bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nightguard Vital Bleaching of Tetracycline‐Stained Teeth: 90 Months Post Treatment
Authors: LEONARD RALPH H. , HAYWOOD VAN B. , CAPLAN DANIEL J. , TART NATILE D. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this longitudinal whitening study was to determine the stability, post‐treatment side effects, and patient satisfaction at 90 months post treatment after 6 months of active treatment of tetracycline‐stained teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide. Materials and Methods: Fifteen of 21 participants enrolled in the study (71%) were contacted and asked to participate in a survey concerning their whitening experience. Participants were asked whether there had been any change in the shade of their teeth after treatment and if they had experienced any side effects that they believed were treatment related. Eight of the 15 participated in a clinical examination. Results: Nine participants (60%) reported no obvious shade change or only a slight darkening not noticed by others. None reported darkening back to the original shade; however, four had re‐treated their teeth. Examiners were in agreement with the participants' perception of shade change upon comparing pretreatment and post‐treatment photographs and Vita® shade (Vita Zahnfabrik D‐79713, Bad Sackingen, Germany) values. The degree of improvement over the pretreatment shade was significant for the 90‐month post‐treatment shade (p < .01). All respondents (n = 15) denied having to have a crown or root canal or tooth sensitivity that they believed was treatment related.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe results of this study of nightguard vital bleaching indicate that tetracycline‐stained teeth can be whitened successfully using extended treatment time and that shade stability may last at least 90 months post treatment (range 84–100 mo). Patients participating in this study were over‐whelmingly positive about the procedure in terms of shade retention and lack of post‐treatment side effects.
The ZiReal Post: A New Ceramic Implant Abutment
Authors: BRODBECK URS 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTRestorations in the anterior esthetic zone present significant challenges in both the surgical and prosthetic phases of implant dentistry. Titanium has been established as the material of choice for endosseous implants, resulting in a high degree of predictability. Many types of implants require transmucosal abutments to retain implant restorations. Ceramics may be the ideal material to replace natural teeth, but most transmucosal abutments are made of titanium. However, ceramics may also be used as abutments in implant restorations. This combination of ceramics for abutment and crown provides better translucency for the implant restoration than is available with metal abutments and porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal crowns. Ceramic abutments and implant restorations also minimize the gray color associated with metal components that is transmitted through the peri‐implant tissues. Customized emergence profiles also may be obtained with ceramic abutments; this generally improves the predictability and consistency of the esthetics obtainable in implant restorations. Zirconia as a ceramic material offers not only outstanding material properties but also a well‐documented biocompatibility.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis article discusses the clinical and laboratory features of a new ceramic abutment, ZiReal™ Post (Implant Innovations, Inc., Palm Beach Gardens, Florida).
Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Microhybrid Composites
Authors: LU HUAN , ROEDER LESLIE B. , POWERS JOHN M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study was undertaken to examine the effect of three different polishing systems on surface roughness of five newly developed resin composites. Materials and Methods: Three microhybrid composites (Point 4™, Kerr, Orange, CA; Esthet‐X™, Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE; Vitalescence®, Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA), one microfilled composite (Renamel Microfill®, Cosmedent, Chicago, IL, USA), and one experimental micro‐hybrid composite (FZB, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were light cured with a Mylar strip. Fifteen specimens of each composite (6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) were fabricated and randomly assigned to three groups. Specimens in each group were finished with a carbide bur (16 fluted) and three polishing systems (Astropol®, Ivoclar Vivadent; Diagloss®, Axis Dental, Irving, TX, USA; Sof‐Lex™, 3M, ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The average surface roughness (Ra) and the mean peak spacing (Sm) were measured with a surface profilometer after polishing. Five tracings at different locations on each specimen were made. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: For Astropol, Ra ranged from 0.10 to 0.15 um and Sm ranged from 24 to 40 um for the five composites; for Diagloss, Ra ranged from 0.24 to 0.34 um and Sm from 38 to 74 urn; for Sof‐Lex, Ra ranged from 0.06 to 0.10 um and Sm ranged from 16 to 22 um. Significant differences between materials and polishing systems were observed. Polishing systems had the most important role in determining the surface roughness of resin composites.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEOf the polished systems tested, Sof‐Lex discs provided the lowest roughness for polishing microfilled and microhybrid composites, and the microfilied resin composite showed the lowest roughness.
Efficacy of a Resin Coating on Bond Strengths of Resin Cement to Dentin
Authors: JAYASOORIYA PRIMALI R. , PEREIRA PATRICIA N.R. , NIKAIDO TORU , TAGAMI JUNJI 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the effect of a resin coating consisting of a dentin bonding system and a flowable resin composite on the microtensile bond strength (μ‐TBS) of a resin cement to dentin in indirect composite restorations and (2) compare the bond strengths of direct and indirect composite restorations.Materials and Method: Occlusal surfaces of human premolars were ground to obtain flat dentin surfaces and were divided into seven groups. For indirect restorations, the dentin surfaces of the experimental groups were bonded with a dentin bonding system (DBS), Clearfil SE Bond (SE) or Single Bond (SB) with and without a flowable resin composite, Protect Liner F (PLF), temporized for one day and cemented with a resin cement (Panavia F) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The dentin surfaces of the control group were temporized without prior treatment, and indirect composite (Estenia) was bonded with Panavia F. For the direct restorations, either SE or SB was applied to the dentin surface and the entire surface was built up with direct composite (Clearfil AP‐X). After 24 hours in water storage, μ‐TBS was measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with one‐way analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference test (p < .05).Results: The original bond strength of the resin cement (Panavia F) to dentin significantly improved with the use of a resin coating technique in indirect restorations (p < .05). The combination of DBS + PLF showed significantly higher bond strengths compared with the single use of DBS. The combination of SE + PLF as a resin coating provided the highest bond strengths in indirect restorations (p < .05). However, the best bond strengths were observed when SE and SB were used for direct composite restorations (p < .05).Conclusions: The application of a resin coating consisting of a dentin bonding system and a flowable resin composite on the dentin following cavity preparation significantly improved the μ‐TBS of the resin cement Panavia F to dentin in indirect restorations. However, the bond strengths of indirect composite restorations were significantly lower than those of direct composite restorations even with the resin coating technique.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEIndirect composite restorations may require a resin coating to improve the bonding performance of the resin cement Panavia F to dentin. However, adhesive systems with direct composite restorations still provide superior bond strengths compared with indirect restorations.
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Treatment of a Patient with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Case Report
Authors: ABARCA MARCELO , BUDZYNSKI YVES , KOVACS BLAISE , MALEVEZ CHANTAL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTTreatment of the patient with cleft lip and palate represents a real problem from both functional and esthetic points of view. Today a functional result is not enough. An esthetic result is both necessary and possible to improve the quality of life. The direct placement of an implant in the grafted alveolar cleft is not the ideal choice.Using a rational, multidisciplinary approach, it is possible to obtain esthetic results in these patients. In our case study, a 17‐year‐old patient previously treated for a unilateral cleft lip and palate and agenesis of the right lateral incisor was given an osseointegrated implant. Computer‐assisted dental design (Procera® CAD/CAM software, Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was used for the prosthetic rehabilitation, and the end of growth was determined prior to placing the implant.No sign of failure or mobility after loading has been detected at the time of this writing, 8 months after the procedure's completion, and the esthetic result is considered satisfactory by the patient and practitioners.
Effect of Bleaching and Repolishing Procedures on Coffee and Tea Stain Removal from Three Anterior Composite Veneering Materials
Authors: TÜRKÜN L. ŞEBNEM , TÜRKÜN MURAT 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTDiscolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective, nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain.Forty‐five disks (12 × 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST® (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet‐X™ (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110™ (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof‐Lex™ (3M ESPE), Enhance® (Dentsply/Caulk), or PoGo® (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material‐polishing system combination were immersed in coffee (Nescafe® Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton, Blackfriars‐London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X‐Rite® Seroice SP78, Loaner, Köln, Germany) at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of the specimens was bleached with Illuminé‐office® (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of analysis of variance. Paired t‐test was used to examine whether significant color differences (δE*) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p .05).Filtek A110 was the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a δE* value of 2 during the study. Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof‐Lex system demonstrated the most color change. Water did not cause a variance in the δE*. There was no difference in the staining potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values at 1 day of staining with repolishing.The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used in this study equally. In‐office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the restitution of the color.
OXYGEN‐INHIBITED LAYER IN ADHESION DENTISTRY
Authors: Suh Byoung I. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose::Characteristics of the oxygen‐inhibited layer, including bond strength, photoinitiator decomposition, and post‐curing degree of conversion, were investigated.Materials and Methods:To investigate shear bond strength, BisCover (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) and D/E Resin (Bisco, Inc.) were placed on disks of Renew composite (Bisco, Inc.) and cured both with and without an oxygen‐inhibited layer. Light‐Bond composite (Reliance Orthodontic, Itasca, IL, USA) was placed in a gelatin capsule and light cured over the cured resin. After soaking in water for 2 hours at 37°C, specimens were sheared to failure using a universal testing machine (Model 4466, Instron Inc., Canton, MA, USA).To investigate microtensile bond strength, composite substrates prepared using Renew A2 composite were light cured either in air or under nitrogen. Light‐Core (Bisco, Inc.) was placed on each substrate and light cured. The resulting specimens were sectioned into composite beams and stressed to failure using a microtensile tester (built by Bisco, Inc.).To determine camphorquinone (CQ) decomposition, an experimental CQ resin was placed between two glass plates and irradiated for different time intervals. The absorption spectrum was obtained using a Cary 50 Bio UV‐Visible Spectrometer (Varian, Mulgrave, Australia).To explore the degree of conversion, polyester film strips (Mylar, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) coated with the CQ resin were pre‐cured in air for different time periods, and then post‐cured at low intensity for 5 minutes under nitrogen. A Spectrum 1000FTIR Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) was used to measure the degree of conversion.Results:Bond strength tests resulted in no significant difference between samples with or without an oxygen‐inhibited layer. The oxygen‐inhibited layer contained reduced amounts of photoinitiator. The degree of conversion of post‐cured oxygen‐inhibited layers was lower than that for the control.Conclusion:An oxygen‐inhibited layer is not necessary for bonding with composite resin.
DURABILITY OF ENAMEL BOND STRENGTH OF SIMPLIFIED BONDING SYSTEMS
Authors: Miyazaki M. , Sato M. , Onose H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermal cycling on the enamel bond strengths of two‐step adhesive systems, either self‐etching primers or “one‐bottle” total‐etch systems, to bovine enamel. Materials and Methods: Three self‐etching primer systems–Imperva Fluoro Bond® (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan), Clearfil® Liner Bond II (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), and Mac Bond® II (Tokuyama Corp., Tokyo, Japan)–and four total‐etch adhesive systems–One‐Step® (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA), Opti‐Bond Solo® (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA), Prime & Bond® 2.0 (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), and Single BondTM (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)–were used. Labial enamel surfaces of bovine incisors were exposed by grinding with 240‐grit and 600‐grit wet silicon carbide paper. Enamel was treated according to the manufacturers' instructions. Following the application of adhesive resin, resin composites were condensed into a mold (diameter = 4 mm, depth = 2 mm) and were light‐cured. Bonded specimens were stored in 37°C water for 24 hours. They were divided into a control group (no thermal cycling) and three experimental groups with thermal cycles of 3,000, 10,000, and 30,000 cycles, respectively, between 5°C and 60°C. The shear test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The ultrastructure of resin‐enamel interfaces was observed by SEM at times 3,500 magnification. Results: Self‐etching primer systems had significant decreases in enamel bond strengths with thermal cycling. In contrast, total‐etch systems had no significant differences, except for One‐Step. Mixed failures were predominant in these systems, but adhesive failures tended to increase with a greater number of thermal cycles. SEM observations revealed small cracks at the resin‐enamel interface for self‐etching primer systems when subjected to 30,000 thermal cycles. Conclusions: Enamel shear bond strengths after thermal cycling of self‐etching primer systems appeared to be less stable than were those of total‐etch adhesive systems.
Rare case of malignant duodenal tumor presenting with unusual complications in a child
Authors: VAIPHEI Kim , BHATIA Alka , WALIA Anuj , LAL Sadhana , THAPA Babu Ram 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe report highlights a rare case of duodenal anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a child who presented with duodeno‐colic fistulization. The child responded to a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone regime but the fistula required surgical resection. The child is disease free at 24 months of follow up.
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITIES OF DRY‐SALTED (LAKERDA) BONITO (SARDA SARDA, BLOCH 1793)
Authors: TURAN HÜLYA , KAYA YALÇIN , ERKOYUNCU İBRAHİM , SÖNMEZ GÜLŞAH 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT In this study, changes in the chemical and microbiological properties of bonito (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793) salted by dry salting (lakerda) and stored for 6 months at 4 ± 1C were investigated. The fresh gutted and sliced bonitos were used as raw material for salting by using the ratio of fish to salt as 5:1 by weight. Salted fish remained in the liquid pickle formed by salt and the liquid extracted from the fish. This solution was not drained during the storage period. The product is described as “lakerda” in Turkey. In the fresh fish, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA‐N) values were 11.21 mg/100 g and 1.19 mg/100 g, respectively. During the storage period, TVB‐N and TMA values increased slowly to 27.67 mg/100 g and 4.99 mg/100 g, respectively, at the end of the storage period. In the first month after salt processing, the total mesophilic bacteria count was 4.6 × 102 cfu/g. In the later months, mesophilic, psychotropic, coliform bacteria and yeast‐mold did not reproduce. According to the results, bonito salted by dry salting and stored at 4 ± 1C was in good quality in terms of chemical and microbiological properties during the storage period of 6 months.
SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF CHEDDAR CHEESE WHEY POWDER: A CASE STUDY
Authors: SITHOLE RHODA , MCDANIEL MINA RAE , GODDIK LISBETH MEUNIER 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Cheddar whey powder from one plant was evaluated for variations in quality parameters over 12 months. Representative samples were analyzed monthly for microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties. The seasonal variability in the physicochemical properties was minor. Fall samples were higher in Hunter Lab parameter L* (lightness) and pH but lower in solubility index. Summer samples were high in solubility index and titratable acidity but low in L*. May production was significantly higher in standard plate count (SPC) and free moisture than the rest of the year. February production was significantly lower in SPC and free moisture content. There were no significant differences in aroma and flavor across the seasons. The flavor was generally bland, with the most intense attribute rating 5 on the 15‐point intensity scale. The order of intensity of the most intense attributes was cooked flavor and aroma > sweetness > caramelized flavor and aroma.
A Conceptual Model of Community Capacity for Biodiversity Conservation Outcomes
Authors: MOORE SUSAN A. , SEVERN ROGER C. , MILLAR REBECCA 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Australia an unprecedented level of attention is being paid to improving the sustainable management of agricultural lands. As of 2005, the Australian government had committed over four billion dollars to land, water and biodiversity management programmes. Most is being allocated to regional community groups. Central to programme delivery is attention to community capacity and the desire to build capacity to implement changes in land and water management. This paper addresses the fundamentally important question ‘what is community capacity?’ through developing and refining a conceptual model of community capacity to deliver biodiversity conservation outcomes. Model development was based on a literature review and synthesis, with subsequent refinement using interviews. From the literature, community capacity was described as five forms of capital: natural, social, human, institutional and produced economic. The model was refined using interviews with Greening Australia (an environmental non‐government organisation) field staff. Their responses identified all five forms of capital as important elements of community capacity. Social and human capital were mentioned by almost all respondents, with limited mention being made of the other capitals. Social capital included cognitive and structural dimensions. Knowledge, skills and experience were part of human capital. These results provide researchers and practitioners with assurance that social and human capital indicators can be confidently sought to describe capacity. There is also sufficient guidance from these results to progress indicator selection for the remaining forms of capital provided that selection is accompanied by continuing refinement of our descriptions of these forms.
The Canary in the Coalmine: Australian Ski Resorts and their Response to Climate Change
Authors: BICKNELL SHARON , MCMANUS PHIL 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Australian ski industry represents a ‘canary in the coalmine’. Globally, it is one of the first and most visibly impacted industries by the risk of climate change. This study explores the perceptions of people associated with the operations of ski resorts in south‐eastern Australia. It was hypothesised that ski resorts, given the value of their assets, would anticipate and respond to the threat of climate change. The responses demonstrate how representatives of the Australian ski industry perceive climate change issues, and the measures that are being taken to address this issue at particular resorts. These responses provide insights into how other firms and industries might respond to the biophysical impacts of climate change. Using in‐depth interviews, the study compares the perceptions and responses of resort managers and government representatives with those from previous studies. The analysis draws on and improves the model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and its development as a policy framework for adaptation. The major findings of this study are that a physical meltdown may not lead to a financial meltdown, that business responses to climate changes are more varied than has been represented in the literature to date and that the tension between competing firms on the one hand and industry cooperation on the other strongly influences the types of response that may develop.
Owning up to Our Agendas: On the Role and Limits of Science in Debates about Embryos and Brain Death
Authors: Khushf George 
Published: October 2006

”Merely fact-minded sciences make merely factminded people.”“ …the positivistic concept of science in our time is, historically speaking, a residual concept. It has dropped all the questions which had been considered under the now narrower, now broader concepts of metaphysics….all these ‘metaphysical’ questions, taken broadly – commonly called specifically philosophical questions – surpass the world understood as the universe of mere facts. They surpass it precisely as being questions with the idea of reason in mind. And they all claim a higher dignity than questions of fact, which are subordinated to them even in the order of inquiry. Positivism, in a manner of speaking, decapitates philosophy.”Edmund HusserlIn ethical literature associated with controversies at the beginning and end of human life, there is often a two-part structure: first, basic facts about the topic are presented in a more or less descriptive format, then there is the ethics or policy.