bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonialism and Cultural Objects
Authors: Folorunso Caleb A. , Folorunso Oluronke F. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The repatriation and restitution of cultural objects, legally and illegally exported and held in foreign public and private museums, have for long been a subject of international concern. In West Africa, colonialization and the activities of the agencies of colonialism accounted for the largest proportion of cultural objects that were forcefully removed or voluntarily released by the locals through deceits and then exported from the region. The modern West African states had since independence joined in the longstanding international quest for the repatriation and restitution of looted cultural objects. Nigeria in particular had been in the vanguard of the agitation for repatriation and restitution of objects, because the looted Benin cultural objects constitute the single largest number of objects forcefully removed from Africa during the colonial period. The call for the repatriation and restitution of the Benin cultural objects has prompted debates and reactions in Nigeria and around the world.
Signifier, Signified, and Sign
Authors: Kumar Kanungo Alok , Sumi Alino 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the intricate relationship between cultural artifacts, indigenous heritage, and museum representation, focusing on Naga ancestral remains at the Pitt Rivers Museum. The framework centers on the “signifier,” “signified,” and “sign” triad, wherein physical objects (signifiers) convey cognitive concepts (signified) within a cultural context. Naga ancestral remains, a colonial-era acquisition, are integral to the museum’s collection. The authors contend that the static display of these artifacts, particularly skulls and trophy heads for centuries, perpetuated a stereotypical and one-dimensional representation of the Nagas as “headhunters.” They argue for a more nuanced approach that considers the broader socio-cultural attributes and meanings of these artifacts within the Naga knowledge system. The authors emphasize the need for contextualized representations that go beyond colonial interpretations, inviting a reimagining of museum displays and narratives. Ethical concerns over possession and display prompt a call for co-curation with Naga involvement, highlighting repatriation and community engagement. They stress contextualized representation beyond colonial lenses, proposing mobile exhibits, scholarly collaboration, and databases for community empowerment. Ultimately, the paper calls for restorative justice and a holistic understanding of the Naga cultural landscape, where the “signified” and “sign” of their heritage are reclaimed and redefined through collaboration, repatriation, and community engagement.
State, Land, and Citizenship
Authors: Ofstehage Andrew , Wolford Wendy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a history and analysis of the co-constitution of land, states, and citizenship in the modern era. It argues that, at the most basic level, state-making is grounded in the land. Land is fundamental to the formation of the nation-state: state institutions establish and codify the rules for land use, ownership, and access. These rules are rooted in cultures of production and market exchange that define the landscape of state territory and the rights of citizenship. As individuals, organizations, and societies negotiate these rules, they give citizenship meaning and transform the state itself. Ideologies and practices of territoriality, settlement, mobility, and livelihood create and contest both legal and cultural notions of land. We demonstrate the co-constitution of the state, land, and citizenship in this chapter with a focus on four themes. First, we argue that citizenship is intimately tied to norms and rules overseeing the creation and distribution of landed property. Second, we show how these connections are solidified or grounded through the establishment of scientific institutions that evaluate the soils and facilitate settlement. Our third section outlines the long histories of mobilization and resistance as land claims are fought over and the fourth section of the chapter analyzes the importance of frontiers as spaces made distant by political and economic power and space for the flourishing of alternatives.
The Jewish Community in Modern and Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Kaymak Ozgur 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Since the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish Jews have negotiated a political and public space shaped by the largely unfulfilled promise of equal citizenship and the everyday experience of being members of an unwelcome minority. Today, the Jewish community in Turkey numbers around 14,0001, with over ninety-five percent living in Istanbul. Throughout the history of the Republic, discriminatory pressures in state and society have been prevalent, even as the Jewish community has been shrinking dramatically. This chapter provides an overview of the Jewish community in modern and contemporary Turkey. It starts with the history of the origins and life of the Jewish population in Anatolia during the Ottoman period before detailing the significant sociopolitical changes that shaped the fate of the Jewish minority and the state’s treatment of the community during the Turkish Republican period. Despite the dwindling and aging population, the Jewish community found a growing prominence in cultural heritage projects aimed at preserving minority cultures. Academic research on the Turkish Jewish community and ongoing cultural heritage projects highlights the transfer of Turkey’s local Jewish cultural memory to future generations. Studies on Turkish Jews help increase awareness about their multicultural heritage, mutual empathy, cultural diversity, and cultural identity while promoting values of democracy, respect, tolerance, and antidiscrimination.
Illiberal Revolts
Authors: Pasieka Agnieszka , Petruccelli David C. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores illiberalism at the grassroots level using both historical and anthropological lenses. Comparing contemporary illiberal youth movements in Poland and Italy with their interwar counterparts—particularly Corneliu Zelea Codreanu’s Romanian Holy Legion—the chapter identifies anti-individualism as a common thread uniting illiberal actors, past and present. The chapter also moves beyond comparison to trace out the complex and intertwined genealogies of contemporary liberalism and illiberalism, showing how liberal and illiberals have reworked their ideologies in reference to each other and in accordance with their readings of the past. The interwar crisis of liberalism plays a central reference point in much contemporary discussion. The mobilization of rightwing movements against liberal individualism in the 1920s and 1930s continues to inspire grassroots illiberal activists, while contemporary liberals evoke the interwar fascist threat as a warning about the dangers of abandoning liberal values. Neither side acknowledges the extent to which both liberalism and illiberalism were fundamentally restructured through this interwar conflict. Through this investigation into the role of historical memory among activist networks, the chapter begins to fill gaps in research focused specifically on grassroots illiberalism, and also contributes to efforts to further refine our understanding of illiberalism.
International Disaster Law
Authors: Machado Sebastián 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how different conventional rules related to disaster management are operationalized in the Americas. It commences by delving into the manner in which social reality, whether in the developing countries of the South or the economically developed countries of the North, serves as a crucial determinant in international disaster relief efforts. This disparity elucidates why developed nations predominantly rely on their domestic institutions to tackle disasters, whereas developing nations depend on a broader network of international collaboration. Therefore, it is possible to generalize some characteristics of disaster management in the region, such as poor or unstable political leadership and institutions; the level of urgency in the event of disasters; and competition between domestic and international actors in their relief efforts. While these variables are not unique to international disaster law, it is a distinct field where poverty drives and aggravates its own object of study.
Escraches
Authors: Kaiser Susana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about escraches, a communication strategy to challenge impunity and demand justice developed by H.I.J.O.S. (Daughters and Sons for Identity and Justice against Forgetting and Silence), an organization formed by daughters and sons of disappeared people, political activists, and people forced into exile during the last Argentine dictatorship (1976–1983). The escraches emerged within an environment of generalized impunity and aimed to uncover the identities of hundreds of major human rights abusers benefitting from amnesties. Escraches, based on peaceful assembly and a powerful presence in public spaces, contested the legitimization of impunity, compelled society to face the failure to administer justice, and constituted a new struggle over memory. It revisits research conducted in the 1990s, analysing escraches’ goals, relevance, perceived impact, and achievements. It proposes new layers to analyse escraches and reflects on the legacy of H.I.J.O.S., from their ongoing role in shaping the accountability process to their effectiveness as an exercise of the right to peaceful assembly to achieve their goals.
Virtue in the Republican Tradition
Authors: Gallagher Megan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to survey civic virtue’s historical trajectory within republican political thought, as well as its comparatively reduced but still important role in contemporary republicanism. It begins by asking three broad questions: what characterizes civic virtue? what is the purpose of civic virtue? and how is civic virtue cultivated? From there, the chapter examines the central concerns of civic virtue in the historical tradition, considering the nature and function of civic virtue for three key thinkers: Aristotle, Cicero, and Machiavelli. It then turns to consider the role of virtue in contemporary republicanism, focusing on the work of historian Quentin Skinner and philosopher Philip Pettit. Section 4 outlines the criticisms that have been levelled at civic virtue.
Republican Constitutionalism
Authors: Galuppo Marcelo Campos 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Reading the preamble to any constitution can provide us with the understanding of the core common values of the democratic and republican tradition of the West, although these concepts tend to be interpreted as antithetical ones. In order to understand how can they be seem as compatible, we should first understand what the world ‘Republic’ means. We only can do so if we take into account its origin in Ancient Rome, as the expression at the same time of the common good and the people’s will. In modern time, pluralism has made this very difficult to understand, since west societies seem to split themselves into individual realms, without any common value. Nevertheless, we can better evaluate the connection between democracy and republic if we consider toleration as the binding concept both of society and of the link among those ideas: only a tolerating society could be at the same time democratic and republican.
Proportionality
Authors: Mathews Jud , Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
At the core of the principle of proportionality are two simple ideas: (1) public authorities should choose means that are well adapted to the ends they pursue, and (2) means are not well adapted if they unduly burden the important interests protected by rights. Proportionality analysis (PA) formalizes these ideas into a doctrinal framework, the purpose of which is to determine whether given measures burden constitutional rights more than is permissible. Today, proportionality is a cornerstone of rights protection across the globe, in both national legal systems and treaty-based international regimes. This chapter considers how proportionality is used in rights adjudication in four legal systems: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. It emphasizes how proportionality is connected to and contributes to two different political developments: the emergence of effective rights protection and the growth of pluralist democracy. It can be challenging for any court to enforce rights claims and safeguard democratic processes, and especially challenging in systems where courts have not previously done so. Under favorable conditions, PA can help courts to construct a new discursive interface between themselves and ruling officials, making it easier to manage these politically sensitive environments.
Sovereignty and European Exceptionalism
Authors: Kalmo Hent 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how Europe’s relationship to international law has been construed in terms of the idea of sovereignty. Whilst Europe has consistently been represented as a pioneer in developing international law, a curious inversion has occurred in how its leadership role is perceived. In the 19th century, it was full, unlimited sovereignty that was regarded as a cultural achievement, its qualified versions in the extra-European world being depicted as premodernity. After World War II, by contrast, as its experiment with regional integration progressed, Europe was hailed for devising unprecedented limitations to sovereignty. Given that the European approach to international law has become associated with a rejection of sovereignty, the concept’s continued prominence is a blow to the notion that Europe acts as a vanguard. Yet this is only likely to give a new lease of life to the idea that Europe possesses its own unique set of values.
Helping young people early
Authors: McCutcheon Louise K. , O’Connell Jessica , Chanen Andrew M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a reliable, valid, common, and treatable mental health problem, with harmful personal, social, and economic consequences. Minimizing or avoiding such outcomes, through early diagnosis and treatment (early intervention) is an evidence-based public health priority and has significant international support. Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) has particular advantages for early intervention for people with a diagnosis of BPD. As an integrative and ‘transdiagnostic’ approach, it encompasses within the overall treatment model the myriad co-occurring problems that accompany this diagnosis. A CAT approach is guided by collaboratively developed relational formulation (reformulation) allowing the young person to be an active partner in their own treatment. This calls for a shared language to be developed between clinician, the young person, family and supporters that is non-judgmental and free of jargon. This chapter demonstrates how the CAT model informs every aspect of the work in the Helping Young People Early (HYPE) service, providing hope for young people and families and tackling the stigma and discrimination that they might endure.
Authoritarian Diffusion
Authors: Tolstrup Jakob 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Authoritarian diffusion concerns the process by which nondemocratic institutions, organizations, policies, strategies, practices, and norms travel between polities. It thus covers a broad range of phenomena of relevance for understanding authoritarian politics. First, based on a differentiation between three forms of diffusion (passive diffusion, cooperative/promotive diffusion, and coerced diffusion) and four mechanisms (admiration, adaptation, learning, and compulsion), this chapter presents an overview of the topics that authoritarian diffusion scholars have studied. Next, the main factors that facilitate authoritarian diffusion through the different mechanisms are specified and their importance for authoritarian diffusion is assessed. This chapter shows that authoritarian diffusion today is mainly driven by learning and adaptation, while compulsion is least pronounced. Finally, fruitful avenues for future research are discussed, emphasizing the importance of studying negative cases, devoting more attention to diffusion through admiration, and analysing diffusion dynamics across elite groups within regime coalitions.
Experimental Melting of Phlogopite Websterite in the Upper Mantle between 1.5 and 4.5 GPa
Authors: Shu Chutian , Foley Stephen F , Ezad Isra S , Daczko Nathan R , Shcheka Svyatoslav S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Reaction experiments have confirmed that phlogopite websterite can be formed by the interaction of peridotite with hydrous alkaline- or silica-rich melts. Phlogopite websterites commonly occur as xenoliths in orogenic and intraplate volcanism but do not receive much attention. We have experimentally investigated the melting behaviour of a phlogopite websterite at 1.5 GPa (1050–1300 °C), 3.0 GPa (1100–1500 °C), and 4.5 GPa (1200–1500 °C) to contribute to understanding the sources of ultrapotassic rocks that occur in different settings. The solidus temperature of the investigated phlogopite websterite rises with increasing pressure, bracketed between 1050 and 1100 °C at 1.5 GPa, 1100 and 1150 °C at 3.0 GPa, and between 1200 and 1250 °C at 4.5 GPa. At 1.5 GPa, phlogopite websterite melts incongruently to form olivine and melt, whereas orthopyroxene, garnet, and melt are formed at 3.0 and 4.5 GPa. The transition of orthopyroxene from reactant to product with increasing pressure results in changes in the SiO2 content of melts. The experimental melts reach a maximum K2O content when phlogopite is consumed completely at temperatures ~150 °C above the solidus. The melting reactions are similar to those of phlogopite lherzolite, but the low Al2O3 starting materials result in lower Al2O3 in the melt than in melts of phlogopite lherzolite. Comparison with natural ultrapotassic rock compositions reveals that the sources of ultrapotassic rocks in convergent settings may be dominated by phlogopite websterite, phlogopite lherzolite, and phlogopite harzburgite. Sources of ultrapotassic rocks in intraplate settings are more likely to include phlogopite clinopyroxenite ± CO2 and K-richterite. In all melting experiments on phlogopite-bearing rocks, K2O from phlogopite passes into the melt, and hence the highest K2O contents in ultrapotassic rocks must be an indication of the minimum stoichiometric coefficient of phlogopite in the melting reaction. In cases where phlogopite websterite or phlogopite lherzolite is identified as the source, the minimum modal percentage of phlogopite in the source can be inferred from the highest K2O content. When applied to the Milk River minettes and New South Wales leucitites, the estimated modal proportion of phlogopite in the sources is greater than 20 wt %. Phlogopite can survive the subduction process and melt later in the post-collisional environment, whereas thermal perturbations are necessary to trigger the melting of phlogopite-bearing assemblages at the base of the lithosphere in intraplate settings.
KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING 8 regulates helical pod morphology in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Yu Qianxia , Du Huan , Huang Yuanyuan , Lei Xiao , Wu Xueting , Jiang Jiayu , Huang Wei , Ge Liangfa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Leguminosae exhibits a wide diversity of legume forms with varying degrees of spiral morphologies, serving as an ideal clade for studying the growth and development of spiral organs. While soybean (Glycine max) develops straight pods, the pod of the model legume Medicago truncatula is a helix structure. Despite the fascinating structures and intensive description of the pods in legumes, little is known regarding the genetic mechanism underlying the highly varied spirality of the legume pods. In this study, we found that KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING 8 (MtKIX8) plays a key role in regulating the pod structure and spirality in M. truncatula. Unlike the coiled and barrel-shaped helix pods of the wild type, the pods of the mtkix8 mutant are loose and deformed and lose the topologic structure as observed in the wild-type pods. In the pods of the mtkix8 mutant, the cells proliferate more actively and overly expand, particularly in the ventral suture, resulting in uncoordinated growth along the dorsal and ventral sutures of pods. The core cell cycle genes CYCLIN D3s are upregulated in the mtkix8 pods, leading to the prolonged growth of the ventral suture region of the pods. Our study revealed the key role of MtKIX8 in regulating seed pod development in M. truncatula and demonstrates a genetic regulatory model underlying the establishment of the helical pod in legumes.
A prenyltransferase participates in the biosynthesis of anthraquinones in Rubia cordifolia
Authors: Liu Changzheng , Wang Ruishan , Wang Sheng , Chen Tong , Lyu Chaogeng , Kang Chuanzhi , Wan Xiufu , Guo Juan , Li Qi , Huang Luqi , Guo Lanping 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQs) constitute the largest group of natural quinones, which are used as safe natural dyes and have many pharmaceutical applications. In plants, AQs are biosynthesized through two main routes: the polyketide pathway and the shikimate pathway. The latter primarily forms alizarin-type AQs, and the prenylation of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) is the first pathway-specific step. However, the prenyltransferase (PT) responsible for this key step remains uncharacterized. In this study, the cell suspension culture of Madder (Rubia cordifolia), a plant rich in alizarin-type AQs, was discovered to be capable of prenylating DHNA to form 2-carboxyl-3-prenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and 3-prenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Then, a candidate gene belonging to the UbiA superfamily, R. cordifoliadimethylallyltransferase 1 (RcDT1), was shown to account for the prenylation activity. Substrate specificity studies revealed that the recombinant RcDT1 recognized naphthoic acids primarily, followed by 4-hydroxyl benzoic acids. The prenylation activity was strongly inhibited by 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene. RcDT1 RNA interference significantly reduced the AQs content in R. cordifolia callus cultures, demonstrating that RcDT1 is required for alizarin-type AQs biosynthesis. The plastid localization and root-specific expression further confirmed the participation of RcDT1 in anthraquinone biosynthesis. The phylogenetic analyses of RcDT1 and functional validation of its rubiaceous homologs indicated that DHNA-prenylation activity evolved convergently in Rubiaceae via recruitment from the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway. Our results demonstrate that RcDT1 catalyzes the first pathway-specific step of alizarin-type AQs biosynthesis in R. cordifolia. These findings will have profound implications for understanding the biosynthetic process of the anthraquinone ring derived from the shikimate pathway.