bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of macroscopic haematuria in the emergency department
Authors: Hicks D , Li C-Y 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMacroscopic haematuria is a commonly seen condition in the emergency department (ED), which has a variety of causes. However, most importantly, macroscopic haematuria has a high diagnostic yield for urological malignancy. 30% of patients presenting with painless haematuria are found to have a malignancy. The majority of these patients can be managed in the outpatient setting. This review of current literature suggests a management pathway that can be used in the ED. A literature search was done using Medline, PubMed and Google. In men aged &gt;60 years, the positive predictive value of macroscopic haematuria for urological malignancy is 22.1%, and in women of the same age it is 8.3%. In terms of the need for follow-up investigation, a single episode of haematuria is equally important as recurrent episodes. Baseline investigation in the ED includes full blood count, urea and electrolyte levels, midstream urine dipstick, β human chorionic gonadotrophin, and formal microscopy, culture and sensitivities. Treatment of macroscopic haematuria aims at RESP—Resuscitation, Ensuring, Safe and Prompt. Indications for admission include clot retention, cardiovascular instability, uncontrolled pain, sepsis, acute renal failure, coagulopathy, severe comorbidity, heavy haematuria or social restrictions. Discharged patients should drink plenty of clear fluids and return for further medical attention if the following occur: clot retention, worsening haematuria despite adequate fluid intake, uncontrolled pain or fever, or inability to cope at home. Follow-up by a urological team should be promptly arranged, ideally within the 2-week cancer referral target.
Comparison of the clinical utility of atrial and B type natriuretic peptide measurement for the diagnosis of systolic dysfunction in a low-risk population
Authors: Galasko Gavin , Collinson Paul O , Barnes Sophie C , Gaze David , Lahiri Arjivit , Senior Roxy 
Published: May 2007

Background:Measurement of B type natriuretic peptide and its N terminal prohormone (NTproBNP) can now be performed routinely by automated high-throughput immunoassays. The study compared measurement of NTproBNP with measurement of N terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NTproANP) for detection of ventricular systolic dysfunction in primary care.Methods:734 subjects aged >45 years (349 men and 385 women, median age 58 years, range 45–89, interquartile range 51–67 years) from seven representative general practices attended for echocardiography with determination of ejection fraction and completed a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected into gel serum separation tubes (Becton–Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA), the serum separated and aliquots stored frozen at −70°C until analyses. Samples were analysed for NTproBNP (Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK; coefficient of variation (CV) 3.2–2.4%) and for NTproANP (Biomedica, Vienna, Austria; CV 5.6–10.1%). Echocardiography was used as the diagnostic “gold standard”, with ventricular systolic dysfunction defined as abnormal when there was an ejection fraction of ⩽40%. Patients were dichotomised by ejection fraction from 50% to 30%, and receiver operating characteristic curves constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) compared.Results:At 40% ejection fraction, NTproANP and NTproBNP showed AUCs of, respectively, 0.738 (0.601–0.875) and 0.973 (0.958–0.989), p<0.004.Conclusion:NTproBNP is superior to NTproANP for detection of systolic dysfunction.
Abundance, diversity, and resilience of nematode assemblages in forest soilsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on Towards Sustainable Forestry — The Living Soil: Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function.
Authors: Yeates G.W. 
Published: May 2007

Forest litter and soil may contain >10 × 106individual nematodes·m–2and, regionally, >400 species. Root-feeding nematodes may be pathogenic to young plants; microbial-feeding nematodes may increase turnover of the microbial pool; predacious and omnivorous nematodes represent higher trophic levels. The spatial distribution and abundance of nematode species in forests reflect soil type, soil fertility, climate, canopy and understorey plant species, litter depth, forest age, and management. Nematodes may be important in forest nurseries; they occur throughout the rooting depth of forest trees; hyphal-feeding species may influence mycorrhizae; and insect-vectored Bursaphelenchus species are a quarantine risk. Nematode populations interact with those of other soil animals (e.g., mites, tardigrades, enchytraeids, and protozoa). The diversity and abundance of the nematode assemblage make nematodes a useful indicator of soil condition and soil processes. Information available from forest systems suggests that, as long as physical disturbance is minimized and remaining trees or herb layer moderate the microclimate, logging and other forestry operations have only transitory effects on nematode populations. Extreme disturbance, such as bulldozing and slash-and-burn management, can significantly reduce nematode abundance and diversity. In contrast, management that enhances growth of understorey or herb layer can stimulate nematode populations. Each of these changes can be related to changes in food resource availability and environmental conditions, such as soil temperature and moisture. Although details of soil nematode contributions to nutrient processes in forest soils are sparse, that their populations are maintained through cycles of moderate management practices suggest that their beneficial contributions will also be maintained.
Scots pine bait seedling performance and root colonizing ectomycorrhizal fungal community dynamics before and during the 4 years after forest clear-cut logging
Authors: Heinonsalo Jussi , Koskiahde Ilpo , Sen Robin 
Published: May 2007

The aim of the study was an integrated monitoring of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) bait seedling performance and ectomycorrhizal fungal community dynamics in a Scots pine dominated stand one growing season before and over four seasons after forest clear-cut logging. The effects of planting location and time were assessed in relation to subsequent seedling performance and ectomycorrhizal diversity. Application of advanced regeneration, where seedlings were planted one growing season before the clear-cut event, resulted in increased seedling growth in the clear-cut area over the subsequent 4 years. However, counterparts planted in the interface zone in 1997, between the future uncut stand and the clear-cut area, exhibited poorer growth compared with those planted after clear-cut harvesting. The interface zone was generally richest in ectomycorrhizal diversity, and this was confirmed using complementary morphotyping and rDNA-based identification methods. Large numbers of ectomycorrhizal types were present on Scots pine seedling roots and instead of detecting dramatic changes in total number of types, species composition changes could be better related to changes in exploratory types of ectomycorrhizas with a trend towards less rhizomorphic types in the clear-cut treatment compared with the control forest. Changes in the community structure are presumably influenced by changing environmental conditions in the site.
Frost hollows of the boreal forest as extreme environments for black spruce tree growth
Authors: Dy Goulwen , Payette Serge 
Published: May 2007

An extensive survey of spruce growth forms was conducted in frost hollows of the Parc national des Grands-Jardins located in the highlands of the Charlevoix region (Quebec). Frost hollows studied were situated within lichen woodlands, which are a favourable environment for the formation of cold air masses. The mean number of frosts recorded 1 m aboveground during the growing seasons of 1997–2002 indicates that there is no frost-free period in frost hollows. Based on the records of minimum temperature in two frost hollows, the critical threshold for frost-ring formation is a nocturnal temperature below 0 °C for 6.4 h with a climax at around –5.7 °C, i.e., at a cooling rate of 1.78 °C/h under the freezing point for at least 3.2 h. Frequent and severe nocturnal frosts slow down the colonization of black spruce in frost hollows, and are at the origin of the inverted tree line that surrounds frost hollows. Mean stem height of black spruce in frost hollows is 1.97 m ± 2.15. A comparative analysis of aerial photographs between 1950 and 1996 showed a 34% reduction in frost hollow area due to the progressive colonization of black spruce. Massive tree establishment occurred in frost hollows between 1970 and 1980 because of the reduced frequency of freezing temperatures during the growing season.
Regeneration differences between fire and clearcut logging in southeastern Labrador: a multiple spatial scale analysis
Authors: Elson Leanne T. , Simon Neal P.P. , Kneeshaw Daniel 
Published: May 2007

To determine scale-specific effects of disturbance type, soil, and topography on regenerating plant species, we compared regeneration in 10- and 50-year-old clearcuts and burns in southeastern Labrador. Data were analyzed at three scales of resolution: subplot (5 m2), plot (398 m2), and site (3.89 ha). The influence of topography and edaphic factors, and the variance explained by these environmental variables, increased with scale. Disturbance type and year were important across all three scales, but soil and topography were most important at the site scale. Regeneration was more abundant within clearcuts, notably black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Disturbance type had a greater influence on plant species composition than disturbance age as plant communities remained dissimilar within 50 years after disturbance. Because regeneration is often low after fire in southeastern Labrador, it may be undesirable for forest harvesting to mimic the effects of fire at the scales we evaluated.
Genetic variability at allozyme markers in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) populations from northwestern Italy
Authors: Belletti P. , Monteleone I. , Ferrazzini D. 
Published: May 2007

Genetic diversity and differentiation of 12 native populations of sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) from northwestern Italy were investigated by means of variation detected in 10 polymorphic isozyme systems encoded by 16 loci. The trees showed relatively large genetic variability (mean number of alleles per locus = 2.78, effective number of alleles per locus = 1.47, percentage of polymorphic loci = 96.9, expected heterozygosity = 0.280) but small interpopulational variation (FST= 0.019), suggesting the presence of a single gene pool. A slight excess of heterozygotes was found, and the overall inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was –0.038. There was a positive correlation between the age of the individuals sampled and heterozygosity, suggesting the occurrence of natural selection against homozygotes. No significant correlation was detected between genetic and geographic distances of populations, confirming the lack of any barriers to gene flow. Estimate of the mean effective number of migrants exchanged between populations was 4.399, based on the private alleles method. The contribution of the results in relation to terms of the most appropriate strategies to preserve genetic variability of sycamore and to collect forest reproductive material is discussed.
A 10-Gene Classifier for Distinguishing Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Vachani Anil , Nebozhyn Michael , Singhal Sunil , Alila Linda , Wakeam Elliot , Muschel Ruth , Powell Charles A. , Gaffney Patrick , Singh Bhuvanesh , Brose Marcia S. , Litzky Leslie A. , Kucharczuk John , Kaiser Larry R. , Marron J. Stephen , Showe Michael K. , Albelda Steven M. , Showe Louise C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The risk of developing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is very high. Because these patients are often heavy tobacco users, they are also at risk for developing a second primary cancer, with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (LSCC) being the most common. The distinction between a lung metastasis and a primary LSCC is currently based on certain clinical and histologic criteria, although the accuracy of this approach remains in question.
Experimental Design: Gene expression patterns derived from 28 patients with HNSCC or LSCC from a single center were analyzed using penalized discriminant analysis. Validation was done on previously published data for 134 total subjects from four independent Affymetrix data sets.
Results: We identified a panel of 10 genes (CXCL13, COL6A2, SFTPB, KRT14, TSPYL5, TMP3, KLK10, MMP1, GAS1, and MYH2) that accurately distinguished these two tumor types. This 10-gene classifier was validated on 122 subjects derived from four independent data sets and an average accuracy of 96% was shown. Gene expression values were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR derived on 12 independent samples (seven HNSCC and five LSCC). The 10-gene classifier was also used to determine the site of origin of 12 lung lesions from patients with prior HNSCC.
Conclusions: The results suggest that penalized discriminant analysis using these 10 genes will be highly accurate in determining the origin of squamous cell carcinomas in the lungs of patients with previous head and neck malignancies.
Tumor-Specific Efficacy of Transforming Growth Factor-βRI Inhibition in Eker Rats
Authors: Laping Nicholas J. , Everitt Jeffrey I. , Frazier Kendall S. , Burgert Mark , Portis Melisa J. , Cadacio Caprice , Gold Leslie I. , Walker Cheryl L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which generally stimulates the growth of mesenchymally derived cells but inhibits the growth of epithelial cells, has been proposed as a possible target for cancer therapy. However, concerns have been raised that whereas inhibition of TGF-β signaling could be efficacious for lesions in which TGF-β promotes tumor development and/or progression, systemic pharmacologic blockade of this signaling pathway could also promote the growth of epithelial lesions.
Experimental Design: We examined the effect of a TGF-β inhibitor on mesenchymal (leiomyoma) and epithelial (renal cell carcinoma) tumors in Eker rats, which are genetically predisposed to develop these tumors with a high frequency.
Results: Blockade of TGF-β signaling with the ALK5/type I TGF-βR kinase inhibitor, SB-525334, was efficacious for uterine leiomyoma; significantly decreasing tumor incidence and multiplicity, and reducing the size of these mesenchymal tumors. However, SB-525334 was also mitogenic and antiapoptotic for epithelial cells in the kidney and exacerbated the growth of epithelial lesions present in the kidneys of these animals.
Conclusion: Although pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β signaling with SB-525334 may be efficacious for mesenchymal tumors, inhibition of this signaling pathway seems to promote the development of epithelial tumors.
Improved Oral Delivery ofN-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Retinamide with a Novel LYM-X-SORB Organized Lipid Complex
Authors: Maurer Barry J. , Kalous Ondrej , Yesair David W. , Wu Xiaqin , Janeba Jitka , Maldonado Vanessa , Khankaldyyan Vazgen , Frgala Tomas , Sun Bee-Chun , McKee R. Travis , Burgess Stephen W. , Shaw Walter A. , Reynolds C. Patrick 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose: Fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR)] is a cytotoxic retinoid that suffers from a wide interpatient variation in bioavailability when delivered orally in a corn oil capsule. The poor bioavailability of the capsule formulation may have limited responses in clinical trials, and the large capsules are not suitable for young children. To support the hypothesis that a novel organized lipid matrix, LYM-X-SORB, can increase the oral bioavailability of fenretinide, fenretinide in LYM-X-SORB matrix and in a powderized LYM-X-SORB formulation was delivered to mice.Experimental Design: Fenretinide was delivered orally to mice as the contents of the corn oil capsule, in LYM-X-SORB matrix (4-HPR/LYM-X-SORB matrix) or in a LYM-X-SORB matrix powderized with sugar and flour (4-HPR/LYM-X-SORB oral powder). Levels of 4-HPR, and its principal metabolite, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide, were assayed in plasma and tissues.Results: In a dose-responsive manner, from 120 to 360 mg/kg/d, delivery to mice of 4-HPR in LYM-X-SORB matrix, or as 4-HPR/LYM-X-SORB oral powder, increased 4-HPR plasma levels up to 4-fold (P &lt; 0.01) and increased tissue levels up to 7-fold (P &lt; 0.01) compared with similar doses of 4-HPR delivered using capsule contents. Metabolite [N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide] levels mirrored 4-HPR levels. Two human neuroblastoma murine xenograft models showed increased survival (P &lt; 0.03), when treated with 4-HPR/LYM-X-SORB oral powder, confirming the bioactivity of the formulation.Conclusions: 4-HPR/LYM-X-SORB oral powder is a novel, oral drug delivery formulation, suitable for pediatric use, which warrants further development for the delivery of fenretinide in the treatment of cancer. A phase I clinical trial in pediatric neuroblastoma is in progress.
Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Rectal Cancer Is of Prognostic Significance in Patients Receiving Preoperative Radiotherapy
Authors: de Heer Pieter , Gosens Marleen J.E.M. , de Bruin Elza C. , Dekker-Ensink N. Geeske , Putter Hein , Marijnen Corrie A.M. , van den Brule Adriaan J.C. , van Krieken J. Han J.M. , Rutten Harm J.T. , Kuppen Peter J.K. , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. ,   for the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Purpose: To determine the effect of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression on clinical behavior in irradiated and nonirradiated rectal carcinomas.
Experimental Design: Tumor samples were collected from 1,231 patients of the Dutch TME trial, in which rectal cancer patients were treated with standardized surgery and randomized for preoperative short-term (5 × 5 Gy) radiotherapy or no preoperative radiotherapy. Tissue microarrays were constructed from primary tumor material, and COX-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Tumor cell apoptosis was determined by M30 immunostaining.
Results: A high level of COX-2 expression after radiotherapy was associated with low levels of tumor cell apoptosis (P = 0.001). COX-2 expression had no significant effect on patient survival or tumor recurrence in nonirradiated tumors. However, in patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy, high level of COX-2 expression was associated with higher incidence of distant recurrences [P = 0.003; hazard ratio (HR), 1.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.2-2.5] and shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.002; HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.5) and overall survival (P = 0.009; HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0), independent of patient age, tumor stage, tumor location, or the presence of tumor cells in the circumferential resection margin.
Conclusions: A high level of COX-2 expression after preoperative radiotherapy in resection specimens is associated with apoptosis resistance, high distant recurrence rates, and a poor prognosis in rectal cancer.
E1A, E1B Double-Restricted Adenovirus with RGD-Fiber Modification Exhibits Enhanced Oncolysis for CAR–Deficient Biliary Cancers
Authors: Wakayama Mariko , Abei Masato , Kawashima Rei , Seo Emiko , Fukuda Kuniaki , Ugai Hideo , Murata Takehide , Tanaka Naomi , Hyodo Ichinosuke , Hamada Hirofumi , Yokoyama Kazunari K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose: Cancers of biliary system represent highly malignant diseases of dismal prognosis. We have previously introduced AxdAdB3, an E1A, E1B double-restricted oncolytic adenovirus, which showed excellent oncolytic efficacy for approximately half of the biliary cancer lines with an enhanced safety to normal cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether RGD-fiber modification (AxdAdB3-F/RGD), which enables integrin-dependent infection, can improve the infectivity and efficacy of AxdAdB3 for biliary cancers.Experimental Design: Expressions of adenoviral receptors, coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR) and integrins (αvβ3 and αvβ5), were compared with the level of infectivity of LacZ-expressing replication-defective adenoviruses with wild-type fibers or RGD-modified fibers in a panel of biliary cancer cell lines in vitro. Viral replication and cytotoxicity in vitro of AxdAdB3-F/RGD, a novel E1A, E1B double-restricted replication-selective adenovirus with RGD-modified fibers, were compared with those of its parent virus, AxdAdB3, in various biliary cancer cells and in normal cells. In vivo antitumor effects of these oncolytic viruses were compared in a xenograft tumor model.Results: Expression of CAR significantly correlated with the adenovirus infectivity, whereas integrin αvβ5 was abundantly expressed in almost all biliary cancer cells. Whereas AxdAdB3 effectively replicated and lysed only the biliary cancer cells with a preserved expression of CAR, AxdAdB3-F/RGD exhibited efficient replication and potent oncolysis in both CAR-positive and CAR-negative biliary cancer cells. AxdAdB3-F/RGD showed attenuated replication and little cytopathy in human normal cells (i.e., hepatocytes, WI-38 cells) as well as AxdAdB3. Furthermore, in nude mice with s.c. xenografts of CAR-deficient human biliary cancer, i.t. AxdAdB3-F/RGD therapy caused a marked inhibition of tumor growth.Conclusions: The RGD-fiber modification strategy enhanced the infectivity, replication, and oncolytic effects of the E1A, E1B double-restricted oncolytic adenovirus for CAR-deficient biliary cancers. In addition, it preserved the merit of excellent safety of the double-restricted virus for normal cells. These results suggest a potential use of this agent for the treatment of biliary cancers.
Microsatellite Instability Markers for Identifying Early-Onset Colorectal Cancers Caused by Germ-Line Mutations in DNA Mismatch Repair Genes
Authors: Mead Leeanne J. , Jenkins Mark A. , Young Joanne , Royce Simon G. , Smith Letitia , St. John D. James B. , Macrae Finlay , Giles Graham G. , Hopper John L. , Southey Melissa C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing of colorectal cancer tumors is used as a screening tool to identify patients most likely to be mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation carriers. We wanted to examine which microsatellite markers currently used to detect MSI best predict early-onset colorectal cancer caused by germ-line mutations in MMR genes.
Experimental Design: Invasive primary tumors from a population-based sample of 107 cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed before age 45 years and tested for germ-line mutations in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 and MMR protein expression were screened for MSI using the National Cancer Institute panel and an expanded 10-microsatellite marker panel.
Results: The National Cancer Institute five-marker panel system scored 31 (29%) as NCIMSI-High, 13 (12%) as NCIMSI-Low, and 63 (59%) as NCIMS-Stable. The 10-marker panel classified 18 (17%) as 10MSI-High, 17 (16%) as 10MSI-Low, and 72 (67%) as 10MS-Stable. Of the 26 cancers that lacked the expression of at least one MMR gene, 24 (92%) were positive for some level of MSI (using either microsatellite panel). The mononucleotide repeats Bat26, Bat40, and Myb were unstable in all 10MSI-High cancers and all MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers (100% sensitive). Bat40 and Bat25 were unstable in all tumors of MSH6 mutation carriers (100% sensitive). Bat40 was unstable in all MMR gene mutation carriers (100% sensitive). By incorporating seven mononucleotide repeats markers into the 10-marker panel, we were able to distinguish the carriers of MSH6 mutations (all scored 10MSI-Low) from the MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers (all scored 10MSI-High).
Conclusions: In early-onset colorectal cancer, a microsatellite panel containing a high proportion of mononuclear repeats can distinguish between tumors caused by MLH1 and MSH2 mutations from those caused by MSH6 mutations.