bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interobserver error in human skin colorimetry
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Byard Pamela J. , Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwenty light‐skinned adults were measured at the upper inner arm site using two commonly used reflectance spectrophotometers. Each subject was measured by each of three investigators to assess the influence of interobserver error on the reflectance readings. A repeated measures design analysis of variance showed no significant variance component due to observers.
Empirical comparison of distance equations using discrete traits
Authors: Finnegan Michael , Cooprider Kevin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe use of the Grewal‐Smith statistic in measuring biological distance among skeletal population samples has been questioned since it was first applied to human populations. Recently, in an attempt to stabilize the variance of the Grewal‐Smith statistic for use with non‐metric analysis, Sjøvold ('73) and Green and Suchey ('76) have introduced corrections and alternative transformations which may enhance the meaning of biological distance among population samples. Their recommendations improve the statistics for specific variable ranges; i.e., small sample size and low trait frequencies. Thirteen equations representing Grewal‐Smith, Freeman‐Tukey, Anscombe, and Bartlett transformations and/or corrections, were compared using rank order correlation statistics on actual biological distances generated by real population data as presented in existing literature. Results from testing these actual distance models show little variation between equations based on the populational data sets used. Based on these findings, the distance model resulting from the Grewal‐Smith statistic is not inferior to the more sophisticated models, although the latter may be superior by allowing specific improvements for small sample size and/or low trait frequencies.
Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. II. Deltoid, rhomboid and “rotator cuff”
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Basmajian John V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken of action potentials in the deltoid, rhomboid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles of pongid apes as they spontaneously elevated their arms and engaged in suspensory activity on a trapeze.During brachial elevation, activities of pongid deltoid, rhomboid, supra‐spinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis muscles basically resemble those of human subjects. The intermediate deltoid exhibited high potentials particularly near and at the zenith of brachial elevation. The anterior and, to a lesser extent, posterior deltoid were more variable than the intermediate deltoid during arm‐raising. The three heads often acted discretely. Rhomboid potentials also increased steadily with the highest ones at 130–150°. The supraspinatus sometimes acted as an initiator and accelerator of arm‐raising. Supraspinatus potentials commonly decreased markedly near the zenith of brachial elevation. When subjects reached overhead, it was impossible to discern whether the subscapularis acted fundamentally as an arm‐raising muscle or merely as a medial rotator to position the hand.In the orangutan, the teres minor was inconsequentially active during arm‐raising. This is strikingly different from the human activity pattern in which it is supposed to function in the inferior component of a glenohumeral force couple (Inman et al., '44).Remarkably little consequential EMG activity was recorded in the shoulder muscles of gorilla during hoisting activity. Per contra, in the orangutan some muscles were quite active as she hoisted herself on the trapeze. The teres minor seemed to be a prime retractor of the humerus in that context. In the chimpanzee, the rhomboid and especially the supraspinatus were significantly active during hoisting.All muscles tested in the three great apes were silent or inconsequentially active during pendent suspension from the trapeze.We conclude that at least during short‐term pendent suspension, osseoligamentous mechanisms are probably chiefly responsible for maintaining integrity of pongid glenohumeral joints. The important role of the supraspinatus muscle as a brachial elevator should be emphasized in future studies of pongid scapular shape. In view of the variable, contextually dependent, actions of the pongid “rotator cuff” muscles we suggest that they be termed the deep scapulohumeral muscles.
Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles. III. Quadrupedal positional behavior
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Basmajian John V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch‐walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates.In the African apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. The quadrupedal orangutan always exhibited low potentials in the pectoralis major muscle and EMG activity commonly occurred in her supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. Quiescent tripedal stances were not accompanied by striking changes in EMG patterns from those which characterized quadrupedal stances. Per contra, eccentric loadings of the forelimb during descnets from elevated substrates generally recruited notable EMG activity in the deltoid, supraspinatus and, to a lesser extent, infraspinatus muscles of the three pongid apes. The pectoralis major and caudal serratus anterior muscles were much more active in Pongo and Pan during these descents.Supportive segments of quadrupedal locomotive cycles were generally accompanied by EMG activity in the pectoralis major, intermediate and posterior deltoid and supraspinatus muscles. The intermediate and posterior deltoid muscles were characteristically active during pre‐release of the hand and early swing phase. The cranial trapezius and supraspinatus muscles also may act during early swing phase.We conclude that the pectoralis major and perhaps the supraspinatus and subscapularis might serve regularly as postural muscles during static terrestrial quadrupedalism in pongid apes. The lack of dramatic differences between the EMG patterns exhibited during first‐walking versus knuckle‐walking indicates that an evolutionary transformation from a shoulder complex like that of Pongo to ones like Pan or vice versa need not entail major changes in myological features.
Early hominid enamel hypoplasia
Authors: White Tim D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEnamel hypoplasia in the South African Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominid sample is examined. The Swartkrans hominids are shown to have a higher incidence of hypoplasia than the Sterkfontein hominids. Within the Swartkrans sample, individuals with hypoplasia of the first upper molar have lower‐than‐expected ages of death. Possible taphonomic explanations for these observations are discussed.
Implantation of cranial base metallic markers in nonhuman primates
Authors: van Ness Allan L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial base metallic markers are useful in growth and developmental research on the nonhuman primate model. Metallic implants aid in superimposing serial cephalometric roentgenograms in the study of craniofacial changes. They also enable measurement of linear and angular changes in the cranial base. The design of a special implant gun is described in detail. A suggested technique for placement of tantalum markers in the cranial base of nonhuman primates is discussed.
A re‐examination of parturition scars on the human female pelvis
Authors: Adams Holt C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPits, cavities and depressions located on the dorsal surface of the pubic symphysis of females have been attributed to the trauma of parturition. Earlier research based on human skeletal remains provides inadequate information on the individual's obstetrical history. The 68 female pubic bones that were studied had comprehensive medical records indicating whether or not each female had given birth. Fourteen and one‐half percent of the females who had not given birth exhibited trace to small scarring of the pubic symphysis and 23.4% of the females who had not given birth exhibited medium to large scarring. It is suggested that bony changes previously used as an indicator of child bearing must be re‐examined in light of the fact that “birth scarring” has been found in women known not to have had children.
Dietary and dental variations in the genus Lemur, with comments concerning dietary‐dental correlations among Malagasy primates
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Sussman Robert W. , Tattersall Ian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractField studies of feeding in the lemur subspecies Lemur fulvus rufus and L. f. mayottensis have revealed that feeding patterns within a single species can be markedly different, both regionally and seasonally. Thus L. f. rufus is a dietary specialist (3 plant species accounting for 80–90% of feeding time), and is highly folivorous, especially during the dry season (90% of feeding time spent eating leaves during the dry season, and 53% during the wet season). On the other hand, L. f. mayottensis is more generalized dietarily (the parts of 12 plant species accounting for 90% of feeding time), and is primarily frugivorous (64% of feeding time spent eating fruit, with a monthly maximum during the wet season of 79%. In both these respects, L. f. mayottensis resembles L. catta are more closely than it does L. f. rufus.When size differences are corrected for, Lemur fulvus rufus has significantly longer second lower molar shearing crests than does L. f. mayottensis. Other folivorous Malagasy strepsirhines also tend to have longer shearing crests than frugivorous forms. Some data on cheirogaleines also suggest that the more insectivorous species have better developed molar crests than frugivorous species. Some apparent exceptions to this pattern are noted, especially for Lemur catta, which in certain functional respects dentally more closely resembles L. f. rufus than L. f. mayottensis. The problems of dietary classifications are discussed.
Statistical power in physical anthropology: A technical report
Authors: Chase Lawrence J. , Chase L. R. , Tucker Raymond K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA statistical power analysis of The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Volume 44, 1976) was conducted. Twenty‐five articles, which included 3,304 major significance tests, constituted the final sample. Resultant power estimates of 0.38, 0.62, and 0.81, corresponding to small, medium, and large population effects respectively, were obtained. Although the medium effect size estimate falls short of the recommended 0.80 level, the statistical power of physical anthropological research fares well relative to several of the social scientific fields of inquiry.
ABO blood groups in Chilean and Peruvian mummies. II. Results of agglutination‐inhibition technique
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Hossaini Ali A. , Munizaga Juan , Fung Rosa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractABO blood groups of Peruvian and Chilean mummies were determined with the agglutination‐inhibition method. In Peru all ABO blood groups were found in the period from 3000 B.C. to 1400 A.D.; from this period to 1650 only A and O were seen. In Chile no B or AB was noted either in pre‐Columbian or Colonial mummies. This confirms the archeological concept that the Chilean Indian was culturally as well as genetically different from the Peruvian Indian. Further studies using other genetic markers are in order, as well as changing certain preconceived notions on blood groups of American Indians.
Relative femoral head size in early hominids
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRelative growth of the human femur head is studied by a logarithmic principal components method. Growth rates differ according to the population sampled and the other body dimensions being compared, and especially according to sex. The results do not support biomechanical assumptions of strongly positive allometry of the femur head, which have been used to argue that the australopithecine hip joint was not relatively small.
The Aymara of Western Bolivia. II. Maxillofacial and dental arch variation
Authors: Palomino Hernan , Barton Sara A. , Murillo Federico , Schull William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMaxillofacial and dental arch dimensions of the Bolivian Aymara population are age and sex dependent. Interpopulational comparisons reveal these dimensions to differ from those seen in Aleuts, Australian aborigines, and Swedes, but to be similar to those of the indigenous Taiwanese. Finally, these dimensions are not the same in Aymara of unmixed ancestry, and Mestizos residing in the same villages.
Digital dermatoglyphic patterns in a sample of the Nigerian population
Authors: Boroffice Robert A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEight hundred Nigerians (400 males and 400 females) were screened for the analysis of digital dermatoglyphic patterns. The frequency distribution of the patterns are 52.09%, 27.67%, 19.20% and 1.13% for ulnar loops, whorls, arches and radial loops respectively. Except for arches, the males have more of the patterns than females. The pattern intensity indices for males and females are 11.2 and 9.9 respectively. Bilateral symmetry is similar in both sexes and the percent distribution is as high as 81.5% and 84% on digit V in males and females respectively.
A genetic survey in the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , Mukerjee D. P. , Singh S. D. , Malhotra M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExamination of blood groups, plasma proteins and red cell enzyme types (23 loci), in a sample of 145 Bhils, a tribal group of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, demonstrates their genetic uniqueness. They differ in a number of systems from the nearby nontribal groups both of Hindus and Muslims. The results suggest that the Bhil frequencies include vestiges of the ancestral genepool of a more widespread aboriginal population whose influence is detectable in the gene frequencies of some other populations in India.
Metric characteristics of the canine dental complex in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Zingeser M. R. , Phoenix C. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPermanent maxillary canine teeth (C1) are appreciably larger in males than in females in most nonhominid Anthropoidea. Mandibular canines (C1) and mandibular first premolars (P3), against which C1 are sharpened in honing behavior, reflect commensurate sexual dimorphism. These three teeth constitute the canine dental complex. The canine complex crown metrics of seven mature genetically female rhesus Macaques, androgenized by prenatal exposure to testosterone propionate, were compared with a control sample (N=12) for evidence of masculinization. The C1 and C1 were measured for clinical crown lengths (L) and mesiodistal and buccolingual widths. The functionally significant and highly dimorphic honing dimensions (HD), which approximate the honing surfaces of P3, were noted. In t‐test comparisons, the C1 L and P3 HD in androgenized monkeys were significantly larger than those of the control group (P<0.05). Identical results were obtained with White's nonparametric ranking technique. Standardized lateral skull radiographs showing earlier dental formative stages were available for five of the seven animals, and these were compared with radiographs of control skulls. The developing C1 were longer and wider than in the controls. This was not reflected in the crown metrics of mature animals because of marked dental attrition. We concluded that androgens can masculinize the female rhesus canine complex, if given during critical periods of prenatal development. We hypothesize that genes encoding the male canine complex are normally activated by endogenous fetal androgens during such critical periods.
A family study of two skeletal variants: Atlas bridging and clinoid bridging
Authors: Saunders Shelley R. , Popovich Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of two non‐metric skeletal traits, atlas bridging and clinoid bridging, were examined serially in a randomly chosen sample of 147 families who participated in the Burlington Growth Study. The sample is representative of an Ontario white Anglo‐Saxon population. Partial and complete atlas bridging occurred in 29.2% of the sample, partial and complete clinoid bridging in 15.2%. Atlas bridging appears at an average age of 10.7 years, clinoid bridging at seven years, demonstrating that these characters are not simply expressions of soft tissue sclerosis in old age. Both traits show no strong associations with bone robusticity although atlas bridging is slightly more frequent in males. Both traits are more frequent in relatives of affected individuals than in the sample as a whole. Correlations between parents and offspring and between sibs are highly significant for atlas bridging, less so for clinoid bridging. These traits should fir either a single gene or quasi‐continuous, polygenic model of inheritance. Several tests for polygenic inheritance such as the correlation between first and second born sibs' trait condition, the relationship between trait expression in offspring and total trait incidence in affected parents, and the correlation between trait frequency and expressivity on an intergroup basis were all positive for atlas bridging. The evidence for polygenic inheritance of clinoid bridging is weaker but suggestive. The results obtained in this study for atlas bridging are comparable to data from one earlier family study. The evidence suggests that these two traits should prove useful as genetic markers in skeletal population studies although there is still need for careful control over trait observation and description. Future research should attempt to measure non‐metric traits continuously when their underlying distributions are known to be graded.
Canadian Eskimo permanent tooth emergence timing
Authors: Mayhall J. T. , Belier P. L. , Mayhall M. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo identify the times of emergence of the permanent teeth of Canadian Eskimos (Inuit), 368 children and adolescents were examined. The presence or absence of all permanent teeth except the third molars was recorded and these data subjected to probit analysis. Female emergence times were advanced over males. Generally, the Inuit of both sexes showed statistically significant earlier emergence times than Montreal children, except for the incisors. The present results do not support hypotheses indicating that premature extraction of the deciduous teeth advances the emergence of their succedaneous counterparts. There is some indication the controls of deciduous tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.
Is the concept of “control group” valid? A quantitative comparison of behavior of caged baboon groups
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBehavioral comparisons between six caged baboon groups indicate that the groups have consistent and similar behavioral attributes. At the same time it is possible to distinguish between classes of animals in each group such as males versus females and high status versus low status rank. Comparable results are obtained in both ANOVA and Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance by ranks. This investigation supports the assumption that baboon groups exhibit behaviors that are both consistent and predictable where environment and group composition are controlled. Thus there appears to be a strong species‐appropriate set of behaviors. Behavioral plasticity and group variability might be due largely to a combination of environmental stimuli and the particular history of that group. Differential individual histories or idiosyncracies do not invalidate experimental designs which rely on randomization to structure control groups.
Fight interference and altruism in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFight interference data from a group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys at Cayo Santiago were used to test hypotheses about the evolution and importance of altruism. Both females and natal males (those born in the group) aided close relatives more than distant relatives and aided distant relatives more than non‐relatives. This result is consistent with that predicted by the theory of kin selection. However, it was found that female aid to non‐relatives involved higher risk and greater success than female aid to relatives. This is not consistent with kin selection or with any strictly genetic explanation for altruism. Natal and non‐natal males also did not conform completely to patterns suggested by strictly genetic explanations. Overall, the findings suggest that the survival value and thus evolution of interference behavior involves factors acting through both the social and genetic levels of organization. Rhesus monkeys apparently use interference as a means of establishing social bonds and ensuring group membership. For a macaque this membership is critical since the social group is the context for most behavior. Thus, an animal not well integrated might be unable to ever reach the point of mating or successfully raising offspring.
The genetic hypothesis for the transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExceptions have been cited which rule against the simple autosomal recessive hypothesis for the transmission of susceptibility to infection with Australia antigen (HBsAg). An attempt is made here to present a genetic model for a complex segregation analysis of a new and unique set of data to test this hypothesis.Regression techniques were used to estimate in four populations, age and sexspecific penetrance levels and the frequency of the gene whose product is hypothesized to be HBsAg. While the genetic hypothesis was not in general supported, observed deviations and their possible causes are discussed.
Movement out of home range and disturbed behavior patterns in a group of bonnet monkeys: Macaca radiata
Authors: Singh Mewa , Pirta Raghubir Singh 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA free living group of bonnet monkeys unnaturally and unusually moved far out of its established home range. The movement in this new habitat made the behavior of these monkeys abnormal. They did not follow any ordered pattern of group movement and any regular pattern of everyday activities. The social behavior and social communications were highly disturbed. The monkeys appeared to be scared, shy and suspicious. The death of four members during a 37‐day‐trip was an abnormally high rate of mortality.
An evaluation of the miles method of ageing using the Tepe Hissar dental sample
Authors: Nowell George Wesley 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Miles system of ageing, based upon analysis of the rate of molar wear, was evaluated using the available dental sample from Tepe Hissar, Iran. The independently estimated ages for the mandibles and maxillae of the same individuals were found to be highly correlated (r=0.87, p<0.001). Ages of a subsample of the dentitions were compared with skeletal ages for the same individuals estimated from pubic symphyseal faces and found to be significantly correlated (r=0.82, p<0.005) with no significant differences in the mean ages. Although a complete evaluation of the Miles method would require its testing on a controlled population, the available dental sample from Tepe Hissar provided evidence of the reliability and validity of the Miles method of ageing archeological populations on the basis of dental wear.Due to selective retention of burial remains, the available skeletal sample from Tepe Hissar I‐III is not representative of the human populations of the site and can not be used to generate meaningful demographic statistics.