bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Jackson Melissa A. , Brown James A. , Dredge Anthony F. , O'Callaghan Paul A. , McCaffrey John P. , Morley Paul S. , Slocombe Ronald F. , Clarke Andrew F. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the interobserver variability
of assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
(EIPH) during tracheobronchoscopic examination
in horses.

Animals—747 Thoroughbred racehorses.

Procedure—850 tracheobronchoscopic examinations
were performed within 2 hours of racing for the
horses. Examinations were recorded on videotape,
and EIPH and its severity were assessed independently
by 3 veterinarians. Concordance was determined
by calculation of the Cohen weighted κ statistic
and tabulation of scores assigned by each observer.

Results—Weighted κ statistics ranged from 0.75 to
0.80. In 99.4% of observations, all observers agreed
or 2 of 3 agreed and the third differed by ≤ 1 grade.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated
that interobserver reliability of tracheobronchoscopic
assessment of EIPH in Thoroughbred racehorses
is high when the examination is conducted by
experienced veterinarians. Concordance among
investigators is sufficient to justify use of this grading
system for further studies and clinical descriptions of
EIPH. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:596–598)
Evaluation of vacuum and dynamic cell seeding of polyglycolic acid and chitosan scaffolds for cartilage engineering
Authors: Griffon Dominique J. , Sedighi M. Reza , Sendemir-Urkmez Aylin , Stewart Allison A. , Jamison Russell 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives—To compare combined vacuum and rotation
with the spinner flask technique for seeding
chondrocytes on chitosan versus polyglycolic acid
matrices.

Sample Population—Porcine chondrocytes.

Procedure—A suspension containing 5 × 106 chondrocytes/
scaffold was used to evaluate 2 seeding
techniques, including a spinner flask and a customdesigned
vacuum chamber used for 2 hours prior to
transfer to a bioreactor. For each seeding technique,
prewetted scaffolds were composed of polyglycolic
acid (PGA) mesh or macroporous chitosan sponge.
Constructs were collected at 48 hours for DNA quantification,
measurement of water and gycosaminoglycan
(GAG) content, and scanning electron
microscopy.

Results—Yield of both seeding techniques was similar
for each type of scaffold. Percentage of cells contained
in the center of PGA constructs was increased
with seeding in the bioreactor (43% of total cell number),
compared with the spinner flask (18%). The DNA
content and cell number per construct were 10 times
greater for PGA constructs, compared with chitosan
constructs. Chitosan scaffolds seeded in the bioreactor
yielded a significantly higher GAG:DNA ratio than
did PGA scaffolds. Whereas chondrones formed on
chitosan scaffolds, cell distribution was more uniform
on PGA scaffolds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The vacuumbioreactor
technique allowed seeded chondrocytes to
attach to PGA scaffolds within 48 hours and improved
uniformity of cell distribution, compared with the
spinner technique. Although formation of extracellular
matrix may be stimulated by seeding chitosan scaffolds
in the bioreactor, further evaluations of the seeding
technique and characteristics of chitosan scaffolds
are warranted. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:599–605)
Effects of sevoflurane dose and mode of ventilation on cardiopulmonary function and blood biochemical variables in horses
Authors: Steffey Eugene P. , Mama Khursheed R. , Galey Frank D. , Puschner Birgit , Woliner Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To quantitate effects of dose of sevoflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory function in horses and identify changes in serum biochemical values associated with sevoflurane anesthesia.Animals—6 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthetized twice: first, to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane and second, to characterize cardiopulmonary and serum biochemical responses of horses to 1.0, 1.5, and 1.75 MAC multiples of sevoflurane during controlled and spontaneous ventilation.Results—Mean (± SEM) MAC of sevoflurane was 2.84 ± 0.16%. Cardiovascular performance during anesthesia decreased as sevoflurane dose increased; the magnitude of cardiovascular depression was more severe during mechanical ventilation, compared with spontaneous ventilation. Serum inorganic fluoride concentration increased to a peak of 50.8 ± 7.1 µmol/L at the end of anesthesia. Serum creatinine concentration and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity reached their greatest values (2.0 ± 0.8 mg/dL and 10.2 ± 1.8 U/L, respectively) at 1 hour after anesthesia and then returned to baseline by 1 day after anesthesia. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities reached peak values by the first (ie, creatine kinase) or second (ie, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) day after anesthesia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sevoflurane causes dose-related cardiopulmonary depression, and mode of ventilation further impacts the magnitude of this depression. Except for serum inorganic fluoride concentration, quantitative alterations in serum biochemical indices of liver- and muscle-cell disruption and kidney function were considered clinically unremarkable and similar to results from comparable studies of other inhalation anesthetics. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:606–614)
Computer-assisted kinematic evaluation of induced compensatory movements resembling lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill
Authors: Kelmer Gal , Keegan Kevin G. , Kramer Joanne , Wilson David A. , Pai Frank P. , Singh Prableen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize compensatory movements of the head and pelvis that resemble lameness in horses.Animals—17 adult horses.Procedure—Kinematic evaluations were performed while horses trotted on a treadmill before and after shoe-induced lameness. Lameness was quantified and the affected limb determined by algorithms that measured asymmetry in vertical movement of the head and pelvis. Induced primary lameness and compensatory movements resembling lameness were assessed by the Friedman test. Association between induced lameness and compensatory movements was examined by regression analysis.Results—Compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral forelimb were seen with induced lameness of a hind limb. There was less downward and less upward head movement during and after the stance phase of the ipsilateral forelimb. Doubling the severity of lameness in the hind limb increased severity of the compensatory movements in the ipsilateral forelimb by 50%. Compensatory movements resembling lameness of the hind limb were seen after induced lameness in a forelimb. There was less upward movement of the pelvis after the stance phase of the contralateral hind limb and, to a lesser extent, less downward movement of the pelvis during the stance phase of the ipsilateral hind limb. Doubling the severity of lameness in the forelimb increased compensatory movements of the contralateral hind limb by 5%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Induced lameness in a hind limb causes prominent compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral forelimb. Induced lameness in a forelimb causes slight compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral and contralateral hind limbs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:646–655)
Assessment of the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine administered IV in isofluraneanesthetized cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Ilkiw Jan E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the hemodynamic effects of lidocaine (administered IV to achieve 6 plasma concentrations) in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.Animals—6 cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen (end-tidal isoflurane concentration set at 1.25 times the predetermined individual minimum alveolar concentration). Lidocaine was administered IV to each cat to achieve target pseudo–steady-state plasma concentrations of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 µg/mL, and isoflurane concentration was reduced to an equipotent concentration. At each plasma lidocaine concentration, cardiovascular and blood gas variables; PCV; and plasma total protein, lactate, lidocaine, and monoethylglycinexylidide concentrations were measured in cats before and during noxious stimulation. Derived variables were calculated.Results—In isoflurane-anesthetized cats, heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, right ventricular stroke work index, plasma total protein concentration, mixed-venous PO2and hemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations, and oxygen delivery were significantly lower during lidocaine administration, compared with values determined without lidocaine administration. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, PCV, arterial and mixed-venous hemoglobin concentrations, plasma lactate concentration, arterial oxygen concentration, and oxygen extraction ratio were significantly higher during administration of lidocaine, compared with values determined without lidocaine administration. Noxious stimulation did not significantly affect most variables.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In isofluraneanesthetized cats, although IV administration of lidocaine significantly decreased inhalant requirements, it appeared to be associated with greater cardiovascular depression than an equipotent dose of isoflurane alone. Administration of lidocaine to reduce isoflurane requirements is not recommended in cats. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:661–668)
Effect of a ventral slot procedure and of smooth or positive-profile threaded pins with polymethylmethacrylate fixation on intervertebral biomechanics at treated and adjacent canine cervical vertebral motion units
Authors: Koehler Carl L. , Stover Susan M. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Schulz Kurt S. , Hawkins David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the biomechanics of cervical vertebral motion units (VMUs) before and after a ventral slot procedure and after subsequent pin-polymethylmethacrylate (pin-PMMA) fixation and to assess the use of smooth and positive-profile threaded (PPT) pins in pin-PMMA fixation and intravertebral pin placement.Sample Population—Cervical portions (C3 through C6 vertebrae) of 14 cadaveric canine vertebral columns.Procedure—Flexion and extension bending moments were applied to specimens before and after creation of a ventral slot across the C4-C5 intervertebral space and after subsequent smooth or PPT pin-PMMA fixation at that site. Data for the C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6 VMUs were compared among treatments and between pin types, and pin protrusion was compared between pin types.Results—Compared with values in intact specimens, ventral slot treatment increased neutral zone range of motion (NZ-ROM) by 98% at the treated VMUs and appeared to decrease overall ROM at adjacent VMUs; pin-PMMA fixation decreased NZ-ROM by 92% at the treated VMUs and increased overall NZ-ROM by 19% to 24% at adjacent VMUs. Specimens fixed with PPT pins were 82% (flexion) and 80% (extension) stiffer than smooth–pin-fixed specimens. Overall, 41% of pins protruded into foramina; PPT pins were more likely to protrude into transverse foramina.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that fixation of a cervical VMU alters the biomechanics of adjacent VMUs and may contribute to degeneration of adjacent intervertebral disks. Use of threaded pins may lower the incidence of pin loosening and implant failure but enhances the likelihood of transverse foramina penetration. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:678–687)
Development of in vitro assays for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and predicting selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats
Authors: Giraudel Jérôme M. , Toutain Pierre-Louis , Lees Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop and validate in cats suitable in vitro assays for screening and ranking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the basis of their inhibitory potencies for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2.Animals—10 cats.Procedure—COX-1 and COX-2 activities in heparinized whole blood samples were induced with calcium ionophore and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. For the COX-2 assay, blood was pretreated with aspirin. The COX-1 and COX-2 assays were standardized, such that time courses of incubation with the test compounds and conditions of COX expression were as similar as possible in the 2 assays. Inhibition of thromboxane B2production, measured by use of a radioimmunoassay, was taken as a marker of COX-1 and COX-2 activities. These assays were used to test 10 to 12 concentrations of a COX-1 selective drug (SC-560) and of 2 NSAIDs currently used in feline practice, meloxicam and carprofen. Selectivities of these drugs were compared by use of classic 50% and 80% inhibitory concentration (ie, IC50and IC80) ratios but also with alternative indices that are more clinically relevant.Results—These assay conditions provide a convenient and robust method for the determination of NSAID selectivity. The S(+) enantiomeric form of carprofen was found to be COX-2 selective in cats, but meloxicam was only slightly preferential for this isoenzyme.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro pharmacodynamic and in vivo pharmacokinetic data predict that the COX-2 selectivity of both drugs for cats will be limited when used at the recommended doses. This study provides new approaches to the selection of COX inhibitors for subsequent clinical testing. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:700–709)
Localization, morphology, and immunohistochemistry of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion neurons that innervate the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor muscles in cattle
Authors: Chiocchetti Roberto , Grandis Annamaria , Bombardi Cristiano , Clavenzani Paolo , Spadari Alessandro , Gentile Arcangelo , Bortolami Ruggero 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the location, morphology,
and neurochemical code of spinal cord and dorsal root
ganglion neurons that innervate the gastrocnemius
muscle (GM) and superficial digital flexor muscle
(FDSM) in cattle.

Animals—5 healthy Friesian male calves.

Procedure—2 different types of neuronal retrograde
fluorescent tracers (fast blue and diamidino yellow)
were injected into the GM and FDSM, respectively.
The neurochemical code (substance P, calcitonin
gene-related peptide, galanin, and neuronal nuclear
protein) of labeled neurons was investigated by
immunohistochemistry.

Results—Neurons innervating the GM and FDSM
were located along the L6-S2 spinal cord segments
and ganglionic levels. A cranial-to-caudal topographic
distribution for each muscle was found, indicating that
the motor nuclei of the 2 muscles are organized by a
somatotopic pattern. The GM and FDSM motoneurons
were immunoreactive only for calcitonin generelated
peptide, whereas the afferent neurons were
immunoreactive for all of the neurochemical markers
considered.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In our study,
location and the extent of neurons that supply the GM
and FDSM of cattle were characterized completely.
Because the GM and FDSM are involved in spastic
paresis of calves and it is thought that spastic paresis
results from an excessive activity of the neuromuscular
spindle reflex arc, findings in our study may be
useful for further electrophysiologic and clinical studies.
Knowledge of the neurochemical code of neurons
that supply the GM and FDSM in healthy calves could
be used to compare chemical alterations in the same
neuronal population of affected calves. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:710–720)
Evaluation of a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and quantitation of virulent Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Harrington Jessica R. , Golding Michael C. , Martens Ronald J. , Halbert Natalie D. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assay in the detection and quantitation of virulentRhodococcus equi.Sample Population—1 virulent, 2 intermediately virulent, and 2 avirulent strains ofR equiand 16 isolates of bacteria genetically related toR equi.Procedure—The QPCR assay was evaluated for detection and quantitation of the virulence-associated gene (vapA) ofR equiin pure culture and in samples of tracheobronchial fluid, which were inoculated with known numbers of virulentR equi. Results were compared with those derived via quantitative microbial culture and standard polymerase chain reaction methods.Results—The QPCR assay detected the vapAgene in pure culture ofR equiand in tracheobronchial fluid samples that contained as few as 20 CFUs of virulentR equi/mL and accurately quantitated virulentR equito 103CFUs/mL of fluid. The assay was highly specific for detection of thevapAgene of virulentR equiand was more sensitive than standard polymerase chain reaction for detection ofR equiin tracheobronchial fluid.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The QPCR assay appears to be a rapid and reliable method for detecting and quantitating virulentR equi. The accuracy of the QPCR assay is comparable to that of quantitative microbial culture. The increased sensitivity of the QPCR method in detection of virulentR equishould facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis ofR equipneumonia in foals. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:755–761)
Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody–based dot-blot ELISA for detection of Leptospira spp in bovine urine samples
Authors: Suwimonteerabutr Junpen , Chaicumpa Wanpen , Saengjaruk Patcharin , Tapchaisri Pramuan , Chongsa-nguan Manas , Kalambaheti Thareerat , Ramasoota Pongrama , Sakolvaree Yuwaporn , Virakul Prachin 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of a novel monoclonal
antibody (MAb)–based dot-blot ELISA for
detection of Leptospira antigens in urine samples of
cattle.

Sample Population—Blood and urine samples of 45
test cattle from 5 farms in Chonburi province and 20
control cattle from 2 farms in Khon Kaen province in
Thailand.

Procedure—Blood and urine samples were assayed
(microscopic agglutination test and urine antigen test)
for Leptospira infection by use of an MAb–based dotblot
ELISA, and results for the ELISA were compared
with those for dark-field microscopy (DFM), microbial
culture, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Results—All urine samples with positive results for
DFM, microbial culture, PCR assay, or > 1 of these
tests also had positive results when tested by use of
the MAb–based dot-blot ELISA, except for 1 sample
that had positive results only for the PCR assay.
Detection limits of the dot-blot ELISA were 103 leptospires/
mL of urine and 9.3 ng of Leptospira
homogenate. Comparison revealed that the diagnostic
sensitivity, specificity, efficacy (accuracy), positive
predictive value, and negative predictive value for the
ELISA were in agreement with results for DFM
(100%, 72.72%, 80%, 57.14%, and 100%, respectively),
microbial culture (100%, 61.54%, 66.62%,
28.57%, and 100%, respectively), and PCR assay
(95.45%, 100%, 91.77%, 100%, and 95.83%, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The
MAb–based dot-blot ELISA is suitable as a tool for
detecting leptospires in urine samples of cattle. (Am
J Vet Res 2005;66:762–766)
Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral administration of enrofloxacin to alpacas
Authors: Gandolf A. Rae , Papich Mark G. , Bringardner Amy B. , Atkinson Mark W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and the active metabolite ciprofloxacin after PO, SC, and IV administration of enrofloxacin to alpacas.Animals—6 adult female alpacas.Procedure—A crossover design was used for administration of 3 single-dose treatments of enrofloxacin to alpacas, which was followed by an observational 14-day multiple-dose regimen. Single-dose treatments consisted of IV and SC administration of injectable enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and PO administration of enrofloxacin tablets (10 mg/kg) dissolved in grain to form a slurry. Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. The multiple-dose regimen consisted of feeding a mixture of crushed and moistened enrofloxacin tablets mixed with grain. Behavior, appetite, and fecal quality were monitored throughout the 14-day treatment regimen and for 71 additional days following treatment.Results—Mean half-life following IV, SC, and PO administration was 11.2, 8.7, and 16.1 hours, respectively. For SC and PO administration, mean total systemic availability was 90.18% and 29.31%, respectively; mean maximum plasma concentration was 3.79 and 1.81 µg/mL, respectively; and area under the curve (AUC) was 50.05 and 33.97 (µg × h)/mL, respectively. The SC or PO administration of a single dose of enrofloxacin yielded a ratio for AUC to minimum inhibitory concentration > 100 for many grampositive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens common to camelids.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, SC, or 10 mg/kg, PO) may be appropriate for antimicrobial treatment of alpacas. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:767–771)
Evaluation of oral administration of cortisol as a model for prenatal stress in pregnant sows
Authors: Kranendonk Godelieve , Hopster Hans , Eerdenburg Frank van , Reenen Kees van , Fillerup Maaike , Groot Johanna de , Korte Mechiel , Taverne Marcel 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To design a treatment that increases
plasma corticosteroid concentrations to mimic prenatal
stress in pregnant sows.

Animals—24 pregnant sows.

Procedure—Sows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment
groups; treatment consisted of twice-daily oral administration
of a placebo or 20, 60, or 180 mg of hydrocortisone
acetate (HCA)/sow from 7 to 11 weeks of
gestation. Blood and saliva samples for determination
of cortisol concentrations were obtained hourly on
treatment days 3 and 25 and twice weekly for the
remainder of the treatment period. The WBC, neutrophil,
and lymphocyte counts and concentrations of
interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 were determined on 4 days
during treatment. Litter characteristics were recorded.

Results—Plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations
were significantly increased in sows that received 60
or 180 mg of HCA (0.30 to 0.37 mg/kg and 0.95 to
1.15 mg/kg, respectively), compared with control
sows. Except for the second day of treatment, the
number of WBCs and the IL-2:IL-4 ratio did not differ
among treatment groups. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte
ratio was significantly higher in sows that
received 180 mg of HCA. Gestation duration was significantly
shorter in sows that received 180 mg of
HCA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration
of 60 mg of HCA is suitable to increase plasma
and salivary cortisol concentrations in pregnant sows
in a controlled manner to concentrations comparable
to concentrations detected after psychologic stressors.
This model seems to be suitable to study the
effects of increased maternal corticosteroid concentrations
on young pig behavior, physiologic variables,
and development. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:780–790)