bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cultural appraisal of efforts to alleviate information inequity
Authors: Cochrane Glynn , Atherton Pauline 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article suggests that action to alleviate information inequity should be guided by the principles of contextualism, incrementalism, motivation of information users, and more knowledge of the absorptive process that is unique to each cultural group. To do this, information services should recognize cultural pluralism and the need to eliminate information poverty as viewed by the members of the groups being served. For some it may mean provision of information services to help in their assimilation into the mainstream, while for others it may mean provision of information services for greater cultural cohesion. Instead of the term “minority” or “disadvantaged,” the idea of a “cultural community” is advanced as the proper unit of analysis to identify significant numbers of potential users who may have distinct values, beliefs, and attitudes toward external information services. To grasp effectively the behavioral and cultural dimensions of information inequity, a national inventory of “cultural communities” is suggested using social mapping. This technique would include: a delineation of cultural groups, a description of the indigenous social/information organization, a plotted pattern of the movement of information within the group, the information values of the group, and an analytical description of the information poor within each group. These groups can then be visualized as a series of different information constituencies, with different information needs and different capacities for absorbing information.
The evolution of the international information system on research in documentation (ISORID)
Authors: Hales Celia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA reading of the available documents on the International Information System on Research in Documentation (ISORID), a joint UNESCO‐FID operation, reveals that the system has met as yet unresolved stresses that hinder the effective contribution to the world community that this system was envisioned to make. The apparent importance of ISORID to support other endeavors of UNESCO, particularly UNISIST, suggests one internally satisfied need that justifies existence to a degree. A quantitative comparision with the U.S.‐based Library and Information Services Today (LIST) is not kind to ISORID and reflects the degree of difficulty that ISORID has with its essentially cooperative basis for gathering data. The theoretical basis for an international register appears sound, but practicalities are hindering its effectiveness to the fields of documentation, information science, and librarianship.
Feature comparison of an in‐house information retrieval system with a commercial search service
Authors: Boyle Stephen O. , Miller A. Patricia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA commercially available online search service was used as a standard for comparative searching and evaluation of an in‐house information system based on automatic indexing. System features were identified and evaluated on the basis of their usefulness in various kinds of searching, their ease in implementation, and how they are influenced by differences in user type or specific applications. Some common features of the commercial system, such as online instruction, user‐specified print formats, dictionary display, and truncation, are seen to be unnecessary or impractical for the in‐house system. In designing the in‐house system, therefore, detailed consideration must be given to the applications, operating environment, and real user needs. While a commercial system can serve as a useful standard for comparative evaluation, one must be careful not to attempt to duplicate it blindly in‐house.
Toward usable user studies
Authors: Mick Colin K. , Lindsey Georg N. , Callahan Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA management‐oriented model for describing and studying information behavior is proposed. The model focuses on variables which can be manipulated by managers—primarily environmental and situational variables—rather than on variables describing individual attributes. Several hypotheses derived from the model are tested using a database describing the information‐related attitudes and behaviors of some 560 scientists and engineers working in a variety of settings and roles. All but one of the hypotheses were confirmed, adding support to the model. The results of these tests suggest that environmental and situational constraints play a major part in determining information behavior. They suggest that interventions aimed at improving information flow within organizations must be carefully tailored to the specific situation if they are to have maximum impact.
Serial acquisition as a capital budgeting problem
Authors: Hentschke Guilbert C. , Kehoe Ellen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examines the costs and benefits of purchasing periodicals on a one‐year versus a three‐year subscription basis. The decision problem is viewed as a capital budgeting problem where the objective is cost minimization over a six‐year time span. The variables considered critical to the decision include cost of capital, subscription reorder cost facing the library, annual rate of change of subscription rates, and ratio of three‐year to one‐year subscription costs. The model was developed and applied with the assistance of library managers at the University of Rochester. Results of the study indicate that, even under those conditions most favorable to maintaining a one‐year subscription policy, substantial savings can accrue by shifting to a three‐year subscription policy. The Serials and Binding Department at the University has, as a consequence, shifted to a three‐year purchasing policy for periodicals. Although the model was developed for a specific library system, it is sufficiently general and is simple enough to be applied in other settings without difficulty.
Applying game theory to library networks
Authors: Cohen Jacob , Vijverberg Wim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe application of game theory to library networks consists of four basic subjects: the development of a systematic way to study individual coalitions, the calculation of the costs of a network, the calculation of the gross benefits for the whole network, the stability of the network. This article concentrates on the first and last of these subjects. Coalitions are compared in a systematic way by first defining coalitions and introducing the concept of a division. The latter is defined as a unique combination of coalitions such that every participating library is a member of one and only one coalition and the division exhausts all “n” libraries. The definition of division stability depends on the payoff vector being in the “core.” This happens when members of the coalitions in the division have more to distribute among themselves than they would in any other division. When a division is stable, any variation in the coalition structure will reduce total net benefits to coalition members. In practice, the choices open to the individual library may not be as plentiful as the theoretical analysis suggests. Thinking of networks performing a single function, most members will belong to a single coalition with remaining coalitions in the optimal division having zero members.
The use of titles for automatic document classification
Authors: Hamill Karen A. , Zamora Antonio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experimental computer program has been developed to classify documents according to the 80 sections and five major section groupings of Chemical Abstracts (CA). The program uses pattern recognition techniques supplemented by heuristics. During the “training” phase, words from pre‐classified documents are selected, and the probability of occurrence of each word in each section of CA is computed and stored in a reference dictionary. The “classification” phase matches each word of a document title against the dictionary and assigns a section number to the document using weights derived from the probabilities in the dictionary. Heuristic techniques are used to normalize word variants such as plurals, past tenses, and gerunds in both the training phase and the classification phase. The dictionary lookup technique is supplemented by the analysis of chemical nomenclature terms into their component word roots to influence the section to which the documents are assigned. Program performance and human consistency have been evaluated by comparing the program results against the published sections of CA and by conducting an experiment with people experienced in the assignment of documents to CA sections. The program assigned approximately 78% of the documents to the correct major section groupings of CA and 67% of the correct sections or cross‐references at a rate of 100 documents per second.
Cooperation and competition among library networks
Authors: Robinson Barbara M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent technological advances and the success of OCLC, Inc. has led to the emergence of three additional nonprofit library networks: the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) of the Research Libraries Group, Inc., the University of Toronto Library Automation System (UTLAS), and the Washington Library Network (WLN). This paper examines the economic and technological factors affecting the evolution of these networks and also explores the role of those state and regional (multistate) networks that broker OCLC services. The competitive and cooperative nature of network relationships is a major theme of the discussion.
The relational model in information retrieval
Authors: Crawford Robert G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relational model has received increasing attention during the past decade. Its advantages include simplicity, consistency, and a sound theoretical basis. In this article, the naturalness of viewing information retrieval relationally is demonstrated. The relational model is presented, and the relational organization of a bibliographical database is shown. The notion of normalization is introduced and first, second, third, and fourth normal forms are demonstrated. Relational languages are discussed, including the relational calculus, relational algebra, and SEQUEL. Numerous examples pertinent to information retrieval are presented in these relational languages. Advantages of the relational approach to information retrieval are noted.
Comparison of recent acquisitions and OCLC find rates for three canadian special libraries
Authors: Dingle‐Cliff Susan , Davis Charles H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcquisitions of three Canadian addictions libraries from April 1977 to February 1978 were searched on the OCLC database. Of the 601 titles, 422 were found, giving an average find rate of 70.2%. Find rates for the individual libraries ranged from 67 to 74%. These find rates compare favorably with those reported for U.S. special libraries. Three distinct patterns are revealed for the subject breakdowns of each library's acquisition. The two smaller libraries‐in British Columbia and Alberta‐emphasize either alcohol or drugs with nearly equal emphasis on secondary social science, health, and science materials. The largest library‐in Ontario‐shows a balance among alcohol, drugs, and secondary materials. When each library was compared with the others, the chi‐square test for independence showed a difference at the 0.01 significance level. Seventy‐six percent of the items searched were U.S. materials; 19.5% of all items were Canadian titles and constituted 80% of all non‐U.S. materials. Nearly 10% of all items found were Canadian titles. The find rate for Canadian materials in OCLC is substantially lower than that for others. However, with nearly four‐fifths of their acquisitions from non‐Canadian sources, these three Canadian libraries could clearly benefit from using OCLC for verification and cataloging.
Computer technology: State of the art
Authors: Withington Frederic G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes the nature of modern general‐purpose computer systems. First it describes their hardware. The state of the semiconductor electronics art is discussed, with emphasis on the trend to microprocessors and large‐scale memory chips. Then the various computer architectures in use are presented, showing the influence of electronic component evolution on the trend from processor‐centered designs through storage‐centered and multiprocessor designs to bus‐oriented ones. After a brief discussion of input‐output technology the article turns to system control programs, in many ways the most important aspect of computer systems as perceived by the user. Brief definitions and functional descriptions are provided of operating systems, program writing aids, database management systems, communications control programs, and utility programs.
Technology and communication in the future
Authors: Kochen Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new technology is emerging from the convergence of computers and communications. It has probable and important uses in the home, office, factory, community, school, and library. It may amplify cognition, regulate affect, and improve communication and control in social interactions. This would help people to meet better such basic needs as survival, security, and sense of belonging. The likely long‐term change in the structure of existing service institutions is further decentralization, up to a degree. New service units are likely to emerge. Overriding all other considerations is the need for persons, rather than the momentum of technological change, to shape the use of technology now with primacy given to the human aspects of home and office systems of the future.
Adjusted age distribution and its application to impact factor and immediacy index
Authors: Asai Isao 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor the age count between citing and cited papers, the difference in the year of publication is widely used. In some cases, the frequency obtained is inaccurate because of age bias. This article describes a probabilistic method for adjusting the raw frequency, and its application to the impact factor and immediacy index in journal evaluation. The main procedure is that 1/8 of the raw frequency at any given age is assigned to the previous age and to the following age, respectively. Adjusting the frequency over all ages of use, the curve representing the age distribution becomes smoother.
An analysis of the differences between density‐of‐use ranking and raw‐use ranking of library journal use
Authors: Mankin Carole J. , Bastille Jacqueline D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReports of journal titles ranked by use with space and cost information included for each title can provide a means for making certain objective journal collection development decisions. Each title can be assessed in relation to the others and the data for all titles can be cumulated so that decisions can be made at various cutoff points. Simple ranking of titles by raw use (RUR) may be inadequate and should be adjusted by some measure to allow for how much of the title is available to the user at the time of the collection of the use data. If the raw‐use frequency of a title is divided by the actual linear shelf space of the title's file, a “density‐of‐use” frequency is obtained. If these frequencies are then ranked, a “density‐of‐use rank” (DUR) is formed. Some differences between RUR and DUR have been analyzed. Some evaluation of the quality of the differences has been made. There were significant changes in title ranking above random chance when an RUR was adjusted to become a DUR. At 80% of the total use of the entire collection, the number of titles in the DUR increased almost twofold over those in the RUR. Furthermore, less linear shelf space was used and the cost increase was not great. The number of potential unsatisfied title uses at two different cutoff levels in the rankings was less in the DUR.
Macro‐ and microthesauri: Changes occurring in MeSH‐derived thesauri and a solution to some related search handicaps
Authors: Kirtland Monika 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article explores changes that can occur during the creation of a derivative thesaurus. A term translation dictionary is proposed to aid MeSH‐trained and other searchers who would be using the Cancer Information Thesaurus.
Machine‐readable output from online searches
Authors: Hawkins Donald T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMachine‐readable output (MRO) from online searches is useful in the compilation of large bibliographies. Arrangements were made with a major online retrieval vendor to obtain (for a fee) output in the form of magnetic tape, rather than conventional offline prints on paper. A program was written to transform and process the data; part of this program is similar to a computer compiler. A method of checking for duplicate items was developed. MRO is cost‐effective and eliminates the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive data entry process. It is a natural extension of the powers of online retrieval systems.
Determination of the conservation time of periodicals for optimal shelf maintenance of a library
Authors: Miyamoto Sadaaki , Nakayama Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method based on a constrained optimization technique is presented to determine the time of removal of scientific periodicals from the shelf of a library. The problem is that of minimizing shelf maintenance cost on the condition that the loss of the information is less than some specified rate. The solution obtained indicates that all the utilities of the periodicals should be equal at the removal time. A geometrical interpretation of the theoretical result is given. Moreover this method is shown to be a generalization of the contour cut solution considered by Brookes. A numerical example is given to show how this technique is applicable to real bibliographical data.
A comparison of two systems of weighted boolean retrieval
Authors: Bookstein A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA major deficiency of traditional Boolean systems is their inability to represent the varying degrees to which a document may be written on a subject. In this article we isolate a number of criteria that should be met by any Boolean system generalized to have a weighting capability. It is proven that only one weighting rule satisfies these conditions—that associated with fuzzy‐set theory—and that this weighting scheme satisfies most of the other properties associated with Boolean algebra as well. Probabilistic weighting is then introduced as an alternative approach and the two systems compared. In the limit of zero/one weights, all systems considered converge to traditional Boolean retrieval.
A translating computer interface for end‐user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. I. Design
Authors: Marcus Richard S. , Reintjes J. Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOnline retrieval systems may be difficult to use, especially by end users, because of heterogeneity and complexity. Investigations have concerned the concept of a translating computer interface as a means to simplify access to, and operation of, heterogeneous bibliographic retrieval systems and databases. The interface allows users to make requests in a common language. These requests are translated by the interface into the appropriate commands for whatever system is being interrogated. System responses may also be transformed by the interface into a common form before being given to the users. Thus, the network of different systems is made to look like a single “virtual” system to the user. The interface also provides instruction and other search aids for the user. The philosophy, design, and implementation of an experimental interface named CONIT are described.
A translating computer interface for end‐user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. II. Evaluations
Authors: Marcus Richard S. , Reintjes J. Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe evaluation of the concept of a translating computer interface for simplifying operation of multiple, heterogeneous online bibliographic retrieval systems has been undertaken. An experimental retrieval system, named CONIT, was built and tested under controlled conditions with inexperienced end users. A detailed analysis of the experimental usages showed that users were able to master interface operation sufficiently well to find relevant document references. Success was attributed, in part, to a simple command language, adequate online instruction, and a simplified natural‐language, keyword/stem approach to searching. It is concluded that operational interfaces of the type studied can provide for increased usability of existing systems in a cost effective manner, especially for inexperienced end users who cannot easily avail themselves of expert intermediary searchers. Furthermore, more advanced interfaces based on improved instruction and automated search strategy techniques could further enhance retrieval effectiveness for a wide class of users.
A state transition analysis of online information‐seeking behavior
Authors: Chapman Janet L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStatistical analyses of online searching patterns compared the usage of a query language by various groups of searchers. Data were gathered by an experimental project, Individualized Instruction for Data Access (IIDA), concerned with developing and testing a system which serves as a teacher and assistant to users of Lockheed's DIALOG system. Sequential listings of user commands were classified by corresponding state codes to represent phases of searching. Zero‐ through fourth‐order Markovian analyses of individual commands and strings of like commands were performed to compare searching procedures used by three classes of users. Class 1 compared novices differing in their use of IIDA as an adjunct trainer; Class 2 compared inexperienced, IIDA‐trained searchers with professional searchers; Class 3 compared inexperienced searchers taught by either IIDA or professional searchers. Analysis revealed that searchers tend to follow the advice of their trainer, whether it be human or computer. The use of IIDA as the sole training method appears to produce searchers who use similar patterns of searching. The use of another training method in addition to or instead of IIDA appears to produce searchers with varied and individual “styles” of online searching.
Information‐processing models of cognition
Authors: Simon Herbert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent progress in modeling human cognitive processes. Particular attention is paid to the use of computer programming languages as a formalism for modeling, and to computer simulation of the behavior of the systems modeled. Theories of human cognitive processes can be attempted at several levels: at the level of neural processes, at the level of elementary information processes (e.g., retrieval from memory, scanning down lists in memory, comparing simple symbols, etc.), or at the level of higher mental processes (e.g., problem solving, concept attainment). This article will not deal at all with neural models; it focuses mainly upon higher mental processes, but not without some attention to modeling the elementary processes and especially to the relationships between elementary and complex processes.