bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of reactive compatibilisation on the phase morphology and tensile properties of PA12/PP blends
Authors: Jose S. , Nair S. V. , Thomas S. , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBoth uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends based on polyamide 12 (PA12) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) were prepared in a Brabender Plastograph®. The compatibiliser used was maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA). Phase morphology of the blends was inspected in scanning electron microscope (SEM) on cryogenically fractured etched surfaces of the specimens. PA12/PP blends possessed a nonuniform and unstable morphology owing to the incompatibility between their constituents. Addition of compatibiliser improved the interfacial characteristics of the blends by retarding the rate of coalescence. So, the phase morphology became more fine, uniform, and stable. Tensile properties of both uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends were measured as a function of blend composition and compatibiliser concentration. Uncompatibilized blends displayed inferior mechanical properties to compatibilized ones; especially for those containing 40–60 wt % of PP. Reactive compatibilisation of blends was found to be efficient and improved the tensile strength of the blends considerably. Addition of PP‐g‐MA improved the interfacial adhesion, decreased the interfacial tension, and thereby, enhanced the tensile strength by 85%. Finally, various models were adopted to describe the tensile strength of the blends. The experimental data exhibited a reasonably good fit with Nielsen's first power law model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Polymer micellar aggregates of novel amphiphilic biodegradable graft copolymer composed of poly(aspartic acid) derivatives: Preparation, characterization, and effect of pH on aggregation
Authors: Jiang Tong‐Ying , Wang Zhong‐Yan , Tang Lin‐Xi , Mo Feng‐Kui , Chen Chuang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNovel amphiphilic biodegradable graft copolymer based on poly(aspartic acid) was prepared by attaching monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) as hydrophiphic segment to poly(aspartic acid‐g‐octadecylamine) (PASP‐g‐ODA) as hydrophobic backbone. The chemical structures of amphiphilic copolymers were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polymeric micelles were prepared with solvent evaporation and their physicochemical properties in aqueous media were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. These micelles were confirmed to be pH‐sensitive by measuring optical transmittance of micelle solution and the size of micellar aggregates. The number average diameter of polymeric micelles prepared in medium at pH 2.5 was larger than that in neutral and basic medium and showed a bimodal size distribution because of the protonation of carboxyl groups in backbone. Furthermore, the polymeric micelle can load water‐insoluble drug (podophyllotoxin), and the drug release from micelles showed a pH‐dependency. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Interaction between medetomidine and alkyd resins: NMR and FTIR investigation of antifouling marine paint model systems
Authors: Shtykova Liubov , Ostrovskii Denis , Jacobsson Per , Nydén Magnus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and optimization of novel bioactive components is key to the development of antifouling marine coatings. It was recently demonstrated that medetomidine (MM) has perfect antibarnacle behavior along with good ecological properties. To investigate the applicability of MM in self‐polishing marine paints, a large set of mixtures of MM with two commercial alkyd resins (ARs) was prepared. The nature and strength of the intermolecular interaction as a function of composition in both the liquid and solid states were studied using NMR and FTIR techniques, respectively. It was found that at low concentrations MM molecules were coordinated to alkyd resin chains by hydrogen bonding. This interaction had a multidentate character (i.e., one molecule of MM interacted with several COOH species of ARs) that resulted in stronger bonding between the two compounds. However, at higher MM concentrations an ionic association between the two compounds began, which at a large MM content resulted in microphase separation. It was noted that the strong interaction between medetomidine and the alkyd resins investigated was a positive factor for the application of these compounds in self‐polishing marine paints. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2006
Ring‐opening polymerization of lactones using RuCl2(PPh3)3 as initiator: Effect of hydroxylic transfer agents
Authors: Mata‐Mata José Luis , Báez José E. , Gutiérrez José Alfredo , Martínez‐Richa Antonio 
Published: December 2005

Abstractε‐Caprolactone and δ‐valerolactone were polymerized in bulk at 150°C using the ruthenium(II) complex RuCl2(PPh3)3 as initiator in the presence of 1,3‐propanediol (PD) with a series of alcohols as coinitiators. Polymerization of lactones proceeds via ruthenium(II) alkoxide active centers. 1H‐NMR analysis revealed that the ruthenium complex reacted with the alcohol, generating in situ a ruthenium alkoxide. This species became a more active initiator of ring‐opening polymerization than was RuCl2(PPh3)3. The obtained polylactones were characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF). The results showed the formation had occurred of α,ω‐telechelic PCL and PVL diols, in which PD had been incorporated into the polymer backbone. Depending on the nature of the alcohol used as coinitiator, PCLs with different end groups could be synthesized. Insertion of an alcohol as an end group (benzyl alcohol, n‐octanol, or isopropanol) or into the polymeric backbone (propanediol) provided support for the conclusion that a classical coordination–insertion mechanism was operating during lactone polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Diffusion in elongated membranes
Authors: Liu Q. , Xiao S. , De Kee D. , Moresoli C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe model proposed by Cohen and collaborators is used to describe the process of diffusion through polymeric membranes subjected to externally applied extensions. This continuum mechanics approach is compared with a model developed via a mesoscopic theory. Experimental data on a variety of polymer/solvent systems are successfully described by the model. It was found that the flux‐versus‐time curves for deformations up to 80% elongation could be reduced to a master curve. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Study of dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the present study, an epoxy resin was dynamically cured in a polypropylene (PP)/maleic anhydride–grafted PP (MAH‐g‐PP)/talc matrix to prepare dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites. An increase in the torque at equilibrium showed that epoxy resin in the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc composites had been cured by 2‐ethylene‐4‐methane‐imidazole. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that MAH‐g‐PP and an epoxy resin had effectively increased the interaction adhesion between PP and the talc in the PP/talc composites. Dynamic curing of the epoxy resin further increased the interaction adhesion. The dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had higher crystallization peaks than did the PP/talc composites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of MAH‐g‐PP and the epoxy resin into the PP/talc composites caused an obvious improvement in the thermal stability. The dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had the best thermal stability of all the PP/talc composites. The PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had better mechanical properties than did the PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc composites, and the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐PP/talc/epoxy composites had the best mechanical properties of all the PP/talc composites, which can be attributed to the better interaction adhesion between the PP and the talc. The suitable content of epoxy resin in the composites was about 5 wt %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Molecular and cellular organization of insect chemosensory neurons
Authors: de Bruyne Marien , Warr Coral G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAnimals use their chemosensory systems to detect and discriminate among chemical cues in the environment. Remarkable progress has recently been made in our knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of chemosensory perception in insects, based largely on studies in Drosophila. This progress has been possible due to the identification of gene families for olfactory and gustatory receptors, the use of electro‐physiological recording techniques on sensory neurons, the multitude of genetic manipulations that are available in this species, and insights from several insect model systems. Recent studies show that the superfamily of chemoreceptor proteins represent the essential elements in chemosensory coding, endowing chemosensory neurons with their abilities to respond to specific sets of odorants, tastants or pheromones. Investigating how insects detect chemicals in their environment can show us how receptor protein structures relate to ligand binding, how nervous systems process complex information, and how chemosensory systems and genes evolve. BioEssays 28:23–34, 2006. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indecent images of children: the ever‐changing law
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractChild pornography is undoubtedly one of the principal threats to child protection in the digital sphere. Although such material existed before the days of the internet, the growth in information and communication technology (ICT) has led to an explosion in the number of images accessible. The law in this area dates backs over 25 years, and thus legitimate questions could be raised as to whether it remains an effective tool. This article seeks to explore some questions in respect of the application of the current law and demonstrates a need to rethink certain aspects of it. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What tools do we need to improve identification of child abuse?
Authors: Munro Eileen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractChild protection work is being transformed by the introduction of information and communication technology (ICT) and other tools to improve frontline work. This article argues that current innovations are being developed without sufficient attention to understanding the needs of frontline workers. Taking the identification of child abuse as an example, the article shows how beginning with the question ‘What tools do we need?’ produces radically different answers from the current proposed tools such as the Information Sharing and Assessment database (ISA). The approach advocated here involves examining what aspects of the task frontline workers find difficult and identifying where they would most appreciate help. In relation to the problem of sharing information between professionals to ensure accurate assessment of risk, it is argued that the key problems do not lie in the technical process of sharing data but in professionals' ability to collect the necessary information, to interpret it accurately and to communicate it clearly. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Stable Analogues of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Possessing a (Z,E,E)‐Geranylgeranyl Side Chain, Docking Analysis, and Biological Assays for Prenyl Protein Transferase Inhibition
Authors: Minutolo Filippo , Bertini Simone , Betti Laura , Danesi Romano , Gervasi Gianbattista , Giannaccini Gino , Martinelli Adriano , Papini Anna Maria , Peroni Elisa , Placanica Giorgio , Rapposelli Simona , Tuccinardi Tiziano , Macchia Marco 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of novel stable analogues of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), in which the “natural” all‐trans geranylgeranyl portion has been replaced by a (Z,E,E)‐geranylgeranyl chain. The change in configuration and consequent change in the relative position of the polar portion with the lipophilic side chain did not improve the properties of the E,E,E analogues in their inhibition of geranylgeranyl protein transferase I (GGTase I). However, a significant level of GGTase I inhibition and selectivity for GGTase I over farnesyl transferase (FTase) was maintained the unsubstituted phosphonoacetamidoxy derivative 4 a. This has shed light on the relative importance of the configuration at the C2C3 double bond among GGPP derivatives. Moreover, the biological activities of all the compounds reported herein, in particular the preferential FTase inhibitory activity shown by compound 6, were in good agreement with the results of docking analysis.
Barriers to certified timber and paper uptake in the construction and paper industries in the United Kingdom
Authors: Werndle Lorenz , Brown Nick , Packer Mike 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWhilst forest management certification emerged in the early 1990s as a potential market‐based solution to the problem of forest loss and degradation, certified timber has not yet taken a significant share of timber and wood product markets. Although the lack of supply of certified timber is acknowledged as a problem, market barriers to the uptake of certified products are poorly understood. This study sought to identify and compare barriers to the uptake of certified wood and wood products in the UK's paper and construction industries. Findings indicate marked variation in barriers between individual companies and between the industries. Key barriers identified include: organizational constraints – strategic commitment, inadequate systems, staff skills and financial provision; supply constraints – material availability, supply chain complexities, entrenched supplier relationships; and demand constraints – lack of knowledge, weak demand, price sensitivity, traditional expectations and availability of substitutes. Ways to overcome these barriers are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Regulation of T cells and cytokines by the interleukin‐10 (IL‐10)‐family cytokines IL‐19, IL‐20, IL‐22, IL‐24 andIL‐26
Authors: Oral Haluk B. , Kotenko Sergei V. , Yılmaz Mustafa , Mani Orlando , Zumkehr Judith , Blaser Kurt , Akdis Cezmi A. , Akdis Mübeccel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe family of IL‐10‐related cytokines includes several human members, IL‐19, IL‐20, IL‐22, IL‐24 and IL‐26, and a series of herpesviral and poxviral paralogs. Some of these cytokines share common receptor subunits. In this study, we investigated the effects of these cytokines on naive T cell differentiation, antigen‐specific T cell suppression, survival ad expression of surface markers in comparison to IL‐10 and cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐IL‐10. Human CD45RA+ T cells were stimulated in the presence of IL‐10‐family cytokines in sequential 12‐day cycles. After three to four cycles of stimulation, IL‐10 and CMV‐IL‐10 led to increased IFN‐γ and IL‐10 but decreased IL‐4 and IL‐13. Interestingly, long‐term exposure of T cells to IL‐19, IL‐20 and IL‐22 down‐regulated IFN‐γ but up‐regulated IL‐4 and IL‐13 in T cells and supported the polarization of naive T cells to Th2‐like cells. In contrast, neutralization of endogenous IL‐22 activity by IL‐22‐binding protein decreased IL‐4, IL‐13 and IFN‐γ synthesis. The antigen‐specific suppressor activity of IL‐10 and CMV‐IL‐10 was not observed for any of the other IL‐10‐family cytokines. These data demonstrate that IL‐19, IL‐20 and IL‐22 may participate in T cell‐mediated diseases by distinct regulation of T cell cytokine profiles.
A novel lipid A from Halomonas magadiensis inhibits enteric LPS‐induced human monocyte activation
Authors: Ialenti Armando , Di Meglio Paola , Grassia Gianluca , Maffia Pasquale , Di Rosa Massimo , Lanzetta Rosa , Molinaro Antonio , Silipo Alba , Grant William , Ianaro Angela 
Published: December 2005

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin is the bacterial product responsible for the clinical syndrome of Gram‐negative septicemia and endotoxic shock. During sepsis, microbial antigens, such as LPS, activate monocytes and macrophages to produce several pro‐inflammatory cytokines, among which tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) appears to be very important for the development of endotoxic shock. The endotoxic properties of LPS principally reside in the lipid A (LIP A) component, which is the primary immunostimulatory center of Gram‐negative bacteria. In recent years there has been a continuous effort to identify molecules able to antagonize the deleterious effects of endotoxic shock. In this study we show that a novel LIP A fraction from the LPS of Halomonas magadiensis (Hm), a Gram‐negative extremophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium, significantly inhibits the synthesis of TNF‐α by human monocytes activated by Escherichia coli LPS. LIP A from Hm exerts these effects by interfering with E. coli LPS for activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 expressed in human cells. This result defines Hm LIP A as a novel class of LPS antagonist whose structural features could be utilized for the design of compounds for the treatment of Gram‐negative sepsis.
Luminescent Polyoxotungstoeuropate Anion‐Pillared Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Sousa Filipa L. , Pillinger Martyn , Sá Ferreira Rute A. , Granadeiro Carlos M. , Cavaleiro Ana M. V. , Rocha João , Carlos Luís D. , Trindade Tito , Nogueira Helena I. S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNovel luminescent polyoxometalate anion‐pillared layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were prepared by aqueous ion exchange of a Zn–Al LDH precursor in nitrate form with the europium‐containing polyoxotungstate anions [EuW10O36]9–, [Eu(BW11O39)(H2O)3]6– and [Eu(PW11O39)2]11–. The host–guest interaction has a strong influence on the nature of the final intercalated species, as evidenced by elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), infra‐red (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, solid state magic‐angle spinning (MAS) 11B and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of a Tetradehydro‐Disorazole C1
Authors: Niess Barbara , Hartung Ingo V. , Haustedt Lars O. , Hoffmann H. Martin R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of a protected 9,9′,10,10′‐tetradehydro‐disorazole C1 is described. A C1–C8 oxazole fragment with an E‐vinylic iodide terminus is coupled to a suitable C9–C19 enyne. The resulting ω‐hydroxycarboxylic acid is cyclodimerized stepwise via intermolecular esterification, followed by lactonization. In addition, simplified masked analogues of disorazole C1 with truncated side chains are prepared. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Functionalization of Porphyrins: Mechanistic Insights, Conformational Studies, and Structural Characterizations
Authors: Halime Zakaria , Balieu Sébastien , Lachkar Mohammed , Roisnel Thierry , Richard Philippe , Boitrel Bernard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe condensation of 3‐chloromethylbenzoyl chloride with three atropisomers of meso‐5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(2‐aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) is reported, followed by the reaction of the anion of diethyl malonate to prepare various strapped porphyrins. According to two different geometries of the straps, the resulting preorganization of the hanging ethoxycarbonyl groups is more or less adapted to the coordination of cations such as lanthanides. The conformational study, as well as the X‐ray structures of three strapped porphyrins, demonstrate that among the three atropisomers investigated in this work, only two of them lead to strapped porphyrins in which an ethoxycarbonyl group is directed towards the centre of the porphyrin. Additionally, we were able to explain some peculiar reactivities observed for single‐strapped porphyrins, as the 5–15 strapped geometry is shown to be favoured. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Concise Sultone Route to Highly Oxygenated 1,10‐seco‐Eudesmanolides – Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Antileukemic Sesquiterpene Lactones(–)‐Eriolanin and (–)‐Eriolangin
Authors: Merten Jörn , Hennig André , Schwab Pia , Fröhlich Roland , Tokalov Sergey V. , Gutzeit Herwig O. , Metz Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUsing a sultone as the key intermediate, the first enantioselective total synthesis of the antileukemic 1,10‐seco‐eudesmanolides (–)‐eriolanin (1) and (–)‐eriolangin (2) was achieved, which also established the hitherto unknown absolute configuration of these sesquiterpene lactones. Starting from 2‐bromo‐1‐(2‐furyl)ethanone, 24 steps were required to generate the common basic structure and two additional steps in each case for completion of the natural products. The effect of 1 and 2 on the cell cycle of human leukemia (HL‐60) cells was investigated by flow cytometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Fate of Pesticides in the Environment and its Bioremediation
Authors: Gavrilescu M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present paper is an overview of the presence and fate of pesticides as persistent organic pollutants in the environment as well as of the potential for their detoxification, also combined with chemical and physical treatment. It contains information gathered from a range of currently available sources. The fate of pesticides in the environment is analyzed considering the processes that determine their persistence and mobility, grouped into transport, transfer and transformation processes. Few pesticide characteristics such as persistence, mobility and biodegradability are emphasized. The fate of a pesticide and the potential for its persistence and mobility from the site of application are considered to be affected by the chemical and physical properties of the pesticide, site characteristics such as soil and groundwater individuality, climate and local weather conditions, biological population, and the handling practices of the pesticide user. Bioremediation, as one of the most environmentally‐sound and cost‐effective methods for the decontamination and detoxification of a pesticide‐contaminated environment is discussed especially considering the factors affecting the biodegradability of pesticides such as biological factors and the characteristics of the chemical compounds. In situ and ex situ bioremediation as possible types of bioremediation activities are weighted up. Also, the paper includes some considerations for developing strategies regarding the choice of bioremediation technology, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the bioremediation of environmental components polluted with pesticides.
Biosafe Ginseng: A Novel Source for Human Well‐Being
Authors: Sivakumar G. , Yu K. W. , Paek K. Y. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGiven the enormous biodiversity in field cultivation, bioengineers were only to look within nature to find new promising phytomolecules or biochemical pathways from plant biofactories. The present review discusses pilot‐scale bioreactor cultivation of adventitious roots of ginseng and the enhanced production of pesticide‐free bioactive phytomolecules. This biotechnological method is described together with a discussion on economic and biosafety aspects. Besides the “classical” tissue culture as a subject of research on ginseng, new developments and efforts in pilot‐scale bioreactor tissue modeling and in the generation of artificial adventitious roots are considered. Additionally, recent progress in the field of medicinal and nutritional roles of adventitious roots produced in a pilot‐scale bioreactor are discussed.