bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A combination of four cell types for rapid detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens
Authors: Dagan Ron , Menegus Marilyn A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIsolation in cell culture is currently the most sensitive and reliable way to demonstrate enterovirus (EV) in clinical specimens. During July‐October 1982 and 1983, we studied the impact of adding two new cell lines, Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM) and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), to the more traditional cell combination used for EV isolation, human embyronic lung (HEL) and primary cynomolgus monkey kidney (CMK) cells; 2,558 specimens were studied: 632 fecal, 677 respiratory, 537 CSF, and 712 blood. An EV was isolated from 417 (16%); of these, 77 (18%) were positive only in BGM or RD; 35% (146/417) of the specimens were positive in BGM, RD, or both, at least one day earlier than in the traditional cells. BGM cells were helpful in isolation of group B coxsackieviruses (CB): 99% of 121 positive specimens were detected in BGM vs 73% in CMK and 23 % in HEL; 72 % of the CB isolates were detected by day 2 in BGM vs 48% in CMK and 0% in HEL. RD cells were helpful in the isolation of echoviruses: 59% of the 189 positive specimens were detected in RD vs 67% in HEL and 58% in CMK. RD was the only positive cell type in 28/ 189 (15 %) positive specimens; 31 % of the echovirus isolates were detected by day 2 in RD, vs 20% in HEL and 19% in CMK. Using the cell types described, we provided the clinician with results in 42% of the EV‐positive specimens by day 2 after inoculation and in 61 % by day 4.
Nucleic acid hybridization for detection of herpes viruses in clinical specimens
Authors: Schuster Volker , Matz Bertfried , Wiegand Helga , Polack Axel , Corsten Brigitte , Neumann‐Haefelin Dieter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA diagnostic hybridization assay for detecting varicella zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in different clinical specimens was developed using cloned viral DNAs as probes. All probes detected at least 5 pg of homologous DNA and did not cross‐react with other viral or cellular DNA. Results of cell culture, serology, and DNA assay were highly concordant. Using a simple standardized protocol for preparation of specimens, hybridization, and washing procedures, this sensitive and specific assay appears to be useful for screening clinical specimens and may be helpful in confirming the serological diagnosis of HSV encephalitis and persistent EBV infections or EBV‐associated diseases.
Neutralization test for bk virus: plaque reduction detected by immunoperoxidase staining
Authors: Flaegstad Trond , Traavik Terje , Christie Karen Elina , Joergensen Jorunn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe developed an immunoperoxidase staining test to detect structural antigens of BK virus (BKV) in Vero cell cultures. This test was used to examine the neutralizing activity of human and immunized animal sera. It was shown that sera positive for BKV antibodies measured by hemagglutination inhibition test and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were able to prevent expression of BKV structural antigens in cell cultures. The correlation between titers in the hemagglutination inhibition test, levels of BKV IgG measured by ELISA, and the titers assayed by the immunoperoxidase neutralization test was high. We suggest that this type of test may be used instead of conventional neutralization tests for other viruses with slowly developing cytopathogenic effects.
Respiratory syncytial virus: Report of a 5‐year study at a children's hospital
Authors: de Silva L. M. , Hanlon M. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study over a 5‐year period (1979–1983) of RSV infections in children in Sydney, Australia is reported. In common with findings made elsewhere in the world, annual epidemics of RSV infection commencing in autumn and lasting 4–6 months, with peak activity in mid‐winter, were observed in 1979, 1980, and 1983. However, in 1981 and 1982 virus activity was first detected in midsummer, peaked in autumn, and was present throughout most months of the year.The alteration in virus activity in 1981 and 1982 was not associated with changes restricted to these 2 years in factors such as the age groups or sex ratio of patients affected or in the clinical categories predominantly affected. A study of climatic variables, however, indicated unusually low rainfall in 3 of 4 years encompassing this period.Study over a longer period is indicated to determine if these observed alterations in seasonal activity of RSV will be repeated in future years. Any possible relationship of such a change to rainfall could then also be better assessed.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human rotavirus hemagglutinin
Authors: Kitaoka Setsuko , Fukuhara Norio , Tazawa Fumiyo , Suzuki Hiroshi , Sato Tetsuo , Konno Tasuke , Ebina Takusaburo , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree monoclonal antibodies capable of specifically inhibiting hemagglutination of human rotavirus were produced. Their hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity was specific to the homologous strain (KUN) used for immunization. The monoclonal antibodies with HI activity were highly effective in neutralizing the infectivity of the KUN strain. These antibodies reacted with Vp80, an 80,000 molecular weight (MW) protein present in the viral outer shell. It was confirmed by immunoblotting assay with the monoclonal antibodies that the antigenic site of human rotavirus hemagglutinin (HA) resides on Vp80 and on its smaller trypsin cleavage products Vp30 (MW 30,000) and Vp24 (MW 24,000). Immunofluorescence studies using the antibodies revealed that the HA antigen of the KUN strain developed at the final stage of virus maturation.
Use of N‐acetylethyleneimine [AEI] for the inactivation of semliki forest virus in vitro
Authors: Amor Sandra , Webb H. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractN‐Acetylethyleneimine (AEI) was used to inactivate the avirulent Togavirus Semliki Forest virus (A774 strain) grown in chick embryo, Vero, and brain cell cultures. The purity of the virus preparation affected the kinetics of inactivation. The rate of inactivation increased with a rise in temperature from 5 to 40°C and in concentration of AEI from 0.025 to 0.1%.The resultant vaccine was inoculated into adult mice to test its antigenicity and into suckling mice to test for the presence of infective virus. Semliki Forest virusspecific IgG was produced equal to that of mice given live virus, and mice were protected against the lethal SFV L10 strain. No suckling mice died, and the brains of the adult mice showed no pathology.
Excretion of Cytomegalovirus in Semen Associated with HTLV‐III Seropositivity in Asymptomatic Homosexual Men
Authors: Rinaldo Charles R. , Kingsley Lawrence A. , Lyter David W. , Bodner Anne J. , Weiss Stanley H. , Carl Saxinger W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied 56 asymptomatic homosexual male volunteers in Pittsburgh for 11/2 yr for relationships between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human T‐lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV‐III) infections. CMV was most frequently isolated from semen (8%) as compared with throat washings (5.9%) and urine (0%) on initial testing of CMV‐seropositive subjects. Other viruses commonly isolated from immunosuppressed patients (herpes simplex virus, adenovirus) were rarely detected in this cohort. Seropositivity to HTLV‐III was significantly associated with isolation of CMV from semen in our asymptomatic cohort (odds ratio = 9.5, p = .008). These results suggest that HTLV‐III infection is associated with selective, temporal activation of CMV in the genital tract of asymptomatic homosexual men.
Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis Related AN6520 Ag Is a Normal Cellular Protein Mainly Expressed in Liver. II
Authors: Akatsuka Dr.Toshitaka , Tohmatsu Jun‐Ichi , Abe Kenji , Shikata Toshio , Ishikawa Takashi , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Yoshihara Namiko , Odaka Takeshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDetection of AN6520 Ag/Ab in human sera had indicated a close association with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH). In this study, we investigated the immunochemical nature of AN6520 Ag and measured the amounts in various human and chimpanzee organs in order to clarify the association with NANBH.AN6520 Ag was found to be composed of polypeptide(s) with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 daltons (45 kD), which are noncovalently linked together. Human antibodies in convalescent sera from NANBH patients as well as monoclonal antibodies were found to recognize only the high‐order structure of the antigen, whereas rabbit antibody recognized both the high‐order structure and the reduced form of 45 kD polypeptide(s).AN6520 Ag could be detected in most of the livers tested including those without any liver damage and fetal livers; their amounts varied considerably from each other. The antigen could be detected also in organs other than liver, but in contrast to liver, the amounts were small and did not vary as much between individuals. From the data of immunoblotting using rabbit antibody, our observed variation of antigen content in liver was considered to be due to the difference in expression of 45 kD polypeptide(s).Although no specific relationship was found between the amount of the antigen in liver and NANBH, the antigen was found to increase several times in livers of chimpanzees after the inoculation of NANBH virus.These data suggest that AN6520 Ag is a normal cellular protein existing mainly in liver and that its quantity may vary under some conditions such as NANBH.
Preliminary Characterisation of Torovirus‐Like Particles of Humans: Comparison With Berne Virus of Horses and Breda Virus of Calves
Authors: Beards, D.W.G. G. M. , Green Brown, J. , Flewett T. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPleomorphic virus‐like particles have been observed by electron microscopy in the faeces of children and adults with diarrhoea. Some of these particles were approximately 100 nm in diameter and had a “fringe” of closely applied peplomers approximately 10 nm long; they closely resembled Berne virus of horses and Breda virus of calves, the two representatives of a newly proposed family called the Toroviridae. In one sample a toroidal nucleoprotein‐like structure was observed within the particles. For two samples a buoyant density of 1.14 g/ml was determined by centrifugation through a sucrose density gradient. One sample possessed a haemagglutination for rat erythrocytes. The serological relationship between these different viruses was observed by immune electron microscopy, haemagglutination inhibition, and serum neutralisation. The role of these viruslike particles as candidate pathogens of humans is discussed.
Treatment of Junin Virus‐Infected Guinea Pigs With Immune Serum: Development of Late Neurological Disease
Authors: Kenyon Richard H. , Green David E. , Eddy Gerald A. , Peters Clarence J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGuinea pigs infected with Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus (Junin) were treated with pooled, homologous convalescent sera. Use of 15,000 or 5,000 therapeutic units of immune sera prevented all signs of illness when administered within 24 hr of infection. We could also prevent illness and death in infected guinea pigs as late as 6 days after infection if we used more antisera (30,000 therapeutic units/ kg). In some treatment groups, surviving animals developed a late neurological syndrome with prominant rear‐limb paralysis. Treated animals typically expressed higher viral titers in the brain than in any other organ. There appeared to be no acute exacerbation of disease by antibody administration. Our data suggest that, after replicating peripherally, Junin virus infects the brain where circulating immunoglobulins may not eliminate viable virus. Subsequent replication of virus in the brain may generate a neurological phase of the illness. Histological examination of brains from guinea pigs in treatment groups favoring the neurological phase of illness showed encephalitis, meningitis, and swollen astrocytes, suggestive of neuronal degeneration. There is likely a delicate balance among presence of virus in the brain, the amount of antibody transported into the central nervous system, and the occurrence of this late neurological aspect of experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Further study of this model may elucidate factors relevant in understanding the continuing problem of the late neurological syndrome seen in some human cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma.
Therapeutic Effect of the Antiviral Agent Ribavirin in Junin Virus Infection of Primates
Authors: Weissenbacher Mercedes C. , Calello Miguel A. , Merani Maria S. , Rodriguez Marcos , McCormick Joseph B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to assess the effect of the antiviral Ribavirin on the course of Junin virus infection in Callithrix jacchus, seven inoculated monkeys were treated with 15 mg of the drug, twice a day, starting 6 days after infection when all animals were viremic. The three untreated controls showed typical signs of Junin virus infection at 14 days pi and their mean time of death was 18 days. In contrast, no signs of illness were detected in Ribavirin‐treated animals until 24 days pi, when marmosets showed signs of neurological involvement: 5 of these animals died (mean day of death: 36) but the two remaining treated monkeys improved and survived infection without sequelae. The comparison of survival rates (0% vs 28%) and the delay of the mean day of death observed indicates that the Ribavirin treatment used has therapeutic effect on Junin virus infection in vivo.
Replication of Hepatitis B Virus in Culture Systems With Adult Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Shimizu Yukihiro , Nambu Shuji , Kojima Takashi , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe developed a technique for isolation and primary culture of adult human hepatocytes from surgical liver biopsy specimens by in situ perfusion and a shaking method. Cultured hepatocytes were maintained in monolayers for more than three weeks and showed morphological and functional characteristics in vivo. The cultured human hepatocytes were inoculated with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the medium was detected for about three weeks after inoculation, which was longer than that reported in previous studies. In one case of high attachment efficiency, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was detected in the medium five to eight days after inoculation. HBsAg and HBeAg were also detected in the extracts of inoculated human hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence study revealed HBsAg in 20–30% of hepatocytes and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in 2–3% of the cultured human hepatocytes four days after inoculation. Free HBV DNA was identified in the human hepatocytes for at least two weeks after inoculation, although single‐stranded HBV DNA was not detected. These studies suggest that HBsAg was actively produced and that HBV replicated in a small number of inoculated adult human hepatocytes in primary culture. However, further improvement of culture systems is needed for active replication of HBV in vitro.
Significance of Specific Epstein‐Barr Virus IgA and Elevated IgG Antibodies to Viral Capsid Antigens in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Hadar Tuvia , Sidi Jack , Rahima Menashe , Rakowsky Erika , Kahan Ernesto , Sarov Batya , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe feasibility of using elevated Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) specific‐IgG antiviral capsid antigen (VCA) and IgA anti‐VCA antibody levels as an aid in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was analyzed by determination of serum anti‐body titers to EBV in 54 NPC patients, 114 healthy blood donors, and 40 family members by the immunoperoxidase assay (IPA). No significant difference was found in the prevalence rate of EBV IgG anti‐VCA antibodies (titer ≥20) between the patient group and the control and family groups (100% vs 92% and 90%, respectively). The prevalence rate of elevated EBV IgG anti‐VCA titers (≥ 80, ≥ 160, ≥ 320, and≥ 640) was significantly higher in the NPC patients than in controls. For example, at an IgG titer of ≥320, the prevalence rate was 82% in the NPC patient group and 1.7% in the controls (P <0.0001). The prevalence of EBV IgA anti‐VCA antibodies (≥ 10) was significantly higher in the NPC patients than in control and family groups (82% vs 6.1% and 0%, respectively). The prevalence rate for elevated EBV IgA anti‐VCA (≥20) was found to be significantly higher (P <0.0001) in NPC patients than in the control group (70% vs 1.7%). A significantly high proportion (P = 0.0004) of NPC patients who had serum EBV IgA anti‐VCA titers of <20 had elevated IgG titers to VCA ≥ 320 (21 % vs 1.7% among controls). It appears that testing for IgG antibodies at a serum dilution of 1:320 and for IgA antibodies at a dilution of 1:20 by the IPA technique comprises the best combination for the differentiation between NPC patients and health controls (91% vs 3.4%), and it is suggested that these be used as screening markers for NPC patients.
Unusual Monocyte‐Lymphocyte Interactions Determine the Specificity of the Immune‐specific Interferon Response Induced by Newcastle Disease and Herpes Simplex Viruses
Authors: Green Jon A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVirus‐induced immune‐specific interferon (IS‐IFN) is produced by previously sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) three to five days after they are placed in tissue culture. This IS‐IFN is readily identified on the basis of its time of production and its synergistic composition of alpha and gamma interferons. The current studies demonstrate that circulating monocytes control the specificity and magnitude of the IS‐IFN response. No IS‐IFN is produced by PBML that are heavily depleted of monocytes. Immune‐specific IFN production is enhanced in PBML cultures that are partially depleted of monocytes. Partial monocyte depletion permits virus to induce the production of IS‐IFN by unsensitized PBML.
Hepatitis B vaccine: Immunogenicity and follow‐up including two year booster doses in high‐risk health care personnel in a London teaching hospital
Authors: Fagan Elizabeth A. , Tolley Philippa , Smith Heather M. , Williams Roger , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. , Peters Marion P. , Coleman Jocelyn , Elliott Patricia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred forty‐four adult health care personnel (aged 18–62 years, median 33 years) considered at high risk of future HBV infection were vaccinated with a plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine (20 μg HBVax at 0, 1, and 6 months) and followed‐up for 2 years. Anti‐HBs was present in only 6.9% prior to vaccination, and prescreening to detect this group would not have been cost‐effective. At 9 months, 8.3% were nonresponders and a further 9% had anti‐HBs levels ≥ 50 mIU/ml. Multivariate analysis showed that age was the single most important determinant of a poor response. In 47 of 52 individuals retested 2 years later, anti‐HBs levels had fallen by 80% or more, and in four it had become undetectable. Response to a booster dose at this stage was excellent, with anti‐HBs levels 3 months later much higher than at the end of the initial course. Additional booster doses of vaccine in two of the initial nonresponders at 14 and 22 months, respectively, also led to seroconversion. Although a significant proportion of health care workers in this study did not make a satisfactory response to the hepatitis B vaccine, later booster doses were very effective in subsequently increasing anti‐HBs levels.
Characterization of the polymerised and monomeric human serum albumin binding sites on hepatitis B surface antigen
Authors: Ishihara K. , Waters J. A. , Pignatelli M. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReceptors for polymerised human albumin are present on the pre‐S sequence of the envelope protein of HBV and on the hepatocyte membrane and are thought to be involved in uptake of the virus by hepatocytes. Using a solid phase radioimmunoassay we demonstrate binding of HBsAg to polymerised human serum albumin (pHSA) in both HBe antigen‐positive and ‐negative patients, and this binding is linearly related to the HBsAg titre in both groups. There are probably several modes of interaction between HBsAg and pHSA. Here we show that pHSA binds to the 22,000‐dalton polypeptide of HBsAg, which does not contain the pre‐S sequence. This pHSA‐HBsAg interaction is inhibited by physiological concentrations of human serum albumin, suggesting that the albumin known to be present in the envelop of HBsAg plays a role in this binding. The inhibition of pHSA/HBsAg interaction by native albumin suggests that this interaction is probably not an important mechanism of virus uptake during infection of hepatocytes.
Presence of episomal and integrated human papillomavirus DNA sequences in cervical carcinoma
Authors: Choo Kong‐Bung , Pan Chao‐Chih , Liu Ming‐Sun , Han Shou‐Hwa , Ng Heung‐Tat , Chen Cyre‐Ping , Lee Yi‐Nan , Chao Chung‐Faye , Meng Ching‐Leung , Yeh Ming‐Yang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty surgical samples of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix obtained from Chinese women were analysed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 using Southern blot hybridization procedure. HPV16 was detected in 53% while HPV18 was found in only 6% of the samples analyzed. When compared with other reports, variation in the geographic distribution of these two HPV types in association with cervical carcinoma is noted. Thirty‐seven and a half percent of the HPV16‐positive samples contained this HPV type in episomal form and an equal number in cellular DNA‐integrated form. The simultaneous presence of both episomal and integrated forms was found in the remaining 25 % of the positive samples. The two HPV18‐positive cases harbored only episomal viral genome and were not superinfected by HPV16. Analysis of the HPV16. integration samples showed that single integration events had probably occurred and some of the viral sequences had been lost on or subsequent to integration.
Hepatitis delta (δ) cDNA clones: Undetectable hybridization to nucleic acids from infectious non‐A, non‐B hepatitis materials and hepatitis B DNA
Authors: Weiner A. J. , Wang K.‐S. , Choo Q.‐L. , Houghton M. , Bradley D. W. , Gerin J. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis Delta(δ) cDNA clones were hybridized to RNA extracted from livers of chimpanzees infected with the blood‐borne Non‐A, Non‐B hepatitis (NANBH) agent(s) and to total nucleic acids extracted from chimpanzee plasma containing a high titer of these NANBH agent(s). Since no hybridization was observed, the data suggests that the hepatitis Delta viral genome is not closely related to the genome(s) of the NANB agent(s). Our studies, in which the Hepatitis B virus genomic DNA was hybridized to hepatitis Delta cDNA clones, also confirm and extend previous studies [Hoyer et al, 1983], which report a lack of detectable homology between the hepatitis Delta genome and HBV DNA.