bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incentives to managers or participation of farmers in China's irrigation systems: which matters most for water savings, farmer income, and poverty?
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Xu Zhigang , Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe overall goal of our article is to better understand which matters for water savings, farmer income and poverty in China's irrigation systems: incentives to managers or participation of farmers. To pursue this goal, the article has three objectives. First, we track the evolution of water management reform, examining the practice of providing incentives to managers, and increasing the participation of farmers. Second, we identify the impact of water management reform on crop water use. Specifically, we want to measure whether or not incentives to managers and farmer participation in water management institutions affect the performance of the irrigation system. Because we also are interested in the potential results of water management reform, the article explores how changes in incentives and farmer participation affect farmer income and poverty. Based on a random sample of 51 villages and 189 farmers in four large irrigation districts in Ningxia and Henan provinces, both in China's Yellow River Basin, our results show that the two major forms of water management reform, water users' associations (WUAs) and contracting, have begun to systematically replace traditional forms of collective management. Our analysis demonstrates, however, that it is not the nominal implementation of the reform that matters, but rather it is the creation of new management institutions that offer water managers monetary incentives that lead to water savings. In contrast to the original design of China's reform policies, participation of farmers has not played a role in saving water. Importantly, given China's concerns about national food production and poverty alleviation, the reductions in water, at least in our sample sites, do not lead to reductions in income and do not increase the incidence of poverty.
Understanding Runaway Teens
Authors: Martinez Ruby J. 
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Large numbers of teenagers become “runaways” and put themselves at risk for physical and emotional harm. During the year 2002, an estimated 1.6 million U.S. youth aged 12 to 17 had run away from home and slept on the streets. METHODS:  A qualitative exploratory method was used to study a sample of primarily ethnic minority youth found in a Midwestern inner city detention center. This study examined run behavior from the teenager’s own perspective to identify why they ran, how they kept themselves safe, and what factors contributed to ending a run. FINDINGS:  Teens ran to gain control of their lives by changing their situation. They developed new affiliations to meet safety and sustenance needs and learned from experience that one cannot run from your problems. With experience, running became habitual. CONCULSIONS:  Safer alternatives are needed for youth who cannot live at home.
SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS BASED ON 3D MULTI‐ATTRIBUTE VOLUME CLASSIFICATION, DARIYAN FORMATION, SE PERSIAN GULF
Authors: Farzadi P. 
Published: April 2006

Interpretation of recently acquired 3D seismic data from the adjacent Sirri C and D oilfields in the SE Persian Gulf indicates that a 3D interpretation of seismic facies is crucial to resolve the internal stratal geometries of the Aptian Dariyan Formation. This carbonate formation passes southward into the Shu'aiba Formation, a prolific reservoir rock of similar facies in the UAE. Lack of exposures and limited cored intervals have forced reliance on the seismic data for evidence of the depositional environment and the internal architecture of potential reservoir rocks. The progradational nature of the Dariyan Formation and the occurrence of carbonate build‐ups within it make this stratal geometry complex. The complex internal heterogeneity of the build‐ups and presence of seismic noise make mapping of the build‐ups in 3D space using conventional seismic interpretation tools difficult, despite the availability of high‐quality 3D seismic data covering the area.The high quality seismic and limited well data from this field is one of the few datasets of this kind presented in the literature. A procedure for the hierarchical multi‐attribute analysis of seismic facies using Paradigm's Seis Facies software is used in this study to provide a 3D interpretation of the stratal patterns. Principal component analysis reduces the noise and redundant data by representing the main data variances as a few vector components in a transformed coordinate system. Cluster analysis is performed using those components which have the greatest contribution to the maximum spread of the data variability. Six seismic attribute volumes are used in this study and the result is a single 3D classified volume.Important new information obtained from within the Dariyan Formation gives new insights into its stratigraphic distribution and internal variability. This method of processing seismic data is a step towards exploring for subtle stratigraphic traps in the study area, and may help to identify exploration targets.
BIOMARKER GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE QAIDAM BASIN, NW CHINA
Authors: Duan Yi , Zheng Chaoyang , Wang Zhiping , Wu Baoxiang , Wang Chuanyuan , Zhang Hui , Qian Yaorong , Zheng Guodong 
Published: April 2006

A suite of 16 crude oil samples from 13 oilfields in the Qaidam Basin were analyzed using techniques including gas chromatography and gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry. Biomarker compositions and parameters were used to investigate the palaeoenvironmental and depositional conditions and to correlate the oils with eachother. Oils from the western Qaidam Basin have pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios of less than 0.7, and contain abundant gammacerane, C27 steranes, 4‐methyl steranes and long‐chain tricyclic terpanes. C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) ratios show that the western Qaidam oils have variable maturities ranging from immature to mature. Oils from the northern Qaidam Basin, by contrast, have Pr/Ph ratios greater than 3, low gammacerane contents, and relatively abundant C29 steranes, bicyclic terpanes and alkylcyclohexanes. C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) ratios indicate that the northern Qaidam oils are mature.δ13C values, which range from ‐25.4‰ to ‐28.3‰ with the exception of one oil from the north (‐3l.6‰), are similar for oils from both the northern and western parts of the Qaidam Basin. The oils'carbon isotope compositions are similar to those of the organic matter in potential source rocks.The western Qaidam oils are inferred to have originated from Tertiary source rocks deposited under anoxic and saline‐hypersaline lacustrine conditions with dominant algal organic matter. The northern Qaidam oils are interpreted to be derived from Jurassic source rocks which were deposited in a freshwater lacustrine environment and which are dominated by terrigenous organic matter.
Thermal-Mechanical
Life Prediction System for Anisotropic Turbine
Components
Authors: Cunha F.
J. , Dahmer M.
T. , Chyu M.
K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Modern gas turbine engines provide large amounts of thrust and withstand severe thermal-mechanical conditions during the load and mission operations characterized by cyclic transients and long dwell times. All these operational factors can be detrimental to the service life of turbine components and need careful consideration. Engine components subject to the harshest environments are turbine high-pressure vanes and rotating blades. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a turbine component three-dimensional life prediction system, which accounts for mission transients, anisotropic material properties, and multi-axial, thermal-mechanical, strain, and stress fields. This paper presents a complete life prediction approach for either commercial missions or more complex military missions, which includes evaluation of component transient metal temperatures, resolved maximum shear stresses and strains, and subsequent component life capability for fatigue and creep damage. The procedure is based on considering all of the time steps in the mission profile by developing a series of extreme points that envelop every point in the mission. Creep damage is factored into the component capability by debiting thermal-mechanical accumulated cycles using the traditional Miner’s rule for accumulated fatigue and creep damage. Application of this methodology is illustrated to the design of the NASA Energy Efficient Engine (E3) high pressure turbine blade with operational load shakedown leading to stress relaxation on the external hot surfaces and potential state of overstress in the inner cold rib regions of the airfoil.
Voluntary fluid intake and core temperature responses in adolescent tennis players: sports beverage versus water
Authors: Bergeron M F , Waller J L , Marinik E L 
Published: April 2006

Objective:To examine differences in ad libitum fluid intake, comparing a 6% carbohydrate/electrolyte drink (CHO-E) and water, and associated differences in core temperature and other selected physiological and perceptual responses in adolescent athletes during tennis training in the heat.Methods:Fourteen healthy, fit, young tennis players (nine male; five female; mean (SD) age 15.1 (1.4) years; weight 60.6 (8.3) kg; height 172.8 (8.6) cm) completed two 120 minute tennis specific training sessions on separate days (randomised, crossover design) in a warm environment (wet bulb globe temperature: CHO-E, 79.3 (2.6) °F; water, 79.9 (2.2) °F; p>0.05).Results:There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the trials with respect to fluid intake, urine volume, fluid retention, sweat loss, perceived exertion, thirst, or gastrointestinal discomfort. However, there was a difference (p<0.05) in the percentage body weight change after training (CHO-E, −0.5 (0.7)%; water, −0.9 (0.6)%). Urine specific gravity before training (CHO-E, 1.024 (0.006); water, 1.025 (0.005)) did not correlate significantly (p>0.05) with any of these measurements or with core body temperature. In examining the main effect for trial, the CHO-E trial showed a significantly lower (p<0.001) mean body temperature (irrespective of measurement time) than the water trial. However, the mean body temperature in each trial was not associated (p>0.05) with fluid intake, fluid retention, sweat loss, or percentage body weight change.Conclusion:Ad libitum consumption of a CHO-E drink may be more effective than water in minimising fluid deficits and mean core temperature responses during tennis and other similar training in adolescent athletes.
Role of a 5′-enhancer in the transcriptional regulation of the human endothelial cell protein C receptor gene
Authors: Mollica Luigina R. , Crawley James T. B. , Liu Ke , Rance James B. , Cockerill Peter N. , Follows George A. , Landry Josette-Renee , Wells Dominic J. , Lane David A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) is expressed by endothelial cells of large blood vessels and by hematopoietic stem cells. DNaseI hypersensitive (DH) site mapping across 38 kb of the human EPCR gene (hEPCR) locus identified 3 potential regulatory elements. By itself, the DH region spanning the proximal promoter (PP) was unable to direct cell-specific transcription in transgenic mice. A second DH element, located upstream of PP and termed –5.5HS was hypersensitive only in endothelial cells (ECs) and immature hematopoietic cell lines. Transgenes expressing LacZ under the control of –5.5HS coupled to either PP or the SV40 promoter were able to direct β-galactosidase activity to the endothelium of large vessels during embryogenesis and adulthood. The –5.5HS exhibited enhancer activity that was conferred by the interplay of transcription factors interacting with conserved Ets and composite GATA/Tal1 motifs. The third DH element, located in intron 2, was primarily hypersensitive in EPCR-negative cells, and capable of initiating antisense transcription, suggesting a role in hEPCR silencing. This study identifies critical elements required for the tissue specificity of hEPCR and suggests a mechanism for endothelial and hematopoietic stem cell–specific transcriptional regulation that reflects the common origin of these cell types.
High donor FOXP3-positive regulatory T-cell (Treg) content is associated with a low risk of GVHD following HLA-matched allogeneic SCT
Authors: Rezvani Katayoun , Mielke Stephan , Ahmadzadeh Mojgan , Kilical Yasemin , Savani Bipin N. , Zeilah Josette , Keyvanfar Keyvan , Montero Aldemar , Hensel Nancy , Kurlander Roger , Barrett A. John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) that constitutively express FOXP3 are instrumental to the maintenance of tolerance and may suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in humans. To determine whether regulatory T cells in allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCTs) ameliorate GVHD after transplantation, we quantitated the coexpression of FOXP3 on CD4+ T cells in 32 donor SCTs infused into HLA-matched siblings and examined GVHD incidence in respective recipients. High CD4+FOXP3+ T-cell count in the donor was associated with a reduced risk of GVHD. We monitored Tregs during immune reconstitution in 21 patients with leukemia undergoing a T-cell–depleted allogeneic SCT. Early after SCT, there was a significant expansion in the CD4+FOXP3+ T-cell compartment. A low CD4+FOXP3+ T-cell count early after SCT (day 30) was associated with an increased risk of GVHD, and the ratio of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells to CD4+CD25+FOXP3– T cells was significantly reduced in patients with GVHD, suggesting diminished control of effector T cells. Our findings suggest that graft Treg content may predict for risk of GVHD after SCT. Determining the Treg levels in the donor and manipulating Tregs early after transplantation may provide a new approach to controlling GVHD.
Predicting deleterious nsSNPs: an analysis of sequence and structural attributes
Authors: Dobson Richard J , Munroe Patricia B , Caulfield Mark J , Saqi Mansoor AS 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
There has been an explosion in the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within public databases. In this study we focused on non-synonymous protein coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs), some associated with disease and others which are thought to be neutral. We describe the distribution of both types of nsSNPs using structural and sequence based features and assess the relative value of these attributes as predictors of function using machine learning methods. We also address the common problem of balance within machine learning methods and show the effect of imbalance on nsSNP function prediction. We show that nsSNP function prediction can be significantly improved by 100% undersampling of the majority class. The learnt rules were then applied to make predictions of function on all nsSNPs within Ensembl.

Results
The measure of prediction success is greatly affected by the level of imbalance in the training dataset. We found the balanced dataset that included all attributes produced the best prediction. The performance as measured by the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) varied between 0.49 and 0.25 depending on the imbalance. As previously observed, the degree of sequence conservation at the nsSNP position is the single most useful attribute. In addition to conservation, structural predictions made using a balanced dataset can be of value.

Conclusion
The predictions for all nsSNPs within Ensembl, based on a balanced dataset using all attributes, are available as a DAS annotation. Instructions for adding the track to Ensembl are at http://www.brightstudy.ac.uk/das_help.html
Arterial blood pressure monitoring in overweight critically ill patients: invasive or noninvasive?
Authors: Araghi Ali , Bander Joseph J , Guzman Jorge A 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Blood pressure measurements frequently guide management in critical care. Direct readings, commonly from a major artery, are considered to be the gold standard. Because arterial cannulation is associated with risks, alternative noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements are routinely used. However, the accuracy of NIBP determinations in overweight patients in the outpatient setting is variable, and little is known about critically ill patients. This prospective, observational study was performed to compare direct intra-arterial blood pressure (IABP) with NIBP measurements obtained using auscultatory and oscillometric methods in overweight patients admitted to our medical intensive care unit.

Method
Adult critically ill patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater and a functional arterial line (assessed using the rapid flush test) were enrolled in the study. IABP measurements were compared with those obtained noninvasively. A calibrated aneroid manometer (auscultatory technique) with arm cuffs compatible with arm sizes and a NIBP monitor (oscillometric technique) were used for NIBP measurements. Agreement between methods was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
Fifty-four patients (23 males) with a mean (± standard error) age of 57 ± 3 years were studied. The mean BMI was 34.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2. Mean arm circumference was 32 ± 0.6 cm. IABP readings were obtained from the radial artery in all patients. Only eight patients were receiving vasoactive medications. Mean overall biases for the auscultatory and oscillometric techniques were 4.1 ± 1.9 and -8.0 ± 1.7 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.0001), with wide limits of agreement. The overestimation of blood pressure using the auscultatory technique was more important in patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater. In hypertensive patients both NIBP methods underestimated blood pressure as determined using direct IABP measurement.

Conclusion
Oscillometric blood pressure measurements underestimated IABP readings regardless of patient BMI. Auscultatory measurements were also inaccurate, tending to underestimate systolic blood pressure and overestimate mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure. NIBP can be inaccurate among overweight critically ill patients and lead to erroneous interpretations of blood pressure.
Analysis of Sequence Variations in the LDL Receptor Gene in Spain: General Gene Screening or Search for Specific Alterations?
Authors: Blesa Sebastian , Garcia-Garcia Ana Barbara , Martinez-Hervas Sergio , Mansego Maria Luisa , Gonzalez-Albert Veronica , Ascaso Juan Francisco , Carmena Rafael , Real Jose Tomas , Chaves Felipe Javier 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a frequent form of autosomal-dominant hypercholesterolemia that predisposes to premature coronary atherosclerosis. FH is caused by sequence variations in the gene coding for the LDL receptor (LDLR). This gene has a wide spectrum of sequence variations, and genetic diagnosis can be performed by 2 strategies.
Methods: Point variations and large rearrangements were screened along all the LDLR gene (promoter, exons, and flanking intron sequences).
Results: We screened a sample of 129 FH probands from the Valencian Community, Spain, and identified 54 different LDLR sequence variations. The most frequent (10% of cases) was 111insA, and 60% of the variants had a frequency as low as 1%. A previously described method for detection of known sequence variations in the Spanish population by DNA array analysis allowed the identification of only ∼50% of patients with a variant LDLR gene and ∼40% of the screened samples.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that the adequate procedure to identify LDLR sequence variations in outbreed populations should include screening of the entire gene.
Would Immunity from Capture, During War, of Non-Offending Private Property Upon the High Seas Be in the Interest of Civilization?
Authors: Stockton C. H. 
Published: April 2006

This subject is a timely one from the fact that we are on the eve of the meeting of the second international conference at The Hague, the first conference in 1899 having voted that —The conference expresses the wish that the proposal which contemplates the declaration of the inviolability of private property in naval warfare may be referred to a subsequent conference for consideration.The present programme for this coming conference includes this question of the immunity of private property as one agreed upon for discussion.Before entering into a discussion of the subject, it may be well to make a résumé of the historical status of the question up to the present time so far as the United States, Great Britain, and other civilized countries are concerned.
The Anglo-German Tension and a Solution
Authors: Chadwick F. E. 
Published: April 2006

An English writer in the Nineteenth Century and
After, for April last, after naming twelve wars since
1850, great in political effect and, with two exceptions, great also in
bloodshed, says:
If all these wars, and others which I have not stopped to name,
were insufficient to convince our Radicals that their whole theory
of international affairs was false, then the events that next
followed might at last have brought the proof. In the South African
war Britain had over two hundred and fifty thousand troops in the
field, while the British Navy alone stood between our otherwise
unguarded shores and a Europe burning to intervene — a feat which,
in like circumstances, it is now no longer adequate to perform.
Meantime, .in a silence inspired with a terrible energy, had
proceeded the renaissance of the Japanese — a renaissance not of
Jetters, but of arms, until, in 1904–5, by sea and by land she
showed to mankind a new portent, the victory of an Asiatic race over
one of the mightiest empires of the West. Later still than all this,
even within the last few months, a vast upheaval, fraught with
infinite meaning for the whole world, has occurred in China; while
even at the present time a war is proceeding between Italy and
Turkey, and rumours of possible co-operation with the former Power
on the part of Russia are rife in the world.
As if all this were not enough evidence of the impermanence of
all political conditions, Western mankind is also threatened with an
earthquake from beneath in comparison with which the fury of the
French Revolution itself might pale its ineffectual fires. The “Red
Peril” already throws its lurid glare across the page of coming
history, and intestine struggles on a scale unprecedented in human
annals are already looming on the horizon of nearly all civilized
peoples.
The History of the Department of State
Authors: Hunt Gaillard 
Published: April 2006

We considered in a former number of the Journal the chief publications
of the Department. The President’s annual message to Congress usually
contains a statement of our relations with foreign Powers, and this serves
as the annual report of the Secretary of State. A regular annual report to
the President or Congress is required from the heads of other departments
but not from him. When Richard Olney was Secretary, however, he made a
report dated December, 1896, entitled “Report of the Secretary of State” for
that year. It was intended to be the first annual report, but the example
was not followed.
The management of foreign affairs being the most important of the
regular duties of the Department, the supervision of the diplomatic and
consular service are its chief duties. The general rules which govern the
foreign service are found in the works on international law and particularly
in the American digests; but two special publications have been issued by
the Department of State for the guidance of its agents abroad — the
Diplomatic Instructions and the Consular Regulations.