bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Paris and Democracy, 1990
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
As part of the ending of the Cold War, a summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe agreed the Charter of Paris in 1990. Amongst other things, it expressed a commitment to democracy ‘as the only system of government of our nations’. If international society is considered to be pluralistic, this was a puzzling development: it was making an international principle of legitimacy out of a form of internal government. The chapter attempts to explain this development in terms of the role of world society, in the context of the dramatic events of the end of the Cold War. It shows that the commitment to democracy served obvious state purposes, but also responded to a wider social constituency of expectations. This case was pressed by a transnational network acting in support of democratic principles, and which organized parallel summits to shadow the CSCE process. This also responded to developments in international law where some theorists, such as Thomas Franck, claimed to have identified an emerging democratic entitlement.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe first part of the conclusion summarizes the findings from the historical cases. These fall into four categories. The first is where a strong world society constituency is able to influence the policy of a leading state, or group of leading states, as in the case of the slave trade or social justice in 1919. In the second case, the same holds true, but it is actually the leading states that proactively encourage world society action, as with human rights at San Francisco. In the third case, as at The Hague, there was no specific state ‘norm entrepreneur’. Fourthly, there is the negative case where the state sponsor was not strong enough to have the norm accepted, as with Japan and racial equality in 1919. Theoretically, the argument points to a degree of normative assimilation between international and world society, and a corresponding degree of social integration. The relationship is one of complementariness rather than displacement. This develops English School discussions of the topic. However, there is a warning that past coalitions between world society groups and leading states — that seem to have stimulated humanitarian norms — could in the future promote less attractive norms.
Racial disparity in stage at diagnosis and survival among adults with oral cancer in the US
Authors: Shiboski Caroline H. , Schmidt Brian L. , Jordan Richard C. K. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract  Objectives:  To explore distribution of stage at diagnosis and relative survival rates among US adults with oral cavity cancer in relation to race, and over time.Methods:  We obtained 1973–2002 oral cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, and computed proportions for each oral cavity site by stage at diagnosis, tumor size, and 5‐year relative survival rates among Whites and Blacks.Results:  A total of 46 855 cases of oral cavity cancer were reported to the SEER registry among adults ≥20 years between 1973 and 2002. African–Americans had a significantly higher proportion of cancer, mainly in the tongue, that had spread to a regional node or to a distant site at diagnosis than Whites: 67% versus 49% of tongue cancers reported from 1973 to 1987 (P < 0.001), and 70% versus 53% of those reported from 1988 to 2002 (P < 0.001). They had a significantly higher proportion of tongue cancer that were >4 cm in diameter at time of diagnosis (59% versus 44%; P < 0.001), and black men in particular experienced lower 5‐year relative survival rates than white men, in particular, for tongue cancer (25% versus 43% from 1973 to 1987, and 31% versus 53% from 1988 to 2002).Conclusion:  There are significant racial disparities with respect to stage at diagnosis and survival among adults with oral cancer reported to the SEER registry from 1973 to 2002. One possible explanation for the lower survival among Blacks may be a difference in access to, and utilization of, healthcare services.
Update on peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in skin physiology and severe human diseases
Authors: Méchin M.‐C. , Sebbag M. , Arnaud J. , Nachat R. , Foulquier C. , Adoue V. , Coudane F. , Duplan H. , Schmitt A.‐M. , Chavanas S. , Guerrin M. , Serre G. , Simon M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisDeimination (or citrullination) is a recently described post‐translational modification, but its consequences are not yet well understood. It is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). These enzymes transform arginyl residues involved in a peptidyl link into citrullyl residues in a calcium‐dependent manner. Several PAD substrates have already been identified like filaggrin and keratins K1 and K10 in the epidermis, trichohyalin in hair follicles, but also ubiquitous proteins like histones. PADs act in a large panel of physiological functions as cellular differentiation or gene regulation. It has been suggested that deimination plays a role in many major diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and psoriasis. Five human genes (PADIs), encoding five highly conserved paralogous enzymes (PAD1‐4 and 6), have been characterized. These genes are clustered in a single locus, at 1p35‐36 in man. Only PAD1‐3 are expressed in human epidermis. PADs seem to be controlled at transcriptional, translational and activity levels and they present particular substrate specificities. In this review, we shall discuss these main biochemical, genetic and functional aspects of PADs together with their pathophysiological implications.
Sunless tanning products containing dihydroxyacetone in combination with a perfluoropolyether phosphate
Authors: Pantini G. , Ingoglia R. , Brunetta F. , Brunetta A. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisIt is well known that the shelf‐life of products containing dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is quite unsatisfactory, and that in this area the adjustment to an acidic pH is the way usually recommended to improve DHA stability. The adoption of this rule, however, is a challenge for the cosmetic chemist not only because of the risks of skin irritation, but also because of the strong limitations in the choice of the acidic agent. It occurs that the use of either hydroxy‐acids and phosphoric acid/phosphate buffers has the opposite effect on the one intended. Recently, a perfluoropolyether phosphate (PFPE phosphate) was introduced as a new acidic agent to lower the pH without increasing the skin irritation. Starting from a rationale based on this potential, we investigated sunless tanners containing PFPE phosphate and DHA. We monitored the ageing of sunless tanners with and without PFPE phosphate, by visual observation and instrumentation (pH measures and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy). Furthermore, to evaluate whether the substances produced from the DHA degradation are potential irritants, patch tests on volunteers were used to check the safety and indirectly the stability of the compositions. In conclusion, our investigations on the guidelines to formulate DHA‐containing sunless tanners:

confirmed that the pH is a key parameter in formulating these compositions;
proved that PFPE phosphate is a safe and compatible ingredient to lower the pH;
gave some evidence of the critical importance of thickeners;
suggested a strategy based on multifunctional agents to minimize the ingredients.
Massless Cable for Real‐time Simulation
Authors: Servin M. , Lacoursière C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract A technique for real‐time simulation of hoisting cable systems based on a multibody nonideal constraint is presented. The hoisting cable constraint is derived from the cable internal energies for stretching and twisting. Each hoisting cable introduces two constraint equations, one for stretching and one for torsion, which include all the rigid bodies attached by the same cable. The computation produces the global tension and torsion in the cable as well as the resulting forces and torques on each attached body. The complexity of the computation grows linearly with the number of bodies attached to a given cable and is weakly coupled to the rest of the simulation. The nonideal constraint formulation allows stable simulations of cables over wide ranges of linear and torsional stiffness, including the rigid limit. This contrasts with lumped element formulations including the cable internal degrees of freedom in which computational complexity grows at least linearly with the number of cable elements – usually proportional to cable length – and where numerical stability is sensitive to the mass ratio between the load and the lumped elements.
Alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in the long‐lived Little mice
Authors: Amador‐Noguez Daniel , Dean Adam , Huang Wendong , Setchell Kenneth , Moore David , Darlington Gretchen 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOur previous microarray expression analysis of the long‐lived Little mice (Ghrhrlit/lit) showed a concerted up‐regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes. Here, we show that this up‐regulation is associated with a potent increase in resistance against the adverse effects of a variety of xenobiotics, including the hepatotoxins acetaminophen and bromobenzene and the paralyzing agent zoxazolamine. The classic xenobiotic receptors Car (Constitutive Androstane Receptor) and Pxr (Pregnane X Receptor) are considered key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism. Using double and triple knockout/mutant mouse models we found, however, that Car and Pxr are not required for the up‐regulation of xenobiotic genes in Little mice. Our results suggest instead that bile acids and the primary bile acid receptor Fxr (farnesoid X receptor) are likely mediators of the up‐regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes in Little mice. Bile acid levels are considerably elevated in the bile, serum, and liver of Little mice. We found that treatment of wild‐type animals with cholic acid, one of the major bile acids elevated in Little mice, mimics in large part the up‐regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes observed in Little mice. Additionally, the loss of Fxr had a major effect on the expression of the xenobiotic detoxification genes up‐regulated in Little mice. A large fraction of these genes lost or decreased their high expression levels in double mutant mice for Fxr and Ghrhr. The alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in Little mice constitute a form of increased stress resistance and may contribute to the extended longevity of these mice.
Effectiveness of ART and traditional amalgam approach in restoring single‐surface cavities in posterior teeth of permanent dentitions in school children after 6.3 years
Authors: Frencken J. E. , Van't Hof M. A. , Taifour D. , Al‐Zaher I. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach was compared with the traditional amalgam (TA) approach in order to test their appropriateness to complement a preventive and educational school oral health programme in Syria.Methods:  Using a parallel group design, 370 and 311 grade 2 children were randomly assigned to the ART and the TA group respectively. Eight dentists placed 1117 single‐ and multiple‐surface restorations. A modified actuarial method was used to estimate survival curves. The jackknife method was applied to calculate the standard error in the cumulative survival percentages.Results:  A statistically significant difference in cumulative survival percentages between single‐surface non‐occlusal ART and comparable amalgam restorations was observed after 4.3, 5.3 and 6.3 years. The survival of single‐surface non‐occlusal ART posterior restorations (80.2 ± 4.9%) was statistically significantly higher than that of occlusal posterior ART restorations (64.8 ± 3.9%) at evaluation year 6.3. There was no statistically significant difference observed between survival percentages of large (55.8 ± 10%) and that of small (69.2 ± 4.6%) single‐surface posterior ART restorations after 6.3 years. There was an operator effect observed for single‐surface ART and comparable amalgam restorations. Secondary caries was observed in 2.3% of single‐surface ART restorations and in 3.7% of single‐surface amalgam restorations during the 6.3 year observation period.Conclusions:  The ART approach provided higher survival percentages for single‐surface restorations than the TA approach over 6.3 years and is therefore appropriate for use in school oral health programmes. Secondary caries was only a minor reason for ART restorations to fail. An operator effect was observed for both treatment approaches.
Cultural factors and children's oral health care: a qualitative study of carers of young children
Authors: Hilton Irene V. , Stephen Samantha , Barker Judith C. , Weintraub Jane A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:  This qualitative study sought to identify cultural beliefs, practices and experiences that influence access to preventive oral health care for young children from different racial and ethnic groups.Methods:  Four to six focus groups in each of the African–American, Chinese, Latino and Filipino communities in San Francisco, California were included in the study. Participants were carers of children aged 1–5 years. The 22 groups (n = 177 participants) were stratified by carer's age and, except in the African–American community, by whether US or non‐US born. Sessions were conducted in different languages as needed.Results:  Lack of knowledge and beliefs about primary teeth created barriers to early preventive care in all groups. In Chinese groups more than others, health beliefs regarding disease causation and prevention influenced access to preventive dental care. In all groups, multiple family carers, especially elders, influenced access to preventive care. Dental fear, whether derived from prevailing community beliefs or personal negative dental experiences, greatly influenced attitudes regarding accessing preventive care.Conclusion:  There are both similarities and differences between racial/ethnic groups in how cultural beliefs and experiences influence young children's access to dental care and how it might be improved.
The concept of validity in sociodental indicators and oral health‐related quality‐of‐life measures
Authors: Brondani M. A. , MacEntee M. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground:  Most of the psychometric instruments used to measure quality of life associated with oral impairment and disability from the perspectives of older adults focus on negative experiences, and pay little attention to the possibility of positive reactions to disablement. This oversight challenges the validity of the instruments in current use, and raises questions about the process used to validate them.Objectives:  In this study, we consider the general attributes of psychometric validity, and how they have been applied to oral health‐related instruments.Conclusions and recommendations:  The psychometric characteristics and predictive validity of existing dental instruments are still weak, probably because the instruments fail to address the broad range of personal variables that influence oral health, disability and quality of life. We recommend, therefore, that a continuous process of validation be adopted to include: (1) assessments of the theoretical framework supporting the instruments; (2) evaluations of the focus and structure of the questions used; and (3) enhancements of the prediction value of instruments applicable to oral health‐related beliefs and behaviours.
Fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children living in optimally, sub‐optimally and non‐fluoridated areas
Authors: Maguire A. , Zohouri F. V. , Hindmarch P. N. , Hatts J. , Moynihan P. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives:  This study was designed to measure total intake, urinary excretion and estimated retention of fluoride in children under customary fluoride intake conditions, living in either fluoridated or low‐fluoride areas of north‐east England. Subsidiary aims were to investigate the relationships between the variables measured.Methods:  Using a randomized cluster design with schools as the sampling units, four schools from a non‐fluoridated area and two from a fluoridated area were selected from the schools chosen to participate in the study. Fluoride intake from diet and toothbrushing was assessed using a 3‐day food diary and fluoride analysis of expectorated saliva during toothbrushing. Samples of all foods and drinks consumed were measured for fluoride content using direct and indirect silicon‐facilitated diffusion methods as appropriate. Urinary fluoride excretion and urine volume were measured over 24 h and estimation of fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) and fluoride retention made from collected data. Following descriptive analysis of variables, Pearson's correlations investigated relationships between fluoride content of home tap water, daily fluoride intake, excretion and retention.Results:  Thirty‐three children completed the study: 18 receiving non‐fluoridated water [mean = 0.08 (±0.03) mg F/l], nine sub‐optimally fluoridated water [mean = 0.47 (±0.09) mg F/l] and six optimally fluoridated water [mean = 0.82 (±0.13) mg F/l] at the time of the study. Complete data on F intake, excretion and retention were available for 29 children. Mean fluoride intake from diet and toothpaste ranged from 0.031 (±0.025) mg/kg body weight (bw)/day for the low‐fluoride area to 0.038 (±0.038) and 0.047(±0.008) mg/kg bw/day for sub‐optimally and optimally fluoridated areas respectively. Contribution of toothpaste to total fluoride intake ranged from 3% to 93% with mean values of 57%, 35% and 47% for children receiving low, sub‐optimally and optimally fluoridated water respectively. FUFE ranged from a mean of 32% (±13%) for the optimally fluoridated area to 44% (±33%) for the low‐fluoride area. Fluoride retention was not correlated with the fluoride concentration of home water supply, but was strongly positively correlated (P < 0.001) with total daily fluoride intake.Conclusions:  In an industrialized country, total fluoride intake, urinary excretion and consequently fluoride retention no longer reflect residence in a community with a non‐fluoridated or fluoridated water supply. Fluoride toothpaste contributes a significant proportion of total ingested fluoride in children, particularly in low‐fluoride areas.
Oral health conditions of community‐dwelling cognitively intact elderly persons with disabilities
Authors: Saunders Ralph , Friedman Bruce 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:  To present descriptive information on oral health and health care of community‐dwelling elderly persons with disabilities who are living at home.Background:  Most previous studies have focused on specific subpopulations, namely, persons who are essentially healthy and independent, are homebound, or are nursing home residents. Little information appears to be available on community‐residing elderly persons with disabilities.Materials and methods:  A total of 641 participants aged 65 years and over in a Medicare Demonstration who were cognitively intact, completed an oral health questionnaire within 1 year of Demonstration entry. Demonstration participants were required to be living in the community, need or receive help with 2+ activities of daily living (ADLs) or 3+ instrumental ADLs (IADLs), and have recently experienced significant health services utilisation.Results:  Subject mean age was 79.1 years, 73.8% were female, and 4% were minority. They were dependent in a mean of 1.8 ADLs and 2.9 IADLs. 43.1% reported that they had no natural teeth, 77.4% had dentures, 58.8% frequently felt their mouth was dry, 5.2% had jaw pain now and 6.1% had at some time experienced burning sensations in their mouth or tongue. 40.4% reported that they were currently in need of dental treatment, although 56.2% indicated they now had a dentist, and 42.1% identified having a dental visit within the past 12 months. 19.7% indicated some dental insurance coverage.Conclusion:  This is one of the first studies to focus on community‐dwelling elderly people with disabilities. Substantial oral health morbidity was reported.
Fragments and Foundations: Medieval Texts and the Future of Feminism
Authors: Williams Tara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the development of feminist criticism and gender studies within medieval literary studies and the limited impact that feminist treatments of texts from the Middle Ages have had on the field of feminist theory and criticism more generally. I survey the past achievements by feminists working with medieval texts, noting that they focused primarily on concepts of femininity, representations of characters, or women writers. Then I explore the conflicting assessments of the present status of feminism within medieval literary studies. Finally, I argue that there are three primary areas for future research: the expansion of the feminist ‘canon’, interactions within and between texts, and the intersections of language and gender. Feminism has achieved many of its original goals and now has been largely supplanted by gender and sexuality studies, including queer theory. However, I conclude that medieval texts offer new directions for feminist inquiry because they contain the origins of gendered language in English; medieval texts reveal that the meanings of words like womanhood, femininity, and wifehood have been disparate and contested from their first usages and thereby defamiliarize our modern usages of those same terms.
THE ANTIOXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF LYOPHILIZED CITRUS PEEL EXTRACT IN DIFFERENT MEAT MODEL SYSTEMS DURING STORAGE AT 20C
Authors: JO C. , KANG H. J. , LEE M. , LEE N. Y. , BYUN M.W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAntioxidative potential of lyophilized citrus (Citrus unshiu) peel extract in raw and cooked meat systems was investigated. Beef pork, chicken, and salmon patties were prepared without (control), with lyophilized citrus peel extract (0.1%, NICP), and with 20 kGy‐irradiated, lyophilized citrus peel extract (0.1%, ICP). TBARS value showed that the addition of lyophilized citrus peel (NICP or ICP) inhibited the development of lipid oxidation of raw and cooked meat patties during storage for 8 days at 20C (P<0.05) except for raw chicken patty. Hunter color a*‐values of the cooked meat patties treated with NICP or ICP were higher than those of the control (P<0.05). Irradiation of citrus peel extract did not show any notable changes in its antioxidant effect in the meat systems. Thus, the lyophilized citrus extract could be used as one of the natural antioxidants with the potential of cost‐effectiveness and is environmentally friendly.
Studies on the Comparability of Consumer Price Indices
Authors: Dalén Jörgen 
Published: May 2007

SummaryComparability of statistical data between countries is a major objective for international statistical organisations such as EUROSTAT. The convergence criteria set down in the Maastricht Treaty explicitly require comparable consumer price indices in the European Union. We present an empirical analysis, largely based on simulations with Swedish and Finnish CPI data, of various potential sources of non‐comparability, conceptual as well as technical ones.