bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The general introduction explains the methodology of the book, which is that a study of Aristotle’s ethics requires a background in moral psychology, to be obtained from his works on psychology, biology and epistemology. The communication between parts of the soul in book 1 of the Nicomachean Ethics is introduced and the contents of the book’s chapters are summarised.
Peculiarly Human Psychology
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is argued that the rational part of the soul and the non-rational part of the soul influence each other by coexisting in the human soul. Their reciprocal influence explains Aristotle’s account of the peculiarity of human psychology. Human cognition is related to non-human animal cognition and divine cognition, but differs from both because it requires the cooperation between rational and non-rational cognition and desires. An outline of this cooperation uncovers unexplored ways in which rational and non-rational cognition and desire influence one another. These include attention, the capacity of the rational part to manipulate the non-rational part, and the capacity to exercise phantasia for speculation and creativity.
Practical Excellence
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Phronēsis is a peculiar practical excellence in that it must be authoritative and persuasive and control both desires and actions. In order to be persuasive, phronēsis needs to go beyond grasping the truth about the human good. It must be effective in directing attention and it must produce explanations suitable for the persuasion of the non-rational part of the soul. Furthermore, the persuasive function of phronēsis is hindered if the non-rational part is not virtuous, i.e. if it is not an excellent listener. This explains why, for Aristotle, phronēsis and character virtue are distinct but interdependent.
In Conclusion
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One final objection to reparations must be faced: it is all very well to press the case for reparations for the Caribbean, so it is said, but there could be many other claims made against the UK with its long and troubled colonial engagements. The UK couldn’t possible settle all such claims without being bankrupted. The advocate of reparations, used to being told that the case for reparations is without merit, may be pleased to have reached the point where the objection is not that the claim is bad, but that there are too many good ones. The answer to this point, however, is to recognize that wrongs come in many shapes and sizes, but that though there may be wider call for recompense and reparations, the wrongs of transatlantic slavery demand our attention first of all. This is not just because the claim has been articulated by CARICOM, but because of the extent and character of the wrongs which were done and because of the continuing legacy of those wrongs for present generations in the Caribbean.
Image-Based Evidence as a Method of Proof
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of counsel weaving visual evidence into the trial narrative so that they can present their case to the court in a more compelling and impactful manner. While eyewitness testimony will remain an essential element in the cases for the prosecution and defence, well-documented frailties that are associated with the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of memory frequently make this evidence unreliable. Evidence that has visual form is more effectively integrated and remembered compared to pure testimonial evidence. Film, photographs, video recordings, satellite images, and other digital images can deliver content more holistically than words could ever achieve. This chapter looks at the incorporation of image-based evidence into trial narratives for proof purposes and draws upon examples ranging from the Nuremberg trial to the ad hoc tribunals to the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Selectivity and Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter posits that images are not merely discoverable, they are in fact created by interested parties. The proliferation of smartphones has resulted in the recording of images by a broad array of photographers, some of whom strive to be objective documentarians, while others actively engage in misinformation and disinformation campaigns. All photographers make choices of what to include and exclude in their memorialization, thus influencing the truth they present to others. Bearing witness through photography is impacted by motivational and cognitive biases which can skew the images presented for consideration. Even body worn cameras allow for skewed visual documentation of a recorded event. This chapter examines the selectivity that is involved in the recording and editing of images and their submission for consideration by investigators. It also explores the impact of agendas and biases of counsel when determining what image-based evidence will be incorporated into the trial narrative.
The Authentication of Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the biggest challenges with image-based evidence is authentication. Video recordings and photographs emanate from a broad array of sources, some of whom are known and reliable while others are anonymous and of questionable provenance. This chapter explores the challenges to truth discovery that exist given the prevalence of image alteration, deepfakes, and the unregulated nature of social media and other open source sites. When original digital images are available for expert examination, integrity verification techniques such as metadata analysis, digital signatures, and watermarks can be utilized to assess the soundness of those images and subsequent iterations. When the original images are not available, other forgery detection techniques must be relied upon. This chapter examines the necessity for and challenges with image authentication. It also examines the statutory and case law on authentication and proposes a new approach to authentication in international criminal prosecutions.
Conclusions: Charting a Path Forward
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides substantive guidance and recommendations for the use of image-based evidence in international criminal prosecutions. Topics covered include constructing a trial narrative, assessing the sources of image-based evidence using a spectrum approach, accounting for agendas and biases in the creation of images, and image authentication. Recommendations are also made on assessing the meaning and reliability of images, the use of forensic imagery experts, advanced visual representations, and improving the visual literacy of counsel and the court. This chapter explores the value and challenges of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) establishing its own secure method of acquiring, assessing, and archiving image-based evidence submitted by individuals and organizations other than OTP investigators, and the need to incorporate artificial intelligence and machine learning into this process. Significantly, it argues that the use of image-based evidence in international criminal prosecutions is at a tipping point and more must be done to maximize this evidential resource.
Introduction
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses a case of monetary crime to introduce the main topic of the book. It outlines to what extent parameters that shaped premodern monetary policy differed from those relevant today and explains why both the problems that actors faced and the solutions they found only superficially resembled their modern counterparts. The chapter also outlines where similarities existed (the trade-off between the joining a monetary union and maintaining monetary autonomy, the rules needed to stabilize monetary unions, the multilateral political system within whose framework both a common currency such as the Euro and the Holy Roman Empire’s common currency emerged). It provides a brief outline of the structure of the book and discusses how place names, personal names, the value of sums of money mentioned in the book, and units of measurement are being treated.
The Rhine gold
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines why the Rhineland was particularly rich in gold and why the princes whose lands straddled the river had better access to that metal than others. Again, the core issue is how the uneven availability of bullion affected the monetary-policy outlook of the imperial estates. The chapter begins by tracing the trans-Saharan gold trade to the Mediterranean. It also tells how Portuguese opened up further sources of African gold and assesses the importance of gold mining in Spanish America. Because in the fifteenth century the Rhine developed into the most important transcontinental trade route of Europe, the princes who controlled the river were particularly rich in gold. The chapter tells how the representatives of Charles V derailed the negotiations about the common currency by suggesting that debtors should be forced to accept silver in place of the gold in which debts were typically denominated. Most princes enthusiastically accepted this idea because the growth in the supply of silver in the Empire drove up the value of gold, making servicing their debts more difficult. The Rhineland princes, by contrast, who were collecting their river tolls in gold, benefited from the increasing value of that metal and opposed the suggestion. The chapter closes by describing why their representatives at the imperial diet of 1550–1 still agreed to the common currency and how the diet ordered Charles V to publish a common currency bill and to implement the new monetary system.
The Indian Air Force
Authors: Bhatia Rahul , Mehta Shibani 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the oldest independent air forces, the Indian Air Force (IAF), has engaged in a variety of conflicts, from high-end, regular conventional warfare during World War II to counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in recent international conflicts. It operates first-rate equipment and shows determination to build its global reach and status. The aim of this chapter is to analyse IAF as an effective fighting force by examining its foundation and stated role, its performance in conflict, force structure, and acquisition programme. The chapter addresses the key question of whether the IAF’s capacity is sufficient when facing the security challenges posed by its main adversaries and contemplates possible reforms.
The Police in India
Authors: Mangla Akshay , Kapoor Vineet 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
India’s police are entrusted with maintaining public order and enforcing the law. From recording citizen complaints to investigating crimes, the police are essential to internal security and the functioning of the criminal justice system. How police agencies negotiate these multiple mandates has consequences not only for security provision, but also for social welfare and citizen trust in the state. This chapter presents an analytical appraisal of India’s state police agencies and their role in preserving India’s internal security. It explores the evolving organizational mandate and objectives of state police forces in India, from the colonial era through the post-independence period. It also examines the formal institutional design of police agencies, focusing on organizational hierarchy and internal procedures as well as administrative capacity and human resources. The chapter then explores the interplay between formal structures and the informal institutions of policing, including police organizational culture and norms. It concludes by analysing policy reform proposals that have arisen alongside the practical realities of resource constraints and growing societal demands.
Lectures on Analytical Mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book was written by working physicists for students and teachers of physics faculties of universities. It is based on the authors’ many years (140+ in total) of experience delivering lectures and seminars at the Faculty of Physics at Novosibirsk State University. The authors present analytical mechanics as the first part in the study of theoretical physics. Its methods and ideas are crucially important, as they form the basis of all other branches of theoretical physics, including quantum mechanics, statistical physics, and field theory. Such concepts as the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, normal oscillations, adiabatic invariants, Liouville theorem, and canonical transformations lay the foundation, without which any further in-deep study of theoretical physics would be impossible. The book begins by discussing the motion of particles in a central field and scattering of particles based on Newton’s equations. It then introduces and explores the Lagrangian equations for various systems, linear and non-linear oscillations, the Hamiltonian formalism, and the motion of a rigid body. Each topic is accompanied by problems that are suitable for seminars and testing. This edition includes about ten new sections, which provide practical illustrations of the theoretical material. These sections can be used by teachers as a basis for conducting a specialized course, or by curious students who wish to explore different applications of analytical mechanics on their own.
Newton’s mechanics. Central field. Scattering
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the central field, the energy and angular momentum are conserved. This allows us to reduce this problem to a problem of the motion of a particle in an effective one-dimensional field. Here the motion of a particle in a Coulomb field or in the field of the isotropic harmonic oscillation with small perturbations are the most important ones. Then there are differential and total cross section for the scattering of particles by central field, and small angle scattering.
Introduction: Immigration and Identity
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter motivates and explains the central position taken in the book. The chapter starts by recounting the numerous immigration policies around the world that have centered on race, ethnicity, religion, and other identities. It then provides an overview of the book’s approach and argument, based in the principles of “antidiscrimination,” and explains how the book is distinct from other normative work on immigration. As most of the book will be concerned with establishing that states have duties not to exclude on the basis of identity when doing so degrades the excluded group(s), this chapter highlights several reasons why such duties are stressed over duties not to exclude others simply when it contributes to global disadvantages, including economic or material disadvantages. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief summary of each of the book’s subsequent chapters.
The Primary Duties
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of states’ primary antidiscrimination duties, examining when criteria generally violate those duties and when they do not. Determining whether the primary duties are violated in any specific case depends on a variety of both empirical issues and normative judgments concerning historical relations, present social contexts, and immigration rates to the relevant state. Thus, more than providing definitive answers about specific cases, this chapter demonstrates how the conceptual resources provided by the global antidiscrimination approach can effectively assist in thinking through complex immigration cases. Still, there are some important concrete findings of this chapter. One is that not all racial and ethnic criteria violate the primary duties. Another is that, even if a state’s identity criteria selectively exclude globally vulnerable racial or ethnic groups, this does not mean that the state violates its primary duties. This chapter also expands the discussion to other central categories of identity—gender, sex, sexual orientation, and disability—and demonstrates both how these categories of groups clearly have a global social status and why, under the antidiscrimination approach, states’ admission decisions are morally constrained by them. Finally, the chapter discusses how the primary duties are not corrective duties based in past injustices. More generally, the antidiscrimination approach is not a backward-looking framework that aims to repair past wrongs, but one concerned with current (and future) social status.
Polemics versus Apologetics
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Polemics have no inherent and essential link to the topics they address, which can be addressed through other means of communication like apologetics. This chapter presents an ethnography of a controversy about the growing tomb of ustad, an alim, and the resultant conflict between his male children/grandchildren who belong to two different theological streams. On one side are Sunnis who endorse the incident as a karamat (wonder/miracle) and proclaim ustad is a wali who does not respect the boundaries between life and death, and opposing them are the rival Jamaat-e-Islami, who reject the incident as a manipulation of the grave and advance a different definition of a wali as someone who led an exemplary Islamic life. All have tried to establish proximity to him as wali and father through mass publicity, either through a polemical event of rebuttal (organized by the Jamaat kin), or in another way through an apologetic event of prayers and sermons not focused on rejecting the other side’s positions (organized by the Sunni kin). This tension between proximity and distance, or proximity sought to be achieved through distance, is central to understanding the controversy. But there is hardly any theology regarding how decisions to go public with polemics or apologetics are explained. They are the result of wrong or right strategic choices.
The Court of Chancery
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The extraordinary jurisdiction of the Chancery to give remedies in conscience was a source of complaint in parliament in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It withstood those attacks, but it remained controversial whether the ‘English side’ (equitable jurisdiction) of the Chancery was a court of record, what coercive powers it possessed, and in particular how far it could restrain proceedings at law by injunction. Complaints of injunctions were made against Cardinal Wolsey as chancellor (1529), but they were defended by his successor Sir Thomas More (who had signed the complaints) at a dinner with the judges. Further complaints were made against Chancellor Wriothesley (1547) for subverting the common law and introducing Roman law. Much of the chapter is devoted to the dispute whether the Chancery could grant injunctions after judgment given at common law. The judges ruled against it in 1597, but the decision was suppressed and the matter came to a head in 1615–16 in a conflict between Chief Justice Coke and Lord Chancellor Ellesmere. James I settled the dispute in favour of the Chancery by an announcement in the Star Chamber in 1616.
Conciliar courts
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the so-called ‘prerogative courts’ or ‘conciliar courts’, which were associated with the king’s council. They followed a bill-procedure similar to that of the Chancery, without juries, and applied equity. As with the Chancery, their claims to encroach on the common law by granting injunctions, and their use of imprisonment, were constantly challenged. The Star Chamber—the whole council sitting at Westminster, attended by the chief justices—was legally immemorial and beyond such challenges; but its power to enforce a monetary judgment was questioned in 1614, when the judges were overruled by the councillors. The Court of Requests was a more recent offshoot of the council, attended by a sub-group of councillors but making decrees in its own name. Attacks on its jurisdiction, as contrary to Magna Carta, were made as early as 1501 and continued until the seventeenth century. The judges regarded it with disfavour as having no legal basis, but it was protected by the Privy Council and survived until 1641, when conciliar jurisdiction was abolished. The warmest disputes with the judges involved the two provincial councils in the North and in the Marches of Wales, which wielded strong coercive powers under forceful presidents. Although Chief Justice Coke claimed some victories in curbing their powers, they survived until formal abolition. Many of these disputes were fought through the medium of habeas corpus.
Liberty of the person
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The protection of personal liberty is largely the story of chapter 29 of Magna Carta 1225. Although the statute clearly bound the crown, it was a contested question whether the law of the land allowed the king and his council to imprison people without giving reasons. The question was not actively litigated until the Elizabethan period, after which the story is linked with the newly developed writ of habeas corpus. A series of cases established that individual councillors could not commit without cause shown, but the prerogative power of imprisonment was not ended until the Petition of Right 1628. In the seventeenth century the scope of habeas corpus was extended to protect wives, children, and slaves. The common law recognized two categories of unfree persons, namely villeins and religious persons, though both disabilities had in practice disappeared by the seventeenth century. The possibility of owning slaves was discussed in a series of cases between 1687 and 1706, which established that the common law knew no distinction between black men and white men and that no man can have property in another. Other restrictions on liberty are represented by cases on ne exeat regnum, banishment, and the impressment of seamen.
Freedom of trade
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The common law recognized freedom of trade to the extent of invalidating contracts in restraint of trade, and freedom of movement was granted to merchants by Magna Carta. But there were attempts by the crown in the Tudor and Stuart periods to restrict freedom of trade by prerogative action in favour of privileged institutions, such as a town, a guild, a trading company, or individual persons. The most controversial device was the patent of monopoly, which became a common means of raising revenue in the sixteenth century. Monopolies were regarded as legitimate if they encouraged the importation of new inventions, but not if they restricted existing trades. This principle was confirmed by a decision of 1603 to overturn a monopoly in playing-cards, and statutory limits were imposed in 1623. De facto monopolies, such as engrossing, were subject to similar objections and controls. There was also repeated litigation over the legality of bye-laws, made under royal charters, which restricted the exercise of particular trades in towns. The courts drew a distinction between bye-laws which controlled open trades in the public interest, for instance by imposing standards, and those which merely benefited individuals at the expense of the public or of tradesmen who were excluded.