bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tradition and Travesty: Chiefs and the Administration in Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1960–1980
Authors: Ranger Terence 
Published: April 2006

INTRODUCTIONDuring the first months of 19811 was in Makoni district, Zimbabwe, carrying out research on its twentieth-century history. I arrived there bearing a powerful letter of credit from the Minister of Local Government and, as a result, the District Commissioner allowed me to see his current files on chiefs and headmen. These files – far fatter than any that had survived from an earlier period in the National Archives – covered the period 1960 to 1980, with a scattering of earlier material. They were full of elaborately researched precolonial histories of the chiefdoms, the more elaborately researched the later in time they were compiled. They were also full of equally elaborate chiefly genealogies, often covering a dozen or so pages. The District Commissioner supposed that his files would be interesting to a historian because of these evidences of the past. But I soon came to realize that they were secondary to, and dependent upon, the relationship which the files really documented.
Post-famine recovery in highland Bwisha, Zaire: 1984 in its context
Authors: Pottier Johan , Fairhead James 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 1984 drought affected vast areas of East, Southern and Central Africa, including Zaire's Kivu Province. Within North Kivu, areas of the collectivité Bwisha, of the zone of Rutshuru, were known to have been particularly hard hit. Within this collectivite, two administrative units (groupements) were singled out for famine relief: Jomba and Gisigari. Although few people died of the direct effects of the drought there was widespread impoverishment and hunger. This analysis of the drought of 1984 focuses on the groupement of Jomba.The aim is to reconstruct what happened before, during and after the famine. To do this, Part One outlines the farming systems of highland Bwisha from an historical perspective. Part Two discusses the stages of the drought, the social groups worst affected and the coping mechanisms used by groups and individuals. The latter discussion includes aspects of external relief. Part Three discusses post-famine changes in agriculture and trade relations, with a comment on how the people of Bwisha will fare when faced with another major drought.Since the end of the prolonged drought and famine of 1984 cropping systems have continued to change. Current intensification of highland agriculture is associated with an emphasis on aseasonality in production. This new phase, accelerated and conditioned by the famine, will alter future famine coping responses. Despite the appearance of productive agriculture and flourishing trade, food security in the area and the ability to cope with future climatic disruption are being eroded fast.
Garden cultivation, conservation and household strategies in Zimbabwe
Authors: Bell Morag , Hotchkiss Patricia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith reference to dambo utilisation in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe, this article considers how, under conditions of unreliable rainfall, communities and households manage their land and water resources to maintain a balance between resource exploitation and conservation. Regional variations in patterns of garden cultivation are identified and related to differences in resource endowment, to variations in the interpretation and implementation of government legislation and t o contrasting histories of involvement in commodity production. It is also demonstrated that within regions domestic strategies are not rigidly fixed but may be modified over time with changes in household composition and resources available.
Restoration of high species density in calcareous grassland: the role of seed rain and soil seed bank
Authors: Willems J.H. , Bik L.P.M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A small‐scale restoration experiment concerning a species‐rich calcareous grassland was conducted over a 7‐yr period. 20 yr of abandonment (1971‐1990) resulted in both a strong reduction of the number of species and an absolute dominance of the shrub Crataegus monogyna and the grass Brachypodium pinnatum ‐ which contributed 98% of the above‐ground herb phytomass. The plot (3 m x 6 m) was cleared in September 1990 and thereafter yearly mown in autumn. Small soil seed bank samples were taken immediately after clearing and again in the autumn of 1996. The inner part of the plot showed a reduced soil seed bank compared to the plot underneath the vegetation outside the plot in 1990. Six years later an increased number of seeds in the soil in this inside area could be recorded mainly in the upper soil layer, although the amount was only 40% compared to the outside or control area. Ca. 20% of the species present in the restored vegetation were recorded in seed traps during the main seed dispersal period in 1997. Restoration of high species richness in the plot was a fast process during the first few years: from seven species in 1990 towards 39 three years later. This was significantly faster than the restoration process of the calcareous grassland at the same slope 20 yr earlier. This was probably due to the increased size of the community species pool at the site as a result of appropriate management during the last decades. Relative species number increase was highest at the largest scale during this experiment, viz. at the total plot area.The success of restoration of species‐rich, dry grassland vegetation largely depends on the interaction between several conditions, e.g. seed availability, either originating from the seed rain or soil seed bank, favourable germination conditions and a successful development to a mature, seed producing individual. Germination and establishment strongly depend on suitable vegetation structure as a result of sustainable management.
On the expressiveness of frame satisfiability and fragments of second-order logic
Authors: Eiter Thomas , Gottlob Georg 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt was conjectured by Halpern and Kapron (Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, vol. 69, 1994) that frame satisfiability of propositional modal formulas is incomparable in expressive power to both (Ackermann) and (Bernays-Schönfinkel). We prove this conjecture. Our results imply that (Ackermann) and (Bernays-Schönfinkel) are incomparable in expressive power, already on finite graphs. Moreover, we show that on ordered finite graphs, i.e., finite graphs with a successor, (Bernays-Schönfinkel) is strictly more expressive than (Ackermann).
What is the Archaic?
Authors: Sears William H. 
Published: April 2006

Since its inception by Ritchie1 the term “The Archaic,“ or “The Archaic Pattern,” has seen considerable usage. However, it appears that the definition or delineation of this pattern, as it exists, is not serviceable. If this be true, there is then an anomalous situation in that: (1) Manifestations which have been classified by Webb and Dejarnette, Webb and Haag, Fairbanks, and Lewis and Kneberg, as components or foci of the Archaic, are thereby correlated at the pattern level. (2) The concept in terms of which they have been so correlated is inaccurate.Ritchie's most concrete formulations are:The long postulated archaic level in New York recently confirmed by intensive work in the Southeast consists of an aggregate of discrete foci, sharing a hunting-fishing-gathering economy. Its chief characteristics are the absence of horticultural traces, ceramics, and the smoking pipe. (Italics mine.)
The Origin of the Sonoyta Townsite, Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Ives Ronald L. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological investigation in the vicinity of Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico, an oasis and crossroads settlement on the south bank of the Sonoyta River, a spring-fed desert stream that parallels the Arizona-Sonora boundary for some miles, discloses plentiful evidence of a lengthy and probably continuous occupation of the area by a toolusing agricultural people. The location and general environment of Sonoyta is shown in Fig. 3a.During the last thirty years, several tons of polished stone artifacts, mostly metates, manos, and hammers, have been found in the Sonoyta Valley within easy walking distance of the townsite. Many of these, particularly metates and manos, have been salvaged by local Indians, and are still in use.
Analysis of Spiro Mound Textiles
Authors: Trowbridge H. M. 
Published: April 2006

Samples of textiles from the Spiro, Oklahoma, mound were sent to the Smithsonian Institution for analysis. Through the courtesy of Dr. Waldo R. Wedel and the National Bureau of Standards, which made the analysis, the report quoted below has been received.These textiles were excavated by private individuals in 1935, before the University of Oklahoma took charge. My object has been to salvage as much as could be rescued, and attempt to preserve it behind glass.
Archaeology of the Middle Río Balsas Basin, Mexico
Authors: Lister Robert H. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological reconnaissance and excavations in the Río Balsas drainage basin of Guerrero and Michoacán were undertaken by parties from the University of New Mexico during the summers of 1939 and 1941. As a result of the first summer's work, three publications have appeared. This paper will cover the archaeological remains in the Middle Rio Balsas Basin of Guerrero and Michoacân. It will include the results of both summers' work and be based on surface observations and collections, and on excavations conducted at three sites.For the most part the reconnaissance was undertaken on foot or horseback, inasmuch as the few roads that existed in the area were made impassable for vehicles by the summer rains.
Observations Concerning the “Red Paint Culture”
Authors: Hadlock Wendell S. 
Published: April 2006

For many years the people of Maine, parts of New England, and the Maritime Provinces have been told that an ancient group of Indians lived in the northeastern part of the United States and later moved into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. These ancient people have been called the Pre-Algonquian Group, The Red Paint People of Maine, and the Beothuk of Newfoundland, by various archaeologists who have excavated their graves.These archaeologists have come to the conclusion that the graves represent a very old group of Indians, but they have not agreed on who they were, where they came from, or where they went. Mr. Charles C. Willoughby shows the distribution of the pre-Algonquian culture as covering all that portion of North America east of the Great Lakes, along the Saint Lawrence River and as far south as the tip of New Jersey.
Cultivated Plant Remains from Waterfall Cave, Chihuahua
Authors: Cutler Hugh 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCultivated plants from Waterfall Cave include several varieties of maize, common beans, bottle gourd, and squash. Most of the corn is of the Pima-Papago race, and the whole plant complex is similar to the group of cultivated plants recently grown by the Papago and other Indians of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Mexico.
Archaeological Investigations in the Region about Lakes Mistassini and Albanel, Province of Quebec, 1948
Authors: Edward S.  , Rogers Murray H. 
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1948, from June 14th to September 25th, the authors made a second archaeological expedition into the area including Lakes Mistassini and Albanel in south-central Province of Quebec. The work was directed by Frederick Johnson and done under the auspices of the Peabody Foundation, which provided half of the funds necessary. The Viking Fund of New York City generously granted the remainder of the money necessary and for this both we and the Foundation wish to express our gratitude.Traveling in the trackless interior of Quebec presents many difficulties at best, and without the generous cooperation of the Hudson's Bay Company and its personnel, travel would be virtually impossible. We are sincerely grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Fred McLeod, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Parsons, and Mr. and Mrs. Wilfred Jeffreys, whose hospitality and genuine good will are in keeping with the best traditions of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Chinese Figurines in Mesoamerica
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de 
Published: April 2006

In a recent article J. Alden Mason (1951) called attention to 2 small Chinese figurines found in local archaeological collections in Mesoamerica. One was from Azqueltan, Jalisco, Mexico and is now in the University Museum, Philadelphia (catalog number NA- 11808), and the other was in the Vitalino Robles collection of Quezaltenango, Guatemala. Both are of a soft stone and were described as “crawling infants.” While browsing through a collection of archaeological objects in an antique shop in Guatemala City I came across another small Chinese figurine similar in most respects to the ones described by Mason. The shop owner, unaware of the Oriental origin of this specimen, was sure that it must have come in with the other artifacts from Kaminaljuyu, a large archaeological site on the outskirts of the city. The figurine has been presented to the University Museum (catalog number 54-4-1).Like the Quezaltenango specimen (Mason 1951 Fig. 1, a), the stone figurine from Guatemala City is an opaque yellowish-amber color with reddish veins and has a very soft, soapy texture (Mohr scale 2.8).
Pit Houses of Asia – A Japanese Phase
Authors: Chase David W. 
Published: April 2006

The discussion of pit houses in the Old World and in North America by Hiroshi Daifuku (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, pp. 1-7) prompts me to add a note concerning certain pit house sites which I explored in northern Japan during the spring and summer of 1951.While searching the Yamagawa River Valley near Furumaki-machi in Aomori Prefecture for early Jomon sites, I encountered several pit house village sites. I had previously been advised of the general location of these by Major Howard McCord, formerly of Misawa Air Force Base, who had done considerable archaeological work in that region.
A Fertility Vase from the Old Line, Costa Rica
Authors: Balser Carlos 
Published: April 2006

The rectangular clay bowl with a ring base shown in Figure 108 was unearthed in the area of the Old Line (Linea Vieja) in Costa Rica. It is 8.5 cm. high, 13.0 cm. wide, with an overall length of 18.5 cm., and is made of a well-fired clay painted in red. We consider this find most important as it appears to confirm the influence of foreign cultures in the area of the Old Line on the Atlantic side of the Republic of Costa Rica.The receptacle of this bowl has lateral ornamentation consisting of 2 distinct groups. The first group, at the lower part of Figure 108 a, depicts the legs of a man with calves and feet in an upright position. This peculiar detail was probably used in order to secure the esthetic arrangement of the border decoration. We see the male genitals and on the thigh of each leg the figure of a bird.
Ceramic Affiliations in the Northwestern Plains
Authors: Kehoe Alice B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere are three prehistoric or protohistoric ceramic traditions in the Northwestern plains. The Shoshone tradition is represented by Great Falls ware, found immediately east of the Rockies in central Montana, and probably made by an eastern Plateau tribe. The Pisamiks tradition includes two wares: Ethridge ware in Alberta and northern Montana, probably made by the Blackfoot; Wascana ware in Saskatchewan, closely similar to Selkirk focus pottery in southeastern Manitoba, and probably made by the Cree. The Mandan tradition includes Hagen ware, found along the Yellowstone River in southern Montana, and probably made by the Crow, as well as the pottery made by the Mandan-Hidatsa along the Missouri River in North Dakota.
Archaeology and Language in Western North America
Authors: Taylor Walter W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe following hypothesis is proposed: that the distribution in time and space of Desert culture(s) and Hokaltecan languages imply a connection, that at one time there was a continuous band of Hokaltecan people practicing Desert culture from the Great Basin to the Texas and Tamaulipecan coasts, that this continuity was disrupted by an incursion of Utaztecan highlanders moving along the cordillera into Mexico, that proto-Shoshoneans entered the Great Basin from the northeast, that the Yuman peoples are a remnant block and not a disrupting wedge of Mexican origin, and that some of the similarities between cultures in California, the American Southwest, and Mexico are survivals of the basic proto-Utaztecan or Macro-Penutian culture, while still others are the result of interchange through a relatively homogeneous cultural medium made up of Utaztecan highlanders living along the western cordillera from central Mexico to the American Southwest.
A Few Errors in Magellan Authorities
Authors: Sanderlin George 
Published: April 2006

I have noted some errors or ambiguities in authoritative works on Magellan.(1)J. A. Robertson's edition and translation of Pigafetta (Cleveland, 1906) has Captain Barbosa ‘threatening the slave that if he did go ashore, he would be flogged’ (1, 179). But Pigafetta wrote ‘se non andava in terra,’ ‘if he did not go ashore.’ The slave (Enrique de Malacca) was wanted ashore as interpreter. The error is repeated in the reprint of Robertson's text in Charles E. Nowell, Magellan's Voyage Around the World (Evanston, 1962).(2)Nowell omits (p. 104) a sentence of Robertson's translation concerning the Patagonian giant: ‘He had a bow and arrows in his hand.’ He also obscures Pigafetta's text by turning Robertson's parentheses into brackets, and thus excluding three phrases. These should now read: ‘(but not of cedar),’ Nowell, page 119; ‘(with the pardon of cosmographers, for they have not seen it),’ Nowell, page 128; ‘(the king's men),’ Nowell, page 138.
The Linguistic Situation in the Lake Chad Area in Central Africa
Authors: Lukas J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOur knowledge of the linguistic groups in the Lake Chad area of Central Africa is very incomplete. In many respects the work of H. Barth, Central-African Vocabularies, 1862, is our only source of information. This source is incomplete, especially phonetically, and therefore of little value. The study of the sounds of African languages has developed very much recently, and there is no important school of African linguistics in which descriptive phonetics does not play an outstanding role.
Population-based study of prognostic factors in stage II colonic cancer
Authors: Morris M , Platell C , de Boer B , McCaul K , Iacopetta B 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colorectal cancer may be considered for patients whose tumours have poor prognostic features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of commonly reported clinical and pathological features of stage II colonic cancer.

Methods
A population-based observational study of all patients with stage II colonic cancer diagnosed in the state of Western Australia from 1993 to 2003 was performed. A total of 1306 patients treated by surgery alone were identified, with a median follow-up of 59 (range 0–145) months.

Results
Multivariable analysis revealed that the only independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival were stage T4 (hazard ratio (HR) 1·75 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·32 to 2·32); P &lt; 0·001) and vascular invasion (HR 1·63 (95 per cent c.i. 1·15 to 2·30); P &lt; 0·001). In younger patients (aged 75 years or less), who are more likely to be considered for chemotherapy, these two features showed independent prognostic significance but with higher HR values (1·96 for stage T4 and 2·73 for vascular invasion). Stage T4 and/or the presence of vascular invasion identified a ‘poor’ prognostic group, comprising 26·6 per cent of younger patients and with a 5-year survival rate of 71·2 per cent. The remaining ‘good’ prognostic group had a survival rate of 84·3 per cent at 5 years' follow-up.

Conclusion
This study highlights the importance of accurate pathological assessment of tumour stage and vascular invasion for the prognostic stratification of patients with stage II colonic cancer. The results provide clarification of guidelines for the management of stage II disease in relation to recommendations for chemotherapy.
Novel μ5‐Coordination Modes of Aryl and Alkyl Ethynides and Classification of Metal–Ligand Interactions in Silver(I) Complexes
Authors: Zhao Liang , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNovel μ5‐η1,η1,η1,η1,η2 and μ5‐η1,η1,η1,η2,η2 coordination modes of alkyl and aryl ethynide moieties are found in silver(I) complexes 1–5, and the metal–ligand distances can be classified into σ, π and mixed (σ,π) types. With the consistent square‐pyramidal capping Ag5 baskets of the ethynide moiety as supramolecular synthons, a series of two‐ and three‐dimensional coordination networks are obtained.
Intranasal immunisation with inactivated RSV and bacterial adjuvants induces mucosal protection and abrogates eosinophilia upon challenge
Authors: Etchart Nathalie , Baaten Bas , Andersen Svein Rune , Hyland Lisa , Wong Simon Y. C. , Hou Sam 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have previously shown that following intranasal exposure to influenza virus, specific plasma cells are generated in the nasal‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and maintained for the life of the animal. However, we also showed that following infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), specific plasma cells are generated in the NALT but wane quickly and are not maintained even after challenge, even though RSV‐specific serum antibody responses remain robust. Only infection with influenza virus generated sterilising immunity, implying a role for these long‐lived plasma cells in protection. We show here that the RSV‐specific IgA NALT plasma cell population and lung antibody levels can be substantially boosted, both at acute and memory time points, by intranasal immunisation with inactivated RSV (iRSV) in combination with bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) compared to live RSV alone. Finally, challenge with live RSV showed that immunisation with iRSV and OMV protect against both virus replication in the lung and the eosinophil infiltrate generated by either live RSV or iRSV alone. These data show that immunisation with iRSV and OMV maintains a NALT RSV‐specific plasma cell population and generates an efficient protective immune response following RSV infection.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636118
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance under Severe Operating Conditions
Authors: Koch S. , Hendriksen P. V. , Mogensen M. , Liu Y.‐L. , Dekker N. , Rietveld B. , de Haart B. , Tietz F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe performance and degradation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) were studied under severe operating conditions. The cells studied were manufactured in a small series by ECN, in the framework of the EU funded CORE‐SOFC project. The cells were of the anode‐supported type with a double layer LSM cathode. They were operated at 750 °C or 850 °C in hydrogen with 5% or 50% water at current densities ranging from 0.25 A cm–2 to 1 A cm–2 for periods of 300 hours or more. The area specific cell resistance, corrected for fuel utilisation, ranged between 0.20 Ω cm2 and 0.34 Ω cm2 at 850 °C and 520 mV, and between 0.51 Ω cm2 and 0.92 Ω cm2 at 750 °C and 520 mV.The degradation of cell performance was found to be low (ranging from 0 to 8%/1,000 hours) at regular operating conditions. Voltage degradation rates of 20 to 40%/1,000 hours were observed under severe operating conditions, depending on the test conditions.Data analysis revealed a critical cell voltage of ca 750 mV, above which the degradation rates were trivial, but below which they were significant.Some cells were also tested using a different procedure to that usually applied at Risø. This gave a different aging behaviour, indicating that the detailed test circumstances may be decisive to the outcome.