bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student perspectives on their recent dental outreach placement experiences
Authors: Smith M. , Lennon M. A. , Brook A. H. , Ritucci L. , Robinson P. G. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Dental schools are developing new curricula, with outreach placements enhancing the hospital‐based training.Objectives:  To assess the students’ experience of outreach as one component of determining the value and feasibility of outreach placements.Intervention:  Six‐week block placements for 10 undergraduates and 3 weeks for 11 hygiene and hygiene and therapy students in existing primary care clinics, in areas of need, to work supervised by local dentists.Methods:  Semi‐structured interviews with 20 students by staff independent of the course team. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and content analysed before being verified by a second observer. Findings were triangulated against a peer‐run focus group and students’ clinical records.Results:  Students were very positive about their experience and the potential role of outreach training in dental education. They described: gaining greater experience of new types of patients and their communities; learning from broader clinical experience, alternative approaches and practicing or observing dentistry in different settings; the benefits of team working; and, acquiring a more holistic and pragmatic view of health care. Many students reported gaining greater confidence, wider awareness of potential careers in dentistry and a greater sense of realism in their experience. Some reflected on their own training needs. Students also discussed the importance of preparation for the placements and the merits of different styles of supervision.Conclusion:  Dental outreach training can provide students with valuable learning experience in a range of areas. It requires careful management to ensure those experiences match individuals’ needs and the programme's purposes.
The Development of the English Love Lyric, 1580–1680
Authors: Crouch Patricia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. In the classical and Petrarchan love lyrics’ depiction of the relationship between the desiring lover and his normatively scornful beloved, early modern poets discovered a vehicle for exploring the English social and political order as well as the boundaries between tradition and innovation. As poets from Philip Sidney onward discovered, the social, political, and gender hierarchization of early modern society could be rehearsed as well as confronted in the symbolic staging of a relationship between dominant and submissive parties of opposite sexes. At the same time, the deep enmeshment of the love lyric in the humanist practice of imitatio engendered an abiding reverence for past models while simultaneously urging authors to achieve poetic independence. In the verse of writers like Philip Sidney, John Donne, Mary Wroth, Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, and the Earl of Rochester, the interplay between the changing structures of English life and the individual's relation to those structures is registered in a dialectical engagement between modern verse and its models in a movement paralleling the interactions between the fictive lovers who form its subject matter.
‘Exile‐and‐return’ and English Law: The Anglo‐Saxon Inheritance of Insular Romance
Authors: Ashe Laura 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article offers a new interpretation of the development of insular romance, drawing on texts and events in the pre‐Conquest period to suggest a much greater degree of cultural continuity across the Conquest than has previously been recognised. One strand of recent scholarship has elucidated the prevalence of the ‘exile‐and‐return’ theme in twelfth‐ and thirteenth‐century insular French romance, and the political force of this ideology. Another has discussed the tendency of thirteenth‐ and fourteenth‐century Middle English romance to construct the Anglo‐Saxon past as a legal golden age, using this trope to support a strong national identity. This article suggests that both of these tropes – the exile‐and‐return of the king, and the idea of good English Law – are in fact not post‐Conquest inventions, as has been assumed, but are rather derived from pre‐Conquest events and texts. This is a part of the author's general contention that a strong English identity can be seen to have survived the Conquest, and to have been expressed in French and Latin throughout the twelfth century, before the literary revival of English. Here it is argued that the two ideas are fundamentally intertwined, are essentially English, and are a genuine inheritance from the Anglo‐Saxon past, in a manner which has not previously been acknowledged.
Strong and weak lifespan extension: what is most feasible and likely?
Authors: Lucke Jayne C , Hall Wayne 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Recent advances in biomedical science indicate that it may eventually be possible to intervene in the biological process of human ageing. This paper overviews the current state of the science of lifespan extension and promising future directions. It is uncertain whether ‘strong’ lifespan extension – the extension of human life beyond the maximum 122 years so far observed – will become a reality. It is more likely that cumulative effects of numerous scientific and biomedical advances in the treatment of common disease will produce ‘weak’ lifespan extension – the extension of average life expectancy. The practical application of molecular, genetic and nanomaterials research may also lead to advances in life expectancy. It is not too early to begin to consider the policy implications of either form of lifespan extension.
Dementia in the news: the media coverage of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kirkman Allison M 
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To identify and analyse the contexts in which Alzheimer's disease is portrayed in the New Zealand print media. Methods:  Items from 15 newspapers from over a 5‐year period, which contained the word ‘Alzheimer's’, were subjected to a qualitative interpretive analysis to determine recurring patterns of the representation of Alzheimer's disease. Results:  The word ‘Alzheimer's’ was found in notices, scientific reports, obituaries, personal stories, ‘missing people’ reports and reports dealing with residential care for people with Alzheimer's disease. The advocacy organisation, Alzheimers New Zealand, was called upon frequently by the media to speak for people with Alzheimer's disease and their families. Conclusion:  The analysis revealed that the media remains a powerful transmitter of stereotypes. In the case of Alzheimer's disease these included those associated with ageing and with dementia.
Formula Supplemented with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA): A Critical Review of the Research
Authors: Wright Kristen , Coverston Catherine , Tiedeman Mary , Abegglen Jo Ann 
Published: April 2006

PURPOSE.  To summarize results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating growth, cognitive, neurological, and visual development of term infants supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). DESIGN AND METHODS.  The Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) was used to evaluate data from RCTs identified from multiple data bases. RESULTS.  Six of ten studies found the addition of DHA and ARA to have no significant effect on infant development. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  More expensive formula with endogenous DHA and ARA is not necessary. Results from longer studies currently underway will be beneficial.
Enhancing Intervention Fidelity: A Means of Strengthening Study Impact
Authors: Horner Sharon , Rew Lynn , Torres Rosamar 
Published: April 2006

PURPOSE.  Intervention studies that address the goals of the Healthy People initiative are increasing, and many focus on health concerns of children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to present strategies and discuss the rationale for including intervention fidelity in study design.CONCLUSION.  Researchers need to verify that their interventions were delivered as designed (intervention fidelity), and that variations from the design can be assessed. Infidelity can result in non‐significant findings that are not due to the study design but rather to elements that affected the intervention delivery. IMPLICATIONS.  Addressing intervention fidelity in study design supports the researcher's conclusion about associations between intervention and outcomes and helps reduce premature abandonment of potentially useful interventions.
The Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction on Children
Authors: Mueller Carolyn R. 
Published: April 2006

PURPOSE.  Children are especially vulnerable to the effects of chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction (WMD) because of physiologic, pharmacologic, and developmental characteristics. Presentation of signs and symptoms of exposure to biological and chemical agents are similar to those seen in adults. Pediatric considerations for decontamination and treatment of child victims of biological and chemical agents are discussed. CONCLUSION.  As front‐line providers, nurses need to be aware of potential agents, their uses and effects as WMD, and recommended treatments. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Understanding the additional physiologic and situational needs of children, nurses can optimize the survival and outcomes of children when disaster strikes.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PORK HAM BY PULSED VACUUM COOLING IN WATER
Authors: CHENG QIAOFEN , SUN DA‐WEN 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Vacuum cooling of pork ham with water, or immersion vacuum cooling, is a successful method to compensate the high mass loss of traditional vacuum cooling. In order to further optimize vacuum cooling with water, pulsed vacuum cooling was designed to study the effect of different cycles on the quality of pork ham, i.e., in one cycle, four cycles and eight cycles. The result indicated that increasing pulse cycles during vacuum cooling of pork ham with water would reduce the cooling loss with compatible cooling time. Tests on the physical properties of pork ham disclosed that tenderness and water‐holding capacity could be improved by increasing pulse cycles during vacuum cooling with water. However, There was no significant difference observed between pork ham in 4 pulse cycles and 8 pulse cycles (P > 0.05). Therefore, treatment of 4 pulse cycles was adopted for future research related to vacuum cooling of pork ham with water.
QUALITIES OF EXTRUDED PUFFED SNACKS FROM MAIZE/SOYBEAN MIXTURE
Authors: OBATOLU VERONICA A. , OMUETI OLUSOLA O. , ADEBOWALE EBENEZER A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA maize‐based snack was fortified with partially defatted soybean (PDS) at 10, 20 and 30% of total weight and analyzed for physical (expansion ratio, density, color and texture [brittleness, breaking strength and hardness]), chemical and sensory characteristics. Incorporating PDS in a maize‐based snack had a positive effect on chemical properties but had a negative effect on the physical and sensory characteristics. The results showed a protein range of 9.3 ± 0.90% in 100% maize‐based snacks to 19.3 ± 1.03% in 30% replacements with soybean. The overall consumer acceptability test showed a score range between 4.1 ± 0.82 in 30% level of fortification and 8.2 ± 1.04 in 100% maize and 10% fortified extrudate. Panelists perceived the puffed extrudates with 20 and 30% PDS as not puffy or crispy, less acceptable and harder to crack. Up to 20% of PDS could be used in maize‐based puffed extrudates.
ALTERNATIVE PRETREATMENT METHODS TO ENZYMATIC TREATMENT FOR CLARIFICATION OF MOSAMBI JUICE USING ULTRAFILTRATION
Authors: RAI P. , MAJUMDAR G.C. , JAYANTI V.K. , DASGUPTA S. , DE S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A series of pretreatment methods to mosambi juice were undertaken and results were compared to pectinase treatment for clarification of the treated juice using ultrafiltration. The pretreatment methods attempted were centrifugation, centrifugation followed by addition of gelatin, centrifugation followed by addition of bentonite, centrifugation followed by fining using both bentonite and gelatin and enzymatic treatment, using pectinase as the enzyme. A systematic study was undertaken to select the operating centrifugation speed and time. The permeate flux and quality of the permeate were comparable to the enzyme‐treated juice.
Construction and Analysis of Fractional Multifactorial Designs To Study Attachment Strength and Transfer of
Listeria monocytogenes
from Pure or Mixed Biofilms after Contact with a Solid Model Food
Authors: Midelet Graziella , Kobilinsky André , Carpentier Brigitte 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to establish which of seven factors influence the adhesion strength and hence bacterial transfer between biofilms containing
Listeria monocytogenes
(pure and two-species biofilms) and tryptone soya agar (TSA) as a solid organic surface. The two-species biofilms were made of
L. monocytogenes
and one of the following species of bacteria: the nonpathogenic organisms
Kocuria varians
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
, and
Staphylococcus sciuri
and CCL 63, an unidentified gram-negative bacterium isolated from the processing plant environment. We used biofilms prepared under conditions simulating open surfaces in meat-processing sites. The biofilm's adhesion strength and population were evaluated by making 12 contacts on a given whole biofilm (4.5 cm
2
), using a new slice of a sterilized TSA cylinder for each contact, and plotting the logarithm CFU · cm
−2
detached by each contact against the contact number. Three types of detachment kinetics were observed: biphasic kinetics, where the first slope may be either positive or negative, and monophasic kinetics. The bacteria that resisted a chlorinated alkaline product and a glutaraldehyde- and quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant had greater adhesion strengths than those determined for untreated biofilms. One of the four non-
Listeria
strains studied,
Kocuria varians
CCL 56, favored both the attachment and detachment of
L. monocytogenes
. The stainless steel had smaller bacterial populations than polymer materials, and non-
Listeria
bacteria adhered to it less strongly. Our results helped to evaluate measures aimed at controlling the immediate risk, linked to the presence of a large number of CFU in a foodstuff, and the delayed risk, linked to the persistence of
L. monocytogenes
and the occurrence of slightly contaminated foods that may become dangerous if
L. monocytogenes
multiplies during storage. Cleaning and disinfection reduce the immediate risk, while reducing the delayed risk should be achieved by lowering the adhesion strength, which the sanitizers used here cannot do at low concentrations.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-Degrading Bacteria Associated with Trees in a PCB-Contaminated Site
Authors: Leigh Mary Beth , Prouzová Petra , Macková Martina , Macek Tomáš , Nagle David P. , Fletcher John S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The abundance, identities, and degradation abilities of indigenous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria associated with five species of mature trees growing naturally in a contaminated site were investigated to identify plants that enhance the microbial PCB degradation potential in soil. Culturable PCB degraders were associated with every plant species examined in both the rhizosphere and root zone, which was defined as the bulk soil in which the plant was rooted. Significantly higher numbers of PCB degraders (2.7- to 56.7-fold-higher means) were detected in the root zones of Austrian pine (
Pinus nigra
) and goat willow (
Salix caprea
) than in the root zones of other plants or non-root-containing soil in certain seasons and at certain soil depths. The majority of culturable PCB degraders throughout the site and the majority of culturable PCB degraders associated with plants were identified as members of the genus
Rhodococcus
by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Other taxa of PCB-degrading bacteria included members of the genera
Luteibacter
and
Williamsia
, which have not previously been shown to include PCB degraders. PCB degradation assays revealed that some isolates from the site have broad congener specificities; these isolates included one
Rhodococcus
strain that exhibited degradation abilities similar to those of
Burkholderia xenovorans
LB400. Isolates with broad congener specificity were widespread at the site, including in the biostimulated root zone of willow. The apparent association of certain plant species with increased abundance of indigenous PCB degraders, including organisms with outstanding degradation abilities, throughout the root zone supports the notion that biostimulation through rhizoremediation is a promising strategy for enhancing PCB degradation in situ.
Genotyping and Pathogenicity of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus from Free-Living Turbot (
Psetta maxima
) in a Turkish Coastal Area of the Black Sea
Authors: Nishizawa Toyohiko , Savaş Hacı , Işıdan Hakan , Üstündağ Cennet , Iwamoto Hiroshi , Yoshimizu Mamoru 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is one of the most serious fish viral diseases for cultured rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
), although VHS virus (VHSV) seems to be ubiquitous among marine fishes. In the present study, VHSV isolation was performed with free-living and cultured turbot (
Psetta maxima
) in the Trabzon coastal area of the Black Sea to evaluate participation of VHSV in mass mortalities of seed-produced turbot larvae. VHSV was detected in 14 of 66 free-living spawners (positive ratio, 21.2%), 1 of 65 free-living immature fish (1.5%) and 7 of 40 cultured brood stock (17.5%), respectively. Based on a partial glycoprotein gene nucleotide sequence, Turkish VHSV isolates were classified into the class I-e of genotype I and were the most closely related to the GE-1.2 isolate (>98% identity), which was found >20 years ago in Georgia. Thus, it was revealed that Turkish VHSV isolates were not introduced from European countries, it could be an indigenous type of VHSV distributing in the Black Sea environment. In pathogenicity tests, the Turkish isolates did not induce mortality in turbot larvae and rainbow trout fingerlings. Mass mortalities at a rate of approximately 90% occurred in turbot larvae produced by experimental seeding, although VHSV was not detected in any dead fish. Thus, it was concluded that mass mortality in the seed-produced turbot larvae was not caused by VHSV infection.
Fatty Acid-Oxidizing Consortia along a Nutrient Gradient in the Florida Everglades
Authors: Chauhan Ashvini , Ogram Andrew 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The Florida Everglades is one of the largest freshwater marshes in North America and has been subject to eutrophication for decades. A gradient in P concentrations extends for several kilometers into the interior of the northern regions of the marsh, and the structure and function of soil microbial communities vary along the gradient. In this study, stable isotope probing was employed to investigate the fate of carbon from the fermentation products propionate and butyrate in soils from three sites along the nutrient gradient. For propionate microcosms, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from eutrophic and transition sites were dominated by sequences related to previously described propionate oxidizers, such as
Pelotomaculum
spp. and
Syntrophobacter
spp. Significant representation was also observed for sequences related to
Smithella propionica
, which dismutates propionate to butyrate. Sequences of dominant phylotypes from oligotrophic samples did not cluster with known syntrophs but with sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) and
Pelobacter
spp. In butyrate microcosms, sequences clustering with
Syntrophospora
spp. and
Syntrophomonas
spp. dominated eutrophic microcosms, and sequences related to
Pelospora
dominated the transition microcosm. Sequences related to
Pelospora
spp. and SRP dominated clone libraries from oligotrophic microcosms. Sequences from diverse bacterial phyla and primary fermenters were also present in most libraries. Archaeal sequences from eutrophic microcosms included sequences characteristic of
Methanomicrobiaceae
,
Methanospirillaceae
, and
Methanosaetaceae
. Oligotrophic microcosms were dominated by acetotrophs, including sequences related to
Methanosarcina
, suggesting accumulation of acetate.
Novel Hydrophobic Surface Binding Protein, HsbA, Produced by
Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Ohtaki Shinsaku , Maeda Hiroshi , Takahashi Toru , Yamagata Youhei , Hasegawa Fumihiko , Gomi Katsuya , Nakajima Tasuku , Abe Keietsu 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Hydrophobic surface binding protein A (HsbA) is a secreted protein (14.5 kDa) isolated from the culture broth of
Aspergillus oryzae
RIB40 grown in a medium containing polybutylene succinate-
co
-adipate (PBSA) as a sole carbon source. We purified HsbA from the culture broth and determined its N-terminal amino acid sequence. We found a DNA sequence encoding a protein whose N terminus matched that of purified HsbA in the
A. ozyzae
genomic sequence. We cloned the
hsbA
genomic DNA and cDNA from
A. oryzae
and constructed a recombinant
A. oryzae
strain highly expressing
hsbA
. Orthologues of HsbA were present in animal pathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi. Heterologously synthesized HsbA was purified and biochemically characterized. Although the HsbA amino acid sequence suggests that HsbA may be hydrophilic, HsbA adsorbed to hydrophobic PBSA surfaces in the presence of NaCl or CaCl
2
. When HsbA was adsorbed on the hydrophobic PBSA surfaces, it promoted PBSA degradation via the CutL1 polyesterase. CutL1 interacts directly with HsbA attached to the hydrophobic QCM electrode surface. These results suggest that when HsbA is adsorbed onto the PBSA surface, it recruits CutL1, and that when CutL1 is accumulated on the PBSA surface, it stimulates PBSA degradation. We previously reported that when the
A. oryzae
hydrophobin RolA is bound to PBSA surfaces, it too specifically recruits CutL1. Since HsbA is not a hydrophobin,
A. oryzae
may use several types of proteins to recruit lytic enzymes to the surface of hydrophobic solid materials and promote their degradation.
Occurrence of Six Honeybee Viruses in Diseased Austrian Apiaries
Authors: Berényi Olga , Bakonyi Tamás , Derakhshifar Irmgard , Köglberger Hemma , Nowotny Norbert 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The occurrence, prevalence, and distribution patterns of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were investigated in 90 Austrian honeybee colonies suffering from symptoms of depopulation, sudden collapse, paralysis, or dark coloring by employing reverse transcription-PCR. Infestation with parasites was also recorded. The samples originated from all parts of Austria. The most prevalent virus was DWV, present in 91% of samples, followed by ABPV, SBV, and BQCV (68%, 49%, and 30%, respectively). CBPV was detected in 10% of colonies, while KBV was not present in any sample. In most samples, more than one virus was identified. The distribution pattern of ABPV, BQCV, CBPV, and SBV varied considerably in the different geographic regions investigated, while DWV was widespread in all Austrian federal states. In bees that showed dark coloring and disorientation, CBPV was always detected. Simultaneous infections of DWV and ABPV were most frequently observed in colonies suffering from weakness, depopulation, and sudden collapse. Bees obtained from apparently healthy colonies within the same apiaries showed a similar distribution pattern of viruses; however, the relative virus load was 10 to 126 times lower than in bees from diseased colonies. A limited number of bee samples from surrounding central European countries (Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Slovenia) were also tested for the presence of the above viruses. Variances were found in the distribution of BQCV and SBV.