bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misperception Among Gay Men of the Risk for AIDS Associated with Their Sexual Behavior1
Authors: Bauman Laurie J. , Siegel Karolynn 
Published: August 2006

Until a vaccine against AIDS is developed, the most effective strategy for preventing the spread of the disease among gay men, the largest risk group, is to persuade them to abstain from particular kinds of sexual practices implicated in the transmission of the AIDS virus. Motivation to comply with risk‐reduction guidelines, however, is dependent in part on a realistic appraisal of the degree of risk associated with one's sexual practices.Data are presented from 160 asymptomatic gay men. Their subjective assessment of the riskiness of their sexual behavior is compared to an objective assessment of the riskiness of their sexual practices. Factors associated with a tendency to underestimate the riskiness of one's practices are examined. Finally, the implications of the findings for public health education efforts among gay men are discussed.
The Influence of Verbal Responses to Common Greetings on Compliance Behavior: The Foot‐In‐The‐Mouth Effect
Authors: Howard Daniel J. 
Published: August 2006

This study reports the results of three field experiments which demonstrate that asking someone how they feel, having them verbally respond, and then acknowledging that response, facilitates compliance with a charitable request. The findings are discussed with respect to the influence of public commitments on behavioral consistency.Before you ask anyone for a donation, you first ask them how they're feeling. After they tell you they're feeling good, and you tell them you're glad they're feeling good, the/11 be more likely to contribute to helping someone who isn't.
The Determinants of Mock Jurors' Verdicts in a Rape Case1
Authors: Weir Julie A. , Wrightsman Lawrence S. 
Published: August 2006

The determinants of verdicts in a rape case were examined. Pretrial attitudes (rape empathy, juror bias, belief in a just world, and authoritarianism) were measured to ascertain both the intercorrelations among the attitudes and their predictive value of verdicts. The eye contact (staring, avoiding, or random) of the alleged rape victim with the defendant was also examined.Results showed that rape empathy was predictive of verdict. The eye contact of the alleged victim with the defendant also affected verdicts of female mock jurors. Specifically, when eye contact was avoided, more guilty verdicts were rendered. Furthermore, interpretation of eye contact was found to be a function of mock jurors' reported rape empathy. Specifically, subjects who reported empathy with the victim tended to interpret the victim's behavior as consistent with being raped. Finally, differences were found between high and low empathizers for the rape victim in what aspects of the trial were important to mock jurors' decisions.
Steps Toward Evaluating Post‐Traumatic Stress Reaction as a Psychiatric Disorder1
Authors: Lee Robins N. 
Published: August 2006

This brief paper summarizes comments made in discussing papers given in the November 1988 NIHM workshop “Traumatic Stress: Defining Terms and Instruments”. It raises questions about current criteria for posttraumatic stress in terms of the traumatic events considered appropriate, the coherence of the syndrome described, and the scarcity of data on its course, its familiarity, and its relationship to other syndromes.It is suggested that long‐term studies of general population cases will be needed to answer these questions.
Remaining a Pole or Becoming a Canadian: National Self‐Identity among Polish Immigrants to Canada1
Authors: Boski Pawel 
Published: August 2006

The construct of national self‐identity has been theoretically elaborated, following Tajfel's (1981) distinction between criterial and correlated (dimensional) attributes. A third identity component, affects for country, was included with these two aspects. The research program built on these distinctions was designed to compare the national self‐identities of Polish immigrants to Canada. Men and women who were new (recent), old (WWII veterans) or second generation immigrants participated in the study.Polish criterial identity (knowledge and personal relevance of national symbols) exhibited a gradual decline from new to second generation immigrants, and a similar but sharper rise in Canadian criterial identity occurred. Correlated aspect of identity was measured as the similarity between self and Canadian/Polish prototypes. Unlike in the criterial sense, Self/Polish was stronger than Self/Canadian correlated identity. Self/Polish identity showed stability across gender and generation. Self/Canadian showed an increase, but only in women. Rating the prototypes high in materialism and low in the family/social concern factor resulted in a low Self/Canadian identity. Four factors were found in the affects for country test: healthy, neurotic, psychotic, and involvement. The first was predominantly a Canadian factor, and the second was a Polish factor. With a succession of new, old, and second generation groups, results showed a shift from less to more positive, from less to more concerned, and from more to less psychotic affects toward Canada. Affects toward Poland were fixed across the categories of subjects. Finally, a syndrome of positive identity with Canada was found, consisting of its criterial, correlated, and healthy affect components.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Post‐Anthesis Dry Matter Accumulation in Wheat
Authors: Su Jun‐Ying , Tong Yi‐Ping , Liu Quan‐You , Li Bin , Jing Rui‐Lian , Li Ji‐Yun , Li Zhen‐Sheng 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPost‐anthesis photoassimilation is very important for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain filling. The aim of the present study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for post‐anthesis dry matter accumulation (DMA). A set of 120 doubled haploid (DH) lines, derived from winter wheat varieties Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14, was grown under field conditions in two consecutive growing seasons during 2002–2004 in Beijing. Post‐anthesis DMA per culm and related traits, including flag leaf greenness (FLG) and flag leaf weight (FLW; dry weight per flag leaf) at flowering, and grain weight per ear (GWE) were investigated. All traits segregated continuously in the DH population in both trials. The DMA was significantly and positively correlated with GWE, with the correlation coefficients being 0.79 and 0.66 in the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 growing seasons (both P < 0.01), suggesting the importance of DMA in grain filling. Further correlation analysis showed that FLW was more closely correlated with DMA and GWE than FLG in both growing seasons, indicating that FLW was more important than FLG in influencing DMA and GWE. In total, 30 QTLs for these four traits were mapped and distributed on 10 chromosomes. Phenotypic variations explained by an individual QTL were in the range 5.8%–21.3%, 5.9%–17.2%, 5.1%–18.1%, and 5.6%–16.2% for FLG, FLW, DMA, and GWE, respectively. Eight QTLs for DMA were detected, of which four (on chromosome arms 2AS, 4BL, 5AS, and 7AS) were linked with QTLs for GWE; two (on chromosome arms 5BL and 7BL) coincided with QTLs for FLW. These results may provide useful information for developing marker‐assisted selection for the improvement of DMA.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Characterization of Wheat Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers Associated with the H11 Hessian Fly Resistance Gene
Authors: Bouktila Dhia , Mezghani Maha , Marrakchi Mohamed , Makni Hanem 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn Tunisia, the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor Say is a major pest of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.). Genetic resistance is the most efficient and economical method of control of this pest. To date, 31 resistance genes, designated H1–H31, have been identified in wheat. These genes condition resistance to the insect genes responsible for virulence. Using wheat cultivars differing for the presence of an individual Hessian fly resistance gene and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, we have identified a polymorphic 386‐bp DNA marker (Xgmib1‐1A.1) associated with the H11 Hessian fly resistance gene. Blast analysis showed a high identity with a short region in the wild wheat (T. monococcum) genome, adjacent to the leaf rust resistance Lr10 gene. A genetic linkage was reported between this gene (Lr10) and Hessian fly response in wheat. These data were used for screening Hessian fly resistance in Tunisian wheat germplasm. Xgmib1‐1A.1‐like fragments were detected in four Tunisian durum and bread wheat varieties. Using these varieties in Hessian fly breeding programs in Tunisia would be of benefit in reducing the damage caused by this fly.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Proteomic Alterations of Antarctic Ice Microalga Chlamydomonas sp. Under Low‐Temperature Stress
Authors: Kan Guang‐Feng , Miao Jin‐Lai , Shi Cui‐Juan , Li Guang‐You 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAntarctic ice microalga can survive and thrive in cold channels or pores in the Antarctic ice layer. In order to understand the adaptive mechanisms to low temperature, in the present study we compared two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) profiles of normal and low temperature‐stressed Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. cells. In addition, new protein spots induced by low temperature were identified with peptide mass fingerprinting based on matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and database searching. Well‐resolved and reproducible 2‐DE patterns of both normal and low temperature‐stressed cells were acquired. A total of 626 spots was detected in control cells and 652 spots were detected in the corresponding low temperature‐stressed cells. A total of 598 spots was matched between normal and stressed cells. Two newly synthesized proteins (a and b) in low temperature‐stressed cells were characterized. Protein spot A (53 kDa, pI 6.0) was similar to isopropylmalate/homocitrate/citramalate synthases, which act in the transport and metabolism of amino acids. Protein spot b (25 kDa, pI 8.0) was related to glutathione S‐transferase, which functions as a scavenger of active oxygen, free radicals, and noxious metabolites. The present study is valuable for the application of ice microalgae, establishing an ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. proteome database, and screening molecular biomarkers for further studies.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Chemical Constituents of Siegesbeckia orientalis L.
Authors: Wang Li‐Li , Hu Li‐Hong 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe aerial parts of Siegesbeckia have been used as the traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, hypertension, malaria, neurasthenia, and snakebite. In order to find new and bioactive compounds, the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of S. orientalis L. were investigated and two new compounds, namely β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐ent‐2‐oxo‐15,16‐dihydroxy‐pimar‐8(14)‐en‐19‐oic‐late (compound 1) and [1(10)E,4Z]‐8β‐angeloyloxy‐9α‐methoxy‐6α,15‐dihydroxy‐14‐oxogermacra‐1(10),4,11(13)‐trien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (compound 2), as well as five known ent‐pimarane diterpenes (compounds 3–7) were isolated. The structures of the two new compounds were identified by their physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, particularly one‐ and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectral methods.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Stipa tenacissima Does not Affect the Foliar δ13C and δ15N of Introduced Shrub Seedlings in a Mediterranean Semi‐arid Steppe
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. , Bautista Susana , Cortina Jordi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the tussock grass Stipa tenacissima L. facilitates the establishment of late‐successional shrubs, in what constitutes the first documented case of facilitation of woody plants by grasses. With the aim of increasing our knowledge of this interaction, in the present study we investigated the effects of S. tenacissima on the foliar δ13C, δ15N, nitrogen concentration, and carbon : nitrogen ratio of introduced seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus L., Quercus coccifera L., and Medicago arborea L. in a semi‐arid Mediterranean steppe. Six months after planting, the values of δ13C ranged between −26.9‰ and −29.6‰, whereas those of δ15N ranged between −1.9‰ and 2.7‰. The foliar C : N ratio ranged between 10.7 and 53.5, and the nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.0% and 4.4%. We found no significant effect of the microsite provided by S. tenacissima on these variables in any of the species evaluated. The values of δ13C were negatively correlated with predawn water potentials in M. arborea and were positively correlated with relative growth rate in Q. coccifera. The values of δ15N were positively correlated with the biomass allocation to roots in the latter species. The present results suggest that the modification of environmental conditions in the are surrounding S. tenacissima was not strong enough to modify the foliar isotopic and nitrogen concentration of shrubs during the early stages after planting.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)
Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Photosystem II of Wheat Seedlings Under Water Stress
Authors: Duan Hui‐Guo , Yuan Shu , Liu Wen‐Juan , Xi De‐Hui , Qing Dong‐Hong , Liang Hou‐Guo , Lin Hong‐Hui 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on lipid peroxidation, relative plasma membrane permeability, photosystem II (PSII) gene expression and PSII photochemical activity in water‐stressed wheat seedlings were investigated. The decrease in relative water content (RWC), Chl content, and 2,6‐dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) photoreduction of PSII, and increases in electrolyte leakage of plasma membranes and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) in water‐stressed leaves was alleviated by Spd pretreatment. Furthermore, Western and Northern blot analysis showed that decreases in the PSII major proteins D1, D2 and LHCII and the transcripts of corresponding genes psbA, psbD and cab were also alleviated by Spd pretreatment under water stress. These results suggest that the application of exogenous Spd protects PSII against water stress at both the transcriptional level and the translational level, and allows PSII to retain a higher activity level during water stress. The protective role of Spd in the photosynthetic apparatus also is discussed.(Managing editor: Ping He)
Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Bifunctional Agglutinin/Trypsin Inhibitor from Helianthus tuberosus L.
Authors: Chang Tuanjie , Zhai Hongli , Chen Songbiao , Song Guisheng , Xu Honglin , Wei Xiaoli , Zhu Zhen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn order to find new insect resistance genes, four homologous cDNAs, hta‐a, hta‐b, hta‐c and hta‐d with lengths of 775, 718, 784 and 752 bp, respectively (GenBank accession numbers AF477031‐AF477034), were isolated from a tuber cDNA expression library of Helianthus tuberosus L. Sequence analysis revealed that all four cDNAs contain an open reading frame of 444 bp, coding a polypeptide of 147 amino acid residues, and that the sequences of the cDNAs are very similar to those of the mannose‐binding agglutinin genes of the jacalin‐related family. In hemagglutination reactions and hapten inhibition assays, affinity‐purified HTA (Helianthus tuberosus agglutinin) from induced Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expressing GST‐HTA shows hemagglutination ability and a higher carbohydrate‐binding ability for mannose than other tested sugars. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the crude extracts of induced E. coli BL21(DE3) expressing HTA, and was further verified by trypsin inhibitory activity staining on native polyacrylamide gel. The mechanism of interaction between HTA and trypsin was studied by molecular modeling. We found that plenty of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions can be formed between the supposed binding sites of HTA‐b and the active site of trypsin, and that a stable HTA/trypsin complex can be formed. The results above imply that HTA might be a bifunctional protein with carbohydrate‐binding activity and trypsin inhibitory activity. Moreover, Northern blotting analysis demonstrated that hta is predominantly expressed in tubers of H. tuberosus, very weakly expressed in stems, but not expressed at all in other tissues. Southern blotting analysis indicated that hta is encoded by a multi‐gene family. The insect resistance traits have been described in another paper.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Potentiel de Productivité et Efficacité Technique du Secteur Agricole en Afrique
Authors: Nyemeck Joachim Binam , Nkamleu Guy Blaise 
Published: August 2006

This study utilizes frontier metaproduction functions to analyze inter‐region agricultural productivity differences. Technical efficiency scores are examined through estimation of stochastic frontiers for 16 African countries divided into three different regions (West Africa, East and Southern Africa, and North Africa) from 1970 to 2001. The idea is to explore the differences in efficiency and technological gaps of agricultural sector. Apart of common traits that characterize African agricultural sector, countries exhibit national and regional specificities. These diversities are such that it is difficult to make valuable generalizations. It appears from the results that: in West Africa, the level of technology is relatively good, meaning that there is no problem of input constraints. By contrast, the efficiency with which inputs are used is very low. The situation is very different in the East and Southern Africa, with the level of technology relatively low and appreciable technical level. At least, the North Africa countries make a performing mixture between technology and efficiency. Cette étude utilise les Meta frontières de production pour analyser les différences inter‐régionales de la productivité agricole. Les niveaux d'efficacité technique sont examinées par l'estimation des frontières stochastiques de 16 pays africains regroupés en trois régions (l'Afrique de l'Ouest, l'Afrique de l'Est et Australe, et l'Afrique du Nord), sur une période allant de 1970 à 2001. L'idée étant d'explorer les différences d'efficacité et les écarts technologiques du secteur agricole. Au‐delà des simples traits communs qui caractérisent le secteur agricole africain, on trouve des expériences nationales et régionales dont il est difficile, du fait de leur grande diversité, de tirer des généralisations valables. Des résultats de l'étude, il ressort que: en Afrique de l'Ouest, le niveau technologique est relativement satisfaisant, traduisant le fait que la présence des inputs ne représente pas une contrainte. Par contre le niveau d'efficacité avec lequel ces intrants sont utilisés est assez faible. La situation est tout autre en Afrique de l'Est et Australe avec un niveau technologique relativement faible et un niveau d'efficacité appréciable. L'Afrique du nord enfin fait un savant dosage entre efficacité et technologie.
Direct Molecular Approach to Monitoring Bacterial Colonization on Vacuum-Packaged Beef
Authors: Fontana Cecilia , Cocconcelli Pier Sandro , Vignolo Graciela 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis allowed us to monitor total bacterial communities and to establish a pattern of succession between species in vacuum-packaged beef stored at 2 and 8°C for 9 weeks and 14 days. Species-specific PCR was used to confirm the presence of
Lactobacillus sakei
and
Lactobacillus curvatus
. Multiplex PCRs using 16S rRNA-specific primers allowed differentiation between
Leuconostoc
species. These methods provided the desired information about microbial diversity by detecting the main microorganisms capable of colonizing this ecological niche.
Application of Bacteriophages To Control Intestinal
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Levels in Ruminants
Authors: Sheng Haiqing , Knecht Hannah J. , Kudva Indira T. , Hovde Carolyn J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

A previously characterized O157-specific lytic bacteriophage KH1 and a newly isolated phage designated SH1 were tested, alone or in combination, for reducing intestinal
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in animals. Oral treatment with phage KH1 did not reduce the intestinal
E. coli
O157:H7 in sheep. Phage SH1 formed clear and relatively larger plaques on lawns of all 12
E. coli
O157:H7 isolates tested and had a broader host range than phage KH1, lysing O55:H6 and 18 of 120 non-O157
E. coli
isolates tested. In vitro, mucin or bovine mucus did not inhibit bacterial lysis by phage SH1 or KH1. A phage treatment protocol was optimized using a mouse model of
E. coli
O157:H7 intestinal carriage. Oral treatment with SH1 or a mixture of SH1 and KH1 at phage/bacterium ratios ≥10
2
terminated the presence of fecal
E. coli
O157:H7 within 2 to 6 days after phage treatment. Untreated control mice remained culture positive for >10 days. To optimize bacterial carriage and phage delivery in cattle,
E. coli
O157:H7 was applied rectally to Holstein steers 7 days before the administration of 10
10
PFU SH1 and KH1. Phages were applied directly to the rectoanal junction mucosa at phage/bacterium ratios calculated to be ≥10
2
. In addition, phages were maintained at 10
6
PFU/ml in the drinking water of the phage treatment group. This phage therapy reduced the average number of
E. coli
O157:H7 CFU among phage-treated steers compared to control steers (
P
< 0.05); however, it did not eliminate the bacteria from the majority of steers.
Identification and Preliminary Characterization of Two cDNAs Encoding Unique Carbonic Anhydrases from the Marine Alga
Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Soto Amelia R. , Zheng Hong , Shoemaker Dorinda , Rodriguez Jason , Read Betsy A. , Wahlund Thomas M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

Marine coccolithophorid algae are thought to play a significant role in carbon cycling due to their ability to incorporate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into both calcite and photosynthetic products. Among coccolithophorids,
Emiliania huxleyi
is the most prolific, forming massive blooms that affect the global environment. In addition to its ecological importance, the elaborate calcite structures (coccoliths) are being investigated for the design of potential materials for science and biotechnological devices. To date, most of the research focus in this organism has involved the partitioning of DIC between calcification and photosynthesis, primarily using measurements of an external versus internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity under defined conditions. The actual genes, proteins, and pathways employed in these processes have not been identified and characterized (see the work of Quinn et al. in this issue [P. Quinn, R. M. Bowers, X. Zhang, T. M. Wahlund, M. A. Fanelli, D. Olszova, and B. A. Read, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5512-5526, 2006]). In this study, the cloning and preliminary characterization of two genetically distinct carbonic anhydrase cDNAs are described. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two genes belonged to the gamma (γ-EhCA2) and delta (δ-EhCA1) classes of carbonic anhydrases. The deduced amino acid sequence of δ-EhCA1 revealed that it encodes a protein of 702 amino acids (aa) (ca. 77.3 kDa), with a transmembrane N-terminal region of 373 aa and an in-frame C-terminal open reading frame of 329 aa that defines the CA region. The γ-EhCA2 protein was 235 aa in length (ca. 24.9 kDa) and was successfully expressed in
Escherichia coli
BL21(DE3) and purified as an active recombinant CA. The expression levels of each transcript from quantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments under bicarbonate limitation and over a 24-h time course suggest that these isozymes perform different functions in
E. huxleyi
.