bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expansion factors of an outer automorphism and its inverse
Authors: Handel Michael , Mosher Lee 
Published: March 2007

A fully irreducible outer automorphism

ϕ
\phi

of the free group

F
n

F_n

of rank

n
n

has an expansion factor which often differs from the expansion factor of

ϕ

−
1

\phi ^{-1}

. Nevertheless, we prove that the ratio between the logarithms of the expansion factors of

ϕ
\phi

and

ϕ

−
1

\phi ^{-1}

is bounded above by a constant depending only on the rank

n
n

. We also prove a more general theorem applying to an arbitrary outer automorphism of

F
n

F_n

and its inverse and their two spectrums of expansion factors.
Nausea and vomiting in day‐case dental anaesthesia
Authors: O'DONOVAN N. , SHAW J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe anti‐emetic effects of low‐dose droperidol (1.25 mg), ultra‐low‐dose droperidol(0.25 mg) and a placebo were compared in patients admitted for day‐case dental anaesthesia. Ultra‐low‐dose droperidol produced a significant decrease in the subjective feeling of nausea without delaying recovery or discharge from the hospital (p < 0.05). Low‐dose droperidol did not significantly reduce nausea (p > 0.05) and prolonged the recovery time (p < 0.05).
The effect of labetalol on the cardiovascular, hyperglycaemic and adrenocortical responses to surgery
Authors: CHILD C. S. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe effects of a single intravenous bolus of labetalol (0.5 mg/kg) on the cardiovascular, hyperglycaemic and adrenocortical responses to major colonic surgery were studied in five patients. Results were compared with five patients who received the same anaesthetic and had similar operations performed but who did not receive labetalol. It was observed that labetalol reduced the rises in heart rate and rate‐pressure product that occur at the time of skin incision but that it did not reduce the rise in mean arterial pressure. The rises in blood glucose and plasma cortisol were significantly less in the labetalol group after 30 minutes of surgery (p < 0.05).
Atracurium for intubation in man
Authors: STIRT J. A. , KATZ R. L. , SCHEHL D. L. , LEE C. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryAtracurium is a new competitive neuromuscular blocking agent. We prospectively studied intubating conditions 2.5 minutes afer atracurium doses of 0.4 or 0.5 mg/kg. For comparison, we evaluated conditions 1 minute after suxamethonium 1.0 mg/kg, there being 10 patients in each group. The same anaesthetist evaluated conditions during laryngoscopy and intubation in all patients. Intubating conditions were excellent in 33% of patients receiving atracurium 0.4 mg/kg and 60% of those receiving atracurium 0.5 mg/kg after 2.5 minutes; conditions were excellent in 80% of patients 1 minute after suxamethonium. The incidence of successful intubation on the jrst attempt was 67%, 90%, and 100%. respectively, in the three groups. Atracurium may be a suitable alternative to suxamethonium when speed of intubation is not critical.
Gilbert's syndrome as a cause of postoperative jaundice
Authors: TAYLOR S. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA case of postoperative jaundice due to Gilbert's syndrome in a previously healthy 19‐year‐old female is presented. Signs and symptoms of jaundice developed on the second postoperative day and resolved spontaneously after 5 days. The diagnosis and characteristics of Gilbert's syndrome and other related abnormalities and factors relevant to anaesthesia which affect bilirubin metabolism are discussed.
Pleural surgery in patients with cystic fibrosis A review of anasthetic management
Authors: ROBINSON D. A. , BRANTHWAITE M. A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryEighteen patients with advanced cystic fibrosis complicated by pneumothorax required either pleurectomy or abrasion pleurodesis. Anasthesia with nitrous oxide and oxygen was combined with controlled ventilation to both lungs, usually through a double lumen endobronchial tube. Spontaneous ventilation was restored at the end of operation in all but a minority of cases. Ten of 25 procedures were uncomplicated and a further five were followed by non‐respiratory events. Respiratory complications developed after the remaining ten procedures which were carried out on six patients, of whom only one survived for more than 6 months. All five fatal cases suffered a recurrence of pneumothorax within 6 months whereas three patients requiring re‐operation 2–6 years later survived. The principles of management are discussed and it is concluded that the operative and anasthetic hazards of thoracic surgery in this group of high‐risk cases can be avoided successfully, except when re‐operation is required within 6 months.
Hepatic metabolic ability during anasthesia Evaluation of antipyrine half‐lives and their relation to enflurane metabolism
Authors: OIKKONEN M. , ROSENBERG P. H. , NEUVONEN P. J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe antipyrine (phenazone) half‐life was determined in 20 surgical patients to discover whether there are changes in hepatic metabolic rate during or immediately after anasthesia compared with the pre‐anasthetic rate. Nine patients received enflurane (mean duration 8.6, SD 2.0 hours) and six patients had a balanced anasthetic without enflurane (duration 4.4, SD 3.3 hours). A further five patients received a spinal anasthetic with bupivacaine. The changes in antipyrine half‐life were inconsistent, and there was no evidence of competitive metabolic inhibition, by general anasthesia. Antipyrine half‐lives did not correlate with serum fluoride levels or urinary fluoride excretion in the case of enflurane. The mean serum inorganic fluoride concentrution rose to 29 μmol/litre, and two patients had potentially nephrotoxic concentrations (64 and 50 μmol/litre) after 8 hours of exposure to enflurane though without any evident harmful effects.
Airway obstruction in infectious mononucleosis A case report
Authors: CATLING S. J. , ASBURY A. J. , LATIF M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA case of anginose glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) is presented in which the lymphoid tissues of Waldeyer's ring were so enlarged that they precluded intubation. The management of the case by tracheostomy is described.
Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis due to aspiration of gastric contents
Authors: CORIAT P. , LABROUSSE J. , VILDE F. , TENAILLON A. , LISSAC J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryTwo cases of interstitial pneumonitis are described which developed after the acute phase of aspiration pneumonitis. Open lung biopsy revealed an interstitial. granulomatous foreign body response induced by foodstuff aspiration. Steroid treatment was administered and both cases then showed a favourable course, with the pulmonary lesion healing within 12 days.
Oxytocic drugs and anasthesia
Authors: BEEBY D. , HUGHES J. O. MORGAN 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA randomised controlled clinical trial compared ergometrine 0.25 mg, syntocinon 10 mg and normal saline injected intravenously during evacuation of the uterus after spontaneous abortion showed no difference between any drug with respect to uterine contraction, change in blood pressure, blood loss or postoperative vomiting.
Idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation in Leber's disease Unusual sensitivity to mild analgesics and diazepam
Authors: HUNTER A. R. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis case history of abnormal sensitivity to ordinary doses of drug with minimal respiratory depressant activities in Leber's disease underlines the fact that patients with this abnormality are exceedingly sensitive to ordinary doses of anasthetic and sedative drugs.
Prevention of air embolism during sitting neurosurgery
Authors: SALE J. P. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryAn inflatable neck tourniquet has been developed for compression of the jugular veins during neurosurgery in the sitting position. Neck compression abolishes the subatmospheric pressure within the neck veins and therefore minimises the risk of air embolism. Compression can be applied throughout the initial part of the operation, a major period of risk during these surgical procedures, and released once full surgical exposure has been achieved. Venous congestion is then released and normal operating conditions are restored.
Posture and isobaric subarachnoid anasthesia
Authors: RUSSELL I. F. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryTwenty‐five patients had subarachnoid anasthesia induced with 3.0 ml 0.5% bupivacaine plain. A study of the spread of analgesia demonstrated a small (2–3 segments) but signijcant (p < 0.001) rise in analgesic levels when the patients were turned from a lateral to the supine position, and from the supine to prone positions.
Reducing the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation
Authors: BLACK T. E. , KAY B. , HEALY T. E. J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe effects of alfentanil and fentanyl on controlling the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation have been compared. Five groups often patients were studied. Induction was with thiopentone 4 mg/kg. Thirty seconds later group 1 received 1 ml/120 kg saline, group 2 received 15μg/kg alfentanil, group 3 received 30 μg/kg alfentanil and group 4 received 5 μg/kg fentanyl. Group 5 received 5 μg/kg fentanyl one minute before induction. Suxamethonium was given 60 seconak after induction and intubation of the trachea was performed 150 seconds after the start of induction. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded every minute throughout and compared with pre‐induction control values.Control patients (group 1) showed signijicant increases associated with tracheal intubation in all haemodynamic variables. No increases were noted in groups receiving 30 μg/kg alfentanil or 5 μg/kg fentanyl. The heart rate, but not blood pressure, increased with intubation after 15 μg/kg alfentanil. The mean time to movement in 50% of the control patients was 7 minutes. In those given 15 and 30 μg/kg alfentanil it was 11 and 12 minutes respectively. In those given 5 μg/kg fentanyl it was greater than 15 minutes. Alfentanil is shown to reduce the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation and the effect appears to have a shorter duration than that of fentanyl.
Percutaneous lung biopsy
Authors: ROCKE D. A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA case is reported in which percutaneous lung biopsy was followed by haemorrhage into the tracheobronchial tree. Hypoxia followed, precipitating a cardiac arrest. The haemorrhage was isolated by the insertion of a double‐lumen tube. Complications arising from this method of biopsy are reviewed and the measures necessary to control the potentially fatal problems are discussed.
Low flow active antipollution systems
Authors: RAILTON R. , FISHER J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe performance of two low‐flow antipollution systems has been assessed by making measurements of the nitrous oxide pollution levels with four automatic ventilators. The effectiveness of the antipollution system is dependent on the volume of gas discharged, the peak expiratory flow, the airway pressure and to a lesser extent the ventilator settings. Both systems coped adequately with the clinical conditions where inflation pressures were below 4 k Pa for two ventilators. Only one system coped with these conditions for the third ventilator. The fourth ventilator, which discharged driving gas to the respired volume, was not adequately scavenged.
Pain‐free venepuncture
Authors: Hallén B. , Olsson G. L. , Uppfeldt A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis study was designed to assess the effect of time on the analgesic effect of a local anaesthetic cream consisting of a mixture of 5% lignocaine and prilocaine. The cream and placebo were compared in a double‐blind, randomized study in 114 children aged 4–17 years, with application times of 20 minutes and longer. A regression analysis revealed no difference in analgesic effect between cream and placebo when application times were less than 60 minutes. A cusum test showed that the effect of the cream became evident at about 60 minutes. Local adverse reactions consisted mainly of transient paleness of the skin, which did not constitute any clinical problem.
Mixed venous oxygen saturation changes during tension pneumothorax and its treatment
Authors: WOODCOCK T. E. , MURRAY S. , LEDINGHAM I. McA. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA case is reported of tension pneumothorax following left subclavian venous cannulation for placement of a fibreoptic pulmonary artery flotation catheter. Mixed venous oxygen saturation was continuously monitored and a fall in this was the first indication of the problem. Observations on the cardiovascular consequences of tension pneumothorax were made and followed during its treatment. The value of continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in the early detection of haemodynamic disturbances is emphasised.
A study of the efficiency of four blood microfilters
Authors: MOLLAH A. H. M. Z. , BRADSHAW E. G. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA new blood microfilter, Swank 6000–4, was compared with three established blood microfilters. Pall SQ40S, Fenwal 4C2423 and Intercept HR 18137–00 (1321). The flow rate decreased with increasing volume of filtered blood with all the microfilters (p < 0.01). When the flow rates through each type of microfilter were compared there was no significant difference between them. Screen filtration pressure was restored to normal by the Swank, Fenwal and Intercept microfilters, but remained higher after filtration through the Pall microfilter (p < 0.01). There was no evidence of red cell loss or damage with any of the microfilters after filtration.
The effects of three differing anaesthetics on the immune response
Authors: Edwards A. E. , Gemmell L. W. , Mankin P. P. , Smith C. J. , Allen J. C. , Hunter A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA clinical study was undertaken to investigate changes in the immune response in patients undergoing three differing anaesthetic techniques for inguinal hernia repair. No significant differences between anaesthetic groups were demonstrated in the haematological parameters. The value of mitogen stimulation tests was questioned in the clinical setting. The migratory component of neutrophil function was shown to be preserved following conduction anaesthesia compared to the other anaesthetic groups and its possible advantage noted.
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with sickle‐cell trait
Authors: FOX M. A. , ABBOTT T. R. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA male patient, aged 7.5 years, with known sickle cell trait, presented for correction of Fallot's tetralogy. The successful management under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is described and the behaviour of sickle haemoglobin under hypothermic conditions is discussed.
Fentanyl supplementation to inhalation anaesthesia
Authors: Ridley S. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryIn eight out of 15 healthy patients undergoing body surface surgery, the effect of a fentanyl infusion on a conventional thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane anaesthetic was studied. The fentanyl infusion (2 μg/kg/hour) reduced the induction dose of thiopentone and caused marked respiratory depression with a reduction in the patients' response to surgery. The mean arterial pressures and pulse rates were not significantly different in each group throughout the course of the operation. The fentanyl made no difference to the patients' postoperative analgesic requirements or 10 their recovery in the first 24 hours.
Adopted foster youths’ psychosocial functioning: a longitudinal perspective
Authors: Simmel Cassandra , Barth Richard P. , Brooks Devon 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTResearchers have long debated whether adopted youth manifest disproportionate levels of psychological dysfunction compared with non‐adopted youth. Yet, missing from the debate has been a clear understanding of the specific subgroups of adopted youth who may develop behaviour problems and of the risk factors associated with various vulnerable populations. This longitudinal study examined one subpopulation of adopted youth – former foster children – in order to determine their immediate and long‐term functioning, particularly in comparison with their adopted non‐foster care peers. The central goal of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of behavioural problems in adopted foster youth compared with adopted non‐foster youth and to chart the longitudinal course of their behavioural problems. Participants included adopted foster youth (n = 293) and adopted non‐foster youth (n = 312) from a statewide sample of adopted youth, aged 2–18 years. Data were collected from the adoptive parents at approximately 2, 4 and 8 years after adoption. Adoptive parents rated youths’ functioning with the Behaviour Problems Inventory. According to parental report, a striking number of the foster youth displayed behaviour problems, although the non‐foster care group of children also displayed noteworthy levels of problem behaviours. The rates of behaviour problems in both groups far exceed what is observed in the general population of children.
The effect of temperature on glutathione S‐transferase activity and glutathione content in Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass) biotypes susceptible and resistant to herbicides
Authors: MILNER L J , READE J P H , COBB A H 
Published: March 2007

SummaryHerbicide‐resistant populations of Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass) have become widespread throughout the UK since the early 1980s. Previous observations in this laboratory have demonstrated that natural climatic fluctuations caused increases in endogenous glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzyme activity in A. myosuroides plants as they mature, which is thought to be linked to herbicide resistance in this species. The present study has investigated the effects of plant growth at 10°C and 25°C, and reports GST specific activity and glutathione (GSH) pool size in resistant and susceptible A. myosuroides biotypes. Findings demonstrate differences in GST activity between resistant and susceptible populations, which are transient at lower growth temperatures. The GSH pool size was elevated at lower growth temperature in both biotypes. We speculate that these endogenous responses are part of a natural mechanism of acclimation to environmental change in this species and suggest that resistant plants are more able to adapt to environmental stress, as indicated in this instance by temperature change. These observations imply that the control of resistant A. myosuroides by graminicides may be more effective when applied at lower temperatures and at earlier growth stages.
Farm Scale Evaluations of herbicide‐tolerant crops: assessment of within‐field variation and sampling methodology for arable weeds
Authors: CLARK S J , ROTHERY P , PERRY J N , HEARD M S 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe Farm Scale Evaluations (FSEs) of genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant crops (GMHT) compared the effects of conventional and GMHT crop management regimes on weed densities. Weeds were sampled in quadrats at 5 distances along 12 transects systematically arranged within experimental half‐field treatment units. Weed densities declined with increasing distance from field margins. Random variation within transects was about 80% of the total within‐half‐field variation, i.e. relatively large variation at a small scale. The spatial autocorrelation between counts on the same transect declined as the distance between quadrats increased. Sampling schemes with fewer distances along transects required more transects but fewer quadrats to achieve similar precision as the 5‐distance scheme; on average 32 quadrats were sufficient. The frequency of detection of treatment effects (5% level) was little affected by using six or even three transects (30 and 15 quadrats respectively). However, the use of the 12 transects greatly improved the detection of treatment effects at 1% and 0.1% levels. The effectiveness of the reduced schemes for detecting differences between treatments (5% level) with as few as three transects compared with 12, reflects, in part, the relatively large treatment effects (e.g. 1.5‐fold or greater), which emerged for many of the sampling occasions. The FSEs provide an unusually extensive data set. Both the data and the methodology developed for their design and analysis are valuable for the planning of future weed sampling schemes.
Characterisation of a triazine‐resistant biotype of Bromus tectorum found in Spain
Authors: MENENDEZ J , GONZALEZ‐GUTIERREZ J , DE PRADO R 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA population of Bromus tectorum infesting an olive grove at Córdoba (Spain) survived simazine use rates of 3.0 kg a.i. ha−1 over two consecutive years. Non‐tillage olive monoculture and two annual simazine applications had been carried out for 10 years. The resistant biotype showed a higher ED50 value (7.3 kg a.i. ha−1) than that of the susceptible control (0.1 kg a.i. ha−1), a 73‐fold increase in herbicide tolerance. The use of fluorescence, Hill reaction, absorption, translocation and metabolism assays showed that simazine resistance in this biotype was caused by a modification of the herbicide target site, since chloroplasts from the resistant biotype of B. tectorum were more than 300 times less sensitive to simazine than those from the susceptible biotype. In addition, non‐treated resistant plants of B. tectorum displayed a significant reduction in the QA to QB electron transfer rate when compared with the susceptible biotype, a characteristic that has been linked to several mutations in the protein D1 conferring resistance to PS II inhibiting herbicides. Resistant plants showed cross‐resistance to other groups of triazine herbicides with the hierarchy of resistance level being methoxy‐s‐triazines ≥chloro‐s‐triazines > methylthio‐s‐triazines > cis‐triazines. The results indicate a naturally occurring target‐site point mutation is responsible for conferring resistance to triazine herbicides. This represents the first documented report of target site triazine resistance in this downy brome biotype.
Achievement of metabolic targets for diabetes by English primary care practices under a new system of incentives
Authors: Gulliford M. C. , Ashworth M. , Robotham D. , Mohiddin A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective  To analyse achievement of metabolic targets by English general practices following the introduction of a new system of incentives.Methods  Clinical data were abstracted from the records of 2099 patients at 26 general practices in South London. Cross‐sectional data for 2005 were obtained for all general practices in England, including characteristics of registered populations, practice organizational characteristics and ‘Quality and Outcomes Framework’ (QOF) metabolic targets.Results  Among 26 practices in South London, the median practice‐specific proportion of patients achieving HbA1c ≤ 7.4% each year increased: 2000, 22%; 2001, 32%; 2002, 37%; 2003, 38% and in 2005 from QOF, 57%. In 8484 general practices in England in 2005, the median proportion of diabetic patients with HbA1c ≤ 7.4% was 59.0%; the highest and lowest centiles ranged from 27.7 to 89.8% among general practices, from 46.9 to 71.0% among 303 primary care trusts and from 49.9 to 67.1.% among 28 health authorities. Comparing the highest and lowest tertiles of deprivation, the per cent achieving HbA1c ≤ 7.4% was 2.96% (95% confidence interval 2.23–3.69%) lower in the most deprived areas. In areas with the highest proportion of ethnic minorities, the per cent achieving HbA1c ≤ 7.4% was 2.73% (1.85–3.61%) lower than where there were few ethnic minorities. Practices with the highest total QOF organization scores had more patients achieving the HbA1c target (difference 5.03%, 4.43–5.64%).Conclusions  Intermediate outcomes are improving but deprived areas with less organized services achieve worse glycaemic control. Financial incentives may contribute to improved services and better clinical outcomes.