bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of the zinc binding domain in cytosolic PSD‐95 interactor (cypin): Role of zinc binding in guanine deamination and dendrite branching
Authors: Fernández José R. , Welsh William J. , Firestein Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDendrite morphology regulates how a postsynaptic neuron receives information from presynaptic neurons. The specific patterning of dendrite branches is promoted by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that trigger the activation of functional signaling pathways. However, most of the regulating factors and the biochemical mechanisms involved in regulating dendrite branching are unknown. Our laboratory previously reported that cypin (cytosolic PSD‐95 interactor) plays an active role in regulating dendrite branching in hippocampal neurons. Cypin‐promoted increases in dendrite number are dependent on guanine deaminase activity. In order to identify the specific structural role of zinc‐binding in cypin‐mediated dendrite branching and guanine deaminase activity, we employed computational homology modeling techniques to construct a three dimensional structural model of cypin. Analysis of the protein–ion sequestration scaffold of this model identified several histidines and aspartic acid residues responsible for zinc binding. Single substitution mutations in these specific sites completely disrupted the guanine deaminase enzymatic activity and rendered cypin unable to promote dendrite branching in rat hippocampal neurons. The specific zinc ion‐binding function of each residue in the protein scaffold was also confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optic Emission Spectrometry. Inspection of our structural model confirmed that His82 and His84 coordinate with the zinc ion, together with His240, His279, and Asp330, residues that until now were unknown to play a role in this regard. Furthermore, promotion of dendrite branching by cypin is zinc‐dependent. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘O‐Acyl isopeptide method’ for peptide synthesis: Solvent effects in the synthesis of Aβ1–42 isopeptide using ‘O‐acyl isodipeptide unit’
Authors: Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Yoshiya Taku , Abe Naoko , Fukao Fukue , Sohma Youhei , Kimura Tooru , Hayashi Yoshio , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract‘O‐Acyl isopeptide method’ is an efficient synthetic method for peptides. We designed ‘O‐acyl isodipeptide units’, Boc‐Ser/Thr(Fmoc‐Xaa)‐OH, as important building blocks to enable routine use of the O‐acyl isopeptide method. In the synthesis of an Aβ1–42 isopeptide using O‐acyl isodipeptide unit Boc–Ser(Fmoc–Gly)–OH, a side reaction, resulting in the deletion of Ser26 in the O‐acyl isopeptide structure, was noticed during coupling of the unit. We observed that the side reaction occurred during the activation step and was solvent‐dependent. In DMF or NMP, an intramolecular side reaction, originating from the activated species of the unit, occurred during the activation step. In non‐polar solvents such as CHCl3 or CH2Cl2, the side reaction was less likely to occur. Using CH2Cl2 as solvent in coupling the unit, the target Aβ1–42 isopeptide was synthesized with almost no major side reaction. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of InN crystals with peculiar morphology by means of AP‐HCVD: Computational fluid‐dynamics simulation of the gas flowing in the reactor
Authors: Sugiura H. , Takahashi N. , Nakamura T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIndium nitride crystals were grown by a halide chemical vapor deposition technique under atmospheric pressure. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that InN crystals have flower‐like morphology with six petals. Computational fluid‐dynamics simulation was applied to study the fluid behavior in a quartz‐tube reactor used for the crystal growth. The obtained results showed that the gas flow was laminar in most areas of the reactor. No turbulent flow was observed in the vicinity of the substrate. The temperature was confirmed as less than 823 ± 0.3 K in the same area. As a result, it is deduced that the precise control of both gas flow and temperature results in the flower‐like InN crystals with high reproducibility. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Associations of watershed vegetation and environmental variables with fish and crayfish assemblages in headwater streams of the Pedernales River, Texas
Authors: Birnbaum J. S. , Winemiller K. O. , Shen L. , Munster C. L. , Wilcox B. P. , Wilkins R. N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIntermittent headwater streams serve important functions for humans and wildlife in semi‐arid rangelands. Increases in ashe juniper coverage in central Texas over recent decades are believed to have negatively impacted stream flows. Few studies have examined relationships between aquatic species and environmental factors in these systems as well as the influence of juniper coverage on assemblage structure. During summer 2003 and spring 2004, we examined species–environment relationships to infer potential effects of juniper cover on aquatic ecology relative to local‐scale and watershed‐scale environmental variables. Fish and crayfish species assemblages and physicochemical variables were investigated in spring‐fed headwater tributaries of the Pedernales River, Texas. Fish abundance was much higher in summer 2003, whereas crayfish abundance was higher in spring 2004. Fish species richness was lower during spring 2004, possibly due to below average precipitation during spring 2004 that reduced deep‐water refugia. Higher abundance of crayfish in spring 2004 samples was probably due to their ability to survive low‐flow conditions, and a release from fish predation pressure. Fish assemblage structure was more strongly associated with local abiotic factors during spring 2004 when flow was reduced, whereas structure during summer 2003 samples suggested a relatively greater influence of predation. In general, juniper cover was weakly associated with fish and crayfish assemblages, although it tended to be positively associated with relatively high‐quality habitat for sensitive taxa (flowing runs with coarse substrate; deep, connected pools). We suggest that intermediate levels of juniper cover in the region provide indirect benefits to aquatic organisms. However, short‐term, local environmental factors appear to have a much greater influence than watershed vegetation on fish and crayfish assemblages in these intermittent streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Students' cognitive focus during a chemistry laboratory exercise: Effects of a computer‐simulated prelab
Authors: Winberg T. Mikael , Berg C. Anders R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo enhance the learning outcomes achieved by students, learners undertook a computer‐simulated activity based on an acid–base titration prior to a university‐level chemistry laboratory activity. Students were categorized with respect to their attitudes toward learning. During the laboratory exercise, questions that students asked their assistant teachers were used as indicators of cognitive focus. During the interviews, students' frequency and level of “spontaneous” use of chemical knowledge served as an indicator of knowledge usability. Results suggest that the simulation influenced students toward posing more theoretical questions during their laboratory work and, regardless of attitudes, exhibiting a more complex, correct use of chemistry knowledge in their interviews. A more relativistic student attitude toward learning was positively correlated with interview performance in both the control and treatment groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1108–1133, 2007
Effect of housing and environmental enrichment on adrenocortical activity, behavior and reproductive cyclicity in the female tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus) and margay (Leopardus wiedii)
Authors: Moreira Nei , Brown J.L. , Moraes W. , Swanson W.F. , Monteiro‐Filho E.L.A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different captive housing conditions on reproductive cyclicity and adrenocortical activity in adult females of two small‐sized felid species, the tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus; n = 3) and margay (Leopardus wiedii; n = 2). Females were housed as singletons and subjected to three enclosure conditions over successive time periods: Phase I—large, enriched enclosures for 3 months; Phase II—small, empty enclosures for 5.5 months; Phase III—the same small enclosures enriched with branches and nest boxes for 6.5 months. Fecal samples were collected five times weekly throughout the study for analysis of progestagen, estrogen, and corticoid metabolites. On the basis of observed behaviors, stereotypic pacing was more frequent before feeding for all cats, regardless of enclosure conditions. Both species displayed a bimodal activity pattern, with peaks occurring at nightfall and dawn. All animals exhibited agitated behavior, characterized by a high frequency and duration of stereotypic pacing, primarily during the first 3 days after moving to the small empty enclosures. On the basis of hormonal analyses, ovarian follicular activity decreased and corticoid concentrations increased in tigrinas after transfer to the small barren cages compared to the patterns observed in the initial large, enriched enclosures. Corticoid concentrations in tigrinas then declined after small cage enrichment. Margay females exhibited increased corticoid excretion during Phases II and III, but in contrast to tigrinas, concentrations remained high even after cage enrichment. It was further showed that enriching the small enclosures was insufficient to reestablish normal ovarian activity within the time frame of the study for both species. In summary, margay and tigrina females exhibited distinct elevations in corticoid concentrations after transfer from large enriched enclosures to smaller barren cages that corresponded with agitated behavior, especially immediately after transfer. Fecal corticoid concentrations were reduced after cage enrichment in tigrinas, but not in margays. Although only a few individuals were evaluated, data suggest there may be species differences in response to captive environmental conditions. Overall results emphasize the importance of enclosure dimensions and enrichment when designing species appropriate environments for improving the health and reproductive fitness of threatened species. Zool Biol 26:441–460, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of nitric oxide in cerebrovascular reactivity to NMDA and hypercapnia during prenatal development in sheep
Authors: Harris Andrew P. , Ohata Hiroto , Koehler Raymond C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCerebral vasodilatory responses evoked by activation of NMDA receptors and by hypercapnia are important factors in the integrated vascular response to perinatal cerebral ischemia. Cerebral vasodilation to NMDA is mediated by nitric oxide in adult and newborn animals, whereas vasodilation to hypercapnia is thought to become modulated by nitric oxide, at least in swine, after the newborn period. The developmental role of nitric oxide in the cerebral blood flow response to NMDA and hypercapnia was investigated at mid‐ and late gestation in fetal sheep. Superfusion of 300 μM NMDA over the cerebral cortex through a closed cranial window on the exteriorized head of an anesthetized fetus increased laser‐Doppler flow by 41 ± 7% (±S.E.) at 0.65 gestation. The increase was reduced by superfusion of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (18 ± 8%). At 0.9 gestation, the response to NMDA was augmented (85 ± 24%) compared to that at 0.65 gestation and was reduced by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (32 ± 6%). In unanesthetized fetal sheep, hypercapnic reactivity of microsphere‐determined cerebral blood flow was not significantly attenuated by nitric oxide synthase inhibition at 0.65 gestation (4.6 ± 0.7 to 3.7 ± 1.0% change/mmHg pCO2) or at 0.9 gestation (4.0 ± 0.7 to 3.5 ± 0.9% change/mmHg pCO2). Therefore, nitric oxide‐dependent cerebrovascular dilation to NMDA‐receptor activation is present as early as 0.65 gestation in fetal sheep and increases further during the last trimester, whereas vasodilation to hypercapnia remains unchanged and independent of nitric oxide during the last trimester. Hence, cerebrovascular reactivities to different stimuli do not mature concurrently.
Le français, langue de la diversité
québécoise. Une réflexion pluridisciplinaire
Authors: Rhéaume, Stéphanie 
Published: September 2007

Le français, langue de la diversité
québécoise. Une réflexion pluridisciplinaire,
Georgeault, Pierre, et Michel Pagé (dir.), Montréal,
Québec Amérique, 2006, 347 pages.Pierre Georgeault et Michel Pagé procèdent à une
réflexion multidisciplinaire pertinente et attendue sur la
dynamique des langues et la prise en compte de la pluralité dans la
société québécoise dans l'ouvrage
collectif Le français, langue de la diversité
québécoise. À l'invitation du Conseil
supérieur de la langue française, 15 spécialistes de
la vaste problématique de la langue française se sont
attelés à la tâche d'étudier le concept
d'intégration linguistique et la notion de langue d'usage
public dans le contexte québécois. Ce recueil se consacre de
front à la question linguistique et à
l'intégration de la diversité, problématique
trop souvent négligée ou traitée seulement dans le
prolongement du débat sur la définition de la nation
québécoise. Malgré tout, même cet ouvrage ne
fait pas exception puisqu'il aborde la nécessaire question de
la nation, indubitablement associée à celle de la politique
linguistique. Cependant, l'ouvrage de Georgeault et Pagé
explore aussi d'autres avenues fort intéressantes, comme
celles qu'empruntent les approches socioculturelles et
psychosociologiques.
Minority Rights
Authors: Long Doug 
Published: September 2007

Minority Rights, Jennifer Jackson Preece, Cambridge (UK) and
Malden MA: Polity Press, 2005, pp. ix, 213.This book is not, as its title might be thought to suggest, an
abstract conceptual analysis of a particular sub-set of rights. Although
it builds on, and acknowledges, the work of Kymlicka, Raz, Taylor and
Shklar (160), the narrative thread that gives it unity is historical. It
deepens our understanding of the nature of the discourse of minority
rights by contextualizing that discourse both temporally (through
historical examples) and spatially (through adroitly selected comparative
examples). With extraordinary succinctness and clarity the author guides
us through a succession of political epochs: the time of the Christian and
Islamic medieval universitae, the period of the dynastic re-organization
of Europe, the modern era of popular sovereignty with its attendant
notions of civic and ethnic nationalism, and especially the
contradiction-laden time of European imperialism and its post-imperial and
post-colonial reverberations. As this narrative unfolds we follow the
vicissitudes of religious, racial, linguistic and ethnic minorities and
observe the successive forms taken by the “problem of
minorities.”
The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples
1680–1760
Authors: Sabetti Filippo 
Published: September 2007

The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples
1680–1760, John Robertson, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, pp.xii, 455.In this book, John Robertson, University Lecturer in Modern History
and Fellow at St. Hugh's College, Oxford, does several things all at
once. The result is one of the most profound and illuminating studies in
comparative historical analysis and political thought published in recent
decades.
Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Zekulin Michael 
Published: September 2007

Suicide Terrorism, Ami Pedahzur, Cambridge: Polity, 2005, pp.
264.With the issue of terrorism continuing to dominate media reports,
there are renewed calls for a better understanding of the most deadly
weapon employed by these organizations: suicide bombing. Ami Pedahzur, in
his book Suicide Terrorism, successfully meets this challenge
head on. It has long been accepted by those who study this issue that
suicide terrorism has been a potent tool both for making grandiose public
statements and as a means of engaging militarily superior opponents or
difficult targets. Pedahzur outlines various methods, including historical
tracing and the analysis of case studies, to further the understanding of
this issue as well as the academic debate which surrounds it.
Women and Politics in Chile
Authors: Richards Patricia 
Published: September 2007

Women and Politics in Chile, Susan Franceschet, Boulder CO:
Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005, pp. x, 203.The Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973–1990) was marked by a
high degree of women's activism focusing on human rights, economic
survival and feminism. Many women expected that their active role during
the dictatorship would lead to a new way of doing politics and greater
inclusion of women in the political process once democracy was restored.
But despite the recent election of Michelle Bachelet as president of
Chile, Chilean women continue to be vastly underrepresented in political
party leadership and elected office. In this clearly written and cogently
argued book, Susan Franceschet addresses the important question of the
marginalization of women from Chilean politics under democracy.
La comparaison dans les sciences sociales : pratiques et
méthodes
Authors: Gingras François-Pierre 
Published: September 2007

La comparaison dans les sciences sociales : pratiques et
méthodes, Vigour, Cécile, Paris, La découverte,
2005, 335 pages.Cet ouvrage, rédigé par une sociologue française
rattachée à l'Institut des sciences sociales du
politique (une unité du CNRS), se présente comme un “
guide repère ” sur la comparaison en sciences sociales.
POTS, WORDS AND THE BANTU PROBLEM: ON LEXICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND EARLY AFRICAN HISTORY
Authors: BOSTOEN KOEN 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTHistorical-comparative linguistics has played a key role in the reconstruction of early history in Africa. Regarding the ‘Bantu Problem’ in particular, linguistic research, particularly language classification, has oriented historical study and been a guiding principle for both historians and archaeologists. Some historians have also embraced the comparison of cultural vocabularies as a core method for reconstructing African history. This paper evaluates the merits and limits of this latter methodology by analysing Bantu pottery vocabulary. Challenging earlier interpretations, it argues that speakers of Proto-Bantu inherited the craft of pot-making from their Benue-Congo-speaking ancestors who introduced this technology into the Grassfields region. This ‘Proto-Bantu ceramic tradition’ was the result of a long, local development, but spread quite rapidly into Atlantic Central Africa, and possibly as far as Southern Angola and northern Namibia. The people who brought Early Iron Age (EIA) ceramics to southwestern Africa were not the first Bantu-speakers in this area nor did they introduce the technology of pot-making.
Characterisation of Arctic treelines by LiDAR and multispectral imagery
Authors: Rees W. G. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe Arctic treeline, or more precisely the tundra-taiga interface (TTI) region, is poorly defined and characterised despite its high climatological significance. The international coordinated research programme ‘PPS Arctic’, under the auspices of the International Polar Year, represents one response to this gap in our knowledge. This paper presents preliminary work within one of the four principal research areas of PPS Arctic, the characterisation of spatial variations in vegetation, land cover and land use in the TTI using remote sensing methods. Airborne remote sensing data were collected from a 120 km2 TTI study site near Porsangmoen, Finnmark, Norway in 2004 and 2005. Three datasets were acquired: two sets of multispectral visible-infrared imagery with spatial resolutions of around 3 m, and airborne scanning LiDAR data with a horizontal resolution of 2 m and a vertical precision of around 0.2 m. While some difficulties were experienced in processing and analysing the imagery, the LiDAR data proved exceptionally well suited to the task of characterising the structure of the forest edge. Preliminary analyses were strongly suggestive of fractal characteristics, with corresponding consequences for the scale-dependence of descriptors such as canopy density and the location of the forest edge.
Topography and displacement of polar glaciers from multi-temporal SAR interferograms
Authors: Meyer Franz J. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a new technique simultaneously to estimate topography and motion of polar glaciers from multi-temporal SAR interferograms. The approach is based on a combination of several SAR interferograms in a least-squares adjustment using the Gauss-Markov model. For connecting the multi-temporal data sets, a spatio-temporal model is proposed that describes the properties of the surface and its temporal evolution. Rigorous mathematical modelling of functional and stochastic relations allows for a systematic description of the processing chain. It is also an optimal tool to set parameters for the statistics of every individual processing step, and the propagation of errors into the results. Within the paper theoretical standard deviations of the unknowns are calculated depending on the configuration of the data sets. The influence of gross errors in the observations and the effect of non-modelled error sources on the unknowns are estimated. A validation of the approach based on real data concludes the paper.
Longitudinal associations between depressive and anxiety disorders: a comparison of two trait models
Authors: Olino Thomas M. , Klein Daniel N. , Lewinsohn Peter M. , Rohde Paul , Seeley John R. 
Published: September 2007

BackgroundDepression and anxiety are highly co-morbid disorders. Two latent trait models have been proposed to explain the nature of the relationship between these disorders. The first posits that depressive and anxiety disorders are both manifestations of a single internalizing factor. The second model, based on a tripartite model proposed by Clark & Watson [Journal of Abnormal Psychology(1991)100, 316–336], proposes that depressive and anxiety disorders reflect a combination of shared and disorder-specific factors.MethodWe directly compared the two models in a sample of 891 individuals from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project who participated in up to four diagnostic assessments over approximately 15 years. Structural equation models were used to examine the relationship between depressive and anxiety disorders across different developmental periods (<14, 14–18, 19–23, 24–30 years of age).ResultsThe one- and three-factor models were hierarchically related. Thus, a direct comparison between the one- and three-factor models was possible using a χ2difference test. The result found that the three-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model.ConclusionsThe three-factor model, positing that depressive and anxiety disorders were caused by a combination of shared and disorder-specific factors, provided a significantly better fit to the data than the one-factor model postulating that a single factor influences the development of both depressive and anxiety disorders.