sandpacks and cores.
These studies examined the feasibility of achieving the following goals: (1) Combination of the individual oil recovery mechanisms of steam flood and alkaline flood to improve the net recovery performance over either single process, (2) Improvement of sweep and displacement efficiencies by having alkaline condensate sweep the lower portion of the formation usually over ridden by steam, (3) Low interfacial tension displacement induced by in situ solvent drive, (4) Favorable wettability alteration, (5) Rigid film breaking, (6) Viscosity reduction, (7) Temperature reduction, below that for conventional steam flooding, in alkaline steam flooding without loss in oil recovery performance, (8) Determination of the optimal temperature range for alkaline steam flooding in tertiary oil recovery processes and (9) Evaluation of the recovery performance of alkaline steam flooding at low residual oil saturations.
The optimal process or processes for alkaline steam flooding was deduced from six aspects of caustic steam flooding conducted on water flooded glass bead-packs in a previous investigation.2 Based on the recovery performances of the six cases examined, the processes of alkaline steam flooding following conventional water flooding were adopted to evaluate the oil recovery performance of the four alkali on sandpacks and berea cores.
Sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide - steam floods in sandpacks recovered, each, about 9 percent more of initial oil in place than conventional steam flood. With berea core as the displcaement media, caustic steam flooding and sodium silicate - steam flooding recovered 10 and 6.5 percent respectively more of initial oil in place than conventional steam flooding. Caustic potash steam flood was not conducted in berea core because of the non-unique performance in the sandpack test and the high cost both of which will render it uneconomical for practical applications. Sodium carbonate steam flooding failed in both sandpack and core tests having recovered far less oil than conventional steam flooding in both situations.
Further Investigator of Pressure Transient Testing in Steamflood Projects
Authors: Messner Gregory L. , Williams Richard L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In a previous work3 it was demonstrated that pressure transient analysis techniques could be applied to steam injection wells, providing important information regarding the progress of a steamflood project. In an extension of that study, the authors have examined several other aspects and applications of pressure transient analysis in steamflood projects. Through the analysis of actual steam injection well pressure falloff data and numerical simulation results, the application of the real gas law and the effects of the gravity segregation of steam have been addressed. Also, the feasibility of interference testing has been studied.
Evaluation of Reservoir Risks and Economic Assumptions in Bank Lending
Authors: Pelley William E. , Constable Richard W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT:
The significant factors in oil and gas loan evaluation have been shifting in recent years. Although reserve analyses and their associated production rates remain basic to an analysis, the economic factors of pricing may frequently involve a greater sensitivity to loan safety than reservoir interpretation.
This paper comments on these changes and on the problems of political risk. A plea is made for realistic evaluations and a recognition that problem credits hurt the borrowing institutions as well as the lenders.
Automatic Control of the Wattenberg Gas Field, Colorado
Authors: Reese Charles P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the successful implementation of automatic control in the Wattenberg Gas Field in northern Colorado. Also discussed is the use of solar powered Amocams equipment to affect continuous monitoring and control of these tight gas wells.
The control system includes an algorithm which continuously adjusts the production cycling based on changes in the individual well's producing pressures and flow rates. This strategy has been successful in enhancing production and reducing the number of wells logged off due to excessive fluid buildup.
A review of the benefits derived from this system are enumerated and the impact on field operations are discussed.
Fiberscopic Inspection of Pipe Provers
Authors: Williams Iva J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Measurement of crude oil constitutes the last stage of production operations. Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) units are commonly utilized to measure crude oil volumes throughout the industry. LACT units consist of a meter to measure the quantity of oil and a sampling system to retain a representative sample for later quality measurements. The meters typically are calibrated with a device known as a pipe prover by comparing the known volume throughput of the pipe prover to the volume registered on the meter totalizer. American Petroleum Institute (API) standards require the calibration of pipe provers once every five years to establish the known volume. If the prover volume changes during this period, then the calibrated volume and the meter factors obtained will no longer be accurate. Consequently, the actual volumes transferred and the volumes reported as transferred for accounting purposes will be different. Internal coating degradation will result in the producer being credited with less oil than is actually transferred. Approximately 1300 meter factors will be determined by one prover pipe in a year, thus, the economic impact due to coating degradation can be substantial.
The use of fiberoptics has provided an improved means for the inspection of a pipe prover's measurement chamber to check coating integrity. In fact, at locations where the coating has "bubbled" due to a gas entrainment, subsequent coating sloughing has been documented. Worn coating, scratches, primer and base metal are detectable. In cases where the coating and primer have been removed, the condition of the base metal is easily discernable. The fiberoptic inspection provides a field screening method to determine the need for recalibration when coating degradation has occurred.
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Density of Drilling Fluids
Authors: McMordie W. C. , Bland R. G. , Hauser J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Laboratory data are presented on the changes in the densities of 11–18 lb/gal oil and water base drilling fluids in the temperature and pressure ranges of 70°–400°F and 0–14,000 psig. Results indicate that the change in density of a given type of drilling fluid appear to be independent of the initial density of the fluid, and as oil base drilling fluids are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, they become more dense than water base drilling fluids. The test apparatus and calibration are also described.
Use of a NovelLiquid Gelling Agent for Acidizing in the Levelland Field
Authors: Leggett Brude , Norman Lewis R. , Colbert Jason R. , Nelson David O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The San Andres dolomite formation of the Level land Field in Hockley County, Texas is typically stimulated by acidizing. The types of treatments include workovers of production and injection wells, and initial stimulations of infill drilled wells. This formation is naturally fractured and normally produces a large quantity of released fines following an acidizing treatment. Gelled acid systems are beneficial in stimulation of these type formations due to decreased fluid leakoff and improved fines suspending ability. Several types of acid gelling systems based on polymers are presently available. The use of residual polymer or degraded polymer residue in the Levelland Field may prevent complete recovery of treating fluids and fines.
A gelling agent based on surfactant rather than polymer chemistry has been found to exhibit some unique foam properties in laboratory experiments. Acid gelled with this novel thickener required no additional foaming surfactants, gave higher quality foams than polymer thickened acids of equal viscosity, and allowed stable foams to be prepared which contained less than 50% nitrogen.
An evaluation of this gelling-foaming system has been done in the Levelland Field. A comparison is made based on field results between regular acid and other gelled acid systems. Wells with similar pay quality were selected using log and other analyses and comparative treatments were performed. Details of these treatments and production results are given in the paper. Cumulative production data one year after treatment revealed foamed surfactant gelled acid to be the most effective treatment for initial stimulations.
Further evaluation of acid gelling systems is presented in the paper through a composite of results from surfactant gelled and conventional acid treatments involving workovers of producing wells.
Although many treating variables were not constant, production results from surfactant gelled acid indicates substantial improvement over more conventional acid systems.