bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable Ion and Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration and Bromination) Study of A‐Ring Substituted Phenanthrenes: Novel Carbocations and Substituted Derivatives; NMR, X‐ray Analysis, and Comparative DNA Binding
Authors: Brulé Cédric , Laali Kenneth K. , Okazaki Takao , Musafia Tamara , Baird William M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPersistent carbocations were generated from five A‐ring mono‐ and di‐substituted phenanthrenes [3‐OMe; 4‐OMe, 1,3‐bis(OMe), 2,4‐bis(OMe), and 1,3‐bis(Me)]. In all cases protonation occurs in the A‐ring, ortho/para relative to methoxy or methyl substituent(s). Complete NMR assignments of the resulting carbocations are reported and their charge delocalization modes are discussed. Mild nitration (with 20–50 % aqueous HNO3 at –10 °C or at room temp.) and bromination (NBS/MeCN/room temp.) of these substrates resulted in the synthesis of several novel mononitro‐/dinitro‐ as well as monobromo/dibromo derivatives, including those with nitro or bromo substituent in the bay‐region. Correspondence between the site of attack in low‐temperature protonation study and nitro substitution in ambient mild nitrations are examined. Complete NMR assignments for the new derivatives are reported as well as X‐ray structures for 2,4‐dimethoxy‐1‐nitro‐ and 1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrophenanthrenes. A comparative DNA binding study with MCF cells on three of the synthesized mononitro and one dinitro derivative showed that 1,3‐dimethyl‐9‐nitro‐ (nitro at the meso position), 3‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐ (nitro in bay‐region), and 1,3‐dimethoxy‐4,9‐dinitrophenanthrenes (nitro in both meso and bay‐regions) formed DNA adducts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The effect of linguistic abstraction on interpersonal distance
Authors: Reitsma‐van Rooijen Margreet , Semin Gün R. , van Leeuwen Esther 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is well known that people describe positive behaviors of others close to them (e.g., in‐group member, friend) in abstract terms, but with concrete terms in the case of people who they are not close to (e.g., out‐group member, enemy). In contrast, negative behaviors of people who we are close to are described in concrete terms, but in abstract terms for people who are distant. However, the communicative impact of such subtle differences in language use on a receiver who is also the actor of the behavior being described has never been addressed. We hypothesized and found that a positive abstract message compared to a positive concrete message leads to perceived proximity to the sender, while a negative abstract message compared to a negative concrete message leads to perceived distance. The implications of this study, which is the first to show the communicative impact of biased language use, are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Form roughness and the absence of secondary flow in a large confluence–diffluence, Rio Paraná, Argentina
Authors: Parsons Daniel R. , Best James L. , Lane Stuart N. , Orfeo Oscar , Hardy Richard J. , Kostaschuk Ray 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConfluence–diffluence units are key elements within many river networks, having a major impact upon the routing of flow and sediment, and hence upon channel change. Although much progress has been made in understanding river confluences, and increasing attention is being paid to bifurcations and the important role of bifurcation asymmetry, most studies have been conducted in laboratory flumes or within small rivers with width:depth (aspect) ratios less than 50. This paper presents results of a field‐based study that details the bed morphology and 3D flow structure within a very large confluence–diffluence in the Río Paraná, Argentina, with a width:depth ratio of approximately 200. Flow within the confluence–diffluence is dominated largely by the bed roughness, in the form of sand dunes; coherent, channel‐scale, secondary flow cells, that have been identified as important aspects of the flow field within smaller channels, and assumed to be present within large rivers, are generally absent in this reach. This finding has profound implications for flow mixing rates, sediment transport rates and pathways, and thus the interpretation of confluence–diffluence morphology and sedimentology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bedrock erosion and relief production in the northern Flinders Ranges, Australia
Authors: Quigley Mark , Sandiford Mike , Fifield Keith , Alimanovic Abaz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCosmogenic 10Be concentrations in exposed bedrock surfaces and alluvial sediment in the northern Flinders Ranges reveal surprisingly high erosion rates for a supposedly ancient and stable landscape. Bedrock erosion rates increase with decreasing elevation in the Yudnamutana Catchment, from summit surfaces (13·96 ± 1·29 and 14·38 ± 1·40 m Myr−1), to hillslopes (17·61 ± 2·21 to 29·24 ± 4·38 m Myr−1), to valley bottoms (53·19 ± 7·26 to 227·95 ± 21·39 m Myr−1), indicating late Quaternary increases to topographic relief. Minimum cliff retreat rates (9·30 ± 3·60 to 24·54 ± 8·53 m Myr−1) indicate that even the most resistant parts of cliff faces have undergone significant late Quaternary erosion. However, erosion rates from visibly weathered and varnished tors protruding from steep bedrock hillslopes (4·17 ± 0·42 to 14·00 ± 1·97 m Myr−1) indicate that bedrock may locally weather at rates equivalent to, or even slower than, summit surfaces. 10Be concentrations in contemporary alluvial sediment indicate catchment‐averaged erosion at a rate dominated by more rapid erosion (22·79 ± 2·78 m Myr−1), consistent with an average rate from individual hillslope point measurements. Late Cenozoic relief production in the Yudnamutana Catchment resulted from (1) tectonic uplift at rates of 30–160 m Myr−1 due to range‐front reverse faulting, which maintained steep river gradients and uplifted summit surfaces, and (2) climate change, which episodically increased both in situ bedrock weathering rates and frequency–magnitude distributions of large magnitude floods, leading to increased incision rates. These results provide quantitative evidence that the Australian landscape is, in places, considerably more dynamic than commonly perceived. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transplanted Schwann cells, not olfactory ensheathing cells, myelinate optic nerve fibres
Authors: Li Ying , Li Daqing , Raisman Geoffrey 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a previous study we found that olfactory ensheathing cells transplanted into complete retrobulbar transections of the rat optic nerve mediated regeneration of severed retinal ganglion cell axons through the graft region. Although the regenerating axons were ensheathed by the transplanted cells, none of the regenerating axons became myelinated by either central or peripheral type myelin. In the present study we used the same operative procedure but transplanted Schwann cells instead of olfactory ensheathing cells. As with the olfactory ensheathing cell transplants the Schwann cells transplants also induced regeneration of the severed retinal ganglion cell axons into the graft region. In contrast to the situation with the olfactory ensheathing cell transplants, however, a considerable number of the regenerating axons became myelinated by peripheral type myelin produced by the transplanted Schwann cells. This observation identifies a further distinction between these two cell types which are phenotypically similar in many ways, but which have been shown to have major functional differences with regard to regeneration in spinal cord lesions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A basic study on humidity recovery by using micro‐porous media (Effects of thermal condition of fluids and geometrical condition of apparatus on transport performance)
Authors: Wang Shixue , Utaka Yoshio , Tasaki Yutaka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing an experimental apparatus to examine the performance of heat and mass transfer between constant‐temperature water and dry air through a porous plate having extremely small pores, the effects of the thermal conditions in the fluids and the geometric condition of the apparatus on moisture transport were measured. The effects of water temperature, thickness of the porous plate, and channel height of the flowing air on moisture transport are noticeable. However, the effect of air temperature in the channel inlet on moisture transport is slight. In addition, in order to evaluate the degree of air humidity absorption, a parameter called the moisture absorption rate was introduced. The moisture absorption rate was shown to decrease with increasing air velocity and varies only slightly for a plate thickness of 1 mm and decreases for a plate thickness of 3.5 mm with increasing water temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 568–581, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20133
Viscosity measurements of ethylene glycol solution with flow drag reduction additives
Authors: Haruki Naoto , Inaba Hideo , Horibe Akihiko , Tanaka Shinji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe viscous characteristics of ethylene glycol (EG) solution with flow drag reduction additive have been investigated experimentally. In this study, oleyldihydoroxyetyl amineoxide (ODEAO) was used as the flow drag reduction additive, and an aqueous solution of EG was used as a secondary refrigerant. The viscosity of the EG solution with ODEAO was measured with a rotational rheometer. The experimental parameters of viscosity measurement were the temperature of the EG solution with ODEAO, the ODEAO concentration, and the EG concentration. From the experimental results, the apparent viscosity of the EG solution with ODEAO showed SIS (shear induced state). The non‐linear dependence of shear stress on shear rate has been well approximated by the power‐law model under high shear conditions. The power‐law contents, pseudoplastic viscosity, and index number have been estimated for each experimental parameter. Using the measured viscosity and non‐dimensional analysis, the flow drag and heat transfer reduction effect of the EG solution with ODEAO has been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 553–567, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20134
Characteristics of the thermal decomposition of biomass and numerical simulation for the gasification of decomposed mixtures
Authors: Takeno Keiji , Ichinose Toshimitsu , Fukuda Norihiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs an initial step in clarifying the mechanisms of the combustion and gasification of biomass, fundamental experiments on the thermal decomposition and numerical simulation for the elementary reaction of decomposed chemical species have been performed. In the experiment, various kinds of biomass particles were rapidly heated by applying an electrically induced magnetic field to the metal tray on which the object particles had been placed. It was clarified that for the two decomposition temperatures of 590 and 1040 °C investigated, the relationship between decomposition rate and heating time was the same, but that the components of the decomposed species were substantially different; the mole fraction of C6–C9 components for the low temperature of 590 °C was 3 to 10 times greater than that corresponding to 1040 °C. Furthermore, a close relationship was ascertained between the percentage of heavy species (C10–C20) and the amount of lignin contained in the biomass. Numerical simulation indicated that these heavy species could decompose to C1 and H2 at over 1000 °C with H2O acting as the oxidation agent, and that the effect of H2O under atmospheric pressure reaches a maximum at PH2O–0.7 atm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 527–538, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20139
The effect of long‐term training on police officers' use of open and closed questions in field investigative interviews of children (FIIC)
Authors: Myklebust Trond , Bjørklund Roald A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study intends to assess the effect of long‐term training on police officers' use of open and closed questions in investigative interviews of children. One hundred field investigative interviews of children were divided into two groups based on the interviewers' level of competence (training and experience). The police officers' questions were classified into groups of either open or closed. In all interviews, the mean numbers were 20 open and 217 closed questions, corresponding to an open–closed question ratio of 1:10. The most competent interviewers used 22 open questions and the less competent used 19 open questions, but the difference was not statistically significant. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of question but no main effect of competence. ANOVA revealed a descending number of open questions during the interviews, whilst the distribution of closed questions showed an inverted U distribution with most frequent use of closed questions in the middle part of the interviews. Possible strategies of enhancing the use of open questions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of shape to distinguish Chamelea gallina and Chamelea striatula (Bivalvia: Veneridae): Linear and geometric morphometric methods
Authors: Rufino Marta M. , Gaspar Miguel B. , Pereira Alexandre M. , Vasconcelos Paulo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe commercially fished striped venus clams Chamelea gallina and C. striatula (Bivalvia: Veneridae) are difficult to distinguish by inexperienced observers and the taxonomy of these species is still an issue of discussion. The differences in shape between C. gallina and C. striatula from Portuguese coastal waters were studied through conventional linear and geometric morphometric analysis, using both contour (elliptic Fourier analysis) and landmark‐based methods. The relationships shell length vs. height, width, and total weight were significantly different between species. However, because there was a considerable overlap in the data sets, the species could not be distinguished using any combination of those linear measurements. Geometric morphometric methods provided shape variables that led to 0–6% misclassification rates between species; linear morphometric measures led to 16.8% error. Contour analysis revealed differences primarily in the shell umbo and lunular area. The umbo was more “sharp” and the lunula less pronounced in C. striatula than in C. gallina. Generalized procrustes superimposition (landmark analysis) showed that the main differences between species reside in the length of the pallial sinus. Thus, an index was developed (PI: Pallial Index = pallial sinus length/shell length), which was successfully used to separate the species (with 100% correct classification), i.e., specimens with PI lower than 0.119 belonged to C. gallina, whereas greater PI values were attributed to C. striatula. The use of these geometric morphometric methods allowed the detection of differences in shape between these two species and to develop an easy‐to‐use identification index. We encourage the development of analogous indices that apply the methods of geometric morphometrics to distinguish between other species whose identification is complicated. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Charge dependent behavior of PNA/DNA/PNA triplexes in the gas phase
Authors: Delvolvé Alice , Tabet Jean‐Claude , Bregant Sarah , Afonso Carlos , Burlina Fabienne , Fournier Françoise 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntact noncovalent complexes were studied in the gas phase using negative ion nano‐ESI mass spectrometry. Among various noncovalent systems studied in the gas phase, the interaction of DNA strands with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) presents a strong interest as biologically relevant systems. PNAs originally described by Nielsen are used as DNA mimics as possible medical agents by imprisoning DNA single strands into stable noncovalent complexes. Two types of PNAs were investigated in the PNA/DNA multiplex: the original Nielsen's PNA and a modified backbone PNA by the introduction of syn‐ and anti‐(aminoehtyl)thiazolidine rings. We first investigated the stoichiometry of PNA/DNA multiplexes formed in solution and observed them in the gas phase via qualitative kinetics of complementary strand associations. It resulted in observing PNA2/DNA triplexes (ts) as the multiply deprotonated species, most stable in both the solution and gas phase. Second, charge‐dependant decompositions of these species were undertaken under low‐energy collision conditions. It appears that covalent bond cleavages (base releasing or skeleton cleavage) occur from lower ts charge states rather than ts unzipping, which takes place from higher charge states. This behavior can be explained by considering the presence of zwitterions depending on the charge state. They result in strong salt‐bridge interactions between the positively charged PNA side chain and the negatively charged DNA backbone. We propose a general model to clearly display the involved patterns in the noncovalent triplex decompositions. Third, the relative stability of three PNA2/DNA complexes was scrutinized in the gas phase by acquiring the breakdown curves of their ts6− form, corresponding to the ts unzipping. The chemical structures of the studied PNAs were chosen in order to evidence the possible influence of backbone stereochemistry on the rigidity of PNA2/DNA complexes. It provided significantly different stabilities via Vm measurements. The relative gas‐phase stability order obtained was compared to that found in solution by Chassaing et al., and shows qualitative agreement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methyl‐β‐ phenethylamine (2C‐D) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Theobald Denis S. , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phenethylamine‐derived designer drug 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methyl‐β‐phenethylamine (2C‐D) was found to be metabolized in rats by O‐demethylation at position 2 or 5 followed by N‐acetylation or by deamination with oxidation to the corresponding acids or reduction to the corresponding alcohol. Furthermore, 2C‐D was hydroxylated at the methyl group or deaminated followed by reduction to the corresponding alcohol or by oxidation to the corresponding acid. Most of the metabolites were excreted in conjugated form. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full‐scan GC/MS allowed the detection of an intake of a dose of 2C‐D in rat urine that corresponds to a common drug user's dose. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure should be suitable for proof of an intake of 2C‐D in human urine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical Model for Surface‐Initiated Photopolymerization of Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate
Authors: Kızılel Seda , Pérez‐Luna Víctor H. , Teymour Fouad 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: A general mathematical model has been developed to describe the surface initiated photopolymerization of PEG‐DA forming crosslinked hydrogel membranes upon the surface of a substrate. Such membranes are formed by photopolymerizing a PEG‐DA prepolymer solution by initiation with eosin‐Y‐functionalized surfaces and TEA using VP as accelerator. Experimental measurements of the thickness of hydrogel membranes compare well with the model. The model is developed by using the pseudo‐kinetic approach and the method of moments, and is capable of predicting the crosslink density and thickness of the hydrogel membrane. Parametric sensitivity of the effects of PEG‐DA, VP and coinitiator TEA concentration towards the crosslink density and the thickness of the hydrogel is also investigated. The results obtained for different PEG‐DA and VP concentrations suggest that the concentration ratio of these two monomers is a key parameter in controlling the gel thickness and permeability. This model can also be applied to systems where drugs, proteins or cells are encapsulated through surface initiated photopolymerization to predict the growth and crosslink density profiles of the encapsulating membrane. In a previous study we have experimentally demonstrated that these membranes could be made to attach covalently to the surface of the underlying substrate.Comparison of experimental measurements and model simulation of PEG‐DA hydrogel membrane thickness versus laser duration at high PEG‐DA concentrations.imageComparison of experimental measurements and model simulation of PEG‐DA hydrogel membrane thickness versus laser duration at high PEG‐DA concentrations.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Degradation of Porous Poly(lactide) Scaffolds, 1
Authors: Mohammadi Yousef , Jabbari Esmaiel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the degradation of porous PLA scaffolds. The simulated volume was assumed to be divided homogeneously between the pore and solid PLA with the ratio equal to the bulk porosity of the scaffold. The volume was divided into surface and bulk elements where the surface elements were in direct contact with the aqueous degradation medium, while the bulk elements were surrounded by the pore and solid PLA. The effect of degradation time on PLA ester groups and carboxylic acid end‐groups for surface and bulk elements, pH, PLA degradation rate and mass loss, and PLA molecular weight distribution was simulated. For surface elements, pH remained constant at 7.4 over the entire time of degradation, while for bulk elements its value decreased significantly to as low as 5.8. The highest drop in pH within the scaffold was observed for the highest porosity of 90%. There was a lag time of at least 7 weeks in the mass loss for surface as well as bulk elements for porosities ranging from 70 to 90%. The mass loss for bulk elements was considerably faster than the surface elements. This difference in the rate of mass loss between the surface and bulk elements could affect the 3D morphology and dimensional stability of the scaffold in vivo as degradation proceeds. The simulation predicts that, due to differences in the rate of bulk and surface degradation, hollow structures could form inside the scaffold after 19, 17, and 15 weeks for initial porosities of 70, 80, and 90%, respectively.A schematic diagram illustrating the degradation of an element on the outer surface of the scaffold (surface element) versus an element within the volume of the scaffold (bulk element).imageA schematic diagram illustrating the degradation of an element on the outer surface of the scaffold (surface element) versus an element within the volume of the scaffold (bulk element).