bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of mercury concentrations in small mammals collected near Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Authors: Gerstenberger S. L. , Cross C. L. , Divine D. D. , Gulmatico M. L. , Rothweiler A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMercury concentrations in liver and hair tissue were determined for five species of small mammals captured near Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. These data were then used to evaluate the suitability of using hair as a noninvasive technique for determining body burdens of mercury. A total of 104 small mammals were captured and analyzed; four main species were examined and included: Dipodomys merriami, Chaetodipus penicillatus, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida. Mean mercury concentrations were highest in N. lepida, followed by D. merriami, C. penicillatus, and P. eremicus respectively. Positive associations were found between hair and liver taken from D. merriami (r = 0.647) and C. penicillatus (r = 0.533) indicating that hair may be a suitable indicator of body burdens in these two species. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 583–589, 2006.
Indoor and outdoor submicrometer particles: Exposure and epidemiologic relevance (“the 3 indoor Ls”)
Authors: Franck Ulrich , Tuch Thomas , Manjarrez Maria , Wiedensohler Alfred , Herbarth Olf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAirborne particles represent a very important pollutant with respect to healthy housing conditions. The snag is that in lack of indoor data epidemiological studies focusing on submicron and ultrafine (<100 nm in diameter) particles are usually forced to use outdoor particle concentrations only. On the other hand it is known that people spend most of their time indoors. The aim of this paper is therefore to give a short comprehensive overview of the indoor/outdoor problem with regard to submicron and ultrafine particles, investigating how indoor particle size distributions correlate with outdoor concentrations in the absence of significant indoor sources. In the absence of a major indoor source, total indoor particle number concentrations were always lower than outdoor concentrations. The highest ratios between indoor and outdoor concentrations tend to correlate with lower rather than higher total outdoor particle number concentrations. Concentration ratios depend on particle size. Time lags of the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of indoor and outdoor particles of different diameters have been determined to assess the time the particles need to enter the indoor site through closed modern‐type windows. Typical lag times of 0.5–3 h between somewhat smaller indoor particles and somewhat larger outdoor particles have been observed. To assess the resulting particle burden for humans, a suitably weighted average emphasizing indoor aerosol particles must be used. To classify the health effects of particles of different diameters, different decreases of particle number concentrations depending on the particle sizes must be taken into account if indoor concentrations cannot be measured and outdoor concentrations are used in place of indoor measurements. In urban areas, ultrafine particles originate primarily from rapidly increasing traffic, which is the dominating source at many urban sites. The influence of traffic on outdoor and indoor concentrations is therefore of special interest. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 606–613, 2006.
Functional properties of wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) starches
Authors: Sahoré DA , Amani NG , Kamenan A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe starches of the wild yam species Dioscorea praehensilis, D. hirtiflora, D. burkilliana, D. togoensis, D. dumetorum and D. bulbifera (tuber and bulbil) were isolated, and their paste viscosity and clarity, iodine binding and syneresis were investigated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Exact solutions for the unsteady free convection flows on a porous plate with time‐dependent heating
Authors: Toki C.J. , Tokis J.N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe unsteady free‐convection flows of a viscous and incompressible fluid near a porous infinite vertical plate (or wall) are investigated under an arbitrary time‐dependent heating of the plate. Exact solutions of this problem are obtained with the help of Laplace transform technique, when the plate is moving with an arbitrary time‐dependent velocity and for special cases of the impulsive and the accelerated heating effects. These solutions are given in closed form for arbitrary Prandtl number of the fluid and for the thermal porous wall with or without suction or injection. The particular cases of the thermal plumes which are responsible for atmospheric pollution are also discussed.
Wax diffusivity under given thermal gradient: a mathematical model
Authors: Correra S. , Fasano A. , Fusi L. , Primicerio M. , Rosso F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we describe how to obtain wax diffusivity and solubility in a saturated crude oil using the measurements of solid wax deposit in the experimental apparatus known as cold finger. Assuming that migration of dissolved wax is primarily driven by thermal gradients, a mathematical model is derived relating the deposit growth rate to the above mentioned quantities. We investigate the case in which the oil is not agitated. Comparisons with available experimental data are performed and possible sources of errors are discussed.
Aqueous enzymatic extraction of coconut oil
Authors: Che Man Y. B. , Suhardiyono  , Asbi A. B. , Azudin M. N. , Wei L. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAqueous extraction of coconut oil with various enzymes was investigated. Several enzyme preparations (cellulase, polygalacturonase, protease, and α‐amylase) were used at different concentrations, pH, and temperature values to enhance oil extraction. After the oil had been released by the enzyme reaction, it was separated by centrifugation. The results showed that an enzyme mixture at 1% (w/w) each of cellulase, α‐amylase, polygalacturonase, and protease at pH 7.0 and an extraction temperature of 60°C represented the most effective extraction conditions with an oil yield of 73.8%. Quality characteristics of the oil were as follows: moisture content, 0.11%; free fatty acid, 0.051%; peroxide value, 0.016 meq oxygen/kg; anisidine value, 0.026; iodine value, 8.3; saponification value, 260; and color, 0.6 (Y+5R). This technique for recovering oil from fresh coconut meat with enzymes is a significant improvement in both oil yield and quality over the traditional wet process.
Tempering method for chocolate containing milk‐fat fractions
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Full N. , Dimick P. S. , Ziegler G. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnhydrous milk fat (AMF) was fractionated by a two‐stage dry fractionation process to produce three fractions—high‐(HMF), middle‐(MMF), and low‐melting (LMF). The effect of replacing 12.2–40% by weight of cocoa butter with these fractions on the tempering profile of milk chocolate was studied. Degree of temper was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, and expressed as the ratio of enthalpies of melting for higher‐stability polymorphs to those of lesser stability. The degree of temper was dependent on the crystallization time and temperature, and the type and quantity of milk‐fat fraction in the formulation. Chocolates containing AMF or its fractions in concentrations of up to 20 wt% (total fat basis) were tempered after a conventional thermocycling tempering process (50°C/30 min, 27.7°C/4 min, 31°C/2 min) to obtain products with good contraction and mold release properties. For those milk chocolate formulations that did not temper by the conventional method and resulted in poor contraction and mold release, a new tempering protocol was developed. Lower crystallization temperatures and/or longer holding times were required at concentrations of AMF, MMF, or LMF above 20%. Chocolate containing HMF required slightly higher crystallization temperatures because of high viscosity. Chocolates containing up to 35% HMF and up to 40% of the total weight of fat in the chocolate of AMF, MMF, and LMF were successfully tempered by adjusting crystallization time and temperature.
Soybean seed composition under high day and night growth temperatures
Authors: Gibson L. R. , Mullen R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh diurnal temperatures often affect development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but little is known about the relative influence of high day and night temperatures on the chemical composition of the seed. This study was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of high day and night temperatures during flowering and pod set (R1–R5), seed fill and maturation (R5–R8), and continuously during the reproductive period (R1–R8) on soybean seed oil, protein, and fatty acid composition. Day/night temperatures of 30/20, 30/30, 35/20, and 35/30°C were imposed on the soybean cultivar Gnome 85 in growth chambers. The day/night temperature combinations during R1–R5 had little effect on the oil and protein concentration and the fatty acid composition of seed produced. As mean daily temperature increased from 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R5–R8 and 25 (30/20) to 33 (35/30)°C during R1–R8, and oil concentration decreased and protein concentration increased. Increased day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, averaged across the two night temperatures, increased oleic acid and decreased linoleic and linolenic acids. When night temperature was increased at 30°C day temperature during R5–R8 and R1–R8, oleic acid decreased and linoleic acid increased. When night temperature was increased at 35°C day temperature during R1–R8, oleic acid increased, and linoleic and linolenic acids decreased. These results indicate the importance of high day and night temperatures during seed fill and maturation in the oil, protein, and fatty acid composition of soybean seed.
Crystallization characteristics of methyl tallowate and its blends with ethanol and diesel fuel
Authors: Hanna Milford A. , Ali Yusuf , Cuppett S. L. , Zheng Danian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl tallowate was prepared from edible beef tallow via transesterification, and was blended with ethanol and/or No.2 diesel fuel in different ratios. Crystallization characteristics of methyl tallowate and its blends were studied at temperatures ranging from 22 to −16°C. Blending ethanol with methyl tallowate reduced crystal formation at all temperatures. As the temperature of the blends was reduced from 22 to 0°C, there was no effect on crystal formation of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids. Below 0°C, the saturated fatty acids crystallized at a much faster rate than the unsaturated fatty acids.
Antioxidant effects of flavonoids ofAnthriscus sylvestris in lard
Authors: Milovanovic M. , Picuric‐Jovanovic K. , Vucelic‐Radovic B. , Vrbaski Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEthanol/water (7∶3) extracts of the plant speciesAnthriscus sylvestris possess antioxidant activity. Separation and identification of antioxidant components by thin‐layer and column chromatography and spectral analysis demonstrated that quercetin and apigenin appeared to be the main flavonoid species inAnthriscus sylvestris. Rutin was one of the major quercetin glycosides. Structures of the isolated compounds were determined by infrared and1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Ethanolic extract (70%) ofA. sylvestris showed concentration‐dependent, strong antioxidant activity as determined by the Schaal Oven test of lard at 60°C. Rancimat analysis at 100°C showed that the antioxidant activity of 70% ethanolic extract ofA. sylvestris was superior to quercetin, apigenin, or a tocopherol mixture.
Quantitative Fourier transform infrared analysis for anisidine value and aldehydes in thermally stressed oils
Authors: Dubois J. , van de Voort F. R. , Sedman J. , Ismail A. A. , Ramaswamy H. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission‐based spectroscopic method was investigated for the simultaneous monitoring of aldehyde formation and the determination of anisidine value (AV) in thermally stressed oils. Synthetic calibration standards were prepared by adding known amounts of hexanal,t‐2‐hexenal andt,t‐2,4‐decadienal to canola oil (these compounds considered representative of aldehydic compounds formed during oxidation) plus random amounts of other compounds representative of oxidation by‐products. The standards were analyzed for their chemical AV. With the partial least squares (PLS) technique, an FTIR spectrometer was calibrated to predict both the concentrations of individual aldehyde types and AV, with the individual aldehyde contributions being related to the chemical AV by multiple linear regression to derive “apparent” AV values. The predictive capability of the PLS calibrations was assessed by analyzing canola oils that were thermally stressed at 120, 155, and 200°C. The apparent AV, predicted for these samples, matched the chemical AV values within ±1.65 AV units. A PLS calibration also was derived by using thermally stressed samples as calibration standards. This approach provided similar predictive accuracy as the use of synthetic calibration standards. As such, quantitative determination of AV by FTIR spectroscopy was shown to be feasible, and the synthetic calibration approach provided additional information on the aldehyde types present in a sample and allowed the use of a simple gravimetric approach for calibrating an FTIR spectrometer. This study provides the basis for the development of a rapid, automated FTIR method for the direct analysis for AV of thermally stressed fats and oils in their neat form without the use of chemical reagents. The implementation of such a method as a quality control tool would eliminate the use and disposal of hazardous solvents and reagents, required by the conventional chemical method, and drastically reduce analysis time (∼2 min/sample). Possible applications include monitoring of the oxidative state of frying oils or evaluation of oxidative stability of biodegradable lubricants.
Miscella refining test method for the determination of cottonseed oil color
Authors: Wan P. J. , Pakarinen D. R. , Hron R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMost of the cottonseed oil mills in the United States have already converted to expander solvent extraction and miscella refining. This practice permits mills to produce and market a consistently light‐colored, prime bleachable summer yellow cottonseed oil at reduced cost and refining loss. A laboratory‐scale miscella refining test was developed to asses the oil quality in terms of its color. The test involves the addition of 3 parts oleic acid per 100 parts of crude oil in the miscella followed by refining with 2.5 parts NaOH when crude oil contains less than 4.5% free fatty acid (FFA). When crude oil contains FFA between 4.5 and 7.5%, no oleic acid is added prior to refining with 2.5 parts NaOH. When crude oil contains FFA higher than 7.5%, no oleic acid is added and the caustic addition table in American Oil Chemists' Society Method Ca 9a‐52 is followed. The test was conducted at room temperature and gave reproducible colors comparable to commercially refined oils.
Assessment of potential prooxidant and antioxidant actions
Authors: Aruoma Okezie I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSuggestions that oxidative stress plays a role in human diseases have led to the proposal that health might be improved by increased dietary intake of antioxidants. Plant‐derived antioxidants, such as flavonoids or rosemary extracts, are increasingly proposed as important dietary antioxidant factors, and foods rich in antioxidants are also receiving attention. Before widescale usage of natural and synthetic antioxidants can be suggested, it is necessary to establish the properties of such molecules. Assays for characterizing the potential prooxidant/antioxidant actions of food additives, antioxidant supplements, antioxidant drug molecules, and nutrient components have been developed for this purpose.
The Freundlich isotherm in studying adsorption in oil processing
Authors: Proctor A. , Toro‐Vazquez J. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this review is to discuss the history of the use of the Freundlich isotherm in investigating adsorption processing of vegetable oils and to evaluate its current value in adsorption studies. The Freundlich isotherm was originally developed to explain the adsorption of a single solute from solution. However, a similar adsorption pattern has been observed when studying a more complex system of adsorption of vegetable oil pigments onto bleaching clay during commercial bleaching of vegetable oils. The Freundlich isotherm has been useful for decades in finding the commercial value of adsorbents as long as a narrow experimental interval of adsorbate is used. More recent studies have shown that a complex series of interactions controls the adsorption process. While the isotherm summarizes these interactions, investigating them is vital to understand the physicochemical factors involved during adsorption. Statistical modeling and spectroscopy are useful in understanding the vegetable oil bleaching/refining process as a multiple‐component adsorption system.
The processing of new oilseed crops—An economic evaluation
Authors: Cuperus F. Petrus , Boswinkel Gerard , Derksen Johannes T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe economics of pilot‐ to large‐scale processing of the new oilssed cropsCrambe abyssinica, Euphorbia lagascae, andDimorphotheca pluvialis into oil, fatty acids, or esters were estimated. It was found that the processing costs forCrambe seed to oil is in the same range as that for rapeseed (≈0.5 U.S. $/kg). Production of fatty acid esters from vernolic and dimorphecolic acids requires some special downstream processing operations that result in processing costs of about 1 U.S. $/kg ester. Good‐qualityDimorphotheca oil is much more difficult to obtain and requires supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Processing costs can be as high as 4 U.S. $/kg oil.
Hexane sorption in oilseed meals
Authors: Cardarelli D. A. , Crapiste G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSorptional equilibrium of hexane in oilseed meals was studied as a function of temperature, solvent activity, and oil content. A dynamic technique was implemented based on gravimetric measurements with a Cahn electrobalance. Sorption and desorption isotherms of hexane in sunflower and soybean meals were determined at atmospheric pressure in the range 50 to 95°C. The equilibrium was reached faster during the adsorption process and at high hexane activities. The final equilibrium was not influenced by particle size and sample geometry. Hexane sorption is strongly dependent on temperature, meal composition and oil content, and the effect of hysteresis is negligible. Hexane is mainly retained by adsorption on the cell structure, absorption in the residual oil, and capillary condensation in the meal pores. Experimental equilibrium data were fitted to the GAB equation, and the parameters were determined by nonlinear regression analysis. This model represents satisfactorily the sorption behavior in a wide range of conditions.
Determination of sterols by capillary column gas chromatography. Differentiation among different types of olive oil: Virgin, refined, and solvent‐extracted
Authors: de Blas Oroncio Jiménez , del Valle González Amando 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCompositional analysis of the sterol fraction of olive oil can be used to assess the degree of purity of the oil and the absence of admixture with other plant oils. This determination also permits characterization of the type of olive oil in question: virgin, refined, or solvent‐extracted. In the present work, 130 samples of olive oil were analyzed, the sterol fractions were separated from the unsaponifiable fraction by silica gel plate chromatography, and later they were analyzed as the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by capillary column gas chromatography. From the results obtained, it was concluded that this methodology is able to differentiate among virgin, refined, and solvent‐extracted olive oils. Stigmasterol, clerosterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, Δ7‐stigmasterol, and Δ7‐avenasterol permit the differentiation of the three types of oil from one another. Campesterol, Δ5, 23‐stigmastadienol, β‐sitosterol, and Δ5,24‐stigmastadienol permit the differentiation of only two oils from each other but confirm the conclusions obtained for other sterols. Correlations between the different sterols of virgin, refined, and solven‐extracted olive oil also have been obtained.
Rapid and complete extraction of free fatty acids from oilseeds for acid value determination
Authors: Berezin O. Yu. , Tur'yan Ya. I. , Kuselman I. , Shenhar A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rapidity and uncertainty of the acid value determination in oilseeds are defined by the rate and completeness of the free fatty acid extraction. The strategy of reagent development for extraction has been discussed, and a set of reagents that provide rapid and complete extraction has been obtained. The set consists of two reagents. Reagent A contains triethanolamine in a mixture of water, isopropanol, and heptane. Reagent B contains a strong acid and inorganic salt in water. Reagent A allows the carrying out of rapid (1–2 min) solid‐liquid extraction of the free fatty acids and some other acids from oilseeds. Reagent B provides the separation of the free fatty acids only into the heptane phase (∼5 min), which can be used directly for the free fatty acid determination. Two techniques for this determination have been applied: pH‐metric and titrimetric. The advantages of the proposed set of reagents are described.
Physicochemical characteristics of liposomes formed with internal wool lipids
Authors: Coderch L. , de la Maza A. , Pinazo A. , Parra J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bilayer‐forming capability of internal wool lipids and their physicochemical properties were studied in an attempt to enhance our understanding of the lipid structure, present in wool and other keratinized tissues. Internal wool lipids were extracted and analyzed, and the mixture obtained [sterol esters (10%), free fatty acids (24%), sterols (11%), ceramides (46%), and cholesteryl sulfate (9%)] was shown to form stable liposomes. A phase‐transition temperature of 60°C was obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance spectra for this lipid mixture. The spontaneous permeability of these vesicles was lower than that of phosphatidylcholine liposomes but slightly higher than that of the vesicles formed with lipids extracted from other keratinized tissues with higher amounts of cholesterol. The transmission electron micrographs showed large vesicular aggregates of approximately 300 nm, which seem to be made up of smaller structures of approximately 20 nm in size. This particular structure could account for the large diameters and small internal volumes found by dynamic light‐scattering and spectrofluorometric measurements.
Separation and identification of ximenynic acid isomers in the seed oil ofSantalum spicatum R.Br. as their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives
Authors: Liu Yandi D. , Longmore Robert B. , Fox John E. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oil ofSantalum spicatum contains a significant amount of ximenynic acid,trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid, a long‐chain acetylenic fatty acid, as a major component (34%). The identity oftrans‐ximenynic acid was confirmed after isolation by ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H‐ and13C‐) spectroscopy and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thecis isomer of ximenynic acid was also found (<1%) in some samples. Thecis andtrans isomers were characterized by GC/MS comparison of their methyl esters and 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives.