bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soviet Foreign Policy towards Her European Allies: Interests and Instruments
Authors: Neumann Iver B. 
Published: March 2007

Neumann, I. B. Soviet Foreign Policy towards Her European Allies: Interests and Instruments. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 215-229. The aim of this article is to construct a taxonomy for possible Soviet interests towards the CMEA 6, then to discuss what foreign policy instruments the Soviet Union disposes of, and finally to assess whether Soviet instruments are capable of fulfilling Soviet interests. Soviet interests are far-reaching. She wants to have the CMEA 6 as a buffer against aggression, and to prevent CMEA 6 complicity in invasion. Her role as the leader of one of the two main military alliances in the world underlines her status as a superpower. At home, the legitimacy of the communist regime is enhanced by there being other countries which employ the Soviet model. Effective Soviet foreign policy instruments are indeed limited. The military instruments at her disposal can only be used at very high political cost, whereas economic subsidies make up an economic cost. The Soviet Union still depends critically on the actual use of force and on the threat of use of force in her relations with the CMEA 6. As the long-term costs of using military foreign policy instruments are considerable, the prospects for Soviet interest fulfilment towards the CMEA 6 are poor.
Domestic Political Regime Changes and Foreign Policy Restructuring in Western Europe: A Conceptual Framework and Initial Empirical Analysis
Authors: Hagan Joe D. 
Published: March 2007

Hagan, J. D. Domestic Political Regime Changes and Foreign Policy Restructuring in Western Europe: A Conceptual Framework and Initial Empirical Analysis. Coop eration and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 141-162. This article presents an initial investigation into the causal linkage between domestic political regime changes and foreign policy restructuring in Western Europe. A theoretical framework is developed that incorporates three elements: a typology of four kinds of regime change, a conceptualization of shifting regime properties (the leadership's orientation to foreign affairs and its internal political fragmentation) that underlay significant regime changes, and three dimensions of foreign policy restructuring likely to be affected by changes in domestic political conditions. Also reported are results from a preliminary empirical assessment of regime change effects on trends in Western European voting in the United Nations, trade with the Soviet Union, and military budgets over the past two decades.
Human Relations in the Hotel Industry
Authors: Whyte William Foote 
Published: March 2007

Readers will recall the series on "Human Re lations in the Restaurant Industry" which ap peared in recent numbers of this magazine. The article that follows is an excerpt from a new book by the same author, Prof. William Foote Whyte of the N.Y. State School of Industrial & Labor Relations at Cornell University. This book, Ac tion Research for Management, will be published in January 1965 by the Dorsey Press of R. D. Irwin, Inc. Research for this new volume was conducted by Professor Whyte and his associates in a large hotel during 1947, soon after the publication of the restaurant study. The hotel's employe turn over was well over 20 percent monthly. For this reason, among others, the hotel's executive vice president and general manager invited Professor Whyte (then an associate professor in sociology at the University of Chicago) to set up a project at "Hotel Tremont" to learn what was wrong with his personnel department's hiring practices and with his department heads' supervision. The researchers soon found that supervisory people, in their dealings with workers, reflected their own uncertainties and insecurities which stemmed from autocratic, uncommunicative top management. These tensions were funneled down through all echelons. Employes on the lower levels reflected their frustrations in dealing with one another, with guests, and with their super visors. They soon left or were fired. Thus Action Research for Management is a penetrating study of a hotel operation in trouble. The search for solution begins in the snarled human relations at the bottom of the heap, but the path for better adjustment is found to lead to the controls upstairs. Because the hotel's administrative officers were well known, the publication of this study was delayed until a time when portraits acutely drawn would have become less recognizable. The delay in publication, however, in no way dimin ishes the timeliness nor the value of this study in human dynamics. The excerpts below merely set the stage for the drama which follows in the book.— Editor.
Sweden's Nacka Hospital Food System Centralizes Preparation and Distribution
Authors: Bjorkman Allan 
Published: March 2007

This report was presented before the 14th In ternational Hospital Congress, held in Stock holm in June 1965, by Allan Bjorkman, assistant professor at the University of Stockholm, and K. A. Delphin, at that time superintendent of Stockholm's Nacka Hospital and who now heads AB Kostekonomi, a food service consulting com pany. The institutional food service administrator, particularly one who operates his own central commissary, will find this article of timely inter est. This type of food service should take into consideration all major systems of holding and reconstituting frozen foods (freezing, freeze- drying), dehydrated and canned foods. This article's contentions are most impressive: the safe bacteriological state of the finished product, preparation by ordinary culinary methods and usual recipes, the palatability life of the stored products, the variety of items included, to name a few. The possibility of reconstituting frozen products without the thermal trauma often ex perienced appears to be the principal benefit in the Nacka System. -Cdr. Leslie E. Bond (U.S.N. Ret'd), School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University.
Front Office Communications: Old and New
Authors: Farrell Thomas 
Published: March 2007

This is a report on a study of the structure and effectiveness of communication systems in the front offices of hotels and motels. The author, Professor Thomas Farrell also wrote a report on "Communications in the Food Service Industry" which was published in the November 1963 and November 1964 issues of this magazine. This re port is available as a reprint. This front office study was supported in part by Sonesta International Hotels (formerly the Ho tel Corporation of America) and in part by the Statler Foundation through a grant made to the School of Hotel Motel and Institution Manage ment at Michigan State University. Dr. Farrell, who made the original study while he was a Professor of Communications at Michi gan State University, is currently a Professor of Engineering Communications at the University of Iowa. During the years that have elapsed since the study was made, Professor Farrell has up dated his material to provide more recent ob servations. — Ed.
A Theor of Prison System's
Authors: Steele Eric H. , Jacobs James B. 
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that scholars and practitioners in correction should turn their attention to the prison system as a crucial unit of analysis. Almost every state has a centralized correctional depart ment with jurisdiction over a variety of institutions ranging from traditional custodial maximum-security warehouses to community- based innovative halfway houses and treatment centers. How pris oners and resources should be distributed among these institutions is the key problem. The central thesis of this paper is that any prison system can be described and analyzed according to the functional relationships among its institutions. The "hierarchical" system is based on a highly elaborated punishment-reward structure that holds out the incentive of minimum-security living conditions in exchange for cooperation with administration. In this system social control is shifted frcm the individual institution to the system as a whole. The "differentiated" system is designed for the delivery of treat ment services, but it requires a degree of autonomy that correction al systems currently do not enjoy. Finally, the "autonomous" sys tem is made up of small, functionally independent institutions with heterogeneous populations; though attractive because of low cost and moral neutrality with respect to the etiology and treat ment of crime, it is also unstable because the type of institution that evolves depends largely on the warden and the natural his tory of the particular institution.
Determinate Sentencing
Authors: Manson John R. 
Published: March 2007

Parole, an extension of discretion to mitigate sentences for "rehabili tated" offenders, has had some negative consequences. The preponderance of empirical study also shows that parole supervision is not critical in determining community success, is not cost-effective, does not protect the public, and does not provide for the equal administration of justice. The difficulties lie not with personnel but with the criminal justice system. Rehabilitation, therefore, is not an appropriate basis of a sentence structure or institutional operation. A flat sentence, with unconditional discharge at its expiration, would invite the prisoner to participate in rehabilitative programs if he was genuinely interested in them, not because he wanted to impress the parole board.
Kids Who Kill
Authors: Sorrells James M. 
Published: March 2007

Juvenile homicide has increased markedly in recent years. This study focuses on thirty-one juveniles charged with homicide or attempted homicide over an eighteen-month period in Alameda County, California, and the circumstances of their offenses. About one-third of the homicides occurred during the commission of a robbery. In about one-fourth of the homicides, the assailant was intoxi cated. About two-thirds of the assailants were carrying the weapon used, suggesting that predisposition to kill or injure may be present without necessary premeditation. Almost all the assailants were males, and half were sixteen or younger. Two-thirds had prior correctional involvement; the others had never demonstrated antisocial behavior. Some youngsters were anxious or depressed, some were social isolates and overly controlled, and some were hostile and explosive; others seemed quite healthy and well adjusted. In general, this group of juveniles would not be seen as more disturbed than any other delinquent sample. The families of the assailants were characterized as violent and chaotic, and many of the parents had histories of crime, alcohol abuse, and violence. Only one-third of the youngsters had apparently adequate maternal and paternal figures in the home at the time of the homicide. These youngsters seem to have been deprived of models for controlling impulses, and their family experience had not generated compelling hopes and goals. In the absence of internal restraints and goals, juvenilfs can be profoundly influenced by popular media, which teach that life must be exciting to be worthwhile. Violence is a cheap form of excitement, and excitement is a cheap form of gratification. For these youngsters, the adults in their families and the adults in popular entertainment usually chose violence over long-term gratification. So did they.
The Clinical Prediction of Dangerousness
Authors: Cohen Murray L. , Groth A. Nicholas , Siegel Richard 
Published: March 2007

Laws committing dangerous sexual offenders indefinitely are legitimate only insofar as "dangerousness" can be predicted and treated. The court has relied on the clinician to identify and measure the crucial variables in violent behavior and assign a probability of occurrence. Yet most critical studies have concluded that not only has predictive accuracy not been demonstrated but also that such accuracy cannot be achieved. We argue that any conclusion at this time is premature. There are data indicating the soundness of clinical as opposed to statistical prediction of dangerous ness. Both approaches show high false positive error rates, but the im provement in accuracy of clinical studies over statistical studies cannot be denied. In examining the success of treatment, the authors present data indi cating that a program of psychological rehabilitation can have a profound effect on the majority of dangerous sexual offenders. The authors conclude that the indefinite commitment of dangerous offenders is legitimate and appropriate, but the policy carries with it heavy responsibilities. Enforcing such an approach means that the clinician must play an important role in his relationship to the court.
Factors influencing cross-national news treatment of a critical national event
Authors: Shujen Wang  
Published: March 2007

This study is designed to assess four factors which may account for differences in the six countries/areas' media coverage of the 1989 Chinese student demonstrations. Four major findings emerge from the analysis: (1) political ideology played an important role in the direction, but not necessarily the extent, of the coverage of the events; (2) diplomatic sensitivity played an important role in the direction of coverage, especially for official or government media and even ameliorated differences in political ideology; (3) cultural affinity did not necessarily produce positive news coverage; and (4) geographical proximity did not affect the extent nor the direction of the coverage as much as the political ideology and diplomatic sensitivity did.
A review of substance use education in fifty secondary schools in South Wales
Authors: Bishop J. , Whitear B.A. , Brown S. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To review substance use education in secondary schools in four local authority areas in South Wales to identify good practice and to explore the barriers to good practice. Design Qualitative and quantitative observational study. Setting Secondary schools in South Wales. Method Semi-structured interview with teachers responsible for coordinating substance use education in 50 (100 per cent) secondary schools in four local authority areas. Results All 50 schools (100 per cent) provided substance use education but only 21 (42 per cent) had a written policy. All schools delivered substance use education at key stage 3 and 46 (92 per cent) at key stage 4 with the time allocated varying from 30 minutes to 6 hours per year at key stage 3 and one and a half hours to 7 hours at key stage 4. Models of delivery varied considerably from form tutor based programmes to stable teams of Personal and Social Education Programme (PSE) staff. PSE coordinators' confidence in programme delivery was greater in those schools with stable PSE teams than in those with other delivery models. Guest speakers were invited to contribute to programmes in 37 (74 per cent) schools. Conclusion The lack of a clear overall philosophy and written policy underpinning the delivery of substance use education in many schools limits the ability of these schools to achieve the maximum potential from the time invested. There were wide variations in the time allocated, training of teachers delivering the programme, and age of introduction of topic areas. Schools frequently relied on guest speakers to deliver their programme. The implications for a co-ordinated approach to substance use education and the provision of further guidance are discussed.
The profile, motivations and challenges for volunteers on health walks schemes based in primary care
Authors: Ashley Andrew , Steel Maggie , Bartlett Helen 
Published: March 2007

Objective Volunteers are often needed to be employed in community- based health projects to ensure the viability of such schemes. This paper describes their important role in an exercise promotion scheme 'Health Walks', where they lead community walks. The aim of the study is to determine why people volunteer as walk leaders, what challenges they face, why they are committed to the scheme and whether they fit a particular demographic profile. This information will be useful in order for future schemes to understand and support their work. Design The research design consisted of a simple questionnaire, sent to all the volunteers who were part of the walking programme. Setting Community based. Method The survey was mailed to all 29 walk leaders. A prepaid response envelope was included along with a covering letter informing them of the project aims and a request to take part in the study. A total of 22 people (76 per cent) completed the survey. Results Similarities were found between the traditional volunteer demographic profile and those of the walk leaders, who were middle- aged and previously worked in managerial or professional occupations. However, the motivations of the leaders were more related to self-interest or enjoyment than altruism. Conclusion In order to maintain volunteers' commitment to the scheme, future walking programmes must support their efforts, by showing appreciation and by giving them opportunities for ownership. Key words: walking, volunteers, leaders, health walks
Peer-delivered health promotion for young people: A systematic review of different study designs
Authors: Harden Angela , Oakley Ann , Oliver Sandy 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine the effectiveness and appropriateness of peer- delivered health promotion for young people. Design Systematic review of experimental studies assessing impact on health outcomes and 'qualitative' studies evaluating intervention processes. Methods Studies were sought by searching electronic databases and hand searching. Those which met the review's inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality. Outcome evaluations were reviewed for four methodological qualities. Process evaluations were mapped according to criteria commonly used to establish the reliability and validity of 'qualitative' studies. Results Four hundred and thirty reports relevant to the topic area were identified. Two hundred and ten reported evaluations of peer-delivered interventions with 64 (49 outcome evaluations and 15 process evaluations) meeting the inclusion criteria. Only 12 (24 per cent) of the outcome evaluations were judged methodologically sound. Of these, seven found the method to be effective for at least one behavioural outcome. However, five sound studies directly compared the effectiveness of peers to other providers and found contradictory results. The majority of process evaluations examined the implementation ( n=9, 60 per cent) and acceptability of the method ( n=10, 67 per cent) and their findings provided insights into possible reasons for success or failure. Common methodological problems within studies included unclear details of sample and methodology suggesting that their conclusions may not be reliable. Conclusion The evidence for the effectiveness of peer-delivered health promotion for young people is not yet clear. Whilst the current evidence- base is able to suggest possible reasons for success or failure of this method, more systematic research into the conditions under which peer- delivered health promotion is effective in comparison to other methods of health promotion is needed. Integrating the evidence from experi mental studies and qualitative studies is complicated by the lack of standards for assessing reliability and validity in qualitative research.
A survey of teachers' health lifestyles in Cyprus
Authors: Fontana David , Apostolidou Martha 
Published: March 2007

For health education in schools to be effective, it is desirable that teachers set examples of good health lifestyles. Objective The present research aimed at gathering data on lifestyles among Cyprus teachers, investigating the effect of these lifestyles on their perceptions and attitudes towards health education and examining these lifestyles in relation to their role as health educators. Design The study uses a questionnaire developed with the help of experts and designed to sample teachers' lifestyles. It contains 38 statements relating to four health lifestyle variables (smoking, sleep habits, alcohol consumption and exercise), together with questions on attitudes to health matters. Setting Greek-speaking schools at all levels of Cyprus education (pre- primary, primary, secondary and special). Method After piloting, the 38 lifestyle statements were circulated to a representative sample of 1000 teachers in pre-primary, primary, secondary and special education Greek-speaking schools, with a response rate of 65 per cent. Results A sex-related imbalance in the sample reflected the pre ponderance of women teachers at all levels of Cyprus schooling. Significant sex differences emerged, with women proportionately more represented in the 'good' lifestyle group than men. Analysis of variance and Scheffé post hoc analysis revealed that teachers with good health lifestyles were significantly much more positive both about the desirable effects of health education on children's lifestyles and about their own desire to teach the subject. A factor analysis of attitudes to health matters revealed five factors describing important health lifestyle dimensions. Several implications for teacher education emerged. Conclusion Teachers with 'good' lifestyles proved more positive towards health education and more prepared to teach the subject. The paper Concludes by drawing from the data a number of suggestions for teacher training.
Reducing cancer mortality: Does health promotion work? A discussion paper
Authors: Charlton Anne , Coyne Ann-Marie , Horsley Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To examine cancer mortality in the period 1988 to 1992 in relation to health education (HE) and health promotion (HP) in 1976 and 1986. Design Self-completion questionnaires on HE/HP returned by mail. Incidence and mortality data from reliable published sources for comparison. Setting The EC-funded Standing Committee of the Hospitals of the European Union (HOPE) Project. Subjects Representatives of 15 EU Member States. Main outcome measures Coordination, cancer focus, approaches and content of HE/HP, services and legislation relating to cancer risk reduction in 1976 and 1986. Age standardised incidence and mortality data for the five year periods 1973 to 1977,1978 to 1982,1983 to 1987,1988 to 1992. Results The following characteristics of HE/HP were found to be associated with reduced mortality from cancers between 1973-77 and 1988-92 and with the lowest cancer rates in 1988-92: an established programme in 1976; coordination of the programme by an alliance between government, a national health agency and cancer society; year- long programmes with a specific focus backed by short, intensive campaigns; communication by the multi-stage process, namely authoritative sources followed by a personalised letter or word-of-mouth to individuals; cognitive, affective and behavioural elements in the programme, that is information together with skills- and self-efficacybuilding and behaviour change techniques; a community-wide approach; regular tax increases on cigarettes; bans on tobacco advertising; control of asbestos and carcinogens in industry; and a cervical and breast- screening service backed by personalised health education. Conclusion Cancer HE/HP established in 1976 was reflected in reduced mortality in 1988/92. By 1986, most of the countries had developed such programmes with the characteristics listed above and allowing for the latent period of most cancers, the effect on mortality might be expected in the first decade of this century.