bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the U.S. Tornado Database: 1954–2003
Authors: Verbout Stephanie M. , Brooks Harold E. , Leslie Lance M. , Schultz David M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Over the last 50 yr, the number of tornadoes reported in the United States has doubled from about 600 per year in the 1950s to around 1200 in the 2000s. This doubling is likely not related to meteorological causes alone. To account for this increase a simple least squares linear regression was fitted to the annual number of tornado reports. A “big tornado day” is a single day when numerous tornadoes and/or many tornadoes exceeding a specified intensity threshold were reported anywhere in the country. By defining a big tornado day without considering the spatial distribution of the tornadoes, a big tornado day differs from previous definitions of outbreaks. To address the increase in the number of reports, the number of reports is compared to the expected number of reports in a year based on linear regression. In addition, the F1 and greater Fujita-scale record was used in determining a big tornado day because the F1 and greater series was more stationary over time as opposed to the F2 and greater series. Thresholds were applied to the data to determine the number and intensities of the tornadoes needed to be considered a big tornado day. Possible threshold values included fractions of the annual expected value associated with the linear regression and fixed numbers for the intensity criterion. Threshold values of 1.5% of the expected annual total number of tornadoes and/or at least 8 F1 and greater tornadoes identified about 18.1 big tornado days per year. Higher thresholds such as 2.5% and/or at least 15 F1 and greater tornadoes showed similar characteristics, yet identified approximately 6.2 big tornado days per year. Finally, probability distribution curves generated using kernel density estimation revealed that big tornado days were more likely to occur slightly earlier in the year and have a narrower distribution than any given tornado day.
Selective local PMN recruitment by CXCL1 or CXCL2/3 injection does not cause inflammatory pain
Authors: Rittner Heike L , Mousa Shaaban A , Labuz Dominika , Beschmann Karin , Schäfer Michael , Stein Christoph , Brack Alexander 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) are recruited in early inflammation and are believed to contribute to inflammatory pain. However, studies demonstrating a hyperalgesic role of PMN did not examine selective PMN recruitment or did not document effective PMN recruitment. We hypothesized that hyperalgesia does not develop after chemokine-induced PMN selective recruitment and is independent of PMN infiltration in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced, local inflammation. PMN were recruited by intraplantar injection of CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1; keratinocyte-derived chemokine), CXCL2/3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2), or CFA, with or without preceding systemic PMN depletion. Chemokine inoculation resulted in dose (0–30 μg)- and time (0–12 h)-dependent, selective recruitment of PMN as quantified by flow cytometry. CXCL2/3, but not CXCL1, was less effective at high doses, probably as a result of significant down-regulation of CXC chemokine receptor 2 expression on blood PMN. Neither chemokine caused mechanical or thermal hyperalgesia as determined by the Randall-Selitto and Hargreaves test, respectively, despite comparable expression of activation markers (i.e., CD11b, CD18, and L-selectin) on infiltrating PMN. In contrast, CFA injection induced hyperalgesia, independent of PMN recruitment. c-Fos mRNA and immunoreactivity in the spinal cord were increased significantly after inoculation of CFA-independent of PMN-migration but not of CXCL2/3. Measurement of potential hyperalgesic mediators showed that hyperalgesia correlated with local prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but not with interleukin-1β production. In summary, hyperalgesia, local PGE2 production, and spinal c-Fos expression occur after CFA-induced inflammation but not after CXCL1- or CXCL2/3-induced, selective PMN recruitment. Thus, PMN seem to be less important in inflammatory hyperalgesia than previously thought.
Prostate epithelial cells can act as early sensors of infection by up-regulating TLR4 expression and proinflammatory mediators upon LPS stimulation
Authors: Gatti Gerardo , Rivero Virginia , Motrich Rubén Darío , Maccioni Mariana 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDespite the prevalence of prostate disease, little is known about the immunobiology of the prostate and its contribution to disease. The main goal of this work was to investigate how prostate epithelial cells deal with inflammatory stimuli. To this aim, we stimulated a rat prostate epithelial cell line [metastasis-lung (MAT-LU)] or rat primary epithelial cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Prostate epithelial cells constitutively express significant levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 mRNA. TLR2 transcription could also be demonstrated, suggesting that these cells could recognize a broader spectrum of microbial molecular patterns. TLR4, TLR2, and CD14 proteins were also detected, although not at the cell surface but intracellularly. Prostate epithelial cells not only express these receptors, but they are also able to respond to LPS, and LPS-stimulated MAT-LU cells activate nuclear factor-κB transcription factor, induce the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and secrete NO. Even more, numerous chemokine genes are up-regulated or induced in this response. Our results clearly demonstrate that prostate epithelial cells are fully competent to respond. The fact that they express TLR4 and TLR2 intracellularly suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms, which once overcome, could turn these cells into active players of the innate immunity, capable of initiating an inflammatory response.
The plasma membrane recycling pathway and cell polarity in plants: studies on PIN proteins
Authors: Boutté Yohann , Crosnier Marie-Thérèse , Carraro Nicola , Traas Jan , Satiat-Jeunemaitre Béatrice 
Published: March 2006

The PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are plasma-membrane-associated facilitators of auxin transport. They are often targeted to one side of the cell only through subcellular mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we have studied the potential roles of the cytoskeleton and endomembrane system in the localisation of PIN proteins. Immunocytochemistry and image analysis on root cells from Arabidopsis thaliana and maize showed that 10-30% of the intracellular PIN proteins mapped to the Golgi network, but never to prevacuolar compartments. The remaining 70-90% were associated with yet to be identified structures. The maintenance of PIN proteins at the plasma membrane depends on a BFA-sensitive machinery, but not on microtubules and actin filaments.The polar localisation of PIN proteins at the plasmamembrane was not reflected by any asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. In addition, PIN proteins were inserted in a symmetrical manner at both sides of the cell plate during cytokinesis. Together, the data indicate that the localisation of PIN proteins is a postmitotic event, which depends on local characteristics of the plasma membrane and its direct environment. In this context, we present evidence that microtubule arrays might define essential positional information for PIN localisation. This information seems to require the presence of an intact cell wall.
Photo-Control of Magnetization by Photochromic Compounds
Authors: Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The development of new magnetic materials in which magnetic properties are combined with optical properties has been extensively studied. So far, several photo-responsive molecular solids have been reported. However, the strategies that are necessary to achieve photoinduced switching in a solid state are yet to be clarified. Here, I have focused on composite materials as a novel strategy for realizing such photo-functional magnetic systems. These include the incorporation of organic photochromes into magnetic systems, e.g., photo-controllable magnetic vesicles and LB films containing Prussian blue or iron oxide nanoparticles and azobenzene.
Infrared Intensity Study on Molecular Interactions in Quinhydrone
Authors: Kanesaka Isao , Nagami Hideyuki , Kobayashi Kaori , Ohno Keiichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The infrared intensities of the triclinic and monoclinic crystal modifications of quinhydrone (QH) have been measured, along with those of the parent molecules of p-hydroquinone (HQ) and p-benzoquinone (BQ) in solutions and in crystal form. The infrared spectra calculated by the density functional theory indicate that the hydrogen bond between HQ and BQ gives large changes in the infrared intensities of some bands of HQ, but gives rather small changes in the bands of BQ, even in ν(C=O). Charge-transfer interaction in QH is suggested to play an important role for the change in the infrared intensities of ν19a at 1520 cm−1 and τ(C–H) at 530 cm−1 in HQ. In the two crystal modifications of QH, the hydrogen bond is stronger in triclinic QH than in monoclinic QH, whereas the electrostatic interaction is stronger in monoclinic QH than in triclinic QH. The intensity differences of BQ between the CCl4 solution and the crystal are analyzed on the basis of the electrostatic model.
Circular Dichroism of Porphyrin J-Aggregates Induced by Adsorbed d-Tartaric Acid on Mesoporous TiO2 Film
Authors: Fujii Yusuke , Tsukahara Yasunori , Wada Yuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) signals of J-aggregates of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4) fixed on mesoporous TiO2 film were induced by adsorption of d-tartaric acid. The intensity of the induced CD signal at 477 nm derived from TPPS4 J-aggregates adsorbed on TiO2 film increased depending strongly on the concentration of d-tartaric acid dissolved in the surrounding water and the immersion time of TPPS4-adsorbed TiO2 film in acidic water. Especially, in acidic water with high concentrations of d-tartaric acid, the CD intensity increased enormously with the elapse of immersion time, accompanying a decrease of J-aggregates adsorbed on TiO2 film. The amount of d-tartaric acid adsorbed on TiO2 film should determine the CD intensity of J-aggregates. When d-tartaric acid dimethyl ester, which has an effect similar to d-tartaric acid on the induction of CD of TPPS4 J-aggregates in an aqueous solution, was used instead of d-tartaric acid, a slight CD at 477 nm was observed, clearly showing that the chemisorption of chiral molecules on the TiO2 surface through an anchoring group was critical for inducing the CD signal of J-aggregates.
Surface Free Energy and Morphology of Chlorapatite Crystals Grown from Sodium Chloride Flux
Authors: Suzuki Takaomi , Shimuta Mitsunobu , Oishi Shuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Well-formed crystals of barium chlorapatite [Ba5Cl(PO4)3] and strontium chlorapatite [Sr5Cl(PO4)3] were grown from a sodium chloride flux. The contact angle of water on the () face of each chlorapatite crystal was observed using a modified Wilhelmy method, where we measured the change of liquid weight instead of the crystal weight. The contact angle depends on the aspect ratio of the crystal. Both the advancing and receding contact angles were larger for Ba5Cl(PO4)3 and Sr5Cl(PO4)3 crystals with larger aspect ratios. The surface free energy of the () face was calculated using Neumann’s equation. The () face of the crystals of larger aspect ratios has a smaller surface free energy, indicating that such crystals have a more stable () face than the crystals of smaller aspect ratios. This result corresponds to the morphology of the chlorapatite crystals because the crystals have a tendency to elongate into the [0001] direction.
Simultaneous Preconcentration and Determination of Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, and Iron Content Using a Surfactant-Coated Alumina
Authors: Ghaedi Mehrorang , Asadpour Enayat , Vafaie Azam 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A sensitive and simple method for the simultaneous determination of nutritionally important minerals including copper, nickel, and iron in real samples is in great demand. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) coupled with a preconcentration method is shown to be an appropriate technique for this objective. The method is based on the formation of mineral complexes by α-benzyl dioxime (BDO) supported on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated alumina. The metal contents in the complexes are eluted using 5 mL of 6 mol L−1 HNO3, and then detected by AAS at respective maximum wavelengths. In this procedure, minerals such as Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, and Fe can be analyzed in one run by carrying out the simultaneous separation and quantification of them. The low detection limit of these elements makes it a superior alternative to UV–vis and in several applications, also an alternative to ICP-MS techniques. The method has been successfully applied for these metal content evaluations in some real samples including waste water, river water, spring water, tap water, vegetable, and baking powder.
Synthesis and Luminescence of New Cu(I) Complexes Containing a Binap Ligand and a Diimine Ligand
Authors: Saito Ken , Tsukuda Toshiaki , Tsubomura Taro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A series of novel Cu(I) complexes with an s-binap ligand and a diimine ligand, [Cu(s-binap)(bpy)]PF6, [Cu(s-binap)(phen)]PF6, and [Cu(s-binap)(dmp)]PF6, were synthesized, where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and s-binap = (S)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl. All three complexes show intense photoluminescence in the solid state, whereas [Cu(s-binap)(dmp)]PF6 is a comparatively good emitter in CH2Cl2 solutions. These luminescence bands have been assigned to the emission from 3MLCT states. The complexes [Cu(s-binap)(bpy)]PF6 and [Cu(s-binap)(dmp)]PF6 were characterized by X-ray structure analyses. Although the distorted tetrahedral structures around the central metals of the two complexes are similar, the photophysical properties of the dmp complex differ from those of the other complexes in solution. The structures and the photophysical properties of the three complexes have been discussed.
Environmentally Friendly and Efficient Synthesis of Various 1,4-Dihydropyridines in Pure Water
Authors: Wang Guan-Wu , Xia Jing-Jing , Miao Chun-Bao , Wu Xue-Liang 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An environmentally friendly and efficient synthesis of a series of 1,4-dihydropyridines was developed by the practical one-pot reactions of aldehydes with ammonium acetate and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds such as alkyl acetoacetate, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, and 2,4-pentanedione in water without any additives under refluxing conditions.
Controlled Deposition of SnS into/onto SnO2 Nano-Particle Film and Application to Photoelectrochemical Cells
Authors: Niinobe Daisuke , Wada Yuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The selective deposition of SnS into/onto SnO2 nano-particle films was performed. The disposition of SnS was controlled by the pH of a source tin solution. The photocurrent of the photoelectrochemical cells using these SnS-deposited SnO2 films depended on where SnS was deposited.
New Water-soluble Organic Ligands for Actinide Cations Complexation
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Suzuki Hideya , Sugo Yumi , Kimura Takaumi , Choppin Gregory R 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Novel water-soluble organic ligands, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyldiglycolamide (TMDGA), N,N,N,N′-tetraethyldiglycolamide (TEDGA), N,N,N′,N′-tetrapropyldiglycolamide (TPDGA), and N,N-dipropyldiglycolamic acid (DPDGAc), were synthesized and examined for complexation with An(III) and An(IV). These reagents are readily soluble in water and form more stable complexes with Pu(IV) and Am(III) than does EDTA of hexadentate ligand. TEDGA and TPDGA can back-extract effectively An into the aqueous phase.
Synthesis of Silicon-bridged Oligothiophenes and Applications to Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Kim Dong-Ha , Ohshita Joji , Kosuge Takao , Kunugi Yoshihito , Kunai Atsutaka 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Mono- and disilanylene-bridged oligothiophenes were synthesized and their TFT properties were investigated as p-type semiconductors. Among them, the best TFT performance was achieved by using bis(ethylquinquethienyl)dibutylsilane as the active compound whose mobility and on/off ratio were determined to be 2.2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 105, respectively.
Syntheses and Properties of Oligothiophenes with Cyano and Hexyl Groups
Authors: Wada Hiroshi , Taguchi Tomohiro , Goto Masanao , Kambayashi Takuya , Mori Takehiko , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Syntheses of new oligothiophenes which have cyano and hexyl groups at the ends of quarter- and ter-thiophenes are described. The observations of DSC and polarizing microscopy indicate the presence of liquid-crystalline (LC) phases over a wide temperature range. The energy gaps are discussed on the basis of the absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra and cyclic voltammetry. Thin films of oligothiophenes fabricated by vacuum deposition are investigated by AFM and XRD measurements.
Photoluminescence Properties of Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+ Nitride Phosphor Prepared by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Method
Authors: Piao Xianqing , Horikawa Takashi , Hanzawa Hiromasa , Machida Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Eu2+ ion-doped nitride phosphor, Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+, was synthesized by the carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) method and the photoluminescence properties were characterized. It showed a broad absorption band between 250 and 550 nm which was efficiently excited by blue LEDs (400–470 nm) and a strong emission band peaking at 600 nm with a FWHM of 80 nm. The obtained phosphor provided saturated color chromaticity (0.589, 0.407) to generate warm-white light in phosphor-converted white LEDs.
Effect of 10 MPa Ammonia Treatment on the Activity of Visible Light Responsive Ta3N5 Photocatalyst
Authors: Lee Yungi , Nukumizu Kota , Watanabe Tomoaki , Takata Tsuyoshi , Hara Michikazu , Yoshimura Masahiro , Domen Kazunari 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The photocatalytic activity of tantalum nitride (Ta3N5) for H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation (λ &gt; 420 nm) is improved fivefold by 10 MPa ammonia treatment at 823 K. The rate of H2 evolution of the treated samples is highly related to the treatment time and treatment temperature.
Fabrication of an Organic Field-effect Transistor on a Mica Gate Dielectric
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Onoki Ryo , Ueno Keiji , Ikeda Susumu , Saiki Koichiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We fabricated pentacene-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) using single-crystalline natural mica substrates as the gate dielectric. Substrate temperatures during the deposition of pentacene films were varied from room temperature (RT) to 90 °C. Epitaxial growth of the pentacene film on the mica surface was observed even at RT. The FET working characteristics on the mica gate dielectric have been observed for the first time.
Wettability and Superhydrophilic TiO2 Film Formed by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kuo Chien-Sheng , Tseng Yao-Hsuan , Li Yuan-Yao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A superhydrophilic TiO2 film was prepared by CVD method. In this study, the thickness and roughness of TiO2 film were increased with the increase of oxygen fraction in the inlet flow. A rough surface of TiO2 film exhibited a better original wettability and photoinduced superhydrophilic rate than smooth one. The reasons for the original wettability and photoinduced super-hydrophilicity were explained by Wenzel’s law and the degree of crystallization.
Diastereo- and Enantioselective Tandem Michael Addition and Lactonization between Silyl Enolates and α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by a Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxide
Authors: Tozawa Takashi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Diastereo- and enantioselective tandem Michael addition and lactonization between various silyl enolates derived from phenyl carboxylates and α,β-unsaturated ketones were successfully carried out by using an efficient organic catalyst, a cinchonidine-derived chiral quaternary ammonium phenoxide. In this asymmetric tandem reaction, the corresponding trans-3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones were obtained in high yields with almost complete diastereoselectivities and good to excellent enantioselectivities.
Two Cubic Phases of 1,2-Bis(4′-n-alkoxybenzoyl)hydrazines (BABH-n)
Authors: Mori Hiroyuki , Kutsumizu Shoichi , Ito Takeya , Fukatami Machiko , Saito Kazuya , Sakajiri Koichi , Moriya Keiichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The structure type of bicontinuous cubic phase formed by 1,2-bis(4′-n-alkoxybenzoyl)hydrazines (BABH) was strongly dependent on the alkoxy chain length, showing the phase sequence of Ia3d–Im3m–Ia3d with lengthening the chain.
Utilization of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials as Supports of Cobalt Catalysts for Regulating Product Distributions in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Tang Qinghu , Wang Ping , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The utilization of different types of microporous and mesoporous materials as the supports of cobalt catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis could produce hydrocarbon fuels with different distributions. Among various catalysts investigated, Co/beta and Co/SBA-15 exhibited the highest selectivities to C5–C9 (gasoline fuel fraction) and C10–C20 (diesel fuel fraction) hydrocarbons, respectively.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: March 2006

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books. The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are James Antonio Bucklew, Amiya K. Chakravarty, Jehoshua Eliashberg, Urmila Diwekar, Michael L. Pinedo, Reuven Y. Rubinstein, and Dirk P. Kroese.