bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Celery mosaic virus Infecting Celery in Venezuela
Authors: Fernández T. , Carballo O. , Zambrano K. , Romano M. , Marys E. 
Published: May 2007

Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a significant pathogen of celery (Apium graveolens) worldwide (1). In 2005, in a produce market located in Los Salias, Miranda, celery plants with mottling and leaf malformation were noticed. Electron microscopic analysis of leaf-dip preparations from three symptomatic samples revealed flexuous viral particles that were 750 nm long. Infected cells contained pinwheel inclusions typical of those associated with potyvirus infection. Inoculation of healthy celery plants with leaf extracts from four symptomatic plants produced symptoms identical to those first observed. A survey of five produce markets in Miranda was conducted to determine the prevalence of virus infection in celery using serological and molecular analyses. Mottling and malformation of celery leaflets were observed in all the markets visited. Symptoms were noted in all five markets in each of three visits during a 3-month period. A total of 125 postharvested symptomatic plants were collected from five markets on March 29, 2005 and tested for CeMV using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with antiserum provided by F. Rabenstein, BAX, Aschersleben, Germany. Of the 125 samples collected during the survey, 53% were ELISA positive. Twenty ELISA-positive samples were also tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with general primers for the family Potyviridae (2). All 20 samples produced an amplicon of the expected size (1.7 kbp) after RT-PCR. Amplicons from three samples were cloned into the pCR-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Sequence analysis of one clone revealed more than 98% nt to a CeMV isolate from Australia (GenBank Accession No AF203532). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CeMV in Venezuela. Our results suggest that the disease may be widely spread on celery crops growing in the areas surrounding produce markets in Miranda State. References: (1) A. Brunt et al. Viruses of Plants. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 1996. (2) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001.
First Report of Meloidogyne mayaguensis on Angelonia angustifolia
Authors: Kaur R. , Brito J. A. , Dickson D. W. , Stanley J. D. 
Published: May 2007

Angelonia angustifolia, commonly known as ‘angelonia’, belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae. This plant is an ornamental frequently grown by home gardeners in Florida. Angelonia is a short, erect perennial with smooth stems, narrow leaves with toothed margins, and long-lasting, colorful blooms that makes it an ideal summer bedding plant. Roots from angelonia plants that showed stunted growth and yellowing leaves while growing in a home garden in Alachua County were collected and sent to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Nematology Laboratory. The roots were heavily galled but the galls were very small. Females and second-stage juveniles (J2) were extracted from the galled roots and used for species identification on the basis of perineal patterns, J2 morphometrics, and electrophoresis of isozymes (esterase and malate dehydrogenase). Isozymes were extracted from young egg-laying females with extraction buffer (10% [wt/vol] sucrose, 2% [vol/vol] triton X-100, 0.01% [wt/vol] bromophenol blue) and resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (4% stacking [pH 6.8] and 8% separating gel [pH 8.8] with Tris-glycine buffer) in the BioRad Mini Protean system. Morphology of the perineal patterns and measurements of the J2s matched those of the original description (3). Enzyme analyses showed two major bands (VS1-S1 phenotype) of esterase (Est) activity and one strong malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) band (N1a). The Est and Mdh phenotypes were consistent with those for M. mayaguensis reported earlier in Florida (1) and Brazil (2). Studies are currently underway regarding the identification and distribution of M. mayaguensis in ornamental nurseries and vegetable-producing areas in Florida. These surveys will provide insight for the implementation of regulatory and control measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. angustifolia as a host of M. mayaguensis. References: (1) J. A. Brito et al. J. Nematol. 36:232, 2004. (2) R. M. D. G. Carneiro et al. Nematology 2:645, 2001. (3) A. Rammah and H. Hirschmann. J. Nematol. 20:58, 1988.
First Report of Globodera rostochiensis in Mallorca Island, Spain
Authors: Andrés M. F. , Alonso R. , Alemany A. 
Published: May 2007

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important crops in the Balearic Islands with a yield of 35,000 t in 2004, distributed in 1,100 ha and mostly located in the Sa Pobla Region of Mallorca Island. Potato cyst nematode (PCN) species are widespread in potato crop regions of the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, but only Globodera pallida is known to be present in Sa Pobla (1) where it causes significant yield reductions if it is not properly managed. In the spring of 2000, goldencolored females were detected in several root samples of plant potatoes. In 2001, 2002, and 2003, soil and root samples were collected at harvest from 28 fields to identify and quantify PCN species in this area. According to the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) diagnostic protocol, the identification of Globodera spp. populations was based on: (i) morphological and morphometrics characteristics of cyst vulval area and stylets of second-stage juveniles; (ii) protein electrophoresis patterns by isoelectric focusing (2); and (iii) DNA analysis by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction techniques (2). PCN infestation was detected in 16 potato fields sampled. Mixed populations of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida were found in 14 fields distributed all around Sa Pobla, while two fields contained only G. pallida. The proportion of G. rostochiensis in mixed populations was low, rarely exceeding 20%. The origin of G. rostochiensis introduction in Mallorca is unknown since there is no direct link with other potato-growing areas of Spain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. rostochiensis in the Balearics Islands. The identification of G. rostochiensis in the Sa Pobla potato-production fields is very important for the development of a successful integrated pest management (IPM) program in this region. References: (1) M. L. Martinez-Beringola et al. Nematol. Medit. 15:183, 1987. (2) S. K. Ibrahim et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 57:1068, 2001.
Occurrence of Leveillula taurica Cleistothecia on Honey Mesquite in Southern Texas
Authors: Little C. R. 
Published: May 2007

Prosopis glandulosa J. Torrey (honey mesquite) is a widespread tree that serves as an important food and cover resource for wildlife in the south plains, gulf marshes, and scrub prairies of Texas. In the fall of 2005, lower leaflets of P. glandulosa were found to be infected with the asexual reproductive structures (Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.) Salmon) of Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas. Primary conidia (69 [±2.9] × 14 [±1.1] μm) were lanceolate and apically pointed, and secondary conidia (68 [±3.0] × 16 [±1.2] μm) were obovate and cylindrical. Closer investigation revealed that some plants near the edges of mesquite thickets showed evidence of ascocarp development. Immature ascocarps were yellow and turned a dark brown as they reached maturity. Mature cleistothecia (185 [±33] μm in diameter) were often clustered in groups of 5 to 10 on leaflets and were characterized by a few mycelioid appendages. The maximum number of asci found in a cleistothecium was 28 and each ascus contained two ascospores (39 [±1.7] μm × 17 [±1.3] μm). L. taurica has been observed on Prosopis spp. (P. chilensis, P. glandulosa, and P. juliflora) in Mexico (1) and on P. chilensis in Texas (2), however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of sexual reproduction on P. glandulosa in the LRGV. The presence of sexual reproductive structures on mesquite may indicate the importance of ‘alternate’ hosts as a site for genetic recombination in this organism since the fungus is a pathogen of vegetable crops such as peppers, tomatoes, and onions. References: (1) M. G. Alvarez. Fitofilo 71:1, 1976. (2) J. A. Stevenson. Plant Dis. Rep. 29:214, 1945.
First Report of the Causal Agent of Huanglongbing (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”) Infecting Kumquat in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai C.-H. , Su H.-J. , Liao Y.-C. , Hung T.-H. 
Published: May 2007

Huanglongbing (greening) disease caused by a nonculturable, phloem-limited bacterium is a severe disease of citrus. On the basis of the influence of temperature on host symptoms and the causal agent, this disease can be categorized as Asian caused by “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, African caused by “Ca. L. africanus”, and American caused by “Ca. L. americanus”. Kumquat (Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle), a member of the Rutaceae is an economically important crop for export and local consumption in Taiwan. Recently, a Huanglongbing-like disease was found on kumquat in Yilan County, the largest kumquat-producing area in northeastern Taiwan. Even though the disease has been reported on Citrus spp. from Taiwan, it has never been reported on kumquat. Symptoms of infected kumquat were mottling, yellowing, hardening, and curling of leaves followed by premature defoliation, twig dieback, decay of feeder rootlets and lateral roots, and ultimately the death of the entire plant. Typical sieve-tube-restricted bacteria were observed in kumquat cells by electron microscopy (1). In addition, psyllid-transmission tests demonstrated that the Asian psyllid (Diaphorina citri) could transmit this bacterium to healthy kumquats. Positive bud graft transmissions were obtained to F. margarita, F. japonica (Thunb.) Swingle, F. obovata Hort. ex Tanaka, Luchen sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.), and Wentan pummelo (C. maxima f. sp. butan Hay.). These inoculated plants showed symptoms in 3 to 8 months, and bacteria could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a common primer pair that amplified a 226-bp specific DNA fragment (2). For further molecular identification, the bacterial DNA was extracted from the inoculated plants and PCR was performed by using two sets of primers selected from the 16S rRNA region (GenBank Accession No. L22532) and 16S/23S intergenic spacer region (GenBank Accession No. AB019793). The expected DNA fragments of 1,389 bp and 862 bp were, respectively, amplified from symptomatic plants but not from healthy plants. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ302750 and DQ207841). The 16S rRNA has 98 to 99% identity and 16S/23S intergenic spacer region has 99% identity to the corresponding region of “Ca. L. asiaticus” in GenBank. These molecular analyses confirm the presence of “Ca. L. asiaticus” in kumquat. Since Huanglongbing has been rarely reported naturally on kumquat, further analysis of this bacterium as a special strain of “Ca. L. asiaticus” is needed. References: (1) M. Garnier et al. Ann. Microbiol. 135A:169, 1984. (2) T. H. Hung et al. J. Phytopathol. 147:599, 1999.
First Report of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis Pycnia on Yellow Starthistle in the United States
Authors: Fisher A. J. , Bruckart W. L. , McMahon M. B. , Luster D. G. , Smith L. 
Published: May 2007

The rust fungus Puccinia jaceae (Otth) var. solstitialis field isolate FDWSRU 84-71 (formerly TR 84–96) was first released in California for the biological control of yellow starthistle (YST; Centaurea solstitialis) in July 2003. This isolate was collected by S. S. Rosenthal in 1984, east of Yarhisar and Hafik (SIVAS), Turkey. It is macrocyclic and autoecious (1), completing its entire life cycle on YST. Observations were made in field plots west of Woodland, CA that had been inoculated on a monthly regimen between January and June of 2005. On February 22 and March 2, 2006, pycnia were observed in and around one of the plots (38°42.767′N, 121°53.732′W at an altitude of 57 m). Pycnia were yellow, flask shaped, and small (less than 100 μm in diameter), occurring in clusters on abaxial leaf surfaces or on petioles. DNA was isolated from pycnial and uredinial samples collected from the site and used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the ITS2 region with P. jaceae specific primers. Sequences of amplicons from both samples were identical to FDWSRU 84-71 (GenBank Accession No. AF047728). Further amplification of pycnial DNA with PCR primers specific to the released P. jaceae isolate (2) produced the expected 851-bp amplicon. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pycnia from Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis in the United States, suggesting that the YST rust is fully functional and completes its life cycle in California. References: (1) D. B. O. Savile. Can. J. Bot. 48:1553, 1970. (2) L. F. Yourman and D. G. Luster. Biol. Control 29:73, 2004.
First Report of Phytophthora cambivora Causing Bleeding Cankers and Dieback on Beech (Fagus sylvatica) in Italy
Authors: Belisario A. , Maccaroni M. , Vettorazzo M. 
Published: May 2007

European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is an important forest tree species common in northern and central Europe. In Italy, this species is typical in mountain areas over 1,000 m above sea level. In the last decade, decline and death was reported on European beech caused by several Phytophthora species (2), and P. pseudosyringae was recently reported in Italy (3). During 2004 and 2005, seven declining and dying F. sylvatica trees, older than 20 years, were observed in the Veneto Region of Italy with symptoms of bleeding cankers at the base of trunks and on branches. Cankers on the collar showed tongue-shaped necroses of the inner bark and cambium tissues. Four trees were in a public park of Mestre and three were in a forest stand in the province of Belluno. Samples were taken from declining trees, one in the park and two in the forest. Inner bark and cambium tissue pieces were cut from the canker margins, cultured on CARPBHy-agar (corn meal agar amended with 250 μg ml-1 ampicillin, 10 μg ml-1 rifampicin, 10 μg ml-1 pimaricin, 15 μg ml-1 benomyl, 50 μg ml-1 hymexazol), and incubated at 20°C. Ten morphologically similar isolates were subcultured as single hyphal tips and characterized. These isolates produced nonpapillate sporangia that were ovoid, obpyriform or ellipsoid, and exhibited predominately internal proliferation in soil extract. Hyphal swellings with outgrowths were present under those conditions. The morphological characteristics were consistent with those of P. cambivora (1). Base sequences of the ITS region of rDNA were determined for six of the isolates, and an 832-bp fragment was amplified for each isolate and that sequence was 100% homologous with sequences DQ396418 and AY880985 of P. cambivora in the NCBI database ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ ). The sequence of one isolate, ISPaVe 1950, was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. AM269752). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with 2-year-old potted beech seedlings. Inoculum of representative isolates was grown for 4 weeks on sterilized millet seeds moistened with V8 broth and added to soil at 3% (wt/vol). Control plants received sterilized inoculum only. The soil was flooded for 48 h. Inoculations were performed during May 2005 at 15 to 35°C with six replicates for the inoculated and control plants. The plants were maintained outdoors and assessed after 3 months. Wilt, root rot, and dark brown lesions at the collar developed on inoculated plants, but not on the controls. Symptoms were similar to those on naturally infected trees. The pathogen reisolated from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to the original isolates, which confirmed P. cambivora as the causal agent. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cambivora on beech in Italy. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (2) T. Jung et al. Mycologist, 19:159, 2005. (3) E. Motta et al. Plant Dis. 87:1005, 2003.
First Report of Beet virus Q on Sugar Beet in Poland
Authors: Borodynko N. 
Published: May 2007

The objective of this work was to determine whether Beet virus Q (BVQ), a member of the genus Pomovirus, is present in Poland. BVQ, like Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), is transmitted by Polymyxa betae Keskin. Earlier, BVQ was described as the Wierthe serotype of Beet soilborne virus (BSBV). Now, on the basis of its genomic properties (2), BVQ is recognized as a distinct virus species. BVQ is often found in fields where BSBV and BNYVV are present (4). During the fall of 2005, five plants of a cultivar susceptible to rhizomania (cv. Alyssa) and five resistant to rhizomania (cv. Henrietta) were collected from a field in the Wielkopolska Region of Poland, where BSBV and BNYVV had been previously identified, and tested for BVQ (1). All samples were analyzed by a double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with antiserum against BNYVV (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Rhizomania was identified only in sugar beet samples of the susceptible variety. The same samples were then tested using a triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA with commercial antisera against BSBV/BVQ (As-0576.2) and BSBV (As-0576.1) (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). Nine sugar beet plants gave positive reactions with antiserum against BSBV/BVQ and negative reactions with antiserum specific to BSBV. Total RNA extracted from roots of 10 beet samples was then tested using a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) and specific primers designed to amplify a fragment of the RNA2 for BNYVV and BVQ (3). The primers specifically amplified fragments of 545 bp and 291 bp of the BNYVV and BVQ, respectively. BNYVV was detected in all five samples from susceptible sugar beet plants. The presence of BVQ was confirmed in nine of the sugar beer plants, and the RT-PCR products were sequenced. Sequence analysis of the 206-nt amplicon sequence of the Polish isolate of BVQ (GenBank Accession No. DQ309444) indicated 97% nucleotide and 94% amino acid sequence identity with the previously published sequence of BVQ (GenBank Accession No. AJ223596) (2). To my knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of BVQ on sugar beet in Poland. In Europe, it has been previously reported in Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden (3,4). References: (1) N. Borodynko et al. Plant Dis. 90:112, 2006. (2) R. Koenig et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2027, 1998. (3) A. Meunier et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2356, 2003. (4) C. Rubies Autonell et al. Plant Dis. 90:110, 2006.
First Report and High Prevalence in Noncherry Host of Cherry virus A in Italy
Authors: Barone M. , Alioto D. , Marais A. , Candresse T. , Ragozzino A. 
Published: May 2007

Cherry virus A (CVA) has been reported to naturally infect sweet and sour cherry, apricot, peach, and plum but has not been associated with any symptoms. In the spring and summer of 2005, samples were collected in Prunus spp. germplasm collections in Campania (Italy) and analyzed by a polyvalent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay (1). Amplicons were sequenced, revealing CVA infection in seven apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.), one plum (Prunus domestica L.), and one cherry (Prunus avium L.). CVA sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ445275 to DQ445292) compared among themselves and with databank sequences showed pairwise nucleotide sequence identity levels of 80.3 to 99.6% (86.8 to 100% for amino acid sequences), significantly extending the known variability range of CVA. The presence of CVA was confirmed by hybridization with a CVA-specific probe (P39) (2), targeting region different from that amplified in the polymerase chain reaction assay. All samples containing CVA were found to be in mixed infections with Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus (plum, apricot), or ACLSV plus Cherry green ring mottle virus (cherry) so that CVA symptomatology could not be evaluated. To our knowledge, these results constitute the first report of the occurrence of CVA in Italy. They confirm the ability of CVA to naturally infect noncherry Prunus spp. hosts with surprisingly high prevalence levels (6 of 14 and 1 of 6 tested apricot and plum cultivars, respectively). References: (1) X. Foissac et al. Phytopathology 95:617, 2005. (2) W. Jelkmann J. Gen. Virol. 76:2015, 1995.
Bacterial Canker Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on Tomato in the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico
Authors: Holguín-Peña R. J. , Vázquez-Juárez R. C. , Rueda-Puente E. O. 
Published: May 2007

During the 2005 tomato-growing (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) season, an apparent bacterial disease with cankers on the stems and bird's eye lesions on the fruit appeared in commercial fields and greenhouses in the San Quintin and San Simon areas (a 60-mile long coastal plain) near the central region of the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico. The disease was found in midseason, especially when plants were flowering, and the mature and ripe stage. Incidence ranged from 4 to 46%, which represented an important loss in field and greenhouse production. Symptomatic plants showed reddish brown cavities in the stem, discoloration, and water soaking of vascular tissue. Diseased tissues were washed with phosphate buffer and placed on semiselective Clavibacter medium (SCM) (1), and a gram-positive, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, aerobic, curved rod bacterium was consistently isolated and morphologically characterized. Twenty-eight isolates were identified as Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology with primers CMM5/CMM6 to amplify a fragment of approximately 6.2 kb (2). The isolates were also identified by REP-PCR (repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR) genomic fingerprinting techniques (3) with REP and BOX primer sets (4). Pathogenicity tests consisting of three replicates of 4-week-old tomato seedlings (cv. Tequila) were performed by spraying (twice, 2 days apart) inocula at 108 CFU/ml. Control seedlings were sprayed with sterile water. Inoculated plants previously covered in polyethylene bags were incubated in a growth chamber at 25°C for 48 h. Within 3 weeks, symptoms of reddish-brown cavities, water-soaked lesions, and asymmetrical wilting appeared on inoculated plants and were similar to those symptoms observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Confirmation of the causal agent was done by culturing the bacteria on SCM and PCR analysis. Occurrence of the disease in San Quintin Valley is relevant because the disease is one of the five most serious tomato diseases in the peninsula. Moreover, the potential spread of the pathogen by tomato seedlings represents a permanent risk to other pathogen-free areas in the peninsula. Although bacterial canker has been observed in Baja California (Punta Colonet, Vicente Guerrero, San Quintin, and San Simon), to our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Baja, Mexico. References: (1). C. Alarcon et al. Phytopathology 88:306, 1998. (2) J. Dreier et al. Phytopathology 85:462, 1995. (3) F. J. Louws et al. Phytopathology 88:862, 1998. (4) J. Versalovic et al. Methods Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:25, 1994.