bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE: A PROPOSAL FOR STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Lykken David T. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA provisional standard method of measuring tonic skin conductance (SCL) and GSR (SCR) is advocated, using a constant‐voltage method for which circuits are provided useable with Beckman, Grass, and other common polygraphs. A standard electrode methodology is also presented. The problem of units of measurement is considered in detail with an analysis of the so‐called Law of Initial Values. Methods are given for correcting both tonic SC and SCRs for individual differences in their respective ranges of variation and the purpose and relative advantages of these range‐correction methods are discussed.
AN ELECTRICALLY OPERATED SKIN RESISTANCE SWITCH
Authors: Macpherson Leonard , Hutchings Michael L. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA touch operated switch is described that uses a simple skin resistance detection circuit. This ‘isometric push‐button” type switch has no moving parts, is noiseless, and absorbs the minimum of energy from the subject. It was primarily designed for psychophysiological experiments where an operant response is required.
INCREASED ACCURACY OF BINOCULAR DEPTH PERCEPTION FOLLOWING REM SLEEP PERIODS
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Scott Thomas D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been proposed that REM sleep maintains facilitation of coordinated eye movements necessary for accurate binocular depth perception (Berger, 1969). This experiment confirmed the prediction that binocular depth perception would be more accurate at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets. Eight male subjects were studied during 4 non‐consecutive nights of sleep. Accuracy of binocular and monocular depth perception were measured with different apparatus in the evening prior to sleep onset, after awakenings made alternately at the onsets or ends of REM periods, and 15 min after awakening in the morning. Accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better at the ends of REM periods than at their onsets (p < .001), whereas accuracy of monocular depth perception did not significantly differ. That the monocular task was sensitive to variables of sleep was indicated by impairment at the first REM onset with little variation throughout the night, so that it was significantly worse 15 min after morning awakening than the previous evening (p < .05). In contrast, accuracy of binocular depth perception was significantly better in the morning than the previous evening and at REM onsets (p < .05).
Operant Conditioning of Cardiac Function: A Status Report
Authors: Engel Bernard T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms of operant conditioning of cardiac function can be analyzed in terms of cardiodynamics, hemodynamics, neural regulations, and psychological regulations. These separate analyses help to suggest a number of experimental hypotheses. Analyses of data from early and late phases of conditioning show that performance at these two stages of training is different: Analyses of acquisition mechanisms must come from the early phase of training, however, analyses of control mechanisms should probably be derived from chronic studies.
Physiological Concomitants of Reaction Time Performance in Normal and Brain‐Damaged Subjects
Authors: Holloway Frank A. , Parsons Oscar A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic and somatic concomitants of simple reaction time performance were examined in normal and brain‐damaged patients. The reaction time task involved a warning stimulus preceding the execution stimulus by a variable foreperiod. The normal Ss displayed the expected relationships between performance and physiological activity, such that fast reaction times were associated with greater HR deceleration, larger electrodermal response magnitudes, and less EMG activity during the preparatory foreperiod of the task. BD Ss, however, generally displayed either no relationships between autonomic or somatic activity and reaction time or a relationship opposite to that seen in normals, namely, that slower reaction times were associated with larger autonomic responses to the warning stimulus. The results were discussed in terms of two possible mechanisms which may be operative in the BD Ss: (1) that their autonomic responsivity becomes “dissociated” from changes in the external environment, and (2) that such “dissociated” activity may represent or reflect an active source of interference with the S's ability to attend to or to efficiently execute the task.
Lateral Specialization of Cognitive Mode: An EEG Study
Authors: Galin David , Ornstein Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe have studied EEG asymmetry in normal subjects during verbal and spatial tasks. Recordings were made from the left and right temporal and parietal areas, and the ratios of average power (1–35 Hz) in homologous leads T4/T3 and P4/P3 were computed. This ratio (right over left) was greater in the verbal tasks than in the spatial tasks. With this measure we have been able to distinguish between these two cognitive modes as they occur in normal subjects, using simple scalp recording.
Two Measures of Auditory Evoked Response Amplitude and Their Relationship to Background EEG
Authors: Tanguay Peter E. , Ornitz Edward M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAll‐night sleep EEG and auditory evoked responses (AERs) were recorded in 8 children whose ages ranged from 27 to 60 months. EEG intensity was measured by means of a Drohocki‐type integrator. Two measures of evoked response amplitude were calculated: the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the P2N2 component, and a multiple‐component amplitude measure of the first 500 msec of the response. Both amplitude measurements were found to correlate well with each other. Changes in EEG intensity between subjects were not correlated with changes in AER amplitude, but a number of correlations between AER amplitude and EEG intensity were found within individual subjects. Further analysis suggested the latter finding might be a result of the presence of “unaveraged’EEG in individual AER plots. It is concluded that little correlation exists between AER amplitude and EEG intensity in children during sleep.
Reliability and Interjudgment Predictability of Subjective Judgments of Electrocutaneous Stimulation
Authors: Tursky Bernard , O'connell Donald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe within and between day reliability and interjudgment predictability of subjective judgments (threshold, discomfort, pain, and tolerance) produced in the laboratory by a highly controllable electrocutaneous stimulation technique were investigated. Results indicated low to moderate reliability and predictability at the threshold level, excellent reliability at all suprathreshold levels, as well as excellent predictability at the discomfort and pain levels.The implications of these findings for the use of electrocutaneous stimulation in the study and measurement of pain in the laboratory and the possibility of using different psychophysical methods to measure the sensory and reactive components of the pain experience are discussed.
Control of Diastolic Blood Pressure in Man by Feedback and Reinforcement
Authors: Shapiro David , Schwartz Gary E. , Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhen provided with external feedback of their diastolic blood pressure and incentives to respond appropriately, normal male Ss learned to raise or lower their diastolic pressure in a 35‐min training session. The difference between increase and decrease groups at the end of conditioning was 7.0 mm Hg or 10% of baseline. This difference was augmented to 10.4 mm Hg or 15% of baseline during extinction when half the Ss were asked to maintain continuing “voluntary control” even though feedback and incentives were withdrawn. Heart rate was also influenced when diastolic blood pressure was reinforced, although less markedly. Further analysis indicated that when diastolic pressure is reinforced, heart rate is partially reinforced in the same direction, accounting for the coincidental conditioning of the related cardiovascular measure. No consistent changes in respiration or post‐session verbal reports were obtained. These results lend support to the possibility of therapeutic application of the techniques in patients with essential hypertension.
Psychophysiological Discriminants of Reactive Depression
Authors: Mccarron Lawrence T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological measures of skin resistance response, heart rate, respiration rate, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were used in a multiple discriminant analysis to differentiate a group of 10 questionnaire‐abnormal Ss from a group of 30 normal Ss. The questionnaire‐abnormal Ss were operationally defined as reactively depressed from specified Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of the 2–4, 2–4–7 code types. The control group was operationally defined by a clinically normal MMPI profile. The method of period analysis was used to electronically transcribe the analog physiological data to digital data for computer manipulation. The depressed group was differentiated from the control group by decreased skin resistance responses, a rapid heart rate, increased respiration rate, and greater activation‐complexity of EEG.
Pupillary and Cardiac Activity During Visual Attention
Authors: Libby William L. , Lacey Beatrice C. , Lacey John I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty pictures, rated on 22 scales, were shown to 34 males, while pupillary diameters and heart rates were recorded, to test the prediction that attention to the environment leads to sympathetic‐like dilatation and parasympathetic‐like cardiac slowing, and to study the relationships of the responses to stimulus‐attributes. The prediction was satisfied, demonstrating directional fractionation and situational stereotypy. Tonic levels changed significantly during the experiment and also showed directional fractionation. A few individuals and stimuli, however, yielded reliable pupillary constriction, demonstrating intra‐stressor stereotypy. Four factors characterized the ratings, two of which were associated with the autonomic responses. Pupillary dilatation and cardiac slowing increased as the Attention‐Interest value increased. Pupillary dilatation was greatest to pictures midway on the Pleasantness‐Evaluation factor, and greater to unpleasant than to pleasant stimuli. Cardiac slowing was linearly related to pleasantness, with unpleasant stimuli provoking the greatest slowing. The two responses were correlated less than measurement reliability would have allowed, demonstrating quantitative dissociation. When base‐corrected scores were used the correlations again were low and highly variable among subjects and stimuli, even in direction.
Cardiac Responses in Aversive Situation With and Without Avoidance Possibility
Authors: Malcutt Gérard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment is concerned with evaluating the cardiac responses of human Ss in an aversive situation. Two main conditions were investigated: Control of shock occurrence (Avoidance) and Passivity, that is, Ss were instructed to passively receive the shocks. Sixty Ss were used. The Avoidance condition was further divided into 3 specific groups. One group of Ss had to avoid the aversive stimulus by a proper task (depressing keys) without any certainty about the result of their action until the habitual moment of shock occurrence. Ss in a second group were provided immediate feedback from their action via a light bulb. A third group of Ss kept receiving shocks whatever they tried. After completion of 30 trials the conditions for each Ss were reversed by appropriate instructions and run for another 20 trials. A decelerative cardiac response was found in anticipation of shock for Ss in the Passivity condition. In the Avoidance condition, such a deceleration was found for trials during which Ss had had a feedback of their failure to avoid (second group) and were expecting an oncoming shock. Furthermore, only the Ss in Avoidance condition displayed HR acceleration after the signal onset of the ISI. Specific variations were found in the second phase of the experiment for the third group of Avoidance condition.
Evoked Potential Amplitude Change Related to Intelligence and Arousal
Authors: Shucard David Wm. , Horn John L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTUsing a sample of 94 adult subjects, relationships between measures of intelligence and the rate of decrease in amplitude of the average evoked potential (AEP) were examined in some detail. It was found that the rate of AEP amplitude decrease from a condition of high extrinsic inducement to activation to a condition of low extrinsic inducement to activation was significantly correlated with fluid intelligence (r= .24) and its subprocesses, but not with crystallized intelligence. This finding was interpreted as indicating that the AEP shift measure and the fluid intelligence measures indicate a kind of adaptive flexibility (or plasticity) of intellectual functioning. The results suggested that this is not a flexibility capacity that decreases significantly with aging in adulthood.
Differential Heart Rate Changes to Equally Intense White Noise and Tone
Authors: Graham Frances K. , Slaby Diana Arezzo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe psychophysiological literature has often ignored possible differences in the effects of white noise and tone stimulation. Twelve undergraduate Ss presented with 10 white noise and 12 Ss presented with 10 tone stimuli of 5‐sec duration, uncontrolled, fast rise time, and equal SPL (85 dB re 0.0002 microbars) showed large differences in heart rate (HR) response. Noise elicited a diphasic response of marked acceleration followed by deceleration and tone a triphasic response of deceleration‐acceleration‐deceleration. The short‐latency acceleration following noise habituated rapidly although some acceleration persisted throughout the 10 trials. With stimulus repetition, the response to tone showed lessened deceleration and an insignificant increase in long‐latency acceleration. It was suggested that stimulus onset characteristics determine the short‐latency HR response and steady‐state characteristics the longer‐latency phases. The relationship to fast and slow components of startle was discussed as well as possible mechanisms that may account for the differing effects of noise and tone.
Scaled Lateralization of Alpha Activity During Linguistic and Musical Tasks
Authors: McKee George , Humphrey Brian , McAdam Dale W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe have studied relative bilateral alpha activity over temporal‐parietal sites in normal human Ss while they were engaged in either a musical task or one of three linguistic tasks of varying difficulty. Left/right alpha ratios were highest for the musical task, and tended to decrease progressively with increasingly difficult linguistic tasks.
Effects of Prior CS Presentations on Classical Conditioning of the Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Silver Avrum I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of prior CS presentations (habituation) on the acquisition of a CR during classical conditioning of the SCR. Six groups of Ss received either 1, 4, or 16 habituation trials. Each of the habituation conditions was divided into two groups during acquisition with one receiving 16 paired trials and the other receiving 16 unpaired trials. (1) The paired groups made significantly larger CRs across acquisition trials than the unpaired groups, (2) mean CR differences between the paired and unpaired groups increased directly as a function of habituation trials, and (3) while attenuation of the CR occurred for all groups, Ss who received 16 habituation trials in the paired CS‐UCS condition showed the least amount of response decrement. It was concluded that increased numbers of prior CS‐alone trials led to stronger conditioning. Differences between the results of this study and previous ones using skeletal response measures (latent inhibition) were noted.
Photoplethysmography: System Calibration and Light History Effects
Authors: Novelly Robert A. , Perona Peter J. , Ax Albert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo ensure accurate recording of vasomotor activity in the peripheral vascular system with the photoplethysmographic technique, a system calibration procedure is presented. Utilization of a calibration procedure reveals several significant sources of photocell and light source artifact. A calibration apparatus and procedure as well as data demonstrating the light history artifact and its resolution are presented.
Can Classical Conditioning Occur Without Contingency Learning? A Review and Evaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews experimental evidence relevant to the issue of whether human classical conditioning can occur in the absence of awareness of the CS‐UCS contingency (contingency learning). It is concluded that the evidence fails to convincingly demonstrate successful conditioning in the absence of contingency learning. In fact, the evidence is more consistent with the view that contingency learning is an essential mediator of human classical conditioning. Although original learning may require the presence of contingency learning, the performance of a previously acquired conditioned response may not require such mediation.
Experimental Assessments of the Importance of Controlling for Contingency Factors in Human Classical Differential Electrodermal and Plethysmographic Conditioning
Authors: Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe importance of contingency factors implies the contingency prediction: that if CS+:CS‐ discrimination is obtained in a two‐groups design where the control CS‐ stimulus for the two groups, respectively, is arranged to have a negative (nCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “explicitly‐unpaired” CS) and a zero (zCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “truly‐random” CS), then discrimination in the nCS‐ group will exceed that in the zCS‐ group. This implication was tested and disconfirmed for the electrodermal skin resistance response in three 5‐sec delay‐conditioning experiments (N = 48, 32, and 16, respectively), and for plethysmographic digital pulse‐volume change in an 8‐sec delay‐conditioning experiment (N = 48). Since both the discrimination manipulation (CS+ vs CS‐) and, in one experiment, a distraction manipulation (presence vs absence of a distraction task) were shown to be effective, while the contingency manipulation (nCS‐ vs zCS‐) had no autonomic effects in any of the experiments, it was concluded that while contingency factors as represented by the difference between nCS‐ and zCS‐ have an obvious logical significance, in human autonomic conditioning, the nCS‐:CS‐ difference is of negligible empirical importance.
The Construction of a Versatile Sinusoidal Voltage Calibrator
Authors: Bland Peyton H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe need for a sinusoidal voltage calibrator and its advantages over a DC calibrator are explained. The construction and operation of a suitable calibrator with variable amplitude and frequency is described. A calibration procedure using the prototype with an electroencephalographic feedback system which includes a Grass Model 7 Polygraph with an electrode selector panel is given. Sufficient detail is included to facilitate adaptation of this calibrator to other systems.
Interactive Effects of Alpha Feedback and Instructional Set on Subjective State
Authors: Walsh David H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of EEG alpha feedback and instructional set were studied in 40 college students. Reported subjective experiences during feedback were examined experimentally in a factorial “drug‐drug set” design. Alpha and no‐alpha feedback were each paired with alpha and neutral instructions, in order to observe the individual and combined effects of alpha activity and instructional set. The results showed that for an “alpha experience” to occur, both alpha activity and alpha set are necessary; neither alone is sufficient. Theoretical considerations based on the Schachter and Singer (1962) drug model and some implications for alpha feedback research are discussed.
The Cardiac‐Somatic Conditioned Relationship in Cats With Mesencephalic Lesions
Authors: Majkowski Jerzy , Szwed Maria , Pisarski Wlodzimierz 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of dependence or independence of conditioned autonomic‐somatic responses has deep implications for learning theories and psychosomatic diseases. Recently, Miller (1969) has postulated independent mechanisms for both responses. On the other hand, Obrist et al. (1970) look at these processes in normal subjects as dependently interrelated. In this work, the conditioned heart rate (CHR) was studied during formation of avoidance conditioning in normal cats and in cats with lesions in mesencephalic reticular formation. The results tend to favor the hypothesis of independence of both processes.
The Relationship of Locus of Control, Self‐Report Measures, and Feedback to the Voluntary Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Ray William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty internal and external locus of control subjects (Ss) were instructed to control their heart rate on 8 trial pairs. Each trial pair consisted of an increase and a decrease heart rate condition with the order being counterbalanced across Ss. On the last 4 heart rate control trials, the Ss were given visual feedback concerning the time interval between each heart beat via a light panel of 16 check lights.The major findings of this study were: (1) feedback significantly increased the magnitude of the IBI changes across all Ss; (2) locus of control differences were found across all trials with the internal locus of control Ss being able to increase their heart rate better than the external locus of control Ss, and the external locus of control Ss were better able to decrease heart rate as compared with the internals; and (3) self‐report measures demonstrated that external and internal locus of control Ss adopted different strategies for controlling heart rate, and these strategies were related to previous psychophysiological research not requiring the direct control of heart rate.
Lateral Specialization of Cognitive Mode: II. EEG Frequency Analysis
Authors: Doyle Joseph C. , Ornstein Robert , Galin David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study reports a frequency analysis of hemispheric EEG asymmetries in normal subjects performing cognitive tasks. Language and arithmetic tasks were expected to engage primarily the left hemisphere; spatial and musical tasks were expected to engage primarily the right hemisphere. Both motor and non‐motor tasks were used, e.g. writing a letter and composing a letter mentally. Recordings from temporal leads (T3,T4) and parietal leads (P3,P4) referred to the vertex Cz were subjected to discrete Fourier transforms; ratios of power from homologous leads (T4/T3, P4/P3) were computed in conventional frequency bands. These ratios (right/left) are significantly higher in verbal and arithmetic tasks than in spatial tasks primarily in the alpha band; the beta and theta bands show this effect less consistently. The delta band shows no such systematic effect of cognitive mode. Considering the alpha band alone reveals a task dependence of the asymmetry 2–5 times greater than we reported earlier for whole band power (1–35 Hz). Whenever a significant task dependence of asymmetry appears in any band, it is in the same direction: the hemisphere primarily engaged in the cognitive activity develops proportionately less power. The requirement of motor output increases the task dependence of alpha asymmetry and lowers alpha power levels.