bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesenteric lymph as a major source of serum IgA in guinea pigs and rats
Authors: Vaerman J. P. , André C. , Bazin H. , Heremans J. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mean concentration of IgA in the mesenteric lymph of guinea pigs and rats was 4.5 and 13.4‐fold higher, respectively, than that in their serum. For IgG, IgM, albumin, transferrin and α‐macroglobulin, the mesenteric lymph‐versus‐serum concentration ratios were lower than unity and inversely related to their molecular size, indicating that their presence in mesenteric lymph was essentially due to filtration through the walls of the mesenteric blood capillaries. In contrast, it was calculated that 90–97 % of IgA in mesenteric lymph was derived from local synthesis by the intestinal immunocytes. Considering mesenteric lymph flow and plasma volume, it was concluded that the intestinal mucosa is a major source of serum IgA in guinea pigs and rats.
Bursal and postbursal stem cells in chicken. functional characteristics
Authors: Toivanen P. , Toivanen A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCyclophosphamide (CY)‐treated or surgically bursectomized, CY‐treated 3‐day old chicks were injected with bursa or bone marrow cells from donors of different ages. Cell recipients and donors were isogeneic at the major histocompatibility locus. Antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus, and microscopic morphology of spleen and bursa were assessed 5–6 weeks after the cell transplantation. Relative weight of the bursa was found to be a reliable indicator of the restoration of bursal structure. The results indicate that stem cells or progenitor cells for the B cell line in chicken can be divided into a bursal stem cell and a postbursal stem cell. Both of these cell types are effective in restoring antibody formation of CY‐treated chickens.Bursal stem cells restore the bursal morphology; they are not capable of further maturation without the influence of the bursal microenvironment. This influence is not effected by bursa in a cell impermeable diffusion chamber; actual contact with the bursal stroma is necessary. Bursal stem cells are also capable of restoring the formation of germinal centers in the spleen of CY‐treated chickens. Postbursal stem cells do not restore bursal structure and they do not need the bursal micro‐environment for further maturation. They also have no clear effect on the formation of germinal centers in the spleen. Bursal stem cells are found in the bursa during the first few weeks after hatching. Postbursal stem cells start to appear in the involuting bursa and at the same time, in the bone marrow also. They are found as the majority of cells in the bursa and bone marrow after at least the 10th week following hatching. Early postbursal stem cells have already passed the education given by the bursa, but have not yet totally lost their capacity to induce germinal centers in the spleen. They restore germinal center formation even in surgically bursectomized recipients, demonstrating that presence of bursal follicles is not necessary for the production of germinal centers.The findings are discussed to stress the significance of two equally important factors in the development of immunity: the lymphoid cells themselves and, at each stage ontogeny, the proper microenvironment for their further function and maturation.
Mendelian segregation of a mouse antibody idiotype
Authors: Eichmann K. , Berek Claudia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe expression of a mouse antibody idiotype (A5A) was found to be controlled by a gene in the heavy chain linkage group. The segregation of this idiotype in backcross experiments followed the segregation of the heavy chain allotype. A single backcross mouse had a recombinant phenotype.
Growth hormone‐induced t cell differentiation
Authors: Arrenbrecht S. , Sorkin E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphoid cell suspensions were transferred into normal or thymectomized suckling mice and the recipients treated with growth hormone. After immunization, the number of antibody‐forming cells was counted in the spleens of recipients.Growth hormone was able to enhance the helper function of normal thymocytes, but not of lymph node and spleen cells or hydrocortisone‐resistant thymocytes.It is concluded that growth hormone induces T‐cell characteristics in thymocytes.
Detection of t and b cell‐specific heteroantigens on electrophoretically separated lymphocytes of the mouse
Authors: Zeiller K. , Pascher G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse spleen lymphocytes were electrophoretically separated into pools of T and B lymphocytes. Heteroantisera were raised in rabbits against these cell pools, the IgG fractions were isolated and their lymphocytotoxicity tested. After appropriate absorption, the antisera were specifically directed against lymphocyte antigens. Further cross‐absorption with T and B lymphocytes made the antisera specific for antigens which were mutually exclusively present on T and B cells and were related to neither alloantigens nor immuno‐globulins. These anti‐B and anti‐T cell antisera killed antibody‐forming cells and graft‐versus‐host reactive cells, respectively, in vitro. Furthermore, anti‐B cell antiserum was cytotoxic to lymphocytes of low electrophoretic mobility in bone marrow and peripheral organs, except in the thymus, whereas anti‐T cell antiserum was cytotoxic to lymphocytes of high electrophoretic mobility in all organs and, in addition, killed all thymocytes of low electrophoretic mobility, which had not been affected by anti‐B cell antiserum. This distribution of lymphocytes in the electrophoretic distribution profiles, together with the described properties, gives evidence that heteroantigens were found to be exclusively present on T and B cells. They were designated “mouse B cell‐specific” and “mouse T cell‐specific” antigens and are part of mouse lymphocyte‐specific antigen.
T lymphocyte specificity of a lymphocyte‐inhibiting factor (chalone) extracted from the thymus
Authors: Florentin Irène , Kiger Nicole , Mathé G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe lymphocyte‐inhibiting factor extracted from the thymus (LIFT) is effective in decreasing several immune responses. The aim of this study was to determine whether LIFT is able to depress humoral immune reactions and if so, whether it acts on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or both.Simultaneous administration of LIFT and antigen severely impairs the IgG antibody formation against dinitrophenylated human IgG (DNP‐HGG(a highly T lymphocyte‐dependent response) and, to a lesser extent, the IgM antibody formation against sheep red blood cells (a partly T lymphocyte‐dependent response). In contrast, the IgM anti‐DNP‐polymerized flagellin response (which does not require T lymphocyte collaboration) is not depressed at all by such treatment. These results demonstrate a LIFT action specificity on T lymphocytes only, and strongly argue for the assimilation of LIFT with a T lymphocyte chalone. The existence of a lymphocyte‐inhibiting factor specific for B lymphocytes, or B lymphocyte chalone, is discussed.
Assays for cellular antigens in the presence of detergents
Authors: Williams A. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen red blood cells or lymphocytes were fixed with glutaraldehyde, binding assays for determinants recognized by antibodies could be carried out in the presence of nonionic detergents. Specific inhibition of the binding assays by detergent‐solubilized membranes and cell extracts was possible, thus allowing rapid routine assays of detergent extracts during the purification of membrane components. The assay system was established for rat histocompatibility antigens and for cell‐associated immunoglobulin.
Homogeneity of antibodies produced by clonesin vitro
Authors: Luzzati Alma L. , Lefkovits I. , Pernis B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocytes from primed rabbits were stimulated with sheep red cells (SRC) in microcultures. In this method, if a limiting number of lymphoid cells is used, only a small percentage of the cultures responds with production of antibody.We have analyzed the antibody produced in the responding cultures from the point of view of allotype and electrophoretic mobility. In rabbits heterozygous at the b locus, the anti‐SRC antibody in single cultures was shown to express either one or the other allele. In a few of the cultures the antibody produced did not express any b locus allotype and was therefore assumed to be carrying lambda‐type L‐chains.In high voltage agar electrophoresis, the antibody activity of most of the positive cultures was localized in a single band, the position of which varied from culture to culture.These results show that the antibody produced in single microcultures is the product of single B cell clones. The homogeneity for allotype observed in the antibody produced by single microcultures is strong evidence that allelic exclusion, once achieved, is maintained throughout clonal proliferation.
Quantitative effect of mycobacteria and of anaerobic corynebacteria upon immunogenic activity of azobenzearsonate‐n‐acetyl‐l‐tyrosine in guinea pigs
Authors: Degrand Françoise , Raynaud M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe adjuvant effect of Mycobacteria or Corynebacterium granulosum for inducing delayed‐type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate‐N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine was investigated. A linear dose‐effect relationship was demonstrated.
Development of rough endoplasmic reticulum in mouse splenic lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens
Authors: Shohat Maya , Janossy G. , Dourmashkin R. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was studied in mouse spleen cell cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B lymphocyte mitogen, and in cultures stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) which preferentially stimulates T lymphocytes. After 16–28 h incubation with LPS, stimulated B cells became large lymphoblasts with copious cytoplasm filled with polyribosomes. From 28 h onward, the membrane elements (ER) of RER started to develop from the existing channels of RER around the mitochondria, and polyribosomes became attached to the ER. The expanding RER gradually occupied larger parts of the cytoplasm and after 4½ days' stimulation with LPS, typical plasma cells could be found.In Con A‐stimulated cultures, large lymphoblasts developed and after 4½ days, mainly intermediate‐sized cells could be recovered with cytoplasm containing mostly single ribosomes and virtually no RER. No direct morphological evidence has been found for “contagious” B cell activation by T cell mitogens such as Con A.
Spécificité antigénique individuelle de protéines de myélomes murins
Authors: Kolb J. P. , Lespinats Et Geneviève 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive murine BALB/c myeloma proteins have been studied for their antigenic specificities: IgG1, IgG2 and three of the IgA class. In each case we could demonstrate individual antigenicity and elicit monospecific antibodies for each protein.Using the passive hemagglutination of sheep red blood cells coated with protein by the monospecific homologous antiserum, and its inhibition by normal immunoglobulins, we tried to determine whether a normal immunoglobulin population of syngeneic mice could exhibit the counterpart of these individual antigenic specificities.The specific counterparts of proteins IgG1 and IgG2 have been found; the quantities of both normal immunoglobulins and of paraproteins needed to ensure the same inhibition of the antiserum were at a ratio of about 1000 : 1.However, we were unable to detect such a counterpart for the three IgA myeloma proteins, although we observed a reaction of antigenic identity between two IgA proteins.
Carrier inhibition in the in vitro response to a hapten‐erythrocyte conjugate
Authors: Schwarze G. , Pünter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro induction of 4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenacetyl (NIP)‐specific plaque‐forming cells by NIP‐SRC (sheep red blood cells) can be specifically inhibited by the presence of free SRC in the cultures, but only when low doses of hapten‐erythrocyte conjugate and of free SRC are used. At high concentrations of free SRC, the NIP response is specifically enhanced. Thus, only at low antigen concentrations can the in vitro system be seen as a model of physiological T‐B interactions.
Thymus‐dependent cytotoxic lymphocytes in the rat
Authors: Hersey P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe nature of effector cells mediating cytotoxicity in vitro in a rat tumor allograft model using 51Cr release assays has been investigated. On the basis of a series of in vitro cell depletion techniques including glass absorption, removal of Fc receptor‐bearing cells and lysis of thymus‐dependent lymphocytes with a cytotoxic rabbit anti‐thymus cell sera, the predominant effector cell in this situation appears to be a thymus‐dependent lymphocyte. The main difference from previous published studies in mice appears to be the more rapid evolution of cytotoxic activity in the rat and the difficulty in detecting marked cytotoxic activity in the thoracic duct cells. Determination of the antigenic specificity of these cytotoxic cells by an inhibition assay suggests that their specificity is directed solely to transplantation antigens on the tumor cell.
Characterization of an immune response gene in rats
Authors: Würzburg U. , Schütt‐Gerowitt Heidi , Rajewsky K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResponsiveness to porcine LDHA (a lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme) in rats is controlled by a dominant gene, Ir‐LDHA, which is linked to the major histocompatibility locus. This gene is unlinked to the gene coding for an allotypic marker on the major class of rat immunoglobulin light chains.Ir‐LDHA controls a specific step in the immune response to the enzyme molecule. The specificity of this step can not be ascribed alone (if at all) to the overall charge of the antigen.High responder lymphocytes retain high responsiveness in a low responder environment. In addition, low responder animals do not appear to contain a material that cross‐reacts with rat anti‐LDHA antibody and that is not present in high responder animals.High, but not low responder lymph node cells could be stimulated by antigen into proliferation in vitro. Low responder animals showed deficiency in developing LDHA‐specific helper function. These data suggest that Ir‐LDHA is expressed at the level of T cell function.
Studies on thymus products. VI. The effects of cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins on rosette‐forming cells. Interactions with thymic factor
Authors: Bach Marie‐Anne , Bach J.‐F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCyclic AMP, its dibutyryl derivative and prostaglandins, PGE1 and PGE2, do not modify the numbers of rosette‐forming cells (RFC), but they do alter these cells' sensitivity to in vitro inhibition by azathioprine (AZ) and anti‐theta serum (ATS). In thymectomized mice, cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins mimic the action of the thymic factor contained in thymic extracts and in normal serum, correcting the low spleen RFC sensitivity to AZ and ATS induced by thymectomy. Moreover, the mixture of infraliminal active doses of cyclic AMP and of thymic extracts (or normal mouse serum) also gives this effect. In normal mice, the nucleotides (but not prostaglandins) lower the AZ and ATS sensitivity of RFC, which remains insensitive to thymic extracts. Theophylline and isoproterenol have effects similar to those of cyclic AMP, a result in accord with their postulated interactions with the adenyl‐cyclase system. Noncyclic AMP and cyclic GMP show no effect in the RFC assay system at doses 10–100 times higher than active doses of cyclic AMP. Other vasoactive compounds, including epinephrine, phentolamine, propanolol, and angiotensin, do not show any effect on RFC.
Analysis of anti‐hapten foci in repopulated mouse spleens
Authors: North J. R. , Feinstein A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have demonstrated by two separate techniques the formation in vivo of foci of anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NIP) antibodyforming cells. The initiation and expansion of such foci in the spleens of irradiated mice has been shown to depend on the presence of both hapten‐and carrier‐primed spleen cell populations.Sensitive methods have been developed to assay the heterogeneity of antibody produced in single anti‐hapten foci, usually of less than 1000 plaque‐forming cells. Foci from NIP‐BSA (bovine serum albumin)‐primed spleen cell inocula have been shown to be usually monoclonal. Using mixtures of BSA‐primed and NIP‐ovalbumin primed spleen cells, the effect of changing the ratio of cooperating cell types upon the homogeneity of antibody in foci has been studied. The results are interpreted as preliminary evidence in favor of a high degree of B cell selection operating during focus initiation.An effect of carrier‐primed cell numbers on the size of anti‐hapten foci has been detected and some morphological features of foci are described.
Fractionation of cytotoxic T lymphoblasts on Ficoll gradients by velocity sedimentation
Authors: Greenberg A. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVelocity sedimentation of lymphoid cells on linear Ficoll gradients in polycarbonate tubes provides a simple reproducible technique for fractionating lymphocytes from lymphoblasts. Using this method the T lymphoblast was characterized as an important cytotoxic cell in the early immune response to the H‐2d alloantigen of the P‐815‐Y mastocytoma, and at a later time the small lymphocyte was shown to be the predominant cytotoxic cell. Enrichment and depletion of cytotoxic lymphocytes was also demonstrated in fractionated spleens.
Carrier function of the polypeptides (T,G)‐A–L and (H,G)‐A–L in high and low responder mice
Authors: Wrede J. , Rüde E. , Thumb Renate , Meyer‐Delius Margot 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response of mice to the synthetic polypeptides (T,G)‐A–L and (H,G)‐A–L is genetically controlled by the Ir‐1 locus. In an attempt to characterize the cell type(s) involved in this control, DNP‐conjugates of (T,G)‐A–L and (H,G)‐A–L were used to study the carrier function of these polypeptides. In adoptive cell transfer experiments carried out in C57BL and C3H mice it was found that in contrast to the respective high responder strain, low responder mice appear to be incapable of recognizing these polypeptides as carriers. This is compatible with the hypothesis that low responders are defective with respect to the specific stimulation of thymus‐dependent lymphocytes by (T,G)‐A–L or (H,G)‐A–L, or to the cooperation of these cells with the precursors of antibody‐producing cells.
Comparison of the suppressive effect of thymus cells and the suppression by neonatal application of antigen
Authors: Droege W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe suppressive effect of thymus cells on the agglutinating antibody response in chickens is shown to be antigen‐specific. Experiments reveal that this effect can be seen several weeks after thymus cell transfer, if the respective antigen (A) is given 3 times weekly after transfer. Repeatedly applied high doses of the antigen (A) result in a stronger effect than low antigen doses, and mercaptoethanol‐resistant antibody (IgG) is usually more affected than the total titer (of which IgM is the major contributor). Finally, several weeks after thymus cell transfer, when the response to antigen A is still lower than that of the normal controls, the antibody response to an unrelated antigen B is normal. By these three criteria, as well as by the degree of suppression, the suppressive effect of thymus cells strikingly resembles the phenomenon of antigen‐specific suppression that is seen after antigenic stimulus in the prenatal or early postnatal period.The suppressive effect is already given by thymus cells from 10‐day old donors. As in previous studies, the suppressive activity was significantly diminished in thymus cells from neonatally bursectomized donors. The data indicate that a specifically acting suppressor cell compartment exists which is different from B cells and cooperative or graft‐vs‐host‐active T cells.The results are discussed in light of current concepts of “self‐tolerance”.
Cellular composition of the chicken thymus; effects of neonatal bursectomy and hydrocortisone treatment
Authors: Zucker R. , Jauker Uta , Droege W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cellular composition of the young chicken thymus has been analyzed by using 3 different physical parameters: cell volume, electrophoretic mobility, and the buoyant density of the cells. The analyses revealed the presence of 3 major subpopulations in the thymus of 16‐week old chickens. These populations comprised about 66%, 19% and 15% of the thymic lymphoid pool. The data indicate that the last population, representing 15%, predominates in the medulla and is competent for GvH reactions.Marked effects on the cellular composition of the young chicken thymus are observed after neonatal bursectomy or after hydrocortisone treatment. Several findings suggest that the effect of bursectomy is not to be explained by B cell contamination in the chicken thymus. The data indicate the existence in the young chicken thymus of a bursa‐dependent cellular subpopulation different from peripheral B lymphocytes but also different from cooperative or GvH active T cells. This subpopulation represents a part of the 66% small cells, and is estimated to constitute about 15% of the thymic lymphocyte pool.
The susceptibility of the mouse immunoglobulin subclasses to suppression by high doses of antigen
Authors: Hay F. C. , Torrigiani G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing the coprecipitation technique and rabbit antisera specific for mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgA and IgM, the responses of BALB/c mice to a wide range of doses of human serum albumin have been studied. Antibody activity was detected in all five classes. At lower doses, below 1 mg, the distribution of antibody activity among the immunoglobulin classes was fairly constant, but at higher doses a decrease in antibody activity occurred in certain subclasses only, particularly IgG1. The actual effect obtained depended on whether the antigen was given with or without Bordetella pertussis. To study the subclass suppression further, mice were also subjected to neonatal treatment with soluble antigen. The suppression here was again mainly in the thymus‐dependent IgG1 subclass.
Suppression of immunological memory for a cross‐reactive idiotype in adult mice
Authors: Pawlak L. L. , Hart D. A. , Nisonoff A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious investigations have demonstrated the feasibility of suppressing the production of an idiotype, associated with anti‐p‐azophenylarsonate antibodies in A/J mice, by pretreatment of adult mice with anti‐idiotypic antiserum. The present study indicates that immunological memory, with respect to the formation of the cross‐reactive idiotype, can similarly be suppressed in adult mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of rabbit anti‐idiotypic antiserum. There was no concomitant suppression of the formation of anti‐hapten antibody lacking the cross‐reactive idiotype, nor of antibody to the protein carrier. The data indicate that the immunoglobulin receptors present on memory cells are available to the injected anti‐idiotypic antibodies and that these cells are not sequestered. The data do not distinguish between inactivation or destruction of memory cells in vivo.