bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pluto reconnaissance flyby mission
Authors: Stern Alan 
Published: October 2006

Although Pluto was discovered in 1930, our modern view of this distant world only began taking shape in 1976. Prior to that time, the technology for studying this faint, 14th magnitude object was simply too immature. Virtually all that was known before 1976 was that Pluto circles the Sun in an unusually eccentric 248‐year orbit (ranging from 29.5 to 49.4 AU) that is tilted far (17°) from the ecliptic—the plane in which the other planets orbit, that Pluto's rotation period is 6.39 days, that its intrinsic surface color is reddish, and that its rotational lightcurve is the strangest and most variegated of the planets.Since 1976, however, the pace and diversity of discoveries have increased dramatically. First, methane ice was discovered on Pluto's surface, which gave a clear indication that Pluto was formed in the outer solar system rather than simply ejected to it from another region. Next came the discovery of Pluto's large satellite Charon (usually pronounced “Sharon”) in 1978. Lying just 19,400 km from Pluto (<1 arcsecond as seen from Earth), Charon orbits Pluto every 6.387 days—Pluto's rotation period. Thus, unlike any other satellite in the solar system, Charon orbits Pluto at its synchronous orbit.
Melting and melt‐movement in the Earth
Authors: White Robert S. 
Published: October 2006

Researchers came together to discuss melting and melt‐movement in the Earth at a 2‐day Royal Society Discussion Meeting held in March 1992 at the Royal Society, London.In recent years, many new tools have become available to geologists studying igneous and metamorphic rocks. They can be examined at ever‐higher magnifications: the composition within individual crystals can be measured; their isotopic, trace, and rare‐earth element concentrations can be determined; and measurements of partition coefficients and melting behavior can be made in the laboratory at pressures and temperatures appropriate to in‐situ rocks. Along with these improvements in instrumentation and experimental techniques, advances have been made in understanding the physics of melt generation and separation, and computers have been developed that are sufficiently powerful to model theoretical formulations of the behavior of melt in the Earth.
Euphotic Zone Study moves forward
Authors: Denman Kenneth 
Published: October 2006

The Global Ocean Euphotic Zone Study (GOEZS), a potential core program of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (IGBP) being planned jointly with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), was recently given the go‐ahead by IGBP's Scientific Committee to move on to the next level of developing its scientific program.The GOEZS program will focus on the coupled physical, biological, and chemical processes operating in the euphotic zone, which is the ocean surface layer where sufficient light penetrates for photosynthesis by phytoplankton to exceed their metabolic energy losses. The upper ocean is extremely important to understanding the atmosphereocean system because it mediates exchanges of heat, momentum, carbon dioxide, sulphur, and nitrogen between the atmosphere and the ocean interior. For the major greenhouse gas carbon dioxide for example, there is more carbon in the upper ocean than in the whole atmosphere. Essentially all carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that passes from the upper ocean to the ocean interior has been transformed chemically or biologically in the upper ocean. Moreover, the upper ocean is the site of all marine shipping and most recreation and industrial activity and contains the planktonic food chain and most fish stocks.
Northeast water polynya: Polar sea cruise results
Authors: Deming Jody ,   The NEWATER Steering Committee and Principle Investigators
Published: October 2006

Motivated in part by model predictions that Arctic regions will be subject to disproportionate warming as the Earth's radiative balance shifts, the National Science Foundation recently established a new Global Change Research Program known as Arctic System Science (ARCSS). While ARCSS recognizes the Arctic system as a central element of global climate, it also acknowledges that there is insufficient data on physical, chemical, and biological processes in the Arctic to understand its role in climate change.In the same time frame, the Arctic Ocean Science Board created the International Arctic Polynya Program to focus on critical roles that polynyas may play in the dynamics of the Arctic environment. Although they comprise only a small part of the Arctic region, these open bodies of water in sea ice can account for a significant fraction of the midwinter energy exchange between atmosphere and ocean. Polynyas are also believed to be sites of dense‐water formation and elevated biological activity. The concept of physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring at enhanced rates in an Arctic region small enough to be studied directly has focused attention on polynyas as potentially excellent models of the consequences of global change at high latitudes.
GRL Editors Halpern and Russell
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

David Halpern of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Philip P. Russell of NASA's Ames Research Center have begun 3‐year terms as editors of Geophysical Research Letters, AGU's interdisciplinary rapid‐publication journal. Halpern's editorial emphasis is ocean sciences and ocean‐atmosphere interactions and Russell's is atmospheric sciences.Halpern, an oceanographer and senior research scientist in JPL's Earth and Space Sciences Division, currently specializes in analysis of surface wind over the global ocean and the associated oceanographic changes of current, surface topography, temperature, and phytoplankton. His ocean circulation and ocean‐atmosphere interaction studies involve observations from Earth‐orbiting satellites and numerical simulations from models of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere circulation.
Fall Meeting Hydrology Highlights
Authors: Bales Roger 
Published: October 2006

The AGU 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco offered the full range of subjects represented by the Hydrology Section's technical committees. The total number of papers was double the number of just 4 years ago. Sessions were well attended. The following highlights were prepared from material written by session organizers.There were 3 full days of papers on snow, ice, and permafrost. One highlight was the special session on new developments in glacier mass‐balance studies, which was organized to compare existing methods and examine new techniques for assessing changes in ice mass of the polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Current methods for assessing mass change of the ice sheets include satellite laser altimetry to detect surface‐elevation changes, surface‐based control volume methods to determine net ice flux in a region, and ice‐shelf melting and iceberg calving to determine mass loss from the ice sheet. Using these techniques, it is difficult to tell whether the ice sheet is gaining or losing mass. Methods that use drainage basin inputs/outputs indicate a net mass increase, whereas methods that emphasize oceanographic estimates of ice‐shelf melting suggest a net mass decrease and estimates based on satellite altimetry are equivocal.
Nuclear subs to explore Arctic?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The international community of scientists has become interested in the idea of using a nuclear submarine to explore the Arctic and other inaccessible regions of the World Ocean. Several alternative approaches to formulating a concept and the respective plan of action put forward by different expert groups have been amply discussed [Eos, May 12, 1992; Navy News and Undersea Technology, November 9, 1992].The Russian Academy of Sciences has created a working group, “Science‐NSM,” to coordinate efforts in working out the concept of the project and the plan of action, determine the main scientific and applied problems and criteria for selecting the type of nuclear submarine to be rebuilt, appraise the possible solutions of occurring problems, as well as to effect international contacts. Members of the group include E. P. Velikhov (chairman), vice‐president of the Russian Academy of Sciences; D. M. Klimov (deputy chairman); and Y. D. Chasheckin (scientific secretary).
The discovery of 1992 QB1
Authors: Weissman Paul R. 
Published: October 2006

The solar system got a little bigger last year. The discovery of the distant object 1992 in an orbit beyond Pluto extended the dimensions of the planetary system and provided important evidence for several hypotheses about the origin of the solar system and the source of short‐period comets.The new object was found by David Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of the University of California, Berkeley, who had spent more than 5 years in the search. On August 30, using the 2.2‐m University of Hawaii telescope on Mauna Kea, they detected a slow‐moving, 23rd magnitude object in Pisces. The initial observations suggested a distance of 41 AU. At that distance, if one assumed a typical comet nucleus albedo of 0.04, the object would have to be about 200 km in diameter [Jewitt and Luu, 1992].
Solar‐terrestrial predictions workshop held in Canada
Authors: Hruska J. 
Published: October 2006

Scientists from solar, magnetospheric, and ionospheric physics and geomagnetism, as well as forecasters of solar‐terrestrial conditions and users affected by the solar‐terrestrial environment attended the Solar‐Terrestrial Prediction Workshop, held from May 18 to 22, 1992, in Ottawa, Canada. More than 150 scientists from seventeen countries came together to communicate and exchange their knowledge and expertise on the forecasting of solar‐terrestrial conditions.This meeting was the fourth in a series organized by the International Ursigram and World Service (IUWDS), a joint service of the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI), the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The local organizer of the workshop was the Ottawa Regional Warning Center, a component of the Geological Survey of Canada.
International program investigates the Black Sea
Authors: Ünlüata Ü. , Aubrey D. G. , Belberov Z. , Bologa A. , Eremeev V. , Vinogradov M. 
Published: October 2006

Concern over the environmental condition of the Black Sea has increased markedly since the recent political changes in eastern Europe, as the extent of degradation has become clearer. This concern has led to the creation of the Cooperative Marine Science Program for the Black Sea (CoMSBlack) (Figure la), an interdisciplinary, international marine science program that provides the highest quality of oceanographic science for effective and integrated management of the Black Sea.A complex program of investigation has been outlined by the major marine research organizations of the Black Sea riparian countries, as well as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and other western research laboratories. A series of meetings is being held to clarify the role of CoMSBlack in Black Sea research as well as the sea's role in major international research efforts. Changes in the Black Sea riparian countries have simplified integrated science
Military survey honors Guy Bomford
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In recognition of his many contributions to geodesy, the United Kingdom's Military Survey's new headquarters building was named after Brigadier Guy Bomford at a ceremony at Feltham near London on July 10, 1992. He was the director of survey of the southeast Asia command during World War II, was reader in geodesy at Oxford University, was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (serving as president from 1963 to 1967), and is the author of the well‐known text, Geodesy.Now aged 92, Bomford unveiled a plaqueon the building and attended a luncheon at the Feltham Officer's Mess hosted by the Director General of Military Survey, Major General Roy Wood.
Geophysical research in the Czech Republic
Authors: Čermák Vladimir 
Published: October 2006

General interest in Earth studies has a long tradition in the Czech Republic that dates back to the German physician, Georg Agricola, a pioneer in scientific classifications of minerals collected in North Bohemia's Ore Mountains during the early 16th century. Astronomy flourished during the rule of Hapsburg Emperor Rudolph II (1552–1612). Modern geophysics developed in the middle of the 18th century from systematic meteorological observations and continued in the 19th century with H. Benndorfs seismological experiment in the mining town of Pribram.In 1920, the State Geophysical Institute was created, with Vaclav Laska as its first director. The institute's research activities concentrated on seismology and geomagnetism. In 1945, the Chair of Geophysics was established at the Charles University in Prague, reflecting the increasing interest in geophysical studies. The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was founded in 1952, the same year that the first Conference of Czechoslovak Geophysicists passed the resolution that an institute of geophysics should be reestablished within the new academy as the coordinating and leading institution of basic geophysical research.
75th anniversary plans begin
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The American Geophysical Union will celebrate its 75th anniversary in 1994. To help commemorate this milestone year, a committee was appointed to suggest and coordinate a variety of activities and celebrations throughout the anniversary year.Since 1990, the 75th Anniversary Committee has been laying the groundwork for this year‐long celebration. The committee is working closely with the Meetings Committee, the Publications Committee, the Education and Human Resources Committee, the History of Geophysics Committee, and other committees and AGU staff to ensure Union‐wide involvement in anniversary activities. According to Tom Graedel, chairman of the 75th Anniversary Committee, “AGU will make new commitments to activities in support of geophysics during the anniversary year while the Union enjoys a well‐earned celebration.”
Status of NSF's polar programs office raised
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey, Director of the National Science Foundation, announced on January 13 that he has elevated the status of the Division of Polar Programs (DPP). It is now the Office of Polar Programs and, organizationally, part of the Office of the Director. Effective immediately, the newly created office began reporting to NSF's deputy director. Massey is also reactivating the Board's Committee on Polar Programs to provide NSF with continuing policy guidance and advice.In announcing the program's move, Massey said that NSF's Antarctic and Arctic activities have grown increasingly prominent in recent years as international attention has focused on research programs, environmental concerns, law enforcement, and other issues in both polar regions. “With the increased responsibility we have been given [in the polar regions] comes increased accountability,” Massey said. “I believe that heightening the stewardship for polar programs is an important way to help ensure that we meet the expectations and needs of the polar research communities and others,” he added.
The LeadEx experiment
Authors:   The LeadEx Group
Published: October 2006

Motivated by heightened interest in the role of polar regions in climate and global change, a group of scientists from various institutions and disciplines recently conducted a joint field study of the crack‐like openings called leads that are created by deformation of the Arctic pack ice. The study, called the Lead Experiment, known as LeadEx, was conducted during March and April 1992 in the Beaufort Sea approximately 300 km north of Deadhorse, Alaska. Sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, it was designed to clarify the effect of open leads on the polar ocean and atmosphere.Ranging from a few meters to thousands of meters wide, leads have been long considered important to the thermodynamics of the polar regions. Because a winter lead exposes relatively warm water to the cold atmosphere, either directly or through a very thin layer of ice, leads can account for half the total heat flux from the ocean [Badgley, 1966], even though they occupy less than 10% of the surface area. Open leads, thin ice (<1.0 m), and thick ice (>1.0 m) may contribute equally to the total heat flux [Maykut, 1978]. Because salt is rejected as seawater freezes, leads have a major effect on the salinity of the ocean mixed layer.
Greenfield to direct atmospherics at NSF
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Richard S. Greenfield has been appointed director of the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at the National Science Foundation. The February 4 announcement was made by Robert W. Correll, assistant director for geosciences.Greenfield began his career at NSF in 1974 as program director for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), where he coordinated NSF support of academic participation in the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) in association with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Subsequently, he directed participation in the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) and Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) as the U.S. focal point for each of those projects.
Space station overrun ires NASA, Congress
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

With a new administration in place, future funding for the space station seems promising. In mid‐February, the Clinton administration announced that it will seek $2.25 billion for the station in the fiscal year 1994 budget. But at a House Subcommittee on Space hearing on March 3, members divided on the station issue questioned NASA, McDonnell Douglas, and IBM witnesses as to why budget projections for the project's next 3 years have grown by about $500 million.Although subcommittee chairman Ralph M. Hall (D‐Tex.) voiced support for NASA and urged, “We all want the same thing, a space station of reasonable cost,” there seemed to be little consensus among other members who feel the science capability has been cut to a point that will make the project, as one member put it, “a floating whistlestop in the sky.”
Sullivan to head NSFs polar programs
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey, director of the National Science Foundation, has appointed Cornelius W. Sullivan, current director of the Hancock Institute for Marine Studies and professor of biological sciences at the University of Southern California, as the new director of the Office of Polar Programs (OPP). Sullivan's appointment will begin May 16. Until then, he will serve as a consultant to OPP.“Cornelius Sullivan is one of the world's leading polar scientists,” Massey said. “He has led many interagency and international expeditions to Antarctica and has carried out research in the Arctic.” Sullivan is also a former member of the National Academy of Sciences' Polar Research Board.
Basic research and Clinton's Technology Plan
Authors: Lang Valerie 
Published: October 2006

References made by the Clinton administration to a National Technology Policy coupled with talk of technology transfer, manufacturing consortiums, and benchmarking have made many scientists uneasy about the security of basic research funding under the new regime. Adding to this uncertainty have been the efforts by the Senate and the House in both the 102nd and 103rd sessions of Congress to pass a Competitiveness Bill that includes a large increase in funding for commercialization programs administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.The proposed large increase in R&D funding for the National Institute of Standards and Technology would probably mean flat funding or cuts for the R&D budgets of most other federally funded research programs (reminiscent of fiscal year 1993). Despite these unsubtle messages that applied research and planned development will be favored over fundamental scientific research, both George Brown (D‐Calif.), chairman of the House Science, Space and Technology Committee, and Jack Gibbons, the president's new science and technology advisor, stated on February 23 that none of their proposed programs are in any way meant to detract from the country's basic scientific research efforts.
Subcommittee examines NSF's role
Authors: Leath Audrey T. 
Published: October 2006

On March 3, the House Subcommittee on Science continued its examination of scientific research with the second in a series of hearings on renewing U.S. science policy. The hearing focused on the report by the National Science Board's Commission on the Future of the National Science Foundation, released last November. The subcommittee chairman, Rick Boucher (D‐Va.), in cooperation with full science committee chairman George Brown (D‐Calif.), plans further hearings throughout the year to look at the way science is funded, how it contributes to national needs, and whether a better method of priority setting is necessary.The NSB Commission, according to witness James Duderstadt, NSB chairman, “strongly reaffirms [NSF's support of] curiosity‐driven, peer‐reviewed science.” The witnesses unanimously concurred with the commission's finding that, in general, NSF's traditional mission is appropriate and the foundation is performing it well. They recommended no major changes to the agency's mission.
The future of naval ocean science research
Authors: Orcutt John A. , Brink Kenneth 
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Studies Board (OSB) of the National Research Council reviewed the changing role of basic ocean science research in the Navy at a recent board meeting. The OSB was joined by Gerald Cann, assistant secretary of the Navy for research, development, and acquisition; Geoffrey Chesbrough, oceanographer of the Navy; Arthur Bisson, deputy assistant secretary of the Navy for antisubmarine warfare; Robert Winokur, technical director of the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy; Bruce Robinson, director of the new science directorate at the Office of Naval Research (ONR); and Paul Gaffney, commanding officer of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).The past 2–3 years have brought great changes to the Navy's mission with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and challenges presented by conflicts in newly independent states and developing nations. The new mission was recently enunciated in a white paper, “From the Sea: A New Direction for the Naval Service,” which is signed by the secretary of the Navy, the chief of naval operations, and the commandant of the Marine Corps. It departs from previous plans by proposing a heavier emphasis on amphibious operations and makes few statements about the traditional Navy mission of sea‐lane control.