bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of two 3D virtual computer reconstructions for comparison of cleft lip and palate to normal fetal microanatomy
Authors: Landes Constantin A. , Weichert Frank , Geis Philipp , Helga Fritsch , Wagner Mathias 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCleft lip and palate reconstructive surgery requires thorough knowledge of normal and pathological labial, palatal, and velopharyngeal anatomy. This study compared two software algorithms and their 3D virtual anatomical reconstruction because exact 3D micromorphological reconstruction may improve learning, reveal spatial relationships, and provide data for mathematical modeling. Transverse and frontal serial sections of the midface of 18 fetal specimens (11th to 32nd gestational week) were used for two manual segmentation approaches. The first manual segmentation approach used bitmap images and either Windows‐based or Mac‐based SURFdriver commercial software that allowed manual contour matching, surface generation with average slice thickness, 3D triangulation, and real‐time interactive virtual 3D reconstruction viewing. The second manual segmentation approach used tagged image format and platform‐independent prototypical SeViSe software developed by one of the authors (F.W.). Distended or compressed structures were dynamically transformed. Registration was automatic but allowed manual correction, such as individual section thickness, surface generation, and interactive virtual 3D real‐time viewing. SURFdriver permitted intuitive segmentation, easy manual offset correction, and the reconstruction showed complex spatial relationships in real time. However, frequent software crashes and erroneous landmarks appearing “out of the blue,” requiring manual correction, were tedious. Individual section thickness, defined smoothing, and unlimited structure number could not be integrated. The reconstruction remained underdimensioned and not sufficiently accurate for this study's reconstruction problem. SeViSe permitted unlimited structure number, late addition of extra sections, and quantified smoothing and individual slice thickness; however, SeViSe required more elaborate work‐up compared to SURFdriver, yet detailed and exact 3D reconstructions were created. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon‐like processes in type III cells of taste organs
Authors: Sbarbati Andrea , Merigo Flavia , Benati Donatella , Bernardi Paolo , Tizzano Marco , Fabene Paolo F. , Crescimanno Caterina , Osculati Francesco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractType III cells of the taste organs are widely considered to be chemoreceptors. The present study was performed on the frog taste disk and describes an axon‐like process in type III cells, which often contains a bundle of densely‐packed parallel microfilaments. These processes pass through the basal membrane of the gustatory epithelium, running into the lamina propria (transbasal membrane processes, tBMPs). In their intraepithelial tract, tBMPs contain dense‐cored vesicles revealing their origin from type III cells. Type III cells showing both classic nonrigid processes (with vesicles and nerve contacts) and tBMPs are present. The connective tract of a tBMP usually contains dense‐cored vesicles only in its proximal portion. In some cases, the connective tract of tBMPs is almost perpendicular to the basal lamina. In other cases, it runs parallel to and below the basal lamina. Some tBMPs contact nerve fibers running in the subepithelial connective tissue; the contact area is rather wide but evident synapse‐like junctions were never detected. Contacts between tBMPs and nerve fibers innervating basal cells are also found. In conclusion, the data demonstrate the existence of epithelial cells resembling primitive neurons that display an apical dendrite and axon‐like basal processes. Until now, it was not considered possible that epithelial receptor cells extend processes out of the epithelium. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutral hydrogen in radio galaxies: Results from nearby, importance for far away
Authors: Morganti R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of neutral hydrogen emission and absorption in radio galaxies is giving new and important insights on a variety of phenomena observed in these objects. Such observations are helping to understand the origin of the host galaxy, the effects of the interaction between the radio jet and the ISM, the presence of fast gaseous outflows as well as jet‐induced star formation. Recent results obtained on these phenomena are summarized in this review. Although the HI observations concentrate on nearby radio galaxies, the results also have relevance for the high‐z objects as all these phenomena are important, and likely even more common, in high‐redshift radio sources. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Masses of distant radio galaxies: A coherent view for evolution and origin
Authors: Rocca‐Volmerange B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe hereafter aim to present mass estimates and main parameters of distant powerful radio sources, respectively for evolved stars, ionized gas, and dust. Observations and models are consistent with a scenario where large masses are accumulated whithin extremely short time scales < 1 Gyr at redshifts z > 2: a strong constraint for large‐scale structure models. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Outflows and shocks in compact radio sources
Authors: Holt J. , Tadhunter C. N. , Morganti R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report some key results from the optical emission line study of a complete sample of compact radio sources. We find strong evidence for jet‐driven outflows in the circumnuclear emission line gas namely: 1) highly broadened and blueshifted emission line components (up to 2000 km s–1), 2) shock ionized gas (broader, shifted components), 3) consistency in the scales of the emission line gas and the radio source and 4) trends between the maximum outflow velocity and radio source size (and orientation). Full details can be found in Holt (2005). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The relation between mergers and AGN activity
Authors: González Delgado R. M. , Tadhunter C. N. , Pérez E. , Villar‐Martín M. , Holt J. , Rodríguez J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is morphological evidence that the activity in powerful radio galaxies could be triggered by mergers and galaxy interactions. However, nothing is known about the timescales, order of events, and the type of interaction involved. It is not yet known whether there exists an evolutionary link between radio galaxies and other merger systems such as very luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (VLIRGs and ULIRGs). Here, we report preliminary results obtained from the analysis of near‐ultraviolet and optical spectroscopic observations of samples of Radio Galaxies and VLIRGs‐ULIRGs to investigate, through age‐dating of their young stellar population, whether an evolutionary link exists between VLIRGs/ULIRGs–Radio Galaxies–normal elliptical galaxies. These results will help to understand the genesis events that lead to the formation of radio jet and quasar activity, and they will allow us to place radio galaxies in the context of hierarchical evolution models for the population of giant elliptical galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deep spectroscopy of a young radio source at z = 0.521
Authors: Inskip K. J. , Lee D. , Cotter G. , Readhead A. C. S. , Pearson T. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract9C J1503+4528 is a very young CSS radio galaxy with an age of order 104 years. This source is an ideal laboratory for the study of the intrinsic host galaxy/IGM properties, radio source interactions, evidence for young stellar populations and the radio source triggering mechanism. Here we present the results of a spectroscopic analysis of this source, considering each of these aspects of radio source physics. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High redshift Lyα halos
Authors: van Breugel W. , de Vries W. , Croft S. , de Breuck C. , Dopita M. , Miley G. , Reuland M. , Röttgering H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe review current evidence for the existence of large emission‐line halos around high redshift radio galaxies. Detailed narrow‐band imaging and spectroscopic studies of these systems may help us understand the early stages of massive forming galaxies and AGN feedback. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The lifecycles of powerful radio galaxies: Triggering and feedback
Authors: Tadhunter C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractI review the links between host galaxy evolution and quasar/jet activity in radio galaxies from an observational standpoint. Observations of the warm ionized gas provide evidence for powerful outflows in both the extended emission line regions (EELR: 5 < r < 100 kpc) and the narrow line regions (NLR: r < 5 kpc) that are capable of directly influencing the evolution of the stellar populations in the host galaxies. There is also evidence that the distribution of circum‐nuclear ISM undergoes significant evolution as the radio jets expand through the central bulges of the hosts. On the other hand, results for the young stellar populations in the host galaxies provide key information about the triggering merger events. They indicate that there can be a significant time lag between the major episode of merger‐induced star formation and triggering of the radio jets, and that some ultraluminous infrared galaxies may evolve into radio galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The giant Lyα nebula associated with a z = 2.5 radio galaxy
Authors: Villar‐Martín M. , Sánchez S. F. , Peletier R. , Vernet J. , de Breuck C. , Humphrey A. , di Serego Alighieri S. , Fosbury R. , Stern D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present a kinematic and morphological study of the giant Lyα nebula associated with the radio galaxy MRC 2104–242 (z = 2.49) based on integral field spectroscopic VIMOS data from VLT. The galaxy appears to be embedded in a giant (≃120 kpc) gas reservoir that surrounds it completely. The kinematic properties of the nebula suggest that it is a rotating structure, which would imply a lower limit to the dynamical mass of ∼3 × 1011 M⊙. An alternate scenario is that the gas is infalling. Such a process would be able to initiate and sustain significant central starburst activity, although it is likely to contribute with less than 10% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protoclusters associated with distant radio galaxies
Authors: Venemans B. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe results of a large program conducted with the Very Large Telescope and the Keck telescope to search for forming clusters of galaxies near powerful radio galaxies at 2 < z < 5.2 are presented. Deep narrow‐ and broad‐band images of eight radio galaxies and their surroundings were obtained. In the images a total of 335 candidate Lyα emitting galaxies at the redshift of the radio galaxies were selected. Subsequently, follow‐up spectroscopy was performed to obtain redshifts for the candidate Lyα emitters. In at least six of eight fields (75%) an overdensity of Lyα emitters is found near the radio galaxy. Taken together with a significant clustering in redshift space of the emitters, we argue that we have discovered six forming clusters of galaxies (protoclusters). Based on the estimated masses and the volume density, we conclude that the observed structures are the likely progenitors of present‐day massive (∼1015 M⊙) clusters of galaxies. Finally, we compare the observed galaxy overdensities with numerical simulations of the development of large scale structure in the Universe. The preliminary results of this comparison provide strong additional evidence for the hypothesis that the radio galaxy protoclusters are forming massive clusters. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
HST/ACS observations of Lyman‐break galaxies and Lyα emitters associated with radio galaxies at z > 4
Authors: Overzier R. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDistant radio galaxies may pinpoint overdense regions in the early universe.We have collected data with HST/ACS towards several overdensities of Lyα emitters associated with radio galaxies discovered by Venemans et al. Using the Lyman break selection technique we find statistical evidence for additional galaxies associated with the radio galaxies TN J1338–1942 at z = 4.1 and TN J0924–2201 at z = 5.2. In the case of TN J1338–1942, the angular distribution of candidate Lyman break galaxies is highly filamentary across the ∼12 arcmin2 field, with more than half of the objects clustered in a 4.4 arcmin2 region that includes the radio galaxy. Both fields appear to be significantly richer in Lyman break galaxies than the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields, suggesting that the radio galaxies are embedded in galaxy groups or (forming) clusters. The Lyman break galaxies have mild to moderate star formation rates and relatively blue UV continuum colours. Except for their high equivalent width Lyα , the properties of spectroscopically confirmed Lyα emitters associated with these radio galaxies are consistent with those of normal Lyman break galaxies at relatively low luminosities. The two radio galaxies have some intriguing properties: TN J1338–1942 is extremely bright in the rest‐frame UV, and has a highly disturbed morphology presumed to arise from interactions between the jet and the surrounding medium, and a starburst‐driven superwind. The UV star formation rate and (projected) size of TN J0924–2201 are typical of relatively faint Lyman break galaxies at z ∼ 3–5. Yet it is a luminous, radio‐loud AGN, suggesting the presence of a supermassive black hole that may have acquired its mass before the host galaxy produced the bulk of its stars. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
350 µm sharc‐ii imaging of luminous high‐redshift radio galaxies
Authors: Greve T. R. , Ivison R. J. , Stevens J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing the filled bolometer array SHARC‐II on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), we have obtained deep (σ rms ∼ 15 mJy beam–1), high‐quality 350 µm maps of five of the most luminous high‐z radio galaxies known. In all cases the central radio galaxy is detected at the ≳3σ level, and in some cases the high resolution of SHARC‐II (FWHM= 9″) allows us to confirm the spatially extended nature of the dust emission. In PKS 1138–262 (z = 2.156), 8C 1909+722 (z = 3.538) and 4C 41.17 (z = 3.792), additional sources – first discovered by SCUBA at 850 µm and believed to be dusty, merging systems associated with the central radio galaxy – are detected at 350 µm. Furthermore, in PKS 1138 and 4C41.17 additional SHARC‐II sources are seen which were not detected at 850 µm, although the reality of these sources will have to be confirmed by independent submm observations. Thus, our observations seem to support the notion of extended star formation taking place in radio galaxies at high redshifts, and that these systems sit at the centers of overdense regions harbouring a complexity of dusty and vigorously star forming systems. At the redshift of the radio galaxies, the 350 µm observations sample very close to the rest‐frame dust peak (typically at ∼100 µm), and they therefore contribute a particularly important point to the spectral energy distributions of these sources, which we use this in conjunction with existing (sub)millimeter data to derive FIR luminosities, dust temperatures and spectral emissivities of the central radio galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The X‐ray and radio jets of quasars on kiloparsec scales
Authors: Jorstad S. G. , Marscher A. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have observed five quasars (0827+243, 0923+392, 1222+216, 1317+520, and 2209+080) with Chandra at 0.2–8 keV and with the VLA at 5 and 15 GHz. The X‐ray emission is detected from all the radio jets except for 0923+392, whose double radio jet only extends out to the edge of the X‐ray PSF. We model the spectral energy distribution of the jet features assuming that the X‐ray emission originates via inverse Compton scattering off the cosmic microwave background by relativistic electrons. For two sources (0827+243 and 1222+216) proper motion on parsec scales is consistent with the Doppler factors derived from the model, which implies that no deceleration occurs between parsec and kiloparsec jets. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolutionary models of powerful radio galaxies
Authors: Bicknell G. V. , Sutherland R. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the past, extragalactic radio jets have been modelled as interacting with a smooth, hot interstellar medium. However, it is likely that the precursors of radio sources are major or minor mergers and the resultant debris from such an event will interact with the jets that result from the fuelling of the black hole. We describe here some recent work on the interactions of jets with clumpy interstellar media consisting of a log normal distribution of dense clouds. Important features of the simulations include radio morphologies typical of powerful radio galaxies at various stages of their evolution and persistent X‐ray emission from shocked clouds which are the remnant of a circumnuclear disk. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spitzer spectroscopy of 3C radio galaxies and quasars
Authors: Ogle P. M. , Whysong D. , Antonucci R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe are conducting a large survey of Fanaroff‐Riley class II radio galaxies and quasars at redshift z < 1 with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. The goal is to determine which radio galaxies contain hidden active nuclei with luminosities comparable to quasars. We find that 40% of the radio galaxies have mid‐IR power comparable to quasars of matched radio luminosity. These sources show thermal emission spectra from hot dust and silicate absorption from the dusty torus which blocks the optical nucleus from view. The mid‐IR bright radio galaxies also show emission lines, such as [SIV], [NeV], and [NeVI], from gas that is highly ionized by the hidden nucleus. However, 60% of the radio galaxies are relatively weak mid‐IR emitters, indicating that they do not contain a hidden, powerful accretion disk. Instead, their jets may be powered by a radiatively inefficient accretion flow or black hole spin. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Very high‐resolution radio observations of HzRGs
Authors: Pérez‐Torres M. A. , de Breuck C. , van Breugel W. , Miley G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report on first results of an ongoing effort to image a small sample of high‐redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs) with milliarcsecond (mas) resolution, using very‐long‐baseline interferometry (VLBI) techniques. Here, we present 1.7 and 5.0 GHz VLBA observations of B3 J2330+3927, a radio galaxy at z = 3.087. Those observations, combined with 8.4 GHz VLA‐A observations, have helped us interpret the source radio morphology, and most of our results have already been published (Pérez‐Torres & De Breuck 2005). In particular, we pinpointed the core of the radio galaxy, and also detected both radio lobes, which have a very asymmetric flux density ratio, R > 11. Contrary to what is seen in other radio galaxies, it is the radio lobe furthest from the nucleus which is the brighest. Almost all of the Ly‐alpha emission is seen between the nucleus and the furthest radio lobe, which is also unlike all other radio galaxies. The values of radio lobe distance ratio, and flux density ratio, as well as the fraction of core emission make of B3 J2330+3927 an extremely asymmetric source, and challenges unification models that explain the differences between quasars and radio galaxies as due to orientation effects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigating radio‐loud AGN with multi‐wavelength surveys
Authors: Jarvis M. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this review we highlight what has been gained from a host of surveys covering a large proportion of the electromagnetic spectrum with respect to active galactic nuclei with emphasis placed on the powerful high‐redshift radio galaxies and radio‐loud quasars. We focus on recent results which consider the cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and radio‐loud quasars, their host galaxies and black‐hole masses. We then briefly highlight the potential of combining surveys at other wavelengths, such as the SDSS and Spitzer surveys, for investigating these topics. Finally, we look forward to the new parameter space which will be opened up with the radio telescopes of the future, namely the LOFAR and the SKA. These new telescopes are likely to lead to a shift in radio survey science. The survey depths that are within the reach of these telescopes will mean that the dominant populations will no longer be AGN, but starburst and ‘normal’ galaxy populations out to z ≳ 2. However, the SKA will also have the ability to find and measure redshifts for every moderately powerful radio AGN in the Universe, providing a new and unique view of galaxy formation and evolution. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The nature of the faint radio source population from observations of the Subaru/XMM‐Newton Deep Field
Authors: Simpson C. , Rawlings S. , Martínez‐Sansigre A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe briefly describe the radio image of the Subaru/XMM‐Newton Deep Field. Using deep optical and X‐ray imaging data, we investigate how the properties of extragalactic radio sources vary with flux density. We find that the optical colours of our faintest (0.1 mJy ≤ S 1.4 < 0.3 mJy) radio sources are indistinguishable from those at brighter flux densities, but a significant fraction of these objects are bright in X‐rays. The optical colours and morphologies and X‐ray fluxes of these sources indicate that they are radio‐quiet QSOs, and further interpretation leads us to conclude that as many as half of the new population of sources which causes the flattening of the radio source counts at S 1.5 ≲ 0.5 mJy are radio‐quiet AGN, rather than starburst galaxies. We suggest that studying radio sources with S 1.4 ∼ 0.1 mJy could help to understand the make‐up of the Cosmic X‐ray Background. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cosmological evolution of radio galaxies with CENSORS
Authors: Brookes M. H. , Best P. N. , Peacock J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Combined EIS‐NVSS Survey Of Radio Sources (CENSORS) has been developed, over the last four years, with the primary goal of investigating the cosmological evolution of the radio luminosity function. This 1.4 GHz sample, complete to the 7.2 mJy level, contains 150 radio sources. Host galaxies are now 92% identified in optical and near‐IR bands and the sample is now 60% spectroscopically complete, with estimated redshifts available for the remainder via the K ‐z relation for radio galaxies. In conjunction with other radio selected samples, covering a wide range in redshift and radio luminosities, the CENSORS survey has been used to investigate the behaviour of the comoving density of radio sources as a function of redshift and radio luminosity. Preliminary results indicate that the data now available will be able to detect a redshift cut‐off for sources of 1.4 GHz radio luminosity ∼1027 WHz–1. A V /V max test indicates negative evolution at redshifts greater than 2.5. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)