bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer-Based Animal Record System in a Nonhuman Primate Colony
Authors: Beland M. F. , Bronson R. T. , Peacock W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A relatively inexpensive microcomputer system was developed to store and manipulate clinical and pathologic data from a large colony of nonhuman primates. The programming for the system was designed so that the computer instructs users, who may have no knowledge of programming, how to enter data of all kinds and how to command it to answer any ad hoc queries about the data. Minimum input from a professional programmer is required. As many as 4 investigators may use the system simultaneously by means of satellite terminals located in several areas throughout the facility. Most alphabetic data are coded, using 2- or 3-digit codes. More complex diagnostic data are coded, using the numeric codes of the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine. Presently, 17 record types encompass all data entered into the computer. The system is functionally designed and about 50% operational at this time. This is the first description of an animal medical data system designed to exploit the lower costs and increased power of commercially available microcomputer packages.
Effect of Colostral Antibody on Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection of Neonatal Calves
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller J. M. , Schmerr M. J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pairs of newborn calves were exposed to bovine leukemia virus (blv) when they were given their 1st colostrum feeding. Calves that were given 106 blv-infected lymphocytes in colostrum free of blv-specific antibody became infected. Calves that were fed 107, 108, or 109 infected lymphocytes in colostrum that contained blv-specific antibody did not become infected. One of 2 calves inoculated intradermally with 250,000 infected lymphocytes was protected by colostral antibody, but the other was not. Colostral antibody titers in the unprotected calf decreased normally until the calf was 4 months old and then increased markedly; this pattern indicates that the presence of colostral antibody may have prolonged the latent period of the blv infection.
Regional Blood Flow to the Stomach and Small Intestine in Swine
Authors: Zamora C. S. , Reddy V. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flow to the stomach and small intestine of pigs weighing 20 to 37 kg. Mean regional blood flow (ml/min/100 g of tissue) was least in the nonglandular region, followed in an increasing order by the pyloric gland, cardiac gland, and proper gastric (fundic) gland regions. The region of the proper gastric glands accounted for 47.5% of the total gastric blood flow, with 24.9%, 23.8%, and 3.7% of the total flow going to the cardiac gland, pyloric gland, and nonglandular regions, respectively. Although there appeared to be a blood flow gradient in the small intestine, no significant difference in blood flow between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was observed. Mean blood flow to the small intestine was significantly greater than that to the stomach.
Rabies Virus Titer from Tissues of Naturally Infected Skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
Authors: Howard D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabies virus was titrated from the hippocampus and salivary glands (mandibular, parotid, and sublingual) of 19 naturally infected skunks.
Selection of the skunks was based on a positive fluorescent antibody test (fat) on the hippocampus. One fat- and virus isolation-negative skunk served as a control.
The fat was positive on 19 mandibular salivary glands, 16 parotid glands, and 17 sublingual glands. Rabies virus was subsequently isolated in albino Swiss mice from all (ie, 19) hippocampi and mandibular salivary glands, 16 parotid glands, and 17 sublingual glands. Virus was not isolated from the fat-negative tissues.
Titers (mouse intracerebral ld50/0.03 ml) were calculated in all fat-positive tissues by the Reed-Muench method. Rabies titers from hippocampi ranged from 10−0.7 to 10−4.5; from mandibular salivary glands, 10−2.8 to 10−7.2; from parotid glands, 10−0.5 to 10−5.8; and from sublingual glands, 10−0.3 to 10−3.8.
Results indicate that “rabies-virus inhibiting substance” did not interfere with fat or virus isolation from tissues of naturally infected skunks.
Age at Death of Necropsied Intact and Neutered Cats
Authors: Bronson Roderick T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mean ages at death of 344 male and of 186 female cats necropsied in a veterinary hospital were 2.9 and 3 years, respectively. Exponential curves fit the histograms of age at death for male and female cats with great precision. For 252 castrated males and 245 spayed females, mean ages at death were 6.3 and 8.2 years, respectively. Chi-square analysis of the proportion of cats of each sex status dying in each of 4 age groups from each of 6 disease categories failed to show that natural diseases accounted for the great differences in age at death between intact and neutered cats.
Effect of Vitamin E Deficiency on the Proliferative Response of Canine Lymphocytes
Authors: Langweiler Marc , Schultz Ronald D. , Sheffy Ben E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of vitamin E deficiency on the proliferative response of canine lymphocytes was examined, using the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay, with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed as mitogenic stimulants. A litter (4 pups; group 3) from a bitch fed a complete diet was given a complete diet from the time of weaning (6 weeks) until termination of the experiment, and served as a control group. A litter (4 pups; group 1) from a bitch fed a vitamin E-defident diet was given a vitamin E-deficient diet from the time of weaning (6 weeks) until termination of the experiment. A litter (6 pups; group 2) from a bitch fed a complete diet was weaned onto a complete diet and then changed to a deficient diet until termination of the experiment. Lymphocytes from group 1 and 2 pups (fed deficient diets) were poorly responsive to mitogen-induced blastogenesis, compared with the lymphocytic responses seen in the controls. Washing the lymphocytes from pups fed the vitamin E-defident diet resulted in enhanced responsiveness to mitogen stimulation. Lymphocytes from controls which had good responses when cultured in bovine fetal serum or normal canine serum were poorly responsive when cultured in serum from groups 1 and 2 pups (fed vitamin E-deficient diet). Reducing the concentration of group 1 and 2 pup sera in the culture medium restored the responsiveness of lymphocytes from control pups. Supplementation of group 1 and 2 pup sera with bovine fetal serum did not result in enhancement of the responses of lymphocytes from controls. The capability of sera from vitamin E-deficient pups (groups 1 and 2) to support blastogenesis of lymphocytes from control dogs was restored following dietary supplementation with vitamin E. It was concluded that the depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in pups fed the vitamin E-deficient diet was due to the presence of a suppressive factor in the serum.
Failure of Ribosomes from Nonencapsulated Pasteurella multocida To Protect CF-1 Mice
Authors: Phillips Marshall , Rimler Richard B. , Rebers Paul A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monomeric ribosomes (70S) were isolated from nonencapsulated Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 by mechanical disruption and by chemical lysis. Contamination of the initial preparations by lipopolysaccharide (lps) was evident by gel immunodiffusion. Gel filtration chromatography of the 70S ribosomes resulted in ribosomes with lps contamination below the concentration that was detected by gel immunodiffusion, but chickens vaccinated with these preparations responded serologically to lps by producing a detectable titer of passive hemagglutination antibody. Washing the 70S ribosomes through 0.5 M NH4Cl and 30% sucrose rendered them virtually free of contamination by lps as evidenced by lack of passive hemagglutination titer.
Ribosomes were evaluated as protective immunogens in CF-1 mice. Two inoculations (14 days apart) at each dosage level of 0.4, 4.0, 40.0, and 400 μg/mouse were given. At 21 days after vaccination, the mice were challenge exposed with encapsulated P multocida X-73 cells. None of the ribosomal preparations (crude or purified) protected against challenge exposure. Killed whole nonencapsulated cells did protect against challenge exposure. In contrast to numerous reports on the effectiveness of ribosomes as protective immunogens, ribosomes from nonencapsulated P multocida cells were not protective immunogens in mice challenge exposed with encapsulated cells under these conditions.
Kanamycin Sulfate in the Horse: Serum, Synovial Fluid, Peritoneal Fluid, and Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Intramuscular Administration
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Stover Susan M. , Kelly Robin H. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy adult mares were given a single dose of kanamycin sulfate (200 mg/ml) im at a dosage rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Kanamycin concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum kanamycin concentration was 12.55 μg/ml at 1 hour. Mean peak kanamycin concentrations in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid were 7.25 μg/ml and 9.27 μg/ml at 2 hours and 3 hours, respectively. These concentrations decreased steadily in parallel with serum concentrations and were still measurable at 48 hours. Urine concentrations of kanamycin were relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 80.51 μg/ml at 1 hour.
Immunogenicity of Capsular Antigens of Pasteurella multocida in Turkeys
Authors: Kodama H. , Matsumoto M. , Snow Laura M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Capsular antigens were isolated from Pasteurella multocida, strain P-1059 and their immunogenicity was tested in turkeys. The crude capsular antigen (cca) was extracted from bacterial cells grown on membranes by heating at 56 C in a 2.5% NaCl solution. The purified polysaccharide antigen (ppa) was obtained by precipitation of cca by cetylpyridinium chloride. Young adult turkeys were inoculated at 0 and 14 days and were challenge exposed at 28 days by im inoculation of a live culture of P-1059. The turkeys were observed for 2 weeks and mortality was recorded; bacterial isolation was done at the time of necropsy.
In 3 trials, cca provided 80% to 100% protection; in 1 trial, ppa failed to provide protection. Freund’s incomplete adjuvant and aluminum hydroxide gel were effective as potentiating agents when higher than 280 μg of cca was used. The cca showed significant (P < 0.05) protection after treatment with heat (100 C, 5 min), chloroform, or trypsin, but lost its immunogenicity completely by acid hydrolysis. The cca was not toxic to mice at 2 mg. The Limulus lysate test showed that cca contained endotoxin in ≤ 5% of the total solids. These results indicate that the surface antigen isolated from P multocida by saline extraction was immunogenic in young adult turkeys.
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis in Dogs: Induction with a Local Graft-Versus-Host Reaction
Authors: Gosselin S. J. , Capen C. C. , Krakowka S. , Martin S. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty million allogeneic canine lymphocytes were injected in the left lobe of the thyroid gland of 10 dogs. The left lobe of the gland was surgically removed at 1 and 4 weeks after injection. The intrathyroidal injection of immunocompetent cells resulted in local graft vs host reaction within the thyroid gland. Multifocal infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages associated with scattered, isolated, or small groups of degenerated follicular cells were present in the follicular wall and colloid on day 7. Thyroidal lesions at 1 month after injection were characterized by extensive destruction of follicular cells, disseminated foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, and electron-dense deposits between follicular cells and the basement membrane. The contralateral (noninjected) lobe of the thyroid gland at 4 weeks after injection was infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and many plasma cells. The inflammatory lesions were associated with multifocal areas of degeneration of follicular cells and focal electron-dense thickenings of the basement membrane. The noninjected lobe, following hemithyroidectomy at 1 week after injection of the thyroid gland undergoing graft-vs-host reaction, either had a focal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells or had no significant lesions.
Interaction of Pasteurella haemolytica with Bovine Neutrophils; Identification and Partial Characterization of a Cytotoxin
Authors: Baluyut C. S. , Simonson R. R. , Bemrick W. J. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Timed cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica 12296 strain in RPMI 1640 medium (with l-glutamine, pH 7.4) were used to determine the correlation between cytotoxin production and the age of the culture. Cytotoxic activity was measured by a 51Cr-release assay and trypan blue exclusion test with bovine neutrophils as target cells. Results demonstrated that optimal cytotoxin production occurred during the logarithmic phase (peaked at 6 hours) and decreased during the stationary phase of bacterial growth. The cytotoxin was concentrated by sequential ultrafiltration on Diallo XM 50, XM 100, and XM 300 membranes. The cytotoxin was retained on an XM 300 membrane. These studies indicated that the molecular weight of cytotoxic substance was 300,000 or more. The cytotoxin was heat labile, oxygen stable, and susceptible to extremes of pH and killed bovine neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes. It was not hemolytic to bovine or ovine rbc. The cytotoxic activity was inactivated by trypsin and did not contain any detectable endotoxin. Bovine fetal serum and serum collected before immunization from neonatal calves did not neutralize the cytotoxic effects of toxin on neutrophils. However, adult bovine serum from 6 cows and an antiserum (against the cytotoxin) neutralized the cytotoxin, as revealed by both the 5lCr-release assay and the trypan blue exclusion test. This was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. These results indicated that the cytotoxin may be antigenic in cattle. The significance and implications of these findings to bovine pasteurellosis are discussed.
Oxygen Consumption Changes in the Septic Pony
Authors: Sembrat Roger , DiStazio John , Maley Warren , Stremple John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxygen consumption was studied in 5 awake septic ponies after iv injection of live Escherichia coli. Cardiac output, rectal temperature, pcv, heart rate, arterial and pulmonary arterial blood gas, pH, and hemoglobin (Hb) determinations were performed before (base line) and after injection of E coli.
After injection of E coli, the cardiac index decreased from a base line mean of 4.45 ± 0.15 L/min/m2 to 2.83 ± 0.21 L/min/m2 (P < 0.05). Mean arterial oxygen content increased from a base line mean of 15.19 ± 0.67 ml of O2/dl of blood to 20.73 ± 0.07 ml of O2/dl (P < 0.05). Mean mixed venous content increased from a mean base-line value of 10.65 ± 0.74 ml of O2/dl to 16.65 ± 1.14 ml of O2/dl at postinfusion hour (pih) 1 (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the difference between mean arterial and mean mixed venous oxygen content.
Arterial pcv increased from a mean base line of 28.91 ± 0.31% to 39.44 ± 0.54% (P < 0.05). Although pcv was increased, there were no significant changes in total protein until pih 5. Arterial Hb increased from a base-line mean of 11.18 ± 1.71 g/dl to 14.73 ± 1.0 g/dl (P < 0.05).
Oxygen delivery index was maintained near a base-line mean of 587.2 ± 29.0 ml of O2/min/m2. Significant decreases in oxygen delivery were seen only at pih 5.
Oxygen consumption index decreased from a mean base-line value of 181.7 ± 2.8 ml of O2/min/m2 to mean value of 122.8 ± 7.8 ml of O2/min/m2 at pih 2 (P < 0.05). Significant decreases were also seen in the oxygen diffusion capacity to 2.42 ± 0.49 ml of O2/min/m2/mm of Hg from a base-line mean of 5.05 ± 0.49 ml of O2/min/m2/mm of Hg.
The septic pony develops pronounced changes in total body oxygen consumption. Although cardiac depression was severe, oxygen delivery was maintained due to an increased arterial Hb concentration. The oxygen consumption decreased as oxygen diffusion capacity decreased. Early decreases in oxygen consumption may have been due to the decreased area for oxygen diffusion that resulted from an increased peripheral resistance, whereas later decreases in oxygen consumption may have been due to increased amounts of interstitial fluid.
Efficacy of Ivermectin Against Cutaneous Draschia and Habronema Infection (Summer Sores) in Horses
Authors: Herd R. P. , Donham J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-one horses with naturally occurring summer sores were given a single im injection of 0.2 mg of ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1)/kg during the summer of 1980. Larvae of Draschia and/or Habronema spp were recovered from biopsy samples taken from 21 of 25 horses (84%) on the day of anthelmintic treatment.
There was a marked clinical improvement in 26 horses (84%) 7 days after ivermectin was given. The typical summer sore was replaced by healthy pink granulation tissue at 7 days and this healed after 1 to 5 weeks. Biopsy samples were taken from 21 of these horses 1 to 6 weeks after treatment, and the samples in 18 horses (86%) were negative for larvae. Five of the 31 infected horses did not respond to a single dose and appeared to have become reinfected. Biopsy samples taken from 3 of these horses were positive for larvae 2 to 4 weeks after the 1st dose, but became negative and healed 1 to 2 weeks after a 2nd dose with ivermectin.
Histopathologic examination of sections from lesions before anthelmintic treatment showed granulation tissue with marked eosinophilic infiltration, multiple eosinophilic abscesses, and transverse sections of nematodes. In sections examined after anthelmintic treatment, there were marked reduction in the number of eosinophils and absence of eosinophilic abscesses or nematodes, and the granulation tissue was more mature, as indicated by the appearance of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Glutaraldehyde-Treated Carrier Erythrocytes for Organ Targeting of Methotrexate in Dogs
Authors: DeLoach John R. , Barton Claudia 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chemotherapeutic doses of methotrexate (mtx) were encapsulated in as little as 1 ml of canine carrier erythrocytes. Carrier erythrocytes prepared by a dialysis technique contained more than 3.0 mg of mtx/ml of cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that most of the drug leaked from the circulating mtx-loaded erythrocytes. In dogs, glutaraldehyde treatment of mtx-loaded erythrocytes prevented drug leakage and targeted more than 50% of the drug to the liver.
Quantitative Determination of Serum Origin Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins in the Dog
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Fenner William , Miele James A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentrations (in mg/dl) of serum proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, IgA, and 3rd component of complement) were determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in csf of 41 dogs (37 healthy; 4 with disease). Albumin (9.3 to 15 mg/ dl) and IgG (1.16 to 1.77 mg/dl) were present in all samples tested. The IgM, IgA, and 3rd component of complement were detected in several dogs with clinically inapparent inflammatory disease of the brain.
Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Pathologic Changes and Immunofluorescence
Authors: Weiss Richard. C. , Scott F. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Feline infectious peritonitis (fip) was experimentally induced in fip virus (fipv) antibody-positive and antibody-negative kittens after challenge exposure to live-virus aerosol. Seropositive kittens developed antiviral immunofluorescence and lesions more rapidly after challenge exposure than did seronegative kittens. In seropositive kittens, fipv antigen was present in macrophages and large mononuclear cells in tracheobronchial lymph nodes, lungs, and trachea on postchallenge-exposure day (pcd) 2; in liver and spleen on pcd 3; in kidneys and omentum on pcd 4; and subsequently in nasal turbinates, thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, parotid salivary gland, eyes, and brain. Initial antiviral immunofluorescence on pcd 2 coincided with the onset of viremia and vascular lesions. Systemic lesions characterized by perivascular necrotizing pyogranulomatous inflammation, phlebitis and thrombosis, fibrinous serositis, and generalized lymphoid necrosis developed on pcd 3 and 4. Coronavirus-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in cytoplasmic vacuoles or smooth endoplasmic reticulum of degenerating macrophages in inflammatory lesions.
In seronegative kittens, antiviral immunofluorescence in tracheobronchial lymph nodes was first detected on pcd 5, and viremia occurred on pcd 6. Systemic necrotizing lesions, comparable with those observed in seropositive kittens on pcd 3 or 4, did not occur in seronegative kittens until pcd 13 or 16.
In both groups of kittens, initial viral infection in regional lymphoreticular tissue was followed by viremia and infection of macrophages in reticuloendothelial organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes) and perivascular locations. The accelerated onset of infection and lesions indicative of an Arthus-type reaction in challenge-exposed seropositive vs seronegative kittens further supports the immune-mediated pathogenesis of fip.
Alterations of Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in Dogs with Hepatic Disease
Authors: Badylak Stephen F. , Van Vleet John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reference intervals for prothrombin time (pt) and activated partial thromboplastin time (appt) of undiluted and serial dilutions of citrated platelet-poor plasma were determined for 30 healthy dogs.
The pt and aptt were similarly determined for 32 dogs with naturally occurring hepatic disease. Hepatic disease was confirmed by histopathologic examination of hepatic biopsy materials and comprised degeneration (13 dogs), inflammation (11 dogs), cirrhosis (4 dogs), and neoplasia (4 dogs). Coagulation test values were compared with serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities and Bromsulphalein retention for sensitivity in detecting hepatic disease in the dog. Coagulation test results were at variance with reference values in 66% of the 32 dogs with hepatic disease; serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased in 59%, 72%, and 75%, respectively, and Bromsulphalein retention was increased in 22% of the 32 dogs. Thus, the pt and aptt were sensitive indicators of hepatic disease. However, the pt and aptt lacked specificity for any given hepatic disease. The sensitivity of the coagulation tests for detecting hepatic disease was enhanced by using dilutions of citrated platelet-poor plasma. Only 15% of dogs with hepatic disease showed variances from reference values in the coagulation tests done with undiluted plasma, but 66% showed variances in the tests with dilutions of plasma.
Coagulation tests were also done in 13 dogs with normal hepatic function and morphology, but with various extra hepatic diseases: chronic renal disease (5 dogs), dirofilariasis 44 dogs), encephalitis (1 dog), cutaneous disease (2 dogs), and femoral fracture (1 dog). Twelve of the 13 dogs had coagulation test values within the reference intervals.