bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ossification communalities of the hand and other body parts: Their implication to skeletal assessment
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Blumenthal Thomas , Silverman Frederic N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCorrelating the age at appearance of 71 postnatal ossification centers (OC's) with every other OC, 4,970 correlations in all, then grouping correlations by body part, the hand does not exhibit usefully higher communality (mean r) than the foot, shoulder, hip, elbow or knee. While low communality round bones and ossification sequence polymorphisms together account for the fact that no one body part adequately represents the entire skeleton, it is also true that ossification communality throughout the skeleton is low unless OC's of maximum predictive value are separately employed.
Distribution of β‐thalassemia trait and erythrocyte glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Markham river valley of New Guinea
Authors: Giles Eugene , Curtain C. C. , Baumgarten A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTen villages in or near the Markham Valley, northeastern New Guinea, have provided a sample of 476 males for the ascertainment of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and 810 individuals of both sexes for the investigation of the β‐thalassemia trait. An extreme heterogeneity was found in the prevalence of both traits when the villages were analyzed separately (from 1.5% to 18.2% demonstrating G6PD deficiency and from 0 to 22.8% evincing β‐thalassemia trait). The latter result counters an earlier report from the same region that β‐thalassemia trait frequencies correlated negatively with altitude and (presumably) positively with endemicity of malaria. The present findings, based on a more representative sample, do not necessarily invalidate the relationship between malaria and β‐thalassemia trait suggested by earlier studies, but they do make clear that correlation in New Guinea, at least, may be complicated by random genetic drift, although other possibilities are discussed. The heterogeneous distribution of G6PD deficiency in the present study confirms similar earlier findings. The importance of sample provenience and anthropological data in the interpretation of differences in the distribution of genetically determined traits is stressed.
A consideration of the secular trend in Japanese for height and weight by a graphic method
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSecular trends for speedier growth and greater adult size exist among the Japanese as they do among many other peoples. By using data colleted annually by the Ministry of Education, it is possible to transform cross‐sectional data into longitudinal form. This is displayed by a graphic method which permits us to observe the relationship between the two secular trends. It is found that both menarche and the period of maximum growth velocity are now a year earlier than they were during the first decade of the twentieth century. Adult height, both for students and the entire population, has increased steadily (except for the period of the war) during the present century; and, to a lesser extent, weight has increased.
Comparative odontometry of the permanent post‐canine dentition of American Whites and Negroes
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Chase Patricia S. , Howes Robert I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe permanent post‐canine teeth of American Whites and American Negroes of the New York City area were studied odontometrically. The mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual dimensions of the crowns were measured, as was the total tooth height and crown height. The individual root lengths of these teeth were also measured, in several ways, as was root width. The mean total root volumes of these teeth was measured by a unique mercury displacement method. In another aspect of this study the mean angular divergence of the roots from a mid‐coronal vertical plane was determined, while the robustness of these roots was described as a ratio between root width and length. Finally, an extensive comparison was made between our data and those in the literature on a number of African Negro populations.American Negro tooth crown and root dimensions and volumes were significantly different from those of American Whites only sporadically, although the Negro teeth usually tended to be larger. Our comparative data gave some indication that the size of both the maxillary and mandibular American negro teeth, as well as the shape of the mandibular (but not the maxillary) American Negro teeth are roughly intermediate between those of American Whites and South African Negroes. This suggestion that a “hybrid” population may possess intermediate values of crown index and of crown module is supported by our analysis of Hottentot‐South African Negro hybrids with their presumptive parental stocks.
Selection for skin color among the Japanese
Authors: Hulse Frederick S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA reflectance spectrophotometer was used to record the skin color on the inner side of the upper arm on a series of 421 Japanese students of both sexes aged 15 through 19. All geographic regions in the country, and the upper, middle and lower socioeconomic classes were represented. It was found that, as among most peoples previously studied, males are darker than females. Boys from northern Japan are, on average, a bit lighter than are those from the southwest, but there are no geographically based differences among the girls. In both sexes and all areas, the mean reflectance values of the upper class group are higher than in the middle and lower class groups, but the difference is most pronounced among the males. It is therefore concluded that social selection for light skin color has had some genetic effect.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. IV. In Chile with inferences concerning genetic connections between Polynesia and America
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Raul B. Etcheverry , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis is the fourth paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians of South America. It reports the findings on the Indians of Chile and the Polynesians of Chile's Easter Island. Blood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians and unmixed Polynesians: 44 Alacaluf of Puerto Eden, Isla Wellington, 141 Mapuche (Araucanian) of Lonquimay, Malleco Province, 80 Atacameños of Antofagasta Province, and 45 Polynesians of Easter Island. These 310 samples were tested for blood factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems, and for the Wright (Wra) agglutinogen. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from the blood clots were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented as phenotype incidences and calculated gene frequencies in appropriate tables. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on two maps.The high frequencies for the O gene usually reported for South American Indians obtain in putatively pure Chilean Indians but A1 is high in Easter Island Polynesians. In both Indians and Polynesians M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, LeH, and Fya gene frequencies are high and B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Rº (cDe), r (cde), Lua, K, Le1, Fyb, and Wra (Ca) are low or absent. The Diego (Di) gene is present in the Mapuche and Atacameños but absent in the Alacaluf and Polynesians.Hp1 gene frequencies were determined only in the Alacaluf and Atacameños, in which they are 0.48 and 0.67 respectively.Transferrins were determined for the Alacaluf and Atacameños Indians and all were classified as Tf C.All Chilean Indian and Polynesian specimens were tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types and all contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
The blood groups of the Timuri and related tribes in Afghanistan
Authors: Woodd‐Walker Robert B. , Smith Harry M. , Clarke Victor Alan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present investigation is a study of the blood groups of the Timuri and related tribes in Afghanistan. There is little historical documentation for the origin of the Timuri. Their name is probably a misnomer, however, since they are apparently not descended from the armies of Timur, or Tamerlane, which invaded Afghanistan during the fourteenth century.Relatively few blood group studies have been carried out on the inhabitants of Afghanistan, so detailed comparisons with other populations can be made only for the ABO system. (Certain populations in Iran to the west and a few rather widely separated populations, such as the Baltis and Nepalis to the east, have been more thoroughly investigated, and comparisons can be made with them on at least seven genetical systems.)The presence of the A2 allele suggests gene flow from the West, but the high frequency of B is consistent with other populations tested in Afghanistan. The Rh frequencies give little critical information but the low level of cde is suggestive of Mongoloid origin. On the other hand, for the MNS system the high level of MS is typically Caucasoid. The high total M is found in Asia both in Caucasoids and Mongoloids.The presence of the Lua allele and the relatively high frequency of the K allele are more Caucasoid than Mongoloid, but the presence of even one Diego (Dia) positive among the Timuri and related tribes suggests a Mongoloid contribution to the gene pool. The low frequency of P1, though always a little suspect on travelled specimens, is consistent with this.All of the Iranian populations tested may be regarded as essentially Caucasoid from the blood group point of view. The Baltis and Nepalis show certain Mongoloid characteristics. The Timuri are distinctly more Mongoloid than the former but less so than the latter.In summary, the Timuri appear to be intermediate in allele frequencies between Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations, with unmistakable evidence of both in their ancestry.
Brachymesophalangia of digit five in ten populations
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Fels Susan L. , Israel Harry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBrachymesophalangia, involving both reduction in length and increase in breadth of a middle segment was studied in the fifth digital ray in over 10,000 radiographs from ten countries. Population frequencies increase systematically from samples of European origin through to South American Indians and Asiatics. Lack of relationship between delayed appearance of ossification centers and brachymesophalangia of digit five in areas of protein‐calorie malnutrition indicates that nutritional delay is not a cause of brachymesophalangia though this trait, associated with size reduction of other digits and metacarpals, may be selectively advantageous where reduced body size is adaptive.
A study of ABO blood groups of the people of Ladakh
Authors: Bansal Inderjit Singh 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ABO blood groups of 90 Buddhists and 60 Muslims of Ladakh are reported. They do not differ from one another by the Chi‐square test. Among both religious communities, which do not intermarry, blood‐type B is the most common. Comparisons with some Mongoloid and some neighboring groups do not reveal great differences in frequencies at the ABO locus.
The significance of primate paleontology for anthropological studies
Authors: Simons E. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe correct use of taxonomic names must become widespread if a clear understanding of primate paleontology is to exist among anthropologists. Physical anthropologists are urged to acquire genuine competence in the paleontology, systematics, and taxonomy of mammals. Examples are given of improper taxonomic procedure and of the perpetuation of invalid names. The need for a stable and correct nomenclature of the primates is emphasized. The importance of examining actual fossil specimens is stressed. The taxonomy of the Hominoidea is discussed and a summary of invalid names in current use is given. Recently discovered fossils from Oligocene strata in the Egyptian Fayum are figured and the pertinence of these to the origins of higher primates is suggested.
Dimensions of a comparative biology of primate groups
Authors: Kummer Hans 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe possible contributions of a comparative study of primate social organization to anthropology are many. Such a study may elucidate the repertory of motivational and organizational raw materials present among primates; it may show us the forms of society that have evolved from this raw material; it may show us the kinds of inhibitions and functional readjustments of phylogenetically old motivations that lead to the types of societies found among primates. These general aims are based upon analysis of specific primate groups. The analysis of a primate group as a functioning system leads to consideration of the anatomy and physiology of groups, the reasons for differences in types of groups, the ontogeny of a group, environmental modifications of types of groups, and the evolution of the adaptive function of groups.
Perspectives and prospects
Authors: Washburn S. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of the nonhuman primates offers great opportunities for the development of an experimental anthropology. Whether one is concerned with variations in sutures, in locomotor patterns or the distribution of genetic polymorphisms, study of the nonhuman primates may offer clues. Whether one is interested in adaptation to desert, to tropic heat, or to cold, the nonhuman primate offers a far greater range of variations than man. For many problems they are the laboratory animals of choice, and their exploitation is necessary if we are ever to have an experimental physical anthropology. Interest in the nonhuman primates brings us into touch with many other sciences, as has been shown at this symposium. But I would particularly stress how it strengthens the relations of the parts of anthropology. The social system, communication, learning, these problems are important to all of anthropology, and the study of evolution, and particularly of our nearest relatives, has much to offer to the understanding of man and his behaviors.
Age dynamics of persistent transverse lines in the tibia
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Schwager Patricia M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 246 adult subjects persistent transverse radiopaque lines at the distal aspect of the tibia were observed in 30% of women and 14% of men aged 25 to 50, and 14% of women and 8% of men aged 51 to 86. Measured from the distal end of the tibia, it was clear that the persistent transverse lines had been laid down in infancy and childhood rather than during puberty. There was evidence that the age‐associated decrease in transverse lines was due to cortical remodeling both endosteally and subperiosteally.
Australopithecine dental dimensions in a contemporary population
Authors: Keene Harris J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo unrelated American negro males with extremely large teeth are described. The maximum reported values for Australian aboriginal mesiodistal crown diameter are exceeded in 8 out of 16 tooth groups. The majority of the negro dental measurements either exceed or lie between the mean values given in the literature for Australopithecus and Paranthropus. This casts doubt on the concept that a distinct morphological gap separates fossil from contemporary man.
The oldest primate endocast
Authors: Radinsky Leonard B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe endocranial cast of Tetonius homunculus, a 55 million year old tarsioid primate, is primitive in having relatively large olfactory bulbs and small frontal lobes, but remarkably advanced for an Early Eocene mammal in its voluminous occipital and temporal lobes. Expansion of occipital and temporal cortical regions of the brain suggests improvement in visual and auditory function, which may have been an important factor in the Early Eocene radiation of the primates.
The occurrence of the septal perforation of the humerus in three non‐human primate species
Authors: Benfer Robert A. , Tappen Neil C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEvidence is presented concerning the occurrence of the coronoid‐olecranon perforation of the humerus in three species of Old World monkeys. Significant relationships are found to exist between the occurrence of the perforation and smaller minimum midshaft diameters of humeri, younger ages, and more protruding processes of ulnae. A possible explanation for perforated coronoid‐olecranon septums is advanced. The olecranon process of the ulna is found to project relatively more from the shaft in young individuals than old individuals. Since the protrusion of this process is positively correlated with the occurrence of the septal perforation, it is suggested that the articulation of the point of the ulna causes resorption of the coronoid‐olecranon septum. With advancing age, the contact is broken, and the perforation is filled in. Since significant correlations are shown for the occurrence of the perforation and the size of the humerus, even for an adult sample, it seems probable that the robustness of the humerus is an inhibiting factor in the occurrence and maintenance of the perforation. In larger humeri, it is possible that the point of the ulna cannot cause complete resorption, and resorption would be more likely to cause a perforation in humeri with thinner coronoid‐olecranon septums. Because extreme extension of the elbow always forms an angle considerably less than 180° between the axes of the shafts in the humerus and the ulna in these monkeys, it is strongly indicated that hyperextension of the elbow joint beyond 180° is not a primary cause of the septal perforation when it appears in man.
The distribution of haptoglobin and transferrin types in northeast New Guinea
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Giles Eugene , Curtain C. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports haptoglobin testing of 2,029 serum specimens and transferrin typing of 1,911 specimens obtained from villages representing a wide range of environments and cultures in the Markham River Valley region of northeast New Guinea. The haptoglobin gene frequencies ranged from 90.0% to 61.4% for Hp1 and the frequency of the transferring gene Tfc ranged from 94.9% to 71.5%. Other transferrin genes present were TfD1 and, in low frequency, TfB Lae. Overall, no apparent correlations were found between the frequencies of these genes and altitudes, languages or distances of the villages studied up the valley. It was felt that the arguments put forward earlier emphasizing the role of genetic drift in determining gene distribution in New Guinea could be also applied to explain the distribution of the haptoglobin and transferrin genes in the Markham River Valley.
The distribution of hair of the lower limb in white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour types of distribution of terminal hair of the lower limb are recognized. These types are pedo‐cruro‐femoral, cruro‐femoral, pedo‐femoral and femoral. These are correlated with the types of distribution of terminal hair of the upper limb, and their incidence is reported. In addition, three hair patterns of the leg are named and described.
The skin of primates. XXXVIII. The skin of the red uacari (Cacajao rubicundus)
Authors: Perkins E. , Arao T. , Uno H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe skin of the red uacari (Cacajao rubicundus) is characterized by distinctive traits. Pigmentation of both the epidermis and dermis in juvenile animals resembles a similar condition recorded in adult Callithricidae. Extensive capillary sinuses pervade the upper dermis of the face, ears, forehead, and frontal scalp. Hederiform nerve endings are common in the face and scalp, as are papillary nerve endorgans in the volar friction surfaces; both are reactive for specific and pseudocholinesterase. A general diminution in size of hair follicles and a retarded generative cycle contribute to the phenomenon of “baldness” in the forehead and scalp of mature animals. Apocrine glands are quantitatively diminished over the dorsum. Eccrine sweat glands, confined to the palmar and plantar friction surfaces, are poorly differentiated; all secretory cells contain glycogen.
Distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America. VI. In Paraguay
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper on the distribution of hereditary factors in the blood of Indians in South America, reports the results of tests made on samples procured from Paraguayan Indians. Specimens from putatively full‐blood persons were obtained from the following tribes: 88 Chamacoco, 36 Moro, 85 Chulupi, 207 Lengua, 100 Toba, 20 Yam Lengua, and 51 Guayaki, These 587 Samples were tested for factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P. Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. He molysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group antigens and their calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are listed on the tables and shown on a map (fig. 1).Of the 587 samples all except two Chamacoco belonged to group O. High frequencies are reported generally for M, s, P, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), k (100%) and Fy alleles in Paraguayn Indians. Low frequencies were generally reported for N, S, r (cde) and R° (cDe) alleles. There was a wide variation in frequencies for Di, Jk, and haptoglobin Hp1. All tested for transferrins were classified as Tf C and all contained hemoglobin (A) as a major component. The following antigens were completely absent: Mia, Vw, p, Pk, ry (CdE), K, and Le1.Most notable is the unusual distribution of hereditary blood antigens among the Guayaki and Moro. The Guayaki had 100% P1 and Fya; they were higher in R° (cDe), R1 (CDe), and Jka; and lower in R2 (cDE) and Hp1 genes than other Indians; and Di was absent. The Guayaki differed from the other Indians also in having fair skin. The Moro were lower in the P1 and Jk gene frequencies than is usually found in Amerinds, and the Di gene was absent. The Chamacoco also had an exceptionally low frequency for the P1 gene (0.261).
Occipital hair whorl as a racial criterion: A critical assessment
Authors: Bhalla Vijender , Kaul Samvit S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReports on the incidence of single clockwise occipital whorls as opposed to double and counterclockwise whorls reveal no consistent geographical pattern. Earlier workers arrived at different conclusions. While Bernstein ('25b) and Schwartzburg ('27) suggested a dominant inheritance of counter‐clockwise whorls, others like Winchester ('58) and Montagu ('63) believed the clockwise condition to be dominant. In the light of these and some other studies, Scheinfeld's ('56) remarks that chance factor in prenatal development may influence dominance, seem appropriate. The results of present study indicate that clockwise and anti‐clockwise conditions show inconsistent variation which may be the result of change element rather than any specific mode of distribution. Two groups from India: 164 Pandits of Kashmir, pre‐dominantly Caucasian and 95 Tibetan refugees, predominantly Mongoloid are contrasted. The incidence of a single clockwise whorl among Pandits is 67%, whereas among Tibetans it is 78%. A review of other populations studied shows greater variance within than between the so‐called major racial stocks.