bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet Aggregation Inhibiting and Anticoagulant Effects of Oligoamines, XXII: Bisoxazol‐, Bisimidazol‐, Bisthiazol‐ and Oligo‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolimines
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Martens Antje 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne mesoionic 4,4′‐propylene‐bis‐oxazol‐5‐imine (5), two 2,2′‐m‐phenylene‐bis‐imidazol‐4‐imines (9a,b), five 4,4′‐benzene‐bis‐(and tris)‐thiazol‐2‐amines (13a,b, 14a‐c) and 14 3,3′‐benzene‐bis‐(and tris)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolimines (18a‐o) were synthesized and assayed for their antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities. The most potent compound was the tris‐thiadiazole derivative 18m which inhibited the aggregation of platelets induced by collagen at a concentration of 10 μmol/L by 50 percent (Born‐test). No anticoagulant effects (Quick‐test) were observed up to 400 μmol/L. In the thiazolamine series combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities were seen.
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Cycloalkanones, XIII: Enantioselective Amidoamination: A New Regiospecific Strategy for the Synthesis of Chiral Cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamino‐Derivatives
Authors: Schlichter Wolfgang H. , Frahm August W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAsymmetric synthesis of trans‐ and cis‐2‐Benzamido‐ or 2‐Phenyl‐acet‐amido‐cyclohexane‐amines 7 and 8 by means of reductive amination and hydrogenolysis is described. Condensation of the amido‐ketones 3 with chiral auxiliary (R)‐(+) and (S)‐(‐)‐1‐phenylethylamine, respectively, leads to the amido‐imines 4, which are hydrogenated over Raney‐Ni to yield simultaneously enantiomerically pure secondary trans‐ and cis‐2‐amidocyclohexane‐amines 5 and 6.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Some New 2‐Chloroethylnitrosoureas
Authors: Filippatos Evangelos , Papadaki‐Valiraki Aspasia , Roussakis Christos , Verbist Jean‐Francois 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N′‐(9H‐xanthen‐9‐yl)‐N‐nitrosoureas and N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N′‐(9H‐thioxanthen‐9‐yl)‐N‐nitrosoureas is described. The title compounds were evaluated against NSCLCN6 L16 bronchial epidermoid carcinoma in vitro and some of them were found to be active. N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N′‐(2‐methoxy‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐yl)‐N‐nitrosourea (8e) was active against leukemia P388 tumor system in mice.
Synthesis and Nucleophilic Reactions of Cyano Substituted N‐Methoxyisoquinolinium Salts
Authors: Heber Dieter , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Werra Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStarting from isoquinoline, the cyano substituted N‐methoxyisoquinolinium salts 1.1 and 1.4 are prepared. Their behaviour in the presence of O‐, C‐ and N‐nucleophiles in different aprotic solvents is examined: from the 1‐cyano substituted isoquinolinium derivative 1.1, 1‐ and 3‐animals or 1‐iminium salts are obtained depending on the amine used, and N‐methoxyisocarbostyril 4.1.1 in H2O and OH−. The reaction of the 4‐cyano‐N‐methoxyisoquinolinium salt 1.4 with amines yields 1‐aminals and with OH− the corresponding hemiaminal. Conversion with CN− results in dinitrile derivatives and N‐oxides.
Versuche zur Darstellung N‐substituierter Dihydropyridine nach Hantzsch
Authors: Kuckländer Uwe , Hilgeroth Andreas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAusgehend von 1 und 2a‐c wurden das Dihydropyridin 9 und die Cyclohexene 5a,b und 6a,b,c bzw. das Cyclohexadien 4A und das Azocin 10A erhalten. Bei der Oxidation von 4A wird das Diphenyl‐Derivat 7 und das Phenanthridin‐N‐oxid 8 erhalten. Die Stereochemie der Produkte 4, 5 und 6 wird spektroskopisch untersucht. Die Struktur und Cyclisierung der Primäraddukte zu 5/6 bzw. 9 wird anhand von semiempirischen Berechnungen diskutiert.
Bifunktionelle Elektrophile zur Darstellung [c]‐heteroanellierter Chinazolinon‐Derivate: 2‐Isocyanatocyclohex‐1‐encarbonsäurenitril, ergänzend zu 2‐Isocyanatobenzonitril
Authors: Thorn André , Zinner Gerwalt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHeterocyclen des [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5‐c]‐ sowie Imidazo[1,2‐c]chinazolin‐5(6H)‐on‐Typs sind aus N′‐substituierten N‐(2‐Cyanphenyl)harnstoffen erhältlich. 2‐Isocyanatocyclohex‐1‐en‐carbonsäurenitril als Ausgangsver‐bindung ergibt die 7,8,9,10‐teilhydrierten Strukturanaloga.
Properties and Reactions of Substituted 1,2‐Thiazetidine 1,1‐Dioxides: Reactions of 3‐Acetoxy‐β‐sultams with Sulfur Nucleophiles
Authors: Merkle Stefan , Otto Hans‐Hartwig 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe acetate moiety of 3‐acetoxy‐β‐sultams 2 is easily displaced by sulfur nucleophiles yielding the alkylthio‐β‐sultams 3 which are transformed into stable derivatives 4 by silylation. The synthesis of the cephem analogue 7 is described. Reactions of 2 with thiols under electrophilic conditions result in the formation of bis‐substituted ethanesulfonamides 6 and 9.
Indole, 12. Mitt. β‐Carboline aus Lactonen ‐ Zur Synthese von Liganden am Norharman‐Rezeptor
Authors: Lehmann Jochen , Heineke Dominique 
Published: October 2006

Abstract6‐Substituierte β‐Carboline wurden in 5 Stufen aus α‐Ethoxalyl‐δ‐valerolacton (1) für Untersuchungen an Norharman‐Bindungsstellen in Rattenleber und Schweinehirn hergestellt. Die Pd‐katalysierte Aromatisierung der N‐Benzyl‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline unter Debenzylierung wurde am Beispiel 5a→6a optimiert und dann auf andere Derivate übertragen. Zusätzliche Hydrogenolysen erfolgten bei 5d,h. Durch Bromierung von 1a erhaltenes 6d ermöglicht den Zugang zum Radioliganden 3H‐Norharman.
4H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]thieno[3,2‐f] and 4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]thieno‐[2,3‐f][1,4]diazepines: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Vega Salvador , Gil M. Soledad , Darias Victoriano , Mateo Candelaria C. Sánchez , Expósito Maria A. , Tello Maria L. , Albertos Luz M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs an extension of a previous work, in which a number of 4H‐pyrrolo‐[1,2‐a]thieno[2,3‐f][1,4]diazepines were described, a new series of derivatives of the isomeric pyrrolo[1,2‐a]thieno[3,2‐f]diazepines ring system has been synthesized. The products obtained, together with those reported in the previous paper, were tested for acute toxicity and CNS activity in mice.
Synthese von Carbazolderivaten, 2. Mitt.: 2‐Substituierte Indole als Zwischenprodukte von Pyrrolino[3,4‐c]carbazolen
Authors: Mahboobi Siavosh , Kuhr Sabine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAus den leicht zugänglichen Indolderivaten 4, 7 und 15 lassen sich durch Grignard‐Reaktionen, nukleophile Substitutionen an den entspr. Dithianen und Wittig‐Reaktionen variable Seitenketten an C‐2 des Indols einführen. Durch intramolekulare Michael‐Addition entstehen die Pyrrolidino‐ bzw. Pyrrolino[3,4‐c]carbazole 32 und 33.
Heterocyclisch anellierte Steroide aus 2‐Hydroxymethylen‐canrenon
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Moormann Peter , Pollow Kunhard , Schaffrath Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAusgehend von 2‐Hydroxymethylen‐canrenon (1) wurden die am A‐Ring anellierten Heterocyclen, das Isoxazol 6, die Pyrazole 8 und die Pyrimidine 9 dargestellt. Mit den Verbindungen 1 sowie 6–8 wurden an Estrogen‐, Progesteron‐, Androgen‐, Gluco‐ und Mineralocorticoid‐Rezeptoren sowie an den Serumproteinen SHBG und CBG Bindungsstudien durchgeführt. Die Substanzen erwiesen sich auf Rezeptorebene als inaktiv. 1, 7 und 8a zeigten schwache Bindungsaffinität gegenüber CBG.
Synthese des ersten 1,2,4‐Triazin‐C‐Nukleosids und dessen Umwandlung in neue Pyridin‐C‐Nukleoside durch “inverse” [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Richter Marianne , Seitz Gunther 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie anomeren, zur C‐Nukleosid‐Synthese geeigneten C‐Glycosyl‐Precursoren 6 und 7 ‐ ausgestattet mit einer Imidoester‐Gruppe ‐ wurden hergestellt. Sie werden als Heterodienophile in der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion mit inversem Elektronenbedarf eingesetzt zur Gewinnung der O‐benzylgeschützten 5‐(β‐ und 5‐(α‐D‐Ribofuranosyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine 9 und 10. Derivate einer neuen Klasse von C‐Nukleosiden. Nach hydrogenolytischer Entfernung der Schutzgruppen mit H2/Pd/C erhält man das bisher unbekannte C‐Nukleosid 11. Das Aglykon von 9 enthält ein durch elektronenziehende Substituenten aktiviertes Diazadiensystem, das mit einer Reihe elektronenreicher Dienophile wie Ketenacetalen, Enolethern oder Enaminen “inverse” [4 + 2]‐Cycloadditionsreaktionen eingeht. Nach N2‐Eliminierung gewinnt man die O‐benzyl‐geschützten 2‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐pyridine 13, 15, 17, 19 und 21. Entfernung der Benzylschutzgruppen vom Zuckerbaustein der Nukleoside 13, 15 und 17 führt zu den neuen 2‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyridinen 22–24. Setzt man das O‐benzoyl‐geschützte Thioimidoesterderivat 25 als Dienophil ein, erhält man mit dem Tetrazin 8 neben Benzoesäure das 5‐(Furan‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazin 28 als einziges Reaktionsprodukt.
Pyrido[3,2‐e][1,4] diazepine ‐ Synthese und Prüfung auf Anti‐HIV‐1‐Wirkung
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Wilpert Carsten , Rübsamen‐Waigmann Helga , Suhartono Haryadi , Wang Lingru , Immelmann Andreas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAusgehend vom käuflichen 6‐Methyl‐2‐pyridylamin (1) wurde über 12 Stufen das Pyrido[3,2‐e][1,4] diazepin 14a in einer Gesamtausb. von 7% synthestisiert. 14a, das N‐Methyl‐Derivat 14b, das Thiolactam 15a, das Amidin 16 und das anellierte 1,2,4‐Triazol 17 wurden auf Anti‐HIV‐1‐Wirkung geprüft. Keine der geprüften Substanzen besitzt eine dem Zidovudin (3′‐Azido‐3′‐desoxythymidin = AZT) vergleichbare antivirale Aktivität.
Platelet Aggregation Inhibiting and Anticoagulant Effects of Oligoamines, XXX: Absorption, Organ Distribution, and Excretion of the Oligoamine (+)‐(S,S)‐1,4‐Bis‐[4‐(3‐iodo‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐butylamino]‐butane‐2,3‐diol and its Metabolites
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Wolf Stefan , Wenzel Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic behaviour of the 131‐iodine‐labelled title compound 3* and its metabolites in mice was investigated. A two phase, 1st order elimination profile was observed. The second phase is very slow leaving about 35% of radioactivity in the mice even 100h after i.v. injection, because of high affinity to liver and spleen, caused by strong binding of oligoamines to phospholipids of liver and blood cell membranes. The blood‐brain‐barrier is not passed. No deep compartments were observed. The doses necessary for antithrombotic effects in vivo were calculated from the blood levels to be 20.5–39.7 μmol/kg for a time interval of 1–6 h after administration.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of 5,5‐Diphenyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydroimidazo‐[2,1‐b]‐imidazoline‐3,6‐dione
Authors: Kieć‐Kononowicz Katarzyna , Karolak‐Wojciechowska Janina , Mrozek Agnieszka , Posel Maciej 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCyclization of N‐[(5,5‐diphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐2‐imidazolidinyl]glycine (3) yielded 5,5‐diphenyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‐b]imidazoline‐3,6‐dione (6) or its acetyl derivative 5 depending on the method used. The stabilities of 5 and 6 in acidic or alkaline solutions were examined. The crystal structure of the hydrolysis products 7,8 of 5 and 6 were solved by X‐ray analysis.
Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of CNS Agents, Part 22: A Search for New Trazodone‐Like Antidepressants: Synthesis and Preliminary Receptor Binding Studies
Authors: Mokrosz Jerzy L. , Duszynska Beata , Paluchowska Maria H. , Charakchieva‐Minol S. , Mokrosz Maria J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNew 1‐phenyl‐ and 1‐(3‐chlorophenyl)piperazines containing a 4‐[3‐(heterocyclic)propyl] fragment were synthesized. It was found that of all the investigated compounds 11b (Ki = 13 ± 2 nM) and 8b (Ki = 38 ± 2 nM) were the most active 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A ligands, respectively. Several derivatives (3a, 4a, 8b, 11b, 12b, 13a, and 13b) were selected as good candidates for new, potential antidepressants on the basis of their 5‐HT1A/5‐HT2A receptor binding profiles.
Development of a Parenterally Administrable Hydrosol Preparation of the “Third Generation Platinum Complex” [(±)‐1,2‐Bis(4‐fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II). Part 1. Preparation and Studies on the Stability and Antitumor Activity
Authors: Gust Ronald , Bernhardt Gunther , Spruß Thilo , Krauser Rudolf , Koch Marion , Schönenberger Helmut , Bauer Kurt‐Heinz , Schertl Sabine , Lu Zhi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of a galenical formulation for poorly water soluble dichloroplatinum(II) complexes suitable for the parenteral administration in cancer chemotherapy is described. The procedure, which we elaborated for [(±)‐1,2‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II) (rac‐4F‐PtCl2), is based on the reaction of a soluble diaquaplatinum(II) salt with sodium chloride in water in the presence of pluronic F 68 as stabilizer and results in a sufficiently stable colloidal solution (i.e. hydrosol). In contrast to the poorly water soluble synthetic rac‐4F‐PtCl2, which was ineffective towards the hormone sensitive MXT‐M‐3.2 breast cancer of the mouse, its hydrosol formulation proved to be highly active and was very well tolerated.
On the Fluorescence Reaction of Pharmaceutically Important o‐Aminobenzamides and o‐Aminobenzenesulfonamides with Phthalaldehyde and Analogues
Authors: Troschütz Reinhard , Heinemann Oliver 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn order to develop a specific TLC‐fluorescence detection, drugs such as Quinethazone (1a), Fenquizone (1b), Diazoxide (7), Bendroflumethiazide (11a), Hydrochlorothiazide (11b) and their derivatives were hydrolysed to provide o‐aminobenzamide 2 and o‐aminobenzenesulfonamides 8, 12, and 13. The reaction of these 1,5‐N‐bisnucleophiles with phthalaldehyde (3a) and analogues 3b–e resulted in weak up to intensive fluorescent products 5, 9, 14, 15, Applying this method to Diazoxide capsules, 5 ng of Diazoxide (7) could be detected by pre‐ and postchromatographic derivatisation with 3‐benzoylpyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde (3e) on TLC plates. The reaction of o‐aminobenzenesulfonamide 8 with 3,4‐dimethoxyphthalaldehyde (3b) in CD3OD/DCI provided a monodeuterated compound 10b, N,N‐Acetals 17,18, and 19 were obtained from the reaction of furan‐3,4‐dicarbaldehyde (16) with o‐aminobenzenesulfonamides 8, 12, and 13 in MeOH/20°C.
“Vinylogs” and “Acetylenylogs” of β‐Adrenergic Agents
Authors: Nudelman Abraham , Binnes Yitschak , Shmueli‐Broide Naomi , Odessa Yael , Hieble J. Paul , Sulpizio Anthony C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVinylogous (Groups III and V) and acetylenologous (Group IV) analogs of the classical β‐adrenergic agents — stimulants and blockers — were prepared in order to evaluate the effect of degree of saturation, position of unsaturation and rigidity of the chain linking the aromatic ring and the amino containing functional group on biological activity. Derivatives from Group III, which represent 4‐aryl‐3‐butenyl‐2‐ol‐amine analogs of Group II, retained β1‐adrenoceptor antagonist activity albeit substantially less potent (50–200‐fold) than that possessed by their aryloxy counterparts. Consistent with the SAR for Group II compounds, substitution at position 2 of the aromatic ring yielded the most potent antagonists (5a, 5d, 5g), with KB's ranging from 73–93 nM while 3,4‐dichloro substitution (5e) markedly reduced antagonist potency (KB = 2,400 nM). Agonist activity was also noted for 5b and 5d, suggesting that these compounds may be best classified as partial agonists. Representatives from Groups IV and V were inactive as antagonists at the β1‐adrenoceptor confirming the importance of the spatial relationship between the hydroxyl and the amino nitrogen.
Stereoselective Binding of the Enantiomers of Four Closely Related N‐Methyl‐Barbiturates to Human, Bovine, and Rat Serum Albumin
Authors: Büch Horst Paul , Krug Regina , Knabe Joachim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlbumin binding for the enantiomers of four closely related N‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐5‐alkyl‐barbiturates 1–4 was investigated for three different mammalian species by means of equilibrium dialysis. Lipid solubility (n‐heptane/phosphate buffer distribution coefficient) increased stepwise by a factor of 56 from 1 to 4.Bovine serum albumin: The (S)‐(+)‐enantiomers of 1–4 were bound in a higher percentage than the (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers; lengthening of the aliphatic side‐chain increased the binding extent in both enantiomeric groups.Human serum albumin: Binding of (S)‐(+)‐1 and (S)‐(+)‐4 was higher than that of the (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers; with (S)‐(+)‐2 and (S)‐(+)‐3 it was much lower than that of the corresponding (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers. Lengthening of the aliphatic side chain increased the binding extent of the (S)‐(+)‐ as well as of the (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers, but with two exceptions: 1. The (S)‐(+)‐1 binding exceeded that of the (S)‐(+)‐2 by a factor of nearly two 2. The binding extent of (R)‐(−)‐4 was not further increased in comparison to (R)‐(−)‐3.Rat serum albumin: (S)‐(+)‐1 and (S)‐(+)‐2 were bound in a lower percentage than the (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers, both 3‐enantiomers showing an equal binding extent; (S)‐(+)‐4 was bound to a slightly greater extent than the (R)‐(−)‐4. In the group of the (S)‐(+)‐enantiomers, the binding extent increased from 1 to 4, whereas in that of the (R)‐(−)‐enantiomers only between 1 and 4. Structural differences between the serum albumins of three mammalian species possibly cause the enantioselective binding pattern found for the enantiomers of 1–4, and are responsible for the finding that the binding extent in some cases did not correlate with the lipid solubility of the compounds.
Synthesis of Z‐ and E‐1‐Methyl‐2‐(1‐hydroximinoethyl)‐6‐methoxy‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalene and Evaluation as Inhibitors of 17α‐Hydroxylase‐C17,20‐Lyase (P450 17)
Authors: Zhuang Yan , Zapp Josef , Hartmann Rolf W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and biological evaluation of Z‐ and E‐1‐methyl‐2‐(1‐hydroximinoethyl)‐6‐methoxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐naphthalene (Z‐1 and E‐1) as nonsteroidal inhibitors of 17α‐hydroxylase‐C17,20‐lyase (P450 17, CYP17) is described. Z‐1 and E‐1 were separated by column chromatography and identified by 1H NMR. The synthesis of the key compound 3 was accomplished by a new reaction acetylating the 1‐methyl‐6‐methoxy‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalene compound 2 under Friedel‐Crafts conditions. Compound 2 was obtained from the 1‐tetralone via Wittig reaction. Using a microsomal fraction of human testicular enzyme, Z‐1 and E‐1 inhibited the target enzyme only marginally.
Die neue Räumlichkeit des Krieges: Wissenschaft und Technik im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Trischler Helmuth 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe First World War may be conceived as a phase of acceleration of historical change. In the course of the four years of the „Great War”︁ science and technology were effectively transformed in regard to both content and social significance. In the midst of the fundamental crisis of national security politicians and the military of the belligerent nations learned to perceive science and technology as an essential resource. In order to utilize this resource most efficiently new patterns were created of linking science, technology, economy and government together. In essence these patterns proofed to be surprisingly stable; they outlived the war as well as the subsequent demobilization. This new total war modernized partially science and technology, but above all produced fundamental and deep‐reaching changes in their relationship to state and society. A look at the further course of events of the 20th century shows the ambivalence and double‐headness of this modernization process.The new „three‐dimensional nature”︁ of the war refers to the concrete geometric, but also to the abstract, social dimension of space. On the one hand it manifested itself in the new three dimensionality of the technicized battlefield in trench warfare as well as in airwar. On the other hand it was expressed in the new institutionalization of interweavement between science and society.
Berater, Agent, Interessent? Fritz Haber, die BASF und die staatliche Stickstoffpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Szöllösi‐Janze Margit 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper reflects Fritz Haber's part in the negotiations on the building of vast saltpeter and ammonia plants in the first half of World War I. His activities in German war economy led to two important consequences: Firstly, he helped to solve the German ammunition crisis so that the Empire was able to continue its warfare for years. Secondly, he shared a big part in the making of a completely new German nitrogen industry.
Basilius Valentinus und die Labortechnik um 1600
Authors: Priesner Claus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper focusses on various methods of preparing chemical compounds and on laboratory techniques used in that. It is based on different texts ascribed to „Basil Valentine”︁, an important author of alchemical writings whose real identity is not yet established beyond any doubt. Basil was a leading alchemical experimentator of his time and devised a number of preparation‐processes for new substances, some of which are discussed here. The paper sheds also new light on some hitherto established notions of priority which were attributed to Basil Valentine or other alchemists.
Paul Langevin und Albert Einstein — eine Freundschaft zwischen Relativitätstheorie und politischer Realität
Authors: Franke Almut , Franke Fabian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt was only after the death of the French physicist Paul Langevin in 1946, that his famous colleague Albert Einstein strongly emphasized and honored his contributions to the theory of special relativity, similar as he did in obituaries for two other pioneer physicists of the turn of the century, Poincaré and Lorentz. But Langevin and Einstein were connected by a deep personal friendship which began in the first decades of the 20th century in spite of sharp political tensions and scientific barriers especially between Germany and France. From the physical point of view, Langevin did not accept all of the basic concepts of special relativity at once even if he developped some important consequences. Their friendship and esteem for each other was based mainly on political and ideological affinities and culminated in the visits of Einstein in Paris and Langevin in Berlin.
Wie sozialisiert man eine Hochschule? Die Eröffnungsfeiern der mittelalterlichen deutschen Universitäten und die Gründung der Erfurter Universität (28. April 1392)
Authors: Rexroth Frank 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn pre‐Reformation Germany, nearly all university foundations culminated in elaborated opening celebrations which were closely linked to the local liturgy. This article tries to understand these well‐recorded acts as rituals and asks how social knowledge of what a university actually was was transmitted to the non‐academic environment. It shows that the opening celebrations were designed both to make the new institution acceptable and to distance it from its environment, thus reducing its vulnerability.
Disziplinerneuerung und Universitätsreform: Das Ius publicum Romano Germanicum
Authors: Hammerstein Notker 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhat caused the reforms which permitted the universities in the Holy Roman Empire to become leading places of scientific communication and mental orientation for centuries? In most cases, outside influences ‐ pressures from governments, princes, scholars, councillors, consistories, or, as we would say today, state and churches ‐ were decisive. But some reforms were the consequences of paradigm‐changes within the universities themselves. Such shifts were less likely to originate with faculties concerned with medicine or the natural sciences than with those which were concerned directly with the political community or human societies. This changed only in the nineteenth century, which cannot be dealt with here.
Gelehrte Gemeinschaft und wissenschaftlicher Großbetrieb: Hochschulbau als Spiegel von Wissenschaftsidee und ‐praxis im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Nägelke Hans‐Dieter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper deals with the rise and development of university‐building in nineteenth‐century Germany. It describes its functional changes as a result of the diversification of disciplines as well as a reaction to the rapid expansion of the universities. These upheavels finally also undermined the stylistic consensus on the outer design of university‐buildings all over Germany up to the end of the century. The disintegration of this consensus in favour of varying patterns of style or design at the beginning of the 20th is interpreted as loss of „Bildung”︁ itself.