bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Maintenance and Adaptation: An Example from the South Australian Hindu Diaspora
Authors: Foster Heather 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRaymond Williams in A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad (1992) identified different strategies within Hindu communities outside India, specifically in the USA, which enabled adaptation to the host community to occur while maintaining (and adjusting) religious beliefs and practices within the diaspora. J. R. Hinnells subsequently proposed ten factors for change and continuity in diaspora religion. These approaches form a useful analytical tool for understanding the manner in which Hinduism has developed, and is developing, in South Australia. This article examines the development of diaspora Hinduism in the Australian cities of Adelaide and Whyalla, in the light of both Williams’ and Hinnells’ categories. A comparison of the strategies of the smaller Whyalla community is juxtaposed against the more developed and larger Adelaide Hindu community, highlighting the similarities and differences between distinctive communities in different circumstances. Scholarship by Williams and Hinnells is useful in providing a framework for understanding the developments within these communities in Australia.
Time‐resolved Singlet Oxygen Phosphorescence Measurements from Photosensitized Experiments in Single Cells: Effects of Oxygen Diffusion and Oxygen Concentration
Authors: Hatz Sonja , Poulsen Lars , Ogilby Peter R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTime‐resolved singlet oxygen, O2(a1Δg), phosphorescence experiments have been performed in single cells upon pulsed laser irradiation of a photosensitizer incorporated into the cell. Data recorded as a function of the partial pressure of ambient oxygen to which the cell is exposed reflect apparent values for the intracellular oxygen diffusion coefficient and intracellular oxygen concentration that are smaller than those found in neat H2O. This conclusion is supported by O2(a1Δg) phosphorescence data and sensitizer triplet state absorption data recorded in control experiments on sucrose solutions with different viscosities. We recently demonstrated that the intracellular lifetime of O2(a1Δg) is comparatively long (∼3 μs) and does not differ significantly from that in neat H2O (∼3.5 μs). Despite this long lifetime, however, our estimate of an apparent intracellular oxygen diffusion coefficient in the range ∼2–4 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 means that the spatial domain of intracellular O2(a1Δg) activity will likely have a spherical radius of ∼100 nm. This latter point helps reconcile seeming inconsistencies between our direct O2(a1Δg) lifetime data and results obtained from independent photobleaching experiments that show a limited translational diffusion distance for O2(a1Δg) within a cell.
Phase II study of hepatic arterial infusion of a fine‐powder formulation of cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yoshikawa Masaharu , Ono Naofumi , Yodono Hiraku , Ichida Takafumi , Nakamura Hironobu 
Published: April 2008

Aim:  Intra‐arterial cisplatin appears to have high therapeutic efficacy, but this has not been studied in detail. Accordingly, we developed a fine‐powder cisplatin formulation and tested it in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in an open‐label, uncontrolled study in which 27 institutions participated.Methods:  The patients in this study had inoperable advanced HCC without extrahepatic metastases. All received two infusions of high‐concentration cisplatin (1.43 mg/mL) via the hepatic artery at a dose of 65 mg/m2, with an intervening 4–6 week interval.Results:  Cisplatin efficacy and safety were assessed in 80 patients. We found partial responses in 27 cases, no change in 37, and progressive disease in 11 (five were not evaluated). The overall response rate was 33.8%. The 1‐year survival rate was 67.5% and the 2‐year survival rate was 50.8%. Severe adverse effects (≥grade 3) included anorexia in 22.5%, vomiting in 6.3%, abdominal pain in 1.3%, thrombocytopenia in 25%, neutropenia in 13%, leukopenia in 1.3%, hypochromia in 1.3%, elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase in 32.5%, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in 11.3%, elevated serum bilirubin in 3.8%, decreased serum albumin in 1.3%, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in 1.3%, elevated γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase in 3.8%, and elevated serum creatinine in 2.5%. Death from myocardial infarction occurred as an incidental event in one case, and no other life‐threatening, adverse events were observed.Conclusion:  Although intra‐arterial cisplatin has substantial local and systemic toxicity, high therapeutic efficacy suggests the potential usefulness of this agent in the treatment of advanced HCC.
Evaluation of Eight Anti-Rubella Virus Immunoglobulin G Immunoassays That Report Results in International Units per Milliliter
Authors: Dimech Wayne , Panagiotopoulos Lena , Francis Barbara , Laven Nicholas , Marler Joan , Dickeson David , Panayotou Tony , Wilson Kim , Wootten Robyn , Dax Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
An evaluation of anti-rubella virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoassays that report in international units per milliliter (IU/ml) was performed to determine their analytical performance and the degree of correlation of the test results. A total of 321 samples were characterized based on results from a hemagglutination inhibition assay. The 48 negative and 273 positive samples were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. When equivocal results were interpreted as reactive, the sensitivity of the immunoassays ranged from 98.9 to 99.9% and the specificity ranged from 77.1 to 95.8%. All assays had positive and negative delta values of less than 2. A significant difference between the mean results of all assays was demonstrated by analysis of variance. However, post hoc analysis showed there was good correlation in the mean results expressed in IU/ml between some of the assays. Our results show the level of standardization between anti-rubella virus IgG immunoassays reporting results expressed as IU/ml has improved since a previous study in 1992, but further improvement is required.
Improved Detection of
vanB2
-Containing
Enterococcus faecium
with Vancomycin Susceptibility by Etest Using Oxgall Supplementation
Authors: Grabsch E. A. , Chua K. , Xie S. , Byrne J. , Ballard S. A. , Ward P. B. , Grayson M. L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

We have isolated a number of
vanB
-containing
Enterococcus faecium
isolates on bile esculin screening agar containing 6 mg/liter vancomycin, which on subsequent susceptibility testing using Etest have repeatedly demonstrated vancomycin MICs of ≤4 mg/liter. To investigate this genotype-phenotype incongruence of “low-MIC vancomycin-resistant enterococci” (LM-VRE), we examined the molecular characteristics of these isolates, including the presence of the
vanB
operon, using PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. All LM-VRE isolates contained
vanB
associated with the transposon Tn
1549
and were polyclonal. Sequencing of the
vanB
ligase gene showed no differences from the prototype
vanB2
. In addition, we examined supplemented media to improve phenotypic detection of these isolates. Etest detection of LM-VRE improved when Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) were supplemented with 10 g/liter oxgall (MHA-Oxg and BHIA-Oxg, respectively). We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of these media to detect vancomycin resistance using vancomycin-resistant
vanB
-containing
E. faecium
(
n
= 11), vancomycin-susceptible (
van
negative)
E. faecium
(
n
= 11), vancomycin-susceptible (
van
negative)
E. faecalis
(
n
= 11), and our LM-VRE (
n
= 23) isolates. After 48 h of incubation, both MHA-Oxg and BHIA-Oxg were 100% (34/34) sensitive and 100% (22/22) specific in the identification of vancomycin resistance. These findings suggest that supplementation of MHA or BHIA with 10 g/liter oxgall should be considered in laboratories where VRE detection protocols rely primarily on strain phenotype rather than early
vanB
gene detection by PCR.
Functional and Physical Interactions of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 UL20 Membrane Protein with Glycoprotein K
Authors: Foster Timothy P. , Chouljenko Vladimir N. , Kousoulas K. G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein K (gK) and the UL20 protein (UL20p) are coordinately transported to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and cell surfaces and are required for cytoplasmic virion envelopment at the TGN. In addition, cell surface expression of gK and UL20p is required for virus-induced cell fusion. Previously, confocal microscopy colocalization and intracellular transport experiments strongly suggested direct protein-protein interactions between gK and UL20p. Direct protein-protein interactions between gK and UL20p were demonstrated through reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments, as well as with glutathione
S
-transferase (GST) pull-down experiments. A fusion protein consisting of the amino-terminal 66 amino acids of UL20p fused in-frame with GST was expressed in
Escherichia coli
and purified via glutathione column chromatography. Precipitation of GST-UL20p from mixtures of GST-UL20p fusion protein with cellular extracts containing gK specifically coprecipitated gK but not other viral glycoproteins. The purified UL20p-GST fusion protein reacted with all gK-associated protein species. It was concluded that the amino terminus of UL20p, most likely, interacted with gK domain III, which is predicted to lie intracellularly. UL20p-gK domain-specific interactions must serve important functions in the coordinate transport of UL20p and gK to the TGN, because retention of UL20p in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the addition of an ER retention signal at the carboxyl terminus of UL20p forced the ER retention of gK and drastically inhibited intracellular virion envelopment and virus-induced cell fusion.
APOBEC3-Independent Interferon-Induced Viral Clearance in Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice
Authors: Turelli Priscilla , Liagre-Quazzola Alexandra , Mangeat Bastien , Verp Sonia , Jost Stephanie , Trono Didier 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTInterferon (IFN) has been part of the standard treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection for more than 2 decades, yet the mechanism of action of this antiviral remains poorly understood. It was recently observed that members of the human APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases endowed with anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity are upregulated by type I and II IFNs. However, we demonstrated that, in tissue culture, these cellular enzymes are not essential effectors of the anti-HBV action of these cytokines. Here, we show that murine APOBEC3 (muA3) can also block HBV replication. While expressed at low levels in the mouse liver at baseline, muA3 is upregulated upon IFN induction. However, in HBV-transgenic muA3 knockout mice, IFN induction blocked HBV DNA production as efficiently as in control HBV-transgenic muA3-competent animals. We conclude that APOBEC3 is not an essential mediator of the IFN-mediated inhibition of HBV in vivo.
Genetic Analysis of Israel Acute Paralysis Virus: Distinct Clusters Are Circulating in the United States
Authors: Palacios G. , Hui J. , Quan P. L. , Kalkstein A. , Honkavuori K. S. , Bussetti A. V. , Conlan S. , Evans J. , Chen Y. P. , vanEngelsdorp D. , Efrat H. , Pettis J. , Cox-Foster D. , Holmes E. C. , Briese T. , Lipkin W. I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Israel acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is associated with colony collapse disorder of honey bees. Nonetheless, its role in the pathogenesis of the disorder and its geographic distribution are unclear. Here, we report phylogenetic analysis of IAPV obtained from bees in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Israel and the establishment of diagnostic real-time PCR assays for IAPV detection. Our data indicate the existence of at least three distinct IAPV lineages, two of them circulating in the United States. Analysis of representatives from each proposed lineage suggested the possibility of recombination events and revealed differences in coding sequences that may have implications for virulence.
Candidate Microbicide PPCM Blocks Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Cell and Tissue Cultures and Prevents Genital Herpes in a Murine Model
Authors: Mesquita Pedro M. M. , Wilson Sarah S. , Manlow Philippe , Fischetti Lucia , Keller Marla J. , Herold Betsy C. , Shattock Robin J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

A structurally novel candidate microbicide, PPCM, which is formed from the reaction of
d,l
-mandelic acid with sulfuric acid, provides activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) and is not cytotoxic. The objectives of the current studies were to comprehensively evaluate the activity of PPCM in cell and explant cultures, explore the possibility of combining PPCM with HIV-specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and evaluate the efficacy of a formulated gel against genital herpes in a murine model. PPCM inhibited infection by laboratory and clinical R5 and X4 clade B and clade C HIV strains in cell culture. Ectocervical and endocervical tissue explants exposed to HIV-1
BaL
in the presence of PPCM were protected (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC
50
] of 3.9 μg/ml for ectocervix and 3.1 μg/ml for endocervix), and transfer of virus to target T cells via migratory cells was significantly impaired (IC
50
of 35.7 μg/ml for ectocervix and 54.6 μg/ml for endocervix). The drug also blocked infection by cell-associated virus. Combinations of PPCM with UC-781 or PMPA in vitro exhibited additive anti-HIV activity. PPCM was incorporated into stable, low-pH gel formulations at concentrations of 0.4% and 4%. Both gels prevented genital herpesvirus infection in mice, even when virus was introduced in human seminal plasma. The abilities of PPCM to inhibit primary HIV isolates, reduce infection by cell-associated virus, and transfer of HIV from migratory to T cells, combined with the complete protection provided by formulated gel against genital herpes, indicate that this drug is an excellent candidate for inclusion in a combination microbicide and would provide protection against both HIV and HSV.
In Vivo Natural Killer Cell Depletion during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Choi Elisa I. , Reimann Keith A. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to the immune containment of human immunodeficiency virus infection remains undefined. To directly assess the role of NK cells in an AIDS animal model, we depleted rhesus monkeys of >88% of CD3−CD16+CD159a+NK cells at the time of primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by using anti-CD16 antibody. During the first 11 days following SIV inoculation, when NK cell depletion was most profound, a trend toward higher levels of SIV replication was noted in NK cell-depleted monkeys compared to those in control monkeys. However, this treatment did not result in significant changes in the overall levels or kinetics of plasma viral RNA or affect the SIV-induced central memory CD4+T-lymphocyte loss. These findings are consistent with a limited role for cytotoxic CD16+NK cells in the control of primary SIV viremia.
HLA Class I-Driven Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Proteome: Immune Escape and Viral Load
Authors: Rousseau Christine M. , Daniels Marcus G. , Carlson Jonathan M. , Kadie Carl , Crawford Hayley , Prendergast Andrew , Matthews Philippa , Payne Rebecca , Rolland Morgane , Raugi Dana N. , Maust Brandon S. , Learn Gerald H. , Nickle David C. , Coovadia Hoosen , Ndung'u Thumbi , Frahm Nicole , Brander Christian , Walker Bruce D. , Goulder Philip J. R. , Bhattacharya Tanmoy , Heckerman David E. , Korber Bette T. , Mullins James I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations that confer escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition can sometimes result in lower viral fitness. These mutations can then revert upon transmission to a new host in the absence of CTL-mediated immune selection pressure restricted by the HLA alleles of the prior host. To identify these potentially critical recognition points on the virus, we assessed HLA-driven viral evolution using three phylogenetic correction methods across full HIV-1 subtype C proteomes from a cohort of 261 South Africans and identified amino acids conferring either susceptibility or resistance to CTLs. A total of 558 CTL-susceptible and -resistant HLA-amino acid associations were identified and organized into 310 immunological sets (groups of individual associations related to a single HLA/epitope combination). Mutations away from seven susceptible residues, including four in Gag, were associated with lower plasma viral-RNA loads (
q
< 0.2 [where
q
is the expected false-discovery rate]) in individuals with the corresponding HLA alleles. The ratio of susceptible to resistant residues among those without the corresponding HLA alleles varied in the order Vpr > Gag > Rev > Pol > Nef > Vif > Tat > Env > Vpu (Fisher's exact test;
P
≤ 0.0009 for each comparison), suggesting the same ranking of fitness costs by genes associated with CTL escape. Significantly more HLA-B (χ
2
;
P
= 3.59 × 10
−5
) and HLA-C (χ
2
;
P
= 4.71 × 10
−6
) alleles were associated with amino acid changes than HLA-A, highlighting their importance in driving viral evolution. In conclusion, specific HIV-1 residues (enriched in Vpr, Gag, and Rev) and HLA alleles (particularly B and C) confer susceptibility to the CTL response and are likely to be important in the development of vaccines targeted to decrease the viral load.
Critical Role for Endocytosis in the Regulation of Signaling by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K1 Protein
Authors: Tomlinson Christine C. , Damania Blossom 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a member of the gammaherpesvirus family. KSHV is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. The first open reading frame of the KSHV genome encodes a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein named K1. K1 is structurally similar to the B-cell receptor (BCR), and its cytoplasmic tail contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif that can activate Syk kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Recent evidence suggests that receptor signaling occurs not only at the cell membrane, but from intracellular compartments as well. We have found that K1 is internalized in a clathrin-dependent manner, and efficient internalization is coupled to its signaling function. Once internalized, K1 traffics from the early endosome to the recycling endosome. Interestingly, blocking K1's activation of Syk and PI3K prevents K1 from internalizing. We have also found that blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis prevents downstream signaling by K1. These results strongly suggest that internalization of K1 is intimately associated with normal signaling. When K1 internalization was examined in B lymphocytes, we found that K1 cointernalized with the BCR. Altogether, these results suggest that K1's signaling function is tightly coupled to its internalization.
Incomplete Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaginal Transmission in Rhesus Macaques by a Topical Antiviral Agent Revealed by Repeat Challenges
Authors: Ambrose Zandrea , Compton Lara , Piatak Michael , Lu Ding , Alvord W. Gregory , Lubomirski Mariusz S. , Hildreth James E. K. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Miller Christopher J. , KewalRamani Vineet N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

The rising prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in women, especially in resource-limited settings, accentuates the need for accessible, inexpensive, and female-controlled preexposure prophylaxis strategies to prevent mucosal transmission of the virus. While many compounds can inactivate HIV-1 in vitro, evaluation in animal models for mucosal transmission of virus may help identify which approaches will be effective in vivo. Macaques challenged intravaginally with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV
mac251
) provide a model to preclinically evaluate candidate microbicides. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (BCD) prevents HIV-1 and SIV infection of target cells at subtoxic doses in vitro. Consistent with these findings, intravaginal challenge of macaques with SIV
mac251
preincubated with BCD prevented mucosal transmission, as measured by plasma viremia and antiviral antibodies, through 10 weeks postchallenge. In an initial challenge, BCD applied topically prior to SIV
mac251
prevented intravaginal transmission of virus compared to controls (
P
< 0.0001). However, upon a second virus challenge following BCD pretreatment, the majority of the previously protected animals became infected. The mechanism through which animals become infected at a frequency similar to that of controls after prior exposure to BCD and SIV
mac251
in subsequent intravaginal virus challenges (
P
= 0.63), despite the potent antiviral properties of BCD, remains to be determined. These results highlight the unpredictability of antiviral compounds as topical microbicides and suggest that repeated exposures to candidate treatments should be considered for in vivo evaluation.
Comparing the lactate and EMG thresholds of recreational cyclists during incremental pedaling exercise
Authors: Candotti Cláudia Tarragô , Loss Jefferson Fagundes , Melo Mônica de Oliveira , La Torre Marcelo , Pasini Maicon , Dutra Lucas Araújo , de Oliveira José Leandro Nunes , de Oliveira Lino Pinto 
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of using the electromyography (EMG) signal as a noninvasive method of estimating the lactate threshold (LT) power output in recreational cyclists. Using an electromagnetic bicycle ergometer and constant pedaling cadence of 80 rpm, 24 recreational cyclists performed an incremental exercise protocol that consisted of stepwise increases in power output of 25 W every 3 min until exhaustion. The EMG signal was recorded from the right vastus lateralis (VL) and right rectus femoris (RF) throughout the test. Blood samples were taken from the fingertip every 3 min. The LT was determined by examining the relation between the lactate concentration and the power output using a log–log transformation model. The root mean square (RMS) value from the EMG signal was calculated for every 1-second non-superimposing window. Sets of pairs of straight regression lines were plotted and the corresponding determination coefficients (R2) were calculated. The intersection point of the pair of lines with the highest R2 product was chosen to represent the EMG threshold (EMGT). The results showed that the correlation coefficients (r) between EMGT and LT were significant (p < 0.01) and high for the VL (r = 0.826) and RF (r = 0.872). The RF and VL muscles showed similar behavior during the maximal incremental test and the EMGT and LT power output were equivalent for both muscles. The validity of using EMG to estimate the LT power output in recreational cyclists was confirmed.