bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of Literacy in Bilingual Children: A Framework for Research
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: June 2007

Much of the research that contributes to understanding how bilingual children become literate is not able to isolate the contribution of bilingualism to the discussion of literacy acquisition for these children. This article begins by identifying three areas of research that are relevant to examining literacy acquisition in bilinguals, explaining the contribution of each, and associating each type of research with a skill required by monolingual children in becoming literate. Three prerequisite skills for the acquisition of literacy are competence with the oral language, understanding of symbolic concepts of print, and establishment of metalinguistic awareness. A review of the literature explores the extent to which these skills that influence literacy acquisition in monolinguals develop differently for bilingual children. The conclusion is that the relation between bilingualism and the development of each of the three skills is different, sometimes indicating an advantage (concepts of print), sometimes a disadvantage (oral language competence), and sometimes little difference (metalinguistic concepts) for bilingual children. Therefore, bilingualism is clearly a factor in children's development of literacy, but the effect of that factor is neither simple nor unitary.Since the publication of this article, our research has continued to explore the themes set out in this framework and provided more detail for the description of how bilingualism affects the acquisition of literacy. Two important advances in this research are the finding that some aspects of reading ability, notably phonological awareness, are rooted in general cognitive mechanisms and transfer easily across languages, whereas others, such as decoding, are more language dependent and language‐specific and need to be relearned with each new writing system (Bialystok, Luk, & Kwan, 2005). Second, writing systems and the differences between them have a greater impact on children's acquisition of literacy than previously believed. Not surprisingly, this relation has been found for emerging ability with phonological awareness (Bialystok, McBride‐Chang, & Luk, 2005) but, more surprisingly, has recently been shown to have a subtle influence on children's emerging concepts of print (Bialystok & Luk, in press).The interpretation that bilingualism must be considered in terms of both advantages and disadvantages has also been pursued in studies of cognitive and linguistic processing in adults. Recent research has shown that adult bilinguals display disadvantages on tasks measuring lexical retrieval and fluency (Michael & Gollan, 2005) but advantages on tasks assessing cognitive control of attention (Bialystok, Craik, Klein, & Viswanathan, 2004). This approach leads to a more detailed and, ultimately, more accurate description of how bilingualism affects cognitive performance.
Inhibition or Compensation? A Multidimensional Comparison of Reading Processes in Dutch and English
Authors: Stevenson Marie , Schoonen Rob , de Glopper Kees 
Published: June 2007

This study examined two competing hypotheses about second language reading processes: the inhibition hypothesis and the compensation hypothesis. Although the ideas expressed in these hypotheses have been reiterated in the literature, previous to this study, they had seldom been investigated systematically. The inhibition hypothesis states that in foreign language reading, the lack of fluent linguistic processes inhibits the amount of attention devoted to conceptual processes (e.g., Koda, 1996; Segalowitz, Watson, & Segalowitz, 1995). In contrast, the compensation hypothesis states that readers in a foreign language are able to skirt around comprehension problems by actually devoting more attention to global, conceptual reading processes.Using the think‐aloud method, we compared the reading strategies of 22 Dutch high school students in Dutch (their first language [L1]) and English (their foreign language [FL]). Whereas previous studies have confined themselves to grouping strategies into categories along a single dimension, the present study used a three‐dimensional classification scheme that entails the following: Orientation of Processing (i.e., whether strategies are directed toward content or language); Type of Processing (i.e., whether strategies involve regulating the reading process, processing the meaning of the text, or rereading the text); and linguistic Domain of Processing (i.e., whether strategies are directed toward text elements at levels below, at, or above the clause). This multidimensional perspective allowed a comparison of reading strategies in the L1 and FL to be made with notable precision. By separating distinctions that were conflated in previous studies, we provide a greater degree of theoretical clarity concerning the nature of L1 and FL reading processes.The findings of the study call into question whether either the inhibition hypothesis or the compensation hypothesis provides an adequate representation of FL reading processes—at least in the context examined. On the one hand, there was little evidence that readers focused less on global text content in the FL. On the other hand, there was no evidence that readers compensated for language problems by focusing more on global text content in English. Instead, the findings suggest a model of FL reading processes in which readers are able to compensate for language problems by focusing attention on them, without this extra focus on linguistic processes necessarily being detrimental to global reading processes.
Commonalities and Differences in Word Identification Skills Among Learners of English as a Second Language
Authors: Wang Min , Koda Keiko 
Published: June 2007

This study examined word identification skills between two groups of college students with different first language (L1) backgrounds (Chinese and Korean) learning to read English as a second language (ESL). Word identification skills were tested in a naming experiment and an auditory category judgment task. Both groups of ESL learners demonstrated faster and more accurate naming performance on high‐frequency words than low‐frequency words and faster and more accurate naming performance on regular words than exception words. Moreover, for both groups, the difference in naming accuracies between regular and exception words was more pronounced for low‐frequency words than for high‐frequency words. An L1 effect was observed: The Korean students were overall more accurate than were the Chinese students in naming all categories of words. Furthermore, the Korean students showed a higher percentage of regularization errors in naming low‐frequency exception words than did Chinese students. The Korean students were also more accurate and faster in auditory meaning retrieval than were the Chinese students. These findings contribute to current knowledge about whether learning to read a second language (L2) involves universal or language‐specific processes. Our findings suggest that L2 readers with different L1 orthographic backgrounds engage in both universal and language‐specific processes. On the one hand, properties of the L2 writing system affect L2 processing similarly across learners irrespective of L1 backgrounds. On the other hand, L1 reading experiences also come into play in L2 reading. Particularly, systematic differences exist in L2 processing among learners with alphabetic and nonalphabetic L1 backgrounds, as would be predicted from crossinguistic analyses. We argue for an interactive view of L2 reading. The properties of both L1 and L2 interact with one another, jointly contributing to L2 reading processes.
Sustaining economic expansion in Pakistan in an era of energy shortfalls: growth options to 20351
Authors: Looney Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPakistan's recent economic acceleration together with rapid rates of population growth is having a significant impact on the country's energy supply/demand balances. Energy supplies in turn affect the pace and pattern of the country's economic expansion. Drawing on the empirically‐based complex links between energy and the economy, several alternative scenarios of growth and energy needs are developed in an attempt to answer several key questions. In particular, what are some of the key interrelationships between sources of energy demand and supply? What are the economic growth consequences of alternative energy availabilities and, in turn, how do these growth patterns affect the subsequent energy supply and demand patterns? What energy strategies are suggested by the interconnection between the country growth requirements and energy needs? Are these significantly modified under rising or falling energy prices? Based on this analysis, several guidelines are drawn for the country's future energy policy.
Henry VII in Context: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: GUNN STEVEN 
Published: June 2007

AbstractClearer understanding of Henry VII's reign is hindered not only by practical problems, such as deficiencies in source material, but also by its liminal position in historical study, at the end of the period conventionally studied by later medievalists and the beginning of that studied by early modernists. This makes it harder to evaluate changes in the judicial system, in local power structures, in England's position in European politics, in the rise of new social groups to political prominence and in the ideas behind royal policy. However, thoughtful combination of the approaches taken by different historical schools and reflection on wider processes of change at work in Henry's reign, such as in England's cultural and economic life, can make a virtue out of Henry's liminality. Together with the use of more unusual sources, such an approach enables investigation for Henry's reign of many themes of current interest to historians of the later Tudor period. These include courtly, parliamentary and popular politics, political culture, state formation and the interrelationships of different parts of the British Isles and Ireland.
Restructuring a Peripheral Coastal Community: The Case of a Galician Fishing Town
Authors: LINDKVIST KNUT BJØRN , ANTELO ANGELES PIÑEIRO 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article is a case study of a peripheral fishing community and its capacity to regenerate and maintain local economic growth processes. The discussion of growth ability is based on a categorization of European peripheries and the concept of local production systems. Taking the fishing community of Muros in Galicia, northwest Spain, as its focus, the article discusses the ability of a community of its type to undertake the industrial restructuring of its fishing industry, mussel farming activities, tourism, and electricity generation by wind turbines. It also reveals how, during the processes of renewal, Muros has become more deeply dependent on its fishery due to an inability amongst the actors of the production system to leave the evolutionary paths laid down by earlier investment in the fishing industries.RésuméCette étude de cas porte sur une communauté périphérique de pêcheurs et sur sa capacitéà régénérer et préserver les processus de croissance économique locaux. L’analyse de la capacité de croissance s’appuie sur une catégorisation des périphéries européennes et sur le concept des systèmes de production locaux. En s’intéressant à la communauté de pêcheurs de Muros en Galice (nord‐ouest de l’Espagne), l’article examine l’aptitude d’une communauté de ce type à prendre en charge la restructuration industrielle de sa pêche, ses élevages de moules, son tourisme et la génération d’électricitééolienne. Il explique aussi comment, au cours des processus de renouvellement, Muros est devenue extrêmement dépendante de sa pêche, certains acteurs du système de production se révélant incapables de quitter les trajectoires dictées par les investissements antérieurs dans les activités industrielles de la pêche.
Local Capitalisms, Local Citizenship and Translocality: Rescaling from Below in the Pearl River Delta Region, China
Authors: SMART ALAN , LIN GEORGE C.S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChinese economic reforms have profoundly changed the scale at which things get done. Much of the existing literature on scale has concentrated on the politics of rescaling from above. Less has been written about rescaling initiatives from below, the focus of this study. It distinguishes three important localisms.Local capitalismstreats capitalism as subordinate to local social and political processes that provide crucial conditions of existence.Local citizenshipsees processes of entitlement and exclusion as accomplished locally rather than through national frameworks.Translocalitydescribes the ways in which claims are made on the loyalties of those possessing capital but residing elsewhere and the promotion of the place through image‐building and physical/social infrastructural enhancements. These three distinct localisms overlap and interact in a variety of ways to shape a new social and spatial order in post‐reform China. A detailed study of the practices of localism in the Dongguan city‐region reveals the ways in which the emergence of capitalism has been dependent on pre‐existing social connections and based on villages and townships. The entitlements of citizenship are polarized between the localhukoupopulation and the migrant workers irrespective of the national definition of social safety net and regardless of the physical presence of the individuals.RésuméEn Chine, les réformes économiques ont profondément modifié l'échelon auquel les choses se font. Les publications traitant de cet aspect se consacrent en général aux politiques de redimensionnement venues des instances supérieures, et abordent plus rarement les initiatives venues d'en bas, objets de cette étude. Cette dernière distingue trois localismes importants:les capitalismes locaux, le capitalisme apparaissant subordonné aux processus sociaux et politiques locaux qui déterminent les conditions d'existence;la citoyenneté localepour qui les processus d'habilitation et d'exclusion s'effectuent au plan local et non en fonction de cadres nationaux;la translocalitéqui décrit comment est sollicitée la loyauté de ceux qui possèdent le capital mais résident ailleurs, et comment des projets de création d'image et d'infrastructure matérielle ou sociale dynamisent la promotion du lieu. Ces trois localismes se chevauchent et interagissent diversement, façonnant un nouvel ordre social et spatial dans la Chine de l'après‐réforme. Une étude détaillée du localisme pratiqué dans la ville de Dongguan fait apparaître les modalités d'un capitalisme émergent, dépendant des liens sociaux existants et basé sur des villages ou municipalités. L'accès à la citoyenneté définit un clivage entre la population locale ayant sonhukouet les travailleurs migrants, indépendamment de la notion nationale de filet de protection sociale ou de la présence physique des individus.
An alternate‐day corticosteroid regimen for pemphigus vulgaris. A 13‐year prospective study
Authors: Ch Chaidemenos G , Mourellou O , Koussidou T , Tsatsou F 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) at the early, usually oral and relatively stable stage, represents the majority of PV patients. Treatment modalities usually do not differ compared to those for the fully established disease.Objectives  To prospectively assess a standardized and effective therapeutic approach that aims at less morbidity due to adverse reactions.Methods  The following regimen, also known as Lever's mini treatment (LMT), was used. Forty mg of oral prednisone on alternate days plus 100 mg azathioprine every day were administered until the complete healing of all lesions. A gradual monthly and later bimonthly decrease of prednisone was followed by the tapering of a second immunosuppressive agent, in a one‐year period.Results  Seventy‐four patients suffering from early‐stage‐PV, and representing 70% of all PV patients seen through the years 1991–2003, were eligible in the study. Total follow‐up period was 76 ± 37 (26–180) months. During the 53 ± 26 months of LMT, 6 (8%) patients dropped out of therapy, 9 (12%) required a change to another treatment, two (3%) died and 57 (77%) achieved a lesion‐free condition. Forty‐five (61%) patients were in complete remission for 27 ± 29 months. Significant morbidity was estimated 4/74 (5.2%). Disease ‘breakthroughs’ necessitating treatment adjustments occurred in 30 patients, usually throughout the last phase of therapy and post‐treatment follow‐up.Conclusion  LMT may be a standardized therapeutic approach for the early and relatively stable stage of PV, resulting in high efficacy, safety and quality of life profile.
Topographical and laminar distribution of cortical input to the monkey entorhinal cortex
Authors: Mohedano‐Moriano A. , Pro‐Sistiaga P. , Arroyo‐Jimenez M. M. , Artacho‐Pérula E. , Insausti A. M. , Marcos P. , Cebada‐Sánchez S. , Martínez‐Ruiz J. , Muñoz M. , Blaizot X. , Martinez‐Marcos A. , Amaral D. G. , Insausti R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHippocampal formation plays a prominent role in episodic memory formation and consolidation. It is likely that episodic memory representations are constructed from cortical information that is mostly funnelled through the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. The entorhinal cortex returns processed information to the neocortex. Retrograde tracing studies have shown that neocortical afferents to the entorhinal cortex originate almost exclusively in polymodal association cortical areas. However, the use of retrograde studies does not address the question of the laminar and topographical distribution of cortical projections within the entorhinal cortex. We examined material from 60 Macaca fascicularis monkeys in which cortical deposits of either 3H‐amino acids or biotinylated dextran‐amine as anterograde tracers were made into different cortical areas (the frontal, cingulate, temporal and parietal cortices). The various cortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex present a heterogeneous topographical distribution. Some projections terminate throughout the entorhinal cortex (afferents from medial area 13 and posterior parahippocampal cortex), while others have more limited termination, with emphasis either rostrally (lateral orbitofrontal cortex, agranular insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, perirhinal cortex, unimodal visual association cortex), intermediate (upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, unimodal auditory association cortex) or caudally (parietal and retrosplenial cortices). Many of these inputs overlap, particularly within the rostrolateral portion of the entorhinal cortex. Some projections were directed mainly to superficial layers (I–III) while others were heavier to deep layers (V–VI) although areas of dense projections typically spanned all layers. A primary report will provide a detailed analysis of the regional and laminar organization of these projections. Here we provide a general overview of these projections in relation to the known neuroanatomy of the entorhinal cortex.
Physiological roles of nonselective cation channels in plants: from salt stress to signalling and development
Authors: Demidchik Vadim , Maathuis Frans J. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryNonselective cation channels (NSCCs) catalyse passive fluxes of cations through plant membranes. NSCCs do not, or only to a small extent, select between monovalent cations, and several are also permeable to divalent cations. Although a number of NSCC genes has been identified in plant genomes, a direct correlation between gene products andin vivoobserved currents is still largely absent for most NSCCs. In this review, physiological functions and molecular properties of NSCCs are critically discussed. Recent studies have demonstrated that NSCCs are directly involved in a multitude of stress responses, growth and development, uptake of nutrients and calcium signalling. NSCCs can also function in the perception of external stimuli and as signal transducers for reactive oxygen species, pathogen elicitors, cyclic nucleotides, membrane stretch, amino acids and purines.ContentsSummary387I.Introduction388II.Constitutive plasma membrane NSCCs389III.NSCCs activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS‐NSCCs)392IV.Cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels (CNGCs)393V.Amino acid‐gated NSCCs395VI.Purine signalling396VII.Mechanosensitive ion channels396VIII.Vacuolar NSCCs396IX.Cation channels sensitive to elicitors397X.NSCCs acting in concert398XI.Conclusions and perspectives398References400
Oxysterols, cholesterol homeostasis, and Alzheimer disease
Authors: Vaya Jacob , Schipper Hyman M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAberrant cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurological disorders. Oxysterols and other cholesterol oxidation products are effective ligands of liver X activated receptor (LXR) nuclear receptors, major regulators of genes subserving cholesterol homeostasis. LXR receptors act as molecular sensors of cellular cholesterol concentrations and effectors of tissue cholesterol reduction. Following their interaction with oxysterols, activation of LXRs induces the expression of ATP‐binding cassette, sub‐family A member 1, a pivotal modulator of cholesterol efflux. The relative solubility of oxysterols facilitates lipid flux among brain compartments and egress across the blood‐brain barrier. Oxysterol‐mediated LXR activation induces local apoE biosynthesis (predominantly in astrocytes) further enhancing cholesterol re‐distribution and removal. Activated LXRs invoke additional neuroprotective mechanisms, including induction of genes governing bile acid synthesis (sterol elimination pathway), apolipoprotein elaboration, and amyloid precursor protein processing. The latter translates into attenuated β‐amyloid production that may ameliorate amyloidogenic neurotoxicity in AD brain. Stress‐induced up‐regulation of the heme‐degrading enzyme, heme oxygenase‐1 in AD‐affected astroglia may impact central lipid homeostasis by promoting the oxidation of cholesterol to a host of oxysterol intermediates. Synthetic oxysterol‐mimetic drugs that activate LXR receptors within the CNS may provide novel therapeutics for management of AD and other neurological afflictions characterized by deranged tissue cholesterol homeostasis.
NSCL‐1 and ‐2 control the formation of precerebellar nuclei by orchestrating the migration of neuronal precursor cells
Authors: Schmid Thomas , Krüger Marcus , Braun Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring embryonic development post‐mitotic neurons of the precerebellar neuroepithelium, migrate from the rhombic lip to the ventral part of the neural tube to form the precerebellar nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata. In this study, we show that neural basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors NSCL‐1 and ‐2 are expressed in all cells of the anterior extramural migration stream (aes), which forms the precerebellar nuclei. The combined inactivation of NSCL‐1 and ‐2 led to a complete absence of the pontine nuclei and a strong reduction in the reticulotegmental nuclei. We demonstrate that NSCL‐1/2 were required for a sustained expression of the netrin receptor and cell guidance molecule Dcc in the aes. Unc5H3, a second netrin receptor, which serves as a stop signal for migratory cells was up‐regulated in NSCL‐1/2 deficient cells, which ceased migration and accumulated ectopically. Furthermore, we observed a massive increase of apoptosis in cells of the aes in the absence of NSCL‐1/2, which together with the arrest of migration might explain the virtually complete loss of aes‐derived structures in NSCL‐1/2 mutant mice. We conclude that NSCL‐1/2 maintain migration and survival of cells in the aes.