bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of gingiva following surgical excision
Authors: Wennström Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present clinical trial was carried out in order to analyze whether a zone of keratinized and attached gingiva may regenerate following surgical excision of the gingiva. In addition the alterations occurring in the position of the “soft tissue margin” and the clinical attachment level were assessed. 6 patients, scheduled for periodontal surgery in the canine‐premolar regions of both quadrants of the lower jaw, participated in the trial. A Baseline examination performed prior to surgery comprised assessments at the buccal surface of the teeth of dental plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, clinical attachment level, position of the “soil tissue margin” and width of the zones of keratinized and attached gingiva. The entire zone of keratinized and attached gingiva was removed surgically using either a “gingivectomy” or a “flap‐excision” procedure. In the “gingivectomy” procedure the wounded area was left to heal by second intention, while in the “flap‐excision” procedure the alveolar mucosa was repositioned in a coronal position to achieve complete coverage of the surgically exposed alveolar bone, During healing the patients' oral hygiene status was carefully supervised. All parameters included in the Baseline examination were assessed at reexaminations performed 1, 3, 6 and 9 months following surgery.Already 1 month after surgery all “gingivectomy” units and 9 out of the 14 “flap‐excision” units demonstrated presence of a zone of keratinized gingiva. At the final examination (9 months following surgery) all surgically treated buccal areas had regained a zone of keratinized gingiva. However, a zone of attached gingiva reformed less frequently. The examination performed 3 months after surgery revealed that the “soft tissue margin” and the clinical attachment level had become displaced in apical direction, 0.9 and 0.4 mm, respectively. Between the 3‐month and the 9‐month examinations, however, no further alterations were observed and the gingival units were healthy, independent of the presence or absence of attached gingiva or the width of the zone of keratinized gingiva.
Progression of periodontal disease in adult subjects in the absence of periodontal therapy
Authors: Lindhe J. , Haffaiee A. D. , Socransky S. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Progression of periodontal disease in adult subjects in the absence of periodontal therapy was monitored in 2 populations. One group of 64 Swedish subjects (mean age 40.5 years at entry) with mild to moderate periodontal attachment loss was monitored for attachment level changes at baseline, 3 and 6 years. A second group of 36 Americans (mean age 34.3 years at entry) with advanced destructive periodontal disease was monitored for attachment level changes at baseline and 1 year.Of 4101 sites examined at baseline and at 3 years in the Swedish subjects, only 158 sites (3.9%) showed attachment loss of more than 2 mm. No measurable change was found in 1440 sites (35.1 %). Of 4097 sites examined at 3 and 6 years, 67 sites (1.6%) showed attachment loss greater than 2 mm; 57.4% of sites showed no measurable change; and 19 sites (0.5%) showed a decrease in probeable attachment level of more than 2mm. During the 6‐year interval, 523 sites (11.6%) showed attachment loss of more than 2 ram; 20% of sites showed no measurable change and II sites (0.2%) showed more than 2 mm of attachment “gain”. Approximately 50% of sites that showed no measurable change in the first 3‐year period showed loss in the next 3 years. In contrast, of the sites which showed some level of attachment loss in the first period, approximately 2/3 showed no loss in the second monitoring period.Of 3210 sites monitored in the American subjects, 102 sites (3.2%) exhibited more than 2 mm of additional attachment loss; 26% of sites showed no measurable change and 138 sites (4.3%) showed a decrease in probeable attachment level of more than 2 mm.The association between attachment level changes and initial attachment level (baseline) was examined by regression analysis. The slopes of the regression lines for both populations were not consistent with a hypothesis that sites with more advanced attachment loss are more prone to additional destruction, in the absence of treatment, than sites with initially less attachment loss. In the American group, some sites with initially advanced attachment loss, exhibited a decrease in probing attachment level.
Longitudinal radiographical study on the rate of alveolar bone loss in patients of a dental school
Authors: Rohner F. , Cimasoni G. , Vuagnat P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Two sets of radiographs, taken at an interval of 4–14 years in 105 patients of a dental school, were examined in order to determine the rate of resorption of alveolar bone. The percentage loss of maximum alveolar bone height was measured in the interproximal and interradicular sites by means of the Schei ruler.The average percentage of interproximal bone resorption was 0.51 % (0.07 mm) per year. Age, sex, professional status, type of periodontal treatment and general state of health did not seem to affect the annual resorption rate. However, crowned teeth had a significantly greater rate of resorption than uncrowned teeth.Loss of bone tended to be more rapid in interdental as compared to interradicular areas. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between initial resorption and annual tooth loss.
Influence of Class II amalgam fillings on attachment loss
Authors: Keszthelyi G. , Szabo I. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract 176 extracted teeth restored with Class II amalgam fillings, having identical distribution regarding tooth type, jaw and proximal surface localization, were investigated.The loss of attachment was measured on stained teeth under a stereomicroscope fitted with an ocular micrometer. The cervical margins of restorations were examined with a probe.Defective cervical margins were found in 85.8% of the 176 restorations. The mean loss of attachment on the restored surfaces (1.4 mm) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than on the sound unrestored surfaces of the same teeth (0.9 mm). Little difference was found between mesial and distal surfaces. The restored surfaces of the lower molars showed less loss of attachment, when compared to similar surfaces of upper molars and lower premolars (P<0.05).
Potentials for root resorption during periodontal wound healing
Authors: Karring Thorkild , Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Sirirat Mullika 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was undertaken to examine whether (1) the process of resorption, which invariably affects periodontitis involved reimplanted roots facing bone or gingival connective tissue during healing, is a transient phenomenon and, (2) root resorption can be prevented by permitting downgrowth of epithelium along the root surface. A total of 24 teeth in 2 monkeys (Macaca cynomolgus) was subjected to experimental periodontal tissue breakdown by the placement of elastic ligatures around the teeth. The ligatures were left in situ until about 50% of the supporting tissues had been lost. Following removal of the ligatures, the teeth were extracted and the denuded portions of the roots were scaled and planed. The crowns of the teeth were resected and the root canals filled with guttapercha. The roots were subsequently implanted into sockets prepared in the jaw bone in such a way that each root was embedded in bone except for a portion which was in contact with gingival connective tissue. 1 month prior to sacrifice of the animals, the cut surface of the coronal part of the roots was exposed by removal of the covering soft tissue. The epithelium was thereby allowed to migrate into the wound. Implantation of the roots was scheduled to provide healing periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks before exposure of the roots.The histologic examination of the implant specimens disclosed that replacement resorption was a progressive process which eventually resulted in the elimination of the transplanted roots. It was possible to prevent root resorption in this model by permitting apical downgrowth of epithelium along the root surface during the initial phase of healing. The results are discussed in relation to procedures used in periodontal therapy.
The effect of root planing as compared to that of surgical treatment
Authors: Isidor Flemming , Karring Thorkild , Attström Rolf 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of root planing as compared to that of surgical periodontal treatment in patients with advanced periodontal disease. 17 patients with advanced periodontal disease participated in the study. After the initial examination, the teeth were scaled and the patients were given instruction in performing proper oral hygiene. The hygienic phase for the individual patient was continued until less than 20% of the tooth surfaces demonstrated plaque at 2 succeeding appointments. After re‐assessment of the periodontal status, 1 side in both the maxilla and mandible was treated with modified Widman flap surgery. In I of the remaining quadrants, in the maxilla or mandible, reverse bevel flap surgery was used. Bone contouring was not performed in any of the surgical procedures. The last quadrant was subjected to meticulous root planing under local anesthesia. Subsequently, the patients were recalled every second week for professional tooth cleaning. The periodontal status of each patient was assessed 3 and 6 months following treatment.Root planing resulted in considerable reduction in pocket depth, although more shallow pockets were obtained following modified Widman flap and reverse bevel flap surgery. Clinical gain of attachment was obtained following all 3 modalities, but root planing resulted in slightly more gain of attachment than the 2 surgical procedures.
Relationship of ascorbic acid levels of blood and gingival tissue with response to periodontal therapy
Authors: Woolfk S. N. , Kenney E. B. , Hume W. R. , Carranza F. A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect of ascorbic acid megadoses on gingival clinical parameters and vitamin content of blood and gingival tissue was studied. 10 nondeficient individuals, carefully matched according to age, periodontal status, and oral hygiene level, were divided into 2 groups: one received 250 mg q.i.d. of ascorbic acid and the other a placebo. After 1 week on the tablet all patients were scaled and root planed and received oral hygiene instructions. Blood samples and clinical parameters were obtained at baseline and 2, 6, and 7 weeks after. A gingival biopsy was taken at week 6.Correlations between the clinical parameters and the ascorbic acid levels at the different time periods revealed no significant differences between the vitamin and the placebo groups, therefore suggesting that the use of megadoses of vitamin C in normal human subjects does not have a predictable or strong effect on the gingival response to initial therapy.
Effect of combined systemic antimicrobial therapy and mechanical plaque control in patients with recurrent periodontal disease
Authors: Lundströum ÅSa , Johansson Lars‐Åke , Hamp Sven‐Erik 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze‐the effect of systemic antimicrobial therapy and mechanical plaque control in patients with recurrent periodontal disease. 9 patients volunteered for the combined therapy. At a baseline examination they were randomly distributed into 2 groups, one given tetracycline therapy for 2 weeks and the other metronidazole therapy for 1 week. A mechanical plaque control program comprising oral hygiene training, professional cleaning of all teeth and subgingival debridement at diseased sites was carried out at the baseline examination and at all recall visits, i.e. once every month during the first 6 months and then after 9, 12, and 18 months.The results demonstrated clinically and microbiologically that a combination of an initial antimicrobial and a continuous systematic mechanical plaque control program may be a valuable therapeutic approach in a strictly selected group of refractory patients. Recurrent periodontal lesions which still displayed severe inflammation despite renewed conventional therapy showed a marked reduction in probing depths, bleeding and suppuration from the pockets, and further, a reduced presence of spirochetes and motile rods during the trial. The results indicate that the level and longevity of success is also related to whether or not self‐performed oral hygiene measures are sufficiently carried out. No superior effect of the combined program could be observed in cooperating patients receiving tetracycline as compared with those given metronidazole.
Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of a single and a double headed toothbrush
Authors: Bastiaan Ross J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A 3‐way, blind, cross‐over study was done to compare the plaque removing effects of a double headed toothbrush with a popular single headed flat toothbrush in 39 patients instructed in specific oral hygiene techniques. Both brushes were used with the modified Bass technique for 1 week each, whilst for an additional consecutive week, the single headed brush was used with the modified Bass and roll techniques combined.The results of this study indicated that, lingually, the double headed brush was superior to the flat single headed brush, whilst buccally no difference was found. With single headed toothbrushes the combined toothbrushing action of the modified Bass and roll techniques was less efficient than the modified Bass technique alone in the removal of dental plaque.
The rests of Malassez and chronic marginal periodontitis
Authors: Spouge John D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The structure of the rests of Malassez and the relationship which they bear to the junctional epithelium in the marginal region of pigs’ molars was investigated. A 3‐dimensional picture of the marginal rests and their relationship to the junctional epithelium was built up by means of standardized photomicrocraphs made from serial sections. In teeth involved in chronic marginal inflammation, the rests in this region appeared to form a continuous network and we confirmed the original suggestion of Grant & Bernick that, at frequent intervals, the junctional epithelium “…seemed to be continuous with the epithelial rests in the upper third of the root …”.If the anatomical relationship of the rests in man resembles that seen in the pig and they form a continuous network communicating at intervals with the junctional epithelium, this relationship must inevitably lead to speculation about the effects of any potential for reactive proliferative equivalent to that which is frequently seen in the apical region. It is possible that the rests might be acting as the “thin end of the wedge”, augmenting and facilitating apical migration of the junctional epithelium during the pathogenesis of the periodontal pocket.
Influence of variations in projection geometry on the detectability of periodontal bone lesions
Authors: Gröundahl Kerstin , Gröundahl Hans‐Göuran , Webber Richard L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The influence of differences in imaging geometry on the detection of small periodontal bone lesions was studied when using a digital subtraction technique. The results were compared with those from conventional radiographs. Reference radiographs were obtained on human mandibular jaws before small lesions were made in the marginal alveolar bone. Subsequent radiographs were taken with the same imaging projection as well as with changes of the angulation in cither vertical, or horizontal direction, or both.10 dentists served as observers, who compared the conventional radiographs taken before and after the lesions were made, and registered the presence or absence of lesions using a diagnostic rating scale. The conventional radiographs were digitized, and subtraction images made. These images were interpreted by the same observers. For each observer, image modality and projection, the resulting rates of true positive and false positive diagnoses were plotted on a graph. The area under the curve, obtained by connecting the paired values of true positive and false positive results associated with the different diagnostic ratings, was used as a measure of diagnostic accuracy. Statistically significant differences could be demonstrated between the results obtained from the subtraction images, whether produced from identical or non‐identical pairs of conventional radiographs, and the results from the conventional radiographs obtained under ideal conditions.
Long‐term effect of surgical/non‐surgical treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Lindhe J. , Westfelt E. , Nyman S. , Socransky S. S. , Haffajee A. D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation describes the effect of periodontal therapy in a group of patients who, following active treatment, were monitored over a 5‐year period. One aim of the study was to analyze the role played by the patients’ self‐performed plaque control in preventing recurrent periodontitis. In addition, probing depth and attachment level alterations were studied separately for sites with initial probing depths of 4 mm which were treated initially by either surgical or non‐surgical procedures.Following active treatment (surgical/non‐surgical), the patients were maintained on a plaque control regimen for 6 months, which included professional tooth cleaning once every 2 weeks. During the subsequent 18 months, the interval between the recall appointments was extended to 12 weeks and included prophylaxis as well as oral hygiene instruction. Following the 24‐month examination, the interval between the recall appointments was further extended, now to 4–6 months. In addition, the maintenance program was restricted to oral hygiene instruction and professional, supragingival tooth cleaning, but further subgingival instrumentation was avoided. Clinical examinations including assessments of the oral hygiene, the gingival conditions, the probing depths and the attachment levels were performed at Baseline and after 24 and 60 months after completion of active therapy. Assessments of plaque and gingivitis were repeated annually.The results of the examinations showed that the patients’ standard of self‐maintained oral hygiene had a decisive influence on the long‐term effect of treatment. Patients who during the 5 years of monitoring consistently had a high frequency of plaque‐free tooth surfaces showed little evidence of recurrent periodontal disease, while patients who had a low frequency of plaque‐free tooth surfaces had a high frequency of sites showing additional loss of attachment. The present findings demonstrated that sites with an initial pocket depth exceeding 3 mm responded equally well to non‐surgical and surgical treatments. This statement is based on probing depth and attachment level data from sites which were free of plaque at the 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, 36‐, 48‐ and 60‐month reexaminations. It is suggested that the critical determinant in periodontal therapy is not the technique (surgical or non‐surgical) that is used for the elimination of the subgingival infection, but the quality of the debridement of the root surface.
Frequency of gingival lesions after standardized brushing as related to stiffness of toothbrush and abrasiveness of dentifrice.
Authors: Niemi Maija‐Liisa , Sandholm Leena , Ainamo Jukka 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This clinical trial was primarily designed to determine to what extent the stiffness of toothbrush bristles and the abrasiveness of dentifrices influence the degree of gingival erosion. Further, the plaque removing effectiveness of the toothbrushes and dentifrices tested was evaluated. 24 dental hygienist students with clinically healthy gingivae volunteered for the study. A “soft” toothbrush with a bristle thickness of 0.15 mm, a “hard” toothbrush with a bristle thickness of 0.23 mm and 2 dentifrices of different abrasiveness were used for the experiment. The 2 brushes were also used without a dentifrice. Prior to each examination the teeth of the test subjects were brushed by the same dental hygienist. Evident signs of laceration or ulceration at any 1 of 4 gingival aspects of each tooth were recorded as brushing injuries. The teeth were then stained with basic fuchsin and the amount of remaining plaque was assessed according to the PLQ Index (Bay & Ainamo 1974).The use of the hard brush resulted in lower plaque scores and, at the same lime, more gingival erosions than the use of the soft brush. With both brushes a significantly greater number of lesions was recorded after use of an abrasive powder than when no dentifrice was employed. The difference in the amount of erosions occurring when utilizing either brush, without a dentifrice or with a moderately abrasive toothpaste, was not, however, found to be statistically significant. When assessed separately for the 2 brushes, the slight tendency towards lower PLQ scores with increasing abrasiveness of the dentifrice was not considered statistically significant. The study showed that the modest decrease observed in mean PLQ scores with increasing stiffness of the toothbrush bristles and with increasing abrasiveness of the dentifrice is accompanied by increased damage caused to the soft gingival tissues.
Effect of crown‐attached sutures on healing of experimental furcation defects in dogs
Authors: Klinge Björn , Nilvéus Rolf , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study evaluates whether suturing of replaced flaps with crown‐attached sutures, following reconstructive surgery, counteracts postoperative recession of the gingival margins and facilitates new attachment.Through‐and‐through furcation defects were created in the mandibular premolars of 5 beagle dogs. Bone was surgically removed from the furcation and around each root to a level 3 to 4 mm below the cemento‐enamel junction. Steel wires were placed in the furcations for 6 weeks to enhance plaque formation. After 12 weeks, reconstructive surgery that included acid conditioning of root surfaces was performed. On 1 side of the mandible, the flaps were replaced and secured by bonding the sutures to the teeth with composite resin. On the other side, the replaced Caps were sutured interdentally with single sutures. The results demonstrated that the margins of flaps secured with interdental sutures shifted apically to the fornix of the furcations after 1 week, and histologically all 10 furcations were found to be lined with epithelium. Margins of flaps secured with crown‐attached sutures remained an average of 0.5 mm coronally to the fornix, and 13 of the 14 teeth showed new attachment.The results indicate that a suturing technique which counteracts gingival recession, favours the formation of new attachment in this beagle dog model.
Gram negative species associated with active destructive periodontal lesions
Authors: Dzink J. L. , Tanner A. C. R. , Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Apical subgingival plaque samples were taken from 19 subjects exhibiting active destructive periodontal disease. The predominant cultivable Gram negative species from 50 active sites were compared to 69 inactive sites of comparable pocket depth and attachment level loss. Active disease sites were chosen which showed a significant loss of attachment within a two‐month interval.Proportions of Gram negative rods were higher in active periodontal disease sites than in inactive sites. Species which were found to be significantly elevated only in active sites were Bacteroides intermedius, “fusiform”Bacteroides, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Wolinella recta. Fuso‐hacterium nucleattum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Eikenella corrodens, were found in significantly increased proportions in active sites of some subjects and inactive sites of others.