bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES
Authors: Munro J. M. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA comprehensive study of the climatic, soil and vegetation restraints on grassland production in the hill areas of Britain is an essential preliminary stage in land use planning for those areas. Climatic data, recorded continuously at four centres in mid‐Wales, emphasize the extent of altitudinal, topographic, seasonal and diurnal variation in zones with improvement potential. Annual solar energy income is negatively correlated with rainfall and cloud cover. Under wet conditions in the western hills, mean daily solar radiation during 1966–69 decreased by 15% between two centres at 30 and 305 m (103 and 1100 ft) 0.D. from 9.92 MJ/m2 to 7–07 MJ/m2= (204 to 169 cal/cm2). Radiation receipts in the drier eastern uplands at 305 m (1000 ft) were as high between May and August as in the western lowlands, but winter temperatures were considerably lower. Comparisons are made with conditions in other upland areas of Britain.
USES AND CAPABILITIES OF ELECTRONIC CAPACITANCE INSTRUMENTS FOR ESTIMATING STANDING HERBAGE
Authors: Neal D. L. , Neal J. L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA meter using electronic capacitance to estimate weight of standing vegetation was first tested in 1949. It proved to be faster and more accurate than most indirect methods of measurement. Since then, other similar instruments have been built and several problems have become apparent. Short or dry vegetation, non‐homogeneous distribution of vegetation, non‐homogeneous phenology, and electronic circuit instability were the major problems. The chief steps in the development of capacitance instruments for estimating vegetation weight are discussed. The significance of each of the major problems has been greatly reduced by improvements in instrumentation. The technique of using electronic capacitance has now proved itself useful under a wide variety of range conditions.
CLASSIFICATION OF STARCH‐ AND FRUCTOSAN‐ACCUMULATING GRASSES AS C‐3 OR C‐4 SPECIES BY CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
Authors: Bender Margaret M. , Smith Dale 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTType of nonstructural polysaccharide, starch or fmctosan, accumulated in the lower intemodes of grass shoots was not completely consistent with carbon isotope determinations and does not appear to he dependent on the type of photo‐synthetic pathway that prevails.
A NOTE ON THE EVALUATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORAGE CROPS BY THE ACETYL BROMIDE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Morrison I. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been shown in the past that in vitro digestibility of forage crops could be accurately predicted by the acetyl bromide absorption technique. This note demonstrates that in vivo digestibility values can be accurately predicted by this method and that in this respect the method is comparable in accuracy with the in vitro digestibility technique.
POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES
Authors: Munro J. M. M. , Davies D. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTStudy of the growth of heavily fertilized swards of S23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) at a hill and a lowland centre in mid‐Wales during 1968–69 demonstrated that lower productivity in the uplands could only be partially attributed to a shorter growing season and poorer summer growth conditions. Comparison of yields with potential transpiration estimates indicated that winter damage had an important bearing on production during the following year. In 1969, the adverse combination of a mild autumn and a severe winter led to a spring tiller density which was less than 25% of normal at the hill centre. With an annual fertilizer input of over 500 kg N/ha (480 lb N/ac) total DM production in 1968 and 1969 was 10.6 and 4.4 t/ha at the upland site compared with 14.8 and 10.1 t/ha in the lowlands (9450, 3920, 13,190 and 9000 lb/ac).
A LOW‐COST SYSTEM FOR GRAZING SMALL EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
Authors: Batten G. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA technique using a lead running on a suspended wire, is described which allows small plots, e.g. 0.01 ha (1/40 ac) or less, to he grazed individually at 30% of the cost of conventional fencing. It also offers a means of minimizing the concentration of nutrients in dung on camp areas.
COMPETITION FOR PHOSPHATE BETWEEN A DIPLOID AND A TETRAPLOID PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
Authors: Harries J. H. , Norrington‐Davies J. , Howse K. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe relative uptake of P was measured in two varieties of Lolium perenne using radioactive tracer techniques. The diploid cv. Hora and the tetraploid cv. Terhoy were sown as pure stands and as 50:50 mixtures at both high and low density. Uptake from four depths 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm was examined. The results showed that: in pure stands the diploid uptake at 10 cm exceeded that of the tetraploid although at deeper levels the uptake pattern was similar; in mixtures the uptake of the tetraploid variety increased markedly at 10 cm while that of the diploid variety decreased. The diploid compensated for its decreased uptake at 10 cm by a substantial increase in uptake at 20 cm; overall the tetraploid variety had a deeper pattern of uptake than the diploid; in general, uptake at high density was greater than that at low density; the mixture showed a greater degree of P utilization than pure stands in the upper layers of the soil; when these two varieties are grown together in 50:50 mixtures the tetraploid is relatively more efficient in taking up.
RED CLOVER SILAGE FOR MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTNine wilted silages made from tetraploid red clover were fed in four winter‐feeding experiments to 32 Ayrshire cows. The DM content of the silages averaged 23±5% (range 15±8–27±1) and contained an average of 19±6% crude protein, 14±2% digestible crude protein and 52±0% digestible organic matter. The pH values varied from 4±0–6±2, depending on the DM content and mechanical treatment of the crop, and the rate of application of formic add. The silages were fed ad lib.with supplementary concentrates and the average daily intakes of silage DM ranged from 16±0–24±0 Ib/cow (7±3–10±9 kg). The highest daily intakes were obtained with double‐chopped silage containing 24–26% DM with a pH of 4±0. Although the red‐clover silage had a high content of N and apparently provided a balanced ration with the addition of barley, yields of milk were increased significantly by substituting 1 Ib (0±4 kg) groundnut cake for 1 Ib barley in the daily ration of the cow. The silage contained oestrogenic compounds but the breeding pattern and fertility of the cows were not affected adversely. The tetraploid red clover produced approximately 9000 Ib DM/ac (10 100 kg/ha) in the 1st‐harvest year and it is concluded that a safe and highly palatable silage with high intake characteristics can be made if the clover is wilted to about 24% DM, double chopped, and formic acid is applied at the rate of 0±5 gal/ton.
THE DRY‐MATTER PRODUCTION, BOTANICAL COMPOSITION, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AND PROTEIN PERCENTAGE OF PASTURE LAYERS
Authors: Clark Jennifer , Kat C. , Santhirasegaram K. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTACTIrrigated plots of a mixed sward of four grasses and white clover were cut to a height of 3 cm in either June, August, October, December or February. The plots cut at each commencement date were harvested when the height of growth of the pasture was either 10, 18, 25, 32, 40, 48 or 55 cm. At each harvest, the pasture was cut at 7 to 8 cm intervals down to a height of 3 cm. DM production, botanical composition, in vitro digestibility (DOM) and CP of each layer was determined.DM production declined from the lower to the upper layers for pastures shorter than 32 cm. For pastures taller than 32 cm, DM production declined from the lower to the middle layers, then increased in the upper layers, due mainly to the presence of seed heads.Maximum percentages of DOM and CP were observed for the middle layers of the pastures taller than 25 cm. For pastures shorter than 25 cm, DOM and CP percentages increased from the lower to the upper layers, for all commencement dates. The percentages of DOM and CP of each layer decreased as the height of growth increased.The percentage of DOM showed a positive correlation with the percentages of Lolium perenne, Bromus unioloides and Trifolium repens, and a negative correlation with the percentages of Paspalum dilatatum and chlorotic material. The percentage of CP showed a positive correlation with the percentages of Paspalum dilatatum, Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium repens and a negative correlation with the percentages of chlorotic material and the total of the four grasses within the pasture layers.The lower layers of the pasture produced large quantities of DM and, despite the lower in vitro digestibility of these layers, they produced more DOM than the other pasture layers. The DOM production of the pasture increased with increasing height of growth, but decreased as the commencement date was altered from winter through to the end of summer.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GRAZING ROTATIONS ON PASTURE PRODUCTION
Authors: Tainton N. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTDifferent grazing treatments applied to pastures in which perennial ryegrass was dominant had little influence on DM production during the main reproductive growth period in late spring and early summer. Lax and infrequent grazing at this time did, however, reduce tiller density. During the dry summer period lax infrequent grazing increased production by 20%, while in the vegetative growth period in autumn those pastures which were alternately lax‐ and hard‐grazed outyielded those which were hard grazed by 63%.In all treatments, initial recovery growth resulted almost exclusively from the production of leaf tissue. The rate of leaf growth declined three to five weeks after grazing, depending on treatment and season, and subsequent yield increase was dominated by sheath and stem growth.
LAND RESTORATION WITH PULVERIZED FUEL ASH
Authors: Gillham E. W. F. , Simpson D. T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments were carried out with different depths of added topsoil, with different methods of cultivation and with different rates of application of fertilizers on an ash disposal site near Newark. Good yields of hay and wheat were obtained and were shown to vary systematically with the treatment of the plots. Good yields of wheat were obtained with a top dressing of 125 kg N/ha even on bare ash but, in contrast with the yields of DM from grass, yields of grain tended to increase with increasing depth of added soil. This pattern appeared to be influenced by the variations in spring rainfall. There appeared to be no adverse effects of uptake of trace elements from the ash.
STUDIES IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN
Authors: Hunt I. V. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTData are presented demonstrating the effects of applying fertilizer N at 59, 118 or 177 kg/ha on 16 Apr. on uptake of K, P. Ca, Mg and Na in primary growth (PG) harvested 8, 12, 16, 23, 29, 45 and 57 days afterwards, and residual effects in two successive regrowths (RG1 and RG2) harvested on 12 June and 13 Aug., respectively.Significant residual responses as uptake of K, P, Ca, Mg and Na were shown in RG1 and RG2 after all dates of harvesting PG. The residual responses compensated for poor uptake in PG. Thus, low uptakes to the second increment of N were followed by high residual responses in both regrowths; and low uptakes in PG harvested shortly after applying the fertilizer N were followed by high residual responses.Averaged over the seven dates of PG harvest, the sum of responses (PG+RG1+RG2) to the second N increment was greater than total response to the first increment in P and Mg, considerably greater in Ca and Na and slightly lower in K. These marked residual responses to the second N increment were most noticeable where PG was harvested 23 days after applying fertilizer N and became less marked as date of PG harvest was advanced.Percentage K, P, Ca, Mg and Na in DM of the PG and of RG1 increased as N application was raised. By RG2, the residual effects of fertilizer N on percentage K. P and Mg were reversed to give reduced percentages with increased N application to PG. indicative of deficiencies in availability of these elements.The application of 177 kg N/ha to PG resulted in the release of additional soil N and of other mineral elements which could lead to their depletion.
THE LEGUME—A REAPPRAISAL OF ITS PLACE IN TODAY'S FARMING*
Authors: Aldrich D. T. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe last 10 years have seen a marked shift in Britain from the growing of legumes towards the use of fertilizer N. Many farmers are now reassessing the position Decause of increasing fertilizer prices and because of improvements in clovers and lucerne through plant breeding.On the intensive dairy farm legumes can play an important part in the conseravation block. The yield of lucerne without applied N is as high as from ryegrass with 250 units N/ac. Red clover is also useful over a wide range of soil types.On the less intensive farm, white clover should be contributing throughout the grazing area. there are many reasons for poor white clover populations in pastures; one of these is the fungus disease Sclerotinia trifoliorum, commonly known as clover rot. Varieties resistant to this disease are available in both red and white‐clover. Verticillium wilt in lucerne bas also been checked by the plant breeder.Improved legume varieties justify a completely new look at these crops and the possibilities for lucerne in this country appear to be particularly good.
THE EFFECT OF AUTUMN MANAGEMENT ON WINTER DAMAGE AND SUBSEQUENT SPRING PRODUCTION OF SIX VARIETIES OF LOLIUM PERENNE GROWN AT CAMBRIDGE
Authors: Thomson A. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSix perennial ryegrass varieties which were known to differ in winter hardiness were subjected to ten managements comprising two N rates and fire autumn cutting treatments. Autumn yields and soluble carbohydrate contents were measured, also the amount of winter damage in February and subsequent spring yields.The winter was mild, herbage damage was slight and no plant deaths were recorded, but significant differences were found between cutting treatments and varieties. The amount of winter damage increased with the length of the autumn rest period and with the degree of winter dormancy of individual varieties, indicating that natural senescence was a more important causative agent than frost action. Spring yields were affected by the amount of winter damage but there were considerable interactions between varieties and environments.The results are discussed in relation to autumn management practices, choice of variety for different locations and measurements of winter hardiness. The induction of winter dormancy by day length or low temperature reactions is considered in the breeding of varieties for maximum production in different parts of the country.
A TEMPERATURE INDICATOR FOR USE DURING OVEN‐DRYING OF HERBAGE
Authors: Wolf D. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe drying of small herbage samples should be as rapid as possible so as to limit respiratory loss and enzymatic interconversions, especially if certain nonstnictnral carbohydrates are to be assayed. An inexpensive thermo‐switch is described that indicates the time required to heat a mass of tissue in an oven to a given temperature. The time required to heat green herbage to a temperature (55°C) that will inactivate respiratory enzymes can be determined.
THE RESPONSE OF S24 PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SWARDS TO IRRIGATION
Authors: Garwood E. A. , Tyson K. C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTVariations in soil‐water and plant‐water status were examined in swards of perennial ryegrass over a period of 2 years. Unirrigatcd swards were compared with swards partially irrigated after cutting and with swards fully irrigated after cutting and then again whenever a 25 mm potential soil water deficit (SWD) arose. Two levels of N were applied to the swards (Nj= 250 kg N/ha, NT= 500 kg N/ha in each year). Frequent measurement of the water in the soil profiles beneath these swards with a neutron soil‐moisture probe, enabled comparisons to be made of the actual SWD with the potential SWD on which the irrigation regimes were based. In the unirrigated swards the actual rate of water use by the swards fell below the potential rate of use at a potential SWD of approximately 50 mm. On the other hand, frequent irrigation at a potential SWD of 25 mm often failed to maintain the actual deficit within 25 mm of field capacity. Under both the unirrigated and the partially irrigated swards, greater use was made of the soil water below 30 cm depth in the N2 treatment than in the N1.The pressure‐chamber technique proved particu larly suitable for measuring the variation in leaf‐water potential (LWP) of grasses in the field. LWP was highest (least negative) at dawn and, provided that no dew was present on the leaves, was related to the actual SWD. There was no direct relationship between the daily minimum value of LWP and SWD, the former being determined largely by evaporative demand. However, LWP in frequently irrigated swards rarely fell below –15 atm, whereas much lower values were recorded in swards on drier soils. It is suggested that the effect of irrigation on plant‐water stress may be most readily assessed from the LWP at dawn.
THE VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY SHEEP OE LEAF AND STEM FRACTIONS OF LOLIUM PERENNE
Authors: Laredo M. A. , Minson D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe leaves of tropical grasses are eaten in larger quantities than stems of similar DM digestibility. To determine whether the same fact applied to a temperate grass, studies were made with leaf and stem fractions of Lolium perenne. The leaves of L. perenne had a 20% higher voluntary intake than the stems, white the DM digestibilities were only slightly higher (67·3%ν. 64·8%). The leaves also had a larger surface area/g, a higher initial (12 h) fermentation rate in vitro, larger content of pepsin‐soluble DM, and a smaller energy require ment to grind I g DM in a laboratory mill compared with the stems.The difference in voluntary intake between the leaves and stems of L. perenne was smaller than that for a number of tropical grasses.
REACTION OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS CULTIVARS UNDER GRAZING AS COMPARED WITH CUTTING
Authors: Camlin M. S. , Stewart R. H. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTen cultivars of Italian ryegrass (Loliumultiflorum) were assessed over two seasons under a cutting regime and a cattle grazing system. A high correlation between the two managements was obtained in respect of annual production, the ranking order of yield being similar in each case for the range of cultivars. Persistence under grazing was highly correlated to that under cutting when assessed at the end of the experiment. There was, however, some evidence of interaction between the two systems in the performanee of one cultivar. The results are discussed in the context of herbage cultivar evaluation for the purpose of recommending those most suitable for general use.
FACTORS LIMITING ANIMAL PRODUCTION FROM GRAZED PASTURE*
Authors: Greenhalgh J. F. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAnimal production from intensively managed pasture (240 units N/ac or 300 kg N/ha applied annually) should in theory reach 11,000 Ib/ac (12,500 kg/ha) of milk or 1550 lb/ac (1750 kg/ha) of liveweight gain per year. The figure for theoretical milk production is achieved in experiments, although rarely approached in commercial practice; the figure for liveweight gain is never approached, either experimentally or commercially. On commereial farms in Britain, the average stocking rate for grazed lowland pasture in 1971 was about 0·74 cow equivalents/ac (l±82/ha), compared with a theoretical target of 1·9/ac; in 1969 fertilizer N application was about 48 units/ae (60 kg/ha). The main purpose of this paper is to suggest reasons for the differences between practical, experimental and theoretical levels of production.Economic factors may deter farmers from intensifying their grassland management, but the deterrent to high stocking rates may be the fear of running out of grass. In practice, ungrazed herbage is used as a buffer, but other feeds might be used for this purpose. Concentrates, pelleted roughages and even long dried grass and silage are too attractive to grazing beef cattle to be offered to appetite; but silage might be used as a long‐term buffer. Fouling of pasture reduces efficiency of harvesting, but attempts to overcome this effect, by conditioning of grazing animals, spreading excreta or by alternation of grazing and cutting, have largely been unsuccessful.High production per unit area cannot be achieved without high production per animal. Legumes have often been found to increase production per animal, and a technique has been developed for growing red‐clover and grass in adjoining areas and grazing them together. The clover was grazed satisfactorily by dairy cows (and caused no bloat) but failed to increase milk yield per animal.Recent calorimetric studies of grass have shown that the net energy value of digestible organic matter is variable, and in particular is low for late‐season herbage.
A COMPARISON OF TWO HAYS FOR BEEF PRODUCTION
Authors: Forbes T. J. , Renton A. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA medium quality barn‐dried hay and a poor quality field‐cured hay were each supplemented with 3 levels of concentrate in the diet of young beef cattle, averaging 313 kg liveweight. The supplement was given on predetermined hay concentrate metabolizable energy (ME) ratios based on the determined ME of the hays and an assumed ME of 3·0 McalsAg DM for the supplement. The hay concentrate ratios used were 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, the aim being to provide a reasonable rate of growth (0·7 kg/day) with the poorer hay. It was necessary to include urea in the concentrate mixtures used on the 1:1 and 1:2 ratios with the field‐cured hay. The urea appeared to have an adverse effect on the intake and utilization of DM on the 1:1 ratio. The range of mean intakes of supplement DM was 3·02 to 4·41 kg/day for the barn‐dried hay and 2·23 to 4·61 for the field‐cured hay. Mean daily liveweight gains with the barn‐dried hay were 0·76, 0·89 and 0·85 kg for the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratios, respectively, with no significant difference between ratios. The mean daily gains with the field‐cured hay were 0·39, 0·77 and 0·75 for the three ratios, the mean gain on the 1:1 ratio being significantly lower than those of the other ratios. The ME conversion ratios were not significantly affected by either ratios or hay type, except on the 1:1 ratio with field‐cured hay. There were significant differences between the barn‐dried hay and field‐cured hay diets in the digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein and energy; the mean coefficients for DM being 74·5% and 65·6%, respectively.
A NOTE ON URINE SCORCH CAUSED BY GRACING ANIMALS
Authors: Richards I. R. , Wolton K. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTObservations were made on urine scorch on pastures at North Wyke. Scorch was caused by cattle and by sheep and occurred sporadically throughout the grazing season in wet and in dry weather, but not all urinations caused scorch. Where ryegrass was completely killed, subsequent colonization was by weed speeies. A relationship was found between extent of scorch and grass N content and the scorching effect appeared to be on the root system of the grass and not on the foliage.