bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of flow reduction rates on fish stranding in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Irvine Robyn L. , Oussoren Trevor , Baxter James S. , Schmidt Dana C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractJuvenile fish can strand in pools or in interstitial spaces when the water elevation drops in regulated rivers due to flow reductions. Three years of summer and winter experiments on the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers (Canada) assessed the effect of the rate of change in water level (ramping rate) on the probability of pool and interstitial stranding for juvenile (<100 mm) fish. The factors of wetted history of the site, time of day, natural fish density and the occurrence of a conditioning reduction prior to the operational reduction were also examined for their effect on stranding. Experimental net pens were constructed to test these factors in situ in the varial zones of the two rivers. Linear models with plausible additive combinations of the potential explanatory factors and a null model were fitted to the logistically transformed data and ranked using the second‐order Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The null model was the top ranked model for the interstitial stranding analyses, highlighting that none of the factors tested were significant variables in predicting the probability of stranding. Natural fish density, wetted history of the site, ramping rate and the presence of a conditioning reduction were variables included in the top three ranking models for the pool stranding analyses. Probability of pool stranding in summer was reduced by the occurrence of a conditioning reduction prior to the operational reduction. Higher natural fish density, longer periods of wetted history and higher ramping rates all led to higher probabilities of pool stranding. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating HIV incidence in the United States from HIV/AIDS surveillance data and biomarker HIV test results
Authors: Karon John M. , Song Ruiguang , Brookmeyer Ron , Kaplan Edward H. , Hall H. Irene 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe development of an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test that detects recent infection has enabled the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to estimate annual HIV incidence (number of new infections per year, not per person at risk) in the United States from data on new HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnoses reported to HIV/AIDS surveillance. We developed statistical procedures to estimate the probability that an infected person will be detected as recently infected, accounting for individuals choosing whether and how frequently to seek HIV testing, variation of testing frequency, the reporting of test results only for infected persons, and infected persons who never had an HIV‐negative test. The incidence estimate is the number of persons detected as recently infected divided by the estimated probability of detection. We used simulation to show that, under the assumptions we make, our procedures have acceptable bias and correct confidence interval coverage. Because data on the biomarker for recent infection or on testing history were missing for many persons, we used multiple imputation to apply our models to surveillance data. CDC has used these procedures to estimate HIV incidence in the United States. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining racial disparities in HIV/AIDS incidence among women in the U.S.: A systematic review
Authors: Tillerson Kristen 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSurveillance data indicate that HIV incidence among Black women is more than 20 times that among White women and more than 4 times that among Hispanic women. Several studies have examined HIV risk factors by race/ethnicity including high‐risk sex, drug use, inconsistent disclosure of same‐sex behavior by male partners, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We formed these risk factors into four hypotheses that attempt to explain the higher incidence of HIV infection among Black women. We further conducted a literature review by searching three online databases for studies published between 1985 and 2006 addressing the four hypotheses.Literature suggests that Black women are no more likely to have unprotected sex, have multiple sexual partners, or use drugs than women of other racial/ethnic groups. However, some studies suggest that Black women are more likely to have risky sex partners and STDs. We also found that Black men are less likely to disclose their same‐sex behavior to female partners.These four hypotheses are insufficient in explaining the greater burden of HIV among Black women. Future investigations should continue to explore these and other social and behavioral factors such as poverty, health‐care access, and receptivity to prevention messages to explain racial/ethnic disparities in HIV incidence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian latent class models with conditionally dependent diagnostic tests: A case study
Authors: Menten Joris , Boelaert Marleen , Lesaffre Emmanuel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the assessment of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases, the true disease status of the subjects is often unknown due to the lack of a gold standard test. Latent class models with two latent classes, representing diseased and non‐diseased subjects, are often used to analyze this type of data. In its basic format, latent class analysis requires the observed outcomes to be statistically independent conditional on the disease status. In most diagnostic settings, this assumption is highly questionable. During the last decade, several methods have been proposed to estimate latent class models with conditional dependence between the test results. A class of flexible fixed and random effects models were described by Dendukuri and Joseph in a Bayesian framework. We illustrate these models using the analysis of a diagnostic study of three field tests and an imperfect reference test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. We show that, as observed earlier by Albert and Dodd, different dependence models may result in similar fits to the data while resulting in different inferences. Given this problem, selection of appropriate latent class models should be based on substantive subject matter knowledge. If several clinically plausible models are supported by the data, a sensitivity analysis should be performed by describing the results obtained from different models and using different priors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for genetic association: A powerful score test
Authors: El Galta R. , Stijnen T. , Houwing‐Duistermaat J. J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTo study the association between a candidate gene and a complex genetic disease, Pearson's χ2 statistic can be applied to an m × 2 contingency table, where the m categories correspond to m haplotypes or marker alleles. For m>2, two alternative approaches for Pearson's χ2 can be followed, which are more powerful if one haplotype or marker allele is associated. For the first approach, various 2 × 2 tables are formed by combining various categories and the maximum of the corresponding chi‐square statistics is considered as the final statistic. The second approach takes the average over the possible associated categories by writing down an overall likelihood. For the latter approach, we propose a new score statistic, which gives more weight to haplotypes or marker alleles that are common. Since the disease allele is often not observed, the power of the various statistics depends on both the linkage disequilibrium pattern and the frequencies of the associated haplotype or marker allele in the cases and the controls. We heuristically compare various statistics within the two approaches and present the results of a simulation that compares the performance of all considered statistics. Finally, we apply the statistics to a case–control study on the association between COL2A1 gene and radiographic osteoarthritis. Our conclusion is that overall the new proposed score statistic has good power. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding a lack of trust in Global Software Teams: a multiple‐case study
Authors: Moe Nils Brede , Šmite Darja 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMany organizations have turned towards globally distributed software development (GSD) in their quest for cheap, higher‐quality software that has a short development cycle. However, this kind of development has often been reported as being problematic and complex to manage. There are indications that trust is a fundamental factor in determining the success or failure of GSD projects. This article studies the key factors that cause a lack of trust and the effect of lacking trust and present data from four projects in which problems with trust were experienced. We found the key factors to be poor socialization and socio‐cultural fit, increased monitoring, inconsistency and disparities in work practices, reduction of and unpredictability in communication; and a lack of face‐to‐face meetings, language skills, conflict handling, and cognitive‐based trust. The effect of lacking trust was a decrease in productivity, quality, information exchange and feedback, morale among the employees, and an increase in relationship conflicts. In addition, the employees tended to self‐protect, to prioritize individual goals over group goals, and to doubt negative feedback from the manager. Further, the managers increased monitoring, which reduced the level of trust even more. These findings have implications for software development managers and practitioners involved in GSD. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Inorganic Phosphates on the Adhesion of Mono‐phosphorylated Cornstarch to Fibers
Authors: Zhu Zhifeng , Cheng Zheqiong 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe influences of inorganic phosphates, as residuals and/or impurities within starch, on the adhesion of acid‐treated cornstarch phosphates to cotton and polyester fibers were investigated for warp sizing. The phosphate impurities considered included sodium dihydrogenphosphate, sodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and pentasodium triphosphate. The starches with a phosphate degree of substitution (DS) range of 0.004‐0.021 were phosphorylated by heating acid‐treated cornstarch at 125°C for 90 min in a solid‐state reaction with pentasodium triphosphate. The adhesion was evaluated in terms of the breaking strength and work‐to‐break of slightly sized rovings. It was found that the phosphorylation improves the adhesion to both fibers even at a low phosphorylation extent. The phosphate impurities within starch have an adverse effect and reduce the adhesion to both fibers. The adverse effect depends on the type and level of the phosphates, decreasing in the series NaH2PO4 > Na2HPO4 > Na4P2O7 ≈ Na5P3O10. The adhesion enhances as the DS increases and as the free phosphate content decreases. Furthermore, the adverse effect can be offset by the phosphate modification of starch.
Classification of Rice Starch Amylose Content from Rheological Changes of Starch Paste after Cold Recrystallization
Authors: Tukomane Tuangporn , Varavinit Saiyavit 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFollowing storage at 4°C for 24 h (recrystallization) rice starch pastes with low and medium amylose content exhibited a lower increase in consistency index, shear stress and Casson plastic viscosities than pastes with high amylose content. On the other hand, high amylose rice starch showed a higher degree of retrogradation than rice starch of lower amylose content.
Influence of Octenyl Succinate Rice Starch on Rheological Properties of Gelatinized Rice Starch before and after Retrogradation
Authors: Tukomane Tuangporn , Varavinit Saiyavit 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSteady‐shear rheological properties, including the consistency index from the power law, the yield stress and Casson plastic viscosity from the Casson's model were employed in the study of retrogradation of native rice starch, octenyl succinate (OS) rice starch and blends containing up to 80% OS rice starch. After cold storage at 4°C for 24 h, presence of OS rice starch reduced retrogradation of rice starch mixtures as indicated by reduction of measured retrogradation parameters based on the three abovementioned rheological properties.
Effects of the Barley amo1 and wax Genes on Starch Structure and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Matsuki Junko , Yasui Takeshi , Sasaki Tomoko , Fujita Masaya , Kitamura Yoshiaki 
Published: June 2008

AbstractStarch structural mutants showing abnormal endosperm characteristics have been used for investigating the effects of the mutation on structure and physicochemical properties of starches. Inbred lines of barley cultivars ‘Shikoku Hadaka 97’ and ‘Glacier AC38’ were used to investigate the impact of amo1 and waxy genes on starch properties. The amo1 type starch had high apparent amylose content and low starch content. The amo1+waxy type starch contained very little amylose. The content of long chains of amylopectin as detected with high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was decreased, and that of amylopectin chains with the degree of polymerization (DP) of 12‐36 was increased in amo1 and amo1+waxy type starches. The amo1 and amo1+waxy type starches exhibited high gelatinization temperatures and low gelatinization enthalpies.
Relationships Between Some Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Maize Cultivars Grown in East China
Authors: Dong Hai‐Zhou , Hou Han‐Xue , Liu Chuan‐Fu , Zhang Hui 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGranule size, amylose content, degree of crystallinity, thermal, pasting, and gel textural properties of starches separated from thirty seven maize cultivars grown in East China were studied with a laser particle size analyzer, spectrophotometer, X‐ray diffractometer, differential scanning calorimeter, Rapid Visco Analyser, and texture analyzer. Various correlations between the physicochemical properties were observed. The correlation coefficient between To and Tp, between To and Tc, and between Tp and Tc were 0.967, 0.879, and 0.941 (p<0.01), respectively. Amylose content was correlated negatively with Tc (r=‐0.640, p<0.01). Pasting temperature was positively correlated to Tp (r=0.738, p<0.01). Significantly positive correlations were observed between amylose content and final viscosity, between amylose content and setback (r=0.665 and 0.735, respectively, p<0.01) and between peak viscosity and breakdown (r=0.893, p<0.01). Trough viscosity was positively correlated to final viscosity and setback (r=0.851 and 0.704, respectively, p<0.01). Significant correlations existed between final viscosity and setback, and hardness (r=0.972 and 0.615, respectively, p<0.01). There was a significant interrelationship between setback and hardness (r=0.655, p<0.01).
Metallic Plasma and its Hybrid Plasma
Authors: Yukimura Ken 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPlasma‐ion processing enhances functionalities of a film, such as tribological properties and biocompatibility. Ceramic films prepared by reactive deposition and ion implantation are preferred rather than metallic film deposition by physical vapor deposition (PVD). Metallic plasma sources are indispensable for plasma‐ion processing. Cathodic arc plasma sources and magnetron sputtering discharge are typical metallic plasma sources for the processing. In addition to these sources, there have been newly developed plasma sources, in which plasmas have been generated both in a stationary and a pulsed mode. For a short duration of the generation, the plasma can be stably maintained. To prepare ceramic films, reactive gases such as nitrogen and oxygen should be activated to enhance reactions between the metallic and gaseous species. In this case, a hybrid plasma (HP) comprised of metallic and gaseous species is desirable. In order to make a large volume of HP in a simple way, gaseous plasma should be triggered by the metallic plasma. This article is a review of the electrical characteristics of the cathodic arc and its induced gaseous plasma. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnetization Switching of Magnetic Submicron Structure Fabricated by Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Ishii Noriyuki , Yokoyama Tatsuhiko , Shibata Hiroki , Yamada Tsutomu , Shirakashi Jun‐ichi , Takemura Yasushi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMagnetization switching of a CoFe submicron structure was studied. A patterned stripe‐shaped film consisting of CoFe/Cu/Co multilayer was prepared. By fabricating two oxide nanowires on the top CoFe layer by a nano‐oxidation technique using an atomic force microscope (AFM), a rectangular isolated region of CoFe was obtained. The magnetization of the CoFe rectangle was successfully switched by applying a pulsed current of 100 mA with 1‐ms duration through this stripe film. This switching was reproducible and observed with a threshold current of around 90 mA. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development and Application of Magneto‐Optical Microscope Using Polarization‐Modulation Technique
Authors: Sato Katsuaki , Ishibashi Takayuki 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMagneto‐optical (MO) effect is commonly used not only for an observation of magnetic domain structures, but also for a research of electrical structures in magnetic materials. In addition, distribution of a magnetic flux diverging from a magnetized sample and/or distribution of a current in the sample can be visualized with the help of an MO‐indicator film placed on the sample. In order to obtain quantitative information of the flux distribution we have developed an MO microscope using a polarization‐modulation technique. Utilizing the MO microscope with a magnetic garnet film as an indicator we have obtained a quantitative image of current distribution in a superconducting film. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning Model in Relaxation Algorithm Influenced by Self‐Organizing Maps for Image Restoration
Authors: Maeda Michiharu , Shigei Noritaka , Miyajima Hiromi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a learning model in relaxation algorithm influenced by self‐organizing maps for reducing random‐valued impulse noise. Self‐organizing maps have been hitherto studied for the ordering process and the convergence phase of weight vectors. As a novel approach of self‐organizing maps, a learning model in relaxation algorithm for image restoration is proposed, which creates a map containing one unit for each pixel. Utilizing pixel values as input, image inference is conducted by self‐organizing maps. Then, an updating function with threshold according to the difference between input value and inferred value is introduced, so as not to respond to noisy input sensitively. Therefore the inference of an original image proceeds appropriately since any pixel is influenced by neighboring pixels corresponding to the neighboring setting. The characteristic of our approach includes the network constructing the same number of both inputs and weights for inferring the original image from a degraded image in sequential processing, unlike the distinct number in which self‐organizing maps have applied to conventional techniques for the ordering and the convergence of weight vectors. In the inference process, the effect of initial threshold and initial neighborhood on accuracy is examined. Experimental results are presented in order to show that our approach is effective in quality for image restoration. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient Bipedal Walking using Natural Dynamics and Delayed Stepping Reflex
Authors: Otoda Yuji 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe most popular control method for bipedal walking robots is the zero moment point‐based (ZMP‐based) control method. In this method, the torso is accelerated and decelerated by the motors in every step. This is not energetically efficient because natural dynamics is not used. Natural dynamics involves the generation of motion using the mechanical features of the machine, i.e. without using motors (as far as possible). A well‐designed biped robot has its own natural dynamics that are suitable for efficient walking. Such natural dynamics is not considered in the zero‐moment point (ZMP)‐based control method. In the present paper, a biped robot called ‘Tetsuro’, which is designed considering natural dynamics, is presented, and an inverted pendulum based control method and delayed stepping reflex, which can generate efficient treadmill walking, are described. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Formation of Patterned Electrode in Ionic Polymer‐Metal Composite using Dry Film Photoresist
Authors: Kikuchi Kunitomo , Tsuchitani Shigeki , Miwa Masafumi , Asaka Kinji 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper reports a new proposal on patterned electrode formation of Ionic Polymer‐Metal Composite (IPMC) using a photolithography technique with a dry film resist (DFR). By using a photomask with a pattern size of 50 µm, patterned electrodes are formed on a polyelectrolyte membrane, resulting in a size of 60 µm. The sheet resistance of the fabricated electrodes is lower than 30 Ω/□, which is almost in the same order of magnitude as that of electrodes formed by the conventional electroless plating without photolithography. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corporate governance as a foundation for corporate social responsibility in transitioning economies: The Russian experience
Authors: McCarthy Daniel J. , Puffer Sheila M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article discusses the critical role of corporate governance in Russian business and management and its potential for promoting corporate social responsibility in that country. We describe the current state of these two phenomena and examine their linkages as they exist in Russia, and explain that this situation also applies in other transitioning economies. We conclude with implications for non‐Russians who would do business with Russian counterparts, and reasons why they should be aware of how these important issues can affect their dealings in those situations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Knowledge development in MNC subsidiaries: The influence of MNC internal and external knowledge and control mechanisms
Authors: Sumelius Jennie , Sarala Riikka 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study, we examine the influence of control mechanisms and internal and external knowledge on multinational company (MNC) subsidiary knowledge development. Previous research stresses the importance of these factors for subsidiary behavior, but nonetheless they remain underexplored in the context of subsidiary knowledge development. The study is based on questionnaire data from 161 MNC subsidiaries in China and Finland. The results indicate that MNC internal and external knowledge, as well as decision‐making autonomy of MNC subsidiaries, positively influence knowledge development in MNC subsidiaries. Conversely, the importance of knowledge development as a performance evaluation criterion did not show any influence on MNC subsidiary knowledge development. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.