bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Initiated Volunteering and Mental Health
Authors: Musick Marc A. , Waggoner Miranda R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores an association between volunteering and health. It proposes and tests a theory focused on self-initiated volunteering, that is, volunteering which is done by someone who has not been asked to do the volunteering. It is hypothesized that people who engage in this type of volunteering will reap greater mental health rewards from that activity than those who volunteer after being asked to do so. The chapter proceeds as follows. The first part reviews the literature on volunteering and mental health and then discusses how self-initiated volunteering should fit into this framework. Next, it tests expectations using a newly collected data set that contains extensive measures of volunteering and mental health. It concludes with a discussion of findings and what future research might do to further knowledge in this domain.
Generativity: A Form of Unconditional Love
Authors: Vaillant George E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter uses the Study of Adult Development — Harvard Medical School's sixty-year prospective study of the lives of college and inner-city men — to answer two questions about generativity. First, should the Eriksonian concept of generativity be distinguished from the human capacity for warm relationships? Second, does generativity lead to improved physical health in later life? The chapter begins by defining generativity not only as assuming responsibility for the growth and well-being of others, but also as community building and mentoring to the next generation, and it points out that generative relationships often require much greater maturity than does simple loving attachment. The chapter uses the examples of two men from the study's inner-city cohort to show that generativity is not dependent upon social privilege and that generative individuals do not always live long, healthy lives.
Foul Bodies
Authors: Mrozik Susanne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates how even an apparently negative discourse on bodies serves the Compendium of Training's purpose of producing bodhisattvas with bodies that have transformative effects on others. It shows that in spite of their differences, the ascetic and physiomoral discourses on bodies share the same end: producing bodhisattvas with bodies capable of ripening others. These are the bodies of well-disciplined monastics whose very features, postures, and movements instantiate for others their moral achievement. If these bodhisattvas reach the end of their path, they too will materialize the most virtuous body of all, namely, that of a buddha.
The Use of Survey Data to Investigate Price Setting
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. , Martins Fernando , Sabbatini Roberto , Stahl Harald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main theoretical aspects of firms' price setting behavior analyzed in the national studies surveyed in the book. It deals with the determinants of prices, the characteristics of the price adjustment process, with a focus on reasons underlying nominal price stickiness, and asymmetries in price changes. The chapter also reviews the pros and cons of the use of surveys to investigate price setting behavior and the main characteristics of the research design for the euro area documented in the book.
Competition and Price Adjustment in the Euro Area
Authors: Álvarez Luis J. , Hernando Ignacio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of a number of factors, in particular the intensity of market competition, in explaining the heterogeneity in the degree of price stickiness across industries, on the basis of the information provided by surveys on pricing behavior conducted in nine euro area countries. Our results suggest that the price setting strategies of the most competitive firms give them a greater capacity to react to shocks and make, in practice, for greater flexibility in their prices. The direct influence of market competition on price flexibility is corroborated by a cross-country cross-industry econometric analysis based on the information provided by surveys. This analysis also shows that the cost structure and demand conditions help to explain the degree of price flexibility. Finally, it suggests that countries in which product market regulation is more relevant are characterized by less price flexibility.
Language Interrupted
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractForeigners often say that the English language is “easy”. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straightforward. But linguists generally deny claims that certain languages are ‘easier’ than others, since it is assumed that all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word “do” — Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. This book agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become an area of great debate in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. This book describes when languages came into contact (when French-speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the Vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly and thus came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a “real” language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a “non-interrupted” language that has been around for a long time. This book makes the case that this kind of simplification happens by degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. It analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, the book looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties.
4 English
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the difference between English and its sister languages. It shows that in the emergence of Modern English, simplification dominated complexification to a greater extent than in any other Germanic language. Evidence suggests that this simplification was not a happenstance peculiarity, but due to a sociohistorical hindering of the full transmission of its grammar across generations. English is significantly less complex overall than its sister languages, based on factors such as inherent reflexes, external possessors, directional adverbs, and indefinite pronouns.
7 Colloquial Arabic
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Islamic Empire conquered peoples as far north as Syria and Iraq, as far east as the Indus River, as far west as Morocco and Spain, and southward to Chad and Sudan. This spread was quite rapid, and in each new location, Arabs encountered speakers of other languages, many of whom had urgent reason to acquire the conquering language quickly, especially since it was the means to understand a successfully imposed religion. These events indicate that a millennium and a half later, the Arabic spoken natively in these locations would turn out to be markedly streamlined compared to the language spoken by the nomads of the 7th century. This chapter argues that this is exactly what happened to Arabic across the Islamic Empire.
Reinterpreting Sex, Sin, and Desire
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter interrogates the assumption of natural maleness and femaleness found in feminist theological writings on the imago dei and so-called women's sin. A sex binarism is problematic because of its link to heteronormativity (the notion that heterosexuality is the only legitimate form of sexual desire) and thus to heterosexism. Judith Butler's poststructuralist theory of performativity is used to deconstruct that sex binarism. The theory of performative sexed identity is applied theologically in order to reformulate the notions of sin and women's creation in the image of God. The chapter's critical examination of Grace Jantzen's alternative proposals about women's selfhood and desires opens up a larger issue of how in the process of rethinking sex, sin, and the imago dei, the feminist theologian can rediscover desire for the tradition itself.
Introduction
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter briefly introduces the central concepts of the theory developed in the book. Thus collective intentionality and the accompanying “we-perspective” both in the full, we-mode sense and in the “private”, I-mode sense are introduced. A preliminary survey of the contents of the chapters is given and the most central theses, twelve of them, of the theory are presented in this introduction.
The We-Mode and the I-Mode
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyzes several versions of the notions of the I-mode and the we-mode. It also clarifies the central Collectivity Condition explicating a strong version of the “common fate” or “standing and falling together” idea that we-mode groups involve and that underlies the full we-mode and thus the full shared point of view. The other central conceptual ingredients of the we-mode are collective acceptance for the group and collective commitment. The we-mode embodies the group's point of view and gives a group reason for action to the members.The chapter also contains arguments for the importance of the we-mode, and it surveys most of the arguments for the importance, necessity, and desirability of we-mode thinking and acting that are discussed in detail later in the book.
Social Institutions
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA detailed account of social institutions in force is presented. Social institutions are regarded as special collectively constructed social practices that are normatively governed—in part by constitutive norms. At bottom, institutions are group-level phenomena accountable in terms of the we-mode. However, in actual life, institutional activities normally also include I-mode activities that accordingly can be said to have colonized the realm of we-mode institutional action. Institutional practices or items in them centrally have a special institutional status—including a conceptual, social, normative component. It is shown that the we-mode, collectivity, sociality (in a constructivist sense), and institutionality go together.
Emerson's Ghosts
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The central question engaged in this book is the following: why does Emerson's cultural legacy continue to influence writers so forcefully? This study examines the way influential 20th-century critics have understood and deployed Emerson as part of their own larger projects aimed at reconceiving America. It examines previously unpublished material and original research on Van Wyck Brooks, Perry Miller, F. O. Matthiessen, and Sacvan Bercovitch along with other supporting thinkers. Emerging from this research is an in-depth account of Emerson's cultural construction as well as an institutional history of American literary studies in the 20th century. This book is also a fine-grained study of how the relationship between a scholar's individual perspective and prevailing cultural conditions merge together to impel critics to redirect the course of a present moment — often experienced as disappointing and unfulfilled — toward a desired future. When an engaged but theoretical mind meets with an impassive history, the response that follows, for some of our most imaginative and brilliant critics, has led, often and suggestively, to a turn toward Emerson.
Selection between Competing Responses Based on Conditional Rules
Authors: Petrides Michael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn important aspect of the control of behavior is the selection of appropriate action guided by learned conditional rules. This chapter reviews research showing that patients with unilateral frontal lesions are severely impaired in learning to select between competing actions based on conditional rules, although they can perform the individual actions. Studies of macaque monkeys have implicated the posterior part of the dorsolateral frontal region in the learning and performance of such conditional responses. More specifically, the rostral part of premotor area 6 is recruited when the task requires selection between distinct movements, whereas area 8 is involved in the selection between competing visual stimuli. Finally, the mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which plays a role in the active controlled retrieval of information from memory, may be involved during the early stages of conditional associative learning, when relations between stimuli and responses are still ambiguous.
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Controlling Memory to Inform Action
Authors: Badre David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractComprehending the world based on memory and stored knowledge often precedes goal‐directed, context‐appropriate action. Cognitive control processes permit memory to be accessed strategically and can provide the critical link between knowledge and actions. This chapter considers two central questions about the cognitive control of memory by prefrontal cortex: (1) What processes support strategic access to knowledge‐for‐action, that is knowledge to inform rules and actions? (2) How do humans overcome those forms of interference that impede efforts to access this knowledge? Included is a review of several recent neuroimaging experiments that highlight the role of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in supporting these capacities. Having specified these control functions, the chapter illustrates their centrality to rule‐guided behavior, as exemplified in task‐switching. In particular, this cognitive function is discussed from the perspective of constraints on knowledge access and their relief through memory control of mechanisms.
The Demise of Reductionism in Philosophy of Science
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the widespread assumptions that intertheoretic reductions are common in the natural sciences and that reducibility serves as a kind of normative constraint upon the legitimacy of the special sciences. While this was the mainline view in philosophy of science in the mid‐twentieth century, it has received decisive criticism within philosophy of science since the 1970s. The basic reasons for this rejection of Carnap‐Nagel style reductionism are recounted in this chapter.
Cognitive Pluralism and Naturalism
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis final chapter returns to the topic of naturalism, exploring the implications of Cognitive Pluralism for naturalism. The answer depends on the type of “naturalism” that is in question. In philosophy of science, naturalism indicates the view that philosophy of science should not proceed through a priori reasoning, but be guided by what is found in the sciences themselves. In this respect, this book has pursued a “naturalistic” approach. However, if naturalism means that the mind can be wholly accommodated in the world of nature as understood by the natural sciences, the conclusions to be drawn are antinaturalistic. Pluralism is antireductionistic. And cognitivism treats the mind as being in a special sense prior to our models of the world, including our scientific models.
The Methods of Metaphysics
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe cluster of theses that underpin the reflective common sense worldview defended in this book has significant consequences regarding the proper methods and limits of metaphysics. This chapter argues that given those theses, the metaphysical side of questions about identity and persistence conditions, ontological status, and existence must be addressed by a form of conceptual analysis whose proper methods and limits are very different from those of the empirical sciences. As a result, radically revisionary answers to any of these questions must be met with suspicion. Moreover, if we properly understand what we are doing in asking questions about existence, we must suspect that many apparent debates in ontology are pseudo-debates in which the disputants talk past each other or try to answer unanswerable questions. The book closes with a sketch of some of these important metaontological consequences that fall out of the work of this book.
Evolution of Fatherhood
Authors: Geary David C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Why is fatherhood found at all in humans? This question is central to our understanding of men and families, because human fathers are a scientific riddle. This is because men's parenting is highly unusual when placed in the context of little, if any, male parenting in at least 95 percent of other mammalian species, including the two species most closely related to humans, that is, chimpanzees and bonobos. This chapter attempts to explain some aspects of this riddle and provides a wider perspective on human fatherhood, its evolution, and its expression in various social and cultural contexts. In the first section, the focus is on the cross-species patterns of male parenting or paternal investment and the implications for understanding the conditions that promote the evolution and proximate expression of this form of parenting. The second consists of an analysis of the evolution and expression of men's parenting.
Violence and Abuse in Families: The Consequences of Paternal Uncertainty
Authors: Goetz Aaron T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
To some, it may seem paradoxical that members of a family are often violent and abusive toward one another. For example, why would an individual harm another in whom they have a vested interest, whom they love? One answer that might be offered is that violence and abuse occurs only in families that lack intimacy, love, and care. This answer, however, is wrong. Violence and abuse can occur in even the most loving families and between the most satisfied couples. This chapter discusses why violence and abuse occurs in families, particularly between intimate partners, focusing on the root of most partner violence: paternity uncertainty. It also focuses on physical and sexual intimate partner violence.
The Research Community
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this chapter the focus narrows to the stories, beliefs, relationships, and motivations of those who formed the core membership of the terreiro. It describes Afro‐Brazilian religion as it was revealed through interviews, informal stories, personal histories, and daily activities by frequenters, lodgers, and leaders of the terreiro. Together, chapters 2 and 3 provide the essential backdrop for further specific items of description and theoretical considerations in the remainder of the book.
Domestic Financing of Business and Public Investments
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the sources, magnitude, and means of financing investments in public and private enterprises after the Korean War. The analysis considers the credit policies relative to economic sectors (e.g., industry, mining, trade, and agriculture); industrial sectors (e.g., social overhead capital and manufacturing); the nature of investment (e.g., “entrepreneurial”, capital-, and technological-intensities in industries, the scale of business), and loan terms. This chapter also evaluates the criteria used to allocate loans, as well as the sources of financial resources obtained by the domestic lending institutions. The government interest rate policy is also examined.
Foreign Aid, Loans, and Other Sources of Foreign Savings
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines foreign savings/resources in the form of foreign aids, loans, portfolio investment, other miscellaneous venues, as well as Japanese reparations and loan repayment guarantee programs. This is followed by the evaluation of the beneficiaries of government policies and the efficacy of foreign aid as an instrument of investment. Since the South Korean government intervened directly in markets to work out an effective system of incentives and create a favorable environment for maximum business response, the role of the government is examined in detail. The impacts of various venues on investment are assessed.
Creative Suffering of the Triune God
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe global reality of suffering and death has demanded an authentic theological response in every era and has impelled debate concerning God's relationship to suffering and the conceivability of the suffering of God. In a former age, theology proposed an omnipotent and impassible deus ex machina in answer to this question. However, contemporary theologies have proposed alternatives to this understanding of God in relation to the world. With such theologies, this book proposes that a truly viable response to cosmic suffering is the recognition that God participates in the cruciform existence of the cosmos and its creatures. Informed by the understandings of evolutionary science, grounded within a panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship, and rooted within the Christian theological tradition, this book develops a systematic understanding of the Triune God's intimate involvement with the suffering of the cosmos and its creatures in dialogue with the insights of scientist‐theologian Arthur R. Peacocke. Recognizing that its proposals must demonstrate practical value in response to cosmic and human suffering, the book sets forth a female procreative model of the creative suffering of the Triune God, an ecological ethics based on the midwife model of care, and a pastoral model of threefold suffering in God as steps toward Christian praxis in response to the pain, suffering, and death endemic in cosmic existence and human experience.
Development and the Structured Self
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter charts links between the Stoic and Epicurean conception of self that is discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 (the structured self), and their ideas about ethical development. Human beings, while seen as psychophysical and psychological wholes, are also seen as constitutively capable of achieving a fully structured and coherent ethical character. This set of ideas is illustrated especially by reference to the Stoic theory of development as ‘appropriation’. The Stoic theory is seen as embodying a holistic approach both to human psychology and to ideals of ethical character. Stoic and Epicurean ideas about development are also linked with their use of the ‘whole-person’ model of causation and with ‘rich naturalism’, that is, the systematic integration of logic, ethics, and physics. Stoic-Epicurean thinking about development is contrasted with the Platonic-Aristotelian approach, especially as found in Antiochus and Arius Didymus.