bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer based tuneable photonic crystals
Authors: Wülbern J. H. , Schmidt M. , Hübner U. , Boucher R. , Volksen W. , Lu Y. , Zentel R. , Eich M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe report on the fabrication and characterization of photonic crystal slab waveguide resonators which contain a nanostructured second‐order nonlinear optical polymer. The combination of a photonic crystal resonator realized in a second‐order nonlinear optical polymer allowed the detection of electro‐optical modulation of light with a sub‐1‐V sensitivity. Furthermore we report on the synthesis of novel nonlinear optical polymers with large second‐order hyperpolarizability and improved glass transition temperature. The polymer slab waveguide is micro patterned by means of electron‐beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The photonic crystal slab‐based resonator consisted of a square lattice of holes carrying a linear defect. Applying an external electric modulation voltage to electrodes leads to a linear electro‐optical shift of the resonance spectrum and thus to a modulation of the transmission at a fixed wavelength based on the electronic displacement polarization in a noncentrosymmetric medium (Pockels effect). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automated interface for hyphenation of planar chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Luftmann Heinrich , Aranda Mario , Morlock Gertrud E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA fully automated interface to couple high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) is described. This universal hands‐free interface connects intact normal‐phase plates to any liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) system without any adjustments or modifications to the mass spectrometer. The interface extracts the complete substance band with its depth profile and thus allows detections in the pg/band range. The high performance of the automated interface was evaluated through caffeine quantification in real samples, viz., energy drinks and pharmaceutical tablets, without internal standard. Following chromatographic separation on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates, caffeine bands were eluted from the plate by means of the automated interface to the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer. Since in full scan mode only the protonated molecule [M+H]+ was observed, caffeine quantification was performed using the selected‐ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z 195. The validation showed highly reliable results for the linear range (R2 = 0.9973), repeatability (RSD = 5.6%, n = 6) and intermediate precision (RSD = 1.5%, n = 3). Regarding accuracy the results obtained by HPTLC/MS were not statistically different (F‐test, t‐test) from those obtained by validated HPTLC/UV methods. Hence, this interface proved to be one of the most reliable and universal interfaces for HPTLC/MS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fight or flight: managing stigma in executive careers
Authors: Semadeni Matthew , Cannella Jr. Albert A. , Fraser Donald R. , Lee D. Scott 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe examine the labor market consequences borne by executives who remain at financially distressed firms relative to those who flee to another employer to avoid the stigma of failure. Our study makes two contributions. First, we document an ex ante dimension of executive labor markets unaccounted for by ex post settling up models. Specifically, we show that executives who ‘jump ship’—change employers in the two years prior to the failure—suffer fewer labor market consequences than their counterparts who remain with the failing firm. Second, we extend the study of bankruptcy stigma to examine how stigma might be managed by jumping ship. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐Dependent Cytotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Pan Yu , Neuss Sabine , Leifert Annika , Fischler Monika , Wen Fei , Simon Ulrich , Schmid Günter , Brandau Wolfgang , Jahnen‐Dechent Willi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGold nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical imaging and diagnostic tests. Based on their established use in the laboratory and the chemical stability of Au0, gold nanoparticles were expected to be safe. The recent literature, however, contains conflicting data regarding the cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. Against this background a systematic study of water‐soluble gold nanoparticles stabilized by triphenylphosphine derivatives ranging in size from 0.8 to 15 nm is made. The cytotoxicity of these particles in four cell lines representing major functional cell types with barrier and phagocyte function are tested. Connective tissue fibroblasts, epithelial cells, macrophages, and melanoma cells prove most sensitive to gold particles 1.4 nm in size, which results in IC50 values ranging from 30 to 56 μM depending on the particular 1.4‐nm Au compound–cell line combination. In contrast, gold particles 15 nm in size and Tauredon (gold thiomalate) are nontoxic at up to 60‐fold and 100‐fold higher concentrations, respectively. The cellular response is size dependent, in that 1.4‐nm particles cause predominantly rapid cell death by necrosis within 12 h while closely related particles 1.2 nm in diameter effect predominantly programmed cell death by apoptosis.
The New λ6Si‐Silicate Dianion [Si(NCO)6]2−: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [K(18‐crown‐6)]2[Si(NCO)6]
Authors: Seiler Oliver , Burschka Christian , Götz Kathrin , Kaupp Martin , Metz Stefan , Tacke Reinhold 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe λ6Si‐silicate [K(18‐crown‐6)]2[Si(NCO)6] (10) was synthesized by treatment of Si(NCO)4 with KNCO in the presence of 18‐crown‐6. Compound 10 (SiN6 skeleton) is the first example of a hexa(cyanato‐N)silicate. It was characterized by solid‐state and solution NMR spectroscopy, and the acetonitrile solvate 10·2CH3CN was studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. To differentiate between the two isomeric [Si(NCO)6]2− and [Si(OCN)6]2− dianions, computational studies were performed.
Synthesis and Structures of SrAuIn and SrAuIn3
Authors: Muts Ihor R. , Pöttgen Rainer , Zaremba Vasyl I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe intermetallic compounds SrAuIn and SrAuIn3 were synthesised from the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in a high‐frequency furnace. Both indides were studied by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: TiNiSi type, Pnma, a = 772.2(4), b = 478.6(2), c = 844.0(4) pm, wR2 = 0.0474, 748 F2 values, 20 variables for SrAuIn and BaNiSn3 type, I4mm, a = 456.97(8), c = 1243.7(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0381, 397 F2 values, 18 variables for SrAuIn3. The latter reveals a small degree of Au/In disorder. Both structures consist of three‐dimensional [AuIn], respectively [AuIn3] polyanionic networks with short Au–In distances (287–291 pm in SrAuIn and 268–284 pm in SrAuIn3. The latter indide reveals also In–In bonding (294–323 pm). The larger voids within the polyanionic networks of both structures are filled by the strontium cations.
Attempted Abstraction of the Halogenides in (HNEt3)[Re(CH3CN)2Cl4] and Crystal Structures of cis‐[Re(CH3CN)2Cl4]·CH3CN and cis‐[Re(NHC(OCH3)CH3)2Cl4]
Authors: Kunz Peter C. , Kurz Philipp , Spingler Bernhard , Alberto Roger 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe abstraction of the halogenide ligands in [Re(CH3CN)2Cl4]− should result in a solvent‐only stabilized ReIII complex. The reactions of salts of [Re(CH3CN)2Cl4]− with silver(I) and thallium(I) salts were investigated and the solid‐state structures of cis‐[Re(CH3CN)2Cl4]·CH3CN and cis‐[Re(NHC(OCH3)CH3)2Cl4] are described.
5,5′‐Hydrazinebistetrazole: An Oxidation‐stable Nitrogen‐rich Compound and Starting Material for the Synthesis of 5,5′‐Azobistetrazolates
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Sabaté Carles Miró 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAll 5,5′‐hydrazinebistetrazoles reported in the literature are sensitive to oxidation and react with atmospheric oxygen to yield the corresponding 5,5′‐azobistetrazolates on time. Herewith, we report on the synthesis of the free acid 5,5′‐hydrazinebistetrazole (HBT) which showed to be stable on air for extended periods of time. The compound was fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and its X‐ray structure was determined by diffraction techniques. Besides, we determined its explosive properties by BAM methods and calculated its heat of formation (+414 kJ mol−1), detonation velocity (8523 m s−1) and detonation pressure (27.7 GPa). HBT proved to be very safe to handle (impact sensitivity: >30 J, friction sensitivity: ∼108 N) and was used as a starting material for the synthesis of some already reported 5,5′‐azobistetrazolates: NH4+, NH2NH3+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+.
$^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ho_{2}Cl_{6}\{1,3-Ph(CN)_{2}\}_{3}]$ – Eine zu Doppelsträngen kondensierte Variante der PaCl5‐Struktur in einem Selten‐Erd‐Benzodinitril‐Koordinationspolymer
Authors: Höller Christoph J. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus 
Published: October 2007

Abstract$^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ho_{2}Cl_{6}\{1,3-Ph(CN)_{2}\}_{3}]$ – A Variant of the PaCl5 Structure Condensed to Double Strands in a Rare Earth Benzodinitrile Coordination PolymerSingle crystalline transparent pink $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ho_{2}Cl_{6}\{1,3-Ph(CN)_{2}\}_{3}]$ (1,3‐Ph(CN)2 = 1,3‐benzodinitrile, C6H4(CN)2) was obtained by the reaction of anhydrous holmium trichloride with a melt of 1,3‐benzodinitrile at 175 °C. The trichloride structure is broken up by the dinitrile ligands and re‐arranged to double strands of edge connected pentagonal bipyramids of chlorine and nitrogen atoms. The structure can be deduced from the PaCl5 structure type by condensation of two PaCl5 strands and exchange of two chlorine atoms with nitrile groups. The double strands exhibit ligand free cavities of 600–800 pm diameter.
The X‐ray Single Crystal Structures of an Acid‐functionalized Bis(2‐picolyl)amine (bpa) Ligand with Palladium(II) and Zinc(II) Display Different Intermoleclar Interactions around the Common (H2O)2(anion)2 Motif
Authors: Kirin Srećko I. , Weyhermüller Thomas , Merz Klaus , Metzler‐Nolte Nils 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis work reports structural investigations on two metal complexes of the functionalized (p‐carboxylatobenzyl)‐bis(2‐picolyl)amine ligand 1 (HL). The complex {[HLPdCl]Cl × H2O}2 (2Pd) has a square‐planar coordination around the Pd ion. It forms discrete dimers by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the protonated ligand HL. The coordination around the Zn2+ ion in {[(H2O)LZn]CF3SO3 × 2 H2O}∞ (3Zn) is best described as distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal. The N3O2 ligand sphere is composed of three nitrogen atoms from the bpa ligand, one water molecule, and a carboxylate oxygen atom from a neighbouring molecule, thus forming infinite chains along the crystallographic a axis. Further intermolecular interactions are based on the same (H2O)2(anion)2 motif as for 2Pd, but whereas the former forms discrete dimers, 3Zn forms a more complicated two‐dimensional coordination polymer with additional intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
LaS1.9, CeS1.9, PrS1.9, NdS1.9 und GdS1.9: Fünf neue Lanthanoidpolysulfide – Synthese und Kristallstrukturen und ihre Strukturbeziehung zum ZrSSi‐Typ
Authors: Doert Thomas , Graf Christian , Lauxmann Petra , Schleid Thomas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLaS1.9, CeS1.9, PrS1.9, NdS1.9, and GdS1.9: Five new Lanthanide Polysulfides – Syntheses, Crystal Structures and their Structural Relationship to the ZrSSi TypeCrystals of the five new lanthanide polysulfides LaS1.9, CeS1.9, PrS1.9, NdS1.9, and GdS1.9 have been prepared by different synthetic routes. According to X‐ray structure analyses, the compounds adopt the tetragonal CeSe1.9 type structure (space group: P42/n, no. 86) with the lattice parameters a = 9.111(1) Å, c = 16.336(2) Å (LaS1.9), a = 9.015(3) Å, c = 16.168(4) Å (CeS1.9), a = 8.947(3) Å, c = 16.054(4) Å (PrS1.9), a = 8.901(3) Å, c = 16.022(4) Å (NdS1.9), and a = 8.714(1) Å, c = 15.791(1) Å (GdS1.9), respectively. The crystal structure consists of puckered [LnS] double slabs and planar sulfur layers alternating along [001]. Each planar sulfur layer contains disulfide dumbbells, isolated anions and ordered vacancies.
Tetrachloroferrate(III) Complexes of some Organic Diammonium Cations: Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: James Bruce D. , Mrozinski Jerzy , Klak Julia , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWith aqueous acidic iron(III) chloride, the three diamines ethylenediamine (en), tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda) and 4:4′‐tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane (ddmp) yield the aquapentachloroferrate(III) and a pair of [FeCl4]− Cl− double salts, respectively. Their structures indicate that N–H···Cl hydrogen bonding is present, but the Fe···Fe distances are all quite long. The magnetic data show that, while all the materials display antiferromagnetic coupling on cooling, in none of the cases was any transition observed above 1.8 K.
The Reduction of Rare‐Earth Metal Halides with Unlike Metals – Wöhler's Metallothermic Reduction
Authors: Meyer Gerd 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRare‐earth halides may be reduced by rare‐earth metals (conproportionation) and, as an alternative, by unlike metals such as alkali or alkaline‐earth metals, a route first established for the production of rare‐earth metals. It has great power for exploratory research subject to enhanced reactivity at lower temperatures and the formation of alkali halide flux for crystal growth. A large number of new compounds, ternary and higher, salt‐like and (semi‐)metallic including interstitially stabilized cluster compounds has been synthesized and characterized during the last decades.
Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen neuer chalkogenido‐verbrückter Niob‐Kupfer‐Cluster
Authors: Bechlars Bettina , Feuerhake Robert , Fenske Dieter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSyntheses and Crystal Structures of Novel Chalcogenido‐bridged Niobium Copper ClustersIn the presence of tertiary phosphines, the reaction of NbCl5 and Copper(I) salts with Se(SiMe3)2 (E = S, Se) affords the new chalcogenido‐bridged niobium‐copper cluster compounds $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [NbCu_{2}Se_{4}(P^{i}Pr_{2}Me)_{3}]$ (1) and [NbCu4Se4Cl (PPh3)4] (2). Using E(R)SiMe3 (E = S, Se, R = Ph, nPr) instead of the bisilylated selenium species leads to the compounds [NbCu2(SPh)6(PMe3)2] (3), [NbCu2(SPh)6(PnPr3)2] (4), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PMe3)2] (5), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PnPr3)2] (6), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PiPr3)2] (7), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PtBu3)2] (8), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PiPr2Me)2] (9), [NbCu2(SePh)6(PPhEt2)2] (10), [Nb2Cu2(SnPr)8(PnPr3)2Cl2] (11) and [Nb2Cu6(SnPr)12(PiPr3)2Cl4]·2 CH3CN (12·2 CH3CN). By reacting CuI salts and NbCl5 with the monosilylated selenides Se(tBu)SiMe3 and Se(iPr)SiMe3 which have a weak Se–C bond the products [Nb2Cu6Se6(PiPr3)6Cl4] (13), [Nb2Cu4Se2(SeiPr)6(PnPr3)4Cl2] (14) and [Nb2Cu6Se2(SeiPr)10(PEt2Me)2Cl2]·DME (15) are formed which contain selenide as well as alkylselenolate ligands. The molecular structures of all of these new compounds were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements.
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Jalanko Hannu 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a rare kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and edema starting soon after birth. The majority of cases are caused by genetic defects in the components of the glomerular filtration barrier, especially nephrin and podocin. CNS may also be a part of a more generalized syndrome or caused by a perinatal infection. Immunosuppressive medication is not helpful in the genetic forms of CNS, and kidney transplantation is the only curative therapy. Before the operation, management of these infants largely depends on the magnitude of proteinuria. In severe cases, daily albumin infusions are required to prevent life-threatening edema. The therapy also includes hypercaloric diet, thyroxin and mineral substitution, prevention of thrombotic episodes, and prompt management of infectious complications. The outcome of CNS patients without major extrarenal manifestations is comparable with other patient groups after kidney transplantation.
Desmoscaris tripsinosa and Palaemonetes africanus Responses to Concentrations of Neatex and Norust CR486 in Sediment
Authors: Ezemonye L. I. N. , Ogeleka D. F. , Okieimen F. E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe assessment of water and sediment quality from chemical pollutants in the Nigerian Niger Delta were conducted using bioindicators (Desmoscaris tripsinosa and Palaemonetes africanus). The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2004), No.218 direct sediment toxicity assessment was employed. Shrimp were exposed to sediments treated with Neatex (liquid detergent) and Norust CR 486 (corrosion inhibitor) at concentrations of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. Percentage mortality was measured as the ecological endpoint. Mean % mortality and estimated lethal concentration LC50 values varied with species type, concentration and exposure duration. Observed % mean mortality of the test organisms in both chemicals were significantly different from that of the control test suggesting that mortality may be induced by the effect of the chemicals. LC50s were significantly different for both chemicals at p < 0.05, t = 6.06 (fresh water) and p < 0.05, t = 12.34 (brackish). The values from this study are an indication that the chemicals have the potential to cause acute lethal toxicity. It is a prediction of likely adverse effects on shrimp populations in benthic sediment of the Niger Delta ecological zone. Consequently, there is a great need to protect some of the more sensitive invertebrates representing the major proportion of the diet of many other species.
Hydrogenation of Edible Oils: a Model Involving Competitive Adsorption of Reactants
Authors: Xiao Haiyi , Lalvani Shashi B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA model involving competitive adsorption of reactants for hydrogenation of fatty acids was developed and analyzed. The model was established based on data obtained from catalytic transfer hydrogenation of peanut, corn, and soybean oils and soybean lecithin with aqueous sodium formate solution as the hydrogen donor and palladium on carbon as the catalyst. The predicted values based on the model agreed well with the experimental data as indicated by the r2 and F test values. The rate of formate consumption, which decreased with time and the initial amount of formic acid versus the iodine value, was explained with regards to the mathematical model developed. Adsorption of reactants on the catalyst surface followed by a chemical reaction including participation of the fatty acid, formate and water were considered in this model.
Influence of cooking duration of cabbage and presence of colonic microbiota on the excretion ofN-acetylcysteine conjugates of allyl isothiocyanate and bioactivity of phase 2 enzymes in F344 rats
Authors: Rungapamestry Vanessa , Rabot Sylvie , Fuller Zoë , Ratcliffe Brian , Duncan Alan J. 
Published: October 2007

Isothiocyanates have been implicated in the cancer-protective effects of brassica vegetables. When cabbage is consumed, sinigrin is hydrolysed by plant or microbial myrosinase partly to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which is mainly excreted asN-acetylcysteine conjugates (NAC) of AITC in urine. The effect of cooking cabbage on the excretion of NAC of AITC, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) activity in rat liver and colon was investigated. Germ-free (GF) and human faecal microbiota-associated (HFM) rats were fed a control diet containing 20 % raw, lightly cooked, or fully cooked cabbage for 14 d. When plant myrosinase was present, excretion of NAC of AITC/24 h was increased by 1·4 and 2·5 times by the additional presence of microbial myrosinase after consumption of raw and lightly cooked cabbage respectively. When plant myrosinase was absent, as after consumption of fully cooked cabbage, excretion of the AITC conjugate was almost zero in GF and HFM rats. None of the cabbage diets modified hepatic GST activity. When microbiota was absent, colonic GST was 1·3-fold higher after fully cooked cabbage, and hepatic UGT was increased by 1·4–1·8-fold after all cabbage diets, compared with the control feed. There were no differences in GST or UGT following cabbage consumption when microbiota was present. It is possible that other constituents of cabbage, rather than metabolites of glucosinolatesper se, may be responsible for changes in phase 2 enzyme activity. The main effect of cooking cabbage and altering colonic microbiota was on excretion of NAC of AITC.
Base-rate respect: From ecological rationality to dual processes
Authors: Barbey Aron K. , Sloman Steven A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of base-rate neglect has elicited much debate. One arena of debate concerns how people make judgments under conditions of uncertainty. Another more controversial arena concerns human rationality. In this target article, we attempt to unpack the perspectives in the literature on both kinds of issues and evaluate their ability to explain existing data and their conceptual coherence. From this evaluation we conclude that the best account of the data should be framed in terms of a dual-process model of judgment, which attributes base-rate neglect to associative judgment strategies that fail to adequately represent the set structure of the problem. Base-rate neglect is reduced when problems are presented in a format that affords accurate representation in terms of nested sets of individuals.
From base-rate to cumulative respect
Authors: Beaman C. Philip , McCloy Rachel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe tendency to neglect base-rates in judgment under uncertainty may be “notorious,” as Barbey & Sloman (B&S) suggest, but it is neither inevitable (as they document; see also Koehler 1996) nor unique. Here we would like to point out another line of evidence connecting ecological rationality to dual processes, the failure of individuals to appropriately judge cumulative probability.
Omissions, conflations, and false dichotomies: Conceptual and empirical problems with the Barbey & Sloman account
Authors: Brase Gary L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBoth the theoretical frameworks that organize the first part of Barbey & Sloman's (B&S's) target article and the empirical evidence marshaled in the second part are marked by distinctions that should not exist (i.e., false dichotomies), conflations where distinctions should be made, and selective omissions of empirical results – within the very studies discussed – that create illusions of theoretical and empirical favor.
The role of representation in Bayesian reasoning: Correcting common misconceptions
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe termsnested sets, partitive frequencies, inside-outside view, anddual processesadd little but confusion to our original analysis (Gigerenzer & Hoffrage 1995; 1999). The idea of nested set was introduced because of an oversight; it simply rephrases two of our equations. Representation in terms ofchances, in contrast, is a novel contribution yet consistent with our computational analysis – it uses exactly the same numbers as natural frequencies. We show that non-Bayesian reasoning in children, laypeople, and physicians follows multiple rules rather than a general-purpose associative process in a vaguely specified “System 1.” It is unclear what the theory in “dual process theory” is: Unless the two processes are defined, this distinction can account post hoc for almost everything. In contrast, an ecological view of cognition helps to explain how insight is elicited from the outside (the external representation of information) and, more generally, how cognitive strategies match with environmental structures.