bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charles Gorrie Wynne. 18 May 1911 – 1 October 1999
Authors: Maxwell Jonathan , Wormell Prudence M.J.H. 
Published: December 2006

Charles Gorrie Wynne dedicated his professional life to optical design and became a principal figure in the international optical design community. When he died, he was optical consultant to the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge and Emeritus Professor of Optical Design at Imperial College. Although nearly 90 years old he worked several days a week in the Institute of Astronomy until a few months before he died. He was elected to Fellowship of The Royal Society in 1970.
Wynne's expertise was in the field of optical instrument design, particularly lens design. Among lens designers he is best known for his effective theories of lens design, his elegant and ambitious lens designs, and particularly his invention of a very successful method of computer-assisted lens design, based on the method of least squares. Among astronomers he is known for what is almost a monopoly of designs for field–widening optics for large telescopes, and also for a series of scientifically elegant spectrographs and atmospheric dispersion correctors. With microcircuit manufacturers he is famous for his work on the Wynne–Dyson catadioptric relay printer for microcircuit production. By high–energy physicists he is known as the designer of bubble–chamber optics; finally, he is known by his assistants and his students as their professional mentor.
During the formative period of Charles Wynne's working life, optical design was performed almost exclusively behind the closed doors of optical factories. The optical designers in those factories traditionally led a monastic working life, closeted with a few close colleagues and assistants, grappling with the extensive numerical calculations that optical design involves. During the period of his career when he worked in this way, he managed to combine this type of working life with creative original research into new types of lens system and new methods of lens design.
Frederick Clifford Tompkins. 29 August 1910 – 5 November 1995
Authors: King David , Enderby John 
Published: December 2006

Frederick Tompkins was a physical chemist of great distinction whose contributions to the development of two research fields, surface science and solid state reactions, were matched by his long service as Secretary and Editor of the Faraday Society. Throughout his career he had the knack of attracting bright young students into his research group and, through a rigorous apprenticeship, turning them out as scientists who went on to occupy senior academic positions around the world. Thus his influence extended well beyond his own immediate contributions.
Tompkins's early studies of adsorption (the taking–up of gases by surfaces) on solid surfaces were on polar solids but, although this was always maintained as an interest, perhaps his best–known contributions to adsorption studies were on metal surfaces. Work initiated in the 1950s, based on metal films deposited under stringent conditions and covering a range of different physical techniques, established his reputation firmly in the field of chemisorption on metals. Students and postdoctoral workers of his continued the development of this field.
Tompkins was born in Yeovil, Somerset, in 1910, and was pleased to record that his scientific attainment at Yeovil Grammar School, which won him a County Scholarship to Bristol University, was matched by his talent as an essayist and as a pianist. As an undergraduate he was greatly influenced by the teaching of William Garner (FRS 1937) and of John (later Sir John) Lennard–Jones (FRS 1933), and at the age of 20 years he graduated with first–class honours in chemistry and theoretical physics. He completed his PhD at Bristol with Garner, who first introduced him to both surface and solid state chemistry.
Acute myeloid leukaemia presenting as galactorrhoea
Authors: MUSLAHI M. A. , ROSS D. M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe clinical presentation of acute myeloid leukaemia is variable. We report a 40‐year‐old woman who presented with a 1‐month history of galactorrhoea with an elevated prolactin level. The blood counts were normal, but she was found to have acute myeloid leukaemia with monocytic differentiation. The serum prolactin level normalized after chemotherapy. In the absence of evidence of CNS involvement, the hyperprolactinaemia is presumed to be a paraneoplastic phenomenon. We discuss the potential mechanism of prolactin production in this case.
Vitreous cryo‐sectioning of cells facilitated by a micromanipulator
Authors: LADINSKY MARK S. , PIERSON JASON M. , McINTOSH J. RICHARD 
Published: December 2006

SummarySectioning vitrified cells and tissues for cryo‐electron microscopy is more challenging than room‐temperature sectioning of plastic‐embedded samples. As the sample must be kept very cold (<−130 °C) and because there is no liquid upon which the sections can float as they are cut, transferring the sections from the knife edge to a grid is one of the more difficult steps in the process. We employed a micromanipulator to hold and control the cryo‐sections as they come off the knife. This allows slower cutting speeds than are typically used in vitreous cryo‐sectioning and contributes to better control during cutting, which facilitates repeatable placement of a ribbon of sections onto a grid. The ribbon is kept under tension during the entire cutting process, which may decrease folding and/or compression, features that are inherent to vitreous sections. Furthermore, the added control afforded by this technique makes it easier for multiple ribbons to be placed on a single grid, thereby increasing the number of sections that can be examined and imaged during a microscopy session. It even allows for serial cryo‐electron microscopy. As such, this approach is an advance in the cryo‐microtomy of vitreous sections.
Differential Capacities of Outer Membrane Proteins from Neisseria meningitidis B to Prime the Murine Immune System after Vaccination
Authors: Silva Junior F. C. , Gioia C. A. C. , Oliveira J. M. , Cruz S. C. , Frasch C. E. , Milagres L. G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the specificity of antibody response to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (Men B) is a key requirement for the development of an effective vaccine. This study was designed to investigate the antigen specificity of murine IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies induced by different primary immunization schedules and the booster dose with the Cuban Men B vaccine. Immunoblotting analyses were performed using outer membrane vesicles (OMV) from the vaccine strain (B:4,7:P1.19,15). IgG subclasses binding to PorA, PorB and RmpM were determined by digital scanning of the immunoreactive bands. Bactericidal antibody response after vaccination was also evaluated. The results indicated that IgG2b anti‐PorA was the main antibody response induced by two doses of the vaccine. A primary series of three doses was found important for increasing IgG2b as well as IgG1 to PorB and RmpM. The fourth dose favoured the recognition of RmpM as detected by the increase of specific IgG1 and IgG2b. IgG subclasses anti‐PorA did not change significantly if animals received two, three or four doses of the vaccine during the primary immunization or after the booster dose for all vaccine groups. The booster response to PorB and RmpM of groups BC2 and BC3 showed a significant increase in IgG2b levels compared with the primary response. However, the recall and the primary response of group BC4 were similar, suggesting a saturated dose–effect response after four doses of vaccine. The same was seen for bactericidal antibody response when human complement source was used in the assay.
Patients’ willingness to pay for anti‐emetic treatment
Authors: Kerger H. , Turan A. , Kredel M. , Stuckert U. , Alsip N. , Gan T. J. , Apfel C. C. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication of anaesthesia. This study was conducted in 100 German and 100 Turkish patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia to assess the amount patients were willing to pay for an anti‐emetic that completely prevented PONV.Methods:  Post‐operatively, using Dixon’s up and down method, patients completed an interactive computer questionnaire with a random starting point to determine how much of their own money they were willing to pay for a totally effective anti‐emetic treatment.Results:  On average, participants were willing to pay €65 in Germany and €68 in Turkey to avoid PONV. However, patients who actually experienced PONV were willing to pay larger amounts: €96 in Germany and €99 in Turkey. The amount patients were willing to pay was related to female sex, history of motion sickness, non‐smoking status and better education.Conclusions:  Despite differences in political and cultural origin, health care system and financial background, the amount patients were willing to pay for an effective anti‐emetic was similar in both Germany and Turkey to that reported previously for the USA.
Home Bias, Foreign Mutual Fund Holdings, and the Voluntary Adoption of International Accounting Standards
Authors: COVRIG VICENTIU M. , DEFOND MARK L. , HUNG MINGYI 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe test the assertion that a consequence of voluntarily adopting International Accounting Standards (IAS) is the enhanced ability to attract foreign capital. Using a unique database that reports firm‐level holdings of over 25,000 mutual funds from around the world, our multivariate tests find that average foreign mutual fund ownership is significantly higher among IAS adopters. We also find that IAS adopters in poorer information environments and with lower visibility have higher levels of foreign investment, consistent with firms using IAS adoption to provide more information and/or information in a more familiar form to foreign investors. Taken together, our findings are consistent with voluntary IAS adoption reducing home bias among foreign investors and thereby improving capital allocation efficiency.
Does the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Depression Depend on How They Are Measured?
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Massak Agnes , Demers Andrée , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: December 2006

Background: Inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between alcohol consumption and depression, including whether the relationship is J‐shaped or U‐shaped, may be at least partly due to the types of measures used for both alcohol consumption and depression.Methods: We conducted a general population survey using random digit dialing (RDD) and computer‐assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) with 6,009 males and 8,054 females aged 18 to 76 years. The survey included 4 types of alcohol measures (frequency, usual and maximum quantity per occasion, volume, and heavy episodic drinking) covering both the past week and the past year, and 2 types of depression measures (meeting DSM criteria for a clinical diagnosis of major depression, recent depressed affect).Results: The overall relationship between depression and alcohol consumption did not vary by gender or type of depression measure but did vary significantly by type of alcohol measure, with the strongest relationship found for heavy episodic drinking and high quantity per occasion. There were also significant gender interactions with both depression and alcohol measures, with females showing a stronger relationship than males when depression was measured as meeting the criteria for major depression and when alcohol consumption was measured as quantity per occasion or heavy episodic drinking. There was some evidence of a J‐shaped relationship, that is, greater depression among abstainers compared with those who usually drank 1 drink and never drank as much as 5 drinks for both former drinkers and lifetime abstainers when depression was measured as recent symptoms of depression but the J shape was found only for former drinkers when depression was measured as meeting the criteria for major depression and did not reach statistical significance in some analyses.Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that measurement and gender are key issues in interpreting findings on the relationship between alcohol and depression. First, depression is primarily related to drinking larger quantities per occasion, less related to volume, and unrelated to drinking frequency, and this effect is stronger for women than for men. Second, the overall relationship between depression and alcohol consumption is stronger for women than for men only when depression is measured as meeting a clinical diagnosis of major depression and not when measured as recent depressed affect. Finally, while there was some evidence that former drinkers had slightly higher rates of major depression and higher scores on recent depressed affect compared with light drinkers, there was no evidence that light drinking was protective for major depression when compared with lifetime abstainers, although light drinkers did report fewer recent symptoms of depressed affect.
Ethanol Self‐Administration and Alterations in the Livers of the Cynomolgus Monkey, Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Ivester Priscilla , Jackson Roberts L. , Young Tracey , Stafforini Diana , Vivian Jeffrey , Lees Cynthia , Young Jennifer , Daunais James , Friedman David , Rippe Richard A. , Parsons Christopher J. , Grant Kathleen A. , Cunningham Carol 
Published: December 2006

Background: Most of the studies of alcoholic liver disease use models in which animals undergo involuntary administration of high amounts of ethanol and consume diets that are often high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate whether cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) drinking ethanol voluntarily and consuming a diet with moderate amounts of lipid would demonstrate any indices of alcoholic liver disease past the fatty liver stage and (2) to determine whether these alterations were accompanied by oxidative stress.Methods: Six adult male and 6 adult female cynomolgus monkeys were allowed to consume ethanol voluntarily for 18 to 19 months. Additional monkeys were maintained on the same consumption protocol, but were not provided with ethanol. During the course of the study, liver biopsy samples were monitored for lipid deposition and inflammation, serum for levels of liver enzymes, and urine for concentrations of the isoprostane (IsoP) metabolite, 2,3‐dinor‐5,6‐dihydro‐15‐F2t‐IsoP, a biomarker for oxidative stress. Liver mitochondria were monitored for respiratory control and liver for concentrations of neutral lipids, adenine nucleotides, esterified F2 isoprostanes, oxidized proteins, 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE)‐protein adducts, and protein levels of cytochrome P‐450 2E1 and 3A4.Results: Ethanol consumption ranged from 0.9 to 4.05 g/kg/d over the period of the study. Serum levels of aspartate amino transferase were elevated in heavy‐consuming animals compared with those in ethanol‐naïve or moderate drinkers. Many of the ethanol consumers developed fatty liver and most showed loci of inflammation. Both hepatic energy charge and phosphorylation potential were decreased and NADH‐linked respiration was slightly, but significantly depressed in coupled mitochondria as a result of heavy ethanol consumption. The urinary concentrations of 2,3‐dinor‐5,6‐dihydro‐15‐F2t‐IsoP increased as high as 33‐fold over that observed in ethanol‐abstinent animals. Liver cytochrome P‐450 2E1 concentrations increased in ethanol consumers, but there were no ethanol‐elicited increases in hepatic concentrations of the esterified F2 isoprostanes, oxidized proteins, or HNE‐protein adducts.Conclusion: Our studies show that cynomolgus monkeys undergoing voluntary ethanol consumption for 1.5 years exhibit many of the features observed in the early stages of human alcoholic liver disease. Ethanol‐elicited fatty liver, inflammation, and elevated serum aspartate amino transferase were evident with a diet that contained modest amounts of polyunsaturated lipids. The dramatic increases in urinary IsoP demonstrated that the animals were being subjected to significant oxidative stress that correlated with their level of ethanol consumption.
Do your patients suffer from excessive yawning?
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Álvarez Á. M. 
Published: December 2006

Objective:  Yawning has been described in relation to drugs such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO B inhibitor, morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, dextromethorphan, benzodiazepine, lidocaine, and flecaine. This is a report of two patients, on long‐term escitalopram therapy (more than 8 weeks) with stable dosing, who presented excessive yawning. Escitalopram is widely used in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.Method:  A clinical description of two cases.Results:  Two females (62 and 59 years old, respectively) developed excessive daytime yawning. It was not associated with sedation or a feeling of needing sleep. The dosage was reduced and yawning disappeared some hours later. The patients’ depression did not recur.Conclusion:  Yawning has been described in relation to different selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and remitted following their discontinuation; it is interesting that the reported yawning in these two cases disappeared with the reduction of dosage, rather than the interruption of treatment.
Leukemia-Specific T-Cell Reactivity Induced by Leukemic Dendritic Cells Is Augmented by 4-1BB Targeting
Authors: Houtenbos Ilse , Westers Theresia M. , Dijkhuis Annemiek , de Gruijl Tanja D. , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , van de Loosdrecht Arjan A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurpose: Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts are able to differentiate into leukemia-derived dendritic cells (AML-DC), thereby enabling efficient presentation of known and unknown leukemic antigens. Advances in culture techniques and AML-DC characterization justify clinical application. However, additional measures are likely needed to potentiate vaccines and overcome the intrinsic tolerant state of the patients' immune system. Engagement of the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB can break immunologic tolerance and increase CTL responses. In this study, we examined the role of the 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) on T-cell responses induced by AML-DC.Experimental Design: In allogeneic and autologous cocultures of T cells and AML-DC, the effect of the addition of 4-1BBL on T-cell proliferation, T-cell subpopulations, and T-cell function was determined.Results: Addition of 4-1BBL to cocultures of AML-DC and T cells induced a preferential increase in the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Increased differentiation into effector and central memory populations was observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the presence of 4-1BBL. AML-DC induce a T helper 1 response, characterized by high IFN-γ production, which is significantly increased by targeting 4-1BB. T cells primed in the presence of 4-1BBL show specificity for the leukemia-associated antigen Wilms' tumor 1, whereas cytotoxicity assays with leukemic blast targets showed the cytolytic potential of T cells primed in the presence of 4-1BBL.Conclusion: We conclude that 4-1BBL is an effective adjuvant to enhance T-cell responses elicited by AML-DC.
Effects of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin on the protein C anticoagulant pathway
Authors: Woodley-Cook Joel , Shin Lucy Y.Y. , Swystun Laura , Caruso Sonya , Beaudin Suzanne , Liaw Patricia C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Although chemotherapy treatment is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, the pathogenic mechanisms for the thrombogenic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs are poorly understood. We hypothesize that exposure of vascular endothelial cells to chemotherapeutic agents results in the loss of a thromboresistant phenotype. In this study, we examined the effects of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin on the endothelium-based protein C anticoagulant pathway. The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and thrombomodulin are two endothelial cell surface receptors required for the conversion of zymogen protein C to the anticoagulant enzyme activated protein C. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to doxorubicin resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell surface EPCR levels. This decrease occurred as a result of receptor shedding as well as from a down-regulation in EPCR mRNA levels. In contrast, doxorubicin treatment of HUVECs resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in cell surface thrombomodulin attributed to an up-regulation of thrombomodulin mRNA levels. The net effect of the doxorubicin-induced changes in EPCR and thrombomodulin levels was a decrease in the capacity of HUVECs to convert protein C to activated protein C. Preliminary studies suggest that doxorubicin free radical metabolites mediate the doxorubicin-induced changes in EPCR expression but not those of thrombomodulin expression. In summary, these results suggest that doxorubicin alters the hemostatic balance of endothelial cells by down-regulating the endothelium-based protein C anticoagulant pathway. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3303–11]
Blockade of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 activity enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through activation of a caspase cascade
Authors: Choo Min-Kyung , Kawasaki Noritaka , Singhirunnusorn Pattama , Koizumi Keiichi , Sato Shintaro , Akira Shizuo , Saiki Ikuo , Sakurai Hiroaki 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) is a member of the TNF-α ligand family that selectively induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. To clarify the molecular mechanism of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, we focused on transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase, a key regulator of the TNF-α-induced activation of p65/RelA and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/p38 MAPKs. In human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells, TRAIL induced the delayed phosphorylation of endogenous TAK1 and its activator protein TAB1 and TAB2, which contrasted to the rapid response to TNF-α. Specific knockdown of TAK1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated the TRAIL-induced activation of p65 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/p38 MAPKs. TRAIL-induced apoptotic signals, including caspase-8, caspase-3, caspase-7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, were enhanced by TAK1 siRNA. Flow cytometry showed that the binding of Annexin V to cell surface was also synergistically increased by TRAIL in combination with TAK1 siRNA. In addition, pretreatment of cells with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol, a selective TAK1 kinase inhibitor, enhanced the TRAIL-induced cleavage of caspases and binding of Annexin V. The TAK1-mediated antiapoptotic effects were also observed in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. In contrast, TAK1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and treatment of control mouse embryonic fibroblasts with 5Z-7-oxozeaenol did not drastically promote the TRAIL-induced activation of a caspase cascade. These results suggest that TAK1 plays a critical role for TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and the blockade of TAK1 kinase will improve the chances of overcoming cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):2970–6]