bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods for determining surface area and other particle size data of fine powders, particularly welding electrode powders
Authors: Blake P. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper compares three methods for the determination of the surface area of fine powders : A, due to H. Heywood1; B, due to P. S. Roller2; and‐C, known as the modified method B. The hydrometer method of particle size determination in the subsieve range is described and the data obtained by this method from a study of standard welding electrode coating powders are used to compare the three methods. It is concluded that method C gives the closest approximation to an absolute determination of the surface area for data derived from the hydrometer method of particle size determination.
The fungistatic properties of p‐aminobenzoic acid and related compounds. Part II. Relative fungistatic activity
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fungistatic activity of the methyl to n‐amyl p‐amino‐benzoates and of the ortho, meta and para‐aminobenzoic acids and their methyl esters has been determined in the inhibition of the growth rate of Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Penicillium roqueforti. An increased inhibition of P. roqueforti in the presence of nitrate nitrogen, pH being maintained at about 3.5, has been noted and provision made to avoid this effect, as well as the complications mentioned in an earlier paper.The data are treated (i) on the basis of the reciprocal of concentration required for 50% inhibition (I50); (ii) as related to an adsorption phenomenon. On the basis of I50 values there is a general increase in activity from the methyl to the amyl p‐amino‐benzoate, also the meta isomer is markedly less effective than the corresponding ortho‐ or para‐compound. The adsorption approach has proved of little use with P. roqucforti, but with B. fulva it seems to permit a useful analysis of the activity of the esters, particularly in terms of increasing biological adsorbability. The esters tested against A. niger do not give the same clear cut picture. With both B. fulva and A. niger the low I50 values of the meta isomer may be explained on the basis of the adsorption approach.
The oxidation of coal
Authors: Jones R. E. , Townend D. T. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper draws attention to the importance of the part played by peroxidic bodies or active oxygen in the weathering of coal; comparative investigations have been made with both coal and carbon, which are shown to behave similarly.The initial reaction appears to involve chemisorption, which, in the presence of water, is followed by the formation of a coal‐or carbon‐oxygen‐water complex. The normal inherent wafer content of coals is a function of their internal surface; this is a minimum with coals containing c. 89 per cent carbon. The peroxygen content of coals shows a similar variation with carbon content.The peroxygen complex is markedly unstable above approximately 70° c., a temperature long known to be critical in regard to spontaneous combustion of coal. Below it the complex is formed easily and remains relatively stable, little oxygen entering the coal substance; also the amount of ulmification remains very small. The small quantity of gaseous oxidation products consists chiefly of carbon monoxide with a less amount of CO2. Above 7°D c. the complex starts to break down, although with carbon it does not appear to be completely destroyed until 350°c. is reached. Oxidation above 70°C. is also marked by a big increase in the oxygen content of a coal, its general ulmification and in the yield of gaseous oxidation products; also carbon dioxide then preponderates over the monoxide. These observations were substantiated by means of gravimetric balances for the coal‐oxygen reaction at 50° and 90° c. The pressure changes at these two temperatures were also different; whereas a gradual fall in pressure was recorded at 50° c., at 90° c. a temporary rise in pressure occurred. The remarkable difference in the behaviour above and below this critical temperature is common to both coal and carbon, and in view of the ability of carbon to form a carbon‐oxygen‐water complex, it is evident that with both materials the overall oxidation is controlled by the rate of breakdown of the complex. Of paramount importance is the necessity for the presence of water; indeed, an explanation is now forthcoming of the classical experiments of C. J. Baker and H. B. Baker in 1887‐88, which demonstrated that dry carbon cannot be readily oxidized even at red heat.
The practical, problems of corrosion. Part XIII. The painting of wet steel surfaces
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Evans U. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of mixing various inhibitors with sodium nitrite is described, the efliciency and probable mode of action of phosphates including mctaphosphnte, carbonate, sulphates and zinc salts being discussed. In general the radicals studied were those having insoluble ferric salts and reasonably soluble calcium and magnesium salts. Zinc salts were considered owing to the possibility that their cathodic action might rcinforcc the anodic action of nitrite. Sulphites were included in the experiments owing to their ready reaction with dissolved oxygen.
The preparation of acenaphthylene from acenaphthene. II. The vapour phase catalytic dehydro‐genation of acenaphthene
Authors: Kynaston Walter , Jones J. Idris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHigh yields of 93‐93% acenaphthylene are obtained (by vapour phase catalytic dehydrogenation of acenaphthene. The use of steam as a diluent for the acenaphthene vapour is particularly beneficial. The effect of certain operation variables on the degree of conversion has been studied; under certain conditions, both) naphthalene and α‐methyl naphtalene are present as by‐products. Suitable analytical methods for determining acenaphthylene in the crude product are described.
The preparation of diphenyl chloroarsine
Authors: Barker R. L. , Booth E. , Jones W. E. , Millidge A. F. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDiphenylchloroarsine can be obtained in good yield in the laboratory by interaction of phenyldichloroarsine and phenylarsenoxide at 250‐300°C. in glass. In order to minimize dispropotrionation of the product into phenyldichloroarsine and triphenylarsine it is necessary to have present an excess of phenyldichloroarsine, most of which is recoverable.Improvements have been made in the preparation of phenyl‐ at sonic acid from aniline and details are given of the reduction of the former to phenyldichlorarsine and to phenylarsenoxide.
Anti‐fouling compositions: Accuracy of leaching rate determinations
Authors: Barnes H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract1. An outline of the leaching rate method of studying antifouling compositions is given, together with a consideration of the sources of error in such work.2. Details are given of the method used in the present investigation, in which a large number of compositions have been tested.3. By the annlysis of variance technique the coefficient of variation for copper leaching rates is calculated from the data of a number of series of compositions.Over an exposure period of 215 days for a representative series of cuprous oxidc compositions the C.V. is 13.6°. It is shown that the value increases with the cxposurc pcriod and it is suggested that this is due to an increase in the errors arising from the presence of fouling on the test slides. This is substantiated by the higher value obtained from a series with inadequate anti‐fouling properties, and by the lower value from a series always adequately antifouling.4. The above values are compared with that obtained from a series of compositions based on phenarsazine chloride. An increase in the variability with the latter poison is ascribed to the more difficult and protracted analytical technique.5. Analyses are given indicating the variability arising from laboratory work. These arc shown to be comparatively small compared with the total variability. It is therefore suggested that further refinements in the leaching rate technique are not necessary unless the errors arising from the composition and painting as well as from the ex osure conditions are brought under some more adequate control.
Diazotization of nitroaminoguanidine
Authors: O'Connor T. E. , Fleming G. , Reilly J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNitroaminoguanidine on diazotization yields nitroguanidine and nitroguanyl‐azide which may be isomerized to 5‐nitramine‐teuazole. Nitroguanyl azide acts as a dibasic acid when titrated with alkalis, as it is quantitatively isomerized to the dibasic nitramine‐tetrazole. Volumetric procedures for the estimation of the azide and its isomer are described.
The propagation of exothermic reactions in solid systems. Parti. Pre‐ignition reactions
Authors: Spice I. E. , Staveley L. A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCompressed mixtures of iron and barium peroxide or iron and potassium dichromate are examples of systems capable of undergoing self‐propagating incandescent reaction when ignited. It has been found that in both of these systems a non‐incandescent reaction, called the pre‐ignition reaction, sets in at a measurable rate below the ignition temperature. This reaction has been shown to be a genuine solid‐solid reaction. Its kinetics have been investigated, and the part it plays in the propagation of the incandescent reaction is discussed.
The equilibrium between glucose and sulphurous acid
Authors: Vas K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe apparent constants of equilibrium and velocity of the glucose + sulphurous acid reaction were measured under various conditions at 20° c. It was found that: (I) the value of the apparent equilibrium constant is mainly a function of pH; it is lowest between pH, 3 and 5·5 and increases rapidly in more acid or more alkaline regions. Changes in concentration of the reactants (glucose = 1‐40 g./100 ml.; SO2 = 130‐3500 mg./l.) seem to haw only a minor influence; (2) the apparent velocity constants of decomposition and of addition are functions of the pH only.The almost complete parallelism between the dependence of these values upon pH in the case of the bisulphite compounds of both glucose and benzaldehyde suggests the same reaction mechanism.
The essential oil of Libocedrus bidwillii‐New Zealand Cedar
Authors: Batt R. D. , Hassell C. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of a highly efficient fractionating column to the analysis of essential oils has been studied through the use of a spiral gauze column in the re‐examination of the essential oil of Libocedrus bidwillii (New Zealand Cedar). The following fifteen constituents have been separated. l‐x‐pinene (24 ·8%); d‐sabinene (3·3%); myrcene (2·7%); ketone (C10 H16 O) (3·7%); limonene and dipentene (7·4%); p‐cymene (3·4%); terpinolene (0·7%) terpinen‐4‐01 (1·2%); unidentified tricyclic sesquiterpene (1·6%); unidentified sesquiterpene (3·7%); caryophyllene (3·0%); γ‐curcumene (18·4%); d‐cadinene (2·7%); green oil (5·8%); and tar (including hydrocarbon) (8·2%).
The estimation of radioactive strontium, barium, cobalt and iodine in river water
Authors: Duncan J. F. , Johss T. F. , Johnson K. D. B. , McKay H. A. C. , Maton W. R. E. , Pike E. W. A. , Walton C. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods have been developed for the estimation of radioactive strontium, barium, cobalt and iodine in river water down to 10−10–10−11 curie, I. The methods involve chemical separations for each element in turn, followed by pray counting under sufficiently sensitive conditions. The recommended chemical separations arc briefly as follows:
For combined strontium and barium.—The water sample is evaporated to 3 small bulk with the addition of sodium carbonate solution. The precipitated carbonates arc treated with 80% nitric acid, which dissolves everything but strontium and barium nitrates and 3 mainly siliceous residue. The mixed nitrates arc dissolved in water, and the carbonates precipitated for counting.
For strontium and barium separately.—The usual chromate method is employed.
For cobalt.—The water sample is evaporated down with nitric acid. Ammonium cobaltothiocyanate is extracted with a mixed amyl alcohol‐ether solvent. The cobalt is precipitated 3s ferrocyanide for counting.
For iodine.—The iodine is estracted from the water sample by means of carbon tetrachloride, and precipitated as silver iodide for counting.
Pectin studies. IV. Consideration of gel strength and viscosity
Authors: Laxipitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Judge B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGel strength and viscosity studies have been carried out employing a series of pectins obtained by degrading citrus pectin by grinding for various times in 3 ball mill. As degradation increased, the quantity of material estimated as calcium pectate, but not contributing to gel formation, increased and the slope of the straight line representing the gel strength and square of the concentration relationship became less. It is shown that this slope bears a linear relationship to the limiting viscosity values for the pectin in aqueous solution and the nitro‐ester in acetone solution, and that it is proportional to the Young's modulus of the fibrils constituting the gel.
The ternary system, water‐methanol‐xylene, at 20°, 30° and 50°C
Authors: Hartley J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the ternary system, water‐methanol‐xylene, at 20°, 30° and 50°c. The system exhibits density inversion of the conjugate solutions and the compositions of the conjugate phases of equal density have been determined.
The removal of acetylene from hydrocarbon gases
Authors: Bowen B. E. V. , Howlett J. , Wood W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe presence of acetylene in gas mixtures from vapour‐phase cracking of petroleum is a complication in the use of hydroxy‐alkylamine solutions of cuprous salts for concentration of ethylene.1 Acetylene is frequently also a deleterious impurity in ethylene separated from such gases by other methods of gas separation. Two methods arc described for eliminating the acetylene from ethylene‐containing gases, one for ethylene fractions containing no more than traces of hydrogen, the other for mixtures containing hydrogen in substantial amounts. In the absence of hydrogen the acetylene impurity can be preferentially oxidized, using copper as catalyst, the small amount of residual excess oxygen which is necessarily added reacting with ethylene on the same catalyst and at the same temperature to give a gas free from both acetylene and oxygen. When hydrogen is present in amounts in excess of 4% (molar), small amounts of acetylene impurity, such as 0·5 to 1·0% (molar), can be preferentially hydrogenated without affecting the ethylene by the use of a reduced nickel‐chrome catalyst, the preparation of which is described. The efficiency of this catalyst is adversely affected by the presence of certain sulphur bodies.
Correspondence on a paper by Dr. T. T. Jones: Some preliminary investigations of the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction
Authors: Goldblum K. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the article titled “Some preliminary investigations of the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction” by Dr. T. T. Jones (J. Soc. chem. Ind. 1946, 65, 264), this statement is made in the summary: “In alkaline media, dialcohols also seem to be produced more readily, as indicated by the fact that a first order rate law is obeyed until about 45% of the formaldehyde bas reacted.”
Ichthammol and its pharmacopoeial use
Authors: Gugenheim P. G. , McLachlan T. , Jones J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe British Pharmacopoeia requires ichthammol to be miscible with fixed oil, whereas the French Codex requires it to be immiscible. Investigation has shown that ichthammol containing about 50% water is emulsifiable with fixed oils only under certain conditions, and that the pharmacopoeial requirement needs amendment. The sulphur contents of ichthyol and ichthammol have been studied and it has been found that the sulphide‐ and thiophen‐sulphur are reduced by sulphonation. No connexion has so far been found between the sulphur distribution of samples of ichthammol and their bactericidal activity.
The effect of the depth of immersion on the chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to Scotland
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn investigation into the variations in chemical constitution of the common British Laminariaceae, L. cloustoni, L. digitata and L. saccharina, collected at depths of 1–24 m., has been carried out in Orkney. At certain times of the year variations in chemical composition, in addition to those due to the recognized seasonal variations, have been found to occur in the fronds with very little variation., in the stipes. In general, in the fronds an increase in mannitol occurs with depth, reaching a maximum at 6–10 m., indicating that maximum photosynthesis probably occurs at that depth, in agreement with the observations of previous workers. Below 10 m., the mannitol decreases again. Laminarin decreases progressively with depth, being at a maximum at 3–6 m., and is absent in samples from 3 depth below 16 m.
Separation of the organic constituent of black liquor
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method of constructing road foundations, at present in the development stage, is to waterproof the soil by the aBdition of small quantities (I‐2″ of certain resins. Since these resins arc obtaincd chiefly from hard‐currency areas, work at the Road Research Laboratory has been directed towards finding substitute materials available in this country. In particular, attention has been directed to the orgnnic constituents of the alkaline black liquors obtained during paper pulp manufacture in this country.
Concrete road jointing materials
Authors: Millard R. S. , Critchell P. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn cxpansion joints two forms of jointing matcrial are required : (i) a pre‐formed joint filler which provides a spaccr between adjacent slabs to accommodatc expansion of the concrctc; (ii) a scaling compound, filling the top inch or so of the joint, which is intcndcd to prevent the entry of water and grit. In contraction joints, a scaling compound only is rcquircd. The desirable propcr‐ties of prc‐formed joint fillcrs and of joint‐scaling compounds are discussed. Thc main rcquiremcnt of joint fillcrs is that they shall bc compressible, and thcre appears to be no problem in providing satisfactory matcrials; soft wood, fibrc‐board, cork and cellular rubber have all been uscd succcssfully. No satisfactory scaling compound has yet been cvolvcd. The desirable propcrrics of scaling compounds have been dcfincd by laboratory tests in conjunction with road experiments and it is considcrcd that scaling compounds should be satisfactory from the following aspccts: (i) case of application; (ii) adhesion to concrctc; (iii) cxtcnsibility at low tcmpcraturcs on the road; (iv) resistance to flow at high temperatures on the road; (v) rcsistancc to the ingress of grit; (vi) weathering and ageing. Tests havc bcen dcvclopcd at the Road Rcscarch Laboratory to examine the more important of thcsc aspccts and standards for satisfactory road performance are rccommcndcd. Gcncral dcscriptions are given of the properties of the different types of scaling compound availablc. Thc most satisfactory compounds at prescnt availablc are rubbcr‐bitumens. Most scaling compounds are hot‐poured and it is considered that there can bc littlc furthcr improvement in the performance of materials which are poured in a hot fluid condition. The advantagcs and difficultics of cold‐applied scaling compounds are discusscd.
Destruction of cyanide in waste waters by chlorination
Authors: Eden G. E. , Hampson B. L. , Wheatland A. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of the reactions of sodium and calcium hypochlorites with buffered alkaline solutions of potassium cyanide indicated that the first product was always cyanogen chloride, which was rapidly hydrolysed at pH II or above without further absorption of available chlorine. At lower pH values additional chlorine was absorbed up to a total of 5·75 gram‐atoms per gram‐molecule of cyanide. At pH II the reaction of hypochlorites with the complex cyanides of zinc and cadmium was similar to that with potassium cyanide; cupro‐cyanide was also rapidly attacked, with oxidation of cuprous copper to the cupric state, but nickelocyanide was only slowly attacked.A process was developed for treating electroplating wastes, or other waste waters containing cyanide, by reaction with calcium hypochlorite at pH II. The process would be applicable to liquids containing simple cyanides and the complex cyanides of zinc, cadmium, and copper, but not to solutions containing nickel.
Viscosity of mixed vapours
Authors: Silgardo R. B. , Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the viscosities of mixtures of methanol‐water and ethanol‐water vapours using a rolling ball viscometer. Viscosities at the condensation temperatures of the mixtures of various compositions have been found by extrapolating the measured values for superheated vapours.
Superfine grinding of coke and other materials
Authors: Mott R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe methods for superfine grinding are reviewed in the light of recent experience at the Midland Coke Research Station during the grinding of coke and other materials.The wet and dry processes arc compared, and it is shown that with dry grinding the end of effective grinding is caused by caking of the material in the mill. Wet grinding, by avoiding ultimate caking, enables grinding to continue to n further stage.The effect of size and type of ball is discussed, and the benefits obtained by adding different alkalis and other materials during wet grinding are described and compared.
Depleting endogenous neurotrophin‐3 enhances myelin formation in the Trembler‐J mouse, a model of a peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Liu Ning , Varma Sushama , Tsao David , Shooter Eric M. , Tolwani Ravi J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe heterozygous Trembler‐J (TrJ/+) mouse, containing a point mutation in the peripheral myelin protein 22 (Pmp22) gene, is characterized by severe hypomyelination and is a representative model of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth 1A (CMT1A) disease/Dejerine‐Sottas syndrome (DSS). Given that the neurotrophin‐3 (NT3)‐TrkC signaling pathway is inhibitory to myelination during development, we investigated the role of the NT3‐TrkC pathway in myelination and manipulated this pathway to improve myelin formation in the CMT1A/DSS mouse model. Injection of NT3 to the TrJ/+ mice decreased the myelin protein P0 level in the sciatic nerves. Suppressing the NT3‐TrkC pathway with TrkC‐Fc, an NT3 scavenger, enhanced myelination in vitro and in vivo in the TrJ/+ mouse. Furthermore, we found that full‐length TrkC was expressed in adult TrJ/+ mouse sciatic nerves but was not detected in the wild‐type adults, suggesting that the full‐length TrkC is a potential target of treatment to enhance myelination in the TrJ/+ mouse. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.