bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Val103Ile Polymorphism of Melanocortin‐4 Receptor Regulates Energy Expenditure and Weight Gain
Authors: Rutanen Jarno , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Karhapää Pauli , Vauhkonen Ilkka , Kuusisto Johanna , Mykkänen Leena Moilanen , Laakso Markku 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R) regulates energy intake. On the basis of animal studies, it may also regulate energy expenditure.Research Methods and Procedures: The effect of the Val103Ile polymorphism of the MC4R gene on energy metabolism was studied in 229 middle‐aged nondiabetic subjects (Group 1, age 51.2 ± 9.8 years, BMI 26.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and on weight gain in 1013 elderly subjects (Group 2, age 69.9 ± 2.9 years, BMI 27.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2) during a 3.5‐year follow‐up study. In Group 1, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation were measured with the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp combined with indirect calorimetry.Results: In Group 1, the Val103Ile genotype was associated with high rates of energy expenditure (63.42 ± 13.40 in eight subjects with the Val103Ile genotype vs. 59.86 ± 7.33 J/kg per minute in 221 subjects with the Val103Val genotype, p = 0.007), high rates of glucose oxidation (8.90 ± 6.15 vs. 6.07 ± 4.38 μmol/kg per minute, p = 0.020), and low levels of free fatty acids (0.45 ± 0.18 vs. 0.56 ± 0.23 mM, p = 0.029) in the fasting state, and with high rates of glucose oxidation during the clamp (18.88 ± 4.63 vs. 17.60 ± 3.24 μmol/kg per minute, p = 0.031). In Group 2, the 103Ile allele was associated with an increase in weight gain during the follow‐up (0.78 ± 3.98 vs. −0.82 ± 3.98 kg, p = 0.038).Discussion: The Val103Ile polymorphism of the MC4R gene is associated with energy expenditure in humans. Furthermore, it may associate with glucose oxidation, free fatty acid levels, and weight gain.
Effects of Diet and Time of the Day on Serum and CSF Leptin Levels in Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/Pl Rats
Authors: Ishihara Yuri , White Christy L. , Kageyama Haruaki , Kageyama Asako , York David A. , Bray George A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To characterize the effects of dietary fat on the diurnal variation in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin levels in Osborne‐Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats and quantitate the dose response to lower doses of leptin administered into the third cerebral ventricle.Research Methods and Procedures: Rats were fitted with implanted vascular ports or third ventricular cannulas and fed either laboratory chow or one of two semipurified high‐fat or low‐fat diets. Leptin and insulin were measured by immunoassay.Results: Serum leptin and insulin levels were positively correlated and had similar patterns of diurnal change. CSF leptin and insulin also had diurnal rhythms, with a peak at 7:00 am, but the diurnal oscillations of leptin and insulin were significantly lower in the S5B/Pl rats than the OM rats. Thus, the ratio of CSF to serum leptin was significantly higher in the S5B/Pl rats than in the OM rats. Dietary fat had no effect on these diurnal patterns. There was a right shift in the dose response to leptin in the OM rats compared with the S5B/P1 rats. S5B/P1 rats treated with leptin had higher signal transduction and translation (STAT‐3) mRNA levels compared with pair‐fed or saline injected S5B/P1 rats. Hypothalamic suppressors of cytokine signaling mRNA levels were not statistically different between the groups.Discussion: The higher CSF‐to‐serum leptin ratio in the S5B/P1 rats, the enhanced suppression of food intake and body weight with leptin injections, and the higher STAT‐3 activity in these animals suggest that S5B/P1 rats are more sensitive to leptin than OM rats.
Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors in a Turkish Population (Trabzon City, Turkey)
Authors: Erem Cihangir , Arslan Cengiz , Hacihasanoglu Arif , Deger Orhan , Topbaş Murat , Ukinc Kubilay , Ersöz Halil Önder , Telatar Münir 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity (general and central) in the Trabzon Region and its associations with demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, reproductive history in women, and level of education), socioeconomic factors (household income and occupation), family history of selected medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and obesity), lifestyle factors (smoking habits, physical activity, and alcohol consumption), and hypertension in the adult population.Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of households was systematically selected from the central province of Trabzon and its five towns, namely, Sürmene, Vakfikebir, Maçka, Hayrat, and Tonya. A total of 5016 subjects (2728 women and 2288 men) were included in the study. Individuals more than 20 years old were selected from their family health cards. Demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, family history of selected medical conditions, and lifestyle factors were obtained for all participants. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure levels were measured for all subjects. Study procedures were carried out in the local health centers in each town over an 8‐month period. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and overweight as BMI = 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2.Results: The prevalence of obesity was 23.5%: 29.4% in women and 16.5% in men. The combined prevalence of both overweight and obesity was 60.3%. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 29.4%: 38.9% among women and 18.1% among men. The prevalence of obesity increased with age, being highest in the 60‐ to 69‐year‐old age group (40.8%) but lower again in the 70+ age group. Obesity was associated positively with marital status, parity, cessation of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and household income and inversely with level of education, cigarette use, and physical activity. Also, obesity was associated positively with hypertension.Discussion: In the Trabzon Region, 60.3% of the adult population presents with some excess weight. Obesity is a major public health problem that requires generalized interventions to prevent it among the adult population.
Long‐Term Weight Development in Women: A 15‐Year Follow‐up of the Effects of Pregnancy
Authors: Linné Yvonne , Dye Louise , Barkeling Britta , Rössner Stephan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate how well prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention predict retention of weight 15 years later among parous women.Research Methods and Procedures: The Stockholm Pregnancy and Women's Nutrition (SPAWN) study is a long‐term follow‐up study of women who delivered children in 1984 to 1985 (n = 2342). The participants initially filled out questionnaires about their eating and exercise habits, social circumstances, etc. before, during, and at 1 year after pregnancy. Anthropometric data were also sampled. Fifteen years later, these women were invited to take part in the follow‐up study. Anthropometric measurements were collected, and similar questions were asked. Five hundred sixty‐three women participated in the SPAWN 15‐year follow‐up study. The sample was divided into groups to examine three presumably critical time periods: 1) overweight and normal weight before pregnancy; 2) low, intermediate, and high weight gainers during pregnancy; and 3) low, intermediate, and high weight retainers at 1 year after pregnancy.Results: The overweight women did not gain more weight during pregnancy or retain more weight at 1 year follow‐up. High weight gainers during pregnancy retained more weight at the 1‐year and the 15‐year follow‐ups. High weight retainers had gained more during pregnancy and retained it at the 15‐year follow‐up. Fifty‐six percent of the high weight gainers during pregnancy ended up in the high weight retainers group.Discussion: Women who are overweight before pregnancy do not have a higher risk of postpartum weight retention than normal weight women. Thus, it is not necessarily the initially overweight woman who should be the target or focus of weight control programs during or after pregnancy. Both high weight gainers and high weight retainers had higher BMI at the 15‐year follow‐up, although only 56% of the high weight gainers during pregnancy were also classified as high weight retainers at the 1‐year follow‐up. Weight retention at the end of the postpartum year predicts future overweight 15 years later.
Upper and Lower Body Adipose Tissue Function: A Direct Comparison of Fat Mobilization in Humans
Authors: Tan Garry D. , Goossens Gijs H. , Humphreys Sandy M. , Vidal Hubert , Karpe Fredrik 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Fat in the lower body is not associated with the same risk of cardiovascular disease as fat in the upper body. Is this explained by differences in the physiological functioning of the two depots? This study had two objectives: 1) to determine whether fat mobilization and blood flow differ between gluteal and abdominal adipose tissues in humans, and 2) to develop a new technique to assess gluteal adipose tissue function directly.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed detailed in vivo studies of adipose tissue function involving the assessment of fat mobilization by measurement of adipose tissue blood flows, arterio‐venous differences of metabolites across each depot, and gene expression in tissue biopsies in a small‐scale physiological study.Results: Gluteal adipose tissue has a lower blood flow (67% lower, p < 0.05) and lower hormone‐sensitive lipase rate of action (87% lower, p < 0.05) than abdominal adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase rate of action and mRNA expression are not different between the depots. This is the first demonstration of a novel technique to directly investigate gluteal adipose tissue metabolism.Discussion: Direct assessment of fasting adipose tissue metabolism in defined depots show that the buttock is metabolically “silent” in terms of fatty acid release compared with the abdomen.
Current and Investigational Antiobesity Agents and Obesity Therapeutic Treatment Targets
Authors: Bays Harold E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPublic health efforts and current antiobesity agents have not controlled the increasing epidemic of obesity. Investigational antiobesity agents consist of 1) central nervous system agents that affect neurotransmitters or neural ion channels, including antidepressants (bupropion), selective serotonin 2c receptor agonists, antiseizure agents (topiramate, zonisamide), some dopamine antagonists, and cannabinoid‐1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant); 2) leptin/insulin/central nervous system pathway agents, including leptin analogues, leptin transport and/or leptin receptor promoters, ciliary neurotrophic factor (Axokine), neuropeptide Y and agouti‐related peptide antagonists, proopiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript promoters, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone analogues, melanocortin‐4 receptor agonists, and agents that affect insulin metabolism/activity, which include protein‐tyrosine phosphatase‐1B inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ receptor antagonists, short‐acting bromocriptine (ergoset), somatostatin agonists (octreotide), and adiponectin; 3) gastrointestinal‐neural pathway agents, including those that increase cholecystokinin activity, increase glucagon‐like peptide‐1 activity (extendin 4, liraglutide, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors), and increase protein YY3‐36 activity and those that decrease ghrelin activity, as well as amylin analogues (pramlintide); 4) agents that may increase resting metabolic rate (“selective” β‐3 stimulators/agonist, uncoupling protein homologues, and thyroid receptor agonists); and 5) other more diverse agents, including melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, phytostanol analogues, functional oils, P57, amylase inhibitors, growth hormone fragments, synthetic analogues of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, antagonists of adipocyte 11B‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity, corticotropin‐releasing hormone agonists, inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis, carboxypeptidase inhibitors, indanones/indanols, aminosterols, and other gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors (ATL962). Finally, an emerging concept is that the development of antiobesity agents must not only reduce fat mass (adiposity) but must also correct fat dysfunction (adiposopathy).
Leptin and Nitric Oxide Production in Normotensive and Hypertensive Men
Authors: Tsuda Kazushi , Nishio Ichiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent findings have shown that leptin, the product of the obesity gene, may actively participate in the regulation of blood pressure and other cardiovascular functions through the nitric oxide (NO)‐dependent mechanism.Research Methods and Procedures: In this study, to test the hypothesis that leptin regulation of NO metabolism is impaired in hypertension, we examined the possible relationship between circulating leptin and plasma NO metabolite level in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) men.Results: There were significant correlations between circulating leptin and BMI in both the NT and HT groups (NT: r = 0.64, n = 26, p < 0.01; HT: r = 0.59, n = 22, p < 0.01). The concentration of circulating leptin was similar between the NT and HT men, although the plasma NO metabolite level (nitrite and nitrate) was significantly reduced in the HT men compared with the NT men (NT: 51.0 ± 4.9 μM, n = 26; HT: 37.1 ± 2.5 μM, n = 22, p < 0.05). The circlating leptin was significantly correlated with the plasma NO metabolite level in the overall analysis of the NT and HT men (r = 0.35, n = 48, p < 0.05). When the analysis of the correlation for the NT and HT men was performed separately, there was a significant correlation between circulating leptin and plasma NO metabolites in the NT men (r = 0.45, n = 26, p < 0.05) but not in the HT men (r = 0.15, n = 22). The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that leptin‐related metabolism of NO might be altered in HT men.
Rate of Fat Gain Is Faster in Girls Undergoing Early Adiposity Rebound
Authors: Taylor Rachael W. , Goulding Ailsa , Lewis‐Barned Nick J. , Williams Sheila M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the changes in body composition (fat and lean mass) occurring in children during adiposity rebound (AR).Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐nine girls, 3 to 6 years of age at baseline, underwent yearly DXA scans for 2 years. An additional DXA scan was obtained 4 to 5 years after baseline. Age at AR was determined by modeling, and the velocity of change in height, weight, fat mass, and lean mass was estimated for each child using random coefficient models. Girls with an AR <5 years of age were classified as having an early AR, and those having an AR ≥5 years were classified as late AR.Results: Although body composition was similar at age 5, by age 9, girls with an early AR were significantly taller (3.5% more) and heavier (14.4%), with greater fat mass (50%) and percentage body fat (27%) than girls with a later AR. In addition, more girls were overweight according to BMI (18% vs. 6%) or percentage body fat (29% vs. 11%) at this time, despite no differences at baseline. Annual velocity of fat mass gain was over 2‐fold higher in early compared with late rebounders (17.1% vs. 6.5%, p < 0.0001), with no difference in lean mass velocity (13.1% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.116).Discussion: Differences in BMI during AR were caused specifically by alterations in body fat and not by alterations in lean mass or height. Children undergoing early AR gained fat at a faster rate than children who rebounded at a later age.
Short‐Term Effects of Weight Loss on the Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Busetto Luca , Sergi Giuseppe , Enzi Giuliano , Segato Gianni , De Marchi Francesco , Foletto Mirto , De Luca Maurizio , Pigozzo Sabrina , Favretti Franco 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To analyze the short‐term effects of weight loss on the cardiovascular risk factors in morbidly obese patients.Research Methods and Procedures: Five metabolic cardiovascular risk factors (blood glucose, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triglycerides) were determined before and 15.3 ± 2.1 months after laparoscopic gastric banding in 650 morbidly obese patients. Global cardiovascular risk was calculated according to the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) scoring system.Results: Mean weight loss was 22.7 ± 20.4 kg. Normalization of the metabolic alteration was observed in 67.3% of patients with diabetes, 38.3% of patients with hypercholesterolemia, 72.5% of patients with low HDL‐cholesterol, 72.3% of patients with hypertriglyceridemia, and 46.7% of patients with hypertension. PROCAM score fell from 31.4 ± 11.6 to 28.0 ± 12.0 points (p < 0.001). The modifications of total cholesterol and blood pressure were unrelated to percentage weight loss. Percentage weight loss was significantly related to the reductions of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride level, and the PROCAM score and to the increase of HDL‐cholesterol concentrations observed after surgery. However, the strength of these four relationships was generally low. The variations of HDL‐cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure levels were more influenced by actual energy balance than by the extent of weight loss.Discussion: Weight loss observed in the first 12 to 18 months after gastric banding was associated with a significant improvement of single cardiovascular risk factors and global risk. On the other hand, the extent of weight loss was poorly related to the magnitude of improvement in cardiovascular risk.
Diet‐Induced Changes in Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase 1 Expression in Obesity‐Prone and ‐Resistant Mice
Authors: Hu Charlie C. , Qing Keyun , Chen Yanyun 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) 1 expression in obesity‐prone C57BL/6 mice and in obesity‐resistant FVB mice to explore the relationship of SCD1 expression and susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine‐week‐old C57BL/6 and FVB mice were fed either a high‐ or low‐fat diet for 8 weeks. Body weight and body composition were measured before and at weeks 4 and 8 of the study. Energy expenditure was measured at weeks 1 and 5 of the study. Hepatic SCD1 mRNA was measured at 72 hours and at the end of study. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations were measured at the end of study.Results: When C57BL/6 mice were switched to a calorie‐dense high‐fat diet, animals gained significantly more body weight than those maintained on a low‐calorie density diet primarily due to increased fat mass accretion. Fat mass continued to accrue throughout 8 weeks of study. Increased calorie intake did not account for all weight gain. On the high‐fat diet, C57BL/6 mice decreased their energy expenditure when compared with mice fed a low‐fat diet. In response to 8 weeks of a high‐fat diet, SCD1 gene expression in liver increased >2‐fold. In contrast, feeding a high‐fat diet did not change body weight, energy expenditure, or SCD1 expression in FVB mice.Discussion: Our study showed that a high‐fat hypercaloric diet increased body adiposity first by producing hyperphagia and then by decreasing energy expenditure of mice susceptible to diet‐induced obesity. Consumption of a high‐fat diet in species predisposed to obesity selectively increased SCD1 gene expression in liver.
Promoting More Modest Weight Losses: A Pilot Study
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Phelan Suzanne , Wadden Thomas A. , Gill Debra , Ermold Jenna , Didie Elizabeth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This pilot study assessed the short‐ and long‐term effects of a modified cognitive behavioral treatment designed to facilitate obese patients’ acceptance of a 5% to 10% reduction in initial weight.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 17 women with a mean age of 46.5 ± 9.7 years and BMI of 34.7 ± 2.9 kg/m2. They participated in a 40‐week program that included four phases. The first discussed the benefits of modest weight losses and the potential adverse effects of unrealistic expectations. Phase II provided instruction in traditional cognitive behavioral methods of weight control Phase III focused on methods to improve body image and self‐esteem. Phase IV addressed skills for weight maintenance. Changes in weight, self‐esteem, body image, and quality of life were assessed at the end of treatment and 1 year later (week 92).Results: At week 40, participants lost an average of 5.7 ± 5.3% of initial weight, which was associated with significant improvements in body image, self‐esteem, and quality of life. Improvements in psychosocial status were maintained at week 92, although mean weight loss at this time had declined to 2.9 ± 5.6% of initial weight. Increased satisfaction with body weight at week 40 was associated with significantly better maintenance of weight loss at follow‐up (r = −0.70; p = 0.02).Discussion: Having participants seek only modest initial weight losses does not appear to facilitate weight maintenance. However, increasing patients’ satisfaction with their body weight at the end of treatment may help improve weight maintenance. More research is needed on the relation between satisfaction with initial weight loss and long‐term success.
The Novel Antiobesic HMR1426 Reduces Food Intake without Affecting Energy Expenditure in Rats
Authors: Ortmann Sylvia , Kampe Juliane , Gossel Matthias , Bickel Martin , Geisen Karl , Jähne Gerhard , Lang Hans Jochen , Klaus Susanne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of acute and chronic administration of a new food intake‐reducing compound (HMR1426) with novel mode of action (retardation of gastric emptying) on body weight development, food intake, and energy metabolism in rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Adult male Shoe‐Wistar rats were implanted with transponders allowing registration of body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity. HMR1426 (10 or 50 mg/kg) was given orally, and acute (8 hours) and chronic (15 days) effects were measured on food intake, Tb, activity, total energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and epididymal adipose tissue mass. The effect of chronic treatment was compared with the effect of sibutramine (10 mg/kg).Results: HMR1426 (50 mg/kg) caused an acute and chronic decrease of food intake. There was no effect on the level and daily pattern of total energy expenditure, Tb, and locomotor activity. Respiratory quotient was acutely decreased by HMR1426 due to reduced food intake. Chronic treatment with HMR1426 decreased weight gain by 31% and epididymal white fat by 24%. Sibutramine caused a respective reduction of 48% and 35%. Energy efficiency was not affected by HMR1426 in contrast to sibutramine, which reduced energy efficiency and transiently increased activity.Discussion: HMR1426 showed an anorectic potential in rats and decreased body weight and fat mass. This was achieved solely by reducing food intake without influencing overall energy expenditure or behavior suggesting a peripheral mode of action. Thus, HMR1426 can be considered a potential new drug for obesity treatment.