bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of unsaturated diols after oxidation of conjugated linoleic acid with peroxygenase
Authors: Piazza George J. , Nuñez Alberto , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOat seeds are a rich source of peroxygenase, an iron heme enzyme that participates in oxylipin metabolism in plants. An isomer of CLA, 9(Z), 11(F)‐octadecadienoic acid (1), believed to have anticarcinogenic activity, was used as a substrate for peroxygenase in an aqueous medium using t‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. After acidification of the reaction medium, the products were extracted with ethyl ether, converted to their methyl esters, and characterized using HPLC. Major products after reaction for 24 h showed resonances from 1H NMR spectroscopy that were further downfield than the expected epoxides and were thought to be diol hydrolysis products. However, analyses by HPLC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS (APCI‐MS) of the putative allylic diols or their bis‐trimethylsilyl ether derivatives gave incorrect M.W. The M.W. of the diols could be obtained by APCI‐MS after removal of unsaturation by hydrogenation or by EI‐MS after conversion of unsaturation by hydrogenation or by EI‐MS after conversion of the allylic 1,2‐diols to cyclic methyl boronic esters. Data from MS in conjunction with analyses using 1H and 13C NMR showed that the methylated products from 1 were methyl 9,10(threo)‐dihydroxy‐ 11(E)‐octadecenoate, methyl 9,10(erythro)‐dihydroxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate, methyl 9,12(threo)‐dihydroxy‐10(E)‐octadecenoate. Solid‐phase extraction without prior acidification and conversion of the products to methyl esters allowed identification of the following epoxides: methyl 9,10(Z)‐epoxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate (6M), methyl 9,10(E)‐epoxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate, and methyl 11,12(E)‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoate. At times of up to at least 6h, 6M accounted for approximately 90% of the epoxide product. Product analysis after the hydrolysis of isolated epoxide 6M showed that hydrolysis of epoxide 6 could largely account for the diol products obtained from the acidified reaction mixtures.
An in vitro method for studying the proliferation and differentiation of Atlantic salmon preadipocytes
Authors: Vegusdal Anne , Sundvold Hilde , Gjøen Tor , Ruyter Bente 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop a cell culture system for studying the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon adipose tissue. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a marker for cell proliferation. The cells started to proliferate within 48 h after seeding and continued to proliferate throughout the culture period of 2 wk. Undifferentiated preadipocytes showed a fibroblast‐like morphology with a homogeneous cytoplasm devoid of lipid droplets. At confluence, an exogenous lipid mixture was added to the cell cultures. The preadipocytes became larger and rounder during the subsequent days, and the cytoplasm gradually filled with lipid‐rich droplets. These droplets were revealed by oil red O staining. Immunocytochemical staining showed that differentiated adipocytes expressed detectable levels of the three regulatory proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation: peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and leptin. The cells also showed activity of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8), a biochemical marker of adipocyte differentiation. The morphological and biochemical data presented here show that fish preadipocytes have properties that are similar to those of preadipocytes in mammals. We conclude therefore that salmon adipose tissue contains a sizable population of preadipocytes. Exogenous lipids promote the activation of adipose‐related genes and induce the differentiation of fish preadipocytes in vitro.
Dietary CLA and DHA modify skin properties in mice
Authors: Oikawa Daichi , Nakanishi Tomonori , Nakamura Yoshinori , Takahashi Yukiko , Yamamoto Takaya , Shiba Nobuya , Tobisa Manabu , Takagi Tomo , Iwamoto Hisao , Tachibana Tetsuya , Furuse Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of PUFA on the properties of mouse skin. Mice (3 wk old) were given free access to oils high in linoleic acid, CLA, or DHA for 4 wk. At the end of the experiment, their skins were compared by both biochemical and histological methods. No significant differences in lipid and collagen contents were detected among treatments, although the FA composition in the skin was altered depending upon the FA composition of the supplemented oils. Electron microscopy revealed that the subcutaneous tissue layers in the CLA and DHA groups were significantly thinner than that in the high linoleic acid group, whereas no differences in the thickness of dermis layers were observed among the three groups. These results suggest that skin properties in mice are readily modified by dietary FA sources within 4 wk of dietary oil supplementation.
Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: I. Modeling the gastric lumen
Authors: Rich Gillian T. , Bailey Angela L. , Faulks Richard M. , Parker Mary L. , Wickham Martin S. J. , Fillery‐Travis Annette 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOur understanding of the factors determining the bioavailability of carotenoids from fruits and vegetables is poor. The apolar nature of carotenoids precludes their simple diffusion from the food structure to the absorption site at the enterocyte. Therefore, there is interest in the potential pathways for solubilization in the gut before absorption. We have studied the transfer of carotenoids from carrot juice and homogenized spinach into lipid phases that mimic the intestinal lumen at the start of digestion. In this paper we report on their transfer into olive oil under conditions pertaining to the gastric environment. A comparison between preparations of raw spinach and of carrot, in which the intact cells have been largely broken, suggests that the membrane‐bound carotenoids of spinach are more resistant to transfer than the crystalline carotenoids of carrot. Lowering the pH and pepsin treatment enhance the transfer from raw vegetables. The process of blanching and freezing spinach destroys the chloroplast ultrastructure and leads to (i) a substantial increase in transfer of the carotenoids to oil and (ii) an attenuation or reversal of the enhancement of transfer seen with reduced pH or with pepsin treatment. Similar effects are seen after blanching carrot juice. Our results show that removal of soluble protein and denaturation of membrane proteins enhances the partition of carotenoids into oil. For both vegetables there is no evidence of preference in the extent of transfer of one carotenoid over another. This suggests that partitioning into oil under gastric conditions is not the stage of digestion that could lead to differences in carotenoid bioavailability.
Divergent pattern of polyisoprenoid alcohols in the tissues of Coluria geoides: A new electrospray lonization MS approach
Authors: Skorupińska‐Tudek Karolina , Bieńkowski Tomasz , Olszowska Olga , Furmanowa Mirosława , Chojnacki Tadeusz , Danikiewicz Witold , Swiezewska Ewa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyisoprenoid alcohols of the plant Coluria geoides were isolated and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection to determine the nature of the polyprenol and dolichol mixture in the organs studied. In roots, a family of dolichols (Dol‐15 to Dol‐23, with Dol‐16 dominating, where Dol‐n is dolichol composed of n isoprene units) was accompanied by traces of polyprenols of similar chain lengths, whereas in hairy roots grown in vitro, identical patterns with a slightly broader chain‐length range were found. Conversely, in leaves and seeds polyprenols were the dominant form, and their pattern was shifted toward longer chains (maximal content of Pren‐19, where Pren‐n is polyprenol composed of n isoprene units). Interestingly, the pattern of dolichols in seeds and leaves (in which Dol‐17 dominated) was similar to that found in roots.Structures of the dolichols and polyprenols isolated were confirmed by the application of a new HPLC/electrospray ionization‐MS method, which also offers a much higher sensitivity in detection of these compounds compared to a UV detector. The highest sensitivity was obtained when the [M+Na]+ ions of polyprenols and dolichols were recorded in the selected ion monitoring mode and a small amount of sodium acetate solution was added post‐column to enhance the formation of these ions in an electrospray ion source.
cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA affect lipid metabolism differently in primary white and brown adipocytes of djungarian hamsters
Authors: Metges Cornelia C. , Lehmann Lutz , Boeuf Stephane , Jetzke Klaus J. , Müller André , Rickert Rainer , Franke Wittko , Steinhart Hans , Nürnberg Gerd , Klaus Susanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe explored whether CLA isomers and other C18 FA affect (i) lipid content and FA concentrations in total adipocyte lipids, (ii) FA synthesis from glucose in TAG and phospholipids of primary brown (BAT) and white adipocytes (WAT), and (iii) mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary brown adipocytes of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). c9,t11‐CLA, oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid increased whereas t10,c12‐CLA decreased lipid accumulation in both adipocyte types. t10,c12‐CLA treatment affected FA composition mainly in BAT cells. CLA incorporation into lipids, in particular c9,t11‐CLA, was higher in BAT. In both cell types, t10,c12‐CLA treatment reduced the incorporation of glucose 13C carbon into FA of TAG and phospholipids, whereas c9,t11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid either did not influence or dose‐dependently increased glucose carbon incorporation into FA. UCP1 mRNA expression was inhibited by t10,c12‐CLA but increased by c9,t11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid. It is concluded that c9,t11‐CLA and t10,c12‐CLA have distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. The effects of c9,t11‐CLA are similar to those of other unsaturated C18 FA. The opposite effects of c9,t11‐CLA and t10,c12‐CLA are evident in both WAT and BAT cultures; however, brown adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to CLA treatment.
The up‐regulation of hepatic acyl‐coA oxidase and cytochrome P450 4A1 mRNA expression by dietary oxidized frying oil is comparable between male and female rats
Authors: Chao Pei‐Min , Hsu Shan‐Ching , Lin Fu‐Jung , Li Yi‐Jen , Huang Ching‐jang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that oxidized frying oil (OFO) activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and up‐regulates hepatic acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACO) and cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP4A1) genes in male rats. As female rats were shown to be less responsive to some peroxisome proliferators (PP), this study compared the expression of a few PPARα target genes in male and female rats fed diets containing OFO. Male and female rats were fed a diet containing 20 g/100 g OFO (O diet) or fresh soybean oil (F diet) for 6 wk. Both male and female rats fed the O diet showed significantly higher liver weight, hepatic ACO and catalase activities, CYP4A protein, and expression of ACO and CYP4A1 mRNA (P<0.05) compared with their control groups. The mRNA expression of two other PPARα target genes, FA‐binding protein and HMG‐CoA synthase, were marginally increased by dietary OFO (P=0.0669 and 0,0521, respectively). Female rats fed the O diet had significantly lower CYP4A protein than male rats fed the same diet. The remaining OFO‐induced effects were not significantly different between male and female rats fed the O diet. These results indicate that dietary OFO, unlike clofibrate or other PP, had minimal sexual dimorphic effect on the induction of hepatic PPARα target gene expression.
8302A/C and (TTA)n polymorphisms in the HMG‐CoA reductase gene may be associated with some plasma lipid metabolic phenotypes in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Tong Yu , Zhang Sizhong , Li Hai , Su Zhiguang , Kong Xiangdong , Liu Hekun , Xiao Cuiying , Sun Yan , Shi Jia Jun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR) is a rate‐limiting enzyme that participates in cholesterol metabolism. Here we analyzed the 8302A/C and the (TTA)n polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene in 169 Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 161 age‐matched controls. Results indicated that the levels of plasma VLDL and TG in patients with the AA genotype of the 8302A/C locus were significantly higher than in patients with other genotypes (P<0.05). In addition, the frequency of allele A4 of the (TTA)n locus was higher (P<0.05) and the frequency of allele A5 was lower (P=0.002) in CHD patients than in the controls. This suggests that both polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene may be associated with lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in CHD in the Chinese.
Ozonation of cholesterol in the presence of ethanol: Identification of a cytotoxic ethoxyhydroperoxide molecule
Authors: Tagiri_Endo Misako , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Sugawara Tatsuya , Ono Kaori , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCholesterol ozonation was carried out in ethanol‐containing aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, and the ozonized products were analyzed by chemiluminescence detection‐HPLC with on‐line electrospray MS (HPLC‐CL‐MS) and characterized on the basis of NMR and FABMS. After the ozonolysis of cholesterol in water/ethanol (aqueous system) as well as in chloroform/ethanol (nonaqueous system), a unique ethoxyhydroperoxide molecule (7α‐ethoxy‐3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐B‐homo‐6‐oxacholestane‐5‐hydroperoxide, termed “7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH”) appeared as main ozonation product. In addition to structural analysis, we confirmed the remarkable cytotoxicity of 7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH toward human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and found that its cytotoxicity is superior to that of the commonly known autoxidized cholesterol (3β‐hydroxycholest‐5‐ene‐7‐one). Hence, 7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH is a toxic molecule of primary importance, arising during cholesterol ozonation in the presence of ethanol.
Effect of five cysteine‐containing compounds on three lipogenic enzymes in Balb/cA mice consuming a high saturated fat diet
Authors: Lin Chun‐che , Yin Mei‐chin , Hsu Cheng‐chin , Lin Meng‐pei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe in vivo effects of N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), S‐allyl cysteine, S‐ethy cysteine (SEC), S‐methyl cysteine (SMC), and S‐propyl cysteine (SPC) against hyperlipidemia development and oxidation stress in Balb/cA mice consuming a high saturated fat diet were examined. The influence of these agents on plasma levels of glucose, insulin, uric acid, TG, cholesterol, and the activity of three lipogenic enzymes—glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and FA synthase—was determined. All mice consumed the coconut oil‐basd, high saturated fat diet, water, and cysteine or one of the five cysteine‐containing compounds for 4 wk. The diet with 18% saturated fat significantly elevated the activity of three lipogenic enzymes and significantly increased TG and cholesterol biosynthesis in plasma and liver (P<0.05). When compared with the water and cysteine groups, the treatments from five cysteine‐containing agents significantly reduced high saturated fat diet‐increased malic enzyme and FA synthase activities, and significantly lowered TG levels in plasma and liver (P<0.05); however, only NAC, SAC, and SMC treatments significantly reduced cholesterol levels in plasma and liver (P<0.05). The five cysteine‐containing agents significantly restored high saturated fat diet‐decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in liver (P<0.05); however, only SMC and SPC significantly restored GPX activity in heart and kidney (P<0.05). These agents also significantly improved high saturated fat diet‐related hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and oxidation stress (P<0.05). These data support the hypothesis that these compounds are potential multiply‐protective agents for hyperlipidemia prevention or therapy.
Regiospecific determination of short‐chain triacylglycerols in butterfat by normal‐phase HPLC with on‐line electrospray‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kalo P. , Kemppinen A. , Ollilainen V. , Kuksis A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study uses normal‐phase HPLC with on‐line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to obtain quantitative compositional data on both synthetic and butterfat short‐chain TAG. The product ion tandem MS of standards averaged 11.1 times lower in abundance of the ion formed by cleavage of FA from the sn‐2‐position for the pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes: L/L/S‐L/S/L and L/S/S‐S/L/S, where L denotes long and S short acyl chain (C2−C6). The molar correction factors, determined for 42 regioisomeric pairs of short‐chain TAG of 20 randomized mixture of standards, differed by 1.4–80% as the ratios varied between 0.217 and 5.847. Butterfat TAG were resolved into four fractions on short flash chromatography grade silica gel columns. Pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes L/S/S‐S/L/S with predominance of L/S/S isomers and the sole regioisomers in the TAG classes L/L(M)/S were identified by tandem MS, where M denotes either 8∶0 or 10∶0 acyl chain. The total proportion of L/L(M)/S isomers was estimated at 34.7 and that of L/S/S‐S/L/S at 1.0 mol%, including a small proportion of S/S/S. In contrast to previous work, the present data indicate the presence of a small proportion of butyric and caproic acids in the sn‐1‐position. The overall distribution of the FA in the short‐chain TAG of butterfat, calculated from direct MS measurements, was consistent with the results of indirect determinations based on stereospecific analyses of total butterfat.
Lipid and FA composition of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii: Influence of season and maturation
Authors: Saito Hiroaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipid and FA composition of the total lipids of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, in different seasons and in different areas, were analyzed to clarify its lipid physiology and to estimate the possible influence of its prey phytoplankton. TAG and sterols were the major components in the neutral lipids in all conditions, whereas high levels of phospholipids (PE and PC) were found in the polar lipids. The major FA in the TAG in all samples were 14∶0, 16∶0, and 18∶0 as saturated FA (saturates); 16∶1n−7, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶1n−7 as monoenoic FA (monoenes); and 20∶4n−6 (arachidonic acid: AA), 20∶5n−3 (EPA), and 22∶6n−3 (DHA) as PUFA. The major components found in the polar lipids were 16∶0 and 18∶0 as saturates; 22∶2n−9, 15 and 22∶2n−7, 15 as non‐methylene‐interrupted dienes (NMID), and AA, 22∶3n−6, 9, 15, EPA, and DHA as PUFA. Although it is a marine animal, characteristically high levels of AA were found in both the TAG and phospholipids. This result suggests that lipids of P. fucata may be influenced by those of its phytoplanktonic prey. The increase in levels of NMID from TAG to PE with a decrease in those of monoenes suggests that the tissues of this species are able to biosynthesize only the less unsaturated PUFA, such as NMID. In particular, NMID derivatives are considered to be biosynthesized in the PE; thus, they might play a particular role in the membrane, because NMID were characteristically localized only in the PE.
Simple synthesis of diastereomerically pure phosphatidylglycerols by phospholipase D‐catalyzed transphosphatidylation
Authors: Sato Rina , Itabashi Yutaka , Fujishima Hironori , Okuyama Hidetoshi , Kuksis Arnis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple method for synthesizing diastereomerically pure phosphatidylglycerols (PtdGro), namely, 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐3′‐sn‐glycerol (R,R configuration) and 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐1′‐sn‐glycerol (R,S configuration) was established. For this purpose, diastereomeric 1,2‐O‐isopropylidene PtdGro were prepared from 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PtdCho) and enantiomeric 1,2‐O‐isopropylideneglycerols by transphosphatidylation with phospholipase D (PLD) from Actinomadura sp. This species was selected because of its higher transphosphatidylation activity and lower phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) formation than PLD from some Streptomyces species tested. The reaction proceeded well, giving almost no hydrolysis of PtdCho to PtdOH in a biphasic system consisting of diethyl ether and acetate buffer at 30°C. The isopropylidene protective group was removed by heating the diastereomeric isopropylidene PtdGro at 100°C in trimethyl borate in the presence of boric acid to obtain the desired PtdGro diastereomers. The purities of the products, which were determined by chiral‐phase HPLC, were exclusively dependent on the optical purities of the original isopropylideneglycerols used. The present method is simple and can be utilized for the synthesis of pure PtdGro diastereomers having saturated and unsaturated acyl chains.
n−3 Fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity— Relevance to postsurgical and critically III patients
Authors: Calder Philip C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExcessive or inappropriate inflammation and immunosuppression are components of the response to surgery, trauma, injury, and infection in some individuals and these can lead, progressively, to sepsis and septic shock. The hyperinflammation is characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid‐derived eicosanoids, and other inflammatory mediators, while the immunosuppression is characterized by impairment of antigen presentation and of T helper cell type‐1 responses. Long‐chain n−3 FA from fish oil decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids. They act both directly (by replacing arachidonic acid as an eicosanoid substrate and by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism) and indirectly (by altering the expression of inflammatory genes through effects on transcription factor activation). Thus, long‐chain n−3 FA are potentially useful anti‐inflammatory agents and may be of benefit in patients at risk of developing sepsis. As such, an emerging application of n−3 FA is in surgical or critically ill patients where they may be added to parenteral or enteral formulas. Parenteral or enteral nutrition including n−3 FA appears to preserve immune function better than standard formulas and appears to partly prevent some aspects of the inflammatory response. Studies to date are suggestive of clinical benefits from these approaches, especially in postsurgical patients.