bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Capsid and Tegument of the Alphaherpesviruses Are Linked by an Interaction between the UL25 and VP1/2 Proteins
Authors: Coller Kelly Elizabeth , Lee Joy I-Hsuan , Ueda Aki , Smith Gregory Allan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
How alphaherpesvirus capsids acquire tegument proteins remains a key question in viral assembly. Using pseudorabies virus (PRV), we have previously shown that the 62 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the VP1/2 large tegument protein are essential for viral propagation and when transiently expressed as a fusion to green fluorescent protein relocalize to nuclear capsid assemblons following viral infection. Here, we show that localization of the VP1/2 capsid-binding domain (VP1/2cbd) into assemblons is conserved in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and that this recruitment is specifically on capsids. Using a mutant virus screen, we find that the protein product of the UL25 gene is essential for VP1/2cbd association with capsids. An interaction between UL25 and VP1/2 was corroborated by coimmunoprecipitation from cells transiently expressing either HSV-1 or PRV proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that the essential function of the VP1/2 carboxy terminus is to anchor the VP1/2 tegument protein to capsids. Furthermore, UL25 encodes a multifunctional capsid protein involved in not only encapsidation, as previously described, but also tegumentation.
Herpes Simplex Virus Mutants with Multiple Substitutions Affecting DNA Binding of UL42 Are Impaired for Viral Replication and DNA Synthesis
Authors: Jiang Changying , Hwang Ying T. , Wang Guangliang , Randell John C. W. , Coen Donald M. , Hwang Charles B. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus mutants with single substitutions that decrease DNA binding by the DNA polymerase processivity subunit UL42 are only modestly impaired for viral replication. In this study, recombinant viruses harboring two or four of these mutations were constructed. The more substitutions, the more severe the defects in viral replication and DNA synthesis, suggesting that DNA binding by UL42 is important for these processes.
Fire-Balls in Pion Multiple Production
Authors: Chinellato Jose A. , Dobrigkeit Carola , Filho J. Bellandi , Lattes Cesar M. G. , Menon Marcio J. , Navia O. Carlos E. , Pemmaraju Ammiraju , Sawayanagi Kotaro , Shibuya Edison H. , Turtelli Armando , Amato Neuza M. , Arata Naoyuki , Castro F. M. Oliveira , Maldonado Regina H. C. , Aoki Hiroshi , Fujimoto Yoichi , Hasegawa Shunichi , Semba Hiroshi , Tamada Masanobu , Tanaka Kojiro , Yamashita Seibun , Shibata Toru , Yokoi Kei , Kumano Hiroshi , Ohsawa Akinori , Tabuki Takaaki 
Published: August 2007

The article describes a study of the multiple pion production through observation of gamma-rays produced by nuclear interactions at the target layer of the emulsion chambers exposed at Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 5200 m above sea level. The analysis was focused on 80 events with ΣEr&gt;20 TeV, well above the detection threshold of the X-ray film spot scanning, ∼3 TeV. The distribution of gamma-rays is constructed on their energy, pt, and emission angle, and the comparison is made with the results from the simulation calculations based on FNAL hydrogen bubble chamber events and ISR minimum bias events. The cosmic-ray results are significantly out of the simple scaling extrapolation, showing higher rapidity density nr. and increasing pt. Recent p̄-p collider experiments gave the confirming results.
From the plot of events in the diagram of nr. and 〈pt〉, the events are classified into two types; Mirim-jets (meaning small jets, nr= 2∼3, 〈pt〉∼140 MeV/c) and Açu-jets (large jets, nr = 6∼8, 〈pt〉∼220 MeV/c), with nearly equal frequency of production. Mirim-jets are those on the scaling extrapolation from the lower energy region of accelerators, while increasing rate of Açu-jets with energy is causing the scaling break. The analysis with the fire-ball model shows that the Mirim-jets are consistently interpreted as production and decay of a small fire-ball (a fire-ball quantum called H-quantum) with rest energy of 2∼3 GeV and decay temperature of about 130 MeV. While, the Açu-jets necessitate introduction of a heavy fire-ball (SH-quantum) with rest energy of 20∼30 GeV.
The study of atmospheric interactions (A-jets) shows presence of events with still larger nr and higher pt, which are called Guaçu-jets. One C-jet is found to be a candidate of this type. The Guaçu-jets require presence of a huge fire-ball (UH-quantum) of rest energy 200∼300 GeV.
Discussions are made on physical implication of the fire-ball model, particularly on those quanta of a fire-ball.
The Accusing Look: The Abjection of Hagar in Art
Authors: Exum J. Cheryl 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFor all the emotional tension the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael from the household of Abraham suggests, the biblical text is remarkably restrained. This is not the case in art, where the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael is a popular theme, and we find the expulsion depicted with a good deal of attention to the possible feelings of the various characters (not only Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael but often Sarah and Isaac as well, though the text does not mention their presence when Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael away). In particular, when artists visualize the scene, they offer viewers what the text withholds, Hagar's and Ishmael's point of view, with the result that the viewer, unlike the reader, is openly invited to feel sympathy for them. The article examines narrative transactions that reveal the biblical writers's unease (guilt?) about the treatment of Hagar and Ishmael by approaching the text in the light of selected paintings in which the apparent problematic textual lack of sympathy for Hagar's and Ishmael's plight is foregrounded, even if the expulsion is accepted as necessary.
Extreme Cultural Discontinuity and Contemporary American Adolescent Behavior: a Relational Analysis
Authors: Milner Esther 
Published: August 2007

The magnitude of cultural discontinuities in the individual American male and female life-careers has recently markedly increased for a number of contri butory reasons, chief among them increasing population and urbanization, and the "second industrial revolution." Because adolescence is the period of transition from childhood status and roles to adulthood status and roles, adolescents are most immediately affected by such discontinuities, chiefly by interiorization of them in the form of inner conflicts. Much of the current behavior of American boys and girls reflects reaction to their respective sex-groups' socially induced conflicts—and may serve as a harbinger for other technologically advanced and advancing countries.
Sociocultural Factors in Hallucinations
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan 
Published: August 2007

Sociocultural factors affect both the definition and the sense organs involved in hallucinations. It is suggested that, in addition to the importance of audition in communication on the human level, other sociocultural factors may affect the choice of sense organs in the expression of hallucinatory experience. As compared with non-Western societies, Western attitudes consider hallucinations more shameful and frightening (symptoms of mental illness) and this tend to be more liable to concealment and chronicity. It is proposed that the psychoanalytical approached to the interpretation of dreams or behavioural techniques could be used to overcome the concomitants of Western attitudes toward hallucinations. As hallucinations are considered to be the result of the interaction of the sense organs with the physical environment (i.e., misperception) they appear to reflect the biological rather than the social adaptation of the organism. It is thus not surpris ing that sociocultural factors in hallucinations have not been given as much attention as other schizophrenic symptoms such as delusions where social evaluation and interpersonal relationship seem to be clearly implicated (Murphy, 1967; Weinstein, 1962). The present paper aims at delineating the role of sociocultural factors in the definition and the frequency of different kinds of hallucinations. The implications of cultural variations in attitudes toward hallucinations for the development and treatment of hallucinatory experiences will also be discussed.
Structured Group Intervention for Psychiatric Patients With Social Conflicts: a Consideration of Psychiatric and Legal Labeling
Authors: Fineberg Donald E. , Zil John S. 
Published: August 2007

A structured programme was organized to address the high rate of legal conflicts among our in-patient population, the personal problems (e.g., denial) and practical problems (e.g. trying to find a job with a criminal record) which complicate their resolution. Active conflicts involved criminal mischief, breach of peace, fraud, burglary, larceny, assault, drug-related offenses, civil suits, etc. Common aspects of conflicts which were identified for discussion by members included authority issues, family reactions, employment, guilt, social rejection, etc. Well-described dynamics of deviant ("psychiatric") behaviour were seen applicable to legally-conflicted behaviour: blaming the victim; stereotyping; issues of accepting and escaping a label. Observation of interpersonal relationships in groups have potential application to forensic situations.
Family Care Versus Hospital Stay for Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Pierloot R.A. , Demarsin M. 
Published: August 2007

Despite some resistances from the nursing personnel, the patients and their relatives, we have realized in the period from 1968 to 1977 the transferral of 78 patients into the family care at Geel. A brief survey of the selection criteria and the composition of this group is presented. The outcome is analysed with regard to a number of parameters: stability of the family placing, symptoms or behaviour abnormalities, subjective attitude of the patient, interactions with foster family and other persons, occupational activities, distraction, contacts with the own family. Of the total group, 56 patients are considered as relatively well integrated in the foster family setting. For a large majority of those patients, their social functioning seems enriched and more differentiated.
Cultural Relativety of First Rank Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ona Pela 
Published: August 2007

This study aimed at assessing the extent and usefulness of Schneider's first rank symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia from a cross-cultural point of view. Case notes of patients admitted to the mental health ward of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria were analysed. Seventy eight schizophrenic patients form the basis of this study; 47 (60.3%) of them had first rank symptoms. Similarity was found with the results of Zarrouk, in that somatic passivity and 'made' phenomena predominated. First rank symptoms are becoming increasingly important in psychiatry. Psychiatrists in Nigeria frequently ask their patients during intake interviews about voices commenting, audible thoughts and thought insertion, in addition to the symptoms of somatic passivity and 'made' feelings reported by patients (Ayorinde, 1977; Okhomina and Ebie, 1973; Prince, 1960). The presence or absence of delusions are also frequently utilised as a basis for psychiatric diagnosis (Binitie, 1977). Thus, psychiatrists in Nigeria, perhaps inadvertently, make us of the first rank symptoms enumerated by Schneider. Mellor (1970) has given definitions and clinical illustrations of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms and carried out a comprehensive study of the subject. Zarrouk (1978) undertook a prospective study in which he attempted to replicate the findings of Mellor in a different culture. He found that somatised symptoms and 'made' feelings were prominent in his patient population. Zarrouk felt that this finding was not unexpected, 'since in that traditional Islamic and nomadic society beliefs in the devil and the supernatural are considered to be normal and are widely held by many intellectuual and highly educated people' - a situation not far removed from the Nigerian experience. The attempt in this retrospective study is to replicate the studies of Mellor and Zarrouk with the following questions and predictions in mind. 1. To what extent are first rank symptoms manifested by schizophrenic patients in Nigeria? 2. It was predicted that first rank symptoms are not of common occurrence in a Nigerian population. 3. It was also predicted that there would be a difference in occurrence of symptoms in the Nigerian population, compared with that examined by Mellor in Europe, there would be no difference from that studied by Zarrouk. 4. What is the cross-cultural validity of Schneider's first rank symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Do the Studies On Identical Twins Prove That Schizophrenia Is Genetically Inherited?
Authors: Ratner Carl 
Published: August 2007

Ten studies on identical twins reared apart are reviewed to determine if they substantiate a genetic component of schizophrenia. These studies have not eliminated likely social causes of schizophrenia in the twins, and therefore the origins of schizophrenia remain unsolved. Adherents of the theory that schizophrenia is genetically inherited, point to studies on iden tical twins reared apart as verifying their position. These studies have found several pairs of wins concordant for schizophrenia in which the two individuals were brought up apart from each other. Given this social separation, the explanation that is offered for the concordance is that genetic similarities caused the twins both to become schizophrenic. It is proposed here that none of the studies on identical twins rule out social causes of schizophrenia, and that social causes may very well have been operative. Ten studies have been reported on identical twins reared apart in which at least one twin was schizophrenic. Of the 27 pairs of twins studied, 14 have been concordant for schizophrenia and 13 have been discordant. The following table summarises the findings (from Rosenthal, 1970; Gottesman and Shields, 1972 and Inouye, 1972).
Walk-in Clinic Drop-Outs
Authors: Ray R. , Beig M.A. , Gopinath P.S. 
Published: August 2007

Data were collected among 159 consecutive new patients in a walk-in clinic. Patients were given an appointment for a subsequent visit after the initial clinical diagnostic interview, and 61% completed their referral. A long waiting list and a diagnosis of depressive neurosis were significantly associated with drop-out. Possible forms of follow-up are suggested. The demand for readily available psychiatric services is increasing, and psychiatric walk- in clinics are a major step in that direction; they are a fairly recent phenomenon in India, however, in contrast to the West. These clinics have encouraged early therapeutic interven tion, by abolishing the waiting list and providing easy accessibility of treatment. A patient, in our set-up, after immediate consultation and treatment advice, is called back for detailed evaluation on an appointed day. But the acceptance of this subsequent visit varies, and many do not turn up. Previous researchers have made several attempts to look into the problem of drop-out from psychiatric clinics; the percentage has varied between 64%2, 26%4, 58%5, 63%6, 30%7, 30%-45%10, 57%11 and 42%12. Among educated and upper social class patients, the rate was only 6% in one psychotherapeutic clinic.8 Patients who drop out probably have different expectations from those of the clinic, and gained little from their first visit. Previous studies have identified some of the factors associated with drop-out, such as long waiting lists,3,7 elaborate intake procedures,9 and par ticular characteristics of the patients themselves. 1,5,8,9,10,12 The present paper reports a prospec tive study which looked into some of these problems.
Veterans and Aggression: an Empirical Test of Two Rival Theoretical Models
Authors: Pardeck John T. 
Published: August 2007

This article investigates two rival theories for explaining aggression in humans — the model which claims that exposure to aggression increases aggression in humans, versus that which maintains that exposure to aggression drains aggression in humans. The findings appear to support the first model, suggesting that exposure to aggression increases aggression levels in humans. Over the past three decades, a number of researchers have attempted to discover whether exposure to aggression increases or decreases aggression in human beings. Their research was prompted by a long standing dispute concerning these two models as explanations for aggres sion in humans. The first model, which claims that exposure to aggression increases it in the subject is built on the premise that most behaviour, including aggression, is learned. This perspective can be traced back to John Locke who, in 1690, postulated that the human mind was a 'white paper' at birth, waiting to absorb the environment around it (Harris, 1968). Many of the researchers who have argued for the first model have been part of the movement which refutes the long held belief that man is born with an aggressive nature and that this aggression drains when he is exposed to aggressive situations (Berkowitz, 1962). Freud's writings have been the main basis for the second model, which maintains that ex posure to aggression drains it in humans. Freud felt that man is instinctively aggressive by nature, and that certain types of social encounters allow him to displace or drain this aggres sion. This phenomenon has been described as the catharsis hypothesis (Buss, 1961; Berkowitz, 1962). An essentially identical 'ergic tension' model has been developed by Cattell ( 1965). Several theorists suggest that this drainage model of aggression can be applied to large groups of people, as well as to whole societies (Berkowitz, 1962; Ritzer, Kammeyer, and Yet man, 1979). The basic theory is that both large groups and entire societies can drain aggres sion, just as individuals theoretically do, if exposed to aggressive social situations.
Applying general sign theory to testing language (verbal) and nonverbal abilities
Authors: Oller John W. , Kim Kunok , Choe Yongjae 
Published: August 2007

A general theory of signs shows a deep logical dependency of nonverbal/performance tests on conventional linguistic signs. Two hypotheses follow• Hypothesis 1: To the extent that nonverbal abilities can be measured, they must be positively correlated with primary language abilities• Hypothesis 2: (a) In the early stages of acquiring a second or foreign language, proficiencies in the primary (stronger or native) language should correlate more strongly with nonverbal abilities than proficiencies in the nonprimary (weaker, second or foreign) language; and(b) As persons approach greater parity between their primary and any non-primary language, correlations between nonverbal scores and proficiencies in the two languages should both be significantly positive, and should approach equality.By contrast, the Cattell-Horn theory (Horn and Cattell, 1996; Horn, 1988) predicts about the same level of correlation throughout the course of development and Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner, 1993) predicts that distinct intelligences should be uncorrelated. All three theories can be tested by examining the simple correlations of language proficiency measures with nonverbal IQ scores in intermediate and advanced nonprimary language learners.
A vocabulary-size test of controlled productive ability
Authors: Laufer Batia , Nation Paul 
Published: August 2007

It is important in the design of the vocabulary component of a teaching program that teachers are able to discover the state of their learners’ vocabulary knowledge. It is also important that researchers can draw on a variety of vocabulary measures to investigate the nature of vocabulary growth. This study focuses on a controlled production measure of vocabulary consisting of items from five frequency levels, and using a completion item type like the following. The garden was full of fra flowers. The controlled-production vocabulary-levels test was found to be reliable, valid (in that the levels distinguished between different proficiency groups) and practical. There was a satisfactory degree of equivalence between two equivalent forms of the test.
A cognitive neuropsychological approach to the assessment and remediation of acquired dysgraphia
Authors: Cardell Elizabeth A. , Chenery Helen J. 
Published: August 2007

This study used a cognitive neuropsychological approach to investigate a case of acquired dysgraphia in an adult who had sustained focal brain damage. The interpretation and remediation of her dysgraphia were guided by reference to a detailed model describing the functional architecture of the normal language processing system. The aims of the study were to investigate the usefulness of model-based assessment1) in identifying the precise nature of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the dysgraphia; and2) in designing an efficacious treatment programme that was informed by theories of normal language processing. Interpretation of detailed pre-therapy testing using tasks derived from current psycholinguistic models suggested that the subject’s dysgraphia arose from deficits with processing low-imageability semantic information as well as from a breakdown at the level of the graphemic assembly buffer. Two treatment phases which targeted the identified deficit areas were implemented using a multiple baseline (across behaviours) methodology. The first treatment consisted of semantic therapy targeting the writing of low-imageability words, and the second treatment involved a segmentation hierarchy for treating the writing of non-words. The results indicated positive and selective treatment effects as well as strong generalization effects to related items and functions. The results are discussed in the light of current psycholinguistic theories of model-based assessment and treatment.
Effects of acute tyrosine depletion on subjective craving and selective processing of smoking-related cues in abstinent cigarette smokers
Authors: Munafó Marcus R. , Mannie Zola N. , Cowen Philip J. , Harmer Catherine J. , McTavish Sarah B. 
Published: August 2007

We investigated the impact of the administration of a tyrosine-depleting amino acid mixture compared to a balanced mixture on measures of mood, craving and selective processing of smoking-related cues in healthy cigarette smokers instructed to abstain from smoking for 12 h prior to, and during, the experiment. A modified stroop task was used to index selective processing of smoking-related cues. We observed evidence for an increase in subjective craving among males, and an attenuation of the selective processing of smoking-related cues compared to control cues among females, in the tyrosine-depleting condition compared to the balanced condition. No effects of mixture were observed on measures of subjective mood. These results tentatively support for the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in mediating the response of cigarette smokers to smoking-related cues. In addition, these results also provide further evidence for sex differences in the factors that maintain cigarette smoking, in particular with respect to conditioned reinforcement of smoking behaviour, and suggest that the relationship between subjective craving and selective processing of smoking-related cues may differ in males and females.