bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulations generated from ethanol-based proliposomes for delivery via medical nebulizers
Authors: Elhissi Abdelbary M A , Karnam Kiran K , Danesh-Azari Mohammad-Reza , Gill Hardyal S , Taylor Kevin M G 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Multilamellar and oligolamellar liposomes were produced from ethanol-based soya phosphatidylcholine proliposome formulations by addition of isotonic sodium chloride or sucrose solutions. The resultant liposomes entrapped up to 62% of available salbutamol sulfate compared with only 1.23% entrapped by conventionally prepared liposomes. Formulations were aerosolized using an air-jet nebulizer (Pari LC Plus) or a vibrating-mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Pro small mesh, Aeroneb Pro large mesh, or Omron NE U22). All vibrating-mesh nebulizers produced aerosol droplets having larger volume median diameter (VMD) and narrower size distribution than the air-jet nebulizer. The choice of liposome dispersion medium had little effect on the performance of the Pari nebulizer. However, for the Aeroneb Pro small mesh and Omron NE U22, the use of sucrose solution tended to increase droplet VMD, and reduce aerosol mass and phospholipid outputs from the nebulizers. For the Aeroneb Pro large mesh, sucrose solution increased the VMD of nebulized droplets, increased phospholipid output and produced no effect on aerosol mass output. The Omron NE U22 nebulizer produced the highest mass output (approx. 100%) regardless of formulation, and the delivery rates were much higher for the NaCl-dispersed liposomes compared with sucrose-dispersed formulation. Nebulization produced considerable loss of entrapped drug from liposomes and this was accompanied by vesicle size reduction. Drug loss tended to be less for the vibrating-mesh nebulizers than the jet nebulizer. The large aperture size mesh (8μm) Aeroneb Pro nebulizer increased the proportion of entrapped drug delivered to the lower stage of a twin impinger. This study has demonstrated that liposomes generated from proliposome formulations can be aerosolized in small droplets using air-jet or vibrating-mesh nebulizers. In contrast to the jet nebulizer, the performance of the vibrating-mesh nebulizers was greatly dependent on formulation. The high phospholipid output produced by the nebulizers employed suggests that both air-jet and vibrating-mesh nebulization may provide the potential of delivering liposome-entrapped or solubilized hydrophobic drugs to the airways.
In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of ketoprofen and polyunsaturated fatty acids from a pluronic lecithin organogel vehicle containing fish oil
Authors: Richards Helen , Thomas Christopher P , Bowen Jenna L , Heard Charles M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This work explored the use of pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) as a base for the delivery of bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and ketoprofen. PLO was adapted to contain fish oil, ketoprofen, or both, and 1,8-cineole as penetration enhancer, and used to determine the in-vitro permeation from infinite and finite dosing protocols across full thickness porcine skin. Oruvail gel (2.5% ketoprofen) was included for comparison. No EPA or DHA was found to permeate skin when applied as an infinite dose. From multiple finite doses, small amount (max. 0.22%) of fish oil were found to permeate the skin. This indicates retention of fish oil within the gel matrix and that the viable domain of full thickness skin was a significant barrier. Greater amounts of EPA and DHA were delivered in the presence of ketoprofen indicating co-transport resulting from selective complexation, although no enhancement was observed using 1,8-cineole. Unlike EPA and DHA, substantial amounts of ketoprofen permeated when applied as infinite doses. Oruvail, a Carbopol 940-based hydrogel containing 2.5% ketoprofen and ethanol, delivered the greatest amount, although similar to the PLO gel containing 5% ketoprofen. The addition of propylene glycol enhanced permeation, although the presence of fish oil in the PLO gel inhibited ketoprofen permeation. When applied as multiple finite doses a maximum of 76μmcm2 (1.12%) was delivered, which was reduced by the presence of 1,8-cineole. Greater permeation was again observed with Oruvail by a factor of two and with half the ketoprofen dose. To conclude, a PLO-based gel is capable of delivering EPA and DHA via a repeat finite dosing regimen, although there is evidence for the retention of these very lipophilic molecules within the gel matrix. Although to a lesser extent than EPA and DHA, ketoprofen was also substantially retained, as exemplified by the superior delivery rates from Oruvail. Finally, this work has highlighted the importance of using an appropriate topical dosing method to match the intended use of a product.
Enhanced cellular uptake of Ara-C via a peptidomimetic prodrug, L-valyl-ara-C in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Cheon Eun-Pa , Hong Joon Hee , Han Hyo-Kyung 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the gastrointestinal stability and the cellular uptake characteristics of l-valyl-ara-C, a peptidomimetic prodrug of ara-C (cytarabine). After the synthesis of l-valyl-ara-C via the incorporation of l-valine into the N4-amino group of the cytosine ring in ara-C, the gastrointestinal stability of l-valyl-ara-C was examined using artificial gastric juice and artificial intestinal fluids. The cellular uptake characteristics of l-valyl-ara-C were also examined in Caco-2 cells. The disappearance half-life of l-valyl-ara-C was 2.2 h in artificial gastric juice, while the degradation of l-valyl-ara-C was negligible in artificial intestinal fluid and also in the supernatant above the Caco-2 cell monolayer during the 2-h incubation. The cellular accumulation of l-valyl-ara-C was 5-fold higher than that of ara-C in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of l-valyl-ara-C did not increase proportionally to the increase in drug concentration. The cellular accumulation of l-valyl-ara-C was significantly reduced in the presence of uridine, p-aminohippurate, tetraethylammonium and small dipeptides, while it was not changed in the presence of l-valine and benzoic acid, suggesting that l-valyl-ara-C could interact with multiple uptake transporters, including peptide transporters, organic anion and cation transporters and nucleoside transporters, but might not interact with amino acid transporters. In conclusion, l-valyl-ara-C could be effective to improve the oral absorption of ara-C via the carrier-mediated transport pathway.
The Rehabilitation of the Prairie Wheat Economy
Authors: Britnell G. E. 
Published: June 2006

The prairies and the country north of them are in truth a diversified country about which accurate generalizations are not easily made. A series of good crop years tempts both settlers and writers to predict cultivation in the most distant situations. A series of dry years invites equally extreme predictions of restriction of settlement…. In Canada … it is refinement of observation on critical elements and seasons of precipitation that we need rather than figures of annual rainfall, which are often almost meaningless. An old plains farmer once remarked to me “Annual rainfall? We have no such thing as an annual rainfall here! Once in a long while it rains.”—[Isaiah Bowman]Standards of living in the prairie wheat economy have been depressed by overhead costs, recurring cycles of drought, specialization in wheat, and dependence on prices determined in world markets. The record of the last eight or nine years has brought suggestions that the greater part of the area should be abandoned or allowed to revert to range use, although a more general assumption has been that drought would give way to years of greater precipitation and that wheat prices would show a measure of recovery. Drought and depression have indicated that throughout the region emphasis has shifted from problems of exploitation to problems of conservation and that, accordingly, an attempt must be made to re-establish the economy on a basis which will reduce the waste of human and economic resources in the future. Individual initiative and local group action will undoubtedly continue to play an important part in the adaptation of agricultural techniques to climatic and soil conditions, but correction of the most glaring mistakes in settlement and land utilization policies demands careful planning and constructive action on a fairly large scale by federal and provincial governments. From the national or social point of view, more is at stake than relief budgets and rehabilitation expenditures, onerous as the financial burden of these charges may be. Successive years of extreme poverty in a depressing environment have begun to sap the morale of all but the most fortunate or the most determined members of the prairie community, and continuance or recurrence of such conditions must ultimately produce a demoralized agricultural population.
Agricultural Debt Adjustment
Authors: Easterbrook W. T. , W.B.H.  
Published: June 2006

The present paper is intended as the background to a more detailed discussion of the facts of agricultural debt adjustment. I propose to discuss briefly the nature and objectives of our machinery of agricultural debt adjustment, the background against which it works, and some of the more important difficulties encountered in practice. The observations are based largely upon experience acquired in the West, although the setting concerns the country as a whole.Problems of debt adjustment are primarily problems in the economics of distribution. Measures taken in this direction affect transfers of income between individuals, groups, and sections of the country. Their chief objective is to relieve the pressure on exposed groups and to allay the tensions created thereby. They constitute a part of the machinery of adjustment so essential in an economy subject to extreme variation of income and afflicted with rigidities which obstruct or divert forces tending to equilibrium. The tendency has been to concentrate upon the economics of the long run and to ignore obstacles to the free play of such forces. The importance of these obstacles is most manifest in the lower phases of the business cycle, and the presence of corrective or compensatory measures is in large part due to the cumulative effects of the inflexibility characteristic of a continental type of development and to the difficulty of planning for an economy in which variability is so marked. The results are seen in a wide range of expedients of which debt adjustment is an example. Difficulties arise owing to the failure to distinguish between social and pecuniary costs, to the widely different interpretations of what the term “justice” implies, and to differences in points of view which range from an insistence upon a strictly legal interpretation of rights and obligations to demands for debt reductions upon the basis of present income.
Why Study Business History?
Authors: Gras N. S. B. 
Published: June 2006

Business history is at once very old and very young. Objectively, it is as old as town economy in the ancient and medieval periods. By this, I mean that business began in the town, ancient and medieval. Subjectively, it is hardly more than a decade old. That is, as a subject for study, business history is just getting under way. Since this is the case, we may fittingly stop to consider what we are to understand by the subject.Business history is the study of the development of business administration. Roughly, it deals with the historical background of subjects taught in schools of business.Perhaps we may divide the subject, that is, the history of business administration, into two main parts. The first is the history of policy-formulation. We may think that there is little policy in business and has been less in the past. The fault lies in us: there is a long story and an interesting one at this point. Much of the development in policy, conscious or unconscious, is embedded in these five stages—petty capitalism, mercantile capitalism, industrial capitalism, financial capitalism, and national capitalism. Woven into these are many ingredients, but the degree of specialization and control is uppermost in the change of patterns. We shall come back to this subject later.
Industry and the Rural System in Quebec
Authors: Hughes Everett C. 
Published: June 2006

This paper will describe the functional relationship of the growth of industry to the traditional system of rural life prevailing in Quebec. The general course of this growth is familiar enough. Quebec has always had industries which exploited the native resources of forest, sea, and lately, of the mines. In the present phase new major industries, which make little use of native materials except water and man-power, have invaded the province. Industries of this type are generally not on the frontiers of settlement, but in the very heart of the province. In the course of the last two decades, Quebec has become more urban than rural. It is now only slightly less industrial than Ontario.Modern capitalistic industry grew up in a few centres, coincident with an enormous expansion of sources of raw materials and markets. Its spread has taken two forms: the first, still proceeding at a slackening rate, is the extension of its far-flung frontiers; the second is an inner expansion in which industry moves from its most intensely developed older centres to nearby less industrialized regions, where it finds a population accustomed to the main features of Western capitalistic civilization but not sophisticated with respect to its more extreme manifestations. Quebec and the southern United States are among the outstanding regions in which this inner expansion or “mopping up” is taking place.
The Gains of Trade
Authors: Coe V. F. 
Published: June 2006

By the gains of trade is meant the gains from free trade between nations or the advantages of free trade as against no trade or the advantages of more free trade as against less. Historically the concept has been bound up with the doctrine of comparative costs, which has purported to be not only an explanation of the terms of international trade—of the conditions of international equilibrium—but also a guide to policy, a demonstration that each nation's gains are a maximum under free trade.Lately the doctrine of comparative costs has been attacked by Angell and Ohlin among others on the ground that it does not provide an adequate account of equilibrium. With this side of the subject I shall not deal, taking it for granted that an account of international trade equilibrium should be at least as adequate as the present theories of general equilibrium, and that, therefore, the doctrine of comparative costs must either be dropped or be so transformed as to be indistinguishable from the ordinary price theory, or perhaps be retained for a while simply as a pedagogic device. But as Viner has pointed out in his notable article on the subject, the critics of the doctrine overlook the fact that it was forged as an instrument of policy and they themselves, though dropping real costs, make statements about policy which are very infirm without a basis in real cost theory.
Observation in Economics
Authors: McGoun A. F. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of observation is to discover laws. The word “law” I use in Hegel's sense of a generalization, a determination of categories, which enables experience to be classified and rationally interpreted. We can never arrive at a complete knowledge of laws in this sense. If we could, the future would be known to us with as much certainty as the past. Hegel said that forecasting is not the province of the philosopher, and some of his own attempts in that direction, such as the subjugation of Asia by Europe and a monarchy for the United States, do not appear fortunate. The difficulties, however, are two: that laws are not truly or completely known; and that experience is not assigned to the proper categories. These conceptions, however, point the way. It would seem that economics has as much need as any other branch of knowledge for seeking laws in this sense. Although its steps may be faltering, they will be in the right direction if truth is sought by observation conceived as a quest for the laws which experience obeys.I propose in this paper to present a short attempt along these lines, my data being taken from Canadian and United States economic statistics since the War. The following, therefore, is intended primarily as an illustration of method. It is hoped, however, that the conceptions which will emerge are also worth notice for their own sakes.
The Provincial Incidence of the Canadian Tariff
Authors: MacGregor D. C. 
Published: June 2006

In the brief for the Province of Nova Scotia, presented to the provincial Royal Commission inquiring into Nova Scotia's disabilities under the Canadian federal system, Professor Rogers includes an estimate of the regional incidence of the customs duties. This is the first study of its kind to be made in Canada. It may be expected to give rise to a good deal of controversy on account of the complexity of the problem and because other provinces are already beginning to make parallel estimates which do not altogether agree with those made for Nova Scotia. Professor Rogers's discussion of the burden of the tariff was condensed into a single chapter, owing to the large amount of general historical and argumentative material which it was necessary to include. It is therefore desirable to quote from the unpublished minutes of evidence in order to do full justice to the reservations which Professor Regers made in putting forward his estimates. In Halifax on August 13, 1934, he said:
It is desirable to emphasize again that this table representing the provincial distribution of tariff subsidies and tariff costs is chiefly valuable as an indication of a condition. It is not an exact statement of the effects of the tariff upon the incomes of the several provinces of the Dominion. It does not indicate the tendency of the tariff to contract the income of the export industries by reason of the increase in costs of such industries. It does illustrate, however, the effect of the tariff upon the internal distribution of the national income…. Personally I would hardly suggest that this is more than an approach to a method of measuring the provincial incidence of the tariff. But I do feel convinced that the results which attend a computation of this kind bring out a condition which really exists, and that the final result in respect to the provincial incidence of the tariff is probably an under-statement rather than an over-statement. I do feel that we have reached a point where we are compelled to try to express the effects of the tariff in more complete terms.
The Co-operative Movement
Authors: Michell H. , Grant H. C. 
Published: June 2006

If I may be pardoned for beginning this paper on a personal note, I should like to say that anything I write must be regarded as coming from one who has, for thirty years and more, followed the co-operative movement in both England and Canada with a deep and sympathetic interest. I am a convinced and enthusiastic believer both in the theory and practice of co-operation; in it I see everything that is good and useful to the individual and to society, and nothing that is harmful. I have no serious criticism to offer of the movement, only unqualified commendation. Such is my confession of faith in co-operation.I am afraid I am likely to disappoint a good many who hope to learn something about co-operation and its future, because to tell the honest truth that is exactly my own case. I want to hear about its future myself; I want to hear what others, better qualified than myself, have to say. My paper will therefore be in the form of a series of questions to which I so far have found no definite answers; questions which I feel very strongly ought to be answered, if they are capable of it, of which I am a trifle dubious.
The Distribution of Outlay and the “Multiplier” in the British Dominions
Authors: Plumptre A. F. W. 
Published: June 2006

When people receive their money incomes they may employ them in any of three ways: (1) they may spend them on imported products, (2) they may spend them on services or goods produced locally, (3) they may save, accumulating bank deposits or securities. The way in which people in general and exporters in particular dispose of additions to their incomes, and the manner in which they economize when their incomes diminish, are important factors in determining the ultimate effect of an initial change in the level of incomes. If most of an increase of incomes is spent upon the purchase of goods produced within the country, it will induce re-employment and a further increase in incomes; if spent upon imports, its effect will be upon the foreign exchange situation rather than employment.The Marginal Propensity to Import. The extent to which a community devotes any addition to its existing incomes to the purchase of goods from abroad has been called by Mr. Paish the “marginal propensity to import.” The high per capita trade of the Dominions ensures a fairly high propensity to import. But another cause contributes to the high propensity. Their imports are, in considerable degree, high grade manufactures and luxury articles: just the sort of things which will be more in demand if incomes rise and will be dispensed with if incomes fall. Moreover, machinery and capital goods rank high amongst their imports, and these will be in demand chiefly when incomes are rising.
Political Theories and Conventions Their Incorporation into the Positive Law
Authors: Cronkite F. C. 
Published: June 2006

There was much of the realist in Aristotle, more perhaps than in many political scientists of today. In defence of the moderns, however, it may be claimed that Aristotle had comparatively little to try his patience. The British Empire, which “defies classification,” along with its legal appendage the Dominion of Canada—with all the complications of a federal system—is no doubt sufficient to exhaust the patience of a political scientist who would be sure of his constitutional foundations.Political scientists as well as others are impatient with the constitutional situation at present existing in Canada. They characterize this situation as uncertain; they want this uncertainty to be corrected so that they can get on with the job of progress. They say that not only are their efforts impeded by constitutional limitations but that many of the constitutional usages now relied on may be merely illusory. So there is a tendency to blame the law and the lawyers even to the point of ridicule. Certainly if all the proposed reforms really do spell progress the law and lawyers have a lot to answer for; and yet should we not be charitable to this law which is required to do the impossible: to stand still and go ahead at the same time?