bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulcanization kinetics of low‐protein natural rubber with use of a vulcameter
Authors: Wang Ping‐Yue , Chen Ying , Qian Hong‐Lian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKinetics of vulcanization of low‐protein natural rubber (LPNR) was studied with the use of a vulcameter. In the induction period of vulcanization, the time t0 of LPNR is longer than that of natural rubber (NR), and the temperature dependences of the time tdis and the rate constant
$ k^{1/\alpha}_1 $
of LPNR are greater than that of NR. Both the curing periods of LPNR and NR (except 170°C for LPNR) consist of two stages. The first stage follows first‐order reaction. The rate constant k2 of LPNR in the first stage is substantially the same as that of NR at the same temperature, and so is the activation energy E2. The second stage (end stage of the curing period) does not follow first‐order reaction, and the calculated reaction order n is in the range of 0.67–0.73. Both rate constants of LPNR (except 170°C) and NR at the same temperature are approximately the same, and so is the activation energy E3. The whole process of curing period for LPNR at 170°C follows n = 0.7 order reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: Anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing
Authors: Nummela Sirpa , Thewissen J.G.M. , Bajpai Sunil , Hussain Taseer , Kumar Kishor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe whale ear, initially designed for hearing in air, became adapted for hearing underwater in less than ten million years of evolution. This study describes the evolution of underwater hearing in cetaceans, focusing on changes in sound transmission mechanisms. Measurements were made on 60 fossils of whole or partial skulls, isolated tympanics, middle ear ossicles, and mandibles from all six archaeocete families. Fossil data were compared with data on two families of modern mysticete whales and nine families of modern odontocete cetaceans, as well as five families of noncetacean mammals. Results show that the outer ear pinna and external auditory meatus were functionally replaced by the mandible and the mandibular fat pad, which posteriorly contacts the tympanic plate, the lateral wall of the bulla. Changes in the ear include thickening of the tympanic bulla medially, isolation of the tympanoperiotic complex by means of air sinuses, functional replacement of the tympanic membrane by a bony plate, and changes in ossicle shapes and orientation. Pakicetids, the earliest archaeocetes, had a land mammal ear for hearing in air, and used bone conduction underwater, aided by the heavy tympanic bulla. Remingtonocetids and protocetids were the first to display a genuine underwater ear where sound reached the inner ear through the mandibular fat pad, the tympanic plate, and the middle ear ossicles. Basilosaurids and dorudontids showed further aquatic adaptations of the ossicular chain and the acoustic isolation of the ear complex from the skull. The land mammal ear and the generalized modern whale ear are evolutionarily stable configurations, two ends of a process where the cetacean mandible might have been a keystone character. Anat Rec, 290:716–733, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adaptive features of aquatic mammals' eye
Authors: Mass Alla M. , Supin Alexander YA. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe eye of aquatic mammals demonstrates several adaptations to both underwater and aerial vision. This study offers a review of eye anatomy in four groups of aquatic animals: cetaceans (toothed and baleen whales), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and sea otters. Eye anatomy and optics, retinal laminar morphology, and topography of ganglion cell distribution are discussed with particular reference to aquatic specializations for underwater versus aerial vision. Aquatic mammals display emmetropia (i.e., refraction of light to focus on the retina) while submerged, and most have mechanisms to achieve emmetropia above water to counter the resulting aerial myopia. As underwater vision necessitates adjusting to wide variations in luminosity, iris muscle contractions create species‐specific pupil shapes that regulate the amount of light entering the pupil and, in pinnipeds, work in conjunction with a reflective optic tapetum. The retina of aquatic mammals is similar to that of nocturnal terrestrial mammals in containing mainly rod photoreceptors and a minor number of cones (however, residual color vision may take place). A characteristic feature of the cetacean and pinniped retina is the large size of ganglion cells separated by wide intercellular spaces. Studies of topographic distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of cetaceans revealed two areas of ganglion cell concentration (the best‐vision areas) located in the temporal and nasal quadrants; pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters have only one such area. In general, the visual system of marine mammals demonstrates a high degree of development and several specific features associated with adaptation for vision in both the aquatic and aerial environments. Anat Rec, 290:701–715, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cetacean brains: How aquatic are they?
Authors: Marino Lori 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe adaptation of cetaceans to a fully aquatic lifestyle represents one of the most dramatic transformations in mammalian evolutionary history. Two of the most salient features of modern cetaceans are their fully aquatic lifestyle and their large brains. This review article will offer an overview of comparative neuroanatomical research on aquatic mammals, including analyses of odontocete cetacean, sirenian, pinniped, and fossil archaeocete brains. In particular, the question of whether a relationship exists between being fully aquatic and having a large brain is addressed. It has been hypothesized that the large, well‐developed cetacean brain is a direct product of adaptation to a fully aquatic lifestyle. The current consensus is that the paleontological evidence on brain size evolution in cetaceans is not consistent with this hypothesis. Cetacean brain enlargement took place millions of years after adaptation to a fully aquatic existence. Neuroanatomical comparisons with sirenians and pinnipeds provide no evidence for the idea that the odontocete's large brain, high encephalization level, and extreme neocortical gyrification is an adaptation to a fully aquatic lifestyle. Although echolocation has been suggested as a reason for the high encephalization level in odontocetes, it should be noted that not all aquatic mammals echolocate and echolocating terrestrial mammals (e.g., bats) are not particularly highly encephalized. Echolocation is not a requirement of a fully aquatic lifestyle and, thus, cannot be considered a sole effect of aquaticism on brain enlargement. These results indicate that the high encephalization level of odontocetes is likely related to their socially complex lifestyle patterns that transcend the influence of an aquatic environment. Anat Rec, 290:694–700, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scale‐up of upstream and downstream operations for the production of glucosamine using microbial fermentation
Authors: Chmielowski Rebecca A. , Wu Ho‐Shing , Wang Shaw S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGlucosamine is used to treat osteoarthritis or as a nutritional supplement. The synthesis, isolation, and purification of glucosamine play a crucial role in its industrial application. This work presents the production of glucosamine from microbial fermentation, and discusses the production problems at both the upstream and downstream operations when the fermentation process is scaled up. The cost evaluation of process design was used to analyze the feasibility of using microbial fermentation for the production of glucosamine. The calculated result shows that the cost of the production of glucosamine should be designed to be approximately between US$200 and 300/kg for the project to be viable.
Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms of plant origin in the Russian Federation
Authors: Tyshko Nadezhda V. , Aksyuk Irina N. , Tutelyan Victor A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe beginning of the 21st century is characterized by growing interest in the problems of biosafety, which are determined, on the one hand, by the wide use of novel biotechnologies and the necessity to develop the adequate precautionary measures, and, on the other hand, by the objective threat of bioterrorism. Therefore, improvement of the estimation system for genetically modified (GM) sources of food and strengthening the control of their circulation are the urgent problems of modern biology and medicine. Russia is one of the countries where the estimation system of food products obtained from the GM sources is rather efficient. The key features of this system are the complex toxicological and epidemiological examinations. One of the main parts of GM food safety assessment is based upon detection of their potentially toxic properties, which could provoke unintended effects of the genetic modification.
Herstellung von Bis‐phosphonigsäureestern aus bifunktionellen Grignard‐Verbindungen und Umsetzungen zu bifunktionellen phosphororganischen Verbindungen
Authors: Sander Manfred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch Verwendung von Tetrahydrofuran als Lösungsmittel gelang es, die Grignard‐Verbindungen ClMg.[CH2]n.MgCl, n = 4−6, sowie m‐ und p‐Phenylendimagnesiumbromid in hohen Ausbeuten herzustellen. Durch Umsetzung von bifunktionellen Grignard‐Verbindungen mit Trialkylphosphiten oder besser mit Phosphorigsäure‐dialkylester‐chloriden konnten die Alkan‐α.ω‐bis‐phosphonigsäureester (RO)2P.[CH2]n.P(OR)2, n = 4−6, in Ausbeuten bis zu 50% gewonnen werden, während die Synthese aromatischer Di‐phosphonite nicht gelang. Ausgehend von den Bis‐phosphonigsäureestern ließen sich die bifunktionellen Verbindungsklassen RO(O)PH.[CH2]n.PH(O)OR, HO(O)PH.[CH2]n. PH(O)OH, H2P.[CH2]n.PH2 und Cl2P.[CH2]n.PCl2 erschließen.
Über thermische Umlagerungen am Bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐hepten‐System
Authors: Alder Kurt , Ache Hans‐Joachim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie thermische Behandlung substituierter bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptene führt ähnlich wie die der Maleinsäure‐anhydrid‐Addukte substituierter Cyclopentadiene1,2 zu einem strukturellen Umbau. Neben dem Übergang des 1‐Alkyl‐bicyclo‐heptensing 2‐Alkyl‐bicyclo‐hepten und umgekehrt, tritt noch eine bisher unbekannte Umlagerung einer Bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐hepten‐ in eine semicyclische Doppelbindung auf. Dadurch ergeben sich interessante Synthesemöglichkeiten für das Norcamphen, 2‐Äthyliden‐ und 2‐Isopropyliden‐bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptan; santen geht analog in endo‐2‐Methyl‐3‐methylen‐bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptan über.
Über drei saure pentasaccharide aus Frauenmilch
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Gauhe Adeline 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wurden 3 Pentasaccharide (a, b, c) aus Frauenmilch isoliert, die je 1 Mol. Lactaminsäure (N‐Acetyl‐neuraminsäure), 1 Mol. Glucose, 2 Moll. Galaktose und 1 Mol. N‐Acetyl‐glucosamin enthalten. Unter Abspaltung der sauren Komponente gehen a und b in Lacto‐N‐tetraose über, während c die isomere Lacto‐N‐neotetraose liefert.— Durch zwei Stämme von Influenzavirus wurde das pentasaccharid a viel leichter als c gespalten und b praktisch nicht angegriffen.
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXIII. Zum Mechanismus der Phosphinimid‐ bildung aus Brom‐arylaminen und Triphenylphosphin
Authors: Hoffmann Hellmut , Michael Dieter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Bildung von Phosphinimid‐hydrobromiden aus primären o‐und p‐Bromarylaminen und tertiären Phosphinen verläuft wahrscheinlich über die folgenden Stufen: 1. Enthalogenierung des Brom‐arylamins durch Protonen (evtl. unter Mitwirkung des Phosphins); 2. Bildung von Phosphindibromiden; 3. Reaktion des phosphindibromids mit dem enthalogenierten Amin.
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXV. PO‐aktivierte Verbindungen als Olefinierungsreagentien
Authors: Horner Leopold , Hoffmann Hellmut , Klink Walter , Ertel Hartmut , Toscano Vicente G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMit metallierten Mono‐ und Bis‐phosphon‐ und ‐phosphinsäureestern sowie Phosphinoxyden werden Mono‐ bzw. Bis‐Olefinierungen von Carbonylverbindungen durchgeführt. Phosphonsäureester mit gesättigtem Alkylrest werden durch das Metallierungsmittel gespalten und sind im Gegensatz zu den Alkylphosphinoxyden als Olefinierungsreagentien ungeeignet. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren wie Metallierungsmittel, Molverhältnis, Temperatur und Lösungsmittel auf den Reaktionsverlauf wird untersucht.
Über die von C. Paal und H. Schulze beschriebenen 1.2.3‐Tribenzoyl‐cyclopropane
Authors: Mailer Günther 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie als cis‐1.2.3.‐Tribenzoyl‐cylopropan (I) beschriebene Verbindung erweist sich als das trans‐Isomere II, die bisher als trans‐1.2.3.‐Tribenzoyl‐cyclopropan (II)bezeichnete Substanz als das Butenolid III. Das Kondensationsprodukt aus II und Hydrazin ist ein Derivat des Bis‐aza‐norcaradiens.
Über Benzo‐bis‐thiazole
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Barnikow Günther 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie in der älteren Literatur als 2.6‐Dimethyl‐benzo[1.2.5.4]bis‐thiazol (I)2 bezeichnete Verbindung ist das 2.7‐Dimethyl‐benzo[1.2.3.4.]bis‐thiazol (II). Die Quartärsalzbildung der Benzo‐bis‐thiazole wird besprochen.
Darstellung von Propanon‐(2)‐[2‐14C] und Butanon‐(2)‐[2‐14C] durch Umsetzung von Cadmiumdialkylen mit 14C‐markierten Säurechloriden
Authors: Schweer Karl‐Heinz , Schwarz Alexander 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarbonyl.[14C]‐markierte aliphatische Ketone lassen sich im Vergleich zu dem bisher üblichen Verfahren der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkali‐bzw. Erdalkalisalzen der Carbonsäuren durch Umsetzung von Cadmiumdialkylen mit markierten Säurechloriden in erheblich besserer radiochemischer Ausbeute darstellen.
Investigation of the Stability of the M‐H‐B Bond in Borane σ Complexes [M(CO)5(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] and [CpMn(CO)2(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] (M=Cr, W; L=Tertiary Amine or Phosphine): Substituent and Lewis Base Effects
Authors: Kawano Yasuro , Yamaguchi Kazunori , Miyake Shun‐ya , Kakizawa Taeko , Shimoi Mamoru 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated the influence of a substituent and a Lewis base on boron upon the thermodynamic stability of metal complexes of borane–Lewis base adducts, [M(CO)5(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] (M=Cr, W) and [CpMn(CO)2(η1‐BH2R⋅L)], where R=Cl, I, m‐C6H4F, Ph, H, Me, Et; L=PMe3, PPh3, NMe3, quinuclidine. In these compounds, the stability of the metal–borane linkage was enhanced by increasing the electron‐releasing ability of the substituent on boron. A stronger base L additionally stabilized the complexes. The strength of the borane–metal interaction is thus mainly ascribed to the electron donation from the BH σ orbital to metal rather than the back‐donation into the BH σ* orbital. This result supports the bonding model for the B‐H‐M linkage in the borane complexes suggested by MO calculations, where the borane‐to‐metal electron donation is predominant while the metal back‐donation into the BH σ* orbital is negligible. Such a stability trend of the borane complexes makes a sharp contrast to that of many silane and dihydrogen complexes.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: Examining the efficacy of psychological intervention using single N methodology
Authors: Kevan Ian Mark , Gumley Andrew I. , Coletta Vicki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychological intervention for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is presented using single N methodology. Psychological formulation and intervention were informed by psychological models of PTSD symptom persistence that focus on dual maintaining factors of (a) disturbance in the form of trauma autobiographical memory and (b) problematic trauma‐related appraisals. Baseline assessment of difficulties related to intrusive memories, problematic trauma‐related appraisals (e.g., responsibility appraisals) and associated negative emotions (e.g., anger) was followed by two phases of intervention: (1) written elaboration of the trauma memory and (2) cognitive restructuring of problematic trauma‐related appraisals. Treatment produced reduction in ratings of distress in all domains and there were clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptomatology and co‐morbid depression on standardized self‐report measures. There were, however, differential effects of treatment components as evidenced during the sequential introduction of treatment components. These are discussed and directions for future research in the treatment of PTSD in persons with severe mental health problems are highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOA estimation of desired signals by cyclic ESPRIT based on noise subspace and its performance improvement
Authors: Inagaki Yoshiyuki , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Hirayama Hiroshi , Sakakibara Kunio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBecause of the rapid development of mobile communications and ITS (intelligent transport systems), the electromagnetic wave propagation environment is becoming complex, and there is an increasing demand for techniques to estimate the direction of arrival with high resolution and to reduce the effect of interference waves. Among these, Cyclic MUSIC and Cyclic ESPRIT, in which the direction of the arriving wave can be estimated selectively by utilizing the periodic stationary property of the arriving wave, are attracting attention. The authors are proposing Cyclic ESPRIT based on the noise subspace (NS Cyclic ESPRIT) in order to remedy the performance degradation produced by the fact that the correlation matrix of the array input used in Cyclic ESPRIT is not a Hermitian matrix. However, when the number of snapshots is finite in the estimation of arrival direction by Cyclic MUSIC or Cyclic ESPRIT, the interference wave component remaining in the correlation matrix has an adverse effect on the accuracy of direction‐of‐arrival estimation. Consequently, adaptive spatial smoothing processing and generalized eigenvalue decomposition are introduced into NS Cyclic ESPRIT in this study, aiming at reduction of the remaining interference component and at performance improvement in direction‐of‐arrival estimation. A computer simulation verifies that the performance in direction‐of‐arrival estimation in NS Cyclic ESPRIT is improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(11): 95–104, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20304
Route diversity effect on multipoint‐to‐multipoint (MP‐MP) fixed wireless systems with mesh network topologies recommended in ITU‐R F.1704
Authors: Nanba Shinobu , Konishi Satoshi , Kishi Yoji , Nomoto Shinichi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBroadband fixed wireless access (FWA) systems using submillimeter and millimeter bands are expected to function as large‐capacity access circuits supplementing wired broadband access networks. However, a major issue in handling high‐frequency bands such as the submillimeter and millimeter bands has been deterioration of circuit quality due to rain attenuation and the resulting degradation of operating efficiency. In order to deal with this issue, the authors proposed a multipoint‐to‐multipoint (MP‐MP) FWA system using a mesh topology that organically combines point‐to‐point (P‐P) wireless links, and quantitatively showed a diversity effect obtained on the mesh network to demonstrate the validity of the system. The proposed system was recommended for use as F.1704 by the ITU‐R (International Telecommunication Union‐Radiocommunication Sector), which promotes research into standardization of wireless communications and prepares recommendations. In this paper, we give theoretical evaluations of the diversity effect that formed the core of the recommendation, and present evaluation examples based on real data obtained from outdoor test networks, to demonstrate the validity of the diversity effect in the proposed system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(11): 61–70, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20334
Interference and outage probability evaluation in UMTS network capacity planning
Authors: Liu Tuo , Everitt David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we develop efficient analytic techniques for characterisation of other‐cell interference in the uplink of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) cellular networks. Heterogeneous service classes are supported in such systems with different data rate, bit error rate and activity factors. Additionally, the considered propagation model includes both distance loss and log‐normal shadowing effects. First we suggest analytical methods to derive the whole distribution function (d.f.) of other‐cell interference, followed by corresponding log‐normal approximation introduced and validated to simplify the computation. An iterative method for solving fixed‐point equations is employed to determine both d.f. and the mean and variance for log‐normal approximation of the other‐cell interference. Finally, one important application of the derived distribution of other‐cell interference, the calculation of outage probability, is demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging mesial temporal lobe activation during scene encoding: Comparison of fMRI using BOLD and arterial spin labeling
Authors: Fernández‐Seara María A. , Wang Jiongjiong , Wang Ze , Korczykowski Marc , Guenther Matthias , Feinberg David A. , Detre John A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMemory encoding is a critical brain function subserved by the hippocampus (HP) and mesial temporal lobe (mTL) structures. Visualization of mTL memory activation with BOLD fMRI is complicated by the presence of static susceptibility gradients in this region. Arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion fMRI offers an alternative approach not dependent on susceptibility contrast that instead suffers from lower intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio. An improved ASL perfusion fMRI approach combining pseudo‐continuous ASL and a T2*‐insensitive sequence (GRASE) with background suppression was compared to BOLD fMRI at 3 T during a scene encoding task known to activate the HP. Overall, an approximate sixfold sensitivity increase of ASL fMRI was achieved, with improved coverage in the anterior mTL, while suppression of the static tissue enhanced the stability of the ASL series by a factor of 2.4. Perfusion fMRI using this approach with 4 mm isotropic resolution yielded better localized and stronger group activation maps than BOLD fMRI at a standard resolution of 3 mm isotropic voxels. Increasing the resolution for BOLD to 2.5 mm isotropic produced stronger mTL and hippocampal activation in the group and individual subjects than the ASL technique, due to superior temporal resolution and reduced partial volume effects. Future improvements in ASL spatial and temporal resolution would allow the benefits of both approaches to be combined to further enhance the sensitivity for detecting mTL activation during memory encoding. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.