bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient mobilization and nutrient contents of Zea mays in response to EDTA additions to heavy‐metal‐contaminated agricultural soil
Authors: Neugschwandtner Reinhard W. , Tlustoš Pavel , Komárek Michael , Száková Jiřina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals (HMs) using chelating agents and agricultural crops is widely tested as remediation technique for agricultural soils contaminated with less mobile HMs. Nutrients are complexed by chelating agents simultaneously to HMs. In this study, the effect of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) application on nutrient mobility in the soil and nutrient contents of Zea mays was tested on the laboratory and on the field scale. EDTA effectively increased the mobility of total water‐soluble macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn) in the soil solution. Thereby nutrient co‐mobilization did cause competition to target HMs during the phytoextraction process. Mobilization was caused by complexation of nutrient cations by negatively charged EDTA and by dissolution of oxides and hydroxides. Increased concentrations of negatively charged P indicate the dissolution of metal phosphates by EDTA. Higher total water‐soluble nutrient concentrations enhanced bioavailability and plant contents of all determined nutrients especially that of Fe. Mobilization of nutrients may result in leaching and loss of soil fertility.
Metal ion analysis using microchip CE with chemiluminescence detection based on 1,10‐phenanthroline–hydrogen peroxide reaction
Authors: Nogami Takahiro , Hashimoto Masahiko , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe developed a microchip CE method with chemiluminescence (CL) detection using the reaction of 1,10‐phenanthroline and hydrogen peroxide for separation and determination of metal ions, where the metal ions acted as catalysts for the CL reaction. The microchip consisted of two microchannels that crossed at the intersection and four reservoirs that accessed the ends of the channels. The metal ions in the sample solution migrated in the channel along with 1,10‐phenanthroline included in a running solution, and then mixed with hydrogen peroxide in one of the reservoirs to emit CL. The light was detected with a photomultiplier tube located just above the reservoir. Two metal ion groups, the platinum metal group (Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II), Os(VIII), Ir(III), and Pt(IV)) and the fourth periodic transition metal group (Cu(II), Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)) were examined using the present system. The lowest detection limit was observed for Os(VIII); Os(VIII) responded over the range of 7.5×10–12–1.0×10–8 M with the detection limit of 7.5×10–12 M (about 38 zmol) (S/N = 3). The mixed solution of Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II), Os(VIII), Ir(III), and Pt(IV) could be analyzed using this system within about 2.5 min. In addition, the system was applied to the determination of Cu(II) concentration in a city water supply.
Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography
Authors: Castro Dionísia , Slezakova Klara , Oliva‐Teles Maria Teresa , Delerue‐Matos Cristina , Alvim‐Ferraz Maria Conceição , Morais Simone , Carmo Pereira Maria 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA methodology based on microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and LC with fluorescence detection (FLD) was investigated for the efficient determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene in atmospheric particulate samples. PAHs were successfully extracted from real outdoor particulate matter (PM) samples with recoveries ranging from 81.4 ± 8.8 to 112.0 ± 1.1%, for all the compounds except for naphthalene (62.3 ± 18.0%) and anthracene (67.3 ± 5.7%), under the optimum MAE conditions (30.0 mL of ACN for 20 min at 110°C). No clean‐up steps were necessary prior to LC analysis. LOQs ranging from 0.0054 ng/m3 for benzo(a)anthracene to 0.089 ng/m3 for naphthalene were reached. The validated MAE methodology was applied to the determination of PAHs from a set of real world PM samples collected in Oporto (north of Portugal). The sum of particulate‐bound PAHs in outdoor PM ranged from 2.5 and 28 ng/m3.
Statistical mixture design investigation of fractionated and total extracts fromErythrina speciosaAndrews leaves
Authors: Soares Patricia Kaori , Bruns Roy Edward , Scarminio Ieda Spacino 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe simplex centroid mixture design for the ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane and acetone solvents has been applied to the extraction of crude mass and the fiber, organic, neutral and basic fractions as well as the fractionation residues ofErythrina speciosaAndrews leaves. Binary and ternary synergic solvent interactions are seen to provide dominant contributions to the extraction of both crude mass and all the fractions. Quadratic and special cubic mixture models precisely predict the extracted quantities of each fraction and the residue as a function of the proportions of the four solvents. Different solvent mixtures are found to be the most efficient extractors for the different fractions: binary dichloromethane‐hexane mixtures for the fiber fraction, ternary ethanol‐dichloromethane‐acetone mixtures for the neutral fraction, binary ethanol‐dichloromethane mixtures for the organic fraction, crude extract and residue values and ternary ethanol‐dichloromethane‐hexane mixtures for the basic fraction. Principal component analysis shows that the ethanol‐dichloromethane mixtures are important for extracting large quantities of the basic and organic fractions as well as of the residue and crude masses.
Application of HPLC‐NMR for the Rapid Chemical Profiling of a Southern Australian Sponge, Dactylospongia sp.
Authors: Dias Daniel Anthony , Urban Sylvia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRapid chemical profiling of the antitumour active crude dichloromethane extract of the marine sponge, Dactylospongia sp. was undertaken. A combination of both offline (HPLC followed by NMR and MS) and on‐line (on‐flow and stop‐flow HPLC‐NMR) chemical profiling approaches was adopted to establish the exact nature of the major constituents present in the dichloromethane extract of this sponge. On‐flow HPLC‐NMR analysis was employed to initially identify components present in the dichloromethane extract, while stop‐flow HPLC‐NMR experiments were then conducted on the major component present, resulting in the partial identification of pentaprenylated p‐quinol (5). Subsequent off‐line RP semi‐preparative HPLC isolation of 5 followed by detailed spectroscopic analysis using NMR and MS permitted the complete structure to be established. This included the first complete carbon NMR chemical shift assignment of 5 based on the heteronuclear 2‐D NMR experiments, together with the first report of its antitumour activity. This study represents one of the few reports describing the application of HPLC‐NMR to chemically profile secondary metabolites from a marine organism.
Assessing visitor preferences in the management of archaeological and heritage attractions: a case study of Hadrian's Roman Wall
Authors: Willis Kenneth G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractManaging archaeological and heritage sites requires information on visitor preferences to guide displays of cultural exhibits. A choice experiment is used to investigate visitor preferences in the management of Vondolanda Roman fort, within Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site. It assesses visitor preferences, utility and value of attributes of the site: excavation and research, interpretation information, museum displays, reconstructions, visitor amenities and admission price. Interaction effects between attributes are analysed. The analysis reveals a preference for the status quo and greater choice uncertainty associated with alternative hypothetical attribute bundles. Neighbouring substitute Roman forts affect the price that visitors are willing to pay for entry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of High-Risk Liver Allografts Lowers Survival in Patients with Low Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Scores
Authors: Perkins James D. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background & Aims:
Although priority for liver transplantation is determined by the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, the quality of organs used is subject to physician discretion. We aimed to determine whether implementation of MELD affected the quality of organs transplanted, the type of patients who receive the higher-risk organs, and the impact of these changes on their posttransplant survival.

Methods:
Data were analyzed from the United Network for Organ Sharing of adults who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation between January 1, 1997, and August 1, 2007 (n = 47,985). Dependent variables included the donor risk index (a continuous variable that measures the risk of graft failure associated with a particular organ) and patient survival after transplantation.

Results:
The overall organ quality of transplanted livers has worsened since MELD implementation, with an increase in the donor risk index equivalent to a 4% increased risk of graft failure after adjusting for temporal trends (P <.001). This was accompanied by a shift from using the higher-risk organs in the more urgent patients (in the pre-MELD era) to using the higher-risk organs in the less urgent patients (in the post-MELD era). Posttransplant survival has worsened over time (hazard ratio, 1.017/y; P =.005) among the less urgent patients (MELD scores, <20); mediation analysis suggests this change in survival was caused primarily by changes in organ quality.

Conclusions:
As an unintended consequence of the MELD allocation policy, patients that are least in need of a liver transplant now receive the highest-risk organs. This has reduced posttransplant survival in recent years among patients with low MELD scores.
Thorough analysis of the Oseen system in 2D exterior domains
Authors: Konieczny Paweł 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe construct Lp‐estimates for the inhomogeneous Oseen system studied in a two‐dimensional exterior domain Ω with inhomogeneous slip boundary conditions. The kernel of the paper is a result for the half space ℝ. Analysis of this model system shows us a parabolic character of the studied problem, resulting as an appearance of the wake region behind the obstacle. Main tools are given by the Fourier analysis to obtain the maximal regularity estimates. The results imply the solvability for the Navier–Stokes system for small velocity at infinity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing micro‐finance to women: integrating global with local
Authors: Rugimbana Robert , Spring Anita 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Since the 2005 ‘International Year of Microfinance’, how well are micro‐finance interventions (MFIs) working? MFIs are often seen as a panacea for poverty reduction, particularly among women and through enterprise development. Yet MFIs in Africa have often failed, and may even cause more harm than good. In East Africa for example, MFIs continue to advocate that one size (credit only) fits all strategy. Such a generic remedy is by definition relatively (i) harmonized but not necessarily (ii) aligned with the full diversity of preferences and norms at a local grassroots level. To improve any marketing ‘fit’ between MFIs and local market contexts in East Africa, interventions can become more pluralistic, blending global with local solutions. Based on a review of research with economically poor women in East Africa, a blend of ‘credit only’ and communal‐based systems like ‘rotating savings’ and ‘credit associations’, is suggested. Diversified delivery systems like this are antithetical to (i) harmonisation, but would improve the degree of (ii) alignment between MFIs and the adaptively pluralistic belief systems already in place. Hence a key to making MFIs more sustainable, and thereby reducing poverty more effectively, is to respect their global–local interface, or ‘glocality’.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of a water soluble methylated β‐cyclodextrin/camphorquinone complex
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Pu , Shi Suqing , Nie Jun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA water soluble methylated β‐cyclodextrin/camphorquinone (MCD/CQ) complex, based on methylated β‐cyclodextrin (MCD) and camphorquinone (CQ), was prepared and its structure was characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and UV–vis spectra. The photopolymerization kinetics of MCD/CQ in the water soluble monomer system was studied by Real‐time Infrared spectroscopy (RT‐IR). Compared to the photopolymerization carried out under nearly identical conditions but without MCD, the polymerization rate and final conversion initiated by a CQ‐triethanolamine photoinitiator system were slightly lower. The effects of different MCD/CQ concentration, triethanolamine concentration, and light intensity were also studied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of alumina nanoparticle‐filled nitrile‐butadiene‐rubber/phenolic‐resin blend prepared by melt mixing
Authors: Faghihi M. , Shojaei A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEffect of alumina nanoparticle (ANP) on the properties of rubber compounds based on nitrile‐butadiene‐rubber (NBR) and NBR/phenolic‐resin (PH) blend is examined. To investigate the surface characteristics of the nanoparticles on the performance of nanoalumina‐filled compounds, trimethoxyvinylsilane (MVS) is attached chemically on the surface of ANP through an appropriate functionalization process. Various NBR and NBR/PH compounds filled with ANP and functionalized ANP (f‐ANP) are prepared via melt mixing using traditional open two‐roll mill. Microscopic analysis carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals good dispersion of nanoalumina within the rubber matrix, indicating the effectiveness of the melt mixing for fabrication of the rubber/alumina nanocomposites. Nanocomposites of NBR and NBR/PH are subjected to various physical and mechanical tests including swelling, tensile, abrasion, and thermal tests and the role of ANP and f‐ANP on these properties are discussed. The results obtained based on this analysis suggest that as‐received ANP can provide good interaction with NBR possibly due to hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl group present on the nanoparticle surface and acrylonitrile group of NBR. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of magnetite (Fe3O4)—Polyvinyl alcohol‐based nanocomposites and study of superparamagnetism
Authors: Bajpai A.K. , Gupta Rashmi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to design iron oxide containing nanocomposites which could display superparamagnetic behavior and thus find application in biomedical and allied fields. To achieve the proposed objectives methyl methacrylate was polymerized by a redox system comprising of metabisulphite and persulphate in the immediate presence of a crosslinker, N,N′‐methylene bis acrylamide and a preformed polymer, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol. Into the prepared polymer matrix nanosized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles were evenly dispersed by in situ precipitation of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions. The nanocomposite materials were characterized by techniques like FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and DSC. The magnetic behavior of nanocomposites and bulk magnetite particles was studied under varying applied magnetic fields and their superparamagnetic property was examined. The iron‐oxide polymer nanocomposites were also studied for microhardness. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhancing specific strength and stiffness of phenolic microsphere syntactic foams through carbon fiber reinforcement
Authors: Huang Yi‐Jen , Wang Chia‐Hao , Huang Yu‐Lin , Guo Gangjian , Nutt Steven R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractComposite syntactic foams with different densities were fabricated with hollow phenolic microspheres, a phenolic resin binder, and a small addition of chopped carbon fibers. Compressive, shear, and tensile properties were studied for the syntactic foams with and without carbon fibers. Two fiber layer orientations, either parallel (P‐type) or perpendicular (N‐type) to the loading direction, were considered in the mechanical testing. For N‐type foams, mechanical properties were weakly dependent on foam density. For P‐type foams, the mechanical properties of the foams were strongly dependent on the strength of the supporting matrix. The specific strength and specific stiffness of the P‐type foams were significantly enhanced compared with the neat foams. These findings indicate that fiber reinforcement is an effective way to enhance the mechanical performance of syntactic foams, and the enhanced performance should lead to applications as a foam core material for sandwich structures. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study the effect of viscoelastic matrix model on the stability of CNT/polymer composites by multiscale modeling
Authors: Montazeri A , Naghdabadi R 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article, a Molecular Structural Mechanics/Finite Element (MSM/FE) multiscale modeling of carbon nanotube/polymer composites with viscoelastic (VE) polymer matrix is introduced. The nanotube is modeled at the atomistic scale using structural molecular mechanics. The matrix deformation is analyzed by nonlinear finite element method considering VE behavior. The nanotube and matrix are assumed to be bonded by van der Waals interactions based on the Lennard‐Jones potential at the interface. Using the MSM/FE multiscale model, we investigate the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the improvement of mechanical stability of the nanocomposite. Also, the buckling behavior of these nanocomposites is studied considering large deformation behavior of the VE polymer, and the results are compared with those of the linear elastic matrix. The results show that using carbon nanotubes, the mechanical stability of polymer materials can be improved significantly. Also, it is revealed that by considering the VE behavior model for polymer matrix instead of linear elastic one, the buckling onset strain decreases drastically. Comprising the obtained results from the model with and without considering VE matrix, with the experimental data shows that the model with VE polymer matrix predicts the behavior of real CNT‐reinforced polymer composites better and thus should be used for more accurate simulations. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pharmacovigilance in pregnancy using population‐based linked datasets
Authors: Colvin Lyn , Slack‐Smith Linda , Stanley Fiona J. , Bower Carol 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurposeNational dispensing data for subsidised prescription medicines have recently been approved for linkage to the population‐based health datasets in Western Australia (WA), creating the capacity to study how these medicines are used and their impact on pregnancy outcomes.MethodsPregnancy events were identified in the Hospital Morbidity Data System from 2002 to 2005 (N = 164 278 admissions; N =  98 265 women) and linked to the midwives' notification system (MNS), the registry of births and deaths, the Western Australian birth defects registry and the pharmaceutical benefit scheme. Dispensing records were extracted for each pregnancy event (N = 1 276 084 dispenses).ResultsThere were 106 074 births, 1527 ectopic pregnancies and 25 180 terminations of pregnancy. Dispensed medicines were linked to 28.0% of the pregnancy events. Multiple birth pregnancies were 50% more likely to be dispensed a medicine in the first trimester. As parity increased, so did the likelihood of a medicine being dispensed in pregnancy. Women who were dispensed a medicine were twice as likely to smoke during pregnancy and were 14% more likely to have a registered birth defect. During the first trimester, medicines from category D or X of the risk of drug use in pregnancy were dispensed to 2.1% of all pregnancy events. The WHO ATC ‘Psychoanaleptics’ category was dispensed to 3.8% of all pregnancy events.ConclusionLinkage of dispensing data to pregnancy events is feasible and this approach to post‐marketing surveillance will add to the resources available in Australia to investigate pregnancy outcomes in relation to the safe use of prescribed medicines in pregnancy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maleic anhydride‐grafted linear low‐density polyethylene with low gel content
Authors: Huang Le‐Ping , Zhou Xing‐Ping , Cui Wei , Xie Xiao‐Lin , Tong Shen‐Yi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMaleic‐anhydride‐grafted linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MAH) with low gel content was synthesized by the solid‐phase grafting polymerization of low molecular weight linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with melt flow index of 49.4 g/10 min, its structure and properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, and capillary rheometer. At the experimental conditions, maleic anhydride is successfully grafted onto LLDPE with the grafting degree of 1.1–2.4% and the gel content less than 3.7% since the chain‐branching reaction is dominant side reaction. The melting temperature of LLDPE‐g‐MAH is higher than that of pristine LLDPE due to the increased molecular polarity, but its degree of crystallinity and crystallization rate decrease due to its chain‐branching structure. The apparent viscosity of LLDPE‐g‐MAH is higher than that of pristine LLDPE, and its shear‐sensitivity is weakened due to the chain branching and subsequent difficulty in disentanglement under shear force. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
(η6‐N‐alkylcarbazole) (η5‐cyclopentadienyl) iron hexafluorophosphate salts in photoinitiated and thermal epoxy polymerization
Authors: Wang Tao , Li Zhiquan , Zhang Ying , Hassan Kafssi , Wang Xiaoning 
Published: January 2009

Abstract(η6‐Carbazole)(η5‐cyclopentadienyl) iron hexafluorophosphate salts (CFS PF6) are capable of photoinitiating cationic polymerization of epoxy monomers directly upon irradiation with long‐wavelength UV light. To improve the solubility of CFS ferrocenium salts in epoxides, two CFS photoinitiators have been prepared: [cyclopentadiene‐Fe‐N‐buylcarbazole] hexafluorophosphate (C4‐CFS PF6) and [cyclopentadiene‐Fe‐N‐octylcarbazole] hexafluorophosphate (C8‐CFS PF6), bearing C4 and C8 alkyl chains, respectively, on the nitrogen atom. Studies with real‐time infrared spectroscopy have shown that C4‐CFS and C8‐CFS photoinitiators exhibit high efficiency in polymerization of 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (ERL‐4221) epoxy monomer, but lower efficiency in polymerization of di(2,3‐epoxypropyl)‐3,4‐epoxy‐1,2‐cyclohexanedioate (TDE‐85) epoxy monomer. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) sensitizer was very effective in improving the photoinitiating activities of CFS in polymerization of both ERL‐4221 and TDE‐85. DSC studies have shown that C4‐CFS and C8‐CFS photoinitiators can also be employed as thermal initiators for the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides at moderate temperatures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Practical guide to joint and soft tissue injection techniques
Authors: Galloway James , Bukhari Marwan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSteroid injections are a key tool in the management of musculoskeletal conditions and are now the most frequently performed procedure in rheumatological practice. Here, the authors illustrate the correct technique for administering these injections and highlight some of the points to consider. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd