bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotic States Arising in Late Life (Late Paraphrenia)
Authors: Almeida Osvaldo P. , Howard Robert J. , Levy Raymond , David Anthony S. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis study explored the association between ‘late paraphrenia’ and various risk factors such as female gender, sensory impairment, marital status, positive family history of psychoses, and the presence of abnormal neurological signs. It was hypothesised that patients would show significantly more abnormal neurological signs than controls.MethodInclusion criteria for the diagnosis of late paraphrenia were fulfilled by 47 patients, including in-patients, out-patients, day-patients, and those living in the community. Thirty-three age-, sex-, education-, and premorbid IQ-matched elderly controls were recruited from luncheon clubs in Southwark and Lambeth (London, UK). A scale for the assessment of neurological soft and hard signs was developed for this study. The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and the Tardive Dyskinesia Rating Scale (TDRS) were also used.ResultsThere was a high female-to-male ratio (42:5), and a fourfold increase in the risk of patients having hearing impairment (odds ratio = 4.15, Clodds= 1.36 to 12.63). There was no difference between the two groups in visual difficulties nor in marital status. Patients were approximately ten times more likely to be living on their own (odds ratio = 10.61; Clodds= 3.59 to 31.33) and 16 times more likely to be considered socially isolated (odds ratio = 16.65; Clodds= 5.39 to 51.40). There was no difference between patients and controls in frequency of schizophrenia-like family history. Patients were more likely than controls to exhibit neurological soft signs (z = 4.70;P< 0.001; Cld= 4.61 to 9.63). The presence of abnormal involuntary and tardive dyskinesia movements was associated with the use of antipsychotic medication.ConclusionWomen appear to run a greater risk of developing late paraphrenia, especially those who are socially isolated and present with associated hearing impairment. The increased presence of neurological soft signs among patients indicates that brain disease may be a critical factor in the development of psychotic symptoms in late life.
The Influence of Nietzsche on Freud's Ideas
Authors: Chapman A. H. , Chapman-Santana Mirian 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe striking analogies between the ideas of Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche, whose works were published from one to three decades before those of Freud, have been commented upon, but no previous systematic correlation of the ideas of Nietzsche and Freud has been made.MethodThe major works of Nietzsche were read, and each possible analogy to an idea later broached by Freud was correlated by a systematic review of his works. Any references to Nietzsche in Freud's writings and reported conversation were culled.ResultsConcepts of Nietzsche which are similar to those of Freud include (a) the concept of the unconscious mind; (b) the idea that repression pushes unacceptable feelings and thoughts into the unconscious and thus makes the individual emotionally more comfortable and effective; (c) the conception that repressed emotions and instinctual drives later are expressed in disguised ways (for example, hostile feelings and ideas may be expressed as altruistic sentiments and acts); (d) the concept of dreams as complex, symbolic “illusions of illusions” and dreaming itself as a cathartic process which has healthy properties; and (e) the suggestion that the projection of hostile, unconscious feelings onto others, who are then perceived as persecutors of the individual, is the basis of paranoid thinking. Some of Freud's basic terms are identical to those used by Nietzsche.ConclusionFreud repeatedly stated that he had never read Nietzsche. Evidence contradicting this are his references to Nietzsche and his quotations and paraphrases of him, in casual conversation and his now published personal correspondence, as well as in his early and later writings.
The Future of Adolescent Psychiatry
Authors: Parry-Jones William Ll. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAppraisal of the future of adolescent psychiatry is required urgently, in view of the increasing scrutiny of mental health service priorities and the need for informed planning of psychiatric training and manpower requirements.MethodFuture developments are set in the context of the changing concept and connotations of adolescence, the history and present position of adolescent psychiatry, and the rationale for separate services.ResultsPredictions are derived using trend extrapolation, in relation to a number of factors likely to determine the future. These include the social value attached to adolescence and youth, the status of adolescent medicine, the definition of clinical boundaries, the upper age-limit of services, investment in prevention, postgraduate training, research, the evaluation and marketing of adolescent psychiatry and, finally, its recognition as a separate sub-speciality.ConclusionsPredictions suggest that adolescent psychiatry will assume an expanding clinical role and increasing academic influence in the 21st century.
Late-Life Depressive Disorder in the Community
Authors: Ojen Rob Van , Hooijer Chris , Bezemer Dick , Jonker Cees , Lindeboom Jaap , Tilburg Willem Van 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundIn previous studies, dementia was linked to a family history of dementia and Down's syndrome. This study tested the hypothesis that late-life depression accompanied by cognitive impairment in elderly individuals with no history of psychiatric illness is also associated with these family histories.MethodWe investigated an age-stratified sample of 4051 elderly people in the community aged 65–84 (AMSTEL). The relationship between family history (CAMDEX questionnaire) and depression (GMS-AGECAT diagnosis) was studied.ResultsA family history of mental health problems was associated with all subtypes of depression. Family history of dementia was associated with depression in subjects with a psychiatric history, but a family history of Down's syndrome was only associated with the combination of depression and cognitive impairment in subjects with no history of psychiatric illness.ConclusionsThe heritability pattern confirms the concept of a dementia-related subtype of late-life depression.
Cultural Dimensions of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Weiss Mitchell G. , Raguram R. , Channabasavanna S. M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundCross-cultural research to examine the cultural validity of diagnostic categories and underlying concepts requires methods that integrate epidemiological and anthropological frameworks.MethodThe Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R (SCID) were used to study 80 psychiatric out-patients with depressive neurosis at a clinic in south India.ResultsSummarykappa values of 0.75 for the EMIC and 0.68 for the SCID confirmed inter-rater reliability. Comparison of patient explanatory models and SCID diagnoses showed that patients emphasised somatic experience while clinicians emphasised depressive diagnoses. More than half the patients (55%) received a non-specific or dual diagnosis.ConclusionsThese findings raise questions about the distinctiveness of depressive, anxiety, and somatoform (DAS) disorders for this population.
Characteristics of Fire-Setters a Study and Proposed Multiaxial Psychiatric Classification
Authors: Puri B. K. , Baxter R. , Cordess C. C. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe study set out to review the relationship between mental disorder and fire-setting.MethodSociodemographic, psychiatric, and medical data were retrospectively obtained from case notes of a group of 36 fire-setters referred to the North West Thames Forensic Psychiatry Service over a four-year period.ResultsOf the sample, 28% were female and one-third had no mental illness; 28% had a previous medical history of possible relevance. Psychoactive substance abuse was common. There was a significant disturbance of interpersonal relationships. Eighty-five per cent lived alone, and 44% of the female fire-setters had a history of sexual abuse.ConclusionOn the basis of this study, a multiaxial classification system of fire-setting is proposed.
Cognitive Therapy with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: James Ian A. , Blackburn Ivy-Marie 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPeople with obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD) are widely treated with a combination of medication and behavioural techniques. The success rate is 50–85%, but both relapse and drop-out rates appear high. The use of cognitive therapy (CT) for the treatment of OCD has been suggested. The empirical evidence supporting the use of CT for OCD is examined.MethodA manual and computer (Medline) literature search was performed.ResultsFifteen empirical studies were found: ten non-controlled, and five controlled.ConclusionsThere are few controlled CT studies, and these show little evidence of improvement when CT is added to existing therapeutic techniques.
Quality of Life in Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Gater R. A. , Kind P. , Gudex C. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis exploratory study investigates the performance of the Health Measurement Questionnaire (HMQ), as compared with the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and compares self- and observer-completed measures.MethodA total of 138 medical patients scoring over the screening threshold for probable psychiatric illness completed the HMQ, NHP and PAS, and were rated by a psychiatrist on Rosser disability and distress.ResultsHMQ disability correlated well with NHP and PAS physical health items, while HMQ distress correlated well with the NHP emotional reactions and PAS Index of Definition. There was significant correlation between self-report and psychiatrist ratings, the latter being more sensitive to distress.ConclusionThe HMQ is a useful measure of generic health status in liaison psychiatry settings.
Psychiatric and Social Outcome of Liver Transplantation
Authors: Collis Ian , Burroughs Andrew , Rolles Keith , Lloyd Geoffrey 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis study measures psychiatric morbidity, quality of life, and cognitive function after liver transplantation.MethodWe undertook a cross-sectional study, with a longitudinal subgroup. The setting was a tertiary referral centre for liver transplantation. The subjects were 30 post-liver-transplantation patients, including 11 also interviewed before the operation. The main outcome measures were the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).ResultsOf the patients, 8/30 were CIS cases, and 7/30 were GHQ cases. NHP scores were higher than a previous postal study indicated, with less impairment after than before transplant. MMSE scores were 24–30. Median GHQ was 7.0 before operation and 1.0 after operation (P= 0.03), with no significant change in CIS score.ConclusionLiver transplantation improves quality of life, but not to the level of the general population; post-transplantation patients have a prevalence of psychiatric morbidity comparable with that of general medical patients.
Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder the Effects of Timing
Authors: Meesters Y. , Jansen J. H. C. , Beersma D. G. M. , Bouhuys A. L. , Van Den Hoofdakker R. H. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundSixty-eight patients with seasonal affective disorder participated in a 10 000-lux light treatment study in which two questions were addressed: do response rates differ when the light is applied at different times of the day and does short-term rank ordering of morning and evening light influence response rates?MethodThree groups of patients received a 4-day light treatment: (I) in the morning (8.00–8.30 a.m., n = 14), (II) in the afternoon (1.00–1.30 p.m., n = 15) or (III) in the evening (8.00–8.30 p.m., n = 12). Two additional groups of patients received two days of morning light treatment followed by two days of evening light (IV, n = 13) or vice versa (V, n = 14).ResultsResponse rates for groups I, II and III were 69, 57 and 80% respectively, with no significant differences between them. Response rates for groups IV and V were 67 and 50% respectively; this difference was not significant and these percentages did not differ significantly from those of groups I and III.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the timing of light treatment is not critical and that short-term rank ordering of morning and evening light does not influence therapeutic outcome.
Life Events and Senile Dementia Affective Symptoms
Authors: Orrell Martin , Bebbington Paul 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPrevious research in the elderly has linked threatening life events with depression. Dementia sufferers are known to be sensitive to stressful changes in their daily life such as relocation. This study investigates whether threatening life events are associated with depressive symptoms in dementia sufferers.MethodUsing the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, this study examined life events before admission in a group of 70 dementia patients compared with two control groups: dementia sufferers in the community and mentally fit elderly people matched for age and sex.ResultsLife events with severe threat were not significantly more frequent in the dementia patients than in two control groups. However, depressive symptoms in the dementia sufferers were significantly associated with independent severe life events. This strong association was maintained when a multivariate analysis was used to control for the effects of other social factors and severity of cognitive impairment. This association appears to be specific to the threat aspect of life events since there was no association between depressive symptoms and events relating to change in the social environment.ConclusionIn dementia sufferers, threatening life events are associated with depressive symptoms. This means that dementia sufferers are responsive to stress in the same way as cognitively intact individuals, and clinicians need to be more aware of the social influences on them.
Expressed Emotion Trait or State?
Authors: Schreiber Judith L. , Breier Alan , Pickar David 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis exploratory study addresses the question of whether expressed emotion (EE) is a response characteristic of the parent (trait) or a parental response to specific circumstances or persons (state).MethodSeventeen parents participated in two audiotaped interviews, using modified versions of the Camberwell Family Interview. One interview concerned the child with chronic schizophrenia and the other a well sibling. Subsequent ratings of the EE variables of critical comments (CC), emotional overinvolvement (EOI) and warmth were completed and compared.ResultsE response patterns directed towards patients, as compared with towards siblings, were significantly different on two measures: EOI (P=0.01) and warmth (P=0.02). The parents showed significantly more emotional overinvolvement with the child with schizophrenia and significantly more warmth towards the well child.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the EE variables of EOI and warmth are related to the state of child, and the lack of a significant difference in CC suggests that this is a parental trait.
Long-Term Fluoxetine Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Goldstein David J. , Wilson Michael G. , Thompson Vicki L. , Potvin Janet H. , Rampey Alvin H. ,   The Fluoxetine Bulimia Nervosa Research Group
Published: October 2008

BackgroundA large collaborative 8-week study has shown fluoxetine to be effective and safe in treating patients with bulimia nervosa. The present study evaluated fluoxetine over 16 weeks.MethodFifteen US out-patient psychiatry clinics conducted a double-blind parallel study in men and women with DSM–III–R bulimia nervosa (483 patients entered, 398 randomised [3:1 ratio, fluoxetine 60 mg/day or placebo], 225 completed). Outcome measures included change in vomiting and binge-eating episodes per week, Eating Disorder Inventory, Clinical Global Impressions and Patient's Global Impression.ResultsCompared with placebo, fluoxetine treatment resulted in significantly greater reductions in vomiting (F [1,360] = 14.73, P< 0.0001) and binge-eating (F [1,360] = 14.39, P=0.0002) episodes per week at endpoint and improvement in other outcome measures. Adverse event, vital sign and laboratory analyses indicated that fluoxetine was safe.ConclusionFluoxetine appeared to be safe and effective in patients with bulimia nervosa for up to 16 weeks.
Antecedents of Schizophrenia and Affective Illness Obstetric Complications
Authors: Sacker Amanda , Done D. John , Crow Timothy J. , Golding Jean 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis exploratory study seeks to generate new hypotheses about the relationship between obstetric complications and schizophrenia.MethodThe British Perinatal Mortality Survey represents 98% of all births during one week in March 1958 in Great Britain. Present State Examination (PSE), Catego diagnoses of narrowly defined schizophrenia (n = 49), broadly defined schizophrenia (n = 79), affective psychosis (n = 44) and neurosis (n = 93) were derived from case notes for all cohort members. The remainder of the cohort, surviving the perinatal period, acted as controls (n = 16 812). Variables in the British Perinatal Mortality Survey were grouped into five categories: the physique/lifestyle of the mother (including demographic characteristics), her obstetric history, the current pregnancy, the delivery and the condition of the baby.ResultsThere were 7/17 significant differences in maternal physique/lifestyle and obstetric history between the births of schizophrenics and controls, compared to 4/40 comparisons of somatic variables relating to pregnancy, birth and the condition of the baby. This compares with 4/17 and 7/40 for affective psychotics and a total of 4/57 differences for all categories of variables when neurotics were contrasted with controls.ConclusionsThe purported increased risk of obstetric complications in schizophrenics may result from the physique/lifestyle of their mothers.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Community Prevalence and Associations
Authors: Lawrie S. M. , Pelosi A. J. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundChronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a poorly understood condition, apparently related to both psychiatric disturbance and infectious illness. Little progress has been made in identifying aetiology, owing to a lack of epidemiological studies using case-definition criteria.MethodA community postal survey of a random sample of over 1000 patients registered at a local health centre comprised a fatigue questionnaire and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).ResultsTotal fatigue scores were modestly higher in women than men. Fatigue was most frequently attributed to psychosocial factors. Fatigue and GHQ scores were strongly correlated. Two men and two women satisfied British criteria for CFS, a prevalence of 0.56% (95% CI 0.16–1.47%); three were probable psychiatric cases.ConclusionsPreviously reported sociodemographic associations of CFS may reflect medical referral patterns. A strong association exists with psychological morbidity, but relabelling CFS as a psychiatric disorder is not justified.
The Social Disablement of Men in Hostels for Homeless People II. a Comparison with Patients from Long-stay Wards
Authors: Hamid Walid Abdul , Wykes Til , Stansfeld Stephen 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundSome authors have argued that hostels for homeless people are increasingly taking over the role of psychiatric long-stay wards, and that this creates a problem. We set out to test this hypothesis.MethodThe social disablement of a random sample of 101 homeless men, described in Part 1, was compared with that of a sample of 66 psychiatric patients from a long-stay ward.ResultsThe study sample rated significantly lower for social disablement than the long-stay ward sample. Thirteen subjects of the hostel sample had psychotic social behaviour problems. These had no history of being long-stay psychiatric patients.ConclusionsThe hostel sample differ significantly in their social disablement from the chronic psychiatric patients. There is a small proportion of severely disturbed residents who might have been over-represented in previous non-random surveys.
Is There a Seasonal Pattern of Relapse in Bipolar Affective Disorders? a Dual Northern and Southern Hemisphere Cohort Study
Authors: Silverstone Trevor , Romans Sarah , Hunt Neil , McPherson Heather 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAdmission statistics for mania frequently show an increase in the summer. The present two-centre study was designed to test the hypothesis, in a representative sample of bipolar patients, that manic and depressive relapses show a seasonal pattern.MethodTwo cohorts of bipolar I patients, one in London, England (n = 86), the other in Dunedin, New Zealand (n = 58), were tracked retrospectively during 1985–88 and prospectively during 1989–91, with the onset of all relapses being carefully dated.ResultsIn the London cohort there were 221 episodes of mania and 76 of depression; in the Dunedin cohort there were 201 of mania and 61 of depression. No consistent seasonal pattern of mania was detected in either centre. There was an autumn preponderance of depressive episodes in both centres.ConclusionsRelapse of bipolar depression, but not of mania, appears to be determined in part by seasonal factors.
Does Imagined Exposure to the Consequences of Not Ritualising Enhance Live Exposure for OCD? a Controlled Study
Authors: De Araujo L. A. , Ito L. M. , Marks I. M. , Deale A. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis randomised controlled study tested whether adding imagined to live exposure plus ritual prevention would enhance gains in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodOut-patients with OCD were randomly allocated to either have nine sessions of daily live self-exposure and ritual prevention to external cues alone (Ex) (n = 23) or to have, in addition to Ex, daily self-exposure to the imagined internal cues of the consequences of not ritualising (group Exi) (n = 23). All patients had the same sessional exposure time of 1 h 30 min (Exi 1 h live, 30 min imagined; Ex 1 h 30 min live), and had to practise either Exi or Ex daily for the same duration and to keep diaries of that self-exposure homework throughout treatment. Patients were followed up to week 32. Outcome measures were YBOCS for rituals and obsessions, compulsion checklist, target rituals and obsession, general anxiety, depression (Beck, Hamilton), work and social disability, clinical global impression (CGI).ResultsAt weeks 4, 9, 20 and 32 the two groups improved similarly with no significant difference between them, neither for washers nor for checkers. Imagined exposure was more difficult to do than live exposure and there were more drop-outs.ConclusionsDaily imagined exposure to internal cues did not enhance exposure to external cues. Perhaps longer imagined exposure would have been more enhancing.