bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas leakage and the laryngeal mask airway: A comparison with the tracheal tube and facemask during spontaneous ventilation using a circle breathing system
Authors: CAMERON A. E. , SIEVERT J. , ASBURY A. J. , JACKSON R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe ability of the laryngeal mask airway, tracheal tube and facemask to provide a leak free seal in a clinical setting was assessed by measuring the minimal fresh gas flows needed in a closed circle system during spontaneous ventilation on 60 subjects. The fresh gas flow was reduced until no spillage occurred from the pop‐off valve. This fresh gas flow was taken to represent the sum of gas uptake by the subject and gas leakage from the circuit. The median fresh gas flow after 20 minutes was 350 ml. min−1 in the laryngeal mask airway group, 350 ml. min−1 in the tracheal tube group and 450 ml. min−1 in the facemask group. The fresh gas flow required for the facemask group was significantly higher than that for the laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube groups (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the fresh gas flows required for the tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway groups. We conclude that the laryngeal mask airway provides as good a gas tight seal as a tracheal tube in this context and would be of benefit in reducing anaesthetic gas pollution.
A laboratory assessment of oxygen delivery from a portable chemical generator
Authors: MURRAY W. B. , Bhimsan N. R. , Rout C. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA simple portable chemical oxygen generator was tested in the laboratory. The device is designed for use by the public as an oxygen supply until an emergency team arrives with appropriate oxygen cylinders. The generator was found to supply a mean (SD) flow of oxygen of 3.6 (0.01) 1.min−1 for 12.5 (range 12.4–12.6) min. The mean (SD) total volume of oxygen produced was 47 (0.17) 1. The supplied oxygen mask was a variable performance type with the problems and limitations inherent in this design; an oxygen flow of 8 l.min ‘is required to provide 40% oxygen and most of the oxygen is wasted and not available to the patient. This poses a serious limitation to any device which has a limited capability (inflow and/or total volume) for producing oxygen.
Use of a neonatal noninvasive blood pressure module on adult patients
Authors: GREEN D. W. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA clinical and statistical comparison of systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures was made between a non‐invasive technique using a neonatal oscillometric blood pressure monitor attached to the thumb versus an invasive technique using a catheter inserted into the ipsilateral radial artery in 18 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for major surgery. In 1258 readings, the mean differences between the pressures obtained (invasive versus non‐invasive) were + 9.1–7.9, and—0.7 mmHg for systolic, diastolic and mean pressures respectively. Oscillometric blood pressure measurement using the thumb appears to be an acceptable method for monitoring blood pressure during anaesthesia and has advantages over conventional cuff placement on the upper arm.
Hypotension, subarachnoid block and the elderly patient
Authors: CRITCHLEY L. A. H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis article reviews the current literature on the management of hypotension during subarachnoid block in the elderly. Hypotension results from blockade of the sympathetic nervous system, which causes decreases in both systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output. Abolition of normal cardiovascular reflexes is also important and may explain unexpected cardiac arrests during subarachnoid block. Untreated block in the elderly results in decreases in systolic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure. Cardiac output appears not to decrease as has been previously reported and heart rate is affected by several different factors. Preload to the heart should be maintained during block by giving adequate intravenous fluids and 8 ml. kg−1 is satisfactory in most cases. Adequate preloading prevents decreases in cardiac output and unexpected cardiac arrests. In this respect, mild head down tilt is also beneficial. Ideally, intravenous fluid should be given as the block is developing. Excessive fluid administration serves no useful purpose and can cause fluid overload and urinary retention. If systolic arterial pressure decreases by more than 25%, or to below 90 mmHg, treatment with a vasopressor is indicated. The efficacy of ephedrine has recently been questioned, as it is a poor vasoconstrictor and inotrope in the elderly. The α‐adrenoceptor agonists may prove a more logical choice, because they increase both peripheral resistance and preload. Metaraminol by infusion (< 10 ml.h−1 of 10 mg in 20ml) has been used successfully, though hypertension can occur.
Asystole from tetanic stimulation of the accessory nerve
Authors: Scott P. V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAn asystolic cardiac arrest is reported which occurred at the same time as supramaximal tetanic stimulation over the accessory nerve in order to evoke contractions in the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cause may have been the inadvertent stimulation of one or more of the cranial nerves of the carotid sheath at the base of the skull: the cranial root of the accessory nerve, the vagus, the sino‐carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve or the hypoglossal nerve. The most likely culprit, if not the vagus itself, was the cranial root of the accessory nerve which both functionally and anatomically should be seen as an integral part of the vagus. It is suggested that stimulation of any nerve in the carotid sheath should be approached with caution and that a tetanic stimulus to this area might best be avoided.
Pain following craniotomy: a preliminary study comparing PCA morphine with intramuscular codeine phosphate
Authors: Stoneham M. D. , Cooper R. , Quiney N. F. , Walters F. J. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have performed a prospective randomised trial of 30 patients undergoing craniotomy to compare intramuscular codeine phosphate with patient‐controlled analgesia using morphine 1 mg bolus with a 10‐min lockout and no background infusion. For 24 h postoperatively, pain, nausea, Glasgow coma score, respiratory rate and sedation score were assessed. There was a wide variation in the amounts of morphine requested by the patients in the patient‐controlled analgesia group in the first 24 h postoperatively (range 2–79 mg, median 17 mg). There was a small, but non‐significant, reduction in pain scores in the patient‐controlled analgesia group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in respect of nausea and vomiting, sedation score or respiratory rate. No major adverse effects were noted in either group. Patient‐controlled analgesia with morphine is an alternative to intramuscular codeine phosphate in neurosurgical patients which merits further investigation.
IgG‐mediated immunosuppression is not dependent on erythrocyte clearance or immunological evasion: implications for the mechanism of action of anti‐D in the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn?
Authors: Brinc Davor , Le‐Tien Hoang , Crow Andrew R. , Freedman John , Lazarus Alan H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryHaemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can be prevented by the passive administration of anti‐D to the mother. The most accepted theory to describe this activity of anti‐D is based upon its ability to clear opsonized erythrocytes before their recognition by the maternal immune system. We examined this hypothesis using a murine model of immunity to foreign erythrocytes. Whereas transfusion of foreign erythrocytes into mice induced immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies specific for the erythrocytes, these humoral immune responses were inhibited when the erythrocytes were opsonized with IgG. To specifically determine if immunological evasion occurs with these opsonized erythrocytes, we examined T‐cell responses from these mice. An erythrocyte‐specific T‐cell response was clearly detected. We then tested whether phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes is sufficient to prevent the antibody response. We exposed mononuclear phagocytic cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro and then adoptively transferred the phagocytic cells to recipient mice; opsonized SRBC unexpectedly increased, rather than decreased, the antibody response. These data indicate that removal of opsonized erythrocytes by phagocytic cells does not prevent their immunological recognition and suggest that antigen clearance may not be the predominant mechanism of anti‐erythrocyte action in downregulating the humoral immune response.
Systematic review of high dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: what is the published evidence?
Authors: Kharfan‐Dabaja Mohamed A. , Kumar Ambuj , Behera Madhusmita , Djulbegovic Benjamin 
Published: September 2007

SummaryDespite improved responses, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) remains incurable with conventional chemotherapy. Patients with poor‐risk factors or who fail conventional chemoimmunotherapy are offered autografts, preferably after achieving remission. This report presents the totality of evidence through a systematic review that assessed the efficacy of autografts in CLL. A search of MEDLINE databases from 1966–2006 and hand‐search of references identified 82 prospective‐randomized, non‐randomized comparisons or single‐arm trials, of which only nine met our inclusion criteria: two trials were funded by public/government, one by private foundations, one jointly by private/public, and was unclear in five. No randomized controlled trials comparing autografts versus conventional chemotherapy (or chemoimmunotherapy) were found. Six studies were single‐arm and three were non‐randomized with a control‐arm (autologous versus allogeneic). Overall, 361 patients were enrolled, but only 292 were transplanted. Transplant‐related mortality ranged from 0% to 9%. Complete responses ranged from 74% to 100% and molecular responses ranged from 57% to 88%. Overall survival ranged from 68% at 3 years to 58% at 6 years. It is uncertain whether autograft is superior to conventional therapy. The high incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (9–12%) is particularly concerning in CLL, where median survival is 9 years.
The human leucocyte antigen‐G 14‐basepair polymorphism correlates with graft‐versus‐host disease in unrelated bone marrow transplantation for thalassaemia
Authors: La Nasa Giorgio , Littera Roberto , Locatelli Franco , Lai Sara , Alba Francesco , Caocci Giovanni , Lisini Daniela , Nesci Sonia , Vacca Adriana , Piras Eugenia , Bernardo Maria Ester , Cesare‐Merlone Alessandra Di , Orrù Sandro , Carcassi Carlo 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe presence of the 14‐bp insertion polymorphism of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G gene (HLA‐G) promotes immune tolerance through increased synthesis of HLA‐G molecules. We investigated this polymorphism in a large cohort of 53 thalassaemia patients transplanted from an unrelated donor. Sixteen patients (30·2%) homozygous for the 14‐bp deletion had a higher risk of developing acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGvHD) than patients homozygous for the 14‐bp insertion (−14‐bp/−14‐bp vs +14‐bp/+14‐bp: Relative Risk = 15·0; 95% confidence interval 1·59–141·24; P = 0·008). Therefore, the 14‐bp polymorphism could be an important predictive factor for aGvHD following bone marrow transplantation.
Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations
Authors: Pomp Elisabeth R. , Le Cessie Saskia , Rosendaal Frits R. , Doggen Carine J. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of risk factors for venous thrombosis (MEGA study), body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated as risk factors. Additionally, the joint effect of obesity together with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations on the risk of venous thrombosis were analysed. Three‐thousand eight‐hundred and thirty‐four patients with a first venous thrombosis and 4683 control subjects were included, all non‐pregnant and without active malignancies. Relative to those with a normal BMI (<25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI ≥ 25 and BMI < 30 kg/m2) increased the risk of venous thrombosis 1·7‐fold [odds ratio (OR)adj(age and sex) 1·70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·55–1·87] and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) 2·4‐fold (ORadj 2·44, 95% CI 2·15–2·78). An increase in body weight and body height also individually increased thrombotic risk. Obese women who used oral contraceptives had a 24‐fold higher thrombotic risk (ORadj 23·78, 95% CI 13·35–42·34) than women with a normal BMI who did not use oral contraceptives. Relative to non‐carriers of normal BMI, the joint effect of factor V Leiden and obesity led to a 7·9‐fold increased risk (ORadj 7·86, 95% CI 4·70–13·15); for prothrombin 20210A this was a 6·6‐fold increased risk (ORadj 6·58, 95% CI 2·31–18·69). Body height, weight and obesity increase the risk of venous thrombosis, especially obesity in women using oral contraceptives.
Quality of life in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an international survey of 1482 patients
Authors: Shanafelt Tait D. , Bowen Deborah , Venkat Chaya , Slager Susan L. , Zent Clive S. , Kay Neil E. , Reinalda Megan , Sloan Jeff A. , Call Timothy G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAlthough a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can have a profound effect on the quality of life (QOL), few studies have objectively measured the QOL of CLL patients or compared it to the general population. We conducted an international, web‐based survey of patients with CLL using standardized instruments with published population norms to evaluate fatigue and QOL. Co‐morbid health conditions were assessed using the Charlson Co‐Morbidity Index. Between June and October 2006, 1482 patients with CLL responded to the survey. The physical, social/family, functional, and overall QOL scores of CLL patients were similar to or better than published population norms. In contrast, the emotional well‐being scores of CLL patients were dramatically lower than that of both the general population (P < 0·001) and patients with other types of cancer (P < 0·001). QOL scores were lower among individuals with advanced stage disease (all P < 0·05). Factors associated with lower overall QOL on multivariate analysis included older age, greater fatigue, severity of co‐morbid health conditions, and current treatment. CLL has a profound impact on QOL at all disease stages. The effects of CLL on QOL appear to differ from that of other malignancies with a more marked impact on emotional QOL. Research identifying efficacious psycho‐oncologic support interventions for patients with CLL is needed.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 modulates c‐Kit expression and differentiation potential in murine embryonic aorta‐gonad‐mesonephros haematopoiesis in vitro
Authors: Marshall Caroline J. , Sinclair Joanna C. , Thrasher Adrian J. , Kinnon Christine 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe transforming growth factor‐β‐related factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is expressed in the human embryonic aorta‐gonad‐mesonephros (AGM) coincident with the emergence of haematopoietic cells and influences postnatal mammalian haematopoietic stem cells in vitro. To investigate the role of BMP4 in mammalian embryonic haematopoiesis, cells were isolated from murine AGM and two populations of CD34+ cells with different levels of c‐Kit expression and multipotency were identified. CD34+/c‐Kithigh cells express CD45 and are haematopoietic‐restricted progenitors. In contrast, CD34+/c‐Kitlow cells are Flk1+/CD45neg and generate adherent colonies in ex vivo culture that resemble haemangioblast colonies identified in other systems. The addition of BMP4 to AGM cells resulted in expansion of the CD34+/c‐Kitlow cell pool within 48 h, via a combination of down modulation of the c‐Kit receptor in CD34+/c‐Kithigh cells and proliferation. In long‐term culture, BMP4 increased the growth/survival of CD34+/c‐Kithigh haematopoietic progenitors, effects that were blocked by BMP inhibitors. CD34+/c‐Kithigh progenitors cultured with BMP4 also generated adherent colonies typical of c‐Kitlow cells. These results suggest that BMP4 regulates c‐Kit expression and differentiation potential in CD34+ AGM cells and supports a role for BMP signalling in the maintenance of multipotency during embryonic haematopoiesis, providing an insight into stem cell homeostasis within the mammalian haematopoietic niche.
Molecular identification of a begomovirus causing yellow vein disease on Calendula officinalis in India
Authors: Khan A. A. , Khan M. S. , Raj S. K. , Naqvi Q. A. 
Published: September 2007

A whitefly transmitted begomovirus was detected by PCR using begomovirus‐specific primers from naturally infected Calendula officinalis plants showing yellow vein disease symptoms. An approximately 800 bp PCR amplicon was cloned and sequenced to identify the species of the virus isolate. Analysis of nucleotide sequence data resulted in its identification as the complete coat protein gene open reading frame (CP ORF) of 771 bp, which encoded 256 amino acid residues. The coat protein of the virus isolate shared maximum identities of 96–97% with four strains of Tobacco curly shoot virus (ToCSV) and an Ageratum enation virus (AgEV) during BLAST analysis of sequence data. Nucleotide‐ and amino acid‐based phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relationship of the isolate with ToCSV strains, therefore it has been identified as an isolate of ToCSV and C. officinalis is considered to be a new host of ToCSV begomovirus. Association of a DNA‐β molecule with the virus isolate was also detected by PCR and Southern hybridization tests using DNA‐β specific primers and probe.
IT applications in Hungarian plant protection and soil conservation, focusing on GIS*
Authors: Szabó L. , Dancsházy Z. 
Published: September 2007

In Hungary, plant protection and soil conservation are not only believed to be closely related, but are managed in a single, nationwide Service. GIS is used to assist the Service in organising this joint activity by:

establishing the infrastructure suitable for coordinating different kinds of data collection, GIS processing, transfer and publication of such data
improving the staff capacity by providing training and technical assistance in using GIS, capturing field data, navigating and using thematic maps
creating a simple and interactive interface for accessing geographic data produced from activities of controlling use of plant protection products, in plant health, in controlling weeds and in soil conservation
providing guidance for designing, monitoring and assessing the impact of particular programmes (e.g. implementing nitrate and sewage sludge directives, ragweed eradication, survey and monitoring for quarantine and other economically important pests)
establishing an Agro‐environmental Information and Monitoring System to support environmentally friendly farming.

The Service operates one nationwide and six regional GIS centres. Databases are now tested and operated for the Intranet. Interactive maps are planned to be publicly accessible through a map server from 2007.
Downy mildew outbreaks on grapevine under climate change: elaboration and application of an empirical‐statistical model*
Authors: Salinari F. , Giosuè S. , Rossi V. , Tubiello F. N. , Rosenzweig C. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: September 2007

The global climate is changing. Much research has already been carried out to assess the potential impacts of climate change on plant physiology. However, effects on plant disease have not yet been deeply studied. In this paper, an empirical disease model for primary infection of downy mildew on grapevine was elaborated and used to project future disease dynamics under climate change. The disease model was run under the outputs of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and future scenarios of downy mildew primary outbreaks were generated at several sites all over the word for three future dates: 2030, 2050, 2080. Results suggested a potential general advance of first disease outbreaks, both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, for all three future decades considered. The advance is predicted to be from about a minimum of one day in South Africa in 2030 to a maximum of 28 days in Chile and China in 2080. The advance in the outbreak time could lead to more severe infections, due to the polycyclic nature of the pathogen. Therefore, changes in the timing and frequency of fungicide treatments could be expected in the future, with a possible increase in the costs of disease management.
Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic disease is caused by two distinct begomoviruses: complete viral sequences and comparative transmission by an indigenous Bemisia tabaci and the introduced B‐biotype
Authors: Maruthi M. N. , Rekha A. R. , Muniyappa V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPumpkin yellow vein mosaic disease (PYVMD) causes significant damage to pumpkin production throughout India. A begomovirus causing PYVMD in South India was characterized recently but the nature of virus causing the disease in North India was not known. Samples of PYVMD were obtained from North India and two putative begomoviruses were PCR‐amplified and sequenced. Comparison of complete DNA‐A sequences indicated that PYVMD in North and South India were caused by two distinct begomoviruses and shared only approximately 88% DNA‐A nucleotide identity. The South Indian isolate was most closely related to Squash leaf curl China virus between 91 and 96% identities, and the two North Indian isolates to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus between 94 and 96% identities. The South Indian isolate was previously shown to be transmitted by the indigenous biotype of Bemisia tabaci, however, the situation has since changed with the introduction of the B‐biotype to South India in 1999. Comparative transmission experiments between the indigenous biotype v/s the introduced B‐biotype for the time required for virus acquisition (30 min v/s 15 min), inoculation (15 min v/s 10 min) and incubation (30 min v/s 4 h) have indicated that the B‐biotype transmits the virus quickly and more efficiently than the indigenous biotype. An epidemic of PYVMD was recorded for the first time in South India in 2004 with disease incidences of up to 100% and significant yield losses. This may be due to a combination of several factors including the large numbers of B‐biotype populations, the ability of the B‐biotype to transmit the virus efficiently and the cultivation of susceptible varieties. These possibilities and the threat to pumpkin cultivation associated with the spread of the B‐biotype in India are discussed.
SIMBLIGHT1 – a new model to predict first occurrence of potato late blight*
Authors: Kleinhenz Benno , Falke Kristina , Kakau Joachim , Rossberg Dietmar 
Published: September 2007

Prediction of the first occurrence of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) given by the SIMPHYT1 model, which has been used for about 20 years, has not been found satisfactory in years with high soil moisture. Consequently, a new model, SIMBLIGHT1, has been developed. As input parameters SIMBLIGHT1 requires temperature, relative humidity and information on soil moisture, crop prevalence and cultivar susceptibility. SIMBLIGHT1 calculates a cumulative risk index for several groups of emergence dates and signals the start of the epidemic once a given threshold is overridden. Model validation and comparison of SIMBLIGHT1 with SIMPHYT1 were performed with field data from 11 years. Results were promising and SIMBLIGHT1 gave better results than SIMPHYT1 when soils of potato fields were waterlogged. Efforts are currently being made to improve SIMBLIGHT1 and in the long term this model will replace SIMPHYT1.