bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoid receptors in normal human lymphocytes and human leukemia and lymphoma cells
Authors: Steiner Ann E. , Wittliff James L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGlucocorticoids have been used widely in the treatment of leukemia; however, response has been variable. Glucocorticoid receptors have been implicated as the molecular basis of response to this hormonal therapy. Glucocorticoid receptor levels have been found to extend over a wide range in normal human lymphocytes, as well as in various leukemia and lymphoma cells. In several cases, correlations have been made between the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors and patient response to endocrine therapy. Other at tempts have been made to correlate glucocorticoid receptor levels with age, sex, immunological subtype of cell, and hematological classification of leukemia.
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Authors: Hokama Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCiguatera fish poisoning following consumption of a variety of fishes presents a distinct complex of polymorphous symptoms, including gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea), neurological (primarily parasthesia, dysesthesia), and cardiovascular (bradycardia, hypotension, tachycardia). The fishes involved include herbivores (surgeonfish) and carnivores (e.g., snapper, grouper, barracuda, jack, amberjack). Clinical symptoms seem to differ according to whether toxicity is caused by herbivores or carnivores, that is, there seem to be differences between the gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms associated with herbivores, and the gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms following consumption of carnivores. The final structure of ciguatoxin (CTX) from a carnivore species (moray eel livers) has been recognized as a lipid polyether closely related to other polyethers from dinoflagellates (okadaic acid, brevetoxin, maitotoxin, scaritoxin), to sponges (okadaic acid and norhalichondrin A), and to the streptomyces (antibiotics, monocarboxylic polyethers). Pharmacological studies suggest that, like the antibiotic polyether ionophores, ciguatoxin (Na +) and its related polyethers likewise affect cell membrane and electrolyte imbalances. Screening of toxin fishes for ciguatoxin and related polyethers may soon be a reality employing monoclonal antibodies in the stick enzyme immunoassay. Research in human diagnostic tests and treatment of afflicted individuals is presently limited for ciguatera poisoning.
Skin‐sniffing/ion mobility spectrometric analysis: A potential screening method in clinical toxicology
Authors: Lawrence A. H. , Nanji A. A. , Taverner J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the detection of drug residues on the hands of subjects who simulated overdose situations. The results demonstrate that detectable amounts of particulate matter are transferred to the hands when certain types of drugs are handled in the manner of a person taking them. The residues are recovered from the hands by means of a suction probe and thermally desorbed directly into an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). The IMS was shown to respond selectively to the drugs investigated, and thus ion mobility peaks can be used as markers for the presence of these drugs. Mass characterization of ions giving particular mobility peaks was achieved by coupling the IMS to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (IMS/MS). The major drugs detected were codeine, benzodiazepines, acetaminophen, dimenhydrinate, and some tricyclic antidepressants. The method was tested in a hospital environment. It has the potential as a preliminary screening test for drugs in emergency patients suspected of drug overdose.
Immunotherapy of cancer: A perspective view
Authors: Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe current intense interest in cancer immunotherapy is largely based on the fact that progress in the clinical treatment of solid tumors has been less spectacular than anticipated, whereas efforts in basic and preclinical cancer research made some rather remarkable strides during the last two decades.The major challenge that now faces research investigators in cancer immunotherapy is to determine the functional characteristics of potentially new molecules, important for cancer immunotherapy in both structural and functional terms, to attempt a correlation of their structure with function and to develop, at the basic and preclinical levels, approaches suitable for potential therapy regimens that can be transferred to the clinic for further development.
Sera from AIDS patients contain multiple factors that suppress in vitro proliferation of lymphoid cells
Authors: Hennig Anne K. , John Patricia A. , Blair Donald C. , Tomar Russell H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn previous studies we found that sera from patients with AIDS and AIDS‐related disorders inhibit mitogen‐stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. We have extended these studies to examine the effect of AIDS sera on proliferation of various IL‐ 2independent, well‐characterized T4‐positive and T4‐negative continuous human lymphoid cell lines. The results suggest that AIDS serum inhibition results from several mechanisms, one involving the induction of prostaglandin E2.
Bilayer lipid membrane‐based electrochemical biosensors
Authors: Tien H. Ti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a brief review on the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) system and its potential applications as a chemical/biosensor. The applications reviewed include substrate‐enzyme complexes, antigen‐antibody‐complement interactions, electrochemical assay of drugs, as well as light‐sensitive BLMs for optical sensors. Suggestions for improvements in the development of BLM‐based electrochemical biosensors for the clinical setting are also presented.
Microplate elsa for detection of antibodies to DNA in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Specificity and correlation with farr radioimmunoassay
Authors: Sutjita M. , Hohmann A. , Boey M. L. , Bradley J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 96‐well microplate ELISA for the detection of antibodies to DNA is described. A number of buffers and precoating treatments were used to evaluate the optimal method for coating the plate with DNA. These included pretreatment of the plates with poly‐L‐lysine or protamine sulfate, and posttreatment with glutaraldehyde, none of which improved the performance of the assay. Whereas bicarbonate and borate coating buffers gave equivalent and satisfactory results, TRIS buffer resulted in very high binding of immunoglobulin to wells not coated with antigen.Sera from groups of patients with autoimmune disease as well as normal sera were tested against plates optimally coated with native E. coli DNA, calf thymus DNA, and heat‐denatured DNA. Using native E. coli DNA, virtually none of 35 normal sera had any detectable antibody. With this antigen, as well as with native calf thymus DNA, significant levels of DNA antibody were found only in SLE patients. Most patients with SLE or drug‐induced lupus, as well as some patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normal individuals had antibodies that bound to heat‐denatured (single‐stranded) DNA. Using either native E. coli or calf thymus DNA, a good correlation was found between the amount of DNA antibody detected by ELISA and the Farr‐type radioimmunoassay.
Evaluation of cancer patient leukocyte responses in the presence of physiologic and pharmacologic pyridoxine and pyridoxal levels
Authors: Gridley D. S. , Stickney D. R. , Shultz T. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood samples from six cancer patients (five colon cancer, one lung cancer) and six healthy volunteers were tested in vitro for oxygen radical production by phagocytic cells and in assays of mitogen‐induced lymphoblastogenesis at physiologic and pharmacologic concentrations of pyridoxine (PN, 1.8‐96 nmol/ml) or pyridoxal (PL, 0.08‐90 nmol/ml). Plasma levels of pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP), 4‐pyridoxic acid (4PA), pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP), and PL were also determined. Phagocytic cells from three patients showed significantly increased capacity for oxygen radical production when incubated in PL‐, but not PN‐supplemented media. Oxygen burst capacity of cells from healthy subjects was significantly enhanced by PN‐, but not PL‐enriched media. Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation showed a modest increase in cell activation in three patients as the concentration of PN was increased; with concanavalin A, two showed enhanced responsiveness. On the other hand, PL‐supplementation resulted in greater cell proliferation only with PWM. The cancer patients had significantly lower plasma PLP, 4PA, and PMP levels when compared with the healthy volunteers. These data indicate that in the cancer patients and in a majority of the healthy volunteers, vitamin 6‐6 status was marginal or deficient and suggest that increasing PN or PL in vivo levels may augment functions related to cell‐mediated immunity.
Nucleic acid analysis by sandwich hybridization
Authors: Nicholls Peter J. , Malcolm Alan D. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne of the most significant achievements of the biochemist during the past two decades is the use to which immunologically based assays have been put in clinical diagnosis (Hood et al.: Immunology, 1984). The problem faced and surmounted by immunologists in effecting the transition from research tool to routine clinical assay bears a remarkable similarity to that confronting the molecular biologist today; i.e., how can nucleic acid hybridization, a technique of obvious potential (Meinkoth and Wahl: Anal Biochem 138:267‐284, 1984; Syvanen: Med Biol 64:313‐324, 1986; Matthews and Kricka: Anal Biochem 169:l‐25, 1988), be modified in order to fulfill all necessary parameters of a routine diagnostic assay? There are several such requirements, and the importance placed on each depends on the objectives of the assay: the technique must be sensitive, specific, and reproducible. Other advantages would be cost‐effectiveness, ease of manipulation, and amenability to automation. Ideally, the signal detection should be based on a non‐radioactive system, because of the instability of probes labelled with isotopes like 32p, and the potential hazards involved in their handling and disposal.The sandwich hybridization for the analysis of nucleic acid sequences was first used in 1977 (Dunn and Hassell: Cell 12:23‐36, 1977), but its potential as a diagnostic assay was not realized until 1983, when it was applied to the detection of adenovirus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with acute respiratory infection (Ranki et al: Gene 21:77‐85, 1983). It has since been modified and used not only for the detection of microbial infection (Virtanen et al.: Lancet i:381‐383, 1983; Ranki et al.: Cur Top Microbiol Immunol 104:307‐318, 1983; Lehtomaki et al.: J Clin Microbiol 24:108‐111, 1986; Virtanen et al.: J Clin Microbiol 20:1083‐1088, 1984; Palva and Ranki: Clin Lab Med 5475‐490, 1985; Polsky‐Cynkin et al.: Clin Chem 31:1438‐1443, 1985; Parkkinen et al.: J Med Virol 20:279‐288, 1986; Palva: FEMS Microbiol Lett 28%‐91, 1985; Palva et al: FEMS Microbiol Lett2333‐89,1984; Zolg et al.: Mol Biochem Parasitol 22:145‐151, 1987; Palva: J Clin Microbiol 18:92‐100, 1983), but also for the analysis of nucleotide sequence variations (Langdale and Malcolm: Gene 36:201‐210, 1985). We will discuss the development of the sandwich technique and the advantages it conveys over the more conventional nucleic acid hybridization formats, together with new developments which will ensure that it earns a place alongside immunoassay in the diagnostic laboratory.
Immunoblot reactivity of a non‐hiv protein with human sera
Authors: Norman Gary L. , Barker Shu Su , Rasheed Suraiya , The Transfusion Safety Study Group  
Published: March 2007

AbstractExamination of serum for the presence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by immunoblot analysis requires precise identification of reactivities with various HIV specific proteins. During a recent survey of approximately 2,000 sera, we identified 22 sera from non‐HIV‐reactive blood donors and 2 from individuals receiving blood products for congenital blood disorders, which consistently and exclusively reacted with a protein of a molecular weight slightly greater than 65,000 daltons (termed AT65). Since the HIV pol p65 protein reacts with specific antibodies at about the same position (i.e., 65,000 daltons), it was essential to determine the viral or nonviral origin of the AT65 reactivity. Our data indicate that the AT65 reaction is due to a protein present on normal or activated lymphocytes, which can co‐purify with HIV preparations used for immunoblot analysis. Recognition of HIV‐specific p65 and nonspecific AT65 reactions is important to those responsible for interpretation of HIV immunoblots and may aid in the evaluation of some “indeterminant” results.
More sensitive and simpler immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay for antithyroglobulin igg in serum
Authors: Kohno Takeyuki , Mitsukawa Tomohiro , Matsukura Shigeru , Tsunetoshi Yoshizo , Ishikawa Eiji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA more sensitive and simpler immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay for anti‐thyroglobulin IgG in serum and its use for the measurement of anti‐thyroglobulin IgG in healthy subjects and patients with thyroid diseases are described. Antithyroglobulin IgG in test serum was reacted simultaneously with dinitrophenyl thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin‐β‐D‐galactosidase conjugate. The complex formed of antithyroglobulin IgG, dinitrophenyl thyroglobulin, and thyroglobulin‐β‐D‐galactosidase conjugate was trapped onto two polystyrene balls coated with affinity‐purified rabbit (antidinitrophenyl bovine serum albumin) IgG. The polystyrene balls were washed to eliminate nonspecific IgG in the test serum, and the complex was eluted from the polystyrene balls with dinitrophenyl‐L‐lysine and transferred to two polystyrene balls coated with affinity‐purified rabbit (anti‐human IgG γ‐chain) IgG. β‐D‐Galactosidase activity bound to the polystyrene balls was assayed by fluorimetry using 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐D‐galactoside as substrate. As compared with the previous immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay, the procedure was simplified by reducing one incubation step and one washing step, and the detection limit of antithyroglobulin IgG in serum (0.1 μg/liter) was lowered 100‐fold. More careful and extensive examination than in a previous study revealed the presence of antithyroglobulin IgG in a large proportion of healthy subjects and in all patients with Graves' disease and chronic thyroiditis.
Competitive ELISA for detection of native ras gene‐related products in sera of cancer patients
Authors: Epelbaum R. , Bartal A. H. , Rivkin M. , Tugendhaft N. , Shalitin C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid phase, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) competition kit was developed to detect circulating native ras gene‐related products in sera of 151 healthy volunteers and cancer patients. This assay uses monoclonal antibody (mAb) BST‐6A generated against a yeast‐derived, native ras‐related polypeptide Yp20. Only 2% (1 of 58) of normal control sera showed strong competition, as compared to 15% (5 of 34) of patients with early stage or no evidence of disease, and 44% (26 of 59) of patients with advanced disease. These differences were statistically significant (X2, P < 0.05–0.001). Eleven sera samples of cancer patients found to be strong competitors in the ELISA competition kit were tested for the presence of anti‐ras antibodies by ELISA. None showed higher ELISA values as compared with pooled normal human serum and control sera. It is thus suggested that our procedure detected circulating ras‐related oncoproteins in sera of cancer patients mainly with advanced disease.
Effect of dexamethasone on herpes simplex virus replication in mouse neuroblastoma cells (NB41 A3): Receptor characteristics
Authors: Dreyer Larry L. , Sydiskis Robert J. , Bashirelahi Nasir 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMonolayers of NB41A3 (MNB) cells were exposed to pharmacologic doses of dexamethasone (DXM). After 24‐h, the cells were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) at a multiplicity of infection (m.0.i.) = 0.1. After every 24‐h period, extracellular and intracellular virus aliquots were collected and frozen. The aliquots were titered in a standard plaque‐forming assay. It was shown that the hormone led to a statistically significant increase of extra‐ and intracellular virus titers above the titers exhibited by these cells without added hormone. The same experiment was repeated in Vero cells, but the hormone did not elevate the resultant HSV‐1 titers. A binding assay was performed on these two cell lines by use of 3H‐DXM to determine if a DXM receptor was present. Specific binding was seen, but only in the MNB cell line. The Bmax of this receptor was 480 fmol/mg protein and it had a Kd of 2.3 nM. The S value of the receptor ligand complex equalled 8.0. These results indicate that cells possessing hormone receptors allow for a more efficient replication of the virus and suggest that these hormones may play an important role in the exacerbation of herpes simplex virus infection in vivo.
Wb e34 monoclonal antibody: Further characterization and diagnostic use in bancroftian filariasis
Authors: Reddy M. V. R. , Parkhe K. A. , Harinath B. C. , Piessens W. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Wb E34 monoclonal antibody raised against Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial excretory secretory (mf ES) antigen was reported to be useful in detecting the filarial antigen in W. bancrofti and Brugia malayi infected sera. Further studies in this laboratory showed that this monoclonal antibody reacts with a stage–specific antigen of W. bancrofti filarial parasite. Wb E34 identified three antigenic components with molecular weights, 55, 57.5, and 63 kilodaltons (Kd) in western blot analysis. The target antigen of Wb E34 was found to be located in the cytoplasm of microfilariae by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The inhibitory antibodies to Wb E34 were detected in a higher percentage of microfilaraemic sera (81%) than in clinical filarial (33%) or tropical eosinophilia sera (35%). Thus the inhibition ELISA using W bancrofti mf ES antigen and Wb E34‐penicil‐linase may be useful in detecting the filarial antibody associated with the active stage of infection.
Properties of benzodiazepine binding sites in peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Garau L. , Carai M. A. M. , Boi W. , Ennas M. G. , Manconi P. E. , Spano P. F. , Memo M. , Pizzi M. , Misale C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBenzodiazepine (BDZ) binding sites were studied by using 3H‐diazepam and 3H‐Ro 5‐4864 in intact lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL), in comparison to kidney and cerebellum. Experiments with 3H‐diazepam performed at equilibrium and measuring kinetics revealed that BDZ binding sites are indeed present in rat PBL. The binding is saturable (Bmax 557 fmoles/106 cells), with high affinity (KD = 9.3 nM) and reversible. Specific binding sites are also observed by saturation experiments with 3H‐Ro 5‐4864 (Bmax 175 fmoles/106 cells, KD 2.2 nM). In addition, analysis of saturation isotherms obtained with 3H‐diazepam indicates that BDZ binding sites are also present in human PBL. Scatchard plot of binding isotherms revealed an apparent single population of sites in all cases. The pharmacological characterization of BDZ binding sites in PBL, as compared with those of kidney and cerebellum, showed that these sites belong to the so‐called “peripheral type”.
Pharmacological modulation of beta‐endorphin in rat peritoneal macrophages
Authors: And Paola Sacerdote , Panerai Alberto E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe neuropeptide beta‐endorphin is present in cells of the immune system, i.e., lymphocytes and monocytes, and its expression can be induced by immunological stimuli. In the present study, we showed that the increase of the serotoninergic availability induces an increase of beta‐endorphin concentrations in rat peritoneal macrophages that is blunted by the administration of serotonin receptor antagonists. A significant increase of beta‐endorphin concentrations is also evident after blocking the dopaminegic receptors, whereas a dopaminergic agonist decreases the concentrations of the peptide. Our data are consistent with a similar modulation of beta‐endorphin concentrations in central nervous system and in immune cells, e.g., rat peritoneal macrophages.
Modified dot assay with increased sensitivity: Detection of small amounts of immunoglobulin molecules and the importance of different detection systems
Authors: Lavanchy Daniel , Stroun Jacques , Frei Philippe C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe original method of the dot assay described by Hawkes et al. enabled the detection of 100 pg of immunoglobulin molecules. We compared different enzyme detection systems based on the avidin‐biotin complex, in conjunction with different substrates. Three commercial kits (Vectastain‐ABC, Streptavidin Bridge, and Streptavidin‐Peroxidase Complex) based on the same technique were also included in the comparison. In addition, we tested the Aureo‐Probe kit, which is based on gold‐ and silver‐enhanced staining. Various incubation times, blocking solutions (horse serum, bovine serum albumin, and milk), and commercial antihuman Ig antisera or monoclonal antibodies were tested. The greatest sensitivity was achieved by using the peroxidase‐avidin‐biotin complex together with 4‐chloro‐1‐naphtol as substrate, which detected 1 pg of immunoglobulin molecules. Equal sensitivity was also shown by the Aureo‐Probe system.
Comparison of the classical immunofluorescent antibody tests for epstein‐barr virus with commercially available test kits
Authors: Thiele Geoffrey M. , Johnson Ann M. , Okano Motohiko , Woods Gail L. , Purtilo David T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty reference sera with previously reported titers plus 10 normal seropositive and 10 seronegative sera were used to determine which assay for the detection of antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus should be utilized in our laboratory. By three commercially available test systems and by slides prepared in our laboratory, all techniques detected the same number of samples positive for IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) and Epstein‐Barr virus‐determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), but the geometric mean titers (GMTs) varied. Major discrepancies arose in the sensitivity of detection of early antigen‐diffuse (EA‐D) and ‐diffuse and restricted (EA‐DR). Slides prepared in our laboratory gave the best results, detecting 12 of 12 (100%). Slides prepared according to Gull and Hillcrest detected 11 of 12 (92%), and those prepared according to Zeus detected 9 of 12 (75%). From these data, we conclude that all of these methods for detection of VCA and EBNA are adequate. However, in determining antibody levels to EA‐D and EA‐DR, great care should be taken as to the source of the slide and specificity and sensitivity.
Evaluation of the stick enzyme immunoassay in caranx sp. and seriola dumerili associated with ciguatera
Authors: Hokama Y. , Asahina A. Y. , Hong T. W. P. , Shang E. S. , Miyahara J. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe stick enzyme immunoassay (S‐EIA) using monoclonal antibody to ciguatoxin (MAb‐CTX) was used to examine clinically implicated fish and to pre‐screen two species of fish, Caranx sp. (ulua or jack) and Seriola dumerili (kahala or amberjack), supplied by sports fishermen. All of the clinically implicated fish from the Department of Health gave S‐EIA values ≥ 1.3. The Caranx sp. and Seriola dumerili considered safe (≤1.2 value) and consumed after testing gave no false‐negative results. The S‐EIA procedure using MAb‐CTX proved to be specific, sensitive, and simple to use in the laboratory. It also proved to be useful in screening two large carnivorous fish for ciguatoxin and related polyethers prior to consumption.