bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of breastfeeding frequency among nomadic pastoralists of Turkana, Kenya: A retrospective study
Authors: Gray Sandra J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent research has shown that significant variation in breast‐feeding behavior exists among natural fertility populations, all of whom have been characterized as practicing “on‐demand” breastfeeding. A number of recent prospective studies have contributed to a better understanding of breastfeeding structure and of its consequences for population differences in fertility. Currently, there is a growing interest in quantifying the complex environmental and biocultural interactions which influence that structure; in other words, in establishing an ecology of breastfeeding.In this paper, a carefully structured retrospective study of breastfeeding behavior among nomadic Turkana is used to identify environmental, biobehavioral, and socioeconomic factors associated with variation in breastfeeding frequency among Turkana women. In agreement with the results of a prospective study conducted as part of the same research, the age (growth) and physical development of nurslings show significant correlations with breastfeeding frequency. Maternal physical status, the depth of the maternal social network, and, to a lesser degree, rainfall patterns are also significant. All of these factors appear to influence breastfeeding through their effects on maternal participation in herding activities and related absences from camp. Finally, the study also presents new strategies for collecting and utilizing retrospective data, which are notoriously unreliable and difficult to classify according to operational definitions recently developed for prospective studies. Results of the present study suggest methods by which the quality and reliability of recall data may be enhanced. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental pathology in Pongo satyrus borneensis
Authors: Stoner Kathryn Elizabeth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Selenka orangutan collection obtained from 1892 to 1896 from wild‐shot specimens in West Borneo, provides an excellent opportunity to examine dental pathology in free‐ranging primates. Two hundred and twenty‐three skulls from this collection were analyzed for dental conditions, including carious lesions, local infections (infra‐alveolar and periapical osseous defects), horizontal bone loss, and premortem tooth loss. Specimens were sexed, divided into three broad age groups, and compared to ascertain sex‐related or age‐related differences in occurrence of dental pathology.None of the subadults displays any evidence of dental disease. One individual (2%) in the young adult group has a periapical osseous defect and evidence of horizontal bone loss, and another (2%) has two adjacent interproximal carious lesions. The old adults have a much higher prevalence of individuals afflicted with dental pathologies, including 6% carious lesions, 26% local infections, 23% horizontal bone loss, and 3% premortem tooth loss. The differences between the young and old adults in number of individuals afflicted with dental pathologies is statistically significant for local infections and horizontal bone loss. When compared by sex, the old adult group reveals that females have a higher occurrence of dental pathologies than males in all types of lesions recorded and these differences are statistically significant for local infections and horizontal bone loss. Considering the importance diet plays in the development of dental disease, it is suggested that ecological separation of the sexes, with the subsequent dietary differences, could be an important factor determining the higher prevalence of dental lesions observed in female orangutans. Additionally, the importance of local ecological factors, which may affect dietary patterns, are recognized as a potential source of variation in dental pathologies among different samples of orangutans. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of indrid lumbar vertebrae
Authors: Shapiro Liza 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIndrids are primarily vertical clingers and leapers but also engage to various extents in climbing, suspensory postures, bimanual movement, bipedal hopping, and quadrupedalism. It has been demonstrated that these behaviors are well reflected in the appendicular anatomy of these primates, while indrid vertebral anatomy has received relatively little attention. In this morphometric study, biomechanically relevant aspects of the lumbar vertebrae of Indri indri, Propithecus diadema, and Propithecus verreauxi were compared to those of Varecia variegata, a large‐bodied predominantly pronograde and quadrupedal lemur. Results indicate that, compared to Varecia, the indrids have relatively shorter lumbar vertebral bodies, shorter lumbar regions, more dorsally projecting lumbar spinous processes, and more dorsally positioned lumbar transverse process tips. In addition, indrid lumbar spinous and transverse processes are oriented differently than those of Varecia. Overall, indrid lumbar vertebral morphology converges with that of hominoids, atelines, and possibly lorids,Jenkins (1987) notes that Indridae (Burnett. 1828) and Loridae (Gray, 1821) have priority over Indriidae and Lorsidae according to Article 29(b)(ii) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. See Godfrey et al. (1995) for a more detailed discussion of this issue.
suggesting a lumbar adaptation to upright or “antipronograde” postures that require a reduction in spinal flexibility. The dorsally projecting spinous processes may be related to back muscle extensor power during leaping and/or the maintenance of upright postures. By contrast, the lumbar vertebrae of Varecia resemble those of primates and other mammals that have habitually pronograde postures and emphasize spinal flexibility in the sagittal plane during locomotion. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of postnatal weight in infant rhesus monkeys: Implications for the study of interindividual differences in neonatal growth
Authors: Johnson Rodney L. , Kapsalis Ellen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of infant body weights obtained from a sample of 38 rhesus monkey infants (Macaco mulatta) aged 29–165 days, i.e., animals still nutritionally dependent on their mothers. We examine the data on neonatal weights in relation to a number of factors, most notably, the sex of the infants, and the age and adiposity of their mothers. The infant body weights represent cross‐sectional rather than longitudinal data; because they were mostly free‐ranging animals, the infants were weighed just once each. Nevertheless, the results of our analysis strongly suggest that early postnatal growth in free‐ranging rhesus is dependent on both maternal fatness and age. They also suggest that, although male infants are generally heavier than like‐aged female infants, they do not grow any faster during the early postnatal period. Here, we speculate that the associations between infant size and both maternal age and adiposity are the result of between‐mother differences in lactational output. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simulation test of Smith's “degrees of freedom” correction for comparative studies
Authors: Nunn Charles L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComputer simulation was used to test Smith's (1994) correction for phylogenetic nonindependence in comparative studies. Smith's method finds effective N, which is computed using nested analysis of variance, and uses this value in place of observed N as the baseline degrees of freedom (df) for calculating statistical significance levels. If Smith's formula finds the correct df, distributions of computer‐generated statistics from simulations with observed N nonindependent species should match theoretical distributions (from statistical tables) with the df based on effective N.The computer program developed to test Smith's method simulates character evolution down user‐specified phylogenies. Parameters were systematically varied to discover their effects on Smith's method. In simulations in which the phylogeny and taxonomy were identical (tests of narrow‐sense validity), Smith's method always gave conservative statistical results when the taxonomy had fewer than five levels. This conservative departure gave way to a liberal deviation in type I error rates in simulations using more than five taxonomic levels, except when species values were nearly independent. Reducing the number of taxonomic levels used in the analysis, and thereby eliminating available information regarding evolutionary relationships, also increased type I error rates (broad‐sense validity), indicating that this may be inappropriate under conditions shown to have high type I error rates. However, the use of taxonomic categories over more accurate phylogenies did not create a liberal bias in all cases in the analysis performed here. The effect of correlated trait evolution was ambiguous but, relative to other parameters, negligible. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal evidence of operations on cadavers from Sens (Yonne, France) at the end of the XVTH century
Authors: Valentin Frederique , d'Errico Francesco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHuman remains giving direct evidence concerning the history of dissection practices are rare. Thirteen cranial fragments which bear evidence of having been purposely cut and sawn were discovered in a crypt during excavations undertaken in Sens (Yonne, France). Ceramics date these remains to the period from the end of the XIVth to the end of the XVIth centuries. Nine individuals are represented: one adolescent and eight adults of both sexes. The position of the cutmarks, which' were produced by a long, sharp cutting tool, show that the scalp was completely removed from the skull. The sawing, which was done with a large‐toothed saw, was both clockwise and counterclockwise in direction. The sawn surfaces reveal a deliberate attempt not to damage the brain. This procedure is compared to that of modern autopsies. The remains from Sens are also compared with several other sawn cranial fragments recently discovered in France and England. Three hypotheses are discussed: embalmment, autopsy, and anatomical studies. Analysis of these remains and historical documentation suggest embalmment and/or autopsy as the probable purpose of the opening of the skull. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World
Authors: Merriwether D. Andrew , Rothhammer Francisco , Ferrell Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of the four founding lineage haplogroups in Native Americans from North, Central, and South America shows a north to south increase in the frequency of lineage B and a North to South decrease in the frequency of lineage A. All four founding lineage haplogroups were detected in North, Central, and South America, and in Greenberg et al.'s ([1986] Curr. Anthropol. 27:477–497) three major linguistic groups (Amerind, NaDene, and Eskaleut), with all four haplogroups often found within a single population. Lineage A was the most common lineage in North America, regardless of language group. This overall distribution is most parsimonious with a single wave of migration into the New World which included multiple variants of all four founding lineage types. Torroni et al.'s ([1993a] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:563–590) report that lineage B has a more recent divergence time than theother three lineages can best be explained by multiple variants of lineagesA, C, and D, and fewer variants of lineage B entering the New World. Alternatively, there could have been multiple waves of migration from a single parent population in Asia/Siberia which repeatedly reintroduced the same lineages to the New World. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New notharctine (primates, adapiformes) skull from the Uintan (middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new genus and species of notharctine primate, Hesperolemur actius, is described from Uintan (middle Eocene) aged rocks of San Diego County, California. Hesperolemur differs from all previously described adapiforms in having the anterior third of the ectotympanic anulus fused to the internal lateral wall of the auditory bulla. In this feature Hesperolemur superficially resembles extant cheirogaleids. Hesperolemur also differs from previously known adapiforms in lacking bony canals that transmit the internal carotid artery through the tympanic cavity. Hesperolemur, like the later occurring North American cercamoniine Mahgarita stevensi, appears to have lacked a stapedial artery. Evidence from newly discovered skulls of Notharctus and Smilodectes, along with Hesperolemur, Mahgarita, and Adapis, indicates that the tympanic arterial circulatory pattern of these adapiforms is characterized by stapedial arteries that are smaller than promontory arteries, a feature shared with extant tarsiers and anthropoids and one of the characteristics often used to support the existence of a haplorhine‐strepsirhine dichotomy among extant primates. The existence of such a dichotomy among Eocene primates is not supported by any compelling evidence. Hesperolemur is the latest occurring notharctine primate known from North America and is the only notharctine represented among a relatively diverse primate fauna from southern California. The coastal lowlands of southern California presumably served as a refuge area for primates during the middle and later Eocene as climates deteriorated in the continental interior. Hesperolemur probably was an immigrant taxon that entered California from either the northern (Wyoming/Utah) or southern (New Mexico) western interior during the middle Eocene © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elemental signatures of human diets from the Georgia Bight
Authors: Ezzo Joseph A. , Larsen Clark Spencer , Burton James H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultielement analysis was performed on bone samples extracted from the femora of 39 adults from three mortuary sites (Johns Mound, Santa Catalina de Guale, and Santa Catalina de Guale de Santa Meria) and time periods (late preagricultural, early contact, and late contact) in the Georgia Bight. This study was used to investigate whether elemental analysis would support or contradict other lines of data regarding diets and dietary change previously generated for the region. The data are in agreement with an earlier interpretation, based on stable isotopes, that dietary maize increases through time but fails to support the idea that marine resources decreased in importance. Rather, it appears that the wild plant food component of the diets decreases as maize increases in importance; throughout the sequence, marine resources comprise a significant portion of the diets. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of the prevalence of maxillary sinusitis in later Medieval urban and rural populations in Northern England
Authors: Lewis M. E. , Roberts C. A. , Manchester K 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSix hundred sixty‐three Medieval individuals from Wharram Percy, a rural settlement in the Yorkshire Wolds, and 1,042 individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, a poor parish in the Medieval city of York, were examined in order to test the hypothesis that maxillary sinusitis would be more prevalent in an urban population due to social and environmental conditions characteristic of an industrialized settlement. The results showed that the individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, living in the urban environment, had a greater prevalence of maxillary sinusitis than the rural population; 39% (106) of the individuals from Wharram Percy had evidence of sinusitis compared to 55% (134) of the individuals from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls. It is suggested that this pattern may be attributed to occupation and industrial air pollution in the Medieval city of York. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoplastic area method for analyzing dental enamel hypoplasia
Authors: Ensor Bradley E. , Irish Joel D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMost analyses of dental enamel hypoplasia compare frequencies of disturbed tooth types, which do not account for variability in the area of affected enamel. An alternate methodology, hypoplastic area, is presented here that accounts for this variability by combining acute and continuous enamel hypoplasia into an interval‐level variable. The method compares samples based on individuals, by multiple tooth type variables, or by a single value rather than by tooth types. Use of the hypoplastic area method is illustrated by analyzing human skeletal dentitions in three archaeological samples: Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan; Anasazi from Navajo Reservoir, New Mexico; and Mogollon from Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona. Both univariate and multivariate statistical tests are employed to assess variation in defects between individuals and samples. By incorporating measurements of continuous defects, the hypoplastic area method provides information beyond that of frequency data in comparing levels of stress. Flexibility of the method is also discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some observations on enamel thickness and enamel prism packing in the miocene hominoid Otavipithecus namibiensis
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Lichtman Jeff W. , Martin Lawrence B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOtavipithecus namibiensis is currently the sole representative of a Miocene hominoid radiation in subequatorial Africa. Several nondestructive techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and confocal microscopy (CFM), can provide useful information about dental characteristics in this southern African Miocene hominoid. Our studies suggest that the molars of Otavipithecus are characterized by (1) thin enamel and (2) a predominance of pattern 1 enamel prism. Together, these findings provide little support for the recent suggestion of an Afropithecini clade consisting of Otavipithecus, Heliopithecus, and Afropithecus. Instead, they lend some (though not conclusive) support to the suggestion of an Otavipithecus/African ape clade distinct from Afropithecus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new pleistocene hominid‐bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa
Authors: Berger Lee R. , Parkington John E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHDP1 is an archaeological and faunal site located on the Hoedjiespunt peninsula at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, that has recently yielded fossil human remains. Artefacts from the associated archaeological deposits are identified as being Middle Stone Age. U series analysis of capping calcretes and analysis of the foraminifera and fauna associated with the human fossils indicate an age for the deposit in excess of 74,000 years before present, and it most probably dates to around 300,000 years before present. The fossil human teeth from in situ deposits at Hoedjiespunt are described and found to be large by comparison with modern humans but smaller than the known upper dentitions of southern African “archaic” Homo sapiens. The Hoedjiespunt molars are found to be morphologically within the range of variation observed in the teeth of modern Homo sapiens. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial ischemia tolerance in the newborn rat involving opioid receptors and mitochondrial k+ channels
Authors: Mühlfeld Christian , Urru Michele , Rümelin Randi , Mirzaie Masoud , Schöndube Friedrich , Richter Joachim , Dörge Hilmar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNeonatal rat hearts are more tolerant to ischemia compared to adult rat hearts. We hypothesized that opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels are involved in the elevated ischemia tolerance of neonatal rats. Newborn rats were treated by an intraperitoneal injection with sodium chloride (placebo, Pla; n = 7), naloxone (Nal; n = 8), or K+ (ATP) channel blocker 5‐hydroxydecanoate (HD; n = 8), or were left untreated (sham; n = 8). Thirty minutes after injection, the rats were sacrificed and hearts were arrested cardioplegically and fixed with aldehyde fixative 90 min after global ischemia at room temperature. For control, newborn rat hearts were fixed immediately after sacrifice. Ventricular tissue blocks were prepared for electron microscopy. Mitochondrial (volume‐weighted mean volume of mitochondria) and cardiomyocyte volume (cellular edema index, CEI) were estimated to quantify the ischemic injury. Compared to control myocardium, CEI was increased by 244% ± 39% in sham, 173% ± 28% in Nal, 142% ± 25% in HD, and 101% ± 24% in Pla (P < 0.05 between groups). Volume‐weighted mean volume of mitochondria was increased by 514% ± 235% in sham, 341% ± 110% in Nal, 458% ± 149% in HD, and 175% ± 70% in Pla. Differences between Pla and other groups were significant (P < 0.01 for all). No significant difference was observed between the other groups. Thus, ischemic injury was smallest with placebo, indicating a mechanism similar to preconditioning induced by the intraperitoneal injection. This response was attenuated by blockade of opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels, suggesting their involvement in the elevated ischemia tolerance of newborn rat hearts. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Merger origin of radio galaxies investigated with HI observations
Authors: Emonts B. H. C. , Morganti R. , Oosterloo T. A. , Van Der Hulst J. M. , Tadhunter C. N. , Van Moorsel G. , Holt J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present results of an HI study of a complete sample of nearby radio galaxies. Our goal is to investigate whether merger or interaction events could be at the origin of the radio‐AGN activity. Around five of our radio galaxies, hosted mainly by early‐type galaxies, we detect extended HI in emission. In most cases this HI is distributed in large (up to 190 kpc) and massive (up to M HI ∼ 1010 M⊙) disk‐ or ring‐like structures, that show fairly regular rotation around the host galaxy. This suggests that in these systems a major merger likely occurred, but at least several Gyr ago. For the HI‐rich radio galaxy B2 0648+27 we confirm such a merger origin through the detection of a post‐starburst stellar population that dominates the visible light throughout this system. The timescale of the current episode of radio‐AGN activity in our HI‐rich radio galaxies is several orders of magnitude smaller than the merger timescales. Therefore the radio‐AGN activity either started late in the lifetime of the merger event, or is not directly related to the merger event at all. Another intriguing result is that the HI‐rich (>109 M⊙) radio galaxies in our sample all have compact radio sources, while none of the extended radio sources contain these amounts of extended H I. This strongly suggests that there is a relation between the size of the radio jet and the presence of large amounts of neutral gas associated with the host galaxy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The absorbing haloes of high‐redshift radio galaxies and Lyα blobs
Authors: Wilman R. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractResults are summarized from a program of VLT‐UVES echelle spectroscopy on the HI Lyα absorption in z > 2 radio galaxies. The nature and incidence of this absorption are reviewed, along with scenarios for its origin. Comparison is made with integral field spectroscopy of the two radio‐quiet 100 kpc‐scale Lyα haloes in the z = 3.09 SSA22 protocluster–the Steidel Lyα blobs. The emphasis is on using such absorption to study the injection of energy and metals from radio jets and starburst superwinds, processes considered vital to the formation of the most massive galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)