bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A high‐speed recovery method for use in distributed computer systems
Authors: Maya Yuzuru , Kinoshita Toshiyuki , Yoshino Isao , Tokunaga Yoshinori , Takemura Satoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA system is proposed for high‐speed switching from the on‐line unit to the back‐up unit in hot‐standby systems for high reliability. In a hot‐standby system it is necessary to transfer periodically the memory contents of the on‐line unit as checkpoint data to the memory of the back‐up unit so that the back‐up unit can take over in case of a system fault. The proposed method guarantees that there is no file update between consecutive checkpoints by transferring checkpoint data whenever a file is updated. Because of that, the journal for file recovery is not necessary, thus making the downtime short. The downtime and overhead of this method are compared quantitatively with those of the conventional method. The results show that in this proposed method the overhead is within the allowable range, the downtime is about 2 s, and the system downtime cannot be recognized by users.
IDATEN: A reconfigurable video‐rate color image processing system
Authors: Naoi Satoshi , Komeichi Masatoshi , Ohta Yoshiyuki , Ozaki Tohru , Sasaki Shigeru , Gotoh Toshiyuki , Yoshida Masumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the system “IDATEN,” which can process color dynamic images at the video rate. The pipeline architecture, which has previously been presented, has a high potential for high‐speed image processing. However, a problem in this architecture is the lack of flexibility since processors are connected in cascade.To cope with this problem, the authors have devised a “reconfigurable pipeline,” where high‐speed processors can be connected by a network in a flexible way. This flexible architecture utilizes a control mechanism to synchronize the image processing to the start of the frame, a color dynamic image processor, and hardware which sends control instructions simultaneously to the RGB processors.A basic software system also is developed which provides convenient control of IDATEN while maintaining the hardware functions. The software allows the user to specify the connections among the processors, set the parameters of the processors, and read or update the image memory and the result of operation of the feature variables at a high speed. The high speed and flexibility of IDATEN is verified by experiment.
The State and Khomeini's Islamic Order
Authors: Arjomand Said Amir 
Published: July 2007

The Iraqi invasion of southwestern Iran on September 22, 1980, appears to have halted, though not reversed, one of the most intriguing experiments in modern history: Khomeini's attempt to create a Shi'ite theocracy in which the state is totally subordinated to the clergy and its powers are drastically circumscribed. What follows is an analysis of the theoretical foundations of this attempt, and of the way it has been carried out in practice.In the chapter of Economy and Society devoted to the analysis of the church-state problem, Weber states:Whenever hierocratic charisma is stronger than political authority it seeks to degrade it, if it does not appropriate it outright. Since political power claims a competing charisma of its own, it may be made to appear as the work of Satan.The precondition for the strength of hierocratic charisma is its autonomy, an autonomy which the world religions of salvation grant in principle but which does not always find adequate institutional translation.
THE FORTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES WITH THIAMIN — AN UPDATE
Authors: Price John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrice and Theodoros1 supported Centrewall and Criqui's assertion2 that there might be merit in fortifying alcoholic beverages with thiamin. This measure was designed to prevent the development of Wernicke's encephalopathy, a condition strongly associated with acute thiamin deficiency in alcoholics. It was found that in the critical period prior to the development of Wernicke's encephalopathy, alcoholics virtually stop eating. Price and Theodoros were hampered by the incompleteness of data, a problem which bedevils research into the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome because of the short‐term memory impairment which is a cardinal feature of this condition. In one‐half of the cases reliable information could be obtained and it was established that in half of them beer was part or all that was consumed during the critical period. On this basis, and after an examination of the problems of such a proposal, a trial of the fortification of beer as a preventive measure was recommended.Whether this might work in practice in reducing the substantial problem of the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome in Australia, will require a baseline study of incidence, followed by a pilot study. No such studies have yet been carried out. The present update presents additional data relating to several aspects of the fortification proposal which have accrued over the last three years.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL‐INDUCED LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Saunders J.B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough there is an overall relationship between cumulative alcohol intake and the severity of alcohol‐related liver damage, there is considerable variation in individual susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effects of alcohol. In this review I shall discuss what factors appear to influence susceptibility.Women develop liver disease after a shorter period of excessive drinking and at a lower alcohol intake than men. This is partly related to differences in body size and composition between the sexes which result in women having preportionately higher blood alcohol levels than men after a standard drink; this probably explains why women are more susceptible to a variety of alcohol‐related problems. Other genetic determinants of susceptibility have until recently proved elusive, but certain HLA types, such as HLA‐B8, have been shown to increase the risk of chronic liver damage by up to 50%. No genetic variations in the enzymes responsible for alcohol metabolism have been definitely associated with predisposition to liver damage. The more severe lesions — alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis — are more common in regular daily drinkers compared with intermittent or ‘qbinge’ drinkers and in moderately dependent patients compared with those who have severe alcohol‐withdrawal symptoms. No exogenous agents such as hepatitis viruses of chemicals have yet been shown to contribute to the development of any of the morphological abnormalities of alcoholic liver disease.At the present time there is insufficient information for us to be able to tailor our advice about drinking to the individual patient. We recommend that men should on no account drink more than 80 g alcohol per day and that women should keep below half this amount. People whose intakes approach these amounts should have two alcohol‐free days every week. In the future it may be possible to screen specifically for markers of susceptibility to liver damage in populations known to be at risk of alcohol problems.
THE ADDICTIVE PERSONALITY: A MYTH
Authors: POLS R.G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe history of the development of the concept is outlined.Recent prospective data is inconsistent with retrospective and cross‐sectional studies and leads to the conclusion that the addictive personality is a myth.The lessons from the concept include: a better understanding of reasons for drinking; the notion of unmet dependency needs and the importance of social support.The management of dependency is discussed.
SHOULD WE EVALUATE ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAMMES IN AUSTRALIA, AND IF SO, HOW?
Authors: SMITH D.I. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe various alcohol treatment evaluation studies which have been conducted in Australia are briefly reviewed. Next it is asserted that we should only evaluate programmes in Australia if the content of the programme is different to that of the many overseas programmes evaluated and if there is reason to believe that the Australian programme is having a beneficial effect. Seven methodological issues whiich are encountered during evaluation studies are then considered, together with the industrial relations aspect of such research.
Assessing Deaths from Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Drew L.R.H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reliability of ABS figures for deaths from alcoholic liver disease was tested by investigating all deaths from chronic liver disease in the A.C.T. in the years 1979 to 1983. Significant under reporting of the role of alcohol was discovered. However, any simple function of the number of deaths from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is also unreliable. Allowance must be made for changes in age structure of the population. A formula to estimate deaths from alcoholic liver disease is proposed.
The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A Follow‐Up Study in Alcoholics With and Without Neurological Disease
Authors: Jackson M. , Fox G.A. , Waugh M. , Tuck R.R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) was used to detect abnormalities of memory and learning in 41 heavy drinkers (median daily consumption, 170g). Results were compared with those obtained in 13 age‐matched control subjects (median daily alcohol consumption, 30g). Recall of the 15‐word list of the RAVLT was significantly decreased in all 5 trials in the heavy drinkers. Those without clinical signs of alcohol‐related neurological illness had significantly better scores than those with signs, but performed significantly worse than the control subjects. Patients with Korsakoff's psychosis obtained very low scores on the RAVLT. Those without Korsakoff's psychosis had significantly lower scores than the controls. The patients were re‐tested after a mean interval of 10 months during which 23 were abstinent and 18 continued to drink. Scores obtained in the RAVLT did not change significantly in either group.We conclude that memory and learning may be impaired in heavy drinkers before clinical signs of neurological disease are evident, and that there is a spectrum of memory loss, one extreme of which is Korsakoff's psychosis. Impaired learning and memory do not improve after abstinence for 10 months.
Regulation of Microvascular Thromboembolism In Vivo
Authors: OUDE EGBRINK MIRJAM G. A. , VAN GESTEL MIRIAM A. , BROEDERS MARTIJN A. W. , TANGELDER GEERT JAN , HEEMSKERK JOHAN M. W. , RENEMAN ROBERT S. , SLAAF DICK W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAtherothrombosis and embolization are main causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. To optimize treatment, better understanding of the factors involved in thromboembolism in vivo is needed. The course and outcome of a thromboembolic process are determined by the local balance between anti and prothrombotic factors. In healthy vessels, endothelial antithrombotic properties prevent blood platelets from interacting with the vessel wall. Upon vessel wall damage or endothelial activation, however, prothrombotic factors temporarily overrule the antithrombotic factors, leading to thrombus formation and embolization. According to this concept, thromboembolism ends when the balance is restored. Animal models on microvascular thromboembolism have provided evidence that the endothelium is eminently involved in the regulation of thromboembolism, and that shear forces are an important determinant of endothelial function. Therefore, in this review focus is on the endothelial regulation of platelet‐vessel wall interactions during thromboembolism in vivo. Anti‐ and prothrombotic properties of vascular endothelium will be discussed, paying special attention to the endothelium‐derived platelet inhibiting substances nitiric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGl2) and to differences between arteriolar and venular endothelium. In addition, the involvement of shear forces in microvascular thromboembolic processes in vivo will be described.
Differential Effects of Oxidative Stress on Hepatic Endothelial and Kupffer Cell Eicosanoid Release in Response to Endothelin‐1
Authors: KARAA AMEL , KAMOUN WALID S. , XU HONG , ZHANG JAIN , CLEMENS MARK G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObjective: The vasoconstrictor endothelin‐1 can induce vasomodulators release like nitric oxide in the liver. Here the authors explored whether endothelin‐1 can stimulate endothelial and Kupffer cells release of other vasomodulators under normal and stress conditions.Methods: Cells were cultured for 24 h and treated with H2O2 (25 μM) for 6 h and subsequently with endothelin‐1 (10 nM) for 10 min. Eicosanoid release was assessed in the media by enzyme immunoassay.Results: Endothelin‐1 mediated cPLA2 phosphorylation and increased prostaglandin (PG) I2, PGE2 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) release in endothelial cells while it only increased TXA2 in Kupffer cells. H2O2 significantly increased PGI2, PGE2 and TXA2 in endothelial cells through an upregulation of cyclooxygenase‐2, thromboxane synthase A2, and phosphorylation of cPLA2. Endothelin‐1‐induced PGI2, PGE2, and TXA2 release in endothelial cells were inhibited by H2O2 correlating with the absence of further cPLA2 phosphorylation. In Kupffer cells, H2O2 only increased TXA2 synthesis and further endothelin‐1 stimulation of TXA2 was possible through a higher increase in cPLA2.Conclusion: These results indicate that under normal conditions endothelial cells play a pivotal role in liver microcirculation regulation. Oxidative stress not only disrupts the basal balance of vasomodulators in the liver but also affects endothelin‐1‐induced effects in both Kupffer cells and endothelial cells.
Understanding emotions in context: the effects of language impairment on children's ability to infer emotional reactions
Authors: Spackman Matthew P. , Fujiki Martin , Brinton Bonnie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Research indicates children with language impairment (LI) may experience social deficits extending beyond those expected due to their language deficits. In particular, it has been found that children with LI have difficulty with various aspects of emotional competence. One aspect of emotional competence is emotion understanding, which includes the ability to infer the emotions of oneself and others from social context.Aims: To examine the ability of children with LI to infer the emotions elicited by specific social situations.Methods & Procedures: Participants were presented with short scenarios in which the main character, Chris, was exposed to a situation that would be expected to elicit anger, fear, happiness or sadness. Children were then asked to indicate what emotion Chris experienced. Following selected scenarios, children were asked to talk about the emotions they associated with some of the scenarios. They were first asked why the character would feel a particular emotion (e.g. Why did Chris feel happy?) and then asked for a description of how the particular emotion would feel (e.g. How does it feel inside to be happy?).Outcomes & Results: Both groups of children identified happiness most accurately, followed by sadness, fear and anger. Older children were significantly more accurate than younger children, and typically developing children were significantly more accurate than children with LI. Children with LI were less sophisticated in their descriptions of emotion than were typical children.Conclusions: It is suggested that clinical interventions for children with LI should include activities designed to enrich children's emotion understanding, giving them opportunities to develop skills they may not acquire otherwise.
Butachlor impact on protein, free amino acid and glutamine contents, and on activity levels of aminotransferases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in the fresh water snail, Pila globosa (Swainson)
Authors: Rajyalakshmi T. , Srinivas T. , Swamy K. V. , Mohan P. Murali 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiochemical changes followed in the freshwater snail Pila globosa (Swainson) during exposure to sublethal concentrations of the herbicide butachlor (26.6 ppm) in the ambient medium, at 3,6,12,24 and 48 h intervals, were marked by a significant decrease in total and soluble proteins, and an increase in free amino acids in foot and hepatopancreas up to 12 h before gradually recovering. Aminotransferase activities and glutamine content decreased during the early periods of exposure, while glutamate dehydrogenase activity increased. After an intial elevation, glutamate synthetase activity decreased at later intervals. Maximum effect of butachlor on the enzymes was seen after 12 h exposure. The extent of increase or decrease in different parameters examined varied between the two tissues studied. These changes are discussed in relation to the toxic stress of butachlor.
Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation by baicalein: A possible formation of an iron‐baicalein complex
Authors: Gao Dayuan , Sakurai Koichi , Katoh Mika , Chen Jimin , Ogiso Taketo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBaicalein decreased the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, the rate of oxygen consumption and iron reduction in the reaction system of ascorbic acid with FeCl3. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and hydroxyl radical scavengers had no significant effect. Ironchelators had an inhibitory effect similar to that of baicalein. The production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of baicalein‐treated microsomes obtained by centrifugation after incubation with baicalein was not observed in the reaction system, but was stimulated by adding iron with increases in concentration. The amount of bound iron to microsomal membranes increased by increasing both the concentration of baicalein and iron. The amount of baicalein bound to microsomal membranes increased with increasing concentration of added baicalein. These results suggest that baicalein bound to microsomal membranes inhibits lipid peroxidation by formating an iron‐baicalein complex.
Formation of homo‐and heterooligomeric supramolecular structures by D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in reversed micelles of aerosol ot in octane
Authors: Levashov A. V. , Ugolnikova A. V. , Ivanov M. V. , Klyachko N. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe supramolecular structure of oligomeric enzymes can be specifically regulated by changing the size of an inner cavity of Aerosol OT reversed micelles in octane. Both D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reveal an ability to exist and function in monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms (homooligomers). Various heterooligomeric complexes, in particular, GAPDH monomer ‐ LDH monomer, GAPDH dimer ‐ LDH tetramer were detected in reversed micelles.
Cloning and expression of a Clostridium thermocellum xylanase gene in Escherichia coli
Authors: Jung Kyung Hwa , Lee Kang Moon , Kim Hoon , Yoon Ki‐Hong , Park Seung‐Hwan , Pack Moo Young 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA Clostridium thermocellum xylanase gene, designated xynX, was cloned in Escherichia coli and was catagorized a novel gene as a result of the comparison of restriction patterns of the C. thermocellum xylanase genes so far reported. The xynX gene encodes a xylanase having the molecular weight of 105 kilodaltons. A number of smaller truncated proteins with activities towards 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐d‐cellobioside and xylan were also produced. The enzyme hydrolyzed xylan to xylo‐oligosaccharide, indicating typical activity of endo‐β‐1,4‐xylanase. This endoxylanase hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose without notable reduction of the viscosity as an exo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase, even though the enzyme exhibited very low levels of activity against other soluble and insoluble cellulosic substrates.
Structural factors affect the interactions of anticardiotoxin antibodies and cobra venom cardiotoxins
Authors: Chang Long‐sen , Lo Yen‐ren , Lin Shinne‐ren 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo antibody preparations against cardiotoxins were raised by immunizing rabbits with cardiotoxin 1 and cardiotoxin 3, respectively. The two antibody preparations showed precipitin reactions with cardiotoxins 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. However, the results of competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay revealed that the respective cardiotoxin molecules exhibited different reactivity toward anticardiotoxin antibodies. Moreover, the order of reactivity with antibodies was not in line with the degree of their sequence identity. This suggest that the anticardiotoxin antibodies may recognize conformational epitopes rather than sequential ones in the toxin molecules. Alternatively, the four cardiotoxins reacted well with the antibodies in the absence of competitor, suggesting that sequence variations with cardiotoxin molecules may not exclusively influence the potential use of the anticardiotoxin antibodies for the neutralization of the activity of cardiotoxin variants.
Nucleotide sequence and intergeminiviral homologies of the DNA‐A of papaya leaf curl geminivirus from India
Authors: Saxena Sangeeta , Hallan Vipin , Singh B. P. , Sane P. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCoat protein gene, rep protein gene and intergenic region of the genome of a whitefly transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing severe leaf curl in papaya plants were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the putative coat protein product of papaya leaf curl virus (PLCV) with some other mona and bipartite WTGs revealed a maximum of 89.8% homology with Indian cassava mosaic virus. The genomic organization of PLCV‐India is similar to other WTGs with bipartite genomes. Comparison of the coat protein N‐terminal 70 amino acid sequence (and other biological features) of PLCV with other geminiviruses shows that PLCV is a distinct geminivirus from India and is related to WTGs from the old world.
Purification and characterization of the tyrosinase isozymes of pine needles
Authors: Kong Kwang‐Hoon , Lee Jong‐Liong , Park Hee‐Joong , Cho Sung‐Hye 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree tyrosinase isozymes were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from pine needles. The molecular weight of the three isozymes (P1, P2 and P3) were approximately 65000, 50000 and 45000, and the pI values were 6.2, 5.9 and 5.3, respectively. The three isozymes have a number of common properties. These include amino acid composition, substrate specificity, response to inhibition. The amino acid compositions of the three isozymes showed the characteristic high contents of glycine, serine and glutamic acid residues. The three isozymes exhibited high substrate specificity towards pyrogallol. The Km values of the three isozymes for L‐DOPA ranged from 8.7 to 10 raM. L‐ascorbic acid and β‐mercaptoethanol, glutathione and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate notably inhibited the enzymatic activities.
Inhibition studies on membrane adenosine deaminase from human placenta
Authors: Lupidi G. , Marmocchi F. , Cristalli G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ecto form of adenosine deaminase isolated from human placental membrane was tested towards its sensitivity against adenosine deaminase inhibitors, such as aza and deaza analogues of adenosine and erythro‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐nonyl)adenine (EHNA). Ki values of the inhibitors observed were similar to these obtained for the small form of adenosine deaminase purified from human erythrocytes, indicating that the presence of the binding protein on placental adenosine deaminase does not produce alteration in the binding of these inhibitors on the enzyme active site. The inhibition rate of 2′‐deoxycoformycin, one of the most potent ADA inhibitors is affected by the presence of the binding protein on human placental adenosine deaminase, that probably modulates the rearrangment of the active site produced by the binding with this tight‐binding inhibitor.