bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accumulation de polluants organiques (H.P.A.) dans les horizons humifères des sols
Authors: Berteigne M. , Lefevre Y. , Rose C. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Accumulations of organic pollutants (PAH) in organic layers of soils.—Possible relation with forest decline. Analysis of the upper levels of the organic layers of forest soils demonstrate a new kind of bioaccumulation leading to high level of contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P.A.H.).
Ecological study of a forest humus by observing a small volume I. Penetration of pine litter by mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Ponge J. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObserved on a 5 × 5 cm small surface of litter in a 35‐years‐old Scots pine stand with bracken and the moss Pseudoscleropodium purum, the F1 layer is extensively invaded by a mycelial mat made of several mycorrhizal fungi. Observations under a light microscope gave circumstantial evidence of the role of these fungi in advanced stages of decomposition: they seem to protect the partly decayed plant material and the faeces deposited by soil animals from subsequent attack by soil bacteria. Penetration of pine needles and cadavers or soil arthropods is prominent in so far as animals have previously made entries by tunnelling into the substrates. In addition the black mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum was observed to penetrate bracken epidermal cells by its own means and to make lysis zones in dead arthropod cuticles. Consequences for forest soil ecology and tree nutrition are discussed in view of existing literature.
Possibilités d'infection du platane par Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani après contamination de l'eau où se développent des racines blessées
Authors: Vigouroux A. , Stojadinovic B. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Infection of plane tree by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani after contamination of water as growing substrate of wounded roots. Plane tree seedlings (Platanus acerifolia) were cultivated during 1. year so as some roots emerged from the culture pot And grow in the water of a container placed below. In April, these roots were wounded and nearby, conidia suspension of C. fimbriata†. platam was injected into the water. 1 month later, foliage of some seedlings began to wilt and after 2 months, 7 out of 12 plane trees were drying. The pathogen was recovered from all parts of the roots above the water level inside the pots and as high as the collar for 4 plants.
Oak decline: Aerobic bacteria associated with declining Quercus cerris in Central Italy
Authors: Scortichini M. , Stead D. E. , Rossi MariaPia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDeclining Turkey oaks (Quercus cerris) in Central Italy were studied. Bacteria were isolated from woody tissues between necrotic areas and healthy tissues beneath the bark, from apparently healthy tissues and from exudates oozing from the trunk in spring. A total of 98 bacterial isolates were collected. The determination of the bacteria was by fatty acid profiling and biochemical tests. Erwinia herbicola was frequently found both in necrotic and healthy tissues. Ice‐nucleation active species were present. None of the species isolated was considered responsible for the decline
Effects of heavy metals and acid irrigation on the birch rust, Melampsoridium betulinum
Authors: Helander M. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEffects of simulated acid rain and heavy metals on the occurrence of Melampsoridium betulinum in naturally infected mountain‐birch trees and seedlings (Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa) were studied in a subarctic area where background polution levels are low. The short term (2 years) effects of copper, nickel and sulphuric acid, and long term (8 years) effects of nitric‐ and sulphuric‐acid deposition on birch‐rust infection were determined.
Rindenkrebs der Eßkastanie (Cryphonectria parasitica) in Südwestdeutschland
Authors: Seemann D. , Zajonc J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) in South‐west Germany. In 1992 and 1993, chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) was found in three stands in the south‐west of Germany. Each of the three stands has only one compatibility group (vc‐group). Two of them (97 and 75 Isolates) belong to the vc‐group I. They are compatible with the Swiss vc‐group I. The 43 Isolates from the third stand were not compatible with the most common Swiss vc‐groups (vc‐group I‐V). In the German vc‐group I, one hypovirulent strain was found.
Teaching Statistics in US — An Alien's s‐eye View
Authors: Anderson Oliver D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis article discusses the author's initial experience of teaching statistics in an American university, and the sort of way he thinks the subject should be taught. (Specifically, he looks at the assumption of normality, and indicates how conventional treatment in the area of hypothesis testing might be modified.) His comments primarily apply to elementary service courses, and particularly to those provided for business students.
Observations on the Definition of P‐values
Authors: Freund John E , Perles Benjamin M 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMany books define P‐values in different ways, and it is generally assumed that these definitions are all equivalent. That this is not the case may come as a surprise, but we shall demonstrate here that some definitions of P‐values are not even consistent with such rudimentary a procedure as specifying a critical region.
Using Spreadsheets to Calculate Prob (X+Y=W)
Authors: Turner John C 
Published: June 2007

SummaryUsing the spreadsheet function SUMPRODUCT which calculates dot products, it is possible to compute the probabilities associated with the sums of independent discrete random variables. This allows the student to confirm properties of the sum of binomial and Poisson random variables. It also provides a method for computing the distribution of the sum of two (or more) arbitrary random variables. In addition, it also allows the student to compute the probabilities associated with the difference of random variables, and thus find the probability that one random variable exceeds another (or exceeds by a given amount).
Concepts and Methods Involved in the Last Revision of Italy's GDP
Authors: Siesto Vincenzo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The general revision of Italy's national economic accounts set out by ISTAT in 1987 was originated by two main factors: the structural changes of the economy detected by the 1981‐82 censuses and through surveys on labour force, the internal offer and demand as a whole, and the need to include the typical activities of the underground economy widespread in Italy into the national accounts.The GDP has been adjusted partly according to the improvement of normal statistical sources in collecting data on the production and circulation of goods and services, especially those deriving from small establishments, and partly from statistical research covering the contributions of activities of clandestine immigrants in Italy, second jobs and minor legal activities in the underground economy.Finally, a breakdown of value added by type of economy (the regular and the parallel) is presented. The presumed extent of the parallel economy is estimated for the year 1982 up to 19‐20|X% of GDP.
Firm Size and Wages
Authors: Gerlach Knut , Schmidt Elke Maria 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article the authors analyse the evidence found in several countries that large firms pay more than firms categorised as small. Firstly, this study discusses the factors which, according to previous theoretical research, explain the firm size‐wage differential. Secondly, the different theoretical arguments are tested empirically. As a data base the authors use the individual and longitudinal data of the first four waves of the German Socio‐Economic Panel. In the empirical investigation the instruments of variance, correlation and regression analysis, including the estimations of fixed‐effects and random‐effects odels are applied.The empirical analysis clearly demonstrates that positive effects of firm size on wages persist after controlling for

labour quality
differences in working conditions
employment tenure and rates of fluctuation
monetary fringe benefits of firms
heterogeneity of employese
monopoly power and ability to pay of firms.

The article concludes with some proposals for future research.
The Italian Pension System: Development and Effects on Income Distribution and Poverty
Authors: Franco Daniele , Morcaldo Giancarlo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper outlines the main features of the development of the Italian pensione system since the Second World War. It also analyses the present redistributive effects of the system and defines the role that supplementary funded plans could play. The former issue is tackled in the first part of the paper, the latter issues will be dealt with in the second part.
Wage Discrimination and Female Occupational Intensity
Authors: Lucifora Claudio , Reilly Barry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe analysis presented in this paper attempts to shed some light, in the context of the Italian labour market, on wage based gender discrimination effects and on the potential impact of gender occupational distribution on wage determination. The results obtained provide some useful insights for Equal Pay legislation and on the efficacy of Comparable Worth (CW) type policies. The wage equation estimates are broadly in line with results obtained elsewhere in the literature. A discrimination effect of nearly 17|X% results when an exclusively male occupational structure is considered. The gender wage gap showed to decrease as female intensity increases. In terms of the framework used, two competing interpretations have been proposed and their implications discussed. The implication of different policy measures which, in recent years, generated much discussion among scholars and in political arenas have been considered, namely: CW and Affirmative Action (AA) policies. Future research should consider a structural model of discrimination so as to discriminate between competing models and policy options.
Local Labour Markets Identification: a United Point of View*
Authors: Bellacicco Antonio 
Published: June 2007

Abstract. In this paper a unifying point of view is discussed of the methodologies and algorithms actually proposed for the identification of local labour market. The emphasis is on the main contributions to two broad methodological areas of functional regionalization and homogeneous spatial clustering.Most Italian contributions are considered in detail and some critical notes are pointed out in order to show that the methodological background is just the same for both approaches. The interpretations of the outputs of the proposed methodologies is discussed in terms of local labour markets.
Labour Market Structures, Labour Market Policy and Wage Formation in the OECD
Authors: Heylen Freddy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates why the incentive to moderate wages in an environment of rising unemployment differs so strongly among the OECD countries. In the first part we develop an insider‐outsider bargaining model in which the wage results from a confrontation of the insiders' wage claims and the employer's wage offer. The second part of the paper empirically tests the model's predictions for the determinants of wage flexibility. The degree of centralization of wage bargaining, the extent of active labour market policy and the characteristics of the unemployment benefit system are shown to be relevant determinants.
Labour Market Policies: Welfare, Incomes, Employment
Authors: Brunetta Renato 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe — in some ways innovative — objective of this paper is the study of the dynamics of the disequilibria provoked by the emergence of involuntary unemployment in the labour market, and the role of the economic policy authorities (through welfare, incomes and employment policies), with the aim of discovering if there is an explicit or implicit consistency between the role of these authorities, their actions and the pursuit of maximum employment (or elimination of the disequilibria).We seek to show, in other words, whether the actions of the government authorities conform to their accepted meaning (the aim of reducing the disequilibria) or whether, on the contrary, it may not be possible to put forward a different interpretation, if sociopolitical variables are introduced into the analysis, thus placing in the foreground different and alternative objecties such as “conflict control” and/or the reaching of a consensus between the different social partners.The paper therefore begins by analysing separately the historical‐theoretical characteristics of the individual policies considered — welfare, incomes and employment — in their evolution (with particular reference to the last two decades), and then attempts an interpretative key in synthesis, by resorting to a specific model derived from the theories of disequilibria.
Work and Social Reproduction: Two Concepts for Interpreting the Post‐Fordist Transition
Authors: Mingione Enzo , Pinnaro Gabriella 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the definitions of the term “work” which could be applied to advanced industrial societies, and which cover an increasingly complex range of activities. The authors' definition can be viewed as an attempt to forge a significant link between economic and sociological analysis, in order to understand the complex connections, typical only of industrial societies, between different forms of work and employment, and the variety of patterns of social reproduction of diverse groups in different periods and contexts.
Extrahepatic cholestasis downregulates Oatp1 by TNF‐α signalling without affecting Oatp2 and Oatp4 expression and sodium‐independent bile salt uptake in rat liver
Authors: Geier Andreas , Dietrich Christoph G. , Trauner Michael , Gartung Carsten 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHepatic uptake of bile salts is mediated by sodium‐dependent and sodium‐independent transport systems. During extrahepatic cholestasis, both the function and the expression of the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) are downregulated. To test whether sodium‐independent organic anion‐transporting polypeptides are also affected by extrahepatic cholestasis, the function and expression of all three Oatps have been determined in common bile duct‐ligated (CBDL) rats. Oatp1/Oatp1a1 protein mass remained unchanged after CBDL for 1 day, but then declined by 75±7% and 90±17%, respectively, after 3 and 7 days. In contrast, Oatp2/Oatp1a4 and Oatp4/Oatp1b2 protein expression was not affected by CBDL as compared with controls. After CBDL, Oatp1 mRNA was rapidly downregulated by 68±21% of untreated controls (P<0.05) within 24 h, and remained at similar levels at 3 and 7 days. Cytokine‐inactivation studies with etanercept pretreatment demonstrated that TNF‐α‐dependent signals mediated the down‐regulation of this transporter gene at both protein and mRNA levels during obstructive cholestasis. Sodium‐independent uptake of taurocholate and cholate into freshly isolated hepatocyte suspensions showed neither significant differences inKmnorVmaxvalues. These results indicate that sodium‐independent transport of bile salts may be mediated by Oatp2 and 4 during biliary obstruction, because its expression remains unaffected and may compensate for loss of Oatp1 expression and function in cholestatic hepatocytes.
Ziprasidone for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Clinical Trials
Authors: Greenberg William M. , Citrome Leslie 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTZiprasidone is a newer “atypical” or “second‐generation” antipsychotic. Oral ziprasidone (ziprasidone hydrochloride) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder (with or without psychotic features). Ziprasidone intramuscular (ziprasidone mesylate) is FDA‐approved for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia. Oral ziprasidone appears efficacious, and has been shown to have some limited clinical advantages over chlorpromazine and haloperidol in ameliorating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In Phase 2 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) for schizophrenia, ziprasidone did not match the clinical performance of olanzapine and risperidone, appearing closer in overall effectiveness to quetiapine. The rate of dose titration and the dose achieved may have an important bearing on ziprasidone's efficacy profile. In studies of usage for acute agitation in individuals with schizophrenia, intramuscular ziprasidone has been shown to be efficacious and relatively well tolerated. Regarding tolerability, ziprasidone, has important advantages in that it is not associated with clinically significant weight gain or adverse changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycemic control, and patients may experience moderate improvement in these measures when switching to ziprasidone from a different antipsychotic agent. It also lacks significant persistent effects on prolactin levels, is not anticholinergic, and only infrequently causes extrapyramidal side effects or postural hypotension, although it can be associated with somnolence. This tolerability profile may be quite valuable in the treatment of some patients. Ziprasidone may prolong the electrocardiogram (ECG) QTc interval (QT interval corrected for heart rate by a standard algorithm), but after 5 years' clinical availability ziprasidone (by itself) does not appear to pose a substantial clinical problem in this regard. Therefore, ziprasidone may be considered a first‐line drug option in the treatment of schizophrenia or manic episodes, but, in view of the differences among antipsychotic medications, drug selection should be guided by the patient's individual characteristics and situation.
Effect of ADH1B Genotype on Alcohol Consumption in Young Israeli Jews
Authors: Spivak Baruch , Frisch Amos , Maman Ziyona , Aharonovich Efrat , Alderson Donald , Carr Lucinda G. , Weizman Avraham , Hasin Deborah 
Published: June 2007

Background: The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genotype affects the risk for alcoholism, with elevated prevalence of a protective allele in Jews. Alcohol consumption is increasing among younger Israeli Jews, reflecting environmental influences. We investigated whether the relationship of ADH1B genotype with alcohol consumption differed between younger and older adult Israelis.Methods: Israeli community residents aged 22 to 65 participated in a structured interview that included questions on the maximum number of drinks on an occasion (Maxdrinks). The ADH1B genotype was determined for 68 participants and dichotomized into nonprotective (ADH1B*1/1) and protective (ADH1B*1/2 or ADH1B*2/2) genotypes. Using Maxdrinks as the dependent variable, Poisson's regression was used to test an age × genotype interaction.Results: The ADH1B genotype interacted significantly with age (p=0.01) in a Poisson's model with Maxdrinks as the outcome. Among participants ≥33 years, Maxdrinks was low and unrelated to the ADH1B genotype. Among participants <33 years with ADH1B*1/2 or ADH1B*2/2, Maxdrinks was also low (mean, 2.6 drinks) but among those with ADH1B*1/1, Maxdrinks was substantially higher (mean, 6.2 drinks).Conclusion: Maximum lifetime drinking among younger adult Israelis without genetic protection exceeded thresholds for risky and unsafe drinking (≥5 drinks). Environmental influences promoting greater drinking among younger Israelis may particularly affect those with the nonprotective, more common ADH1B genotype.
Prognosis for Abutment Teeth of Removable Dentures: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Piwowarczyk Andree , Köhler Kai‐Christian , Bender Ralf , Büchler Alfred , Lauer Hans‐Christoph , Ottl Peter 
Published: June 2007

Purpose:
This retrospective study evaluates the clinical success of conical crown‐retained removable dentures.
Materials and Methods
: Ninety‐seven patients were treated with 97 dentures at the University of Frankfurt, Department of Prosthodontics, between 1993 and 2000. The average observation period was 4.9 ± 2.8 years. The dentures were supported by 445 natural abutment teeth. To evaluate the long‐term success of the restorations, the variables abutment loss, tooth mobility, mean probing depths, and radiological bone loss were used. Data were obtained by one clinical examiner at baseline, by systematic evaluation of patient records, and at clinical re‐examinations. Survival‐time methods were used to analyze time‐to‐event data. Specifically, the Cox model with frailty term was applied to account for correlations between intra‐patient survival data. Thirty abutment teeth had to be extracted during the observation period.
Results:
Statistical analysis showed no significant effects of the variables tooth mobility (p= 0.42), mean probing depths (p= 0.23), and radiological bone loss (p= 0.59) on the time to tooth extraction. For the non‐extracted abutment teeth significant changes during time for the variables tooth mobility (p < 0.0001) and radiological bone loss (p= 0.0240) were observed.
Conclusion:
Removable partial dentures retained by conical crowns have a favorable clinical prognosis
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Rottman Jeffey , Kleiger Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

Cardiac Mapping. M. Shanasa, M. Borggrefe, and G. Breithardt (eds).Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Practical Guide for the Clinician. Second Edition. Robert A. Waugh, Barry W. Ramo, Galen S. Wagner, and Marcel Gilbert (eds).
Early and Late Results of the Self‐Expanding Nitinol Stents: Interim Report from a Multicenter European Study
Authors: BEYAR RAFAEL , ROGUIN ARIEL 
Published: June 2007

The nitinol self‐expanding coil stent is unique in its mechanism of deployment and in the way radial arterial expansion is achieved, characterized by a combination of self‐ and balloon‐assisted expansion, and long‐term outside radial expansion force on the vessel wall. The initial acute and long‐term angiographic results in the first cohort of patients with simple and complex lesion morphology are presented. Eighty‐six self‐expanding nitinol coronary stents were implanted in 62 consecutive patients in our center. There were nine chronic total occlusions and 53 patients with suboptimal results. After stent deployment, within‐stent balloon dilatation to the nominal stent size at pressures ranging between 12 and 14 atm were performed in all cases. Angioplasty increased the minimal lumen diameter (MLD) from 1.04 ± 0.73 mm at baseline to 2.24 ± 0.57 mm; stent deployment further increased MLD to 2.43 ± 0.48 mm, and within‐stent balloon dilatation to 2.87 ± 0.62 mm. During follow‐up, five patients required target lesion revascularization; there was one noncardiac death, but no myocardial infarctions. In 37 patients, angiography was done 6‐9 months post stenting. Restenosis was detected in six patients; the MLD was 2.30 ± 0.98 mm, and the stent diameter 3.05 ± 0.60 mm. These represent favorable long‐term results of this new stent.SummaryThe experimental and clinical results of the self‐expanding nitinol coil stent have been reviewed. Animal data have shown that the stent is safe and provokes a mild proliferative response, similar to previously studied balloon‐expandable stents. Data from femoral and popliteal arteries are supportive of long‐term patency in these arteries, which are typically associated with unfavorable results from other stents. Data from coronary implantations in patients show that the stent can be safely used to treat coronary lesions of both simple and complex natures. Long‐term results of these patients compare favorably with existing data in similar lesions using other stents. A larger clinical trial using the new flat wire design stent is required to test whether further stent expansion may contribute to low restenosis rates.