bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the clavicle and the intramedullary nailing of midclavicular fractures
Authors: Andermahr Jonas , Jubel Axel , Elsner Andreas , Johann Jan , Prokop Axel , Rehm Klaus Emil , Koebke Juergen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntramedullary fixation is used increasingly to treat clavicular fractures. Anatomical variations in the clavicle of relevance to this procedure are analyzed. The length, diameters and curvature of the clavicle were measured in 196 specimens from the dissecting room. The calcium bone density was analyzed in 300 cross‐sectional samples of 100 specimens. The thickness of cortical and medullary bone of 70 slices was analyzed from freshly plastinated clavicles with implants in place. The female clavicle was shorter, less curved, and had a lower concentration of calcium than the male clavicle. Measurement of cortical thickness showed a mean value of 1.05 ± 0.23 mm at the most sternal measuring point, 2.05 ± 0.29 mm at the midpoint of the clavicle, and 0.95 ± 0.35 mm at the acromial end. The thinnest regions were the medial ventral cortex and the dorsal acromial cortex. These measurements explain clinical observations on nail perforation. The diameter of the medullary canal measured 6.7 ± 2.6 mm at its narrowest part, so that reaming (i.e., predrilling the medullary canal) prior to 3.5 mm titanium nail insertion is not necessary. The main difficulties encountered when placing a nail are secondary to the S‐curvature of the clavicle. In 80% of fractures, the break is located at the narrowest diameter of the medullary canal. Thus, the clavicle displays definite gender‐ and side‐specific anatomical features in terms of length, diameter, curvature, and calcium concentration. These should be considered when performing intramedullary fixation. Clin. Anat. 20:48–56, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physician professionalism for a new century
Authors: Holsinger James W. , Beaton Benjamin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDuring the past 50 years, physicians have become increasingly dissatisfied with certain aspects of their profession. Dissatisfaction has intensified with the advent of managed care in the late 20th century, the medical liability crisis, and the growing divergence between the professional and personal expectations placed upon physicians and their practical ability to meet these expectations. These and other factors have encroached on physician autonomy, the formerly ascendant professional value within medicine. As the underlying values and practical realities of the broader American health care system have changed, the professional values and practices of physicians have failed to adapt correspondingly, resulting in a “professionalism gap” that contributes to physician dissatisfaction. To improve the outlook and efficacy of modern American physicians, the profession must adopt a new values framework that conforms to today's health care system. This means foregoing the 20th century's preferred “independent physician” model in favor of a new professional structure based on teamwork and collaboration. Convincing established physicians to embrace such a model will be difficult, but opportunities exist for significant progress among a new generation of physicians accustomed to the realities of managed care, flexible practice models, and health information technology. The teaching of clinical anatomy, given its incorporation of student collaboration at the earliest stages of medical education, offers a prime opportunity to introduce this generation to a reinvigorated code of professionalism that should reduce physician dissatisfaction and benefit society. Clin. Anat. 19:473–479, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximal humerus fractures
Authors: Sanchez‐Sotelo Joaquin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProximal humerus fractures are common injuries. Knowledge of local anatomy is paramount in the evaluation and treatment of these injuries. Information regarding humeral head vascularity, fracture patterns, bone quality, and overall geometry have direct implications for nonoperative treatment, internal fixation, and hemiarthroplasty. The ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery perfuses most of the humeral head. When fractured, the greater tuberosity tends to displace posterosuperiorly, the lesser tuberosity and the shaft displace medially, and the head may be pulled by the attached tuberosity, impacted into valgus, or in more severe cases dislocated, impacted, or divided. Internal fixation of two‐part, three‐part, and selected four‐part fractures may be compromised by local osteopenia; knowledge of the location of the strongest bone in the proximal humerus combined with the use of fixed‐angle devices and occasionally bone graft or substitutes has improved the outcome of osteosynthesis. When the humeral head cannot be preserved, successful hemiarthroplasty requires tuberosity union and anatomic restoration of the overall geometry of the proximal humerus in terms of height, retroversion, and head‐tuberosity relationships. Clin. Anat. 19:588–598, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of registered and fused Chinese Visible Human and patient MRI images
Authors: Li L. , Liu Y.X. , Song Z.J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRadiological images are commonly used as important tools in medical diagnoses and treatment. Different modalities of medical images provide uniquely different content. Hence, it is natural and desirable to combine different image modalities to obtain additional new information to enhance clinical assessment. However, given the current technology, radiological images are not always sufficiently informative to permit diagnosis and treatment. In order to address this problem, we fused selected portions of the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) dataset with MRI images from a patient. Specifically, we segmented the caudate nucleus, the lentiform nucleus, and the thalamus in the CVH dataset and then registered and fused this dataset with corresponding MRI images using both rigid and nonrigid registration techniques. After rigid and nonrigid registration, the CVH and MRI images largely coincided with each other. The shape, relationship, and position of focal areas and neural structures were clearly displayed. Using volume and surface rendering, these images were three‐dimensionally reconstructed to display the neural structures of interest within the brain. These structures can be rotated at will and observed from different angles. Our research indicates that the fusion of CVH and patients' MRI images can enhance the amount of neural information available to physicians and lay a foundation for the clinical use of the CVH dataset. Clin. Anat. 19:225–231, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Professionalism and team care in the clinical setting
Authors: Page David W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe introduction of an 80‐hr work week mandates frequent sign‐out or transfer of patient information sessions among training physicians. At the same time, patients are increasingly more complex and cared for by teams employing technologically driven interventions. In order for team care to work, residents and medical students must master the elements of professionalism, upon which solid leadership and clear communication rests. Early instruction should include topics, such as clarity of language, cultural sensitivity, a subordination of self‐interest to the needs of the patient, and a dedication to lifelong learning of cognitive and motor skills. This exposure to professionalism may begin in the dissection room and continue seamlessly through residency and into practice. Clin. Anat. 19:468–472, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mindfulness, dissociation, EMDR and the anterior cingulate cortex: a hypothesis
Authors: Corrigan Frank M 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHypotheses on the neurobiology of a mindfulness–dissociation continuum are presented. Crucial to the hypotheses are the observations of a reciprocal interaction between the cognitive and affective subdivisions of the anterior cingulate cortex and the unilateral activation of right anterior cingulate in hypnotic dissociation and in post‐traumatic syndromes. It is proposed that the unilateral activation can cause a loss of the reciprocal relationship between the subdivisions and that in the case of peri‐traumatic dissociation the subsequent syndrome responds to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) through restoration of the bilateral activation and reinstatement of the reciprocal relationship between the subdivisions. Bilateral activation of the cognitive subdivisions is proposed to underlie the attentional state of concentration mindfulness in which affect is well regulated. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Self‐hypnosis tapes for anxious cancer patients: an evaluation using Personalised Emotional Index (PEI) diary data
Authors: Laidlaw Tannis M. , Willett Michael J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a preliminary study, two self‐hypnosis interventions delivered by audio‐tape in the privacy of their own homes were practised ad hoc by 27 cancer patients to alleviate acute anxiety ‘attacks’. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a tape teaching either progressive muscular relaxation or a light and slow breathing rhythm, both delivered in the context of hypnosis. Data on the incidence of acute anxiety episodes and ratings of both positive and negative emotions were collected prior to the intervention and post‐intervention using the Personalised Emotional Index (PEI) via daily diaries. Participants showed significant improvement in both incidence of acute anxiety episodes and emotional states, although only the Breathing Training group produced significant improvement in all three measures (more positive and less negative mood states and fewer anxiety ‘attacks’). Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Conceptual issues in hypnosis research: explanations, definitions and the state/non‐state debate
Authors: Hasegawa Harutomo , Jamieson Graham A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present paper aims to integrate existing streams of hypnosis research and theory into a broader context. A conceptual framework is presented that illustrates the range of explanatory approaches that are available to describe psychological phenomena in general, and this is applied to the discussion of hypnosis. In doing so, various approaches to hypnosis research are categorized and the scope and limitations of the theories derived from them are considered. The definition of hypnosis is also explored within this framework. The state/non‐state debate is reconsidered in the context of the systems approach to states of consciousness described by Tart (1983/2000). Research agendas for hypnosis are clarified, and methodologies and directions for future research are suggested. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The use of hypnosis to help an anxious student with a social communication disorder to attend school
Authors: Byron David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis single‐case study examines the efficacy of hypnosis as an anxiety management and confidence strengthening technique in the specific area of a social communication disorder of long duration and which had proved resistant to other therapeutic approaches. The anxiety of a 15‐year‐old student with a social communication disorder and inability to enter a classroom was measured before and after intervention, in addition to progress on personal targets and the effect of his difficulties on life at home. In hypnosis the student was taught anxiety management and self‐hypnosis techniques and, with his mother, approaches to increase assertiveness. Anxiety decreased, and self‐confidence, social communication and school attendance increased during and following the hypnosis intervention. Four sessions, including hypnosis and self‐hypnosis, were delivered. Follow‐up monitoring visits at one, three and six months provided evidence of maintenance or continued improvement in the post‐intervention measures. In addition to the marked positive gains from pre‐ to post‐intervention measures, both the client and his mother reported improvements in his emotional well‐being and social inclusion. The significance of the results for the use of hypnosis as an adjunct to educational psychology is discussed. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Individual differences in personality, immunology and mood in patients undergoing self‐hypnosis training for the successful treatment of a chronic viral illness, HSV‐2
Authors: Gruzelier John , Champion Andy , Fox Paul , Rollin Matthew , McCormack Sheena , Catalan Pepe , Barton Simon , Henderson Don 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIndividual differences in personality, in particular cognitive activation, withdrawal and hypnotic susceptibility were examined in a study of self‐hypnosis training in patients with chronic and severe herpes simplex virus (HSV‐2), genital herpes, along with depression, anxiety and activation ratings. Immune parameters were assayed before and after the six‐week training. Self‐hypnosis almost halved recurrence rate, benefiting 65% of the patients. Furthermore clinical responders demonstrated an increase in natural killer cell (NKC) cytotoxicity of herpes infected cells as well as up‐regulation of nonspecific immune parameters. In replication of a student exam stress study (Gruzelier, Smith, Nagy and Henderson, 2001a) cognitive activation was positively associated with immune function; with improvement in herpes recurrence, improvements in specific NKC cytotoxicity, baseline functional NKC activity and energy ratings, and was unrelated to frequency of practice. No other measure of personality or affect was associated with immune system up‐regulation and improvements in health. Depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety improved independently of herpes outcome. Depression and/or anxiety at baseline were positively associated with withdrawal, particularly the affective aspects, and neuroticism, which were associated with immune down‐regulation seen in NKC counts and NKC functional activity at baseline. Hypnotizability was associated positively with aspects of immune system up‐regulation and negatively with clinical depression. Immune system up‐regulation in clinical responders correlated positively with frequency of self‐hypnosis practice. This is possibly the first evidence for the efficacy of self‐hypnosis training for a chronic medical illness. Evidence (1) of the benefits to health and (2) of the viral specificity of the immune changes, here in the form of increased cytotoxicity of NKC for cells infected with the herpes virus, gives credence to the value of a psychological intervention for immunity; evidence for which is scarce in the field of psychoneuroimmunology. The predictive ability of cognitive activation for response to hypnotherapy is in keeping with the preferential effects on both immune parameters and health of hypnosis instructions which require the generation of dynamic imagery in contrast to instructions of passive relaxation imagery (Gruzelier, Levy, Williams and Henderson, 2001b). Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Request‐to‐suggestion carryover: when responses to requests affect responses to suggestions
Authors: Gorassini Donald R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examined how behaviour performed in response to requests (for example, ‘Raise your arm’) influenced responsiveness to suggestions (for example, ‘Your arm is rising’). Participants were requested to raise an outstretched arm or to hold an outstretched arm still but imagine it rising. Everyone complied with the particular request given. Later, all participants were administered suggestions announcing that arm rising movements would occur. The suggested movements occurred in eight of the 10 participants who were earlier requested to move but failed to occur in all 10 participants who were earlier requested to hold still. Theoretical implications and potential applications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The involvement of frontally modulated attention in hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility: cortical evoked potential evidence
Authors: Gruzelier John , Gray Matthew , Horn Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frontal N100 difference wave (N100d) between cortical evoked potentials to frequent and infrequent tones was compared before and during hypnosis in subjects with high and low hypnotic susceptibility (n = 10,11). This was to test putative alterations in attention, novelty detection in particular, modulated by anterior functions including the anterior cingulate to auditory stimuli extraneous to hypnosis. Susceptibility was measured with the HGSHS:A and validated with a laboratory scale during the experiment. Results showed that in the highly susceptible participants the N100d was clearly manifested in the pre‐hypnosis control condition, was later attenuated following instructions of hypnosis and was virtually absent after further hypnosis. The effect was due to attenuated responding to the infrequent stimulus, without change to the frequent stimulus. This compromise extended to the later frontal P300 wave whose amplitude was reduced by 50% with hypnosis and was negligible by the end of hypnosis. The parietal P300 was reduced in both hypnosis conditions to a similar degree. These results were consistent with a progressive reduction throughout the hypnotic induction in focused attention to stimuli incidental to hypnosis capable of frontal modulation and frontal activation to the novel stimulus. In contrast the participants with low susceptibility showed an opposite pattern of change in the N100d. Though absent before hypnosis there was a progressive increase in the N100d from the first to the second hypnosis recording. This was underpinned by changes in response amplitudes to both frequent and infrequent stimuli, without systematic changes to the P300. Their results supported a dispersion of attentional resources and an absence of frontal activation in the pre‐hypnosis baseline, compatible with a lack of focused attention and engagement of frontal functions theorized to be necessary for hypnosis. Furthermore subjects with low hypnotizability showed a longer P300 latency at the central parietal peak compatible with more prolonged processing of the rare stimulus, in keeping with a more posterior bias in processing. This may militate against the induction of hypnosis, theorized to require initial engagement of anterior processes, and here supported by the results in the highly hypnotizable participants. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Memory and depth of processing in ‘hypnotized’ and non‐hypnotized’ subjects
Authors: Pitts Mark , Heap Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo groups of subjects were compared for their free recall and recognition memory of 40 words, half of which they had processed at the ‘deep’ level and half at the ‘shallow’ level. Prior to testing recall and recognition, one group received a standard hypnotic induction and deepening routine and the other group listened to a ‘dummy’ induction, which consisted of instructions to keep their eyes closed but remain oriented to their immediate situation. Both groups were given identical suggestions for hypermnesia before testing their recall and their recognition. As expected, deeply processed words were recalled and recognized better than shallowly processed ones, but unlike the findings of Shields and Knox (1986), the hypnotic group did not show improved recall and recognition for deeply processed words. In fact the non‐hypnotic group had significantly higher recall scores overall than the hypnotic group. Measures of time estimation, awareness of external reality, and relaxation did not discriminate the two groups, indicating that, at least in terms of these experiences, the hypnotic and dummy inductions had no differential effects. Ad hoc analysis revealed a significant modest correlation between ratings of unawareness of the real world and deep‐shallow processing differences in recall. Some tentative implications for claims of hypnotic hypermnesia are suggested. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Direct Estimate of the Strength of Conjugation and Hyperconjugation by the Energy Decomposition Analysis Method
Authors: Fernández Israel , Frenking Gernot 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe intrinsic strength of π interactions in conjugated and hyperconjugated molecules has been calculated using density functional theory by energy decomposition analysis (EDA) of the interaction energy between the conjugating fragments. The results of the EDA of the trans‐polyenes H2CCH(HCCH)nCHCH2 (n=1–3) show that the strength of π conjugation for each CC moiety is higher than in trans‐1,3‐butadiene. The absolute values for the conjugation between SiSi π bonds are around two‐thirds of the conjugation between CC bonds but the relative contributions of ΔEπ to ΔEorb in the all‐silicon systems are higher than in the carbon compounds. The π conjugation between CC and CO or CNH bonds in H2CCHC(H)O and H2CCHC(H)NH is comparable to the strength of the conjugation between CC bonds. The π conjugation in H2CCHC(R)O decreases when R=Me, OH, and NH2 while it increases when R=halogen. The hyperconjugation in ethane is around a quarter as strong as the π conjugation in ethyne. Very strong hyperconjugation is found in the central CC bonds in cubylcubane and tetrahedranyltetrahedrane. The hyperconjugation in substituted ethanes X3CCY3 (X,Y=Me, SiH3, F, Cl) is stronger than in the parent compound particularly when X,Y=SiH3 and Cl. The hyperconjugation in donor–acceptor‐substituted ethanes may be very strong; the largest ΔEπ value was calculated for (SiH3)3CCCl3 in which the hyperconjugation is stronger than the conjugation in ethene. The breakdown of the hyperconjugation in X3CCY3 shows that donation of the donor‐substituted moiety to the acceptor group is as expected the most important contribution but the reverse interaction is not negligible. The relative strengths of the π interactions between two CC double bonds, one CC double bond and CH3 or CMe3 substituents, and between two CH3 or CMe3 groups, which are separated by one CC single bond, are in a ratio of 4:2:1. Very strong hyperconjugation is found in HCCC(SiH3)3 and HCCCCl3. The extra stabilization of alkenes and alkynes with central multiple bonds over their terminal isomers coming from hyperconjugation is bigger than the total energy difference between the isomeric species. The hyperconjugation in MeC(R)O is half as strong as the conjugation in H2CCHC(R)O and shows the same trend for different substituents R. Bond energies and lengths should not be used as indicators of the strength of hyperconjugation because the effect of σ interactions and electrostatic forces may compensate for the hyperconjugative effect.