bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) on cardiac marker enzymes and lipids in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury
Authors: Sangeetha T , Quine S Darlin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischaemia in male Wistar rats. Rats were pretreated with SACS (40 and 80 mg kg−1 body-weight) for 5 weeks. After the treatment period, ISO (150 mg kg−1 body-weight) was administered subcutaneously to rats at intervals of 24 h for 2 days. The activities of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transferase were significantly increased in serum and significantly decreased in the hearts of ISO-treated rats. Pretreatment with SACS decreased the activities of these enzymes significantly in serum and significantly increased the activities in heart in ISO-treated rats. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids increased in serum and heart, while the levels of phospholipids increased in serum and decreased in heart in ISO-treated rats. SACS pretreatment showed a significant effect on the lipids studied. The activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase was significantly increased and the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) was significantly reduced in ISO-induced rats. Oral pretreatment with SACS significantly decreased the activity of HMG CoA reductase and significantly increased the activity of LCAT in ISO-induced rats. The levels of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides were increased in ISO-treated rats. Pretreatment with SACS significantly decreased the levels of lipidperoxides in ISO-treated rats. The effect at a dose of 80 mg kg−1 body-weight was more effective than at a dose of 40 mg kg−1 body-weight and brought back all the biochemical parameters to near normal levels. Thus our study shows that SACS has a lipid-lowering effect in ISO-induced rats. Our study may have clinical relevance.
Aqueous extract of Yin-Chen-Hao decoction, a traditional Chinese prescription, exerts protective effects on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice through inhibition of NF-kB
Authors: Cai Hui , Song Yao-Hong , Xia Wei-Jun , Jin Miao-Wen 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In traditional oriental medicine, Yin-Chen-Hao decoction is used for the remedy of liver diseases such as hepatitis, fatty liver, hepatocirrhosis and jaundice. However, despite extensive pharmacological study, the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of Yin-Chen-Hao decoction is poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the pharmacological action on the mechanism of concanavalin A-induced T cell-dependent hepatitis in mice. Concanavalin A administration resulted in a severe liver injury. This was shown through increased levels of serum transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase, and increased liver DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with the aqueous extract from Yin-Chen-Hao decoction dose-dependently inhibited the elevation in transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase activity, and reduced liver DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 levels. There was an improvement in histological changes including inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte necrosis and degeneration, and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. In addition, Yin-Chen-Hao decoction significantly inhibited tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in-vitro and in-vivo. Moreover, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), which regulates TNF-α production, was blocked by Yin-Chen-Hao decoction in-vitro and in-vivo. In conclusion, Yin-Chen-Hao decoction was capable of regulating T-cell-mediated liver injury in-vivo. This event may have depended on the decrease of TNF-α production through the inhibition of NF-kB activation.
The pharmacological potential of Sorbus commixta cortex on blood alcohol concentration and hepatic lipid peroxidation in acute alcohol-treated rats
Authors: Lee Syng-Ook , Lee Hang Woo , Lee In-Seon , Im Hyo Gwon 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The effect of Sorbus commixta cortex, a traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment of bronchitis, gastritis and dropsy, on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and hepatic lipid peroxidation was examined in acute alcohol-treated rats. A 30-min pretreatment with a methanol extract of S. commixta cortex (SC) at concentrations higher than 200 mg kg−1 resulted in a significant decrease in BAC and the ethyl acetate fraction (SE) of the extract showed the highest potency, with a maximum of a 46% decrease at 150 mg kg−1 2h after alcohol administration (3.0 g kg−1) compared with the control group (P &lt; 0.005). The rapid reduction in BAC did not appear to be due to the protection or activation of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity by SE. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased by acute alcohol administration within 6h, although pretreatment with the SE caused a significant decrease in MDA levels compared with alcohol treatment alone. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity remained unchanged by alcohol, SE alone or by the combined treatment of alcohol and SE. However, catalase activity was significantly reduced by acute alcohol administration and pretreatment with the SE led to significant protection of its activity. These results suggest that pretreatment with SE reduces hepatic lipid peroxidation by decreasing the bioavailability of alcohol and its oxidative metabolites, such as H2O2, at least partly, through the protection of hepatic catalase in acute alcohol-treated rats.
Criminal prosecutions for HIV transmission: people living with HIV respond
Authors: Dodds C , Keogh P 
Published: April 2006

This paper presents an analysis of responses to the first criminal convictions for HIV transmission in England and Wales within a sample of people living with HIV. These findings represent an important contribution to the development of well-informed prosecution policy. The responses were collected during 20 focused group discussions with a community and web-recruited sample of heterosexual African men and women, and gay and bisexual men ( n = 125) living with diagnosed HIV in London, Manchester and Brighton. The vast majority (90%) of comments made were critical of the implementation and impact of criminalization. In particular, respondents expressed concern about the way in which criminal convictions conflict with messages about shared responsibility for 'safer sex', and the extent to which such cases will exacerbate existing stigma and discrimination related to HIV. Most felt that the successes achieved by human rights approaches to HIV prevention, treatment, and care were placed under threat by the growing culture of blame encouraged by criminal prosecutions.
Non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis or undiagnosed chlamydial urethritis?
Authors: Manavi K , McMillan A , Young H 
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the partners of men with non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU). Observational study of the sexual partners of men with NCNGU diagnosed in the Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Edinburgh between 1 June 2002 and 31 December 2003. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection was based on ligase chain reaction (LCx) between June 2002 and March 2003, and on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thereafter. Gonococcal infection was diagnosed with culture method. Sexual partners of 99 (25%) of the 403 heterosexual men diagnosed with NCNGU were screened. Chlamydial infection was detected in 19 (19%) of the female sexual partners. Higher proportion of female partners of symptomatic men (15/51) had chlamydial infection compared with that of partners of asymptomatic men (4/48) ( P < 0.005). NCNGU may be related to false-negative results of chlamydial diagnostic tests. Screening and treatment of sexual partners of men with NCNGU is therefore necessary.
Hopelessness at the end of life: The utility of the hopelessness scale with terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: Abbey Jennifer G. , Rosenfeld Barry , Pessin Hayley , Breitbart William 
Published: April 2006

Objectives. We sought to investigate the utility of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (HS) in a sample of terminally ill cancer patients by examining the scale properties. Moreover, we sought to identify and remove potentially problematic items in order to ascertain a “purer” index of hopelessness for this population.Design. A cross‐sectional study of 200 hospice inpatients with a life expectancy of less than 6 months. The HS, as well as several other distress measures, were administered to patients at bedside by trained clinicians.Methods. An item analysis of the HS was conducted, looking specifically at item endorsement and item‐total correlations. Three abbreviated versions (3‐item 7‐item, 13‐item) were developed based on certain denoted item‐total correlation cut‐offs. Reliability and validity of the original 20‐item HS was then compared to that of the newly developed abbreviated version.Results. All scales were found to be reliable and valid measures of hopelessness. The three abbreviated versions were more highly correlated with the distress measures than the original version, and the 7‐item and 13‐item subscales outperformed the original HS in the prediction of suicidal ideation and desire for hastened death.Conclusion. The data suggest that the HS may be improved, when applied to a terminally ill sample, by the elimination of problematic items. The development of a shorter, purer measure of hopelessness for this population is crucial given the need to reduce the burden placed on those who participate in end‐of‐life studies, and the important role of hopelessness in the prediction of suicide and desire for hastened death.
Emotions and respiratory function in asthma: A comparison of findings in everyday life and laboratory
Authors: von Leupoldt Andreas , Ehnes Felix , Dahme Bernhard 
Published: April 2006

Objectives. The present study examined the influence of emotions on the respiratory function in asthmatic and non‐asthmatic individuals in everyday life and the relationship to emotion‐induced respiratory changes in the laboratory.Methods. Affective states were induced in 10 asthmatic and 10 non‐asthmatic participants by viewing affective picture series of either a pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant valence, while airway resistance (Raw) was measured with whole body plethysmography. Following this, individuals measured their mood, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), physical activity, and medication use for 21 days with an electronic diary, which included a respiratory self‐measurement device. Strong pleasant and unpleasant mood episodes were extracted from the diaries and compared with neutral affective states.Results. Asthmatic patients showed increases of Raw after unpleasant and pleasant emotional stimulation in the laboratory, which was only found after a pleasant stimulation in non‐asthmatic participants. In everyday life, no group differences were obtained. Episodes of strong unpleasant mood states were associated with decreases in PEF, whereas in contrast to the laboratory assessment, pleasant mood was associated with increases in PEF. Results for FEV1 were comparable, but non‐significant. Physical activity and medication use did not vary systematically between affective episodes. PEF showed no significant relationship with Raw.Conclusions. Unpleasant mood is associated with decreased respiratory function in asthmatic patients in everyday life and in laboratory assessments, whereas effects of pleasant mood states are inconsistent. Pulmonary responses to laboratory‐induced emotional conditions are not predictive of airways reactivity during daily life.
DISTRIBUTION DES FLAVONOIDES CHEZ LES CUNONIACÉES
Authors: Jay M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe results of a chemical study concerning 7 species of Cunoniaceae show the heterogeneity of the family. The classical systematic data and chemical features suggest that the Cunoniaceae are closely related to the Saxifragaceae and that the former are austral vicariants of the latter. The relationships of Bauera and Eucryphia to Cunoniaceae is confirmed.
AUGUST WILHELM DENNSTEDT'S SCHLÜSSEL ZUM HORTUS INDICUS MALABARICUS
Authors: Manitz Hermann 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDetails are given of the publication of Dennstedt's Schlüssel giving “Linnaean” names for the taxa described in Rheede tot Draakestein's Hortus indicus malabaricus. Dennstedt's work was published in two editions: in the Fortsetzung des Allgemeinen Teutschen Garten‐Magazins (Oct. and Nov.‐Dec. 1818) and as a separate with independent pagination (Oct. 1818). The nomenclatural evaluation of the new taxa is discussed and lists are given of validly published new combinations and of nomina nuda.
NOTES ON DIPOGON AND PSOPHOCARPUS (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Verdcourt B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDolichos lignosus L. (1753) should be assigned to the genus Dipogon Liebm. (1854).Psophocarpus palustris Desv. is a West African species characterized i.e. by short bracteoles and different from P. scandens (Endl.) Verdc. comb. nov. which occurs throughout tropical Africa and Madagascar.
NOMINA TRANSMUTATA IN PENSTEMON, WITH A PROPOSAL FOR THEIR TREATMENT
Authors: Crosswhite Frank S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1753, Linnaeus recognized three species of Chelone in Species Plantarum. The first of these is the type of the genus and does not concern us here. The two remaining species are actually members of the genus Penstemon as here understood. Although Francis W. Pennell designated types for these names in 1935 (Mon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1: 217, 239), the discussion below attempts to show that the original usage by Linnaeus has not been preserved, and indeed has been switched one with the other. Since such names are empty of meaning, it is proposed that they be rejected as nomina transmutata.
ON NAMES PUBLISHED WITHOUT CLEAR INDICATION OF RANK
Authors: Brummitt R. K. , Chater A. O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA proposal is made to amend Article 35 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature dealing with names published without clear indication of rank. Such names published before 1953 should be treated as validly published but inoperative in questions of priority. If taken up later in a definite rank the new name should be regarded as a new combination with the original name as the basionym.
TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS IN THE HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES
Authors: Lowy B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCertain taxonomic problems of long standing within the heterobasidiomycete complex are reviewed and recommendations for a rearrangement in the classification of tremellaceous fungi (sensu lato) are suggested whereby the subclass Heterobasidiomycetidae is modified to exclude the Dacrymycetaceae. A new subclass, Metabasidiomycetidae, is erected and includes the holobasidiaceous Dacrymycetaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae as well as the Tulasnellaceae, the latter embracing such genera asMetabourdotiaandPseudotulasnella, which have incompletely divided basidia. The Ceratobasidiaceae as newly constituted, includes besidesCeratobasidiumthe generaOliveonia, Thanatephorus, andUthatobasidium.
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE FREYCINETIA OF TAHITI
Authors: Stone Benjamin C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe correct name for the single species of Freycinetia occurring in Tahiti is F. impavida (Gaudichaud ex Hombron) B. C. Stone, comb. nov. based on Victoriperrea impavida Gaudichaud ex Hombron.
TOMENTELLA AND RELATED GENERA IN NORTH AMERICA IV. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF CALDESIELLA
Authors: Larsen Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCaldesiella Sacc. is placed in synonymy with Tomentella Pat. nom. cons. on the basis of past and recently acquired evidence. Three new combinations are proposed, Tomentella crinalis (Fries) M. J. Larsen (= Caldesiella ferruginosa (Fries) Sacc.), Tomentella calcicola (Bourd. & Galz.) M. J. Larsen, and Tomentella italica (Sacc.) M. J. Larsen.
THE GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED FOR HYMENOMYCETES‐V) “Hydnaceae”
Authors: Donk M. A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

The present paper deals with the “Hydnaceae,” which are defined in a purely artificial manner.
The typification of Grandinia Fr., Hydnum L. ex Fr., Irpex Fr., Martella Endl., Odontia S. F. Gray, Radulum Fr., Xylodon (Pers.) ex S. F. Gray, and several other names, is discussed at some length and the conclusions submitted for consideration.
Xylodon (Pers.) ex S. F. Gray is reduced to a synonym of Odontia S. F. Gray.
Cerophora Rafin. and Priapus Rafin. are considered synonymous with Lycoperdon Pers. (Gastromycetes), and Radulum Fr. with Eutypa Tul. or Xenotype Petr. (Sphaeriales).
Auriculariaceae, Septobasidiaceae, Tremellaceae, Dacrymycetaceae
Authors: Donk M. A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

This eighth part deals with the four families mentioned in the sub‐title and which may be united under the common denomination of hymenomycetous Heterobasidiae.
Seven new combinations are proposed. The name Septobasidium couchi Donk will be validly published.
Ditangium P. Karst. should be retained for the imperfect stage of Craterocolla Bref., the latter name being the correct one for the perfect stage. Achroomyces Bonord. is the correct name for Platygloea J. Schroet.; and Ductifera Lloyd, for Seismosarca Cooke sensu auctt. and Gloeotromera Ervin. Musciclavus Velen. is identified with Eocronartium Atk.
Kriegeria Rabenh. is impriorable, which makes Kriegeria Bres. (Xenogloea H. & P. Syd.) a legitimate name. Tremiscus (Pers.) Lév. is considered validly published and should replace Phlogiotis Quél.
Basidiodendron J. Rick is based on a species, of Tremellaceae.
Xylissus Rafin. might well be a validly published name for Myxomycetes.
WILLIAM ASHBROOK KELLERMAN'S BOTANICAL EXPEDITIONS TO GUATEMALA (1905–1908)
Authors: Lowden Richard M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1891 W. A. Kellerman came to The Ohio State University as Professor of Botany, which position he held until his death in Guatemala on March 8, 1908. From January through March of the years 1905 through 1908, Kellerman made four collecting trips to Guatemala on which parasitic fungi and vascular plant material were secured. Prior to the 1908 trip Dr. Keller‐man's Tropical School of Botany was organized with its first session scheduled for the winter of 1908. New taxa were described from Kellerman's Guatemalan collections, of which twenty‐one fungus and forty‐one vascular plant taxa are known. Itineraries and maps were constructed for each trip based predominantly on 1152 specimen labels in The Ohio State University Herbarium. The information from these itineraries will enable herbaria that have inadequately labeled material to supplement specimen labels with pertinent information of either place or date of collection.
BIOSYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY NOISE
Authors: Wagner W. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe main pillars of plant evolution are the populations of normal species — diploid, sexual, and outbreeding. These basic stocks represent the diversity which has resulted from millions of years of phylogenetie change. Hybrids have occasionally appeared, but most have been sterile or ill‐adapted. Polyploids, apomicts, inbreeders, and hybrids arc common today and we have no reason to believe that they did not occur even among early land plants. The fact, however, that normal species with normal life cycles still prevail today strongly indicates that such plants have always been responsible for the primary thrust of evolution. A kind of evolutionary noise is produced through the repeated origin of populations with deleteriously modified life cycles in which the advantages of diploidy, sexuality, outbreeding, and species purity are counteracted or cancelled. Such deviations persist for longer or shorter periods while the normal parental stock continues to evolve.
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS AND STRATEGIES IN SEED PLANTS
Authors: Ehrendorfer Friedrich 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe general evolutionary trend in seed plants from trees to perennial and further to annual herbs is paralleled by changes in evolutionary patterns and strategies, shaped by selection and adaptation. With abbreviated generation sequences we find on the average an increasing rate of structural and dysploid change, more genetic isolation and less hybridization, therefore reduced recombination rates, and more and faster evolutionary divergence, coupled with penetration into less favourable and less stabile habitats of the biosphere. Form patterns and “subpatterns” are conditioned by particular modes of reproduction, ecogeographical position, phases of diversification, stagnation or depletion, etc. There are probably no aspects of differentation and variation, which are not selectively coordinated within the framework of such evolutionary patterns and strategies. It will be an important task for future biosystematics to find out more about this by comparative approach and experimental analysis on our way to a better understanding of evolution.
PATHWAYS AND PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Ornduff Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany ‘accepted’ evolutionary principles would benefit by a re‐examination. Rather than focus systematics on interspecific and interpopulation phenomena, the stress should for some time be on intraspecific and intrapopulation problems. Systematists have easily accepted new methodologies, but have been reluctant to assimilate new concepts from sister disciplines. The character and importance of auto‐ versus alloploidy, the possible reversal of polyploidy, the too easily accepted conclusion of genetic isolation between diploids and tetraploids, the assumption that apomixis is an evolutionary dead end are examples of concepts in need of re‐assessment.
ARCHIBACCHARIS PROREPENS IS A SPECIES OF BACCHARIS ‐REDESCRIPTION AND TRANSFER (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Jackson John D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe study of a 1969 collection of probably the first known pistillate specimens of Archibaccharis prorepens Blake (Compositae) from Guatemala necessitates the transfer of this species to the genus Baccharis as Baccharis prorepens (Blake) Jackson. A redescription as well as morphological, ecological and medicinal notes are included. The chromosome count is reported as n = 9.
FOSSILIZED PRE‐PATOUILLARDIAN TAXONOMY?
Authors: Talbot P. H. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is not possible to define a phragmobasidium or a holobasidium rationally without analysing whether the types of septa present in metabasidia and sterigmata are primary or adventitious. The type of septum formed is related to definite cytological changes. The occurrence of adventitious septa in metabasidia and sterigmata is reported in several species. It is not considered possible to use any combination of Patouillard's criteria of the subclasses Heterobasidiomycetes and Homobasidiomycetes to formulate a new classification of Basidiomycotina into mutually exclusive classes; nevertheless, these criteria remain important at lower levels of classification. Lowy's recent classification is not accepted (Lowy, 1968). Two alternative classifications are suggested.
ZUR NOMENKLATUR IN DER GATTUNG AMELANCHIER (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Schroeder F.‐G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the course of an investigation on several exotic species of Amelanchier naturalized in Europe, it proved to be necessary to make some corrections in the nomenclature. The most important is the establishment of a new name, Amelanchier lamarckii, for a species widely cultivated and often naturalized in the Netherlands and N.W. Germany, which has been confused hitherto with some other species (such as A. canadensis (L.) Med., A. laevis Wieg., or A. confusa Hylander). An extensive discussion of the problems mentioned here is to be found in the publication cited at the end of the article.