bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sucrose and saturated‐fat diets on mRNA levels of genes limiting muscle fatty acid and glucose supply in rats
Authors: Ferrer‐Martínez Andreu , Marotta Mario , Turini Marco , Macé Katherine , Gómèz‐Foix Anna M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, we examined whether the increased availability of lipids in blood resulting from two types of diet manipulation regulated metabolic gene expression in the skeletal muscle of rats. Feeding for 4 wk on an isocaloric‐sucrose or a hypercaloric‐fat diet increased plasma TAG in the fed condition by increments of 70 and 40%, respectively, and increased fasting insulinemia (approximately 3‐fold) compared with a starch diet. The fat diet impaired glucose tolerance and caused obesity, whereas sucrose‐fed rats maintained their normal weight. We analyzed the expression of genes that regulate the exogenous FA supply (LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1), synthesis (ACC1), glucose (GLUT4, GLUT1, HK2, GRAT1, glycogen phosphorylase) or glycerol (glycerol kinase) provision, or substrate choice for oxidation (PDK4) in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles at the end of the glucose tolerance test. LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1, PDK4, and GLUT4 mRNA as well as glycogen phosphorylase and glycerol kinase activity levels in both muscles were unchanged by the diets. Increased mRNA levels of GLUT1 (1.6‐ and 2.6‐fold, respectively) and GFAT1 (about 1.7‐fold) in gastrocnemius, and of ACC1 (about 1.5‐fold) in soleus, were found in both the sucrose and fat groups. In the fat group, HK2 mRNA was also higher (1.8‐fold) in the gastrocnemius. Both sucrose and saturated‐fat diets prompted hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipemia in rats. These metabolic disturbances did not alter the expression of LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1, PDK4, and GLUT4 genes or glycogen phosphorylase and glycerol kinase activity levels in either analyzed muscle. Instead, they were linked to the coordinated upregulation in gastrocnemius of genes that govern glucose uptake and the hexosamine pathway, namely, GLUT1 and GFAT1, which might contribute to insulin resistance.
Monitoring monohydroperoxides in docosahexaenoic acid using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Lyberg Ann‐Marie , Adlerceutz Patrick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe oxidation of free DHA has been investigated with respect to monohydroperoxides and polyhydroperoxides, which were analyzed with a novel HPLC method. The temperature and physical system, i.e., bulk and liposome, were varied. We have also studied the effects of antioxidants such as α‐tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and juice from sea buckthorn on DHA. The HPLC method, which was performed isocratically, eluted eight peaks, each containing one or two isomers of monohydroperoxy‐DHA. This method showed that the double bond farthest from the carboxyl group was easily oxidized, as shown by the rapid increase in the amount of C20‐monohydroperoxy‐DHA, which always provided the largest contribution to the total amount of monohydroperoxides. The monohydroperoxy‐DHA containing the hydroperoxy group located on the double bond nearest the carboxyl group also was shown to incease considerably during an increase in the total amount of monohydroperoxides. This demonstrates that the double bonds located nearest and farthest from the carboxyl group were the most prome to hydroperoxide formation. DHA was more stable when stored in liposomes than as bulk. Addition of α‐tocopherol to the DHA‐containing liposomes reduced the oxidation of these double bonds. The antioxidant effect of α‐tocopherol was prolonged when combined with ascorbic acid, since α‐tocopherol was regenerated.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of 2‐monoricinolein for 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein synthesis
Authors: Turner Charlotta , Wani Seiji , Wong Rosalind , Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , McKeon Thomas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to develop conditions for producing 2‐monoricinoleoyl DAG. We used lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of triricinolein to obtain 2‐monoricinolein and thereafter synthesized 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein through esterification of 2‐monoricinolein, using ricinoleic acid as the acyl donor. Five different 1,3‐specific immobilized lipases were tested for the initial methanolysis reaction: Candida antarctica type B, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizopus oryzae (ROL), Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Aspergillus niger. For the second esterification reaction, we investigated these five lipases plus Pseudomonas cepacia, Penicillium roquefortii, Candida rugosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Toluene and diisopropyl ether (DIPE) were examined as reaction media at a water activity of 0.11. ROL in DIPE gave the highest yield of 2‐monoricinolein from triricinolein, 78% after 3 h of reaction. The isolated 2‐monoricinolein was esterified with ricinoleic acid for synthesis of 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein. ROL in DIPE gave the highest yield of 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein, 58% after 1 h of reaction, and NMR analysis showed that the purity was 97.2%. This methodology can used for synthesizing radiolabeled 1,2(2,3)‐diricinolein to study lipid biosynthesis in castor and other oilseeds.
A significant inverse relationship between concentrations of plasma homocysteine and phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid in healthy male subjects
Authors: Li Duo , Mann Neil J. , Sinclair Andrew J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a relationship between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and phospholipid FA (PUFA) in healthy Australian males. One hundred thirty six healthy male subjects aged 20–55 yr were recruited from the Melbourne metropolitan area. Each volunteer completed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and gave a blood sample. Plasma Hcy concentrations were determined by an established HPLC method; the plasma phospholipid FA were determined by standard methods. Plasma Hcy concentration was significantly negatively correlated with plasma phospholipid concentration of the PUFA 20∶5n−3 (r=−0.226, P=0.009), 22∶5n−3 (r=−0.182, P=0.036), 22∶6n−3 (r=−0.286, P=0.001), total n−3 (r=−0.270, P=0.002) and the ratio n−3/n−6 PUFA (r=−0.265, P=0.002), and significantly positively correlated with 20∶4n−6 (r=0.180, P=0.037). In the partial correlation analysis, after controlling for serum vitamin B12 and folate concentration, plasma Hcy was significantly negatively correlated with the plasma phospholipid concentration of 22∶6n−3 (r=−0.205, P=0.019), total n−3 (r=−0.182, P=0.038) and the ratio n−3/n−6 PUFA (r=−0.174, P=0.048). Evidence indicates that an increased concentration of n−3 PUFA in tissues has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health. Our findings provide further evidence that increased consumption of dietary n−3 PUFA increases the concentration of n−3 PUFA in plasma phospholipid, which is associated with a protective effect on cardiovascular diseases and lower plasma Hcy levels. The mechanism that might explain the association between plasma 22∶6n−3 and Hcy levels is not clear.
The real radical generator other than main‐product hydroperoxide in lipid autoxidation
Authors: Morita Makio , Tokita Masako 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe theory of initiation in lipid autoxidation, which deals with the supply of radicals to the chain reaction, has not been substantively advanced for several decades. Most researchers have long assumed a mechanism of initiation in which main‐product hydroperoxide is centrally responsible for autocatalytic radical generation. However, this paper, in which we investigate autoxidizing methyl linoleate, presents decisive evidence against such an assumption: Autoxidation‐accelerating activity under mild conditions was not found in the chromatographically separated main‐product hydroperoxide fraction but was found in other fractions; and highly active substances with structures containing a peroxide‐linked dimer with two hydroperoxy groups were actually obtained.
Novel imine from Hemsleya macrocarpa var. clavata
Authors: Lin Yu‐ping , Yan Jian , Qiu Ming‐hua 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe new substance hemsleyin imine A (1) was isolated along with (2S,3S,4R,2′R)‐2‐(2′‐hydroxytetracosanoylamino)‐octadecan‐1,3,4‐triol (2), (2S,3R,4E,8E)‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐(2′R‐hydroxypalmitoylamino)‐4,8‐octadecadiene (3) from the rhizomes of Hemsleya macrocarpa var. clavata. Their chemical structures were established mainly by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Compound 1 possesses the skeleton of an imine moiety, which is novel in natural products.
Regulation of the α‐tocopherol transfer protein in mice: Lack of response to dietary vitamin E or oxidative stress
Authors: Bella Deborah L. , Schock Bettina C. , Lim Yunsook , Leonard Scott W. , Berry Crystal , Cross Carroll E. , Traber Maret G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe α‐tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) plays an important role in the regulation of plasma α‐tocopherol concentrations. We hypothesized that hepatic TTP levels would be modulated by dietary vitamin E supplementation and/or by oxidative stress. Mice were fed either a High E (1150 mg RRR‐α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) or a Low E (11.5 mg/kg diet) diet for 2 wk. High E increased plasma and liver α‐tocopherol concentrations approximately 8‐ and 40‐fold, respectively, compared with Low E‐fed mice, whereas hepatic TTP increased approximately 20%. Hepatic TTP concentrations were unaffected by fasting (24 h) in mice fed either diet. To induce oxidative stress, chow‐fed mice were exposed for 3 d to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for 6 h/d (total suspended particulate, 57.4±1.8 mg/m3). ETS exposure, while resulting in pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress, had no effect on hepatic α‐tocopherol concentrations or hepatic TTP. Overall, changes in hepatic TTP concentrations were minimal in response to dietary vitamin E levels or ETS‐related oxidative stress. Thus, hepatic TTP concentrations may be at sufficient levels such that they are unaffected by either modulations of dietary vitamin E or by the conditions of environmentally related oxidative stress used in the present studies.
Effects of orlistat therapy on plasma concentrations of oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids
Authors: Sundl Isabella , Pail Elisabeth , Mellitzer Karin , Toplak Hermann , Winklhofer‐Roob Brigitte M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOrlistat is a lipase inhibitor that is applied for treating obesity. Lipases are required for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and fat‐soluble vitamins and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of orlistat therapy on plasma concentrations of oxygenated (β‐cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin) and hydrocarbon (α‐, β‐carotene, lycopene) carotenoids. Six patients with a body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m2 received 360 mg/d orlistat over 4.5 mon. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were determined at baseline (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 4.5 mon (T4.5) along with anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical indices, including plasma lipids, retinol, α‐ and γ‐tocopherols, and FA. Baseline BMI was 32.7±1.97 kg/m2. Five of six patients lost weight; the average weight loss was 3.6±2.4% (P=0.47). There were no significant changes in dietary carotenoid intakes. In contrast, plasma α‐and β‐carotene concentrations decreased significantly from T0 to T4.5 by 45% (P=0.006) and 32% (P=0.013), respectively. Plasma lycopene decreased from T0 to T3 but increased again from T3 to T4.5, while β‐cryptoxanthin and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations did not change. There were no significant alterations in tocopherol, retinol, and FA concentrations. In conclusion, even though weight loss was not significant, orlistat therapy was associated with significant decreases in plasma concentrations of the highly lipophilic hydrocarbon carotenoids, α‐ and β‐carotene.
Positive association between plasma antioxidant capacity and n−3 PUFA in red blood cells from women
Authors: Thorlaksdottir A. Y. , Skuladottir G. V. , Petursdottir A. L. , Tryggvadottir L. , Ogmundsdottir H. M. , Eyfjord J. E. , Jonsson J. J. , Hardardottir I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPUFA are susceptible to oxidation. However, the chain‐reaction of lipid peroxidation can be interrupted by antioxidants. Whether an increased concentration of PUFA in the body leads to decreased antioxidant capacity and/or increased consumption of antioxidants is not known. To elucidate the relationship between plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the concentration of antioxidant vitamins, and the proportion of PUFA in red blood cells (RBC), plasma TAC was measured by a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay in blood samples from 99 Icelandic women. Concentrations of tocopherols and carotenoids in the plasma were determined by HPLC, and the FA composition of RBC total lipids was analyzed by GC. Plasma TAC and the plasma concentration of α‐tocopherol correlated positively with the proportion of total n−3 PUFA, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 in RBC, whereas the plasma lycopene concentration correlated negatively with the proportion of total n−3 PUFA and 20∶5n−3. On the other hand, plasma TAC correlated negatively with the proportion of n−6 PUFA in RBC. Plasma TAC also correlated positively with the plasma concentration of α‐tocopherol, alcohol consumption, and age. Both the plasma concentration of α‐tocopherol and age correlated positively with the proportion of n−3 PUFA in RBC; however, n−3 PUFA contributed independently to the correlation with plasma TAC. Because the proportion of n−3 PUFA in RBC reflects the consumption of n−3 PUFA, these results suggest that dietary n−3 PUFA do not have adverse effects on plasma TAC or the plasma concentration of most antioxidant vitamins.
Cholesterol‐lowering ability of a phytostanol softgel supplement in adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Woodgate Derek , Chan Christina H. M. , Conquer Julie A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlant sterols, incorporated into spreads and other food sources, have been shown to lower serum cholesterol concentrations. The effect of phytostanol supplementation in softgel form has not been assessed. Our objective was to examine the effects of sitostanol as sitostanol ester in softgel form on serum lipid concentrations in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Thirty hypercholesterolemic adults were supplemented with 1.6 g of free phytostanol equivalents as phytostanol ester (2.7 g stanol esters) or placebo per day for 28 d in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel study design. Phytostanol supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) (−8%) and LDL‐cholesterol (−9%). There were no alterations in concentrations of HDL‐cholesterol or TG. Nor were the ratios of LDL/HDL or TC/HDL altered significantly. Thus, use of phytostanol ester softgel supplements improved serum total and LDL‐cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
Dose‐dependent hypocholesterolemic actions of dietary apple polyphenol in rats fed cholesterol
Authors: Osada Kyoichi , Suzuki Takashi , Kawakami Yuki , Senda Mineo , Kasai Atsushi , Sami Manabu , Ohta Yutaka , Kanda Tomomasa , Ikeda Mitsuo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dose‐dependent hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects of dietary apple polyphenol (AP) from unripe apple, which contains approximately 85% catechin oligomers (procyanidins), were examined in male Sprague‐Dawley rats (4 wk of age) given a purified diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. Dietary AP at 0.5 and 1.0% levels significantly decreased the liver cholesterol level compared with that in the control (AP‐free dietfed) group. Dietary AP also significantly lowered the serum cholesterol level compared with that in the control group. However, the HDL cholesterol level was significantly higher in the 1.0% AP fed group than in the control group. Accordingly, the ratio of HDL‐cholesterol/total cholesterol was significantly higher in the 0.5% AP‐fed group and 1.0% AP‐fed group than in the control group. Moreover, the atherogenic indices in the 0.5 and 1.0% AP‐fed groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The activity of hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase tended to be increased by dietary AP in a dose‐dependent manner. In accord with this observation, dietary AP increased the excretion of acidic steroids in feces. Dietary AP also significantly promoted the fecal excretion of neutral steroids in a dose‐dependent manner. These observations suggest that dietary AP at 0.5 or 1.0% level exerts hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects through the promotion of cholesterol catabolism and inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
Effects of margarine and butter consumption on distribution of trans‐18∶1 fatty acid isomers and conjugated linoleic acid in major serum lipid classes in lactating women
Authors: Shahin Alam M. , McGuire Michelle K. , Anderson Nicole , Williams Janet , McGuire Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTrans FA (TFA) have at least one trans double bond and comprise several isomers and types, including many of the CLA (e.g., c9, t11–18∶2 CLA). Some TFA may have adverse effects (e.g., cardiovascular disease), whereas some are though to have beneficial effects (e.g., anticarcinogenicity). The presence of TFA in human tissues and fluids is related to dietary intake, although this relationship is not completely understood—especially in regard to serum lipid fractions. This study was conducted as part of an investigation designed to test the influence of butter (B), “low TFA” margarine (LT), and regular margarine (RM) on milk fat content. Here we tested the secondary hypothesis that consumption of B, LT, and RM by lactating women would result in differential distribution of TFA and CLA in major serum lipid classes. Breastfeeding women (n=11) participated in this randomized Latinsquare study consisting of five periods: intervention I (5 d), washout I (7 d), intervention II (5 d), washout II (7 d), and intervention III (5 d). Extracted serum lipid was separated into cholesterol ester (CE), TAG, and phospholipid (PL) fractions and analyzed for total and isomeric TFA and CLA concentrations. Data indicate that TAG consistently contained the highest concentration of total t‐18∶1. No interaction between treatment and fraction was found for any of the t‐18∶1 isomers identified. Absolute concentration of each t‐18∶1 isomer was greatest during the RM period, regardless of fraction. On a relative basis, concentrations of t10–18∶1 and t12–18∶1 were most responsive to treatment in the CE fraction. The concentration of c9, t11–18∶2 CLA was highest in the TAG fraction and lowest in the PL fraction, regardless of treatment. In summary, these results indicate (i) that there is a differential distribution of some isomeric TFA and CLA among human serum lipid fractions and (ii) that dietary TFA intake influences absolute and relative concentrations of some of the isomers in selected fractions.
Effect of substitution of low linolenic acid soybean oil for hydrogenated soybean oil on fatty acid intake
Authors: DiRienzo Maureen A. , Astwood James D. , Petersen Barbara J. , Smith Kim M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow linolenic acid soybean oil (LLSO) has been developed as a substitute for hydrogenated soybean oil to reduce intake of trans FA while improving stability and functionality in processed foods. We assessed the dietary impact of substitution of LLSO for hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) used in several food categories. All substitutions were done using an assumption of 100% market penetration. The impact of this substitution on the intake of five FA and trans FA was assessed. Substitution of LLSO for current versions of HSBO resulted in a 45% decrease in intake of trans FA. Impacts on other FA intakes were within the realm of typical dietary intakes. No decrease in intake of α‐linolenic acid was associated with the use of LLSO in place of HSBO because LLSO substitutes for HSBO that are already low in α‐linolenic acid.
A high‐saturated fat diet enriched with phytosterol and pectin affects the fatty acid profile in guinea pigs
Authors: Brufau Gemma , Canela Miguel Angel , Rafecas Magda 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study whose aim was to test the effects of several doses of pectin and phytosterols on the body weight gain and the FA content in emale guinea pigs. The treatments resulted from supplementing with pectin and plant sterol a guinea pig diet (rich in saturated FA), following a 3×3 factorial design, with three levels of pectin (0,3.67 and 6.93%) and three levels of phytosterols (0, 1.37, and 2.45%). Seventy‐two female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were randomly assigned to the treatment groups (8 animals/group), the duration of the treatment being 4 wk. Pectin dietary intake led to a significant increase in body weight (P<0.001), food consumption (P=0.025), and feed efficiency (P<0.001), but no influence of phytosterols on weight gain or food consumption was detected. We found a significant negative effect of the addition of phytosterols on lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid concents in feces, and a positive effect on their concentration in plasma and liver, but no significant effect on stearic acid content. Apparent FA absorption was assessed by calculating the ratio of FA in feces and diets that the absorption of the different FA could be compared, and the negative effect of phytosterol supplementation on these ratios, especially for lauric and myristic acids, was established.
Thia fatty acids with the sulfur atom in even or odd positions have opposite effects on fatty acid catabolism
Authors: Dyroy Endre , Wergedahl Hege , Skorve Jon , Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. , Songstad Jon , Berge Rolf K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs tools for mechanistic studies on lipid metabolism, with the long‐term goal of developing a drug for the treatment of lipid disorders, thia FA with the sulfur atom inserted at positions 3–9 from the carboxyl group were fed to male Wistar rats for 1 wk to determine their impact on key parameters in lipid metabolism and hepatic levels of thia FA metabolites. Thia FA with the sulfur atom in even positions decreased hepatic and cardiac mitochondrial β‐oxidation and profoundly increased hepatic and cardiac TAG levels. The plasma TAG level was unchanged and the hepatic acyl‐CoA oxidase activity increased. In contrast, thia FA with the sulfur atom in odd positions, especially 3‐thia FA, tended to increase hepatic and cardiac FA oxidation and acyl‐CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐II activities, and decreased the plasma TAG levels. The effects seem to be related to differences in the catabolic rate of the thia FA. Differences between the two groups of acids were also observed with respect to the regulation of genes involved in FA transport and catabolism. Feeding experiments with 3‐ and 4‐thia FA in combination indicated that the 4‐thia FA partly attenuated the effects of the 3‐thia FA on mitochondrial FA oxidation and the hepatic TAG level. In summary, the position of the sulfur atom in the alkyl chain, especially whether it is placed in the even or odd position, is crucial for the biological effect of the thia FA.