bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Communist Feminism in Germany: Equality and Difference in the Party of Democratic Socialism
Authors: Fisher Pamela 
Published: October 2007

In December 1989, the ruling communist party of East Germany,the Socialist Unity Party (SED), was reconstituted when it adopted thename Socialist Unity Party-Party of Democratic Socialism (SED-PDS),which was simplified on 4 February 1990 to the Party of DemocraticSocialism.1 The brand of Marxism-Leninism that had prevailed in theGerman Democratic Republic (GDR) appeared to be irredeemablydiscredited, and the new leadership of this successor party wasobliged to create an alternative vision of socialism and to redefinetheir political goals. The PDS program of 1990,2 with its clear adoptionof a feminist agenda, constituted a breach with the party’s politicalpast. Whereas the Marxist-Leninist theory underpinning SEDpolicy had been based on the principle that inequality is economicallydetermined, the new PDS program acknowledged patriarchyas a separate issue.
Continuity or Politikwechsel? The First Federal Red-Green Coalition
Authors: Richter Michaela 
Published: October 2007

In October 1998 the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Greens1formed a coalition government, the first ever between these parties atthe federal level. In more ways than one, this new coalition marked awatershed in Germany’s post-1945 development. Since 1945, Germanyhad been a democracy in which political parties hold an especiallyprivileged position. This “party-state” has operated almostexclusively through the three major “Bonn” parties, which for nearlya half-century had governed through shifting coalitions. The Greensarose as a social movement challenging this hegemony; yet, only fifteenyears after they first entered the Bundestag, they forged a federalcoalition with one of the established parties they had once attacked.For the first time since 1957, a coalition had been formed thatinvolved not only a party other than the three “Bonn” parties but alsoone not linked to the Federal Republic’s creation. It was, furthermore,the first coalition ever to have resulted unambiguously fromthe wishes of voters.
Studies of Surface‐Modified Gold Nanowires Inside Living Cells
Authors: Kuo C.‐W. , Lai J.‐J. , Wei K. H. , Chen P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe cytotoxicity of various surface‐functionalized gold nanowires with different aspect ratios is investigated by (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assays for two cell lines, fibroblast and HeLa. It is found that functionalized gold nanowires with a diameter of 200 nm and lengths up to a few micrometers can be readily internalized by both types of cells regardless of the type of surface functionalization. However, the cytotoxicity of the gold nanowires is observed to depend on their surface modification. Serum‐coated gold nanowires are the least toxic, whereas more than 50 % of the cells are damaged in the presence of mercapto‐acid‐modified gold nanowires even at very low concentrations (103 nanowires mL–1). Nanowires with different aspect ratios exhibit the same cytotoxicity within limits of experimental error. However, the uptake efficiency is found to be higher for shorter nanowires as compared to their longer counterparts. Therefore, we conclude that internalized nanowires with high aspect ratios are more toxic to cells than nanowires with low aspect ratios. Positively charged aminothiol‐modified gold nanowires are employed to deliver both plasmid DNA and probe molecules into cells without compromising the viability of the cells. The local environment of individual nanowires within the cells is studied by monitoring the fluorescence signal from probe molecules attached to the nanowires.
Electrospinning: A Facile Method to Disperse Fluorescent Quantum Dots in Nanofibers without Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Li M. , Zhang J. , Zhang H. , Liu Y. , Wang C. , Xu X. , Tang Y. , Yang B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs) can be dispersed into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solid nanofibers by electrospinning of a QD–PVA blend solution. Although solution blending methods usually cause phase separation as the solvent evaporates; here, attractively, the QDs do not aggregate, on the contrary, they attain a separation and distribution in the PVA matrix that is as good and uniform as that in solution. Consequently, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between QDs is efficiently avoided, leading to the good preservation of the original fluorescence properties of QDs even when multi‐color QDs are incorporated. Thus, the emission color of the solid nanofibers can be well predicted from the electrospinning solution. Further investigation reveals that the fast evaporation rate of the solvent in the electrospinning process lies at the basis of the uniform distribution of the QDs. Because of the quick “freezing” of the polymer chains, the CdTe QDs are confined to their places with no time to aggregate.
Nucleation‐Governed Reversible Self‐Assembly of an Organic Semiconductor at Surfaces: Long‐Range Mass Transport Forming Giant Functional Fibers
Authors: De Luca G. , Liscio A. , Maccagnani P. , Nolde F. , Palermo V. , Müllen K. , Samorì P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe use of solvent‐vapor annealing (SVA) to form millimeter‐long crystalline fibers, having a sub‐micrometer cross section, on various solid substrates is described. Thin films of a perylene‐bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) derivative, with branched alkyl chains, prepared from solution exhibit hundreds of nanometer‐sized PDI needles. Upon exposure to the vapors of a chosen solvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF), the needles re‐organize into long fibers that have a remarkably high aspect ratio, exceeding 103. Time‐ and space‐resolved mapping with optical microscopy allows the self‐assembly mechanism to be unravelled; the mechanism is found to be a nucleation‐governed growth, which complies with an Avrami‐type of mechanism. SVA is found to lead to self‐assembly featuring i) long‐range order (up to the millimeter scale), ii) reversible characteristics, as demonstrated through a series of assembly and disassembly steps, obtained by cycling between THF and CHCl3 as solvents, iii) remarkably high mass transport because the PDI molecular motion is found to occur at least over hundreds of micrometers. Such a detailed understanding of the growth process is fundamental to control the formation of self‐assembled architectures with pre‐programmed structures and physical properties. The versatility of the SVA approach is proved by its successful application using different substrates and solvents. Kelvin probe force microscopy reveals that the highly regular and thermodynamically stable fibers of PDI obtained by SVA exhibit a greater electron‐accepting character than the smaller needles of the drop‐cast films. The giant fibers can be grown in situ in the gap between microscopic electrodes supported on SiOx, paving the way towards the application of SVA in micro‐ and nanoelectronics.
Poly(2,5‐dimethoxyaniline) films on mild steel for application to glucose biosensor
Authors: Patil Dewyani , Patil Pradip 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPoly(2,5‐dimethoxyaniline) (PDMA) films were electrochemically synthesized on mild steel from an aqueous oxalic acid solution using galvanostatic mode. These films were characterized by potential–time curve, UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was entrapped into the PDMA film by a physical adsorption method. The resulting PDMA–GOx films were characterized by UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM. The amperometric response of the PDMA–GOx films was measured as a function of glucose concentration in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.3). The PDMA–GOx films exhibit a fast and linear amperometric response in the range of 2–20 mM glucose. The maximum current density and Michaelis–Menten constant of PDMA/GOx films are found to be ∼483 μA/cm2 and 1.12 mM, respectively. The shelf stability and thermal stability of these films were also investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Anomalous rheological behavior of polyethylene melts in the gross melt fracture regime in the capillary extrusion: Effect of long‐chain branching
Authors: Lee Hwi‐Yong , Kim Dong Hak , Son Younggon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDuring a capillary extrusion with several different polyethylenes, we observe an abnormal rheological behavior. The nominal viscosity of some polyethylene melt in the gross melt fracture regime does not change with the temperature. Several metallocene‐catalyzed linear low density polyethylene are investigated. Among them, polyethylenes, which have long‐chain branches in their main chain, show this abnormal rheological behavior. By capillary extrusion experiments with various dies of different L/D ratios, it is inferred that the abnormal rheological behavior is originated in the die land, not die entrance nor die exit. From various experiments, we notice that this abnormal phenomenon may be used to detect long‐chain branch of PE. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Nano‐Level‐Controlled Carbon Supports as Highly Effective Catalysts for Arene Hydrogenation
Authors: Takasaki Mikihiro , Motoyama Yukihiro , Higashi Kenji , Yoon Seong‐Ho , Mochida Isao , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe reaction of three types of carbon nanofibers (CNFs; platelet: CNF‐P, tubular: CNF‐T, herringbone: CNF‐H) with [Ru3(CO)12] in toluene heated at reflux provided the corresponding CNF‐supported ruthenium nanoparticles, Ru/CNFs (Ru content=1.1–3.8 wt %). TEM studies of these Ru/CNFs revealed that size‐controlled Ru nanoparticles (2–4 nm) exist on the CNFs, and that their location was dependent on the surface nanostructures of the CNFs: on the edge of the graphite layers (CNF‐P), in the tubes and on the surface (CNF‐T), and between the layers and on the edge (CNF‐H). Among these Ru/CNFs, Ru/CNF‐P showed excellent catalytic activity towards hydrogenation of toluene with high reproducibility; the reaction proceeded without leaching of the Ru species, and the catalyst was reusable. The total turnover number of the five recycling experiments for toluene hydrogenation reached over 180 000 (mol toluene) (mol Ru)−1. Ru/CNF‐P was also effective for the hydrogenation of functionalized benzene derivatives and pyridine. Hydrogenolysis of benzylic CO and CN bonds has not yet been observed. Use of poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) as a solvent made possible the biphasic catalytic hydrogenation of toluene. After the reaction, the methylcyclohexane formed was separated by decantation without contamination of the ruthenium species and PEG. The insoluble PEG phase containing all of the Ru/CNF was recoverable and reusable as the catalyst without loss of activity.
Forecasting the magnitude of sustainable biofeedstock supplies: the challenges and the rewards
Authors: Graham Robin L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractForecasting the magnitude of sustainable biofeedstock supplies is challenging because of 1) myriad potential feedstock types and their management; 2) the need to account for the spatial variation of both the supplies and their environmental and economic consequences; and 3) the inherent challenges of optimizing across economic and environmental considerations. Over the last two decades, US biomass forecasts have become increasingly complex and sensitive to environmental and economic considerations; however, more model development and research is needed. In particular, the landscape and regional tradeoffs of differing biofeedstock supplies need to be addressed, especially with regard to water quality concerns and wildlife/biodiversity. Feedstock assessments need to be done in the context of the direction of land‐use change induced by biofeedstock production; they need to take into consideration both the starting environmental and economic conditions before the land was used to supply biofeedstocks and the probable future conditions that would result in the absence of biofeedstock production. To evaluate sustainability, process‐oriented models need to be coupled or used to inform sector models and more work needs to be done on developing environmental metrics that are useful for evaluating economic and environmental tradeoffs. These challenges are exciting and worthwhile as they will enable the bioenergy industry to capture the environmental and social benefits of biofeedstock production and reduce risks. Published in 2007 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting changes in the epidemiology of anencephaly and spina bifida following folic acid fortification of the U.S. grain supply in the setting of long‐term trends, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968–2003
Authors: Besser Lilah M. , Williams Laura J. , Cragan Janet D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:The prevalence of anencephaly (AN) and spina bifida (SB) was declining long before fortification of enriched grains in the U.S. with folic acid. We examined whether changes in these defects surrounding fortification could be distinguished from preexisting trends.METHODS:We used data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program to identify three ascertainment periods: Period 1 (1968–1981), prenatal diagnoses rarely made; Period 2 (1981–1993), prenatal diagnoses made but not ascertained; Period 3 (1994–2003), prenatal diagnoses ascertained. We compared the annual percent change (APC) in AN and SB for each period using Poisson regression, then compared prevalences during each period for categories of pregnancy outcome, sex, race, gravidity, and maternal age.RESULTS:The prevalence of AN (N = 434) and SB (N = 663) declined during 1968–2003. The APCs in Periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were −6.9%, −2.9%, and −6.8% for AN, and −7.1%, −7.0%, and −6.2% for SB; 95% confidence intervals around the APCs for Periods 2 and 3 overlapped for both defects. Prevalence ratios (PRs) for females relative to males decreased for AN (2.3 in Period 1; 1.2 in Period 3); PRs for whites relative to blacks or African Americans decreased for both AN (2.7 in Period 1; 1.2 in Period 3) and SB (2.5 in Period 1; 1.1 in Period 3).CONCLUSIONS:Our analysis suggests that changes in AN and SB surrounding folic acid fortification (Period 3) could be part of preexisting trends. This must be considered when evaluating prevention efforts. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 79:730–736, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibiotic effects on SO uptake in human erythrocytes
Authors: Casella S. , Pace M. , Romano P. , Romano L. , Romano O. , Geraci A. , Crupi M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe erythrocyte is a cell highly exposed to oxygen pressure that, in turn, provokes oxidative stress involving loss of SH‐groups, cell shrinkage by activation of K+–Cl− cotransport (KCC) and membrane destabilization which plays an important role in the premature haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs). Oxidative stress provoked by chemicals frequently occurs in human erythrocytes. The aim of this study was to test whether the antibiotics alter the redox state and investigate their influences on band 3 protein that is involved in the facilitated electro neutral exchange of Cl− for HCO across the membrane of mammalian erythrocytes. Normal erythrocytes were treated with some antibiotics and thiol oxidizing agent N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) and tested for sulphate uptake, K+ efflux and for glutathione (GSH) concentration as an index of oxidative stress. The rate constant of SO uptake measured in erythrocytes treated with antibiotics as well as NEM was decreased with respect to control cells as a result of band 3 SH‐groups oxidation or the stress‐induced K+‐Cl− symport‐mediated cell shrinkage. In fact, this hypothesis was verified by increased K+ efflux and decreased GSH values measured in treated erythrocytes compared to controls. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Conformation and Biological Evaluation of the Enantiomers of 3‐Fluoro‐γ‐Aminobutyric Acid ((R)‐ and (S)‐3F‐GABA): An Analogue of the Neurotransmitter GABA
Authors: Deniau Gildas , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Lebl Tomas , Chorki Fatima , Issberner Jon P. , van Mourik Tanja , Heygate Judith M. , Lambert Jeremy J. , Etherington Lori‐An , Sillar Keith T. , O'Hagan David 
Published: November 2007

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid or GABA (1) is one of the major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters of the central nervous system. This article describes the first synthesis of both the (R)‐ and (S)‐ enantiomers of 3‐fluoro‐GABA (2, 3F‐GABA). DFT calculations were carried out in a continuum solvent model (PCM–B3LYP) to estimate the preferred conformations of 3F‐GABA in aqueous solution. NMR coupling constants were calculated for each conformer and were then used to simulate the NMR spectra to evaluate the solution conformation of 3F‐GABA. A preliminary evaluation of the 3F‐GABA enantiomers shows that they act similarly as agonists of cloned GABAA receptors; however, they behave quite differently in a whole animal (Xenopus laevis tadpole model).
Einfluss der Salzkonzentration auf das rheologische Verhalten wässriger anorganischer Suspensionen bei der Filtration
Authors: Hieke M. , Nirschl H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEine Flockung der Suspension durch unterschiedliche Salzkonzentrationen wirkt sich auch auf die sich bildenden Haufwerke aus. Zur Charakterisierung der Haufwerke dienten Feststoffgehalt, Durchströmungswiderstand und die Fließorte. Die Fließorte sind für die Filtration insofern wichtig, als dass sie eine Aussage über die Transporteigenschaften ermöglichen. Der zunächst erstaunliche Verlauf der Fließorte konnte durch eine Abschätzung der Partikelwechselwirkungen qualitativ eingeordnet werden.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen der kontinuierlichen kuchenbildenden Vakuum‐ und Druckfiltration
Authors: Peuker U. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDie kontinuierliche kuchenbildende Vakuumfiltration hat durch eine stetige Weiterentwicklung der Prozess‐ und Apparatetechnik ihre Anwendungsgebiete kontinuierlich ausgeweitet. Es stehen nun Trommel‐ und Scheibenfilter zur Verfügung, die alle Merkmale einer hochwertigen chemischen und pharmazeutischen Produktion aufweisen. Ferner ermöglichen es die kontinuierliche Druck‐ und Dampf‐Druckfiltration, die Prozessführung bei der Entfeuchtung, Waschung, Reinigung und dem Lösungsmittelentzug neu und effektiver zu gestalten, was hinsichtlich der Prozessintensivierung für die Aufarbeitung von feinst‐dispersen Feststoffsystemen ein zusätzliches Werkzeug ist.
Prozessstrategien zur optimalen Reinigungsfähigkeit am Beispiel des Titus‐Zentrifugentrockners TZT 400
Authors: Stahl S. , Ruland J. , Nirschl H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHäufige Produktwechsel und immer kürzere Produktionszyklen stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Reinigungsfähigkeit von verfahrenstechnischen Maschinen und Apparaten. Vor allem in der Pharma‐ bzw. der Lebensmittelindustrie ist die Vermeidung von Kreuzkontamination von besonderer Bedeutung. Einige Apparate verbinden zwei Grundoperationen (Unit‐Operations) in einem Verfahrensraum, wodurch sich sowohl die Handhabung als auch der Gesamtreinigungsaufwand reduziert. Der Titus‐Zentrifugentrockner verbindet die mechanische Entfeuchtung mit einer nachgeschalteten thermischen Trocknung. Der letzte Verfahrensschritt beinhaltet eine „Cleaning in Place”︁ (CIP)‐Prozedur, die von allen vorangegangenen Verfahrensschritten maßgeblich beeinflusst wird. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Bestimmung der optimalen Verfahrensparameter, die einerseits die sichere Verarbeitung von schwierigen Produkten ermöglicht und zum anderen die Grundlage für eine effiziente Reinigung liefert. Da eine validierte Reinigungsprozedur in pharmazeutischen Anwendungen, beispielsweise bei toxischen oder hochaktiven Produkten, einen wesentlichen Teil der Gesamtprozesszeit einnimmt, müssen alle Verfahrensschritte direkt aufeinander abgestimmt sein.
Textile Filtermedien für den Einsatz in Membranbelebungsanlagen
Authors: Iversen V. , Drews A. , Schmidt T. , Lesjean B. , Fatarella E. , Kraume M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAufgrund ihrer einfachen und preiswerten Herstellung können Filtertextilien möglicherweise eine ökonomische Alternative zu polymeren Mikro‐ oder Ultrafiltrationsmembranen darstellen. 22 textile Filterstoffe wurden auf ihre Eignung für den Einsatz in Membranbelebungsreaktoren (MBRs) untersucht. Zur Bewertung diente der Filtrationswiderstand und verschiedene Parameter des Permeats. Die textilen Filtermaterialien zeigten trotz einer höheren Wasserpermeabilität meist ein schnelles Verblocken der Poren und eine schlechtere Permeatqualität im Vergleich zur Membran.
Teller‐Separatoren: Konstruktionsprinzip, Funktionsweise und Leistungsvermögen – Ein aktueller Überblick
Authors: Ullmann D. , Quiter K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractZu den Basismaschinen der zentrifugalen Trenntechnik gehören die Sedimentationszentrifugen, wie z. B. der Teller‐Separator. Ständige Verbesserungen haben dazu geführt, dass die Trennschärfe von Teller‐Separatoren heute im Grenzbereich zu kolloidalen Substanzen liegt. Auch andere wichtige Parameter wie Durchsatzleistung, Betriebskosten oder Servicefreundlichkeit konnten den Bedürfnissen der modernen Produktionsprozesse angepasst werden, für die Separatoren allein schon durch ihre kontinuierliche Arbeitsweise optimal geeignet sind. Das führt dazu, dass die zentrifugale Trenntechnik immer stärker in traditionelle Märkte anderer Verfahren vordringt. Die mehr als 2000 Anwendungsgebiete und die komplexen verfahrenstechnischen Parameter zur Maschinenauslegung setzten allerdings ein umfangreiches Wissen und eine langjährige Erfahrung des Zentrifugenherstellers voraus, um dieses große Potenzial aus Sicht des Anwenders optimal nutzen zu können.
Fragmental Modeling of Human Glutamate Transporter EAAT1 and Analysis of its Binding Modes by Docking and Pharmacophore Mapping
Authors: Pedretti Alessandro , De Luca Laura , Sciarrillo Cristina , Vistoli Giulio 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe objective of the study was to generate a reliable model of the homotrimeric structure for the human glutamate transporter EAAT1, based on experimental folding of transporter homologue from Pyrococcus horikoshii. The monomer structure was derived using a fragmental approach and the homotrimer was assembled using protein–protein docking. The interaction capacities of the EAAT1 model were explored by docking a set of 32 known ligands including both substrates and blockers. Docking results unveiled that the substrates′ bioactivity is strongly influenced by a precise fitting between the ligand and the EAAT1 binding site, wheras the blockers′ activity depends on a set of apolar contacts that ligands can realize in an adjacent hydrophobic subpocket. The docking results were further verified by generating two pharmacophore models (the first for substrates and the latter for blockers) which revealed the features necessary for high EAAT1 activity. The consistency of docking results and the agreement with pharmacophore models afford an encouraging validation for the EAAT1 model and emphasize the soundness of the fragmental approach to model any transmembrane protein.