bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russian roulette
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Following a recent collision, fire, series of computer and power failures, and other mishaps on the Russian space station, Mir, the U.S. Congress held a hearing on September 18 to question the safety of American astronauts staying aboard the aging spacecraft.“There has been sufficient evidence put before this hearing to raise doubts about the safety of continued American long‐term presence on the Mir,” said House Science Committee Chairman Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R‐Wisc.) at the hearing.
Bill would revise ocean policy
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Citing increasing threats to the world's oceans, including pollution and over‐harvesting of fish, a bipartisan group of U.S. congressmen introduced legislation in September to create a federal commission to review and assess national ocean policy.The Oceans Act of 1997 also calls on the President to create and implement a coherent policy to protect the marine environment—and the Great Lakes—against pollution and natural hazards, responsibly steward fisheries and other marine resources, and resolve user conflicts.
Scientists track solar event all the way to Earth
Authors: Peredo Mauricio , Fox Nicola , Thompson Barbara 
Published: October 2006

For the first time ever, the satellites of the International Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) “Observatory” have tracked a solar eruption all the way from the Sun to the Earth. The resulting coronal mass ejection (CME) traveled 4 days through interplanetary space before arriving at Earth, where it caused violent disturbances of the magnetic environment and spectacular auroral displays. The initial expulsion occurred on the Sun on January 6, 1997, and the resulting magnetic cloud hit the Earth on January 10.The Sun often erupts. It flings out whitehot ionized gas (actually hotter than whitehot, to where it glows in X rays) with explosive violence. Only occasionally is this gas aimed at Earth, however, and it is even more unusual for scientists to be watching the potentially disruptive mass ejection (as they were in January) just as it leaves the Sun. This made it possible to alert other scientific teams of possible activity they might observe 2 to 3 days later. It normally takes that long for such ejecta to travel the 150‐million‐km void from Sun to Earth. Thus while this is not the first, or the largest, event to be detected, the ISTP Observatory comprises a complement of spacecraft and ground‐based missions that allows study of this “space storm” on a scale never accomplished before.
The Geochemistry of Natural Waters
Authors: Long Austin 
Published: October 2006

The recent increased interest in aqueous geochemistry courses is likely driven by our need to understand, as quantitatively as possible, processes controlling chemical compositions in polluted waters that require remediation. However, to understand anthropogenic influences, one must understand natural processes and environmental conditions.Most Earth science departments now offer courses that address the area described as low‐temperature geochemistry or aquatic chemistry or environmental geochemistry. Drever's book is prominent among several texts available as resources for this type of course. The third edition of Drever's text is ideal for a first class in low‐temperature geochemistry.
Global climate negotiations begin in Kyoto
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Ancient temples and shrines and weathered cherry trees speckle the city of Kyoto, Japan, on the Island of Honshu. The edifices, many of them world heritage sites filled with statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, hearken back to the thousand year period from 794 A.D. until 1868 A.D. when Kyoto held sway as the country's center of government, culture, and commerce—and to a different climate, when the atmosphere contained less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.From December 1–10, thousands of delegates from about 150 countries, along with additional thousands of observers from non‐governmental organizations, converge on this ancient city to discuss a very modern problem.
Small comet hypothesis draws renewed attention
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Five papers that will appear in the December 15 issue of the AGU publication Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) are heating up an ongoing debate about a hypothesis that small and watery comet‐like objects, each about the size of a small house and most weighing 20–40 tons, bombard the Earth 10 million times each year and deposit water vapor into the upper atmosphere.Louis Frank, physics professor at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, and John Sigwarth, senior research associate there, say that these small comets dissipate into water vapor and may have sprinkled enough water over the history of the planet to fill the oceans.
Eagleson receives the Stockholm Water Prize
Authors: Falkenmark Malin , Bras Rafael L. 
Published: October 2006

Peter S. Eagleson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has been awarded the 1997 Stockholm Water Prize. He received the prize from Sweden's King, Carl XVI Gustaf, at a ceremony in the Stockholm City Hall on August 14, 1997.Eagleson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at MIT, is recognized as a world leader in hydrology. In fact, it is nowadays impossible to think hydrology without his name coming to mind. He worked to establish the physical principles behind all hydrological processes and systematically integrated them, making it possible to better understand river basin response. His textbook, Dynamic Hydrology, was a catalyst in the redefinition of hydrology as a rigorous and quantitative science. In 1970, when it was published, this was a bold and different approach; it has taken some time, but hydrology is now accepted as a key element of the earth sciences.
Scientists unveil new theory and findings about solar eruptions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With a coronagraph on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) blocking out direct sunlight, an image of the Sun taken at 5:28 a.m. EST last November 6 picked up some wisps of gas streaming away into space. Yet, only a few hours later the picture from SOHO, which is jointly operated by NASA and the European Space Agency, had dramatically changed. At 8:46 a.m. EST, a subsequent image revealed a bursting coronal mass ejection (CME) and a resulting blizzard of accelerated protons that looks like static snow on a television.This solar eruption, whereby “a big chunk of the Sun's atmosphere is thrown out into space,” as Spiro Antiochos of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory puts it, was the first in a new cycle leading to the solar max. During the maximum of the new solar cycle, expected around 2000 and 2001, more frequent solar storms should occur. Some could carry 10 billion tons of matter and travel as fast as 1000 m/s. The eruptions' magnetic fields and speed could affect spacecraft, navigation, and communications systems, as well as ground‐based electrical grids.
A FORTE for lightning
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A newly launched satellite designed to test technology to monitor compliance with arms control treaties is detecting thousands of more radio bursts from lightning strikes and other phenomena than previously reported from other satellites, according to a poster presented at the AGU Fall Meeting in December.Instruments on board the Fast On‐orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite—a joint project of the United States' Department of Energy's Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories—are detecting powerful radio bursts that are 100 times stronger and 1,000 times briefer than radio emissions generated by lightning, and are believed to originate from an altitude of 3–10 miles in the vicinity of thunderstorm complexes.
Outstanding student paper award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section presented one Outstanding Student Paper Award at the AGU 1997 Spring Meeting in Baltimore last May.Stephen Zatman presented a paper titled “Oscillations in the Flow at the Top of the Earth's Core.” Zatman was born near London, England, and attended the Haberdashers' Aske's School in Elstree. After completing a B.A. with honors in physics at Cambridge University (Christ's College) in 1993, he moved to Cambridge, Mass., to study at Harvard University, supported by an NSF graduate fellowship. Zatman graduated with a degree in applied mathematics in 1995, and is currently completing his Ph.D. dissertation in geophysics under the supervision of Jeremy Bloxham. The general topic of Zatman's research is the transfer of angular momentum within the Earth. His presentation concerned part of his project to produce the first simple maps of a magnetic field component within the core.
Hydrology for Engineers, Geologists, and Environmental Professionals
Authors: Ince Simon 
Published: October 2006

For people who are involved in the applied aspects of hydrology, it is refreshing to find a textbook that begins with a meaningful disclaimer, albeit in fine print on the back side of the frontispiece:“The present book and the accompanying software have been written according to the latest techniques in scientific hydrology. However, hydrology is at best an inexact science. A good book and a good computer software by themselves do not guarantee accurate or even realistic predictions. Acceptable results in the applications of hydrologic methods to engineering and environmental problems depend to a greater extend (sic) on the skills, logical assumptions, and practical experience of the user, and on the quantity and quality of long‐term hydrologic data available. Neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility or any liability, explicitly or implicitly, on the results or the consequences of using the information contained in this book or its accompanying software.”
Antarctica's role in global change research examined
Authors: Webb Peter‐Noel , Cooper Alan K. 
Published: October 2006

The greatest discoveries about Antarctica's late Mesozoic and Cenozoic geologic history have been made since the International Geophysical Year in 1957. These discoveries were made by Earth scientists who conduct research in many countries under their National Antarctic Programs, which in turn follow the broad science guidelines recommended by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). SCAR has many subgroups that address thematic issues.One of these groups, the Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy Project (ANTOSTRAT), was tasked by SCAR to bring together a cross‐section of Antarctic Earth scientists to outline the critical thematic topics related to the last 100 m.y. of Antarctic Earth history and to recommend objectives for the coming decade of Antarctic Earth science studies. Such a group of specialists met at a recent workshop, with participation of over 40 scientists from 11 countries. A second SCAR workshop was held simultaneously by the Antarctic Ice Margin Environment (ANTIME) group to focus on the last 20,000 years of Earth history.
Stephan Mueller (1930”1997)
Authors: Olsen Kenneth H. , Ansorge Joerg 
Published: October 2006

Stephan Mueller, professor emeritus at the Institute of Geophysics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich and highly respected leader of international geoscience, died February 17, 1997. His untimely death, due to pneumonia following intestinal surgery, came just 18 months after his retirement from the ETH Chair of Geophysics and Directorship of the Swiss Seismological Service. He is survived by his wife, Doris, two sons, and six grandchildren.Mueller received a diploma in physics at the University of Stuttgart in 1957 and an M.S. in electrical engineering from Columbia University in New York in 1959. As an undergraduate at Stuttgart, he was influenced by seismologist Wilhelm Hillerand geophysics quickly became his major academic and career objective. After receiving a 1954–1955 German Academic Interchange Scholarship at Columbia, Mueller sought out Maurice Ewing and his group at Lamont Geological Observatory, where Mueller's enthusiasm for geophysics was strongly encouraged. While at Lamont, he participated in the first U.S. deep‐sea geophysical expedition in the Mediterranean Sea during the summer of 1956 aboard the RV Vema.
Astronomers fight to save the night sky from light pollution
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While some astronomers are peering into far reaches of the universe, most people on the Earth can no longer even see the Milky Way. A veil of sky glow caused by light pollution from billions of light bulbs has shrouded the stars that served as beacons for our ancestors.Some people worry that the great natural heritage of the night skies is being lost.“What is more fundamental than seeingwhere we are in the universe, understandingthat we are a small part of the bigger structureof what's out there?” asks Don Davis, directorof the Planetary Sciences Institute in Tucson, Arizona. “Is there anything as liberating to the imagination?”
1997 was century's hottest year
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

1997 was the warmest year of this century, based on land and ocean surface temperature data, according to a team of scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.The record‐breaking warm conditions of 1997 continue a pattern of very warm global temperatures, the team says. Including 1997, the 10 warmest years over land all have occurred since 1981, with the five warmest years occurring since 1990.
[Comment on “Science and Sociology Butt Heads in Tomography Experiment in Sacred Mountains”] Learning Lessons From Science Experiments
Authors: Hollister Lincoln S. 
Published: October 2006

I am writing to comment on the article by Baldridge et al., “Science and Sociology Butt Heads in Tomography Experiment in Sacred Mountains” (Eos, September 30,1997). I strongly support their conclusion that scientists must learn to communicate with the public if we are to continue to receive taxpayer support for our projects.I am lead principal investigator of the interdisciplinary project ACCRETE (funded by the Continental Dynamics program of NSF), which also involved what could easily have been perceived to be an environmentally and culturally invasive seismic experiment. We proposed to take the 240‐foot seismic ship R/V Maurice Ewing through the inland waterways of southeast Alaska and British Columbia, firing airguns every 20 seconds for 10 days, all within “earshot” of marine mammals and fish. Consider the permitting challenge involved with two countries engaged in a fish war and three ethnically distinct First Nations who are in the midst of land claims negotiations. In addition, we had to deal with commercial fishing interests (imagine sailing a ship with 4 km of towed instruments through a couple hundred fishing boats with their nets out), marine mammal protection groups, a wilderness area, and a nuclear submarine base. We had many of the experiences Baldridge et al. report, but nevertheless were able to do our experiment as planned, without any modification imposed by local groups.
Researchers discuss the magnetospheres of the outer planets
Authors: Pontius Duane H. , Bolton S. , Connerney J. , Dougherty M. , Horanyi M. , Kurth B. , McGrath M. , Neubauer F. , Zarka P. 
Published: October 2006

Significant progress has been made during the last two years in unraveling a number of puzzles involving planetary magnetospheres, especially those of Jupiter and Saturn. That was the consensus at the 1997 Magnetosphere of the Outer Planets Conference.Since the last conference two years ago, the Galileo spacecraft and remote observations supporting that mission have provided much data. The impacts of Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 fragments on Jupiter also provided a unique opportunity for study. As a result, Jupiter and its satellites garnered the most attention at the 1997 meeting.
AGU's Public Outreach Programs to expand
Authors: Solomin Sean C. 
Published: October 2006

“Science is public knowledge.” [Ziman, 1968] The Union's programs in public outreach and education are poised for further growth as a result of an action of the AGU Council taken at its December meeting.Among the purposes of the Union laid down in the AGU Statutes are two that motivate and guide our activities aimed at engaging and informing the public. The first purpose of the Union is “to promote the scientific study of Earth, Sun, and the solar system and all of their environments and components and to make the results of such studies available to the public.” An additional stated purpose is “to carry out education and other outreach activities to further the public's understanding of the geophysical sciences.”
Clinton proposes science funding increase
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

President Bill Clinton proposed a major increase in science funding and several science and environment initiatives during his State of the Union address on January 28.As part of the White House Millennium Program the administration established to promote the nation's creativity and innovation, the President proposed a 21st Century Research Fund for scientific inquiry that would provide the largest one‐year funding increase in history for the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institutes of Health, and National Cancer Institute.
Wegener revisited
Authors: Girdler R. W. 
Published: October 2006

In his reply to the comment by Marotzke and Adcroft that “The connection between Mediterranean salinity and Ice Age initiation is only postulated but not substantiated through quantitative reasoning supported by data,” (Eos, Nov. 11, 1997, p. 507) R. G. Johnson states, “By these standards Alfred Wegener's ‘outlandish’ continental drift hypothesis would never have been published.”This is grossly unfair to Wegener. If welook at any edition of Wegener's famous book The Origin of Continents and Oceans, we find a large array of arguments supported by geodetic, geophysical, geological, paleontological, biological, and paleoclimatic data. Indeed, it is a remarkable example supporting Marotzke and Adcroft's comments! What we should be pondering is: Why did the scientific establishment reject such a large amount of evidence for so long?
Gravitational lensing helps scientists Probe universe's dark matter
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Gravitational lensing, a technique that explores the phenomena produced when light from a background source is changed by the gravitational pull of a massive object alongits path to the observer, has become a multipurpose tool for cosmologists.Used one way, some scientists say the technique can help them directly see and measure possible dark matter of intervening objects—such as stars, galaxies, or clusters of galaxies—that is sensitive to gravity. Tony Tyson, an experimental physicist at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies in New Jersey, and a pioneer in the field of gravitational lensing, is among the scientists who say that lensing can make it possible to see dark matter, which he and others estimates makes up 90% of the universe. He and others say that lensing and a better understanding of dark matter could help with some of the “big picture” questions about the universe: its evolution, mass, structure, and rate of expansion.
Earthquake precursors: Banished forever?
Authors: Gusev Alexander 
Published: October 2006

“When a rupture starts, how can it know where will it stop?” [Gregory Podyapolsky, 1973]Podyapolsky, a brilliant theorist, made this comment many years ago, upon perceiving that the earthquake prediction bandwagon in the Soviet Union was gaining speed. Twenty years later, we can observe just how far the bandwagon has gone. The report on the Assessment of Schemes for Earthquake Prediction Symposium [Geller, 1997a], given by one of its key figures, provides some insight. I hazard to sum up the key points of this report as follows:
Clinton budget request includes substantial increases for science programs
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

When the Clinton Administration unveiled the United States budget for fiscal year 1999 in early February, the first balanced budget in 30 years, the $1.73 trillion request included significant proposed increases for scientific and environmental accounts.Standing next to dramatic, new pictures of the Martian surface to illustrate the benefits of scientific funding, Vice President Al Gore said at a budget briefing that the funding request provides “the largest commitment to key civilian research in the history of the United States of America.” He said that science and technology, which can lead to economic growth, better health, and an improved quality of life, are among the top budgetary priorities.
Kamide reflects on JGR and the role of editor
Authors: Woods Peter 
Published: October 2006

After serving the space physics community for more than 11 years, Y. Kamide of the Solar‐Terrestrial Environment Laboratory at Nagoya University in Toyokawa, Japan, retired as editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Space Physics for the Asian/Pacific region. He had been a JGR editor since AGU first opened two editorial offices in Europe and the Asian/Pacific region in 1989. Even as the initial JGR editor in Asia, Kamide was not new to AGU editorial business. Before accepting the JGR position, Kamide served 3 years as the editor in Japan for Geophysical Research Letters.According to Kamide, over the last 5 years, the number of high‐quality submissions to JGR in the Asian/Pacific region has increased dramatically, by a factor of 2.5. This increase came mostly from the younger generation of scientists, which bodes well for the future of JGR and space physics in general. Together with the substantial contributions to JGR from the European community, this achievement has been recognized by AGU as proof that JGR is truly an international journal of the highest editorial standards.
Date estimated for maximum of Solar Cycle 23
Authors: Vaughan William W., , Owens Jerry K. , Euler Harold C. , Niehuss Keith O. 
Published: October 2006

The Sun's activity follows an approximately 11‐year cycle. For the current cycle, number 23, the minimum, or low point in the Sun's activity occurred in May 1996. Maximum—the peak of the Sun's activity—is expected to occur in May 2000, according to NASA's Marshall Solar Activity Future Estimate (MSAFE) Model.Our ability to identify the start and approximate profile of a new solar cycle, and to produce viable, consistent, and timely estimates of its behavior, is considerably important since the space environment and associated geophysical effects are all, to one degree or another, affected by aspects of the Sun's activity. Early identification of the magnitude and projected time of minimum (and maximum) amplitude of a new cycle occupies many researchers, especially as the peaks and valleys of the Sun's activity near. Identification of the date and minimum amplitude is particularly important because it is used in models that predict future levels of solar activity as related to spacecraft orbital lifetime predictions, flare frequency, number and severity of geomagnetic storms, and radiation and ionospheric models.