bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Middle School Program Features, Instructional Strategy, Instructional Performance, and Student Engagement
Authors: Mergendeller John R. , Mitman Alexis L. 
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether school program features consistent with the middle school concept were associated with differences in teachers' instructional strategy, teachers' instructional performance, or student engagement. The programs of six schools were classified as consistent or inconsistent with the middle school movement on each of four features: (a) the assignment of students to non-mathematics classes, (b) the establishment of homeroom or core classes, (c) the modification of the standard class schedule, and (d) the use of supplemental counseling approaches. Few relationships were observed between school program features and class-level variables, and these were attributed to chance occurrences. A second analysis conducted at the class level revealed strong relationships between teachers' instructional performance and student engagement, although no relationships were observed between the instructional strategy variables and student engagement. Implications of these findings for the middle school movement and school reorganization and improvement are discussed.
Investigating the Relationship between Marketing and Overall Satisfaction with Life in a Developing Country
Authors: Leelanuithanit Orose , Day Ralph , Walters Rockney 
Published: March 2007

It has long been a belief that marketing has a positive effect on quality of life by delivering material well-being. Furthernore, many marketing scholars urge that greater emphasis be placed on marketing in developing countries to improve the quality of life. This conventional wisdom has not been investigated empirically because of inadequate conceptualizations of the relationship between marketing and the quality of life and because of the lack of necessary measurements. In the present study, these conceptualizations and measurements have been supplied, and a model utilizing a satisfaction/dissatisfaction framework has been developed and tested. According to the model, an individual's satisfaction with different domains of life (for example, work life, material possessions) has a significant positive effect on his or her overall satisfaction with life (quality of life). Data obtained from residents of the developing country of Thailand were used to test the hypotheses. Results of the study show that satisfaction with three domains-Family Life, Material Possessions, and Self-development-has a significant positive impact on overall life satisfaction. Additional findings and implications for government, business, and marketing researchers are presented, along with directions for future research.
Specific Aspects of Musical Learning: A Contribution towards a Learning Theory of Music
Authors: Moog Helmut 
Published: March 2007

An analysis of music as a content of learning dlemonistrates the existence of a remarkable system: 1. The single sound as the simplest unit of musical learning possesses timbre, duration, volume and dynamics. Thus it provides what may be called the raw material of sound, nonrelational in character: at the same time. it fulfils the functioln of noise. 2. Rhythm is realised through the elements belonging to any single sound as well as the relational temporal elements that make up rhythms, both accentuation aind duration rhythms. Only the relational temporal elements are essential for its structure as rhythm. 3. Melody is realised through the elements of the single sounds plus rhythmic elements and changes of pitch. Only the relational structuring elements of rhythm and pitch change are essenitial 4. In the hearing of harmonies, the elements that realise and conI- stitute a single sound, a rhythm or a melody are joined by the elements of hearing sounds simultaneously arid establishing connections between them. In the case of harmonv too, only the relational elements are significant. All relative elements may only be grasped cognitively. The onto-genetic musical development of the individual shows remarkable parallels with this structural analysis of music as a content of learning. In conclusion, six multi-sensory ways of experiencing music are described.
The One-Sidedness of Capital
Authors: Lebowitz Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

Contrary to Rosdolsky (and most analysts), Marx's proposed book on wage-labor was not incorporated into Capital. As a result, Capital does not develop an adequate totality, an organic whole, in which all presuppositions are results. The production of wage-labor, upon which the reproduction of capital depends, stands outside capital as a presupposition but not a result. With the logical development of the side of wage-labor, an adequate totality (capitalism as a whole) may be constructed which is characterized by "the worker's own need for development" as well as by capital's need for valorization-i.e., by two-sided class struggle. Implications of the one-sidedness of Capital itself are exploredincluding the inadequacies which have produced proposals to abandon the concept of labor-power as a commodity.
The Problem of Good and Evil
Authors: Sandison Ronald 
Published: March 2007

In my contribution to the Group Analysis Special Section: `Aspects of Religion in Group Analysis' (Sandison, 1993) I hinted that any consideration of a spiritual dimension to the group involves us in a discussion on whether we are dealing with good or evil spirits. But if we say that God is in the group, why is not the Devil there also? Can good and evil coexist in the same group matrix? Is the recognition of evil `nothing but' the ability to distinguish between good and bad? If not, then what is evil? Is it no more than the absence of good? These and other questions were worked on at a joint Institute of Group Analysis and Group-Analytic Society (London) Workshop entitled `The Problem of Good and Evil'. We considered the likelihood that good and evil coexist in all of us, as well as in the whole of the natural world, not only on earth, but in the cosmos and in God himself What we actually do with good and evil is to split them apart, thereby shelving the problem but at the same time creating irreconcilable opposites. This article examines this splitting and how we can work with it psychoanalytically.
Food that Poisons: The Nutritional Behaviour of a Small Community
Authors: Ferrante Maria Antonia 
Published: March 2007

According to the Biblical story the life of mortal Man began with an ambivalent nutritional behaviour wavering between desire and fear of desire: Which with desire, inclinable now grown to touch or taste, solicited her [Eve's] longing eye.... What fear I then, rather what know to fear under this ignorance of good and evil, of God or death, of law or penalty? (John Milton, 1667: Paradise Lost) To a large extent the search for food has decided the individual's religious, social, historical and political destiny and likewise his or her fantastic and imaginative destiny. I describe a small community in Central-Southern Italy where the depredations of history and the memory of long periods of famine have given rise to relationships of diffidence.
The evolutionary study of human family systems
Authors: Emlen Stephen T. 
Published: March 2007

Evolutionary biologists seek to understand human behavior by postulating that many of our current social behaviors and emotions represent heritable adaptations that were selectively advantageous during our ancestral (pre-agricultural, pre-industrial) human environment. Studies of animal species that live in societies structured similarly to those of our ancestors (i.e. in multi-generational family groups) may thus provide insights into the genetically influenced behavioral predispositions that may be present in ourselves. The evolutionary approach argues that family groupings have a biological basis. They form under particular ecological and demographic conditions when the reproduction of individuals is enhanced by prolonging the association between parents and young. Because families are comprised of close genetic relatives, a high degree of cooperation is expected between their members. Conflict is also expected, however, because the reproductive interests of parents, offspring, and other family members are rarely identical. Such conflicts are intensified in reconstituted (step) families because replacement mates (stepparents) are unrelated to offspring of the previous pairing, and extant offspring are less related to future young of the new pairing. I develop a set of predictions specifying when, where, and between whom, conflict is expected in reconstituted family environments. After briefly documenting the robustness of this approach in explaining the behavior of non-human species, I examine its value for interpreting patterns of behavior in human stepfamilies. I suggest that much of the increased conflict seen in modern human families is due to the recent surge in numbers of stepfamily households. Increased understanding of our behavioral predispositions can help us to design better conflict resolution strategies for human families in crisis. I offer a five point program for incorporating such knowledge into family counselling. The evolutionary perspective does not challenge or contradict the intellectual frameworks of sociology or psychology. Rather it seeks explanations for human behavior at a different level of analysis. In doing so it provides additional information of a new dimension which should lead to a better understanding of the types and frequencies of human family dysfunction.
Revegetation of Waste Fly Ash Lagoons. I. Plant Selection and Surface Amelioration
Authors: Jusaitis Manfred , Pillman Anne 
Published: March 2007

Glasshouse and field trials were conducted to select plant species suitable for revegetation of waste fly ash lagoons. Species which demonstrated potential for growth on fly ash or ameliorated fly ash m glasshouse trials were subsequently tested by direct seeding in situ at the Port Augusta power station in South Australia. Xero and halophytes from the families Aizoaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Zygophyllaceae performed optimally in both sets of trials, and species most suited for revegetation and regeneration included Mesembryanthemum aitonis, M. nodiflorum, Atriplex holocarpa, A. lindleyi, A. vesicaria, Enchylaena tomentosa, Halosarcia halocnemoides, H. pergranulata, Scaevola collaris and Nitraria billardierei . A range of surface amelioration treatments for fly ash lagoons designed to overcome the chemical and physical limitations of fly ash to plant growth, and to reduce the effects of high temperatures, strong winds and low rainfall in the region were also tested. A 50-100-mm surface cover (overlay) of either local sandy topsoil or compost, stabilized with coarse organic mulch, hydromulch or erosion control fabric supported good germination and plant growth. The soil or compost overlay provided a seed bed for initial germination away from the toxic elements of the ash, while the stabilization treatment prevented wind-blown removal of both seed and seed bed, while also conferring some protection to germinating seedlings. © 1997 ISWA
Interpersonal Behaviors and Their Relationship to the Andragogical and Pedagogical Orientations of Adult Educators
Authors: Holmes Mel R. 
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the study were: (a) to determine the andragogical and pedagogical orienta tions of a selected group of adult educators; (b) to identify selected interpersonal behaviors of the adult educator sample and determine the relationship of these behaviors to andragogical and pedagogical orientations; and (c) to determine if the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and an andragogical orientation differed from the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and a pedagogical orientation. The sample consisted of 197 Auburn University faculty and 103 Alabama Cooperative Exten sion personnel identified as experienced adult educators. The Educational Orientation Question naire was administered to determine the andragogical or pedagogical nature of the adult educator's orientations. The Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation Behavior Scale was administered to identify interpersonal behaviors of the adult educators. Questionnaires were returned by 167 subjects (55.7%). Results of the study indicated that: beliefs and attitudes about adult education were significantly different for the andragogical and pedagogical groups; a significant relationship ex isted between interpersonal behaviors and the orientations of adult educators categorized as an dragogical ; the relationship between interpersonal behaviors and the orientations of adult educators categorized as pedagogical was not significant.
Compensation Ethics: Guidelines for Developing a Code
Authors: Cook Frederic W. 
Published: March 2007

Companies that cancel underwater stock options and reissue them-ensuring that executives are protected from market risks on their options aren't doing anything illegal, the author states. On the other hand, is the practice ethical? Ditto for shifting executives' incentives to base salaries shortly before they retire to sweeten their pensions. These are among numerous compensation practices that the author considers unethical. He says that compensation professionals need an ethics code similar to codes for lawyers, doctors, and accountants. Such a code would make companies better and fairer places for employees as well as stockholders. Nevertheless, the author maintains he is not trying to preach a specific ethics code. Instead, he wants to place ethics issues on the compensation agenda for discussion by presenting his views on ethics for compensation practitioners, as well as companies, top management, supervisors, and employees.
Quantitative Measurement of Fiber Orientation and Fracture, Void and Weld-Lines in Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Narkis M. , Vaxman A. , Kenig S. , Siegmann A. 
Published: March 2007

Mechanical properties of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics depend on fiber length and fiber orientation distribution produced during melt flow processing. The incorporation of short fibers into thermoplastic polymer melts increases their viscosity and the presence of fibers, increasing in length, results also in an increasing viscosity. Breakage of glass fibers during flow through a rheometer, also a serious problem in melt processing of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics, is demonstrated and analyzed. Short fibers greatly improve the mechanical properties of polymers, but may severely weaken molded parts at their weld-line. A quantitative determination of the glass fiber ori entation distribution in the weld-line region was done by analyzing photomicrographs of polished sections. Fiber orientation parallel to the weld-line, normal to the flow direction, causes a dramatic loss of tensile strength. Another factor playing an important role in fiber-filled thermoplastics is the associated void content. Unexpectedly high void volume fractions were estimated from density results. Reflected light micrographs of polished extrudates confirmed the existence of voids and their increasing content with increasing shear rate, fiber loading, fiber length and temperature.
PAN and Pitch-Based Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyethernitrile Composites
Authors: Itoi Masaaki , Pipes R. Byron 
Published: March 2007

A new engineering thermoplastic resin (ID300) was combined with con tinuous carbon fiber (CF) to produce an advanced composite material. Both polyacryloni trile (PAN) and pitch-based carbon fiber were investigated as reinforcements. Impregna tion was accomplished directly from the powder form to a well-consolidated prepreg sheet. No fiber degradation even for the pitch carbon-fiber system was experienced. The mechanical properties measured included flexural strength, compressive strength and short beam shear strength. The ID300 materials compare quite favorably to conventional thermoplastic and ther moset material systems. The prepreg sheet was utilized in the diaphragm sheet forming method to produce hemispherical geometries from laminates of [0/90] s and [0/45/-45/90] s configurations. The laminates exhibited excellent formability
The peculiarities of English
Authors: Perry Nick 
Published: March 2007

Peter Widdowson, Hardy in History: A Study in Literary Sociology. London and New York: Routledge, 1989. £8.95, 260 pp. Simon During, Foucault and Literature: Towards a Genealogy of Writing. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. £35.00/£10.99, 259 pp.
Expert Judgement in Cost Estimating: Modelling the Reasoning Process
Authors: Rush Christopher , Roy Rajkumar 
Published: March 2007

Expert Judgement (EJ) is used extensively during the generation of cost estimates. Cost estimators have to make numerous assumptions and judgements about what they think a new product will cost. However, the use of EJ is often frowned upon, not well accepted or understood by non-cost estimators within a concurrent engineering environment. Computerised cost models, in many ways, have reduced the need for EJ but by no means have they, or can they, replace it. The cost estimates produced from both algorithmic and non-algorithmic cost models can be widely inaccurate; and, as the work of this paper highlights, require extensive use of judgement in order to produce a meaningful result. Very little research tackles the issues of capturing and integrating EJ and rationale into the cost estimating process. Therefore, this paper presents a case with respect to the wide use of EJ within cost estimating. EJ is examined in terms of what thought processes are used when a judgement is made. This paper highlights that most judgements are based on the results of referring to historical costs data, and then adjusting up or down accordingly in order to predict the cost of a new project. This is often referred to as analogy. The reasoning processes of EJ are identified and an inference structure has been developed, which represents an abstraction of the reasoning steps used by an expert as they generate an estimate. This model has been validated through both literature and interviews with cost estimating experts across various industry sectors. Furthermore, the key inferences of the experts are identified. These inferences are considered as those where many of the assumptions and expert judgements are made. The thesis of this paper is that through modelling the reasoning processes of EJ, it becomes possible to capture, structure, and integrate EJ and rationale into the cost estimating process as estimates are being generated. Consequently, the rationale capture will both improve the understanding of estimates throughout a product life cycle, and improve management decisions based upon these cost estimates.
Citizens' Knowledge of Foreign Affairs
Authors: Bennett Stephen Earl , Flickinger Richard S. , Baker John R. , Rhine Staci L. , Bennett Linda L. M. 
Published: March 2007

Although scholars have long known that most Americans are woefully ignorant of foreign affairs (Almond 1960; Kriesberg 1949), they are uncertain about how the U.S. public's knowledge of international politics compares to that of people in other countries. We address this uncertainty with a study of citizens' knowledge of foreign affairs in five western democracies: Britain, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. The focus is on the roles each country's mass media play in the process by which citizens learn about international politics. The study found that Germans are the most knowledgeable about international politics, citizens in Britain, Canada, and France displayed moderate knowledge, and Americans had the least knowledge. We conclude that people learn about foreign affairs due to their opportunity, defined by their location in the social structure, and their motivation, indexed by attention paid to news accounts of world politics. The better educated and more politically attentive citizens also proved to be more informed in each country, whereas citizens who most often watched popular television entertainment programs proved to be less informed about foreign affairs.
Chemorheological Relaxation, Residual Stress, and Permanent Set Arising in Radial Deformation of Elastomeric Hollow Spheres
Authors: Huntley Hugh E. , Wineman Alan S. , Rajagopal K. R. 
Published: March 2007

Recently, a constitutive theory for rubber-like materials has been developed by which stress arises from different micromechanisms at different levels of deformation. For small deformations, the stress is given by the usual theory of rubber elasticity. As the deformation increases, there is scission of some junctions of the macromolecular microstructure. Junctions then reform to generate a new microstructure. The constitutive equation allows for continuous scission of the original junctions and formation of new ones as deformation increases. The macromolecular scission causes stress reduction, termed chemorheological relaxation. The new macromolecular structure results in permanent set on release of external load. The present work considers a hollow sphere composed of such a material, also assumed to be incom-pressible and isotropic, which undergoes axisymmetric deformation under radial traction. There develops an outer zone of material with the original microstructure and an inner zone of material having undergone macromolecular scission, separated by a spherical interface whose radius increases with the deformation. The stress distribution, radial load-expansion response, residual stress distribution, and permanent set on release of traction are determined. It is found that a residual state of high compressive stress can arise in a thin layer of material at the inner boundary of the sphere.
Progress in Evaluating Long-Term Thermal Resistance of Cellular Plastics
Authors: Edgecombe Fred H. 
Published: March 2007

Restrictions in the use of CFC blowing agents and difficulties in esti mating long-term thermal resistance of new gas-filled cellular plastics led to the es tablishment of an expert task group with a mandate to review and improve R-value evaluation techniques One approach, based on measurement of thermal resistance of thin material layers (scaling factors), was found to be applicable to homogeneous and uniform boards In one case the estimate was confirmed by long-term R-value measurements performed on the actual product Future research to extend application of the technique to non uniform or to faced cellular plastic boards is recommended
Field Performance of Spray Applied Thermal Insulating Foams
Authors: Alumbaugh Robert 
Published: March 2007

The replacement of old blowing agents has raised the question of the long-term thermal performance of such foams. To retain the long-term thermal per formance of new SPUF types, chemical manufacturers (system houses) will have to consider a more fundamental review of the polymers available to create a new gener ation of SPUFs, and the SPUF contractors (field fabricators) will have to acquire the technical knowledge needed for promoting the SPUF in a number of new applica tions. To place these issues into perspective, this presentation on long-term thermal per formance of SPUFs, together with one from the National Research Council of Canada which addresses some key functions of the building envelope, such as the air barrier performance lead to the conclusion that to enhance the use of SPUFs in con struction systems, a clear focus on the performance controls is required.