bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An algebra-level version of a link-polynomial identity of Lickorish
Authors: LARSEN MICHAEL J. , ROWELL ERIC C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe establish isomorphisms between certain specializations of BMW algebras and the symmetric squares of Temperley–Lieb algebras. These isomorphisms imply a link-polynomial identity due to W. B. R. Lickorish. As an application, we compute the closed images of the irreducible braid group representations factoring over these specialized BMW algebras.
The support of tempered distributions
Authors: Graham Colin C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe identify the support of a tempered distribution by evaluation of a sequence of test functions against the Fourier transform of the distribution. This improves previous results by removing the restriction that the distribution's Fourier transform be in $L^1_{loc}$ and be of polynomial growth. We use an apparently new technical lemma that implies that certain bounded approximate identities for $L^1(\R^n)$ are also topological approximate identities for elements of the space $\Sl$ of Schwartz functions.
Something from (almost) nothing: the impact of multiple displacement amplification on microbial ecology
Authors: Binga Erik K , Lasken Roger S , Neufeld Josh D 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Microbial ecology is a field that applies molecular techniques to analyze genes and communities associated with a plethora of unique environments on this planet. In the past, low biomass and the predominance of a few abundant community members have impeded the application of techniques such as PCR, microarray analysis and metagenomics to complex microbial populations. In the absence of suitable cultivation methods, it was not possible to obtain DNA samples from individual microorganisms. Recently, a method called multiple displacement amplification (MDA) has been used to circumvent these limitations by amplifying DNA from microbial communities in low-biomass environments, individual cells from uncultivated microbial species and active organisms obtained through stable isotope probing incubations. This review describes the development and applications of MDA, discusses its strengths and limitations and highlights the impact of MDA on the field of microbial ecology. Whole genome amplification via MDA has increased access to the genomic DNA of uncultivated microorganisms and low-biomass environments and represents a ‘power tool’ in the molecular toolbox of microbial ecologists.
Induction of SM‐20 in PC12 cells leads to increased cytochrome c levels, accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol, and caspase‐dependent cell death
Authors: Straub Jennifer A. , Lipscomb Elizabeth A. , Yoshida Eileen S. , Freeman Robert S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSympathetic neurons deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF) release cytochrome c into the cytosol and undergo caspase‐dependent cell death through a process that requires de novo gene expression. Expression of the SM‐20 gene increases after NGF withdrawal, and ectopic SM‐20 expression induces cell death in NGF‐maintained neurons. To further evaluate the mechanism by which SM‐20 promotes cell death, we developed a PC12‐derived cell line in which SM‐20 expression can be induced by addition of doxycycline to the culture medium. Induction of SM‐20 in either undifferentiated or NGF‐differentiated cells resulted in cell death. Cell death was accompanied by an increase in caspase activity and was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor zVAD‐FMK. Analysis of cytochrome c in cytosolic and mitochondria‐enriched subcellular fractions revealed that induction of SM‐20 led to the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Surprisingly, SM‐20 expression also resulted in a selective increase in the total amount of cytochrome c protein. Thus, induction of SM‐20 expression appears to affect both the amount and subcellular localization of cytochrome c in PC12 cells. These results suggest that SM‐20 promotes caspase‐dependent cell death through a mechanism involving cytochrome c.
CAT2 arginine transporter deficiency significantly reduces iNOS‐mediated NO production in astrocytes
Authors: Manner Cathyryne K. , Nicholson Benjamin , MacLeod Carol L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that genetic ablation of cationic amino acid transporter 2 (Cat2) significantly inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in activated macrophages. Here we report that iNOS activity is impaired by 84% in activatedCat2‐deficient astrocytes.Cat2ablation appears to reduce astrocyte NO synthesis by decreasing the uptake of the sole precursor, arginine, as well as by reducing the expression of iNOS following activation. Excessive or dysregulated NO production by activated astrocytes and other CNS cell types has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Our results support the idea that manipulation of CAT2 transporter function might be useful for the therapeutic modulation of iNOS activity.
Studies in the History of Alcoholism—II. Acute Alcoholism in Ancient Greek and Roman Medicine
Authors: LEIBOWITZ J. O. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDescriptions of acute alcoholic psychosis go back to Hippocrates, Galen, and Cassius Felix. While the term “frenesis” was chiefly applied to mental disorientation accompanying febrile diseases, it was also used with regard to acute alcoholism. The syndrome of Delirium tremens, first described in 1813 at some length, has been traced to Cassius Felix of the fifth century A.D., whose account was based on ancient Greek sources.RésuméLes descriptions de psychoses aigues alcooliques remontent à Hippocrate, Galen et Cassius Felix. Quoique le terme “frénésie”était principalement appliquéà une désorientation mentale accompagnée de maladies fébriles, il était employéégalement en ce qui concerne l'alcoolisme aigu. Le syndrome du Delirium tremens, décrit pour la première fois en quelque longeur en 1813 a été remontéà Cassius Felix au Cinquième siècle A.D., dont le récit se base d'anciennes sources grecques.ZusammenfassungBeschreibungen von akut alkoholischer Psychose wurden bereits von Hippokrates, Galen und Cassius Felix gegeben. Obwohl sich der Ausdruck “Frenese” hauptsächlich auf geitige Desorientiertheit, eine Begleiterscheinung von Fiebererkrankungen bezog, wurde er auch in Bezug auf akuten Alkoholismus verwendet. Die erste, einigermassen ausführliche Beschreibung des Syndroms von Delirium tremens in 1813 wurde auf den im fünften Jahrhundert A.D. lebenden Cassius Felix zurückgeführt, dessen Bericht sich auf altertümliche, griechische Quellen stützte.
Treatment of Compulsorily Detained Alcoholics*
Authors: BEWLEY THOMAS 
Published: February 2008

Résumé Les problèmes du traitement d'alcooliques retenus par contrainte sont décrits. Des efforts antérieurs pour résoudre ces problèmes en Grande‐Bretagne et aux Etats‐Unis sont compareés. Les différentes façons au moyen desquelles un alcoolique peut être détenu selon les lois sur la santé mentale sont discutées. Des méthodes de traitement en prison sont mentionées brièvement. Le implications pour un traitement futur couronné de succès sont esquissées.ZusammenfassungEs wird das Problem der Behandlung von zwangsweise internierten Alkoholikern beschrieben. Frühere Lösungsversuche für dieses Problem in Großbritannien und in den Vereinigten Staaten werden verglichen. Es werden die verschiedenen Weisen diskutiert, laut welchen ein Alkoholiker unter dem Mental Health Act (Gesetz betreffend geistige Gesundheit) interniert werden kann. Behandlungsmethoden in Gefängnissen werden kurz gestreift. Die Folgerungen für erfolgreiche Behandlung in der Zukunft werden ausgeführt.
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction in Israel
Authors: WISLICKI L. 
Published: February 2008

Résumé L'alcoolisme aigu est rare et l'alcoolisme forcé est presque inconnu en Israel quoique la consommation ait augmenté considérablement ces quelques dernières années. Le hashish est fumé principalement par la génération plus avancée en âge venant de pays où il est d'un usage courant.Comme drogues auxquelles on s'adonne, la morphine principalement et, à un degré croissant, l'opium sont “utilisés tandis que l'héroine, la cocaine, le LSD et I'amphétamine jouent un rôle mineur ou aucun rôle.L'incidence, les facteurs sociologiques et juridiques, et le traitement de ces conditions sont discutées et des preuves statistiques sont présentées.ZusammenfassungIn Israel ist schwere Trunksucht selten und chronisches Säufertum beinahe unbekannt, obwohl der Alkohol‐Konsum in den letzten Jahren beträchtlich zugenommen hat. Haschisch wird hauptsächlich von der älteren Generation geraucht, die aus Ländern stammt wo das gang und gäbe ist. Als Rauschgift wird hauptsächlich Morphium und, in steigendem Maβe, Opium verwendet, während Heroin, Kokain, LSD und Amphetamin eine untergeordnete oder gar keine Rolle spielen.Das Vorkommen, soziologische und juristische Faktoren, sowie die Behandlung dieser Zustände wird besprochen, unter Anführung von statistichen Unterlagen.
Lilliputian Hallucination Complicating Dexamphetamine‐Amylobarbitone Addiction
Authors: TODD JOHN 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwo cases of drug abuse have been described, the persons concerned being adolescent youths. In the first case, separate episodes of formication and Lilliputian hallucination occurred; in the second case, an episode of Lilliputian hallucination occurred. Although both these youths took other drugs, amphetamine‐drugs appeared to be the dominant drugs and therefore the probable cause of the hallucinatory phenomena described. Attention has been drawn to the marked similarity which obtains between the effect of cocaine—on the one hand, and amphetamine‐drugs—on the other. The writer has suggested that in future, addicts may substitute intravenous methylamphetamine for intravenous cocaine.
The Yin–Yang of thrombin and activated protein C
Authors: Dutt Tina , Toh Cheng Hock 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe concepts of Yin and Yang provided the intellectual framework of much of Chinese scientific thinking, especially in the fields of biology and medicine. The organs of the body were seen to be inter‐related and their functions could be best appreciated through understanding connections and correlations, in the same way as in other naturally occurring phenomena. Although this principle is recognizable within our current understanding of pro‐ and anti‐coagulant mechanisms, the literature in this field seldom conveys the unifying nature of its overall structure. Considering the coagulation cascade and the anticoagulant system as opposing but complementary forces would be central to the concept of Yin and Yang. This article is presented along such lines with a focus on thrombin and activated protein C (APC) as key examples of that balancing axis in maintaining haemostatic harmony. The emphasis will be on how understanding this relationship at the molecular and cellular level holds promise in the translation to improved clinical care.
Attitude to treatment and direction of interest of forensic mental health nurses: a comparison with nurses working in other specialties
Authors: KINSELLA C. , CHALONER C. 
Published: February 2008

Attitude to treatment and direction of interest of forensic mental health nurses: a comparison with nurses working in other specialtiesThe attitudes of nurses working within forensic psychiatry are often perceived as being custodially oriented. Working on this commonly held assumption the authors hypothesized that nurses working within a physically controlled environment such as a Regional Secure Unit would hold more conservative/biological attitudes toward treatment, and would be more ‘object’‐oriented (as opposed to ‘psychologically’ oriented) than those working in less physically controlled clinical areas. [For the purpose of this paper the term ‘Regional Secure Unit’ is used to describe the medium secure facilities that were included in this study, although one of the units did not serve a wholly regional function.]This paper outlines a study that attempted to examine this hypothesis. A total of 84 nurses from three clinical specialties (Regional Secure Units, Acute Admission Wards and Drug Dependence Units) completed the Attitude to Treatment Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Direction of Interest Questionnaire (DIQ) (Caine et al. 1981). Each nurse also completed a demographic information questionnaire, supplying details of age, professional experience and educational attainment. The results indicate no significant differences on measures used between speciality groups. Significant positive correlations were found between age and conservatism on the ATQ, and between ATQ conservatism and DIQ object centredness. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
The self‐management of psychiatric medications: a pilot study
Authors: DUBYNA J. , QUINN C. 
Published: February 2008

The self‐management of psychiatric medications: a pilot studyThis paper reports on a pilot study where a scheme for the self‐management of medication has been devised as an intervention strategy, where the mental health nurse and the mentally ill client work together to improve the client's knowledge of prescribed medication and medication‐related issues.Aspects of non‐compliance and the various factors involved in the non‐compliance of psychiatric medications by the person who is severely mentally ill are discussed. When noncompliance to psychiatric medication is briefly examined, the complexity of the phenomena becomes increasingly apparent, confounding single intervention strategies, therefore as the phenomena is multidimensional, so must be any response.A review of the literature, and from the past clinical experience of the authors, suggests that when there is an involved therapeutic alliance, and the active participation of both the client and the mental health nurse in a rehabilitation orientated self‐medication management scheme, a difference can occur for the client where their understanding of, and compliance with, psychiatric medication can improve. This could possibly improve the overall quality of life for the mentally ill person.Within a psychosocial rehabilitation setting, a self‐medication management scheme has been developed that gradually facilitates the client's responsibility for managing their own prescribed medication, and in conjunction with this increased awareness of their medication and related issues, the focus eventually leads to the client having complete responsibility for managing their own medication.This self‐medication management scheme consists of several graded stages that are contractual in nature, in which the clients and nurses are active participants. A rating and self‐reporting scale has been developed within the scheme and is used by both the nurse and the client to assist in gauging the client's understanding and knowledge of issues related to their medication use. This self‐medication management scheme has demonstrated that when severely mentally ill persons are given the opportunity to practice and manage their own medication as a component of the rehabilitative process, a self‐medication management scheme does make a difference.
Cav1 L‐type Ca2+ channel signaling complexes in neurons
Authors: Calin‐Jageman Irina , Lee Amy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCav1 L‐type Ca2+ channels play crucial and diverse roles in the nervous system. The pre‐ and post‐synaptic functions of Cav1 channels not only depend on their intrinsic biophysical properties but also their dynamic regulation by a host of cellular influences. These include protein kinases and phosphatases, G‐protein coupled receptors, scaffolding proteins, and Ca2+‐binding proteins. The cytoplasmic domains of the main pore forming α1 subunit of Cav1 offer a number of binding sites for these modulators, permitting fast and localized regulation of Ca2+ entry. Through effects on Cav1 gating, localization, and coupling to effectors, protein modulators are efficiently positioned to adjust Cav1 Ca2+ signals that control neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and gene expression.
A test of a winter farm management option for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from a dairy farm
Authors: Luo J. , Ledgard S. F. , Lindsey S. B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA trial was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the effect of a stand‐off winter stock management system on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a dairy farm in New Zealand. The management system consisted of removing cows from pasture after grazing for 6 h per day and keeping them on a stand‐off pad for the rest of the day during the late autumn/winter seasons in order to reduce soil physical damage because of grazing on wet soils. The N2O emissions were measured on pasture that was grazed either for all day or for 6 h. The N2O emissions from the stand‐off pad were also measured. A closed chamber technique was used for measuring N2O fluxes. The New Zealand International Panel for Climate Change inventory methodology was used to calculate annual N2O emissions from land application of farm effluent, leached and volatilized N. Significantly lower (P < 0.05) N2O emission rates were found when the stand‐off grazed pasture was compared to the control in the winter seasons when soil was wet. Total N2O emission rates measured over one grazing interval in the late autumn/winter (May–August) in 2004 were 2.72 and 1.21 kg N2O‐N/ha for the control and the stand‐off grazed pastures, respectively. The respective emissions in 2005 were 0.97 and 0.22 kg N2O‐N/ha. When all possible sources contributing to emissions of N2O (both measured and calculated from the non‐measured sources) were included, total annual emissions of 7.7 and 7.0 kg N2O‐N per hectare of grazed pasture in the control and stand‐off treatments, respectively, were estimated. These results suggest that the use of stand‐off pads as a management practice during the wet seasons can be effective at reducing N2O emissions from dairy farm systems.
Epilepsy surgery in patients with normal or nonfocal MRI scans: Integrative strategies offer long‐term seizure relief
Authors: Jayakar Prasanna , Dunoyer Catalina , Dean Pat , Ragheb John , Resnick Trevor , Morrison Glenn , Bhatia Sanjiv , Duchowny Michael 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPurpose:Excisional surgery achieves seizure freedom in a large proportion of children with intractable lesional epilepsy, but the outcome for children without a focal lesion on MRI is less clear. We report the outcome of a cohort predominantly of children with nonlesional intractable partial epilepsy undergoing resective surgery.Methods:We studied 102 patients with nonlesional intractable partial epilepsy who underwent excisional surgery. The epileptogenic region was identified by integrating clinical exam and video‐EEG data complemented by ictal SPECT (n = 40), PET (n = 10), extraoperative subdural monitoring (n = 80), and electrocorticography (n = 22). All patients had follow‐up greater than 2 years, 76 patients had 5‐year follow‐up, and 43 patients had 10‐year follow‐up.Results:A total of 66 resections were unilobar; 36 were multilobar. One patient died of causes unrelated to seizures or surgery. At 2‐year follow‐up, 44 of 101 patients were seizure‐free, 15 experienced >90% reduction, 17 had >50% reduction, and 25 were unchanged. At 5‐year follow‐up, 35 of 76 patients were seizure‐free, 12 experienced >90% reduction, 12 had >50% reduction, and 17 were unchanged. At 10‐year follow‐up, 16 of 43 patients were seizure‐free, 13 experienced >90% reduction, 7 had >50% reduction, and 7 were unchanged.Outcomes correlated with the presence of convergent focal interictal spikes (p < 0.005) on the scalp EEG and completeness of resection (p < 0.0005).Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that excisional surgery is successful in the majority of children with nonlesional partial epilepsy. A multimodal integrative approach can minimize the size of resection and alleviate the need for invasive EEG monitoring. Focal interictal spikes and completeness of resection predict good outcome. The benefits of surgery are long‐lasting.
Hospital and Demographic Influences on the Disposition of Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Coben Jeffrey H. , Owens Pamela L. , Steiner Claudia A. , Crocco Todd J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectives:  There is substantial variation in the emergency department (ED) disposition of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA), and the factors responsible for this variation have not been determined. In this study, the authors examined the influence of clinical, sociodemographic, and hospital characteristics on ED disposition.Methods:  All ED‐treated TIA cases from community hospitals in 11 states were identified from the 2002 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Using the aggregate data, descriptive analyses compared admitted and discharged cases. Pearson’s chi‐square test was used to determine the statistical significance of these comparisons. Based on the results of the bivariate analyses, logistic regression models of the likelihood of hospital admission were derived, using a stepwise selection process. Adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from the logistic regression models.Results:  A total of 34,843 cases were identified in the 11 states, with 53% of cases admitted to the hospital. In logistic regression models, differences in admission status were found to be strongly associated with clinical characteristics such as age and comorbidities. After controlling for comorbidities, differences in admission status were also found to be associated to hospital type and with sociodemographic characteristics, including county of residence and insurance status.Conclusions:  While clinical factors predictably and appropriately impact the ED disposition of patients diagnosed with TIA, several nonclinical factors are also associated with differences in disposition. Additional research is needed to better understand the basis for these disparities and their potential impact on patient outcomes.
Nurse‐led prostate assessment clinics – are they fit for purpose?
Authors: Pisipati Sailaja , Bromage Stephen J , Fraser Kate , Dickens Joanne , Ladds Thomas , Pearce Ian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNurse‐led prostate assessment clinics (PACs) have been shown to be both cost‐effective and reduce the workload of urologists. We set out to determine how closely guidelines were adhered to in our PAC and whether the outcomes of these clinics, as determined by set protocols, were producing effective management strategies. The notes of 100 consecutive patients who attended the PAC at a single institution were retrospectively analysed. The presenting symptoms, examination findings, investigations performed and their results were documented, and the consultation outcome was recorded. In particular, we assessed whether the guidelines for investigations and management were followed and whether there were any changes in these following consultant review. Of the 100 patients (mean age 67 years), 79 were referred from primary care. The most common presenting symptoms were frequency and nocturia. Ninety‐two per cent of patients were appropriately assigned to the PAC. Eighty‐two per cent had a complete assessment according to the clinic guidelines. Patient management was appropriate and based on clinic guidelines in 81%. Following consultant review, 78% had no change in their management, while 26% were discharged. Nurse‐led PACs are fit for purpose. Guidelines for assessment and management are closely followed with minimal changes to treatment at consultant review.