bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judges and Witches, or How is the State to Deal with Witchcraft ? Examples from Southeast Cameroon
Authors: Fisiy Cyprian F. , Geschiere Peter 
Published: October 2008

C. F. Fisiy & P. Geschiere — Juges et sorciers, ou Comment l'État traite-t-il la sorcellerie. Exemples du Cameroun du Sud-Est.
Depuis la fin des années soixante-dix les tribunaux de l'État dans la Province de l'Est du Cameroun condamnent des sorciers et des sorcières, sans même avoir de « preuves tangibles ». C'est un renversement de la jurisprudence courante. Depuis les temps coloniaux les tribunaux poursuivaient surtout les féticheurs qui, aujourd'hui, apparaissent même comme témoins principaux dans les procès de sorcellerie. C'est surtout sur leur « expertise » que les juges basent leurs verdicts. Le présent article se fonde sur l'analyse de vingt-deux comptes rendus de tels procès devant la cour d'Appel de Bertoua et sur des recherches anthropologiques dans les villages maka de cette région. Ces procès s'insèrent dans une offensive plus large de l'État contre la sorcellerie considérée comme une force subversive. À maints égards les féticheurs y jouent un rôle clef. L'appel des juges à l'expertise de ces féticheurs est révélateur de l'ambivalence de l'élite elle-même vis-à-vis des forces occultes. Les résultats peuvent choquer certains et ils sont de plus, contre-productifs : le féticheur risque de devenir moins un thérapeute qu'un agent judiciaire, les sorciers ne sont plus guéris et la croyance aux forces occultes n'est pas érodée mais plutôt renforcée.
Vers un modèle du management africain
Authors: Henry Alain 
Published: October 2008

A. Henry — Toward a Model of African Management.
A gigantic problem: how to modernize African firms? Experts' recommendations, though reiterated, are hardly applied. Methods for managing industry serve not only to control technical facts but also to adjust the interplay of social forces. The validity of these methods depends, therefore, on their compatibility with customs and norms. The African firm described herein has succeeded because detailed written procedures sanctioned by an internai auditor are followed. These procedures, which owe much to modem organizational techniques, are adapted to the principles governing local society. In fact, they may be nothing other than a modem way of "reinterpreting" traditional values.
Un terrain anthropologique à explorer : l'entreprise africaine.
Authors: Labazée Pascal 
Published: October 2008

P. Labazee — An Anthropological Field for Exploration: The African Firm.
A stratum of national businessmen has come into being in postcolonial African countries, but little is known about it. Bonds of submission and reciprocal dependence, through complex financial networks and Systems of human relations, link this stratum to the state. African firms have the means of adapting a model of the firm, either imported or defined by market conditions, to actors' conceptions of it. Once enacted, these conceptions recreate the firm at various levels. Entrepreneurs' biographies and company monographs shed light on one of the principles that shape and enable the internai reproduction of this business stratum, made up of "recycled" civil servants and big merchants. Each of these poles acts on its own strategies wherein economies and human relations are inseparably combined.
The Battle of Shela : The Climax of an Era and a Point of Departure in the Modem History of the Kenya Coast
Authors: Pouwels Randall L. 
Published: October 2008

R. L. Pouwells — La bataille de Shela, apogée d'une époque et début de l'histoire moderne de la région côtière du Kenya.
Cet article prend pour point de départ la bataille de Shela qui eut lieu entre 1807 et 1813 et mit aux prises Lamu, d'une part, et une alliance regroupant Pâté et Mombasa, d'autre part. La signification véritable de l'affrontement ne fut pas d'ordre militaire, bien que par cette victoire Lamu évita la conquête et l'occupation de son territoire. En réalité, les événements liés à cette bataille fournissent des enseignements capitaux sur les modifications que connut l'économie de la côte orientale au début du xixe siècle, sur l'évolution des relations entre villes et campagne et sur la pénétration des valeurs arabes dans les pratiques et les représentations locales du monde. Dans ce contexte, l'auteur aborde deux thèmes : sur un premier plan, il traite de la guerre comme victoire de la faction Suudi de Lamu sur la coalition rivale de Zena et ses liens étroits avec Pâté ; et, sur un second plan, il démontre que la résistance Suudi à l'hégémonie de Paté-Mombasa était due à la réticence à accepter un nouveau mode de production.
Les crises cacaoyères. La malédiction des âges d'or ?
Authors: Ruf François 
Published: October 2008

F. Ruf — Cocoa Crises: The Bust after the Boom?
Cocoa production follows a boom-and-bust cycle that is partly explained by the ease of planting cocoa and then the difficulty of replanting 20-25 years later. Accordingly, a country remains a major producer by gradually shifting its center of production, as new forests are cleared. However this deterministic model should be reconsidered in the light of how, from 1988 to 1991, farmers in the Ivory Coast, after a period of doubt when they might have abandoned cocoa production, decided instead to innovate. Three neglected aspects of this innovativeness are pointed out. First, farmers made technical innovations as they planted new trees under less favorable ecological conditions. They also made innovations in food crops since they had to free land for them as they replanted cocoa. Thirdly, they were innovating more in 1991 than in 1981 because three major crises (deforestation, the increasing scarcity of land, and the crash of cocoa priees) have corne to a head together. Given the proven capacity for innovation by family farmers, it is now up to African governments to shore up these innovations so that their countries remain major cocoa producers.
La zone franc est-elle le bouc-émissaire de l'échec du développement ?
Authors: Freud Claude 
Published: October 2008

C. Freud — The Franc Zone, a Scapegoat for Development Failures.
World Bank experts blame the failure of structural adjustment policies in countries belonging to the West African Franc Zone on the overvaluation of the CFA franc. They advocate, therefore, breaking up this monetary bloc. It is proven that the exchange rate between the CFA and French francs has barely changed over the past 30 years, and that overvaluation does little to account for failed adjustment policies. Examples from countries outside this zone show that devaluation does not inevitably stimulate economie growth. Abolishing the franc zone would probably cause more problems than it would solve. Thanks to this zone, the shocks of economie recession that would have hurt the most underprivileged have been absorbed.
A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone
Authors: Thayer James Steel 
Published: October 2008

J. S. Thayer — Une approche non-conventionnelle de la culture des Créoles de Sierra Leone.
La plupart des travaux sur les Créoles (Krios) de Sierra Leone mettent l'accent sur le caractère élitaire de ce groupe. Cet article, qui repose sur une recherche de terrain, traite des paysans et des ouvriers créoles vivant dans les villages surplombant Freetown. L'auteur s'attache à étudier plusieurs aspects de la vie villageoise créole, en particulier, l'évolution des conditions économiques, la mobilité ascensionnelle des paysans et des ouvriers créoles de la dernière génération, les relations avec les non-Créoles, l'institution du « tutorat » et la notion de « créolisation » des peuples indigènes. L'enquête révèle que ces différents domaines, qui englobent de larges secteurs de la vie créole, ont été négligés par la plupart des auteurs en raison de l'attention exclusive qu'ils accordent aux cadres et à la classe dominante créoles.
Les espaces sacrés comme lieux de confluence religieuse en Éthiopie
Authors: Gascon Alain , Hirsch Bertrand 
Published: October 2008

A. Gascon & B. Hirsch — Shrines Where Religions Meet in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia, which has been Christianized since the 4th century and had contact with Islam since the 7th, is a meeting-place for monotheisms and "native" religions. The pilgrimage to Jerusalem was a major occasion for cultural exchange between Ethiopia and the Mediterranean. As of the 13th century, centers of pilgrimage in the northern highlands, Verus Israel, had, given the the monarchy's growing power, become more important than Jerusalem, whose route was under Muslim control in Egypt. A few shrines, where "pagan" ceremonies were per-formed, were Christianized following a recuperation process that has been thor-oughly studied in Europe. Following the 19th century conquest, Christianity spread to the south of Addis Ababa, whereas this area had been penetrated by Islam, from Harar in particular, since the 17th and 18th centuries. The Oromo, the majority population in the south, faced a "religious puzzle" as elements from both gada ceremonies and the monotheistic religions were juxtaposed in certain shrines. Local and national pilgrimages (Zuqwala, Qulubi, Sheikh Husayn, etc.), though officially Christian or Muslim, have been transformed from within into manifestations of Oromo identity.
L'Ethiopie va-t-elle éclater ? Conflits politiques, économie et société en pays arssi (1900-1935).
Authors: Abbas Haji  
Published: October 2008

Abbas Aji—Is Ethiopia Going To Break Up? Political Clashes, Economy and Society in Arssi Land (1900-1935).
The Ethiopian modem state has corne out of conquest, as the south was incorpo-rated into the Christian kingdom of Shawa, whose power grew under Menelik II (1889-1913). Following the centralization of the state, traditional Abyssinia's socioeconomic model was imposed. In the south, it took the form of colonial feu-dalism, which entailed expropriating land, installing a political and judiciary administration, and establishing cultural domination through language and religion. Two interdependent variables, class and ethnie group, help us understand political, economie and cultural clashes between center and periphery, herein Oromo. Although the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution has apparently resolved the social class antagonism of a feudal-capitalistic society, it has neither settled the nationality problem nor undone structures of domination. Ethnie conflicts and national groups'aspirations are still the major causes underlying bloody warfare and the crisis of the united state. Whether this empire-state will survive or break up depends on a fair and coherent settlement of ail these problems.
Les classes et leurs couleurs à Bahia.
Authors: Guimaraes Antonio Sergio Alfredo 
Published: October 2008

A. S. A. Guimaraes — Classes and Their Colors in Bahia.
What changes have occurred in the class structure of Bahia State, Brazil, since the 1950s? During intense industrialization, a status society, wherein differences of color used to clearly mark the Une between rich and poor, has been replaced with a class society wherein race has become a difference within each class. An analysis is made of the historical formation of the major social classes in Bahian society: the financial and industrial bourgeoisie, middle-class white-collars, workers in modem industry and government employees.
Ethnopolitique : racisme, statuts et mouvement noir à Bahia.
Authors: Agier Michel 
Published: October 2008

M. Agier — Ethnopolitics: Racism, Status and the Black Movement in Bahia.
What do individual or group identities in terms of negritude mean in urban Bahia, Brazil? Movements based on these identities define a new social space and racially (i.e., politically) reappropriate a broad, diverse cultural background. Afro-Bahian political, cultural and religious associations are defined by their way of combining the racial, social and cultural dimensions of a sense of identity. By studying each of these dimensions, we can examine this community space: how to form a symbolic System of contrasts in a culturally mixed society, a System that identifies subjects mainly defined as being subject to racism?
Reconstructing the History of an African Ceramic Tradition: Technology, Slavery and Agency in the Région of Kadiolo (Mali).
Authors: Frank Barbara E. 
Published: October 2008

B. E. Frank — Reconstitution de l'histoire d'une tradition de la céramique africaine : technologie, esclavage et construction sociale dans la région de Kadiolo (Mali).
Cet article explore la possibilité de lier l'identité sociale, la technologie et la production artistique pour reconstruire l'histoire. L'auteur s'est plus particulièrement attaché à l'étude d'un groupe de potières mande de la région de Kadiolo, dans le sud du Mali, dont l'identité et la spécialisation défient les modèles habituellement formulés à propos de cette société. Ils ne s'agit pas de femmes de forgerons, mais d'épouses de griots ne pratiquant plus la jeliya. En outre, la manière dont ces potières fabriquent et cuisent leurs poteries est totalement différente de celle de leurs homologues forgeronnes. Afin de découvrir les origines de ces femmes, ou du moins de leur technique, l'auteur étudie d'autres traditions céramiques de la région (surtout sénufo). Bien que ces femmes se réclament d'une origine mande, contre toute évidence technologique et historique, l'auteur suggère que la production céramique de la région de Kadiolo reflète plutôt une origine australe ou orientale, et envisage la possibilité que l'esclavage ait pu conduire les ancêtres de ces femmes à épouser des griots mande, et qu'à cela, semble-t-il, elles auraient réagi en se fabriquant une nouvelle identité de griotes dyula, particulièrement appréciées en tant que potières dans toute cette région.
Colonial Administration and the Ethnography of the Family in the French Soudan.
Authors: Wooten Stephen R. 
Published: October 2008

S. R. Wooten — L'administration coloniale et l'ethnographie de la famille au Soudan français.
Les changements intervenus dans la politique coloniale française à la fin du xixe siècle, et notamment l'adoption d'une politique dite d'« association » ont joué un rôle important dans le développement de l'ethnographie coloniale en l'Afrique occidentale française. Cet article décrit ce processus et analyse les différences subtiles entre les idées qui sont à l'origine de cette ethnographie et les positions effectives déployées par les praticiens au Soudan français. En analysant les descriptions ethnographiques de la famille produites par certains administrateurs-ethnographes durant les premières décennies de ce siècle, on parvient à mettre en perspective historique l'histoire sociale, l'anthropologie de la famille et l'organisation domestique africaines.
L'identité au forçage de l'histoire. À propos de l'occident Dogon
Authors: Gache André 
Published: October 2008

Andre Gache — Identity under the Force of History.
How to make the same out of something different? The attempt to answer this is based on a study of the western part of the region inhabited by the Dogon in Mali. Dogon country is an 'inbetween'; around its edges, centralized states have, since the Late Middle Ages, evolved following a process of composition-decompo-sition-recomposition. The people living there originally came from these political formations. These peoples of various origins found, in this region, a location favorable to the defence of small units. Over time, this original plurality took the form of a solid, combative 'ethnie group' with a dual system of discourse. This group immediately produces, for itself and others, an explanatory discourse postu-lating its unity from its very origins. This postulate is a kind of law that is ail the more clearly formulated insofar as the origins are beyond control. During the 'night', the question of origins 'gives birth' to a 'secret' discourse, which, once decoded, helps us see into the obscurity of the social and political processes at work in this region's history.
Christianisme et image de l'Autre en Afrique belge. Les catégories de langages dans les stratégies de dénomination.
Authors: Kalulambi Pongo Martin 
Published: October 2008

Martin Kalulambi Pongo — Christianity and the Image of Otherness in Belgian Africa. Categories of Languages in Denomination Strategies.
Western Christian historiography represents the missionary priest in 'pagan' coun-tries as a saviour completely divorced from his cultural traditions, and the converted natives as belonging to a new ethnie group founded on spiritual rather than biological ties. The giving of Christian names to natives through baptism longed served as a means to construct this representation and, at the same time, the power of the elergy. It is not the efficiency of missionary action which is ques-tioned here, but rather the models used to interpret their action. This article attempts to provide several readings and interpretations of 'we' and 'they' categories as construeted and distributed by the Catholie elergy at the end of the 19th century in the Kasai (Zaire).
Classifications linguistiques et anthropologiques de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris au XIXe siècle.
Authors: Haoui Karim 
Published: October 2008

A. Thomson — Early 19th- Century Racial Classifications in Northern Africa.
Most of those who wrote about 18th-century Northern Africa tried to classify inhabitants by using criteria of language, housing, physical traits, etc. By the 19th century, Arabs and Berbers were seen as two distinct groups; but there were still several classifications based on a variety of criteria. These Systems, particularly those used in Algeria at the time of the 1830 French expedition, are examined, as well as the names used to identify population groups and the cultural or biological criteria underlying classifications. The texts in English, French, German, etc., that are reviewed have not been written by physical anthropologists. Though not directly concerned with classification problems, they shed light on the approach adopted by the 19th-century anthropologists who drew up taxinomies. Similar-ities and differences with the texts left by previous observers are pointed out.
L'extermination des Rwandais tutsi
Authors: Kagabo José , Vidal Claudine 
Published: October 2008

J. Kagabo & C. Vidal.—The Extermination of Rwandan Tutsi.
On 11 October 1990, in Gisenyi, the massacre began of Tutsi consideree to be close to the Rwandan Patriotic Front, the armed opposition to President Habyari-mana's government. This set off a cycle of violence culminating in systematic extermination during April 1994. The first targets were Tutsi, because of their ethnie group, and then any Hutu who opposed extremism and advocated democratie ideas. This testimony to this tragedy leads us to think about the rationales at work in this genocide that, according to ail evidence, top leaders in the Rwandan government had designed and planned. Establishing the history of this genocide is urgent; research must be undertaken with ail possible means so as to iden-tify the persons responsible and judge them in a fair trial.
Le pouvoir, le sang et la mort dans le royaume asante au XIXe siècle
Authors: Terray Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

E. Terray—Power, Blood and Death in the Asante Kingdom during the 19th Century.
In the 19th century, the Asante kingdom was infamous because of the number and cruelty of human sacrifices in Kumasi. Following an assessment of the extent of this phenomenon, various interpretations proposed by Asante at the time or by European observers are examined. Although human sacrifices had a political function, namely to intimidate people through terror, their fundamental meaning was religious: return to Mother earth the life she had given to mankind.
Les cafés robusta africains peuvent-ils encore être compétitifs ?
Authors: Freud Claude , Hanak Freud Ellen 
Published: October 2008

C. Freud & E. Hanak Freud—African Robusta Coffee: Still Competitive?
Since the late 1980s, the world coffee market has slumped into a recession due to a structural disequilibrium between supply and demand. Can African countries remain competitive? A comparative analysis of coffee's cost structure shows that southeastern Asian countries have an absolute advantage over South-American and African competitors. Whereas the Asian lands have managed to compress costs due to middlemen so as to leave more money in peasants' pockets, the others have shifted the costs of adjustments to producers or have subsidize coffee. Could devaluating the money restore competitiveness? Although such a pol-icy did succeed in southeastern Asia, it did not in Brazil or Uganda, nor in Guinea where the cost structure remained much the same as in neighboring CFA-coun-tries that did not devaluate. The future of Robusta coffee in Africa depends on producers' reactions to world priees. The best hypothesis has emerged in recent months: a limited rise in priees to 7,00 FF/kg. This should suffice as an incentive for producers to adopt an intensive System of cultivation.
The Irrevocable Past : History and Image of the Beta Esra'el
Authors: Abbink Jon 
Published: October 2008

J. Abbink — Un passé irrévocable : histoire et représentation des Beta Esra'el.
L'étude historique des Beta Esra'el/Falasha réalisée par James Quirin analyse leur histoire en termes de processus de formation de caste. Ce processus renforce l'identité ethnique et religieuse des Beta Esra'el par rapport à la société englobante des Amhara-Tigray du nord de l'Ethiopie. De nouveaux matériaux sont proposés par l'auteur à l'appui d'une mise en cause de la chronologie en vigueur concernant la genèse des Beta Esra'el d'Ethiopie. Grâce à un travail de recherche méticuleux qui n'exclut cependant pas des analyses provocantes, l'auteur parvient non seulement à donner une synthèse vivante de la connaissance historique relative à cette communauté mais également à indiquer de nouvelles directions dans lesquelles la recherche historique sur cette communauté et sur le contexte éthiopien devrait s'engager.
Stigmates sociaux et discriminations religieuses : l'ancienne classe servile au Fuuta Jaloo
Authors: Botte Roger 
Published: October 2008

R. Botte — Social Stigmata and Religious Discrimination : Former Slaves in the Fuuta Jalloo.
During the early 18th-century insurrection led by pious Muslims in the Fuuta Jalloo, religion was, from the outset, a political ideology of domination. Although the jihad— the pretext for conquering heathen lands—fed on sincere religious passions, Islam was soon being spread for more profane motives. Proselytizing was over as soon as it was proclaimed. The decisive distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims came to jus-tify the production of both slaves for the domestic market and captives for the international market. The theocratie state's economie System was based on slavery and the slave trade. Drawn from Islam, this state's world-view governed ail social relations. Nowadays, 90 years after the beginning of the abolition of slavery, the old forms of political and economie hegemony by Fulani rulers have vanished. But the latter still exercise an intellectual domination based on religious knowledge. This is used to jus-tify prejudice against former slaves (runndebe) and to treat them like outcasts. Whether with regard to land ownership, marriage prohibitions, political duties in the nation state, ranks in mosques, or the individual's condition when facing death, religious criteria cannot hide the worldly stakes in this tenacious discrimination. For this reason, former slaves still consider access to Koranic knowledge to be a means of emancipation and liberation.