bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquids at positive and negative pressure
Authors: Heyes D. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA Molecular Dynamics simulation study has been carried out of the Lennard–Jones fluid in the stable liquid and metastable liquid–vapour co‐existence regions. The interest has been mainly in states for which the pressure of the fluid is negative, and how they compare with those at positive pressure. The behaviour of the LJ fluid shows parallels with that of water, with the maximum tensile strength near the triple point being approximately seven times the critical pressure. The maximum tensile strength increases with cooling. Many of the properties, such as elastic moduli, show a smooth transition across the liquid–vapour boundary, on the liquid side, and a monotonic variation in the metastable region of the phase diagram. There is however a similarity in behaviour of combinations of the mechanical properties and the equation of state; for example, the pressure and infinite frequency Poissons ratio have minima at approximately the same densities. Insights into the heterogeneity of the assembly of particles are provided by probability distributions of the net force on a molecule and that of a definition for the local pressure experienced by a molecule, or ‘pressurelet'. The maximum negative pressure coincides with the maximum fraction of molecules individually experiencing a negative pressure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absolute measurements and certified reference material for iron isotopes using multiple‐collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Tao , Zhao Motian , Wang Jun , Lu Hai 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTwo enriched isotopes, 99.94 at.% 56Fe and 99.90 at.% 54Fe, were blended under gravimetric control to prepare ten synthetic isotope samples whose 56Fe isotope abundances ranged from 95% to 20%. For multiple‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) measurements typical polyatomic interferences were removed by using Ar and H2 as collision gas and operating the MC‐ICP‐MS system in soft mode. Thus high‐precision measurements of the Fe isotope abundance ratios were accomplished. Based on the measurement of the synthetic isotope abundance ratios by MC‐ICP‐MS, the correction factor for mass discrimination was calculated and the results were in agreement with results from IRMM014. The precision of all ten correction factors was 0.044%, indicating a good linearity of the MC‐ICP‐MS method for different isotope abundance ratio values. An isotopic reference material was certified under the same conditions as the instrument was calibrated. The uncertainties of ten correction factors K were calculated and the final extended uncertainties of the isotopic certified Fe reference material were 5.8363(37) at.% 54Fe, 91.7621(51) at.% 56Fe, 2.1219(23) at.% 57Fe, and 0.2797(32) at.% 58Fe. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐layer bandwidth and power allocation for a two‐hop link in wireless mesh network
Authors: Cheng Peng , Zhang Zhaoyang , Yu Guanding , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Qiu Peiliang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a cross‐layer analytical framework is proposed to analyze the throughput and packet delay of a two‐hop wireless link in wireless mesh network (WMN). It considers the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) process in physical layer and the traffic queuing process in upper layers, taking into account the traffic distribution changes at the output node of each link due to the AMC process therein. Firstly, we model the wireless fading channel and the corresponding AMC process as a finite state Markov chain (FSMC) serving system. Then, a method is proposed to calculate the steady‐state output traffic of each node. Based on this, we derive a modified queuing FSMC model for the relay to gateway link, which consists of a relayed non‐Poisson traffic and an originated Poisson traffic, thus to evaluate the throughput at the mesh gateway. This analytical framework is verified by numerical simulations, and is easy to extend to multi‐hop links. Furthermore, based on the above proposed cross‐layer framework, we consider the problem of optimal power and bandwidth allocation for QoS‐guaranteed services in a two‐hop wireless link, where the total power and bandwidth resources are both sum‐constrained. Secondly, the practical optimal power allocation algorithm and optimal bandwidth allocation algorithm are presented separately. Then, the problem of joint power and bandwidth allocation is analyzed and an iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the problem in a simple way. Finally, numerical simulations are given to evaluate their performances. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray fluorescence—analysis of 19th century stamps
Authors: Cesareo Roberto , Brunetti Antonio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLatin‐American stamps of the period 1850–1900 were analyzed and scanned with a portable x‐ray fluorescence equipment composed of a small size x‐ray tube and a Si‐PIN detector with a capillary collimator, with the aim of identifying their characteristic pigments, establishing in which period of time pigments containing inorganic components have been employed and their evolution vs time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the streamline topology of inviscid flow with multiple points in a homogenous stream
Authors: Kolonits F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSpecial streamlines in the flow with circulation around a cylinder cross themselves, maybe even three times. The simple crossing happens orthogonally, while the threefold one shows up π/3 angles among the branches. There are no discontinuous changes as the pattern develops with growing circulation. These observations yield a general statement. Here we show that if a z = F(x, y) is a solution of the Δ z = 0 Laplace equation and a z = const curve intersects itself (once or several times), then the branches running to that crossing point shall form equal angles.
Antiplane shear deformations of an anisotropic elliptical inhomogeneity with imperfect or viscous interface
Authors: Wang X. , Pan E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBased on the Lekhnitskii‐Eshelby approach of two‐dimensional anisotropic elasticity, a semi‐analytical solution is derived for the problem associated with an anisotropic elliptical inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite anisotropic matrix subjected to remote uniform antiplane shear stresses. In this research, the linear spring type imperfect bonding conditions are imposed on the inhomogeneity‐matrix interface. We use a different approach than that developed by Shen et al. (2000) to expand the function encountered during the analysis for an imperfectly bonded interface. Our expansion method is in principle based on Isaac Newton's generalized binomial theorem. The solution is verified, both theoretically and numerically, by comparison with existing solution for a perfect interface. It is observed that the stress field inside an anisotropic elliptical inhomogeneity with a homogeneously imperfect interface is intrinsically nonuniform. The explicit expression of the nonuniform stress field within the inhomogeneity is presented. The nonuniform stress field inside the inhomogeneity is also graphically illustrated. A difference in internal stress distribution between a composite composed of anisotropic constituents and a composite composed of isotropic constituents is also observed. We finally extend the solution derived for a linear spring type imperfect interface to address an elliptical inhomogeneity with a viscous interface described by the linear law of rheology. It is observed that the stress field inside an elliptical inhomogeneity with a viscous interface is nonuniform and time‐dependent.
Delayed Celiotomy or Laparoscopy as part of the Nonoperative Management of Blunt Hepatic Trauma
Authors: Letoublon Christian , Chen Yao , Arvieux Catherine , Voirin David , Morra Irene , Broux Christophe , Risse Olivier 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundNonoperative management (NOM) is considered standard treatment for 80% of blunt hepatic trauma (BHT). NOM is associated with some events that may require delayed operation (DO), usually considered a criterion of failure of NOM.MethodsA retrospective case note review was performed on 257 consecutive patients with BHT, with a median age of 32.7 years, admitted from 1994 to 2005. We considered the 186 patients (72%) who had an initial indication of NOM, and focused on the 28 patients who were secondarily operated (DO), mainly on the 22 patients operated on for liver‐related indications. Celioscopy was used in five cases.ResultsThe severity grade of these 22 patients was: zero grade I, seven grade II, ten grade III, four grade IV, one grade V. The timing of DO varied from day 0 to day 11. Ten patients were operated on for a peritoneal inflammatory syndrome. Death occurred in three patients at days 2, 10, and 125. One was attributed to underestimation of hepatic necrosis, another to a nondiagnosed peritoneal inflammatory syndrome; 27, 3% of the patients had liver‐related complications.ConclusionsOur data suggest that BHT treated by NOM must be frequently reevaluated and that DO is an actual part of the so‐called nonoperative treatment. The use of laparoscopic washing has to be proposed as soon as day 3 or 5 in patients with large hemoperitoneum and any sign of inflammatory response (fever, leukocytosis, discomfort, tachycardia).
Optimization of Cottonseed Oil Ethanolysis to Produce Biodiesel High in Gossypol Content
Authors: Joshi Hem Chandra , Toler Joe , Walker Terry 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTransesterification of cottonseed oil was carried out using ethanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH). A central composite design with six center and six axial points was used to study the effect of catalyst concentration, molar ratio of ethanol to cottonseed oil and reaction temperature for percentage yield (% yield) and percentage initial absorbance (%A385nm) of the biodiesel. Catalyst concentration and molar ratio of ethanol to cottonseed oil were the most significant variables affecting percentage conversion and %A385nm. Maximum predicted % yield of 98% was obtained at a catalyst concentration of 1.07% (wt/wt) and ethanol to cottonseed oil molar ratio of 20:1 at reaction temperature of 25 °C. Maximum predicted %A385nm of more than 80% was obtained at 0.5% (wt/wt) catalyst concentration and molar ratio of 3:1 at 25 °C. The response surfaces that described % yield and %A385nm were inversely related. Gossypol concentration (% wt), oxidative stability and %A385nm of biodiesel were found to be highly correlated with each other. Hence, color %A385nm is a measure of the amount of pigments present in biodiesel fuels that have not yet been subjected to autoxidation. High gossypol concentration also corresponds to a fuel with high oxidative stability. The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) produced from cottonseed oil had superior oxidative stability to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced from cottonseed oil.
Differences in oviposition behaviour of two sympatric sibling species of the genus Ostrinia
Authors: Malausa T. , Pélissié B. , Piveteau V. , Pélissier C. , Bourguet D. , Ponsard S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractChanges in host preferences are thought to be a major source of genetic divergence between phytophagous insect taxa. In western Europe, two sympatric taxa, O. nubilalis (the European corn borer) and O. scapulalis, feed mainly on maize and hop or mugwort, respectively. These two species may have diverged without geographic isolation after a host shift of ancestral populations onto maize or another cultivated species (e.g. sorghum). A previous study using inbred laboratory strains revealed that the two species differ in their oviposition choices in maize-mugwort tests. We sampled four natural populations in France (two of each taxon) and tested their oviposition behaviour toward four of their main host plant species: maize, sorghum, mugwort and hop. O. nubilalis females showed a very high preference for laying their eggmasses on maize, whereas O. scapulalis females displayed a more balanced range of preferences. O. nubilalis females were attracted slightly to sorghum, suggesting that this plant is an accidental, rather than a regular and ancestral host plant of O. nubilalis. One important result arising from this study is the significant proportion of eggs laid by both Ostrinia species on hop. This may explain why some stands of hop are sometimes not only infested by O. scapulalis but also by O. nubilalis larvae, a situation preventing assortative mating based on microallopatry. Hence, further studies must be conducted to see whether the host preference in the genus Ostrinia might be linked to assortative mating by a mechanism that is not mediated by the host plant.
Discrete subgroups of PU(2, 1) with screw parabolic elements
Authors: KAMIYA SHIGEYASU , PARKER JOHN R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe give a version of Shimizu's lemma for groups of complex hyperbolic isometries one of whose generators is a parabolic screw motion. Suppose thatGis a discrete group containing a parabolic screw motionAand letBbe any element ofGnot fixing the fixed point ofA. Our result gives a bound on the radius of the isometric spheres ofBandB−1in terms of the translation lengths ofAat their centres. We use this result to give a sub-horospherical region precisely invariant under the stabiliser of the fixed point ofAinG.
Enzymes of adenosine metabolism in the brain: diurnal rhythm and the effect of sleep deprivation
Authors: Mackiewicz Miroslaw , Nikonova Elena V. , Zimmerman John E. , Galante Raymond J. , Zhang Lin , Cater Jacqueline R. , Geiger Jonathan D. , Pack Allan I. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAdenosine plays a role in promoting sleep, an effect that is thought to be mediated in the basal forebrain. Adenosine levels vary in this region with prolonged wakefulness in a unique way. The basis for this is unknown. We examined, in rats, the activity of the major metabolic enzymes for adenosine – adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase, ecto‐ and cytosolic 5′‐nucleotidase – in sleep/wake regulatory regions as well as cerebral cortex, and how the activity varies across the day and with sleep deprivation. There were robust spatial differences for the activity of adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase, and cytosolic and ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase. However, the basal forebrain was not different from other sleep/wake regulatory regions apart from the tuberomammillary nucleus. All adenosine metabolic enzymes exhibited diurnal variations in their activity, albeit not in all brain regions. Activity of adenosine deaminase increased during the active period in the ventrolateral pre‐optic area but decreased significantly in the basal forebrain. Enzymatic activity of adenosine kinase and cytosolic‐5′‐nucleotidase was higher during the active period in all brain regions tested. However, the activity of ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase was augmented during the active period only in the cerebral cortex. This diurnal variation may play a role in the regulation of adenosine in relationship to sleep and wakefulness across the day. In contrast, we found no changes specifically with sleep deprivation in the activity of any enzyme in any brain region. Thus, changes in adenosine with sleep deprivation are not a consequence of alterations in adenosine enzyme activity.
Zinc toxicity on neonatal cortical neurons: involvement of glutathione chelation
Authors: Chen Chun‐Jung , Liao Su‐Lan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSeveral mechanisms have been implicated in pathological neuronal death including zinc neurotoxicity, calcium excitotoxicity and oxidative injury. Glutathione (GSH) serves to provide reducing equivalents for the maintenance of oxidant homeostasis, and also plays roles in intracellular and intercellular signaling in the brain. We investigated the role of GSH homeostasis in the neurotoxic action of zinc using both mixed cortical cultures containing neurons and glia, and cortical neurons prepared from 1‐day‐old rats. Zinc caused neuronal cell death in a concentration‐dependent manner. In parallel, a high concentration of zinc depleted GSH, in a time‐dependent manner, preceding the onset of neuronal damage. Depletion of GSH by diethylmaleate injured neurons and exacerbated zinc‐induced death. In contrast, replenishment of GSH attenuated zinc neurotoxicity. The thiol‐containing compounds N‐acetylcysteine and GSH chemically chelated zinc leading to decreases in the influx of zinc, the fall in GSH level and neuronal death. Interestingly, the glycolytic substrate pyruvate, but not lactate, chelated zinc concentration dependently and prevented its toxicity. On the other hand, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, serving as a zinc chaperon, enhanced its entry and toxicity. The results suggest that zinc non‐enzymatically depleted GSH, an intrinsic factor for neuron survival, leading to activation of the cellular death signal and eventually neuronal death.
On following Your Bliss: An Interview with Jane S. Halonen
Authors: Irons Jessica G. 
Published: February 2008

Jane S. Halonen is the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of West Florida, where she insists on teaching introductory psychology each fall. She was employed in various roles at Alverno College for 17 years and also served for 5 years as the Director of the School of Psychology at James Madison University. Past president of both the Society for the Teaching of Psychology and the Council for the Teachers of Undergraduate Psychology, Jane has been an avid supporter of teaching conferences in the discipline. Her scholarship includes work on critical thinking, assessment, and faculty development. She won the American Psychological Foundation Distinguished Teaching Award in 2000 and was named an “Eminent Woman in Psychology” in 2002. She coordinates the international Improving University Teaching conference and also serves as Chief Reader for the Psychology Advanced Placement exam. Jessica G. Irons is a new assistant professor of psychology at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. She earned her BA and MS degrees from Augusta State University where she worked with Dr. Stephen H. Hobbs. She earned her PhD from Auburn University in 2007 where she worked with Dr. Christopher J. Correia studying the interactions of drugs and behavior. Jessica also worked with Dr. Bill Buskist to pursue her research interests in the scholarship of teaching. She has taught introductory psychology, research methods, and drugs and behavior. She earned recognition for her teaching efforts departmentally and campus-wide while at Auburn and won the Wilbert J. McKeachie Teaching Excellence Award in 2007.
DER TRINKER VOR DEM RICHTER*
Authors: NEUMANN H. 
Published: February 2008

Zusammenfassung— Häufig wird ein Richter mit Sicherheit nicht entscheiden können, ob bei einer Straftat ein chronischer Alkoholismus entscheidenden Einfluβ hatte. Die Alkoholgebundenheit eines Straftäters und deren Zusammenhang mit der Straftat wird nicht selten übersehen, häufig vom Angeklagten bewuβt verschwiegen. Zuweilen glaubt der Jurist in Strafverfahren auf das Einschalten eines mit der Suchtproblematik vertrauten medizinischen Sachverständigen verzichten zu können oder hält die Anhörung ausschlieβlich beim Termin zur Interpretation der Blutalkoholwerte für ausreichend. Blutalkoholuntersuchungen werden aber nur unter besonderen Voraussetzungen, keinesfalls aber routinemäβig nach Unfällen durchgeführt, so daβ schon deswegen nur ein Teil der Zusammenhänge Alkolhol — Straftat erfaβt werden können. Während im Anfangsstadium des chronischen Alkoholismus der Trinker in alien Kreisen — auch vor dem Richter — oft unverständliche Milde findet, begegnet man dem Trunksüchtigen mit sozialen and psychischen Schäden mit Ablehnung, Unverständnis and Härte. Über das Ausmaβ des Alkoholismus gehen die Ansichten des Richters und Arztes oft erheblich auseinander, was zur Folge hat, daβ die vorgeschlagene Durchführung einer Entziehungskur oder Anordnung von bestimmten Auflagen durch das Gericht nicht zur Durchführung kommen. An einigen Beispielen wird dargelegt, daβ die Verurteilung von Trinkern zwar rein juristisch nicht zu beanstanden, aber trotzdem unbefriedigend ist, well eine Änderung der Trinkgewohnheiten nicht zu erwarten ist und somit die Rückfallgefahr als groβ angesehen werden muβ.
Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks by Pupils and Students of Primary, Secondary, and High Schools in Polish Cities
Authors: SWIECICKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: February 2008

Résumé Les résultats d'une enquête menée dans la ville de Bochnia en Pologne en 1913, portant sur 2340 élèves dont les âges variaient de 7 à 18 ans furent compareés à plusieurs enquêtes menées au cours des années 1960–1966 dans différentes villes polonaises portant sur 6295 élèves et étudiants dont les âges variaient de 11–24 ans.La comparaison dénote l'augmentation de la limite d'âge des premiers contacts avec l'alcool à partir d'environ 8–14 ans; la diminution du rôle joué par la famille à servir de l'alcool aux mineurs; l'importance accrue du rôle des groupes de compagnons; la consommation actuelle plus élevée d'alcool de la part d'élèves âgés de 18 ans et au‐dessus qu'il n'y a 50 ans.zusammenfassungResultate einer Untersuchung, die in der Stadt Bochnia, Polen im Jahre 1913 durchgeführt wurde, umfassend 2340 Schüler im Alter von 7 bis 18 Jahre, wurden verglichen mit mehreren Untersuchungen, die während der Jahre 1960–1966 in verschiedenen polnischen Städten, umfassend 6295 Schüler und Studenten. im Alter zwischen 11 und 24 Jahren, angestellt wurden.Der Vergleich zeigt, daβ die Altersgrenze für den ersten Kontakt mit Alkohol von ungefähr 8 auf 14 Jahre anstieg, die kleinere Rolle die die Familie spielt in der Verabreichung von Alkohol an den Minderjährigen, den Anstieg der Rolle die Gruppen von Kameraden spiel ten, die gröβere Ziffer des Alkoholkonsums bei den 18‐jährigen Schülern der Jetztzeit verglichen mit der Ziffer von mehr als 50 Jahre zurück.
Laboratory Testing of New Drugs for Morphine‐Like Drug Dependence
Authors: BUCKETT W. R. 
Published: February 2008

Résumé Des essais de laboratoire faits de bonne heure sur un nouvel analgique pour une dépendance de la drogue semblable à celle causée par la morphine sont basés principalement sur les phénomènes associés à la dépendance physique. La méthode ayant la plus grande valeur est basée sur la suppression par dose unique des signes de retrait chez des singes ou des rats attachés à la morphine, les derniers cités étant préférables pour des etudes initiales. D'autres méthodes supplémentaires comprennent le développement direct de la dépendance pour le nouvel agent chez des rats ou des chiens et certains essais de passage au crible non spécifiques qui peuvent servir pour donner une première indication de la puissance de la nouvelle drogue à produire une dépendance.ZuammenfassungFrühe Laboratoriumsversuche zwecks Erprobung eines neuen, schmerzstillenden Mittels auf eine mögliche, morphium‐ähnliche Sucht beruhen hauptsächlichauf den Erscheinungen, diemit physischer Abhängigkeit im Zusammenhang stehen. Die Methode des gröβten Wertes beruht auf der Unterdrückung der Abstinenzerscheinungen bei morphium‐süchtigen Ratten oder Affen mittels einer einzigen Dosis, wobei die ersteren für die Anfangsstudien bevorzugt werden. Andere, zusätzliche Methoden beinhalten die Heranziehung einer direkten Abhängigkeit von der neuen Substanz bei Ratten oder Hunden, sowie gewisse, nicht spezifische Probeversuche die als erster Anhaltspunkt dafür dienen können ob die neue Droge eine unerwünschte Abhängigkeit schaffen kann.