bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point‐of‐Care Testing: Principles, Practice, and Critical‐Emergency‐Disaster Medicine
Authors: Kost Gerald J. , Tran Nam K. , Louie Richard F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPoint‐of‐care testing (POCT) is defined as testing at or near the site of patient care, wherever that medical care is needed. The goal of POCT is to facilitate immediate evidence‐based medical decisions that improve patient outcomes and reduce patient acuity, criticality, morbidity, and mortality, especially during life‐threatening crises and emergency resuscitations. POCT is efficient and efficacious because it facilitates rapid diagnosis, faster treatment decisions, high‐quality trend monitoring, and patient and physician satisfaction. New point‐of‐care (POC) technologies are appearing rapidly. This article summarizes principles and analytical methods of whole‐blood analysis (WBA) for chemistry, hematology, and hemostasis analytes, cardiac injury markers, and other POC diagnostic tests. Then, the article discusses important clinical aspects, including test clusters and medical indications, methods of monitoring and enhancing performance, and optimization strategies. In the next two decades, diagnostic testing will continue to shift to the POC, necessitating collaborative integration, information consolidation, and Knowledge Optimization®in surgery, intensive care, emergency medicine, public health, and other settings extending from the acute care center to the patient's home.
Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Tatro Mark E. , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe ability of the inductively coupled plasma‐atomic (or optical) emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES (or OES))) system to perform multielement trace metal analysis of environmental samples provided commercial laboratories with the needed incentive to enter into the business of efficient trace metal analysis. Previously, trace metals were typically analyzed using colorimetric techniques, which were both cumbersome and subject to interferences, or flame atomic absorption techniques, which, although almost interference free, were labor intensive owing to their one‐element‐at‐a‐time analytical mode. Even the furnace atomic absorption technique, for years the standard bearer of low‐level trace metal analysis, is giving way to axial and radial viewed ICP‐AES techniques. Now, ICP‐AES has become an affordable and well‐established multielement analytical method.Taking the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) SW‐846 solid waste analysis manual as an example, this article reviews the methods used for the preparation of samples and the ICP‐AES analysis of the prepared samples for trace metals in environmental matrices. This review includes recent developments in front‐end improvements in ICP‐AES and a detailed overview of the quality control (QC) requirements for environmental ICP‐AES analysis.
Chemical Reagents and Derivatization Procedures in Drug Analysis
Authors: Danielson Neil D. , Gallagher Patricia A. , Bao James J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article describes both pre‐ and postcolumn derivatization chemistry used in conjunction with either chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to facilitate the determination of drugs. Generally, only prederivatization is used in gas chromatography (GC), principally to enhance the volatility, temperature stability, and/or detectability. The GC section considers derivatization of drugs by reagent class: alkylation, acylation, and silylation. The GC sample‐handling section describes an approach that combines the extraction and derivatization steps together. Both pre‐ and postcolumn derivatization are common approaches for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and many of these methods have been adapted for CE. Derivatization for HPLC is often directed toward aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, or alcohols that are difficult to detect at low levels by absorbance, luminescence, or electrochemical means. In addition, small hydrophilic molecules upon prederivatization are often converted into larger more hydrophobic compounds, making reversed‐phase HPLC easier or even feasible. The HPLC section considers derivatization of drugs based on the following types: alkaloids, amines, antibiotics, barbiturates, carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids, catecholamines, hydroxy compounds, steroids, and sulfur compounds. For the GC and HPLC sections, tables are included, giving the structures of the more important derivatizing agents, the analytes, and the corresponding reaction products. A brief rationale for derivatization chemistry with CE concludes this article. For CE, derivatization is often done to improve detectability as the path length for absorbance detection is very short and fluorescence can be effective using laser‐based systems.
Cyclic Activation Analysis
Authors: Hou Xiaolin 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Cyclic activation analysis (CAA) is a method of activation analysis for elemental analysis, in which a sample is irradiated, decayed, counted, and then irradiated again. This process is repeated for a number of cycles, and the spectra from each counting are summed together to give one final total spectrum. By this process, the counts of a short‐lived nuclide of interest are considerably increased, and the analytical sensitivity of elements is significantly improved. The most commonly used CAA is the cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA) by irradiation with the thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons produced from nuclear reactor, accelerator, and isotopic neutron source. The nuclear reactor can supply a much high neutron flux and is most often used for this purpose. At least 20 elements produced short‐lived nuclides (half‐life <100 s) by thermal neutron bombardment, and more than 10 elements produced nuclides with half‐life of 100–600 s. These can be determined by thermal and epithermal neutron CAA. This technique has been widely applied in biological, environmental, geological, and industrial studies, and most often measured elements include Se, F, Pb, Hf, Sc, O, Ag, and Rh.
The advantages of CAA, as compared with conventional activation analysis, include significant improvement in the detection limit, analytical precision, and accuracy for the elements by using short‐lived nuclides; short experimental time and increased analytical number of samples per unit time; capability of estimation or confirmation of the half‐life of the short‐lived nuclide; and determination of the degree of homogeneity of a sample. However, the application of CAA is limited by the number of elements determined, because only some of the elements determined by conventional activation analysis can be determined by this method. In addition, dead time and pileup are serious problems in CAA and must be corrected. The principle, selection of optimal experiment conditions, detection limit, analytical precision of CAA, as well as the dead time and pileup corrections are discussed in this article. Some applications of this method are highlighted.
Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis
Authors: Trocellier Patrick , Sajavaara Timo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

In 1976, a Canadian group described in detail for the first time a new ion beam analytical method based on the elastic recoil of target nuclei collided with high‐energy heavy incident ions. In this case, 25–40‐MeV
35
Cl impinged on a multilayer C or Cu (backing)/LiF or LiOH/Cu (30–150 nm)/LiF or LiOH and H, Li, O, and F recoiled atoms were detected. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy
4
He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near‐surface region of solids.

ERDA has rapidly been revealed to be an excellent alternative to resonant nuclear reaction spectrometry (
see
Nuclear Reaction Analysis
) for hydrogen determination in solids. Despite its less advantageous performance with respect to its lower depth resolution, lower analyzable depth, comparable sensitivity, and more restricting irradiation and detection geometry, some ERDA features have made its development in ion beam analysis (IBA) laboratories worldwide easier; these are simultaneous access to
1
H and
2
H depth distributions, access to single‐ended Van de Graaff accelerators compared with tandem accelerators or cyclotrons, and the ability to be combined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) (
see
Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy
).

The development of detection devices and the analytical capabilities offered by high‐energy heavy‐ion‐induced ERDA in material sciences for profiling light, medium, and high mass number elements give this method a wide area in which to progress. The main advantage of heavy‐ion ERDA and quite unique feature among analysis techniques is the fact that all sample elements can be depth profiled in one measurement by single detector telescope. By means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the interpretation and reliability of the results have increased greatly over the last few years.
Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy
Authors: McClelland Arthur , Chen Zhan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical vibrational spectroscopy, which has been shown to have submonolayer surface sensitivity. It has been developed into a powerful technique to investigate molecular structures of surfaces and interfaces. This paper introduces the technique of SFG spectroscopy and discusses several important SFG applications. One of the most important advantages of SFG over many traditional surface‐sensitive techniques is that SFG does not require high vacuum to operate. Therefore, it can be applied to investigate liquid surfaces and interfaces, as well as interfacial biological molecules in biologically relevant environments. The SFG applications discussed in this article are (i) simple liquid surfaces and interfaces, (ii) polymer surfaces in water and polymer/silane interfaces, and (iii) interfacial structures of peptides and proteins.
Equilibrium adsorption isotherm and controlled release of antibiotic drug chloroamphenicol from poly(2‐vinyl pyridine/acrylic acid) hydrogels prepared by gamma radiation
Authors: Maziad Nabila A. , Abd El‐Aal Samia E. , El‐Kelesh Nabil A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHigh water sorption of 2‐vinyl pyridine (2‐VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by free‐radical polymerization in aqueous solution of 2‐VP with AAc as comonomer. The amount of ionic monomer (AAc), the irradiation dose of prepared hydrogel, the pH, and the concentration of drug play an important factor on loading, adsorption, and releasing of water‐soluble chloroamphenicol drug. As a result of dynamic swilling tests, the effect of relative content of AAc on the swelling showed that it allowed a non‐Fickian type of water diffusion. The adsorption of the drug onto (2‐VP/AAc) hydrogels was studied by Freundlish adsorption isotherm. The drug concentrations showed an influence on the adsorption of drug which increased with increasing AAc content. From Freundlish adsorption isotherm, the empirical constants, k and n, can be evaluated and showed the ability of hydrogel to be loaded by the drug and the affinity of the drug to be uptake onto the hydrogel respectively. FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques were used to study the characterization of hydrogel (2‐VP/AAc). Additionally, the release of the drug loaded from hydrogel discs was studied microbiologically to show that hydrophilic structure of the hydrogel has an antimicrobial effect as a dehydration of cytoplasm and unbalance of the cell wall functions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Activation of ultra‐thin activated carbon fibers as electrodes for high performance electrochemical double layer capacitors
Authors: Su Yen‐Ju , Ko Tes‐Hao , Cheng Shu‐Hui , Chen Wan‐Shu , Han Tzu‐Hsien , Lin Jui‐Hsiang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractActivated carbon fibers (ACFs) contain pores with a weak resistance to electrolyte migration but with high electrical resistance between the fibers. The ACFs used herein were prepared from ultra‐thin polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, to be used as electrodes in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), by varying the activation temperatures and the holding times during steam activation. As the activation temperature and holding time were increased, the specific surface area increased along with the specific capacitance (F g−1). A maximum specific capacitance as high as 283 F g−1 can be obtained using the ultra‐thin ACFs fabricated at 1000°C for 10 min with a specific surface area of 1408 m2 g−1. This investigation demonstrates that the surface area, pore structure, and surface functional groups of ACFs were all significant factors in determining the capacitive characteristics of ACFs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of N,N′‐diphenyl adipamide on the formation of the β‐crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Dou Qiang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe polymorphic compositions and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) samples nucleated by a selective β‐nucleating agent [N,N′‐diphenyl adipamide (DPA)] were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. It was found that β‐phase crystals emerged with the addition of DPA, and the relative proportion of the β‐crystalline form reached the maximum value of 0.97 with the addition of 0.1 wt % DPA. The curved lamellae in the β spherulites were like flowers. The β spherulites were etched more easily than α spherulites because amorphous regions were distributed inside the β spherulites. The Izod notched impact strength increased sharply with the addition of DPA and attained the maximum value of 7.30 kJ/m2 (the value of blank iPP was 3.13 kJ/m2) with the addition of 0.1 wt % DPA. An analysis of the misfit factors between DPA and β‐iPP showed that β‐iPP could epitaxially crystallize on the DPA crystal well. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of poly(vinyl acetate) containing diblock copolymer by DPE method
Authors: Chen Dong , Shi Yan , Fu Zhifeng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDiblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl acetate) (PMMA‐b‐PVAc) was prepared by 1,1‐diphenylethene (DPE) method. First, free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out with AIBN as initiator in the presence of DPE, giving a DPE containing PMMA precursor with controlled molecular weight. Second, vinyl acetate was polymerized in the presence of the PMMA precursor and AIBN, and PMMA‐b‐PVAc diblock copolymer with controlled molecular weight was obtained. The formation of PMMA‐b‐PVAc was confirmed by 1H NMR spectrum. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to detect the self‐assembly behavior of the diblock polymer in methanol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Psychoanalytic perspectives on sport: a critical review
Authors: Free Marcus 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCritically reviewing and comparing various psychoanalytic perspectives on conscious and unconscious motivations in sport, this paper contends that the appeal of sports participation may variously derive from its simultaneously involving the indulgence of pre‐Oedipal and Oedipal symbolism within the outward maturity and disciplining frame of a post‐Oedipal symbolic form. It considers differences between distinct psychoanalytic frames, favouring Kleinian and object relations above Lacanian approaches, based on their closer attention to the corporeality and sensuousness of sports participation and the conscious and unconscious fantasies embedded in it. Sport's sensuous corporeality, which enables its embodiment of pre‐Oedipal fantasy as well as post‐Oedipal submission to social reality, lies at the heart of its appeal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immune‐related proteins induced in the hemolymph after aseptic and septic injury differ in honey bee worker larvae and adults
Authors: Randolt Klara , Gimple Olaf , Geissendörfer Jan , Reinders Jörg , Prusko Carsten , Mueller Martin J. , Albert Stefan , Tautz Jürgen , Beier Hildburg 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have employed the proteomic approach in combination with mass spectrometry to study the immune response of honey bee workers at different developmental stages. Analysis of the hemolymph proteins of noninfected, mock‐infected and immune‐challenged individuals by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed differences in the protein profiles. We present evidence that in vitro reared honey bee larvae respond with a prominent humoral reaction to aseptic and septic injury as documented by the transient synthesis of the three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hymenoptaecin, defensin1, and abaecin. In contrast, young adult worker bees react with a broader spectrum of immune reactions that include the activation of prophenoloxidase and humoral immune responses. At least seven proteins appeared consistently in the hemolymph of immune‐challenged bees, three of which are identical to the AMPs induced also in larvae. The other four, i.e., phenoloxidase (PO), peptidoglycan recognition protein‐S2, carboxylesterase (CE), and an Apis‐specific protein not assigned to any function (HP30), are induced specifically in adult bees and, with the exception of PO, are not expressed after aseptic injury. Structural features of CE and HP30, such as classical leucine zipper motifs, together with their strong simultaneous induction upon challenge with bacteria suggest an important role of the two novel bee‐specific immune proteins in response to microbial infections. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between dendritic cell functional defect and spondylarthritis phenotypes in HLA–B27/HUMAN β2‐microglobulin–transgenic rat lines
Authors: Fert Ingrid , Glatigny Simon , Poulain Cécile , Satumtira Nimman , Dorris Martha L. , Taurog Joel D. , Breban Maxime 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the functional capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) from a panel of HLA–B27/human β2‐microglobulin (Huβ2m)–transgenic rat lines and crosses with varying susceptibilities to spondylarthritis (SpA)–like disease.MethodsMature splenic DCs were isolated from HLA–B27–transgenic, HLA–B7–transgenic, and/or Huβ2m‐transgenic rats and tested for support of allogeneic proliferation, compared with nontransgenic controls (all male rats on Lewis background). Graded numbers of DCs were cultured with allogeneic lymph node CD4+ T cells (dark agouti background). Proliferation was assayed by incorporation of tritiated deoxythymidine after 2–4 days of culture.ResultsAllogeneic proliferation stimulated by DCs from the healthy HLA–B27/Huβ2m–transgenic line 21‐3 and from the healthy Huβ2m‐transgenic line 283‐2 was weakly decreased (21–3) or close to normal (283–2) as compared with that observed with control nontransgenic Lewis rat DCs. In contrast, the ability of DCs from (21‐3 × 283‐2)F1 rats, which develop a dramatic SpA phenotype, to stimulate allogeneic proliferation was markedly defective. When DC‐induced allogeneic proliferation was compared among different transgenic lines and crosses with distinct levels of susceptibility to SpA‐like disease, stimulatory capacity was inversely correlated with disease susceptibility.ConclusionIn HLA–B27/Huβ2m–transgenic rats, a defective functional capacity of DCs correlates with susceptibility to SpA. Since it was previously demonstrated that defective DC function is not a consequence of disease, it could well be a principal factor in the spontaneous development of SpA in these lines.
Prior authorization for biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs: A description of US medicaid programs
Authors: Fischer Michael A. , Polinski Jennifer M. , Servi Amber D. , Agnew‐Blais Jessica , Kaci Liljana , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate state Medicaid prior authorization programs for biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).MethodsWe obtained biologic DMARD prior authorization policy information from state Medicaid programs. Using aggregate Medicaid drug spending data, we calculated the proportion of DMARD prescriptions and spending attributed to adalimumab and etanercept in 1999 and 2005 and compared the changes in these proportions in states with and without prior authorization policies. Infliximab and other infused DMARDs were not included because of substantial missing data.ResultsThirty‐two states required prior authorization for ≥1 biologic DMARD, with wide variation in the specific agents covered and the criteria required for a drug to be authorized. There were 18 states with prior authorization requirements for adalimumab or etanercept. States that implemented prior authorization for these agents initially had lower use of the targeted medications, but use increased over time to a level similar to that in states that did not have prior authorization requirements.ConclusionStates vary widely in their implementation of prior authorization policies to limit use of biologic DMARDs. Although it appears that these policies may have a short‐term effect on the use of targeted medications, this effect does not appear to be sustained. The clinical impact and appropriateness of such policies is not clear from our data and should be studied further.
Megacell phenotype and its relation to metabolic alterations in transketolase deficient strain of Bacillus pumilus
Authors: Srivastava Rajesh K. , Jaiswal Richa , Panda Dulal , Wangikar Pramod P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFermentation with transketolase (tkt) deficient strain of Bacillus is the only reported industrially viable process for production of D‐ribose, a commercially important pentose sugar. In addition to direct effects of tkt deficiency, the mutation in non‐oxidative part of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is known to display several unexpected physiological characteristics such as decreased ability to utilize D‐glucose, altered carbon catabolite repression, lack of motility, etc. Here we demonstrate the morphological plasticity of tkt deficient strain of Bacillus pumilus ATCC 21951 and its possible relation with D‐ribose productivity, a measure of carbon flux through PPP. The bacilli divide normally in nutrient rich media such as Luria–Bertani (LB) broth while showing cell elongation of up to 20‐fold without a visible septum accompanied by moderate to high extracellular D‐ribose accumulation in glucose‐rich media. The cells stained with DAPI (4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) and anti FtsZ antibody showed nucleoid separation and Z‐ring formation in LB broth but not in glucose‐rich media. FtsZ protein is known to localize at the future division site forming a ring, called Z‐ring, at an early stage in cytokinesis. The strain experiences inhibition or delay in Z‐ring formation resulting in cell elongation, possibly due to its altered cell membrane composition resulting from tkt deficiency. We hypothesize that the lack of PPP intermediates may have two effects on the strain: (i) altered the cell membrane leading to delay in Z‐ring formation and cell elongation; and (ii) induction of genes of the oxidative part of PPP resulting in D‐ribose accumulation. Nutrient rich media such as LB broth may alleviate these metabolite deficiencies thereby restoring normal cell division and inhibiting excessive D‐ribose accumulation. The D‐ribose productivity and cell elongation may therefore be co‐morbid. The results have implications in designing optimal media and monitoring strategy based on morphological analysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1387–1397. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.