bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of topical treatment of sodium butyrate and 5-aminosalicylic acid on expression of trefoil factor 3, interleukin 1β, and nuclear factor κB in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats
Authors: Song M , Xia B , Li J 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background and Aims
Butyrate enemas have been shown to be effective in treatment of ulcerative colitis, but the mechanism of the effects of butyrate is not totally known. This study evaluates effects of topical treatment of sodium butyrate (NaB) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) on the expression of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), interleukin 1β (IL1β), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in rats.

Methods
Distal colitis was induced in male Wistar rats by colonic administration of TNBS and colonically treated with NaB, 5-ASA, combination of NaB and 5-ASA, and normal saline for 14 consecutive days. Colonic damage score, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, TFF3 mRNA expression, serum IL1β production, and tissue NFκB expression were determined, respectively.

Results
Treatment of NaB, 5-ASA, and the combination improved diarrhoea, colonic damage score, and MPO activities, increased TFF3 mRNA expression, and decreased serum IL1β production and tissue NFκB expression. The combination therapy of NaB and 5-ASA had better effects than any other single treatment.

Conclusions
The combination of topical treatment of NaB and 5-ASA was effective for relieving and repairing colonic inflammation and the effects were related to stimulation of TFF3 mRNA expression and down-regulation of IL1β production and NFκB expression.
Management of acute renal failure
Authors: Fry A C , Farrington K 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Acute renal failure is a common condition, frequently encountered in both community practice and hospital inpatients. While it remains a heterologous condition, following basic principles makes investigation straightforward, and initial management follows a standard pathway in most patients. This article shows this, advises on therapeutic strategies, including those in special situations, and should help the clinician in deciding when to refer to a nephrologist, and when to consider renal replacement therapy.
Adoptive Transfer of CD4+T Cells Reactive to Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Aggravates Atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhou Xinghua , Robertson Anna-Karin L. , Hjerpe Charlotta , Hansson Göran K. 
Published: February 2006

Objective—Atherosclerosis is associated with immune responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The presence of activated macrophages and T cells in lesions suggests that cell-mediated immune reactions are taking place during the disease process. However, the role of specific immune responses has remained unclear. We have previously shown that transfer of CD4+T cells from apolipoprotein E knockout mice (apoE−/−) into immunodeficient apoE−/−scid/scidmice accelerates disease.Methods and Results—To test whether this effect is dependent on specific disease-associated antigens, purified CD4+T cells from oxLDL-immunized mice were transferred into apoE−/−scid/scidmice. CD4+T cells from mice immunized with a nonrelevant antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and naïve CD4+T cells were used as controls. After 12 weeks, all mice that received T cells had larger lesions than untouched apoE−/−scid/scidcontrols. However, mice receiving CD4+T cells from oxLDL immunized mice had substantially accelerated lesion progression compared with those receiving naive or KLH-primed T cells. Circulating levels of interferon-γ were increased in proportion to the acceleration of atherosclerosis.Conclusion—These data show that adoptive transfer of purified CD4+ T cells from oxLDL-immunized mice accelerates atherosclerosis. They support the notion that Th1 cellular immunity is proatherogenic and identify oxLDL as a culprit autoantigen.
Why does Origen Refer to the Trinitarian Authorship of Scripture in Book 4 of Peri Archon?
Authors:   Martens
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere are only two passages in Peri Archon where Origen refers to the trinitarian authorship of Scripture. Both of these passages have, however, elicited either little or misleading commentary from the literature. In this article I will show how these two trinitarian expressions play a decisive role in Origen's larger polemic against his main exegetical adversaries, the Jews and the Gnostics. At stake is the identification of the authorship of Scripture and, thus also, its resulting message.
Surface modification of bentonites. III. Sol-gel transitions of Na-montmorillonite in the presence of trimethylammonium- end-capped poly(ethylene oxides)
Authors: Lagaly G. , Ziesmer S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe colloidal state (sol, flocs, gels) of Na-montmorillonite dispersions (from bentonite from Bavaria, Germany) was adjusted by the addition of poly(ethylene oxides) with terminal trimethylammonium groups. The colloidal state of the dispersions changed with the molar mass of these end-capped poly(ethylene oxides). The sol-gel diagrams (up to 4.5% (w/w) montmorillonite) in the presence of TMA-PEO 1500 and TMA-PEO 4000 (up to 40 g/l) were characterized by large fields of gel whereas TMA-PEO 20000 and TMA-PEO 35000 caused peptization by steric stabilization. Even dispersions with the highest montmorillonite content (4.5%) were peptized by >0.2 g/l TMA-PEO 35000. The critical coagulation concentration of NaCl was increased by the polymer addition, but the increase was modest (from 8-12 mmol/l to 50 mmol/l). The changes of the colloidal state, the flow behaviour and the salt coagulation reveal the sensitive interplay between stabilization mechanisms (electrostatic, steric) and destabilization effects (bridging, charge compensation, depletion flocculation).
Grafted organic derivatives of kaolinite: I. Synthesis, chemical and rheological characterization
Authors: Gardolinski J. E. F. C. , Lagaly G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral new interlayer-grafted derivatives of kaolinite were synthesized by esterification of inner-surface hydroxyl groups with alkanols, diols and glycol mono-ethers starting with the dimethyl sulphoxide intercalate. The derivatives were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The grafted molecules are arranged in monolayers between the kaolinite layers, with typical basal spacings of ~11.3 Å. Rheological studies of aqueous dispersions of the modified kaolinites revealed an exponential increase of the yield value and apparent viscosity with increasing alkyl chain length of the grafted molecules.
Grafted organic derivatives of kaolinite: II. Intercalation of primary n-alkylamines and delamination
Authors: Gardolinski J. E. F. C. , Lagaly G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractKaolinite was intercalated with n-hexylamine, n-octadecylamine and n-docosanamine, using methanol-kaolinite as the precursor. The intercalation compound with n-docosanamine presented the largest basal spacing for a kaolinite derivative thus far reported (64.2 Å). Five grafted derivatives of kaolinite were directly intercalated with n-hexyl- and n-octadecylamine. During intercalation, the grafted molecules rearrange from parallel to perpendicular orientation to the kaolinite surface, in order to maximize the interaction with the amine and minimize the interlayer expansion needed. The octadecylamine intercalation compounds were delaminated in toluene, accompanied by the deintercalation of the amine molecules. Thin kaolinite particles rolled into a halloysite-like morphology, but forming much smaller tubes, some of which possibly consist of single kaolinite layers. The delamination was more efficient with the grafted kaolinites than with raw kaolinite.
KLF2 provokes a gene expression pattern that establishes functional quiescent differentiation of the endothelium
Authors: Dekker Rob J. , Boon Reinier A. , Rondaij Mariska G. , Kragt Astrid , Volger Oscar L. , Elderkamp Yvonne W. , Meijers Joost C. M. , Voorberg Jan , Pannekoek Hans , Horrevoets Anton J. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe flow-responsive transcription factor KLF2 is acquiring a leading role in the regulation of endothelial cell gene expression. A genome-wide microarray expression profiling is described employing lentivirus-mediated, 7-day overexpression of human KLF2 at levels observed under prolonged flow. KLF2 is not involved in lineage typing, as 42 endothelial-specific markers were unaffected. Rather, KLF2 generates a gene transcription profile (> 1000 genes) affecting key functional pathways such as cell migration, vasomotor function, inflammation, and hemostasis and induces a morphology change typical for shear exposure including stress fiber formation. Protein levels for thrombomodulin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 are altered to atheroprotective levels, even in the presence of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. KLF2 attenuates cell migration by affecting multiple genes including VEGFR2 and the potent antimigratory SEMA3F. The distribution of Weibel-Palade bodies in cultured cell populations is normalized at the single-cell level without interfering with their regulated, RalA-dependent release. In contrast, thrombin-induced release of Weibel-Palade bodies is significantly attenuated, consistent with the proposed role of VWF release at low–shear stress regions of the vasculature in atherosclerosis. These results establish that KLF2 acts as a central transcriptional switch point between the quiescent and activated states of the adult endothelial cell.
Regulation of human lung epithelial cell numbers by diesel exhaust particles
Authors: Bayram H. , Ito K. , Issa R. , Ito M. , Sukkar M. , Chung K. F. 
Published: February 2006

Particulate air pollution is associated with respiratory morbidity and has cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects. The effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 lung epithelial cells were examined.When deprived of serum (serum starvation), epithelial cell numbers fell, but DEP (5–200 µg·mL−1) prevented this. Using flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide (PI) staining, DEP (10 µg·mL−1) increased cells in the S phase of cell cycle from 12.85 to 18.75% after 48 h, reversing serum starvation-induced G0/1arrest. DEP also reduced the increase in apoptotic cells, as defined by double expression of annexin V/PI, observed after serum starvation (from 28.35 to 15.46%). The antioxidants,N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 33 mM) and AEOL10113 (10–100 µM), the N-terminal c-jun kinase inhibitor, SP600125 (33 µM), and nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, SN50 (33 µM), inhibited DEP-induced cell number increase. NAC inhibited DEP-induced reduction of G0/1and increase in cells in the S and G2/M phases. Expression of p21CIP1/WAF1mRNA and protein seen with serum starvation was reduced by DEP.In conclusion, diesel exhaust particles prevented serum starvation-led decreases in A549 epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle progression and preventing apoptosis, processes involving oxidative stress, inhibition of p21CIP1/WAF1expression and stimulation of N-terminal c-jun kinase and nuclear factor-κB. Therefore, low-dose diesel exhaust particle exposure may lead to lung epithelial cell hyperplasia.
Formoterol Turbuhaler as reliever medication in patients with acute asthma
Authors: Rubinfeld A. R. , Scicchitano R. , Hunt A. , Thompson P. J. , Van Nooten A. , Selroos O. 
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of formoterolversussalbutamol as reliever medication in patients presenting at an emergency dept with acute asthma.A randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel group study was performed in four Australian emergency treatment centres. The study included a total of 78 adult patients (mean baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 1.83 L; 59% predicted) with acute asthma. Based on the expected dose equivalence of formoterol Turbuhaler® 4.5 µg (delivered dose) and salbutamol pressurised metered-dose inhaler 200 µg (metered dose), patients received a total of formoterol Turbuhaler® 36 µg (delivered) or salbutamol pressurised metered-dose inhaler with spacer 1,600 µg (metered), divided into two equal doses at 0 and 30 min. FEV1, peak expiratory flow and systemic β2-agonist effects were monitored for 4 h. The primary variable was FEV1% pred at 45 min.At 45 min, mean increases in FEV1expressed in % pred were 6.6% and 9.3%, respectively, with a small adjusted mean difference in favour of salbutamol (3.0%, 95% confidence interval −2.0–8.0). Transient increases in systemic β2-agonist effects occurred predominantly with salbutamol, although no significant treatment differences were observed. Eight patients discontinued due to adverse events.In this study of patients presenting at emergency depts with acute asthma, formoterol Turbuhaler® 36 µg was well tolerated and, as rescue therapy, had an efficacy that was not different from that of salbutamol pressurised metered-dose inhaler with spacer 1,600 µg in the number of patients studied.
New aspects of airway mechanics in pre-term infants
Authors: Henschen M. , Stocks J. , Brookes I. , Frey U. 
Published: February 2006

High-frequency respiratory impedance data measured noninvasively by the high-speed interrupter technique (HIT), particularly the first antiresonance frequency (far,1), is related to airway wall mechanics.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of HIT in unsedated pre-term infants, and to compare values offar,1from 18 pre-term (post-conceptional age 32–37 weeks, weight 1,730–2,910 g) and 18 full-term infants (42–47 weeks, 3,920–5,340 g).Among the pre-term infants, there was good short-term repeatability offar,1within a single sleep epoch (mean (sd) coefficient of variance: 8 (1.7)%), but 95% limits of agreement for repeated measures offar,1after 3–8 h were relatively wide (−41 Hz; 37 Hz).far,1was significantly lower in pre-term infants (199versus257 Hz), indicating that wave propagation characteristics in pre-term airways are different from those of full-term infants. The present authors suggest that this is consistent with developmental differences in airway wall structure and compliance, including the influence of the surrounding tissue.Since flow limitation is determined by wave propagation velocity and airway cross-sectional area, it was hypothesised that the physical ability of the airways to carry large flows is fundamentally different in pre-term than in full-term infants.
Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients
Authors: Robinson G. V. , Smith D. M. , Langford B. A. , Davies R. J. O. , Stradling J. R. 
Published: February 2006

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several randomised controlled trials have shown that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of OSA reduces blood pressure (BP). This randomised, sham-placebo controlled crossover trial assesses whether CPAP produces a similar clinically significant fall in BP in hypertensive OSA patients, but without hypersomnolence.Thirty-five, nonsleepy, hypertensive patients with OSA were treated with CPAP for 1 month, randomised first to either therapeutic or sham-placebo (subtherapeutic CPAP, about 1 cmH2O pressure). The second months' alternative treatment followed a 2-week washout period. BP was measured over 24 h, before and at the end of the two treatment periods: mean 24-h BP was the primary outcome variable.There was no overall significant difference in mean 24-h BP: the change in mean 24-h BP on therapeutic CPAP was -2.1 mmHg (sd8.1), and -1.1 mmHg (sd8.1) on subtherapeutic CPAP, with a difference of 0.7 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) +2.9– -4.4). There was a small significant fall in Epworth Sleepiness Score, therapeutic (-1.4)versussham (-0.3), and difference -1.2 (95% CI -2.0– -0.4), but no change in objective sleepiness.In nonhypersomnolent hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, there is no significant fall in mean 24-h blood pressure with continuous positive airway pressure, in contrast to the fall seen in hypersomnolent patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Physiological effects of vibration in subjects with cystic fibrosis
Authors: McCarren B. , Alison J. A. 
Published: February 2006

The physiological mechanisms by which vibration and other physiotherapy interventions may clear secretions in subjects with cystic fibrosis are unknown. The main aim of this study was to compare the expiratory flow rates and frequencies of airflow oscillation of vibration to those of Acapella®, Flutter®, positive expiratory pressure and percussion.Respiratory flow rates were measured during interventions, the order of which was randomised. The oscillation of the airflow of the interventions was determined by frequency spectral analysis.In 18 young adult subjects with cystic fibrosis, the mean peak expiratory flow rate of vibration was greater than Flutter®, percussion, Acapella® and positive expiratory pressure. The mean±sdof the oscillation of the airflow of vibration (8.4±0.4 Hz) was lower than Acapella® (13.5±1.7 Hz) and Flutter® (11.3±1.5 Hz) but similar to percussion (7.3±0.3 Hz).Theoretically, the higher peak expiratory flow rate of vibration compared to the other physiotherapy interventions may promote secretion clearance. In addition, the frequency of oscillation of vibration was within the range demonstrated to increase mucus transport. This study has provided some evidence for the physiological rationale for the use of vibration to aid secretion clearance.
Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of young patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Barker M. , Hengst M. , Schmid J. , Buers H-J. , Mittermaier B. , Klemp D. , Koppmann R. 
Published: February 2006

Inflammatory mediators in the exhaled breath are receiving growing medical interest as noninvasive disease markers. Volatile organic compounds have been investigated in this context, but clinical information and methodological standards are limited.The levels of ethane, propane,n-pentane, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, isoprene, benzene, toluene, dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and limonene were measured in repeated breath samples from 20 cystic fibrosis patients and 20 healthy controls (aged 8–29 yrs). Three end-exhaled and one ambient air sample were collected per person and analysed on a customised gas chromatography system.Intra-subject coefficients of variation ranged between 9 and 34%, and hydrocarbon breath levels were influenced by their inspired concentrations. The alveolar gradient for pentane was higher in cystic fibrosis patients than in healthy controls (0.36versus0.21 ppb) and inversely proportional to forced expiratory volume in one second; highest values were observed in patients with pulmonary exacerbations (0.73versus0.24 ppb). Cystic fibrosis patients also exhibited a lower output of DMS (3.9versus7.6 ppb). Group differences were not significant for ethane and the remaining substances.It was concluded that chemical breath analysis for volatile organic compounds is feasible and may hold potential for the noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up of inflammatory processes in cystic fibrosis lung disease.
Low levels of air pollution induce changes of lung function in a panel of schoolchildren
Authors: Moshammer H. , Hutter H-P. , Hauck H. , Neuberger M. 
Published: February 2006

In search of sensitive screening parameters for assessing acute effects of ambient air pollutants in young schoolchildren, the impact of 8-h average air pollution before lung function testing was investigated by oscillatory measurements of resistance and spirometry with flow–volume loops.At a central elementary school in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, 163 children aged 7–10 yrs underwent repeated examinations at the same time of day during 1 school year, yielding a total of 11–12 lung function tests per child. Associations to mass concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measured continuously at a nearby monitoring station were tested, applying the Generalised Estimating Equations model.Reductions per 10 µg·m−3(both for particles and for NO2) were in the magnitude of 1% for most lung function parameters. The most sensitive indicator for acute effects of combustion-related pollutants was a change in maximal expiratory flow in small airways. NO2at concentrations below current standards reduced (in the multipollutant model) the forced expiratory volume in one second by 1.01%, maximal instantaneous forced flow when 50% of the forced vital capacity remains to be exhaled (MEF50%) by 1.99% and MEF25%by 1.96%. Peripheral resistance increased by 1.03% per 10 µg·m−3of particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Resistance is less influenced by the child's cooperation and should be utilised more often in environmental epidemiology when screening for early signs of small airway dysfunction from urban air pollution, but cannot replace the measurement of MEF50%and MEF25%. In the basic model, the reduction of these parameters per 10 µg·m−3was highest for NO2, followed by PM1, PM2.5and PM10, while exposure to coarse dust (PM10–PM2.5) did not change end-expiratory flow significantly.All acute effects of urban air pollution found on the lung function of healthy pupils were evident at levels below current European limit values for nitrogen dioxide. Thus, planned reduction of nitrogen dioxide emission (Euro 5; vehicles that comply with the emission limits as defined in Directive 99/96/EC) of 20% in 2010 would seem to be insufficient.
Comparison of asthma treatment given in addition to inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation and responsiveness
Authors: Green R. H. , Brightling C. E. , McKenna S. , Hargadon B. , Neale N. , Parker D. , Ruse C. , Hall I. P. , Pavord I. D. 
Published: February 2006

There is increasing evidence that the assessment of eosinophilic airway inflammation using induced sputum and measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness provides additional, clinically important information concerning asthma control. The aim of this study was to directly compare the effects of different treatments on these markers in patients with asthma and persistent symptoms, despite the use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.A double-blind four-way crossover study was performed, which compared a 1-month treatment with budesonide 400 μgb.i.d., additional formoterol, additional montelukast and placebo in 49 patients with uncontrolled asthma despite budesonide 100 μgb.i.d., with each treatment separated by a 4-week washout period.The change in sputum eosinophil count with formoterol (2.4 to 3.8% change, 0.6-fold reduction, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–0.9) differed significantly from placebo (2.8 to 2.5% change, 1.1-fold reduction, 95% CI 0.7–1.6) and high-dose budesonide (2.7 to 1.6% change, 1.6-fold reduction, 95% CI 1.2–2.2). The effects of montelukast did not differ from placebo. The changes in methacholine airway responsiveness were small and did not differ between treatments. High-dose budesonide had the broadest range of beneficial effects on other outcomes, including symptom scores, morning peak expiratory flow and forced expiratory volume in one second.In conclusion, treatment given in addition to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids results in modest benefits. Formoterol and high-dose budesonide have contrasting effects on eosinophilic airway inflammation.