bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of a Biodegradable Membrane for Use in Urological Surgery A summary of 109 in vivo Experiments
Authors: SCOTT R. , MOHAMMED R. , GORHAM S. D. , FRENCH D. A. , MONSOUR M. J. , SHIVAS A. , HYLAND T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The evolution of a collagen/vicryl composite membrane designed as a prosthetic material for use in urinary tract surgery is described. The early experiments in which collagen film alone was used to repair experimental ureterotomies are reviewed together with our first experiments with the collagen/vicryl prosthesis in the repair of partial nephrectomies and of full thickness defects created in the urinary bladder of experimental rabbits.These early results led to the preparation of a composite using a more highly purified collagen and employing a method of sterilisation (gamma irradiation) which would be acceptable for regular use in medical products. The results of a further series of partial nephrectomy and full thickness bladder repairs show that irradiation does not compromise the efficacy of the collagen/vicryl composite in vivo.
The Relevance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Acute Epididymitis in Young Men
Authors: PEARSON R. C. , BAUMBER C. D. , McGHIE D. , THAMBAR I. V. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Young men presenting to a General Surgical Unit with acute epididymitis underwent microbiological investigation, including culture for Chlamydia trachomatis. The results were compared with similar investigations in an asymptomatic control population and with patients presenting to the Department of Genito‐urinary Medicine with urethral discharge. Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from 15% of patients with acute epididymitis and a further 15% had serological evidence of exposure to Chlamydia. Nearly 50% of patients attending the Genito‐urinary clinic grew Chlamydia from the urethra. The background prevalence of Chlamydia in the control population was low.It is necessary to identify the significant minority of young men with acute epididymitis associated with chlamydial infection, because of the risk of pelvic inflammation and infertility in their female partners. At present this can only be achieved by submitting all young men with acute epididymitis to full microbiological investigation.
Diagnostic Efficacy of the Combination of Urine Cytology, Urine Analysis and History in the Follow‐up of Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: MEULEMAN E. J. H. , DELAERE K. P. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In the follow‐up of low stage, low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, cystoscopy is used as a diagnostic standard. Because of the lack of well defined prognostic parameters, cystoscopic follow‐up is based upon empirical grounds.In this study, 82 patients with a primary superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were studied with respect to the time interval before recurrence. The mean number of cystoscopies leading to detection of recurrence (i.e. the ratio of positive to negative cystoscopy) was reviewed. Eighteen cystoscopies had to be done to detect each recurrence. Because of this excessive number of cystoscopies, the diagnostic value of the combination of red cell count in urine, cytology and history of micturition symptoms and haematuria was assessed in a retrospective study of 86 recurrences of bladder carcinoma. The results indicated that the combination of these non‐invasive diagnostic tests may constitute a sensitive procedure for the follow‐up of bladder tumours. In the case of T1G3 and muscle‐invasive recurrences (> T1), the sensitivity rate was 100%.
Effect of Stilboestrol and Testosterone on the Incorporation of 75Selenomethionine by Prostatic Carcinoma Cells
Authors: FERRO M. A. , HEINEMANN D. , SMITH P. J. B. , SYMES M. O. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Controversy still exists as to whether oestrogens exert a direct effect on the prostatic cell. Incorporation of 75Selenomethionine (SeM) was used as a measure of protein synthesis by prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro to investigate the action of hormones on prostatic carcinoma cells in tissue culture.Stilboestrol (DES) and stilboestrol diphosphate (Honvan) inhibited protein synthesis in a proportion of patients, while testosterone was stimulatory. A similar effect was noted in cells from patients with benign hyperplasia (BPH).This work confirms that oestrogens have a direct inhibitory effect on prostatic cells at high concentrations which can be attained in patients given intravenous stilboestrol diphosphate.
The Use of Noxythiolin (Noxyflex ‘S’) as an Antiseptic Irrigant in Upper Urinary Tract Drainage Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Authors: BUCK A. C. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Percutaneous nephrostomy drainage for the relief of obstruction or stone removal has become a common procedure. Despite the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics, nephrostomy urine frequently becomes infected (˜ 30% of cases). Noxythiolin irrigation has been used to prevent and treat bladder infections. A double‐blind, placebo controlled study was carried out in 20 patients undergoing a single‐stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy to evaluate the use of noxythiolin as an upper urinary tract antiseptic.In the patients whose nephrostomy tubes were irrigated with a 2.5% solution of noxythiolin, significant bacterial infection was eliminated from the nephrostomy urine and colonisation of the catheter tip was markedly reduced. Noxythiolin also rendered pre‐operative infected bladder urine sterile. There were no untoward local or systemic sequelae in either group of patients. This study indicates that irrigation of the upper urinary tract with noxythiolin solution is safe and may be a useful adjunct to reduce the risk of sepsis in patients undergoing percutaneous drainage procedures.
Differing Interpretations by Pathologists of the pT Category and Grade of Transitional Cell Cancer of the Bladder
Authors: ABEL P. D. , HENDERSON D. , BENNETT M. K. , HALL R. R. , WILLIAMS GORDON 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The UICC pT category for transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder was recorded as assigned from the routine service of a pathology laboratory. All reports had been passed for release after review by pathologists of the status of senior registrar or above. After 99 cases had been collected, the slides available to the original pathologist were reviewed by one dedicated pathologist in continuous session who was ignorant of the original report. No new sections were cut. There was disagreement with the original report of pT category in 14 cases: 13 were downstaged (including 6 from invasive to superficial) and 1 upstaged. There was disagreement with the original differentiation grade in 13 cases: 10 TCC were considered to be more differentiated and 3 less differentiated than the original report.A second pathologist reviewed the pT category only of 13 of the 14 cases, disagreeing with the original pT category on 8 occasions and with the pT category assigned by the dedicated pathologist on 7 occasions.These findings have important implications for advising patients on prognosis and clinical management and in the design and reporting of therapeutic trials.
Evaluation of Extravesical and Leadbetter‐Politano Ureteroneocystostomy in Renal Transplantation
Authors: SHAH S. , NATH V. , GOPALKRISHNAN G. , PANDEY A. P. , SHASTRI J. C. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a series of 650 renal transplantations performed over a 4‐year period, the results were evaluated of 125 Leadbetter‐Politano and 125 extravesical ureteroneocystostomies. The Leadbetter‐Politano technique had a complication rate of 4%, with 3.2% of these patients having a vesical leak. Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy also had a 4% complication rate but only 1.6% of these patients had a vesical leak.Although there was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to complications, we feel that extravesical ureteroneocystostomy is a quick and simple procedure and well suited to the special challenge presented by renal transplant recipients.
The Value of Cystourethroscopy in the Investigation of Microscopic Haematuria in Adult Males under 40 years A Prospective Study of 100 Patients
Authors: JONES D. J. , LANGSTAFF R. J. , HOLT S. D. , MORGANS B. T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Microscopic haematuria is a common finding in young men. Controversy exists as to its significance and how it is best investigated. A prospective study of 100 young men under the age of 40 with microscopic haematuria has been performed. A positive diagnosis was made in 32 patients. Cystourethroscopy was of diagnostic value in only 3 patients and of therapeutic value in a further 3.It was concluded that cystourethroscopy is of minimal diagnostic value in young men with microscopic haematuria. Its routine use is unnecessary and should be reserved for those patients in whom investigation suggests that a treatable cause may be found in the lower urinary tract.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Leakage: a Curable Cause of Impotence
Authors: WILLIAMS GORDON , MULCAHY M. J. , HARTNELL G. , KIELY E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixteen of 149 patients complaining of impotence of a non‐neurogenic or endocrine aetiology and with a penile brachial index of > 0.7 failed to achieve an erection following intracavernosal injection of 30 mg papaverine and 1 mg phentolamine. All 16 were shown to have a significant venous leak using digital subtraction cavernosography. Nine of the 13 so far operated upon have had a full return of potency. Repeat cavernosography in three failures showed persistent leakage into crural veins in two and non‐ligated superficial veins in one.Impotent men with a normal penile brachial index who fail to respond to papaverine and phentolamine have a venous leak, a curable cause of impotence. Surgical access should allow ligation of all identified leaking veins.
Autonomic Control and Vascular Changes during Penile Erection in Monkeys
Authors: CREED K. E. , CARATI C. J. , KEOGH E. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The mean pressure in the unstimulated corpus cavernosum of monkeys was 12.1 mm Hg. Pelvic nerve stimulation at 8 to 10 Hz produced penile extension and the mean pressure increased to 64.3 mm Hg (47–84% of carotid artery pressure) after a latency of 10 s. On stopping stimulation, recovery to resting levels occurred within 2 min. The response was not blocked by atropine or propranolol. Blood flow through two 19 gauge needles inserted into the corpus cavernosum increased in parallel with the pressure changes, indicating that arterial inflow increased.Stimulation of either hypogastric nerves or the sympathetic chain produced penile retraction but increased corpus cavernosal pressure. The response to pelvic nerve stimulation was partially blocked. It was concluded that both of these nerves contract penile erectile tissue within the corpus cavernosum and constrict arterial inflow.
Transurethral Prostatotomy versus Transurethral Prostatectomy in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy A Prospective Randomised Study
Authors: NIELSEN H. O. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transurethral prostatotomy (TUT) in 24 patients was compared with transurethral prostatectomy (TUR) in 25 patients in a prospective randomised trial. All patients were aged 60 years or more and presented with symptomatic benign hypertrophy. One half of the patients had acute retention.Shorter operative time and less post‐operative bleeding were found in the TUT group, which included 3 failures. No difference was found in post‐operative duration of catheterisation or duration of hospitalisation.No significant differences were seen after 1 year's follow‐up in the number of patients with positive urinary culture or urinary flow rate. One patient in the TUT group had a recurrence of symptoms, thus giving a total of 4 failures and a success rate of 82%. One patient became incontinent after TU R and 4 developed a stricture. The success rate after TU R was 78%.It was concluded that TUT and TU R produce similar functional results in cases where the gland is not too large.
Referral Pattern of Urological Malignancy in Indonesia
Authors: SUGANDI S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In the 10 years between 1976 and 1985, 202, 111 patients were admitted to Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Of these, 211 (0.1%) had a urological malignancy. Bladder tumours were commonest and constituted 39%. Testicular tumours accounted for 24%, renal tumours 18%, prostatic carcinoma 13% and penile tumours 6%.Bladder tumours were predominantly transitional cell carcinoma; only 2 patients presented with squamous cell tumours associated with bladder stones. In 50 cases of testicular tumour, 72% were seminomas and 22% were embryonal cell carcinomas. Wilms' tumours accounted for 21 of 39 cases of renal malignancy; the other 18 were renal carcinomas.No urogenital malignant disease was sufficiently common to be included in either the top 10 malignancy list or the male top 10 malignant diseases in Indonesia.
Three Years' Experience with an Ileal Low Pressure Bladder Substitute
Authors: STUDER U. E. , ACKERMANN D. , CASANOVA G. A. , ZINGG E. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— At the beginning of this century it was realised that peristalsis would cause incontinence if bowel was used for augmentation or substitution of the bladder. Trans‐section of the antimesenteric border and cross‐folding of the intestinal segments (Goodwin's cup‐patch technique) is an efficient means of solving this problem and has been successfully used in the Kock pouch.We anastomosed the ileal low pressure reservoir to the membranous urethra in 22 male patients following radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. The mean observation time was 16 months (range 3–36). The capacity of the bladder substitute increased with time, the average being 450 ml after 6 months. In the first 4 patients with a short (2–5 cm) intestinal segment between the pouch and the urethra, micturition was prolonged, residual urine varied from 50 to 300 ml and bacteriuria was found. Occasional expulsions of several ml of urine were caused by peristalsis within this short tubular segment. In the following 18 patients, the low pressure reservoir was anastomosed directly to the membranous urethra. Micturition was good, with no notable residual urine, no bacteriuria and no paroxysmal urinary incontinence. However, a safety pad is used by half of the patients because once or twice a week, mainly at night, a few ml of urine may be lost. No significant changes in serum electrolytes, bicarbonate or creatinine were noted. With the three different antireflux techniques used, no obstructive or inflammatory changes in the upper urinary tracts were found, although no long‐term antibiotic prophylaxis was given.
Oestrogen in the Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: LANGEVELD J. W. , LYCKLAMA A. A. B. , NIJEHOLT A. , JONAS U. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The treatment of prostatic carcinoma with diethylstilboestrol (DES) and ethinyloestradiol (Lynoral) has become less popular since the introduction of new forms of treatment such as antiandrogens, estramustine phosphate and LHRH analogues. One of the reasons for this decline in popularity is the risk of cardiovascular side effects during treatment with oestrogens.In the literature, different dosages of DES and ethinyloestradiol are recommended and different rates of cardiovascular side effects are reported. In a prospective study, 18 patients were treated with ethinyloestradiol 0.05 mg/day. In most cases this lowered the plasma testosterone permanently below castrate level during therapy. Also, because the acid phosphatase returned to normal in almost all patients, this treatment seemed adequate. In 4 patients the treatment was stopped because of side effects, in 3 of these because of cardiovascular complications. The cardiovascular side effect at this dose are considerable (29%) but comparable rates are reported in some studies following placebo treatment of patients with prostatic carcinoma.
Radionuclide Imaging of Ureteric Peristalsis
Authors: LEWIS C. A. , COPTCOAT M. J. , CARTER S. ST. C. , HILSON A. J. W. , WICKHAM J. E. A. , SHAH P. J. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Dynamic renal scintigraphy is a successful and minimally invasive technique for evaluating renal function. An extension to the basic technique involving fast‐frame acquisition and a modified analysis is described which enables ureteric function to be examined.Ureteric peristalsis was assessed in 32 patients using this technique. The results from 5 representative studies are described in detail. Normally functioning ureters exhibit peristaltic contractions at a frequency of up to 3/min. Hyperperistalsis that exceeds 4 contractions/min is associated with obstruction. Peristaltic behaviour in 9 patients examined before and after ESWL was not altered.
The Accuracy of Measurement of Residual Urine in Women by Urethral Catheterisation
Authors: HAYLEN B. T. , FRAZER M. I. , SUTHERST J. R. , ASHBY DEBORAH 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two potential sources of error in the measurement of residual urine volumes in women were quantified. These were (i) whether a diuresis is operating at the time of measurement, and (ii) the time between voiding and residual urine volume collection.A regime is suggested for the accurate measurement of residual urine in women by urethral catheterisation.
Vaginal Endosonography in the Post‐operative Assessment of Colposuspension
Authors: QUINN M. J. , BEYNON J. , MORTENSEN N. N. McC. , SMITH P. J. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Vaginal endosonography has been used to investigate the post‐operative results of colposuspension. The anatomical relationships of the bladder neck, proximal urethra and symphysis pubis can be demonstrated with this technique. A successful symptomatic and anatomical result was observed in 29/40 women; 11/40 had persistent or recurrent symptoms at varying intervals after the operation. Four different anatomical configurations were associated with these symptoms, which included “early” and “late” recurrent stress incontinence, persistent incontinence, voiding difficulties and the frequency‐urgency syndrome.Persistent or recurrent urinary symptoms were associated with a variety of anatomical configurations after colposuspension. Vaginal endosonography is a simple and convenient method to investigate the early and late post‐operative results of operations for urinary stress incontinence.
Effect of Animal and Vegetable Protein Intake on Oxalate Excretion in Idiopathic Calcium Stone Disease
Authors: MARANGELLA M. , BIANCO O. , MARTINI C. , PETRARULO M. , VITALE C. , LINARI F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Oxalate excretion was measured in healthy subjects and idiopathic calcium stone‐formers on dietary regimens which differed in the type and amount of protein allowed; 24‐h urine collections were obtained from 41 practising vegetarians and 40 normal persons on a free, mixed, “mediterranean” diet. Twenty idiopathic calcium stone‐formers were also studied while on two low calcium, low oxalate diets which differed in that animal protein was high in one and restricted in the other.Vegetarians had higher urinary oxalate levels than controls and although the calcium levels were markedly lower, urinary saturation with calcium/oxalate was significantly higher. This mild hypercalciuria was interpreted as being secondary to both a higher intake and increased fractional intestinal absorption of oxalate.Changing calcium stone‐formers from a high to a low animal protein intake produced a significant decrease in calcium excretion but there was no variation in urinary oxalate. As a result, the decrease in calcium oxalate saturation was only marginal and not significant.It was concluded that dietary animal protein has a minimal effect on oxalate excretion. Mild hyperoxaluria of idiopathic calcium stone disease is likely to be intestinal in origin. Calcium stone‐formers should be advised to avoid an excess of animal protein but the risks of a vegetable‐rich diet should also be borne in mind.
Gynaecomastia and Occult Leydig Cell Tumour of the Testis
Authors: MELLOR S. G. , McCUTCHAN J. D. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two patients with Leydig cell tumours of the testis are described. Both presented with gynaecomastia, but on initial examination had apparently normal testes. The causative tumour did not become obvious for some months, despite being carefully sought. Review of the literature suggests that gynaecomastia preceding a readily palpable tumour is a recognised problem.The detection and management of Leydig cell tumours of the testis are discussed.
Screening Renal Stone Formers for Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Authors: OSTHER P. J. , HANSEN A. B. , RØHL H. F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A group of 110 consecutive renal stone formers were screened for distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) using morning fasting urinary pH (mfUpH) levels followed by a short ammonium chloride loading test in patients with levels above 6.0. In 14 patients (12.7%) a renal acidification defect was noted; 13 had incomplete and 1 had complete distal RTA. Distal RTA was found particularly in recurrent stone formers (17%), and especially in those with bilateral stone disease, where a distal renal tubular acidification defect was found in 50%.We have been unable to differentiate primary from secondary RTA in renal stone formers. Regardless of whether the acidification defect is primary or secondary to stone formation, however, all renal stone formers with distal RTA can expect to benefit from prophylactic alkaline therapy and it is recommended that the screening procedure, which is easy to use in daily clinical practice, is applied to all stone formers and not restricted to patients with recurrent stone disease.
Nephrectomy in Renal Carcinoma with Distant Metastasis
Authors: ONISHI T. , MACHIDA T. , MASUDA F. , KURAUCHI H. , MORI Y. , SUZUKI M. , IIZUKA N. , KONDO I. , FURUTA N. , SHIRAKAWA H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A total of 96 cases of renal carcinoma with distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis was studied. The patients were classified into 4 groups: Group O (16) in whom nephrectomy was not performed, Group A (51) who died due to carcinoma within 1 year of nephrectomy, Group B (25) who died due to carcinoma 1 to 3 years after nephrectomy, and Group C (4) who survived for 3 years or more after nephrectomy.Six clinical measurements were evaluated: haemoglobin, ESR, α2 globulin, temperature, weight and C reactive protein. In addition, performance status, the number of organs with metastases, number of metastatic lesions and tumour growth rate were measured.The results showed that in patients surviving for 1 year or more after nephrectomy, there was an abnormality in the results of 3 or less of the 6 clinical measurements, performance was 0 or 1, and the carcinoma had metastasised to only one organ. In addition, it was found that the growth of metastatic lesions in patients who survived for 3 years or more was much slower than in the other patients. Nephrectomy was found to be effective in only 27% of our cases and we consider that careful deliberation should be made pre‐operatively as to whether nephrectomy is really necessary in patients with metastasis. The decision should be made on the basis of the results obtained in the 6 clinical measurements given above.