bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Properties of Dimorphic CePdZn
Authors: Hermes Wilfried , Mishra Ratikanta , Müller Helen , Johrendt Dirk , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo modifications of CePdZn have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The high‐temperature (HT) β‐CePdZn modification forms upon quenching from the melt. The β‐CePdZn structure adopts the orthorhombic TiNiSi type and transforms to the low‐temperature (LT) α‐CePdZn modification (ZrNiAl type) upon annealing at 1080 K. Both modifications have been studied by X‐ray powder and single crystal data: P2m, a = 740.4(1), c = 402.18(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0427, 237 F2 values and 14 variables for α‐CePdZn and Pnma, a = 707.2(2), b = 441.4(2), c = 806.3(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0827, 469 F2 values and 20 variables for β‐CePdZn. The palladium and zinc atoms build up three‐dimensional [PdZn] networks in both modifications which leave channels for the cerium atoms. Both modifications show stable trivalent cerium. β‐CePdZn orders antiferromagnetically at 3.2(1) K while no magnetic ordering has been observed for α‐CePdZn down to 2 K. The course of the magnetic data points to stronger Ce(4f)–Pd(4d) hybridization in α‐CePdZn. Electronic structure calculations reveal only small differences between α‐ and β‐CePdZn regarding the total energy and the Ce(4f)–Pd(4d) hybridization.
Ontogenetic changes in leaf phenology of two co‐occurring Mediterranean oaks differing in leaf life span
Authors: Mediavilla Sonia , Escudero Alfonso 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLarge differences in leaf physiology and morphology between ontogenetic stages of a single woody species have often been observed. Far less attention, however, has been devoted to studying the ontogenetic changes observed in leaf phenology patterns, despite the relevance of leaf phenology in determining the leaf carbon balance and leaf and plant mortality. Leaf emergence patterns and leaf longevity were studied in the saplings and mature trees of the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus faginea. Our aim here was to analyze and interpret the possible tree‐age related differences in these leaf traits. Unlike the adults, in which only one flush of leaf growth was observed, several leaf cohorts were produced within each year in the saplings. Sapling leaves showed a lower mean duration than those of the adults. However, Q. faginea saplings exhibited large plasticity in leaf longevity, which was not seen in the case of Q. ilex. The differences in leaf emergence patterns and in leaf longevity between growth stages seemed to be related to differences in resource availability for leaf production and in leaf mass per unit area, respectively. We propose that the sequential leaf development in saplings may be an important mechanism enabling tree species to cope with resource limitation in the early stages of life.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Exhibits Selective Cytotoxicity, Accompanied by ROS Formation, in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Park Cheon Ho , Kim Mee Ree , Han Jong‐Min , Jeong Tae‐Sook , Sok Dai‐Eun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) is a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein, and is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation. We studied the effects of lysoPtdCho on cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen‐activated protein kinases and pro‐inflammatory gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. When cells were exposed to lysoPtdCho with various acyl chains in a culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, only 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho showed a remarkable cytotoxicity, reaching the highest level at 24 h, and elicited ROS production, suggesting that oxidative stress might be implicated in the cytotoxicity of 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho. Presumably in support of this, antioxidants such as magnolol or trolox prevented 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho‐induced cytotoxicity as well as ROS production, although only partially. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, CCL2 and CCL5 were augmented by 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho. Meanwhile, there was no structural importance of the acyl chain for the cytotoxic action of lysoPtdCho during 10 min incubation in serum‐free media. Taken together, it is suggested that in a serum‐containing medium, 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho can cause a significant cytotoxicity through ROS production, probably accompanied by activation of ERK and induction of related inflammatory cytokines, in RAW 264.7 cells.
Psychosocial Status and Health Related Quality of Life in Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome in a Swedish Middle-Aged Population
Authors: Frisman Gunilla Hollman , Kristenson Margareta 
Published: February 2009

Background: The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a combination of risk factors related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Psychosocial factors and stress have been suggested to be important determinants. Aim: To analyse how psychosocial factors, perceived stress and health related quality of life are related to MS, and assess if observed associations are dependent of life-style. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 502 men and 505 women aged 45–69, from southeast Sweden, including fasting blood samples, blood pressure, anthropometrics, self-reported data of life-style, psychosocial status and health related quality of life (SF-36). Linear regression models were adjusted for age and, in a second step, also for life-style. Results: Men and women with MS reported lower levels of physical activity, lower scores on physical and social dimensions of SF-36, and women with MS reported stronger effect of social change compared to those without MS ( p < 0.05), but we found no differences for mental health or perceived stress. The major part of observed associations was lost after adjustment for effects of life-style. Conclusion: Our data speak against a direct effect of social stress on MS via psychological strain but suggest an indirect pathway via a sedentary life-style.
Proteinuria in Cats
Authors: Syme Harriet M 
Published: February 2009

Practical relevance Numerous tests are available to the practitioner for quantifying proteinuria. It is important to understand the advantages and limitations of these tests and how the information gained can contribute to optimal patient management.Patient group Cats with chronic kidney disease or systemic hypertension, as well as geriatric cats without overt evidence of disease (including renal dysfunction), are at particular risk of proteinuria. Evidence base Several longitudinal studies of cats seen in first opinion clinics have shown an association between proteinuria and decreased survival time. However, it is unknown whether the deaths that occur in proteinuric cats are due to progression of renal disease because it is often difficult to ascribe a cause of death to a single underlying aetiology in clinical patients. It is also unknown whether proteinuria is contributing to disease progression in these cats or whether proteinuric renal disease is intrinsically more rapidly progressive.Clinical significance More aggressive investigation and management of patients with proteinuria may be appropriate since they are more likely to have progressive disease and/or increased mortality.
NICOLAS CHESNEAU, CATHOLIC PRINTER IN PARIS DURING THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
Authors: RACAUT LUC 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article explores the activities of Nicolas Chesneau, a Parisian printer active between the beginning of the French Wars of Religion and the League. While printing in the Protestant sphere has received a great deal of historiographical attention, the influence of Catholic printing on opinion forming during the French Wars of Religion remains comparatively misunderstood. Nicolas Chesneau was a militant Catholic printer whose activity responded to commercial and political pressures but also reflects a personal commitment to Catholicism. Evidence drawn from Chesneau's epistles and bibliography reveals personal relationships with authors, other printers, and patrons. Chesneau's production answered growing demand for news and religious instruction for the laity, a phenomenon that is only beginning to be understood. Analysis of his output reveals the influence of the cardinal de Lorraine who was determined to use the vernacular book to pursue his agenda of reform, often in the face of institutional opposition from the crown, the parlement, and the University of Paris. The end of Nicolas Chesneau's career is marked by a shift towards expensive in-folio books that proved to be less profitable than the short in-octavo works that distinguishes his production during the first decade of the French Wars of Religion.
COVENANTER PROPAGANDA AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE PUBLIC DURING THE BISHOPS' WARS, 1638–1640
Authors: WAURECHEN SARAH 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article investigates propaganda deployed in support of the Covenanting revolution in Scotland during the Bishops' Wars (1638–40). It attempts to broaden the category of ‘British’ history by focusing on discourse instead of high politics, and analyses printed tracts – complemented by select manuscript sources – to reconstruct the Covenanters' theoretical approach to creating an English public to support their cause. The novelty of the ‘explosion’ of print in England in the 1640s is now widely acknowledged, and numerous books and articles have argued about whether or not this constituted a public sphere. This article, however, presupposes a ‘space’ for public debate and focuses instead on the conceptual framework driving Covenanter appeals. It concludes that the Covenanters believed that rational debate in a public forum would expose truth, which would naturally persuade the English people to support their cause and, in turn, pressure the king into making the desired concessions. But this was not how the actual English public functioned: there was an important disparity between the theory of godly rational debate and the reality of a rather ‘wild’, competing, and self-interested plurality of publics.
WRITING THE MODERN HISTORIES OF HOMOSEXUAL ENGLAND
Authors: REAY BARRY 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe most useful sexual histories are those that provide depth of context without either assuming sexual identity or anticipating its complete absence; those that do not force taxonomies; histories that resist any simple teleological account of a shift from ‘homosexuality’ as sexual excess to the homosexual as a species. This review examines attempts to write such histories – what has recently been termed the ‘new British queer history’. I will focus on some strands of male and female same-sex desires and their expression in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: male and female same-sex friendships, effeminacy in men and masculinity in women; and representations of lesbianism. This review discusses these histories of desires that resist present-day sexual assumptions.
New Forms of Social Assistance and the Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America
Authors: BARRIENTOS ARMANDO , SANTIBÁÑEZ CLAUDIO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the evolution of social protection in Latin America and proposes a conceptualisation and contextualisation of new forms of social assistance. It begins by outlining the main features of social protection prior to the ‘lost decade’ of the 1980s and the changes enforced by crises and structural adjustment. It then focuses on the new forms of social assistance emerging in the region, especially conditional and unconditional income transfers and integrated anti-poverty programmes. The article draws out their common features, identifies possible underlying conceptual frameworks, and places their introduction and evolution within the broader context of the new dynamics of poverty and vulnerability in the region.
John Dewey and the Mutual Influence of Democracy and Education
Authors: Fott David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFor Dewey education is the growth of mental powers, where “growth” has no fixed content but involves the increasing harmonization of individuals with society. That harmonization must respect the uniqueness of each person and his capacity for intelligence. Education aims to develop a model democratic society, which Dewey sees as similar to an ideal community of scientific inquirers. That comparison is highly questionable, however. Dewey's curricular emphases include science, geography, history, literature, and fine arts, the last two of which promote a greater appreciation for all of human life—provided society is not too separated into classes. Related to social division is what he considers the false problems of epistemology, with its separation between mind and world. But Dewey's failure to think more rigorously about the relation of philosophy to science makes his philosophy a poor bulwark against postmodernism.
John Rawls and the Task of Political Philosophy
Authors: Weithman Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article, I sketch a reading of Rawls's work that ties together many of the features that distinguish it from the work of other authors commemorated in this issue. On this reading, the two world wars and the Holocaust pressed the question of whether a just liberal democracy is possible. Seeking to defend reasonable faith in that possibility, Rawls developed a theory of justice for an ideally just liberal democracy. He argued that such a society is a “real possibility” because, given reasonable psychological assumptions, the basic institutions of a just society would engender the moral support of its citizens. In doing so, Rawls challenged alternative accounts of moral motivation that enjoyed some currency in the analytic philosophy of the time. The interpretation of Rawls's work defended here therefore locates him in the philosophical as well as the political history of the twentieth century.
Kinematic analysis of limited-dof parallel manipulators based on translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices
Authors: Lu Yi , Shi Yan , Yu Jianping 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThis paper proposes an approach for solving the velocity and acceleration of the limited-dof (dof n < 6) parallel kinematic machines with linear active legs by means of translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices. First, based on the established or derived constraint and displacement equations, the translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices are derived. Second, the formulae for solving inverse/forward velocities and accelerations are derived from translational and rotational Jacobian/Hessian matrices. Third, a 2SPR + UPU PKM and a 2SPS + RPRR PKM are illustrated for explaining how to use this method. This approach is simple because it needs neither to eliminate 6-n rows of an n × 6 Jacobian matrix nor to determine the screw or pose of the constrained wrench.
Making Sense of the Immorality of Unnaturalness
Authors: SHEEHAN MARK 
Published: February 2009

"Dissecting Bioethics," edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics. The section is dedicated to the idea that words defined by bioethicists and others should not be allowed to imprison people's actual concerns, emotions, and thoughts. Papers that expose the many meanings of a concept, describe the different readings of a moral doctrine, or provide an alternative angle to seemingly self-evident issues are therefore particularly appreciated. The themes covered in the section so far include dignity, naturalness, public interest, community, disability, autonomy, parity of reasoning, symbolic appeals, and toleration.All submitted papers are peer reviewed. To submit a paper or to discuss a suitable topic, contact Tuija Takala at tuija.takala@helsinki.fi.
Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State: A spatial model for evaluating the capacity to localize food production
Authors: Peters Christian J. , Bills Nelson L. , Lembo Arthur J. , Wilkins Jennifer L. , Fick Gary W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGrowing interest in local food has sparked debate about the merits of attempting to reduce the distance food travels. One point of contention is the capacity of local agriculture to meet the food needs of local people. In hopes of informing this debate, this research presents a method for mapping potential foodsheds, land areas that could theoretically feed urban centers. The model was applied to New York State (NYS). Geographic information systems were used to estimate the spatial distribution of food production capacity relative to the food needs of NYS population centers. Optimization tools were then applied to allocate production potential to meet food needs in the minimum distance possible. Overall, the model showed that NYS could provide 34% of its total food needs within an average distance of just 49 km. However, the model did not allocate production potential evenly. Most NYS population centers could have the majority of their food needs sourced in-state, except for the greater New York City (NYC) area. Thus, the study presents a mixed review of the potential for local food systems to reduce the distance food travels. While small- to medium-sized cities of NYS could theoretically meet their food needs within distances two orders of magnitude smaller than the current American food system, NYC must draw on more distant food-producing resources. Nonetheless, the foodshed model provides a successful template for considering the geography of food production and food consumption simultaneously. Such a tool could be valuable for examining how cities might change their food procurement to curb greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to depletion of petroleum and other energy resources necessary for long-distance transport of food.
Carbon dioxide wedged arterial splenoportography: A new technique—a case report and an experimental study
Authors: Yu S. C. H. , Cho K. J. 
Published: February 2009

Background: Patients with splenic vein occlusion may present a diagnostic problem when the location, morphology, and cause of the obstructive lesion and the associated collateral veins cannot be clearly defined by standard diagnostic imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance venography, or indirect splenoportography (arterial portography). Purpose: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) wedged arterial splenoportography for definitive investigation of splenic vein occlusion. Material and Methods: Following unsuccessful diagnosis with computed tomography and standard contrast arterial portography in a patient with recurrent gastric variceal bleeding, CO2 was injected into a wedged splenic arterial catheter and successfully outlined splenic vein occlusion and gastric varices. Our experience with this patient prompted us to perform an experimental study in swine to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CO2 wedged arterial splenoportography for visualization of the splenic and portal veins. A microcatheter was advanced coaxially and wedged into the splenic arteries of three pigs. After checking the wedged positioning with contrast medium injection, CO2 was injected manually and the splenic region imaged. The spleens were then removed for gross and microscopic examinations. Results: In the patient, CO2 wedged arterial splenoportography demonstrated gastric varices associated with splenic vein occlusion. In all animals, CO2 wedged arterial splenoportography visualized the splenic and portal veins. No CO2 extravasations occurred in the spleen. Gross and microscopic examinations revealed no evidence of splenic rupture or intrasplenic hematoma. Conclusion: CO2 wedged arterial splenoportography may be a useful method for visualizing gastric varices associated with splenic vein occlusion. This new technique has the potential to replace the standard splenic arterial portography for visualization of splenic and portal veins, thus eliminating the need for injection of a large volume of iodinated contrast material. Further clinical studies are justified to evaluate this technique.
Time‐Course and Mechanisms of Restored Vascular Relaxation by Reduced Salt Intake and Angiotensin II Infusion in Rats Fed a High‐Salt Diet
Authors: MCEWEN SCOTT T. , SCHMIDT JAMES R. , SOMBERG LEWIS , CRUZ LOURDES DE LA , LOMBARD JULIAN H. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: This study determined the mechanisms and time‐course of recovery of vascular relaxation in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of salt‐fed Sprague‐Dawley rats returned to a low‐salt (LS) diet (0.4% NaCl) or infused with low‐dose angiotensin II (ANG II). Methods: Rats were fed a high‐salt (HS) diet (4% NaCl) for 3 days or 4 weeks before returning to an LS diet for various periods. Other rats fed a HS diet (HS+ANG II) received a chronic (3 days) intravenous (i.v.) infusion of a low dose of ANG II (5 ng kg−1 min−1) to prevent salt‐induced ANG II suppression. Results: The HS diet eliminated the increase in cerebral blood flow in response to acetylcholine (ACh) infusion and the relaxation of MCA in response to ACh, iloprost, cholera toxin, and reduced PO2. Recovery of vascular relaxation was slow, requiring at least 2 weeks of the LS diet, regardless of the duration of exposure to a HS diet. Hypoxic dilation was mediated by cyclo‐oxygenase metabolites and ACh‐induced dilation was mediated via nitric oxide in LS rats and in HS rats returned to the LS diet or receiving ANG II infusion. Conclusions: Returning to a LS diet for 2 weeks or chronic 3‐day ANG II infusion restores the mechanisms that normally mediate cerebral vascular relaxation.
Entire functions mapping uncountable dense sets of reals onto each other monotonically
Authors: Burke Maxim 
Published: February 2009

When

A
A

and

B
B

are countable dense subsets of

R

\mathbb {R}

, it is a well-known result of Cantor that

A
A

and

B
B

are order-isomorphic. A theorem of K.F. Barth and W.J. Schneider states that the order-isomorphism can be taken to be very smooth, in fact the restriction to

R

\mathbb {R}

of an entire function. J.E. Baumgartner showed that consistently

2

ℵ
0

>

ℵ
1

2^{\aleph _0}>\aleph _1

and any two subsets of

R

\mathbb {R}

having

ℵ
1

\aleph _1

points in every interval are order-isomorphic. However, U. Abraham, M. Rubin and S. Shelah produced a ZFC example of two such sets for which the order-isomorphism cannot be taken to be smooth. A useful variant of Baumgartner’s result for second category sets was established by S. Shelah. He showed that it is consistent that

2

ℵ
0

>

ℵ
1

2^{\aleph _0}>\aleph _1

and second category sets of cardinality

ℵ
1

\aleph _1

exist while any two sets of cardinality

ℵ
1

\aleph _1

which have second category intersection with every interval are order-isomorphic. In this paper, we show that the order-isomorphism in Shelah’s theorem can be taken to be the restriction to

R

\mathbb {R}

of an entire function. Moreover, using an approximation theorem of L. Hoischen, we show that given a nonnegative integer

n
n

, a nondecreasing surjection

g
:

R

→

R

g\colon \mathbb {R}\to \mathbb {R}

of class

C
n

C^n

and a positive continuous function

ϵ
:

R

→

R

\epsilon \colon \mathbb {R}\to \mathbb {R}

, we may choose the order-isomorphism

f
f

so that for all

i
=
0
,
1
,
…
,
n

i=0,1,\dots ,n

and for all

x
∈

R

x\in \mathbb {R}

,

|

D
i

f
(
x
)
−

D
i

g
(
x
)

|

>
ϵ
(
x
)

|D^if(x)-D^ig(x)|>\epsilon (x)

.