bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study on decontamination of mixed feeds by radicidation and by pelletisation
Authors: Mossel D. A. A. , van Schothorst M. , Kampelmacher E. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeed components contaminated with Salmonella act as vehicles in the transmission of these bacteria to animals and hence to meat and poultry. Sanitary improvements in processing, bagging and storage do not always effectively reduce Salmonella contamination rates and therefore ingredients or mixed feed should be decontaminated at the end of processing.Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae was used to assay the decontamination effect of pelletisation of mixed feed. A working temperature over 80° usually reduced the bacterial count by a factor of 105; lower temperatures currently used, reduced it by a factor of 103 only.In similar dose‐range‐finding tests on decontamination with 60Co gamma rays, about 0.5 Mrad were required for reductions in the counts of the most resistant Enterobacteriaceae by a factor of 105. Survival curves being usually non‐linear, ‘gross effective dose’ had to be used as a parameter. Neither loss of nutritive value nor the occurrence of orally toxic factors was observed when rats were fed for 2 years on a ration containing 35% fishmeal irradiated at 0.8 Mrad.A combination of improved sanitation, pelletising at the highest possible temperature and, if still required, terminal low‐dose irradiation of the hermetically bagged material seems, therefore, a promising approach to the manufacture of Salmonella‐free feeds.
The search for a veterinary insecticide II.—Carbamates active against sheep blowfly
Authors: Fraser J. , Greenwood D. , Harrison I. R. , Wells W. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany aryl N‐methylcarbamates and their N‐acyl derivatives have been prepared and tested against larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Mammalian toxicities and persistences on sheep fleece were also determined. The factors which led to the selection of Butacarb (3,5‐di‐t‐butylphenyl N‐methylcarbamate) as a new veterinary insecticide are discussed.
Determination of the tryptophan content of feedingstuffs with particular reference to cereals
Authors: Miller E. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree procedures, commonly used for the determination of tryptophan, were found to be unsatisfactory for the assay of cereals. A method using p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde was unsatisfactory because cereals dissolved slowly in the sulphuric acid reagent, produced turbid solutions and gave high blank values. Racemisation of L‐tryptophan was found to be incomplete on hydrolysis with barium hydroxide; therefore, microbiological assays are invalidated. Neutralisation of the barium hydroxide with sulphuric acid or carbon dioxide resulted in considerable loss of tryptophan.A method is described based on hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, precipitation of barium sulphate from an acid solution and colorimetric analysis using p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The procedure has proved useful for the routine analysis of cereals and other feedingstuffs.
Effects of low sub‐sterilising doses of gamma radiation on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in fresh soils
Authors: Cawse P. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen have been shown to be a sensitive indication of response of soils to gamma radiation, even to doses as low as 1.5 kilorads, and are superior to measurements of carbon, phosphorus or respiration. The immediate increase in carbon in the soil solution after irradiation was significantly correlated with both subsequent nitrogen mineralisation and soil respiration, and a highly nitrogenous fraction of the soil organic matter was being decomposed.Nitrification proceeded at a fast rate in all soils after the highest dose of 200 kilorads, probably owing to the absence of effects on the oxidation process in non‐proliferating cells of the nitrifying bacteria rather than to increased proliferation of survivors.
Evaluation of the brabender quadrumat junior experimental flour mill for routine wheat testing
Authors: Meredith P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automatic laboratory wheat‐flour mill has been tested during four years with a range of New Zealand wheat varieties and qualities. Yields of flour and the usual analyses of the flours have been determined. It is concluded that the flour produced is sufficiently similar to that from an Allis‐Chalmers experimental mill to be suitable for a large‐scale wheat quality testing programme. The only important difference was in mixing tolerance of doughs from the two kinds of flours. Yield of flour from the mills was severely reduced as wear occurred during four years of testing.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XVII—Purification and properties of sorghum malt α‐amylase
Authors: Botes D. P. , Joubert F. J. , Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐amylase of sorghum malt has been purified by a combination of charcoal and heat treatment, DEAE‐cellulose and calcium phosphate chromatography, and gel filtration, yielding a product with a specific activity of 10,304 units per mg nitrogen. Both in the ultracentrifuge and on electrophoresis the purified α‐amylase revealed a single peak. Results are presented for the molecular weight, sedimentation, diffusion and amino‐acid composition of the purified enzyme. The influence of pH, temperature, and substrate concentration on the enzymic hydrolysis of gelatinised soluble starch has been studied. Examination of the purified α‐amylase on a calcium phosphate column showed that the enzyme is micro‐heterogeneous and it was separated into four sub‐fractions. The physical, chemical and kinetic properties of the sub‐fractions are almost identical.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XVIII—Purification and properties of sorghum malt β‐amylase
Authors: Botes D. P. , Joubert F. J. , Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSorghum malt β‐amylase has been purified by a combination of acid treatment, alcohol fractionation, DEAE‐cellulose and calcium phosphate chromatography, and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, on electrophoresis and chromatography and no evidence for more than one active form of the enzyme was found. Results are presented for the molecular weight, sedimentation, diffusion, amino‐acid composition, and kinetic properties of the purified enzyme.
Sugar brews in bread improvement
Authors: Collyer Dorothy M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of a partly fermented sugar brew instead of the dough water and compressed yeast improved the specific volume, texture and softness of bread made by a mechanical development process without oxidising improver and intermediate proof.The improving effect of the brew was due entirely to its residual sugar, ethyl alcohol content and the active state of the yeast, and none of these factors could be omitted without reducing bread quality. Because these factors vary simultaneously in a fermenting brew there was an optimum duration of brew fermentation.The use of such a brew also reduced the work input requirement during dough mixing and final proof time.
A short review of some biochemical and microbiological aspects of ensilage
Authors: Whittenbury R. , McDonald P. , Bryan‐Jones D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe products of the fermentation of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids present in grasses have been examined and have been shown to vary depending upon the type of bacteria responsible for the fermentation. The significance of the presence in silage of various volatile fatty acids, amines and neutral fermentation products such as mannitol and acetoin is discussed.
Component acids of Luff a seed oils
Authors: Badami R. C. , Daulatabad C. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeed oils of Luffa acutangula and Luffa aegyptiaca were examined for their component acids by reversed‐phase partition column chromatography with the following results: L. acutangula: lauric, 0.5%; Myristic, 0.7%; palmitic, 12.9%; stearic, 7.8%; arachidic, 0.5%; behenic, 1.0%; hexadecenoic, 4.3%; oleic, 22.1%; and linoleic, 50.2%. L. aegyptiaca: lauric, 0.2%; myristic, 1.0%; palmitic, 11.2%; stearic, 9.9%; arachidic 0.8%; behenic, 1.1%; hexadecenoic, 2.9%; oleic, 24.1%; linoleic, 48.3%; and linolenic, 0.5%. Epoxy oleic acid reported to be present in the seed oil of L. acutangula was not detected in the sample investigated.
Effect of bitumen mulching on soil conditions
Authors: Jordan D. , Sampson A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of ‘Colas’ bitumen emulsion on soil temperature, soil moisture and the stability of soil structure were determined in temperate and tropical conditions.At a depth of 5 cm, soil temperature increments of from 2°c in England to 8°c in Trinidad were recorded when the soil was mulched with bitumen. Temperatures under bitumen were shown to be higher than those under mulches of black polyethylene, sand or pine needles, and in unmulched soil. It was also shown that growing crops exerted an increasing shading effect which limited the period of effectiveness of a mulch. When the mulch is applied in bands, these should be at least 15 cm wide for maximum temperature increments to occur.Soil moisture studies were conducted both in the field and under laboratory/glasshouse conditions. It was found that only comparatively thick mulches on smooth soil surfaces, caused any appreciable reduction in water losses through evaporation.It was found that the crumb structures of soils treated with very thin bitumen mulches (∼150μ thick) were able to withstand considerably more weathering by rainfall or irrigation than unmulched soil before breakdown of the soil surface structure occurred.
Effect of simulated reclamation treatments on chemical properties and nitrogen mineralising characteristics of saline and alkali soils from West Pakistan
Authors: Sindhu M. A. , Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNitrogen mineralisation and nitrification during incubation of alkali, saline‐alkali, highly saline and moderately saline soils were studied in the laboratory before and after simulated reclamation treatment, in which water plus calcium sulphate were used for the two alkali soils and water alone for the two saline soils. The reclamation processes reduced exchangeable sodium and soluble salts to low levels. Mineral nitrogen accumulation during incubation of original and ‘reclaimed’ soils was accounted for entirely as nitrate. The ‘reclaimed’ soils showed a lag phase in mineral nitrogen accumulation. The moderately saline soil was the only one to show increased mineralisable nitrogen, whilst the alkali and saline‐alkali soils, in particular, and the highly saline soil showed reduced mineralisable nitrogen after ‘reclamation’.
Disulphide interchange in cereal proteins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method of measuring the extent of disulphide interchange between a model compound, cystamine, and cereal flour proteins has been applied to wheat, steamed wheat, rye, barley and maize. The results indicate that, if the extent of protein‐protein S.S interchange is of the same order as that found in the model reaction, it is several times greater in wheat than the calculated minimum necessary to create a continuous protein network. In the case of rye the extent seems to be sufficient to just comply with this minimum condition. Steamed wheat, barley and maize (none of which can form doughs) fall below the limiting extent of interchange required. It has been assumed that insoluble proteins are precluded from taking part in protein‐protein S.S interchange reactions, and evidence from the literature has been cited to support this.
Phenolase activity in tomato fruit in relation to growth and to various ripening disorders
Authors: Hobson G. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn efficient method for the extraction of phenolase from tomato fruit is described. It has indicated that phenolase activity increases towards maturity and then decreases somewhat during normal ripening. The red area of fruit which showed a physiological ripening disorder known as ‘blotch’ contained an abnormally high activity while the green areas contained an even higher activity. Tomatoes exhibiting ‘blossom‐end’ rot also contained enhanced activity, especially in the affected region. Levels of phenolase in tomato species other than Lycopersicon esculentum have also been examined. The browning symptoms associated with specific physiological ripening disorders are discussed in relation to phenolase activity and the availability of phenolic substrates.
Fractionation of plant material II.—Amino acid composition of some fractions obtained from the broad bean plant (Vicia faba L.) and chromatographic differentiation of hydroxyproline isomers
Authors: Clarke Eileen M. W. , Ellinger Gabrielle M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amino acid compositions of three protein fractions obtained from broad bean leaves were estimated by ion exchange chromatography. Hydroxyproline was found present in the TCA‐soluble, non‐diffusible fraction and in the final residue after the further extraction with phenol‐acetic acid‐water (2: 1 : 1, w/v/v), but not in the extract itself. By comparison with the behaviour of four authentic isomers of hydroxyproline, under two standard conditions of chromatographic analysis, the isomer found was trans‐4‐hydroxy‐proline. These results are discussed in relation to other reports of hydroxyproline occurring in plant material.
A new unit for proteolytic activity determined by the modified ayre—Anderson method
Authors: Lee F. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA unit of activity for proteolytic enzymes assayed by the modified Ayre‐Anderson method has been defined in terms of the initial rate of production of trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen. For proteinases acting on haemoglobin or gluten substrates, the relationship between activity and enzyme concentration is linear over a wide range, but for assay purposes initial reaction rates should be restricted to 10‐20 mg N/h. For routine work the ‘substrate constant’ for a reaction system can be determined; this permits a single determination after a shorter time interval than required by the standard method, and allows the whole assay to be completed in one working day. The substrate constant must be determined for each set of reaction conditions, for each enzyme and, when a non‐standardised substrate such as gluten is employed, for each batch of substrate. The method appears to be of greatest value for flours possessing normal levels of activity and for more active proteolytic preparations. It is only moderately accurate for flours having low activities.
Studies on the north sea cod. V.—Effects of starvation. 3. Electrophoresis of the muscle myogens
Authors: Robertson I. , Love R. M. , Cowie W. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeasurements of the contents of water, protein nitrogen and non‐salt‐extractable nitrogen of a group of cod starved in an aquarium showed that at various times profound changes were occurring in the muscle. However, the electrophoretic patterns of water extracts of the muscle did not change, apart from a partial fading of some bands 8 weeks after the beginning of starvation. No bands disappeared or changed their speed of migration, neither did new bands appear during starvation. One significant conclusion is that the identification of species or local races by electrophoresis is unlikely to be invalidated by the nutritional state of the fish.
Effects of dehydration processes on colour and rehydration of fruits
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of conventional hot‐air dehydration, dehydro‐freezing and freeze‐dehydration on colour and rehydration of apples, apricots, and peaches were investigated. The freeze‐dehydration process minimised colour changes and promoted retention of the original fruit structure. The rehydration rates of freeze‐dehydrated fruits were more rapid than those associated with other dehydration processes studied.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. XV.—Irradiation of beef from barley‐fed animals
Authors: Rhodes D. N. , Roberts T. A. , Shepherd H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJoints of ‘barley beef’, irradiated at a dose level of 0.4 Mrad., were stored at 2° in plastic packages of differing gas permeabilities. Bacterial growth was reduced by the lack of oxygen and/or the accumulation of carbon dioxide. The irradiated meat remained unspoiled for at least 84 days. The useful shelf‐life of the beef can be extended greatly by irradiation, but the undesirable colour changes resulting from the exclusion of oxygen remains a serious drawback.
Thin‐layer chromatographic determination of polybutene residues in plants
Authors: Briggs C. J. , Challen S. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn extraction and analysis procedure was developed for the assay of polybutenes which remain on plants treated with polybutene emulsion sprays. Polybutenes were extracted from the plant material using n‐hexane, and were then estimated by a quantitative thin‐layer chromatography technique. A photoelectric densitometer coupled to an integrating logarithmic recorder was used to provide a quantitative value for the integral of area and density of the polybutene spots after location on the chromatogram. A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the weight of polybutene and the square root of the densitometer reading over the range 5‐50 μg. The experimental error for determinations within this range was found to be approximately 4%. The assay technique was found to have several advantages over gravimetric assay techniques previously described.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). XI.—Quantitative estimation of volatile sulphur compounds produced during the cooking of herring
Authors: McLay R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile sulphur compounds in fresh and canned herring were estimated by a colorimetric method. It was found that there was an overall decrease in volatile sulphur compounds after canning and also that nobbed herring was richer than filleted herring in hydrogen sulphide. The skin produced relatively larger amounts of methyl mercaptan. The reasons for these findings are discussed.
Flour paste viscosities of some Australian wheats
Authors: Moss H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlours milled from sound wheat of the varieties Bencubbin, Bungulla and Spica had substantially lower paste viscosities than did those of other varieties, when heated in the Brabender Viscograph. These differences were far greater than effects which could have been attributed to natural variation in alpha amylase activity. There was a significant positive correlation between protein content and peak viscosity when all flours were compared, and this was also true for each separate series of varietal tests.Paste viscosity did not appear to be important in governing loaf volume in the wheats examined.
Conservation of fresh and wilted grass in air‐tight metal containers
Authors: Jackson N. , Anderson B. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFresh and wilted timothy‐meadow fescue herbage of 19 and 46.6° dry matter content, respectively, was ensiled in rubber‐sealed steel cylinders 5 ft deep and 3 ft in diameter. Mean dry matter losses from all silos were about 6%. All silages were well preserved, the wilted material containing less lactic acid and volatile acids and having a higher pH. The dry matter digestibility coefficients from fresh and wilted grass silages were 71.5 and 70.2%, respectively, and were slightly higher than for the grass before ensilage. Ensilage resulted in a fall in metabolisable energy of the wilted grass. Intake of wilted silage by sheep was higher than that of silage from fresh grass.
Volume‐reduction technique for the X‐ray spectrographic determination of micronutrients in plant tissues
Authors: Theisen A. A. , Pinkerton A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA volume‐reduction technique is described for the X‐ray spectrographic analysis of the micronutrient elements manganese, iron, and zinc in plant tissues. This simple technique is believed to minimise inter‐element effects and utilises dilution by volume instead of by weight, thus avoiding intimate mixing of sample and diluent. The method has particular advantages for the analysis of manganese and iron when they occur in plant tissues in concentrations large enough for inter‐element effects to be serious.
2‐azido‐4‐alkylamino‐6‐alkylamino‐S‐triazines: A new group of herbicidal triazines
Authors: Gabbott P. A. , Barnsley G. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhytotoxicity to 7 crop species, and degree of inhibition of the Hill reaction were assessed for several 2‐azido‐4‐alkylamino‐6‐alkylamino‐s‐triazines. Biological activity increased with increased alkylation of the amino groups, with increasing chain length of the alkyl substituents up to 5 to 6 C atoms, and with increased degree of branching of the alkyl chain. For several of the compounds tested there was good agreement between phytotoxicity tests and potency against the Hill reaction. The most active compound was 2‐azido‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐t‐butylamino‐s‐triazine (WL 9385), which was particularly effective in controlling seedling annual grasses when applied post‐emergence.
5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one:—Compound responsible for taint in boar fat
Authors: Patterson R. L. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile compounds stripped from boar, hog and gilt fats under conditions of high vacuum and elevated temperature have been subjected to gas chromatographic and olfactory analysis. The compound primarily responsible for the taint of boar fat has been isolated and identified by mass spectrometry as 5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one. It has an unpleasant odour of perspiration and is detectable in most boars of 200 lb live‐weight and over but not in hogs or gilts.
Effects of liming and various forms of oral copper supplementation on the copper status of grazing sheep
Authors: Macpherson A. , Hemingway R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSheep grazing limed pasture for periods extending to 14 months had consistently lower mean blood copper concentrations than similar sheep on comparable untreated pasture. Liver copper concentrations and total liver copper contents were also significantly lower for the sheep on the limed herbage. Liming did not affect the herbage copper concentration. Herbage copper concentrations of 8‐9 ppm appeared to be insufficient to maintain the blood and liver copper status of sheep grazing limed pasture at adequate levels.Prolonged oral supplementation providing 70 mg Cu per week as the sulphate, glycinate or EDTA salt increased blood and liver copper concentrations to similar degrees and with no apparent risk of toxicity.
Structures and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols. VIII.—effects of substitution with C5 to C13‐s‐alkyl groups and of esterification on the acaricidal activity of dinitrophenols
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract38 methyl‐, 37 ethyl‐ and 19 other alkyl‐carbonates, 37 crotonates, 10 acrylates and 17 other esters, and 15 methyl ethers of 2‐(C5 to C13‐s‐alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitro‐ and 4‐(C4 t4 to C13‐s‐alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols were synthesised, and their activities against Tetranychus telarius (greenhouse red spider mite) were investigated. 2‐s‐Alkyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and esters were more active than their 4‐s‐alkyl‐2,6‐dinitro‐ analogues, acaricidal activity remaining high with the 4,6‐dinitrophenols up to 2‐(C11‐s‐alkyl). Generally compactness of the 2‐s‐alkyl group aided activity. Methyl ethers had very low activity. Esters of 2‐(C3 to C7‐s‐alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were more acaricidal than the parent phenols, but the reverse was the case with C8 to C13‐s‐alkyl compounds. Crotonates and other esters were generally less active than methyl carbonates. The methyl carbonates of 2‐(1‐ethylhexyl)‐ and 2‐(1‐propylpentyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were found to be of particular economic interest as acaricides.