bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Maturity Model: Health and Safety Improvement through Involvement
Authors: Fleming Mark , Meakin Scott 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum companies increasingly recognize the importance of the cultural aspects of health and safety management. This is due in part to the conclusion that a poor safety culture contributed to a number of disasters. Many Petroleum companies have measured their safety culture in order to identify improvements. Questionnaires are commonly used, as they are an efficient method to collect large data sets that can be analyzed statistically. Unfortunately, safety culture surveys have limitations; for example, they provide little assistance in identifying interventions to address areas of concern. A potential solution to this limitation is the use of a maturity or evolutionary framework. In the UK the offshore oil industry and the Health and Safety Executive commissioned a study to develop a health and safety maturity framework1. The study produced a cultural maturity model based on capability maturity models used in the software industry. This framework is similar to Westrum's three level safety maturity model2. These and other models were used as the basis of a Canadian cultural maturity model. This model consists of 5 levels of maturity (Documenting, Controlling, Engaging, Participating and Institutionalizing) and 10 elements. This paper describes the development of the model and the results of a cultural maturity project conducted in Petro-Canada's East Coast Operations.
Open Safety Dialogue (OSD), Dialogue, Delivery and Commitment
Authors: Løvby Terje , Dahl Tor Alrik 
Published: December 2007

abstract
This paper describes the introduction of a management tool for behavior modification implemented in Statoils E&P operations over the past two years.
A large number of executives, managers and supervisors1 have been trained, in small groups, to use a structured methodology for work site interaction with staff aimed at reducing at risk behavior in our plants and facilities. Our training program have been highly standardized and at the same time focused on stimulation of dialogue and creation of consensus amongst the participants.
Our Open Safety Dialogue (OSD) introduction program has been conducted in the shortest possible time span. Each supervisor has been put under mild pressure to apply the OSD methodology at completion of her/his training.
Ergonomic Considerations in Physically Demanding Jobs
Authors: Attwood Dennis , Fennell Dave 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Within the oil and gas industry, some physical jobs haven't changed for years. Even today, many of the tasks performed on-site and in the field are physically demanding - so much so that many tasks exceed the long-term physical capability of most operators. Over time, we have seen workers gradually ‘wear out' physically and self-elect to move into tasks that are less demanding, but also less rewarding. In our opinion, it does not have to be this way. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how physically demanding jobs can be analyzed and how practical, cost-effective changes can be made to reduce the physical stress on the operator. It is our goal to demonstrate how positions that are now seen as ‘interim work' can be made into careers that workers can perform into their retirement.
International E&P Environmental Regulations: What Makes Sense for Our Industry?
Authors: McMillen Sara J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the increasing awareness of environmental concerns associated with oil and gas exploration and production, and as the oil industry continues to grow in the regions of West Africa, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America, it is imperative that our industry work together with local governments in protecting people and ecosystems. Too often, regulators in these areas find themselves without adequate resources to design effective environmental management programs and instead end up simply adopting and/or adapting regulatory programs developed by and for industrialized countries in North America, Europe, Australia, and/or South Africa.
Regulations in these developed parts of the world tend to vary greatly by country because they consider not only the technical basis for the regulation, but local and regional concerns such as the need to protect other industries/resources (e.g., fishing), land development plans, public opinion, cost/benefit analysis and many other factors. This paper will describe the technical, historical and political contexts that have driven a few key regulations in the industrialized countries of North America and Europe. These factors will then be used to evaluate the net environmental benefit of specific regulatory approaches in developing countries and to outline a framework for how governments, local people, non-government organizations, and corporations can work together to prioritize and deal with local environmental and human health issues.
SARS – Managing the Illness and the Fear
Authors: Stevenson Alan , Knutsson Mats 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In early November 2002 the medical community started to pick up a new strain of atypical pneumonia in the Asia region that was extremely aggressive and not responding to standard treatment. Events unfolded quickly and by March 17, 2003, there were 167 reported cases and four deaths attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On March 18, 219 cases were reported within Vietnam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region of China, and Singapore - the main areas where the illness had taken root. The World Health Organization (WHO) issued an emergency travel advisory, because air travel had enabled the illness to escape its point of origin. (Appendix A).
In this paper we discuss how a major oilfield services company responded to the SARS outbreak. Schlumberger had travel restrictions in place because of the war in Iraq - only essential business travel was allowed. SARS-affected countries were now included. Employees instinctively looked to their employers for protection against what some understood to be a deadly illness that was out of control. Schlumberger realized that an absolute travel ban was not necessary, or even rational, and that line management now had to determine what was essential business travel and what was not. Many meetings were conducted via videoconference and conference calls, resulting in actual cost savings in Q1 2003 versus Q1 2002. Controlling travel through an exemption request process enabled senior management to be fully involved in the approval process.
Providing the workforce with accurate and timely information on the illness, and what local governments were doing to prevent its spread in the community, was key to raising the comfort level. Educating employees on SARS and comparing it to other prevalent diseases and road traffic accidents helped to keep the situation in perspective.
Managing Health in Emergency Situations. Lessons Learnt from Recent Events
Authors: Minshell Caroline 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction
This presentation will outline:
BP's remote and emergency medical processes and client base, using real and recent events
Main body Preparation of business travellers, expatriate families and correspondents Assessment of and arrangements for health care Contacts and communication lines Emergency planning that includes provision for medical emergencies Provision of support services including PTSD counselling Re-establishing health care and support services after the event
Conclusion
Good emergency medical planning is essential to all businesses.
SARS Response and Experiences Post the 2003 Outbreak and the Effect on Moving Rotating Staff to Offshore Operations
Authors: Guibert Philippe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 is an emerging disease that spread rapidly worldwide. Remote and offshore operations appeared particularly at risk for various reasons. Medical teams were not prepared for the management of outbreaks. The density of population made close contact transmission possible. Remoteness resulted in misinterpreted information, weak and delayed adapted support, and improbable medical evacuation.
As a result, companies immediately set travel policies and screening procedures to decrease the probability of having someone on site presenting early signs of SARS. In cooperation with site management, alert level policies were implemented to plan responses adapted to pre-defined thresholds of risk. Information and training focused on prompt detection and isolation of cases, strict infection control in medical facilities, and the tracing and quarantine of contacts. Specific SARS management kits were elaborated to address the treatment of suspect cases, the organisation of isolation and the protection of medical teams. Medical evacuation of cases became a challenge due to medical transportation issues, operational limitations and international administrative constraints. Information dissemination services and email alerts were set up via a SARS dedicated web site in order to provide compiled data and operational information to medical directors.
This paper will review the experiences of companies tackling the SARS outbreak in remote settings. In the absence of a vaccine, robust diagnostic tests and specific treatment, this medical issue appeared initially to have no medical, but only operational answers. Options chosen in terms of staff management, treatment abilities and evacuation capacities will be discussed. In conclusion, the importance of appropriate communication and accurate information will be analysed to help corporations make appropriate decisions in such challenging circumstances.
Regulatory Requirements for a Sound Health, Environment and Safety Culture in the Norwegian Petroleum Activities
Authors: Tharaldsen Jorunn-Elise , Lindeberg Reidar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There has been a claim in the industry that the safety level in the petroleum area has stagnated or declined the last few years. Some improvements have been seen, but in many areas the risk level has been increasing during the nineties. This development must be understood in relation to extensive processes of change in the industry. There have been major technological, operational and organisational changes, without the sufficient or corresponding focus on the consequences for health, safety and environment.
In order to meet this development there has been made a new legal framework for the petroleum sector (Sound health, environment and safety culture, Section 11) and a white paper to sort out these conditions (White paper no. 7, 2001 - 2002). The new regulatory framework was effectuated last year and demands that the responsible party shall promote a good HSE-culture in the enterprise. In the white paper the role of the leaders is given much attention. The work with and the quality of the HSE-culture is closely connected to the responsibility of the leader and his or her behaviour. It is also said that: "Health, environment and safety shall be integrated in the common values, established attitudes, competence and behaviour in the organisation".
In addition to this, the Norwegian government wants the petroleum sector to be the initiating and leading industry with a strong focus on HSE, continuous improvement and a proactive approach. The petroleum sector is meant to be a mirror outwards to the rest of the world.
Safety Cases – 10 Years of Experience
Authors: Whewell Ian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper shares some of the lessons learned by the UK Health and Safety regulatory authority (HSE) in the 10 years since Regulations were introduced requiring a Safety Case for every offshore oil and gas installation. It highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the requirements and outlines some important changes under consideration to improve the effectiveness of Safety Cases. These may be of assistance to those who use the concept of a Safety Case in their regulatory regimes.
International HSE Standards on China's Largest Gas Project
Authors: Changliang Jiang , van Herwaarden Ir. Hans , Peng Jianwei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As China&s largest gas project, the West-East Gas Pipeline project is one of the key national projects included in China&s 10th Five-Year Plan. It plays an important role in China&s oil & gas development strategy and in the development of West China. The pipeline sources the gas mainly from Tarim basin in Xinjiang and targets the markets in Yangtze River delta. It comprises a gas supply system 3900km in length, stretching from West to East China and will transport 12 billion cubic meters natural gas per year.
Currently PetroChina is the leading investor in this project and a group of international oil companies (IOC) is negotiating to jointly invest and develop it. Ongoing negotiations for the formation of a Joint Venture include the requirement to adopt health, safety, environmental and social standards consistent with international expectations. Consequently, IOC has had an ongoing role in providing advice and support regarding definition and implementation of the standards. This paper describes how such standards were adopted and implemented, against a backdrop of a country where HSE management, in general, is still at a rudimentary stage of implementation and China&s aspiration to more globally adopt such international standards.
The Client has Most Influence on the Contractor's HS&E Culture
Authors: Yule Steven , Mearns Kathryn 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is considerable evidence that safety culture and safety climate can be used to discriminate between organizations that manage safety well and those that do not. The role of management may be particularly crucial when ambiguities exist regarding exactly who should have, and who does have influence on safety culture. One such example is the complex relationship between the contractor and client. Who should have the primary influence on the contractor's HSE culture -the contracting company who has a duty of care for its employees or the client who operates and is responsible for the working environment within which the contractors work? This paper presents the initial findings from a large-scale research project conducted with a global engineering and construction organization. The project used three main data collection techniques to arrive at a triangulated assessment of HS&E culture in 18 worksites worldwide (Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, West Africa). The data collection techniques were: (i) a questionnaire about personal values, cultural norms, and safety climate which was administered to workforce members; (ii) structured interviews regarding HS&E culture and safety management systems which were conducted with project management teams and senior management, and (iii) an independent ‘show me’ audit of the safety management system in operation. Data were collected using these three techniques at all 18 worksites. A strong finding from the project was that the contractor's workforce and project management teams both consistently believed that the client's managers and systems had more of an impact on the safety culture of the contracting company than the contractor's senior managers and HS&E systems. The audits verified this in the majority of cases and the results were evident across cultures and clients.
The Road to "Zero-Philosophy" Mindset and a New HSE Culture
Authors: Grinrød M. , Myrholt L. , Berge A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the innovative ideas Statoil as operator together with their main service and drilling contractors have worked on in order to establish a needed improved HSE culture. This included how to improve communication, best practices, common HSE day, goals and interests. The paper is summarized with how this contributed to the "they – us" to "we" HSE cultural change.
Single vs Double Sides for FPSO Hulls – A Decision Model
Authors: Sipkema Anthony W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
After the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, which resulted in 260.000 bbls crude spilled, US regulators issued OPA 90, with the aim to prevent similar accidents from occurring again. IMO followed with MARPOL 13. One of the requirements of OPA 90 (applicable to US waters) and IMO (International waters) was to phase out Single Side (SS) trading tankers, and replace them with Double Hull (DH) trading tankers. FPSOs are not specifically covered in these regulations.
Originally intended for trading tankers, these requirements have found their way into FPSO designs. Generally new build FPSOs are specified with DH or Double Sides (DS) configuration, and where conversion FPSOs are mostly SS configuration.
The public firmly believes that Double Hull is the panacea for all tanker oil spills. Unfortunately little evidence exists that the DH configuration has improved environmental protection. OPA 90 did lower the age profile of the trading tankers, contributing to fewer spills due to "old age".
This paper challenges the requirement for DH or DS for FPSOs as a starting point for design and proposes a decision model that ensures that key decision drivers such as regulatory requirements, HSE, cost, contractor experience and reputation issues are adequately covered during the FPSO hull selection process. It gives designers a tool for demonstrating risks are ALARP and can be used to engage in dialogue with regulators and classification societies.
The decision model, for many FPSO applications and, especially those in benign environments, makes a case that SS is the ALARP risk option for the FPSO with none of the environmental costs associated with the other configurations.
Meeting the Zero Discharge Challenge for Produced Water
Authors: Knudsen B. L. , Hjelsvold M. , Frost T. K. , Svarstad M. B. E. , Grini P. G. , Willumsen C. F. , Torvik H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reduced environmental impact is the goal when choosing produced water treatment technologies. On the Norwegian sector the method used for quantifying this impact is the Environmental Impact Factor, EIF. This method is computerized in a tool that calculates the environmental impact from each of a number of chemical component groups that are present in produced water.
Re-injection of produced water is the preferred option, and mostly used when pressure support is required. This paper, however, describes new treatment technologies aimed at produced water being released to sea. The technologies are suitable for different produced water compositions. The components in the produced water that contribute to the environmental impact are mainly: aliphatic hydrocarbons, heavy aromatic compounds (PAH), alkylated phenols and man added production chemicals. At several Statoil operated fields the corrosion inhibitor and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S scavenger are giving a significant contribution.
Several new technologies will be described. Statoil has had a leading role and actively participated in the development and qualification of most of these technologies. The results from this work will be presented. The technologies will include the CTour process, Epcon CFU, droplet coalescing technologies as well as new technologies to reduce discharge of production chemicals.
The main conclusion is that knowledge is needed about which compounds contribute to the environmental impact of produced water before deciding which technology to use.
Controlling Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluid Discharges through the Best Management Practices Compliance Alternative
Authors: Johnston Carey , Wilson Scott , Satterlee Kent , van Oort Eric , Venable Darlene , Rabke Stephen , Talbot Scott 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently published effluent guidelines on the appropriate use of synthetic-based drilling fluids (SBFs). These regulations control what types of SBFs are allowed for discharge and how much SBF can be retained on the cuttings directly discharged to surface waters. In order to provide operators with greater flexibility in complying with the new controls on SBF cuttings, EPA promoted an alternative compliance option based on the use of Best Management Practices (BMPs).
This paper provides an overview of the SBF BMP compliance alternative, its use among operators, and elements of an effective BMP Plan. This paper focuses on implementation aspects and identifies potential benefits for operators using the BMP compliance alternative. In addition, this paper presents a comparison of SBF discharges associated with cuttings for SBF wells that did and did not use this compliance alternative. Monitoring data indicate that discharges from SBF wells using the compliance alternative are lower than the discharges from SBF wells that did not use the compliance alternative. Finally, this paper examines the degree to which operators are on a cycle of continuous improvement and expanding beyond this compliance alternative on a voluntary basis to examine other areas for pollution prevention and reduction of pollutant discharges.
Slide Risk Assessment in the Ormen Lange Field Development Area
Authors: Lund Jan K. , Olsen Jørn , Bryn Petter , Brekke Gunnar , Guttormsen Tom , Kvalstad Tore , Nadim Farrokh 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Ormen Lange field is the largest undeveloped gas field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The field is located in the Norwegian Sea in water depths of about 800 m to 1,100 m. The field is situated approximately 120 km from the coastline, within the scar of the prehistoric Storegga slide (Figure 1). The slide that took place 8,200 years ago is one of the world&#39;s largest known submarine slides with an estimated slide volume in excess of 3,000 km3. Evidence of flood waves (tsunamis) generated by the Storegga slide, has been found along the coast of Norway, Scotland and the Faeroe Islands.
The location of the field necessitates a thorough analysis as to whether a new major slide could occur.
This paper presents the risk analysis framework used and models applied to assess the slide risk in this area.
Development of a Integrated Approach to the Risk Analysis of a Blow-out Accident
Authors: Blotto Paola , Bonuccelli Michele , Morale Gianni , Dellarole Edoardo , Falcitelli Mariano , Podenzani Fabrizio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The uncontrolled eruption of a well is one of the most critical accidents that can occur both during exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon fields. Significant HSE issues are associated to this event that introduces safety risks for the field operators, potential health injury for the population living in the area and impacts, mainly associated to the hydrocarbon contamination, on the environment.
This paper describes a methodology, developed by ENI E&P in the framework of a specific R&D project, permitting the complete analysis of the phenomenology associated to the blow-out event. The procedure, implemented in a PC user friendly software supplies all the information necessary for the complete characterization of the accident from a HSE point of view. In particular, the following data can be derived from the methods: release characterization;not ignited jet characterization;not ignited toxic and flammable gas and oil dispersion characterization;ignited jet characterization;dynamic killing design.
The above set of data is calculated making use of a constellation of models simulating the various physical phenomena characterizing the blow-out event. Part of these models have been developed in the framework of the R&D project being relevant to phenomena (e.g. oil atomization, two-phase jet, two-phase combustion) not sufficiently treated in the literature. In some cases literature/commercial models have been selected after a State of the Art study. All the models included in the procedure have been validated both with experimental and/or numerical (CFD) data.
The methodology is presently successfully applied in most of the ENI E&P developments.
In the paper the description of the methodology structure and models is reported with validation results and some application scenarios.