bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human infections with Borna disease virus: Seroprevalence in patients with chronic diseases and healthy individuals
Authors: Bode L. , Riegel S. , Lange W. , Ludwig H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBorna disease virus (BDV) is as yet an unclassified infectious agent which causes a neurologic disease in horses and sheep and is transmissible to other animal species. Human sera were tested for BDV‐specific antibodies by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. The sera were collected from three thousand subjects in Europe, the USA, and Africa classified by clinical syndromes/infectious diseases, and from healthy controls. In all three continents, positive serum samples were detected which recognized the major BDV antigen of 38/40 KD present in the nuclei of infected cells. In contrast to 2% of se‐ropositives among the normal population, significantly higher prevalences (13‐14%) were present among patients with chronic progressive diseases of the brain and the immune system. In children, antibody frequencies were two to four times higher than in adults. The results suggest a latent infection with BDV in humans leading to low antigen expression in healthy subjects and frequent reactivation events in chronically ill patients.
Detection of HPV‐16 in cell lines and cervical lavage specimens by a polymerase chain reaction‐enzyme immunoassay assay
Authors: Coutlée François , Bobo Linda , Abbass Hawwari , Dalabetta Gina , Hook Ned E. , Shah Keerti , Viscidi Raphael P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA gene amplification method that combines the polymerase chain reaction with detection of amplified DNA in a solution hybridization/enzyme immunoassay (PCR‐EIA) was developed for HPV‐16 DNA. Samples were amplified with primers for the E7‐E1 region of HPV‐16. Amplified DNA products were identified and quantitated by hybridization in solution with a biotinylated RNA probe. Labeled DNA/RNA hybrids were measured semiquantitatively in an enzyme immunoassay using solid phase anti‐biotin antibody and liquid phase B‐d‐galactosidase labeled monoclonal antibody against DNA‐RNA hybrids. Enzyme bound to the solid phase was quantitated with a fluorogenic substrate. The assay was linear over 2 log10 dilutions of SiHa cells and the detection limit was three copies of HPV‐16 genome. The sensitivity of PCR‐EIA for detection of PCR amplified products compared favorably with slot and Southern blots using a 32P‐labeled RNA probe. The assay was used to assess HPV‐16 infection of uterine cervix in women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Twenty‐one of the 81 specimens (25.9%), obtained by cervicovaginal lavage, were positive for HPV‐16 by PCR‐EIA. The assay provides a convenient means to objectively measure HPV DNA amplified with PCR. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis E virus: The cause of a waterbourne hepatitis outbreak
Authors: Skidmore S. J. , Yarbough P. O. , Gabor K. A. , Reyes G. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNewly developed assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) were used to study 114 serum samples collected during an outbreak of enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in Kashmir in 1978/9. The sera included samples from patients with viral hepatitis, anicteric hepatitis, contacts of cases, and unaffected persons. A total of 71% of patients with viral hepatitis were found positive for anti‐HEV specific IgG, and 75% of these were also positive for IgM. These data confirm the hepatitis E virus as the causative agent in this outbreak. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine specificity of the humoral immune response to HIV‐1 GP160 in HIV‐1 infected individuals from tanzania
Authors: Nkya Watoky M. M. M. , Warren Ronald Q. , Wolf Hans , Hendrix Craig W. , Tesha John , Redfield Robert R. , Melcher Gregory P. , Burke Donald S. , Kanda Patrick , Kennedy Ronald C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA total of 160 sera from HIV‐1 infected individuals from Tanzania were examined for their fine specificity characteristics relative to 9 synthetic peptides that define HIV‐1 gp160 epitopes. Immunorecessive and immunodominant epitopes were identified in both gp120 and gp41 based on serologic reactivity of these HIV‐1 infected sera. A significant difference in fine specificity among HIV‐1 infected individuals from Tanzania and the United States was observed for an immunodominant gp41 epitope. No significant differences in reactivity among asymptomatic vs. symptomatic HIV‐1 infected individuals were detected for the selected HIV‐1 gp160 epitopes defined by these peptides. The majority of sera from HIV‐1 infected Tanzanians contained antibodies that recognized a peptide corresponding to the V3 region of gp120 from the HIV‐1 MN isolate. These data suggest that regional isolates of HIV‐1 may exist in Tanzania that differ from HIV‐1 isolated in the United States. However, based on serology, HIV‐1 isolates exhibiting sequences with HIV‐1 MN V3 similarity may also be prevalent in Tanzania. The results of this study may be useful for the design of more effective AIDS diagnostic and therapeutic products for use worldwide. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of HIV‐1 infection in vitro by murine monoclonal anti‐p24 antibodies
Authors: Franke L. , Grunow R. , Meissner K. , Porstmann T. , von Baehr R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMurine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the major core protein p24 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) were tested for their ability to inhibit the replication and spread of the virus in permanent cell cultures (Molt4/8, K37, H9) and in the culture of 11‐2 stimulated T cells of healthy donors. After addition of ascitic fluid containing monoclonal anti‐p24 antibodies or purified anti‐p24 antibodies or the respective control to co‐cultures of infected and non‐infected cells, HIV‐1 replication was evaluated by determining the percentage of infected cells and the activity of reverse transcriptase (RT) in cell‐ free supernatant. In addition, the supernatant's infectivity was determined.FACS analysis demonstrated p24 antigen in about 40% of unfixed HIV‐1 infected cells at the cell membrane. Monoclonal anti‐p24 antibodies of different epitope specificity added to the cells but not to the virus delayed the spread of HIV‐1 infection in permanent cell culture.Furthermore, anti‐p24 Mabs inhibited the re‐ lease of RT‐active virus particles by HIV‐1 infected cell lines or 11‐2 stimulated T‐lymphocytes, respectively, up to 60%. The mode of action of anti‐p24 antibodies after HIV‐1 infection is discussed on the basis of the data obtained. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interrelationship between HBV‐markers and HIV antibodies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tswana S. A. , Moyo S. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the interrelationship between hepatitis B viral markers (HBV), the human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCC patients, a total of 282 subjects were included in the study. Out of 282 subjects, 182 were HCC patients as determined by raised α‐feto‐protein (AFP) of >1,000 ng/ml. The other 100 control patients presented with other conditions and had detectable AFP of <1,000 ng/ml i n their sera.On presentation, 10 ml of venous blood was drawn from each enrolled subject and taken to the laboratory.HBV markers were detected using commercial reagents; HIV antibodies were detected by the commercial ELISA tests and were confirmed by Western blot. AFP was detected using an RIA technique.Of 282 examined subjects 182 (64.5%) had detectable AFP of >1,000 ng/ml. 113 (40.1%) and 103 (36.5%) had HBsAg and Anti‐HBc respectively. However, HBeAg was found in 21 of 113 (18.6%) of the HBsAg positive only. Anti‐HIV anti‐bodies were present in 15 (5.3%) of the 282 tested individuals. Only 1 (1.0%) of the control group had detectable anti‐HIV antibodies in the serum. Eleven percent and 4.0% of the same control group had HBsAg and anti‐HBc in their sera respectively.The study shows a significant correlation between HCC and HBV‐markers (P < 0.0001). Similarly, a significant correlation between anti‐HIV antibodies and HBV‐markers, (P < 0.0001) was found. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites
Authors: Liou Tai‐Cherng , Chang Ting‐Tsung , Young Kung‐Chia , Lin Xi‐Zhang , Lin Ching‐Yih , Wu Hua‐Lin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractApproximately half of the patients with type C hepatitis do not have a history of parenteral exposure. The route of nonparenteral infection remains unknown. To evaluate the possible role of body fluids, the existence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites was examined by “nested” polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of the HCV 5′ noncoding sequences was carried out. The amplified product was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and restriction endonuclease digestion. Among 34 patients with chronic liver disease who were positive for anti‐HCV and serum HCV RNA, the prevalence of HCV RNA in body fluids was 100% (7/7) in ascites, 48% (1 5/31 ) in saliva, 24% (4/17) in seminal fluid, and 7% (2/29) in urine. The body fluids collected from 3 healthy subjects and 5 patients with chronic liver disease who were positive for anti‐HCV but negative for serum HCV RNA were all negative for HCV RNA. Hence, the potential infectivity of body fluids in patients testing negative for serum HCV RNA can probably be discounted. Conversely, the presence of HCV RNA in saliva and seminal fluid of patients positive for serum HCV RNA suggests sexual and household contact as likely modes of nonparenteral transmission of type C hepatitis. Furthermore, the high prevalence of HCV RNA in ascites and saliva may have important implications in medical and dental practice. © 1992 Wilev‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of serological markers in transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis C virus infection using second‐generation HCV assays
Authors: Lelie P. Nico , Cuypers H. Theo M. , Reesink Henk W. , van der Poel Cees L. , Winkel Irene , Bakker Ed , van Exel‐Oehlers Patricia J. , Vallari David , Allain Jean Pierre , Minims Larry 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA semiautomated dot blot assay and cDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to study longitudinal anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) recognition patterns i n relation to presence of HCV‐RNA in transfusion recipients and their infectious donors. In 9 recipients, 4 different patterns of HCV infection were observed: (A) persistent HCV carriage accompanied by chronic hepatitis in 6, (B) acute resolved hepatitis, but persistent HCV replication in one, and (C) continuous HCV replication without hepatitis in one and (D) acute resolved hepatitis with clearance of infection in one. This last self‐limited infection was characterized by the disappearance of HCV‐RNA as well as anti‐HCV reactivity. In contrast, antibody reactivity persisted in 7 of 8 patients with chronic HCV infection who could be followed until 1990. Seven of the 9 recipients developed antibodies to all recombinant peptides in dot blot assay; one became positive for anti‐C33 and anti‐core and one developed anti‐core only. The sequence of appearance of antibodies differed among individual patients. In 7 patients with full anti‐HCV recognition patterns, the sequence of events was (mean and limits in days after transfusion): onset of hepatitis at day 50 (22–74), seroconversion of anti‐C33 at day 91 (59–129), anti‐core at day 133 (54–203), and anti‐C100 at day 143 (59–365). The incorporation of C33 and core proteins, in addition to C100, in the second generation anti‐HCV ELISA enhanced the detection rate in the HCV‐infected transfusion recipients from 7/9 (78%) to 9/9 (100%). In 4 of the 7 anti‐C100 seroconverters anti‐HCV was detectable 38–277 days earlier in the new ELISA. However, the development of anti‐HCV in the second‐generation ELSA was still delayed [54–192 (mean 103) days after transfusion and 0–135 (mean 53) days after onset of hepatitis]. We conclude that combined application of anti‐HCV immunoblot techniques and cDNA‐PCR in consecutive samples is necessary for reliable diagnosis of either ongoing productive or resolving HCV infection. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased expression of transforming growth factor α after transfection of a human hepatoblastoma cell line with the hepatitis B virus
Authors: Tabor Edward , Farshid Mahmood , Bisceglie Adrian Di , Hsia Chu Chieh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe expression of transforming growth factor a (TGF‐α) was examined in a human hepatoblastoma cell line. Hep G2, which does not contain hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and in the cell line 2.2.15, which was formed by the transfection of Hep G2 cells with the complete HBV DNA, to study the possibility that HBV and TGF‐α could function as co‐factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Northern blot hybridization of RNA extracted from these cell lines, with densitometric analysis, revealed expression of the TGF‐α gene in the transfected cells at a level three times higher than in the nontransfected cells. Staining of the cells using a monoclonal antibody to TGF‐α and the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase immunohistochemical method revealed a much higher intensity of TGF‐α staining in the transfected cell line. These findings show that the presence of HBV DNA appears to cause a significant up‐regulation of the TGF‐α gene. This effect on the TGF‐α gene may be a mechanism by which HBV contributes to the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum antibodies to structural proteins of hantavirus arise at different times after infection
Authors: Groen J. , Dalrymple J. , Fisher‐Hoch S. , Jordans J. G. M. , Clement J. P. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantification of serum antibodies against group‐specific epitopes of the glycoproteins (G1, G2) and nucleoprotein (NP) of the genus Hantavirus. This assay was used to study the kinetics of the development of serum antibodies after natural infection with Puumala‐like virus in humans. To this end a panel of 34 serum samples collected from individuals at different times after natural infection was tested by the ELISA. The samples were also tested for specific IgM and IgG levels against Puumala‐like virus, which provided confirmatory data about the presumed timing of infection. It was shown that serum antibodies against the G1 epitope were present in the acute and early convalescent period just before antibodies to the NP epitope could be demonstrated. In contrast, antibodies to two G2 epitopes were present not earlier than in the convalescent and late convalescent period. Since all these categories of antibodies seem to persist for long periods, antibodies against the G1 epitope and the NP epitope may be of specific diagnostic value. Furthermore, levels of G1‐specific antibodies and antibodies to either NP or G2 may allow estimation of the time elapsed following initial infection. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of hepatitis‐C virus infection in children with chronic post‐transfusion hepatitis
Authors: Puchhammer‐Stöckl Elisabeth , Hofmann Hanns , Fink Franz Martin , Mor Wolfgang , Höcker‐Schulz Sonja , Heinz Franz‐Xaver , Kunz Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of hepatitis‐C virus (HCV) infection was investigated in a group of children with chronic post‐transfusion hepatitis using a first‐and second‐generation HCV‐antibody ELISA, 2 confirmatory tests (a second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay and a line immunoas‐say) as well as an HCV‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 33% of the children, clear discrepancies were observed between the 4 different HCV‐antibody detection assays, indicating that the serological diagnosis of HCV infection is still problematic.HCV RNA was detectable by PCR in only 69% of the antibody positive patients, which may be due to a fluctuation of viraemia during the course of infection. Such a fluctuation was demonstrated in 6 patients from whom serum samples drawn at different times were investigated. In contrast, in 8 of the 15 seronegative patients, HCV infection was identified only by PCR, although the hepatitis had already persisted for more than 2 years.Antibody assays and PCR together detected HCV infection in about 90% of the patients with chronic hepatitis. When markers of hepatitis B infection were also investigated, only 6% of the cases remained undiagnosed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for T‐cell involvement during the acute phase of echo virus meningitis
Authors: Lucht Frédéric , Cordier GenevièVe , Pozzetto Bruno , Frésard Anne , Revillard Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the cellular immune response during the acute phase of enterovirus infection. This was studied in patients with echovirus meningitis by analysing changes in the lymphocyte subset distribution both in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their stage of activation. A significant increase of whole T‐cell and CD4 + T‐cell counts was observed in CSF in parallel with a slight decrease of T‐cell percentage in blood. Activation of the cellular immune response is supported by the observation of elevated neopterin levels in serum and CSF. However, the phenotypic markers of T‐cell activation, IL‐2 receptor (CD251, and HLA‐DR antigens were not detected in blood or in CSF. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Detection of varicella‐zoster virus DNA in maternal breast milk
Authors: Yoshida Masami , Yamagami Nazuko , Tezuka Tadashi , Hondo Ryo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 27‐year‐old woman developed chickenpox postpartum. Her 2‐month‐old son who was breast fed also acquired chickenpox 16 days after the onset of the mother's illness. Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) DNA was detected in maternal breast milk by the polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that transmission of VZV may occur via maternal breast milk. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymerase chain reaction assay for hepatitis C virus RNA using a single tube for reverse transcription and serial rounds of amplification with nested primer pairs
Authors: Lin Hsiang Ju , Shi Naiyi , Mizokami Masashi , Hollinger F. Blaine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in blood by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in which the reverse transcription step and two rounds of amplification are carried out in a single tube. This results in fewer manipulations, reduced risk of contamination, and economy of time. The procedures are generally applicable to other assays based on the PCR. We describe the preparation (from 100 μL serum) of test samples that remain stable for at least 6 days under specified conditions and an assay that employs nested primer pairs homologous to conserved sequences in the 5′ noncoding region. The method was tested on 107 sera from the United States and Japan. Correlation with first‐generation anti‐HCV was 77%. Two sets of nested primer pairs homologous to sequences in the 5′ noncoding region and one set based on structural region sequences showed differences in their reactivities with serum HCV RNA. The recommended single tube procedure specified a primer for reverse transcription that was conserved in all reported HCV genomes but absent from pestivirus genomic sequences. The effects of preanalytical factors on the detection of HCV RNA were studied. Qualitatively, there was no change in the HCV RNA‐positivity of sera that were exposed to room temperature for 24 hours. Quantitative studies showed a decrease in titer in some specimens. Three cycles of freeze‐thawing had no detectable effects on the titers of HCV RNA. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Replication of varicella zoster virus in primary human keratinocytes
Authors: Sexton Connie J. , Navsaria Harshad A. , Leigh Irene M. , Powell Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability of varicella zoster virus (VZV) to infect and replicate in human keratinocytes in culture was examined. Primary human keratinocytes derived from the abdomen, breast, and foreskin were plated as monolayers and infected by co‐cultivation with VZV infected fibroblasts (MRC‐5 cells). Replication and spread of the virus was assayed by plaque assay and immunofluorescence of infected cells using a VZV specific monoclonal antibody. Although all three types of keratinocytes tested were capable of supporting productive VZV infection, the keratinocytes showed a 1.5 to 2 log reduction in virus yield as compared to infection of monolayer cultures of MRC‐5 cells. Results from immunofluorescence studies and plaque assays indicate a slower rate of cell‐to‐cell spread of the virus. Testing of an anti‐VZV compound in this novel assay system demonstrated an interesting sensitivity compared to that observed in conventional assay Systems. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in acute bronchiolitis in infants
Authors: Cubie Heather A. , Inglis J. M. , Leslie Eleanor E. , Edmunds A. T. , Totapally B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDirect detection of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus antigen i n nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) provides the most rapid diagnostic test for RS infection, but more sensitive methods might be more beneficial in the study of virus shedding. RS virus RNA was extracted from cells stored at −70°C either in suspension with added RNAse inhibitor or as a pellet without inhibitor. The RNA was reverse transcribed, the resultant cDNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and detected by ethidium bromide staining after electrophoresis through agarose gel (RT‐PCR). Of 217 specimens tested, 106 were positive by antigen detection, 99 by RT‐PCR, and 92 by virus isolation. In a series of 97 sequential NPS specimens from 15 infants in whom RS virus induced bronchiolitis was confirmed, antigen detection proved most sensitive in the first week after on‐set and RT‐PCR detected most positive specimens in the second week. Storage of the cells as a pellet proved more satisfactory than storage as a suspension. A further round of amplification using nested primers increased the number of positive results obtained by RT‐PCR. The sensitivity of antigen detection using directly labelled monoclonal antibody to RS virus was slightly higher than that of RT‐PCR, but the specificity was slightly lower. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.