bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil fumigation with dichloropropene and metham‐sodium: Effect of soil cultivations on dose pattern
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Sprong Marinus C. , Nollen Harry M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn field trials, loamy soils were fumigated by injecting dichloropropene and metham‐sodium with a horizontal‐blade injector. Concentrations of cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene, and of methyl isothiocyanate were measured. The influence of different methods of tillage on fumigation effectiveness was compared by computing concentration‐time products at the various depths in the soil. With a fine‐structured top layer, there was no clear beneficial effect of shallow or deep rotary tillage before injection. If a dense top layer was not rotary‐tilled beforehand, deep and wide cracks were formed during injection. Shallow or deep rotary tillage both left loose cereal stubble mixed in the surface layer, which was difficult to finish off. Concentration‐time products could be substantially increased by finishing off the soil surface better after injection.
The fate of dinobuton and dinoseb on growing apples
Authors: Hawkins David R. , Saggers Valerie H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAfter topical application of dinobuton or dinoseb to apple fruits approximately 75% and 72% respectively of the applied material was lost after 28 days. From apples treated with dinobuton the unchanged compound was the major component present up until 8 days but at later times the amounts of polar transformation products and water‐soluble compounds predominated. Only small amounts of dinoseb were found at all times. A similar pattern of results was obtained from apples treated with dinoseb. The maximum amounts of material absorbed through the fruit skin were 3% from dinobuton‐treated apples and 7% from dinoseb‐treated applies.
The gas‐liquid chromatographic determination of prothoate and the corresponding phosphorothioate residues in fruit
Authors: Bazzi Brunetto , Abbruzzese Luigi , Galluzzi Guglielmo , Nesti Vinicio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fruit was macerated in acetone and the extract cleaned up by liquid‐liquid partition. Prothoate and its phosphorothioate were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography with thermionic detection. Recoveries were 78‐100 % at 0.05 mg/ kg for apples, grapes, peaches and oranges and did not critically depend on the stage of ripeness of the fruit.
Determination of diquat residues in rape seeds
Authors: Åkerblom Malin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of diquat residues in rape seeds has been developed. It is based on the original procedure of Calderbank, Morgan and Yuen1 as modified by Kirsten2 for diquat residues in potato tubers, which includes acid hydrolysis, ion exchange clean‐up, colour formation and spectrophotometry. When applied to rape seeds the background was too high. Ion pair extraction with bromthymol blue in dichloromethane removed most interfering substances. Measurement of absorbance at three wavelengths 10 nm apart increased the specificity further.Because of varying recoveries from rape seeds (range 35‐60%) in the procedure isotope dilution analysis was applied to each sample. The limit of detectability at 40‐50 % recovery in a 20 g sample is 0.07 mg/kg and in a 50 g sample 0.03 mg/kg. The application to field trials is illustrated.
The effect of seven substituted urea herbicides on the soil microflora
Authors: Grossbard Erna , Marsh John A. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, metobromuron and monuron added to soil at 500 parts/million a.i. on a dry weight basis caused an initial stimulation of CO2 production, followed by indications of inhibition. Nitrification was clearly inhibited, particularly by monuron and metobromuron.Metoxuron at 5 and 50 parts/million a.i. had no effect on CO2 output and nitrification, but at 500 parts/million a.i. both were greatly reduced. Numbers of fungal propagules were temporarily lower at 50 parts/million a.i., and severely curtailed at 500 parts/million a.i. but total counts of bacterial propagules were greatly increased.Linuron had an inhibitory effect on CO2 evolution at 500 parts/million a.i. but this varied in extent and duration; some reduction was also found at 50 parts/ million a.i. At 500 parts/million a.i. there was no effect on mineralisation of N but in soil supplemented with ammonium sulphate nitrification was reduced. Changes in microbial equilibrium occurred, but were less marked than with metoxuron. Cellulose decomposition was also reduced. Small amounts of 3,4dichloroaniline were found in linuron‐treated soils, but microbial activities were not affected when 5 parts/million 3,4‐dichloroaniline was added to the soil. However, at 140 parts/million microbial activities were affected adversely, but in a different pattern to that for linuron; nitrification was severely reduced, but numbers of fungal propagules were hardly affected, suggesting that the effects observed in linuron‐treated soil were not due to this metabolite.
The synthesis and fungicidal activity of derivatives of o‐ and p‐Cyclohexylphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates
Authors: Cremlyn Richard J. W. , David Joseph , Kishore Nand 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of o‐ and p‐cyclohexyphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates and their conversion into the corresponding dimethyl phosphates, phosphorodihydrazides, and phosphorodihydrazones, is discussed. o‐ and p‐Cyclohexylphenyl N‐phenylphosphoramidic chlorides were converted to the hydrazide and the O‐methyl ester. The phosphorodichloridates were converted to the dihydrogen phosphates, but the dichloridophosphorothioates could not be hydrolysed in an analogous manner. Structure‐activity relationships have been briefly discussed; the most active compound was o‐cyclohexylphenyl O‐methyl phosphoroisopropylidene hydrazone.
The adsorption of benzoic acid and some of its chlorine‐substituted derivatives at an alkane/water interface
Authors: Kennedy Colin D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterfacial tensions of aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of benzoic acid, and of its 2‐chloro‐, 3‐chloro‐, 4‐chloro‐, 2,6‐dichloro‐, 3,5‐dichloro‐, 2,4‐dichloro‐, 3,4‐dichloro‐, and 2,3,6‐trichloro‐ substituted derivatives and also of cyclohexane‐carboxylic acid were determined over a range of concentrations at 25 °C by the drop‐volume method. Dissociation constants were determined, for those acids where literature values were not available, by a spectrophotometric technique.The Gibbs adsorption isotherm was used to calculate surface excess data from the interfacial tension results, assuming that the adsorbed species were (a) the sodium salts of the acids and (b) the undissociated acids. For all the benzoic acids examined, but not for cyclohexane‐carboxylic acid, the surface excess attained a constant maximum value at the higher concentrations of the sodium salts used. A comparison of the areas/molecule, calculated from the surface excess values for saturated surface layers, with molecular areas estimated from Catalin molecular models, indicates that only the undissociated acid is adsorbed, the plane of the aromatic ring being approximately normal to the plane of the interface.By making the reasonable assumption that the bulk of the surface excess is contained in a monolayer at the alkane/water interface, values of the standard free energy of adsorption have been calculated. The invariance of these values with changing concentrations in the bulk phase has provided corroborative evidence for the adsorption of the undissociated acid and not the sodium salt at the interface.The relative lipophilic surface affinities depend upon the number and position of the substituted chlorine atoms. Substitution of chlorine in the 2‐position confers greatest affinity for a surface lipophilic site while substitution in the 4‐position confers the least.By calculating the relative mole fractions of the undissociated acid molecules at the alkane/water interface for solutions of the same salt concentration and bulk pH it has been shown that the rates of penetration of benzoic acid‐type herbicides into leaf discs of Phaseolus vulgaris in the dark are related to the mole fraction of the undissociated acids at the lipophilic leaf surface/water interface.There is also some correlation between the plant growth‐regulating activities of the acids and the standard free energies of adsorption at the alkane/water interface, suggesting that adsorption onto a lipophilic site of action may be important with this group of growth‐regulating compounds.
Cockroach control in sewers in Singapore using bioresmethrin and piperonyl butoxide as a thermal fog
Authors: Chadwick Peter R. , Shaw Robert D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCockroaches have considerable importance as vectors of disease. In tropical areas, large populations of Periplaneta americana may be found in sewers and the refuse chutes of large apartment blocks. These cockroach populations are not accessible to residual insecticide treatment with sprays but may be controlled with thermal fogs of pyrethroids. An experiment on the use of bioresmethrin (5‐benzyI‐3‐furyimethyl‐(+)‐trans chrysanthemate) as 0.15% and 0.25% w/v solutions with equal amounts of synergist in kerosene discharged from a TIFA fog generator was made at Toa Payoh in Singapore. Effective control was obtained with 0.15% bioresmethrin plus 0.55% piperonyl butoxide in kerosene blown into the sewers and waste chutes initially, at four weeks, at eight weeks later and then followed by treatment every two months.
Esterase‐inhibiting photo‐oxidation products from the organophosphorus insecticide pyrimithate
Authors: Machin Antony F. , Mundy Dennis E. , Quick Michael P. , Janes Norman F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyrimithate (2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐yl diethyl phosphorothio‐nate) decomposes when exposed to u.v. light in the presence of air to a complex mixture of products, some of which inhibit esterases directly or indirectly. Separation of the mixture by thin‐layer and liquid chromatography gave five pure components in sufficient quantity for spectroscopic identification. A sixth was tentatively identified. The structures (II‐VII) show that oxidative attack occurs at the dimethylamino group and at the sulphur atom.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. XIX Geometrical and optical isomers of 2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and insecticidal esters with 5‐benzyi‐3‐furylmethyi and 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohols
Authors: Burt Paul E. , Elliott Michael , Earnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEsters of 2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐cyclopropanecarboxylic acid with appropriate alcohols are more active insecticides than the corresponding 3‐isobutenyl compounds (chrysanthemates). (±)‐Cis and (±)‐trans forms of the dichloro acid are obtained by fractional crystallisation of the mixed acids or by hydrolysis of the ethyl esters separated by fractional distillation. The (±)‐cis and (±)‐trans acids are resolved into their (+)‐ and (‐)‐forms with α‐methyl‐benzylamine and threo‐l‐p‐nitrophenyl‐2‐N,N‐dimethyiamino‐propane‐1,3‐diol respectively. As for the corresponding chrysanthemates, the (+)‐cis and (+)‐trans acids give esters more active as insecticides than their enantiomers.
Studies on the breakdown of p‐chlorophenyl methylcarbamate. I. In soil
Authors: Priest Bernard , Stephens Richard J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe compound p‐chlorophenyl methylcarbamate (PCMC) was shown to inhibit the breakdown of the herbicide isopropyl 3‐chlorophenylcarbamate (chlorpropham) in soil, increasing its half‐life from 7.5 to 20 days. The inhibitory effect of PCMC on the breakdown of chlorpropham persisted for 40 days, with a half‐life of 20 days. The conversion in soil, of PCMC to p‐chlorophenol, a compound which did not affect the persistence of chlorpropham, was demonstrated, and it is suggested that spontaneous chemical hydrolysis may account for this conversion. PCMC and p‐chlorophenol were shown to be of low toxicity to buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moensch.).
Indirect polarographic determination of folpet
Authors: Seifert Josef , Davídek Jiři , Egertová Jarmila 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhthalimide, the reaction product of the interaction between folpet and L‐cysteine, has been determined polarographically and the method applied to the parallel determination of folpet and phthalimide impurities in commercial preparations and in the surface residues on strawberries and cotton seeds.
Accumulation and distribution of pp′‐DDT and related compounds in an apple orchard. II. Residues in trees and herbage
Authors: Stringer Austin , Pickard John A. , Lyons Clive H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDDT residues in or on the roots and leaves of the herbage and the roots, bark, leaves and fruit of the trees are given for an apple orchard sprayed annually (1953–1969). The distribution of DDT in both the grass and the grass roots was in circular areas of residues, with maximum values at each trunk and decreasing radially to each alley. Of the spray applied at the green cluster stage 80% was deposited on the grass sward and very little, if any, directly on the soil surface. The pp′‐DDT content of the grass fell rapidly with successive mowings (from which the cuttings remained in situ) from 400 μg/g at spraying to 2 μg/g after nine months. 33 g/ha pp′‐DDT was found in the herbage roots (0.87% of the total residues in the soil). The residues in the bark (87.5 g/ha) were much lower than expected after 13 years spray application. There were increased amounts of pp′‐DDE, pp′‐TDE and pp′‐TDEE relative to pp′‐DDT, indicating some breakdown on the bark, but the chief losses were attributed to volatilisation and to removal by wind and rain. The residue content of root bark varied from 3 μg/g near the emerging trunk to 0.05 μg/g at a depth of 90 cm. The pp′‐DDT content of leaves at leaf fall rose from <1 ng/g after a single spring spray to 8.33 μg/g following an additional spray in late June. There was a large loss of DDT from the canopy between the June spray and leaf fall (440–480 g/ha down to 25 g/ha), attributed to volatilisation. The amount of pp′‐DDT on the fruit, after a single spray, was 3 ng/g fresh weight (80.9 mg/ha out of a total of 1.0–1.5 kg/ha used).
The development of flamprop‐isopropyl—A new wild oat herbicide for use in barley
Authors: Haddock Ernest , Jordan Donald , Sampson Alan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlamprop‐isopropyl, isopropyl (±)‐2‐[N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)benzamido]‐propionate, has been shown to give good control of Avena spp. in barley. Results from glasshouse tests have been confirmed in field trials over two seasons, in 8 European countries, using a 200 g/litre formulation of the herbicide. In Spring barley the crop stage during which application should be made for optimum weed control and crop benefit lies between late tillering and the formation of the second node.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. III. A quantitative hansch analysis
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative structure‐activity relationships in several series of fungitoxic N‐(1‐substituted‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)formamides and bis[1‐(2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)formamides] were investigated by the Hansch method, employing partitioning data determined by reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography and electronic parameters calculated by the Hückel Molecular Orbital method. The activity of compounds applied as root‐drenches against Erysiphe graminis on barley correlated with their partitioning properties alone, but electronic properties of the aromatic derivatives were also influential in leaf‐spray tests. Possible factors governing the activity of the compounds are discussed. It is tentatively proposed that the biologically active centre of triforine and related aliphatic compounds includes the XCHNHCO grouping (where X = heteroatom), whereas that of chloraniformethan and its aryl analogues incorporates the grouping RXCHNHCO (where RX = a conjugated system capable of accepting pi‐electrons from an electron donating receptor).
Residues of DDT in cottonseed after spraying with DDT and torbidan
Authors: Zorgani Gaafer A El 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDDT at 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha a.i. and Torbidan at 5 and 10 litre formulation/ha (1 and 2 kg DDT/ha) were sprayed five times on cotton over a period of 15 weeks. Seeds from the first pick of the crop were found to contain as residues pp′‐DDT and pp′‐DDE [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐di‐ (4‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The highest residue level (0.783 parts/106) was found in seeds from Torbidan 10 litre/ha treatment.
Pest and disease control on intensive apple trees by overhead mobile spraying
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Herrington Pamela J. , Jones Kenneth G. , Morgan Norman G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 3 year field experiments on pest and disease control by mobile overhead spraying of intensive Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees, overhead booms applying 1125 litres/ha and overhead mist‐blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha, each spraying two complete rows from one alley in half the normal time, were compared with conventional automatic mast spraying at 2250 litres/ha and with conventional mist‐blowing at 562 litres/ha. The overhead boom application of demeton‐S‐methyl (0.0036% a.i.) with azinphos‐methyl (0.0165% a.i.) or of fenitrothion (0.031% a.i.) at the green cluster stage gave control of the applegrass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, virtually equal to that obtained by conventional application of the same insecticides. Similarly, the overhead mist applications of conventional quantities of insecticides gave equal control, but not when applying one‐quarter of the normal amount of insecticides. The conventional methods generally gave better control of apple sucker, Psylla mali. In 1971, when the incidence of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, was only moderate, the overhead boom method gave equal control to conventional spraying with both dodine/captan (0.03% a.i. and 0.094% a.i.) and benomyl (0.025% a.i.) programmes: in 1972 and 1973, when the scab incidence was heavier, the overhead boom spraying was again equal to the conventional method with the benomyl programme but was less effective with the dodine/captan programme. The overhead mist applications gave control only when the scab incidence was light. Repeated applications of dinocap emulsion (0.025% a.i.), included in the fungicide programme in 1971, gave as good control of the active stages of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, when applied by the overhead methods as by conventional spraying, but application of the benomyl programme gave poor control. Mobile overhead spraying of small intensive apple trees is a promising method but needs further development before becoming fully acceptable.
Structure—activity relationships of fungicidal acetylenic sulphones
Authors: Selling Hendrik A. , Tempel Albert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRegression analysis in the l‐alkylsulphonyl‐2‐arylacetylene series yielded significant correlations of antifungal activity against six microorganisms with certain physicochemical parameters (electronic effects, lipophilicity and steric factors). Fungicidal activity is enhanced by introducing electron‐withdrawing substituents in the aryl nucleus, whereas variation of the lipophilic parameter reveals an optimum value. The results obtained indicate a mechanism of action based on a reaction of the compounds with nucleophiles present in the fungal cells, which was confirmed by determining the second‐order rate constants of the reaction between 1 ‐alkylsulphonyl‐2‐arylacetylenes and the model nucleophile 4‐nitro(thiophenol). The lipophilic para‐meter was also determined experimentally using thin‐layer chromatography. Regression analysis with this completely experimental set of parameters regression gave highly significant results in close agreement with those obtained above.
Pest and disease control with low doses of pesticides in low and ultralow volumes applied to intensive apple trees
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Herrington Pamela J. , Jones Kenneth G. , Morgan Norman G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 3 year field experiments on the development of more economical methods for pest and disease control on intensively planted dessert apple trees, low dose applications of one‐tenth of the normal quantities of pesticide in one‐hundredth, one‐tenth and one‐fifth of the normal volumes were compared with conventional high volume spraying at 2250 litres/ha. An experimental tractor‐mounted mist blower, a motorised knapsack mist blower and a fan‐assisted disc sprayer were each used to apply the pesticides in 225, 45 and 22.5 litres of water/ha. Control of the apple‐grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, obtained by low dose spraying of demeton‐S‐methyl (8 g a.i./ha) combined with azinphos‐methyl (37 g a.i./ha) in 225 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1971 and of fenitrothion (70 g a.i./ha) in 225, 45 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1972 and 1973 was almost equal to that obtained by the conventional high volume method. Low dose applications of benomyl fungicide programmes gave poor control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis in 1971 when the disease incidence on the fruit was very high at 73%, but in 1972 and 1973, when it was moderately high at 42–45%, control was almost equal to that given by the conventional high volume method. Under these conditions all the low dose methods gave better control with benomyl than with dodine/captan programmes.
Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .I. Simazine and prometryne
Authors: Walker Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rates of degradation of simazine and prometryne were measured under controlled conditions. The time for 50% disappearance of simazine in a sandy loam soil varied from 37 days at 25°C and 13 % soil moisture to 234 days at 15°C and 7% soil moisture. With prometryne, changes in soil moisture content had a greater effect on the rate of loss than similar changes with simazine. The time for 50% disappearance at 25°C was increased from 30 to 590 days with a reduction in soil moisture content from 14 to 5%. With both herbicides, the rate of degradation increased as the initial herbicide concentration decreased and the data suggest that a hyperbolic rate law may be more appropriate than simple first‐order kinetics. Degradation curves for three separate field applications of the two herbicides were simulated using the laboratory data and the relevant meteorological records in a computer program. A close fit to the observed pattern of loss of incorporated prometryne was obtained, but prometryne surface‐applied was lost rapidly during the first 30–40 days after application. This initial rapid loss could not be predicted by the program. With simazine, the patterns of loss of surface and incorporated treatments were similar, but the simulation model tended to overestimate residue levels. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal properties of some 5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl phosphorus esters. III
Authors: Konečný Václav , Varkonda Štefan , Vargová Mária 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of new 5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl phosphorus esters, which was prepared by phosphoroylation of 5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyri‐dazin‐4‐ol, is described. Many of the compounds showed high insecticidal and acaricidal activity.