bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinoic acid controls heart anteroposterior patterning by down‐regulating Isl1 through the Fgf8 pathway
Authors: Sirbu Ioan Ovidiu , Zhao Xianling , Duester Gregg 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDistinct progenitor cell populations exist in cardiac mesoderm important for patterning of the heart. During heart tube formation in mouse, Tbx5 is expressed in progenitors located more laterally, whereas Isl1 and Fgf8 are expressed in progenitors located more medially. Signals that drive mesodermal progenitors into various cardiac lineages include Fgf8, which functions to induce Isl1. Studies in chick and zebrafish have shown that retinoic acid restricts the number of cardiac progenitors, but its role in mammalian cardiac development is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Raldh2−/− mouse embryos lacking retinoic acid signaling exhibit a posterior expansion of the cardiac Fgf8 expression domain as well as an expansion of Isl1 expression into mesoderm lying posterior to the cardiac field. We provide evidence that retinoic acid acts specifically in the posterior‐medial region of the cardiac field to establish the heart posterior boundary potentially by reducing Fgf8 expression which restricts the Isl1 domain. Developmental Dynamics 237:1627–1635, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of cluster microforms in mountain rivers
Authors: Strom K. B. , Papanicolaou A. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe occurrence of cluster microforms in natural rivers is examined using data collected from three mountain streams. The study was conducted under the premise that the occurrence of clusters is strongly tied to local reach‐scale conditions, and that prediction of clustered sites therefore can be made through identification of particular reach conditions that are conducive to cluster development. For the study, reach‐scale variables were measured at 50 sites and the presence or absence of clusters at each of these sites was recorded. A statistical analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the correlation between the occurrence of clusters and various combinations of reach‐scale parameters. It was found that clustering was best predicted by the bankfull channel width scaled with the d84 of the bed sediment, w/d84, and the non‐dimensional parameter wQ2/gd. It is thought that these variables work best at predicting the presence of clusters because they are descriptive of the reach hydraulic and sedimentary conditions and work well at discriminating between reach morphology types. It was found that clustering was most strongly tied to riffle–pool type reaches. Observations from this study suggest that clusters can be described as bed features that form out of the structural organization of grains in cobble‐size sediment within depositional mountain reaches, for which the majority of the sediment can become mobilized by yearly peak flows. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of ovarian cancer survival: A population‐based prospective study in Sweden
Authors: Yang Ling , Klint Åsa , Lambe Mats , Bellocco Rino , Riman Tomas , Bergfeldt Kjell , Persson Ingemar , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOvarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies among women worldwide. Little is known about reproductive factors or lifestyle determinants and ovarian cancer prognosis. The objective of this study was to examine whether ovarian cancer survival is influenced by reproductive history, anthropometric characteristics, prediagnostic life‐style factors and family history of breast or ovarian cancer. The study population consisted of 635 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cases derived from a nationwide population‐based case‐control study conducted in Sweden between 1993 and 1995. Exposure data on prediagnostic factors of interest were collected through questionnaires at the beginning of the parent study. Clinical data were abstracted from medical records. Cases were followed‐up by means of record linkage to nationwide registers until December 31, 2002. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the prognostic effect of each factor in terms of hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), following adjustment for age at diagnosis, FIGO tumor stage and WHO grade of tumor differentiation. Tumor characteristics significantly influenced the risk of death from EOC. After adjustment for these, no clear associations were detected between reproductive history (parity, age at first or last birth, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche or menopause), anthropometric characteristics (body size and shape in different periods of life), lifestyle factors before diagnosis (alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity over lifetime), nor family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer and EOC survival. Our findings indicate that these prediagnostic factors do not influence the EOC survival. Nevertheless, among women with early stage disease (FIGO stage I and II), there was some indication that overweight in young adulthood or recent years increased the risk of death, while physical activity in young adult life appeared to reduce the risk of death due to EOC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pluralistic inquiry for the history of community psychology
Authors: Kelly James G. , Chang Janet 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe authors present the case not only for studying the history of community psychology but also of adopting a pluralistic approach to historical inquiry, using multiple methods and access to resources from other disciplines (e.g., historians of science and social historians). Examples of substantive topics and methods, including social network and citation analyses, oral histories and narratives, larger cultural forces, and investigative reporting, that can illuminate historical issues are discussed. Current resources for the study of the history of community psychology are identified. Recommendations for the continued study of the history of community psychology are also presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community psychology in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Fisher Adrian T. , Gridley Heather , Thomas David R. , Bishop Brian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCommunity psychology in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand reflect interesting parallels and convergences. While both have a strong educational basis influenced by North American publications, they have developed foci and forms of practice reflecting the cultural, political, and historic underpinnings of these two countries. In New Zealand, community psychology developed from academic researchers and teachers moulding and adapting approaches to suit the needs of their local communities. In Australia, two processes of practitioners establishing a professional home and academics developing a field of education have come together to form the basis of the field. At the core of community psychology in both countries is the place of social justice—with a strong emphasis on the position and plight of the Indigenous peoples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of syntrophic acetogenesis in a saline medium
Authors: Huiliñir César , Roa Erick , Vargas Daniela , Roeckel Marlene , Aspé Estrella 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The anaerobic degradation kinetics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in a saline (24 g NaCl dm−3) and mesophilic (37 °C) medium was studied under batch test conditions. The acetate production kinetics without inhibition by propionic, butyric and valeric acids was determined. The inhibition of acetate production during syntrophic acetogenesis by VFA and pH was studied. The acetogenesis without inhibition was modelled using a Monod equation. The pH inhibition was represented by a Michaelis pH function, while the inhibition by acetic acid (HAc) was represented by a non‐competitive model.RESULTS: The specific maximum degradation rate and saturation constant (kmax, VFA, KS, max) values were (5.89, 15.95), (7.97, 25.99) and (7.75 g VFA g−1 volatile suspended solids day−1, 11.52 mg VFA dm−3) for propionic, butyric and valeric acids respectively, with maximum velocity at pH 7. The inhibition constants (KI, HAc) were 1295, 671 and 572 mg HAc dm−3 for propionic, butyric and valeric acids respectively.CONCLUSION: VFA and pH can be inhibitory for acetogenesis under these conditions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Reality check on career success and weak paradigms: chance still favors the hearty soul
Authors: Glick William H. , Miller C. Chet , Cardinal Laura B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn an earlier article, we discussed the effects of dissensus and low paradigm development on the lives and scholarly successes of junior scholars. Our analysis painted a somewhat bleak picture, but our advice for moving forward was simple, actionable, and therefore hopeful. Based on the bleak picture that was painted, one particular aspect of our work, career‐level evaluation reliability, was recently critiqued. We respond to that critique here. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACMEG‐TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non‐isothermal conditions
Authors: François Bertrand , Laloui Lyesse 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive predictive value of ICD‐9 codes 410 and 411 in the identification of cases of acute coronary syndromes in the Saskatchewan Hospital automated database
Authors: Varas‐Lorenzo Cristina , Castellsague Jordi , Stang Mary Rose , Tomas Luis , Aguado Jaume , Perez‐Gutthann Susana 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundCase definitions are essential to epidemiological research.ObjectivesTo evaluate ICD‐9 codes 410 and 411 to identify cases of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and the clinical information availability in the administrative and hospital discharge records of Saskatchewan, Canada.MethodsIn the context of a safety cohort study, we identified hospitalisations with primary discharge codes 410 (2260) and 411 (799). We selected all records with code 411, and a random sample (200) with code 410. Based on information obtained by trained abstractors from hospital records, events were classified by two cardiologists as definite or possible according to adapted AHA/ESC criteria. The validity of 410 and 411 codes was assessed by calculating the positive predictive value (PPV). Completeness of the recorded information on risk factors and use of aspirin was explored.ResultsThe PPVs of the codes 410 and 411 for ACS were 0.96 (95%CI: 0. 92–0.98) and 0.86 (95%CI: 0.83–0.88), respectively. The PPV of 410 for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was 0.95 (95%CI: 0.91–0.98). The PPV of 411 was 0.73 (95%CI: 0.70–0.77) for primary unstable angina (UA) and 0.09 (95%CI: 0.07–0.11) for AMI. Hospital charts review revealed key information for clinical variables, smoking, obesity and use of aspirin at admission.ConclusionsICD‐9 410 code has high PPV for AMI cases, likewise 411 for UA cases. Case validation remains important in epidemiological studies with administrative health databases. Given the pathophysiology of ACS, both AMI and UA might be used as study end points. In addition to code 410, we recommend the use of 411 plus validation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How can a chemical system act purposefully? Bridging between life and non‐life
Authors: Pross Addy 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOne of life's most striking characteristics is its purposeful (teleonomic) character, a character already evident at the simplest level of life – a bacterial cell. But how can a bacterial cell, effectively an aqueous solution of an assembly of biomolecules and molecular aggregates within a membrane (that is itself a macromolecular aggregate), act purposefully? In this review, we discuss this fundamental question by showing that the somewhat vague concept of purpose can be given precise physicochemical characterization, and can be shown to derive directly from the powerful kinetic character of the replication reaction. At the heart of our kinetic model is the idea that the stability that governs replicating systems is adynamic kinetic stability, one that is distinctly different to the thermodynamic stability that dominates the inanimate world. Accordingly, living systems constitute akinetic state of matteras opposed to the thermodynamic states that dominate the inanimate world. Thus, the model is able to unite animate and inanimate within a single conceptual framework, yet is able to account for life's unique characteristics, amongst them its purposeful character. As part of that unification, it is demonstrated that key Darwinian concepts are special examples of more general chemical concepts. Implications of the model with regard to the possible synthesis of living systems are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excited‐state substituent constants σ from substituted benzenes
Authors: Cao Chenzhong , Chen Guanfan , Yin Zhiqing 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this work, 13 compounds of 4,4′‐disubstituted stilbenes and 5 compounds of 3‐methyl‐4′‐substituted stilbenes were prepared and their UV spectra were measured. A new substituent effect constant, namely excited‐state substituent constant, was proposed, which was calculated directly from the UV absorption energy data of substituted benzenes. The investigation result shows that the proposed constant is different from the existing polar substituent constants and radical substituent constants in nature. The availability of the new constant was confirmed by the good correlations with the UV absorption energy of four kinds of compounds, 1,4‐disubstituted benzenes, 4,4′‐disubstituted stilbenes, substituted ethenes, and m‐Y‐substituted aromatic compounds. It is expected that the excited‐state substituent constant can be applied in QSPR study on organic compounds at the excited state. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural thermodynamics of protein preferential solvation: Osmolyte solvation of proteins, aminoacids, and peptides
Authors: Auton Matthew , Bolen D. Wayne , Rösgen Jörg 
Published: May 2008

AbstractProtein stability and solubility depend strongly on the presence of osmolytes, because of the protein preference to be solvated by either water or osmolyte. It has traditionally been assumed that only this relative preference can be measured, and that the individual solvation contributions of water and osmolyte are inaccessible. However, it is possible to determine hydration and osmolyte solvation (osmolation) separately using Kirkwood‐Buff theory, and this fact has recently been utilized by several researchers. Here, we provide a thermodynamic assessment of how each surface group on proteins contributes to the overall hydration and osmolation. Our analysis is based on transfer free energy measurements with model‐compounds that were previously demonstrated to allow for a very successful prediction of osmolyte‐dependent protein stability. When combined with Kirkwood‐Buff theory, the Transfer Model provides a space‐resolved solvation pattern of the peptide unit, amino acids, and the folding/unfolding equilibrium of proteins in the presence of osmolytes. We find that the major solvation effects on protein side‐chains originate from the osmolytes, and that the hydration mostly depends on the size of the side‐chain. The peptide backbone unit displays a much more variable hydration in the different osmolyte solutions. Interestingly, the presence of sucrose leads to simultaneous accumulation of both the sugar and water in the vicinity of peptide groups, resulting from a saccharide accumulation that is less than the accumulation of water, a net preferential exclusion. Only the denaturing osmolyte, urea, obeys the classical solvent exchange mechanism in which the preferential interaction with the peptide unit excludes water. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern management of renal colic
Authors: Stewart Alistair , Joyce Adrian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRenal stones are often asymptomatic, having been detected incidentally on imaging for other disorders. Renal stones can, however, cause severe pain when they move or obstruct the drainage of urine. Topics considered in this review of modern management of acute renal colic include clinical, laboratory and radiological diagnosis, analgesia, emergency scenarios and definitive stone management, including ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
The density and tube energy dependency of cobalt Kα/Kβ in x‐ray fluorescence spectrometryfor thick target measurements
Authors: Karimi Minoo , Amiri Nayereh , Ahadnejad Vahid 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe relative intensity of Kα/Kβ for cobalt in thick targets with cobalt mass densities from 0.51 to 22.49% has been measured by the wavelength dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The measuring conditions are: tube current ranging from 10 to 60 mA and voltages ranging from 20 to 60 kV. We plotted the Kα/Kβ ratio vs Co densities for different tube voltages and currents. Our study shows that the Kα/Kβ ratio is below the theoretical value for low Co densities and it increases with increasing Co density. For higher x‐ray energies, the Kα/Kβ ratio shows a sharp growth at the special density and then reaches a nearly constant value. However, Kα/Kβ ratio is theoretically constant and independent of energy in thin target measurements. The changes of this ratio according to the x‐ray energy and the element density have been studied in thick target measurements. The results provide experimental evidence to suggest that exciting energy and element density can indeed affect the Kα/Kβ ratio. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytic acid removal from soybeans by a lipid protein concentrate process
Authors: Ford J. R. , Mustakas G. C. , Schmutz R. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOver 90% of phytic acid has been removed from full‐fat soy flour by a lipid‐protein concentrate process previously reported in 1974 by the Northern Regional Research Center. In the current study, parameters for optimizing phytic acid removal were evaluated. By changing both the molar concentration of the calcium chloride solution used and the pH of the initial acid slurry, various amounts of phytic acid and mineral elements were recovered in the acid‐precipitated curd. A mathematical treatment of the data using multiple regression analusis showed phytic acid removal possible from 10 to 90%, zinc recovery from 10 to 90%, and calcium concentrations equalling twice that of the original starting flour. All variable conditions introduced into the process had no effect on protein (90–93%), fat (98–100%), and iron (94–96%) recoveries. The results presented in this report can be applied to a large number of processes now being used for making edible soy proteins, and thereby low phytin‐containing products can be acheived.
Behavior of DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin at various stages of refining of marine oils for edible use
Authors: Addison R. F. , Zinck M. E. , Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo 300‐lb batches of Eastern Canadian herring (Clupea harengus) oil were subjected to pilot plant processing to margarine stock for edible use. Samples were taken at various stages during processing for analysis of residues of the insecticide DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE, of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and of dieldrin. Residue concentrations in the oil were not affected by degumming (phosphoric acid wash), alkali refining, or bleaching with activated earth. DDT and dieldrin were readily and completely destroyed by commercial hydrogenation over Ni catalyst, and DDD was largely removed at the same time. DDE and PCBs were partially reduced during hydrogenation in the one run in which DDD was completely removed, but were unaffected in another run, in which DDD was only partially removed. Deodorization of the oil with steam and vacuum effectively removed those residues which survived hydrogenation. Analysis of the Ni catalyst before and after hydrogenation showed that removal of residues during hydrogenation was not due to their adsorption to the catalyst, but was more probably due to metal‐catalyzed degradation to unidentified products. Deodorizer condensates showed only a slight enrichment in residue levels over those found in the oil.
Antimicrobial activity of some fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Sumrell G. , Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Novak A. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwelve fatty acid amide or ester derivatives were screened for antimicrobial activity against a grampositive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gramnegative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a mold, eitherAspergillus flavus orA. species; and a yeast, eitherCandida albicans orTorula species. These compounds were adducts of unsaturated fatty derivatives in which the addends were hexachlorocyclopentadiene, thiolacetic acid, bromotrichloromethane, or O,O‐diethylphosphorodithioic acid. All of the new compounds appreciably inhibited the activity of at least one of the test organisms, and most of them showed activity against all four types of organisms. The hexachlorocyclopentadiene adduct of 2‐(2‐ethoxyethoxy)ethyl oleate was especially potent in this regard.
Identification of minor cyclic fatty acids in fractionated tall oil
Authors: Hase A. , Hase T. , Anderegg R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe structure of several minor cyclic fatty acids present in Finnish tall oil fatty acids are elucidated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The origin and mechanism of formation of these cyclic fatty acids are discussed. The cyclic fatty acids identified in tall oil fatty acids are: 4‐(5‐pentyl‐3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydro‐4‐indanyl)butanoic acid,ω‐(o‐alkylphenyl)alkanoic acid, 2,6‐dimethyl‐9‐(3‐isopropylphenyl)‐6‐nonenoic acid, 4‐(5‐pentyl‐4‐indanyl)butanoic acid, and 4‐(2‐hexyl‐1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐1‐naphthyl)butanoic acid. In addition, three different branched or cyclic unsaturated C19 fatty acids are reported to be present in tall oil.