bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second Generation: Transforming Systems
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 traces the rise of a second generation of assistance for women’s political empowerment. Whereas first-generation efforts focused on increasing women’s presence in fledgling democratic processes, newer initiatives seek to transform the broader political ecosystem influencing gender equality in politics, including institutions, sociocultural norms, and individual resources and attitudes. Moreover, rather than relying solely on standalone “women in politics” programs, democracy support actors have made strides to integrate gender perspectives and goals across different areas of aid, including electoral assistance, political party aid, and parliamentary support. Yet the shift to second-generation approaches remains incomplete. This chapter concludes by outlining several recurring constraints, including limited engagement with informal rules and norms, insufficient strategic differentiation, weaknesses in assistance modalities, and gaps in evaluation and learning.
Epidemiology Expands
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers the shifts in disease rates and explanations of these changing rates in the period from 1900-1950. Contending theories of disease distribution are analyzed in societal and ecological context. Three sets of theories are considered, all active—and often in contestation—during this period. They are: (1) germ theory; (2) eugenics, and (3) the “social environment,” with its focus on economic and social policies and people’s living and working conditions. Revision updates include new scholarship on: the use of germ theory in foreign policy (e.g., justifying military occupations); the global reach and adverse impacts of eugenics, and the critical role of W.E.B. DuBois, along with Edgar Sydenstricker and Alice Hamilton, in building the foundations of social epidemiology, along with expansion of the “seed and soil” metaphor, used by both germ theory and eugenics, to include, in Major Greenwood’s words, some form of “husbandry,” i.e., social action.
Social Epidemiologic Alternatives
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes two sets of social epidemiologic alternatives to dominant biomedical and lifestyle approaches: sociopolitical and psychosocial theories of disease distribution, with the third alternative, ecosocial theory, considered in Chapter 7. The sociopolitical theories of disease distribution focus on how social, political, and economic systems structure population health and health inequities. They include: social production of disease, political economy of health, social determinants of health, political determinants of health, commercial determinants of health, fundamental cause, Latin American Social Medicine-Collective Health, and health and human rights. The psychosocial theories focus on the social patterning of stressors that affect health. The revised chapter includes new text on the post-2008 rise of the social determinant of health theory and, countering its depoliticization, rising and renewed attention to the political economy of health, along with new focus on insights from frameworks and practices of intersectionality and decolonization.
Cyberspace and the Nouveau Colonialism
Authors: Saltman Erin , Hussein Dina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are growing geographical divides in how nation-states and regions apply regulations and protections to internet users and their data. This is becoming a form of nouveau colonialism between legal protections given to users residing in more liberal democratic countries versus user protections in countries leaning more toward authoritarianism, where governments are mandating greater access to user data under the guise of security measures, such as counterterrorism. This chapter reviews 27 pieces of international regulation related to countering terrorism and violent extremism online, mapping where regulations clash and where civilian and industry vulnerabilities are increasing. This chapter argues that a global baseline standard on data protection and privacy of internet users is needed, alongside the need for an international body to house standards to mitigate further divides in the Global North and South. This chapter argues that frameworks for solutions can be found in feminist theory literature.
Transformative Violence
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why are some violent acts more galvanizing than others? By examining mobilization following the gang rape of a 23-year-old student in New Delhi in 2012 and the disappearance of 43 students in Mexico in 2014, the book builds a theoretical explanation of how some violent acts can trigger unprecedented levels of mobilization in defense of the victims. While such transformative violence emerges from complex networks of causal mechanisms, each event draws sharp moral contrasts between the typical victims and repressors in a society. Cases of violence that spark large public reaction share a similar set of traits; they include mobilization of both grassroots and national-level activists, a type of victim that resonates with the broader public, and a visual narrative of the victim’s suffering.
When Young People Disappear in Mexico
Authors: Marat Erica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why did the disappearance of these 43 young men trigger the country’s largest public response when devastating levels of violence had plagued Mexico since the mid-2000s? This chapter emphasizes the unique position of normalistas within Mexico’s hierarchy of economic opportunities. It examines their internal political organization, their vulnerability to state violence, and their surprising, multifaceted connections with antiviolence activism in Mexican society. The sustained public and political attention to the 43 hinged on a unique form of public sympathy toward this type of victim: young, indigenous men pursuing a teaching degree. Mobilization in Mexico eventually contributed to important legislative changes.
Traditional Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the first systematic analysis of the role and impact of subversion in the Soviet Union’s efforts to crush the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia that culminated with the Warsaw Pact invasion in 1968. While most historiography has focused on this invasion, the analysis shows that subversion played a key role from early on in this crisis. Integrating existing evidence and new archival sources, it documents the KGB’s efforts to manipulate Czechoslovakia’s government and neutralize its liberalization movement through illegal agents. These commenced with a string of daring operations, attempting to kidnap civil society leaders, planning assassinations, planting false evidence of an impending armed revolution, and, ultimately, attempting an internal coup. Yet as the theory predicts, these operations pursuing highly intense effects under significant time pressure by and large failed. With time pressure easing following the invasion, in the subsequent years subversive efforts bore more fruit and produced at least plausible successes—among others triggering the resignation of Czechoslovakia’s reformist leader Dubcek as well as facilitating the arrest of civil society. These successes underline the importance of enabling conditions that facilitate subversion, foremost the extent of available vulnerabilities and suitable means of exploitation. Despite these successes, however, the Soviet Union deemed perennial armed occupation necessary to maintain control—contrary to its goals. The analysis thus provides clear evidence of the constraining role of the subversive trilemma and the limited strategic value of subversion.
Cyber-Enabled Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the first systematic examination of the role subversion has played in Russia’s “hybrid war” strategy short of war against Ukraine between 2013 and 2022. It evaluates and compares the use of both traditional means and cyber operations to achieve Moscow’s strategic goals. Traditional subversion produced some key successes, culminating in the annexation of Crimea. These successes provide further evidence of the importance of enabling conditions, foremost the extent of available vulnerabilities. Contrary to prevailing expectations about a revolution short of war enabled by cyber capabilities, however, cyber operations by and large fell short of producing measurable strategic value—both individually and cumulatively. In an interesting parallel to Czechoslovakia, the investigation of seven major Russian-sponsored cyber operations also shows an evolution from early daring experiments toward more prudent objectives and correspondingly increasing operational restraint. Strikingly, despite significant variation in the effects pursued across this evolution, the hacking group involved did not manage to escape the constraints posed by the trilemma. On the contrary, the findings indicate that the efforts to balance out the trade-offs involved ultimately led to strategic irrelevance—and a subsequent abandonment of cyber operations as means of active interference. In short, findings confirm the expected disadvantages of cyber operations while providing further evidence in support of the constraining role of the trilemma both in traditional subversion and in cyber operations. Accordingly, Russia’s hybrid war strategy of aggression short of war overall failed to achieve its goals.
Conclusion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter first provides a summary of the theory and findings and then proceeds to identify six key implications for world politics. First, subversion will remain attractive yet rarely shift the balance of power. Second, although subversion destabilizes victims, it stabilizes international politics overall. Third, cyber operations carry a heightened risk of destabilizing mass effects not due to their superior effectiveness, but because of their shortcomings. Fourth, in some circumstances the shortcomings of subversion increase the risk of unintended escalation. Fifth, despite technological change, traditional subversion will not only remain relevant but also likely pose a more significant threat than cyber operations. Sixth, rather than interstate conflict, the most transformative impact of cyber operations is likely to be on the relationship between state and society, as well as between states and nonstate actors. The final part addresses limitations of the study, considers alternate explanations for some of its findings, and lays out under what conditions the argument would change.
Brain Science for Lawyers, Judges, and Policymakers
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Because lawyers increasingly bring brain science into courtrooms and policy discussions, this book provides a user-friendly introduction. It begins with a survey of the kinds of litigation, legislation, and regulation where neuroscience is currently being used. It continues with accessible descriptions of basic brain anatomy and brain function. It then provides an overview of how modern technologies can reveal the brain structures and brain functions of individuals. It finishes with cautions and limitations, and with a speculative peek into where the future of neurolaw might lead. Throughout, the authors offer guidance on understanding both the promise and the limitations of using brain science in law and policymaking.
Overview of the Brain
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a basic introduction to the human brain for lawyers, judges, and policymakers. It begins by highlighting a specific caution for non-scientists: although much has been discovered about human brain structure and function in the last several decades, much more remains unknown. The chapter emphasizes the hazards in overstating the relationship between specific brain structures and complex mental functions such as the kinds of intentions, memories, emotions, pains, and behaviors the law usually cares about. Having offered this caution, the chapter proceeds to describe the brain’s place in the nervous system and its gross anatomy. The importance of blood flow for the brain is explained. Along with a tutorial on vocabulary for describing locations on and in the brain, this chapter prepares the reader for the more in-depth information about the brain that is presented in subsequent chapters.
Limitations and Cautions
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the limits and cautions of brain measurement and manipulation technologies in the context of three major issues. These are: what particular neuroscientific evidence might mean for the specific legal issues before a fact-finder; whether that evidence is sufficiently reliable, and in trial contexts whether it should be admitted into evidence; and how fact-finders should be permitted to use it. The chapter addresses the evidentiary issues of reliability, probative value, and unfair prejudice. The chapter examines the key limitations of brain imaging, including spatial and temporal limitations, the assumptions embedded in the analyses of the brain data, and the statistical and logical cautions that accompany any effort to claim that designated brain areas or defects in those areas “cause” or even coincide with certain behaviors.
Revolution Comes to Kyiv
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews the evolution of Ukrainian politics from 1991 to 2014, with an emphasis on foreign policy. It lays out the increasingly difficult balancing act imposed on Ukraine, which was to manage its relations with Russia, on the one hand, and with Europe or the West, on the other. This balancing act, coupled with domestic political corruption, led to the unraveling of Viktor Yanukovych’s presidency in late 2013 and early 2014 and to the unexpected Maidan Revolution of 2013–2014, an epochal event because it pitted Russia and the West against one another, something that had already been happening outside of Ukraine. From 2014 onward, Ukraine would be at the center of an unfolding global drama—not unlike the start of the Cold War in the late 1940s.
The Search for Guardrails
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 captures three separate developments: the 2019 election in Ukraine, which yielded the presidency of Volodymyr Zelensky, who then tried to establish a working relationship with Russia; the 2020 election in the United States, putting an end to the Trump/Russia drama and introducing the Biden presidency, which was built (at the beginning) on a restoration of the transatlantic alliance and the normalization of relations with Russia; and, third, the appearance of a quiescent, unambitious Russia, which Putin projected in 2020 and 2021 either because that was his mood or because that was how he could mislead onlookers. Each of these three developments encouraged the Biden administration to ground its policy toward Russia in the search for “guardrails.”
Removing the Guardrails
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 is framed by the idea of American decline, which has long been a motif of Russian government messaging about the United States. It applies this idea to the evolving relationship between presidents Putin and Biden in 2021, in the wake of the January 6 insurrection and of the US departure from Afghanistan, connecting two timelines. One is a Russian timeline for “resolving” its problems in Ukraine, heightened by Zelensky’s more confrontational posture toward Russia in spring 2021. The other is Putin’s less than respectful attitude toward the United States, not just his messaging about American decline but quite possibly the belief that the United States was (in 2021) a power in decline. The coming together of these two timelines equaled Russia’s preparations for invasion in October 2021 and the accompanying ultimatums (about winding back NATO) issued in December 2021, Putin’s very explicit removal of guardrails from the US-Russian relationship.
Unity Within Diversity: Comparisons with the ICCPR and the ICESCR
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how the Human Rights Committee (HRC) under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) as well as the Committee under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have addressed property interests. It indicates how both Covenants, despite the absence of explicit property rights protections, have blurred distinctions within their respective texts to produce comparable jurisprudence under a common human rights framework. It addresses the ICCPR’s and ICESCR’s respective concepts of equality and discrimination and surveys each regime’s approach to women’s rights with respect to marital property, social security, the right to housing, and forced evictions. It contrasts the three regimes’ remedial approaches and urges further research that would incorporate the CEDAW regime into future work on comparative international property law.
Righteous Demagogues
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan , Chhibber Pradeep 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Righteous Demagogues explores the causes, dynamics, and consequences of populist politics in South Asia and beyond. It argues that populist mobilizations are rooted in crises of representation, and populism is a symptom, not an underlying cause, of democratic malaise. Populist leaders, in framing their appeals, evoke the moral contract—that states are obligated to redress certain types of inequality—and promise its restoration in ways that resonate with voters across lines of partisanship and social divisions, leading to party system change. Depending on how broadly populist appeals resonate, different types of populism emerge, with consequences ranging from the rejection of populists to varying forms of democratic backsliding. Righteous Demagogues explores the dynamics of populist politics primarily through four cases in South Asia. In the late 1960s, Indira Gandhi in India and Zulfikar Bhutto in Pakistan effected reordering populist mobilizations on the left against the de facto oligarchic regimes of the Congress Party and the Ayub Khan government, mobilizing workers, peasants, and the nascent middle classes against widespread exclusion and inequity. In the mid-2010s, Narendra Modi and Imran Khan effected additive populist mobilizations of the right, mobilizing diverse middle classes across India and Pakistan against perceived corruption and inequity. The book applies the framework and typology to explain the causes, dynamics, and consequences of populism in Latin America, Europe, and the United States.
Post-Colonial Statism and Crises of Representation
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The structures of inequity and crises of representation in South Asia in the 1950s and 1960s that laid the groundwork for reordering populist mobilization are the focus of this chapter. It first lays out the statist politics of India under the hegemony of Congress rule. Despite solemn obligations that the post-independence state and political system would address inequalities evident in colonial rule, both industrialization and programs for community development in the countryside benefitted a small elite—bureaucrats, industrialists, dominant proprietary groups, and the political elite—excluding workers, peasants, and the emerging middle class. In Pakistan, under Ayub Khan’s statist regime, parallel elite structures existed in cities and in the countryside, with similar exclusionary consequences. The chapter concludes with an overview of the subnational reordering populism of the Awami League under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in East Pakistan, leading to the independence of Bangladesh.
Reordering Populists of the Left
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 of Righteous Demagogues explains the left-wing, reordering populist mobilizations of Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In India, Indira Gandhi’s evocation of the brokenness of the moral contract led to the Congress split of 1969. The subsequent mobilization on promises of moral restoration led to a landslide victory for Congress (R). It set up contentious confrontations with the opposition and the courts, leading to the authoritarian Emergency. In Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto created the Pakistan People’s Party and effected a mobilization against the brokenness of the moral contract of the Ayub Khan regime. Landslide victories brought Bhutto to power, but authoritarian governance and chaos within the party led to mass agitations around the 1977 elections and a military coup. While both populists did not keep their transformative promises, the expansion of the scope and strength of the state had long-term consequences.
Political Fragmentation, Economic Liberalization, and Crises of Representation
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The expanded state, along with political fragmentation and crony capitalism, between the 1980s and the 2010s created a new, narrower crisis of representation among the middle classes that laid the groundwork for additive populist mobilization. The 1980s and 1990s saw a fragmentation of political and administrative authority in both countries, as parties, bureaucrats, and political actors captured different elements of the engorged state. Economic liberalization in the 1990s led to a dispersion of new rents, encouraging crony capitalism. This led to a widespread perception among lower middle-class strivers and upper middle-class bourgeois that Indians and Pakistanis could only get ahead through political connections, inspiring a crisis of representation across both countries among those not directly represented by extant political parties
Conclusion
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the concluding chapter of Righteous Demagogues, we summarize its main arguments and survey the relationship between populism and other key concepts. The chapter argues that a close relationship exists between populist mobilization and revolts against the perception of procedural inequality. It discusses the salient relationship between populism and democratic backsliding, arguing that populism is a symptom of democratic dysfunction but that contestations threaten democracy after populists win power. It affirms that impactful populism arises from the lack of representation among key groups in the electorate. It contends that nationalism may provide the common moral language that can stitch together a populist coalition and that far-right nationalism is usually cases of quotidian populism. It argues that while populism leads to ineffective governance, it aims to disrupt an inequitable system. And it argues for a comparative approach to studying populism to understand national political change.