bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What kind of Community measures for 1993?
Authors: Voirin Michel 
Published: December 2007

During the ISSA General Assembly in Vienna in September 1989, a number of members from European Community countries expressed the wish that the ISSA should, as part of its programme, look into the social security consequences of the institution of the Single European Market after 1992. The ISSA General Secretariat consequently decided to carry out a survey of its member organizations in Community countries in order to draw up a directory of the studies carried out by these institutions, the aim being to identify problems related to the constitution of the so‐called European social area, particularly the free movement of persons and goods, and review the measures that had been or were being implemented and the experience of institutions at the Community level. As a rule, in the countries in question, the heads of social security organizations are excluded from the bodies in which recommendations and rules are drawn up; on the other hand, the implementation and management of social security schemes do form part of their field of competence.Some 40 member organizations replied to the survey questionnaire, and the ISSA General Secretariat requested Mr. Voirin, a specialist on European questions, to write the present article analysing the results.
Binocular vision, age and symptoms
Authors: Yekta A.A. , Pickwell L.D. , Jenkins T.C.A. 
Published: December 2007

Changes with age in heterophoria, associated heterophoria, fixation disparity and stereopsis for near vision were investigated in a sample of 187 subjects (age range from 10 to 65 years) divided into six age groups. With increasing age, heterophoria, associated heterophoria and fixation disparity increased in the exo‐direction. No change in stereopsis was found.A comparison with visual symptoms for near vision indicated a relationship between symptoms and the magnitude of fixation disparity and associated heterophoria for all age groups, but no relationship was found between the presence of symptoms and heterophoria measurement. No relationship between the presence of symptoms and the central slope of the forced vergence fixation disparity curve was found.These findings suggested that neither the measurement of heterophoria nor the forced vergence disparity curve are appropriate tests in the assessment of binocular vision anomalies. However, fixation disparity and associated heterophoria are related to binocular problems for near vision in all age groups.
Pathway of the primary afferent nerve fibres serving proprioception in monkey extraocular muscles
Authors: Gentle Alex , Ruskell Gordon 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFollowing intracranial section of either the oculomotor or ophthalmic nerve, Wallerian degeneration studies revealed 1.38–3.7% of nerve fibres in the nerves to the inferior and superior rectus muscles were of ophthalmic nerve origin; more than half of them were unmyelinated. The results of the two experiments were complementary. The proportion of fibres identified as sensory is substantially smaller than the 10%, estimated in other studies, required to serve muscle receptors. These results indicate, contrary to some reports, that a substantial majority of proprioceptive fibres are conducted from extraocular muscles to the brainstem in the motor nerves and that their somata are not housed in the trigeminal ganglion.
PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC STRATIGRAPHY, ZAGROS BASIN, SOUTH‐WEST IRAN
Authors: Szabo Frank , Kheradpir Ahmad 
Published: December 2007

The Permian and Triassic beds deposited in the Zagros Basin form a massive carbonate and evaporite sequence in excess of 2000m. These strata were divided into clearly recognizable and mappable lithostratigraphic units and major lithofacies types using surface exposures, subsurface log information and sample cuttings. Formation and member designations are given to distinct and widespread lithostratigraphic units and where possible, the boundaries of these units are selected to coincide with sedimentary gaps or boundaries of sedimentary cycles. A well type‐section and a surface reference section are established to illustrate the distribution of these units both vertically and horizontally. Major unconformities were observed and documented at the base of the Permian and at the top of the Triassic, a smaller break was noted between the Triassic and Permian sediments. Revision of the Jurassic‐Triassic boundary is made, based on this new stratigraphic evidence.
FUTURE HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION ON CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND PLATE TECTONICS
Authors: Pratsch Johann‐Christian 
Published: December 2007

Continental margins, the border zones between continents and oceans, are preferred sites for hydrocarbon accumulations throughout geologic history. Passive Atlantic‐type margins are found worldwide. Active Pacific‐type margins exist together with passive margins where endogenous vertical crustal mobility took place. Vertical mobility is preferred over lateral mobility. Plate‐tectonic hypotheses are doubted. Exploration for gas and oil must be based on sound data.Kontinentalränder, die Grenzen zwischen Kontinenten und Ozeanen, sind durch die geologische Geschichte hindurch bevorzugte Räume für Ansammlungen von Gas und Öl. Passive atlantische Kontinentalränder sind weltweit verbreitet. Aktive pazifische Kontinentalränder erscheinen zusammen mit passiven Kontinentalrändern, wo endogene vertikale Krustenmobilität auftritt. Vertikalmobilität wird einer Lateralmobilität vorgezogen Plattentektonische Hypothesen werden in Zweifel gestellt, sie werden ohnehin zunehmend abgeändert. Exploration auf Gas und Öl muss auf einer gesunden Datenbasis beruhen, nicht auf wissenschaftlicher Spekulation.
PETROLEUM IN TIBET AND THE INDIA‐ASIA SUTURE (?) ZONE
Authors: Meyerhoff A. A. 
Published: December 2007

During 1976, three separate drill sites were reported from parts of central and southern Tibet, the People's Republic of China. The ages of the formations penetrated are not known, but possible commercial hydrocarbon shows were reported at each of the three drill sites. The shows were in either late Paleozoic or Mesozoic Tethyan facies, north of the Yalu Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River. Similar Tethyan facies crop out south of the river.The Yalu Tsangpo River strikes W‐Eacross S Tibet, and its trace has been interpreted by some geologists to be a suture zone where the Indian plate is alleged to have collided with Asia. The presence of identical rock formations north and south of the Yalu Tsangpo appears to negate this conclusion.However, Chinese geologists hold differing opinions concerning the presence or absence of a suture zone along the Yalu Tsangpo River line‐one group holding that the line is a suture zone; another group denying the existence of a suture zone; and a third group taking an intermediate position. The views of the different groups are reviewed here for the benefit of non‐Chinese geologists and geophysicists who may be interested in this area. Present non‐Chinese literature on the area is woefully lacking in factual data and, as a consequence, serious misunderstandings exist regarding the geology, tectonics, and petroleum potential of this region.
SEGMENTATION OF ISLAND ARCS AND APPLICATION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY†
Authors: Ranneft T. S. M. 
Published: December 2007

Island arcs are commonly depicted as smoothly curved or sinuous structures. This presentation almost certainly is incorrect. Most island arcs, perhaps all, are composed of more or less straight segments whose trend changes direction suddenly at specific hinge or boundary zones; these zones seem to consist of multiple transverse faults. Each straight segment itself is cut by transverse faults. The presence of the transverse structural systems is evident from geological and geophysical data.Examples of segmentation include island arcs in Indonesia, the Philippines, Solomons, New Hebrides, Kuril‐Kamchatka, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Mexico, Tonga, Alaska, Japan, Chile, Andaman‐Nicobar Islands, New Britain, Marianas, Greece, and the Himalayas. The fracture system may be related to structural, morphological, or movement aspects of an underthrusting slab, or it may be the result of movement in the backdeep or of the overthrusting sheet in general. Some of the transverse faults may be old ones that have been rejuvenated within the island‐arc area.Transverse structural systems seem to have had a pronounced effect on the petroleum accumulations of island‐arc regions, both from a stratigraphic and structural viewpoint; they therefore affect petroleum‐exploration procedures. Such systems are also likely to be found in ancient basins that went through an island‐arc stage. Knowledge of the segmentation of island arcs should aid future exploration.
THE DENSITY SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT MACERAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC MATTER DISPERSED IN SEDIMDENTARY ROCKS
Authors: Kinghorn R. R. F. , Rahman M. 
Published: December 2007

Macerals of ancient sedimentary organic matter, comprising sporinites, alginites. vitrinites and inertinites have been separated by sequential centrifuging in zinc bromide solutions of progressively higher specific gravities.Marine organic matter. composed of structureless platy constituents, is separated by low‐density, heavy‐liquid solutions (S.G. 1.12‐1.34), whereas material from terrestrial and land influenced sources separates out at higher specific gravities (S.G. 1.45‐1.65). The various structured constituents of the latter can then be isolated by virtue of their different specific gravity ranges (alginite < 1.53, sporinite 1.53‐1.65 and vitrinite/ inertinite > 1.65): the density increases within each of these ranges with the darkening of their colour, reflecting increasing diagenesis.
GEOLOGY OF THE MUSANDAM PENNINSULA (SULTANATE OF OMAN) AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
Authors: Ricateau R. , Riché P.H. 
Published: December 2007

The Musandam peninsula (Sultanate of Oman) is a vast outcrop of carbonate rocks of Permian to Middle Cretaceous age. The facies of these formations relates them without doubt to the contemporaneous formations of the Arabian platform and there is a good analogy with the formations encountered in the wells drilled in the Persian Gulf west of the Musandam outcrops. After the deposition of these platform formations, several tectonic events deepb affected this area, and led to the present configuration: at the end qf the Middle Cretaceous, a wide area emerged on the E edge of the Arabian platform. whereas on the W side of the Peninsula important halokinetic movements of the structures of thePersian Gulf persisted.Following that tectonic event, the sedimentary domain of the platform withdrew towards the Arabian shield during the Upper Cretaceous, whereas the orogenic activity spread out into the oceanic domain. The Musandam peninsula was located between those two domnins, in a sedimentary basin which successively received first the turbidites of'the Muti Formation (Coniacian ‐ Santonian), mainly produced by the erosion of the Middle Cretaceous emerged area, and then the Hawasina nappes, mainly formed by abyssal sediments of earlier Mesozoic age.Itis not firmly established whether the Semail nappe of the ophiolitic complex was emplaced over the Musandam as it was over the greater part of the Oman mountains. During and after the setting of the nappes, E‐W compression caused the series of overthrusts, creating in the Musandam area a ridge edged on the W by a subsidmr foredeep which received materials from the ridge, and on the E by an oceanic zone in which the sedimentation was far more reduced. The same pattern continued until the end of the Lower Miocene, when a very important compressive movement from E to W gave their present shape to most structures.During the Upper Miocene, vertical movements of compensation took place and continued to thepresent time over Musandam, while on the E flankof the Peninsula, in the subsiding Gu(fof Oman, sedimentation became very important.
AN OIL MIGRATION AND RE‐ENTRAPMENT MODEL FOR THE MARDIN GROUP RESERVOIRS OF SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA
Authors: Erdogan L. Tufan , Akgül Azat 
Published: December 2007

Oil migrates from a source into a reservoir rock and then, inside the reservoir rock, into a trap, and from the trap into a series of traps and reservoir rocks. The movement of oil is continuous and the interchange of oil between several reservoir rocks is totally independent of the source rock after a certain stage of migration. Each migration stage may cause quality changes in the properties of oil. A model is devised to account for oil migration and re‐entrapment, and to explain the distribution of different quality oils in time and space. Variations in the API‐gravity of oil, formation‐water salinity, reservoir temperature and pressure, sulphur‐content of oil, initial water content and recoverable oil reserves of oilfields can be important clues for the determination of migration directions and new prospects. These concepts were applied in a petroleum migration study of the Mardin Group (Aptian‐Turonian) which is the most important reservoir rock of SE Anatolia.Quantitative modelling shows that oil migration is directed towards two main uplifts which control the distribution of oilfields in SE Anatolia. Active water movement inside the reservoir rock has resulted in the accumulation of oil inside very young structural traps. Because almost all the fields have tilted oil‐water contacts, wildcat locations must be selected with special emphasis on hydrodynamics.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE ASL OILFIELD, WESTERN SINAI, EGYPT
Authors: Thiébaud C. E. , Robson D. A. 
Published: December 2007

Surface mapping in the Asl area of Sinai, which was carried out in the year 1937, established the presence of 18 gypsum beds alternating with shales, marls and sandy beds, folded into gentle flexured structures with very little faulting. In contrast, the structures at depth, as revealed by the information from 28 wells, consist of numerous tilted blocks bounded by faults; most of these faults die out before reaching the surface.The task of finding locations for producing wells proved difficult; only 12 of the wells drilled have yielded commercial supplies of oil. The value of seismic records is limited in such a geological environment, where deep‐seated, block‐faulted structures are overlain by a thick evaporite succession.Three producing horizons, two of Miocene age and one at the top of the Eocene, have yielded an aggregate of more than six million tons of oil.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE ALBIAN ROCKS OF SOUTH IRAQ
Authors: Ibrahim M. W. 
Published: December 2007

The Nahr Umr Formation is argued here to be in physical and possible chronological continuity with the exposed Rutbah Sandstone Formation of Western Iraq. This stratigraphic relation is postulated on the basis of subsurface mapping.The presently available information, i.e. lithofacies data, well logs, petroleum occurrences, and structural traps availability were evaluated in order to present a preliminary prospect evaluation. It appears that the Albian petroliferous belt coincides with: a marginal‐marine environment of deposition, a sand/shale ratio of > 1 < 8, and a Cretaceous growth of structural traps.
A FURTHER GEOLOGIC STUDY ON THE TRIASSIC FORMATIONS OF NORTH‐CENTRAL ALGERIA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON HALOKINESIS
Authors: Assaad Fakhry A. 
Published: December 2007

Up‐to‐date lithostratigraphic classifications of the Triassic detritals of the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic evaporitic series have been made in North‐Central Algeria. It is believed that the formation of the Lower Triassic fluvio‐deltaic deposits and the principal Upper Trias‐Lias evaporites may be explained in terms of plate tectonics. Correlation of the Triassic formations were found possible between the two different tectonic units known in Algeria. The Epihercynian and Pre‐cambrian platforms attained their main tectonic features after the Early Alpine “Post‐Liassic” orogenic movements; whereas the successive southerly migrations of the Equator during Later Triassic time led to the formation of several lagoons.To the E of the High Plateaux, a NE‐SW lagoonal basin probably existed in the central part of which salt accumulated, overlain by shales and anhydrites, whereasat the edges only anhydrites were deposited. In the NW of the Algerian Sahara‐studied area, open Tethys sea sedimentation partly prevailed and carbonate rocks were deposited during Late Triassic.Triassic‐Liassic diapirs of different ages of emplacement are known in N Algeria and are represented on the surface by saliferous shales and other associated rocks mainly produced by halotectonic processes. Precise photogeologic and seismic studies may reveal the presence of salt‐dome structures in areas of halokinetic piercing diapirs, as well as in other areas away from the direct effects of regional tectonics. No Triassic‐Liassic outcrops or diapirs are known on the Saharan platform, the Triassic basins having developed on the Paleozoic craton.
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF CRUDE OIL TO 400°C AND 2,000 BARS PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF GAS*
Authors: Price Leigh C. 
Published: December 2007

This study reports aqueous solubilities of crude oil distillation fractions over the carbon number range C1‐C34as a function of: temperature (100° to 400° C), pressure (100 to 2,000 bars), NaCl concentration, and gas in solution (N2, CO2, CH4). Experimental parameters were designed so that conditions within a petroleum basin would be duplicated. Increases in temperature increased crude oil solubility, and the higher molecular weight species were affected more positively than lower molecular weight species. Increases in pressure or salinity decreased solubility. The presence of gas in solution increased the solubility of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (> C24) over all temperatures, and increased the solubility of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons at high temperatures (> 180–260°C). Gas decreased the solubility of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at low temperatures.Hydrocarbon solute compositional changes were also examined as a function of the above parameters. At high temperatures, both increasing gas concentration and increasing temperature caused hydrocarbon solutes to become compositionally more similar and eventually identical to the original distillation fraction. The high molecular weight hydrocarbons and saturated hydrocarbons, especially the n‐paraffins, were taken into solution in progressively greater concentrations over the aromatic and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. Thus, the strong preferential uptake of low molecular weight and aromatic hydrocarbons into solution at lower temperatures was reversed.
GREAT CARBONATE BANK OF YUCATÁN, SOUTHERN MEXICO
Authors: Viniegra‐O Francisco 
Published: December 2007

Since 1972, numerous large and giant fields have been discovered in the Reforma area of Chiapas and Tabasco States, southern Mexico, and on the offshore Campeche shelf west of Campeche State. The huge carbonate bank with which these discoveries are associated is called the Great Carbonate Bank of Yucatán. Most of the Reforma fields produce from bank‐edge talus, now largely dolomitized, of Late‐Jurassic and Early‐ to Middle‐Cretaceous ages, and drilling depths to the tops of the reservoirs generally range from 3,800‐4,500m. The offshore discoveries include fields which are productive mainly in bank‐edge talus of Paleocene and Late‐Jurassic ages, and depths to the top of production generally are shallower than onshore‐1,260‐3,500m. The petroleum source materials for the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleocene fields are believed to be mainly in Late‐Jurassic strate, but some Early‐Cretaceous sources cannot be eliminated. Middle‐Cretaceous rocks have not yet been identified beneath the offshore shelf from Tampico (Arenque) to Samaria (A. J. Bermúdez) and Conduacán. Although most of the discovered fields contain mainly oil, some of the fields contain gas and condensate.Some porosity and permeability is primary, and most is secondary‐the result of solution, dolomitization, and intense microfracturing. The original trap for the Late Jurassic‐Middle Creataceous fields appears to have been stratigraphic, but the present traps are mainly fractured and faulted domal salt pillows created during the Laramide orogeny.The basis for the discovery of the fields was the widespread presence on the Yucatán Peninsula, and in the States of Campeche, Chiapas, and Tabasco, of Cretaceous through Tertiary backreef or lagoonal facies‐carbonates, anhydrite, and some halite, The drilling of the Pichucalco well in 1971 for the first time showed that reef and/or bank‐edge facies were present. In addition, more than 200 oil seeps were known in a linear zone along the foot of the Sierra de Chiapas, south of and adjacent to the coastal plain. If one assumes a facies distribution similar to that of the Golden Lane, it can be concluded that an extensive bank‐edge talus deposit should lie gulfward from the lagoonal facies. With this geologic concept in mind, seismic work was commenced, and drilling during 1971–1972 led to the dual discoveries of the Sition Grande and Cactus oil fields in 1972. The first offshore discovery, Chac, was made in 1976.The Great Carbonate Bank of Yucatán is believed to include not just the Yucatán Peninsula, but also a part of coastal Veracruz State, where several discoveries have been made in carbonate rocks of Early‐ to Middle‐Cretaceous ages in thrust sheets along the western margin of the Veracruz basin, which are now buried beneath the coastal plain. It is probable that large, subthrust, anticlinal structures underlie the thrust sheets along the western margin of the Veracruz basin. These, when drilled, may contain important hydrocarbon accumulations.
ON THE THEORY OF GROWTH FAULTING PART II (c): GENESIS OF THE “UNIT”
Authors: Crans W. , Mandl G. 
Published: December 2007

This paper forms the third and concluding section of the second part of a detailed and rigorous geomechanical analysis of the stability of overpressured, gently‐sloping sediment layers presented in the Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2, 3, 1980 and 3, 2, and 3, 3, 1981. Parts II(a) and (b) considered stress equilibrium, related stress equations, types of overpressure, the representation of the stress state in Mohr space, and the plastic/elastic states of frictional materials in long fluid‐filled layers, together with numerical and analytical examinations of slip lines and considerations of plastic flow and slip.This concluding section introduces the effects of peak‐strength and liquefaction phenomena, together with a consideration of the behaviour of purely cohesive materials, and contains also the six important conclusions derived from this study.
GURI LIMESTONE, A NEW HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR IN SOUTH IRAN
Authors: Kashfi Mansour S. 
Published: December 2007

The Guri Limestone Member of the Mishan Formation of Early to Middle Miocene age produces gas in the SE portion of the Zagros geosyncline. The Mishan Formation, which is predominantly marl in its type section near Khuzestan Province, becomes more argillaceous with an increase in organic content towards the SE where the sequence thickens. In the SE portion of the Zagros geosyncline, the lower part of the Mishan changes to a highly‐resistant, fossilqerous limestone which is called the Guri Limestone. This is of Late‐Early Miocene age in most of the SE Zagros and rises in stratigraphic position towards the NW, becoming of Middle Miocene age in Khuzestan Province. The Guri thickens considerably with massive reefal‐type deposits towards the eastern end of the Fars Province near the Oman high.Lithological and geochemical studies support the hypothesis that the Mishan Formation could serve as a source rock for the hydrocarbons which have been found within the Guri. However, subsidence has failed to place the Mishan Formation within the thermal zone thought to be necessary for liquid hydrocarbon formation, and it is more likely that the deposits will produce gas.