bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site‐directed ELISA with synthetic peptides representing the HIV transmembrane glycoprotein
Authors: Chiodi Francesca , von Gegerfeldt Agneta , Albert Jan , Fenyö Eva Maria , Gaines Hans , von Sydow Madeleine , Biberfeld Gunnel , Parks Elliot , Norrby Erling 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo partially overlapping 19 and 22 amino acids long peptides representing a highly immunogenic site of the transmembranous glycoprotein (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were used as antigen in ELISA tests. The results of antibody determination with this assay were compared with those of three or more conventional ELISAs and Western blot (WB) tests and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Twenty six sera from patients with AIDS or LAS and from asymptomatic carriers of HIV infection all showed a pronounced reaction in the peptide ELISA as well as positive results with other tests. In contrast, 27 sera from laboratory workers and blood donors were negative by all tests. A group of 39 blood donor sera, which had shown false positive or ambiguous results in the ELISAs and sometimes in WB tests employed for confirmation, also were negative in all cases with the peptide ELISA. Consecutive samples collected from individuals with primary HIV infection were also analyzed. In 6 out of 9 cases, the peptide ELISA revealed an antibody response within one month after onset of clinical symptoms and sensitivity for antibody detection equaled that of other ELISA tests. Eight sera from five West African persons infected with HIV related viruses did not react in the peptide ELISA, reflecting differences in properties of the envelope components. The peptide ELISA used in this study appears to represent a simple technique employing chemically synthesized antigen for accurate and sensitive estimation of antibodies to the HIV group of nontransforming human retroviruses.
Cell‐mediated immunity to varicella‐zoster virus infection in strain 2 guinea pigs
Authors: Jenski Laura , Myers Martin G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractYoung adult male strain 2 guinea pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) cultured in fetal guinea pig tissue cultures. Lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 secretion in response to viral antigen challenge in vitro were measured at weekly intervals for 2 months and periodically thereafter. VZV‐specific immunity was apparent 2 weeks after infection, peaking after 2 weeks (lymphoproliferation) or 1–2 months (interleukin 2 secretion). Diminished but significant anamnestic responses were detected as late as 30 months after infection.
Spread of human T‐cell leukemia virus (HTLV‐I) in the Dutch homosexual community
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap , de Wolf Frank , van de Wiel Bart , Smit Lia , Bakker Margreet , Lent Nel Albrecht‐van , Coutinho Roel A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSequential sera of 697 homosexual men, participating in a prospective study (1984–1986) of the risk to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, were tested for antibodies to human T‐cell leukaemia virus (HTLV‐I) by particle agglutination and immunoblotting. No intravenous drug users were included in this trial. Three men (0.4%) were HTLV‐I antibody positive at intake and an additional 2 at the end of the observation period, resulting in an attack rate of approximately 0.3%. One of the 3 men with HTLV‐I antibodies at intake was a Brazilian. One man had an acute HTLV‐I infection after sexual intercourse with a Brazilian during holiday in Brazil. No serological cross‐reactivity with HIV was observed nor a relationship with other sexually transmissible viral or bacterial infections. In contrast to HIV no relationship with anogenital intercourse was noted; both primary HTLV‐I infected men practiced only orogenital intercourse. This suggests that HTLV‐I was imported in the Dutch homosexual community after HIV was introduced in the Netherlands. HTLV‐I appears to spread slower within the homosexual community than HIV and possibly by other routes.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐DNA‐positive hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatitis B virus infection in a child
Authors: Giacchino R. , Pontisso P. , Navone C. , Alberti A. , Dini G. , Facco F. , Ciravegna B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntegrated hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA sequences were found in neoplastic liver tissue of a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative child who had previously suffered from HBsAg‐positive chronic active hepatitis and was anti‐HBs and anti‐hepatitis B core (HBc) positive at the time of tumor development. Reintegration pattern was consistent with the presence of a single integration site of the HBV genome into cellular DNA, and clonal proliferation of such infected cells. A normal liver, tested in the same experiment with the same amount of total DNA, was negative for viral DNA sequences.These findings support the possible oncogenic role of HBV in the development of liver cancer, not only in adults, but also in children, even in patients who are negative for HBsAg at the time of tumor diagnosis.
Detection of flavivirus antibodies in human serum by epitope‐blocking immunoassay
Authors: Burke Donald S. , Nisalak Ananda , Gentry Mary Kay 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman flavivirus group‐reactive, dengue complex‐reactive, and encephalitis virus complex‐reactive antibodies were detected using epitope‐blocking immunoassays in which the binding of selected mouse monoclonal antibodies to flavivirus antigens was blocked by human serum. When late (> 6 months after illness) convalescent sera were tested, the epitope‐blocking immunoassays were superior to the hemagglutination inhibition test and comparable to the plaque reduction neutralization for identifying subjects immune to dengue, to Japanese encephalitis, or both viruses.
Detection of antibody to viral proteins following primary infection with herpes simplex virus
Authors: Simmonds P. , Smith I. W. , Peutherer J. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from patients with primary genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) were tested by immunoblotting (IB) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis to determine the protein targets of antibody elicited by infection. The two tests detected antibody to different antigens: IB primarily detected reactivity with p40, a phosphorylated capsid protein, and RIP detected antibody to glycoprotein B, a viral envelope component. Furthermore, RIP detected antibody at an earlier stage of infection then IB. A nondenaturing version of IB was developed and used to investigate the role that the solubilisation of antigen plays in the sensitivity of each test for antibodies with different specificities.
Differentiation of a human monocytic cell line associated with increased production of Rift Valley fever virus by infected cells
Authors: Lewis Richard M. , Cosgriff Thomas M. , Peters Clarence J. , Morrill John C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a cause of significant human and animal disease in many parts of Africa. In some cases, it causes a hemorrhagic fever, which is frequently fatal. Prior studies have shown that RVF virus productively infects peritoneal macrophages from susceptible rat strains. The U937 human monocytic cell line was used to determine the effect of monocytic cell differentiation on the degree of viral production by cell cultures infected with RVF virus. Differentiation of U937 cells to more mature monocytic cells by phorbol ester resulted in production of 10 times more infectious virions in comparison with undifferentiated cells. These studies imply that monocytic cell differentiation increases permissiveness for RVF virus production.
Prolonged excretion of an identical cytomegalovirus strain by two siblings and the intermittent isolation of an adenovirus from the urine of one of them
Authors: McFarlane E. Sandra , Goldbloom Alan L. , Embil Juan A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRestriction endonucleases were used to show the excretion of an identical strain of cytomegalovirus (CMV) by two brothers over a 21/2‐yr period. The same enzymes were used to show that the younger brother, case report, excreted an adenovirus over at least a 3‐mo period. We are unable to determine the contribution of each virus to this child's clinical picture; however, this is the first report of a prolonged excretion of an adenovirus associated with CMV excretion in an immunocompetent host.
Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA, antigen, and particles in the human fetus
Authors: Clewley J. P. , Cohen B. J. , Field Anne M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 commonly infects children, causing erythema infectiosum (fifth disease). However, there is a significant adult population which has not been exposed to the virus and, consequently, does not have protective antibody. Recent reports have associated B19 infection during pregnancy with fetal death, although normal outcome of pregnancy is more common. To characterise further the role of B19 infection in fetal deaths, a series of laboratory investigations has been undertaken on tissues obtained at autopsy. These have demonstrated the presence of virion‐sized DNA by Southern blotting, viral antigen by radioimmunoassay, and viral particles by electron microscopy, all from tissues of hydrops fetalis. These data confirm that the human parvovirus B19 can cross the placenta and replicate in fetal tissues.
Correlation between plaque size and genetic variation of type 3 poliovirus from a vaccinate
Authors: Hamada Nobuyuki , Imamura Yoshihiro , Shingu Masahisa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVaccine strain derivatives could be serially isolated from the feces of a healthy infant for about 30 days after the second administration of a trivalent poliovirus vaccine. These were all identified as poliovirus type 3, and no other types were detected. The titer in feces increased gradually until day 19, when it reached a maximum, after which it decreased. The plaque size altered roughly in parallel with the changes in the titer. On day 11 it began to increase, becoming the highest abruptly on day 15, and then fell again. Oligonucleotide mapping analysis of RNAs of isolated viruses showed that the samples from days 1 and 11 exhibited the same patterns as those shown by the vaccine strain RNA. However, on day 15 many of the preexisting spots had decreased, and new ones appeared. On day 27, the pattern was again similar to that of the original virus, rather than that of the day‐15 virus. A nonmetric distance scaling and cluster analysis suggested that all the strains were derived from the same origin and that the polioviruses on days 1, 11, 21, and 27 had closer relationships, but the poliovirus on day 15 was different.
Intrauterine infection with human parvovirus B19: A light and electron microscopy study
Authors: Caul E. Owen , Usher M. Jane , Burton Patricia A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent reports have documented human parvovirus B 19 infection in pregnancy, which may lead to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or hydrops fetalis. Transplacental infection in a case of hydrops fetalis is demonstrated by light and electron microscopy observation of virus inclusions in all tissues examined. Parvovirus particles measuring approximately 20 nm were observed within the nuclei of erythropoietic cells. The parvovirus virions were observed most commonly as randomly distributed particles and rarely in crystalline assays. Thus definitive evidence of fetal infection confined to red cell precursors is documented.
Presence of antibodies to the polymerase gene product(s) of hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis virus in natural and experimental infections
Authors: Feitelson Mark A. , Millman Irving , Duncan Gail D. , Blumber Baruch S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies against synthetic peptides derived from the polymerase gene of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) were present in 80% of renal dialysis patients infected with HBV and in woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Polymerase antibody (anti‐pol) appeared as the earliest marker of both HBV and WHV infections in approximately half of the individuals tested, suggesting that these antibodies were generated following early viral replication in the liver during the incubation period and prior to the appearance of virus in the blood. Many HBV‐ or WHV‐infected individuals negative for surface antigen throughout infection also had anti‐pol, but anti‐pol appeared only after anti‐surface, anti‐core and/or anti‐e. The presence of anti‐pol did not correlate with other serologic markers of HBV or WHV infection, nor did it correlate with histologically confirmed hepatitis in woodchucks. However, there was a significant correlation between the presence of anti‐pol and elevated liver enzyme levels in the sera of renal dialysis patients. In several cases, anti‐pol was the sole marker of infection, suggesting that underlying infection and low levels of virus replication were present. Most individuals with anti‐pol had antibodies to one of the three synthetic peptides, suggesting it may be immunodominant in natural infections. In human populations, groups with a high frequency of HBV infection have a high frequency of polymerase antibodies, and groups with a low frequency of HBV infection have a low frequency of polymerase antibodies. A standard assay for the detection of polymerase antibodies is described, and possible clinical applications are discussed.
Antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of Egypt
Authors: Botros Boulos A. M. , Salib Adel W. , Mellick Paul W. , Linn Jeffery M. , Soliman Atef K. , Scott Robert McN. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNineteen street rabies virus strains, isolated in Egypt from humans (two), dogs (nine), cats (two), farm animals (two), gerbils (three), and a jackal were antigenically analyzed. The Pasteur strain used for the preparation of human rabies vaccine, the Flury high and low egg passage stains (HEP, LEP) used for animal vaccines, and the challenge virus standard (CVS) strain were also assayed. All were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid of rabies and rabies‐related viruses. The rabies isolates demonstrated patterns of reactivity with the antinucleocapsid panel different from those of the Pasteur, HEP, and CVS strains.Representative human, dog, and rodent isolates were analyzed by neutralization tests in mice, with a second panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies against rabies and Mokola envelope glycoproteins. With this panel, the isolates demonstrated patterns of reactivity different from the vaccine strains. These data indicate antigenic variation between wild virus and vaccine strains.
Maternal‐infant transmission of hepatitis B in Egypt
Authors: Hyams Kenneth C. , Osman Nadia Mohamed , Khaled Eman Mohamed , Abd El‐Wahab Koraa Afaf , Imam Imam Zagloul , El‐Ghorab Nemat M. , Dunn Michael A. , Woody James N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to determine whether maternal‐infant (vertical) transmission of hepatitis B is a common route of infection leading to chronic antigenemia in Egypt, 901 asymptomatic women in labor were evaluated. Forty‐three women (4.8 percent) were positive for HBsAg, but only one woman was positive for HBeAg. From one year of observation of children born to 13 of the HBsAg‐positive mothers, vertical transmission of hepatitis B was estimated to have occurred in approximately 1.7% of births, with chronic antigenemia resulting from 0.6% of births. It was also possible to observe 29 children born to women negative for HBsAg. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B occurred in 17.2 percent of these children during the first year of life. Maternal‐infant transmission of hepatitis B at birth does not appear to be the predominant mechanism of hepatitis B transmission or a common cause of chronic antigenemia in Egypt. The first year after birth appears to be a more important period of hepatitis B transmission. Therefore, vaccination of all children at birth with hepatitis B vaccine could be an effective vaccine strategy despite a low incidence of vertical hepatitis B transmission.
Long‐term protection against Argentine hemorrhagic fever in Tacaribe virus infected marmosets: Virologic and histopathologic findings
Authors: Samoilovich Sergio R. , Calello Miguel A. , Laguens Rubén P. , Weissenbacher Mercedes C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTacaribe virus may represent a better alternative than attenuated strains of Junin virus (JV) for immunization against Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) because of possible risk of persistent infection or disease associated with live, attenuated strains. Callithrix jacchus marmosets, which suffer 100% mortality if inoculated with the pathogenic XJ strain of JV, were used to evaluate possible Tacaribe virus persistence, subclinical, or long‐term disease and the duration of protection against challenge with JV. Histologic studies did not show pathogenic changes due to Tacaribe virus in primates sacrificed from 7 to 480 days postinoculation (pi). No virus was recovered in tissue samples after primary culture or cocultures with sensitive cells. The presence of anti‐Tacaribe neutralizing serum antibodies and protection against pathogenic JV were detected up to 480 days after a single dose of Tacaribe virus. However, anti‐Junin antibodies were detected only after challenge. In other experiments, protection against JV was evaluated histologically and virologically. Two primates were immunized with Tacaribe virus, challenged with JV, and sacrificed 18 or 21 days later. Subclinical histopathologic findings were associated with recovery of JV only by the sensitive primary culture‐coculture techniques. The immunogenicity, degree of protection, and safety of Tacaribe virus indicate its potential as a vaccine against human AHF.
Preliminary characterization of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 selected for acycloguanosine resistance in vitro
Authors: Palú Giorgio , Summers Wilma P. , Valisena Sebastiano , Tognon Mauro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we report on the preliminary characterization of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) selected for acycloguanosine (acyclovir, ACV) resistance in vitro. The ACVr virus was examined for a series of parameters that include chemosensitivity assay, thymidine kinase (TK) activity, in vitro and in vivo growth, and mutation mapping. The data obtained indicate that a mutated TK gene is responsible for the ACVr phenotype. A distinctive feature of this mutant is the high level of resistance exhibited to ACV (100 μM) and the concomitant presence of a functional TK activity. Such a property makes this virus useful as a model for the study of viral resistance to nucleoside‐type analogues in HSV.
Spumaviruses isolated from sources containing agents of non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis do not cause NANB hepatitis
Authors: Williams Bolanle , Prince Alfred M. , Huima Tellervo , Brotman Betsy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum and liver tissue containing infective non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus were shown to contain a retrovirus‐like agent that replicated when inoculated into chimpanzee liver cell cultures in vitro. The virus appeared to assemble its core particles in association with tubular structures reminiscent of those characteristically seen in non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus‐infected chimpanzee liver in vivo, and produced syncytial cytopathic effects in a number of continuous and a primary mammalian liver cells.The agents were neutralized by acute and convalescent sera from human and chimpanzee cases of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, as well as by antisera against simian spumavirus type 7, but not type 6. Aluminum chloride failed to abolish viral infectivity. There was no evidence of virus replication or hepatitis in chimpanzees inoculated with a seventh passage of one of the isolates. Thus the data suggest that the isolates are not causally related to non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, as was previously postulated.
Comparative seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection in the Canadian Arctic and an Urban center
Authors: Preiksaitis Jutta K. , Larke R. P. Bryce , Froese Glory J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe conducted a seroepidemiologic study of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among 9,928 Inuit (Eskimo), Dene (Indian) and non‐native inhabitants of the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada between April 1983 and March 1985. 4,184 inhabitants of Edmonton, a large predominantly white urban center served as controls. Sera were screened for antibody to CMV by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence rates of CMV antibody increased with age in all ethnic groups. By the age of two years 69.2 percent of Dene, 63.5 percent of Inuit, 33.3 percent of non‐native and 22.9 percent of Edmonton children had CMV antibody. Over the age of five years Inuit children had higher rates of CMV antibody than Dene children (P < .05) reflecting differences in infant adoption, breastfeeding practices and patterns of child care in the two native groups. By the age of 15 to 19 years 81.1 percent of Dene and 88.5 percent of Inuit women had CMV antibody compared to 48.8 percent of non‐native and 50.9 percent of Edmonton women (P < .05). Native children had higher prevalence rates than non‐native children living in the NWT (P < .05). Compared to similarly aged Edmonton residents, non‐native children in the NWT 2 to 4 years and 5 to 9 years of age had a higher prevalence of CMV antibody (P < .05). We observed a higher prevalence rate of CMV antibody among non‐native children (10‐14 years) and young women (15‐19 years) living in predominantly native communities compared to those living in predominantly non‐native communities in the NWT (P < .05). The seroprevalence in 60 non‐native female health care workers in the NWT was not significantly different from that seen in comparably aged Edmonton women.
Significance of maternal and infant serum antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B virus infection of infancy
Authors: Panda S. K. , Bhan M. K. , Guha D. K. , Gupta A. , Datta R. , Zuckerman A. J. , Nayak N. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe significance of IgM and IgG class antibodies to hepatitis B virus (HBV) core component (anti‐HBc) was investigated in a study of maternal‐fetal HBV transmission. An IgM anti‐HBc response was lacking in the majority (49/53) of HBV‐infected infants. This antibody thus cannot be used as an indicator of transplacental infection. However, most infants who became HBsAg positive during the first 6 months of life acquire infection in the perinatal period rather than transplacentally. Passively transferred maternal IgG anti‐HBc in the infant and additional IgM anti‐HBc positively in the carrier mother have no modulating influence on HBV infection of infants born to HBV carrier women.