bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection and premature rupture of the membranes
Authors: Seo Kyung , McGregor James A , French Janice I 
Published: October 2008

Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) and preterm birthPreterm birth remains a paramount problem in health care worldwide. In the USA, approximately 6–10% of births occur preterm.1–3Gestational age at birth is the most important determinant of an infant's morbidity and mortality. Preterm infants account for approximately 75% of neonatal deaths,3–5as well as incalculable direct and indirect financial costs and morbidity.6–9
Immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy
Authors: Browning James , James David 
Published: October 2008

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP)1) The risks to mother and fetus have previously been overstated.2) There is no maternal test which will accurately determine fetal thrombocytopenia.3) The only reliable test for fetal thrombocytopenia is cordocentesis – this carries a higher morbidity than that of fetal intracerebral haemorrhage from ITP.4) Contrary to received wisdom, there is no evidence that, even for the most severely thrombocytopenic infant, abdominal delivery protects against intracranial haemorrhage.5) Management therefore involves keeping the maternal platelet count above 50 × 1091 and choosing the route of delivery on normal obstetric grounds.Alloimmune thrombocytopenia1) Alloimmune thrombocytopenia is commoner than hitherto believed (0.15% all neonates).2) The fetal risks are considerable: intracranial haemorrhage occurs in 4% of cases antenatally and in 10% in labour. The risks are virtually confined to those with a platelet count of less than 30 × 109l−1.3) Cordocentesis is justified for the ‘at risk’ fetus; fetal immunoglobulin or platelet therapy can be given.4) When the fetal platelet count is below 50 × 109l−1, abdominal delivery should be planned.5) A maternal screening test for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia exists (lack of P1A1 antigen).
Pregnancy immunology
Authors: Johnson Peter M , Ramsden Gordon H 
Published: October 2008

Immunology is a fast developing and intriguing biomedical science, which can give rise to specific considerations about the physiological process of both successful and unsuccessful vivparous pregnancy. It is normal in clinical organ transplantation for unmatched foreign tissues (allografts) to provoke immunological rejection by the host, unless there has been prior tissue matching (histocompatibility antigen tissue typing) or immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, it is still not fully clear how, after ‘random’ mating, haplo-nonidentical fetal tissue is able to survive in the potentially hostile immunocompetent maternal environment. The majority of pregnancies survive uninterrupted and there has now been much speculation and research regarding the immunological success of pregnancy (i.e. nature’s transplant). Medawar orginally offered four nonexclusive hypotheses to explain the enigmatic immunological survival of normal pregnancy:1) the conceptus is not immunogenic and therefore does not evoke an immunological response;2) pregnancy alters the maternal immune response;3) the uterus is an immunologically privileged site;4) the placenta is an immunological barrier between the mother and the as yet immunologically incompetent fetus.Before discussing these, as well as some of the clinical immunological problems that may arise during pregnancy, it is necessary to outline some of the basic components of the normal immune system. This will lead to a description of current understanding of immunological events at the fetomaternal interface as well as the maternal immune response in human pregnancy.
Fetal cardiovascular reflex responses to hypoxaemia
Authors: Giussani Dino A , Spencer John AD , Hanson Mark A 
Published: October 2008

The fetus mounts a coordinated cardiovascular response to an insult of acute hypoxaemia which involves neural and endocrine components. During acute hypoxaemia in late pregnancy there is a transient bradycardia, a gradual increase in arterial blood pressure and an increase in heart rate variability. In addition, there is a redistribution of the combined ventricular output favouring the cerebral, myocardial and adrenal circulations by shunting blood away from the peripheral circulations. A component of the increase in peripheral vascular resistance and the increase in arterial blood pressure during acute hypoxaemia is mediated via increases in plasma concentrations of vasoconstrictor hormones such as vasopressin, angiotensin II and neuropeptide Y. Whilst an increase in plasma ACTH and cortisol is also seen during acute hypoxaemia, their contribution to cardiovascular control in fetal sheep is less clear.Evidence has been presented to suggest that a number of these cardiovascular and endocrine responses to acute hypoxaemia are chemorefiex in nature, mediated principally by carotid chemoreceptor afferents. In addition, this reflex may be modifiable in terms of changes in magnitude and gain: first, by an influence of the intrauterine environment during chronic hypoxaemia and second, through genetic influences, in animals adapted to life at high altitude.
Smoking and reproduction
Authors: Mercelina-Roumans Patricia EAM , Ubachs JMH , van Wersch JWJ 
Published: October 2008

In the Netherlands, approximately 30% of all women of reproductive age smoke, compared with 36% of men.Cigarette smoking is associated in women with a dose-related reduction in fecundity and fertility and in men with a reduction in semen quality. Smoking has a negative effect on pregnancy: increased rates of antepartum bleeding and placenta praevia have been described. Smoking is also associated with increases in the rates of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight and perinatal death. Some tobacco-related perinatal deaths are due to an increased risk of serious malformation. Children of mothers who smoke are admitted twice as often to hospital for pulmonary problems. However, studies on maternal smoking and childhood cancer have proved inconclusive.
The relationship between Maude Abbott and Helen Taussig: connecting the historical dots
Authors: Evans William N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe literature has scant documentation of the relationship between the important founders of paediatric cardiology, Maude Abbott and Helen Taussig. Recently discovered entries in the diaries kept by Maude Abbott provide evidence for a close connection between them. Further evidence suggests that their association was complex, and influenced by outside factors, such as their difference in age and era-related notoriety. In this review, I attempt to define more clearly the relationship between these two early icons of paediatric cardiology.
The difficulty in diagnosing idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy, its variation in presentation, and the importance of autopsy
Authors: Hault Kathrin , Sebire Neil J. , Ho Siew Y. , Sheppard Mary N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIdiopathic calcification of the coronary arteries is a rare hereditary condition of infancy. Complications include cardiac ischaemia, cardiac failure, and systemic hypertension. We present three patients with this condition, which in each case masqueraded as other cardiac diseases, with no indication of the specific diagnosis prior to autopsy.A 5 month old female presented with respiratory failure and hypertension and died within 24 hours of admission. All the coronary arteries were thick-walled, with narrow lumens. The aorta, great vessels, and renal arteries also showed thickening of the wall. Histology confirmed calcium in the internal elastic lamina of all vessels. The second patient was a female baby of 2 months, diagnosed with a large ventricular septal defect. She died suddenly prior to surgery. At autopsy, the orifice of the right coronary artery was reduced to a pinhole. The coronary arteries showed white patches of calcification, with associated ventricular infarction. The third patient was an 11 year old female who presented with cardiac failure, and had been diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Two weeks later, she died suddenly. The coronary arteries were patent, but firm with calcification and narrowed, with associated ventricular infarction. Our experience shows that idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy should always be considered in infants and children presenting with hypertension, cardiac failure, or sudden death.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Eating Disorders
Authors: Cooper Zafra , Shafran Roz 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe eating disorders provide one of the strongest indications for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). This bold claim arises from two sources: first, the fact that eating disorders are essentially cognitive disorders and second, the demonstrated effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, which has led to the widespread acceptance that CBT is the treatment of choice. In this paper the cognitive behavioural approach to the understanding and treatment of eating disorders will be described. A brief summary of the evidence for this account and of the data supporting the efficacy and effectiveness of this form of treatment will be provided. Challenges for the future development and dissemination of the treatment will be identified.
Brian Wilson’s Pet Sounds
Authors: LAMBERT PHILIP 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPet Sounds, the landmark Beach Boys album of 1966, has received wide acclaim as one of rock’s first ‘concept albums’. It also represents a milestone in the artistic evolution of the group’s primary creative force, Brian Wilson. A thorough examination of the texts and music of the songs of Pet Sounds reveals a unified art work projecting a coherent textual narrative. Songs are associated and interrelated via recurrent motives and harmonic patterns, expressing extremely personal themes of romance and heartbreak. The musical ideas are mostly culminations of Brian Wilson’s earlier work – they are the ‘pet sounds’ that he had been raising and nurturing since the early 1960s – but they appear here in an unprecedented artistic context. Despite Wilson’s continued, if sporadic, productivity in the decades that followed, including the ill-fated Smile project, Pet Sounds stands as his crowning artistic achievement, an album with vast appeal and broad influence.
Natural acidophilic biofilm communities reflect distinct organismal and functional organization
Authors: Wilmes Paul , Remis Jonathan P , Hwang Mona , Auer Manfred , Thelen Michael P , Banfield Jillian F 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Pellicle biofilms colonize the air–solution interface of underground acid mine drainage (AMD) streams and pools within the Richmond Mine (Iron Mountain, Redding, CA, USA). They exhibit relatively low species richness and, consequently, represent good model systems to study natural microbial community structure. Fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with epifluorescent microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed spatially and temporally defined microbial assemblages. Leptospirillum group II dominates the earliest developmental stages of stream pellicles. With increasing biofilm maturity, the proportion of archaea increases in conjunction with the appearance of eukaryotes. In contrast, mature pool pellicles are stratified with a densely packed bottom layer of Leptospirillum group II, a less dense top layer composed mainly of archaea and no eukarya. Immunohistochemical detection of Leptospirillum group II cytochrome 579 indicates a high abundance of this protein at the interface of the biofilm with the AMD solution. Consequently, community architecture, which most likely develops in response to chemical gradients across the biofilm, is reflected at the functional gene expression level.
Effects of temperature on growth rate and gross growth efficiency of an Antarctic bacterivorous protist
Authors: Rose Julie M , Vora Neil M , Countway Peter D , Gast Rebecca J , Caron David A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effects of temperature on the growth rate and gross growth efficiency (GGE) of the heterotrophic nanoflagellate, Paraphysomonas imperforata, cultured from the Ross Sea, Antarctica were investigated using five experimental temperatures (range=0–20 °C). This bacterivorous protist exhibited measurable growth over the temperature range examined, although temperature exerted a significant effect on its growth rate. There was no evidence for an effect of temperature on GGE. The growth rates and GGE of our Antarctic P. imperforata isolate were compared to values reported for other cultures of species from this genus. A wide range of growth efficiencies have been reported for different strains of Paraphysomonas spp., but our estimates were comparable to mean/median values reported in the literature. The growth rates of our Antarctic P. imperforata were similar to rates obtained for an Arctic conspecific at low temperatures (0–5 °C), among the highest reported rates for any Paraphysomonas species at intermediate temperatures (10–15 °C) and similar to rates reported for temperate congeners and conspecifics at 20 °C. Q10 values of 15, 2.2, 3.6 and 0.93 were calculated for growth rates at 5 °C intervals between 0 and 20 °C, respectively. Results indicated that our Antarctic P. imperforata grew at rates comparable to other polar isolates at ambient polar temperatures, but these low temperatures may be outside the physiological optimum for the isolate.
Differences Between the 1993 and 2007 Standards for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology
Authors: Cosby Janel , Figueroa Christina Marie , Allen Rose L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Individuals applying for their initial American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A) must now adhere to the 2007 Certification Standards in Audiology (ASHA, 2008). The standards, which took effect on January 1, 2007, require a doctoral degree for persons who apply for certification after December 31, 2011. This article compares the 1993 and 2007 Standards for Certification in Audiology and discusses the major differences, such as length of the practicum experience, assignment of patients/clients, the number and type of clock hours, and supervision requirements.
Relationships Between Students' Self-Perceived Supervisory Needs and End of Semester Outcomes
Authors: Hart Pam , Turner Greg , Duesing Blaine , Galley Deborah , Harlan Carl , Turner Joni , Wilson Jim , Zimmer Beverly Jean , de Jonge Robert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAccording to the 2008 Standards for Accreditation of Graduate Education Programs in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2008), pre-professional programs must demonstrate how the nature and amount of clinical supervision are adjusted to reflect the individual needs and skills of student clinicians. The purpose of this study was to analyze predictive relationships among student clinician responses to a modified version of Larson’s Supervisory Needs Rating Scale (1981) and variables including (a) current GPA, (b) whether the student was at the undergraduate or graduate level, (c) number of previous semesters of clinical practicum experience, (d) cumulative number of clinical clock hours obtained, (e) grade received for the clinical practicum experience during this study, and (f) score as calculated from the departmental clinical Knowledge and Skills Acquisition (KASA) form in an attempt to find early identification markers for student clinicians who require extra support in clinical practicum assignments. Based on student clinician responses to survey items, two factors were revealed: Supervisory Instructional Behaviors and Supervisory Communicative Behaviors. Correlations between these factors and the end of semester student variables were calculated. One significant relationship between Supervisory Instructional Behaviors and student Grade Point Average was found. Results and implications of this finding and the need for future research of effective supervisory practices are presented.
Reflections on a Rubric Used to Facilitate Accurate and Informative Assessment
Authors: Lee-Wilkerson Dorian , Chabon Shelly S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article discusses the reasons for creating a rubric to facilitate and assess student learning and its application in a Communication Sciences and Disorders course. The rationale for using reflection as a method of‘ “informed assessment” is presented, the rubric is described, and a summary of the course and learning activities that provided the framework for the student reflections is provided. An example of how the rubric may be used to guide and structure reflections as a part of experiential learning and informed assessment is also provided.
Benefits and Characteristics of Mentoring Students and Young Professionals
Authors: Mills Kristal 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMentoring has long been believed to be an effective means of developing students' clinical, research, and teaching skills to become competent professionals. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has developed two online mentoring programs, Student to Empowered Professional (S.T.E.P. 1:1) and Mentoring Academic Research Careers (MARC), to aid in the development of students. This paper provides a review of the literature on mentoring and compares and contrasts mentoring/mentors with clinical supervision/preceptors. Characteristics of effective mentors and mentees are offered. Additionally, the benefits of clinical mentoring such as, teambuilding in the workplace, retention of new staff, leadership development, and improved job satisfaction are discussed.
The Clinician Directed Hierarchy: A Clinical Training Tool
Authors: Duthie Jill K. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Clinical supervisors in university based clinical settings are challenged by numerous tasks to promote the development of self-analysis and problem-solving skills of the clinical student (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA, 1985). The Clinician Directed Hierarchy is a clinical training tool that assists the clinical teaching process by directing the student clinician’s focus to a specific level of intervention. At each of five levels of intervention, the clinician develops an understanding of the client’s speech/language target behaviors and matches clinical support accordingly. Additionally, principles and activities of generalization are highlighted for each intervention level. Preliminary findings suggest this is a useful training tool for university clinical settings. An essential goal of effective clinical supervision is the provision of support and guidance in the student clinician’s development of independent clinical skills (Larson, 2007). The student clinician is challenged with identifying client behaviors in the therapeutic process and learning to match his or her instructions, models, prompts, reinforcement, and use of stimuli appropriately according to the client’s needs. In addition, the student clinician must be aware of techniques in the intervention process that will promote generalization of new communication behaviors. Throughout the intervention process, clinicians are charged with identifying appropriate target behaviors, quantifying the progress of the client’s acquisition of the targets, and making adjustments within and between sessions as necessary. Central to the development of clinical skills is the feedback provided by the clinical supervisor (Brasseur, 1989; Moss, 2007). Particularly in the early stages of clinical skills development, the supervisor is challenged with addressing numerous aspects of clinical performance and awareness, while ensuring the client’s welfare (Moss). To address the management of clinician and client behaviors while developing an understanding of the clinical intervention process, the University of the Pacific has developed and begun to implement the Clinician Directed Hierarchy.
The Use of Supplementary Podcasting as an Instructional Tool in an Online Classroom Setting
Authors: Friberg Jennifer C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The use of podcasting is incredibly widespread, with experts estimating that 60 million Americans will be using podcasting in some form by 2010. The use of podcasting has grown beyond entertainment to become an educational tool, showing promise as a way to disseminate information and create networks of professional learners. However, despite the growing clinical and educational uses of podcasting in other professional disciplines, podcasting is being used primarily as a continuing education tool for speech-language pathologists and audiologists at this time. This article provides guidelines and examines the potential applications for use of podcasting in teaching and learning in communication sciences and disorders.
Expanding Assessment Needs and State Eligibility Criteria
Authors: Thormann Sheryl 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Speech and language intervention in the public schools is shaped by factors such as curriculum access, service in the least restrictive environment, service to students in natural settings, and functional outcomes. Given that speech and language intervention is characterized in these expanded contexts, we need to make sure our methods of assessment include procedures to show this. It is also important to look at how this fits into our state's speech and language eligibility criteria. The use of formal testing with norm-referenced tests is not always appropriate or feasible to understanding and determining a student's communication skills. Data from both standardized tests and alternative procedures are essential for the documentation of a child's communication skills.
Cross-Cultural Assessment of Young Children's Language and Literacy Development
Authors: Losardo Angela , Notari-Syverson Angela , Coleman Thalia , Botts Dawn C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Speech-language pathologists are faced with an increasing demand to conduct language and literacy assessments for children who are from cultures different from their own. Cross-cultural assessment is challenging. This article outlines the conditions necessary for successful implementation of culturally appropriate models of assessment. Alternative approaches to assessment are proposed that will guide speech-language pathologists about where, when, and how to assess children. Embedded approaches, authentic approaches, mediated approaches, and comprehensive models offer the speech-language pathologist the option of using assessment activities which can be adapted to match the needs of the child being assessed. And finally, ideas for family-professional collaboration in the assessment of young children's language and literacy development are provided.