bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of α‐synuclein knockdown on MPP+ toxicity in models of human neurons
Authors: Fountaine Timothy M. , Venda Lara Lourenco , Warrick Nicholas , Christian Helen C. , Brundin Patrik , Channon Keith M. , Wade‐Martins Richard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe protein α‐synuclein is central to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) but its role in the development of neurodegeneration remains unclear. α‐Synuclein‐knockout mice develop without gross abnormality and are resistant to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a mitochondrial inhibitor widely used to model parkinsonism. Here we show that differentiated human dopaminergic neuron‐like cells also have increased resistance to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridine (MPP+), the active metabolite of MPTP, when α‐synuclein is knocked down using RNA interference. In attempting to understand how this occurred we found that lowering α‐synuclein levels caused changes to intracellular vesicles, dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), each of which is known to be an important component of the early events leading to MPP+ toxicity. Knockdown of α‐synuclein reduced the availability of DAT on the neuronal surface by 50%, decreased the total number of intracellular vesicles by 37% but increased the density of VMAT2 molecules per vesicle by 2.8‐fold. However, these changes were not associated with any reduction in MPP+‐induced superoxide production, suggesting that α‐synuclein knockdown may have other downstream effects which are important. We then showed that α‐synuclein knockdown prevented MPP+‐induced activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Activation of NOS is an essential step in MPTP toxicity and increasing evidence points to nitrosative stress as being important in neurodegeneration. Overall, these results show that as well as having a number of effects on cellular events upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction α‐synuclein affects pathways downstream of superoxide production, possibly involving regulation of NOS activity.
Bidirectional plasticity at developing climbing fiber–Purkinje neuron synapses
Authors: Ohtsuki Gen , Hirano Tomoo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractClimbing fibers provide one of the two major excitatory inputs to the cerebellar cortex. In an immature animal, several climbing fibers form synapses with one Purkinje neuron. During postnatal development most climbing fiber innervations with a Purkinje neuron are eliminated and only one strong fiber remains. Previous studies suggested that this pruning of surplus climbing fiber innervations depends on the neuronal activity. We hypothesized that synaptic plasticity might play a role in the maturation and refinement of such a climbing fiber projection pattern, and examined the plasticity properties of synapses between postnatal days 5 and 9 in mice. We found that a 5 Hz conditioning stimulation of climbing fibers forming relatively strong synapses with a Purkinje neuron induced long‐term potentiation of the transmission accompanied by a decrease in the paired‐pulse ratio of excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. This was suggestive of an increased probability of presynaptic release. However, the conditioning stimulation of climbing fibers forming relatively weak synapses induced long‐term depression and tended to increase the paired‐pulse ratio. Thus, the direction of plasticity appears to be determined by the strength of synaptic connection. Long‐term depression occurred only in the conditioned climbing fiber, whereas long‐term potentiation spread to unconditioned climbing fibers. A postsynaptic increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was required for long‐term potentiation but not for long‐term depression. These results reveal the existence of novel presynaptic plasticity at immature climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapses, which may contribute to the maturation and refinement of the climbing fiber projection pattern.
NON‐SPECIFIC GRANULOMATA OF THE URETER AND BLADDER
Authors: O'Flynn W. R. , Sandrey J. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of non‐specific urinary tract granulomata are described: one occurring in the left ureter and one in the bladder. Certain striking clinical features are emphasised, first the similarity to neoplasm, and secondly the tendency to fibrosis and sometimes ureteric obstruction. A short review of non‐specific granulomata at these sites is given.
A Computer‐based Record and Organisation System for a Department of Urology
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A. , CHARLTON C. A. C. , RICHARDS B. , HENDRY W. F. , WARD J. P. , O'DONOGHUE E. P. N. , HAMSHERE R. G. , FRANKLIN D. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis paper describes the development and practical application of a computer‐based record system in a urological department.It demonstrates how such a system can provide a clinical flow sheet for day‐to‐day use combined with a computerised data store for both clinical evaluation and for research purposes.The paper also outlines how the system has improved patient handling and general departmental efficiency.
The Effect of an Antibacterial Drug on Urinary Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus Excretion in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: BURR R. G. , SILVER J. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe effect of the simultaneous administration of hexamine mandelate and methionine on the urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate is reported in 3 groups of paraplegic patients.Long‐term therapy with G 500 increases bone loss in paralysed patients, and is contra‐indicated when there is infection of the urinary tract by urea‐splitting organisms.
Grey‐scale Ultrasound Imaging: Assessment of Acute Hydronephrosis
Authors: TAYLOR K. J. W. , KRAUS VERA 
Published: November 2008

SummaryRapid changes in the renal anatomy during the development and resolution of an acute hydronephrosis may require multiple imaging procedures. The ionising radiation hazard limits the extent to which this may be achieved by intravenous pyelography. Grey‐scale ultrasound offers a safe, non‐intrusive technique for visualising the renal pelvis which may be repeated daily. The value of such an ultrasound facility is illustrated by 3 case histories.
Volume Estimation of the Seminal Vesicles by Means of Transrectal Ultrasonotomography: A Preliminary Report
Authors: TANAHASHI YOSHIKATSU , WATANABE HIROKI , IGARI DAIROKU , HARADA KAZUYA , SAITOH MASAHITO 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe volume of the seminal vesicles was estimated in 27 cases by means of transrectal ultrasonoto‐mography.The seminal vesicles of normal subjects were found to be generally larger than in cases of prostatic hypertrophy or cancer. The volume of the seminal vesicles in Klinefelter's syndrome was remarkably small.The correlation between the volume of the seminal vesicles and of the prostate is given.
Matrix and the Infective Renal Calculus
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryFrom the basis of an examination of the literature, and on a personal exerience of the surgical treatment of 100 cases of calculus disease, the suggestion is made that 2 distinct mechanisms of calculogenesis should be recognised. Calculi of metabolic origin should be considered as having an entirely distinct aetiological mechanism. Phosphatic calculi are apparently determined by the existence of urinary tract infection. Partial nephrectomy does not seem indicated for either type of disease.
Uromucoid Excretion of Normal Individuals and Stone Formers
Authors: BICHLER K. H. , KIRCHNER CH. , IDELER V. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryUromucoid excretion was measured in 49 normal subjects and 79 patients with stones.The results showed no significant differences in the uromucoid excretion rate between these 2 groups; there was no simple quantitative relationship between uromucoid excretion rate and the genesis of stones.It is suggested that uromucoid may be concerned in a protective function of tubular epithelium and also in the transport of electrolytes and hydrogen ions.
Childhood Urolithiasis in the United Kingdom and Eire
Authors: GHAZALI S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary152 children with urinary calculi were treated in the United Kingdom and Eire in the years 1972 and 1973.There was a marked male preponderance particularly evident in early life.In 124 children the urine was infected on admission to hospital; in 87, particularly the younger children, this was with the Proteus species. Awareness of the relationship between Proteus urinary infection and matrix calculi is stressed.
Idiopathic Chronic Urinary Retention in the Female
Authors: FOX MILES , JARVIS G. J. , HENRY L. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe clinical features in 14 female patients with chronic urinary retention unassociated with extrinsic or obvious intrinsic obstruction or neurological disease are described.Management, results and histological findings are presented and discussed in relation to the clinical findings.
A Urodynamic View of Bladder Outflow Obstruction in the Female: Factors influencing the Results of Treatment
Authors: FARRAR D. J. , OSBORNE J. L. , STEPHENSON T. P. , WHITESIDE C. G. , WEIR J. , BERRY J. , MILROY E. J. G. , WARWICK RICHARD TURNER 
Published: November 2008

Summary169 female patients with outlet obstruction have been studied urodynamically.The results of treatment of the outlet obstruction in 102 patients have been analysed and the reason for the failures discussed. Patients with stable detrusors and those with symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infection responded well to treatment, provided this relieved the obstruction adequately; symptomatic relief was less common in patients with unstable detrusors, despite adequate outflow readjustment.
The Effects of Overstretching on the Structure and Function of the Bladder in Relation to Helmstein's Distension Therapy
Authors: ANDERSON J. D. , ENGLAND H. R. , MOLLAND E. A. , BLANDY J. P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryMeasurements of the maximum bladder distensibility, cystometrograms and histological studies of the bladder after Helmstein's distension therapy show intramural fibrosis and a reduction in bladder capacity. When this is made worse by post‐radiation fibrosis it may give rise to such severe contraction that diversion may be needed. There is no evidence that distension, of the type used here, ever gives rise to “stretching” or “atony” of the bladder: and it is questionable whether distension of a lesser degree, such as may be found in acute urinary retention, ever does so either.
Urodynamic Findings in Adult Females with Frequency and Dysuria
Authors: REES D. L. P. , WHITFIELD H. N. , ISLAM A. K. M. S. , DOYLE P. T. , MAYO M. E. , WICKHAM J. E. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryUrodynamic findings, and in particular measures of outflow obstruction in a consecutive series of 156 women presenting with recurrent increased frequency and dysuria, have been analysed.Poor correlation between these various measures has been demonstrated; at most only 8% of these patients have demonstrable outflow obstruction. More than a quarter of the patients had bladder instability.
Bilateral Vesico‐ureteral Reflux with Pyelonephritis in Identical Twins
Authors: HAMPEL N. , LEVIN D. R. , GERSH I. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA case of identical twins with bilateral vesico‐ureteral reflux is presented.This case supports the hypothesis that primary vesico‐ureteral incompetence may be an inherited lesion.The importance of investigating close relatives, especially identical twins, is stressed.
Role of Uroflowmetry in the Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction in Adult Males1
Authors: SHOUKRY ISMAIL , SUSSET JACQUES G. , ELHILALI MOSTAFA M. , DUTARTRE DANIEL 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA group of 173 prostatic patients were submitted to a prospective study to determine the respective value of symptoms, uroflowmetry, endoscopic and radiological findings in the assessment of the degree of urinary obstruction.Uroflowmetry proved to bring objective evidence of the degree of obstruction with a reasonable degree of accuracy.Maximum urinary flow appears to be more accurate than other flow parameters in the determination of lower urinary tract obstruction.
The Response of Lymph Node Metastases of Testicular Teratoma to Radiation Therapy
Authors: TYRRELL C. J. , PECKHAM M. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe response to radiation therapy of lymph node metastases from testicular teratomas has been examined in 117 Stage I and II patients treated between 1962 and 1972.It is not possible to obtain reliable estimates of the percentage Stage I patients with occult retroperitoneal node metastases; however, available evidence suggests that spread of tumour to the lymph nodes has occurred in a proportion (possibly as many as 50%) of patients in this category. Radiation therapy is an effective method of achieving tumour eradication and overall survival results in this group are good (84%).In a smaller group of Stage II patients with unequivocal lymphographic evidence of nodal spread, the effectiveness of irradiation is dependent upon turnour volume. In those patients with metastases 2 centimetres or less in diameter, the results of treatment are similar to Stage I and we have designated this group Stage IIa. In those patients with larger volume metastases, two thirds have developed abdominal node relapse, in most cases associated with distant spread. We have designated this group Stage IIb. The implications of these observations for overall management are discussed.We would like to thank Dr J. S. Macdonald for his helpful advice in lymphographic interpretation and Miss Sue Moore who typed the manuscript.
Chlorhexidine for Irrigation of Vas: a Clinical Trial and the Study of Viability of Non‐Motile Sperms in Post‐Vasectomy Patients with Trypan Blue Uptake
Authors: YU H. Y. HENRY , HALIM A. , EVANS P. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA clinical trial showed that when chlorhexidine was used for irrigation of a vas, 93% of patients became sperm‐free at 6 weeks as compared to 72%, when sterile water was used.The use of chlorhexidine for irrigation of the distal vas is recommended in order to achieve sterility within a shorter length of time in view of its potent spermicidal effect as compared with water.The determination of the viability of non‐motile sperms in post‐vasectomy patients by the method of trypan blue uptake is described. This is a simple laboratory procedure suitable for routine clinical use.The criteria for sterility after vasectomy should be based on either 2 consecutive sperm‐free specimens or 2 specimens of sperms shown to be 100% dead by trypan blue uptake.
The Significance of Bone Marrow Acid Phosphatase in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: FOSSÅ SOPHIE DOROTHEA , SOKOLOWSKI JERZY , THEODORSEN LIV 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The levels of total and l‐tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 49 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results were compared with the results from a control group.The acid phosphatase levels from the bone marrow were above the upper normal limit of serum acid phosphatase both in the control group and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during haemolysis.There was a positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Significantly raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (above the upper limit of the normal range from the control group) were observed only in advanced stage IV patients with significantly increased serum levels.The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave no supplementary diagnostic information in any of the patients with prostatic carcinoma. Doubt is expressed concerning the hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastases from prostatic carcinoma.
Cytological Changes due to Urinary Calculi: A Consideration of the Relationship between Calculi and the Development of Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: BEYER‐BOON M. E. , CUYPERS L. H. R. I. , de VOOGT H. J. , BRUSSEE J. A. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urinary calculi can induce urothelial cellular abnormalities comparable with those of malignancy; this was found in 11 out of 62 lithiasis cases.Severe cellular changes, comparable with those of carcinoma in situ, may be seen in the epithelium adjacent to a calculus. Squamous metaplasia was frequently observed in cases with staghorn stones in the renal pelvis. The abrasive effect of the calculus may result in many multinucleated cells in the sediment.When the calculi are removed the cytological atypia and the observed multinucleation disappeared, and none of these 62 patients developed urothelial carcinoma.A possible relationship was found between a long‐term clinical history of lithiasis and the development of cancer of the upper urinary tract in a study of 92 cases of carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis.
Procarbazine (Natulan) in the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease
Authors: MORGAN R. J. , PRYOR J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty‐four men with Peyronie's diseases were treated with a 12‐week course of the drug procabazine (Natulan), preceded or followed by a 12‐week course of vitamin E.Ninety‐one per cent of the men failed to improve or became worse whilst receiving Natulan and toxic side‐effects were common. In comparision 39% improved whilst taking vitamin E.We conclude that Natulan is of little benefit in the treatment of this condition and may indeed be harmful.
Surgical Management of Impotence using the Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Experience with 103 Patients
Authors: FURLOW WILLIAM L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The inflatable hydraulic penile prosthesis has been implanted in 103 patients with both organic and psychogenic impotence.The 4 failure in this series resulted from infection. Mechanical problems occurred in 27 patients, but with additional implant experience, these have been significantly reduced. All mechanical complications are correctable through secondary and tertiary surgical procedures. Ninety‐eight of 99 patients with a normally functioning prosthetic device had satisfactory intercourse without significant difficulty.The inflated penile prosthesis has proved to be a highly satisfactory method of treating male impotence.
Adenomatoid Tumour of the Epididymis: Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of 2 Cases
Authors: NISTAL MANUEL , CONTRERAS FÉLIX , PANIAGUA RICARDO 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two cases of adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis are described. Both the histochemical and ultrastructural studies support the concept that it is of mesothelial origin.The histochemical study showed the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the lumen of the tubular structures.The epithelial cells presented numerous microvilli in the free surface, junction complexes, wide intercellular channels and a well‐developed Golgi complex.Abundant bundles of microfilaments and intracellu?ar spaces were observed in the cytoplasm. Lymphocytes and histiocytes were indentified both in the tabular lumen and between the epithelial cells.The stroma of the tumour was made up of dense connective tissue with abundant bundles of elastic fibres.The presence of intracytoplasmic spaces in the epithelial cells and elastic fibres in the stroma had not been previously observed in this tumour.
Orchiopexy in the Prune Belly Syndrome
Authors: WOODARD JOHN R. , PARROTT THOMAS S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— It has been suggested that abdominal tests might have better ultimate function if brought to the scrotum at a very early age.In a study of 16 patients with the prune belly syndrome, 8 had reconstruction of the urinary tract together with an orchiopexy and 2 had an orchiopexy alone.The results in these patients support the view that an orchiopexy in the neonate or young infant offers the best chance of obtaining viable testes in the scrotum.
One‐stage Excision Urethroplasty for Stricture
Authors: PANAGAKIS A. , SMITH J. C. , WILLIAMS J. L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary–Forty‐two patients have had a one‐stage excision urethroplasty for localised strictures in the bulbous urethra. The stricture recurred in 2 patients, one requiring a scrotal flap urethroplasty and the other a further excision and repair with a good result.With careful selection this operation gives very good results and has been used successfully in the primary repair of complete rupture of the bulbous urethra.
The Pseudo‐obstructed Bladder in Enuretic Children
Authors: JOHNSTON J. H. , KOFF S. A. , GLASSBERG K. I. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a minority of enuretic children with severe day symptoms, and especially when there is urinary infection, there are bladder diverticula and trabeculation and possibly also harmful vesicoureteric reflux which suggest the presence of an infravesical obstruction. However, in 11 children with this syndrome who underwent urodynamic studies, no anatomical or functional obstruction was demonstrable. It is contended that the obstructive signs are the result of uninhibited detrusor contractions being voluntarily resisted by contraction of the external urethral sphincter so that abnormally high intravesical pressures result.Management involves the use of detrusor‐inhibitory drugs. Ureteric reimplantation may be needed for reflux. In the majority of cases symptoms improve with time but the bladder diverticula persist.
Obstructive Azoospermia: Respiratory Function Tests, Electron Microscopy and the Results of Surgery
Authors: HENDRY W. F. , KNIGHT R. K. , WHITFIELD H. N. , STASNSFELD A. G. , PRYSE‐DAVIES J. , RYDER T. A. , PAVIA D. , BATEMAN J. R. M. , CLARKE S. W. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forth‐five patients have been treated surgically for obstructive azzospermia. Fifteen underwent reversal of vasectomy and 40% of the wives became pregnant. Thirty had epiddymovasostomy, and in only 2(6.5%) did the sperm count become normal, although a few poorly motile sperms appeared in the ejaculate in a further 4 patient.Congenital abnormalities of the vase in 7 cases and post‐inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azzospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the patients (15 cases) the cause obscure although it was associated with sinusitis, brinchitis or bronchietasis (Young's syndrome).Congenital abnormalities of the vasa in 7 cases post‐inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azoospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the or bronchiectasis (Young's syndrome).The results of pulmonary function tests in 30 caes, and electron microscopic studies of cilia from epididymes (10 cases) and bornchial muscosa (2 cases) indicated that the basis abnormality might be malfuntion of the microntubules which appeared to be ultrastructurally normal in most cases. One appeared to be associated with dietary deficiency, and correction of diet coincided with asuccessful result of surgery.
Scrotal Lipomatosis
Authors: SHAFlK A. , OLFAT S. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The anatomy of scrotal fat was studied histologically and by dissection in 28 normal cadavers and 44 idiopathic infertile subjects. Two fat patterns were described: normal and infertile. In the normal pattern, a small posterior extratunicary pad of fat was constantly encountered. lntratunicary fat occurred as small granules between the cord veins.Thirty‐eight of the 44 idiopathic infertile subjects had scrotal lipomatosis, of which 2 types were recognised: extratunicary and intratunicary. The latter showed 2 patterns: diffuse and lobular. The diffuse pattern occurred in obese subjects and those of normal build, and the fat was firmly adherent to the cord veins. The lobular pattern occurred exclusively in the obese, and the lobules were loosely connected to the cord.The anatomical features of the normal fat pattern in relation to maximal testicular thermoregulatory efficiency were discussed. The role of scrotal lipomatosis in infertility was clarified and the relationship of scrotal lipornatosis to obesity presented.