bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A planning model of pharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Cox J. S. G. , Millane B. V. , Styles A. E. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite the popular view that pharmaceutical research is a random process, and by inference unplannable, the long‐term survival and development of a pharmaceutical company must be based on a steady flow of new products with a full understanding by management of the relationships between research expenditure and the likely revenues they will produce. In this paper is developed a model of the R&D function which uses probabilistic assumptions to compute the expected stream of revenues from a portfolio of projects involving the major development routes from which pharmaceutical products usually arise. The model is based on expected values of market and technical research performance and hence gives expected or indicated sales in the future as output.
The tactical control of research projects using research planning diagrams (R. P. Ds)
Authors: Woods M. F. , Tweedie T. P. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have successfully used Research Planning Diagrams in our laboratory for the last six years. We see their principal use as communication. They are able to show the steps of complex and uncertain research projects simply and clearly to the planner, his staff and most importantly, to his management. A Research Planning Diagram can convey complex planning on a single side of paper where previously several pages of description were necessary.Individual researchers approach and plan their work differently. By using Research Planning Diagrams tactical approaches to research can be seen clearly and if necessary, action can be taken at an early stage to alter the detail and so fit the project into the wider context of the laboratory and product area management.
The analysis of technological activity using abstracting services
Authors: Butler J. , Ball D. F. , Pearson A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany organizations are at the present time faced with two problems. First, what are the events that are likely to have important implications for their activities in future time periods? Second, what new areas should they consider entering and how can they make quick appraisal of the potential in such areas? There are no easy answers to either of these questions but a number of methods have been proposed which have been found to be of assistance. This paper outlines an approach based on the use of abstracting services which can provide useful information quickly and inexpensively.
The efficiency‐effectiveness dilemma in managing medical research
Authors: Mackintosh Douglas R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere exists in medical research, and in fact, in other projects involving the delivery of human services or scientific experimentation, a series of decisions regarding the trade‐off between efficiency and effectiveness. The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe the dilemma involving these two measures of performance and (2) to provide a solution to the identified trade‐off.
Managers and union membership
Authors: Purcell John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhite‐collar unions have been growing substantially in the last decade and managerial unionism is forming an important partof the growth. A number of new trade unions designed exclusively for managers and professional workers are expected to have more appeal than traditional unions. The increasing concentration of employment, more favourable attitudes of employers to white‐collar unions, changes in labour law, continuing problems with the managementof the economy and the effecton pay differentials and the developmentof defensive managerial unions with a moderate character are seen as the main factors explaining the growth of managerial unionism. By virtue of their avowed moderation and exclusiveness, doubts are expressed about the likely effectiveness of these unions, and as managers and professional workers are joining the unions for instrumental, rather than ideological reasons, lack of results may lead to further developments toward traditional trade unionism.
Innovation in the UK textile machinery industry: the results of a postal questionnaire survey
Authors: Rothwell Roy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe postal survey reported here was undertaken as partof an on‐going three year study into post war innovation and change in textile machinery funded by a grant from the Science Research Council. The prime aim of this study, which is in its final phase, is to discover those technical, production, marketing, managerial and economic factors that facilitate the successful commercialization of innovations and to identify those factors which contribute to failure. In all, a total of twenty organizations are being studied in depth, about half in the UK and half abroad.
Empirical approaches to understanding technology transfer
Authors: Fischer William A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTechnology transfer has received considerable attention from both practitioners and academicians over the past few years, yet little progress has been made towards establishing a solid conceptual framework for the topic based on empirical evidence. This article reviews the limited amount of multivariate empirical literature on ‘transfer processes in technological change’ existing, discusses the major findings, and suggests directions for future research.
Government policy for technology transfer: an instrument for industrial progress
Authors: Johnston R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNoting the growing interest in technology policy as an instrument for improving industrial performance, this paper examines the role of technology transfer in technology policy. The concentration on the transfer of the results of R & D carried out in government organizations is criticized and a case made for a broader view. The vital role of the technological infrastructure in promoting transfer processes is explored and a ‘transfer’ model for radical innovations proposed. Pciicy implications are drawn from these research findings.
Impact of technology transfer on process engineering in developing countries
Authors: Jones M. 
Published: May 2007

AbsrracrImperfect o r total lack of any effective technology transfer was a major reason for the very limited usefulness of many post‐war aid programmes. The paper describes the more sensitive regions of oil refining, petrochemicals and industrial chemicals process design, plant installation and operation which bear on the success or failure of the transfer. The first requirement is a satisfactory availability of technical manpower. In sectors where there is a large investment per unit of production a good deal can ‘be left’ t o external engineering organizations but where, as in plastic fabrication, the investment of capital is low the demand on indigenous engineering and science skills will be higher. Some technologies, such as refrigeration or desalination are key ones for seeding the local development of engineering skills. Moreover, with manpower development in mind, the investment programme should be staggered to ensure integration with related sectors. Mechanical engineering is a key skill and plans to develop this in the educational system and investment programme of the receiving country should be part of the strategy. Two very important common failings are inattention to critical detail during the initial stages of a project and the fallacy that the process must be designed to minimize capital investment. Plant reliability in a hostile climate and with poor maintenance is a more important consideration than costs. The paper concludes with lists of critical off‐site and on‐site features and decisions needing attention in the design stage and gives useful guidelines for the selection of plant managers and staff.
Innovation and productivity in R&D: associated individual and organizational variables
Authors: Stahi M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationships of organizational variables with innovation and productivity of scientists and engineers in R&D laboratories were explored. Peer ratings of innovation (original and useful output) and productivity (quantity of output) were utilized as criteria. Information was obtained on 154 scientists/engineers in 35 work groups in three Air Force R&D laboratories, Significant relationships found between organizational variables and innovation and productivity included: rewards for innovation, communication on technical matters with other scientists/engineers within the work group, and an age‐education demographic group of variables. Level of participation in goal setting and group leader's level of empathy were also consistently related to level of productivity.
Aspects of project control in R&D
Authors: Reader R. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the concept of project control in the context of an R&D laboratory, and reviews some of the methods of presenting control or monitoring information that have been found of use by management for different types of work. The concepts described are those which the author has found of practical value in his own work, and which also figure in some R&D Management training courses within British Gas.
Signals of the future? Towards the establishment of a forecasting standard using signal detection theory
Authors: Lester G. , Rothman H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper is an attempt to provide a basis for comparing forecasts from different sources and of different types. Heavy use of an analogy with classic signal theory and methods is made. A measure of a forecaster's sensitivity is developed, as is the possibility of matching this to the implementer's circumstances. An exemplar from the field of food and agriculture is demonstrated.
Closing speech
Authors: Pilliard J. L. 
Published: May 2007

English summaryM. Pilliard explained that he was not speaking as an academic, a researcher, a sociologist or a futurologist, but as an industrialist From this starting point he was concerned with broadening the idea of product and extending the role of demand in the search for innovation. He was also concerned with the way in which the different stages of R & D evolution related to the growing interdependence of business with its environment
Cost‐benefit analysis of agricultural research: hybrid maize reconsidered
Authors: Wise W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the use of benefit‐cost ratio, and the internal or external rate of return for ex post and ex ante assessment of agricultural research projects. The classic data on hybrid maize are used to illustrate unsatisfactory features of these criteria.In the absence of practicable optimization procedures, it is suggested that the net benefits of projects might be quantified, then judgment exercised on patterns of resource usage as well as on social consequences. Present value of net benefits is sensitive to discount rate and to the base year taken for discounting, but an ‘equivalent annual flow’ is a useful alternative form of expression.It is finally pointed out that the rejection of the high rates of return on agricultural research published in many retrospective studies does not weaken the case for investment in agricultural research which has to be determined by national needs.If, in the past, science was pursued for its own sake, nowadays it is being asked whether national expenditure on scientific research can also be justified in economic terms. Agricultural research would seem to be a particularly suitable area for studying this question since it is largely publicly funded, and agricultural benefits tend to accrue to the community as a whole in its capacity as a consumer of food.
Case history studies in ICI Agricultural Division Research and Development Department 1968–1975
Authors: Sherlock E. , Edge H. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the period 1968–1972 several projects which were initiated in Agricultural Division Research & Development Department were studied in some depth, the main objective being to try to establish the reasons for the successes and the failures. A set of six precepts (AGCAST criteria) likely to lead to success was derived from these studies. These precepts were then combined with six precepts resulting from the SAPPHO study of industrial innovation. From 1973 onwards the twelve precepts were applied; firstly to studies of finished projects, with a saving in the effort required, secondly to two ‘live’ projects which were examined so as to make suggestions for improving the management of these projects. Unfortunately, both projects were abandoned before the suggestions could be applied.Use has also been made of case studies and the AGCAST/ SAPPHO list in the design of an internal course for project managers. This is arguably the most valuable application of these studies.
A mathematical model for projecting the demand for scientists and technologists in national R & D institutes
Authors: Joshi Nandini 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical framework for man‐power planning which is being developed as an aid to projecting the demand for scientists and technologists in India. It is presented in the hope that it might be of interest to people concerned with this issue In other developing countries. In using the model the main problem is that of measuring the output in the R & D institutes. In attempting this it is inevitable that some degree of subjective judgment is involved. The method adopted is described in the paper, and using a very simple input—output type of matrix and data taken from five‐year plans, some preliminary results have been obtained which enable an assessment to be made of the demand for various kinds of scientists and technologists in the national R & D institutes in India.
The contribution of ‘new boy’ phenomena to increasing innovation and improvement in new technology
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Abernathy William J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract. The importance of increasing innovation and improvement in support of national priorities and goals is commonly stated, and such importance is, in the main, agreed upon.Conventional wisdom relies heavily upon competition and direct incentives to be the driving force for innovation and improvement. The data presented herein argues in favor of increasing competition by encouraging new producers, socalled ‘new Boys,’ to enter a specific technological application area. This suggests that a ‘new boy’ policy judiciously applied would increase the rate of change of improvement and of innovation and probably would reduce the costs per unit improvement.We present analyses drawn from a single industry over a period of approximately twenty‐five years. The study analyzes 237 projects drawn from ten corporations and points to the effects of the ‘new boy’ phenomena at all sections of the technology curve.
Management of large‐scale interdisciplinary environmental programmes
Authors: Winnicki Tomasz , Gtowiak Bohdan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour aspects of uniformity (discipline, institution, type of research and sponsorship) are identified as decisive in the organization and management of large‐scale research programmes: difficulties increase with increasing non‐unifornmty in any of the aspects. Environmental research is an example of a research area in which one has to overcome all of these problems, and this paper describes the authors’ experiences in managing just such a programme. Aspects covered include: the organizational framework chosen and its operation in practice, the selection of research goals, methods of data collection, and manpower and social problems in interdisciplinary research. The degree of generalizability of the observations in the paper is left open for discussion.
Communication patterns in small R & D projects
Authors: Pruthi S. , Nagpaul P. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn empirical investigation was carried out on the pattern and role of communication in two ongoing applied research projects in one of the national laboratories of the C. S. I. R., India. The overall objectives of the study were:(1) to investigate the communication pattern and its relationship with parameters like hierarchy, educational status and social relations:(2) to identify ‘technological gatekeepers’ and ‘isolates’ and study their characteristics and roles;(3) to study the role of informal communication vis‐à‐vis formal communication in problem‐solving and idea‐generation.In this paper, the first two aspects are discussed: the role of informal communication in problem‐solving and idea‐generation will be published in a subsequent paper.
The effects of group size and cooperation on the success of interdisciplinary groups in R & D
Authors: Steck R. , Sündermann J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter considering the results of earlier reports on productivity in research, the efficiency of research teams in relation to their size, and the connection between communication and success in R & D laboratories, the authors have developed a mathematical model to analyse the qualitative and quantitative relationships between cooperation among researchers and the chances of success interdisciplinary groups may have.As the results show, this model can answer questions like: To what degree does the probability of success of inter‐disciplinary research groups depend on the size of the group, the number of disciplines involved and the willingness of the individual members of the group to cooperate with colleagues within the group? or ‘How great is the marginal improvement in the probability of success of an inter‐disciplinary group if two members of the group, which did not previously cooperate at all, start to cooperate, and are then joined by the third and so on, until full cooperation is reached? Is it the second, third or fifth researcher who makes the greatest contribution to the success of the group through his decision to Cooperate with the others?’
Some aspects of the present‐value criterion in research planning
Authors: Wise W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe classic analysis of a potato harvester by Grossfield and Heath is reworked. The present value of the benefits is shown to depend on the way capital costs are handled and on the way the benefits are identified. It is concluded that, by 1965, the harvester had not, in fact, yet generated positive benefits. Attention is drawn to the ambiguities of interpretation which can arise from the choices of discount rate and base year. Finally, some difficulties in extending the analysis to incorporate social effects are mentioned.
The structure and management of government research institutes: some problems and suggestions1
Authors: Toren Nina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe open system model is applied to examine government industrial research institutes. Their observed ineffectiveness is in part accounted for by a growing discrepancy between organizational structure and activities and rapidly changing task environments. A number of suggestions for reorganizing the research institutes are offered. It is, however, indicated that in a change program aimed at promoting organizational effectiveness: (a) the focal organization's management could assume a more active role; (b) relevant parts of the environment should also be considered as targets of change.
The ecology of organizations and the concept of acceptance change
Authors: Woods M. F. , Hyde S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe see in analogy an effective and creatively led organisation as a thriving and successful tree. To understand a'successful tree' we need to study the ecology of the tree—the tree's own fundamental characteristics and how they relate to the total environment. We also need to understand how the tree adapts and renews itself in the continual battle for survival. We see some possible adaptations as being readily accepted by the tree while others as being resisted to the extent that if forced will result in its death. Relating our analogy back to organisations we have developed a system by which senior managements can study the ecology of their own organisations and give priorities to particular courses of adaptive action for survival. We also consider two methods by which managers can assess the acceptability of particular changes in their organisations.
The implications of research on the R&D manager's role to the selection and training of scientists and engineers for management
Authors: Manners G. E. , Steger J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA methodology for improving the process of selection and development of scientists and engineers for management is presented. This involves (1) specifying the R&D management role in terms of both behavior and style; (2) utilizing such a specification to estimate ‘probabilities of trainability’ and (3) employing the probabilities as criteria for the allocation of resources among managerial selection efforts versus training and development.
The functions of project evaluation
Authors: Brunsson Nils 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn trying to explain the difficulties of implementing evaluation models it can be useful to study how evaluations of product development proposals are carried out in practice when they are not influenced by normative models. In this article some results are reported from an in‐depth study of how project proposals were evaluated in two Swedish companies operating in the same industry. One was among the most innovative in the industry, its product development activities had led it into a series of new products and had resulted in a very high profitability and an extremely high rate of growth. The product development of the other company had resulted much more in variations in existing products than in major innovations. Growth was very slow and profitability was approaching a critically low level.The way project proposals were evaluated in the companies proved to differ substantially. In one company the dominating evaluation mode was one where the task is considered to be to estimate what effect an acceptance of the project proposal will have on overall goals, such as profitability and growth. This is called the rationalistic approach.In the other company an evaluation mode with the opposite characteristics was used. The evaluators consider a few conspicuous or at least easily visible characteristics of the project proposal. On the basis of these a picture of the project is created which is perceived as good or bad. This picture is the basis for the decision. This is called the impressionistic approach.In the case reported here the rationalistic mode was used by the least successful and least innovative company while the impressionistic mode was used by the most successful and most innovative company. The paper presents arguments for interpreting the relationship between evaluation mode and performance not as coincidental but as causal. It is argued that even if the impressionistic mode may seem irrational from a traditional point of view, it is superior to the rationalistic one in some important respects.
The Creativity Audit: introduction of a new research measure during programmes for facilitating organizational change
Authors: Rickards T. , Bessant J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA programme of intervention research is described centred around the application of a new instrument, the Creativity Audit. The audit has been administered to managers across a range of environments.Respondents indicate their perceptions of their organization's characteristics; results are fed back as profiles of mean scores and compared to data base standard profiles. Major deviations between the two profiles are taken as indicators of starting points for consideration in change programmes.The methodology of developing a research instrument at the same time as it is being applied in intervention activities is presented as a legitimate one, and preferable to present designs for studies if the focus of attention is primarily to assist change. It is suggested that the more traditional validatory exercises can still be conducted if further refinements in the instrument are required.