bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of soybean phosphatides with isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Wik Turid , Scholfield C. R. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIsopropyl alcohol has many advantages as a commercial solvent and gives useful separations of soybean phosphatides. When commercial crude phosphatides were extracted five times with a total of 6.5 ml. isopropyl alcohol per gram, 31.5% oil, 12% lecithin, and 5.5% cephalin were issolved. Practically all the inositol‐containing material and about 77% of the sugars remained insoluble. Further extractions with ethyl alcohol removed the remaining lecithin together with additional cephalin.After removal of the oil from the crude phosphatides with acetone, the extraction of the isopropyl alcohol‐soluble material required twice the amount of isopropyl alcohol used for the direct extraction described above.
Detergency and foaming properties of the system alkylarylsulfonate‐soap‐sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Suter H. R. , Kramer M. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the detergency and foaming characteristics of a ternary system comprising a sodium alkylarylsulfonate, a medium titer soap derived from tallow and coconut oil, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose under average conditions prevailing in household laundering.The carbon soil removal and whiteness retention properties of unbuilt soap are equalled or exceeded in compositions containing approximately five parts soap to one part alkylarylsulfonate, with a minor portion of CMC.Measurements made in a transparent cylindrical washer indicate that the decrease of foam height due to adsorption on fabric and hard water is much greater with soap than with alkylarylsulfonate. This results in greater foam volumes with alkylarylsulfonate than with soap at concentrations less than 0.2%, in water of hardness equivalent to 96–114 ppm. CaCO3.Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, when used with soap and alkylarylsulfonate in the proportions desirable for improvement of detergency, does not affect foaming properties significantly.When soap is the major ingredient in mixtures of soap and alkylarylsulfonate, foam height is critically dependent on concentration. When alkylarylsulfonate predominates, high foam levels are obtainable at low concentrations.The data reported permits selection of compositions from the ternary system for formulation with builders such that excellent detergency characteristics may be obtained under average conditions prevailing in household service, with high foaming characteristics as desired for agitator‐type machines, or with moderate, controllable foaming for cylinder machines.
Selective reduction of the unsaturated compounds
Authors: Khan N. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOleic acid and methyl oleate, free of the offending dienoic and trienoic impurities, have been obtained by synthesis and isolation from natural sources. The synthetic method involved selective hydrogenation of stearolic acid and its methyl ester. An isolation method combining the usual crystallization and fractional distillation procedures with a mild and selective hydrogenation step has been developed. These substances exhibited consistent properties. Autoxidation studies showed that the induction period is characteristic of these pure fatty materials and markedly affected by the traces of dienoic and trienoic impurities. An explanation for such induction period has also been offered.
Methods of analysis for tall oil products
Authors: Herrlinger Richard 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe principal standard methods used by the American industry for the analysis and quality control of tall oil products have been discussed, and some of the work of the A.S.T.M. in developing these methods has been reviewed.Further growth of the tall oil industry will undoubtedly result in new products of greater refinement and wider utilization. New and improved methods of analysis will be required. These can be worked out by the industry in continued collaborative work under the auspices of the A.S.T.M. and A.O.C.S. Undoubtedly instrumental test methods such as infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy and gas chromatography will play a role of increasing importance in the analysis of tall oil products.
Continuous acidulation process for tall oil production
Authors: Sullivan Frank E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe conventional batch process for tall oil production was changed to a semicontinuous one by properly sizing tanks to reaction times and adding a screen and a continuous centrifugation step.As a further improvement an entirely new, continuous acidulation process has been developed which includes proportioning of reagents, controlled mixng, and degasification, followed by tall oil separation in a special form of nozzle type of centrifuge. Both these processes produce higher quality tall oil at lower cost than the original batch process.The economy of the process has been improved by modifying the centrifuge to remove fibers, which eliminates a costly and troublesome screening step. Lowest costs are produced by a plast specifically designed to use waste acid from a chlorine dioxide bleaching process.
Epoxy resins from fats. I. Epoxidized glycerides cured with phthalic anhydride
Authors: Gelb Leonard L. , Ault Waldo C. , Palm William E. , Witnauer Lee P. , Port William S. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionEpoxy resins were made from phthalic anhydride and the following expoxidized fatty glycerides: neats‐foot oil, lard oil, triolein, soybean oil, perilla oil, and trilinolein. Some physical properties of these resins were measured and tabulated.It has been shown that heat‐distortion temperature, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity increase with the unsaturation of the glyceride precursor of the epoxy intermediate.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty derivatives. II. Analysis of fatty alcohol mixtures by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Link W. E. , Hickman H. M. , Morrissette R. A. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsGas‐liquid chromatography has been shown to be applicable to the analysis of fatty alcohols. Through the use of polyester columns these alcohols have been separated according to chain length and degree of unsaturation. A study has been made of the relationship between peak areas of the chromatograms and the actual weight percentages of the four C18 alcohols found in the fatty alcohols derived from linseed oil. Fatty alcohols, prepared from soybean, linseed, and sperm oil have been prepared and analyzed by the proposed procedure.Craig and Murty (1) have recently reported that polyesters based on succinic acid are preferable for the liquid phase of the chromatographic column to those made from adipic in that they afford a better separation of methyl stearate from methyl oleate. Conversely adipic columns gave a more effective separation of the esters of linolenic and arachidic acids.The application of these polyesters to the analysis of fatty alcohol acetates is expected to improve their separation in a similar fashion, but further work is indicated in the search for a liquid phase that will permit both separations in the minimum time.
Kinetic study of gossypol fixation in cottonseed oil
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Berardi Leah C. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt was shown in experiments carried out under anaerobic conditions that the fixation of gossypol in cottonseed oil is a reaction of the second order with respect to gossypol. In other words, the rate of fixation is proportional to the square of the gossypol concentration in the oil. The rate of fixation is temperature‐dependent and increases 22‐fold with an increase in temperature from 40° to 80°C.
The measurement of the hardness of margarine and fats with cone penetrometers
Authors: Haighton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn order to be able to compare the results of hardness measurements on margarine, fats, shortenings, etc., measured both with cone penetrometers and other rheological instruments, several measurements have been made with various cones and samples. The results obtained showed that the yield value can be calculated from the following formula: C=KW/p1.6 in which C=yield value K=factor dependent on the angle of the cone p=the penetration depth in 0.1 mm. at a penetration during 5 seconds W=the weight of the cone (grams)This formula appeared to apply for cones with angles between 15 and 90° over a very wide hardness range (between 45 and 8300 g./cm2) for margarine, fat, shortening, and butter.The advantages of the proposed procedure for determining the yield value are that is is an objective measure instead of a “thumb test;” results obtained with various cones can be compared; and this method is highly suitable for standardizing.
Use of the centrifugal contactor for water‐washing of refined oils
Authors: Podbielniak W. J. , Gavin A. M. , Kaiser H. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis paper has discussed the early methods of the refining of vegetable oil and present‐day continuous refining equipment. The purpose was to report on the advantages of the centrifugal contactor for water washing of vegetable oil. There are important advantages to be obtained by the use of Podbielniak Rotating Contactor for water washing of alkali‐refined oils. One‐to‐ten tank car capacity with one centrifugal contactor results in space and installation savings. Stainless steel construction permits use of acid treats. Pressure operation prevents oxidation of hot oil and emulsions formed by mixing with air. Installation can be made fully automatic. Periodic cleaning is not required. Countercurrent flow produces higher quality refined oil with 50% lower neutral oil loss in wash water.
Reaction of β‐aminoamides with aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Piotrowski Edwin G. , Sonnet Philip E. , Wise William B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe American Oil Chemists’ Society official methods TF 1b‐64 and TF 2b‐64, “Quantitative Determination of Amines,” fail to correctly analyze fatty diethylenetriamine (DETA)‐diamides and diamides of 3,3′’‐iminobispropylamine (DPTA). Primary amine determination through the formation of Schiff base adducts using salicylaldehyde will, in the case of secondary amines that bear amide carbonyl at either the β or γ position, undergo reactions that consume salicyladehyde despite the absence of primary amine groups. The product of this reaction has been investigated, and a cyclic (2‐arylimidazolidine) structure is advanced as the principal adduct of the reaction of aryl aldehydes with DETA‐diamides.
Neutral sugar analysis of polysaccharides from the seed epidermis ofBrassia campestris
Authors: Van Caeseele L. , Kovacs M. I. P. , Glilespie Rosalie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA mucilaginous material was extracted from the epidermal cells of seed ofBrassica campestris L. cv. Candle canola. Hydrolysis and gas chromatographic analysis showed that it contained the following neutral sugars: arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, mannose and galactose. Total hydrolysis of the extract was not realized. The residue contained carbohydrate, protein and lipid.
Surface active hydroxamic acids. I. Preparation and properties of long‐chain alkyl[oligo(oxyethylene)] oxymethylenehydroxamic acids
Authors: Masuyama Araki , Akiyama Ko‐ichi , Okahara Mitsuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor the development of surfactants having an ability to interact with metal ions, hydroxamic acids containing a long‐chain alkyl[oligo(oxyethylene)] group were prepared. Any hydroxamic acid with an octyl, decyl or dodecyl group was made readily soluble in water by introducing four oxyethylene units into the molecule. These water‐soluble hydroxamic acids had a micelleforming ability and acted as polyoxyethylene‐type nonionic surfactants under acidic and neutral conditions. Additionally, those compounds were found to form a water‐soluble complex with ferric ion at pH 2, and these complexes also showed surface active properties.
Fat emulsions. Effect of polyoxyethylene and alkyl content of emulsifiers on stability to sterilization
Authors: Singleton W. S. , White J. L. , Benerito Ruth R. , Talluto Katherine F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWhen a given system of emulsifiers of known compositions and molecular weights was employed, it was found that in order for fat emulsions of 15% oil content to be stable to the heat required for sterilization, the emulsifiers must meet definite requirements. Minimum weight percentage of total lipophilic groups should be 0.29%; minimum weight percentage of total hydrophilic groups should be 0.57%; the polyoxyethylene groups of emulsifiers containing such groups should account for at least 70% of the mole weight of these emulsifiers; the lipophilic/hydrophilic ratio should be about 0.5. The minimum content of lipophilic and hydrophilic groups was found to be an additive total of these groups as provided by the complete emulsifying system whether composed of individual or multiple emulsifying agents and whether of similar or dissimilar functional groups.With the emulsifiers used, an acyl group greater in length than 12 carbon atoms was found to be necessary to prepare cottonseed oil emulsions which were stable to heat.Resistance of emulsions to breakage by mechanical shock was imparted by a rather large amount of lipophilic groups, so that the lipophilic/hydrophilic ratio was 1 or over.
Cyclization of linolenic acid by alkali isomerization
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethyl linolenate was isomerized by heating in an alkaline ethylene glycol solution for 7 hrs. at 200°. Methyl esters of the isomerized acids were treated with urea in methanol, and the nonurea‐adduct‐forming fraction was distilled. The isomerized esters consisted of 81.8% of nonurea‐adduct‐forming monomeric distillate (NAM), 13.7% nonurea‐adduct‐forming polymeric nondistillable material, and 4.5% of urea adduct‐formerThe NAM has a maximum absorption in the ultraviolet region at 238 mμ. Ultraviolet absorption extends into the region associated with triene conjugation, but the characteristic structure of triene absorption is absent. Infrared absorption bands in the 10 μ region ordinarily found withtrans,trans orcis,trans are absent. The NAM is shown to contain a cyclic monomer by treatment with N‐bromosuc‐cinimide, followed by dehydrobromination with dimethylaniline. The resultant product was oxidized to phthalic acid with permanganate.The NAM was separated both by countercurrent distribution and by gas chromatography into fractions having different ultraviolet absorption spectra. However complete fractionation of the mixture into its pure components has not yet been achieved.
A simplified technique for analysis by alkali isomerization
Authors: White Harold B. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPotassium tertiary butoxide (1.1 M, 15.5%) in t‐butanol readily isomerized linoleic and linolenic acids at 60°C. The absorptivity value for linoleic acid during isomerization rose rapidly, then slowly reached a maximum (88.5) after three days. Maximum absorptivity values for linolenic acid at both 233 mμ (68.5) and at 268 mμ (65.0) were attained at 12 hrs.; thereafter absorptivity at both wavelengths decreased with time.Glycerol also reacted with potassium‐t‐butoxide under the experimental conditions to produce an absorption maximum at 267 mμ; however this absorbance was easily destroyed by treatment with hydrochloric acid.A simple procedure has been described for isomerization with the alkoxide in a reagent bottle at 60° for 20 hrs. Analyses for linoleic and linolenic acids in five seed oils isomerized by the “bottle method” agreed well with results obtained by the A.O.C.S. KOH‐glycol method.
Checklist of British Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous And Allied Fungi
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , James P. W. , Coppins B. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi occuring in the British Isles (including Ireland) is presented. The total number of species accepted is 1701, distributed through 294 genera. Of these species 1471 are lichen-forming, 183 lichenicolous, and 47 allied fungi. In addition to incorporating the results of investigations published since the last checklishts, the list embodies a great deal of original work by the authors and their collaborators; as a result a considerable number of changes in nomenclature are made here for the first time, including one new genus (Herteliana) and 56 new combinations. Names utilized in previous checklists are cross-referenced and relevant papers cited under generic heads.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi II. The Rhizocarpon-Type
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAscus structure of eight yellow, two white and two brown Rhizocarpon species has been investigated by light microscopy. Ultrastructure and function in R. atroflavescens subsp. pulverulentum and R. montagnei were studied in TEM.The Rhizocarpon-type ascus clearly differs from all other ascus types observed in the Lecanorales. It is bitunicate, opening with a slight ‘Jack-in-the-box’-mechanism. Its structure and function are related to patellariacean ascus types, but unlike those the ascus wall cytochemistry shows a certain similarity with Lecanora- and Peltigera-type asci. Rhizocarpon-type asci are embedded in a strongly amyloid hymenial gelatine. The nonamyloid ascus wall is surrounded by the strongly amyloid outer layer. The slightly amyloid expansible inner layer (= endoascus) is apically thickened; it shows the banded and pleated ‘accordion-structure’ characteristic of bitunicate asci. Prior to dehiscence, the ascus wall and its outer layer burst. Thereafter the pleatings of the expansible inner layer are stretched, forming the rather short beak which reaches the hymenial surface. During expansion gliding occurs between the expansible inner layer and an outer part of the endoascus, here described as the ‘inner layer’. In a few sections of aldehyde- fixed material of R. atroflavescens a small laminated plug was observed in the apex of the endoascus.Rhizocarpon-lype asci are considered to be the most archaic in the Lecanorales. This supports a hypothesis that Rhizocarpon is a phylogenetically basal group, linking the evolved Lecanorineae, and possibly also the Peltigerineae and Teloschistineae with not yet recognized bitunicate ancestral forms similar to those occurring in the Patellariaceae.
On Bryoria Chalybeiformis and Some Related Species
Authors: Krog Hildur 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBryoria chalybeiformis, as commonly interpreted, is an almost exclusively saxicolous or terricolous species with a largely arctic-alpine distribution; it produces small amounts of fumarprotocetraric acid in the soralia. The terricolous form of B. fuscescens var. positiva, distributed from sea level to the high mountains, is distinguished by the production of abundant fumarprotocetraric acid accompanied by protocetraric acid. B. intricans appears to be closely related to B. chalybeiformis and may possibly represent an environmentally induced morphotype of it. Attention is drawn to nomenclatural problems connected with B. chalybeiformis.
Epiphytic Macrolichens of the Algarve, Portugal
Authors: Jones M. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe macrolichen flora on trees in the Algarve is described on the basis of an examination of 105 main sites in the period 1970–76. 103 lichens are reported from the 43 phorophyte species studied, and discussions of the ecology and distributional patterns provided.
A Corticolous Species of Gyalectidium from Costa Rica
Authors: Henssen Aino 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGyalectidium corticola sp. nov. is described from Costa Rica. It is the first corticolous lichen to be formally described in this primarily foliicolous genus. The structure of the ascocarps and their pattern of development is similar to the type species of the genus but it also shows some resemblance to other genera in the Asterothyriaceae in different features. Of particular note is the production of conidia within the massive muriform ascospores.
Quantitative Distribution of Lichen Products in Australian Scyphose Cladonia Species
Authors: Archer A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe quantitative distribution of five lichen acids, including fumarprotocetraric acid, in seven specimens of Australian scyphose Cladonia species was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, using butylated hydroxy-toluene as internal standard. The highest concentrations of lichen acids were found in the scyphi and it is suggested that this localized distribution of lichen acids is due to repeated upward capillary flow, of saturated solutions of the acids, in the podetia followed by evaporation in the upper parts of the podetia.
The Growth of Lichens With Special Reference to the Modelling of Circular Thalli
Authors: Hill D.J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLichen growth is reviewed in the context of the anatomy of the growth region, thallus morphology of crustose and foliose lichens, photosynthesis, mathematical models and their application. The Aplin & Hill model is suggested as a basis for more detailed investigation of integrated processes of growth including not only the size increase but also the general structure of the thallus and the processes which limit growth.
The Upper Cortex of Parmelia Saxatilis and other Lichen Thalli
Authors: Anglesea D. , Veltkamp C. , Greenhalgh G. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method, including treatment with an enzyme/detergent mixture, of revealing features of the cortical hyphal arrangement in lichen thalli is described. The cortex structure of Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoria parietina, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora muralis is illustrated and described.
Lichens from Changbai Shan—Some Additions to the Lichen Flora of North-East China
Authors: Hertel H. , Zhao C.-F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwenty-five mainly crustose and saxicolous lichens are reported from the subalpine and alpine belts of Mt Changbai (n.-e. China, near the Korean border). All are new records to the lichen flora of the north-eastern provinces of China, 12 of them to the flora of all China, and four to the flora of all Asia. There is some floristic similarity to some other areas with cool humid climates in the Northern Hemisphere, e.g. Iceland.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi III. The Pertusaria-Type
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOn the basis of light microscopic (LM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigations the Pertusaria-type of ascus is described as a particular functional type. The functionally unitunicate Pertusaria-type is characterized by its structure, staining properties, and by its particular mode of dehiscence. Tripartite ascus walls were observed in LM and TEM. The non-amyloid ascus wall is surrounded by a thin, amyloid outer layer. Both become amorphous at maturity and partly disintegrate. An apically thickened, amyloid inner layer reaches the base of the ascus. In its fine structure this amyloid inner layer resembles the material of the amyloid dome of Lecanora-type asci. It plays an important role during dehiscence and spore discharge. An elongation process was observed prior to dehiscence, at the end of which the ascus tip is situated above the hymenial surface. Dehiscence occurs by bursting or splitting of the whole ascus tip. The Pertusaria-type might represent a side-branch of evolution from bitunicate to unitunicate forms within the Lecanorales.Pertusaria-type asci are restricted to a small number of genera within the Pertusariaceae. A considerable heterogeneity in ascus structure and staining properties was observed within the Pertusariineae sensu Henssen & Jahns (1973) and Henssen (1976).