bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controls on Catchment‐Scale Patterns of Phosphorus in Soil, Streambed Sediment, and Stream Water
Authors: van der Perk Marcel , Owens Philip N. , Deeks Lynda K. , Rawlins Barry G. , Haygarth Philip M. , Beven Keith J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany models of phosphorus (P) transfer at the catchment scale rely on input from generic databases including, amongst others, soil and land use maps. Spatially detailed geochemical data sets have the potential to improve the accuracy of the input parameters of catchment‐scale nutrient transfer models. Furthermore, they enable the assessment of the utility of available, generic spatial data sets for the modeling and prediction of soil nutrient status and nutrient transfer at the catchment scale. This study aims to quantify the unique and joint contribution of soil and sediment properties, land cover, and point‐source emissions to the spatial variation of P concentrations in soil, streambed sediments, and stream water at the scale of a medium‐sized catchment. Soil parent material and soil chemical properties were identified as major factors controlling the catchment‐scale spatial variation in soil total P and Olsen P concentrations. Soil type and land cover as derived from the generic spatial database explain 33.7% of the variation in soil total P concentrations and 17.4% of the variation in Olsen P concentrations. Streambed P concentrations are principally related to the major element concentrations in streambed sediment and P delivery from the hillslopes due to sediment erosion. During base flow conditions, the total phosphorus (<0.45 μm) concentrations in stream water are mainly controlled by the concentrations of P and the major elements in the streambed sediment.
Identifying Fecal Sources in a Selected Catchment Reach Using Multiple Source‐Tracking Tools
Authors: Vogel Jason R. , Stoeckel Donald M. , Lamendella Regina , Zelt Ronald B. , Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Walker Steven R. , Oerther Daniel B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGiven known limitations of current microbial source‐tracking (MST) tools, emphasis on small, simple study areas may enhance interpretations of fecal contamination sources in streams. In this study, three MST tools—Escherichia coli repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep‐PCR), coliphage typing, and Bacteroidales 16S rDNA host‐associated markers—were evaluated in a selected reach of Plum Creek in south‐central Nebraska. Water‐quality samples were collected from six sites. One reach was selected for MST evaluation based on observed patterns of E. coli contamination. Despite high E. coli concentrations, coliphages were detected only once among water samples, precluding their use as a MST tool in this setting. Rep‐PCR classification of E. coli isolates from both water and sediment samples supported the hypothesis that cattle and wildlife were dominant sources of fecal contamination, with minor contributions by horses and humans. Conversely, neither ruminant nor human sources were detected by Bacteroidales markers in most water samples. In bed sediment, ruminant‐ and human‐associated Bacteroidales markers were detected throughout the interval from 0 to 0.3 m, with detections independent of E. coli concentrations in the sediment. Although results by E. coli‐based and Bacteroidales‐based MST methods led to similar interpretations, detection of Bacteroidales markers in sediment more commonly than in water indicates that different tools to track fecal contamination (in this case, tools based on Bacteroidales DNA and E. coli isolates) may have varying relevance to the more specific goal of tracking the sources of E. coli in watersheds. This is the first report of simultaneous, toolbox approach application of a library‐based and marker‐based MST analyses to flowing surface water.
Measuring Flux of Soil Fumigants Using the Aerodynamic and Dynamic Flux Chamber Methods
Authors: van Wesenbeeck I. J. , Knuteson J. A. , Barnekow D. E. , Phillips A. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMethods for measuring and estimating flux density of soil fumigants under field conditions are important for the purpose of providing inputs to air dispersion models and for comparing the effects of management practices on emission reduction. The objective of this study was to measure the flux of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and chloropicrin at a site in Georgia (GA) using the aerodynamic method and the dynamic flux chamber (FC) method. A secondary objective was to compare the effects of high density polyethylene (HDPE), and virtually impermeable film (VIF) tarps on fumigant flux at a site in Florida (FL). Chloropicrin and 1,3‐D were applied by surface drip application of In‐Line soil fumigant on vegetable beds covered by low density polyethylene (LDPE), HDPE, or VIF. The surface drip fumigation using In‐Line and LDPE tarp employed in this study resulted in volatilization of 26.5% of applied 1,3‐D and 11.2% of the applied chloropicrin at the GA site, as determined using the aerodynamic method. Estimates of mass loss obtained from dynamic FCs were 23.6% for 1,3‐D and 18.0% for chloropicrin at the GA site. Flux chamber trials at the FL site indicate significant additional reduction in flux density, and cumulative mass loss when VIF tarp is used. This study supports the use of dynamic FCs as a valuable tool for estimating gas flux density from agricultural soils, and evaluating best management practices for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere.
Phosphorus Losses in Simulated Rainfall Runoff from Manured Soils of Alberta
Authors: Volf Callie A. , Ontkean Gerald R. , Bennett D. Rodney , Chanasyk David S. , Miller Jim J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractManure applied to agricultural land at rates that exceed annual crop nutrient requirements can be a source of phosphorus in runoff. Manure incorporation is often recommended to reduce phosphorus losses in runoff. A small plot rainfall simulation study was conducted at three sites in Alberta to evaluate the effects of manure rate and incorporation on phosphorus losses. Treatments consisted of three solid beef cattle manure application rates (50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1total phosphorus), an unmanured control, and two incorporation methods (nonincorporated and incorporated with one pass of a double disk). Simulated rain was applied to soils with freshly applied and residual (1 yr after application) manure at 70 mm h−1to produce 30 min of runoff. Soil test phosphorus (STP), total phosphorus (TP), and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations in runoff increased with manure rate for fresh and residual manure. Initial abstraction and runoff volumes did not change with manure rate. Initial abstraction, runoff volumes, and phosphorus concentrations did not change with manure incorporation at Lacombe and Wilson, but initial abstraction volumes increased and runoff volumes and phosphorus concentrations decreased with incorporation of fresh manure at Beaverlodge. Phosphorus losses in runoff were directly related to phosphorus additions. Extraction coefficients (slopes of the regression lines) for the linear relationships between residual manure STP and phosphorus in runoff were 0.007 to 0.015 for runoff TP and 0.006 to 0.013 for runoff DRP. While incorporation of manure with a double disk had no significant effect on phosphorus losses in runoff from manure‐amended soils 1 yr after application, incorporation of manure is still recommended to control nitrogen losses, improve crop nutrient uptake, and potentially reduce odor concerns.
Zinc Accumulation in Plant Species Indigenous to a Portuguese Polluted Site
Authors: Marques Ana P. G. C. , Rangel António O. S. S. , Castro Paula M. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe levels of zinc accumulated by roots, stems, and leaves of two plant species,Rubus ulmifoliusandPhragmites australis, indigenous to the banks of a stream in a Portuguese contaminated site were investigated in field conditions.R. ulmifolius,a plant for which studies on phytoremediation potential are scarce, dominated on the right side of the stream, whileP. australisproliferated on the other bank. Heterogeneous Zn concentrations were found along the banks of the stream. Zn accumulation in both species occurred mainly in the roots, with poor translocation to the aboveground sections.R. ulmifoliuspresented Zn levels in the roots ranging from 142 to 563 mg kg−1, in the stems from 35 to 110 mg kg−1, and in the leaves from 45 to 91 mg kg−1, vs. average soil total Zn concentrations varying from 526 to 957 mg kg−1P. australisshowed Zn concentrations in the roots from 39 to 130 mg kg−1, in the stems from 31 to 63 mg kg−1, and in the leaves from 37 to 83 mg kg−1, for the lower average soil total Zn levels of 138 to 452 mg kg−1found on the banks where they proliferated. Positive correlations were found between the soil total, available and extractable Zn fractions, and metal accumulation in the roots and leaves ofR. ulmifoliusand in the roots and stems ofP. australisThe use ofR. ulmifoliusandP. australisfor phytoextraction purposes does not appear as an effective method of metal removing, but these native metal tolerant plant species may be used to reduce the effects of soil contamination, avoiding further Zn transfer to other environmental compartments.
Biosolids Impact Soil Phosphorus Accountability, Fractionation, and Potential Environmental Risk
Authors: Ippolito J. A. , Barbarick K. A. , Norvell K. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBiosolids land application rates are typically based on crop N requirements but can lead to soil P accumulation. The Littleton/Englewood, Colorado, wastewater treatment facility has supported biosolids beneficial‐use on a dryland wheat‐fallow agroecosystem site since 1982, with observable soil P concentration increases as biyearly repeated biosolids applications increased from 0, 6.7, 13, 27, to 40 Mg ha−1 The final study year was 2003, after which P accountability, fractionation, and potential environmental risk were assessed. Between 93 and 128% of biosolids‐P added was accounted for when considering conventional tillage soil displacement, grain removal, and soil adsorption. The Fe‐P fraction dominated all soil surface P fractions, likely due to an increase in amorphous Fe‐oxide because Fe2(SO4)3 was added at the wastewater treatment facility inflow for digester H2S reduction. The Ca‐P phase dominated all soil subsurface P fractions due to calcareous soil conditions. A combination of conventional tillage, drought from 1999 to 2003, and repeated and increasing biosolids application rates may have forced soil surface microorganism dormancy, reduction, or mortality; thus, biomass P reduction was evident. Subsurface biomass P was greater than surface biomass, possibly due to protection against environmental and anthropogenic variables or to increased dissolved organic carbon inputs. Even given years of biosolids application, the soil surface had the ability to sorb additional P as determined by shaking the soil in an excessive P solution. Biosolids‐application regulations based on the Colorado Phosphorus Index would not impede current site practices. Proper monitoring, management, and addition of other best management practices are needed for continued assurance that P movement off‐site does not become a major issue.
Bacterial Reduction of Selenium in Coal Mine Tailings Pond Sediment
Authors: Siddique Tariq , Arocena Joselito M. , Thring Ronald W. , Zhang Yiqiang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSediment from a storage facility for coal tailings solids was assessed for its capacity to reduce selenium (Se) by native bacterial community. One Se6+–reducing bacterium Enterobacter hormaechei (Tar11) and four Se4+–reducing bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Tar1), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Tar3), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Tar6), and Enterobacter amnigenus (Tar8) were isolated from the sediment. Enterobacter hormaechei removed 96% of the added Se6+ (0.92 mg L−1) from the effluents when Se6+ was determined after 5 d of incubation. Analysis of the red precipitates showed that Se6+ reduction resulted in the formation of spherical particles (<1.0 μm) of Se0 as observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confirmed by EDAX. Selenium speciation was performed to examine the fate of the added Se6+ in the sediment with or without addition of Enterobacter hormaechei cells. More than 99% of the added Se6+ (∼2.5 mg L−1) was transformed in the nonsterilized sediment (without Enterobacter hormaechei cells) as well as in the sterilized (heat‐killed) sediment (with Enterobacter hormaechei cells). The results of this study suggest that the lagoon sediments at the mine site harbor Se6+– and Se4+–reducing bacteria and may be important sinks for soluble Se (Se6+ and Se4+). Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from metal‐contaminated sediment may have potential application in removing Se from industrial effluents.
Flow‐Through Rates and Evaluation of Solids Separation of Compost Filter Socks versus Silt Fence in Sediment Control Applications
Authors: Keener Harold M. , Faucette Britt , Klingman Michael H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoil loss rates from construction sites can be 1000 times the average of natural soil erosion rates and 20 times that from agricultural lands. Silt fence (SF) is the current industry standard used to control sediment originating from construction activities. Silt fences are designed to act as miniature detention ponds. Research has indicated that SF sediment filtering efficiency is related to its ability to detain and pond water, not necessarily the filtration ability of the fabric. Design capacity and spacing is based on flow‐through rate and design height. In addition, increased detention of runoff and pressure from ponding may increase the likelihood of overtopping or failure of SF in field application. Testing was conducted on compost silt socks (SS) and SF to determine sediment filtering efficiency, flow‐through rate, ponding depth, overtopping point, design height, and design capacity. Results indicate flow‐through rate changes with time, as does ponding depth, due to the accumulation of solids on/in the sediment filters. Changes in depth with time were a linear function of flow rate after 10 min of flow, up to the time the sediment filter is overtopped. Predicting the capacity of SF and SS to handle runoff without the filter being overtopped requires consideration of both runoff rate and length of runoff time. Data show SS half the heights of SF were less likely to overtop than SF when sediment‐laden runoff water flow rates are less than 1.03 L−1 s−1 m−1 (5 gpm/ft, gal per minute per lineal foot). Ponded depth behind a 61.0‐cm (24 in) SF increased more rapidly than behind a 30.5‐cm diam. (12 in) SS, and at the end of the thirty minutes, the depth behind the SF was 75% greater than that behind the SS. Removal of solids by the SF and the SS were not shown to be statistically different. Results were used to create a Microsoft Excel‐based interactive design tool to assist engineers and erosion and sediment control planners on how to specify compost SS relative to SF in perimeter sediment control applications.
Influence of Thymol and a Urease Inhibitor on Coliform Bacteria, Odor, Urea, and Methane from a Swine Production Manure Pit
Authors: Varel Vincent H. , Wells James E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPathogens, ammonia, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions are serious environmental concerns associated with swine production. This study was conducted in two manure pits (33 000 L each) to determine the influence of 1.5 or 3.0 g thymol L−1 and 80 mg L−1 urease inhibitor amendments on urea accumulation, coliform bacteria, odor, and methane emission. Each experiment lasted 18 or 19 d, during which time 30 to 36 250‐mL samples (six per day) were withdrawn from underneath each pit and analyzed for urea, thymol, volatile fatty acids, coliform bacteria, and Campylobacter At the end of each experiment, six 50‐g samples from each pit were placed in serum bottles, and gas volume and composition were determined periodically for 28 d. Compared with the control pit, volatile fatty acids production was reduced 64 and 100% for the thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L−1, respectively. Viable coliform cells were reduced 4.68 and 5.88 log10 colony‐forming units kg−1 of slurry for the 1.5 and 3.0 g thymol L−1, respectively, and Escherichia coli were reduced 4.67 and 5.01 log10 colony‐forming units kg−1 of slurry, respectively. Campylobacter was not detected in the pits treated with thymol, in contrast to 63% of the samples being positive for the untreated pit. Urea accumulated in the treated pits from Day 3 to 6. Total gas production from serum bottles was reduced 65 and 76% for thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L−1, respectively, and methane was reduced 78 and 93%, respectively. These results suggest that thymol markedly reduces pathogens, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from a swine production facility. The urease inhibitor produced a temporary response in conserving urea.
A Spatiotemporal Framework for Environmental Information Systems
Authors: Kucera H. , Flaherty Mark 
Published: April 2007

The data products and delivery mechanisms provided by research institutes and government agencies are lagging behind the needs and expectations of the private sector, regulatory agencies, and academia. This situation is particularly acute in the environmental arena, in which the analysis of complex processes frequently requires the integration of data and information collected by independent researchers and agencies. However, a variety of technical, institutional, and physical barriers inhibits the fluid communication of data and information locally, nationally, and internationally. To overcome these barriers, data and information must be placed into a common modelling, management, and analysis framework by referencing it to a spatiotemporal architecture. The proposed framework for integrated spatiotemporal data management systems unites an active information repository system with a standards-based spatiotemporal data model. The key to unification is a core data model that provides an extensible taxonomy of abstract data types for creating specialized data definitions for different application areas. The core model is complemented by an architecture that supports graphical user interfaces, data integration, and linkages to analytical packages.
Mountain Cartography at the Cartographic Institute of Catalonia
Authors: BAELLA BLANCA , PLA MARIA 
Published: April 2007

The strategic position of Catalonia in the Mediterranean region, straddling the route between central Europe and Africa, propelled the development of cartography from the Middle Ages onward. Because the territory is rugged, detailed mountain maps are an important part of the Catalonian cartographic legacy. The Cartoteca de Catalunya - the Catalan map library - has nice examples of old maps centred in mountain areas. Today, advanced technologies are being implemented by the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya to generate a wide range of cartographic products, including mountain maps. These old maps and the current cartographic products, preserved or produced at the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya, contribute interesting examples of mountain cartography to be offered in a publication focused on this topic. This paper is divided in two parts. The first - after a brief introduction describing the Catalan relief in order to locate the mountain areas in the territory - gives a historical overview of cartography in Catalonia, showing some examples of old maps. This overview is included in the context of mountain cartography because a large number of maps of Catalonia produced during the last two centuries were centred in mountain areas. This overview helps to explain the evolution of some mountain maps until the current production at the Institut Cartogr fic de Catalunya, which comprises the second part of the paper. Moreover, the thematic products related to mountain cartography - some series that include a large number of sheets of mountainous areas - will be also included in the paper. The paper is focused more on the presentation of mountain cartographic products than on a detailed description of the processes or the problems encountered in the production of each product. More detailed information about some of the products can be found on the Internet at http://www.icc.es.
Between Demythologizing and Deconstructing the Map: Shawnadithit's New-found-land and the Alienation of Canada
Authors: SPARKE MATTHEW 
Published: April 2007

Understood as the product of an agent of knowledge, the cartographic work of Shawnadithit (the last known Beothuk survivor in Newfoundland) questions a whole set of essential and Eurocentric notions of identity, space and history. Geographically, it displaces the 'new'-ness and emptiness of the Europeans' Newfoundland. Historically, it disrupts a traditional treatment of native people as at once sacrificial victims and heroic proxies in Canadian national history. And epistemologically, it serves to put into question some of the dominant modes of classifying 'indigenous cartography' within cartographic history. In order for such disruptive effects to be realized, it is necessary to shuttle between demythologizing and deconstructing the mapâ€”two modes of analysis that need to be better distinguished in scholarship that addresses maps as technologies of power/knowledge. [Colonial boundaries drawn on maps] provide perhaps the most spectacular illustrations of how an anticipatory geography served to frame colonial territories in the minds of statesmen and territorial speculators back in Europe. Maps were the first step in the appropriation of territory. Such visualizations from a distance became critical in choreographing the colonial expansion of early modern Europe. [However the map as] an instrument of colonial power could be reappropriated by colonized people. â€”Brian Harley1 [T]he look of surveillance returns as the displacing gaze of the disciplined, [a process in which] the observer becomes the observed and the partial representation rearticulates the whole notion of identity and alienates it from essence. â€”Homi Bhabha2
Tool use during display behavior in wild cross river gorillas
Authors: Wittiger L. , Sunderland‐Groves J.L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDuring the course of a 3‐year ecological study on Cross River gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) at the Kagwene Mountain in Cameroon, we observed three cases of tool use which may be unique to the gorillas of this region and possibly learned through interactions with humans. A non‐habituated group of Cross River gorillas threw fistfuls of grass toward humans in display contexts. An individual gorilla was also observed to throw a detached branch toward researchers during another encounter. The third encounter occurred between the focal group and a local man, in which the man threw stones at the gorillas and they reacted by throwing fistfuls of grass back at him. We describe these observations and speculate that this sub‐population of gorillas developed this display behavior as a response to particular local conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1307–1311, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.