bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tar destruction using non-thermal plasma technology—a critical review
Authors: Pathak Ram Mohan , Jayanarasimhan Ananthanarasimhan , Rao Lakshminarayana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Tar, a by-product of gasification, is a complex mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons that can cause significant damage to downstream equipment and reduce the efficiency of gas utilization. Effective tar destruction is therefore essential for producing clean syngas. Non-thermal plasmas (NTP’s) technology offers a promising solution for gas cleaning by effectively destroying tar. This review explores various plasma sources and experimental approaches for using NTP’s in tar destruction. It evaluates the performance of different plasma sources on the destruction of toluene and naphthalene, the most prevalent tar compounds in gasifier product gas, and discusses the chemical mechanisms and modeling approaches involved in their destruction. The most common modeling approach includes reaction kinetics, demonstrating how chemical reactions occur and behave in the NTP’s system. This approach, known as the plasma global model, simplifies plasma modeling by focusing on reaction rates to predict the production and loss of species without needing to model plasma’s bulk properties. The works that investigated plasma-catalysis for tar destruction were considered. A comparison of literature works reveals that the best performance for naphthalene destruction is achieved by corona plasma and reverse vortex flow gliding arc reactors, with the destruction efficiency

(

η
d

)

of 99% and 99.8% at concentrations of 5 g m−3 and 10.3 g m−3, respectively. For toluene, the gliding arc discharge and rotating gliding arc combined with the catalyst demonstrate the highest efficiency, achieving 99% and 99.9% destruction at 22.9 g m−3 and 4 g m−3, respectively. The synergy between plasma and catalysts offers key benefits, including higher energy efficiency, faster reactions, and lower operating temperatures compared to traditional thermal methods. The review suggests that NTP’s technology shows strong potential for removing biomass tar from gasification. It could be a promising solution for biomass tar cracking and upgrading product gas in real gasification applications. Several pilot and small-scale plasma plants have been developed, but the technology is still emerging and faces various technical and economic challenges.
Recent progress in non-equilibrium structure and dynamics of connected active agents
Authors: Zhang Yanfang , Tian Wen-de 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Active agents, which convert energy into directed motion, are inherently non-equilibrium systems. Inspired by living organisms and polymer physics, connected active agents with various topologies have recently garnered significant attention. These agents have positional degrees of freedom with well-defined topologies, while activity introduces extra degrees of freedom. The intricate interplay of activity, elasticity, noise, and conformational degrees of freedom gives rise to novel non-equilibrium behaviors in chain-like structures. This review categorizes active agents into three types based on their alignment mechanisms: Active Brownian agents, Vicsek-type agents, and self-aligning agents. It further provides the results when these agents are connected through different topological structures in two-dimensional spaces, at interfaces, in three-dimensional environments, and under confinement. The goal is to shed light on the fundamental physics that govern their non-equilibrium behavior at the level of individual chains and to highlight potential research directions. These findings hold significant potential for advancing the design of metamaterials and swarm robotics.
Preparation of aggregation-free ZnPc-doped nanophotosensitizers for highly efficient photodynamic therapy
Authors: Zhang Yafei , Bo Bingyang , Qin Jinglei , Liu Bei , Peng Hong-Shang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a promising second-generation photosensitizer, suffers from decreased quantum yield of singlet oxygen due to poor water solubility and prone-to-aggregation nature in both physiological environment and solid matrix. To address this issue, in this work we reported a simple ligand-assisted reprecipitation method to prepare aggregation-free ZnPc-doped nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, a short-chain ligand hexylamine was introduced to coordinate with ZnPc during reprecipitation, so that to alleviate ZnPc aggregation in the polymeric nanomatrix. As a consequence, the as-prepared ZnPc-loaded NPs with an optimal loading content of 4 wt.% acquired a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of 0.5, which was comparable to that of ZnPc monomer (ΦΔ = 0.55). Moreover, 10 wt.% ZnPc-loaded NPs could still retain a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.38. Taking advantage of the aggregation-free nano-photosensitizers (NPSs), efficient photodynamic therapy effect was achieved on HeLa cells upon 660 nm photo-irradiation with an ultra-low light dose (1.8 J cm−2). This study not only presented a high efficient ZnPc-based NPS, but also proposed a new strategy to reduce the aggregation of metal complex in solid matrix through ligand coordination.
Development of fluorine-free fluorescent coatings with carbon dots and silica for superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces
Authors: Peng Huaqiao , Li Wenyan , Liu Xueqi , Li Tao , Liu Xiwen , Li Zhi , Liu Yourui , Shi Tao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces attract increasing attention, and they have been widely studied because of their excellent anti-icing, anti-corrosion, self-cleaning, and oil–water separation properties. In this study, a robust hierarchical structure was prepared on an Al-alloy substrate by spraying a mixture of epoxy resin (EP), hydrophobic SiO2, and styrene-ethylene-butyrene-styrene (SEBS) to realize superhydrophobicity. In addition, carbon dots (CDs) with fluorescence were incorporated to detect micro-coating damage in practical applications. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surface of EP-Si@CDs exhibited a high water contact angle of ∼165.2° and a low sliding angle of ∼7.6°, in addition to good non-wettabilities toward common liquid droplets. The superhydrophobic EP-Si@CDs surface was characterized using scanning electron and laser scanning confocal microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate its structure and chemical composition. Meanwhile, superhydrophobic EP-Si@CDs displayed good durability, with the contact angle remaining at >150° and the sliding angle remaining at <10° after dragging for 280 cm under a mass of 100 g. Owing to the incorporation of the CDs, EP-Si@CDs emitted a bright yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light, which could be used to detect micro damage. EP-Si@CDs exhibited excellent anti-icing and self-cleaning performances, and the related mechanisms were investigated in detail.
Evaluation of the spatial resolution of the peeled-off Gafchromic EBT2 film irradiated with different doses of low-energy alpha particles from 241Am
Authors: Mohamed Amal , Ghaith M S , El Ghazaly M , Kelany Nermeen A , Ibrahim Manar A , El-Naggar Hala I , Al-Sayed A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the current study, the edge spread function, the spatial resolution (σ), and the response of Gafchromic EBT2 film to low-energy alpha particle doses were investigated. The Gafchromic EBT2 films were peeled-off to permit the 4 MeV alpha particles to reach the active layer. The peeled-off Gafchromic EBT2 films were irradiated with different doses of 4 MeV alpha particles from 241Am, where a razor blade was kept in close contact with the active layer in the middle of the alpha particles beam to produce two distinct halves (edges). The measured edge spread function (ESF) for different color channels as well as the weighted and unweighted gray images were fitted using the error function and thereafter differentiated to produce the line spread function (LSF). The blue channel exhibits an anomalous response to the 4 MeV alpha particle dose, leading to a dynamic range reduction of the peeled-off Gafchromic EBT2 film. The pixel values of red and green channels decrease by increasing alpha particle doses, with a descending sensitivity at higher doses. The pixel values of weighted and unweighted gray images decrease with the increase in alpha particle doses but with lower sensitivity. The spatial resolution of the peeled-off Gafchromic EBT2 film is independent of the 4 MeV alpha particle doses for red, green color channels, and weighted and unweighted gray images; the spatial resolution is close to that of single-color channels but with less contrast and visibility. The average spatial resolution, within the same channel, in terms of 1σ (standard deviation), amounts to (21.9 ± 1.5), (19.5 ± 1.4), (19.4 ± 1.3), and (19.4 ± 1.3) μm for red and green channels, weighted and unweighted gray images, respectively. Finally, the LSF peak was found to be proportional to the associated absorbed dosage. This can be utilized for forecasting the alpha-particle absorbed dose within the boundaries of the current study.
Silica/magnetite core-shell nanostructures as pH-dependent quartz crystal microbalance sensors for nickel ion detection in aqueous solutions
Authors: M Saad Almontaser Ballah , El-Mehalmey Worood A , El-Sherif Rabab , Salem Mohamed Shaker 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Herein, we report the controlled formation of silica/magnetite core–shell nanostructures and their potential utilization as sensors for the real-time detection of nickel ions with different concentrations in aqueous solutions. Nickel ions were presented in this work as example of contaminants. When coupled with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology, the prepared core–shell nanostructures were found to exhibit high sensitivity and a prompt response toward the presence of nickel ions in an aqueous environment. The robust structure of the silica core and the increased surface area provided by the magnetite shell enhance the adsorption of metal ions. The pH of the solution was found to have a strong impact on the sensing performance of the core–shell structure. Optimal sensor performance was observed at neutral pH, demonstrating the potential of this system for continuous environmental monitoring of nickel ions pollutants.
Effective description of the quantum damped harmonic oscillator: revisiting the Bateman dual system
Authors: Javier Valdez C R , Hernandez-Hernandez H , Chacón-Acosta G 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this work, we present a quantization scheme for the damped harmonic oscillator (QDHO) using a framework known as momentous quantum mechanics. Our method relies on a semiclassical dynamical system derived from an extended classical Hamiltonian, where the phase-space variables are given by expectation values of observables and quantum dispersions. The significance of our study lies in its potential to serve as a foundational basis for the effective description of open quantum systems (OQS), and the description of dissipation in quantum mechanics. By employing the Bateman’s dual model as the initial classical framework, and undergoing quantization, we demonstrate that our description aligns exceptionally well with the well-established Lindblad master equation for the QDHO. Furthermore, the robust formulation of our approach suggests a broad applicability in the context of OQS, extending implementations into more general systems, making it a versatile and powerful tool to study diverse phenomena.
Polarization and Interstellar Extinction Towards the Open Star Cluster NGC 6633
Authors: Topasna G. A. , Kirk N. E. , Kaltcheva N. T. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present optical polarization data of 110 stars in the direction of NGC 6633. From multi-wavelength BVRI measurements of 64 of these stars we obtained a wavelength of maximum polarization that yielded an estimate of total-to-selective extinction ratio R

V
= 3.18 ± 0.04 over the observed region. The distribution of the polarization position angles overall reveals a fairly uniform Galactic magnetic field. The fractional V-band polarization of the cluster’s members is between 0.8% and 1.4%, clearly above the 0.5% average value measured for the nearby field stars in the sample. We analyze the V-band polarization and maximum polarization as a function of color excess and extinction based on dust maps, Gaia, and uvbyβ photometry to discuss the polarization efficiency. The interpretation depends on the set of color excess or extinction data used, but for the majority of stars the polarization is confined below the empirical p
max ∼ 9%E(B − V) upper limit for the maximum polarization. On average, the normalized Stokes parameters show a slight offset of the foreground and background stars in comparison to the cluster’s members, but a significant overlap for many stars along the line of sight is present. We discuss a comparison of our optical polarization measurements to the Planck data in the context of the interpretation that the dust causing the infrared emission is also responsible for the optical polarization. We suggest that the polarization we measure for stars at the cluster’s distance around 400 pc is due to foreground dust between 100 and 350 pc and that multiple clouds along the line of sight could be the reason for some of the variations we observe.
The Synchronization of Time for VLBI Observations
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Juan , Ma Maoli , Zheng Weimin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
For some space radio telescopes, the orbit determination accuracy is not high enough, the time synchronization accuracy provided by the satellite platforms is low, and GNSS devices are not available. As a result, a traditional method that relies on GNSS devices to obtain an initial clock offset followed by performing correlation with the calibration source may fail to obtain fringes. Moreover, a brutal force search across the 2D clock offset and fringe rate search plane is computationally expensive. In light of these challenges, we propose a novel time synchronization method that utilizes the spacecraft’s telemetry tone signal. This method employs frequency polynomials derived from Doppler tracking for fringe rotation during the correlation process. By aligning the frequency of the target station precisely with that of the reference station, it is only necessary to split the clock offset search range into multiple time windows, perform correlation for each window, and identify the window with the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The precise clock offset is determined by combining the residual delay with the initial offset. To validate the method, we observe the Tianwen-1 telemetry signal with the 4.5 m small telescope in the Tianma campus of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory and 40 m telescope in Kunming. The results demonstrate that our method can accurately determine clock offset for a time range as wide as ±10 ms, with an SNR slightly higher than that achieved with the delay model. This method is suitable for wide-range time synchronization for space Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations, especially in scenarios involving small antennas with low sensitivity and poor orbit determination accuracy.
A Changeable Frequency Control Strategy Coordinated with Black Start for Photovoltaic Station Integrated with Energy Storage
Authors: Ke Song , Yang Jun , Peng Xiaotao , Chen Lei , Liang Jifeng , Yu Tengkai , Liao Fei 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
To enable Photovoltaic (PV) a controllable unit for frequency regulation and black start in power system, a grid-forming frequency control strategy is designed for PV station integrated with storage (ES). This paper proposed a frequency control strategy for PV and ES is developed based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control. Then, a small signal modeling of PV-ES control system is deduced with stability analysis. The simulation results reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control method of PV and ES integration in frequency response.
Accelerated adiabatic dynamics of two level system of Dirac particle
Authors: Setiawan Iwan , Ekawita Riska , Sugihakim Ryan , Eka Gunara Bobby 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We study a scheme to accelerate adiabatic quantum dynamics of Dirac particle. This scheme using the strategy of combining two opposite ideas: infinitely-large time-magnification factor (𝛼̅) and infinitely-small growth rate (𝜖) of adiabatic parameter. The accelerated adiabatic state is obtained by obtaining the regularization term and driving potential. We introduce the proposed method to the system of two level systems of Dirac particle by using a (1 + 1) dimension time dependent Dirac equation and obtained the regularization term. By tuning the driving magnetic field, this method to be able to accelerate adiabatic dynamics of electron as a Dirac particle in the ground state that considered as a two level system. This acceleration will preserve the ground state of the wave function from initial to the final time.
Numerical Study of Thermodynamic Properties of Screened Kratzer-Eckart Potential with External Magnetic Field
Authors: Nur Setyanto Firda , Wibawa B.S.H. , Suparmi A. , Cari C. , Lestari D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Attempts to understand the behaviour of various quantum systems are still become interest for many researchers in recent years. While experimentation is too complicated to be done, analytical mathematical approach is become a reliable choice. This approach is using potential functions or models as representations of the real quantum system, such as physical force interactions within a molecule. In this study, the new combination model of screened Kratzer and screened Eckart potentials is investigated under the non-relativistic quantum mechanics framework. These potentials are well-suited for modelling atomic interactions in diatomic molecules. The primary objective is to examine how these interactions are affected by the presence of external magnetic fields. Using a specific form of the Schro dinger equation, both the energy eigenfunction and the wave function have been derived. The Nikiforov-Uvarov Functional Analysis (NUFA) method was employed for this derivation. Additionally, several thermodynamic properties were obtained from the energy equation using numerical methods. Selected diatomic molecule data were used in the computations to demonstrate the effect of the magnetic field. A detailed analysis was performed through graphical representations, revealing that an increase in the magnetic field or the associated Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux enhances and splits the energy spectra. The effects on thermodynamic properties vary across different molecules and conditions, but overall, the magnetic field increases the thermodynamic properties of the molecules.
Modification of the working electrode using Silver Nanoparticle (AgNP) doping to enhance the efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
Authors: Dwi Apriliani Putri Tasya , Nurosyid Fahru , Iriani Yofentina , Suryana Risa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) doping concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% on the photoanode to enhance the performance efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized from silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) with a green synthesis method using andrographis paniculata (Sambiloto) leaf extract, which acts as a bio-reductor. Andrographis paniculata leaves were chosen due to their andrographolide content, which serves as an effective bio-reductor. The AgNPs were incorporated in TiO2, functioning as the working electrode. The dye utilized was Ruthenium Complex N719, with Platinum (Pt) as the counter electrode. Both the photoanode and counter electrodes were deposited on the substrates using the spin coating method. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests revealed morphological photoanode. Additionally, Ultraviolet-Visible (Uv-Vis) spectroscopy indicated absorbance and band gap energy values. Specifically, the bandgap energies were 3.284, 3.271 eV, and 3.250 eV for Ag doping concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. This study found that Ag doping at a 5% concentration significantly enhanced efficiency compared to 0%, where the highest efficiency was achieved by this sample. Nevertheless, Ag doping with 10% concentration caused a decrease in efficiency due to particle agglomeration. These findings were corroborated by I-V Meter characterization, which measured the photovoltaic performance. The efficiency values were 0.097%, 0.798%, and 0.367% for doping concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. The results suggest that an optimal doping concentration of AgNP can significantly improve the efficiency of DSSC.
A Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Prioritizing Road Maintenance: Integrating AHP and TOPSIS with a Focus on Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Chaipetch Pawarotorn , Amprayn Chisanu , Pawan Paijit , Ratanavaraha Vatanavongs 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Department of Rural Roads (DRR) in Thailand manages an extensive network of over 48,974 kilometers of roads. Traditionally, budget allocation for road maintenance has been primarily based on traffic volume and the International Roughness Index (IRI), often neglecting low-volume roads crucial for rural connectivity and development. To address this limitation, a decision support system (DSS) was developed, integrating the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). AHP facilitated the determination of the relative weights of economic, engineering, environmental, and social factors in road maintenance decisions. Subsequently, TOPSIS was employed to rank and prioritize road sections for maintenance based on their performance across these criteria. The DSS was evaluated using data from 724.124 kilometers of road and a budget of 4,078 million baht. The evaluation revealed that while prioritizing Benefit-Cost (B/C) Analysis resulted in a greater reduction in IRI, it often overlooked low-volume roads. In contrast, the AHP-TOPSIS method offered a more balanced approach, allocating the budget across diverse road categories and strategic objectives. The findings underscore the value of the AHP-TOPSIS-based DSS as a tool for road maintenance prioritization, particularly for agencies tasked with managing extensive road networks with varying traffic volumes and strategic importance.
The Evolution of the CJEU Case Law on Data Retention
Authors: Kosta Eleni 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the European Union, legislative efforts to regulate data retention in 2006 via the Data Retention Directive were subsequently thwarted by the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Digital Rights Ireland case. The CJEU received thereafter numerous questions on data retention on the basis of Article 15(1) of the ePrivacy Directive. In Tele2 Sverige, the CJEU linked the issue of data retention with the subsequent access to these data by law enforcement authorities, introducing key safeguards for such access, an approach that the CJEU consistently followed in its subsequent case law on data retention. Chapter 2, through a critical examination of the rich case law of the CJEU, distils the requirements and safeguards introduced by the CJEU in relation to various types of data and for specific purposes. It concludes that the European legislator can rely on these as the basis for a new legislative framework, which covers both the data retention obligations on providers and the safeguards on the access to the retained data.