bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon capture and storage: Pulling down the barriers in the European Union
Authors: Tysoe S 
Published: February 2009

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the number of approaches to mitigating climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. It involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from large point sources such as power plants, prior to compressing, transporting, and storing it securely in geological formations. The CO2 emitted is thus prevented from entering the atmosphere. CCS is believed, by many, to have massive potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions, with the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggesting that CCS could contribute between 10 and 55 per cent of the world's total carbon mitigation effort until 2100. This article considers the principal impediments to the development of CCS projects and the steps taken in the European Union (EU) to overcome them. The development of CCS requires not only the establishment of adequate funding mechanisms and, most likely, the existence of consistently higher carbon prices than those prevail today, but also the settlement of a number of key legal issues. Although much further work is required on the part of legislators, a regulatory framework for CCS is slowly growing in various jurisdictions, especially in the EU where a large step forward was taken in December 2008 with the passing of a CCS Directive.
Comparative Evaluation of the Iris iQ200 Body Fluid Module With Manual Hemacytometer Count
Authors: Walker Teanya J. , Nelson Lydia D. , Dunphy Brian W. , Anderson Danna M. , Kickler Thomas S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Manual cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and body fluid cell counts done using a hemacytometer are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The automated Iris iQ200 with the Body Fluids Module (Iris Diagnostics, Chatsworth, CA) counts RBCs and nucleated cells in CSF and other body fluids using flow cell digital imaging. We compared the cell counts from the iQ200 and the hemacytometer. CSF and body fluid samples were first analyzed in duplicate using the Neubauer hemacytometer. We then counted the samples on the iQ200. CSF samples for RBC counts of 0 to 6.7 x 105/μL and nucleated cell counts of 0 to 1,707/μL resulted in r = 0.996 and r = 0.998, respectively. Body fluid samples for RBC counts of 0 to 2.7 x 105/μL and nucleated cell counts of 0 to 1.1 x 104/μL resulted in r = 0.988 and r = 0.987, respectively. Day-to-day precision with quality control yielded coefficients of variation of 12.5% and 13.3% for RBC counts and 9.4% and 12.3% for nucleated cell counts. Linearity studies yielded slopes of 0.99 and 1.010 for RBC and nucleated cell counts, respectively. The results from the iQ200 correlate well with the manual hemacytometer method.
A Review of Coupled Multielectrode Array Sensors for Corrosion Monitoring and a Study on the Behaviors of the Anodic and Cathodic Electrodes
Authors: Yang Lietai , Chiang K. T. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Localized corrosion is often the cause of many failures and unplanned shutdowns in industry. For example, statistics have shown that more than 80 % of the corrosion-induced failures in the chemical processing industry are due to localized corrosion, rather than general corrosion. Thanks to the advancement in coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) technology, localized corrosion rates can now be quantitatively measured. If interfaced with controllers, CMAS probes can be used to automatically control the dosing of corrosion inhibitors and reduce the cost for corrosion control. This paper presents an overview for the CMAS technology and the experimental data that verifies the working principles of the CMAS for localized corrosion rate measurement.
Full-Field Measurements of Fracture Initiation and Crack Growth in Superelastic Nitinol
Authors: Perry Kenneth E. , Labossiere Paul E. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We present results for full-field measurements of crack tip deformation fields in Nitinol using high sensitivity moiré interferometry. Three fatigue loading scenarios are examined illustrating the effect of stress induced martensite transformations at the tip of the crack. Understanding the behavior of fatigue crack growth is paramount to the successful use of this highly complex material response, especially for such application as implantable medical devices. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of heterogeneous phase transformations on the crack growth behavior.
Effect of Contaminated Suspended Solids on Water and Sediment Qualities and Their Treatment
Authors: Inoue Tomohiro , Mulligan Catherine N. , Zadeh Ehsan M. , Fukue Masaharu 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Suspended solids (SS) have been discharged into water areas such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. The SS adsorb various contaminants such as heavy metals and nutrients and also form sediments by sedimentation. Therefore, contaminated SS will be able to influence not only the water quality, but also the sediment quality. In order to understand the effect of contaminated SS on the water and the sediment, SS and sediment samples were obtained from the des Hurons River in Canada. In addition, laboratory filtration tests were performed to develop a technique for removal of the SS. A downward filtration system was used with a nonwoven geotextile as a filter medium. The apparent opening size (AOS) and the thickness of the filter were 150 μm and 0.2 cm, respectively. For the investigation, the results showed that both SS and the sediments contained heavy metals with concentrations in the SS higher. In particular, zinc concentrations of the SS were approximately from two to five times higher than the Canadian guideline for sediments. In addition, it was found that SS concentrations were associated with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (T-P) concentrations. Therefore, it was found that SS can play an important role in the water and the sediment qualities. The laboratory filtration tests showed the SS were reduced from 32 mg/L to 2 mg/L or less by the nonwoven filter. Thus, SS removal will improve not only the water quality, but also the quality of the bottom sediments.
Comparison of long-acting testosterone undecanoate formulation versus testosterone enanthate on sexual function and mood in hypogonadal men
Authors: Jockenhövel F , Minnemann T , Schubert M , Freude S , Hübler D , Schumann C , Christoph A , Ernst M 
Published: February 2009

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of two treatment modalities of testosterone on sexual functioning and mood.DesignForty men were randomized to receive either parenteral testosterone enanthate (TE) or long-acting parenteral testosterone undecanoate (TU) over a period of 30 weeks. Thereafter, 20 men who had received TU and 16 men who had received TE continued with TU and completed another 65 weeks to study longer-term effects of TU.MethodsThe following variables of sexual functioning were studied: sexual thoughts and fantasy, sexual interest and desire, satisfaction with sex life, number of erections and ejaculations per week, and number of spontaneous morning erections per week. Also variables related to mood were analyzed.ResultsImprovements in these variables were significant and were of a similar magnitude in the group treated with TU and TE for 30 weeks. Improvements were maintained at the same levels over a period of another 65 weeks when all men received TU. Effects on mood were recorded for 30 weeks, but were more difficult to establish in the study population. There were significant differences in baseline values between the two groups and scores showed wide s.d.ConclusionsBoth TE and TU were effective in improving sexual functions in hypogonadal men. An advantage of TU over TE is its lower frequency of administration and its better tolerability and safety profile.
Does having a twin brother make for a bigger brain?
Authors: Peper Jiska S , Brouwer Rachel M , van Baal G Caroline M , Schnack Hugo G , van Leeuwen Marieke , Boomsma Dorret I , Kahn René S , Hulshoff Pol Hilleke E 
Published: February 2009

ObjectiveBrain volume of boys is larger than that of girls by ∼10%. Prenatal exposure to testosterone has been suggested in the masculinization of the brain. For example, in litter-bearing mammals intrauterine position increases prenatal testosterone exposure through adjacent male fetuses, resulting in masculinization of brain morphology.DesignThe influence of intrauterine presence of a male co-twin on masculinization of human brain volume was studied in 9-year old twins.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging brain scans, current testosterone, and estradiol levels were acquired from four groups of dizygotic (DZ) twins: boys from same-sex twin-pairs (SSM), boys from opposite-sex twin-pairs (OSM), girls from opposite-sex twin-pairs (OSF), and girls from same-sex twin-pairs (SSF; n=119 individuals). Data on total brain, cerebellum, gray and white matter volumes were examined.ResultsIrrespective of their own sex, children with a male co-twin as compared to children with a female co-twin had larger total brain (+2.5%) and cerebellum (+5.5%) volumes. SSM, purportedly exposed to the highest prenatal testosterone levels, were found to have the largest volumes, followed by OSM, OSF and SSF children. Birth weight partly explained the effect on brain volumes. Current testosterone and estradiol levels did not account for the volumetric brain differences. However, the effects observed in children did not replicate in adult twins.ConclusionsOur study indicates that sharing the uterus with a DZ twin brother increases total brain volume in 9-year olds. The effect may be transient and limited to a critical period in childhood.
Ecological mechanisms associated with the positive diversity–productivity relationship in an N‐limited grassland
Authors: Fornara D. A. , Tilman D. 
Published: February 2009

In a 13‐year grassland biodiversity experiment in Minnesota, USA, we addressed two main questions: What set of ecological mechanisms caused aboveground productivity to become ∼340% greater in highly diverse plant mixtures than in the average monoculture? Why did the effect of diversity on productivity become so much stronger through time? Because our grassland system is N limited, we simultaneously measured critical variables associated with the storage and cycling of this element, such as plant and soil N pools, soil N availability, soil N mineralization rates, and plant N‐use efficiency, as well as the initial soil N concentration of each diversity plot when the experiment was established in 1994. We used linear and multiple regression analyses to test for potential effects of these variables on aboveground productivity and to address whether and how such variables were in turn affected by plant species diversity and functional composition across years and also at different time intervals within the same year.We found that seven variables simultaneously controlled productivity: (1) initial total soil nitrogen (N) of each plot, (2) diversity‐dependent increases in total soil N through time, (3) soil N mineralization rates, (4) soil nitrate (NO3−) utilization, (5) increases in plant N‐use efficiency at greater plant diversity, (6) legume presence, and (7) higher species numbers. The surprising continued significance of higher plant diversity may occur because of its effects on seasonal capture of soil NO3− and moisture and on the accumulation of root‐N pools, all of which may have also increased productivity through time at higher species numbers.
Preliminary overview of regional endemism in European Neogene ungulates
Authors: Costeur Loïc 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The somewhat endemic condition of European mammals today in general, and thus of ungulates in particular, is a feature currently explained by fluctuating climatic conditions known from the late Pliocene to the present. All the existing ungulate families in Europe settled there during the course of the Miocene and replaced Oligocene-inherited faunas. Furthermore, the Neogene climatic deterioration played a crucial role in the decrease of ungulate diversity probably in turn setting the bases for the present depleted situation. The growing knowledge of Neogene ungulates has now become sufficient to investigate if today’s endemic situation can be traced back to the Miocene and if the endemism apparent in many mammalian faunas was randomly distributed over the European continent. A database of 695 localities spanning Europe from the early Miocene to the early Pliocene period allows a better understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of endemism in ungulates. The results mainly point to a long and strong endemic history in southeastern Europe. The mechanisms behind this pattern may involve the particular geographic position of this area between three continents (Africa, Asia, and Europe) as well as ecological isolation through different environmental conditions prevailing there. Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic cycles probably reinforced this situation later on and were not the only processes to control what is known nowadays.
What Iberian dinosaurs reveal about the bridge said to exist between Gondwana and Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous
Authors: Canudo José Ignacio , Barco José Luis , Pereda-Suberbiola Xabier , Ruiz-Omeñaca José Ignacio , Salgado Leonardo , Torcida Fernández-Baldor Fidel , Gasulla José Miguel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSome Cretaceous dinosaur taxa with a broad enough record on the continents of the northern hemisphere (Laurasia) or in the southern continents (Gondwana) have been interpreted as Laurasian or Gondwanan in origin. The occasional presence of these taxa outside Laurasia or Gondwana respectively has frequently been explained in terms of dispersal from their place of origin by means of land bridges that are indeterminate in location and character. One example of such a dispersal event is provided by the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe and Africa. Certain European taxa have been interpreted as having their origin in Gondwana. If we regard these presences common to both areas as being the result of a point of communication between Laurasia and western Gondwana or at least of sporadic flows in both directions during the Early Cretaceous, we may opt for dispersal as an explanation.It has been assumed that there was an intercontinental bridge between Africa and Europe passing through the archipelago of which Iberia formed a part. This interpretation emerged from the idea that such a bridge existed in the Late Jurassic, explaining the presence of similar ornithopod dinosaurs in Africa and Europe. However, from the end of the Early Jurassic a period of “rift” began on the southern Iberian margin, entailing the formation of a sedimentary furrow with pelagic sedimentation in what is known as the Subbetic zone. Moreover, the differences in the observed dinosaur fauna between western Gondwana and the Iberian Peninsula in the Neocomian can be explained as the result of endemism and regional extinctions. The archipelago that formed the Iberian plate was Laurasia’s closest continental mass to Gondwana during the Neocomian, yet there was still a separation of several hundred kilometres of open ocean without islands. Such a barrier would seem difficult for dinosaurs to overcome. As such, we lack proof of communication between the two supercontinents via Iberia during the Neocomian.The situation appears to change in the Barremian-Aptian transition. Some of the taxa present in the Hauterivian-Barremian of Europe are recorded in Gondwana from the Aptian onwards. This can possibly be explained in terms of the more complete record that exists, but it cannot be ruled out that a communication was established between Gondwana and Laurasia at the end of the Barremian. For the time being, we lack geological support for this bridge in Iberia, yet it might be located in Apulia, where there is a great development of shallow-shelf carbonates with dinosaur remains from the period in question.
The Principal-Agent Matching Market
Authors: Dam Kaniska , Perez-Castrillo David 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We propose an agency model based on competitive markets in order to analyse an economy with several homogeneous principals and heterogeneous agents. We model the principal-agent economy as a two-sided matching game and characterise the set of stable outcomes (equilibria) of this market. In this regard we generalise the assignment game of Shapley and Shubik (1972). Unlike in the standard principal-agent theory, equilibrium payoffs of all the individuals are endogenous, equilibrium contracts are Pareto optimal, and the incremental surplus generated in a principal-agent relationship accrues to the tenant. We design a simple non-cooperative game which implements the set of stable outcomes in subgame perfect equilibrium. We also suggest policy measures in relation to efficiency and income distribution.
Bi-Se-Te mineralization from Úhorná (Spišsko Gemerské Rudohorie Mts., Słovakia): A preliminary report
Authors: Pršek Jaroslav , Peterec Dušan 
Published: February 2009

Bi-Se-Te mineralization from Úhorná (Spišsko Gemerské Rudohorie Mts., Słovakia): A preliminary reportAn unusual association of Se minerals was studied. Se enters into the structures of sulphosalts - into bournonite, jamesonite and tintinaite at concentrations up to 0.10, 0.38 and 1.11 apfu, respectively. However, Se and Te, together with Bi, also form discrete minerals such as tetradymite, laitakarite, ikunolite and hedleyite. Members of the laitakarite-ikunolite solid solution display a wide range of anion substitution from the nearly Se-free (0.10 apfu) end member to the S-poor (0.42 apfu) end member. Their contents of Te are low. Accompanying tetrahedrite does not contain Se or Te.
Wait Times for Publicly Funded Outpatient and Community Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Services: Implications for the Increasing Number of Persons with Chronic Conditions in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Passalent Laura A. , Landry Michel D. , Cott Cheryl A. 
Published: February 2009

Background: Timely access to publicly funded health services has emerged as a priority policy issue across the continuum of care from hospitals to the home and community sector. The purpose of this study was to examine wait lists and wait times for publicly funded outpatient and community occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) services. Methods: A mailed self-administered questionnaire was sent in December 2005 to all publicly funded sites across Ontario that deliver outpatient or community OT or PT services (N = 374). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study sample and to examine wait lists and wait times by setting and client condition. Results: Overall response rate was 57.2% (n = 214). More than 10,000 people were reported to be waiting for OT or PT services across Ontario. Of these, 16% (n = 1,664) were waiting for OT and 84% (n = 8,842) for PT. Of those waiting for OT, 59% had chronic conditions and half were waiting for home care rehabilitation services. Of those waiting for PT, 73% had chronic conditions and 81% were waiting at hospital outpatient departments. Conclusions: Individuals with chronic conditions experience excessive wait times for outpatient and community OT and PT services in Ontario, particularly if they are waiting for services in hospital outpatient departments.
Effects of hyperuricemia on perinatal outcome in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Authors: Hosna Asma Ul , Bhuiyan AKM Mohiuddin , E-Ferdous Noor , Ahmed Md Khurshed , Siddique Md Abu , Salman Mohammad , Begum Sultana Razia , Rahman Md Mukhlesur , Ahsan Md Razib 
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study was to detect elevated uric acid level in maternal blood, presumably due to decrease renal urate excretion, for early detection of hypertensive disorder in pregnancy. This study showed that serum uric acid was significantly elevated in all cases of preeclampsia. The present study showed that serum uric acid levels were significantly elevated in eclampsia as compared with the levels in pregnancies complicated by hypertension (p < 0.05). The level of uric acid above 4.5 mg/dl is indicative of preeclamptic process and in such cases; the subjects deserve careful and close clinical follow up. Increasing higher concentration of uric acid i.e. 5.7 mg/dl, 6.3mg/dl, and 6.72mg/dl was observed in pregnancy with chronic hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia respectively. These results showed that serum uric acid could be used as a sensitive indicator of severity of preeclampsia. Out of 100 cases, there were 20 preterm baby and others such as stillbirth and IUD. So, these entire abnormal fetal outcomes were in the hyperuricaemic group and 5.37 times higher as compared to low serum uric acid group. Mean birth weight of preeclampsia and eclampsia were 2.31kg and 2.30kg respectively compared with 2.5kg in chronic hypertension group. Â Â doi:10.3329/uhj.v4i2.2074 University Heart Journal Vol. 4 No. 2 July 2008 p.36-40
Analysis and Evaluation of EHR Approaches
Authors: Pharow P. , Blobel B. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Objectives: EHR systems are core applications in any eHealth/pHealth environment and represent basic services for health telematics platforms. Standards Developing Organizations as well as national programs define EHR architectures as well as related design, implementation, and deployment processes. Claiming to meet the challenge for semantic interoperability and to offer a sustainable pathway, the resulting documents and specifications are sometimes controversial and even inconsistent.
Methods: Based on long-term experiences from national and international EHR projects, inputs from related academic groups, and active involvement at CEN, ISO, HL7, an analysis and evaluation study has been performed. Using the Generic Component Model (GCM) reference architecture, the characteristics for advanced and sustainable EHR architectures have been investigated. The dimensions of such an architectural reference model have been described, including basic principles of the underlying formal logical framework.
Results: Strengths and weaknesses of the different standards, specifications, and approaches have been studied and summarized. Migration pathways for re-using and harmonizing the available materials as well as for formally defining standards development roadmaps can be derived.
Conclusions: For providing interoperable and sustainable EHR systems, an EHR architecture reflecting all paradigms of the GCM is absolutely necessary. The resulting EHR solution represents a services architecture of distributed components. The development process shall be completely model-driven and tool-based with formalized specifications of all domains’ aspects.