bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of single‐item parental ratings of child oral health
Authors: LOCKER DAVID 
Published: May 2008

Objective.  The aim of this study was to assess the validity of single‐item parental ratings of child oral heath.Methods.  Data were collected during a study to assess the impacts of dental injury. Clinical examinations of children aged 11–14 years were undertaken that included measures of trauma, decay, treatment needs, and fluorosis. Children with trauma and a group of trauma‐free children were followed‐up. Parents were mailed a questionnaire along with a questionnaire for the child that contained a short form of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 (CPQ11–14). Bivariate analyses examined associations between parents’ ratings of their child's oral health, measures of dental disease, clinically defined treatment needs, and scores on the CPQ11–14. Logistic regression was used to see if the associations observed remained after controlling for access to dental care variables.Results.  Complete data were collected from 370 children and their parents. Parental ratings showed significant associations with most of the clinical indicators used and CPQ11–14 scores. Similar results were obtained when the data were analysed for subgroups defined by household income and mother's education. These associations remained after controlling for access to dental services.Conclusion.  The data suggest that single‐item parental ratings of child oral health have adequate construct validity.
Variation and evolution of toxin gene expression patterns of six closely related venomous marine snails
Authors: DUDA JR T. F. , REMIGIO E. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVenoms of predatory marine gastropods of the genus Conus show amazing levels of interspecific diversity and are comprised of a cocktail of peptide neurotoxins, termed conotoxins, that are encoded by large gene families. Conotoxin gene family evolution is characterized by gene duplications and high rates of nonsynonymous substitution among paralogues; yet, what controls the differentiation of venoms among species is not clear. We compared four‐loop conotoxin transcripts of six closely related Conus species to examine conotoxin expression patterns among species. The species examined appear to express different numbers of four‐loop conotoxin loci and similarity in expression patterns does not seem to correspond with phylogenetic affinity. Moreover, several loci appear to have been independently silenced while others appear to have been revived from previously silenced states. Some loci also appear to exhibit coordinated expression patterns. These results suggest that the evolution of conotoxin expression patterns is incredibly dynamic and the differentiation of venoms of Conus is controlled in part by the evolution of unique conotoxin expression patterns.
Uptake of adhesive powders from lure stations by Mediterranean fruit fly (Dipt., Tephritidae)
Authors: Armsworth C. G. , Rogers C. D. , Barton L. E. E. , Soares C. , Poppy G. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPowders that are capable of adhering to insect cuticles can act as carrier particles when combined with insecticides, entomopathogens, or pheromones, for targeted insect control. One potential method of delivering the powder to an insect is to lure the insects to stations containing powder using a species‐specific attractant. Here, we report on the uptake of two different powders from lure stations (henceforth called ‘dispensers’) by the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the transfer of the powders to conspecifics during field studies in Portugal, as part of a research programme to develop lure‐and‐kill technologies based on adhesive powder. Uptake of an electrostatic wax powder, Entostat™, from dispensers was greater than uptake of a proprietary metallic powder, Entomag™, for both wild male C. capitata visiting field‐placed dispensers and laboratory‐reared males confined with dispensers in field cages. In agreement with field data, C. capitata also took up more Entostat than Entomag when artificially dosed on dispenser trays containing powder in the laboratory, and the quantities taken up were shown to be greater than that calculated from field experiments. Increasing the amount of Entostat powder in field‐placed dispensers resulted in greater uptake of powder by visiting male C. capitata. Laboratory‐reared male and female C. capitata were released in field cages in which were hung dispensers containing adhesive powder that were baited with the male attractant trimedlure. After 24 h, the powder was successfully extracted from all males and nearly all females collected, indicating that males probably transferred powder to conspecific females after visiting dispensers. The results underscore that a lure‐and‐kill system based on adhesive powder might have potential for controlling Mediterranean fruit fly and other flying insects.
Aggregation pheromone in Sternechus subsignatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): olfactory behaviour and temporal pattern of emission
Authors: Ambrogi B. G. , Zarbin P. H. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Brazilian soybean stalk weevil, Sternechus subsignatus Boehman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a pest of economic importance in many regions of Brazil. Volatiles from both sexes of S. subsignatus were collected by aeration and the behavioural response of males and females was evaluated using a Y‐olfactometer. The results obtained demonstrate that the communication in S. subsignatus is mediated by aggregation pheromone as both sexes were attracted to host plant (HP) volatiles, and this attraction was increased by the addition of male volatiles. At least five male‐specific compounds (1–5) were detected in the chromatographic analysis, providing chemical support to the behavioural data. Release of these volatiles is dependent on the presence of the HP as the amount of compounds differs significantly when volatiles are collected from weevils with or without access to food. The release takes place mainly during photophase, showing a peak between 4 and 6 h after its beginning, which is also a peak of the insect activity in the field. Studies are underway to elucidate the structures of these putative aggregation pheromone components, in order to evaluate their biological activity under laboratory and field conditions.
Influence of plant species and plant growth stage on Frankliniella occidentalis pupation behaviour in greenhouse ornamentals
Authors: Buitenhuis R. , Shipp J. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe influence of plant stage and plant species on the pupation behaviour of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was investigated in flowering and non‐flowering potted chrysanthemums and mini roses. On non‐flowering chrysanthemums and roses, 92–93% of the F. occidentalis pupated in the soil. On flowering roses, 87% pupated in the soil, and on flowering chrysanthemums only 60% chose the soil as a pupation site and 40% stayed on the plant. This means that, in the presence of flowers, especially complex inflorescences like chrysanthemums, a large proportion of F. occidentalis chooses stay on the plant to pupate.
Lipid Content of Non‐cultured and Cultured Pig Embryo
Authors: Romek M , Gajda B , Krzysztofowicz E , Smorąg Z 
Published: May 2008

ContentsThe objectives of the study were: (i) to work out a precise and efficient method for quantitative analysis of lipid content and (ii) to quantitatively determine the lipid content in non‐cultured and cultured pig embryos. The experiment was carried out on pig embryos from zygote to late blastocyst stages produced in vivo and embryos collected at the zygote stage and then cultured in vitro up to blastocyst stage. Embryos were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in epoxy resin and cut into semi‐thin sections to analyse the quantity of lipids in fat droplets. Stained sections were then analysed with Cavalieri and point counting methods to evaluate the following stereological parameters of the embryo: total embryo volume – V(e), volume density of cytoplasm per unit volume of embryo – Vv(c,e), volume density of lipid droplets per unit volume of embryo cytoplasm – Vv(fat,c) and total volume of lipid droplets per whole embryo – V(fat). Values of Vv(fat,c) and V(fat) remained unchanged up to the morula stage, but decreased significantly at blastocyst and late blastocyst stages both in cultured and non‐cultured embryos. Volume density of lipid droplets per unit volume of embryo cytoplasm and total volume of lipid droplets for cultured embryos showed statistically significant differences between late blastocyst and almost all other stages. Comparisons of Vv(fat,c) in embryos at the same stages of development but differing in origin of embryos (non‐cultured or cultured) show that statistically significant differences exist for all analysed stages. In conclusion, differences in lipid content observed in pig embryos were dependent on the developmental stage of the embryo as well as the culture conditions (i.e. cultured and non‐cultured embryos at the same stage of development).
Differential expression of angiopoietin‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in androgen‐independent prostate cancer models
Authors: Tešan Tajana , Gustavsson Heléne , Welén Karin , Damber Jan‐Erik 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between microvessel density (MVD), blood vessel morphology and the expression of angiopoietin (Ang)‐1, Ang‐2, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains (Tie)‐2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in androgen‐dependent (AD) and androgen‐independent (AI) prostate cancer models, to gain insight into the regulation of angiogenesis at different stages of prostate cancer.MATERIALS AND METHODSMVD and blood vessel morphology were evaluated by CD34 immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA and protein secretion of the Angs, Tie‐2 and VEGF were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, respectively, in LNCaP (AD) and LNCaP‐19, C4‐2, C4–2B4 and PC‐3 (AI) prostate cancer xenografts in mice.RESULTSLNCaP, C4‐2 and C4–2B4 xenografts had high expression of Ang‐2 and VEGF, similar MVD and blood vessel morphology. However, the most angiogenic cell line LNCaP‐19 expressed low levels of both factors and had different vessel morphology. PC‐3 xenografts had a similar MVD to LNCaP, C4‐2 and C4–2B4, but the Ang‐2 and VEGF expression as well as the vessel morphology were similar to LNCaP‐19.CONCLUSIONThe differences in MVD, blood vessel morphology and the expression of Ang‐2 and VEGF show that prostate cancer cells display angiogenic heterogeneity, which indicates different roles of these factors in the regulation of angiogenesis in different stages of prostate cancer.
Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high‐risk subjects
Authors: Kim K.‐S. , Kim S.‐K. , Lee Y.‐K. , Park S.‐W. , Cho Y.‐W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to assess the validity of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and/or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as screening tests for the early detection of diabetes in high‐risk subjects.Methods  A total of 392 subjects (149 male and 243 female) with risk factors for diabetes were included. All subjects underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c measurement. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine the sensitivity and specificity of FPG and HbA1c for detecting diabetes, which was defined as a FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or a post‐challenge 2‐h plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l.Results  The prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes was 22.4% (n = 88). The current guideline of FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l for diabetes screening detected only 55.7% of diabetic subjects. The optimal cut‐off points of HbA1c and FPG for the diagnosis of diabetes were 6.1% (sensitivity 81.8%, specificity 84.9%) and 6.1 mmol/l (sensitivity 85.2%, specificity 88.5%), respectively. The screening model using FPG ≥ 6.1 mmol/l and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.1% had sensitivities of 71.6–95.5% and specificities of 77.6–95.7% for detecting undiagnosed diabetes.Conclusions  The current American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria, based only on FPG, are relatively insensitive in the detection of diabetes in high‐risk subjects. The simultaneous measurement of FPG and HbA1c might be a more sensitive screening tool for identifying high‐risk individuals with diabetes at an early stage.
Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes
Authors: Munday Philip L , Jones Geoffrey P , Pratchett Morgan S , Williams Ashley J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractClimate change will impact coral‐reef fishes through effects on individual performance, trophic linkages, recruitment dynamics, population connectivity and other ecosystem processes. The most immediate impacts will be a loss of diversity and changes to fish community composition as a result of coral bleaching. Coral‐dependent fishes suffer the most rapid population declines as coral is lost; however, many other species will exhibit long‐term declines due to loss of settlement habitat and erosion of habitat structural complexity. Increased ocean temperature will affect the physiological performance and behaviour of coral reef fishes, especially during their early life history. Small temperature increases might favour larval development, but this could be counteracted by negative effects on adult reproduction. Already variable recruitment will become even more unpredictable. This will make optimal harvest strategies for coral reef fisheries more difficult to determine and populations more susceptible to overfishing. A substantial number of species could exhibit range shifts, with implications for extinction risk of small‐range species near the margins of reef development. There are critical gaps in our knowledge of how climate change will affect tropical marine fishes. Predictions are often based on temperate examples, which may be inappropriate for tropical species. Improved projections of how ocean currents and primary productivity will change are needed to better predict how reef fish population dynamics and connectivity patterns will change. Finally, the potential for adaptation to climate change needs more attention. Many coral reef fishes have geographical ranges spanning a wide temperature gradient and some have short generation times. These characteristics are conducive to acclimation or local adaptation to climate change and provide hope that the more resilient species will persist if immediate action is taken to stabilize Earth’s climate.
A Search Cost Perspective on Formation and Duration of Trade
Authors: Besedeš Tibor 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMore than half of all US import relationships begin with less than $10,000 annually. The median relationship is observed to last just one year. The incidence and duration of import relationships are consistent with a search model of international trade. The preponderance of small starting relationships reveals uncertainty present in the formation of trade relationships. Initial size, reliability, and search costs play an important role. Larger initial purchase results in longer relationships. Higher reliability and lower search costs lead to larger initial purchases and longer relationships.
TOURISM SPACE IN MANGGARAI, WESTERN FLORES, INDONESIA: THE HOUSE AS A CONTESTED PLACE
Authors: Erb Maribeth 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTRecent research on how tourism has affected indigenous culture has steered away from the idea of “impact” and the disappearance of traditional culture to emphasising how local culture is created and negotiated within the context of tourism. This paper uses the latter approach, focusing on the way tourism is used in Western Flores to “authenticate” culture. The argument is that interaction with foreigners has opened up new ideas about what is “authentic” and “legitimate”, and therefore has created new spaces for contestation and negotiation. The development of tourism in Manggarai, the largest regency on Flores, has stimulated a number of villagers to rebuild traditional style houses as an attempt to attract foreign visitors. A few of these cases are examined here to show how the status of these houses is negotiated and contested within the context of a number of different ideas about authenticity.
REFLECTIONS UPON THE STATE OF ASIAN TOURISM
Authors: Wall Geoffrey 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the implications of the Asian economic crisis for tourism. The nature of the crisis is discussed briefly and its occurrence at a time of previously rapid regional growth in tourism is pointed out. It is argued that effective demand diminished at a time when supply was increasing. In the short term, reductions in regional travel and spending have been widespread and not confined to Southeast Asia. In the longer term, reduced real prices will make Asian destinations highly competitive in long‐haul markets provided that the quality of products is maintained. The crisis emphasises the need to examine tourism planning initiatives, to acknowledge that the tourism product consists of more than the provision of quality accommodation, and to give greater attention to product differentiation.
Examining the Heterotypic Continuity of Aggression Using Teacher Reports: Results from a National Canadian Study
Authors: Miller Jessie L. , Vaillancourt Tracy , Boyle Michael H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study examined the heterotypic continuity of aggression hypothesis (physical to indirect) using independent teacher reports of aggression drawn from a nationally representative sample of 749 Canadian girls and boys. Confirmatory factor analysis using an accelerated longitudinal design confirmed a two‐factor model of physical and indirect aggression that was stable across time, but not sex. Mean levels of indirect aggression were highest for girls whereas mean levels of physical aggression were highest for boys. Results of a series of path analyses indicated statistically significant cross‐lagged effects that varied by sex. Physical aggression at Time 1 (T1; aged six to nine years) significantly predicted increased levels of indirect aggression at Time 2 (T2; girls only) and Time 3 (T3; boys and girls). Indirect aggression at T1 predicted decreased physical aggression at T2 (boys only) and at T3 (boys and girls). These results offer support for the heterotypic continuity of aggression and underscore the usefulness of teacher reports in studies of childhood aggression.
Targeting only reverse transcriptase with zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir plus tenofovir in HIV‐1‐infected patients with multidrug‐resistant virus: a multicentre pilot study
Authors: Llibre JM , Bonjoch A , Iribarren J , Galindo MJ , Negredo E , Domingo P , Pérez‐Alvarez N , Martinez‐Picado J , Schapiro J , Clotet B ,   the HIV Conference Call study group
Published: May 2008

ObjectivesTo evaluate the safety, immunological outcome and HIV‐1 evolution in the reverse transcriptase (RT) in patients with multidrug resistance receiving zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir (TZV) plus tenofovir (TDF).MethodsPilot analysis of highly experienced patients (n=28), with ≥1 thymidine‐associated mutation (TAM) and the M184V mutation.ResultsMedian of 8.5 treatment regimens, 58% Centers for Disease Control stage C. Baseline (nadir) CD4 count 363 (112) cells/μL. There was a sustained 24‐week drop in viral load (VL) of 0.71 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL (P<0.001), with 35.7% (10/28) achieving a VL of <50 copies/mL. The median 24‐week decrease in CD4 was −53 cells/μL and only −17 cells/μL when baseline CD4 was <350 cells/μL. There was no evolution in RT mutations, TAMs, accessory mutations or K65R. No clinical progression and one out of 28 suspected abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction (HSR). Lower probability of achieving VL<400 copies/mL was associated with D67N (P=0.007), D67N/M41L (P=0.01), ≥3 TAMs (P=0.07) and VL>10 000 copies/mL (P=0.01). Mutations conferring zidovudine hypersusceptibility (Y181C, K65R and L74V) did not improve virological or immunological outcomes. Better CD4 outcomes were seen in patients without M41L (P=0.04) or with baseline VL<10 000 copies/mL (P=0.01).ConclusionsA bridging regimen with TZV+TDF prevents significant immunological decline and may forestall viral evolution in HIV‐1 RT despite persistent viral replication.
Aging‐related differences in basal heat shock protein 70 levels in lymphocytes are linked to altered frequencies of lymphocyte subsets
Authors: Njemini Rose , Demanet Christian , Mets Tony 
Published: May 2008

SummaryCell stress responses are ubiquitous in all organisms and are characterized by the induced synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsp). Previous studies as well as recent reports by our group have consistently suggested that aging leads to an increase in the basal levels of Hsp70. Here we extend these studies by examining the differential Hsp70 response of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subsets. It is well established that with aging, one of the major changes in the T cell pool is an expansion of T cells with the memory phenotype as well as those deficient for the CD28 molecule. To determine if alterations in the frequency of T cell subsets might be responsible for the observations, we have carried out a more comprehensive flow cytometric analysis of the various phenotypes of PBL under unstimulated conditions. Cells were obtained from 10 young and 10 elderly normal subjects. The basal Hsp70 levels in the various PBL phenotypes were comparable between young and elderly subjects. However, different patterns of Hsp70 response were noticed among the PBL subtypes, which were similar in both young and elderly subjects. In particular, the memory cell phenotypes produced more Hsp70 than the naïve phenotypes. These results suggest that aging‐related changes in basal Hsp70 levels in PBL are linked to the altered frequency of lymphocyte subsets and not to increases in aged lymphocytes per se. In addition, the increase in Hsp70 can be interpreted as the result of a tendency towards more pronounced cellular differentiation in aging.
Transcatheter Cardiac Fistula Repair with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder: A Case Report and Review
Authors: SLIM AHMAD M. , SANGHI PRAMOD , SHRY ERIC A. , CASTILLO‐ROJAS LAUDINO , ALVAREZ JORGE , HERNANDEZ ANTONIO , CONNER WILLIAM C. , ERIKSON JOHN , BAILEY STEVEN R. 
Published: May 2008

Background: Clinically significant cardiac fistulas occur rarely and traditionally are surgically repaired. We describe the first known case of percutaneous closure of a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) to left atrium (LA) fistula formed as the result of aortic valve replacement surgery.
Case report: The patient was an 86‐year‐old woman with a history of aortic valve replacement who began complaining of shortness of breath 7 years later. Initially she was misdiagnosed as having mitral regurgitation. However, a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed the presence of a 7.5 mm fistula between her LVOT and LA, producing a large regurgitant jet. As she was not a good surgical candidate, she underwent percutaneous closure. An Amplatzer Duct Occluder 9‐PDA‐006 (10 mm × 8 mm) device was successfully deployed in the fistula using TEE guidance. On follow‐up, the patient described marked improvement of her symptoms.
Discussion: In the rare case of cardiac fistulas that are deemed high risk for surgical intervention, a percutaneous approach with an occlusive device offers promise in treating these patients.
Agroindustrialization, globalization, and international development: An overview of issues, patterns, and determinants
Authors: Reardon Thomas , Barrett Christopher B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper offers an overview for a special issue on agroindustrialization, globalization, and international development. It sets out a conceptual framework for understanding the links among these three broad phenomena and then discusses emerging issues and evidence concerning the factors conditioning agroindustrialization in developing countries and the subsequent effects on employment, poverty, and the natural environment. We conclude with a research agenda.