bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vereinfachte Vordimensionierung von Wabenträgern
Authors: Gemperle Christoph 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWabenträger sind schon lange als materialsparende Leichtbauträger im Einsatz und haben früher auch zu entsprechenden Kosteneinsparungen geführt. Mit der Zunahme der Fertigungskosten stehen heute vor allem ästhetische Gründe für den Einsatz von Wabenträgern im Vordergrund. Die neuen Stahlbautabellen C5/05 des Stahlbau Zentrums Schweiz (SZS) [1] enthalten Grundwerte für Wabenträger, die eine einfache Vordimensionierung ermöglichen und somit den Entwurf erleichtern. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erläutert die technischen Grundlagen und gibt Hinweise zur Anwendung der tabellierten Werte.
Pros and cons of multistory RC tunnel‐form (box‐type) buildings
Authors: Kalkan Erol , Yüksel S. Bahadir 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTunnel‐form structural systems (i.e., box systems), having a load‐carrying mechanism composed of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls and slabs only, have been prevailingly utilized in the construction of multistory residential units. The superiority of tunnel‐form buildings over their conventional counterparts stems from the enhanced earthquake resistance they provide, and the considerable speed and economy of their construction. During recent earthquakes in Turkey, they exhibited better seismic performance in contrast to the damaged condition of a number of RC frames and dual systems (i.e., RC frames with shear wall configurations). Thus the tunnel‐form system has become a primary construction technique in many seismically active regions. In this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of tunnel‐form buildings are addressed in terms of design considerations and construction applications. The impacts of shear wall reinforcement ratio and its detailing on system ductility, load‐carrying capacity and failure mechanism under seismic forces are evaluated at section and global system levels. Influences of tension/compression coupling and wall openings on the response are also discussed. Three‐dimensional nonlinear finite element models, verified through comparisons with experimental results, were used for numerical assessments. Findings from this projection provide useful information on adequate vertical reinforcement ratio and boundary reinforcement to achieve enhanced performance of tunnel‐form buildings under seismic actions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind‐induced excitation control of a tall building with tuned mass dampers
Authors: Kim Young‐Moon , You Ki‐Pyo , Kim Han‐Young 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTo investigate the effectiveness of a tuned mass damper (TMD) in suppressing wind‐induced excitation motion of a tall building, aeroelastic wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses were conducted. A 1:500 scaled model of an aeroelastic tall building was built, and TMD models of mass ratios of 1% and 2%, respectively, were designed and tested with the building model. This study investigates the contribution of the inherent structural damping of the building model to the effectiveness of the TMD. Spectral analyses were conducted to verify the test results and to perform a parametric study. According to the experimental and analytical investigation, the effectiveness of the TMD increased when the inherent structural damping was decreased in response to both along‐wind and the cross‐wind directions. The parametric study revealed that a certain TMD damping ratio can maximize the effectiveness of the TMD. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved apparatus for oxygen bomb testing
Authors: Cooper A. R. , Matzinger D. P. , Furia T. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn improved oxygen bomb apparatus has been developed. The increased precision and readability of the continuous pressure recording allows a new method of end‐point measurement. It was possible to use smaller test samples than any previously reported. Sample size and oxygen pressure were shown to be relatively unimportant variables. Temperature is the most useful variable for controlling test time. This is preferable over sample dispersion or addition of catalysts in terms of simplifying the procedure. Peroxide formation at the oxygen bomb test end point is three to four times the value at the end point of the Active Oxygen Method.
Effect of the configuration of the methyl group at C‐4 on the capacity of 4‐methyl‐9β, 19‐cyclosteroids to be substrates of a cyclopropane cleavage enzyme from maize
Authors: Cattel L. , Delprino L. , Benveniste P. , Rahier A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe cyclopropane ring of 4α,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐9β19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol is opened by microsomes isolated from maize embryos to yield 4α,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐5α‐cholest‐8‐en‐3β‐ol. In contrast, when 4β,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐9β, 19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol or 4,4,14α(24ξ)‐24‐tetramethyl‐9β, 19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol are used as substrates, no reaction takes place. These results show that the number and also the stereochemistry of the C‐4‐methyls control the enzymic reaction. A new synthetic method for preparing 4β‐methyl from 4α‐methyl sterols is also described.
Determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in edible fats and oils
Authors: Doeden W. G. , Bowers R. H. , Ingala A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the rapid analysis of the phenolic antioxidants BHA, BHT and TBHQ in edible fats and oils. The procedure is based on gel permeation chromatography with UV detection, and requires no preliminary isolation of the antioxidants from the matrix. Detection limits with the instrumentation used in this study were<1 ppm for BHA and BHT, and ca. 20 ppm for TBHQ.
Some minor fatty acids of rapeseed oils
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of minor unsaturated fatty acids of rapeseed oil (fromBrassica napus orcampestris) have been isolated by combinations of distillation preparatve gas liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography, and were further identified by oxidative fission in BF3‐MeOH. Among the shorter chain, all‐cis polyunsaturated fatty acids described are 16:3ω3, 16:2ω6 and 14:2ω6. A ubiquitous minor component inunproceessed oils was found to becis‐9, cis‐12, trans‐15‐octadecatrienoic acid, with lesser proportions of thetrans‐9, cis‐12, cis‐15 isomer. Among others identified werecis‐14:1ω9 and 15:1ω10, the latter accompanied by half as muchtrans‐15:1ω10. Particular attention was paid to the proportions of the minor monoethylenic fatty acids of the ω7 series relative to the longer chain major ω9 monoethylenic fatty acids which have been reduced by plant breeding.
Studies on the reactions of ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid sodioesters with brominated compounds
Authors: Zauhar Joseph , Ladouceur Benoit F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid sodioesters (C2H5‐O2 CCHNa(CH2)n−1‐CO2C2H5 and C2H5‐O2CCHNa(CH2)n−2‐CHNaCO2 C2H5 where n/6, 7, or 8) were condensed with ω‐bromoaliphatic esters (Br(CH2)zCO2C2H5 where z‐5, 8 or 10), α,ω‐dibromoalkanes (Br(CH2)n′‐Br where n′=4, 6 or 8) and α,α′ m‐ or p‐xylene. Tri‐ and tetraesters and several carbethoxy cycloheptanones which arose mainly from Dieckmann type condensations were isolated. The infrared spectra of the tri‐ and tetraesters were compared with those of their parent ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid ester and additional peaks in the regions ofVC=O andVC‐O‐C were observed. Reactions involving the formation of both the α‐sodio and α,α′ salts are also discussed.
Simple model for determining economic feasibility of processing new oilseeds
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Carlson K. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple model for programming the cost feasibility of processing a new oilseed has been developed that makes use of a programmable calculator. The analysis of cost factors developed in the study provides a realistic measure of the economic feasibility of an oilseed project. By comparing break‐even cost‐to‐make of a new oil with the market price of a competitive oil, a quick indication of the probable success of the project can be estimated. The method is illustrated with a comparison ofCrambe abyssinica seed oil and high erucic acid rapeseed oil.
A quantitative determination of tocotrienols and tocopherols in palm oil by TLC‐GLC
Authors: Meijboom P. W. , Jongenotter G. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA reliable analytical method is required for determining tocopherols and tocotrienols in palm oil and palm oil fractions. This paper describes a TLC/GLC method which distinguishes between these compounds and is based on their separations from palm oils by saponification and TLC, followed by direct GLC analysis.
Hydrogenation catalysts—Their effect on selectivity
Authors: Gray J. I. , Russell L. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenation is an important reaction in the processing of fats and oils. During this process, the composition and properties of the lipid mixture are significantly modified. In addition to partial elimination of unsaturation, formation of geometric and positional isomers also occurs, yielding a complex mixture of products. Selectivity is a measure of the tendency for any of these reactions to occur relative to another and is influenced by both reaction conditions and the nature of the catalyst. In this review, the effects of various catalysts on the selectivity of the hydrogenation process are discussed in detail, while only a brief discussion of the effects of reaction conditions is given. The limitations of heterogeneous catalysts such as nickel, copper and platinum‐containing catalysts are reviewed with emphasis on recent literature. A similar discussion of homogeneous catalysts such as the soluble coordination complexes of transition metals is also given. While these complex catalysts have been extensively investigated in laboratory studies, they have not been used commercially due to their low activity, high cost, and difficult handling.
Nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin: A very active and selective catalyst for the hydrogenation of diunsaturated fatty acid esters I
Authors: Van der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J. , Van Dijk L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12) and the correspondingcis,trans andtrans.trans geometric isomers (c9,t12 andt9,t12) were hydrogenated at 40 C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure in acetone as solvent, with nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalyst. These catalysts were prepared by impregnation of cationic exchange resins with an aqueous solution of palladium dichloride. The methyleneinterrupted dienes were hydrogenated to the monoene stage with almost infinite selectivity, especially withc9,c12, whereast9,t12 was hydrogenated somewhat less selectively. The latter isomer was reduced considerably more slowly than the first, whereasc9,t12 occupied an intermediate position. The hydrogenation proceeded for an important part via a straightforward reduction of one of the double bonds, though conjugation prior to hydrogenation also occurred. The methylene‐interrupted dienes isomerized to a high degree geometrically during hydrogenation, but they scarcely isomerized positionally, resulting in small amounts of inactive ethylene‐interrupted dienes.
Hydrogenation of monounsaturated and ethylene‐ and methylene‐interrupted diunsaturated fatty acid esters on nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin II
Authors: Van der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethycis‐9‐octadecenoate (methyl oleate;c9), methylcis‐9,cis‐13‐octadecadienoate (c9,c13) and a 50∶50 mixture of this diene with methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12) have been hydrogenated on a nonmetallic palladium‐onresin catalyst in acetone as a solvent at 40 C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The monoene is hydrogenated very slowly, butc9,c12 is reduced easily and quickly. The ethylene‐interrupted diene reacts more slowly thanc9,c12, but considerably faster thanc9, because active methylene‐interrupted dienes are intermediates by double‐bond migration. This isomerization process also results in the formation of inactive polymethylene‐interrupted dienes, which accumulate during hydrogenation. Alsoc9 isomerizes considerably during reduction. In the 50∶50 mixture,c9,c12 is hydrogenated about eight times faster thanc9,c13.
Mechanism of hydro‐isomerization of methylene‐interrupted dienes on nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalysts III
Authors: Van Der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA mixture of conjugated dienes, obtained by alkali‐isomerization of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (c9,c12) has been hydrogenated on a nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalyst at 40C under atmospheric hydrogen pressure in acetone as solvent. The results have been used to quantify the contribution of the conjugation mechanims to the hydrogenation process ofc9,c12. In a 50∶50 mixture conjugated dienes are hydrogenated 4.6 times faster thanc9,c12 at 40 C. This diene is hydrogenated very selectively both by straightforward reduction of one of the double bonds and by reduction of conjugated intermediates. The contribution of the former reaction route is more than 50% under the reaction conditions used. It is assumed that the crucial intermediate in the associative mechanism is formed by hydrogen transfer from the metal ion toc9,c12 resulting in a chelating ring consisting of an ethylene bridge between the π‐coordinated double bond and the σ‐coordinated bond. This σ, π‐complex is responsible for the straightforward, selective hydrogenation ofc9,c12 as well as for the geometric isomerization of this diene.
Oily soil removal from a polyester substrate by aqueous nonionic surfactant systems
Authors: Dillan K. W. , Goddard E. D. , McKenzie D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPure mineral oil soils are removed from polyester substrates by the roll‐up mechanism in nonionic surfactant systems, and the process is little affected by hardness ions or builder addition. For a given surfactant system, roll‐up and removal efficiency increase with temperature until the cloud point of the nonionic is reached, whereafter a further increase in temperature decreases the rate of roll‐up. In general, lower ethoxylated surfactants perform better than higher ethyxylates at low temperature, but the trend is gradually reversed as the temperature is increased. For a given degree of ethoxylation, secondary alcohol ethoxylates are more effective at rolling up mineral oil soils than their primary counterparts. Addition of a small amount of oleic acid to mineral oil soils facilitates the roll‐up process (by lowering the oil/water interfacial tension) and minimizes the differences in performance among the various types of unbuilt nonionic surfactants. However, addition of highly alkaline electrolytic builders with these soils promotes oil removal by emulsification, presumably because of charge neutralization and/or transfer of the fatty acid into the aqueous phase. Conditions of high pH and low electrolyte strength inhibit the removal of 5.0% oleic acid in mineral oil soils, as exemplified by studies with added triethanolamine, ammonia, and very diluted NaOH. However, addition of divalent hardness ions to such systems promotes coarse emulsification of the soil, as does addition of relatively high concentrations of monovalent cation salts. A tentative explanation of this phenomenon is proposed. Ionic strength has little effect on the removal of 5.0% oleic acid/mineral oil soils below pH 7, as rapid roll‐up is obtained regardless of added electrolytes. Similarly, ionic strength (or pH) has little effect on the removal of mineral oil containing polar, but nonionizing soils such as oleyl alcohol, as rapid rollup is achieved under a number of conditions.
Protein‐water interactions and functional properties
Authors: Chou David H. , Morr Charles V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydration or rehydration is the first and perhaps most critical step in imparting desired functional properties to proteins in a food system. Water that interacts with the protein molecule exhibits different properties from those of “free” water. The types of water in protein‐food systems are described in terms of structural, monolayers, unfreezable, hydrophobic hydration, imbibition or capillary condensation, and hydrodynamic hydration water. Protein functional properties such as swelling, solubility, gelation, water holding capcity, etc., are directly related to the manner in which the protein interacts with water. Methods for studying the protein‐water interaction are discussed. The primary protein‐water interaction is believed to take place at various water binding sites on the protein molecule. Theories that explain the mechanism of action of these different water binding sites are reviewed. Factors which affect the protein‐water interactions include the number and nature of the binding sites on the protein molecule, protein conformation, plus environmental factors such as pH, salt, temperature and others. Finally, the protein‐water interaction phenomenon and the physico‐chemical and functional properties of proteins in protein isolate systems (dehydrated, solution, and gels) and in protein food systems are briefly examined.
Physicochemical aspects of texturization: Fiber formation from globular proteins
Authors: Shen Jerome L. , Morr Charles V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe modification of proteins to produce fibrous or “fiber‐like” textured products is a subject of unique importance and interest. Unfortunately, very little is known about the physicochemical properties of texturized “fibers”, the mechanisms that produce them, or the forces that hold the protein molecules in a given structure. This paper deals with the following topics: (a) methods for characterizing the physico‐chemical properties of textured protein products; (b) the structures of naturally occurring fibrous proteins and synthetic polypeptides as possible models for texturized “fibers”; (c) the current understanding of the mechanisms and the forces required to form and stabilize fibrous protein structures; and (d) a brief and generalized survey of the presently available “fiber” forming processes.
Proteins as emulsifiers: Methods for assessing the role
Authors: Cante Charles J. , Franzen Roger W. , Saleeb Fouad Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of this review is to present a variety of surface and colloid chemical methodologies, in brief, with which one may study the role of proteins as emulsifiers and co‐emulsifiers. The techniques range from microtechniques aimed at single interfaces (film balance) and double interfaces (tensiolaminometry) to macrotechniques aimed at the gross emulsion (microcalorimetry, electrophoresis, pulsed, nuclear magnetic resonance, microwaves). Equipment, procedures, typical results, and interpretation of the data are reviewed. Some results with commercially available proteinaceous materials are presented. A link between emulsion formation and stability theory, experimental methods, and food applications is made through the examples of a salad dressing emulsion and a foamable emulsion.
Functional properties of yeast grown on ethyl alcohol
Authors: Schnell Philip G. , Akin Cavit 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new series of food ingredients, based on torula yeast (Candida utilis) grown on ethyl alcohol, offers unique functional properties and flavor effects in processed and fabricated foods. The new ingredients bind fat and water, act as emulsifiers, heighten meat, poultry, and seasoning flavors, improve texture of bakery products, and add crispness and tensile strength to wafers. At the same time, they contribute desirable nutrition to foods by increasing the quantity and improving the quality of protein in cereals.
Quality characteristics of ground beef patties extended with moist‐heated and unheated seed meals
Authors: Mcwatters Kay H. , Heaton E. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExtending ground beef with 5% peanut, soybean, pecan, or field pea meals increased cooked yields and water‐retention properties of beef patties. Extended patties were more tender, requiring less force to compress than all‐beef patties. Protein content was significantly increased by the addition of peanut and soybean meal to ground beef. Unheated meals produced patties with larger volumes but were poorer in aroma and flavor qualities than all‐beef patties or those prepared with heated meals. Moist heat effectively improved aroma and flavor qualities of the meals without altering their binding properties.
Identification of radiolytic compounds from beef
Authors: Vajdi Mehran , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral previous papers have dealt with the forma‐tion of radiolysis products in fats, triglycerides and fatty acids. Size excusion chromatography now pro‐vides a means of separating larger, less volatile com‐pounds, and its application to irradiated beef has resulted in a nearly complete analysis of the radio‐lytic products formed. The components have been identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Cardanol in germ and seed oils extracted from cashew nuts obtained by the oltremare process
Authors: Strocchi A. , Lercker G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe presence of cardanol in cashew seed and germ oils was detected by using a combination of the thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chroma‐tography (GLC) techniques with infrared spectro‐scopy (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The oils were extracted from cashew nuts obtained by the Oltremare process (heating the nuts in cashew nut shell liquid bath at 180 C for 100–120 sec). The cardanol content was about 40 mg/100 ml of germ oil and 20 mg/100 ml of seed oil. The four cardanol components were found in the following percentages: 3‐(pentadecyl)‐phenol (II), 3.0%; 3‐(8‐pentadecenyl)‐phenol (III), 55.7%;3‐(8,11‐pentadecadienyl)‐phenol (IV), 24.2%; and 3‐(8,l l,14‐pentadecatrienyl)‐phenol (V), 17.1%, respectively. Because a constant distribu‐tion of the four cardanol components was found both in the seed and in the germ oils, it was suggested that cardanol is not a natural component of germ and seed oils, but is derived from the cashew nut‐shell liquid during the processing of the nuts.
Triglyceride composition of chrysalis oil, an insect lipid
Authors: Majumder U. K. , Sengupta A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChrysalis oil, an insect fat obtained from the spent silk worm pupae, Bombyx mori, is a by‐product of sericultural industry and represents a potential source of 1750 tons of linolenic‐rich oil per annum for India. Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of chrysalis oil have been determined by the combination of the techniques of lower temperature segregation, lipolysis, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. Percentage contents of the component acids are: C14:0, 0.6; C16:0, 19.3; C18:0 3.9; C18:1, 17.7; C18:2, 9.8, and C18:3, 48.7. Major component triglycerides are, LLnLn, 5.2%; PLnO, 6.4%;OLnLn, 9.6%; LnLnLn, 10.5% and PLnLn, 14.0% (P, palmitic; O, oleic; L, linoleic and Ln, linolenic acids. On low temperature crystallization, Chrysalis oil yielded two fractions amounting together to 40% of the total with composition quite similar to that of linseed oil.
Isocyanate‐modified dehydrated castor oil
Authors: Mukherjea R. N. , Saha K. K. , Gupta A. , Sanyal S. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEsters of dehydrated castor oil fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols like ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol have been prepared. The esters, having hydroxyl value ranging from 78.5 to 167, were reacted with toluene diisocyanate. The scratch hardness and other film properties of the resulting urethanes have been studied. Urethanes obtained from various mixtures of the above esters also have been studied. The best results have been obtained when a mixture of ethylene glycol ester and plenaerythritol ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acids in the ratio of 4:1 are reacted with one equivalent of toluene diisocyanate. One equivalent of glycerol ester (hydroxyl value 78.5), ethylene glycol ester (hydroxyl value 167), or propylene glycol ester (hydroxyl value 159.4) of DCO fatty acids when reacted with 1.25 equivalent of toluene diisocyanate also gave satisfactory products.