bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Immunizations: Missed Opportunities for Prevention
Authors: Lee Grace M. , Lorick Suchita A. , Pfoh Elizabeth , Kleinman Ken , Fishbein Daniel 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. The goals were (1) to describe immunization rates for tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines among 13-year-old adolescents; (2) to identify missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria immunization among adolescents 11 to 17 years of age; and (3) to evaluate the association between preventive care use and tetanus-diphtheria immunization.
METHODS. Adolescents born between January 1, 1986, and December 31, 1991, and enrolled in Harvard Pilgrim Health Care and Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates for ≥1 year in 1997–2004 were included. Immunization rates for tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella were assessed at 13 years of age. Missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria immunization within 14 days after a health care visit were measured. Multivariate models were used to determine predictors of timeliness of tetanus-diphtheria vaccination, particularly the use of preventive care services.
RESULTS. A total of 23987 eligible adolescents were enrolled in Harvard Pilgrim Health Care and Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates between 1997 and 2004. Among 13-year-old adolescents in the most recent birth cohort, 84%, 74%, and 67% were up to date for tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella, respectively. When the analysis was limited to those with ≥1 vaccine received before 2 years of age (a proxy measure for complete records), 92%, 82%, and 85% were up to date for tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella, respectively. Missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria immunization occurred at 84% of all health care visits. Adolescents who did not seek preventive care were less likely to receive tetanus-diphtheria in a timely manner.
CONCLUSIONS. Adolescent immunization rates lag far behind childhood rates, and missed opportunities are common. Additional strategies are needed to increase the use of preventive services among adolescents and to enable providers to vaccinate adolescents at every opportunity.
Free Drug Samples in the United States: Characteristics of Pediatric Recipients and Safety Concerns
Authors: Cutrona Sarah L. , Woolhandler Steffie , Lasser Karen E. , Bor David H. , Himmelstein David U. , Shrank William H. , LeLeiko Neal S. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Free drug samples frequently are given to children. We sought to describe characteristics of free sample recipients, to determine whether samples are given primarily to poor and uninsured children, and to examine potential safety issues.
METHODS. We analyzed data on 10295 US residents &lt;18 years of age from the 2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative survey that includes questions on receipt of free drug samples. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate characteristics associated with receipt of ≥1 free drug sample in 2004. We identified the most frequently reported sample medications and reviewed potential safety issues.
RESULTS. Ten percent of children who received prescription medications and 4.9% of all children received ≥1 free drug sample in 2004. In bivariate analyses, poor children (family incomes of &lt;200% of the federal poverty level) were no more likely to receive free samples than were those with incomes of ≥400% of the poverty level (3.8% vs 5.9%). Children who were uninsured for part or all of the year were no more likely to receive free samples than were those who were insured all year (4.5% vs 5.1%); 84.3% of all sample recipients were insured. In multivariate analyses, routine access to health care (≥3 provider visits in 2004) was associated with free sample receipt. The 15 most frequently distributed pediatric free samples in 2004 included 1 schedule II controlled medication, Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine), and 4 medications that received new or revised black box warnings between 2004 and 2007, Elidel (pimecrolimus), Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol), Strattera (atomoxetine), and Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine).
CONCLUSIONS. Poor and uninsured children are not the main recipients of free drug samples. Free samples do not target the neediest children selectively, and they have significant safety considerations.
Retrospective Evaluation of a Computerized Physician Order Entry Adaptation to Prevent Prescribing Errors in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Sard Brian E. , Walsh Kathleen E. , Doros Gheorghe , Hannon Megan , Moschetti Wayne , Bauchner Howard 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine the impact on medication prescribing errors of adding a pediatric medication list (quicklist) to a computerized physician order entry system in a pediatric emergency department.
METHODS. The quicklist is a drug dosing support tool that targets the most common medications in our clinical setting. We performed a retrospective comparison of orders from 420 randomly selected visits before and after quicklist introduction. Error rates were analyzed with respect to urgency level, physician training level, and patient age. The quicklist was examined for frequency of use and error rates.
RESULTS. The 840 patient visits (420 before intervention and 420 after intervention) generated 724 medication orders, which contained 156 medication prescribing errors (21%). The groups did not differ with respect to urgency level, physician training level, or patient age. There were significant decreases in the rate of errors per 100 visits, from 24 to 13 errors per 100 visits, and in the rate of errors per 100 orders, from 31 to 14 errors per 100 orders. The decrease in the error rates did not vary according to urgency score, age group, or physician training level. The quicklist was used in 30% of the orders in the postintervention group. In this group, the error rate was 1.9 errors per 100 orders when the quicklist was used, compared with 18.3 errors per 100 orders when the list was not used. Errors of wrong formulation, allergy, drug-drug interaction, and rule violations were eliminated.
CONCLUSION. The introduction of the quicklist was followed by a significant reduction in medication prescribing errors. A list with dosing support for commonly used pediatric medications may help adapt computerized physician order entry systems designed for adults to serve pediatric populations more effectively.
Experience of Families During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Tinsley Cynthia , Hill J. Brandon , Shah Jason , Zimmerman Grenith , Wilson Michele , Freier Kiti , Abd-Allah Shamel 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Having parents present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is becoming a common practice in pediatrics. This study aimed to determine parents' perception of the effects of their presence during the resuscitation efforts of their child and whether they would recommend the experience to other families.
METHODS. This study included parents or guardians of children who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and died at least 6 months before the interview. After telephone consent was obtained, a survey questionnaire was completed. The interviewees answered whether they were asked to be present, whether they had physical contact with their child, and whether the experience frightened them or gave them and their child comfort. The interviewees were asked to express their feelings about what was helpful to them and what could be done to improve the experience.
RESULTS. A total of 41 interviews were conducted, and responders were divided into 2 groups: 21 in the present group and 20 in the not-present group for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Twelve (60%) of those in the not-present group believed that their presence would have comforted the child, and 50% (10 of 20) believed that it would have helped them accept the child's death. Of those in the present group, 67% (8 of 12) believed that touching their child brought comfort, 29% (6 of 21) felt scared during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 71% (15 of 21) believed that their presence comforted their child, and 67% (14 of 21) believed that their presence helped them adjust to the loss of the child. The majority in both groups (63% [26 of 41]) would recommend being present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
CONCLUSIONS. This study supports encouraging family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The majority of parents who had been present and those who had not been present believed that all families should be given the option to be present.
Outcomes of Safety and Effectiveness in a Multicenter Randomized, Controlled Trial of Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Shankaran Seetha , Pappas Athina , Laptook Abbott R. , McDonald Scott A. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Tyson Jon E. , Walsh Michelle , Goldberg Ronald N. , Higgins Rosemary D. , Das Abhik ,   for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND. Whole-body hypothermia reduced the frequency of death or moderate/severe disabilities in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a randomized, controlled multicenter trial.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate outcomes of safety and effectiveness of hypothermia in infants up to 18 to 22 months of age.
DESIGN/METHODS. A priori outcomes were evaluated between hypothermia (n = 102) and control (n = 106) groups.
RESULTS. Encephalopathy attributable to causes other than hypoxia-ischemia at birth was not noted. Inotropic support (hypothermia, 59% of infants; control, 56% of infants) was similar during the 72-hour study intervention period in both groups. Need for blood transfusions (hypothermia, 24%; control, 24%), platelet transfusions (hypothermia, 20%; control, 12%), and volume expanders (hypothermia, 54%; control, 49%) was similar in the 2 groups. Among infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (hypothermia, 25%; control, 22%), nitric-oxide use (hypothermia, 68%; control, 57%) and placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (hypothermia, 4%; control, 9%) was similar between the 2 groups. Non–central nervous system organ dysfunctions occurred with similar frequency in the hypothermia (74%) and control (73%) groups. Rehospitalization occurred among 27% of the infants in the hypothermia group and 42% of infants in the control group. At 18 months, the hypothermia group had 24 deaths, 19 severe disabilities, and 2 moderate disabilities, whereas the control group had 38 deaths, 25 severe disabilities, and 1 moderate disability. Growth parameters were similar between survivors. No adverse outcomes were noted among infants receiving hypothermia with transient reduction of temperature below a target of 33.5°C at initiation of cooling. There was a trend in reduction of frequency of all outcomes in the hypothermia group compared with the control group in both moderate and severe encephalopathy categories.
CONCLUSIONS. Although not powered to test these secondary outcomes, whole-body hypothermia in infants with encephalopathy was safe and was associated with a consistent trend for decreasing frequency of each of the components of disability.
An Intervention to Decrease Narcotic-Related Adverse Drug Events in Children's Hospitals
Authors: Sharek Paul J. , McClead Richard E. , Taketomo Carol , Luria Joseph W. , Takata Glenn S. , Walti Beverly , Tanski Marla , Nelson Carla , Logsdon Tina R. , Thurm Cary , Federico Frank 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Narcotic-related adverse drug events are the most common adverse drug events in hospitalized children. Despite multiple published studies describing interventions that decrease adverse drug events from narcotics, large-scale collaborative quality improvement efforts to address narcotic-related adverse drug events in pediatrics have not been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate collaborative-wide narcotic-related adverse drug event rates after a collection of expert panel–defined best practices was implemented.
METHODS. All 42 children's hospitals in the Child Health Corporation of America were invited to participate in the Institute for Healthcare Improvement–style quality improvement collaborative aimed at reducing narcotic-related adverse drug events. A collection of interventions known or suspected to reduce narcotic-related adverse drug events was recommended by an expert panel, with each site implementing ≥1 of these best practices on the basis of local need. Narcotic-related adverse drug event rates were compared between the baseline (December 1, 2004, to March 31, 2005) and postimplementation periods (January 1, 2006, to March 31, 2006) after an a priori–defined intervention ramp-up time (April 1, 2005, and December 31, 2005). Secondary outcome measures included constipation rates and narcotic-related automated drug-dispensing-device override percentages.
RESULTS. Median narcotic-related adverse drug event rates decreased 67% between the baseline and postimplementation time frames across the 14-site collaborative. Constipation rates decreased 68.9%, and automated drug-dispensing-device overrides decreased from 10.18% to 5.91% of all narcotic doses administered.
CONCLUSIONS. Implementation of ≥1 expert panel–recommended interventions at each participating site resulted in a significant decrease in narcotic-related adverse drug events, constipation, and automated drug-dispensing-device overrides in a 12-month, 14-site children's hospital quality collaborative.
Infant Feeding Practices Study II: Study Methods
Authors: Fein Sara B. , Labiner-Wolfe Judith , Shealy Katherine R. , Li Rouwei , Chen Jian , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal is to describe the methods used in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II), a study of infant feeding and care practices throughout the first year of life. Survey topics included breastfeeding, formula and complementary feeding, infant health, breast-pump use, food allergies, sleeping arrangements, mother's employment, and child care arrangements. In addition, mothers’ dietary intake was measured prenatally and postnatally.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. The IFPS II sample was drawn from a nationally distributed consumer opinion panel of 500000 households. All questionnaires were administered by mail, 1 prenatally and 10 postpartum. Qualifying criteria were used to achieve the sample goals of mothers of healthy term and late preterm singleton infants. In addition to the questionnaires about the infants, women were sent a diet-assessment questionnaire prenatally and at ∼4 months after delivery; this questionnaire was also sent to members of a comparison group who were neither pregnant nor postpartum.
RESULTS. A sample of 4902 pregnant women began the study, and ∼2000 continued through their infant's first year. Response rates ranged from 63% to 87% for the different questionnaires. Compared with adult mothers of singletons from the nationally representative sample of the National Survey of Family Growth, IFPS II participants had a higher mean education level; were older; were more likely to be middle income, white, and employed; were less likely to smoke; and had fewer other children. Compared with women who participated in the National Immunization Survey who gave birth in 2004, IFPS II mothers were more likely to breastfeed and to breastfeed longer.
CONCLUSIONS. The IFPS II provides a valuable database because of its large sample size, the frequency of its questionnaires, and its wide coverage of issues salient to infant feeding.
Infant Feeding and Feeding Transitions During the First Year of Life
Authors: Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Scanlon Kelley S. , Fein Sara B. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE.
Infancy is a time of rapid transition from a diet of virtually nothing but milk (either breast milk or infant formula) to a varied diet from nearly all food groups being consumed on a daily basis by most infants. Despite various recommendations about infant feeding, little is known about actual patterns of feeding among US infants. This article documents transitions in infant feeding patterns across the first year of life and determinants of key aspects of infant feeding.

METHODS.
Using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, we analyzed responses to a 7-day food-recall chart that was administered every month. The sample size declined from 2907 at birth to 1782 at 12 months of age.

RESULTS.
Although 83% of survey respondents initiated breastfeeding, the percentage who breastfed declined rapidly to 50% at 6 months and to 24% at 12 months. Many of the women who breastfed also fed their infants formula; 52% reported that their infants received formula while in the hospital. At 4 months, 40% of the infants had consumed infant cereal, 17% had consumed fruit or vegetable products, and &lt;1% had consumed meat. Compared with infants who were not fed solid foods at 4 months, those who were fed solid foods were more likely to have discontinued breastfeeding at 6 months (70% vs 34%) and to have been fed fatty or sugary foods at 12 months (75% vs 62%).

CONCLUSIONS.
Supplementing breast milk with infant formula while infants were still in the hospital was very common. Despite recommendations that complementary foods not be introduced to infants aged 4 months or younger, almost half of the infants in this study had consumed solid foods by the age of 4 months. This early introduction of complementary foods was associated with unhealthful subsequent feeding behaviors. Pediatrics 2008;122:S36–S42
Sources of Supplemental Iron Among Breastfed Infants During the First Year of Life
Authors: Dee Deborah L. , Sharma Andrea J. , Cogswell Mary E. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Fein Sara B. , Scanlon Kelley S. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Primary prevention of iron deficiency requires adequate iron intake. Although recommendations exist to promote adequate intake of iron among infants through iron-rich foods and iron supplements, few studies have examined adherence to these recommendations. Our objectives were to describe the consumption of iron-rich foods, oral iron supplements, and iron-fortified formula among US infants and to assess adherence to iron-intake recommendations.
METHODS. We analyzed data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a longitudinal study of mothers and infants followed from late pregnancy through the first year of their infant's life. Mothers completed near-monthly questionnaires that assessed how frequently they fed their infants breast milk, formula, infant cereals, and meats in the previous 7 days and whether their infants were given an oral iron supplement ≥3 times per week during the previous 2 weeks. We examined use of iron-fortified formula among infants who consumed formula; intake of cereal, meat, oral iron supplements, and formula among infants consuming any breast milk; and whether 6-month-old breastfed and mixed-fed (breast milk and formula) infants consumed sources of supplemental iron with recommended frequency.
RESULTS. At 6 months of age, 18% of the term breastfed and mixed-fed infants had not received infant cereal or meat in the previous 7 days, and 15% had not received infant cereal, meat, regular iron supplements, or formula; among solely breastfed infants, 23% had not received infant cereal, meat, or regular iron supplements. Fifty-eight percent of the mixed-fed infants and 70% of the solely breastfed infants received &lt;2 daily servings of infant cereal, meat, or formula combined and did not receive oral iron supplements ≥3 times per week. Among preterm breastfed and mixed-fed infants, none received oral iron supplements ≥3 times per week before 3 months of age, 2% received them at 3 months, and 13% received them at 10.5 months.
CONCLUSIONS. Our findings indicate that recommendations regarding iron intake among breastfed infants are not being followed by a substantial proportion of mothers.
Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality in the United States: Increase of Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection
Authors: Finelli Lyn , Fiore Anthony , Dhara Rosaline , Brammer Lynnette , Shay David K. , Kamimoto Laurie , Fry Alicia , Hageman Jeffrey , Gorwitz Rachel , Bresee Joseph , Uyeki Timothy 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric influenza-associated death became a nationally notifiable condition in the United States during 2004. We describe influenza-associated pediatric mortality from 2004 to 2007, including an increase of Staphylococcus aureus coinfections.
METHODS. Influenza-associated pediatric death is defined as a death of a child who is younger than 18 years and has laboratory-confirmed influenza. State and local health departments report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention demographic, clinical, and laboratory data on influenza-associated pediatric deaths.
RESULTS. During the 2004–2007 influenza seasons, 166 influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported (n = 47, 46, and 73, respectively). Median age of the children was 5 years. Children often progressed rapidly to death; 45% died within 72 hours of onset, including 43% who died at home or in an emergency department. Of 90 children who were recommended for influenza vaccination, only 5 (6%) were fully vaccinated. Reports of bacterial coinfection increased substantially from 2004–2005 to 2006–2007 (6%, 15%, and 34%, respectively). S aureus was isolated from a sterile site or endotracheal tube culture in 1 case in 2004–2005, 3 cases in 2005–2006, and 22 cases in 2006–2007; 64% were methicillin-resistant S aureus. Children with S aureus coinfection were significantly older and more likely to have pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome than those who were not coinfected.
CONCLUSIONS. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality is rare, but the proportion of S aureus coinfection identified increased fivefold over the past 3 seasons. Research is needed to identify risk factors for influenza coinfection with invasive bacteria and to determine the impact of influenza vaccination and antiviral agents in preventing pediatric mortality.
Sufism, Sects and Intra-Muslim Conflicts in Nigeria, 1804-1979.
Authors: Bala Salisu 
Published: September 2008

Muslims in Nigeria have for several decades been faced with the problem of intra-religious conflict which eventually led to incessant hostility and disaffection among the followers of the same faith(S.P.I.Agi,1998.p.57) The conflicts have punctuated Nigerian affairs before and after independence. The problem has led to degeneration of the mutual relationships shared between followers of the same faith, albeit with different sectarian beliefs. Government, at federal, state and local level, has created measures to try to bring about a lasting solution to this problem. Despite this effort, the input of academia in this area has been less concerted, not going beyond presentations in workshops, conferences and seminars.
The task of embarking on an in-depth research on Sufism and its relationship with sectarian beliefs among the Muslim groups in Nigeria has not been given much attention. The aim of this paper therefore, is to examine critically the relationship between Sufi orders and other sects among the Muslim communities in Nigeria. The research will also look at major areas of discord among the Nigerian Muslim intellig