bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of finasteride (proscar®), a 5α reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5α reductase inhibition
Authors: Rhodes Linda , Primka Raymond L. , Berman Charles , Vergult Gerard , Gabriel Munir , Pierre‐Malice Marie , Gibelin Bruno 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman prostate was used as a source of 5α reductase. Compounds were incubated with an enzyme preparation and [3H]testosterone. [3H]‐dihydrotestosterone production was measured to calculate 5ã reductase activity. IC50 values (ng/ml) were finasteride = 1; Permixon = 5,600; Talso = 7,000; Strogen Forte = 31,000; Prostagutt = 40,000; and Tadenan = 63,000. Bazoton and Harzol had no activity at concentrations up to 500,000 ng/ml. In castrate rats stimulated with testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), finasteride, but not Permixon or Bazoton, inhibited T stimulated prostate growth, while none of the three compounds inhibited DHT stimulated growth. These results demonstrate that finasteride inhibits 5α reductase, while Permixon and Bazoton have neither anti‐androgen nor 5α reductase inhibitory activity. In addition, in a 7 day human clinical trial, finasteride, but not Permixon or placebo, decreased serum DHT in men, further confirming the lack of 5α reductase inhibition by Permixon. Finasteride and the plant extracts listed above do not inhibit the binding of DHT to the rat prostatic androgen receptor (concentrations to 100 μg/ml). Based on these results, it is unlikely that these plant extracts would shrink the prostate by inhibiting androgen action or 5α reductase. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐affinity L‐aspartate transporter in prostate epithelial cells that is regulated by testosterone
Authors: Lao Lixing , Franklin Renty B. , Costello L. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe prostate gland produces and secretes extraordinarily high levels of citrate. Studies with rat ventral prostate (VP) have demonstrated that aspartate can serve as a four‐carbon source of oxalacetate in the synthesis of citrate. To achieve this, prostate secretory epithelial cells must contain a transport system for the active uptake of aspartate from circulation. The present studies with VP epithelial cells confirm the existence of a Na+ ‐dependent high‐affinity L‐aspartate transporter. The transporter has an optimal pH ≈ 7.5 and is temperature dependent. It appears to be an anionic amino acid transporter capable of transporting L‐glutamate but not basic or neutral amino acids. The transporter is inhibited by ATPase inhibitors, thereby indicating its dependency on a Na+ gradient. The characteristics of the high‐affinity L‐aspartate transporter are consistent with its operation at the basilar membrane for the transport of circulating aspartate into the cell.Castration (24 hr) resulted in a significant decrease‐ in the ability of VP epithelial cells to transport L‐aspartate. The administration of testosterone to castrated rats completely restored L‐aspartate transport. In addition, in vitro testosterone addition (10−8 M for 30 min) to isolated prostate epithelial cells markedly increased L‐aspartate transport. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin inhibited the testosterone effect. The studies reveal that testosterone is a regulator of this Na+ ‐dependent high‐affinity L‐aspartate transporter. The mechanism of this testosterone effect appears to involve both RNA and protein synthesis. We now have a model system to elucidate this novel effect of testosterone. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of danazol on DNA synthesis in rat prostate
Authors: Sakamoto Shinobu , Mori Takao , Sawaki Keiko , Sassa Shuji , Suzuki Satoe , Sugiura Yoshie , Kudo Hideki , Kasahara Noriyuki , Nagasawa Hiroshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffects of danazol, an isoxazol derivative of the synthetic steroid 17α‐ethinyltestosterone, on activities of thymidylate synthetase and thymidine kinase, which are the DNA‐synthesizing enzymes included in de novo and salvage pathways of pyrimidine metabolism, respectively, were investigated in rat prostate. Danazol markedly reduced plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and organ weight, both enzyme activities and bro‐modeoxyuridine‐immunoreactive cells which were regarded as the S‐phase cells in prostate. These results indicate that danazol shows a property as a potent antigonadotropin. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a role for transrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate in the treatment of abacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia?
Authors: Montorsi Francesco , Guazzoni Giorgio , Bergamaschi Franco , Galli Laura , Consonni Paolo , Matozzo Vincenzo , Barbieri Luigi , Rigatti Patrizio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate was administered to 54 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis or prostatodynia, who failed to respond to several courses of conventional therapies. Hyperthermia was delivered in 60‐min long sessions with three randomly chosen regimens (1 session / week for 4 weeks; 1 session / week for 6 weeks; 2 sessions / week for 3 weeks). A prostatic temperature of 42.5 ± 0.5°C was maintained throughout the entire duration of each session. Patients were assessed pre‐ and postopera‐tively by scoring of subjective symptoms, uroflowmetry with flow nomograms, determination of residual urine volume, and transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate. At the long‐term follow‐up, the subjective symptom score was significantly improved in all patients. Fifty percent of the patients also reported an improvement of life quality, 47. reported their condition unchanged, and 3% reported deterioration, despite therapy. Urodynamic parameters improved but did not reach statistical significance. No major complications were encountered. Our preliminary data indicate that transrectal microwave hyperthermia of the prostate is a safe therapy that can be beneficial as a second line treatment in selected patients with recurring symptoms of abacterial prostatitis or prostatodynia, which do not respond to medical therapy. © 1993 Wilcy‐Liss. Inc.
Measurement of cellular proliferation in human prostate by AgNOR, PCNA, and SPF
Authors: Sakr Wael A. , Sarkar Fazlul H. , Sreepathi Prabhakar , Drozdowicz Scot , Crissman John D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTumor differentiation and proliferative activity are important predictors of biological behavior. While routine histological evaluation is fairly adequate to assess differentiation, tumor proliferative activity is difficult to measure. Silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) is reported to be helpful for assessing tumor proliferation. We investigated the AgNOR counts in 20 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human prostate tissues in three microscopic fields of 330X, using an image analysis system. A total of 200–700 nuclei were evaluated on histologically controlled areas of nonneoplastic prostate tissue, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and invasive carcinoma. The values were compared to flow cytometrically obtained synthesis phase fractions (SPF) and immunohis‐tochemically semi‐quantitated, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) patterns. AgNOR counts were also compared to tumor stage and Gleason's score.The pattern of PCNA staining in formalin fixed specimens was widely variable, probably due to differences in preservation of antigen. The positive counts varied from 0 to 55%, with a mean value of 8.55 ± 15.9. The SPF values ranged from 5 to 13% with a mean value of 8.50 ± 2.37. Two of 20 tumors were aneuploid and 18 were of diploid range. The mean AgNOR values in nonneoplastic nuclei (1.836 ± 0.299), PIN (3.129 ± 0.295), and invasive tumor cell nuclei (4.737 ± 0.369) were highly significant (P < 0.0001) when paired differences were compared. AgNOR counts correlated significantly with tumor Gleason's score (P < 0.0145). However, the correlation coefficient for SPF and AgNOR values was not significant (P > 0.24), possibly because of the small number of samples examined. The highest AgNOR counts were found in the two aneuploid tumors. We conclude that AgNOR count may be a potential indicator of cellular proliferation, and possibly a marker of tumor differentiation. © 1993 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of transforming growth factor β1 and other growth factors on basic fibroblast growth factor level and proliferation of cultured human prostate‐derived fibroblasts
Authors: Story Michael T. , Hopp Kathleen A. , Meier Daniel A. , Begun Frank P. , Lawson Russell K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBasic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been identified in the human prostate. The level of bFGF has been reported to be elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), compared with normal prostate, suggesting that the growth factor may play a role in this disease of the prostate. Basic FGF is a mitogen for cultured human prostate‐derived fibroblasts (PF). PF also synthesize bFGF, suggesting that growth regulation of these cells may be under autocrine control. The current study was undertaken to identify factors that affect PF proliferation and bFGF expression. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) inhibited PF proliferation. The inhibition by TGF‐β1 was partially overcome by bFGF but not by epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin‐like growth factor type 1 (IGF‐1), or insulin. Incubation of PF with TGF‐β1 increased bFGF mRNA and immunoreactive bFGF levels in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. None of the other growth factor studies affected bFGF levels. PF were also found to express TGF‐β1 mRNA, the level of which was increased two‐ to fivefold by TGF‐β1. These observations suggest that PF proliferation is controlled by the interaction of two different growth factors. It is possible that bFGF/TGF‐β imbalance in favor of cell proliferation promotes prostatic stromal hyperplasia. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Modified apical dissection for early continence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Klein Eric A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA prospective evaluation of urinary continence in 83 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy using a modified apical urethral dissection is described. Using this technique, complete continence has been achieved in 88%, with stress incontinence in 11% and total incontinence in 1%. Continence was achieved in less than 1 week to a maximum of 16 weeks, with 17% dry during the first week, 53% dry by 6 weeks, and 81% by 3 months. Median time to continence was 5 weeks. Median age of the continent patients was significantly lower than that of incontinent patients. Neither the number of neurovascular bundles resected, the need to reconstruct the vesical neck, nor the number of anastomotic sutures used affected the rate of continence. The described technique, which incorporates the fascia posterior to the urethra into the vesicourethral anastomosis, results in earlier continence after radical prostatectomy, and thereby lessens the morbidity of this procedure. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonic diagnosis of 3,2′‐dimethyl‐4‐aminobiphenyl induced tumors in the urogenital organs of F344 rats
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Tamura Yoshimi , Takezawa Yutaka , Mashimo Tooru , Imai Kyoichi , Yuasa Hisako , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Shirai Tomoyuki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe usefulness of transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of 3,2′‐dimethyl‐4‐aminobiphenyl‐ and testosterone propionate‐induced tumors of the urogenital organs was evaluated in F344 rats. Seven mass lesions (1 ventral prostate, 1 dorsolateral prostate, 3 seminal vesicles, and 1 kidney) in the urogenital organs could easily be diagnosed concerning size and localization by ultrasound. Histological examination revealed a lesion in the ventral prostate to be an abscess and the other tumors to be malignant. Three hydronephroses by tumor invasion to the ureter, and six tumors in organs other than the urogenital organs could be detected by ultrasound. The threshold of malignant tumor detection by ultrasound was 7 mm in actual length. The size of the mass lesion estimated by ultrasound correlated well with the direct measurement (r = 0.96). Transabdominal ultrasonography is useful for diagnosing the localization of experimental tumors and accurately measuring their size in the urogenital organs of rats. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor I: Action and receptor characterization in human prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Iwamura Masatsugu , Sluss Patrick M. , Casamento Jeffrey B. , Cockett Abraham T. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in the growth and development of prostate cancer was studied using established human prostate cancer cell lines. Under steroid and growth factor‐free culture conditions, IGF‐I significantly stimulated the androgen‐independent cell lines PC‐3 and DU‐145 to incorporate [3H]thymidine into DNA, while the androgen‐dependent cell line, LNCaP, was not affected. However, in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), DNA synthesis of LNCaP cells was stimulated by IGF‐1 in a dose‐dependent manner. None of the cell lines tested secreted an immunoreactive level of IGF‐I into their conditioned medium. Characterization of receptors by ligand binding assays revealed that all prostate cancer cell lines tested express specific binding sites for IGF‐I with similar dissociation constants (0.23–0.39 nM). Crosslinking studies supported the suggestion that 1251‐IGF‐I was bound to a receptor on these cells. The IGF‐I receptor concentrations of androgen‐independent cell lines were significantly higher than those of the androgen‐dependent cell line. Androgen appeared to affect neither the expression of IGF‐1 receptors nor the secretion of IGF‐I. The results suggest that IGF‐I may play an important role in stimulating the growth and progression of prostate cancer. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cigarette smoking: A review of possible associations with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
Authors: Matzkin Haim , Soloway Mark S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are conflicting data on the effect of cigarette smoking on serum levels of the various sex hormones. Some studies suggest that cigarette smoke produces an antiestrogenic effect. Smoking may also affect the metabolism of other sex steroids such as testosterone and adrenal hormones, and thereby influence the incidence of benign and malignant growth of the prostate.Epidemiologic studies analyzing a possible association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer are not conclusive, although some show a positive relationship. The etiology of BPH is undoubtedly multifactorial. Estrogens as well as androgens may be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH. There are several studies that indicate that cigarette smokers have a lower likelihood of requiring surgery for BPH.Growth of the prostate may not correlate with serum levels of androgens and estrogens. The local hormonal milieu of the target cells in the prostate are probably more critical than the more easily measured serum levels. This review examines the literature dealing with cigarette smoking and both BPH and prostate cancer. If there is an effect, then elucidation of the mechanism by which smoking affects the growth of the prostate may improve our understanding of BPH and prostate cancer, and may suggest preventive strategies for high risk groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural study of the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism
Authors: Martinez F. E. , Garcia P. J. , Padovani C. R. , Cagnon V. H. A. , Martinez M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the ventral lobe of the prostate were studied in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Ultrastructural observations on the epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate showed irregularly shaped nuclei with deep infoldings, dilated RER cisternae, and a small number of microvilli covering the cell surface. After 90 and 135 days of alcohol treatment, the epithelial cells showed signs of degeneration. © 1993 wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia on general well‐being of men
Authors: Tsang K. K. , Garraway W. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on the general well‐being of men with this condition. All men aged 40–79 years registered with a group general practice were enumerated. BPH was defined as enlargement of the prostate gland of equivalent weight >20 g in the presence of symptoms of urinary dysfunction and/or a urinary peak flow rate <15 ml/s, without evidence of malignancy. Four hundred and ten men (20% of those who participated) satisfied these criteria. The proportion of men with a negative feeling of well‐being was higher in men with BPH than in men who did not have BPH. The difference was consistent for all aspects of well‐being (anxiety, depression, self‐control, vitality, being worried or being bothered by illness). Men with BPH had a higher level of bothersomeness attributed to urinary symptoms, and more interference in selected daily living activities caused by urinary dysfunction. These were related to worry or concern over urinary function and prostate cancer, together with a higher level of embarrassment caused by urinary dysfunction, compared with men who did not have BPH. Patients' feelings of well‐being should be taken into account in the clinical management of BPH. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunocytochemical analysis of TGFα expression in benign and malignant prostatic tumors
Authors: Harper M. E. , Goddard L. , Glynne‐Jones E. , Wilson D. W. , Price‐Thomas M. , Peeling W. B. , Griffiths K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) expression was analyzed immunocytochemically on formalin‐fixed wax‐embedded sections obtained from 24 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens and 76 prostatic carcinoma tissues, 3 human prostatic tumor xenografts, normal kidney, and salivary gland. Low amounts of TGFα immunopositivity were encountered in the epithelium of BPH glandular tissues, whereas in the prostatic adenocarcinoma samples, a greater heterogeneity and intensity of TGFα immunostaining was observed. The most intense staining was exhibited by the least differentiated tumors, although a few of these were weakly stained. Statistical analysis of the relationship of histopathological grade of tumor with TGFα expression in the carcinomas showed a significant correlation of these parameters, 0.01 > P > 0.001. The expression of the proliferation markers Ki‐67 and PCNA was also analyzed in the carcinoma specimens, and the relationship of these to TGFα expression indicated that there was no significant correlation in this series of tumors between increased growth activity and TGFα expression (p ˜ 0.25 with both markers). The prostatic carcinoma xenografts TEN 12 and TEN 15 contained low levels of immunoreactive TGFα, which was uniformly distributed, whilst heterogeneous immunostaining was observed in the uroepithelial xenograft TEN 16. In the normal human kidney, TGFα was concentrated in the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and the collecting tubules (CT), and lower amounts were identified in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). As in the prostatic carcinomas, the immunostaining was eliminated by prior absorption of the antibody with pure TGFα and not with human or mouse EGF. No crossreactivity of the TGFα antibody with salivary EGF was demonstrated. This study concludes that, in prostate carcinoma, the least differentiated tumors more often expressed greater amounts of immunoreactive TGFα; however, no relationship between TGFα expression and cellular proliferation markers was found. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of long‐term oral testosterone undecanoate treatment on prostate volume and serum prostate‐specific antigen concentration in eugonadal middle‐aged men
Authors: Holmäng Sten , Mårin Per , Lindstedt Göran , Hedelin Hans 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTestosterone undecanoate (160 mg/day) or placebo was given orally in a double‐blind fashion for 8 months to 23 middle‐aged men without urinary tract symptoms. Testosterone was found to increase the mean prostate volume by 12% (P < .012). The treatment suppressed the serum concentrations of sex‐hormone‐binding globulin and follicle stimulating hormone. The observed decrease in the mean serum concentration of luteinizing hormone was not statistically significant. The serum concentrations of prostate‐specific antigen did not change as measured by two different well‐validated immunometric assays. No changes in micturition habits or urine flow charts were reported. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacterial localization in antibiotic‐refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis , Costerton J. William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChronic bacterial prostatitis, that has become resistant to antibiotic therapy, remains a frustrating clinical entity for both clinicians and patients. Twenty men with a history of documented bacterial prostatitis, that had become resistant to appropriate antibiotic therapy, were studied in an attempt to determine where the bacteria had become localized, and possibly explain their survival in a relative bactericidal environment. The antibiotics were discontinued for 4 weeks, and cultures of the expressed prostatic secretions, tissue biopsies, histology, and ultrastructure were correlated. Twelve (60%) of the tissue biopsies cultured presumed pathogens. In six of the tissue‐positive cases, the expressed prostatic secretion was negative. Specific electron micrographs demonstrate exopolysaccharide coated micro‐colonies of bacteria firmly attached to the ductal and acinar walls. This mode of growth helps explain some of our difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of LHRH analog on the seminal vesicles evaluated by transrectal sonography
Authors: Terasaki Toyohiro , Kojima Munekado , Kamoi Kazumi , Naya Yoshio , Ohe Hiroshi , Watanabe Hiroki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe maximum horizontal area (MHA) of the seminal vesicles was measured in 20 prostatic cancer patients by means of transrectal sonography (TRS) after LHRH analog treatment. MHA of the seminal vesicles changed in parallel to the serum testosterone (T) level and decreased by 11–62%, compared with the baseline after LHRH analog treatment for 4 months. Two different patterns were observed for the change of MHA. In 9 cases, MHA of the seminal vesicles increased transiently and then decreased gradually, while in the other 11 cases, MHA decreased continuously from the beginning with no significant increase. Thus, the direct and dynamic response of the seminal vesicles to the change of serum T level was clarified. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of prostatic TRH‐like peptides differs between species and between malignant and nonmalignant tissues
Authors: Gkonos Peter J. , Kwok Chuen K. , Block Norman L. , Roos Bernard A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive peptides (iTRH) were analyzed in normal rat and rabbit prostates and in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Peptides were extracted from tissues, fractionated by anion and cation exchange chromatography, and analyzed by TRH radioimmunoassay. pGlu‐Glu‐Pro‐NH2 predominated in rabbit, but accounted for only 10–15% of iTRH in rat and human BPH. Uncharged peptides predominated in rat and human prostate. Authentic TRH (pGlu‐His‐Pro‐NH2) is not present in rabbit prostate, but may account for up to 25% of iTRH in rat and human prostate. iTRH was virtually absent in prostate cancer. These results demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in the expression of TRH‐like peptides in the prostates of various animal species, and suggest decreased expression of these peptides in prostate cancer. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America
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