bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Impact of a Microfinance-Based Intervention on Women’s Empowerment and the Reduction of Intimate Partner Violence in South Africa
Authors: Kim Julia C. , Watts Charlotte H. , Hargreaves James R. , Ndhlovu Luceth X. , Phetla Godfrey , Morison Linda A. , Busza Joanna , Porter John D.H. , Pronyk Paul 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women’s empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in intimate partner violence documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Methods. The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on understanding HIV infection, gender norms, domestic violence, and sexuality. Outcome measures included past year’s experience of intimate partner violence and 9 indicators of women’s empowerment. Qualitative data about changes occurring within intimate relationships, loan groups, and the community were also collected. Results. After 2 years, the risk of past-year physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner was reduced by more than half (adjusted risk ratio=0.45; 95% confidence interval=0.23, 0.91). Improvements in all 9 indicators of empowerment were observed. Reductions in violence resulted from a range of responses enabling women to challenge the acceptability of violence, expect and receive better treatment from partners, leave abusive relationships, and raise public awareness about intimate partner violence. Conclusions. Our findings, both qualitative and quantitative, indicate that economic and social empowerment of women can contribute to reductions in intimate partner violence.
The Utilization of Testing and Counseling for HIV: A Review of the Social and Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf , Osborn Michelle 
Published: August 2007

Against the background of debates about expanding HIV testing and counseling, we summarize the evidence on the social and behavioral dimension of testing and its implications for programs. The discrepancy between acceptance of testing and returning for results and the difficulties of disclosure are examined in light of research on risk perceptions and the influence of gender and stigma. We also summarize the evidence on the provision of testing and counseling, the implementation of practices regarding confidentiality and consent, and the results of interventions. We demonstrate that social factors have a considerable impact on testing, show that the services linked to testing are key determinants of utilization, and consider the implications of these findings for HIV testing programs.
Social Support and Thriving Health: A New Approach to Understanding the Health of Indigenous Canadians
Authors: Richmond Chantelle A.M. , Ross Nancy A. , Egeland Grace M. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We examined the importance of social support in promoting thriving health among indigenous Canadians, a disadvantaged population.Methods. We categorized the self-reported health status of 31625 adult indigenous Canadians as thriving (excellent, very good) or nonthriving (good, fair, poor). We measured social support with indices of positive interaction, emotional support, tangible support, and affection and intimacy. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to estimate odds of reporting thriving health, using social support as the key independent variable, and we controlled for educational attainment and labor force status.Results. Compared with women reporting low levels of social support, those reporting high levels of positive interaction (odds ratio [OR]=1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 1.6), emotional support (OR=2.1; 95% CI=1.8, 2.4), and tangible support (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 1.5) were significantly more likely to report thriving health. Among men, only emotional support was significantly related to thriving health (OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.5, 1.9). Thriving health status was also significantly mediated by age, aboriginal status (First Nations, Métis, or Inuit), educational attainment, and labor force status.Conclusions. Social support is a strong determinant of thriving health, particularly among women. Research that emphasizes thriving represents a positive and necessary turn in the indigenous health discourse.
Distal Lower-Extremity Pain and Work Postures in the Quebec Population
Authors: Messing Karen , Tissot France , Stock Susan 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. Standing at work has been associated with discomfort and cardiovascular symptoms. Because standing postures vary in duration, mobility, and constraint, we explored associations between specific postures and pain in the lower extremities. Methods. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze associations between work factors and pain in the lower extremities during the previous 12 months that interfered with usual activities. We used data from among 7757 workers who were interviewed in the 1998 Quebec Health and Social Survey. Results. Among all respondents, 9.4% reported significant ankle or foot pain, and 6.4% had lower-leg or calf pain. Significantly more women than men had pain at both sites. Both leg or calf and ankle or foot pain were strongly associated with standing postures, whole-body vibration, psychological distress, female gender, and being aged 50 years or older. Constrained standing postures were associated with increased ankle or foot pain for both men and women and with leg or calf pain for women, compared with standing with freedom to sit at will. Conclusions. Freedom to sit at work may prevent lower-extremity pain. The effects of specific sitting and standing postures on cartilage, muscle, and the cardiovascular system may help explain discomfort in the lower extremities.
Income-Specific Trends in Obesity in Brazil: 1975–2003
Authors: Monteiro Carlos A. , Conde Wolney L. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We sought to update income-specific secular trends in obesity in Brazil to assess the hypothesis that the disease burden is shifting toward the poor. Methods. We compared overall and income-specific obesity prevalence rates estimated for Brazilian men and women from national surveys conducted in 1975, 1989, and 2003. We calculated age-adjusted prevalence ratios to assess time trends. Results. In the first 14-year period examined (1975–1989), obesity rates among men and women increased by 92% and 63%, respectively, and increases were relatively higher among individuals in lower income groups. In the second 14-year period (1989–2003), there were further increases in obesity among men, and again increases were larger among the poor. In this second period, the obesity rate remained virtually stable in the overall female population, but it increased by 26% among women in the 2 lower income quintiles and decreased by 10% among women in the 3 higher income quintiles. Conclusions. The burden of obesity is shifting toward the poor and can no longer be considered a disease of the socioeconomic elite. Policymakers need to design policy and programs that reach all members of society, but especially the poor.
Effects of Genetic Variation in the Human Retinol Binding Protein-4 Gene (RBP4) on Insulin Resistance and Fat Depot–Specific mRNA Expression
Authors: Kovacs Peter , Geyer Michaela , Berndt Janin , Klöting Nora , Graham Timothy E. , Böttcher Yvonne , Enigk Beate , Tönjes Anke , Schleinitz Dorit , Schön Michael R. , Kahn Barbara B. , Blüher Matthias , Stumvoll Michael 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE— Serum retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a new liver- and adipocyte-derived signal that may contribute to insulin resistance. Therefore, the RBP4 gene represents a plausible candidate gene involved in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— In this study, the RBP4 gene was sequenced in DNA samples from 48 nonrelated Caucasian subjects. Five novel and three known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Furthermore, five recently reported SNPs were genotyped in 90 subjects. Six SNPs, representative of their linkage disequilibrium groups, were then genotyped in 934 diabetic and 716 nondiabetic subjects.
RESULTS— A haplotype of six common SNPs (A-G-G-T-G-C) was significantly increased in 934 case subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with 537 healthy control subjects with normal glucose tolerance (P = 0.02; odds ratio 1.37 [95% CI 1.05–1.79]). Furthermore, in the cohort of 716 nondiabetic Caucasian subjects, carriers of the A-G-G-T-G-C haplotype had significantly higher mean fasting plasma insulin and 2-h plasma glucose than subjects without the haplotype. Two single SNPs (rs10882283 and rs10882273) were also associated with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting plasma insulin, and several SNPs were associated with circulating free fatty acids (all adjusted P &lt; 0.05). In addition, subjects carrying a previously reported diabetes-associated haplotype had significantly higher mRNA levels in visceral adipose tissue (adjusted P &lt; 0.05) in a subgroup of nondiabetic subjects (n = 170) with measurements of RBP4 mRNA expression in visceral and subcutaneous fat depots.
CONCLUSIONS— Our data indicate a role of RBP4 genetic variation in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, possibly through an effect on RBP4 expression.
Increased Hepatic CD36 Expression Contributes to Dyslipidemia Associated With Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Koonen Debby P.Y. , Jacobs René L. , Febbraio Maria , Young Martin E. , Soltys Carrie-Lynn M. , Ong Huy , Vance Dennis E. , Dyck Jason R.B. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—The etiology of type 2 diabetes often involves diet-induced obesity (DIO), which is associated with elevated plasma fatty acids and lipoprotein associated triglycerides. Since aberrant hepatic fatty acid uptake may contribute to this, we investigated whether increased expression of a fatty acid transport protein (CD36) in the liver during DIO contributes to the dyslipidemia that precedes development of type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We determined the effect DIO has on hepatic CD36 protein expression and the functional consequence of this in terms of hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion. In addition, in vivo adenoviral gene delivery of CD36 to the livers of lean mice was performed to determine if increased hepatic CD36 protein was sufficient to alter hepatic fatty acid uptake and triglyceride storage and secretion.
RESULTS—During DIO, CD36 protein levels in the liver are significantly elevated, and these elevated levels correlate with increased hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion. These alterations in liver lipid storage and secretion were also observed upon forced expression of hepatic CD36 in the absence of DIO and were accompanied with a marked rise in hepatic fatty acid uptake in vivo, demonstrating that increased CD36 expression is sufficient to recapitulate the aberrant liver lipid handling observed in DIO.
CONCLUSIONS—Increased expression of hepatic CD36 protein in response to DIO is sufficient to exacerbate hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion. As these CD36-mediated effects contribute to the dyslipidemia that often precedes the development of type 2 diabetes, increased hepatic CD36 expression likely plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Finite Element Analysis of Nonuniformity of Tires with Imperfections
Authors: Jeong K. M. , Kim K. W. , Beom H. G. , Park J. U. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The effects of variations in stiffness and geometry on the nonuniformity of tires are investigated by using the finite element analysis. In order to evaluate tire uniformity, a three-dimensional finite element model of the tire with imperfections is developed. This paper considers how imperfections, such as variations in stiffness or geometry and run-out, contribute to detrimental effects on tire nonuniformity. It is found that the radial force variation of a tire with imperfections depends strongly on the geometrical variations of the tire.
Validation of a Steady-State Transport Analysis for Rolling Treaded Tires
Authors: Qi J. , Herron J. R. , Sansalone K. H. , Mars W. V. , Du Z. Z. , Snyman M. , Surendranath H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A new computational procedure for the analysis of treaded tires under conditions of steady-state rolling has been recently developed. As with well-known procedures for axisymmetric structures, the new procedure uses a mixed Eulerian/Lagrangian kinematic description in which rigid body rotation is described in an Eulerian manner and the deformation is described in a Lagrangian manner. This work discusses the industrial and historical context of the procedure, provides an overview of the technology, reviews experimental validation targets, and compares against better-established procedures. The new procedure successfully predicts the distributions of normal, lateral, and longitudinal stress in several different cases. A limitation of the new procedure is that solution accuracy can degrade, particularly in the longitudinal stress, when the angular extent of the base pitch sector is too large. When applied in nontreaded cases, the new procedure produces results consistent with established procedures such as Lagrangian rolling and conventional steady-state transport for axisymmetric structures. The main benefits of the new procedure are (1) computational efficiency and (2) the ability to include the full geometry of treaded tires.
A Finite Element Approach to the Transient Dynamics of Rolling Tires with Emphasis on Rolling Noise Simulation
Authors: Brinkmeier Maik , Nackenhorst Udo , Volk Heiner 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The sound radiating from rolling tires is the most important source of traffic noise in urban regions. In this contribution a detailed finite element approach for the dynamics of tire/road systems is presented with emphasis on rolling noise prediction. The analysis is split into sequential steps, namely, the nonlinear analysis of the stationary rolling problem within an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian framework, and a subsequent analysis of the transient dynamic response due to the excitation caused by road surface roughness. Here, a modal superposition approach is employed using complex eigenvalue analysis. Finally, the sound radiation analysis of the rolling tire/road system is performed.
Inelastic Fracture Mechanics for Tire Durability Simulations
Authors: Kaliske Michael , Näser Bastian , Meiners Christian 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A fully three-dimensional fracture mechanical approach is introduced which may serve as a basis for tire durability simulations utilizing the finite element method. The so-called material force approach is employed as an elegant alternative characterization of the energy release rate or the J-integral to describe discrete cracks. As a vector quantity, it even yields directional information. The method is applicable in the context of finite strains and nonlinear elasticity and inelasticity. Using the shown approach, a physical and efficient modeling of fracture sensitivity of tires is obtained.
Bread and Other Baked Products
Authors: Sievert Dietmar , Hoseney R. Carl , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Wheat Types and their Uses

3.

Wheat Breeding and Biotechnology

3.1.

Traditional Breeding

3.2.

Biotechnology

4.

Milling of Wheat

5.

Wheat Flour

5.1.

Flour Constituents

5.1.1.

Starch

5.1.2.

Protein

5.1.3.

Lipids

5.1.4.

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (NSP)

5.1.5.

Ash

5.2.

Chemical Flour Treatments

6.

Evaluation of Flours

6.1.

Physical Dough Tests

6.1.1.

Mixing Curves

6.1.2.

Flour Strength

6.2.

α‐Amylase Activity

7.

Dough Formation

7.1.

Underlying Mechanisms of Dough Formation

7.2.

Role of Proteins in Dough Formation

7.3.

Thermodynamic View of Dough Mixing

7.4.

Aeration of Dough during Mixing

8.

Role of Bread Ingredients

9.

Bread and Dough Making Processes

9.1.

Straight Dough

9.2.

Sponge and Dough

9.3.

Liquid Preferments

9.4.

No‐Time Processes

9.5.

Sour Dough

9.6.

Frozen Dough

10.

Gas Production and Retention

10.1.

Leavening Mechanisms

10.2.

Fermentation and Gas Production by Yeast

10.3.

Gas Production by Chemical Leavening

10.4.

Gas Retention

11.

Molding and Proofing

12.

Baking

12.1.

Transformation of Dough into Bread

12.2.

Crumb Grain Formation

12.3.

Crust Formation

12.4.

Changes of Flour Constituents

13.

Flavor of Baked Products

14.

Glass Transition and its Role in Baking

15.

Bread Varieties and Speciality Breads

16.

Soft Wheat Products

16.1.

Technology of Cookie and Cracker Production

16.2.

Cookies

16.2.1.

Cookie Types

16.2.2.

Underlying Mechanisms of Cookie Baking

16.2.2.1.

Texture Development of Cookies

16.2.2.2.

Development of the Cookie Surface Pattern

16.3.

Crackers

16.4.

Wafers

16.5.

American Biscuits

16.6.

Cakes

16.6.1.

Cake Making and Underlying Mechanisms of Cake Baking

16.6.2.

Role of Cake Ingredients

16.7.

Pastries

16.7.1.

Short Pastry

16.7.2.

Puff Pastry

17.

Retention of Baked Product Quality

17.1.

Staling

17.2.

Microbial Spoilage

17.2.1.

Retention of Quality

17.2.2.

Chemical Preservatives

18.

Trends in Baking

18.1.

U.S. Bakery Market

18.2.

Western European Bakery Market

18.3.

Consumer Demands and Product Trends

This keyword provides information on the different aspects of the industrial conversion of cereal grains (predominantly wheat) into final baked products. The emphasis is on bread systems, but cookie, cake, and pastry products are also dealt with. The different wheat types and their classification systems, the milling process, and the flour constituents are described. The quality criteria of flour and their assessment are dealt with, different aspects of dough formation are discussed and a description of different bread making processes follows. The important aspect of gas production by yeast, chemical leavening or by other means is discussed as are the transformations during the baking process.
Milk and Dairy Products
Authors: Jost Rolf 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Aspects3.Composition of Milk3.1.Milk Fat3.1.1.Composition3.1.2.Properties of Fat Globules3.2.Milk Proteins3.2.1.Major Nitrogen Fractions in Milk3.2.2.Nomenclature and Properties of Cow's Milk Proteins3.2.3.Caseins3.2.4.Whey Proteins3.2.5.Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)3.3.Lactose3.4.Minerals3.5.Vitamins3.6.Contaminants4.Physical and Physicochemical Properties of Milk5.Microbiology of Milk6.Nutritional Value of Milk6.1.Milk as a Nutrient Source for Humans6.2.Health Aspects of Milk Consumption7.Dairy Technology7.1.Milk Production and Transport7.2.Pretreatment in Dairies7.3.Thermal Treatment7.3.1.Thermal Processes7.3.2.Effects of Heat on Milk7.3.2.1.Effect on Microorganisms7.3.2.2.Inactivation of Milk Enzymes7.3.2.3.Heat‐Induced Destruction of Nutrients7.4.Homogenization7.5.Separation Processes7.5.1.Microfiltration7.5.2.Ultrafiltration7.5.3.Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis7.5.4.Ion Exchange Processes7.5.5.Electrodialysis7.6.Cleaning and Disinfection7.7.Water Treatment8.Fluid Milk8.1.Consumer's Milk8.1.1.Legal Classes of Consumer's Milk8.1.2.Characterization According to Heat Treatment8.1.3.Modified Consumer's Milks8.1.4.Packaging of Fluid Milks and Milk Products8.2.Reconstituted and Recombined Milk9.Milk Products9.1.Flavored Milk and Milk Beverages9.2.Evaporated (Condensed) Milk9.2.1.Technology of Concentration by Evaporation9.2.2.Unsweetened Condensed Milk9.2.3.Sweetened Condensed Milk9.3.Dry Milk Products9.3.1.Drying Processes9.3.2.Whole and Skim Milk Powders9.3.3.Butter and Buttermilk Powders9.3.4.Whey Powders and Permeates9.3.5.Milk Protein Powders9.3.6.Powdered Infant Formulas9.4.Fermented Milk Products9.4.1.Legal Definitions9.4.2.Specific Fermented Products9.5.Cream9.5.1.Production9.5.2.Types of Cream9.6.Butter9.6.1.Production9.6.2.Steps in Buttermaking9.7.Anhydrous Milk Fat and Butter Oil9.8.Dairy Spreads9.9.Dairy Desserts10.Quality Control11.Legislation12.Economic Aspects13.Acknowledgement
Prostaglandins
Authors: Buchmann Bernd , Rehwinkel Hartmut 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Structure, Nomenclature, and Physical Properties3.Occurrence and Biosynthesis4.Pharmacological Effects and Uses5.SynthesesProstaglandins are formed fromarachidonic acid. Those and all other derivatives of arachidonic acid, e.g., prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxines are called eicosanoids. Most eicosanoids are chemically and metabolically unstable. Therefore, many pharmaceutical companies have tried to improve the stability by modifying the original structures. Several of these analogues have already reached the market in different therapeutic indications or show promising results in clinical trials. This article describes the chemical and pharmacological properties of the natural derivatives and their analogues as well as the synthetic access to some of the natural compounds.
Assembly of Nanoparticle Patterns with Single‐Particle Resolution Using DNA‐Mediated Charge Trapping Technique: Method and Applications
Authors: Lin H.‐Y. , Tsai L.‐C. , Chen C.‐D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report a unique approach for producing one‐dimensional gold‐nanoparticle patterns with single‐particle resolution in which the linewidth is only limited by the particle size. In this approach, a focused electron beam was first utilized to generate a positive charge layer on a SiO2 surface. Biotinated DNA molecules attracted by these positive charges were subsequently used to grasp Au‐nanoparticles revealing the e‐beam exposure patterns. Due to repulsive force between Au colloidal particles, the particles in the single‐line patterns were orderly separated. We further show that the single‐line patterns hold potential in nano‐photonics and nano‐electronics. For the latter, we demonstrate that the line patterns can serve as a template for conductive nanowires of high or low resistance. While low resistance wires showed linear current–voltage characteristics with an extremely high maximum allowed current density, the high resistance wires exhibited charging effect with clear Coulomb oscillation behavior at low temperatures. This demonstrates that the technique is capable of producing interconnects as well as single‐electron‐transistors, and opens up possibilities for fabrication of integrated circuits.
Macro and microscopic CH4–CO2 replacement in CH4 hydrate under pressurized CO2
Authors: Ota Masaki , Saito Takeomi , Aida Tsutomu , Watanabe Masaru , Sato Yoshiyuki , Smith Richard L. , Inomata Hiroshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCH4–CO2 replacement in CH4 hydrate with high pressure CO2 was studied with in‐situ laser Raman spectroscopy at 273.2 K and at initial pressures of 3.2, 5.4, and 6.0 MPa. Replacement rates increased with increasing pressures up to 3.6 MPa and did not change at higher pressures (∼6.0 MPa). These results showed that the replacement rates were dependent on pressure and phase conditions with the driving force being strongly related to fugacity differences of the two guest components between fluid and hydrate phases. When CH4 hydrate was contacted with CO2 under flow conditions, in‐situ Raman measurements of the hydrate phase showed differences of cage decomposition rates between the Medium‐cage (M‐cage) and the Small‐cage (S‐cage) in the CH4 hydrate with decomposition of the M‐cage being faster than that of the S‐cage. The van der Waals–Platteeuw model was applied to the measurements of the transient data and it is shown that the theory allows estimation of occupancies of each component during replacement. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007