bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing adequate non‐speech analogues: what is special about speech anyway?
Authors: Rosen Stuart , Iverson Paul 
Published: February 2007

Abstract Vouloumanos and Werker (2007) claim that human neonates have a (possibly innate) bias to listen to speech based on a preference for natural speech utterances over sine‐wave analogues. We argue that this bias more likely arises from the strikingly different saliency of voice melody in the two kinds of sounds, a bias that has already been shown to be learned pre‐natally. Possible avenues of research to address this crucial issue are proposed, based on a consideration of the distinctive acoustic properties of speech.
A COMPARISON OF MIXED MODEL SPLINES FOR CURVE FITTING
Authors: Welham Sue J. , Cullis Brian R. , Kenward Michael G. , Thompson Robin 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThree types of polynomial mixed model splines have been proposed: smoothing splines, P‐splines and penalized splines using a truncated power function basis. The close connections between these models are demonstrated, showing that the default cubic form of the splines differs only in the penalty used. A general definition of the mixed model spline is given that includes general constraints and can be used to produce natural or periodic splines. The impact of different penalties is demonstrated by evaluation across a set of functions with specific features, and shows that the best penalty in terms of mean squared error of prediction depends on both the form of the underlying function and the signal:noise ratio.
Research Subsidies, Population Control Policies, and Growth
Authors: Alexandrakis Constantine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral R&D‐based growth models without scale effects claim that subsidies to R&D are not conductive for economic growth while a faster growing population is. Yet, in an effort to maintain high growth rates, most OECD countries continue to subsidize R&D, while several developing countries are trying to control the size of their population. Are these countries misguided? This study introduces an R&D‐based growth model that is characterized by complementarities between technology and human capital. The model is free of scale effects and consistent with the above‐mentioned policies. By applying the model to US data the study uncovers a possible explanation for the productivity slowdown.
Numerical modeling of the origin of calcite mineralization in the Refugio‐Carneros fault, Santa Barbara Basin, California
Authors: APPOLD M. S. , GARVEN G. , BOLES J. R. , EICHHUBL P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMany faults in active and exhumed hydrocarbon‐generating basins are characterized by thick deposits of carbonate fault cement of limited vertical and horizontal extent. Based on fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics, these deposits have been attributed to upward flow of formation water and hydrocarbons. The present study sought to test this hypothesis by using numerical reactive transport modeling to investigate the origin of calcite cements in the Refugio‐Carneros fault located on the northern flank of the Santa Barbara Basin of southern California. Previous research has shown this calcite to have low δ13C values of about −40 to −30‰PDB, suggesting that methane‐rich fluids ascended the fault and contributed carbon for the mineralization. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures of 80–125°C in the calcite indicate that the fluids also transported significant quantities of heat. Fluid inclusion salinities ranging from fresh water to seawater values and the proximity of the Refugio‐Carneros fault to a zone of groundwater recharge in the Santa Ynez Mountains suggest that calcite precipitation in the fault may have been induced by the oxidation of methane‐rich basinal fluids by infiltrating meteoric fluids descending steeply dipping sedimentary layers on the northern basin flank. This oxidation could have occurred via at least two different mixing scenarios. In the first, overpressures in the central part of the basin may have driven methane‐rich formation waters derived from the Monterey Formation northward toward the basin flanks where they mixed with meteoric water descending from the Santa Ynez Mountains and diverted upward through the Refugio‐Carneros fault. In the second scenario, methane‐rich fluids sourced from deeper Paleogene sediments would have been driven upward by overpressures generated in the fault zones because of deformation, pressure solution, and flow, and released during fault rupture, ultimately mixing with meteoric water at shallow depth. The models in the present study were designed to test this second scenario, and show that in order for the observed fluid inclusion temperatures to be reached within 200 m of the surface, moderate overpressures and high permeabilities were required in the fault zone. Sudden release of overpressure may have been triggered by earthquakes and led to transient pulses of accelerated fluid flow and heat transport along faults, most likely on the order of tens to hundreds of years in duration. While the models also showed that methane‐rich fluids ascending the Refugio‐Carneros fault could be oxidized by meteoric water traversing the Vaqueros Sandstone to form calcite, they raised doubts about whether the length of time and the number of fault pulses needed for mineralization by the fault overpressuring mechanism were too high given existing geologic constraints.
Poor uterine contractility in obese women
Authors: Zhang J , Bricker L , Wray S , Quenby S 
Published: January 2007

Objective  The aim of the study was to elucidate the reason for the high rate of caesarean section in obese women. We examined the following hypotheses: (1) obese women have a high incidence of complications related to poor uterine contractility—caesarean section for dysfunctional labour and postpartum haemorrhage. 2) The myometrium from obese women has less ability to contract in vitro.Design  First, a clinical retrospective analysis of data from 3913 completed singleton pregnancies was performed. Secondly, in a prospective study the force, frequency and intracellular [Ca2+] flux of spontaneously contracting myometrium were related to the maternal body mass index.Setting  Liverpool Women’s Hospital and University of Liverpool.Population  The clinical study involved all women who delivered in one hospital in 2002. The in vitro study myometrial biopsies were obtained from 73 women who had elective caesarean section at term.Results  Maternal obesity carried significant risk of caesarean section in labour that was highest for delay in the first stage of labour (OR 3.54). The increased risk of caesarean section in obese women largely occurred in women with normal‐ and not with high‐birthweight infants. Obese women delivering vaginally had increased risk of prolonged first stage of labour and excessive blood loss. Myometrium from obese women contracted with less force and frequency and had less [Ca2+] flux than that from normal‐weight women.Conclusions  We suggest that these findings indicate that obesity may impair the ability of the uterus to contract in labour.
Internal iliac artery ligation for arresting postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Joshi VM , Otiv SR , Majumder R , Nikam YA , Shrivastava M 
Published: January 2007

Objective  To study the role of internal iliac artery ligation (IIAL) in arresting and preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).Design  Retrospective chart review of women undergoing therapeutic IIAL for PPH or prophylactic IIAL for risk of PPH.Setting  Tertiary care hospital in Pune, India.Sample  Women admitted to King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital, Pune, India, who underwent IIAL to control or prevent PPH.Methods  Bilateral IIAL was performed in all women.Main outcome measures  Need for re‐laparotomy or hysterectomy to control haemorrhage, complications of the procedure.Results  Out of 110 women who underwent IIAL, 88 had therapeutic IIAL for PPH from atony (36), genital tract injury (23), placenta praevia (21), placental abruption (4), uterine inversion (3) or coagulopathy (1). Hysterectomy was performed after IIAL failed to arrest haemorrhage in 33 (39.3%) of 84 women (excluding 4 with vaginal lacerations). Hysterectomy was more likely with uterine rupture (79%) than with nontraumatic PPH (up to 27%). Failure to control haemorrhage by IIAL was evident immediately, and bleeding arrested by IIAL did not recur to require later laparotomy in any woman. Out of 22 women at high risk for PPH undergoing prophylactic IIAL at caesarean section, none had subsequent haemorrhage. One woman had an iliac vein injury that was repaired with no further morbidity. There were no ischaemic complications either during inpatient stay or up to 6 weeks.Conclusions  IIAL is useful in the treatment and prevention of PPH from any cause. Early resort to IIAL effectively prevents hysterectomy in women with atonic PPH. In traumatic PPH, IIAL facilitates hysterectomy or repair as indicated and prevents reactionary haemorrhage.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)
Authors: LI W. T. , LIAO X. L. , YU X. M. , WANG D. , TONG J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) is an economically important fish in China. From a (GT)13‐enriched genomic library, 20 microsatellites were developed. Nine of these 20 loci were polymorphic in a test population with allele numbers ranging from two to four, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.2609 to 0.7826 and from 0.3739 to 0.7546, respectively. In the cross‐species amplifications, six of these nine loci were also polymorphic in white amur bream (Parabramis pekinensis). These polymorphic microsatellite loci are potentially useful for population genetics of Wuchang bream and its closely related species.
The Combined Effect of Visual Impairment and Cognitive Impairment on Disability in Older People
Authors: Whitson Heather E. , Cousins Scott W. , Burchett Bruce M. , Hybels Celia F. , Pieper Carl F. , Cohen Harvey J. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of disability in individuals with coexisting visual and cognitive impairment and to compare the magnitude of risk associated with visual impairment, cognitive impairment, or the multimorbidity.DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: North Carolina.PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand eight hundred seventy‐eight participants in the North Carolina Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly with nonmissing visual status, cognitive status, and disability status data at baselineMEASUREMENTS: Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (cognitive impairment defined as≥4 errors), self reported visual acuity (visual impairment defined as inability to see well enough to recognize a friend across the street or to read newspaper print), demographic and health‐related variables, disability status (activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), mobility), death, and time to nursing home placement.RESULTS: Participants with coexisting visual and cognitive impairment were at greater risk of IADL disability (odds ratio (OR)=6.50, 95% confidence interval (CI)=4.34–9.75), mobility disability (OR=4.04, 95% CI=2.49–6.54), ADL disability (OR=2.84, 95% CI=1.87–4.32), and incident ADL disability (OR=3.66, 95%, CI=2.36–5.65). In each case, the estimated OR associated with the multimorbidity was greater than the estimated OR associated with visual or cognitive impairment alone, a pattern that was not observed for other adverse outcomes assessed. No significant interactions were observed between cognitive impairment and visual impairment as predictors of disability status.CONCLUSION: Individuals with coexisting visual impairment and cognitive impairment are at high risk of disability, with each condition contributing additively to disability risk. Further study is needed to improve functional trajectories in patients with this prevalent multimorbidity. When visual or cognitive impairment is present, efforts to maximize the other function may be beneficial.
Inability to start hemodialysis after a smooth temporary hemodialysis catheter insertion procedure
Authors: TANG Sydney C.W. , LEE Raymand , TSE Kai C. , LAI Andrew S.H. , LAI Kar N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCannulation of the central vein for placement of the temporary dual‐lumen catheter for hemodialysis can usually be safely and reliably performed under ultrasonographic guidance. Here, we report a case of aberrant catheter entry into the internal thoracic vein during an apparently smooth procedure. The value of sonographic guidance, together with fluoroscopy with or without venography, will be discussed.
Prevalence of antibody reaction with cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 antigen in Macaca cyclopis, Macaca fascicularis, and Papio anubis in Taiwan
Authors: Lee F. , Lin Y‐J. , Deng M‐C. , Lee T‐Y. , Huang C‐C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground and Methods  A total of 284 non‐human primate sera were collected between December 2004 and September 2005 and tested by a commercially available dot immunobinding assay for the antibodies to cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, an alphaherpesvirus with high mortality for infected humans.Results  Seropositive rates were 58% among non‐human primates from animal shelters and 38% among those from zoos and academic institutes. Positive reactors were found in three species, the Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis; 57%), the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis; 11%) and the olive baboon (Papio anubis; 68%).Conclusions  Our results showed that natural infection by cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 in Formosan macaques was highly prevalent, and to a certain extent reflected the situation of the wild populations in Taiwan. The findings raised the issues of zoonotic public health and the occupational health of primate workers. High positive rate in olive baboons was also found, although, it cannot be ruled out that the positivity was due to cross‐reactivity between cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses.
The use of recombinant adeno‐associated virus for skeletal gene therapy
Authors: Dai Juan , Rabie A. Bakr M. 
Published: February 2007

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Dai J, Rabie ABMObjectives –  To provide a comprehensive literature review describing recent developments of the recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vector and exploring the therapeutic application of rAAV for bone defects, cartilage lesions and rheumatoid arthritis.Design –  Narrative review.Result –  The review outlines the serotypes and genome of AAV, integration and life cycle of the rAAV vectors, the immune response and regulating system for AAV gene therapy. Furthermore, the advancements of rAAV gene therapy for bone growth together with cartilage repair are summarized.Conclusion –  Recombinant adeno‐associated virus vector is perceived to be one of the most promising vector systems for bone and cartilage gene therapy approaches and further investigations need to be carried out for craniofacial research.
Marginal Bone Resorption at Different Treatment Concepts Using Brånemark Dental Implants in Anterior Mandibles
Authors: Petersson Arne , Rangert Bo , Randow Kjell , Ericsson Ingvar 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background: Different implant treatment modalities, one‐ and two‐step surgery, and one‐step surgery combined with early functional loading have successfully been used in the anterior mandible for rehabilitation of edentulism. However, the marginal bone remodeling has not been compared among the three different techniques. Purpose: The purpose was to compare the marginal bone level in a short‐ and long‐term perspective study using Brånemark dental implants placed according to either a one‐ or a two‐step surgical procedure or a one‐step surgical procedure combined with early functional loading. Materials and Methods: Seven patients were treated with a split‐mouth technique with a one‐step surgical technique on one side and a two‐step technique on the other side. In this latter group, the fixtures were submerged during a 3‐ to 4‐month healing period before abutment connection and loading. In 13 patients, following one‐step surgery, the permanent prosthetic suprastructure was connected within 20 days from implant surgery. All patients were operated on by the same surgeon. The level of the marginal bone was radiographically measured relative to the fixture‐abutment junction and was followed up to 5 years from fixture installation. Results: After connection of the supraconstruction, the marginal bone resorption was significantly lower in the early functional loading group compared to the one‐ and two‐step surgical technique groups. However, after 18 months and after 5 years, the marginal bone was located approximately 1 mm apical to the fixture—abutment level in all three groups. Conclusion: There was no difference in marginal bone resorption in a long‐term perspective between one‐ and two‐step surgical procedures and a one‐step surgical procedure with early functional loading of Brånemark dental implants.
Changes in the Abundance and Diversity of Proteaceae in South‐western Australia: a Review of an Integrated Palaeoenvironmental Study
Authors: ITZSTEIN‐DAVEY FREEA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSouth‐western Australia is a globally significant hotspot of Proteaceae diversity. This review reports on changes in the abundance and diversity of Proteaceae in south‐western Australia. Using palynology, the data were obtained from three sediment sequences from the Eocene, Pliocene and Holocene, as well as a modern pollen rain study, in the context of a vegetation history framework. The total percentages of Proteaceae pollen in pollen counts indicate that the number of Proteaceae in the vegetation are highest at present, slightly lower, yet still high in the Eocene, reduced by the Pliocene and lowest in the Holocene. It was found that Proteaceous genera can contribute up to 50% of the total modern pollen rain. Sediment from Lake Lefroy showed Nothofagus‐dominated rainforest occurred in the Middle to Late Eocene. Proteaceae species were at least as diverse as today, contributing up to a maximum of 42% of the total pollen rain, and varying across small lateral distances. A laminated Pliocene age sequence from Yallalie confirmed other studies that south‐western Australia was covered by a rich vegetation mosaic consisting of heath and wet rainforest elements. Proteaceae species were a consistent component of the counts, although diversity and abundance (maximum 5%) were low. A Holocene record from Two Mile Lake, near the Stirling Range, recorded little environmental change. Proteaceae species were noted in low abundance, at a maximum of 3.5% of the total pollen count. It is likely that both changing pollination mechanisms and changes in associated vegetation are important in determining the dispersal of Proteaceous pollen.
Judicial Review
Authors: Waluchow W. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCourts are sometimes called upon to review a law or some other official act of government to determine its constitutionality, its reasonableness, rationality, or its compatibility with fundamental principles of justice. In some jurisdictions, this power of judicial review includes the ability to ‘strike down’ or nullify a law duly passed by a legislature body. This article examines this practice and various criticisms of it, including the charge that it is fundamentally undemocratic. The focus is on the powerful critique mounted by Jeremy Waldron, the foremost philosophical opponent of judicial review.
Abortive Phage Resistance Mechanism AbiZ Speeds the Lysis Clock To Cause Premature Lysis of Phage-Infected
Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Durmaz Evelyn , Klaenhammer Todd R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

The conjugative plasmid pTR2030 has been used extensively to confer phage resistance in commercial
Lactococcus
starter cultures. The plasmid harbors a 16-kb region, flanked by insertion sequence (IS) elements, that encodes the restriction/modification system LlaI and carries an abortive infection gene,
abiA
. The AbiA system inhibits both prolate and small isometric phages by interfering with the early stages of phage DNA replication. However,
abiA
alone does not account for the full abortive activity reported for pTR2030. In this study, a 7.5-kb region positioned within the IS elements and downstream of
abiA
was sequenced to reveal seven additional open reading frames (ORFs). A single ORF, designated
abiZ
, was found to be responsible for a significant reduction in plaque size and an efficiency of plaquing (EOP) of 10
−6
, without affecting phage adsorption. AbiZ causes phage φ31-infected
Lactococcus lactis
NCK203 to lyse 15 min early, reducing the burst size of φ31 100-fold. Thirteen of 14 phages of the P335 group were sensitive to AbiZ, through reduction in either plaque size, EOP, or both. The predicted AbiZ protein contains two predicted transmembrane helices but shows no significant DNA homologies. When the phage φ31 lysin and holin genes were cloned into the nisin-inducible shuttle vector pMSP3545, nisin induction of holin and lysin caused partial lysis of NCK203. In the presence of AbiZ, lysis occurred 30 min earlier. In holin-induced cells, membrane permeability as measured using propidium iodide was greater in the presence of AbiZ. These results suggest that AbiZ may interact cooperatively with holin to cause premature lysis.
Unraveling the Regulatory Network in
Streptococcus pyogenes
: the Global Response Regulator CovR Represses
rivR
Directly
Authors: Roberts Samantha A. , Churchward Gordon G. , Scott June R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

The response regulator CovR acts as a master regulator of virulence in
Streptococcus pyogenes
by repressing transcription of approximately 15% of the group A streptococcus genome directly or indirectly. We demonstrate that phosphorylated CovR represses transcription of
rivR
directly by binding to conserved sequences located downstream from the promoter to block procession of RNA polymerase. This establishes the first link in a regulatory network where CovR interacts directly with other proteins that modulate gene expression.
Population Structure of Plasmid-Containing Strains of
Streptococcus mutans
, a Member of the Human Indigenous Biota
Authors: Caufield Page W. , Saxena Deepak , Fitch David , Li Yihong 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

There are suggestions that the phylogeny of
Streptococcus mutans
, a member of the human indigenous biota that is transmitted mostly mother to child, might parallel the evolutionary history of its human host. The relatedness and phylogeny of plasmid-containing strains of
S. mutans
were examined based on chromosomal DNA fingerprints (CDF), a hypervariable region (HVR) of a 5.6-kb plasmid, the rRNA gene intergenic spacer region (IGSR), serotypes, and the genotypes of mutacin I and II. Plasmid-containing strains were studied because their genetic diversity was twice as great as that of plasmid-free strains. The CDF of
S. mutans
from unrelated human hosts were unique, except those from Caucasians, which were essentially identical. The evolutionary history of the IGSR, with or without the serotype and mutacin characters, clearly delineated an Asian clade. Also, a continuous association with mutacin II could be reconstructed through an evolutionary lineage with the IGSR, but not for serotype e. DNA sequences from the HVR of the plasmid produced a well-resolved phylogeny that differed from the chromosomal phylogeny, indicating that the horizontal transfer of the plasmid may have occurred multiple times. The plasmid phylogeny was more congruent with serotype e than with mutacin II evolution, suggesting a possible functional correlation. Thus, the history of this three-tiered relationship between human, bacterium, and plasmid supported both coevolution and independent evolution.