bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake
Authors: Seeley RJ , Schwartz MW 
Published: April 2008

Seeley RJ, Schwartz MW. Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake. Acta Pædiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 58–61. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326Maintenance of appropriate stores of metabolic fuels depends on carefully matching caloric intake to caloric expenditure. Achieving such‘energy balance’is a product of complex interactions of peripheral hormones with effector systems in the central nervous system (CNS) that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is a hormone that is made in the adipocytes, circulates in the blood and interacts with receptors in the CNS. These receptors can be found in two different types of systems. One effector system is termed‘anabolic’and is activated by low levels of leptin during negative energy balance. This system (exemplified by the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y system) increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure to facilitate the regaining of lost energy stores. The other effector system is termed‘catabolic’and is activated by high levels of leptin during positive energy balance. This system (exemplified by the hypothalamic melanocortin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone systems) decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure to facilitate the loss of excess energy stores. Further understanding of these systems is necessary to develop adequate treatments for disorders of energy balance, such as obesity and wasting. □Corticotrophin‐releasing hormone, energy balance, food intake, leptin, melanocortin, neuropeptide Y
When and how to combine growth hormone with a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue
Authors: Tanaka T , Satoh M , Yasunaga T , Horikawa R , Tanae A , Katsumata N , Tachibana K , Nose O , Hibi I 
Published: April 2008

Tanaka T, Satoh M, Yasunaga T, Horikawa R, Tanae A, Katsumata N, Tachibana K, Nose O, Hibi I. When and how to combine growth hormone with a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue. Acta Pædiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 85–8. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326The effect of combined treatment with growth hormone (GH) and a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue, or GH alone, on pubertal height gain was assessed in an uncontrolled study in 15 boys and 10 girls with GH deficiency (GHD). Seven boys and six girls were treated with GH alone (group 1), and eight boys and four girls were treated with a combination of GH and an LHRH analogue during puberty (group 2). Mean ages (□ SD) at the start of GH treatment and at the onset of puberty were significantly lower in group 2 (8.0 □ 3.3 years and 11.2 □ 0.8 years, respectively, in boys, and 6.3 □ 1.6 years and 10.8 □ 0.7 years in girls) than in group 1 (12.8 □ 1.9 years and 13.7 □ 1.4 years in boys, and 11.2 □ 1.0 years and 12.5 □ 1.2 years in girls). Height at the onset of puberty was less in group 2 than in group 1, but the difference was significant only for the boys. Combination treatment was started at a mean age of 11.7 □ 1.2 years in boys and 11.5 □ 1.0 years in girls. The duration of the combination treatment was 5.1 □ 1.5 years in boys and 2.3 □ 0.7 years in girls. The duration of the period between the onset of puberty and the end of GH treatment was significantly longer in group 2 (6.8 □1.2 years in boys and 5.5 □ 1.0 years in girls) than in group 1 (4.3 □ 1.6 years in boys and 3.6 □1.4 years in girls). The pubertal height gain was also significantly greater in group 2 (36.7 □ 6.5 cm in boys and 29.0 □ 8.3 cm in girls) than in group 1 (21.9 □ 4.1 cm in boys and 18.6 □ 4.1 cm in girls). Final height was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 in boys. Although there was no significant difference in final height between groups in the girls, the change in height SDS from the start of GH treatment until final height was significantly greater in group 2 (2.7 □ 1.6 in boys and 4.5 □ 0.5 SD in girls) than in group 1 (1.0 □ 0.8 in boys and 1.8 □ 0.9 SD in girls), in both boys and girls. In conclusion, it appears that combination of an LHRH analogue and GH may increase the pubertal height gain and the final height of children with GHD. The improvement is attributed to the prolongation of the treatment period, permitting slow bone maturation, and to the maintenance of height velocity. This combination treatment appears to be more effective in boys than girls. To fully assess this therapeutic approach, prospective controlled studies are needed. □Growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone treatment, luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue, pubertal height gain
Quality of life in Turner syndrome is related to chromosomal constitution: implications for genetic counselling and management
Authors: Skuse D , Elgar K , Morris E 
Published: April 2008

Skuse D, Elgar K, Morris E. Quality of life in Turner syndrome is related to chromosomal constitution: implications for genetic counselling and management. Acta Pædiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 110–13. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326Issues of self‐appraisal, friendships and academic attainments are uniquely salient for all adolescents. For girls with Turner syndrome, social problems and learning difficulties often become more serious at this time, yet may be unacknowledged by those responsible for Pædiatric care because their focus is on growth and sexual maturation. Data on the social and educational adjustment of 110 45,X (monosomic) females aged between 6 and 25 years is presented. Detailed information on the patients’precise karyotype was used to demonstrate systematic differences in adjustment between those whose single X chromosome was maternally derived and those in whom it was paternal. Implications for educational support and parental guidance are discussed. □Educational attainments, karyotype, non‐verbal intelligence, quality of life, social adjustment, Turner syndrome, verbal intelligence
Human growth disorders: molecular genetics of the growth hormone–insulin‐like growth factor I axis
Authors: Rotwein P 
Published: April 2008

Rotwein P. Human growth disorders: molecular genetics of the growth hormone‐insulin‐like growth factor I axis. Acta Paidiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 148–51. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326The critical role of the growth hormone‐insulin‐like growth factor I axis in controlling somatic growth in humans and other vertebrate species has been known for many years. Through molecular cloning and other related techniques many of the components of this axis have been characterized, with the most recent additions being key transcription factors required for pituitary development and for pituitary‐specific gene expression. Several of these genes have been shown to be mutated in familial and sporadic human growth deficiency syndromes, thereby validating the central roles of the encoded proteins in the endocrine pathways regulating somatic growth. The purpose of this review is to highlight these recent advances from the perspective of the molecular genetics of human growth disorders. □Growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, growth hormone‐releasing hormone, growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor, insulin‐like growth factor‐I, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor, Pit‐1, Prop‐1
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT DISCHARGE ON LIPID PEROXIDE LEVELS OF PUNTI FISH (PUNTIUS SOPHORE) TISSUE IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF FRESHWATER FISH
Authors: MAHABUB‐UZ‐ZAMAN MD. , SARKER SATYA RANJAN , SHAHDAT HOSSAIN MD. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The effect of industrial effluent on the oxidative stress of Puntius sophore (punti fish) tissue was investigated. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring lipid peroxide (LPO) and fatty acid profile as bioindicators. Punti fishes were collected from a river where textile mill effluent is discharged, as well as from fresh water as controls. Homogenized tissues were used for LPO, fatty acid, total cholesterol, phospholipid and protein measurements. LPO levels in both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues increased significantly in the industrial‐effluent‐exposed fish tissue as compared with those of the freshwater fish (control versus industrial‐effluent‐exposed fish: hepatic tissues, 54.0 ± 5.0 and 89.0 ± 9.0 nmol/mg protein; extrahepatic tissues, 52.0 ± 9.0 and 270 ± 16.0 nmol/mg protein). Five biologically important polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n‐3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) and linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3), significantly decreased, and saturated fatty acid, stearic acid (C18:0), significantly increased in the effluent‐exposed fish tissue than those of the freshwater counterpart. Cholesterol level of industrial‐effluent‐exposed punti fish was 1.5‐fold lower than those of the freshwater fish. This study thus suggests that industrial effluent poses a threat, at least partially, through oxidative insult to fish tissues.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study reported here indicates that fish exposed to industrial effluent induce a greater risk of oxidative stress with a resultant increased level of lipid peroxides. Consequently, if these fish with increased oxidative species are ingested by humans, they may cause physiological problems such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer involving disruption of cellular homeostasis. Therefore, an investigation about the oxidative stress of fish tissue in terms of lipid peroxidation could be of considerable significance in Third World countries where consumers remain unaware about the quality of the fish sold in the local markets and are ignorant of the oxidative stress and its consequences. The information of the present investigation may help in providing some preliminary information about the impact of unplanned industrialization on aquatic ecosystem.
DISTRIBUTION PROFILES OF TOCOPHEROLS AND FATTY ACIDS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN ADZUKI BEANS (VIGNA ANGULARIS)
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROMI , YOSHIDA NAOKO , TOMIYAMA YUKA , SAIKI MASAYUKI , MIZUSHINA YOSHIYUKI 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Extracted lipids from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography for tocopherol homologues. Fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and major phospholipids (PLs) were analyzed by gas chromatography, and their tocopherol contents were determined. δ‐Tocopherol was present in highest concentration (77.6%), and γ‐tocopherol in small amounts (22.4%). However, α‐ and β‐tocopherols were not detected in adzuki beans. The major lipid components were PL (63.5%) and TAG (27.1%), while other components were also present in minor proportions (0.2–5.1%). The major PL components were phosphatidylcholine (45.3%), phosphatidylethanolamine (25.8%) and phosphatidylinositol (21.5%). The positional distribution of fatty acids in these PLs was evident in the beans: unsaturated fatty acids were predominantly located in the sn‐2 position, while saturated fatty acids primary occupied the sn‐1 position in these lipids.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study describes the characteristics of lipid components, positional distribution of fatty acids in the major phospholipids as well as the tocopherol profiles of adzuki beans. These results were not similar to the positional fatty acid distributions in the oilseeds such as peanuts, soybeans and sesame seeds. The data obtained would be useful to both consumers and producers for manufacturing traditional adzuki confectionaries (wagashi) in Japan and elsewhere.
Dissolved organic matter in leachate from different treatment processes
Authors: Huo Shou‐liang , Xi Bei‐dou , Yu Hai‐chan , Liu Hong‐liang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe main objectives of this study were to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from the leachate of different treatment process using the chemical and spectroscopic analysing methods. The humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and hydrophilic (HyI) were isolated and purified by the XAD‐8 resin combined with the cation exchange resin method. The analytical results of fluorescence excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) revealed that the fluorescence peaks were protein‐like fluorescence for equalization basin and discharge of reverse osmosis (RO), while the fluorescence peaks for second sedimentation tank were humic‐like and fulvic‐like fluorescence. Moreover, the results also showed that protein‐like organic matter are readily removed by biological process and HA and FA can be removed by RO process. Elemental analysis indicated that the nitrogen content in these isolated fractions followed: HA>HyI>FA. The information on the characteristics of DOM indicated important role in optimization of leachate treatment processes.
Fate of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals in percolating domestic wastewater effluent
Authors: Súlleabháin C. Ó , Gill L. W. , Misstear B. D. R. , Johnston P. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeptic tanks and other on‐site systems are a common means of disposing domestic wastewater effluent in Ireland. In assessing site suitability, subsoils below the percolation trench have an important role in attenuating pollutants and hence in protecting groundwater. As part of an investigation into the hydraulic performance of treatment systems at four sites in Ireland with different subsoil characteristics, a series of samples were analysed for endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including oestrogens, surfactants and organic oxygen compounds. EDCs were found at all four sites, but only at low concentrations (often below those at which their presence could be confirmed) and generally only in samples known to be percolating effluent. Further research should target oestrogen compounds, as these appear to be present in higher concentrations than the other EDCs and also have greater potency.
Age‐related changes in hematocrit in the Galápagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) and the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
Authors: Trillmich Fritz , Rea Lorrie , Castellini Michael , Wolf Jochen B. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn mammals, hematocrit (Hct) is optimized between the divergent requirements of blood flow characteristics and oxygen transport and storage capacity. This trade‐off plays a particularly major role in marine mammals, in which oxygen demand during sustained diving requires high Hct levels. Galápagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) need a long time after birth to develop from terrestrial life to the state of an independent forager at sea. We here show that pups were born with high Hct of 45%, then reduced Hct during the first 40 d of life to 31% while they remain constantly ashore, and increased Hct again until the adult level (57%) is reached at 1 yr of age when they begin to dive for foraging at sea. A similar, but much more rapidly changing pattern is seen in Weddell seal pups, but not in northern elephant seals, where no reduction in Hct is seen after birth. These and similarly changing patterns in terrestrial mammals likely reflect species specific functional adjustments during development due to a trade‐off between the costs of circulation and the changing need to store and transport oxygen.
A simple new algorithm to filter marine mammal Argos locations
Authors: Freitas Carla , Lydersen Christian , Fedak Michael A. , Kovacs Kit M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring recent decades satellite telemetry using the Argos system has been used extensively to track many species of marine mammals. However, the aquatic behavior of most of these species results in a high number of locations with low or unknown accuracy. Argos data are often filtered to reduce the noise produced by these locations, typically by removing data points requiring unrealistic swimming speeds. Unfortunately, this method excludes a considerable number of good‐quality locations that have high traveling speeds that are the result of two locations being taken very close in time. We present an alternative algorithm, based on swimming speed, distance between successive locations, and turning angles. This new filter was tested on 67 tracks from nine different marine mammal species: ringed, bearded, gray, harbor, southern elephant, and Antarctic fur seals, walruses, belugas, and narwhals. The algorithm removed similar percentages of low‐quality locations (Argos location classes [LC] B and A) compared to a filter based solely on swimming speed, but preserved significantly higher percentages of good‐quality positions (mean ± SE% of locations removed was 4.1 ± 0.8%vs. 12.6 ± 1.2% for LC 3; 6.8 ± 0.6%vs. 15.7 ± 0.9% for LC 2; and 11.4 ± 0.7%vs. 21.0 ± 0.9% for LC 1). The new filter was also more effective at removing unlikely, conspicuous deviations from the track's path, resulting in fewer locations being registered on land and a significant reduction in home range size, when using the Minimum Convex Polygon method, which is sensitive to outliers.
Modeling whale entanglement injuries: An experimental study of tissue compliance, line tension, and draw‐length
Authors: Winn Jeremy P. , Woodward Becky L. , Moore Michael J. , Peterson Michael L. , Riley John G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo test systems were developed to evaluate the influence of draw‐length and tissue compliance on entanglement‐induced epidermal abrasion in humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) tissue samples. Under straight pull abrasion tests, an adult right whale fluke required 3.7 times the load and 15 times the draw‐length of a right whale calf flipper to induce epidermal failure whereas a humpback fluke was intermediate between these extremes. A load applied tangentially to the leading edge of the fluke or flipper resulted in a substantial, but reversible, deflection of the leading edge in the direction of the applied load. The maximum possible deformation of the leading edge under shear load, prior to the line slipping relative to the skin, was defined as the tissue compliance limit. Oscillatory abrasion tests revealed that line draw‐lengths exceeding the tissue compliance limit resulted in substantially increased tissue abrasion. In actual entanglements, line draw‐length relative to the tissue compliance may determine if the line will cut into the body or simply press against the skin. Increasing the entangling line's ability to stretch in response to a load could potentially minimize sliding of the line relative to the skin and help mitigate entanglement injuries.
Building and managing a biological resource centre
Authors: Rebulla Paolo 
Published: April 2008

The Organisation for the Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has defined a biological resource centre (BRC) as a service provider and a repository of living cells, genomes, organisms and information relating to heredity and the functions of biological systems. To promote a rational use of resources and to facilitate the exchange of biological materials among different countries, the OECD has proposed to establish a global BRC network. The building of a BRC is a process similar to those applied to several other types of facilities involved in biomedical laboratory research and therapy, with a special attention to cryobiology and information technology. The latter issues represent core elements for long‐term storage at subzero temperatures of biological materials and for their management and distribution to interested users in compliance to predefined rules. The management of a BRC does not differ from the management of a biomedical institution. However, general management rules must be translated into specific modalities and tools fit for the organization of a BRC. This article describes the management of the Center of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology (CTMC), which is the BRC of a large public university hospital in Northern Italy. The CTMC currently stores 92 561 biological samples (vials) collected and studied by 15 clinical and research groups within the hospital. The samples are stored and distributed according to individual contracts between the CTMC and each hospital unit using its services.
A comparative analysis across the globe: blood transfusion therapy in thalassaemia major
Authors: Eleftheriou A. , Demetriades M. , Kokkinos K. , Eleftheriou P. 
Published: April 2008

The major arms of the clinical management of thalassaemia major include life‐long regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy – essential to address the consequences of the genetic defect, mainly the severe anaemia and the bone marrow hyperactivity. Effective blood transfusion therapy requires adequate and safe blood. However, the standards for both blood screening and blood transfusion practices vary depending on the geographical area, from country to country and even within the same country, between different regions and medical centres. The Thalassaemia International Federation (TIF), a patients’ parents‐driven organization with 98 member thalassaemia or thalassaemia‐related associations from 60 countries around the world, was established in 1987 with the mission to promote the quality of medical care and its access to every patient with thalassaemia across the world. An important activity contributing towards the fulfilment of its goals has been the establishment of an educational programme, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, with which in official relations since 1996. The educational programme that now enjoys international recognition focuses on providing awareness to the community at large and information and training to patients/parents and health professionals, and includes (i) preparation, publication, translation and distribution of educational books, leaflets and other material, (ii) the organization of local, national, regional and international conferences, workshops, seminars and field trips. In the context of TIF's educational programme, a survey has been conducted covering a period of 2 years, the aim of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of blood transfusion therapy in patients with thalassaemia major, in a number of affected countries around the world.
The impact of mode of onset of psychosis on pathways to care in a hospitalized, predominantly African‐American, first‐episode sample
Authors: Chien Victoria H. , Compton Michael T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: Given recent findings that mode of onset is a determinant of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), along with a dearth of research coupling the mode of onset and pathways to care constructs, this study explored the possible effects of mode of onset on pathways to care.Methods: The study included 76 patients hospitalized for first‐episode, nonaffective psychosis in two urban, public‐sector psychiatric units. Consensus‐based best estimates were derived for mode of onset, pathways to care variables and DUP. Associations between mode of onset and several types of pathways to care variables were examined: (i) two key duration variables during the pathway; (ii) four variables pertaining to services contacted, sources of help and reasons for psychiatric contact; and (iii) the number of help‐seeking contacts during the pathway.Results: None of the sociodemographic or clinical variables examined (except DUP) were associated with mode of onset. In further assessing the association between mode of onset and DUP, mode of onset was related to the first component of DUP – delay in initiating any help contact – but not with the duration from initiating the first help contact until hospitalization. Mode of onset was not significantly associated with a number of other key pathways to care variables (e.g. type of first help‐seeking contact, number of help‐seeking contacts).Conclusion: The present findings suggest that both community‐wide informational campaigns and early intervention programmes may benefit from focusing on gradually developing psychosis, which confers a longer delay to initiating care.