bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microclimate and tree community linked to differences in lepidopteran larval communities between forest fragments and continuous forest
Authors: Savilaakso Sini , Koivisto Jenny , Veteli Timo O. , Roininen Heikki 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAim  We aim to assess the impact of forest fragmentation on lepidopteran larval community and study the associations of microclimate and tree community with lepidopteran assemblage.Location  Kibale National Park, Uganda.Methods  We investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on leaf herbivory, density of lepidopteran caterpillars, species richness and diversity as well as the composition of herbivorous lepidopteran larval community. Microclimate, size of the fragment, distance to the continuous forest, and tree diversity were studied as possible explanatory factors. We sampled 10 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) trees in each fragment during dry and rainy season, total of four times, in a year to cover the seasonal variation.Results  The rates of herbivory, total larval density and species richness were significantly lower in the forest fragments than in the continuous forest but species diversity expressed as Fisher's alpha did not differ. The dominance structure and community composition of the larval communities in the fragments was different from that of the continuous forest. None of the differences we observed were related to the fragment area or distance to the continuous forest. Instead, we found an indication of association between the herbivore and the tree communities. The fragments had significantly lower humidity during most of the day and higher temperature during the afternoons (14–17 h), which might partially explain the differences in lepidopteran larval communities.Main conclusions  Decreased larval density and species richness as well as differences in the community composition and structure all highlight the importance of large continuous forest areas for maintaining larval biodiversity.
‘Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
Authors: Rusche Sarah E. , Brewster Zachary W. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDespite the notion that racism and discrimination are things of the past, racial minorities continue to experience such treatment in everyday interactions, often occurring in commercial transactions. In this paper, we analyze data from a survey of restaurant servers (N = 200) and a qualitative field study. Both were designed to explore the racial climate in restaurants. Our findings show that servers not only observe their co‐workers practicing discriminatory behaviors but also report doing so themselves. Referring to this trend as ‘tableside racism’, we argue that restaurant servers engage in racist discourse, which functions to create and sustain stereotypes about black patrons. These workplace interactions shape the service that is extended to black patrons, thus resulting in a self‐fulfilling prophecy wherein they receive poor tips and treatment from blacks that reflect inferior service. To illustrate the process of server discrimination, we situate our findings in a social psychological framework.
The Globalization of Self: Role and Identity Transformation from Above and Below
Authors: Callero Peter L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe process of globalization is transforming society with unprecedented speed and scope. Along the way, social roles are being altered and identities are being transformed. How do the forces of globalization shape the self? How do changes to the self affect social relationships and alter larger social structures? This paper offers a conceptual framework for addressing these questions. The ‘role‐as‐resource’ perspective is employed as a tool for differentiating between two opposing processes. On the one hand, top down forces associated with technocapitalism serve to colonize the self by sustaining roles associated with global consumption and production, while disrupting or erasing traditional roles. On the other hand, bottom‐up forces associated with local grassroots organizations and democratic social movements facilitate resistance by providing resources for a more agentic political self.
Photosynthesis, respiration, and stable isotopes of oxygen in a large oligotrophic lake (Lake Erie, USA–Canada)
Authors: Wang Xin , Depew David , Schiff Sherry , Smith Ralph E.H. 
Published: November 2008

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, isotopic composition (18:16O), and respiratory fractionation (αr) were measured in the east basin of Lake Erie to determine the patterns of planktonic photosynthesis (P) and respiration (R) and to assess a dual isotope, steady-state model for P/R ratios. Values of αr varied significantly between months but averaged close to a widely accepted norm for planktonic respiration (0.982). Isotope dynamics in situ predicted that 33%–53% of hypolimnetic oxygen consumption was by the sediments, consistent with previous knowledge. Except during fall turnover, DO was generally above, and 18:16O below, atmospheric equilibrium in the surface mixed layer (SML), suggesting P/R is usually >1 and agreeing with independent estimates by incubation experiments. P/R ratios calculated from the oxygen isotope model were often inconsistent with the DO and 18:16O data, likely because of uncertainties in αr and nonsteady-state conditions in the SML. The autumnal transition to P/R < 1 was captured better in the DO and 18:16O data than in the incubation experiments. Despite problems with the steady-state model, the isotope data were able to reveal spatial and temporal variations in lake metabolism and indicated a strong autochthonous basis for community metabolism in the SML.
Impact resonance method for damage detection in carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer–strengthened reinforced concrete beams subjected to fatigue and thermal cycling
Authors: Ward C. , Rattanawangcharoen N. , Gheorghiu C. 
Published: November 2008

Much of North America’s civil infrastructure is rapidly aging and, in some cases, exceeding its design life and load. To combat this, the exploration of simple and effective methods for rehabilitation and structural health monitoring has been receiving much attention in industry and academia. This paper reports on the use of the impact resonance method (IRM) for evaluating the structural health of thermal-cycled reinforced concrete (RC) beams with and without externally strengthened carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) pultruded plates. In the experimental program, 1.2 m long specimens were subjected to 55 thermal cycles ranging from +23 to −18 °C. Fatigue loading consisting of up to two million cycles at high and low stress levels was performed. At pre-determined load cycle intervals, the loading was stopped and the IRM was performed on the specimens. Parameters including the appearance of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum of the specimens’ vibration, modal fundamental frequencies, and dynamic properties were used to assess damage in the specimen. Conclusions were made regarding the use of the IRM in monitoring the health of strengthened and unstrengthened RC beams subjected to thermal and fatigue cycles.
Plasmid transformation and expression of the firefly luciferase in Microbacterium testaceum type and endophytic colonizing field strains
Authors: Zinniel Denise K. , Feng Zhengyu , Blum Paul H. , Barletta Raúl G. , Vidaver Anne K. 
Published: November 2008

Microbacterium testaceum is a predominant endophytic bacterial species isolated from corn and sorghum in the midwestern United States. The development of genetic transfer systems for M. testaceum may enable its use for biocontrol and other applications. The type strain (IFO 12675) and field isolates (SE017, SE034, and CE648) were grown to mid-exponential phase, concentrated (1.0 × 1011CFU·mL–1), electroporated ( Escherichia coli – Clavibacter shuttle plasmid pDM302), and plated on TSA with 10 µg·mL–1chloramphenicol. Transformation efficiencies averaged 140 CFU·µg–1of DNA. Restriction endonuclease analysis showed that pDM302 was not altered after extraction from transformants and re-introduction into E. coli. Transformants with pDM302 were also subjected to nonselective growth conditions, with the frequency of loss after one passage being 84% for IFO 12675 and 88% for SE034. We inserted the green fluorescent protein and the firefly luciferase (FFlux) reporter genes into pDM302, confirming the expression of FFlux in IFO 12675 and SE034. The SE034 FFlux strain was recovered from inoculated corn in greenhouse studies and found to fluoresce by luminometry. These results in M. testaceum demonstrate for the first time its transformability, pDM302 replication, FFlux gene expression, and the recovery of the FFlux recombinant strain from inoculated corn.
Comparison of enzymatic antioxidant defence systems in different metabolic types of yeasts
Authors: Koleva Dafinka I. , Petrova Ventsislava Y. , Kujumdzieva Anna V. 
Published: November 2008

The enzymatic defence system in the 2 yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus and Rhodotorula glutinis , differing in their mode of oxygen uptake and energy generation, was characterized and compared with the well-studied facultatively fermentative Crabtree-positive Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Twofold higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were detected in K. marxianus and R. glutinis when cells were cultured on glucose. Further increases of 10%–15% in SOD activity and 30%–50% in catalase were measured in all studied yeasts strains after transfer to media containing ethanol. An evaluation of the ratio of Cu/Zn SOD / Mn SOD was performed as a measure of the oxidative metabolism. A 20% decrease was observed when the respiratory source of energy was ethanol, with the lowest ratio being observed for the oxidative type of K. marxianus yeasts. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that all tested strains possess active Cu/Zn and Mn SODs. A reverse electrophoretic mobility pattern of K. marxianus and R. glutinis SOD enzymes was observed in comparison with the same couple in S. cerevisiae. The investigation of electrophoretic profile of catalase enzymes showed that alongside their different taxonomic status and fermentative capacity, all tested strains possess 2 separate catalases. The role of antioxidant enzymes in preventing oxidant-induced cytotoxicity (treatment with hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and menadione) was shown.
Tracing salmon nutrients in riparian food webs: isotopic evidence in a ground-foraging passerine
Authors: Christie Katie S. , Hocking Morgan D. , Reimchen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2008

The predictable annual spawning of anadromous salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861) provides an important marine resource subsidy to terrestrial species throughout the North Pacific. Using isotopic ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C), we examine pathways of salmon nutrient uptake by a ground-foraging passerine, the winter wren ( Troglodytes troglodytes (L., 1758)), captured above and below waterfall barriers to salmon migration from two rivers on the central coast of British Columbia. Wren feathers exhibited substantial variation in δ15N (range = 18.6‰) and δ13C (range =7.9‰), approximating the isotopic range of invertebrates sampled at our study sites. Mean δ15N values of feathers and feces representing the fall diet of winter wrens were enriched by 4.8‰ and 8.0‰, respectively, below versus above the waterfall barriers. We observed positive relationships between δ15N and δ13C in fall-grown feathers and fecal samples below the falls but not above the falls, and large positive shifts (as high as 14.3‰) in15N from summer to fall within individual birds. The large isotopic variation observed in this system likely can be explained by the mobility of wrens, isotopic variation in their prey, and individual variation in the consumption of fly larvae from salmon carcasses. Our results identify both direct and indirect pathways by which salmon-derived nutrients are cycled into top-level consumers.
Getting the Hands Dirty
Authors: Richards John 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
“Getting the hands dirty” refers to an approach in which process and performance are inseparably bound. The “performance” begins on the workbench and is extended onto the “stage” through live bricolage. The idea of “dirt” is seen as a critical ingredient in the process of live electronic music, and the term “dirty electronics” is used to describe an increasing focus in electronic music on shared experiences face-to-face, ritual, gesture, touch, social interaction and the exploration of devised instruments. The author concludes that digital technology has merely reinforced the importance of the human body and the physical in live performance.
Eavesdropping: Network Mediated Performance in Social Space
Authors: Stockholm Jack 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
The author describes an Internet-based audio composition and diffusion system, Eavesdropping (2007–2008), designed for public spaces where several computer users are gathered, such as cafés. Compositions are created from abstract mood objects rather than musical structures. A composer uploads a set of audio files to represent the different moods in the composition. During a performance, a server-based Conductor selects audio files from this set to be played at each participant's laptop based on the composition, the number of participants in the room and the time they joined the performance. This project aims to enhance awareness of and connectedness among individual members of an audience at a generative musical performance by encouraging shared experiences.
Listening to History: Some Proposals for Reclaiming the Practice of Live Music
Authors: Rose Jon 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
The author explores the vibrant, but often hidden, unorthodox musical culture of Australia, recounting little known movements, events, dates, personalities and Aboriginal traditions. He urges the listener to investigate and value this unique and fecund musical history, and in so doing, find models that are relevant to solving the dilemmas of a declining contemporary music practice. Live music encourages direct interconnectivity among people and with the physical world upon which we rely for our existence; music can be life supporting, and in some situations, as important as life itself. While there is much to learn from the past, digital technology can be utilized as an interface establishing a tactile praxis and enabling musical expression that promotes original content, social connection and environmental context.
Ex vivo characterization of polyclonal memory CD8+ T-cell responses to PRAME-specific peptides in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute and chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rezvani Katayoun , Yong Agnes S. M. , Tawab Abdul , Jafarpour Behnam , Eniafe Rhoda , Mielke Stephan , Savani Bipin N. , Keyvanfar Keyvan , Li Yixin , Kurlander Roger , Barrett A. John 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPreferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) is aberrantly expressed in hematologic malignancies and may be a useful target for immunotherapy in leukemia. To determine whether PRAME is naturally immunogenic, we studied CD8+ T-cell responses to 4 HLA-A*0201–restricted PRAME-derived epitopes (PRA100, PRA142, PRA300, PRA425) in HLA-A*0201-positive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and healthy donors. CD8+ T cells recognizing PRAME peptides could be detected ex vivo in 4 of 10 ALL, 6 of 10 AML, 3 of 10 CML patients, and 3 of 10 donors by HLA-A2 tetramer analysis and flow cytometry for intracellular interferon-γ. The frequency of PRAME-specific CD8+ T cells was greater in patients with AML, CML, and ALL than healthy controls. All peptides were immunogenic in patients, while responses were only detected to PRA300 in donors. High PRAME expression in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells was associated with responses to greater than or equal to 2 PRAME epitopes compared with low PRAME expression levels (4/7 vs 0/23, P = .001), suggesting a PRAME-driven T-cell response. PRAME-specific T cells were readily expanded in short-term cultures in donors and patients. These results provide evidence for spontaneous T cell reactivity against multiple epitopes of PRAME in ALL, AML, and CML. The potential for developing PRAME as a target for immunotherapy in leukemia deserves further exploration.
Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcription (STAT) 4β, a Shorter Isoform of Interleukin-12-Induced STAT4, Is Preferentially Activated by Estrogen
Authors: Karpuzoglu Ebru , Phillips Rebecca A. , Dai Rujuan , Graniello Carmine , Gogal Robert M. , Ahmed S. Ansar 
Published: November 2008

Estrogen, a natural immunomodulatory compound, has been shown to promote the induction of a prototype T helper 1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as to up-regulate IFNγ-mediated proinflammatory molecules (nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase 2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1). Because IL-12 is a major IFNγ-inducing cytokine, in this study we investigated whether estrogen treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice alters IL-12-mediated signaling pathways. A recent study has shown that IL-12 activates two isoforms of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 4, a normal-sized (full-length STAT4α) and a truncated form (STAT4β). Interestingly, we found that estrogen treatment preferentially up-regulates the phosphorylation of STAT4β in splenic lymphoid cells. Time kinetic data showed the differential activation of STAT4β in splenic lymphoid cells from estrogen-treated mice, but not in cells from placebo controls. The activation of STAT4β was mediated by IL-12 and not IFNγ because deliberate addition or neutralization of IL-12, but not IFNγ, affected the activation of STAT4β. In contrast to IL-12-induced activation of STAT4β in cells from estrogen-treated mice, STAT4α was not increased, rather it tended to be decreased. In this context, STAT4α-induced p27kip1 protein was decreased in concanavalin A + IL-12-activated lymphocytes from estrogen-treated mice only. By using the in vitro DNA binding assay, we confirmed the ability of pSTAT4β to bind to the IFNγ-activated sites (IFNγ activation sequences)/STAT4-binding sites in estrogen-treated mice. Our data are the first to show that estrogen apparently has selective effects on IL-12-mediated signaling by preferentially activating STAT4β. These novel findings are likely to provide new knowledge with regard to estrogen regulation of inflammation.IL-12 activates cells through STAT4 signaling. Two isoforms of STAT4 have now been identified: a normal-sized STAT4α and a shorter STAT4β. Estrogens preferentially activate STAT4β isoform.
Amino-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: 5-Year Follow-Up Data from the Linz Peripheral Arterial Disease Study
Authors: Mueller Thomas , Dieplinger Benjamin , Poelz Werner , Endler Georg , Wagner Oswald F , Haltmayer Meinhard 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Background: Amino-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has emerged as predictor of mortality endpoints in cardiac disease. In contrast, the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the capability of NT-proBNP as a marker for long-term prognosis in atherosclerotic PAD.
Methods: We obtained NT-proBNP serum concentrations in 487 consecutive patients with symptomatic PAD admitted to a tertiary-care hospital. The endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality, and the study participants were followed for 5 years.
Results: Of the 487 patients enrolled, 114 died and 373 survived during follow-up. The median NT-proBNP concentration was higher among decedents than survivors (692 vs 143 ng/L; P &lt; 0.001). Using the median NT-proBNP concentration of the entire cohort (213 ng/L) as threshold level, Kaplan–Meier curve analysis demonstrated that the survival probability was lower in patients with NT-proBNP above the median (log-rank test, P &lt; 0.001). In the fully adjusted Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, NT-proBNP &gt;213 ng/L had a risk ratio of 2.27 (95% CI 1.27–4.03; P = 0.005) independent of age, sex, glomerular filtration rate, clinical stage of PAD, cardiovascular comorbidity, and other potential confounders. Further analyses showed that NT-proBNP added significantly to the value of established and emerging outcome predictors of PAD.
Conclusions: In this study, a NT-proBNP serum concentration &gt;213 ng/L was a robust and independent predictor of 5-year all-cause mortality in patients with symptomatic PAD. Thus, NT-proBNP measurements can be considered a valuable tool for risk stratification in these patients.
Antibodies against Synthetic Deamidated Gliadin Peptides for Celiac Disease Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Children
Authors: Basso Daniela , Guariso Graziella , Fogar Paola , Meneghel Alessandra , Zambon Carlo-Federico , Navaglia Filippo , Greco Eliana , Schiavon Stefania , Rugge Massimo , Plebani Mario 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground: AGA IgA II and AGA IgG II have recently been suggested as reliable tools for celiac disease (CD) diagnosis. We compared their utility for diagnosis and monitoring CD in children with that of tTG IgA, an established CD marker.Methods: We studied a cohort of 161 CD and 129 control children in whom CD was histologically confirmed or ruled out. We followed 37 children with CD on a gluten-free diet for 12–84 months. In fasting sera, we measured AGA IgA II, AGA IgG II, and tTG IgA using ELISAs.Results: The best sensitivity (92.5%), specificity (97.6%), positive predictive value (98%), and negative predictive value (91.2%) were obtained using tTG IgA. AGA IgG II correctly identified 3 of 3 children with CD with total IgA deficiency who had negative AGA IgA II and tTG IgA results. In children &lt;2 years old without total IgA deficiency, AGA IgG II and tTG IgA performed equally well (sensitivity 96.4% and specificity 100%). AGA IgA II, AGA IgG II, and tTG IgA concentrations diminished significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) after 1 year of a gluten-free diet, reaching values below the cutoff in 87%, 70%, and 51% of cases, respectively.Conclusions: The best available index for diagnosing CD in children was tTG IgA. In infants &lt;2 years old, AGA IgG II performed as well as tTG IgA in cases without total IgA deficiency and allowed detection of CD when total IgA was &lt;0.06 g/L. Gluten-free diet monitoring can be achieved using any of the studied serum markers.
Regional Bond Strengths and Failure Analysis of Fiber Posts Bonded to Root Canal Dentin
Authors: Aksornmuang J. , Nakajima M. , Foxton R. M. , Panyayong W. , Tagami J. 
Published: November 2008

Clinical Relevance
The bond strengths of fiber posts to root canal dentin could be affected by the characteristics of the fiber post and its bonding quality. The failure patterns of fiber-post bonded root canal dentin were dependent upon the post system.