bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction for molecular epidemiologic analysis of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Ghanem M. , Kapur Vivek , Ames Trevor R. , Timoney John F. , Love Daria N. , Mellencamp Martha A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether repetitive
sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR)
could be used to differentiate Streptococcus equi isolates,
to examine S equi isolates from throughout the
world, and to determine whether a horse had > 1 subtype
of S equi during an outbreak of disease.

Sample Population—An initial group of 32
S equi isolates, 63 S equi isolates from various geographic
areas, and 17 S equi isolates obtained during
outbreaks of disease.

Procedure—An aliquot of S equi genomic DNA was
amplified, using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic
consensus primers. Gel electrophoresis was performed
on 1.5% agarose gels, and a computed-assisted
program was used to compare rep-PCR results.

Results—Use of these primers to analyze 100 ng of
S equi genomic DNA resulted in patterns of 6 to 14
bands. The 32 initial isolates were separated into 7 rep-
PCR subtypes. There were 30 rep-PCR subtypes found
among 29 S equi isolates obtained from Minnesota,
Michigan, Canada, and Australia and 34 S equi isolates
obtained from Kentucky and other sources.
Furthermore, the same clone was identified in several
horses during an outbreak of disease. Infected horses
on the same farm all had a single clone of S equi.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
these results suggests that rep-PCR is useful for
delineating S equi into rep-PCR subtypes. Results
revealed that isolates with the same geographic
source or similar date of collection did not always
have the same rep-PCR subtype. A single clone of
S equi usually predominated during an outbreak of
disease. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:699–705)
Concentrations of substance P and prostaglandin E2 in synovial fluid of normal and abnormal joints of horses
Authors: Kirker-Head Carl A. , Chandna V. K. , Agarwal R. K. , Morris Elisabeth A. , Tidwell Amy , O'Callaghan Michael W. , Rand William , Kumar M. S. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To correlate substance P content of synovial fluid with prostaglandin E2content, radiographic evidence of joint abnormality, and anatomic location of the joint for normal and osteoarthritic joints of horses.Sample Population—Synovial fluid from 46 normal joints in 21 horses and 16 osteoarthritic joints in 10 horses.Procedure—Normal and osteoarthritic joints were identified by clinical and radiographic examination, by response to nerve blocks, during scintigraphy or surgery, or by clinicopathologic evaluation. Substance P and prostaglandin E2contents of synovial fluid were determined by radioimmunoassay. Radiographs of joints were assigned a numeric score reflecting severity of lesions. Joints were assigned a numeric score reflecting anatomic location.Results—Median concentrations of substance P and prostaglandin E2 were significantly increased in osteoarthritic joints, compared with normal joints. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of substance P and prostaglandin E2in synovial fluid, but a correlation was not detected between substance P concentration in synovial fluid and anatomic location of the joint or between radiographic scores of osteoarthritic joints and concentrations of substance P or prostaglandin E2.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A correlation existed between concentrations of substance P and prostaglandin E2in synovial fluid obtained from normal and osteoarthritic joints. However, content of substance P in synovial fluid cannot be predicted by the radiographic appearance of the joint or its anatomic location. Substance P and prostaglandin E2may share an important and related role in the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis, lending credence to the importance of neurogenic inflammation in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 714–718)
Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution, thermodilution, and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in anesthetized horses
Authors: Linton Robert A. , Young Lesley E. , Marlin David J. , Blissitt Karen J. , Brearley Jackie C. , Jonas Max M. , O'Brien Terry K. , Linton Nick W. , Band David M. , Hollingworth Chris , Jones Ronald S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the suitability of lithium dilution as a method for measuring cardiac output in anesthetized horses, compared with thermodilution and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography.Animals—6 horses (3 Thoroughbreds, 3 crossbreeds).Procedure—Cardiac output was measured in 6 anesthetized horses as lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO), thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO), and transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic cardiac output (DopplerCO). For the LiDCO measurements, lithium chloride was administered IV, and cardiac output was derived from the arterial lithium dilution curve. Sodium nitroprusside, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and dobutamine hydrochloride were used to alter cardiac output. Experiments were divided into 4 periods. During each period, 3 LiDCO measurements, 3 DopplerCO measurements, and 3 sets of 3 TDCO measurements were obtained.Results—70 comparisons were made between LiDCO, DopplerCO, and triplicate TDCO measurements over a range of 10 to 43 L/min. The mean (± SD) of the differences of LiDCO – TDCO was –0.86 ± 2.80 L/min; LiDCO = –1.90 + 1.05 TDCO (r= 0.94). The mean of the differences of DopplerCO – TDCO was 1.82 ± 2.67 L/min; DopplerCO = 2.36 + 0.98 TDCO (r= 0.94). The mean of the differences of LiDCO – DopplerCO was –2.68 ± 3.01 L/min; LiDCO = –2.53 + 0.99 DopplerCO (r= 0.93).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results indicate that lithium dilution is a suitable method for measuring cardiac output in horses. As well as being accurate, it avoids the need for pulmonary artery catheterization and is quick and safe to use. Monitoring cardiac output during anesthesia in horses may help reduce the high anesthetic mortality in this species. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:731–737)
Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin G in neonatal llamas and alpacas
Authors: Weaver Dusty M. , Tyler Jeff W. , Scott Michael A. , Wallace Laurie M. , Marion Richard S. , Holle Julie M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate precolostral hypogammaglobulinemia in neonatal llamas and alpacas, to determine when postcolostral peak serum IgG concentrations develop, to determine whether differences in postcolostral serum IgG concentrations between llamas and alpacas exist, and to determine postcolostral half-life of serum IgG in llamas and alpacas.Design—Prospective observational study.Animals—29 llama and 10 alpaca crias.Procedure—Blood samples were collected prior to suckling and on days 1, 2, and 3 after parturition and analyzed for serum IgG concentration by use of a commercial radial immunodiffusion assay. Additional samples were collected on days 8, 13, and 18 from 8 crias to determine mean half-life of IgG.Results—Llamas and alpacas are born severely hypogammaglobulinemic. Mean serum IgG concentrations for day-1, -2, and -3 samples for llamas were 1,578 mg/dl, 1,579 mg/dl, and 1,401 mg/dl, respectively, and for alpacas were 2,024 mg/dl, 1,806 mg/dl, and 1,669 mg/dl, respectively. Peak serum immunoglobulin concentration developed between days 1 and 2. Mean half-life of IgG for all crias was 15.7 days.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although increased mortality has been linked to failure of passive transfer, it is clearly possible to raise crias that have low serum immunoglobulin concentrations. Llamas and alpacas do not differ significantly with respect to immunoglobulin absorption or IgG concentration in neonates. The optimal sampling time for passive transfer status is between 1 and 2 days. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:738–741)
Cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Stabel Judith R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare cytokine secretion patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy cows and cows subclinically and clinically infected withMycobacterium paratuberculosis.Animals—5 noninfected cows, 6 cows with subclinical paratuberculosis, and 4 cows with clinical paratuberculosis.Procedure—PBMC were isolated, and concentrations or activities of secreted interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL- 6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon−γ (IFN-γ) were measured after in vitro stimulation of cells with concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or a whole-cell sonicate ofM paratuberculosis(MpS). Proliferative responses of PBMC were also determined after stimulation with ConA, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or MpS.Results—After stimulation with ConA, cells from subclinically infected cows secreted significantly more, and cells from clinically infected cows secreted significantly less, IFN-γ, compared with cells from control cows. Cells from cows with subclinical paratuberculosis produced significantly more TNF and IFN-γ in response to MpS than cells from the other 2 groups. Stimulation of PBMC from subclinically infected cows with ConA or MpS resulted in significantly higher proliferative responses, compared with cells from control and clinically infected cows. In contrast, clinically infected cows had significantly higher proliferative responses to PWM than cells from the other 2 groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in T-cell responses to mitogens or MpS was observed in cows clinically infected withM paratuberculosis, compared with subclinically infected cows, suggesting that activated T cells may delay the progression of paratuberculosis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:754–760)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terbutaline in healthy horses
Authors: Törneke M. Karolina , Ingvast-Larsson J. Carina , Johansson Jenny M. , Appelgren Lars-Erik 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics of terbutaline
in healthy horses and to relate serum terbutaline
concentrations with the drug’s pharmacodynamic
effects.

Animals—6 healthy horses.

Procedure—Horses were given terbutaline IV
(10 µg/kg of body weight) and, 1 week later, PO (100
µg/kg). Responses to drug administration (eg, heart
rate and serum lactate concentration) were measured.
Serum terbutaline concentration was measured by
means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.
Protein binding was determined in vitro.

Results—Following IV administration, median maximum
serum terbutaline concentration and mean
residence time were 9.3 ng/ml and 30 minutes,
respectively. Bioavailability following oral administration
was < 1%. All horses developed sweating,
trembling, excitement, and tachycardia during IV
infusion. The 2 horses with the highest serum terbutaline
concentrations developed severe tachycardia
and CNS stimulation; 30 minutes after the IV infusion
was completed, they were hyperventilating and
lethargic. Heart rate and serum lactate concentration
increased as serum terbutaline concentration
increased.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated
that terbutaline is rapidly cleared from the
bloodstream following IV administration to horses,
suggesting that continuous IV infusion would be
needed to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations.
Oral administration of terbutaline to horses is
not practical because of the low bioavailability.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:761–765)
Bacterial contamination of suction tips used during surgical procedures performed on dogs and cats
Authors: Sturgeon Catherine , Lamport Anne I. , Lloyd David H. , Muir Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine prevalence of bacterial contamination of surgical suction tips.Sample Population—Surgical tips used during 44 surgical procedures performed on 42 dogs and 2 cats.Procedure—Surgical procedures were classified into 1 of 3 categories according to degree of bacterial contamination of the surgical site (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated). Two sets of suction apparatuses were used for test and control suction tips. Test tips were used normally to suction blood and fluid, whereas control tips were placed on the surgical drapes but not in the surgical wound. Suction tips were collected aseptically and placed into thioglycolate broth tubes for qualitative aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture at the end of each procedure.Results—Test and control suction tips were contaminated with bacteria during 30 of 44 (68%) procedures.Staphylococcusspp were the predominant bacteria in tips used during clean and clean-contaminated surgeries. When surgery was performed on clean-contaminated or contaminated wounds, prevalence of isolation of other bacteria such asPseudomonasspp,Streptococcusspp, andEscherichia colifrom both test and control suction tips was higher than for clean wounds. Mean time of procedures during which both test and control suction tips became contaminated was not significantly different from time of procedures during which neither tip became contaminated.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Surgical suction tips often become contaminated during standard veterinary surgical procedures. The risk of wound infection after surgery may be influenced by bacterial contamination of surgical suction tips. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:779–783)
Use of cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (II), a liposomal cisplatin analogue, in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fox Leslie E. , Rosenthal Robert C. , King Robert R. , Levine Paula B. , Vail David M. , Helfand Stuart C. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Perez-Soler Roman , Calderwood-Mays Maron , Kurzman Ilene D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine clinical response and toxic effects of cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2- diaminocyclohexane platinum (II) (L-NDDP) administered IV at escalating doses to cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Animals—18 cats with oral SCC.Procedure—Cats that failed to respond to conventional treatment or had nonresectable tumors were included. Data included a CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, cytologic examination of a fineneedle aspirate of enlarged lymph nodes, and thoracic and oral radiographs for clinical staging. A starting dose (75 to 100 mg/m2of L-NDDP) was administered IV. At 21-day intervals, subsequent doses increased by the rate of 5 or 10 mg/m2. Response was evaluated every 21 days by tumor measurement and thoracic radiography. Quality of life was assessed by owners, using a performance status questionnaire.Results—On average, cats received 2 treatments. Toxicoses included an intermittent, acute anaphylactoid- parasympathomimetic reaction, lethargy or sedation (≤ 24 hours), inappetence or signs of depression (≤ 72 hours), mild to moderate increase in hepatic enzyme activity, and melena. Pulmonary, renal, or hematopoietic abnormalities were not evident. Performance status surveys indicated normal behavior and grooming or decreased activity and self-care (19/20 assessments), ate well with or without assistance (15/20), and did not lose weight (15/20). Median survival time was 59.8 days (mean, 54.1 days).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—L-NDDP was ineffective for treatment of cats with oral SCC. None of the cats had a complete or partial remission. Acute toxicoses and poor therapeutic response limit therapeutic usefulness of L-NDDP in cats, unless dosage, frequency, and administration procedures can be improved. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 791–795)
Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on selected bacterial populations in feces of dogs
Authors: Willard Michael D. , Simpson R. Bruce , Cohen Noah D. , Clancy Julianne S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate fecal concentrations of selected genera of colonic bacteria in healthy dogs, and to investigate effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on those bacterial populations.Animals—6 healthy adult Beagles.Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 3 and fed an unsupplemented diet for 370 days. After 88 days, fecal samples were collected. Another fecal sample was collected from each dog 282 days later. Group A then received a diet supplemented with FOS, and group B continued to receive the unsupplemented diet. Twenty-eight to 29 days later, fecal samples were collected. Diets were switched between groups, and fecal samples were collected 31 and 87 days later. Concentrations ofBifidobacteriumspp,Lactobacillusspp,Clostridiumspp,Bacteroidesspp, andEscherichia coliin freshly collected feces were determined. Effects of diet and time on bacterial concentrations were compared between groups.Results—Bifidobacteriumspp andLactobacillusspp were inconsistently isolated from feces of dogs fed either diet. Sequence of diet significantly affected number ofBacteroidesspp subsequently isolated from feces, but diet had no effect on numbers ofClostridiumspp orE coli.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Some genera of bacteria (eg,Bifidobacterium) believed to be common components of colonic microflora may be only sporadically isolated from feces of healthy dogs. This deviation from expected fecal flora may have implications for the effectiveness of supplementing diets with prebiotics. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 820–825)
In vitro evaluation of intraluminal factors that may alter intestinal permeability in ponies with carbohydrate-induced laminitis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , Green Benedict T. , Brown David R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To study the in vitro effects of cecal contents incubated with corn starch on colonic permeability in horses.Animals—4 healthy adult ponies.Procedure—Mucosal specimens were obtained from the right ventral colon and mounted in Ussing chambers. Changes in short circuit current, conductance, and large-molecule permeability in response to addition of cecal contents and cecal contents incubated with corn starch were evaluated for 120 minutes.Results—Incubation of cecal contents with corn starch for 8 hours resulted in a decrease in cecal content pH and an increase in lactic acid concentration. These changes were similar to those reported in vivo for ponies given corn starch. Exposure of colonic mucosa to cecal contents incubated with corn starch resulted in an increase in tissue conductance and permeability of technetium Tc 99m pentetate, compared with mucosa exposed to cecal contents alone.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro exposure of colonic mucosa to cecal contents incubated with starch resulted in increased paracellular permeability. Fermentation of excessive amounts of carbohydrate in the intestinal lumen of horses may directly induce increased intestinal permeability associated with carbohydrate-induced laminitis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:858–861)
Identification of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Mexico
Authors: Milian-Suazo Feliciano , Salman M. D. , Ramirez Carolina , Payeur Janet B. , Rhyan Jack C. , Santillan Marco 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives—To determine epidemiologic factors
associated with tuberculosis (TB) in dairy cattle
slaughtered in 6 important regions for milk production
in Mexico.

Animals—2,500 cattle.

Procedure—Tissue specimens with lesions typical of
TB were obtained during routine inspection of carcasses
at abbatoirs between July 1996 and January
1997. Infection with Mycobacterium organisms was
confirmed by histologic examination and bacteriologic
culture. Species identification was made by use of
selective growth medium, conventional biochemical
tests, and radiometric procedures. Epidemiologic
information for affected cattle was obtained by personal
interviews with cattle dealers and owners.

Results—400 (16%) of 2,500 cattle carcasses had
gross lesions typical of TB. Of the 400 infected cattle,
336 (84%) had lesions in ≥ 1 lymph node. Infection
was confirmed in 87% of cattle with gross lesions by
histologic examination, in 77% by bacteriologic culture
at a laboratory in the United States, and in 59% by
bacteriologic culture at a laboratory in Mexico. Most
cattle were adult females in fair to good body condition
that came from large herds (> 500 cattle) and
were not included in the Mexican TB control program.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mean prevalence
of lesions typical of TB in dairy cattle at 6 locations
in Mexico was 16%. Mycobacterium infection
was confirmed by various techniques in most lesions.
Recognition of typical gross lesions at slaughter may
expedite TB control procedures. (Am J Vet Res 2000;
61:86–89)
Effects of an extract of Serenoa repens on dogs with hyperplasia of the prostate gland
Authors: Barsanti Jeanne A. , Finco Delmar R. , Mahaffey Mary M. , Fayrer-Hosken Richard A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Thompson Frederick N. , Shotts Emmett B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of an extract ofSerenoa repenson dogs with prostatic hyperplasia.Animals—20 mature male dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia.Procedure—Dogs were assigned to 3 comparable groups on the basis of prostatic volume per kg of body weight and degree of prostatic hyperplasia determined histologically. Dogs in 2 groups were treated for 91 days (8 received 500 mg, PO, q 8 h [1,500 mg/d], and 6 received 100 mg, PO, q 8 h [300 mg/d]). The control group of 6 dogs did not receive medication. Effects of treatment on prostatic volume, prostatic weight, prostatic histologic characteristics, radiographic and ultrasonographic assessment of prostatic size, results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis, serum testosterone concentration, and semen characteristics were determined. At the termination of the study, all dogs were euthanatized, and necropsies were performed. Investigators conducting tests and interpreting results were not aware of treatment group of each dog.Results—Treatment did not affect prostatic weight, prostatic volume, or prostatic histologic scores, libido, semen characteristics, radiographs of the caudal portion of the abdomen, prostatic ultrasonographs, or serum testosterone concentrations. Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses or urinalysis, and body weights did not change during treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with an extract ofS repensfor 91 days did not significantly affect the prostate gland of dogs. Adverse effects were not evident. Although products containing extracts ofS repensare widely advertised for men with prostatic hyperplasia, beneficial or harmful effects of this plant extract were not found in dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:880–885)