bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica gel: An ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Hills Harold H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChase, M. W. & Hills, H. H.: Silica gel: An ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies. ‐ Taxon 40: 215–220. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field‐collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica‐gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field‐collected leaves preserved with silica gel.
HERBRECS ‐ the Queensland Herbarium records system ‐ its development and use
Authors: Johnson R. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJohnson, R. W.: HERBRECS ‐ the Queensland Herbarium records system ‐ its development and use. ‐ Taxon 40: 285–300. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.HERBRECS is the herbarium records database of label information held in the Queensland Herbarium. It was initiated in 1971 using an automatic paper‐tape punching typewriter which enabled the generation of labels for new accessions to be combined with the storage of label information on an indexed sequential magnetic tape masterfile. Capture of data from the existing herbarium collections started in 1975. Sequential tape storage was replaced by a custom‐built database management system that became fully operational in 1981. Details of the development of the system are provided, and problems encountered are outlined. A wide range of users are requesting information from the database, particularly distributional information about taxa and floristic lists for given areas. Aside from taxonomic institutions most demand has come from conservation organisations and those involved in economic botany. The major challenge in the future will be to ensure that information associated with herbarium specimens, in particular the botanical name, remains identical to that stored on the computer masterfile while collections are being revised.
ON CHYTROEISPHAERIDIA HYALINA (RAYNAUD) LENTIN & WILLIAMS (PYRRHOPHYTA, DINOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Riding James B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChytroeisphaeridia grossa Smelror is a junior synonym of the characteristic early/mid Callovian (Middle Jurassic) dinoflagellate cyst Chytroeisphaeridia hyalina (Raynaud) Lentin and Williams; a full synonymy is presented.
Report on the status of proposals to conserve and/or reject names (nomina conservanda et rejicienda proposita) published by the end of 1992
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: Report on the status of proposals to conserve and/or reject names (nomina conservanda et rejicienda proposita) published by the end of 1992. — Taxon 42: 435–446. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.Accounts for all botanical names proposed for conservation/rejection that were not acted upon by the XIV International Botanical Congress in 1987 (Berlin), and those proposed by the end of 1992.
Morphology and chromosome number of Viola pilosa, and its systematic position
Authors: Okamoto Motoharu , Okada Hiroshi , Ueda Kunihiko 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOkamoto, M., Okada, H., Ueda, K.: Morphology and chromosome number of Viola pilosa, and its systematic position. – Taxon 42: 781‐787. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The chromosome number of Viola pilosa was counted as 2n = 20. This number as well as other characteristics such as acaulescent stoloniferous habit, adaptations to myrmecochorous dispersal and slightly uncinate styles suggest close similarity of V. pilosa and its relatives to V. ser. Viola. On the other hand, they contrast in chromosome number, fruit characters and style morphology with other species traditionally placed in V. ser. Serpentes (W. Becker) Steenis. We thus propose that V. pilosa, including the type of V. ser. Serpentes, and its relatives be transferred to V. ser. Viola. A new name is given to what is left of Becker's “Serpentes group”: V. ser. Australasiaticae Okamoto.
Nomenclature générique des trachéidoxyles fossiles mésozoïques à champs araucarioïdes
Authors: Philippe Marc 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhilippe, M.: Nomenclature générique des trachéidoxyles fossiles mésozoïques à champs araucarioïdes. ‐ Taxon 42: 74‐80. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Many studies on fossil woods did not respect the International code of botanical nomenclature. As a result their nomenclature is complex and fluctuating. During preparation of a thesis on Jurassic fossil woods from Franche‐Comté (northeastern France), problems have arisen with the nomenclature of gymnospermous woods with araucarioid cross‐field pitting. This work is a nomenclatural review of the twenty‐one generic names that have been used to designate mesozoic tracheidoxyls with araucarioid cross‐fields. Only eight are legitimate and can be justifiably used. As a taxonomic summary, a generic key is proposed.
Lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. (Ochnaceae)
Authors: Bittrich Volker , Amaral Maria do Carmo E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBittrich, V. & Amaral, M. C. E.: Lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. (Ochnaceae). – Taxon 43: 89‐93. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Kanis's earlier lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. is superseded and a new lectotype, Ochna jabotapita L. (1762, non 1753), is designated. As a consequence, Gomphia becomes a synonym of Ouratea Aubl., making one new combination necessary, Campylospermum senatum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M. C. E. Amaral.
Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiospermHydrostachys
Authors: Albach Dirk C. , Soltis Douglas E. , Chase Mark W. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlbach, D. C., Soltis, D. E., Chase, M. W. & Soltis, P. S.: Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiospermHydrostachys. ‐ Taxon 50: 781–805. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Hydrostachys, an enigmatic aquatic plant genus from Madagascar and southern to central Africa, has been suggested to be related toLamialesbased on embryology, whereasrbcLsequences have indicated a relationship withHydrangeaceae (Cornales). We investigated these hypotheses by combiningrbcLwithatpBandndhFsequences and increased taxon sampling inHydrangeaceaecompared to previous analyses. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution vary acrossndhFwith the 3′ portion giving a different result than the 5′ portion. The highly divergent sequences ofHydrostachysmake phylogenetic placement difficult, but maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of combined data sets agree in placingHydrostachyswithinHydrangeaceae, as do separate analyses ofrbcL, atpB, and the 5′ portion ofndhF. Few morphological and embryological characters support this relationship.
A quick method for making accurate botanical illustrations
Authors: Cook Christopher D. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCook, C. D. K.: A quick method for making accurate botanical illustrations. – Taxon 47: 371‐380.1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Not all botanists in need of illustrating their publications are gifted artists, and trained as such; nor can every botanist or publisher afford hiring professional help. To those who decide to produce their own drawings, this paper gives practical guidance of how to proceed, illustrated by examples of how palatable the results may look.
Botanical systematics 1950‐2000: change, progress, or both?
Authors: Stevens Peter F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStevens, P. F.: Botanical systematics, 1950–2000: change, progress, or both? – Taxon 49: 635–659. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Biosystematics, the study of variation patterns and evolution at the species level and below, flourished In the 1950s. Higher evolutionary level studies, however, were stalled because there was no convincing way of hypothesising relationships. Phenetic systematics developed in the late 1950s as a critique of both the goals and methods of evolutionary systematics, its own goals being those earlier stated by Gilmour (1940: 472, emphasis in original): “A natural classification is that grouping which endeavours to utiliseallthe attributes of the individuals under consideration, and hence is useful for a very wide range of purposes”. Phenetic computer‐assisted analyses of data became popular. Nevertheless, many systematists were specifically interested in phylogenies. By the late 1970s several methods that produced hypotheses of phylogeny were in use; they emphasised the possession of shared, derived characters. Since then variants of parsimony‐based Hennigan analyses have remained popular. With the influx of molecular data—a flood after 1990—and the development of methods that estimated aspects of support for branches of phylogenetic trees, a radical overhaul of higher‐level relationships got underway. Analyses of species‐level patterns of variation were less popular during much of this period, and the process of description of species has remained largely unchanged. However, computer‐based interactive keys and multi‐purpose descriptive databases may fundamentally affect this area of our business. During the last 50 years some kinds of systematic work have become highly cooperative and systematics as a whole is a much more unified discipline, even as some more traditional areas of botanical systematics seem largely static if not in regress.
Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) – a synopsis
Authors: Liede Sigrid 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLiede, S.: Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) – a synopsis. – Taxon 46: 233‐247. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The tribe Asclepiadeae is divided into six subtribes, each of which is succinctly characterized and defined in terms of included genera. The inclusion of the Gonolobeae in the Asclepiadeae is formalized and subtribal rank is attributed to the group. A synonymic synopsis of genera accounts for all validly published generic names.
The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Soejarto D. D. , Delprete P. , Regalado J. C. , Madulid D. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySoejarto, D. D., Delprete, P., Regalado, J. C. & Madulid, D. A.: The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae). – Taxon 45: 487‐492. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.As a corollary to the recollection of Badusa palawanensis in its locus classicus in southern Palawan (Philippines), typification and taxonomic status of B. philippica are discussed. What has been considered a doubtful species of questionable Philippine origin becomes a straightforward synonym of B. corymbifera originating (as does the latter) from Tonga.
Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Austin Daniel F. , Bianchini Rosangela Simão 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAustin, D. F. & Bianchini, R. S.: Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). – Taxon 47: 833‐838. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Information is presented updating an earlier paper on the subject in this journal, by Austin & Huáman. Notes on the nomenclature or taxonomy of Ipomoea demerariana, I. neurocephala, I. wrightii, and Convolvulus littoralis.
Potential plant distribution mapping based on climatic similarity
Authors: Skov Flemming 
Published: April 2006

SummarySkov, F.: Potential plant distribution mapping based on climatic similarity. ‐ Taxon 49: 503–515. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A GIS application of the program ArcView 3.1 is presented that creates potential plant distribution maps based on data from georeferenced specimen data bases. The application makes use of the relationship between species distribution and environmental parameters such as altitude, humidity, or temperature, to predict a taxon's potential distribution. The application contains tools for modification and further refinement of basic maps.
Types of names in Ampelocissus and Cissus (Vitaceae) referring to taxa in the Caribbean, Central and N. America
Authors: Lombardi Julio Antonio 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLombardi, J. A.: Types of names in Ampelocissus and Cissus (Vitaceae) referring to taxa in the Caribbean, Central and N. America. – Taxon 46: 423‐432.1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Types are cited for accepted names and synonyms published in Ampelocissus (4 species) and Cissus (20 species), and concerning Central American, N. American or Caribbean taxa. Several lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are newly designated. Three new combinations (for one species and two subspecies) are proposed.
Plant names for the 21st century: the International Plant Names Index, a distributed data source of general accessibility
Authors: Croft J. , Cross N. , Hinchcliffe S. , Lughadha E. Nic , Stevens P. F. , West J. G. , Whitbread G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCroft, J., Cross, N., Hinchcliffe, S., Nic Lughadha, E., Stevens, P. F., West, J. G. & Whitbread, G.: Plant names for the 21st century: the International Plant Names Index, a distributed data source of general accessibility. – Taxon 48: 317‐324. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The Plant Names Project is a collaborative venture between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. The Index kewensis, the Gray card index, and the Australian plant names index are being combined and the data edited to produce the International plant names index (IPNI). IPNI will consist of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for finding and checking basic bibliographic information about plant names; such names will be presented in a distributed data base, freely available and with the data standardised against authority data and ultimately verified. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, globally current, continually improving in accuracy, and allowing, indeed encouraging, direct contributions by all members of the botanical community.
The Index Nominum Algarum
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Moe Richard L. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySilva, P. C. & Moe, R. L.: The Index Nominum Algarum. – Taxon 48: 351‐353. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The Index Nominum Algarum (ING) is an ongoing project with the goal of producing and maintaining an index of scientific names of algae, both living and fossil, at all ranks. Initiated by Silva in 1949, it now comprises about 180,000 entries. Although it is currently in the form of a card file housed in the Herbarium of the University of California at Berkeley, it is being converted into a database that will be searchable on‐line. Meanwhile, the cards, only about 10% of which are backed by an electronic file, have been archived as digital images on compact discs. An important by‐product of the INA is the Bibliographia Phycologica Universalis (BPU), which now comprises about 65,000 references. Both the INA and the BPU have been made available to the taxonomic community continuously since their inception.
AsterophoraDitmar ex Link 1809 versusNyctalisFries 1825, and the status ofUgolaAdanson 1763
Authors: Redhead Scott A. , Seifert Keith A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRedhead, S. A. & Seifert, K. A.:AsterophoraDitmar ex Link 1809 versusNyctalisFries 1825, and the status ofUgolaAdanson 1763. – Taxon 50: 243–268. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The use of two generic names,AsterophoraandNyctalis,for the same fungi (holomorphs) has been contradictory, and nomenclatural application remains unresolved after 175 years. Controversy first arose from a lack of understanding of the biology of these pleomorphic fungi, but debate now rests upon the interpretation of the type ofAsterophora,either as an anamorph or a teleomorph, as influenced by modifications to Article 59 of theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclatureover several decades. The historical record is reviewed andAsterophorais accepted as the holomorphic generic name for three species,A. lycoperdoides, A. parasitica,andA. mirabilis. Asterophora lycoperdoides(Bull.) Ditmar is proposed separately for conservation over a sanctioned name,Asterophora agaricoidesFr.: Fr. previously largely ignored.Ugolais the oldest generic name applicable to the anamorphs. The following new combinations are proposed:Ugola physaroides(≡Asterophora physaroides),U. baryana(≡Hypomyces baryanus), andAsterophora mirabilis(≡Nyctalis mirabilis).
A synopsis of Silene subgenus Petrocoptis (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Mayol Maria , Rosselló Josep A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMayol, M. & Rosselló, J. A.: A synopsis of Silene subgenus Petrocoptis (Caryophyllaceae). – Taxon 48: 471‐482. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Petrocoptis, a small genus of chasmophytic plants endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, is included as a subgenus within a widely defined Silene. Thus, in Europe, Silene comprises subg. Silene itself, subg. Lychnis, subg. Viscaria, subg. Conoimorpha, and subg. Petrocoptis. It is anticipated that, based on nuclear rDNA sequences, S. subg. Petrocoptis will be found to be monophyletic. The bearded hilum is the only morphological synapomorphy supporting S. subg. Petrocoptis. Four species (seven taxa) are recognised within S. subg. Petrocoptis: S. glaucifolia subsp. glaucifolia and subsp. pseudoviscosa, S. laxipruinosa, S. montserratii subsp. montserratii and subsp. crassifolia, S. pardoi subsp. pardoi and subsp. guarensis. Morphological features of diagnostic value are discussed. A key and maps of the recognised taxa are provided.
Allozyme studies inLemnaceae: variation and relationships inLemnasectionsAlataeandBiformes
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. , Landolt Elias , Les Donald H. , Kimball Rebecca T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCrawford, D. J., Landolt, E., Les, D. H. & Kimball, R. T.: Allozyme studies inLemnaceae: variation and relationships inLemnasectionsAlataeandBiformes.– Taxon 50: 987–999. 2001.–ISSN 0040–0262.Allozyme variation was examined within and among three species ofLemna(Lemnaceae) that have been viewed as closely related based on morphological and DNA sequence data. These includeL. aequinoctialis, L. perpusilla, andL. tenera, with the former two species the only members of sect.Alataeand the latter the sole species of sect.Biformes. Lemna aequinoctialisis widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions whereas the other two species have much narrower distributions. Sampling from one population ofL. aequinoctialisrevealed several multilocus genotypes but a deficiency of heterozygotes, which agrees with observations that the species can self‐fertilise and produce seed in addition to reproducing clonally. Two series of localized populations revealed several multilocus genotypes in each group, but no heterozygotes were detected at any of the variable loci. Twenty single clones from much of the geographic range ofL. aequinoctialiscontain the same alleles detected in the local populations; no pattern of large‐scale geographic variation was detected. Allozyme data support the recognition ofL. perpusillaas distinct fromL. aequinoctialis, but the two species share much higher identities at allozyme loci than either does with any other species ofLemna, thus agreeing with morphological and plastid DNA sequence data indicating that the two are closely related yet distinct species.Lemna tenerashares very low allozyme identities withL. aequinoctialisandL. perpusilla.Neither allozymes nor plastid sequences support the hypothesis thatL. perpusillais a hybrid betweenL. aequinoctialisandL. turionifera.Molecular data indicate that the three species form a strongly supported monophyletic group, with the common ancestor ofLemna teneraandL. aequinoctialis‐L. perpusillahaving diverged first, much later divergence occurring between the common ancestor ofL. aequinoctialisandL. perpusilla.
Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian‐Mediterranean disjunction
Authors: Sun Hang , McLewin Will , Fay Michael F. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySun, H., McLewin, W. & Fay, M. F.: Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian‐Mediterranean disjunction. ‐ Taxon 50: 1001–1018 2001.‐ISSN 0040–0262.Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hellebons (Ranunculaceae) were evaluated with analyses of plastid trnL‐F and partial matK and nuclear ITS DNA sequences for all 16 currently recognised species in addition to several subspecies and geographical variants. The molecular study provides strong support for the monophyly of Helleborus. However, both traditional divisions of the genus, into two groups (Caulescentes and Scapigeri) or two subgenera (Helleborastrum and Helleborus), are refuted. All six currently recognised sections (Dicarpon, Chenopus, Griphopus, Helleborus, Helleborastrum, and Syncarpus) are monophyletic, four by default because they are monospecific. Section Dicarpon (H. thibetanus) is strongly supported as sister group to section Helleborastrum and could therefore be sunk into that section. Relationships between this pair of sections and the other sections are, however, not clear. At the specific level, all species which are clearly distinct morphologically are also distinct in terms of molecular divergence, but relationships between the poorly differentiated species in section Helleborastrum are not resolved with any degree of support. Using a molecular clock based on matK sequence divergence, the disjunction of H. thibetanus and section Helleborastrum between East Asia and the Mediterranean is tentatively dated at approximately 23 million years (middle Miocene), which corresponds well with the geological history of the area where H. thibetanus occurs.
Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): trying to classify the unclassifiable?
Authors: Carine Mark A. , Scotland Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStrobilanthinae comprise approximately 350 species from south and southeast Asia and Melanesia. Three main classifications of Strobilanthinae have been advocated, differing markedly in the number of groups recognised, their circumscription, and the rank assigned to them. But there remains no consensus concerning the best approach to the classification of the group. To investigate this issue, a morphological cladistic analysis of the southern Indian and Sri Lankan Strobilanthinae, comprising 66 species, is described. The results of the analysis demonstrate significant limitations of all three historical approaches to the classification of the group and, furthermore, suggest that any attempt to provide an informative formal classification of Strobilanthinae will be problematic. The only satisfactory approach consistent with these results is to place all previously recognised taxa in synonymy of an expandedStrobilanthesand to recognise informally those infrageneric monophyletic groups that can be clearly diagnosed.
Implementation of the Prometheus Taxonomic Model: a comparison of database models and query languages and an introduction to the Prometheus Object­Oriented Model
Authors: Raguenaud Cédric , Pullan Martin R. , Watson Mark F. , Kennedy Jessie B. , Newman Mark F. , Barclay Peter J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTypes of databases commonly used for handling taxonomic data are compared. It is shown that none of the existing types of databases fully support the requirements of taxonomic data. The results of this comparison provide a rationale for the design and implementation of a new database system based on an Extended Object­Oriented model. The new model, thePrometheus Object­Oriented Model (POOM)and its query languagePrometheus Object­Oriented Language (POOL), are discussed in relation to the requirements of taxonomic data and thePrometheus Taxonomic Data Model. POOMprovides the ability to represent the semantics of relationships between data. This allows us to build the type of graph structures that are found in taxonomic hierarchies. In addition, the system can query and manipulate these graphs (POOL). These features have been used to improve the originalPrometheus Taxonomic Data Model. These improvements and the advantages they offer are described and discussed.