bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LEPTOSPIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Faine S , Shahar A , Aronson M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMacrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes phagocytosed Leptospita icterohaemorrhagiae in tissue culture. No differences were observed between the activities of phagocytes from guinea‐pigs (highly susceptible to infection with the strain of leptospira used), mice (moderately susceptible) or rabbits (resistant), nor between phagocytes from mimmunized and unimminized animals. Preliminary opsonization increased the initial rate of phagocytosis. Similar results were obtained in mouse peritoneal cavities. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity or of intracullular survival of leptospirae. It is unlikely that virulence or non‐specific resistance to infection is determined by phagocytosis; specific resistance is mediated by antibody insofar as it enhances phagocytosis by opsonization and agglutination.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THYMIC FUNCTION IN NZB MICE AND THE F1 HYBRIDS WITH C3H
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

Summary(1) Complete thymectomy in NZB mice in the first few days of life results in death of about 60 per cent over the period 45–250 days.(2) Surviving mice show only a moderato 2–3 months′ delay in developing n positive Coombs test. This is also seen when thymectotny is done at 4–8 weeks of age.(3) Isologous thymic grafts to neonatally thymectomized NZB mice develop germinal centres in normal fashion.(4) Isologous thymus grafts to intact 4–8 week NZB mice show excessive development of lesions in a high proportion of females, and, in grafts to older mice already Coombs positive, the appearance of lesions in the grafts is accelerated.(5) Grafting of NZB spleen or thymus to F1 (NZB × C3H) hybrids produced no acceleration of Coombs conversion. There was a positive correlation of the intensity of lesions in host thymus and graft.(6) The findings are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that the cells responsible for autoimmune manifestations arise by somatic mutation.
THE EFFECT OF A RADIO‐PROTECTIVE DRUG (S‐(2‐AMINO ETHYL) THIURONIUM BROMIDE HYDRO‐ BROMIDE), UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS AND METABOLISM OF THE INTACT DOG
Authors: Maxwell GM , Kneebone GM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe cardiovascular effects of a radioprotective drug (S‐(2‐amino‐ethyl) thiuronium bromide hydrobromide) were investigated in intact dogs. This substance decreases cardiac output and increases systemic pressure and resistances. Coronary flow is decreased, cardiac oxygen extraction is increased, and cardiac efficiency maintained.
INSULIN AND MYELOSCHISIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: van Dongen Robert 
Published: December 2007

SummaryInjections of various insulin doses were made in two series of eggs—at the 24‐ and 48‐hour stage of development respectively. The insulin was introduced directly into or very near to the subgenninal cavity.In the 24‐hour series, the main abnormalities encountered were rumplessness, microphthalmia and myeloschisis. All but myeloschisis occur just as frequently in control eggs injected with distilled water. Raising the dose from 1/100 to 1/20 units had no obvious effect on the incidence of abnormalities. Doses of 1/10 units are on the borderline between teratogenesis and death.At 48 hours, only a low incidence of myeloschisis was found. This is probably associated with the fact that closure of the neural tube is nearing completion at this time.The aetiology of the increased neural bulk observed in myeloschisis is at present unknown.
THE ABILITY OF AMOEBA PROTEUS TO KILL SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INTRODUCED BY MICRO‐INJECTION, AND THE INFLUENCE OF OPSONINS ON INTRACELLULAR KILLING
Authors: Savanat T , Pavillard ERJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA micro‐injection technique is described which allowed S. enteritidis Se795 to be injected directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus. The decrease in the number of bacteria recovered after increasing intervals of time allowed that the half‐life of S. enteridis within amoebae was approximately five hours. Opsonisation of the salmonellae with serum did not shorten their intracellular half‐life.
EFFECT OF OPSONINS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND KILLING OF SALMONELLAE BY AMOEBA PROTEUS, AND THE USE OF PHAGE P22 TO ELIMINATE SURPLUS EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
Authors: Savanat T , Pavillard ERJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMammalian serum opsonins have been shown to possess moderate power to promote phagocytosis of Salmonella enteritidis by Amoeba proteus, but serum opsonins had no measurable effect on the rate of intracellular killing of these bacteria or of Salmonella typhimurium. The survival time of opsonised salmonellae after phagocytosis by amoebae was considerably longer than would be expected if similar bacteria were to be ingested by mammalian phagocytes. The possible effect of temperature on intracellular bactericidal mechanisms is discussed.Also described is a technique in which a lytic mutant of phage P22 was used to eliminate residual extracellular salmonellae from washed amoebae after a standard period of phagocytosis.
OPSONIC POWER OF HUMAN ANTI‐B SERUM FOR BLOOD GROUP B‐ACTIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Pavillard ERJ , Stegemann Hannerose , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe ability of E. coli 086 to absorb anti‐B globulins from human sera has been confirmed, and the opsonic effectiveness of these adsorbed globulins has been studied in vitro, using mouse peritoneal macrophages as test phagocytes. Fresh anti‐B sera were highly opsonic for E. coli 086, whereas control sera lacking, these globulins were only weakly active. Absorption of pooled anti‐B serum with group B red fells greatly reduced opsonic power, and heating at 56° for 30 minutes caused a similar loss, although the titre of anti‐B saline agglutinins and the ability of E. coli 086 to absorb them remained the same. It was concluded that the opsonising power of anti‐B sera was not due to 19S type saline agglutinins acting alone, but needed complement for it to be effective. The possible contribution of ABO blood group isoagglatinins to immunity is discussed.
THE PERIPHERAL EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON THE BLOOD VESSELS OF CONSCIOUS RABBITS
Authors: Hopcroft SG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryUsing rabbits in which an in‐dwelling catheter had been inserted into the artery supplying one ear, and which were fully conscious, it was shown that the intra‐arterial infusion of reserpine had a vasodilator effect on the infused ear. It is concluded that at least part of the peripheral vasodilator effect of reserpine is due to local action.
A MICRO‐METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF ALRUMIN SYNTHESIS IN VIVO
Authors: Thorpe MEC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA micro‐method is described which permits the study of the rate of albumin synthesis in experimental animals. Very small quantities of serum were required for the determinations and this allowed multiple blood sampling from the same animal. The technique is described under a normal and a pathological state to show its application.
STUDIES ON HAPTOGLOBIN AND HAEMOPEXIN IN THE PLASMA OF CATTLE
Authors: Bremner KC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHaem‐binding proteins with properties similar to human haptoglobin and haemopexin have been demonstrated in the plasma of healthy calves electrophoresis on filter paper. Boviue haptoglobin had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of fibrinogen, and the haemopexin migrated as a β1‐globulin. The haemoglobin binding capacity of normal calf plasma ranged from 0–50 mg./100 ml. Subcutaneous injections of turpentine produced marked increases in the plasma concentrations of both these proteins. Plasma concentrations of haemopexin were elevated transiently in three calves infected experimentally with the nematode Oesophagostomum radiatum, but the concentration, of plasma haptoglobin rose markedly in only one of these animals.Complexes of haemoglobin‐haptoglobin and haematin‐haemopexin were formed in vivo after the intravenous injection of lysates ol erythrocytes, and the clearance of the complexes from the plasma resulted in a depletion of the plasma concentrations of the haem‐binding proteins. Both haemopexin and haptoglobin disappeared from the plasma of calves during the haemolytic crisis of babesiosis. It was concluded that the simultaneous absence of both these proteins from bovine plasma was indicative of pathological haemolytic processes.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE VIRULENCE OF ATTENUATD ECTROMELIA VIRUS IN MICE MAINTAINED IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Roberts John A 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn attenuated strain of ectromelia virus was at least 100 times more lethal for mice kept in a 2° environment, than it was for mice kept at 20°.Studio of the rates of virus growth in different organs indicated that a virus‐induced host factor, which retarded growth of virus in mice kept in a 20° environment, was deficient in mice kept in the 2° environment.Comparisons of the time of initiation of antibody production, the persistence of antibodies, and the ability of reticulo‐endothelial cells to dispose of virus‐antibody complexes, revealed no differences between groups of mice kept in each environment.The dependence of mice in a low temperature environment upon an increased metabolic rate rendered them more susceptible to liver damage.
STOP‐FLOW ANALYSIS OF RENAL TUBULAR FUNCTION IN THE RAT UNDERGOING OSMOTIC DIURESIS DUE TO CREATININE LOADING
Authors: Young JA , Edwards KDG 
Published: December 2007

Summary1. A brisk osmotic diuresis was produced in rats by the intravenous infusion of 8 per cent creatinine in Ringer's solution at 0·39 ml./minute. Steady‐state conditions were attained after 25 minutes of infusion. During the period of infusion between 25–43 minutes, six urine and three plasma samples were collected in each of a series of seven animals, and the creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of water, creatinine, sodium and potassium were found to be constant. Mean values and standard deviations between animals were: 0·58 ± 0·09 ml./minute (water); 17·7 ± 2·4 mg./minute (creatinine); 59·6 ± 16·7 μEq./minute (sodium); 12·9 ± 3·1 μEq./minute (potassium); 2·69 ± 0·68 ml./minute (creatinine clearance). Standard deviations within animals were: 0·05 ml./minute (water); 0·83 mg./minute (creatinine); 9·08 μEq./min. (sodium); 0·91 μEq. /minute (potassium); 0·16 ml./minute (ereatinine clearance). Sodium and potassium excretion both showed highly significant positive correlations with urine flow during creatinine and mannitol diuresis, but, at comparable urine flow rates, creatinine produced significantly greater rates of excretion of sodium than did mannitol.2. The stop‐flow technique for the localization of renal tubular function was found to be practicable in rats undergoing creatinine diuresis. During stop‐flow the intraureteric pressure rose within two minutes to a plateau between 41 and 50 mm. Hg. The stop‐flow patterns obtained for creatinine, para‐aminohippurate, sodium and potassium, resembled those reported previously in other animals.3. By means of the stop‐flow technique, the proximal tubule of the rat nephron was shown to secrete the organic acids phenolsulphonphthalein, trifluoromethyldisulphamylaniline, and para‐aminohippurate. In the same region of the nephron the amino acids phenylalanine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid.
INHIBITION OF A HUMAN ANTI‐A SERUM BY SALIVAS FROM A1 AND A2 PERSONS
Authors: Boettcher B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe distribution of the ability of saliva from 55 blood group A secretors to inhibit a human B antiserum was found to be bimodal. Subsequent determination of the subgroups of these people showed that the class with the smaller mode was associated with A substance in the salivas of A2 secretors, the other with A substance in the salivas of A1 secretors. In this study the two classes had non‐overlapping distributions, though not in a larger subsequent one. Statistical evaluation of these results and of confirmatory tests on salivas from persons whose A subgroups had been previously determined have established that, on the average, salivas from group A1 secretors have a greater capacity to inhibit a human anti‐A serum than those from A2 secretors.
MACROPHAGE PROLIFERATION IN RELATION TO ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE
Authors: Khoo KK , Mackaness GB 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe proliferative activity of peritoneal macrophages has been studied in mice systemically infected with L. monocytogenes and Br. abortus. A gross difference was found in the time‐course of infections caused by these organisms, but in each of them the percentage of DNA synthesising cells rose progressively to a peak on the 3rd day after the bacterial population in the spleen had reached a maximum. During a secondary Listeria infection the cellular response occurred sooner and was more intense. The findings are consistent with the view that the intense proliferation of macrophages associated with these infections is due to the action of bacterial antigens on immunologically sensitised cells.
A MODIFICATION OF SANDYS′ MEDIUM FOR INHIBITING THE SWARMING OF PROTEUS STRAINS
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA small proportion of Proteus strains was found to swarm on Sandys' salt‐deficient media. When modified by increasing the agar‐content to 3 percent, the medium inhibited the swarming of all of the 200 strains of Proteus tested. The modified medium was found to be suitable for performing colony counts on urines.
EFFECT OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Lee A , Cooper GN 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe electrophoretic mobility of mouse peritoneal cells declines rapidly during in vitro incubation. The decline is prevented when the cells are incubated in the presence of phagocytosis‐enhancing substances, such as triolein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to the latter substance, triolein does not enhace the acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal cells nor does it affect the respiratory activity of these cells. The implications of these findings in relation to the mechanisms of stimulation of phahocytic activity in peritoneal cell populations are discussed.
IONTOPHORESIS OF GUANETHIDINE IN MAN
Authors: de la Lande IE , Hodge RL , Reilly PL , Thomas DW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn a search for more efficient methods of treatment of peripheral vascular disease, the technique of iontophoresis of guanethidine into fingers of healthy male volunteers has been investigated. The effects of this drug on heat output in 10 subjects and on sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes in five subjects were measured by calorimetry. Although an increase in heat output and partial sympathetic blockade occurred, the degree of these changes was much less than after intra‐arterial guanethidine, and the doses of drug required per unit volume of tissue were greater. Furthermore, the occurrence of ulcers after iontophoresis precludes this form of administration from clinical practice.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT, HEPATIC BILE DUCT AND HEPATIC ARTERY IN THE SHEEP AND THEIR RELATION TO FACIAL ECZEMA
Authors: Leaver DD , Christie GS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPathological changes in the sheep following ligation of the hepatic bile duct, combined ligation of both the hepatic bile duct and the branch of the hepatic artery to the ventral lobe, ligation of the common bile duct and ligation of the hepatic artery to the ventral lobe, are described and discussed. It was demonstrated that a combination of obstruction of the biliary drainage and a considerable decrease of the blood How was required to produce the maximum degree of bile ductule proliferation and parenchymal atrophy seen in the chronic stage of facial eczema in the sheep. Obstruction of the common bile duct did not reproduce the liver changes of facial eczema. Although evidence is cited in the sheep, which suggests that some degree of interference with blood supply followed ligalion of the hepatic duct only, the lesion produced was not comparable in degree to that of facial eczema.
VIRUSES OF THE MYXOMA‐FIBROMA SUBGROUP OF THE POXVIRUSES.
Authors: Woodroofe Gwendolyn M , Fenner Frank 
Published: December 2007

SummaryResults reported in this and the succeeding paper indicate that Brazilian and Californian myoxma viruses, Shope's rabbit fibroma virus, hare fibroma virus, and squirrel fibroma virus form a distinctive subgroup of the poxviruses, which we have designated the myxoma‐fibroma subgroup. Strains of all of these viruses, including three isolates of rabbit fibroma virus from eastern U.S.A. and a large number of isolates of myxoma viruses from California and South America, have been examined for their capacity to produce plaques in monolayers of four types of cell.The myxoma viruses produce plaques in rabbit embryo fibroblasts and in primary and continuous line rabbit kidney cells. Isolates from California produce smaller plaques than those produced by most strains from South America. A plaque type mutant of a virulent Brazilian strain was found to have altered virulence and pathogenicity for laboratory rabbits. All myxoma viruses also produce small clear plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts, if DEAE dextran is included in the overlay medium. Because of the ease of production of the cells this technique is recommended for routine plaque assay of myxoma viruses.Rabbit and squirrel fibroma viruses produce small clear plaques on rabbit embryo fibroblasts and small proliferative foci on rabbit kidney cells, but no plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts. Hare fibroma virus produces a very few, very small plaques on rabbit cells only. All the viruses reactivate heat‐inactivated rabbitpox virus on all types of cells, but with varying efficiencies.Plaque reduction tests and cross‐protection tests in rabbits establish the relationship between the five viruses, but squirrel and hare fibroma viruses produce a relatively low degree of resistance to myxoma virus.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF A 19S γ1 MACROGLOBULIN COLD HAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Curtain CC , Baumgarten A 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA γ1 macroglobulin with cold haemagglutinating activity of the anti‐I type was localised by the fluorescent antibody technique in the bone marrow plasma cells and their precursors in a patient suffering from lymphoma. No localization occurred in the “naked” lymphocytes whose presence in the marrow gave rise to a diagnosis of lymphoma. The plasma cells containing the macroglobulin appeared to be morphologically identical to those containing normal 7S γ2‐globulin, and in no case was the presence of both proteins observed in the same cell.
THE OCCURRENCE IN THE RAT OF AN ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT OPENING DIRECTLY INTO THE DUODENUM
Authors: Herriott BA , Sinnett PF , Palmer AA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe occurrence, in about 17 per cent of rats, of an accessory pancreatic duct opening directly into the duodenum is described and the practical implications of this finding are discussed. The presence of anastomoses between pancreatic ducts is noted.
HISTIDINE METABOLITE EXCRETION AND SERUM FOLATE LEVELS
Authors: Davis RE , Leake Eleanor , Bresland RJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA histidine loading test was performed on 31 patients before and after saturation with folic acid. These results were compared with pre‐treatment serum folate levels. Thirteen patients had normal serum folate levels and urinary histidine metabolite excretion; six patients with low serum folate showed high urinary histidine metabolite excretion which returned to normal after folic acid therapy. Five patients had low serum folate but did not excrete abnormal concentrations of histidine metabolites. Seven patients had normal serum folate but excreted high concentrations of histidine metabolites which were reduced to normal after folic acid therapy.
THE ADSORPTION AND KINETICS OF KILLING BY COLICIN CA42‐E2
Authors: Reeves P 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe kinetics of the initial step of killing of sensitive bacteria by colicin CA42‐E2 suggest that only one lethal unit or molecule is required to kill. Using a new sensitive assay it is shown that 30‐90 such lethal units can be adsorbed on one cell. Each lethal unit corresponds to 105 Dalton in the purified colicin which is similar to the probable molecular weight. The significance of these findings is discussed.
RELEASE OF BRADYKININ‐LIKE SUBSTANCE (BKLS) IN SHEEP BY VENOM OF CROTALUS ATROX
Authors: Margolis J , Bruce Sally , Starzecki B , Horner GJ , Halmagyi DFJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe venom of Crotalus atrox liberates a substance resembling bradykinin (BKLS) from sheep and human plasma. Up to 2.5 μg, bradykinin‐equivalents per ml, of sheep plasma could be recovered in vitro. Antivenin inhibits this reaction. The effect of injected venom in sheep was assessed by estimating the residual BKLS precursor, converting it into BKLS with excess of venom or trypsin. It was found that the precursor is completely exhausted by a continuous infusion of 1.5‐2 μg./min./kg. of venom for 30‐60 minutes, and does not regenerate for a number of hours. There is a rough quantitative agreement between the BKLS‐releasing potency of venom in vitro and the consumption of the precursor in vivo. It is also apparent that sufficient BKLS is released to contribute to the acute hypotension produced by crotalin.
THE EFFECT OF STREPTOKINASE ON THE PLATELET AGGREGATES IN ARTIFICIAL IN VITRO THROMBOSIS
Authors: Rozenberg MC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA cone‐in‐cone rotational viscometer is used to produce artificial in vitro thrombosis and lysis is stimulated with streptokinase. It is shown that the coagula lyse, but platelet masses in these remain unaffected. The implications of this finding are discussed with regard to the knowledge of platelet aggregation, the theories of vessel wall repair and atherosclerosis and its importance in thrombolytic therapy.
THE LOCALIZATION OF CYTOCHROMES AND CAROTENOIDS IN ISOLATED BACTERIAL MEMBRANES AND ENVELOPES
Authors: Salton MRJ , Ehtisham‐ud‐Din AFM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryExamination of oxidized and reduced spectra of isolated membranes (plasma and mesosome membranes) and protoplasmic fractions of the lysozymesensitive Gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea, has shown that virtually all of the cytochrome and in addition the carotenoids in the latter two organisms are localized in the membranes. Although the membranes isolated from cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea grown in the presence of diphenylamine still possessed the normal complement of cytochromes bound to the membranes, the structures were devoid of the unsaturated caroteuoids. “Walls” or “envelopes” of Escherichia coli contained a higher proportion of the cytochromes and NADH oxidase activity than that found in the protoplasm. NADH oxidase activity was also localized in isolated membrane structures of the other bacteria investigated.
INHIBITION OF INTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Holman Mollie E , Hughes Janice R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn the presence of atropine, isolated segments of small and large intestine from rat, mouse, rabbit and guinea‐pig responded to stimulation of intramural nerve fibres with a transient relaxation. On cessation of stimulation all preparations showed rebound contractions. In contrast to the relaxation mediated by perivascular sympathetic nerves, the relaxation in response to stimulation of intramural nerves was not blocked by guanethidine. The intramural inhibitory mechanism was the more resistant to the effects of prolonged cooling. Relaxation was also observed in response to brief applications of DMPP. It is suggested that this was due to the stimulant action of DMPP on intrinsic inhibitory neurones.