bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecologic, and Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Bralower Timothy J. 
Published: October 2006

A most active area of modern paleontology concerns the causes and consequences of global mass extinction events. Fueled by wide public interest in extinction of the dinosaurs and debate among geologists over the causes of this event, paleontologists have scrutinized the geologic record of extinction events. Volume after volume has addressed these prominent extinction events. Far less study, and an order of magnitude less paper, have been devoted to the causes of local and regional paleontological events such as local extinctions and incursions even though they are far more common and can be equally dramatic.Many sedimentary geologists have observed horizons of marine sedimentary rocks unusually enriched in fossil remains. However, few of us stop to consider their significance.Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecologic, and Evolutionary Implications showcases 20 state‐of‐the‐art papers that explore the causes of short‐term and longer‐term bioevents that have left behind remarkable paleontological records.
Russian and German scientists explore the Arctic's Laptev Sea and its climate system
Authors: Kassens Heidemarie , Dmitrenko Igor , Rachold Volker , Thiede Joern , Timokhov Leonid 
Published: October 2006

River runoff into the Laptev Sea in the Siberian Arctic (Figure 1) causes dramatic environmental changes in the sea, influencing not only the entire Arctic climate but global climate as well, a 4‐year study suggests. The study, known as the Laptev Sea System program, was conducted by a joint group of Russian and German scientists. It marked the first time a major comprehensive research program looked at the extreme environmental system of the Laptev Sea, addressing both oceanic and terrestrial processes.The work focused on mechanisms involved in past and ongoing climate variations in the Laptev Sea region (Figure 2) with an emphasis on the interaction between the sea and the Lena River in the summer, autumn, and spring. In the summer, river water spreads over the sea as a low‐salinity surface layer carrying much of the river's suspended load. In the fall, during ice formation, the low‐salinity layer controls the fast‐ice edge and, consequently, the Laptev Sea polynya or ice clearing.
Hunter receives 1998”1999 AGU Congressional Science Fellowship
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

David E. Hunter was selected by the Committee on Public Affairs (COPA) to receive the Congressional Science Fellowship at its Spring Committee Meeting.David is currently a U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) Global Change Fellow at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. His dissertation, under Professor Christopher Charles, has focused on the interannual to interdecadal climate variability in the western Indian Ocean. By measuring oxygen isotopes in Seychelles corals, he created a 150‐year, monthly resolution record of climate. This record yielded a history of interaction between the monsoon and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and is providing key insights into the decadal variability in the tropics.
Students investigate environmental restoration site in New Mexico
Authors: Ferguson John F. , Baldridge W. Scott , Jiracek George R. , Gonzalez Victor , Pope Paul A. 
Published: October 2006

Investigations conducted during the 1997 Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE) field course at one site at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) successfully delineated a waste disposal trench dug in the 1940s. The survey, which was popular with the students, provided them with important experience in “real world” geophysical problems and demonstrated that students can obtain useful and important results during a short field exercise.The utility of the magnetic, seismic refraction, and ground‐penetrating radar methods will be demonstrated on a profile through one of the major waste trenches at the site. The magnetic and radar methods are sensitive to the presence of metallic objects buried within the trenches. A low‐velocity trench structure is defined by the seismic refraction data. Models of the trench structure are both accurate (linear dimensions are probably good to within a few meters) and somewhat different from prior expectations.
Real‐time monitoring and warning for natural hazards can provide real‐time benefits
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Downhill from a golf driving range on Maryland's Interstate 70 highway near the city of Frederick, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic technicians Richard Saffer and Robert Pentz strode along a short path and over a steel walkway for a site visit to a concrete gage house near the Monocacy River.Gage house #01643000 sits on top of a stilling well that reaches about 8.5 m above the normal flow stage of the river. Inside the house are floats to lower down the well shaft, a hand pump, pipes leading into the river, and other basic technology befitting a structure built in 1929. But the station also is equipped with a modern data collecting platform, an antenna link to transmit data to geostationary operations environmental satellites (GOES), a modem connection, and other high‐tech tools of the trade.
Senators breathe new life into efforts to double federal dollars for R&D
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

At a press conference held Thursday, June 25, Senator Bill Frist (R‐Tenn.) announced that he and Senator Jay Rockefeller (D‐W.Va.) were introducing a bill to double federal support for research and development (R&D) over the next 12 years.This latest development gives a boost to legislation introduced last October by Senators Phil Gramm (R‐Tex.) and Joe Lieberman (D‐Conn.) to double R&D spending in a decade. The earlier bill, numbered S. 1305, garnered only 18 Senate cosponsors in 8 months and appears to be mired in the Labor and Human Resources Committee with little hope of moving to the Senate floor.
Joint Spanish‐American Research uncovers fracture pattern in northeastern Caribbean
Authors: Dillon William P. , Acosta Juan , Uchupi Elazar , ten Brink Uri S. 
Published: October 2006

A joint Spanish‐American geophysical cruise north of the Virgin Islands has delineated the fracture pattern of the North American plate as it is overrun by the northeast corner of the Caribbean plate. Previously known fractures parallel to the plate boundary (approximately east‐west) probably result from plate flexure, while newly defined crossing fractures (north‐northeast) may be related to extension produced by the compound bend of the North American plate. The direction of the fractures may be modified by preexisting spreading tectonic fabric.The fieldwork took place in May 1997 aboard the Spanish research vessel Hespérides as part of an ongoing effort to study plate interactions and their seismotectonic effects on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Multichannel seismic‐reflection profiles, multibeam bathymetry, and gravity and magnetic data were collected on the cruise. Also examined were reprocessed regional seismic lines, newly relocated earthquake epicenters, and satellite gravity data. The program was planned by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Recent oceanic intraplate earthquake in Balleny Sea was largest ever detected
Authors: Wiens Douglas A. , Wysession Michael E. , Lawver Lawrence 
Published: October 2006

The largest oceanic intraplate earthquake ever detected and the largest event worldwide since 1994 occurred in a remote oceanic region near the Balleny Islands on March 25, 1998 (03:12:26 UT; Mw 8.2). An intraplate earthquake of this magnitude is extremely rare, especially for the Antarctic plate, which shows low seismicity.The earthquake occurred about 300 km west of the Balleny Transform between the Antarctic passive margin and the Australian‐Antarctic spreading center (Figure 1). The best double‐couple mechanism from the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solution shows strike‐slip faulting with nodal planes trending north‐south and east‐west (Figure 1). The CMT solution also shows a large, compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) component that can be interpreted as indicating northwest‐southeast extension.
Stevenson receives Hess Medal
Authors: Kaula William M. , Stevenson David J. 
Published: October 2006

David J. Stevenson was awarded the Harry H. Hess Medal at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on May 27, 1998, in Boston, Massachusetts. The Harry H. Hess Medal recognizes outstanding achievements in the research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and its sister planets.A meaningful understanding of the Earth and planets requires explaining their differences. This explanation of planetary processes is difficult partly because it entails a wide range of scales—from microscale, operating at the atomic level, to macroscale, determined by boundaries thousands of kilometers apart. David Stevenson's graduate study was mainly in theoretical condensedmatter physics, but he is remarkable in his grasp of large‐scale planetary processes such as mantle convection and the dynamos. He is also remarkable in his ‘instinct to attack the jugular,’ that is to go for the most important problems and for the versatility of his approaches thereto.
Borehole observatories record driving forces for hydrotheraial circulation in young oceanic crust
Authors: Davis Earl , Becker Keir 
Published: October 2006

A greatly improved understanding of the mechanisms of hydrothermal circulation seems within reach, based on preliminary interpretation of long‐term monitoring data from borehole observatories installed during two recent legs of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These new data should be especially helpful in refining circulation models to resolve the vigor and scale of hydrothermal phenomena in the oceanic crust.Substantial progress already has been made toward quantifying average thermal and chemical fluxes associated with hydrothermal circulation, but progress toward understanding the mechanisms of circulation has been modest. Measurements of temperatures, pressures, and permeabilities at depth are rare; hence, models for circulation are little more than conceptual, relying to a large degree on inferences from data gathered at the seafloor rather than on in situ observational constraints.
Community‐based research proposed as model to make science more accessible
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In Woburn, Mass., some community members were concerned that high rates of childhood leukemia in their city from 1969 to 1979 could be related to exposure to contaminated water from public water wells. When government officials did not take what some considered sufficient action against polluting companies, the community group, For a Cleaner Environment (FACE), contacted several professors at the Harvard University School of Public Health. The Harvard scientists assisted with conducting research and developing evidence that helped the community members secure an $8 million out‐of‐court settlement against the companies.In Yellow Creek, Ky., residents were concerned that a tannery was poisoning the drinking water. They called upon the non‐profit Highlander Research and Education Center of New Market, Tenn., for assistance in 1980. The center helped the Yellow Creek Concerned Citizens of Kentucky conduct health surveys and work with university researchers and scientists to determine the extent of contamination. To date, the results have included a safe water line for the community and an $11 million court decision, still under appeal, to help mitigate the problem.
Researchers investigate inter‐hemispheric climate linkages in the Americas and their societal effects
Authors: Markgraf Vera 
Published: October 2006

Records from the past document natural climate variability on all timescales, from seasons to decades to centuries. Documenting and understanding the nature and cause of past climate variability is the key to predicting future climate change, especially since climate will continue to change in response to humankind's impact on the environment.The International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program on Past Global Change (IGBP‐PAGES) is providing global evidence of natural climate variability and its forcing to establish a framework that will help society and decision‐makers prepare for future change. Because no single record can adequately represent past global climate change, regional paleoclimate evidence from both the ocean and land must be assembled and integrated. Within IGBP‐PAGES, the Pole‐Equator‐Pole Paleoclimate of the Americas (PEP 1) initiative attempts to provide an interhemispheric view by focusing on the integration of paleoclimate data along a longitudinal transect in the western hemisphere [PAGES, 1995].
[Comment on Earthquake precursors: Banished forever?] Comment: Unpredictability of earthquakes–Truth or fiction?
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna 
Published: October 2006

I was delighted to read Alexander Gusev's opinions on what he calls the “unpredictability paradigm” of earthquakes (Eos, February 10, 1998, p. 71). I always enjoy hearing from a good friend in the pages of Eos. I immediately looked up “paradigm” in my Oxford Dictionary and found this: paradigm n 1) set of all the different forms of a word: verb paradigms. 2) Type of something; pattern; model: a paradigm for others to copy.I wonder whether Sasha Gusev actually believes that branding earthquake prediction a “proven nonscience” [Geller, 1997] is a paradigm for others to copy. As for me, I choose to refrain from climbing on board this particular bandwagon for the following reasons.
Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them, Fourth Edition
Authors: Cribb Warner 
Published: October 2006

Anyone who spends time in a geology lab, natural science museum, or rock and mineral shop can see that nature provides us with an incredible variety of minerals. Countless introductory geology students get “turned on” to the science of geology by studying minerals. Despite the development of modern instruments that enable rapid and detailed mineral, chemical, and atomic structural analysis, the study of minerals by hand sample remains one of the most popular and economical pursuits of many professional geologists, students, and amateur mineral enthusiasts.Because individuals with varying backgrounds in physical science collect and study minerals, a considerable need exists for a reference text that can be effectively used by both professionals and amateurs. Edward Salisbury Dana published the first such text, Minerals and How to Study Them, over a century ago. The third and last edition of this book was published in 1948. In the 50 years since, considerable changes have occurred in the understanding of mineral chemistry, crystallography, and microscopy. As a result, Dana's third edition is somewhat out of date, and its presentation of material is somewhat antiquated for modern‐day readers.
Volcanoes, Third Edition
Authors: Nye Christopher J. 
Published: October 2006

It takes confidence to title a smallish book merely “Volcanoes” because of the impliction that the myriad facets of volcanism—chemistry, physics, geology, meteorology, hazard mitigation, and more—have been identified and addressed to some nontrivial level of detail. Robert and Barbara Decker have visited these different facets seamlessly in Volcanoes, Third Edition. The seamlessness comes from a broad overarching, interdisciplinary, professional understanding of volcanism combined with an exceptionally smooth translation of scientific jargon into plain language.The result is a book which will be informative to a very broad audience, from reasonably educated nongeologists (my mother loves it) to geology undergraduates through professional volcanologists. I bet that even the most senior professional volcanologists will learn at least a few things from this book and will find at least a few provocative discussions of subjects they know.
Temperature rises in heated congressional hearing on climate change
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

July was the hottest month on Earth since at least 1880, when instrumental records began, and the 15th month in a row to set alltime records for global monthly surface temperatures, according to the National Climatic Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. If the trend persists, the center says that 1998 probably will be the warmest year on record.Even inside the climate‐controlled U.S. Congressional hearing room, the temperature was rising as witnesses debated about global warming and what, if anything, to do about it.
Valdivia receives 1998 F. L. Scarf Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Juan Alejandro Valdivia was awarded the F. L. Scarf Award for his thesis entitled “The Physics of High Altitude Lightning.” He will be formally presented during the AGU 1998 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, December 6–10,1998. The award is given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar‐planetary science.Valdivia's interests in science, astronomy, and physics began as a child in Chile, when besides playing soccer, he had the chance to routinely observe the southern sky with his father's telescope. When he finished high school he decided to take the opportunity to study physics in Washington, D.C., since during that time his mother was assigned at the International Monetary Fund. Very soon he realized that he had brought interests that enticed him to pursue majors in physics, in astronomy, and in mathematics. Upon completion of the three majors, he started graduate school in physics at the University of Maryland. After working on different subjects, always encouraged and supported by his advisors, he wrote his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Dennis Papadopoulos, Surja Sharma, and Gennady Milikh. After obtaining his Ph.D., Juan went to work at NASA Goddard with a NR Fellowship with Alexander Klimas and Dimitrios Vassiliadis on nonlinear dynamics in space physics.
Exotic rodent species threatens many U.S. wetlands
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

As a sole canoe navigated the lazy flatwater bends of Maryland's Blackwater River on a perfect summer afternoon last June, fish jumped, dragonflies zigged across the open water and through the tall grass in the brackish tidal marshland, and in the distance several young eagles drifted in the blue sky.On the way back to the boat landing, a furry mammal casually paddled across the water: too big for a muskrat and not quite a beaver, the creature slinked into the marsh vegetation bordering the river. Then another appeared and perhaps a half‐dozen more that day, an abundance of wildlife.
Rain forest mapping project to release CD‐ROMs
Authors: Chapman Bruce , Taylor Victor , Rosenqvist Ake 
Published: October 2006

Imagery of the world's major tropical rain forests gathered from data collected by the Japanese JERS‐1 satellite is now being released on CD‐ROMs. Begun in 1995, the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) project has collected contiguous, high‐resolution L‐band imagery of rain forests in Central and South America, central and west Africa, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia (Figure 1).The JERS‐1 satellite is equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to gather the data. Each of the major rain forest regions was observed at least once during a “single season” between September 1995 and January 1997.
Survey yields data on unique metamorphic rock complex in China
Authors: Schulze A. , Jiang M. , Ryberg T. , Gao R. 
Published: October 2006

Seismic data from survey work last year in Dabie Shan, China, are giving scientists their first view of the subsurface structure of a unique metamorphic rock complex. The work, in which a joint Chinese‐German research team surveyed possible sites for a super deep borehole, set the stage for more intensive petrological and seismic investigations this year and next.Data were collected by near‐vertical seismic imaging at Dabie Shan, the Earth's largest outcrop of ultra‐high pressure metamorphic (UHM) rocks, some exhumed from depths of 100 km. Processing so far has revealed unexpectedly strong mid‐and lower‐crustal reflections, predominantly dipping west to east, indicating the involved tectonic history of the region. Upcoming research will look more closely at the three‐dimensional structure of the rock and other matters. Scientific deep drilling is essential in addressing a wide range of major geoscientific problems of global importance. The International Continental Scientific Drilling Programme (ICDP) coordinates such, and one key target of ICDP is the Dabie Shan. To find the most appropriate location for a drill site and to extend the findings of the drilling beyond the drill hole, geophysical methods, especially seismic investigations, play an important role. Integrated interpretation of seismic and drill results in the Dabie Shan will lead to a better understanding of the structure and dynamic processes of the collisional history of the Yangtze and Sino‐Korean Cratons. The Dabie Shan is located in the eastern part of the Qinling orogen in Anhui province, central China. The rocks there contain microdiamonds and coesite within a 20‐km‐thick eclogite zone representing a part of the lower lithosphere of the Yangtze Craton [Okay, 1993]. Such rocks suggest that continental crust had been subducted to depths greater than 100 km and exhumed afterwards [Hackeretal, 1995].
Industry report attempts to position nuclear power as environmentally friendly
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new report by the Nuclear Energy Institute claims that nuclear power has played a significant and largely overlooked role in reducing acid rain in the United States, and that the industry should receive Clean Air Act financial credits for the avoided production of sulfur dioxide—an acid rain ingredient—as well as for other avoided pollutants.The late August release of the industry group's report, ”Phase ISO2 Emissions Avoided by Increased Nuclear Generation,” is timed to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) forthcoming regulation that will set nitrogen oxide limits during the summer ozone season for 22 states in the eastern part of the United States. The agency currently is putting finishing touches on the regulation, and the nuclear industry hopes that it—and other “nonemitting” energy sources, including solar, wind, and renewable energy—receives financial credits for avoided nitrogen oxide emissions.
Scientists mount search for Greenland Bolide
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Throughout history, many people have sought and utilized meteorite fragments for harpoon blades, domestic tools, and export, according to Holger Pedersen, an astronomer and guest researcher at the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics in Copenhagen, Denmark, who has participated in many expeditions to find meteorites.But Pedersen and several other scientists are searching for evidence of one particular bolide fall over Greenland last December 9 not for its utilitarian or trade value, but to catch a glimpse of its short‐lived isotopes and perhaps its origin, and to confirm its path through the Solar System.