bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyester Fibers
Authors: Hansen Steven , Atwood Kenneth B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPolyester fiber is the largest volume, most versatile synthetic fiber in the world. Useful textile fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were invented in the 1940s and commercially introduced by Du Pont and ICI in the 1950s. A broad range of PET processing options allows the fiber to be engineered for a variety of uses by modifying the filament size, cross‐sectional shape, polymer molecular weight, tensile strength, composition, dyeability, luster, and color, as well as other fiber properties. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is produced by ester interchange of dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol to form a monomer, or by direct esterification of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol to form an oligomer. The low molecular weight monomer or oligomer is polycondensed at high temperature and reduced pressure to form a PET polymer.Polyester is melt‐spun over a wide range of spinning speeds depending on the desired use. The mechanical and thermal properties of PET fiber are affected by the degree of molecular orientation and crystallinity, which depend on the fiber formation process used. At low spinning speeds, fibers are usually further drawn to obtain useful tensile properties. At high spinning speeds, useful PET yarns can be obtained directly. Additional processing steps, including drawing, thermal treatment, texturing, and others, significantly influence the fiber physical properties and applications.
Particle Size Measurement
Authors: Trottier Remi , Wood Stewart 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe size distribution of particles is of importance to a wide variety of particulate systems in the chemical process industries. The compacting and sintering behavior of metallurgical powders, flow characteristics of granular materials, hiding power of paint pigments, and the combustion efficiency of coal and sprayed liquids all depend on particle size. The various means of data representation in particle size measurements are defined and sampling procedures are presented. Methods of size measurement ranging from the historical yet still useful sieving, through the use of modern instrumentation such as laser diffraction equipment and optical counters, are discussed.
Entropy maximization as a holistic design principle for complex optimal networks
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Venkat , Politis Dimitris N. , Patkar Priyan R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA general holistic theory is presented for the organization of complex networks. The theory proposes that complex networks, both human‐engineered and naturally evolved, are organized to meet certain design or survival objective(s) for a wide variety of operating or environmental conditions. Using the concepts of “value ” of interactions and “satisfaction ” in a network as generic performance measures, we show that the underlying organizing principle is to meet an overall performance target for a wide variety of operating environments as the design objective. This design requirement for reliable performance under maximum uncertainty leads to the emergence of power laws as a consequence of the Maximum Entropy Principle. The theory also predicts the emergence of exponential and Poisson distribution regimes as a function of the redundancy of the network, thus explaining all three regimes as different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon within a unified theoretical framework. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Mass transfer during drop formation on the nozzle: New flow expansion model
Authors: Javadi A. , Bastani D. , Taeibi‐Rahni M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn attempt was made to introduce a new approach for evaluating mass transfer during drop formation via definition of a parameter related to the extent of the convective mixing within the growing drop. For this purpose it was assumed that the entrance of the dispersed flow into the growing drop from the nozzle is analogous to the entrance of the flow from a smaller channel to a larger one. This transfer mechanism has been dubbed the “flow expansion.” A global time‐dependent Reynolds number of growing drop (Regd) was defined based on the equivalent diameter of growing drop as a length scale and also on a velocity scale, which is obtained using this flow expansion assumption. The results show that (Regd) has an important role on the mass transfer coefficient. The results of the model for prediction of instantaneous mass transfer coefficients and total cumulative mass transfer demonstrated relatively good agreements with experimental data. In some cases, however, for large nozzle diameter and relatively low nozzle velocity, i.e. in cases with large nozzle time scale (TN = RN / UN), the flow expansion model showed some shortcomings. Subsequently, a modification called the transient flow expansion model was introduced which could improve the results of the previous model for large TN cases. Comparison of the results of the transient flow expansion model with experimental data reported in the literature showed relatively good agreement for a wide range of operational conditions: nozzle diameter, nozzle velocity, final formation time and various liquid‐liquid systems. The capabilities of the model were also evaluated in comparison with other well‐known analytical (surface stretch and the fresh surface elements) and semi‐empirical models, along with available experimental data. The comparison of the model with the previous incorporated convection/circulating models demonstrated a high potential for this new approach. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The effect of oxygen on chemotaxis to naphthalene by Pseudomonas putida G7
Authors: Law Aaron M.J. , Aitken Michael D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractChemotactic bacteria can be attracted to electron donors they consume. In systems where donor is heterogeneously distributed, chemotaxis can lead to enhanced removal of donor relative to that achieved in the absence of chemotaxis. However, simultaneous consumption of an electron acceptor may result in the formation of an acceptor gradient to which the bacteria also respond, thus diminishing the positive effect of chemotaxis. Depletion of an electron acceptor can also reduce the rate of electron donor consumption in addition to its effect on chemotaxis. In this study, we examined the effect of oxygen on chemotaxis to naphthalene and on naphthalene consumption by Pseudomonas putida G7. The organism was able to move up an oxygen gradient when there was a naphthalene gradient in the opposite direction. In the absence of an oxygen gradient, low levels of oxygen attenuated chemotaxis to naphthalene but did not affect random motility. The rate of naphthalene consumption decreased at dissolved oxygen concentrations similar to those at which chemotaxis was attenuated. These results suggest that low dissolved oxygen concentrations can reduce naphthalene removal by P. putida G7 in systems where naphthalene is heterogeneously distributed by simultaneously attenuating chemotactic motion toward naphthalene and decreasing the rate of naphthalene degradation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface‐Functionalized Latex Particles as Controlling Agents for the Mineralization of Zinc Oxide in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Muñoz‐Espí Rafael , Qi Yun , Lieberwirth Ingo , Gómez Clara M. , Wegner Gerhard 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPolystyrene latex particles modified at the surface with different hydrophilic functional groups were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization and used as controlling agents in the crystallization of zinc oxide from aqueous medium. The effects of the chemical nature of the surface functionalization and the latex concentration on the crystal growth, morphology, and crystalline structure of the resulting zinc oxide were analyzed. Micro‐ and submicrosized crystals with a broad variety of morphologies depending on the functionalization were obtained. Among the different latexes studied, the acrylic‐acid‐derived particles were shown to be a convenient system for further quantitative investigations. In this case, as the additive concentration increases, the length‐to‐width ratio (aspect ratio) of the crystals decreases systematically. Preferential adsorption of the latex particles onto the fast‐growing faces {001} of ZnO is assumed to follow a Langmuir‐type isotherm, and interaction of the adsorbed particles with the growth centers will reduce the growth rate in [001]. This leads to a quantitative relationship linking the aspect ratio to the latex concentration at constant diameter and surface chemistry of the latex. The dependence of the aspect ratio on charge density of the latex can also be modeled by an algorithm in which attractive forces between the latex particle and the ZnO surface are balanced against repulsive forces of an osmotic nature. The latter are associated with the confined volume between the crystal and latex particle surfaces.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Tweezer Receptor Libraries and Identification of Receptors for Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Shepherd Jon , Gale Tom , Jensen Kim B. , Kilburn Jeremy D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLibraries of “unsymmetrical” tweezer receptors, featuring a guanidinium head group as a carboxylate binding site and two independently synthesized peptidic arms, have been prepared and screened to identify receptors for the N‐Ac‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala tripeptide sequence. The binding properties of one such receptor structure, with dye‐labeled N‐Ac‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala, were investigated. These studies demonstrated that when attached to the solid‐phase, the receptor binds dye‐labeled N‐Ac‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala, in buffered aqueous media, with mM binding affinity.
Human embryonic stem cell genes OCT4, NANOG, STELLAR, and GDF3 are expressed in both seminoma and breast carcinoma
Authors: Ezeh Uche I. , Turek Paul J. , Reijo Renee A. , Clark Amander T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe seminoma class of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) are characterized by a morphological resemblance to primordial germ cells (PGCs) or gonocytes, and chromosome duplications at 12p. Recently, it was determined that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) express genes in common with PGCs, and that three of these genes, GDF3, STELLAR, and NANOG, are located on 12p. The current study was designed to identify whether expression of these 12p genes were elevated in seminoma relative to normal testis, and to determine whether elevated expression was unique to seminoma.METHODSReal‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to assess gene expression in seminoma samples relative to normal testis and endpoint PCR was used to identify the presence or absence of these genes in breast carcinoma.RESULTSGDF3 expression was increased in eight of nine seminomas compared with normal testis, whereas NANOG, OCT4, or both were expressed at the highest levels in seminoma compared with all other markers analyzed. In addition, the NANOG protein was expressed in the majority of seminoma cells. The adult meiotic germ cell markers BOULE and TEKT1 were undetectable in seminoma, whereas the embryonic and adult germ cell markers DAZL and VASA were significantly reduced. Analysis of these markers in breast carcinoma and the MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line revealed that a core hESC‐transcriptional profile could be identified consisting of OCT4, NANOG, STELLAR, and GDF3 and that NANOG protein could be detected in breast carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSThese observations suggest that seminoma and breast carcinoma express a common stem cell profile and that the expression of DAZL and VASA in seminoma mark the germ cell origin of seminoma that is absent in breast carcinoma. Our findings suggest that stem cell genes may either play a direct role in different types of carcinoma progression or serve as valuable markers of tumorigenesis. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The anxiogenic drug yohimbine activates central viscerosensory circuits in rats
Authors: Myers Elizabeth A. , Banihashemi Layla , Rinaman Linda 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSystemic administration of the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) activates the HPA stress axis and promotes anxiety in humans and experimental animals. We propose that visceral malaise contributes to the stressful and anxiogenic effects of systemic YO and that YO recruits brainstem noradrenergic (NA) and peptidergic neurons that relay viscerosensory signals to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain. To begin testing these hypotheses, the present study explored dose‐related effects of YO on food intake, conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA), and Fos immunolabeling in rats. Systemic YO (5.0 mg/kg BW, i.p.) inhibited food intake, supported CFA, and increased Fos immunolabeling in identified NA neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, and locus coeruleus. YO also increased Fos in the majority of corticotropin releasing hormone‐positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. YO administered at 1.0 mg/kg BW did not inhibit food intake, did not support CFA, and did not increase Fos immunolabeling. Retrograde neural tracing demonstrated that neurons activated by YO at 5.0 mg/kg BW included medullary and pontine neurons that project to the central nucleus of the amygdala and to the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the latter region receiving comparatively greater input by Fos‐positive neurons. We conclude that YO produces anorexigenic and aversive effects that correlate with activation of brainstem viscerosensory inputs to the limbic forebrain. These findings invite continued investigation of how central viscerosensory signaling pathways interact with hypothalamic and limbic regions to influence interrelated physiological and behavioral components of anxiety, stress, and visceral malaise. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:426–441, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidermal growth factor‐dependent enhancement of axonal regeneration in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis: Role of phagocyte survival
Authors: Hermann Petra M. , Nicol Jennifer J. , Nagle Gregg T. , Bulloch Andrew G.M. , Wildering Willem C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury triggers complex responses from neuronal as well as from multiple nonneuronal cell types. These responses are coordinated by a wide spectrum of secreted and nonsecreted factors, including growth factors, cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules. These molecules originate from different sources and act both locally at the site of injury as well as centrally at the location of the neuronal cell bodies. One of the signal systems frequently implicated in this process is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and its receptors. Expression of members of this family as well as that of EGF‐receptors is upregulated in different cell types after peripheral nerve injury. However, the functional significance of this response is unclear. Using a simple invertebrate model system (Lymnaea stagnalis), the present study implicates the EGF/EGF‐receptor system in the survival of ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)‐positive phagocytes that reside in the nervous system. We show that inhibiting the EGF‐signaling pathway enhances cell death in this type of cell, an effect paralleled by a substantial reduction in axonal regeneration. Therefore, complementing our previous observation that Lymnaea EGF provides trophic support to axotomized neurons, the present results emphasize the significance of nonneuronal actions of EGF receptor ligands in axonal regeneration. Thus, we add a novel perspective to the ongoing discussion on the functional significance of the EGF signaling system in the injury responses of the nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:383–400, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of vesicular glutamate transporter‐3 and γ‐aminobutyric acidergic markers in rat rostral medullary raphe and intermediolateral cell column
Authors: Stornetta Ruth L. , Rosin Diane L. , Simmons Johnny R. , McQuiston Travis J. , Vujovic Nina , Weston Matthew C. , Guyenet Patrice G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMarkers of serotonergic, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic (glutamic acid decarboxylase, 67 kDa isoform; GAD‐67), and glutamatergic transmission (vesicular glutamate transporter 3; VGLUT3) have been detected in presumed sympathetic premotor neurons of the medullary raphe, a region that controls sympathetic tone to brown fat, skin blood vessels, and heart. In this study, the degree of coexpression of these markers was examined in raphe neurons by simultaneous histological detection of tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH) immunoreactivity with GAD‐67 mRNA and VGLUT3 mRNA. Over half (52%) of the VGLUT3 mRNA‐positive neurons expressed one or both of the other markers. The proportion of VGLUT3 neurons containing at least one of the other two markers was even higher (89%) for VGLUT3 spinally projecting neurons. VGLUT3 neurons containing markers for both serotonin and GABA were especially numerous (50–72%, depending on rostrocaudal level) within the marginal layer of raphe pallidus and the parapyramidal region. The dual GABAergic and glutamatergic nature of some bulbospinal raphe neurons was suggested by the presence of nerve terminals immunoreactive (ir) for both VGLUT3 and GABA in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) as detected by electron microscopy. VGLUT3‐ir terminals formed approximately equal numbers of symmetric and asymmetric synapses onto presumed preganglionic neurons (nitric oxide synthase‐ir profiles) or GABA‐ir dendrites in IML, and terminals immunoreactive for both VGLUT3 and GABA always formed symmetric synapses. These data suggest that medullary raphe VGLUT3 neurons could inhibit sympathetic outflow and that their spinal targets include both preganglionic neurons and GABAergic interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:477–494, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel assay for assessment of HIV‐specific cytotoxicity by multiparameter flow cytometry
Authors: Godoy‐Ramirez Karina , Mäkitalo Barbro , Thorstensson Rigmor , Sandström Eric , Biberfeld Gunnel , Gaines Hans 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundAssessment of CD8+ T‐cell activity is of significant importance for the evaluation of cellular immune responses to viral infections, especially in HIV. We present a new assay for the assessment of HIV‐specific cytotoxicity by multiparameter flow cytometry.MethodsTarget cells, pulsed with peptide pools (Gag or Nef), were stained with 5‐ (and –6)‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), cultured with specific or nonspecific effector cells, and finally stained with propidium iodide (PI). Determination of cytolysis is based on the enumeration of viable target cells (CFSEhiPI−) in the test sample (target and specific effector cells) as compared with that of the viable target cells in the control sample (target and nonspecific effector cells). The 51Cr‐release assay and IFN‐γ ELISpot were performed by standard procedures.ResultsA comparison with the Cr‐release showed that the two assays were strongly correlated (r = 0.67; P < 0.001) but the sensitivity of the flow cytometric assay was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the reproducibility good (CV, 7.7%). Good correlation was also found with the ELISpot assay (r = 0.66; P < 0.01).ConclusionThis new assay provides both specific and sensitive results when employed for the detection of HIV‐specific CTL and can be a valuable tool for the evaluation of cytolytic activity in vaccine trials or in HIV‐infected subjects, especially if such responses are present at low levels. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic telomere length measurements in interphase nuclei by IQ‐FISH
Authors: Narath Rita , Lörch Thomas , Greulich‐Bode Karin M. , Boukamp Petra , Ambros Peter F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTo benefit from the fluorescence‐based automatic microscope (FLAME), we have adapted a PNA FISH technique to automatically determine telomere length in interphase nuclei. The method relies on the simultaneous acquisition of pan‐telomeric signals and reference probe signals. We compared the quantitative figures to those for existing methods, i.e. Southern blot analysis and quantitative FISH (Q‐FISH). Quantitative‐FISH on interphase nuclei (IQ‐FISH) allows the exact quantification of telomere length in interphase nuclei. Thus, this enables us to obtain not only exact information on the telomere length, but also morphological and topological details. The automatic measurement of large cell numbers allows the measurement of statistically relevant cell populations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α accumulation and cell cycle in geldanamycin‐treated human cervical carcinoma cells by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Schwock Jörg , Geddie William R. , Hedley David W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundTumor hypoxia has been linked to increased disease aggressiveness and poorer treatment outcomes, and the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) has been identified as the key molecule mediating the cellular response to hypoxic microenvironments. The α‐subunit of this factor is accumulated under hypoxia and rapidly degraded during re‐oxygenation, rendering the reliable measurement of HIF‐1α a difficult task. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an essential protein that controls the activity, turnover, and trafficking of a variety of other proteins including HIF‐1α and cell cycle regulators. Hsp90 inhibitors like geldanamycin therefore have the potential to target tumor‐cell survival by at least two mechanisms, compromising the accumulation of HIF‐1α and cell proliferation.MethodsWe describe here the simultaneous measurement of HIF‐1α and cell cycle parameters by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) after exposure of two different human cervical carcinoma cell lines to hypoxia and geldanamycin.ResultsOur analysis demonstrates that the cell lines react to hypoxia and drug treatment in a distinct way, with SiHa being more affected by low oxygen concentrations than is ME180, which was more sensitive to geldanamycin treatment. Both cell lines respond to geldanamycin with a G2/M‐phase arrest and a decrease in HIF‐1α accumulation. Cell death due to geldanamycin occurs in association with mitosis, presumably through mitotic catastrophe.ConclusionOur results indicate that LSC can significantly contribute to the evaluation of in vitro drug effects particularly with respect to tumor hypoxia and the measurement of HIF‐1α. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.