bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater geochemistry and mass transfer in the East Yorkshire Chalk
Authors: Pitman J.I. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The chemical composition of groundwater from the East Yorkshire Chalk exhibits a systematic change in chemistry as it moves downdip from the recharge area of the Wolds to the Holderness lowland. Three distinctive hydrogeochemical zones, coincident with the unconfined, semi-confined artesian aquifer and fully confined aquifer of Holderness exist. Chemical composition in the unconfined aquifer is dominated by carbonate equilibria at a closed system PCO
2
of −2.09 with calcite and one mole % Mg-calcite. (Ca
2+
=2.3 mmol/l; Mg
2+
=0.2 mmol/l; HCO
3
−
=4.08 mmol/l; ∑CO
2
=4.48 mmol/l; pH=7.44). In the semi-confined artesian flow aquifer, ingress of soil CO
2
and limited reduction of dissolved O
2
increase ∑Co
2
to approximately 6.4 mmol/l, whilst Ca
2+
increases to 3.69 mmol/l at a PCO
2
of −1.76, and pH of 7.17. In the fully confined aquifer, reduction of O
2
, NO
3
, SO
2
−4
occurs, with increased ∑CO
2
to 6.86 mmol/l, HCO
3
−
to 6.13 mmol/l, and PCO
2
to −1.87. Cation exchange of Ca
2+
for Na
+
also occurs. Mass transfer calculations show that the major reactions in the aquifer take place in the soil zone, and within the semi-confined zone, with low Mg-calcite undergoing solution whilst calcite is precipitated. Throughout the aquifer, groundwaters are saturated with calcite, after allowing for the effects of ion pairing and complex formation.
Pollution investigation of a Triassic sandstone aquifer: the role of mineralogy
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Soil and sediment samples below an effluent spreading site were analysed for mineralogy, whole rock major and trace element geochemistry and porewater chemistry. In spite of the high surface loading of trace metals, sediments are contaminated to depths of only 1 m. Sediment contamination at depth in the unsaturated zone was not detected. Pore water concentrations do decrease with depth, but this is attributed to dilution rather than reaction. Trace metal porewater concentrations at depth approach the ‘natural’ background levels for Permo-Triassic sandstones. Dissolution of minerals is predictably limited, although iron oxyhydroxide and clay minerals are distributed to give large effective surface areas and probably are responsible for trace metal absorption and exchange, and the attainment of low solute concentrations.
A technique for groundwater quality monitoring using resistivity measurements made through a modified plastic well-screen
Authors: Jackson P. , Hallam J. , Allen D. , Hassett S. , Culshaw M.G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

A composite well-screen has been developed for resistivity measurements using high permeability ‘terran’ fabric wrapped around plastic well-screen containing 1.5 mm slots. Laboratory and
in situ
tests indicate that this screen presents a relatively small impedance to the flow of water and electricity while excluding fines that may be present.

Experiments with the well-screen were made
in situ
after emplacement in an unconsolidated, dense, fine coastal sand body. Results are presented of electrical resistivity measurements made through the well-screen, using a focussed resistivity tool, which indicate that changes in groundwater conductivity could be monitored as changes in formation resistivity. The groundwater inside the well-screen has been logged but suffers from the possibility of vertical mixing whereas measurements through the casing do not.

The well-screen also offers the possibility of taking water samples in unconsolidated sediments using a simple, very low pressure, double packer system. The effect of the well-screen on the resistivity measurements was found to be small after comparison with a self-bored resistivity log where the sand has been in direct contact with the formation.
Borehole sampling techniques and field analysis of groundwater in landfill pollution studies
Authors: Stuart A. , Hitchman S. P. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A borehole drilled at a landfill for site investigation and/or monitoring purposes will generally intercept a vertical interval within an aquifer which may have a wide range of permeabilities and so the entry of a pollutant into a borehole column will not be uniform. Drilling methods and the need to avoid the introduction of contaminants to groundwater mean that hydraulic testing may be restricted, particularly in unconsolidated formations. Techniques that do not add water should be used in preference to injection or tracer tests. Sampling and testing during borehole drilling are necessary to define the groundwater flow system within the borehole, to enable an effective completion to be made. In unconsolidated formations, silt and clay horizons may restrict vertical groundwater movement with the result that pollutants become stratified and move in discrete zones within the aquifer. Therefore taking a bulk or average water sample from a borehole completed to monitor full aquifer thickness will usually result in dilution and mixing of the contaminant with cleaner groundwater. Formation disturbance caused by percussion drilling can also cause vertical groundwater flow and mixing outside the borehole casing making the isolation of discrete zones difficult.
Groundwater samples obtained during site investigation drilling or from routine sampling visits will be subject to temperature and pressure change. As a sample is depressurised, variables such as pH, Eh, dissolved gas content and the speciation of certain constituents can be altered. Quantification of these changes and their minimisation means that strict procedures should be adhered to in sample handling and analysis on site.
This paper, covering landfill research work funded mainly by the Department of the Environment and carried out by the Fluid Processes Research Group of the British Geological Survey describes techniques and equipment used to overcome some of the problems cited, to obtain representative groundwater samples.
Design and application of a borehole flowmeter
Authors: Wild J.L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A borehole flowmeter has been developed to measure low flow rates in NX (76 mm) boreholes. The instrument can be used to determine the standing water level and permeability of a test section of the borehole.

The borehole flowmeter is a short, lightweight wireline packer which is inflated pneumatically and contains a turbine flowmeter transmitter unit. The useful flow range of the standard instrument is approximately 0.7 cm
3
/s to 70 cm
3
/s. The unit was originally designed to measure small axial flow rates in an array of boreholes which was thought to intersect a series of perched aquifers.

Experimentation showed that an increased rate of flow could be induced through the unit by piping water into the top of the borehole, the flow rate being proportional to the excess head of water above the unit. Using this principle, a form of
in situ
falling head permeability test was devised. The corrected head of water at a zero flow rate was found to correspond to the standing water level in a borehole, and the linear relationship between applied head and flow rate was used to calculate the permeability of the section of borehole below the unit. The results are compared with those of packer tests carried out in the same test sections.

The method has several advantages over packer testing in many conditions. The wireline equipment is light and can be operated by one man. The permeability test results are repeatable and are completed on average within one hour, though a satisfactory relationship between flow and head is usually established within ten minutes in a moderately permeable formation.
Results of an experimental programme of
in situ
permeability testing in rock
Authors: Wild J.L. , Money M.S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In an earlier pilot programme of tests in shallow drillholes (Pearson & Money, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1977) it was shown that significant improvements could be made at low cost to packer testing in rock, which lead to greater reliability in test performance and interpretation. It was also demonstrated that non-equilibrium flow occurred in some tests which, if not recognised, could lead to anomalies in test results.
A second programme of tests has been completed under commercial conditions using significantly deeper arrays of 76 mm drillholes in two rock masses, one in the Old Red Sandstone, and the other a set of basalt flows. Single packer tests were carried out as drilling proceeded using a standard mechanically-expanded packer with continuous autographic recording of flows and of input pressures. Some of the holes were also tested after drilling with a prototype double packer system instrumented with transducers to measure pressure within, above and below the test section. Results of the two methods are compared and individual test behaviour has been examined and it has been found that results were affected by changes in groundwater level produced by drilling. In any test it is unwise to assume that the effective piezometric level in the rock mass at the time and position of a test is necessarily the same as that observed in a completed drillhole.
The tests have produced further practical evidence of the need to consider the scale of tests and observations in relation to the inhomogeneity of the rock mass under investigation. At these test sites there were marked variations in standing water levels, and in measured permeabilities in adjacent closely spaced drillholes.
Groundwater modelling by microcomputer: applications to dam and reservoir slope stability
Authors: Bromhead E. N. , Havouzari A. L. , Brice M. , Rofe B. H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The paper describes the use of computer seepage modelling in three earth dams. In the first case, it is used principally as a design tool; in the second, as an aid to interpreting site investigation data and observations; in the third to investigate the effect of reservoir raising on downstream valley side slopes.
Comments are made on the use of the techniques in practice, and typical results are given.
Predicting piezometric levels in steep slopes
Authors: Lerner D.N. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Three methods of predicting piezometric levels in steep slopes are presented and illustrated for a case history in Hong Kong. Statistical correlation of levels with various measures of rainfall showed some promise as a method, but poor choice of an objective function biased the models away from the events of most importance. A groundwater flow model of a cross section through the slopes had too coarse a discretization to be accurate enough, but helped develop an understanding of the slopes' hydrogeology. Empirical methods based on classifying piezometers and extrapolating and regionalising storm and seasonal responses were finally adopted.
Geophysical prediction of fluid flow in sediments
Authors: Lovell M.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The remote assessment of fluid flow by geophysical means relies largely on empirical formulae relating particular geophysical measurements to the permeability for a specific geological situation. This approach has been proved successful by other workers in the field for delineating and quantifying the nature of aquifers. Recently, however, the proposals to store radioactive waste in deep-sea sediments, together with the increasing interest in hydrocarbon formation processes and basin development, have provided further impetus to the study of geophysical-permeability interactions.
A series of laboratory experiments involving a wide range of natural and artificial sediments has enabled the relationships between the geophysical characteristics and the fluid flow to be investigated. The results show very clearly the interrelationship between permeability and the geophysical parameters, electrical resistivity and compressional wave velocity, and the capability of predicting the one by measuring the other. In particular, extensive measurements of electrical formation factor and permeability in clean sands show the dominance of particle shape, and hence pore shape, in defining the interaction of these energy transfer processes.
In defining a dependence on pore shape the variation of the results effectively identifies differences in the structure of the sediments and hence different distributions of pore geometry. This may in turn be related to depositional environments, and, in extending the results to sedimentary rocks, to the diagenetic and lithification processes involved. Each of these fabrics, however, tends to be anisotropic, and this is borne out by the geophysical measurements. Since the geophysical characteristics are closely linked with permeability then it follows that permeability anisotropy may be reasonably expected also. While this directional dependence may be minimal in surficial marine sediments, it may be considerable at depth in the sediment column, particularly as consolidation progresses. The identification and measurement of anisotropy should help in defining geophysical-fluid flow relationships, especially for fluid flow predictions by remote measurements.
Monitoring and investigation of water inflow into a coal mine in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Whitfield L.M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The Dams Safety Committee is responsible for ensuring the safety and integrity of all substantial dams and storages in New South Wales. Coal mining is currently taking place beneath the Sydney Water Board catchment where a system of five reservoirs constitute part of the urban water supply for the cities of Sydney and Wollongong.
Pillar extraction of the Wongawilli seam adjacent to Avon storage resulted in an unexpected inflow of water into the mine workings. Algal analysis indicated that a proportion of this inflow may have originated from a surface source.
The paper outlines the events which occurred, the monitoring initiated and the results of the investigations.
Control of groundwater by exclusion
Authors: Bell F.G. , Mitchell J.K. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The movement of water into an excavation can be impeded by placing a barrier around the excavation. Such excavation barriers include sheet piling, contiguous bored pile walls, slurry trenches, diaphragm walls, grout curtains and panels, and ice walls. Ideally an exclusion barrier should extend into an impermeable stratum. If this does not happen, then upward seepage of water into the excavation may occur which, in turn, may give rise to instability at excavation level. To prevent such instability, the exclusion barrier should be extended horizontally. Of the exclusion techniques mentioned, only grouting and freezing can be used to form a horizontal exclusion barrier.
Groundwater control by groundwater lowering
Authors: Bell F.G. , Cashman P.M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
When an excavation is to extend beneath the water table the ground conditions may be improved by lowering the level of the water table beneath the proposed base of the excavation. Groundwater lowering is accomplished by removing water from the ground at a faster rate than recharge can occur. The most appropriate type of system of groundwater lowering depends mainly upon the soil conditions present at the site but the size of the excavation, the amount by which the water table has to be lowered and the length of time during which the excavation has to be maintained in a stable and workable condition also have to be taken into account. Settlement may occur as a result of groundwater lowering. If a site is surrounded by buildings then measures should be taken to prevent settlement taking place.
Groundwater control for a major urban redevelopment project with potential settlement problems and unusual contractual arrangements
Authors: Firth U.R. , Hartwell D.J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A dewatering scheme was required to enable the construction of foundations for a large redevelopment complex close the the town centre at Redhill, Surrey. The drawdown beneath nearby buildings had to be limited due to the poor condition of some of the buildings; in many cases, foundation details were also unavailable. A wellpoint scheme composed of various lines was built up and commissioned progressively to allow a flexible approach to the dewatering. Piezometers were installed inside and outside the site so that the drawdown could be monitored and adjustments to the dewatering system made accordingly. In critical areas, investigation boreholes sunk during construction were completed as monitoring points which could also be used as recharge wells if necessary. A thorough dilapidation survey of existing buildings was carried out before dewatering commenced, and the buildings were surveyed at regular intervals during the work to check for settlement or structural distress.
The investigation and control of groundwater at Ysbytty Reservoir, Gwynedd
Authors: Oulton H. A. , Crowther J. , Oldham P.H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
During early site investigations for an underground water storage reservoir at Ysbytty near Caernarfon-North Wales groundwater under artesian conditions was encountered.
A subsequent investigation, including pumping trials from two large diameter boreholes, was conducted in order to establish the feasibility of reducing the artesian pressures during and after construction. The parameters thus defined enabled a scheme to be devised for dealing with groundwater during construction, utilising the wells installed during the investigation, and for the detailed design of an under-floor drainage system as part of the permanent works.
A further problem concerned the effects of prolonged draw-down of the water table below the adjacent clay-lined open service reservoir. Recharge wells were installed to maintain the water table and groundwater levels in the immediate vicinity were monitored throughout construction.
The under-floor drainage system for the new reservoir was designed and installed, incorporating porous pipes in a stone filter layer. Its function is to prevent uplift of the reservoir under all working conditions; a gravity outlet drain eliminated the need for permanent pumping.
Groundwater control by drainage gallery at Aberfan, South Wales
Authors: Siddle H.J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The Aberfan (Merthyr Vale) tip, which failed with disastrous consequences in 1966 (HMSO, 1969), was constructed above rocks subjected to artesian pressures. Two-thirds of the tip were removed after the failure and sub-surface drainage measures have been installed to secure the remainder. These include a drainage gallery, the construction and performance of which are the subject of this paper. The ‘factor of safety’ of a critical slope of the tip has been improved to an acceptable value by a reduction in the artesian pressures within the rock. Investigations before and during construction indicate that water moves towards the seat of the 1966 failure in a 20 m wide flexure in the rock adjacent to a hitherto unrecorded minor fault. It appears that tensional strains created by past mining have been concentrated within this structure the existence of which must be added to the other previously established factors which contributed to the failure. The profound anisotropy within the aquifer caused by this geological structure and mining history is demonstrated by the fact that an estimated 25% of the water entering the potential groundwater catchment is released from a length of aquifer equivalent to less than 1% of the available spring line.
Engineering contracts: a legal point of view
Authors: Ludlow M.R. 
Published: August 2007

As I am not even a trainee geologist, it seems appropriate to begin this paper defensively with a Biblical quotation:
'So likewise ye, except ye utter by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what is spoken? For ye shall speak into the air.
There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification.
But if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.'
Despite the illustrations of engineering failures provided by Professor Hanna this quotation, which comes from 1 Corinthians, Ch. 14, v. 9-11, is not intended as the beginning of a sermon.
Unlike the distinguished speaker (Dr J. Uff) who preceded me, I have no engineering qualification of any kind, and in some ways it is important to my job as a solicitor advising on engineering contracts generally that this should be the case. The solicitor enters into the field of engineering contracts at one of two possible stages, in both of which he has to do his best to translate the technical into the simple for others who may have even less expertise. The first stage is at the point where different disciplines within the engineering industry enter into contractual arrangements with each other relating to the design and construction of the different parts of an engineering project which go together to make
Extended follow-up of a phase 3 trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: final time-to-event results of the APEX trial
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Sonneveld Pieter , Schuster Michael , Irwin David , Stadtmauer Edward , Facon Thierry , Harousseau Jean-Luc , Ben-Yehuda Dina , Lonial Sagar , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Reece Donna , Miguel Jesus San , Bladé Joan , Boccadoro Mario , Cavenagh Jamie , Alsina Melissa , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Lacy Martha , Jakubowiak Andrzej , Dalton William , Boral Anthony , Esseltine Dixie-Lee , Schenkein David , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInitial analysis of the Assessment of Proteasome Inhibition for Extending Remissions (APEX) trial of relapsed multiple myeloma patients showed significantly longer time to progression, higher response rate, and improved survival with single-agent bortezomib versus high-dose dexamethasone. In this updated analysis (median follow-up: 22 months), survival was assessed in both arms, and efficacy updated for the bortezomib arm. Median survival was 29.8 months for bortezomib versus 23.7 months for dexamethasone, a 6-month benefit, despite substantial crossover from dexamethasone to bortezomib. Overall and complete response rates with bortezomib were 43% and 9%, respectively; among responding patients, 56% improved response with longer therapy beyond initial response, leading to continued improvement in overall quality of response. Higher response quality (100% M-protein reduction) was associated with longer response duration; response duration was not associated with time to response. These data confirm the activity of bortezomib and support extended treatment in relapsed multiple myeloma patients tolerating therapy. This study is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (Study ID NCT00048230).