bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test to On-Site Measurements on Stainless Steels
Authors: Verneau M , Charles J , Dupoiron F 
Published: March 2009

The aim of the paper is to present some applications of the Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (EPR) technique to the characterization of the corrosion resistance of stainless steels apparatus.
In particular, the use of the technique to the detection of chromium depletions on insufficiently pickled austenitic steels is explained. The application of the method to determine the degree of sensitization of duplex stainless steels by intermetallic phase precipitations is also discussed.
Then, the paper presents the possibility of use of the EPR test for on-site measurements, with a portable equipment.
An Assessment of Fe-Cr-Mn Austenitic Alloys for Fusion Service Using Fast Reactor Irradiation
Authors: Garner FA , McCarthy JM 
Published: March 2009

A series of model Fe-Cr-Mn alloys and various solute-modified high manganese alloys have been irradiated in the Fast Flux Test Facility in order to provide an early assessment of the consequences of substituting manganese for nickel in austenitic stainless steel. The purpose of this substitution is to reduce the level of long term radioactivation of this alloy, a candidate structural material for use in fusion energy devices.
Simple Fe-Mn and Fe-Cr-Mn alloys were found to exhibit much of the same behavior observed in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. In particular, they tend to swell at ∼1%/dpa after an incubation period that is dependent on irradiation temperature, alloy composition and cold working. The phase stability, both in and out of reactor, is altered substantially by the substitution of manganese, however. It nonetheless appears that appropriate levels of solute modification can be used to improve both the swelling resistance and phase stability. An alloy with a base composition of Fe-20Mn-15Cr appears to offer the best promise for further research.
The Dependence of ☌-Phase Formation in Fe-Cr-Mn Alloys on Cold Work, Aging, and Alloy Composition
Authors: Okazaki Y , Mochizuki M , Miyahara K , Hosoi Y 
Published: March 2009

High manganese and high chromium steels are attractive as low activation materials for fusion reactors. The microstructural stability of Cr-Mn steels during long term service at around 873 K, however, is not yet fully understood. This study is aimed toward the study of changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-(12 to 16%)Cr-(10 to 30%)Mn alloys during aging in the temperature range from 773 K to 973 K for up to 3.6 Ms(1000 hrs).
As a solution treated at 1373 K for 3.6 ks, a microstructure of α′ + ε + γ is observed in the 15%Mn alloy, ε + γ in 20 to 25%Mn alloys and γ in the 30%Mn alloy, σphase formation is not observed in Fe-12%Cr-Mn alloys except at 30%Mn after aging at 873 K for 3.6 Ms. However, straining by rolling (50%in reduction at room temperature) prior to aging accelerates cr-phase formation. All of the strained Fe-12%Cr-Mn alloys form σphase during aging. In the case of 16%Cr alloys, σphase formation occurs more easily. There are three kinds of mechanisms for σphase formation depending on the manganese content, and increase in manganese content accelerates σ-phase formation.
These results suggest that the effect of manganese on σ-phase formation is different from the result shown in the Fe-Cr-Mn alloy diagram published by Schafmeister and Ergang.
Initial Rate of Absorption of Clay Brick Considering Both Bed Surfaces in the as Received Condition and After Outside Exposure
Authors: Bailey WG , Matthys JH , Edwards JE 
Published: March 2009

The initial rate of absorption test (suction) on a clay brick unit is generally conducted in the laboratory according to ASTM c-67. This test attempts to represent the effect of the unit on pulling water out of the mortar during assemblage construction. In ASTM C-15 committee work, two questions that have been raised are: 1) Is the IRA of a unit the same for both bed surfaces that will be in contact with mortar? 2) When as received units are exposed to typical Texas heat, is the IRA significantly affected?
To address these questions a project was conducted at The University of Texas at Arlington. In addition data was requested and received from various U.S.A. brick manufacturerers. Analysis of this data provided answers to the above questions.
IRA and the Flexural Bond Strength of Clay Brick Masonry
Authors: McGinley WM 
Published: March 2009

During a recent experimental investigation at the North Carolina A&T State University, the flexural bond strength of a variety of clay bricks and two masonry cement mortars were evaluated. Twenty prisms, comprising ten different brick types and two mortar types, were tested with a bond wrench testing apparatus to determine the flexural bond strengths of each mortar joint of the seven course prisms. Although the investigation only tested a limited number of prisms, the results of these tests indicated that the initial rate of absorption (IRA) of the brick units can have a greater influence on the flexural bond strength of the masonry assembly than is generally accepted by the masonry industry.
The experimental program is described, its results presented and the apparent effects of brick IRA on flexural bond are discussed.
Compression Tests of Hollow Brick Units and Prisms
Authors: Brown RH , Borchelt JG 
Published: March 2009

It is customary to relate the compressive strength of the masonry to that of its components: mortar and units. The correlation between solid unit compressive strength, mortar type and assemblage compressive strength is well documented, and is generally independent of unit coring. The relationships of prism components and prism dimensions to assembly compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for hollow brick are presented in this paper.
Hollow brick meeting the requirements of ASTM C 652 in four widths were selected. Portland cement-lime mortars, Type N, S, M by proportions, were used. Both face-shell and full mortar bedding were used to construct prisms with height to thickness ratios from 2 to 5. Mortar, brick and prisms were tested in compression. Deformations measured during prism testing permitted the determination of modulus of elasticity in compression.
Hollow unit masonry prisms fail by tensile splitting of the crosswebs, regardless of their aspect ratio. Prism compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are influenced least by fully bedded, stack bond prims. Compressive strengths of prisms made from hollow brick have similar relations to h/t and mortar strength as prisms of solid brick, but less dependence on unit strength.
Problems & Cures in Masonry
Authors: Tomassetti AA 
Published: March 2009

Although masonry construction is one of the best types of building methods known to man for cost, durability, beauty, and maintenance, it is subjected to certain problems, on occasion, due to short-comings in design, workmanship, and misuse of materials.
Some of the subjects covered are vari-colored mortar joints, efflorescence, blush (caused by surface coatings), lime deposit (also called lime runs and lime spots), metal wall caps, expansion due to thermal and moisture changes, creep, cleaning, stains, and mortar dry-outs.
All of the problems mentioned here are supported by slides of examples taken from “real” buildings and are coordinated with the material contained in this paper.
The Threshold Concentration of Chloride in Concrete for the Initiation of Reinforcement Corrosion
Authors: Hansson CM , Sørensen B 
Published: March 2009

The mechanism by which chlorides initiate corrosion is by locally breaking down the passive film which forms on steel in the highly alkaline concrete pore solution. However, the breakdown of passivity requires a certain concentration of chlorides. The aim of the project described in the paper has been to determine the influence of a number of factors on the critical concentration of Cl- necessary for initiation of corrosion of steel embedded in concrete. The variables investigated include hardening conditions, water/cement ratio, cement type, reinforcing steel surface condition, and salt type.Mortar samples containing a steel rod have been cast, hardened, and subsequently exposed to a sodium chloride or calcium chloride solution. The corrosion current of the embedded steel has been monitored electrochemically and initially was of the order of 10-4 A/m2, corresponding to a corrosion rate of approximately 0.1 μm/year from the steel surface. After a period of time, the corrosion current increased by several orders of magnitude indicating that the chloride had penetrated to the steel surface and had initiated corrosion. The rate of this penetration, the chloride concentration in the mortar adjacent to the steel at the onset of corrosion, and the subsequent corrosion rate have all been measured to determine the influence of the preceding variables.
Measuring the Rate of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Escalante E , Ito S 
Published: March 2009

A study on the relationship of pH, chloride concentration, and oxygen concentration shows that a drying cycle, which locally concentrates chloride and oxygen, initiates the corrosion of steel in concrete. Once corrosion is initiated, the pH at the anodic areas decreases allowing corrosion to proceed more easily. Oxygen controls the rate of corrosion, but chloride affects the number of sites where corrosion initiates.
Using a small portable computer system that applied the technique of polarization resistance with current interruption for elimination of iR error, the voltage measurement error generated when current flows through a resistive media, the corrosion of steel in concrete was measured in the laboratory. The portable system was then used to perform preliminary rate of corrosion measurements on reinforcing steel in three bridge decks in Frederick County, Maryland.
Study of the Corrosion of Concrete Reinforcement by Electrochemical Impedance Measurement
Authors: Lemoine L , Wenger F , Galland J 
Published: March 2009

Electrochemical impedance measurement is a convenient method to analyze the corrosion phenomena of steel in concrete. A data analysis method is used on the basis of an equivalent circuit correlated to the properties of concrete and electrochemical mechanisms. The different parts of the diagram versus frequency allow characterization of the concrete cover, the presence of a film at the surface of steel, the transfer resistance connected to the anodic reaction, and some other relaxation phenomena. Some agreement has been obtained with mass losses.
A mathematical model has been developed in order to analyze the results on large concrete beams with a small-size auxiliary electrode. Particular emphasis is given to the spatial location of an active area in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a method either on large specimens or on real structures. For this application, the principle of an alternative method was developed. An auxiliary electrode is used with an electrical guard. At low frequencies (&lt;10 Hz), the first experimentation gives encouraging results.
Mechanisms of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Borgard B , Warren C , Somayaji S , Heidersbach R 
Published: March 2009

The corrosion of metals in concrete is a multibillion dollar problem which affects the construction, transportation, and many other industries. While much has been written about the problem, and numerous reports have appeared which discuss how this corrosion can be controlled, little has appeared on the mechanism whereby this corrosion occurs.
It is well known that highway structures corrode, for the most part, due to the influence of deicing salts or marine environments. Relatively little has appeared about the equally severe corrosion problems which occur in buildings and other nonhighway structures. Most of these structures are not exposed to the salts present in highway structures, yet they still corrode.
This paper discusses how all forms of concrete and similar cementitious environments protect embedded metals. It discusses the three protection mechanisms—passive film formation, changes in the conductivity of the electrolyte, and mineral scales—that have been used to explain how corrosion in concrete occurs. It also presents evidence to explain how, and why, corrosion occurs in these structures, even in the absence of deicing salts, marine environments, or other salt sources. Examples are discussed including buildings, marine piers, foundations, and highway structures.
Vibro Replacement - Design Criteria and Quality Control
Authors: Priebe HJ 
Published: March 2009

Stone Columns are applied to improve cohesive soils. Although the equipment and procedure are the same as for the vibro compaction of non-cohesive soils, the inherent principles with regard to the improvement are completely different. The fact that the effects of both techniques overlap each other must not lead to wrong design criteria and/or wrong interpretations of the results.
Stone Columns are not independent structural members like piles. Theoretical approaches for the design are facilitated if the improvement is related to the conditions of the surrounding soil. However, approximations are indispensable, especially with regard to the interpretation of load tests which are the only reliable method of in-situ testing.
Location of Leaks in Pressurized Petroleum Pipelines by Means of Passive-Acoustic Sensing Methods
Authors: Eckert EG , Maresca JW , Hillger RW , Yezzi JJ 
Published: March 2009

Experiments were conducted on the underground pipeline at the EPA's UST Test Apparatus in which three acoustic sensors separated by a maximum distance of 38 m (125 ft) were used to monitor signals produced by 11.4-, 5.7-, and 3.8-L/h (3.0-, 1.5-, and 1.0-gal/h) leaks in the wall of a 5-cm-diameter pressurized petroleum pipeline. The range of line pressures and hole diameters used in the experiments were 70 to 140 kPa (10 to 20 psi), and 0.4 to 0.7 mm (0.015 to 0.030 in.), respectively. Application of a leak location algorithm based upon the technique of coherence function analysis resulted in mean differences of approximately 10 cm between predicted and actual leak locations. Standard deviations of the location estimates were approximately 30 cm.
Spectra computed from leak-on and leak-off time series indicate that the majority of acoustic energy received in the far field of the leak is concentrated in a frequency band from 1 to 4 kHz. The strength of the signal within this band was found to be proportional to the leak flow rate and line pressure. Energy propagation from leak to sensor was observed via three types of wave motion: longitudinal waves in the product, and longitudinal and transverse waves in the steel. The similarity between the measured wave speed and the nominal speed of sound in gasoline suggests that longitudinal waves in the product dominate the spectrum of received acoustic energy. The effects of multiple-mode wave propagation and the reflection of acoustic signals within the pipeline were observed as non-random fluctuations in the measured phase difference between sensor pairs.
Pyrethroid Microemulsions
Authors: Rebmann V , Fiquet L 
Published: March 2009

A system containing a polyarylphenolethoxylate as the nonionic surfactant, and a calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in alcohol as the anionic surfactant and co-surfactant respectively, was used to study microemulsions of Permethrin and Cypermethrin (common insecticides of the important Pyrethroids class).
The influence of co-surfactant chain length was investigated employing phase diagrams. The results obtained with this pseudo-quaternary system of technical products are compared with those found for more basic systems and theoretical studies predicting a strong influence of slight co-surfactant chain length reduction.
Besides providing a good understanding of the phase behavior, phase diagrams offer a complete picture of the different microemulsions likely to be formulated with the described system, thus offering a large choice of formulations meeting specific application requirements. An example of such an approach is given, with the optimization of both 10 and 25 % Permethrin microemulsions.
Formulation Test Methods and Statistical Experimental Design
Authors: Becher DZ 
Published: March 2009

The opportunity presented by the need for a dry formulation for field testing an experimental herbicide was used to evaluate the utility of statistical experimental design in the development of such formulations. This method has the potential to significantly reduce the number of experimental formulations required to discover the best composition. The wetting time, settling, and redispersion were used to evaluate the formulations.
A number of different statistical models were tested and the results compared. It was found that while a complete cubic model gave the most accurate predictions a quadratic model was adequate for most purposes. It was found that the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure the effect of composition on formulation performance is the limiting factor in the utility of this method. The need for better test methods for dry formulations was evident.
Effect of Surfactant Type and Order of Addition on Droplet Size and Dynamic Interfacial Properties
Authors: Berger PD , Berger CH 
Published: March 2009

A model system containing a nonionic surfactant (nonylphenol + 9.5EO) and an anionic surfactant (Sodium C14-16 alpha-olefin Sulfonate) was used to study the effect of surfactants on droplet size and dynamic interfacial tension. BLANDOL™ (white mineral oil) was selected as the oil phase and the dynamic interfacial tension of the two surfactants at various concentrations, temperatures and in the presence of electrolyte was measured. The effect of using the surfactants separately and together was also measured. In addition, the effect of adding the surfactant to the oil phase and the water phase to the oil phase was determined.
The implications of the results are discussed with respect to emulsion stability, demulsification, spray drying, spray drift control, wetting and spreading.
Rain-Fastness of

Bacillus Thuringiensis

Deposits on Conifer Foliage
Authors: Sundaram A , Leung JW , Devisetty BN 
Published: March 2009

Eight oil-based and four aqueous experimental formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, were sprayed in a laboratory chamber over potted seedlings of white spruce and balsam fir. Foliar deposits were assessed before and after 3 mm rain with a rainfall intensity of 5 mm/h, using a force-feeding bioassay (FFB) method of foliar extracts on the spruce budworm larvae. In addition, a total protein assay (TPA) method was used to compare the two sets of results.
The FFB method showed that formulations that provided high deposits (IU/cm2) on foliage, showed some residual activity after the rainfall, whereas formulations that provided low deposits showed no activity after the rain. This trend was observed regardless of the formulation type, oil-based or aqueous. The TPA method was more sensitive than the FFB method because with all formulations, some protein deposits (ng/cm2) remained on foliage after the rain. In general, the oil-based formulations showed greater rainfastness than the aqueous formulations, a finding that was not as evident in the FFB method. The differences in the two sets of data were due to the fact that the FFB method depended on the biological response of an insect, thus resulting in high variability in deposits, whereas the TPA method provided a direct estimation of protein deposits that were less variable.
Use of Intelimer® Microcapsules to Control the Release of Agricultural Products and Reduce Leaching
Authors: Meyers PA , Greene CL , Springer JT 
Published: March 2009

Landec Corporation has developed a family of polymers (Intelimer®) with unique properties that are currently being used in the microencapsulation of agricultural pesticides. Landec is developing uses for its proprietary polymers, which have a temperature switch built into them. Below the switch temperature the polymers have a very low permeability to the diffusion of active ingredients and above the switch they are quite permeable. This property allows the preparation of capsule suspensions (CS) that release active ingredients in response to small changes in temperature. Many different classes of pesticides including an acetanilide (alachlor) and a sulfonyl urea herbicide have been encapsulated.
Soil temperature initiates many biological processes. If the delivery of the pesticide coincides with these processes, the most effective control of the pest will occur. In application practices where the pesticide is applied before planting, degradation processes deplete the pesticide, necessitating the need for a larger amount of pesticide to be applied, to give a particular window of control (10 days to 45 days). The use of temperature activated release of pesticides may be the most cost effective use of a pesticide. The soil can be treated prior to planting, but release of the pesticide will not occur until the appropriate temperature is reached. Microcapsules utilizing this release mechanism offer many advantages over conventional formulations, such as a reduction in leaching, protection from environmental degradation and reduced application rates.
In column leaching and field trial studies, CS's of a sulfonyl urea and an acetanilide controlled migration of the active within the top 5 or 7.5 centimeters of soil, while wettable granules and wettable powders had 3 to 8 times further migration in the soil. Test results illustrate that CS's can significantly decrease groundwater leaching potential of herbicides. A temperature-activated “on/off” response in biological control was observed in temperature controlled growth chamber studies.
New Manufacturing Processes for Making WDG Pesticides
Authors: Gerety PJ 
Published: March 2009

This paper is a review, based on practical experience, of existing and new processes for making water-dispersable granules (WDGs) from pesticide technicals. The conventional process for making WDG pesticides is pan agglomeration. This process has disadvantages, however, which the new processes may overcome. The disadvantages include difficulty in limiting worker exposure to the pesticide involved, dealing with water-soluble and low-melting technicals, reducing to the absolute minimum dust generation during product handling, and so forth.
The new processes discussed are low pressure extrusion, dry compaction / granulation, spray-dryer agglomeration, and fluid bed agglomeration. Also discussed are ways to treat low-melting technicals to improve stability during milling and storage. The paper also discusses certain formulation elements, including surfactants, carriers, and disintegrants, which have been found to be particularly suitable for the new agglomeration processes.
Fleet Test Correlations of Original Equipment Coolant Pump Failures and Engine Coolant Formulations
Authors: Burns JM 
Published: March 2009

Automobile coolant pump failures can be minimized by choosing an engine coolant formulation that has a relatively insignificant effect on the seal as well as the other materials used in the construction of the pumps. A fleet test involving 203 1990 Ford Crown Victoria taxi cabs provided data demonstrating that the number of pump failures experienced by the group of taxis employing a unique experimental coolant free of most traditional corrosion inhibitors was much lower than the number experienced by any of the other four test groups employing different, more traditional, formulation variations.
Sixty to eighty-five percent of the original equipment coolant pumps on the four groups of vehicles employing the more traditional coolant formulations had to be replaced during the test period, which nominally covered the vehicles' first 160 000 km. Only 15% of the original coolant pumps installed on the experimental coolant test group required replacement.