bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A trial platform to develop a tailored theory-based intervention to improve professional practice in the disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia: Study protocol [ISRCTN15871014]
Authors: Eccles Martin P , Foy Robbie , Bamford Claire H , Hughes Julian C , Johnston Marie , Whitty Paula M , Steen Nick , Grimshaw Jeremy G 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
For people with dementia, care should include an explanation of the diagnosis to individuals and their carers, and information about the likely prognosis and possible packages of care. However, this is neither routine nor inevitable, and there is wide variation in the practice of disclosure. The aim of this study is to develop a tailored theory-based intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of diagnosis of dementia.

Methods
There are three objectives. Objective 1 is to define and develop an appropriate model of disclosure; this will be addressed using a multidisciplinary consensus development process. Objective 2 is to identify factors that influence disclosure of diagnosis; a questionnaire based upon theoretical constructs from a range of behavioural theories will be developed and members of old age mental health teams will be surveyed. The analysis will identify those factors that best predict intention to disclose a diagnosis to a person with dementia. Objective 3 is to develop and pilot test a theory-based intervention to promote disclosure of diagnosis that targets attitudes, beliefs and actions most amenable to change. Objective 3 will use the results of Objectives 1&2 to design and pilot test an intervention to improve the process of and increase the proportion of individuals receiving a diagnosis of dementia, for members of old age mental health teams. This work will lead to a proposal for a randomised controlled trial of the intervention.
IMRT using simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Studer G , Huguenin PU , Davis JB , Kunz G , Lütolf UM , Glanzmann C 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Preliminary very encouraging clinical results of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in Head Neck Cancer (HNC) are available from several large centers. Tumor control rates seem to be kept at least at the level of conventional three-dimensional radiation therapy; the benefit of normal tissue preservation with IMRT is proven for salivary function. There is still only limited experience with IMRT using simultaneously integrated boost (SIB-IMRT) in the head and neck region in terms of normal tissue response.
The aim of this work was (1) to establish tumor response in HNC patients treated with SIB-IMRT, and (2) to assess tissue tolerance following different SIB-IMRT schedules.

Results
Between 1/2002 and 12/2004, 115 HNC patients have been curatively treated with IMRT. 70% received definitive IMRT (dIMRT), 30% were postoperatively irradiated. In 78% concomitant chemotherapy was given.
SIB radiation schedules with 5–6 × 2 Gy/week to 60–70 Gy, 5 × 2.2 Gy/week to 66–68.2 Gy (according to the RTOG protocol H-0022), or 5 × 2.11 Gy/week to 69.6 Gy were used.
After mean 18 months (10–44), 77% of patients were alive with no disease. Actuarial 2-year local, nodal, and distant disease free survival was 77%, 87%, and 78%, respectively. 10% were alive with disease, 10% died of disease. 20/21 locoregional failures occurred inside the high dose area. Mean tumor volume was significantly larger in locally failed (63 cc) vs controlled tumors (32 cc, p <0.01), and in definitive (43 cc) vs postoperative IMRT (25 cc, p <0.05); the locoregional failure rate was twofold higher in definitively irradiated patients.
Acute reactions were mild to moderate and limited to the boost area, the persisting grade 3/4 late toxicity rate was low with 6%. The two grade 4 reactions (dysphagia, laryngeal fibrosis) were observed following the SIB schedule with 2.2 Gy per session.

Conclusion
SIB-IMRT in HNC using 2.0, 2.11 or 2.2 Gy per session is highly effective and safe with respect to tumor response and tolerance. SIB with 2.2 Gy is not recommended for large tumors involving laryngeal structures.
Implementing Intelligent-Well Completion in a Brownfield Development
Authors: Johnstone Stuart , Duncan Gavin , Giuliani Corrado , Denholm Allan 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Intelligent-well completion (IWC) is an emerging technology that allows operators to optimize reservoir management and field facilities performance. The implementation of this technology has generally been restricted to new field development because of the perceived complexity of integrating high-end IWCs (e.g., combined monitoring and flow control) into current subsea-production-system (SPS) designs. However, intelligent completions can be applied to mature fields in which reservoir performance and value added by IWC are well understood. The BP Machar well application is a typical example.
One of the challenges facing the project team at the BP Machar well was the integration of the IWC-control system within the constraints of the existing SPS. Minimum modification to the existing hardware and control-system equipment was required.
A system approach-in line with the forthcoming ISO 13628, Part 6 [intelligent-well interface standardization (IWIS) addendum] standard for integration of IWCs into SPSs-was used to ensure robustness of the design and testing concepts.
Pressure-Transient and Decline-Curve Behavior in Naturally Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Camacho-Velázquez R. , Vásquez-Cruz M. , Castrejón-Aivar R. , Arana-Ortiz V. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study presents a new way to model high secondary porosity, mainly vuggy porosity, in naturally fractured reservoirs. New solutions are presented for two cases, one in which there is no primary flow through the vugs (which is an extension of the Warren and Root model) and one in which the dissolution process of pore throats has created an interconnected system of vugs and caves. In both cases, there is an interaction between matrix, vug, and fracture systems. New insights are provided.
Both pressure and production responses during transient and boundary-dominated flow periods are explored. In transient well tests, for the case in which there is no primary flow through the vugs, a change of slope could be present during the transition period. Thus, this study shows that slope ratios of 2:1 of an earlyor late-time segment vs. a transition segment do not necessarily imply transient interaction between matrix and fractures. It is also shown that the presence of vugs and caves may have a definitive influence on decline-curve and cumulative production behaviors; therefore, it is necessary to incorporate vuggy porosity in the process of type-curve match.
Finally, the use of the methodology obtained in this work is illustrated with synthetic and field examples.
Ranking and Upscaling of Geostatistical Reservoir Models by Use of Streamline Simulation: A Field Case Study
Authors: Ates Harun , Bahar Asnul , El-Abd Salem , Charfeddine Mohsen , Kelkar Mohan , Datta-Gupta Akhil 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this paper, we present a field example in which multiple reservoir descriptions were generated to capture uncertainties in reservoir performance; a streamline simulator was used to rank these multimillion-cell geostatistical realizations and to determine the optimum level of vertical upscaling.During geostatistical reservoir characterization, it is a common practice to generate a large number of realizations of the reservoir model to assess the uncertainty in reservoir descriptions and performance predictions. However, only a small fraction of these models can be considered for comprehensive flow simulations because of the high computational costs. A viable alternative is to rank these multiple "plausible" reservoir models on the basis of an appropriate performance criterion that adequately reflects the interaction between heterogeneity and the reservoir flow mechanisms. One can generate thousands of geostatistical realizations with a minimal cost; however, the cost of ranking such realizations can be prohibitively expensive, even if fast streamline simulators are used. The objective is to generate a manageable number of realizations and represent the possible range of uncertainty in reservoir descriptions. Here, we propose a "hierarchical methodology" in designing uncertainties to be represented in reservoir descriptions.In this paper, we also show how a streamline simulator can be used to design vertical upscaling of fine-scale reservoir descriptions. The biggest challenge of upscaling is to reduce model size without losing the heterogeneity level of the original geological model.We use streamline time-of-flight connectivity derived from a streamline simulator. The time of flight reflects fluid-front propagation at various times, and its connectivity at a given time provides us with a direct measure of volumetric sweep efficiency for arbitrary heterogeneity and well configuration. The volumetric sweep efficiency is the simplest measure that reflects the interaction between heterogeneity and the flow field. It is a dynamic measure that can be updated easily to account for changing injection/production conditions.Our field study involves a Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir under a moderate-to-strong aquifer influx. The reservoir is on primary depletion and has no injectors. In our streamline-simulation exercise, the aquifer pressure support is modeled by pseudoinjectors, and pressure updates are used to reflect changing field conditions.
Significant Differences in Proved Reserves Estimates Using SPE/WPC Definitions Compared to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Definitions
Authors: Harrell D. R. , Gardner T. L. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A casual reading of the SPE/WPC (World Petroleum Congresses) Petroleum Reserves Definitions (1997) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) definitions (1978) would suggest very little, if any, difference in the quantities of proved hydrocarbon reserves estimated under those two classification systems. The differences in many circumstances for both volumetric and performance-based estimates may be small.
In 1999, the SEC began to increase its review process, seeking greater understanding and compliance with its oil and gas reserves reporting requirements. The agency's definitions had been promulgated in 1978 in connection with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and at a time when most publicly owned oil and gas companies and their reserves were located in the United States. Oil and gas prices were relatively stable and virtually all natural gas was marketed through long-term contracts at fixed or determinable prices. Development drilling was subject to well-spacing regulations as established through field rules set by state agencies.
Reservoir-evaluation technology has advanced far beyond that used in 1978; production-sharing contracts were uncommon then, and probabilistic reserves assessment was not widely recognized or appreciated in the U.S. These changes in industry practice plus many other considerations have created problems in adapting the 1978 vintage definitions to the technical and commercial realities of the 21st century.
This paper presents several real-world examples of how the SEC engineering staff has updated its approach to reserves assessment as well as numerous remaining unresolved areas of concern. These remaining issues are important, can lead to significant differences in reported quantities and values, and may result in questions about the "full disclosure" obligations to the SEC.
Brine Imbibition Damage in the Colville River Field, Alaska
Authors: Erwin M. D. , Pierson C. R. , Bennion D. B. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Early exploration well tests in the Colville River field (also known as the Alpine reservoir) drilled with water-based mud (WBM) systems exhibited unexplainably high near-wellbore residual skin damage documented by pressure-buildup testing. Typical formation-damage mechanisms, including clay reactions, mechanical damage, and gas trapping, could not explain the damage.
Between March 1998 and July 2001, laboratory testing determined imbibition-induced water trapping to be the primary formation-damage mechanism. In-situ water saturation is significantly lower than residual or connate-water saturation, a condition rarely encountered in the field. Lab tests quantified impacts and identified methods to minimize or eliminate formation damage. This paper documents how successful identification of a unique damage mechanism improved drilling results in low-permeability sandstone.
Optimization of Big-Bore HP/HT Wells to Exploit a Low-Pressure Reservoir in Indonesia
Authors: Benesch J. M. , Nor Nazri , Ngatijan _ 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A big-bore, high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) drilling and completion program of seven wells was undertaken under challenging conditions in a low-pressure carbonate reef in Indonesia. Significant enhancements made during the program substantially reduced well times and cost. These wells incorporated the largest tubingless gas completions in the world. Higher-than-anticipated initial flow rates were achieved through an innovative strategy to decrease formation damage. The wells were completed openhole without pumping kill-weight fluids at the end of underbalanced drilling (UBD) operations. These wells are the first to combine big-bore completions, drill-in liners, and UBD in individual wellbores.
An Innovative Design Approach to Reduce Drillstring Fatigue
Authors: Hill Tom , Ellis Sean , Lee Kang , Reynolds Nicholas , Zheng Nanjiu 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Fatigue and corrosion fatigue account for the majority of drillstring failures. 1,2 The complexity of fatigue and the drillstring designer's inability to account for a great many factors affecting the mechanism make it impractical or impossible to accurately predict a component's fatigue life in cycles to failure. This paper describes the comparative-design approach. Two dimensionless indices, curvature index (CI) and stability index (SI), have been developed to allow drillstring designers to quantitatively compare design alternatives on the basis of normalized fatigue-crack-propagation life for the purpose of selecting the one with the best fatigue performance. The two design indices will not give meaningful values of absolute fatigue life, but they will provide a quantitative comparison of the relative fatigue lives of components operating under different sets of circumstances—unknown factors being equal. This new approach normalizes many factors affecting fatigue that are generally unknown to the designer, enabling the drilling engineer to quantitatively compare the fatigue performance of available alternatives on the basis of what the drilling engineer does know. The method has already proven effective in field use.
Coiled Tubing in Sour Environments: Theory and Practice
Authors: Crabtree A. R. , Gavin W. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Carbon steel coiled-tubing (CT) strings have been used in sour wellbore environments for many years. The use of CT in sour service has increased by job number, job complexity, pipe size, and the stresses to which the pipe is subjected. A number of papers have been written on the steel chemistry and low-cycle fatigue behavior. These papers have been based on both theoretical and laboratory work. Great progress has been made in understanding the chemical and physical interaction of CT and H2S, but little information is available from "real-world" situations in which the pipe has been worked in a variety of job types (e.g., acidizing, gas lifting, and drilling) and in which a large number of other factors may come into play (e.g., injector damage, well-stimulation chemicals, sour inhibitor application techniques, erosion of inhibitors, CO2, and high-chloride water production).
This paper discusses the application of a CT technical specification (based on theoretical and laboratory work) in the operational world. Comparisons will be made between theoretical expectation and practical observation for 70- and 80-grade CTs with regard to low-cycle fatigue, pipe life, and damage in sour environments.
Analysis of Imbibition in Mixed-Wet Rocks Using Pore-Scale Modeling
Authors: Behbahani Hassan , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Countercurrent imbibition is an important recovery mechanism during waterflooding in fractured reservoirs. This may be a rapid and efficient recovery process in strongly water-wet systems, but if the reservoir is mixed-wet, while it is possible for some water to imbibe spontaneously, the ultimate recovery is lower and the imbibition rate may be several orders of magnitude slower than for strongly water-wet rock.
We use quasistatic pore-scale network modeling as a tool to study the behavior of mixed-wet rocks and to predict relative permeability and capillary pressure. The model uses a topologically disordered network that represents the pore space of Berea sandstone. We adjust the distribution of contact angles at the pore scale to match previously published experimental cocurrent waterflood recoveries and wettability indices on Berea. We then input the relative permeabilities and capillary pressures into a conventional grid-based code and simulate countercurrent imbibition in 1D. We make predictions, with no matching parameters, of the recovery as a function of time and compare the results with the experimental measurements. We are able to reproduce the observed dramatic increase in imbibition time as the system changes from being water-wet to mixed-wet. In a mixed-wet system, spontaneous imbibition, where the capillary pressure is positive, is limited to a narrow saturation range where the water saturation is small. At these low saturations, the water is poorly connected through the network in wetting layers and the water relative permeability is extremely low, leading to recovery rates tens to thousands of times slower than for water-wet media.
We present a semiempirical equation to correlate imbibition recovery in mixed-wet rocks of different wettability and viscosity ratio. The recovery rate is proportional to the water mobility at the end of imbibition.
Critical Evaluation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter on History Matching of Geologic Facies
Authors: Liu Ning , Oliver D. S. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to the performance of a gradient-based minimization method for the problem of estimation of facies boundaries in history matching. The EnKF is a Monte Carlo method for data assimilation that uses an ensemble of reservoir models to represent and update the covariance of variables. In several published studies, it outperforms traditional history-matching algorithms in adaptability and efficiency.
Because of the approximate nature of the EnKF, the realizations from one ensemble tend to underestimate uncertainty, especially for problems that are highly nonlinear. In this paper, the distributions of reservoir-model realizations from 20 independent ensembles are compared with the distributions from 20 random-ized-maximum-likelihood (RML) realizations for a 2D waterflood model with one injector and four producers. RML is a gradient-based sampling method that generates one reservoir realization in each minimization of the objective function. It is an approximate sampling method, but its sampling properties are similar to the Markov-chain Monte Carlo (McMC) method on highly nonlinear problems and are relatively more efficient than McMC.
Despite the nonlinear relationship between the data (such as production rates and facies observations) and the model variables, the EnKF was effective at history matching the production data. We find that the computational effort to generate 20 independent realizations was similar for the two methods, although the complexity of the code is substantially less for the EnKF.
Hegemony on a shoestring: indirect rule and access to agricultural land
Authors: Berry Sara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn their efforts to govern African colonies through traditional rulers and customary law, British officials founded colonial administration on contested terrain. By committing themselves to uphold ‘native law and custom’ colonial officials linked the definition of Africans' legal rights with their social identities, which were, in turn, subject to conflicting interpretations. As agricultural growth and commercialisation intensified demand for land, competition for access to land and control over agricultural income gave rise to disputes over customary jurisdictions and structures of authority. Using evidence from colonial Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Kenya and Northern Rhodesia, this article argues that, under indirect rule, the commercialisation of transactions in rights to rural land was accompanied by, and served to promote, unresolved debate over their meaning.RésuméEn s'efforçcant de gouverner les colonies africaines à travers les dirigeants traditionnels et le droit en usage, les représentants ofnciels britanniques ont fondé l'administration coloniale sur un terrain contentieux. En choisissant de maintenir ‘le droit et la coutume indigènes’, les représentants coloniaux ont lié la définition des droits légaux des africains à leurs identités sociales, qui à leur tour, étaient sujettes à des interprétations contradictoires. Comme le développement de l'agriculture et de la commercialisation ont intensiné la demande d'acquisition de terres, la concurrence pour accéder a la propriété et contrôler le revenu agricole ont engendré des controverses sur les juridictions usuelles et les structures de l'autorité. En prenant les exemples des colonies du Nigéria, de la Côte-d'Or, du Kenya et de la Rhodésie du Nord, cet article soutient que sous une représentation indirecte, la commercialisation des opérations dans les droits fonciers ruraux a contribué à engendrer un débat non résolu sur leur sens.
The letter and the spirit: literacy and religious authority in the history of the Aladura movement in western Nigeria
Authors: Probst Peter 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Yoruba wordaladura, meaning ‘one who prays’, generally refers to a set of churches that formed a powerful religious movement among the Yoruba in western Nigeria during the first decades of this century. To date, there have been three main lines of interpretation which received general recognition: first, in form of a theological analysis (Turner, 1967); second, in a discussion of social protest (Mitchell, 1970); and finally, through the sociology of religion (Peel, 1968). In this article I propose to introduce another aspect of interpretation. Following the many passing remarks made by these authors in respect to the use of writing within the Aladura churches, I will read their accounts in terms of how people perceived and experienced the written word in the specific context of the Christian–colonial order and consider whether and how this experience has influenced people's actions and religious behaviour. In doing so, I am going to take up a theme which has become widely popular in the anthropological field under the heading ‘the consequences of literacy’.