bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition and Extinction of a Simple Motor Skill as a Function of Delay of Knowledge of Results
Authors: Dyal James A. , Wilson Wayne J. , Berry Kenneth K. 
Published: March 2008

The present experiment demonstrates that the effects of delay of knowledge of results (KR) in a line drawing task depend upon the dependent variable which is considered and the original response tendency of the subjects. Delay of KR interfered with the acquisition of the correct response when number of correct responses is the dependent variable. When KR was omitted the immediate-KR group continued to make more correct responses than the delayed-KR group. However, there was a significant reduction in correct responses for both groups. When absolute error was the response measure there were no significant differences between immediate-and delayed-KR groups either during acquisition or extinction. Analysis of the type of response made during extinction suggested that the overshooting effect obtained by previous investigators may be typical of short responders trained under conditions of immediate reinforcement but not of those trained under delayed-KR. Greenspoon and Foreman (1956) obtained clear cut evidence that the effectiveness of knowledge of results (KR) in a line drawing task varies inversely with the time delay between the response and KR. On the other hand, Bilodeau and Bilodeau (1958) were unable to demonstrate a similar effect in five different experiments. Bilodeau and Ryan (1960) hypothesized that the Greenspoon and Foreman findings could not be replicated and they did in fact obtain null results. However, Dyal (1965) has recently replicated the Greenspoon and Foreman results for the case of a 30 sec. delay interval. The purpose of the present experiment is twofold: (a) to provide replication of Green-spoon and Foreman's study at the 20 sec. delay interval used by Bilodeau and Ryan, and (b) to determine the effect of elimination of KR on a simple motor response which has been formed on the basis of KR.
Studies on Sensory Feedback: III the Effects of Display Gain on Tracking Performance
Authors: Chase Richard Allen , Cullen John K. , Openshaw Joseph W. , Sullivan Scott Alexander 
Published: March 2008

Instrumentation is described which permits study of the effects of different forms of visual feedback display on the patterns of fine movement obtained from the extended human index finger when the subject is attempting to keep his finger at a fixed point in space. The task is a compensatory tracking task in which the only source of input to the system is the subject's own finger movement. The effects of increasing the gain (or amplification) of a proportional error signal on the pattern of finger movement was studied. Gains of 1, 2, 4, 10, 20 and 40 were studied with a group of 24 subjects. Increasing the gain of a proportional error signal resulted in a marked improvement in the ability of subjects to maintain their extended finger at a fixed point in space. As the gain of the error signal was increased, the subject's high-amplitude, low frequency errors were reduced, and there was a progressive appearance of high-frequency activity of low-amplitude, more accurately centred about the reference position in space. A total off-target area measure (integrated absolute error) showed marked decrease in scores as the amplification of the error signal was increased from 1 through 10. Beyond this gain there was no appreciable additional improvement in motor control, however no degradation of control was noted to characterize the group performance. Exploratory studies were undertaken to permit comparison of the effects of increasing the gain of a proportional visual display with the effects of increasing the gain of non-proportional visual and auditory displays. An increase in the dominant-energy frequency was noted as the error signal gain was increased, independent of whether a proportional visual, or non-proportional visual or auditory display was used. This observation suggests that common mechanisms mediate the processing of the gain parameters of feedback displays, in some measure independent of the display form or the sensory modality used for presentation.
The Nature of the Age Decrement in Performance on Dichotic Listening Tasks
Authors: Craik F. I. M. 
Published: March 2008

Previous experimental work has shown that when subjects of different ages are presented with a series of dichotic digits (as two simultaneous half-sets, one to each ear) there is an age decrement in the reproduction of the second half-set. It has been suggested that this result is due to the second half-set being involved in a short-term storage process and that this process declines in efficiency with age. It seemed equally possible however that the result was due to perceptual or attentional factors rather than memory factors. Two experiments were thus carried out in an attempt to specify the nature of the decrement. In the first, instructions as to which half-set to reproduce first were given before presentation of the digits. In the second experiment attention was equally divided between the ears by giving these instructions after presentation. An analysis of types of error in the first experiment suggested that attentional factors were more important but from a similar analysis in the second experiment it was concluded that memory factors were largely responsible for the age decrement.
Temporal Factors in Pattern Vision
Authors: Fiorentini Adriana , Mackay D. M. 
Published: March 2008

A sequence of uncorrelated randomly patterned visual stimuli (“visual noise”) is normally seen as a field of particles in “Brownian motion.” When each frame of the sequence is followed by a blank flash superimposed on the same region of the visual field, the apparent structure of the noise field is strikingly altered, its form varying with the time interval between frame and flash. At a critical interval, many dots seem to cohere, to form maggot-like objects. Some of the factors determining this critical interval have been studied. They include the brightness, repetition frequency and exposure duration of the noise field, and the distance of its retinal image from the fovea. The critical interval for “perceptual blanking” is quite different from that for the “maggot effect,” but the two show a suggestively similar dependence upon the duty cycle of the noise display. It is of some neurological interest that the phenomenon is not appreciably visible with dichoptic mixing of noise and blank stimuli.
A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels
Authors: Goldstein Noah J. , Cialdini Robert B. , Griskevicius Vladas 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Two field experiments examined the effectiveness of signs requesting hotel guests' participation in an environmental conservation program. Appeals employing descriptive norms (e.g., “the majority of guests reuse their towels”) proved superior to a traditional appeal widely used by hotels that focused solely on environmental protection. Moreover, normative appeals were most effective when describing group behavior that occurred in the setting that most closely matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances (e.g., “the majority of guests in this room reuse their towels”), which we refer to as provincial norms. Theoretical and practical implications for managing proenvironmental efforts are discussed.
Robustified MANOVA with applications in detecting differentially expressed genes from oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Xu Jin , Cui Xinping 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMotivation: Oligonucleotide arrays such as Affymetrix GeneChips use multiple probes, or a probe set, to measure the abundance of mRNA of every gene of interest. Some analysis methods attempt to summarize the multiple observations into one single score before conducting further analysis such as detecting differentially expressed genes (DEG), clustering and classification. However, there is a risk of losing a significant amount of information and consequently reaching inaccurate or even incorrect conclusions during this data reduction.Results: We developed a novel statistical method called robustified multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) based on the traditional MANOVA model and permutation test to detect DEG for both one-way and two-way cases. It can be extended to detect some special patterns of gene expression through profile analysis across k (≥2) populations. The method utilizes probe-level data and requires no assumptions about the distribution of the dataset. We also propose a method of estimating the null distribution using quantile normalization in contrast to the ‘pooling’ method (Section 3.1). Monte Carlo simulation and real data analysis are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method comparing with the ‘pooling’ method and the usual Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test based on the summarized scores. It is found that the new method successfully detects DEG under desired false discovery rate and is more powerful than the competing method especially when the number of groups is small.Availability: The package of robustified MANOVA can be downloaded from http://faculty.ucr.edu/~xpcui/softwareContact: xinping.cui@ucr.edu; jxu@stat.ecnu.edu.cn
Intratumor heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer and its correlation to the response to gefitinib
Authors: Taniguchi Kazuya , Okami Jiro , Kodama Ken , Higashiyama Masahiko , Kato Kikuya 
Published: March 2008

Somatic mutations introduced into the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are important factors to determine therapeutic responses to gefitinib. The current diagnostic test measures the overall EGFR mutation status of the cancer tissue, and may ignore the presence of non‐mutated, gefitinib‐unresponsive cancer cells. Twenty‐one NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations were recruited for the study. All patients were treated with gefitinib after surgical treatment. Fifty to sixty areas of NSCLC tumors were sampled from each tissue, and their EGFR mutation states were determined by a primer extension assay. This assay discriminates between EGFR mutation‐positive and ‐negative cancer cells within a single tumor tissue. Fifteen tissues consisted only of cells with EGFR mutations, but the remaining six tissues contained both mutated and non‐mutated cells. Time to disease progression and overall survival after gefitinib treatment were significantly shorter in those patients with EGFR heterogeneity (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). A considerable proportion of NSCLC contains a heterogeneous population of both EGFR mutated and non‐mutated cancer cells, resulting in a reduced response to gefitinib. The intratumor genetic heterogeneity of a target molecule such as EGFR would be an important factor to consider when treating patients with molecular target agents. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 929–935)
Application of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to avian cells
Authors: Kong B.‐W. , Carlson D. F. , Fahrenkrug S. C. , Foster D. N. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe have for the first time assessed the ability of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system to enhance transgenesis in chicken and turkey cells. The efficiency of transgenesis with a transposon encoding an antibiotic resistance gene was dramatically enhanced 15‐ to 35‐fold when transposase was supplied by co‐transfection of immortalized chicken and turkey cells with a construct encoding SB. In contrast, transgenesis of primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells was not significantly increased by providing transposase, suggesting that the benefits of transposon–transgenesis in primary avian cells will require the application of more efficient transfection methods, further enhanced SB transposase or an alternative transposon system.
Characterization of the porcine KIT ligand gene: expression analysis, genomic structure, polymorphism detection and association with coat colour traits
Authors: Hadjiconstantouras C. , Sargent C. A. , Skinner T. M. , Archibald A. L. , Haley C. S. , Plastow G. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryKit ligand (KITLG) is the ligand for the type III receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. Studies of the KIT/KITLG pathway in a number of mammalian species have shown that it is important for the development of stem cell populations in haematopoietic tissues, germ cells in reproductive organs and the embryonic migrating melanoblasts that give rise to melanocytes. Consequently, mutations in the pathway may result in a range of defects including anaemia, sterility and de‐pigmentation. The cDNA sequence of the porcine KITLG gene has been reported previously, and is an attractive candidate locus for moderating coat colour in pigs. In this paper we report the gene structure and physical mapping of the porcine gene. We also report the identification of polymorphisms in the gene, one of which was used to confirm linkage to chromosome 5. Preliminary RNA expression studies using a panel of tissues have shown that in addition to the known variant lacking exon 6, there is alternative splicing of exon 4. However, little evidence was found for the KITLG gene being linked to variation in colour in a Meishan × Large White cross.
HIC1 tumour suppressor gene is suppressed in acute myeloid leukaemia and induced during granulocytic differentiation
Authors: Britschgi Christian , Jenal Mathias , Rizzi Mattia , Mueller Beatrice U. , Torbett Bruce E. , Andres Anne‐Catherine , Tobler Andreas , Fey Martin F. , Tschan Mario P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA hallmark of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a block in differentiation caused by deregulated gene expression. The tumour suppressor Hypermethylated In Cancer 1 (HIC1) is a transcriptional repressor, which is epigenetically silenced in solid cancers. HIC1 mRNA expression was found to be low in 128 patient samples of AML and CD34+ progenitor cells when compared with terminally differentiated granulocytes. HIC1 mRNA was induced in a patient with t(15;17)‐positive acute promyelocytic leukaemia receiving all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy. We therefore investigated whether HIC1 plays a role in granulocytic differentiation and whether loss of function of this gene might contribute to the differentiation block in AML. We evaluated HIC1 mRNA levels in HL‐60 and U‐937 cells upon ATRA‐induced differentiation and in CD34+ progenitor cells after granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐induced differentiation. In both models of granulocytic differentiation, we observed significant HIC1 induction. When HIC1 mRNA was suppressed in HL‐60 cells using stably expressed short hairpin RNA targeting HIC1, granulocytic differentiation was altered as assessed by CD11b expression. Bisulphite sequencing of GC‐rich regions (CpG islands) in the HIC1 promoter provided evidence that the observed suppression in HL‐60 cells was not because of promoter hypermethylation. Our findings indicate a role for the tumour suppressor gene HIC1 in granulocytic differentiation. Low expression of HIC1 may very well contribute to pathogenic events in leukaemogenesis.
Recessive congenital methaemoglobinaemia: cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency
Authors: Percy Melanie J. , Lappin Terry R. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySome 60 years ago, Quentin Gibson reported the first hereditary disorder involving an enzyme when he deduced that familial methaemoglobinaemia was caused by an enzymatic lesion associated with the glycolysis pathway in red blood cells. This disorder, now known as recessive congenital methaemoglobinaemia (RCM), is caused by NADH‐cytochrome b5 reductase (cb5r) deficiency. Two distinct clinical forms, types I and II, have been recognized, both characterized by cyanosis from birth. In type II, the cyanosis is accompanied by neurological impairment and reduced life expectancy. Cytochrome b5 reductase is composed of one FAD and one NADH binding domain linked by a hinge region. It is encoded by the CYB5R3 (previously known as DIA1) gene and more than 40 mutations have been described, some of which are common to both types of RCM. Mutations associated with type II tend to cause incorrect splicing, disruption of the active site or truncation of the protein. At present the description of the sequence variants of cb5r in the literature is confusing, due to the use of two conventions which differ by one codon position. Herein we propose a new system for nomenclature of cb5r based on recommendations of the Human Genome Variation Society. The development of a heterologous expression system has allowed the impact of naturally occurring variants of cb5r to be assessed and has provided insight into the function of cb5r.
Anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Kapoor Prashant , Greipp Patricia T. , Morice William G. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Witzig Thomas E. , Greipp Philip R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCD20 is a particularly appealing target that is expressed on the surface of almost all B cells, with no significant shedding, secretion or internalization. In contrast to the demonstrated efficacy of anti‐CD20 strategies in various B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders, the role of such therapy in multiple myeloma is undetermined and controversial. The expression of CD20 by myeloma cells is heterogeneous, and can be detected only in 13–22% of patients. However, there is increasing interest in testing anti‐CD20 therapy in myeloma because of recent studies suggesting the existence of clonogenic CD20‐positive precursor B cells in the disease. This article reviews the rationale, preclinical and clinical activity of anti‐CD20 therapy in myeloma. Clinical trials show that anti‐CD20 therapy with rituximab elicits a partial response in approximately 10% of CD20+ patients with multiple myeloma. In addition, there is preliminary evidence of disease stabilization in 50–57% of CD20+ patients for a period of 10–27 months. Further large‐scale clinical trials are therefore needed to establish the role of this promising strategy in the treatment of myeloma.
Murine bone marrow derived stromal progenitor cells fail to prevent or treat acute graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Badillo Andrea T. , Peranteau William H. , Heaton Todd E. , Quinn Courtney , Flake Alan W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryHuman and murine stromal progenitor cells (SPCs) can suppress alloresponse in vitro, suggesting that SPCs may have clinical application toward prevention or treatment of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). However, th eresults of in vivo studies have been conflicting. This study utilized an established murine model of acute GVHD to assess the ability of bone marrow derived murine SPCs (mSPCs) to prevent or treat GVHD. GVHD was established by transplantation of B6 bone marrow and spleen cells into lethally irradiated (900 cGy) B6 × BALB/c F1 recipients. mSPCs were administered using various dose and timing protocols designed to either prevent or treat GVHD. After transplantation, mice were monitored daily for weight and survival. Differences in symptom severity were compared using a clinical GVHD scoring system. All GVHD control mice died of lethal GVHD. All groups treated with mSPCs for the prevention of GVHD went on to develop clinical GVHD with no alteration of the disease course or severity compared to controls. Administration of mSPC after the development of GVHD failed to improve the disease course. We conclude that in this model, the ability of SPCs to suppress alloresponse in vitro does not correlate with in vivo prevention or treatment of acute GVHD.
Epigenetic inactivation of suppressors of cytokine signalling in Philadelphia‐negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Capello Daniela , Deambrogi Clara , Rossi Davide , Lischetti Tiziana , Piranda Daniela , Cerri Michaela , Spina Valeria , Rasi Silvia , Gaidano Gianluca , Lunghi Monia 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPh‐negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) are characterized by constitutive Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK‐STAT) activation. SOCS3, SOCS1 and PTPN6 (SHP1) are negative regulators of the JAK‐STAT pathway. We investigated epigenetic and genetic inactivation of SOCS3, SOCS1 and PTPN6 in 112 CMPD and 20 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) post‐CMPD. SOCS3 methylation occurred at high frequency in both CMPD (46/112; 41·1%) and AML post‐CMPD (10/17; 58·8%) and was associated with transcriptional silencing. In contrast, methylation of SOCS1 and PTPN6 was observed in only a fraction of CMPD (15/112, 13·4% for SOCS1; and 8/112, 7·1% for PTPN6) and AML post‐CMPD (3/20, 15% for SOCS1; and 1/20, 5% for PTPN6). No somatic mutations of SOCS1 were found in CMPD. SOCS3, SOCS1 and PTPN6 methylation occurred in both JAK2V617F‐positive (35·1% for SOCS3; 14·9% for SOCS1; 8·1% for PTPN6) and JAK2V617F‐negative (57·1% for SOCS3; 14·3% for SOCS1; and 9·5% for PTPN6) CMPD. These data indicate that methylation of SOCS3 and, to a lesser extent, SOCS1 and PTPN6 is a frequent event in both JAK2V617F‐positive and ‐negative CMPD and may act as an alternative or complementary mechanism to JAK2 mutations, enhancing cytokine signal transduction. The frequent inactivation of SOCS3 is a novel finding in CMPD with potential implications for the molecular pathology of these disorders.
Prospective study of homocysteine and MTHFR 677TT genotype and risk for venous thrombosis in a general population – results from the HUNT 2 study
Authors: Næss Inger Anne , Christiansen Sverre C. , Romundstad Pål R. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , Blom Henk J. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Hammerstrøm Jens 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis case‐cohort designed study prospectively investigated whether elevated homocysteine levels measured in blood samples drawn before the event and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism (MTHFR C677T) were associated with subsequent first venous thrombosis (VT) in a general population. Between August 1995 and June 1997, blood was collected from 66 140 people in the second Norwegian Health Study of Nord‐Trøndelag (HUNT2). During a seven‐year follow‐up, 505 VT cases were identified. 1458 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were selected from the original cohort. Serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and MTHFR genotype were measured in stored samples that were drawn a median of 33 months before the events. The overall odds ratio (OR) was 1·50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·97–2·30] for homocysteine levels above versus below the 95th percentile. There was no graded association with VT over quintiles of homocysteine. In men the OR was 2·17 (95% CI 1·20–3·91) for levels above versus below the 95th percentile, but no association was found in women (OR 1·00). Stratification by age, predisposing risk factors or time to event did not change these results. The MTHFR 677TT genotype was not related to risk for VT. In conclusion, elevated homocysteine levels in the general population predicted subsequent first VT in men but not in women.
Detection of elevated levels of tumour‐associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Lawrie Charles H. , Gal Shira , Dunlop Heather M. , Pushkaran Beena , Liggins Amanda P. , Pulford Karen , Banham Alison H. , Pezzella Francesco , Boultwood Jacqueline , Wainscoat James S. , Hatton Christian S. R. , Harris Adrian L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCirculating nucleic acids have been shown to have potential as non‐invasive diagnostic markers in cancer. We therefore investigated whether microRNAs also have diagnostic utility by comparing levels of tumour‐associated MIRN155 (miR‐155), MIRN210 (miR‐210) and MIRN21 (miR‐21) in serum from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients (n = 60) with healthy controls (n = 43). Levels were higher in patient than control sera (P = 0·009, 0·02 and 0·04 respectively). Moreover, high MIRN21 expression was associated with relapse‐free survival (P = 0·05). This is the first description of circulating microRNAs and suggests that microRNAs have potential as non‐invasive diagnostic markers for DLBCL and possibly other cancers.