bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sinking of the S.S. Kowshing: International Law, Diplomacy, and the Sino-Japanese War
Authors: HOWLAND DOUGLAS 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn July 1894, the Japanese navy sank the British steamshipKowshing, leased by China to transport troops to Korea. Diplomatic negotiations over compensation for the loss of the ship persisted for the next decade. In insisting upon China's responsibility, the British Foreign Office forsook the judgments of international legal experts and demonstrated that its main goals were to support British commercial interests and to encourage the position of Japan in East Asia. The surprising denoument of theKowshingincident was China's payment of damages for the ship in 1903.
Indian Labour Immigration and British Labour Policy in Nineteenth-Century Ceylon
Authors: WENZLHUEMER ROLAND 
Published: January 2007

During most of the nineteenth century, the economy of the British crown colony Ceylon depended almost exclusively on the export of plantation products. After modest beginnings in the 1820s and 1830s, coffee cultivation spread on the island in the 1840s. During the 1880s, the coffee plantations were superseded by plantations of a new crop—tea. Both cultivation systems were almost pure export monocultures, and both relied almost exclusively on imported wage labour from South India. Thus, it is surprising that labour immigration—a process vital to the efficient functioning of the plantation economy—received practically no government attention for the better part of the nineteenth century. Migration between South India and Ceylon was free of government control, support or regulation. Instead, certain functional equivalents—such as the kangany system—organised immigration and coordinated supply and demand. Only very late in the century, when the kangany system had revealed a number of dramatic organisational weaknesses, the Ceylon Government started to get directly involved in labour and immigration policy.The author can be contacted at roland.wenzlhuemer@staff.hu-berlin.de
The Gift of Money: Rearticulating Tradition and Market Economy in Rural West Bengal
Authors: TENHUNEN SIRPA 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article examines the rise of dowry system in Janta, a West Bengali village in the Bankura district, where the dowry payments are a relatively new phenomenon. The oldest generation in Janta had experienced times when no demands for money or other gifts had been made during marriage arrangements, but since the 1950s huge dowry payments have become the central financial transactions in the region. In addition to oral history interviews on dowry practices, I draw from my research on the changes in caste, gender and class relationships in the village. I argue that the dowry payments do not merely represent economic considerations in a class conscious society, but that they reflect a rearticulation of both the tradition and market, of gender, ritual, and class identities, and that paying attention to the multiplicity and local variation of dowry practices provides a key to its understanding.
Cleansing the Nation: Urban Entertainments and Moral Reform in Interwar Japan
Authors: TIPTON ELISE K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on Japanese government restrictions and regulation of urban entertainments during the 1920s and 1930s as examples of attempts to rectify what was perceived as the declining morals of a modernizing, industrializing Japanese society. In this respect it adds another dimension to depictions of the Second World War as opposition to the cultural as well as political hegemony of the major Western powers. However, although war no doubt gave added impetus to the state's desire to unify popular support and sense of loyalty to the nation, morality campaigns had been initiated even before war had become an imminent possibility. Restrictions were imposed on cafés, dance halls and other modern entertainments, representing opposition to Westernizing, modernizing trends in social values and behaviour that had become prominent in the cities during the 1920s—individualism, materialism, sexuality, and more particularly, female sexuality. Middle class Protestants played a significant role in promoting and shaping these policies. Although such reformers disagreed with the government on other matters, they actively enlisted governmental support to carry out a moral cleansing of the ‘spiritual pests’ infesting the nation.
ShAR2β, a divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit from the blood fluke Schistosoma
Authors: BENTLEY G. N. , JONES A. K. , AGNEW A. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the fast actions of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Invertebrate nAChRs are of interest as they are targets of widely-selling insecticides and drugs that control nematode parasites. Here, we report the cloning of ShAR2β, a candidate nAChR subunit from the blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium, which is the third trematode nAChR subunit to be characterized. While ShAR2β possesses key structural features common to all nAChRs, its amino acid sequence shares considerably low identity with those of insect, nematode and vertebrate nAChR subunits. In particular, the second transmembrane domain of ShAR2β, which lines the ion channel, bears unusual amino acid residues which will likely give rise to a receptor with distinct functional properties. Phylogenetic analysis shows that ShAR2β is a divergent nAChR subunit that may define a clade of trematode-specific subunits. We discuss our findings in the context of potentially exploiting this receptor as a target for controlling schistosome parasites.
G-protein-coupled receptor signalling through protein networks
Authors: Strosberg A.D. , Nahmias C. 
Published: January 2007

This short review provides a broad, and therefore necessarily incomplete and personal, overview of G-protein-coupled receptors, which are often targets for a wide range of important drugs: I will discuss successively their structure, function and interactions with associated proteins. Examples will be drawn from work done over the last 30 years by scientists that worked at different times in my laboratories, mainly in the field of β-adrenoceptors, muscarinic acetylcholine, melatonin and angiotensin receptors.
Molecular determinants for the recruitment of the ubiquitin‐ligase MuRF‐1 onto M‐line titin
Authors: Mrosek Michael , Labeit Dietmar , Witt Stephanie , Heerklotz Heiko , von Castelmur Eleonore , Labeit Siegfried , Mayans Olga 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTTitin forms an intrasarcomeric filament system in vertebrate striated muscle, which has elastic and signaling properties and is thereby central to mechanotransduction. Near its C‐terminus and directly preceding a kinase domain, titin contains a conserved pattern of Ig and FnIII modules (IgA168‐IgA169‐FnIIIA170, hereby A168‐A170) that recruits the E3 ubiquitin‐ligase MuRF‐1 to the filament. This interaction is thought to regulate myofibril turnover and the trophic state of muscle. We have elucidated the crystal structure of A168‐A170, characterized MuRF‐1 variants by circular dichroism (CD) and SEC‐MALS, and studied the interaction of both components by isothermal calorimetry, SPOTS blots, and pull‐down assays. This has led to the identification of the molecular determinants of the binding. A168‐A170 shows an extended, rigid architecture, which is characterized by a shallow surface groove that spans its full length and a distinct loop protrusion in its middle point. In MuRF‐1, a C‐terminal helical domain is sufficient to bind A168‐A170 with high affinity. This helical region predictably docks into the surface groove of A168‐A170. Furthermore, pull‐down assays demonstrate that the loop protrusion in A168‐A170 is a key mediator of MuRF‐1 recognition. Our findings indicate that this region of titin could serve as a target to attempt therapeutic inhibition of MuRF‐1‐mediated muscle turnover, where binding of small molecules to its distinctive structural features could block MuRF‐1 access.—Mrosek, M., Labeit, D., Witt, S., Heerklotz, H., von Castelmur, E., Labeit, S., Mayans, O. Molecular determinants for the recruitment of the ubiquitin‐ligase MuRF‐1 onto M‐line titin FASEB J. 21, 1383–1392 (2007)
A set of polymorphic trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Castaño‐Sanchez C. , Fuji K. , Hayashida K. , Tagami M. , Ozaki A. , Hasegawa O. , Sakamoto T. , Kawai J. , Hayashizaki Y. , Okamoto N. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe have developed the first set of trinucleotide and tetranucleotide markers for the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. One hundred and sixty‐seven polymorphic trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellites were isolated using clones derived from two libraries. Of almost 200 000 clones analysed, 0.5% presented trinucleotide or tetranucleotide repeat regions. Among the trinucleotide repeats analysed in this study, the most frequent one was (CAG)n and the most common tetranucleotide repeat was (GATA)n. The position of the new markers in the genetic linkage map was determined. Markers were evenly distributed along the P. olivaceus linkage groups, without distinction between the kinds of repeats and library of origin. The markers isolated in this study contribute significantly to the genetic linkage map of the Japanese flounder.
Cloning, mapping and association studies of the ovine ABCG2 gene with facial eczema disease in sheep
Authors: Duncan E. J. , Dodds K. G. , Henry H. M. , Thompson M. P. , Phua S. H. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFacial eczema (FE) is a hepatogenous mycotoxicosis in sheep caused by the fungal toxin sporidesmin. Resistance to FE is a multigenic trait. To identify QTL associated with this trait, a scan of ovine chromosomes was implemented. In addition, ABCG2 was investigated as a possible positional candidate gene because of its sequence homology to the yeast PDR5 protein and its functional role as a xenobiotic transporter. The sequence of ovine ABCG2 cDNA was obtained from liver mRNA by RT‐PCR and 5′ and 3′ RACE. The predicted protein sequence shares >80% identity with other mammalian ABCG2 proteins. SNPs were identified within exon 6, exon 9 and intron 4. The intron 4 SNP was used to map ABCG2 to ovine chromosome 6 (OAR6), about 2 cM distal to microsatellite marker OarAE101. Interestingly, this chromosomal region contains weak evidence for a FE QTL detected in a previous genome‐scan experiment. To further investigate the association of ABCG2 with FE, allele frequencies for the three SNPs plus three neighbouring microsatellite markers were tested for differences in sheep selected for and against FE. Significant differences were detected in the allele frequencies of the intronic SNP marker among the resistant, susceptible and control lines. No difference in the levels of ABCG2 expression between the resistant and susceptible animals was detected by Northern hybridisation of liver RNA samples. However, significantly higher expression was observed in sporidesmin‐dosed sheep compared with naïve animals. Our inference is that the ABCG2 gene may play a minor role in FE sensitivity in sheep, at least within these selection lines.
Analysis of gene expression during the onset of muscle hypertrophy in callipyge lambs
Authors: Fleming‐Waddell J. N. , Wilson L. M. , Olbricht G. R. , Vuocolo T. , Byrne K. , Craig B. A. , Tellam R. L. , Cockett N. E. , Bidwell C. A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThecallipygemutation causes postnatal muscle hypertrophy in heterozygous lambs that inherit a paternalcallipygeallele (+/CLPG). Our hypothesis was that the up‐regulation of one or both of the affected paternally expressed genes (DLK1orPEG11) initiates changes in biochemical and physiological pathways in skeletal muscle to induce hypertrophy. The goal of this study was to identify changes in gene expression during the onset of muscle hypertrophy to identify the pathways that are involved in the expression of the callipyge phenotype. Gene expression was analysed in longissimus dorsi total RNA from lambs at 10, 20, and 30 days of age using the Affymetrix Bovine Expression Array. An average of 40.6% of probe sets on the array was detected in sheep muscle. Data were normalized and analysed using a two‐wayanovafor genotype and age effects with a false discovery rate of 0.10. From theanova, 13 genes were significant for the effect of genotype and 13 were significant for effect of age (P < 0.10). No significant age‐by‐genotype interactions were detected (P > 0.10). Of the 13 genes indicating an effect of genotype, quantitative PCR assays were developed for all of them and tested on a larger group of animals from 10 to 200 days of age. Nine genes had significantly elevated transcript levels in callipyge lambs. These genes includedphosphofructokinase, a putative methyltransferase protein, a cAMP phosphodiesterase, and the transcription factorDNTTIP1.
Aseasonality in the abundance and life history of an ecologically dominant freshwater crab in the Rift Valley, Kenya
Authors: DOBSON MICHAEL , MAGANA ADIEL M. , LANCASTER JILL , MATHOOKO JUDE M. 
Published: January 2007

Summary1. Freshwater crabs appear to show at least two alternative life history patterns, which differ in the timing of seasonal reproduction. Reproduction occurs during low flow among temperate lotic species, but during high water levels among wetland species. Crab biomass is often very high and both strategies would lead to spatial and temporal pulses in density and biomass. The life history and reproductive strategy adopted by tropical lotic species is poorly known, however, despite their importance in community and ecosystem dynamics.2. In this study, we determined annual patterns of life history, density and biomass of a lotic freshwater crab in a small headwater stream in the East African highlands where it maintains high biomass. This crab is an as yet undescribed species of Potamonautes, here referred to as the Chinga crab.3. Crabs were sampled non‐destructively for 15 months using baited traps and benthic sampling with a Surber sampler. At the end of the study, an intensive hand search was carried out. Each method was biased towards different size classes of crabs and the efficiency of both long‐term methods varied according to water levels in the stream. The intensive search was more effective than benthic sampling, but failed to record the large individuals caught by baited traps.4. Population density and biomass remained constantly high throughout the study period. Reproduction, as evidenced by the presence of ovigerous females and small free‐living juveniles, also showed no seasonality. As a consequence, the population size structure (size‐frequency distribution) of crabs remained constant throughout the year.5. The Chinga crab illustrates a third life history pattern, with no clear breeding season, and this may be common among tropical species. This is probably a consequence of the non‐seasonal nature of its habitat: temperature varied little throughout the year and rainfall fluctuations were relatively small. This strategy allows the species to maintain high biomass without seasonal pulses and, perhaps, to dominate community and ecosystem processes.
What do tadpoles really eat? Assessing the trophic status of an understudied and imperiled group of consumers in freshwater habitats
Authors: ALTIG RONALD , WHILES MATT R. , TAYLOR CINDY L. 
Published: January 2007

Summary1. Understanding the trophic status of consumers in freshwater habitats is central to understanding their ecological roles and significance. Tadpoles are a diverse and abundant component of many freshwater habitats, yet we know relatively little about their feeding ecology and true trophic status compared with many other consumer groups. While many tadpole species are labelled herbivores or detritivores, there is surprisingly little evidence to support these trophic assignments.2. Here we discuss shortcomings in our knowledge of the feeding ecology and trophic status of tadpoles and provide suggestions and examples of how we can more accurately quantify their trophic status and ecological significance.3. Given the catastrophic amphibian declines that are ongoing in many regions of the planet, there is a sense of urgency regarding this information. Understanding the varied ecological roles of tadpoles will allow for more effective conservation of remaining populations, benefit captive breeding programmes, and allow for more accurate predictions of the ecological consequences of their losses.
CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in human pregnancy: development of a Treg‐MLC‐ELISPOT suppression assay and indications of paternal specific Tregs
Authors: Mjösberg Jenny , Berg Göran , Ernerudh Jan , Ekerfelt Christina 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe current study was aimed at developing a one‐way mixed leucocyte culture–enzyme‐linked immunospot (MLC‐ELISPOT) assay for the study of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and applying this method in the study of antifetal immune reactions during human pregnancy. Twenty‐one pregnant women and the corresponding fathers‐to‐be, and 10 non‐pregnant control women and men, participated in the study. CD4+ CD25+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by immunomagnetic selection. Maternal/control PBMC were stimulated with paternal or unrelated PBMC in MLC. Secretion of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) from responder cells, with or without the presence of autologous Treg cells, was analysed by ELISPOT. PBMC from pregnant women showed increased secretion of IL‐4 compared to controls. In pregnant and non‐pregnant controls, Treg cells suppressed IFN‐γ reactivity against paternal and unrelated alloantigens. Interestingly, Treg cells suppressed IL‐4 secretion against paternal but not unrelated alloantigens during pregnancy. We have successfully developed a model for studying Treg cells in antifetal cytokine reactions during pregnancy. Results indicate that Treg cells contribute to strict regulation of both T helper type 1‐like and type 2‐like antifetal immune reactions. Interestingly, T helper type 2‐like cells specific to unrelated alloantigens are able to escape the suppression of Treg cells, which would allow for IL‐4, alongside CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells, to control potentially detrimental IFN‐γ reactions during pregnancy.
Cross‐sectional evaluation of the periapical status and quality of root canal treatment in a selected population of urban Turkish adults
Authors: Sunay H. , Tanalp J. , Dikbas I. , Bayirli G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim  To investigate the prevalence of apical periodontitis and the quality of root canal treatment in an adult Turkish population who visited a university dental clinic.Summary  The periapical status of 8863 teeth belonging to 375 patients was evaluated by two pre‐calibrated observers from panoramic radiographs. The presence of apical periodontitis, and the prevalence and quality of root fillings were recorded. The relationship between the radiographic quality of root fillings and apical periodontitis was examined by chi‐squared statisticl‐analysis.Of 8863 teeth, 470 (5.3%) had undergone root canal treatment. Forty‐seven per cent of all the subjects had at least one root‐filled tooth. Periapical radiolucencies were visible on 4.2% of teeth examined, with 53.5% of root‐filled teeth presenting apical periodontitis. Ninety‐one per cent of root‐filled teeth with periapical pathosis were determined to have inadequate root fillings. A statistically significant correlation was found between the quality of root fillings and the presence of apical periodontitis (P < 0.05).Key learning points• The radiographic quality of root fillings correlated with periapical radiographic signs of pathosis in a selected population of Turkish adults.• There is a need to improve the standards of root canal treatment in the study population.
Computer Simulation on Onboard Chilling and Freezing of Albacore Tuna
Authors: ZHAO YANYUN , KOLBE EDWARD , CRAVEN CORMAE 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe extended the application of a commercial finite‐element computer program package, PDEase, to the simulation of chilling and freezing of albacore tuna. Tuna was described as an infinite elliptical cylinder, where nonuniform boundary conditions present complications in computer simulation. Equations were developed to define the elliptical boundary. Temperature‐dependent thermal properties and time‐dependent ambient temperature conditions were used. Onboard experiments were conducted to measure the core temperature of individual tuna in slush ice tanks and in air‐blast and brine‐spray freezing systems. Measured time‐temperature profiles were compared with those of the simulation. Predicted chilling and freezing curves agreed with experiments ±3 to 6%. This program enables testing of important fish industry operation strategies.
Meat Color and Biochemical Characteristics of Unacceptable Dark‐colored Broiler Chicken Carcasses
Authors: BOULIANNE M. , KING A. J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTSpectrocolorimetry, pH, TBARS, total pigment and myoglobin were measured in normal and abnormally dark‐colored broiler chicken breast muscle. Analyses of L*, a* and b* values revealed that a* values were highly sensitive and specific to differentiate normal from dark‐colored carcasses and thus could be used as a potential diagnostic method for carcass classification at slaughter. Color characteristics (L*, a*, and b* values), pH, total pigment, myoglobin, and iron concentrations were all significantly different in dark‐colored muscle when compared with normal muscle. TBARS values and percentage moisture for the two groups were not different.
Discoloration of Fresh Pork as Related to Muscle and Display Conditions
Authors: ZHU L. G. , BREWER M. S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPale, soft, exudative (PSE), normal, and dark, firm, dry (DFD) pork was held 7 days at 4°C under light or dark then color was evaluated instrumentally and visually. Change in reflectance (R630‐R580) was used to estimate color changes due to oxymyoglobin. PSE pork was lighter (high L*) than normal and DFD pork, but did not change over time. An increase in a* and R630‐R580 occurred the first day for normal and DFD, but not for PSE samples. A subsequent increase in hue angle and decrease in R630‐R580 (loss of redness) occurred in PSE and normal, but not in DFD samples. Changes in hue angle and R630‐R580 were more rapid in PSE than in normal samples. Light exposure accelerated all changes except L*. Visual redness inversely correlated with L* value.
Extractive Components of the Adductor Muscle of Japanese Baking Scallop and Changes During Refrigerated Storage
Authors: WONGSO SUWIDJI , YAMANAKA HIDEAKI 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe changes in concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and related compounds were examined as well as free amino acids, organic acids, betaines, glycogen and glycolytic metabolites in the Japanese baking scallop (Pecten albicans) during storage at 0° and 5°C. High amounts of free amino acids and glycine betaine were found. Adenosine monophosphate, inosine and hypoxanthine accumulated during storage, but inosine monophosphate was not detected. Hypoxanthine concentration was considered more appropriate as a freshness index than K value. Taurine, glycine and arginine were the main free amino acids and accounted for 91% of the total immediately after death. D‐lactate increased, but no substantial change of L‐lactate was detected during storage.