bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 6-Kilodalton Early Secreted Antigenic Target-Responsive, Asymptomatic Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients Express Elevated Levels of Interleukin-4 and Reduced Levels of Gamma Interferon
Authors: Demissie Abebech , Wassie Liya , Abebe Markos , Aseffa Abraham , Rook Graham , Zumla Alimuddin , Andersen Peter , Doherty T. Mark ,   the VACSEL Study Group
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIt is well known that the majority of healthy individuals exposed toMycobacterium tuberculosisdo not become clinically ill. We have previously shown that in recently exposed healthy contacts of tuberculosis (TB) patients, a strong immune response to theM. tuberculosis6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) virulence factor correlated with a higher risk of subsequent disease, although the mechanism was unclear at that time. Inspired by recent reports that elevated expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in health care workers exposed toM. tuberculosisalso correlated with a higher risk of their subsequently developing disease, we examined expression of IL-4, its competitive antagonist IL-4δ2, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in healthy household contacts of TB patients from Ethiopia. We then compared cytokine expression to their recognition of ESAT-6 (which is largely restricted to members of the tuberculosis complex and which serves as a reliable marker of infection) or to Ag85A (an antigen that is conserved among the mycobacteria and serves as a nonspecific control). Our study shows that in these recently exposed individuals, there is a correlation between a strong response to ESAT-6 and elevated expression of IL-4. Further, elevated expression of IL-4 is associated with lower expression of its antagonistic splice variant IL-4δ2 and with the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, suggesting that in these at-risk individuals, immunity is skewed away from a protective Th1 response, even before the development of clinical symptoms.
Administration of Antibody to the Lung Protects Mice against Pneumonic Plague
Authors: Hill Jim , Eyles Jim E. , Elvin Stephen J. , Healey Gareth D. , Lukaszewski Roman A. , Titball Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Intratracheal delivery of aerosolized monoclonal antibodies with specificity for
Yersinia pestis
LcrV and F1 antigens protected mice in a model of pneumonic plague. These data support the utility of inhaled antibodies as a fast-acting postexposure treatment for plague.
Energy integration between the solitary polyps of the clonal coral Lobophyllia corymbosa
Authors: Brickner Itzchak , Oren Uri , Frank Uri , Loya Yossi 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Clonal integration in the coral Lobophyllia corymbosa was studied from two perspectives: transfer of carbon among clonemates and allorecognition. This coral forms colonies in the early post-metamorphic stages. In later ontogeny, the tissues interconnecting polyps die,transforming the colony into a clone of solitary polyps. These polyps continue to live in close proximity but without tissue continuity. Isolated polyps labeled with radioactive carbon in the light showed oriented transfer of assimilates towards adjacent, injured polyps. No significant transfer of carbon was observed towards intact, isogeneic polyps or allogeneic polyps. Grafting of coral tissues resulted in intra-clonal fusion, but only when polyps were previously sectioned. Allogeneic sectioned grafts were always rejected. Intact polyps were unresponsive towards isogeneic and allogeneic counterparts when grafted. Our results show that isolated Lobophylliapolyps not only recognize their clonemates as such, but also help them when necessary, although no tissue continuity exists between them.
COX2 in a euryhaline teleost,Fundulus heteroclitus: primary sequence, distribution, localization, and potential function in gills during salinity acclimation
Authors: Choe Keith P. , Havird Justin , Rose Rachel , Hyndman Kelly , Piermarini Peter , Evans David H. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYIn the kidneys of mammals, cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX2) is expressed in medullary interstitial cells, the macula densa and epithelial cells of the cortical thick ascending limb where it generates prostaglandins that regulate hormone secretion, inhibit ion transport, and support cell survival during salt loading and dehydration. In teleosts, the gills are in direct contact with an aquatic environment and are the dominant site of osmoregulation. During transfers between salinities, specialized cells in the gills (chloride cells) rapidly regulate NaCl secretion for systemic osmoregulation while they simultaneously are exposed to acute osmotic shock. This study was conducted to determine if COX2 is expressed in the gills, and if so, to evaluate its function in cellular and systemic osmoregulation. Degenerate primers, reverse transcription–PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to deduce the complete cDNA sequence of a putative COX2 enzyme from the gills of the euryhaline killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). The 2738 base pair cDNA includes a coding region for a 610 amino acid protein that is over 70%identical to mammalian COX2. A purified antibody generated against a conserved region of mouse COX2 labeled chloride cells, suggesting that the enzyme may control NaCl secretion as an autocrine agent. Real-time PCR was then used to demonstrate that mRNA expression of the COX2 homologue was threefold greater in gills from chronic seawater killifish than in gills from chronic freshwater killifish. Expression of Na+/K+/2Cl–cotransporter and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator were also greater in seawater, suggesting that chronic COX2 expression in the gills is regulated in parallel to the key ion transporters that mediate NaCl secretion. Real-time PCR was also used to demonstrate that acute transfer from seawater to freshwater and from freshwater to seawater led to rapid, transient inductions of COX2 expression. Together with previous physiological evidence,the present molecular and immunological data suggest that constitutive branchial COX2 expression is enhanced in seawater, where prostaglandins can regulate NaCl secretion in chloride cells. Our data also suggest that branchial COX2 expression may play a role in cell survival during acute osmotic shock.
New counterexamples to A. D. Alexandrov’s hypothesis
Authors: Panina Gaiane 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The paper presents a series of principally different C
∞ -smooth counterexamples to the following hypothesis on a characterization of the sphere: Let K ⊂ ℝ3 be a smooth convex body. If at every point of ∂K, we have R
1≤ C≤ R
2 for a constant C, then K is a ball. (R
1 and R
2 stand for the principal curvature radii of ∂K.)
The hypothesis was proved by A. D. Alexandrov and H. F. Münzner for analytic bodies. For the case of general smoothness it has been an open problem for years. Recently, Y. Martinez-Maure has presented a C
2-smooth counterexample to the hypothesis.
Removable singularities for p-harmonic maps: the subquadratic case
Authors: Gastel Andreas , Grotowski Joseph F. , Kronz Manfred 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We prove a removable singularity theorem for p -harmonic maps in the
subquadratic case. The theorem states that an isolated singularity of a weakly
p -harmonic map is removable if the energy is sufficiently small in a
neighbourhood of the singularity.
Irony aptness
Authors: Giora Rachel , Federman Shani , Kehat Arnon , Fein Ofer , Sabah Hadas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we test the hypothesis that irony aptness is sensitive to both ironiness and sophistication. In a previous study, we established irony gradedness as a function of narrowing the gap between what is said and what is referred to (Giora et al. 2005b). Experiments 1A and 1B show that the higher the ironiness of a target, the more apt it is. This has been replicated for echoic ironies (Sperber and Wilson 1986) as well. Indeed, in Experiment 2, we show that echoic ironies rated as highly ironic due to the accessibility (rather than explicitness, see Gibbs 1986; Yus 2001) of the source of their echo are also evaluated as highly apt. In addition, we show that sophistication (as defined by Raskin and Triezenberg 2003) and aptness ratings are highly correlated, though ironiness and sophistication are not.
The current state and legal framework of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in Japan
Authors: Nishizawa Mariko 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBecause of the rapid advances currently taking place in reproductive technology, Japan is being pressed to adjust its conventional approach to reproductive medicine. One example of the innovations in the technology is the reproductive technique known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD (PGD is seen by some as a reproductive technique that can help couples who are at high risk of passing on serious genetic disorders to their offspring. However, it is a contested technology. Concerns are increasingly being raised about the lack of sufficient public debate and policy discussion concerning the test's ethical and social implications. The need for policy discussions and a comprehensive legal system to control all areas of reproductive medicine, including PGD, should be more widely addressed.
The Coexistence of Genetically Modified Crops with Other Forms of Farming: The Regulation by EU Member States in the Light of EC Law
Authors: Herdegen Matthias 
Published: April 2006

ContentsIntroduction The regulatory approach of EC LawOperator obligations of evaluation and monitoringPreventionLiability for the adventitious presence of GMOs in neighbouring cropsEffects of authorized releases of GMOs on neighbouring cropsSupervision under rules of environmental lawSummary
Heavy Burden: Promoting Public Policy through the Use of Material Transfer Agreements for Plant Genetic Resources
Authors: Fowler Cary 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionPlant genetic resources – seeds and other genetic materials containing functional units of heredity of actual or potential use – are the biological foundation of agriculture, the raw material of plant breeding, and an increasingly important component in biotechnology research and product development. The conditions under which plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) may be accessed and used is therefore of critical importance to broad segments of the economy, to academic and applied researchers, to the legal profession, and to important social concerns such as achieving food security. Each year, hundreds of thousands of samples of PGRFA are distributed to researchers and breeders by genebanks and crop breeding programmes, arguably making this resource the most commonly exchanged of biological materials for research and development purposes in the academic and commercial world.
Life Sciences and Biotechnology
Authors: European Commission  
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionIn January 2002, the Commission adopted a Strategy for Europe on Life Sciences and Biotechnology, consisting of two parts – policy orientations and a 30-point plan to transform policy into action. It sets out what is needed from the Commission and the other European Institutions, while also recommending actions for other public and private stakeholders.The Commission intends to report regularly on the progress made. The Commission adopted its second progress report on 7 April 2004, which highlighted the progress made but also pointed out delays in some areas.This Communication is the third such response. As last year, this report is supported by a Commission Staff Working Paper, which provides detailed information on the implementation of the action plan.
Exploring the common ground: Sensus communis, humor and the interpretation of comic poetry
Authors: Pettersson Bo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Sensus communis is originally a Roman notion of the shared ‘communal sense’ that facilitates communicative understanding. The most important philosophers of the modern age who have discussed it at length are Giambattista Vico, Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury (as the basis for wit and humor), Immanuel Kant and Hans-Georg Gadamer. The different ways they (and others) have discussed it might help literary scholars to explore the common ground in literary interpretation. Since there is much disagreement on the very notion of sensus communis, this paper takes its cue from Shaftesbury by briefly examining the relation between understanding humor and agreeing on a particular literary interpretation. Its test case is the American writer Ogden Nash and his rather misanthropic view of various others (wives/husbands, children, old people, various animals, etc.) in his comic poetry. The claim is advanced that readers are amused by Nash's poetry because they too harbour misanthropic sentiments and are well aware that it is taboo to let it show. Hence, despite its apparent misanthropy Nash's poetry is based on and most likely strengthens a kind of sensus communis. This paper also argues that the incongruous combination of satirical and literary techniques is crucial for the effect of comic poetry and that incongruities are often unresolved in ironical and satirical texts.
Interpretive Representation: A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis of the Opening Paragraph of Carlyle's Chartism
Authors: Keeble David 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the capacity of relevance theory to illuminate the stylistic features of a complex piece of literary prose and in particular to shed light on the level of coherence inherent in the text examined. Taking some independent critical observations of the writer's style as a point of departure, it provides a close analysis of the opening paragraph of Thomas Carlyle's essay Chartism (1840), and places these observations on a firmer theoretical footing using the relevance-theoretic concept of interpretive representation. In particular, it accounts for a number of inferences that are called for in relation to the interpretation of referential expressions that link the propositions expressed in the text with further propositions likely to be evoked in the reader. The analysis provided offers insight into Carlyle's style and supplies a criterion for constraining interpretations of the text as a whole.
Formes narratives de l’action et dangers de dérives en narratologie
Authors: Baroni Raphaël 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cet article vise à définir précisément la forme
que prend l’action quand elle fait l’objet d’une mise en intrigue par un récit,
de manière à éviter certaines dérives dans l’interprétation du phénoméne de la
narrativité et de sa fonction anthropologique. Deux formes de dérives ou de
réductionnisme sont d’abord envisagées : d’une part, la narratologie
structuraliste a eu tendance à analyser de manière autonome les structures
actionnelles formant la ‘fable’ des récits, ce qui l’a amenée à perdre de vue la
fonction que remplissaient ces actions au niveau de l’interaction narrative et à
généraliser la théorie de l’action ainsi dégagée ; d’autre part, les travaux
d’orientation cognitiviste, bien qu’ils aient ‘décloisonné’ l’analyse des
structures narratives, ont eu tendance à se fonder sur un modèle schématique de
l’action planifiée à la fois trop général et trop simpliste pour parvenir à
cerner la fonction proprement narrative que remplissent les actions narrées.
L’auteur propose de mettre en évidence, au niveau de l’interaction discursive,
la fonction que remplissent certaines formes d’action narrées dans la mise en
intrigue, notamment par le biais des effets de suspense et de curiosité qu’elles
contribuent à produire. La mise en évidence du rôle fondamental que jouent les
actions polémiques dans la dynamique du récit permet de conclure en opposant
deux points de vue complémentaires sur l’action : alors que les approches
‘narratives’ mettent en évidence la singularité de l’événement narré, son
caractère inédit, surprenant ou sous-déterminé, d’autres formes d’analyse ou de
textualisation de l’action cherchent au contraire à cerner la règle ou la
régularité derrière l’apparente ‘nouveauté’ de l’événement.
A Note on ‘‘Cyclic Linearization’’
Authors: Williams Edwin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
‘‘Cyclic Linearization’’ (CL) is similar in its intent to my own ‘‘Representation Theory’’ (Williams 1998, 2003) (RT) in that it seeks to explain some parallelism constraints in terms of general architecture, and in fact both were inspired by Holmberg’s generalization and the general properties of Object Shift in the formulation of central tenets. But here, I will explore a difference in the models that has more to do with WH movement.
Copula sentences and entailment relations
Authors: Dölling Johannes 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In her proposal Claudia Maienborn attempts to provide evidence above all for the following basic claims:
First, stative verbal expressions, regardless of whether they represent stage-level or individual-level predicates, pattern with eventive expressions in introducing a hidden referential argument which can be located in time and may serve as an antecedent for anaphoric reference. What separates statives from eventives is that their arguments are not dynamic but static entities, that is, states.
Kimian states and the grammar of predicative adjectives
Authors: Engelberg Stefan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Maienborn (this volume) presents a proposal on how to deal with stative expressions which makes the following claims:
(i) There are two types of stative expressions, those denoting Davidsonian states (sit, stand, sleep), which constitute a subtype of Davidsonian eventualities, and Kimian states (know, hate, resemble, and all expressions introduced by the copula), which are of a different ontological sort. This distinction is not tied to a distinction between stage-level and individual-level predicates.
(ii) Expressions introducing Davidsonian states behave like eventdenoting expressions and are different from expressions introducing Kimian states with respect to a number of linguistic phenomena (embedding under perception verbs, modification by locative, manner, and instrumental adverbials, interpretation of certain degree modifiers). Kimian states can be temporally modified, anaphorically referred to, and in German they can enter the dabei- construction.
(iii) While Davidsonian eventualities are spatio-temporal entities, Kimian states have a more abstract nature. In contrast to the more concrete ontological sort of eventualities, they don’t have a spatial dimension, and in contrast to the more abstract ontological sort of facts, they have a temporal dimension. Maienborn conceives of Kimian states as ‘‘abstract objects for the exemplification of a property P at a holder x and a time t.’’
(iv) The grammatical category of verbs is not confined to a particular sort of referential argument. While verbs are either Davidsonian or Kimian predicates, lexical predicates that depend on a copula don’t make ontological choices on their own. It is always the copula that introduces a Kimian state argument.
In the following section I mainly want to comment on (iii) and (iv). In doing that, I will try to refine some ideas about the ontological nature of Kimian states and I will challenge the assumption that it is the copula which introduces the state argument.
Weitere Testimonien und Fragmente zum Genesis-Kommentar des Origenes
Authors: Metzler Karin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Der vorangehende Aufsatz gibt ein plastisches Bild des Genesis-Kommentars des Origenes. Einer Herausgeberin der Fragmente dieses Werkes kann nur willkommen sein, daß er die wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit auf die exegetische Spannweite dieses Kommentars vorbereitet; sie wird auch dankbar Anregungen aufnehmen.
Für die Zwecke einer Edition muß freilich das Quellenmaterial noch eingehender gesichtet werden. Methodisch ist dezidierter zu trennen, so zwischen Testimonien und Fragmenten, aber auch innerhalb dieser Gruppen: bei den Fragmenten zwischen zuverlässigen, Dubia und Spuria (in der Kommentierung von Gen 1,1 bis 5,1 fällt diese Frage freilich nur für den Gießener Papyrus an), bei den Testimonien zwischen denen, die eindeutig oder mit einiger Sicherheit den Inhalt des Genesis-Kommentars bezeugen, und solchen, die allgemein ein Zeugnis für die Genesis-Kommentierung des Origenes abgeben (dafür müssen auch die exegetischen Gattungen bei Origenes berücksichtigt werden). Im Handwerklichen wird sich der Unterschied bemerkbar machen, daß in einer Edition ausschließlich maßgebliche Textausgaben zugrunde gelegt werden; Autor (z.B. Epiphanius) und Übersetzer (z.B. Hieronymus) sind hier zu unterscheiden. Für die Ausgabe spitzt sich aber auch die Frage zu, woher die zahlreichen Fragmente stammen, die sich auf spätere Teile der Genesis als 5,1 beziehen.
Thorsten Pohl: Was ist linguistische Aufklärung? Kolloquium in Siegen 18./19. Juni 2004 [What is linguistic enlightenment? Colloquium in Siegen, 18-19 June 2004]
Authors: Pohl Thorsten 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDass Wissenschaft eine genuin aufklärerische Unternehmung bildet, bedarf keiner weiteren Erläuterungen. Dass sie aber auch eine aufklärerische Unternehmung bilden kann, indem sie über eigene fachliche Grenzen und diskursive Beschränkungen hinauswirkt, war Thema des Siegener Kolloquiums
Distribution studies on Th(IV), U(VI) and Pu(IV) using tri-n-butylphosphate andN,N-dialkyl amides
Authors: Pathak P. N. , Prabhu D. R. , Kanekar A. S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDistribution studies on U, Pu and Th have been carried out employing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as extractant to optimise the conditions for the reprocessing of spent fuel of proposed Th based Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). Due to their high basicity and organophilicity straight chainN,N-dialkyl amides have been evaluated for their third phase formation behaviour (usually quantified by limiting organic concentration) during the extraction of thorium vis a vis TBP. Dihexyl derivatives of octanamide (DHOA) and decanamide (DHDA) were found promising in view of higher limiting organic concentration of thoriumviz.33 g and 50 g/L, respectively as compared to 26 g/L for TBP. Extraction profiles of U, Pu and Th have been obtained using these amides and compared with those of TBP. Attempts have also been made to optimise the stripping conditions using aceto-hydroxamic acid (AHA) and acetaldoxime as reductants for the partitioning of Pu from the loaded organic phase.
The System of Native Administration in Tanganyika
Authors: Perham M. F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe object of my visit to Southern and Eastern Africa was to make a comparative study, but I intend in this paper to deal with Tanganyika. This is not because I over-estimate its importance or its singularity. Indirect rule in its general sense is not an invention of this age, and even in the special sense it has acquired during the last twenty years the classic example is in Nigeria. I know that you will all feel with me what a privilege it is for us to meet here at the invitation and in the presence of that administrator whose career was first bound up with the acquisition of East Africa and then with the construction of the system of government in West Africa, the influence of which now reacts upon the East. Exactly what Tanganyika owes to Nigeria could only, perhaps, be learned by ‘listening in’ at a conversation between Lord Lugard and Sir Donald Cameron of a kind that we may suspect has been taking place during the last few weeks. I certainly do not know myself, though I hope to go out shortly to the West Coast in order to find out, if only in part.