bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silencing of the Aflatoxin Gene Cluster in a Diploid Strain of Aspergillus flavus Is Suppressed by Ectopic aflR Expression
Authors: Smith Carrie A , Woloshuk Charles P , Robertson Dominique , Payne Gary A 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a 70-kb cluster of genes in Aspergillus flavus. The cluster genes are coordinately regulated and reside as a single copy within the genome. Diploids between a wild-type strain and a mutant (649) lacking the aflatoxin gene cluster fail to produce aflatoxin or transcripts of the aflatoxin pathway genes. This dominant phenotype is rescued in diploids between a wild-type strain and a transformant of the mutant containing an ectopic copy of aflR, the transcriptional regulator of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster. Further characterization of the mutant showed that it is missing 317 kb of chromosome III, including the known genes for aflatoxin biosynthesis. In addition, 939 kb of chromosome II is present as a duplication on chromosome III in the region previously containing the aflatoxin gene cluster. The lack of aflatoxin production in the diploid was not due to a unique or a mis-expressed repressor of aflR. Instead a form of reversible silencing based on the position of aflR is likely preventing the aflatoxin genes from being expressed in 649 × wild-type diploids. Gene expression analysis revealed the silencing effect is specific to the aflatoxin gene cluster.
A Genetic Analysis of the Drosophilamcm5Gene Defines a Domain Specifically Required for Meiotic Recombination
Authors: Lake Cathleen M , Teeter Kathy , Page Scott L , Nielsen Rachel , Hawley R Scott 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMembers of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family have pivotal roles in many biological processes. Although originally studied for their role in DNA replication, it is becoming increasingly apparent that certain members of this family are multifunctional and also play roles in transcription, cohesion, condensation, and recombination. Here we provide a genetic dissection of the mcm5 gene in Drosophila that demonstrates an unexpected function for this protein. First, we show that homozygotes for a null allele of mcm5 die as third instar larvae, apparently as a result of blocking those replication events that lead to mitotic divisions without impairing endo-reduplication. However, we have also recovered a viable and fertile allele of mcm5 (denoted mcm5A7) that specifically impairs the meiotic recombination process. We demonstrate that the decrease in recombination observed in females homozygous for mcm5A7 is not due to a failure to create or repair meiotically induced double strand breaks (DSBs), but rather to a failure to resolve those DSBs into meiotic crossovers. Consistent with their ability to repair meiotically induced DSBs, flies homozygous for mcm5A7 are fully proficient in somatic DNA repair. These results strengthen the observation that members of the prereplicative complex have multiple functions and provide evidence that mcm5 plays a critical role in the meiotic recombination pathway.
Genetic Architecture of Mitochondrial Editing in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Bentolila Stéphane , Elliott Leah E , Hanson Maureen R 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We have analyzed the mitochondrial editing behavior of two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Columbia (Col). A survey of 362 C-to-U editing sites in 33 mitochondrial genes was conducted on RNA extracted from rosette leaves. We detected 67 new editing events in A. thaliana rosette leaves that had not been observed in a prior study of mitochondrial editing in suspension cultures. Furthermore, 37 of the 441 C-to-U editing events reported in A. thaliana suspension cultures were not observed in rosette leaves. Forty editing sites that are polymorphic in extent of editing were detected between Col and Ler. Silent editing sites, which do not change the encoded amino acid, were found in a large excess compared to nonsilent sites among the editing events that differed between accessions and between tissue types. Dominance relationships were assessed for 15 of the most polymorphic sites by evaluating the editing values of the reciprocal hybrids. Dominance is more common in nonsilent sites than in silent sites, while additivity was observed only in silent sites. A maternal effect was detected for 8 sites. QTL mapping with recombinant inbred lines detected 12 major QTL for 11 of the 13 editing traits analyzed, demonstrating that efficiency of editing of individual mitochondrial C targets is generally governed by a major factor.
Predicting and Testing Physical Locations of Genetically Mapped Loci on Tomato Pachytene Chromosome1
Authors: Chang Song-Bin , Anderson Lorinda K , Sherman Jamie D , Royer Suzanne M , Stack Stephen M 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPredicting the chromosomal location of mapped markers has been difficult because linkage maps do not reveal differences in crossover frequencies along the physical structure of chromosomes. Here we combine a physical crossover map based on the distribution of recombination nodules (RNs) on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) synaptonemal complex 1 with a molecular genetic linkage map from the interspecific hybrid S. lycopersicum × S. pennellii to predict the physical locations of 17 mapped loci on tomato pachytene chromosome 1. Except for one marker located in heterochromatin, the predicted locations agree well with the observed locations determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. One advantage of this approach is that once the RN distribution has been determined, the chromosomal location of any mapped locus (current or future) can be predicted with a high level of confidence.
Predicting the Size of the Progeny Mapping Population Required to Positionally Clone a Gene
Authors: Dinka Stephen J , Campbell Matthew A , Demers Tyler , Raizada Manish N 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A key frustration during positional gene cloning (map-based cloning) is that the size of the progeny mapping population is difficult to predict, because the meiotic recombination frequency varies along chromosomes. We describe a detailed methodology to improve this prediction using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model system. We derived and/or validated, then fine-tuned, equations that estimate the mapping population size by comparing these theoretical estimates to 41 successful positional cloning attempts. We then used each validated equation to test whether neighborhood meiotic recombination frequencies extracted from a reference RFLP map can help researchers predict the mapping population size. We developed a meiotic recombination frequency map (MRFM) for ∼1400 marker intervals in rice and anchored each published allele onto an interval on this map. We show that neighborhood recombination frequencies (R-map, &gt;280-kb segments) extracted from the MRFM, in conjunction with the validated formulas, better predicted the mapping population size than the genome-wide average recombination frequency (R-avg), with improved results whether the recombination frequency was calculated as genes/cM or kb/cM. Our results offer a detailed road map for better predicting mapping population size in diverse eukaryotes, but useful predictions will require robust recombination frequency maps based on sampling more progeny.
Regulation of Axon Guidance by Slit and Netrin Signaling in the Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord
Authors: Bhat Krishna Moorthi , Gaziova Ivana , Krishnan Smitha 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Netrin and Slit signaling systems play opposing roles during the positioning of longitudinal tracts along the midline in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila embryo. It has been hypothesized that a gradient of Slit from the midline interacts with three different Robo receptors to specify the axon tract positioning. However, no such gradient has been detected. Moreover, overexpression of Slit at the midline has no effect on the positioning of these lateral tracts. In this article, we show that Slit is present outside of the midline along the longitudinal and commissural tracts. Sli from the midline, in a Robo-independent manner, is initially taken up by the commissural axon tracts when they cross the midline and is transported along the commissural tracts into the longitudinal connectives. These results are not consistent with a Sli gradient model. We also find that sli mRNA is maternally deposited and embryos that are genetically null for sli can have weaker guidance defects. Moreover, in robo or robo3 mutants, embryos with normal axon tracts are found and such robo embryos reach pupal stages and die, while robo3 mutant embryos develop into normal individuals and produce eggs. Interestingly, embryos from robo3 homozygous individuals fail to develop but have axon tracts ranging from normal to various defects: robo3 phenotype, robo phenotype, and slit-like phenotype, suggesting a more complex functional role for these genes than what has been proposed. Finally, our previous results indicated that netrin phenotype is epistatic to sli or robo phenotypes. However, it seems likely that this previously reported epistatic relationship might be due to the partial penetrance of the sli, robo, robo3 (or robo2) phenotypes. Our results argue that double mutant epistasis is most definitive only if the penetrance of the phenotypes of the mutants involved is complete.
Synapsis-Defective Mutants Reveal a Correlation Between Chromosome Conformation and the Mode of Double-Strand Break Repair DuringCaenorhabditis elegansMeiosis
Authors: Smolikov Sarit , Eizinger Andreas , Hurlburt Allison , Rogers Eric , Villeneuve Anne M , Colaiácovo Mónica P 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSYP-3 is a new structural component of the synaptonemal complex (SC) required for the regulation of chromosome synapsis. Both chromosome morphogenesis and nuclear organization are altered throughout the germlines of syp-3 mutants. Here, our analysis of syp-3 mutants provides insights into the relationship between chromosome conformation and the repair of meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although crossover recombination is severely reduced in syp-3 mutants, the production of viable offspring accompanied by the disappearance of RAD-51 foci suggests that DSBs are being repaired in these synapsis-defective mutants. Our studies indicate that once interhomolog recombination is impaired, both intersister recombination and nonhomologous end-joining pathways may contribute to repair during germline meiosis. Moreover, our studies suggest that the conformation of chromosomes may influence the mode of DSB repair employed during meiosis.
A Digitális Kreybig Talajinformációs Rendszer alkalmazása térségi szintű földhasználati kérdések megoldásában
Authors: József Szabó , László Pásztor , Zsófia Bakacsi , Péter László , Annamária Laborczi 
Published: June 2007

Országos léptékű, térképi alapú információk felhasználásával ökotípusos földhasználati lehatárolásra alkalmazható módszertanfejlesztés történt az Országos Területrendezési Terv számára. A részletesebb szintű rendezési tervek kidolgozásához egyrészt az országossal konzisztens módszertan alkalmazására, másrészt adekvát térbeli felbontású adatokra van szükség. Munkánkban Magyarország ökotípusos földhasználati vizsgálatának megyei szinten történő talajtani adatigényének kielégítésére vállalkoztunk.A térbeli felbontás megkívánta részletességű térbeli talajtani információkat a Digitális Kreybig Talajinformációs Rendszer szolgáltatta. Az országos szinten elvégzett vizsgálatok fonalát követve, elvégeztük Pest megye talajainak (i) agráralkalmassági elemzését, (ii) az erdészeti alkalmasságra vonatkozó résztényezők interpretációját, illetve (iii) a talaj környezeti érzékenységének országos szinten alkalmazott értelmezésének kibővítésével a fizikai és a kémiai degradáció szempontjából érzékeny, sérülékeny területek lehatárolását.Using map-based information on a national scale, a methodology was elaborated for the deliniation of land use categories based on ecotypes for use in the National Regional Development Plan. The elaboration of more detailed plans requires the application of methodologies consistent with the national scale and the use of data with suitable spatial resolution. The present work was aimed at satisfying the soil data requirements at county level for application in the national land use study.The desired spatial resolution of soil information was achieved using the Kreybig Digital Soil Information System (KDSIS = DKTIR). Following the pattern of the nationwide analysis, an analysis was made of the suitability of soils in Pest County for use in agriculture, an interpretation was given of factors determining the suitability of land for forestry, and the approach used at the national level was extended to provide a deliniation of vulnerable zones with soils sensitive to physical and chemical degradation.
A placebo - evolúciós szemmel
Authors: Köteles Ferenc , Bárdos György 
Published: June 2007

Összefoglaló munkánk
célja a placebójelenség adaptivitásával kapcsolatos korábbi elméletek kritikai
áttekintése és szintézise. Mivel maga a jelenség biológiai szempontból
korántsem egyértelműen adaptív, így kialakulása sem magyarázható közvetlen
szelekciós hatásokkal. A biológiai és pszichológiai háttérmechanizmusok
áttekintése során arra a következtetésre jutunk, hogy a humán placebójelenség
más adaptív jegyek (társas életmód, tanulás, tudat, tudatelmélet)
kölcsönhatásából alakulhatott ki, egyfajta evolúciós melléktermékként.
Ugyanakkor a placebóhatás kulturálisan is meghatározott, ami már túlmutat a
darwini evolúció keretein, így végső soron az adaptivitás kérdése nem
válaszolható meg egyértelműen. Erős
kulturális beágyazottsága és a részben pszichés eredetűnek tartott betegségek
terjedése miatt a placebójelenség fontossága a modern korban egyre nő. A
környezeti reprezentációk komplexebbé válásával a központi idegrendszer zsigeri
működésekre gyakorolt hatása is egyre erőteljesebbé vált. Talán éppen a placebo
lehet az az eszköz, amely a modern kultúra által háttérbe szorított biológiai
öngyógyító mechanizmusokat aktiválni képes, akár a modern orvoslás sok
szempontból tünetorientált, túlspecializált és gyakran merev, személytelen
keretei között is. Ezért gondoljuk azt, hogy a placebójelenség kulturális
szempontból potenciálisan adaptívnak tekinthető.
Cancer-Related Fatigue and Sleep Disorders
Authors: Roscoe Joseph A. , Kaufman Maralyn E. , Matteson-Rusby Sara E. , Palesh Oxana G. , Ryan Julie L. , Kohli Sadhna , Perlis Michael L. , Morrow Gary R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSleep disorders, such as difficulty falling asleep, problems maintaining sleep, poor sleep efficiency, early awakening, and excessive daytime sleepiness, are prevalent in patients with cancer. Such problems can become chronic in some patients, persisting for many months or years after completion of cancer therapy. For patients with cancer, sleep is potentially affected by a variety of factors, including the biochemical changes associated with the process of neoplastic growth and anticancer treatments, and symptoms that frequently accompany cancer, such as pain, fatigue, and depression.Fatigue is highly prevalent and persistent in patients with cancer and cancer survivors. Although cancer-related fatigue and cancer-related sleep disorders are distinct, a strong interrelationship exists between these symptoms, and a strong possibility exists that they may be reciprocally related. The majority of studies that have assessed both sleep and fatigue in patients with cancer provide evidence supporting a strong correlation between cancer-related fatigue and various sleep parameters, including poor sleep quality, disrupted initiation and maintenance of sleep, nighttime awakening, restless sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness.This paper reviews the data from these studies with a view toward suggesting further research that could advance our scientific understanding both of potential interrelationships between sleep disturbance and cancer-related fatigue and of clinical interventions to help with both fatigue and sleep disturbance.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Paradigmawechsel in der staatlichen Förderung der Naturgefahrenabwehr - das Pilotprogramm effor2 im Kanton Wallis | Change in Paradigm in Governmental Promotion of Natural Hazard Defence - The Pilot Programme Effor2 in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland
Authors: Baumann Reto , Burkard André , Wuilloud Charly , Wyer Marc 
Published: June 2007

The Swiss Federal Department of Finance plans to reorganise, in co-operation with the cantonal directors of finance, the financial equilibration and division of tasks between the Federation and the cantons. A change in paradigm in governmental promotion of public tasks shall be introduced. The Federal Forestry Directory together with some cantons is testing completely new instruments in the field of subsidies as well as in the defence of natural hazards by means of the pilot programme effort2. As a substitute of projects, a programme of several years with quantified goals is introduced. Not the costs are settled by an over-all contribution, but the performance.
The sovereign administrative order is replaced by a partnership contract. Between 1999 and 2002 and for a lump-sum of 11 Mio. Swiss Francs, the Federation intends to buy an area of 385 ha of tended protection forest, 75 Mio. Swiss Francs of risk diminishment, 15 hazard maps, 4 observation stations and an enterprise of two warning services from the canton of Valais. New methods are applied for the determination of the performance (such as risk diminishment).
Zukünftige Ausrichtung der Waldbeobachtung in der Schweiz | The Future Orientation of Forest Monitoring in Switzerland
Authors: Oester Bernhard , Bolliger Markus 
Published: June 2007

In June 1999 the directors of both the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL and the Swiss Forest Agency (Buwal) undersigned an agreement for the continuation of the programme «Forest Monitoring in Switzerland». The aim of this programme is to determine the present condition and to forecast the long-term development of forests in Switzerland, to analyse the dangers to which they are exposed and the causes thereof, to estimate future hazards and to deduce the implications not only for sustained management but also for forest and environmental policies.
The study programme will take into account the well-established National Inventory, for which the content and methodology for the third survey are already under way; the annual Sanasilva surveys in Europe, the Plant Health Observation Service,the long-term forest ecosystem research programme on long-term observation areas and, what is new, the sub-programmes«Soil» and «Biodiversity», two very important and problematic fields, which deserve much more attention in future.
26 Jahre Auerhuhnschutz im Forstkreis Toggenburg, Kanton St. Gallen | 26 years of capercaillie protection in the forest district of Toggenburg, Canton St. Gall
Authors: Rudmann Franz 
Published: June 2007

In the forest district of Toggenburg preventitive measures for the protection of the small population of capercaillie have been in place since 1974. Apart from the reduction of disturbance to the capercaillie, which is achieved most effectively by the abstention from building access roads, silvicultural measures taken in the forest to improve their habitat are considered of great importance.
Selection thinning is the chosen instrument, which leads to good results in all forest communities with wild (naturally occurring) billberry. In beech forest communities, where growth is quick and overall coverage good, thinning should be carried out over a big enough area in order to ensure a provisional habitat. Mapping out the habitat and monitoring the capercaillie enables conclusions to be drawn on the changes and improvement of their environment.
Value, Metaphysics, and Anthropocentrism
Authors: Morito Bruce 
Published: June 2007

The lack of metaphysical grounding of environmental values, and impatience towards the enterprise of seeking such grounding, result in a superficial and wrongheaded view of anthropocentrism. Anthropocentrism is best understood as a limiting condition, a point from which we can begin to reformulate an understanding of ourselves, our values, and our relation to the environment. It is not principally a starting point for the existence of values, as is assumed under traditional theories of anthropocentrism. To demonstrate and elaborate on this position, the paper focuses on environmental values and how we traditionally assume them to be formed and legitimated. A critique of the analyses of two prominent figures in the field of environmental ethics, Bryan Norton and Eugene Hargrove, serves as the backdrop against which an alternative view is formed. This alternative is metaphysically grounded in an ecologically informed analysis of valuational activity. Against the tradition, the argument establishes two main points: 1) that attempts to ground environmental values on human preferences, agreements, traditions, or culturally driven commitments are liable to legitimate contrary values; and 2) that an ecologically driven analysis of values shows that valuations of the environment are not fundamentally conferred onto it by human beings. Positively, the paper attempts to show that our inclusion as members of the ecological community makes our valuational activity an integral and transformational element within more comprehensive ecological processes. As such, our moral commitment to the environment must be radically reshaped in order adequately to incorporate this renewed understanding.
The Innovation Potential of Bulk Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Valiev R. Z. , Zehetbauer M. J. , Estrin Y. , Höppel H. W. , Ivanisenko Y. , Hahn H. , Wilde G. , Roven H. J. , Sauvage X. , Langdon T. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe innovation potential is high for bulk nanostructured materials (BNM) produced by methods of severe plastic deformation and accordingly this report focuses on very recent developments demonstrating the potential of using BNM for advanced and functional applications in engineering and medicine.
Modeling nanofiltration with Nernst‐Planck approach and polarization layer
Authors: Déon S. , Dutournié P. , Bourseau P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSelectivity prediction of charged solutions separation by nanofiltration membranes with a two‐dimensional (2‐D) model, combining transport through the membrane and polarization layer (PPTM) is presented. Pore transport is based on the Donnan Steric Pore Model (DSPM) with dielectric reassessment, and transport within the polarization layer is modeled from a steady‐state mass balance, including turbulence influence on diffusion and velocity profiles, as well as wall influence on species diffusion very close to the wall. Specific experiments with glucose and concentrated NaCl solutions were carried out to determine membrane characteristics (average pore radius, charge density, dielectric constant of solution in the pore), and to adjust other model parameters. The model is then validated by comparing simulated rejections and experimental ones for other NaCl concentrations. With adjusted parameters, the model is able to predict local variations of rejection and permeation flux along the tubular membrane, as well as global observed rejections. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007