bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure analysis on fracture causes of stainless-steel studs in seawater system of nuclear power plants
Authors: Li Wei , Zhou Lukun , Qi Jun , Fang Qishu , Liu Yafei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Nine of the twelve B8M stainless steel studs on the flange of a seawater pipeline isolation valve of a nuclear power plant were encountered with premature fracture during service. To find out the cause of the fracture failure, the fracture studs were comprehensively detected and analyzed by means of appearance morphology analysis, chemical composition analysis, mechanical properties testing, microstructure testing, and fracture micro-area analysis. The results show that the main reasons are as follows: (1) The solid solution temperature of the raw materials for processing bolts is low, so the carbides are not fully dissolved and distributed in a mesh along the grain boundary. Thus, the chromium-poor near the grain boundary forms, resulting in the mechanical properties of the bolts weakening. According to the experiment, it was found that the corrosion resistance of the bolts is weak due to the low nickel content. Carbon easily precipitates at the grain boundary and forms Cr23C6 with chrome, which weakens the bonding strength of the grain boundary and causes the bolt to break along the grain.
Quantifying the compound hazard of freezing rain and wind gusts across CONUS
Authors: Coburn Jacob , Barthelmie Rebecca J , Pryor Sara C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The co-occurrence of freezing rain, ice accumulation and wind gusts (FZG) poses a significant hazard to infrastructure and transportation. However, quantification of the frequency and intensity of FZG is challenged by the lack of direct icing measurements. In this work, we evaluate and then apply an energy balance model to high-frequency data collected during 2005–2022 to derive hourly ice accumulation at 883 stations across the contiguous USA. These estimates are combined with wind gust observations to compute time series of hourly FZG hazard magnitude using the Sperry–Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA) index. Results are evaluated using Storm Reports of damage and economic disruption. The hourly SPIA estimates are also used to (i) derive a geospatial atlas of the hazard including the 50 yr return period event intensities for each US state derived using superstations, and (ii) describe storylines of significant events in terms of meteorological drivers and socioeconomic impacts. The highest values of SPIA during the 18 yr study period occur in a region extending from the Southern Great Plains over the Midwest into the densely populated Northeast. States in these regions also have high 50 yr return period maximum radial ice accumulation of 3–5 cm and co-occurring wind gusts >30 ms−1. These values are comparable to past estimates for the 500 yr event which may imply this hazard has been previously underestimated. This atlas can be used to inform optimal FZG hazard mitigation strategies for each state/region.
The thermal effect of snow cover on ground surface temperature in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Peng Xiaoqing , Frauenfeld Oliver W , Huang Yuan , Chen Guanqun , Wei Gang , Li Xuanjia , Tian Weiwei , Yang Guangshang , Zhao Yaohua , Mu Cuicui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Snow cover is critical to the ground thermal regime because it affects surface conditions and the energy balance. Prior work inherently included confounding effects from vegetation and the soil when estimating the snow’s effect by using the differences between air and ground surface or soil temperature. Here we use the Kudryavtsev model including a snow module to isolate the effect of only the snow cover during winter, based on observational sites across the Northern Hemisphere. We find that snow’s damping of annual mean ground surface temperature averages 5.06 ± 3.15 °C and ranges 0 °C–10 °C, while damping of the annual ground surface temperature amplitude is 7.95 ± 4.95 °C, ranging 0 °C–20 °C. Greater insulation occurs in the high-latitudes. The insulating effect is primarily driven by snow depth, but also the combination of air temperature and its amplitude, snow depth, and duration. Snow cover duration and low air temperature enhance snow’s insulating ability. These observational results that isolate the damping effect of only the snow could play a significant role in better understanding the energy change between air and the ground.
Ecological tradeoffs lead to complex evolutionary trajectories and sustained diversity on dynamic fitness landscapes
Authors: Amado André , Bank Claudia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The course and outcome of evolution are critically determined by the fitness landscape, which maps genotype to fitness. Most theory has considered static fitness landscapes or fitness landscapes that fluctuate according to abiotic environmental changes. In the presence of biotic interactions between coexisting genotypes, the fitness landscape becomes dynamic and frequency-dependent.
Here, we introduce a fitness landscape model that incorporates ecological interactions between individuals in a population. In the model, fitness is determined by individuals competing for resources according to a set of traits they possess. An individual’s genotype determines the trait values through a Rough Mount Fuji fitness landscape model, allowing for tunable epistasis (i.e. non-additive gene interaction) and trait correlations (i.e. whether there are tradeoffs or synergies in the ability to use resources). Focusing on the effects of epistasis and trait correlations, we quantify the resulting eco-evolutionary dynamics under simulated Wright–Fisher dynamics (i.e. including genetic drift, mutation, and selection under the assumption of a constant population size) on the dynamics fitness landscape in comparison with a similar, static, fitness landscape model without ecological interactions.
Whereas the non-ecological model ultimately leads to the maintenance of one main genotype in the population, evolution in the ecological model can lead to the long-term coexistence of several genotypes at intermediate frequencies across much of the parameter range. Including ecological interactions increases steady-state diversity whenever the trait correlations are not too strong. However, strong epistasis can hinder coexistence, and additive genotype–phenotype maps yield the highest haplotype diversity at the steady state. Interestingly, we frequently observe long-term coexistence also in the absence of induced trade-offs in the ability to consume resources.
In summary, our simulation study presents a new dynamic fitness landscape model that highlights the complex eco-evolutionary consequences of a (finite) genotype–phenotype-fitness map in the presence of biotic interactions.
Rat composition and population in mature oil palm adjacent to paddy field
Authors: Putri I A , Saepuloh A , Lubis F R , Asnawi A H 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Rat is one of the main pests in an oil palm plantation, impacted at various types and stages of oil palm growth. Ungkaya estate has a historical & endemic infestation of rats, especially in several fields adjacent to paddy fields. This study aimed to find out the seasonal migration of rats from paddy fields to oil palm fields in Ungkaya Estate. Five plots were used for trapping, identifying rat species, monitoring of rat population, rat damage intensity, and rat habitat preference at each stage of the paddy season. Trapped rats were identified as Rattus tiomanicus (56.91%), Rattus argentiventer (36.17%), and Rattus tanezumi (6.91%). The intensity of rat damage to the palm was high during the vegetative phase of paddy season and the full moon phase. The regression analysis results showed that the number of trapped rats has a positive relationship to rat damage intensity for the vegetative and harvesting stage at full moon. The number of trapped R. argentiventer at vegetative stage was higher than the generative & harvesting phase of the paddy season. Moreover, there were rat footprints observed on the riverside leading to the oil palm field. The results of all observation parameters concluded that there was seasonal migration of rats between the oil palm fields and the paddy fields in Ungkaya estate. The information is pivotal in drawing up suitable mitigation measures to control and minimize rat damage to the oil palm.
Bunch component performance of AVROS and Yangambi population
Authors: Simamora A N , Rahmadi H Y , Yenni Y , Sujadi  , Siregar H A , Supena N , Arif M , Supriyanto E , Purba A R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The IOPRI oil palm breeding program has developed a total of 11 varieties through two selection cycles since 1974, using the RRS scheme. The performance of the varieties from the first and second cycles in the AVROS and Yangambi groups was compared using data from progeny test bunch analysis. The AV-02 variety from the second cycle of AVROS line showed an increase in fruit/bunch (F/B) and oil extraction rate (OER) by 0.92% and 0.50%, respectively, compared to the AV-01 variety from the first cycle. The AV-03 variety increased mesocarp/fruit (M/F) to 4.92% and OER to 1.21%. However, M/F and OER enhancement was compensated by kernel/fruit (K/F) and shell/fruit (S/F) decrease by 2.35% and 2.57%. In the Yangambi group, the YA-02 variety from the second cycle had an improved average weight bunch (AWB) of 4.00 kg or 21.4% greater than the YA-01 variety from the first cycle. The YA-02 AWB improvement was followed by an increase in M/F and K/F by 0.87% and 0.30%. The YA-03 variety had better kernel characters with a rise in K/F and S/F of 0.54% and 0.44%, and OER still increased by 0.57%, which may be due to its oil/dry mesocarp (ODM) increase. CART® analysis showed that the F/B, ODM, and M/F were the three highest predictors for OER values for all varieties, except for YA-02 with F/B, S/F, and M/F, and YA-03 with M/F, F/B, and S/F. ODM is an important consideration in the assembly of high-yielding varieties, as it is one of the three major predictor characters that affect OER values which highly inherited.
Growth Test of Three Types of Legume Cover Crops Commonly Used in Oil Palm Plantation
Authors: Sumaryanto  , Ramadhan I F , Prasetyo I D , Ginting E N , Pangaribuan Y , Hidayat T C , Listia E , Fauzi W R , Primananda S , Sukarman  , Fitriana C D A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Legume cover crops (LCC) in oil palm plantations aim to protect the soil from direct sunlight, suppress weed growth, suppress erosion, maintain soil moisture and increase soil fertility. Cover crops such as Mucuna bracteate (Mb), Pueraria javanica (Pj), and Calopogonium mucunoides (Cm) are commonly used in oil palm plantations. Nowadays, the superior cover crop seeds are limited. However, all of the cover crop seeds spread in the market are coming from unlicenced farms. As consequence, the seed quality and the purity are questioned. It is important to conduct research to identify the quality of those there LCC seeds. Germination methods used in the laboratory tests were the method of on paper (UDK), between-paper test (UAK), and soil media test. An experimental design completely randomized was used. The results showed that the germination percentage of Pj, Mb, dan Cm with the UDK method are 29%, 22%, and 4%; the UAK method are 33%, 41%, and 5%; meanwhile, the growth percentage of Pj, Mb, and Cm are 47%, 53%, and 7% respectively.
An analysis of sex ratio value, fruit set and fruit to bunch of palm oil Socfindo MT Gano variety on mature plants (MP1, MP2, MP3)
Authors: Sukariawan A , Affandi D , Sakiah  , Mahyuda I D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Several studies in managing fruit sets and fruit to bunch are needed to get an ideal concept of treatment for varieties, one of which is the technical culture to explore the production potential of cultivated varieties. Therefore, this research aims to determine the sex ratio, fruit set, and fruit to bunch of palm oil bunch of Socfindo MT Gano variety on mature plants. This research was conducted using the survey method, object of research namely the 2019 planting year (3 years old), the 2018 planting year (4 years old), and the 2017 planting year (5 years old). The data collected were the number of male flowers, female flowers, stalk weight, stalk diameter, fruit, and parthenocarpy fruit, then calculated the sex ratio, fruit set, and fruit to bunch, analyzed by Analysis of Variance at a 5% level. The results indicated that the sex ratio and fruit to bunch were significantly different between MP1, MP2, and MP3, but the fruit set presented no significant difference between MP1, MP2, and MP3. The sex ratio is negatively correlated with fruit set and fruit to bunch, while the fruit set is positively correlated with fruit to bunch with an exceptional relationship.
Towards the fourth decade of IOPRI’s oil palm clones: Upcoming new variety
Authors: Ernayunita  , Yenni Yurna , Rahmadi Hernawan Y , Purba Abdul Razak , Harahap Iman Yani , Pratiwi Dian Rahma , Simamora Arfan Nazhri , Setiowati Retno Diah , Nazri Erwin , Siregar Heri Adriwan , Pangaribuan Ikhwan Fadli , Sitepu Annisa Fadhilah , Hidayat Taufiq Caesar , Lubis Mahmud Irfan , Supena Nanang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Experience of IOPRI on oil palm tissue culture would be four decades in 2024. The first decade was theperiod of oil palm clone development and field testing. The second decade was a setback for oil palm research because of a high percentage of oil palm clone abnormalities in the field. Moving on from these experiences, tissueculture systems such as: including improving the protocol, controlling the duration of callus induction, delimitating the number of subcultures, and building of oil palm clones database, were managed to be improved. In this way, alow abnormality level is under control and each clone is traceable. It is also noted that the oil palm clone provides20-30% higher production than that derived from DxP crossing seed due to the more uniform growth of generatedplants. Besides the protocol, ortet selection is also key to improvement. Ortets are elite plants from selected progeny testing or re-clone of the progeny testing. Molecular analysis is applied as a control of genetic variation possibility, which may occur in a particular phase due to specific stimuli. However, until the present time, a clonevariety has not been released yet. Therefore, in the fourth decade, mass production is expected and oil palm clonevarieties will officially be released and commercialized
Monitoring of pH level for maximizing oil palm ffb yields
Authors: Thandapani Pupathy Uthrapathy , Nadaraj Sundian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Depending on the location of estates and types of soils, monitoring of pH changes is an integral part of soil-water management for realizing sustainable Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) yields. In Sumber Tani Agung Resources Tbk, fluctuations in pH levels in field blocks as well as nearby drains were monitored since 2019. The usage of portable units of pH meters made it possible for planters to record and monitor the on-site changes in pH. Monitoring of pH was done on two types of soils namely peat (three estates in North Sumatra) and acid sulfate soils (two estates in South Sumatra). Piezometer was established in each block in all five estates and pH reading was taken biweekly, including at nearby watergates for comparison. Lower pH values ranging from 3.5 to 3.7 were observed at piezometers and water gates on blocks established on acid sulfate soils as compared to pH values recorded in peat areas where slightly higher pH values were registered (4.3 to 5.6). The presence of pyrite contributed to a lower range of pH values on acid sulfate soils. Keeping water level at 40-70 cm on peat and at 45-60 cm for acid sulfate soils would have an impact on the improvement of soil physical chemistry and biology properties, besides creating aerobic conditions for roots of the cultivated oil palms. Organic fertilizer such as bunch ash was applied in the 2020-2021 period which also resulted in an increment in pH values. Generally, there were improvements in oil palm growth as well as palm yield performance in areas with higher pH values (>4.50).
Biostimulant activity of Eucheuma cottonii extract on early growth of Elaeis guineensis Jacq
Authors: Aziz M A , Arisandy P , Wahyuni S , Fadila H , Siregar V M R , Priyono  , Luktyansyah I M , Sulastri  , Siswanto  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Seaweed extract contains many bioactive compounds that boost the metabolisms of various plant commodities, ranging from germination, growth, and productivity. This study aimed to increase the early growth of oil palm germinated seeds by applying Eucheuma cottonii extract. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) to test the optimum dose of E. cottonii methanol extract on oil palm growth stimulation (22 oil palm germinated seeds/treatment with equal growth performance). The germinated seeds were soaked with E. cottonii extract for one hour, then germinated for seven days. Observations were made on plumula length, radicula length, and the number of lateral radicula that performed daily. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA with Tukey HSD as the further test (p>95%). E. cottonii extract was dominated by auxin, 32.24 mg Kg-1, with a dose of 0.5% significantly increased radicula length by 50.85%, followed by an increased number of lateral radicula by 70.97% compared to control. Thus, 0.5% of Eucheuma cottonii extract could be used as an alternative plant growth regulator in stimulating the early growth of oil palm germinated seeds.
Alternative Methods for Handling Iron (Fe) Deficiency of Oil Palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Grown in Sandy Soil
Authors: Primayuda A , Kurniawan L , Lubis F I , Pernando R D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the general problems that occur in Oil Palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) which are planted on sandy soil. Fe is an important micronutrient in enzyme activities, including cytochromes in the process of electron transfer, chlorophyll synthesis, and in maintaining the chloroplast structure. The research was conducted in 2 series of field observations. The first observation was conducted on the application of clay mineral soils (Plinthic Kanhapludults and Lithic Dystrudepts) in a silt pit, while the second observation was on the application of liquid nano-sized Fe fertilizer through root infusion and trunk injection methods, in addition, Fe chelated fertilizer application were also observed. The observation variable was the level of Fe in leaves 17th. The results showed all treatments significantly increased levels of Fe in leaves with different plant response rates. Root infusion treatment shows a faster response than clay mineral soil treatment, namely at 2 - 4 months after application (50.3 ppm and 38.2 ppm). Meanwhile, clay mineral soil treatment has a slower plant response rate on increasing Fe level in the leaves with a significant difference against the control, precisely at 24 months after application. Normally, regular Fe fertilization is enough to fulfill plant nutrient needs. Application of Fe through trunk injection or root infusion can be an alternative treatment for short-term use, whereas the application of clay mineral (iron-rich) soil can be optional for long-term needs.
Fruitset quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunch over eight years in acid sulphate soil, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Lubis F I , Mailisa I , Taufiq  , Kurniawan L , Agustin I , Putra G I S , Damayani C P , Rahmah S , Wijayanto P , Riana  , Primayuda A , Latif S , Lestari D T , Suhada F 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The low-quality fruitset of oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) has occurred in 2014 in the acid sulphate soil of PT Kalimantan Sawit Abadi, Central Kalimantan. It was known that the FFB quality has a very low percentage of fruitset about 17.4% on January 2014. The objective is to examine the historical quality of oil palm FFB fruitset for more than eight years (2014 – 2022) on acid sulphate soil and the factors that influenced it. Routine observations were conducted monthly with the variables fruitset value, number of male inflorescence anthesis (MI), and population of Elaeidobius kamerunicus. The data was carried out in a historical descriptive analysis (paired T comparison test). For eight years, the trend of fruitset quality in the observation sites has increased. The fruitset value on September 2022 reached 57% and was significantly different compared to 2014. It was known that the population of E. kamerunicus/ha significantly increased in the same period. The number of MI/ha each year tends to decrease (R2 = 0.151) with changes in plant age, ie. 5 – 13 years. Plant age development had a strong Pearson correlation (0.945) with the FFB quality.
Medicine Sessions
Authors: Brennan Bill , Belser Alex 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 6 focuses on the medicine sessions of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), where the psychedelic medicine is administered. The chapter outlines the therapist’s role in these sessions, emphasizing the importance of support, responsiveness, and skillful following, ensuring the participant’s physical well-being, maintaining appropriate boundaries, and providing mindful, compassionate attention. The chapter also details how to work within the six EMBARK psychedelic therapy domains during the medicine sessions, providing specific suggestions for interventions and explanatory language for a variety of clinical phenomena that may emerge in the session. The chapter further discusses how to respond to common and challenging events that may arise during the psychedelic medicine session, emphasizing the importance of the therapist’s presence and the quality of their attention. The chapter concludes with a note on challenging experiences and advice for researchers on what to do if a participant believes they received a placebo.
Remaking Early American Literary Studies (Again)
Authors: Pethers Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This review essay considers the edited collection American Literature in Transition: The Long Nineteenth Century, 1770-1828, in relation to current shifts in the field of early American literary studies away from New Historicist methodologies toward a concern with topics such as form, genre, and networks. Seeking to interrogate longstanding critical assumptions about the danger of “grand narratives” and “bounded wholes,” it asks whether potentially progressive alternatives to concepts of transition and contingency are possible. At a moment when early Americanist scholarship, and the institutional and political contexts for it, are in a heightened state of flux, what emerging lines of inquiry are likely to have an ongoing influence and to what degree are critics working on the long eighteenth century engaged in a shared project?