bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐decker Earth Observing Satellite
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Envisat, which will continue observations from two earlier European remote sensing missions, is “the most complex Earth observation satellite ever to be built,” British Science Minister Lord Sainsbury said prior to the satellite's successful 1 March launch from Kourou Spaceport in French Guiana.The $2‐billion polar‐orbiting satellite, which was developed by the British National Space Center, and by the British space industry in partnership with the European Space Agency includes 10 different instruments to measure Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice over a 5‐year period. Sainsbury said the satellite is like a double‐decker bus compared with most satellites that have one or two instruments on board.
Kyoto Protocol one step closer
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The European Union (EU) could soon decide to ratify the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, following a 4 March meeting of the European Commissions environment council to approve the treaty.European Commission President Romani Prodi said the council's move enables the 15 EU member states to take the steps toward simultaneous ratification together with the commission before 1 June.“I urge our partners both in the developed and in the developing countries to also ratify the Kyoto Protocol soon,” he said.
House Committee increases NSF budget
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) would receive an 8.9% funding increase for fiscal year 2003 under a budget resolution passed by the U.S. House of Representatives' Budget Committee on 13 March.Under the resolution, funding for NSF would total $5.2 billion. The Bush administration has proposed an FY2003 budget of $5.04 billion, 5% greater than the previous fiscal year.
State climatologists issue policy on climate change
Authors: Pielke Roger 
Published: October 2006

During the summer 2001 annual meeting of the American Association of State Climatologists (AASC), it was decided that a policy statement by this organization on climate was needed. This community which provides climate service to individual states and regions, had here to fore not provided its view on the subject of climate prediction capabilities and climate services.Among the major conclusions of the resulting policy statement is that our ability to skillfully predict the future climate, due to both natural causes and human forcings, is limited to approximately a season or so. The policy also states that monitoring and assessments of societal and environmental vulnerability to climate variability and change are the topics which should be emphasized, in terms of the allocation of resources in this area.
Report calls for riparian protection
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A 22 March report by The (U.S.) National Academies calls for the protection and restoration of riparian areas in the United States. However, it concedes that key difficulties in this endeavor include the lack of basic information about the extent and ecological health of these areas, and even a precise ecological definition of what a riparian area is.The report, “Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management” prepared by the Water Science and Technology Board of the National Research Council, states that “restoration of riparian functions along America's water bodies should be a national goal.”
Ezekiel and the Northern Lights: Biblical aurora seems plausible
Authors: Siscoe George L. , Silverman Samuel M. , Siebert Keith D. 
Published: October 2006

Auroral specialists have suggested that in the Bible's Old Testament book of Ezekiel, the opening vision of a “storm cloud out of the north” depicts imagery inspired by a low‐latitude auroral display [Link, 1967; Eather, 1980; Silverman, 1998]. Naturally, other interpretations have been suggested, including a true epiphany, a sandstorm, a thunderstorm, a tornado, a solar halo, a hallucination, and a UFO. Biblical scholars place the site of the Ezekiel's vision about 100 km south of Babylon near Nippur, latitude ˜32°, longitude ˜45°, and the date is within a year or two of 593 B.C., or about 2600 years ago.An auroral interpretation of the vision is subject to possible refutation due to several geophysical considerations. Can auroras be seen at Ezekiel's latitude? More important, can they reach a coronal stage of development, which is what the vision requires? Was the tilt of the dipole axis favorable? Was the general level of solar activity favorable? And finally, What effect does a larger dipole moment in Ezekiel's time have on the question? All but the last question could have been answered on the basis of geophysical data a decade ago or earlier.
Web browser applet allows visualization of three‐dimensional models
Authors: Dorman LeRoy M. , Gehringer Douglas D. 
Published: October 2006

A new, machine‐independent Java Applet, a program that runs in a browser, downloads both byte code and three‐dimensional models from a remote Web site and displays them on a local computer. The code is a few hundred kilobytes in size and allows the viewer to control a two‐dimensional view of a three‐dimensional array, which can be represented by files as small as one byte per node. This code allows both the angle of view and the color map to be controlled by the user.Representation of three‐dimensional models by two‐dimensional images is aided by the use of four‐dimensional color maps. A three‐dimensional color map shows each model value as a specific color, usually as a redgreen‐ blue (RGB) triplet. A four‐dimensional color map associates each value with a four‐component set‐RGBA—where the A represents alpha, the transparency. This additional component allows vision through parts of the model—the reference or “uninteresting” parts—to the anomalous or “interesting” parts. But this is not a complete solution, since it does not provide depth perception.
Pachauri maps out next steps at IPCC
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Rajendra Pachauri already is settling into his role as the new chairman of the IPCC for his six‐year term. Pachauri is planning to confer with the members of the 30‐person IPCC bureau and other IPCC country delegates in order to bridge any divides caused by a divisive election, and to ensure a collaborative effort within the organization. Pachauri also is planning a bureau meeting for early August to decide on a plan of action for the fourth IPCC assessment, scheduled for completion in 2007.The IPCC Secretary, Narasimhan Sundararaman, said there would likely be a scoping meeting in February 2003. The purpose of this would be to bring together about 75 experts to decide on topics that the upcoming assessment report should deal with in science, economics, response options, and other areas related to climate change.
A new organization to improve coordination of U.S. volcano monitoring
Authors: Guffanti Marianne 
Published: October 2006

With nearly 70 active and potentially active volcanoes in five distinct tectonic settings, the United States is a volcanically vigorous country that repeatedly experiences significant levels of volcanic unrest and eruptive activity. Five interactive volcano observatories, supported mainly by the Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), conduct long‐term monitoring and associated research investigations (see text box). In addition,through a joint program of USGS and the U.S. Agency for International Development, some volcanoes in other countries are visited—by invitation— by rapid‐response teams of U.S. volcanologists who assist with monitoring and hazard assessment during periods of unrest or eruption.Monitoring operations at the volcano observatories are a cooperative undertaking, carried out using staff and facilities of USGS, and of partners at other federal and state agencies and at universities (These are partnerships that are formalized through Memoranda of Understanding, Congressional directive, or long‐standing cooperative agreements with USGS.) The dispersed geographic and institutional nature of the observatory activities requires substantial interaction among all the scientific partners to achieve the desired level of cooperation.
Ronald William Girdler (1930–2001)
Authors: Styles Peter , Searle Roger 
Published: October 2006

Ron Girdler, age 71, died unexpectedly of a stroke at his home in Durham, England, on 19 October 2001. He became a member of AGU's Tectonophysics Section in 1960. He was elected a Fellow of AGU in 2001, but sadly, died before he could receive the award.Girdler was one of a vanishing breed of academics who lived completely for his subject, geophysics. He lived especially for rift studies, a particular niche within the discipline. Girdler lived a frugal, simple life. In another time, he might well have been a member of a monastic order, his only extravagance being a love of travel; particularly to the United States and Japan, where he had many, many friends. He was one of a group of post‐war British geophysicists, mainly trained at Cambridge, who helped provide evidence for Wegener's early ideas of continental drift. His career spanned research on reversals of the geomagnetic field, through the early and developing ideas of plate tectonics, and eventually to the routine use of global, satellite‐based investigations of the geoid and geomagnetic fields.
Thermal Signatures of Heat Transfer Processes in the Earth's Crust
Authors: Deming David 
Published: October 2006

Thermal Signatures of Heat Transfer Processes in the Earth's Crust is a revised version of the author's D.Sc. thesis. It is a relatively short paperback that will mainly be of interest to those specializing in the study of terrestrial heat flow.The book is divided into four sections. The first is a brief introduction that argues for the importance and relevance of thermal methods to geological problems and the difficulties and complications of interpreting thermal data. The second section is titled “Spatial and Temporal Scales for Heat Transport Processes.” After a brief tutorial on diffusion, two case studies are presented that involve the reconstruction of climate histories from inversion of borehole temperature logs. The analyses contain some beautiful color igures. The third section is titled “Identification of Diffusion and Advection: Two Case Studies…” and discusses analysis of temperature logs from the 9‐km‐deep KTB drill hole in Germany, and the 12‐km‐deep borehole on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. The fourth section is short, and it analyzes the “influence of an intrusion in the lower crust on the thermal regime in the upper crust.”
Health report on U.S. marine fisheries
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While a 1 May report on the status of U.S. fisheries indicates that stock levels for many marine fish managed by the United States in its 5.2‐million‐square‐kilometer Exclusive Economic Zone are healthy and others are steadily rebuilding, several key problems remain.The report, “Toward Rebuilding America's Marine Fisheries,” issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), notes that the number of fish stocks with sustainable harvest rates rose from 159 to 230 between 1999 and 2001; the number of stocks exceeding allowable harvest levels dropped from 77 stocks to 65; and the number of stocks deemed as overfished declined from 92 stocks to 81.
Slowdown in journal production
Authors: Homberger George , Holoviak Judy C. 
Published: October 2006

Timely publication is something authors and readers should expect from AGU journals. Currently the journals are falling short in this area because of the challenges of the transition from the old, author‐produced copy to full electronic production and delivery.We believe that the entire membership should be informed about this problem and about what is being done to return to timely publication.
Earthscope Program Workshop agrees on multi‐pronged education effort
Authors: Hall‐Wallace Michael , Hamburger Michael , Meertens Chuck , Braile Larry , Benthien Mark , Henyey Tom 
Published: October 2006

EarthScope is a new Earth sciences initiative designed to dramatically improve our understanding of the evolution and dynamics of the North American continent. It is a partnership extending throughout the Earth science community, including more than 100 U.S. universities, the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey regional seismic network, and state geological surveys.Over 50 scientists and educators recently gathered to lay the foundation for EarthScopes education and outreach (E&O) program. The workshop brought together representatives of the Earth, space, and ocean science communities from colleges and universities, professional science and education societies, K‐l2 schools, and state and federal agencies.
Exploring submarine earthquake geology in the Marmara Sea
Authors: Polonia A. , Cormier M.‐H. , Cagatay N. , Bortoluzzi G. , Bonatti E. , Gasperini L. , Seeber L. , Gorur N. , Capotondi L. , McHugh C. , Ryan W. B. F. , Emre Ö , Okay N. , Ligi M. , Tok B. , Blasi A. , Busetti M. , Eris K. , Fabretti P. , Fielding E. J. , Imren C. , Kurt H. , Magagnoli A. , Marozzi G. , Ozer N. , Penitenti D. , Serpi G. , Sarikavak K. 
Published: October 2006

The disastrous 1999 earthquakes in Turkey have spurred the international community to study the geometry and behavior of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) beneath the Marmara Sea. While the area is considered mature for a large earthquake, the detailed fault geometry below the Marmara Sea is uncertain, and this prevents a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in the highly‐populated region close to Istanbul.Two geological/geophysical surveys were recently conducted in the Marmara Sea: the first in November 2000 with the R/V Odin Finder, and the second in June 2001 with the R/V CNR‐Urania. Both were sponsored and organized by the Institute of Marine Geology of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), in cooperation with the Turkish Council for Scientific and Technical Research (TUBITAK) and the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Multi‐beam bathymetry, multi‐channel seismic reflection profiling, magnetometry high‐resolution CHIRP sub‐bottom profiling, and bottom imaging were carried out with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Over 60 gravity and piston cores were collected.
Efforts afoot to double NSF funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Legislation to increase funding for the National Science Foundation (NSF) by 15% for each fiscal year, from 2003 through 2005, was approved by a U.S. House of Representatives Science subcommittee on 8 May.Resolution (HR) 4664, the “Investing in America's Future Act,” would increase agency funding from $4.78 billion for fiscal year 2002 to $7.29 billion for fiscal year 2005.
Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko (1920–2001)
Authors: Lapenis Andrei , Hoffert Martin , Groisman Pasha Ya. , Anisimov Oleg 
Published: October 2006

Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko died on 10 December 2001 in St. Petersburg, Russia. Budyko was an active member of the international geophysical community and a 1994 recipient of AGU's Robert E. Horton Medal. He made invaluable contributions to our knowledge of the Earth's climate, hydrosphere, and biosphere.Budyko was born in January 1920 in Gomel in the former Soviet Union; it is now part of the Republic of Belarus. In 1942, he received his master of science degree from Leningrad Polytechnic Institute's Department of Physics, and in 1951, he received his doctor of science degree from the Main Geophysical Observatory where he served as director from 1954 to 1972. From 1972 until his death, he was the head of the Division for Climate Change Research of the State Hydrological Institute in St. Petersburg.
Satellite imagery proves essential for monitoring erupting Aleutian Volcano
Authors: Dean Kenneson , Dehn Jonathan , McNutt Steve , Neal Christina , Moore Richard , Schneider Dave 
Published: October 2006

Mt. Cleveland is one of more than 40 active volcanoes in Alaska that is monitored by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). It is located on the western half of Chuginadak, a remote and uninhabited island in the east central Aleutians that lies 1526 km southwest of Anchorage. The closest inhabited community, Nikolski, is 75 km to the east on Umnak Island (Figure 1).Mt. Cleveland erupted explosively on 19 February and on 11 and 19 March 2001. Because the volcano is not yet monitored with seismic, deformation, or other geophysical instruments, satellite imagery was the only effective tool for detecting and monitoring this activity. Eruption clouds and elevated surface temperatures were detected on multiple satellite data sets. The largest eruption was in February. This first eruption cloud and the subsequent wave of ash (Figure 1) that drifted across Alaska extended up to flight levels and prompted cancellation and re‐routing of air traffic throughout the North Pacific region on 19 and 20 February.
New support line for members
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU has recently established a new customer “support line”—solutions@agu.org—as the point of contact on AGU's staff for members and other individual constituents who have not been able to resolve issues or get questions answered promptly or to their satisfaction through customary channels.Over the past year, there have been many changes at AGU. Unfortunately—and perhaps as a result of these changes—communication with members and individual constituents has suffered. Some individuals report, for example, that e‐mail messages are not answered to their satisfaction, or in a timely manner. Instructions on AGU's Web site are unclear in some areas. Problems related specifically to the transition to electronic publishing are cropping up.
Federal officials outline efforts to restrict sensitive environmental data
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Since 11 September 2001, the U.S. government has undertaken efforts to tighten access to information that could be useful to terrorists. A White House official told a meeting of the National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, held on 17 May, that new guidelines for deciding which information should be restricted are being developed by the Bush administration.Penrose Albright, assistant director for homeland and national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)said that the process for “taking information heretofore readily accessible and restricting it is not yet resolved. A memorandum for the decision‐making process is not yet thought through. But these things are being discussed in the White House and [executive] agencies.”
Drilling reveals climatic consequences of Tasmanian Gateway Opening
Authors: Exon Neville , Kennett Jim , Malone Mitch , Brinkhuis Henk , Chaproniere George , Ennyu Atsuhito , Fothergill Patrick , Fuller Michael , Grauert Marianne , Hill Peter , Janecek Tom , Kelly Clay , Latimer Jennifer , McGonigal Kristeen , Nees Stefan , Ninnemann Ulysses , Nuernberg Dirk , Pekar Stephen , Pellaton Caroline , Pfuhl Helen , Robert Christian , Röhl Ursula , Schellenberg Stephen , Shevenell Amelia , Stickley Catherine , Suzuki Noritoshi , Touchard Yannick , Wei Wuchang , White Tim 
Published: October 2006

One of the great stories of geoscience is how Gondwana broke up and the other southern continents drifted northward from Antarctica, which led to major changes in global climate.The recent drilling of Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) Leg 189 addressed in detail what happened as Australia drifted away from Antarctica and the Tasmanian Gateway opened. The drifting contributed to the change in global climate, from relatively warm early Cenozoic “greenhouse” conditions to late Cenozoic “icehouse” conditions. It isolated Antarctica from warm gyral surface currents from the north and provided the critical deepwater conduits that eventually led to ocean conveyor circulation between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Microbiologists search the clouds
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

On 22 May, a team of microbiologists used a prototype cloud‐catcher mounted on a research plane to collect samples from low‐lying cumulus clouds near Oxford, England. The researchers, from the University of East London (UEL), are investigating whether an active and self‐sustaining ecosystem exists in clouds, and whether airborne microbes may play an active role in forming clouds and causing rainfall.While scientists have known that microorganisms, including bacteria, fungal spores, and algae, can survive and possibly reproduce in the atmosphere, the challenge, according to the UEL researchers, is to accurately detect, identify, and analyze microbial communities.
Research urged on impacts of chronic oil releases to marine environment
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. government agencies, academia, and industry should mount a major research effort to better understand and evaluate risks posed to humans and the marine environment from chronic petroleum releases, a 23 May report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) recommends.The report,“Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects,” found that, annually, more than 260,000 metric tonnes of petroleum are released into the waters off North America from natural and anthropogenic sources, and 1.3 million metric tonnes are released into oceans worldwide.
Ocean‐sized threats
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Jane Lubchenco, professor of marine biology and zoology at Oregon State University, and president‐elect of the International Council for Science, said that scientists can do more than they currently are doing to clearly communicate to the public and to policy‐makers those issues associated with the many ecological threats faced by the world's oceans. In doing so, scientists can overcome popularly‐held misperceptions about the health of the world's oceans and thus, help protect the seas.“Science,” Lubchenco said, “has a huge role to play in informing [the public] what is happening and to guide the choice of solutions.]
Planetary system similar to solar system discovered
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

An extra‐solar planetary system that has some similarity to our own Solar System has been detected for the first time, a prominent team of planet hunters announced at a briefing on 13 June in Washington, D.C.A planet orbiting the star 55 Cancri in the constellation Cancer, 41 light years from Earth, is similar to Jupiter in some key aspects, according to the team of astronomers. The planet orbits its star at a distance of about 5.9 astronomical units (AU); this is close to Jupiter's distance of 5.2 AU from the Sun. Also, the new planet's slightly eccentric orbit takes 13 years for one orbit, while Jupiter requires 11.86 years.
Report calls for Earth science education “revolution”
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With just 7% of U.S. high school students taking classes in Earth and space science, in contrast to 88% studying biology, a new report calls for a “revolution” in Earth science education in the nation's schools, from kindergarten through 12th grade.The June 2002 report, “Blueprint for Change, notes that an increased emphasis on the Earth as a system and the expanded use of Internet resources is causing Earth and space science education to undergo “a revolution that is reshaping the nature and content of what is taught.”