bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye on Titania Nanotube Array Film
Authors: Wu Xiaomeng , Ling Yunhan , Sun Jianteng , Zhi Xin , Huang Zhaohui 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
TiO2 nanotube array was fabricated via anodization, and the resulting film was investigated by XRD and SEM. The degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye demonstrated its superior photoelectrochemical activity. By comparison of photocatalysis (PC) and photoelectroncatalysis (PEC), it was found that PEC oxidation was a convenient and effective process to mineralize the organic matters. In addition, the excellent capability of adsorption derived from nanoporous configuration on such electrode also plays an important role in accelerating the degradation process.
Synthesis of a Sulfur-bridged Diphosphine Ligand and Its Unique Complexation Properties toward Palladium(II) Ion
Authors: Morohashi Naoya , Akahira Yuki , Tanaka Shinya , Nishiyama Kensuke , Kajiwara Takashi , Hattori Tetsutaro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Sulfur-bridged phenol dimer 32 is converted into P–S–P ligand 5, mono- and dinuclear palladium complexes of which are selectively synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography.
C
2-Symmetric Chiral Malonamides for Asymmetric Michael Reaction
Authors: Kim Sung-Ji , Lee Kyoungyim , Jew Sang-sup , Park Hyeung-geun , Jeong Byeong-Seon 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Described is the design and preparation of chiral C2-symmetric malonamides and their application to asymmetric conjugate addition to enone. The mechanism of partial racemization observed in the course of hydrolysis–decarboxylation step is also elucidated.
A Recognition-functionalized Gold-nanoparticle-attached Electrode Applied in the Detection of Dopamine
Authors: Zuo Fang , Luo Chunhua , Zheng Zhaohui , Ding Xiaobin , Peng Yuxing 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A kind of recognition-functionalized electrode which combined the advantages of two kinds of functional materials (gold nanoparticles and β-CD) was prepared and used for sensitive and selective detection of dopamine.
Electronically Modified Polymer-supported Cinchona Phase-transfer Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Alkyl-α-amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Shi Qinghua , Lee Yeon-Ju , Song Hongrui , Cheng Maosheng , Jew Sang-sup , Park Hyeung-geun , Jeong Byeong-Seon 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Merrifield resin-supported hydrocinchonidinium salts containing particular functional groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding were prepared and evaluated as chiral phase-transfer catalysts using the asymmetric benzylation of glycine imine ester. These electronically modified Merrifield resin-supported phase-transfer catalysts generally provided better enantioselectivities compared to the unmodified ones.
Elimination Filter for Verotoxins —Highly Adsorbing by Glycoconjugate Polymer—
Authors: Miyagawa Atsushi , Kasuya Maria Carmelita Z , Hatanaka Kenichi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Glycoconjugate polymer having globotriose, which is a ligand for Verotoxins (VTs: VT1 and VT2), was immobilized to the filter paper. By flowing VTs solution through the filter paper, the elimination ability of the filter paper for VT1 and VT2 was evaluated. The globotriose-immobilizing filter effectively diluted the starting concentration of VT1 (1 μg/mL) and VT2 (1 μg/mL) to about one hundred thousandth and about one thousandth parts of the starting concentration, respectively.
Human factors in the development and implementation of telerehabilitation systems
Authors: Brennan David M , Barker Linsey M 
Published: March 2008

Summary Telemedicine services must be designed and implemented with the users in mind. When conducting telerehabilitation, factors such as age, education and technology experience must be taken into account. In addition, telerehabilitation must also accommodate a range of potential patient impairments, including deficits in language, cognition, motor function, vision and voice. Telerehabilitation technology and treatment environments should adhere to universal design standards so as to be accessible, efficient, usable and understandable to all. This will result in improved access to a wider range of telerehabilitation services that will facilitate and enhance the rehabilitative treatment and recovery of people living with varying levels of injury, impairment and disability.
Vom Sonnen-Tag zum Sonntag. Der dies solis in Gesetzgebung und Politik Konstantins d. Gr.
Authors: Girardet Klaus Martin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The establishment of the dies solis as a regular day of rest by Constantine is absolutely a novum in antiquity. The text of the law is not preserved, but two texts of the year 321 (Codex Theodosianus II,8,1 and Codex Iustinianus III 12,2 [3]) hint to the fact that Constantine established the dies solis in connection to the laws about the clergy and the building of churches in 312/313. So, the character of the dies solis cannot be considered as a pagan or syncretistic one, but as an early step towards a Christianisation of the Roman Empire. Even the Roman army had to observe the dies solis in a Christian manner (cf. the oration in Eus., v.C. IV 19f.) from 311/312 onwards. In this early time, of course, the new rules are only realised in the Western part of the Empire, only from 324 onwards even the Eastern part accepted the new rhythm of time. Early Egyptian papyri show that the Christian name of the day (dies dominicus, dominica) is used even in documents written by pagan administrators from 325 onwards.
Die kerygmatische Dimension der Lehre von der Menschwerdung in der Rede 38 des Gregor von Nazianz
Authors: Widok Norbert 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In Oratio 38, Gregory of Nazianzus, explains the incarnation of Christ in a very careful and homiletic manner. He avoids technical language of the philosophical discussion and the heating debate with the Eunomian, Homean and Apollinaristic theology. The double side of the incarnate Christ, the divinity and the human sarx, are present in terms like theophany and genethlia – even if physis is not used in a technical sense. Even with the terms of mixis and krasis, Gregory does not want to use a certain technical classification of the philosophical language of his time, but he uses current words and concepts, explaining the connection between sarx and divinity.
Bone-related effects of contaminants in seals may be associated with vitamin D and thyroid hormones
Authors: Routti Heli , Nyman Madeleine , Jenssen Bjørn Munro , Bäckman Christina , Koistinen Jaana , Gabrielsen Geir Wing 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica) in the Baltic Sea have been associated with pathological disruptions, including bone lesions and reproductive failures. The underlying environmental and toxicological mechanisms leading to these pathological changes are not yet fully understood. The present study investigated the relationship between the individual contaminant load and bone- and thyroid-related effects in adult gray seals (n = 30) and ringed seals (n = 46) in the highly contaminated Baltic Sea and in reference areas (Sable Island, Canada, and Svalbard, Norway). In the gray seals, multivariate and correlation analyses revealed a clear relationship between circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), calcium, phosphate, and thyroid hormone (TH) levels and hepatic PCB and DDT load, which suggests contaminant-mediated disruption of the bone and thyroid homeostasis. Contaminants may depress 1,25(OH)2D levels or lead to hyperthyroidism, which may cause bone resorption. In the ringed seals, associations between circulating 1,25(OH)2D, THs, and hepatic contaminants were less prominent. These results suggest that bone lesions observed in the Baltic gray seals may be associated with contaminant-mediated vitamin D and thyroid disruption.
Effects of anaerobic incubation on the desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils
Authors: Zhu Hongbo , Roper J. Chadwick , Pfaender Frederic K , Aitken Michael D 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Incubation of field-contaminated soil under anaerobic conditions can lead to increased mobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into water. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of anaerobic incubation on the rate and extent of desorption of PAH from two field-contaminated soil samples. One was a highly contaminated soil from a former wood-preserving site that had not been subject to previous treatment; the other was a soil from a former manufactured-gas plant site that had been treated in an aerobic bioreactor. A two-site desorption model was applied to quantify the fast and slowly desorbing fractions of each PAH and the corresponding first-order rate constants for each fraction. For most of the PAHs, the total amount desorbed after 18 d from anaerobically incubated samples was significantly greater than that from their counterparts not subjected to anaerobic incubation, but the overall effect was modest. The rate constant corresponding to the slowly desorbing fraction (k2) was much higher for the samples incubated under active anaerobic conditions than that for the controls, implying anaerobic incubation had the greatest influence on the soil compartments controlling the slow release of PAHs. Anaerobic incubation had little to no effect on the rapidly desorbing fraction.
Comparison of methods for evaluating acute and chronic toxicity in marine sediments
Authors: Greenstein Darrin , Bay Steven , Anderson Brian , Chandler G. Thomas , Farrar J. Daniel , Keppler Charles , Phillips Bryn , Ringwood Amy , Young Diana 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSublethal test methods are being used with increasing frequency to measure sediment toxicity, but little is known about the relative sensitivity of these tests compared to the more commonly used acute tests. The present study was conducted to compare the sensitivity of several acute and sublethal methods and to investigate their correlations with sediment chemistry and benthic community condition. Six sublethal methods (amphipod: Leptocheirus plumulosus survival, growth, and reproduction; polychaete: Neanthes arenaceodentata survival and growth; benthic copepod: Amphiascus tenuiremis life cycle; seed clam: Mercenaria mercenaria growth; oyster: Crassostrea virginica lysosome destabilization; and sediment–water interface testing with mussel embryos, Mytilus galloprovincialis) and two acute methods (amphipod survival with Eohaustorius estuarius and L. plumulosus) were used to test split sediment samples from stations in California. The test with Amphiascus proved to be the most sensitive sublethal test and the most sensitive overall, identifying 90% of the stations as toxic. The Leptocheirus 10-d test was the most sensitive of the acute tests, identifying 60% of the stations as toxic. In general, the sublethal tests were not more sensitive to sediments than the acute tests, with the sublethal tests finding an average of 35% of the stations to be toxic while the acute found 44%. Of the sublethal tests, only the Amphiascus endpoints and Neanthes growth significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with sediment chemical concentrations. Poor correspondence occurred between the toxicity endpoints and the indicators of benthic community condition. Differences in test characteristics such as mode of exposure, species-specific contaminant sensitivity, changes in contaminant bioavailability, and influence of noncontaminant stressors on the benthos may have been responsible for variation in response among the tests and low correspondence with benthic community condition. The influence of these factors cannot be easily predicted, underscoring the need to use multiple toxicity methods, in combination with other lines of evidence, to provide an accurate and confident assessment of sediment toxicity.
Inorganic arsenic speciation in soil and groundwater near in-service chromated copper arsenate-treated wood poles
Authors: Zagury Gérald J , Dobran Simona , Estrela Sandra , Deschênes Louise 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The environmental impact of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated utility poles is linked to the possible soil and groundwater contamination with arsenic. The objective of the present study was to determine the arsenic speciation in soil and groundwater near in-service CCA-treated poles. Arsenite (As[III]) and arsenate (As[V]) concentrations were determined in 29 surface and subsurface soil samples collected near eight CCA-treated wood poles. Temporal variability of total arsenic concentrations and inorganic arsenic speciation was also assessed in groundwater at two sites through four sampling events over a 19-month period. Arsenic speciation was carried out by a solvent extraction method using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-methyl isobutyl ketone, and total arsenic was quantified by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry/hydride generation. Average arsenic concentrations in surface soils immediately adjacent to utility poles ranged from 153 ± 49 to 410 ± 150 mg/kg but approached background levels (below 5 mg/kg) within 0.50 m from the poles. A positive correlation was found between surface soil As concentration and total Fe content. In subsurface samples (0.50 m), arsenic levels were generally high in sandy soils (up to 223 ± 32 mg/kg), moderate in clayey soils (up to 126 ± 26 mg/kg), and relatively lower in organic soils (up to 56 ± 24 mg/kg). Arsenic(V) was the predominant arsenic species in surface (&gt;78%) and subsurface soils (&gt;66%). Total arsenic concentrations in groundwater below the clayey site were high and varied widely over time (79–390 μg/L), with 30 to 68% as As(III). Below the utility pole located on the organic site with a high Fe content, lower total arsenic levels (12–33 μg/L) were found, with As(III) ranging from 0 to 100%.
Influence of sediment ingestion and exposure concentration on the bioavailable fraction of sediment-associated tetrachlorobiphenyl in oligochaetes
Authors: Sormunen Arto J , Leppänen Matti T , Kukkonen Jussi V. K 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe desorption and bioavailability of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) were studied in spiked natural sediments at six concentrations. The desorption kinetics were measured in a sediment–water suspension using Tenax® resin extraction, and the bioavailability was measured by exposing Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) to PCB 77–spiked sediment in a 14-d kinetic study. In addition, freely dissolved pore-water concentrations were measured using the polyoxymethylene solid-phase extraction method. The present study examined whether bioavailability can be defined more accurately by measuring the size of desorbing fractions and the pore-water concentrations than by using the standard equilibrium partitioning approach. The importance of ingested sediment in bioaccumulation also was investigated. Our data showed a clear, decreasing trend in the rapid-desorbing fractions and in the standard biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) with increasing concentration in sediment. Desorbing fractions–refined BSAFs were more uniform across the concentration treatments, and the pore-water PCB 77 concentration predicted tissue concentrations close to observed values. In the risk assessment process, pore-water concentration or desorbing fractions would lead to more precise bioavailability estimates compared with those from the traditional equilibrium partitioning approach. The result also showed, however, that sediment-ingesting worms had access to an additional bioavailable chemical fraction that was especially evident when PCB 77 pore-water concentrations most likely approached the solubility limit. Thus, feeding may modify the bioavailable fraction that cannot be explained by simple equilibrium partitioning models.
Species sensitivity distributions for suspended clays, sediment burial, and grain size change in the marine environment
Authors: Smit Mathijs G. D , Holthaus Karlijn I. E , Trannum Hilde C , Neff Jerry M , Kjeilen-Eilertsen Grete , Jak Robbert G , Singsaas Ivar , Huijbregts Mark A. J , Hendriks A. Jan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Assessment of the environmental risk of discharges, containing both chemicals and suspended solids (e.g., drilling discharges to the marine environment), requires an evaluation of the effects of both toxic and nontoxic pollutants. To date, a structured evaluation scheme that can be used for prognostic risk assessments for nontoxic stress is lacking. In the present study we challenge this lack of information by the development of marine species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for three nontoxic stressors: suspended clays, burial by sediment, and change in sediment grain size. Through a literature study, effect levels were obtained for suspended clays, as well as for burial of biota. Information on the species preference range for median grain size was used to assess the sensitivity of marine species to changes in grain size. The 50% hazardous concentrations (HC50) for suspended barite and bentonite based on 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) were 3,010 and 1,830 mg/L, respectively. For burial the 50% hazardous level (HL50) was 5.4 cm. For change in median grain size, two SSDs were constructed; one for reducing and one for increasing the median grain size. The HL50 for reducing the median grain size was 17.8 μm. For increasing the median grain size this value was 305 μm. The SSDs have been constructed by using information related to offshore oil- and gas-related activities. Nevertheless, the results of the present study may have broader implications. The hypothesis of the present study is that the SSD methodology developed for the evaluation of toxic stress can also be applied to evaluate nontoxic stressors, facilitating the incorporation of nontoxic stressors in prognostic risk assessment tools.
Effects of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers on arsenic uptake by rice plants
Authors: Chen Xue-Ping , Zhu Yong-Guan , Hong Mi-Na , Kappler Andreas , Xu Yu-Xin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A pot microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different forms of N fertilizers on As uptake by rice. Compared to a nontreated control, addition of nitrate reduced Fe(II) concentration in soil solution, while treatment with ammonium enhanced Fe(III) reduction, probably coupled to NH+4 oxidation in the nonrhizosphere. Most-probable-number (MPN) enumerations revealed high densities of nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms. The addition of nitrate decreased Fe plaque formation on the root surface, accompanied by much lower dissolved Fe(II) concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution compared to the nonamended control. Nitrate addition also reduced As uptake by the rice plant. These results suggest that nitrate may inhibit Fe(III) reduction and/or stimulate nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation, leading to As coprecipitation with, or adsorption to, Fe(III) minerals in the soil. Although Fe plaque formation on the root surface is reduced, nitrate-dependent stimulation of Fe(II) oxidation and/or inhibition of Fe(III) reduction in the bulk soil sequesters mobile As in the soil, resulting in reduced As uptake by rice.
Preliminary hazard assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to yangtze finless porpoise in dongting lake, china
Authors: Yang Fangxing , Zhang Qinghua , Xu Ying , Jiang Guibin , Wang Yawei , Wang Ding 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), a protected endangered species, is the sole freshwater subspecies of finless porpoise, living only in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, and its appended lakes. Its population has decreased sharply to 1,400 because of human activities, including environmental contamination. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in the blubber, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestine, and brains of five individual Yangtze finless porpoises collected from 1998 to 2004. The results showed PCB concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.89 μg/g lipid weight in the organs and consisted mainly of penta-, hexa-, and decachlorinated biphenyls. The PBDE concentrations were between 5.32 and 72.76 ng/g lipid weight. Tetra-, penta-, and hexabrominated diphenyl ethers were the major homologues. The PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 65 to 1,563 pg/g lipid weight, and their predominant homologues were penta- and hexachlorinated dibenzofurans and hepta- and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. The hazard quotients (HQs) based on toxic equivalency were determined to be greater than one in all individuals for PCBs, for PCDD/Fs, and for PCBs and PCDD/Fs In addition, HQs would be higher if PBDEs were included. The results suggest that reduction of environmental contamination may contribute greatly to protecting this highly endangered species.
Identifying the cause and source of sediment toxicity in an agriculture-influenced creek
Authors: Weston Donald P , Zhang Minghua , Lydy Michael J 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Del Puerto Creek, an agriculturally influenced stream in northern California, USA, with a history of sediment toxicity, was used as a case study to determine the feasibility of using sediment toxicity testing and chemical analysis to identify the causative agent for the toxicity and its sources. Testing with the amphipod Hyalella azteca confirmed historical toxicity and identified a point along the creek at which there was an abrupt increase in sediment toxicity that persisted for at least 6 km downstream. Three recently developed whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation manipulations, temperature reduction, piperonyl butoxide addition, and esterase addition, were applied to sediment from one site and were suggestive of a pyrethroid as the cause for toxicity. Utilizing published median lethal concentration (LC50) values in a toxic unit analysis, the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin was identified as the primary contributor to toxicity in nearly all sites at which toxicity was observed, with occasional additional contributions from the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and cyfluthrin. Most agricultural drains discharging to Del Puerto Creek contained bifenthrin in their sediments at concentrations near or above acutely toxic concentrations. However, only one drain contained sediments with bifenthrin concentrations approaching the concentrations measured in creek sediments. This fact, along with the proximity of that particular discharge to the location in the creek with the highest concentrations, suggested that one drain may be responsible for much of the toxicity and pyrethroid residues in creek sediments. The methods employed in this study are likely to be of considerable value in total maximum daily load efforts in Del Puerto Creek or other California surface water bodies known to have pyrethroid-related aquatic toxicity.