bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional structure and incentives of technology transfer
Authors: Cao Yong , Zhao Li , Chen Rensong 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand different institutional mechanisms for promoting effective innovation diffusion and maximizing spillovers from fruitfulness of university‐industry linkages.Design/methodology/approachThe approach involved the content analysis of university documents and in‐depth interviews with university personnel. The paper investigated the types of changes which had been instituted by selected universities in regards to the management of invention disclosure and patent licensing procedures, policies for new business startups by faculty and graduates. The paper then studies how university incentive structures have been reshaped to encourage and facilitate engagement with industry.FindingsThe types of changes have been instituted by select universities enhance research commercialization capacity in regards to the management of invention disclosure and patent licensing, policies for new business startups by faculty and graduates, and provision of seed capital, training and incubator facilities, especially the relationship between technology transfer offices and university administration, as well as faculty; how university incentive structure has been reshaped to encourage and facilitate engagement with industry; how gross royalties and/or net royalty income are distributed between university and faculty.Originality/valueThis paper describes the important role of institutional underpinnings for building commercial linkages. It also explores what university policies and institutions shape the nature and fruitfulness of innovation diffusion in China.
Science and technology policy management in China
Authors: Yong Chen‐Chen , Teh Pei‐Lee , Ooi Keng‐Boon , Siah Kim‐Lan 
Published: February 2009

PurposeScience and technology is the bedrock in developing a knowledge‐based economy. Immense changes will be spawned by the development of science and technology. Today, China's remarkable growth has brought a great interest to the rest of the world in fostering her economic development through scientific research and technology acquisition. Whether China will be the world leader in science and technology remains a puzzle. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges of the science and technology development in strengthening China's economic growth. In this context, the purpose of the study is to provide a conceptual framework for the strategic management of science and technology policy in China.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted based on the past and present observations and literature review.FindingsAlthough the concept of “policy for science” plays a pivotal role in the technology progress in China, the concept of “science for policy” should be emphasized. Hence, a unified policy framework where the concepts of “science for policy” and “policy for science” have to be incorporated and synchronized in tackling the challenges faced by current practices.Originality/valueThe commitment in developing an “innovation‐oriented society” in the twenty‐first century, it is essential to lay the foundation for the framework to understand the science and technology policy management in stimulating the Chinese economic growth. The framework could be served as the basis for policy formulation and policy analysis.
Systematically innovate! What sounds like an oxymoron is actually a recipe for dependable results
Authors: Crosswhite Dave , Rufat‐Latre Jorge 
Published: February 2009

PurposeStrategic innovation competence is critical to business success in the world today. How to develop this competence is an even more critical issue facing businesses today. This paper aims to investigate this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explains how companies can solve these dilemmas as it explores relevant innovation theory and practice with several short case studies. Principles underlying the development of an innovation competence and an explanation of how companies can put these principles into practice to overcome the most common innovation challenges are also discussed.FindingsThe paper shows how ongoing, systematic innovation has become the only sustainable source of competitive advantageOriginality/valueThis paper discusses how companies can put the principles of innovation and change into their business and make it work for them.
Competitiveness and emerging markets
Authors: Pillania Rajesh K. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe twenty first century is increasingly categorized as a century for hyper‐competitiveness. In the knowledge economy, any country can be the location of knowledge resource and it is increasingly becoming difficult to have national competitive advantages as compared to previous centuries. This paper seeks to study the competitiveness of emerging markets, particularly Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) countries.Design/methodology/approachThe paper obtains help form literature and recent competitiveness reports.FindingsEmerging markets, particularly the group of BRIC countries, are increasingly becoming the growth driver of the global economy. In the Global Competitiveness Rankings of World Economic Forum, India is most competitive among BRICs, whereas in World Competitiveness Rankings of the IMD, China is most competitive followed by India, Brazil and Russia. In the knowledge economy Index and Knowledge Index, Russia is the leading player followed by Brazil, China and India.Research limitations/implicationsTo maintain the growth story of emerging markets, competitiveness is a must. This issue needs to be further researched.Practical implicationsThe paper finds that India and China are ahead of Russia and Brazil on competitiveness indices, but lag in knowledge indices. Thus, whereas Brazil and Russia need to focus on governance and business efficiency, India and China need to develop knowledge resources.Originality/valueEmerging markets and competitiveness are important research issues and this paper tries to provide some basic understanding on competitiveness of emerging markets.
Demystifying knowledge management
Authors: Pillania Rajesh K. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to attempt to demystify knowledge management.Design/methodology/approachThis paper looks at existing literature.FindingsThe paper finds that, in simple words, knowledge management involves three things, namely, knowledge creation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge implementation. It is a comprehensive concept and information systems and human resource management are part of it.Research limitations/implicationsThere are serious implications of playing with the concept of knowledge management for researchers and practitioners and by focusing on and bringing it into functional domain like IT; the concept is forced to under perform.Practical implicationsKnowledge management is a strategic management concept drawing from various disciplinary areas.Originality/valueThis paper put things into perspective and clears the confusions and complexities around the concept of knowledge management.
Multinationals and emerging markets
Authors: Pillania Rajesh K. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThere is an increased interest in research and explanation for emerging markets and multinational corporations (MNCs). This paper aims to study emerging markets and MNCs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes help of existing literature and industry examples.FindingsThe success record of MNCs from developed countries in emerging market has been mixed. The MNCs from emerging markets are now expanding and acquiring companies in developed countries at a rapid pace in recent years. This is reflected in the increasing number of emerging markets MNCs in the Fortune Global 500 list. Emerging market MNCs are giving tough competition to developed country MNCs in other emerging markets as well as Third World countries. The emerging market MNCs' power and impact has increased significantly and many of them have become household names across the world.Research limitations/implicationsMNCs play a very important role in global business. Multinationals and emerging markets have become a popular subject of research.Practical implicationsMNCs from developed countries need to understand emerging markets better. Emerging markets multinationals need to learn further in conquest for global markets.Originality/valueThis paper looks at various issues involved in multinationals and emerging markets.
How great leaders avoid disaster: the value of contingency planning
Authors: Simpkins Robert A. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss how leaders can benefit from better contingency planning.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a viewpoint from an acclaimed organizational advisor and specialist in strategic planning.FindingsThe paper gives examples of good and bad contingency planning, and offers advice on how to put together a plan.Practical implicationsThis paper will help managers develop and implement better strategic contingency plans.Originality/valueThis paper will be very useful for practitioners wanting to learn about contingency planning, or considering whether to write a plan or not. It gives clear step‐by‐step instructions, and uses well‐known examples from practice.
Communicating climate change: challenges ahead and action needed
Authors: Leal Filho Walter 
Published: February 2009

PurposeEven though climate change is a matter of great scientific relevance and of broad general interest, there are some problems related to its communication. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the problems inherent to the communication of climate change, list some of the challenges ahead and describe some of the action needed in order to allow it to be better and more widely communicated.Design/methodology/approachA description of trends related to education and communication on climate change is made and some recent trends are outlined.FindingsFinding practical, workable and cost‐efficient solutions to the problems posed by climate change is now a world priority and one which links government and non‐government organisations in a way not seen before. In order to yield the expected results, current initiatives need to be complemented by sound education and communication strategies.Originality/valueThe paper describes the barriers seen when one tries to communicate climate change and outlines some of the current misconceptions of what climate change is. It also suggests a set of measures to address the existing deficiencies.
Carbon accounting and carbon footprint – more than just diced results?
Authors: Schmidt Mario 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the growing public interest in climate protection and the desire for climate‐friendly consumption which has led to a previously unimagined demand for Carbon Labels on products and various approaches to calculating the carbon footprint of firms or individual products.Design/methodology/approachA principal problem in calculating the carbon footprint is the input required to genuinely map the emissions from cradle to grave, in other words the product life path as is customary in a life cycle assessment. Small‐ and medium‐sized companies especially encounter major problems in practice when trying to calculate their footprint and take aspects of upstream CO2 emissions from their suppliers into account as well. The different options regarding how to balance and to include these emissions are compared.FindingsSuch analyses are indispensable against the background of decreasing vertical integration in industrialised countries. This is the classic question concerning the boundaries of balancing, but here with far‐reaching consequences, as incorrect selection of the limits will also falsify the results and conclusions.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates that there are new methods that can be used to determine CO2 emissions in supply chains from stage to stage recursively and simply pass the data on to the next actor in the chain. A company then only needs to take the data from its direct trading partners into account and can dispense with comprehensive life cycle analyses. This would make CO2 calculations easier but it requires a discussion about the question for what kind of decisions the different approaches are really helpful.
Key energy‐related steps in addressing climate change
Authors: Rosen Marc A. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeEfforts to address climate change need to focus on curtailing carbon emissions to the atmosphere, and these efforts need to focus in large part on energy processes and activities, given the significant contributions to carbon emissions of the energy sectors of countries. This paper aims to describe key energy‐related steps needed to address climate change.Design/methodology/approachThe key energy‐related steps needed to address climate change are identified, discussed and illustrated.FindingsSeveral key energy‐related steps are identified that need to be addressed to combat climate change. These include: use non‐carbon‐based energy sources; use non‐carbon‐based energy carriers and/or energy carriers that facilitate the use of non‐carbon‐based energy sources; remove and sequester carbon‐based atmospheric emissions; and increase efficiency.Originality/valueGiven the major contributions of energy processes to climate change, it is anticipated that initiatives to address these steps will allow major advances to be achieved regarding addressing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The key energy‐related steps constitute a logical and pragmatic approach that provides a coherent overall structure to guide efforts to address climate change. It is expected that addressing these steps should assist broader efforts to achieve sustainable development.
An assessment of the principle of subsidiarity in urban planning to face climate change
Authors: Minoia Paola , Calzavara Alessandro , Lovo Loris , Zanetto Gabriele 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a case study, showing a local government's capacity in addressing energy consumptions and local greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in its administration areas. This case demonstrates some strengths and weaknesses in the actions of local institutions to complement the national and European efforts in addressing climate change problems.Design/methodology/approachThe paper starts by considering the need to address global changes by a multi‐level governance system, in line with the subsidiarity principle proposed by the European Commission for the implementation of its policies. According to this principle, different institutional levels should intervene through control and reduction of GHG emissions from their operational scale. In particular, this paper reports an ongoing activity of urban planning carried out by a local municipality of Northern Italy, Martellago (Venice Province), that has focused on the energy and GHG reduction as a priority.FindingsThe analysis identified some topics to be addressed by urban plans; their higher or lower effectiveness in respect to the climate change adaptation and mitigation needs; and some constraints to be addressed by an enforced integration of different administrative levels of governance.Originality/valueThis paper shows the importance of local planning in climate change issues, which is seldom considered, particularly in practice. In fact, while the elaboration of energy and urban plans is not mandatory for small municipalities, some voluntary actions – like for Martellago – show that their wide applications could contribute importantly to the efforts to decrease GHG emissions.
Development of national climate and adaptation policy in Latvia
Authors: Klavins Maris , Bruneniece Ieva , Bisters Valdis 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the development and character of climate policy in Latvia with a special emphasis on policy instruments.Design/methodology/approachIn order to implement policies and measures effectively and monitor progress in achieving its mitigation targets, Latvia uses a wide mix of policy instruments, including regulations (e.g. environmental impact assessment procedures, environmental permits and standards, restrictions and prohibitions), economic and fiscal instruments (the natural resources tax, the excise tax for energy resources, user's charges), and voluntary agreements, also raising public awareness.FindingsThe combination of the policy instruments with the economic and fiscal instruments support consideration of the needs to support industrial developments and consider national growth interests, but at the same time keeping in line with the leadership in the climate change mitigation and adaptation leadership.Practical implicationsThe approaches used in Latvia for climate policy development supports prioritising of climate change issues and put the development of adaptation measures as key issues, at the same time stressing efforts in mitigation.Originality/valueThe character of development of climate policy combining different policy instruments in line with limited availability of resources is analysed.
The past protecting the future
Authors: Leal Miguel E. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeIn answer to the urgent need to adapt conservation strategies and approaches to climate change, the purpose of this paper is to locate the climatically stable forests in West and Central Africa and to assess whether they overlap with the existing network of protected areas and if not, to prioritize them for protection.Design/methodology/approachWith ongoing global warming, rain forest will survive where locally soil moisture content remains high compensating for the regional drought stress. As a proxy for a soil moisture‐driven model, rainfall >2,000 mm, altitude >500 m and strong relief (standard deviation in elevation data pixels) were overlapped in a GIS analysis to locate the climatically stable forest within the present continuous forest of Central Africa and within the degraded forest of West Africa. As a means of verification, the biodiversity was measured in and outside the identified areas in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea as high levels of biodiversity are related to the survival and stability of the forest in the past. Biodiversity was calculated (measured as Fisher‐α diversity) for all trees (dbh >5 cm) on 66 transects (200 × 5 m).FindingsThe forest areas identified as climatically stable in the GIS analysis showed a higher biodiversity than the forest outside these areas (student T‐test: P<0.000035, stable = 54.7 and unstable = 33.7), supporting the validity of the model. Mapping the results of the GIS query showed that most of the climatically stable forests in West and Central Africa are located outside the park systems, and that it is already too late to protect the climatically stable forest in West Africa as almost nothing is left of it.Originality/valueWedged in between large‐scale drought tolerant ecosystems the African rain forest is most vulnerable to global climate change. Knowing which parts are climatically stable and resilient helps to set and focus conservation priorities and efforts. This approach is a powerful tool which has helped to identify areas with a high‐conservation priority in Africa.
Surgical site infection rate is lower in laparoscopic than open colorectal surgery
Authors: Howard D. P. J. , Datta G. , Cunnick G. , Gatzen C. , Huang A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  Few studies have investigated whether surgical site infection (SSI) incidence differs between laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCS) and open colorectal surgery (OCS). This study investigated the SSI incidence using the validated UK SSI Surveillance Service (SSISS) criteria for diagnosing wound infections.Method  Prospective data collection recorded patients’ demographics, operative details, antibiotic use, wound evaluation and microbiological wound culture results, for consecutive patients undergoing elective resectional LCS and OCS. Postdischarge surveillance consisted of patient questionnaires sent out at 30 days and the primary care communication.Results  A total of 122 patients underwent colorectal resections over 1 year (LCS 43; OCS 79). Patients’ demographics and operative case‐mix were similar for both groups, including body mass index (BMI), diabetic and smoking status. Operative duration was longer in the LCS group compared with OCS group (P = 0.012, Mann–Whitney U‐test), but hospital stay was shorter for LCS (P = 0.0001, Mann–Whitney U‐test). The SSI rate was significantly lower in the LCS than OCS group (7%vs 25% respectively; P = 0.015, two‐tailed Fisher’s exact test). BMI > 30 and operation length > 4 h influenced the risk of SSI formation (P < 0.05, chi‐squared test). One LCS patient required conversion to a limited laparotomy.Conclusions  Surgical site infection incidence is significantly lower following LCS when compared with OCS. Confounding factors in this study include patient selection for LCS and nonrandomization.
Structure and function of AMP‐activated protein kinase
Authors: Oakhill J. S. , Scott J. W. , Kemp B. E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates metabolism in response to energy demand and supply. AMPK is activated in response to rises in intracellular AMP or calcium‐mediated signalling and is responsible for phosphorylating a wide variety of substrates. Recent structural studies have revealed the architecture of the αβγ subunit interactions as well as the AMP binding pockets on the γ subunit. The α catalytic domain (1–280) is autoinhibited by a C‐terminal tail (313–335), which is proposed to interact with the small lobe of the catalytic domain by homology modelling with the MARK2 protein structure. Two direct activating drugs have been reported for AMPK, the thienopyridone compound A769662 and PTI, which may activate by distinct mechanisms.
Efficacy of open patch‐grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass for pulmonic stenosis in small dogs
Authors: Tanaka R , Shimizu M , Hoshi K , Soda A , Saida Y , Takashima K , Yamane Y 
Published: February 2009

Objective To assess the efficacy of an open patch‐graft technique under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in small dogs.Design and methods A retrospective analysis of 10 dogs with pulmonic stenosis. Records between 1992 and 2002 were reviewed. The effect of surgical correction was evaluated and perioperative parameters were compared between survivors and non‐survivors.Results The postoperative pulmonary pressure gradient was reduced in all seven surviving patients. Mean ± SE was 21.5 ± 7.4 mmHg (range 3.0–54.2 mmHg) and 6/7 dogs were < 40 mmHg at 3 months postoperatively. Comparing the data between those patients that survived and those that did not, the preoperative pressure gradient (P = 0.04) and volume of the Glucose‐Insulin‐Kalium solution used (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in those that did not survive.Conclusion Open patch‐grafting can be performed in small‐breed dogs and decreased the pulmonary pressure gradient in survivors at 3 months postoperatively. However, this technique is more invasive than balloon valvuloplasty and should be used cautiously in severely stenosed patients.