bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the use of protective stabilization in dental patients with cognitive disabilities
Authors: Karibe Hiroyuki , Umezu Yuko , Hasegawa Yuko , Ogihara Eiwa , Masuda Risa , Ogata Kiyokazu , Shirase Toshiomi , Kawakami Tomomi , Warita Sachie 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to investigate the effects of various factors on the use of protective stabilization (PS) in patients with cognitive disabilities during dental treatment. An observational, case‐control design was used with a case (protective stabilization group or PS group) and a control (usual management group or UM group) to assess a sample of subjects. Forty‐eight dental patients were selected from the two groups. Various factors were compared between the groups. The prevalence of patients with profound cognitive disabilities was higher in the PS group (68.7%) than in the UM group (6.2%) (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio of using protective stabilization was 6.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.20–31.72) for patients who were prescribed antipsychotic agents. Our results suggest that patients with profound cognitive disabilities and/or prescriptions for antipsychotic medications have more behavioral disturbances during dental treatments and require protective stabilization.
Manifestation of acute monocytic leukemia in the oral cavity: a case report
Authors: Fatahzadeh Mahnaz , Krakow A. Michael 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis case history describes a 26‐year‐old male with gingival bleeding who presented for care and was treated accordingly. Within a week he developed signs and symptoms of systemic disease and upon further investigation, he was diagnosed with acute monocytic leukemia to which he succumbed within 72 hours. The implications of gingival bleeding are discussed, and the necessity to consider systemic disease in the differential diagnosis is emphasized.
Tuberous sclerosis complex: a case report
Authors: Wong Allen , Subar Paul , Itaya Lisa 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTTuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) was first described in the late 1800s as a relative of neurofibromatosis, but it has since been identified as a discrete disorder. Patients with TSC typically present with facial adenomas, seizure disorder, and a developmental disability. The syndrome is caused by mutations in either chromosomes 9 or 16, both of which code for cell development and maturation. This case report describes the unique findings of TSC, and suggests areas for future study. By understanding the dental and medical implications of TSC, early intervention may vastly improve a patient's overall quality of life.
Dental utilization for medicaid‐enrolled adults with developmental disabilities in Iowa residential care facilities
Authors: Brister Timothy M. , Damiano Peter C. , Momany Elizabeth T. , Chalmers Jane , Kanellis Michael 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to evaluate the dental utilization of Medicaid‐enrolled adults in Iowa residential care facilities (n = 1423). Medicaid enrollment and claims files for 2003 were used, as well as information from the Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals. Dental utilization was defined as having any dental visit during 2003. Of the residents, 74.1% utilized at least one dental service in 2003. Residents in facilities that were part of smaller organizations, and younger residents, were more likely to have had a dental visit. Of those with a visit, over 80% received a preventive service but this declined with age. Despite additional barriers, dental utilization was generally good for Medicaid‐enrolled residents of residential care facilities in Iowa. Residents in smaller facilities of smaller organizations received more personalized care. Older residents were less likely to have a parent involved, were more likely to be edentulous, and sought care less frequently.
Clinical and Histological Aspects of CNV Formation: Studies in an Animal Model
Authors: Lassota Nathan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract.The purpose of the present thesis was to develop an animal model of CNV in order to study the early formation of CNV and to test the effects of an anti‐angiogenic treatment. Porcine eyes were chosen as a substrate for CNV induction, since they are similar to human eyes in terms of both macroscopic and microscopic morphology. However, a major difference is that pigs lack a fovea; instead they have a visual streak, with a relatively stable and high concentration of cones. By surgical perforation of Bruch's membrane we were able to induce formation of CNV membranes. The morphology and cellular composition of these membranes varied with the surgical technique employed. When RPE cells were locally removed at the time of perforation, the resulting CNV was thinner, contained fewer blood vessels and was less prone to leak on fluorescein angiography than when RPE cells were left intact at induction. The neuroretina overlying the perforation site was not damaged by any of the surgical techniques, thus allowing the subsequent retinal damage to be ascribed to the actual process of CNV formation. Using this animal model allowed us to directly map histological findings onto fluorescein angiograms and thereby perform meaningful correlations between histopathologic and photographic features. Such correlations have been hampered in human subjects, since human eyes are not enucleated as a consequence of CNV and are therefore only available for post‐mortem studies. In such studies there often is a considerable time‐gap between the death of the patient and the latest available fluorescein angiogram, thereby allowing macular pathology to evolve in the interim. Histological examination of the porcine membranes demonstrated that they were composed of RPE cells, glial cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, collagen and smooth muscle fibres, which are the same cellular and fibrillar elements that dominate human CNV membranes. The porcine model was applied to test the effects, in a randomized and masked fashion, of intravitreally injected bevacizumab. Bevacizumab, a pan VEGF A antibody, was found to reduce both the proliferation of endothelial cells in CNV membranes and the propensity to leak in fluorescein angiograms. Immunohistochemically, bevacizumab was detected in the inner limiting membrane, in retinal blood vessels and binding uniformly to the entire CNV membrane without any cellular predisposition. Based on the above findings we believe that the porcine CNV model shows a bearing to human disease and therefore might be used as a tool to obtain improved treatments for this debilitating condition.
The taming of the shrew or corneal transplantation: past, present and future
Authors: PLEYER U 
Published: September 2008

AbstractKeratoplasty has definitely its paradoxes. It has been the first successful transplantation in man and is with approx. 100. 000 grafts/year easily the most frequent allograft in human medicine. At the same time it is still the least understood form of transplantation in respect to its biology. It is both, the most successfull as well as probably the most underestimated procedure regarding its risks in clinical transplantation. Indeed, the common assumtion, that corneal transplantation is a safe procedure with good prognosis may have hindered more intensive effort of research in this field. This lecture aims to highlight significant milestones in the rich history of corneal transplantation, and to pay tribute to the many inspired and dedicated individuals involved in the development of keratoplasty. There are still limitations to corneal transplantation, and corneal allograft rejection still poses the greatest challenge to the modern corneal surgeon. Therefore, particular emphasis will be paid to recent efforts and developments to overcome this challenge.
Regional immunity of the eye: T lymphocytes and ocular pigment epitherial cells
Authors: MOCHIZUKI M 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntraocular inflammation is mediated by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. This notion was classically demonstrated by experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced by retinal antigens. In human, activated CD4+ T lymphocytes also play the essential role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Such examples are Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada (VKH) disease and human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) uveitis. VKH disease is a classical autoimmune disease specific to melanocytes and activated CD4+ T lymphocytes sensitized to melanocyte‐associated antigen, tyrosinase, are infiltrated in the eye, resulting in ocular inflammation. HTLV‐1 uveitis is an intraocular inflammation caused by inflammatory cytokines produced by HTLV‐1‐infected CD4+ T lymphocytes infiltrating in the eye. Not only these diseases but also many other inflammatory disorders in the eye are mediated by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, the eye has a unique regional immune defense system that protects the eye from sight‐threatening inflammation mediated by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Recent studies of our group together with many others indicate that the aqueous humor, the corneal endotherial cells, the ocular pigment epitherial cells of the iris, ciliary body and retina, the vitreous have unique capacity to suppress activated CD4+ T lymphocytes infiltrating in the eye and down‐regulate intraocular inflammation. The immune suppression against infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes is caused by both these ocular resident cells and regulatory T cells induced by ocular resident cells through various unique molecules, such as B7‐2, CTLA4, TBF‐β, thrombospondin 1, or CTLA‐2α. One of the most amazing features of this regional defense system in the eye is that molecular mechanisms of each cells and tissues are adapted to its anatomical characteristics and allowing the defense system to exhibit its capacity most efficiently at their site in the eye. For instance, the iris pigment epitherial cells surrounded by aqueous humor down‐regulate activated T lymphocytes via cell‐to‐cell contact mechanisms, but not soluble factors. On the other hand, the retinal pigment epitherial cells surrounded by cells in the retina and choroid exhibit their immunoregulatory function by soluble factors. In this lecture, the molecular mechanisms of the local defense system in the eye, with particular attention to ocular pigment epitherial cells, will be discussed based on our recent studies.
Unraveling the genetics of exfoliation glaucoma
Authors: JONASSON F 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To give an account of our recent discovery (2007) of the association of lysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1) sequence variants and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) as well as later replications in other populations. Methods We did a genome‐wide association study on open angle glaucoma cases and controls using the Illumina 300 chip. This chip includes probes for 317.000 single – nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that tag, as highly correlated surrogates about 80% of the 2.1 million known common SNPs in the Caucasian genome. For diagnosis of exfoliation syndrome a peripheral band or central shield of exfoliative material on the anterior lens capsule was required. Results When we had done 195 open angle glaucoma cases high genome wide significance was achieved on chromosome 15q24.1 an association later found to be confined to XFG only. This SNP (rs2165241T) was located in the first intron of the LOXL1 gene. We then added 11 correlated SNPs that are not on the Illumina chip and found that two non‐synonymous variants in the first exon of LOXL1 can jointly account for all the observed association (R141L, OR 2.5; G153D, OR 20.1). Combined the variants explained 99% of the population attributable risk for exfoliation glaucoma. Conclusion These findings have now largely been confirmed in numerous American, Asian, Australian and European studies, and in all instances do these polymorphisms in the LOXL1 gene confer risk to XFG. LOXL1 is cross linking enzyme responsible for elastin polymer deposition in ocular tissue. The LOXL1 discovery is the first big hit in the search for genetic background for exfoliation glaucoma. These findings may soon influence monitoring of glaucoma suspects in the clinic targeting persons with the high risk haplotypes.
Contribution of OCT to evaluate macular disease in JIA associated uveitis
Authors: BODAGHI B , DUCOS G , KODJIKIAN L , TERRADA C , TRAN C , CASSOUX N , LEHOANG P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To examine the frequency and characteristics of macular lesions observed in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) uveitis, using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 38 consecutive patients were recruited from a tertiary referral center in uveitis. All eyes with JIA uveitis underwent complete ophthalmic examination including OCT 3. Exclusion criterion was the inability to obtain OCT scans. Flare and visual acuity were also analyzed by using linear regression. Results We analyzed foveal thickness (FT) and central foveal thickness (CFT) using the software mapping, to describe macular lesions in 61 eyes. Maculopathy was observed in 51 eyes (84%), compared to 12% in the literature (P<0.0001) and comprised four types: perifoveolar thickening in 45 eyes (74%), macular edema in 29 eyes (48%), foveal detachment in 11 eyes (18%), and atrophic changes in 6 eyes (10%). Only 4 eyes did not demonstrate any lesion. Conclusion Among children with JIA‐uveitis, macular involvement is frequent, and characterized by perifoveolar thickening and serous retinal detachment. OCT is a non‐invasive instrument. It may easily show this maculopathy, which could impair visual function, and conditioned a therapeutic intensification.
Kaplan‐Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression
Authors: KIVELÄ T 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To highlight basic concepts related to time‐to‐event data. Methods Non‐mathematical description of the Kaplan‐Meier product‐limit method and Cox proportional hazards multiple regression with examples from recent literature. Results Kaplan‐Meier analysis and Cox regression are nonparametric techniques with wide applicability in ophthalmic research. They are appropriate when time‐to‐event data are analyzed (e.g. time to loss of vision, bleb failure, graft rejection) as outcome measure. They are especially efficient when follow‐up times vary, which is common in clinical research. The data needed are time to event or last follow‐up, last status (e.g. experienced the event, under follow‐up, lost to follow‐up, died) and explanatory or confounding variables (e.g. sex, age, type of glaucoma). Subjects who did not experience the event are “censored” at last follow‐up. Censoring must be independent of the probability of experiencing the event, and the subject must remain at risk of the event after censoring. Cox regression additionally requires that the hazard be proportional (i.e. hazard ratio is constant over time). Kaplan‐Meier analysis produces stepped curves which show the cumulative probability of experiencing the event as a function of time by study group; groups can be compared using the log‐rank test or equivalent. Cox regression provides a numerical hazard ratio (e.g. increased or decreased risk of the study group to experience the event relative to the control group), which is adjusted for the effect of other variables included in the regression model. Conclusion After this talk, participants should be able to recognize time‐to‐event data, interpret studies which use Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression analysis, and understand when they benefit from these methods in their research.
Cumulative incidence analysis and relative survival
Authors: KIVELÄ T 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To highlight concepts related to competing events in time‐to‐event data sets. Methods Introduction to cumulative incidence and relative survival analyses and competing risks proportional hazards regression with examples from recent literature. Results Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression analysis were designed to study mortality. They return biased estimates in the presence of competing events that render subjects immune to the event of interest (e.g. one is no longer at risk of vision loss, bleb failure or graft rejection after dying). Kaplan‐Meier can then be supplemented with cumulative incidence analysis and Cox with competing risks regression. The data needed are time‐to‐event or last follow‐up, last status (e.g. experienced an event, under follow‐up, lost to follow‐up) and explanatory or confounding variables. Subjects who experienced a competing event are treated as such and subjects who did not experience any event are “censored” at last follow‐up. A set of stepped curves is produced which show the cumulative incidence of each event as a function of time by study group; groups can be compared using dedicated tests. Competing risks regression provides a hazard ratio, adjusted for the effect of other variables in the model. Relative survival is an alternative to cumulative incidence method when analyzing mortality. It does not require that the status at last follow‐up be known. Survival of the study group is compared with that of the underlying population. The difference is equivalent to the cumulative incidence of disease‐specific death, but cumulative incidences of competing events are not available. Conclusion After this talk, participants should be able to recognize competing events, assess whether Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression were appropriate methods and know alternatives to them.
Parasitic corneal infections
Authors: GICQUEL JJ 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe exposure of the eye directly to the environment renders it vulnerable to a number of uncommon infectious diseases caused by parasites. Once anatomical barriers are breached, host defences are often insufficient to prevent the infection from spreading localy. A fast identification and treatment of the involved microorganisms are necessary. Contact lens wear is associated with keratitis caused Acanthamoebae. Parasitic infections may also arise following bloodborne carriage of the microorganism to the eye or adjacent structures.
Management of retinal tumors
Authors: DESJARDINS L 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe course will include the management of retinoblastoma and the treatment of retinal angiomas. Practical management of retinoblastoma will be described. The techniques of treatment include enucleation, radiotherapy by external beam or proton beam, plaque brachyterapy , chemoreduction and chemothermotherapy, laser treatment and cryotherapy. The techniques will be detailed and the indications will be given. Advance unilateral retinoblastoma is often an indication for enucleation. Conservative management is performed as often as possible especially in bilateral retinoblastoma. We shall give the methods to avoid extra ocular retinoblastoma like orbital recurrence or metastasis. We shall describe the rules for follow up of the patients after treatment and for screening for early diagnosis in familial retinoblastoma. Guidelines for genetic counselling will be also given. Retinal capillary hemangangiomas can be unique or multiple in case on Von Hippel Lindau disease. Treatments of the angiomas include laser therapy and cryotherapy for bigger angiomas Vitrectomy with endolaser can be needed in rare instances and radiotherapy has been used in selected cases. Cavernous hemangiomas of the retina are rare; they usually are stable with no need for therapy.
Spinule number per cone pedicle is a biomarker of predatory behavior in teleosts
Authors: DE JUAN HERRERO J , MARTINEZ‐RUIZ N , ROMERO RAMETA A , INIGUEZ LOBETO CM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Teleots are a successful vertebrate group, constituting more than 50% of vertebrate species. These fishes are the only vertebrate group that presents spinules from the lateral dendrites of retinal Horizontal cells into cone pedicles. A way to study the degree of predatory behavior is measuring patterns of microwear on tooth surfaces. These patterns are related to trophic adaptations and produced by the abrasives in food, during feeding. The aim of this work was to compare the number of spinules per cone pedicle with tooth microwear parameters and predatory behavior, in three families of teleosts. Methods Light‐adapted fishes were sacrificed and their retinas processed for transmission‐electron‐microscopy studies. The number of spinules, per cone pedicle was measured. Several lower premaxillary teeth from each fish were used for microwear analysis with scanning electron microscopy. We measured the density, mean length, and breadth of micro‐features, of the teeth. Results The number of spinules per pedicle was two fold greater (≅9 spinules/pedicle) in the moronidae family that in the labridae and sparidae ones (≅4 spinules/pedicle). In turn, the dental microwear parameters presented an inverse relationship to the number spinules per pedicle. The density, mean length and breadth of teeth micro‐features were lower in moronidae family than in labridae and sparidae ones. Conclusion The amount of spinules per pedicle correlates positively with predatory behavior and negatively with dental microwear parameters. These data support the hypothesis that spinules and microwear are biomarkers of trophic adaptations in teleost fishes. Spanish Grants BFU2004‐03727‐C02‐02 and 01/BFI and GV04B‐521
Diabetic macular edema. Clinical characterization
Authors: CUNHA‐VAZ J 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe most frequent cause of progressive visual loss due to diabetes is diabetic macular edema. There is retinal edema when there is any increase of water in the retinal tissue resulting in an increase in its volume, i.e., thickness. In diabetes, the inner Blood‐Retinal Barrier (BRB) opens resulting in increasing movements of fluids and molecules into the retina. In a situation of open BRB there is extracellular retinal edema and the situation of immune privilege is altered, creating the conditions for a systemic inflammatory repair response. When the BRB is open, the retinal edema accumulation follows Starling’s law. With an open BRB any loss of equilibrium between hydrostatic, oncotic and tissue pressure gradients across the retinal vessels contribute to increased water movements and more edema formation. We are able to measure changes in retinal thickness and identify, using OCT, the evolution of macular edema. It is possible to follow closely changes in retinal edema and to characterize diabetic macular edema considering: 1. The distribution of the edema. Is it focal or diffuse? 2. Is it recent or chronic? 3. Is the foveola preserved or is it involved and how much? 4. Is the BRB open (vascular leakage)? 5. Are there signs of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction? Diffuse edema with RPE signs of damage? 6. Are there OCT “cysts”? A good indicator of low tissue pressure. 7. Are there signs of vitreoretinal traction on OCT? 8. Are there signs of capillary closure and ischemia in the fovea? 9. Are HgA1C values higher than 8%? 10. Is the blood pressure higher than 130/80mm/Hg even after medication?