bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Error estimation of closed‐form solution for annual rate of structural collapse
Authors: Bradley Brendon A. , Dhakal Rajesh P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith the increasing emphasis of performance‐based earthquake engineering in the engineering community, several investigations have been presented outlining simplified approaches suitable for performance‐based seismic design (PBSD). Central to most of these PBSD approaches is the use of closed‐form analytical solutions to the probabilistic integral equations representing the rate of exceedance of key performance measures. Situations where such closed‐form solutions are not appropriate primarily relate to the problem of extrapolation outside of the region in which parameters of the closed‐form solution are fit. This study presents a critical review of the closed‐form solution for the annual rate of structural collapse. The closed‐form solution requires the assumptions of lognormality of the collapse fragility and power model form of the ground motion hazard, of which the latter is more significant regarding the error of the closed‐form solution. Via a parametric study, the key variables contributing to the error between the closed‐form solution and solution via numerical integration are illustrated. As these key variables cannot be easily measured, it casts doubt on the use of such closed‐form solutions in future PBSD, especially considering the simple and efficient nature of using direct numerical integration to obtain the solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced application of root‐reinforcement algorithms for bank‐stability modeling
Authors: Pollen‐Bankhead Natasha , Simon Andrew 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRiparian vegetation is known to exert a number of mechanical and hydrologic controls on bank stability. In particular, plant roots provide mechanical reinforcement to a soil matrix due to the different responses of soils and roots to stress. Root reinforcement is largely a function of the strength of the roots crossing potential shear planes, and the number and diameter of such roots. However, previous bank stability models have been constrained by limited field data pertaining to the spatial and temporal variability of root networks within stream banks. In this paper, a method is developed to use root‐architecture data to derive parameters required for modeling temporal and spatial changes in root reinforcement. Changes in root numbers over time were assumed to follow a sigmoidal curve, which commonly represents the growth rates of organisms. Regressions for numbers of roots crossing potential shear planes over time showed small variations between species during the juvenile growth phase, but extrapolation led to large variations in root numbers by the time the senescent phase of the sigmoidal growth curve had been reached. In light of potential variability in the field data, the mean number of roots crossing a potential shear plane at each year of tree growth was also calculated using data from all species and an additional sigmoidal regression was run. After 30 years the mean number of roots predicted to cross a 1 m shear plane was 484, compared with species‐specific curves whose values ranged from 240 roots for black willow trees to 890 roots for western cottonwood trees. In addition, the effect of spatial variations in rooting density with depth on stream‐bank stability was modeled using the bank stability and toe erosion model (BSTEM). Three root distributions, all approximating the same average root reinforcement (5 kPa) over the top 1 m of the bank profile, were modeled, but with differing vertical distributions (concentrated near surface, non‐linear decline with depth, uniform over top meter). It was found that stream‐bank FS varied the most when the proportion of the failure plane length to the depth of the rooting zone was greatest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of an estimator of the kinematics of AC contactors
Authors: Ruiz Jordi‐Roger Riba , Espinosa Antonio Garcia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper develops an estimator of the kinematics of the movable parts of any AC powered contactor. This estimator uses easily measurable electrical variables such as the voltage across the coil terminals and the current flowing through the main coil of the contactor. Hence, a low cost microcontroller would be able to implement a control algorithm in order to reduce the undesirable phenomenon of contact bounce, which causes severe erosion of the contacts and dramatically reduces the electrical life and reliability of the contacts. To develop such an estimator is essential to have at our disposal a robust model of the contactor. Therefore, a rigorous parametric model that allows us to predict the dynamic response of the AC contactor is proposed. It solves the mechanic and electromagnetic coupled differential equations that govern the dynamics of the contactor by applying a Runge–Kutta‐based solver. Several approaches have been described in the technical literature. Most of them are based on high cost computational finite elements method or on simplified parametric models. The parametric model presented here takes into account the fringing flux and deals with shading rings interaction from a general point of view, thus avoiding simplified assumptions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame penetration and burn testing of fire blanket materials
Authors: Hansen J. G. R. , Frame B. J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMaterials were evaluated in laboratory tests for a fire blocking blanket to protect stores of U.S. Army munitions from burning material and hot fragments. The objective of testing was to evaluate and rank materials' ability to resist the penetration of flame and heat and to limit flame spread. Materials in all tests were subjected to an oxyacetylene torch with temperatures in excess of 3000°C. Inorganic fiber‐based fabric, insulation and blankets evaluated in flame penetration tests were rated by their time to limit backside temperature rise to 100°C above ambient and 500°C for a given material areal mass. Carbon fiber fabric performed the best of the fabrics tested. Silica aerogel insulation was the top performing insulation material group. The blanket with carbon fiber sandwiching silica aerogel insulation performed best. Horizontal and vertical flame burn tests were conducted on several candidate blanket cover materials. Fabrics coated with polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber coatings were all found to be immediately self‐extinguishing when the flame was removed. Burn damage was confined locally to the heated zone beneath and around the lit torch tip's flame. All flames were immediately self‐extinguishing beyond those regions, with zero flame‐out times recorded. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrahepatic levels of CXCR3-associated chemokines correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Zeremski Marija , Petrovic Lydia M. , Chiriboga Luis , Brown Queenie B. , Yee Herman T. , Kinkhabwala Milan , Jacobson Ira M. , Dimova Rositsa , Markatou Marianthi , Talal Andrew H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChemokines, chemotactic cytokines, may promote hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through the recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver parenchyma. We evaluated the association between inflammation and fibrosis and CXCR3-associated chemokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), monokine induced by IFN-γ (Mig/CXCL9), and interferon-inducible T cell α chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11), in HCV infection. Intrahepatic mRNA expression of these chemokines was analyzed in 106 chronic HCV-infected patients by real-time PCR. The intrahepatic localization of chemokine producer cells and CXCR3+ lymphocytes was determined in selected patients by immunohistochemistry. We found elevated intrahepatic mRNA expression of all three chemokines, most markedly CXCL10, in chronic HCV-infected patients with higher necroinflammation and fibrosis. By multivariable multivariate analysis, intrahepatic CXCL10 mRNA expression levels were significantly associated with lobular necroinflammatory grade and HCV genotype 1. In the lobular region, CXCL10-expressing and CXCL9-expressing hepatocytes predominated in areas with necroinflammation. Strong CXCL11 expression was observed in almost all portal tracts, whereas CXCL9 expression varied considerably among portal tracts in the same individual. Most intrahepatic lymphocytes express the CXCR3 receptor, and the number of CXCR3+ lymphocytes was increased in patients with advanced necroinflammation.Conclusion:These findings suggest that the CXCR3-associated chemokines, particularly CXCL10, may play an important role in the development of necroinflammation and fibrosis in the liver parenchyma in chronic HCV infection. (Hepatology 2008.)
Fragment‐based quantitative structure–activity relationship (FB‐QSAR) for fragment‐based drug design
Authors: Du Qi‐Shi , Huang Ri‐Bo , Wei Yu‐Tuo , Pang Zong‐Wen , Du Li‐Qin , Chou Kuo‐Chen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn cooperation with the fragment‐based design a new drug design method, the so‐called “fragment‐based quantitative structure–activity relationship” (FB‐QSAR) is proposed. The essence of the new method is that the molecular framework in a family of drug candidates are divided into several fragments according to their substitutes being investigated. The bioactivities of molecules are correlated with the physicochemical properties of the molecular fragments through two sets of coefficients in the linear free energy equations. One coefficient set is for the physicochemical properties and the other for the weight factors of the molecular fragments. Meanwhile, an iterative double least square (IDLS) technique is developed to solve the two sets of coefficients in a training data set alternately and iteratively. The IDLS technique is a feedback procedure with machine learning ability. The standard Two‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (2D‐QSAR) is a special case, in the FB‐QSAR, when the whole molecule is treated as one entity. The FB‐QSAR approach can remarkably enhance the predictive power and provide more structural insights into rational drug design. As an example, the FB‐QSAR is applied to build a predictive model of neuraminidase inhibitors for drug development against H5N1 influenza virus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Neutral hydrolyses of carbon disulfide: Anab initiostudy of water catalysis
Authors: Deng Chao , Wu Xiao‐Peng , Sun Xiao‐Ming , Ren Yi , Sheng Ying‐Hong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe water‐catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of carbon disulfide (CS2) has been investigated at the levels of HF and MP2 with the basis set of 6‐311++G(d,p) using the combined supramolecular/continuum models, in which up to six water molecules are involved in the hydrolysis and the effect of water bulk solvent is taken into account according to the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The activation Gibbs free energies in water solution, ΔG(298 K), for the rate‐determining steps of one up to six water hydrolyses are 247.9, 184.2, 152.3, 141.8, 134.4, and 118.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The most favorable hydrolysis path of CS2involves a sort of eight‐membered ring transition structure formed by six water molecules, among which three water molecules are not involved in the proton transfer, two near to the nonreactive sulfur atom, and one below the parent carbon disulfide. This suggests that the hydrolysis of CS2can be mediated with the water molecule(s) and be significantly facilitated by the cooperative effects of the water molecule(s) in the nonreactive region. The catalytic effects of water molecule(s) due to the alleviation of ring strain in the proton transfer process may result from the synergistic effects of rehybridization and charge reorganization from the prereaction complex to the rate‐determining transition state structure induced by water molecule(s). PCM solvation models could significantly lower the rate‐determining activation Gibbs free energies by 20–38 kJ/mol when two up to six explicit water molecules involved in the neutral hydrolysis of CS2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Psychological adjustment and treatment of children and families with parents deployed in military combat
Authors: Lincoln Alan , Swift Erika , Shorteno‐Fraser Mia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe effects of the military deployment of parent‐soldiers on children and families need to be understood in the context of military culture as well as from developmental risk for maladjustment. Although research addressing such effects is limited in both scope and certainty, we can identify several key factors that relate to psychological risk, adjustment, and outcome. Most children are resilient to the effects of deployment of at least one of their parents, but children with preexisting psychological conditions, such as anxiety and depression, may be particularly vulnerable, as well as children with specific risk factors, such as child abuse, family violence, or parental substance abuse. A series of case vignettes illustrate the psychological adjustment and treatment implications for children with parents deployed in support of military combat operations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1–9, 2008.
Mixed extracellular matrix ligands synergistically modulate integrin adhesion and signaling
Authors: Reyes Catherine D. , Petrie Timothy A. , García Andrés J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components through cell‐surface integrin receptors is essential to the formation, maintenance and repair of numerous tissues, and therefore represents a central theme in the design of bioactive materials that successfully interface with the body. While the adhesive responses associated with a single ligand have been extensively analyzed, the effects of multiple integrin subtypes binding to multivalent ECM signals remain poorly understood. In the present study, we generated a high throughput platform of non‐adhesive surfaces presenting well‐defined, independent densities of two integrin‐specific engineered ligands for the type I collagen (COL‐I) receptor α2β1 and the fibronectin (FN) receptor α5β1 to evaluate the effects of integrin cross‐talk on adhesive responses. Engineered surfaces displayed ligand density‐dependent adhesive effects, and mixed ligand surfaces significantly enhanced cell adhesion strength and focal adhesion assembly compared to single FN and COL‐I ligand surfaces. Moreover, surfaces presenting mixed COL‐I/FN ligands synergistically enhanced FAK activation compared to the single ligand substrates. The enhanced adhesive activities of the mixed ligand surfaces also promoted elevated proliferation rates. Our results demonstrate interplay between multivalent ECM ligands in adhesive responses and downstream cellular signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 450–458, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IRMPD spectra of Gly·NH4+ and proton‐bound betaine dimer: evidence for the smallest gas phase zwitterionic structures
Authors: Wu Ronghu , McMahon Terry B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractZwitterionic structures exist extensively in biological systems and the electric field resulting from zwitterion formation is the driving force for determination of the properties, function and activity of biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides and proteins. It is of considerable interest and import to investigate the stabilization of zwitterionic structures in the gas phase. Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy is a very powerful and sensitive technique, which may elucidate clearly the structures of both ions and ionic clusters in the gas phase, since it provides IR vibrational fingerprint information. The structures of the clusters of glycine and ammonium ion and of the betaine proton‐bound homodimer have been investigated using IRMPD spectroscopy, in combination with electronic structure calculations. The experimental and calculated results indicate that zwitterionic structure of glycine may be effectively stabilized by an ammonium ion. This is the smallest zwitterionic structure of an amino acid to be demonstrated in the gas phase. On the basis of the experimental IRMPD and calculated results, it is very clear that a zwitterionic structure exists in the proton‐bound betaine dimer. The proton is bound to one of the carboxylate oxygens of betaine, rather than being equally shared. Investigations of zwitterionic structures in the isolated state are essential for an understanding of the intrinsic characteristics of zwitterions and salt bridge interactions in biological systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARHI, as a novel suppressor of cell growth and downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, could contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Huang Jian , Lin Yun , Li Lihua , Qing Deng , Teng Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Yun‐Li , Hu Xin , Hu Yuanjie , Yang Pengyuan , Han Ze‐Guang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe identification of cancer genes differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plays an important role in understanding the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, ARHI gene expression was analyzed by real‐time RT‐PCR and it was significantly downregulated in 33 of the 42 (78.6%, more than two folds) HCC specimens compared with adjacent noncancerous livers (P < 0.01). In addition, ARHI expression was reduced in some HCC samples at protein level confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, our data suggested that the overexpression of ARHI can significantly inhibit cell growth and colony formation of Hep3B cells (P < 0.01), whilst silencing endogenous ARHI gene by RNAi could promote cell growth of Huh‐7 and Focus. LOH of microsatellite markers D1S2806 and D1S2803 was only found in 2.4% (1 of 42 HCCs) of HCC cases. The expression of ARHI was obviously re‐expressed in some HCC cells, Bel‐7402, Bel‐7405, QGY‐7703 and Hep3B, by a demethylation agent, 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (DAC). DNA hypermethylation within ARHI promoter was identified in 47.1% of HCC specimens without ARHI expression. Our current observations provide evidences that ARHI downregulated in HCCs could play a role in liver cancer via acting as a tumor suppressor gene, which mainly was triggered by the epigenetic events in HCC specimens. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The temperature dependence of small‐scale orographic precipitation enhancement
Authors: Zängl G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study presents idealized numerical simulations to analyze the temperature dependence of small‐scale orographic precipitation enhancement in a non‐convective environment for a variety of mountain heights. The investigation is motivated by a climatological analysis of several rain‐gauge stations in the northern Alps, indicating a conspicuous dependence of precipitation enhancement on temperature and mountain height. Specifically, a station lying on the lower lee slope of a moderately high mountain (about 700 m above the adjacent plain) experiences stronger precipitation enhancement at low temperatures than a station in the lee of a mountain twice as high, whereas the opposite is the case at higher temperatures. In qualitative agreement with the observations, the simulations indicate a marked dependence of the precipitation pattern on the position of the freezing level relative to the mountain peak. For a freezing level lying significantly above or below the peak, a single precipitation maximum in the peak region is predicted. However, for a freezing level close to the peak, the simulations indicate two precipitation maxima over the windward slope and over the lower lee slope, separated by a relative minimum in the peak region. A closer analysis suggests that two factors are responsible for this behaviour. First, the higher accretion efficiency of snow and graupel compared to rain favours particularly strong precipitation growth above the peak, which is advected towards the lee slope by the ambient flow. Second, the fall‐speed difference between snow/graupel and rain tends to induce diverging hydrometeor trajectories where the melting layer intersects the windward slope, whereas converging hydrometeor trajectories occur over the lee slope below the melting layer. For a suitable location of the freezing level, the leeward shift of the precipitation maximum may overcompensate the general increase of precipitation enhancement with mountain height, leading to higher precipitation in the lee of a low mountain than in the lee of a high mountain. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Implementing a value assessment for products: an industrial case study
Authors: Ojala Pasi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDuring the last decades, software process and product improvement (SPI) has been recognized as a usable possibility to increase the quality of software development. Recently, more attention has been focused on the costs of SPI as well as on the cost‐effectiveness and productivity of software development.This study defines the concepts and principles of a value‐based approach, which is an outcome of the economic‐driven discussion related to software engineering. Defined concepts, principles, and processes are based mostly on value engineering (VE) and are justified in earlier discussions. Therefore, this study assumes that this discussion has given a theoretically justified evolutionary plateau for using value assessment in practice.The main purpose of this study is to collect details of experiences on whether the value assessment for products support value‐based approach and whether the value assessment works and is useful in industrial context. This is done by implementing value assessment in a case company step by step to see which phases possibly work and which phases possibly do not work.The practical industrial case and research results show that proposed value assessment for products is useful and supports the meaningfulness of a value‐based approach. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of using it and what all should be taken into consideration when implementing it. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topological planning and design of UMTS mobile networks: a survey
Authors: St‐Hilaire Marc 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we present a literature review on the topological planning problem of third generation (3G) cellular networks based on the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) standard. After describing the UMTS architecture, we introduce each subproblem and present major works that have been done. The cell, the access and the core network planning problems have all been considered as well as a more global approach (when more than one subproblems are considered simultaneously). Both planning and expansion algorithms are also included in this review. The goal of this paper is to present and classify the different research works that have been done so that it can be used as a starting point for future research on topological design of UMTS networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.