bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The characterisation of selected antidepressant drugs using electrospray ionisation with ion trap mass spectrometry and with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and their determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Smyth W. Franklin , Leslie Julian C. , McClean Stephen , Hannigan Bernadette , McKenna Hugh P. , Doherty Bernadette , Joyce Clare , O'Kane Edmund 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe electrospray ionisation ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) of selected antidepressant drugs, i.e., citalopram, fluoxetine, mirtazapine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine, has been investigated. Sequential product ion fragmentation experiments (MSn) have been performed in order to elucidate the degradation pathways for the [M+H]+ ions and their predominant product ions. These MSn experiments show certain characteristic fragmentations in that functional groups are generally cleaved from the ring systems as molecules such as H2O, amines and phenols. When an aromatic entity is present in a drug molecule together with a nitrogen‐containing saturated ring structure as with mirtazapine, fragmentation initially occurs at the latter ring with the former being predictably resistant to fragmentation. Also, when an amine‐containing drug molecule such as fluoxetine also contains a functional group, which liberates a phenol with a significantly lower ΔH value than that of the corresponding amine, the phenol is preferentially liberated. The structures of product ions proposed for ESI‐MSn can be supported by electrospray ionisation quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐QToF‐MS/MS). These molecules can be identified and determined in mixtures at low ng/mL concentrations by the application of high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS2), which can also be used for their analysis in hair samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KIR3DL3 allelic diversity: six new alleles exhibit both conservative and non‐conservative substitutions
Authors: Steiner N. K. , Hurley C. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKIR3DL3 alleles were characterized in two families and one unrelated individual. Based on exon 2–9 nucleotide sequences, six novel alleles, 3DL3*00402, *005, *006, *007, *00801, *00802, were identified bringing the total number of known alleles to 11. Compared with 3DL3*001, the six new alleles differ by from three to nine nucleotides and from three to four amino acids. The new alleles double the number of known polymorphic positions to 18 with variation in exons encoding the extracellular domains, transmembrane region, and a portion of the cytoplasmic tail. Many of the nucleotide substitutions are shared among alleles of 3DL3 or other KIR loci, but five were found only in single 3DL3 alleles. Comparison of intron sequences among individuals carrying the same allele showed a modest number of substitutions with the exception of 3DL3*001 which differed substantially in its intron sequences. Two alleles sharing coding region sequences, 3DL3*00201 and 3DL3*00202, were also substantially different in intron sequences.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus Species: Comparison of Elderly and Nonelderly Patients
Authors: Marra Alexandre R. , Bar Katharine , Bearman Gonzalo M. L. , Wenzel Richard P. , Edmond Michael B. 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), clinical course, and outcome of monomicrobial nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterococcus spp. is different in elderly patients than in younger patients.DESIGN: Historical cohort study.SETTING: An 820‐bed tertiary care facility.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty‐seven adults with P. aeruginosa or enterococcal BSI.MEASUREMENTS: SIRS scores were determined 2 days before the first positive blood culture through 14 days afterwards. Elderly patients (≥65, n=37) were compared with nonelderly patients (<65, n=90). Variables significant for predicting mortality in univariate analysis were entered into a logistic regression model.RESULTS: No difference in SIRS was detected between the two groups. No significant difference was noted in the incidence of organ failure, 7‐day mortality, or overall mortality between the two groups. Univariate analysis revealed that Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of 15 or greater at BSI onset; adjusted APACHE II score (points for age excluded) of 15 or greater at BSI onset; and respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hematological, and hepatic failure were predictors of mortality. Age, sex, use of empirical antimicrobial therapy, and infection with imipenem‐resistant P. aeruginosa or vancomycin‐resistant enterococci did not predict mortality. Multivariate analysis revealed that hematological failure (odds ratio (OR)=8.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.78–23.47), cardiovascular failure (OR=4.7, 95% CI=1.69–13.10), and adjusted APACHE II ≥ 15 at BSI onset (OR=3.1, 95% CI=1.12–8.81) independently predicted death.CONCLUSION: Elderly patients did not differ from nonelderly patients with respect to severity of illness before or at the time of BSI. Elderly patients with pseudomonal or enterococcal BSIs did not have a greater mortality than nonelderly patients.
Multiresolution Analysis of Radiative Transfer through Inhomogeneous Media. Part I: Theoretical Development
Authors: Ferlay Nicolas , Isaka Harumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper derives a multiresolution formulation of the radiative transfer equation for inhomogeneous media. The multiresolution equation is separated into two sets of equations that help in its physical interpretation. The first set represents radiative transfer at some approximation scale, the second at smaller scales. These equations describe explicitly how the local-scale couplings, which occur between the fluctuations of optical properties and radiation fields at different scales, contribute to the radiation field at a prescribed scale and at a given location by introducing additional internal sourcelike functions. These functions are expressed by terms involving connection coefficients of the chosen multiresolution system and also scaling and wavelet coefficients of the inhomogeneous optical properties. This new formulation can provide new insights into the local-scale coupling governing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous media.
Finescale Spiral Band Features within a Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Opal (1995)
Authors: Romine Glen S. , Wilhelmson Robert B. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
One of the most recognizable features associated with a well-organized tropical system are spiral rainbands. These quasi-stationary rainbands often extend hundreds of kilometers from the storm center and have been well described in the literature. Observational studies have since identified additional banding structures, including outward-propagating small-scale spiral bands. These rainbands may have considerable implications for “core type” tornadoes, local wind maxima associated with downburst damage swaths, as well as a role in overall hurricane dynamics. As such, here a numerical simulation of Hurricane Opal (1995) is examined with unprecedented resolution necessary to capture these small-scale spiral bands. Opal was an intense landfalling hurricane that demonstrated small-scale spiral banding features analogous to those observational studies. The scale and characteristics of the simulated bands are consistent with observed small-scale spiral banding of intense hurricanes. A varietal of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability combined with boundary layer shear is offered as the most plausible dynamical mechanism for the generation and maintenance of these propagating bands outward of the eyewall region.
A Dynamical Core with Double Fourier Series: Comparison with the Spherical Harmonics Method
Authors: Cheong Hyeong-Bin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A dynamical core of a general circulation model with the spectral method using double Fourier series (DFS) as basis functions is presented. The model uses the hydrostatic balance approximation and sigma coordinate system in the vertical direction and includes no topography. The model atmosphere is divided into 25 layers with equal sigma depths. Prognostic equations for the vorticity, divergence, temperature, and logarithmic surface pressure are solved by the DFS spectral-transform method with the Fourier filtering at middle and high latitudes. A semi-implicit time-stepping procedure, which deals with the eigendecomposition and inversion of the 3D Helmholtz equation associated with the gravity wave terms, is incorporated for the gravity wave–related terms. The DFS model is tested in terms of the solution of the 3D Helmholtz equation, balanced initial state, developing baroclinic waves, and short- and long-term Held–Suarez–Williamson simulations for T42, T62, T84, and T106 resolutions. It is found that the DFS model is stable and accurate and produces almost the same results as the spherical harmonics method (SHM). The normalized difference (i.e., L2 norm error) measured from the results of highest-resolution SHM-T106 showed a desirable convergence of the DFS solution with the resolution. The convergence property, however, varies with the test case and prognostic variables. The total mass (or global integrated surface pressure) is conserved to a good approximation in the long-term simulations. Computing on the high-performance computer NEC SX-5 (parallel-vector architecture) indicated that DFS is more efficient than the SHM and the efficiency increases with the resolution, for example, by factors of 2.09 and 7.68 for T212 and T1022, respectively.
Endodermal Cyst of the Oculomotor Nerve: Case Report
Authors: Okunaga Tomohiro , Tsutsumi Keisuke , Hayashi Tomayoshi , Nagata Izumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Endodermal cysts are commonly found in the anterior spinal cord. Reports of intracranial cases are uncommon. We report a case of endodermal cyst located on the left oculomotor nerve.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
A 16-year-old female experienced diplopia followed by headache. Neurological examinations revealed left oculomotor nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging scans showed a well-defined multilocular cystic mass in the proximity of the left oculomotor nerve at its exit from the midbrain.

INTERVENTION:
This patient underwent biopsy and drainage of the cyst. At surgery, the cyst seemed to be intrinsic to the oculomotor nerve and could not be totally resected. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of endodermal cyst.

CONCLUSION:
Intracranial endodermal cysts are rare, particularly when associated with the cranial nerves. To our knowledge, this is the second case of endodermal cyst located on the oculomotor nerve. A detailed discussion and review of these case reports are presented.
Superficial Femoral Vein Invasion by a Benign Neurofibroma in a Non-neurofibromatosis Patient: Case Report
Authors: Châtillon Claude-Edouard , Guiot Marie-Christine , Corriveau Marc-Michel , Jacques Line 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:
Neurofibromas are benign neural sheath tumors arising from intraneural supporting cells. Such tumors are characteristic of neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen disease) but also occur sporadically. Vascular involvement by neurofibromata is rare, but has been described in the past in the context of neurofibromatosis. There is, to our knowledge, no description of vascular involvement by a neurofibroma in a non-neurofibromatosis patient.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
A 40-year-old woman presented with a 4 year history of a right thigh mass associated with diffuse lower extremity pain. She had no other clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis and no known family member with neurofibromatosis Type I. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed a well-defined solid mass in the anteromedial aspect of the right thigh closely associated with the superficial femoral vein.

INTERVENTION:
The vessel segment and encapsulated mass were resected “en bloc” after proximal and distal ligation of the vein. The pathological appearance of the mass was consistent with a benign neurofibroma that had infiltrated all layers of the vessel.

CONCLUSION:
Vessel invasion by a benign sporadic neurofibroma is a rare occurrence with potentially severe implications for the patient. It suggests that surgical removal of asymptomatic benign-appearing lesions of that type should be considered if they are adjacent to important anatomical structures.
A generalized bivariate exponential distribution
Authors: Marshall Albert W. , Olkin Ingram 
Published: April 2006

In a previous paper (Marshall and Olkin (1966)) the authors have derived a multivariate exponential distribution from points of view designed to indicate the applicability of the distribution. Two of these derivations are based on “shock models” and one is based on the requirement that residual life is independent of age.The practical importance of the univariate exponential distribution is partially due to the fact that it governs waiting times in a Poisson process. In this paper, the distribution of joint waiting times in a bivariate Poisson process is investigated. There are several ways to define “joint waiting time”. Some of these lead to the bivariate exponential distribution previously obtained by the authors, but others lead to a generalization of it. This generalized bivariate exponential distribution is also derived from shock models. The moment generating function and other properties of the distribution are investigated.
A recursion theorem on solving differential-difference equations and applications to some stochastic processes
Authors: Severo Norman C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA recursive procedure leading to the solution of triangular systems of differential-difference equations is presented. It is shown that the equations for special families of multi-dimensional pure birth processes and pure death processes can be represented as such a system. The theory is used to resolve a difficult problem of stochastic cross-infection among groups. Additional applications to problems in epidemic theory are discussed.
Basic analysis of a head-of-the-line priority queue with renewal type input
Authors: Schassberger R. 
Published: April 2006

A single server is fed by a renewal stream of individual customers. These are of type k with probability πk, k = 1, …, N, and are all served individually. Upon completion of a service the server proceeds immediately with a customer of the lowest type (= highest priority) present, if any. Service times for type k are drawn from a general distribution function Bk(t) concentrated on (0, ∞).We lay the foundations for a broad analysis of the model.
The scale of perfection
Authors: Kendall David G. 
Published: April 2006

A survey is given of the attitude to and use of the concepts of deficient, perfect, and abundant number from the time of Nicomachus of Gerasa to that of David Anakht and Alcuin of York. Alcuin's ‘Letter to Dafnin', the source of an anecdote frequently mentioned in mathematical texts, is included as an appendix.The statistics of deficient, perfect, and abundant numbers over the range 1–50000 are studied and presented graphically in several novel ways and compared with the work of Davenport and others on the distribution-law for the values of z = σ (n)/(2n).Some queries are raised concerning observations which ancient writers might have been expected to make; for example, did they notice that about one half of all the even numbers are abundant?
On the equivalence of flows in networks of queues
Authors: Walrand J. 
Published: April 2006

Consider a network of queues in equilibrium. When are the flows observed on two given links of that network equivalent, i.e., when do they have the same law?The verification of the equivalence of two such point processes is first reduced to an algebraic problem by a technique based on the filtering theory.This method is then used to show that the arrival and departure processes at an M/M/1 node in a Jackson network are not always equivalent, thereby contradicting a conjecture made in [8]. An example where that equivalence holds is also given; it provides new results on the time reversibility of some familiar processes.
Optimal inspection policy for a multi-unit machine
Authors: Zuckerman Dror 
Published: April 2006

We consider a machine which generates income at rate I during its operating time. The machine is composed of N independent stochastically failing units. A failure of each one of the units causes a breakdown of the machine.The machine's status (good or failed) is observed continuously, by a controller, at zero cost. In the event of a breakdown, exactly one unit is failed, and a series of inspections is performed, in order to identify the failed unit and the reasons for its failure. At any time along the inspection process only one unit can be tested.An inspection of a given unit is characterized by its cost rate and inspection time. At the end of the inspection process, the failed unit is repaired at a known cost, and a new operating cycle is started.Our objective is to formulate an optimal inspection strategy under two optimality criteria: long-run average net income, and total expected discounted net income.
Monotonicity property of t-step maintainable structures in three-grade manpower systems: a counterexample
Authors: Guerry M. A. 
Published: April 2006

In this paper the t-step maintainable regions Mt are examined in a three-graded system under the following conditions: the total size of the system remains constant during each intermediate step, demotions do not occur and recruitment control is considered.A counterexample, showing that the monotonicity property Mt ⊆ Mt+1 does not exist in general, refutes the conjecture of Davies [3].
Hourly Heat Exposure and Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhu Xinlei , Chen Renjie , Yuan Jing , Liu Yang , Wang Yong , Ji Xunming , Kan Haidong , Zhao Jing 
Published: February 2024

ImportancePrevious studies have demonstrated the associations of daily high temperature with hospitalizations and mortality from ischemic stroke, but the hourly association of ambient heat and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset has been rarely examined.ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between hourly high ambient temperature and the onset of AIS.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis time-stratified case-crossover study was conducted using a nationwide registry that collects data from more than 200 stroke centers in China. Participants were adult patients with AIS who were hospitalized in the warm seasons between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021.ExposuresHourly temperature and single-hour temperature exposure lag up to 24 hours before the AIS onset (lag 0 hours to lag 24 hours).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was onset of AIS. Associations between hourly mean temperatures and AIS onset were analyzed using conditional logistic regression integrated with the distributed lag nonlinear model. Stratification analyses were applied to examine potential association modifiers. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the robustness of the results.ResultsA total of 82 455 patients with AIS (mean [SD] age, 65.8 [11.9] years; 52 267 males [63.4%]) were included in the final analysis. A monotonically increasing risk of AIS onset was associated with higher temperatures. The excess AIS risk occurred immediately at lag 0 hours and persisted for 10 hours. Compared with the reference temperature (12.1 °C), the cumulative odds ratio (OR) over lag 0 to 10 hours of AIS onset associated with extremely high temperature (33.3 °C) was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.65-2.13) nationwide. The exposure-response curve was steeper in the north than in the south (OR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.53-2.11] vs 1.57 [95% CI, 1.31-1.87]). The ORs were greater for males and patients with a history of dyslipidemia or atrial fibrillation, but the differences were not significant.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study suggest that hourly heat exposure is associated with increased risk of AIS onset. This finding may benefit the formulation of public health strategies to reduce cerebrovascular risk associated with high ambient temperature under global warming.
Real‐time route planning for low observable unmanned combat aerial vehicle
Authors: Yang Yuanchao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe next generation of low observable (LO) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) with highly autonomy to implement a penetration mission requires advanced methods for flyable and safe route planning (i.e., respecting physical capability of vehicle and threat coverage by hostile air defense radars) at a real‐time manner. Currently, the main challenge of real‐time route planning for LO UCAV is to achieve computationally efficiency under dynamic (pop‐up/moving) threats by air defense radars. In this paper, a real‐time planning paradigm in compliance with complex penetration requirements is proposed, and a complete modeling of route planning for LO UCAV's penetration as an optimal control problem is designed. The paper at first devises a direct method to transform the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem and then solves the formulated NLP problem under a moving planning horizon. The proposed method can give computationally efficient route planning results for LO UCAV's penetration under multiple kinds of radar threats. Numerical test results based on F‐16 uninhabited platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Apt‐19s‐Functionalized 3D‐Printed Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Scaffold Promotes BMSC Recruitment in Bone Regeneration via SDF‐1α/CXCR4 Axis and MAPK Signaling
Authors: Wang Zeying , Lao An , Huang Xingtai , Zhou Yongsheng , Shen Steve GF , Lin Dan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDirectional migration and differentiation of stem cells in situ are two essential processes for tissue regeneration. However, transplanted scaffold itself lacks sufficient ability to induce stem cell recruitment. As an artificial synthesized nucleic acid, aptamer 19s (Apt‐19s), with high cost‐effectiveness and bioactivity, demonstrates a robust capacity for specific binding and recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, a mesoporous bioactive glass scaffold fabricated via a seamless route of self‐assembly and 3D printing (3D‐MBG), functionalized with Apt‐19s is successfully prepared via physical adsorption and lyophilization with optimized release kinetics and bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recruiting efficiency in vitro. This scaffold significantly enhanced migration and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism underlying Apt‐19s‐induced BMSCs recruitment is elucidated for the first time, that Apt‐19s promoted BMSCs migration by upregulating stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) gene expression, facilitating SDF‐1α protein translation and secretion, and further activating the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 signaling axis and MAPK pathway. In summary, the Apt‐19s‐functionalized 3D‐MBG scaffold offers an economical and efficient solution for customized bone regeneration in situ, and the elucidation of Apt‐19s‐induced BMSCs recruitment at molecular biological level may shed light on its broader clinical applications.