bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trematode Cataract in Fresh Water Fish*
Authors: Ashton N. , Brown N. , Easty D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The occurrence of cataract in fresh‐water fish has recently been the cause for increasing concern amongst anglers who have been catching a steadily falling number of fish in several regions. It has been known for over 100 years that certain fish may become infested with a trematode (or fluke) which has a remarkable predilection for the lens. The life cycle begins in the intestine of the seagull where the adult trematode produces ova which are excreted on to the waters of reservoirs and lakes. The ova hatch out into miracidia which in turn invade water snails to form a sporocystic stage. Cercariae emerge from the snail and swim free to burrow into the body of a fish and find their way to the crystalline lens. The cycle is completed by the consumption of the fish by the gull in which the adult trematode once more develops. The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate the histological changes produced in the lens by the trematode.Résumé— —L'augmentation de l'incidence de la cataracte du Poisson d'eau douce a été récemment la cause de l'inquiétude croissante des pécheurs qui prennent une quantité sans cesse diminuée de Poisson dam différentes régions. Il est connu depuis plus de cent ans que certains poissons peuvent être infectés par les trématodes (ou douves) qui se logent avec une nette prédilection dans le cristallin. Le biocycle débute dam l'intestin de la mouette ou le trématode adulte pond des oeufs qui sont excrétés dans les eau des réservoirs et des lacs. Les oeufs donnent naissance am miracidies qui à leur tour envahissent les escargots d'eau et s'y transforment en sporocystes. La cercaire se libère de l'escargot et nage librement pour se loger dans le corps d'un Poisson et se frayer un chemim jusqu'au cristallin. Le cycle est achevé par l'ingestion du Poisson par la mouette chez laquelle le trématode adulte continue à se développer. Le but de cet article est de décrire les lésions histologiques du cristallin produites par le trématode.Zusammenfassung— —Das Auftreten von Katarakten bei Süsswasserfischen gab vor kurzem Anlass für steigende Besorgnis unter Anglern, die in mehreren Gebieten nur eine ständig abnehmende Zahl von Fischen fingen. Es ist seit über 100 Jahren bekannt, dass bestimmte Fische von Trematoden (Saugwürmer) befallen werden können, die eine merkliche Bevorzugung der Augenlinse zeigen. Der Lebenszyklus beginnt im Darm der Seemöwe, wo die envachsenen Trematoden Eier legen, die auf Wasserflächen von Staubecken und Seen ausgeschieden werden. Aus den Eiern gehen Mirazidien hervor, die ihrerseits Wasserschnecken befallen und dort ein sporozystisches Stadium bilden. Aus den Schnecken gehen dann Zerkarien hervor, die frei umherschwimmen und nach dem Eindringen in den Körper eines Fisches den Weg in die Augenlinse finden. Der Zyklus wird dadurch gesch‐lossen, dass die Möwe den Fisch frisst und dass sich in dem Vogel abermals die erwachsenen Trematoden entwickeln. Der Zweck dieser Mitteilung besteht in der Beschreibung der histologischen Veranderungen, die von den Trematoden in der Linse hervorgerufen werden.
Effect of Fluid Treatment on the Changes in Lactate‐Pyruvate Metabolism caused by Limb Tissue Damage in Dogs
Authors: Paatsama S. , Kataja J. , Lahdensuu M. , Rokkanen P. , Sittnikow K. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The effect of combined fluid treatment (dextran, bicarbonate, physiological sodiumchloride and aminoacid‐glucose solutions) on the lactate‐pyruvate metabolism was studied in seven dogs. Tissue damage including fractures of the femur and tibia with soft tissue injuries were produced. The common iliac veins and the abdominal aorta were cannulated. Blood samples were drawn through each catheter prior to trauma in order to obtain basal values and at 1/2, 1, 3, 12 and 24 hours after trauma. The following parameters were determined; pH, standard bicarbonate, PCO2, base excess, paO2, lactate, pyruvate, haemoglobin and haematocrit. A favourable effect of fluid treatment on the lactate‐pyruvate ratio and the blood gas values was observed.Résumé— On a étudié sur 7 chiens I'effet du traitement par un ensemble de solutés (dextran, bicarbonate, chlorure de sodium physiologique, solutions d'amino‐acide et de glucose) sur le méta‐bolisme lactate pyruvate. Des léions tissulaires comprenant des fractures du fémur et du tibia avec atteinte des tissus mous ont été produites. La veines iliaques communes et l'aorte abdominale ont été catheterisées. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés au niveau de chaque cathetère avant le traumatisme afin d'obtenir des valeurs de base et à 1/2, 1, 3, 12 et 24 heures après le traumatisme. On a determiné les paramètres suivants; pH, concentration en bicarbonate, pCO2, réerve alcalinc pO2, lactate pyruvate, hémoglobine et hématocrite. II a été observé une action favorable du traite‐ment par un ensemble de solutés sur le rapport lactate pyruvate et sur les valeurs des gaz sanguins.Zusammenfassung— Der Einffuss einer kombinierten Flüssigkeitsbehandlung (Dextran, Bicarb‐onat, physiologische Kochsalzlösung und Aminosäure‐Glucose‐Lösung) ad den Lactat‐Pyxuvat‐Stoffwechsel wurde an sieben Hunden untersucht. Gewebeschädigungen einschliesslich Femur‐und Tibiafrakturen mit Weichteilverletzungen wurden erzeugt. In die Vena iliaca communis und die Aorta abdominalis wurden KanuIen eingefuhrt. Vor dem Trauma wurden Blutproben durch jedes Katheter entnommen, um Ausgangswerte und Werte 1/2, I, 3, 12 und 24 Stunden nach dem Trauma zu erhalten. Es wurden die folgenden Werte bestimmt; pH, Standardbicarbonat, pCO2, Basenüberschuss, pO2 Lactat‐Pyruvat, Hämoglobin und Hämatokrit. Ein günstiger Einfluss der Flüssigkeitsbehandlung auf das Lactat‐Pyruvat‐Verhältnis und die Blutgaswerte wurde beo‐bachtet.
Constructing and testing the thermodynamic limits of synthetic NAD(P)H:H2 pathways
Authors: Veit Andrea , Akhtar M. Kalim , Mizutani Taeko , Jones Patrik R. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryNAD(P)H:H2 pathways are theoretically predicted to reach equilibrium at very low partial headspace H2 pressure. An evaluation of the directionality of such near‐equilibrium pathways in vivo, using a defined experimental system, is therefore important in order to determine its potential for application. Many anaerobic microorganisms have evolved NAD(P)H:H2 pathways; however, they are either not genetically tractable, and/or contain multiple H2 synthesis/consumption pathways linked with other more thermodynamically favourable substrates, such as pyruvate. We therefore constructed a synthetic ferredoxin‐dependent NAD(P)H:H2 pathway model system in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and experimentally evaluated the thermodynamic limitations of nucleotide pyridine‐dependent H2 synthesis under closed batch conditions. NADPH‐dependent H2 accumulation was observed with a maximum partial H2 pressure equivalent to a biochemically effective intracellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio of 13:1. The molar yield of the NADPH:H2 pathway was restricted by thermodynamic limitations as it was strongly dependent on the headspace : liquid ratio of the culture vessels. When the substrate specificity was extended to NADH, only the reverse pathway directionality, H2 consumption, was observed above a partial H2 pressure of 40 Pa. Substitution of NADH with NADPH or other intermediates, as the main electron acceptor/donor of glucose catabolism and precursor of H2, is more likely to be applicable for H2 production.
Girls’ Violence: Beyond Dangerous Masculinity
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Chesney‐Lind Meda 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this article, we review criminological perspectives of girls’ violence. To do this, we first look at the 20th‐century tendency to view violent girls as being the same as violent boys or as taking up dangerous types of masculinity. Second, we consider the contemporary ways that researchers have tried to move beyond male‐centered and masculinized explanations of female violence. Noting potential problems with current perspectives, we argue that researchers need to address the contexts surrounding female offending, which includes understanding the effects and nature of gender, race, and class inequalities and how they (singly and in combination) predict popular representations and treatment of violent girls. We conclude by cautioning contemporary researchers to avoid returning to androcentric perspectives of girls’ physical aggression. Not only are such perspectives logically problematic, they are also consequential. In particular, they have facilitated the masculinization and punishment of poor or working‐class girls of color who are filling US detention centers and juvenile prisons in ever increasing numbers.
A microsatellite DNA toolkit for studying population structure in Apis mellifera
Authors: SHAIBI T , LATTORFF HMG , MORITZ RFA 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present a set of 18 microsatellite DNA markers that can be run in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions as standard tool for assessing molecular ecological problems in honeybees (Apis mellifera). In addition to a set of six unlinked loci testing for classical population genetic parameters, we present three sets of four tightly linked loci, each located on three different chromosomes. These linked markers are useful for determining the number of colonies in a population as well as the parentage of drones and workers. Moreover, the tool kit can test for various modes of natural selection in honeybee populations.
Spatial analysis method (sam): a software tool combining molecular and environmental data to identify candidate loci for selection
Authors: JOOST STÉPHANE , KALBERMATTEN MICHAEL , BONIN AURÉLIE 
Published: May 2008

Abstract sam is a Windows program designed to detect candidate loci for selection in whole‐genome scans. It also gives valuable clues as regards the ecological factors at stake in the selection process. The method used is based on multiple univariate logistic regression models to test for association between allelic frequencies at marker loci and environmental variables. The software reads matrices constituted of presence/absence of molecular markers, and of the corresponding environmental parameters at sampling locations. It provides dynamic analysis tables to process the results. The tool is freely available for download at http://www.econogene.eu/software/sam/.
Spatial scale and the conservation of threatened species
Authors: Boyd Charlotte , Brooks Thomas M. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Edgar Graham J. , Da Fonseca Gustavo A. B. , Hawkins Frank , Hoffmann Michael , Sechrest Wes , Stuart Simon N. , Van Dijk Peter Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe spatial scale of conservation necessary to avoid species extinctions is one of the most vigorous debates in conservation biology. One approach holds that protecting sites should be the primary level for action on the ground, the other that conservation action targeting broader seascapes and landscapes is more important. We address this debate systematically by assessing the appropriate spatial scales of conservation for all 4,239 threatened mammals, birds, tortoises and turtles, and amphibians. We find that, in the short‐ to medium term, 20% of these species are dependent on conservation at single sites, 62% on multiple sites, 18% on both sites and sea‐ or landscape‐scale efforts, and <1% on broad‐scale actions alone (where sites are variably sized units that are actually or could potentially be managed for conservation, and “broad scale” refers to sea‐ or landscape‐scale and is determined by the needs of the species in question). Calls for broad‐scale conservation action have generally focused on terrestrial birds and mammals, and we confirm that a fifth and a tenth of these, respectively, require conservation action at the landscape scale. However, we also find that two‐fifths of threatened freshwater turtles and one‐fifth of threatened amphibians depend on broad‐scale conservation action to address changes in freshwater processes. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of threatened marine mammals, birds, and turtles require urgent conservation action at the seascape scale. Our key conclusion is that neither site‐scale nor broad‐scale approaches alone can prevent mass extinction. Although site protection should remain the cornerstone for almost all threatened species, we demonstrate that a substantial proportion and unexpected diversity of threatened species will be lost in the absence of urgent conservation interventions at the sea‐ or landscape scale.
Effect of selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor meloxicam on liver fibrosis in rats with ligated common bile ducts
Authors: Kim Seong Min , Park Ki Chung , Kim Ho Guen , Han Seok Joo 
Published: May 2008

Aim:  Cholestasis triggers fibrogenesis in the liver. Hepatic cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression increases in various chronic liver diseases caused either by viruses or toxins. We hypothesized that selective COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam could suppress inflammation and fibrogenesis in a rat model of cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL).Methods:  Forty‐three Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to one of four treatment groups (sham‐operation, BDL, daily meloxicam injections following BDL, and daily meloxicam injection without BDL). Liver histopathology was analyzed with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and COX‐2 were measured with immunohistochemical staining. The levels of COX‐2, TGF‐β1, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) production were measured with the Western blot method and an enzyme immunoassay.Results:  Meloxicam treatment attenuated the expression of α‐SMA, TGF‐β1, and COX‐2 in rats that were treated with BDL for 3 weeks. This was associated with a marked reduction in collagen accumulation and histological improvement. In addition, meloxicam treatment was found to downregulate the levels of hepatic COX‐2, TGF‐β1, and MMP‐9 production.Conclusion:  Cholestasis in BDL rats induces hepatic COX‐2 expression. Selective COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam reduces BDL‐induced hepatic fibrosis, and this is associated with reduced hepatic TGF‐β1 expression as well as decreased cyclooxygenase activity in the liver.
Flow
Boiling of R134a and R134a/Propane Mixtures at Low Saturation Temperatures Inside a Plain Horizontal
Tube
Authors: Rabah A. , Kabelac S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Local heat transfer coefficients for flow boiling of pure 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and binary mixtures of propane (R290) and R134a were measured. The experimental setup employed a vapor heated plain horizontal tube (di=10mm, do=12mm, L=500mm). The measurements covered a wide range of saturation temperatures (233≤Ts≤278K), mass fluxes (100≤ṁ≤300kg∕m2s), qualities (0≤ẋ≤1), and concentrations (0≤z̃≤0.65). In the zeotropic region of R134a/R290 mixtures, the measured local heat transfer coefficient was found to show a maximum decrease by a factor of 2 relative to that for pure R134a. At the azeotropic point (65% R290), it was found to increase by a factor of 1.2. The measured local heat transfer coefficients for both R134a and R134a/R290 were compared with a number of correlations.
Robust Design for Acetabular Cup Stability Accounting for Patient and
Surgical Variability
Authors: Ong Kevin L. , Santner Thomas J. , Bartel Donald L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The stability of cementless acetabular cups depends on a close fit between the components and reamed acetabular cavities to promote bone ingrowth. Cup performance and stability are affected by both design and environmental (patient-dependent and surgical) factors. This study used a statistically based metamodel to determine the relative influences of design and environmental factors on acetabular cup stability by incorporating a comprehensive set of patient-dependent and surgical variables. Cup designs with 2mm or 3mm intended equatorial bone-implant interferences appeared to perform the best, improving implant stability with smaller mean and variability in cup relative motions and greater mean and smaller variability in ingrowth areas. Cup eccentricity was found to have no effect on implant performance. Design variables did not contribute as much to the variation in performance measures compared to the environmental variables, except for potential ingrowth areas.
Development of a Novel Efficient Fluorescence-Based Plaque Reduction Microneutralization Assay for Measles Virus Immunity
Authors: Haralambieva Iana H. , Ovsyannikova Inna G. , Vierkant Robert A. , Poland Gregory A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The measurement of functional measles virus-specific neutralizing antibodies is of considerable interest for vaccine-related research. In this study, we developed and standardized a simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and reproducible fluorescence-based plaque reduction microneutralization (PRMN) assay with visual and automated readout, using a recombinant measles virus engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein. The assay is performed in micro format, requires less time to complete (2 versus 4 to 7 days), and is less labor-intensive and less costly than the classical plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) test, widely accepted as the “gold standard” in measles serology. Two available WHO international anti-measles virus standards and one in-house reference serum were used to develop and standardize the new assay. The mean PRMN values from repeated assays were found to be similar to those reported in the literature or assigned to the WHO standards by the classical PRN assay. For validation, we used three groups of low, moderate, and high measles virus vaccine responders’ sera with moderate values of correlation in antibody levels (mIU/ml) between PRMN and the Dade Behring immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The PRMN assay was more sensitive at low antibody levels and more informative in terms of protection than this commercial EIA. In conclusion, we have developed and validated a sensitive and high-throughput measles virus-specific PRMN that can be readily used in large population-based measles studies.
False-Positive Results by the Platelia
Aspergillus
Galactomannan Antigen Test for Patients Treated with Amoxicillin-Clavulanate
Authors: Zandijk E. , Mewis A. , Magerman K. , Cartuyvels R. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

The
Aspergillus
galactomannan test is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. We hereby report a high rate of false-positive results by the Platelia
Aspergillus
galactomannan antigen test (Bio-Rad Laboratories) for patients treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate.
Eight Years of Experience with Molecular Identification of Human Enteroviruses
Authors: Blomqvist Soile , Paananen Anja , Savolainen-Kopra Carita , Hovi Tapani , Roivainen Merja 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
We have successfully typed 1,121 human enterovirus (HEV) isolates during the last 8 years by adapting partial VP1 sequencing to routine identification of HEV isolated from diverse clinical and environmental specimens. The isolates include 48 of the 59 traditional nonpoliovirus HEV serotypes and members of 8 newly discovered types, which would have remained untypeable by neutralization using the conventional cross-sectional pools of antisera.
Comparison of the NucliSens easyMAG and Qiagen BioRobot 9604 Nucleic Acid Extraction Systems for Detection of RNA and DNA Respiratory Viruses in Nasopharyngeal Aspirate Samples
Authors: Chan Kwok Hung , Yam Wing Cheong , Pang Chiu Mei , Chan Kit Man , Lam Siu Yan , Lo Kam Fai , Poon Leo L. M. , Peiris J. S. Malik 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The NucliSens easyMAG and BioRot 9604 automated nucleic acid extraction systems were evaluated and compared with the manual QIAamp (Qiagen) extraction method for their abilities to extract nucleic acid from nasopharyngeal aspirate samples for the detection of RNA and DNA respiratory viruses. The nucleic acids recovered by all three methods gave comparable sensitivities in PCR tests, and the three methods gave comparable viral loads. There was no evidence of residual PCR inhibitors and no evidence of PCR cross-contamination.
Clinical Evaluation of the Sensititre YeastOne Colorimetric Antifungal Panel for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the Echinocandins Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Chaturvedi V. , Diekema D. J. , Ghannoum M. A. , Holliday N. M. , Killian S. B. , Knapp C. C. , Messer S. A. , Miskov A. , Ramani R. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

A commercially prepared, dried colorimetric microdilution panel (Sensititre YeastOne Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH) was compared in three different laboratories with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference microdilution method by testing 2 quality control strains, 25 reproducibility strains, and 404 isolates of
Candida
spp. against anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin. Reference MIC endpoints and YeastOne colorimetric endpoints were read after 24 h of incubation. YeastOne endpoints were determined to be the lowest concentration at which the color in the well changed from red (positive, indicating growth) to blue (negative, indicating no growth). Excellent essential agreement (within 2 dilutions) between the reference and colorimetric MICs was observed. Overall agreement was 100% for all three agents. Categorical agreement ranged from 99.3% (anidulafungin) to 100% (caspofungin, micafungin) and interlaboratory reproducibility was 99%. The YeastOne colorimetric method appears to be comparable to the CLSI reference method for testing the susceptibility of
Candida
spp. to the echinocandins anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin.
Phylogenetic Backgrounds and Virulence Profiles of Atypical Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains from a Case-Control Study Using Multilocus Sequence Typing and DNA Microarray Analysis
Authors: Afset Jan Egil , Anderssen Endre , Bruant Guillaume , Harel Josée , Wieler Lothar , Bergh Kåre 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

Atypical enteropathogenetic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) strains are frequently detected in children with diarrhea but are also a common finding in healthy children. The aim of this study was to compare the phylogenetic ancestry and virulence characteristics of atypical (
eae
positive,
stx
and
bfpA
negative) EPEC strains from Norwegian children with (
n
= 37) or without (
n
= 19) diarrhea and to search for an association between phylogenetic ancestry and diarrhea. The strains were classified in phylogenetic groups by phylogenetic marker genes and in sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. Phylogenetic ancestry was compared to virulence characteristics based on DNA microarray analysis. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were also performed. All four phylogenetic groups, 26 different STs, and 20 different clonal groups were represented among the 56 atypical EPEC strains. The strains were separated into three clusters by overall virulence gene profile; one large cluster with A, B1, and D strains and two clusters with group B2 strains. There was considerable heterogeneity in the PFGE profiles and serotypes, and almost half of the strains were O nontypeable. The
efa1
/
lifA
gene, previously shown to be statistically linked with diarrhea in this strain collection (J. E. Afset et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3703-3711, 2006), was present in 8 of 26 STs. The two phylogenetic groups B1 and D were weakly associated with diarrhea (
P
= 0.06 and
P
= 0.09, respectively). In contrast, group B2 was isolated most frequently from healthy controls (
P
= 0.05). In conclusion, the atypical EPEC strains were heterogeneous both phylogenetically and by virulence profile. Phylogenetic ancestry was less useful as a predictor of diarrhea than were specific virulence genes.