bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The theory of planned behaviour and exercise: An investigation into the role of prior behaviour, behavioural intentions and attitude variability
Authors: Norman Paul , Smith Lawrence 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports a prospective study which applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of exercise behaviour over a six‐month period. The study addressed a number of issues which have been identified in the literature on the TPB; these being the role of prior behaviour in the TPB, the distinction between desires and self‐predictions, and the question of attitude variability. The findings showed prior behaviour to be the strongest predictor of exercise behaviour at six months. Contrary to expectations, the self‐prediction measure was not found to be a better predictor of behaviour than the desire measure. Attitude variability was found to be related to perceptions of control. However, attitude variability was not found to moderate relationships between components of the TPB. The implications of the results for the development of the TPB are discussed.
Testing alternative explanations for mortality salience effects: Terror management, value accessibility, or worrisome thoughts?
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Simon Linda , Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Solomon Sheldon , Pyszczynski Tom , Lyon Deborah 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious research has shown that reminding subjects of their mortality encourages negative reactions to others whose behaviour or attitudes deviate from the cultural worldview (e.g. Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Solomon, Rosenblatt, Veeder, Kirkland and Lyon 1990; Greenberg, Simon, Pyszczynski, Solomon and Chatel 1992; Rosenblatt, Greenberg, Solomon, Pyszczynski and Lyon 1989). According to terror management theory, these findings result from a heightened need for faith in the cultural worldview that is activated by reminders of one's mortality. Study I assessed the plausibility of an alternative explanation which posits that mortality salience simply primes individuals' values. Whereas mortality salience led to harsher bond recommendations for a prostitute, a procedure that directly focused subjects on their values did not. Studies 2 and 3 assessed the possibility that reminding subjects of any worrisome future concern would produce the same effect as a reminder of mortality. In both studies, mortality salience led to negative reactions to a deviant and had no effect on self‐reported affect, whereas other worrisome thoughts had no effect on reactions to a deviant but did create negative affect. Thus, consistent with terror management theory, mortality salience effects seem to result exclusively from thoughts of death.
Relating covariation information to causal dimensions through principles of contrast and invariance
Authors: van Overwalle Frank J. , Heylighen Francis P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the proposition that covariation information guides judgments about the dimensionality of attributions on the basis of causal principles of contrast and invariance, which are derived from Mill's methods of difference and agreement respectively. It is argued that the standard attribution categories specified in earlier research (e.g. person, occasion and stimulus) represent just one extreme of the attributional dimensions and require the principle of contrast, whereas additional attributional categories reflecting the opposite extreme of the dimensions (e.g. external, stable, general) require the principle of invariance. In three studies, subjects were given covariation information, and were asked to rate the properties of the likely cause along the dimensions of locus, stability, globality and control. In line with the predictions, consensus with others, consistency in time, distinctiveness between stimuli and contingency of one's actions showed the strongest effects on judgments of locus, stability, globality and control respectively. Similar results were obtained in a fourth study, where subjects had to judge the influence of eight causes with varying dimensional properties. Moreover, these judgments were rated somewhat higher given causes requiring the principle of invariance rather than the principle of contrast.
Conflict between incompetences and influence of a low‐expertise source in hypothesis testing
Authors: Butera Fabrizio , Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a 2–4–4–like reasoning task, 69 subjects tested hypotheses following exposure to a low‐expertise source proposing an alternative hypothesis. Subjects compared self‐ and source's competence either independently or interdependently. Results show that interdependence leads subjects to assert self‐validity and the source's invalidity, and to test hypotheses through confirmation. Independence produces a conflict between incompetences, i.e. doubt concerning self‐ and source's validity, leading to disconfirmatory testing.
The perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity: On the confounding of group size, level of abstractness and frame of reference. A reply to Bartsch and Judd
Authors: Simon Bernd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this reply, I criticize Bartsch and Judd's (1993) article on several grounds. First, they under‐utilize the efforts undertaken in prior work to rule out the possibility of an inverse relation between group size and perceived group homogeneity as an alternative explanation of the observed ingroup homogeneity effect. Secondly, Bartsch and Judd's design doubles and thus aggravates the confounding problem. By trying to avoid the target group size confound, they end up with two other confounds involving level of abstractness and frame of reference. Finally, I criticize Bartsch and Judd's methodological advice to avoid within‐subjects comparisons of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity in minority–majority contexts. Quite on the contrary, I highlight the socialpsychological significance of these comparisons.
Images of politics: A multidimensional analysis of implicit representations of political parties in a newly emerging democracy
Authors: Forgas Joseph P. , Laszlo Janos , Siklaki Istvan , Moylan Stephanie J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhat sorts of features define people's implicit cognitive representations about the political domain in a newly emerging democracy, with no previous experience of multi‐party politics? This study used a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach to investigate the dimensional structure of, and individual differences in, cognitive representations of the party political space before the recent first free elections were held in Hungary. It was found that three cognitive dimensions explained subjects' intuitive view of political parties, evaluation, conservatism, and an urban–rural dimension. Significant individual differences in the use of these dimensions linked to gender, education, and city versus country background were also found. The relationship between implicit cognitive representations about parties and political attitudes and behaviour are discussed, and the implications of the findings for our understanding recent political developments in Eastern Europe are considered.
Perceived consensus of one's social value orientation in different populations in public and private circumstances
Authors: Iedema Jurjen , Poppe Matthijs 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present research examined the influence of subjects' own social value orientation, private or public circumstances, and whether the target population was specific or general on the frequency that subjects expected their own orientation among other people. In this way, the generality of the triangle hypothesis was evaluated by varying subjects‘ identifiability and the target populations’ specificity. In accordance with the triangle hypothesis, pro‐self people expected their orientation more frequently than pro‐social people. As predicted by the three‐tiered theory of opinion formation, subjects expected their orientation more often in public than in private circumstances. Furthermore, the triangle hypothesis was supported for the general population, but not for the specific population. In addition, support was found for the false consensus hypothesis, as subjects of each social orientation expected the occurrence of their orientation more frequently than others did. The results make new interpretations possible of previous research into the triangle hypothesis.
Contextual changes in the prototypicality of extreme and moderate outgroup members
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Oakes Penelope J. , McGarty Craig , Turner John C. , Onorato Rina S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious social categorization research has tended to treat prototypicality (the degree to which a stimulus is representative of a category) as a fixed stimulus property. In contrast, self‐categorization theory sees prototypicality as an aspect of the categorization process that is dependent on features of the social context within which categorization takes place. To test this view two experiments (Ns = 256, 73) examined the perceived representativeness of extreme and moderate members of the same target outgroup in conditions which manipulated the salience of intergroup division. As predicted, the extremist was seen to be relatively more representative of the outgroup than the moderate to the extent that intergroup differences were salient. In Experiment 1 the extremist's message was also seen to be less important in low salience conditions and in Experiment 2 shifts in prototypicality were associated with changes in the evaluation of individual targets. Implications for the analysis of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed.
Intention‐behaviour consistency: Effects of consideration set size, involvement and need for cognition
Authors: Pieters Rik G. M. , Verplanken Bas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study focuses on the strength of the relationship between behavioural intentions and actual behaviour in a multi‐alternative choice context. Two separate moderating processes of intention‐behaviour consistency were hypothesized, i.e. the amount of reasoning during intention formation, and the degree of confidence in the intention. Involvement (as an issue‐specific factor), and need for cognition (as an individual difference factor) were investigated as antecedents of amount of reasoning. confidence in the intention was predicted from the size of the consideration set (i.e. the number of alternatives that one considers for choice), and involvement. The study comprised a longitudinal two‐wave survey conducted before and after national elections in The Netherlands, in which pre‐election voting intentions were compared with actual voting behaviour. A high degree of intention‐behaviour consistency was found, which was significantly related to both amount of reasoning and confidence. The expected relations were found. The results extend current process models of attitude–behaviour relations. Furthermore, the results indicate that processes related to the consideration set size and content account for variance in intention‐behaviour consistency in choice contexts that cannot be accounted for by traditional attitude‐behaviour perspectives.
Surviving a failure: Efficacy and a laboratory based test of the hopelessness model of depression
Authors: Houston Diane M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAbramson, Metalsky and Alloy's (1989) revision of the reformulated model of helplessness and depression to hopelessness theory introduced the possibility of additional diatheses for depression. The present paper describes a laboratory‐based test of the hopelessness model which provides an opportunity to explore the role of efficacy in relation to the new model and to extend its application to anxiety. Undergraduate students were asked to complete a general ability test and received false feedback which led them to believe that they had performed less well than they had anticipated. Attributional style was found to be predictive of increase in anxiety following failure feedback. The interaction between attributional style and eficacy was found to predict depression. Among subjects who were low in efficacy attributional style was significantly related to depression. While the study provided partial support for hopelessness theory it indicates a role for the assessment of efficacy as a moderator variable within the model.
Mere ownership: Affective self‐bias or evaluative conditioning?
Authors: Feys Jos 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExperimental evidence is presented supporting Nuttin's (1985, 1987) conclusion that the name letter effect (i.e. a preference for letters occurring in the own name above not‐own name letters) is an affective consequence of mere ownership. We argue that ‘evaluative conditioning’ (e.g. Martin & Levey, 1987) was not fully eradicated by Hoorens (1990) as an alternative explanation for the name letter effect. In the present experiment, we tried to separate evaluative conditioning from ownership induction. An essential requirement for ‘mere’ ownership postulated by Nuttin (1987) is that the preferences for owned versus noi‐owned objects are measured or obtained in absence of subjects' awareness of their belongingness to self. This criterion was perhaps not fully satisfied. However, our results are more in agreement with the mere ownership view than with an account solely based on evaluative conditioning. The mere ownership effect (i.e. a preference for any object belonging to the self above any similar object belonging to another) is described as disclosing a purely affective self‐bias.
Counterfactual processing: Test of an hierarchical correspondence model
Authors: Klauer Karl Christoph , Jacobsen Thomas , Migulla Gerd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBouts, Spears and van der Pligt (1992) recently proposed an hierarchical correspondence model of counterfactual processing. They argue that counterfactual processing is governed by the correspondence between events and outcomes along three dimensions: the causal relationship of events and outcomes, their evaluative tone and their normality. Causal relationship, valence and normality of events and outcomes were varied in a factorial design within two story contexts. As in previous studies, subjects' mental simulations are found to be guided by the causal relationships and by correspondence in terms of normality. In contrast to Bouts et al. the data indicate that the evaluative tone does not have a strong impact. The findings are discussed in relation to the story used by Bouts et al. and in relation to the hierarchical correspondence model.
Categorizing common behavioural antecedents as expressed in everyday language
Authors: Baumgartner Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an effort to explore the meaning of action‐relevant constructs and to uncoverphenom‐ enological similarities and differences among commonly hypothesized antecedents of people's actions, 222 subjects in two studies categorized a variety of statements expressing motivations for doing things (e.g. I'd like to do it, I will do it, I'll try to do it). Cluster and principal‐components analyses yielded an interpretable structural representation consisting of seven different behavioural antecedents: attitudinal determinants of behaviour, social‐normative pressures, self‐efficacy considerations, weak motivational incentives to act, behavioural attempts to reach a goal, intentional influences on behaviour, and volitional considerations reflective of a determination to act. The results are related to previous attempts at specifying distinct antecedents of action, and implications are drawn for future research on the aetiology of human behaviour.
A Q methodological study of rebelliousness
Authors: Stenner Paul , Marshall Harriette 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThrough the use of the notion of rebelliousness, the argument is raised and developed that conventional social psychological research tends to downplay investigation of intangible, ‘fuzzy’ issues in favour of the study of more clearly operationalizable constructs. The thesis is developed that slippery social categories should concern us both for their own sake (because social knowing is fuzzy) and because they require of investigation analytics that have a sensitivity to the social and historical circumstances which impinge upon psychological processes. A Q methodological study into construals of rebelliousness is reported, which reveals eight interpretable factors explicated as ‘the ambivalent rebel’, ‘the antirebel’, ‘rejecting rebelliousness: the free thinker’, ‘rebellion as social change’, ‘shockable and anti‐confrontational’, ‘positive support for the rebel’, ‘rebel with a cause’ and ‘strong‐willed confrontational rebel’.
Positive distinctiveness and social discrimination: An old couple living in divorce
Authors: Mummendey Amélie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper highlights the relation between positive distinctiveness and social discrimination as key concepts in Social Identity Theory. The often replicated finding of mere categorization leading to ingroup favouritism and outgroup discrimination plays a major role in supporting the view that discrimination is functional for a positive social identity. The paper confronts the mere categorization effect with recent findings which throw severe doubts on its robustness. Particularly the failure to extrapolate categorization effects to intergroup behaviour involving aversive stimuli (the positive–negative–asymmetry of social discrimination) lead to the plea for further specifications of SIT and its validity.
Memory for stereotype‐consistent and stereotype‐inconsistent information as a function of processing pace
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , Van Knippenberg Ad 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdditional evidence is obtained for the notion that stereotypes guide information processing and judgment inference under high processing demands. Subjects were provided with behavioural information about members of a social group. When presentation pace was high, subjects recalled more stereotype‐consistent information than stereotype‐inconsistent information, while this pattern was reversed under conditions of low presentation pace. Furthermore, judgments were more stereotypic when presentation pace was high.
Social categorization as a function of priming
Authors: van Twuyver Mariette , Van Knippenberg Ad 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigates the effect of priming on the use of social categorizations. Using sex and race as stimulus categorizations, previous studies failed to confirm the hypothesis that priming one of the two available categorizations would enhance the use of the primed categorization relation to the not‐primed categorization. As suggested by Stangor, Lynch, Duan and Glass (1992). a momentary increase in accessibility may be insufficient to further enhance the use of highly accessible categorizations like race and sex, but it may be expected that priming will increase the use of categorizations which are less habitually used in daily life. The results of the present experiment support the hypothesis that, when the stimulus categorizations are weakly accessible (university major, university town), the relative use of the previously primed categorizations does indeed increase, compared to the alternative, not‐primed, categorization.
‘Zeitgeist’and minority influence—where is the causality: A comment on Clark (1990)
Authors: Perez Juan A. , Papastamou Stamos , Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDoes the mood of the time (Zeitgeist) facilitate the influence minorities are able to exercise, or is it itself direct product of minority influence? It is argued, from a social psychological definition of the minority–majority relation, that the former interpretation fails to explain many of the observed effects and in particular the conversion effect. A model is offered that is consistent with the second interpretation.
On being excommunicated from the European view of minority influence: A reply to Perez et al.
Authors: Clark Russell D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractI agree with Perez et al.'s (in press) assessment of the literature on minority influence. While there are crucial differences between majority and minority influence research, I think the time has come for a reconsideration of the necessity and fruitfulness of the extreme dichotomy between majority and minority influence. The Clark (1990) study is only a step in that direction.
Seismic design of RC structures: A critical assessment in the framework of multi‐objective optimization
Authors: Lagaros Nikos D. , Papadrakakis Manolis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe assessment of seismic design codes has been the subject of intensive research work in an effort to reveal weak points that originated from the limitations in predicting with acceptable precision the response of the structures under moderate or severe earthquakes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the European seismic design code, i.e. the Eurocode 8 (EC8), when used for the design of 3D reinforced concrete buildings, versus a performance‐based design (PBD) procedure, in the framework of a multi‐objective optimization concept. The initial construction cost and the maximum interstorey drift for the 10/50 hazard level are the two objectives considered for the formulation of the multi‐objective optimization problem. The solution of such optimization problems is represented by the Pareto front curve which is the geometric locus of all Pareto optimum solutions. Limit‐state fragility curves for selected designs, taken from the Pareto front curves of the EC8 and PBD formulations, are developed for assessing the two seismic design procedures. Through this comparison it was found that a linear analysis in conjunction with the behaviour factor q of EC8 cannot capture the nonlinear behaviour of an RC structure. Consequently the corrected EC8 Pareto front curve, using the nonlinear static procedure, differs significantly with regard to the corresponding Pareto front obtained according to EC8. Furthermore, similar designs, with respect to the initial construction cost, obtained through the EC8 and PBD formulations were found to exhibit different maximum interstorey drift and limit‐state fragility curves. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic response analysis of reinforced concrete structures using modified force analogy method
Authors: Chao Shu‐Hsien , Loh Chin‐Hsiung 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA modified force analogy method (MFAM) is developed to simulate the nonlinear inelastic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Beam–column elements with three different plastic mechanisms are utilized to simulate inelastic response caused by moment and shear force. A multi‐linear hysteretic model is implemented to simulate the nonlinear inelastic response of RC member. The P‐Δ effect of the structure is also addressed in MFAM. Static and dynamic inelastic response of structure, damage condition and failure type for structural element, structural limit state and collapse time can also be simulated using MFAM. Compared with the general algorithm, the MFAM provides less computational time especially in the case of large structural system. It is also easier to be written as computer program. Three test data groups, which include cyclic loading test data of a non‐ductile RC bridge column, a two‐storey RC frame, and dynamic collapse test data of a non‐ductile RC portal frame, are selected to confirm the effectiveness of applying MFAM to simulate the inelastic behaviour of structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.