bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the caecilian Dermophis mexicanus (amphibia: Gymnophiona): Comparative aspects in amphibians
Authors: López Jesús M. , Moreno Nerea , Morona Ruth , Muñoz Margarita , Domínguez Laura , González Agustín 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe organization of the somatostatin‐like‐immunoreactive (SOM‐ir) structures in the brain of anuran and urodele amphibians has been well documented, and significant differences were noted between the two amphibian orders. However, comparable data are not available for the third order of amphibians, the gymnophionans (caecilians). In the present study, we analyzed the anatomical distribution of SOM‐ir cells and fibers in the brain of the gymnophionan Dermophis mexicanus. In addition, because of its known relationship with catecholamines in other vertebrates, double immunostaining for SOM and tyrosine hydroxylase was used to investigate this situation in the gymnophionan. Abundant SOM‐ir cell bodies and fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain. In the telencephalon, pallial and subpallial cells were labeled, being most numerous in the medial pallium and amygdaloid region. Most of the SOM‐ir neurons were found in the preoptic area and hypothalamus and showed a clear projection to the median eminence. Less conspicuously, SOM‐ir structures were found in the thalamus, tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation. Both SOM‐ir cells and fibers were demonstrated in the spinal cord. The double‐immunohistofluoresce technique revealed that catecholaminergic neurons and SOM‐ir cells are largely intermingled in many brain regions but form totally separated populations. Many differences were found between the distribution of SOM‐ir structures in Dermophis and that in anurans or urodeles. Some features were shared only with anurans, such as the abundant pallial SOM‐ir cells, whereas others were common only to urodeles, such as the organization of the hypothalamohypophysial SOM‐ir system. In addition, some characteristics were found only in Dermophis, such as the localization of the SOM‐ir spinal cells and the lack of colocalization of catecholamines and SOM throughout the brain. Therefore, any conclusions concerning the SOM system in amphibians are incomplete without considering evidence for gymnophionans. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:413–430, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating one's words, Part II: the embodied mind and reflective function in anorexia nervosa—theory
Authors: Skårderud Finn 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnorexia nervosa as a psychiatric disorder presents itself through the concreteness of symptoms. Emotions are experienced as a corporeality here‐and‐now. In a companion article, Part I, different ‘body metaphors’ are described and categorised. The human body functions as metaphor, and in anorexia nervosa there is a striking closeness between emotions and different bodily experiences. This is interpreted as impaired ‘reflective function’, referring to the capacity to make mental representations, and is proposed as a central psychopathological feature. The psychodynamic concepts ‘concretised metaphors’ and ‘psychic equivalence’ are discussed as useful tools to better understand such compromised symbolic capacity. Psychotherapy in anorexia nervosa can be described as a relational process where concretised metaphors will be developed into genuine linguistic ones. Part III in this series of articles presents an outline for psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Improving the quality of care for mild to moderate dementia: an evaluation of the Croydon Memory Service Model
Authors: Banerjee Sube , Willis Rosalind , Matthews David , Contell Faith , Chan Jeni , Murray Joanna 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe large majority of people with dementia receive nothing in the way of specialist assessment and care at any stage of their illness. There is a particular lack of services focussed on early identification and intervention in dementia where there is the possibility of long‐term harm reduction for people with dementia and their family carers. We have developed a model of care that is complementary to local systems of health and social care (The Croydon Memory Service Model [CMSM]). This is a low‐cost, high‐throughput, generic service to enable early identification and intervention in dementia. It is a multi‐agency approach with joint ownership by health services, social services and the voluntary sector with embedded specifically‐tailored approaches to primary care and minority ethnic communities.MethodWe completed a service evaluation of the introduction of the CMSM in a single borough in South London. Six predefined service goals were set: high acceptability; high appropriate referral rate; successful engagement with people from minority ethnic groups; successful engagement with people with young onset dementia; focus on engagement with mild cases to enable early intervention; and an increase in the overall number of new cases of dementia seen. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used including a description and 6‐month follow‐up of a cohort of 290 consecutive referrals.ResultsAll key predefined service goals were met: 95% acceptability; 94% appropriate referrals; successful engagement with minority ethnic groups (two‐fold greater number compared with that expected from general population demographic data); 17% of referrals under 65 years of age; 68% referrals with mild or minimal dementia severity; and an estimated 63% increase in the number of new cases of dementia seen in Croydon. At 6‐month follow up, those referred to the service had decreased behavioural disturbance and increased quality of life compared with baseline.ConclusionsSpecific services for early dementia, which deliver diagnosis and care, can be established. These services can increase the numbers of people with early dementia identified and provided with care. Those receiving such services appear to improve in terms of quality of life and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Next steps should include the establishment of such services in other representative areas and evaluation of their effectiveness in comparison with other models of care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and tolerability of once‐daily versus twice‐daily memantine: a randomised, double‐blind study in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jones Roy W. , Bayer Antony , Inglis Fraser , Barker Andrew , Phul Ravinder 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the safety and tolerability of three different dosing schedules of memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodThis 12‐week, randomised, double‐blind study, investigated three dosing schedules of memantine: OD1 (20 mg once daily with a 1‐step up‐titration); OD3 (20 mg once daily with a 3‐step up‐titration); and BID3 (10 mg twice daily with a 3‐step up‐titration as currently recommended in the memantine labelling). The study comprised 78 patients with moderate to severe AD (DSM‐IV‐TR criteria; MMSE score ≤18), 70% of whom were on stable dosing of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) initiated ≥3 months prior to study start. Safety and tolerability were assessed by the number of withdrawals, adverse events (AEs) and monitoring of vital signs.ResultsThe number of patient withdrawals was low: 3 of 27 in OD1, 1 of 25 in OD3 and 2 of 26 in BID3. One or more AEs were reported in 9 patients in OD1, 7 patients in OD3 and 12 patients in BID3. Most AEs were mild or moderate, and typical for the population studied; no clinically important differences in AEs or vital signs were observed between the different dosing schedules. There were no between‐group differences in efficacy, as assessed by clinical global severity and clinical global change. These results are consistent with the good safety profile of memantine observed in larger studies.ConclusionsAlthough relatively small in size, the study indicates that once‐daily dosing and twice‐daily dosing of memantine are similar in terms of safety and tolerability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes at different time steps from hourly to daily
Authors: Wang Jing , Yu Qiang , Lee Xuhui 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the exchange processes of energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system is important for assessing the role of the terrestrial ecosystem in the global water and carbon cycle and in climate change. We present a soil–vegetation–atmosphere integrated model (ChinaAgrosys) for simulating energy, water and CO2 fluxes, crop growth and development, with ample supply of nutrients and in the absence of pests, diseases and weed damage. Furthermore, we test the hypotheses of whether there is any significant difference between simulations over different time steps. CO2, water and heat fluxes were estimated by the improving parameterization method of the coupled photosynthesis–stomatal conductance–transpiration model. Soil water evaporation and plant transpiration were calculated using a multilayer water and heat‐transfer model. Field experiments were conducted in the Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station on the North China Plain. Daily weather and crop growth variables were observed during 1998–2001, and hourly weather variables and water and heat fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance method during 2002–2003. The results showed that the model could effectively simulate diurnal and seasonal changes of net radiation, sensible and latent heat flux, soil heat flux and CO2 fluxes. The processes of evapotranspiration, soil temperature and leaf area index agree well with the measured values. Midday depression of canopy photosynthesis could be simulated by assessing the diurnal change in canopy water potential. Moreover, the comparisons of simulated daily evapotranspiration and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) under different time steps indicated that time steps used by a model affect the simulated results. There is no significant difference between simulated evapotranspiration using the model under different time steps. However, simulated NEE produces large differences in the response to different time steps. Therefore, the accurate calculation of average absorbed photosynthetic active radiation is important for the scaling of the model from hourly steps to daily steps in simulating energy and CO2 flux exchanges between winter wheat and the atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and biological characterization of bilayer gelatin/chondroitin‐6‐sulphate/hyaluronic acid membrane
Authors: Wang Tzu‐Wei , Sun Jui‐Sheng , Wu Hsi‐Chin , Huang Yi‐Chau , Lin Feng‐Huei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA biodegradable polymer scaffold was developed using gelatin, chondroitin‐6‐sulphate, and hyaluronic acid in the form of bilayer network. The bilayer porous structure of gelatin‐chondroitin‐6‐sulphate‐hyaluronic acid (G‐C6S‐HA) membrane was fabricated using different freezing temperatures followed by lyophilization. 1‐Ethyl‐3(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide was used as crosslinking agent to improve the biological stability of the scaffold. The morphology, physical–chemical properties, and biocompatibility of bilayer G‐C6S‐HA membrane were evaluated in this study. The functional groups change in crosslinked G‐C6S‐HA scaffold was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The retention of glycosaminoglycan contents and matrix degradation rate were also examined by p‐dimethylamino benzaldehyde and 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid, respectively. Water absorption capacity was carried out to study G‐C6S‐HA membrane water containing characteristics. The morphology of the bilayer G‐C6S‐HA membrane was investigated under scanning electron microscope and light microscopy. In vitro biocompatibility was conducted with MTT test, LDH assay, as well as histological analysis. The results showed that the morphology of bilayer G‐C6S‐HA membrane was well reserved. The physical–chemical properties were also adequate. With good biocompatibility, this bilayer G‐C6S‐HA membrane would be suitable as a matrix in the application of tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 82B: 390–399, 2007
High‐risk HPV presence in cervical specimens after a large loop excision of the cervical transformation zone: Significance of newly detected hr‐HPV genotypes
Authors: van Ham Maaike A.P.C. , van Hamont Dennis , Bekkers Ruud L.M. , Bulten Johan , Melchers Willem J.G. , Massuger Leon F.A.G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLarge loop excision of the cervical transformation zone (LLETZ) is a well‐established treatment for high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It has even been postulated that LLETZ is responsible for the elimination of the infectious agent, human papillomavirus (HPV), causing the lesion. Most studies on HPV detection after LLETZ have focused on the persistence of high‐risk (hr‐) HPV to identify women at risk for residual or recurrent disease. Therefore, the appearance and significance of hr‐HPV types newly detected after surgical treatment has not been studied extensively so far. The presence of hr‐HPV in 85 high‐grade squamous cervical LLETZ biopsies and in the first follow‐up smear was determined. In 80 (94%) of the LLETZ biopsies hr‐HPV was detected in contrast to 30 (35%) hr‐HPV positive follow‐up scrapes. Twenty of the 80 hr‐HPV positive women (25%) had the same hr‐HPV genotypes in their follow‐up cervical smears as was found in the corresponding biopsies. In the follow‐up smear of 13 women a new hr‐HPV genotype was detected and HPV 18 was newly detected in 8 of them. The remarkably high presence of newly detected HPV 18 genotypes may argue for a release or re‐activation of this virus from proximal layers of the cervical canal incised during surgery. J. Med. Virol. 79:314–319, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation and application of reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification for detection of noroviruses
Authors: Yoda Tomoko , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Yamazaki Kenji , Sakon Naomi , Kanki Masashi , Aoyama Ikuko , Tsukamoto Teizo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA one‐step reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay for the detection of norovirus (NV) was developed. In order to design primer sets for the detection of a wide range of NVs, NVs were categorized into three groups, that is, genogroup I (GI), prevalent GII, and minor GII; three sets of primers were developed for each group. Clinical specimens of patients suffering from enteric RNA viruses, such as NV, group A and C rotavirus, and sapovirus were examined using these primer sets. Various genotypes of NVs were detected in clinical specimens from patients infected with NV where no false positive reaction was observed with other enteric RNA viruses. Additionally, 88 samples of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were analyzed by an RT‐LAMP assay and compared with the results of routine RT‐PCR. The results of the RT‐LAMP assay corresponded well to that of RT‐PCR. These findings suggest the practical application of the RT‐LAMP assay for the detection of NVs in clinical specimens. Consequently, the RT‐LAMP system and conventional detection kits (NVGI and NVGII detection kits; Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan) were compared. The detection rate of the prevalent and minor GII primer sets was similar to that of the conventional NVGII kit, while the detection rate of the GI primer set is different because it can detect several genotypes better than the conventional NVGI kit. This is an initial report that the RT‐LAMP system is able to detect NVs in clinical specimens within a wide range. J. Med. Virol. 79:326–334, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Fusion Temperature and Metal Ion Variation on Crystallization of Lightly Ionized Poly(butylene succinate)
Authors: Ishida Kazuki , Han Sang‐Il , Im Seung‐Soon , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrystallization behavior was investigated for poly(butylene succinate)‐based ionomers (PBSIs) with very small amounts of metal sulfosuccinate units. The PBSI samples, precipitated by adding their chloroform solutions into an excess volume of hexane, showed not only higher overall crystallization rates than the parent PBS but also strong fusion temperature dependences of the crystallization kinetics. In the early stage of film‐hydrolysis experiments, the center region of PBSI spherulites was found to be easily eroded. A putative internal structure of PBSI spherulites, that is, relatively ion‐rich centers and ion‐poor outskirts, was proposed. PBSIs with K ions were found to show higher crystallization temperatures than those with Na ions in the non‐isothermal crystallization from the melts. These results indicate that the crystallization behavior of PBSIs is dominated by the ionic aggregates which induce the crystal nucleation around themselves.magnified image
Conformational Behaviour of Comb‐Like Poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) Salts and their Complexes with Surfactants in Solution and on a Flat Surface
Authors: Gallyamov Marat O. , Starodubtsev Sergey G. , Bragina Tatiana P. , Dubrovina Lidiya V. , Potemkin Igor I. , Marti Othmar , Khokhlov Alexei R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe synthesised P4VP bromides with octyl and dodecyl pendant groups; the bromide anions in these polymer salts were further substituted with dodecylsulfate or bis(2‐ethylhexylsuccinate) anions. Direct SFM visualisation of the original P4VP chains, of the macromolecular salts and of their complexes, showed that the attachment of the pendant groups and especially the complexation with the surfactants promotes stretching of the macromolecules while adsorbing on mica substrate. On the other hand, viscosimetry showed that in solution (chloroform) the comb‐like chains and their complexes with dodecylsulfate had more compact conformations than those of the original P4VP. The scaling exponents describing the correlation between the contour length and the end‐to‐end distance of the adsorbed macromolecules were found to be ca. 3/4, which is indicative of 2D self‐avoiding walk statistics.magnified image
New Optically Active Methacrylic Polymers Bearing Side‐Chain Bisazoaromatic Moieties
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Benelli Tiziana , Giorgini Loris , Mauriello Francesco , Salatelli Elisabetta 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of three novel optically active monomers containing a side‐chain chiral moiety linked to a photochromic bisazoaromatic chromophore, such as (S)‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐1‐[4′‐phenylazo‐(4‐azobenzene)]‐pyrrolidine [(S)‐MPAAP], (S)‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐1‐[4′‐cyanophenylazo‐(4‐azobenzene)]‐pyrrolidine [(S)‐MPAAP‐C] and (S)‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐1‐[4′‐nitrophenylazo‐(4‐azobenzene)]‐pyrrolidine [(S)‐MPAAP‐N], is described. Each monomer has been radically homopolymerized to afford the corresponding optically active polymeric derivative, which have been characterized, in solution and in the solid state, and their properties compared to those of the monomers and of analogous homopolymers bearing only one azoaromatic chromophore in the side chain. The optical activity displayed by the polymers is discussed in terms of extent of chiral conformation assumed by the macromolecules as a consequence of their stiffness and the dipole‐dipole interactions between the bisazoaromatic chromophores.magnified image
Clozapine for the treatment of neurogenic bladder
Authors: Kumar Amardeep , Chadda R.K. , Kumar Nand , Balan Sabish , Prakash Srinivasan Shiva 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNeurogenic bladder leading to urinary incontinence has been described in patients of stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and some schizophrenia cases with cognitive impairment possibly due to impaired cortical inhibition of the urinary bladder. The underlying brain abnormalities for urinary incontinence are similar in such cases. We report here such a case of neurogenic bladder responding to treatment with clozapine. The possible mechanism of action and clinical implications are described. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:537–539, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new type of C ‐numerical range arising in quantum computing
Authors: Dirr G. , Helmke U. , Kleinsteuber M. , Schulte‐Herbrüggen Th. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe consider a new type of numerical range motivated by recent applications in quantum computing. We term the object of interest local C ‐numerical rangeWloc(C, A) of A. It is obtained by replacing the special unitary group in the definition of the C ‐numerical range by the so‐called local subgroup of SU (2N ), i.e. by the N ‐fold tensor product SU (2) ⊗ · · · ⊗ SU(2) of unitary (2 × 2)‐matrices. First, it is shown that the local C ‐numerical range has rather unusual geometric properties compared to the ordinary one, e.g. it is in general neither star‐shaped nor simply connected. Then two numerical algorithms, a Newton and a conjugate gradient method on the Lie group SU (2) ⊗ · · · ⊗ SU (2), are demonstrated to maximize the real part of Wloc(C, A) which also gives a Euclidean measure of the so‐called pure‐state entanglement in quantum computing. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on road vehicle guidance control using a mechanical analogy
Authors: Sattel Thomas , Brandt Thorsten 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis contribution focuses on stability issues of controller design for lateral guidance of road vehicles along planned paths. The linear time‐variant equations of motion of the bicycle model including differential braking are stated from a mechanical point of view, both with respect to a vehicle fixed reference frame as well as a path fixed reference frame. A generalized stiffnessbased control force is proposed for path following. This mechanical analogy addresses a class of possible longitudinal and torsional spring‐models for control laws. Lyapunov's direct method is used to obtain statements on the choice of the spring stiffness parameters and application points. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple method for the measurement of compaction and corresponding transverse permeability of composite prepregs
Authors: Li Min , Gu Yizhuo , Zhang Zuoguang , Sun Zhijie 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProcess simulation is of great importance in the development of processes for cost‐effective fabrication of composite structures, particularly for thermoset matrix composites. For the simulation of autoclave or hot press process, it requires knowledge of the compaction behavior and the saturated transverse permeability of fiber reinforcements. In this paper, a simple method without any sophisticated equipment is shown, which can simultaneously measure the compaction curve and the saturated transverse permeability as a function of fiber volume fraction. The method was used to measure the properties of S‐2 glass rovings and T700S carbon rovings prepregs. The effects of the impregnating fluid variety, the initial fiber volume fraction of prepreg, and the lay‐up type on the compaction behavior were investigated. The transverse permeability was also studied as a function of fiber content for various lay‐up types. The results indicate that Gutowski's compaction model and the modified Kozeny‐Carman equation proposed by Gutowski, which are important input parameters for the resin flow model, can be used to adequately fit the experimental data. POLYM. COMPOS. 28:61–70, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers