bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference values for nickel concentrations in human tissues and bile
Authors: Rezuke William N. , Knight Joseph A. , Sunderman F. William 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNickel concentrations in human tissues and gallbladder bile were determined by analysis of postmortem specimens from ten consecutive autopsies of adult persons. The tissue samples were collected and homogenized with precautions to avoid nickel contamination and were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Zeemann background correction. In decreasing order of mean nickel concentrations, the following results were obtained (mean and range, μg/kg dry weight, N = 7–10): lung 173 (71–371), thyroid 141 (41–240), adrenal 132 (53–241), kidney 62 (19–171), heart 54 (10–110), liver 50 (11–102), brain 44 (20–65), spleen 37 (9–95), and pancreas 34 (7–71). In five specimens of gallbladder bile, nickel concentrations averaged 2.3 ± 0.8 μg/l (range 1.5–3.3). These data (a) furnish reference values for use in evaluating tissue nickel concentrations in persons with occupational exposures to nickel, (b) provide the first demonstration that nickel concentrations in thyroid and adrenal glands are approximately equal to those in lung and are higher than in other organs, and (c) suggest that biliary excretion may be a significant route for the elimination of nickel in humans.
Electro‐Optic (E‐O) Molecular Glasses
Authors: Jang Sei‐Hum , Jen Alex K‐Y. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis Focus Review describes molecular glasses as a new class of materials for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications, especially for electro‐optic (E‐O) devices. Examples of E‐O molecular glasses are reviewed with a focus on the molecular design of NLO chromophores and solid‐state engineering of molecular glasses. Molecular glasses based on dendrimers of multiple chromophores, molecular glass blends of chromophores, and molecular glasses based on reversible self‐assembly of chromophores are introduced as promising architectures to prepare morphologically stable molecular glasses with large E‐O activities and improved material properties for device applications. Future directions to fully exploit the potential of molecular glasses for NLO materials are presented.
Subcritical dynamos in shear flows
Authors: Rincon F. , Ogilvie G.I. , Proctor M.R.E. , Cossu C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIdentifying generic physical mechanisms responsible for the generation of magnetic fields and turbulence in differentially rotating flows is fundamental to understand the dynamics of astrophysical objects such as accretion disks and stars. In this paper, we discuss the concept of subcritical dynamo action and its hydrodynamic analogue exemplified by the process of nonlinear transition to turbulence in non‐rotating wall‐bounded shear flows. To illustrate this idea, we describe some recent results on nonlinear hydrodynamic transition to turbulence and nonlinear dynamo action in rotating shear flows pertaining to the problem of turbulent angular momentum transport in accretion disks. We argue that this concept is very generic and should be applicable to many astrophysical problems involving a shear flow and non‐axisymmetric instabilities of shearinduced axisymmetric toroidal velocity or magnetic fields, such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz, magnetorotational, Tayler or global magnetoshear instabilities. In the light of several recent numerical results, we finally suggest that, similarly to a standard linear instability, subcritical MHD dynamo processes in high‐Reynolds number shear flows could act as a large‐scale driving mechanism of turbulent flows that would in turn generate an independent small‐scale dynamo. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diffusion and dispersion in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: The influence of mean magnetic fields
Authors: Busse A. , Müller W.‐C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence under the influence of a strong mean magnetic field are investigated from the Lagrangian viewpoint by tracking fluid particles in direct numerical simulations. The particle trajectories show characteristic bends near vortex sheets. A strong mean magnetic field leads to preferential diffusion parallel to the mean magnetic field. The two‐particle relative dispersion process shows a dependence on the orientation of the initial separation vector. The relative dispersion is slowed down for initial separation vectors aligned with the mean magnetic field. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effective tidal viscosity in close solar‐type binaries
Authors: Goldman I. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA major problem confronting the understanding of tidal evolution of close solar‐type binaries is the inefficiency of the turbulent convection. The value of the effective viscosity estimated, in the framework of the mixing length theory (MLT), implies circularization timescales which are almost two orders of magnitude longer than observed. Moreover, the reduction of the effective viscosity due to the fast time‐variation of the tidal shear in short period binaries, increases the discrepancy to about three orders of magnitude. This state of affairs has motivated suggestions that tidal orbital evolution, notably circularization occurs mainly during the pre‐main‐sequence phase. However, observational data accumulated over the recent decades imply that circularization does occur during the the main‐sequence phase (Mazeh 2008).In this work, we examine the possibility that the apparent inefficiency of turbulent convection is merely a shortcoming of MLT approach. Indeed, a recent 3D numerical simulation (Penev et al. 2007), suggests that the true convective viscosity is probably larger than the MLT value and that the reduction due to the time‐variation of the shear is not drastic. We employ a model for stellar turbulent convection (Canuto, Goldman & Mazzitelli 1996) to evaluate the effective viscosity both for a steady for and time dependent tidal shear.The model is physically based, self‐consistent, and accounts for the full spectrum of the turbulent eddies. It has been found advantageous, compared to the MLT, in many applications. We use an analytic approximation to the turbulent spectrum to obtain the reduction of the efficiency due to the time‐variation of the tide. The results are: (i) an enhanced effective viscosity (by a factor of ∼ 4.5), and more importantly (ii) only a mild reduction due to the time‐variation of the tidal shear. Overall, for binaries with orbital period of 15 days the discrepancy is “only” a factor of ∼30 down from a factor of ∼1000. These encouraging results should motivate an investigation of rigorous non‐analytic solutions. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct measurement of effective electro conductivity of turbulent liquid metal
Authors: Frick P. , Denisov S. , Noskov V. , Stepanov R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDirect measurement of effective electro conductivity are performed in a nonstationary turbulent flow of liquid gallium, generated in a closed toroidal channel. The peak level of the Reynolds number reached Re ≈ 106, what corresponds to the magnetic Reynolds number Rm ≈ 1. The conductivity of the liquid metal was determined measuring the phase shift between sinusoidal voltage and current in the RLC‐circuit, the inductance of which was made by the toroidal coil embracing the channel. The maximal deviation of electrical conductivity from its ohmic value reaches about 1%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Boundary layer in the MRI experiment PROMISE
Authors: Szklarski J. , Gerbeth G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOne of the most convenient approaches to observe experimentally the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is to use a magnetized Taylor‐Couette setup. The flow of liquid metal between two rotating, concentric cylinders can become unstable in the presence of an external magnetic field. One of the issues which should be addressed when designing such an experiment is the influence of plates enclosing the cylinders fromthe top and the bottom. In this paper we discuss properties of the boundary layer which arises near these plates. Our primary concern is the importance of this layer in the MRI experiment PROMISE. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Toroidal field instability and eddy viscosity in Taylor‐Couette flows
Authors: Gellert M. , Rüdiger G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractToroidal magnetic fields subject to the Tayler instability can transport angular momentum. We show that the Maxwell and Reynolds stress of the nonaxisymmetric field pattern depend linearly on the shear in the cylindrical gap geometry. Resulting angular momentum transport also scales linear with shear. It is directed outwards for astrophysical relevant flows and directed inwards for superrotating flows with dΩ/dR> 0. We define an eddy viscosity based on the linear relation between shear and angular momentum transport and show that its maximum for given Prandtl and Hartmann number depends linear on the magnetic Reynolds number Rm. For Rm ≃ 1000 the eddy viscosity is of the size of 30 in units of the microscopic value. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear evolution of Tayler unstable equilibrium states
Authors: Elstner D. , Bonanno A. , Rüdiger G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe investigate the nonlinear evolution of Tayler unstable toroidal fields in a disk geometry, by numerical simulations. We consider non‐rotating and rigid rotating disks, with different radial field profiles. The initial configuration is in equilibrium, which is achieved by a pressure gradient or an external potential force. The nonlinear evolution of the system leads to a stable equilibrium with a current free toroidal field. Only for the fast rotating case we could preserve a ring type structure of the toroidal field. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aluminum Compounds Containing η1‐ and/or η5‐Bidentate Dianionic Pyrrolyl–Methylamide Ligands
Authors: Chen Ya‐Chi , Lin Che‐Yu , Li Chun‐Yin , Huang Jui‐Hsien , Chang Ling‐Chueh , Lee Ting‐Yu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA series of dialuminum compounds have been synthesized and their reactivity and application for lactide polymerization have been studied. The reaction of AlH3⋅NMe3 with [C4H3NH(2‐CH2NHtBu)] in diethyl ether generated a dimeric aluminum hydride compound, [{[C4H3N(2‐CH2NtBu)]AlH}2] (1). The structure of 1 was confirmed by spectroscopy of a deuterated analogue of 1 with an AlD function. Direct treatment of [C4H3NH(2‐CH2NHtBu)] with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether resulted in colorless crystals of [{Li[μ‐η1:η5‐C4H3N(2‐CH2NtBu)]2Al}2] (2) in 80 % yield after recrystallization from a toluene solution. The μ‐η1:η5‐pyrrolyl protons exhibit high‐field shifts at δ=5.73, 6.15, and 6.72 comparable to a similar η5‐bonding mode in the literature. Treatment of 1 with 1 equiv acetone oxime or acetone in dichloromethane gave [{[C4H3N(2‐CH2NtBu)]Al[ϰO,ϰN‐(ONCMe2)]}2] (3) and [{[C4H3N(2‐CH2NtBu)]Al(OCHMe2)}2] (4) in 67 % and 60 % yield, respectively. Compounds 1–4 have been characterized by X‐ray diffractometry and were used as catalysts for ε‐caprolactone polymerization.
Tetraethylenepentamine‐Directed Controllable Synthesis of Wurtzite ZnSe Nanostructures with Tunable Morphology
Authors: Xi Baojuan , Xiong Shenglin , Xu Dechen , Li Jingfa , Zhou Hongyang , Pan Jun , Li Jiangying , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA novel tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)‐directed method has been successfully developed for the controlled synthesis of ZnSe particles with distinctive morphologies, including nanobelts, nanowires, and hierarchically solid/hollow spheres. These structures, self‐assembled from nanobelts and nanorods, have been synthesized by adjusting the reaction parameters, such as the solvent composition, reaction temperature, and the aging time. Results reveal that the volume ratio of H2O and TEPA plays a crucial role in the final morphology of ZnSe products. The mechanisms of phase formation and morphology control of ZnSe particles are proposed and discussed in detail. The products have been characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction, high‐resolution TEM, Raman spectra and luminescence spectroscopy. The as‐prepared ZnSe nanoparticles display shape‐ and size‐dependent photoluminescent optical properties. This is the first time to report preparation of complex hollow structures of ZnSe crystals with hierarchy through a simple solution‐based route. This synthetic route is designed to exploit a new H2O/TEPA/N2H4⋅H2O system possibly for the preparation of other semiconductor nanomaterials.
Interfacial Behavior and Film Patterning of Redox‐Active Cationic Copper(II)‐Containing Surfactants
Authors: Driscoll Jeffery A. , Allard Marco M. , Wu Libo , Heeg Mary Jane , da Rocha Sandro R. P. , Verani Cláudio N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHerein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of single‐tail amphiphiles L (Py=pyridine, Cn=C18, C16, C14, C10) and their copper(II)‐containing complexes, which are of relevance for patterned films. The N‐(pyridine‐2‐ylmethyl)alkyl‐1‐amine ligands and their complexes [CuIICl2(L)] (1), [CuIICl2(L)] (2), [CuIICl2(L)] (3), [CuIIBr2(L)] (4), [CuIIBr2(L)] (5), and [CuIIBr2(L)] (6) were synthesized, isolated, and characterized by means of mass spectrometry, IR and NMR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. Complexes 1, 2, 3, and 6 had their molecular structure solved by X‐ray diffraction methods, which showed that the local geometry around the metal center is distorted square planar. With the aim of using these species as precursors for redox‐responsive films, an assessment of their electrochemical properties involved cyclic voltammetry in different solvents, with different supporting electrolytes and scan rates. Density functional theory calculations of relevant species in bulk and at interfaces were used to evaluate their electronic structure and dipole moments. The morphology and order of the resulting films at the air/water interface were studied by isothermal compression and Brewster angle microscopy. Biphasic patterned Langmuir films were observed for all complexes except 3 and 6, and dependence on the chain length and the nature of the halogen coligand determine the characteristics of the isotherms and their intricate topology. Complexes 3 and 6, which have shorter chain lengths, failed to exhibit organization. These results exemplify the first comprehensive study of the behavior of single‐tail metallosurfactants, which are likely to lead to high‐end technological applications based on their patterned films.
The ability to survive mitosis in the presence of microtubule poisons differs significantly between human nontransformed (RPE‐1) and cancer (U2OS, HeLa) cells
Authors: Brito Daniela A. , Rieder Conly L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe used live cell imaging to compare the fate of human nontransformed (RPE‐1) and cancer (HeLa, U2OS) cells as they entered mitosis in nocodazole or taxol. In the same field, and in either drug, a cell in all lines could die in mitosis, exit mitosis and die within 10 h, or exit mitosis and survive ≥10 h. Relative to RPE‐1 cells, significantly fewer HeLa or U2OS cells survived mitosis or remained viable after mitosis: in nocodazole concentrations that inhibit spindle microtubule assembly, or in 500 nM taxol, 30% and 27% of RPE‐1 cells, respectively, died in or within 10 h of exiting mitosis while 90% and 49% of U2OS and 78% and 81% of HeLa died. This was even true for clinically relevant taxol concentrations (5 nM) which killed 93% and 46%, respectively, of HeLa and U2OS cells in mitosis or within 10 h of escaping mitosis, compared to 1% of RPE‐1 cells. Together these data imply that studies using HeLa or U2OS cells, harvested after a prolonged block in mitosis with nocodazole or taxol, are significantly contaminated with dead or dying cells. We also found that the relationship between the duration of mitosis and survival is drug and cell type specific and that lethality is related to the cell type and drug used to prevent satisfaction of the kinetochore attachment checkpoint. Finally, work with a pan‐caspase inhibitor suggests that the primary apoptotic pathway triggered by nocodazole during mitosis in RPE‐1 cells is not active in U2OS cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New DNA Polymerase IIIC Inhibitors: 3‐Subtituted Anilinouracils with Potent Antibacterial Activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Svenstrup Niels , Ehlert Kerstin , Ladel Christoph , Kuhl Alexander , Häbich Dieter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe development of resistance has rendered several antibiotics clinically ineffective, and there is an urgent medical need for potent and safe antibacterials with a novel and valid mode of action. To avoid cross‐resistance, they should preferably inhibit targets that are not addressed by established antibiotics. In this respect, 6‐anilinouracils represent a promising lead structure. They target the Gram‐positive DNA polymerase IIIC, a target that is associated with a bactericidal mode of action. Moreover, they have no cross‐resistance to marketed antibiotics. This paper describes the synthesis and biological characterization of structurally novel anilinouracils, some of which display potent in vivo efficacy in murine models of bacterial septicemia.
Decreasing disparity in liver transplantation among white and Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Robbins Anthony S. , Daily Michael F. , Aoki Christopher A. , Chen Moon S. , Troppmann Christoph , Perez Richard V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.A preliminary study using national cancer surveillance data from 1998 through 2002 suggested that there were significant differences between non‐Hispanic whites (‘whites’) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) in the use of liver transplantation as a treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS.The objective of the current study was to examine whether differences in liver transplantation between whites and APIs with HCC were changing over time. By using a population‐based, statewide cancer registry, data were obtained on all HCC cases diagnosed in California between 1998 and 2005, and the study was limited to white and API patients with nonmetastatic HCC who had tumors that measured ≤5 cm in greatest dimension (n = 1728 patients).RESULTS.From 1998 through 2003 (n = 1051 patients), the odds of undergoing liver transplantation were 2.56 times greater for white patients than for API patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72–3.80 times higher), even after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, year of diagnosis, TNM stage, and tumor grade. In contrast, during 2004 and 2005 (n = 677 patients), there were no significant differences in the odds of undergoing liver transplantation. Between 2002 and 2004, changes in liver transplantation policy assigned priority points to patients with HCC (initially to stage I and II, then to stage II only). After the policy changes, API patients with HCC experienced a significant increase in stage II diagnoses, whereas white patients did not.CONCLUSIONS.In California, there was a large and significant disparity in the rate of liver transplantation among white and API patients with HCC from 1998 through 2003 but not during 2004 and 2005. Changes in liver transplantation policy from 2002 through 2004 may have played a role in decreasing this difference. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs in rat hippocampal GABAergic interneurons
Authors: Son Jong‐Hyun , Winzer‐Serhan Ursula H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHippocampal inhibitory interneurons are a diverse population of cells widely scattered in the hippocampus, where they regulate hippocampal circuit activity. The hippocampus receives cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain, and functional studies have suggested the presence of different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. Single‐cell polymerase chain reaction analysis had confirmed that several nAChR subunit mRNAs are co‐expressed with glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), the marker for GABAergic interneurons. In this anatomical study, we systematically investigated the co‐expression of GAD67 with different nAChR subunits by using double in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin‐labeled GAD67 probe and35S‐labeled probes for nAChR subunits (α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, α7, β2, β3, and β4). The results revealed that most GAD67‐positive interneurons expressed β2, and 67 % also expressed α7 mRNA. In contrast, mRNA expression of other subunits was limited; only 13 % of GAD67‐positive neurons co‐expressed α4, and less than 10% expressed transcripts for α2, α3, α5, or β4. Most GAD67/α2 co‐expression was located in CA1/CA3 stratum oriens, and GAD67/α5 co‐expression was predominantly detected in CA1/CA3 stratum radiatum/lacunosum moleculare and the dentate gyrus. Expression of α6 and β3 mRNAs was rarely detected in the hippocampus, and mRNAs were not co‐expressed with GAD67. These findings suggest that the majority of nicotinic responses in GABAergic interneurons should be mediated by a homomeric α7 or heteromeric α7*‐containing nAChRs. Other possible combinations such as α2β2*, α4β2*, or α5β2* heteromeric nAChRs could contribute to functional nicotinic response in subsets of GABAergic interneurons but overall would have a minor role. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:286–299, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pleiotropic function of FGF‐4: Its role in development and stem cells
Authors: Kosaka Nobuyoshi , Sakamoto Hiromi , Terada Masaaki , Ochiya Takahiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were initially recognized as fibroblast‐specific growth factor, and it is now apparent that these growth factors regulate multiple biological functions. The diversity of FGFs function is paralleled by the emerging diversity of interactions between FGF ligands and their receptors. FGF‐4 is a member of the FGF superfamily and is a mitogen exhibiting strong action on numerous different cell types. It plays a role in various stages of development and morphogenesis, as well as in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies reveal the molecular mechanisms of FGF‐4 gene regulation in mammalian cells, which is involved in the developmental process. Furthermore, FGF‐4 also acts on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells. In this review, we focus on the diverse biological functions of FGF‐4 in the developmental process and also discuss its putative roles in stem cell biology. Developmental Dynamics 238:265–276, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.