bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workshops in Public Involvement: Do They Help Find Common Ground?
Authors: Twight Ben W. , Carroll Matthew S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A case study of public involvement in a controversial land-use plan indicated that participants who attended one or more Forest Service workshops failed to see themselves in any greater agreement with the agency than did participants who merely wrote letters or attended public meetings. Among each participant group (workshop attenders and non-attenders, perceived differences between the public and the agency were about twice as great as actual differences. This ratio of real to imagined differences is consistent with findings of two earlier studies where workshops were not part of the involvement technique. The failure to achieve more consensus suggests that the agency was seen as an adversary rather than as a mediator in the workshop process.
Browse Preferences of Jackrabbits and Cottontails for Species Used in Shelterbelt Plantings
Authors: Swihart Robert K. , Yahner Richard H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Preference ratings were computed for genera and families of trees and shrubs commonly planted in shelter-belts and windbreaks and subjected to winter browsing by white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) and eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus). These animals used evergreens less than deciduous species. In general, they preferred the Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Oleaceae, and Caprifoliaceae families. Guides for selecting planting stock should include a measure of a species' susceptibility to browsing, at least in localities where rabbits or hares are numerous.
Aspen Regeneration after Commercial Clearcutting in Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Crouch Glenn L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Commercial clearcutting of mature quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) on blocks ranging from 3 to 17 acres resulted in 30,000 sprouts per acre and 90-percent stocking of half-milacre plots after one growing season. Six years later, sprouts averaged 7,000 per acre, stocking was 76 percent, and mean height of the tallest stem 8.1 feet. Although these numbers were adequate for restocking, the poor condition of most sprouts, resulting from cattle trampling and snow breakage, strongly threatens the successful replacement of sawlog-quality growing stock.
Forest Management and Ruffed Grouse Populations in a Minnesota Coniferous Forest
Authors: Gullion G. W. , Alm A. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fluctuations of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus (L)) populations resulted from forest management and changes in stand composition on two study areas, each about 259 hectares in size. An important factor influencing ruffed grouse populations is the presence or absence of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.; P. grandidentata Michx.) in forest stands. Dense young aspen sapling and pole stands provide cover where grouse are relatively secure from predation, while the presence of mature aspen provides high-value winter food. Management that favors conifers reduces ruffed grouse habitat.
Barriers to Coordinating Federal and State Resource Assessments in California
Authors: Parry B. Thomas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A growing number of California's forest resource management problems have inseparable public and private components. Future sources of timber, cost-effective recreation supply, and cumulative impacts of public and private timber harvesting are three prime examples. Ideally, coordinating federal and state planning would be aimed at solving such problems. In practice, current efforts of the USDA Forest Service under the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, as amended by the National Forest Management Act, and California's activities under its Forest Resources Assessment and Policy Act are falling far short. Coordinating federal and state resource planning will first require coordinating federal and state resource assessments. Currently, resource assessment is undertaken independently by each agency. Although coordinated assessment is an important first step, significant barriers stand in the way, including data gaps, institutional limitations, political obstacles, budget restrictions, and assessment timing.
Predicting Product Yields from Thinnings in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Baumgras John E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Equations have been developed for estimating the volume per acre of sawlogs, sawbolts, and pulpwood of fuelwood that can be harvested by thinning hardwood stands of poletimber or small sawtimber size. These equations were derived from actual roundwood yields obtained by thinning 17 stands of Appalachian hardwoods in Virginia and West Virginia, and measuring the product volume of each cut tree 5.0 inches in d.b.h. and larger. If the amount of basal area to be removed per 2-inch d.b.h. class is known, the equations facilitate estimates of alternative yields from thinnings and help identify opportunities for multiproduct harvesting.
Applying Trade-Off Analysis To National Forest Planning
Authors: Connaughton Kent P. , Fight Roger D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A trade-off analysis is required for national forest planning. Trade-offs between outputs can be computed with the same linear programming model of the forest used to prepare land-management alternatives. By systematically varying the objective for one of the outputs of an alternative, the resulting trade-off with the output measured by the objective function of the linear program is determined. Trade-offs cannot be reliably computed from the differences between land-management alternatives. Trade-offs may be overstated when inputs such as land are manipulated instead of outputs. A similar overstatement of trade-offs may occur when a sufficiently wide range of management regimes is not provided to the model. Since a trade-off analysis is only as good as the fundamental production relationships on which it is based, misleading trade-offs can result for alternatives producing a mix of outputs outside the range of historical experience and supporting data.
Log Merchandising in Aspen
Authors: Sibal Pedro V. , Bowyer James L. , Bradley Dennis P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Northwest and South it is common practice to buck logs into various products at some central point in the woods or at a permanent installation; sorting criteria are designed to maximize economic return. Material from a given harvest may yield peeler bolts, sawlogs, pulpwood, pallet bolts, and firewood sticks. Though widespread and apparently profitable elsewhere, the practice, known as log merchandising, is seldom employed in northern forests. In a study of aspen in northern Minnesota, 20 percent or more of woodsrun stem volume was of sawlog quality. Such information was combined with technical and economic data to make a discounted cash flow analysis of three mobile and four fixed-site merchandiser systems. Though requiring an investment of $3.3 million (1981 dollars) a double-line linear system designed for use in a concentration yard appeared to be the most economically attractive under a variety of assumptions about raw material quality and economic factors. With mobile chipping units, prelogging to glean sawlog material appeared feasible if the proportion of sawlog volume exceeded 20 percent. Sorting logs at the landing immediately prior to chipping was found to be less profitable than chipping alone.
Optimum Dot-Grid Density for Area Estimation with Aerial Photographs
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , Bailey Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dot-count sampling to estimate area from 1:12,000 scale aerial photographs was tested with grid densities of 4, 16, and 49 dots per square inch. All three densities gave unbiased estimates. Variances may be validly estimated by assuming random sampling and the binomial model when dot density is greater than 27--the optimum density for per-dot reduction in variance. The coefficient of variation can be predicted from dot density of the grid and estimated proportion of dots in the cover type of interest.
Modeling Behavior of Prescribed Fires in Yosemite National Park
Authors: Van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Botti Stephen J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The National Fire Danger Rating System and the Fire Behavior Prediction System were tested on prescribed fires burning underneath canopies in six fuel types in Yosemite National Park, California. The mean error for rate of spread was +0.03 foot per minute for the NFDRS and -0.15 foot for the FBPS. For flame length the mean error was -0.38 foot for both systems. Regressions provided factors for correcting predicted values. Burning prescriptions based on the models have been adjusted for the variation in their predictive capability.
Price Reporting of Forest Products to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Rosen Barry N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Of late, price reporting has been proposed to make more information available to the nonindustrial private forest landowners. Proponents say reporting stimulates owners' participation in the timber economy by increasing their awareness of potential returns and their negotiating confidence. A 1980 nationwide survey found only 14 states with regular price reporting services. In order to expand price reporting, problems of periodicity, sponsorship, data sources, and distribution must be dealt with.
Size of Forest Holding and Investment Behavior of Nonindustrial Private Owners
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Wisdom Harold W. , Moak James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Size of forest holding is known to be positively related to timber production on nonindustrial private forests. Explanations for this relationship have centered on economies of tract size, diminishing marginal utility, and the landowner's alternative rate of return. The basis of the third concept is that owners of the large forest holdings tend to have better financial positions than owners of small holdings, and thus have more incentive to manage intensively. Correlation analysis of Mississippi data confirms the positive relationships between size of forest holding, a landowner's financial position, and management intensity.
Forestry Curricula by Region and Subject Matter
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The general forestry or forest management curriculum of each of the 42 SAF-accredited institutions that offered a four-year baccalaureate degree in forestry in 1983 was dissected into categories of required coursework. Averages were compiled for four geographic regions. Forestry education as reflected by these averages is remarkably consistent among regions.
Firewood Use in Idaho: Implications for Forest Management
Authors: Ellen Force Jo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey shows that, demographically, firewood collectors on national forests in Idaho are fairly typical of Idahoans in general, if somewhat wealthier. The most important reason they collect firewood is to save money. However, the statewide average of 50.5 miles driven one way, each trip, to obtain an average of 5.9 cords of wood--and other collecting behaviors reported--challenges this motive. Contrary to many forest managers' belief that recreation is the primary motivation, respondents said recreation was the least important. Forest management decisions regarding permit fee structure, availability of wood, and collecting practices could have important consequences for collectors.
Gaming Aids for Resource Managers
Authors: Joseph Chris A. , Gardner Philip D. , Mills Thomas J. , Hunter T. Parkin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Development of mathematical models to aid resource managers in decision-making has frequently out-stripped empirical databases. The experience of resource managers and specialists can be used to augment limited databases. The challenge is in integrating expert opinion with empirical data to obtain new information that neither alone possesses. Structured gaming exercises can help. We have drawn from gaming literature and resource management applications, specifically wildfire suppression gaming, to suggest gaming aids for resource managers.
Have Controls Reduced Log Exports in the Pacific Northwest?
Authors: Wiseman A. Clark , Sedjo Roger A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Patterns of U.S. softwood log exports are reviewed, along with salient features of restrictions on exports of logs from federal lands. Theoretical conditions under which restrictions will affect log exports are discussed, and an indirect test is made of the hypothesis that restrictions have no effect. Results suggest that restrictions have curtailed the volume of exports for higher quality logs only, leaving the lower and medium grades that constitute over 50 percent of U.S. softwood log exports unaffected.
Carbaryl Prevents Attacks on Lodgepole Pine by the Mountain Pine Beetle
Authors: Gibson Kenneth E. , Bennett Dayle D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A pilot project was conducted during 1977 on the Targhee National Forest, Idaho, to test the effectiveness of carbaryl insecticide in preventing attacks by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). For comparison, lindane was applied to alternate blocks of trees. The insecticides were applied as water-based sprays using hand-held spray apparatus. Carbaryl was applied at 2.0 percent, and lindane at 1.3 percent. Success of each chemical was based on comparisons between treated trees and adjacent untreated ones. Carbaryl was 100-percent effective while lindane was only 45-percent effective. Follow-up evaluations after beetle flight in 1978 and 1979 showed a single treatment of carbaryl was 98.4-percent effective in preventing beetle attacks after a second season but only 66.6-percent effective following a third season. In stands of high-value trees, carbaryl can be a safe, economical, and highly efficient way to protect individual trees.
Costs and Benefits of a Mature First-Generation Loblolly Pine Tree Improvement Program
Authors: Talbert J. T. , Weir R. J. , Arnold R. D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
First-generation tree improvement programs with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are now reaching maturity. Yields from first-generation seed orchards in the North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program are now great enough to allow most members to meet all of their regeneration needs with improved stock. Progeny test measurement is a major activity of the cooperative, with the final first-generation progeny tests established in 1983. Final crop gains on 25-year rotations from one generation of loblolly pine tree improvement are estimated to be as high as 7 percent in height (site index), 12 percent in cubic foot volume, and 32 percent in harvest value. Tree improvement continues to be an attractive investment opportunity. Rates of return for investments in loblolly pine tree improvement depend on seed orchard yields, but appear to be on the order of 17 to 19 percent after taxes.
Logging and Forest Roads Related to Increased Debris Slides in Southwestern Oregon
Authors: Amaranthus Michael P. , Rice Raymond M. , Barr Nicholas R. , Ziemer Robert R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Debris slides over a 20-year period were inventoried on 137,500 acres of forested land in the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon. Frequency during the study period was about one slide every 4.3 years on each 1,000 acres--an erosion rate of about ½ yd³ per acre per year. Erosion rates on roads and landings were 100 times those on undisturbed areas, while erosion on harvested areas was seven times that of undisturbed areas. Three-quarters of the slides were found on slopes steeper than 70 percent and half were on the lower third of slopes. The study area was subdivided into nine geomorphological erosion response units which exhibited profound differences in natural erosion rates and responses to disturbance. The results serve as a guide to appraising slide risk associated with planned timber harvests or road construction on forested slopes.
Integrating Research and Extension to Organize a Forest Landowners' Association
Authors: Broderick Stephen H. , Miller David R. , Holmes Thomas P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Some research projects at the University of Connecticut were specifically designed to serve an Extension effort to organize a forest landowners' association. The association was provided with current, accurate information on the forest, its owners, and the local timber markets. This information was used to focus organizational efforts and to set goals and priorities.
Economic Costs of Fire-Suppression Forces
Authors: McKetta Charles W. , González-Cabán Armando 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A procedure to estimate costs of fire management inputs for presuppression and large fire suppression found significant hourly cost differences by deployment status among 12 units--ranging from small engines to 20-person handcrews--in three western states and three USDA Forest Service regions. Estimated suppression costs were 32 to 138 percent higher than current planning figures. Overhead, training, facilities, and equipment were major sources of cost variation. Fiscal 1981 hourly suppression costs ranged from $40 for small engines on standby in the Forest Service's Southwestern Region to $595 for a 20-person handcrew in the Pacific Northwest Region during large fire suppression.
Availability, Quality, and Selection of Browse by White-Tailed Deer After Clearcutting
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W. , Fahey Timothy J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of large-scale forest harvest on the production, nutritive quality, twig size, and use of four preferred species of browse by white-tailed deer in a spruce-fir forest in New Hampshire. Red maple produced the most new twigs (44-fold increase 3 years after harvest), and 99% of these were sprouts from stumps. Mountain maple and mountain ash twig production increased by factors of 3.5 and 1.9, respectively, and most twigs were borne on stems that survived the clearcutting. Most yellow birch (4-fold increase after 3 years) colonized from newly dispersed seed. For all species of browse except yellow birch, clearcutting resulted in (1) significantly larger, heavier twigs, and (2) significantly higher concentrations of protein and soluble carbohydrates. Deer removed a higher proportion of twigs from the clearcut than from the uncut forest. Mountain ash and mountain maple were the preferred species on both sites. Management implications are discussed.
Shifting Southern Softwood Stumpage Supply: Implications for Welfare Estimation from Technical Change
Authors: Newman David H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper estimates the economic benefits from increasing timber inventory in the southern softwood forest over the period from 1950 to 1980. The analysis measures the benefits arising to consumers and producers of stumpage from increases in softwood stumpage availability. Over the period of the analysis, average total benefits are roughly equal between the pulpwood and solidwood (combined lumber and plywood) stumpage markets. Average combined benefits range from $1.3 million to $5.3 million per year (1967 $). The size of the total benefits are more greatly affected by the level of shift assumed than they are by the structural characteristics of the market. The distribution of the benefits, however, differs quite markedly depending on the market structure. Pulpwood consumers (pulp and paper mills), for instance, receive greater than 150% of the total benefits from increased productivity effects on stumpage production as producers receive negative benefits. Solidwood producers receive positive benefits from increasing supply, although only 10% of the total benefits that are created. These distributional imbalances in the effects of policies designed to improve forest productivity should be considered in future analyses which assess the impacts and returns of these policies.
A Critical Examination of "Another Look at Leopold's Land Ethic"
Authors: Callicott J. Baird 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Reevaluating Aldo Leopold's land ethic is timely, but Boris Zeide's critique of it is both biased and logically flawed. The real target of Zeide' essay is ecosystem management. The real sciences in which the land ethic is grounded are evolutionary biology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology, not the outmoded Clementsian superorganism paradigm in ecology. Although Zeide believes in a strictly zero-sum world, Aldo Leopold had faith that we could achieve win-win solutions: log our forest and maintain their health and integrity; prosper economically and protect out ecological heritage.
Defending the Ethics of Ecological Restoration
Authors: McQuillan Alan G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ecological restoration has been attacked as a morally repugnant attempt to take nature. "Postmodernism," or poststructuralist epistemology, has been similarly attacked for its rejection of belief in "real nature." The essentialism of these attacks is inconsistent with the empirical basis of science and value. The science of complexity theory is supportive of poststructuralism and ecological restoration, and an understanding of poststructuralism in facts enables us to defend ecological restoration as a joyful and creative act.
Professionals in Environmental Education: Helping Kids Learn about Forestry
Authors: Anderson Dorothy H. , LaVarre Thompson Jerrilyn , Jakes Pamela J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A K--8 school in a suburb of St. Paul has formed a partnership with natural resource professionals to create a school forest for environmental education in the field. The university and agency professionals worked with students to teach them the skills necessary to map and inventory their school grounds. Students then used the inventory data to develop a school forest plan. Over the past four years students have been implementing their plans for both field and classroom work and cross-curricular activities. With the program entering its fifth year, we can advise others looking for similar opportunities.
Entry-Level Competency and Skill Requirements of Foresters: What Do Employers Want?
Authors: Brown Tommy L. , Lassoie James P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey of US forestry employers, asked about the skills and courses they require of entry-level foresters, reveals that today's forestry curricula, supplemented with on-the-job training specific to each position, adequately prepare most four-year graduates starting their careers in government and industry. The dynamic nature of the profession, however, dictates the need for periodic reassessments of curricula. Programs that have not undergone significant change in the last five years are likely out of date. Results of this study show employers' desire for new hires with broad science backgrounds and good communications skills.
The Value of Mesquite for the Rural Southwest: Fine Lumber and Soil Improvement
Authors: Felker Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mesquite has great value as lumber and fuel-wood, and its high-carbohydrate pods are suitable as food for humans, domestic live-stock, and Wildlife. It is, however, detested by ranchers because it invades cattle pastures. Recent evidence suggests that silvicultural practices of thinning and intercropping may provide a permanent reduction in encroachment of young seedlings, an increase in soil fertility from nitrogen fixation, and a source of fine, reddish brown furniture-grade lumber on which significant new industries can be based. Such industries would benefit rural areas in many parts of the world as well as the American Southwest.