bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting children's fruit and vegetable consumption: Interventions using the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a framework
Authors: Gratton Lucy , Povey Rachel , Clark‐Carter David 
Published: December 2006

Objective. This study compared a motivational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions.Design. The study employed a quantitative longitudinal questionnaire design involving two waves of data collection.Method. Participants (N = 198) were randomly allocated to a control group or one of two intervention groups. TPB variables, and fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed at the beginning of the study (time 1) and 2 weeks later (time 2). Experimental group A formed an implementation intention, about how, when and where they could eat five portions a day, whilst experimental group B stated ways they could overcome motivational barriers to eating five portions a day.Results. Both interventions were found to increase fruit and vegetable consumption significantly, although only the volitional intervention demonstrated a significant increase in fruit and vegetable consumption over the control intervention.Conclusions. The present study found support for two interventions in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children. These findings are encouraging regarding the use of these types of interventions within schools to improve children's eating behaviour.
Accuracy and Biological Variation of Human Serum Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Polymorphism (Q192R) by Kinetic Enzyme Assay
Authors: Browne Richard W , Koury Stephen T , Marion Susan , Wilding Gregory , Muti Paola , Trevisan Maurizio 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) phenotype is a better predictor of atherosclerosis risk than are PON1 genetic polymorphisms alone. Larger studies are required to determine the role of PON1 and there is a need for standardized PON1 assays between laboratories.
Methods: We have adapted 5 enzyme kinetic assays for high-throughput automated analysis of PON1 activity. Using different substrates and reaction conditions, we measured PON1 activity and used activity ratios to identify the PON1 Q192R genetic polymorphisms and assessed the accuracy of the genotype assignments in 79 adult study participants by comparing them with genotypes determined by AlwI restriction enzyme digestion of a 176-bp PCR amplification product from genomic DNA. Imprecision was determined using pooled serum and purified enzyme preparations. Biological variability was estimated by analysis of serial samples from 17 individuals. Variability parameters were compared with total cholesterol as a point of reference to a recognized biomarker of coronary heart disease risk.
Results: Salt stimulation and inhibition ratios were 97.4% and 94.7% correct in assigning Q192R genotype, respectively. Analytical imprecision (CV) was 1.0%–3.0% for phenylacetate and paraoxon substrate assays and 3.0%–8.0% for the para-nitrophenylacetate substrate assays. Combination of the 2 ratios into a double ratio resulted in 100% correct genotype classification.
Conclusion: The described methods for measurement of PON1 activity and accurate genotype assignment are rapid and have potential to facilitate the efficient investigation of PON1 status in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Von traditionellem Spielzeug zu smarten Spielumgebungen: Die Integration mobiler Geräte in Pervasive-Computing-Spielen (From Traditional Toys to Smart Playsets: The Integration of Mobile Devices into Pervasive Computing Toy Environments)
Authors: Lampe Matthias , Hinske Steve 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Wir stellen eine Pervasive-Computing-Spielumgebung vor, die das freie Spiel von Kindern bereichert und zudem als interaktive Lernumgebung fungiert. Wir haben eine traditionelle Spielumgebung, die Ritterburg von Playmobil, mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Technologien um multimediale Inhalte erweitert. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Spielgeschehen werden eine passende Hintergrundmusik, Geräusche und Sprachaufnahmen wiedergegeben. Die Radiofrequenz-Identifikations-Technik (RFID) erlaubt dabei eine automatische und unauffällige Identifikation der Spielobjekte. Um die Interaktion im Spiel noch weiter zu fördern, fügen wir mobile Geräte dem Spielkonzept hinzu, die das sog. Touch-Me-Paradigma mit Hilfe der RFID-Technik umsetzen. Mit Hilfe eines solchen mobilen Geräts kann ein Kind auf Spielfiguren oder andere Spielelemente zeigen, diese berühren und eine Reaktion auslösen. Wir beschreiben zwei Ansätze zur Umsetzung dieses Paradigmas (Mobiltelefone bzw. in Spielfiguren integrierte Mini-Computer) und analysieren deren Vor- und Nachteile.
Experimentelle und spielerische Lehr- und Lernsysteme (Playful Computing for Kids)
Authors: Kranz Matthias , Holleis Paul , Schmidt Albrecht 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Traditionelle Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen engen die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für Benutzerschnittstellen auf audio-visuelle Aspekte der Anwendungen ein. Berührbare, greifbare und eingebettete Benutzerschnittstellen dagegen erlauben eine wesentlich reichere Interaktion. Dies ist insbesondere von Bedeutung beim Entwurf und der Implementierung von Lernanwendungen und -systemen. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir wie neuartige, integrierte greifbare oder berührbare Benutzerschnittstellen, sog. Graspable oder Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs), den Spielspaß deutlich erhöhen und damit auch das Lernerlebnis unterstützen und fördern können. Wir stellen drei berührbare Benutzerschnittstellen vor, die unter anderem bei Lernanwendungen ihren Einsatz finden. Dabei gehen wir insbesondere auf die Eigenschaften dieser neuen Benutzerschnittstellen ein und zeigen deren besondere Eignung für Kinder auf.
Laser-driven generation of fast particles
Authors: Badziak J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe great progress in high-peak-power laser technology has resulted recently in the production of ps and subps laser pulses of PW powers and relativistic intensities (up to 1021 W/cm2) and has laid the basis for the construction of multi-PW lasers generating ultrarelativistic laser intensities (above 1023 W/cm2). The laser pulses of such extreme parameters make it possible to produce highly collimated beams of electrons or ions of MeV to GeV energies, of short time durations (down to subps) and of enormous currents and current densities, unattainable with conventional accelerators. Such particle beams have a potential to be applied in numerous fields of scientific research as well as in medicine and technology development. This paper is focused on laser-driven generation of fast ion beams and reviews recent progress in this field. The basic concepts and achievements in the generation of intense beams of protons, light ions, and multiply charged heavy ions are presented. Prospects for applications of laser-driven ion beams are briefly discussed.
Monte Carlo algorithm for drift and diffusion of ions in anisotropic, non-homogeneous media
Authors: Stojmenovik G. , Vermael S. , Beunis F. , Neyts K. , Verschueren A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA new Monte Carlo algorithm for ion transport in two-dimensional anisotropic media is reported. It is based on physical considerations of drift and diffusion in anisotropic media with or without an impermeable boundary. Inhomogeneities in the medium and electric field can be taken into account by averaging along the ion trajectory. The algorithm has been applied to the calculation of ion transport in liquid crystal displays and has been successfully compared with a finite difference program on a one-dimensional liquid crystal structure.
Mixed phase and absorption thin gratings diffraction
Authors: Zakharyan G. , Galstyan A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe coupled wave theory of Raman and Nath diffraction is extended to the case of thin anisotropic holographic media with grating vector parallel to the medium boundaries. Solutions for the wave amplitudes, diffraction efficiencies, and angular mismatch sensitivities are given in transmission geometries for the case of mixed dielectric and absorption modulations. For an apparent distinction, the results are given only for dielectric modulation. The main difference of the new results, with respect to the expressions valid for isotropic media, arises due to the walk-off between the wave-front and energy propagation directions. The difference is particularly important in materials with large birefringence, such as organic crystals, ordered polymers, and liquid crystalline cells.
Quasistationary current contributions in electronic devices
Authors: Neyts K. , Beeckman J. , Beunis F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn an electronic device, the current supplied to the electrodes is related to different types of processes inside the device: current density, change in spontaneous polarization, and change in dielectric properties. Two expressions for the electrode current are derived: one is based on the time derivative of the Shockley-Ramo theorem, the other on the time derivative of the dielectric tensor. This result is illustrated for a switching liquid crystal device and a two-dimensional flux tube.
Optimal period for diffraction gratings recorded in polymer dispersed liquid crystals
Authors: Aslanyan A. , Galstyan A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNew diffusion model of recording diffraction gratings in the media of PDLC is described in which besides diffusion of monomer molecules also diffusion of polymer molecules and non-locality of diffusion coefficient are taken into account. It lets us to explain why diffraction efficiency is low for low and high values of intensities of grating recording beam. With the considered model, we have theoretically got optimal period for grating recording.
Transmission Electron Microscopy and Nano‐Precipitation
Authors: Epicier T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have presented here a rapid survey of some of the stringent results obtained by TEM and associated techniques in the precipitation studies conducted during the CPR ‘Précipitation'. It clearly appears that TEM plays an irreplaceable role in the link between the understanding of the structure and chemistry of small precipitates and the modelling of the precipitation kinetics.
Synthesis and characterization of moisture‐cured polyurethane membranes and their applications in pervaporation separation of ethyl acetate/water azeotrope at 30°C
Authors: Devi D. Anjali , Raju K. V. S. N. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNCO‐terminated polyurethane membranes were prepared using diisocyanate, diol, and trimethylolpropane (TMP) using an NCO/OH ratio of 1.6 : 1. Prepolymer was chain‐extended using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) in the ratios of 2 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1 of NCO/OH. Polyurethane (PU) membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) to investigate their thermal properties. Equilibrium sorption studies were carried out at 30°C in water and ethyl acetate media as well as in their binary mixtures. The influence of CAB on pervaporation (PV) separation of an ethyl acetate/water (92/8, w/w, i.e., azeotropic composition) mixture was investigated. Membranes in this study showed a selectivity of 42.42 with a flux value of 0.187 kg/m/h for 3 : 1% NCO/OH containing PU membrane. In order to gain a more detailed picture of the molecular transport phenomenon, we performed the sorption gravimetric experiments at 30°, 35°, 40°, and 50°C to compute diffusion, swelling, sorption, and permeability coefficients of PU membranes in the azeotropic mixture of ethyl acetate and water. Activation parameters for diffusion and permeation were computed from the Arrhenius equation to understand the polymer/solvent interactions. Sorption trends and diffusion anomalies were established through an empirical equation after estimating the diffusion parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3405–3414, 2007
The influence of culture on learning of psychiatry: the case of Asian‐Indian international medical graduates
Authors: Rao Nyapati R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCulture is ubiquitous and fundamental to the practice and learning of psychiatry. Its influence on psychiatric residency training assumes greater significance in the context of the current workforce dynamics in psychiatry, where 40% of residents are foreign‐born, with a preponderance of them emigrating from Asian cultures. Using the Asian‐Indian international medical graduate (IMG) as an example, the educational challenges faced by IMGs in learning psychiatry are reviewed. These difficulties are traced to the significant psychological impact of migration on IMGs, IMGs' cultural conflicts in using English as a second language, and to the differing attitudes towards mental illness in Eastern and Western cultures. To further delineate the Asian‐Indian IMGs cultural hurdles in learning psychiatry, the impact of the Hindu world view on their individual psychologies and their interpersonal relationships is discussed. It is argued that the instructors involved in training IMGs must be conversant with these core‐cultural differences of their trainees in order to better discharge their roles as teachers. An example from a psychotherapy training session of a resident is offered to highlight the issues raised in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying and characterizing public science‐related fears from RSS feeds
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Prabowo Rudy 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA feature of modern democracies is public mistrust of scientists and the politicization of science policy, e.g., concerning stem cell research and genetically modified food. While the extent of this mistrust is debatable, its political influence is tangible. Hence, science policy researchers and science policy makers need early warning of issues that resonate with a wide public so that they can make timely and informed decisions. In this article, a semi‐automatic method for identifying significant public science‐related concerns from a corpus of Internet‐based RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds is described and shown to be an improvement on a previous similar system because of the introduction of feed‐based aggregation. In addition, both the RSS corpus and the concept of public science‐related fears are deconstructed, revealing hidden complexity. This article also provides evidence that genetically modified organisms and stem cell research were the two major policy‐relevant science concern issues, although mobile phone radiation and software security also generated significant interest.
Statistical control for sampling of metallurgical material
Authors: Gerber Hannah , Sharp Gary D. , Tessera Abebe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study's aim was to assess the re‐sampling rate of metallurgical material in a precious metal refinery. Three different methods were evaluated; including the refinery's existing means comparison method, an empirical distribution technique and a non‐linear model. The objective was to assess these three methods to determine which would be the most appropriate for the existing sampling method in order to obtain a re‐sampling rate of 5%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slope rotatability over all directions with correlated errors
Authors: Nath Das Rabindra , H. Park Sung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDas (Calcutta Statist. Assoc. Bull. 2003; 54:57–70) initiated a study of slope rotatability over axial directions with correlated errors. General conditions for second‐order slope rotatability over axial directions were derived when errors have a general correlated error structure.In this paper, a class of multifactor designs for estimating the slope of second‐order response surfaces is considered when errors in observations are correlated. General conditions for second‐order slope rotatability over all directions have been derived assuming that errors in observations have a general correlated error structure. It has been derived that robust second‐order rotatable designs are also robust slope rotatable over all directions. The class of robust slope‐rotatable designs over all directions has been examined when errors in observations have the following variance–covariance structures: intra‐class, inter‐class, compound symmetry, tri‐diagonal and autocorrelated structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adult index patient with Currarino syndrome due to a novel HLXB9 mutation, c.336dupG (p.P113fsX224), presenting with Hirschsprung's disease, cephalgia, and lumbodynia
Authors: Volk Alexander , Karbasiyan Mohsen , Semmler Alexander , Todt Unda , Urbach Horst , Klockgether Thomas , Linnebank Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: The symptom triad of autosomal dominant Currarino syndrome (CS; MIM #176450) consists of anorectal malformation, a sacral bone defect, and presacral masses. Mutations in the homeoboxHLXB9 gene have already been described in a subset of sacrococcygeal anomalies characterized by partial sacral agenesis. CASE: We report a 28‐year‐old male patient with Currarino syndrome due to a heterozygous novel frame‐shift mutation c.336dupG (p.P113fsX224) in the homeoboxHLXB9 gene. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular diagnostics may be helpful in cases of Hirschsprung's disease accompanied by other symptoms suggestive for Currarino syndrome, since it can lead to major complications such as perianal sepsis, meningitis, and malignant transformation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure of neural crest cells to elevated glucose leads to congenital heart defects, an effect that can be prevented by N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Roest Pauline A. M. , van Iperen Liesbeth , Vis Shirley , Wisse Lambertus J. , Poelmann Rob E. , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine P. M. , Molin Daniel G. M. , Eriksson Ulf J. , Gittenberger‐De Groot Adriana C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy increases the risk for congenital heart disease in the offspring. The majority of the cardiovascular malformations occur in the outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries, where neural crest cells are essential for normal development. We studied the effects of specific exposure of neural crest cells to elevated glucose on heart development. Antioxidants reduce the damaging effect of glucose on neural crest cells in vitro; therefore, we investigated the effect of supplementing N‐acetylcysteine in vivo. METHODS: Cardiac neural crest of HH 8–12 chicken embryos was directly exposed by a single injection in the neural tube with 30 mM D‐glucose (or 30 mM L‐glucose as a control). To examine the effect of a reduction in oxidative stress, we added 2 mM N‐acetylcysteine to the injected D‐glucose. RESULTS: Exposure of neural crest cells to elevated D‐glucose–induced congenital heart malformations in 82% of the embryos. In the embryos injected with L‐glucose, only 9% developed a heart malformation. As expected, all malformations were located in the outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries. The frequency of heart malformations decreased from 82% to 27% when 2 mM N‐acetylcysteine was added to the injected D‐glucose. CONCLUSIONS: These data are the first to confirm that the vulnerability of neural crest cells to elevated glucose induces congenital heart malformations. The fact that N‐acetylcysteine limits the teratogenicity of glucose implies that its damaging effect is mediated by an increase of oxidative stress in the neural crest cells. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomolecular computing: Is it ready to take off?
Authors: Fu Pengcheng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBiomolecular computing is an emerging field at the interface of computer science, biological science and engineering. It uses DNA and other biological materials as the building blocks for construction of living computational machines to solve difficult combinatorial problems. In this article, notable advances in the biomolecular computing are reviewed and challenges associated with this multidisciplinary research are addressed. Finally, several perspectives are given based on the review of biomolecular computing.
Better library design: data‐driven protein engineering
Authors: Chaparro‐Riggers Javier F. , Polizzi Karen M. , Bommarius Andreas S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractData‐driven protein engineering is increasingly used as an alternative to rational design and combinatorial engineering because it uses available knowledge to limit library size, while still allowing for the identification of unpredictable substitutions that lead to large effects. Recent advances in computational modeling and bioinformatics, as well as an increasing databank of experiments on functional variants, have led to new strategies to choose particular amino acid residues to vary in order to increase the chances of obtaining a variant protein with the desired property. Strategies for limiting diversity at each position, design of small sub‐libraries, and the performance of scouting experiments, have also been developed or even automated, further reducing the library size.
Are transversion mutations better? A Mutagenesis Assistant Program analysis on P450 BM‐3 heme domain
Authors: Wong Tuck Seng , Roccatano Danilo , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDirected evolution represents a versatile tool to tailor enzyme properties to needs in industrial applications and to understand structure‐function relationships. Genetic diversity is commonly generated using error‐prone PCR. Exploration of sequence space by random mutagenesis strongly favors transitions when enzyme‐based mutagenesis methods are employed (Wong, T. S., Zhurina, D., Schwaneberg, U., Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2006, 9, 271‐288). The genetic code has been organized in a manner that limits chemical diversity when a single transition mutation occurs in a codon (Wong, T. S., Roccatano, D., Schwaneberg, U., Biocatal. Biotransformation 2006, in press). Are transitions more beneficial than transversions for adapting biocatalysts to non‐natural process conditions? In a statistical analysis performed with the Mutagenesis Assistant Program (MAP), we compared the consequences of transition and transversion bias on amino acid substitution patterns of the P450 BM‐3 heme domain. For the analysis, we used a recently introduced benchmarking system consisting of a protein structure indicator, an amino acid diversity indicator with a codon diversity coefficient, and a chemical diversity indicator. A detailed analysis for the P450 BM‐3 heme domain showed that an ideal transversion bias generates more diverse amino acid substitution patterns with a significantly different chemical composition than an ideal transition bias. Emphasis is given on the theoretical analysis with a brief discussion on potential implication of transition and transversion bias in directed evolution experiments.