bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of flow characteristics in a subway station
Authors: Jia Li , Huang Peng , Yang Lixin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTransient simulation on the process of subway trains pulling in and out of a station was carried out to investigate the air flow characteristics in a subway station in various situations by utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The influence of the piston effect on the flow field in the station and its role in natural ventilation are discussed. The results indicate that the piston effect has significant influence on the flow field in the station and it plays an important role in natural ventilation. The ventilation shafts established at both ends of the station can effectively enhance natural ventilation while reducing the velocity of airflow in the station. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20239
Five reasons for publishing in human_ontogenetics
Authors: Harder Thomas , Schulz Jörg 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn autumn 2007, the Editorial Office of human_ontogenetics received the first manuscripts for publication and made the first experiences with the editorial and production process. Since then, the start of our new journal was very successful: We received a number of manuscripts and many more requests. Some of the articles published during the last months in human_ontogenetics were downloaded by our readers more than 1,000 times.Against the background of one year of human_ontogenetics, we would like to briefly summarize the advantages of publishing in human_ontogenetics, to stimulate even more potential authors from the entire field of human life sciences to submit their papers. In essence, we see at least the following five major reasons for publishing papers related to the development of human beings in our journal.
The obstetrician's perspective on cesarean section on maternal request
Authors: Dudenhausen Joachim W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPercentages of cesarean section world‐wide have increased substantially over the past two decades. Maternal request for abdominal delivery may have contributed to this development. The wish to be delivered by C‐section for personal reasons without medical indication should be discussed from the medical point of view as well as from the legal perspectives of mother and child. Today, mortality in primarily indicated and performed cesarean section is not substantially higher than in vaginal delivery. The consequences of cesarean section are important for succeeding pregnancies. Besides the risk of scar rupture, the drastic increase in the incidences of placental detachment (placenta accreta/increta/percreta) and placenta previa in succeeding pregnancies are of relevance. However, this risk should be weighed against fetal risk in vaginal delivery, especially intrauterine death and encephalopathy caused by intrapartum hypoxia as well as cerebral palsy amounting to 1/500. Pelvic floor damage after vaginal delivery can probably be reduced but not necessarily avoided by primary cesarean section. In summary, advantages and disadvantages of vaginal and abdominal delivery have to be weighed up carefully. Cesarean section performed by an experienced team with optimal equipment is accompanied by rather low risk. The obstetrician has to consider possible unlawfulness in cases of maternal request for cesarean section.
Abstinence‐only sex education: potential developmental effects
Authors: Diamond Milton , Beh Hazel G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn the United States the federal government has spent over $170 million annually to subsidize states and community organizations that provide abstinence‐only sex education or abstinence until marriage sex education programs. Such an education not only stresses that abstinence until marriage is to be practiced but that any sexual activity outside of a monogamous heterosexual marriage is not only morally wrong but is the only way to prevent pregnancy or avoid developing a sexually transmitted disease. Any other method except for abstinence is said to fail. The government's decision was based on politics rather than science. Those who argue against abstinence‐only instruction and for comprehensive sex education programs claim the current programs are not only ineffective but also dangerous to the children it is supposed to help and bad for society as a whole. Comprehensive sex education has been shown to increase preventive behaviors against unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and other sex‐related complications. Many professional organizations have testified against continued funding for abstinence‐only programs and for comprehensive instruction. Also, the large majority of parents of junior and senior high school students believe it is important that sex education be complete and cover such topics as birth control use, prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually‐transmitted diseases, and contraception use and skills. It has evolved into a political debate to define American values. This essay is a commentary on this governmental conservative policy and the negative effect it has on students' mature development. The positive influences of comprehensive sex‐education are presented.
Impact of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the north‐east monsoon rainfall of Tamil Nadu State in India
Authors: Geethalakshmi V. , Yatagai Akiyo , Palanisamy K. , Umetsu Chieko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTamil Nadu State in south‐eastern India receives most of its rainfall from October through December, a phenomenon known as north‐east monsoon rainfall (NEMR). Tamil Nadu's south‐west monsoon rainfall (SWMR), received between June and September, correlates positively with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), whereas NEMR correlates negatively. We undertook a study to investigate the relationship between global teleconnection indicators, namely the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and precipitation over Tamil Nadu during NEMR. The results showed that NEMR had significant positive correlation with Niño‐3 sea‐surface temperatures (SST) in July. The statistical relationships between the IOD and NEMR were much weaker than those between ENSO and NEMR.To understand the relationship and/or local dynamic structure, composites of the circulation field for the extreme El Niño/La Niña years were compared with the mean state for July, September and November. Composite circulation analysis clearly showed that in extreme El Niño years, the Bay of Bengal exhibited a positive sea‐level pressure (SLP) anomaly, and the Arabian Sea exhibited a negative SLP anomaly, which resulted in strong north‐easterly winds, bringing moisture and precipitation to the southern part of India in November. The reverse was also true: A strong negative anomaly was observed in the Bay of Bengal during La Niña years, which resulted in a weak NE monsoon. However, local circulation anomalies (Bay of Bengal through Arabian Sea) did not continue from July to November. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotamer optimization for protein design through MAP estimation and problem‐size reduction
Authors: Hong Eun‐Jong , Lippow Shaun M. , Tidor Bruce , Lozano‐Pérez Tomás 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe search for the global minimum energy conformation (GMEC) of protein side chains is an important computational challenge in protein structure prediction and design. Using rotamer models, the problem is formulated as a NP‐hard optimization problem. Dead‐end elimination (DEE) methods combined with systematic A* search (DEE/A*) has proven useful, but may not be strong enough as we attempt to solve protein design problems where a large number of similar rotamers is eligible and the network of interactions between residues is dense. In this work, we present an exact solution method, named BroMAP (branch‐and‐bound rotamer optimization using MAP estimation), for such protein design problems. The design goal of BroMAP is to be able to expand smaller search trees than conventional branch‐and‐bound methods while performing only a moderate amount of computation in each node, thereby reducing the total running time. To achieve that, BroMAP attempts reduction of the problem size within each node through DEE and elimination by lower bounds from approximate maximum‐a‐posteriori (MAP) estimation. The lower bounds are also exploited in branching and subproblem selection for fast discovery of strong upper bounds. Our computational results show that BroMAP tends to be faster than DEE/A* for large protein design cases. BroMAP also solved cases that were not solved by DEE/A* within the maximum allowed time, and did not incur significant disadvantage for cases where DEE/A* performed well. Therefore, BroMAP is particularly applicable to large protein design problems where DEE/A* struggles and can also substitute for DEE/A* in general GMEC search. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Charge transport in stacking metal and metal‐free phthalocyanine iodides. Effects of packing, dopants, external electric field, central metals, core modification, and substitutions
Authors: Chen Shuang , Ma Jing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe charge‐transport properties of the one‐dimensional stacking metal phthalocyanine iodides (M(Pc)I, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and metal‐free phthalocyanine iodide (H2(Pc)I) have been theoretically investigated. On the basis of the tight‐binding approximation and two‐state theory, both the site‐energy corrected energy splitting in dimer and Fock‐matrix‐based methods are used to calculate the transfer integral. The intermolecular motions, including interplanar translation, rotation, slip, and tilt, exert remarkable impacts on the transfer integral. The order/disorder of the dopant stack and the long‐range electrostatic interactions are also demonstrated to be crucial factors for modulation of charge‐transport properties. The transfer integral undergoes slight changes under an applied electric field along the stacking direction in the range of 106− 107V cm−1. The change of central metals in MPc has little effect on the transfer integrals, but significantly affects the reorganization energies. The extension of the π‐conjugation in macrocyclic ligand brings about considerable influence on the transfer integrals. Peripheral substitutions by animo, hydroxyl, and methyl lead to deviations from planarity of macromolecular rings, and hence affect the valence bands significantly. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Spiritually oriented psychodynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Shafranske Edward P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSpiritually oriented psychodynamic psychotherapy pays particular attention to the roles that religious and spiritual beliefs, practices, and experiences play in the psychological life of the client. Contemporary psychoanalytic theorists offer multiple approaches to understand the functions of religious experience. Spirituality provides a means to address existential issues and provide a context to form personal meaning. Religious narratives present schemas of relationship and models of experiences salient to mental health, such as hope. God images or other symbolic representations of the transcendent have the power to evoke emotions, which in turn, influence motivation and behavior. While employing theories and techniques derived from psychodynamic psychotherapy, this therapeutic approach encourages the analysis of the functions religion and spirituality serve, while respecting the client's act of believing in faith. Psychotherapists address a client's spirituality by exploring the psychological meaning of such personal commitments and experiences and refrain from entering into discussion of faith claims. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–11, 2009.
Between Peirce (1878) and James (1898): G. Stanley Hall, the origins of pragmatism, and the history of psychology
Authors: Leary David E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on the 20‐year gap between Charles S. Peirce's classic proposal of pragmatism in 1877–1878 and William James's equally classic call for pragmatism in 1898. It fills the gap by reviewing relevant developments in the work of Peirce and James and by introducing G. Stanley Hall, for the first time, as a figure in the history of pragmatism. In treating Hall and pragmatism, the article reveals a previously unnoted relation between the early history of pragmatism and the early history of the “new psychology” that Hall helped to pioneer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emulation vs. indigenization in the reception of western psychology in Republican China: An analysis of the content of Chinese psychology journals (1922–1937)
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey , Cheung Boris Tat , Ru Han 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe present study examines the practice of empirical psychology in China during the Republican period using a content analysis of its journals. By seeking answers to questions of what kinds of psychology from the West first attracted the Chinese; whether they found a way of developing a psychology more in tune to their own cultural assumptions of selfhood; and to what uses they felt the new discipline could be put, it shows the extent to which its journal content adopted a Western or an indigenous orientation. It thus contributes to the recent debate about indigenization of psychology globally and situates the origins of these issues in China much earlier than has been envisaged by contemporary Chinese indigenous psychologists. Throughout this period, indigenous concerns informed the research agenda, the dominant practice being psychometrics. But because of a lack of social support, they remained largely confined to the pages of psychology journals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A light and electron microscopic study on the organization of the testis and the semicystic spermatogenesis of the genus Scorpaena (Teleostei, Scorpaenidae)
Authors: Sàbat Maria , Lo Nostro Fabiana , Casadevall Margarida , Muñoz Marta 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe testicular organization and semicystic spermatogenesis of Scorpaena porcus and Scorpaena scrofa are analyzed by means of optic and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. The testicular structure of S. porcus and S. scrofa belongs to the unrestricted spermatogonial type, but has typical features of the restricted type. Moreover, the structure presents an epithelioid arrangement of Sertoli and germ cells rather than the germinal epithelium that appears in the majority of teleosts. After the cysts open, Sertoli cells hypertrophy and remain on the basement membrane, linked by interdigitations and tight junctions and bordering the lumen of the lobule, which at this moment works as an efferent duct. Secretions of Sertoli cells usually function in the nutrition of germ cells, and they seem to contribute in it even in this kind of spermatogenesis in which the free lumen spermatids do not have any connection with Sertoli cells. In addition, Sertoli cells can divide after the cysts have broken apart and hypertrophied, suggesting that they are still important for the final maturation of spermatozoa and seminal fluid formation. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological specializations of the buccal cavity in relation to the food and feeding habit of a carp Cirrhinus mrigala: A scanning electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Yashpal Madhu , Kumari Usha , Mittal Swati , Mittal Ajay Kumar 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe buccal cavity of an herbivorous fish, Cirrhinus mrigala, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy to determine its surface ultrastructure. The buccal cavity shows significant adaptive modifications in relation to food and feeding ecology of the fish. The buccal cavity of the fish is of modest size and limited capacity, which is considered an adaptation with respect to the small‐sized food items primarily consumed by the fish that could be accommodated in a small space. Modification of surface epithelial cells, on the upper jaw, into characteristic structures—the unculi—is considered an adaptation to browse or scrap, to grasp food materials, e.g., algal felts, and to protect the epithelial surface against abrasions, likely to occur during their characteristic feeding behavior. Differentiation of the highly specialized lamellar organ on the anterior region of the palate could be an adaptation playing a significant role in the selection, retention, and sorting out of palatable food particles from the unpalatable items ingested by the fish. The filamentous epithelial projections and the lingulate epithelial projections on the palatal organ in the posterior region of the palate are considered to serve a critical function in final selection, handling, maneuvering, and propelling the food particles toward the esophagus. The abundance of different categories of taste buds in the buccal cavity suggests that gustation is well developed and the fish is highly responsive in the evaluation and the selection of the preferred palatable food items. The secretions of mucous cells in the buccal cavity are associated with multiple functions—particle entrapment, lubrication of the buccal epithelium and food particles to assist smooth passage of food, and to protect the epithelium from possible abrasion. These morphological characteristics ensure efficient working of the buccal cavity in the assessment of the quality and palatability of ingested food, their retention and transport toward the esophagus. Such an adaptation may be essential in conducting the function most basic to the survival of the individuals and species—feeding. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The comparative morphology of pit organs in elasmobranchs
Authors: Peach M.B. , Marshall N.J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe pit organs of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are free neuromasts of the mechanosensory lateral line system. Pit organs, however, appear to have some structural differences from the free neuromasts of bony fishes and amphibians. In this study, the morphology of pit organs was investigated by scanning electron microscopy in six shark and three ray species. In each species, pit organs contained typical lateral line hair cells with apical stereovilli of different lengths arranged in an “organ‐pipe” configuration. Supporting cells also bore numerous apical microvilli taller than those observed in other vertebrate lateral line organs. Pit organs were either covered by overlapping denticles, located in open grooves bordered by denticles, or in grooves without associated denticles. The possible functional implications of these morphological features, including modification of water flow and sensory filtering properties, are discussed. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental stages until hatching of the Lake Victoria cichlid Haplochromis piceatus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
Authors: de Jong Ilse M.L. , Witte Frans , Richardson Michael K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBecause little is known about embryonic developmental stages in any haplochromine cichlid, we describe here a series of normal stages of the Lake Victoria cichlid Haplochromis piceatus. We collected 273 embryos and scored them for 47 morphological characters. The result was an illustrated series of 12 stages from embryonic shield until hatching based on live, fixed, and histological material. We defined each stage according to a single “key” character that applied to all embryos of that stage. Other characters forming part of the stage descriptions were not necessarily present in all embryos of a stage. We compare our findings with published studies of other freshwater teleosts and find wide variation in staging systems. Our data will form a baseline for further research on cichlid development. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Schmidt Martin J. , Pilatus Ulrich , Wigger Antje , Kramer Martin , Oelschläger Helmut A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHere, we want to assess the benefit of high‐resolution and high‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detailed documentation of internal brain morphology in formalin‐fixed whole head specimens of the full‐term calf brain (Bos taurus). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 1.5 T scanner. Optimum contrast was achieved using a 3D sequence with a flip angle of 30°, repetition time (TR) of 20 ms, echo time (TE) of 6.8 ms, and an interpolated matrix of 1024 × 1024. In plane resolution was 0.25 mm. Computer‐generated three‐dimensional images were reconstructed from the original scans in the coronal plane. This study shows that MRI is capable to identify delicate structures in immature brain specimens. The use of MRI in comparative morphology facilitates the examination of series of brains or brain samples in a reasonable time. The comprehensive description of species‐ and group‐specific brain features in MRI scans of Bos taurus will complement existing data for diagnostic imaging and neuromorphological research, in general, as well as for phylogenetic reconstructions. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative estimates of visual performance features in fossil birds
Authors: Schmitz Lars 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEyeball structures such as the lens diameter (LD) and axial length are generally assumed to be highly correlated with optically meaningful parameters. However, these optical constraints on eyeball macroanatomy have never been tested explicitly. Tradeoffs between benefits of improved visual performance and cost of adaptation from an increase of tissue production predict that when eyeball size increases, optical parameters such as posterior nodal distance and maximum entrance pupil diameter should increase isometrically with eyeball axial length and LD, respectively. Here I show quantitatively that the interspecific allometry of the avian eye largely follows this predicted isometry. Additionally, I elaborate a method to estimate optically significant eyeball soft‐tissue dimensions from scleral ring and orbit morphology based on analyses of interspecific allometry in Aves. The stringent correlations between avian eyeball morphology and optical function render this system ideal for the analysis of form–function relationships and allow for an accurate estimate of optically significant eyeball soft‐tissue dimensions such as diameter, axial length, and LD in fossil species. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.