bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saying NO in English: A Sociolinguistic Lesson on Refusals
Authors: Kana Marit 
Published: March 2007

This paper is a first step toward a sociolinguistically based language course. It consists of a lesson on English refusals of invitations and requests. Designed primarily for speakers of Bahasa Indonesia, it could easily be adapted for speakers of other languages. Part One is an outline of the hypothetical course of which this lesson would be a part. The lesson itself makes up Part Two. The course would be designed for advanced students of English who have attained a 2 or 2+ rating on the U.S. Foreign Service Institute rating scale. The teacher should be a native English speaker with some knowledge of linguistics and the Indonesian language and culture. Each lesson in the syllabus would centre on a particular sociolinguistic skill, such as refusals, naming and addressing people, body language, silence, speaking to strangers, etc. The lesson on refusals is built around a taped dialogue, which is listened to, discussed, memorized and practiced. Atten tion is focused on both the content and the style of refusals. Once the dialogue has been mastered, the students are required to alter a few of the refusal components in prescribed ways, then to construct refusals from a given detailed situation and, finally, they produce their own refusals in real-life situations.
Competence and Confidence: Reducing the Gap for Adult Learners
Authors: Sloper D.W. 
Published: March 2007

There is a gap between competence possessed by students of a second language and their confidence in use of the spoken language. This paper analyses dimensions of this competence/confidence gap in the context of a training course for Indonesian English Language instructors. A number of alternative methods for developing language and particularly conversational skills are reviewed. An evaluation of their usefulness to the Indonesian language instructors is analysed, the general results being: that there is a positive correlation between Usefulness of Method and Likely Use for exclusively verbal alternative methods of teaching; and that there is a negative correlation between Usefulness of Method and Likely Use for methods which require materials preparation. The appropriateness of teaching and learning aids is thus placed into sharp focus. A general model relating competence, confidence and teaching/learning aids is proposed as a basis for further action research.
Attitudes and Motivation Towards English: A Survey of Japanese Freshmen
Authors: Benson Malcolm J. 
Published: March 2007

Over 300 freshmen in a Japanese university were surveyed to assess their attitudes towards English. In addition to a background profile addressing the student's amount of informal exposure to English, the survey asked for a self-assessment of English skills, the motivation for studying English, and the functions for which English was felt to be most useful. The results showed students who have had little exposure to English, and whose self-rating of their own skills showed extremely low morale. Surprisingly, integrative and personal reasons for learn ing English were preferred over instrumental ones. English was seen as being useful for a selection of modern functions, but not useful for domestic and local ones. Such findings pose problems concerning the role of English language teaching at university level in Japan. It remains unclear what precise combination of regulatory control, cur riculum, methods, faculty, and texts would best achieve higher levels of motivation and achievement.
Student Perceptions, Problems and Strategies in Second Language Lecture Comprehension
Authors: Flowerdew John , Miller Lindsay 
Published: March 2007

This paper adopts an ethnographic approach to the study of second language lecture comprehension. It studies a group of 30 1st year Hong Kong Chinese students listening to lectures in a B.A. TESL methods course. Data was collected regarding the lecture comprehension experience of these students by means of questionnaires, diary studies, classroom observation, and in-depth interviews. The analysis of this data focuses on students' perceptions of the lecture experience (attitude, self-rating of comprehension level, what students look for in a lecture, etc.), their problems (speed of delivery, terminology and concepts, concentration, etc.) and the strategies they use to try to overcome these problems (pre- and post-lecture reading, peer or lecturer help, attempts to concentrate harder, note-taking, etc.). As well as providing important information for the program in ques tion, the results of this study, it is claimed, have wider implications for both lecturers to non-natives and ESL specialists preparing students to study through the medium of English.
Problems of Thematisation in Student Writing
Authors: Hawes Thomas , Thomas Sarah 
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine thematisation in student writing. Taking as our corpus one hundred essays by Malaysian students ranging from lower intermediate to advanced level, we research the proportions of the various Theme types employed, as well as thematic progression strategies. We compare the use of these in student writing with that in the British newspapers The Sun and The Times, which, we hypothesise, exhibit many characteristics of Bernstein's Restricted and Elaborated Codes, respectively, and can be considered two distinct standard sub- genres. Furthermore, we analyse student thematisation in terms of rhetorical purpose. Varying the complexity of thematic structure, for instance, can produce minimalistic, informal text or an academic formal style. The relative proportions of Constant and Derived Progression may bring the text closer to hortatory or to analytical exposition, respectively. Using more or less Discourse Participant Themes can create an impression of outspokenness or impartiality and Marked Themes may be a measure of evaluative content in general. Lastly, we consider problem areas in student thematisation, comparing these among the different levels, and draw pedagogical implications from the study.
Problèmes méthodologiques d'une recherche sur la signification de la messe
Authors: Traullé Claude 
Published: March 2007

Sociographical research has concentrated for a long time on Sunday Mass attendance. Without decrying the value to religious sociology of these many enquiries, one cannot but agree that qualitative research would be of great interest. The Center for Socio-Religious Studies, Lille, therefore set out in 1962 to study the problem of the significance of the Mass. The aim is to enquire into the different degrees possible in participation in the Mass, the meaning attributed to it by the faithful, and the motives which induce them to practise The author sums up the experience of two years of groping, of trials and set-backs, due mainly to methodological difficulties.
Une typologie de I'intégration à I'église
Authors: Dobbelaere K. 
Published: March 2007

The idea of integration is related to two different levels - cultural and structural. On the cultural level one can distinguish two further forms of integration - normative and cultural. Normative integration, which is studied in this article, is concerned with the relationship between the norms of a group and the manner in which its members behave. Thus, on the basis of a comparison between the norms of the Church and the conduct of the Catholics who were studied, one can work out categories of members related to the degree of normative integration in the Church, i.e. to a different level of catholicity. These categories are divided according to the existing degree of conformity to or deviance from the norms of the Church. Before measuring normative integration, however, it is necessary to choose norms which are characteristic of the social system being studied (in this case the Church) and then to observe to what extent these norms determine the behaviour of members. The greater the conformity the more the member is integrated and, in our case, the higher the level of his catholicity. In this study account has been taken of the greatest possible number of norms derived from three levels of catholicity: faith, practice - at the sacramental and cultual level - and ethic. The typology has been estab lished on this basis. In the technical application of his typology the author has studied, in the first place, commitment to the truths of faith and participation at the sacramental and cultual level; following this he has analysed the extent to which the degree of 'participation' may correspond to a pro visional synthesis, i.e. a classification of a cross-section of the population according to the criteria used. This provisional synthesis is then taken in relation to the responses given to ethical problems and a basis is thus provided for a final elaboration of the typology. In this way the latter is given greater depth and solidity - internally and externally - than other typologies constructed on a much smaller basis. At the same time this analysis falls within the three lines of research which G. Le Bras attributed to the sociology of religion in his recent works; and the author has brought together recent trends in American sociology - the study of religious 'orientation' as a multi-dimensional variable.
Les religions nouvelles au Japon
Authors: Murakami Shigeyoshi 
Published: March 2007

The present article looks into the multiplication of the new religions in Japanese society. After having shown how these religions were first repressed and kept at the margin in Imperial Japan, the Author sets out to retrace the history of their appearance. The background of this history is furnished by Japan's economic and political evolution. Indeed the formation of these new religions appears as a reflect of the contradictions of capitalist Japanese society, a society in which they respond to an expectation and fill in a void left by the traditional religions. The development of this religious movement is dominated essentially by three moments : the end of the first world war, the rise of fascism and militarism between the two wars, and finally the American occupation after defeat. The majority of the new religions find their members among the middle classes of the population, among those who are the first to suffer the effects of capitalist accumulation. The Sōka Gakkai, in particular, has become a political movement professing nationalist and conservative ideas. The common feature of these religions is their hope in a future world which they anticipate by valuing the goods of this world and by offering miraculous healings. Their doctrines are often syncretic and are nor mally expressed in simple, concrete and very accessible language which has a hold on the masses. Those adhering to these doctrines find in them material advantages as well as a solution to their psycho-social problems. The Author concludes on the ambiguity of this movement, at one and the same time progressive by its history — which is a struggle against the established religions — and conservative by its ideology.
Organizational Aspects of a Jesus Movement Community
Authors: Simmonds Robert B. , Richardson James T. , Harder Mary W. 
Published: March 2007

Cet article présente une discussion approfondie des problèmes de structuration et d'organisation du « Mouvement de Jésus », que les auteurs étudient depuis quatre ans. Ce groupe religieux possède une ferme de cent acres avec élevage de chèvres et de porcs, des cultures de fruits et de légumes. Il commercialise du bois de chauffage et réalise de nombreuses autres activités. Il possède des moyens de transport nombreux parmi lesquels on compte un avion et deux bâteaux de pêche. Ce groupe s'organise sur le mode de la commune et défend une interprétation littérale de la Bible. Quoique la plupart des membres ont participé à la contre-culture (drogue, alcool, relations sexuelles pré-nuptiales), leur participation au groupe semble avoir contribué à changer leur vie à cet égard. Ils ont aussi abandonné tout intérêt pour la vie politique, à l'égard de laquelle ils avaient eu antérieurement des engagements radicaux. Le groupe existe depuis 1968. Il vit d'une certaine manière isolé de la société globale. Il y a dans le groupe une structure de pouvoir bien définie. La femme y garde un rôle traditionnel.
Introduction au Mouïsme
Authors: Suk-Jay Yim , Guillemoz A. 
Published: March 2007

Mouism, a popular Korean religion, was spread all over Korea for a very long period and was transmitted from one generation to another by the moudangfamilies. Ever since the arrival of Buddhism in the country until recently, the upper classes despised the moudang, who underwent continual per secution. The other social groups attempted to bring about the extinction of their group, and they were relegated to one of the lowest classes of the Korean society (neither civil rights, nor education, nor any form of power). The moudang families persevere nevertheless in maintaining their traditions. The rapid changes in the Korean society (introduction of democratic thought and abolition of the Confucian class sys tem) have given much importance to the influence of purely economic factors. As a consequence of these changes, the moudang are presently abandoning their former practices and taking up new jobs. Today the new generations are thought less and less about this traditional religious thought.
Empirical Buddhism : A Novel Aspect of Sinhalese Buddhism Made Explicit
Authors: Kalansuriya A.D.P. 
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article revient sur le problème du bouddhis me singhalais tel qu'il a été abordé par P.A.S. SARAM dans le n° 1976/4 de Social Compass. Il remarque que les socio logues qui traitent du bouddhisme singhalais se réfèrent large ment à certaines formes de bouddhisme dont la définition demeure soit inexistante, soit très vague. Ces sociologues ne tiennent pas compte du « bouddhisme empirique », développe ment nouveau au sein du bouddhisme singhalais. Sans avoir compris quelle est la nature de cette tendance nouvelle, il est impossible d'élaborer un cadre conceptuel alternatif pour une analyse du bouddhisme et de la société à Sri Lanka. Le bouddhisme singhalais contemporain est une « religion en de venir », alors que le bouddhisme ancien (le dhamma) est le formalisme éthique tel qu'il a été formulé par le Bouddha. Mais on peut se demander pourquoi les sociologues, dans ce domaine, tentent d'établir une comparaison et une distinction entre le « bouddhisme ancien » et le « bouddhisme singhalais ». Il faudrait à cet égard clarifier et expliciter la logique inhérente au formalisme éthique bouddhiste. Enfin, il faut remarquer que l'on ne peut pas ajuster un formalisme sans changer en toute logique sa structure con ceptuelle. De même, on ne peut pas étendre la portée du dhamma (formalisme) à d'autres phénomènes sans changer sa structure fondamentale. C'est pourquoi l'affirmation de Saram est inexacte. Conceptuellement, le dhamma n'a qu'un seul but : la libération devant l'angoisse.
Aestheticism and Morality
Authors: KATEB GEORGE 
Published: March 2007

It is only through the duality of the `masculine' and the `feminine' that the `human' finds full realization. Pope John Paul II See the power of national emblems. Some stars, lilies, leopards, a crescent, a lion, an eagle, or other figure, which came into credit, God knows how, on an old rag of bunting, blowing in the wind, on a fort, at the ends of the earth, shall make the blood tingle under the rudest or the most conventional exterior. The people fancy they hate poetry, and they are all poets and mystics! Ralph Waldo Emerson
Pocock Foucault, Forces of Reassurance
Authors: CORLETT WILLIAM S. 
Published: March 2007

One cannot step twice into the same river, nor can one grasp any mortal substance in a stable condition, but it scatters and again gathers; it forms and dissolves, and approaches and departs—Heraclitus. Play is always play of absence and presence, but if one wishes to think it radically, one must think it before the alternative of presence and absence; it is necessary to think of Being as presence or absence from the possibility of play on, and not the other way around—Derrida.
Bullying in School
Authors: Lane David A. 
Published: March 2007

Research into bullying owes a substantial debt to the work of several Scandinavian pioneers, most notably Heinemann (1973), Olweus (1974), Pikas (1976, 1989), Roland (1983, 1988) and Roland and Munthe (1989). They have given us theoretical perspectives and models of working which have been only slowly influencing UK practitioners. Tattum (1988) has made the point that, in contrast, in the UK bullying has received scant attention from national and local authorities or from the teachers' unions. Schools have given it a low priority compared with disruptive behaviour and truancy. In the UK research into the problem has lagged far behind the lead offered by Pikas and others. There have been some attempts to place it on the national agenda (Orton, 1982) but UK efforts have been patchy. In spite of the debt, the Scandinavian research has left us with certain difficulties. These include both the theoretical models and the contrast in emphasis on work with victims and bullies rather than on the school as a whole. This paper considers both of these issues but concentrates on the broader perspective to intervention which has characterized the UK position and which is increasingly influencing work in Scandinavia.
More Feminists or More Women?
Authors: Tremblay Manon , Pelletier Réjean 
Published: March 2007

The debate about the underrepresentation of women in politics rests on two conceptions of political representation, namely the descriptive and the substantive. The descriptive perspective is that political institutions should reflect the composition of civil society, while the substantive (or feminist) conception argues that, since women offer unique perspectives, their exclusion from political power means that their needs, demands, and interests would currently not be echoed in the political arena. However, a causal link is sometimes too easily established between the number of women elected and its consequences for the female population in general. This article defines, within the context of Canadian parliamentarianism, the scope and limits of this equation between descriptive and substantive representation of women. The conclusion reached is that feminist consciousness has a more significant influence than gender on opinions regarding liberal and gender-related issues. It appears the best feminist strategy to descriptively and substantively represent women is to promote women within political parties, and to elect women who are feminists. The names of the Canadian political parties appear in abbreviated form: Bloc Québécois (BQ), Conservative Party of Canada (CPC), Liberal Party of Canada (LPC), New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP), and Reform Party (RP).
Sport, Heroes and Myth
Authors: Crepeau Richard C. 
Published: March 2007

A myth is a symbolic structure which expresses moral and aesthetic values; it is the realm through which ultimate reality is mediated to man. Ernst Cassirer notes that one of the central qualities of a myth is its social nature, and social myth since the Greeks has been a mixing of the mythic with scientific analysis. Sport as a conveyor of social myth functions both as teacher and interpreter of social reality, and is often found embodied in the "Heroes of Sport." The hero will embody some attributes of the myth and will affirm the myth by illustrating its reality. The hero shows us what we ought to be, and we make him a hero because we wish to be what he is. John W. Ward, in Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age, identified the three themes of the American myth as Nature, Will and Providence. The heroes of sport often express one or more of these themes.
A Case Study of a Pianist Preparing a Musical Performance
Authors: Miklaszewski Kacper 
Published: March 2007

A volunteer piano student video recorded the first stage of his work on Debussy's Prelude Feux d'Artifice and then commented upon the initial 69 minutes of his practising on synchronised audio tape. The distribution of musical material, performer's behaviour, and reported goals of activity in time were subsequently analysed. The following features were found to characterise the work in this case study: independence of the fragments into which the composition was divided during elaboration; a negative relationship between the difficulty of fragments and the span of material divisions; systematic lengthening of fragments taken for elaboration through sessions; and an internal structure of trial-and-error work similar to TOT(E). The subject's utterances indicated stability of his general objectives (to build up an internal representation of the music and to acquire the basic skill to perform it without interruptions) and flexibility of short-term goals related to the diagnosis of actual ability to perform particular fragments.
The Energy War on the American West
Authors: Nafziger Rich , Wustner Mike 
Published: March 2007

In many developed countries uranium reserves are found either on, or adjacent to, native lands. Exploitation of these resources invariably is accompanied by exploitation of native peoples. The United States is no exception to this rule, afact that is frequently ignored. Thus it is fitting that this collection begin with two contributions on how nuclear development in the western U.S. has harmed the health, environment, cultures, and economies of American Indians. In "The Energy War of the American West", Rich Nafziger and Mike Wustner interview four women (three are American Indians) who have been affected by and have fought against coal and uranium development near their homes.
Nuclear Power in the Philippines: The Plague that Poisons Morong!
Authors: Bello Walden , Harris John , Zarsky Lyuba 
Published: March 2007

In 1977 construction began on the first nuclear reactor in the Phillipines, part of an ambitious development program initiated by the Marcos dictatorship. As well as aiding the growth of industry, this program was to bring electricity to the urban and rural poor. Walden Bello, John Harris, and Lyuba Zarsky show convincingly that this "trickle-down" effect has not occurred, nor will it occur under existing social conditions, where much of the electricity produced supports export-led industrialization and personal consumption by a local elite. Yet electrification has helped legitimate the Marcos regime, it has forged an alliance with technocrats and bureaucrats, and has helped to fight counterinsurgency. Why did Marcos choose nuclear power, rather than fossil fuels? The authors argue that the main determinant was U. S. influence, though other factors entered, such as enhancing the regimes prestige by.achieving "modernity. " Yet the Westinghouse reactor has been a thorn in Marcos' side. Plagued with exposures of corruption and financial waste and the discovery that it is built on active earthquake faults, it has become a unifying symbol for opposition to the regime.
Material Characterization by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Delcourt-Bon C.R. , Stenne E. 
Published: March 2007

A Newton-Raphson method combined with a weighted least square technique using experimental data (measured displacements) is developed in order to determine the stiffness coefficients of elastic composite materials. A finite element static analysis of the structure is performed using approximate stiffness coefficients. The exact coefficients are determined by successive iterations by comparing some of the computed displacements to measured displacements. Preliminary tests indicate that this technique is useful for predicting the appropriate experimental conditions. Secondly, the procedure converges rapidly, even for very poor starting ap proximations of the stiffness coefficients, provided the loading conditions are favorable. Finally, the technique reveals to be sensitive to measurement errors despite the use of a weighting factor in the least square technique.