bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review article:Morphology in Greek Linguistics: The State of the Art
Authors: Ralli Angela 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn recent years, morphology has received increasing attention within linguistic theory. It deals with word structure and attracts significant interest in languages that are morphologically rich, such as Modern Greek (hereafter Greek). In this paper, I present an overview of the main theoretical studies that focus on Greek morphology in the last four decades, with a particular emphasis on those following the framework of generative grammar. Reasons of space prevent me from giving an exhaustive presentation of all the topics that have been examined from a synchronic point of view. Moreover, I do not take into consideration studies on historical and dialectal morphology or lexical borrowing, or works that cover areas where morphological issues interact with research in domains such as computational linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics.
Acquiring variable stress in Greek: An Optimality-Theoretic approach
Authors: Tzakosta Marina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe present study treats the acquisition of stress in Greek. The goal is the investigation of the mechanisms through which children manage ultimately to acquire the stress system of their native language. The Greek data were drawn from the natural speech of five children ages 1;10 to 3;0 years. The findings of the research emphasize interesting similarities to and differences from the data of children who acquire other languages. More specifically, the children who acquire Greek show a systematic faithfulness to the stressed syllable, which, for the most part, they preserve in their realizations, however not in trochaic feet, even though they are considered the most natural structures in child speech crosslinguistically. As a result, iambic and trochaic structures are manifested in parallel fashion in the speech of different children (inter-child variation) or even in the speech of a single child (intra-child variation). The analysis of the data, done within the framework of the model of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993), demonstrates that children use parallel grammars throughout the different stages of development.
Cognitive motivation and pragmatic functions of the Greek deictics
Authors: Bella Spyridoula 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper is a study of the way in which native speakers of Modern Greek use deictic categories. Specifically, it provides a theoretical account of the cognitive procedures that motivate the choice of one deictic over its counter-part in a deictic contrast and the pragmatic effects that this particular choice seems to have in terms of the speech situation.
Bipolar Disorder not Otherwise Specified: Comparison with Bipolar Disorder I/II and Major Depression
Authors: Joyce Peter R. , Light Katrina J. , Rowe Sarah L. , Kennedy Martin A. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To compare the personality, clinical and comorbidity characteristics of subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BDNOS) to those with major depression and bipolar I or II disorder. Methods: A family-based study was undertaken on the molecular genetics of depression and personality, in which the proband had been treated for depression, regardless of history, of hypomania or mania. Results: The 25 subjects with BDNOS were different to the 297 subjects with major depression and similar to 75 subjects with bipolar I or II disorder on social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance dependence comorbidity. The BDNOS subjects also had personality traits more akin to the bipolar I or II disorder subjects, especially borderline personality traits and self transcendence. Conclusions: Subjects with BDNOS, based on a history of 1–3 day recurrent hypomanias, should be included within a broader bipolar spectrum.
Sociodemographic, Functional and Clinical Correlates in Outpatients with Schizophrenia: Comparison with Affective Disorders
Authors: Wheeler Amanda 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To describe the demographic, social and functional characteristics and service utilization of people with schizophrenia attending four public psychiatric services in New Zealand and to compare this with (i) people with severe affective disorders attending the same four services and (ii) the New Zealand general population; and to examine conformity with evidence-based pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. Methods: Clinical files for all adult outpatients attending the four specialist services were reviewed in October 2004 (n =6164). Patient characteristics, social and functional indicators, diagnosis, duration of illness, and admission information were recorded and analysed for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression (n =5032). Antipsychotic treatment was recorded for those with schizophrenia. Results: Outpatients with schizophrenia made up 47% of the outpatient population; 66% were male, the mean age 39 years and the mean illness duration was 14 years. Sixty-seven percent of schizophrenia outpatients had never been married, 69% had no regular occupational activity, 49% had no formal qualifications, 24% were living in group homes and 26% were treated compulsorily. These characteristics were consistently different compared to outpatients with severe affective disorders and the general population; schizophrenia patients were the most impaired, depression the least and the bipolar group in between. The majority of schizophrenia patients received evidence-based antipsychotic treatment; 84% received monotherapy; 81% prescribed an atypical; 33% prescribed clozapine. Conclusions: The study shows significant impairment for schizophrenia patients in areas of intimate relationships, occupational activity, living situation, qualifications and specialist mental health service use despite evidence-based pharmacological treatment. To improve outcome optimal care must incorporate existing evidence-based, cost-effective interventions that focus on both symptoms and function. More effective treatments also need to be developed.
Forcing Family Involvement in Patient Care: Legislative and Clinical Issues
Authors: Spencer Gregory , Skipworth Jeremy 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Families have an important role in the recognition and treatment of mental illness in their family members. However, the extent to which families are consulted during compulsory assessment processes has received little attention. In 2000, mandatory family/whanau consultation was introduced in New Zealand. This paper reviews the extent of family consultation during compulsory assessment and surveys clinicians’ views and experience. Method: All applications for compulsory assessment in a representative sample of districts were audited over a 2-month period. An email survey of clinicians investigated changes in their practice since the introduction of mandatory family consultation, their views and training experiences. Results: A total of 283 compulsory assessments were audited; 187 (66.1%) family/whanau consultations occurred and were completed by the assessing doctor 82.1% of the time. Of the remaining assessments, 12 did not appear consistent with the legally permitted exceptions to mandatory consultation. Some 88.6% of clinicians were aware of the legislative requirements about consultation. A significant percentage (54.7%) believed their practices had altered following legislative change. Conclusion: Family/whanau consultation occurred in the majority of compulsory assessments. The introduction of mandatory consultation with family/whanau may have improved clinical practice in this regard, although training and guidelines issued at a similar time are also likely to have contributed to the change in practice.
Coercion is Coercion? Reflections on Trends in the use of Compulsion in Treating Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Carney Terry , Tait David , Touyz Stephen 
Published: September 2007

Objective: This paper explores similarities and differences between formal coercion and other forms of ‘strong persuasion’ in clinical decision-making about medical management of patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Method: The paper builds on findings from analysis of data from 117 successive admissions to an eating disorder facility, where an eating disorder was the primary diagnosis. Results: The study implications of particular interest in this paper are the findings that legal coercion into treatment was associated with three main indicators: the patient's past history (number of previous admissions), the complexity of their condition (the number of other psychiatric comorbidities), and current health risk (measured either by body mass index or the risk of re-feeding syndrome). Conclusions: We conclude that clinicians use legal coercion very sparingly in treating severe anorexia nervosa, distinguishing legal coercion from other forms of close clinical management of patients. While we agree with Monahan et al. and others that there are similarities between legal coercion and other forms of strong clinical management (or power), our results suggest that clinicians recognize the importance of maintaining, rather than blurring that distinction.
EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY ACROSS THREE GENERATIONS: THE CHANGING IMPACT OF PARENTAL SOCIAL CLASS, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
Authors: Jæger Mads Meier 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
This article addresses why the literature on Inequality of Educational Opportunity (IEO) reaches diverging results concerning the decline or persistency of IEO over time. The main argument in this article is that the diverging results may be caused by the fact that the social class variables used to capture trends in IEO act as proxies for unobserved family-background influences that are substantively different from social class. The article analyses extremely rich longitudinal data from Denmark spanning three generations within the same family lineage. It demonstrates, first, that the effect of social class on secondary schooling is overstated when other family influences, conceptualised as economic, cultural and social capital, and unobserved family influences are not taken into consideration, and second, as in the other Scandinavian countries, that IEO has declined significantly in the postwar period.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION PARTICIPATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
Authors: Lindberg Matti E. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
This article addresses how the type of higher education participation an individual has chosen is related to his/her success on the labour market after graduation. In the first part of the analysis, the ideal types of ‘from school-via higher education-to work’ transitions are formed with the help of cluster analysis. In the second part of the study, the relationship between the type of transition and the socio-economic prestige of the occupation obtained after graduation is analysed through regression analysis. Data used in the analysis comprise educational and labour market histories of graduates with master's degree in seven European countries. Results indicate that there are significant variations among European countries in terms of the most common types of transitions. In addition, the study shows that the socio-economic level reached soon after graduation does in fact depend on the type of the transition, independently of other individual characteristics.
Identification of JTP‐70902, a p15INK4b‐inductive compound, as a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor
Authors: Yamaguchi Takayuki , Yoshida Takayuki , Kurachi Reina , Kakegawa Junya , Hori Yoshikazu , Nanayama Toyomichi , Hayakawa Kazuhide , Abe Hiroyuki , Takagi Koichi , Matsuzaki Youichirou , Koyama Makoto , Yogosawa Shingo , Sowa Yoshihiro , Yamori Takao , Tajima Nobuyuki , Sakai Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2007

The INK4 family members p16INK4a and p15INK4b negatively regulate cell cycle progression by inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6. Loss of p16INK4a functional activity is frequently observed in tumor cells, and is thought to be one of the primary causes of carcinogenesis. In contrast, despite the biochemical similarity to p16INK4a, the frequency of defects in p15INK4b was found to be lower than in p16INK4a, suggesting that p15INK4b‐inductive agents may be useful for tumor suppression. Here we report the discovery of a novel pyrido‐pyrimidine derivative, JTP‐70902, which exhibits p15INK4b‐inducing activity in p16INK4a‐inactivated human colon cancer HT‐29 cells. JTP‐70902 also induced another CDK‐inhibitor, p27KIP1, and downregulated the expression of c‐Myc and cyclin D1, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest. MEK1/2 was identified by compound‐immobilized affinity chromatography as the molecular target of JTP‐70902, and this was further confirmed by the inhibitory activity of JTP‐70902 against MEK1/2 in kinase assays. JTP‐70902 suppressed the growth of most colorectal and some other cancer cell lines in vitro, and showed antitumor activity in an HT‐29 xenograft model. However, JTP‐70902 did not inhibit the growth of COLO320 DM cells; in these, constitutive extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphorylation was not detected, and neither p15INK4b nor p27KIP1 induction was observed. Moreover, p15INK4b‐deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts were found to be more resistant to the growth‐inhibitory effect of JTP‐70902 than wild‐type mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These findings suggest that JTP‐70902 restores CDK inhibitor‐mediated cell cycle control by inhibiting MEK1/2 and exerts a potent antitumor effect. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1809–1916)
A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine–naloxone for heroin dependence
Authors: Bell James , Shanahan Marian , Mutch Carolyn , Rea Felicity , Ryan Anni , Batey Robert , Dunlop Adrian , Winstock Adam 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims To compare the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of unobserved versus observed dosing of patients seeking treatment of heroin dependence.Design Randomized controlled trial and cost‐effectiveness analysis.Setting Specialist out‐patient drug treatment centres in Australia.Participants Heroin users seeking maintenance treatment.Intervention Participants were allocated randomly to observed or unobserved dosing for 3 months. All subjects received buprenorphine–naloxone and weekly clinical reviews.Measurements Primary end‐points were retention in treatment and heroin use at 3 months. Costs of treatment were measured (in Australian dollars, AU$) and cost‐effectiveness compared. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, psychological symptoms and use of non‐opioid drugs.Findings A total of 119 subjects were randomized and analysed. At 3 months, 33/58 (57%) randomized to unobserved treatment, and 37/61 (61%) observed were retained (log‐rank χ2 = 0.04, df = 1,P = 0.84). On an intention‐to‐treat analysis, reductions in days of heroin use in the preceding month, from baseline to 3 months, did not differ significantly; 18.5 days (95% CI: 21.8–15.3) and 22.0 days (95% CI: 24.3–19.7), respectively (Mann–WhitneyU = 807.5,P = 0.13). The mean cost for the unobserved group was AU$1663 (95% CI 1308–2017) per treatment episode, significantly less than the mean cost for the observed group at AU$2138 (95% CI 1713–2562).Conclusions Retention and heroin use was not significantly different between observed and unobserved dosing groups. Attendance for observed dosing was not associated with worse retention. Treatment with close clinical monitoring, but no observation of dosing, was significantly cheaper and therefore significantly more cost‐effective.
Intravenous and intranasal heroin‐dependent treatment‐seekers: characteristics and treatment outcome
Authors: Highfield David A. , Schwartz Robert P. , Jaffe Jerome H. , O'Grady Kevin E. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  This study compared the characteristics of intravenous (i.v.) and intranasal (i.n.) heroin users seeking methadone treatment, and their response to treatment.Participants  A total of 319 heroin‐dependent adults.Design  Participants were assigned randomly to receive interim methadone treatment or to a waiting list control on a 3 : 2 basis. Analyses were conducted by dividing participants into two groups based on their route of heroin ingestion: i.v. or i.n.Setting  A methadone clinic in Baltimore City, Maryland.Intervention  Interim methadone treatment consisted of providing an adequate and stable dose of methadone, but no psychosocial services, to heroin‐dependent adults for up to 120 days while they awaited an opening for comprehensive methadone treatment.Measures  Addiction Severity Index, Texas Christian University AIDS Risk Assessment, a questionnaire on treatment entry and a urine drug test were collected at baseline and at entry into a comprehensive treatment program, or at 120 days after baseline assessment, whichever came first.Findings  At baseline, over 60% of participants were i.n. users and had been for an average of over 12 years; i.v. users, compared to i.n. users, were more likely to have ever used cocaine, to have used cocaine in the past 30 days, to have more medical complications and to report more income generated from criminal behavior. Both i.v. and i.n. users reduced their self‐reported days of heroin use, cocaine use and days of criminal activity in response to interim methadone treatment.Conclusions  Despite differences in baseline characteristics, i.n. and i.v. heroin‐dependent individuals did not differ in their response to interim methadone treatment.
Population structure of montane bamboo and causes of its decline in Echuya Central Forest Reserve, South West Uganda
Authors: Bitariho Robert , McNeilage Alastair 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMontane bamboo is of immense importance to the people living adjacent to Echuya Forest Reserve. It is used for building poles, bean‐staking and basket weaving. The bamboo in Uganda occurs mostly in protected areas. Over the past 50 years, the bamboo forest cover has been declining. This study aimed at determining bamboo density and distribution and the possible causes of its decline within Echuya. We used exploratory inventories, bamboo assessment plots and village interviews to determine bamboo population structure and possible causes of its decline in Echuya. Bamboo forest decline in Echuya may be blamed on several factors that interplay together. Poor harvest methods especially during the clear cutting of bamboo for bean‐stakes and stakes for house wefts seems to be the remote cause of the bamboo forest decline. Other causes for the bamboo forest decline are damages caused by insect borers and climber loads on the bamboo stems. The remote causes have been exacerbated by the invasion of secondary forest tree species such as Macaranga kilimandscharica that have slowly taken over areas previously occupied by the bamboo forest. Seventy per cent of the local people interviewed agree that over‐harvesting of bamboo is the major reason for its decline.
A survey of emergency airway management in the United Kingdom
Authors: RATNAYAKE B. , LANGFORD R. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA postal questionnaire aiming to ascertain the availability of cricothyrotomy and transtracheal ventilation equipment, and experience of its use, was sent to all tutors of the Royal College of Anaesthetists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The response rate was 74.9%. Almost half of the respondents had experience of cricothyrotomy. The “Portex Minitrach” (58.6%) was the most commonly used preformed device, followed by the ‘William‐Cook’ cannula (8.5%). The 14‐G intravenous cannula (21.1%) was the most frequently improvised cricothyrotomy device. Seventy six percent of all theatres had equipment available for such emergency airway management. Sixty five percent of Portex‐Minitrach insertions resulted in complications, more than half of which were serious (total failure to cannulate (17.1%), multiple attempts (20.7%), pneumothorax (8.5%) and severe bleeding (7.3%)). Major complication rates of the ‘William‐Cook’ device and 14‐G intravenous cannula were 27.3% and 22.2% respectively. Seventy five percent of patients reported had eventual successful airway management with full recovery, while 9.6% had partial recovery and 15.4% died. Formal training of emergency airway management was practised in 14.2% of anaesthetic departments, while 73.6% had informal training. Twelve percent of the departments did not specifically teach their trainees the skill of emergency airway management.
Lack of efficacy of intra‐articular opioids for analgesia after day‐case arthroscopy
Authors: WRENCH I. J. , TAYLOR P. , HOBBS G. J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial was undertaken to assess the analgesic efficacy of intra‐articular opioids following arthroscopy of the knee. At the completion of surgery, patients received an intra‐articular injection of: morphine 1 mg, buprenorphine 30 μg or 0.9% saline. There were no differences in pain scores among groups for the first 24 h postoperatively. We have found no clinical evidence for a peripherally‐mediated opioid analgesic effect.
The airways and anaesthesia II
Authors: BURWELL D. R. , JONES G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe pointed out in the first of these two articles [1] that the commonest cause of an anaesthetic disaster in young healthy patients is a loss of airway patency then a failure to intubate occurring unexpectedly in the absence of head or neck pathology. Upper airway obstruction is a very common complication of general anaesthesia and all anaesthetists must be trained in the management of this problem. Less obvious are the changes that can occur in the lower airways which can impair gas exchange by increasing ventilalion‐perfusion mismatch. This article is concerned with these pathophysiological changes that occur during general anaesthesia.
Detection of quantitative trait loci for body weights and conformation traits in Beijing ducks
Authors: Huang Y. , Haley C. S. , Hu S. , Hao J. , Wu C. , Li N. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryQuantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weights and conformation traits were detected in Beijing ducks. Traits included body weights (BW) at hatching and at 1–7 weeks of age; lengths of the body (BL), keel bone (KBL), shank (SL) and neck (NL) at 7 weeks of age; width of breast (BTW) at 7 weeks; and girths of shank (SG) and breast (BG) at 7 weeks. Using a half‐sib analysis with a multiple‐QTL model, linkage between the phenotypic traits and 95 microsatellite markers was studied. Six genome‐wide suggestive QTL for three body weights and two conformation traits were identified in CAU1, CAU2, CAU6 and CAU12. Chromosome‐wide significant QTL influencing one body weight trait and one conformation trait were located in CAU4 and CAU10 respectively. Twelve chromosome‐wide suggestive QTL for six body weight traits and four conformation traits were found in seven linkage groups (CAU1, CAU2, CAU3, CAU4, CAU6, CAU10 and CAU12). In addition, the QTL in CAU6 at 21 and 73 cM jointly affected SG and explained 10.6% of the phenotypic variation. This study provides the first evidence for QTL involved in body weights and conformation traits in ducks, and will stimulate further investigations into the genetic architecture of these traits in this species.