bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Correlates of Affirmative Action Compliance
Authors: Marino Kenneth E. 
Published: March 2006

In this paper a structural-contingency model drawn from the innovation literature is applied to the particular adaptive situation created by Affirmative Action requirements. If the initiation stage activities are essential to an effective adaptation, it is argued that organic structural characteristics will be associated with success. In situations where the need for, and alternative proposals for, change are known, success will depend on the performance of adoption and implementation stage activities. Therefore, it is argued that mechanistic characteristics will be associated with success. Affirmative Action compliance is decomposed into six behavioral dimensions, two of which require intitiation stage activities and several of which require adoption and implementation only. In general, the model is supported among a sample of small manufacturing firms. It is concluded that formalization is the predominant structural characteristic associated with Affirmative Action compliance, a result which may be generalizable to other regulatory contexts.
Union-Management Ideological Frames of Reference
Authors: Wolters Roger S. 
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on union-management (U-M) ideology as a potential explanatory variable in labor relations and to demonstrate a comprehensive methodfor empirically measuring the ideology of union and management representatives. The semantic differential and antecedent-consequent techniques are used to measure both the affective and denotative meaning of key U-M beliefs underlying the conduct of labor relations in the United States. Inclusion of the denotative aspect of beliefs in this study provides a more comprehensive measure of union-management ideology than previously available. Significant differences (p < .01) were found to exist between union (n = 34) and management (n = 38) respondents on all 10 U-M beliefs measured. Differences and similarities between the ideological frames of reference of union and management representatives are discussed. Identification and comprehensive measurement of operative U-M beliefs represents a necessary first step toward improving the usefulness of ideology as an explanatory variable of specific types of union-management interaction.
Mapping Bank Employee Perceptions of Organizational Stimuli in Two Countries
Authors: Sekaran Uma 
Published: March 2006

This study demonstrates a way of understanding how employees in different countries perceive, attach meaning to, interpret, and organize the stimuli surrounding them, by mapping their perceptions through the statistical technique of higher order factor analysis. Responses to questionnaire items from a sample of267 white-collar workers in 12 banks in the Midwestern United States and 307 employeesfrom 9 banks in the urban parts of India werefirstfactor analyzed. The 19 factors that emerged in each of the two countries through this initial factor analysis, together with six other single-item variables, were then submitted to a higher order offactor analysis, individually for the two samples. Five nets or constellations of variables were captured in each of the two countries. The similarities and differences in the variables in the nets, and the implications of these for managers and researchers, are discussed here.
Sociopolitical Events and Foreign Direct In vestment: American In vestments in South and Central American Countries, 1950-1982
Authors: Fatehi-Sedeh K. , Safizadeh M. Hossein 
Published: March 2006

In any investment decision, risk is one of the most important consid-erations. A significant contributing factor to the risk offoreign invest-ment is sociopolitical instability of the host country. Despite otherfac-tors such as market size and competition, it is reasonable to assume a negative association between theflow offoreign direct investment and the emergence of sociopolitical instability symptoms. Surprisingly, however, a number of empirical cross-national studies have failed to show the expected association between the two. This study discusses possible reasonsfor thefailure of past research and attempts to ascertain the relationship between foreign direct in-vestment (FDI) and sociopolitical instability. Using multiple regres-sion analysis with lagged independent variables, this study analyzes such a relationship for South and Central American countries for the years 1950-1982. Taken together as a group, no relationship wasfound between sociopolitical instability and FDI in South and Central Amer-ican countries. However, separate analyses for individual countries produced the expected negative association for some of the countries. With the increasing volume and importance of FDI, there is a grow-ing interest among multinational corporations to incorporate foreign investment analysis into their strategic planning process. The results of this study indicate that because of the heterogeneity of sociopolitical structure of different host countries, a generalized set of criteria should not be used to measure the sociopolitical risk of investing in every country.
Doctoral Education in the Field of Business Policy and Strategy
Authors: Summer Charles E. , Bettis Richard A. , Duhaime Irene H. , Grant John H. , Hambrick Donald C. , Snow Charles C. , Zeithaml Carl P. 
Published: March 2006

This report was originally commissioned in 1988 by the Executive Committee of the Business Policy and Planning Division of the Academy of Management. At that time, the Executive Committee, concerned about a number of issues connected with doctoral education, appointed The Committee on the Future of Doctoral Education to study these issues. There had been, in the last 15 years, a veritable explosion of literature in the field of Business Policy and Strategy. This trend was accompanied by a growth in the number of doctoral programs being established in American universities. As with any evolving field, questions were being raised not only by "outsiders" (faculty in other departments of a business school, curriculum and administrative officers in business schools) but also by "insiders" (professors, students, prospective students in the field itself). What is the nature of the field? What are its boundaries? What are the major streams of literature in the field? What kind of research is most promising?
The Effects of Graphical Versus Numerical Response on the Accuracy of Graph-Based Forecasts
Authors: Carey Jane M. , White Edna M. 
Published: March 2006

This article explores the literature in graphic information presentation and managerial decision making. The literature suggests that task must be controlled in experimental design. The results of an experiment undertaken to determine the effects of collecting numeric versus graphic responses onforecasting accuracy are discussed. Results of the study show forecasts were significantly more accurate when subjects responded graphically than when they responded numerically. The difference in accuracy was found to be unassociated with preference for the two response approaches and to be independent of graph-reading ability. Based on the experimenteal results, it appears that more accurate subjective visual forecasts can, on average, be obtained by collecting the forecasts in graphical format. Therefore, when in comparisons of performance based on graphical versus tabular information, the way in which the response is elicited must be considered along with otherfactors that affect performance and preference for presentation style. This finding has implications for the design of graphical interfaces for managerial decision support systems.
Managing Culture as a Competitive Resource: An Identity-Based View of Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Authors: Fiol C. Marlene 
Published: March 2006

How can organizations manage the cognitive processes by which a firm invests in resources for competitive advantage? Studies of organizational culture, as currently framed, have not provided adequate answers to this question. By focusing either on culture as underlying beliefs or on culture as behavioral manifestations, these studies have overlooked the critical links between beliefs and behaviors that are at the very core of managing cognitive processes for sustained advantage. This article reframes the culture concept to highlight the role of contextual identities in linking behaviors and their social meaning in organizations. Drawing on theories from cultural linguistics and structural anthropology, it argues that cognitive processes in organizations do not directly reflect either behaviors or underlying beliefs. Rather, they represent the interface between the two. To manage cognitive processes for competitive advantage requires that we attend to the identities by which people make sense of what they do in relation to a larger set of organizational norms.
Ligand-Independent Homo- and Heterodimerization of Human Prolactin Receptor Variants: Inhibitory Action of the Short Forms by Heterodimerization
Authors: Qazi Aamer M. , Tsai-Morris Chon-Hwa , Dufau Maria L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProlactin (PRL) acts through the long form (LF) of the human PRL receptor (hPRLR) to cause differentiation of mammary epithelial cells through activation of the Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway and subsequent transcriptional events. To determine whether the inhibitory action of hPRLR short forms (SFs; S1a and S1b) on PRL-induced signal transduction through the LF results from heterodimerization, we studied complex formation among variant forms of the hPRLR. 3′-Tagged fusion constructs, with activities comparable to the wild-type species, were used to investigate homodimer and heterodimer formation. The LF and both SFs of the hPRLR formed homodimers under nonreducing conditions, independently of PRL, but formed only monomers under reducing conditions. Coimmunoprecipitation of the cotransfected LF with the SFs (S1a or S1b) in transfected cells showed ligand-independent heterodimerization of individual SFs with the LF. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrated homo- and heterodimeric associations of hPRLR variants in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Biotin-avidin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that hPRLR forms are cell surface receptors and that SFs do not influence the steady state or half-life of the LF. Significant homo- and heterodimerization of biotinylated membrane hPRLR forms was observed. These findings indicate that homo- and heterodimers of hPRLR are constitutively present, and that the bivalent hormone acts on the preformed LF homodimer to induce the active signal transduction configuration. Although SF homodimers and their heterodimers with LF mediate JAK2 activation, the SF heterodimer partner lacks cytoplasmic sequences essential for activation of the JAK2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 pathway. This prevents the heterodimeric LF from mediating activation of PRL-induced genes.
Reciprocal Regulation of Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like Protein 1 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Defines a Novel Positive Feedback Loop in the Rodent Liver Circadian Clock
Authors: Canaple Laurence , Rambaud Juliette , Dkhissi-Benyahya Ouria , Rayet Béatrice , Tan Nguan Soon , Michalik Liliane , Delaunay Franck , Wahli Walter , Laudet Vincent 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent evidence has emerged that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which is largely involved in lipid metabolism, can play an important role in connecting circadian biology and metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which PPARα influences the pacemakers acting in the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and in the peripheral oscillator of the liver. We demonstrate that PPARα plays a specific role in the peripheral circadian control because it is required to maintain the circadian rhythm of the master clock gene brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (bmal1) in vivo. This regulation occurs via a direct binding of PPARα on a potential PPARα response element located in the bmal1 promoter. Reversely, BMAL1 is an upstream regulator of PPARα gene expression. We further demonstrate that fenofibrate induces circadian rhythm of clock gene expression in cell culture and up-regulates hepatic bmal1 in vivo. Together, these results provide evidence for an additional regulatory feedback loop involving BMAL1 and PPARα in peripheral clocks.
Highly Efficient Method for Epoxidation of Olefms with Molecular Oxygen and Aldehydes Catalyzed by Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Yamada Tohru , Takai Toshihiro , Rhode Oliver , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of a bis(1,3-diketonato)nickel(II) complex, trisubstituted and exo-terminal olefins or norbornene analogues are smoothly monooxygenated into the corresponding epoxides in high to quantitative yields on treatment with aldehyde under an atmospheric pressure of oxygen at room temperature.
FT-IR Spectrometry of the Reduced CO2 at Pt Electrode and Anomalous Effect of Ca2+ Ions
Authors: Aramata Akiko , Enyo Michio , Koga Osamu , Hori Yoshio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The IR spectrum of the reduced CO2 was confirmed to be assigned as the adsorbed CO, and received an anomalous ca. 30 cm−1 downward shift by the addition of Ca2+ ions at very small concentration in a 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution. The change of voltammogram characteristics due to Ca2+ ions was observed in the presence of CO2, but not in its absence.
Multiple Faces of Codification: Organizational Redesign in an IT Organization
Authors: Vaast Emmanuelle , Levina Natalia 
Published: March 2006

This paper details a longitudinal interpretative field study of an information technology (IT) organization in which a new chief information officer (CIO) implemented a major organizational redesign. The redesign increased the degree of codification in activities of the IT organization so as to control, coordinate, and deliver services more cost effectively to its business clients. We examine different stakeholders’ views of the change, the implementation processes, and the consequences of the redesign. The case analysis emphasizes specific challenges that designers of support organizations face when increasing the degree of codification. Key implications include the need for these designers to (1) pay as much, if not more, attention to the local organizational context as they do to the external environmental conditions; (2) communicate and negotiate constantly with various stakeholders concerning the appropriate degree of codification and control; (3) be wary of how a strict alignment of all design elements can blind the designer to important, unrecognized issues; and (4) consider that increased codification may help support organizations compete more efficiently with external vendors, but may also ease the process of outsourcing.
Treatment of avascular necrosis of the hip by a non-vascularised cortical graft
Authors: Keizer S. B. , Kock N. B. , Dijkstra P. D. S. , Taminiau A. H. M. , Nelissen R. G. H. H. 
Published: March 2006

This retrospective study describes the long-term results of core decompression and placement of a non-vascularised bone graft in the management of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We treated 80 hips in 65 patients, 18 by a cortical tibial autograft and 62 by a fibular allograft. The mean age of the patients was 36 years (sd 13.2). A total of 78 hips were available for evaluation of which pre-operatively six were Ficat-Arlet stage 0, three stage I, 31 stage IIA, 16 stage IIB, 13 stage III and nine stage IV.A total of 34 hips (44%) were revised at a mean of four years (sd 3.8). Survivorship analysis using a clinical end-point showed a survival rate of 59% five years after surgery. We found a significant difference (p = 0.002) in survivorship, when using a clinical and radiological end-point, between the two grafts, in favour of the tibial autograft. We considered this difference to be the result of the better quality and increased volume of tibial bone compared with that from the trochanteric region used with the fibular allograft.This is a relatively simple, extra-articular and reproducible procedure. In our view core decompression, removal of the necrotic tissue and packing of the cancellous grafts into the core track are vital parts of the procedure.
A naturalistic comparison of the effectiveness of trainee and qualified clinical psychologists
Authors: Buckley Jessica V. , Newman David W. , Kellett Stephen , Beail Nigel 
Published: March 2006

Objective. To compare the effect of clinician type on the outcome for adult mental health clients treated by trainee and qualified clinical psychologists.Design. Naturalistic, non‐random between‐participants group design: a group of 60 adult mental health out‐patients treated by trainees and a matched group of 60 patients treated by qualified clinical psychologists.Method. Participants completed a range of established measures at assessment and outcome of their treatment during routine clinical practice.Results. Significant improvements in mental health were made for both groups from assessment to outcome; however, no significant effect of clinician type was evident.Conclusions. A variety of factors (e.g. quantity of supervision) contributing to trainee effectiveness are identified and discussed.
Remembered parenting style and psychological well‐being in young adults whose parents had experienced early child loss
Authors: Pantke Renate , Slade Pauline 
Published: March 2006

Background. Pre‐, peri‐, or postnatal childloss can have devastating consequences for bereaved families. This study explored the long‐term sequelae of these experiences for the young adult siblings' psychological well‐being and the perceived quality of parenting received during participants' first 16 years of life.Methods. A bereaved group of young adult sibilings was compared to a non‐bereaved group on the Parent Bonding Instrument, the Rosenberg Self‐esteem Scale and the Mental Health Index‐5.Results. The loss group reported their mothers, but not their fathers, to have been more protective/controlling than non‐bereaved participants. No differences between the loss group and the comparison group were found for parental care, their own mental health or self‐esteem. Those participants whose siblings died during the peri/post‐natal period perceived their parents as more controlling than the miscarriage group as well as the non‐bereaved group. Higher protection scores were evident among those born subsequent to the loss than those who were born before. Lower levels of protection were associated with better mental health across all groups. In the non‐bereaved group lower levels of protection were associated with better self‐esteem, but in the bereaved group a different even opposite pattern was shown.Conclusions. Young adults who lost a sibling when they themselves were under 5 recall their mothers as more protective/controlling than non‐bereaved groups, although they do not report less care nor differ in mental health nor self‐esteem. Higher levels of parental protection/control were found where the child was born subsequent to loss and for peri/post‐natal loss rather than miscarriage. While high protection was associated with poorer mental health regardless of loss this may not be necessarily disadvantageous to the child's self‐esteem. Differences with regard to parent gender were found.
Improved Specificity of a New Homogeneous Assay for LDL-Cholesterol in Serum with Abnormal Lipoproteins
Authors: Iwasaki Yasumasa , Matsuyama Hiroyuki , Nakashima Nobuo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground: Although a homogeneous assay for serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) has become a routine clinical procedure, problems remain in assay performance characteristics.Methods: We examined the performance of a recently developed automated homogeneous assay (New-Daiichi assay) for serum LDL-C and compared the results with those obtained by the current homogeneous method (Denka-Seiken assay) or by ultracentrifugation as a control.Results: The New-Daiichi assay showed satisfactory basic performance characteristics such as reproducibility, linearity, and stability. There was no interference in the assay by various substances examined. The LDL-C values obtained with this method correlated well with those obtained by ultracentrifugation. In samples from patients with obstructive jaundice, both methods detected cholesterol from abnormal lipoproteins (such as lipoprotein-X and -Y), but the New-Daiichi assay was less reactive and more specific for LDL-C.Conclusion: The new method has improved performance for the accurate measurement of LDL-C in clinical practice.
Microfluidic Techniques for Single-Cell Protein Expression Analysis
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ethan , McBride Sterling , Yavelow Jonathan , Najmi Saltanat , Zanzucchi Peter , Wieder Robert 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Background: The analysis of single cells obtained from needle aspirates of tumors is constrained by the need for processing. To this end, we investigated two microfluidic approaches to measure the expression of surface proteins in single cancer cells or in small populations (&lt;50 cells).
Methods: One approach involved indirect fluorescence labeling of cell-surface proteins and channeling of cells in a microfluidic device past a fluorescence detector for signal quantification and analysis. A second approach channeled cells in a microfluidic device over detection zones coated with ligands to surface proteins and measured rates of passage and of retardation based on transient interactions between surface proteins and ligands.
Results: The fluorescence device detected expression of integrin α5 induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) treatment in MCF-7 cells and that of Her-2/neu in SK-BR-3 cells compared with controls. Experiments measuring passage retardation showed significant differences in passage rates between FGF-2–treated and untreated MCF-7 cells over reaction regions coated with fibronectin and antibody to integrin α5β1 compared with control regions. Blocking peptides reversed the retardation, demonstrating specificity.
Conclusions: Immunofluorescence detection in a microfluidic channel demonstrates the potential for assaying surface protein expression in a few individual cells and will permit the development of future iterations not requiring cell handling. The flow retardation device represents the first application of this technology for assessing cell-surface protein expression in cancer cells and may provide a way for analyzing expression profiles of single cells without preanalytical manipulation.