bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition of unsaponifiable lipid from seed oils ofPanax ginseng andP. quiquefolium
Authors: Matsumoto Taro , Akihisa (ne Itoh) Toshihiro , Soma Shin‐ichi , Takido Michio , Takahashi Shushichi , Yamanouchi Sakae 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe composition of the unsaponifiable lipid, which consisted of squalene, squalene‐2,3‐oxide, triterpene alcohols, 4α‐methyl‐sterols, and sterols, of the seed oils ofPanax ginseng andP. quiquefolium, was determined. Squalene was the most abundant component (54%) of the unsaponifiable lipid fromP. ginseng, whereas sterols constituted the principal components of unsaponifiable lipid fromP. quiquefolium. Both ginseng seed oils showed specific features in sterol composition, i.e., 28‐isofucosterol (40%) and 24‐ethyl‐22E‐dehydrocholesterol (66%) constituted the most predominant components of the sterol fractions fromP. ginseng andP. quiquefolium seed oils, respectively.
Radiolytic resistance of DL‐α‐tocopherol in lipid systems with different degrees of unsaturation
Authors: Stamatov S. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe radiolytic resistance of the DL‐α‐tocopherol irradiated by low (105rad), medium (106rad) and high (107rad) doses of gamma rays at a molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1 × 10−2 and 1:1 × 10−3 mole in methyl laurate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate and benzene (chosen as solvent media) has been studied.Under the experimental conditions stated, it has been established that, contrary to ordinary autoxidation, the unsaturated lipid systems exert a progressive, protective effect on DL‐α‐tocopherol as the number of double bonds increases.When the DL‐α‐tocopherol was in a pure state, for example in benzene and in methyl esters of the fatty acids at a molar ratio 1:1, no effect of ionizing radiation was detected.
Acetals and ethers: XV. Reactivity of mono‐ and disubstituted cyclic acetals toward ozone in aqueous solution
Authors: Piasecki A. , Sokolowski A. , Burczyk B. , Piasecka K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMono‐ and disubstituted derivatives of 1,3‐dioxolane and 1,3‐dioxane were oxidized by ozone in aqueous solutions containing monosodium carbonate. In both alkylsubstituted 1,3‐dioxacyclane series the rates of oxidation increase with increasing length of alkyl substituents at the C‐2 dioxacyclane carbon atom. However, the alkyl derivatives of 1,3‐dioxane (III, IV, V) are more resistant toward ozone than the respective 1,3‐dioxolane derivatives (I, II). The pseudo‐first order rate constants for the oxidation of glycerol acetals (VIIa–VIId) decrease in the order:cis‐dioxolane>trans‐dioxolane>cis‐dioxane>trans‐dioxane.
Study of kettle wax in the sodium palmitate‐water‐electrolyte system at 90C
Authors: Vincent J. M. , Skoulios A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn X‐ray diffraction study has been carried out on kettle wax occurring at 90C for the ternary system sodium palmitate‐water‐sodium chloride.It was found that kettle wax is not a simple phase, according to Gibb's phase rule, but a mixture of curd, neat and lye.
The direct gas chromatographic analysis of long chain quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLong chain quaternary ammonium compounds are used as germicides, textile softeners and in many other industrial applications. In working with these compounds, it was found desirable to be able to determine their long chain homolog composition. Experiments were carried out attempting to perform this determination using gas chromatography. The first approach was to try and do the Hofmann degradation of the quaternaries on strongly alkaline columns used for amine determination. However, the postulated hydrocarbon peaks were not obtained. Instead, a series of peaks that represented identifiable tertiary amines emerged from the column. Using these peaks, the homolog composition of the original quaternary ammonium compound could be determined. Quaternaries containing up to 38 carbons have been identified. The types of columns and conditions used in this work are described. The quantitative relationship of the composition found was related to that of the actual composition. The apparent unequivalence of various carbon‐nitrogen bondings is discussed.
Extraction of distillers' dried grains in a soybean solvent extraction plant
Authors: Walker D. D. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionThe processing of distillers' dried grains in existing basket type soybean solvent extraction plants, or new plants built expressly for the grains, is practical from the standpoint of mechanical operation and extraction results. As shown in Figure 1, not all the steps in the soybean process are necessary for processing the distillers' dried grains. Extracted oil from the grains is similar to corn oil except for its higher color and refining loss. The extracted grains are higher in protein than the original grains which should increase the value for certain types of feed. The lower fat content should not significantly alter the value as a part of dairy rations.
Catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl esters and some related compounds
Authors: Bailar John C. , Itatani Hiroshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMixtures of platinum complexes and tin(II) chloride are effective homogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester, reducing it to the monoene stage only. Hydrogenation and isomerization reactions have been examined under various conditions, using a solvent consisting of 60% benzene and 40% methanol.The extent of hydrogenation depends upon the temperature (90C>60C>30C) but not upon the pressure (1075 psi as compared with 525 psi). It almost stops after 3 hr, although one double bond remains in the molecule.After hydrogenation with a catalyst consisting of a mixture of dichloro‐bis‐triphenylphosphine‐platinum(II) and tin(II) chloride, soybean oil methyl ester shows an increase in monoene, a decrease in diene and triene, and formation of conjugatedcis‐trans andtrans‐trans dienes, but no increase in stearate. Similarly, methyl oleate and methyl linoleate were converted to trans monoene, but not to stearate.Hydrogenations with mixtures of tetrachloroplatinum(II) ion or hexachloro‐platinum(IV) ion and tin(II) chloride were similar to those described above but they form some stearate.Several other metal ions were studied as replacements for tin. None of them were effective.
Structure of unsaturated glycerides. Analysis by countercurrent distribution and lipase hydrolysis
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe structure of highly unsaturated triglycerides isolated from soybean, linseed and safflower oils by countercurrent distribution has been determined by the pancreatic lipase hydrolysis technique. Compositions of positionally distinguishable glyceride isomers for the 5‐double bond fraction obtained from safflower oil, the 7‐double bond fraction from soybean oil and the 8‐double bond fraction from linseed oil agreed with the theoretical values calculated according to the VanderWal‐Coleman theory of 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution. The fatty acid analyses for individual isomers of the unsaturated glycerides demonstrated that positional isomers of glycerides may be present in nonrandom amounts even though the compositionally distinguishable glycerides approximate a random pattern.
Relationship among 舠emulsion舡 type, detergency and foam
Authors: Kelly Walter R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree test methods have been developed to show the measurably close relationship existing among detergency, foam, and the indication of the type of 舠emulsion舡 naturally inclined to form. Visual recognition of the state of the emulsion makes it possible to assess the system as to its comparative detergent capabilities and its foaming proclivities. Guided steps can then be taken for improvements. The methods have been used with success in formulating alkaline cleaning mixtures.The first two methods relate emulsion type with wetting and detergency. They are used to show the effects upon that relationship of such factors as a) concentration of surfactant, b) concentration of added sodium chloride, c) temperature, and d) the nature of the oil.It is pointed out that while the o/w emulsion conditions favor dishwashing metal cleaning and bubble bathing, laundering would be favored by the w/o 舠system舡 where optimum conditions are to be found well‐removed from the 舠inversion point.舡The third method relates emulsion type with foam in an equally precise manner. The foam is produced by pouring intermittently. The tester for it is described more fully in a separate article (1). The role of foam in detergency is assessed. At the inversion point of the emulsion foam stability, not due to small bubble size, is at its greatest and, for example, so is the ease, speed, and completeness with which oily soils can be removed舒a situation explaining hand dishwashing at its best.
Determination of ethylene oxide based nonionic detergents in sewage
Authors: Burttschell R. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of ethylene oxide based nonionic detergents in sewage. After suitable cleanup procedures, which are described, the detergent is complexed with phosphotungstic acid in the presence of excess reagent. The excess reagent is then decomposed by raising the pH to 5 while the complex remains stable for a short period. The complex is separated from reagent decomposition products by partition between methyl ethyl ketone and dilute sodium chloride solution buffered to pH 5. Quantitative assay is made for tungsten since the amount of tungsten bears a stoichiometric relation to the ethylene oxide chain length.
Biodegradation studies on ap,tert.‐octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol
Authors: Lashen E. S. , Blankenship F. A. , Booman K. A. , Duprȳ J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent results have suggested thatp,tert.‐octylphenoxynonaethoxyethanol (OPE10) has a high degree of degradability. These results have been confirmed and extended. The loss of response to cobalt thiocyanate under a wide variety of laboratory test conditions demonstrates that OPE10 will readily undergo bacterial attack. Significant loss of foaming and ethylene oxide in laboratory continuous and semicontinuous activated sludge units and septic tank‐percolation field units demonstrate that the degree of degradation under reasonable conditions can be extensive. Tracer studies and oxygen consumption tests are used to support this conclusion. These results indicate that OPE10 should be adequately degraded in conventional sewage disposal systems.
Safflower meal
Authors: Kohler G. O. , Kuzmicky D. D. , Palter R. , Guggolz J. , Herring V. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSafflower meal from undecorticated commercial seed is useful feed for ruminant animals. Its low energy content is a problem in poultry and swine rations.Partially decorticated meals are valuable for ruminants and are also quite suitable in poultry rations if provision is made for extra metabolizable calories, and if other feed ingredients supply additional lysine and methionine. In a properly balanced ration safflower meal produces growth rates superior to those from optimally supplemented soybean oilmeal.The flour obtained by essentially complete removal of oil and hulls is light colored, bitter, and contains about 60% protein. Debittering yields a relatively bland, 70% protein flour which has potential as a human food.
Polyester amides from linseed oil for protective coatings
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe sodium alkoxide‐catalyzed reaction of linseed oil or linseed methyl esters with diethanolamine produces almost exclusively linseed diethanolamides. Reaction conditions, e.g., temperature, amount of excess diethanolamine and mode of adding reactants, are reported. The best conditions for producing diethanolamide directly from linseed oil (1 mole) required adding oil to the sodium alkoxide in diethanolamine (6 moles) and heating at 110舑115C for 35 min. The linseed diethanolamide isolated in 93舑95% yield was an amber oil. Progress of the reaction, followed by thin‐layer chromatography, showed only trace amounts of byproducts.Polyester amides were prepared by heating linseed diethanolamide in refluxing xylene with dibasic acids or anhydrides, e.g., azelaic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic, terephthalic, itaconic, brassylic and dimer acids. Molecular weight, viscosity and film properties (air‐dried and baked) of the polyester amides were determined.
Oxyluminescence of fatty natural substances
Authors: Pittman Robert A. , Skau Evald L. , Tripp Verne W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA number of fatty substances, covering a range from low to high degree of unsaturation, have been observed to emit light when heated. Relative intensities of light emitted at 200C are compared to degree of unsaturation. Activation energies were calculated for those samples giving approximately straight line plots of logG vs. 1/T, whereG is galvanometer deflection andT is the absolute temperature.
Protective Factors Associated with Preadolescent Violence: Preliminary Work on a Cultural Model
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Sydnor Kim , Mouttapa Michele , Flay Brian R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study explores the influences of communal values, empathy, violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs, and classmate's fighting on violent behaviors among urban African American preadolescent boys and girls. As part of a larger intervention study, 644 low‐income 5th grade students from 12 schools completed a baseline assessment that included the target constructs. Boys reported more violent behaviors, and lower levels of empathy and violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs than girls. Path analyses revealed that, after controlling for the positive contributions of classmate's fighting, violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs were a negative predictor of violent behavior. Communal values had a direct negative relationship with violence for boys, but not girls. Both communal values and empathy were associated with less violent behavior through positive relationships with violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs. For girls, classmate fighting had an indirect positive association with violent behavior through its negative relationship with violence avoidance self‐efficacy beliefs. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of basic and applied research on violence among African American youth.
Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects
Authors: Chan Yen-Ming , Demonty Isabelle , Pelled Dori , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: June 2007

Plant sterols (PS) and MUFA are well-documented cholesterol lowering agents. We aimed to determine the effect of PS esterified to olive oil fatty acids (PS-OO) on blood lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Twenty-one moderately overweight, hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three consecutive treatment diets, each lasting 28 d and separated by 4-week washout periods, using a randomized crossover design. Diets contained 30 % energy as fat, 70 % of which was provided by olive oil (OO), and differed only in the treatment oils: OO, PS esterified to sunflower oil fatty acids (PS-SO), and PS-OO. Both PS-SO and PS-OO treatments provided 1·7 g PS /d. PS-OO and PS-SO consumption resulted in a decrease (P = 0·0483) in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations compared with the OO diet. Although total cholesterol and apo B-100 levels were not significantly affected, PS-SO and, to some extent, PS-OO reduced the total:HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (P = 0·0142) and the apo B-100:apo A-I ratio (P = 0·0168) compared with the OO diet. There were no differences across diets in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and lipid peroxidation levels. However, following consumption of OO and PS-SO, Lp(a) concentrations increased (P = 0·0050 and 0·0421, respectively), while PS-OO treatment did not affect Lp(a) levels. Furthermore, there was a decrease (P = 0·0097) in lipid peroxidation levels with PS-OO treatment during the supplementation phase. Our results suggest that supplementing an OO-rich diet with PS-OO favourably alters the plasma lipid profile and may decrease the susceptibility of LDL-C to lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
Use of sentinel chickens to study the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus in a sahelian ecosystem
Authors: CHEVALIER V. , LANCELOT R. , DIAÏTE A. , MONDET B. , De LAMBALLERIE X. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYDuring the 2003 rainy season, a follow-up survey in sentinel chickens was undertaken to assess the seasonal transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in a sahelian ecosystem: the Ferlo (Senegal). The estimated incidence rate in chickens was 14% (95% CI 7–29), with a very low level of transmission between July and September, and a transmission peak occurring between September and October. Comparing these results with the estimate obtained from a previous transversal serological study performed on horses the same year in the same area, the relevance of sentinel chickens in estimating the WNV transmission rate is highlighted. Conventionally adult mosquito populations disappear during the dry season but WN disease was shown to be endemic in the study area. The mechanisms of virus maintenance are discussed.
Hepatic necrosis following repair of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Fischer Abigail , Long Fredrick , Feltes Timothy F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report a case of an infant with asplenia syndrome, isomerism of the right atrial appendages, and totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection who experienced hepatic failure following surgical correction of the anomalous pulmonary venous connection. We describe associated anomalies of the portal venous system.
Directed exospermia: I. Biological modes of resistance to UV light are implied through absorption spectroscopy of DNA and potential UV screens
Authors: Zalar Andreja , Tepfer David , Hoffmann Søren V. , Kenney John M. , Leach Sydney 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPanspermia, the dissemination of life through space, would require resistance to the conditions found in space, including UV light. All known life forms depend on DNA to store information. In an effort to understand the liabilities of DNA to UV light and modes of DNA protection in terrestrial life forms, we established UV–VUV (125–340 nm) absorption spectra for dry DNA and its polymerized components and mononucleotides, as well as for a selection of potential UV screens ubiquitous in all organisms, including proteins, selected amino acids and amines (polyamines and tyramine). Montmorillonite clay was included as a potential abiotic UV screen. Among the potential screens tested, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) appeared to be particularly attractive, because its UV absorption spectrum was similar to that of DNA. We suggest that the use of ATP in UV protection could have pre-dated its current role in energy transfer. Spectroscopy also showed that UV absorption varied according to nucleotide content, suggesting that base pair usage could be a factor in adaptation to given UV environments and the availability of UV screens.
A 17β‐derivative of allopregnanolone is a neurosteroid antagonist at a cerebellar subpopulation of GABAAreceptors with nanomolar affinity
Authors: Maksay G , Fodor L , Bíró T , Avlonitis N , Calogeropoulou T 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:High‐affinity, subtype‐selective antagonists of the neurosteroid binding sites of GABAAreceptors are not available. We have characterized an allopregnanolone derivative as an antagonist of cerebellar GABAAreceptors with nanomolar affinity.Experimental approach:Receptor binding and electrophysiological methods were used for the allosteric modulation of cerebellar GABAAreceptors by an allopregnanolone derivative, (20R)‐17β‐(1‐hydroxy‐2,3‐butadienyl)‐5α‐androstane‐3α‐ol (HBAO). GABAAreceptors of rat cerebellar membranes were labelled with the chloride channel blocker [3H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB). The ionophore function of GABAAreceptors was studied by whole‐cell patch clamp electrophysiology in cultured rat cerebellar granule and cortical cells.Key results:Partial displacement of cerebellar [3H]EBOB binding by nanomolar HBAO was attenuated by 0.1 mM furosemide, an antagonist of α6and β2‐3subunit‐containing GABAAreceptors. Displacement curves of HBAO were reshaped by 30 nM GABA and shifted to the right. However, the micromolar potency of full displacement by allopregnanolone was not affected by 0.1 mM furosemide or 30 nM GABA. The nanomolar, but not the micromolar phase of displacement of [3H]EBOB binding by GABA was attenuated by 100 nM HBAO. Submicromolar HBAO did not affect [3H]EBOB binding to cortical and hippocampal GABAAreceptors. HBAO up to 1 μM did not affect chloride currents elicited by 0.3‐10 μM GABA, while it abolished potentiation by 1 μM allopregnanolone with nanomolar potency in cerebellar but not in cortical cells. Furosemide attenuated cerebellar inhibition by 100 nM HBAO.Conclusions and implications:HBAO is a selective antagonist of allopregnanolone, a major endogenous positive modulator via neurosteroid sites of cerebellar (probably α6β2–3δ) GABAAreceptors.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 1078–1086; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707316
Stapedial Reflex and Ears With High Static Acoustic Admittance
Authors: DiGiovanni Jeffrey J. , Ries Dennis T. 
Published: June 2007

Purpose

To evaluate modified acoustic reflex diagnostic protocols for a group of individuals (
n
= 9) with high peak compensated static acoustic admittance (Y
tm
) tympanograms.

Method
A modified procedure designed to improve acoustic stapedius reflex threshold (ASRT) measurements in individuals with high-admittance tympanograms was employed in both an experimental and a control group. ASRTs were measured at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz, ipsilateral and contralateral. Measurements were obtained within each condition for 7 ear canal pressures that were set to 0, ±50, ±100, and ±150 daPa (relative to tympanometric peak pressure [TPP]).

Results
Though measuring ASRTs at −50 daPa (relative to TPP) in the high-admittance and normal groups did not result in significantly better thresholds than at TPP, the absent reflex rate was reduced when the ear canal pressure was changed by −50 daPa during ASRT measurements.

Conclusions

Based on this sample, it is suggested that a patient presenting with high peak compensated static acoustic admittance (peak Y
tm
≥ 2.1 mmho) undergo ASRT evaluation with the ear canal pressure set to −50 daPa (relative to TPP).