bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pricetakers' Plenty: A Neglected Benefit of Capitalism*
Authors: SCITOVSKY TIBOR 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYCapitalists in the pricemaker's position protect the pricetakers facing them from being buffeted by economic fluctuations, and competition among them provides pricetakers with market information and other valuable marketing facilities not provided under perfect competition. The nature of all those benefits and the conditions that favored their creation in product markets are analyzed, and the reasons why they failed to develop in labor markets and why the employers’ position as pricemakers has been resented and largely eliminated are explored. Finally, Weitzman's important proposal to introduce Japanese‐type profit‐sharing wage contracts as a means of securing all the benefits of employers’ domination of the labor market without its costs is shortly summarized.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBesteht für eine der Marktseiten die Möglichkeit als Preissetzer aufzutreten, so entstehen der preisnehmenden Marktseite verschiedene Vorteile: Zum einen werden dadurch die wirtschaftlichen Schwankungen stark gedämpft, zu anderen führt die Konkurrenz zwischen den Preissetzern zu mehr Marktinformationen und zu einem Angebot verschiedener Marketingleistungen, die bei vollkommenem Wettbewerb nicht bereitgestellt wiirden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Art dieser Vorteile und die Bedingungen, die für ihr Zustandekommen in einem Produktemarkt verantwort‐lich sind, analysiert. Danach werden die Gründe hergeleitet, weshalb sie sich auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht einstellen und weshalb den Arbeitgebern die Rolle als Preissetzer veriibelt wird. Zum Schluss wird kurz Weitzmans Vorschlag zusammengefasst, der, nach japanischem Muster, eine Verankerung der Gewinnbeteiligung im Arbeitsver‐trag vorsieht. Damit sollen die Vorteile der Arbeitgeberdominanz auf dem Arbeitsmarkt bewahrt werden, ohne dies mit hohen Kosten zu erkaufen.RÉSUMÉLes capitalistes qui fixent les prix protègent les acheteurs des à‐coups consécutifs aux fluctuations économiques. La concurrence entre les premiers fournit à ces derniers une information sur le marché, ainsi que ďautres éléments marketing très utiles, qui n'existent pas en concurrence parfaite. Cette étude analyse la nature de tous ces avantages et les conditions qui ont favorisé leur apparition sur les marchés. Ľauteur essaie de comprendre pourquoi ces avantages ne se sont pas étendus au marché du travail. II explique ainsi pourquoi la position des employeurs est mal perçue lorsqu'ils fixent le montant des salaires. Ľarticle se termine par un résume rapide des propositions fort intéressantes de Weitzman: ľintroduction de contrat de travail avec participation aux bénéfices, comme au Japon, permettant de garder tous les avantages de la prééminence des employeurs sur le marché du travail, et ďen supprimer les inconvénients.
Weltwirtschaftliches Wachstum durch Liberalisierung
Authors: GIERSCH HERBERT 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYInstead of a relapse into the depression of the 30's, as the stagnationists had foreseen, the end of the war marked the beginning of a quarter of a century of unprecedented growth. The saturation thesis, based on a misperception of human wants, turned out to be wrong, and with innovations and an opening of markets, the apprehended technological and spatial limits to growth were overcome. However, the extraordinary post‐war growth eventually met with supply side bottlenecks: excessive wage increases, higher energy and environmental costs, and an inflation‐induced waste of capital led to a relative stagnation in the 70's. The growth poles USA and East Asia have extricated themselves more quickly from this stagnation than Europe which suffers from more rigidities and still lacks sufficient downward flexibility of real wages. To revitalize its economy, Europe has to free its markets from state regulations and make them more accessible to domestic and international competition. With a swift trade liberalization, Europe ‐ and the world ‐ could tap a large source of productivity growth. Admittedly, this would go along with a process of creative destruction. In order to facilitate the import‐induced decline of old industries, free activity zones should be established in the affected regions.
Genossenschaftsgesinnung in entscheidungslogischer Perspektive
Authors: RIBHEGGE HERMANN 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGZielsetzung des Artikels ist es, aufzuzeigen, dass viele Verhaltensweisen in Genossenschaften, die als genossenschaftsspezifisch gekennzeichnet und mit dem Schlagwort «homo cooperativus» umschrieben werden, durchaus mit dem Modell des «homo oeconomicus» vereinbar sind. Dazu werden die Präferenzen, die Handlungsrestriktionen sowie die Entscheidungsmaxime eines Genossenschaftsmitglieds analysiert. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass kooperative Verhaltensweisen durchaus rational sein können, da Genossenschaften Organisationen auf Dauer sind, in denen sich besondere Enwartungsstrukturen herausbilden. Durch reziprokes Verhalten, das auf der Erwartung aufbaut, dass Vorleistungen von anderen Mitgliedern später honoriert werden, kann sich ein Gefühl der Solidarität in Genossenschaften etablieren, das die Genossenschaft stabilisiert und Aussenseiterverhalten diskriminiert.
Production, Distribution, and Environmental Quality: Mr. Sraffa Reinterpreted as an Ecologist
Authors: England Richard W. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis note demonstrates that PIERO SRAFFA'S wage‐profit frontier can be generalized to take into account the real costs of protecting the environment from waste residuals. As such, it is an exercise in theoretical synthesis which draws upon elements of neo‐Ricardian theory and environmental economics.
On the Efficient Use of Mathematics in Economics: Some Theory, Facts and Results of an Opinion Survey
Authors: GRUBEL HERBERT G. , BOLAND LAWRENCE A. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYWe consider mathematics to be an input into the production of human and knowledge capital in economics. The competitive and the interest group models are analyzed as to their predictions about the efficient use of this input. Many stylized facts are found to be consistent with the interest group model and the implication of an excess use of mathematics. Mathematics in journal articles is shown to have grown significantly during the postwar years. In a survey, 250 economists express the view that there is too much mathematics in professional journals. Only a minority of respondents rejects the view that interest group behaviour is taking place.
An Economic Theory of Political Parties
Authors: GALEOTTI GIANLUIGI , BRETON ALBERT 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYIn the SCHUMPETER‐DOWNS economic approach to politics, rational citizens vote to select a government that will supply policies to meet their preferences. There is no place in that logic for the variegated coalitions which are called political parties; voting itself is indeed irrational following JOHN STUART MILL'S view of the relationship between citizens and politicians, we suggest that voting and other political activities are the ‘price’ paid in an exchange relationship in which the quid pro quo is the promise of politicians to represent the opinions of citizens in parliamentary debates in what MILL called the Congress of Opinions. In that view, political parties are organizations that serve to guarantee that the implicit or quasi‐contracts between citizens and representatives are abided by and fulfilled.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der demokratischen Wirtschaftstheorie von SCHUMPETER und DOWNS wird ange‐nommen, dass der bewusste, rational handelnde Staatsbürger eine Regierung wählt, die seine politischen Interessen unterstützt. In dieser Logik gibt es keinen Platz für die verschiedenen Koalitionen, die als politische Parteien bekannt sind. Der individuelle Akt des Wählens selbst wird als irrational bezeichnet. In diesem Artikel beziehen wir uns auf die Ansicht JOHN STUART MILLS, der das Verhäitnis zwischen Staatsbürgern und politischen Vertretern analysiert, und behaupten, dass der Gebrauch des Stimm‐rechts und alle politischen Tätigkeiten der “Preis” für das Versprechen des Politikers, die Interessen des Staatsbürgers im Parlament (JOHN STUART MILL nennt dasselbe “Kongress der politischen Meinungen”) zu vertreten sei. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt gesehen, kann man sagen, dass politische Parteien Organisationen sind, die dazu dienen, die Erfüllung dieses impliziten Vertrages oder quasi‐Vertrages zwischen Staatsbürgern und ihren politischen Stellvertretern zu garantieren.RÉSUMÉLa théorie économique de la démocratic énoncée par SCHUMPETER et DOWNS suppose que les citoyens votent pour désigner un gouvernement qui formulera, à son tour, des choix politiques conformes à leurs préférences. Non seulement une telle façon de concevoir ne laisse aucune place à ces différentes coalitions bigarrées nommées partis politiques, mais le fait même de voter est considéré comme irrationnel. Dans cet article, prenant pretexte de ce que nous suggére JOHN STUART MILL sur les rapports entre citoyens et politiciens, nous interprétons l'expression du suffrage et les autres actes politiques individuels comme le “prix” que les citoyens patent en échange de la promesse que les hommes politiques leur font de les représenter au cours des débats parlementaires qui se déroulent dans ce que MILL définit les “Congrés des Opinions”. Les partis politiques constituent, par conséquent, des organisations qui servent à garantir et à contrôler que ce contrat implicite ou que ce quasi‐contrat entre les citoyens et leurs représentants politiques soit rempli et respecté.
Voting on Social Security: The Family as Decision‐Making Unit
Authors: BREYER FRIEDRICH , SCHULENBURG** J.‐MATTHIAS GRAF V. D. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYIn periods of demographic change, pay‐as‐you‐go financed social security systems imply transfers of lifetime income not only among generational cohorts, but also between families of different size and generational composition. Whereas previous models of voting on social security in democratic societies focused on the first type of transfer and assumed homogeneity of interests within each generation, we treat the family as the relevant decision‐making unit. It is then analyzed how the results of majority voting on public pension and sickness funds depend on the rate of time preference, the overall rate of population growth and the distribution of children across families. Not surprisingly, opposition to mandatory social security turns out to be greatest when children are most unevenly distributed.
Industrialisation and Macroeconomic Performance in Developing Countries under Alternative Trade Strategies
Authors: GREENAWAY DAVID , NAM CHONG HYUN 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe role of international trade in industrialisation and the impact of foreign trade regime on macroeconomic performance has been a source of lasting controversy over the post war period. This paper analyses the experience of 41 less developed countries, some of which have followed inward oriented strategies, others of which have followed outward oriented strategies. Various criterion are used to distinguish between alternative strategies and a variety of indicators of industrialisation and macroeconomic performance examined. The findings suggest that outward oriented economies have generally performed better than inward oriented economies.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Rolle des Welthandels in der Industrialisierung und die Einwirkung des Aussenhandels auf makroökonomische Leistung sind während der Nachkriegszeit eine andauernde Streitfrage geblieben. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Erfahrungen von 41 weniger entwickelten Ländern, von denen einige einfuhr‐ und andere ausfuhrorien‐tierte Strategien verfolgt haben. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Massstabe angelegt, um zwischen Alternativstrategien zu unterscheiden und verschiedene Indikatoren der Industrialisierung und der makroökonomischen Leistung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die ausfuhrorientierten Wirtschaftsordnungen im allgemeinen höhere Leistungen erbracht haben als die einfuhrorientierten.RÉSUMÉLe r&#x006f;̧le du commerce international dans l“industrialisation et l'impact du régime de commerce extérieur sur la performance macroéconomique a été source de controverses soutenues pendant la période d'après‐guerre. Cet article analyse l'expérience de 41 pays moins développés, dont certains ont suivi des stratégies orientées vers l'intérieur et d'autres ont suivi des stratégies orientées vers l'extérieur. Divers criterès sont employés pour distinguer entre les stratégies alternatives et divers indicateurs de l'industrialisation et de la performance macroeconomique sont examines. Les conclusions suggerent que les resultats des economies orientees vers l'exterieur sont en general meilleurs que ceux des economies orientees vers l'interieur.
Government Size and Public Choices
Authors: PICHT HARTMUT 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYBuilding upon recent contributions on government size and growth an attempt is made to quantify the actual opportunity costs of governmental service supplies and patterns of finance. The findings are discussed with respect to their impact on government size. The analysis for the Federal Republic of Germany suggests that public consumption is too high while public investment is too low. Further, public debt finance is too large relative to current taxes. No definite conclusion can be drawn with respect to the overall public sector size since opposing tendencies prevail, but all imbalances add to the problem of unemployment.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAufbauend auf jüngeren Entwicklungen zum Thema Umfang und Wachstum des Staates wird der Versuch unternommen, die Opportunitätskosten offentlicher Leistungen und Finanzierungsformen abzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf ihre Auswirkungen auf den Umfang der Staatstätigkeit diskutiert. Die Analyse für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland zeigt, dass der öffentliche Verbrauch zu hoch und die öffentlichen Investitionen zu gering sind. Überdies ist die öffentliche Neuverschuldung im Vergleich zur laufenden Steuerlast zu hoch. Eine abschliessende Beurteilung im Hinblick auf den Gesamtumfang des öffentlichen Sektors kann nicht vorgenommen werden, da gegenläufige Tendenzen vorliegen. Allerdings tragen alle Verzerrungen zum Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit bei.RESUMEL'auteur essaie, en suivant les développements récents sur le sujet de la magnitude et de la croissance du secteur public, d'estimer les cou̧ts d'opportunité de la production publique et les différents formes de la financer. Les résultats sont discutés en ce qui concerne leurs effets sur la magnitude du secteur public. L'analyse pour la République Fédérale d'Allemagne montre que la consommation publique est trop élevée et que les investissements publics sont trop bas. En plus, l'endettement de l'état par rapport aux recettes fiscales est trop élevé. Quant à la magnitude totale du secteur public, il est impossible, à cause des tendances contradictoires, d'arriver à une conclusion finale. De toute façon, les distorsions contribuent au probléme du ch&#x006f;̧mage.
Determinants of Willingness and Opportunity to Start as an Entrepreneur
Authors: Praag C. Mirjam Van , Ophem Hans Van 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper develops an empirical model to separate the unobserved factors of ‘opportunity' and ‘willingness’ in the decision of labor force participants to become self‐employed or not. The estimation results suggest that the majority of young Americans is willing to switch to self‐employment but that opportunity is a major constraint, especially through finance. Entrepreneurial ability aspects that can compensate for a lack of capital are scarce.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Aufsatz wird ein empirisches Modell entwickelt, welches die nicht beobachteten Faktoren aus dem Bereich ‘Möglichkeit’ und ‘Bereitschaft’ in der Entscheidung der Arbeitnehmer, selbständigerwerbend zu werden oder nicht, voneinander trennt. Die Schätzresultate deuten darauf hin, dass die Mehrheit der jungen Amerikaner zwar bereit ist selbständig zu werden, dass aber der Faktor ‘Möglichkeit’ eine bedeutende Einschränkung ist, besonders durch die Finanzen. Aspekte unternehmerischer Fähigkeiten, die einen Mangel an Kapital kompensieren könnten, sind selten.RÉSUMÉCet article développe un modèle empirique isolant les facteurs inobservés de ľ‘opportunité’ et du ‘consentement’ dans la décision, pour des salariés, de créer où non leur propre entreprise. Les conclusions de ľestimation suggèrent que la majorité des jeunes américains souhaitent devenir indépendants mais que ľopportunité constitue une contrainte forte, notamment pour les questions financières. Les aspects liés à la capacityé de se mettre à son propre compte et qui peuvent compenser le manque initial de fonds, sont rares.
WOODWARD, TECHNOLOGY, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE — A CRITIQUE OF THE UNIVERSAL GENERALIZATION
Authors: Donaldson Lex 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper critically reviews the recent controversy over the relationship between technology, organizational structure and performance which was stimulated by the work of Woodward. An overview of the discussion is offered and an original evaluation offered on the basis of the latest contributions. This involves a detailed critique of the contribution of Zwerman. The conclusion is that the original Woodward thesis, as stated in the set of propositions for which systematic evidence was presented, should now be viewed as having been disconfirmed by the subsequent research.
THE USE OF THE LORENZ CURVE AND THE PARETO DISTRIBUTION IN INTERNAL PAY STRUCTURING: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Husband T. M. , Schofield A. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis note presents some findings from the early stages of research into the effectiveness of company pay structures.1 The use of the Lorenz curve as a measure of inequality of distribution of a firm's payroll is described. Values for L, the Lorenz coefficient, are presented for the total payroll of a chemical processing firm and for the earnings of manual workers in a medium‐heavy engineering company. The use of the Pareto distribution for management salary structuring is demonstrated. Values for α, the Pareto coefficient, are presented for two chemical companies and two engineering firms. Some possible practical uses for such Lorenz and Pareto values are suggested.
TOWARDS A CRITICAL MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
Authors: Wood Stephen , Kelly John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the work of a number of writers who have attempted critical assessments of management science. Each writer has focused on specific areas that any critical management science would need to consider, viz. the origins of values, relations between organizations and society, the historical development of organizations, and the relationship between management science and developments in the capitalist mode of production. In addition these writers have declined to accept existing modes of organization as given, and have avoided the assumption that management science is inherently, or necessarily, manipulative. Each of the writers, however, has displayed several weaknesses in his analysis: thus Churchman fails to locate the management scientist in the society of which he is a part; Hales has no clear or viable alternative other than to call (in effect) for socialism, and makes the erroneous assumption that managerial strategies are necessarily effective; whilst Whitley too seems to have ‘divested management research of its practical dimension’. In conclusion it is pointed out that the actual effects of managerial strategies must be treated as problematic, since they may be modified by various forms of resistance and class struggle, and that developments in the production process may not necessarily be to the detriment of workers.
COGNITIVE TUNING IN MUNICIPAL PROBLEM SOLVING
Authors: Jönsson Sten 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents two case studies of the interactions between politics and problem solving in municipal governments. Problem solving seems to be more efficient and to promote more action when administrative officers have the initiative and politicians tune in cognitively to the officers’presentations. Two main functions of politicians are to take responsibility for solutions, by committing themselves through formal decisions, and to defend solutions externally. Politicians learn about the merits of a solution through their interactions with administrative officers during the problem‐solving process. When politicians feel that a proposed solution is based on sound principles, they are ready to speak as proponents of the solution.
MYTH AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION
Authors: Boland Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe American accounting profession attempts to provide the public with efficient and effective financial reports; but to succeed, it must satisfy an environment of diverse, often conflicting, institutions. This article critically interprets the profession's development, arguing that it displays an interplay of myth and technology. This interplay generates structural flaws in the profession as well as a bias against reform.
INNOVATIVE ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND INTENTIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS [1]
Authors: Ettlie John E. , O'Keefe Robert D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper we explore the relationships between some of the various concepts and scales that have been used to characterize innovative attitudes and behaviours. A sample (N = 123) of undergraduate and graduate business students with full‐time jobs or the equivalent provided questionnaire data to test two initial hypotheses. It was found that four attitude‐value scales which have been used to measure change values, innovation orientation, readiness for change, and innovativenesss, are intercorrelated significantly when no distinction is made between the respondents’intentions to be innovative and respondents’actual innovative behaviour. Innovative and change attitudes, as measured by these same four scales, do consistently predict multiple innovative intentions and behaviours but not, as expected, single behaviours or single intentions. The single best predictor in a multiple regression of the combined multiple innovative intention‐behaviour measure was found to be a creative scale (R2= 0.43, p < 0.01). The innovative behaviour scale was tentatively called attitude toward being innovative. A factor analysis of this scale revealed dimensions related to innovative behaviour in organizations: the innovator, the preserver of the status quo, and the unchallenged, dissatisfied person.Two other hypotheses were also tested. The first was that the perceived organization risk‐taking climate would moderate the relationship between these attitude measures. This hypothesis was not supported by the overall results. However, moderate support was found for the hypothesis that the more formal authority a person has in an organization, the greater the consistency between change attitudes and innovative behaviours as measured by self‐report methods.
GROUP IDEOLOGIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Authors: WATSON TONY J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTRecent developments in organization theory have seen an increase in the amount of attention being paid to competing interests and definitions of situations existing within organizations. Greater emphasis is being put on ‘micropolitics’ and on various non‐rational aspects of behaviour. In line with these developments, the concept of ‘group ideology’ is used to analyze the ways in which various interests were articulated and mobilized around in a case of major organizational change in an engineering company. The relevance of social class factors to the process of organizational change is given particular attention.