bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A functional genetic assay for nuclear trafficking in plants
Authors: Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi , Bai Xiaodong , Tsai Chi‐Wei , Win Joe , Meulia Tea , Goodin Michael , Kamoun Sophien , Hogenhout Saskia A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe receptor importin‐α mediates the nuclear import of functionally diverse cargo proteins that contain arginine/lysine‐rich nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Functional homologs of importin‐α have been characterized in a wide range of species including yeast, human and plants. However, the differential cargo selectivity of plant importin‐α homologs has not been established. To advance nuclear import studies conducted in plant cells, we have developed a method that allows importin‐α‐dependent nuclear import to be assayed in Nicotiana benthamiana. We employed virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) to knock down the expression of two importin‐α homologs, NbImpα1 and NbImpα2, which we identified from N. benthamiana. Agro‐infiltration was then used to transiently express the NLS‐containing proteins Arabidopsis thaliana fibrillarin 1 (AtFib1) and the Nuk6, Nuk7 and Nuk12 candidate effector proteins of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. In this manner, we demonstrate importin‐α‐dependent nuclear import of Nuk6 and Nuk7. In contrast, the nuclear import of Nuk12 and AtFib1 was unaffected in cells of NbImpα‐silenced plants. These data suggest that P. infestans Nuk6 and Nuk7 proteins are dependent on one or more α‐importins for nuclear import. Our VIGS‐based assay represents a powerful new technique to study mechanisms underlying the transport of proteins from cytoplasm to nucleus in plants.
Detection and identification of rhamnogalacturonan lyase activity in intercellular spaces of expanding cotton cotyledons
Authors: Naran Radnaa , Pierce Margaret L. , Mort Andrew J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryRhamnogalacturonan lyase (RG lyase) activity has been detected and its relative activity measured in vivo during the expansion of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotyledons. Rhamnogalacturonan (RG) oligomers labeled with a fluorescent tag were injected into the intercellular spaces of cotton cotyledons and, after incubation, the digested substrate was rinsed out. Enzyme digestion products were detected and identified by capillary zone electrophoresis. Rhamnogalacturonan lyase products were identified as such by co‐migration with the digestion products of linear RG oligomers when the oligomers were treated with fungal RG lyase but not when treated with fungal RG hydrolase. In addition, reaction of plant RG lyase digestion products of RG oligomers with I2/KI, which selectively removes unsaturated galactopyranosyluronic acid (GaLap) residues formed at the non‐reducing end of the oligomer, converted the plant digestion products into RG oligomers that co‐migrated with fungal RG hydrolase products. The activity of the enzyme in the intercellular spaces of cotton cotyledons is very low and could be detected most easily when not >0.03 nmol of substrate was injected in a ∼0.7‐cm2 area and incubated in vivo for 2–6 h. Rhamnogalacturonan lyase activity was the highest in rapidly expanding 3‐ to 4‐day‐old cotyledons and gradually decreased during the slow‐down in expansion over the next 2–3 days. The RG lyase activity was also detected when the APTS (8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt)‐labeled substrates were introduced into intercellular spaces by infiltration instead of injection, indicating that the activity was not induced by wounding or released into the apoplast by cell damage. An exo‐RG galacturonohydrolase activity was also found, but RG hydrolase and exo‐RG rhamnohydrolase were not detected.
Phytochrome A is an irradiance‐dependent red light sensor
Authors: Franklin Keara A. , Allen Trudie , Whitelam Garry C. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryPlants perceive red (R) and far‐red (FR) light signals using the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. In Arabidopsis thaliana, five phytochromes (phyA–phyE) have been identified and characterized. Unlike other family members, phyA is subject to rapid light‐induced proteolytic degradation and so accumulates to relatively high levels in dark‐grown seedlings. The insensitivity of phyA mutant seedlings to prolonged FR and wild‐type appearance in R has led to suggestions that phyA functions predominantly as an FR sensor during the early stages of seedling establishment. The majority of published photomorphogenesis experiments have, however, used <50 µmol m−2 sec−1 of R when characterizing phytochrome functions. Here we reveal considerable phyA activity in R at higher (>160 µmol m−2 sec−1) photon irradiances. Under these conditions, plant architecture was observed to be largely regulated by the redundant actions of phytochromes A, B and D. Moreover, quadruple phyBphyCphyDphyE mutants containing only functional phyA displayed R‐mediated de‐etiolation and survived to flowering. The enhanced activity of phyA in continuous R (Rc) of high photon irradiance correlates with retarded degradation of the endogenous protein in wild‐type plants and prolonged epifluorescence of nuclear‐localized phyA:YFP in transgenic lines. Such observations suggest irradiance‐dependent ‘photoprotection’ of nuclear phyA in R, providing a possible explanation for the increased activity observed. The discovery that phyA can function as an effective irradiance sensor, even in light environments that establish a high Pfr concentration, raises the possibility that phyA may contribute significantly to the regulation of growth and development in daylight‐grown plants.
Stigmatization experience, coping and sense of coherence in vitiligo patients
Authors: Schmid‐Ott G , Künsebeck H‐W , Jecht E , Shimshoni R , Lazaroff I , Schallmayer S , Calliess IT , Malewski P , Lamprecht F , Götz A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective  This study examines the extent of stigmatization experienced by vitiligo patients considering the visibility of the lesions.Methods  363 vitiligo patients were assessed using the Experience with Skin Complaints (QES), Adjustment to Chronic Skin Disorders (ASC), and Sense of Coherence (SOC) questionnaires. Out of the total patients group two representative samples with 52 patients each were identified comparable for age, gender, and the duration of the skin disease, the first with visible and the second with invisible lesions.Results  Data indicate a significant negative correlation between the QES dimensions, except for ‘Composure’, and between coping scales with sense of coherence withstanding. The ‘visible lesions’ group scored higher compared to the ‘invisible lesions’ group on the two QES scales ‘Self‐Esteem’ and ‘Refusal’, i.e., patients with visible lesions experienced a higher level of stigmatization.Conclusion  This study provides new information which supports the notion that the stigmatization experience of vitiligo patients is psychologically relevant.
Selective re‐routing of prion protein to proteasomes and alteration of its vesicular secretion prevent PrPSc formation
Authors: Filesi Ilaria , Cardinale Alessio , Mattei Sonia , Biocca Silvia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractConversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the abnormal scrapie isoform (PrPSc) is the hallmark of prion diseases, which are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disorders. ER‐retained anti‐prion recombinant single‐chain Fv fragments have been proved to be an effective tool for inhibition of PrPC trafficking to the cell surface and antagonize PrPSc formation and infectivity. In the present study, we have generated the secreted version of 8H4 intrabody (Sec‐8H4) in order to compel PrPC outside the cells. The stable expression of the Sec‐8H4 intrabodies induces proteasome degradation of endogenous prion protein but does not influence its glycosylation profile and maturation. Moreover, we found a dramatic diverting of PrPC traffic from its vesicular secretion and, most importantly, a total inhibition of PrPSc accumulation in NGF‐differentiated Sec‐8H4 PC12 cells. These results confirm that perturbing the intracellular traffic of endogenous PrPC is an effective strategy to inhibit PrPSc accumulation and provide convincing evidences for application of intracellular antibodies in prion diseases.
Rates of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in deep‐sea sediments
Authors: SIVAN O. , SCHRAG D. P. , MURRAY R. W. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe use the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of pore fluids from Leg 175 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) along the West African Margin to quantify rates of methane production (methanogenesis) and destruction via oxidation (methanotrophy) in deep‐sea sediments. Results from a model of diffusion and reaction in the sedimentary column show that anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM) occurs in the transition zone between the presence of sulfate and methane, and methanogenesis occurs below these depths in a narrow confined zone that ends at about 250 m below the sea‐sediments surface in all sediment profiles. Our model suggests that the rates of methanogenesis and AOM range between 6 · 10−8 and 1 · 10−10 mol cm−3 year−1 at all sites, with higher rates at sites where sulfate is depleted in shallower depths. Our AOM rates agree with those based solely on sulfate concentration profiles, but are much lower than those calculated from experiments of sulfate reduction through AOM done under laboratory conditions. At sites where the total organic carbon (TOC) is less than 5% of the total sediment, we calculate that AOM is the main pathway for sulfate reduction. We calculate that higher rates of AOM are associated with increased recrystallization rates of carbonate minerals. We do not find a correlation between methanogenesis rates and the content of carbonate or TOC in the sediments, porosity, sedimentation rate, or the C:N ratio, and the cause of lack of methanogenesis below a certain depth is not clear. There does, however, appear to be an association between the rates of methanogenesis and the location of the site in the upwelling system, suggesting that some variable such as the type of the organic matter or the nature of the microbiological community may be important.
Treatment of facial reticular veins with dynamically cooled, variable spot‐sized 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Lai Stephanie W , Goldman Mitchel P 
Published: March 2007

SummaryBackground  Facial reticular veins are often seen on the temple and periorbital areas in patients with genetic predisposition or after facial cosmetic surgery.Aim  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dynamically cooled, variable spot sized 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of facial reticular veins.Patients/methods  This is a retrospective study. Twenty patients with facial reticular veins who underwent treatment with dynamically cooled, variable spot sized 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser were evaluated. Patients were followed up 1 month to 2 years after the procedure.Results  Objective and subjective improvement scores after one or two treatments of dynamically cooled, variable spot sized 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser were nearly 100% when appropriate parameters were used.Conclusion  Dynamically cooled, variable spot sized 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is a safe and effective treatment for facial reticular veins. Most patients responded to one treatment and experienced no significant side effects other than tolerable pain associated with the procedure.
In praise of blushing
Authors: Crozier W Ray 
Published: March 2007

SummaryMany people are extremely anxious about their blushing and regard it as the cause of their social difficulties rather than as a symptom of them. This paper addresses the belief that there is something inherently unpleasant or unattractive about blushing. Historical evidence shows that redness of the cheeks has long been regarded as a sign of facial beauty and youth, and transitory changes such as the blush have also been seen in a positive light as an indication of modesty and charm. The blush is an expression of shame and embarrassment and it too can be regarded in positive or negative light depending on the circumstances. What is distinctive about contemporary anxieties about blushing is that perceived personal inadequacies are in themselves reason to be ashamed and embarrassed: there is a vicious circle where a blush is both a sign of, and reason for, self‐deprecation. This perception is not a necessary one but reflects current cultural values and this has implications for the treatment of blushing anxieties.
Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Risk Factors in Persons Aged 60 and Older: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004
Authors: Ostchega Yechiam , Paulose‐Ram Ryne , Dillon Charles F. , Gu Qiuping , Hughes Jeffery P. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The study objectives were to examine the prevalence of PAD and associated risk factors.DESIGN: A cross‐sectional nationally representative health examination survey.SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004.PARTICIPANTS: Data from 3,947 men and women aged 60 and older who received a lower extremity examination.MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome was PAD, defined as an ankle‐brachial blood pressure index of less than 0.9 in either leg.RESULTS: In older U.S. adults, PAD prevalence was 12.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.9–13.5%). PAD prevalence increased with age. PAD prevalence was 7.0% (95% CI = 5.6–8.4%) for those aged 60 to 69, 12.5% (95% CI = 10.4–14.6%), and 23.2% (95% CI = 19.8–26.7%) for those aged 70 to 79 and 80 and older. Age‐adjusted estimates show that non‐Hispanic black men and women and Mexican‐American women had a higher prevalence of PAD than non‐Hispanic white men and women (19.2%, 95% CI = 13.7–24.6%; 19.3%, 95% CI = 13.3–25.2%; and 15.6%, 95% CI = 12.7–18.6%, respectively). The results of the fully adjusted model show that current smoking (OR = 5.48, 95% CI = 3.60–8.35), previous smoking (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.39–2.69), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.12–2.91), low kidney function (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.58–4.56), mildly decreased kidney function (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.22–2.38), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein greater than 3.0 mg/L (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.24–5.85), treated but not controlled hypertension (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.40–2.72), and untreated hypertension (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.13–2.50) were all significantly associated with prevalent PAD.CONCLUSION: PAD prevalence increases with age and is associated with treatable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF DMPC/DPPC MIXED BILAYERS
Authors: POGHOSYAN ARMEN H. , GHARABEKYAN HRANT H. , SHAHINYAN ARAM A. 
Published: March 2007

We have performed the atomistic MD simulation of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine(DMPC)/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC) mixed bilayers, consisting of various fraction of lipids, i.e., with fraction 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 and hydration level 33 water molecules per lipid. The simulations were performed using NAMD code.The area per lipid, densities, orientational order parameters and tilt angle of hydrocarbon chain and also the interdigitation of chains were calculated. It has been established that the interdigitation degree of hydrocarbon chains is increased as the DPPC fraction is decreased. It has been also stated that the area per lipid value in case of racemic mixtures is about 0.72 nm2, which is in good agreement with experimental estimations. The hydrocarbon thickness is increased as the DPPC fraction increased. The DMPC/DPPC mixtures behave as almost ideally mixtures.The diffusion coefficients were also calculated and the results are in agreement with experimental findings.All the calculated parameters were compared with values obtained either from experimental data of DPPC or DMPC depending on the fraction of compound. The reason is that there are no experimental findings on DMPC/DPPC mixtures.
Predicting Tephra Dispersion with a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model and a Particle Fall Model: Application to Cerro Negro Volcano
Authors: Byrne Marc A. , Laing Arlene G. , Connor Charles 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Models of volcanic ash (tephra) fallout are increasingly used to assess volcanic hazards in advance of eruptions and in near–real time. These models often approximate the wind field using simplistic assumptions of the atmosphere that do not account for four-dimensional variations in wind velocity. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to improve forecasts of tephra dispersion. MM5 is a 3D model that can predict circulations in areas with sparse meteorological observations and complex terrain, such as volcanic plateaus. MM5 is applied to the 1995 eruption of Cerro Negro, Nicaragua. Validation of MM5 is achieved by comparing the simulated winds with rawinsonde observations. Estimates of diffusivity and particle settling velocities are used in conjunction with MM5-generated wind fields to forecast the major axes of the tephra dispersion. The predicted axes of dispersion derived from the MM5 winds approximate very closely the observed bilobate tephra accumulation and tephra plumes observed in satellite images. MM5 winds provide far more accurate spatial and temporal forecasts than do the wind assumptions that had been used previously to assess Cerro Negro tephra hazard.
Diagnostic Equations for the Stable Boundary Layer Height: Evaluation and Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Steeneveld G. J. , van de Wiel B. J. H. , Holtslag A. A. M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The performance of diagnostic equations for the stable boundary layer height h is evaluated with four observational datasets that represent a broad range of latitudes, land use, and surface roughness. In addition, large-eddy simulation results are used. Special care is given to data-quality selection. The diagnostic equations evaluated are so-called multilimit equations as derived by Zilitinkevich and coworkers in a number of papers. It appears that these equations show a serious negative bias, especially for h &lt; 100 m, and it was found that the parameters involved could not be determined uniquely with calibration. As an alternative, dimensional analysis is used here to derive a formulation for h that is more robust. The formulation depends on the surface friction velocity u*, surface buoyancy flux Bs, Coriolis parameter, and the free-flow stability N. The relevance of the Coriolis parameter for the boundary layer height estimation in practice is also discussed. If the Coriolis parameter is ignored, two major regimes are found: h ∼ u*/N for weakly stable conditions and h ∼ (|Bs|/N 3)1/2 for moderate to very stable conditions.
A Polarimetric Radar Approach to Identify Rain, Melting-Layer, and Snow Regions for Applying Corrections to Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Clark Kurt A. , Kingsmill David E. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This article describes polarimetric X-band radar-based quantitative precipitation estimations (QPE) under conditions of low freezing levels when, even at the lowest possible elevation angles, radar resolution volumes at longer ranges are in melting-layer or snow regions while it rains at the ground. A specifically adjusted vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) approach is introduced. The mean VPR is constructed based on the range–height indicator scans, and the effects of smoothing of brightband (BB) features with range are accounted for. A principal feature of the suggested QPE approach is the determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries and freezing-level heights on a beam-by-beam basis using the copolar correlation coefficient ρhv, which is routinely available from the X-band radar measurements. It is shown that this coefficient provides a robust discrimination among the regions of rain, melting hydrometeors, and snow. The freezing-level estimates made using ρhv were within 100–200 m from the corresponding estimates of the 0° isotherm heights from radiosonde soundings. The suggested VPR approach with the polarimetric determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries was used for QPE during the wintertime deployment of the NOAA X-band radar as part of the 2006 Hydrometeorological Test Bed (HMT-06) field experiment in the California Sierra Nevada foothills. It is shown that this approach noticeably improves radar-rainfall accumulation estimates. The use of the HMT-06 mean X-band reflectivity–rain-rate (Zeh–R) relation resulted in an approximately 65% relative standard deviation of radar estimates from the surface rain gauges if no VPR adjustments were made. Applying the VPR approach with polarimetric detection of the melting layer resulted in reduction of the corresponding relative standard deviation by about a factor of 2.
Services for Manufacturing
Authors: Ray George F. 
Published: March 2007

The most recent peak in the production of UK manufacturing industries was in 1973; ten years later, in 1983, the level of manufacturing output was still 15 per cent lower.In the same period the official output index for services (as measured by value added and other methods) increased markedly and one of its sections—Division 8, covering banking and finance, insurance, leasing, business and professional services—grew particularly rapidly, by about 70 per cent.
Economic Policy Foamulation in the Treasury in the Post-War Period
Authors: Lecture Niesr Jubilee 
Published: March 2007

It is a great honour to be invited to deliver this lecture to mark the National Institute's Jubilee. The Treasury and the National institute have been neighbours since the Institute moved to Westminster during the war. We have benefited from the exchange of staff and ideas, and I am delighted that the present Director is a former colleague from the Treasury.The Dialogus, in 1177, said that:‘The institution of the Treasury is confirmed well by its antiquity and also by the authority of the great men that sit there’.Robert Hall, whose Memorial Service took place earlier today, was one of those great men. He made a notable contribution to government over many years and followed that by equally distinguished guidance to the National Institute after he retired.
Routes to Economic Integration: 1992 in the European Community
Authors: Kay J.A. , Posner M.V. 
Published: March 2007

1992 is a staging post on the route to European economic integration. For Britain, the real issues are not national sovereignty versus supranationalism, but the choice between a liberal, market oriented path to integration and a planned, centralised one. The paper assesses these options as they arise in regulatory policies, in industrial strategy, and in the monetary and fiscal policies facing the Community. It recognises that there are major policy areas where the creation of a central authority is essential but concludes that the market route is often the right—and the only feasible—approach.This is the third article from members of the CLARE Group to appear in the Review. Future articles will normally appear about twice a year. The Review is pleased to give hospitality to the deliberations of the CLARE Group but is not necessarily in agreement with the views expressed. Members of the CLARE Group are M.J. Artis, A.J.C. Britton, W.A. Brown, C.H. Feinstein, C.A.E Goodhart, D.A. Hay, J.A. Kay, R.C.O. Matthews, M.H. Miller, P.M. Oppenheimer, M.V. Posner, W.B. Reddaway, J.R. Sargent, M.F-G. Scott, Z.A. Silberston, J.H.B. Tew, J.S. Vickers, S. Wadhwani.