bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le développement du nouveau droit du travail en Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Pliszkiewicz Marek 
Published: October 2008

The Central and Eastern European countries undergo political and economie changes since 1989-1990. The labour law development is seen as an important factor of the performed transformations. The labour legislation in binding force before 1989, which was adapted to a centralisee System, could fit neither with the new labour relations nor with the social expectations. It seemed necessary to create a new labour law model which would be adapted to the political democracy and market economy principles. This new model should also fit with the international and european standards.
This article will be analysing issues related to the labour law reform orientations as well as to the mode of legislative work. Later on the article presents labour law sources, among which labour codes remain the basic legal acts. The last part presents the labour law legislation afier 1989.
The labour law evolution in Central and Eastern European countries is not over yet. Those countries are now trying to build a labour law System that willattempt to unify EU countries standards with theirlegal and social tradition as well as with the economie conditions and possibilities of each country.
Observations sur l'évolution, le contenu et les caractéristiques de la juridiction du travail en Roumanie
Authors: Calinoiu Constanta 
Published: October 2008

En se fondant sur les caractéristiques spécifiques de la juridiction du travail et sur les éléments distinctifs des litiges du travail, cette étude présent une analyse des réglementations sur la juridiction du travail dans leur évolution historique en Roumanie dans le contexte des principaux systèmes de droit.
Après une recherche sur la législation élaborée dans le passé, ainsi que sur la pratique du droit comparé, l'auteur estime que, dans la présente étape du développement des relations de travail en Roumanie, il est impérieusement nécessaire de créer une juridiction spécialisée, capable d'assurer une harmonie sociale dans ce domaine. Il est rappelé qu'en Roumanie, entre les deux guerres mondiales, un système de juridiction spécialisée du travail, institué par la loi de 1933 pour la création et l'organisation de la juridiction du travail, fonctionnait de façon très efficace, et que s'impose, étant donné la spécificité des litiges du travail, le retour à ce système en l'institutionnalisant avec certaines améliorations.
La protection de la dignité de la personne et de l'espèce humaines dans le domaine de la biomédecine : l'exemple de la Convention d'Oviedo
Authors: Fraisseix Patrick 
Published: October 2008

Les en matière de biomédecine, tout particulièrement la thérapie génique, permettent désormais à l'homme d'accéder à la connaissance de ses propres mécanismes vitaux (le génome humain) et de procéder à la transformation de sa propre espèce.
Il incombe alors aux autorités nationales comme internationales de concilier les exigences du progrès scientifique avec l'indispensable respect de l'homme et de l'humanité. L'instrument privilégié de cette protection réside dans la sauvegarde de la dignité humaine (de la personne et de l'espèce), apparue en France en 1994 et consacrée à l'échelon international en 1997 (Convention d'Oviedo sous l'égide du Conseil de l'Europe, Convention sur le génome humain sous l'égide de l'UNESCO).
Pour autant, l'apparition et l'harmonisation des textes nationaux se heurtent dans certains cas aux pesanteurs religieuses, dans d'autres aux traumatismes passés, et fondamentalement aux interrogations que recèle la notion de sauvegarde de la dignité humaine. Quant aux dispositifs élaborés à l'échelon international, ils se présentent avant tout comme des conventions-cadres appelant des évolutions nationales.
Le développement de la biomédecine doit s'effectuer au service de l'homme, non de la science, ce qui justifie le double encadrement national et international naissant.
La civilisation du droit d'auteur au Canada
Authors: Gendreau Ysolde 
Published: October 2008

At a time when the information society requires that copyright be increasingly harmonised, the author describes how the two main copyright traditions meet in Canada. The distinction between common law and civil law also exists in copyright law ; one then talks about « the copyright tradition » and about the author's right tradition, the continental tradition or the civil law tradition. The first half of this article deals with the characteristics of each System in light of the law s of four countries, two per system, which represent the major trends within each System. One of the goals of this exercise is thus to show how each tradition can include various tendencies.
Canadian copyright law is examined in the second halfofthe article. The Canadian Copyright Act, which has grown out of the British copyright tradition, has undergone important changes on the occasion of its revision in 1988 and 1997. Some of the modifications resulted in the introduction of several author's rights notions. Other legislative and case law developments contribute to the understanding of the special nature of Canadian copyright law.
Problèmes d'unification du droit en Europe et Code européen des contrats
Authors: Ruffini Gandolfi Maria Letizia 
Published: October 2008

Depuis longtemps, le problème de l'unification, au niveau européen, du droit des contrats fait l'objet d'un débat passionné. Entrant dans le vif de celui-ci, la première partie de l'article met en discussion, tout en en contestant, d'ailleurs, l'actualité, certains arguments que d'aucuns continuent à avancer contre le recours à la voie législative comme instrument de cette unification. Cette prémisse permet de passer à l'examen de l'avant-projet de code européen des contrats élaboré par le groupe international de juristes réunis dans l'Académie des privatistes européens, siégeant à Pavie. Les traits marquants de ce texte sont présentés d'abord par rapport à sa structure, mettant en évidence, entre autre, la typologie de ses règles, sciemment différenciées tant des principes que, souvent, des règles mêmes des codes nationaux.
Quant au contenu, un certain nombre de choix de fond significatifs opérés par le groupe rédactionnel sont mis en relief. Les rédacteurs ont en effet refusé la logique infructueuse du compromis et effectué, au niveau substantiel, des choix clairs, prenant toutefois garde de ne pas imposer, là où cela s'avérait possible, des notions et des schémas conceptuels inconnus dans certains pays. Quelques-unes des nouvelles solutions de l'avant-projet, visant à faire du contrat un instrument le plus efficient possible dans le marché intérieur, sont en outre illustrées.
La dernière partie de l'article affronte le problème de l'interprétation et de l'application du futur code européen des contrats, envisageant le rôle à attribuer, dans cette phase du processus d'unification, respectivement, à une cour centrale de justice et aux cours des États européens. Le problème de la mise en œuvre de moyens de connaissance efficaces des jurisprudences étatiques en la matière est enfin examiné.
Les contrats entre les personnes publiques russes et les entreprises privées
Authors: Bergès Nelsie 
Published: October 2008

In Russia, contractual relations between public and private entities are a recent occurrence : they did not exist in the Soviet era. Firstly, Soviet Law did not recognize thefree will of parties to an agreement. Only the Rule ofLaw could create rights and duties. Secondly, as public authorities, economie operators were only an emanation of the State and were not autonomous legal entities. The only relations were authoritarian and vertical (i.eplanification).
The transition to a Constitutional State and to a market economy led to agreements thatgave rise to rights and duties. Constitutional Law decentralized the Russian State into various state-institutions and local govemments with separate powers. At the same time, civil legislation recognized private property and free enterprise and authorized collective entrepreneurship by non-state companies.
Nevertheless, an analysis of various contracts with public entities shows the ambivalence of their position in the new legal system. The identification of the contracting party is sometimes difficult : is it a private or public entity ? is it a business or a non-business entity ? Moreover, under the current pricniple - as a reaction against the previous state-controlled System — property-relationships are a matter of civil law and are therefore governed by the principle of equality. But, when public entities enter into contracts with private companies, they fulfill their public functions and use special powers. Therefore, perfect equality with their contracting private parties is impossible to achieve.
In order to identify and analyze the elements which form the general regime of these contracts, it is necessary to identify the contracting parties and the object of the contract.
Cour pénale internationale et adaptations constitutionnelles comparées
Authors: Lambert-Abdelgawad Elisabeth 
Published: October 2008

Le phénomène d'internationalisation des constitutions implique notamment que le droit international est à l'origine de plus en plus des révisions constitutionnelles. Une nouvelle illustration est aujourd'hui offerte avec la ratification du Statut de Rome créant la Cour pénale internationale.
Cet article tente de dresser un bilan des adaptations constitutionnelles intervenues dans les Etats suite a leur adhésion au Statut de Rome. Il révèle dans un premier temps que si l'examen de constitutionnalité a été généralisé, il a donné lieu à des réponses fort diversifiées. En conséquence, les réactions des autorités chargées de réviser la Constitution furent multiples, mais in fine minimales et pragmatiques. Cet examen conduit l'auteur à douter de réflectivité et de la réalité de telles procédures d'adaptation du droit constitutionnel, avec le risque d'une application à degrés variables des obligations internationales.
Bionanocomposites
Authors: Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo , Aranda Pilar , Darder Margarita 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBionanocomposites are an emerging class of hybrid materials derived from combination at the nanometric level of inorganic solids with biopolymers. Certain biological materials, eg, nacre, ivory, bone and tooth, can be considered natural occurring bionanocomposites. The combination of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological materials with clay minerals, silica, phosphates, carbonates, and other inorganic solids opens the way to the preparation of a vast amount of bionanocomposites. Just like conventional nanocomposites, these biohybrid materials also exhibit both structural and functional properties, which can be of great interest for different applications. The most salient properties of bionanocomposites are related to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties. These properties are of great significance in their application to regenerative medicine and in the development of environmentally friendly materials (green nanocomposites). Other examples of their potential application concern food packaging, fire safety, and sensor devices, which are based on gas‐barrier, flame retardancy, and sensing properties of bionanocomposites, respectively.
Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Aldehydes: Preparation of (

S

)‐(‐)‐1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐Propyn‐1‐
OL
and (

S

)‐(‐)‐4‐Methyl‐1‐Phenyl‐2‐Pentyn‐1,4‐Diol
Authors: Takita Ryo , Harada Shinji , Ohshima Takashi , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

(
S
)‐BINOL

Indium bromide

(
S
)‐(‐)‐1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol

Dicyclohexylmethylamine

Phenylacetylene

2‐Methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol

(
S
)‐(‐)‐4‐Methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pentyn‐1,4‐diol
Preparation of Cycloheptane‐1,3‐Dione Via Reductive Ring Expansion of 1‐Trimethylsilyloxy‐7,7‐Dichlorobicyclo[3.2.0]Heptan‐6‐One
Authors: Do Nga , McDermott Ruth E. , Ragan John A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Cycloheptane

1‐Trimethylsilyloxybicyclo[3.2.0]heptane‐6‐one

1‐Trimethylsilyloxy‐7,7‐dichlorobicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐6‐one

Dichloracetyl chloride

1‐Trimethylsilyloxycyclopentene

Acetic acid
Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Biaryls Via Cu/Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Substituted Potassium Benzoates: 4‐Methyl‐2′‐Nitrobiphenyl and 2‐Acetyl‐4′‐Methylbiphenyl
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Rodríguez Nuria , Linder Christophe , Zimmermann Bettina , Knauber Thomas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

2‐Nitrobenzoic acid

Potassium hydroxide

(1,10‐Phenanthroline)bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) nitrate

Palladium acetylacetonate

4‐Bromotoluene

Mesitylene

4‐Methyl‐2′‐nitrobiphenyl

2‐Acetylbenzoic acid

Copper(I) bromide

1,10‐Phenanthroline

Bis(diphenylphsophino)methane

1‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone

Quninoline

2‐Acety;‐4′‐methylbiphenyl
Stereoselective Synthesis of (

E

)‐2,3‐Dibromobut‐2‐Enoic Acid
Authors: Ngi Samuel Inack , Anselmi Elsa , Abarbri Mohamed , Langle Sandrine , Duchêne Alain , Thibonnet Jérôme 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

(E)‐2
,3‐Dibromobut‐2‐enoic acid

(
E)‐2
,3‐Dibromooct‐2‐enoic acid

4‐Methoxy‐2‐butynoic acid

Tetrolic acid

Pentylpropiolic acid

Bromine
Selective Defect‐Patching of Zeolite Membranes Using Chemical Liquid Deposition at Organic/Aqueous Interfaces
Authors: Zhang Baoquan , Wang Cong , Lang Lin , Cui Ruili , Liu Xiufeng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe elimination of possible defects is indispensable in making zeolite membranes popular in process industries. A novel counter‐diffusion chemical liquid deposition (CLD) technique is proposed and developed for selective defect‐patching of zeolite membranes. Dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DMS) is employed as the silane coupling agent, forming a protective layer on the membrane surface so that intracrystalline pores can be kept intact in the subsequent reparation step. By using tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS) and (3‐chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (3CP‐TES), co‐hydrolysis and co‐condensation at the organic/aqueous interface fabricate the silsesquioxane/silicate hybrid on macro‐, meso‐ and even microdefects. The silicalite‐1 membrane before and after reparation is characterized using contact‐angle measurements, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Permporometry is conducted to study the pore‐size distribution of the membrane before and after reparation. It is found that the silsesquioxane/silicate hybrid is only deposited at the pore‐mouth of the defects, and the defects can be plugged to less than 1.3 nm pores after patching. After reparation, the separation factor of a 50/50 n/i‐butane‐gas mixture through the membrane can be increased to 35.8 from 4.4, and the separation factor of a CO2/N2 gas mixture through the membrane can be increased to around 15 from 1, while keeping the two‐thirds CO2 permeation flux of the synthesized membrane.
Aplastic anemia occurring as amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with and without an inhibitor of granulopoiesis
Authors: Slater Lewis M. , Katz Jacob , Walter Barbara , Armentrout Steven A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo patients with aplastic anemia evolving from cellular bone marrows with severely diminished megakaryocytes are reported. During this evolution a plasma inhibitor of in vitro granulocyte‐macrophage colony formation was demonstrated associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in one patient. The second patient had abnormal liver function that corrected after the delivery of a normal newborn but there was persistence of pancytopenia without evidence of a plasma inhibitor.
Diagnostic value of bone marrow imaging with 111indium‐transferring and 99mtechnetium‐colloids in myelofibrosis
Authors: Arrago J. P. , Rain J. D. , Vigneron N. , Poirier O. , Chomienne Ch. , D'Agay M. F. , Najean Y. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract111Indium—transferrin (111In) and 99mTechnetium‐colloids (99mTc) bone marrow imaging of 55 myelofibrosis (MF) cases has been compared with clinical, histological, and iron‐kinetics data. The best correlations are seen between the splenic uptake of 111In with the spleen/sacrum ratio of 59Fe at the first hour (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) and also with the splenic erythropoiesis histologically assessed in ten splenectomized patients ( r = 0.75, P < 0.01). Moreover, sacrum uptake of 111In, when compared with sacrum uptake of 59Fe (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) and with hematopoietic cellularity of the bone marrow (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) reflects faithfully the hematopoietic cell content of the marrow.Thus, 111In bone marrow imaging provides a noninvasive and useful tool for the diagnosis of myeloid metaplasia in MF. Ferrokinetic studies still appreciate with better insight the amount of ineffective erythropoiesis or hemolysis and remains therefore of great value when splenectomy is discussed.
A microtiter method for long‐term in vitro maintenance of human monocyte
Authors: Kataoka Mikio , Tavassoli Mehdi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA microtiter method is described for long‐term maintenance of human monocytes in culture with intact functional and morphological characteristics. This micromethod is the adaptation of our previously reported method which required large volume of blood. The micromethod relies on the use of microexudate plate (pregrown with BKH cells) and the two phases of adherence and maintenance culture. The purity of cultured cells approaches 100% and the yield is 50–70%. As many as 24 experiments and controls can be done on 20 ml of blood drawn.
Factor VIII inhibitors: In vivo decrease of inhibitory activity during calcium infusion
Authors: Muhleman Albert F. , Glueck Helen I. , Miller Mary Ann , Coots Macie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of parenteral calcium on altering the activity of factor VIII inhibitors has been studied in three patients, two nonhemophiliacs and one hemophiliac. The patients were studied during both intravenous calcium infusion, factor VIII replacement, and combinations thereof. When compared to factor VIII replacement alone, a greater diminution of inhibitory activity was noted whenever calcium was infused prior to and during factor VIII replacement. This was demonstrated by both conventional coagulation assays and an agarose gel method. These observations could have therapeutic implications and may aid in further understanding the relationship of calcium to factor VIII and its inhibitor.
Abnormal immunoregulation in remission Hodgkin disease
Authors: Hutchins M. R. , Slease R. B. , Murray J. L. , Gawith K. E. , Grozea P. N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPeripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with remission Hodgkin disease and 20 normal controls were incubated with irradiated allogeneic lymphocytes in oneway mixed lymphocyte cultures. Simultaneously, modified assays were performed by adding supplemental irradiated PBM, T lymphocytes, or adherent cells autologous to the responders. Baseline allogeneic responsiveness of patients and controls was not different. However, significant suppression (p < .01) was demonstrated when the cultures were supplemented with patient mononuclear cells or adherent cells, an effect not found with similar supplemental cells from controls. Conversely, T‐cell supplementation of control cultures produced more than twofold increases in proliferation but significantly less augmentation in the patients' cultures (p < .01). T‐cell subset analysis in six patients showed decreased helper:suppressor cell ratios. Hodgkin disease patients have adherent suppressor cells, which persist during remission, as well as a defect in T‐cell helper function.
Enzyme activities of cultured erythroblasts
Authors: Shinohara Kenji , Yamada Katsunori , Inoue Masamitsu , Yoshizaki Yoshiki , Ishida Yoji , Kaneko Toshio , Matsumoto Noboru 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe enzyme activities of cultured early erythroid progenitor cells (burst‐forming unit erythroid, BFU‐E) were measured and were compared with the activities of mature erythrocytes. The enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase was not detectable in the erythroblasts. The ratios of phosphofructokinase and glutathione peroxidase were low due to low enzyme activities in both the erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The ratios of triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and adenylate kinase were low due to high enzyme activities in both the erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The ratios of hexokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, monophosphoglyceromutase, pyruvate kinase, and adenosine deaminase were high due to high enzyme activities in the erythroblasts.The isozyme of erythroblast hexokinase was of the prototype isozyme I, while pyruvate kinase was predominantly of the prototype M2, with two hybrid isozymes to the anodal side by electrophoresis. These facts suggest that there is a greatly different metabolic pattern during the maturation of the erythroid cells.
The laboratory use of butylnitrite for the production of methemoglobin
Authors: Roth Eugene , Rinaldi Antoniettina , Fiori Giovanni Maria , Filippi Giorgio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe use of volatile butylnitrite in place of sodium nitrite for the in vitro production of methemoglobin was explored in studies of G6PD‐deficient red cells and for measurements of the red cell methemoglobin reductase activity. It was found that butylnitrite vapor caused a more rapid oxidation of intracellular hemoglobin than sodium nitrite and required fewer washes for removal. Hence a more rapid preparation of the cells was possible. Both cytochemical detection of G6PD‐deficient cells in a female heterozygote for G6PD deficiency and the screening test for a methemoglobin reductase deficiency could be performed with butylnitrite as well as with sodium nitrite. This small modification of these standard procedures promises to save time and facilitate processing of many samples during genetic screening of relevant populations.
Childhood leukemia with simultaneously expressed myeloid and lymphoid markers suggesting stem cell origin
Authors: Terrin B. N. , Studer E. J. , Wood N. , Mohanakumar T. , Russell E. C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA case study is presented of a leukemic patient whose cells express markers of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. Cells were identified from bone marrow which expressed either myeloid antigens, lymphoid antigens, or both myeloid and lymphoid antigens, indicating a possible common stem cell capable of differentiating along either a lymphoid or myeloid cell lineage. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, 40‐70% of the cells were reactive with anti‐T‐cell antibodies, 50% of the cells were reactive with antibodies to the common ALL antigen (CALLA), and 80‐90% of the cells were reactive with antibodies directed against myeloid antigens. Using double staining techniques, some cells were found to demonstrate only myeloid markers; others, only lymphoid markers; and others, both myeloid and lymphoid markers. These results suggest that a common stem cell is capable of differentiating along both lymphoid and myeloid lineages.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐positive acute leukemias evolving from a myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Brusamolino E. , Isernia P. , Alessandrino E. P. , Scovassi A. I. , Bertazzoni U. , Bernasconi C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have analyzed the distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in 30 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), in connection with morphology, cytochemistry, and cytogenetics. All cases in preleukemic phase were strictly TdT‐negative. At variance, 4 (19%) of 21 cases with subsequent leukemia were TdT‐positive and showed a pure lymphoid (one case) or a mixed lymphoid‐myelomonocytic (three cases) morphology. The TdT enzymatic activity ranged from 2 to 21 U/108 cells and the percent of positive cells in the immunofluorescence test ranged from 10 to 80% of total. All cases were Philadelphia chromosome‐negative. The clonal origin of MDS from the pluripotent stem cell, capable of originating both a lymphoid and myeloid progeny, is further corroborated.