bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laundry soil‐suspending activity of certain microbial polysaccharides
Authors: Jeanes Allene , Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCertain extracellular microbial anionic heteropoly‐saccharides and phosphorylated mannans suspend laundry soil comparably with carboxymethyl cellulose. These biodegradable biopolymers have other properties compatible with components commonly used in detergent formulations.
XRecent advances in canola oil hydrogenations
Authors: Koseoglu S. S. , Lusas E. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRapeseed oil has been the source of edible oils in many parts of the world. In the last decade, Canadian plant breeders have developed new rapeseed cultivars which yield oil low in erucic acid and meal low in glucosinolates. These cultivars were named “canola” by the Canadian rapeseed industry. Literature on the hydrogenation characteristics of canola oil is limited; however, in recent years, several aspects of canola oil hydrogenations with commercial nickel catalysts have been reported including the formation ofrans‐isomers, trisaturated glycerides and physical properties. In addition, as the methods for determination of sulfur compounds in canola oil developed, the effect of some isothiocyanates on the hydrogenation rate was further investigated to determine the relative catalyst poisoning ability of serveral of these sulfur compounds. However, during the last few years, most of the efforts were directed towards development of novel, selective and active catalysts for canola oil hydrogenations. These studies cover a wide range of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts including sulfur poisoned nickel, gold supported on silica, arene‐Cr(CO)3, RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2, palladium on carbon, palladium black and nickel and arene‐Cr(CO)3mixtures. Effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration and catalyst preparation procedure on the hydrogenation rate, selectivity, catalyst life and quality of the oil were examined and compared with that of commercial nickel catalysts. A brief discussion about continous hydrogenations of canola oil with commerical fixed bed catalysts is also included.
Test procedure for evaluation of catalysts for nitrile reduction
Authors: Friedli F. E. , Gilbert R. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA procedure was developed that examines the effectiveness of nickel catalysts for the hydrogenation of fatty nitriles to amines. Rates of reaction, selectivity, and olefinic reduction were the parameters studied. The procedure can be used for new catalyst screening and is ideally suited for quality assurance testing of production catalysts. It involves the reduction of nitriles to amines at 410°F (210°C) and 500 psig using a .2% Ni loading level. A mixture of primary and secondary amines is obtained which is characteristic of the catalyst’s selectivity. Both sponge and supported nickel catalysts were tested using tallow nitriles as the feedstock.
The rhodium‐catalyzed deuteration of unsaturated triglycerides
Authors: Adlof R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTripalmitolein, triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin were deuterated with deuterium gas and Wilkinson’s catalyst [(Ph3P)3RhCl(I)]. Recrystallization of the products from acetone yielded highly pure deuterium‐labelled triglycerides (TG). The deuterated TG were converted to methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy to determine the deuterium distribution. Methyl palmitate‐9,10‐d2 (from tripalmitolein) and methyl stearate‐9,10‐d2 (from triolein) yielded isotopic distributions of 93–97% d2, methyl stearate‐9,10,12,13‐d4 (from trilinolein) of 74% d4 and methyl stearate‐9,10,12,13,15,16‐d6 (from trilinolenin) of only 58% d6. Because the deuterium‐labelled TG were to be used in human metabolism studies, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine if any residual rhodium was present. No rhodium was detected at 70 ppb (the minimum detection limit).
Utilization of rice bran oil to produce an antifoamer
Authors: El‐Zanati E. M. , Zaher F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrude rice bran oil was dewaxed by chilling to 17°C, followed by centrifuging. The wax sludge obtained was 68% free fatty acids and 32% waxes, whereas the oil phase was 65.65% fatty acids and 34.35% glycerides. The dewaxed oil was evaluated as an antifoaming agent for aqueous media and compared to commercial oleic acid. It was thought that dewaxed rice bran oil has an antifoaming power greater than oleic acid, especially when used in small proportions.Dewaxed rice bran oil was also applied to break and control the foam formation in a phosphoric acid production unit.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XVIII. Effect of structure variations on surface‐active properties of sulfur containing amphoteric surfactants
Authors: Parris N. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractQuaternary ammonium amphoteric surfactants have been found in the past to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents and detergents but exhibit unusual solubility behavior. In search of a relationship between chemical structure and surface‐active properties, compounds having the following general formula were synthesized: ZN+(CH3)2(CH2)nX−, where Z is C12H25‐, C14H29‐, C16H33‐, or C15H31CONHC3H6‐, n is 2, 3, or 4 and X is SO3‐ or OSO3‐. Tertiary amines were converted to sulfobetaines (X=SO3‐) by reaction with (a) butanesultone (n=4), (b) propanesultone (n=3), or (c) sodium 2‐bromoethanesulfonate (n=2). An alternate synthesis for the sulfoethylbetaines (n=2) involved the reaction of the tertiary amines with ethylene bromide, followed by treatment with sodium sulfite. All sulfated quaternary ammonium compounds (X=OSO3‐) were synthesized by treatment of the tertiary amine with the appropriate chloroalcohol, followed by sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfated quaternary ammonium amphoterics are stable to acid hydrolysis, and alkaline stability improves with increasing bridge chain length. Sulfoethyl amphoterics are less water soluble than sulfobutyl, which in turn are less soluble than sulfopropyl derivatives of the same alkyl chain length. For the most part, the sulfated amphoterics are insoluble but are solubilized by soap. The lime soap dispersing properties improve as the carbon chain bridge length increases for both the sulfates and sulfonates. Formulations of tallow soap, amphoteric surfactant, and sodium silicates gave good detergency in most cases.
Effect of time and temperature of storage on the free and total gossypol content of cottonseed meals and of mixed diets
Authors: Kupperman R. P. , Karon M. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWith different types of cottonseed products and cottonseed products to which gossypol is added, there is a loss or disappearance of gossypol upon storage, as determined analytically. The rate of disappearance of gossypol varied for the different type cottonseed and was increased at higher temperatures and over the longer periods of storage.When gossypol is incorporated into different types of animal diet materials, there is a loss or inactivation of some portion of the added gossypol as determined analytically immediately after preparation of the gossypol‐diet mixtures, and a further additional loss or inactivation upon storage. The factors which may contribute to this loss or inactivation of gossypol are: a) the components of the diet materials; b) the temperature and length of time of storage; c) the concentration of gossypol added and the final percentage of gossypol in the mixture.
Phospholipids of palash (Butea monosperma), papaya (Carica papaya), jangli badam (Sterculia foetida), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and carrot (Daucus carota) seeds
Authors: Prasad R. B. N. , Rao Y. Nagender , Rao S. Venkob 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnalyses of the phospholipids of palash(Butea monosperma), papaya(Carica papaya), jangli badam(Sterculia foetida), coriander(Coriandrum sativum) and carrot(Daucus carota) seeds are reported in the present study. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were identified as major components in all the seeds. Small amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine in palash and papaya, and cardiolipin in palash, papaya and carrot also were detected. The predominant fatty acids present in the total and individual phospholipids of the seeds examined were oleic, linoleic and palmitic. In the case of palash and papaya phospholipids, the profile of fatty acid distribution was similar to that of their respective oils. However, the unusual fatty acids present predominantly in jangli badam, coriander and carrot oils were found to be significantly reduced in the respective phospholipids.
Competition of urea with oilseed proteins
Authors: Cravens W. W. , Marine C. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCompetition of urea with oilseed proteins in ruminant feeding depends primarily on economic relationships between these ingredients, cost of energy sources and proper feed formulation. A general summary of the more important factors to consider in replacing protein with nonprotein nitrogen in ruminant feeds is presented. Estimated urea utilization in the U.S. grew at a 15.5% compound annual rate from 1962 to 1966. From 1966–1969, usage increased at a 5% compound annual rate. Approximately 650,000 tons of urea were used by the U.S. Feed industry in 1969. Urea usage is expected to continue to grow in the United States. The high cost of energy sources in Western Europe will tend to slow its use by the feed industry of that area. In general, competition of urea with oilseed proteins will be greatest with heavy grain feeding of cattle, low cost grains and high priced oilseed meals.
Dietary factors and aflatoxin toxicity: II. effect of fat source upon aflatoxicosis in rats
Authors: Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Melnick D. , Straus R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious studies in this laboratory have indicated that the tumorigenic and biochemical response of rats to aflatoxin may be affected by diet. To clarify the possible importance of the fat component of the diet in altering these biochemical responses a cross‐over experiment was devised in which peanut oil and lard were reversed in two diets containing different protein sources and vitamin mixtures. It was found that more concentrated doses of aflatoxin administered for a shorter period of time had a more inhibitory effect upon growth, and liver pathology also appeared to be worse than when smaller doses were given for longer periods of time. There were slight differences in pathology due to the basal diet among peanut oilfed rats, and large differences when the fat component was lard. Plasma cholesterol levels were elevated as a result of the aflatoxin administration, regardless of the diet, and liver cholesterol levels were elevated in response to aflatoxin when diets containing the more varied protein source were fed. In all fractions of plasma fatty acids, fatty acid patterns similar to those observed in marginal essential fatty acid deficiency were seen when lard was fed. The observations that the more restricted protein diet or some component of it, reacts with lard to produce signs similar to those typical of essential fatty acid deficiency and that this regimen produces the most severe liver pathology further establishes the importance of the diet as a means of modifying the response of the organism to aflatoxin.
Antioxidant properties of tomato lipids
Authors: Henze R. E. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHighly active antioxidants for lard were extracted from dried tomato fruits with petroleum ether. When added to fresh lard, the tomato lipids protected against autoxidation at 100°C. for long periods with little accumulation of peroxides during the induction period. When added at a 2% level to actively oxidizing lard (peroxide values 20 to 130), the tomato lipids effected a rapid drop of approximately 25% in titrable peroxides. When added at a level of 8%, this immediate drop was followed by a second, more gradual, drop to a constant low value (ca. 5), which was maintained for a long period at 100°C.The antioxidant activity of the tomato lipids was separated into two fractions, one consisting of a primary antioxidant and the other of a synergistic (potentiating) substance. The primary antioxidant activity was accountable in the tocopherol content of the extracts. The synergistic activity was qualitatively similar to phosphoric acid, and the synergistic fraction was found to contain 2.4% phosphorus. However solubility data indicated the phosphorus was present in an organic form, probably phosphatides.
Sulfation and sulfonation. Practical aspects
Authors: Lohr J. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThere are a number of approaches to the problems involved in technical sulfations and sulfonations. These involve the choice of either batch or continous proceesing, depending upon consideration of the projected volume, the variety of products to be manufactured, and the ultimate disposition of these products. Technical considerations of process design involve selection of process equipment, sizing, piping, and plant layout. For the best results, particular attention must be paid to the control of process variables during actual production. these condiderations, together with the application of sound chemical and chemical engineering practices in process formulation, are all essential to the production of high quality organic sulfates and sulfonates for detergent use.
Review of the soap association's research activities pertaining to water supply and sewage treatment
Authors: Coughlin F. J. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionIn conclusion, the Soap Association's research program to data, in addition to contributing to the technical knowledge, has had very constructive effects in at least two somewhat separate but important areas. First, the research program has corrected a number of misconceptions about the possible effects of the normal use of household detergents by the American public on water supplies and sewage treatement misconceptions which otherwise might have been accepted by default; and second, it seems reasonable to assume from the findings so far that it will be possible, if necessary, to develop technological processes capable of handling any problems which may arise.
A method for the determination of the water‐insoluble combined lactic acid content of shortenings containing lactylated emulsifiers
Authors: Fett Helen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractShortenings containing glycerol lactopalmitates and glycerol lactostearates are analyzed for water‐insoluble combined lactic acid content using a procedure adapted from that of Barker and Summerson (1). Water‐soluble constituents are extracted from a chloroform solution of the shortening. The water‐washed shortening is saponified and then acidified to release the lactic acid, which is degraded to acetaldehyde by heating with concentrated sulfuric acid. The acetaldehyde is reacted withp‐phenyl phenol is concentrated acid solution to produce a purple colored reaction product. The intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of the acetaldehyde. Absorption is read at 570 mॖ using a lithium lactate solution as a standard.The method has been applied to the analysis of shortenings containing from 0.70 to 1.10% water‐insoluble combined lactic acid.
Determination of ethylene oxide in fumigated copra products
Authors: Benedict James H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method is presented for the determining of trace amounts of ethylene oxide in raw copra, copra meal, and coconut oil. The lower limit of detection is 0.3 p.p.m. with an average deviation of 0.2 p.p.m. in the range 0 to 5 p.p.m. The recoveries of added known quantities of ethylene oxide were greater than 90% in nearly all cases.Fumigated raw copra was found to contain small residues of ethylene oxide, but in no instance did the level exceed 4.5 p.p.m. Only half of the coconut oil samples from fumigated copra showed detectable quantities, and all were below 1.5 p.p.m. Nearly all of the meal samples were “none found”.The method should be applicable to all types of edible products.
Possible mechanisms in thermal polymerization of vegetable oils. II. Polymer formation
Authors: Sims R. P. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFrom molecular distillation data, and information obtained by hydrogenation in dilute solution, extents of reaction have been calculated for the polymerization of linseed, safflower, tung, and oiticica oils. The hydrogenation data indicate that more than one double bond per molecule can be consumed during polymerization.The kinetic order of the polymerization of nonconjugated oils increases from an initial value of unity to approach a value of two. With conjugated oils, second‐order characteristics were maintained during the course of the bodying. An explanation of this difference in reaction order based on monomer disappearance is presented. Rate constants and overall energies of activation were calculated and compared with those obtained from viscosity measurements. Agreement between the two sets of values was obtained. Oiticica oil, which gives curved viscosity plots that cannot be resolved, has been treated successfully in this manner.Intraglyceride reactions have been studied, and differences in behavior between nonconjugated and conjugated oils at high and low polymerization temperatures have been observed.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. II. Soybean oil
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Hicks Mary A. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySoybean oil has been fractionated in a 200‐tube countercurrent distribution apparatus. Fractions have been obtained with iodine values both too high and too low to conform to an even distribution. From the weight distribution curve, iodine value, and spectrophotometric analyses the oil is estimated to contain 5.2% dilinoleo‐linolenin, 13.7% trilinolein, 9.2% oleolinoleo‐linolenin, and 25.2% oleo‐dilinolein. This composition is in agreement with a random distribution pattern. Also the fatty acid content of the more saturated fractions indicates the presence of disaturates and dioleins which are not permitted under an even distribution. Based upon this type of information, it is concluded that the fatty acids in soybean oil glycerides approach a random type of distribution.
Contribution oftrans‐18∶1 acids from dairy fat to european diets
Authors: Wolff Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwelve commercial samples of French butter, purchased in October–November, and 12 other samples, purchased in May–June, were analyzed with particular attention to theirtrans‐octadecenoic acid contents. The isomeric fatty acids were quantitated by a combination of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of total fatty acids as isopropyl esters on a polar capillary column (CPSil 88) and of silver nitrate‐impregnated thin‐layer chromatography followed by GLC of the pooled saturated (used as internal standards) andtrans‐octadecenoic acid fractions. Autumn butters contained 3.22±0.44%trans‐octadecenoic acids (relative to total fatty acids), whereas those collected during the spring contained 4.28±0.47% (P<0.01). Minimum and maximum values for the two sets of butters were 2.46 (autumn) and 5.10% (spring), respectively. The annual mean value for thetrans‐octadecenoic acid content in all butter samples was 3.8% of total fatty acids (ca. 2% for thetrans‐11 18∶1 acid). This value allows calculation of the daily individual intake oftrans‐octadecenoic acids from dairy products by populations of member states of the European Economic Community (EEC). It varies from 0.57 g (Portugal) to 1.66 g (Denmark). The mean value for the twelve countries of the EEC is 1.16 g/person/d, which is close to data published for the United States. In France, the consumption oftrans octadecenoic acids from dairy fat is higher than that from margarines (ca. 1.5 vs. 1.1 g/person/d).
The hydrocarbon fraction of virgin olive oil and changes resulting from refining
Authors: Lanzón Augusto , Albi Tomás , Cert Arturo , Gracián Jaime 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn numerous Spanish virgin olive oils, 6,10‐dimethyl‐1‐undecene, various sesquiterpenes, the series ofn‐alkanes from C14 to C35, n‐8‐heptadecene and squalene are the only less volatile components detected by gas chromatography in the hydrocarbon fraction. In oils from olives of the Arbequine variety, a series ofn‐9‐alkenes has also been found. In refined oils, notable features are the absence of the most volatile compounds and the appearance of other hydrocarbons produced during the refining process. Among these,n‐alkanes, alkadienes (mainlyn‐hexacosadiene), stigmasta‐3,5‐diene, isomerization products of squalene, isoprenoidal polyolefins coming from hydroxy derivatives of squalene and steroidal hydrocarbons derived from 24‐methylene cycloartanol were identified. Physical refining produces larger amounts of degradation products and greater losses ofn‐alkanes than chemical processing. Squalene is the major hydrocarbon component in all oils, both virgin and refined. The ranges of concentration for the different hydrocarbons found in Spanish virgin olive oils are presented.
Reaction of carotenes in palm oil with acid
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Nordin M. R. , Goh L. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarotenes in palm oil reacted with strong acid under nonaqueous conditions to produce blue‐green cations that initially absorbed with a broad maximum at approximately 900 nm. These cations were postulated to be formed from the protonation of the α‐ and β‐carotene at the seventh carbon atom, with the charge delocalized between the 8 and 9 conjugated double bonds. They were unstable at room temperature and may, by isomerization and oxidization, form carotenoid compounds with shorter conjugation. The resulting carotenoids can be protonated further to form cations, which absorbed between 500–900 nm, with γmax of approximately 800 nm. The transient blue‐green color observed in partially bleached palm oil is likely due to the presence of these cations.
Incorporation of exogenous docosahexaenoic acid into various bacterial phospholipids
Authors: Watanabe Kazuo , Ishikawa Chikako , Inoue Hitomi , Cenhua Deng , Yazawa Kazunaga , Kondo Kiyosi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncorporation of exogenous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into bacterial phospholipids was examined as a method for DHA‐linked phospholipid production. The cultivation of 23 bacterial strains in medium with DHA showed that an eicosapentaenoic acid‐producing bacteriumShewanella sp. strain SCRC‐2738 (strain SCRC‐2738),Bacillus subtilis W23,B. cereus, an Antarctic marine bacterium strain S‐7 (strain S‐7), photosynthesis bacterium (PSB)Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus utilized for the production of larval marine fish,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens andEscherichia coli K12 all incorporated DHA into their polar lipids. The polar lipids of the strain SCRC‐2738, strain S‐7, PSB andE. coli K12 were identified to be phospholipids. DHA was localized at thesn‐2 position in the phospholipids of the four strains. Incorporation of exogenous DHA into their phospholipids produced an increase in saturated fatty acids and a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids exceptE. coli K12. The strain SCRC‐2738 incorporated the largest amount of DHA into their phospholipids among the tested bacterial strains in this study: DHA was 16% of the total fatty acids in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and 29% in the phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In the PSB, incorporated DHA was 12% of the total fatty acids in the PE, 10% in the PG and phosophatidylcholine so that the PSB was nutritionally fortified.
Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid‐rich triglyceride with immobilizedChromobacterium viscosum lipase
Authors: Tanaka Yukihisa , Hirano Jiro , Funada Tadashi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the free fatty acid (FFA) derived from enzymically hydrolyzed tuna oil was concentrated by partial titration and precipitation of other FFA as sodium salts with acetone. A triglyceride containing up to 46.2% DHA was synthesized from the DHA‐rich glyceride mixture and FFA by use of an immobilizedChromobacterium viscosum lipase.