bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock Attenuation of Various Protective Devices for Prevention of Fall-Related Injuries of the Forearm/Hand Complex
Authors: Kim Kyu-Jung , Alian Ali M. , Morris William S. , Lee Young-Hwa 
Published: December 2005

Background Attenuation of the peak impact force is essential in any protective devices for prevention of fall-related injuries. Hypothesis Common wrist guards have limited effectiveness because of the multifaceted nature of wrist injury mechanisms, and other modalities may provide enhanced shock-absorbing functions. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A free-fall device was constructed using a mechanical surrogate to simulate falling impact. At 4 different falling heights, 5 different hand conditions were tested: bare hand, a generic-brand wrist guard, a Sorbothane glove, an air cell, and an air bladder condition. The impact force from the ground and the transmitted impact force to the forearm/hand complex were simultaneously measured. Results The falling height and hand condition significantly modulated the impact responses. The padded conditions always had significantly smaller peak impact forces compared with the bare-hand condition. The wrist guard became ineffective in impact force attenuation beyond the falling height of 51 cm. On the other hand, the air bladder condition maintained less than 45% of the peak impact force of the bare-hand condition and remained below the critical value, whereas other conditions were all ineffective. Conclusion It was reconfirmed that common wrist guard design could provide limited impact force attenuation, whereas damped pneumatic springs would provide substantially enhanced shock-absorbing functions. Clinical Relevance A wrist guard incorporating volar padding with the pneumatic spring design principle might be more effective at preventing injuries than are currently available designs.
Range of Joint Movement in Female Dancers and Nondancers Aged 8 to 16 Years
Authors: Steinberg Nili , Hershkovitz Israel , Peleg Smadar , Dar Gali , Masharawi Youssef , Heim Michael , Siev-Ner Itzhak 
Published: December 2005

Background Little data are available on changes that occur with age in joint range of motion in dancers and nondancers. Hypothesis In dancers, joint range of motion will increase with age, whereas it will decrease in nondancers, independent of the joint studied. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The study population included 1320 female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years, who participated in different types of dancing classes (classical ballet, modern dance, jazz, etc) and 226 nondancers of similar age. Range of motion was measured for the hip, knee, ankle, foot, and spinal joints. Results The pattern of differences in range of motion with age varied in different joints and types of movement. (1) For combined ankle and foot plantar flexion (pointe), ankle plantar flexion, and hip external rotation, there was no change in range of motion in dancers, whereas range of motion diminished with age in the nondancers. (2) For ankle dorsiflexion, neither group showed any change with age, and range of motion was significantly greater in the nondancer group. (3) For knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip internal rotation, range of motion decreased with age in both groups. (4) For hip abduction, range of motion decreased with age in dancers and remained constant in the nondancers. (5) For hip extension, range of motion increased in both groups. (6) For lower back and hamstrings, range of motion increased among dancers with age and remained constant among nondancers. Conclusion Dancers and teachers should realize that passive joint range of motion is unlikely to improve with age. Therefore, the major goal of a dancing program should focus on exercises that retain the natural flexibility of the dancers’ joints rather than trying to improve them.
Gender Differences in Outcome after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendon Autograft
Authors: Salmon Lucy J. , Refshauge Kathryn M. , Russell Vivianne J. , Roe Justin P. , Linklater James , Pinczewski Leo A. 
Published: December 2005

Background It is now well documented that women are more likely to suffer anterior cruciate ligament injuries than are men. A few studies have examined gender differences in the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon graft and hamstring tendon with Endo Button fixation, but no well-controlled studies have specifically compared men and women after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft and interference screw fixation. Hypothesis There is no difference in outcome between men and women after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft and interference screw fixation. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods There were 100 men and 100 women who underwent isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by a single surgeon. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 7 years after surgery. Variables were compared between female and male patients. Results Laxity on physical evaluation was greater in women than in men on Lachman (P= .04), pivot-shift (P= .05), and mean manual maximum testing (P= .05) at 7 years. However, the magnitude of this difference was small. No patient had a greater than grade 1 Lachman or pivot-shift test result, and the mean difference between men and women was 0.6 mm on instrumented testing. Anterior cruciate ligament graft rupture occurred in 11 men and 10 women. There was no difference between male and female patients for self-reported knee function or symptoms of instability or radiologic examination. Conclusion Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft affords excellent self-reported and objective results in both men and women after 7 years. Although significantly greater laxity on physical examination was present in female patients than in male patients, the magnitude of this difference was small and had no effect on activity level, graft failure, or subjective or functional assessment.
Does Subchondral Bone Affect the Fate of Osteochondral Allografts during Storage?
Authors: Pennock Andrew T. , Robertson Catherine M. , Wagner Ferdinand , Harwood Frederick L. , Bugbee William D. , Amiel David 
Published: December 2005

Background Osteochondral allografts currently are hypothermically stored for a minimum of 14 days to a maximum of 28 days before surgical implantation, making storage conditions increasingly important. Previous studies have suggested that graft deterioration during storage may result from degradative factors and residual marrow elements in the subchondral bone. Hypothesis Allografts stored with large bone-to-cartilage ratios will be compromised after prolonged storage compared with grafts with minimal bone. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Osteochondral plugs were harvested from 16 fresh human femoral condyles and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups based on bone-to-cartilage ratios: 1:1, 5:1, or 10:1. These ratios were considered on the basis that the 1:1 ratio is the minimum bone necessary to press-fit an allograft and 10:1 is the present ratio used by tissue banks for allograft storage. After 14 and 28 days of storage at 4 ° C, the specimens were assessed for viability and viable cell density using confocal microscopy, proteoglycan synthesis by 35SO4 incorporation, and glycosaminoglycan content. Results All grafts underwent a significant decline in viable cell density, proteoglycan synthesis, and chondrocyte viability (particularly in the superficial region) after 14 days of storage, but no differences were observed between the 1:1, 5:1, or 10:1 ratio groups at either day 14 or day 28. In addition, no significant difference was noted in the glycosaminoglycan content in any of the groups. Conclusion Osteochondral allografts stored with a 10:1 bone-to-cartilage ratio, similar to tissue-banking ratios, performed no worse than allografts stored with minimal bone, suggesting that the bone-to-cartilage ratio plays little to no role in the degradation of allografts during prolonged storage. Clinical Relevance As the practice of osteochondral allograft resurfacing becomes more commonplace, it is important that surgeons understand the factors that affect graft quality.
Maturation Leads to Gender Differences in Landing Force and Vertical Jump Performance
Authors: Quatman Carmen E. , Ford Kevin R. , Myer Gregory D. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: December 2005

Background Female athletes have increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture after the onset of puberty. Hypotheses Male athletes would demonstrate a longitudinal increase in vertical jump height compared with female athletes. There would be longitudinal gender differences in ground-reaction forces and loading rates. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Sixteen female and 17 male adolescent athletes were evaluated for 2 consecutive years. Subjects were included if they were classified as pubertal during the first year of testing and postpubertal during the second year. As subjects performed a drop vertical jump, ground-reaction force, and vertical jump height were measured. Data analysis consisted of a mixed design analysis of variance with post hoc analysis (paired t tests). Results The male athletes demonstrated increased vertical jump height with maturation (P < .001); female athletes did not. Boys significantly reduced their landing ground-reaction force (P = .005), whereas girls did not. Takeoff force decreased in girls (P = .003) but not in boys. Both boys and girls had decreased loading rates with maturation (P < .001); however, girls had higher loading rates than did boys at both stages of maturation (P = .037). Conclusion Male athletes demonstrated a neuromuscular spurt as evidenced by increased vertical jump height and increased ability to attenuate landing force. The absence of similar adaptations in female athletes may be related to the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.
Kinematics of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament/Posterolateral Corner-Injured Knee after Reconstruction by Single- and Double-Bundle Intra-articular Grafts
Authors: Wiley William B. , Askew Michael J. , Melby Arne , Noe Donald A. 
Published: December 2005

Background Single- and double-bundle reconstructions have been proposed for the knee after combined posterior cruciate ligament/posterolateral corner injuries. Hypothesis The double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is superior to the single-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with regard to restoration of normal knee kinematics to the posterior cruciate ligament/posterolateral corner-sectioned knee. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Kinematics of 8 fresh-frozen, cadaveric human knees were determined in the following conditions: intact, sectioned posterior cruciate ligament/posterolateral corner, single anterolateral bundle posterior cruciate reconstruction, and double-bundle posterior cruciate reconstruction. Results The sectioned knee demonstrated a posterior shift of the tibial neutral position and the abnormal posterior, varus, and external rotation laxities used clinically to define a combined posterior cruciate ligament/posterolateral corner injury. Both reconstructions restored the posterior laxity to levels that were not statistically different from those seen in the intact knee, but the double-bundle reconstruction more closely mimicked the posterior laxity profile of the intact knee, having statistically lower posterior laxities than did the single-bundle reconstruction at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion (P < .05, analysis of variance, HSD test). The resting position of the tibia after double-bundle reconstruction trended to be anteriorly subluxated relative to its position for the intact knee at flexion angles of 30° and greater (P < .05, paired t test). Neither technique corrected the abnormal varus or external rotation laxities. Conclusion With either single- or double-bundle reconstructions, additional posterolateral reconstruction is recommended to correct the external rotation laxity. Clinical Relevance Knowledge of the kinematics of the combined posterior cruciate ligament/posterolateral corner-injured knee is important in the proper diagnosis of the injury and in the selection of the appropriate surgical reconstruction.
Magnetization Transfer Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Horsfield Mark A. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMagnetization transfer (MT) is a relatively new way of generating contrast in magnetic resonance (MR) images that is sensitive to the density of the macromolecules found throughout tissue structures such as membranes, myelin, and organelles. MT imaging (MTI) can provide a quantitative measure of macromolecular density, and therefore of tissue damage, and has been applied in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases. This article introduces the contrast mechanisms behind MTI and gives some practical guidance about implementing MTI and about quantitative analysis of the MT scans. An overview of MT measurements made in animal studies, in postmortem tissue samples, and in other demyelinating diseases attempts to rationalize the pathological basis of changes in MT contrast in MS. The application of MTI to MS is reviewed, with emphasis on the contribution that MTI has made to the current understanding of the MS disease process, both its natural history and the response to treatment. The pathological basis of abnormal MT contrast is still open to debate, with many conflicting reports; indeed, it is unlikely that a simple measure of MT effect will reveal the details of pathology that is a combination of inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, and axonal loss. There is no doubt, however, that MT measurements have contributed to the current understanding of both disease progression and the response to treatment and will prove to be a valuable tool in the future, particularly if more refined techniques can be applied practically in multicenter studies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Evolution
Authors: Inglese Matilde , Grossman Robert I. , Filippi Massimo 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTThe characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology is the demyelinated plaque distributed throughout the central nervous system. Although MS is a primary demyelinating disease, acute axonal injury is common in actively demyelinating MS lesions and it is considered one of the major determinants of neurological deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has had a dramatic impact on MS in both the clinical practice and basic science settings. Techniques such as T2‐weighted and gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI are very sensitive in detecting lesions and, thus, increase the level of certainty of MS diagnosis. Conventional MRI has also improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and has provided objective and reliable measures to monitor the effect of experimental treatments in clinical trials. However, conventional MR‘I does not provide specific information on the heterogeneous pathologic substrate of MS lesions. Advanced MRI techniques, such as magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and proton MR spectroscopy, offer the unprecedented ability to observe and quantify pathological changes in lesions and normal‐appearing brain tissue over time. The present review will discuss the major contributions of conventional MRI and quantitative MRI techniques to understand how individual MS lesions evolve.
Clinical–Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlations in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zivadinov Robert , Leist Thomas P. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTConventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has routinely been used to improve the accuracy of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and monitoring, detect the effects of diseasemodifying therapy, and refine the utility of clinical assessments. However, conventional MRI measures, such as the use of lesion volume and count of gadolinium‐enhancing and T2 lesions, have insufficient sensitivity and specificity to reveal the true degree of pathological changes occurring in MS. Newer metrics of MRI analysis, including T1‐weighted hypointense lesions (black holes) and central nervous system (CNS) atrophy measures, are able to capture a more global picture of the range of tissue alterations caused by inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and neurodegeneration. There is mounting evidence that these MRI measures correlate well with existing and developing neurological impairment and disability. In so doing, these MRI techniques can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and natural history of MS. The current understanding is that T1 black holes and CNS atrophy more accurately reflect the neurodegenerative and destructive components of the MS disease process. Therefore, the shortand long‐term studies that aim to measure the degree and severity of the neurodegenerative MS disease process should incorporate these MRI metrics as part of their standard routine MRI protocols.
Spinal Cord Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Tench Christopher R. , Morgan Paul S. , Jaspan Timothy , Auer Dorothee P. , Constantinescu Cris S. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition characterized pathologically by axonal loss, demyelination, inflammation, and gliosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has had a major impact on diagnosing MS, understanding the condition, and monitoring the effects of treatments. Recently, spinal cord MRI has received increased attention. Advanced techniques have been used to image the spinal cord, particularly the cervical cord, and measure quantitative parameters such as T1 relaxation time, magnetization transfer ratio, and diffusivity. These metrics show central nervous system abnormalities in MS patients and various correlations with disability and might reflect specific pathological processes. Image analysis techniques have also been developed and combined with highresolution MRI to measure the cord cross‐sectional area (CSA), a metric that relates to cord atrophy. The cord CSA is reduced in MS patients compared to normal controls and correlates with disability. Furthermore, changes in CSA are detectable and correlate with changes in disability. Despite the technical difficulties of performing spinal cord MRI, imaging studies, particularly of the cervical cord, are becoming more common. Significant focus has been placed on measuring cord atrophy, and reproducible techniques have been developed to measure the cervical cord CSA. Spinal cord MRI may provide information about disease progression that is not readily available from brain MRI scans and could be useful in diagnosing MS in some cases, as well as for monitoring the effects of treatments.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Advances in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bakshi Rohit 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a core component of clinical management and scientific research in multiple sclerosis (MS), providing essential information about tissue structure and function. MRI is now the most important laboratory diagnostic and longitudinal monitoring technology. A number of conventional MRI techniques, which include T2‐weighted, T1‐weighted, and gadolinium‐enhanced imaging, are used to identify overt lesions and quantify tissue atrophy. MRI is highly sensitive in detecting brain and spinal cord involvement in MS and can visualize multifocal lesions, occult disease, and macroscopic atrophy. Advanced MRI techniques, such as magnetization transfer imaging, spectroscopy, diffusionweighted imaging, and functional MRI, have added to our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. The precise role of these newer imaging approaches continues to be defined. In this supplement to the Journal of Neuroimaging, the authors review the role of conventional and advanced MRI techniques in detecting tissue changes in MS, diagnosing and monitoring patients, and charting the progression of disease in new and established patients.
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Goldberg‐Zimring Daniel , Mewes Andrea U. J. , Maddah Mahnaz , Warfield Simon K. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMultiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease, occurs principally in the white matter (WM) of the central nervous system. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to some, but not all, brain changes associated with MS. Diffusionweighted imaging (DWI) provides information about water diffusion in tissue and diffusion tensor MRI (DT‐MRI) about fiber direction, allowing for the identification of WMabnormalities that are not apparent on conventional MRI images. These techniques can quantitatively characterize the local microstructure of tissues. MS‐associated disease processes lead to regions characterized by an increased amount of water diffusion and a decrease in the anisotropy of diffusion direction. These changes have been found to produce different patterns in MS patients presenting different courses of the disease. Changes in water diffusion may allow examination of the type, appearance, enhancement, and location of lesions not readily visible by other means. Ongoing studies of MSare integrating conventional MRI and DT‐MRI measures with connectivity‐based regional assessment, aiming to provide a better understanding of the nature and the location of WM lesions. This integration and the development of novel image‐processing and visualization techniques may improve the understanding of WM architecture and its disruption in MS. This article presents a brief history of DWI, its basic principles and applications in the study of MS, a review of the properties and applications of DT‐MRI, and their use in the study of MS. In addition, this article illustrates the methodology for the analysis of DT‐MRI in ongoing studies of MS.
Measurement of Brain and Spinal Cord Atrophy by Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Tool to Monitor Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bakshi Rohit , Dandamudi Venkata S. R. , Neema Mohit , De Chitradeep , Bermel Robert A. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTEvaluation of brain and spinal cord atrophy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly important component of understanding the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease process. These destructive aspects of the disease develop early in the disease course. A growing body of data links brain and spinal cord atrophy to clinical impairment more closely than can be linked with conventional measures of overt lesions. Thus, irreversible tissue damage may be a key factor leading to disease progression. In this review, the authors present the proposed mechanisms leading to central nervous system (CNS) atrophy. They describe the available MRI‐based techniques to measure regional and global atrophy of the brain and spinal cord. They compare the rate of atrophy among MS phenotypes and summarize the emerging data linking atrophy to neurological and neuropsychological impairment. Finally, they discuss the effect of disease‐modifying immunotherapies on the rate of CNS atrophy in patients with MS. Future research to clarify the etiology and pathophysiology of brain and spinal cord atrophy should provide new targets for therapeutic development.