bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolactin responses to hypoglycemia and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Karibe C. , Tamai H. , Kiyohara K. , Kobayashi N. , Nakagawa T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough prolactin (PRL) responses to thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) have been described by many investigators, PRL secretion after insulin stimulation has rarely been documented in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). We investigated PRL responses to TRH (500 μg) and insulin (0.1 U/kg) in 19 women with AN and 10 normal women. Levels of PRL stimulation at 60 min and later following insulin administration were significantly lower in AN than in normal women. PRL increased by at least 10 μg/ml after insulin in 42% of women with AN and in 70% of normal women. The maximum PRL increase (max Δ PRL) did not differ after the two stimulations in the normal women. However, in AN, the max Δ PRL after insulin stimulation (17.2 ± 4.0 μg/1, mean ± SEM) was significantly lower than that after TRH (49.1 ± 6.4 μg/1). These findings suggest that anorectic women may have a disturbance in hypothalamic functions. Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia is useful to determine the integrity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis for PRL secretion, in combination with TRH stimulation.
The relationship between DSM‐III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population
Authors: Alnæs R. , Torgersen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between symptom disorder and personality disorder according to DSM‐III was studied in 289 consecutive outpatients. It was observed that personality disorders occurred frequently among the chronic affective and anxiety disorders. The “dramatic” personality disorders were observed especially frequently among patients with cyclothymic disorder, and the “eccentric” personality disorders among patients with a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, social phobia and agoraphobia. Dramatic personality disorder was also common among patients with simple phobia. As expected, a close correspondence was observed between social phobia, agoraphobia and avoidant personality disorder, between substance use disorder and borderline personality disorder, and between obsessive‐compulsive disorder and compulsive personality disorder. Even if a relationship was observed, it was not strong enough to warrant a combination of chronic symptom disorder diagnoses and personality disorder diagnoses.
Projected increases in the number of dementia cases for 29 developed countries: application of a new method for making projections
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Korten A. E. , Jacomb P. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA method is described for making projections of increases in dementia cases over a given base year. The method is based on a statistical model relating dementia prevalence to age that is derived from the results of all published prevalence studies. This method was applied to United Nations population projections for 29 developed countries to arrive at expected increases in number of dementia cases in each country for the period 1980 to 2025.
Neurological soft signs in Nigerian schizophrenics: a controlled study
Authors: Gureje O. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of neurological soft signs in schizophrenics was compared with that in patients with major affective disorder and in normal subjects. The two patient groups did not differ from one another, but both differed from normal controls in the occurrence of right‐left confusion. The paranoid and non‐paranoid subtypes of schizophrenia did not differ in the prevalence of neurological soft signs. Schizophrenic patients with or without one sign had similar demographic, clinical and treatment attributes. It is concluded that neurological soft signs are not specific to schizophrenia, but may, in general, reflect the level of obstetric care in a community. However, certain soft signs may be more strongly indicative of neurodysfunction associated with the psychotic state.
CSF monoamine metabolites in patients and controls: support for a bimodal distribution in major affective disorders
Authors: Westenberg H. G. M. , Verhoeven W. M. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe monoamine metabolites 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in 38 patients with major affective disorder and 48 age‐ and sex‐matched controls by means of liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis using maximum likelihood normal mixture computations provided evidence for a subgroup of patients characterized by low CSF levels of both 5‐HIAA and HVA. In controls, CSF 5‐HIAA and HVA levels appeared to be normally distributed when fitted separately, whereas a subgroup of controls characterized by higher values of 5‐HIAA and HVA could be discerned when metabolite data were fitted simultaneously. No relationship was found between monoamine levels and suicidal behaviour in patients. A statistically significant relationship was found between CSF 5‐HIAA and HVA levels in patients and controls. These data provide supportive evidence for the existence of a subgroup of patients with an abnormal serotonin metabolism as reflected by 5‐HIAA, and probably HVA, in CSF.
Long‐term course and outcome in delusional disorder
Authors: Opjordsmoen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTOut of 301 first‐time admitted patients with delusional psychoses, 71 met Kendler's criteria of delusional disorder (DD) and 137 met the ICD‐9 criteria of schizophrenia (S). DD was subdivided according to operational criteria into reactive delusional disorder (RDD) with precipitating factors (n= 31) and non‐RDD (n= 40). At follow‐up after 22‐39 years, 20 RDD patients, 21 non‐RDD patients and 85 S patients were personally interviewed. The delusions had faded in 61% of DD cases, were unchanged in 17%, and more prominent in another 17%. Recovery was recorded in 37%, mild defect in 32%, moderate impairment in 10%, and severe impairment in 22% of DD patients. Outcome was more favourable in DD compared with S, in RDD compared with non‐RDD, and in non‐RDD compared with S. The study supports distinctions between DD and S, RDD and non‐RDD, and non‐RDD and S based on course and outcome.
Major depression, anxiety disorders and mixed conditions Childhood and precipitating events
Authors: Alnaes R. , Torgersen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA consecutive sample of non‐psychotic outpatients was divided into 4 groups: pure major depression, mixed major depression‐anxiety disorder, pure anxiety disorder and a remaining group of other disorders. The patient reports of childhood losses, relation to parents, siblings and family climate, their own personality characteristics as children and precipitating events were compared in the various groups. On childhood experiences and precipitating events, it appears that the mixed group reported somewhat differently from the pure anxiety and the pure depression group, and very often differently from the group of other disorder. Patients with mixed major depression‐anxiety disorder generally remembered their childhood as being more traumatic with a less satisfactory relationship to their parents. Prior to the onset of the disorder, they had more often experienced conflicts with partner, spouse or fiancé.
An integrated approach to the assessment of family adjustment to acute lymphocytic leukemia in children
Authors: Magni G. , Silvestro A. , Tamiello M. , Zanesco L. , Carli M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated psychological distress, social support and adjustment to the disease of 69 parents of 35 children suffering from acute lymphocytic leukemia. The study dealt with the initial phase of the disease. The following rating scales were used: the Symptom Distress Checklist‐90, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Family Adjustment Scale. Psychological distress of the mothers was negatively correlated with their and their child's adjustment to the disease. A similar trend was found for fathers but the correlations reached statistical significance only for fathers' adjustment. Social support as evaluated by the 2 parents was positively correlated with their and their child's adjustment to the disease experience.
A prospective study of psychosocial background factors associated with congenital malformations
Authors: McNeil T. F. , Blennow G. , Lundberg L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWomen's life situation and experiences during pregnancy were prospectively studied in relationship to the development of congenital malformations (CMs) in their offspring, within samples of 84 offspring of pregnant index women with a history of nonorganic psychosis and 100 offspring of pregnant control women. Within both samples, offspring CMs were related to more problematic maternal life situations during pregnancy, the common denominator in these problems across samples being difficulties associated with the husband. Little relationship was found between CMs and the woman's own attitude toward the pregnancy or her mental condition during pregnancy. In both groups, total life situational problems and distress were more strongly related to the development of very minor CMs (termed “variants”) than to the major, classical CMs.
Comparative study of affective disorders in three Asian countries I. Differences in diagnostic classification
Authors: Nakane Y. , Ohta Y. , Uchino J. , Takada K. , Yan H.Q. , Wang X.D. , Min S.K. , Lee H.Y. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA study aimed at the standardization of symptom evaluation of patients with depression was carried out as the first step in an extensive collaborative study on affective disorders between centers in Nagasaki, Shanghai and Seoul. This study was initiated in order to clarify the factors affecting the low reported prevalence rates of depressive disorders in Asia. No significant difference in evaluation of psychiatric symptoms was observed between the 3 centers. Nevertheless, the diagnoses given by ICD‐9 showed very interesting differences. For any given case, Nagasaki tended to make a diagnosis of an affective psychosis depression, while Shanghai made a diagnosis of neurotic disorder. No significant tendency was observed in the Seoul center. These findings are discussed in terms of their importance for future international collaborative studies.
On the contribution of sleep wake physiology to the explanation and the treatment of depression
Authors: Van den Hoofdakker R. H. , Beersma D. G. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological exploration has disclosed profound disturbances in the regulation of sleep in depression. The finding that depression can be relieved or intensified by manipulation of sleep has inspired the investigation of the possible pathogenetic significance of these dysregulations. Three hypotheses play a leading role in this context: the “phase‐advance”, the “S‐deficiency” and the “acetylcholine‐monoamine imbalance” hypothesis. They explain the therapeutic effects of a variety of sleep wake manipulations as consequenses of the normalization of depressogenic sleep regulation disturbances.The issue discussed in this paper is whether these claims are valid. To what extent can the hypotheses explain the existing sleep physiological disturbance in depression as well as the results of therapeutic interventions in sleep? The empirical data provide firm evidence for the importance of particularly the timing of sleep in relation to the course of depression, both in respect to the spontaneaous and the experimentally induced fluctuations of the clinical state. Without considerable extensions none of the hypotheses provide an adequate explanation of these facts.
Cybernetics, activation, and drug effects
Authors: Klein Danold F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPatients present unique combinations of familial relationships, developmental idiosyncrasies, social aberrations, affective states, cognitive abilities, symptoms, defects, and maladaptations.Psychopharmacological treatments form a useful approach to cutting through this complexity to the core pathophysiology. Focusing on disorders that can be brought to complete remission by medication suggests that retarded and agitated depressions, manic and angry hyperactive paranoid states, panic disorder, emotionally unstable character disorders and schizophrenias are governed by the degree of derangement of an affective‐activation control system.Defects in this control system are best conceptualized in cybernetic terms rather than in terms of the current rheostat models. Conceptualization of cybernetic defects allows for understanding of psychopathological developments as well as give a framework for pharmacological benefits.One aspect of the activation‐affective disorders, are disorders of two types of pleasure regulatory mechanism, here referred to as appetitive and consummatory. The relationship of disorders of these hedonic control mechanisms to affective states and those of drug abuse are considered. This schema also affirms a close relationship between the bipolar affective disorders and the schizophrenias.
Noradrenergic and serotonergic receptor system function in panic disorder and depression
Authors: Heninger G.R. , Charney D.S. , Price L.H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRecent studies which have utilized the administration of neurotransmitter agonists and antagonists to study presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor system function in panic disorder and major depression are reviewed. In panic disorder, patients have been found to be overly sensitive to the alpha‐2 adrenergic agonist clonidine, and the alpha‐2 adrenergic antagonist yohimbine, but they have relatively normal responses to tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, and MCPP, a directly acting serotonin agonist. In depression, patients appear to have relatively normal responses to clonidine and yohimbine except for some supersensitivity to yohimbine effects on blood pressure and subjective symptoms. In contrast to the panic disorder patients, depressed patients demonstrate a neuroendocrine subsensitivity to tryptophan. Taken together, these studies suggest a relative abnormality in the alpha‐2 adrenergic regulation of the noradrenergic system in panic disorder and a subsensitivity of the serotonergic system in depression. The pharmacologic treatment response in panic disorder and depression is similar in that both conditions respond to tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but different in that panic disorder does not respond to atypical antidepressants such as trazodone and bupropion, but does respond to benzodiazepines, in contrast to depression. The possible mechanisms involved in producing these findings and the methods to more fully study possible receptor system abnormalities in these illnesses are discussed.
Obsessive‐compulsive symptoms in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Honjo S. , Hirano C. , Murase S. , Kaneko T. , Sugiyama T. , Ohtaka K. , Aoyama T. , Takei Y. , Inoko K. , Wakabayashi S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated 61 patients (38 boys and 23 girls) under 18 years of age with obsessive‐compulsive symptoms seen in the Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital, from 1982 until 1986. In this period, a total of 1293 patients under 18 years of age visited the clinic. The percentage of patients with obsessive‐compulsive symptoms was 5%. The earliest onset of symptoms was at age 3 years, and the average age of onset was 11.6 years. We found no particular tendency in terms of the number of siblings and the birth order of the patients. Obsessive traits were the fundamental personality traits of patients. Moreover, according to the other characteristics of personality, the patients were subdivided into schizothymic, viscous temperament, and cyclothymic. Parents of the patients were more apt than usual to have obsessive‐compulsive personalities. Psychiatric disturbances and occupations were also investigated. Incidents related to school situations commonly triggered obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. The most frequently noted obsessive thought was dirt phobia, and the most common compulsive behavior was washing. School refusal and violence at home were especially common as associated symptoms of obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. We also describe the treatment regimen and the outcomes of the patients.
A RESEARCH METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF DISASTER
Authors: Raphael Beverley , Lundin Tom , McFarlane C 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to draw together some of the current questions related to the methodology of exploring the psychological and psychiatric aspects of human response to disaster. It sets out soem of the key areas in which research questions might be mounted. A range of relevant instruments are suggested. The value of a structured inteview which can explore issues of relevance to disaster victims is demonstrated. Early screening measures and proposals regarding these, as well as the particular instruments for longer term follow‐up and assessment of outcome, are discussed in considerable detail. The article concludes with an overview of the principal issues to be addressed in methodology research, and emphasises the need for a collaborative approach using core items so that studies embracing different disasters and different countries can have some comparative basis.
The Late Effect of Accidental Injury Questionnaire (LEAIQ)
Authors: Malt U. F. , Blikra G. , Høivik B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT ‐The Late Effect of Accidental Injury Questionnaire (LEAIQ) is a self‐report questionnaire constructed to assess the biological, psychological and social effects of traumatic injuries. The LEAI covers current civil and employment status (4 questions); possible negative or positive consequences of the injury (20 questions) symptoms of post‐traumatic distress (24 questions); aspects of the accident situation and the emotional impact of the trauma considered to be of relevance for the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder and litigation behaviour (3 questions). The last part of the LEAIQ deals with the patient's opinion about the hospital treatment and follow‐up control and self‐perceived current medical or social needs (4 questions).Preliminary data on reliability and validity are reported from two studies investigating a total of 640 accidentally injured adults. The data indicate that the LEAIQ is easy to fill in for the patients and provides fairly good estimates of the frequency of the long‐term biological, psychological and social effects in a sample of accidentally injured adults. The data on sensitivity and negative predictive power further suggest that the LEAIQ should be suitable in clinical practice as a first‐step instrument for screening late effects of trauma.
Chronic melperone administration does not enhance oral movements in rats
Authors: Gunne L. M. , Johansson P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMelperone and haloperidol were compared in a rat model for tardive dyskinesia. Drugs were given chronically for 12 months with the drinking water and the frequency of oral movements was measured at monthly intervals. Haloperidol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg/d) produced an increase in vacuous chewing movements, whereas melperone (2.4, 5.1 and 11.0 mg/kg/d) did not differ from untreated controls.
Serotonin function in affective disorders
Authors: Grahame‐Smith D.G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe evidence indicating a specific abnormality of brain 5‐HT function in depressed patients is reviewed. Biochemical studies have indicated that low plasma levels of tryptophan are unlikely to be the primary ‘cause’ of depression or of abnormal brain 5‐HT function in depression. However, there may be a reduction of 5‐HT synthesis or function in the brains of depressed patients and the uptake of 5‐HT into platelets from depressed patients is consistently reduced. Neuroendocrine studies have suggested that various groups of depressed patients may exhibit different types of abnormal 5‐HT‐mediated responses. It is important to distinguish between the acute and chronic pharmacological effects of antidepressant treatment, which may account for the latency seen between onset of therapy and full clinical effect. Clinical studies have provided further evidence that 5‐HT is implicated in the causation and treatment of depression, as both 5‐HT precursors and selective inhibitors of 5‐HT uptake are effective in the treatment of depression. Furthermore, inhibition of 5‐HT synthesis can block the effect of antidepressant compounds. It is concluded that 5‐HT function is decreased during depression, and that this carries important implications for the pharmacology of antidepressant drugs.
A review of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in man
Authors: Kaye C.M. , Haddock R.E. , Langley P.F. , Mellows G. , Tasker T.C.G. , Zussman B.D. , Greb W.H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTParoxetine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and appears to undergo first‐pass metabolism which is partially saturable. Consistent with its lipophilic amine character, paroxetine is extensively distributed into tissues. Its plasma protein binding at therapeutically relevant concentrations is about 95%. Paroxetine is eliminated by metabolism involving oxidation, methylation, and conjugation. All of these factors lead to wide interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of paroxetine. Renal clearance of the compound is negligible. The major metabolites of paroxetine are conjugates which do not compromise its selectivity nor contribute to the clinical response. Ascending single‐dose studies reveal that the pharmacokinetics of paroxetine are non‐linear to a limited extent in most subjects and to a marked degree in only a few. Also, steady‐state pharmacokinetic parameters are not predictable from single‐dose data. In many subjects, daily administration of 20–50mg of paroxetine leads to little or no disproportionality in plasma levels with dose, although in a few subjects this phenomenon is evident. Steady‐state plasma concentrations are generally achieved within 7 to 14 days. The terminal half‐life is about one day, although there is a wide intersubject variability (e.g. with 30mg, a range of 7–65 hours was observed in a group of 28 healthy young subjects). In elderly subjects there is wide interindividual variation in steady‐state pharmacokinetic parameters, with statistically significantly higher plasma concentrations and slower elimination than in younger subjects, although there is a large degree of overlap in the ranges of corresponding parameters. In severe renal impairment higher plasma levels of paroxetine are achieved than in healthy individuals after single doses. In moderate hepatic impairment the pharmacokinetics after single doses are similar to those of normal subjects. Paroxetine is not a general inducer or inhibitor of hepatic oxidation processes, and has little or no effect on the pharmacokinetics of other drugs examined. Its metabolism and pharmacokinetics are to some degree affected by the induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing enzyme(s). From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, drug interactions involving paroxetine are considered unlikely to be a frequent occurrence. Data available have failed to reveal any correlation between plasma concentrations of paroxetine and its clinical effects (either efficacy or adverse events).