bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of the Hoover Commission Reports to the Educator
Authors: Redford E. S. 
Published: May 2006

The Hoover Commission Reports were not written for the educator and his students. The audience was broader and the objective was immediate reform. Nevertheless, the educator must pause at this milepost and take stock. The reports are thrust upon him as inescapable materials for analysis in class and seminar rooms; they record in considerable measure the state of achievement in the development of administrative science; they challenge an examination now of the directions and scope of educational motive forces in the next phase of university education in public administration.Most teachers of public administration probably found the reports of the President's Committee on Administrative Management and of the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Procedure to be very valuable aids in teaching. The publication of the Report with Special Studies and the Final Report provided a considerable body of material in convenient form for teacher and student use, and the over-all summary of the Committee on Administrative Management even provided material which could be used in introductory courses in American government. Also, these earlier reports dealt with problems at the growing points in the study of public administration and offered basic points of view around which discussion could be centered.
The Semantics of Political Science
Authors: Perry Charner 
Published: May 2006

That an animal, presumably a cousin of the simians and certainly very similar to them, has developed societies in which millions and even hundreds of millions of individuals live and act together in orderly relation to each other is one of the astounding facts of history; and an impartial observer would hardly be surprised if the incredibly intricate network of cooperation, overstrained, should suddenly tear apart.The aggregation of men into huge organized groups is, of course, relatively recent. For a million years or longer men or near-men lived an animal-like existence, scattered in small groups. It was not until fifteen or twenty thousand years ago that men, perhaps as a consequence of unprecedented pressure from the environment, organized groups of any considerable size; it is only within the last three or four thousand years that large-scale societies have existed; and it is only in the last three or four hundred years that complex orderly interplay and interaction among individuals and subgroups in societies have been developed.
V. The Teacher of Government
Authors: Allen Ethan P. 
Published: May 2006

These are days when the individual who would devote himself to the study and teaching of political science stands upon the threshold of new and exciting adventures and a lot of very hard work. His mind and his enthusiasms must be keyed to the great possibilities for constructive advancement to be found in a period of social transition. There are those among us who insist with great cogency that we should turn back to the achievements of the “wisdom of the ages” and find there the insight and answers to our current perplexities. Incisive as were the achievements of the great minds of the past, as right as were their prescriptions for their own times and difficulties, few among us would defend the proposition that all wisdom and all understanding reside solely with those who have given us our foundations. Much remains to be uncovered amidst the back-wash of a world-wide revolution. The teacher of political science must balance the wisdom of the past against present possibilities for the greater understanding and clearer insight into political institutions to be found in the quickening imagination of the contemporary scene. We must cut new paths. We must produce our Einstein. Perhaps we have, and are now ready for our own Manhattan Project. But to do this we must face squarely and honestly at least six major problems in this postwar period: (1) graduate preparation; (2) community leadership; (3) teaching load; (4) research; (5) salaries; and (6) academic freedom.Diverse are the interests of those who are now preparing to enter the profession at the college or university level.
American Individualism: Fact and Fiction
Authors: Mason Alpheus T. 
Published: May 2006

For two generations American political and economic life has been moving swiftly toward “bigness,” toward monolithic organization. We live by, in, and among bigger and bigger corporations, bigger and bigger unions, bigger and bigger governments. On all sides individual freedom and responsibility have shrunk. Absorbed into organizations bigger than himself, the American tends to be overpowered by these organizations, whether of industry, labor or agriculture. And whatever his orientation, he must operate in and under an ever-expanding multilateral network of occupational and governmental regulation.In the shadow of such manifold giantism modern men—practically all of them employees who rate themselves “middle class”—seem but puny figures. Man's own handiwork has become a Frankenstein monster, destroying his initiative and individuality. In the grip of forces he has created, helpless single-handed to control, he suffers from loneliness, from not belonging, from impersonality. Millions who live in great cities, hundreds of thousands employed in assembly-line factories and organized in industrial unions, thousands of stockholders who can only endorse management's policies governing “their” billion dollar corporation —all these experience frustration, helplessness.
Research in the Political Process
Authors: Garceau Oliver 
Published: May 2006

A discipline, like an individual, may in some measure be known by the dilemmas it keeps, or more properly by the manner in which it keeps them.A central conceptual controversy, probably inescapable for political scientists because of their disciplinary heritage, is that involved in perceiving uniformities in behavior, describing recurring patterns, identifying the determinants and yet reconciling this effort and its underlying premises about the roots of behavior with the liberal, democratic faith in man's individual capacity to determine his own ends, to think rationally and to reach individual and creative decisions. On this faith rests the political structure of rights, the machinery of the democratic electorate, the party system and the values of the constitutional democratic state whose political process we are concerned to describe and analyze. Cultural anthropologists, social psychologists of many disciplinary schools, hard-boiled “realists” in political science, have recently drawn back from determinist or whole-heartedly relativist positions. Some are concerned that political science, in a fresh enthusiasm for empirical research, may become so engrossed with uniformities and determinants that it will obscure or abandon the normative commitments of a democratic polity.
Judicial Review in Modern Constitutional Systems
Authors: Deener David 
Published: May 2006

The problem of guarding the constitution is fundamental in any political system. If the term “constitution” is given a very broad definition, such dictatorial devices as powerful secret police and special tribunals for the safety of the state may be regarded as means for the protection of the “constitution” of a totalitarian regime. However, western democracy does not rely upon repressive means for safeguarding the constitution, except in times of crisis when use is made of martial law, the state of siege, and constitutional dictatorship. For normal times, western democracy has developed constitutional means of protection that essentially resemble ordinary legal and political processes, such as the amending process, special deliberative bodies, and judicial review.This study is concerned with judicial review as a means of guarding against legislative encroachments on the constitution. The acceptance of judicial review in national constitutional systems will be traced historically, with emphasis upon twentieth-century developments. Some attention will be given to the historical background of judicial review and to its theory and practice under various modern constitutions, but no systematic treatment of these subjects is attempted.
Problems of World Order in the Light of Recent Philosophical Discussion
Authors: Hocking William Ernest 
Published: May 2006

Political problems, domestic or international, always involve us in psychological and philosophical issues; but they tend to develop whatever psychology or philosophy they need for their own purposes rather than to borrow from the formidable and not always luminous stock pile of professional literature in these subjects. This tendency to be one's own philosopher is entirely justified, for the simple reason that philosophy is always arising from experience, showing an inductive as well as a deductive side—and that the political experience of mankind is prolific in comment on the nature of man and of the world man lives in. Thomas Hobbes, for example, is a political writer whose contributions to psychology have not yet been fully appreciated.At the same time, there are recent advances in both psychology and philosophy of which political science ought to enjoy the consequences. If any light is thrown on the nature of the human individual, that light is directly pertinent to political science. Enquiries into the nature of human association are similarly relevant.
Sodium Nitrite‐Catalyzed Oxybromination of Aromatic Compounds and Aryl Ketones with a Combination of Hydrobromic Acid and Molecular Oxygen under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Liu Renhua , Xu Qing , Ma Lixin , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA novel and efficient catalytic system for the oxybromination of aromatic compounds and aryl ketones utilizing a combination of aqueous hydrobromic acid and molecular oxygen in the presence of sodium nitrite under mild conditions has been developed. The newly developed catalytic system utilizes cheap and readily available reactants, exhibits high bromine atom economy and releases only innocuous water as the by‐product.
Synthesis of Novel Bisphosphine‐Containing Polymers and Their Applications as Bidentate Ligands for Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lu Yong , Plocher Elizabeth , Hu Qiao‐Sheng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe efficient synthesis of two examples of a new type of ferrocene‐based bisphosphine‐containing polymers and their application as bidentate ligands for Ni(0)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids, and aryl fluorides with Grignard reagents are described. Our study may provide a new family of bisphosphine‐containing polymers that are readily accessible and potentially useful in transition metal catalysis.
Silica‐Based Mesoporous Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Cornelius Maximilian , Morell Jürgen , Fröba Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMesoporous organic–inorganic hybrid materials, a new class of materials characterized by large specific surface areas and pore sizes between 2 and 15 nm, have been obtained through the coupling of inorganic and organic components by template synthesis. The incorporation of functionalities can be achieved in three ways: by subsequent attachment of organic components onto a pure silica matrix (grafting), by simultaneous reaction of condensable inorganic silica species and silylated organic compounds (co‐condensation, one‐pot synthesis), and by the use of bissilylated organic precursors that lead to periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs). This Review gives an overview of the preparation, properties, and potential applications of these materials in the areas of catalysis, sorption, chromatography, and the construction of systems for controlled release of active compounds, as well as molecular switches, with the main focus being on PMOs.
Kennwerte eines künstlich verdichteten schwachbindigen Bodens
Authors: Rückert Horst 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFür die Planung von Erdbauwerken werden die Werte der Zusammendrückbarkeit, der Wasserdurchlässigkeit und der Scherfestigkeit des eingebauten Bodens benötigt. Bei den vorgenommenen Untersuchungen werden von einem schwachbindigen Boden, der im Proctorgerät künstlich verdichtet wurde, diese Bodenkenngrößen im Labor bestimmt. Die Ermittlung erfolgte für den gesättigten Zustand des Bodens. Die Werte der Bodenkenngrößen werden in Abhängigkeit vom Einbauwassergehalt des Bodens und von der Verdichtungsarbeit des Bodens dargestellt. Außerdem werden Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Kenngrößen aufgezeigt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In Silico Classification of hERG Channel Blockers: a Knowledge‐Based Strategy
Authors: Dubus Elodie , Ijjaali Ismaïl , Petitet François , Michel André 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe blockage of the hERG potassium channel by a wide number of diverse compounds has become a major pharmacological safety concern as it can lead to sudden cardiac death. In silico models can be potent tools to screen out potential hERG blockers as early as possible during the drug‐discovery process. In this study, predictive models developed using the recursive partitioning method and created using diverse datasets from 203 molecules tested on the hERG channel are described. The first model was built with hERG compounds grouped into two classes, with a separation limit set at an IC50 value of 1 μm, and reaches an overall accuracy of 81 %. The misclassification of molecules having a range of activity between 1 and 10 μM led to the generation of a tri‐class model able to correctly classify high, moderate, and weak hERG blockers with an overall accuracy of 90 %. Another model, constructed with the high and weak hERG‐blocker categories, successfully increases the accuracy to 96 %. The results reported herein indicate that a combination of precise, knowledge management resources and powerful modeling tools are invaluable to assessing potential cardiotoxic side effects related to hERG blockage.
Hyperchromatic cytometry principles for cytomics using slide based cytometry
Authors: Mittag Anja , Lenz Dominik , Gerstner Andreas O. H. , Tárnok Attila 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Polychromatic analysis of biological specimens has become increasingly important because of the emerging new fields of high‐content and high‐throughput single cell analysis for systems biology and cytomics. Combining different technologies and staining methods, multicolor analysis can be pushed forward to measure anything stainable in a cell. We term this approach hyperchromatic cytometry and present different components suitable for achieving this task. For cell analysis, slide based cytometry (SBC) technologies are ideal as, unlike flow cytometry, they are non‐consumptive, i.e. the analyzed sample is fixed on the slide and can be reanalyzed following restaining of the object.Methods and Results:We demonstrate various approaches for hyperchromatic analysis on a SBC instrument, the Laser Scanning Cytometer. The different components demonstrated here include (1) polychromatic cytometry (staining of the specimen with eight or more different fluorochromes simultaneously), (2) iterative restaining (using the same fluorochrome for restaining and subsequent reanalysis), (3) differential photobleaching (differentiating fluorochromes by their different photostability), (4) photoactivation (activating fluorescent nanoparticles or photocaged dyes), and (5) photodestruction (destruction of FRET dyes). Based on the ability to relocate cells that are immobilized on a microscope slide with a precision of ∼1 μm, identical cells can be reanalyzed on the single cell level after manipulation steps.Conclusion:With the intelligent combination of several different techniques, the hyperchromatic cytometry approach allows to quantify and analyze all components of relevance on the single cell level. The information gained per specimen is only limited by the number of available antibodies and sterical hindrance. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Automated neurite labeling and analysis in fluorescence microscopy images
Authors: Xiong Guanglei , Zhou Xiaobo , Degterev Alexei , Ji Liang , Wong Stephen T. C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:To investigate the intricate nervous processes involved in many biological activities by computerized image analysis, accurate and reproducible labeling and measurement of neurites are prerequisite. We have developed an automated neurite analysis method to assist this task.Methods:Our approach can be considered as automated with certain user interaction in setting initial parameters. Single and connected centerlines along neurites are extracted. The computerized method can also generate branching and end points. Owing to its multi‐scale flexibility, both thick and thin neurites are simultaneously detected.Results:We employ the relative neurite length difference (defined as the difference between the lengths obtained by automated and manual analysis divided by the total length of the latter) and neurite centerline deviation (defined as the area of the regions enclosed by different paths between automated and manual analysis divided by the total length of the former) to evaluate the performance of our algorithm, which is of great interest in neurite analysis. The average of the relative length difference is about 0.02, while the average of the centerline deviation is about 2.8 pixels. The probabilities of the distributions being the same from the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (KS) test of the automatic and manual results are 99.79%. The KS test also shows no significant bias between different observers based on the proposed new validation scheme.Conclusions:With the accurate and automated extraction of neurite centerlines and measurement of neurite lengths, the proposed method, which greatly reduces human labor and improves efficiency, can serve as a candidate tool for large‐scale neurite analysis beyond the capability of manual tracing methods. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Recent advances in craniofacial morphogenesis
Authors: Chai Yang , Maxson Robert E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCraniofacial malformations are involved in three fourths of all congenital birth defects in humans, affecting the development of head, face, or neck. Tremendous progress in the study of craniofacial development has been made that places this field at the forefront of biomedical research. A concerted effort among evolutionary and developmental biologists, human geneticists, and tissue engineers has revealed important information on the molecular mechanisms that are crucial for the patterning and formation of craniofacial structures. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of evo–devo as it relates to craniofacial morphogenesis, fate determination of cranial neural crest cells, and specific signaling pathways in regulating tissue–tissue interactions during patterning of craniofacial apparatus and the morphogenesis of tooth, mandible, and palate. Together, these findings will be beneficial for the understanding, treatment, and prevention of human congenital malformations and establish the foundation for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 235:2353–2375, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives
Authors: Jarymowicz Maria , Bar‐Tal Daniel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe address the question why fear dominates hope in the life of individuals and collectives on the basis of the accumulated knowledge in the psychology, neurology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests thatfear, as primary emotion, is grounded in the experienced present and based on the memorized past, processed both consciously and unconsciously, causes freezing and conservatism, and sometimes leads to pre‐emptive aggression.Hope, in contrast, as a secondary emotion, involves cognitive activity, which requires anticipation and the search for new ideas and thus is based on complex processes of creativity and flexibility. Therefore, hope is often preceded and inhibited by spontaneous, automatically activated and faster fear. Fear and hope can each become a collective emotional orientation, and as such organize society's views and direct its actions. Societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective fear orientation. This orientation is functional for society's coping with the stressful and demanding situation—but it may serve as a psychological obstacle to any peace process, once it starts. The case of the collective fear orientation in the Jewish Israeli society is presented as an example. The article ends with a presentation of a particular approach, suggesting that individuals and collectives can overcome their fear with much determination, and establish an orientation of hope which allows change in situations dominated by fear. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social relations and cognitive development: the influence of conversation type and representations of gender
Authors: Psaltis Charis , Duveen Gerard 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhile the productive role of social interaction between peers in promoting cognitive development has been clearly established, the communicative processes through which this is achieved have not been clearly identified. This paper reports a study in which 184 children aged between of 6.5 to 7.5 years were presented with a Piagetian task of conservation of liquid. Both male and female non‐conservers worked with a conserving partner in either same or mixed‐sex dyads, thus creating four different pair types. The pairs were asked to discuss their conflicting answers and agree upon a joint response. Cognitive progress was assessed by pre‐ to post‐test gains. The results indicated that the type of conversation established during the interaction was strongly related to the outcome. The results also indicate that the gender composition of the pairs influenced the type of conversation which occurred and the outcome measures. These results are discussed in relation to the general model of socio‐cognitive conflict, and highlight the role of representations and expectations of gender in the way in which the conflict is expressed and resolved in conditions of aligned or conflicting knowledge and gender asymmetries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working under cover: performance‐related self‐confidence among members of contextually devalued groups who try to pass
Authors: Barreto Manuela , Ellemers Naomi , Banal Serena 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper experimentally examines the effects of passing (versus revealing) a contextually devalued identity on performance‐related self‐confidence. An experimental scenario was developed on the basis of the results of a pilot study. Studies 1 and 2 (total N = 255) experimentally manipulate passing versus revealing a contextually devalued identity, to an ingroup or an outgroup partner. The results show that, although passing makes participants believe that their partner has more positive expectations of them, it also undermines performance‐related self‐confidence. Moreover, the results show that negative self‐directed affect (i.e., guilt and shame) mediated the negative effect of passing on performance‐related self‐confidence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.