bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ELECTRICAL DEWATERING OF CLAY SUSPENSIONS1
Authors: Curtis Carl E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history of the developments by Count Schwerin, application at Carlsbad with detailed description of the plant, and review of the investigations of others on dewatering of clays by electrophoresis, are given at length. The investigations by the author, including a description of the apparatus, materials, voltage, and electrolytes are described with a statement of the results obtained with variations of each factor. The possible efficiency as a clay dewatering means is discussed. Plasticity theories are discussed in the light of the evidence obtained. The power cost is from 65 to 80 cents per ton of clay. On the average, clay dewatering by electrophoresis is no more efficient than the filter‐press, but it has shown greater efficiency on very fine‐grained clays. Bibliographies are appended on (1) colloids in clays, (2) theories applying to electro‐endosmosis, (3) electromosis, and (4) Schwerin's patents. A short biographical sketch of Count Schwerin is also appended.
A PORTABLE PYROMETRIC CONE EQUIVALENT FURNACE1
Authors: Cartwright Vance , Phelps Stuart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of the development of a portable P.C.E. furnace that can Le operated on natural gas or propane which can bc purchased in tanks. The A.S.T.M. rate of heating is easily maintained and cone 38 can be brought down. The cost per run to cone 34 when using compressed gas is less than $1.00, while with natural gas the cost is about one‐tenth as much.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODA‐LIME GLASSES1
Authors: Gill J. W. , Rueckel W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNineteen soda‐lime glasses covering the commercial field were prepared, melted, and fined for 2 hours. The chemical composition of the raw materials was determined by usual analytical methods; the refractive index was determined by an Abbé refractometer; density, by the normal suspension method; and softening point, by the Littleton method with the furnace as specified in Jour. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 10 [4], 259‐63 (1927).The data indicate the following points: (1) When the silica was kept constant by increasing the dolomitic lime at the expense of soda an increase in softening point of 11 to 12°C per 1% increase was obtained. Likewise the density increases 0.004 and the refractive index 0.0015 per 1% increase of lime. (2) When the soda was kept constant the softening point was practically constant. The density decreases 0.011 and the refractive index 0.0030 per 1% increase of silica at the expense of lime. (3) When the lime was kept constant the increase in softening point per 1% increase in silica varied as follows : 5% lime 21°C, 8% lime 17°C, 10% lime 15°C, and 12% lime 12°C. The density decreased 0.008 and the refractive index 0.0015 per 1% increase in silica at the expense of soda. (4) A thermo‐chemical relation of the softening points and the chemical compositions (calculated) closely paralleling the “liquidus” surfaces of Feild and Roysters' system: CaO‐Na2O‐SiO2.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY SHOWING THE POSSIBILITIES OF SILLIMANITE FOR USE IN EXTRUSION DIES1
Authors: Dager P. W. , Betteley A. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article sets forth the results obtained on the use of sillimanite for extrusion dies. A comparison of the relative length of life of various metal dies and sillimanite dies shows that sillimanite is very resistant to abrasion and has possibilities for use in dies.
NOTES ON DRYING AND DRIER OPERATION1
Authors: Robson James T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief résumé is given, comparing drying shrinkage with the action of clay slaking in a bank. The drying of Missouri dry‐press refractories in summer versus winter and blistering and mcans of prevention are discussed. The operation of three Harrop type driers and an ordinary waste‐heat tunnel drier are described.
THE MELTING RELATIONS OF POTASH FELDSPAR, SODA FELDSPAR, AND FLINT MIXTURES1
Authors: Amberg C R. , Gallup J. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTP.C.E. values of ternary mixtures of potash feldspar, soda feldspar, and flint were determined and results shown on a solid phase diagram. No eutectics were developed with either of the binary series of feldspar and flint. The soda feldspar‐flint mixtures were more refractory than were those of the potash feldspar series. At least 20% flint variation with potash feldspar will show no change in P.C.E. values and at least 10% with the soda feldspar showing the unreliability of P.C.E. to indicate the amount of the quartz content.
OVERGLAZE POLYCHROME CONE NO. 61
Authors: Strusholm A. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe colors and glaze described enable the operator to paint figures, landscapes, or any decorations desired over an unfired glaze sprayed over a flat surface. Not having the ornament modeled in bas‐relief, the ware can be fired with the regular terra cotta to cone 6.The body glaze can be sprayed over a terra cotta body having 35% calcined grit added. If a more sandy body is used, less silica should be added to the glaze to counter‐act crazing.
RESEARCHES IN DRY‐PRESS REFRACTORIES, III. THE EFFECT OF VACUUM ON THE UNFIRED PROPERTIES OF SOME DRY‐PRESS REFRACTORY BATCHES1
Authors: Rueckel W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA series of tests on several typical refractory bodies are presented. These include data showing the effect of varying the amount of vacuum, and its length of time of application on the green and dry properties. The limits of pressure attainable with a mechanical press are also discussed.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE, I
Authors: Lord J. O. , Rueckel W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe customary method for preparation of metallographic specimens is described, with modifications necessary to adapt the method to preparation of sections of enameled metal. The modifications noted are (1) cutting the section at an angle to the plane of the sheet so as to expose a wider band of enamel and metal, (2) maintaining the direction of grinding and polishing so that the action is from enamel to metal portions of the surface a t all times, and (3) using a paraffin covered wheel with levigated alumina as a polishing medium, in order to secure a flat surface.The use of the metallographic microscope in the examination of these specimens is described with some conclusions regarding the false appearances of lincs of contact, etc., due to improperly prepared specimens.
ACID‐RESISTING, DRY‐PROCESS, CAST‐IRON ENAMELS, AND THE EFFECTS OF BaO, PbO, AND ZnO1
Authors: Frtterolp L. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn enamel composition to which any workable enamel of this type must quite closely conform is given. Eighty‐six per cent of the enamel composition must be held within definite proportions. The function of each of these constituents and the percentage required are discussed. The remaining 14% of the enamel may be supplied by combinations of BaO, PbO, and ZnO, with some latitude in proportions permissible. Results of a careful study of the influence of each on smelting properties, acid resistance, fusibility, covering power, color, and brightness are presented.
RELATION OF COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION TO CROSS‐BENDING STRENGTH OF SHEET‐STEEL ENAMELS1
Authors: Gautsch Murray C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo series of enamels were made with calculated cubical coefficients of expansion varying from 361 to 306. In both series of enamels, the cross‐bending values were inversely proportional to the coefficient of expansion. This is due to the fact that all enamels on sheet steel have lower coefficients of thermal expansion than steel. In cooling, after the enamel is fused to the metal, strains are set up in the enamel; the lower the expansion of the enamel the greater the strains. When the enameled piece is bent, the greater the stresses present, the farther the pieces can be bent before there is any real tensile strain on the enamel. High bending ability is dependent primarily on high compressive strains induced by lower coefficient of expansion of the enamel than of the metal base. Compressive strains cause warping, fishscaling (in ground coat), and chipping; therefore the bending strength should not be too high. In all control work both the minimum and the maximum bending strength should be specified.
AUXILIARY FLUXES IN CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Collins Paul F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty‐five synthetic fluxes composed of ceramic materials, compounded in their eutectic proportions and fused to clear glasses, were added to a body of the semivitreous type in varying amounts, and their effect on vitrification was studied. It has been found possible to reduce the feldspar content of such a body to 8% and, by an addition of 2% of auxiliary glass, to develop almost any desired degree of body vitrification between 0.5 and 7.0% at a temperature as low as cone 6.
SIMPLIFICATION OF THE RING METHOD FOR DETERMINING GLAZE STRESSES1
Authors: Davis H. E. , Lueders R. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis work was undertaken to develop a ring for the determination of glaze stresses which would show movements great enough to be measured with a micrometer caliper. The 3‐inch diameter ring developed makes quick measurements possible without the use of the micrometer microscope necessary with the 2‐inch rings.
COLOR FORMATION IN RAW LEAD GLAZES1
Authors: Hui Shaw D. Tb 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVarious amounts of practically all of the chromatic elements in the periodic system were introduced individually into a simple lead silicate glaze, and the resulting glazes were analyzed for color with an automatically recording photoelectric color analyzer. The spectrophotometric data were then converted into trichromatic and monochromatic specifications of color. An empirical relationship was then determined between the concentration of the chromatic element and the three attributes of color: hue, saturation, and brilliance. The effect of glaze thickness on color was also studied. It was found that the same laws connecting concentration of the coloring element with the three attributes of color held for all the elements used. A number of elements not previously mentioned in the literature as color‐producing agents were found to give interesting colored glazes. In several cases an element was added to the base glaze in various forms, such as nitrates, chlorides, and oxides. If equivalent amounts were added, the color in all cases was the same regardless of the colorless radical.
PROPERTIES OF SILICA BRICK MANUFACTURED FROM SHARON CONGLOMERATE1
Authors: Frederick C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNew developments in the field of silicate refractories include greatly improved refractoriness and a high development of desirable qualities in silica refractories manufactured from Sharon conglomerate. The nature of silica refractories in general is discussed and a résumé of materials utilized in the manufacture of silica brick in the United States is given. Several illustrations of this new refractory are included, as well as test data.
SALT GLAZING A CLAY OF LOW VITRIFYING TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Dingledine H. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe method used to secure a salt glaze on a red‐firing clay which vitrifies at a temperature too low to salt glaze normally consists essentially of raising the temperature quickly for short intervals by rapid combustion of thin soft‐wood edgings and applying the salt at maximum temperature during several successive intervals.
AN AUTOMATIC DEVICE FOR PRODUCING A CURVE COÖRDINATING SHRINKAGE AND DRYING LOSS1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus is described which automatically plots a curve and coordinates the shrinkage associated with the drying loss at any point on the curve. From such curves correct dryir.g schedules may be developed. The apparatus may be used in a drier to indicate correct drying performance and the curves furnish valuable information as to the drying peculiarities of bodies not usually available.
RELATION OF CRUSHING STRENGTH OF SILICA BRICK AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES TO OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES*
Authors: Cole Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe failure at elevated temperatures under constant load for silica brick is reported using the Iupuy load test apparatus. The crushing strength at 1500°F, 1800°F. 2100°F, and 2400°F is recorded, as well as the crushing strength at room temperature. The size of test piece utilized normally was 1 by 1 by 2′/2 inches. A definite relationship is shown to exist between the strength at room temperature and that at elevated temperatures. The effect of variation in lime content, bats content, and fluxes is also reported. Data were obtained on brick made from three different quartzites. Additional physical data are reported to give information concerning the properties of the brick tested.
SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF CRAZING*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Pols G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLittle progress has been made in the past to prevent crazing on porous ceramic ware because many of the fundamental causes of this defect were not known. Three sources of crazing are described which have not generally been recognized as causes of this defect. It was found that a type of crazing may be caused by firing ware under a reducing kiln atmosphere. This defect may also be caused by small changes in volume of the body produced by frost action. A special type of crazing may be caused by mechanical pressure on the ware during service. The defects can be prevented by more careful manufacture and selection of raw materials.
THE EFFECT OF BORIC ACID IN RAW MILLED GLAZES*
Authors: Kautz Karl M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the reactions between boric acid and typical ceramic raw materials in slips was made to determine the cause of raw glazes thickening upon standing. Raw zinc oxide, precipitated barium carhonate, and light magnesium carbonate were found to react deleteriously with boric acid in milled slips with thickening or “setting” occurring. This thickening does not occur in many instances when large amounts of white lead are present in the mill batch. Remedies are given which were used to overcome this increase in viscosity in commercial raw glazes by using calcined mixtures and insoluble frits.
STUDY OF THE SHRINKAGE OF DIASPORE CLAYS, PART II1
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis part of the paper on diaspore deals with the development of methods which will shrink diaspore without firing to exceedingly high temperatures for long periods of time. Experimental work shows that this can be accomplished by a number of shrinkage‐producing materials. It is shown that these should be added in definite percentages, and that the greatest shrinking effect will be produced by fine grinding, high pressure molding of the calcine bobies, and by firing to moderate temperatures. The effect of various gas atmospheres during calcining is pronounced. Commercial brick made by the process developed show properties superior to those of regular diaspore brick.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW‐TEMPERATURE ENAMELS ON A FLUORIDE EUTECTIC BASIS1
Authors: Hunt John F. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThree fluoride eutectics were substituted for cryolite and fluorspar in three standard enamels: sheet‐steel ground coat, sheet‐steel cover coat, and cast‐iron single coat, with a view to lowering their maturing temperature. Substitution in ground coats produced inferior enamels, but no apparent change was evident in cast‐iron enamels. In the case of sheet‐steel cover coats satisfactory enamels were obtained with a maturing temperature 150°F lower than the original enamel which matured at 1450°F.
THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF PORCELAIN: THE INFLUENCE OF FIRING TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Monack A. J. , Shardlow L. R. , Wamsley D. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper completes the work previously reported by Monack and Shardlow2 The additional puncture voltages in kilovolts per quarter‐inch thickness were cone 13, 60; cone 14, 69.5; cone 15, 67. The puncture voltage increased gradually between cones 9 and 15. Other conditions remaining identical, it was shown that the most uniform body resulted when tired to cone 9.
THE RELATION OF SODA‐LIME RATIO TO THE BLENDING OF FELDSPARS1
Authors: Amberg C. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe possible sources of error in the blending of feldspars are discussed and the constancy of the soda‐lime ratio in commercial feldspars is demonstrated. All pottery feldspars seem to contain nearly the same type of plagioclase which has a soda‐lime ratio of approximately 5.25. It is recommended that this value (Na2O/CaO = 5.25) be used in checking feldspar analyses for accuracy.
DESIGN AND TESTING OF A LABORATORY KILN1
Authors: Vauchan W. Harry , Breen J. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe design of a cross‐fired natural‐gas laboratory kiln is described. The kiln has a ware space of 17.4 cubic feet with a range of heat treatment from cones 010 to 26 and a maximum variation within the ware space of one‐half cone. The results of two economy tests are included, showing an efficiency of about 5.7%.
A RAPID METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF ALUMINA IN CLAYS1
Authors: Ellison R. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWith the material analyzed in routine a definite relation was noted between the proportion of combined water and silica. The determination of combined water and of iron was all that was necessary to calculate the silica and alumina. The procedure is given and also a curve showing the relation between combined water and silica in the particular material cited. This same short cut chemical analysis is applicable to other days when the curve for the ratio of combined water to silica has been determined for each clay.
THE BUCKLING OF WALL TILE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of the separation of wall tile from their cement backing in a Seattle apartment hotel. Tests of the tile and delayed observations indicated that the failures were caused by an excessive shrinkage of the cement‐clay‐sand backing wall. Precautions should be taken against setting tile on a green unshrunk, flimsy, backing wall, especially when the plastered surface is over 1 inch in thickness and can shrink en bloc over large areas. An excessive amount of clay or other plasticizers will likewise increase the shrinkage and danger of separation.
THE USE OF NATURAL GAS IN FIRING STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS1
Authors: Blair Marion W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome of the advantages of natural‐gas firing are enumerated and the thermal value and cost of natural gas are compared with coal. Other points discussed in the paper are: (1) the influence of irregular operation and length of firing schedule on economy, (2) the value of controlled air supply under pressure, and (3) the reported gas consumption for various products in different districts.
REFRACTORIES FOR USE IN SULPHATE‐RECOVERY FURNACES OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES*
Authors: Cunliffe J. A. , Clem H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper gives a short review of the soda‐recovery methods used in the Kraft process. The tests made to determine the relative merits of different refractories were (1) P.C.E. determinations of soda‐refractory mixtures, (2) simulative‐service slag tests, and (3) petrographic analyses. Tests indicate that resistance is produced by (1) an impervious crystalline structure, such as soapstone for the low temperatures and electro‐cast mullite for the high temperatures, or (2) chemical inertness in contact with soda, such as is found with purer forms of magnesia.
CLARION CLAY OF VINTON COUNTY, OHIO*
Authors: Stout Wilber 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe Clarion clay in the Hope field of Vinton county is persistent over a large area, has excellent thickness, and has good mining conditions. It is a high‐grade clay approaching semiflint in character and has special adaptation for dry‐press stiff‐mud fire brick of cone 31 quality.
FACTORS CAUSING THE VARIATION OF RESULTS IN TESTS FOR THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMELS*
Authors: Shands E. H. , Turk R. H. , Wolfram H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe reason for variability of tests for physical properties of porcelain enamel was investigated. Slight differences in gage of base metal, its source and method of manufacture, and the fineness and thickness of the enamel coating and firing temperature all seriously affect the results obtained. These physical properties may be adjusted at will by regulating the method of preparation.
V. A Study of Enamel‐Metal Contact Zones by Chemical Methods
Authors: Spencer‐Strong George H. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAnalyses were made of the material from the steel‐enamel contact zones of a series of enamels containing varying amounts of cobalt oxide. The impact resistance of these enamels was determined and a method for determining cobalt in enamels was developed.
COMMERCIAL BUTANE AS A CERAMIC FUEL*
Authors: Greene C. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe occurrence, manufacture, and utilization of commercial butane is discussed. It is compared with other gaseous fuels in respect to (1) theoretical thermal efficiency, (2) volume of products of combustion, (3) theoretical flame temperature, (4) rate of flame propagation, (5) specific gravity, (6) resulting quality of ware, and (7) cost per unit of available heat. Results of actual tests on an open‐fire McDougal tunnel kiln using butane, in which these properties were considered, indicated that it is possible to substitute butane for coal‐gas fuel with only minor adjustments in kiln, burner, or accessory equipment.
DIFFUSION COMBUSTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO GLASSMELTING*
Authors: Williams P. Q. , Cone C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFuel gas may be burned as rapidly as possible by thorough premixing or as slowly as possible by the elimination of all effects tending to accelerate the mixture of air and gas. In the latter case, combustion occurs through molecular interdiffusion, hence, “diffusion combustion.”The diffusion flame has unique properties as a heat radiator, not necessarily associated with visible luminosity, which are attained by liberating the maximum quantity of free suspended carbon from a given volume of gas. These properties make possible greater uniformity of heat distribution and lower temperature gradients than are possible with any other type of combustion.The combustion requirements of the ideal glass tank, which include maximum utilization of the melting surface, heat penetration into the bath, and convection current control, are well met by diffusion combustion.
NOTES ON THE X‐RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF MULLITE*
Authors: Posnjak E. , Greig J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA wide range of artificial alumina‐silica products has been examined by the X‐ray powder method. In each case in which the pattern has been sufficiently clear to permit a decision the pattern has been that of mullite, not that of sillimanite. The examination included a number of preparations made by heating clay minerals and clays at 1000°.Mullite crystals containing alumina or the oxides of iron or titanium in solid solution give diffraction patterns in which the lines are slightly displaced toward the origin with respect to the corresponding lines in the diffraction pattern of the standard mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2).Mullite crystals, freed by HF treatment from the matrix in which they grew, often give diffraction patterns in which the intensities of certain lines arc strikingly different from normal. This is due to the orientation of the minute elongated crystals when mounted for photographing.Finally, two recent papers proposing special names for certain similar materials are discussed and, on the basis of published data and the evidence presented here, these proposals are found to be unwarranted.