bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual selection in insects in times of climate change
Authors: Buzatto Bruno A. , Silva Daniel P. , Peixoto Paulo Enrique C. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Elaborate sexual ornaments and weapons used in extravagant displays and ritualistic combats are among the most fascinating traits in nature. The evolution of this morphological and behavioral diversity is usually studied focusing on how selection operates via interactions between competitors of the same sex or mating partners. However, abiotic factors also play a significant role in the evolution of behavior and morphology, creating links between climate and the expression of sexually selected traits. This chapter explores different ways in which climate change (CC) may affect the evolution of insect ornaments and weapons directly or indirectly by affecting processes related to mate choice, intra-sexual competition, alternative mating tactics and intra-sexual dimorphisms. It also discusses how sexual dimorphism and species recognition mechanisms might be affected by CC. Finally, the chapter discusses the relationship between the strength of sexual selection and how insect species can adapt to environmental change.
Changes in insect population dynamics due to climate change
Authors: Boggs Carol L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change can modify the population dynamics of insects. In this instance, “climate” encompasses temperature and precipitation patterns, including dry season or snow cover duration and timing. Also included are changes in both climate means and variances. Insect declines in response to climate change are real but population dynamics are heterogeneous across space and taxa. Both rates of climate change and the location of a population within its climate envelope affect the outcome. Our understanding is currently limited by five factors. First, insect monitoring studies cover a narrow geographic range. Second, other anthropogenic changes, such as land-use change, jointly affect the results of climate change on insect dynamics. Third, species interactions may be affected by climate change, with resulting indirect effects on insect dynamics. Fourth, our understanding of the underlying physiological and fitness response to weather extremes is still limited for insects. Fifth, we have an insufficient understanding of the dynamics of changes in vital rates, which control population dynamics, in response to climate change. This chapter examines these factors, with an emphasis on temperate and arctic species.
Evidence of climate change effects on insect diversity
Authors: Del-Claro Kleber , da Costa Silva Vitor Miguel , Calixto Eduardo S. , de Oliveira Elliot Centeno , Pereira Iasmim , Anjos Diego , Torezan-Silingardi Helena Maura , Moura Renan Fernandes 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Socioeconomic advances caused profound changes in human lives during the last centuries. Currently, billions of people are living and thriving on Earth, but such prosperity comes with a cost. Biodiversity loss has reached alarming levels, and insects are especially vulnerable to human impacts and climate change. This chapter provides the state of knowledge on human-driven impacts on insect diversity, and how climate change boosts such impacts. Insect diversity has been devastated by habitat change, over-exploitation of resources, pesticide use and pollution and invasive species. Additionally, biodiversity loss of organisms such as plants and vertebrates represents an additional blow that hastens the impact on insect diversity and ecological interactions. Insects are the most abundant group of animals on the planet, and their loss risks many ecosystem functions (e.g., pollination), causing cascade effects that threaten our survival. Thus, a global and coordinated effort should be made to preserve and recover insect diversity.
Climate change disrupts insect biotic interactions
Authors: Luna Pedro , Dáttilo Wesley 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There is growing evidence showing that insect diversity is rapidly decaying due to direct and indirect impacts derived from climate change. However, most studies have only focused on how current and future changes in climate may affect insect diversity, physiology and behavior, neglecting their numerous biotic interactions with different organisms. In view of the lack of a conceptual framework for this subject, this chapter summarizes the current knowledge on insect biotic interactions and the potential cascading effects associated with their biotic interactions with different trophic levels. The chapter starts by synthesizing how biotic interactions involving insects are threatened by climate change, which could generate cascading effects, focusing on both antagonistic (i.e., herbivory, granivory and host–parasite systems) and mutualistic (i.e., pollination and seed dispersal) relationships. The chapter discusses the potential mechanisms that should buffer cascading effects trough different trophic levels and how they can maintain ecosystem integrity and functioning. Finally, the authors identify current knowledge gaps and propose future directions in the study of cascading effects in insect biotic interactions in the context of climate change.
Refugia from climate change, and their influence on the diversity and conservation of insects
Authors: Ursul Guim , Mingarro Mario , Cancela Juan Pablo , Helena Romo , Wilson Robert J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change refugia are landscapes, topographic features or ecosystems that buffer organisms against exposure to climate change by providing conditions that are stable or spatially heterogeneous (macrorefugia) or distinct from their surroundings (microrefugia). Refugia allow taxa to persist through unfavorable climatic conditions and act as foci for subsequent recovery or range expansion, and could therefore underpin measures for adapting conservation to climate change. This chapter outlines physical and microclimatic features of refugia, and the evidence for their influence on insect responses to historical and recent climate change. It considers how vulnerability to climate change depends on how climate varies over space and time in refugia, but also on biotic traits (endemism, narrow climatic tolerance or habitat specialism) that may increase climate change sensitivity for species occupying these locations. The chapter concludes by reviewing proposals and remaining challenges for the practical application of climate change refugia to insect conservation.
Improving our understanding of insect responses to climate change
Authors: González-Tokman Daniel , Gasperin Ornela De , Dáttilo Wesley 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Despite the central importance of insects to ecosystem multifunctionality, this book reveals that our current knowledge about how insects respond to climate change is limited by several key aspects: (i) the lack of long-term data monitoring population dynamics, including declines, shifts, expansions and extinctions; (ii) the low evidence available regarding the effects of climate change in some geographical regions, mainly the tropics, despite their high biodiversity; (iii) a taxonomic bias where a few insect orders have been studied in detail whereas others remain mostly unstudied; (iv) the effect of climate change interacting with other stressors such as habitat loss, pollution and exotic species remains mostly unexplored; and (v) the effects of species losses or gains on ecosystem functioning are constrained by cascading effects, which have been overlooked in insects. This chapter describes these aspects and the importance of considering them in further studies in order to have an integrated view of how insects respond to climate change.
Future Perspectives in Medical Education
Authors: Cohen Debbie , Kitchen Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Medical education is a complex system that forms a foundation of medical practice. While much effort continues to be made to create safe, sustainable, positive environments for people to learn and work in, evidence from across the globe and the experience of COVID-19 has shown that this is not the case. The reality is that both medical education and medical practice are failing systems which we would argue are no longer fit for purpose. This chapter will present the reader with the challenge of taking a step back and considering what we can learn from other systems to support medicine and medical education to do what is required; to make a system-level shift and create a future healthcare environment where patients, students, staff, and the communities around them can not only grow, but flourish in a sustainable and regenerative way.
Indonesia
Authors: Citraningtyas Theresia , Lili Rossalina , Cipta Darien Alfa , Kloping Nabila Ananda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Burnout is a serious problem among medical students in Indonesia. This book chapter will present the extent of the problem of burnout among medical students in Indonesia and provide a brief overview of the context of the medical education system. We aim to better understand potential factors that contribute to burnout related to three aspects: academic pressures, socioeconomic issues, and psychosocial factors. These three aspects align with systemic issues in medical education, social context for certain groups, and individual risk factors. We will then look at changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion then leads to a call to action for changes in the medical education system and provision of specific supports for students.
Italy
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Sampogna Gaia , Fiorillo Andrea 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
University students, and medical students in particular, are a vulnerable group reporting higher rates of mental disorders and substance misuse than the general population. Studies on samples of Italian Medical Students report rates of depressive symptoms reaching 21% and rates of cigarettes, energy drink, and alcohol use ranging from 15 to 86%. It has been demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to additional perceived stress with an increase in psychological morbidity among medical students. Further research is needed to describe associated factors and variables related to the higher risk for mental disorders among students, and more specific systematic preventive and therapeutic interventions should be promoted in university settings.
Nepal
Authors: Kafle Bikram 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background: Mental health problems among medical students are highly prevalent internationally. There have been very few studies however in Nepal. Various studies conducted in Nepal have shown depression, anxiety, and burnout to be high in medical students. Medical students are exposed to various academic and psychosocial stressors thought to be typical of the medical school environment that may detrimentally affect their mental health, such as difficult academic environments, heavy study workload, sleeplessness, and exposure to serious illness. These issues can result in significant anxiety or mood disorders, compromise academic attainment, and heighten the risk of medical errors, dropout, alcohol and substance abuse, and suicide. Timely recognition of mental health problems is imperative to avert psychiatric illness. Training on early identification and management of stress to medical students would be helpful. Further studies are required to identify the factors associated with poor mental health.
Sri Lanka
Authors: Dahanayake Dulangi , Wickramasinghe Anuprabha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Medical undergraduate training in Sri Lanka is evolving to keep up with changing healthcare needs of the local population and global trends in medical education. In Sri Lanka, as elsewhere, the definition and measurement of mental wellbeing remains a challenge. Medical undergraduates face significant mental health problems including stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression in this setting. Various factors including (but not limited to) characteristics of individuals, the medical course, and the wider sociocultural, economic, and political milieu determine these adverse impacts. There is an established system within Sri Lankan universities to support the mental wellbeing of medical undergraduates, which at present appears to be underutilized. Institutions need to adopt methods to keep up with the changing needs of medical students and to enhance accessibility for all undergraduates.
Medical Student Reflections
Authors: Farrell Sarah Marie , Schranz Amy , Philip Sharad , Koury Hannah , Daler Harmani , Kloping Nabila Ananda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Five students from different countries present their personal narratives of life as a medical student. Each has their own story navigating through a complex mix of issues, from the shame of not being able to answer questions when asked, to difficulties of learning during a global pandemic, to physical disability, and/or poor mental health. We begin to see the complex journey each student has and how this shapes their thoughts on what life will be like as a doctor. Despite their deep understanding of the pressure of studying medicine and despite having been hit hard by the process, for the most part our students are positive about the outlook going forward, showing a commendable resilience and strength. They identify their needs, spot flaws in the system, and where possible, try and create their own tools to navigate their way through.
Considering the Needs of Those Studying Medicine Abroad
Authors: Agrawal Sapna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As the world becomes increasingly globalized, with easier migration of students and graduates, the importance of understanding different cultures and learning from each other has become more important. All education systems should change and adapt their syllabuses to include more globally relevant curricula to include these requirements to remain competitive and avoid their courses becoming obsolete. Not moulding themselves to this new world will place their students at a disadvantage in the global job market. This chapter examines international medical students’ challenges and the strategies the host countries may use to reduce these. It should be noted that though the issues faced by international students are universal, they are written here mainly from a British perspective. As many international medical students become international medical graduates, the chapter also discusses some issues about these graduates.
Substance Misuse Amongst Medical Students
Authors: Irvine Kate , Mohan Christopher , O’Neill Eimear , Cannon Mary 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Interest in substance use disorder (SUD) in medical students and physicians is driven by high prevalence and potential consequences of substance misuse on the general public. There is an association between substance use by physicians and the decreased ability to detect, treat and educate against SUD in patients, and they can also over-prescribe addictive substances. Medical students have increased absenteeism and increased exam failure when misusing substances. Substances can be broadly broken into three categories:
What is Being Done, and Does It Work?
Authors: Kaplan Jay 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Medical students suffer from burnout, particularly as they progress into their clinical years. The National Academy of Medicine has created a conceptual model of clinician wellbeing that notes that 75% of burnout is related to the work environment rather than personal resilience skills. Medical schools and national organizations such as the American Medical Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education are taking active steps to decrease medical student burnout and make the clinical environment more conducive to a lifelong commitment to the practice of medicine. The time to prevent burnout by addressing the environmental contributors and building resilience skills must be early during the education and training of those wanting to pursue medicine as a profession.
Conclusions
Authors: Molodynski Andrew , Farrell Sarah Marie , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion of the book draws together the key themes from what has gone before. It begins by outlining the significant challenges identified and discussed throughout the book such as globalization, the changing nature of societies and their expectations, and the internet. The current situation faced by medical students, as described int eh country reports, is then briefly described before a look to the future and call for action. The conclusion also introduces a key aspect of the book and a tool for readers—our medical school charter. We hope that this will be widely used to identify and support good practice and equally to identify areas where there is unmet need to allow for positive change and better support of our students.
Introduction
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of the existing literature, objectives for the study and positionality whereby the author discusses how this work sits within the field of Islamic feminism, which is itself not a monolith, but also how it contributes to other fields within Islamic studies such as ḥadīth studies, Islamic legal theory, and even translation studies. The Introduction also expresses the aspirations for the book to inform activists and the broader Muslim community, particularly women and their allies in the activism towards gender-just realizations of Islam. It also provides an overview of the book.
The Kaleidoscope of Configurations
Authors: Hong Meiling , Spigel Ben 
Published: March 2024

AbstractVariation in entrepreneurial ecosystems between places is as much due to the different varieties of actors as to the varieties of institutional forces. However, we know less about the individual and organizational actors who constitute entrepreneurial ecosystems, and most current work has focused on the types of resources and institutions in thriving ecosystems. To fill this research gap, this chapter introduces an actor/role configurations perspective to understand the kaleidoscope of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. A role is a set of functions an actor takes on that contributes to the ecosystem’s development, functioning, or reproduction. To investigate the multiple roles that ecosystem actors take on and how these roles shift across different economic and cultural contexts, we analyse eighty semi-structured interviews with technology entrepreneurs in three Canadian entrepreneurial ecosystems: Waterloo, Calgary, and Ottawa. We find that in entrepreneurial ecosystems, actors take on multiple roles, but these actor/role configurations depend on varied local contexts. This demonstrates that entrepreneurial ecosystems are not homogeneous entities; rather, regional contexts lead to different actor/role configurations, creating a kaleidoscope of entrepreneurial ecosystem forms.
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in European Union Regions
Authors: Szerb László , Lafuente Esteban , Komlósi Éva 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While the entrepreneurship ecosystem literature has gone through a rapid expansion over the past decade, it is still in an early phase in terms of its theoretical and conceptual development. Complexity theory provides a suitable way to study the emergence of new structures, to describe the relationship among the system elements, and to examine the time-evolving dynamics of the constituents. In this chapter we provide a short, dynamic, complexity theory-based theoretical underpinning of the regional ecosystem measure, the Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI). Moreover, we also enhance the REDI methodology by building on the Benefit of the Doubt (BOD) weighting technique. This weighting system reflects a value judgement on what are the optimal configurations of REDI constituents. This approach, based on homogeneous (across regions) and fixed (across pillars) weights, ignores region-specific heterogeneity, which may obscure policymaking processes. However, if policymakers are given objective, non-arbitrary information about the importance of REDI pillars, resource allocation should follow an economically meaningful process. Quantity improvements are ensured if additional resources are deployed, but for an equal quantitative change in the REDI score enhancements will be qualitatively superior if policymakers target a clear set of priorities. Based on the BOD enhanced REDI (REDI BOD) scores and the fourteen pillars of REDI, we provide REDI (BOD) scores for 124 European Union (EU) regions, conduct a grouping by cluster analysis, and offer policy suggestions for twenty-three large EU city-regions.
Anchor Tenants
Authors: Harima Aki 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems are characterized by the lack of connections and interactions between various actors and have, therefore, weak social capital. To advance the evolutionary stage of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, interconnectedness among ecosystem stakeholders needs to be strengthened and diversified. While the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature emphasizes the importance of social capital for entrepreneurial ecosystem development, it has not paid sufficient attention to how social capital is created within ecosystems. This study sheds light on the role of anchor tenants, central actors in the ecosystem governance of nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems, in creating ecosystem-level social capital. This study conducted two case studies of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The first entrepreneurial ecosystem is located in Latin America (Case LA), where a large public accelerator backed by the government significantly formed a large start-up community. The second ecosystem is in Southern Africa (Case SA), where a smaller, private co-work space/business incubator contributed to changing the manner of stakeholder interactions, which led to the creation of a larger start-up community. Based on the within- and between-case analyses of these two ecosystems, this study revealed that anchor tenants create ecosystem-level social capital with a cycling mechanism of three consecutive steps: (1) creating bonding social capital, (2) creating bridging social capital, and (3) converting bridging into bonding social capital. The findings extend the current understandings of early ecosystem evolution by illuminating anchor tenants’ social capital creation activities and offer implications for social capital theory by examining the interplay between bonding and bridging social capital.
Universities within the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Authors: Johnston Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) has emerged as a popular concept, capturing the systemic nature of entrepreneurship whereby value creation results from the interaction of multiple actors. However, the concept has been criticized for being under-theorized, overlooking the roles of knowledge generators such as universities, and taking a static approach. Given these criticisms, this chapter presents a conceptual model of the EE that outlines the roles of universities and the process of co-evolution, whereby each may promote change in the other. Furthermore, the chapter explores how both the determinism and reactiveness of the university can influence the evolution of the EE. Finally, several further questions are proposed to further develop understanding of universities and EEs.