bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P3 Waves to the Discrimination of Targets in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Stimulus Sequences
Authors: Courchesne Eric , Hillyard Steven A. , Courchesne Rachel Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from subjects who discriminated infrequent target slides (particular letters or numbers) within a sequence of non‐target letters. In the first experiment, subjects counted occurrences of a fixed target letter that were randomly intermixed within either a homogeneous sequence of As (deviating condition) or a heterogeneous sequence of all the letters of the alphabet (non‐deviating condition). The P3 components (300‐600 msec) of the ERPs to the deviating and non‐deviating targets were virtually identical in amplitude, waveshape, latency and scalp distribution. Thus, the deviation of a target from an on‐going sequence is not a prerequisite for the elicitation of high‐amplitude P3 waves. A significant correlation of RT with P3 latency was found across‐subjects, but not within‐subjects. In a second experiment, subjects were presented with randomized sequences consisting of 80%As, 10%Bs, and 10% of either letters (between C and Z) or numbers (between 0 and 23). Although the a priori probability of Bs was about 20 times greater than any one of the letter or number slides, the averaged P3 waves to each of these types of targets did not differ from one another in amplitude, waveshape or scalp distribution. Apparently, the P3 wave is determined more by the probability of a stimulus class and the associated psychological operation than to the a priori probability of an individual stimulus.
A Further Study of the Dichotomization Theory in Detection of Information
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to test two predictions of the “Dichotomization Theory” on the detection of information. This theory relates the differential autonomic responsivity in the detection of information task to basic psychophysiological phenomena—the orienting response and its habituation. The theory assumes that two independent habituation processes take place in the typical detection experiment: that of the relevant stimuli and that of the neutral stimuli, with a complete generalization of habituation within each stimulus category. It is suggested that this theory can explain results of past experiments unaccounted for by any of the other theoretical approaches in the area.Two predictions of the dichotomization theory were tested using the skin conductance response in a “card test” type of experiment. Two hundred subjects participated in the experiment and were randomly assigned to five equal‐sized groups. The results tend to support the present theoretical approach.On the baas of the results of the present study and previous ones, it is suggested that a two‐factor theory could be a sufficient explanation for the detection phenomenon. One factor relates to the role of habituation in the detection task which is described by the dichotomization theory, and the second factor relates to possible “signal value” property of the relevant stimulus.
The Onset of Contingency Awareness and Electrodermal Classical Conditioning: An Analysis of Temporal Relationships during Acquisition and Extinction
Authors: Biferno Michael A. , Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe temporal relationship between the onset of contingency awareness and the onset of discrimination classical conditioning of the skin conductance response was evaluated. Awareness of the CS‐UCS contingencies and skin conductance responses were measured trial‐by‐trial from 60 college student subjects during both acquisition and extinction. In addition, the conditioning paradigm was embedded within a masking task in order to delay the onset of awareness so that preaware and postaware trials could be analyzed. Two skin conductance responses were measured, a short latency first interval response (FIR) and a longer latency second interval response (SIR). Results showed that: 1) the onset of FIR discrimination conditioning began only after subjects indicated awareness of both the positive (CS+) and the negative (CS−) contingencies, 2) concurrent with the onset of this awareness, a) FIR discrimination increased suddenly due to increased responding to CS+ while b) SIR discrimination also increased suddenly for some subjects but gradually developed for others, 3) FIR extinction occurred only among subjects who exhibited expectancy extinction, and was due to decreased responding to CS+. The results are consistent with the interpretation that FIR discrimination is related to the cognitive processing of the CSs’significance, and that SIR discrimination is related to an individual difference variable which was reflected in the rate at which subjects became aware.
Relationship Between Essential Hypertension and Cognitive Functioning II: Effects of Biofeedback Training Generalize to Non‐Laboratory Environment
Authors: Kleinman Kenneth M. , Goldman Herbert , Snow Muriel Y. , Korol Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEight male essential hypertensives underwent 9 weekly 2‐hr biofeedback training sessions in which feedback (i.e., lights and tones) was contingent upon decreases in systolic pressure. Three weekly control sessions (with no feedback) preceded feedback training. Outside the laboratory, patients recorded blood pressure 5 times per day both at home and at work. Patients continued monitoring their blood pressure for up to 4 months after termination of feedback training. Both prior to and following the 9 weeks of biofeedback training, patients were given the Category Test (a subtest of the Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery). Feedback training resulted in significant reductions in blood pressure both within and outside of the laboratory. The reduction in non‐laboratory pressure readings persisted for up to 4 months after feedback training was terminated. A significant positive correlation was found between systolic pressure and number of errors on the Category Test given prior to biofeedback training, and between magnitude of decrease in systolic pressure recorded during biofeedback training and improvement in Category Test performance measured subsequent to training. After completion of the study, patients were rated (on the basis of structured interview data obtained following weekly feedback sessions) as to overall level of stress (i.e., general stressfulness of life style, accidents, illnesses, emotional problems, etc.). Patients rated high in overall stress had significantly higher blood pressure readings during the control period. However, magnitude of decrease in blood pressure recorded during feedback training was essentially the same regardless of rated stress level.
Parental Psychopathology, Age, and Race as Related to Electrodermal Activity of Children
Authors: Janes Cynthia L. , Hesselbrock Victor , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this investigation was to determine whether parental psychopathology, age, and race affected electrodermal activity (EDA) and to examine relationships between psychopathology and EDA. Children of hospitalized schizophrenic, manic‐depressive, physically ill, and non‐ill (non‐hospitalized) parents were compared on five factors of EDA and one of body movement. The factors were derived from EDA and movement artifact data recorded during a habituation‐conditioning paradigm. Results indicated that parental illness (mental or physical) was not related to EDA, but children of psychotics had more movement during the experimental session than control children. Younger children showed greater responsiveness and more movement than older children. White children had more nonspecific activity than did black children. Significant but low correlations were found between EDA and pathology ratings made on the basis of psychiatric and psychological examinations. If both are prodromal signs of psychiatric illness, then at least within this age range, they appear to be quite different measures of predisposition to psychiatric disorder.
The Relationship Among Heart Rate, Carotid dP/dt, and Blood Pressure in Humans as a Function of the Type of Stress
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Gaebelein Claude J. , Teller Emily S. , Langer Alan W. , Grignolo Alberto , Light Kathleen C. , McCubbin James A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn three experiments involving young adult males, beta‐adrenergic influences on heart rate and carotid dP/dt were evaluated as a function of the degree of individual control over stressful events. Beta‐adrenergic effects were more pronounced under conditions in which the subjects were either led to believe they had control or where some control was actually provided, i.e., a shock avoidance task. Beta‐adrenergic influences were either minimal or rapidly dissipated under conditions where no control was possible, i.e., the cold pressor, a pornographic film, inescapable shocks, or conditions which provided ready mastery of the task. Where beta‐adrenergic effects were maximal, systolic blood pressure was more appreciably elevated while diastolic blood pressure was less elevated than when beta‐adrenergic effects were minimal. A pharmacological blocking agent (propranolol) was used in one experiment to specify the extent the various cardiovascular changes were influenced by beta‐adrenergic activity. The results are discussed with respect to issues concerning stimulus parameters, blood pressure control mechanisms, individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, and some methodological problems of the current study.
Some Necessary Revisions of the Neuronal Model Concept of the Orienting Response
Authors: Velden Manfred 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSokolov's neural trace model as well as his entropy model of the orienting response are examined. Both seem inadequate for empirical and theoretical reasons. The role of the relevance aspect of a stimulus is stressed. It is proposed to consider the information transmitted by a stimulus as in some way being weighted by the relevance of the context to which it belongs. It is furthermore proposed to restrict the neural trace concept to the physical properties of the stimulus.Major theoretical gain is achieved by viewing information content of a stimulus and its physical properties independently and by breaking the motivation determining the strength of an orienting response into a situation‐specific part (relevance) and a stimulus‐specific part (orienting incentive).
A Multiple‐Response Evaluation of EMG Biofeedback Performance During Training and Stress‐Induction Conditions
Authors: Gatchel Robert J. , Korman Maurice , Weis Charles B. , Smith Dan , Clarke Lewis 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study evaluated multiple system physiological responding which accompanied EMG biofeedback performance under two conditions—during EMG biofeedback training sessions, and during the utilization of that training in the presence of a stressor. Twelve subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) an EMG biofeedback group, or 2) a false‐EMG biofeedback group. During the training sessions, significant frontalis EMG decreases were produced by the biofeedback group. This performance was associated with a concomitant decrease in heart rate and respiration rate, but an increase in skin conductance level. The biofeedback group was also able to maintain a low level of EMG activity during a stress‐induction procedure. However, this low level of activity did not generalize to other physiological responses. Heart rate and skin conductance levels both increased, which coincided with the subjects' self‐report of anxiety during this phase of the study. These data clearly demonstrate that single‐system arousal reduction produced by EMG biofeedback training, rather than producing cross‐system arousal reduction, produces specificity of a single response change under a stress‐inducing situation.
The Reliability of Arousal Threshold During Sleep
Authors: Bonnet Michael H. , Johnson Laverne C. , Webb Wilse B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐five subjects from two independent studies were awakened at EEG‐defined periods during the night with 1000 Hz ascending tone series. Awakenings were made five to eight times per night during stage 2, stage 4, or REM sleep over a series of nights in good and poor sleepers. Reliability was assessed within stage, within night, between stages, and between nights. Good and poor sleepers did not differ in either depth of sleep or reliability of arousal threshold and were thus pooled in the analyses. From night to night, the most consistency was seen in stage 4 (r=.74), although REM reliability (r̄1= .49) and stage 2 reliability (r̄1= .50 and r̄1= .69 in the two respective studies) estimates were also greater than zero. Early sleep onset and morning arousals were more variable. Reliability estimates on arousal thresholds taken within the same night for stage 2 were r= .64 and r̄1= .77 for the two studies and r= .96 for REM. The depth of sleep was not correlated with awake auditory threshold. It was concluded that five or six carefully placed arousals could give a good estimate of an individual's usual arousal threshold.
Conditioned Diastolic Blood Pressure as a Function of Induced Masseter Muscle Tension
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Verzwyvelt Elizabeth A. , Mcafee Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to attempt to replicate a previous study in which subjects were trained to produce bi‐directional changes in diastolic BP as great as 10% to 15% of baseline, and 2) to determine whether the same subjects could acquire such a BP response under conditions of induced muscle tension. A 2x3 design was used in which 24 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training procedures (feedback vs no feedback), and one of three muscular tension conditions. Acquisition took place over 14 sessions; 7 were used to train UP and 7 were used to condition DOWN responses. Results showed that during UP training, subjects learned to raise their BP in the absence of induced tension, but not when tension was present. However, the same subjects learned to lower their BP with and without induced tension, although their performance under the tension condition was only marginally reliable.
The Use of the Semi‐Markov Model in the Study of the Development of Sleep‐Wake States in Infants
Authors: Bowe Thomas R. , Anders Thomas F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEmploying a semi‐Markov model, all‐night sleep‐wake patterns of 68 full‐term, normal infants, 32 at 2 mos and 36 at 9 mos of age, were analyzed. The results are compared to the changes in proportional relationships of sleep‐wake states with age and to the time series method of binary autocorrelation. Simulated nights of sleep were also computed using parameters derived from the semi‐Markov model.We conclude that the sleep process in infants meets the assumptions of a semi‐Markov model and that using such a model provides information about the maturation of transition and sequencing mechanisms of sleep‐wake states. Simulating sleep patterns offers an opportunity to model hypothetical disturbances of sleep and assess the effectiveness of potential interventions.
Coronary‐Prone Behavior Pattern, Task Incentive, and Cardiovascular Response
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Garland Frederick N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this experiment it was predicted that the presence or absence of a performance‐contingent incentive (monetary reward) would mediate effects of the coronary‐prone behavior pattern on behavioral and cardiovascular responses to a difficult cognitive task. Accordingly, 44 subjects of the Type A (coronary‐prone) and Type B (non‐coronary‐prone) behavior patterns were assigned to one of two task conditions, labelled Incentive and No Incentive. Results indicated that under No Incentive Type As performed better at the experimental task and reported less state anxiety than Type Bs, whereas in the Incentive condition, Type A and B subjects showed no differences in task performance or self‐report of anxiety. Concerning cardiovascular measures, analysis of variance revealed significantly greater systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure elevations for Type A than Type B subjects, but showed no reliable interactions of the Type A, B and Incentive factors nor any related effects regarding heart rate or diastolic blood pressure. Individual differences in subjects' scores on the inventory for coronary‐prone behavior pattern, however, correlated positively with heart rate accelerations in the No Incentive condition, but did not covary with heart rate changes under Incentive. With respect to subjects' perceptions of the task, self‐report data suggested that Type As responded in a more active and involved manner and resisted feelings of helplessness to a greater extent than their Type B counterparts.
Sleep Recordings in the Laboratory and Home: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Coates Thomas J. , Rosekind Mark R. , Strossen Randall J. , Thoresen Carl E. , Kirmil‐Gray Kathleen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAll‐night sleep recordings were obtained for 8 subjects who slept for 3 consecutive nights in a standard sleep laboratory and for 3 consecutive nights at home. The order of recording locations was counterbalanced across subjects. No first night effects were found in either location. Subjects' sleep in the two locations was highly correlated, with nonsignificant correlations occurring on only four variables (Number of Stage 1 Arousals, Minutes of Stage 1 Sleep, Latency to First REM, and number of REM periods). Significant differences between mean values were found on four variables: Minutes of Stage 3 Sleep, Percent of Stage 2 Sleep, Percent of Stage 3 Sleep, and Number of REM periods. Variances on Total Sleep Time and Latency to Sleep Onset were greater in the laboratory than at home. Generalizability theory was used to generate estimates of the degree to which each experimental factor (subjects, occasions, and raters) influenced observed score variance in each location. There was less between and within‐subject variability at home on Total Sleep Time, Latency to Sleep Onset, and Stages 1 and 2 Sleep. Minutes Awake after Sleep Onset, Number of Arousals, and REM Sleep were less variable in the laboratory than at home. Taken together, these data suggest strong relationships between estimates of sleep parameters obtained in the two locations. But recordings in different locations may yield different values on some variables for groups of persons and for some individuals within those groups.
Task Dependent Cerebral Lateralization of the 40 Hertz EEG Rhythm
Authors: Spydell John D. , Ford Martin R. , Sheer Daniel E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTask dependent lateralization of the 40 Hz EEG rhythm and its relationship to 40 Hz EMG activity were investigated in 24 right‐handed subjects. Each subject was administered four tests: verbal analogies, mathematical problems, facial discrimination, and geometric figure rotation. Bilateral EEG and EMG activity were recorded during each of the tests. Lateralization of the 40 Hz EEG rhythm was found during three of the four tasks. No comparable lateralization of 40 Hz EMG activity was found. Results are discussed in terms of 40 Hz EEG as resulting from a focused state of cortical arousal, and of 40 Hz EEG as differentiable from 40 Hz EMG.
The Effects of Feedback Sensory Modality, Feedback Information Content, and Sex on Short‐Term Biofeedback Training of Three Responses
Authors: O'Connell Michael F. , Frerker Daved L. , Russ Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn three factorial experiments, auditory vs visual vs tactile feedback, analog feedback vs analog feedback which was anchored, and sex, were varied to assess the effects of these variables on performance in short‐term biofeedback training of heart rate reduction, hand temperature increase, and forehead muscle tension reduction. A total of 108 subjects served in the study. Moderate but reliable changes were found during the course of the training session for all three physiological responses. The ability to reduce heart rate in a single training session did not appear to be a function of any of the variables manipulated in this study, but rather could be attributed to adaptation. In both muscle tension and temperature training, however, there were significant interactions between sex and sensory modality of the feedback stimulus and, in the case of muscle tension training, between information content of the feedback signal and sex. The overall pattern of results indicated that performance during biofeedback training is a complicated function of sex and the type of signal used to provide feedback, and that this function is not constant across physiological response systems.
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Authors: Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA theory of emotional imagery is described which conceives the image in the brain to be a conceptual network, controlling specific somatovisceral patterns, and constituting a prototype for overt behavioral expression. Evidence for the hypothesis that differentiated efferent activity is associated with type and content of imaginal activity is considered. Recent work in cognitive psychology is described, which treats both the generation of sensory imagery and text comprehension and storage as examples of the processing of propositional information. A similar propositional analysis is applied to emotional imagery as it is employed in the therapeutic context. Experiments prompted by this view show that the conceptual structure of the image and its associated efferent outflow can be modified directly through instructions and through shaping of reports of image experience. The implications of the theory for psychopathology are considered, as well as its relevance to therapeutic behavior change.
Effects of Electrodermal Lability and Stimulus Significance on Electrodermal Response Amplitude to Stimulus Change
Authors: Siddle David A. T. , O'Gorman John G. , Wood Lorraine 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of electrodermal lability and stimulus significance on the amplitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR) to stimulus change were examined. Subjects were pre‐selected in terms of the frequency of nonspecific responses (NSRs) displayed during a period of no stimulation. In Experiment 1 (N = 56), high and low NSR male subjects received 12 presentations of a 5‐sec, 1000 Hz tone followed by a test trial on which tone frequency was 500 Hz. Half of the subjects in each NSR group were required to perform a reaction time (RT) response to stimulus offset. Although high NSR groups and RT groups displayed larger test‐trial responses than low NSR and no‐RT groups respectively, stimulus change alone was sufficient to produce an increase in SCR amplitude. In Experiment 2 (N = 40), high and low NSR male subjects received 12 visually‐presented female names, and on trial 13, half the subjects in each NSR group received their own name, while the other half received a neutral male name. High NSR groups and own‐name groups displayed larger test‐trial responses than low NSR groups and neutral‐name groups respectively. However, stimulus change alone was sufficient to produce an increase in SCR amplitude in the high NSR group. The results are interpreted as indicating that stimulus change alone is sufficient to produce an increase in OR amplitude, and that the relationship between stimulus change and stimulus significance is additive rather than multiplicative.