bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking Cessation Program in the Workplace
Authors: Custodio L. E. , Manlapaz P. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Hospital or clinic based smoking cessation programs are scarce and inaccessible to workers working in the field. To encourage and assist employees to quit smoking and thus improve their health; and to make the program accessible, a smoking cessation program was conducted in the workplace.

Method
A survey was conducted to determine the number of smokers among Unocal employees and who were interested in joining the smoking cessation program. Enrollment to the program was on a voluntary basis. The program consisted of one-hour small group session/week for a total of 4 weeks. The program was conducted by the company's Health & Medical staff after proper training from hospital-based personnel conducting a similar program. The sessions focused on health effects of smoking, understanding and coping with urges/cravings; nutrition and fitness activities. Bupropion medications for a 4- week course were offered for free to employees who joined the program. To reinforce cessation efforts and to monitor the quit rate, monthly follow-ups were done either by telephone or group meetings.

Results
Based on the survey conducted, there were a total of 105 (32.5%) smokers out of 323 employees. Out of the 105 smokers, 22 (21%) were interested to join the program. However, only 12 (55%) actually joined and completed the program. Six (50%) employees successfully stopped smoking for 6 months while the other 6 employees (50%) initially stopped but relapsed. Four (4) out of twelve (12) employees who joined the program availed of the pharmacotherapy (Bupropion). However, the medication was discontinued by all three since they felt they could manage the withdrawal symptoms even without it. Problems encountered by employees who relapsed were peer pressure and withdrawal symptoms. All employees who joined were followed up regularly for 6 months.

Conclusion
The quit rate of UPI's smoking cessation program is comparable with reported quit rates from hospital or clinic- based programs or may even be better at 6 months period. This could be due to accessibility and better support system for the employees. Other local companies are encouraged to offer a similar program for their employees.
Cardio Vascular Health Program
Authors: Inciong E. A. , Clemena T. , Custodio L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Introduction
To further assist in the improvement of our employees’ heart and health awareness, our Cardiovascular Disease Health Program was enhanced using the Heart Risk Assessment as a tool in educating and identifying contributing risk factors of the employees.

Method
All employees were invited to undergo Heart Risk Assessment using Framingham Heart Risk Scoring. The parameters used in this scoring are Gender, Age, BP, Smoking History, Total cholesterol and HDL and if in medication for hypertension. Results were discussed to employees individually. Those employees with moderate to high risk scores and those diagnosed with hypertension even with low risk score were monitored for six months. Health education, nutrition counseling, referrals to smoking cessation program and fitness program were done. Repeat Heart Risk Assessment was done to target employees only after six months.

Results
403 (96.4%) employees participated in the screening program with the following results: 339 (84.12%) employees with low risk scores; 46 (11.41%) employees with moderate risk and 18 (4.47%) employees with high risk scores. Based on the result, 132 employees were encouraged to enroll in the company's CVD Program. These were those employees with moderate (46 or 34.85%) and high risk (18 or 13.64%) heart risk assessment scores and those employees diagnosed with hypertension but with low risk (68 or 51.52%) scores.
All enrolled employees were monitored on the following parameter: BP, Lipid profile, weight and compliance to medication. Health education was provided to all. They were also encouraged to participate in the company's other wellness programs such as: DM Progran Fitness Program, Nutrition program and Smoking Cessation program.
104 (78.78%) out of 132 target employees have a repeat HRA after six months. The following were the findings: 55 (52.88%) employees with low risk scores, moderate risk 33 (31.73%), high risk 16 (15.38%). There were 9 (8.65%) employees who improved their HRA scores, 77 (74.03%) employees with the same score and 18 (17.31%) employees with higher risk score. The most common causes of the higher risk scores were smoking and elevated cholesterol levels.

Conclusion
Heart Risk Screening and the company's CVD Program were well participated by the employees. This could be due to heightened interest, health awareness of the employees and the enthusiasm of the Health and Medical Staff in promoting health. To improve employees’ health status, more efforts should be directed to encourage lifestyle modification and implementation of significant health programs.
Pioneering "Gate Valve Milling" Operation Performed With Coiled Tubing Recovers an Important Oil Producer Offshore Brunei
Authors: Al Araimi N. M. , Gedge B. , Burns K. , Mahajan M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Brunei Shell Petroleum offshore well A was offline and shut in due to the 3 1/8" 5K lower master valve on the monoblock tree, being seized in the closed position, due to scale production. The subsequent loss of production was 200 m3 (1260 BOPD), with a monetary value of US$1.5 million per month at $40 per barrel.
Two options were considered for recovering the well using well intervention techniques rather than a complete workover and well killing operation. Mobilize a "Gate Valve Milling Machine" the nearest being available was in Europe.Mill the Gate Valve with a coiled tubing unit, which was already on the platform, performing a stimulation programme on adjoining wells.
Option one was expensive due to high mobilization costs, some HSE issues, well control but this was a tried and test method of remedying the problem. Option two was a somewhat untried operation, which had only been performed as far as BSP and the contractors involved knew, once before in the North Sea.
Given the coiled tubing unit was already on the platform, and the specialist low speed high torque motors with an anti stall device and specialist mills were availed in the time frame required. The decision process based on HSE, engineering review (SWOP), and cost considerations, chose the coiled tubing option.
The paper will examine the problem with the wellhead master valve, the HSE, engineering and cost decision process leading up to the decision to go with the coiled tubing option. The milling operation from programme inception to successful execution of the milling operation, and placing the well back on line, will review in detail.
Other operators will be able to benefit from this safe, low cost and time saving method of recovering production from wells with similar problems, which are many around the world.
Modeling Permeability Reduction Caused by Asphaltene Deposition
Authors: Garrouch A. A. , Al-Ruhaimani F. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study formulates a model for estimating permeability impairment caused by asphaltene deposition. The model is based on a mass balance and is capable of predicting permeability reduction in either vertical or horizontal wells. The model accounts for both the effects of position in the reservoir and time. The model is formulated in integral form to allow for analytic solutions when symbolic formulation exists for the parameters affecting the deposition process. The modeling approache accounts implicitly for the effects of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition, by including the asphaltene radius distribution.
Even though the mass-balance model is one-dimensional and is valid for only single-phase flow in porous media, it can be used to estimate the permeability reduction for both homogeneous and heterogeneous formations.
Managing Life Extension in Aging Offshore Installations
Authors: Galbraith D. N. , Sharp J. V. , Terry E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many North Sea installations are now at or beyond their original design lives, and this raises questions about the demonstration of the safety of the structures to remain in service. Whereas most of the topsides equipment is accessible for inspection and maintenance, and deteriorating parts can be repaired and replaced, such IRM is extremely expensive for the underwater structure. Indeed, widespread inspection of structures cannot realistically be undertaken for both cost and safety reasons. The North Sea concerns on managing life extension affect both fixed platforms and semi-submersibles, and these are also reflected in many other parts of the world including the Gulf of Mexico and the Far East.
The management of life extension requires an assessment of both the original design requirements, changes in standards and loading conditions and the current state of the structure. ISO 19902 includes a new section on reassessment, which has been developed with international input (including the authors).
A methodology has been developed by Cranfield University, in conjunction with Galbraith Consulting and Sauf Consulting, to assess how well operators and their contractors apply their knowledge of individual structures, corporate requirements, behaviour of materials and worldwide experience in determining inspection and repair requirements for an individual structure.
The work was funded by the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA), as they needed a tool to provide a framework for their structural audits; however the methodology can be used by operators as a self assessment tool. An assessment determines the "maturity" of the operators’ decision making in a number of different areas — higher maturity requires greater understanding and investment in planning, but the resulting maintenance should be both cheaper and safer, particularly for life extension purposes.
The paper describes the main issues in managing life extension, including evolution and operation of the above methodology.
Moving From Wireline Logging to Logging-While-Drilling in an Aggressive North Sea Drilling and Formation Evaluation Program—A Case Study of the Brenda Accumulation
Authors: Dawber M. , Mitchell E. , Barson D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
LWD was integrated into an aggressive drilling program to assess the Brenda field from a previously un-appraised discovery in the Central North Sea. In a six well drilling program in 2004, shifting the logging program from wireline to LWD facilitated a rapid but detailed evaluation of the Brenda accumulation with considerable time and cost savings. Originally single, vertical wells with wireline were planned but practice evolved into drilling 3-legged directional wells using full LWD suites to maximize information garnered per well. Using LWD enabled logging suites to reach TD in directional wells on first attempt and meant logging in-gauge hole rather than the washed-out hole suffered by the wireline tools due to drilling reactive shales with water based mud.
Sophisticated LWD toolstrings including a formation pressure tester and a slow shear sonic tool were used in addition to the standard triple-combo (resistivity/density/neutron). Applying advanced data processing methods including phase velocity processing and a physics-based dispersion correction of the sonic as well as thin-bed processing of the resistivity facilitated quality control and quantitative use of the LWD data.
The LWD formation tester was used to estimate the oil gravity and to accurately identify the depths of the oil-water contacts. This was required to identify the main Brenda East and Brenda West stratigraphically-trapped accumulations and also for reserves estimates. Downhole fluid sampling was not necessary in these wells.
The LWD sonic measurements were used to refine the seismic models with accurate measurement of compressional and slow shear velocities in the overburden. This improved the top reservoir pick which is very important in a stratigraphic trap such as Brenda. The compressional and shear velocities measured in the reservoir were used to refine the acoustic impedance models. This meant that a costly VSP/Check shot survey was not required. This was fortunate because the only check shot survey that was run became stuck in the reactive formations above the reservoir.
Thin-bed modeling of the resistivity logs helped derive a more accurate reserves estimate by providing horizontal and vertical true resistivities in a series of thin-beds in the "abandonment facies" above the main reservoir. Thin-bed modeling effectively increased the resolution of the LWD resistivity tool.
The Logistics of International Technical Training
Authors: Hughes J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As the technology of the industry continues to develop, there is often an urgency to transfer that technology from the developer to the end user. In order for the technology to be used properly and to its full potential, the end user needs tools such as documentation and training. Depending on the level of complexity, documentation alone is not enough, as users may be faced with volumes of technical information. Arguably, the best way to connect a user with his or her new technology is to offer hands-on, practical instruction. Such training requires a certain level of planning and effort when hosted within the same region. Taking the training on the road to other areas of the world presents extra logistical and cross-cultural challenges.
Recently, a new treatment monitoring system was introduced to the field in the USA, which required on-site training. When the same system was exported to operations in Russia, the logistics of personnel movement and busy work schedules demanded the training be hosted at a field base.
This paper discusses some of the considerations for planning and hosting a technical training course in an international location. Various topics are covered, from the logistics of getting equipment through foreign customs to the challenges of translating literature and presentations into another language. Based on the information in this paper, an instructor will be better able to plan and prepare a technical training course in a remote location. Details which are often overlooked and cause last minute crises are discussed, and priorities are assigned to certain tasks which require more time to plan for than others.
Tracing the Path of Carbon Dioxide From a Gas/Condensate Reservoir, Through an Amine Plant and Back Into a Subsurface Aquifer – Case Study: The Sleipner Area, Norwegian North Sea
Authors: Hansen H. , Eiken O. , Aasum T. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Sleipner Vest Field, which came on stream in 1996, is the largest gas/condensate field in the Sleipner area. Having a higher carbon dioxide content (9 mole%) than the gas export quality specifications of 2.5 mole% CO2, it was necessary (prior to development approval) to find some way of handling the excess CO2 without damaging the natural environment. An amine plant was installed at the Sleipner T platform to extract the CO2 from the reservoir gas, which was then injected and stored some 800-1000m below sea level and 2.5 km east of the Sleipner A platform in the Utsira Formation - a water-filled acquifer. Up until now (mid 2005), about seven million tonnes of CO2 have been injected. The stored CO2 has been monitored using time lapse seismic to confirm its behaviour and evaluate (i) whether any of it has migrated towards the Sleipner installations, potentially leading to corrosion problems for well casing; or (ii) whether any of it has leaked into the overburden seal, the ocean or the atmosphere. The results show that neither of these eventualities has occurred.
Developing an Intervention, Maintenance, and Repair Strategy for Ormen Lange
Authors: Eriksen R. , Gustavsson F. , Anthonsen H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Field development profitability is a function of many income and expense factors such as capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), production rate, product price, frequency of component failures and intervention vessel expenses. Component failures reduce the field total production rate and increase OPEX. The losses are directly drawn from the bottom line. Regardless of the chosen concept, the ability to efficiently keep production wells on stream is one of the most important factors determining field economic performance. A strategy on how to manage the Intervention, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) activities is therefore of utmost importance.
This paper describes the risk based approach used to develop the IMR strategy for the Ormen Lange field during FEED phase. The Ormen Lange field, the first deepwater discovery to be developed offshore Norway, is located 130 km from the West Coast of Norway at a depth of about 1000 meters. Developing Ormen Lange represents a major challenge with a combination of large water depth, extremely rough seabed conditions, long tie-back distance and demanding weather conditions. Fully developed the Ormen Lange production system potentially consists of 24 subsea wells and multiphase transport to an onshore terminal. This novel "Subsea to Land" concept was chosen in preference to a more traditional deepwater concept with an offshore processing facility with wet and dry wells (SPAR, TLP or SEMI) putting more emphasize on the management of reliability and maintainability of downhole, well and subsea equipment.
The paper illustrates how to estimate the cost associated with future unplanned interventions due to component failures (Risk Expenditures) - both direct intervention expenditures and the value of lost revenue - and how to assess the impact of different intervention strategies on overall life cycle economics. The link between high production volumes and intervention cost is quite straight forward - frequent and immediate interventions give high production volumes and evidently high intervention costs, while deferred/campaign interventions give lower intervention costs, and potentially lower production volumes. The challenge is to find the right balance. Findings regarding the effect of different interventions strategies, tooling and repair solutions are provided.
The benefits of the Ormen Lange approach are that improvement efforts are directed towards areas where the value yield is highest. It has put focus on critical equipment packages giving the highest contribution to Risk Expenditures, which subsequently has resulted in: »improved design/architecture to increase equipment reliability and/or»smarter and less expensive ways to fix the failed unit
The approach has also given a more transparent input to the budgeting process by providing an intervention cost breakdown on equipment level and a dynamic model to reflect the effect of improvement initiatives as the project moves forward.
Delivering a HIPPS Safety Critical Control System
Authors: Roberts P. , Phillips R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Production pipelines from wellhead to initial processing or storage facilities are conventionally designed for the full wellhead shut-in pressure. However under normal operating conditions, the pipeline experiences a fraction of this pressure, sufficient to maintain product flow.
If a Pipeline Protection System is installed, the pressure rating of the downstream pipeline and associated equipment can be reduced significantly, which in turn lowers capital investment for overall project execution. High Integrity is required as the safety of the pipeline depends on the correct operation of the protection system.
Reduction of pressure rating by installing HIPPS could realise the following advantages:- Reduced cost of pipeline - can constitute a significant portion of field development cost (dependent on length, diameter, pressure rating, material type and installation costs).Reduced pressure rating of downstream equipment - risers, separators, process plant, etc.Could allow a new marginal field to tie in to existing lower pressure infrastructure.Could increase safety by ensuring reduced pressure levels - particularly for high pressure wells on manned facilities.Could be enabling technology for HPHT projects and some floating production systems using flexible risers.
This paper reflects on experience gained from work on various HIPPS studies, and delivery of two systems.
Field Test Results of the New Combinable Magnetic Resonance Autotune Logging Tool
Authors: Minh C. C. , Bordon E. , Hürlimann M. , Smithson T. , Kovats J. , Badry R. , Claverie M. , Haiyan Q. , Davenport M. , Rose H. , Womack G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new combinable magnetic resonance tool that automatically tunes and corrects the operating frequency for changes in the static magnetic field, Bo, has been developed. These changes can occur when metallic debris adheres to the tool's permanent magnet. The Bo field directly affects the Larmor frequency, which is required for the tool to generate correct porosity values. Traditionally, the Larmor frequency is determined during a Larmor frequency search task (LFST) prior to logging. The procedure during logging is to monitor changes in Bo (Delta Bo), and to perform a new LFST whenever Delta Bo exceeds a given threshold.
In many situations, such as deviated or deep-water wells, removal of metallic debris by ditch magnets is ineffective. Excessive debris causes the Bo field to drift, resulting in frequent tuning stops, which can add considerable rig time to the logging job. Tuning might even be impossible when heavy metallic debris prevents the tool from being tuned, resulting in non-productive rig time or total loss of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data acquisition. Other difficult NMR tuning conditions include the following: ■Low measured signal amplitude when formation porosity is less than 5 p.u.■High bottomhole temperatures (above 135° C), where tuning stops expose the tool to long periods of high temperature.■Conductive muds, such as when the mud resistivity Rm is less than 0.05 Ω-m. In these cases, the high-gain-corrected noise amplitudes are similar to the LFST signal amplitudes.
Intuitive as it may seem, we demonstrate that the detuning information is contained in the echo itself. Theoretically, the shape of the echo is distorted if the tool is not operated at the Larmor frequency. The distortion can be quantified by measuring the phase difference between the two halves of the echo. Deviation from the Larmor frequency can then be monitored continuously and a feedback loop automatically adjusts the operating frequency. For optimal radio frequency (RF) transmission and echo reception, a second feedback loop maintains the resonance condition of the antenna. An additional feature of the new tool is the capability to acquire up to 16,000 echoes with wait time as long as 26 sec, thereby increasing the application range of complex fluid evaluation modes using diffusion editing (DE) pulse sequences.
Extensive testing has taken place in a wide range of environments in North America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Examples presented in this paper illustrate rig-time savings, data acquisition in environments where acquisition was previously deemed impossible, and improved data quality because of the tool's ability to maintain a proper tuning. In addition, automatic tuning has simplified the new tool's data acquisition and log quality-control (LQC) procedures for field operations. New operating guidelines are included in the paper.