bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Cleaning/Disinfection in Chamber Systems Used in Operational Saturation Diving
Authors: Ahlen C. , Leinan I. , Berg M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Skin infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs frequently among saturation divers. Efficient cleaning/disinfection, in aim to reduce contamination and spreading of infection-related microbes, is of vital importance in this environment.
This paper presents guidelines for cleaning /disinfection in saturation chambers, and focus on practical performance of the procedure. The guidelines are mainly based on results from field studies of infection- /disinfection in operational saturation chamber systems in the North Sea.
In the presented guidelines, a distinction is made between pressurized and non-pressurized chambers. Complete cleaning/disinfection are to be performed in chambers at surface. For the main cleaning /disinfection of chambers under pressure, use of disposable equipment and frequent replacement of the shower-sets is outlined.
The new procedures are from operational studies shown to highly increase the efficiency of cleaning/disinfection. The new procedures are implemented onboard some diving vessels during the diving season 1991.
Ergonomic Testing of the "Man-Machine" System Underwater
Authors: Dmochowski J. , Pacholski L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a research project to develop method and conduct test of "man-machine" ergonomic system underwater.
Researches of "man-machine" system underwater are carried during tests of divers operating hand tools in water tanks. Tets are held in shallow-up to 3,5m water tanks so only water effects is considered during studies, when the depth effect in reference to breathing mixture saturation and decompresion is not considered. During introductory experiments the divers were drilling holes in steel plates using three types of driller and in granite slabs using hydraulic percussion driller. Response of the "diver-driller" system was measured when conditions of work, as temperature of water, vibrations of driller were changing. Results of the experiments were discussed.
During tests the divers were monitored and physiological data were obtained. Turther tests concerning hand tool aplication and cooperation between divers, typical for underwater ventures are elaborated. These tests are worked out in connection with developed method of ergonomic evaluation of hand tools for underwater technologies.
Permit To Work Procedures
Authors: Maddox K. H. , Butler J. D. , Bonsall D. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a major review, carried out by Shell UK Exploration and Production, of its Permit To Work System. The key elements were seen to be: Concentrating management attention on work of high potential risk by specifying commensurate authorisation levels.Co-ordination of non-routine activities and providing visibility of the status of work in progress.Clear system specification.Disciplined isolation procedures.Constantly updated computer based permit information and tracking system.Training.Auditing.
Estimating Reservoir Pressure Using The Principle Of Superposition
Authors: Walker A. Craven 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The standard methods available for determination of reservoir pressure from pressure build-up observations rely on the assumption of a flow geometry in the reservoir. A method of calculating reservoir pressure which does not require a specified reservoir flow pattern has been devised. This method is based entirely on the principle of superposition and develops the use of a single pressure drawdown curve for each well the well characteristic curve. Methods for constructing this curve are describes and its use in determining reservoir pressure from pressure build-up data is illustrated by the analysis of a transient pressure survey. The method has the advantage of requiring only a short shut-in period.
NOMENCLATURE
p(t) - the remanent pressure drawdown at time t, psi
G(t) - the characteristic remanent pressure drawdown functions psi/1000 bpd.
Pe - the reservoir pressure at the time of the pbu Pe - the reservoir pressure at the time of the pbu survey, psi.
New Employee Safety Training (NEST): A Company Commitment
Authors: Wertz R. , Greer C. R. , Knecht D. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New Employee Safety Training (NEST) is a training vehicle for new Schlumberger employees on safety and the environ-ment. The purpose of programs such as NEST is to begin an employee’s tenure with a strong emphasis on safety and an appreciation for the environment. Concern for safety and the environment should be as much a part of corporate culture as are service to clients and return to stockholders. A formal training program is an organized way to accomplish these goals.
The NEST curriculum includes five days of training in the areas of radiation, explosives, driving, water survival, fire fighting, first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), governmental regulations, hazardous materials and personal protective equipment. The program consists of classroom and hands-on training and testing.
Safe Coiled-Tubing Operations
Authors: Thomeer H. V. , Newman K. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Safe coiled tubing operations require quality control of the coiled tubing, wellsite safety standards for coiled tubing operations, and the safe deployment of long tool strings in and out of the well. The quality of coiled tubing is monitored by a patent pending real-time inspection device, fatigue cycle tracking, data acquisition of critical job parameters, and inputting all the coiled tubing history data into a model to get predicted coiled tubing life. Coiled tubing operational safety standards detail coiled tubing issues with emergency contingency procedures and the use of a downhole force model to predict the force when running coiled tubing in deviated wells. The safe deployment of long tool strings, both fluid and electrical, requires special procedures and equipment to get in and out of the well. The operational methods and standards provide improved safety during coiled tubing operations at the wellsite, whether onshore or offshore.
Super Heavy Weight Drilling Fluids And Cement Slurries
Authors: Jinoian Vardges 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water shows in the Gachsaran Formation in Iran occur primarily in limestones and may be of high pressure and volume. These high-pressure water shows, often exceeding overburden pressures, and their erratic distribution are thought to be attributable to the tectonic conditions of the Gachsaran Formation.
Drilling through these high pressure water bearing and plastic formations requires mud hydrostatics that generally equal and are sometimes higher than overburden pressures.
High mud weights, with their inherent high solid ratios, create problems that are unique and can be solved only with proper, formulation problems that are unique and can be solved only with proper, formulation and close control.
These muds must be followed with cement slurries of approximately the same weights to prevent water flows during casing cementations. The various additives that go into these slurries are selected with utmost care so that heavy weight slurries can be mixed with good stability and flow characteristics.
1. Super Heavy Weight Drilling Fluids
In South Iran drilling through the Gachsaran formation, which is plastic and charged with high pressure formation water, frequently requires mud hydrostatics in excess of overburden pressures.
Psychological Factors in Safety Performance
Authors: Young D. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Developing a safe work environment for employees in the petroleum industry has been a high priority in recent years. Although much improvement is evident in the industry, there is a commitment to further reduce the potential for accidents. Psychological characteristics of both individuals and groups that undermine the potential for a healthy work environment are discussed. The resistance to using psychology in developing safety awareness and accident investigation techniques is explored followed by the potential contribution psychological thinking might make to the challenge of insuring a safe and healthy work environment.
Safety Acceptance Criteria for Oil/Gas Production Systems
Authors: Aven T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The application of safety acceptance criteria (targets) to oil and gas production systems has often been discussed, in particular regarding their consistency with overall business objectives. In this paper, this question is addressed, and possible solutions proposed. It is concluded that acceptance criteria should be used with care. Such criteria may restrain sound innovation and judgement, and result in an unnecessarily expensive design. This is especially the case for safety acceptance criteria related to material assets and production, but there are many problems also associated with the implementation of safety acceptance criteria related to human life, health and environment.
This paper also discusses some important factors related to the quality of risk analyses. Risk analysis is the basis for using quantitative safety acceptance criteria; the quality of such analyses is therefore critical.
The New Risk Analysis Regulations from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate: Their Applicability to the Control of Occupational Accidents in Design
Authors: Kjellen U. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Regulations concerning implementation and use of risk analysis in the petroleum activity are in effect in Norway since February 1, 1991. The regulations specify a number of requirements on the operator's internal control system including that safety goals and acceptance criteria shall be defined, that risk analyses shall be applied in the identification and assessment of accident risks and that risk reducing measures shall be implemented when necessary to meet the criteria.
The paper examines the implementation of the "Risk analysis regulations" in the control of occupational accidents in design. It is based on results and experiences from the application of various methods of risk analysis during the design of a fixed offshore installation. A risk analysis method has been developed for the purpose of verifying complience with acceptance criteria concerning the expected accident frequency rate. Theoretical and methodological problems are discussed in relation to these results and experiences.
It is concluded that the basic requirements of the "Risk analysis regulations" are possible to meet. Its implementation requires the use of a combination of risk analysis methods and access to adequate experience data. Subject-matter expert judgement must be accepted as an integral part of the analyses.
Dispersion Modeling of Gas Releases on Offshore Platforms
Authors: Fontaine D. J. , Hall M. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the technique used to evaluate the potential hazards to personnel and equipment in the unlikely event of an accidental release of sour gas from nearby off-shore platforms. These potential impacts arise from the possibility of well blow-outs during the installation and operation of new sulfur mining and oil production platforms in the vicinity of several existing platforms. This evaluation was performed using accident release consequence modeling, and focused on the following potential impacts: inhalation of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) by personnel on the nearby platforms; the extent of the flammable hydrocarbon gas cloud; and the radiant heat from an ignited gas jet. "Worst-case" estimates and assumptions were used in the modeling process to minimize the likelihood of under-estimating any potential impacts.
The gas flammability, and flame radiation hazards were predicted by the modeling system to be confined to the area within 200 ft. (60 m) of the gas release source. The modeling system predicted the potential H2S inhalation hazards to extend from the source a distance of 0.2 to 2.0 miles (0.3 to 3.2 kml. depending on the physical characteristics of the release scenario and the H2S exposure level chosen.
The Nigerian Experience in Health, Safety, and Environmental Matters During Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Operations
Authors: Oyekan A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Since crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantities in the Country, in 1956, Nigerian oil and gas exploration and production activities have steadily increased as petroleum assumed strategic importance in the nation's economy. However, just as occurs in many parts of the world, crude oil and gas SEe found and produced in Nigeria sometimes in very hostile and unfavourable environments. The search for oil and gas takes explorers to the hot regions of the Northern parts of the country, the swamp jungle location of the Niger Delta, as well as offshore locations in the Atlantic Ocean. Each terrain, whether land, swamp or offshore, in deep or shallow waters, present unique health, safety and environmental implications and challenges to the operators, as well as, to the Government regulators. From a background of existing Nigerian Laws and operational experience, this paper details the programmes that have been put in place to guarantee a healthy workforce, ensure the safety of personnel and equipment, and protect the Nigerian environment during oil and gas exploration and production operations, as well as their documented effectiveness
The paper discusses the performance of the Petroleum Industry by analysing the health, safety and environmental records available from 1956 - 1990.
The records of major incidents related to safety and environment over the period are discussed and evaluated. The paper notes that relatively speaking, in spite of the Bomu 2 and Funiwa V oil well blowouts in 1970 and 1980 respectively which caused extensive environmental damages and the Anieze, Oniku and KC 1 gas well blow-out of 1972, 1975 and 1989 respectively, which resulted in the loss of the rigs drilling the locations concerned, the safety performance records in the Nigerian oil and gas exploration and production activities in the past thirty-five years have been satisfactory compared with the records of similar operations in most other parts of the world. Also, the paper notes with satisfaction that from the records of the number and volume of crude oil spills from 1976, the number of oil spill incidents have steadily decreased over the past fifteen years, reflecting the increased effectiveness of the administrative and regulatory control that have been put in place, as well as the commitment and responsiveness of operators to such controls.
The paper concludes with the assertion that for a continued guarantee of a healthy workforce, safety and personnel and equipment, and protection of the environment, emphasis should, as is presently the case, continue to be placed on the education and training of the personnel to create awareness of related problems, on preventive maintenance of existing facilities, and on the installation of adequate safety and pollution control equipment on the oil production and handling facilities.
Produced Water Discharges from Gas/Condensate Platforms: Environmental Considerations
Authors: Jacobs R. P. W. M. , Marquenie J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B.V. (NAM) is the largest gas producer In the Netherlands. The company operates a number of gas/condensate platforms on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea. From 8 of these platforms produced water is discharged directly into the sea. An extensive sampling, analysis and testing campaign was carried out in 1989 to characterise physical, chemical and ecotoxicological properties of these streams.
The total volume of water discharged from the NAM platforms was about 210,000 m in 1989. The average volume per platform was relatively small (about 70 m per day), certainly when compared to oil producing platforms. The^ total volume of oil discharged was about 160x10 kg, 50-70% thereof being present in the form of dispersed oil. The total volume of all organic substances, including polar compounds, Was about 400x10 kg.
The complex mixture of organic and inorganic components and their concentrations in the effluents indicate, with effluent EC/LC.- values between 1 and 420 ml/1, an acute toxic hazard to organisms directly exposed to the discharges. Acute toxic effects are, however, not expected beyond a distance of 50 m from the discharge point. A risk of sublethal effects cannot be excluded within distances of several hundred metres to a few kilometres from the discharge points. The dissolved organic components are most probably the prime cause of the acute toxicity, of which the volatile aromatic hydrocarbons are the most significant. These compounds were observed at concentrations of up to 480 mg/1.
Relatively high concentrations of metals were observed in the ' effluents. However, these metals did not contribute significantly to the acute toxicity of the streams. This suggests that metals were not present in a bioavailable form.
All effluents contained components which have the potential to be bioaccumulated by organisms. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 70 mg/1, were the major contributors.
The Elimination of Waste Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Operations
Authors: Callaghan D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The principal waste streams have been identified from the production operations of all Shell Exploration & Production (E&P) companies. A phased approach has been identified to meet our target of eliminating over time all emissions, effluents and discharges that have a negative impact on the environment.
In the short/medium term, changes in operational procedures, together with "end of pipe" technology will be used to reduce emissions. In the longer term, fundamental changes to the production process will be required to eliminate the problem as far as possible at source, to re-use waste streams within the process and return any remaining unwanted material to the producing reservoir, without additional contamination.
Carbon dioxide is currently regarded as a special case and will be reduced by minimising the amount of energy consumed and /or wasted in the production process.
Environmental Program with Operational Cases to Reduce Risk to the Marine Environment Significantly
Authors: Cline J. T. , Forde R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Amoco Norway Oil Company's environmental program is detailed, followed by example operational programs and achievements aimed to minimize environmental risks to the marine environment at Valhall platform. With a corporate goal to be a leader in protecting the environment, the appropriate strategies and policies that form the basis of the environmental management system are incorporated in the quality assurance programs. Also included in the program are necessary organizational structures, responsibilities of environmental affairs and line organization personnel, compliance procedures and a waste task force obliged to implement operations improvements. An internal environmental audit system has been initiated, in addition to corporate level audits, which, when communicated to the line organization closes the environmental management loop through experience feed back.
Environmental projects underway are significantly decreasing the extent and/or risk of pollutionfrom offshore activities. The "cradle to grave" responsibility is assumed with waste separated offshore and onshore followed by disposal in audited sites. A $ 5 MM program is underway to control produced oily solids and reduce oil in produced water aiming to less than 20 ppm.When oil-based mud is used in deeper hole sections, drill solids disposed at sea average less than 60 g oil/kg dry cuttings using appropriate shaker screens, and a washing/centrifuge system to remove fines. Certain oily liquid wastes are being injected down hole whereas previously they were "burned" using a mud burner. Finally, a program is underway with a goal to eliminate sea discharge of oil on cuttings through injection disposal of oily wastes, drilling with alternative muds such as a cationic water base mud, and/or proper onshore disposal of oily wastes.
Strategies for Baseline/Environmental Impact Studies in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Isampou Manifold Spill
Authors: Odu C. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In order to assess the environmental impact of site activities and ecosystem change brought about by stress, basic baseline data are necessary to characterize the normal environment so that environmental quality control programmes can be developed with a firm ecological base.
The programme and methodology adopted in our field surveys to assess the character, magnitude and extent of pollutant effects on soil, vegetation and water, as a basis for economic assessment of pollutant effects on agriculture, forestry and the aquatic system and for preparing environmental impact statements, are presented.
These techniques were modified and adopted in the environmental impact study of the Isampou Manifold Oil Spill, a study which circumstances made necessary seven years after the oil spill. Reliance on the extent of pollution soon after the incidence was based on the determination of total hydrocarbons at creek bottoms as well as on the determinations of nickel/vanadium ratios.
Hydrocarbon contents of creek banks and creek bottoms were within biogenic levels at the time of field sampling. Ni/V ratios were high in heavy impact areas and decreased in areas of medium and very light impact areas. Use of the Ni/V ratio as evidence of past oil pollution agreed closely with a sketch of the extent of crude oil pollution drawn by the Shell Petroleum Development Company seven years earlier.
There were no abnormal vegetation features. The presence of 10-15 years old Musanga cecropioides at the edge of the manifold slot and creeks indicated that vegetation above water level was not affected by the oil spillage.
The physico-chemical properties of the waters, plankton composition and density of the species found, as well as the presence of endoproct bryozoan in the benthos showed that the aquatic system had by the time of sample collection, completely recovered from the oil spillage.
Cutting Cleaner: A Long-Term Field Test
Authors: van Elsen R. P. H. , Smits M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a long tera field test of the Cutting Cleaner, which is used for the treatment of Wet oil contaminated cuttings (WOCC) produced then drilling with Oil Based Mud (OBM). It was concluded that it is possible to reduce the oil content of cuttings to an average of 1 - 2 %. The recovered base oil can be reused to make new oil based mud.