bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic distribution, habitat association, and conservation status of the Critically Endangered Minas Gerais Tyrannulet Phylloscartes roquettei
Authors: Esteves Lopes Leonardo , Hoffmann Diego , Maldonado-Coelho Marcos , Ribeiro Luiz Edson , D'angelo Neto Santos 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Minas Gerais Tyrannulet Phylloscartes roquettei is currently classified as a Critically Endangered species, and is one of the most poorly known Neotropical birds. Here we report seven new localities for the species in the São Francisco river basin, raising to 17 the number of localities where this species is known to occur. The range of this species was estimated at 33,500 km2, covering a wider habitat spectrum than previously thought, including, in addition to dry forests, riparian and semi-deciduous forests. We believe this species is overlooked because its voice is generally unknown and available plates in field guides are inaccurate.ResumoO cara-dourada Phylloscartes roquettei é atualmente classificado como Criticamente Ameaçado, sendo uma das espécies de aves Neotropicais menos conhecidas. Neste trabalho são apresentadas sete novas localidades de ocorrência da espécie para a bacia do Rio São Francisco, elevando para 17 o número de localidades onde ela é conhecida. A área de ocorrência desta espécie foi estimada em 33,500 km2, ocupando uma gama de hábitats mais ampla do que o suposto anteriormente, incluindo, além das florestas secas, as florestas ciliares e semidecíduas. Acredita-se que esta espécie esteja passando despercebida devido ao desconhecimento de sua voz e à imprecisão das pranchas nos guias de campo disponíveis.
Taxonomic and conservation implications of ecological speciation in Nesospiza buntings on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Ryan Peter G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn addition to protecting species, conservation also includes the maintenance of evolutionary processes, but this aspect is often overlooked. Nesospiza buntings provide a good case study of the need to conserve evolutionary processes. They are endemic to the South Atlantic Tristan da Cunha archipelago, and traditionally have been treated as two species, with each having different subspecies on Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands. Both species are listed as Vulnerable because of their small ranges (<20 km2) and the threat posed by the possible introduction of alien organisms such as mice or rats. The two species differ markedly in size, especially bill size, related to dietary differences. However, recent research suggests that morphological diversity evolved independently on Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands, necessitating a revision of the taxonomy within the genus. I recommend that five taxa be recognized, with two endemic to Nightingale and three to Inaccessible Island. N. wilkinsi and N. questi on Nightingale are well-defined species, but there is considerable hybridization between taxa on Inaccessible Island. These three taxa may be incipient species, but are perhaps best treated as subspecies: N. acunhae acunhae, N. a. dunnei and N. a. fraseri (nom. nov.). All three species qualify as threatened, with N. acunhae and N. questi Vulnerable and N. wilkinsi Endangered. With fewer than 200 individuals, N. wilkinsi has one of the smallest natural populations of any bird. A reassessment of its population size is a conservation priority, following the 2001 storm that damaged many Phylica trees on Nightingale Island. Improved biosecurity quarantine measures are also needed for Nightingale Island. Care should be taken not to disrupt the natural processes occurring among bunting taxa on Inaccessible Island.
Waterbird population estimates for a key staging site in Kazakhstan: a contribution to wetland conservation on the Central Asian flyway
Authors: Schielzeth Holger , Eichhorn Götz , Heinicke Thomas , Kamp Johannes , Koshkin Maxim A. , Koshkin Alexej V. , Lachmann Lars 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRealistic population size estimates for waterbirds are crucial for the application of wetland conservation strategies, since the identification of internationally important wetlands is based on local numbers relative to the population size of the respective species. Central Asia is a poorly surveyed region that is situated at the intersection of migration routes that lead waterbirds from Western Siberia to the south-west (South-West Asia, East Africa) and to the south-east (South Asia, India). We calculated waterbird population estimates for the Tengiz–Korgalzhyn region, a large wetland complex in the steppe zone of Central Kazakhstan, based on waterbird surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004. For 20 of 43 species analysed the region supported more than 5% of the relevant flyway populations. Five species occurred with more than 40% of the flyway totals, including the Endangered White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala and the Vulnerable Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus. Peak numbers were recorded in summer and autumn and for most species numbers were more than an order of magnitude lower on spring migration compared with autumn migration. We identified 72 individual sites that held more than 20,000 waterbirds or more than 1% of a particular flyway population at least once. These sites are likely to constitute priorities for conservation. The general conservation status of the region is favourable, since many of the important sites are located within a strict nature reserve. However, outside the reserve hunting, fishing and powerline casualties represent conservation issues that should be monitored more carefully in the future.
Optimization of the Media Ingredients for Cutinase Production from Colleotrichum lindemuthianum Using Mixture Design Experiments
Authors: Rispoli Fred , Shah Vishal 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOptimal concentrations of yeast extract, glucose and potassium phosphate in the fermentation medium have been identified for the maximum cutinase production from the fungi Colleotrichum lindemuthianum. A simplex lattice experimental design for mixtures was used to identify concentration ranges that yield maximum production. Three sets of experiments were performed all involving three ingredients. The sets of experiments differ in the number of concentration levels considered. In the first set we consider four concentration levels (i.e., 0%, 33%, 67%, 100%), and in the second and third sets we consider five and six levels, respectively. Results showed that the interactions among the nutrient ingredients are best captured when five‐ and six‐level experiments are carried out. An algorithm has been proposed in this study to design the optimal medium. Various models were also developed to predict the enzyme production, and it is concluded that the cubic model obtained using six‐level experimental data gives the best model. The study also highlighted the synergistic interaction between yeast extract and glucose toward cutinase production.
Functional differentiation within the monkey cortex as revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ardestani Allen , Darvas Felix , Steinbrink Jens , Toga Arthur , Fuster Joaquin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe role of prefrontal cortex in working memory (WM) is well established. However, questions remain regarding the topography and “domain-specific differentiation” of different types of information processing in the cortex. While it has been theorized that dorsolateral (DPFC) and ventrolateral (VPFC) prefrontal cortex preferentially process spatial and object WM, respectively, both electrophysiological evidence in the monkey and neuroimaging in the human have largely failed to demonstrate such regional differentiation. In this study we use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect functional changes, across relatively large cortical cell populations, simultaneously from prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Imaging data were recorded from a Rhesus macaque performing two types of WM tasks: a spatial task in which the animal had to retain the spatial position of a visual stimulus, and a non-spatial task where he had to retain its color (red or green) during a 20s delay. During performance of the spatial WM task, cerebral activation trends were found in which DPFC exhibited stronger activation than did the VPFC, and posterior parietal cortex maintained higher delay activation than did frontal regions. These differences were less pronounced during performance of the non-spatial task. Additionally, incorrect trials generally elicited lower activations during the delay period than did trials ending with a correct response. Furthermore, NIRS data collected during the performance of a haptic WM task also appear to exhibit inter-regional differences in delay activation. The data thus suggest the presence of preferential cognitive processing between and within posterior and frontal cortical regions.
Psychiatry's Problem Child: PTSD in the Forensic Context (Part 2)
Authors: Gaughwin Peter 
Published: March 2008

Objective: The aim of this paper was to consider whether the Courts in their application of Criterion A for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the civil forensic context are in harmony or in conflict with psychiatry. Method: Discussed are five cases from the civil forensic jurisdiction that considered plaintiffs' submissions that, as a consequence of some wrong, they suffered PTSD. Results: The Courts have been quite consistent in their approach to PTSD – where there has been conflicting expert evidence as to whether a plaintiff has PTSD, the stressor which brings about this disorder must be extreme (i.e. objectively life-threatening). Conclusions: The Courts have been consistent in their application of Criterion A and, as such, are consistent with what the DSM-IV-TR requires before the diagnosis can be made. Such an approach ensures that merely unpleasant events, irrespective of how subjectively upsetting they may be, do not qualify for the diagnosis of PTSD. Psychiatrists, therefore, have an enormous responsibility when they provide expert evidence in relation to psychiatric issues that arise in legal matters.
Are Australian Men With Psychosis Spending More Time Homeless?
Authors: Holmes Alex , Hodge Mark , Hodge Mark , Bradley Gail , Bluhm Alan , Markulev Natasha , North Cameron , Innis Andy 
Published: March 2008

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if homeless men with psychosis using emergency accommodation services are spending more time homeless. Method: A 12-month accommodation history was collected from all men with psychosis referred to mental health services using two emergency accommodation services in inner Melbourne over a 5-year period. Results: Of the 241 men referred with psychosis, 200 (81%) were able to provide a full accommodation history. In 2001 the mean total days spent in crisis accommodation was 27.0 days and in 2005 the mean number of days was 60.9. Over the 5 years, increasing time was spent homeless in the 12 months prior to assessment, most commonly in emergency accommodations. Conclusions: Australian men with psychosis using emergency accommodation are spending an increasing amount of time homeless.
Development of COS genes as universally amplifiable markers for phylogenetic reconstructions of closely related plant species
Authors: Li Mingai , Wunder Jörg , Bissoli Gaetano , Scarponi Eliana , Gazzani Silvia , Barbaro Enrico , Saedler Heinz , Varotto Claudio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWith the aim of developing widely applicable gene markers for phylogenetic reconstructions at low taxonomic level, we tested the low copy nuclear Conserved Ortholog Set (COS) genes. Most of the 15 genes tested provided good amplification efficiency (as compared with rbcL) from a set of 67 representative angiosperm families. Nine selected COS markers were further characterized at both intra‐ and interfamilial level on a test set, including 25 species representative of 15 different families. While four of the COS led to incongruent results, the remaining five improved the phylogenetic reconstructions of closely related species as illustrated in the case of Orobanchaceae species. They were found to be highly informative in phylogenetic reconstruction of congeneric species, where introns provide a higher proportion of parsimony informative sites in comparison with traditional phylogenetic markers such as ITS and matK. At higher phylogenetic distance, where only coding regions could be aligned, the polymorphism levels of the COS ranged between those of ndhF and matK.On the basis of these results, the success rate in developing universally amplifiable low copy nuclear markers based on COS genes is about 30%. We report the successful development of five pCOS that, together with a few other well characterized genes, such as Rpb2 and GbssI, can be considered the closest approximation to low‐copy “universally” amplifiable markers for phylogeny in plants at present. The possible pitfalls of universally amplifiable COS marker development and their range of applicability at different taxonomic levels in comparison with traditional phylogenetic molecular markers are discussed.© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Availability of lipid emulsion in obstetric anaesthesia in the UK: a national questionnaire survey
Authors: Williamson R. M. , Haines J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThere is evidence that administration of lipid emulsion improves outcome in cardiovascular collapse secondary to local anaesthetic toxicity. We sent a questionnaire to the lead consultant anaesthetist in every consultant‐led labour ward in the UK asking about local guidelines for treatment of cardiac arrest, and whether or nor lipid emulsion was available on the labour ward and included in the guideline. We received replies from 195 (86%) labour wards. One hundred and seven (55%) reported having a guideline for the treatment of cardiovascular collapse secondary to local anaesthetic toxicity. Of these guidelines, lipid emulsion was included in 78 (40%). Lipid emulsion was readily available on 95 labour wards (49%). Of the remaining units, there were plans to make lipid available in the near future in 46 (46%). Of the 95 labour wards where lipid emulsion was readily available, 80 (84%) had a recommended dose regimen for its administration. Around three‐quarters of labour wards in the UK either have lipid emulsion available or plan to obtain it. This uptake should ideally be 100%.
The rate of alveolar‐capillary uptake of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide following anaesthetic induction
Authors: Peyton P. J. , Fortuin M. , Robinson G J. B. , Stuart‐Andrews C. , Pierce R. , Thompson B. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe rate of anaesthetic gas uptake from the breathing system has been extensively measured, but this does not reflect the true rate of early gas uptake by pulmonary blood, which drives inhalational induction of anaesthesia. In eight patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, we measured the rate of alveolar‐capillary uptake of anaesthetic gases up to 30 min following introduction of 0.5% sevoflurane and 33% nitrous oxide using the reverse Fick method, in which blood partial pressures were measured using a headspace equilibration technique. Simultaneous measurements of gas uptake from the breathing system were made by indirect calorimetry. Measured rates of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide uptake from the breathing system agreed well with previously described formulae when adjusted for inspired concentration. The time course of alveolar‐capillary gas uptake followed a characteristic rising curve peaking at 3–4 min and then exponentially declining, and for nitrous oxide was significantly higher than previously estimated.
Subarachnoid haematoma after spinal anaesthesia mimicking transient radicular irritation: a case report and review
Authors: Lam D. H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryI report a patient with a spinal subarachnoid haematoma after difficult spinal anaesthesia who presented with symptoms of radicular irritation, and who recovered with conservative management. Subarachnoid haematoma is rare after spinal anaesthesia; a literature review found nine cases. In the majority of these cases, spinal anaesthesia had been difficult and unsuccessful. Other risk factors included antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, and direct spinal cord trauma. All the previous cases required decompressive laminectomy.
In vitro evaluation of the CeVOXTM continuous central venous oxygenation monitoring system*
Authors: Baulig W. , Dullenkopf A. , Hasenclever P. , Schmid E. R. , Weiss M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe investigated the in vitro performance of the CeVOXTM system for continuous monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation by spectrophotometry (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany). Oxygen inflow into the system was varied, and oxygen saturation values measured by CeVOX were documented. Blood samples were simultaneously taken to assess oxygen saturation by co‐oximetry, and values were compared by Bland–Altman analysis. Sixty‐six data pairs were obtained at CeVOX and co‐oximetry values of 16–99% and 5.5–100%, respectively. Overall, CeVOX values only slightly overestimated co‐oximetry values (mean bias + 2.4%), but limits of agreement (2 SD of bias) were wide (− 11.8 to + 16.6%). Saturation measured by CeVOX underestimated that measured by co‐oximetry at higher oxygen concentrations and overestimated it at lower oxygen concentrations. There was a nearly linear correlation of the mean bias, suggesting a systematic error. We conclude that the current version of the CeVOX system does not reliably reflect oxygen saturation.
Retention of drug administration skills after intensive teaching
Authors: Wheeler D. W. , Degnan B. A. , Murray L. J. , Dunling C. P. , Whittlestone K. D. , Wood D. F. , Smith H. L. , Gupta A. K. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe have identified deficiencies in medical students' drug administration skills, and we attempted to address them with interactive online teaching modules and simulated critical incident scenarios. Short‐term improvements have been evident with this intensive effort, but medium‐term retention of skills has not been measured. A drug administration lecture, an online module and a simulated emergency scenario were offered to final year clinical students. None of the teaching was compulsory but participation was recorded, along with students' simulator performances and marks in an objective structured practical examination 9 months later. A poor simulator score predicted a poor performance in the later examination. Participation in the simulated scenario only significantly improved examination scores when supplemented by online teaching (p = 0.002). Intensive drug administration teaching using an online module and high fidelity simulation improves drug administration skills in the medium term. Students found simulation much more engaging than online teaching.
Peri‐operative anaesthetic management of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Schmidt C. , Creutzenberg M. , Piso P. , Hobbhahn J. , Bucher M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a long and complex procedure with significant blood and fluid loss during debulking and important pathophysiological alterations during the HIPEC phase. We performed a retrospective analysis of 78 consecutive patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC at a university hospital. Our data demonstrate large intra‐operative fluid turnover, with 51% of patients requiring a blood transfusion. During HIPEC, airway pressure and central venous pressure increased with a lower oxygenation ratio as a result of increased intra‐abdominal pressure with the closed abdomen technique. As a consequence of the raised body temperature, heart rate, end tidal carbon dioxide and arterial lactate levels increased with a slight metabolic acidosis. Peri‐operative analysis of routine clotting parameters revealed disturbances of the coagulation status. For pain management, 72% of patients received supplementary thoracic epidural analgesia with consequential peri‐operative opioid sparing and a reduced duration of postoperative ventilation.
Traumatic haemorrhage into an occult phaeochromocytoma: presentation and management in a patient with septic shock
Authors: Saxena N. , Parry‐Jones A. J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPhaeochromocytomas can have a variety of presentations; however, traumatic haemorrhage into a phaeochromocytoma is a rare presentation. Diagnosing and managing a critically ill, septic patient with a phaeochromocytoma can be very challenging. We report a case of a 57‐year‐old man, with a previously undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma, who presented initially with bowel perforation following an assault. Following a laparotomy for bowel resection and anastomosis, whilst on the intensive care unit, he developed paroxysmal severe hypertension overlying septic shock. Phaeochromocytoma was confirmed using a computed tomography scan and urinary assay of metanephrines and catecholamines. We managed the haemodynamic instability using labetalol and noradrenaline infusions. As his septic state improved he was started on conventional therapy and following control of his symptoms over the next few weeks, he underwent an uncomplicated right sided adrenalectomy. He made a full recovery.
Safety in anaesthesia: a study of 12 606 reported incidents from the UK National Reporting and Learning System
Authors: Catchpole K. , Bell M. D. D. , Johnson S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe incident reporting database at the National Patient Safety Agency was interrogated on the nature, frequency and severity of incidents related to anaesthesia. Of 12 606 reports over a 2‐year period, 2842 (22.5%) resulted in little harm or a moderate degree of harm, and 269 (2.1%) resulted in severe harm or death, with procedure or treatment problems generating the highest risk. One thousand and thirty‐five incidents (8%) related to pre‐operative assessment, with harm occurring in 275 (26.6%), and 552 (4.4%) related to epidural anaesthesia, with harm reported in 198 (35.9%). Fifty‐eight occurrences of anaesthetic awareness were also examined. This preliminary analysis is not authoritative enough to warrant widespread changes of practice, but justifies future collaborative approaches to reduce the potential for harm and improve the submission, collection and analysis of incident reports. Practitioners, departments and professional bodies should consider how the information can be used to promote patient safety and their own defensibility.
Laryngoscopy force in the sniffing position compared to the extension‐extension position
Authors: Lee L. , Weightman W. M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryLaryngoscopy is sometimes easier with the patient’s head and neck in the extension‐extension position (head extension with the neck extended by the head section of the table bent down at 30°) rather than the classical ‘sniffing the morning air’ position. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the axial force required for laryngoscopy is less in the extension‐extension than the sniffing position. We measured the force axial to the handle of a Macintosh 3 laryngoscope in 20 subjects under general anaesthesia who had been given neuromuscular blocking drugs. Measurement of force was made in the sniffing position and the extension‐extension position. The mean (SD) axial force required in the extension‐extension position was lower than in the sniffing position (19.6 (7.8) N versus 23.6 (8.6) N, p = 0.04). In the setting of routine tracheal intubation, less force is required when the patient is in the extension‐extension position than in the sniffing position.