bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Rana Jamal S. , Li Tricia Y. , Manson JoAnn E. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The relative contribution of adiposity and physical inactivity to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively examined the individual and joint association of obesity and physical activity with the development of type 2 diabetes in 68,907 female nurses who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. Adiposity was measured by BMI and waist circumference. Physical activity was assessed through average hours of moderate or vigorous exercise and computation of an MET score.
RESULTS—We documented 4,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 16 years of follow-up (from 1986 to 2002). In a multivariate model including age, smoking, and other diabetes risk factors, risk of type 2 diabetes increased progressively with increasing BMI (P &lt; 0.001) and waist circumference (P &lt; 0.001) and with decreasing physical activity levels (P &lt; 0.001). In joint analyses of BMI and physical activity, using women who had a healthy weight (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2) and were physically active (exercise ≥21.8 MET h/week) as the reference group, the relative risks of type 2 diabetes were 16.75 (95% CI 13.99–20.04) for women who were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and inactive (exercise &lt;2.1 MET h/week), 10.74 (8.74–13.18) for women who were active but obese, and 2.08 (1.66–2.61) for women who were lean but inactive. In combined analyses of waist circumference and physical activity, both variables were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, but the association for waist circumference was substantially stronger than that for physical inactivity.
CONCLUSIONS—Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity.
Heme Iron From Diet as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Qi Lu , van Dam Rob M. , Rexrode Kathryn , Hu Frank B. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes-related metabolic abnormality may aggravate the adverse effects of iron overload on cardiovascular health. However, little is known about whether iron consumption affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively assessed the associations of long-term intakes of dietary iron and red meat with CHD risk among 6,161 women who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—During 54,455 person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2000, we documented 550 incident cases of CHD. After adjustment for age and BMI, high intakes of both heme iron and red meat were associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal CHD (P for trend = 0.003 and 0.018), coronary revascularization (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.06), and total CHD (P for trend = 0.0009 and 0.007). Women with the highest intake of heme iron had 50% (6–94%) increased risk of total CHD compared with those with the lowest intake. Further adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors did not appreciably change the associations. The positive association between heme iron and red meat intakes and CHD was more evident among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes.
Non-linear dynamics of spinodal decomposition in multi-component polymer systems. I. General approach
Authors: Prostomolotova Ekaterina 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Spinodal decomposition of multi-component systems is analyzed within the framework of a new approach focusing on the description of this dynamic process in terms of the Langevin equation for the one-time structure factor S(q, t) treated as an independent dynamic object. We apply this approach, in particular, to multi-component incompressible polymer systems (binary polymer solutions, ternary polymer blends etc.). The dynamic equation describing the simultaneous relaxation of both the order parameters (component concentrations) and the matrix of the component-component dynamic correlation functions ∥S
ij(q, t)∥, including the explicit expression for the corresponding effective kinetic coefficients, is derived.
Structural analysis of base mispairing in DNA containing oxidative guanine lesion
Authors: Fujimoto Hirofumi , Pinak Miroslav , Nemoto Toshiyuki , Bunta Juraj 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics methods were used to analyze the importance of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) pairing with other DNA bases in order to determine the impact of oxidative guanine lesions on DNA structure. Six lesioned molecules, each containing 8-oxoG mispaired with one of the four normal bases on the the opposite strand at the center of 40-mer DNA, and one non-damaged DNA molecule, were simulated for 2 nanoseconds of real time. The 8-oxoG lesioned bases were found to incorporate opposite all normal bases. There are observed conformational and energetical differences among these parings. 8-oxoG in anti-form creates firm hydrogen bonds with cytosine and this bonding has a strong attractive electrostatic interaction energy similar to that of a native base pair-guanine to cytosine. Meanwhile, it does not form a stable base pair with purine bases (adenine and guanine) nor with the pyrimidine base thymine. On the other hand, the 8-oxoG in syn-form was found to pair with adenine.
Phagocytic functions of microglial cells in the central nervous system and their importance in two neurodegenerative diseases: multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Choucair Nada , Laporte Vincent , Levy Rachel , Arnold Anne-Sophie , Gies Jean-Pierre , Poindron Philippe , Lombard Yves 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident phagocytic cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They possess a wide range of receptors allowing them to identify and internalize numerous pathogens. We will discuss here the role of the most important receptors of microglia involved in non-opsonin-dependent phagocytosis (mannose receptor, β-glucan receptor, scavenger receptor) and that of receptors involved in the opsonin-dependent phagocytosis, namely the complement 3 (CR3) and the Fcγ receptors (FcγR). First, the molecular and cellular mechanisms induced when these receptors are conducting a phagocytic event are presented. In the second part, we will discuss the role these receptors may play in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, in the elimination by phagocytosis of myelin and beta amyloid peptide respectively.
Heat processing of soybean kernel and its effect on lysine availability and protein solubility
Authors: Žilić Sladana , Božović Irina , Savić Stojan , Šobajić Sladana 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Soybean kernels of cultivars Bosa and ZPS 015 were used in the experiment. The contents of available lysine as well as water and salt soluble proteins, were analysed in fresh soybean kernels, soybean products made after the processes of dry extrusion, micronisation, microwave toasting and autoclaving. Utilizing a technological procedure of processing, kernels were exposed to temperatures from 57 to 150°C. The duration of exposure of the soybean kernels to the increased temperatures, ranged from 25-30 seconds in dry extrusion to 30 minutes in autoclaving. All treatments were subjected to different sources of heat, causing different thermodynamic processes to take place in kernels and change their chemical composition; i.e. nutritive quality. The content of water and salt soluble proteins decreased under the influence of higher temperatures in the course of all treatments of processing. The drop of solubility already was drastically effected by temperatures of 100°C in dry extrusion, while there was a gradual decrease in other treatments. The content of available lysine was determined by the modified Carpenter methods with DNFB. The processes of micronisation and microwave toasting showed the greatest effect on the reduction of lysine availability. Dry extrusion and autoclaving, performed within closed systems — in which the increased moisture content has a special effect — resulted in significantly smaller changes of the available lysine content.
The doppel gene biology: a scientific journey from brain to testis, and return
Authors: Comincini Sergio , Vecchio Igor , Azzalin Alberto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Doppel is a newly recognized prion-like molecule encoded by a novel gene locus, PRND, located on the same chromosomal region of the prion (PRNP) coding gene. Doppel was considered a paralogue and the first member of the prion-gene family, possibly originated through an ancestral gene duplication event. Prion and doppel have different expression patterns, suggesting that the gene products exhibit different biological functions. Actually, doppel is not involved in the aetiology of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or “prion diseases” and is highly expressed only within the testicular tissue, suggesting an important physiological role in the process of spermatogenesis. The restricted spatial and temporal expression profile of doppel has suggested its investigation within particular pathological contexts, such as cancers, showing that it might represent a novel and attractive diagnostic molecular marker and that might provide insights into the regulatory pathways of tumor-cell transformation.
Redescription of Rhabdochona cotti (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) from Cottus caeruleomentum (Teleostei, Cottidae) in Maryland, USA, with remarks on the taxonomy of North American Rhabdochona spp.
Authors: Moravec František , Muzzall Patrick 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe nematode Rhabdochona cotti Gustafson, 1949 is redescribed from specimens collected from the intestine of the blue ridge sculpin Cottus caeruleomentum (a new host record), a recently described fish species, from Little Fishing Creek in Maryland, USA. The measurements of these specimens, collected in November 2005, are generally smaller than those reported in the original description of R. cotti, this being probably associated with the nematode’s seasonal maturation cycle or the different host species. As revealed by SEM, the deirids of R. cotti are simple (not bifurcate), in which this species differs from almost all North American congeners. Of these, simple deirids, filamented eggs and a rounded tail tip in females occur only in Rhabdochona longleyi, but it distinctly differs from R. cotti in the smaller number of anterior prostomal teeth (6 vs. 14). Rhabdochona rotundicaudatum is considered a junior synonym of Rhabdochona cascadilla; numerous specimens of the latter were collected from Semotilus atromaculatus, Luxilus cornutus and Notropis rubellus from the type locality (Eramosa River, Ontario, Canada) (unpublished). Rhabdochona paxmani and Rhabdochona salmonis are synonymized with Rhabdochona kisutchi, whereas Rhabdochona californiensis is considered a junior synonym of R. cascadilla. The need of a taxonomic revision of North American species of Rhabdochona is stressed.
Effect of 5‐haplotype of dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) polymorphisms for the susceptibility to bipolar I disorder
Authors: Pae Chi‐Un , Serretti Alessandro , Mandelli Laura , Yu Hye‐Sook , Patkar Ashwin A. , Lee Chang‐Uk , Lee Soo‐Jung , Jun Tae‐Youn , Lee Chul , Paik In‐Ho , Kim Jung‐Jin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated a possible association between dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) variants and bipolar I disorder (BID). Five SNPs within DTNBP1 (rs3213207, rs1011313, rs2005976, rs760761, and rs2619522) were genotyped for 151 patients with BID and 478 controls. We observed a significant protective association of the haplotype A‐C‐G‐T‐A (all SNPs, P = 0.00016) and particularly G‐T‐A (the last three SNP, P = 0.00007) within DTNBP1 variants investigated. Single marker and subgroup (e.g., psychotic features, age at onset, family history, etc.) analyses showed no significant association. Although the association was due to a small number of subjects, specific DTNBP1 haplotypes, previously associated with schizophrenia, may be also associated with BID. Adequately powered studies from different ethnicities will be necessary to confirm our findings. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impact of subcortical vascular and Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Chui Helena C. , Zarow Chris , Mack Wendy J. , Ellis William G. , Zheng Ling , Jagust William J. , Mungas Dan , Reed Bruce R. , Kramer Joel H. , DeCarli Charles C. , Weiner Michael W. , Vinters Harry V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the interactions among three types of pathology (ie, cerebrovascular disease, hippocampal sclerosis [HS], and Alzheimer's disease [AD]), cognitive status, and apolipoprotein E genotype.MethodsWe report clinicopathological correlations from 79 autopsy cases derived from a prospective longitudinal study of subcortical ischemic vascular disease and AD.ResultsThirty percent of the cases had significant cerebrovascular parenchymal pathology scores (CVDPS), 54% had significant AD pathology, and 18% had HS. In an ordinal logistic regression analysis that included interaction terms to assess the effects of each pathological variable when the other variables are interpolated to zero, each of the three pathology variables contributed independently to cognitive status: Braak and Braak stage odds ratio (OR) = 2.84 (95% confidence interval, 1.81–4.45), HS score OR = 2.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–5.85), and CVDPS OR = 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.04). Only Braak and Braak stage contributed to a global neuropsychological measure of cognitive impairment. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype was associated with Braak and Braak stage (OR, 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.68]), but not CVDPS or HS scores.InterpretationIn this convenience sample enriched for subcortical ischemic vascular disease, HS was a common unsuspected neuropathological finding. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype was associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but not HS or arteriosclerosis. When Braak and Braak stage was interpolated to zero, both CVDPS and HS contributed to cognitive impairment. However, advancing stages of AD pathology overwhelmed the effects of CVDPS and HS, to become the major determinant of dementia. Ann Neurol 2006;60:677–687
Impact of Alzheimer's pathology on cognitive trajectories in nondemented elderly
Authors: Driscoll Ira , Resnick Susan M. , Troncoso Juan C. , An Yang , O'Brien Richard , Zonderman Alan B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveSome individuals who are asymptomatic for dementia while alive have substantial Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology at autopsy. We investigated whether cognitive trajectories differ between clinically normal elderly individuals with and without AD neuropathology and how they compare with trajectories of clinically impaired individuals before dementia diagnosis.MethodsEighty‐one elderly participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were followed prospectively with neurological and neuropsychological assessments before autopsy evaluation at death. Trajectories of cognitive change were estimated for a number of domains using cognitive data before a clinical diagnosis of dementia.ResultsClinically normal elderly individuals with and without AD‐type neuropathology have similar cognitive trajectories across different cognitive domains. In contrast, individuals with mild cognitive impairment/AD show steeper rates of longitudinal decline in several aspects of cognition compared with clinically normal elderly individuals regardless of whether the latter have AD neuropathology. Moreover, the cognitive differences between impaired and unimpaired groups can be detected years before a diagnosis of dementia.InterpretationClinically normal individuals with and without AD neuropathology do not differ in rates of cognitive decline across a number of cognitive domains. Understanding the factors that protect some individuals with AD pathology from cognitive impairment may contribute to the maintenance of cognitive health in the elderly. Ann Neurol 2006;60:688–695
Delivery of neurturin by AAV2 (CERE‐120)‐mediated gene transfer provides structural and functional neuroprotection and neurorestoration in MPTP‐treated monkeys
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Herzog Christopher D. , Dass Biplob , Bakay Roy A. E. , Stansell James , Gasmi Mehdi , Bartus Raymond T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveWe tested the hypothesis that gene delivery of the trophic factor neurturin could preserve motor function and protect nigrostriatal circuitry in hemiparkinsonian monkeys.MethodsAn adeno‐associated virus–based vector encoding human neurturin (AAV2‐NTN; also called CERE‐120) was injected into the striatum and substantia nigra of monkeys 4 days after a unilateral intracarotid injection of N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) rendered them hemiparkinsonian. Control hemiparkinsonian monkeys received either AAV2 encoding green fluorescent protein or formulation buffer.ResultsAlthough stable deficits were seen in all control monkeys, AAV2‐NTN significantly improved MPTP‐induced motor impairments by 80 to 90% starting at approximately month 4 and lasting until the end of the experiment (month 10). AAV2‐NTN significantly preserved nigral neurons, significantly preserved striatal dopaminergic innervation, and activated phospho‐extracellular signal–regulated kinase, consistent with a mechanism involving a trophic factor–initiated molecular cascade. Histological analyses of numerous brain regions, including the cerebellum, showed normal cytoarchitecture and no aberrant pathology.InterpretationThese data demonstrate that AAV2‐NTN (CERE‐120) can preserve function and anatomy in degenerating nigrostriatal neurons and are supportive of ongoing clinical tests in Parkinson's disease patients. Ann Neurol 2006;60:706–715
MGMT methylation: A marker of response to temozolomide in low‐grade gliomas
Authors: Everhard Sibille , Kaloshi Gentian , Crinière Emmanuelle , Benouaich‐Amiel Alexandra , Lejeune Julie , Marie Yannick , Sanson Marc , Kujas Michèle , Mokhtari Karima , Hoang‐Xuan Khê , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Thillet Joëlle 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe methylation status of the O6‐methylguanine‐methyltransferase promoter (MGMTP) was evaluated in 68 low‐grade gliomas treated by neoadjuvant temozolomide. Methylated MGMTP was detected in 63 of 68 (92.6 %) patients and was a favorable predictor of progression‐free survival as compared with unmethylated MGMTP tumors (p < 0.0001). Assessment of MGMTP status could help identifying low‐grade gliomas patients more likely to respond to chemotherapy or to benefit from MGMT depletion strategies. Ann Neurol 2006;60:740–743
Simvastatin enhances learning and memory independent of amyloid load in mice
Authors: Li Ling , Cao Dongfeng , Kim Helen , Lester Robin , Fukuchi Ken‐ichiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveNormal aging is often associated with a decline in learning and memory functions. This decline is manifested to a much greater extent in Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have indicated statins, a class of cholesterol‐lowering drugs, as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Our objective was to determine whether administering a statin drug (simvastatin) would protect against the development of behavioral deficits in an established mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.MethodsTg2576 mice and their nontransgenic littermates were treated with simvastatin and assessed by behavioral tests and biochemical analyses.ResultsSimvastatin treatment not only reversed learning and memory deficits in the Tg2576 mice, but also enhanced learning and memory in the nontransgenic mice. Moreover, levels of amyloid β protein in the brains of treated mice did not differ from those of untreated mice. Simvastatin treatment was associated with increased expression levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the mouse brain.InterpretationOur findings demonstrate that the effects of simvastatin on learning and memory are independent of amyloid β protein levels. The mechanisms by which simvastatin exerts its beneficial effects may be related to modulation of signaling pathways in memory formation. Ann Neurol 2006;60:729–739
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gelation in the brabender measuring mixer. II. Description of PVC gelation in the torque inflection point
Authors: Tomaszewska Jolanta , Sterzyński Tomasz , Piszczek Kazimierz 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the transitory stage between the minimum and the maximum of the torque, which corresponds to an inflection point on the torque curve (called point G). The unplastified compound of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) (Polanwil S‐61) was processed in various temperatures between 150 and 200°C, by rotors speeds in the range from 5 to 40 min−1. The progress of gelation was estimated basing on DSC thermograms and on the rheological measurements, which were realized by means of specially constructed MFR apparatus. The morphological changes of processed compound were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that a general description of gelation progress demand both, the microscopic observation as well DSC and MFR measurements. More significant advancement of gelation, as observed by SEM, was achieved by lower shear rates. However, it may be stated that by reaching an inflection point on the torque curve, the PVC compound may not be treated as a polymer where the gelation process was completed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3688–3693, 2007
Combined effect of specific nucleation and rubber dispersion on morphology and mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Kotek Jiří , Ščudla Jaroslav , Šlouf Miroslav , Raab Miroslav 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study aims to explore the joint effects of specific β‐nucleation and rubber dispersion on morphology and mechanical behavior of materials derived from isotactic polypropylene. A β‐nucleator (N,N′‐dicyclohexylnaphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxamide) and an amorphous EPM rubber were used for the modification of isotactic polypropylene. Four samples were investigated: neat polypropylene, the same polymer modified with 0.03 wt % of β‐nucleator or with 15 wt % of dispersed rubber particles, and finally polypropylene containing both the β‐nucleator and the rubber particles. Tensile and impact behavior were followed at room and cryogenic temperatures. It has been observed that the β‐nucleation and rubber modification have brought about a similar macroscopic softening effect on the tensile mechanical behavior. Microscopy of fracture surfaces, however, has shown different toughening mechanisms caused by specific nucleation on one hand and by rubber dispersion on the other. While a distinct synergy effect of nucleation and rubber modification on the resulting toughness was found at low temperature, no such cooperative effect manifested itself at room temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3539–3546, 2007