bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a new non‐hormonal substance for terminating pregnancy in bitches in clinical trials
Authors: OLIVAy O. , COLOMBO G. , NAVA G. A. , CAIROLI F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTA new non‐hormonal contragestational agent (DL 717‐IT), the 2‐(4 chlorophenyl)‐s‐triazole |5,1‐a|‐isoquinoline, was tested in clinical trials to determine its efficacy for interrupting the pregnancy in the bitch. Five hundred and sixty‐five bitches were given a single intramuscular injection of the drug between the first and 15th day after the mating. Of the 475 bitches that received 2–5 mg/kg, 430 (90‐5 per cent) did not whelp at all, 15 (3‐2 per cent) delivered a few stillborn or weak puppies that died some hours after birth, and 30 (6‐3 per cent) delivered at least one normal live pup. Of 90 bitches treated with 3–5 mg/kg, 87 (96‐7 per cent) did not whelp at all, two (2‐2 per cent) delivered a few stillborn or weak puppies that died some hours after birth, and one (1 1 per cent) delivered normal live puppies. DL 717‐IT, owing to the high effectiveness and minimal side effects, must be considered a very reliable drug for the interruption of pregnancies in the bitch.
Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Holland CT 
Published: September 2008

Objective  To describe basic epidemiological features, clinical characteristics and outcomes of asymmetrical focal neurological deficits identified in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus).Design  A retrospective study.Procedure  Computer records were reviewed for all dogs and cats treated for tick paralysis between July 1999 and June 2006 at a suburban veterinary hospital in Newcastle, New South Wales.Results  Neurological deficits were identified in 17/197 dogs and 10/89 cats and included unilateral facial paralysis (14 dogs; 2 cats), anisocoria (4 dogs; 7 cats), unilateral loss of the cutaneous trunci reflex (1 dog; 1 cat) and Horner's syndrome in 2 cats with anisocoria. Occurrence of deficits was not linked to season, severity of tick paralysis, breed, age, sex or body weight. With facial paralysis and anisocoria, the site of tick attachment was invariably on the head or neck and always ipsilateral to the facial paralysis. By contrast, with anisocoria alone, no consistent relationship was noted between any one pupillary dimension and the side of tick attachment. With cutaneous trunci deficits the site of tick attachment was the ipsilateral caudal axilla. Compared with recovery times from generalised signs of tick paralysis, those for facial paralysis were significantly longer (days to weeks; P < 0.001), those for anisocoria showed no significant difference (P = 0.25) and those for cutaneous trunci deficits lagged by 6 and 7 days.Conclusions  Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits are a consistent finding in a proportion of dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis due to I. holocylcus.
Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases
Authors: Granot N , Milgram J , Bdolah‐Abram T , Shemesh I , Steinman A 
Published: September 2008

Objective A retrospective review of the medical records of 41 horses requiring abdominal surgery for sand colic.Results The diagnosis of sand colic was made when sand was found to be the cause of impaction of the gastrointestinal tract during surgical exploration. The most common clinical signs at presentation were abdominal pain, abdominal distension and diarrhoea. A statistically significant association was found between the respiratory rate on arrival and short‐term survival. Sand impaction at multiple locations was detected in one‐third of the horses. Concurrent pathology was detected in half of the horses. Four horses were euthanased during surgery; of those that recovered from surgery, 35/37 (95%) were discharged from hospital. Short‐ and long‐term complications were similar to those previously reported. Long‐term (1 year) survival of the horses discharged was 100%.Conclusion The good prognosis for horses undergoing surgery for the treatment of sand impaction supports early surgical intervention in cases where large amounts of sand are suspected.
Mitogen‐induced responses in lymphocytes from platypus, the Tasmanian devil and the eastern barred bandicoot
Authors: Stewart NJ , Bettiol SS , Kreiss A , Fox N , Woods GM 
Published: September 2008

Objective  As the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisi) and the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunni) are currently at risk of serious population decline or extinction from fatal diseases in Tasmania, the goal of the present study was to describe the normal immune response of these species to challenge using the lymphocyte proliferation assay, to give a solid basis for further studies.Methods  For this preliminary study, we performed lymphocyte proliferation assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the three species. We used the common mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM).Results  All three species recorded the highest stimulation index (SI) with the T‐cell mitogens PHA and ConA. Tasmanian devils and bandicoots had greater responses than platypuses, although variability between individual animals was high.Conclusion  For the first time, we report the normal cellular response of the platypus, the Tasmanian devil and the eastern barred bandicoot to a range of commonly used mitogens.
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with screen‐detected type 2 diabetes in Denmark: the ADDITION study
Authors: Bek Toke , Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Hansen Anja Bech , Johnsen Knut Borch , Sandbæk Annelli , Lauritzen Torsten 
Published: September 2008

Abstract.Background:  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, but the exact prevalence of the disease and its accompanying late complications are unknown. In the Anglo‐Danish‐Dutch study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen‐detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION study), patients with hitherto undiagnosed type 2 diabetes are identified using a stepwise screening strategy in selected general practices. This article reports the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy in this population.Methods:  In Århus and Copenhagen counties, a total of 12 708 of the persons invited by mail were screened for diabetes mellitus. Consequently, 763 persons with type 2 diabetes were identified; 670 of these (335 from each of the two centres) underwent a general physical examination (including measurement of blood pressure and HbA1c) and an ophthalmological examination (including measurement of visual acuity and fundus photography). Retinopathy was graded from the photographs by counting all retinopathy lesions.Results:  Forty‐five (6.8%) of the examined patients had any retinopathy, of which the majority was minimal. No patients had severe non‐proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant difference between age, sex and visual acuity among patients with and without retinopathy. However, the patients with retinopathy had significantly higher HbA1c and systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the patients without retinopathy.Conclusion:  Patients with screen‐detected diabetes have a low prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and no vision‐threatening lesions. Screening for diabetic retinopathy should be focused on those patients who have already been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes during routine clinical practice.
La Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires : dix ans de protection et de promotion de la diversité linguistique et culturelle1
Authors: Kozhemyakov Alexey 
Published: September 2008

RésuméLe présent article est une présentation de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires (CELRM). Avec quelque 250 langues parlées à travers la Grande Europe, le continent européen est le meilleur des laboratoires pour préserver l’identité propre des groupes linguistiques et favoriser leur compréhension mutuelle, et pour encourager la perception de la diversité linguistique.
Langues et identités culturelles en Afrique
Authors: Tchindjang Mesmin , Bopda Athanase , Ngamgne Louise Angéline 
Published: September 2008

RésuméCet article part du fondement même de l’existence des langues pour examiner leur importance dans la constitution des identités culturelles africaines et leur rôle dans le développement et la consolidation de ces identités. Les langues sont le pilier et le véhicule principal de la culture africaine, marquée par l’oralité. L’oralité est du domaine du profond et contribue à enrichir spirituellement et moralement l’individu africain. Mieux, l’oralité favorise son épanouissement et éclaire sa vision du monde. C’est pourquoi les langues africaines ont résisté et continuent de résister en dépit des siècles de domination, de la traite négrière au néocolonialisme culturel en passant par la colonisation. Aujourd’hui, elles doivent être redéployées à travers les structures mises en place en Afrique, à condition d’éviter de s’enfermer dans des logiques paralysantes. Aussi, quoique fondement de l’identité culturelle africaine ainsi que du développement local, les langues africaines doivent‐elles rechercher l’enrichissement mutuel au contact des autres cultures et identités ? Comme le dit le musicien Manu Dibango : « On ne peut peindre du blanc sur du blanc, ni du noir sur du noir, chacun a besoin de l’autre pour se révéler !»
La langue guaraní, ciment de l’identité paraguayenne et facteur d’intégration sociale
Authors: Villagra‐Batoux Sara Delicia 
Published: September 2008

RésuméLa langue guaraní du Paraguay est une langue amérindienne parlée par la majorité des habitants du pays. Cette langue a fortement marqué les traits identitaires de la nation paraguayenne qu’elle a accompagnée durant toute son histoire. En la reconnaissant, tout d’abord comme langue nationale et ultérieurement comme langue officielle, l’État paraguayen a été le premier à sauver l’une des langues autochtones du continent américain, à laquelle il a rendu toute sa dignité dans la mesure où elle contribuera à l’intégration sociale des populations et au développement du pays.
Le rôle de la langue palenge dans la transmission du patrimoine Afro‐Palenquero
Authors: Tejedor Sara Juana Pabla Pérez 
Published: September 2008

RésuméCet article dépeint l’univers culturel de Palenque de San Basilio, et souligne le rôle de la langue palenge comme vecteur d’expression et de transmission du patrimoine culturel afro‐palenquero. Il montre également l’importance de la veillée mortuaire en tant qu’espace social pour le renforcement des pratiques culturelles, l’un des meilleurs exemples étant le Lumbalú. En outre, le texte analyse le rôle social et éducatif du kuagro dans les différentes étapes de la vie palenquera et décrit les différents rythmes musicaux qui reflètent la créativité des membres de cette culture. Enfin, il présente les stratégies utilisées par les Palenqueros dans le processus de sauvegarde de leur patrimoine culturel, et la façon dont les actions sont mises en œuvre au niveau communautaire pour la reconquête, l’utilisation et la diffusion de leur langue maternelle.
La Maison des langues – Linguamón –, musée des langues vivantes du monde
Authors: I Fullana Antoni Mir 
Published: September 2008

RésuméÀ l’appel des Nations Unies en faveur du développement et de la coexistence pacifique, la Catalogne répond par une initiative totalement originale : l’ouverture prévue en 2010, au cœur d’un quartier qui symbolise l’innovation technologique et la créativité culturelle de Barcelone, d’une structure internationale destinée à faire mieux connaître les quelque 6 000 langues du monde, la Maison des langues.
The worker, the workplace, and the need for unemployment insurance*
Authors: BUTLER PETER M. , SMITH RON 
Published: September 2008

Le chômage et la dépendance des prestations de l'assurance chômage qui en découle ne peuvent s'expliquer uniquement en termes de compétence naturelle, d'éducation, de formation professionnelle ou d'expérience préalable du travailleur en tant qu'individu. Lorsqu'on analyse ces attributs, on constate que leurs effets sont médiatisés par l'influence du lieu de travail. Pour explorer cette proposition, nous nous servons d'un modèle segmentaire d'établissements identifiés comme étant marginaux ou centraux dans le monde du travail, et fonctionnant selon une analyse des facteurs des caractéristiques de l'établissement. Les données sont tirées d'un échantillon vraisemblable de réclamants de prestations d'assurance chômage de la région canadienne de l'Atlantique. Nous comparons les travailleurs du monde marginal du travail à ceux du monde central en termes de l'usage possible de prestations. La portée théorique et la ligne de conduite de nos conclusions sont soumises à la discussion.Unemployment and subsequent dependence on unemployment insurance benefits cannot be explained solely in terms of the natural abilities, education, training or previous job experience of individual workers. When these attributes are analyzed, their effects are mediated through the influence of the workplace. To explore this proposition we use a segmentation model where establishments are identified either within the marginal or central work world operationalized through a factor analysis of establishment characteristics. The data are drawn from a probability sample of unemployment insurance claimants in Atlantic Canada. We compare workers in marginal and central work worlds in terms of potential benefit use. We examine through regression analysis the net effect of work world location, its importance in prediction, and its interactive effects with selected personal characteristics on potential benefit use. The theoretical and policy implications of our findings are discussed.
Occupational status attainments of university graduates: individual attributes and labour market effects compared
Authors: HARVEY EDWARD B. , KALWA RICHARD 
Published: September 2008

Ce document analyse le processus de realisation d'un statut professionnel pour cinq cohortes de diplômés d'université, hommes et femmes, durant la période s'étendant de 1960 à 1976. Après avoir reçu leurs diplômés, les hommes, comparés à leurs homologues féminins, sont parvenus, en general, à un statut professionnel plus élevé, réparti sur une échelle plus large. Les conséquences des differences socio‐économiques sur la réalisation d'un statut professionnel se sont avèrées minimes ou insignifiantes pour les deux sexes. Les effets des différences de l'enseignement reçu sur le statut professionnel sont plus grands. Les rendements pour l'étudiant avec une moyenne académique élevée sont les mêmes pour les hommes que pour les femmes. Les hommes qui ont poursuivi de hautes études supérieures ont éprouvé un meilleur rendement de méme que les femmes qui se sont spécialisées en sciences. La condition du marché du travail au moment ou ces étudiants ont obtenu leurs diplômes s'est avérée le facteur le plus déterminant dans la réalisation d'un statut professionnel. L'on maintient que la recherche sur la réalisation d'un statut professionnel a largement négligé les facteurs structurels tels que les conséquences du marché du travail, et sa concentration sur le prestige professionnel a entretenu le déguisement des differences entre les sexes dans la réalisation d'un statut professionnel.This paper analyzes the occupational status attainment process for five cohorts of male and female university graduates spanning the time period 1960 to 1976. When compared to their female counterparts, males on the whole achieve higher occupational status after graduation and experience a wider distribution of status. The effect of socioeconomic variables on occupational attainment are found to be either small or insignificant for both sexes. The effects of educational variables on occupational attainment are greater. The returns to a high undergraduate academic average are similar for males and females; males experience a higher return to graduate study while females experience a larger return to majoring in science. The state of the labour market at time of graduation is found to have the largest effect on occupational status attainment. It is argued that occupational status attainment research has largely neglected such structural factors as labour market effects, and its focus on occupational prestige has tended to mask sex differences in occupational status attainment.
Points of Recombination in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Strain P3HR-1-Derived Heterogeneous DNA as Indexes to EBV DNA Recombinogenic Events In Vivo
Authors: Ikuta Kazufumi , Srinivas Shamala K. , Schacker Tim , Miyagi Jun-ichi , Scott Rona S. , Sixbey John W. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Deletions and rearrangements in the genome of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strain P3HR-1 generate subgenomic infectious particles that, unlike defective interfering particles in other viral systems, enhance rather than restrict EBV replication in vitro. Reports of comparable heterogeneous (het) DNA in EBV-linked human diseases, based on detection of an abnormal juxtaposition of EBV DNA fragments BamHI W and BamHI Z that disrupts viral latency, prompted us to determine at the nucleotide level all remaining recombination joints formed by the four constituent segments of P3HR-1-derived het DNA. Guided by endonuclease restriction maps, we chose PCR primer pairs that approximated and framed junctions creating the unique BamHI M/B1 and E/S fusion fragments. Sequencing of PCR products revealed points of recombination that lacked regions of extensive homology between constituent fragments. Identical recombination junctions were detected by PCR in EBV-positive salivary samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected donors, although the W/Z rearrangement that induces EBV reactivation was frequently found in the absence of the other two. In vitro infection of lymphoid cells similarly indicated that not all three het DNA rearrangements need to reside on a composite molecule. These results connote a precision in the recombination process that dictates both composition and regulation of gene segments altered by genomic rearrangement. Moreover, the apparent frequency of het DNA at sites of EBV replication in vivo is consistent with a likely contribution to the pathogenesis of EBV reactivation.
Cell-Restricted Immortalization by Human Papillomavirus Correlates with Telomerase Activation and Engagement of the hTERT Promoter by Myc
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Dakic Aleksandra , Chen Renxiang , Disbrow Gary L. , Zhang Yiyu , Dai Yuhai , Schlegel Richard 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
The high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of nearly all cervical cancers and are etiologically linked to additional human cancers, including those of anal, oral, and laryngeal origin. The main transforming genes of the high-risk HPVs are E6 and E7. E6, in addition to its role in p53 degradation, induces hTERT mRNA transcription in genital keratinocytes via interactions with Myc protein, thereby increasing cellular telomerase activity. While the HPV type 16 E6 and E7 genes efficiently immortalize human keratinocytes, they appear to only prolong the life span of human fibroblasts. To examine the molecular basis for this cell-type dependency, we examined the correlation between the ability of E6 to transactivate endogenous and exogenous hTERT promoters and to immortalize genital keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Confirming earlier studies, the E6 and E7 genes were incapable of immortalizing human fibroblasts but did delay senescence. Despite the lack of immortalization, E6 was functional in the fibroblasts, mediating p53 degradation and strongly transactivating an exogenous hTERT promoter. However, E6 failed to transactivate the endogenous hTERT promoter. Coordinately with this failure, we observed that Myc protein was not associated with the endogenous hTERT promoter, most likely due to the extremely low level of Myc expression in these cells and/or to differences in chromatin structure, in contrast with hTERT promoters that we found to be activated by E6 (i.e., the endogenous hTERT promoter in primary keratinoctyes and the exogenous hTERT core promoter in fibroblasts), where Myc is associated with the promoter in either a quiescent or an E6-induced state. These findings are consistent with those of our previous studies on mutagenesis and the knockdown of small interfering RNA, which demonstrated a requirement for Myc in the induction of the hTERT promoter by E6 and suggested that occupancy of the promoter by Myc determines the responsiveness of E6 and the downstream induction of telomerase and cell immortalization.
RNA Interference Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Disease Pathogenesis without Inhibiting Priming of the Memory Immune Response
Authors: Zhang Wenliang , Tripp Ralph A. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide. Currently, there is no effective vaccine, and antiviral drugs to control infection are limited. RNA interference is a powerful tool amenable to development of antiviral drugs. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the RSV P gene (siRNA-P), RSV replication can be silenced both in vitro and in a BALB/c model of RSV infection. In this study, we examine the effect of siRNA prophylaxis on the primary and memory immune response to RSV infection in mice. We show that mice prophylactically treated with siRNA-P to decrease but not eliminate RSV replication exhibit reduced pulmonary inflammation and lung pathogenesis and produce a robust anti-RSV memory response when subsequently challenged with RSV. The pulmonary T-cell memory response was characterized by high numbers of CD44hiCD62LloCD4+and CD8+T cells, M2 peptide tetramer+CD8+T cells expressing gamma interferon, and an RSV-specific antibody response. The results support the hypothesis that siRNAs can be developed as effective antiviral drugs that can be used to reduce the viral load and parameters of pathogenesis without limiting the induction of the memory immune response.
Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy
Authors: Cook J L , Purdam C R 
Published: September 2008

Overuse tendinopathy is problematic to manage clinically. People of different ages with tendons under diverse loads present with varying degrees of pain, irritability, and capacity to function. Recovery is similarly variable; some tendons recover with simple interventions, some remain resistant to all treatments.The pathology of tendinopathy has been described as degenerative or failed healing. Neither of these descriptions fully explains the heterogeneity of presentation. This review proposes, and provides evidence for, a continuum of pathology. This model of pathology allows rational placement of treatments along the continuum.A new model of tendinopathy and thoughtful treatment implementation may improve outcomes for those with tendinopathy. This model is presented for evaluation by clinicians and researchers.