bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methadone Treatment of Opiate Dependence in Canada
Authors: Peachey J. E. , Franklin T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough methadone has been used in Canada for the treatment of opiate‐dependent persons since 1959, information concerning its use in Canada is limited. Methadone treatment in Canada is discussed with respect to national and provincial drug laws, public and professional support for the treatment, patient characteristics, and the sources and types of illicit and licit opiates abused. The paper also reports on the results of a survey of the physicians in Canada who were authorized during 1981–82 to prescribe methadone to opiate‐dependent persons. These physicians were asked to provide information on the number of patients they treated with methadone during the previous 12 months, their indications) for the use of methadone, the dosages used and duration of treatment, and the auxiliary treatments provided. Information concerning specific provincial methadone treatment programmes is also presented.
Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking, and Body Weight
Authors: Grunberg Neil E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA century of studies indicate that cigarette smokers weigh less than comparably aged nonsmokers and that many smokers who give up cigarettes gain weight. Behavioural, psychological, and biological explanations have been offered to account for these relationships but most of these explanations have limited empirical support. A recent series of animal and human studies suggest that changes in specific food consumption contribute to the inverse relationship between nicotine and body weight and between cigarette smoking and body weight. This paper reviews and discusses the smoking/body weight relationship, the possible explanations for this relationship, relevant recent studies, and the implications of the findings regarding nicotine and specific food consumption.It is commonly believed that cigarette smoking keeps body weight down and that cessation of smoking results in excessive weight gains. In fact, some smokers continue to smoke in order to avoid gaining weight [1]. Because an inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight may deter smoking cessation and may even encourage some people (e.g., young women who are concerned about their appearance) to begin smoking, it is important to determine whether the relationship exists and what causes it. This paper first discusses research establishing the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight and then examines possible explanations for the relationship.
The Impact of a Research Interview on Clinical Re‐attendance: A Happy Finding
Authors: Sutherland Gay , Stockwell Tim , Edwards Griffith 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the course of an assessment of alcohol patients undertaken as a preliminary to a study of the effects of different treatment, an unexpected finding emerged. Almost all patients seen by a psychologist as part of the study returned for a second session with a counsellor, whereas only just over half of the patients seen initially by a counsellor returned for their second appointment with that counsellor. Possible explanations are discussed.
Alcohol‐Related Problems in the Primary Health Care Setting: a review of early intervention strategies
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. , RITSON E. BRUCE , HODGSON RAY J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews conceptual issues and research findings relevant to the secondary prevention of alcohol‐related problems in the primary care setting. A discussion of public health concepts and recent epidemiological studies is followed by a review of screening procedures developed to identify individuals at risk. Representative programmes designed to reduce alcohol misuse and treat harmful drinking are summarized. The results of several systematic programme evaluations suggest that modest but reliable effects on drinking behaviour and related problems can follow from brief interventions, especially with the less serious type of problem drinker. The basic elements of these interventions include information giving, brief advice, self‐help manuals, self‐help groups and periodic monitoring of progress by the health worker. It is concluded that low intensity, brief interventions have much to recommend as the first approach to the problem drinker in the primary care setting.
THC Consumption Among Students: its estimation and log‐normality
Authors: SMART REGINALD , ADLAF EDWARD M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of the present paper was to examine firstly the distribution of THC consumption among an aggregate sample of 4737 students from Ontario, Canada, and secondly the assumption of log‐normality. With respect to the estimation of THC consumption the following was indicated: per capita consumption was estimated to be 310 mg; males consumed significantly more than did females; and consumption was curvilinearly related to age of student. In contrast to earlier findings, the assumption of log‐normality was not met. The preventative implications of the log‐normal distribution are indeed important, not only with respect to alcohol but also to other substance use and therefore require further research.
Sensation Seeking and Pathological Gambling
Authors: BLASZCZYNSKI A. P. , WILSON A. C. , MCCONAGHY N. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryZuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Spielberger's State‐ Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to 51 pathological gamblers seeking treatment to investigate the hypothesis that arousal associated with gambling was related to a general sensation seeking personality trait.Pathological gamblers as compared to the general population were found to have elevated Psychoticism, Neuroticism, State and Trait anxiety scores but contrary to expectation, significantly lower Sensation Seeking scores. It was argued that pathological gamblers were not necessarily sensation seekers but that avoidance or reduction of noxious physiological states or dysphoric mood, in conjunction with a behaviour completion mechanism, was a major factor in explaining persistence in gambling.
Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 9. England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Authors: GLASS ILANA BELLE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews alcohol problems research in England, Wales and Northern Ireland over the last 25 years. Published work in the British Journal of Addiction, the British Medical Journal, the Lancet, and Journal of Studies on Alcohol form the central sources. It describes how the sixties laid the foundation for innovative methodology across the whole gamut of social science investigation. Important issues to emerge during the seventies were the systematic application of epidemiological techniques to populations of alcoholic patients, the development of the provisional description of the alcohol dependence syndrome and the seventy of alcohol dependence questionnaire, the exploitation of biochemical procedures to newly conceived animal models of dependence, the controlled investigation of brain function and the evaluation of relatively established notions of treatment. During the eighties, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol‐induced hypertension and the fetal alcohol syndrome became topics of interest; biological and genetic research burgeoned; the economics of alcohol abuse, the precipitants of relapse and the role of the community were analysed. Some insights into funding and policy are discerned with indications for future directions.
Alcohol Dependence Among General Medical Inpatients
Authors: CORRIGAN GERALDINE V. , WEBB MARCUS G. T. , UNWIN ANTONY R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcoholics identified on medical wards were found to be less severely dependent overall than comparative samples admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment. This was the case although typical alcohol consumption levels were reported to be the same. Few ‘medical’alcoholics conformed to Jellinek's beta subtype and few were severely dependent. There was, however, on the scale of severity of dependence a similar distribution of cases of ‘absent to minimal’—‘mild to moderate’dependence between ‘medical’ alcoholics and approximately half of ‘psychiatric’ alcoholics. The remaining ‘psychiatric’ alcoholics were more severely dependent. The development of dependence as judged by the temporal ordering of symptoms occurred according to a sequence which was similar to that identified in psychiatric treatment settings.
The Impact of Prescribing on the Crimes of Opioid Users
Authors: BENNETT TREVOR , WRIGHT RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper investigates the contention that prescribing opioids to regular users leads to a reduction in non‐drug crimes. It also examines the nature of the relationship between addiction and crime and some of the factors which influence this relationship. As part of a study of opioid users currently receiving a prescription for methadone or heroin from U.K. National Health Service clinics or from private practitioners (plus a small number of others dependent solely on black‐market supplies), self‐reports on non‐drug crimes were collected relating to the periods before and after first receiving a prescription. The findings show that a smaller proportion of addicts reported non‐drug crimes when receiving a prescription than in the period before receiving one. It is noted that this reduction is unlikely to be explained by addicts abandoning the black‐market, as almost all of them continued to use illicit sources. There was a reduction, however, in the proportion of addicts who used black‐market drugs frequently. Some opioid users who continued to commit non‐drug crimes while receiving a prescription admitted offending for reasons unrelated to drug taking.
Tobacco Battered and the Pipes Shattered: a note on the fate of the first British campaign against tobacco smoking
Authors: HARRISON LARRY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTobacco was first introduced into Elizabethan England as a new addition to the pharmacopoeia and the non‐medical use of tobacco was condemned as being injurious to health. Attempts were made to discourage the recreational use of tobacco through controls over its price, availability and production, and through a stream of hostile pamphlets, verses and Royal Proclamations. Yet this multi‐faceted prevention policy was a failure. Within 100 years, Britain was actively promoting the consumption of tobacco throughout the world. This paper provides a brief description of how, over 300 years ago, a government's commitment to combatting the introduction of an addictive drug was undermined, and its policies reversed.
Alcohol and Expectancy: subjective, psychophysiological and behavioral responses to alcohol stimuli in severely, moderately and non‐dependent drinkers
Authors: LABERG JON CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThirty male subjects, 10 severely and 10 moderately alcohol dependent, along with 10 non‐dependent controls, were studied in four experimental drinking conditions. Each subject participated in each condition. All subjects received a priming dose of 2 ml 40% vodka/kg or placebo, and a drinking test of 1 ml 40% vodka/kg 45 minutes later. Subjects were told that the priming dose contained ‘alcohol’ in two conditions and ‘soft drinks’ in the two other conditions of the Balanced placebo design. Self‐reported desire for a drink and experienced effects from alcohol were more influenced by instructions than by the actual presence of alcohol, although a peak BAG of 0.11% were reached if all available alcohol were consumed (not all subjects did so). Severely dependent subjects demonstrated more craning than the other groups, this difference was observed in the presence of information about alcohol, regardless of whether alcohol was present or not. No differences in speed of drinking were found. The severely dependent subjects showed a higher general arousal than moderately and non‐dependent subjects in this experimental setting, as measured by skin conductance level, and they displayed a higher skin conductance response to the instruction that alcohol was to be given. Severely dependent subjects showed a hypothermic response to alcohol. The results confirm our previous findings that expectations of alcohol exerts greater influence on craving than pharmacological effects of alcohol, but the severely dependent subjects are reacting more strongly to alcohol cues than less dependent alcoholics. In addition, the experiment demonstrates that psychophysiological responses are elicited by alcohol cues, and supports a classical conditioning model of alcohol dependence.
Monitoring the Demand for Treatment by Problem Drug Takers: a case study of a London Drug Dependency Unit
Authors: DAVIAUD E. , HARTNOLL R. , POWER R. , GRIFFITHS L. , CHALMERS C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryReliable, up‐to‐date information on drug misuse is essential for planning and evaluating service provision, both for administrators and for those who provide a service. This paper presents routine monitoring of a treatment agency as a tool that can play an important part in achieving this goal. The characteristics of routine monitoring are described. A case study is then presented, using the example of an inner London DDU. This illustrates that whilst a snapshot of the profile of an agency's clientele can be useful in raising questions about needs and forms of support, of far greater value, especially for planning purposes, is continuous information on how the characteristics of clients and the pattern of demand on the service change over time. Not only does this reflect changing service needs at the agency concerned, hut can also, when taken in conjunction with other sources of information, be valuable as an indicator of trends in the wider community and as a pointer to service needs in the future. In this example, there were marked changes over 4 years, with an increasing proportion of the client group being older chronic heroin users who had been in and out of treatment before. Other changes included a fall in the proportion of new clients, an increase in the delay between first opiate use and first demand for treatment, and important changes in the route of administration. The paper concludes with an assessment of the value and limitations of single case routine monitoring.
The Research Institute on Alcoholism, Buffalo, New York
Authors: BLANE HOWARD T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Research Institute on Alcoholism (RIA‐Buffalo, New York) is a free‐standing, state‐supported institution for the conduct of biological, psychological, and social research on the etiology, prevention, and treatment of alcoholic disorders. With a total staff of about 80 persons, the Institute has stable state funding from its parent agency, the Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, supplemented by external grant monies. Career development and training opportunities are supported through a variety of mechanisms and benefit from RIA's close association with the State University of New York at Buffalo. As a state agency, the RIA discharges a number of responsibilities of immediate relevance to the public welfare and relates to a variety of state and other organizations. The RIA is engaged in the conduct of several lines of inquiry and a central focus is upon the ontogeny of drinking careers and alcoholic disorders from adolescent through early adulthood.
Reasons for Drinking and Alcohol Use in Young Adults at High Risk and at Low Risk for Alcoholism
Authors: HESSELBROCK VICTOR M. , O'BRIEN JAMES , WEINSTEIN MARLYNN , CARTER‐MENENDEZ NANCY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study examined the relationship of attitudes towards the use of alcohol and alcohol consumption among young adult offspring of alcoholic (N=130) and non‐alcoholic (N = 75) parents. No differences were found between the two samples in the subjects’reported reasons for drinking or reasons for limiting consumption. In general, the greater the total amount of alcohol consumed, the more important were social enhancement and relief of unpleasant affect as reasons for drinking. Further, reasons for limiting alcohol consumption did not distinguish the high risk and low risk groups. Across both samples, lower consumption was associated with not wanting to become intoxicated, not liking the alcohol effect and not liking the taste. The associations found between reasons for not drinking and decreased consumption were smaller than the associations found between reasons for drinking and increased consumption.
Prevalence, Incidence and Chronicity of Drinking Patterns and Problems Among Men as a Function of Age: a longitudinal and cohort analysis
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAnalyses demonstrate that changes in prevalence of drinking patterns and problems across the life course for men can be described by age‐related incidence, chronicity and remission. Two longitudinal general population data sets demonstrate that the incidence of heavy drinking and alcohol problems decreases with age and that the chronicity of alcohol problems is highest in the middle years, decreasing after that time. A cohort analysis indicates that cohort membership or unique historical events do not appear to affect these age‐specific findings for men measured in the mid‐to‐late 20th Century in the U.S.
Life Events and Addiction: a critical review
Authors: O'DOHERTY FIONA , DAVIES JOHN B. 
Published: January 2006

Summary A number of research studies dealing with the relationship between life events' and the course of the addiction process are reviewed. It is concluded that there are problems involved in drawing unambiguous inferences from these researches. There is an absence of strong theoretical development which makes it difficult to see where the train of research is leading; consequently any association between the main variables can, at present, be viewed as ex post facto support for some version of a life events theory’. In addition, there are methodological problems concerning retrospective recall, the ‘search after meaning’ and the treatment of events as independent separate entities. It is suggested that advances will be made by way of approaches which take into account the dynamic and structural aspects of life courses' and the addiction process, and which pursue a more rigorous line of theoretical development and refinement.
Government Drug Agencies and Control of Drug Misuse
Authors: EDMONDSON KEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite an increasing level of successful action against drug trafficking, international authorities remain concerned at the continuing problem and the association with other criminal activities. Social use of psychoactive substances has a long history and attitudes continue to change. The controls which governments impose over drugs also change, both with these attitudes and with the increasing knowledge of pharmacology and physiologic effects of drugs, sometimes over many years. Public opinion remains somewhat ambivalent and ideas of personal liberty and the desire to be protected from harm become confused. Governments must accept the responsibility to impose controls in the interest of the community's safety. They need to remain flexible, varying controls with experience, and with therapeutic need, taking into account patterns of utilization and the advent of more appropriate treatments. This requires full cooperation with the academic and professional communities and a climate which assists mutual understanding.
A Survey of Cannabis Use in Offshore Rig Workers
Authors: CALDER IAN M. , RAMSEY JOHN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA series of offshore oil and gas rig workers were submitted to routine medical examination immediately prior to deployment offshore. Urine analysis for cannabinoids was found to be positive in 9.2%. Subsequent follow‐up showed that no accident had involved this group. New employees had their contracts terminated while established workers were disciplined. It does however pose the problem of another risk factor for accidents in an already hazardous occupation.
Young Female Canadian Drinkers: employment, marital status and heavy drinking
Authors: WHITEHEAD PAUL C. , LAYNE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHeavy drinking among young Canadian women is examined using data from the Canada Fitness Survey that involved a well selected sample of over 22,000 Canadians in 1981. Patterns of heavy drinking among women between the ages of 15 and 29 are examined for a variety of age, marital status and occupational status categories. Comparisons are made with males of corresponding ages while using definitions of heavy drinking that control for differences in average body weight between the sexes. With such a control in place, marked similarities are found between the usual consumption patterns of young males and females for a variety of status configurations.
Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 14. Israel
Authors: WEISS SHOSHANA , ELDAR PENINA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper summarizes alcohol problems research in Israel over the last 38yeurs (May 1948‐May 1986). The three main areas of interest in the framework of the Israeli research‐epidemiology, treatment and education, have been elucidated by looking at three eras, the late 40's‐60's (historical background), the 70's and the 80's. Some insights into policy and funding are also outlined as well as future directions. During the three above mentioned periods, epidemiological studies have constituted the main core of the Israeli research. Important issues to emerge in the 70's were the treatment of alcoholics. During the 80's research into the preventive‐educational domain has begun. In summary, new concepts, approaches and problems have expanded research into the alcohol field in recent years. This raises and heightens the hope that research can be developed and that new investigators can be encouraged to pursue alcohol research in spite of the difficulties relating to policy development, planning and budgeting.
Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism: some reminiscences
Authors: LEMERE FREDERICK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe development of the conditioned reflex aversion treatment of alcoholism at the Schick Shadel Hospital in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. is reviewed. This treatment is based on Pavlovian principles which must be strictly adhered w if true aversion is to be attained. The unconditioned stimulus (nausea and emesis induced by emetine injection, or painful electric shock) must be timed to coincide exactly with the conditioned stimulus (the imbibing of alcoholic beverages). Aversion atone, however is not enough for a complete treatment program. We have, therefore, augmented this with pentothal interviews and a comprehensive program of individual and group counseling, informational orientation lectures, nutritional advice, and strong after‐care support systems for recovery. Abstinence should not be a deprivation but rather a positive rewarding experience of life without alcohol.