bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between Revolutions: Re‐Appraising the Restoration in Britain
Authors: De Krey Gary S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA renewal of historical interest in the politics and religion of the Restoration began in the late 1980s and has changed how we look at the period. This article seeks to explain the origins of the recent wave of Restoration scholarship, provides an overview of the field, and offers suggestions about critical interpretive issues. The article adopts a British approach, seeking to find common patterns in the reigns of Charles II and James II in Scotland, Ireland, and England. It traces the instability of the Restoration settlements to their coercive treatment of Protestant dissenters, and it offers suggestions for developing a three‐kingdom framework for the treatment of Protestant divisions from the 1640s through the Glorious Revolution. It endorses the proposal that the crisis of 1679–81 was a multi‐faceted Restoration Crisis, rather than an exclusion crisis; and it suggests also that, in England, the competition of Whigs and Tories marked a turning point in the development of more modern structures for political debate and discussion. It examines the question of whether Charles and James turned towards absolutism thereafter in the broader context of the emerging state. In conclusion, the article considers the Restoration as a transitional era between the ‘long Reformation’ and the ‘long eighteenth century’.
Evaluation of a Thoracoscopic Technique Using Ligating Loops to Obtain Large Lung Biopsies in Standing Healthy and Heaves‐Affected Horses
Authors: RELAVE FABIEN , DAVID FLORENT , LECLÈRE MATHILDE , ALEXANDER KATE , BUSSIÈRES GENEVIÈVE , LAVOIE JEAN PIERRE , MARCOUX MARCEL 
Published: April 2008

Objective—To evaluate use of pre‐tied ligating loop to perform thoracoscopic, large lung biopsy in normal and heaves‐affected horses.Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Normal (n=5) and heaves‐affected (n=6) horses.Methods—Lung biopsies, 1 from each hemithorax, were collected thoracoscopically using a pre‐tied ligating loop. Horses were either normal (C) or heaves‐affected with the latter being in remission (Ha) for the initial biopsy and in exacerbation (Hs) for the 2nd biopsy. Clinical variables, PaO2, and PaCO2were used to determine the effect of surgical biopsy. Postoperative pneumothorax was monitored by serial thoracic radiographic examinations.Results—Thoracoscopic lung biopsy (n=29, 22 procedures) was well tolerated by all horses. Complication rate was 31%, including 8 ligature slippage and 1 pulmonary hemorrhage. Intranasal oxygen was administered intraoperatively to 6 horses (2 C, 1 Ha, 3 Hs) with severe hypoxemia or labored breathing. There was a significant decrease in PaO2during surgery in horses not supplemented with oxygen. Postoperative pneumothorax (21/22 procedures) detected radiographically resolved within 3 weeks.Conclusion—Thoracoscopic lung biopsy using pre‐tied ligating loops was minimally invasive, relatively inexpensive, and fairly efficient. Heaves‐affected horses tolerated the surgery well, even when in exacerbation; however, the technique was associated with non life‐threatening complications in 31% of the biopsies, most of which required correction with additional ligating loops or more sophisticated instrumentation.Clinical Relevance—Using laparoscopic pre‐tied ligating loop for thoracoscopically‐assisted lung biopsy can be considered in horses with normal and impaired lung function but alternative instrumentation and access to intranasal oxygen must be available to the surgeon in case of complications.
Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Assessment of Limb Function in Normal Dogs with an Experimentally Induced Lameness
Authors: WAXMAN ANDREW S. , ROBINSON DUANE A. , EVANS RICHARD B. , HULSE DONALD A. , INNES JOHN F. , CONZEMIUS MICHAEL G. 
Published: April 2008

Objective—To evaluate the relationship between previously used subjective and objective measures of limb function in normal dogs that had an induced lameness.Study Design—Prospective, blinded, and induced animal model trial.Animals—Normal, adult, and mixed‐breed dogs (n=24) weighing 25–35 kg.Methods—Force platform gait analysis was collected in all dogs before and after induction of lameness. All gait trials were videotaped; 60 video trials were evaluated by 3 surgeons with practice limited to small animal orthopedics and 3 first year veterinary students in an effort to establish the relationship between subjective and objective measures of lameness. Evaluators were unaware of the force platform data.Results—Concordance coefficients were low for all observers and were similar between students and surgeons. These values were further decreased when normal and non‐weight bearing trials were removed. Agreement with the force platform data was low even when observers only had to be within ±10% of the ground reaction forces. When repeat trials were evaluated surgeons had a much higher repeatability compared with students.Conclusions—Subjective evaluation of the lameness in this study varied greatly between observers and agreed poorly with objective measures of limb function.Clinical Relevance—Subjective evaluation of gait should be interpreted cautiously as an outcome measure whether performed from a single or from multiple observers.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Locking Compression Plate Fixation and Limited‐Contact Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: SOD GARY A. , MITCHELL COLIN F. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S. 
Published: April 2008

Objective— To compare monotonic biomechanical properties and fatigue life of a broad locking compression plate (LCP) fixation with a broad limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones.Study Design— In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation.Animal Population— Cadaveric adult equine MC3 bones (n=12 pairs).Methods— MC3 were divided into 3 groups (4 pairs each) for: (1) 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing; (2) 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing; and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. The 8‐hole, 4.5 mm LCP was applied to the dorsal surface of 1 randomly selected bone from each pair. One 8‐hole, 4.5 mm LC‐DCP) was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard ASIF techniques. All MC3 bones had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05.Results— Mean yield load, yield bending moment, composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment, under 4‐point bending, single cycle to failure, of the LCP fixation were significantly greater than those of the LC‐DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure for 4‐point bending was significantly greater for the LCP fixation compared with LC‐DCP fixation. Mean yield load, mean composite rigidity, and mean failure load under torsional testing, single cycle to failure was significantly greater for the broad LCP fixation compared with the LC‐DCP fixation.Conclusion— The 4.5 mm LCP was superior to the 4.5 mm LC‐DCP in resisting the static overload forces (palmarodorsal 4‐point bending and torsional) and in resisting cyclic fatigue under palmarodorsal 4‐point bending.Clinical Relevance— The results of this in vitro study may provide information to aid in the selection of a biological plate for the repair of equine long bone fractures.
Self‐reported violence amongst adolescents in Denmark: is alcohol a serious risk factor?
Authors: Frederiksen Marie Louise , Helweg‐Larsen Karin , Larsen Helmer Bøving 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To describe the prevalence of adolescents' exposure to different types of violence (at home and outside the home) and associations between severe violence and alcohol consumption, taking account of gender and the influence of other factors.Methods: A multimedia computer‐based survey amongst a nationally representative sample of 9th grade pupils included comprehensive data on exposure to physical violence, use of alcohol and additional socio‐demographic and behavioural factors. Analyses included gender disaggregated cross tabulations and logistic regressions.Results: Around 9.3% of girls and 12.3% of boys reported being victims of physical violence within the last 12 months. Also, 2.7% of girls and 3.5% of boys reported severe violence. Gender differences existed in place of occurrence; girls were more frequently assaulted at home, boys outside the home. Alcohol was only associated with violence exposure outside the home for boys, not girls.Conclusions: About one‐tenth of adolescents in Denmark reported exposure to any physical violence and 3% to severe violence during the last year. Alcohol consumption was not a risk factor for girls and only a risk factor for boys regarding violence occurring outside the home.
The evolution of paediatrics from archaeological times to the mid‐nineteenth century and the historical influence on present day practice
Authors: Rangroo Vinita 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe history of childcare dates back to the beginning of time. This article critically analyses the history of paediatrics from its roots to mid‐nineteenth century with the view to examine its evolution and influence on today's practice. Paediatrics as a sub‐speciality of medicine only began in the fifteenth century when the Four Incunabula were published in the West. This was the first attempt at producing a comprehensive and accessible reference paediatric text. However, long before the Incunabula, early traces of childcare are found in different cultures like Egyptian, Indian and Chinese. Modern paediatrics is a highly advanced field of medicine that relies on many recent technological innovations. In spite of these, this paper concludes that paediatrics today is very much based on concepts, such as observation and clinical skills, introduced many centuries ago. The basic approach used in everyday clinical practice owes more to century‐old ideas of scientists.
Learning, memory and executive functions in children with hydrocephalus
Authors: Lindquist Barbro , Persson Eva‐Karin , Uvebrant Paul , Carlsson Göran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims: To explore learning, memory and executive abilities in children with hydrocephalus without learning disabilities, and to find out whether children with an isolated hydrocephalus differed from those with hydrocephalus in combination with myelomeningocele (MMC).Methods: Thirty‐six children with an intelligence quotient (IQ) of ≥70 from a population of all the 107 children with hydrocephalus born in western Sweden in 1989–1993 were examined and compared with age‐ and gender‐matched controls. The neuropsychological assessment of the school‐aged child (NIMES) test battery was used.Results: The children with hydrocephalus differed significantly from controls in all functions apart from registration skills and recognition. Learning, memory and executive functions were all impaired. Twenty children with infantile hydrocephalus did not differ from those with hydrocephalus associated with MMC. Also, children with an IQ of >84 performed significantly worse than controls.Conclusions: Despite an IQ of ≥70, children with hydrocephalus had significantly impaired learning, memory and executive functions. When major brain lesions resulting in learning disability had been excluded, the hydrocephalus, rather than the underlying aetiology, was most important for the development of cognitive functions.
Troubled Conversions: The Difference Gender Makes in The Sultan of Babylon
Authors: Houlik‐Ritchey Emily 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This essay won the 2007

Literature Compass

Graduate Essay Prize, Medieval Section. The Middle English romance The Sultan of Babylon narrates several conversion sequences in which Saracen individuals cross (or attempt to cross) the religious boundary into Christianity. Exhibiting varying degrees of resistance and eagerness to exchange their religious identity, these potential converts in turn encounter varying degrees of acceptance from the Christian community. Through a close examination of repetition and language details, this essay examines the conversion of the Saracen prince Ferumbras. His masculine gender impedes his integration into the community of Christian knights, troubling idealized Christian identity and serving as a more threatening challenge to the maintenance of difference than the conversions of various ‘Others’ in the poem, such as Ferumbras's sister and the baby giants. The ‘unconscious’ anxieties the text manifests about Ferumbras's conversion reveal the way in which the text constructs and maintains Christian identity through the recognition of difference, and the function gender serves as alternately a stabilizing and destabilizing force.
English Renaissance Drama: The Imprints of Performance
Authors: Paul J. Gavin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay won the 2007Literature CompassGraduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section, co‐sponsored by the Society for Renaissance Studies.This article considers formulations of performance in printed playtexts of the English Renaissance. Before professional theatres are established, printed plays such asGorboduc(1565) tend to resort to fragmentary narrative descriptions in order to communicate performance practice to readers. The rise of professional theatres contributes to the modification of printed drama, as writers, printers and readers slowly work out a system for encoding the relevant narrative and theatrical information in abbreviated forms (lists ofdramatis personae, speech prefixes, stage directions, scene locations); accordingly, early printed editions ofTamburlaine(1590),The White Devil(1612) andSejanus(1605 and 1616) are examined, with particular attention paid to para‐texts such as title‐pages, dedications, printers’ prefaces and letters to readers. This ancillary material, usually rooted in the laudatory language of advertisement, encourages particular reading and imaginative strategies through its constructions of a play's performance history and theatre audiences. This article contends that early modern formulations of page and stage are more dynamic, more synergistic, than a binary that opposes ‘literary’ and ‘theatrical’ logic will support.
Aerosol distribution and efficacy in a commercial food warehouse
Authors: Arthur Frank H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored‐product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum (Jacqueline DuVal), the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure (P≥ 0.05). However, mortality was lower in T. confusum (40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days) compared to T. castaneum (96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days). Few late‐stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3‐and 4‐week‐old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4‐week‐old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%± 3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major stored‐product insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.
Comprehensive Characterization of Genomic Aberrations in Gangliogliomas by CGH, Array‐based CGH and Interphase FISH
Authors: Hoischen Alexander , Ehrler Marion , Fassunke Jana , Simon Matthias , Baudis Michael , Landwehr Christina , Radlwimmer Bernhard , Lichter Peter , Schramm Johannes , Becker Albert J. , Weber Ruthild G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGangliogliomas are generally benign neuroepithelial tumors composed of dysplastic neuronal and neoplastic glial elements. We screened 61 gangliogliomas [World Health Organization (WHO) grade I] for genomic alterations by chromosomal and array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Aberrations were detected in 66% of gangliogliomas (mean ± SEM = 2.5 ± 0.5 alterations/tumor). Frequent gains were on chromosomes 7 (21%), 5 (16%), 8 (13%), 12 (12%); frequent losses on 22q (16%), 9 (10%), 10 (8%). Recurrent partial imbalances comprised the minimal overlapping regions dim(10)(q25) and enh(12)(q13.3–q14.1). Unsupervised cluster analysis of genomic profiles detected two major subgroups (group I: complete gain of 7 and additional gains of 5, 8 or 12; group II: no major recurring imbalances, mainly losses). A comparison with low‐grade gliomas (astrocytomas WHO grade II) showed chromosome 5 gain to be significantly more frequent in gangliogliomas. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified the aberrations to be contained in a subpopulation of glial but not in neuronal cells. Two gangliogliomas and their anaplastic recurrences (WHO grade III) were analyzed. Losses of CDKN2A/B and DMBT1 or a gain/amplification of CDK4 found in the anaplastic tumors were already present in the respective gangliogliomas by array CGH and interphase FISH. In summary, genomic profiling in a large series of gangliogliomas could distinguish genetic subgroups even in this low‐grade tumor.
Myonuclear Degeneration in LMNA Null Mice
Authors: Mittelbronn Michel , Sullivan Teresa , Stewart Colin L. , Bornemann Antje 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLamins A/C, the major constituent of the nuclear lamina, confer mechanical stability to nuclei. We examined the myonuclei of LMNA null mice at the myotendinous junctions (MTJ), the site of longitudinal force transmission from contractile proteins to extracellular proteins. The right soleus and rectus femoris muscles of five null mutants aged 5–7 weeks and two wild‐type animals aged 5 weeks and 6 months were examined by electron microscopy. The myofibers merging into the tendons were assessed for nuclear disintegration and cytoplasmic degeneration. The myofibers of the wild‐type rectus femoris and soleus muscles revealed 19–27 nuclei/50 myofibers and 5–8/20, respectively, with no signs of degeneration. The rectus femoris muscle fibers of the null mice contained 75–117 myonuclei/50 myofibers, the soleus muscle, 13–36 nuclei/20 myofibers. Eleven to twenty‐one per 50 myonuclei of the rectus femoris myonuclei showed chromatin clumping, nuclear fragmentation, nuclear inclusions and invaginations, and intranuclear filaments. The values were 12–19/50 for the soleus myonuclei. Moreover, 5–12/50 rectus femoris myofibers and 5–14/20, of the soleus myofibers showed cytoplasmic degeneration. None of these changes was found distal to the MTJ. These results favor the notion that myonuclei lacking a functional lamina are susceptible to mechanical stress in vivo. These alterations may contribute to the development of early joint contractures, a feature of ADEDMD.
Three‐Layered Structure Shared Between Lewy Bodies and Lewy Neurites—Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of Triple‐Labeled Sections
Authors: Kanazawa Toshiro , Uchihara Toshiki , Takahashi Atsushi , Nakamura Ayako , Orimo Satoshi , Mizusawa Hidehiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although LBs and LNs, frequently coexistent, share some histological properties, their appearances are quite different under conventional two‐dimensional observation. In order to clarify how these apparently different structures (LBs and LNs) are related during their formation, we performed three‐dimensional observation on post‐mortem brainstem tissues with PD. Sixty‐µm thick floating sections were multi‐immunofluorolabeled for α‐synuclein (αS), ubiquitin (Ub) and neurofilament (NF). Serial confocal images were reconstructed with software. External three‐dimensional configuration of LBs, double‐labeled for αS and NF, exhibited frequent continuity with LNs (70%). Internally, αS and Ub formed the three‐dimensional concentric inner layers and NF rimmed these inner layers. This layered structure was shared among spherical LBs, rod‐shaped LNs and even convoluted forms of LBs/LNs. Furthermore, each layer exhibited continuity without interruption even in the convoluted form and around its junction to spherical LBs. This three‐layered structure shared among various Lewy pathologies and their layered continuity on three‐dimensional basis favor the hypothesis that LNs evolve into LBs. Besides progression from pale bodies to LBs, structural evolution from LNs into LBs may provide an alternative explanation for the variability of αS deposits and their interrelation.
Neonatal Rat Hypoxia‐Ischemia: Long‐Term Rescue of Striatal Neurons and Motor Skills by Combined Antioxidant‐Hypothermia Treatment
Authors: Hobbs Catherine E. , Oorschot Dorothy E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPerinatal hypoxia‐ischemia can cause long‐term neurological and behavioral disability. Recent multicenter clinical trials suggest that moderate hypothermia, within 6 h of birth, offers significant yet incomplete protection. We investigated the effect of combined treatment with the antioxidant N‐tert‐butyl‐(2‐sulfophenyl)‐nitrone (S‐PBN) and moderate hypothermia on long‐term neuronal injury and behavioral disability. S‐PBN or its diluent was administered 12‐hourly to rats from postnatal day (PN) 7 to 10. On PN8, hypoxia‐ischemia was induced. Immediately post‐hypoxia, additional S‐PBN and 6 h of moderate hypothermia or additional diluent and 6 h of normothermia were administered. At 1 week, and at 11 weeks, after hypoxia‐ischemia, the absolute number of surviving medium‐spiny neurons was measured in the coded right striatum. In a separate experiment, skilled forepaw ability was investigated in coded 9‐ to 11‐week‐old rats. Normal, uninjured animals were also tested for motor skills at 9‐ to 11‐weeks‐of‐age. The combination of S‐PBN and moderate hypothermia provided statistically significant short‐ and long‐term protection of the striatal medium‐spiny neurons to normal control levels. This combinatorial treatment also preserved fine motor skills to normal control levels. The impressive histological and functional preservation suggests that S‐PBN and moderate hypothermia is a safe and attractive combination therapy for perinatal hypoxia‐ischemia.