bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An archaic character in the Broken Hill innominate E. 719
Authors: Stringer Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe additional hominid material from Broken Hill, Kabwe, Zambia, is only dubiously associated with the hominid cranium from the site and is often considered to be anatomically modern in morphology. This study identifies an archaic feature, previously recognised in Pliocene and earlier Pleistocene innominates, in the Broken Hill innominate E. 719. An acetabulo‐cristal buttress of cortical bone 10 mm thick is present, and this can be clearly distinguished from the morphology present in a comparative sample of large recent Homo sapiens innominates. This observation increases the likelihood that some of the additional specimens from Broken Hill are indeed of comparable antiquity to the hominid cranium and extends the range of hominids in which the feature has been recognised.
Gene frequencies and admixture estimates in a Mexico City population
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Perez‐Briceño Rocio , Granados Julio , Babinsky Victoria , de Rubens Jesus , Armendares Salvador , Buentello Leonora 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive hundred and ten students of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México were tested to determine the distribution of ABO, MN, Rr‐Hr blood groups, and serum haptoglobin, albumin, and Factor Bf types. Based on the results we found that the proportion of Indian and White genes are of 56.16 and 43.84%, respectively in the dihybrid model and 2.93, 56.22, and 40.85% for Blacks, Indians, and Whites in the trihybrid one. The present study reveals a higher proportion of Indian genes in the Mexico City population than estimated in previous publications. Reasons why the present results apply to a much larger group of Mexico City mestizos than the previous ones are given.
New fossil anthropoids from the middle miocene of East Africa and their bearing on the origin of the oreopithecidae
Authors: Harrison Terry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent paleontological collections at the middle Miocene locality of Maboko Island in Kenya, dated at 15–16 million years, have yielded numerous new specimens belonging to at least five species of fossil anthropoids. The most common species of ape at the site, a medium‐sized primate with a very distinctive dental morphology, clearly represents a previously undescribed taxon. When compared with other Miocene anthropoids from East Africa, it has its closest affinities with the poorly known species Rangwapithecus vancouveringi from the early Miocene locality of Rusinga Island. The species from Maboko Island is described here as belonging to a new genus of fossil anthropoid, to which “Rangwapithecus” vancouveringi is also referred. The new genus has a highly distinctive suite of derived characters of its molars and premolars, which it shares with Oreopithecus bambolii from the late Miocene of Europe. These synapomorphies indicate a close phyletic relationship between the East African species and Oreopithecus and form the basis for the inclusion of these taxa in a single family, the Oreopithecidae Schwalbe, 1915. In many respects, however, the East African forms are more conservative than Oreopithecus, and in a general sense they can be regarded as an intermediate grade between Oreopithecus and the more generalized early Miocene catarrhines, the proconsuloids. There is, therefore, good fossil evidence to indicate that the origins of the Oreopithecidae can be traced back to the early Miocene of Africa.
Ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in man
Authors: Jones P. R. M. , Davies P. S. W. , Norgan N. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSubcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SCATT) has for many years been measured using skinfold calipers, but calipers have several disadvantages, not least that they compress the skinfold. Measuring SCATT using ultrasound was validated by comparing thicknesses at 12 sites with soft‐tissue radiographs in 24 adults and with depth gauge measurements on a cadaver. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.87 to 0.99, and the regression statistics showed no significant difference between ultrasound and the other procedures. The standard errors of estimate of body density from SCATT measured by calipers and ultrasound in 63 young men was ± 7.8 and 7.3 kg·m−3, respectively. Although problems in the identification of the adipose tissue‐muscle interface can arise, ultrasound is a viable alternative to skinfold calipers and is to be preferred when measuring uncompressed SCATT.
Tubular hand bone growth during the latter half of the prenatal period: An allometric analysis
Authors: Hattori Komei 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe growth of the 19 tubular hand bones from fetal months 5 to 9 was studied by the allometric method. The hand bones were carefully dissected under a low power stereoscopic microscope. The length and breadth of all bones was found to be monophasic in relation to crown‐rump length. In general, maximum bone and ossified shaft lengths in the same row group demonstrate similar allometric coefficients. The specific growth rate of ossified shaft length for all fetal hand bones is greater than the growth rate of maximum length. The highest allometric coefficients for both maximum length and ossified shaft length were obtained from the middle phalanges. The shape of the metacarpals and distal phalanges becomes thinner, while the other bones become thicker or maintain their length‐breadth ratio. The relative growth pattern of the first proximal phalanx differed from the middle phalangeal group of the other digits. This suggests that current nomenclatures for the three bones of the pollex is appropriate.
The contribution of adrenal and gonadal androgens to the growth in height of adolescent males
Authors: Zemel Babette S. , Katz Solomon H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGonadal androgens are known to regulate the rate of growth in height during adolescence, particularly in males, but little is known of the role of adrenal androgens in this process. In a prospective multiple regression model we show that both adrenal and gonadal androgens contribute to the increasing rate of growth in height prior to peak height velocity and the decreasing rate of height growth in later adolescence. Since adrenal androgen secretion begins in mid‐childhood, long before gonadal maturation and the secretion of testicular androgens, these findings may prove helpful in explaining population variation in adolescent growth.
Some blood genetic markers of the Nuba and Hawazma tribes of Western Sudan
Authors: Bayoumi R. A. , Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo hundred eighty subjects comprising 112 Nuba and 168 Hawazma of the Sudan were tested for the distribution of hemoglobins, eight red cell enzymes, and four serum proteins. The Nuba, the indigenous negroid tribe, had no HbS, HbO‐Arab, or GdB(Khartoum) compared to the Hawazme tribe of Negro‐Arab descent. The gene frequencies of the above polymorphic systems in the latter were as follows: HbS, 0.13; HbO‐Arab, 0.01; GdB(Khartoum), 0.03. The frequency of GdA was higher in the Hawazma than in the Nuba. A high frequency of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and HpO was present in both the tribes. Essentially similar gene frequencies of Hp1, TfD, PGDC, pC, and PGM1 were observed in both Nuba and Hawazma. The average heterozygosity at five polymorphic loci was the same (0.23) in both the tribes. The above results agree with the social practice whereby people of mixed Hawazma and Nuba descent are considered members of the Hawazma tribe and confirm that racial admixture between the two groups can be seen as a process of gene flow from the Nuba to the Hawazma, even though the Nuba are the indigenous group, while the Hawazma are the new settlers.
Variation in nutrient intake of infants and its implications for collecting reliable dietary intake data
Authors: Quant Sara A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSources of variance in dietary intake data for infants in the fourth to sixth months of life were examined. Twenty‐eight mothers of infants in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children gave 24‐hr recall information on their infants' diets on 4 random days over approximately 1 month. ANOVA found no day of the week or sequence effects on nutrient variation. Variance was partitioned into between‐ and within‐subject (residual) components. Interindividual variation exceeded intraindividual variation for all nutrients except vitamin C. Variance ratios ranged from 0.3 to 1.3. Calculations of 95% confidence limits for group and individual mean intakes indicated that, whereas a single recall would estimate the group mean within 20% for most nutrients, five recalls would be necessary for the same accuracy in individual means. Magnitude and patterning of variance components differ substantially from those found in studies of adults, suggesting that infant data collection strategies should be tailored to the unique nature of the infant diet.
Life stresses of the free Black community as represented by the First African Baptist Church, Philadelphia, 1823–1841
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence , Kelley Jennifer Olsen , Parrington Michael , Pinter Stephanie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe congregation of the Reverend Henry Simmons (First African Baptist Church at 8th & Vine, Philadelphia) from 1823 to 1841 used a cemetery rediscovered through subway expansion which was carefully excavated by M. Parrington and S. Pinter in 1983–1984; currently 75 adults were available for study. As an overall health indicator, longevity at 38.9 years (N=39) female and 44.8 (N=36) male indicates more stress on females. Probable causes of stress are inadequate nutrition for the performance of arduous labor, pregnancy, and childrearing, unsanitary living conditions, limited exposure to sun, and extensive exposure to infectious diseases. Nutritional indicators of stature, dental lesions, skull base height, and pelvic brim index scarcely advance over 1790–1820 Catoctin Furnace, Maryland, slaves' indicators. Disease evidence includes limb‐distorting rickets in one child who died at age 8, anemia, and arthritis; but the incidence of arthritis was less than at Catoctin. Genetic traits are chiefly. African. Family links show in details: os acromiale in about 30%. This plus less violence (fewer fractures) suggests community strength developing.
Paleopathology in Australopithecus africanus: A suggested case of a 3‐million‐year‐old prepubertal periodontitis
Authors: Ripamonti Ugo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe fossil remains of a juvenile Australopithecus africanus specimen from Sterkfontein Member 4 temporally confined on faunal grounds to 2.5–3.0 million years before the present (Myr B.P.) show pathological alterations of the periodontal alveolar process consistent with a case of prepubertal periodontitis. This diagnosis is based on macroscopic features of alveolar bone loss distribution, pattern of periodontal bone destruction, migration of the affected deciduous molars, and on stereomicroscopic and scanning electron microscopic evidence of alveolar bone destruction. Differential diagnoses and pathological exclusions are discussed in terms of localized patterns of periodontal bone destruction and presumptive survival rate. The reported case appears to be the first detailed description of a recognized disease in early hominid evolution.
Evidence for a dual pattern of cranial venous sinuses on the endocranial cast of taung (Australopithecus africanus)
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. , Falk Dean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAccording to published accounts, an enlarged occipital‐marginal sinus system is absent in Australopithecus africanus, although it occurs in high frequencies in A. robustus, A. Boisei, and Hadar hominids commonly designated A. afarensis. In this report, we describe, for the first time, an enlarged occipital‐marginal sinus system on the endocranial cast of the Taung specimen, which is part of the holotype of A. africanus. In addition, well‐developed right transverse and sigmoid sinuses are represented on the Taung endocast. The various components of the dual venous sinus system on the Taung endocast are measured, and the system is compared to those of other fossil hominids. The compresence of a lateral sinus system and enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses occurs in two Hadar specimens, 2 specimens of A. robustus crassidens, 1 A. boisei specimen, and several early H. sapiens crania. Hence, the presence of strong transverse sinus impressions in a fragmentary specimen may not be interpreted as an indication that an enlarged occipital‐marginal sinus system was not present in the original specimen. Conversely, lack of transverse sinus grooves in a fragmentary specimen does provide indirect evidence than an enlarged occipital‐marginal system would probably have been present in the whole specimen, as in 2 specimens of A. boisei. Including Taung, enlarged occipital and marginal sinuses occur in 1 out of 5, or 20%, of A. africanus specimens. This figure compares well with the range of mean frequencies in modern human cranial series (1.5 to 28%), but is much lower than are the frequencies for A. boisei, A. robustus, and the Hadar hominids. Although sample sizes for ancient hominids remain small, it appears that we are dealing with a genetic polymorphism that expresses itself in widely varying frequencies in populations of different hominids.
Genetic changes across language boundaries in Europe
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Oden Neal L. , Thomson Barbara A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBy means of three different methods we investigated whether 59 allele frequencies and ten cranial variables show increased change at 29 language‐family boundaries in Europe. The quadrat‐variance method compares variances of map quadrats crossed by language‐family boundaries to variances of quadrats that are not crossed. The rate‐of‐change method examines the directional derivative of surfaces of the variables perpendicular to a language‐family boundary and compares these derivatives to the same quantities obtained by randomly placing the language boundaries on the map of Europe. The difference method tests whether these variables differ more across language‐family boundaries than across randomly placed boundaries. These special data‐analytic techniques had to be developed to avoid the problem of spatial autocorrelation of both language and biological data. All three methods indicate increased genetic change at language‐family boundaries. Clearer and more pronounced results are obtained by the first two methods than by the difference method. Thirteen language‐family boundaries show significant gene frequency change by at least one of the methods. Changes are more marked in gene frequencies than in cranial variables. Different allele frequencies mark the increased change at different language boundaries. A model, based on the known history of each language‐family boundary, was constructed to predict whether given boundaries should exhibit increased genetic change. The model is in good agreement with the observed results.
Contours of maxillary molars studied in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Brown Tasman 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDistances from the central pit to the perimeter of the crown of permanent upper molars were measured on standardized occlusal photographs of dental casts representing 210 male and 181 female Aboriginals from Yuen‐dumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. In both males and females the first molar was the largest tooth but it showed least variability. Variabilities of the distances tended to be greater for radii constructed in the buccolingual direction than for the transverse mesiodistal radii. The most marked size reduction in the molar series from first to third related to the distolingual part of the crown, which was also the most variable region. Size differences between molars in the mesial contour radii were not marked. Sexual dimorphism was evident in most crown radii, being most marked for the second molar.
Osteometry at muscle origin and insertion in sex determination
Authors: France Diane L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultivariate statistical analyses were performed on 22 size measurements of the humerus from five sample populations: Sudanese Nubians, Arikara, Pecos Pueblos, American blacks, and American whites. The effects of muscle use (“occupational” differences) on identification of sex in this long bone are examined, particularly at points of muscle origins and insertions. The ramifications of the results of this research on sexual dimorphism studies of other bones are discussed.
Browridge development in cercopithecidae: A test of two models
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTheoretical discussions of primate browridge formation have resulted in several interpretations of its form and function. Lateral radiographs of adult Old World monkeys, representing most cercopithecine and colobine genera, were examined to address whether both biomechanical and spatial factors influence the development of a supraorbital torus.A linear measurement of browridge size was compared with a series of measures related to each model. Partial correlations were used to ascertain the relative independence of biomechanical (model I or II) and spatial effects upon torus formation. Allometric (size‐related) shape changes were evaluated with log‐linear bivariate regression analysis; subfamily differences in scaling patterns, with an analysis of covariance. When spatial and biomechanical (I or II) factors were both significantly related to brow size, additive and interactive multiple regression models were used to further assess the manner by which each set mutually affects variation in browridge dimensions. Correlation analyses were repeated with size‐corrected antilogged residuals to eliminate a potentially spurious effect of skull size.Old World monkeys provide support of the spatial model. Also of interest is that skull size emerges as a primary influence on torus formation. Several alternative explanations are also put forward to account for browridge development in each subfamily.
Changes in body proportions of Japanese medical students between 1961 and 1986
Authors: Takamura Kazuyuki , Ohyama Shiro , Yamada Teruki , Ishinishi Noburu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince 1945, the Japanese physique has changed a great deal. Physical examinations of medical students at Kyushu University have been carried out on an annual basis since 1939. We investigated changes in body proportions using data on 813 medical students examined from 1961 to 1986. During these 26 years, standing height has increased by 4.69 cm, arm length by 2.58 cm, and sitting height by 0.79 cm. Thus, the Japanese have grown taller and their extremities are longer, yet the trunk has not changed significantly. This study also shows a 10‐year delay in increase in length of the upper extremities.
Intersex differences in craniocervical morphology and posture in southern Chinese and British Caucasians
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wei Stephen H. Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare intersex differences in the angular relationships of the head, the cervical column, and the true vertical in natural head posture (the “postural variables”) for unselected samples of southern Chinese (n = 240) and British Caucasian (n = 80) 12‐year‐old children in Hong Kong.For both samples the cervical spine was angulated significantly more forwardly in the females (P ≦ 0.001) and the head held higher relative to the spine. Cervical lordosis was also greater in the females and the cervical column of greater relative length.Our findings are in agreement with comparable data previously reported for a northern Finnish population.
A yellow‐stained human femur from tell esh‐Shuqafiya, Egypt: Evidence of ancient trauma
Authors: Jones Richard N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExcavation at Tell esh‐Shuqafiya, Egypt, during the 1982 season exposed several Ptolemaic Period burials. One of these, a young adult male, showed a bright yellow stain on the right femur. Analysis of the stain demonstrated it to be hematoidin, a degradation compound derived from hemoglobin associated with old hemorrhage. The specific location of the stain on the skeleton suggests death a few weeks after a severe injury to the thigh.
Distribution of red cell phosphoglucomutase‐1 subtypes in several mongoloid populations of East Asia
Authors: Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of red cell phosphoglucomutase (PGM) subtypes was determined by starch‐gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in a group of 2,484 unrelated individuals from ten Mongoloid populations of East Asia. The sample comprised 998 Chinese from various localities—Singapore, 325; Malaysia, 270; Taiwan, 276; Hong Kong, 67; Fouzhou, 60—as well as 342 Koreans; 252 Filipinos; 529 Thais; 336 Malays, and 27 Indonesians. Altogether 15 phenotypes controlled by four common and five rare alleles at the PGM1 locus were observed in these populations. The frequency of the most frequent allele (PGM1) varied from 0.56 to 0.74, with the highest frequency observed in the Singapore Chinese and the lowest in the Malays. Within the Chinese from different localities a significant degree of heterogeneity was observed at the PGM1 locus. The rare allele (PGM)6 was observed only among the Chinese, Thais, and Malays, while the PGM1 was lacking in the Filipinos. A new allele with ahigh pI (6.5) was observed in a low frequency in all the populations but the Malays.
Genetic blood markers in Arab Druze of Israel
Authors: Nevo Sarah 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA sample of 153 individuals from a Druze village, in northern Israel, was typed for the following genetic markers—ABO, MNSs, Rh, P, Kell, and Duffy in the blood groups AcP, AK, ADA, EsD, GL01, ICD, LDH, G6PD, PGM 1 & 2, PHI, PGD and peptidases, A, B, C, and D in the red cell enzymes and for the serum proteins Hp and GC subtypes.Rare variants were observed in the following systems: PGD, a new slow variant, PGM, type 8‐1; Pep A, types 2‐1 and 3‐1, Pep B, type 2‐1; Pep D, types 3‐1 and 3‐3; and type GC, 2‐V.Significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg expectations were observed for MNSs and Duffy because of increased homozygosity, which was also observed in three other systems.Gene frequencies compared well with those of Arab Druze and Moslems in Lebanon and of Israeli Moslems in most of the systems, except for the lower frequencies of blood group B, the NS chromosome, the cde haplotype, and the AcPA allele in the present sample.A considerably lower frequency of the Fy allele was found in the Druze compared with Arab Moslems. It may be due to the Druze having been less exposed to inflow of African genes, to their being highlanders, and, therefore, less exposed to Plasmodium vivax malaria, or to both of the above.