bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Alkylation of Naphthalene over One-Dimensional Twelve-Membered Ring Zeolites. The Influence of Zeolite Structure and Alkylating Agent on the Selectivity for Dialkylnaphthalenes
Authors: Sugi Yoshihiro , Maekawa Hiroyoshi , Naiki Hiroaki , Komura Kenichi , Kubota Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Alkylation, i.e., isopropylation, s-butylation, and t-butylation, of naphthalene (NP) was examined over one-dimensional twelve-membered (12-MR) zeolites: H-mordenite (MOR), SSZ-24 (AFI), SSZ-55 (ATS), and SSZ-42 (IFR) in order to elucidate how zeolite structure and alkylating agent play roles in the shape-selective catalysis. The β,β-selectivities (for β,β-dialkylnaphthalene (2,6- and 2,7-dialkylnaphthalenes, β,β-DAN)) and the 2,6-selectivities (for 2,6-DAN) were varied with the types of zeolite and of alkylating agent. MOR and AFI gave high β,β-selectivities by using alkylating agents, propene, 1-butene, and 2-methylpropene. However, the β,β-selectivities were changed over ATS and IFR at 250 °C: 40% for the isopropylation, 80% for the s-butylation, and almost 100% for the t-butylation. The 2,6-selectivities in the isopropylation were as high as 60% over MOR and 50% over AFI at 250 °C; however, they were less than 20% over ATS and IFR. The selectivities increased by using bulky alkylating agents over these one-dimensional zeolites: selective formation of 2,6-DAN occurred in the s-butylation and t-butylation. The different features among zeolites are explained by the zeolite channel and the bulkiness of alkylating agent. MOR and AFI with straight channels gave smaller reaction spaces than ATS and IFR with corrugated channels. Bulky alkylating agent also enhances the discrimination of the isomers, particularly between 2,6- and 2,7-DAN. The β,β- and 2,6-selectivities are synergetically governed by the zeolite channel and the bulkiness of alkylating agents.
Physical and Chemical Stability of Esomeprazole Sodium Solutions
Authors: Kupiec Thomas C , Aloumanis Vasileios , Ben Michel , Trissel Lawrence A , Chan Pak , Patterson Joe 
Published: July 2008

Background Esomeprazole sodium (Nexium IV, AstraZeneca) is the S-isomer of omeprazole and acts as a proton pump inhibitor gastric antisecretory agent indicated for the short-term treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with a history of erosivo esophagitis. Currently, there is no information on the long-term stability of esomeprazole sodium in infusion solutions beyond 12 hours. Objective To evaluate the stability of esomeprazole sodium in 5% dextrose, 0,9% sodium chloride, and lactated Ringer's injection, at 2 concentrations, at room temperature and when refrigerated. Methods Triplicate samples of esomeprazole 0.4 and 0.8 mg/mL as the sodium salt were prepared in the solutions required. Stability evaluations were performed initially, over 2 days stored at 23 °C, and over 5 days stored at 4 °C. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The samples in all 3 infusion solutions were physically stable throughout the study. None of the samples had evidence of visible haze or particulates. Most samples developed a slight yellow discoloration within 24 hours, but this discoloration was not accompanied by an excessive loss of drug content. The esomeprazole sodium samples in all 3 infusion solutions exhibited less than 7% loss over 2 days at 23 °C and over 5 days at 4 °C. Conclusions: Esomeprazole 0.4 and 0.8 mg/mL as the sodium salt in the infusion solutions tested is chemically and physically stable for at least 2 days at room temperature and 5 days under refrigeration.
Tigecycline for the Treatment of Acinetobacter Infections: A Case Series
Authors: Gallagher Jason C , Rouse Heather M 
Published: July 2008

Background Acinetobacter infections resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics have become prevalent in many institutions. Tigecycline has in vitro activity against Acinetobacter spp. and has been suggested as a therapeutic option in these infections. Objective To describe the clinical and microbiologic outcomes of patients who received tigecycline for the treatment of infections caused by Acinetobacter spp. at our institution. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 29 sequential patients who received tigecycline for treatment of Acinetobacter infections. The outcomes assessed for efficacy were clinical improvement or cure and microbiologic cure in evaluable patients. Results: Patients received tigecycline a median of 30 days into hospitalization for a median of 11 days. Common indications were pneumonia (15 pts.), bacteremia (6), and urinary tract infection (3). Positive clinical outcomes (clinical cure or improvement) were seen in 8 (28%) of 29 patients. Of the 25 microbiologically evaluable patients, 11 (44%) had resolution of their cultures. Eleven patients had susceptibility testing performed, and the median minimum inhibitory concentration was 4 μg/mL (range 3–8). Conclusions: In this case series, most patients did not have clinically or microbiologically favorable outcomes with tigecycline therapy. No patient had an isolate that was fully susceptible to tigecycline. Data from more studies are needed before tigecycline can be recommended for the treatment of Acinetobacter infections.
Component-by-component construction of low-discrepancy point sets of small size
Authors: Doerr Benjamin , Gnewuch Michael , Kritzer Peter , Pillichshammer Friedrich 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We investigate the problem of constructing small point sets with low star discrepancy in the s-dimensional unit cube. The size of the point set shall always be polynomial in the dimension s. Our particular focus is on extending the dimension of a given low-discrepancy point set.
This results in a deterministic algorithm that constructs N-point sets with small discrepancy in a component-by-component fashion. The algorithm also provides the exact star discrepancy of the output set. Its run-time considerably improves on the run-times of the currently known deterministic algorithms that generate low-discrepancy point sets of comparable quality.
We also study infinite sequences of points with infinitely many components such that all initial subsegments projected down to all finite dimensions have low discrepancy. To this end, we introduce the inverse of the star discrepancy of such a sequence, and derive upper bounds for it as well as for the star discrepancy of the projections of finite subsequences with explicitly given constants. In particular, we establish the existence of sequences whose inverse of the star discrepancy depends linearly on the dimension.
Generalized Becker–Döring equations modeling the time evolution of a process of preferential attachment with fitness
Authors: Guiaş Flavius 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We introduce an infinite system of equations modeling the time evolution of the growth process of a network. The nodes are characterized by their degree k ∈ ℕ and a fitness parameter f ∈ [0, h]. Every new node which emerges becomes a fitness f′ according to a given distribution P and attaches to an existing node with fitness f and degree k at rate f Ak
, where Ak
are positive coefficients, growing sublinearly in k. If the parameter f takes only one value, the dynamics of this process can be described by a variant of the Becker–Döring equations, where the growth of the size of clusters of size k occurs only with increment 1. In contrast to the established Becker–Döring equations, the system considered here is nonconservative, since mass (i.e. links) is continuously added. Nevertheless, it has the property of linearity, which is a natural consequence of the process which is being modeled. The purpose of this paper is to construct a solution of the system based on a stochastic approximation algorithm, which allows also a numerical simulation in order to get insight into its qualitative behaviour. In particular we show analytically and numerically the property of Bose–Einstein condensation, which was observed in the literature on random graphs.
Sigma-algebra theorems
Authors: Halton John H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In reviewing the foundations of probability, to establish the underpinnings of the Monte Carlo method, I found some basic results for which I could not find a simple, clear, and concise derivation in the literature. This paper is an attempt to present a sufficient collection of such results. The presentation is pitched at the level of Monte Carlo practitioners, rather than mathematical probabilists.
A Roadmap for Coasters: Landscapes, Life Histories, and the Conservation of Brook Trout
Authors: Ridgway Mark S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThere is still much to do in developing informed policy on the issue of migratory (“coaster”) brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis. My purpose in this paper is to provide a summary of research from other programs that may be useful for understanding the dichotomy between coaster and stream‐resident brook trout. Great Lakes glacial history, population structure at the watershed level, landscape‐scale habitat patterns, the energetics of resident and migratory brook trout, and dichotomous movements of young of year all provide important context for coaster brook trout. I apply a new growth model to literature sources on brook trout life history to scope the potential range of coaster‐resident life histories. The results indicate that juvenile growth falls largely into two groups, depending on whether the adult prey field incorporates fish in the diet. Combining ideas on variation in the standard metabolic rate and habitat productivity with a new theory of food web structure from other authors leads to an interesting working hypothesis for coaster brook trout that builds on W. E. Ricker's original observations on brook trout diet over 75 years ago.
Genetic Population Structure among Source Populations for Coaster Brook Trout in Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior
Authors: D'Amelio Silvia , Wilson Chris 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPopulations of coaster brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, a potadromous ecotype endemic to Lake Superior, have declined precipitously over the past 150 years. This study quantified the relatedness and genetic structure of remnant coaster and river‐resident brook trout within Nipigon Bay using microsatellite DNA markers. Individual assignment tests confirmed that coaster brook trout are a life history variant of brook trout derived from populations in tributary habitats, rather than a genetically distinct subspecies or evolutionarily significant unit. Furthermore, coasters appear to act as vectors for gene flow among riverine populations, providing genetic connectivity among allopatric tributaries. Molecular data indicated substantial gene flow among several below‐barrier populations, whereas other tributaries contained separate, largely discrete populations. Isolated above‐barrier populations showed the greatest interpopulation differentiation, with limited downstream gene flow observed within tributaries. The relative contributions of the sampled tributary populations to the coasters in Nipigon Bay were highly variable among rivers, indicating that management of source river populations will be critical for the effective conservation and restoration of coaster brook trout within Lake Superior.
Genetic Differentiation among Sympatric Migratory and Resident Life History Forms of Rainbow Trout in British Columbia
Authors: Heath Daniel D. , Bettles Corwyn M. , Jamieson Sara , Stasiak Iga , Docker Margaret F. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in coastal areas of North America occur as two divergent migratory types: Steelhead that migrate to salt water and return to their natal river to spawn and resident rainbow trout that either do not migrate or migrate locally within the freshwater system. We extracted DNA from sympatrically occurring steelhead and rainbow trout collected from five major drainages in British Columbia. We used three types of genetic markers to test for differentiation within the sympatric population: Microsatellite DNA markers, gene intron polymorphisms (restriction fragment length polymorphisms [RFLPs] and fragment size polymorphisms), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exon polymorphisms (RFLPs). The migratory and resident forms were genetically differentiated in only one sympatric population based on microsatellite data, but no significant differentiation was found using the combined gene locus marker data. Overall, most of the observed allele variation at all marker types was attributable to among‐drainage variance, while migratory life history contributed a nonsignificant component based on hierarchical analysis of molecular variance. Interestingly, the migratory and resident forms were genetically differentiated in two different populations based on the gonadotropin and p53 intron polymorphisms, while no significant genetic differentiation was found between the two migratory types at any of the MHC exon or growth hormone intron‐length polymorphisms. Furthermore, the neighbor‐joining cluster dendrogram based on the microsatellite markers reflected geographic patterns, while the neighbor‐joining dendrogram using gene intron and MHC markers did not. Our data indicate that the migratory and resident life histories have probably evolved independently in different drainages in British Columbia. The disagreement between the results of the analyses using the microsatellite and gene locus markers probably reflects differences in selection, mutation, or both, acting at these two types of marker loci.
Effects of Winter Temperature and Flow on a Summer‐Fall Nursery Fish Assemblage in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland
Authors: Wingate Rebecca L. , Secor David H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn temperate estuaries, nearshore nursery fish assemblages are influenced by environmental conditions that are present during and prior to the period of juvenile fish occurrence. An intensively sampled site (Patuxent River estuary) in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay provided 9 years of data for relating previous and current environmental variables with juvenile fish assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis identified temperature and flow from the previous winter (January‐March) and week and year of the assemblage sample as the most influential variables. In contrast, environmental variables at the time of sampling were not identified as important. High summer‐fall abundances of Atlantic silversides Menidia menidia, striped bass Morone saxatilis, white perch Morone americana, and Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina were positively associated with low winter temperatures and high winter flows. High abundances of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, spot Leiostomus xanthurus, bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, and northern puffer Sphoeroides maculatus were associated with low winter flows and high winter temperatures. The mechanisms by which winter conditions affect the summer‐fall nursery fish assemblage were not directly addressed in this study, but winter conditions can affect subsequent spring and summer estuarine production, spawning and recruitment phenology, and distributions of juvenile fishes.
Effects of Severe Drought on Freshwater Mussel Assemblages
Authors: Haag Wendell R. , Warren Melvin L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe examined changes in freshwater mussel abundance and species composition at eight sites in Alabama and Mississippi in response to a severe drought in 2000. Five small‐stream sites in Bankhead National Forest were heavily impacted by drought; one site dried almost completely, and four sites experienced total or near cessation of flow but retained water in their channels to a large extent. In contrast, three large‐stream sites retained flow and experienced only minor streambed exposure, primarily along the stream margins. In small streams, overall mussel density before and after the drought declined by 65‐83%, and the magnitude of the decline did not differ among streams regardless of whether the channel dried or remained wetted. IntroducedCorbicula fluminea(Asian clam) experienced near total mortality and declined to a greater extent than native unionids. The magnitude of decline was similar among unionid species, and the likelihood of surviving the drought was mostly a function of predrought abundance; differences in drought tolerance among species were not evident. Consequently, assemblage composition changed primarily because of the loss of rare species, resulting in drainagewide homogenization and convergence on a shrinking species pool. In contrast, we found no evidence for changes in the total abundance or composition of mussel assemblages in large streams that continued to flow during the drought. Our results show that mussels are highly sensitive to the secondary effects of drought—most likely the low levels of dissolved oxygen caused by low flow, warm temperatures, and high biological oxygen demand—in addition to the direct drying of their habitat. The postdrought abundances of some species in Bankhead National Forest may now be below the minimum necessary for successful reproduction. These populations, which are isolated by reservoirs, may be in a downward spiral from which they will have difficulty recovering in the absence of immigration.
Influence of Benthic Features and Fishing Pressure on Size and Distribution of Three Exploited Reef Fishes from the Southeastern United States
Authors: Kendall Matthew S. , Bauer Laurie J. , Jeffrey Christopher F. G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDistribution, habitat preference, and size structure were examined for three commonly targeted bottom fishes (black sea bass Centropristis striata, gag Mycteroperca microlepis, and scamp M. phenax) in the southeastern United States. Fish communities and bottom characteristics of limestone ledges within Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (located centrally along the southeastern continental shelf) were surveyed. Black sea bass occurred at 98% of the ledges and were evenly distributed throughout the sanctuary in much‐higher numbers than either gags or scamps, which were concentrated at only 11% of the ledges. Gag or scamp presence was most strongly related to height of ledge undercut, whereas abundance of black sea bass was best explained by percent cover of sessile biota. In addition, lower abundance of black sea bass occurred in the presence of either gags or scamps, which are generally larger than black sea bass. In all three species, an abrupt decline in abundance was observed for size‐classes above the size limit of the fishery. Also, modal size of gags or scamps was smaller and the percentage of fish exceeding the fishery size limit was lower in heavily fished areas than in less intensively fished areas.
Malignancy After Solid Organ Transplantation: An Overview
Authors: Zafar S. Yousuf , Howell David N. , Gockerman Jon P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader should be able to: Describe the most common malignancies encountered after solid organ transplantation.Discuss the pathogenesis of malignancy after solid organ transplantation.Administer standard treatment for common post–solid organ transplantation malignancies.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comWith improving survival following solid organ transplantation, clinicians must be aware of post-transplant complications. One increasingly frequent complication is the development of malignancy after transplantation. The most common malignancies encountered in the post–solid organ transplant setting are nonmelanoma skin cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The pathogenesis of these tumors is likely related to the immunosuppressive drugs used post-transplantation and subsequent viral infection. Treatment involves modification of the immunosuppressive drug regimen, resection of localized disease, and chemotherapy. We present the second reported case of a patient with lung transplantation who developed KS in the lung graft.
Evaluation of Vitamin D Deficiency in Breast Cancer Patients on Bisphosphonates
Authors: Wang-Gillam Andrea , Miles Dorothy A. , Hutchins Laura F. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course the reader should be able to: Recognize and treat vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients.Avoid the potential complications of occult vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients on bisphosphonates.Administer the appropriate dose of vitamin D supplementation to cancer patients.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
Bisphosphonates are very effective in treating osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease; however, unfavorable outcomes can occur when they are given to patients with occult vitamin D deficiency. No clear consensus exists on the assessment of vitamin D status in cancer patients undergoing bisphosphonate therapy. This study examines the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among breast cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis or metastatic bone disease, and observes the use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these patients.

Methods.
This retrospective study reviewed the electronic records of 321 breast cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates. Information on age, race, and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone, and calcium were collected, and intakes of calcium and vitamin D supplements were queried in an outpatient pharmacy database.

Results.
Of the 321 patients treated with bisphosphonates, 209 (65.1%) had their 25-OHD levels checked at least once. Of these patients, 57 (27.3%) had a serum 25-OHD level &lt;20 ng/ml. Of the 209 patients with a known 25-OHD level, only eight (3.8%) received &gt;600 IU of vitamin D per day, and 41 (19.6%) patients received 400–600 IU of vitamin D daily.

Conclusion.
Especially in the setting of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer patients, we advocate routine 25-OHD concentration screening for vitamin D deficiency in general. Clear guidelines for the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients would be extremely beneficial to have, as would identification of the proper dose of vitamin D supplementation. We recommend 1,000 IU daily to our metastatic cancer patients.
Central Nervous System Metastases in HER-2–Overexpressing Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Treatment Challenge
Authors: Stemmler Hans-Joachim , Heinemann Volker 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Assess the risk and prognostic factors for CNS metastasis in HER-2–overexpressing MBC.Administer the standard treatment modalities for CNS metastases of MBC.Evaluate innovative systemic approaches for CNS metastases of MBC.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
With improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic options and a corresponding improvement in survival, central nervous system (CNS) metastasis is becoming a more frequent diagnosis in breast cancer patients. It can be assumed that up to 30% of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients may experience CNS metastasis during the course of their disease. Moreover, it has been reported that patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2–overexpressing MBC are at a higher risk for CNS involvement.
Whereas locoregional treatment modalities such as surgery, radiosurgery, and whole-brain radiotherapy still must be considered as the treatment of first choice, the armamentarium of systemic treatment modalities has been expanded by the introduction of small molecules such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Rather than analyzing the risk factors for the development of CNS metastasis and reviewing the standard diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in patients with CNS involvement, this review focuses specifically on systemic treatment modalities in patients suffering from CNS metastasis from HER-2–overexpressing MBC.