bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV‐1 protease and HIV‐1 integrase inhibitory substances from Eclipta prostrata
Authors: Tewtrakul Supinya , Subhadhirasakul Sanan , Cheenpracha Sarot , Karalai Chatchanok 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe bioassay‐guided fractionation for anti‐HIV‐1 integrase activity led to the isolation of six compounds from the whole plant extract of Eclipta prostrata extract. They were identified as 5‐hydroxymethyl‐(2,2′:5′,2″)‐terthienyl tiglate (1), 5‐hydroxymethyl‐(2,2′:5′,2″)‐terthienyl agelate (2), 5‐hydroxymethyl‐(2,2′:5′,2″)‐terthienyl acetate (3), ecliptal (4), orobol (5) and wedelolactone (6). Of these, compound 6 showed the highest activity against HIV‐1 integrase (IN) with an IC50 value of 4.0 ± 0.2 µm, followed by compound 5 (IC50 = 8.1 ± 0.5 µm), whereas the four terthiophene compounds (1–4) were inactive (IC50 > 100 µm). Regarding HIV‐1 protease (PR) inhibitory activity, compound 1 exhibited appreciable activity against HIV‐1 PR with an IC50 of 58.3 ± 0.8 µm, followed by compound 4 (IC50 = 83.3 ± 1.6 µm) and compound 3 (IC50 = 93.7 ± 0.8 µm), while compounds 2, 5 and 6 were inactive against HIV‐1 PR (IC50 > 100 µm). This is the first report of anti‐HIV‐1 IN activities for wedelolactone (6), a coumarin derivative, and orobol (5), an isoflavone derivative. This study supports the use of E. prostrata in AIDS patients, which is in accord with its traditional use by Thai traditional doctors for curing blood related diseases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple lines of evidence for the beneficial effects of environmental flows in two lowland rivers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Lind P. R. , Robson B. J. , Mitchell B. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify whether environmental flows released into two lowland rivers (the Glenelg and Wimmera Rivers, western Victoria, Australia) during the spring to autumn period had successfully ameliorated the negative effects of multiple human impacts. Macroinvertebrates and a range of physico‐chemical variables were sampled from three reaches in each river. Both rivers were sampled during three environmental release seasons with average‐sized releases (1997–1998, 1998–1999 and 2001–2002) and two drought seasons with limited releases (1999–2000 and 2000–2001). The effects of releasing average‐sized environmental flows on macroinvertebrates and physico‐chemical variables were assessed by comparison with data from the two drought seasons. For the Glenelg River, data from a reference season prior to the release of environmental flows (1995–1996) was also compared to data from the five environmental flow seasons. Multivariate analyses revealed four pieces of evidence indicating that the release of environmental flows effectively slowed the process of environmental degradation in the Glenelg River but not in the Wimmera River: (1) the magnitude of the river discharge was dependent on the size of environmental flow releases; (2) in the Wimmera River, water quality deteriorated markedly during the two drought seasons and correlated strongly with macroinvertebrate assemblage structure, but this was not observed in the Glenelg River; (3) the taxonomic composition of the macroinvertebrate assemblages among contrasting flow release seasons reflected the severe deterioration in water quality of the Wimmera River; (4) despite two drought seasons with minimal environmental flow releases, the macroinvertebrate assemblage in the Glenelg River did not differ from the average‐release seasons, nor did it return to a pre‐environmental flows condition. Therefore, it appears that environmental flow releases did sustain the macroinvertebrate assemblage and maintain reasonable water quality in the Glenelg River. However, in the Wimmera River, release volumes were too small to maintain low salinities and were associated with marked changes in the macroinvertebrate assemblage. Therefore, there are multiple lines of evidence that environmental flow releases of sufficient magnitude may slow the process of degradation in a regulated lowland river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isomerization studies: II. Thermal alteration of oleic acid and methyl oleate in the presence of mineral catalysts
Authors: Eisner A. , Barr P. A. , Foglia T. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA structure analysis has been conducted on the distillable fraction (67–71%) obtained from the clay catalyzed isomerization of methyl oleate and oleic acid. The method of analysis involved the combined use of reductive ozonolysis, urea adduction, and gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The results of this study indicate that the original unsaturation of the fatty acid is mostly retained, but less than the theoretical amount of hydrogen is absorbed when the products are subjected to low pressure catalytic hydrogenation. These results in conjunction with the gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry data suggest that branching of the carbon chain has occurred.
Autoxidative stability of rendered fat from growing and mature steers fed protected safflower oil
Authors: Kimoto W. I. , Ellis R. , Wasserman A. E. , Oltjen R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGrowing and mature steers with increased linoleic acid (18∶2) in their adipose tissues were reared by the Nutrition Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The 18∶2 content of rendered fats from these animals fed protected safflower oil varied from 6.5–20.6% and from 3.4–5.8% for the growing and mature steers, respectively. Increasing the 18∶2 levels resulted in decreased stability to autoxidation of the rendered subcutaneous fats.
Isolation and identification of oxidation product of 2,6‐Di‐(tert‐butyl)‐4‐methylphenol from polyethylene film
Authors: Daun H. , Gilbert S. G. , Giacin J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract2,6‐Di‐(tert‐butyl)‐4‐methylphenol is a widely used antioxidant in the production of polyethylene. An oxidation product of this antioxidant was isolated from aged polyethylene film and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography. This compound was identified as 3,3′, 5,5′‐tetra‐bis(tert‐butyl)‐stilbenequinone with the aid of IR‐ and mass spectroscopy. The generation of this oxidation product can lead to the discoloration of polyethylene film, and its formation can be catalyzed by contact with carbon black.
Metabolism of gossypol, biosynthesized from methyl‐14C‐and carboxyl‐14C‐labeled sodium acetate, in rat
Authors: Skutches Charles L. , Smith F. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStereospecifically labeled radioactive gossypol was biosynthesized by incubating cotton seedlings with either methyl‐14C‐ or carboxyl‐14C‐labeled sodium acetate. The respective products were purified as gossypol acetic acid. Each radioactive gossypol acetic acid preparation was dissolved in oil and administered by stomach tube to two rats. A negligible amount of radioactivity was found in the expired air of the rats receiving the gossypol biosynthesized from 1‐14C‐sodium acetate; however, a significant quantity of radioactivity was found in the expired air of rats that received gossypol labeled from 2‐14C‐acetate. This indicated that the binaphthalene nucleus of the gossypol molecule was not degraded to CO2 in the rat. A low level of radioactivity was found in the urine of rats administered either gossypol preparation. In each rat there was radioactivity found in all the tissues that were analyzed; however, the major portion of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces.
A Nori but not a Konbu, dietary supplement decreases the cholesterolaemia, liver fat infiltration and mineral bioavailability in hypercholesterolaemic growing Wistar rats
Authors: Bocanegra Arancha , Nieto Ana , Bastida Sara , Benedí Juana , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J. 
Published: August 2007

The nutritional consequences of algae consumption in young populations consuming hypercholesterolaemic diets have hardly been investigated. This study tests the effect of algae supplementation of cholesterol-enriched balanced diets on growth, dietary efficiency ratio, mineral intake and absorption, organ weight and structure and cholesterolaemia in growing Wistar rats. Three groups of ten rats each were fed for 3 weeks with experimental diets containing 93 % casein-soyabean oil base with 2·4 % cholesterol-raising agent and 7 % supplement. The control group received cellulose (35 %), group 2 consumed Nori (33·8 % fibre) and group 3 consumed Konbu (36·1 % fibre). Food intake and body weight gain were not significantly affected. Algae groups presented significantly higher dietary efficiency ratio values than control rats. Apparent absorption of several minerals appeared significantly affected, mainly in Nori-fed rats, with a significant decrease in the ratio of Zn and Cu intakes and apparent absorption. Nori diet significantly decreased plasma cholesterol. Algae supplement did not significantly affect organ size and structure. Control and Konbu rats showed severe liver fat infiltration, while Nori rats exhibited a significantly lower degree of lipid-like hepatocyte vacuolization but light to moderate leukocyte infiltration. Light to moderate scaling off of the epithelium and moderate submucosa oedema was observed in all groups. Although long-term studies are needed to check the possible extrapolation of these data to human subjects, it can be concluded that a Nori, but not a Konbu, dietary supplement reverses the negative effect of dietary cholesterol intake and also appears to be related to mineral availability in growing subjects.
Temperature differences in the air layer close to a road surface
Authors: Bogren Jörgen , Gustavsson Torbjörn , Karlsson Maria 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this study, profiles of temperature and humidity (<250 cm above the road and 5 m into the surroundings) have been used to examine the development of temperature differences in the air layer close to the road. Temperature, humidity and wind profiles were measured, together with net radiation and observations of road surface state, at a test site at Road 45, Surte, Sweden. Measured temperature differences were compared with present weather, preceding weather, surface status, wind direction and other parameters thought to be important for the development of temperature differences. The results showed that large temperature differences (1–3°C between 250 cm and 10 cm above the road) occurred when there was a high risk of slipperiness caused by hoarfrost, snow or ice on the road. The temperature differences between different levels were associated with the exchange of humidity and temperature between the air layer and the road surface. The 10 cm level reflected the surface processes well. Higher levels were influenced by the surroundings because of turbulence and advection. This study emphasises the need for measurements to be taken at a height and place that reflects the processes at the road surface. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Adjustment time for road surface temperature during weather changes
Authors: Postgård U 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe object of this study is to examine the possibility of developing a model that can determine road surface adjustment times to new conditions after weather changes. Situations where the weather changes from clear to overcast conditions are studied in order to produce a worst‐case scenario. One hypothesis tested is that the decrease in road surface temperature (RST) differences between shaded and sun‐exposed stations on clear days can be used to determine the reduction in RST difference on days with weather changes. A relationship that describes the variation in RST difference as a function of time of day and season is developed. For clear days a fourth‐order polynomial can describe the relationship between RST differences and time of day. The coefficient in the polynomial depends on maximal solar elevation. Validation of the model for clear days showed that the deviation between modelled and measured values varied between 0.3 and$0.5\ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$. It was also possible to use the clear day relationship to predict the decrease in RST differences for situations with weather changes, but during these situations the deviations between modelled and measured values were higher and also tended to show a positive bias. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
An early freeze in southern Brazil in April 1999 and its NWP guidance
Authors: Satyamurty Prakki , Fonseca Josiane Ferreira Bustamante , Bottino Marcus Jorge , Seluchi Marcelo E , Lourenço Maria Cristina Maciel , Gonçalves Luis Gustavo Gonçalves de 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA cold air outbreak occurred in the third week of April 1999 in southern Brazil. A synoptic study of this rare event is undertaken. A surface high pressure cell in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile slowly built up and moved eastward on 14 April. It started crossing the Andes, acquiring the characteristic shape of a bean on 15th, and separated into two cells later in the day. The cell on the lee side of the mountains moved gradually northwards over central South America affecting northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil. The temperature fell $15 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ in the state of Mato Grosso (about $15 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{S}$). In southern Brazil temperatures below freezing were registered in some places on the 17th and 18th and frost occurred in many states. There was snowfall in the uplands of Santa Catarina on the 17th, and such an early snow had not been recorded for 30 years. Baroclinic synoptic wave intensification followed by surface low development in association with a cut‐off low formation in the middle and upper troposphere were responsible for strong surface southerlies over Argentina on the 16th and 17th. Cold air advection by the southerlies in the eastern sector of the high‐pressure centre was responsible for the northward projection of the high pressure cell east of the Andes. The whole event was well predicted by the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC/INPE) operational global and regional models with lead times of 120 and 60 hours respectively. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Hypoxia Enhances Metastatic Efficiency in HT1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells by Increasing Cell Survival in Lungs, Not Cell Adhesion and Invasion
Authors: Zhang Li , Hill Richard P. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This study examined possible mechanisms for hypoxia-increased metastasis in a green fluorescent protein–labeled human fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080). The efficiency of the lung arrest of tumor cells, which can be dependent on the adhesive potential of the tumor cells, was assessed by measuring the level of integrin α3β1 protein and by adhesion assays, whereas the extravasation potential was examined by an invasion assay. These properties were not changed by exposure to hypoxia, indicating that lung arrest and extravasation are unlikely to play a major role in the effect of hypoxia on metastasis in this model. The main effect of hypoxic exposure was found to be increased survival after lung arrest as determined by clonogenic assay of tumor cells recovered from mouse lungs after i.v. injection. Concomitantly, apoptosis was identified as responsible for the death of lung-arrested cells, suggesting the involvement of an altered apoptotic response following hypoxic exposure of these cells. Consistent with this finding, we found that the effect of hypoxia on both increased metastasis and survival of arrested cells was inhibited by treatment with farnesylthiosalicylic acid. However, this effect was not due to down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, a mechanism of action of this drug reported by previous studies. Further detailed studies of the mechanisms of action of the drug are needed. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7789–97]
Retinoblastoma: From the Two-Hit Hypothesis to Targeted Chemotherapy
Authors: MacPherson David , Dyer Michael A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Studies on retinoblastoma have been at the heart of many of the landmark discoveries in cancer genetics over the past 35 years. However, these advances in the laboratory have had little effect on the treatment of children with retinoblastoma. One of the reasons for this has been the lack of preclinical models that recapitulated the genetic and histopathologic features of human retinoblastoma. In the past three years, a series of new animal models of retinoblastoma has been developed and characterized from several different laboratories using a variety of experimental approaches. It is encouraging that there is broad agreement about the consequences of inactivation of the Rb family in retinal development from these studies. More importantly, these new mouse models of retinoblastoma have contributed to clinical trials and novel therapeutic approaches for treating this debilitating childhood cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7547–50]
Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Wolpin Brian M. , Michaud Dominique S. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Schernhammer Eva S. , Stampfer Meir J. , Manson JoAnn E. , Cochrane Barbara B. , Rohan Thomas E. , Ma Jing , Pollak Michael N. , Fuchs Charles S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I has growth-promoting effects on pancreatic cancer cells, and elevated fasting serum insulin has been linked to pancreatic cancer risk. IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is a downstream target of insulin and inhibits IGF-I activity. To investigate whether prediagnostic plasma levels of IGFBP-1 are associated with pancreatic cancer risk, we did a prospective, case-control study nested within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, the Nurses' Health Study, the Physicians' Health Study, and the Women's Health Initiative. We assayed circulating IGFBP-1 among 144 pancreatic cancer cases that occurred ≥4 years after plasma collection and in 429 controls, matched for date of birth, prospective cohort, smoking status, and fasting status. When compared with participants in the three highest quartiles of plasma IGFBP-1, those in the lowest quartile experienced a relative risk (RR) for pancreatic cancer of 2.07 [95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 1.26–3.39], after adjusting for other risk factors, including circulating IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3, and C-peptide. Only participants in the lowest quartile of plasma IGFBP-1 showed an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer. The influence of low plasma IGFBP-1 became progressively stronger with time; among cases diagnosed ≥8 years after blood collection, the adjusted RR was 3.47 (95% CI, 1.48–8.14), comparing the bottom versus the top three quartiles. The influence of plasma IGFBP-1 was most marked among participants who never smoked cigarettes (RR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.48–7.35). Among participants in four U.S. prospective cohort studies, low plasma IGFBP-1 levels significantly predicted an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7923–8]
Farnesol-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells Is Coupled to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response
Authors: Joo Joung Hyuck , Liao Grace , Collins Jennifer B. , Grissom Sherry F. , Jetten Anton M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Farnesol (FOH) and other isoprenoid alcohols induce apoptosis in various carcinoma cells and inhibit tumorigenesis in several in vivo models. However, the mechanisms by which they mediate their effects are not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that FOH is an effective inducer of apoptosis in several lung carcinoma cells, including H460. This induction is associated with activation of several caspases and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). To obtain insight into the mechanism involved in FOH-induced apoptosis, we compared the gene expression profiles of FOH-treated and control H460 cells by microarray analysis. This analysis revealed that many genes implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, including ATF3, DDIT3, HERPUD1, HSPA5, XBP1, PDIA4, and PHLDA1, were highly up-regulated within 4 h of FOH treatment, suggesting that FOH-induced apoptosis involves an ER stress response. This was supported by observations showing that treatment with FOH induces splicing of XBP1 mRNA and phosphorylation of eIF2α. FOH induces activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including p38, MAPK/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK, and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of MEK1/2 by U0126 inhibited the induction of ER stress response genes. In addition, knockdown of the MEK1/2 and JNK1/2 expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and apoptosis induced by FOH. However, only MEK1/2 siRNAs inhibited the induction of ER stress–related genes, XBP1 mRNA splicing, and eIF2α phosphorylation. Our results show that FOH-induced apoptosis is coupled to ER stress and that activation of MEK1/2 is an early upstream event in the FOH-induced ER stress signaling cascade. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7929–36]
p73 Loss Triggers Conversion to Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reversible upon Reconstitution with TAp73α
Authors: Johnson Jodi , Lagowski James , Sundberg Alexandra , Lawson Sarah , Liu Yuangang , Kulesz-Martin Molly 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The expression level of the p53 family member, p73, is frequently deregulated in human epithelial cancers, correlating with tumor invasiveness, therapeutic resistance, and poor patient prognosis. However, the question remains whether p73 contributes directly to the process of malignant conversion or whether aberrant p73 expression represents a later selective event to maintain tumor viability. We explored the role of p73 in malignant conversion in a clonal model of epidermal carcinogenesis. Whether sporadic or small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced, loss of p73 in initiated p53+/+ keratinocytes leads to loss of cellular responsiveness to DNA damage by ionizing radiation (IR) and conversion to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Reconstitution of TAp73α but not ΔNp73α reduced tumorigenicity in vivo, but did not restore cellular sensitivity to IR, uncoupling p73-mediated DNA damage response from its tumor-suppressive role. These studies provide direct evidence that loss of p73 can contribute to malignant conversion and support a role for TAp73α in tumor suppression of SCC. The results support the activation of TAp73α as a rational mechanism for cancer therapy in solid tumors of the epithelium. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7723–30]