bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People’s conceptual environmental appraisals of urban space in daylight and electric light
Authors: Johansson M , Tsiakiris G , Rahm J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Urban spaces should be resilient, inclusive and safe for all residents including children, elderly and vulnerable groups. This implies that urban planning, management and design should provide public spaces that support human needs of active mobility, social interaction and psychological restoration across seasonal and diurnal variation in natural light. Environmental psychology postulates that an understanding of how people experience or appraise an environment is a critical component in the relationship between urban design and human behaviour. In this conceptual paper we propose and discuss overarching (visual) impressions of the environment (environmental appraisals) that could be utilized to deepen the understanding of how people experience urban green spaces under different lighting conditions. In a certain setting, people respond to specific components of the environment; such perceived molecular environmental qualities make up the overall impression of the setting, and shape critical human-environment transactions fundamental to human well-being. The perceived stimuli are considered to act together to form the perceptual basis for higher order, molar aspects, so called conceptual environmental appraisals. We introduce Küller’s human-environment interaction model and Brunswik’s lens model to describe conceptual environmental appraisals. Recognising urban forests as important settings for physical active mobility, social interaction, and psychological restoration, we outline the theoretical underpinnings of three conceptual environmental appraisals: prospect – refuge pertaining to the perceived safety of the environment, environmental preferences, and the perceived restorative potential of the environment. The appraisals have been shown to be relevant in studies on electric lighting in urban space, and possible to assess by means of observer-based assessments also among children, elderly and vulnerable groups. Assessment outcomes may inform discussions on conflicting goals for sustainable development with regard to people’s health and well-being, energy use, light pollution and the welfare of other species in urban planning, management and design.
Spatial planning for dark hours in Sweden – conditions and proposal for action
Authors: Frænkel C , Tastare M , Billger M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the absence of daylight are handled within spatial planning in Sweden, and to propose measures for action. The study includes a review of spatial planning documents, interviews with planning officers, and an overview of how outdoor lighting is included within the Swedish Planning and Building Act (PBL). The result shows that planning documents according to the PBL generally present few specific analyses and proposals linking to the design and the use of outdoor environments during dark hours, such as lighting. Instead, outdoor lighting is often managed within lighting masterplans, that lack a common methodology and a formal planning status. Possible consequences include that spatial planning provides limited support for how different public interests should be weighed against each other in a nocturnal context, and that citizens have little formal influence over strategic decisions on outdoor lighting. As a proposal, we suggest developing spatial planning for dark hours (‘nattstadsplanering’ in Swedish), that integrates the use, the design, and the outdoor lighting within the same planning process, using the PBL as a framework. The proposal includes clarification of lighting regulations, methodology development, and knowledge dissemination, which requires further research and investigations.
Darker Cities due to the Energy Crisis and the need for context-specific urban lighting
Authors: Hvass M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Outdoor lighting has been dimmed or turned off in European municipalities due to the energy crisis. Dimming of outdoor lighting levels led to energy savings, advantages for biodiversity and less light pollution. But the dimming also triggers the basic human assumption that bright light is connected to safety and darkness is connected to fear. To discuss this basic assumption, human experience of dimmed lighting and perceived safety is explored through three case studies. One study explores human experiences of dimmed street lighting during energy crises, the second study investigates dimmed lighting levels around public transportation, and the third study is an example of a context-specific adaptation of street lighting in a residential area. The case studies reveal that dimmed lighting levels, minimized contrasts, and context-specific lighting can lead to an increased connectedness to the spatial and social urban context and an increased feeling of perceived safety. Thus, more light doesn’t always lead to more perceived safety. With a dimmed general lighting level, it is possible to introduce additional subtle lighting layers, structured in a lighting hierarchy to further enhance spatial and social qualities in outdoor contexts in the dark hours. in constructing both.
Pain Relieving Light – (How) Is it Possible?
Authors: Björner Brauer Hanna , Ryberg Karl , Wallin Kjell , Linde Mattias , Laike Thorbjörn , Karlsson Bodil S.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
About 15% of the population suffer from migraines and it is estimated that about 40% of all people with migraines would benefit from preventive treatment, but only 3–13% use it. Migraine is a huge burden for society and individuals. Migraines can be intensified by light, and some patients need to stay in a dark room until the attack is over. People with this type of photosensitivity show a clear preference for light color, specifically green, which has been shown to be more comfortable and even pain relieving in some cases. We will present a feasibility study with the aim of preparing a series of experiments to investigate if regular short-term green-light-exposure can prevent migraines. We will present findings from the literature, developed light equipment, and plans for future testing of migraine friendly light solutions.
Methods for inclusive design processes at the early stages of a research project in School Environments
Authors: Angelaki S , Frelin A , Grannäs J , Besenecker U , Danielsson C B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the use of participatory methods prior to designing interventions within a research project at a primary school in central Sweden. The approach presented in the paper is based on the principles of participatory design (PD), to enhance the use of these methods within the areas of educational research (ER), lighting, and architecture. This approach aims to include participants of educational spaces and incorporate their views prior to design interventions. Two workshops were designed to support teachers’ participation through hands-on activities. Twenty-eight teachers participated in the workshops. Scale models corresponding to two of the school’s classrooms were used to initiate discussions regarding the interconnection between spatial layouts, lighting, and learning activities. The workshops’ data collection analysis assisted the research group in understanding the school’s spatial and learning characteristics. The information gathered from the workshops provided additional knowledge and informed the research project in a way that allowed for further development and changes within the project related to the additional variables measured along with light. According to the analysis, there is a correlation between the activity and the desired layout of the space, while the type of equipment also varies according to the task.
Socially inclusive Lighting Design: exploring a method to enhance freedom of movement for marginalised groups.
Authors: Lund Kaja Glenne , Hvass Mette 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Based on literature and field research, women and marginalised groups often experience unwanted attention in the public realm worldwide. This attention often produces a gendered fear, which can result in avoidance behaviour of urban public places. Universal design has been implemented to ensure everyone can access urban areas, but this access is still restricted for many vulnerable groups. This investigation aims to find relevant lighting design principles for making public urban spaces more inclusive for all marginalised groups. A literature review, case studies of three urban places, focus group interviews, and an experiment with torches in the field were the chosen methods to gain knowledge. The findings suggest that the participants experience fear in public places when they feel exposed as someone who can become a potential target. This results in a need to see their surroundings and have an awareness of the presence of others. In addition, the experiment showed how they wanted to use warm lighting and beautify the place by enhancing details. The conclusion suggests six different lighting design methods to create inclusive public areas, such as beautifying details and legibility with vertically lit surfaces. These six principles could make urban public places more socially inclusive for marginalised groups, women, and other vulnerable groups. The results should be compared and confirmed by using control groups with other non-marginalised groups.
Empathic Lighting Design for Healthcare Environments
Authors: Mathiasen Nanet , Øien Turid Borgestrand , Volf Carlo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Light has the powerful capacity to generate a certain quality and atmosphere within a room. However, lighting design specification is often only characterized via quantitative metrics. In healthcare institutions, such as care homes, hospitals and rehabilitation centres, the use of lighting design may support a positive atmosphere, and potentially also support the health and wellbeing of patients. When people are hospitalised, they are in a difficult and often stressful situation, in which they meet nurses, physicians and relatives within new, unfamiliar surroundings. These situations call for supportive architectural spaces with atmospheres that help people relax and feel safe. Nevertheless, these spaces often lack a lighting design that supports this intent. The objective of this study is to implement two different lighting scenarios and investigate how they affect patients in a psychiatric affective healthcare unit at Copenhagen Psychiatric Centre. Two different lighting scenarios were implemented and tested in a SW-facing group therapy room, during one winter period (November 2022–March 2023). In all, the study included 12 patients. Through questionnaires, the patients were asked how they perceived the luminous environments of two lighting scenarios, one in the existing healthcare lighting vs. a new lighting setup. The patients indicated their preferences and how the lighting design affected and supported heir therapeutic session. The two lighting scenarios are: a) Four high-positioned LED-luminaires (H=2,65 m) in the ceiling; and b) Two low-positioned LED-luminaires suspended above the meeting table (H=1,50 m). The results of the survey showed that patients overall preferred the low-positioned, non-uniform lighting, which scored a total of 60 points in the semantic analysis, compared to 35 points for the high-positioned, uniform lighting. In addition, from a sustainability viewpoint, energy consumption for the low-positioned lighting scenario was only 21 W, compared to 140 W for the high-positioned lighting scenario, providing an 85% reduction in total energy consumption.
Lighting assessment in low-vision rehabilitation: Implementing N-Lited
Authors: Øien Turid Borgestrand , Nielsen Jeanette Bremer 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Lighting assessments have been part of low-vision rehabilitation for decades, but more structured and evidence-based approaches have emerged in recent years. In Denmark, a mixed-method semi-structured protocol for lighting assessment was developed and tested as a pilot study from 2017–2019, and it showed promising results, in that it improved the visually impaired participants’ quality of life. Innovations are often developed in pilot studies, but implementing new approaches across communities of practice poses difficulties due to both individual and organizational norms. N-Lited is an implementation project that entails the dissemination of knowledge and instructions as well as practical trials, and its protocol has been implemented in seven low-vision centers from 2022–2023. Based on participants’ observations, document analysis of the framework, and a midway evaluation that assessed the potential for scalability and diffusion, this paper discusses the learning and change processes in the interpretation and role of the lighting measurements and lighting assessments in this project. Beyond mere instrumental learning, the findings reveal that it is crucial to address how individuals learn how to explore and question the difficulties that reveal mismatches or reconfigurations of values, norms, and assumptions to ensure a successful implementation of the method. The changing role of lighting measurements, from instrumental to more reflective, also illustrates the importance of the practical application and learning-by-doing aspects that are essential for learning how to reflect and “think with the metrics.” Furthermore, metrics and tools are an important part of the community of practice’s shared language. The uncertainty of navigating between the uniformity of the protocol and the flexibility needed for incorporating the method into individual professionals’ practices and the various organizational contexts emphasizes the relevance of the process of learning how to manage methodological innovations in practice.
Measuring Cognitive Function and Cognitive Decline With Response Time Data in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Authors: Sanders Seth , Schofield Lynne Steuerle , Schumm L Philip , Waite Linda 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Scholarly, clinical, and policy interest in cognitive function has grown over the last several decades in part due to large increases in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias as populations age. However, adequate measures of cognitive function have not been available in many research data sets. We argue that a wealth of previously unexploited survey data exists to model cognition and cognitive decline.

Methods
We use metadata of the time it takes older respondents in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Survey, which we label response times (RTs), to answer questions in a standard cognitive assessment. We compare several measures of RT to a survey-adapted form of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Results
We show that RTs predict both concurrent and future MoCA scores. Our results show that longer and more varied RT at baseline predict lower MoCA scores 5 years later, net of baseline scores and controls. We also show that the effect of RT measures on predicting current MoCA differs for individuals of different races and ages, but are not different by gender.

Discussion
Our paper demonstrates that RTs constitute a separate powerful measure of cognitive functioning. RTs may be remarkably useful both to clinicians and social scientists because they can increase the accuracy of cognitive assessment without increasing the time it takes to administer the assessment.
The Moduli Space of Cyclic Covers in Positive Characteristic
Authors: Dang Huy , Hippold Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We study the $p$-rank stratification of the moduli space $\operatorname{\mathcal{A}\mathcal{S}\mathcal{W}}_{(d_{1},d_{2},\ldots ,d_{n})}$, which represents $\mathbb{Z}/p^{n}$-covers in characteristic $p&gt;0$ whose $\mathbb{Z}/p^{i}$-subcovers have conductor $d_{i}$. In particular, we identify the irreducible components of the moduli space and determine their dimensions. To achieve this, we analyze the ramification data of the represented curves and use it to classify all the irreducible components of the space. In addition, we provide a comprehensive list of pairs $(p,(d_{1},d_{2},\ldots ,d_{n}))$ for which $\operatorname{\mathcal{A}\mathcal{S}\mathcal{W}}_{(d_{1},d_{2},\ldots ,d_{n})}$ in characteristic $p$ is irreducible. Finally, we investigate the geometry of $\operatorname{\mathcal{A}\mathcal{S}\mathcal{W}}_{(d_{1},d_{2},\ldots ,d_{n})}$ by studying the deformations of cyclic covers that vary the $p$-rank and the number of branch points.
Remaking the Urban: International Actors and the Post-war Reconstruction of Cities
Authors: Bădescu Gruia 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe postwar reconstruction of cities has become an arena of international actors who mobilize different narratives of power and reshape conflict using other means. This article highlights how international actors use urban reconfigurations as a tool for intervening in the broader postconflict reconstruction of societies. First, it shows that the postwar reconstruction of cities is not only a set of spatial and economic processes of remaking the urban environment, but also a discursive practice of highlighting hegemonies through space. The article argues that reconstruction entanglements in inter-imperial space reflect both the endurance and the emergence of hegemonies of power. Second, urban reconstruction and other spatial interventions in contested urban space often prolong the tensions originating from war. In cities where destruction was caused by a mixture of internal and external actors, and where previous warring factions have to coexist in the postwar arrangements, like in Sarajevo and Beirut, domestic and international agendas reinforce and redirect one another. The article shows that the entanglement of local, national, and international actors in reconstructions play a role in transforming both place and conflict dynamics after peace treaties are signed.
Credibility in Crises: How Patrons Reassure Their Allies
Authors: Sukin Lauren , Lanoszka Alexander 
Published: April 2024

Abstracts
How do citizens of US allies assess different reassurance strategies? This article investigates the effects of US reassurance policies on public opinion in allied states. We design and conduct a survey experiment in five Central–Eastern European states—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania—in March 2022. Set against the backdrop of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, this experiment asked respondents to evaluate four types of reassurance strategies, each a critical tool in US crisis response policy: military deployments, diplomatic summitry, economic sanctions, and public reaffirmations of security guarantees. The international security literature typically values capabilities for their deterrence and reassurance benefits, while largely dismissing public reaffirmations as “cheap talk” and economic sanctions as being ineffective. Yet we find preferences for the use of economic sanctions and public statements as reassurance strategies during crises, in part because these approaches help states manage escalation risks.
Foreign Sponsorship of Armed Groups and Civil War
Authors: Rubin Michael A , Malone Iris 
Published: April 2024

Abstracts
Under what conditions do armed groups escalate their campaigns to civil war? Existing research suggests foreign states’ material support is critical to explaining armed groups' conduct during civil war and, thereby, war intensification, duration, and outcomes. Thus far, little attention has been paid to understanding whether and how foreign support influences whether armed groups fight civil wars in the first place, largely due to data limitations. Armed group-level datasets have included only those already engaged in significant civil war violence, which introduces selection bias that precludes investigating factors that influence which groups fight civil wars. Leveraging the new Armed Groups Dataset (AGD), which measures characteristics of armed groups engaged in lower-level violence, we conduct a preliminary empirical investigation into the explanatory role of foreign sponsorship in group-level variation in civil war. While foreign sponsorship and civil war are correlated, there is little evidence that sponsorship has substantial independent explanatory value in predicting civil war. Rather, the evidence is consistent with claims that armed groups’ organizational characteristics account for both access to foreign sponsorship and, independently, their likelihood of escalating civil war.
Can large language models provide secondary reliable opinion on treatment options for dermatological diseases?
Authors: Iqbal Usman , Lee Leon Tsung-Ju , Rahmanti Annisa Ristya , Celi Leo Anthony , Li Yu-Chuan Jack 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the consistency and reliability of medication recommendations provided by ChatGPT for common dermatological conditions, highlighting the potential for ChatGPT to offer second opinions in patient treatment while also delineating possible limitations.

Materials and Methods
In this mixed-methods study, we used survey questions in April 2023 for drug recommendations generated by ChatGPT with data from secondary databases, that is, Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database and an US medical center database, and validated by dermatologists. The methodology included preprocessing queries, executing them multiple times, and evaluating ChatGPT responses against the databases and dermatologists. The ChatGPT-generated responses were analyzed statistically in a disease-drug matrix, considering disease-medication associations (Q-value) and expert evaluation.

Results
ChatGPT achieved a high 98.87% dermatologist approval rate for common dermatological medication recommendations. We evaluated its drug suggestions using the Q-value, showing that human expert validation agreement surpassed Q-value cutoff-based agreement. Varying cutoff values for disease-medication associations, a cutoff of 3 achieved 95.14% accurate prescriptions, 5 yielded 85.42%, and 10 resulted in 72.92%. While ChatGPT offered accurate drug advice, it occasionally included incorrect ATC codes, leading to issues like incorrect drug use and type, nonexistent codes, repeated errors, and incomplete medication codes.

Conclusion
ChatGPT provides medication recommendations as a second opinion in dermatology treatment, but its reliability and comprehensiveness need refinement for greater accuracy. In the future, integrating a medical domain-specific knowledge base for training and ongoing optimization will enhance the precision of ChatGPT’s results.