bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of plasmas in negative ion sources using a Cs-H Collisional Radiative model
Authors: Pouradier Duteil B. , Barbisan M. , Milazzo R. , Poggi C. , Sartori E. , Spolaore M. , Ugoletti M. , Zaniol B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
SPIDER, hosted at the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) in Padova, Italy, is the full scale prototype for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) source. Another smaller compact RF ion source, NIO1, hosted by Consorzio RFX, was built to study the production and acceleration of H- ions in continuous operation. Both machines operate with the evaporation of caesium in order to enhance the production of negative ions.

A collisional radiative model for caesium-hydrogen plasmas was recently developed. When used in conjunction with measurements from Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Laser Absorption Spectroscopy and electrostatic probes, the model can provide estimates of the plasma parameters with a good spatial resolution thanks to the many lines of sight available.

This work presents a characterization of the plasma in SPIDER and NIO1 using this method. In particular, we investigate the influence of the RF power and the magnetic filter field on the plasma properties, and compare the results with those of other source and beam diagnostics.
Feasibility study of one-dimensional imaging with an optical fiber for radiation dose-rate monitoring system in the decommissioning process
Authors: Matsukura Daisuke , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Fujiwara Chihaya , Yamaji Akihiro , Ohashi Yuji , Yokota Yuui , Kamada Kei , Sato Hiroki , Masao Yoshino , Hanada Takashi , Murakami Rikito , Horiai Takahiko , Yoshikawa Akira , Takata Takushi , Tanaka Hiroki 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Real-time dose-rate monitoring system under the high dose-rate situation is required for the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plants to remove the debris remaining inside the plants. We have proposed a dose-rate monitor consisting of a scintillator, over 100-m long optical fiber and CCD spectrometer. Some noises with a dominant emission wavelength of below 550 nm originating from the optical fiber itself must be separated from the signal from the scintillator, and the signal region has been defined as 650–1000 nm to use significant data, up to now. In this paper, we investigated if the noise region defined as below 550 nm can be supporting data for the monitoring system, because such noises are expected to include position information through the fiber. In the emission spectrum, the intensities of the noise emission or absorption band are expected to depend on the position of the fiber, and we demonstrated such dependence, “one-dimensional dose-rate distribution”, with 20 m-long optical fiber and CCD spectrometer. Optical fiber was placed around a 60Co source with an activity of approximately 60 TBq, and emission spectra of the fiber were acquired with different dose-rate conditions from 10 to 700 Gy/h. The noise intensities were well fitted with the power function as a function of the product of fiber length and dose rate, and we found that fiber noise has rate information in one-dimensional imaging.
Ultra-Fast Energy Resolved Imager for `Pseudo' Laue diffraction experiments at synchrotron facilities
Authors: Orsini F. , Dawiec A. , Kanoute B. , Grybos P. , Kleczek R. , Kmon P. , Otfinowski P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
`Pseudo' Laue diffraction experiments, with multi pink beam, is being considered as an option for the upgrade of SOLEIL for fast time resolved crystallographic applications in the energy range from 5 to 30 keV. An important requirement for the detector of such experiments is to increase the readout speed and the capability to discriminate between several energies.
For this purpose, a new project has been launched in 2021 through a collaboration between SOLEIL and AGH, starting with a feasibility phase with the design and realization of a new photon counting ASIC prototype, named UFERI (Ultra-Fast Energy Resolved Imager). After a short description of the ASIC requirements and main architecture, first results of the ASIC prototypes are presented, as well as preliminary results of the first hybrid pixel modules illuminated with X-rays in our laboratory.
New electronics for the HADES MDC drift chambers
Authors: Michel J. , Gniazdowski T. , Guzmán A. , Matejcek F. , Müntz C. , Svintozelskyi V. , Wendisch C. , Stroth J. ,   the HADES collaboration
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The drift chambers of the HADES experiment at SIS-18 at GSI, Darmstadt/Germany, form the main tracking system of the spectrometer. Designed more than twenty years ago, the whole front-end electronics chain is being replaced with state-of-the-art electronics to cope with the increasing failure rate of the old electronics and with advanced requirements of the experiment, e.g. the trigger rate.

The new analog signal processing is based on the PASTTREC ASIC, developed for the Straw Tube Tracker of the PANDA Experiment. The digitization of data happens in FPGA-based TDCs.

The main challenges of the project are the strict spatial constraints given by the experiment setup to place the front-end boards and the noise sensitivity of the large area gas detectors. In addition, the power consumption needed to be kept low due to thermal constraints.
Electronics design for a muon imaging system using triangular plastic scintillators with WLS fiber readouts
Authors: Wang Z.Y. , Wang Y.G. , Li X. , Zhao Y.X. , Liang Y.T. , Liang Z. , Zhang Y.S. , Tang Z.B. , Li C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Muon imaging technology has developed rapidly over the past
decades with extensive applications. In many cases, plastic
scintillator detectors are preferred because of their high cost
performance, ease of processing and robustness in harsh
environments. To reduce imaging time and improve imaging quality,
detectors tend to have large areas and high position
resolutions. The challenge to the electronics for such detectors is
to maintain the scale of electronics acceptable while improving the
high position resolution of the detector. In this paper, the basic
detector unit is a triangular strip of plastic scintillator, each
embedded with two wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers read out by the
silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Since the hit position of muon on
the detector is determined by the splitting ratio of the
scintillation light on two adjacent scintillator strips, it is
necessary the readout electronics has high linearity and low
noise. The possibility of the electronics channel multiplexing on
the same detector plane is fully explored so that four WLS fibers
can be read out by one SiPM realizing 2:1 readout channel
compression. Furthermore, since multiple electronics modules are
connected by a daisy chain structure, the electronics system is very
scalable with its data acquisition system (DAQ) independent of
detector size. In addition to detailing the position encoding
readout scheme, the design of electronics module and the DAQ system,
the electronics system has been implemented and applied to a
prototype detector for performance evaluation. Using scintillator
strips with 11 mm pitch size, the position resolution of the
detector reaches 1.49 mm, which demonstrates that the designed
electronics is suitable for the new detector structure, and the
combination of the two has a good application prospect in muon
imaging.
Bioenergy in Europe is unlikely to make a timely contribution to climate change targets
Authors: Seo Bumsuk , Brown Calum , Lee Heera , Rounsevell Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Increasing bioenergy production is a significant component of European efforts to mitigate climate change, but has contested potential for reducing emissions. We use an integrated land system model to explore the effects of large-scale bioenergy production within the European Union on carbon balances. We find that increased bioenergy crop production is likely to cause substantial deforestation and a commensurate loss of associated carbon stocks largely due to displacement of food production from other areas. Deforestation would occur either within the EU if European forests were not protected, or in other parts of the world arising from indirect land use change if European forests were protected. The net carbon benefit of bioenergy production is largely negative, or uncertain, even under the most optimistic levels of fossil fuel replacement, and will not offset initial carbon losses over the coming 50 yr. The growth of intensive agriculture required to satisfy the demand for bioenergy and food will have negative impacts on crucial ecosystem services. Overall, we identify substantial disadvantages to increasing bioenergy production relative to freeing land for natural succession. At best, large-scale bioenergy production is likely to be irrelevant to time-sensitive climate targets.
How well do multi-fire danger rating indices represent China forest fire variations across multi-time scales?
Authors: Pan Yuxian , Yang Jing , Yao Qichao , New Stacey , Bao Qing , Chen Deliang , Shi Chunming 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To better support wildfire predictions and risk assessment, multiple fire danger rating indices (FDRIs) have been developed but their credibility in China remains obscure. Compared with the satellite fire observations, 13 FDRIs are evaluated for the historical (2003–2021) forest fire frequency in China from four different time scales: active seasons, trends, interannual variations (IAVs) and discrimination of fire/non-fire days (DFDs). Most FDRIs effectively capture the double active seasons over Southwest China and the dominant active season over Northeast and South China but fail over the other regions. FDRIs with cloud cover perform better in capturing climatological fire seasonality. All FDRIs fail to reproduce the significant decreasing trend of forest fires speculatively due to local fire management and discordant changes in meteorological elements. Most FDRIs have the advantages of the IAVs and DFDs over Southwest China but exhibit deficiencies over the other regions. FDRIs incorporating wind speed perform best in representing both IAVs and DFDs, indicating the indispensable effect of surface wind on the interannual/daily variation of fire danger. This study provides a credible reference for utilizing FDRIs in China, as well as offers insights for developing better regional FDRIs to represent different time-scale variations.
Using Gradiometric Technique to Prospect Archaeological Features in Tell Al-Deylam, South of Babylon City, Middle of Iraq
Authors: Khawaja Ahmed Muslim , Ahmed Omar Qadir , Alkhalidy Amer A. L. , Alzubaydi Jaffar hussain Ali , Manii Jwad K. , Almamori Haider Oraibi , Salman Kadhim Jabur 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An extensive vertical magnetic gradiometry survey was carried out over an area spanning 1,188 square meters in the northwestern section of Dilbat; a recently discovered archaeological city within Tell Al-Deylam located approximately 20 km south of Babylon city, so as to reveal the real image of the archaeological features hidden beneath the earth’s surface. The vertical gradiometric survey was done by the Geometrics-G-858 Cesium magnetometer. The gradiometric results showed three clear longitudinal magnetic anomalies in different places on the magnetic contour map. The main anomaly is located on the edge of the northern part of the study area and extends longitudinally in the northwest and southeast direction. This may indicate the presence of the main outer wall, as it extends lengthwise about 30 m, with a width of 3-4 m, and a depth of about 1 m below the surface of the ground, and may contain the main northern gate of the Dilbat Temple. Besides that, this anomaly displayed approximately a high magnetic value of about + 60 nT, which indicates that the wall was built from baked brick composed of clay minerals rich in iron oxides. Furthermore, the magnetic contour map showed two other magnetic anomalies. The first one is located in the western part of the study area and appears perpendicular to the main magnetic anomaly. Meanwhile, the second anomaly occupied the southern part of the study area and is parallel to the main anomaly. The two anomalies showed approximately lower magnetic strength than the outer wall. So, they may represent the remains of the inner room walls built from mud bricks. The thickness of the two supposed walls is about 2.5 m and they are at a depth one meter from the ground. The findings of this method have been a good guide for new excavation, which led to finding the main wall built from fired bricks.
Applying geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to estimate surface area of Al-Razzaza Lake, Karbala province, Iraq
Authors: Rashed Afrah Medhat , alhadithi Mufid , Alattar Fareed M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Countries with dry and semi-arid climates, like Iraq, employ manmade or natural water bodies to regulate river levels and store water during flood seasons, preserving the ecosystem’s equilibrium. The goal of the current study was to determine the surface area of Lake Al-Razzaza, which is situated in the Karbala Governorate of Iraq, using an integrated approach based on geographic information systems and remote sensing. Landsat satellite images taken in October 2015, 2019 and 2023 were used as a source of data to monitor the changing area covered by the lake. The results showed that the surface area of the Al-Razzaza Lake was 363 km2, 316 km2, and 221 km2 for the years 2015, 2019, and 2023, respectively. It was observed that there was a slight difference in the surface water area of Al-Razzaza Lake between 2015 and 2023, estimated at 47 km2, while there was a decrease in the area of the lake in 2019, estimated at 142 km2. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS technology and Landsat satellite images in topographical analysis of water bodies and monitoring water bodies over large areas in a short time and at a low cost.
Climate Change and its Potential Impacts on Iraqi Environment: Overview
Authors: Ali Sabah Hussein , Qubaa Abdalrahman R. , Al-Khayat Amina Basil Mohammad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Deforestation, agricultural practices, and greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels have all contributed to global warming and climate change since the Industrial Revolution. Observed and predicted climate changes include rising sea levels, altered rainfall patterns, altered frequency and distribution of weather events like heat waves, storms, floods, and droughts, as well as the effects on natural and human systems.. Iraq, in particular, is experiencing the full range of climate change effects, which is exacerbated by the country’s precarious state and dilapidated infrastructure. Iraq has been listed as the fifth worst-affected country to climate change due to variables such as rising temperatures, less and erratic rainfall, increased droughts and water scarcity, frequent sand and dust storms, and flooding. In addition, neighbouring countries’ water policies have reduced vital water sources, while rapid population growth, urbanization, and inefficient water use by the agricultural and industrial sectors are driving a demand for more water. The objective of the current study is to focus on Iraq’s major climate change issues, which include: Growing Desertification, Drought, and scarcity of water.
Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water accumulated by effects shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River, southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Ahmed A. , Kadhim Hamzah A , Al-Mosawi Walaa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this study, the total concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in sediment and water was taken to determine how much the environment is impacted by rising levels of heavy metals that are not naturally occurring in five stations representing the large shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River in Basra South Iraq by using atomic absorption. The heavy metals concentration in the five sediment stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Mn>Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd> Pb. While, the heavy metals concentration in the five water stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd. The current results of the study indicate that the concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Pb (slightly contaminated) metals in water are higher than the Iraqi standards (Iraqi standards for drinking water) and international standards (WHO, U.S. EPA, E.U.). An increase in heavy metal concentrations is attributed to the raw materials from which sunken ships are made near stations and these ships being exposed to military bombardment. The level of pollution in the sediment was assessed by employing the Geo accumulation index (I-geo), Contamination factor (CF), and Enrichment factor (EF). The calculated results of I-geo indicate that Cd can be considered to be moderate – strongly polluted except S5 considered strong to extremely polluted. However, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn showed almost unpolluted levels across all stations. The CF values indicate that this environment is very highly contaminated with Cd, while CF values for Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mn display low contamination. while CF values for Ni are moderate contamination except for S1 is low contamination. The pollution level for Zn is S1and S5 is low contamination and S2,3,4 is moderate contamination. The EF values refer to Cd at S5 indicating extremely severe enrichment and other stations refer to severe enrichment and minor enrichment for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Copper (Cu) has minor enrichment at S2 but no enrichment at the other stations. Conversely, Lead (Pb) shows no enrichment at any of the stations.
Environmental assessment of Heavy Metals in Sedi - ments of Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt Al-Arab rivers and northern west of Arabian Gulf.
Authors: Karem Duha S , Al-Shamsi Zahra’a S , Saleh Salah M , Mohammed Abbas H , Al-saad Hamid T 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The most prevalent environmental contaminants found in sediments that suggest the presence of effluents from both home and industrial sources are thought to be heavy metals. The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals at surface sediment samples that were collected in order to measure the amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Fe., to re-evaluate the environmental conditions and concentration of the analyzed elements in the sediment to detect any pollution of heavy metals in the studied area by using contamination factors (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF) and geo accumulation index (I-geo). To ascertain the connection between the sediment’s total organic carbon (TOC) level and heavy metal pollution, measurements were taken in addition of it. Using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, studies were conducted., The mean values of the element in the sediments ranged as: Cu (13.45 μg/g at location 2 to 32.44 μg/g at location 9), Zn (20.76 μg/g at location 1 to 42.49 μg/g at location 10), Pb (9.78 μg/g at location 2 to 30.04 μg/g at location 9 and 10), Cd (7.89 μg/g at location 2 to 18.72 μg/g at location 7) and Fe (459.89 μg/g at location 1 to 833.83 μg/g at location 7) dry weight. The geochemical results show that the distribution and concentration of the heavy metals in the studied sediments is within the average concentration given for the FAO/WHO reported, and the sediment of the studied area is still free from pollution, except Pb and Cd in some local areas, which shows higher concentrations than those reported for world sediments.
Microfacies Analysis and Paleoenvironment of Baba Formation, Anah Area Westren Iraq
Authors: Al-Hetty Salam O. , mohammad Osama J. , Al-Jibouri Amer S. , Adnan Aseel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Microfacies analysis and Paleoenvironment of Baba Formation were investigated in Anah area, Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq. Baba Formation was cropped out in Wadi Al-Khazgah section with 9 meters thick, consisting of white to creamy, chalky, coralline, high fracture Limestone. Five Microfacies types were recognized Coral Lime Boundstone, Lepidocyclina Lime Packstone, Nummulitids Lime Packstone, Miliolids Lime Packstone - Grainstone, and Coraline Algae Lime Wackestone described in 10 samples collected from one section (Wadi Al-Khazgah Al-Gharbi section). These Microfacies described on the basis of the presence of the Benthic Large Foraminifera (BLF) as Miliolids, Lepidocyclinide, Rotalide and skeletal fragments of brachiopod, coral, and algae shell. The paleoenvironment of Baba Formation was determined fore-Reef and Reef environments.
Reservoir Evaluation Model of the Khasib Formation in Halfaya Oil Field, Mesan Governorate, Southern Iraq.
Authors: Ahmed Hajer W. , Al-kubaisi Basim F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Evaluating the reservoir characteristics of a formation or geological unit constitutes an essential element and an effective tool in leading the successful exploration project currently prevailing. The Khasib Formation, which belongs to the secondary depositional cycle (Turonian - Lower Campanian) in the study area within Mesan governorate southern Iraq, was chosen as a study site, as the Khasib is one of the main reservoirs within the Mesan oil fields. Seven wells were selected distributed over the field area, which structurally, is represented by two domes oriented from NW to SE, in addition to a thin dome with a length of 38000 m. and a width of 12000 m. The corrected well logs were used as input by creating an Excel sheet and then processing that data through the Petrel Software to prepare maps, sections and Three dimensional diagrams. The Cross-plot diagrams showed that the limestone (calcite) is a main lithology of Khasib with some dolomite. 3-dimensional petrophysical models were prepared, through which identified three reservoir units: (Khasib-A, Khasib-B and Khasib-C). The porosity model shows that there is a good percentage of porosity within the Khasib-A unit, with a low percentage in unit-B. As for unit-C, it was characterized by the best porosity percentages. The water saturation model showed a high percentage at Khasib-A unit, reaching 80%, and it increased at unit-B, reaching 90%, while unit-C was characterized by the lowest percentage of water saturation. The volume of shale model indicates low to moderate rates in the Khasib-A unit, and a slight increase in unit-B, while unit-C showed a low rate of shale volume within the three units with very low values in most of the study wells, which confirms the superior quality of this reservoir unit, which can be considered the main productive reservoir unit of the Khasib Formation in the Halfaya oil field.
Morphotectonic of Euphrates River between Al-Qaim and Haditha cities, western Iraq
Authors: Thamer Firdous M. , Alhadithi Abdulkhaleq A. , Alaraji Ammar A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The study area is located between Haditha and Al-Qaim cities, western Iraq. The research aims to demonstrate the effects of tectonic activity and structural features on the course of the Euphrates River by using field studies and remote sensing techniques to know the structures, hydrological indicators and morphometric properties which affected upon river course. Two main software, ArcGIS 10.8 and EARDAS Imagine, are used. The extension phases during Late Cretaceous develop Anah Graben and Abu Jir normal fault that delineate the course of the Euphrates River whereas the positive inversion of Anah Graben and the dextral movement along of the Abu Jir fault zone formed Anan Anticline and pressure ridges during the E-M Miocene respectively, determine the river course along both structures, many indications of hydrological and morphometric properties reflect the impact of the last activities that prevent it to creep or change the direction of its course.