bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mössbauer and X-ray data on β-FeOOH (akaganéite)
Authors: Murad E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstractβ-FeOOH (akaganéite) was prepared by slow hydrolysis of an FeCl3 solution. X-ray diffraction measurements gave refined unit-cell parameters of a=10·535 Å, c=3·030 Å.Two doublets with δ(Fe)=0·39, ΔEQ=0·95, and δ=0·38, ΔEQ=0·55 mm s−1, respectively, can be fitted to the Mössbauer spectrum taken at room temperature.Magnetically split Mössbauer spectra were registered at 135 and 4°K. These can be resolved into at least three superimposed sextets, corresponding to different Fe3+ sites in the β-FeOOH structure. At 4°K a three sextet model gives parameters of δ=0·36, ΔEQ=0·90, Hi=473; δ=0·35, ΔEQ=0·30, Hi=479; and δ=0·37, ΔEQ=−0·05 mm s−1, Hi=486kOe, respectively.The complexity of the Mössbauer spectra of β-FeOOH limits the usefulness of this method as a tool for the identification of akaganéite in composite natural samples.
Interaccion de isocianatos con sepiolita
Authors: Fernandez Hernandez M. N. , Ruiz Hitzky E. 
Published: December 2006

ResumenSe estudia la interacción del isocianato de butilo y del isocianato de fenilo con sepiolita, utilizando las técnicas de espectroscopía IR y anáilisis químico. En determinadas condiciones experimentales se produce un injerto de grupos orgánicos sobre la superficie mineral por formación de enlaces tipo uretano ≡ Si-O-CO-NH-R. Se ha puesto de manifiesto que el agua adsorbida sobre la superficie mineral, tiende a formar ureas simétricamente disustituídas como sub-producto de la reacción.
Adsorption and oxidation of aniline and p-chloroaniline by montmorillonite
Authors: Cloos P. , Moreale A. , Broers C. , Badot C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of aniline (ANL) and p-chloroaniline (PCA) from 0·02 M methanol and chloroform solution on air-dried montmorillonite is determined by the conjunction of several factors: (i) basicity of the solute, (ii) complexing ability, Brönsted and Lewis acidity of the exchangeable cation, (iii) polarity and Lewis basicity of the solvent. The principal adsorption mechanisms, inferred from infrared data, are direct or indirect coordination and protonation of the adsorbate. They take place simultaneously and to a relative extent depending mainly on the exchange cation.On Fe-, Al- and H(Al)-montmorillonite ANL and PCA give rise to type II complexes, characterised by an intense charge-transfer band in the infrared region and by the formation of radical cations, evidenced by ESR spectroscopy. This oxidation process occurs on heating in air, but with Fe3+ in vacuo also and even at ambient temperature in methanol solution. On Cu-montmorillonite ANL, contrary to PCA, does not give a type II complex; however, radical species are produced in air and in vacuo and their production is enhanced by heating.
Iron-bearing kaolinite in Venezuelan laterites: I. Infrared spectroscopy and chemical dissolution evidence
Authors: Mendelovici E. , Yariv Sh. , Villalba R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFe substitution for Al in kaolinite (from Venezuelan laterites) is proved by infrared spectroscopy and chemical techniques. The location of Fe in the octahedral sheet is characterized by two absorption bands, at 865–875 and 3607 cm−1, assigned as δ Al-OH-Fe and v OH respectively. The detection of the 865 cm−1 band requires the use of CsCl for the preparation of the disks heated to 270°C so that the clay delaminates as a result of a kaolinite-CsCl-H2O complex formation. The 3607 cm−1 absorption is detected when KI disks are prepared. These two characteristic frequencies persist after either thermal decomposition or selective chemical dissolution of free iron and aluminium hydroxides.Selective chemical dissolutions by consecutive treatments for; (1) the removal of free iron oxides, (2) gibbsite removal and (3) extractions of Fe and Al from kaolinite, give additional evidence about the occurrence of this solid solution.
Magnesium-ferric iron replacement in smectite during aeration of pyritic sediments
Authors: van Breemen N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemical and mineralogical data on Holocene coastal plain soils from Thailand suggest that during formation of pyrite in tidal swamps Fe(III) is extracted from smectite and replaced by Mg. During drainage of these sediments pyrite oxidizes and the reaction is reversed. Replacing Fe(III) by Mg in clay minerals stores alkalinity that can neutralize three-quarters of the acidity released during oxidation of pyrite, and thus lowers the potential acidity of pyritic sediments. Possible causes for variation in the amounts of Mg taken up during pyrite formation are discussed.
Montmorillonite-asulam interactions: I. Catalytic decomposition of asulam adsorbed on H- and Al-Clay
Authors: Fusi P. , Ristori G. G. , Malquori A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of the Asulam herbicide (4-aminobenzensulphonyl-methyl-carbamate) by Al- and H-montmorillonite has been studied by IR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography and chemical analysis. This compound is adsorbed from CCl4solution at room temperature through protonation of the NH2functional group by the ‘acidic’ water coordinated to the interlayer cation of the clay. After heating the complex at 75°C for 20 h, a hydrogen-bond between the C=O group of the Asulam and the water is established and the organic molecule decomposes to sulphanilic and carbamic acids. If the complex is equilibrated at 100% relative humidity, the carbamic acid becomes unstable, and the IR spectrum shows only the bands typical of the acidic montmorillonite-sulphanilic acid complex. The catalytic properties of the clay surface are demonstrated by comparison with the transformations occuring in the organic molecule on heating in concentrated mineral acids.
Clay mineralogy of a sequence of andesitic tephra beds of western Taranaki, New Zealand
Authors: Kirkman J. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of a sequence of 36 andesitic tephra and associated paleosols dating from 320 to > 100,000 years BP has been studied using XRD, IR, DTA and TEM techniques. The mineralogy and weathering sequence is compared with that of rhyolitic tephra of central North Island, New Zealand.
X-ray photoelectron studies of titanium in biotite and phlogopite
Authors: Evans S. , Raftery E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractX-ray photoelectron diffraction data from single crystals of a biotite containing ∼1% Ti show that although this element is located entirely in octahedral sites, the Ti sites are not precisely equivalent to those of Mg and Fe. Comparisons of Ti 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra from two biotites and from two titaniferous phlogopites (∼0·3–·5% Ti) with those from Ti(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV) oxides indicate that this element is present as Ti(III) rather than Ti(IV) in all four micas.
Adsorption of alcohols by smectites: II. Role of the exchangeable cations
Authors: Annabi-Bergaya F. , Cruz M. I. , Gatineau L. , Fripiat J. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCalculations previously used to distinguish between methanol adsorbed in micropores between clay microcrystals (external) and that present in the interlamellar space (internal) of variable charge Ca-montmorillonites have been extended to homoionic Li-, Na- and Bamontmorillonites. It is shown that both the shape and the magnitude of the internal isotherms are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction data. Furthermore, the apparent molecular packing of methanol in the interlamellar space is related specifically to the nature of the charge balancing cation.
Adsorption of alcohols by smectites: III. Nature of the bonds
Authors: Annabi-Bergaya F. , Cruz M. I. , Gatineau L. , Fripiat J. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn previous papers of this series it was shown that it is possible to determine both the amount of methanol adsorbed in the interlamellar space of charge-deficient Ca-montmorillonite or of homoionic clays and the amount of methanol occluded in a system of micropores between clay particles. This paper deals with the distinction between methanol molecules in the cation coordination shell within the interlamellar space from those not directly influenced by the cation. An OH stretching band at about 3520 cm−1 or an OD stretching band in the 2600–2650 cm−1 region permits this distinction. At 35°C and at relative methanol vapour pressures between 0·1 and 0·9, one molecule of CH3OD is influenced directly by Na+, 2 molecules are influenced by Ba2+, 1·3–1·8 molecules by Li and 4 molecules by Ca2+. Thus, only 20–50% of the adsorbed alcohol molecules may be within the coordination shell of the cation in the interlamellar space.
Pedogenetischer Palygorskit in einem Lössprofil bei Stillfried an der March (Niederösterreich)
Authors: Schwaighofer B. 
Published: December 2006

KurzreferatIm klassischen Lössprofil von Stillfried an der March wurden in der oberen Humuszone des Stillfrieder Komplexes Mineralbestand und Mikrogefüge mittels Röntgendiffraktometeranalyse und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie untersucht. In der Schluffund Tonfraktion fand sich neben anderen Tonmineralen Palygorskit, der vor allem in Form feinstrukturierter Mineralanhäufungen über Karbonatknollen auftritt.Die charakteristische Morphologie der dünnstengeligen und faserförmigen Einzelkristalle sowie die Bildungsbedingungen bei alkalischem Milieu und hohem Mg-Gehalt der Bodenlösung sprechen für eine pedogenetische Neubildung des Palygorskit.
Synthese de peptides: Preparation de l'acide hippurique par reaction des complexes montmorillonite-glycine avec l'acide benzoique
Authors: Kessaissia S. , Siffert B. , Donnet J.-B. 
Published: December 2006

RésuméEn milieu organique, la formation de l'acide hippurique par contact d'un complexe montmorillonite-glycine avec de l'acide benzoīque est relativement facile. Dans ces conditions le peptide formé n'est pas hydrolysé. En milieu aqueux, par contre, l'activité catalytique de l'argile est insuffisante pour préparer l'acide hippurique à température ambiante. Une température minimale de 60°C est alors indispensable. Le rendement de la réaction qui est toujours faible dépend principalement de la nature du cation échangeable de l'argile. Les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus avec les montmorillonites contenant des éléments de transition tels que le cuivre, le nickel ou le zinc. Un phénomène d'activation faisant intervenir un complexe de coordination entre la glycine et le cation échangeable de l'argile constitue vraisemblablement l'étape intermédiaire dans la formation du peptide.
Factors influencing retention of lanthanide ions by montmorillonite
Authors: Bruque S. , Mozas T. , Rodriguez A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA method for the preparation of Ln-montmorillonite (Ln = La, Ce, Sm, Gd, Er and Y) that ensures saturation of the CEC is described and the most favourable equilibrium conditions are discussed. The H+- Ln3+ exchange rate in acid montmorillonite and the effect of concentration and pH on the retention of Ln3+ ions by the clay are also investigated. The presence of montmorillonite modifies the pH value at which precipitation of hydroxides begins, a process that actually occurs at pH ∼ 5.
The behaviour of a synthetic57Fe-doped kaolin: Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance studies
Authors: Cuttler A. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe thermal behaviour of a ferrous doped kaolin has been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. From the observations it is concluded that the iron substitutes trioctahedrally as Fe2+in the ‘gibbsite-like’ sheet in place of dioctahedral aluminium. The g = 2 EPR signal is shown to be associated with these ferrous ‘cells’ which appear to occur in clusters. It is suggested that these ferrous cells are trapped within the normal dioctahedral aluminium structure. Dehydroxylation of the ferrous iron cells takes place between 623 and 673 K leading to the formation of an iron-rich pyroxene and, by 723 K, a ferric oxide. At temperatures > 723 K the pyroxene itself oxidizes to a second ferric oxide. The EPR signal changes at 623 K and disappears at 723 K. The signal is attributed to a trapped hole induced by X-irradiation, located near a silicon atom on the boundary between normal dioctahedral cells and trioctahedral Fe2+cells. It is possible to extend the model to explain some puzzling features concerning the g = 2 EPR signals reported by other authors and to propose other effects which might result from the presence of these cells.
Swelling minerals in a basalt and its weathering products from Morvern, Scotland: I. Interstratified montmorillonite-vermiculite-illite
Authors: Bain D. C. , Russell J. D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe main clay mineral in weathered basaltic rubble has been shown by X-ray diffraction, chemical, infrared and differential thermal methods to be an interstratification of montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite in the approximate ratio 2:1:1, the montmorillonite having some degree of segregation and the vermiculite and illite being randomly interstratified. All three components are dioctahedral, the swelling ones having a high tetrahedral charge, a large aluminium content, and very little iron. Despite the 50% montmorillonite content of the mineral, its infrared absorption pattern is generally illitic in character.
A mathematical model to distinguish the members of the dioctahedral smectite series
Authors: Brigatti M. F. , Poppi L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStatistical (Q-mode) analysis of the chemical compositions of 122 dioctahedral smectites obtained from the literature have enabled the main solid solution ranges (montmorillonite, beidellite and nontronite) to be distinguished on a triangular diagram. In the montmorillonite area, the Wyoming, Tatatilla, Otay, Chambers and Non-Ideal montmorillonite compositional ranges are identified. Certain crystallochemical features of the smectites may be correlated with different genetic environments.
Regularly interstratified dioctahedral mica-smectite from Roseki deposits in Japan
Authors: Matsuda T. , Nagasawa K. , Tsuzuki Y. , Henmi K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractXRD, DTA, IR, chemical and electron microscopic data are presented for three specimens of regularly interstratified 25 Å minerals from Roseki deposits in Japan. The layer charges of these dioctahedral mica-smectites originate mainly from tetrahedral Al-for-Si substitution. The non-expandable interlayers are occupied by relatively large amounts of Ca and K as well as Na. The expansion characteristics of the expandable interlayers are montmorillonitic in spite of the beidellitic composition of the 2:1 layers.
Activación de una sepiolita con disoluciones diluidas de NO3H y posteriores tratamientos termicos: I. Estudio de la superficie específica
Authors: López González J. de D. , Ramírez Sáenz A. , Rodríguez Reinoso F. , Valenzuela Calahorro C. , Zurita Herrera L. 
Published: December 2006

ResumenUna sepiolita procedente de Toledo (España) se ha activado por tratamiento con disoluciones 0·25, 0·50 y 0·75 n de NO3H, seguido de calentamiento durante 10 h a 110, 200, 300, 400 y 500°C. Para cualquier concentración ácida, un calentamiento de 110, 200 y, a veces, 300°C, produce un aumento del número de poros mientras que las temperaturas superiores significan un cierre de los mismos tanto mayor cuanto más elevada es la temperatura de tratamiento. El máximo desarrollo de la superficie accesible al N2 tiene lugar con una disolución 0·50 n de NO3Hy 200°C (449 m2/g, método de BET); la superficie específica de la sepiolita natural es de 321 m2/g.
Montmorillonite-Asulam interactions: II. Catalytic decomposition of Asulam adsorbed on Mg-, Ba-, Ca-, Li-, Na-, K- and Cs-clay
Authors: Ristori G. G. , Fusi P. , Franci M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAsulam (p-aminobenzenesulphonylmethylcarbamate) is adsorbed by alkaline and alkaline-earth cation saturated montmorillonites at room temperature either by protonation or by physical forces. On heating it decomposes to different products depending on the polarizing power of the exchange cation. On Mg–clay, sulphanilic and carbamic acid are obtained; the latter decomposes after equilibration at 100% relative humidity. In Ba– and Ca–systems, sulphanilamide and sulphanilic acid are produced with minor amounts of p–aminobenzenesulphonylcarbamate anion. Sulphanilamide is the main decomposition product in Na–, K–and Cs–systems. On Li–clay, decomposition of the Asulam results in the formation of p–aminobenzenesulphonylcarbamate anion and p–aminobenzenesulphonylcarbamic acid, probably as a consequence of the intermediate polarizing power of this cation.
Mechanism of montmorillonite structure degradation by percussive grinding
Authors: Číčel Blahoslav , Kranz Günther 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe processes taking place during decomposition of montmorillonite by percussive grinding have been studied by IR, X-ray and DTA methods. Destruction can be described as a series of parallel changes in the montmorillonite structure which proceed at various rates. The fastest is a change in status of the exchangeable cations followed by that of the hydroxyl groups. The slowest degradation process is the separation of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Degradation of the structure proceeds by delamination of particles, breaking of layers, crushing of layers by shocks perpendicular to the ab-direction, rearrangement of coordination polyhedra and transfer of protons within the structure. The relative importance of each of these processes is evaluated. It is assumed that the matrix resulting from complete breakdown of the montmorillonite structure consists mainly of the residue of tetrahedral sheets and deformed incomplete tetrahedra and octahedra, or of individual atoms held together in clumps either by Van der Waals forces or possibly, in some cases, by newly formed chemical bonds.
An occurrence of interstratified kaolinite-smectite minerals in a red-black soil toposequence
Authors: Herbillon A. J. , Frankart R. , Vielvoye L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInterstratified kaolinite-smectite minerals form the major part of a pedon transitional between ‘red’ kaolinitic and black smectitic soils in a soil toposequence derived from basalt in Burundi, Central Africa. These interstratified kaolinite-smectites have many X-ray, morphological and chemical features in common with ‘tabular halloysite’. Modifications to the 00l spacings of these minerals brought about by thermal and chemical treatments, however, show that they are not halloysite but consist of a mixture of ∼70% kaolinite and 30% smectite randomly interstratified. Field evidence indicates that these clays can be considered as a transient stage in the overall reaction smectite→kaolinite + iron oxides, which takes place in this landscape whenever the slope gradients give rise to better drainage conditions.
Swelling minerals in a basalt and its weathering products from Morvern, Scotland: II. Swelling chlorite
Authors: Bain D. C. , Russell J. D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA swelling chlorite from unweathered basalt has been characterized by XRD, IR, DTA and chemical analysis. Its 001 spacing of 14.9 Å increases to 18.0 Å on treatment with glycerol and decreases to 13.9 Å (with a broad diffraction effect at 14-10Å) after heating to 550°C. The mineral has an 060 spacing of 1.537Å consistent with a trioctahedral composition, but its OH stretching band at 3638 cm−1 does not show the expected pleochroism, suggesting an anomalous hydroxide sheet which chemical analysis shows is incomplete. Although the mineral has a CEC of ∼50 mEq/100 g, smectite is not present, but all the techniques show that the mineral has some saponitic character, indicating that it probably has a structure intermediate between swelling chlorite and saponite.
Weathering of glauconites: reversal of the glauconitization process in a soil profile in western France
Authors: Courbe C. , Velde B. , Meunier A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPolarizing microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction examination of minerals in a soil profile developed on a glauconite sand indicate that destabilization of glauconite can be a progressive process which appears to be the reverse of glauconitization. Glauconite in these soils appears to be destabilized into a mixed-layer glauconite-nontronite phase, which crystallizes as a plasma mineral. This material in turn is transformed into smectite+kaolinite+oxides. Loss of K and Fe is evident in whole rock as well as microprobe analyses of the samples. Thus glauconite can lose both Fe and K to aqueous solution during weathering, leaving aluminous clay minerals in the soil.
Etude par activation neutronique de la distribution de quelques elements de transition entre gel silicate et solution aqueuse
Authors: Perruchot A. , Delbove F. , Joron J. L. 
Published: December 2006

RésuméUne étude expérimentale des équilibres d'échange entre gel de composition (A,B)O-SiO2-nH2O et solution aqueuse (A2+, B2+) a été réalisée avec les couples (A,B) suivants: Mn-Mg, Co-Mg, Co-Mn et Cu-Ni. Les coefficients de distribution (A/B)gel/(A2+/B2+)sol obtenus sont énormes, l'élément A se fixant presque totalement dans le gel et n'apparaissant le plus souvent qu'en traces dans la solution. Le dosage de celles-ci par activation neutronique a permis d'atteindre le domaine des concentrations où ces gels présentent un comportement idéal (loi de Henry) et de mesurer avec une précision accrue les enthalpies libres standard des réactions d'échange correspondantes.
Morphology of kaolinite weathered from a non-feldspathic mica-phyllite
Authors: Keller W. D. , Reichelt M. , Neužil J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe morphology and fabric of kaolin weathered from a non-feldspathic mica-phyllite in Znojmo, Moravia, are illustrated in scanning electron micrographs. In contrast to accordion-like kaolinite books, or elongate halloysite(?) crystals, commonly developed from feldspar, the kaolinite from the mica-phyllite tends to be individually platy, with highly irregular edges resulting from multiple adjacent crystal comers and re-entrants. Irregular or impaired crystal growth of kaolinite from mica may be due to ‘poisoning’ of kaolinite crystals by vanadium that is common in mica.
Shape selectivity in low-temperature reactions of C6-alkenes catalysed by a Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite
Authors: Adams J. M. , Bylina A. , Graham S. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe reactions of ten C6-alkenes over a Cu2+-montmorillonite catalyst have been examined between room temperature and 100°C. The reaction products depend uponinter aliathe branching in the alkene, the position of the double bond, and the temperature. Hex-2-ene,cisandtrans-4-methyl-pent-2-ene and 4-methyl-pent-1-ene do not react at all, whereas 2-methyl-pent-1-ene and 2-methyl-pent-2-ene and 3,3-dimethyl-but-1-ene form alcohols below ∼40°C and dimers at higher temperatures. Hex-1-ene forms the di-2,2′-hexyl ether.
Charges on the surfaces of two chlorites
Authors: Jones Angela A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo chlorites, sheridanite and clinochlore, have been examined to determine their surface charge characteristics. In order to increase their surface area and to produce a measurable surface charge, the chlorites were treated with 10−3m, 10−2m, and 10−1m HCl in 10−2m MgCl2 solutions. These treatments are shown not to alter the crystallinity of the chlorites and to produce a small pH-dependent negative charge which is not directly related to the total surface area. The clinochlore, (Si6.13Al1.84)(Al1.53FeIII0.53FeII0.18Mg9.52)O20(OH)16, is more readily attacked by the acids than the sheridanite, (Si5.43Al2.55)(Al2.90FeII0.05Mg8.86)O20(OH)16, and also produces material with greater surface area and pH-dependent, negative, surface charge. It is concluded that: (i) isomorphous substitutions in the lattice are not reflected in a permanent surface charge; (ii) the observed surface charge arises not only at the edges of the particles but also at points where the chlorite is predisposed to attack by acids; (iii) in the chlorite-acid system used, anions—probably mainly silicate—block positively charged sites.