bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Monitoring Survey in Gemsa Development Lease of the Red Sea
Authors: El Ghazaly Sherif 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An offshore oil field is located in the Gemsa development lease near the west coast of the Red Sea, 50 km north of Hurgada.
The wells are accommodated at a 3 leg tripod jacket in 20m water depth. The oil produced is exported untreated to treatment facilities onshore. Production commenced end 1991.
The region of extensive coral reef formation is of considerable value in view of nature conservation, scientific studies, recreation and tourist industry and has a vulnerable ecology. The area is largely influenced by strong tidal currents and a prevailing NW wind. Bottom sediments are almost completely composed of carbonate material. The area around the jacket is covered with fine, sediments reflecting the influence of eddy motion.
Bapetco requested the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries to carry out an environmental monitoring programme, which started early 1992. Sediment samples were collected from 13 locations according to the recommendation of the Group of Experts on oil pollution of the Paris commission up to 2 km from the wells. This was repeated early collected by a grab sampler from a survey vessel with occasional help of divers. For positioning a single GPS receiver was used. The samples were analyzed in various ways covering both the chemical composition (hydrocarbons, metals, organic carbon) and the bioactivity.
Particulars of the analysis can be summarized as follows:
* Concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in all samples were of the same order of magnitude except one location in the immediate vicinity of the platform, still being within the margins of accuracy of the analysis methodology. * Bottom flora and fauna in all samples were consistently rich as far as the variety of species and of the number of individuals within the various species is concerned. The observed change of flora and fauna of metals should be characterised as an improvement rather than as a decline. * The concentrations of heavy metals declined. * Organic carbon content did not show any significant change.

Introduction
The area studied represents a coastal Red Sea water area which is largely influenced by a strong tidal current and the prevailing NW wind. The bottom sediments are composed almost exclusively of carbonate material and the central part around Gemsa Platform SE.4 is covered with fine sediments which reflect the influence of an eddy motion. The bottom fauna and flora showed shells with living organisms as well as the presence of coral reefs, sponges, echinodermata and mullusca. The present study is aimed to investigate the environmental changes which took place in the area.

Materials and Methods
* The sediments samples were collected by a Grab sampler (23 × 42 cm) from 13 stations in the Gemsa area of the Red Sea. * For positioning of the survey vessel a single GPS receiver type MAGELLAN GPS NAV/1000 PRO TM was used.
P. 247
Waste Management in Wireline & Testing Operations in India
Authors: Chatterjee A. , McFadden F. , Kumar S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
No common definition of waste has been agreed upon in the Oil Industry, what is waste in some countries, represents valuable raw material to a multiude of small industries in others. This paper presents an initiative taken in an offshore field West of India by Schlumberger W&T, with the support of its main client, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, to better manage offshore wastes. International and Local regulations are discussed. Different types of wastes produced by the service company are identified and certain alternative technologies are presented. Finally, the program in place, the results thereof, successes and failures and future prospects are described.
Waste Management and Minimization in the Hugoton Field, Southwest Kansas
Authors: Robb A. J. , Beaty T. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An effective waste management system, implemented by Mobil in the Hugoton Field, has resulted in reduced potential liability, improved compliance assurance, and decreased overall waste-related costs The drilling waste minimization component of this system, that also includes waste management plans and a waste management certification system, is significant because it represents a successful application of technology previously unseen in the Kansas Mid-Continent area. The entire system is validated by tracking performance indicators focusing on waste volumes and costs.
The key element of the drilling waste minimization initiative is a mechanical solids control system consisting of a semi-closed loop centrifuge flocculation dewatering process that removes solids for burial on location. The system provides environmental (80% reduced waste volumes) and economic (S307M/358 well program) incentives, as well as numerous indirect benefits over conventionally used drilling solids control methods. This initiative was the result of a partnering effort between Mobil and the drilling and mud contractors.
Environmental Risk Management and Preparations for the First Deep Water Well in Nigeria
Authors: Berger Fredrik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Statoil is among the leaders in protecting health, environment and safety in all aspects of the business. The evaluations of business opportunities and development of blocks opened by authorities for petroleum exploration, are assessed in accordance with the goals for environmental protection. Progressive improvement of environmental performance is secured through proper environmental risk management. In 1995, Statoil, the technical operator on Block 210 off the Nigerian coast, was the first company to drill in deep waters in this area. An exploration well was drilled in a water depth of about 320 meters.
The drilling preparations included environmental assessment, drillers Hazop, oil spill drift calculations, oil spill response plans and environmental risk analysis.
In the environmental preparations for the well, Statoil adhered to local and national government legislation, as well as to international guidelines and company standards. Special attention was paid to the environmental sensitivity of potentially affected areas. Statoil co-operated with experienced local companies, with the authorities and other international and national oil companies.
This being the first deep water well offshore Nigeria, it was a challenge to co-operate with other operators in the area. The preparations that were carried out, will set the standard for future environmental work in the area. Co-operation difficulties in the beginning were turned positively into a conscious attitude to the environmental challenge.
Synergi and E & P Forum HSE Management System Helps Companies Improve HSE Performance and Reduce Losses
Authors: Grundt Hans Jørgen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of information on accidents and near-misses to improve HSE performance and reduce losses in Exploration and Production activities. Incidents are considered a result of management system failure. To avoid incidents and recurrence of incidents, companies should adopt an integrated HSE Management System and software especially designed for recording, analyzing and following up events. The E&P Forum has issued guidelines to support current company HSE Management systems and practices Concurrently. the Synergi Project has been established to facilitate experience transfer and effective handling of incidents as part of an integrated HSE Management System. The paper describes how important it is to learn from past mistakes, to have a management system which facilitates the implementation of the required corrective action, and that tools for improved loss control arc available.
A Three-Phase, Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of the Steam Flood Process
Authors: Abdalla A. , Coats K.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A numerical model of steam-drive oil recovery was developed and tested. The implicit pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) technique pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) technique was used to solve the three-phase fluid flow equations for compressible fluids. A method was developed and applied to determine the temperature and the rate of steam condensation implicitly from the heat-balance equation. Both techniques were used in computer simulators for linear and two-dimensional systems.
A steam-injection experimental study was performed in a linear model. The results of performed in a linear model. The results of this experimental work showed good agreement with the results obtained from the linear numerical computer simulators. The results from the two-dimensional numerical computer simulator was also found to be in good agreement with published two-dimensional experimental results. published two-dimensional experimental results. The numerical simulators were also used to study the effect of some parameters on the steam-drive process. It was found that numerical model results were very sensitive to capillary pressure values. It was also found that the relative permeability data has a minor effect on the results obtained. The oil viscosity was found to affect the process to a large extent. Oil recovery from steam-drive process decreases as the oil viscosity increases process decreases as the oil viscosity increases Also, the recovery curves for low viscosity oils show earlier steam breakthrough than those with higher viscosity.

Introduction
The first part of the work presented here is a physical laboratory model of steam injection in a linear system. A constant pressure boundary condition was used. Two runs were performed on the same model using two different performed on the same model using two different sets of injection and production pressures. Oil recovery and temperature distribution data were obtained. Each run was repeated to check reproducibility of results.
The second part of this work describes the development and application of numerical simulation techniques to solve equations describing the steam-injection process. This simulation model was the implicit pressure-explicit saturation technique to pressure-explicit saturation technique to solve difference equations describing the multiphase flow system. The solution of the heat-balance equation yields the temperature ahead of the steam front and the rate of steam condensation behind the front.
Petroleum Industry and Environment in Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors: Huynh Nguyen Duc 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Can be divided into 3 stages: Before 19751975 – 19811981 till now
Principally in the plain of Red river (volume of more than 40 wells). Southern continental shelf (some drilling wells of Companies of MOBIL, PECTEN etc&).
Appraisal, development and exploitation of Tien Hai C gas field. In the Red River Delta. Exploration in Mekong Delta (2 wells). PSC signed with Deminex, Agip and Bow Valley (12 wells).
Permeability, Cementation and Grain Size: A Deductive Inquiry
Authors: Thomere Roland , Potter Paul Edwin , Sternberg Yaron M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Our objective is to deductively and semi-quantitatively explore the joint effects of grain size and flow on cementation rates and thus on the permeability of sandstones. For example, is it safe for a reservoir geologist to assume that a map of grain size is a good predictor of permeability in a reservoir? predictor of permeability in a reservoir? grain size only of value when one can independently specify a reservoir's history of pale flow? Or conversely, are there any cementation patterns that imply a unique pattern of patterns that imply a unique pattern of paleoflow? paleoflow? The basic equation is
dS/dt = Au,
where S is the cumulative volume of cement deposited per unit volume of sandstone; t is time; a is a dimensionless constant of proportionality depending upon temperature, proportionality depending upon temperature, temperature gradient, pressure, dissolved solutes, etc.; A is the internal surface area per unit volume of sandstone, and u is the velocity of flow. Solutions to this equation suggest that paleoflow needs to be specified before grain size can safely be used as a predictor of the permeability distribution of a sand body.
Numerical models and computer studies may be useful in expanding our understanding of cementation patterns in sand bodies and the relation between grain size and rate of cementation.

Introduction
A sandstone consists of grains, cement, mud and a pore system (Fig. 1). The grains of sandstone provide its essential framework or skeleton and thus define its pore system. This pore system may be wholly or partially filled by pore system may be wholly or partially filled by mud at the time of deposition or later wholly or partially filled by a chemically precipitated partially filled by a chemically precipitated cement. Pressure solution - the development of microstyolites at points of contact between grains - may also contribute to later reduction of pore volume.
Adams first called our attention to the effect of grain size on cementation and permeability of sandstones. He noted that in the permeability of sandstones. He noted that in the near-shore marine Pennsylvanian sandstones of Oklahoma the silts had virtually no permeability but that the interbedded sandstones had a variable permeability. The silts in the Cambrian-Ordovician Hassi Messaoud sandstone in Algeria behave similarly. Here thin, interbedded siltstones are almost completely cemented by silica and show abundant pressure solution and have negligible permeability, whereas permeability in the interbedded sandstones, can be appreciable (Fig. 2).
The Market for "Greener" Chemicals
Authors: MacFarlane Timothy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increased regulation in the North Sea area calls for the use of less toxic chemicals in the oilfield industry. European countries with interests in the North Sea are beginning to require the use of these "green" chemicals to prevent further environmental damage.
The Oslo/Paris Commission (OSPARCOM), which will become the official regulatory body for 22 European member countries in 1997, dictates that each member country is responsible for enforcing OSPARCOM regulations. Some countries more stringently apply the regulations than others.
To meet the standards of the regulations, service companies need to evaluate their existing chemical lines and determine which products meet the environmental regulations. The concept of Best Available Technology (BAT) offers companies a way to keep up with continuing changes in environmental regulations. The regulatory agencies for each country provide recommendations on the supply, use, and disposal of chemical products to minimize the discharge of hazardous substances.
As "greener" alternatives become more widely required, manufacturers and oilfield suppliers will have to work together to produce chemicals that meet both environmental regulations and the needs of the oil field. This relationship between the need to develop technological solutions and the BAT can generate a substantial market for "green" chemical substances.
Development and Management of a Large Gas Field by a Computer Simulation
Authors: Sharp D.A. , Arndt H.A. , Coats K.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of an integrated gas-field simulation system to evaluate deliverability designs and operating strategies. The system simultaneously considers the three interacting pressure drops one encounters in a gas gathering system.
Thus the actual backpressures and deliverability as a function of the movement of gas through the entire piping system are obtained. This integrated approach to gathering system design and field development allows rapid evaluation of the various alternates.
The operating system simulated is a large, middle-aged gas producing property located in Alberta, Canada. The primary study area consists of the property owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation. However, due to the extent Power Corporation. However, due to the extent of the producing horizon, the study area included property not owned but adjacent to the property owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the feasibility and economics of maintaining the peak deliverability at contract demand for a period of ten years in the future and the development of a field operating strategy to minimize required investment and minimize or eliminate gas drainage across lease boundaries. The results of these objectives are presented. Additionally a comparison technique for various deliverability design alternates is presented. Finally, a discussion of the installation and utility of the integrated system on a small computer is included.

Introduction
It has long been recognized that gas well deliverability is a function of the three pressure drops, in the reservoir, in the pressure drops, in the reservoir, in the production string and in the surface piping production string and in the surface piping and compressor configuration. Actual gas well deliverability and, consequently, total field deliverability can be computed only when all three pressure drops are considered simultaneously. Because each of the pressure drops is associated with a different flow system, three different simulation equations are involved. To perform rigorous compression studies, reservoir studies or gas gathering system design, one must integrate these three simulation segments in such a manner that the flows and pressures balance at each node in a multiwell gathering system.
3 1/2" Coiled Tubing Completions in PDO
Authors: Al Hookani Said , Churchfield Sean , O'Neill John 
Published: December 2007

Summary
PDO has established a goal for well technology of being able to drill, evaluate, complete and service multilateral horizontal wells at balance or underbalanced. Reeled systems have a clear potential in this area. A project has been set in place to prove or develop technology to meet this goal. Separate trial programs are underway to investigate the drilling and completion elements required. These will be combined with the results of an underbalanced drilling trial to allow under or at balance operations during each phase of the well's life.
The Coiled Tubing Drilling, Evaluation and Completion (CTDEC) project began in 1993 with a feasibility study outlining the potential benefits of a CT operation. Technical trials to prove the feasibility of the activities began in 1994 with a sequence of 3 drilling trials, and a single CT completion. In 1995, eight 3-1/2" CT completions were run; 4 ESP completions and 4 gas lift completions. Further trials are planned, 2-7/8" slim dual water injectors and 6 velocity strings for gas lift wells. Results so far indicate that the CT operations can be carried out technically. The next phase of the project will be to demonstrate the commercial viability of the activities in both the Drilling and Completion areas before moving to at or underbalance operations. The Drilling Engineering part of the project is continuing with a 15 well sidetracking trial to confirm the economic benefits. The completion project is rounding off the technical trials before establishing further work scope.
This article focuses on the Completion phase of the project.
Integrating Conservation and Development in Papua New Guinea - A Chevron/World Wildlife Fund Case Study
Authors: Henry Don , Grant-Suttie Francis , Price Jim , Fraizer Will 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conserving biological diversity and enhancing the well-being of people is a significant challenge for all of society including both the private sector and conservation organizations. This paper describes efforts by the Kutubu Petroleum Development Project (KPDP), operated by Chevron Niugini, and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to enhance conservation of the rich biological diversity of Papua New Guinea and to assist local indigenous communities with sustainable development. Supported by a grant from the KPDP, WWF is implementing an integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) with local communities in the 2.3 million hectare Kikori River catchment located in the Gulf and Southern Highlands Provinces. The region is characterized by biologically diverse tropical rain forests that provide the predominant livelihood for over 40,000 indigenous peoples. The Kikori ICDP is assisting local people to establish culturally appropriate conservation management areas and to develop eco-tourism, sustainable fisheries, and community based eco-forestry. Detailed biological surveys established the conservation significance of the region, and confirmed the health of the environment. The KPDP is a one billion US dollar capital cost operation which produces Papua New Guinea's first commercial oil reserves. Protecting people and the environment is an essential design and operational criteria for the KPDP. Comprehensive environment and community policies including strict design codes and operational standards, rain forest protection measures, and community business and public health programs are used to minimize the environmental impact and to increase local community benefits. This case study demonstrates the benefits to conservation and local communities of the collaborative efforts of the KPDP and WWF, and the national benefits of a new development paradigm where the economic and environment interests of a nation are considered together.
Use of the SP for Exploitation - Case Histories
Authors: Jasper A. Rex , Isaac Robert L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method of restoring or normalizing the spontaneous-potential (SP) curve in thick fractured formations is presented. The Restored SP is then used to delineate the best drilling locations or recompletion candidates.
Two case histories are reviewed:
(1) the application in the Marmaton zone in the Oklahoma Panhandle, and
(2) the application in the Woodford zone in South Central Oklahoma.
The Restored SP technique has been successfully applied in the above reservoirs which defy more conventional log analysis. Histories of application to areas of both high and low well density are reviewed.

Introduction
Most engineers and geologists are familiar with reservoirs which defy quantitative log analysis. This is often due to the inability to calculate porosity and to evaluate reserves from porosity and to evaluate reserves from log-derived properties. Shale content and fractures are two of the most common occurrences which render quantitative log analysis useless. We have experimented with the use of the SP curve to empirically evaluate reserves in fractured reservoirs with high shale content. Our approach is based on the generation of the SP being dependent upon some degree of permeability and that economically recoverable reserves are a function of permeability.
A determination of permeability is not attempted but rather an empirical correlation of SP versus reserves. To apply the RSP technique, data must be gathered and analyzed for individual areas. This approach has been successfully used in two areas of Oklahoma to make recommendations to obtain leases, to drill or re-enter wells, and to recomplete wells.