bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Authors: Ludwig Sarah M. , Schiferl Luke , Hung Jacqueline , Natali Susan M. , Commane Roisin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when interpreting eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when gap-filling and scaling up observations to determine regional carbon budgets. Tundra ecosystems are heterogeneous at multiple scales. Plant functional types, soil moisture, thaw depth, and microtopography, for example, vary across the landscape and influence net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. With warming temperatures, Arctic ecosystems are changing from a net sink to a net source of carbon to the atmosphere in some locations, but the Arctic's carbon balance remains highly uncertain. In this study we report results from growing season NEE and CH4 fluxes from an eddy covariance tower in the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska. We used footprint models and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to unmix eddy covariance observations into constituent land-cover fluxes based on high-resolution land-cover maps of the region. We compared three types of footprint models and used two land-cover maps with varying complexity to determine the effects of these choices on derived ecosystem fluxes. We used artificially created gaps of withheld observations to compare gap-filling performance using our derived land-cover-specific fluxes and traditional gap-filling methods that assume homogeneous landscapes. We also compared resulting regional carbon budgets when scaling up observations using heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. Traditional gap-filling methods performed worse at predicting artificially withheld gaps in NEE than those that accounted for heterogeneous landscapes, while there were only slight differences between footprint models and land-cover maps. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon fluxes in the landscape (e.g., late growing season emissions from wetlands and small ponds). We resolved distinct seasonality in tundra growing season NEE fluxes. Scaling while assuming a homogeneous landscape overestimated the growing season CO2 sink by a factor of 2 and underestimated CH4 emissions by a factor of 2 when compared to scaling with any method that accounts for landscape heterogeneity. We show how Bayesian MCMC, analytical footprint models, and high-resolution land-cover maps can be leveraged to derive detailed land-cover carbon fluxes from eddy covariance time series. These results demonstrate the importance of landscape heterogeneity when scaling carbon emissions across the Arctic.
ON THE ISSUE OF DIGITALIZATION OF RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES – THE LEGAL ASPECT
Authors: ВАСИЛЬЕВА О.Н. 
Published: March 2024

Распространение цифровых технологий ведет к качественным изменениям во всех значимых сферах, в том числе в сфере науки и высшего образования. Автор анализирует Стратегию цифровой транс- формации отрасли науки и высшего образования, утвержденную Минобром РФ. Как показывает проведенный анализ стратегии цифровой трансформации (цифровизации) в сфере образования, образовательные органи- зации используют в своей деятельности ряд цифровых инструментов – цифровые образовательные сервисы, высокотехнологичные образовательные решения, кейс-технологии, дистанционные и интернет-ориентирован- ные технологии, технологии адаптивной системы обучения, технологии персонифицированного тренинга и дру- гие.
The spread of digital technologies leads to qualitative changes in all significant areas, including science and higher education. The author analyzes the Strategy of digital transformation of science and higher education, approved by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. As the analysis of the digital transformation (digitalization) strategy in the field of education shows, educational organizations use a number of digital tools in their activities – digital educational services, high-tech educational solutions, case technologies, remote and Internet-oriented technologies, adaptive learning system technologies, personalized training technologies and others.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR SELF-HARM OF CONVICTED PERSONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: SOME ASPECTS OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: РАХИМБЕРДИН К.Х. 
Published: March 2024

Цель исследования заключается в критическом анализе Нормативного постановления Кон- ституционного Суда Республики Казахстан от 6 декабря 2023 года № 37-НП «О рассмотрении на соответствие Конституции Республики Казахстан части третьей статьи 428 Уголовного кодекса РК от 3 июля 2014 года и подпункта 2) части второй статьи 130 Уголовно-исполнительного кодекса РК от 5 июля 2014 года» на предмет соответствия фундаментальным принципам Конституции Республики Казахстан, положениям Международного Пакта ООН о гражданских и политических правах, Конвенции против пыток и других жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания и другим международным правовым актам, обеспе- чивающим права и свободы человека в условиях изоляции от общества, а также доктринально обоснованному Нормативному постановлению Конституционного Совета от 27 февраля 2008 года № 2 «О проверке конституци- онности частей первой и четвертой статьи 361 Уголовного кодекса РК по обращению Капшагайского городско- го суда Алматинской области», признавшему уголовную ответственность осужденных за членовредительство противоречащей конституционно-правовым основам Республики Казахстан.
The purpose of the study is to critically analyze the Normative Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 6, 2023 No. 37-NP “On consideration of compliance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of part three of Article 428 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2014 and subparagraph 2) of part two of the article 130 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 5, 2014, the fundamental principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the provisions of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other international legal acts ensuring human rights and freedoms in conditions of isolation from society, as well as the doctrinally based Normative Resolution of the Constitutional Council of February 27, 2008 No. 2 “On checking the constitutionality of parts one and four of Article 361 of the Criminal Code of the Re-public of Kazakhstan upon the appeal of the Kapshagai City Court of the Almaty Region, which recognized the criminal liability of the convicted for self-harm, contrary to the constitutional and legal foundations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The Effectiveness of Utilizing the Film Encanto in Increasing Students' Vocabulary
Authors: Sako Chintia Brevieta , Otoluwa Moon Hidayati , Kau Magvirah El Walidayni 
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this research is to find out the improvement of students’ vocabulary after using film encanto. The population of this research is the students in ten grade of SMAN 4 Gorontalo, and the sampel is 24 students in class X MIPA 4. This research used pre-experimental design with one group pre-test, treatment and post-test. The result of this research shows that the mean score of pre-test is 9,04 and the mean score of post-test is 12. Moreover, the result of hypothesis of this research found that tcount tlist or 6,040 2,074. It means that the hypothesis (H1) of this research is accepted, there is 40,49% score results resceived from the pre-test to the post-test. Therefore, it can be concluded that the utilizing the film Encanto increase Students’ Vocabulary.
Keywords :Film Encanto, increasing students’ vocabulary
LANGUAGE REFLECTION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CONSCIOUSNESS ACTIVITY
Authors: Sydyk P. S. , Sadirova K. K. 
Published: March 2024

The article deals with the problem of linguistic reflection and its implementation through the relationship between consciousness and linguistic activity. The problem of linguistic reflection is one of the urgent problems in modern Kazakh linguistics. Consideration of reflection in relation to language forms the basis of the concept of language reflection, and language has been shown to be an important tool in its definition. The materialization or verbalization of information that entered the human mind through language corresponds to the concept of linguistic reflection.The scientific work proposes a model of the process of language reflection. A review of the scientific understanding of the levels of linguistic consciousness was made, and the marking of information by a language unit and the transmission of the speaker's thoughts as an indicator of the connection between language and consciousness was presented by an analysis of an excerpt from A. Kunanbayev's poem. Linguistic units used in speech facts were considered from the point of view of the mental aspect. In the research work, definitions of the terms consciousness, linguistic consciousness, reflection, and reflexive are given and their meaning is revealed. The article uses methods of analysis, synthesis, description, and modeling based on the work of researchers of the concepts of language and consciousness, language, and reflection.The article aims to analyze the relationship between consciousness and language activity in the process of language reflection and present a model of language reflection. Achieving this goal includes the collection of theoretical data related to the use of the term "reflection" in various fields of science, a review of works that study the problem of language reflection, the definition of a model of the process of language reflection and the corresponding analysis of language units.
Strengthening Inter-Agency Cooperation and Coordination in the Implementation of the Strategic Trade Management Act With a View to Enhancing Trade Facilitation: A Philippine Customs Perspective
Authors: Puno Diokno Jenny 
Published: March 2024

This paper provides insights into the state of play of inter-agency cooperation and coordination among government agencies in the Philippines involved in the implementation of the Strategic Trade Management Act, such as the Philippine Bureau of Customs, the Strategic Trade Management Office, and Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs), which exercise control and supervision over registered enterprises in the freeport and economic zones in the Philippines. It will identify the challenges faced by customs officers in the facilitation of exports of potentially strategic goods requiring referral to the licensing agency for technical reachback, the complexity of commodity identification, which impacts frontline officers’ ability to identify strategic goods, and the non-integration of export declaration systems utilised by exporters in the freeport and economic zones with customs’ export declaration system. The paper also outlines recommendations and solutions to the challenges that confront Customs in the Philippines in effectively implementing strategic trade controls and facilitating legitimate trade in a timely manner.
Maritime Transport Security Regulation: Policies, Probabilities and Practicalities
Authors: Widdowson David , Holloway Stephen 
Published: March 2024

This paper examines the global regulatory environment that has emerged as a direct result of the events of September 2001, with particular reference to maritime shipping and container transport security. In examining the range of regulatory initiatives that have been introduced by national, regional and international policy makers, it analyses the appropriateness of the various policy responses from the perspective of risk management and commercial practicality. In doing so, the authors identify key features of an effective regulatory compliance regime, and the likely impact of specific policies on both regulatory control and trade facilitation. The paper concludes that many government responses to the international security threat merely lead to an increase in the regulatory burden on honest traders, and achieve little in the way of enhancing their ability to identify potentially high risk consignments. It also identifies the need for a balanced and cost effective approach to regulation in which the elements of both enforcement and incentives to comply with regulatory requirements are present, in preference to a prescriptive approach that is likely to be not only less cost-effective but also more disruptive to commercial operations.
2010 PICARD Conference Abu Dhabi (UAE), 23-25 November
Authors:   International Network of Customs Universities
Published: March 2024

The WCO PICARD (Partnership in Customs Academic Research and Development) program was launched in 2006 to provide a framework for cooperation between Customs and the academic world. In parallel, through PICARD, academic institutions have created the INCU and a rich vein of research in the field of Customs, generated through its flagship publication, the World Customs Journal. Working together, the WCO and INCU have progressed a range of initiatives in the areas of educational programs, strategic management development, professional standards, and academic research and development. In relation to standards, the WCO in partnership with the INCU has developed a set of Professional Standards necessary for operational and strategic Customs managers to meet the requirements of the new strategic environment. In addition, the WCO has established a process of assessing university curricula against the Standards. This year’s PICARD conference will build on the success of the previous conferences (Brussels 2006 and 2007, Shanghai 2008, and Costa Rica 2009) and will provide participants with an opportunity to interact with their government, commercial and academic counterparts from around the world.
PICARD 2010: Report From the 5th Conference
Authors:   World Customs Organization
Published: March 2024

At the invitation of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Federal Customs Authority, the fifth annual Partnership in Customs Academic Research and Development (PICARD) conference was held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates from 23 to 25 November 2010. The conference was jointly organised by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the International Network of Customs Universities (INCU) and co-hosted by the Centre for Customs and Excise Studies (CCES) of the University of Canberra and Abu Dhabi University Knowledge Group (ADUKG). The conference was attended by some 200 delegates (including a significant number from the Middle East region) representing WCO Members, academia, other international organisations and the private sector, who gathered to share and discuss research topics and outcomes as well as developments in Customs professional education.
Coordinated Border Management: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Polner Mariya 
Published: March 2024

In a globalised world where interconnectedness and integration are key dynamics influencing economic growth and social development, policymakers increasingly realise the need for accelerated transborder regulatory reform to remove unnecessary barriers and burdens on trade. The World Customs Organization (WCO) in its Customs in the 21st century document has captured these critical concepts for reform within the theme of Coordinated Border Management (CBM). For Customs, CBM is about describing how improved regulatory efficiency and effectiveness can be realised through greater coordination between border agencies during policy development and operational activities, both domestically and internationally. This paper considers the meaning of the CBM concept for the customs community in particular and border agencies in general. It provides an overview of the evolution of the concept, which serves as a theoretical underpinning for further policy development. As the CBM concept is broad and offers numerous interpretations, operational arrangements, such as joint mobile teams, hot pursuit, joint risk management, and targeting centres are not addressed, nor does the paper analyse information exchange systems, in particular the Single Window that forms an intrinsic part of CBM. Instead, the paper focuses on institutional and some practical border arrangements developed in several countries as part of a CBM implementation strategy, and concludes by suggesting areas for further research.
Professionalism in Customs and Workforce Development: WCO Initiatives to Equip Customs With Whole-Of-Career Development Strategies and Practices
Authors:   World Customs Organization
Published: March 2024

The World Customs Organization (WCO) has been developing initiatives and tools to enable the customs community to empower its organisational platforms and promote an efficient shift to organisations which are compliant, agile and adaptable. The 2nd WCO Capacity Building Committee meeting held in Brussels from 3-5 May 2011 outlined the crucial importance of ‘people development’ for capacity building and customs modernisation. The meeting decided to trigger further reflection on methods of building professionalism in Customs.
De Minimis Thresholds in APEC
Authors: Holloway Stephen , Rae Jeffrey 
Published: March 2024

A de minimis regime provides streamlined border clearance and exemption from customs duties and other taxes. These features generate economic benefits by refocusing public revenue collection on more efficient revenue sources, reducing the costs borne by importers, and accelerating the delivery of imports. Most APEC economies have de minimis regimes but thresholds range from under USD1 to more than USD1,000, and eligibility varies. These design features affect the balance of economic benefits and costs that a regime produces. This study assesses, in some detail, the de minimis regimes of Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand — the APEC-6 economies for ease of reference. We chose them as being broadly representative of the APEC region in terms of geography and economic development.
A Perspective on the Impact of Trade Friction on Customs Performance
Authors: Wei Libing 
Published: March 2024

International trade contributes significantly to economic growth. Yet, increasing cases of trade friction have emerged as one of the main issues undermining international trade. Indeed, the WTO-OECD-UNCTAD Reports on G20 trade and investment measures state that ‘at a time of continuous economic difficulties, trade frictions seem to be increasing’. The most frequent measures associated with trade friction continue to be trade remedy actions, in particular the initiation of anti-dumping investigations, followed by more stringent customs procedures. Customs administrations are mandated to control the cross-border movement of goods and thereby safeguard national interests. However, with increasing cases of trade friction, where certain forms of trade are perceived by one country to have negative economic consequences, Customs face a conflicting situation between the desire to manage their performance effectively and efficiently and the political inference that inefficient customs procedures can actually be a desirable objective in instances where two countries are mired in trade friction. This paper analyses the impact of trade friction on customs performance and suggests a number of indicators that may be useful in analysing trade friction.
CARACTERIZACIÓN QUÍMICA Y NUTRICIONAL DE LA CASCARILLA A PARTIR DE LA YACA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS) PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE UNA INFUSIÓN
Authors: Durazno Delgado Leonilo Alfonso , Espinoza Zambrano Jeniffer Paulina , Vásquez Cortez Luis Humberto , Vallejo Torres Christian Amable , Rivadeneira Barcia Christian Simón , Vera Chang Jaime Fabián , Rodríguez Cevallos Sanyi Lorena 
Published: March 2024

La Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., también conocida por los ingleses como Jackfruit o Yaca en Latinoamérica, es un árbol de la familia de las moreras (Moraceae), proveniente de varias regiones de la India; sin embargo, crece en zonas tropicales y subtropicales en varias partes del mundo. Su estudio ha ido incrementando en gran auge por su gran valor nutricional y sus propiedades farmacológicas, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal evaluar la características químicas y nutricionales de la cascarilla a partir de la Yaca (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) para la obtención de una infusión, se aplicó un Diseño Completamente al Azar Bifactorial conformado por 9 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones un total de 27 objetos de estudio como primer factor A Cascarilla (1,1,5 y 2 gr) y factor B Tiempo (3,5 y 10 minutos), los análisis físicos evaluados a la infusión de la cascarilla, análisis químicos para la cascarilla de Jackfruit, análisis químico para la infusión, análisis microbiológicos de la infusión de cascarilla y a la cascarilla y un análisis organoléptico los cuales se utilizaron 20 catadores semientrenados, según lo encontrado la infusión del Jackfruit es muy adecuado para el consumo humano teniendo valores muy nutritivos con alta capacidad antioxidante y de polifenoles siendo un producto con los estándares de calidad, el cual el mejor tratamiento fue el T9 el cual tuvo una respuesta favorable en aceptación y de calidad, en conclusión, los análisis realizados sugieren que la cáscara de Jackfruit tiene el potencial de convertirse en una valiosa alternativa en la industria alimentaria, gracias a sus propiedades microbiológicas aceptables y atractivas características organolépticas en determinadas concentraciones y tiempos de infusión. Esta investigación respalda su posible aplicación como un producto funcional y saludable que podría satisfacer las demandas de los consumidores en busca de opciones innovadoras y beneficiosas para la salud.