bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropologie marxiste et recherche empirique.
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil 
Published: October 2008

B. Jewsiewicki — Marxist Anthropology and Empirical Research.
Based upon a collective work of the Amsterdam group of Marxist anthropologists, this paper offers a critical comparison of the Dutch and French Marxian (or post-Marxist, in Paris' case?) 'schools' of African studies.
Les recherches démographiques sur Madagascar au début de l'époque coloniale et les documents de « l'AMI »
Authors: Paillard Yvan-Georges 
Published: October 2008

Y.-G. Paillard — Demographie Research on Madagascar at the Beginning of the Colonial Period and AMI Documents.
According to the estimates made at the end of the igth century, the population of Madagascar was then varying between two and eight million. When the island became part of the French territory in 1896, the colonial authorities proved most anxious to know the number of native taxpayers and the supply of labour force they could reasonably reckon on. Difficulties of ail kind, however, did not permit for a long time to collect reliable statistical data, and only that questionable information is available to historians. It is yet certain that the island was really sparsely populated, which considerably hampered its 'exploitation'. Hence a series of steps with a view to increasing the population as soon as Gallieni (1896-1905) came into power; the main initiative was the creation in 1899 of the AMI (Native Medical Assistance), a pioneering undertaking which was then repeated in other places, and the results of which proved quite significant. Thanks to these efforts, a large quantity of reports and publications is now available, the systematic exploitation of which, together with that of other sources of various kinds, should permit to have a better idea of the actual population of the island at the beginning of the 2oth century (between two and a half and three million?), to study its distribution, the changes in birth and death rates, the effects of epidemie diseases such as malaria, etc. The particularly large amount of documents on the capital, Tananarive, permits an in-depth analysis.
Vers une anthropo-sociologie historique des populations. Une proposition de macro-analyse des processus démographiques contemporains au Zaïre
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil 
Published: October 2008

B. Jewsiewicki — Towards a Historical Sociology of Population in Zaire : Proposals for the Analysis of the Demographie Regime.
The author asserts that it is unthinkable to separate phenomena which are biological, such as birth or mortality, from the social, cultural, political and economie ones. To speak of a demographie regime characteristic of Africa is an abuse of language. At present, the empirical data necessary to document the variety of African demographie regimes and their transformations are limited. However, historical information is ample enough to reject the idea of stagnation. The readiness of local institutions to manipulate the demographie regime is beginning to be documented. Political regulation of the social status of dependents was one way to manipulate socio-economic and demographie behavior. The demographie model of very high fertility results from a reorganization of power relations within colonial Society. To carry out research successfully, we must begin by analysing the transformation of units of reproduction, production and consumption.
Power and Knowledge. The Representation of the Mande World in the Works of Park, Caillié, Monteil, and Delafosse.
Authors: Grosz-Ngaté Maria 
Published: October 2008

M. Grosz-Ngaté — Pouvoir et savoir : la représentation du monde mandé dans les œuvres de Park, Caillié, Monteil et Delafosse.
Les travaux des explorateurs Mungo Park et René Caillié ainsi que ceux des administrateurs coloniaux-ethnologues Charles Monteil et Maurice Delafosse ont influencé bon nombre de chercheurs qui se sont intéressés ou s'intéressent encore au monde mandé. S'insérant dans le débat actuel sur les pratiques de l'anthropologie, cet article examine les écrits de ces auteurs pour cerner les modes de représentation des peuples mandé, faire ressortir les réseaux de pouvoir d'où surgissent ces représentations et, finalement, signaler les points d'ancrage de l'autorité dont se réclament les auteurs. L'analyse suggère qu'en dépit d'une évolution apparente, qui fait passer des relations de voyage des explorateurs aux analyses dites scientifiques des administrateurs coloniaux-ethnologues, aucune rupture épistémologique ne se donne à lire.
African Peasantries, Reciprocity and the Market. The Economy of Affection Reconsidered.
Authors: Lemarchand René 
Published: October 2008

R. Lemarchand — Paysanneries africaines, réciprocité et marché : l'économie de l'affection réexaminée.
Voulant être un concept opératoire, l'économie de l'affection nous donne des paysanneries africaines une vision par trop totalisante et atemporelle pour en cerner les dynamismes face à l'économie de marché. Le concept d'échange social, par contre, met davantage l'accent sur les termes des transactions qui régissent les rapports d'accommodement et de conflit entre acteurs sociaux. C'est dans une perspective à la fois historique et anthropologique que cette discussion s'efforce de faire le point sur les rapports entre les coûts et les bénéfices qui naissent de l'influence des économies capitalistes. Tout en proposant une remise en question du concept d'économie de l'affection, l'article s'efforce d'approfondir la signification des phénomènes d'échange dans la genèse et le maintien de l'ordre social.
Présence des crises dans la chronique dynastique marocaine : entre la narration et les signes
Authors: Sebti Abdelahad 
Published: October 2008

A. Sebti — The Presence of Crises in Moroccan Dynastie Chronicles : Between Narration and Signs.
Various pieces of evidence indicate that the Moroccan dynastie chronicles were not simply a store of praise for the powers that be. To better understand this literature's status, a set of notions related to crises are examined. The prevalent view incoporated in these texts does not refer to the modem contents of azma. Far from compartmentalizing events into politics, economies, etc., the vocabulary reveals implicit meanings that orient the narrating of these chronicles. Events are signs, and legitimation is mixed up with edification and ideas of utopia.
Des négociants au long cours s'arrêtent à Dimbokro (Côte-d'Ivoire).
Authors: Bredeloup Sylvie 
Published: October 2008

S. Bredeloup — Long-Distance Traders Stop in Dimbokro, Ivory Coast.
On the basis of biographies gathered in the field, the occupational, cultural, family and social mobility of individuals is shown to be tied to the history of Dimbokro, a history shaped by migrations. Achievement and then a fall for M'Ba, a Malinke teenager who came from his hometown of Sikasso to live with his uncle. Owing to its infrastructure, Dimbokro, a major trading center, grew until the Daoukro road was built. Then separated from major circuits of trade, the town declined; and business fell off for M'Ba. A new generation of long-distance traders has emerged, and two sorts are compared: the "solidarity" ones who create trading relationships out of kinship, and the "solitary" ones who choose such relationships on their own. Given the similar fates of both, mobility is still the way to social success, itself dependent on Dimbokro's growth or decline.
Le primitivisme, le postcolonialisme, les antiquités «nègres» et la question nationale
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil 
Published: October 2008

B. Jewsiewicki — Primitivism, Postcolonialism, Negro Antiques and the National Issue.
Drawing on récent studies dealing with primitivism in art, the intellectual history of Africa and the social history of Western historiography of ancient Greece, this paper explores the relationships between nationalism and colonialism as well as those between modernism and primitivism. The author argues that the invention of 'primitivism' in art constitutes an important élément in the définition of the West as 'modem'. He goes on to suggest that colonialism represents the core component of the Western construction of modem nationalism. The paper also discusses the possible relationship between postmodernism and postcolonialim and the nascent interest in non-Western popular arts.
La corruption et le clientélisme au Mali et en Europe de l'Est : quelques points de comparaison.
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup 
Published: October 2008

Jean-Loup Amselle — Corruption and Clientelism in Mali and Eastern Europe: Points of Comparison.
Under despotic, patrimonial or neopatrimonial, governments, the contradiction between modernist appearances and interpersonal relations serves as the grounds for an analysis of corruption, nepotism and maladministration. However such an analysis projects a moralizing, modem view on phenomena grounded in another logic. Rather than comparing two sets—the West versus Africa and Eastern Europe—term by term, we should first define the domains of corruption and of clientage in each set. Corruption and clientelism, when part of the way governments work, have a place identical to that of the conception of primitive societies without writing. In both cases, a logic of ascription and stigmatization is at work.
Différences et résistances : les Noirs à Bahia sous l'esclavage
Authors: Reis Joao José 
Published: October 2008

J. J. Reis — Differences and Resistance: Blacks in Bahia under Slavery.
Ethnie differences and rivalries in Brazil's African community during the time of slavery are studied through the example of black Catholic brotherhoods. Owing to these divisions, ethnie identities were maintained, even reinforced, that helped Africans stand up to Whites. In these brotherhoods, this confrontation mainly involved negotiations for better living conditions, cultural values and the auton-omy of Blacks in their own brotherhoods. Although they did not participate in more important struggles, these brotherhoods did not hinder (and sometimes even did the contrary) Blacks from developing a critical, even rebellious, consciousness.
Roman et oralité.
Authors: Martin-Granel Nicolas 
Published: October 2008

N. Martin-Granel — Novels and Oral Traditions, A Review.
For literary critics constantly preoccupied with the quest for sources, the only "authentic" African writer is the one who writes what the ancestors dic-tate. Barely a caricature, this myth has, in Eileen Julien's iconoclastic book African Novels and the Question of Orality, been deconstructed down to its evolution-ary or primitivist assumptions. A close reading of a few famous novels on the basis of their "oral intertext" shows that the African novelist is no more naive than other novelists. He is, indeed, the author of his text; he adapts, transposes, manipulates oral genres, as well as any informed critic can do. Although genres may be invented through writing, why would they not also be through reading?
Mythe et histoire dans la vie de Kaañ Fay du Cangin (Sénégal)
Authors: Faye Ousseynou 
Published: October 2008

O. Faye—Myth and History in Kaah Fay's Life (Cangin, Senegal).
Just to the west of the center of the Senegambian region, the Cangin area has long been overlooked. As of the 1850s, the struggle against French colonial domination assumed many forms there, at first classical armed confrontation and then a sort of Robin-Hoodism. Kaan Fay, a leading actor in this resistance, is presented as a miraculous being at birth who is crowned with glory during his youth and adulthood, or as a dignitary who fiercely opposed colonial subjugation of his territory. The reconstituted biography sheds light on the sway of myth in the Senegambian mentality and shows how hard it is to follow the evolution of the saafi lineage societies.
La naissance de l'ethnographie africaniste en France avant 1914
Authors: Sibeud Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2008

E. Sibeud—The Birth of Africanist Ethnography in France Before 1914.
This review of "Africanist ethnography" takes as date 1914, / e after three decades of colonial administration. Colonial administrators laid claim to this ethnography in order to legitimate their field knowledge. Organized in a semiprofessional, semiacademic network since 1900, they used their ethnographie knowledge for their social promotion. When the social sciences were redefined owing to both the criticism of a physical anthropology and the emergence of sociology around Durkheim, the field work undertaken by these administrators impelled ethnography.
La « solidarité africaine » : un mythe à revisiter.
Authors: Vidal Claudine 
Published: October 2008

C. Vidal—"African Solidarity": Reexamining a Myth.
Whether presented in populist terms or from a pessimistic perspective, the "solida-rism" thesis does not take account of actual community practices. Without any critical perspective, it adopts commonsense discourse about "African solidarity".
Gaabgol et Kuumeen : cohésion sociale et disparités économiques.
Authors: Ogawa Ryo 
Published: October 2008

R. Ogawa — Gaaбgol and Kuumeen : Levelling Mechanisms within a Homogeneous Group.
The JenngelBe, a Fulani group living in the Djolof area of Sénégal, form a hierarchical society : the free Jenngelôe follow a pastoral way of life; artisans are organized in a caste-like System; and then, there are the former slaves. The Jenngelôe hâve a status socially but not necessarily economically higher than that of other peoples. To main-tain this higher status, they need to form a homogeneous group ; but they do not seem to hâve any System for maintaining homogeneity. They often mention methods, called gaadgol, for finding good or bad signs in women or domestic animais. They also refer to the existence in their country of a mystic being, Kuumeen. What people say about gaaBgol and Kuumeen spark rumors that maintain the society's internai order.
Une vision iconoclaste de la Guerre sainte d'al-Hājj Umar Taal
Authors: Kane Moustapha , Fagerberg-Diallo Sonja , Robinson David 
Published: October 2008

M. Kane, S. Fagerberg & D. Robinson — An Iconoclastic View of al-Hajj Umar Taal's Holy War.
Lamin Maabo Gise's poem in Ajami (Arabie letters used to write in the Fulani lan-guage), which has been translated and annotated by the three authors of this article, sheds new, critical, light on al-Hajj Umar's jihad, specifically on the views of those involved therein. For these holy wars, disciple-soldiers (taalibe) were mobilized in the west for waging war in the east, in Kaarta and then among the Bambara. This poem provides evidence that : the taalibe grew discontent in reaction to the horrors of war-fare ; believers were disappointed when they realized that the driving force was booty (especially the acquisition of slaves); and recruits were nostalgie for their native Futa Tooro.
Assimilés ou patriotes africains ? Naissance du nationalisme culturel en Afrique française (1853-1931)
Authors: Manchuelle François 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Assimiles or African patriots? The Emergence of Cultural Nationalisai in French-speaking Africa (1853-1931). — The French-speaking African educated elite is generally presented as strongly influenced by the colonial policy of Assimilation—at least until the emergence of the negritude movement before the Second World War. This article challenges this view by analyzing texts of local history and ethnography published by Francophone African authors from the middle of the nineteenth century to the 1930s. These sources display great pride in African culture, although they are also critical of traditional African society. Many of their authors later became important African politicians and intellectuals. Some played a role in the emergence of negritude. The works of these authors, however, were more than precursors of negritude: they were also attempts to define a modem African culture—one that would retain cultural elements from the past, while discarding oppressive traits of the old society.
Inikori's Odyssey : Measuring the British Slave Trade, 1655-1807
Authors: Richardson David , Behrendt Stephen D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In a recent article in this journal, Joseph Inikori sought to revise upwards estimates of the volume of the British slave trave in 1698-1807 published in 1989 by David Richardson. This paper questions the methodology underlying Inikori's new estimates of the trade and offers further evidence in support of Richardson's daim that his 1989 estimate represented probably an upper-bound figure for British slave shipments from the west coast of Africa in 1698-1807. The paper also seeks to move forward the debate on slave shipments by indicating the direction in which most recent estimates of the trade are going.
Identité et frontières d'un domaine de recherche : l'exemple de la littérature d'Afrique anglophone
Authors: Bardolph Jacqueline 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Tracing the Borders of a Literary Field: the Case of Africain Literature in English. — The writers corne from such diverse national and individual back-ground that one is tempted to say any common features in the production is to be ascribed essentially to its links with Great Britain and the USA, and to its dialogue with post-colonial literatures in English ail over the world. The first critical approaches of these texts, centred on the "culture clash", now appear as reductive. The works need to be reexamined, with particular attention to unresolved tensions and to the singularity of each narrative mode and vision, and not for an illusory documentary value. It is also necessary to replace the texts which are known abroad in the context of the more popular production and of the media in English in each country. For it is in the dialogue of the works with an African public that the features of an African literature can be best defined.
Aspects de la nouvelle nigérienne
Authors: Sanvée Mathieu René 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
Dans l'univers francophone, la nouvelle a du mal a se faire une place à côté du roman. Pourtant, c'est un genre qui frappe par sa grande vitalité dans un pays comme le Niger. Depuis les années 1960, la presse écrite se fait l'écho de ces productions, et le concours de la nouvelle organisé chaque année par le ministère de la Culture et le Centre culturel franco-nigérien de Niamey attire un grand nombre de candidats. L'inventaire des textes publiés entre 1965 et 1985 révèle chez leurs auteurs le souci de témoigner sur leur époque : à travers des thèmes aussi variés que l'exode rural, l'exclusion ethnique, les inégalités sociales ou la dépravation des mœurs, ils cherchent à montrer que les vraies valeurs ont pour creuset le terroir et pour fondement l'homme. À la nouvelle est donc assignée une fonction didactique : représenter un espace de régulation sociale et morale pour susciter une prise de conscience face aux perversions du monde.
« After Fish, Milk Do not Wish ». Recurring Ideas in a Global Culture
Authors: Silla Eric 
Published: October 2008

Résumé
'Après poisson, laict est poison'. D'idées récurrentes au sein d'une culture globale. — Une croyance répandue au Mali lie l'ingestion de certains poissons à la survenue de la lèpre (maladie de Hansen). Une aversion semblable à l'égard du poisson est attestée en Egypte ancienne, au Moyen-Orient, dans le nord du Nigeria, en Europe médiévale et dans l'Amérique coloniale. Cet article compare les données obtenues lors d'entretiens oraux et celles trouvées dans les manuscrits arabes du Mali avec des exemples provenant de ces autres régions. Les similarités frappantes existant entre ces croyances sont pour nous l'occasion de repenser les hypothèses relatives à la transmission des conceptions et des idées. À cet égard, cet article rejoint les efforts des chercheurs qui contestent la classification des croyances et des connaissances en fonction de critères rigides comme l'ethnie, la nation, la race ou la classe. Il conteste également les classifications qui laissent de côté les liens entre connaissance scientifique et savoir populaire et il s'achève sur une proposition visant à appréhender les idées et les croyances selon une perspective globale.
Local Tradition or Islamic Precept ? The Notion of zakat in Wuli (Eastern Sénégal)
Authors: Van Hoven Ed 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article explores the role of zakāt in the marriage ceremony in Wuli (Eastern Senegal). In Islamic law, zakāt is defined as an obligatory alm, a gift ideally from the rich to the poor. In Wuli, zakāt is a 'tithe' substracted from the trousseau and divided among the sisters of the groom in return for the services rendered during the marriage ceremony. The specific adoption of zakāt exemplifies the direction taken by marriage in reformulating existing cultural practices in the light of Islamic precepts. It shows that the various forms of authority exercised by men and women through the performance of rituals are integral to the process of rethinking 'local traditions' and the way in which meaning is attributed to precepts derived from the 'religion'.
Okiek Portraits: Représentation, Mediation, and Interpretation in a Photographic Exhibition.
Authors: Kratz Corinne A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper is part of a larger study of the multiple mediations and interpretations involved in developing and travelling a photographie exhibition that focussed on Okiek people in Kenya, 'Okiek Portraits'. It focuses on Okiek viewings and interpretations of the exhibition itself and of the photographs shown, relating their reactions and commentaries to the history of photography among the Okiek and in Kenya more generally.
De l'art africain et de l'esthétique : valeur d'usage, valeur d'échange
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil 
Published: October 2008

RÉSUMÉ
Les questions de l'usage, en particulier du symbolisme et de la commercialisation de l'art plastique africain, sont abordées, à partir de quelques publications récentes. L'authenticité d'un objet d'art, telle qu'elle est définie dans le contexte du marché d'art occidental, est confrontée à la lecture de ce même objet comme l'inscription d'un savoir et comme l'outil d'action pratique.
Littérature négro-africaine, idéologie et (sous-)développement
Authors: Kasende Luhaka Anyikoy 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Black African Literature, Ideology and Underdevelopment. — In the history of the conflictory relationship between Africa and the West, the assertion of an African identity in Black African literature has brought forth a mythical conception of "Africanicity", defined in opposition to Western culture, itself identified with modernity. Given the "theoretical qualitative discontinuity effect", the magie of writing has led to losing the epistemological origins of Africanicity as a historical phenomenon. Thus having become a "differentialist" ideology in the service of opportunistic theories of development, this "Africanicity-difference" serves to justify the daims that a modernist discourse makes for working out sui generis paradigms for the Black continent's development. Stuck in an original, subjective "differentialism", Africanicity is a fluid and massive concept incompatible with development seen in its essential, dynamic aspect. Africa's development depends, nowadays, on another strategie attitude: the African subject's "Narcissist self" must yield to its "reductionist ego", the only psychodiscursive agency capable of reinserting Africanicity in its historical, dialectical relations with the reality of the world.