bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Finnish Men and Women over a Decade
Authors: Hu Gang , Lindström Jaana , Jousilahti Pekka , Peltonen Markku , Sjöberg Lena , Kaaja Risto , Sundvall Jouko , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective: Our objective was to assess a 10-yr change in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) among Finnish men and women.
Design and Subjects: Two cross-sectional population surveys were performed in Finland in 1992 and 2002. A total of 3495 participants aged 45–64 yr were included in the analysis.
Results: In both years the metabolic syndrome was more common among men than women. In men the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome tended to increase slightly between 1992 and 2002, from 48.8–52.6% (P = 0.139) based on the NCEP definition, and from 51.4–55.6% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.102). In women the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased significantly from 32.2–39.1% based on the NCEP definition (P = 0.003), and from 38.0–45.3% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.002). In both sexes the prevalence of high blood pressure decreased, but the abnormalities in glucose metabolism increased between 1992 and 2002. The prevalence of central obesity increased in women between 1992 and 2002.
Conclusions: In Finland the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, based both on the NCEP and IDF definitions, is higher in men than women. However, the increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, from 1992–2002, was significant only among women.
Thyroid Function and Lipid Subparticle Sizes in Patients with Short-Term Hypothyroidism and a Population-Based Cohort
Authors: Pearce Elizabeth N. , Wilson Peter W. F. , Yang Qiong , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Braverman Lewis E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Context: Relations between thyroid function and lipids remain incompletely understood.
Objective: Our objective was to determine whether lipoprotein subparticle concentrations are associated with thyroid status.
Design and Setting: We conducted a prospective clinical study and cross-sectional cohort analysis at a university endocrine clinic and the Framingham Heart Study.
Subjects: Subjects included 28 thyroidectomized patients with short-term overt hypothyroidism and 2944 Framingham Offspring cohort participants.
Main Outcome Measures: Fasting subclass concentrations of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) particles were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. TSH values were also measured.
Results: Total cholesterol and LDL-C were increased during short-term overt hypothyroidism. Large LDL subparticle concentrations increased during hypothyroidism (917 ± 294 vs. 491 ± 183 nmol/liter; P &lt; 0.001), but more atherogenic small LDL was unchanged. Triglycerides marginally increased during hypothyroidism, small VLDL particles significantly increased (P &lt; 0.001), whereas more atherogenic large VLDL was unchanged. Total HDL-C increased during hypothyroidism (76 ± 13 mg/dl vs. 58 ± 15 mg/dl; P &lt; 0.001). There was no change in large HDL-C particle concentrations, whereas small (P &lt; 0.001) and medium (P = 0.002) HDL-C particle concentrations decreased. Among Framingham women, adjusted total cholesterol and LDL-C were positively related to TSH categories (P ≤ 0.003). This was due to a positive correlation between adjusted large LDL subparticle concentrations and log-TSH (P &lt; 0.0001); log small LDL subparticle concentrations decreased slightly as log-TSH increased (P = 0.045). Among Framingham men, the only significant association was a positive association between log-TSH and log large HDL subparticle concentrations (P = 0.04).
Conclusions: There is a shift toward less atherogenic large LDL, small VLDL, and large HDL subparticle sizes in hypothyroid women.
Protein Kinase A-Independent Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Thyroid Cancer Cells by 8-Cl-Adenosine
Authors: Robinson-White Audrey J. , Hsiao Hui-Pin , Leitner Wolfgang W. , Greene Elizabeth , Bauer Andrew , Krett Nancy L. , Nesterova Maria , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPurpose: Protein kinase A (PKA) affects cell proliferation in many cell types and is a potential target for cancer treatment. PKA activity is stimulated by cAMP and cAMP analogs. One such substance, 8-Cl-cAMP, and its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine (8-Cl-ADO) are known inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation; however, their mechanism of action is controversial. We have investigated the antiproliferative effects of 8-Cl-cAMP and 8-CL-ADO on human thyroid cancer cells and determined PKA’s involvement.Experimental Design: We employed proliferation and apoptosis assays and PKA activity and cell cycle analysis to understand the effect of 8-Cl-ADO and 8-Cl-cAMP on human thyroid cancer and HeLa cell lines.Results: 8-Cl-ADO inhibited proliferation of all cells, an effect that lasted for at least 4 d. Proliferation was also inhibited by 8-Cl-cAMP, but this inhibition was reduced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; both drugs stimulated apoptosis, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine drastically reduced 8-Cl-cAMP-induced cell death. 8-Cl-ADO induced cell accumulation in G1/S or G2/M cell cycle phases and differentially altered PKA activity and subunit levels. PKA stimulation or inhibition and adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists did not significantly affect proliferation.Conclusions: 8-Cl-ADO and 8-Cl-cAMP inhibit proliferation, induce cell cycle phase accumulation, and stimulate apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. The effect of 8-Cl-cAMP is likely due to its metabolite 8-Cl-ADO, and PKA does not appear to have direct involvement in the inhibition of proliferation by 8-Cl-ADO. 8-Cl-ADO may be a useful therapeutic agent to be explored in aggressive thyroid cancer.
Complex Demonstratives, QI Uses, and Direct Reference
Authors: King Jeffrey C. 
Published: December 2007

Complex demonstratives (in the singular) are noun phrases that result from combining the determiners `this' or `that' with syntactically simple or complex common noun phrases such as `woman' or `woman who is taking her skis off'. Thus, `this woman', and `that woman who is taking her skis off' are complex demonstratives. There are also plural complex demonstratives such as `these skis' and `those snowboarders smoking by the gondola'.My book Complex Demonstratives: A Quantificational Account argues against what I call the direct reference account of complex demonstratives (henceforth DRCD) and defends a quantificational account of complex demonstratives. In two recent papers, Nathan Salmon has criticized one of the book's arguments against DRCD. In this essay I show that Salmon's criticism fails. I also show that the version of DRCD that Salmon ends up endorsing is false.
Workforce Design with Movement Restrictions Between Workstation Groups
Authors: Bard Jonathan F. , Wan Lin 
Published: December 2007

This paper is concerned with the problem of determining the optimal size and composition of a permanent workforce needed to run a facility when demand is specified by a workstation group (WSG) for up to 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. For full-time employees, a solution is characterized by a bid job, which consists of a five-day-a-week schedule, a lunch break for all shifts, and a set of WSG task assignments for each of the half-hour periods in a shift. In contrast, each part-time employee may be given anywhere from one to six shifts during the week, and each shift may vary from four to eight hours in length. To facilitate supervision, all employees must be assigned to a home WSG, but when idle time exists in their schedules, they can be redeployed to other WSGs for a portion of the day. One of the complicating and unique factors addressed in this paper is the existence of nonsymmetric movement restrictions between WSGs. For example, an employee whose home base is A may be permitted to perform tasks at B, but not vice versa. Because the full problem could not be reduced to a single model, a multistage solution approach was developed. In the first stage, an extended shift-scheduling problem is solved to determine the optimal number of employees and their shifts. The results are postprocessed in subsequent stages to obtain lunch breaks, days off, and task assignments under WSG movement restrictions. In the implementation of the multistage approach, two alternatives were explored. The first was based on the idea of partitioning the WSGs into manageable clusters and then solving them in series. The second involved the direct solution of an integer programming formulation of the task assignment problem with home-base restrictions and WSG movement restrictions, but for a fixed workforce. An iterative scheme was used to adjust the size of the workforce until all constraints were satisfied and overall optimality was achieved. Testing was done with data provided by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) mail processing and distribution center (P&DC) in Dallas. The computations showed that the second alternative always yielded the smaller workforce and was always able to find good solutions within 30 minutes.
Hyaline membrane disease of the neonate prolonged intubation in management: Effects on the larynx
Authors: Hawkins Donald B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHyaline membrane disease, an illness of premature neonates, is associated with 20–30% of all neonatal deaths and 50–70% of premature deaths in the United States. Often related to perinatal hypoxia, its basic pathophysiology consists of surfactant deficiency with diffuse atelectasis, and pulmonary hypoperfusion.With expanding knowledge of hyaline membrane disease, methods of management evolved to the use of assisted ventilation with endotracheal tubes. One hundred twenty‐two surviving infants with hyaline membrane disease were intubated for periods of four to 112 days at the Los Angeles County‐USC Medical Center over a five‐year period. Their clinical courses, and effects of intubation on their larynges, are discussed.Autopsy examination of 30 neonatal larynges after intubation revealed a high incidence of ulcerations within the cricoid area. The neonate's tolerance of intubation must be due to resiliency of its cricoid cartilage. Microscopic changes in cartilage with growth are demonstrated. With growth, cartilage matrix increases; it becomes less hydrated, more fibrous, and more rigid.Neonates with normal larynges can tolerate long periods of intubation with polyvinyl chloride, uniform diameter, endotracheal tubes. With the use of principles successful in neonatal intubation, older patients can tolerate longer periods of intubation than was acceptable in earlier years; however, while intubation of neonates can be measured in weeks, in older patients it should still be measured in days.
Compound frontal sinus injuries with intracranial penetration
Authors: Donald Paul J. , Bernstein Leslie 
Published: December 2007

AbstractExtensive trauma to the forehead, resulting in large penetrating wounds of the frontal sinus that extend into the frontal lobes of the brain, has traditionally been treated by frontal sinus ablation. Although this operation eliminates dead space, it leaves the patient with a depressed area in the forehead with little protection for the brain.The success of Nadell and Kline in replacing skull fragments following compound depressed skull fractures yet avoiding infection has spurred us to attempt this technique in penetrating injuries of the frontal sinus. By preserving the anterior frontal sinus wall, we have not only afforded protection for the frontal lobes of the brain, but, at the same time, avoided the cosmetic defect that would be left by an ablation procedure.This procedure has been performed on two patients at our institution. After a two‐year follow‐up, excellent forehead profile preservation has been achieved and there has been no evidence of bone absorption or infection at any time since surgery.
Place of total thyroidectomy in rhinolaryngologists' surgical treatment of thyroid disease
Authors: White Irving L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTotal thyroidectomy is more frequently performed and is becoming more widely accepted as the treatment of choice for more surgical diseases of the thyroid gland. Improvement in anesthesia, presurgical and postoperative care, as well as more meticulous surgical technique, have decreased the complications associated with this operation. As is demonstrated, morbidity and complications of total thyroidectomy are no more frequent nor severe than when subtotal thyroidectomy is performed. This allows boadening of the indications for total thyroidectomy to include more cases which will be better controlled, but for which total thyroidectomy had been withheld because of the fear of increased morbidity.
Postoperative facial paralysis: The otologist's dilemma
Authors: Althaus Sean R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the problems of postoperative facial paralysis complicating middle ear and mastoid surgery. The anatomy of the tympanic and mastoid portions of the facial nerve is discussed, and facial nerve anomalies, dehiscences and variations are described. Helpful landmarks for locating the facial nerve in the diseased and congenitally abnormal temporal bone are reviewed. A discussion of the etiology of immediate and delayed postoperative facial paralysis is presented, together with four illustrative case histories. Management of the problem is based upon accurate documentation of immediate versus delayed paralysis, and may vary from a period of watchful waiting to medical or surgical therapy.The modern otologic surgeon must be thoroughly familiar with the anatomy of the facial nerve within both the normal and the abnormal temporal bone. This familiarity is based upon the quality of his training, the scope of his surgical experience, continuing medical education, and upon an honest appraisal of his own capabilities. The current medicolegal climate dictates that it is better to refer a problem case than to suffer a bad result. This is likely to be the situation in the forseeable future.
Recurrent mixed tumors of the parotid gland—results of surgical therapy
Authors: Fee Willard E. , Goffinet Don R. , Calcaterra Thomas C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe clinical courses and methods of therapy of 26 patients with recurrent tumors of the parotid gland treated at the Stanford University and University of California at Los Angeles Medical Centers between 1955 and 1973 are reviewed. Seven approaches to the management of complete tumor removal and avoidance of permanent facial nerve injury are discussed. After analysis of 44 recurrences in 26 patients with mixed parotid tumors treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy, we concluded the following: The mean interval to first recurrence was 7.7 years (range 3–21 years), while that of the second was only 2.1 years. The mean time to third recurrence was 4.3 years. Surgery designed to spare the facial nerve resulted in transitory facial paresis or paralysis in 52% of the patients and permanent impairment persisted in 29% (minimum 3 year follow‐up); however, only 8% had a permanent facial paralysis involving greater than 20% of the facial nerve.
Retrolabyrinthine approach: Technique and newer indications
Authors: Brackmann Derald E. , Hitselberger William E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractExcellent exposure of the cerebellopontine angle is obtained by an approach through the mastoid posterior to the labyrinth. Since the major portion of the dissection is extradural, this approach is associated with a very low morbidity.The retrolabyrinthine approach has been used for several years for selective partial section of the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve in cases of trigeminal neuralgia. Complete relief of pain has been accomplished in 25 of 28 cases, and the other 3 patients had partial relief of pain.The only complications in these patients were partial hearing impairment in 2, and 1 partial abducens nerve paralysis which subsequently recovered completely. Two patients required secondary closure of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.This approach has also been used for exploration and biopsy of cerebellopontine angle tumors and for treatment of other cranial nerve problems. We conclude that the retrolabyrinthine approach is the preferred route to the cerebellopontine angle in a variety of clinical conditions.
The biphasic acoustic reflex: A new perspective
Authors: Love J. Thom , Stream Richard W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe anatomic, neurologic, and physiologic characteristics of the middle ear structures have created confusion concerning the nature of the intra‐aural muscle reflex. After reviewing the relevant literature, we correlated this information with our studies of human temporal bones and computer analyses of the acoustic reflex responses of individuals with normal hearing. Our hypothesis is that although the stapedius is the initiator of the reflex and the primary contributor to ossicular chain fixation, the tensor tympani is responsible for the major observed response. The negative deflection present in normals tested on the impedance bridge is caused by the stapedius, whereas the large positive deflection is the result of the tensor tympani contraction. We postulate that proprioceptive feedback mechanisms located within the stapedius muscle and tendon permit and/or initiate tensor tympani contraction during acoustic stimulation.
Nerve conduction time in bell's palsy
Authors: Rogers Robert L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of idiopathic Bell's palsy. One hundred thirty seven cases of Bell's palsy were analyzed. It is shown that the use of E.M.G., facial nerve conduction time, and stimulating thresholds necessary to achieve supramaximal stimulation reduced the number of patients with complete paralysis in the poor prognosis group to 20.6% as compared to 37.5% when the nerve excitability test alone was utilized.
Hearing investigation in relation to the duration of acoustic signals
Authors: Abramovich Solomon J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present study was designed to test the peculiarities of hearing perception on dependence of acoustic signal duration both in normal hearing subjects and in those with conductive and sensorineural deafness. It was found that in patients with pure conductive hearing impairment the shortest time necessary for tonal sensation of the sound signal corresponded to normal values. However, in 35 out of 63 patients investigated with cochlear deafness, it was found that the signal had to be of longer duration before pitch could be distinguished from a click.
The Social Scientist and Policy-making: Some Cautionary Thoughts and Transatlantic Reflections
Authors: Sharpe L. J. 
Published: December 2007

There has been a rapid increase in public policy by social scientists over the last ten years, but much of the literature that attempts to discuss the contribution that social scientists might make to public policy-making appears to be overoptimistic and exaggerates the potential contribution that social science might make. One reason for this may be that it has drawn too much on the American experience which is not applicable to the British context because social science has a lower status generally here and because policy-makers feel that they have less need of outside help.
Another reason for the tendency to over-optimism is that insufficient attention is being given to the limitations placed on policy-makers, especially the need for rapid decision-making, and to the inappropriateness of much social science to policy-making. There are also underlying conflicts of attitudes between policymakers and social scientists that make co-operation very difficult, not least of these being the fact that social scientists are unable to back their theories with validated proof. Given these restraints, the most effective contribution may come externally from books by social scientists with a conscious policy intent which permeate public opinion rust and then get translated into policy. This certainly seems to have been the traditional role of social scientists in this country.
Positive Discrimination in Education: A Review of the British Experience
Authors: Gray John 
Published: December 2007

Almost a decade has passed since the Plowden Report recommended positive discrimination in favour of the educationally disadvantaged. In the meantime efforts to secure its implementation have met with limited enthusiasm. The initial optimism with which programmes were launched has been quickly dampened by waves of pessimistic conclusions from American research. The lack of directly relevant British evidence has permitted a measure of optimism but, in general, the publication of the Educational Priority Area (EPA) reports has tended to confirm the American findings. The projects had little consistent effect on children’s educational performance.
In consequence the EPAs have been dismissed as ‘failures’. The present article argues that this is too narrow a view of their contribution to the improvement of strategies for positive discrimination. Their ‘failure’ cannot be analysed in isolation from the more general process of educational decision-making upon whose assumptions they were perched. The various reports underline the weaknesses and contradictions in those assumptions. Against this background the EPAs represent an effective instrument for policy development, especially when compared with other, existing, more institutionalized forms. The article concludes by indicating the qualitative improvements that must be secured before any quantitative increase in resources can be expected to bring about effective strategies for positive discrimination.
Efficiency Promoting Innovation in Social Care: Social Services Departments and the Elderly
Authors: Davies Bleddyn , Ferlie Ewan 
Published: December 2007

Like all output-producing organisations, social services departments must be concerned with efficiency, this concern being redoubled in the new era of budgetary retrenchment. In these circumstances, the fostering of innovations which will contribute to greater efficiency becomes crucial. In an attempt to analyse this process, we first of all list various ‘signs’ which indicate the presence of greater efficiency and then produce ‘scores’ for authorities on this basis which we predict through various modelling procedures. We conclude that the most successful approach to the study of the improvement of efficiency through innovation sees such behaviour as largely motivated by the search for external finance. In these circumstances the construction of appropriate organisational incentives, such as Joint Finance, takes on a new significance.
We then analyse the process of implementation of such innovatory schemes and locate two cut-off points; the initial floating of the idea and the transition to mainstream practice. The latter blockage can be best explained through internal bargaining procedures among established producer groups.
Our conclusions are threefold. First, reviews of service provision clearly increase the propensity to innovate. In this case, it would appear to be most unwise to ask for disproportionate cuts in research, planning and development staff who usually playa major part in such reviews. Second, external financial incentives do playa major role in improving efficiency through innovation. Recent decisions to increase the level of Joint Financing must therefore be welcomed. Finally, internal barriers to innovation can be best overcome by top level support for innovation combined with the use of development officers to bridge the gap between very different producer groups.