bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D1‐ and D2‐like dopamine receptors regulate signaling properties of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat globus pallidus
Authors: Poisik Olga V. , Smith Yoland , Conn P. Jeffrey 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDopamine is essential to the proper functioning of basal ganglia (BG) because loss of dopaminergic input profoundly alters the activity of these nuclei. Experimental evidence suggests that multiple aspects of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the BG are altered with the loss of dopaminergic input. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording in rat brain slices, we examined whether activity of dopamine receptors is necessary to maintain signaling properties of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, mGluR1 and 5, in the rat globus pallidus (GP), one of the nuclei in the BG circuit. Dopaminergic depletion due to systemic treatment with reserpine caused a change in the signaling properties of group I mGluRs, where mGluR1 lost the ability to depolarize GP neurons, while mGluR5 gained such ability. Bath‐application of dopamine or D1‐ and D2‐like dopamine receptor agonists to slices from reserpinized rats partly reversed these effects and caused mGluR1 to gain back its ability to depolarize GP neurons. On the other hand, stimulation of either D1‐like or D2‐like dopamine receptors was sufficient to abolish the activating properties of mGluR5 acquired following reserpine treatment. Interestingly, inhibition of protein kinase A activity alone was sufficient to largely reverse plasticity in function of group I mGluRs that was induced by reserpine treatment. Our data reveal that specific roles of group I mGluRs in the GP depend on the activity of D1‐like and D2‐like dopamine receptors, further corroborating the importance of dopamine in maintaining proper glutamatergic neurotransmission in the BG.
Results of a nationwide prospective audit of stoma complications within 3 weeks of surgery
Authors: Cottam J. , Richards K. , Hasted A. , Blackman A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective  Actuarial analysis of stoma complications (problematic stomas) is lacking. The objectives of this audit were: to identify the incidence of stoma complications within the UK; to highlight any dissimilarity of incidence from centre to centre; to ascertain if the height of the stoma (distance of stoma lumen from the skin) at the time of fashioning is a predisposing factor to problems; and finally to initiate much needed research.Method  Commencing 1st January 2005, stoma care services nationwide (256) were invited to audit prospectively their next 50 enteric stomas or for a period of 1  year which ever came first. The definition of a problematic stoma being one, which needed one or more accessories to keep the patient clean and dry for a minimum period of 24 h. The incident is to have happened within 3 weeks of surgery. Factors taken into account were: type of stoma, height of stoma within 48 h of surgery; emergency or elective procedure, problem identified, BMI, gender and underlying diagnosis of the patient. The identities of the participating centres are confidential.Results  Of the 256 hospital‐based stoma care services within the UK, 93 (36%) participated. A total of 3970 stomas were recorded, of which 1329 (34%) were identified as problematic. Sixty‐two centres reported 45–50 stomas with a range of complications 6–96%. The loop ileostomy was found to be the stoma which causes most problems. A stoma of <10 mm is a predisposing factor to complications and problems are more likely to occur following an emergency procedure. More men than women have stomas formed, but have significantly fewer problems and there is no significant difference between underlying diagnoses.Conclusion  The stoma height, stoma type and gender of the patient are significant risk factors identified in this audit. The BMI of patient did not affect the outcome. Patients undergoing an emergency procedure are more likely to have a problematic stoma. The significant variation of complications from centre to centre indicates surgical technique as being the key factor in stoma formation and subsequent quality of life for the patient.
Diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral oedema in Sweden—a 2‐year paediatric population study
Authors: Hanas R. , Lindgren F. , Lindblad B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to investigate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and cerebral oedema in the Swedish paediatric diabetes population, and to measure laboratory parameters during treatment.Methods  The Swedish National Paediatric Diabetes Registry (SWEDIABKIDS) indicates that 16% of patients < 18 years during 2000 to 2004 had DKA at onset of diabetes. Data from 1999 and 2000 was collected retrospectively from all of Sweden by questionnaire.Results  We identified 292 cases of DKA (pH < 7.30) in 265 children (149 at diabetes onset), aged 0.8–19.9 years. The incidence of DKA in patients with previously diagnosed diabetes was 1.4/100 patient years in 1999 and 1.7/100 in 2000. Two patients, both 11 years old with newly diagnosed diabetes, had overt symptoms of cerebral oedema and one developed neurological sequelae. This corresponds to an incidence of 0.68% (2/292) with no mortality. Symptoms of subclinical cerebral oedema after admission (headache, vomiting, lethargy) were recorded in a further 16 cases. In two of these mannitol was given, and both recovered within 1–2 h. Laboratory data was available from 253/292 episodes. During treatment for DKA, hypokalaemia (< 3.5 mmol/l) was significantly more common at onset of diabetes than in patients with established diabetes (65 vs. 28%, P < 0.001; initial prescription of potassium was 20 mmol/l).Conclusions  We conclude that 16% of children with new‐onset diabetes presented with DKA at diagnosis and that the incidence of DKA in children with established diabetes was 1.6/100 patient years. Cerebral oedema occurred in 0.68% of the DKA episodes.
QT interval prolongation in association with impaired circadian variation of blood pressure and heart rate in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Karavanaki K. , Kazianis G. , Kakleas K. , Konstantopoulos I. , Karayianni C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims  The aim of our study was to assess diurnal blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability and their possible relationship to the duration of the QT interval in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  In 48 normotensive, normoalbuminuric diabetic adolescents, with a mean (± sd) age of 17.3 (± 4.1) years and a mean (± sd) diabetes duration of 8.5 (± 3.3) years, 24‐h ambulatory BP was recorded. In addition, 24‐h heart rate (HR) monitoring was performed and QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals were estimated as indices of autonomic function. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence of a decrease (non‐dippers) or the presence of a decrease (dippers) in nocturnal diastolic BP (DBP).Results  In comparison with the dippers, the non‐dippers showed reduced mean 24‐h HR (79.6 vs. 84.0 beats/min, P = 0.05) and reduced mean daytime HR (81.3 vs. 86.0 beats/min, P = 0.05). The QT interval was prolonged in the non‐dippers (366.3 vs. 347.5 ms, P = 0.015), and end systolic (28.7 vs. 25.9 mm, P = 0.004) and end diastolic left ventricular diameters (47.8 vs. 45.5 mm, P = 0.037) were greater. In stepwise multiple regression, HR variables were the most important factors affecting DBP ratio or the duration of the QT interval.Conclusions  In conclusion, normotensive diabetic adolescents with impaired nocturnal BP reduction also have impaired autonomic function tests, in association with prolonged QT interval and increased left ventricular diameters. These findings suggest that diabetic adolescents who have the ‘non‐dipper’ phenomenon may need close follow‐up for the possible development of vascular complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias and left‐ventricular hypertrophy.
Overlooking the Merits of the Individual Case: An Unpromising Approach to the Right to Die
Authors: FEINBERG JOEL 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.One of the strongest arguments against the legalization of voluntary euthanasia is that even though a given suffering or comatose patient may have a moral right to die, legal recognition of the right would lead inevitably to mistakes and abuses in other cases. The flaw in this argument is the assumption that it is always and necessarily a greater evil to let someone die by mistake than to keep a person alive by mistake. In fact, we cannot plausibly say that one of these two kinds of mistake is in itself, isolated from other factors, always more serious than the other. This point is illustrated by an examination both of a terminal patient whose prospect is a full year of intolerable pain (Matthew Donnelly) and of a patient in a “persistent vegetative state” (Nancy Cruzan). Moreover, it is untrue that legalization would necessarily lead to greater numbers of mistakenly approved discontinuances of treatment than of mistakenly approved refusals of termination, and numbers, it is argued, do matter.
Liberalism and Legal Moralism: The Hart‐Devlin Debate and Beyond*
Authors: HÄYRY HETA 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The legitimate impact of common morality on legal restrictions has been continuously discussed within the Western philosophy of law since Lord Patrick Devlin in the late 1950s presented his moralistic arguments against some liberal conclusions drawn by the English Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution in their public report. Devlin's arguments were subsequently identified and refuted by Richard Wollheim, H. L. A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin, but in a way that later provoked further argument. In particular the attack against anti‐moralistic principles set forth by Simon Lee (1986) owes much to the rather naive liberalism represented by the opponents of Devlin. The battle over liberalism and moralism from the Hart‐Devlin debate to the present day is reviewed. In addition to the discussion of the philosophers mentioned above, a potential flaw in the argumentation of Joel Feinberg (1986) is considered.
Is There a Logic of Norms?*
Authors: WRIGHT GEORG HENRIK VON 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.If norms are neither true nor false, can logical relations such as contradiction and entailment obtain between them? Earlier logical positivists and also Hans Kelsen in his later years have answered the question with No. While appreciating the seriousness of the problem, the author of the present paper makes a fresh attempt to answer the question with Yes. His answer presupposes that norms can be judged from the point of view of their rationality. The deontic loic or logic of norms built on this foundation is much more restricted, however, than tae “classical” systems. This again is a consequence of the author's opinion that the sentential connectives (negation, conjunction, disjunction, etc.) apply to norms only on condition that they can be “shifted” from joining norm‐formulations to the descriptive contents of the norms themselves.
Norm Propositions Defended
Authors: NIINILUOTO ILKKA 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The author replies to some semantic and epistemic criticisms of the concept of norm proposition. The author's contention is that though some, many, or most norm formulations are uncertain or indefinite with respect to their validity or interpretations, insofar as at least some norms with definite content definitely belong to the legal order, the concept of norm proposition can be maintained to be sound. Three such cases are singled out. Finally the author argues for a consensus theory of legal order focusing on the concept of valid norm conceived either as a norm accepted or as a norm to be accepted by the legal community.*
Deontic Logic as Logic of Legal Norms: Two Main Sources of Problems
Authors: MAZZARESE TECLA 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The paper offers a critical survey of two main sorts of problems hindering the possibility of conceiving deontic logic as a suitable account of the logical behaviour of (sentences expressing) legal norms. The notion of “legal norm” is viewed as the main source of the first sort of problems: (a) the typological variety of legal norms requires an account both of the differing logical behaviour of (sentences expressing) differing legal norms, and of the relations which might hold amon them; (b) the ontologic, semantic, and epistemic features of legal norms shed doubt on the very attempt to figure out a logical analysis of (sentences expressing) legal norms. The notion of “systemic legal validity” is viewed as the main source of the second sort of problems: Deontic logic does not provide suitable logical tools to account for legal phenomena like enactment, derogation, and conflicts between legal norms which rely on systemic legal validity.
A. D. Woozley and the Concept of Right Answers in Law*
Authors: BIX BRIAN 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.In the debates about legal determinacy, an important but often neglected issue is what is meant in the legal context by saying that a question has a right answer. By way of a critique of A. D. Woozley's discussion of “right answers,” I try to show how this issue is connected with issues of legal truth, legal mistake, and precedent.
Possession: Common Sense and Law
Authors: BHALLA R. S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.This article is written with a view to clarifying the following points: First, to understand the nature of possession, its origin must be kept in mind. Possession is not a legal invention, it is a pre‐legal fact. Second, possession whether in law or in common sense is a de facto control. There is no difference between possession in law and possession in fact. Third, different types of rules and policies of law to deal with possession, do not change the contents of possession. They merely represent the situations in which possession is found under different circumstances.
Rights and Individual Well‐Being
Authors: RAZ JOSEPH 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article challenges the view permeating much philosophical thought that the primacy of individual rights represents the individual's standpoint against the public good or against the requirements of others generally. The author explicates the underlying features of our common culture contending that the conflict between individual and general good as being central to rights misconstrues the surface features of rights. The range and nature of common goods determine the options available to individuals and define their well‐being. The relative absence of conflict of interests and the background of a common tradition make the courts a suitable forum for the conduct of this branch of politics.
Rights, Legal Reasoning and Rational Discourse
Authors: ALEXY ROBERT 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe first part of this article contains an analysis of the concept of a right, which implies a rational structure of reasoning about rights, elaborated in the second part. In the third part both the concept of a right and reasoning about rights are connected with the theory of rational discourse. The author's thesis is that there exists an internal relation between the theory of rights and the theory of legal reasoning.
A Conception of Moral Rights and Its Application to Property and Welfare Rights*
Authors: KOLLER PETER 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the conceptual features and the rational justification of moral rights. For this purpose, the author starts with a common classification of rights, i.e., the distinction between rights in rem and rights in personam. He argues that rights of the first kind can be justified by a two‐fold application of the principle of universalizability, while the latter are based on moral rules concerning special social relations, rules which themselves are founded on the principle of universalizability. This distinction, however, does not suffice to cover a further category of rights that play a very important role in social life, namely the rights of community membership, i.e., the particular rights that exist between the members of a social community. These rights cannot be derived from universalizability alone, but, instead, are based on the idea of social justice. This paper provides a short account of the main principles of social justice, and tries to apply them to property and welfare rights.
Conflicting Views on Practical Reason. Against Pseudo‐Arguments in Practical Philosophy*
Authors: WEINBERGER OTA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author distinguishes two concepts of practical reason: (a) practical reason as a source of practical principles, and (b) practical reason as the theory of thought operations connected with action. He proves that there is no practical recognition in the sense (a). We can deal with actions only on the basis of dichotomic semantics. Critical analyses of some theories of practical reason are presented (Kant, Lorenzen, Apel, Alexy). The critical part of the paper mainly concerns the discourse theory and its implications for practical philosophy and jurisprudence.
Epistemological Perspectives in Legal Theory
Authors: HOECKE MARK VAN , OST FRANÇOIS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe authors deal with several important epistemological problems in legal theory. The Nineteenth century background is analyzed from the emergence of legal science freed from the constraints of natural law and built on the model of the empirical sciences. The authors show how this science of law has been influenced by the social sciences and trends in ideological criticism throughout the Twentieth century. The epistemological question central to legal science is tackled, i.e., what kind of “epistemological break” should there be with regard to the object studied? To answer this question, the authors plead for the adoption of a “moderate external point of view” which bears in mind lawyers' “internal point of view.”
Unequal Property and Subjective Personality in Liberal Theories
Authors: ZUCKER ROSS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA conception of the person as a subjective being plays a crucial, though frequently overlooked, role in the justification of unequal property in liberal theories. Unger's ascription of individualism to general liberal legal theory can be concretely defended with respect to liberal theories of property. Identifying a common fundamental structure calls in question the conventional view that the liberal legal theories rest on an ensemble of different moral foundations. So important is subjective personality to the moral basis for highly unequal property that such property looks to be morally untenable if this concept of the person is invalid. The analysis points to social theory of personality as a major direction for research into an alternative theory of egalitarian property right.
Institutionalism Old and New*
Authors: TORRE MASSIMO LA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author deals with the legal theoretical approach that has been labelled “legal institutionalism.” An old and a new version of this approach are singled out: The old one is identified with the theory defended by the Italian public lawyer Santi Romano in the first half of this century; the second one is seen in the recent work by Ota Weinberger and Neil MacCormick. After a short presentation of Romano's work, his ideas and the development proposed by MacCormick and Weinberger are compared. Similarities and differences between the two versions of institutional theory are worked out. A coda hints at an ambiguity in the definition of institution proposed by the “new” institutionalism.
Social Justice and Legal Form
Authors: SYPNOWICH CHRISTINE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis essay argues for a conception of law as a normative practice, a conception which departs from traditional, particularly positivist, conceptions. It is argued that Dyzenhaus's book (Dyzenhaus 1991), with its fascinating case study of unjust judicial decisions in South Africa, makes a compelling argument for such a conception. However, the essay takes issue with Dyzenhaus for romanticising the liberal tradition, and inflating the power of law and legal theory. Nonetheless, the essay agrees that positivist accounts tend to downplay the emancipatory promise of law, and ends with some remarks about promise.
War and International Order in Kant's Legal Thought“*
Authors: MERTENS THOMAS 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.Kant's writings on international law and especially his Toward Perpetual Peace have been interpreted both in a “statist” and a “cosmopolitan” manner. In this article it is argued that these interpretations stem from an ambiguity in those writings. In the course of proposing a resolution of this ambiguity, the first question to be examined is the extent to which war forms a part of human history and of human nature. Secondly, Kant's arguments against the realistic position and the conditions for a lasting peace are presented. An interpretation is then offered both of the proposed league of nations and of the situation that exists when such a league is still absent. According to the interpretation offered here, Kant's writings fit partly within the tradition of the “just war.”1
Removing Macho Management: Lessons from the Field of Education
Authors: Court Marian 
Published: August 2007

This article examines discourses of management and leadership in the light of gender inequalities in social relations and in educational administration in particular. It is argued that women's viewpoints and critiques of masculinist managerial perspectives are important in debates about alternative models of leadership. Interview data from a recent study of a group of six women working in teaching/managing positions in some primary and secondary schools in New Zealand is used to analyse a leadership style and philosophy which cuts across traditional gendered splits between private and public spheres, emotionality and rationality, teaching and administration. In this holistic approach, emphasis is placed on integrating such dichotomies through affiliation with others and power sharing. The paper concludes that such a management style must be supported and valued for the contribution it can make to improving organizational cultures and enhancing school learning and teaching environments.An original version of this paper was presented at the NZARE 13th National Conference at Knox College, Dunedin, New Zealand on 30 November 1991.
Radiotherapy of classic and human immunodeficiency virus‐related Kaposi's sarcoma: results in 1482 lesions
Authors: Caccialanza M , Marca S , Piccinno R , Eulisse G 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground  The lesions of the various forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which are relatively radiosensitive, have been treated with different modalities of radiotherapy, with heterogeneous aims and results.Objective  To verify the effectiveness and safety of radiotherapy on a large number of lesions endowed (classic KS) with a prolonged follow‐up.Methods  A retrospective study was done on 711 lesions of classic KS and 771 lesions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related KS, treated with traditional X‐ray therapy.Results  In classic KS, a cure rate of 98.7% resulted after 13.5 years from the end of radiotherapy. In three lesions (0.42%) in the same patient, an acute radiodermatitis occurred after traumatic action. In HIV‐related KS, a complete remission was obtained in 91.43% of the lesions, partial remission in 6.74% and non‐response in 0.51% at 1 to 46 months from the end of radiotherapy.Conclusion  Radiotherapy showed to be a safe and effective method, with relevant importance in the therapeutic strategy of KS.