bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anwendung der Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde für das Weitwinkel‐Durchstrahlverfahren
Authors: Brümmer O. , Alex V. , Schulze G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Zentralprojektion sowohl der Ausscheidungsschatten als auch der Extinktionslinien vom Legierungseinkristall auf das Röntgen‐Interferenz‐Schatten‐Diagramm erlaubt unmittelbar qualitative lokale Realstrukturaussagen, denn die Zuordnung der Extinktionslinien zum Kristallbereich bedarf nicht geometrischer Berechnungen. Für quantitative Aussagen sind jedoch geometrische Formeln nötig, deren Symbolik an die der dynamischen Röntgenbeugungstheorie angepaßt ist. Solche Formeln werden entwickelt, wobei auch die Ergebnisse unlängst publizierter Arbeiten bestätigt und erweitert werden. Auf die Gitterkonstantenbestimmung mit Hilfe von Extinktionslinien wird ausführlich eingegangen: experimentell bestimmte Gitterkonstanten von Molybdän und Germanium bei Zimmertemperatur werden angegeben. Schließlich wird über Untersuchungen zur Energieströmung in nahezu idealen Kristallen berichtet.
Zur Theorie der nichtstationären Resonanzfluoreszenz an bewegten Molekülen. II. Untersuchungen zur hochauflösenden Resonanzfluoreszenzspektroskopie
Authors: Paerschke H. , Süsse K.‐E. , Welsch D.‐G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnter Berücksichtigung des Doppler‐Effekts wird ein Ausdruck für die spektrale Energiedichte der Resonanzfluoreszenzstrahlung von Gasen (Dämpfen) bei Laserimpulsanregung hergeleitet. Die spektrale Energiedichte zerfällt in einen kohärenten und einen inkohärenten Anteil, die sich in charakteristischer Weise voneinander unterscheiden. Die kohärente Resonanzfluoreszenzstrahlung reproduziert im wesentlichen das Spektrum der Laserstrahlung, Aussagen über die homogenen Linienbreiten lassen sich nur aus den inkohärenten Spektren gewinnen. Es werden Ergebnisse numerischer Berechnungen der in Vorwärts‐ und in Rückwärtsrichtung unter verschiedenen Anregungsbedingungen zu erhaltenden hochaufgelösten Spektren diskutiert.
A Statistical Model for Describing Spectral Diffusion Effects in Electron Spin Echo (ESE) and Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) Experiments
Authors: Franke M. , Windsch W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA statistical model for an EPR line broadened by dipolar electron‐nuclear interaction is proposed. This makes it possible for the effect of spectral diffusion on the width and intensity of ENDOR signals to be determined from electron spin echo experiments. In this paper, various ENDOR mechanisms are discussed in addition to a calculation of the variation in both Boltzmann factor and spin temperature due to the spectral diffusion effect.
Formation of glass transition temperature‐less (Tg‐less) composite with epoxy resin and ionomer
Authors: Nishida Hirofumi , Ueda Hisatoshi , Matsuda Satoshi , Kishi Hajime , Murakami Atsushi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA Tg‐less epoxy resin was easily obtained by curing with ionomer. In this system, the storage modulus did not drop and maintained a high level as if it were in a glassy state even at an elevated temperature of 300 °C. Investigation of the curing process for the epoxy resin mixture with ionomer, using DSC and FT‐IR, revealed that the curing reaction was initiated from the nucleophilic addition of—COO− to the epoxy group to form an ester linkage, and that the chain propagation subsequently occurred by anionic ring opening polymerization of the epoxy group to form an ether linkage. On the basis of the results, the mechanism of ‘Tg‐disappearing phenomenon’ is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the effect of particle size distributions on the fluid dynamic behavior and segregation patterns of fluidized, vibrated and vibrofluidized beds
Authors: Daleffe Roger Valeri , Ferreira Maria Carmo , Freire José Teixeira 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this work, the effects of particle size distribution on the dynamics and segregation patterns in fluidized, vibrated and vibrofluidized beds were investigated. Four particle size distributions composed of glass spheres were tested: binary, flat, Gaussian and a reference one, all of them with a mean Sauter diameter equal to 2.18 × 10−3 m. The experimental setup consisted basically of a circular glass chamber with a height of 0.50 m and diameter of 0.114 m and was operated in different modes: as a fluidized bed (Γ = 0), or either as vibrated or vibrofluidized beds (Γ = 2). The pressure drops in the fluidized and vibrofluidized beds were not significantly affected by the particle size distributions. Well‐defined segregation patterns were observed in fluidized and vibrated beds, with the small particles concentrated at the top and the large particles at the bottom in the fluidized bed, and with a reversed pattern in the vibrated bed. Segregation patterns in the vibrofluidized bed depended on the values of the vibration parameters. Segregation in vibrofluidized and vibrated beds was minimized by operating at high amplitudes of vibration. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pan‐milling to prepare ultrafine high‐density polyethylene powder with sodium chloride serving as grinding aid
Authors: Liu Yuan , Li Jie , Wang Qi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article, our self‐designed pan mill equipment was used to pulverize high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) to prepare its powder product. This pan mill based on three‐dimensional shear forces shows much better pulverization effects on ductile polymer materials when compared with conventional pulverizing equipment based on impact force, and it can mill original HDPE pellets (particle size: 3–4 mm) into fine powder (particle size: 75 μm) at ambient temperature. To further improve the pulverization efficiency to obtain ultrafine HDPE powder, sodium chloride (NaCl), serving as a grinding aid, was comilled with HDPE. Taking the advantages of the cutting and isolating effects of NaCl crystals, HDPE can be pulverized into ultrafine powder with the particle size below 10 μm. Another advantage of NaCl as a grinding aid lies in an easy removal process through water wash, thus conveniently separating from hydrophobic HDPE powder. This technology provides a novel and efficient method to prepare the ultrafine powder of those polymers with high ductility and low melt point, and shows a promise in future commercial application. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
PMMA‐multigraft copolymers derived from linseed oil, soybean oil, and linoleic acid: Protein adsorption and bacterial adherence
Authors: Çakmaklı Birten , Hazer Baki , Açıkgöz Şerefden , Can Murat , Cömert Füsun B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSynthesis of Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA‐multigraft copolymers derived from linseed oil, soybean oil, and linoleic acid PMMA‐g‐polymeric oil/oily acid‐g‐poly(3‐hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA), and their protein adsorption and bacterial adherence have been described. Polymeric oil/oily acid peroxides [polymeric soybean oil peroxide (PSB), polymeric linseed oil peroxide (PLO), and polymeric linoleic acid peroxide (PLina)] initiated the copolymerization of MMA and unsaturated PHA‐soya to yield PMMA–PLO–PHA, PMMA–PSB–PHA, and PMMA–PLina–PHA multigraft copolymers. PMMA–PLina–PHA multigraft copolymers were completely soluble while PMMA–PSB–PHA and PMMA–PLO–PHA multigraft copolymers were partially crosslinked. Crosslinked parts of the PLO‐ and PSB‐multigraft copolymers were isolated by the sol gel analysis and characterized by swelling measurements in CHCl3. Soluble part of the PLO‐ and PSB‐multigraft copolymers and completely soluble PLina‐multigraft copolymers were obtained and characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In the mechanical properties of the PHA–PLina–PMMA, the elongation at break is reduced up to ∼ 9%, more or less preserving the high stress values at its break point (48%) when compared to PLina‐g‐PMMA. The solvent casting film surfaces were studied by means of adsorption of blood proteins and bacterial adhesion. Insertion of the PHA into the multigraft copolymers caused the dramatic increase in bacterial adhesion on the polymer surfaces. PHA insertion into the graft copolymers also increased the protein adsorption. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Compressive response and energy absorption of foam EPDM
Authors: Wang Biqin , Peng Zonglin , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEthylene–propylene–diene terpolymer foam was prepared by two different processing routes. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the foams with wide relative density ranging from 0.11 to 0.62 have been studied via scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the foam with lower relative density has a unique bimodal cell size structure, which the larger cells inlay among the smaller cells, while the foam articles with higher relative density have thicker cell walls with few small cells. The compressive stress–strain curves show that the foam articles with lower relative density have three regimes: linear elastic, a wide slightly rising plateau, and densification, while the foam articles with higher relative density have only two regimes: the longer linear elastic and densification. The relative modulus increases with the increase in the relative density. The contribution of the gas trapped in the cell to the modulus could be neglected. The energy absorbed per unit volume is relationship with the permitted stress and the relative density. The efficiency and the ideality parameter were evaluated from the compressive stress–strain plots. The parameters were plotted against stress to obtain maximum efficiency and the maximum ideality region, which can be used for optimizing the choice for practical applications in cushioning and packaging. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
The effect of inter‐fiber distance on the interfacial properties in E‐glass fiber/epoxy model composites
Authors: Moon C. K. , Holmes G. A. , McDonough W. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of interfiber distance on the interfacial properties in E‐glass fiber/epoxy resin composites has been investigated using one and two fiber with various interfiber distance fragmentation test specimens. In addition, the effect of the fiber surface treatment on the interfacial properties has been studied. As a result, we found that the interfacial shear strength increased with the increasing of interfiber distances from 0 to 50 μm and then the ones were saturated regardless of sized and unsized fibers. It was seen that the interfacial shear strengths saturated were in close agreement with those of the single fiber fragmentation tests. We also found that when the interfiber distance was very small, the stress distribution pattern was shown like one fiber, and when the interfiber distance was greater than 50μm, the stress distribution pattern was independent on between fibers. Finally, the interfacial shear strength evaluated using two E‐glass fiber/epoxy resin fragmentation test method is shown as real values in‐site regardless of the fiber surface treatment and interfiber distance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Estimation of phase diagrams for copolymer‐diluent systems in thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Lv Rui , Zhou Jing , Xu Peng , Du Qiangguo , Wang Haitao , Zhong Wei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe binary interaction model was introduced to estimate phase diagrams of copolymer‐diluent systems in thermally induced phase separation. The crystallization curves and cloud points of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) with 1,4‐butanediol, EVOH/1,3‐propanediol, and EVOH/glycerol were calculated and compared with experimental value or literature data. Fair agreement was obtained. To confirm the importance of incorporating intramolecular interactions, calculations with and without the consideration of intramolecular interactions were performed and compared. It was found that better results can be obtained if intramolecular interaction was introduced. The reason for the small differences between the calculated value and the experimental data of the liquid–liquid phase separation is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Integrative database management for mouse development: Systems and concepts
Authors: Singh Amar V. , Rouchka Eric C. , Rempala Greg A. , Bastian Caleb D. , Knudsen Thomas B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCells in the developing embryo must integrate complex signals from the genome and environment to make decisions about their behavior or fate. The ability to understand the fundamental biology of the decision‐making process, and how these decisions may go awry during abnormal development, requires a systems biology paradigm. Presently, the ability to build models with predictive capability in birth defects research is constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental parameters underlying embryonic susceptibility, sensitivity, and vulnerability. Key developmental milestones must be parameterized in terms of system structure and dynamics, the relevant control methods, and the overall design logic of metabolic and regulatory networks. High‐content data from genome‐based studies provide some comprehensive coverage of these operational processes but a key research challenge is data integration. Analysis can be facilitated by data management resources and software to reveal the structure and function of bionetwork motifs potentially associated with an altered developmental phenotype. Borrowing from applied mathematics and artificial intelligence, we conceptualize a system that can help address the new challenges posed by the transformation of birth defects research into a data‐driven science. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:1–19, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A chemiluminescence‐based assessment of androgen‐binding activity in a large pedigree affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: Wang Jiu‐Cun , Wang Minghua , Zhang Rongmei , Zhao Zhimin , Chen Jie , Luo Zewei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report a novel chemiluminescence (CL)‐based method for assaying the ligand‐binding activity of the androgen receptor. The central parts of this method are the utilization of the steroid CL marker as the replacement of the radioactive label in the conventional ligand‐binding assay and the determination of the binding activity by the light measurement of the bound CL–label under an H2O2–microperoxidase system. The properties and reliability of this assay were investigated and verified using genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) from seven normal males. The method is precise (CV < 7% for both Bmax and Kd) with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.93) in each Scatchard linear regression analysis. This assay can determine the androgen binding properties using only a quarter of the cells (approximately 40 000 cells/data point) of that required by the radiolabelling approach. The utility of the method was illustrated by binding experiment on the GSFs of several patients from a large Chinese family affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome. The familial distinct feature is that all patients shared an identical Arg840Cys substitution in the androgen receptor but displayed high phenotypic variation in disorders of male sexual development. The patients selected for the present study represent a wide spectrum of this phenotypic variation. This study thus provides insights on the pleiotropic effects of the mutation. In conclusion, the CL‐based method can serve as an effective, precise and reliable replacement for the radiolabelling approach and has the advantages of simplicity, cost‐effectiveness and health and environmental safety over the counterpart. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis after conclusion of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Teoh A Y B , Chong C N , Wong J , Lee K F , Chiu P W Y , Ng S S M , Lai P B S 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
The aim of this retrospective review was to assess the clinical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis since the conclusion of a randomized controlled trial in 1997.

Methods
Records of all patients admitted for acute cholecystitis in whom early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted between July 1997 and December 2004 were reviewed.

Results
A total of 209 patients were recruited to this study. Forty-three surgeons performed the procedures. The conversion rate increased significantly in the early period after the trial from 21 per cent to 42 per cent (39 of 92 patients) and decreased significantly to 24 per cent (13 of 54 patients) in the later period. The proportion of operations performed by higher surgical trainees increased significantly from 17 per cent in the early period to 56 per cent in the later period. This increase was associated with a fall in conversion rate without any significant increase in duration of operation or complication rate.

Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that the results achieved in a randomized trial can be translated into clinical practice by the entire surgical unit. A structured training programme with the inclusion of an experienced surgeon assisting both trainees and specialists should minimize this learning curve.
α‐Keto‐carbonsäuren aus α‐Keto‐aldonitronen
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Keto‐aldonitrone gehen mit Alkalicyanid in Arylglyoxylsäurenitril‐anile über, die auch aus anderen Phenacyl‐Verbindungen zu erhalten sind; ihre Spaltung führt in guter Ausbeute zu α‐Keto‐carbonsäuren, unter anderen Bedingungen zu Dioxocarbonsäureamiden. Die Einwirkung verdünnter Natronlauge führt zu Benzoylameisensäureaniliden, bzw. zu Isonitrilen. Erstere entstehen auch aus α‐Keto‐aldonitronen durch Beckmannsche Umlagerung.
Substitutionsreaktionen an doppelt gebundenen Methylen‐ und Methingruppen
Authors: Coenen Max 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Reaktionen von Verbindungen, die eine einseitig stark positivierte Äthylenlücke enthalten, mit Isocyanaten und Ketenen wurden untersucht. Die β‐CH2‐Gruppe der Äthylene verhält sich bei diesen Reaktionen sehr ähnlich wie die NH2‐Gruppe von Aminen. Sie lagert sich unter Bildung eines Säureamids oder eines Ketons an die kumulierte Doppelbindung der Isocyanate oder Ketene an. Ein Vergleich der Geschwindigkeit der Reaktionen von Aminen einerseits und positivierten Äthylenen andererseits mit Isocyanaten macht für beide Typen den gleichen Reaktionsmechanismus sehr wahrscheinlich. Die Analogie in der Reaktionsfähigkeit zwischen Aminen und positivierten Äthylenen läßt sich aus den mesomeren Grenzstrukturen der positivierten Äthylene erklären.
Darstellung der 1.2.3.5‐Tetraacetyl‐ribose
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Hoepfner Eva 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWährend Versuche, aus Triacetyltritylribose den Tritylrest mittels Bromwasserstoffs in Eisessig oder verdünnter Säure abzuspalten, zur gleichzeitigen Anhydridbildung unter Entstehung der 2.3‐Diacetyl‐anhydroribose <1.5><1.4> führten, konnte aus der erstgenannten Verbindung mittels Acetylbromids die 1.2.3.5 Tetraacetyl‐ribose gewonnen werden.
Zur Kenntnis der Basen des Steinkohlenteer‐Schweröls (II. Mitteil.)
Authors: Kruber Otto , Rappen Ludwig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDer Nachweis und die Kennzeichnung von 8 Basen aus dem höher siedenden Teil des Steinkohlenteer‐Schweröls werden beschrieben. Die sauren Begleitstoffe der Basen werden untersucht.
Über krystallisiertes Päonin aus der Chlamydomonas‐Mutante Nr. 4
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Löw Irmentraut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas Anthocyan der einzelligen Grünalge Chlamydomonas (Mutante Nr. 4) ist mit Päonin aus Pfingstrosen identisch.
Über die Anlagerung von Alkylpyridinen an Butadien und Styrol in Gegenwart von Alkalimetall
Authors: Wegler Richard , Pieper Gustav 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Picolin lagert sich in Gegenwart von Natrium an Butadien und Styrol an; dabei entstehen höhere Alkylderivate des Pyridins.
Über die thermische Zersetzung von Benzal‐ und Anisal‐diurethan
Authors: Böttcher Bruno , Bauer Fritz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBenzal‐ und Anisal‐diurethan spalten sich bei Temperaturen über 200°. Eine Anzahl von Zersetzungsprodukten, als wichtigstes Lophin, konnte isoliert und identifiziert werden. An Hand dieser Produkte wurde versucht, Einblick in den Zerfallsmechanismus zu gewinnen.
Über Thiazole, VI. Mitteil.): Das Verhalten des Chloracetyl‐Cyanessigsäure ‐äthylesters bei der Hantzschschen Thiazolsynthese
Authors: Beyer Hans , Lässig Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWährend die Hantzschsche Thiazolsynthese aus Chloracetyl‐cyanessigsäure ‐äthylester und Thioamiden vom Typus des Thioharnstoffs glatt und in guter Ausbeute vor sich geht, nimmt die gleiche Kondensation mit Thioacet‐ bzw. Thiobenzamid einen wesentlich anderen Verlauf. So entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Chloracetyl‐cyan‐deren Verlauf. So entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Chloracetyl‐cyan‐essigsäure‐äthylester mit Thioacetamid vornehmlich 4‐Keto‐2‐ketimino ‐tetrahydro‐thiophen‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐äthylester. Dieselbe Kondensation mit Thiobenzamid führt zum 2‐Phenyl‐thiazolon‐(4). Im Gegensatz zu diesem abweichenden Reaktionsverlauf liefert die Kondensation des Chloracetyl‐ cyanessigsäure‐äthylesters mit Hydrazin N.N′‐ bis‐thiocarbonsäureamid quantitativ den Hydrazothiazol‐(2.2′)‐bis‐cyanessigsäure‐(4.4′)‐diäthylester.
First Catalytic Hydroaminomethylation in Supercritical Ammonia
Authors: Klein H. , Jackstell R. , Kant M. , Martin A. , Beller M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydroaminomethylation of olefins to synthesize amines in supercritical ammonia was studied for the first time. In the presence of a bimetallic Rh‐Ir catalyst system the reaction of 1‐octene with CO, H2, and ammonia led to high‐yield nonylamines. The effect of various reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure was investigated. Furthermore, the influence of different co‐solvents like toluene or methanol was examined. The yield of primary amines could be increased up to 60 % under optimized reaction conditions.
Solid Bed Properties under High Gas Pressure
Authors: Voges S. , Jaeger P. , Eggers R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this work, several solid bed properties of compressible materials are examined with respect to their impact on batch and continuous processes, implying using dense gases. Important properties in this context are, amongst others, compressibility and permeability. Moisture and temperature are shown to strongly increase the compressibility of natural materials such as hops and caraway. Compressibility, on its turn is decisive for solid bed permeability at a given mechanical pressure. The combination of uniaxial compressibility experiments with permeability tests is introduced as a useful tool to evaluate the feasibility of various processes, especially oil/juice expression in a screw press, supercritical batch extraction, and continuous extrusion‐extraction, where fluid flow through a solid bed is determinative for the process. In the case investigated, gas pressure differences over a solid bed can provoke a post‐compression of the solid bed, which then leads to a decrease in permeability which strongly affects the whole process.