bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History at the Table: Conflict in Planning in a Community in the Rural American South
Authors: Messinger Lori 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article is a case study of problems that emerged during the planning of an anti‐poverty program in a community in the rural American South in the early 1990s. Issues of racism, sexism, and classism in the planning process are discussed as they are informed by the national welfare reform rhetoric of the time, a local context of historical and current White racism, and the historical and current identity positions of the local Black planners. The author argues that understanding local history is a vital component in planning and implementing social programs. The article offers an analysis of the deployment of power in the planning of social change projects that can be used to develop inclusive planning processes that are responsive to the needs of economically and socially oppressed populations.
Differences between non-specific and bio-specific, and between equilibrium and non-equilibrium, interactions in biological systems
Authors: Israelachvili Jacob 
Published: June 2006

Biological interactions are ‘processes’ 331Intermolecular forces involved 332Synergy between different forces occurring at different locations 333Non-equilibrium, rate and time-dependent interactions 335Reversible and irreversible interactions 337The interaction forces between biological molecules and surfaces are much more complex than those between non-biological molecules or surfaces, such as colloidal particle surfaces. This complexity is due to a number of factors: (i) the simultaneous involvement of many different molecules and different non-covalent forces – van der Waals, electrostatic, solvation (hydration, hydrophobic), steric, entropic and ‘specific’, and (ii) the flexibility of biological macromolecules and fluidity of membranes. Biological interactions are better thought of as ‘processes’ that evolve in space and time and, under physiological conditions, involve a continuous input of energy. Such systems are, therefore, not at thermodynamic equilibrium, or even tending towards equilibrium. Recent surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements on supported model membrane systems (protein-containing lipid bilayers) illustrate these effects. It is suggested that the major theoretical challenge is to establish manageable theories or models that can describe the spatial and time evolution of systems consisting of different molecules subject to certain starting conditions or energy inputs.
Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABAA receptors
Authors: Campo‐Soria Claudia , Chang Yongchang , Weiss David S 
Published: June 2006

Wild‐type and mutant α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and examined using the two‐electrode voltage clamp.
Dose–response relationships for GABA were compared in the absence and presence of 1 μM diazepam (DZP) or methyl‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethyl‐beta‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate (DMCM). The dose–current relationships yielded EC50's (concentration for half‐maximal activation) of 41.0±3.0, 21.7±2.7, and 118.3±6.8 μM for GABA, GABA plus DZP, and GABA plus DMCM, respectively.
DZP‐ and DMCM‐mediated modulation were examined in GABAA receptors in which the β‐subunit carries the L259S mutation. This mutation has been shown to produce spontaneous opening and impart a leftward shift in the dose–response relationship. In this case, neither DZP nor DMCM produced a significant alteration in the GABA dose–response relationship with GABA EC50's of 0.078±0.005, 0.12±0.03, and 0.14±0.004 μM for GABA, GABA plus 1 μM DZP, and GABA plus 1 μM DMCM.
DZP‐ and DMCM‐mediated modulations were examined in GABAA receptors in which the α‐subunit carries the L263S mutation. This mutation also produced spontaneous opening and a leftward shift of the GABA dose–response relation, but to a lesser extent than that of βL259S. In this case, the leftward and rightward shifts for DZP and DMCM were still present with EC50's=0.24±0.03, 0.14±0.02, and 1.2±0.04 μM for GABA, GABA plus 1 μM DZP, and GABA plus 1 μM DMCM, respectively.
Oocytes expressing ultrahigh levels of wild‐type GABAA receptors exhibited currents in response to 1 μM DZP alone, whereas DMCM decreased the baseline current. The DZP‐mediated activation currents were determined in wild‐type receptors as well as receptors in which the GABA binding site was mutated (β2Y205S). The EC50's for DZP‐mediated activation were 72.0±2.0 and 115±6.2 nM, respectively, similar to the EC50 for DZP‐mediated enhancement of the wild‐type GABA‐activated current (64.8±3.7 nM).
Our results support a mechanism in which DZP increases the apparent affinity of the receptor, not by altering the affinity of the closed state, but rather by shifting the equilibrium towards the high‐affinity open state.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 984–990. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706796
The role of urotensin II in cardiovascular and renal physiology and diseases
Authors: Zhu Yi‐Chun , Zhu Yi‐Zhun , Moore Philip Keith 
Published: June 2006

Urotensin II (U‐II) is a cyclic neuropeptide that was first isolated from teleost fish some 35 years ago. Mammalian U‐II is a powerful vasoconstrictor with a potency greater than that of endothelin‐1.
Nevertheless, unlike endothelin‐1, which constricts all or nearly all vascular beds, the vasoactive effects of U‐II are reported to be dependent both on the species and on the regional vascular bed examined. Typical regional variability occurs in the rat in which vasoconstriction to U‐II is most robust in thoracic aorta proximal to the aortic arch and decreases gradually towards the distal peripheral arteries. As small peripheral arteries but not larger arteries such as the aorta play a major role in regulating peripheral resistance and consequent blood pressure as well as workload on the heart, doubts have been raised concerning the importance of this peptide in cardiovascular physiology. Moreover, an interaction between U‐II and other endogenous vasoactive molecules may add a level of complexity to the vascular actions of U‐II.
On the other hand, recent experimental and clinical studies have revealed increased expression of U‐II and urotensin receptor (UT receptor) in animals with experimentally induced myocardial infarction, heart failure, and in patients with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, which suggests a potential role for U‐II in both cardiovascular and renal diseases. A series of peptidic and nonpeptidic UT receptor ligands have been shown to be effective in antagonizing the effects of U‐II in the cardiorenal system.
This article aims to review recent advances in our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of U‐II with particular references to its role in cardiovascular health and disease.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 884–901. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706800
Stimulation of sensory neuropeptide release by nociceptin/orphanin FQ leads to hyperaemia in acutely inflamed rat knees
Authors: Zhang Chunfen , McDougall Jason J 
Published: June 2006

The peripheral effect of the ‘opioid‐like’ peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) on joint blood flow was investigated in acutely inflamed rats. Sensory neuropeptide release from capsaicin‐sensitive nerves and the involvement of synovial mast cells and leukocytes on these vasomotor responses were also studied.Blood flow measurements of exposed knee joints were performed in urethane‐anaesthetised rats (2 mg kg−1intraperitoneal) using laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Topical administration of N/OFQ (10−13–10−8 mol) to acutely inflamed joints caused a dose‐dependent increase in synovial perfusion with an ED50of 4.0 × 10−10 mol. This vasodilatatory response was blocked by the selective NOP receptor antagonist [Phe1‐(CH2‐NH)‐Gly2]‐Nociceptin(1–13)‐NH2(10−9 mol) (P<0.0001).Co‐administration of N/OFQ with the neurokinin‐1 (NK1) receptor antagonist [D‐Arg1,D‐Phe5,D‐Trp7,9,Leu11]‐Substance P (10−12 mol), the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist VIP6–28(10−9 mol) or the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP8–37(10−9 mol) all blocked the hyperaemic effect of N/OFQ (P<0.0001).Treatment of acutely inflamed knees with capsaicin (8‐methyl‐N‐vanillyl‐6‐noneamide) to destroy unmyelinated joint afferents also inhibited N/OFQ vasomotor activity.Stabilisation of synovial mast cells with disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) ameliorated N/OFQ responses, whereas inactivation of circulating leukocytes with the pan‐selectin inhibitor fucoidin completely blocked N/OFQ‐induced hyperaemia in these joints.These experiments show that in acutely inflamed knee joints, N/OFQ acts on NOP receptors located on synovial mast cells and leukocytes leading to the secondary release of proinflammatory mediators into the joint. These agents subsequently stimulate sensory neuropeptide release from capsaicin‐sensitive nerves culminating in vasodilatation and increased articular blood flow.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 938–946. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706804
Differential effects of Gram‐positiveversusGram‐negative bacteria on NOSII and TNFαin macrophages: role of TLRs in synergy between the two
Authors: Paul‐Clark Mark J , Mc Master Shaun K , Belcher Elizabeth , Sorrentino Rosalinda , Anandarajah Jasmine , Fleet Mark , Sriskandan Shiranee , Mitchell Jane A 
Published: June 2006

Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria are sensed by Toll‐like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR2, respectively. TLR4 recruits MyD88 and TRIF, whereas TLR2 recruits MyD88 without TRIF. NOSII and TNFαare central genes in innate immunity and are thought to be differentially regulated by the MyD88versusTRIF signalling pathways. Here, we have used Gram‐positiveStaphylococcus aureus, Gram‐negativeEscherichia coliand highly selective TLR ligands to establish the precise relationship between TLR2, TLR1, TLR6 and TLR4 for NOSIIversusTNFαinduction.In murine macrophages at 24 h,E. colior LPS (TLR4) induced NO and TNFαrelease. In contrast,S. aureus(TLR2/TLR1/TLR6) or Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/TLR1), or FSL‐1 and LTA (TLR2/TLR6) induced TNFαwithout an effect on NO.At later time points (48–72 h),S. aureusinduced NO release. The ability ofS. aureus, but notE. colior LPS, to induce NO release was inhibited by anti‐TNFα‐binding antibodies.At 24 h, LPS synergised with TLR2 ligands to induce NO release and NOSII protein expression. LPS also induced the expression of TLR2 gene expression without affecting levels of TLR4.Using cells from TLR2−/−or TLR4−/−mice, the ability of LPS to synergise withS. aureusor Pam3CSK4 was found to be dependent on both TLR2 and TLR4.These observations are the first to clearly delineate the role of separately activating TLR2 and TLR4 in the induction of NOSII and TNFαgenes compared with their coinduction when both receptor pathways are activated.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 1067–1075. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706815
Invertebrate bioturbation can reduce the clogging of sediment: an experimental study using infiltration sediment columns
Authors: NOGARO GERALDINE , MERMILLOD‐BLONDIN FLORIAN , FRANÇOIS‐ CARCAILLET FREDERIQUE , GAUDET JEAN‐PAUL , LAFONT MICHEL , GIBERT JANINE 
Published: June 2006

Summary1. Invertebrate bioturbation can strongly affect water‐sediment exchanges in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of invertebrates on the physical characteristics of an infiltration system clogged with fine sediment.2. Two taxa (chironomids and tubificids) with different bioturbation activities were studied in experimental slow infiltration columns filled with sand and gravel and clogged with a 2 cm layer of fine sediment at the surface. We measured the effects of each taxon separately and combined on hydraulic head, water mobility and sediment reworking.3. The results showed that invertebrates could reduce sediment clogging and this effect was linked to the functional mode of bioturbation of each group. Tubificid worms dug networks of galleries in the fine sediment, creating pathways for water flow, which reduced the clogging of sediment. In contrast, the U‐shaped tubes of chironomids were restricted to the superficial layer of fine sediments and did not modify the hydraulic conductivity of experimental columns. The combination of invertebrates did not show any interactive effects between tubificids and chironomids. The occurrence of 80 tubificids in the combination was enough to maintain the same hydraulic conductivity that 160 worms did in monospecific treatment.4. The invertebrates like tubificid worms can have a great benefit on functioning of clogged interfaces by maintaining high hydraulic conductivity, which contributes to increased water‐sediment exchanges and stimulates biogeochemical and microbial processes occurring in river sediments.
Impact of eating disorders on family life: individual parents’ stories
Authors: Hillege Sharon , Beale Barbara , McMaster Rose 
Published: June 2006

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to consider the impact that an eating disorder had on the family, particularly the parents. The objective was to give a voice to parents in order to develop new understandings of their experience leading to more appropriate clinical decision‐making.Background.  The impact of an eating disorder on family life has not been well‐documented in the published literature. There are numerous articles from the sufferer's perspective and treatment modalities. The following paper describes a component of a larger study that explored the parent's perspective of having a child with an eating disorder.Design.  Nineteen mothers and three fathers from Sydney, Australia, volunteered to be interviewed as the result of advertizements placed in parent support organization newsletters and by using the snowballing technique.Methods.  A qualitative approach using semi‐structured interviews was used to explore parents’ experiences of having a child/adult child with an eating disorder. Themes were identified through in depth analysis.Results.  Themes that were extrapolated from this research included, family unification or disintegration, parent's inability to cope, inconsiderate comments from significant others, social isolation and financial impacts.Conclusions.  This study reports five overarching effects on family life. The authors conclude that one way in which the life of parents and families could be improved would be increased involvement and integration into the treatment process. For this to happen, health professionals would need to acknowledge the family as a resource.Relevance to clinical practice.  This research documents the family struggle and highlights the current omissions concerning the family's role. The need for changes to clinical practice is substantiated. It requires health professionals to scrutinize their own clinical practice and consider modification of the treatment process.
On the logical relationship between natural selection and self-organization
Authors: Hoelzer G. A. , Smith E. , Pepper J. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Most evolutionary biologists cherish Darwin's theory of natural selection (NS) as the process of adaptive evolution more than 140 years after publication of his first book on the subject. However, in the past few decades the study of self-organization (SO) in complex dynamical systems has suggested that adaptation may occur through intrinsic reorganization without NS. In this study, we attempt to describe the logical framework that relates the general process of SO to the specific process of NS. We describe NS as a mechanism that coordinates the coevolution of species in an ecosystem to effectively capture, process and dissipate solar energy into the earth's shadow. Finally, we conclude that NS is an emergent process founded on the same thermodynamic imperatives that are thought to underlie all SO. This perspective suggests that the theory of self-organizing systems offers a broader physical context in which to understand the process of NS, rather than contesting it. It even suggests the possibility that there may be a physical basis for understanding the origin of the process of NS. Rather than being merely a fluke of nature, the origin of NS that may be driven by energy flows across gradients.
Cleavage fracture of RPV steel following warm pre‐stressing: micromechanical analysis and interpretation through a new model
Authors: BORDET S. R. , TANGUY B. , BESSON J. , BUGAT S. , MOINEREAU D. , PINEAU A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the warm pre‐stress (WPS) effect on the cleavage fracture of an 18MND5 (A533B) RPV steel is investigated. This effect, which describes the effective enhancement of the cleavage fracture toughness at low temperature following a prior loading at high temperature, has received great interest in light of its significance in the integrity assessment of structures, such as nuclear pressure vessels, subjected to thermal transients. Several loading cycles between room temperature (RT) and −150 °C are considered: Load‐Unload‐Cool‐Fracture (LUCF), Load‐Cool‐Fracture (LCF) and Load‐Cool with Increasing K‐Fracture (LCIKF). All experiments complied with the conservative principle, which states that no fracture will occur if the applied stress intensity factor (SIF) decreases (or is held constant) while the temperature at the crack‐tip decreases, even if the fracture toughness of the virgin material is exceeded. The experimental results indicate that an effective WPS effect is present even at small pre‐load (Kwps= 40 MPa√m), and that a minimum critical slope (−ΔK/ΔT) in the LCIKF cycle has to be exceeded to induce cleavage fracture between RT and −150 °C. Numerical modelling was performed using mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening laws identified on notched tensile (NT) specimens, tested in tension to large strains (up to 40%), followed by large compressive strains. Detailed microstructural investigations on compact tensile (CT) and NT fracture test specimens were performed so as to determine the nature of the cleavage initiation sites, as well as the local mechanical conditions at fracture. Based on this local information, a new cleavage model was calibrated and applied to predict the probability of cleavage fracture after WPS: it is shown that the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Motor strategies and excitability changes of human hand motor area are dependent on different voluntary drives
Authors: Ni Zhen , Liang Nan , Takahashi Makoto , Yamashita Takamasa , Yahagi Susumu , Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Tsuji Toshio , Kasai Tatsuya 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present study examined whether there were different voluntary drives between intended and non‐intended muscle contractions. In experiment 1, during intended and non‐intended muscle contractions, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscles when force levels were varied from 10% to 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in 10% MVC steps. In experiment 2, using transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the FDI muscle when EMGs were varied from 10% to 40% EMGmax (EMG activities during MVC) in 10% EMGmax steps during intended and non‐intended muscle contractions. In experiment 3, at 10% MVC force level MEPs were recorded before and after practice. The results showed that, in the FDI muscle, EMGs during intended muscle contractions were larger than those during non‐intended ones at higher force levels (30–50% MVC). In the ECR muscle, reverse results were observed. At comparable EMG levels of the FDI muscle MEPs were the same during intended and non‐intended muscle contractions. After practice, MEPs during intended muscle contraction became larger than those during non‐intended at 10% MVC force level, while EMGs were the same between two muscle contractions. It is concluded that motor strategies and excitability changes of hand motor area are different during intended and non‐intended muscle contractions, and these differences are due to the different voluntary drives of intended and non‐intended. The present findings may contribute to the understanding of rehabilitation for patients suffering from damages of the central motor system.
The CRF1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, reverses isolation‐induced up‐regulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens of fawn‐hooded rats
Authors: Djouma Elvan , Card Katie , Lodge Daniel J. , Lawrence Andrew J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have previously shown that Fawn‐Hooded (FH) rats reared in isolation display an anxiety‐like phenotype and an enhanced acquisition of ethanol seeking behaviour. Furthermore, antalarmin, a selective corticotrophin‐releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptor antagonist, reduces isolation‐induced acquisition and maintenance of volitional ethanol consumption in this strain. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of CRF1 receptor antagonism by antalarmin to impact upon brain chemistry in both isolated and group‐housed FH rats. To achieve this, FH rats were reared, from weaning, in either group‐housed or isolation‐housed conditions and at 12 weeks of age were treated with antalarmin (20 mg/kg, i.p; n = 10 per group) or vehicle (1 mL/kg, i.p; n = 10 per group) bi‐daily for ten consecutive days before being killed and their brains removed for neurochemical analyses. Autoradiography and in situ hybridization was employed to analyse changes in the dopaminergic and neurotrophin systems. Isolation rearing increased dopamine D2 receptor density in the central amygdala and nucleus accumbens, an effect reversed by antalarmin treatment. Conversely, treatment with antalarmin had no impact upon the isolation‐induced alterations of the mRNA encoding brain‐derived neurotrophic factor or the TrkB receptor. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that multiple signalling systems are susceptible to modulation by social isolation and that antalarmin can reverse some, but not all, isolation‐induced alterations in brain chemistry.
Environmental manipulations early in development alter seizure activity, Ih and HCN1 protein expression later in life
Authors: Schridde Ulrich , Strauss Ulf , Bräuer Anja U. , Van Luijtelaar Gilles 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough absence epilepsy has a genetic origin, evidence from an animal model (Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk; WAG/Rij) suggests that seizures are sensitive to environmental manipulations. Here, we show that manipulations of the early rearing environment (neonatal handling, maternal deprivation) of WAG/Rij rats leads to a pronounced decrease in seizure activity later in life. Recent observations link seizure activity in WAG/Rij rats to the hyperpolarization‐activated cation current (Ih) in the somatosensory cortex, the site of seizure generation. Therefore, we investigated whether the alterations in seizure activity between rats reared differently might be correlated with changes in Ih and its channel subunits hyperpolarization‐activated cation channel HCN1, 2 and 4. Whole‐cell recordings from layer 5 pyramidal neurons, in situ hybridization and Western blot of the somatosensory cortex revealed an increase in Ih and HCN1 in neonatal handled and maternal deprived, compared to control rats. The increase was specific to HCN1 protein expression and did not involve HCN2/4 protein expression, or mRNA expression of any of the subunits (HCN1, 2, 4). Our findings provide the first evidence that relatively mild changes in the neonatal environment have a long‐term impact of absence seizures, Ih and HCN1, and suggest that an increase of Ih and HCN1 is associated with absence seizure reduction. Our findings shed new light on the role of Ih and HCN in brain functioning and development and demonstrate that genetically determined absence seizures are quite sensitive for early interventions.