bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R442 – Antioxidant Therapy Prevents Presbycusis In C57BL6 mice
Authors: Heman‐Ackah Selena E , Huang Tina C , Juhn Steven K 
Published: August 2008

ProblemPresbycusis, or age‐related hearing loss, is characterized by gradual, progressive sensorineural hearing loss which accompanies aging with associated decreased speech recognition in noisy environments, slowed central processing of acoustic stimuli and impaired sound localization. In addition to impairing one's ability to communicate effectively, presbycusis jeopardizes one's autonomy, presents a safety concern and has been correlated with an increased incidence of clinical depression and social withdrawal. By 2025, it is estimated that approximately 25 million Americans will be affected, thus this presents a major public health concern. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of antioxidant therapy, including two novel antioxidants, in the prevention of presbycusis.MethodsC57BL6 mice were assigned to treatment or control groups. Treatment groups of mice were fed with a combination of two novel antioxidants, L‐cysteine‐glutathione mixed disulfide and ribose cysteine, as well as vitamin B12, folic acid, and ascorbic acid. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were recorded at baseline and on a monthly basis following initiation of treatment.ResultsThreshold shifts were observed according to the established pattern of age related loss associated with C57BL6 mice. Threshold shifts were decreased in the treatment group. Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) in threshold shifts were observed between the treatment and control groups for click stimulus and pure tones at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 32 kHz. The treatment group was found to have a smaller degree of shift in association with aging.ConclusionCombination antioxidant therapy effectively decreased threshold shifts on auditory brainstem responses within the established animal model for presbycusis.SignificanceCombination antioxidant therapy may prove a safe and cost‐effective method of preventing presbycusis in our growing elderly population.SupportAmerican Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Resident Research Grant.
R453 – Cryoballoon Dilation of Tracheal Stenosis
Authors: Wycherly Benjamin , Malekzadeh Sonya , Steehler Matthew Kirk , Kevin Burke , Kallakury Bhaskar 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe endoscopic management of tracheal stenosis remains ineffective, despite advances in dilation and resection techniques. The vascular literature reveals improved patency rates of stenosis with cryodilation compared to balloon angioplasty. The proposed mechanism is a decrease in collagen deposition with cryotherapy. Similarly, tracheal cryotherapy maintains the cartilaginous framework of the airway while minimizing collagen deposition. The objective of this study is to compare collagen deposition in tracheal injuries dilated with room temperature versus subfreezing temperature balloons.MethodsSix New Zealand White rabbits underwent endoscopic tracheal injury with a nylon brush. At 3 weeks post injury, dilation was performed by a balloon inflated with either room temperature saline (n=3), or nitrous oxide to −10 °C, (n=3). Rabbits were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks post dilation. Segments of injured trachea were histologically examined for collagen and graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe.ResultsCollagen deposition at 2 weeks post dilation was graded as moderate to severe in all specimens. In the 4 week post dilation tracheas, marked differences in collagen deposition were noted. While the trachea dilated at room temperature was graded as moderate to severe, the cryoballoon dilated trachea showed minimal to no collagen deposition. Despite the observed differences in collagen deposition, sub‐mucosal thickness differed between specimens by an average of 0.2 mm.ConclusionThis preliminary study suggests that dilation with balloon cryotherapy decreases collagen deposition in the injured airway.SignificanceLong‐term patency of immature tracheal stenosis may be improved with the addition of subfreezing temperatures to endoscopic dilation techniques.SupportA grant was provided by Boston Scientific, Inc. in the form of money and supplies.
R457 – Paranasal Aerosol Delivery of Budesonide Using PARI VibrENT
Authors: Schuschnig Uwe , Weigand Ashley Norris , Keller Manfred , Krüner Axel , Müller Dominik 
Published: August 2008

ProblemNasal sprays containing inhaled corticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of chronic, allergic and acute sinusitis. However, nasal sprays deposit mainly on the nasal valve and on the anterior portion of the nose, and are rapidly cleared from there. Clinical efficacy data are equivocal which might be caused by the inability of nasal sprays to reach into the posterior regions of the nose. Hence, a drug delivery system such as the PARI VibrENT designed to target the deep nose and the paranasal cavities via a pulsating aerosol may offer substantial benefits.MethodsNebulization efficiency was investigated by a novel cast deposition model of the upper airway including paranasal sinuses developed by PARI GmbH (Munich, Germany). 0.5 mL of a captisol enabled budesonide inhalation solution (CBIS, 480 μg Budesonide/ml) was completely aerosolized into each nostril. Consequently, in total 1 ml or 480 μg of Budesonide were administered in about 3 minutes. Sinus deposition was measured by extracting the deposited drug with a defined volume of solvent and assayed by HPLC.ResultsThe mean values are as follows: the mean paranasal deposition was 15.9% of the initially charged budesonide amount. Only about 2% of the initial budesonide charge remained in the nebulizer, whereas 57.7% deposited in the nasal cavity, 15.2 % were expelled and 90.8 % of the drug was recovered. Deposition in the single sinus cavities ranged from 0.1% up to 7% depending significantly on sinus volume (p<0.01) and ostium diameter (p<0.01).ConclusionRelevant drug amounts could be delivered by the VibrENT into the nose and paranasal cavities of the nasal cast. Sinus deposition depends on its anatomy and was highest with ostium diameters from 1.5 to 3 mm.SignificanceSignificant sinus deposition of abudesonide solution may be attainable through the use of the VibrENT nebulizer system. Clinical studies are warranted.
R462 – Anatomic Characteristics of Tongue Coblation
Authors: Delong Liu , Qingfeng Liu , Wenfei Qin 
Published: August 2008

ProblemWe investigated the topographic anatomic characteristics of the human tongue in order to determine the safest location for Coblation® (ArthroCare Corp., Sunnyvale, CA) tongue treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and to provide detailed anatomic data to facilitate the surgery.MethodsWe dissected 16 lateral tongues from human cadavers and studied the distribution of the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery and their respective distances. The ratios of those distances to the length and width of the tongue were calculated to establish the safest locations for Coblation tongue treatment.ResultsThe vertical distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the surface of the tongue was invariant near the foramen caecum. The ratio of the horizontal distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the midline of the tongue to its length and the vertical distance to the surface at the foramen caecum and at 10 mm and 25 mm from the apex was obtained. Analysis of the data using ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05).ConclusionLow‐temperature radiofrequency tongue treatment (Coblation) offers a safe and effective treatment for patients with retroglossal OSAHS. Recognizing the topographic anatomic characteristics of the tongue and applying the concepts of ratio and individualization, in which consideration is given to each patient's unique anatomy, promotes greater safety and optimal patient outcomes.SignificanceThe data could extend the area of surgery in tongue from before or after caecum to the whole tongue. It could facilitate the coblation tongue treatment which is different from those surgeries in the base of tongue. And coblation tongue channeling (CTC) is very useful to treat hypertrophic tongue in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We have performed many CTC on the patients with OSAS and give the relative area by proportional view in the tongue based on the data.
An enhanced apoptosis and a reduced angiogenesis are associated with the inhibition of lung colonisation in animals fed ann-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet injected with a highly metastatic murine melanoma line
Authors: Mannini Antonella , Kerstin Nadja , Calorini Lido , Mugnai Gabriele , Ruggieri Salvatore 
Published: August 2008

Both epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that dietaryn-3 PUFA inhibit carcinogenesis and tumour growth. Metastatic diffusion has also been found to be affected in animals fed diets containing purifiedn-3 PUFA or fish oil. In the present study, we investigated whether the metastatic diffusion of a highly metastatic variant (F10-SR cells) isolated from the B16 melanoma F10 line was affected by feeding host animals a diet containing 5 % fish oil. In these animals, compared with those fed a diet containing 5 % maize oil, there was a reduced number of metastatic pulmonary colonies. The immunohistochemical analysis of appropriate markers revealed that the antimetastatic effect of dietaryn-3 PUFA was not related to a reduction of proliferation, but rather to an enhanced apoptotic activity. The reduction of von Willebrand factor immunoreactivity found in pulmonary colonies of F10-SR cells grown in fish oil-fed animals indicates that a decrease of angiogenesis contributes to the antimetastatic effect of dietaryn-3 PUFA. This conclusion stands in spite of the higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor observed in pulmonary colonies grown in fish oil-fed animals.
Intramammary infusion of a live culture for treatment of bovine mastitis: effect of live lactococci on the mammary immune response
Authors: Crispie Fiona , Alonso-Gómez Mercedes , O'Loughlin Collette , Klostermann Katja , Flynn James , Arkins Seán , Meaney William , Paul Ross R , Hill Colin 
Published: August 2008

In the accompanying article, we demonstrated that a live culture ofLactococcus lactiscompares favourably with antibiotics for treatment of bovine mastitis in two initial field trials. In an effort to explain the mechanism involved, this study investigated the effect of culture administration on the local immune response. In this respect we initially observed that infusion of the live cultureLactococcus lactisstimulated substantial recruitment of polymorphonucleocytes (PMN) and lymphocytes to the udder. For instance, in one assay, quarters infused with the probiotic experienced a dramatic increase (~20 000-fold) in neutrophils over the first 48-h period from an average value of 83·6 cells/ml pre-treatment to 1·78×106 cells/ml 48 h post-infusion. Levels of the acute phase proteins haptaglobin and milk amyloid A were also elevated significantly in comparison with controls following infusion of the culture. The results of flow cytometric assays also demonstrated that while infusion of a live lactococcal culture led to an enhanced recruitment of PMN to the udder (from 1·85×104 cells/ml pre-infusion to 1·45×106 cells/ml 24 h post-infusion) cell-free supernatant from the same culture was not able to do so, indicating that liveLc. lactiscan specifically trigger the mammary immune response to elicit PMN accumulation. These results suggest that the mechanism responsible for this probiotic treatment of mastitis is associated with stimulation of the host intramammary immune system.
Christianity and the ethics of belief
Authors: ZAMULINSKI BRIAN 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe ethics of belief does not justify condemning all possible forms of religion even in the absence of evidence for any of them or the presence of evidence against all of them. It follows that attacks on religion like the recent one by Richard Dawkins must fail. The reason is not that there is something wrong with the ethics of belief but that Christian faith need not be a matter of beliefs but can instead be a matter of assumptions to which the faithful person is committed. It follows that Christianity can be compatible with scientific rationality.
Robert Boyle on the diversity of religions
Authors: DUMSDAY TRAVIS 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRobert Boyle's treatise, ‘On the diversity of religions’, remains a little-known work, and was unpublished during his lifetime. Nonetheless it is of considerable historical and philosophical interest. In it, Boyle attempts to answer the question of how one can hope to obtain religious truth amidst the many competing claims to revelation, a concern which had grown acute in the early modern period. In this paper I examine Boyle's arguments, considering along the way their relationship to the various contemporary debates on diversity and evaluating their present relevance.
Forest environmental income in Vietnam: household socioeconomic factors influencing forest use
Authors: MCELWEE PAMELA D. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYMuch research has focused on understanding the importance of forest environmental income in different communities and highlighting key socioeconomic characteristics of forest-dependent households. This paper examines the economic importance of forests among rural agriculturalists in Vietnam. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 104 households in five study villages in Ha Tinh province in north central Vietnam surrounding the Ke Go Nature Reserve (KGNR). Variables such as migration status of the household, age, income class and landholdings were used to identify characteristics of households with high forest income in both absolute and relative terms. More than half of households reported receiving forest environmental income in cash. Socioeconomic variables were compared between forest cash income (FCI) households and non-FCI households. Non-FCI households had more alternative income sources from wage labour and livestock, while FCI households were significantly younger, tended to live closer to the forest and had larger landholdings. Contrary to other research on forest use, the households deriving the most forest income in both absolute and relative terms were not the poorer households, but those in the middle class. These findings highlight the need for conservation and development projects to pay attention to the specific household factors that influence forest use, rather than relying on assumptions that poverty and forests are always linked.
Biodiversity in small-scale tropical agroforests: a review of species richness and abundance shifts and the factors influencing them
Authors: SCALES BEN R. , MARSDEN STUART J. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYAlthough small-scale agroforestry systems (swiddens, complex and single-crop-dominated agroforests, and homegardens) form a diverse and important tropical land use, there has been no attempt to collate information on their value for biodiversity. This paper reviews 52 published studies that compared species richness and/or abundance between agroforests and primary forest, and 27 studies that compared biodiversity parameters across agroforests. The former covered a broad range of taxa and geographical areas, but few focused on homegardens, while those comparing across agroforestry systems were biased towards studies of plants (21 studies) and homegardens (13 of 27). Of 43 studies comparing species richness or diversity across habitats, 34 reported lower richness in agroforests than in adjacent forest. There was also high β diversity between primary forests and agroforests. Patterns of abundance shifts were less straightforward, with many species traits (for example diets) being generally poor indicators of response to agricultural disturbance. Among the few trends identified, restricted-range or rare species, and terrestrial and some understorey vertebrates tended to decline most, and open country species, granivores and generalists increased most in agroforests. Variability in biodiversity retention across systems has been linked most strongly to economic function, management intensity and extent of remnant forest within the landscape, as well as more subtle cultural influences. Species richness and abundance generally decrease with increasing prevalence of crop species, more intensive management, decreasing stratum richness and shortening of cultivation cycles. Increasing holding size did not necessarily reduce α diversity. Knowledge of the general effects of small-scale agroforestry on biodiversity is substantial, but the great diversity of systems and species responses mean that it is difficult to accurately predict biodiversity losses and gains at a local level. Further work is required on the influence of spatial and temporal structure of agricultural holdings on biodiversity retention across agriculture/succession/forest mosaics, how β diversity across individual holdings influences biodiversity across landscapes, and ultimately on how agricultural intensification can be best managed to minimize future losses of biodiversity from tropical landscapes.
Prevalence and determinants of physical activity and lifestyle in relation to obesity among schoolchildren in Israel
Authors: Nitzan Kaluski Dorit , Demem Mazengia Getachew , Shimony Tal , Goldsmith Rebecca , Berry Elliot M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the relationships between physical activity, lifestyle determinants and obesity in adolescent Israeli schoolchildren.Design and settingCross-sectional survey.SubjectsThe MABAT Youth Survey was a nationally representative, school-based study of youth in grades 7 to 12 (ages 11–19 years).MethodsSelf-administered questionnaires assessed health behaviours and anthropometric indices were measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between obesity, physical activity, socio-economic status and other lifestyle habits. One-way ANOVA was used to determine mean physical activity levels (MET values) by BMI categories.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight was 13–15 % and of obesity 4–9 % depending on gender and ethnicity, and was higher among the non-Jewish sectors. Thirty-six per cent and 57 % of Jewish girls and boys, and 40 % and 58 % of non-Jewish girls and boys, respectively, were optimally active. Boys from low socio-economic schools and those who slept for less than 6 h at night were less active. Girls from middle school were found to be 53 % more optimally physically active among Jews, and 89 % more among non-Jews, compared with girls from high school (P= 0·001); girls with less educated parents were also less physically active. No clear relationship was found between the level of obesity and physical activity.ConclusionsPhysical inactivity was strongly related to gender, age, social status, sleeping habits, hookah smoking, and parental educational status. Education and intervention programmes should focus on these risk factors.
Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample
Authors: Hendrie Gillian Anne , Coveney John , Cox David 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectivesExplore the level of general nutrition knowledge and demographic influences of knowledge levels in a community sample.Design and settingA sample of volunteers, recruited from community centres in two suburbs of differing socio-economic status, in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsTwo hundred and one people, aged 18 years and older, completed a modified and validated version of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (113 items). The questionnaire was self-administered and completed under supervision.ResultsBasic messages about eating more fruit, vegetables and fibre, and less fatty and salty foods were best understood. Confusion was evident with more detailed nutrition information. For example, 90 % of the people were aware of the recommendations to eat more fruit and vegetables, but 56 % and 62 % knew the recommended number of servings of fruit and vegetables, respectively. Descriptive statistics showed significant demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels; multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant independent effects of gender, age, highest level of education and employment status on nutrition knowledge level (P< 0·01 level). The model accounted for 40 % of the variance in nutrition knowledge scores.ConclusionsThere is demographic variation in nutrition knowledge levels and a broad lack of awareness of some public health nutrition recommendations. Having a detailed understanding of the deficiencies in community knowledge should allow for future nutrition education programmes to target subgroups of the population or particular areas of nutrition education, to more efficiently improve knowledge and influence dietary behaviour.
Envisioning a data reuse registry
Authors: Piwowar Heather , Chapman Wendy 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRepurposing research data holds many benefits for the advancement of biomedicine, yet is very difficult to measure and evaluate. We propose a data reuse registry to maintain links between primary research datasets and studies that reuse this data. Such a resource could help recognize investigators whose work is reused, illuminate aspects of reusability, and evaluate policies designed to encourage data sharing and reuse.
Gender Related Differences in Paraoxonase 1 Response to High‐fat Diet‐induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Thomàs‐Moyà Elena , Gómez‐Pérez Yolanda , Fiol Miguel , Gianotti Magdalena , Lladó Isabel , Proenza Ana M. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To evaluate the influence of the pro‐oxidant and proinflammatory state related to dietary obesity on serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in male and female rats.Methods and Procedures: Adult Wistar rats of both genders were fed on a high‐fat diet to induce weight gain or standard diet for 14 weeks. Body weight was assessed weekly and food intake fortnightly throughout the dietary treatment. Biometrical parameters and serum lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and adipokine levels were measured. To assess the effect of dietary obesity on oxidative stress, levels of liver and serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, liver protein carbonyl groups, liver antioxidant enzymes activities, and serum PON1 activities were measured.Results: High‐fat diet feeding induced a significant body weight gain in both male and female rats, as well as a reduction of liver antioxidant protection. High‐fat diet increased serum lipid peroxides in male rats and reduced serum PON1 activities and serum apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) levels in females, although did not alter serum PON1 or apolipoprotein J (apoJ) levels.Discussion: Our results reveal a gender dimorphism in the high‐fat diet‐induced reduction of serum PON1 activity, which is likely to be related to the greater obese and proinflammatory state achieved in female rats. We suggest that the enhanced oxidative stress caused by dietary increased body weight, on leading to high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), apoA‐I or PON1 oxidation could entail the destabilization of the PON1 association to HDL or a direct inactivation of PON1 enzymatic activity, thus accounting for the decreased serum PON1 activities observed in female rats.
The Impact of an Intensive Treatment Program on Graduate Clinicians’ Perception of Treating Children/Teens Who Stutter
Authors: Games Diane C. , Gabel Rodney 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In order to evaluate graduate clinicians’ perception of treating children/teens who stutter, a six-question rating scale was administered following a period of academic coursework and prior to Fluency Friday Plus, an intensive treatment program for school-age children who stutter. The same questions were then administered to the same graduate clinicians following participation in this intensive treatment program. Results indicated a significant change in perceptions towards treating children/teens who stutter following the intensive treatment program experience.