bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Methylphenidate on Spontaneous Autonomic Activity and Behavior in Children Diagnosed as Hyperactive
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Bohrer Robert E. , Keren Gideon , Cheung Michael N. , Franks George J. , Drasgow Fritz 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMethylphenidate influenced the spontaneous autonomic activity of children diagnosed as hyperactive. There was dose response related reduction in disruptive classroom behavior monitored by the teacher ratings and a parallel decrease in a component of heart period variability, V, derived via spectral analysis of heart period activity. A low dose of methylphenidate, which has been reported to enhance cognitive performance, selectively increased a measure of respiratory‐cardiac coupling, Cw, derived via cross‐spectral analysis of respiration and heart period activity. It is hypothesized that Cw may be a quantitative manifestation of brainstem integration and V may be a quantitative estimate of effective vagal tone on the heart.
Pulse Transit Time Feedback and Bidirectional Blood Pressure Change
Authors: Cinciripini Paul M. , Epstein Leonard H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe current study examined the effects of pulse transit time feedback on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Three subjects were given feedback designed to increase or decrease transit times. Eleven‐twelve one‐hour training sessions were provided over a two‐week period. The results showed that during increase training, significant increases in systolic pressure and heart rate were observed, while pulse transit time showed a significant decrease. Diastolic blood pressure increases were moderate and only inconsistently observed. During decrease training, diastolic pressure and heart rate declined significantly below baseline. Pulse transit time increases were consistent but lower in magnitude than observed for the opposite training condition. Moderate systolic blood pressure decreases were inconsistently observed.
Heart Rate and Blink Rate Responses During Mental Arithmetic With and Without Continuous Verbalization of Results
Authors: Schuri Uwe , von Cramon Detlev 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of speech motor activity during the performance of mental arithmetic tasks on the cardiac‐eyelid motor relationship. In 29 subjects, heart rate and blink rate responses were analyzed during the performance of tasks with and without continuous verbalization of results. Heart rate and blink rate were differentially affected by the experimental conditions. Significant heart rate increases were observed under both test conditions with responses being largest during verbalization. Significant blink rate increases, in contrast, occurred only when verbalization of results was required. The interactions between verbalization vs no‐verbalization and both the order of tasks and task type were significant only for heart rate. Furthermore, neither between‐subject nor within‐subject correlations provided evidence for a close positive relationship between heart rate and blink rate under either the verbalization or the no‐verbalization condition. The present results support the suggestion that heart rate and concomitant somatic activity may be “uncoupled” under certain stimulus conditions.
Computer Measures of Sleep EEG Reliably Sort Visual Stage 2 Epochs by NREM Period of Origin
Authors: Fein G. , Floyd T.C. , Feinberg I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTComputer measures of sleep EEG were employed to test the hypothesis that waveforms in visually scored epochs of stage 2 differ systematically according to their NREM Period (NREMP) of origin. The subjects were two groups of young adult males. Three waveform measures for each of five frequency bands were applied to 20‐sec epochs of visually scored stage 2. The raw data were converted to standard scores, eliminating differences in means and variances, thus highlighting the trends across NREMPs. Discriminant analysis revealed systematic differences in waveform pattern according to whether the visually scored stage 2 epochs originated from NREMPs 1–4. The discriminant functions were validated by successful prediction of NREMP of origin in the second sample. This result provides further evidence that change rather than constancy characterizes the EEG of human sleep. These data also illustrate the limitations of visual sleep stage scoring, which lumps together epochs of EEG which are reliably different. We suggest that the methods employed here will prove fruitful in the investigation of sleep as a function of age and in different clinical conditions.
Effect of Feedback Sensitivity Upon Learned Heart Rate Acceleration
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Monguillot John E. , Hutchinson Peter , Jarrell Mark P. , Blouin David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve undergraduate volunteers received 12 sessions of heart rate biofeedback training involving one of two experimental conditions. One‐half of the subjects received 4 sessions of high sensitivity analogue heart rate biofeedback, followed by 4 sessions of low sensitivity feedback, and then, 4 final sessions of high sensitivity feedback. The other half of the subjects received the exact opposite order of feedback conditions. All subjects were instructed to accelerate heart rate during 8 trials in each session. The results were contrary to the hypothesis derived from a motor skills model of visceral learning, i.e., the low feedback sensitivity condition consistently produced larger magnitude heart rate acceleration in comparison to the high sensitivity condition. These findings were discussed in terms of methodological suggestions for future research and in terms of the motor skills model of visceral learning.
The Covariation of Blood Pressure and Pulse Transit Time in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Allen Robert a. , Schneider John A. , Davidson Dennis M. , Winchester Mark A. , Taylor C. Barr 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo examine the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and pulse transit time (PTT) as measured by the time between the ECG R‐wave and an associated peripheral pulse, BP was recorded via a radial artery catheter in 3 hvpertensive subjects who underwent a variety of conditions to alter BP. Overall. 70% of the data was usable. Absolute levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) but not diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were found to correlate appreciably with PTT. There were significant associations between PTT and both SBP and mean BP but not DBP for direction of BP change. With large SBP changes (> 4 mmHg) an increase in the strength of association occurred in 14 of the 21 conditions across subjects. Overall, PTT did not accurately predict actual BP. PTT and SBP covaried more appreciably in these hypertensives than has been reported for normotensives.
Research With Twins: The Concept of Emergenesis
Authors: Lykken David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPreliminary findings from an on‐going study of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA) and data from a larger sample of twins reared together (MZT and DZT), indicate a surprisingly strong influence of genetic variation on aptitudes, psychophysiological characteristics, personality traits and even dimensions of attitude and interest. For some of these variables, MZT and MZA twins show high intra‐class correlations while DZT twins are no more similar than pairs of unrelated persons. It is suggested that such traits are “emergenic,” i.e., that they are determined by the interaction—rather than the sum—of genetic influences. Emergenic traits, although perhaps strongly genetic, will not tend to run in families and for this reason have been neglected by students of behavior genetics. For this and several other listed reasons, wider use of twins in psychological research is strongly recommended.
Autonomic Nervous System Function and Aging: Response Specificity
Authors: Garwood M. , Engel B. T. , Capriotti R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAge differences in autonomic nervous system response patterns were investigated to determine if there was an age‐related increase in the tendency to respond to multiple stimuli with a consistent response hierarchy (individual consistency). Five stimuli were administered in a Latin Square design—mental arithmetic, cold pressor, isometric exercise, comic slide, and time estimation. A warning tone was presented before each stimulus. Physiological measures included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, skin potential, breathing rate, and digital blood flow. To compare responses in different systems, responses were standardized according to the formula, Z = [50 + 10 (X − M)]/σ, where Z is the standardized score, X is the difference between stimulation and warning levels, M is the average response for that system, and σ is the square root of the mean square for error from the analysis of variance computed for each response system. A matrix was generated for each subject which included his Z scores from the six response systems for the five stimuli. Intraclass correlations were then computed. Individual consistency significantly increased with increasing age (r= .33, p<.005).
Arousing and De‐Arousing Effects of Cigarette Smoking Under Conditions of Stress and Mild Sensory Isolation
Authors: Golding J. , Mangan G. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe arousing and de‐arousing effects of smoking a 1.3 mg nicotine delivery cigarette, measured by changes in electrodermal, heart rate and EEG alpha responding, were examined under conditions of stress, induced by aversive white noise, and mild sensory isolation. Compared with sham smokers and a situation control group, smokers showed significant arousal elevations in all response systems under sensory isolation conditions, but mixed stimulant (heart rate response) and depressant (EEG, skin conductance response) effects under stress conditions. Possible reasons for these differential effects are suggested.
Physical Fitness, Exercise, and REM Sleep Cycle Length
Authors: Trinder John , Stevenson Janne , Paxton Susan J. , Montgomery Iain 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested, on the basis of phylogenetic and ontogenetic data, that the length of the REM sleep cycle is negatively related to metabolic rate. However, experimental studies have not consistently found this relationship. We report the effects of two variables, the level of physical fitness and the amount of daytime exercise, on sleep cycle length. Since both physical fitness and exercise involve increased levels of energy expenditure, and thus increased metabolic rate, it was predicted that they would he negatively related to cycle length. The sleep of 46 subjects (20 fit and 26 unfit) was assessed on nights following both exercise and non‐exercise conditions. The cycle length of fit subjects was found to be shorter than that of unfit subjects. However cycle length on a night following daytime exercise did not differ from that on a night following a no‐exercise day. We conclude that sleep cycle length is responsive to relatively long term variations in energy expenditure, but not day to day changes.
Pulse Transit Time and Blood Pressure: An Intensive Analysis
Authors: Lane James D. , Greenstadt Lisa , Shapiro David , Rubinstein Eduardo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelationships between pulse transit time (PTT) and intra‐arterial systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were examined in 4 subjects under three conditions: rest, paced respiration, and mental arithmetic. PTT was measured from the EKG R‐wave to two peripheral pulses (brachial and radial) and from one pulse to the other. Three points on each pulse wave were used (peak, foot, slope) in the measurements, yielding nine different measures of PTT. The nine PTT measures were not consistently intercorrelated. PTTs initiated by the R‐wave were moderately correlated with SBP, but not with DBP or MAP. Brachial to radial PTTs were not correlated with any measures of BP. Relationships between PTT and BP also varied from subject to subject. The limited magnitude of the correlations and their inconsistency suggest caution in the simple substitution of PTT for beat‐to‐beat measures of BP.
Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on the Sleep of Men and Women
Authors: Bunnell David E. , Bevier Wendy , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of exhaustive exercise on sleep were examined in 5 women and 4 men who performed an acute bout of submaximal exercise (50–70% Vo2max) to the point of volitional exhaustion. Significant changes were observed in the quantity and temporal distribution of slow‐wave sleep (SWS) on the exercise night. The duration of SWS prior to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep onset increased markedly, along with a moderate increase in stage 4 and total SWS. REM sleep variables were affected in the early portion of the night, with an increased latency to first REM onset and a decrease in the duration of the first REM period. Initial REM cycle length (from first to second REM period onset) decreased as well. The magnitude of the SWS increase prior to REM onset was sex‐related, averaging 24 min for women and 5.7 min for men. A correlation of .85 was observed between this increase and total caloric expenditure during exercise for the women. Cardiovascular measures indicated significant elevations of heart rate and cardiac output during sleep on the exercise night. Analysis of urine samples revealed a significant drop in nocturnal cortisol excretion rates after exercise.The results suggest that exhaustive exercise affects sleep primarily in the early portion of the night, inducing an increase in SWS pressure at the expense of REM sleep.
Thermistor Measurement of Male Sexual Arousal
Authors: Webster Jeffrey S. , Hammer David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPenile erection is accompanied by genital vasocongestion which increases penile skin temperature. These changes should be measurable using thermistors attached to the penis. The present study compared the UUT51J1 Uni‐Curve thermistor placed on the penis with the Barlow strain gauge in the assessment of sexual arousal in 8 heterosexual males. Sexual stimuli consisted of 3, 3‐min exposures to heterosexually explicit black‐and‐white videotapes. The results indicated that the two measures were highly positively correlated with each other and with self‐report. However, the strain gauge followed detumescence more closely than the thermistor and was more strongly correlated with subjective arousal. Also, the two probes differed as to when they reached peak response. The strain gauge typically reached its highest point prior to the end of the film, while the thermistor always peaked during the early post‐film interval. The thermistor's slow transition from temperature increases to decreases during the initial moments of detumescence appeared to be its principal shortcoming as a measure of male sexual arousal.
The Pharmacology of Human Information Processing
Authors: Callaway Enoch 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA serial information processing model provides a rough but useful framework for studying effects of age and drugs on human cognition. Using this approach, one varies both the nature of experimental tasks and the biology of the subjects, and one measures both reaction time and event‐related potential latencies. For example, we may change a task by varying the complexity of the stimulus or the complexity of the response. We may change the biology of the subject by giving drugs or by using subjects of different ages. The interactions of the independent variables on reaction time and ERP latencies yield convergent data on the properties of information processing stages and on the actions of biological variables upon them. Using this approach we find that methylphenidate acts late on response‐related processes while aging acts on earlier and on stimulus‐related processes. A review of other studies shows the value of this approach, but is balanced by illustration of some of its problems and shortcomings.
Energy Expenditure During Response‐Dependent and Response‐Independent Food Delivery in Rats
Authors: Brener Jasper , Phillips Keith , Sherwood Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of rats received food on variable‐interval schedules during SD but not during SΔ periods. Food delivery was contingent on running for Experimental subjects but independent of behavior for Controls. Contrary to predictions based on the energy maximization principle, Controls did not develop a more energy‐efficient behavioral adaptation than Experimentals. The contingency of food delivery influenced the SD/SΔ distributions of running (AMB) and oxygen consumption (OC) but not their overall rates. Overall OC and AMB rates appear to have been determined by the similar levels of food deprivation and rates of food delivery to which both groups were submitted. AMB was found to be a less conspicuous determinant of energy expenditure than the rate of food delivery which, it is argued, influenced OC by eliciting high‐energy consumatory activities. Although significant positive correlations between variations of heart rate (HR) and OC were observed in both groups, the HR/OC correlation was significantly weaker in the Control than in the Experimental group. This result is discussed in terms of the effects of the reinforcement contingencies on cardio‐somatic control.
Affective, Behavioral, and Avoidance Responses on the Visual Cliff: Effects of Crawling Onset Age, Crawling Experience, and Testing Age
Authors: Richards John E. , Rader Nancy 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo visual cliff experiments with human infants are reported that were designed to determine relationships among cardiac responses, avoidance and other behavioral responses, and developmental factors. The developmental factors considered were age at crawling onset, age at testing, and amount of crawling experience. In Experiment 1, infants were given either 30 or 60 days of crawling experience following crawling onset. In Experiment 2, infants were tested at either 9 or 12 months of age and crawling onset age was recorded. Infants were tested using a crawling avoidance procedure and the placing procedure that has been established for heart rate responses. Crawling onset age was the best predictor of avoidance behavior. Heart rate response was also a significant predictor of visual cliff avoidance, and was found to be related to testing age, especially for late crawlers. Looking down behavior was also found to distinguish crawling avoidance and crossing of the deep side of the cliff apparatus. These results, it is argued, suggest that fear is not the primary determinant of avoidance behavior on the visual cliff, but does contribute to avoidance at later ages.
Sudden Swimming Deaths: A Psychomotor Reinterpretation
Authors: Binik Yltzchak M. , Sullivan M.J.L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSix experiments examine the determinants of survival in the sudden swimming death paradigm. It is argued that housing‐induced motor differences are a major determinant of survival. This conclusion is supported by comparing rats' performance in the swimming tank to their performance on other motor tasks, i.e., rotarod, passive avoidance, and open field. The deleterious effects of individual housing upon survival in the sudden swimming death paradigm can be reversed by giving animals access to running wheels. Little support could be found for “autonomic” or “critical period” explanations for sudden swimming deaths. Finally, mortality and behavioral differences between individually and socially housed animals are discussed from a motivational perspective.
Abdominal Temperature Changes During Male Sexual Arousal
Authors: Gayle Beck J. , Barlow David H. , Sakheim David K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study explored the feasibility of using temperature measurement from a non‐genital location to assess sexual arousal. Based upon analyses conducted with thermographic techniques, it was hypothesized that abdominal skin cooling would occur during sexual arousal. In 2 sessions, 6 male subjects were shown low, moderate, and high arousing erotic films. Simultaneous measures of abdominal temperature, penile circumference, and subjective arousal were taken. Results indicate that while decreases in skin temperature were seen during arousal, thermister data did not correlate well with tumescence or subjective arousal ratings. It would appear that thermography and temperature measurement might be most fruitfully employed to explore basic physiological processes involved in sexual arousal, since continuous temperature measures do not appear sensitive enough for use in typical sex research paradigms.
Hemispheric Asymmetry for Word Perception: Behavioral and ERP Evidence
Authors: Bentin Shlomo , Feinsod Moshe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTReaction times (RTs) to words or patterns presented in the left or right visual fields and averaged Event‐Related Potentials (ERPs) evoked by the same stimuli presented foveally were measured separately. In both experiments, an oddball paradigm known to elicit the P3 component was used. Twenty‐four subjects (12 males) were tested in each experiment. In the electrophysiological study EEG was measured differentially from five different scalp sites, each referred to linked ear lobes. There were two frontal and two parietal lateralized electrodes, and a fifth which was located at the vertex (Cz).The RTs to words were significantly delayed relative to the RTs to patterns. Furthermore, the responses were significantly shorter in the right visual field when the target was a word, yet only slightly shorter in the left visual field when the target was a nonsense pattern. The same pattern of results was found with the evoked potentials: A positive wave evoked by the target stimulus was measured at vertex with mean latency of 511.3 msec in the verbal task, and 464.4 msec in the nonverbal task. At the lateralized locations, a significant Task by Hemisphere interaction was found. When the target was a word the base to peak P3 amplitudes were higher over the left than over the right hemisphere. A reverse trend was found with nonverbal targets. The base to peak P3 amplitudes were slightly (but not significantly) higher over the right than over the left hemisphere.
Information and States of Motor Readiness: Their Effects on the Covariation of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Sherwood Andrew , Brener Jasper , Moncur Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies are reported in which heart rate and oxygen consumption were monitored in rats during behavioral adaptation to avoidance conditioning tasks. In the first study, the provision of information regarding potential shock delivery for one group of animals led to them exhibiting a tendency toward increased behavioral efficiency compared with a low information group. The metabolic appropriateness of heart rate was assessed on the basis of a linear regression equation fitted to habituation data. During conditioning, both groups displayed heart rates that exceeded the predictions of this equation and, contrary to expectations, the group provided with additional information tended to display the more elevated heart rates. However, an interpretation of these effects was confounded by group differences in ambulation rates. Experiment 2 set out to test a specific hypothesis suggested by the results of the first experiment: that levels of metabolically elevated heart rates are directly related to motor preparatory states. Data in support of this hypothesis are presented, followed by a general discussion of the relationship between behavioral states and cardiovascular function.