bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palliative management of esophageal cancer
Authors: Swaroop V. Santhi , Desai P. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSymptomatic esophageal cancer is usually an advanced disease and only palliation is possible in the majority of the cases. Endoscopic methods of palliation are becoming very popular because of the simplicity and the low incidence of morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic laser therapy, dilatation, placement of endoprosthesis, bipolar electrocoagulation, and injection therapy are the various methods currently in use. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed and the need for controlled trials highlighted.
Overview of biological response modifiers
Authors: Staren Edgar D. , Essner Richard , Economou James S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune system is regulated by a variety of lymphokines, monokines, and colony‐stimulating factors. Most have now been cloned and it is clear that these cytokines have a broad range of overlapping immunological, inflammatory, and physiological properties. Some of these cytokines might favorably influence the biological therapy of cancer and they have been collectively referred to by clinicians as “biological response modifiers.” This review summarizes current knowledge about the molecular biology and biological properties of most of the common cytokines and provides a brief survey of their therapeutic potential in patients with cancer.
Tumor necrosis factors
Authors: Wanebo Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a well‐described and characterized cytokine which can be elicited in the intact animal by endotoxin. This factor produces necrosis of subcutaneous tumors in the classic model: Meth A sarcoma in the Balb C mouse. It has been shown to be cytostatic or cytotoxic for a variety of human cancer cell lines, as well as to have effects against both mouse tumors and human cancers carried in the nude mouse. TNF is most likely produced by the macrophage. TNF has been cloned, and has been shown to have a molecular weight of 17,000 and to contain approximately 157 acids in its active form. The genes responsible for TNF are contained on chromosome 6 in man, which also contains genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Although there are similarities to lymphotoxin, which is produced by mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes, and to interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), which is also produced by macrophages, TNF has distinctive differences, primarily in its antiproliferative effects. TNF is also allied with the effects of cachexia and has been shown to be similar to, if not exactly the same as, cachectin. Although it appears that effects of TNF require expression of receptors to facilitate binding to the cell, there is not a quantitative relationship between receptors and the sensitivity. TNF cytotoxic effects appeared to be amplified by pretreatment of cells with chemotherapeutic agents such as Actinomycin D, Adriamycin, and Cytoxan as well as to have synergistic effects with gamma interferon, alpha interferon, and IL‐2. Although initial phase I and phase II studies of TNF in man have shown the expected toxicity, there have been minimal antitumor effects. It is anticipated that with more sophisticated studies, perhaps combining TNF with either biological or chemotherapeutic agents, TNF's true role in cancer therapy may well unfold.
Active specific immunotherapy with antiidiotypic antibodies in patients with solid tumors
Authors: O'Connell M. J. , Chen Z. J. , Yang H. , Yamada M. , Massaro M. , Mittelman A. , Ferrone S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTumor‐associated antigens (TAA) provide appropriate targets for selective manipulation of the patient's immune response in the immunotherapy of cancer. Active specific immunotherapy utilizing antiidiotypic antibodies to anti‐TAA antibodies has been implemented in phase I clinical trials both in patients with colorectal carcinoma and in those with melanoma. The theoretical basis for immunotherapy with antiidiotypic antibodies, the results of these clinical trials, and an evaluation of appropriate parameters for future clinical trials of active specific immunotherapy with antiidiotypic antibodies in patients with solid tumors are reviewed.
Human monoclonal antibodies: Prospects for the therapy of cancer
Authors: Wong Jan H. , Irie Reiko F. , Morton Donald L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman monoclonal antibodies have been produced in a number of laboratories to a number of cell surface and cytoplasmic antigens. Although currently more difficult to produce than murine monoclonal antibodies, human monoclonal antibodies provide several potential advantages over conventional murine monoclonal antibodies in the therapy of human cancer. We review the human monoclonal antibodies produced to human tumors and describe our clinical experience with the use of human monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of recurrent cutaneous melanoma.
Development of diagnosis and surgical treatment for patients with carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Sugimachi Keizo , Tsutsui Shinichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEarly‐stage esophageal carcinomas are extremely difficult to detect because the patients have no complaints, and findings on the X‐rays are nil. Lugol‐combined endoscopy is the most effective method for detecting the presence of small carcinoma of the esophagus. This paper was, first, conducted on the diagnostic features of early‐stage esophageal carcinoma, detected through the use of Lugol‐combined endoscopy. As the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma is related to many factors, we investigated the prognostic contribution of 15 discrete variables with multivariate analysis. The variables are resectability of the malignant lesion, DNA distribution pattern of the cancer cells, and postoperative complications. As the DNA pattern of cancer cells cannot be changed by surgeons, early detection and postoperative care play key roles in determining the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
Chemosensitivity test for carcinoma of digestive organs
Authors: Maehara Yoshihiko , Kohnoe Shunji , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor the chemosensitivity for carcinoma of digestive organs, gastric, colorectal, and hepatic cancer tissues were examined using in vitro succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test and in vivo subrenal capsule (SRC) assay. The chemosensitivity varied in the tissue. The origin of an organ tumor, histological differentiation, and difference of primary or metastatic lesions are critical for determining chemosensitivity. Biochemical analysis shows that antitumor drugs have an increased susceptibility in tissues with high activity of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.
Clinical applications of the pathological properties of small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung
Authors: Ishida Teruyoshi , Yano Tokujiro , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLung cancer has considerable treatment problems, with a poor 5‐yr survival rate after surgery. Application of histopathological and immunohistopathological subtyping have proven to be powerful tools for the assessment of prognosis. Results in 33 patients with small cell carcinoma, 44 with large cell carcinoma, and five with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung are discussed. The 5‐yr survival rates in patients with small cell carcinoma of the oat cell type and intermediate type were 24 and 44%, respectively. Argyrophilic granules and neuron‐specific enolase, neuroendocrine markers, were detected more frequently in the oat cell type rather than in the intermediate type. In contrast, keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial origin markers, were present more frequently in the intermediae type than in the oat cell type. The 5‐yr survival rates with large cell carcinoma of the compact growth type and the loose structure type were 46 and 28%, respectively, based on evidence of morphologically intercellular cohesion. The epithelial origin markers were detectable and more frequent in the compact growth type than in the loose structure type. The growth patterns of adenoid cystic carcinoma are classified as tubular, cribriform, and solid. The solid pattern was the most aggressive with extensive perineural invasion. We propose that the pathological properties of lung cancer should be examined as a prognostic implication of subtyping.
Gastrinoma
Authors: Townsend Courtney M. , Thompson James C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome with its main symptom of massive gastric hypersecretion presents problems with both the medical and surgical approaches to treatment. Successful medical treatment depends on a lifelong commitment to rigid medication schedules requiring careful ongoing supervision and is subject to pitfalls of compliance, drug side effects, drug resistance, and complications of persistent tumor growth. Surgical therapy carries risks of operative mortality and complications. If a low operative mortality can be maintained and the nutritional results after total gastrectomy are good, then it is the authors' opinion that the permanent relief from dangers of hypersecretion afforded by total gastrectomy makes surgery a worthwhile approach. Based on our operative experience in 34 patients and interpretation of the experience of others, we believe that resection of all tumor that can be resected, combined with total gastrectomy, is safe and dependable. The results compare well with those of long‐term medical management.
Origin of oncologic anesthetic techniques
Authors: Howland William S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe patient with cancer poses a challenge to the anesthesiologist for a variety of reasons including the effects of cancer (altered hemostasis, depressed immune response, and compromised airways), the effects of chemotherapy (malfunction of the myocardium, lungs, kidneys, and bone marrow; depression of pseudocholinesterase; and production of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone), as well as effects of radical cancer surgery (massive blood loss and the need for prolonged anesthesia). Anesthetic techniques to address these problems had their beginnings in the Department of Anesthesiology at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center. This paper traces the development of modern oncologic anesthesia and discusses how these advances significantly reduced operative mortality.
Anesthetic considerations in the pediatric cancer patient
Authors: Hall Steven C. , Stevenson G. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCancer is second only to trauma as the leading cause of death in children 1–15 years of age. Pediatric cancer patients have unique physiologic, pharmacologic, and psychologic considerations that present a unique challenge to the anesthesiologist. A thorough understanding of pediatric tumors, along with chemotherapeutics and their complications, is necessary to plan anesthetic management properly. Special attention is directed to the psychologic needs and preparation of both the patient and parents. Close cooperation and coordination among the pediatric oncologist, surgeon, and anesthesiologist are necessary for safe and expeditious operative care.
Tumour lysis syndrome and the anaesthesiologist: Intensive care aspects of paediatric oncology
Authors: Stokes D. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChildren presenting with advanced leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma may develop life‐threatening complications in the early stages of management. Major metabolic disturbances with encephalopathy, septicaemic shock, pneumonitis, massive haemorrhage, or the physical effects of tumour masses may on occasion warrant intensive therapy. Close liaison between paediatric oncologists, oncological surgeons, and anesthesiologists is essential in establishing admission criteria for such cases and in defining therapeutic end points in the event of multisystem failure. This paper discusses the principles of intensive care management of patients with haematological malignancies by considering two cases who developed the tumour lysis syndrome with respiratory and renal failure. A case associated with metabolic encephalopathy is also described.
Anesthetic technique for safe laser use in surgery
Authors: Garry Brendan P. , Bivens Hollis E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of lasers has simplified, shortened, and made less traumatic many surgical procedures. It has also increased the range of conditions amenable to treatment in all of the surgical specialties. There are, however, potentially serious hazards associated with the surgical use of lasers. The most serious hazards are explosions and fire, particularly during surgery on the airway, where flammable material, i.e., the endotracheal tube, high oxygen concentrations, and the laser, which is a high energy ignition source, are in close proximity. This report deals with techniques of anesthesia delivery that minimize the risks to the patient and operating room environment consequent on laser use in the airway. Laser use elsewhere in or on the body is associated with no greater danger than the use of electro‐cautery and requires no special anesthetic adaptation.
Anesthetic considerations for gynecologic cancer surgery
Authors: Powell Lionel , Garfield Joseph M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPreoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative anesthetic considerations in gynecologic cancer surgery are discussed. Preoperatively, the anesthetist must document the patient's disease state, physical condition, responses to prior chemotherapeutic regimens and toxic side effects, particularly from Adriamycin and bleomycin. Laboratory studies should include electrolytes, hepatic, renal, and hematologic indices. The anesthetist should also recognize that patients may be under great emotional stress, which may require prescribing anti‐anxiety medications for several days prior to surgery. Planning the anesthetic includes consultation with the surgeon relative to procedure planned, positioning requirements, anticipated blood loss, monitoring, and postoperative care requirements. Intraoperative considerations again involve close communication with the surgeon. The use and benefits of a combined regional/general anesthetic technique are discussed. Postoperative considerations are directed toward hemodynamic stability and control of postoperative pain. Techniques of epidural narcotic and local anesthetic administration, as well as patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) are discussed.
Instituto nacional de enfermedades Neoplásicas: Past and present
Authors: Luis Pinillos A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas was established by the government of Peru as an institution for the treatment of cancer patients in 1939; it has existed under different names until the current title was adopted in 1952. Between 1980 and 1987, attendance increased by 70% and a new and larger facility came into use at the beginning of 1988. This institution has national responsibility for cancer prevention, detection, treatment, education, and research and is currently organizing satellite treatment centers in other parts of the country. More than 80% of the medical staff has been trained in the institute's residency program, the majority of whom received additional postgraduate training in the United States and Europe; 90% of the medical staff hold academic appointments in medical schools. In 1952 the Institute became the first hospital in Peru with a formal postgraduate training system for various medical disciplines, including surgical oncology and medical oncology. So far we have trained about 500 surgical oncologists who are working in all parts of Peru. The Maes‐Heller Institute for Cancer Research forms part of the National Cancer Institute complex. Research will be directed mainly toward new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, multidisciplinary tumor therapy, and large‐scale cancer screening. The Institute focuses on early detection and prevention of cancer and is active in breast self‐examination education and antismoking campaigns. It enjoys community support evidenced in the women's organization, Adainen, involved in fundraising; 460 women volunteers give at least 4 hr service per week to the Institute. The Institute has grown from 9,000 patients seen per year in its early days to 215,000 attendances in 1986.
Percutaneous intrathoracic aspiration biopsy
Authors: Rubini Carlos , De La Flor Jorge , Misad Oscar , Arnao Adolfo Puente , Cisneros Felix , Chang Alfonso , Garcia Jorge 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn analysis of 617 percutaneous intrathoracic aspiration biopsies (PIAB) performed on 587 patients with pulmonary and mediastinal lesions between 1954 and 1985 are presented. The effectiveness of the procedure between 1954 and 1980 and between 1981 and 1985 with a positivity of 71.6% and 84.9%, respectively, was compared. These results are statistically significant and reflect improvement in the technique employed. A greater positivity was found where the lesion measured 2 to 3 cm in diameter. Complications for this series were 7.8%.In diffuse infiltrating lesions, the positivity is less than that obtained for the whole series, and the risk of developing a pneumothorax is greater. The false‐negative cases include those in which an inadequate sample was obtained for diagnosis (13.9% of the total series) and samples containing elements of the chest wall or blood (5.2%).
Invasive and noninvasive techniques of staging in potentially operable lung cancer
Authors: Ginsberg Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe author reviews the various noninvasive and invasive techniques for preoperatively staging patients with lung cancer who are potentially operable. The value of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy is emphasized and their role in treatment decisions is outlined. Prior to consideration of surgery in patients with lung cancer, preoperative staging, as accurate as possible, is required in order to determine the best treatment. Complete staging is only available after surgical resection and pathologic examination.
Neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Faber L. Penfield , Bonomi Philip D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAny neoadjuvant or preoperative treatment program that would increase survival in clinically advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients would be of significant benefit. In addition to improving patient survival, the program should be associated with minimal toxicity and surgical mortality. The rationale for any preoperative program is that the ability to resect the advanced cancer will be enhanced and micrometastasis will be eradicated. We have analyzed 323 patients enrolled in various types of neoadjuvant and preoperative studies. Review of this data indicates that cisplatin containing regimens produce relatively high responder rates in locally advanced NSCLC patients, resectability rate can be increased by a neoadjuvant program and chemotherapeutic toxicity and operative mortality are not prohibitive. Survival data frequently includes T3NO‐1 patients, but there does appear to be increased survival at 3 and 4 years. These studies remain experimental and continued analysis is necessary before they can be accepted as standard therapy for clinically advanced NSCLC cancer.
Adjuvant treatment in resected lung cancer
Authors: Holmes E. Carmack 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere have been many attempts to develop effective postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with resected lung cancer. Metastatic disease is the commonest site of first recurrence. In squamous cell carcinoma local failure is another major problem and in adenocarcinoma brain metastases are frequent.There is evidence to suggest that radiotherapy can prevent local recurrence but does not appear to impact on survival. Response rates to chemotherapy alone and chemo‐radiotherapy with prolongation of diseasefree survival have been encouraging in locally advanced (resected stage II, III) disease when treated postoperatively.Results of clinical trials using immunotherapy or chemotherapy in early stage disease have been disappointing. Several prospective randomized studies by the Lung Cancer Study Group were undertaken to assess the merits of various adjuvant treatments and are presented.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery of cancer of the esophagus
Authors: Kelsen David P. , Bains Manjit , Burt Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeoadjuvant, or pre‐operative, chemotherapy for esophageal cancer has become an area of increasing interest because of the failure of conventional therapy (surgery or radiation) to improve disease‐free or overall survival. Several autopsy series have demonstrated that, in many symptomatic Western patients, esophageal cancer is a systemic disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy thus, in theory, allows a simultaneous attack on both the primary and metastatic disease. A number of single‐arm, phase II multi‐modality trials have been completed. Toxicities of chemotherapy, while substantial, have been tolerable. With careful attention to detail, operative morbidity and mortality has not been increased. Large‐scale randomized trials, needed to evaluate the impact of this technique on disease‐free and overall survival, have been designed and will shortly be activated.
Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Altorki Nasser K. , Skinner David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenocarcinoma arising in association with the columnar‐lined esophagus is now recognized with increasing frequency. The incidence of malignant degeneration in Barrett's esophagus, its etiology, and pathogenesis are all issues of ongoing debate. The role of gastroesophageal reflux in driving the malignant change remains unproven. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice; however, prognosis is generally poor. Surveillance of patients with non‐malignant Barrett's esophagus permits detection of early lesions where resection results in excellent long‐term survival.
Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases
Authors: McCormack Patricia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince the first pulmonary resection for metastatic carcinoma to lung in 1939, this procedure can now be offered to any patient who fills the following criteria: has a controlled primary, resectable lung lesion, has no better treatment method available, and is a good surgical risk.With the increased incidence of this procedure, more and more attention is being directed to the predictors of survival to determine which patients will obtain the best benefit. Disease‐free interval, tumor doubling time, and number of lesions are discussed with the effect each has on survival.This paper covers our experience from 1965 to 1985 of 415 patients who underwent resection for primary carcinomas with metastases to lung. The overall mortality rate is 2%, morbidity rate under 10%, and survival rate best for testicular (51%), and head and neck primaries (47%). This procedure has a proven efficacy for increasing survival rates in properly selected patients.
Pathology of gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Young Robert H. , Bell Debra A. , Scully Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis review encompasses advances in the pathology of female genital tract tumors that have been deemed to have clinical significance. A number of newly described neoplasms are discussed as are the results of analyses of large series of cases of previously described tumors. Recent revision in terminology and the application of newer techniques for evaluating neoplasms, such as flow cytometry, are also briefly reviewed.