bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Open Economy Assumption Really Mean That Labor Bears the Burden of a Capital Income Tax?
Authors: Gravelle Jane G , Smetters Kent A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The conventional view holds that domestic labor, not domestic capital, bears most of the long-run burden of a corporate income tax in an open economy due to the ability of capital to move across borders. This result assumes that domestic and foreign products (as well as investments) are perfect substitutes. This paper includes imperfect product substitution within a multi-sector open-economy model, and shows that much of the burden may fall on capital. To be sure, if savings falls sufficiently, much of the burden shifts to labor, but this fact also holds in a closed economy. Hence, the debate about tax incidence must focus more on the savings response and less on whether an economy is open or closed.
Capital Movements and the Political Economy of Trade Policy
Authors: Gomes Neto Delfim 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We develop a political economy model of trade policy using a sector specific factor model with international capital mobility, looking for the relationship between protection and the composition of foreign capital. As foreign direct investment is remunerated at the marginal productivity of capital, an increase of the tariff raises its remuneration, increasing also the transfer of resources abroad. This is an additional cost of the tariff in terms of welfare. As external debt is remunerated at a given international interest rate, the additional cost of protection in terms of welfare does not appear. Then the equilibrium tariff with external debt is higher than with foreign direct investment. We present evidence for a panel of developing countries observed between 1970 and 1998 giving support to the main implication of the model. We find a significant effect of the composition of foreign capital on trade policy, implying that countries which have relatively more foreign direct investment than external debt also have less protection.
Academic Performance and Part-Time Employment among High School Seniors
Authors: DeSimone Jeff 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This study estimates the effect of hours worked at a part time job on GPA among 12th grade respondents to the annual 19912004 Monitoring the Future surveys. I use two stage least squares (2SLS) with indicators for various levels of unearned income, which are strong predictors of hours worked, as instruments. Results show that GPA increases with additional work hours up to 15 per week and then declines. 2SLS estimates are substantially larger than those from ordinary least squares and robust to exclusion restrictions variations. Working has a small negative impact on educational time, but a much larger quadratic impact, which is negative up to 1520 hours per week, on time spent watching television and in social activities. Effects are stable across the sample period, larger for females, non-whites and metropolitan area residents, and linearly positive but substantially smaller for students with high future discount rates.
Decreased protein nitration in macrophages that overexpress indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
Authors: Keskin Derin , Marshall Brendan , Munn David , Mellor Andrew , Gearhart Debra 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe activity of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO; E.C. 1.13.11.42) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of tryptophan to form kynurenine. IDO activity consumes superoxide anions; therefore, we postulated that over-expression of IDO might mitigate superoxide-anion dependent, oxidative modification of cellular proteins in vitro. We prepared and characterized RAW 264.7 macrophages that were stably transfected with either an IDO expression vector or the control (empty) vector. We detected IDO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in the IDO-transfected macrophages, but not in the macrophages transfected with the empty vector. To generate superoxide anions in situ, we treated the IDO-and control-transfected cultures with xanthine or hypoxanthine, and then used ELISA methods to quantitate the relative levels of oxidatively modified proteins in total cell lysates. The levels of protein carbonyls were similar in IDO-transfected and vector-transfected macrophages; however, protein nitration was significantly less in IDO-transfected cells compared to control transfectants. In addition, steady-state levels of superoxide anions were significantly lower in the IDO-transfected cultures compared with control transfectants. Our results are consistent with the concept that, besides degrading tryptophan, IDO activity may protect cells from oxidative damage.
Influences of Lovastatin on membrane ion flow and intracellular signaling in breast cancer cells
Authors: Wei Na , Mi Man , Zhou Yong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLovastatin, an inhibitor of cellular cholesterol synthesis, has an apparent anti-cancer property, but the detailed mechanisms of its anti-cancer effects remain poorly understood. We investigated the molecular mechanism of Lovastatin anti-tumor function through the study of its effect on membrane ion flow, gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), and the pathways of related signals in MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. After treatment for 24–72 h with 4, 8 or 16 μmol/L Lovastatin, cellular proliferation was examined via the MTT assay, and changes in membrane potential and cellular [Ca2+]i were monitored using confocal laser microscopy. In addition, the expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 1 (PMCA1) mRNA was analyzed via RT-PCR, the GJIC function was examined using the scrape-loading dye transfer (SLDT) technique, and MAPK phosphorylation levels were tested with the kinase activity assay. The results showed that Lovastatin treatment significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It also increased the negative value of the membrane potential, leading to the hyperpolarization of cells. Moreover, Lovastatin treatment continuously enhanced [Ca2+]i, although the levels of PMCA1 mRNA were unchanged. GJIC was also upregulated in MCF-7 cells, with transfer of LY Fluorescence reaching 4 to 5 rows of cells from the scraped line after treatment with 16 μmol/L Lovastatin for 72 h. Finally, downregulation of ERK1 and p38MAPK phosphorylation were found in Lovastatin-treated MCF-7 cells. It could be deduced that Lovastatin can induce changes in cellular hyperpolarization and intracellular Ca2+ distributions, and increase GJIC function. These effects may result in changes in the downstream signal cascade, inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 cells.
Genetic diversity of SIRE-1 retroelements in annual and perennial glycine species revealed using SSAP
Authors: Chesnay Catherine , Kumar Amar , Pearce Stephen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSequence Specific Amplification Polymorphisms (SSAP) were used to measure the distribution and structure of SIRE-1 retroelement populations in annual and perennial Glycine species. For SSAP analysis, primers corresponding to a region immediately upstream of the 3’LTR of the soybean retroelement SIRE-1 were chosen. Analysis reveals that SIRE-1 is present throughout the Glycine genus and shows that the annual species have similar SIRE-1 populations whilst the perennial species have much more distinct and diverse populations. The high number of species-specific subgroups suggest that SIRE-1 has been active and evolving independently in each species during the course of Glycine evolution.
How influenza’s neuraminidase promotes virulence and creates localized lung mucosa immunodeficiency
Authors: Bhatia Ajay , Kast Richard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNeuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme coded for by the genome of influenza critical for its pathogenicity and survival. Three currently accepted roles for this NA in promoting influenza virulence are: 1. NA cleaves newly formed virus particles from the host cell membrane. Without NA, newly formed virus would remain attached to the cell within which it was produced. 2. NA prevents newly released virus particles from aggregating to each other, preventing clumping that would reduce dissemination. 3. NA promotes viral penetration of sialic acid-rich mucin that bathes and protects respiratory epithelium through which the virus must spread and replicate. We outline here previous research evidence of two further, albeit hypothetical, functions of NA that together could cause disruption the mucosa-IgA axis, creating localized partial immunosuppressed state, enhancing both influenza infection itself and secondary bacterial pneumonia: 4. IgA provides primary immunoglobulin defense of mucosal surfaces. The hinge region of IgA is normally sialylated. IgA denuded of sialic acid is recognized, bound, and cleared by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Thus, IgA exposed to free NA would be so denuded and have increased hepatic clearance. 5. NA removes sialic acid moieties from mucosa-residing gamma/delta T cells or IgA producing B cells. Previous work indicates desialylation of these lymphocytes' outer cell membrane results in altered homing, to bone marrow, away from mucosa. Currently marketed NA inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are FDA approved in USA for influenza prophylaxis and treatment. These NA inhibitors lower incidence of secondary bacterial infection in cases where an influenza infection occurs despite their use. Moreover, they are ameliorative in patients with secondary bacterial infections treated with antibiotics, a benefit that surpasses the treatment of antibiotics alone. We interpret these last two points as indicating our ascription of localized immunosuppression to influenza's NA could be correct and lead to new treatments of infections generally.
Prins and C-PRINS: Promising tools for the physical mapping of the lupin genome
Authors: Kaczmarek Anna , Naganowska Barbara , Wolko Bogdan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo molecular cytogenetics methods, PRINS (primed in situ DNA labeling) and C-PRINS (cycling PRINS), were optimized for the physical mapping of several types of DNA sequences on the mitotic chromosomes of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). The fragment of the FokI element from Vicia faba was localised by indirect PRINS reaction. Two other sequences, fragments of the coding sequences of L. luteus and of L. angustifolius, were localised by indirect C-PRINS. These techniques are faster and more sensitive than FISH, and they allowed the mapping of short DNA fragments. The data obtained shows that both types of PRINS are valuable tools for chromosome identification in lupin.
Impending Landscapes of the Architextile City: An Interview with Dominique Perrault
Authors: Garcia Mark 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe qualities of textiles for Dominique Perrault ‘represent a real expansion of the feeling of architecture’. Through the application of highly innovative meshes, Perrault has realised ‘synthetic landscapes’ that introduce an entirely new type of public space. Mark Garcia visited Perrault in his studio in Paris to discuss his work, his collaborations with manufacturers and ultimately his vision for applying textiles to ‘a more democratic, human and pleasurable’ type of urban space. The qualities of textiles for Dominique Perrault ‘represent a real expansion of the feeling of architecture’. Through the application of highly innovative meshes, Perrault has realised ‘synthetic landscapes’ that introduce an entirely new type of public space. Mark Garcia visited Perrault in his studio in Paris to discuss his work, his collaborations with manufacturers and ultimately his vision for applying textiles to ‘a more democratic, human and pleasurable’ type of urban space. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fumed silica activated subtilisin Carlsberg in hexane in a packed‐bed reactor
Authors: Pfromm Peter H. , Rezac Mary E. , Würges Kerstin , Czermak Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnzymatic catalysis in organic solvents can enable applications, reactivities, and selectivities that are not accessible in water. The use of enzymes for catalysis in organic solvents has been somewhat hampered by their relatively low‐catalytic activity. A new preparation of the enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) with fumed silica as support (FS) has been developed. This preparation matches and sometimes exceeds the activity of some of the best reported preparations of the same enzyme for use in solvents. The usefulness of our preparation in a packed‐bed reactor is explored here. The catalytic characteristics of our preparation containing 5 wt % of enzyme/95 wt % FS in a packed‐bed reactor for a model transesterification in hexane is determined. Mass‐transfer limitations are explored, and a comparison to batch results is given. The activity of our preparation after prolonged storage as a packed bed is investigated. Our immobilized enzyme preparation may be a step towards more economical enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
A comparison of the catalytic partial oxidation of C1 to C16 normal paraffins
Authors: Panuccio G. J. , Dreyer B. J. , Schmidt L. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of C1 through C16 normal alkanes is examined on Pt and Rh‐coated α‐Al2O3 ceramic foam supports. New data for heavy liquid fuels (≥ C6) are combined with previously reported data for lighter hydrocarbons to explore the effects of reactant fuel molecular weight, catalyst metal, and support structure on the CPO of normal paraffins. These results show that, independent of catalyst metal and support geometry, fuel conversion and the total selectivity to olefin products increase with increasing chain length of the reacting fuel. Conversely, the selectivities of H2 and CO decrease with increasing molecular weight of the reacting fuel. Pt catalysts generate higher selectivities to ethylene and other olefins than Rh catalysts, but Rh is the better catalyst for synthesis gas (H2 + CO) production. Catalyst supports with lower internal surface area to volume ratio produce lower selectivities of H2 and CO and higher selectivities of H2O, ethylene, and other olefins than high surface area to volume catalysts. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Prediction of properties in homologous series with a shortcut QS2PR method
Authors: Cholakov Georgi St. , Stateva Roumiana P. , Shacham Mordechai , Brauner Neima 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor prediction of properties of pure compounds in homologous series a shortcut version of the authors' QS2PR technique is introduced. The structure–structure relationship between a target compound and three predictive compounds from its homologous series is described in the short version with the number of carbon atoms and one easily calculated noncollinear molecular descriptor. This correlation provides predictions of high precision for properties of members of the homologous series, if property data for interpolation are available. It can also be used for short‐range extrapolation with precision similar to that of asymptotic relationships. The advantages of the proposed method over the existing methods are that with the structural correlation parameters it predicts all structure‐dependent properties of the target and enables estimation of its missing properties even if properties for only three predictive compounds are available. The method can also use as a descriptor the normal boiling temperature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Is “war” essential for peace? A methodology for the psychoanalysis of conflict and prejudice
Authors: Maher Alice Lombardo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the first year‐and‐a‐half of an ongoing internet research project, and suggests other projects. The projects are designed to address issues of conflict and prejudice by bringing dynamic constellations alive in the form of ongoing dialogues that provide safe arenas for the more direct expression of misinterpretations, fantasy distortions, and aggression. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of the revised Cedars‐Sinai health‐related quality of life for rheumatoid arthritis instrument
Authors: Chiou C. F. , Sherbourne C. D. , Cornelio I. , Lubeck D. P. , Paulus H. E. , Dylan M. , Chang C. H. , Weisman M. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo improve accuracy and content coverage of the original 33‐item Cedars‐Sinai Health‐Related Quality of Life for Rheumatoid Arthritis Instrument (CSHQ‐RA).MethodsA total of 312 RA patients from 55 sites were screened in a 24‐week trial. Patients completed an expanded 48‐item version of the CSHQ‐RA, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (MOS SF‐36), and Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) Disability Index at 5 visits. The revised CSHQ‐RA was created based on response frequencies and distributions, item‐to‐item correlation, factor and Rasch analysis, and input from experts. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and responsiveness. Minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was also measured.ResultsResponse rates were 93% at baseline and 71% at 12 weeks. Eighty‐one percent of respondents at baseline were women, mean ± SD age was 52 ± 12 years, and mean ± SD duration of RA was 10.8 ± 10.4 years. The revised CSHQ‐RA included 36 items measuring 7 domains (4 original and 3 new). All Cronbach's alpha coefficients were >0.8, indicating good internal consistency. Test–retest reliability measured intraclass correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.86 to 0.95. All 7 domains correlated significantly with the MOS SF‐36 and HAQ, indicating good convergent validity. Analysis of variance of disability group scores showed good discriminant validity (P < 0.0001). The MCIDs ranged from 6.2 for social well‐being to 14.8 for pain/discomfort.ConclusionThe revised CSHQ‐RA was validated using a broader RA patient population. It captures 3 additional domains (social well‐being, pain/discomfort, and fatigue), which allow for measuring all important aspects of health‐related quality of life.
Effectiveness of behavioral graded activity in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Veenhof Cindy , Köke Albère J. A. , Dekker Joost , Oostendorp Rob A. , Bijlsma Johannes W. J. , Van Tulder Maurits W. , Van Den Ende Cornelia H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of a behavioral graded activity program (BGA) compared with usual care (UC; exercise therapy and advice) according to the Dutch guidelines for physiotherapy in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and/or knee. The BGA intervention is intended to increase activity in the long term and consists of an exercise program with booster sessions, using operant treatment principles.MethodsWe conducted a cluster randomized trial involving 200 patients with hip and/or knee OA. Primary outcome measures were pain (visual analog scale [VAS] and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]), physical function (WOMAC), and patient global assessment, assessed at weeks 0, 13, 39, and 65. Secondary outcome measures comprised tiredness (VAS), patient‐oriented physical function (McMaster Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire [MACTAR]), 5‐meter walking time, muscle strength, and range of motion. Data were analyzed according to intent‐to‐treat principle.ResultsBoth treatments showed short‐term and long‐term beneficial within‐group effects. The mean differences between the 2 groups for pain and functional status were not statistically significant. Significant differences in favor of BGA were found for the MACTAR functional scale and 5‐meter walking test at week 65.ConclusionBecause both interventions resulted in beneficial long‐term effects, the superiority of BGA over UC has not been demonstrated. Therefore, BGA seems to be an acceptable method to treat patients with hip and/or knee OA, with equivalent results compared with UC.
Stability of the patient acceptable symptomatic state over time in outcome criteria in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Tubach Florence , Pham Thao , Skomsvoll Johan F. , Mikkelsen Knut , BjØrneboe Olav , Ravaud Philippe , Dougados Maxime , Kvien Tore K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State (PASS) is the highest level of symptoms beyond which patients consider themselves well. It provides clinically meaningful information to interpret results from scales or questionnaires. Our goal was to determine the PASS in main outcome criteria when assessing patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to evaluate whether the PASS is stable over time.MethodsWe used data from a randomized controlled trial of 330 patients with AS. The PASS was estimated at weeks 2, 6, and 12 for the following patient‐reported outcomes: global pain (measured on a visual analog scale [VAS]), nocturnal pain (VAS), patient's global assessment of disease activity (VAS), disease activity (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and functional impairment (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI]). We used an anchoring method based on patients answering yes or no to, “Is your current condition satisfactory, when you take your general functioning and your current pain into consideration?” The PASS was defined as the 75th percentile of the score for patients who considered their state satisfactory. All patients were considered together in the analysis.ResultsThe values (95% confidence interval) of PASS were 33.5 (29.2–38.6) for pain, 28.0 (23.1–34.1) for night pain, 35.7 (31.3–41.1) for patient's global disease assessment, 31.4 (26.9–37.0) for BASFI, and 34.5 (30.9–38.9) for BASDAI. The PASS estimates were stable over time for all criteria during followup.ConclusionThis study provides cutoff values for the PASS for the main outcome measures in AS and shows that PASS values are stable over time.
Impact of the diagnostic label of osteoarthritis on perceptions of disability and willingness to help a parent in African Americans and whites
Authors: Mingo Chivon A. , McIlvane Jessica M. , Haley William E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveFamily members are central to arthritis care, but little is known about public perceptions of osteoarthritis (OA) and how cultural diversity affects these perceptions. We examined the effects of participant race and diagnostic label of OA on family members' perceptions and willingness to help a parent with OA.MethodsA total of 105 young adult African American and 308 young adult white participants were randomly assigned to read 1 of 2 vignettes (OA label versus no label) describing an older mother with marked pain and disability. Effects for race and diagnostic label were examined.ResultsParticipants who were told that the mother had OA were more likely to believe the mother's problems were due to illness, but were less likely to believe that better health care would improve her condition than participants not told a diagnosis. African Americans attributed less blame to the mother, showed less anger, more sympathy, and were more willing to help compared with whites.ConclusionThe finding that the OA label leads to pessimism concerning the benefits of health care for a parent suggests a need for public education on the effectiveness of arthritis care. Race differences in perceptions of the parent and willingness to provide care are consistent with previous literature on race and family caregiving, and indicate that cultural values regarding family caregiving may be important in arthritis care. Family members could serve as important allies for elderly individuals with OA, and public health efforts should not just target older adults but should also provide information on arthritis care for families.