bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase I Dose-Finding Study of Weekly Docetaxel Followed by Flavopiridol for Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Fornier M.N. , Rathkopf D. , Shah M. , Patil S. , O'Reilly E. , Tse A.N. , Hudis C. , Lefkowitz R. , Kelsen D.P. , Schwartz G.K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Flavopiridol is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis in a sequence-specific manner. In vivo, docetaxel must precede flavopiridol by at least 4 h to induce this effect. We conducted a phase I trial of weekly, sequential docetaxel followed 4 h later by flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Experimental Design: Docetaxel at a fixed dose of 35 mg/m2 was administered over 30 min, followed 4 h later by escalating doses of flavopiridol, ranging from 20 to 80 mg/m2 in successive cohorts, administered weekly over 1 h. This schedule was repeated for 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle.
Results: Twenty-seven evaluable patients were enrolled. The combination was well tolerated, with one dose-limiting toxicity occurring at flavopiridol 70 mg/m2 (grade 3 mucositis) and one dose-limiting toxicity at 80 mg/m2 (grade 4 neutropenia). We observed 1 complete response in a patient with pancreatic carcinoma and 4 partial responses in pancreatic (1), breast (2), and ovarian (1) cancer patients. Stable disease was seen in 10 patients. Pharmacokinetic studies showed Cmax ranging from 1.49 ± 0.69 μmol/L (flavopiridol 20 mg/m2) to 4.54 ± 0.08 μmol/L (flavopiridol 60 mg/m2) in cycle 1.
Conclusions: Treatment with weekly, sequential docetaxel followed by flavopiridol is an effective and safe regimen at all flavopiridol dose levels. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that concentrations of flavopiridol that enhance the effects of docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo can be achieved. Clinical activity is encouraging, even in patients who have received a prior taxane and in patients with gemcitabine-refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer.
The Role of Traditionalists and Modernists on the Development of the Saudi Legal System
Authors: Al-Jarbou Ayoub 
Published: October 2007

This article deals with the issue of the role of traditionalists and modernists on the development of the Saudi legal system. It presents and defines the two movements and evaluates their backgrounds and approaches. It also explores their impacts on the development of the Saudi legal system through evaluating their approaches on the following areas: legislative process, people's perspective toward applied laws, the judicial system, and legal education.
The article concludes that it is clear from this evidentiary demonstration that the development of the Saudi legal system has been affected by the concurrent influences of traditionalist and modernist movements. The substance of enacted laws, legal education, the judicial systems, and people's attitude toward both Shariah and enacted laws has been negatively affected by the approaches of both movements. The paper provides for various approaches and solutions that address the problems of the system of legal education, judicial system, and legislative process. The paper suggests that these various approaches and solutions have to be adopted jointly; otherwise the confusion in the legal system will continue.
Extracting spurious messages from noise and risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in a prodromal population
Authors: Hoffman Ralph E. , Woods Scott W. , Hawkins Keith A. , Pittman Brian , Tohen Mauricio , Preda Adrian , Breier Alan , Glist Jill , Addington Jean , Perkins Diana O. , McGlashan Thomas H. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA tendency to extract spurious, message-like meaning from meaningless noise was assessed as a risk factor leading to shizophrenia-spectrum disorders by assessing word length of speech illusions elicited by multispeaker babble in 43 people with prodromal symptoms. These individuals were randomised to olanzapinev.placebo groups during year 1 followed by no pharmacological treatment for those with no disorder conversion during year 2. A time-dependent Cox regression analysis of conversion to schizophrenia-spectrum disorder revealed a significant interaction between condition (olanzapinev.no drug) and length of speech illusion, with the latter strongly predicting subsequent conversion during medication-free intervals but not during olanzapine treatment.
Social and cognitive functioning, urbanicity and risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Weiser Mark , van Os Jim , Reichenberg Abraham , Rabinowitz Jonathan , Nahon Daniella , Kravitz Efrat , Lubin Gad , Shmushkevitz Moti , Knobler Haim Y. , Noy Shlomo , Davidson Michael 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundPrevious work suggests that the association between urbanicity and schizophrenia may be greatest in those with pre-existing vulnerability.AimsTo test for synergism in risk of schizophrenia between population density and a combined exposure of poor premorbid social and cognitive functioning.MethodFor 371 603 adolescent males examined by the Israeli Draft Board on social and cognitive functioning, data on population density of place of residence and later hospitalisation for schizophrenia were obtained from population-based registries.ResultsThere was an interaction between population density (five levels) and poor premorbid social and cognitive functioning (interaction χ2=4.6,P=0.032). The adjusted increase in cumulative incidence associated with one unit change in population density was 0.10% in the vulnerable group (95% CI 0.019–0.18,P=0.015), nine times larger than that in the non-vulnerable group (0.011%, 95% CI 0.0017–0.020,P=0.021).ConclusionsRisk of schizophrenia may increase when people with a genetic liability to the disorder, expressed as poor social and cognitive functioning, need to cope with city life.
Screening young people for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Uher Rudolf , Heyman Isobel , Mortimore Catherine , Frampton Ian , Goodman Robert 
Published: October 2007

SummaryObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in young people is underrecognised and undertreated. Simple screening tools suitable for general practice and community services are needed. We created a seven-item self-report Short OCD Screener (SOCS) and administered it to young people aged 11–15 years, including 116 patients with OCD, 181 healthy community controls and 33 young people with other psychiatric diagnoses. The SOCS has excellent sensitivity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.91–0.98) to detect OCD cases. Its specificity is good in children without psychiatric diagnoses, but low in a psychiatric sample. The SOCS is a screening tool suitable for community but not specialist settings.
Mental capacity in psychiatric patients
Authors: Okai David , Owen Gareth , McGuire Hugh , Singh Swaran , Churchill Rachel , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundMental capacity is central to legal and ethical debates on the use of compulsion in psychiatry.AimsTo describe the clinical epidemiology of mental incapacity in patients with psychiatric disorders, including interrater reliability of assessments, frequency in the psychiatric population and associations of mental incapacity.MethodCross-sectional studies of capacity to consent to treatment for psychiatric patients were systematically reviewed from Medline, EMBASE and PsycInfo databases. Information on the reliability of assessments, frequency and associations of mental incapacity was extracted.ResultsOut of 37 papers reviewed, 29 different capacity assessment tools were identified. Studies were highly heterogeneous in their measurement and definitions of capacity. Interrater reliabilities between tools were high. Studies indicate incapacity is common (median 29%) but the majority of psychiatric in-patients are capable of making treatment decisions. Psychosis, severity of symptoms, involuntary admission and treatment refusal were the strongest risk factors for incapacity.ConclusionsMental capacity can be reliably assessed. The majority of psychiatric in-patients have capacity, and socio-demographic variables do not have a major impact but clinical ones do.
Aggressive behaviour, victimisation and crime among severely mentally ill patients requiring hospitalisation
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh , Alderton Jane , Cree Adrian , Aboud Andrew , Mak Timothy 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundSevere mental illness is associated with increased risk of aggressive behaviour, crime and victimisation. Mental health policy does not acknowledge this evidence. The number of forensic beds has risen dramatically.AimsTo examine the prevalence of aggressive behaviour, victimisation and criminality among people receiving in-patient treatment for severe mental illness in an inner-city area.MethodSelf-reports of aggressive behaviour and victimisation and criminal records were collected for 205 in-patients with severe mental illness.ResultsIn the preceding 6 months 49% of the men and 39% of the women had engaged in aggressive behaviour and 57% of the men and 48% of the women had been victims of assault; 47% of the men and 17% of the women had been convicted of at least one violent crime.ConclusionsAggressive behaviour and victimisation are common among severely mentally ill people requiring hospitalisation in the inner city. Rates of violent crime are higher than in the general population.
First Report of the Welding Research Committee. A Preliminary Research into the Effect of Heat Treatment of Welds
Authors: Schuster L. W. 
Published: October 2007

With such considerations as the releasing of internal stress, the effect on corrodibility, and the practicability of carrying out high-temperature treatments, the present research does not deal. The experiments concern solely the changes in toughness brought about by heat treatment, and they represent a trial set of tests in which a particular high-class electrode was used, the results being intended as a guide for future research. In the past there has been considerable variability in the results obtained from a normalizing treatment by different experimenters, and as this was considered to be partly due to a difference in manner of cutting out the samples and a difference in the method of carrying out the treatment, the present treatments were all kept under careful control. The upper and lower “runs” were tested separately so that the effect of heat treatment on the coarse metal of the upper run and the fine metal of the lower runs might be subdivided. Throughout, microscopic examinations were made so that the change in structure might be correlated as far as possible with the change in the shock value. The particular weld metal tested gave very consistent results and the change in Izod value was found largely to follow the change in grain size.
Oil Storage and Transport Equipment, with Special Reference to the Application of Welding
Authors: Adlington R. E. 
Published: October 2007

Primarily owing to the special nature of the fluids handled in the oil industry, welding has thoroughly established itself, and is being increasingly employed in all phases of oil refining and handling. Various types of tanks, treatment vessels, and pipe lines of all-welded construction are now being used for the most searching fluids, with complete absence of the joint leakage which occurred with the older methods of construction. Welding methods also show substantial reductions in material and site costs. In order to indicate the very large number of examples of welded construction as applied to the storage and transport of oil, the subject is dealt with on the basis of a flow sheet which shows generally how an oil, found abroad and conveyed to this country for refining, is handled from the time it leaves the well until it is ready for the consumer. Reference is mostly made to commonly used liquid petroleum products such as motor spirit, lubricating oil, furnace, and Diesel oil. The handling of these products is described with reference to the methods employed by one or two well known concerns, but such methods are typical of those employed in other parts of the world.
The Development of Automatic Combustion Control Systems for Industrial and Power Station Boilers
Authors: Hodgson J. L. , Robinson L. L. 
Published: October 2007

The paper shows that automatic control systems have been developed mainly in order to prevent smoke, to maintain load against demand, to carry out routine adjustments, to facilitate the group control of boilers, to increase boiler house efficiencies, and to provide interlocking safeguards and self-acting cut-out devices. Dealing with principles and methods rather than with mechanical details, the paper describes with reference to fundamental diagrams and special drawings the main features and capabilities of thirteen of the more important control systems. The paper deals also with the factors upon which speed of response and accurate combustion control depend, questions of boiler feed, the elimination of “hunting” of the controls, and the considerations which affect the choice of mechanisms for operating the controls. Test results are given, and the desirability of using automatic combustion control, even in the case of base-load stations, is urged.
Some Factors in the Design of Surface Condensing Plant
Authors: Guy H. L. , Winstanley E. V. 
Published: October 2007

It is suggested that the poor performance of certain large surface condensers is due to pressure drop on the steam side. Tests are given showing the pressure drop for various patterns of tube plates and illustrating the steps taken to reduce it. The effect of pressure drop upon the mean temperature difference is discussed. The limitations of accepted formulae are criticized and the results of more accurate analysis are presented. The results of Eagle and Ferguson's tests on heat transmission from tube to water are presented in terms of the external surface for the range of normal condensing plant. Utilizing these results, the overall rates of heat transmission from a large number of tests on commercial condensers are analysed in order to obtain the rate of heat transmission from steam to tube, and after a discussion of the results a mean value is suggested. A set of curves of overall rates of heat transmission on this basis is presented as applicable to brushed tubes. A method of obtaining the net heat rejected to the circulating water in power plant is developed and the departure from the conventional figure of 1,000 B.Th.U. per lb. is brought out. The results obtained on a series of tests on individual tubes in a complete condenser are analysed and commented upon. The paper also deals with the effect of tube fouling upon the overall rate of heat transmission, and methods of obtaining a margin in surface to allow for this are discussed. The effect of pressure drop upon the duty of an air extraction plant and certain problems arising therewith are discussed. Some actual air leakage tests are given and compared with recognized standard allowances. The authors deal with the friction on the water side of condensers and give test figures of the friction in the tube with various methods of tube plate fastenings. Recommended standard values of the various factors for assessing condenser water friction are given, together with tests from commercial installations. The paper concludes with a treatment of the problem of syphonic return in condenser circulating water systems and gives a method of calculating the syphonic efficiency.
The Stresses in Thick-Walled Cylinders of Mild Steel Overstrained by Internal Pressure
Authors: Cook Gilbert 
Published: October 2007

The paper describes a theoretical and experimental investigation of the stress distribution across the walls of thick cylinders of mild steel when the internal pressure is such that the elastic limit of the material is exceeded and a certain amount of overstrain occurs. The main conclusions are:— (1) That in the cylinders in which it was possible to produce overstrain over the whole wall thickness the observed pressure is in close agreement with that calculated on the assumption of constant shear stress equal to the shear stress observed during plastic yield in tension. (2) That in partially overstrained cylinders the maximum shear stress in the elastic region varies as overstrain proceeds. (3) That at the internal surface the effect of overstrain is to reduce the circumferential tensile stress, and to set up an axial compressive stress. With sufficient wall thickness all three principal stresses at the internal surface become compressive for pressures which still permit of the external portions remaining elastic.
Design of Crane Hooks and Other Components of Lifting Gear
Authors: Gough H. J. , Cox H. L. , Sopwith D. G. 
Published: October 2007

Most lifting gear components consist essentially of curved beams of very ductile material, the radius of curvature often being small in comparison with the dimensions of the beam. In addition, in rings, chain links, etc., the distribution of bending moment is not directly calculable from the values of the applied loads, but is influenced also by the condition that the centre line of the section of the component must remain continuous when under load. The design of lifting gear components requires, therefore, the determination of the bending moments, etc., set up, the calculation of the stresses due to these bending moments, etc., and the consideration of the modification to the stress system consequent upon yielding in parts of the components. The effect of the curvature of the centre line of the component on the distribution of stress is first discussed, the method of calculation for different forms of beam section being indicated, and the best form of section investigated. The effect of yielding is next considered. It is shown that, if any portion of the component yields under load, the removal of the load will leave this portion in a state of stress of opposite sign to that under which it yielded, and it is concluded that calculated stresses even as high as the sum of the yield stresses in tension and compression may be actually set up in the material as ranges of stress without causing continuous plastic deformation. The general method of calculating the bending moments in rings and links, etc., is demonstrated and comparison is made between exact and approximate methods. General formulæ for egg links (including rings and chain links), studded links, and eyebolts are obtained and typical examples, drawn from recent British Standard Specifications, are worked out. The results of tests on components designed according to the general principles of the paper are described and the use of fatigue testing both in determining the true factor of safety and as an experimental check on the calculations is demonstrated.
Hydrodynamic Principles of Journal Bearing Design
Authors: Swift H. W. 
Published: October 2007

A survey of existing theories of the journal bearing without side leakage suggests that optimum conditions as regards friction and film thickness are obtained when the bearing is designed with such a clearance that the operating eccentricity, in the case of the half-bearing, is about 0·4. Reasons are given for assuming that a similar optimum eccentricity exists in bearings of ordinary width. In order to take rational account of side leakage, use is made of Kingsbury's experimental results obtained by electrical analogy. Coefficients are deduced embodying the effect of bearing width on friction and film thickness, and for a given total load it is found that the film thickness increases continuously with the width of bearing, but the frictional coefficient has a minimum value when a certain ratio exists between the width of a bearing and its diameter; in the case of the half-bearing, the ratio is about 3/2. For a specified minimum film thickness the necessary width Bo of the bearing can be found, and the rational procedure in design differs according as the journal diameter D is greater or less than . The critical diameter is jointly dependent on the least permissible clearance and the hydrodynamic data. A discussion of practicable clearances leads to a working expression for this critical diameter, which is conveniently written in the form , where W is the bearing load in pounds, and D1 the critical diameter in inches. The symbol Ds, defined as the specific diameter, is plotted in Fig. 9, p. 424. The following procedure is suggested in design. For the given speed, N r.p.m., the specific diameter D s is read from Fig. 9 and the critical diameter for a bearing load of W lb. is then for oil of normal viscosity. If the actual journal diameter D < D1 the bearing width should be and the diametral clearance This gives the lowest friction consistent with safe film thickness. If D > D1 the bearing width B should be and the diametral clearance This gives optimum frictional conditions and a margin of safety in film thickness. Comparative data for bearing arcs of 120 deg. and non-central loads are shown in Table 2, p. 412.
The Organization and Mechanical Appliances of the London Fire Brigade
Authors: Morris C. C. B. 
Published: October 2007

To produce a sufficient pressure for fire-fighting purposes in water from low-pressure mains, turbine pumps are driven from the gearbox of the road engine, auxiliary pumps being fitted for priming the main pumps. The normal pump pressure employed demands a special quality of hose to ensure that all service requirements are met. The round-thread screw coupling for hose is compared with the instantaneous coupling. When water supply is inadequate at fires, pumps are inserted “in series” at suitable points in long lines of hose, to bring water over considerable distances. “Collector” working enables water supplies from various sources to be combined, the various lines of hose being joined by “collector boxes” with non-return valves. Dual-purpose appliances, incorporating a standard chassis with an escape and a small “first-aid” pump and tank, are extremely useful; the pump is sufficient to deal with about 25 per cent of the fires occurring in London. An all-steel turntable ladder, incorporating a number of special features, is also described. “Special service” calls, to accidents not involving fire, are continually increasing in numbers. Emergency vans, fitted with dynamos and floodlighting equipment, oxy-acetylene cutting plant, etc., have been designed for such accidents. Portable breathing apparatus is also provided, and is often used at actual fires as well as at special service calls. The leading dimensions of the fire float Massey Shaw are given. The author describes the organization required for mobilizing appliances for attendance at fires; the division of the London area into special districts for fire calls, and the provision of “key” stations; and finally the procedure adopted at fires.