bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Mineral and Collagen Quality in Humeri of Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys Given rhPTH(1–34) for 18 Months
Authors: Paschalis Eleftherios P , Burr David B , Mendelsohn Richard , Hock Janet M , Boskey Adele L 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A recent study of ovariectomized monkeys, treated with recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH)(1–34) at 1 or 5 mg/kg/day for 18 months or for 12 months followed by 6 months withdrawal from treatment, showed significant differences in the geometry and histomorphometry of cortical bone of the midshaft humerus. To determine the extent to which the rapid bone turnover and cortical porosity induced by rhPTH(1–34) in ovariectomized monkeys modified mineral content, mineral crystal maturity and collagen maturity (cross-link distribution) in the cortical periosteal and endosteal regions, cross-sections of the cortical bone of the mid-humerus, were examined using Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). FTIRI analyses demonstrated that rhPTH(1–34) altered bone mineral and collagen properties in a dose-dependent manner. Mineral crystal maturity and collagen cross-link ratio (pyridinoline/dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine) on both endosteal and periosteal surfaces decreased relative to ovariectomized animals, consistent with new bone formation. These changes were partially sustained after withdrawal of the higher dose of rhPTH(1–34), suggesting a prolonged after-effect on bone properties for at least two bone remodeling cycles. In conclusion, treatment of ovariectomized monkeys with rhPTH(1–34) had significant effects on cortical bone mineral-to-matrix ratio, mineral crystal maturity, and collagen cross-link ratio. These were fully reversible when the 1-μg rhPTH(1–34) treatment was withdrawn, but only partially reversed when the 5-μg rhPTH(1–34) dose was withdrawn.
S 12911-2 Inhibits Osteoclastic Bone Resorption In Vitro
Authors: Takahashi N , Sasaki T , Tsouderos Y , Suda T 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The potential anti-osteoporotic activity of the strontium compound, S12911, was tested on osteoclast-like cells and on cultured fetal mouse long bones. From 1 mM Sr2+, S12911 reduced both basal and stimulated bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast activity and ruffled border formation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of S 12911-2 on osteoclastic bone resorption using in vitro systems. Osteoclast-like cells, produced in vitro by co-culture of mouse bone marrow cells with primary osteoblasts, were allowed to settle on dentine slices, and the area of resorption pits formed after 48 h was measured using an image analysis system. S 12911-2, at a minimal active concentration of 1 mM Sr2+, significantly reduced pit formation by these cells (p &lt; 0.05). Pretreatment of slices for 48 h with S 12911-2 (5 mM Sr2+) did not produce appreciable inhibition of resorption. Bone resorption in cultured fetal mouse long bones was assessed by measuring the release of pre-incorporated45calcium. S 12911-2 inhibited resorption in control cultures (18.9%, p ≤ 0.05) and in bones cultured with the active form of vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] (44.5%, p ≤ 0.05). S 12911-2 had no effect on the number of osteoclasts observed histochemically in longitudinal sections prepared from fetal mouse long bones. Electron microscopy of mouse long bones treated with S 12911-2 (3 mM Sr2+) showed osteoclasts with clear zones facing the bone surface, but without well-developed ruffled borders; untreated bones contained osteoclasts with normal ruffled borders. These results indicate that S 12911-2 inhibits osteoclast activity. This effect is directly linked to the presence of strontium, is effective on basal and stimulated resorption, and involves a decrease in ruffled border formation by osteoclasts.
Study Design in Osteoporosis: A European Perspective
Authors: Kanis Ja , Alexandre J-M , Bone Hg , Abadie E , Brasseur D , Chassany O , Durrleman S , Lekkerkerker Jff , Caulin F 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The advent of effective agents for the treatment of osteoporosis has led to the view that placebo-controlled trials to test new agents for efficacy are no longer appropriate. Rather, studies of superiority, equivalence, or non-inferiority have been recommended. Such studies require very large sample sizes, and the burden of osteoporotic fracture in a trial setting is substantially increased. Studies of equivalence cannot be unambiguously interpreted because the variance in effect of active comparator agents is too large in osteoporosis. If fracture studies are required by regulatory agencies, there is still a requirement for placebo-controlled studies, although perhaps of shorter duration than demanded at present.
Zoledronic Acid Prevents Osteopenia and Increases Bone Strength in a Rabbit Model of Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Little David G , Smith Nicholas C , Williams Paul R , Briody Julie N , Bilston Lynne E , Smith Elisabeth J , Gardiner Edith M , Cowell Christopher T 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Prolonged healing times and stress-shielding osteopenia remain problematic in distraction osteogenesis. In this study of 30 rabbits, zoledronic acid increased regenerate volume, mineralization, and tibial strength and prevented osteopenia over a 6-week period. Translation to the clinical setting, if safe, could improve outcomes in distraction osteogenesis in children.
Introduction: Because the external fixators for limb lengthening and reconstruction are designed to control the positions of bone fragments accurately, they also produce stress-shielding effects on the forming regenerate and surrounding bone. Osteopenia, leading to refracture and limitations on rehabilitation, are common consequences, potentially increasing morbidity and detracting from final clinical outcome.
Materials and Methods: We examined the effect of zoledronic acid on distraction osteogenesis in 42 immature male NZW rabbits. The model chosen results in reliable regenerate formation and stress-shielding osteopenia. Fourteen animals received either Saline, zoledronic acid 0.1 mg/kg at surgery (ZOL), or another dose 2 weeks postoperatively (Redosed ZOL). Rabbits underwent DXA for bone mineral content and bone mineral density in regenerate and surrounding segments of operated and contralateral tibias. After death at 6 weeks, 30 pairs of tibias underwent quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) and four-point bend testing, and 12 were examined by histomorphometry. The study was powered at 0.8 to show differences of 1.3 SDs for mineral and mechanical parameters.
Results: Osteopenia observed in tibias of the Saline group was absent in ZOL and Redosed ZOL tibias, the latter exhibiting higher bone mineral density and bone mineral content over contralateral regions (p &lt; 0.01). Regenerate bone mineral content was higher in ZOL and Redosed ZOL versus Saline groups at 4 and 6 weeks (p &lt; 0.01). Cross-sectional area was 49% and 59% greater at 6 weeks in ZOL and Redosed ZOL regenerates compared with the Saline group (p &lt; 0.01). ZOL and Redosed ZOL tibias were 29% and 89% stronger by four-point bending than the Saline group (p &lt; 0.01). Histomorphometry in the regenerate of ZOL and Redosed ZOL groups revealed higher trabecular bone volume and trabecular number compared with the Saline group (p &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: Zoledronic acid administration led to significantly greater bone area, mineral content, strength, and trabecular number with reduced stress-shielding osteopenia in this model of distraction osteogenesis. These data suggest that intraoperative and postoperative zoledronic acid administration could improve outcomes in children undergoing limb lengthening.
Morphological Determinants of Femoral Strength in Growth Hormone-Deficient Transgenic Growth-Retarded (Tgr) Rats
Authors: Evans Baj , Warner JT , Elford C , Evans SL , Laib A , Bains RK , Gregory JW , Wells T 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The extent to which childhood GHD affects adult fracture risk is unclear. We measured femoral strength in adult transgenic growth-retarded rats as a model of GHD. Long-term, moderate GHD was accompanied by endocrine and morphometric changes consistent with a significant reduction in femoral strength.
Introduction: Childhood growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is associated with osteopenia, but little is known about its effects on subsequent adult bone strength and fracture risk.
Materials and Methods: We have therefore measured femoral strength (failure load measured by three-point bending) in a new model of moderate GHD, the transgenic growth-retarded (Tgr) rat at 15, 22–23, and 52 weeks of age, and have quantified potential morphological and endocrine determinants of bone strength.
Results: Skeletal growth retardation in Tgr rats was accompanied by a sustained reduction in the anterior-posterior diameter of the femoral cortex, whereas mid-diaphyseal cortical wall thicknesses were largely unaltered. Total femoral strength was significantly impaired in Tgr rats (p &lt; 0.01), and this impairment was more pronounced in males than females. Compromised bone strength in Tgr rats could not be accounted for by the reduction in mechanical load (body weight) and was not caused by impairment of the material properties of the calcified tissue (ultimate tensile stress), despite marked reductions in femoral mineral density (areal bone mineral density; p &lt; 0.001). Microcomputerized tomographical analysis revealed significant modification of the architecture of trabecular bone in Tgr rats, with reductions in the number and thickness of trabeculae (p &lt; 0.05) and in the degree of anisotropy (p &lt; 0.01). The marked reduction in plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 in Tgr rats was accompanied by the development of high circulating leptin levels (p &lt; 0.01).
Conclusion: These results show that the changes in endocrinology and bone morphology associated with long-term moderate GHD in Tgr rats are accompanied by changes consistent with a significant reduction in the threshold for femoral fracture.
Recentering the Middle School Classroom as a Vibrant Learning Community: Students, Literacy, and Technology Intersect
Authors: Grisham Dana L. , Wolsey Thomas D. 
Published: April 2006

Technology reshapes our thinking about learning in multiple ways. This article proposes that middle school students can use asynchronous online discussions to improve their responses to literature, increase their engagement with the classroom community, and recenter the classroom around student voices. Working in small groups, students read the same novel. They are prompted to post their responses to the young adult literature in a closed, egalitarian online network.The authors examined online transcripts, interviewed students, and observed lesson sequences in eighth‐grade humanities classrooms over three years. They found that threaded discussions helped these middle school students to
Engage with and learn new literacies
Examine literature through a more critical lens
Socially construct knowledge to create a more authentic community of learners
The authors also found that the role of the teacher is transformed by technology to scaffold instruction through participation in online conversations.
Crossover Interactions for Grain Yield in Multienvironmental Trials of Winter Wheat
Authors: Mishra R. , Baenziger P. Stephen , Russell W. Ken , Graybosch Robert A. , Baltensperger David D. , Eskridge Kent M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTCrossover interactions (COIs) are changes in ranks among cultivars across environments. Breeders are concerned about COIs because their frequency affects how well rankings from one environment predict rankings in another environment. This research was undertaken to determine the frequency and distribution of COIs for grain yield within years in two regional trials of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The trials were in Nebraska and in the south‐central USA (SCUS). Each trial had four environments per year, and results from 1998, 1999, and 2000 were considered. Significance of COI for each pair of lines in each pair of environments within years was determined by a t test with an interaction‐wise Type 1 error rate. Grain yield varied significantly across environments in both trials in all years, and in the within‐year analyses the line × environment interaction was always highly significant. In the Nebraska trial, the frequency of COIs was less than expected by chance only in one pair of environments in 1 yr. Nonetheless, because estimates suggested the line × environment × year variance was substantially greater than the line × environment variance, this significant occurrence of COIs did not support breeding for local adaptation. In the SCUS trial, a lower frequency of COIs occurred than in the Nebraska trial. In both trials, frequency of COIs in a pair of environments was not closely related to the difference in mean yield between those environments, which raised the usefulness of categorizing environments as low‐stress or as high‐stress for the purpose of selection.
Litter Decomposition and Mineralization in Bahiagrass Pastures Managed at Different Intensities
Authors: Dubeux J. C. B. , Sollenberger L. E. , Interrante S. M. , Vendramini J. M. B. , Stewart R. L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPlant litter is an important nutrient pool in grassland ecosystems. Management practices affect litter quality and may affect nutrient dynamics in pastures by altering the rates of nutrient mineralization and immobilization. The effect of management intensity on litter decomposition and nutrient disappearance was evaluated in a litter bag study on continuously stocked ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pastures growing on Pomona and Smyrna sands. Treatments were three management intensities: Low (40 kg N ha−1yr−1 and 1.3 animal units [AU, one AU = 500 kg live weight] ha−1 stocking rate [SR]), Moderate (120 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 2.7 AU ha−1 SR), and High (360 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 4.0 AU ha−1 SR). Litter relative decomposition rate (k) was greater for High (0.0030 g g−1 d−1) than Low (0.0016 g g−1 d−1). Litter N, acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN), and lignin concentrations were greater for High than the other intensities at the end of the 168‐d incubation period because of faster decomposition of soluble compounds. Across management intensities, approximately one‐half of litter N remaining at the end of the incubation period was bound to acid detergent fiber (ADF). Net N mineralization through 128 d of incubation was only 200 to 300 g kg−1 of total N. Increasing management intensity resulted in faster litter turnover and greater nutrient release, but nutrient release from litter was small and significant quantities of nutrients were immobilized even under the most intensive management.
Planting Density Influences Disease Incidence and Severity of Sclerotinia Blight in Peanut
Authors: Maas Andrea L. , Dashiell Kenton E. , Melouk Hassan A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, has become one of the major limiting factors in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of plant spacing on disease incidence and severity of Sclerotinia blight in peanut research plots, to measure the level of apparent resistance at different seeding rates, and to determine which methods would produce clearest selection criteria in space‐planted breeding plots. Four peanut cultivars, Tamspan 90, Southwest Runner, Okrun, and Flavor Runner 458, were evaluated in field plots at four plant spacings (6, 15, 30, and 46 cm) in 2003 and 2004. Increased plant spacing improved sensitivity of disease incidence based determination of cultivar resistance but did not increase mean incidence significantly. Disease severity reached the highest level at the widest plant spacing. Final disease incidence provided excellent differentiation of genotypes with different levels of resistance and required the least amount of labor as compared with other methods of disease assessment.
Beginning at Zero: Notes on Cinema and Society
Authors: Rocha Glauber 
Published: April 2006

Like every other culture in this technologydominated world, Brazilian culture shows the influence of cinema. Film arbitrates life-styles, activates the imagination with its fantasies, and shapes moral life. Yet it is impossible to speak of the cinema in its Brazilian context without referring to North American film, whose influence and aggressiveness distributes North American culture throughout the world so that audiences now expect from all films only those images they are accustomed to seeing in Hollywood cinema.The Brazilian public, which is economically and culturally much closer to the United States than to Europe, has also based its images of life on North. American films. A vicious circle: when most Brazilians make films, they make them “a la Americana,” and it is primarily for this reason that Brazilian spectators try to make any Brazilian film they view into a Brazilian film “a la Americana.”
Caste, Politics, and Art
Authors: Perinbanayagam R. S. 
Published: April 2006

Indian civilization is made up of many strands, woven together by the invasions, assimilations, and proselytizings which have characterized its history and prehistory. Generally, however, elements of the Sanskritic culture brought in by Aryan invaders (conjecturally from the Middle East) around 1500 B.C. are dominant, though the farther one gets from the northern regions of India, the less apparent this dominance becomes. The question whether the culture of southern India is a remnant of the pre-Aryan civilization of India or also was imported has never been resolved. However, regional differences in culture within the framework of a Sanskritic civilization are not disputed, nor is the fact that southern India is less Sanskritic in culture than northern India.Such differences manifest themselves in a variety of customs, artifacts, arts, languages, and rituals.
Self-Use in Actor Training
Authors: Clay Jack 
Published: April 2006

For the actor, the right use of self is the only sure basis for the expressive use of self.Such a statement seems to me to summarize a trend in actor training in this country today. Soon after the Second World War, the Stanislavski “methodists,” led by Lee Strasberg, taught us important lessons in creative process, quite transforming our acting style. We crystalized a technique built on creative responsiveness, the mark always of good acting. Presumably these lessons are now an unforgettable part of our training.However, those of us who were students of Strasberg—or some of the other great acting teachers of that time, like Alvina Krause or Sanford Meisner—and who went on to teach another generation of young actors, sooner or later found ourselves facing more fundamental problems. These dealt with what is usually called voice and body work.
Criticism: Four Faults
Authors: Kirby Michael 
Published: April 2006

Theatrical criticism, as we know it, is primitive and naive, arrogant, and immoral. We accept that this should be so because it always has been so. Mental and cultural inertia justifies nothing, however. Criticism should be changed.There are two aspects to criticism: the passing of value judgments and analysis. It is the former that will be questioned here. Indeed, the word “criticism” will be used to refer specifically to the act of publishing statements of value. (One definition given by Webster is “a finding fault; censuring; disapproval.”) Thus, the evaluative and analytical functions will be considered as separate and distinct; “analysis” will be opposed to “criticism” rather than being included in it. In these terms, it is not merely a change that will be asked of criticism. Criticism as value judgment is a harmful anachronism and should be eliminated completely.
It's About Time
Authors: Gordon David 
Published: April 2006

Modern dance makes more choreographers, I believe, than ballet does. A conventional modern dance company is a very small group working with the specific ideas of a single artist. There are a limited number of these situations and an extraordinary number of dancers in training. It is not always difference in ideology or the compulsive need to explore a single vision that produces a new modern dance choreographer. It is simply expedient to create a personal marketplace in which to exhibit one's wares. The leniency with which modern dance has come to treat the eccentricities of body structure and performance as opposed to continued restrictions in ballets, allows for great variety in style and stature. But the small company, with its specific vision, often does not. So, choreography, for some of us, is self-defense.When I began performing publicly in other peoples’ work, I had a fairly goodlooking body, (though not a very flexible one), good height, good balance, and no training.
The Mystery Plays of Michael Kirby
Authors: Carroll Noel 
Published: April 2006

As a sculptor, photographer, playwright and director, Michael Kirby has been and is still an articulate proponent of the interanimation of the arts. As a practitioner as well as a theoretician of several arts, he has made and defended work that not only mixes media but also transposes forms and preoccupations of one art to others. Kirby’s commitment to the lively cross-fertilization of the arts partially accounts for the rise of Structuralist Theatre since that movement, in certain respects, appears to have been influenced in important ways by the tendency of Minimalist Art referred to as systemic painting.Some of Kirb’s Structuralist plays, like Revolutionary Dance and Identity Control, are composed of a series of dramatic, narrative vignettes that have no apparent causal or chronological relation. Kirby created his dramatic incidents as a painter might choose a color or shape, i.e., with an eye to its place in the overall formal structure.
Vakhtangov's The Dybbuk
Authors: Fishman Pearl 
Published: April 2006

Habimah, Israel's National Theatre, was born in the midst of the great upheaval of the Russian Revolution. In 1917, under the inspiring leadership of Nachum Zemach, the first group of 12 actors began training for the attainment of their goal—the establishment of a professional repertory theatre group to perform in Hebrew. They formed their theatre as a collective officially called “The Mutual Society, Ltd.” in which all had equal privileges and obligations. It was their hope that this dramatic group would be part of the process of national rebirth in Palestine.From 1918 until 1924, at a time when Hebrew was considered a “counter revolutionary” language and Zionists were being arrested by the hundreds, Habimah's repertoire consisted of plays dealing with Jewish subjects, giving dramatic expression to the traditions and aspirations that nourished the Russian Zionist movement.