bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Y haplogroups and aggressive behavior in a Pakistani ethnic group
Authors: Shah S. Shoaib , Ayub Q. , Firasat S. , Kaiser F. , Mehdi S. Q. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStudies show that personality dimensions such as aggression are influenced by genetic factors and that allelic variants located on the Y chromosome influence such behavior. We investigated polymorphisms on the male‐specific region of the human Y chromosome in 156 unrelated males from the same ethnic background, who were administered the Punjabi translation of the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire that measures four aspects that constitute aggressive behavior, i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. A value of .85 for Cronbach's coefficient α indicates considerable internal consistency and suggests that the psychometric properties of the aggression questionnaire can be adapted for the Pakistani population. A mean score±SD of 69.70±19.95 was obtained for the questionnaire. Each individual was genotyped following a phylogenetic hierarchical approach to define evolutionary Y haplogroups. Five Y haplogroups that are commonly found in Eurasia and Pakistan comprised 87% (n=136) of the population sample, with one haplogroup, R1a1, constituting 55% of the sampled population. A comparison of the total and four subscale mean scores across the five common Y haplogroups that were present at a frequency ≥3% in this ethnic group revealed no overall significant differences. However, effect‐size comparisons allowed us to detect an association of the haplogroups R2 (Cohen's d statistic=.448–.732) and R1a1 (d=.107–.448) with lower self‐reported aggression mean scores in this population. Aggr. Behav. 35:68–74, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of recent incidents of on‐field violence in sport: legal decisions and additional considerations from psychology
Authors: Kerr John H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article focuses on two recent incidents of serious on‐field violence in sports and the legal consequences for those involved. The two incidents occurred in Dutch football (soccer) and became infamous owing to the nature of the violent incidents and widespread media coverage. The legal outcomes of these two incidents are described, and some of the difficulties that legal authorities face in considering assaults on the sports field are discussed. A new way of categorizing such violent incidents and the motivation behind them, based on an established psychological theory [reversal theory, Apter, 1982, 2001] is proposed. Taken along with the other points made in this article, being aware of when and how individuals cross the boundaries between play and anger, power or thrill violence may provide an additional perspective to making informed decisions about illegal violent acts on the sports field. Aggr. Behav. 35:41–48. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorenone‐Based Molecules for Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Lincker Frédéric , Delbosc Nicolas , Bailly Séverine , De Bettignies Rémi , Billon Martial , Pron Adam , Demadrille Renaud 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of four conjugated molecules consisting of a fluorenone central unit symmetrically coupled to different oligothiophene segments are conceptually designed and synthesized to provide new electroactive materials for application in photovoltaic devices. The combination of electron‐donating oligothiophene building blocks with an electron‐accepting fluorenone unit results in the emergence of a new band assigned to an intramolecular charge transfer transition that gives rise to the extension of the absorption spectral range of the resulting molecules. Detailed spectroscopic and voltammetric investigations show that all studied molecules have highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level positions, which make them good candidates for the application as electron‐donors in bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic cells, with (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)‐C60 as electron acceptor component. Moderate device performances, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) comprised between 0.3 and 0.6%, were obtained with rigid molecules, containing either the bridging units between the thiophene rings, i.e., (2,7‐bis(4,4′‐dioctyl‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophen‐2‐yl)‐fluoren‐9‐one (SCPTF) and 2,7‐bis(4‐(dioctylmethylene)‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophen‐5‐yl)‐fluoren‐9‐one (MCPTF) or a vinylene unit 2,7‐bis(5‐[(E)‐1,2‐bis(3‐octylthien‐2‐yl)ethylene])‐fluoren‐9‐one (TVF), whereas with (2,7‐bis‐(3,3‴‐dioctyl‐[2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2‴]quaterthiophen‐5‐yl)‐fluoren‐9‐one (QTF) PCE up to 1.2% (under AM 1.5 illumination, 100 mW cm−2, active area 0.28 cm2) was obtained. The strong π‐stacking interactions in the solid state for this oligomer leading to improved morphology could explain the good performances of QTF‐based devices, which rank among the highest recorded for non‐polymeric materials. Consequently, fluorenone‐based non‐polymeric molecules constitute highly attractive materials for solution‐processable solar cell applications.
Pure‐Silica‐Zeolite MFI and MEL Low‐Dielectric‐Constant Films with Fluoro‐Organic Functionalization
Authors: Lew Christopher M. , Li Zijian , Li Shuang , Hwang Son‐Jong , Liu Yan , Medina Dora I. , Sun Minwei , Wang Junlan , Davis Mark E. , Yan Yushan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of organic‐functionalized pure‐silica‐zeolites (PSZs) with MFI‐ and MEL‐type structures for low‐k applications prepared through a direct‐synthesis method by adding a fluorinated silane to the synthesis solution is reported. The added fluorine functionality increases the hydrophobicity of the zeolites, which are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, 29Si and 19F solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and thermogravimetric analysis. The functionalized zeolite powders have low water content and calcined spin‐on films prepared from the functionalized nanoparticle suspensions exhibit higher water contact angles and lower k values (2.1 and 1.8 for the functionalized MFI‐ and MEL‐type zeolites, respectively) than PSZ films. The use of a direct‐synthesis method to decrease the moisture adsorption in the films eliminates the extra post‐spin‐on silylation steps that are traditionally used to render the zeolite films hydrophobic.
Polymeric Rulers: Distance‐Dependent Emission Behaviors of Fluorophores on Flat Gold Surfaces and Bioassay Platforms Using Plasmonic Fluorescence Enhancement
Authors: Chi Young Shik , Byon Hye Ryung , Lee Bong Soo , Kong Bokyung , Choi Hee Cheul , Choi Insung S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the concept of a “polymeric ruler” for investigating distance‐dependent emission behaviors of fluorophores, namely the quenching or enhancement of fluorescence, on flat Au surfaces in the range of 5 to ∼100 nm, which has not previously been easily accessible. The polymeric ruler is constructed by a highly controllable surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (OEGMA), and the obtained thicknesses of the poly(OEGMA) (pOEGMA) layers range from ∼5 to ∼80 nm. The quenching or enhancement of fluorescence is found to be dependent upon the distance between fluorophores and the Au surface. In brief, fluorescence quenching occurs at distances within about 15 nm from the Au surface, and surface‐enhanced fluorescence is observed at tens of nanometers beyond the range of quenching with the maximum enhancement at about 40–50 nm. The obtained information on the distance‐dependent surface‐enhanced fluorescence is applied to the construction of highly sensitive bioassay platforms: the use of the 50 nm thick pOEGMA layer lowers the detection limit up to 1 pM.
High‐Conductivity Polymer Nanocomposites Obtained by Tailoring the Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Fillers
Authors: Grossiord Nadia , Loos Joachim , van Laake Lucas , Maugey Maryse , Zakri Cécile , Koning Cor E. , Hart A. John 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe present a detailed study of the influence of carbon nanotube (CNT) characteristics on the electrical conductivity of polystyrene nanocomposites produced using a latex‐based approach. We processed both industrially‐produced multi‐wall CNT (MWCNT) powders and MWCNTs from vertically‐aligned films made in‐house, and demonstrate that while the raw CNTs are individualized and dispersed comparably within the polymer matrix, the electrical conductivity of the final nanocomposites differs significantly due to the intrinsic characteristics of the CNTs. Owing to their longer length after dispersion, the percolation threshold observed using MWCNTs from vertically‐aligned films is five times lower than the value for industrially‐produced MWCNT powders. Further, owing to the high structural quality of the CNTs from vertically‐aligned films, the resulting composite films exhibit electrical conductivity of 103 S m−1 at 2 wt% CNTs. On the contrary, composites made using the industrially‐produced CNTs exhibit conductivity of only tens of S m−1. To our knowledge, the measured electrical conductivity for CNT/PS composites using CNTs from vertically‐aligned films is by far the highest value yet reported for CNT/PS nanocomposites at this loading.
Extreme‐Performance Rubber Nanocomposites for Probing and Excavating Deep Oil Resources Using Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Endo Morinobu , Noguchi Toru , Ito Masaei , Takeuchi Kenji , Hayashi Takuya , Kim Yoong Ahm , Wanibuchi Takashi , Jinnai Hiroshi , Terrones Mauricio , Dresselhaus Mildred S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe scarcity of oil resources is going to become one of the main factors threatening the stability of the global economy. To avoid an energy crisis in the future, it is essential to increase oil extraction in much deeper wells, experiencing higher temperatures and pressures. Exploring these deeper areas will demand novel and robust materials. Rubber sealants, or O‐rings, are especially key components in enabling the probing and production of oil in deeper wells, so that higher temperature and pressure reservoirs are reached. In this account, it is demonstrated that carbon nanotubes homogeneously and randomly dispersed in rubber matrices, are able to generate durable sealants that operate satisfactorily at extremely high temperatures and pressures (e.g., 260 °C and 239 MPa). The key issues in these novel composites are: i) the nanotube surface‐control and reactivity, ii) the used of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐embedded in fluorinated rubber, and iii) the formation of a cellulation structure. This rubber nanocomposite with a cellulation structure and having extreme performance leads to a balanced pressure resistance, sealing ability, thermal resistance, and durability, which can contribute to doubling the current average global oil recovery efficiency.
Proportionate mortality study of the united association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the plumbing and pipe fitting industry
Authors: Lehman Everett J. , Hein Misty J. , Estill Cheryl F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined causes of deaths among unionized plumbers, pipefitters and allied trades.MethodsDeaths of union members from the years 1971, 1979, 1987, and 1995 were selected as a representative sample from a computer file provided by the union. These years provided 15,411 deaths for proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analysis.ResultsPMRs for lung cancer and asbestosis were significantly elevated compared to U.S. white males. PMRs for chronic disease of the endocardium and cardiomyopathy were also elevated. Elevations were not observed in other a priori causes: laryngeal cancer, lymphatic cancer, and neurological disorders. PMRs for transportation accidents for pipe/steam‐fitters were elevated in 1971 and 1979, but not in 1987 or 1995.ConclusionDespite the limitations of a PMR analysis, study results indicate mortality related to asbestos exposure is, and will continue to be, an area of concern for members of the union. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:950–963, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhalation incidents and respiratory health: results from the European Community respiratory health survey
Authors: Mirabelli Maria C. , Olivieri Mario , Kromhout Hans , Norbäck Dan , Radon Katja , Torén Kjell , van Sprundel Marc , Villani Simona , Zock Jan‐Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundInhalation incidents are an important cause of acute respiratory symptoms, but little is known about how these incidents affect chronic respiratory health.MethodsWe assessed reported inhalation incidents among 3,763 European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) participants with and without cough, phlegm, asthma, wheezing or bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We then examined whether inhalation incidents during the 9‐year ECRHS follow‐up period were associated with a new onset of any of these respiratory outcomes among 2,809 participants who were free of all five outcomes at the time of the baseline ECRHS survey.ResultsInhalation incidents were reported by 5% of participants, with higher percentages reported among individuals with asthma‐related outcomes at the time of the baseline survey. Among participants without symptoms at baseline, our analyses generated non‐statistically significant elevated estimates of the risk of cough, phlegm, asthma and wheezing and a non‐statistically significant inverse estimate of the risk of bronchial hyperresponsiveness among participants who reported an inhalation incident compared to those without such an event reported.DiscussionOur findings provide limited evidence of an association between inhalation incidents and asthma‐related symptoms. These data could be affected by differences in the reporting of inhalation incidents according to symptom status at the time of the baseline survey; they should thus be interpreted with caution. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:17–24, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laterality in hand use across four tool‐use behaviors among the wild chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa
Authors: Humle Tatyana , Matsuzawa Tetsuro 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPopulation‐level right handedness is a human universal, whose evolutionary origins are the source of considerable empirical and theoretical debate. Although our closest neighbor, the chimpanzee, shows some evidence for population‐level handedness in captivity, there is little evidence from the wild. Tool‐use measures of hand use in chimpanzees have yielded a great deal of variation in directionality and strength in hand preference, which still remains largely unexplored and unexplained. Data on five measures of hand use across four tool‐use skills—ant‐dipping, algae‐scooping, pestle‐pounding and nut‐cracking—among the wild chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa, are presented here. This study aims to explore age‐ and sex‐class effects, as well as the influence of task motor, cognitive and haptic demands, on the strength and directionality of hand preference within and across all five measures of hand use. Although there was no age‐ or sex‐class effect on the directionality of hand preference, immature ≤10 years old tended to be less lateralized than adults, especially adult females. Nut‐cracking, the most cognitively complex of the four behaviors and the only one requiring complementary coordination of both hands, yielded the greatest strength in hand use with all adults expressing exclusive use of one hand over the other, without overall significant directional preference. The least lateralized behavior was pestle‐pounding, which required bimanual coordination, but also imposed constraints owing to fatigue. It emerged that only the most hazardous tool use, i.e. ant‐dipping, and the sole haptic task, i.e. the extraction by hand of crushed oil‐palm heart, were laterally biased and both to the right. Shared motor or grip patterns in tool‐use skills failed to reveal any specialization in hand use at the individual level. Finally, Bossou chimpanzees demonstrated a tendency for a population‐level right‐hand use. Am. J. Primatol. 71:40–48, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in the social behavior of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis)
Authors: Slater Kathy Y. , Schaffner Colleen M. , Aureli Filippo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCompetition for resources and the need for cooperation are reported to affect patterns of social interactions and thus the quality of social relationships in primates. Relationships may be described as high quality when both individuals behave in a way that benefits their partner. We investigated the distribution of a wide range of social behaviors across sex partner combinations of adult spider monkeys with specific reference to contested resources. Data were collected from two communities of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh reserve in Yucatan, Mexico. Affiliative behavior was exchanged most frequently between males, and as male–male aggression was rare, male–male social relationships were characterized as high quality. Female–female social relationships were best described as low quality as females showed no preference to be in proximity with other females and female–female affiliative behavior was rare. Relationships between the sexes generally were characterized by high rates of female‐directed male aggression, although additional investigation into the effects of kinship and female reproductive state on male–female relationships is required before further conclusions can be drawn. Dyadic and coalitionary female–female aggression was significantly higher than expected in a feeding context, confirming that female spider monkeys primarily compete for access to food. Male–male aggression did not increase significantly when in the presence of females, but males embraced at higher rates when in mixed‐sex subgroups. As embraces serve to reduce the likelihood of aggression during tense situations, high rates of male–male embraces in mixed‐sex subgroups may mitigate male conflicts over access to females. Am. J. Primatol. 71:21–29, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diet of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Mesoamerica: current knowledge and future directions
Authors: González‐Zamora Arturo , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Chaves Óscar M. , Sánchez‐López Sonia , Stoner Kathryn E. , Riba‐Hernández Pablo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHere we review all published articles and book chapters, as well as unpublished theses and data ofAteles geoffroyidiet to (1) summarize the literature; (2) synthesize general feeding patterns; (3) document plant taxonomic similarity in diet across study sites; and (4) suggest directions for future research and conservation priorities. We found 22 samples from five countries: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama. Tropical wet forest is the most studied habitat (N=13 samples), followed by tropical dry forest (6) and tropical moist forest (3). Most samples have been carried out in large protected forests. In spite of showing an overall high dietetic diversity (364 species, 76 families),A. geoffroyiconcentrated the majority of feeding time on a few species in the families Moraceae and Fabaceae. At all study sites fruits were the most common food item in the diet followed by leaves. Furthermore, a greater variety of food items and less fruit were consumed in forest fragments. These findings suggest that fruit shortage in fragments results in primates using foods of presumably lower energetic content such as leaves. Similarity in diet was higher among groups geographically closer to each other than among distant groups, showing that the floristic and phenological characteristics of the forest can influence diet composition. We conclude that several years of data are required to fully describe the dietary list ofA. geoffroyiat any one site, as studies of the same group over different years shared as little as 56% of species. As most populations ofA. geoffroyilive in highly fragmented landscapes, it is crucial to carry out studies in these areas to evaluate (1) changes in diet and activity patterns that may negatively affect survival; and (2) habitat attributes that may favor their persistence in altered landscapes. Am. J. Primatol. 71:8–20, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation technologies for the recovery and dehydration of alcohols from fermentation broths
Authors: Vane Leland M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMulti‐column distillation followed by molecular sieve adsorption is currently the standard method for producing fuel‐grade ethanol from dilute fermentation broths in modern corn‐to‐ethanol facilities. As the liquid biofuels industry transitions to lignocellulosic feedstocks, expands the end‐product portfolio to include other alcohols, and encounters more dilute alcohol concentrations, alternative separation technologies which are more energy efficient than the conventional approach will be in demand. In this review, alcohol recovery technology options and alcohol dehydration technology options for the production of ethanol and 1‐butanol are reviewed and compared, with an emphasis on the energy footprint of each approach. Select hybrid technologies are also described. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A cannabinoid analogue of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts neural development in chick
Authors: Psychoyos Delphine , Hungund Basalingappa , Cooper Thomas , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMarijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug by pregnant women. Its major psychoactive constituent, Δ9‐THC (Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol), crosses the placenta and accumulates in the fœtus, potentially harming its development. In humans, marijuana use in early pregnancy is associated with miscarriage, a fetal alcohol‐like syndrome, as well as learning disabilities, memory impairment, and ADHD in the offspring. Classical studies in the 1970 s have reached disparate conclusions as to the teratogenic effects of cannabinoids in animal models. Further, there is very little known about the immediate effects of Δ9‐THC on early embryogenesis. We have used the chick embryo as a model in order to characterize the effects of a water‐soluble Δ9‐THC analogue, O‐2545, on early development. Embryos were exposed to the drug (0.035 to 0.35 mg/ml) at gastrulation and assessed for morphological defects at stages equivalent to 9–14 somites. We report that O‐2545 impairs the formation of brain, heart, somite, and spinal cord primordia. Shorter incubation times following exposure to the drug show that O‐2545 interferes with the initial steps of head process and neural plate formation. Our results indicate that the administration of the cannabinoid O‐2545 during early embryogenesis results in embryotoxic effects and serves to illuminate the risks of marijuana exposure during the second week of pregnancy, a time point at which most women are unaware of their pregnancies.Birth Defects Res (Part B)83:477–488, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.