bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of solubilized amines on the structural transition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles in aqueous potassium bromide
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kirti  , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: January 2007

AbstractRod‐shaped micelles were produced by mixing 0.1 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.1 M KBr in aqueous solution. The effects of the addition of aliphaticn‐amines (C4, C6, C7 and C8) and temperature on the shape of micelles were studied by viscosity measurements. The viscosity data show that transition of rod‐shaped micelles to larger aggregates is induced by addition of higher amines (≥C6) up to a certain concentration; a further increase in concentration produced the opposite effect. Addition of C4‐amine induces only a rod‐to‐sphere transition. The data were interpreted in terms of solubilization/incorporation (decrease of micellar surface charge density) of amines inside the micelles and the nature of the effective solvent (water+amine). The latter effect dominated the change from larger aggregates to smaller micelles at higher concentrations of the added amine. Increasing the temperature produced effects similar to C4‐amine addition, namely, rod‐to‐sphere transition. Activation free energy (ΔG*) and enthalpy (ΔH*) were also computed from the temperature dependence of the viscosity. ΔG* and ΔH* values were higher for larger aggregates (long rods) than for smaller ones (spherical micelles) and ΔH* covered almost the total contribution to ΔG*.
Kinetics and preparation of amine oxides
Authors: Toney C. Joe , Friedli F. E. , Frank P. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA kinetic model for the oxidation of dimethyllaurylamine to its amine oxide with hydrogen peroxide was developed. It is a second‐order reaction where k=.0250, .0079 and .0037 kg per mol/min at 75, 60 and 50°C, respectively. Amine oxides ofN‐lauryl morpholine, piperidine and 3‐methyl piperidine were synthesized, and their rates of formation were determined. Compared to dimethyllaurylamine, the piperidines react slower, while the morpholine reaction is much faster.
Effect of secondary alcohol ethoxylates on behavior of triolein‐water‐surfactant systems
Authors: Tungsubutra Teeradetch , Miller Clarence A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStudy of the equilibrium phase behavior of systems containing water, triolein and secondary alcohol ethoxylates showed that a D or microemulsion phase, which solubilized significant amounts of triolein, formed at temperatures as low as 25°C when the surfactant was a suitable mixture of TERGITOL 15‐S‐3 and 15‐S‐5 (Union Carbide, Charleston, WV) with average ethylene oxide numbers of 3 and 5, respectively. In previous work with pure C12 linear ethoxylates and triolein, the D phase had formed only at temperatures above about 55°C. Based on the earlier studies, formation of the D phase would be expected to improve soil removal from synthetic fabrics by a solubilization‐emulsification mechanism. When sufficient oleyl alcohol was mixed with triolein, the D phase was observed at 25°C with Tergitol 15‐S‐5 alone. Observation of dynamic behavior in this system for triolein‐oleyl alcohol drops injected into surfactant‐water mixtures revealed that intermediate phases frequently formed near the drop surfaces and that considerable spontaneous emulsification of triolein occurred for appropriate drop compositions. Experiments with drops initially attached to individual polyester fibers confirmed that little oil remained on the fibers when emulsification was extensive. This mechanism involving spontaneous emulsification provides a means for soil removal different from that found previously in other systems, where the soil was solubilized into an intermediate phase, and this phase was emulsified by externally imposed agitation.
Synthesis and hydrolysis of chemodegradable cationic surfactants containing the 1,3‐dioxolane moiety
Authors: Wilk Kazimiera A. , Bieniecki Albert , Burczyk Bogdan , Sokolowski Adam 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn acid‐catalyzed reactions of long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes (Ia‐d wherea=n‐C7H15;b=n‐C9H19;c=n‐C11H23; d=n‐C13H27), and tridecan‐7‐on (Ie) with 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propane‐diol, 2‐alkyl‐ and 2,2‐dihexyl‐4‐chloromethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes (IIa‐e) were obtained. They were reacted with anhydrous dimethylamine to obtain, respectively, 2‐alkyl‐and [(2,2‐dihexyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methyl] dimethylamines (IIIa‐e), which were quaternized with methyl bromide to obtain the desired ammonium bromides (IVa‐e). The structure and purity of the compounds was proved by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, [(2‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methyl] trimethylammonium bromide and [(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)‐methyl] trimethylammonium bromide were synthesized as nonaggregating standards. Hydrolysis reactions of the synthesized ammonium bromides were performed by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid in 1∶1 (vol/vol) 1,4‐dioxane‐water mixtures at 50, 60 and 70°C. Rate constants of hydrolysis reactions were determined by observing carbonyl group formation at 280 nm. The hydrolytic reactivity of the studied surfactants (IVa‐c,e) was determined under unaggregated conditions. Compound IVd showed decreased reactivity. The length of the 2‐alkyl group has a minor effect on rate constant values. The influence of various substituents at the C‐4 atom of the 2‐nonyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl derivatives on rate constants was also investigated.
Composition of polar lipids in rapeseed
Authors: Sosulski F. , Zadernowski R. , Babuchowski K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhosphatidylcholine, ‐inositol and ‐ethanolamine represented 48, 18 and 8%, respectively, of the total phospholipids in medium and low erucic acid rapeseed. Oleic acid was the principal fatty acid in phosphatidylcholine and ‐ethanolamine but all components contained high levels of linoleic and saturated acids. There were eight components in the glycolipid fraction of which digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, sterol glycoside, esterified sterol glucoside and cerebrosides were identified. Defatted flours contained 2.0–3.5% of bound lipid which was composed primarily of phospholipids and glycolipids whereas neutral lipids were also a major component in the bound lipids of protein concentrates. The storage properties of these protein products would be adversely affected by the polyunsaturated fatty acids in these bound fractions.
Diesel engine evaluation of a nonionic sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion
Authors: Ziejewski Mariusz , Kaufman Kenton R. , Schwab A. W. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA nonionic sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion was formulated, characterized and evaluated as a fuel in a direct injection, turbocharged, intercooled, 4‐cylinder Allis‐Chalmers diesel engine during a 200 hr EMA cycle laboratory screening endurance test. Differences in engine operation between a baseline Phillips 2D reference fuel and the experimental fuel were observed. The major problem experienced while operating with the microemulsion was an incomplete combustion process at low‐load engine operation. Significant lubricating oil dilution was observed initially, followed by an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the lubricative oil. Heavier carbon residue on the piston lands, in the piston ring grooves and in the intake ports was noted. In addition, premature injection‐nozzle deterioration (sticking of the needle) was experienced. At present, the sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion studied cannot be recommended for long‐term use in a direct‐injection diesel engine, but further modifications in formulation may produce acceptable sunflower oil microemulsions as alternative diesel fuels.
Engine durability screening test of a diesel oil/soy oil/alcohol microemulsion fuel
Authors: Goering Carroll E. , Fry Bob 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA hybrid fuel and No. 2 diesel fuel were burned in direct‐injection diesel engines to compare the effects of the fuels on engine durability. The hybrid fuel was a microemulsion of soybean oil, diesel fuel, 190‐proof ethanol and 1‐butanol. The engines were run for 200 hr on each fuel with loads and speeds controlled by computer according to a cycle suggested by the EMA (Engine Manufacturer's Association). Engines were disassembled before and after the runs to determine the difference in wear and carbon deposits. The engine running on the hybrid fuel completed the 200‐hr EMA test without difficulty. The hybrid produced less engine wear than diesel fuel, but produced greater deposits of carbon and lacquer on the injector tips, intake valves and tops of the cylinder liners. Also, engine performance was degraded ca. 5% at the end of the 200‐hr test.
Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils
Authors: Freedman B. , Pryde E. H. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTransesterification reaction variables that affect yield and purity of the product esters from cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils include molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, type of catalyst (alkaline vs acidic), temperature and degree of refinement of the vegetable oil. With alkaline catalysts (either sodium hydroxide or methoxide), temperatures of 60 C or higher, molar ratios of at least 6 to 1 and with fully refined oils, conversion to methyl, ethyl and butyl esters was essentially complete in 1 hr. At moderate temperatures (32 C), vegetable oils were 99% transesterified in ca. 4 hr with an alkaline catalyst. Transesterification by acid catalysis was much slower than by alkali catalysis. Although the crude oils could be transesterified, ester yields were reduced because of gums and extraneous material present in the crude oils.
Preparation and properties of pure alkyl glucosides, maltosides and maltotriosides
Authors: Koeltzow Donald E. , Urefer Allen D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlkylβ‐D‐glycopyranosides composed of glucose, maltose or maltotriose attached to alkyl groups having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms were synthesized and tested for their physical and functional properties. Values are given for melting points, optical rotations, detergencies, critical micelle concentrations, surface tensions, interfacial surface tensions, Draves wetting tests and Ross Miles foam tests. Results show that maximum cleaning was obtained with maltosides attached to straight chain alkyl groups having from 12 to 15 carbon atoms.
Effect of ascorbyl palmitate on the quality of frying fats for deep frying operations
Authors: Gwo Y. ‐Y. , Flick G. J. , Dupuy H. P. , Ory R. L. , Baran W. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe addition of 0.02% ascorbyl palmitate (AP) reduced color development of frying fat (animal fat/vegetable oil [A‐V] shortening) and vegetable oil (partially hydrogenated soybean [V‐S] oil) in simulation studies. It also reduced peroxide values, development of conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CDHP) and their subsequent degradation to volatile compounds, such as decanal and 2,‐4 decadienal, indicating that AP has the ability to inhibit thermal oxidation/degradation of frying fats and oils. A commercial french fry fat had lower CDHP values compared to A‐V fat in simulated studies, and fried chicken oil had lower CDHP values than the V‐S oil. Peanut oil had higher thermal stability than the other fats and oils.
Modification of surface charges of soy protein by phospholipids
Authors: Chen W. S. , Soucie W. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLecithin is used to prevent soy protein isolates from clumping in food processing. A PenKem Inc. System 3000 Electrokinetic Analyzer was used to investigate how the phospholipid modified the surface charge of soy protein. Electrophoretic mobility‐pH curves showed that a commercial soy lecithin lowered the isoelectric point (pI) and increased the electrical mobility of soy protein more than did a pure phosphatidylcholine. The modification of the surface charge of the protein was a function of the phospholipid added. Lecithinated soy isolate was more negatively charged and thus more dispersible in water than the nonlecithinated soy control.
Growth potential for soybean oil products as industrial materials
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrude soybean oil, as a major source of edible oil for the world, is available on such a scale that it serves additionally as the origin for many industrial applications and for such materials as phospholipids (lecithins, cephalins), tocopherols (for vitamin E), sterols (for pharmaceuticals) and recovered fatty acids from acidulated soapstocks. The latter always have offered the oleochemicals manufacturer a low cost source of valuable fatty acids, and soybean oil itself, after hydrogenation, serves as the most readily available, lowest cost source of 90% stearic acid from among all fats and oils. As an alternative to alkali refining and the soapstock produced, physical refining of the degummed soybean oil is a potential source for fatty acids and for recovery of larger amounts of valuable sterols and tocopherols, but this process severely degrades the oxidation stability of the fatty acids.The largest potentials for growth in industrial applications are for soybean oil itself in pesticide dispersion and grain dust control; triglycerides and fatty acids split therefrom for 90% stearate oleochemicals and selected food additivies; fatty acids from soapstocks up‐graded medium‐grade oleochemicals, medium‐grade soaps for industrial cleaning operations, and in animal feeds and pet foods; phospholipid gums in fractionated and modified lecithins and cephalins; soy deodorizer distillates containing α‐to copherol (vitamin E) and sterol‐derived sex hormones. Inclusion of food additives, feed and pet food additives with the more usual industrial markets results in the conclusion that industrial utilization of soybean oil could reach 12% of total consumption in the U.S. within five years.
Effects of antioxidants, methyl silicone and hydrogenation on room odor of soybean cooking oils
Authors: Warner K. , Mounts T. L. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRoom odor characteristics produced by heated soybean oil (SBO) and soybean oils hydrogenated with copper (CuHSBO) and nickel (NiHSBO) catalysts were evaluated by a trained panel. Oils were intermittently heated to 190 C for total heating periods of 5, 15 and 30 hr. Oil additives investigated included methyl silicone (MS), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and a polymeric antioxidant in various combinations with citric acid (CA). In room odor tests directly comparing SBO, CuHSBO and NiHSBO, panelists rated the hydrogenated oils as having significantly less odor intensity than the SBO. The combination of CA+MS had the greatest effect in lowering odor intensity of the heated oils, followed by the mixture of CA+MS+TBHQ. The low odor intensity of the MS‐treated oils remained fairly constant throughout the tests, while the higher intensity associated with all the other additive‐treated oils decreased with increasing heating times, possibly as the result of formation of more volatile decomposition products in the initial heating stages. Methyl silicone had the strongest effect of any additive in decreasing objectionable room odors in the oils. Partially hydrogenated SBO treated with up to 5 ppm of MS produced cooking oils with low room odor intensity and low color development during prolonged heating.
Comparative study of physical methods for lipid oxidation measurement in oils
Authors: Yoon S. H. , Kim S. K. , Shin M. G. , Kim K. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor the determination of lipid oxidation in oils, electrical, optical, spectroscopic and extraction methods were investigated using rice bran oil and doubly‐fractionated palm olein as model systems. The oxidized polar components and dielectric constant of rice bran oil increased very similarly with those of double‐fractionated palm olein. In the case of rice bran oil, all of the test methods were shown to possess good statistical correlations. Polar components, dielectric constant, refractive index and polymer content showed relatively better correlations. It was shown that diene and triene content determined by spectroscopic methods was not suitable for more saturated oils such as palm olein.
Degumming soybean oil from fresh and damaged beans with surface‐active compounds
Authors: Nash A. M. , Frankel E. N. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOils from both properly stored and damaged soybeans were degummed with a series of 4 nonionic, 2 cationic and 5 anionic surfactants and with lecithins as amphoteric emulsifiers. Efficiency of phosphatide removal in the presence or absence of citric acid was determined by colorimetric analysis of phosphorus in the degummed oils. For normal oils, efficiency of citric acid degumming was improved by the addition of fatty alkyl oxazoline, polymeric sulfonate, alkyl sulfate and crude or purified lecithin. Success in degumming of oils from partially damaged soybeans was limited; however, the average phosphorus content was lowest for those solutions degummed with alkyl sulfate. Aqueous citric acid degumming of oils from severely damaged soybeans indicated high levels of nonhydratable phosphatides (NHP). When added to the oil from severely damaged beans, several nonionic and anionic surfactants showed statistically significant improvements in degumming efficiency. However, the nonhydratable phosphorus contents of the degummed oils were still too high, indicating the need for special processing of damaged oils. Crude lecithin was effective in removing NHP from oil of fresh soybeans, but was ineffective on oils of stored and severely damaged beans.
Nonionic surfactants in municipal sewage in Israel
Authors: Zoller U. , Romano R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNonionic surfactants are a significant factor in the municipal sewages profile, which, in turn, affects the efficiency of sewage‐treatment processes and determines the possibility of sewage‐water reuse. Hard (nonbiodegradable), nonionic surfactants are the most commonly used nonionics in Israel, which probably has no parallel in other western industrial countries. In view of the increased share of nonionic surfactants at the expense of anionic surfactants, a worldwide trend, municipal sewages in Israel were expected to contain increasing amounts of nonionic surfactants, unless the ratio between the biodegradable and nonbiodegradable nonionics used was significantly changed. In vivo determinations of nonionic surfactants in representative municipal sewage systems in Israel, applying a modified SDA‐cobalt thiocyanate (CTAS) procedure and calibration curves (prepared under in vitro conditions), established typical concentrations of nonionic surfactants in municipal sewage in the northern part of Isreal to be in the range of 3–4 mg/L. Under the particular local situation, a calibration curve derived from a mixture of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP8–14), having a slope of 0.165 absorbance units/mg of nonionic, can be reliably used to determine the content of nonionic surfactant of municipal sewage effluents. A correction factor based on the extent of nonionic recovery should be applied to ensure accuracy. All of the results obtained agree with other relevant studies and worldwide trends. The concentration of nonionic surfactants in municipal sewage in Israel appears to be decreasing. The results of the study, selected aspects involved with the determination procedure under in vivo conditions and issues relevant to the problem of nonionic detergents in municipal sewage, are discussed. The contribution of the study toward the improvement of water quality, thus increasing its potential for reuse in Israel (and elsewhere), is emphasized.
Polar lipids of sunflower meal and isolates
Authors: Millan F. , Vioque E. , Maza M. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe polar lipids present in the 86% ethanol extract obtained from sunflower meal and isolates were studied. The isolates were obtained in 2 ways: (a) by precipitation at the isoelectric point of the alkaline extract of the meal and further washing of the curd with water, and (b) by precipitation at the isoelectric point of the extract obtained with a 0.25% sodium sulfite solution and washing the curd with water, ethanol and acetone, successively. The polar lipids eluted from a Florisil column with chloroform/acetone (1:1) and with methanol, glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively, were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. The components found were glycolipids, including sterol glycosides and esterified sterol glycosides, and phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil with cationic Rh(I)‐Phosphine complexes as catalysts — Para‐toluene sulfonate and sulfonated styrene resins as counterions
Authors: Berglund Mats , Andersson Carlaxel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA cationic rhodium(I) complex, viz. Rh NBD diphos+ 4‐CH3‐C6H5SO3− [NBD = norbornadiene, diphos = (C6H5)2 P‐CH2‐CH2‐P(C6H5)2], has been used as a homogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of soybean oil in acetone solution. This complex acts almost in the same way as the corresponding ones with ClO4− or PF6− as conuterions, i.e., it gives high polyene selectivity and low formation oftrans isomers. Because of the somewhat stronger basic character of the p‐toluene‐sulfonate ion compared with the perchlorate and hexafluorphosphate ions, the relative proportion of reaction via the so‐called monohydride path is larger in the present case. When the ionic complex, Rh NBD diphos+, is bound to a solid support, e.g., to the anionic sites of sulfonated polystyrene resins, a nearly total lack of catalytic activity is observed. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed‐in terms of π‐arene‐metal binding and covalent coordination of the sulfonate group.
Enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids withGeotrichum candidum lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Maruyama Kazuaki , Okazaki Suguru , Nakamura Masaki , Sugihara Akio , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree lipases, isolated previously in our laboratory, each with different fatty acid and positional specificities, and a known lipase fromCandida cylindracea were screened for concentrating docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids in glycerides.Geotrichum candidum lipase was found to be suitable for their concentration in glycerides. Tuna oil was treated at 30°C with this lipase for 16 h, and 33.5% hydrolysis resulted in the production of glycerides containing 48.7% of DHA and EPA. The hydrolysis was not increased despite adding further lipase, so the glycerides were extracted, and the reaction was repeated. The second hydrolysis produced glycerides containing 57.5% of DHA and EPA in a 54.5% yield, with recovery of 81.5% of initial DHA and EPA. Of the total glycerides, 85.5% were triglycerides. These results showed thatG. candidum lipase was effective in producing glycerides that contained a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in good yield.