bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical foundations of thesaurus‐construction and some methodological considerations for thesaurus‐updating
Authors: Kim Chai 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt was argued that the present‐day thesaurus‐construction and maintenance rules and conventions are not theoretically based. For this redson, there are few rules and conventions for updating a thesaurus. Consequently, most of the thesauri adopted by operating information storage and retrieval systems are not systematically updated. In order to investigate how thesauri are actually updated, a survey was conducted. The working hypothesis was that the communication process between authors and readers is linear in nature (“one‐way” communication allowing no reciprocal feedback) if a thesaurus utilized in a system is not updated by both indexers and question negotiators. Findings show that thesauri viewed from the communications point of view do not allow a cybernetic process of communication (“both‐way” communication). The survey indicated that the present practice of updating thesauri is largely done by indexers alone. No attempt was made to develop a theory of thesaurus‐construction and updating. It was, however, argued that such a theory, if developed, should at least account for the concepts of meaning and knowledge. Within this theoretical framework, two techniques are suggested to be considered for the systematic updating of a thesaurus.
The environment of classification: The concept of mutual exclusivity
Authors: Jones Kevin P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that information science is still at the stage of alchemy: if this is so then mutual exclusivity must form its philosopher's stone. Mutual exclusivity appears to be alien to the observable universe: that this is so is displayed through a series of examples. Some of these relate to everyday things like trees, beaches and man himself, whilst others relate to more obscure phenomena like continental drift and black holes. The act of observation is also considered as this has a considerable bearing on the problem.Nevertheless, mutual exclusivity must form part of man's mental powers and this has found expression in the relatively exclusive series of symbols used in communication. The dangers of exclusive thinking in relation to environmental problems are considered, and this results in a paradox which is probably unresolvable. Finally, it is observed that out‐standing genius appears to pay scant regard to existing classifications and is more likely to be involved in an integrated approach to problems.
Promotion of information services: An evaluation of alternative approaches
Authors: Stern Louis W. , Craig C. Samuel , La Greca Anthony J. , Lazorick Gerald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the promotion of information services, specifically the formation and subsequent evaluation of different promotional programs for selective dissemination of information (SDI) services provided by the Mechanized Information Center (MIC) at The Ohio State University. Three programs—opinion leadership, “blitz,” and telephone solicitation—were developed. Data were collected to show, for each of the programs: (1) the level of market penetration achieved; (2) the level of user satisfaction generated from the service; (3) the effect in terms of influence, of the various media employed; and (4) cost effectiveness. Data analysis focused on a determination of the most effective methods to promote SDI services.
An analysis of manual circulation systems for academic libraries
Authors: McGee Rob 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA preceding paper examined concepts and components common to many types of library circulation systems; this paper attempts to identify and describe aspects that are particular to manual circulation systems. It assumes a manual file of records in the general form of paper cards or slips, for items that are charged or otherwise absent. It then discusses principles of record creation and coding (before, at or after transaction time), and file organization and processing. It identifies questions that are suitable for further investigation.
A generalized conceptual development for the analysis and flow of information
Authors: Whittemore Bruce J. , Yovits M. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA generalized framework for developing analytical and conceptual relationships involving the flow of information has previously been suggested. This paper provides further refinement, rigor, and extension for some of the earlier relationships suggested. In particular, a measure of the amount of information is defined as the difference of the value of the decision state of the decision‐maker after and before receipt of the message. This measure is universally applicable for all information that is concerned with the effectiveness of the message upon the recipient. It is accordingly called pragmatic information. The definition is a direct consequence of the interdependence between information and decision‐making and of the definition that information is data of value in decision‐making. In order to evaluate this measure of information, it is convenient to use a generalized information system model which has previously been proposed and which has virtually universal applicability.The use of this model permits the evaluation of the measure of information in terms of the reduction of uncertainty to a decision maker. Six different types of uncertainty are identified. Specifically, a type of uncertainty which is generally overlooked in the decision‐making literature is found to be important. This is called executional uncertainty. It is pointed out that the information science aspects of decision theory must cover comprehensively those decision‐makers who not only are expert but those decision‐makers who may be mediocre or even rather poor. Although any decision rule may be utilized in terms of the framework outlined, a suggested rule which is convenient and reasonable is proposed for evaluating the decision state of a decision‐maker at any point in time. The measure of information suggested is situation, time, and decision‐maker dependent. The framework and relationships developed are an important step toward the development of a true theory of information science.It is further suggested that each data set or document might have some average (over time) amount of information content for a decision‐maker of any given “effectiveness”. The relationship of this average amount of information as a function of the decision‐maker effectiveness is suggested as an important functional relationship that exists for every document. It is called an information profile of that document or data set. A typical information profile is suggested.
Document retrieval experiments using cluster analysis
Authors: Minker Jack , Peltola Eero , Wilson Gerald A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe objectives of this paper are to describe the effect of using weighted index terms in a document retrieval system, and to evaluate retrieval performance when queries are expanded by terms occurring in clusters with the query terms. Three data collections, each indexed by several methods, two of which were studied and reported on in previous work, are used to develop explicit results. The study both expands upon and extends previous work at the University of Maryland.The effect of weighting index terms in the document collection, the queries and the formation of clusters is analyzed. Eight cases are investigated in which index terms are weighted and unweighted. The best results are obtained when weighted index terms are used in forming clusters, in queries, and in documents. In this case, the results on the new collection demonstrate a significant improvement in retrieval performance relative to the performance with the unmodified data base, when clustered terms are added to queries. The improvement is in contrast to the results in the previous study, where a degradation in performance, or at best an insignificant improvement, was obtained.Comparisons are made to related work by Sparck‐Jones and her colleagues. This study tends to support the conclusion of Sparck‐Jones that weighted index terms provide better retrieval performance than unweighted terms.The cluster addition of index terms to queries yields unpredictable results. Some collections show an improvement in retrieval performance, others a degradation or no change in performance. Sparck‐Jones obtained an improvement in retrieval performance for her document collection. We conclude that the results are highly dependent upon the document collection, and the technique should be employed with caution.
Co‐citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents
Authors: Small Henry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new form of document coupling called co‐citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co‐citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co‐cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co‐citation patterns are found to differ significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns, but to agree generally with patterns of direct citation. Clusters of co‐cited papers provide a new way to study the specialty structure of science. They may provide a new approach to indexing and to the creation of SDI profiles.
Information organization for interactive use: Design implications in data‐base systems
Authors: Vallee Jacques F. , Askevold Gerald L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to seek classes of design implications in data‐base oriented languages. Its scope is not limited to library automation, but extends to the problem of scientific and business data‐bases. As a point of practical reference it reviews the lessons drawn from the application of the DIRAC‐1 language to a variety of problems at Stanford. The second version of DIRAC, which is currently used in the organization and utilization of a geoscience data‐base, is described. An attempt is made to relate the observation of these real‐life systems to general characteristics and leads to hypotheses concerning future design trends. In this context two points are regarded as especially important, namely the handling of structure specification and the need to view the user as an operator rather than as a passive recipient of information.
A decision theory view of the information retrieval situation: An operations research approach
Authors: Kraft Donald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA decision theory approach is used to model the information retrieval decision problem of which documents to retrieve from a library collection in response to a specific user query for information. A thorough discussion of decision theory, including the components of the alternatives, states‐of‐nature, outcomes, and evaluations–as well as of the optimization process under the cases of certainty, risk, and uncertainty–is presented. Bayesian statistics are also discussed to show how prior information about the various documents via classification analysis can affect the decision process under risk. An example problem is used to illustrate the decision theory approach and to compare the overall performance of the retrieval system under risk with and without the document classification information.Thus, the operations research technique of decision theory is used to model the retrieval decision process, illustrate how important evaluation is, and to demonstrate the value of prior information via document classification analysis. Moreover, the paper presents, in a somewhat tutorial mode, an overall framework for considering the information retrieval decision problem, incorporating the aspects of cost‐effectiveness and alternative evaluation, which allows one to better understand the contributions made by many researchers in this crucial area.
Citation of the literature by information scientists in their own publications
Authors: Windsor Donald A. , Windsor Diane M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrequencies of the number of references per paper were obtained for the information science literature represented by all papers cited in Information Science Abstracts, volumes 1–6 (1966‐1971). Almost one‐third of the papers had no references. Half of them had four references or fewer; two‐thirds had eight or fewer references. The ratio of papers without references to those with references was proposed as a measure of the scholarly status of a field. On this basis, information science was found to be less scholarly than pharmacy.
Allocation of resources in an information system
Authors: Bookstein Abraham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of allocating resources among various locations in an information system where phases of a process are carried out. The approach taken combines queueing theory and dynamic programming. As an illustration of this approach, two prototype problems are considered in some detail: the distribution of computer terminals among various functions requiring access to a computer, and the distribution of personnel among the various phases of the process of cataloging a book. The technique is found to be both efficient and flexible.
A metalanguage for systematic research on human communication via natural language
Authors: Pepinsky Harold B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSystematic research on human communication will be enhanced by access to a metalanguage, which analyzes natural language texts rapidly and accurately into their structural counterparts. A rationale for constructing the metalanguage is provided in the context of a long‐range program of research, and illustrated by reference to an existing Computer‐Assisted Language Analysis System (CALAS) for use with English language texts. Such a metalanguage has immediate practical applications. Its underlying rationale also may be extended to encompass the study of policy‐oriented communications among persons or groups within or across human cultures.
A note on an international invisible college for information exchange
Authors: Zaltman Gerald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the first empirical sociometric evidence of an international invisible college for information exchange. Using sociometric techniques and ratings of professional status as a researcher, a highly elite invisible college was identified which crossed international boundaries. Members of this elite group were found to be in relatively frequent contact with one another and were considered by the professional community in high energy physics, the context of this study, to be doing the most important work in the area. An important part of the information infrastructure of this invisible college consists of intermediaries who perform a gatekeeping and linkage function. Selected differences in communication behavior between the key people of the invisible college and the intermediaries is noted briefly. Also selected communication differences are noted between members of the invisible college and a matched sample wholly outside this special information network. The paper concludes with suggested questions for future studies.
Search strategy, construction and use of citation networks, with a socio‐scientific example: “Amorphous semi‐conductors and S.R. ovshinsky”
Authors: Cawkell Anthony E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe deductions which may be made from inspection of a citation map of the literature are briefly described, and a search algorithm is given for the construction of such maps. Following the construction and assessment of a network describing the development of amorphous semiconductors, it is concluded that citation diagrams are a valuable aid for socio‐scientific studies.
Selection of scientific periodicals in an industrial research library
Authors: Hockings E. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study of citations of scientific periodicals in technical reports prepared by the staff of an industrial research laboratory indicates that there exists a Bradford set of periodicals for a multidisciplinary library, and that the size and contents of the set have at least short‐term stability. The effect on library coverage of varying the extent to which the Bradford set is held was determined. A discard policy based upon a single aging factor does not appear to be very well suited to a multidisciplinary library.
Reference question analysis and search strategy development by man and machine
Authors: Jahoda Gerald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuestion analysis and search strategy development, two major components in the process of answering reference questions, were characterized as nine decision making steps. Twenty‐eight reference questions were analyzed in terms of these nine steps. The answers to each step were examined to determine whether rules for performing the individual steps by machine could be developed. Reasons are given for concluding that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to have these reference process steps performed by machine.
Effect of instantaneous retrieval on indexing criteria
Authors: Levine Emil H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on empirical and anecdotal evidence, there appears to be a definite relationship between increased browsing capability (browsability) and user acceptance of lower relevance. New automated microform retrieval devices are providing near instantaneous retrieval of documents. The effect of this new capability on indexing criteria should be further explored. New indexing philosophies should be developed in order to optimize the total document retrieval system to the user's constraints of time and comprehension.
Opinion paper. The scientific premises of information science
Authors: Rosenberg Victor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThroughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been plagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the field. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related to: “What is information science?” Or “Is information science a science?” In this paper I hope to take these questions head on. I must begin by saying that I do take information science seriously as a science. I see it as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and man's interaction with it. That we lack so much in this quest for understanding is the greatest challenge of the science.I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the scientific study of information. The currently prevalent world view is the scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to the present. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive to be the premises underlying most of our. current efforts to understand the phenomenon of information. The criticism will by necessity be speculative. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove my assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed.
Lotka and information science
Authors: Voos Henry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProductivity in terms of scientific publication was described by Lotka in 1926. He discovered that in the hard sciences he could predict the number of papers an author would write providing he knew how many authors wrote only one paper during a given time period. The factor for predicting the number of papers in a field like chemistry was found to be 1/n2 of the number of authors writing only one paper. That is, if 100 authors wrote one paper, only 25 would write two papers, and only 11 would write three papers, etc. If the Lotka constant holds for the hard sciences it was hypothesized (and tested) that other disciplines would have other constants, and thereby form a continuum based on productivity from the hard sciences to the non‐sciences. The literature of information science has been examined between 1966 and 1970. It was determined that a new constant, 1/n3.5 fitted information science best.
Food and fuel for all: realistic or foolish?
Authors: G. Cassman Kenneth , Liska Adam J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 2005, few would have predicted the current revolution in global agriculture that is being driven by a sudden rise in the price of petroleum and a rapid expansion of global biofuel production from grain, sugar, and oilseed crops. The result has been a convergence of valuation between petroleum and agricultural commodities such that food prices are likely to rise substantially. While countries with adequate resources to support an expansion of biofuel crop production will benefit from this convergence, developing countries and regions that consistently experience food shortages or rely on food imports will face greater food insecurity. To avoid an excessive rise in food prices and increased numbers of undernourished will require a rapid response to improve global targeting of research and development funds to assure an acceleration in food production capacity while protecting natural resources and environmental quality. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Synthese von Pyrimidinthionen‐(4) und Pyrazolo[3.4‐d]pyrimidinen
Authors: Goerdeler Joachim , Wieland Dieter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAus primären Enaminen, insbesondere 2‐Amino‐penten‐(2)‐on‐(4), wurden mit einer Reihe von Acylisothiocyanaten entsprechende C‐Addukte und daraus durch innermolekulare Kondensation 5‐Acyl‐pyrimidinthione‐(4) hergestellt. S‐Methylierung und Reaktion mit Hydrazin ergab dann in einigen Beispielen Pyrazolo‐pyrimidine.
Massenspektren schwach angeregter Moleküle, III. Aliphatische Äther
Authors: Spitell‐Friedmanner Margot , Spiteller Gerhard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDer Verlauf massenspektrometrischer Abbaureaktionen ist von der durchschnittlichen Angregungsenergie der Molekül‐Ionen abhängig. Diese setzt sich aus der vom angreifenden Elektron auf das Molekül übertragenen, das Ionisierungspotential überschreitenden Energiemenge, und der thermischen Anregung der Moleküle vor der Ionisation zusammen. Durch Verminderung dieser Anregungsenergie können mehrstufige massenspektrometrische Abbauprozesse auf Zwischenstufen abgefangen werden, wodurch ein besserer Einblick in den Zerfallsmechanismus gewährleistet wird. Grundlagen und Anwendungsbereich dieser Methode werden am Beispiel aliphatischer Äther erläutert.
Stabile Phenoxy‐Kationen aus arylierten Phenolen
Authors: Dimroth Karl , Umbach Wilfried , Thomas Heinz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDarstellung sowie physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften neuartiger mesomeriestabilisierter Carboxonium‐Kationen (7 bzw. 10) aus Derivaten des Cyclohexadienons werden beschrieben.
Photosensibilisierte C4‐Cycloadditionen mit Vinylencarbonat
Authors: Hartmann Willy , Steinmetz Reinhard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVinylencarbonat 1 liefert bei Belichtung in Gegenwart von Sensibilisatoren die zwei stereo‐isomeren C4‐Cyclodimeren 2 und 3. Das Produktverhältnis ist unabhängig vom Sensibilisator, jedoch abhängig vom Lösungsmittel. Durch alkalische Verseifung von 2 und 3 lassen sich die entsprechenden Tetrahydroxycyclobutane darstellen.
Synthesen cycloaliphatischer Ketone aus Cyclododecatrien‐(1.5.9), II. Herstellung von Cyclanonen durch Hydratisierung cyclischer Allene
Authors: Mühlstädt Manfred , Graefe Jürgen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch Hydratisierung cyclischer Allene (2) mittels 88‐proz. Schwefelsäure in Gegenwart von Hydrochinon lassen sich leicht Cyclanone (3), herstellen. Eine Homologisierung cyclischer Allene gelang durch Umsetzung mit Dihalogencarbenen, Hydrierung der dabei gebildeten 1.1‐Dihalogen‐2‐methylen‐cyclopropan‐Derivate (4) zu gesättigten gem.‐Dihalogen‐cyclopropanen (1) und deren Umsetzung mit Lithiumalkylen.