bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts: V. Kinetics and mechanism at high pressure
Authors: Koritala S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of hydrogenation at 900~950 psi with copper‐chromite catalyst was investigated with pure methyl esters as well as their mixtures. A comparison of double bond distribution intrans‐monoenes formed during hydrogenation of linoleate and alkali‐conjugated linoleate revealed that 85~95% of the double bonds in linoleate conjugated prior to hydrogenation. The mode of hydrogen addition to conjugated triene and diene at high pressure is similar to that at low pressure but positional and geometric isomerizations of unreduced conjugated esters were less at high pressure. Geometric isomerization of methyl linoleate and linolenate was considerable at high pressure whereas it was negligible at low pressure. The absence of conjugated products during hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters resulted from their high reactivity. Conjugated dienes are 12 times more reactive than the triene, methyl linolenate, and 31 times more reactive than the diene, methyl linoleate. The products of methyl linolenate hydrogenation were the same as those predicted by the conjugation mechanism.
A conversion factor to determine phospholipid content in soybean and sunflower crude oils
Authors: Chapman G. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe major phospholipids (PL) from soybeans and sunflowers were separated by 2‐dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the fatty acid composition of each PL was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). PL from soybeans and sunflowers contained high percentages of linoleic and palmitic acids. Only phosphatidylinositol (PI) from both oilseeds were similar in fatty acid composition and the principal acid was palmitic acid. Sunflower phospholipids, except for PI, contained twice as much oleic acid as did those from soybeans. Sunflower PI contained very low but measurable quantities of heptadecanoic acid. The molecular weights (MW) of individual PL were based on their fatty acid composition. The MW found for soybeans and sunflower PL were quite similar even though their fatty acid compositions were different. The average MW of PL in crude soybean and sunflower oils was determined based on the MW of individual PL and their composition in the PL fraction. From that MW, a factor for converting phosphorous content in oil to its PL content was calculated. For both oils, the factor was 25.
Characteristics and composition ofAbutilon pannosum andHibiscus panduriformis seeds and oils
Authors: Kittur M. H. , Mahajanshetti C. S. , Rao K. V. S. A. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofAbutilon pannosum (Forst.) Schlecht., syn.A. muti cum (DC.) Sweet, andHibiscus panduriformis Burm. (Malvaceae), respectively, contained 13.4 and 15.4% oil, and 23.0 and 22.2% protein. The respective seed oil had iodine values of 118.4 and 132.4, and saponification values of 194.3 and 188.8. The fatty acid composition (wt %), as determined by gas liquid chromatography, was: palmitic, 21.3, 12.3; stearic, 2.8, 3.2;oleic, 11.7, 10.2; linoleic, 60.7, 74.3; malvalic, 2.2, trace; sterculic, trace, none; and dihydrocum sterculic, 1.3, none, respectively.
Total oil analysis of soybeans by simultaneous grinding and solvent extraction
Authors: Canessa C. E. , Snyder H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new, rapid method for total oil analysis of soybeans is proposed in which ground soybeans are mixed with solvent and further ground in a closed homogenizer until the oil is completely dissolved. A sample of the slurry can then be filtered and the oil content determined by evaporating the solvent from a measured amount of miscella. Parameters studied included times and speeds needed to produce sufficiently small particles so that all the oil was dissolved. The new analysis compared favorably with conventional Goldfisch extraction for total oil of soybeans. Preliminary experiments indicated that rapeseed could be extracted by the new procedure without preliminary grinding.
Incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into CT‐26, a transplantable murine colonic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gaposchkin Daniel P. , Zoeller Raphael A. , Broitman Selwyn A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrevious studies in our laboratory have shown that marine oils, with high levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22∶6n−3), inhibit the growth of CT‐26, a murine colon carcinoma cell line, when implanted into the colons of male BALB/c mice. Anin vitro model was developed to study the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into CT‐26 cells in culture. PUFA‐induced changes in the phospholipid fatty acid composition and the affinity with which different fatty acids enter the various phospholipid species and subspecies were examined. We found that supplementation of cultured CT‐26 cells with either 50 μM linoleic acid (LIN, 18∶2n−6), arachidonic acid (AA, 20∶4n−6), EPA, or DHA significantly alters the fatty acid composition of CT‐26 cells. Incorporation of these fatty acids resulted in decreased levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, while EPA and DHA also resulted in lower levels of AA. While significant elongation of both AA and EPA occurred, LIN remained relatively unmodified. Incorporation of radiolabeled fatty acids into different phospholipid species varied significantly. LIN was incorporated predominantly into phosphatidylcholine and had a much lower affinity for the ethanolamine phospholipids. DHA had a higher affinity for plasmenylethanolamine (1‐O‐alk‐1′‐enyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine) than the other fatty acids, while EPA had the highest affinity for phosphatidylethanol‐amine (1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine). These results demonstrate that,in vitro, significant differences are seen between the various PUFA in CT‐26 cells with respect to metabolism and distribution, and these may help to explain differences observed with respect to their effects on tumor growth and metastasis in the transplantable model.
Acid‐catalyzed conversion of epoxyesters to hydroxyesters
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Ault W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEsters of 9,10‐epoxystearic aeid (epoxidized oleic acid), dissolved in 1,4‐dioxane, were treated at 15C, first with aqueoiis acid and then with water to convert them to 9,10‐dihydroxystearates in high yields. Ester functions remained intact. Glycidyl 9,10‐epoxystearate, ethylene glycolbis‐9,10‐epoxystearate and catecholbis‐9,10‐epoxystearate were converted to the corresponding tetrahydroxy esters by this method. Treatment of methyl 9,10‐epoxystearate with diluted (24%) fluoboric acid gave methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate in 89% yield. Under similar conditions glycidyl stearate did not react and the internal epoxy group of glycidyl 9,10‐epoxystea‐rate was hydrated preferentially. Hydration of methyl 9,10‐epoxystearate with coned H2SO4 led to the formation of considerable amt of byproducts, principally methyl 9(10)‐ketostearate. Side reactions were inhibited by diluting the acid‐catalyst.
Activation and specificity ofcrambe abyssinica seed lipase
Authors: Tookey H. L. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe lipase ofCrambe abyssinica seed is not ac‐tive in crushed seeds stored at 5–7% moisture at room temp. Lipase activity is very low even at 10–15% moisture: free acids in the crambe oil increased 1.6% to a total of 4% in 6 weeks. At higher moisture levels the lipase is active, hy‐drolyzing the oil in 5–7 weeks. Oil in whole seed is resistant to lipolysis when stored air‐dry. These results indicate good stability of the oil during seed storage and the usual steps in seed processing. Crambe lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides in a nearly random fashion. The hydrolysis pattern indicates a small preference for the shorter chain acids (C16 and C18), but no specificity for position within the triglyceride is apparent.
Refining cottonseed oil at high rates of shear
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Vicknair E. J. , Lovegren N. V. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTen crude cottonseed oils obtained from different areas in the South and Southwest were refined with and without the use of high‐shear agitation in the step involving the initial mixing of the crude oil and caustic soda solution. In each instance the use of high shear produced a lower color in the refined oil. The improvement with some oils was not marked because they either refined very well by the ordinary method or failed for some unexplained reason to respond readily to high‐shear mixing. However a good proportion of the oils which were quite dark after refining by the ordinary method refined to a much lighter oil when high shear was used.It was established that in high shear refining the color of the refined oil decreased as the temperature at which high shear was used decreased, the time at high shear increased, and the rate at which shear was applied increased. However an increase in the latter above a certain value had no effect. Also it was found that the color of the refined oil decreased as the amount and strength of the caustic soda solution increased.Absorption spectra of some of the processed oils indicated that high shear was more effective than ordinary mixing in removing from an oil the gossypol‐like and carotenoid color bodies.
Beef tallow in shortening preparations
Authors: Morris S. G. , Magidman P. , Luddy F. E. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryExperimental shortenings were prepared from various mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil. Three series of shortenings were produced by somewhat different procedures: a) mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil were hydrogenated and then catalytically rearranged; b) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow and cottonseed oil were rearranged; and c) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow and cottonseed oil were rearranged in the presence of 0.43% glycerine.Certain combinations and treatments of tallow and cottonseed oil produced shortenings which compared reasonably well with standard vegetable shortenings.
Correlation of gas liquid chromatographie volatiles with flavor intensity scores of stored sunflower oils
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Lyon B. G. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSamples of sunflower salad oil from seed produced in the northern United States containing butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert‐butylhydroquinone and propyl gallate were stored in flintglass and amber bottles in the presence and absence of light for 16 wk. Using Dupuy's direct gas liquid chromatography method, correlations were made between pentane and flavor intensity scores and total volatiles and flavor intensity scores as well as flavor intensity values (FIV). Samples stored in clear bottles exposed to light had higher scores and pentane content than those stored in amber bottles or in the dark. Peroxide values were highest for samples stored in amber bottles. High correlation was found between flavor intensity scores and pentane and between pentane and FIV for rancid and painty flavor descriptors. Indications from the chemical and sensory data suggested that the addition of antioxidants had little effect on flavor scores when the oil was stored in the absence of light.
High resolution glass capillary columns with chemically bonded stationary phases: application to the gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and steroids in biological extracts
Authors: Madani C. , Chambaz E. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new approach has been developed for the preparation of highly stable glass capillary columns using irreversible bonding of polysiloxane polymers to the glass surface. The general procedure involves (a) synthesis of reactive linear polysiloxanes from variously (alkyl, aryl) substituted dichlorosilanes through homologous or heterologous polymerization under alcaline aqueous conditions, and (b) covalent condensation of the polymers to a properly prepared glass capillary surface at high temperature. The principle has been first applied to the successful preparation of apolar gas chromatographic systems (methylpolysiloxanes), then extended to the obtention of polar systems (methyl phenyl polysiloxanes). The flexibility of the approach is demonstrated by the possibility of obtaining stationary phases of various and controlled polarity (i.e., extent of phenyl substitution), tailor‐made to a given analytical problem. These gas Chromatographic systems appear to be remarkably stable both with time and temperature up to 300 C and compare favorably to existing systems for their high resolution properties. These columns have been satisfactorily used in the last years for the analysis of sterols and steroids of biological origin and most extensively in the study of urinary steroid metabolite in humans under pathological conditions.
Surface active properties of a biosurfactant fromCorynebacterium lepus
Authors: Cooper D. G. , Zajic J. E. , Denis C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA mixture of corynomycolic acids (R1‐CH(OH)‐CH(R2)‐COOH) isolated fromCorynebacterium lepus was shown to have excellent surfactant properties. It caused significant lowering of surface tension in aqueous solution and the interfacial tension between water and hexadecane at all values of pH between 2 and 10. A series of carboxylic acids and some hydroxy‐carboxylic acids and alcohols were also studied as a comparison. None of these caused as large a lowering of the surface and interfacial tensions as the corynomycolic acids. The series of carboxylic acids studied showed that surfactant properties depend on the length of the alkyl chain and the pH of the solution in a manner consistent with the hydrophiliclipophilic balance of these compounds. Hydroxyl substituents caused considerable enhancement of the surfactant properties of long chain carboxylic acids if they were located close to the carboxyl function.
The influence of zeolite type A on metal concentrations in water and waste water
Authors: Obeng L. A. , Carrondo M. J. T. , Perry R. , Lester J. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInvestigations were made to determine the removals of calcium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc from water and waste water samples by different concentrations of zeolite type A and with zeolite type A forms where sodium had been partially exchanged for calcium. Metal concentrations were determined after a range of different treatments such as filtration, sedimentation in columns and centrifugation.The results indicated that the rate of removal of calcium hardness from samples was a function of the calcium hardness present in the samples. High concentrations of zeolite removed all the metals except chromium from water, but only lead, zinc and cadmium from synthetic waste water samples. In water samples containing cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, an increase in the calcium exchanged for sodium in the zeolite resulted in a decrease in the percentage of nickel removed from suspension on mixing. At lower environmental concentrations, zeolite type A had no effect on the removal of metals from raw waste water samples.
Chemical and physical effects of processing fats and oils
Authors: Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean oil is processed for a variety of food uses, salad/cooking oil, margarine and shortening. Crude soybean oil is composed mainly of triglycerides but also contains measurable amounts of minor constituents that may have beneficial or detrimental effects on oil characteristics. The nature of these minor constituents, the role they play in oil stability or deterioration and their fate during processing are subjects of this review. Iodine value, fatty acid composition, solid fat index and congeal point are chemical and physical characteristics of oil that are affected by the hydrogenation process. Techniques and effects of degumming, alkali refining, bleaching, hydrogenation, winterization and deodorization are discussed. Utilization or disposal of by‐products or wastes from each processing step is reviewed.
The Impact of Government on the Detergent Industry in the 1980s
Authors: Brenner T. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs the result of several major legislative actions during the 1970s, broad regulatory authority has been granted to a number of relatively new federal agencies. The degree to which this authority is exercised can have profound impact on both the manufacturers of finished detergent products and their raw material suppliers. In many instances, the direction and intensity of these regulatory ini‐tiatives have not yet come into focus. But it is apparent that the in‐dustry must develop an on‐going dialog with such agencies as the EPA, the CPSC and the Departments of Energy and Transportation to assure that its views are properly understood. In addition, con‐tinuing liaison is required with older agencies, such as the FDA and the FTC. This paper will review recent regulations issued under the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as they apply to the detergent industry. Current and future activities of the CPSC, FDA and FTC also will be discussed. Often overlooked in an analysis of regulatory and legislative impact is the growing role of the states. Recent experiences in this regard will be described, which will be followed by a discussion of poten‐tial future developments at the state level.
Constraints on the disposal of detergent manufacturing waste
Authors: Wendt R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe needs of the detergent industry in the 1980s will require the management of many new regulatory and environmental concerns. The rules and regulations on waste disposal are changing rapidly and are likely to have an ever increasing impact on manufacturing processes. An understanding of the current constraints in disposal of waste will minimize the cost and future problems in this aspect of detergent manufacture. In a broader sense, the detergent industry needs to be continually aware of the concerns within governmental agencies, to be informed on proposed regulations that address these concerns and to provide input into the regulatory process. The detergent industry needs to help regulatory agencies resolve their concerns in such a way that restrictions and costs are minimized.
Phenyloctadecanol and surface‐active derivatives
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. , NuɁez‐Ponzoa M. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhenyloctadecanol from the Friedel‐Crafts reaction, like phenylstearic acid, is a viscous oil and a mixture of several position isomers. Gasliquid chromatography of the acetophenone homologs formed by CrO3 oxidation showed it to be a mixture of 13 position homologs, with substitution of the phenyl group at carbon atoms 5–17. A crystalline 17‐phenyloctadecanol was isolated. Reaction of oily phenyloctadecanol with dioxane‐SO3 sulfated the primary alcohol group to give sodium phenyloctadecyl sulfate CH3 (CH2)xCH (C6H5) (CH2)y CH2OSO3Na, where x + y = 15. Reaction of phenyloctadecanol with 2.4 moles of SO3 gave an impure p‐sulfophenyloctadecyl sulfate, hydrolyzed to sodium p‐sulfophenyloctadecanol CH3(CH2)xCH (p‐Cin6) H4SO3Na) (CH2)yCH2OH, and sulfated again with dioxane‐SO3 to disodium p‐sulfophenyl‐octadecyl sulfate CH3(CH2)xCH(p‐C6H4SO3Na) (CH2)yCH2OSO3Na. Foam, detergency, and other surface‐active properties were compared with those of the p‐sulfo anda‐sulfo derivatives of oily phenylstearic acid.
Oil composition ofCucurbita
Authors: Bemis W. P. , Berry J. W. , Kennedy M. J. , Woods D. , Moran M. , Deutschman A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe entire range of fatty acid composition is found for seeds of self‐pollinated fruit from 22 individual plants representing 17 named species ofCucurbita. It appears that some varieties merit interest as a source of drying oil and edible oils. Xerophytes that are genetically related have similar types of unsaturation and molecular‐weight distribution.
Naturally occurring epoxy acids. IV. The absolute optical configuration of vernolic acid
Authors: Morris L. J. , Wharry D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVernolic acid [(+)‐cis‐12,13‐epoxyleic acid] was transformed by stereospecific reactions to a mixture ofthreo‐9,10,12‐andthreo‐9,10,13‐trihydroxyoctadecanols. The four components of this mixture were separately isolated by chromatography on thin layers impregnated with glycol‐complexing agents. The 9,10,12‐trihydroxyoctadecanols so obtained were identical to the corresponding derivatives of D‐(+)‐ricinoleic acid, thereby proving the absolute optical configuration of the epoxy group of vernolic acid to be D. As a corollary to this the absolute configurations of some other oxygenated fatty acids have been deduced.
Isolation of methylcis, cis‐5, 13‐docosadienoate fromLimnanthes douglasii oil
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell Gene 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethylcis,cis‐5,13‐docosadienoate has been isolated from the mixed methyl esters of the fatty acid moiety ofLimnanthes douglasii oil by a combination of low temperature fractional crystallization and fractionation of mercuric acetate adducts. The methyl ester and its free acid have been characterized.
trans Fatty acids in milkfat
Authors: Deman L. , Deman J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMilkfat is extremely complex, with ca. 500 different fatty acids reported in the triglycerides. Seasonal feed variation results in higher unsaturated fatty acid levels in summer than in winter. Rumen microbes hydrogenate unsaturated feed lipids to yield a mixture of geometrical and positional isomers which are transmitted to the milk. Total isolatedtrans fatty acids in milkfat reported in the literature range from 2 to 11% with maximal values in summer and minimal values in winter. A study was undertaken about the use of AOCS Method Cd 14‐61 for the determination of isolatedtrans levels in milkfat. The triglycerides of milkfat were analyzed using trielaidin as a standard and milkfat methyl esters were analyzed using methyl elaidate as a standard. Corrections were made, for the loss of the methyl esters of the short‐chain fatty acids. The apparent levels oftrans found by using the triglycerides were considerably higher than by using the methyl esters. Infrared spectra of pure triglycerides of saturated fatty acids showed measurable absorption at 10.36 μm, whereas methyl esters of saturated andcis unsaturated fatty acids did not.
Preparation of colorless sunflower protein products: Effect of processing on physicochemical and nutritional properties
Authors: Bau H. M. , Mohtadi‐Nia D. J. , Mejean L. , Debry G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparison was made of the different technological treatments for the preparation of colorless sunflower protein products from the viewpoint of the effect of processing conditions on the extraction yield of nitrogen and lipid, chemical, physicochemical and nutritional properties of the processed products. The technological treatments comprised soaking dehulled seeds in dilute citric acid or sodium bisulfite solution and washing the defatted meal with the respective solution. The defatting process was carried out with hexane or azeotrope (hexane/ethanol). Nitrogen and lipid recovery was slightly greater for hexane defatted products than for azeotrope defatted products. About 21.4% of the phenolic compounds of the sunflower seeds were bound to the proteins of the seeds before processing and therefore could not be eliminated by the aqueous extraction. Aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds was limited for full fat seed. The free phenolic compounds were very stable in acid medium but sensitive to oxidation in alkaline medium and had no significant effect on in vitro enzymatic proteolysis and growth inhibition of rats. Lysine and the bound phenolic compounds were the critical factors responsible for inhibition of enzymatic proteolysis and reduced growth of rats. The diet containing whole seed meal presented a low protein efficiency ratio (PER) value. Citric acid, a chelating agent, proved to be an antioxidant as effective as sodium bisulfite; the products obtained by citric acid treatment had a visually whiter color than those processed by sodium bisulfite.