bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE, BROMOCRIPTINE, LERGOTRILE AND METOCLOPRAMIDE ON PROLACTIN RELEASE FROM CONTINUOUSLY PERFUSED COLUMNS OF ISOLATED RAT PITUITARY CELLS
Authors: YEO T. , THORNER M. O. , JONES ANN , LOWRY P. J. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe control of secretion of prolactin was studied using continuous perfusion of a column of isolated rat pituitary cells supported by Bio‐Gel polyacrylamide beads. Prolactin secretion was inhibited repeatedly by dopamine and rapidly recovered in its absence. Maximum inhibition was achieved at 5 ± 107 M dopamine. Bromocriptine and lergotrile directly inhibited prolactin release from the pituitary cells. Bromocriptine had a longterm action in inhibiting secretion. The dopamine receptor blocking agent, metoclopramide, overcame the inhibitory effect of dopamine but had no effect on prolactin secretion in its absence.
THYROTROPIN, FREE AND TOTAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE, AND THYROXINE IN SERUM DURING SURGERY
Authors: KEHLET H. , KLAUBER P. V. , WEEKE J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChanges in free and total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum were measured before, during, and for nine days after uncomplicated abdominal surgery in eight patients. The results showed a pronounced fall in total as well as in free T3 levels, amounting to 50% in both variables on the first postoperative day, and returning towards preoperative levels on the seventh and ninth day. Apart from an increase during surgery, free T4 levels were constant in the whole period despite a slight postoperative decrease in Total T4. The TSH level fell about 80% within the first 24 postoperative h, but returned to the preoperative level thereafter. These results suggest a suppression of both T3 and TSH production during the pre‐ and early postoperative period.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR β‐MSH‐RELATED PEPTIDES (LIPOTROPHINS) IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: GRAY C. E. , RATCLIFFE J. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay for β‐MSH related peptides (‘β‐MSH’) which measures βh‐ and γh‐lipotrophin (LPH) and β‐MSH, was used to assess LPH status and the stability of ‘β‐MSH’ in blood and plasma.‘β‐MSH’ concentrations correlated well with ACTH levels in paired snap‐frozen plasma samples from normal subjects, from patients with pathologically elevated hormone levels (except those with chronic renal failure), and during acute stimulation and suppression tests (r= 0.913, P > 0.001). The mean ratio of ‘β‐MSH’ and ACTH levels in most situations was approximately unity. In chronic renal failure,‘β‐MSH’ concentrations were significantly higher than ACTH (mean ratio 4.1). Lesser degrees of dissociation of hormone levels were also found in patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome (mean ratio 2.8). Basal ‘β‐MSH’ levels were uniformly elevated in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy, Nelson's syndrome, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and Addison's disease and overlapped the normal range in patients with untreated Cushing's disease. There was complete separation of ‘β‐MSH’ levels in ACTH‐dependent and ACTH‐independent (adrenal tumour) causes of Cushing's syndrome. Endogenous ‘β‐MSH’ immunoactivity was more stable than ACTH in blood and plasma. There was no significant decrease of ‘β‐MSH’ immunoactivity in samples kept at ambient temperature for 24 h or after four cycles of freezing and thawing plasma.‘β‐MSH’ levels also did not change significantly in unhaemolysed blood samples transported at ambient temperature by first class mail. It is concluded that the ‘β‐MSH’ assay provides at least as good discrimination as the ACTH assay in situations in which the latter is diagnostically valuable. Determination of the ratio of ‘β‐MSH’ to ACTH levels may help to distinguish between untreated Cushing's disease and the ectopic ACTH syndrome. The stability of ‘β‐MSH’ immunoactivity allows unhaemolysed blood and plasma samples to be transported at ambient temperature without loss of diagnostic value.
SELECTIVE VENOUS SAMPLING IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND LOCALIZATION OF PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Authors: JONES D. HUW , ALLISON D. J. , HAMILTON CARLENE A. , REID JOHN L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma noradrenaline levels were measured at several sites in the systemic venous system by selective catheterisation in ten hypertensive patients in whom phaeo‐chromocytoma was suspected on clinical or biochemical grounds. Four patients had localized noradrenaline elevation and the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma was confirmed at operation. The remaining six patients demonstrated no localized elevation of noradrenaline and there has been no evidence of a tumour on follow up. The technique allows the diagnosis and accurate localization of phaeochromocytoma and is useful in excluding the tumour in patients with essential hypertension.
PITUITARY‐GONADAL DYSFUNCTION IN LOW‐OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE
Authors: TAPPLER BRIAN , KATZ MAURICE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDiminished cardiac output and digoxin therapy appear to have opposing effects on testosterone, oestradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations. Depression of the levels of these hormones was significantly correlated with a decrease in cardiac index and elevation was noted by digoxin therapy of long duration. The effect of cardiac output is most marked on testosterone and that of digoxin on oestradiol.
EFFECT OF THE ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST SARALASIN ON PLASMA ALDOSTERONE CONCENTRATION AND ON BLOOD PRESSURE BEFORE AND DURING SODIUM DEPLETION IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: AGABITI‐ROSEI E. , BROWN J. J. , BROWN W. C. B. , ERASER R. , TRUST P. M. , LEVER A. F. , MORTON J. J. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin on plasma aldosterone, plasma angiotensin II and blood pressure was studied in six normal supine subjects both before and during sodium depletion. Before sodium depletion, infusion of saralasin produced no consistent changes; during sodium depletion, infusion of the angiotensin antagonist caused a fall in plasma aldosterone and an increase in plasma angiotensin II in each subject. It is concluded that angiotensin II plays a major part in stimulating aldosterone secretion during sodium depletion in man.
FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIBODY FORMATION AFTER LONG‐TERM SALMON CALCITONIN THERAPY
Authors: HOSKING D. J. , DENTON L. B. , CADGE B. , MARTIN T. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty patients with Paget's disease were challenged with porcine (PCT) and salmon (SCT) calcitonin before and after 6 months SCT therapy. Acute hypocalcaemia was clearly related to the prevailing rate of bone turnover but responses to PCT showed that treatment had not disturbed this relationship. Although antibodies to SCT developed in eight patients during the period of treatment the acute hypocalcaemic response to SCT was not diminished in relation to bone turnover. It is suggested that antibodies which develop during the course of SCT therapy do not necessarily exert a functionally effective neutralizing action.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ‘IDIOPATHIC OEDEMA SYNDROME’ AND SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: AL‐KHADER A. A. , ABER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function has been studied in eleven patients with the ‘idiopathic oedema syndrome’. Six patients have been shown to have subclinical hypothyroidism associated with the presence of thyroid antibodies. All responded to treatment with sodium thyroxine. Five patients had normal thyroid function, absence of thyroid antibodies and failed to respond to treatment with sodium thyroxine.
THYROID STIMULATING ANTIBODIES AND METASTATIC THYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: SNOW M.H. , DAVIES T. , SMITH B. REES , ROSS W. M. , EVANS R. G. B. , TENG C. S. , HALL REGINALD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA patient with previously treated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid developed Graves' disease with a high titre of thyroid‐stimulating antibodies (TSAb). He developed functioning pulmonary metastases leading to hyperthyroidism. Levels of TSAb paralleled the functional status of the metastases suggesting that hyperfunction of the neoplastic tissue was caused by TSAb.
PITUITARY AND PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE
Authors: TAMAGNA ELLEN I. , CARLSON HAROLD E. , HERSHMAN JEROME M. , REED ALLAN W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 32‐year‐old Caucasian male, clinically euthyroid, with paranoid schizophrenia and granulocytopenia, had elevated total and free serum T4 and T3; serum TSH was normal (2.7 ± 0.7 μU/ml). There was no goitre present, no evidence of Graves' disease, and no evidence of pituitary tumour. He had a normal response to methyl‐TRH, with a TSH increment of 14.6 μU/ml, T3 increment of 212 ng/dl, and T4 increment of 4.7 μg/dl; baseline prolactin was normal with a normal response to methyl‐TRH. T3 therapy (100 μg/day) decreased the thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake to less than half the baseline value and decreased the TSH increment in response to methyl‐TRH to 4.1 μU/ml. Iodine therapy caused an increase in his base‐line TSH with an increase in the TSH response to TSH. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of T3 and T4 were increased. Baseline serum levels of glycoprotein hormone α‐subunit were normal and showed a slight increase in response to methyl‐TRH, similar to normal subjects. This patient has evidence of partial pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone; his only evidence for hyperthyroidism is the elevated MCR and PR of T3 and T4.
A PASSIVE HAEMAGGLUTINATION (TRC) INHIBITOR IN THYROTOXIC SERUM
Authors: WILKIN T. J. , BECK J. SWANSON , HAYES P. C. , POTTS R. C. , YOUNG R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe tanned red cell haemagglutination test system is widely used in the screening of thyroid and other auto‐immune diseases. We report a phenomenon which casts some doubt on the reliability of the technique.Anti‐thyroglobulin antibody (anti‐Tg) was measured by passive haemagglutination (TRC) and a double‐antibody precipitation technique (DAT) in serum samples taken serially from thirty‐three patients undergoing an 18‐month course of treatment with carbimazole and T3 for thyrotoxicosis. Anti‐Tg was undetectable by both techniques throughout treatment in 21% of the patients, and there was good concordance between results of TRC and DAT in most of the remainder. However, in four (29%) of the 14 Tg antibody‐positive patients, the TRC titre intermittently and abruptly fell to undetectable levels for long periods while the DAT remained unchanged. The hypothesis that a haemagglutination inhibitor was the cause of this phenomenon was tested by mixing increasing dilutions of a TRC‐negative/DAT‐positive serum with similar dilutions of a TRC‐positive/DAT‐positive serum removed from the same patient at another time, and also with dilutions of a known strongly positive TRC control serum. In both cases, the undiluted TRC‐negative/DAT‐positive serum completely inhibited agglutination by the TRC‐positive serum at all dilutions. The inhibition was immunologically non‐specific since the samples which inhibited the anti‐Tg system also inhibited agglutination in the anti‐thyroid microsomal antibody and anti‐DNA systems. It is suggested that some serum specimens from thyrotoxic patients inhibit the second‐order reaction of haemagglutination, but not the first‐order reaction of antigen binding. The practical significance is the demonstration of false negative haemagglutination results in patients known to have high levels of Tg antibody.
SCREENING FOR NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM BY THYROXINE AND THYROTROPHIN RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS USING DRIED BLOOD SAMPLES ON FILTER PAPER
Authors: BECKERS C. , CORNETTE C. , FRANCOIS B. , BOUCKAERT A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA routine and automatized methodology for thyroxine (T4) and thyrotrophin (TSH) radioimmunoassay (RIA) using dried blood samples on filter paper is described. T4‐RIA was performed on one single dot (5 mm diameter equivalent to 4 μl of serum) while two dots were necessary for TSH‐RIA. Reference filter papers were introduced in each assay for quality control. In a preliminary study on 4,155 neonates, samples generally obtained between the 5th–7th day gave a mean ‘dot‐T4′ of 97.95 ± 36.04 nmol/l and a mean ‘dot‐TSH’ of 10.19 mU/l ±8.25, corresponding to 2.47 mU/l of serum. Within an 18‐month period (November 1976‐April 1978), a total of 16.522 neonates have been screened allowing detection of three cases of congenital hypothyroidism (incidence 1: 5507), two cases of congenitally low TBG and thirty‐three cases of transient hypothyroidism.
L‐THYROXINE TREATMENT OF DIFFUSE NON‐TOXIC GOITRE EVALUATED BY ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF THYROID VOLUME
Authors: HANSEN J. MØLHOLM , KAMPMANN J. , MADSEN S. NISTRUP , SKOVSTED L. , SOLGAARD S. , GRYTTER C. , GRQNTVEDT T. , RASMUSSEN S. NORBY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of a daily dose of 150 μg 1‐thyroxine for one year was studied in forty‐five patients with diffuse non‐toxic goitre. Thyroid volume was evaluated by ultrasonic scanning. A decrease in the median value of the thyroid volume of about 20% was found after 3 months of therapy and no further change in the median value was observed in the following 9 months of treatment. About 50% of the patients showed a response to therapy and about 30% obtained normal size of the thyroid gland. Median value of the thyroid volume returned to pretreatment value 3 months after thyroxine therapy was stopped.A considerable increase in serum T4 and free T4 index was noted after 3 months of therapy and these elevated values persisted unaltered during the following 9 months of treatment. Serum T3 was studied before and after 3 months of thyroxine therapy in eleven of the patients. A small and insignificant increase in serum T3 and free T3 index was observed.
DOPAMINE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATOR OF THYROTROPHIN (TSH) SECRETION IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: SCANLON M. F. , WEIGHTMAN D. R. , SHALE D. J. , MORA B. , HEATH M. , SNOW M. H. , LEWIS M. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUsing a sensitive and precise radioimmunoassay for human TSH we have demonstrated significant elevations in serum TSH levels in euthyroid volunteers following administration of the dopamine receptor blocking drug metoclopramide when compared with placebo. The degree of TSH response is significantly greater in females than in males and is sustained over a 3‐hour period after a single oral 10 mg dose of metoclopramide. The degree of TSH release after metoclopramide is inversely related to the basal TSH level suggesting that dopamine is a determinant of low daytime TSH levels and is thus implicated in the circadian rhythm of TSH secretion. Pretreatment with 10 mg of metoclopramide orally, one hour before TRH administration leads to significant enhancement of the TSH response to TRH. Our findings provide further evidence for the physiological inhibitory role of dopamine in the control of TSH secretion in normal man. The possible mode of action of dopamine and the clinical implications of this neuroregulatory pathway are discussed.
SERUM THYROGLOBULIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: SHLOSSBERG A. H. , JACOBSON J. C. , IBBERTSON H. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured by radioimmunoassay in sixty‐two control subjects, 173 euthyroid patients with nodular goitre and eighty‐one patients with previously treated differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Tg was elevated in 65% of nodular goitres and failed to fall with thyroxine treatment in ten/fifteen patients treated. A diagnosis of differentiated carcinoma was confirmed in fourteen/sixty‐four of these patients and Tg was elevated in twelve. Of sixty‐five treated thyroid carcinoma patients without evidence of residual tumour, serum Tg was undetectable in thirty‐nine, normal in twenty‐four and elevated in two. There was evidence of residual tissue in the thyroid in seventeen of the patients with detectable Tg. Of the sixteen patients with residual tumour or metastases Tg was elevated in fifteen. There was a positive correlation between goitre size and Tg levels in multinodular goitre, and thyroid carcinomas of large bulk were associated with higher Tg levels. Serum Tg was normal in medullary carcinoma and in two patients with thyroid metastases from extra‐thyroidal malignancies. High Tg levels in patients with residual metastases from thyroid carcinoma following thyroid ablation indicates Tg production by tumour tissue. Measurement of serum Tg of limited value in the differential diagnosis of nodular thyroid disease. It is particularly useful following surgery and 131I therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In these patients it gives confirmation of thyroid ablation and may provide evidence of residual tumour tissue when other tests are negative.
PLASMA LEVELS OF NORETHINDRONE AFTER SINGLE ORAL DOSE ADMINISTRATION OF NORETHINDRONE AND LYNESTRENOL
Authors: ODLIND V. , WEINER E. , VICTOR A. , JOHANSSON E. D. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSingle oral doses of 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg and 5 mg Norethindrone (NET) and 0.5 mg and 5 mg Lynestrenol (lyn) were given to five women. Lynestrenol is probably metabolized through NET and exerts its main biological activity as NET. Plasma concentrations of NET were determined by a radioimmunoassay at different intervals after administration of the tablets. Peak concentrations of NET were found within two hours after intake of each tablet. The plasma half life of NET after NET and lyn administration for the period 8–24 h was 8–11 h. No significant difference was found between the half life of NET after the NET tablets and after the lyn tablets. When 5 mg NET was given the plasma half life of NET for the period 24–72 h was around 10 h and this was significantly shorter than the half‐life of NET after 5 mg lyn, which was 161/2 h. The systemic availability of the drugs was estimated by calculating and comparing the areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC). 0–24 h. The AUC 0.24 after 0.3 mg NET was almost identical to the AUC 0–24 after 0.5 mg lyn. The AUC 0–24 after 0.5 mg NET was significantly larger than after 0.5 mg lyn. No difference was found between the AUC 0–24 after 5 mg lyn and 5 mg NET. This study supports the concept of a conversion from lyn to NET. It also shows that there were only minor pharrnacokinetic differences between the drugs when all samples were measured as NET.
ACROMEGALY DUE TO PRODUCTION OF A GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR BY A BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOUR
Authors: SHALET S. M. , BEARDWELL C. G. , MacFARLANE I. A. , ELLISON M. L. , NORMAN C. M. , REES L. H. , HUGHES M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied growth hormone production in a patient with a bronchial carcinoid and acromegaly. The absence of growth hormone from the carcinoid tumour was demonstrated by extraction, cell culture and immunoperoxidase techniques. Using a linked perfusion culture system, effluent from the bronchial carcinoid tumour culture stimulated a rapid release of growth hormone from a rat pituitary mono‐layer. This is the first time evidence of growth hormone releasing activity by a bronchial carcinoid has been demonstrated in a patient with the clinical and biochemical manifestations of excess growth hormone production.
INHIBITION OF CIMETIDINE‐INDUCED HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA BY PRETREATMENT WITH LEVODOPA OR BROMOCRIPTINE
Authors: ROLANDI ERMANNO , MASTURZO PAOLA , BARRECA TOMMASO 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA single i.v. administration of cimetidine, an histamine receptor antagonist, produced a significant increase in serum prolactin (PRL) levels in fifteen normal men. This effect was suppressed by pretreatment with levodopa or bromo‐criptine.
SEMINAL PLASMA LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE AND 5α–DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE IN AZOOSPERMIC PATIENTS
Authors: PAZZAGLI M. , GIUSTI G. , FORTI G. , FIORELLI G. , MENCHINI‐FABRIS F. , SCARSELLI G. F. , GUAZZELLI R. , CONTI C. , BORRELLI D. , CICCHI P. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTestosterone (T) and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have been measured in seminal plasma of sixteen azoospermic patients with tubular damage (germinal cell arrest or Sertoli cell only syndrome) and five patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin. In both groups T values were not significantly different from controls, while DHT was significantly lower in patients affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin.
EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE REPORT OF THE MRC WORKING PARTY
Authors: MILNER R. D. G. , RUSSELL‐FRASER T. , BROOK C. G. D. , COTES P. M. , FARQUHAR J. W. , PARKIN J. M. , PREECE M. A. , SNODGRASS G. J. A. I. , MASON A. STUART , TANNER J. M. , VINCE F. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe Working Party on human growth hormone (hGH) has during the past decade developed a system for the evaluation and treatment of patients suffering from hGH lack. Today there are nineteen measurement centres in the United Kingdom at which patients are assessed and where the effects of therapy are monitored. The current supply of hGH, which is prepared from pituitary glands collected by path‐ologists in the National Health Service, is just enought to meet demand, but research conducted on behalf of the Working Party suggests that hCH deficiency is more common than has been thought and that the prevalence may be as high as one in 10000. If, as is hoped, patients are diagnosed younger and more patients with partial deficiency are recognized, demand may soon outstrip supply.Work is in progress to define better methods of hGH production and optimal dose regimens, both of which will help to minimize the problem of supply and demand. A few children have anti‐hGH antibodies, which block growth as a result of treatment. Improved hGH production techniques may result in a less antigenic product and the resolution of this problem. Many of the Working Party's activities began as research and have evolved into service. Because of the shift in emphasis, and although much research is still to be done, responsibility for provision of treatment with hGH transferred from the Medical Research Council to the Department of Health and Social Security in July 1977.
RADIATION‐INDUCED HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA IN A TREATED ACROMEGALIC
Authors: SHALET S. M. , MacFARLANE I. A. , BEARDWELL C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 31‐year‐old acromegalic was normoprolactinaemic after partial removal of her pituitary tumour. The post‐operative external pituitary irradiation lowered the mean growth hormone (GH) level from 75 mU/1 to less than 1 mU/1 within 2 years. However, at the same time hyperprolactinaemia developed. These changes in the GH and prolactin levels were confirmed 3 and 4 years after irradiation. The cause of the hyperprolactinaemia was radiation‐induced hypothalamic damage. Therefore it is suggested that similar damage may occur in patients receiving external pituitary irradiation for‘prolactinomas’and that this mechanism may contribute to the persistent hyperprolactinaemia observed in such patients.