bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple reactive gasdynamic model for the computation of gas temperature and species concentrations behind reflected shock waves
Authors: Li H. , Owens Z. C. , Davidson D. F. , Hanson R. K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA simple gasdynamic model, called CHEMSHOCK, has been developed to predict the temporal evolution of combustion gas temperature and species concentrations behind reflected shock waves with significant energy release. CHEMSHOCK provides a convenient simulation method to study various sized combustion mechanisms over a wide range of conditions. The model consists of two successive suboperations that are performed on a control mass during each infinitesimal time step: (1) first the gas mixture is allowed to combust at constant internal energy and volume; (2) then the gas is isentropically expanded (or compressed) at frozen composition to the measured pressure. The CHEMSHOCK model is first validated against results from a one‐dimensional reacting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for a representative case of heptane/O2/Ar mixture using a reduced mechanism. CHEMSHOCK is found to accurately reproduce the results of the CFD calculation with significantly reduced computational time. The CHEMSHOCK simulation results are then compared to experimental results, for gas temperature and water vapor concentration, obtained using a novel laser sensor based on fixed‐wavelength absorption of two H2O rovibrational transitions near 1.4 μm. Excellent agreement is found between CHEMSHOCK simulations and measurements in a progression of shock wave tests: (1) in H2O/Ar, with no energy release; (2) in H2/O2/Ar, with relatively small energy release; and (3) in heptane/O2/Ar, with large energy release. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 189–198, 2008
Integrability of maximal functions for generalized Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent
Authors: Mizuta Yoshihiro , Ohno Takao , Shimomura Tetsu 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOur aim in this paper is to deal with integrability of maximal functions for generalized Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent. Our exponent approaches 1 on some part of the domain, and hence the integrability depends on the shape of that part and the speed of the exponent approaching 1. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of a generalized Apollonius–Jensen type additive mapping and isomorphisms between C *‐algebras
Authors: Park Choonkil 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLet X, Y be Banach modules over a C *‐algebra. We prove the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of the following functional equation in Banach modules over a unital C *‐algebra:
equation image
It is shown that a mapping f: X → Y satisfies the above functional equation and f (0) = 0 if and only if the mapping f: X → Y is Cauchy additive. As an application, we show that every almost linear bijection h: A → B of a unital C *‐algebra A onto a unital C *‐algebra B is a C *‐algebra isomorphism when h (2d uy) = h (2d u) h (y) for all unitaries u ∈ A, all y ∈ A, and all d ∈ Z. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lagrangian meshfree particles method (SPH) for large deformation and failure flows of geomaterial using elastic–plastic soil constitutive model
Authors: Bui Ha H. , Fukagawa Ryoichi , Sako Kazunari , Ohno Shintaro 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSimulation of large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterial in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are presented in this study. The Drucker–Prager model with associated and non‐associated plastic flow rules is implemented into the SPH code to describe elastic–plastic soil behavior. In contrast to previous work on SPH for solids, where the hydrostatic pressure is often estimated from density by an equation of state, this study proposes to calculate the hydrostatic pressure of soil directly from constitutive models. Results obtained in this paper show that the original SPH method, which has been successfully applied to a vast range of problems, is unable to directly solve elastic–plastic flows of soil because of the so‐called SPH tensile instability. This numerical instability may result in unrealistic fracture and particles clustering in SPH simulation. For non‐cohesive soil, the instability is not serious and can be completely removed by using a tension cracking treatment from soil constitutive model and thereby give realistic soil behavior. However, the serious tensile instability that is found in SPH application for cohesive soil requires a special treatment to overcome this problem. In this paper, an artificial stress method is applied to remove the SPH numerical instability in cohesive soil. A number of numerical tests are carried out to check the capability of SPH in the current application. Numerical results are then compared with experimental and finite element method solutions. The good agreement obtained from these comparisons suggests that SPH can be extended to general geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multigrid solution of the optical flow system using a combined diffusion‐ and curvature‐based regularizer
Authors: Köstler H. , Ruhnau K. , Wienands R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOptical flow techniques are used to compute an approximate motion field in an image sequence. We apply a variational approach for the optical flow using a simple data term but introducing a combined diffusion‐ and curvature‐based regularizer. The same data term arises in image registration problems where a deformation field between two images is computed. For optical flow problems, usually a diffusion‐based regularizer should dominate, whereas for image registration a curvature‐based regularizer is more appropriate. The combined regularizer enables us to handle optical flow and image registration problems with the same solver and it improves the results of each of the two regularizers used on their own. We develop a geometric multigrid method for the solution of the resulting fourth‐order systems of partial differential equations associated with the variational approach for optical flow and image registration problems. The adequacy of using (collective) pointwise smoothers within the multigrid algorithm is demonstrated with the help of local Fourier analysis. Galerkin‐based coarse grid operators are applied for an efficient treatment of jumping coefficients. We show some multigrid convergence rates, timings and investigate the visual quality of the approximated motion or deformation field for synthetic and real‐world images. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algebraic multigrid for k‐form Laplacians
Authors: Bell Nathan , Olson Luke N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this paper we describe an aggregation‐based algebraic multigrid method for the solution of discrete k‐form Laplacians. Our work generalizes Reitzinger and Schöberl's algorithm to higher‐dimensional discrete forms. We provide conditions on the tentative prolongators under which the commutativity of the coarse and fine de Rham complexes is maintained. Further, a practical algorithm that satisfies these conditions is outlined, and smoothed prolongation operators and the associated finite element spaces are highlighted. Numerical evidence of the efficiency and generality of the proposed method is presented in the context of discrete Hodge decompositions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience with outpatient administration of high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue
Authors: Zelcer Shayna , Kellick Michael , Wexler Leonard H. , Gorlick Richard , Meyers Paul A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundWe describe the safety and feasibility of an outpatient high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) regimen.MethodsHDMTX (12 g/m2) is administered in a pediatric day hospital (PDH) intravenously (IV) over 4 hrs. Urinary alkalinization is achieved using an IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate and oral bicarbonate tablets. Daily visits to the PDH follow. Leucovorin is begun 24 hrs. after MTX at a standard dose of 10 mg orally (po) every 6 hrs. (q6h). The leucovorin dose is escalated between a range of 20 mg po q6h to 1 g as a continuous IV drip over 24 hrs. according to an institutional algorithm for levels above 10, 1, and 0.1 µmol/L at 24, 48, and 72 hrs. post‐MTX. To evaluate our approach, we conducted a retrospective review of all HDMTX courses administered at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 1996 and 2002.ResultsOut of a total of 708 MTX courses, 82% were successfully completed as an outpatient. Forty‐nine percent of the MTX courses were treated with standard dose leucovorin while 49% required a dose escalation, the majority of which was to 20–30 mg po q6h. Observed toxicity included mild (Grade 0–I) nephrotoxicity and reversible transaminitis in the majority of patients. Myelosuppression was manifested mainly as neutropenia, with Grade III–IV toxicity in 16% of patients.ConclusionsOutpatient administration of HDMTX and the required supportive therapy is safe and feasible using the described approach. Approximately half of the patients will require leucovorin dose modification based on serial monitoring of MTX levels. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1176–1180. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in a patient with relapsed Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Lucas Kenneth G. , Schwartz Cindy , Kaplan Joel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEwing sarcoma (ES) can express tumor antigens which can be recognized by T cells, making allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) a potential option for those patients with refractory disease. A 6‐year old with multifocal ES developed a recurrence of pulmonary metastases and underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplant from her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 10/10 matched mother. During a taper of her immunosuppression, she developed grade 1 skin and oral graft versus host disease (GVHD). CT scans performed 9 months post‐transplant revealed a marked decrease in the size of her pulmonary lesions compared to scans 2 months post‐transplant. This case highlights the possibility of treating patients with refractory metastatic ES with allogeneic SCT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:142–144. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validating the effects of drug treatment on blood pressure in the General Practice Research Database
Authors: Delaney Joseph A. C. , Moodie Erica E. M. , Suissa Samy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurposeObservational studies using clinical databases, such as the United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database (GPRD), may provide an alternative to clinical trial data for detecting longitudinal changes in blood pressure due to drug exposures that vary over time. Blood pressure data which are measured at variable intervals and are often missing present a particular methodological challenge to the analysis of such studies.MethodsTo assess effects on blood pressure, we extracted from the GPRD several cohorts of new drug users of warfarin (n = 21 532), ibuprofen (n = 92 037), proton pump inhibitors (n = 153 695), statins (n = 118 704), rofecoxib (n = 6399), and celecoxib (n = 6217) from 2001 to 2003. Several blood pressure readings were missing either before or after initiating therapy. We compared the results of analyses using a linear mixed model with a pre–post quasi‐experimental design, using the multiple imputation approach to account for missing data.ResultsThere was evidence that the missing blood pressure data were not missing completely at random as subjects with more blood pressure readings tended to have higher recorded values. For statins, the mixed model estimated a change in systolic blood pressure of −3.80 mmHg (99% confidence interval (CI): from −3.97 to −3.63), similar to the quasi‐ experimental model and to the −4.00 mmHg estimated from clinical trials. Sensitivity analyses indicate that these estimates are robust. For rofecoxib, the change in systolic blood pressure were 2.20 mmHg (99%CI: 1.09–3.32) and 1.21 mmHg (99%CI: 0.21–2.22) for the two methods, respectively, again confirming the findings of randomized trials.ConclusionWith appropriate statistical techniques, GPRD blood pressure data can be used to estimate blood pressure changes secondary to drug therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile route of polythiophene nanoparticles via Fe3+‐catalyzed oxidative polymerization in aqueous medium
Authors: Lee Sun Jong , Lee Jung Min , Cheong In Woo , Lee Hoosung , Kim Jung Hyun 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have demonstrated that unsubstituted thiophene can be polymerized by Fe3+‐catalyzed oxidative polymerization inside nanosized thiophene monomer droplets, that is, nanoreactors, dispersed in aqueous medium, which can be performed under acidic solution conditions with anionic surfactant. Besides, we proposed a synthetic mechanism for the formation of the unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticles in aqueous medium. This facile method includes a FeCl3/H2O2 (catalyst/oxidant) combination system, which guarantees a high conversion (ca. 99%) of thiophene monomers with only a trace of FeCl3. The average particle size was about 30 nm, within a narrow particle‐size distribution (PDI = 1.15), which resulted in a good dispersion state of the unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticles. Hansen solubility parameters were introduced to interpret the dispersion state of the polythiophene nanoparticles with various organic solvents. The UV–Visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum were measured to investigate the light emitting properties of the prepared unsubstituted polythiophene nanoparticle emulsions. According to non‐normalized PL analysis, the reduced total PL intensity of the polythiophene nanoparticle emulsions can be rationalized by self‐absorption in a wavelength range less than 500 nm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2097–2107, 2008
Synthesis of amphiphilic poly(methyl methacrylate‐ b‐ethylene oxide) copolymers from monohydroxy telechelic poly(methyl methacrylate) as macroinitiator
Authors: Dhara Mahua G. , Baskaran Durairaj , Sivaram Swaminathan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of well‐defined poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PMMA‐b‐PEO) dibock copolymer through anionic polymerization using monohydroxy telechelic PMMA as macroinitiator is described. Living anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate was performed using initiators derived from the adduct of diphenylethylene and a suitable alkyllithium, either of which contains a hydroxyl group protected with tert‐butyldimethylsilyl moiety in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −78 °C in the presence of LiClO4. The synthesized telechelic PMMAs had good control of molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD). The 1H NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS analysis confirmed quantitative functionalization of chain‐ends. Block copolymerization of ethylene oxide was carried out using the terminal hydroxyl group of PMMA as initiator in the presence of potassium counter ion in THF at 35 °C. The PMMA‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers had moderate control of molecular weight with narrow MWD. The 1H NMR results confirm the absence of trans‐esterification reaction of propagating PEO anions onto the ester pendants of PMMA. The micellation behavior of PMMA‐b‐PEO diblock copolymer was examined in water using 1H NMR and dynamic light scattering. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2132–2144, 2008
Poly(butylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposite compatibilized with poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate). II. Nonisothermal crystallization
Authors: Huang Jiann‐Wen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMelting behaviors and nonisothermal crystallization of poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (PBT/PEGMA), PBT/commercial modified montmorillonite clays (PBT/Clay), and PBT/exfoliated silicates (PBT/PEGMA/Clay) nanocomposites were studied by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter. PEGMA is used as a compatibilizer. For both isothermally and nonisothermally crystallized samples, PEGMA facilitates the recrystallization of PBT during the heating scans, and leads to a less degree of perfection of the crystals. However, the clay hinders the recrystallization growth during heating scans, and increases perfection of the crystals. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics was described by kinetic models and undercooling was taken into account. The PEGMA would lead to an increase of the blend viscosity, rendering the chains less mobile and lower the crystallizability of PBT in PBT/PEGMA. The well‐dispersed exfoliated silicates in PBT/PEGMA/Clay cause a large number of nuclei to precede crystallization. The fold surface free energy (σe) and activation energy also supported the interpretation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 564–576, 2008
Influence of aggregation on the phosphorescence of iridium complex in poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix
Authors: Mao Chih‐Hsin , Hong Jin‐Long , Yeh An‐Chi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this study, novel phosphorescent compound of iridium(III)bis(2,3‐diphenylquinoxaline)2‐(benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine (IrQB) was prepared and the emission study suggests the solid form of IrQB has less phosphorescence intensity than its solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF). To avoid the potential aggregation of IrQB in the concentrated state, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was intentionally added as isolator to make solutions of different concentrations in THF and then solid films of IrQB/PMMA of different compositions after THF removal. Films of IrQB/PMMA prepared from dilute solutions exhibit two emission bands centered at 540 and 640 nm, respectively, which is in contrast to the sole 640‐nm emission band observed for films prepared from semidilute solutions. The 540‐ and 640‐nm bands show progressive variations of the intensity with temperature. Emission band at 540 nm is derived from the polarized optical microscope and is attributed to the IrQB aggregates, whose life‐time indicates it is phosphorescent in nature. This aggregate formation is strongly affected by the applied concentrations of IrQB and PMMA in the preparative solution state. Model to postulate the mechanism of aggregate formation in the solution and the derived film states is thereby presented in this study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 631–639, 2008
Crystallization of Insensitive HMX
Authors: Kröber Hartmut , Teipel Ulrich 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this study HMX was recrystallized from different solvents by a cooling crystallization process to improve the product quality and to produce a more insensitive product. It was found that particles with the best quality were crystallized from propylenecarbonate with a nucleation initiation by dosing a small amount of water as drowning‐out substance. This leads to particles with a very high density (near to the theoretical value) and thus to particles with a small amount of inclusions. GAP tests with this product show less sensitivity against shock. A clear linear dependence of the particle density on the shock initiation pressure was found. The particle density is relatively easy to measure so it will be a useful measure to determine the sensitivity of the material.
Metallized SWCNT–Promising Way to Low Sensitive High Energetic Nanocomposites
Authors: Assovskiy Igor G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is proposed as the best protective coating for energetic metal nanoparticles. An advanced laser‐based technology has been applied to synthesize SWCNT filled or covered by metal. This laser synthesis of metallized SWCNT operates under the normal conditions that could be a basis for a high‐productive technology of continuous synthesis of metalllized SWCNT.
Statistical Assessment Methods for the Sensitivity of Energetic Materials
Authors: Alouaamari Mohamed , Lefebvre Michel H. , Perneel Christiaan , Herrmann Michael 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe joint research projectParticle Processing and Characterizationwas started in March 2003 under the EUROPA ERG1 Arrangement, with the objective to study the influence of crystallization and processing techniques on particle quality and its implication for the formulation of PBX with IM behavior. As sensitivity assessment is a crucial task of the project, impact sensitivity tests of HMX and RDX samples have been performed at two different laboratories, and several statistical techniques have been tested in addition to the standard BAM “1/6” and Bruceton “up and down” methods.
Selection and Synthesis of Energetic Heterocyclic Compounds Suitable for Use in Insensitive Explosive and Propellant Compositions
Authors: Millar Ross W. , Hamid Javid , Endsor Robert , Swinton Peter F. , Cooper John 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe rationale behind developing insensitive energetic compounds (IECs) for incorporation into insensitive munition (IM) formulations (rather than the alternative approach of desensitizing higher energy but sensitive compounds) is discussed. With the aim of selecting a maximum of 2–3 IECs suitable for use in insensitive explosive and propellant compositions, a survey of the literature on IECs published in the last 20 years was carried out. From around 50 candidates, a selection was made of eight prime candidates, all heterocyclic compounds (principally monocyclic or fused‐ring bicyclic compounds of the di‐ or triazine, triazole or oxadiazole classes), which displayed explosive performance significantly better than that of the ubiquitous IEC, TATB. The criteria for inclusion of compounds in these listings are described. Screening of the eight candidate compounds against further performance criteria reduced the list to five compounds which were evaluated in detail – these were: CL‐14 (5,7‐diamino‐4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan), ANPZ‐i (2,5‐diamino‐3,6‐dinitropyrazine), NNHT (2‐nitrimino‐5‐nitro‐hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine), NTAPDO (5‐nitro‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine‐1,3‐dioxide), and PANT [4‐(picrylamino)‐5‐nitro‐1,2,3‐triazole]. A detailed analysis of scale‐up issues associated with each compound was then made, including cost and availability of precursors, hazards (chemical and explosive), effluent streams, and other scale‐up issues (e.g. materials of plant construction). A further downselection using these criteria gave the present short‐list comprising three compounds (the first three listed above) and further evaluation is in progress. The results of this study, funded by UK MOD, comprise the UK contribution to a nine‐nation European research collaboration in the EUCLID Common European Priority Area 14 “Energetic Materials”, as part of a five‐year project which commenced in October 2003.
Versatis: medicated lidocaine plaster for postherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Gallagher Jayne 
Published: February 2008

AbstractVersatis, a topical lidocaine plaster, provides pain relief for postherpetic neuralgia. In our review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects, and Dr Jayne Gallagher comments on its role in therapy. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd