bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on Sunflower in North and South Dakota
Authors: Gulya T. J. , Krupinsky J. , Draper M. , Charlet L. D. 
Published: May 2007

In September 1998, symptoms suggestive of charcoal rot were observed on oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants in western North and South Dakota. Symptoms first observed on plants approaching physiological maturity consisted of silver-gray lesions girdling the stem at the soil line, premature plant death, and reduced head diameter. The pith in the lower stem was completely absent or compressed into horizontal layers. Black, spherical microsclerotia were observed in the pith of the lower stem, underneath the epidermis, and on the exterior of the taproot. Confirmation of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tossi) Goid. as the causal agent was based on the size of the microsclerotia, which ranged from 80 to 90 μm in diameter, from both infected sunflowers and pure cultures (1). The only other sunflower pathogen known to form microsclerotia is Verticillium dahliae Kleb., whose microsclerotia are irregular in shape and are 15 to 50 μm in diameter. Some prematurely dead sunflower plants lacked typical charcoal rot stem lesions, but contained Macrophomina microsclerotia. Plants with atypical symptoms were colonized by the sunflower stem weevil (Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte)) and the black sunflower stem weevil (Apion occidentale Fall). This agrees with observations in Texas, where Macrophomina-infected sunflower plants parasitized by stem-feeding insects often displayed atypical charcoal rot symptoms (3). Charcoal rot incidence in 1998 in western North Dakota was 25%, compared with 0% in eastern North Dakota. Charcoal rot was not observed in 1999, the fourth wettest growing season on record, but was observed again in 2000 and 2001. The recent increase in sunflower production in western North and South Dakota, areas typically hotter and drier than the eastern portions of both states, and the potential involvement of stem weevils as vectors of Macrophomina (2) may lead to an increased incidence of charcoal rot in sunflower. References: (1) P. Holliday and E. Punithalingam. Macrophomina phaseolina. No. 275 in: Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (2) S. M. Yang et al. Phytopathology 73:1467, 1983. (3) S. M. Yang and D. F. Owen. Phytopathology 72:819, 1982.
First Report of Cacopsylla picta as a Vector of Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma in Germany
Authors: Jarausch B. , Schwind N. , Jarausch W. , Krczal G. , Dickler E. , Seemüller E. 
Published: May 2007

Since 2000, a serious epidemic of apple proliferation (AP) reappeared in southwestern Germany. Molecular analyses revealed that the AP phytoplasma is associated with this disease. Since no curative treatments or resistant cultivars exist, the only means to reduce spread of the disease is the control of the insect vector. Recently, Frisinghelli et al. (1) identified Cacopsylla costalis as a vector of AP phytoplasma in northern Italy. Following this result, transmission trials with C. picta (synonym C. costalis) were conducted in southwestern Germany at Neustadt (Rheinland-Pfalz) and Dossenheim (Baden-Württemberg) since 2001. Overwintering psyllids were captured from March to May in different orchards. Groups of 5 to 30 C. picta were caged for 2 to 4 weeks on apple seedlings or healthy micropropagated plants. Leaf midribs of test plants were sampled 2 to 3 months after inoculation feeding and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for AP phytoplasma with specific primers AP5/AP4 (2). In 2001, 1 of 10 test plants, and in 2002, 7 of 40 test plants became AP infected. In 2002, one to four C. picta specimens fed on plants which became infected were tested AP phytoplasma positive by PCR while all psyllids recollected from PCR-negative plants were tested negative. Transmission of the AP phytoplasma was successful at both sites. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. picta as a vector of the AP phytoplasma in Germany. References: (1) C. Frisinghelli et al. J. Phytopathol. 148:425, 2000. (2) W. Jarausch et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2916, 1994.
First Report of Wilt and Dieback on Pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra) Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: Belisario A. , Maccaroni M. , Corazza L. 
Published: May 2007

Pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra, synonym Phytolacca americana) is a root perennial plant that produces a succulent annual stem. In late June 2001, a severe dieback occurred on a group of pokeweed plants being grown as ornamentals in a garden in Rome. Disease symptoms consisted of leaf wilting followed by collapse of the plant. Stem collars and roots had dark brown-to-black water-soaked lesions. A wet rot was observed on plants with advanced disease symptoms. Isolations, from sections of roots and stems previously washed in running tap water, were made on PARBhy selective medium (10 mg of pimaricin, 250 mg of ampicillin [sodium salt], 10 mg of rifampicin, 50 mg of hymexazol, 15 mg of benomyl, 15 g of malt extract, and 20 g of agar in 1,000 ml of H2O) (2), followed by incubation at 20°C. A species of Phytophthora identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics (1) was isolated consistently from rotted roots and collars of diseased plants. All isolates produced papillate, spherical, ovoid to obturbinate, noncaducous sporangia and terminal and intercalary chlamydospores. Hyphal swellings with hyphal outgrowths were present. Observed characteristics were similar to those described for P. nicotianae. Isolates were mating type A2 with amphigynous antheridia in paired cultures with the A1 tester isolate of P. nicotianae. Identification was confirmed by comparing restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA with those obtained from previously identified Phytophthora species. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 10 2-month-old potted pokeweed plants. Inoculum was prepared by inoculating sterilized millet seeds moistened with V8 broth with plugs of mycelium and growing for 4 weeks. The inoculum was added to potting soil at 3% (wt/vol), and sporulation was induced by flooding the soil for 48 h. Five uninoculated plants were used as controls. Plants were maintained outdoors and assessed for symptoms within 2 months after inoculation. Wilting, root rot, and dark brown lesions on the collar developed on inoculated plants. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants and morphologically identical to the original isolates, which confirmed P. nicotianae as the causal agent of the disease. Few diseases have been reported on Phytolacca decandra. This species is not only an invasive weed, but is also cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant. In addition, antiviral (PAP) and antifungal (Pa-AFP) proteins that are used as a remedy for several human and plant infections have been extracted from the plant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae on pokeweed. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (2) A. M.Vettraino et al. Plant Pathol. 50:90, 2001.
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Blackberry Lily in North America
Authors: Adkins S. , Breman L. , Baker C. A. , Wilson S. 
Published: May 2007

Blackberry lily (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) is an herbaceous perennial in the Iridaceae characterized by purple-spotted orange flowers followed by persistent clusters of black fruit. In July 2002, virus-like symptoms including chlorotic ringspots and ring patterns were observed on blackberry lily leaves on 2 of 10 plants in a south Florida ornamental demonstration garden. Inclusion body morphology suggested the presence of a Tospovirus. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was specifically identified by serological testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Sequence analysis of a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene fragment amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers TSWV723 and TSWV722 (1) from total RNA confirmed the diagnosis. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a 579 base pair region of the RT-PCR product were 95 to 99% and 95 to 100% identical, respectively, to TSWV N-gene sequences in GenBank. Since these 2-year-old plants were grown on-site from seed, they were likely inoculated by thrips from a nearby source. Together with a previous observation of TSWV in north Florida nursery stock (L. Breman, unpublished), this represents, to our knowledge, the first report of TSWV infection of blackberry lily in North America although TSWV was observed in plants of this species in Japan 25 years ago (2). References: (1) S. Adkins, and E. N. Rosskopf. Plant Dis. 86:1310, 2002. (2) T. Yamamoto and K.-I. Ohata. Bull. Shikoku Agric. Exp. Stn. 30:39, 1977.
Occurrence of Stem Rot of Chrysanthemum Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Argentina
Authors: Wright E. R. , Palmucci H. E. 
Published: May 2007

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.) is one of the most popular flowering plants in Argentina. A previously undescribed stem rot disease was observed in cvs. Alba and Palisade in greenhouses near Buenos Aires and La Plata, an area of intensive floriculture production. The stem was killed within 10 to 15 days causing the plant to wilt and die. Necrotic tissues were covered with whitish mycelium that produced black, irregular shaped (3 to 7 mm diameter) sclerotia. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic stem sections, surface disinfested for 1 min in 2% NaOCl, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (1, slightly modified). The organism isolated produced white aerial mycelia and large number of sclerotia characteristic of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Symptoms were reproduced in the greenhouse by inoculating stems of 10 3-month-old plants with five mycelial plugs per plant from 7-day-old PDA cultures. Inoculated plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags for 6 days with near saturation humidity and incubated in a growth chamber at 22 to 24°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Control plants were treated similarly except agar disks did not contain the fungus. After 6 to 9 days, symptoms were similar to those previously observed, and infected plants died 3 weeks after inoculation. No disease symptoms were observed on uninoculated plants. Koch's postulates were satisfied after reisolating the fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of white mold caused by S. sclerotiorum on chrysanthemum in Argentina. The disease has been previously observed in Argentina on lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora (Raf.) Shinn.) in 1988 (2) and on carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in 1991, among other floriculture crops of economic importance. References: (1) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 85:446, 2001. (2) S. Wolcan et al. Plant Dis. 80:223, 1996.
Outbreak of Tobacco streak virus Causing Necrosis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Gherkin (Cucumis anguria) in India
Authors: Krishnareddy M. , Devaraj  , Raman Lakshmi , Jalali Salil , Samuel D. K. 
Published: May 2007

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) are important cucurbitaceous vegetables grown in India for slicing and pickling. During the 2000 to 2002 rainy season and summer, a new virus disease, causing yield losses of 31 to 75% in Bangalore, Bellary, Davanagiree, and Tumkur districts of Karnataka State, infected cucumber and gherkin. Symptoms were tip necrosis characterized by necrotic lesions on leaves, and a general leaf and stem necrosis extending to mid veins, petioles, flower buds and tip, eventually resulting in dieback of vines. Tissue extracts from symptomatic leaves of cucumber and gherkin were mechanically inoculated on several herbaceous indicator plants (cowpea, cucumber, pepper, Zinnia, watermelon, Chenopodium amaranticolor, sunflower, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum, and Gomphrena globosa). On most hosts, symptoms of chlorotic or necrotic lesions followed by mottle or systemic necrosis were observed. Back-inoculation from the symptomatic indicator plants onto cucumber and gherkin resulted in symptoms typical of those observed in the field. Electron microscopic examination of leaf-dip preparation and ultra thin sections of virus infected plant samples showed the presence of isometric particles 25 to 28 nm in diameter. Similar types of particles were observed when infected samples were trapped in immunosorbent electron microscopy with polyclonal antibodies specific to Tobacco Streak virus (TSV) but not to Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMV). Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay tests using leaf extracts of field-collected samples and sap-inoculated plants showed positive reaction to antibodies of TSV (1) but not to antibodies of Cucumber mosaic virus, WSMV, Watermelon bud necrosis virus, Papaya ring spot virus W strain, and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA extracts of infected samples of field and inoculated symptomatic plants was done by using primers derived from TSV RNA3 specific for the coat protein (CP) region of TSV (2). A 800-bp specific DNA fragment was amplified from infected cucumber and gherkin but not from healthy control plants. Sequence analysis of cloned PCR fragments revealed nucleotide identities of 99% with TSV isolates from cotton, mungbean, sunnhemp, and sunflower (GenBank Accessions Nos. AF515824, AF515823, AF515825, and AY061929) and 88% with TSV-WC (GenBank Accession No. X00435). On the basis of host range, serological relationship, electron microscopy, and sequence analysis of the CP region, the virus was identified as a strain of TSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural occurrence of TSV on cucumber and gherkin in India. References: (1). A. I. Bhat et al. Arch. Virol. 147:651, 2002. (2). B. J. C. Cornelissen et al. Nucleic Acids Res.12:2427, 1984.
Occurrence of Rust Disease Caused by Puccinia lagenophorae on Cineraria in the Americas
Authors: Hernández J. R. , Daughtrey M. , Jens J. 
Published: May 2007

Cineraria (Pericallis × hybrida B. Nord.), sometimes referred to as Senecio cruentus (Masson ex L'Hér.) DC., Asteraceae, is native to the Canary Islands. This important ornamental plant is cultivated worldwide and is of significant economic importance in the United States as a flowering potted plant. In February 2002, rust pustules were observed on cineraria plants cultivated in a greenhouse in Suffolk County, New York. The rust was identified as Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke (2). Aecioid sori were up to 1 mm in diameter and densely clustered, yellowish, and amphigenous but mainly hypophyllous on swollen, rounded, infected areas. The peridium is cupulate, lacerate, and composed of colorless cells measuring 10.5 to 20 × 18 to 33 μm that are verrucose on the outer surface and finely verrucose on the inner surface. Spores are sessile, 12 to 18 × 10.5 to 17 μm, yellowish, minutely verrucose with conspicuous, loosely attached globules, and in long chains in fresh material. Telia were not observed. Signs and symptoms were reproduced by rubbing healthy leaves of Pericallis × hybrida with a rust-infected leaf of Pericallis × hybrida bearing aecia sori. Plants were enclosed in a plastic bag for 18 h and held at 21°C. Aecioid sori developed within 10 days. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 841952 and 841953). Common groundsel (S. vulgaris L.) infected by P. lagenophorae was observed outside the greenhouse in which the infected cineraria were discovered (W. L. Bruckart and A. Senesac, unpublished), and we postulated that the cineraria in the greenhouse might have been infected by spores from those infected weeds. Cross-infectivity was tested by rubbing leaves of groundsel on which aecia sori of P. lagenophorae were present on five leaves on each of three healthy cineraria plants. Incubation conditions were the same as described above. Aecioid sori developed 10 days after inoculation on four leaves of one plant. The control plants remained healthy. The inoculation was repeated on two plants and aecia sori developed on leaves of both plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. lagenophorae on cineraria in the Americas. P. lagenophorae is autoecious, native to Australia and New Zealand, and has approximately 60 known host species (2). Recently, it was reported in California on common groundsel (3) and English daisy (Bellis perennis L.) (1). References: (1) S. T. Koike and M. Scholler. Plant Dis. 85:562, 2001. (2) M. Scholler. Sydowia 49:177. 1997. (3) M. Scholler and S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 85:335, 2001.
First Report of Plasmopara petroselini on Parsley in Belgium
Authors: Crepel C. , Inghelbrecht S. 
Published: May 2007

Plasmopara petroselini (Oomycetes) was identified on parsley (Petroselinum crispum subsp. crispum cv.Petra) (Apiaceae) in Belgium during the winters of 2001 and 2002. The fungus was present in numerous fields, especially on parsley grown in plastic tunnels. Losses were sometimes dramatic and similar to disease problems in France and Switzerland where 80 and 50 ha, respectively, were found infected (1). Initial symptoms consisted of white spots on the upper leaf surface. As the disease progressed, the spots enlarged, became angular, and turned yellow. At the location of leaf spots, white-to-grayish white mycelium developed on the lower surface of the leaves. Eventually the leaves and leaf stalks rotted. The pathogen was identified at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) (Utrecht, the Netherlands) as the downy mildew organism P. petroselini (= P. umbelliferarum pro parte = P. nivea pro parte = P. crustosa), based on morphological characteristics. Sporangia were papillate, lemon-shaped, almost hyaline, and 9 to 20 μm long, and produced on tree-like sporangiophores (100 to 420 × 6 to 8.5 μm) that were monopodially branched at approximately right angles. The sporangiophores usually bear three sterigma (4 to 19 × 2 to 3 μm) that narrow toward the tip (2). Prophylactic actions are the primary method to prevent the disease. Fungicides based on propamocarb can be used as a curative control method. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. petroselini on parsley in Belgium. References: (1) E. Béliard and J. Thibault. Phytoma 554:2, 2002. (2) M. Brandenburger. Page 451 in: Parastische Pilze an Gefässpflanzen in Europa. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1985.
First Report of Tobacco streak virus Infecting Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Maharashtra, India
Authors: Rao S. Chander , Rao R. D. V. J. Prasada , Kumar V. Manoj , Raman Divya S. , Raoof M. A. , Prasad R. D. 
Published: May 2007

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), is extensively cultivated in India, China, and other parts of Asia for edible oil, dyeing agent, and its medicinal value. In 2003, safflower entry (NARI-6) in the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Oilseeds (Safflower) grown in the experimental fields of M/s Syngenta India Ltd., Aurangabad (Maharashtra State, India) exhibited symptoms of veinal and leaf necrosis, necrotic streaks on the stem, necrosis of the terminal bud, and ultimately plant death. The disease was attributed to Tobacco streak virus (TSV) because sunflower growing adjacent to safflower showed similar symptoms caused by TSV (1). Mechanical inoculations of sap from symptomatic safflower leaves caused typical symptoms of TSV (local, irregular, necrotic rings, veinal necrosis, and systemic veinal necrosis) on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. C-152 and Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) cv. Topcrop, and symptoms of local, necrotic lesions, veinal necrosis, and systemic necrosis of leaf and growing bud on Arachis hypogaea L. cv. JL-24. Sap-inoculated safflower cv. Manjeera showed chlorotic and necrotic local lesions followed by systemic leaf necrosis, leading to necrosis and death of the terminal bud. Safflower cvs. A-1, BIP-2, Co-1, and Bheema (10 plants of each cultivar) inoculated with sap from safflower plants showing typical TSV symptoms did not show any visible symptoms except stunting, but six to nine plants of each cultivar tested positive for TSV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. In direct antigen coating-ELISA, the virus reacted positively with antiserum produced to an isolate of TSV from peanut (2) and to antiserum to TSV (ATCC-PVAS 276 for Datura stramonium), but did not react to peanut bud necrosis tospovirus antiserum. Examination of leaf extracts using leaf-dips and immunosorbent electron microscopy with the antiserum of TSV-peanut isolate showed isometric particles resembling those in the genus Ilarvirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolate of Tobacco streak virus infecting safflower. References: (1) R. D. V. J. Prasada Rao et al. J. Oilseeds Res. 17:400, 2000. (2) A. S. Reddy et al. Plant Dis. 86:173, 2002.
First Report of Botryotinia Blight of Asiatic Hybrid Lily Caused by Botryotinia sphaerosperma in North America
Authors: Scheck H. J. , Fogle D. G. , Tidwell T. E. 
Published: May 2007

In November 2002, a disease was observed on eight cultivars of Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium sp.) in two fields in Carpinteria, CA. The same disease was observed on greenhouse grown Asiatic hybrid lilies in Nipomo, CA in an adjacent county. ‘Monte Negro’ was the most severely affected. Symptoms consisted of necrotic leaf tips as well as 5- to 10-mm ellipsoidal necrotic spots on stems and the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. Lesions were initially dark brown and water soaked, becoming lighter as they dried. Although leaf spot symptoms usually began at the leaf tip, eventually the entire leaf would become blighted. Disease symptoms were not observed on Oriental hybrid lilies in the same nurseries. A Botrytis sp. was consistently associated with the disease symptoms. In pure culture, the fungus matched the description of Botryotinia sphaerosperma (Gregory) Buchw. (anamorph Botrytis sphaerosperma (Gregory) Buchw.) (1). The fungus is distinguished by its large, spherical conidia that average 23 to 25 μm in diameter at maturity. The conidia are born in compact heads on unbranched conidiophores. Conidia and conidiophores are hyaline when young. At maturity, the conidia turn dark brown, whereas the conidiophores turn blackish brown. The fungus formed abundant sclerotia on potato dextrose agar when incubated at room temperature with 12 h per day of fluorescent lighting. The sclerotia were black, ovate to sphaeroidal, had a rough surface, and were 1.5 to 2.5 × 1 to 2.5 mm. Apothecia were not observed. Pathogenicity was tested on 12 Asiatic hybrid and 12 Oriental hybrid lilies. Inoculum consisting of mycelial fragments and conidia (1 × 105 conidia per ml) was produced on lily leaf agar (500 ml of H2O, 7.5 g of agar, and 25 g of healthy, macerated lily leaves). Plants were inoculated by rubbing leaves and stems with the spore and mycelial fragment suspension using cotton swabs. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C. After 7 days, characteristic lesions were observed on the leaves and stems of Asiatic hybrid and Oriental hybrid lilies, from which the same Botrytis sp. was consistently isolated. Three control plants each of Asiatic hybrid and Oriental hybrid lilies treated with water as a check, remained symptomless. Although studies to determine potential fungicides for controlling this pathogen have not yet been undertaken, good sanitation, a lily-free period, and steam sterilization of beds should be considered in the management of this disease. In Europe, this fungus has been reported as a pathogen on Lilium regale (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in North America. Herbarium specimens were submitted to the USDA APHIS mycology laboratory in Beltsville, MD (Accession No. BPI 842231). Cultures were also submitted to the American Type Culture Collection (MYA-2890). References: (1) P. H. Gregory. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 25:26, 1941. (2) G. L. Hennebert. Friesia 9:52, 1969.