bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic alterations in dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Mazzaferro Elisa M. , Hackett Timothy B. , Stein T. Peter , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Walton Judy , Turner A. Simon , Fettman Martin J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) as well as protein and carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA).Animals—15 weight-stable dogs with OSA that did not have other concurrent metabolic or endocrine illness and twelve 1-year-old sexually intact female Beagles (control dogs).Procedures—Indirect calorimetry was performed on all dogs to determine REE and respiratory quotient (RQ). Stable isotope tracers (15N-glycine, 4.5 mg/kg of body weight, IV; 6,6-deuterium-glucose, 4.5 mg/kg, IV as a bolus, followed by continuous-rate infusion at 1.5 mg/kg/h for 3 hours) were used to determine rate of protein synthesis and glucose flux in all dogs. Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were performed to determine total body composition.Results—Accounting for metabolic body size, REE in dogs with OSA was significantly higher before and after surgery, compared with REE of healthy control dogs. The RQ values did not differ significantly between groups. Dogs with OSA also had decreased rates of protein synthesis, increased urinary nitrogen loss, and increased glucose flux during the postoperative period.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Alterations in energy expenditure, protein synthesis, urinary nitrogen loss, and carbohydrate flux were evident in dogs with OSA, similar to results documented in humans with neoplasia. Changes were documented in REE as well as protein and carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with OSA. These changes were evident even in dogs that did not have clinical signs of cachexia. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1234–1239)
Use of quantitative analysis of sonographic brightness for detection of early healing of tendon injury in horses
Authors: Micklethwaite Lucy , Wood Andrew K.W. , Sehgal Chandra M. , Polansky Marcia , Dowling Bradley A. , Dart Andrew J. , Rose Reuben J. , Hodgson David R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine whether quantitative analysis of sonographic brightness could be used to detect healing of an induced injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses and whether rate of healing was influenced by equine recombinant growth hormone.Animals—8 clinically normal Standardbreds.Procedures—A localized injury was created in the left and right superficial digital flexor tendons of each horse by injection of 2,000 units of collagenase. After injury, 4 horses received equine recombinant growth hormone, a possible promoter of tendon healing. Sonographic images (7.5 MHz) of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region were recorded on videotape prior to injury and weekly for 7 weeks after injury. Images were digitized, and sonographic brightness of tendons and ligaments was calculated.Results—Collagenase-induced injury was sonographically similar to naturally occurring injury. After injury, sonographic brightness of the tendon decreased; after 3 weeks, brightness progressively increased, although by 7 weeks brightness had not returned to preinjury value. Equine recombinant growth hormone had no significant effect on the rate of tendon healing, as evaluated sonographically or at necropsy.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—As healing developed, alterations in sonographic brightness of injured tendons coincided with real changes in tendon structure. Quantitative sonographic brightness could be used to accurately monitor healing of equine tendon and ligament injuries and investigate the efficacy of various treatment regimens. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1320–1327)
Oral vaccination of sexually mature pigs with Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51
Authors: Edmonds Matthew D. , Samartino Luis E. , Hoyt Phillip G. , Hagius Sue D. , Walker Joel V. , Enright Fred M. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Elzer Philip 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a novel oral vaccine delivery system for swine, using the rough vaccine strain ofBrucella abortus.Animals—56 crossbred pigs from a brucellosis-free facility.Procedure—In 3 separate experiments, pigs were orally vaccinated with doses of 1 × 109to > 1 × 1011CFU of strain RB51 vaccine. The vaccine was placed directly on the normal corn ration, placed inside a whole pecan, or mixed with cracked pecans and corn.Results—Oral vaccination of pigs with vaccine strain RB51 resulted in a humoral immune response to strain RB51 and short-term colonization of the regional lymph nodes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A viscous liquid such as Karo corn syrup in association with pecans that scarify the oral mucosa are necessary when placing the live vaccine directly onto corn or other food rations. Doses of > 1 × 1011CFU of RB51 organisms/pig in this mixture ensures 100% colonization of regional lymph nodes via the oral route. This method may allow an efficient and economical means to vaccinate feral swine for brucellosis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1328–1331)
Establishment of two vaccine-associated feline sarcoma cell lines and determination of in vitro chemosensitivity to doxorubicin and mitoxantrone
Authors: Williams Laurel E. , Banerji Nilanjana , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Kapur Vivek , Kanjilal Sagarika 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To establish 2 vaccine-associated feline sarcoma (VAFS) cell lines and to determine their in vitro sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin and mitoxantrone.Sample Population—Tumor specimens collected from 2 cats undergoing surgery for removal of vaccine- associated sarcomas.Procedures—Tumor specimens were minced and treated with trypsin under aseptic conditions to obtain single-cell suspensions, which were then cultured in vitro in medium supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. Growth rates and sensitivity after 24 hours of exposure to various concentrations (0.1 to 100 μg/ml) of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone were assessed for each cell line. Survival of cells was estimated 3 days after exposure to the 2 agents, and the concentration of each drug that resulted in a 50% reduction in the number of viable cells (IC50) was calculated.Results—Two tumor-derived cell lines (FSA and FSB) were successfully established and determined to be sensitive to doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. Under the conditions tested, the IC50of doxorubicin were 0.6 and 1.5 μg/ml for cell lines FSB and FSA, respectively. The IC50of mitoxantrone was 0.4 μg/ml for both cell lines.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The establishment of VAFS cell lines provides a tool for the in vitro screening of antitumor drugs. Doxorubicin and mitoxantrone were effective in decreasing the number of viable cells in the 2 cell lines tested. Both of these anthracycline antibiotics have been used to treat various neoplasias in cats, and their efficacy for adjuvant treatment of vaccine-associated sarcomas should be further evaluated. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1354–1357).
Morphologic stages of the equine embryo proper on days 17 to 40 after ovulation
Authors: Acker Denise A. , Curran Sandra , Bersu Edward T. , Ginther O. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe the gross and histologic changes that develop in the equine embryo proper (ie, the portion of the embryo that becomes the fetus) from days 17 to 40 after ovulation and to compare the external features of equine embryos with those of porcine, ovine, and human embryos.Sample Population—34 embryos collected from mixed-breed pony mares.Procedure—External features for each embryo proper, including length, number of branchial arches, growth of appendages, face and head features, and body features, were examined, using a dissecting microscope, for embryos collected on days 17 to 40. Internal features were histologically examined by serially sectioning embryos collected on days 20 to 35.Results—Number of embryos recovered for each day ranged from 1 to 5. The initial detection of features was not related closely to age; typically, the first attainment of a given body length or characteristic varied over a 3-day period among embryos. Similarly, the period during which individual characteristics for a given Carnegie stage were attained ranged from 3 to 6 days. Age at first appearance of a characteristic was greater for equine embryos than ages reported for ovine and porcine embryos but less than for human embryos. Indicators of age included number of pairs of branchial arches, all limb buds present, retinal pigmentation, and prominence of the pontine flexure.Conclusions—No embryologic structures or changes were found that could be considered unique to equine embryos on days 17 to 40 after ovulation. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1358–1364)
Effects of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin on apoptosis and oncosis of bovine neutrophils
Authors: Cudd Laura A. , Ownby Charlotte L. , Clarke Cyril R. , Sun Yude , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the concentration-dependent
effects of Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly
Pasteurella haemolytica) leukotoxin (LKT) on apoptosis
and oncosis in bovine neutrophils and to examine the
role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in LKT-induced apoptosis.

Sample Population—Neutrophils isolated from
blood samples obtained from healthy calves.

Procedure—Neutrophil suspensions were exposed
to lytic or sublytic dilutions of LKT and then examined
by use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or
gel electrophoresis. Contribution of extracellular Ca2+
to LKT-induced apoptosis was investigated by incubating
neutrophils with LKT or control solutions in
buffer containing 1 mM CaCl2 or in Ca2+-free buffer
containing 1 mM ethylene glycol-bis (b-aminoethyl
ether)- N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) prior to diphenyl
amine analysis.

Results—Examination by TEM revealed that bovine
neutrophils exposed to lytic dilutions of LKT had
changes consistent with oncosis, whereas neutrophils
exposed to sublytic dilutions of LKT and staurosporin,
an inducer of apoptosis, had changes consistent
with apoptosis. Effects of sublytic dilutions of
LKT on apoptosis were confirmed by gel electrophoresis.
Replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with
EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator, reduced apoptosis attributable
to the calcium ionophore A23187, but it did not have
significant effects on apoptosis induced by LKT or
staurosporin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ability of
LKT to cause apoptosis instead of oncosis is concentration-
dependent, suggesting that both processes of
cell death contribute to an ineffective host-defense
response, depending on the LKT concentration in
pneumonic lesions. Furthermore, although Ca2+ promotes
A23187-induced apoptosis, it is apparently not
an essential second messenger for LKT-induced apoptosis.
( Am J Vet Res 2001;62:136–141)
Reactivity of serum samples of dogs and horses tested by use of class-specific recombinant-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of granulocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , IJdo Jacob W. , Andel Amy E. Van , Wu Caiyun , Oliver James H. , Fikrig Erol 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To test serum samples of dogs and horses by use of class-specific recombinant-based ELISA for establishing a diagnosis of granulocytic ehrlichiosis attributable to infection with organisms from theEhrlichia phagocytophilagenogroup.Sample Population—Serum samples from 43 clientowned dogs and 131 horses (81 with signs of acute illness and 50 without signs of disease).Procedure—Serum samples were analyzed, using ELISA with a recombinant 44-kd protein antigen for IgM and IgG antibodies to the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent (NCH-1 strain). Western blot analyses, using infected human promyelocytic leukemia cells, were conducted on 38 serum samples of horses and 11 serum samples of dogs to verify reactivity to the 44-kd peptide.Results—IgM or IgG antibodies to the HGE agent were detected in 5 to 28% of dog serum samples and 5 to 37% of horse serum samples. Thirty-five of 38 (92%) horse serum samples had corresponding results on both tests (2 positive results for 26 samples and 2 negative results for 9 samples), using an ELISA for IgG antibodies or immunoblotting for total immunoglobulins. All 11 serum samples of dogs had positive results for both methods.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These ELISA with recombinant 44-kd antigen are suitable for detecting IgM or IgG antibodies to the HGE agent in serum samples of dogs and horses. Positive results for serum samples of horses from Connecticut, New York, Virginia, and Georgia indicate that the HGE agent is widely distributed in tick-infested areas of the eastern United States. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1365–1369)
Characterization of α-adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscle of equine ileum
Authors: Re Giovanni , Badino Paola , Odore Rosangela , Galaverna Davide , Girardi Carlo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the concentration and binding characteristics of α-adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscle cell membranes of equine ileum.Sample Population—Segments of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle from the ileum of 8 male and 8 female adult horses.Procedure—Distribution of α-adrenoceptor subtypes was assessed by use of radioligand binding assays incorporating [3H]-prazosin and [3H]-rauwolscine, highly selective α1- and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively. Characterization of adrenoceptor subtypes was performed by use of binding inhibition assays.Results—On the basis of binding affinity for specific radioligands, low- and high-affinity α1- and α2-adrenoceptors were detected. Concentration of low-affinity α2-adrenoceptors was significantly greater in male horses, compared with females. Competition studies confirmed the specificity of the radioligands used in the binding assays. α1-Adrenoceptors of both subtypes in male and female horses had a higher affinity for prazosin than phentolamine, whereas yohimbine did not compete with the radioligand for binding. For α2-adrenoceptors regardless of subtype, potency of inhibition elicited by each drug varied between sexes. In males, yohimbine was a more potent inhibitor than phentolamine, which was more potent than prazosin. In females, yohimbine was more potent than prazosin, which was more potent than phentolamine.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High- and low-affinity α1- and α2-adrenoceptors were detected in smooth muscle of equine ileum. Because α-adrenoceptor subtypes, particularly α2-adrenoceptors, are involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract function, characterization of these receptors may represent the basis for development of new therapeutic strategies for the control of gastrointestinal disturbances in horses. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1370–1374)
Plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid concentrations of nitric oxide and localization of nitric oxide synthesis in the lungs of horses with summer pastureassociated obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Costa Lais R. R. , Seahorn Thomas L. , Moore Rustin M. , Oliver Julian L. , Hosgood Giselle L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and localize nitric oxide synthesis in the lungs of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD).Animals—7 adult horses with SPAOPD and 6 clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Severity of SPAOPD was determined by use of clinical scores, change in intrapleural pressure (ΔPpl) during tidal breathing, cytologic analysis of BALF, and histologic evaluation of lung specimens obtained during necropsy. Nitric oxide concentrations in plasma, BALF, and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were determined by use of a chemiluminescent method. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT) were localized in formalin-fixed lung specimens by use of immunohistochemical staining, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) activity was localized in cryopreserved specimens by use of histochemical staining.Results—Plasma concentration of NO in affected horses was slightly but not significantly greater than concentration in nonaffected horses. Nitric oxide concentrations in BALF or ELF did not differ between groups. Immunoreactivity of iNOS in bronchial epithelial cells of 3 of 5 lung lobes was greater in horses with SPAOPD, compared with nonaffected horses. However, staining for NT and NADPHd activity did not differ between groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Expression of iNOS was greater in bronchial epithelial cells of horses with SPAOPD, compared with nonaffected horses, suggesting that NO may play a role in amplifying the inflammatory process in the airways of horses with this disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1381–1386)
Pharmacokinetics and toxic effects of lithium chloride after intravenous administration in conscious horses
Authors: Hatfield Cindy L. , McDonell Wayne N. , Lemke Kip A. , Black William D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and toxic effects associated with IV administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) to conscious healthy horses.Animals—6 healthy Standardbred horses.Procedure—Twenty 3-mmol boluses of LiCl (0.15 mmol/L) were injected IV at 3-minute intervals (total dose, 60 mmol) during a 1-hour period. Blood samples for measurement of serum lithium concentrations were collected before injection and up to 24 hours after injection. Behavioral and systemic toxic effects of LiCl were also assessed.Results—Lithium elimination could best be described by a 3-compartment model for 5 of the 6 horses. Mean peak serum concentration was 0.561 mmol/L (range, 0.529 to 0.613 mmol/L), with actual measured mean serum value of 0.575 mmol/L (range, 0.52 to 0.67 mmol/L) at 2.5 minutes after administration of the last bolus. Half-life was 43.5 hours (range, 32 to 84 hours), and after 24 hours, mean serum lithium concentration was 0.13 ± 0.05 mmol/L (range, 0.07 to 0.21 mmol/L). The 60-mmol dose of LiCl did not produce significant differences in any measured hematologic or biochemical variables, gastrointestinal motility, or ECG variables evaluated during the study period.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Distribution of lithium best fit a 3-compartment model, and clearance of the electrolyte was slow. Healthy horses remained unaffected by LiCl at doses that exceeded those required for determination of cardiac output. Peak serum concentrations were less than steadystate serum concentrations that reportedly cause toxic effects in other species. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:1387–1392)
In vitro inhibition of Salmonella organisms isolated from reptiles by an inactivated culture of microcin-producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Wooley Richard E. , Ritchie Branson W. , Currin M. F. Pamela , Chitwood Sharon W. , Sanchez Susan , Crane Maria M. , Lamberski Nadine 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether an inactivated culture
of a microcin-producing avian Escherichia coli
was capable of killing Salmonella isolates from reptiles
in an in vitro test system.

Sample Population—57 Salmonella isolate from reptiles.

Procedure—A wild-type avian E coli electrotransformed
with a plasmid coding for the production of
microcin 24 was tested in an in vitro microassay system
for its ability to kill 57 Salmonella spp isolated
from reptiles. The reptile population included snakes,
iguana, frilled lizards, turtles, other lizards, and
unspecified reptiles.

Results—44 of the Salmonella isolates were inhibited
strongly, compared with the in vitro assay controls; 12
had weak inhibition, and 1 was not inhibited by the
microcin-producing E coli. Thirteen of the 57 isolates
had resistance to at least 1 antibiotic, primarily streptomycin.
There were 9 O serogroups identified in the
57 isolates, with serogroup H being the most prevalent
(18 to 57).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Antibiotics are
not recommended to eliminate Salmonella organisms
from reptiles because of the development of antibiotic
resistance. Further studies are necessary to determine
whether the use of microcin-producing bacteria will be
effective in controlling Salmonella infections in companion
reptiles. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1399–1401)
Water quality in cattle feedyard playas in winter and summer
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Parker David B. , Williams Brock P. , Clark R. Nolan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the impact of feedyards on
endotoxin concentration, fecal coliform count, and
other water quality measurements during winter and
summer in feedyard playas (shallow lakes).

Sample Population—Water samples obtained from
7 feedyard playas and 3 nonfeedyard control playas.

Procedure—Surface water samples were collected
from each playa and at various depths from 3 feedyard
playas. Endotoxin concentrations, 22 water quality
variables, and fecal coliform counts were determined
in samples collected in summer and winter
from various combinations of playas.

Results—Cattle numbers per feedyard ranged from
40,000 to 175,000 head/y. Mean endotoxin concentrations
were significantly lower in control playas than
in feedyard playas in winter and summer. Endotoxin
concentration appeared to be homogenous at various
water depths. Values for 20 of 22 water quality variables
were higher in the feedyard playas than in control
playas in winter and summer. In winter only, mean
total fecal coliform concentration in feedyard playas
was significantly greater than in control playas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated
that feedyards have the potential to impact
water quality in playas, and cattle should not be
allowed access to them. Feedyard playa water should
not be used under high pressure to settle dust in pens
with cattle or to cool cattle, because aerosols containing
pathogens and high concentrations of endotoxin
are a health hazard for humans and cattle. (Am J
Vet Res 2001;62:1402–1407)
Evaluation of opioid receptors in synovial membranes of horses
Authors: Sheehy Jenifer G. , Hellyer Peter W. , Sammonds Ginger E. , Mama Khursheed R. , Powers Barbara E. , Hendrickson Dean A. , Magnusson Kathy R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate μ-opioid receptors in synovial
membranes of horses and determine whether these
receptors are up-regulated in nerve endings during
inflammation.

Sample Population—Synovial tissue obtained from
39 client-owned horses during arthroscopy and 14
research horses during necropsy; brain and synovial
tissues were obtained during necropsy from 1 horse,
and control tissues were obtained from a mouse.

Procedure—Horses were classified into 7 groups on
the basis of histologically determined degree of
inflammation. Binding of primary rabbit antibody
developed against μ-opioid receptors in equine synovial
tissue was studied, using western blot analysis.
Synovial membranes were tested for μ-opioid receptors
by immunohistochemical staining, using a
diaminobenzidine-cobalt chloride chromogen.
Homogenates of synovial membranes were evaluated
by use of radioligand binding.

Results—Examination of western blots of equine
thalamus revealed that rabbit antibody developed
against μ-opioid receptors yielded a band (molecular
weight, 55 kd) that corresponded with that of other
opioid receptors. Use of immunohistochemical staining
of synovial tissue revealed considerable staining
in the proliferative lining layer and in regions surrounding
vascular structures. Specific radioligand
binding of tissue homogenates was found in all
groups. We did not detect significant differences in
binding between horses with inflammation and horses
without inflammation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of
immunohistochemical analysis and radioligand binding
of tissue homogenates suggest that there are opioid
receptors in synovial membranes of horses. Our
results support the practice of intra-articular administration
of opioids to relieve pain after arthroscopic
surgery in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1408–1412).