bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical methods section ATP‐TOX system—a bacterial toxicity screening procedure
Authors: Xu Hao , Dutka B. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen rapidly growing bacterial cells are exposed to low concentrations of toxicants, growth inhibition usually occurs. However, some toxicants not only inhibit bacterial growth but also affect the luciferase activity during ATP determinations. Thus, the observed light output reduction of a test bacterial system is the net result of both bacterial growth and luciferase inhibition. Based on this information, a new toxicity screening test was developed, the ATP‐TOX System.
Prediction of permissible concentrations of copper from microcosm toxicity tests
Authors: Pratt James R. , Niederlehner B. R. , Bowers Nancy , Jr. John Cairns 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicrocosm toxicity tests using naturally derived protozoan communities were used to estimate permissible concentrations of copper. In tests with copper sulfate, taxonomic richness of communities was adversely affected at concentrations ≧12.7 μg/L after 21 days. Colonization was also affected at ≧12.7 μg Cu/L. Concentrations affecting taxonomic composition, chlorophyll and biomass concentrations, and nutrient retention ranged from ≦6.6 to ≧59.5 μg Cu/L. A Cu concentration expected to affect only 5% of taxa (EC05) adversely was predicted from test data as 3.2 (1.6–4.8) μg Cu/L. A similar estimate of a 5% effect level based on single‐species chronic toxicity test data was 4.9 (2.2ndash;7.1) μg Cu/L. Results of a test with combined effluents containing Cu were similar, with differences in colonization apparent at ≧18.0 μg Cu/L. Reductions in individual populations were apparent at 8.7 μg Cu/L. Estimates of permissible concentrations derived from these tests were reasonable when compared to the revised numerical water quality criteria (8.2 μg Cu/L at a hardness of 65 ppm). In addition, they fell above selected literature reports of Cu levels in clean systems (<2 μg/L) and below levels associated with damage in natural systems (>23 μg/L), thus seeming to be a reasonable basis for management decisions.
The effect of ionic solutes on EC50 values measured using the microtox test
Authors: Hinwood A. L. , McCormick M. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Microtox test uses the marine luminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum. To provide the organism with osmotic protection, sodium chloride (2.0%) is usually added to freshwater samples before analysis. This procedure is shown to cause a dramatic lowering of measured toxicity where ionic compounds are the major toxicants present. The reason for this is the consequent variation in ionic strength upon addition of NaCl rather than formation of less‐toxic chloro complexes. Data are given for the toxicants Zn, Cd, Cu, NH4+, and phenol.It was found that measurements on aqueous samples could be made without adjustment provided that the salinity was in the range of 1.0–7.0%. Freshwaters can also be analyzed without adjustment of ionic strength by adding sucrose (20.4%) to provide the necessary osmotic protection.It is therefore recommended that the ionic strength of aqueous samples should not be altered as part of the test and that receiving waters should be used as the diluent wherever possible.
Ecotoxicological risk assessment of chemicals by measurements of nitrification combined with a computer simulation model of the N‐cycle
Authors: Mathes K. , Schulz‐Berendt V. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe N‐cycle of an Aldicarb‐contaminated [2.5 g · m−2 (a.i.)] soil cover of a newly graded rubble dump was investigated in order to judge the alterations of microbial nitrogen transformations at the ecosystem level. The pesticide reduced the kinetic parameters of nitrification (maximum activity and division rate) markedly, indicating severe damage to the nitrifying population of the soil during the first 16 weeks after its application. The degree of nitrification varied depending on the incubation conditions. Incubations in the field and under laboratory conditions without substrate addition showed negligible effects, whereas incubation with the addition of (NH4)2SO4 led to an intolerable reduction in nitrification.The consequences of these experimental results on the NO3 ‐N and NH4+‐N content of the soil solution were analyzed by simulating the N‐cycle using different sets of parameters (climatic factors, initial conditions). The results indicate that combining field and laboratory studies of microbial populations with a computer simulation model of the N‐cycle improves ecotoxicological risk assessment.
Cellular effects of cyanobacterial peptide toxins
Authors: Eriksson J. E. , Meriluoto J. A. O. , Kujari H. P. , Al‐Layl K. Jamel , Codd G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPeptide toxins from the cyanobacteria Microcystic aeruginosa, Oscillatoria agardhii, Nodularia spumigena, and Anabaena flos‐aquae were isolated. Of these, only the cyclic peptide of Microcystis has been characterized structurally and toxicologically in detail. Preliminary studies of the other peptide toxins have indicated that they may be structurally related to the toxins of Microcystis. The morphological and ultrastructural effects of these toxins were studied using freshly isolated hepatocytes. The toxins caused identical morphological alterations in the hepatocytes. Numerous surface swellings appeared on the cell surface and finally the normal cell morphology was totally disrupted. During this process, however, the viability of the cells was not affected. These results are viewed in the light of recent results showing that these toxins could exhibit a specific interaction with the actin part of the cytoskeleton. The overall results indicate that all four toxins may be toxicologically closely related.
Microbiology of recreational and therapeutic whirlpools
Authors: Highsmith Anita K. , McNamara Ann Marie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOver half of the reported outbreaks of whirlpool‐associated dermatitis and folliculitis have been caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, serotype 011. Illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium, Streptococci, and Acanthamoeba have been infrequently reported. The presence of microorganisms in water is not the only factor involved in infection transmission. Other factors in disease may be individual host susceptibility, immersion time, bather load, gender, and use of clothing. A bather's risk for P. aeruginosa dermatitis or folliculitis appears to depend on immersion in water colonized by P. aeruginosa, skin hydration with altered skin flora, and toxic reactions to extracellular enzymes or exotoxins produced by P. aeruginosa. Outbreaks of illness appear to be directly related to inadequate operational and maintenance procedures. Chemical and physical parameters should be routinely monitored. Microbiologic sampling of whirlpool water is not advised except in outbreak investigations.
Removal of High Phenol Concentrations with Adapted Activated Sludge in Suspended Form and Entrapped in Calcium Alginate/Cross‐Linked Poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) Hydrogels
Authors: Hernández‐Esparza Margarita , Doria‐Serrano M. Carmen , Acero‐Salinas Gabriela , Ruiz‐Treviño F. Alberto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present work evaluates the aerobic removal of 0.25–2 g/L of phenol by adapted activated sludge in batch and continuous reactors, in suspended form and trapped in polymeric hydrogel beads of calcium alginate(1%) and cross‐linked poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone), x‐PVP (4%). The mechanical and chemical resistance of the entrapping hydrogel was also evaluated in three different media: (I) rich in phosphate and ammonium ions; (II) using alternate P and N sources, and (III) without nutrients. The adapted consortium removed phenol concentrations up to 2 g/L more efficiently in the immobilized systems. A decrease in phenol removal rate was observed as the food/microorganisms (F/M) ratio increased. A zero‐order kinetics was observed with phenol concentrations > 1 g/L and a first‐order kinetics at concentrations < 1 g/L. The best response (100% removal) was in the continuous reactors using type II medium, with a hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 12.5 h, an influent pH = 5, and an F/M ratio below 0.25. The immobilizing matrix deteriorated after 170 h of use in continuous reactors, especially with media I and II, probably due to the attrition forces, to chemical weakness of the material, and to the pressure of the bacterial growth inside the bead.
Functional characterization ofMuscaglutamate‐ and GABA‐gated chloride channels expressed independently and coexpressed inXenopusoocytes
Authors: Eguchi Y. , Ihara M. , Ochi E. , Shibata Y. , Matsuda K. , Fushiki S. , Sugama H. , Hamasaki Y. , Niwa H. , Wada M. , Ozoe F. , Ozoe Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLigand‐gated chloride channels (LGICs) are important targets for insecticides and parasiticides. Genes encoding subunits of two LGICs, a glutamate‐gated chloride channel (MdGluCl‐α) and a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel (MdRdl), were cloned from house‐flies (Musca domesticaL.). These genes were first expressed independently inXenopus laevisoocytes by cRNA injection in order to investigate the pharmacology of these ligand‐gated channels using two‐electrode voltage‐clamp electrophysiology. It was found thatl‐glutamate and GABA activated the MdGluCl‐α homo‐oligomers with an EC50value of 30 µmand the MdRdl homo‐oligomers with an EC50value of 101 µm, respectively. Both channels were chloride ion‐permeable, and the MdRdl channel was more sensitive to chloride channel blockers, such as γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (γ‐HCH), fipronil and picrotoxinin, than the MdGluCl‐α channel. MdGluCl‐α required only 1–2 days of incubation after cRNA injection to be expressed in oocytes, whereas 4–7 days of incubation was necessary to achieve MdRdl expression. However, when the cRNA of MdGluCl‐α was injected at a dose of 1% (w/w) 1 day after the injection of the cRNA of MdRdl, a significant increase in the current amplitude of responses to GABA was observed, and the incubation period necessary for MdRdl expression became shorter. These results suggest that MdGluCl‐α assists in the expression of MdRdl when the two are coexpressed.
Preaching in Old English: Tradition and New Directions
Authors: Corradini Erika 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe following article explores vernacular preaching in early medieval England until 1250. It offers an overview of the research carried out in the field and points to new directions. Traditional approaches to the study of Old English homiletics here under scrutiny reveal that the art of preaching in the Middle Ages has not as yet been studied in its continuity and that research has often contributed to widening the gap between early and late medieval sermon literature. The present paper shows that new methodologies need to be applied to the study of preaching in order to highlight the contacts between early and late medieval preaching and move towards a more homogeneous study of vernacular homilies in the Middle Ages.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Forecasts as Revealed by Singular Vectors
Authors: Peng Melinda S. , Reynolds Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Singular vector (SV) sensitivity, calculated using the adjoint model of the U.S. Navy Operation Global Atmosphere Prediction System (NOGAPS), is used to study the dynamics associated with tropical cyclone evolution. For each model-predicted tropical cyclone, SVs are constructed that optimize perturbation energy within a 20° by 20° latitude/longitude box centered on the 48-h forecast position of the cyclone. The initial SVs indicate regions where the 2-day forecast of the storm is very sensitive to changes in the analysis. Composites of the SVs for straight-moving cyclones and non-straight-moving cyclones that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere during its summer season in 2003 are examined. For both groups, the initial-time SV sensitivity exhibits a maximum within an annulus approximately 500 km from the center of the storms, in the region where the potential vorticity gradient of the vortex first changes sign. In the azimuthal direction, the composite initial-time SV maximum for the straight-moving group is located in the rear right quadrant with respect to the storm motion. The composite based on the non-straight-moving cyclones does not have a preferred quadrant in the vicinity of the storms and has larger amplitude away from the cyclones compared with the straight-moving storms, indicating more environmental influence on these storms. For both groups, the maximum initial sensitive areas are collocated with regions of flow moving toward the storm.
While the initial SV maximum is located where the potential vorticity gradient changes sign, the final SV maximum is located where the potential vorticity gradient is a maximum. Examinations of individual cases demonstrate how SV sensitivity can be used to identify specific environmental influences on the storms. The relationship between the SV sensitivity and the potential vorticity is discussed. The results support the utility of SVs in applications to phenomena beyond midlatitude baroclinic systems.
Contrary prostaglandins: the opposing roles of PGD2 and its metabolites in leukocyte function
Authors: Sandig Hilary , Pease James E , Sabroe Ian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTraditionally, PGD2 has been considered to be a pro-inflammatory mediator, acting via classical PG receptors, such as the PGD2 receptor (DP). PGD2 is degraded rapidly in vitro and in vivo to a variety of metabolites, the majority of which were thought, until recently, to be physiologically inactive. Several “inactive” metabolites, particularly 15d-PGJ2, have been shown to have wide-ranging effects on leukocytes and other cell types, however, and a potentially important anti-inflammatory role for PGD2 has now been recognized, and the complexity of PGD2 signaling is beginning to be elucidated. PGD2 and its metabolites are biologically active over a broad concentration range, and, intriquingly, it appears that there are marked concentration-dependent variations in the consequences of signaling by these eicosanoids, which have the potential to exert pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. For example, the actions of PGD2 can influence multiple stages in the life of the mature eosinophil, from causing its release from the bone marrow to inducing its recruitment and activation and, ultimately, regulating its apoptosis. This review is concerned with the diverse responses induced in leukocytes by PGD2 and its metabolites and the signaling mechanisms which are thought to be responsible for them.
Reconstruction of the anterior oral cavity using the platysma myocutaneous island flap
Authors: Manni Johannes J. , Bruaset Ingolv 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe platysma myocutaneous island flap has demonstrated high versatility and reliability when used to close defects in the oral cavity in a series of ten patients. The surgical technique for this one‐stage reconstructive procedure is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this flap, the results, and complications are discussed.
Bioinhibition of human fibroblast cultures sensitized to Q‐switch II dye and treated with the Nd:YAG laser: A new technique of photodynamic therapy with lasers
Authors: Castro Dan J. , Ward Paul H. , Saxton Romaine E. , Fetterman Harold R. , Castro Donna J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKodak Q‐switch II dye has recently proven to be nn effective biostimulative agent on normal human fibroblast cultures. The potential for this dye as a new chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of connective tissue diseases and wound healing with the Nd:YAG laser was examined. Two normal fibroblast cell lines were first sensitized to a nontoxic dose of Q‐switch II dye, then subjected to treatment with an Nd:YAG laser at 1, 060 nm, with varying levels of energy and temperatures determined by a reproducible method of dosimetry. The results indicate that Q‐switch II dye at nontoxic doses of 0.1 μg/ml enhances the cytotoxic effects of the Nd:YAG laser at temperatures as low as 36 °C. Furthermore, at physiological temperature ranges as low as 24 °C to 34 °C, cell duplication was inhibited, but cell viability was not affected. Similar results were not observed when fibroblast cultures were treated with the laser alone. These observations suggest that Q‐switch II dye is an effective chemosensitizing agent for the Nd:YAG laser and could potentially be used to reduce collagen deposits in conditions such as keloids and hypertrophic scars.
Treatment of thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Chonkich George D. , Petti George H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a review of thyroid surgery performed at Loma Linda University and its affiliated hospitals during the past 20 years, 254 (26%) of the thyroid surgery patients had thyroid carcinoma. The majority of these patients underwent total thyroidectomy and received postoperative radioactive iodine. At the present time, there is considerable disagreement in the literature regarding the extent of treatment needed for what, in many cases, is a low‐grade malignancy. In the present series, there are a significant number of patients with extensive disease in which aggressive treatment is warranted to improve the chance of cure. We believe that total thyroidectomy with central node dissection is the minimum surgical procedure required.
Defect reconstruction and cerebrospinal fluid management in neurotologic skull base tumors with intracranial extension
Authors: Jackson C. Gary , Netterville James L. , Glasscock Michael E. , Hampf Carl R. , Carrasco Vincent N. , Haynes David S. , Strasnick Barry , Fisher Jack 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntracranial extension (ICE) is the spread of tumor into the subarachnoid space through dura or along cranial nerve roots. The single‐stage removal of the skull base tumor with its ICE has been confounded by cerebrospinal fluid management and defect reconstruction.The purpose of this report is to review a current protocol for managing the cranial base tumor and its ICE as a unit. The ventricular shunting paper of 19871 is retracted.All tumors were managed at a single stage. Defect reconstruction was size dependent. Ninety‐eight neurotologic skull base tumors with ICE were managed from 1971 to 1991. The new protocol was initiated in 1987. Results specific to this group are highlighted. For glomus tumors, cerebrospinal fluid leak rates have been dramatically reduced overall from 14.5% to 4%. The leak rates for nonglomus tumors, overall, have improved slightly. Complications are discussed.The development of this surgical approach protocol improves the functional outcome in patients of surgeons who aspire to disease “cure” rather than “control.”
A canine model for studying laryngospasm and its prevention
Authors: Henderson Pamela S. , Cohen James I. , Jarnberg Per‐Olof , Smith James D. , Stevens Wendell 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLaryngospasm, if prolonged, can result in serious sequelae due to the lack of a uniformly effective treatment. Prevention, therefore, through pharmacologic intervention, is an attractive concept. In order to study the effects of various drugs in preventing laryngospasm, a reliable animal model capable of producing sequential, repetitive episodes of laryngospasm is necessary. In this study, the canine model of laryngospasm previously described by Aviv, et al. was modified to overcome technical factors which limited its use in this regard. Details of the technique and the results from eight animals will be presented. Results in two animals with the use of prophylactic topical lidocaine will also be discussed. The reliability and reproducibility of this model make it ideal for the study of laryngospasm and open the way for investigation into its prevention.
Infant botulism: Considerations for airway management
Authors: Wohl Daniel L. , Tucker John A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInfant botulism is a national problem with over 1000 confirmed cases in the United States since it was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity in 1976. The disease is characterized by a progressive, symmetrical descending paralysis of cranial nerves with eventual involvement of axial and trunk muscle innervation. Most infants progress to complete respiratory failure.An initial report in 1979 recommended early tracheotomy for avoidance of long‐term intubation complications. However, over the past 10 years at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, analysis of airway management in 11 patients with infant botulism revealed a median intubation time of 16 days. Following extubation, all patients progressed to complete respiratory recovery without adverse laryngotracheal sequelae. Otolaryngologists consulted for the airway management of infants with botulism should adopt a conservative approach with meticulous monitoring of endotracheal tube sizes and leak pressures. Tracheotomy is rarely required.
The electrophysiologic and histologic effects of the argon beam coagulator on peripheral nerves
Authors: Steiniger Joseph R. , Fee Willard E. , Nowels Kent W. , Lusted Hugh S. , Wilkinson Albert H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe electrophysiologic and histologic effects of the Bard Argon Beam Coagulator (ABC) were investigated in the New Zealand White rabbit. Thirty‐four rabbits were divided into three groups. Controls underwent simple femoral exploration and closure. The remaining rabbits' femoral nerves were spot coagulated with either the ABC or standard electrosurgical unit (ESU). Stimulus thresholds were recorded before treatment and again prior to sacrifice at 0, 30, 60, or 120 days. Thresholds were significantly elevated for the ABC and ESU compared to controls (P = .0077 and .0351, respectively). Changes in threshold were greater for the ABC than for the ESU, but were not significant. All ABC‐ and ESU‐treated nerves had significant histologic injury when compared to controls (P < .0002). Although the ABC may be clinically safe, significant injury to rabbit femoral nerves occurs when they are exposed to energy emitted by this instrument.
Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response monitoring of auditory brainstem implant integrity during facial nerve tumor surgery
Authors: Waring Michael D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEvoked potentials identified as electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) have been recorded from a patient in response to electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus via an auditory brainstem implant. Recording such EABRs during surgery for removal of an ipsilateral facial nerve tumor provided a means to monitor the integrity of the implant. The presence of stable EABRs similar to those obtained before surgery indicated that the lead wires had not been severed and that the implanted electrodes had not been dislodged. EABR recording may also be useful for assisting with positioning the stimulating electrodes during initial implantation surgery, by verifying that stimulation can activate the auditory system.