bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gorgos' Cup: an Essay in Connoisseurship
Authors: Kurtz D. C. 
Published: May 2006

In 1954 a small red-figured cup was found in the Athenian Agora. Its style of drawing resembles that of one of the greatest Athenian vase-painters—the Berlin Painter, active shortly before 500 BC to around 460 BC. Any of his vases, newly discovered, excites scholarly interest; if the vase is possibly his earliest, and a shape which he is not known previously to have decorated, interest is very great. Martin Robertson, to whom this article is affectionately dedicated, argued persuasively for an attribution of the cup to the Berlin Painter. Sir John Beazley agreed, although with reservations. The cup has continued to attract attention and provoke controversy: no one denies a close connection with the Berlin Painter but some feel that the stylistic similarities are not sufficiently compelling to attribute the cup firmly to his hand. The cup is, therefore, an excellent example of the difficulties inherent in connoisseurship.My interest in the Berlin Painter was deepened by preparing for publication drawing (PLATES Vld, Vllc–d) which Beazley ‘traced’ off more than fifty of the artist's vases. The Berlin Painter (Oxford 1983) presents Beazley's Berlin Painter. It attempts to show how Beazley looked at the painter's vases and what criteria he valued most highly in their attribution; it does not enter into the controversy over Gorgos' cup or other vases of the artist's earliest years whose attributions have been questioned. Elsewhere I discuss connoisseurship in Greek vase-painting; here my purpose is an explanation of method. My ‘conclusion’—that the Berlin Painter probably did not decorate Gorgos' cup—is relatively unimportant.
HΔΥΝ-ΑΛΥΠΟΝ (Kritias, fr. 1.4)
Authors: Janssen Tjitte H. 
Published: May 2006

The combination of these words: ήδύν–ἄλυπον was labelled ‘litoteslike’ in a former note in this journal (JHSciv [1984] 177); the present note aims at suggesting a more fitting label.The meaning of the words is clear: Kritias describes the poet Anakreon as an extremely pleasant man: ‘sweet, not sour’, ‘pleasant, not a sore-head’. This high degree of pleasantness is made clear by stating the central idea of pleasantness (ἡδύν) and juxtaposing to it the negation (ἀ-) of its opposite (-λυπ-); this is tantamount to the use of a litotes, which points in its turn to extra emphasis:cf. e.g. Hom. Il. xviii 46, where ‘the meaning of the nameNemertesseems to be strengthened by the immediately following nameApseudes' (JHSciv [1984] 177).
Sox3 expression identifies neural progenitors in persistent neonatal and adult mouse forebrain germinative zones
Authors: Wang Tsu‐Wei , Stromberg Gregory P. , Whitney Justin T. , Brower Nathan W. , Klymkowsky Michael W. , Parent Jack M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNeural precursors persist throughout life in the rodent forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus. The regulation of persistent neural stem cells is poorly understood, in part because of the lack of neural progenitor markers. The Sox B1 subfamily of HMG‐box transcription factors (Sox1–3) is expressed by precursors in the embryonic nervous system, where these factors maintain neural progenitors in an undifferentiated state while suppressing neuronal differentiation. Sox2 expression persists in germinative zones of the adult rodent brain, but Sox3 expression in the postnatal brain remains largely unexplored. Here we examine Sox3 expression in the neonatal and adult mouse brain to gain insight into its potential involvement in regulating persistent neural stem cells and neurogenesis. We also investigate Sox3 expression during expansion and neural differentiation of postnatal mouse SVZ neural stem cell and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cultures. We find that Sox3 is expressed transiently by proliferating and differentiating neural progenitors in the SVZ‐olfactory bulb pathway and dentate gyrus. Sox3 immunoreactivity also persists in specific postmitotic neuronal populations. In vitro, high Sox3 protein expression levels in undifferentiated, SVZ‐derived neurospheres decline markedly with differentiation. Sox3 immunoreactivity in hESCs appears upon differentiation to neural progenitors and then decreases as cells differentiate further into neurons. These findings suggest that Sox3 labels specific stages of hESC‐derived and murine neonatal and adult neural progenitors and are consistent with a role for Sox3 in neural stem cell maintenance. Persistent Sox3 expression in some mature neuronal populations suggests additional undefined roles for Sox3 in neuronal function. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:88–100, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semaphorins and their receptors in lamprey CNS: Cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and developmental changes during metamorphosis
Authors: Shifman Michael I. , Selzer Michael E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe large, conserved semaphorin gene family encodes axon guidance molecules in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The primitive vertebrate lamprey diverged near the time of vertebrate origins and is useful for understanding the gene duplication events that led to the increased complexity of the vertebrate genome. We characterized the sequence and expression pattern of semaphorins and their receptors genes in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We uncovered two members of the semaphorin family in sea lamprey. The first encodes a diffusible class 3 type semaphorin protein that is most similar to the human and mouse Sema3F (71% amino acid identity). The second encodes a transmembrane class 4 type semaphorin that is most similar to mouse Sema4D and human Sema4G, with 38% amino acid identity within the Sema domain. We also identified in lamprey two members of the semaphorin receptor family, lamprey Plexin A1 and Plexin A2. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that lamprey Sema3 and Sema4 represent precursor genes existing prior to the origin of the vertebrate Sema3A–G and Sema4A–G subfamilies. Therefore, the gene duplication event that gave rise to those subfamilies must have occurred after the divergence of jawed vertebrates from jawless fish. These semaphorins and plexins are expressed in unique and dynamic patterns in lamprey spinal cord and brain during development. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:115–132, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
APRAND programme: an intervention to prevent relapses of anxiety and depressive disorders: First results of a medical health promotion intervention in a population of employees
Authors: Godard C. , Chevalier A. , Lecrubier Y. , Lahon G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe study sought to determine whether an organized health promotion intervention during medical consultations improves the outcome for patients who meet the ICD10 criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders.MethodsIn 2001, physicians used the MINI to screen 9743 employees on sick leave and consulting physicians in 21 medical centres of a large company. A health promotion intervention was implemented in eight “active” centres. It took place immediately after diagnosis and consisted of explaining the disorders, delivering the test results and leaflets based on WHO recommendations, and advising patients to consult their personal physician, psychiatrist or occupational physician, if necessary. Its effectiveness, evaluated by symptom severity and outcome over 1 year, was assessed by comparing the eight active centres to 13 control centres (without the intervention).ResultsDisorders were detected among 10.6% of the subjects, 29.4% of whom had no previous diagnosis of anxiety or depressive disorder. The intervention was associated with a positive effect on the 6-week and 6-month HAD scores. Total absence of disorders at 1 year was associated with age, sex, and intervention, among all identified cases (OR = 1.53), among those with at least one anxiety disorder (OR = 1.45), and among those with at least one depressive disorder (OR = 1.40).ConclusionCombining detection with organized provision of information including printed material improves patients' outcome and physicians' diagnostic abilities.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of β-Expansin Gene Related to Root Hair Formation in Barley
Authors: Kwasniewski Miroslaw , Szarejko Iwona 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Root hairs are specialized epidermal cells that play a role in the uptake of water and nutrients from the rhizosphere and serve as a site of interaction with soil microorganisms. The process of root hair formation is well characterized in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); however, there is a very little information about the genetic and molecular basis of root hair development in monocots. Here, we report on isolation and cloning of the β-expansin (EXPB) gene HvEXPB1, tightly related to root hair initiation in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Using root transcriptome differentiation in the wild-type/root-hairless mutant system, a cDNA fragment present in roots of wild-type plants only was identified. After cloning of full-length cDNA and genomic sequences flanking the identified fragment, the subsequent bioinformatics analyses revealed homology of the protein coded by the identified gene to the EXPB family. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that expression of HvEXPB1 cosegregated with the root hair phenotype in F2 progeny of the cross between the hairless mutant rhl1.a and the wild-type Karat parent variety. Expression of the HvEXPB1 gene was root specific; it was expressed in roots of wild-type forms, but not in coleoptiles, leaves, tillers, and spikes. The identified gene was active in roots of two other analyzed root hair mutants: rhp1.a developing root hair primordia only and rhs1.a with very short root hairs. Contrary to this, a complete lack of HvEXPB1 expression was observed in roots of the spontaneous root-hairless mutant bald root barley. All these observations suggest a role of the HvEXPB1 gene in the process of root hair formation in barley.
GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS Modulates the Regulation by Gibberellins of Epidermal Differentiation and Shoot Maturation inArabidopsis
Authors: Gan Yinbo , Kumimoto Rod , Liu Chang , Ratcliffe Oliver , Yu Hao , Broun Pierre 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAs a plant shoot matures, it transitions through a series of growth phases in which successive aerial organs undergo distinct developmental changes. This process of phase change is known to be influenced by gibberellins (GAs). We report the identification of a putative transcription factor, GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS (GIS), which regulates aspects of shoot maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. GIS loss-of-function mutations affect the epidermal differentiation of inflorescence organs, causing a premature decrease in trichome production on successive leaves, stem internodes, and branches. Overexpression has the opposite effect on trichome initiation and causes other heterochronic phenotypes, affecting flowering and juvenile–adult leaf transition and inducing the formation of rosette leaves on inflorescence stems. Genetic and gene expression analyses suggest that GIS acts in a GA-responsive pathway upstream of the trichome initiation regulator GLABROUS1 (GL1) and downstream of the GA signaling repressor SPINDLY (SPY). GIS mediates the induction of GL1 expression by GA in inflorescence organs and is antagonized in its action by the DELLA repressor GAI. The implication of GIS in the broader regulation of phase change is further suggested by the delay in flowering caused by GIS loss of function in the spy background. The discovery of GIS reveals a novel mechanism in the control of shoot maturation, through which GAs regulate cellular differentiation in plants.
AGL24,SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, andAPETALA1Redundantly ControlAGAMOUSduring Early Stages of Flower Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Gregis Veronica , Sessa Alice , Colombo Lucia , Kater Martin M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLoss-of-function alleles of AGAMOUS-LIKE24 (AGL24) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) revealed that these two similar MADS box genes have opposite functions in controlling the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana, with AGL24 functioning as a promoter and SVP as a repressor. AGL24 promotes inflorescence identity, and its expression is downregulated by APETALA1 (AP1) and LEAFY to establish floral meristem identity. Here, we combine the two mutants to generate the agl24 svp double mutant. Analysis of flowering time revealed that svp is epistatic to agl24. Furthermore, when grown at 30°C, the double mutant was severely affected in flower development. All four floral whorls showed homeotic conversions due to ectopic expression of class B and C organ identity genes. The observed phenotypes remarkably resembled the leunig (lug) and seuss (seu) mutants. Protein interaction studies showed that dimers composed of AP1-AGL24 and AP1-SVP interact with the LUG-SEU corepressor complex. We provide genetic evidence for the role of AP1 in these interactions by showing that the floral phenotype in the ap1 agl24 svp triple mutant is significantly enhanced. Our data suggest that MADS box proteins are involved in the recruitment of the SEU-LUG repressor complex for the regulation of AGAMOUS.
Chloro(triphenylphosphine)(tropolonato)palladium(II)
Authors: Steyl Gideon 
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Pd(C7H5O2)Cl(C18H15P)], is a new type of α-diketone palladium(II) complex containing a tertiary arylphosphine. It crystallizes with a distorted square-planar geometry about the palladium(II) metal centre. The most important bond distances and angles include Pd—O (trans P) = 2.0481 (12) Å, Pd—O (trans Cl) = 2.0016 (12) Å, Pd—P = 2.2268 (4) Å, Pd—Cl = 2.2770 (5) Å, O—Pd—O = 80.22 (5)° and O—C—C—O = 3.7 (2)°. A π–π stacking interaction is observed between neighbouring tropolonate groups, with an interplanar distance of 3.377 (6) Å.
New Methods in Due-Process Cases
Authors: Kales Albert M. 
Published: May 2006

In addressing the court in due-process cases one should not commence with the usual salutation “May it please the Court.” Instead, one should say “My Lords.” Backed by and charged with the enforcement of the due-process clause of the fifth and fourteenth amendments, the Supreme Court of the United States is the American substitute for the British house of lords. It constitutes the real and only conservative second chamber of the federal government. It is a second conservative chamber for each of the state governments.The time has come when the political scientists of the country should recognize, in the decisions of the United States Supreme Court under the due-process clause, the functioning of a second chamber, organized to defeat the popular will as expressed in legislation when that will appears to endanger what the court may regard as a fundamental requirement of the social structure itself.Like all conservative second chambers, the Supreme Court and the due-process clause are in a hopeless dilemma. If the popular will were frustrated as often as the dissenting opinions of Mr. Justice McReynolds indicate that it should be, the second chamber function of the court would be assailed by the recall of judicial decisions. If the court bowed to the popular will as often as the dissenting opinions of Mr. Justice Holmes indicate that it should, the second chamber function of the court would cease to be exercised.
Political Geography and State Government
Authors: Dodd W. F. 
Published: May 2006

Little attention has been devoted in this country to political areas and their relationship to each other. Not much is to be gained from a theoretical discussion of this subject, and this article is based upon a detailed study of conditions in Illinois. Similar problems present themselves in every state, although the details vary in different parts of the country, and the effort is made here to bring out the general issues involved, using the conditions in a single state as the basis for discussion.Attention should at the outset be called to the fact that the situation is complicated by the fact that this state has but one great city. The position of Chicago and Cook County constitutes one of the serious political problems in connection with reorganization of state and local government.
The Development of Democracy on the American Continent
Authors: Rowe L. S. 
Published: May 2006

The year that is about to close marks the hundredth anniversary of the independence of many of the republics of the American continent. The long struggle which began in 1808, and which did not reach full fruition until the beginning of the third decade of the nineteenth century, possesses all the characteristics of a great epic; marked by a degree of devotion to the ideals of liberty and independence which will ever constitute the great heritage of the people of this continent.Within these last twelve months we have also seen the republican system of government fully organized in some of the older monarchies of Europe and in the new and independent states established by the Treaty of Versailles. The period that has elapsed is much too short to permit of any adequate estimate of the permanence of the political systems that have been established, or of the manner of their operation. On the other hand, the development of democracy in the republics of America has extended over a period sufficiently long to make possible an inventory of its strength and weakness and some formulation of the requisites for further progress.
American Publicity in Italy
Authors: Merriam Charles E. 
Published: May 2006

The great war developed many new weapons—the submarine, the aeroplane, the long range gun, the tank, the deadly gas; but one of the most novel and deadly was the propaganda—the psychological working on the war will of the enemy. It was developed first and effectually used by the Central Powers against France, England, the United States, and with terrible results in Russia and Italy. But the Allies were not far behind, and by the close of the war had caught up with their foes and probably surpassed them. In the summer of 1918, the German press complained of the relative weakness of their propaganda, and declared the enemy's pen and propaganda were worse than his sword.After the work of the Committee on Public Information, under Mr. George Creel, had been under way for a number of months in the United States, it was deemed advisable to establish branch offices of the committee in many European countries for the purpose of explaining the war aims and preparations of our country. Such offices were established in England, France, Italy, and eventually in some thirty-two foreign countries, in charge of Mr. Will Irwin and later of Mr. Edward Lisson. For the purpose of organizing the work in Italy, the writer was sent over by the committee, arriving in Rome about March, 1918, and returning in October.
Changes of Bureau Chiefs in the National Administration of the United States, 1926–29
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W. 
Published: May 2006

It is the purpose of this note to bring down to date an analysis of the selection and tenure of bureau chiefs in the national administration offered by the writer in this Review in 1926. A complete enumeration of the changes that have taken place at this crucial level in the civil service during an interval of nearly three years has suggestive value, at least in indicating the trend of our bureaucracy.The mode of approach in the original study was primarily biographical. The bureaus were classified with reference to the manner of selection and the nature of the prior experience of the bureau chiefs then in office. The same method and arrangement are used in dealing with shifts since 1926.First to be considered are the new bureau chiefs whose positions are in the classified competitive service under the supervision of the Civil Service Commission. Replacements in this group since 1926 have involved the amalgamated Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, the Bureau of Dairy Industry, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, the Bureau of Biological Survey, the Forest Service, the Bureau of Entomology, and indirectly the newly constituted Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Plant Quarantine and Control Administration—all in the Department of Agriculture; also the National Park Service in the Department of the Interior. In two instances competitive examinations have been employed; in another, one has been ordered; in the remaining cases the new chiefs have been chosen by promotion from within the competitive classified service.
American Interpretations of Natural Law
Authors: Wright B. F. 
Published: May 2006

When James Otis in 1764 declared that government “has an everlasting foundation in the unchangeable will of God, the author of nature, whose laws never vary,” and that “there can be no prescription old enough to supersede the law of nature and the grant of God Almighty, who has given to all men a natural right to be free,” he was at once making use of one of the oldest and most important conceptions in the history of political thought and giving to that concept a distinctly American meaning. His was merely one of the earliest examples in this country of a kind of political theory which was to find reflection in the Declaration of Independence in one generation, in the higher law doctrine in another, and in a famous trilogy of decisions of the Supreme Court in still a third. However, the natural-rights theory is by no means the only usage found for the natural-law concept in the political thought of this country, and it is the purpose of this paper to trace briefly the various interpretations placed upon it and the different forms through which it has passed.It is easy enough to say that natural law has meant just what the individual theorist desired to have it mean; for its content has varied from philosophical anarchy to paternalistic aristocracy, and from the assertion of strongly individualistic democracy to the defence of highly centralized government. But this statement does not dispose of the problem. It is necessary to know why and when these varying interpretations were advanced and what their exponents meant when they spoke so confidently of the laws of nature.
The Bearing of Myers v. United States upon the Independence of Federal Administrative Tribunals
Authors: Hart James 
Published: May 2006

The rapid development of administrative law during this century has meant a multiplication of administrative tribunals. The functions of these bodies vary widely. Some have regulatory powers, others only fact-finding authority. The Interstate Commerce Commission may fix rates; the Tariff Commission may only investigate differences in costs of production.In all such cases, however, there is fundamentally the same motivation behind their creation. The complexity, technicality, constant fluctuations, and expanding scope of the problems that confront Congress have compelled it to devolve some of its authority upon other bodies, and in some cases to set up agencies for the collection of data as a basis for decision. These very same factors have made our traditional trial courts unsuitable agencies for the exercise of powers thus devolved, and politically controlled bureaus unfit for the investigation of politically significant facts. Congress, therefore, has set up specialized bodies, which are to be manned by experts in particular fields, supplied with elaborate means of research, and authorized to act upon the best obtainable information and opinion. The purpose is thus clearly to cause scientific methods and expert judgment to be brought to bear to the maximum extent possible.It is submitted that for this purpose to be carried out—for the duties of these tribunals to be performed under the influence of the “judicial habit of thought”—it is essential that the members be guaranteed independence in the exercise of their personal judgment, uninfluenced by direct pressure from political superiors or special interests. And it is a matter of common experience that independence of tenure is a prerequisite of independence of judgment.