bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two approaches to metaphysical explanation
Authors: Rubenstein Ezra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractExplanatory metaphysics aspires to explain the less fundamental in terms of the more fundamental. But we should recognize two importantly different approaches to this task. According to the generation approach, more basic features of reality generate (or give rise to) less basic features. According to the reduction approach, less perspicuous ways of representing reality reduce to (or collapse into) more perspicuous ways of representing reality. The main goals of this paper are to present the core differences between the two approaches (§2), to demonstrate the distinction's significance (§3), to provide some resources for adjudicating between the approaches (§4), and to argue that the project of explanatory metaphysics needs both (§5).
People and places
Authors: Horden John , López de Sa Dan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSeveral authors have argued that socially significant places such as countries, cities and establishments are immaterial objects, despite their being spatially located. In contrast, we aim to defend a reductive materialist view of such entities, which identifies them with their physical territories or premises. Accordingly, these are all material objects; typically, aggregates of land and infrastructure. Admittedly, our terms for these entities may also sometimes be used to denote their associated groups of people. But as long as countries, cities and establishments are understood as places, we submit, they are all material objects: the physical territories or premises of their associated groups.
Mycorrhizal type and tree diversity affect foliar elemental pools and stoichiometry
Authors: Bönisch Elisabeth , Blagodatskaya Evgenia , Dirzo Rodolfo , Ferlian Olga , Fichtner Andreas , Huang Yuanyuan , Leonard Samuel J. , Maestre Fernando T. , von Oheimb Goddert , Ray Tama , Eisenhauer Nico 
Published: April 2024

Summary

Species‐specific differences in nutrient acquisition strategies allow for complementary use of resources among plants in mixtures, which may be further shaped by mycorrhizal associations. However, empirical evidence of this potential role of mycorrhizae is scarce, particularly for tree communities.

We investigated the impact of tree species richness and mycorrhizal types, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM), on above‐ and belowground carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) dynamics.

Soil and soil microbial biomass elemental dynamics showed weak responses to tree species richness and none to mycorrhizal type. However, foliar elemental concentrations, stoichiometry, and pools were significantly affected by both treatments. Tree species richness increased foliar C and P pools but not N pools. Additive partitioning analyses showed that net biodiversity effects of foliar C, N, P pools in EM tree communities were driven by selection effects, but in mixtures of both mycorrhizal types by complementarity effects. Furthermore, increased tree species richness reduced soil nitrate availability, over 2 yr.

Our results indicate that positive effects of tree diversity on aboveground nutrient storage are mediated by complementary mycorrhizal strategies and highlight the importance of using mixtures composed of tree species with different types of mycorrhizae to achieve more multifunctional afforestation.
Camilla's traces: Movement as an analytical key to literary history
Authors: von Contzen Eva , Kukkonen Karin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this article, we develop a framework for the analysis of ‘movement’ in literary texts. We focus on characters, translation and transmission, thereby going beyond, on the one hand, a stylistic analysis of individual passages, and, on the other hand, the linear enchainment of scenes and summaries underlying much of the narratological discussions around movement, speed and pace. We will develop this framework through a discussion of the character Camilla in Vergil's Aeneid: Book XI, Gavin Douglas's Eneados (1513) and John Dryden's Aeneis (1698). Both the version stylistically close to Vergil (Dryden) and the one that is stylistically looser (Douglas) allow for a discussion of movement that takes the principle beyond a primary concern with style. In a final step, we move to the contemporary example of Ursula Le Guin's Lavinia (2008) in order to investigate how ‘movement’ translates from the epic to the novel. Movement, as we shall show, can be analysed as movement of plot, movement of thought, and movement of figure in narrative. The framework that we propose allows for the principled discussion of transgeneric transfer of narratives, here between epic and novel, as well as the comparison of texts from different moments of literary history between the Middle Ages, the Early Modern period and the present day.
“An enormous sadness touched with rue”: The pathos of oneness in Cormac McCarthy's Suttree
Authors: Hillier Russell M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn Cormac McCarthy's Suttree, the novel's titular protagonist Cornelius Suttree resists his father's self‐righteous conviction in the Nietzschean “pathos of distance” by living among Knoxville's helpless and destitute and testing the theory that “there is nothing occurring in the streets.” Among the city's underclass, Suttree finds a commonality in human suffering and comes to the profound realization that “all souls are one and all souls lonely.” The essay demonstrates how Suttree's personal experience of dearth and deprivation and the sense of fellow feeling, pity, and outrage elicited from his perception of and concern for the frequently unjust suffering of others are instances of pathos that persuade him to reject his father's aristocratic and elitist “pathos of distance” in favor of the egalitarian and democratic “pathos of oneness.”
The outlook of global power from an energy policy perspective
Authors: Hajimineh Rahmat , Rastegarnia Gelare 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPower is one of the key concepts for understanding world politics and great power's competition in international relations. In this regard, the main question of this paper is what will be the outlook of global power from an energy perspective in the 21st century? Based on the qualitative method and the comparative approach, the hypothesis of the paper is that the hegemonic power's ability to control and secure energy as a strategic commodity will be one of the main components of global power in the future. Considering the changes that have taken place in the 21st century, especially their impact on energy policy, the aim of the article is to examine the perspective of global power. Research findings show that in competition for achieving superiority in world politics, the European Union's dependence on energy constantly makes its position in the global arena more vulnerable. Russia, following the war in Ukraine and the use of energy as a political tool, faces a structural limitation of power in the short term. Moreover, China's position as the largest energy consumer in the hegemonic competition is affected by its energy security concerns. Also, the United States, as a producer and exporter of energy, will try to stabilise its hegemonic position in the competition with competing players, including China and Russia, by shaping new energy geopolitics and controlling the global energy markets.
Temporary pacing through umbilical venous route for neonatal heart failure due to complete atrioventricular block
Authors: Anand Abhinav B. , Kulkarni Ankita A. , Jaju Gaurav D. , Sabnis Girish R. , Mahajan Ajay U. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe present a case of a neonate who presented with worsening heart failure due to congenital complete atrioventricular (AV) block, secondary to maternal anti Ro/SSA and anti‐LA/SSB antibodies. The patient was implanted a temporary pacemaker in view of hemodynamic deterioration and subsequently was weaned off ionotropic support and referred for permanent epicardial pacemaker implantation. We report temporary pacemaker implantation in a neonate with hemodynamic instability as a stabilizing measure and discuss technical challenges for the same.
Improving chilling tolerance of peanut seedlings by enhancing antioxidant‐modulated ROS scavenging ability, alleviating photosynthetic inhibition, and mobilizing nutrient absorption
Authors: Dong J. , Zhang H. , Ai X. , Dong Q. , Shi X. , Zhao X. , Zhong C. , Yu H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Peanut production is threatened by climate change. Damage to seedlings from low temperatures in early spring can limit yield. Plant adaptations to chilling stress remain unclear in peanut seedlings. It is essential to understand how peanut acquires chilling tolerance.

We evaluated effects of chilling stress on growth and recovery of peanut seedlings. We compared and analysed biological characteristics, antioxidants, photosynthesis, biochemical and physiological responses, and nutrient absorption at varying levels of chilling.

Compared with chilling‐sensitive FH18, the reduced impact of chilling stress on chilling‐tolerant NH5 was associated with reduced ROS accumulation, higher ascorbate peroxidase activity and soluble sugar content, lower soluble protein content, and smaller reductions in nutrient content during stress. After removal of chilling stress, FH18 had significant accumulation of O2•− and H2O2, which decreased photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and transport. ROS‐scavenging reduced damage from chilling stress, allowed remobilization of nutrients, improved chilling tolerance, and restored plant functioning after chilling stress removal.

These findings provide a reference for targeted research on peanut seedling tolerance to chilling and lay the foundation for bioinformatics‐based research on peanut chilling tolerance mechanisms.
The interactive effects of policies: Insights for policy feedback theory from a qualitative study on homelessness
Authors: Kopec Anna 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe policy feedback literature has long argued that policies influence politics. Several scholars have examined the interpretive and resource effects of policies on political participation. However, how different policy design characteristics – say their generosity and their delivery – interact to influence political engagement requires further attention. This article demonstrates that policy characteristics within and between policies interact and can have counteracting or complementary effects on engagement. Through a comparative study of homelessness in Melbourne, Australia and Toronto, Canada, and drawing on over 100 interviews with individuals experiencing homelessness, service providers, and policymakers, this article demonstrates the complex effects of policies. Qualitative interview data reveal that different characteristics of policy interact to influence the venue and form of participation, as well as the experiences associated. Anatomizing policies provides nuance to our understanding of effects and interactions with important contributions and areas of future research for policy feedback theory.
Unraveling how intermediary‐beneficiary interaction shapes policy implementation
Authors: Michel Cynthia L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAs a result of policy growth, implementing agencies often face new mandates without the necessary capacity expansion to comply with, thus resorting to intermediaries. However, intermediaries are not innocuous to the implementation process, especially when they are expected to play the double role of target and intermediary, responsible for translating/interpreting regulation for beneficiaries. How does the interaction between beneficiaries and intermediaries‐target shape policy implementation? I argue that such interaction is not only determined by the role the intermediary adopts, and their relation with the beneficiary, but also by the motivations beneficiaries have for engaging in the regulatory process, and their capacity to do so. I develop a theoretical framework for understanding their interaction and apply it to a new regulatory policy in Mexico to provide social security for paid domestic workers. I explore the mechanisms by which the interaction between intermediaries and beneficiaries affects the outcome of the regulatory process.
Traditional healers' perception on scabies causation and management in Ghana
Authors: Tehrani Jian M. , Vos Ingmar A. , Kisabacak Robin , Topper Marten K. , Steinhorst Jonathan , Phillips Richard Odame , Abass Kabiru Mohammed , Osei‐Mireku Samuel , Anokye Charles Owusu , Adu Poku Joseph K. , Stienstra Ymkje , Amoako Yaw Ampem 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntroductionScabies is an underdiagnosed skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The infection causes severe itching and a skin rash but can be effectively treated using topical or systemic drugs. Scabies outbreaks are commonly reported in resource‐poor countries, including Ghana. Traditional healers play an important role in primary care in rural areas. The role of these traditional healers in the management of scabies has so far not been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the perceptions of traditional healers regarding the causation and management of scabies.MethodsA phenomenological qualitative approach was employed. Traditional healers in the Asante Akim North and Central districts in Ghana were approached with an interview request. Using a semi‐structured interview protocol, 15 traditional healers were interviewed. The results were coded and analysed, after which seven themes were extrapolated.ResultsScabies infections were frequently reported by traditional healers. Itching and skin rash were unanimously regarded as the major symptoms of scabies. The majority acknowledged the infectious nature of scabies, but no participant reported the causative organism. A dichotomous disease classification was noted, consisting of ‘natural’ and ‘spiritual’ variants each with a unique disease profile and management requirements, as reported by the traditional healers. All but two traditional healers reported to treat scabies using almost exclusively herbs and spiritual rituals.ConclusionThe majority of traditional healers were open to collaboration with allopathic healthcare providers. Collaboration could broaden the primary care network in rural areas, but mistrust and lack of transparency form potential barriers to collaboration. We, therefore, emphasise the need for additional efforts to investigate strategies for future collaboration.
Laboratory approach for vaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia diagnosis in the Netherlands
Authors: Meier Romy T. , Porcelijn Leendert , Hofstede‐van Egmond Suzanne , Henskens Yvonne M. C. , Coutinho Jonathan M. , Kruip Marieke J. H. A. , Stroobants An K. , Zwaginga Jaap J. , van der Bom Johanna G. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , de Haas Masja , Kapur Rick 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesVaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare adverse effect characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis occurring after COVID‐19 vaccination. VITT pathophysiology is not fully unravelled but shows similarities to heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT is characterized by the presence of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complex, which can activate platelets in an FcγRIIa‐dependent manner, whereas IgG‐antibodies directed against PF4 play an important role in VITT.Materials and MethodsWe characterized all clinically suspected VITT cases in the Netherlands from a diagnostic perspective and hypothesized that patients who developed both thrombocytopenia and thrombosis display underlying mechanisms similar to those in HIT. We conducted an anti‐PF4 ELISA and a functional PF4‐induced platelet activation assay (PIPAA) with and without blocking the platelet‐FcγRIIa and found positivity in both tests, suggesting VITT with mechanisms similar to those in VITT.ResultsWe identified 65 patients with both thrombocytopenia and thrombosis among 275 clinically suspected VITT cases. Of these 65 patients, 14 (22%) tested positive for anti‐PF4 and PF4‐dependent platelet activation. The essential role of platelet‐FcγRIIa in VITT with mechanisms similar to those in HIT was evident, as platelet activation was inhibited by an FcγRIIa‐blocking antibody in all 14 patients.ConclusionOur study shows that only a small proportion of clinically suspected VITT patients with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have anti‐PF4‐inducing, FcɣRIIa‐dependent platelet activation, suggesting an HIT‐like pathophysiology. This leaves the possibility for the presence of another type of pathophysiology (‘non‐HIT like’) leading to VITT. More research on pathophysiology is warranted to improve the diagnostic algorithm and to identify novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.
Platelets retain function and can be stored following disruption of human leucocyte antigens
Authors: Davis April M. , Rawson Renée , Pahn Gail , Daly James , Marks Denese C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAntibodies to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) Class‐I antigens can lead to refractoriness to platelet transfusion. Although this can be overcome by transfusion of HLA‐compatible platelets, they are not always available. Disruption of HLA antigens on platelets by acid treatment may be a suitable alternative when no other components are available. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of HLA disruption and subsequent storage of platelet components.Materials and MethodsPlatelet components were treated with 0.9% saline or citric acid solution (pH 3.0), and then stored until expiry (Day 7). HLA and platelet glycoprotein expression, platelet viability, activation and sialylation were measured by flow cytometry. Release of soluble factors was measured by ELISA and metabolism by biochemistry analyser. Reactivity to patient anti‐sera containing anti‐HLA antibodies was measured using platelet immunofluorescence tests (PIFTs) and monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) assays. Platelet function was measured using aggregometry and thromboelastography (TEG).ResultsAcid treatment reduced detection of HLA Class‐I on platelets by 75%, with significant reductions in reactivity to patient anti‐sera. Acid treatment reduced platelet content and viability, increased platelet activation and accelerated metabolism. Glycan cleavage was increased by acid treatment. Treatment reduced platelet activation following agonist stimulation by ADP and TRAP‐6, but platelets remained functional, displaying increased aggregation response and reduced time to clot formation by TEG.ConclusionAlthough HLA disruption had some detrimental effects, acid‐treated platelets remained functional, retaining their capacity to respond to agonists and form clots, and with further development could be used to support refractory patients.
Evaluation of interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 receptor antagonists in a murine model of acute lung injury
Authors: Meunier Émilie , Aubin vega Mélissa , Adam Damien , Privé Anik , Mohammad Nezhady Mohammad Ali , Lahaie Isabelle , Quiniou Christiane , Chemtob Sylvain , Brochiero Emmanuelle 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe acute exudative phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure, is characterized by alveolar damage, pulmonary oedema, and an exacerbated inflammatory response. There is no effective treatment for this condition, but based on the major contribution of inflammation, anti‐inflammatory strategies have been evaluated in animal models and clinical trials, with conflicting results. In COVID‐19 ARDS patients, interleukin (IL)‐1 and IL‐6 receptor antagonists (IL‐1Ra and IL‐6Ra, kineret and tocilizumab, respectively) have shown some efficacy. Moreover, we have previously developed novel peptides modulating IL‐1R and IL‐6R activity (rytvela and HSJ633, respectively) while preserving immune vigilance and cytoprotective pathways. We aimed to assess the efficacy of these novel IL‐1Ra and IL‐6Ra, compared to commercially available drugs (kineret, tocilizumab) during the exudative phase (day 7) of bleomycin‐induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Our results first showed that none of the IL‐1Ra and IL‐6Ra compounds attenuated bleomycin‐induced weight loss and venous increase. Histological analyses and lung water content measurements also showed that these drugs did not improve lung injury scores or pulmonary oedema, after the bleomycin challenge. Finally, IL‐1Ra and IL‐6Ra failed to alleviate the inflammatory status of the mice, as indicated by cytokine levels and alveolar neutrophil infiltration. Altogether, these results indicate a lack of beneficial effects of IL‐1R and IL‐6R antagonists on key parameters of ALI in the bleomycin mouse model.
Estimation of persistent sodium‐current density in rat hippocampal mossy fibre boutons: Correction of space‐clamp errors
Authors: Murphy Ricardo , Alle Henrik , Geiger Jörg R. P. , Storm Johan F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe used whole‐cell patch clamp to estimate the stationary voltage dependence of persistent sodium‐current density (iNaP) in rat hippocampal mossy fibre boutons. Cox's method for correcting space‐clamp errors was extended to the case of an isopotential compartment with attached neurites. The method was applied to voltage‐ramp experiments, in which iNaP is assumed to gate instantaneously. The raw estimates of iNaP led to predicted clamp currents that were at variance with observation, hence an algorithm was devised to improve these estimates. Optionally, the method also allows an estimate of the membrane specific capacitance, although values of the axial resistivity and seal resistance must be provided. Assuming that membrane specific capacitance and axial resistivity were constant, we conclude that seal resistance continued to fall after adding TTX to the bath. This might have been attributable to a further deterioration of the seal after baseline rather than an unlikely effect of TTX. There was an increase in the membrane specific resistance in TTX. The reason for this is unknown, but it meant that iNaP could not be determined by simple subtraction. Attempts to account for iNaP with a Hodgkin–Huxley model of the transient sodium conductance met with mixed results. One thing to emerge was the importance of voltage shifts. Also, a large variability in previously reported values of transient sodium conductance in mossy fibre boutons made comparisons with our results difficult. Various other possible sources of error are discussed. Simulations suggest a role for iNaP in modulating the axonal attenuation of EPSPs.
imageKey points
We used whole‐cell patch clamp to estimate the stationary voltage dependence of persistent sodium‐current density (iNaP) in rat hippocampal mossy fibre boutons, using a KCl‐based internal (pipette) solution and correcting for the liquid junction potential (2 mV).
Space‐clamp errors and deterioration of the patch‐clamp seal during the experiment were corrected for by compartmental modelling.
Attempts to account for iNaP in terms of the transient sodium conductance met with mixed results. One possibility is that the transient sodium conductance is higher in mossy fibre boutons than in the axon shaft.
The analysis illustrates the need to account for various voltage shifts (Donnan potentials, liquid junction potentials and, possibly, other voltage shifts).
Simulations suggest a role for iNaP in modulating the axonal attenuation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, hence analog signalling by dentate granule cells.