bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer nanocomposite powders and melt spun fibers filled with silica nanoparticles
Authors: Rottstegge (Y. K. Qiao) J. , Zhang X. , Zhou Y. , Xu D. , Han C. C. , Wang D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNanocomposite powders from polypropylene filled with surface modified and unmodified fumed silica have been prepared from polymer solution to achieve improved mixing and have been forwarded to fiber melt spinning. The surface of the fumed silica was modified with dodecyl alkoxy silanes. Crystallization velocity and viscosity of the PP nanocomposites thereof were determined to ensure good melt spinning processing conditions for all composite compositions. Upon addition of untreated filler particles, a shear thinning and an increased crystallization velocity of the polymer melt was found, while only minor changes were detected in the presence of surface modified fumed silica particles. The composites and the polymer fibers made from these powder composites by melt spinning were mainly characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solid‐state NMR. The unmodified fumed silica was found to have a strong influence on the mechanical fiber properties, while the surface modified silica only a small one. Fibers were additionally characterized with respect to the uniformity, the PP crystallinity, moisture absorption, and the water contact angle. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 218–227, 2007
Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites based on natural fibers subjected to multiple extrusion cycles
Authors: Morán J. , Alvarez V. , Petrucci R. , Kenny J. , Vazquez A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of multiple extrusion cycles on the behavior of natural fibers‐reinforced polypropylene was studied. Composites were fabricated with 20 wt % of flax fibers. Final fibers dimensions (length and diameter) were measured by means of optical microscopy. Mechanical properties of matrix and composites were measured after each extrusion cycle. It was observed that the elastic modulus increased by fibers incorporation. The elastic modulus of the matrix was higher after the first process cycle than that of the virgin material, mainly because of chain scission. In the next cycles, the modulus kept constant. On the other hand the elastic modulus of the composite after a single extrusion step was lower than that predicted by the Halpin–Tsai model probably because of a poor mixing and to low adhesion at the fiber–matrix interface. In the following two steps, modulus increased because the better fiber dispersion was observed. For the final two extrusion cycles, the slow decrease in this property was correlated with the darkening and poor organoleptic properties observed as a result of thermal degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 228–237, 2007
Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐modified red mud composite materials
Authors: Bhat A. H. , Banthia A. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of polymer–acid‐modified red mud composite (PRM) materials that consist of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and layered Red mud (RM) are prepared by effectively dispersing organic PVA matrix into the inorganic layers of modified RM via a conventional solvent casting technique. The as‐synthesized PRM materials are typically characterized by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The morphological image of as‐synthesized materials is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OM). Effects of the material composition on the thermal stability and optical clarity of PVA along with a series of PRM materials freestanding film are also studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV–vis transmission spectra, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 238–243, 2007
Ageing of soft thermoplastic starch with high glycerol content
Authors: Shi Rui , Liu Quanyong , Ding Tao , Han Yanming , Zhang Liqun , Chen Dafu , Tian Wei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study, a soft and thermoplastic starch with an improved ageing‐resistant property was prepared by melt blending method for a biodegradable biomaterial. The glycerol content varies from 30 to 60 wt %. The aging temperature and humidity of the glycerol‐plasticized thermoplastic starch (GTPS) was 37°C and 50 ± 5 RH %, respectively. The retrogradation was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and the stress‐strain mechanical properties. The XRD results suggest that high content of glycerol promotes the formation of single helix structure of V‐type, but inhibits double helix structure of B‐type. Changing of the tan δ, storage modules (E′), and the glass transition temperatures as a function of glycerol content and ageing time was detected by DMTA. FTIR result shows that the shifting speed of the peak of hydroxyl group stretching fell as the glycerol content increased. The glycerol content has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties when it is high enough. Results from all characterizations demonstrate that the ageing speed is closely relative to the plasticizers content. The higher content of glycerol possesses an obviously inhibitory effect on the ageing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 574–586, 2007
Dyeing, fastness, and deodorizing properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with coffee sludge (Coffea arabica L.) extract
Authors: Lee Young‐Hee 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA natural colorant was extracted from Coffea arabica L., using water as extractant at 90°C for 90 min. Studies have been made on the dyeing, color fastness, and deodorization properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with Coffea arabica L. extract solutions. The best mordants were found to be FeSO4, CuSO4, and SnSO4 for improving the color strength (K/S) of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics. Mordants MnSO4, ZnSO4, and NiSO4 for cotton (Rating 3), and all mordants except MnSO4 for silk (Rating 3), mordants CuSO4, FeSO4, CoSO4, Al2(SO4)3, and MnSO4 for wool (Rating 4) were the best mordants to improve the light fastness. It was found that FeSO4 and CuSO4 were the best mordants for the improvements of color strength (K/S) and light fastness for silk and wool fabrics. In addition, it was found that cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with the Coffea arabica L. extract showed good deodorization performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 251–257, 2007
Microphotometric inline determination of polymer blend morphologies during extrusion processing
Authors: Stephan M. , Groβe S. , Stintz M. , Blankschein U. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel inline method using microphotometric measuring principle is able to determine mean particle sizes of polymer blends directly during extrusion processing. This process‐micro‐photometer (PMP) is adapted on a special slit die at the extruder head. Refractive indices needed for particle size calculation have been measured by an inline refractometer for all the involved polymers at molten state. For investigation, blends have been made from polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA6), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); and the resulting blend morphologies are found to be smaller than 1 μm in all cases. Sensor calculations show good correlation to microscopic reference measurements. Because of multiple scattering effects at larger particle number concentrations an exact particle size calculation is limited to low volume concentrations of that polymer blends because of the small blend particle sizes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 258–262, 2007
Thermal characterization of n‐alkyl maleate‐styrene‐allyl propionate terpolymers
Authors: Boztuğ Ali , Basan Satılmış 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThermal characterization of maleic anhydride‐styrene‐allyl propionate (MA‐St‐AP) terpolymer and its ester derivatives named as n‐alkyl maleate and shown as nPr MA‐St‐AP, nBu MA‐St‐AP, nPn MA‐St‐AP, and nBz MA‐St‐AP was carried out. The thermal characterization was performed using thermal analysis techniques such as TGA, DTA, DSC, and TMA. Different results were observed between the original terpolymer and its ester derivatives. Thermal stabilities of the terpolymer and its ester derivatives were compared by using various measurements plotted as TGA, DTA, DSC, and TMA curves. The increase in the alcohols' carbon numbers added to the original terpolymer results in ester derivatives with different thermal stability behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 600–604, 2007
Barrier properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Dumont M.‐J. , Reyna‐Valencia A. , Emond J.‐P. , Bousmina M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolypropylene/clay nanocomposites are attractive candidates for applications requiring good barrier properties because of the inherent features of the polymer matrix. To assess their potential, systematic research relating the barrier performance to the structural characteristics of polypropylene/montmorillonite samples has been conducted. The nanocomposites have been tested in the presence of helium, water vapor, toluene, and methanol, and the unmodified matrix has been found to exhibit better properties than its mixtures with the compatibilizer and/or clay. The method for the interpretation of the results proposed in this study considers the composition of the samples, the morphology of the semicrystalline polymer matrix, and the state of dispersion/exfoliation of the clay layers, along with the specific interactions between the solvent molecules and the system components. In this way, several points have been identified for understanding and improving the performance of the nanocomposites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 618–625, 2007
Preparation and characterization of wood‐(nylon 12) composites
Authors: Lu J. Z. , Doyle T. W. , Li K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe melting temperature of nylon 12 is lower than the degradation temperature of wood, which makes the preparation of wood‐(nylon 12) composites through a regular compounding/compression molding process possible. Results indicated that wood‐(nylon 12) composites had higher modulus of rupture, higher modulus of elasticity, and higher tensile strength than nylon 12, wood‐polypropylene (PP) composites, and wood‐high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, respectively. Wood‐(nylon 12) composites also had higher thermal stability than wood‐PP composites and wood‐HDPE composites. Acting as a nucleating agent, wood increased the crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity of nylon 12 in wood‐(nylon 12) composites. The superior mechanical properties of wood‐(nylon 12) composites were ascribed to the good interfacial adhesion between wood and nylon 12 and the increased transcrystallinity of nylon 12 by wood. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:270–276, 2007
Novel polyurethane elastomer continuous carbon fiber composites: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Borda Jenő , Kéki Sándor , Ráthy Istvánné , Bodnár Ildikó , Zsuga Miklós 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreparation and characterization of novel polyurethane (PUR)–carbon fiber (CF) composites are reported. The reinforcement of PUR elastomers was achieved using unidirectional continuous CFs with different coatings (uncoated and epoxy and polyester resin coatings) by applying molding for the preparation of PUR‐CF composites. Considerable reinforcement of PUR was attained even at relatively low CF content, e.g., maximum stress and Young's modulus of PUR‐CF composite at CF content 3% (m/m) were found to be 3–5 and 4–10 times higher than those of the PUR‐matrix, respectively. In addition, a linear relationship between the Young's modulus and the CF content was found as well as linear variation of maximum stress with the CF content was also observed. The adhesion of CF to the PUR‐matrix was strong in each case as concluded from the strain–stress and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations. However, the extent of reinforcement of PUR at a given CF content was found to depend greatly on the coatings of CF, and increased in the following order: epoxy resin < polyester resin < uncoated. The effect of the coating of CF on the reinforcement of PUR is also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 287–292, 2007
Kinetic and heat transfer modeling of rubber blends' sulfur vulcanization with N‐t‐butylbenzothiazole‐sulfenamide and N,N‐di‐t‐butylbenzothiazole‐sulfenamide
Authors: Likozar Blaž , Krajnc Matjaž 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVulcanization kinetics and heat transfer for various blends of natural (NR) and polybutadiene (BR) rubber were studied simultaneously using a mechanistic approach when developing vulcanization model kinetics. Rubber process analyzer (RPA), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods were used for the study. The model reaction scheme was based on one of the best possible proposed individual reaction mechanisms. Molecular modeling was applied to distinguish between the reactivity of chemically similar species. The kinetics of N‐t‐butylbenzothiazole‐sulfenamide (TBBS) and N,N‐di‐t‐butylbenzothiazole‐sulfenamide (TBSI) were treated separately using FTIR experiment data, and then incorporated in a model suitable for two‐accelerator vulcanization. The proposed model quite well describes the thermal equilibration during the induction period despite a few simplifications. During cure and over‐cure periods the course of vulcanization was described using a rigorous kinetic model. Physical and chemical model parameters were calculated from experimental data. Average heat transfer coefficient minimum during induction period was found to be at a weight ratio of BR and NR 1 : 1. The activation energy of significant reactions between rubber and other species was found to vary linearly with vulcanization compound composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 293–307, 2007
Cloisite clay‐infused phenolic foam nanocomposites
Authors: Rangari Vijaya K. , Hassan Tarig A. , Zhou Yuanxin , Mahfuz Hassan , Jeelani Shaik , Prorok Barton C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA sonochemical technique was developed to infuse Cloisite clay nanoparticles into phenolic foam materials. Phenolic resin solution (Part A) was mixed with clay particles, and irradiated using a high intensity ultrasonic liquid processor. In the next step, the modified phenolic resin solution containing clay particles was mixed with Part B (containing phenol sulfonic acid, catalyst) through a high‐speed mechanical stirrer. The reaction mixture was then cast into rectangular molds to make nanophased foam panels. Test coupons were cut precisely from the panels to carry out thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterizations. The as‐prepared foam samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The SEM studies have shown that the particles are well dispersed over the entire volume of the matrix with minimal agglomeration. The foam cells structures are well‐ordered and uniform in size and shape. The TGA and DSC analyses show that the nanophased foams are thermally more stable than the corresponding neat system. Quasistatic compression tests have been carried out for both nanophased and neat foams systems. The test results show that there is a significant increase (approximately in the range of 150–180%) in the compressive strength and modulus of the nanophased foams over the neat system. This improvement in compressive properties has been noted repeatedly for multiple batches and with a minimum of three specimens tested from each batch. Details of the synthesis, thermal and mechanical characterization are presented in this paper. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 308‐314, 2007
Feasibility of D‐glucuronate to enhance γ‐hydroxybutyric acid metabolism during γ‐hydroxybutyric acid toxicity: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies
Authors: Bhattacharya Indranil , Boje Kathleen M. K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstractγ‐Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug of abuse. Literature studies showed that D‐glucuronate acts as an oxidative stimulator of GHB metabolism following in vivo GHB tracer doses. The present proof‐of‐concept study investigates if D‐glucuronate enhances GHB metabolism and inhibits blood–brain barrier (BBB) carrier‐mediated transport of GHB for clinically relevant and toxicological concentrations of GHB. In a randomized cross‐over study with a 3 day washout period, rats were intravenously administered GHB (200, 400 or 800 mg/kg) with either saline or D‐glucuronate (830 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by a constant infusion of 1.39 g/kg‐h). Systemic and renal GHB pharmacokinetics, as well as onset, offset and duration of GHB sedative/hypnotic effects were measured following each GHB dose. In situ brain perfusion was used to determine if D‐glucuronate inhibited GHB BBB transport. D‐Glucuronate did not alter GHB sedative/hypnotic effects at all three GHB doses. A model independent approach revealed that GHB systemic (AUC, CLTotal, CLMetabolism, VSS, T1/2) and renal (CLRenal, fe) pharmacokinetic parameters were unaltered by D‐glucuronate administration. GHB influx clearance was unaltered by D‐glucuronate suggesting a lack of transport inhibition. These observations suggest that although previously shown to be promising at GHB tracer doses, D‐glucuronate lacks therapeutic benefit in the treatment of GHB toxicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct mechanisms underlie pattern formation in the skin and skin appendages
Authors: Widelitz Randall B. , Baker Ruth E. , Plikus Maksim , Lin Chih‐Min , Maini Philip K. , Paus Ralf , Chuong Cheng Ming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPatterns form with the break of homogeneity and lead to the emergence of new structure or arrangement. There are different physiological and pathological mechanisms that lead to the formation of patterns. Here, we first introduce the basics of pattern formation and their possible biological basis. We then discuss different categories of skin patterns and their potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Some patterns, such as the lines of Blaschko and Naevus, are based on cell lineage and genetic mosaicism. Other patterns, such as regionally specific skin appendages, can be set by distinct combinatorial molecular codes, which in turn may be set by morphogenetic gradients. There are also some patterns, such as the arrangement of hair follicles (hair whorls) and fingerprints, which involve genetics as well as stochastic epigenetic events based on physiochemical principles. Many appendage primordia are laid out in developmental waves. In the adult, some patterns, such as those involving cycling hair follicles, may appear as traveling waves in mice. Since skin appendages can renew themselves in regeneration, their size and shape can still change in the adult via regulation by hormones and the environment. Some lesion patterns are based on pathological changes involving the above processes and can be used as diagnostic criteria in medicine. Understanding the different mechanisms that lead to patterns in the skin will help us appreciate their full significance in morphogenesis and medical research. Much remains to be learned about complex pattern formation, if we are to bridge the gap between molecular biology and organism phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:280–291, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hedgehog signaling in skeletal development
Authors: Ehlen Harald W.A. , Buelens Laetitia A. , Vortkamp Andrea 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHedgehog signaling coordinates a variety of patterning processes during early embryonic development.Drosophilahedgehog and its vertebrate orthologs, Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, and Desert hedgehog, share a generally conserved signal transduction cascade. However, the particular mechanisms by which the lipid‐modified molecules specify embryonic tissues differ substantially. Vertebrate skeletal patterning is one of the most intensively studied biological processes. During skeletogenesis, Sonic and Indian hedgehog provide positional information and initiate or maintain cellular differentiation programs regulating the formation of cartilage and bone. They either signal directly to adjacent cells or form tightly regulated gradients that act over long distances to pattern the axial and appendicular skeleton and regulate crucial steps during endochondral ossification. As a consequence, malfunction of the hedgehog signaling network can cause severe skeletal disorders and tumors. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:267–279, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab initio Calculations of Raman, IR‐Active Vibrational Modes in Isotopically Modified B12 Icosahedral Clusters.
Authors: Nogi Naoyuki , Tanaka Satoru 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concerning the Different Roles of Cations in Metallic Zintl Phases: Ba7Ga4Sb9 as a Test Case
Authors: Alemany Pere , Llunell Miquel , Canadell Enric 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Lanthanoid(III) Chloride cyclo‐Tetrasilicates Ln6Cl10[Si4O12] (Ln: Sm, Gd—Dy): Synthesis, Structure and IR Investigations.
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Jagiella Stefan , Schleid Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Blue‐Emitting Phosphor LiSrPO4:Eu2+ for White LEDs.
Authors: Wu Z. C. , Shi J. X. , Wang J. , Gong M. L. , Su Q. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Structure of Rare‐Earth Dodecaborides
Authors: Siemensmeyer K. , Flachbart K. , Gabani S. , Mat'as S. , Paderno Y. , Shitsevalova N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The 500 °C Isothermal Section of the Gd—Tb—Co Ternary System
Authors: Zhou K. W. , Zhuang Y. H. , Li J. Q. , Zhu Q. M. , Deng J. Q. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Charge Distribution of Na7As11O31: An Oxygen‐Deficient Layered Sodium Arsenate.
Authors: Guesmi Abderrahmen , Nespolo Massimo , Driss Ahmed 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure, Physical Properties and HRTEM Investigation of the New Oxonitridosilicate EuSi2O2N2.
Authors: Stadler Florian , Oeckler Oliver , Hoeppe Henning A. , Moeller Manfred H. , Poettgen Rainer , Mosel Bernd D. , Schmidt Peter , Duppel Viola , Simon Arndt , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.