bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short- and long-term metabolic effects of recombinant human IGF-I treatment in patients with severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Vestergaard Henrik , Rossen Marianne , Urhammer Søren A , Müller Jørn , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In patients suffering from the genetic syndromes of severe insulin resistance it appears that diabetes develops when the adaptive hypersecretion of insulin fails and often these forms of diabetes will be insensitive to insulin treatment. The objective of the present study was to examine the metabolic and hormonal responses to an unchanged insulin therapy with the addition of a subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) during (a) a short-term (2 weeks) period with rhIGF-I given twice a day in a high dose (80 μg/kg body weight) in four patients with extreme insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus and (b) during a long-term (10 weeks) period with rhIGF-I given once a day in a low dose (40 μg/kg body weight) in three of the four patients. Two siblings had known mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor and a deletion of exon 17 in part of their insulin receptor mRNA, whereas the remaining two patients were suspected to have defects at receptor and/or post-receptor sites. In the short-term study period, plasma glucose levels decreased more than 35% in response to rhIGF-I in all but one patient which was paralleled by reduced levels of serum insulin (25–50%), proinsulin (40–50%) and C-peptide (10–65%) and an improvement in glycaemic control as evaluated by decreased glycosylated haemoglobin and serum fructosamine. During the long-term study period blood glucose-lowering effects of rhIGF-I were seen after 2 weeks of treatment and fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin and C-peptide levels were decreased by 40–55% after 6 weeks in the two siblings with known insulin receptor mutations. After 10 weeks of treatment fasting plasma glucose levels were still decreased whereas fasting serum insulin and C-peptide levels were increased almost to pretreatment values. In conclusion: 2 weeks of high-dose rhIGF-I therapy in insulin-treated patients with severe insulin resistance has a marked lowering effect on fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels whereas the metabolic and glycaemic effects of 10 weeks of treatment with low-dose rhIGF-I may be modest and transient.
European Journal of Endocrinology 136 475–482
Serum FSH levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome during ovulation induction using down-regulation and urofollitropin
Authors: Fridström Margareta , Sjöblom Peter , Pousette Åke , Hillensjö Torbjörn 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate retrospectively the use of serum FSH levels and to correlate them with follicular growth in a clinical ovulation induction program.
Methods: Twenty women with infertility due to anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were studied. The patients were down-regulated with a long GnRH agonist protocol and stimulated with purified urofollitropin, using a low-dose step-up regimen. Repeated serum samples were drawn and transvaginal ultrasound scans were performed. During the exogenous FSH therapy serum FSH levels resulting in continuous follicular growth were analyzed, as well as the rates of ovulation, pregnancy, cancellation and conversion to in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Results: Thirty-two out of fifty treatment cycles led to ovulation, resulting in five term pregnancies. Eight cycles were converted to IVF/embryo transfer due to multiple follicular growth. They resulted in two pregnancies. Ten cycles were cancelled because of impaired follicular growth. The serum FSH levels (median 6 IU/l) resulting in continuous growth of the follicles were relatively stable within patients (variation 15%) but varied considerably between patients (45%). The relationship between FSH dose and serum level was different for lean and obese PCOS patients after subcutaneously injected urofollitropin.
Conclusions: There seems to be a difference in resorption/metabolism between lean and obese PCOS patients with regard to s.c. injected FSH. The intra-patient coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the serum FSH response level was quite low, as was the C.V. of the FSH dose at the response level. This allowed a more rapid dose adjustment in subsequent cycles. Analysis of serum FSH during induction of ovulation with gonadotropins seems to be of limited value in clinical programs.
European Journal of Endocrinology 136 488–492
Bioelectrical impedance assessment of body composition in thyroid disease
Authors: Seppel Thomas , Kosel Andrea , Schlaghecke Reiner 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To assess the metabolic effects of thyroid disease, body composition was determined by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) in 72 patients with untreated hyperthyroidism (mean age 48·7±1·9 years) and 26 patients with untreated hypothyroidism (63·8±3·4 years). Bioelectrical whole body resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were used for computerized calculation of lean body mass (LBM), body cell mass (BCM), extracellular mass (ECM) and body fat (BF). Compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls the most sensitive parameter indicating excess thyroid hormone was the ECM/BCM ratio which was markedly elevated in all hyperthyroid subjects. ECM/BCM alteration resulted from marked depletion of BCM with concomitant expansion of ECM. BCM change is thought to be predominantly due to a loss of muscle mass while ECM rise may reflect an increase in extracellular fluids. In contrast, hypothyroidism was characterized by an increase in BF besides a relatively unaffected LBM component. Serum parameters of thyroid function (tri-iodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine, TSH) did not correlate with the determinants of body composition except for a slight inverse relationship between the phase angle (Xc/R×180°/π) and T3 concentration in Graves' disease patients. We conclude that hyperthyroidism is primarily accompanied by quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the lean body while considerable fat increase is the most important feature of hypothyroidism. Severity of body composition derangement cannot be predicted from the degree of thyroid dysfunction. BIA could become a useful tool which allows objective determination of even subtle metabolic manifestations of thyroid disease and should, therefore, complement conventional clinical and biochemical assessment.
European Journal of Endocrinology 136 493–498
Recombinant human gonadotropins stimulate steroid and inhibin production in human granulosa cells
Authors: Bergh Christina , Selleskog Ulrika , Hillensjö Torbjörn 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective: Recently pure gonadotropins have become available through recombinant technology. In parallel with ongoing clinical trials it is important to examine the effects of these new gonadotropin preparations in experimental studies in human granulosa cells. In the present study the effects of recombinant FSH (rFSH) and LH (rLH) on steroid and inhibin production were examined in human granulosa cells in culture.
Patients and methods: Granulosa cells were obtained during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in seven women undergoing gynecological laparotomy and from follicles in stimulated cycles in women undergoing oocyte retrieval in connection with in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer. The granulosa cells were cultured in modified Medium 199 containing 1% fetal bovine serum for 4–8 days with and without hormones. Media were changed on alternate days and stored at −20°C until analyzed for estradiol, progesterone and inhibin.
Results: Granulosa cells from natural cycles were highly responsive to rFSH which caused a dose-related (rFSH 0·1 to 100 ng/ml) increase in estradiol and progesterone accumulation. The maximal stimulatory effect was reached with a concentration of rFSH between 1 and 10 ng/ml. Granulosa cells from stimulated cycles responded highly to rLH in terms of increased progesterone production during the whole culture period. A maximal stimulatory effect was observed with rLH at a concentration of 0·1 ng/ml. Both types of granulosa cells responded to recombinant gonadotropins in terms of increased inhibin production.
Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that granulosa cells from human ovarian follicles are highly responsive to recombinant gonadotropins as demonstrated by increased steroid and inhibin production.
European Journal of Endocrinology 136 617–623
Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of thyroxine-induced hypertension
Authors: del Rio Cipriano Garcia , Moreno María Rosario R , Osuna Antonio , de Dios Luna Juan , García-Estañ Joaquín , Vargas Félix 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective: We evaluated the influence of chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on hypertension induced by long-term thyroxine (T4) administration. To this end, we determined the effects of chronic treatment with captopril on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and other renal and metabolic variables of hypertensive hyperthyroid rats.
Methods: T4 was administered s.c. at 0·38 μmol/kg per day and captopril was given in the drinking water (1·38 mmol/l). Both treatments were maintained for 6 weeks. Control rats received tap water. After the treatment period, the rats were placed in metabolic cages. Later, blood pressure was measured in conscious rats by intra-arterial determination.
Results: T4-treated rats showed an increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) whereas, in rats treated with T4 plus captopril, MAP was similar to that of the control group. Captopril did not affect the increased heart rate or ventricular weight/body weight ratio of hyperthyroid rats, but it improved the reduced creatinine clearance of these animals.
Conclusions: The elevation in blood pressure produced by long-term T4 administration was prevented by chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Captopril improved the renal function of hyperthyroid rats, but did not affect the relative cardiac hypertrophy of these animals.
European Journal of Endocrinology 136 656–660
Temporal and Spatial Quantification of Fine‐Sediment Accumulation Downstream of Culverts in Brook Trout Habitat
Authors: Lachance Stephanie , Dubé Maryse , Dostie Renaud , Bérubé Pierre 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe quantified fine‐sediment accumulation annually from 2000 to 2003 after culvert construction in five Laurentian Shield streams containing brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. A significant spatial pattern (section effect) was observed in which the accumulation was lowest upstream of the culvert (section 1), peaked in the section directly below the culvert (section 2), and slightly decreased in sections further downstream (sections 3‐5) without returning to upstream levels. The accumulation was always significantly higher downstream of the culvert than in section 1. The temporal pattern (period effect) was also significant; accumulation was lowest several weeks after construction, peaked at one full year after construction, and decreased at 2‐3 years postconstruction. Fine‐sediment accumulation differed significantly among all periods. The downstream distance at which sediment accumulation returned to upstream levels varied from 358 and 1,442 m below the culvert. Owing to the accumulated sediment, which probably originates primarily from construction sand or road erosion, habitat downstream of a culvert is in many cases of lower quality for brook trout incubation and rearing. Recommendations for minimizing culvert impacts on fish habitat are discussed.
Deepwater Demersal Fish Community Collapse in Lake Huron
Authors: Riley Stephen C. , Roseman Edward F. , Nichols S. Jerrine , O'Brien Timothy P. , Kiley Courtney S. , Schaeffer Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLong‐term fish community surveys were carried out in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron using bottom trawls from 1976 to 2006. Trends in abundance indices for common species (those caught in 10% or more of trawl tows) were estimated for two periods: Early (1976‐1991) and late (1994‐2006). All common species significantly decreased in abundance during the late period with the exception of the johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum and spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius, which showed no significant trends, and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, which increased in abundance. Percentage decreases in abundance indices between 1994‐1995 and 2005‐2006 ranged from 66.4% to 99.9%, and seven species decreased in abundance by more than 90%. The mean biomass of all common species in 2006 was the lowest observed in the time series and was less than 5% of that observed in the mid‐1990s. The mean number of common species captured per trawl has also decreased since the mid‐1990s. Several factors, including recent invasion of the lake by multiple exotic species, may have contributed to these declines, but insufficient published data are currently available to determine which factors are most important. Our observations suggest that significant changes have occurred in the ecology of Lake Huron since the mid‐1990s. The extent of these changes indicates that the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron is undergoing collapse.
Genetic Evaluation of Isolated Populations for Use in Reintroductions Reveals Significant Genetic Bottlenecks in Potential Stocks of Sacramento Perch
Authors: Schwartz Rachel S. , May Bernie 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNew populations of threatened species are often established as a conservation measure. However, if only a few individuals contribute to subsequent generations, these populations may have limited genetic diversity. Such genetic bottlenecks can result in inbreeding depression, reduced fitness, and even extirpation of populations. Eight isolated populations of Sacramento perch Archoplites interruptus established through anthropogenic translocations were examined for evidence of genetic bottlenecks. Sacramento perch are endemic to two regions of California but have been entirely extirpated from their native range; the remaining populations are essential for conservation of the species. Using 12 microsatellite DNA loci, we determined that genetic bottlenecks occurred in six of the populations. Allelic richness, richness of private alleles, and effective population size differed significantly among populations. Strong differentiation among the extant populations probably resulted from differences in the sources used to establish the populations and from genetic drift due to the small population sizes. These results indicate that genetic bottlenecks are frequent when new, isolated populations of a species are established. Although these extant populations have persisted despite bottlenecks, future Sacramento perch populations should be established by drawing from the most diverse of the current populations and should be monitored with genetic markers to evaluate diversity and the possible need for further stocking. We combine three measures of genetic diversity (allelic richness, private allelic richness, and effective population size) to recommend potential source populations.
Hormonal characterization and classification of breast cyst fluid in gross cystic mastopathy
Authors: Számel I , Budai B , Daubner K , Kralovánszky J , Ottó Sz , Tóth J , Besznyák I 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Gross cystic disease (GCD) of the breast may be associated with a higher risk for the development of breast cancer. High levels of sex steroids, steroid hormone precursors, prolactin and cations have been found in breast cyst fluid (BCF) by several investigators. Accordingly, endocrine parameters and the cationic composition of BCF may be considered as useful characteristics to follow patients bearing macrocysts. In this study we have investigated the concentrations of estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and DHA-3-sulfate (DHA-S), prolactin, potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) in BCF aspirated from 99 women. The mean age of the patients was 49.8 years (range 32-58). The hormone levels were measured by RIA methods; K+ and Na+ were determined by flame photometry. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, DHA, DHA-S, prolactin and K+ showed significant accumulation in the BCF compared with their respective serum values. The K+/Na+ ratio proved to be useful in dividing cysts into type I (≥1), type II (<1 but ≥0.1) and type III (<0.1) subgroups. For type I BCF, higher DHA, DHA-S and prolactin concentrations were detected. Linear regression analysis established a highly significant (P<0.001) correlation between the concentrations of E2 and DHA-S (r=0.686), and also between testosterone and DHA-S (r=0.711). These findings indicate that type I BCF might be a marker for 'active' GCD of the breast, and suggest that it may be associated with an increased breast cancer risk, since this group of patients is supposed to have cysts with apocrine metaplasia. It is suggested therefore that when BCF is aspirated, sex steroids, steroid precursors and cations should be routinely measured, and women with type I cysts should be regularly examined.
Hormone replacement therapy, endocrine monitoring and cyst fluid investigations in patients who have had a breast cyst
Authors: Huber J , Gruber D 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Patients with macrocysts have a two- to fourfold higher risk of developing breast cancer and should be monitored carefully while on hormone replacement therapy. Estradiol and progesterone seem to enhance the mitotic rate of breast cells and serum levels should be reduced to the lowest levels possible. Investigations are necessary to confirm the stimulatory effect of serum steroids on breast/cyst epithelial cells. The effect of norethisterone on breast tissues must also be considered. The conversion of norethisterone to ethinylestradiol may make this progestogen unsuitable for replacement therapy in breast cyst patients, but this requires conformation in clinical studies.
Recently it was demonstrated that cholic acids accumulate in breast cyst fluid and that their metabolism is influenced by sex steroids. Experimental and clinical studies are necessary to elucidate this breast-gut connection.
Multiple forms of parathyroid hormone-like proteins in a human tumour
Authors: Docherty H. M. , Heath D. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The extensive chromatographic characterization of four parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like proteins in a human bronchial carcinoid tumour associated with humoral hypercalcaemia and severe osteitis fibrosa is described. PTH-like bioactivity was detected in acetic acid extracts of the tumour using an in-vitro osteosarcoma cell bioassay. The active tumour proteins were positively charged at physiological pH and had apparent Mr of approximately 29 000, 16 000, 4000–9000 and < 4000. The proteins were immunologically distinct from PTH, but each stimulated PTH-sensitive adenylate cyclase in cultured osteoblastic cells. There was no evidence of PTH gene expression by the tumour. These proteins represent different molecular forms of PTH-related protein.
Immunological distribution of one form of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein and IGF peptides in human fetal tissues
Authors: Hill D.J. , Clemmons D. R. , Wilson S. , Han V.K.M. , Strain A.J. , Milner R.D.G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are expressed by, and are biologically active on, human fetal cells. The mitogenic actions of IGF-I are modulated by the 21–41 kDa class of IGF-binding proteins (IGF-BPs). Using a rabbit anti-human IGF-BP antibody raised against a highly pure 26 kDa IGF-BP derived from amniotic fluid, we have compared the cellular location of IGF-BP and IGF peptides in tissue sections from prostaglandin-induced human abortuses of 14–16 weeks of gestation. The monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used were raised against human IGF-I, but did not distinguish between IGF-I and IGF-II. Positive staining for IGF-BP was seen in every tissue except brain, spleen and thyroid. With the exception of skin, the cellular distribution of IGF-BP was similar to that of IGF peptides. Strong immunostaining was found in hepatocytes, hepatic erythropoietic cells, pulmonary epithelium, the tubular epithelium of kidney, intestinal epithelia, the fetal adrenal cortex and cardiac and skeletal muscle fibres. In skin, IGF-BP was located throughout the dermis and in the germinal layer of the epidermis. IGF peptide in skin was restricted to the deeper dermal layers. In the tibial epiphyseal growth plate both IGF-BP and IGF peptide were located in chondrocytes throughout the proliferation and hypertrophic zones. The similarity in distribution of IGF-BP and IGF peptides in fetal tissues suggests that the latter may exist predominantly complexed to IGF-BP in or on the surfaces of cells in vivo. The distribution of IGF-BP may define the sites of biological action of IGF peptides.
Multiple forms of 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in human breast tissue
Authors: Tait G.H. , Newton C.J. , Reed M.J. , James V.H.T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
17β-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, the enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of oestradiol and oestrone, is known to be present in human breast tissue. However, it is not known whether one or more forms of the enzyme is present. Homogenates of breast adipose tissue and breast glandular tissue were fractionated and fractions assayed in the oxidative direction with NAD+ and NADP+ as coenzymes, and in the reductive direction with NADH and NADPH as coenzymes. Ultracentrifugation of homogenates showed that there was membrane-bound activity and soluble activity. The soluble activity was due to a number of forms of the enzyme with different molecular weights, three in breast adipose tissue and two in breast glandular tissue, as shown by fractionation with (NH4)2SO4 followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The forms of the enzyme isolated differed in their affinities for substrates and coenzymes and in the relative rates at which they catalysed the oxidative and reductive reactions. Preliminary experiments with breast tumours showed that they also contained membrane-bound activity and more than one soluble form of the enzyme.