bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerizable monomers from castor oil. I. Vinyl monomers based on undecenoic acid
Authors: Kulkarni N. G. , Krishnamurti N. , Chatterjee P. C. , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThirty‐four different vinyl monomers have been synthesized, based on 10‐undecenoic acid, pyrolysis product of castor oil, in 50 to 100‐g lots in high purity. These include allyl ethers and esters, vinyl ethers and esters, and acrylic and methacrylic esters, all of which were characterized by their infrared spectra; purity was checked by chromatographic methods. Boiling points, refractive indices, and iodine values of the products have been reported.
The hydrophilization process for the separation of fatty materials
Authors: Stein Werner 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFats and derivatives of fats consist of mixtures of components differing in chain length and saturation. Apart from the fractional distillation, several methods exist for the separation which are based on the different melting‐point and solubility behavior of these components. Modern separation processes use recrystallization from organic solvents, press or filtration methods. The hydrophil process uses an entirely different approach. A mixture of solid and liquid fatty material, for instance, tallow fatty acid, is treated with an aqueous solution of surfaceactive substances. The liquid fatty acids are removed from the surface of the fatty acid crystals and emulsified in the aqueous phase. The crystals are hydrophilized so that they leave the oil phase and completely enter the aqueous phase, where they are suspended. In a solid‐bowl centrifuge the aqueous solution, containing the suspended crystals of stearic acid, is separated from the oleic acid phase. The stearic acid is recovered by heating the aqueous suspension above the melting point.The composition and concentration of the sufactants, the salt content and the volume of the aqueous phase, the crystallization performance of the fatty material, and the apparatus design are important in the efficiency of the separation. The composition of the components is besed on the phase diagram which controls iodine number, melting or cloud point of the oleic and stearic acid in relation to the separation temperature. The stearic and oleic acid is practically identical with the expeeted composition from the phase‐diagram readings. This separation principle can be used for fatty acids, fatty alcohols, or fats.
Determination of citric acid in fats
Authors: Ohlson R. , Persmark U. , Podlaha O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe direct analysis of small amounts (2–50 ppm) of citric acid in refined glyceride oils and fats is described. Fat, containing citric acid, is titrated potentiometrically in a pyridine/ acetone mixture with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The method is relatively simple and rapid with an accuracy better than ±5%.
Emulsion polymerization of linseed and safflower acrylates and methacrylates
Authors: Joshi S. K. , Chatterjee P. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAcrylic and methacrylic esters of mixed fatty alcohols derived from linseed and safflower oils were homopolymerized, by emulsion polymerization technique, yielding polymers that gave hard, gloosy films with excellent flexibility and good water and chemical resistance.
Reaction of tall oil pitch with desmodur N isocyanate
Authors: Era V. , Noronen K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reaction between six tall oil pitch (TOP) grades and Desmodur N Isocyanate was followed by IR spectroscopy by decrease of NCO absorption in the film cast from the reaction mixture. Time‐conversion curves show that the reactivities of three TOP grades are of the same magnitude up to 50% conversion, while in the other grades considerably slower reaction rates were observed. In most catalyzed reactions 90% conversion was completed during 14 days. Development of tensile properties of the films during the reaction sequence indicates the formation of polymers. Hypothetical routes for the reaction are presented.
Triglyceride composition ofmadhuca butyraceae seed fat
Authors: Sengupta A. , Roy Choudhury S. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFatty acid and triglyceride compositions of phulwara butter (Madhuca butyraceae seed fat) have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be palmitic, 55.6; stearic, 5.2; oleic, 35.9; and linoleic, 3.3. The special characteristic of the phulwara butter is its content of POP, 52.5%; PLP, 4.9%; POSt, 8.6%; POO, 14.4% and PPP, 7.7% (P, palmitic; St. stearic; O, oleic; and L, linoleic). 2‐Monoglycerides obtained by lipolysis of this fat and its least soluble fraction contained 13,0% and 29.3% saturated acids, respectively. Phulwara butter may be a potential source of palmitic acid for the pharmaceutical industry.
The relationship of structure to properties in surfactants: VII. Synthesis and properties of some sodium 1,4‐and 2,6‐alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates
Authors: Kwan Chang‐Chin , Rosen M. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA number of surface‐active alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates, ROC10H6SO3Na, have been synthesized, and some of their surface properties determined. The synthesis involved a Williamson reaction of an alkyl halide with the disodium salt of a naphtholsulfonic acid. The Krafft points, surface tension‐log concentration curves, critical micelle concentrations, and areas/ molecule at the air/liquid interface of the purified and characterized alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates have been determined. Their surface areas/molecule indicate that the oxynaphthalenesulfonate portion of these compounds is lying flat in the air/liquid interface with the alkyl group vertical to the plane of the naphthalene. Their surface tension reduction efficiencies and critical micelle concentrations indicate that an α‐ or β‐naphthoxy gruop in the hydrophobic portion of the molecule at 60 C is equivalent to about eight carbons in a straight alkyl chain and about six carbons at 25 C. These compounds, in contrast to other surfactants without an aryl ether linkage in the molecule, show greater efficiency and effectiveness in surface tension reduction with increase in temperature.
Sunflower situation in Russia and the United States
Authors: Gandy Dalton E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe world's largest producers and exporters of sunflower seed are the USSR, Argentina, Bulgaria, United States, Australia, and Turkey. The Soviet Union's 1976‐80 five‐year plan projects annual production of 7.6 million metric tons, up from 6 million tons annually in the previous five‐year plan. Soviet oilseed crushing capacity is projected at 10 million tons by 1980, which means the Soviets would still have a shortfall of domestic oilseed production. In the U.S., rapid expansion of acreage is expected. Currently, most U.S. oil‐type sunflowers are exported to meet European demand. Domestic U.S. consumption is expected to rise, however, with three food companies having test‐marketed sunflower cooking oils and margarines. With proper management, and as hybrid sunflowers become available for commercial production, sunflower can be a profitable U.S. crop, with gains relative to soybeans.
Analyses of flavor qualities of vegetable oils by gas chromatography
Authors: Min D. B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSoybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were exposed to fluorescent light for different periods of time to obtain a wide range of flavor qualities. The flavor qualities of these oils were evaluated by sensory and gas Chromatographic methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 10‐point hedonic scale to rate overall flavor quality. The sensory panel was made up of 94 members from 8 different laboratories. The correlation coefficients (r) of the flavor scores between sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis for soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were 0.95, 0.97 and 0.97, respectively. These results were very close to the correlation coefficients (r) 0.99, 0.98 and 0.95 obtained from 10 sensory panel members from one specific laboratory.
Isolation and identification of 2‐pentenylfurans in the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Chang Stephen S. , Shen Guo‐Hui , Tang Jian , Jin Qi Zhang , Shi Huang , Carlin James T. , Ho Chi‐Tang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe volatile flavor compounds in a reverted soybean oil with a peroxide number of 6.0 meq/kg were isolated by semicontinuous countercurrent vacuum steam distillation. Based upon the gas Chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the four synthesized 2‐pentenylfurans, it was found that cis‐ and trans‐2‐(l‐pentenyl)furans and a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐2‐(2‐pentenyl)‐furans are present in reverted soybean oil. At least the greater portion of 2‐(2‐pentenyl)furans identified was cis‐isomer. These compounds may contribute to the reversion flavor of soybean oil.
Effect of the presence of sulfur during the hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: de Man J. M. , Pogorzelska E. , de Man L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSulfur was added to refined and bleached canola oil before hydrogenation in the form of allyl isothiocyanate and the effects on hydrogenation rate and fatty acid composition were determined. The effect was more pronounced under selective conditions (200 C and 7 psi) than under nonselective conditions (160 C and 44 psi). Sulfur added at the level of 3 mg/kg under selective conditions stopped the hydrogenation at an iodine value (IV) of 81, with 5 mg/kg at IV 88. Under nonselective conditions, there was a decrease in reaction rate, but even with 10 mg/kg added S, the reaction could be made to reach IV 70. The amount of S bound to the commercial nickel catalyst was determined and in all cases was less than the amount that was bound to Raney nickel. Relatively more sulfur was bound at lower temperature (longer time) and higher pressure. Addition of 3 mg/kg of S or more resulted in considerably higher formation of trans isomers.
Dialkyldimethylammonium halides as wood preservatives
Authors: Preston A. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLaboratory decay tests using brown, white and soft rot fungi on wood treated with a series of dialkyldimethylammonium halides show that maximum fungitoxicity is exhibited by compounds with alkyl chains of 10 and 12 carbon atoms. Both the cation and the anion appear to influence effectiveness with bromide salts showing greater activity values than chloride analogs. The anion presumably influences effectiveness through distribution, fixation, and availability of the compounds rather than directly by changes in fungitoxicity. Monobromination of one of the alkyl chains caused a decrease in fungitoxicity, though the alkyl chain length‐fungitoxicity relationship was the same as for the unsubstituted series of compounds. Addition of certain copper or organic biocides to alkylammonium compound formulations increased activity, particularly against soft rot. While this result is a significant advance, the complex relationships involved in such formulations will demand considerable further research in respect of efficacy, fixation, leaching, treatability, and environmental aspects before such a product could be commercialized.
Mutagen formation in deep‐fat fried foods as a function of frying conditions
Authors: Taylor S. L. , Berg C. M. , Shoptaugh N. H. , Traisman E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDeep‐fat fried foods possess low levels of mutagenic activity, and severely abusive frying conditions must be employed to obtain appreciable levels of mutagenic activity. With French fried potatoes, either excessively long frying times (35‐40 min) or abnormally high frying temperatures (above 410 F or 210 C) were necessary to generate appreciable levels of mutagenic activity (> 2.5 times the spontaneous mutation rate). Repetitive frying of 45 batches of French fried potatoes or onion rings in the same batch of shortening elicited no increase in mutagen formation. Repetitive frying of fish fillets in the same batch of shortening resulted in the generation of appreciable levels of mutagen(s) in both the acidic and basic methylene chloride extracts. Increased mutagenic activity was noted by the 7th batch. Fish fillets obtained from a local restaurant at selected intervals during a one‐week period of use of a particular batch of frying oil contained much lower levels of mutagenic activity.
Difficulties in physical refining of olive oil, due to presence of triterpene ‘oleanolic acid’
Authors: Severge A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOleanolic acid was found to be responsible for the turbidity frequently observed in physically refined olive oil. General procedures for eliminating this problem and improving the final quality have been discussed. Special attention was given to optimizing the operating parameters of the deodorizer and keeping the rest of the physical refining process constant.
Experimental technique for kinetic study of hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters in vapor phase
Authors: Lidefelt J. ‐O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new approach to kinetic studies of fat hydrogenation is discussed. An experimental setup is described in detail. An example of reactor performance in hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters is given. aPresent address: AB Karlshamns Oljefabriker, S‐292 00 Karlshamn, Sweden. Notation: c, outlet concentration, mol/m3; co, inlet concentration, mol/m3: cb, concentration in bulk fluid, mol/m3; cs concentration at catalyst surface, mol/m3; d,pore diameter, m; De, effective diffusivity, m2/s; E, activation energy of reaction, J/mol; h, heat transfer coefficient, J/m2 s K; ΔH, heat of reaction, J/mol; kc, mass transfer coefficient, m/s; p, partial pressure, Pa; po, saturated vapor pressure, Pa; qf, total flow to reactor, m3/s; qrec, recycle flow, m3/s; R, observed reaction rate per unit particle volume, mol/s m3; Rg, gas constant, J/mol K; r, observed reaction rate per unit mass of catalyst, mol/kg s; rp particle radius, m; Tb, temperature of gas in bulk flow, K; Ts, temperature of gas at catalyst surface, K;‐v, molar volume, m3/mol; V, volume of catalyst bed, m3; W, catalyst mass, kg. Greek symbols: σ, surface tension, N/m; λe, effective thermal conductivity of catalyst particle, J/m s K.
Adsorption equilibrium constants of methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in vapor phase on supported copper and nickel catalysts
Authors: Lidefelt J. ‐O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAdsorption equilibrium constants for methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in vapor phase on supported copper and nickel catalysts have been determined using the technique of pulse gas chromatography. The results are discussed in relation to selectivity in fat hydrogenation. Notation: A, column cross‐section, m2 ; an,bn, nth Fourier coefficients; c, concentration of adsorbate in bulk flow, mol/m3 ; c* = c/ ∫0∞ cdt, normalized concentration of adsorbate in bulk flow; Ci, concentration of adsorbate in catalyst pores, mol/m3 ; ca, concentration of adsorbate on catalyst surface, mol/kg; cTOT, active area of catalyst as measured by hydrogen adsorption, mol/kg; De, effective diffusion coefficient of adsorbate in catalyst, m2/s; Dea, axial dispersion coefficient based on void cross‐section, m2/s; hn, nth coefficient in Hermite polynomial expansion; Hn nth Hermite polynomial; ΔHA, adsorption enthalpy, kJ/mol; ΔHvap, heat of vaporization, kJ/moll; ka, adsorption rate constant, m3/kgs;KA, adsorption equilibrium constant, m3/kg; K0, preexponential factor defined in Eqn. 8, m3/kg; kf, mass transfer coefficient, m/s; L, bed length, m; q, flow rate, m3/s; R, particle radius, m; Rg, gas constant; t, time, s; T, temperature, K; TF, period of Fourier expansion, s; u = q/A, linear velocity, m/s; z, length coordinate in packed column, m. Greek symbols: δ(t), Dirac delta function; ∈B, void fraction of bed; ∈‐p, particle void fraction, ρrp, particle density, kg/m3 ; ξ, radial coordinate in particle, m; μ1, first absolute moment, μ2, second central moment.
Determination of arsenic in glycerine by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Ullman A. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA rapid method for the determination of arsenic in glycerine is described. The glycerine sample is diluted and any arsenic present reacted with sodium borohydride and hydrochloric acid to give arsine gas. The evolved arsine is quantitated by atomic absorption spectroscopy in a quartz tube positioned in the flame of a commercial instrument. The method is faster than the colorimetric arsine method recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia and has a precision of 4.4% (RSD) at the 50 µg level (equal to 1.25 µg As/g glycerine).
The binding of free calcium ions in aqueous solution using chelating agents, phosphates and poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Changa D. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOrganic chelating agents, phosphates, and polyelectrolytes were studied to determine their calcium ion binding power (CBP) and binding mechanism. A calcium ion electrode was used to measure the equilibrium calcium ion concentrations from which stability constants were calculated. Except for EDTA and NTA, the binding power did not correspond to the formation of complexes with a simple stoichiometry. In most cases, more than one equilibrium is involved. Increase in the level of binding agent decreased CBP, especially for those agents which formed complexes with low stability constants. CBP calculated on the basis of weight should be used to measure the relative cost effectiveness of commercial calcium binding agents. At an amount lower than required to form stable stoichiometric complexes, poly(acrylic acid) had a higher CBP than traditional organic chelating agents. The electrostatic effect accounts for the excellent CBP of poly(acrylic acid) at low concentrations. To get maximum efficiency in detergent and water treatment applications, use of low levels is recommended. aPresent address: The Clorox Co. Technical Center, Pleasanton, CA 94566.
Gas chromatographic equivalent chain lengths of isomeric methyl octadecenoates and octadecynoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEquivalent chain lengths (ECL) have been determined for methylcis‐5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐, 15‐;trans‐2‐, 3‐, 5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐, 15‐; and 17‐octadecenoates and for methyl 5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐ and 15‐octadecynoates on diethylene glycol succinate, polyphenyl ether and 100% β‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane capillary columns. Although the levels of ECL values differed, the patterns were similar for the different substrates. For methyl octadecenoates, except for 2‐isomers, ECL generally increased with distance of double bond from the ester group but changed little from the 6 to the 10 position. Differences were smaller among isomerictrans esters than amongcis. In methyl octadecynoates there was a greater and more regular increase of ECL occurred as the triple bond moved away from the ester group.
Aflatoxins in cottonseed hulls
Authors: Whitten M. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPrevious studies indicate that aflatoxins were found in laboratory‐prepared hulls from cottonseed which contained aflatoxins. However, no aflatoxins were found in hulls commercially processed from cottonseed containing aflatoxins, crops of 1964 and 1965, which were analyzed in our laboratory. Some lots of hulls prepared from contaminated cottonseed in our laboratory, simulating commercial conditions, were found to contain small but measurable quantities of aflatoxins. In normal oil mill operation the linters content of the seed is reduced 80% to 90% before dehulling. In the laboratory operation, small quantities of fine meats containing aflatoxins may have been trapped in linters on the hulls, resulting in a positive test for aflatoxins. It may be concluded that commercial hulls processed from cottonseed with moderate aflatoxin contamination will contain little or no aflatoxins.
Use of gas liquid chromatography for monitoring the fatty acid composition of canadian rapeseed
Authors: Daun J. K. , Mazur P. B. , Marek C. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSince 1972, Canadian rapeseed has been changing from high erucic acid types to low erucic acid types. In 1970, the Canadian Grain Commission instituted a program to monitor the fatty acid composition of rapeseed at the farm level, in railway carlot shipments and in export cargo shipments. Initially, in order to process up to 20,000 samples per year, a combined extraction and methylation procedure was developed in which methyl esters were analyzed within 5 min by manual injection on a nonpolar column. Since conversion to low erucic acid rapeseed types has been completed, other details of fatty acid composition have received more attention. In the system presently used, the rapeseed oil methyl esters are analyzed on a mixedphase column which gives good resolution of all of the major fatty acids. Through the use of a microcomputer‐controlled autosampler, 50 samples can be analyzed per day. Reports are generated giving complete fatty acid composition as well as estimates of iodine value and saponification value.
Providing lubricity in food fat systems
Authors: Bessler Terry R. , Orthoefer Frank T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLubricity, in particular mouthfeel, is an important factor in production of vegetable oil bases for food product formulations. Certain functional characteristics are necessary for good texture at various temperatures. These characteristics are dependent on degree of unsaturation, fatty acid distribution, and degree of geometrical isomerization during processing. Proper selectivity and activity of hydrogenation catalysts used in hardening of the oils are essential. Sufficient solid fat content must be balanced by necessary oxid ative stability. Products discussed include salad oils and their formulations in pourable and spoonable salad dressings, mayonnaises, frying oils, imitation dairy products, margarines and bakery shortenings. Past, present and future industry technology will be evaluated for each type of food fat product. Customer needs have greatly affected the course of research in this area.
Automatic karl fischer titration of moisture in sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson James A. , Windham W. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn automatic Karl Fischer (KF) titrator of the motor‐driven buret type was applied to the determination of moisture in sunflower seed. A study of the effect of sample size on KF moisture analysis showed a significant decrease in moisture content with increase in sample size from 1 to 5 g. In the moisture range of 5.5–10.5%, a sample size of 3–4 g gave moisture values closest to those obtained by the AOCS official oven method for sunflower seed. Comparison of KF moisture analysis with oven methods on 6 samples with moisture contents ranging from 5.4 to 12.7% showed that KF moisture values were not significantly different from air oven and vacuum oven methods. The mean standard deviation of KF determinations of whole sunflower seed was 0.11% moisture content, whereas for forced draft oven moistures, the mean standard deviation was 0.05%. KF moisture values generally were slightly lower than the air oven moisture values. Using KF and vacuum oven methods to measure moisture contents, sunflower seed were found to lose 0.6% moisture from a sample containing 8.9% moisture when grinding the sample with Hyflo Super Cel as in the AOCS official method.
Fatty acids: Part 25.1 chemical transformations of C18 furanoid fatty esters
Authors: Jie M. S. F. lie ken , Sinha S. , Ahmad F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSynthetic and natural C18 furanoid fatty esters were successfully converted to the corresponding furanoid alcohols, aldehydes, halides, ethers, acetates, mesylates, and chain extended by two carbon atoms in high yield to the corresponding C20 furanoid ester homologues. Acid hydrolysis of the furanoid esters furnished dioxostearate derivatives, which were cyclized with ammonium carbonate or ammonia in titanium chloride and with phosphorus pentasulfide to pyrrole and thiophene ester derivatives, respectively.