bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Features of the Rumen Metabolism of Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid and Linseed Oil Measured in Vitro
Authors: Jouany Jean‐Pierre , Lassalas Bernadette , Doreau Michel , Glasser Frédéric 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe lipid quality of ruminant products is largely determined by the extent of rumen microbial biohydrogenation (BH) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and the substances formed thereby. In vitro batch incubations with mixed rumen bacteria were tracked over 24 h to characterize the profiles and kinetics of the BH products from three lipid sources: pure linoleic acid (c9,c12–18:2), pure linolenic acid (c9,c12,c15–18:3) and linseed oil (mainly c9,c12,c15–18:3 in triacylglycerols). After 24 h of incubation biohydrogenation was more complete for c9,c12–18:2, which gave mainly stearic acid (18:0), than for c9,c12,c15–18:3, which yielded mainly trans‐18:1 FAs. This suggests inhibition of the final BH step (18:1 to 18:0). Incubations of c9,c12–18:2 resulted in high levels of carbon 10‐ and 12‐desaturated 18:1, t10,c12‐ and c9,t11‐CLAs. Incubations of c9,c12,c15–18:3 resulted in high levels of t11–18:1, carbon 13‐ and 15‐desaturated 18:1 as well as t11,c15–18:2 and 11,13‐CLAs. A comparative study of linolenic acid and linseed oil kinetics revealed that the BH process was not significantly slowed by the esterification of polyunsaturated FAs, but may have been limited by the isomerization step in which the cis12 double bond goes to the trans11 position. The disappearance rates of c9,c12–18:2 and c9,c12,c15–18:3 ranged from 23.6 to 44.6%/h. The wide variety of BH intermediates found here underlines the large number of possible BH pathways. These data help provide a basis for dynamic approaches to BH processes.
California not yet ready for desalination
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: March 2007

Desalination is an expensive source of freshwater, and plans for desalination efforts in California do not adequately address the potential costs or environmental and social impacts, according to a report released on 27 June by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.Seawater desalination has been implemented successfully in a few parts of the world, such as the Persian Gulf region, and is used on a small scale for commercial and industrial needs in the United States. In California, about 20 large projects have been proposed in the last five years; if all were constructed, they would provide the equivalent of about 6% of the state's 2000 urban water supply.
The Antarctic Subglacial Lake Vostok: Glaciology, Biology and Planetology
Authors: Siegert Martin J. 
Published: March 2007

Igor Zotikov has been involved in Antarctic glaciological research since the 1957–1958 third International Polar Year (IPY). His theoretical analyses of ice flow and heat transfer were important early contributions to our present understanding of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. These contributions were also critical to the eventual appreciation that a large body of water existed beneath the approximately 3.7‐kilometer‐thick ice column at Vostok Station in central East Antarctica. In his short book, titled The Antarctic Subglacial Lake Vostok: Glaciology, Biology and Planetology, Zotikov reflects on his and his colleagues' 40‐year contribution to the story of Lake Vostok's discovery, and to future exploration of subglacial lake environments.While several authors have discussed the history of subglacial lake exploration, accounts have varied. Zotikov provides, in my opinion, the fullest and most balanced explanation of Antarctic subglacial lake discovery available. For this reason alone the book is of great value as a historical resource, although there are some weaknesses. Essentially, the work highlights the fascinating background to a paper by Kapitsa et al. [1996] that led to the recognition of Lake Vostok as a deep‐water body capable of supporting unique microorganisms. Since this paper, several international meetings (held in Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have been organized to plan for the exploration of subglacial lake environments. This book therefore charts the origin of an exciting and important new area of interdisciplinary science in Antarctica.
Global interagency IPY Polar Snapshot Year
Authors: Jezek Kenneth C. , Drinkwater Mark R. 
Published: March 2007

Satellite observations are revolutionizing our ability to observe the poles and polar processes. No other technology developed since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957—1958 provides the highresolution, continental‐scale, frequent‐repeat, and all‐weather observations available from spaceborne sensors. The utility of that technology is evidenced by associated scientific advances including measurements of trends in polar sea ice cover and extent, the realization that the polar ice sheets can change dramatically at timescales of decades or less, and the quantification of relationships between processes at the poles and at middle and equatorial latitudes.There are similar successes in the commercial and governmental sectors, and so the competition for access to the international constellation of satellites becomes increasingly more intense. Frequently, this means that there are only limited opportunities for conducting large‐scale projects that consume a significant fraction of system capabilities for some dedicated period of time. One example of a large‐scale coordinated effort is the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP). RAMP required months of dedicated satellite and ground support time to achieve its objective of obtaining near‐instantaneous, high‐resolution snapshots of Antarctica.
Panel recommends budget cuts for observatories
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: March 2007

US. National Science Foundation funding for observatories that monitor the ionosphere, Sun, and solar system could be reduced substantially if recent recommendations from a panel of senior scientists are heeded.The senior review committee, commissioned by NSF to provide outside guidance to the agency, attempted to balance current federal budget outlooks with the ambitious astronomy programs proposed earlier this decade by the U.S. National Research Council. The committee was asked to propose cuts of roughly $30 million in annual spending from the current program—representing 15% of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) annual budget for astronomy—to accommodate NSF plans for developing and operating new facilities.
NSF assistant director for geosciences announces resignation
Authors: Zielinki Sarah 
Published: March 2007

Margaret Leinen, assistant director for geosciences at the U.S. National Science Foundation, announced on 7 December that she will be leaving NSF in January 2007 to become the chief science officer and vice president of Climos, a new company based in San Francisco, Calif., that plans to develop solutions to reduce greenhouse gases. Leinen will oversee efforts to better understand the planet's carbon cycle to address global climate change issues.Leinen has managed the Directorate for Geosciences since 2000. She also served as vice chair of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program, which coordinates federal climate change research, and as co‐chair of the National Science and Technology Council's Joint Committee on Ocean Science and Technology.
Indian Ocean tsunami detection buoy deployed
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: March 2007

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has deployed the first of two Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys in the Indian Ocean.This first buoy was placed about halfway between Thailand and Sri Lanka at the beginning of December 2006 and will be maintained by the Thai Meteorological Department and National Disaster Warning Center. Data from the buoy is available at http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=23401NOAA will deploy a second DART buoy farther south in spring 2007. The DART buoys are two of 22 tsunameters planned for the regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean, which will provide warnings for Indonesia, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Other features of the final warning system will include tide gauges, modeling, and upgrades to communications.
Monitoring global vegetation using moderate‐resolution satellites
Authors: Morisette Jeff , Heinsch Faith Ann , Running Steven W. 
Published: March 2007

The international community long has recognized the need to coordinate observations of Earth from space. In 1984, this situation provided the impetus for creating the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), an international mechanism charged with coordinating international civil spaceborne missions designed to observe and study planet Earth. Currently, several international organizations, most prominently the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS),are focusing on the requirements for Earth observation from space to address key science questions and societal benefits related to our terrestrial environment.The recent CEOS‐endorsed Long Term Global Monitoring of Vegetation Variables using Moderate Resolution Satellites Workshop was organized to establish a framework to understand the interrelationships among multiple global vegetation products and identify opportunities for (1) increasing knowledge through combined products, (2) realizing efficiency by avoiding redundancy and (3) developing near‐ and long‐term strategies to avoid gaps in our understanding of critical global vegetation information.
U.S. survey of lakes
Authors: Zielinki Sarah 
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency along with state and tribal agencies will conduct a three‐year study of the nation's lakes, the EPA announced on 6 December. The study will assess the state of health of the lakes and determine the relative importance of key stressors on lake systems, such as nutrients and pathogens.The survey will cover 909 bodies of water in the conterminous United States, though not the Great Lakes or the Great Salt Lake. At each lake, sampling will include chemical quality, nutrients, chlorophyll a, color, turbidity, ecological indicators, algal toxins, and pathogen indicators. The EPA last conducted a survey of lakes in 1972–1976.
Future needs in atmospheric reanalysis
Authors: Simmons Adrian , Uppala Sakari , Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, reanalyses of multi‐decadal series of past observations have become established as an important and widely utilized resource for the study of atmospheric and oceanic processes and predictability Reanalyses, which are produced using modern versions of the data assimilation systems developed for numerical weather prediction (NWP),also are being applied increasingly in many other fields that require a record of the state of either the atmosphere or its underlying land and ocean surfaces. Estimation of renewable energy resources, calculation of microwave telecommunication signal losses, and study of bird migration are just three examples.High‐resolution operational NWP systems provide good quality analyses for timely study of recent conditions, including climatic extremes. However, changes made to improve the operational systems introduce inhomogeneities in time series of operational analyses that limit their utility for studies of longer‐term climate variability and change. Lower‐resolution reanalyses produced using an up‐to‐date data assimilation system provide products for all but the last few years that are generally superior to those available from the archives of past operational products. The reanalysis products are, by design, more suitable than their operational counterparts for use in studies of longer‐term variability in climate, although they remain susceptible to changes in the observing system that can make accurate depiction of long‐term trends problematic.
A geoscientist in the State Department
Authors: Prather Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

It must have been in a fit of idealism, à la Jimmy Stewart, that I applied to be a Jefferson Science Fellow (JSF) at the U.S. Department of State in the summer of 2004. The flyer was appealing, offering an opportunity to become “directly involved with the State Department, applying current knowledge of science and technology in support of the development of U.S. international policy. The Jefferson Science Fellowships enable academic scientists and engineers to act as consultants to the State Department on matters of science, technology, and engineering as they affect foreign policy.”My own science—elating to ozone depletion, climate change, and aviation environmental impacts—often has been at the science‐policy interface. As a result, I have attended governmental and intergovernmental meetings, particularly the international assessments on climate change and ozone depletion. I had even come to know the State Department team on climate negotiations, although I had never been inside the State Department. The appeal of working on the inside of negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was strong—if only to find out what an ‘interlocutor’ was.
Western Pacific geophysics meeting in Beijing, China
Authors: Duan Qingyun , Chen Yun‐Tai 
Published: March 2007

The 2006 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting (WPGM),held 24–27 July 2006 in Beijing, China, was successful in terms of attendance, the scientific program, and advancing scientific collaboration between AGU members and geoscientists from the western Pacific region.The scientific program featured two major cross‐disciplinary themes: major natural disasters, and sustainability of natural resources and environment. These themes were selected for their special contemporary significance.
Great Tsunami: 26 December 2004, Sumatra Region
Authors: Lay Thorne 
Published: March 2007

The Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004, one of the deadliest natural events in human history, caused more than 223,000 fatalities around the margins of the Indian Ocean.The rupture initiated beneath northwestern Sumatra and propagated 1300 kilometers to the Andaman Islands.Access to extensive portions of the rupture zone north of Sumatra is restricted by the Indian or Chinese governments. In addition, because of political considerations, India does not provide open access to data from its extensive network of mainland broadband seismometers. These factors provide a context for Memoir 64 of the Geological Society of India, which documents primary observations of the earthquake and tsunami effects in Indian territories.
Council and Committee Chairs meet in San Francisco
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: March 2007

Council members met twice during the Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.—on Sunday at the Council Forum and on Friday at the biennial business meeting.The Forum gives Council members and Focus Group chairs an opportunity to have in‐depth discussions of items that are on the agenda for the business meeting and to hear reports from various committee chairs.Francis Albarede, Publications Committee chair, noted some of the challenges facing the program,such as the potential for government‐mandated open access of some journal articles and preparing for the demise of print.
Andante: reducing side-chain rotamer search space during comparative modeling using environment-specific substitution probabilities
Authors: Smith Richard E. , Lovell Simon C. , Burke David F. , Montalvao Rinaldo W. , Blundell Tom L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMotivation: The accurate placement of side chains in computational protein modeling and design involves the searching of vast numbers of rotamer combinations.Results: We have applied the information contained within structurally aligned homologous families, in the form of conserved χ angle conservation rules, to the problem of the comparative modeling. This allows the accurate borrowing of entire side-chain conformations and/or the restriction to high probability rotamer bins. The application of these rules consistently reduces the number of rotamer combinations that need to be searched to trivial values and also reduces the overall side-chain root mean square deviation (rmsd) of the final model. The approach is complementary to current side-chain placement algorithms that use the decomposition of interacting clusters to increase the speed of the placement process.Contact: res50@mole.bio.cam.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GAPWM: a genetic algorithm method for optimizing a position weight matrix
Authors: Li Leping , Liang Yu , Bass Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMotivation: Position weight matrices (PMWs) are simple models commonly used in motif-finding algorithms to identify short functional elements, such as cis-regulatory motifs, on genes. When few experimentally verified motifs are available, estimation of the PWM may be poor. The resultant PWM may not reliably discriminate a true motif from a false one. While experimentally identifying such motifs remains time-consuming and expensive, low-resolution binding data from techniques such as ChIP-on-chip and ChIP-PET have become available. We propose a novel but simple method to improve a poorly estimated PWM using ChIP data.Methodology: Starting from an existing PWM, a set of ChIP sequences, and a set of background sequences, our method, GAPWM, derives an improved PWM via a genetic algorithm that maximizes the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. GAPWM can easily incorporate prior information such as base conservation. We tested our method on two PMWs (Oct4/Sox2 and p53) using three recently published ChIP data sets (human Oct4, mouse Oct4 and human p53).Results: GAPWM substantially increased the sensitivity/specificity of a poorly estimated PWM and further improved the quality of a good PWM. Furthermore, it still functioned when the starting PWM contained a major error. The ROC performance of GAPWM compared favorably with that of MEME and others. With increasing availability of ChIP data, our method provides an alternative for obtaining high-quality PWMs for genome-wide identification of transcription factor binding sites.Availability: The C source code and all data used in this report are available at http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/dirbb/gapwmContact: li3@niehs.nih.govSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in haemophiliacs: incidence and relation to use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: EYSTER M. E. , ASAAD S. M. , GOLD B. D. , COHN S. E. , GOEDERT J. J. ,   THE SECOND MULTICENTER HEMOPHILIA STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2007

Summary.  This multicentre study sought to estimate the incidence of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding in haemophiliacs and its relationship to use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cox models were used to estimate relative hazards (RH) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for postulated risk factors. Conditional logistic regression and stored sera were used to assess UGI bleeding risk with Heliobacter pylori seropositivity in cases compared with closely matched controls. During a mean of 17.4 months (range 2–34), 2285 participants, ages 13–89 (mean 36.5) were followed for 3309 person‐years (py). Forty‐two experienced a UGI bleeding event (incidence 1.3 per 100 py), most from ulcer (11), gastritis (four), varices (five) and Mallory Weiss tears (eight). RH was significantly increased with traditional NSAID use for <1 month (OR: 3.66; 95% CI: 1.1–11.9), but not with coxibs use. RH was significantly and independently increased with age >46 years (3.5; 95% CI: 1.1–10.6) and hepatic decompensation (4.4; 95% CI: 1.7–11.6). Likelihood of bleeding was substantially but not significantly increased (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 0.3–83.9) with H. pylori seropositivity. These findings suggest that coxibs are a safer alternative than traditional NSAIDs in the treatment of haemophilic arthropathy.
Effect of reactive oxygen intermediaries on the viability and infectivity of Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Wek‐Rodriguez Kendy , Silva‐Miranda Mayra , Arce‐Paredes Patricia , Rojas‐Espinosa Oscar 
Published: March 2007

SummaryMurine leprosy is a natural disease of the mouse, the most popular model animal used in biomedical research; the disease is caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), a successful parasite of macrophages. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that MLM survives within macrophages because it highly resists the toxic effects of the reactive oxygen intermediaries produced by these cells in response to infection by the microorganism. MLM cells were incubated in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRPO)–H2O2–halide for several periods of time. The peroxidative effect of this system was investigated by assessing the changes occurred in (a) lipid composition; (b) viability; and (c) infectivity of the microorganism. Changes in the lipid composition of peroxidated‐ vs. intact‐MLM were analysed by thin layer chromatography. The effect of the peroxidative system on the viability and infectivity of MLM was measured by the alamar blue reduction assay and by its ability to produce an infection in the mouse, respectively. Peroxidation of MLM produced drastic changes in the lipid envelope of the microorganism, killed the bacteria and abolished their ability to produce an in vivo infection in the mouse. In vitro, MLM is highly susceptible to the noxious effects of the HRPO–H2O2–halide system. Although the lipid envelope of MLM might protect the microorganism from the peroxidative substances produced at ‘physiological’ concentrations in vivo, the success of MLM as a parasite of macrophages might rather obey for other reasons. The ability of MLM to enter macrophages without triggering these cells’ oxidative response and the lack of granular MPO in mature macrophages might better explain its success as an intracellular parasite of these cells.
Taking leave from work: the impact of culture on Japanese female nurses
Authors: Mizuno‐Lewis Satomi , McAllister Margaret 
Published: March 2007

Aims and objectives.  This paper provides an overview of nurses’ working conditions in Japan, exploring tensions between nurses’ rights to take leave from work to fulfil family and personal needs and their actual ability to take such leave. It also considers possible effects of being restricted from taking such leave.Background.  Little has been written on the specific needs of nurses who are mothers in the Japanese work environment. Research has focussed on the effects of heavy, stressful workloads and long working hours leading to burnout, death from overwork and suicides in Japanese culture. However, research that considers unique cultural and female issues in Japan affecting nursing work has not been published.Method.  Discursive.Conclusion.  The paper shows that there are many overlapping, complex issues affecting nurses working in Japan and their needs need to be considered and addressed in order to promote a healthier work environment, as well as a more humanistic environment.Relevance to clinical practice.  Workplace issues are relevant to recruitment and retention and better conditions are likely to improve hospital functioning.