bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Both food habit change in the past and obesity status may influence the association between dietary factors and postmenopausal breast cancer
Authors: Sonestedt Emily , Gullberg Bo , Wirfält Elisabet 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveValid dietary data are essential when trying to identify whether or not one or more dietary exposures are responsible for disease. We examined diet composition in women who reported dietary change in the past compared with non-changers, and how the associations between dietary factors and postmenopausal breast cancer are influenced by dietary change, obesity status and misreporting of energy.DesignA population-based prospective cohort study. Data were obtained by a diet history method, anthropometrical measurements and an extensive lifestyle questionnaire including items on past food habit change.SettingThe Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) study, conducted in Malmö, Sweden.SubjectsA subsample of 12 781 women from the MDC cohort recruited from 1991 to 1996. A total of 428 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with incident breast cancer, during 9.2 years of follow-up.ResultsPast food habit changers reported healthier food habits and lower energy intake compared with non-changers, a finding that raises issues regarding possible reporting biases. When excluding diet changers, the trend of increased breast cancer risk across omega-6 fatty acid quintiles was stronger, and a tendency of decreased risk emerged for ‘fruit, berries and vegetables’. When excluding individuals with non-adequate reports of energy intake, risk estimates were similar to that of the whole sample. In women with body mass index < 27 kg m− 2, significant trends of increased breast cancer risk were seen for total fat and omega-6 fatty acids, and of decreased risk for ‘fruit, berries and vegetables’.ConclusionsThis study indicates that both obesity and self-reported past food habit change may be important confounders of diet–breast cancer relationships. The study demonstrates that sensitivity analysis, through stratification, may facilitate interpretation of risk relationships and study results.
Evaluation of non-English dietary supplement advertisements in an ethnic minority community in America
Authors: Chung Eunice P , Hwang Hye J , Kim Myo-Kyoung 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe primary objective was to evaluate the rate at which non-English dietary supplement advertisements distributed in a sampled ethnic minority community are in compliance with the federal advertising regulations. The secondary objective was to assess the availability of supporting evidence to substantiate the advertised health claims.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe contents of dietary supplement advertisements from the Los Angeles Korea Times and the Los Angeles Korea Daily were evaluated during the month of July 2005. After removing duplicate advertisements, the percentage of advertisements making prohibited disease claims and DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) disclaimer statements was determined. The presence of data substantiating advertised claims was determined by requesting data from the manufacturers and browsing the manufacturers' websites. An observational technique was utilised for content analysis, and data analysis was conducted using quantitative descriptive statistics.ResultsDisease claims were present in 84.5%, while DHSEA disclaimer statements were present in only 18.4% of the advertisements. Data to substantiate the claims were provided by 53.4% of the manufacturers. The majority of the additional information consisted of repetition of the advertised claims and consumer testimonies. Experimental data were available for only 13.6% of the products.ConclusionsThe high rate of non-compliance with federal regulations suggests a need for better oversight of non-English promotions of dietary supplements.
A new conservation education delivery system
Authors: Clancy Sharon , Jacobson Britt 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Conservation Agriculture Project (CAP) of the North Dakota Natural Resources Trust (Trust) has demonstrated a new concept for delivering conservation education that improves farm economics while enhancing environmental health, restoring landscape functions and providing societal benefits. The 5-year project, initiated by the Trust in 2000, incorporated Resource Analysis Teams to assist four farmers and farm families serving as a demonstration in developing and implementing holistic farm plans. Resource Analysis Team members were agricultural, environmental, conservation and economic professionals. Resource Analysis Teams met with each demonstration farm family twice each year in a non-threatening setting, usually around the family's kitchen table. The integration of diverse knowledge bases resulted in an educational roundtable with all participants being educators and students at the same time. As round-table participants became familiar with the intricacies of each particular farm and with each other, adversarial relationships dissolved and team members worked together to move the farms toward sustainability—economic, environmental and social. This approach differs from most federal conservation programs to date, which have approached on-farm conservation in a piecemeal manner, only protecting a parcel of land or a critical problem area. For those programs, responsibility for searching out and implementing conservation practices has fallen primarily on the farmer, who also has had to assume associated risks. The Conservation Agriculture Project has demonstrated that the Resource Analysis Team approach yields positive results for the environment, wildlife, farm families and society while enhancing information delivery and improving communication and acceptance among diverse groups with varying agendas. Most importantly, it has demonstrated the need and positive impacts of delivering conservation education directly to farmers and ranchers, who manage 43% of the land nationwide.
Exploiting pathogens and their impact on fitness costs to manage the evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: RAYMOND BEN , SAYYED ALI H. , HAILS ROSIE S. , WRIGHT DENIS J. 
Published: March 2007

Summary

Sustainable insect control requires effective management of the evolution of resistance to pesticides. Resistance management may ultimately depend on a range of diverse strategies. We explored how combining the use of a pathogen with an integrated pest management (IPM)‐compatible pesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), could affect the evolution of resistance.
We used fitness and laboratory selection experiments to explore whether the use of a nucleopolyhedrovirus could alter the rate of evolution of resistance to a Bt toxin. These results were incorporated into simulation modelling to investigate how pathogens could best be exploited in resistance management.
Simultaneous exposure to virus and Bt toxin (mixed sprays) reduced the fitness of Bt‐resistant insects compared with treatments with toxin alone. Moreover, Bt resistance incurred additional fitness costs, in terms of egg fertility, in the presence of virus.
In a selection experiment with caged insects, spraying toxin‐free refugia with virus slowed the evolution of resistance relative to unsprayed refugia, confirming the results of two fitness experiments that indicated that virus would increase the fitness costs of resistance. The impact of virus‐mediated costs was explored further in simulation models.
Simulations showed that large virus‐mediated fitness costs (a reduction in fecundity of 35%) with partially dominant inheritance could lead to effective resistance management with a Bt/virus rotation. Modest fitness costs could, however, markedly improve a rotation strategy with a pathogen that could replicate post‐application.
Synthesis and applications. Mixed sprays of virus and resistance‐prone pesticides such as Bt have the potential to slow the evolution of resistance within an integrated pest management context. However, the efficacy of mixed‐spray strategies depends upon precise dosages and/or the presence of a spray‐free refuge. In contrast, rotations of pesticides with pathogens that could replicate after application slow the evolution of resistance over a wider range of conditions and control insects cost‐effectively. This efficacy is dependent on the co‐occurrence of persistent pathogen and pesticide reducing the relative fitness of resistant individuals.
Quality and safety of fresh‐frozen plasma inactivated and leucoreduced with the Theraflex methylene blue system including the Blueflex filter: 5 years’ experience
Authors: Politis C. , Kavallierou L. , Hantziara S. , Katsea P. , Triantaphylou V. , Richardson C. , Tsoutsos D. , Anagnostopoulos N. , Gorgolidis G. , Ziroyannis P. 
Published: March 2007

Background and Objectives  The objective of this paper is to present 5 years’ experience of pathogen inactivation of fresh‐frozen plasma with the methylene blue system in a blood centre in Athens.Materials and Methods  Eight thousand and five hundred units treated by methylene blue and 54 435 untreated were issued for transfusion in four hospitals during the period 2000–2005. Eighty‐eight units were evaluated for changes in coagulation factor activity and cytokine concentrations following treatment.Results  Coagulation factor losses were in the accepted range. Adverse reactions were 1 : 8500 with treated and 1 : 2177 with untreated units. The five serious reactions were all in untreated units. No seroconversions for infectious diseases were reported.Conclusions  Methylene‐blue‐treated fresh‐frozen plasma is safer than the untreated product even in patients who require large quantities of plasma transfusion.
Targeted disruption of Sept3, a heteromeric assembly partner of Sept5 and Sept7 in axons, has no effect on developing CNS neurons
Authors: Fujishima Kazuto , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Kurisu Junko , Hirano Tomoo , Kengaku Mineko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe septins constitute a family of GTPase proteins that are involved in many cytological processes such as cytokinesis and exocytosis. Previous studies have indicated that mammalian Sept3 is a brain‐specific protein that is abundant in synaptic terminals. Here, we further investigated the localization and function of Sept3 in the mouse brain. Sept3 is expressed in several types of post‐mitotic neurons, including granule cells in the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In primary cultures of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, Sept3 protein is enriched at the tips of growing neurites during differentiation. Sept3 directly binds to Sept5 and Sept7 and forms a heteromeric complex at nerve terminals adjacent to where a synaptic vesicle marker, synaptophysin, is expressed in mature neurons. When over‐expressed in HEK293 cells, Sept3 forms filamentous structures that are dependent on the presence of its GTP‐ and phosphoinositide‐binding domains. To investigate the physiological roles of Sept3, we generated Sept3 deficient mice. These mice show no apparent abnormalities in histogenesis nor neuronal differentiation in culture. Expression of synaptic proteins and other septins are unaltered, indicating that Sept3 is dispensable for normal neuronal development.
The use of hydroxy acids on the skin: characteristics of C8‐lipohydroxy acid
Authors: Saint‐Léger Didier , Lévêque Jean‐Luc , Verschoore Michèle 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe hydroxy acids are widely used in skin creams because of their exfoliating and rejuvenating effect on photoaged skin. As a member of this family, the salicylic acid derivative known in the literature as 2‐hydroxy‐5‐octanoyl benzoic acid or β‐lipohydroxy acid has also been proposed as an exfoliant and as a treatment of photoaged skin and acne. This article reviews the effects of the hydroxy acids and compares them to those of the salicylic acid derivative. We propose the name C8‐lipohydroxy acid (C8‐LHA) for this derivative to differentiate it from other related compounds. The lipophilic nature of C8‐LHA and its relatively slow penetration in the skin afford it an exfoliating effect that is efficient at low concentrations. It appears to have antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticomedogenic properties, which make it effective against acne. Its antifungal and exfoliating properties are also likely to prove useful in combating dandruff.
A baseline description of the research, clinical practice and development needs of urology nurses in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Kathryn , Marley Jerome , Taylor Julia , Basketter Vanessa , O’Neill Kathleen , Parahoo Kader , Hulme Tarnya , McCaughan Eilis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe research, clinical practice and development needs of urology nurses in the UK are poorly understood. Through a postal questionnaire all current members of the British Association of Urological Nurses (BAUN) were surveyed to obtain baseline data related to their views on research, clinical practice and development needs. Fifty‐one per cent of BAUN members (n = 292) responded. The results of the survey produced a mixed picture of issues in British urological nursing. While the majority of respondents had considerable experience and enthusiasm for their specialty, a number of issues were identified that have implications for the development and delivery of clinical practice in the future. A plethora of different titles used by nurses was uncovered, raising questions on the dual issues of public identity and protection, and the lack of nationally recognized education programmes leading to recognition of nursing practice at an advanced level. Urology nurse specialists were identified as having considerable input into the design and delivery of services in contrast to non‐specialists who suggested that their input was not valued to the same degree. Difficulties were identified in relation to not only the availability of education but also in the areas of employer release and funding to support ongoing clinical development. The findings of the survey have great significance for the development of British urological nursing. The results offer an opportunity to understand urological nursing needs within a political context, offering an opportunity to explore changes that may be required to address areas of need in research, clinical practice and development. The study also offers a view of UK‐ based practices and issues to an international community for comparison and contrast.
Food Service Education in the Coming Decade
Authors: Barbour Henry O. , Griffin Mary Ellen 
Published: March 2007

On the weekend of June 14-16, 1974, the Culinary Institute of America convened a meeting of some of our nation's foremost food service hospitality leaders on its 70 acre Hyde Park, N. Y., campus. Their purpose, in concert with Institute executives, was to suggest educational actions to channel Institute resources to mold history rather than be molded by it in the coming decade. With statistics presented by Dr. Chester G. Hall (Ex ecutive Vice-President of NIFI), and with their own professional expertise, the Institute in '86 team worked in a brainstorming session, and then in Task Forces to gauge foreseen changes between now and 1986, when the Institute will be 40 years old. A booklet containing Dr. Hall's inputs, industry leaders' recommendations and additional data is available from the Culinary Institute of America, Box 53, Hyde Park, N. Y. 12538.—H.O.B.
The New Correctional Era
Authors: Glaser Daniel 
Published: March 2007

Changes in the treatment of criminals usually have required increases in size and changes in training of treatment staffs. The pattern currently emerging, pioneered in the care of the mentally ill, involves less exclusive reliance on highly trained treatment specialists and more infusion of treatment concerns and skills in line staff. Also, the boundary between institution and community treatment is becoming obscured because of new transitional pro cedures and facilities. Strains develop with these changes because of inmate and staff comfort in fixed statuses, defects in much new treatment, inadequate research to evaluate treatment, and failure to recog nize that optimum treatment varies with the type of offender. The changes also create severe manpower problems. Shortages in re search personnel can be met by new recruitment strategies and by procedures which combine operations and research records, thus improving both. The primary need, however, is in recruit ment and training of line personnel who are committed to cor rectional careers and oriented to correctional change. The Cor rectional Rehabilitation Study Act of 1965 mobilizes educational and professional organizations for coordinated effort to meet these needs.
Wit and Humor: A Neglected Aid in Crowd and Mob Control
Authors: Coates Joseph F. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents background information and theories which suggest the use of humor to reduce tensions between control forces (notably the police) and the masses during demonstrations, marches, and other crowd actions. Because the basic responsibility for preserving order belongs to the police, this paper presumes that most planned attempts at humor to reduce tension will be theirs. No attempt has been made to relate the use of humor to the rightness or wrongness of the primary issues in a demonstration since the only type of humor effective in crowd control is irrele vant to the primary issue and directed at preventing and control ling secondary antagonisms. Humor as a technique of social control is only likely to help when the objective of the control forces is to preserve the peace and to discharge duties with a minimum of unnecessary antagonsim. Humor should not and probably could not becloud the primary issues of a confronta tion. Guidelines for the use of humor are proposed.
Keepers of Men Need Keepers of Books
Authors: Burt Lesta Norris 
Published: March 2007

Libraries do not receive much stress in correction textbooks, and librarians are not ordinarily scheduled as speakers at correctional conferences or published in correctional journals. For these reasons and because good library services are not generally available in state prison libraries across the nation, administrators may not be aware of the advantages a good library and librarian can offer. A survey of the fifty state institutional library consultants concerning adult correctional institution libraries resulted in forty-two replies representing 223 major libraries and 202 camp libraries. As of the winter of 1970, librarians holding masters' degrees or bachelors' degrees plus school certification served full- or part-time in fifty-eight libraries in twenty-nine states. There were 955,154 volumes in the libraries in the reporting states; however, many of the books were described as old, outdated, or unsuitable. To meet minimum standards, there should have been 1,422,580 books of quality. The lack of qualified librarians together with inadequate budgets has resulted in uncatalogued, unclassified collections, insufficient discarding, poor staff libraries, a shortage of related staff services, and a lack of reference service, reading guidance, book discussions, writers' groups, and other library-sponsored activities. Information was also gathered on public library assistance to institutions, bookmobiles, inmate access to shelves, and separate rooms for reading, listening, and viewing.
The Peer Group and Marijuana Use
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of 1,704 suburban adolescents and guided by Sutherland's theory of differential association, this paper focuses on the peer group and marijuana use. The peer group is said to be particularly influential in the initial and continued use of marijuana. This paper tests the following two hypotheses as they relate to marijuana use, defined here as a deviant behavior: (1) Ex posure to deviant patterns and definitions to the exclusion of conformist patterns and definitions increases the likelihood of deviant behavior. (2) Given constant exposure to deviant patterns of behavior and dèfinitions, the more attached an individual is to those exhibiting or supporting deviant patterns of behavior compared with his attachment to those exhibiting or supporting conformist patterns, the greater the likelihood that he will participate in this deviant pattern. The first hypothesis refers to Sutherland's theory of differential associa tion ; the second, to his concept of intensity.
Physical Property Relationships and Chemical Factors Affecting Flex Fatigue Characteristics of Flexible Urethane Foam
Authors: Beals B. , Dwyer F.J. , Kaplan M. 
Published: March 2007

A statistical study of the standard flex fa tigue test methods to determine variations due to method and position of foam sample is reported. The effect of preflexing was also investigated. Certain physical properties of flexible urethane foams have been shown to have a significant bearing on the flex fatigue characteristics. Correlation between hystere sis loss, indentation load deflection, density, "Sac" Factor, etc., and load loss after flexing are discussed. A simple method of predicting flex fatigue characteristics of urethane foam is described. The relationship of chemical variables in the formulation and their effect on flex fa tigue is discussed in detail.
Deformations of Foamed Elastomers
Authors: Ko W.L. 
Published: March 2007

Geometrical shapes of interstices of two types of closest packing of uniform spheres, 1) hexagonal closest packing, 2) face centered cubic closest packing are studied, and the structures of interstices of these two types of packing are used to represent those of the actual foamed elastomers. Equivalent elastic constants for these two structures are calculated in terms of the slenderness of a thread (which is a function of voids content) l'/A where l is the length of a thread and A its cross-sectional area, and of the elastic constants of the interstices. The calculated value of Poisson's ratio of a model containing 67 percent of the interstices of hexagonal closest packing and 33 percent those of face centered cubic packing corre lates fairly well with existing experimental data.
The Manufacture and Use of Polystyrene Foams
Authors: Muller-Tamm Heinz 
Published: March 2007

Such raw material variables as granule size, molecular weight and distribution, con tent and composition of the expanding agent, and residual monomer content influence the processes of prefoaming and foaming of polystyrene. The cellular structure is con trolled by the moisture content of the mix. Processing variations such as hot air pre foaming, high frequency molding and auto matic sheet-making have value in certain cases. The diffusion resistance factor and combustion resistance are important in in sulating and other materials. Examples of new applications for foamed polystyrene include fruit boxes and insulation for ships.