bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Trachyspic Acid.
Authors: Morokuma Kenji , Taira Yuko , Uehara Yumiko , Shibahara Setsuya , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycoarrays — Tools for Determining Protein—Carbohydrate Interactions and Glycoenzyme Specificity
Authors: Laurent Nicolas , Voglmeier Josef , Flitsch Sabine L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Trends in the Chemistry of Molecular Complexes of Heteroaromatic N‐Oxides
Authors: Ryzhakov Alexander V. , Rodina Ludmila L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiol‐Mediated Radical Cyclizations.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Debnath Pradip 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Risk Factors for Nodal Metastasis and Recurrence Among Patients with Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Differences in Clinical Relevance Between Nonincidental and Incidental Tumors
Authors: Pisanu Adolfo , Reccia Isabella , Nardello Oreste , Uccheddu Alessandro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundPapillary microcarcinoma (PMC) is a subgroup of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring 1.0 cm or less in diameter. Herein we focused on the search for risk factors predicting nodal metastasis and recurrence in PMCs, analyzing differences in presentation, treatment, and prognosis between nonincidental and incidental tumors.MethodsFrom January 1998 to May 2007, 149 patients had a diagnosis of PMC in our department. A cross‐sectional study of 76 patients with nonincidental and 73 patients with incidental PMC was carried out. Demographic data, diagnostic results, tumor characteristics, risk assessment, surgical treatment, and postoperative and follow up results were evaluated.ResultsCytology detected thyroid cancer and nodal involvement in nonincidental PMC. Mean tumor size was significantly larger in nonincidental PMC (7.5 vs. 4.2 mm), which was commonly found within a normal thyroid gland or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, while incidental PMC was associated with a multinodular goiter. TNM staging system showed a higher cancer stage (IVA) in nonincidental. At multivariate analysis, capsular invasion and a nonincidental diagnosis were the two independent factors significantly affecting nodal metastasis. All patients with nonincidental PMC underwent iodine‐131 ablation therapy after surgery compared with 49 patients with incidental. Nodal metastasis at diagnosis was the only factor influencing recurrence which was found in three nonincidental cases: two in the lateral and one in the central neck compartments.ConclusionsSeveral PMCs presented with risk‐free clinical courses. Some nonincidental tumors had a more aggressive behavior and a tendency to recurrence. In these cases, early detection and aggressive treatment are mandatory as for conventional PTC according to risk stratification and cancer stage.
Nest height, nest concealment, and predator type predict nest predation in superb fairy‐wrens (Malurus cyaneus)
Authors: Colombelli‐Négrel Diane , Kleindorfer Sonia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThree factors and their interaction effects are increasingly recognized as important determinants of nest predation: nest concealment, nest height, and predator type. The risk of nest predation is predicted to vary across these variables because of nest detectability and accessibility. In general, however, few studies examine how these three variables interact in relation to nest predation, focusing instead on either nest concealment or nest height (whereby predator identity is usually not known). In this study, we examine the role of nest concealment and nest height for nest survival using both artificial and natural nests in the superb fairy‐wren (Malurus cyaneus). We indirectly identified potential predators through marks left on artificial eggs and footprints left on tracking tunnels. Predation level at artificial nests was lower than at natural nests, and this could be due to a failure of some nest predators to locate cryptic nests in the absence of cues provided by parental activity. Our results supported the prediction that exposed and concealed nests have different levels of nest predation, which can be explained by variation in predator type. Visual predators were only detected at exposed nests, and survival from visual predators was lower for high nests that were also exposed. However, olfactory predators were detected irrespective of nest height or nest concealment. Because rodents use olfaction to locate nests, this could explain the lack of association between nest concealment and predation outcome at low nests. In addition, rodent footmarks near nests were significantly associated with rodent tooth marks on eggs.
Physicochemical Studies on the Interfacial and Bulk Behaviors of Sodium N‐Dodecanoyl Sarcosinate (SDDS)
Authors: Ray Gargi Basu , Ghosh Soumen , Moulik Satya P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSodium N‐dodecanoyl sarcosinate (SDDS), a novel amino‐acid based surfactant, has immense biological and industrial importance. Although it is being used in a number of cosmetic formulations, systematic analysis of the bulk and interfacial properties of the surfactant is scarce in the literature. In this study, effects of salt, temperature, and pH on the self‐association and related properties of SDDS have been examined in detail using methods such as tensiometry, conductometry, fluorimetry, pH‐metry, spectrophotometry, calorimetry, and circular dichroism. The nature of amphiphilic packing and the aggregation numbers of the assemblies have been deciphered. Properties of the acid form of the surfactant have also been explored. The results have been conceptually rationalized and systematically presented together with associated energetics of the interfacial adsorption and self‐aggregation of the surfactant in the bulk.
Two‐Stage Countercurrent Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Oil and Protein from Soybeans
Authors: de Moura Juliana Maria Leite Nobrega , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an increasingly viable alternative to hexane extraction of soybean oil. Although considered an environmentally friendly technology where edible oil and protein can be simultaneously recovered, this process employs much water and produces a significant amount of protein‐rich aqueous effluent (skim). In standard EAEP, highest oil, protein and solids yields are achieved with a single extraction stage using 1:10 solids‐to‐liquid ratio (extruded flakes/water), 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes), pH 9.0, and 50 °C for 1 h. To reduce the amount of water used, two‐stage countercurrent EAEP was evaluated for extracting oil, protein and solids from soybeans using a solids‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:5–1:6 (extruded flakes/water). Two‐stage countercurrent EAEP achieved higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields than using standard EAEP with only one‐half the usual amount of water. Oil, protein and solids yields up to 98 and 96%, 92 and 87%, and 80 and 77% were obtained when using two‐stage countercurrent EAEP (1:5–1:6) and standard single‐stage EAEP (1:10), respectively. Recycling the second skim obtained in two‐stage countercurrent EAEP enabled reuse of the enzyme, with or without inactivation, in the first extraction stage producing protein with different degrees of hydrolysis and the same extraction efficiency. Slightly higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields were obtained using unheated skim compared to heated skim. These advances make the two‐stage countercurrent EAEP attractive as the front‐end of a soybean biorefinery.
G. N. Lewis's Views on Bond Theory 1900–16
Authors: Kohler Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

In a recent paper on the origin of G. N. Lewis's concept of the shared electron pair bond, I argued that the sources of Lewis's novel conception were certain ideas of J. J. Thomson and Alfred Parson. Yet the only influence that Lewis explicitly acknowledged was neither of these, but Alfred Werner's. The following statement appears in his book, Valence (1923):I still have poignant remembrance of the distress which I and many others suffered some thirty years ago in a class in elementary chemistry, where we were obliged to memorize structural formulae of a great number of inorganic compounds. Even such substances as the ferricyanides and ferryocyanides were forced into the system, and bonds were drawn between the several atoms to comply with certain artificial rules, regardless of all chemical evidence. Such formulae are now believed to be almost, if not entirely devoid of scientific significance. Such abuse of the structural formula inevitably led to a reaction which found its best expression in the publications of Werner. His Neuere Anschauungen … (1905) marked a new epoch in chemistry; and in attempting to clarify the fundamental ideas of valence, there is no work to which I feel so much personal indebtedness as to this of Werner's.
The Growth of The Anti-Jewish Stereotype
Authors: Van Arkel Dik , Schreuder M. W. H. 
Published: January 2009

There are three good reasons at the present time to try to arrive at an historical model to explain the development of anti-Jewish stereotyping and prejudice, and in this way, provided it is worked out at a sufficiently high level of abstraction, at an historical model of racism.Thefirstreason is that both the Netherlands and its neighbours are increasingly faced with racism and that for a good line of action it is necessary to collect all kinds of knowledge. Moreover, it is desirable that historians prove willing to co-operate by making their particular contribution to this collection of knowledge. Thesecondreason is that in contemporary thinking about history a tendency seems to have made itself felt that considers the narrative element of history as the only true activity of the historian, so that a hypothetical-deductive, one might say Popperian, approach to the past seems to be wrong. Although I do not want to enter into a methodological discussion, which I am glad to leave to my friend P. H. H. Vries, who has very capably formulated a point of view that I subscribe to, my intention is to show the usefulness of an abstract, partially mathematical, model in this article. By the way, in the framework of an article it is impossible to present an extensive test of the predictions of the model by means of source material. It can only be hinted at. This article is not non-narrative because I want it to be non-narrative, but because of lack of space. A full exposition would need a book. I shall only present in summary what I hope is the logical argument that lies at the basis of the model.
Language loss, language gain: Cultural camouflage and social change among the Sekani of Northern British Columbia
Authors: Lanoue Guy 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe creation of a large artificial lake in 1968 that flooded a large part of the Sekani homeland has led to change in the political outlook of the reorganized Sekani villages. In particular, there has been a reemergence of a universalist social–political philosophy, pan-Indianism, that had as its precursor the cultural–political category of phratry. The association between disruption and the emergence of this system of categorization is historically grounded. The particular problem addressed is why the Sekani speak English when there is little direct contact with Euro-Canadians and no particular advantages, in terms of adaptation to the new economic regime, in doing so. Changes in Sekani English in the political sphere and in relationship terms are examined within the context of maintaining a commitment to pan-Indianism/universalism. (Language loss, bilingualism, political culture, ways of speaking, British Columbia, Athapaskan languages)
On the syntax of sentences-in-progress
Authors: Lerner Gene H 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article describes how it could be possible for two participants engaged in conversation to jointly produce a single syntactic unit such as a sentence. From an inspection of sentence types that are achieved through such joint production, it was determined that participants have available a single utterance construction format. This format, the compound turn-constructional unit format, may be a component of a socially construed syntax-for-conversation. It can be constituted by a wide range of interactionally relevant features of talk in interaction that reveal an emerging utterance as a multiple component turn-constructional unit. The compound turn-constructional unit format is primarily a resource for turn-taking. It can be used to project the next proper place for speaker change. However, it concomitantly provides the resources needed to complete the utterance-in-progress of another participant, thus allowing for the construction of a single sentence across the talk of two speakers. (Conversation, interaction, recognizable activity)
Romāni child-directed speech and children's language among Gypsies in Hungary
Authors: Réger Zita , Gleason Jean Berko 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAdult–child interaction and linguistic input in relation to oral culture were investigated in 13 traditional settlements of Romāni-speaking Gypsies in Hungary. Many of the typical modifications found in the childdirected speech (CDS) register of other languages are also found in the speech addressed to children acquiring Romāni. In addition, CDS in these communities is deeply influenced by living traditions and properties of the Gypsies' oral culture. Phenomena of input language closely related to these features are, for example, a specific way of modeling dialogue to infants, the extended use of test questions, and the use of folk genres specially modified for babies and children. Early introduction of children into these ways of speaking reflects their importance for Gypsy culture and Gypsy identity. Children's games reflecting the highly creative uses of the same features of traditional oral culture are also presented. (Gypsies, Romani, child-directed speech, language acquisition, socialization, pragmatics)
On a problem of Schinzel and Wójcik involving equalities between multiplicative orders
Authors: PAPPALARDI FRANCESCO , SUSA ANDREA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGiven a1, . . ., ar ∈ ℚ \ {0, ±1}, the Schinzel–Wójcik problem is to determine whether there exist infinitely many primes p for which the order modulo p of each a1, . . ., ar coincides. We prove on the GRH that the primes with this property have a density and in the special case when each ai is a power of a fixed rational number, we show unconditionally that such a density is non zero. Finally, in the case when all the ai's are prime, we express the density it terms of an infinite product.
Electrochemical studies of iron meteorites: phosphorus redox chemistry on the early Earth
Authors: Bryant David E. , Greenfield David , Walshaw Richard D. , Evans Suzanne M. , Nimmo Alexander E. , Smith Caroline L. , Wang Liming , Pasek Matthew A. , Kee Terence P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe mineral schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P, a ubiquitous component of iron meteorites, is known to undergo anoxic hydrolytic modification to afford a range of phosphorus oxyacids. H-phosphonic acid (H3PO3) is the principal hydrolytic product under hydrothermal conditions, as confirmed here by31P-NMR spectroscopic studies on shavings of the Seymchan pallasite (Magadan, Russia, 1967), but in the presence of photochemical irradiation a more reduced derivative, H-phosphinic (H3PO2) acid, dominates. The significance of such lower oxidation state oxyacids of phosphorus to prebiotic chemistry upon the early Earth lies with the facts that such forms of phosphorus are considerably more soluble and chemically reactive than orthophosphate, the commonly found form of phosphorus on Earth, thus allowing nature a mechanism to circumvent the so-calledPhosphate Problem.This paper describes the Galvanic corrosion of Fe3P, a hydrolytic modification pathway for schreibersite, leading again to H-phosphinic acid as the key P-containing product. We envisage this pathway to be highly significant within a meteoritic context as iron meteorites are polymetallic composites in which dissimilar metals, with different electrochemical potentials, are connected by an electrically conducting matrix. In the presence of a suitable electrolyte medium, i.e., salt water, galvanic corrosion can take place. In addition to model electrochemical studies, we also report the first application of the Kelvin technique to map surface potentials of a meteorite sample that allows the electrochemical differentiation of schreibersite inclusions within an Fe:Ni matrix. Such experiments, coupled with thermodynamic calculations, may allow us to better understand the chemical redox behaviour of meteoritic components with early Earth environments.
The Accuracy of Parent and Teacher Reports in Assessing the Vocabulary Knowledge of Chinese Children With Hearing Impairment
Authors: Lee Kathy , Chiu Sung Nok , van Hasselt C. A. , Tong Michael 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate (a) the accuracy of adult reports in assessing the vocabulary knowledge of Cantonese-speaking children with hearing impairment (HI) and (b) the factors that are associated with the accuracy of those reports.

Method
The first participant group consisted of 47 children and their mothers. The second group consisted of 47 children and 21 teachers. All of the children had profound HI, with a mean age of 57 months. The ratings of the adults were compared with the children’s test scores in a standardized test.

Results
Both adult groups reported children’s performance with satisfactory accuracy. Mother and teacher ratings showed fair to good agreement with each other. Two factors significantly associated with the accuracy of the report were (a) the difficulty of the vocabulary and (b) the child’s vocabulary ability as determined by the standardized norm-referenced receptive vocabulary test. The mothers' education level, occupation, and socioeconomic status, and the teachers' teaching experience and length of time they had trained the child, were not significant factors.

Conclusion
The results suggest that employing adult reports to collect data on the word knowledge of children with HI is applicable to a broad spectrum of the Cantonese-speaking Chinese population.
Between-Word Simplification Patterns in the Continuous Speech of Children With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Klein Harriet B. , Liu-Shea May 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
This study was designed to identify and describe between-word simplification patterns in the continuous speech of children with speech sound disorders. It was hypothesized that word combinations would reveal phonological changes that were unobserved with single words, possibly accounting for discrepancies between the intelligibility of single-word samples and that of continuous speech.

Method

Four boys with developmental speech sound disorders provided samples of single words and continuous speech. Substitutions and deletions with single words formed the basis for determining 2 categories of between-word segment mismatches:
observed
and
novel
. Mismatches were attributed to one of 4 types of between-word simplifications reported for typical phonological development: between-word consonant deletion, between-word cluster reduction, between-word consonant sequence reduction, and between-word assimilation.

Results
Continuous speech revealed observed and novel patterns. Segment mismatches occurred differentially among potential between-word simplification environments. The most frequently occurring novel pattern involved the deletion of a coda consonant within a between-word consonant sequence.

Conclusions
Children with speech sound disorders demonstrated substitutions and deletions between words in continuous speech that may not be predicted on the basis of single-word productions. The identification of potential contexts for such mismatches may serve as a framework for the assessment of continuous speech samples of children with speech sound disorders in health care and school settings.
Generation of High-Titer Lentivirus for the Production of Transgenic Quail
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to generate high-titer lentivirus for the production of transgenic Japanese quail. The virus is pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus with the envelope G glycoprotein (VSV-g), which gives a broad infectious range and allows concentration of viral supernatants by ultracentrifugation. Using this method, we typically produce titers >1 × 108 transforming units (TU)/mL and recommend using a virus with a titer at least this high for in vivo work.
Injection of Lentivirus into Stage-X Blastoderm for the Production of Transgenic Quail
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to generate transgenic quail by injecting a lentiviral vector into freshly laid Japanese quail eggs at stage X. The lentivirus infects primordial germ cells originating in the area pellucida.
Assay for Human Rad51-Mediated DNA Displacement Loop Formation
Authors: Raynard Steven , Sung Patrick 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONHomologous recombination is an important mechanism for the repair of damaged chromosomes, for preventing the demise of damaged replication forks, and for several other aspects of chromosome metabolism and maintenance. The homologous recombination reaction is mediated by the Rad51 recombinase. In the presence of ATP, Rad51 polymerizes on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form a nucleoprotein filament that is commonly referred to as the “presynaptic filament.” The presynaptic filament is capable of locating a homologous duplex DNA molecule and catalyzing invasion of the duplex to form a DNA displacement loop called the “D-loop.” This protocol describes an in vitro D-loop assay that uses a radiolabeled ssDNA oligonucleotide and a nonlabeled homologous supercoiled duplex DNA as substrates, and agarose gel electrophoresis together with PhosphorImaging for product analysis. To enhance the efficiency of the D-loop reaction, an ancillary factor (the Hop2-Mnd1 complex or Rad54) is included in the reaction. This reconstituted system provides researchers a biochemical means to dissect the mechanisms of the homologous recombination machinery.