bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Synthesis of Nanoporous Nickel Oxide and Nickel Nanoparticles/Amorphous Carbon Composites Using Soluble Starch as the Template
Authors: Chen Yongping , Cao Jieming , Zheng Mingbo , Ke Xingfei , Ji Hongmei , Liu Jinsong , Ji Guangbin 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A simple and green synthetic route based on the use of soluble starch as the template has been utilized to prepare novel Ni(OH)2/starch precursors. Nanoporous nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel nanoparticles/amorphous carbon (Ni/C) composites have been successfully prepared by thermal decomposition of the novel Ni(OH)2/starch precursors in air and in nitrogen, respectively. N2 adsorption–desorption measurements show the two final products having nanoporous structures. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the nanoporous NiO sample has a favorable faradaic pseudocapacitance behavior.
Hierarchically Structured Zeolite ZSM-5 Synthesized by Nanocasting Technique
Authors: Shen Nan , Zhao Tianbo , Tong Yangchuan , Li Fengyan , Xu Kai 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized with interconnected macropores and skeletons by nanocasting technique. The skeletons can be templated to the morphology of pipes and rods in different conditions.
A Novel Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted-4-pyridones from 4-Methoxypyridine
Authors: Kitagawa Hideo , Kumura Ko , Atsumi Kunio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Novel 2,3-disubstituted 4-pyridone derivatives were prepared from 4-methoxypyridine through aldol condensation and isomerization of exo-olefin as key reactions, in fairly good to high yields.
Convenient and Selective Preparation of Mono-alkoxyphenylsilanes from Phenylsilane and Alcohols
Authors: Gunji Yasuhiko , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The selective dehydrogenative coupling of phenylsilane and alcohols, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, was smoothly catalyzed by bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) complex to afford the corresponding mono-alkoxysilanes in good-to-high yield after distillation.
Construction and Structural Investigation of Helical Coordination Network Formed by the Self-assembly of Triple Helicate with Macrocyclic Framework and Lanthanum Cations
Authors: Tominaga Masahide , Masu Hyuma , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Azumaya Isao 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A triple helicate, a macrocyclic aromatic amide with a helical structure, is complexed with La(III) ion leading to the self-assembly of a helical coordination polymer. Each La(III) atom is coordinated by a pair of oxygen of the tertiary benzenetrianilide moieties from two adjacent ligands, resulting in the formation of chiral infinite coordination networks of alternating La(III) atoms and ligands. Here, we demonstrate that the chirality of a one-dimensional polymeric structure in the crystal was derived from T-shaped aromatic–aromatic (CH–π) interactions of each molecule twisted in the same direction.
Enhanced Expression of the Inorganic Phosphate Transporter Pit-1 Is Involved in BMP-2–Induced Matrix Mineralization in Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Ghayor Chafik , Guicheux Jérome , Magne David , Quillard Sophie , Kakita Ayako , Ono Yasunaga , Miura Yoshitaka , Oiso Yutaka , Itoh Mitsuyasu , Caverzasio Joseph 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Pi handling by osteogenic cells is important for bone mineralization. The role of Pi transport in BMP-2–induced matrix calcification was studied. BMP-2 enhances Pit-1 Pi transporters in osteogenic cells. Experimental analysis suggest that this response is required for bone matrix calcification.
Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are produced by osteogenic cells and play an important role in bone formation. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental constituent of hydroxyapatite, and its transport by osteogenic cells is an important function for primary calcification of the bone matrix. In this study, we investigated the role of Pi transport in BMP-2–induced matrix mineralization.
Materials and Methods: Confluent MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were exposed to BMP-2 for various time periods. Pi and alanine transport was determined using radiolabeled substrate, Pit-1 and Pit-2 expression by Northern blot analysis, cell differentiation by alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization by alizarin red staining, and the characteristics of mineral deposited in the matrix by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction analysis, and Fourier transformed infrared resolution (FTIR).
Results: BMP-2 time- and dose-dependently stimulated Na-dependent Pi transport in MC3T3-E1 cells by increasing the Vmax of the transport system. This effect was preceded by an increase in mRNA encoding Pit-1 but not Pit-2. BMP-2 also dose-dependently enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization, an effect blunted by either phosphonoformic acid or expression of antisense Pit-1. Enhanced Pi transport and matrix mineralization induced by BMP-2 were blunted by a specific inhibitor of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway.
Conclusions: Results presented in this study indicate that, in addition to its well-known effect on several markers of the differentiation of osteoblastic cells, BMP-2 also stimulates Pi transport activity through a selective increase in expression of type III Pi transporters Pit-1. In MC3T3-E1 cells, this effect is mediated by the JNK pathway and plays an essential role in bone matrix calcification induced by BMP-2.
Ten-Year Absolute Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures According to BMD T Score at Menopause: The Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study
Authors: Abrahamsen Bo , Vestergaard Peter , Rud Bo , Bärenholdt Olaf , Jensen Jens-Erik Beck , Nielsen Stig Pors , Mosekilde Leif , Brixen Kim 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the non-HRT arms of the DOPS study, 10-year fracture risk was higher at each level of T score than predicted by the Kanis algorithm. Under-reporting of fractures in registers and inclusion of HRT users are probable explanations for inappropriately low fracture risk estimates for younger women.
Introduction: International recommendations highlight the importance of absolute fracture risk in establishing intervention thresholds. The available estimates of long-term risk have been derived by combining relative risks from meta-analyses with U.S. normative BMD data and Swedish fracture incidence records. We validated the 2001 Kanis risk algorithm using incident fractures observed in untreated women in the first 10 years of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS). Comparisons were also made with the relative risks derived from a recent meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed DXA of the spine and hip from 872 women who were enrolled in the non–hormone replacement therapy (HRT) arms of the study and had not received HRT, bisphosphonates, or raloxifene. We collected verified reports of fractures at each visit. We focused on fractures of the hip, spine, shoulder, and forearm to provide risks comparable with the Kanis algorithm. Accordingly, asymptomatic radiographic vertebral fractures were not included.
Results: Seventy-eight women (9%) sustained relevant fractures. The risk of fracture increased by 1.32 (95% CI, 1.02; 1.70) for each unit decrease in femoral neck T score and by 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06; 1.58) for each unit decrease in lumbar spine T score at baseline. Absolute fracture risk was higher than expected from the Kanis algorithm at all T score levels. The difference was greatest for participants in the higher range of T scores. At T = −1, the observed risk was 10.9% as opposed to an expected risk of 5.7%. Relative risk gradients were similar to those of the recent meta-analysis.
Conclusions: In healthy women, examined in the first year or two after menopause, 10-year fracture risk was higher at each level of BMD T score than expected from the model by Kanis et al. Inclusion of HRT users in the cohorts used may have led to higher BMD values and lower absolute fracture risk in the Kanis model. These longitudinal data can be used directly in estimating absolute fracture risk in untreated north European women from BMD at menopause.
Inhibition of Protein Prenylation by Bisphosphonates Causes Sustained Activation of Rac, Cdc42, and Rho GTPases
Authors: Dunford James E , Rogers Michael J , Ebetino Frank H , Phipps Roger J , Coxon Fraser P 
Published: May 2006

AbstractN-BPs, which inhibit bone resorption by preventing prenylation of small GTPases, unexpectedly cause the accumulation of GTP-bound, unprenylated Rho family GTPases in macrophages and osteoclasts. In macrophages, this also leads to sustained, Rac-mediated activation of p38. The antiresorptive activity of N-BPs may therefore be caused at least in part, by the accumulation of unprenylated small GTPases, causing inappropriate activation of downstream signaling pathways.Introduction: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are potent inhibitors of bone resorption that act by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, thereby indirectly preventing the prenylation of Rho family GTPases that are required for the function and survival of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, the effect that these drugs have on the activity of Rho family GTPases has not been determined.Materials and Methods: The effect of N-BPs on the activity of Rho family GTPases in J774 macrophages and osteoclasts was measured using a pull-down assay to isolate the GTP-bound forms. The effect of N-BPs, or decreasing Rac expression using siRNA, on downstream p38 activity was evaluated by Western blotting and apoptosis assessed by measurement of caspase 3/7 activity.Results: Rather than inhibiting GTPase function, loss of prenylation after treatment with N-BPs caused an increase in the GTP-bound form of Rac, Cdc42, and Rho in J774 cells and osteoclast-like cells, which paralleled the rate of accumulation of unprenylated small GTPases. Activation of Rac also occurred with other inhibitors of prenylation of Rho-family proteins, such as mevastatin and the geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor GGTI-298. The Rac-GTP that increased after N-BP treatment was newly translated, cytoplasmic unprenylated protein, because it was not labeled with [14C] mevalonate, and the increase in Rac-GTP was prevented by cycloheximide. Furthermore, this unprenylated Rac-GTP retained at least part of its functional activity in J774 cells, because it mediated N-BP–induced activation of p38. Paradoxically, although risedronate induces apoptosis of J774 macrophages by inhibiting protein prenylation, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 enhanced N-BP–induced apoptosis, suggesting that Rac-induced p38 activation partially suppresses the pro-apoptotic effect of N-BPs in these cells.Conclusions: N-BP drugs may disrupt the function of osteoclasts in vivo and affect other cell types in vitro by inhibiting protein prenylation, thereby causing inappropriate and sustained activation, rather than inhibition, of some small GTPases and their downstream signaling pathways.
Iconicity in the interplay of the literal and the metaphorical: An example from William Blake's Jerusalem
Authors: Tseng Ming-Yu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This paper aims to explore how iconicity is entwined in an intricate relationship between the literal and the metaphorical. Two particular issues are under scrutiny here. Firstly, the traditionally assumed dichotomy – literal versus metaphorical meaning – needs reconsidering. This study proposes that the literal and the metaphorical are best seen as on a continuum rather than as dichotomous. Secondly, studies of the link between metaphor and iconicity have not received sufficient attention, and are therefore examined critically here. Iconicity, which is part and parcel of the process of representation and communication, plays a significant role in understanding metaphor, and indeed in understanding the interplay between the literal and the metaphorical. Overall, this paper makes the case for an integrational view of iconicity, metaphor, and literalness. The literal and the metaphorical are seen as an interplay, in which not only do metaphors interact with one another but they also interact with literal meaning. In addition, metaphor and iconicity are not treated separately but in interaction with each other. By way of illustration, this paper analyzes a passage from Plate 9 of William Blake's Jerusalem.
On possible factors in the aesthetic appreciation of metaphors
Authors: Csatár Péter , Pethő Gergely , Tóth Enikő 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Gibbs (2002) investigated by experimental methods the question whether the recognition of metaphors in a literary text affects the aesthetic appreciation of recognized expressions. He found that recognition of metaphors improves aesthetic judgments. He explains this by reference to the conceptual theory of metaphor: Identifying a linguistic metaphor provides access to the underlying conceptual metaphor and opens up new ways of interpretation, thereby making the expression more appealing. In this paper, we note some conceptual arguments against Gibbs's conclusion and then present an experiment which aims to verify whether the improvement of judgments observed by Gibbs could have been caused by independent factors, such as social expectations. Surprisingly, although we did not find evidence for such effects, we were not able to reproduce Gibbs's results either. However, the data reveal that aesthetic judgments concerning metaphors are measurable to some extent.
Automotive Fahrbahnzustandserkennung (Automotive Road State Recognition)
Authors: Trabelsi Ahmed , Heimann Bodo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zur multisensorbasierten Fahrbahnzustandserkennung in Kraftfahrzeugen vorgestellt. Es beinhaltet den Einsatz mehrerer Messsysteme, die die Eingänge eines Vorverarbeitungsblocks zur Frequenz- und Statistikanalyse bilden. Um den Fahrbahnzustand zu klassifizieren, wurde ein Entscheidungsblock als Fuzzy-Expertensystem definiert und getestet.
Anwendung eines Software-Sensors, basierend auf der Zustandsschätzung auf bewegtem Horizont, in der Biotechnologie (Software-Sensor Based on Moving Horizon State Estimation with Application in Biotechnology)
Authors: Buchen Andreas , Kolahi Kourosh , Röck Helmut 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Zur Führung und Optimierung biotechnologischer Prozesse ist deren Zustandsinformation von zentraler Bedeutung. Software-Sensoren können zur Gewinnung dieser Information genutzt werden. In diesem Artikel wird ein Entwurfsansatz, basierend auf der Zustandsschätzung auf bewegtem Horizont, präsentiert. Dieser Ansatz ist eine optimierungsbasierte Strategie zur Zustandsschätzung, die auch bei nichtlinearen Systemen eingesetzt werden kann. Eine begrenzte Anzahl von zurückliegenden Messwerten wird zur Schätzung des momentanen Zustandes benutzt. Wichtige Eigenschaften dieses Ansatzes sind die Möglichkeiten, zusätzliches Prozesswissen in Form von Beschränkungen der Zustandsgrößen zu nutzen und Messwerte mit verschiedenen Abtastraten zu verarbeiten. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens zu demonstrieren, wird es bei einem Produktionsprozess des Bakteriums Photorhabdus luminescens eingesetzt. Hierbei werden die Messwerte der Kohlendioxidproduktionsrate und der Glukosekonzentration im Medium dazu genutzt, die Biomasse, ein kristallines Einschlusskörperprotein und zwei weitere Substrate im Medium zu schätzen.
A Validated Model for the Electromagnetic Flowmeter's Measuring Cell (Validiertes Modell für eine elektromagnetische Durchflussmesszelle)
Authors: Maalouf Aline I. 
Published: May 2006

Summary
This paper proposes as well a measurement model for the electromagnetic flowmeter’s measuring cell that constitutes an off-line measurement model for the electromagnetic flowmeter with which it is possible to try different signal processing algorithms to estimate the flowrate value. This model was validated using impedance spectroscopy and spectrometry. Knowing the value of the electrode/electrolyte impedance it is possible as well to determine the value of the input impedance of the preamplifier that reduces the error caused by the impedance of the electrode/electrolyte interface. The value of this latter is used on the other hand to determine the value of the lower frequency limit above which the reading of the induced voltage level of the electromagnetic flowmeter can be carried out with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
Pregnancy in rats is modulated by ganglionic cholinergic action
Authors: Casais M , Delgado S M , Sosa Z , Rastrilla A M 
Published: May 2006

The control of ovarian steroidogenesis during pregnancy is mainly of endocrine origin. At present, there is little information about the influence of neural factors on the gestation physiology. The purpose of this work was to study the action of cholinergic agents in celiac ganglion upon the liberation of progesterone and ovarian androstenedione in the second half of pregnancy in rats. We used the ex vivo celiac ganglion–superior ovarian nerve–ovary integrated system (celiac ganglion–SON–ovary) that was incubated in buffer solution for 180 min, with the celiac ganglion and the ovary located in different compartments and linked by the SON.
The results obtained indicate that the control values of ovarian androstenedione vary according to the pregnancy day analyzed. The addition of acetylcholine in ganglion decreased the liberation of both steroids on Day 15 whereas at the end of pregnancy it decreased the liberation of androstenedione without modifying progesterone. Due to the effect observed with atropine and hexametonium, acetylcholine action might occur through unspecific ganglionic pathways (Days 15 and 21) or through muscarinic ganglionic receptors (Days 19 and 20). Thus, we conclude that the cholinergic sympathetic system from the celiac ganglion might be a fine modulator of the pregnancy physiology.
Estimating the Effects of Smolt Transportation from Different Vantage Points and Management Perspectives
Authors: Buchanan Rebecca A. , Skalski John R. , Smith Steven G. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Smolt transportation is a major mitigation strategy in the Columbia River hydrosystem, yet measures of its effects on adult return rates are often unclear. Managers use a variety of transportation effect measures that need to be clearly defined and easy to understand. We develop eight alternative transportation effect measures based on a release–recapture model of juvenile and adult passive integrated transponder tag data and relate the measures to different management perspectives. The performance measures include site-specific transport−in-river ratios (T/Is) that view the effect of transportation operations at a site either separate from (“isolated”) or in the context of (“contextual”) the rest of the transportation system. Both relative and absolute systemwide measures of transportation effects are developed, as well as measures for fish in the release group had they been untagged. All performance measures are calculated by the program ROSTER. Transportation effect measures for summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the McCall and Pahsimeroi hatcheries released in the Snake River in 1999 range from the isolated site-specific relative value at Lower Granite Dam of 2.015 (SE = 0.152) to a systemwide relative value of 1.232 (SE = 0.036). This paper explains how these two estimates and the others are correct depending on perspective and management intent.
Habitual Short Sleep Duration, Diet, and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
Authors: Nôga Diana Aline , Meth Elisa de Mello e Souza , Pacheco André Pekkola , Tan Xiao , Cedernaes Jonathan , van Egmond Lieve Thecla , Xue Pei , Benedict Christian 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceUnderstanding the interplay between sleep duration, dietary habits, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) is crucial for public health and diabetes prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of type of diet and duration of sleep with the development of T2D.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData derived from the UK Biobank baseline investigation (2006-2010) were analyzed for this cohort study between May 1 and September 30, 2023. The association between sleep duration and healthy dietary patterns with the risk of T2D was investigated during a median (IQR) follow-up of 12.5 (11.8-13.2) years (end of follow-up, September 30, 2021).ExposureFor the analysis, 247 867 participants were categorized into 4 sleep duration groups: normal (7-8 hours per day), mild short (6 hours per day), moderate short (5 hours per day), and extreme short (3-4 hours per day). Their dietary habits were evaluated based on population-specific consumption of red meat, processed meat, fruits, vegetables, and fish, resulting in a healthy diet score ranging from 0 (unhealthiest) to 5 (healthiest).Main Outcomes and MeasuresCox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the development of T2D across various sleep duration groups and healthy diet scores.ResultsThe cohort comprised 247 867 participants with a mean [SD] age of 55.9 [8.1] years, of whom 52.3% were female. During the follow-up, 3.2% of participants were diagnosed with T2D based on hospital registry data. Cox regression analysis, adjusted for confounding variables, indicated a significant increase in the risk of T2D among participants with 5 hours or less of daily sleep. Individuals sleeping 5 hours per day exhibited a 1.16 adjusted HR (95% CI, 1.05-1.28), and individuals sleeping 3 to 4 hours per day exhibited a 1.41 adjusted HR (95% CI, 1.19-1.68) compared with individuals with normal sleep duration. Furthermore, individuals with the healthiest dietary patterns had a reduced risk of T2D (HR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.63-0.88]). The association between short sleep duration and increased risk of T2D persisted even for individuals following a healthy diet, but there was no multiplicative interaction between sleep duration and healthy diet score.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study involving UK residents, habitual short sleep duration was associated with increased risk of developing T2D. This association persisted even among participants who maintained a healthy diet. To validate these findings, further longitudinal studies are needed, incorporating repeated measures of sleep (including objective assessments) and dietary habits.
Polymorphic Matters: Architecture, Change and Imagination
Authors: Simone Ashley 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPolymorphism was an important tactic used by Woods to render objects and spaces in the process of transformation and transmutation. Ashley Simone, Associate Professor at the Pratt Institute School of Architecture in New York City, explores the terrain where materiality meets change, where fantasy supplants reality. Her prime example is the suite of drawings for the ‘AEON’ project.
Rhodium(I) Catalyzed Hydroacylation Reactions of Alkenyl Compounds
Authors: Zhao Jun , Lu Yuan‐Yi , Wang Rui , Peters Patience , Li Hong‐Shuang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed hydroacylation of unsaturated substrates with aldehydes involving the formyl C(sp2)−H bond activation provides an expedient and efficient access to the carbonyl compounds such as ketones and esters, which are a class of important scaffolds in natural products and in drug development. Recently, extensive attention has been paid to the hydroacylation reactions of the components containing an alkenyl moiety that can trigger a regioselective transformation in the presence of a transition metal catalyst. In this review, we summarize the constructive endeavors in rhodium(I)‐catalyzed (formal) hydroacylation reactions from 2018, and the plausible pathway is also dissected to offer some insights into the reaction mechanism.