bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career paths of graduates of a degree‐linked nursing course*
Authors: Montague Susan E. , Herbert Rosamund A. 
Published: December 2006

The aim of this study was to follow the career development of all 103 former students of the BSc (Hons) degree in human biology at the University of Surrey who also took the nursing option leading to qualification as SRN, at St George's School of Nursing, London. These individuals qualified between 1970 and 1980.A postal questionnaire was used and a 97% response was obtained. The employment of each respondent was recorded at various time intervals after qualification and categorized to facilitate analysis.Findings were generally in accordance with the preliminary findings of the Universities of Manchester and Edinburgh follow‐up studies. The majority of respondents chose and followed careers in nursing. The most common categories of employment for the first 5 years after qualification were hospital and community nursing. Sixty‐two percent had taken further training in various fields of nursing. A larger proportion of human biologist nurse graduates had selected careers in community nursing, nursing research and nursing education than had Edinburgh nurse graduates.There was support for the suggestion that nurse graduates choose to consolidate their experience before breaking their career on account of motherhood.Between 9 and 31% were in non‐nursing employment during the first 5 years of employment. Most of these were studying or working in health related fields. This figure was higher than that found in Edinburgh and reflects the nature of the degree‐linked human biology/nursing option course.
Educating teachers of nursing: the attitudes of students
Authors: Sheahan John 
Published: December 2006

One hundred and twenty‐four experienced registered nurses representing four status categories (nurse managers, full‐time student teachers of nursing, first year part‐time student teachers of nursing, and second year part‐time teachers of nursing) participated in a study to investigate the nature of their social attitudes.Oliver's Survey of Opinions about Education was used as a measure of social attitudes.The overall conclusion was that the social attitudes of the subjects in the study were more similar than dissimilar. Significant differences were found between the managers and the full time teachers (t =−2.03, P < 0.05) on radicalism. The teachers were found to be more radical. Significant differences were found between the managers and the first year part‐time teachers (t =−2.55, P < 0.05) on tender‐mindedness. The teachers were found to be more tender‐minded. Significant differences were also found on tender‐mindedness between the managers and the second year part‐time teachers (t =−2.37, P < 0.05). Again, the teachers were found to be more tender‐minded than the managers. Apart from these differences, the social attitudes of the subjects were found to be well balanced.When the findings of the present study are compared with other studies relating to the social attitudes of nurses, the pattern which emerges is a more balanced one. However, previous studies mainly used subjects in the l8–21‐year age group. The difference in the ages of the subjects is likely to be an important factor on their social attitudes, but further research would be required to determine whether factors other than a difference in ages play a part.
Shorebird roost‐site selection at two temporal scales: is human disturbance a factor?
Authors: PETERS KIMBERLY A. , OTIS DAVID L. 
Published: December 2006

Summary

Roost‐site selection in shorebirds is governed by ambient factors, including environmental conditions and human disturbance. Determination of the extent to which these factors affect roost use and the associated implications for shorebird habitat protection is important for conservation strategies and informed management of human recreational use of these habitats. Shorebird conservation as a whole is a high priority world‐wide because a large proportion of shorebird species is in decline. However, little is understood about the consistency of roost use by different species, what conditions affect species‐specific roost‐site selection, and at what spatial and temporal scales conditions influence selection.
We studied high‐tide roost‐site selection by eight species of non‐breeding shorebirds on a critically important stopover and wintering refuge. We calculated spatial and temporal variability in roost use for each species based on counts and consistency of incidence. We then examined roost‐site selection in relation to structural, environmental and human disturbance factors, and how this varied across spatial and temporal scales.
Most roosts were used less than 50% of the time, although larger roosts were used more consistently. This varied among species, with red knot Calidris canutus tending to concentrate at a few roosts and American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus, dowitcher Limnodromus griseus and Limnodromus scolopaceus and ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres more diffusely distributed among roosts.
At an annual scale, the principal factors affecting shorebird presence at roosts were roost length (size), local region, substrate and aspect. The extent and direction of these effects varied among species. Among years, red knots avoided roosts that had high average boat activity within 1000 m, but disturbance did not appear to be a factor for other species.
Daily roost use was influenced primarily by wind speed and the ability of roosts to provide shelter from the wind. Only dowitchers appeared to track daily disturbance, avoiding prospective roosts when boat activity within 100 m was high.
Synthesis and applications. Our findings emphasize the need to consider species‐specific differences in temporal‐ and spatial‐scale effects of roost‐site selection factors, including human disturbance, when employing conservation measures for shorebirds. We suggest that conservation management should aim to provide a wide range of potential roosts (both natural and artificial) that could be used under different wind conditions and that are within reasonable travelling distance of preferred feeding areas. Roost use is often highly variable, and monitoring efforts must take this into account before making inferences about changes in use or selection of roost sites.
Will agri‐environment schemes deliver substantial biodiversity gain, and if not why not?
Authors: WHITTINGHAM MARK J. 
Published: December 2006

Summary

One of the main aims of agri‐environment schemes (AES) is to increase biodiversity on farmland. Common conservation practice is to identify areas containing valuable resources (e.g. habitats, ecosystems and species) and then to protect them: ‘protected area’ schemes. AES differ from typical protected area schemes because they are often applied to small patches of land, such as field boundaries, and are sometimes located in areas where the target species does not occur.
AES require an enormous amount of funding and they have been applied across a large geographical area, i.e. the European Union. However, recent evidence suggests mixed results regarding the effects of AES on biodiversity.
It is hard to predict the consequences of AES on biodiversity because a number of factors are seldom accounted for explicitly. For example: (i) the occurrence of target species will vary between patches; (ii) there will be variation in habitat preference by species in different geographical areas; (iii) both optimal foraging theory and metapopulation theory predict that the distance from breeding individuals is likely to determine patch use; (iv) if resources are widely spread then the home ranges of some species may need to increase to encompass the multiple resources needed for breeding. The potential for these factors to affect the outcome of AES on biodiversity is discussed.
Synthesis and applications. AES are likely to increase biodiversity if a lower number of larger resource patches are provided, in contrast to current practice that promotes many small fragmented areas of environmental resource. One way of achieving this may be to run these schemes more like traditional protected area schemes, with farms or groups of farms managed using extensive farming methods. Such an approach negates some of the problems of current AES and may help to address a wider range of concerns held by different countryside stakeholders.
The effect of cortical activation on orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Cho K‐W , Cho S‐W , Oh C‐O , Ryu Y‐K , Ohshima H , Jung H‐S 
Published: December 2006

Objective:  Cortical activation is one of the procedures to accelerate tooth movement by manipulating the cortical bone. In this study, the effect of cortical activation on orthodontic tooth movement was investigated clinically and histologically in the surrounding bony tissue.Materials and methods:  In the lower and upper jaws of two beagle dogs, cortical activation was applied to the buccal and lingual side of the alveolar bone in the right jaw where 12 holes were made on each cortical plate 4 weeks after the extraction of all the second bicuspids while under deep anesthesia. All third bicuspids on both jaws were forced to move forward by a 150‐g force using NiTi coil spring with/without guiding wire. The tooth movement was measured and the animals were killed after tooth movement.Results:  Rapid initial tooth movement was apparent after cortical activation. However, after 6 months of cortical activation, the cell number and cellular activity of the surrounding periodontal tissue were decreased.Conclusions:  This experiment showed that rapid initial tooth movement was apparent following the application of orthodontic force after cortical activation but the cellular activity and fibroblast structure were abnormal in the surrounding periodontal tissue.
Profiling of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+CD45RO+FoxP3+ T Cells in Patients with Malignant Glioma Reveals Differential Expression of the Immunologic Transcriptome Compared with T Cells from Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Learn Chris A. , Fecci Peter E. , Schmittling Robert J. , Xie Weihua , Karikari Isaac , Mitchell Duane A. , Archer Gary E. , Wei ZhengZheng , Dressman Holly , Sampson John H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurpose: Analyses of T-cell mRNA expression profiles in glioblastoma multiforme has not been previously reported but may help to define and characterize the immunosuppressed phenotype in patients with this type of cancer.Experimental Design: We did microarray studies that have shown significant and fundamental differences in the expression profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+CD45RO+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) from normal healthy volunteers compared with patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. For these investigations, we isolated total RNA from enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cell or Treg cell populations from age-matched individuals and did microarray analyses.Results: ANOVA and principal components analysis show that the various T cell compartments exhibit consistently similar mRNA expression profiles among individuals within either healthy or brain tumor groups but reflect significant differences between these groups. Compared with healthy volunteers, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with glioblastoma multiforme display coordinate down-regulation of genes involved in T cell receptor ligation, activation, and intracellular signaling. In contrast, Tregs from patients with glioblastoma multiforme exhibit increased levels of transcripts involved in inhibiting host immunity.Conclusion: Our findings support the notion that key differences between expression profiles in T-cell populations from patients with glioblastoma multiforme results from differential expression of the immunologic transcriptome, such that a limited number of genes are principally important in producing the dysregulated T-cell phenotype.
Differential gene expression of bone anabolic factors and trabecular bone architectural changes in the proximal femoral shaft of primary hip osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Truong Le-Hoa , Kuliwaba Julia S , Tsangari Helen , Fazzalari Nicola L 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have shown a generalised increase in bone mass in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Using molecular histomorphometry, this study examined the in vivo expression of mRNA encoding bone anabolic factors and collagen type I genes (COL1A1, COL1A2) in human OA and non-OA bone. Bone samples were obtained from the intertrochanteric (IT) region of the proximal femur, a skeletal site distal to the active site of disease, from individuals with hip OA at joint replacement surgery and from autopsy controls. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed elevated mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.002), osteocalcin (OCN) (p < 0.0001), osteopontin (p < 0.05), COL1A1 (p < 0.0001), and COL1A2 (p < 0.002) in OA bone compared to control, suggesting possible increases in osteoblastic biosynthetic activity and/or bone turnover at the IT region in OA. Interestingly, the ratio of COL1A1/COL1A2 mRNA was almost twofold greater in OA bone compared to control (p < 0.001), suggesting the potential presence of collagen type I homotrimer at the distal site. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA levels were similar between OA and control bone. Bone histomorphometric analysis indicated that OA IT bone had increased surface density of bone (p < 0.0003), increased trabecular number (Tb.N) (p < 0.0003), and decreased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (p < 0.0001) compared to control bone. When the molecular and histomorphometric data were plotted, positive associations were observed in the controls for OCN/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) versus bone tissue volume (r = 0.82, p < 0.0007) and OCN/GAPDH versus Tb.N (r = 0.56, p < 0.05) and a negative association was observed for OCN/GAPDH versus Tb.Sp (r = -0.64, p < 0.02). These relationships were not evident in trabecular bone from patients with OA, suggesting that bone regulatory processes leading to particular trabecular structures may be altered in this disease. The finding of differential gene expression, as well as architectural changes and differences in molecular histomorphometric associations between OA and controls, at a skeletal site distal to the active site of joint degeneration supports the concept of generalised involvement of bone in the pathogenesis of OA.
Transcriptional Profiling of Hematologic Malignancies with a Low-Density DNA Microarray
Authors: Álvarez Patricia , Sáenz Pilar , Arteta David , Martínez Antonio , Pocoví Miguel , Simón Laureano , Giraldo Pilar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: High-density microarrays are powerful tools for expression analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously; however, experience with low-density microarrays in gene expression studies has been limited.Methods: We developed an optimized procedure for gene expression analysis based on a microarray containing 538 oligonucleotides and used this procedure to analyze neoplastic cell lines and whole-blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with different hematologic neoplasias. Hierarchical clustering and the Welch t-test with adjusted P values were used for data analysis.Results: This procedure detects 0.2 fmol of mRNA and generates a linear response of 2 orders of magnitude, with CV values of &lt;20% for hybridization and label replicates. We found statistically significant differences between Jurkat and U937 cell lines, between blood samples from 15 healthy donors and 59 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples, and between 6 acute myeloid leukemia patients and 4 myelodysplastic syndrome patients. A classification system constructed from the expression data predicted healthy or CLL status from a whole-blood sample with a 97% success rate.Conclusion: Transcriptional profiling of whole-blood samples was carried out without any cellular or sample manipulation before RNA extraction. This gene expression analysis procedure uncovered statistically significant differences associated with different hematologic neoplasias and made possible the construction of a classification system that predicts the healthy or CLL status from a whole-blood sample.
Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine Independently Predicts Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals with Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease (The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study)
Authors: Meinitzer Andreas , Seelhorst Ursula , Wellnitz Britta , Halwachs-Baumann Gabriele , Boehm Bernhard O , Winkelmann Bernhard R , März Winfried 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is increased in conditions associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. We investigated the use of ADMA to predict total and cardiovascular mortality in patients scheduled for coronary angiography.Methods: In 2543 persons with and 695 without coronary artery disease (CAD) identified by angiography we measured ADMA and recorded total and cardiovascular mortality during a median follow-up of 5.45 years.Results: ADMA was correlated positively to age, female sex, diabetes mellitus, former and current smoking, and C-reactive protein and inversely to HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. ADMA was not associated with body mass index, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, or the presence or absence of angiographic CAD. Glomerular filtration rate and homocysteine were the strongest predictors of ADMA. At the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile of ADMA, hazard ratios for all-cause mortality adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors were 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–1.52], 1.35 (95% CI 1.01–1.81), and 1.87 (95% CI 1.43–2.44), respectively, compared with the 1st quartile. Hazard ratios for cardiovascular death were 1.13 (95% CI 0.78–1.63), 1.42 (95% CI 1.00–2.02), and 1.81 (95% CI 1.31–2.51). ADMA in the highest quartile remained predictive of mortality after accounting for medication at baseline. The predictive value of ADMA was similar to that in the entire cohort in persons with CAD, stable or unstable, but was not statistically significant in persons without angiographic CAD.Conclusions: ADMA concentration predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with CAD independently of established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors.
Efficient Establishment of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Single Blastomeres and Polar Bodies
Authors: Wakayama Sayaka , Hikichi Takafusa , Suetsugu Rinako , Sakaide Yuko , Bui Hong-Thuy , Mizutani Eiji , Wakayama Teruhiko 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Recently, ES cell lines were established from single blastomeres taken from eight-cell embryos in mice and humans with success rates of 4% and 2%, respectively, which suggests that the method could be used in regenerative medicine to reduce ethical concerns over harm to embryos. However, those studies used other ES cells as supporting cells. Here, we report a simple and highly efficient method of establishing mouse ES cell lines from single blastomeres, in which single blastomeres are simply plated onto a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with modified ES cell medium. A total of 112 ES cell lines were established from two-cell (establishment rate, 50%–69%), early four-cell (28%–40%), late four-cell (22%), and eight-cell (14%–16%) stage embryos. We also successfully established 18 parthenogenetic ES cell lines from first (36%–40%) and second polar bodies (33%), the nuclei of which were reconstructed to embryos by nuclear transfer. Most cell lines examined maintained normal karyotypes and expressed markers of pluripotency, including germline transmission in chimeric mice. Our results suggest that the single cells of all early-stage embryos or polar bodies have the potential to be converted into ES cells without any special treatment.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Survival, synaptogenesis, and regeneration of adult mouse spiral ganglion neurons in vitro
Authors: Wei Dongguang , Jin Zhe , Järlebark Leif , Scarfone Eric , Ulfendahl Mats 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe inner ear spiral ganglion is populated by bipolar neurons connecting the peripheral sensory receptors, the hair cells, with central neurons in auditory brain stem nuclei. Hearing impairment is often a consequence of hair cell death, e.g., from acoustic trauma. When deprived of their peripheral targets, the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) progressively degenerate. For effective clinical treatment using cochlear prostheses, it is essential to maintain the SGN population. To investigate their survival dependence, synaptogenesis, and regenerative capacity, adult mouse SGNs were separated from hair cells and studied in vitro in the presence of various neurotrophins and growth factors. Coadministration of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) provided support for long‐term survival, while FGF‐2 alone could strongly promote neurite regeneration. Fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR‐3‐IIIc was found to upregulate and translocate to the nucleus in surviving SGNs. Surviving SGNs formed contacts with other SGNs after they were deprived of the signals from the hair cells. In coculture experiments, neurites extending from SGNs projected toward hair cells. Interestingly, adult mouse spiral ganglion cells could carry out both symmetric and asymmetric cell division and give rise to new neurons. The authors propose that a combination of FGF‐2 and GDNF could be an efficient route for clinical intervention of secondary degeneration of SGNs. The authors also demonstrate that the adult mammalian inner ear retains progenitor cells, which could commit neurogenesis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 67: 108–122, 2007
The association of alcohol dependency with employment probability: evidence from the population survey ‘Health 2000 in Finland’
Authors: Johansson Edvard , Alho Hannu , Kiiskinen Urpo , Poikolainen Kari 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate to what extent alcohol‐dependent individuals fare worse in the Finnish labour market, using data from a large Finnish health survey. We used the DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol dependence assessed by a composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). We find that there are substantial disadvantages for alcohol‐dependent men and women in the labour market, in the sense that they have lower employment probabilities. Treating alcohol dependence as an exogenous variable, we find that alcohol dependence is associated with decrease in the probability of full‐time or part‐time work of around 14 percentage points for men and 11 percentage points for women. However, accounting for endogeneity increases the negative effect to some 50 percentage points for men and to some 40 percentage points for women. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.