bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drought stress differentially affects leaf‐mining species
Authors: STALEY JOANNA T. , MORTIMER SIMON R. , MASTERS GREGORY J. , MORECROFT MICHAEL D. , BROWN VALERIE K. , TAYLOR MICHELE E. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract 1. The impact of climate change on phytophages is difficult to predict, due in part to variation between species in their responses to factors such as drought stress. Here, the hypothesis that several species within the leaf‐mining feeding guild will respond in a consistent way to changes in rainfall patterns is tested, using a manipulative field experiment.2. Summer drought, enhanced summer rainfall, and control treatments were imposed on a calcareous grassland community, and the responses of five leaf‐mining species were assessed.3. One leaf‐mining species was more abundant under enhanced rainfall, one was more abundant under drought, and the other three species showed no consistent response to the rainfall treatments. Higher parasitism levels under drought may partly explain the response of one species (Stephensia brunnichella) to the treatments.4. These results show that generalisations relating to drought stress impacts cannot be drawn at the feeding guild level for leaf‐mining insects.
Stability of the Wabash River fish assemblages from 1974 to 1998
Authors: PYRON MARK , LAUER THOMAS E. , GAMMON JAMES R. 
Published: August 2006

Summary1. We measured temporal variability of the fish assemblage in the Wabash River using a 25‐year electrofishing dataset through a combination of a time‐lag analysis and multivariate analysis.2. The fish assemblage had substantial year‐to‐year variation, but the overall abundance pattern did not change. Based on time‐lag analyses and ordinations, there was only weak predictable directional change at individual sites. At the scale of the entire reach, however, the overall combined data had a statistically significant directionality with the time‐lag analysis.3. These results support the hypothesis that the middle Wabash River stream fish assemblage has undergone change over a time period of 25 years, although at the scale of individual sites this change was not detectable.
R3 Increasing the awareness of the role of the dental team in child protection
Authors: CAIRNS* A. M. , WELBURY R. R. 
Published: August 2006

Aims:  Construction and delivery of a multiagency child protection (CP) course for the dental team in five health board areas; increase knowledge of the signs of physical child abuse (CA); increase likelihood of referral when concerned; aid development of individual practice protocols; increase familiarity with local referral protocols and procedures.Method:  A 3‐hour course was designed and delivered in five health board areas by two paediatric dentists and a member of the local CP team. The course content included: orofacial signs of CA; role of the dental team in CP; and local referral procedures and protocols. Questionnaires concerning the above topics were distributed to the course participants immediately prior to the start, and 1 month after the course.Results:  A total of 117 members of the dental team completed the first questionnaire and 65 the second. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of CA improved from 68.5% to 81%. Prior to and following the course: 58.9% and 40.6% reported that a fear of consequences to the child would influence the decision to report (P = 0.019); 79.5% and 38.5% were concerned that their lack of knowledge would negatively influence the decision to report (P < 0.001); 19.4% and 38.9% had a practice protocol (P < 0.001); 17.3% and 48.4% had seen their local guidelines (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The course achieved increased: knowledge of the signs of CA; likelihood to refer due to reduction in fear of consequences to child and increased knowledge of both indicators of CA and referral procedures; dental practice protocols; familiarity with local procedures and protocols.
R6 Interventions for treating traumatised non‐vital immature permanent incisors
Authors: AL ANSARY* M. , DAY P. , DUGGAL M. , BRUNTON P. 
Published: August 2006

In traumatised non‐vital immature permanent incisors, clinicians are challenged by thin root dentine walls and a wide‐open apex. Apexification involves using a temporary paste to stimulate the formation of calcified tissue at the apex; while apical plug techniques involve packing of a material into the apical 2–4 mm of an immature canal to act as a barrier against which gutta‐percha is condensed. The risk of root fracture during apexification in immature roots is a concern. This complication has lead researchers to explore ways of root strengthening in addition to inducing a barrier.Objectives:  To assess the effectiveness of methods for inducing an apical barrier or root strengthening and immediate & long‐term side effects of these interventions.Design:  Cochrane Systematic Review of randomised controlled trials.Methods:  Electronic and manual search using controlled vocabulary and free text terms with no language restrictions. The methodological quality of each study is assessed using the criteria described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.Primary results:  Multi‐database electronic search via OVID revealed 117 total hits.Conclusions:  Primary analysis of reports yielded 10 studies initially fulfilled inclusion criteria, five retrospective studies, 18 in vitro studies, six animal studies, 53 case reports & review articles and 25 not applicable reports.
C3 Undiagnosed cardiomyopathy in a child with features of Papillon Lefevre syndrome
Authors: DAY P. , FAYLE S. , JUDGE M. , SUVARNA K. , MILROY C. 
Published: August 2006

Presenting problem:  We report on a child under long‐term dental care for prepubertal periodontitis, premature root resorption of primary teeth, granulomatous, furrowed cobblestone oral mucosa and gingivae, hypodontia and peg shaped lateral incisors, caries and angular cheilitis who suffered a sudden unexpected death. Subsequent post mortem confirmed an undiagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy. This may have triggered ventricular fibrillation, which caused her death. Prior to her death, she had also been seen by several dermatologists with respect to palmar plantar hyperkeratosis, striae keratoderma, wiry hair and abnormal finger nails.Discussion:  In spite of being seen by a number of clinicians in several centres in the UK a satisfactory clinical diagnosis was never established. A detailed search of the literature revealed no previously reported link between Papillon Lefevre syndrome and cardiac pathology. This case report details the patient's specific clinical presentation, which included features similar to ectodermal dysplasia, Papillon Lefevre or oral Crohn's associated with skin pathology. Possible diagnoses are suggested. Clinicians seeing similar features in future should send the child for cardiac screening to rule out any potentially life threatening pathology.
C7 Management of hypodontia and caries in a dry mouth
Authors: YOUNG* N. , NORTH S. 
Published: August 2006

Presenting problem:  A fit and well 14‐year‐old girl was referred by a Consultant Orthodontist for management of her hypodontia. The patient's complaint was of difficulty chewing and poor dental appearance. Previous dental treatment comprised fissure sealants on first permanent molars and anterior restorations. A bilateral posterior open bite was present with a class three incisor relationship on a skeletal base III. Soft tissue examination revealed a dry mouth with a sinus associated with 53.There was severe hypodontia with retained 53, 55, 63, and 65. Caries was present in 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 26, 36, 46, 53, 63, and 65.Clinical management:  A rigorous preventive programme was implemented together with investigation of the cause of the xerostomia. Fissure sealants were placed on all non‐carious molars and premolars. Carious teeth were restored with composite, amalgam and preformed metal crowns all under local anaesthesia. The pulp of non‐vital 53 was extirpated and calcium hydroxide was placed to the extent of the root canal.Discussion:  Diagnosis of the xerostomia was an important clinical finding, which had major implications for this patient with hypodontia. A combined team approach will be used to correct her malocclusion and provide a long‐term stable dentition.
Clear Cell Trichoblastomas in Two Dogs
Authors: Sharif M. , Reinacher M. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryTwo cases of clear cell trichoblastomas were diagnosed in young dogs. The tumour had ribbons of basaloid cells as seen in ribbon trichoblastomas, as well as differentiation to external root sheath of the hair follicle and few cells with sebaceous differentiation. This is the first report of clear cell trichoblastoma in dogs.
Diagnosis and Manifestation of Encephalitozoonosis in Mice after Experimental Infection with Different Species and Application of Dexamethasone
Authors: Herich R. , Levkutová M. , Kokinčáková T. , Reiterová K. , Hipíková V. , Levkut M. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryTwenty‐eight BALB/c mice were infected with different strains of Encephalitozoon species (Encephalitozoon cuniculi II – mouse type, E. cuniculi III – dog type, Encephalitozoon hellem, Encephalitozoon intestinalis). Five of them were infected with E. cuniculi II (mouse type) and simultaneously immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis were not remarkable. Ascites was found in two mice of dexamethasone‐treated group 14 days post‐infection (p.i.). The histopathological changes were found mainly in spleen and liver in the form of lymphoepithelioid granuloma. Spores were found in faeces since day 14 p.i. and visualized by Calcoflour White M2R. After cultivation on cellular cultures (VERO E6 – monkey kidney cells, RK‐13 – rabbit kidney fibroblasts), the species differentiation was performed by PCR using panmicrosporidial primers (PMP1, PMP2) and specific primers (ECUN‐F, ECUN‐R, V1, SI‐500). The differences were recorded in the immune response of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. At day 60 p.i., the titres of specific antibodies measured by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test were lower (1:4096) in dexamethasone‐treated mice when compared with non‐immunosuppressed animals (1:8196). The significant increases of antibody titres were recorded in particular infected groups within the experiment (P < 0.01 between day 14 p.i. and day 30 p.i., P < 0.001 between day 14 p.i. and day 60 p.i.). Experimental encephalitozoonosis in non‐immunosuppressed and immunosuppressed mice provides a useful model for the study of immune response and lesions associated with these protozoans.
Vertebral Osteoma in a Dromedary Camel
Authors: Carbonell D. , Orós J. , Gutierrez C. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryA case of vertebral osteoma observed in a female 4‐year‐old dromedary camel is presented. The patient showed a progressive ataxia, incoordination and finally a permanent recumbence position. Treatment was unfruitful and the animal was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed an expansive growth at vertebral body of the 10th thoracic vertebra, which was histologically classified as an osteoma. To the author's knowledge, this would be the first description of an osteoma in a camelid species.
URGENT AND EMERGENCY CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING FOR ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
Authors: Chen Yi , Almeida Aubrey A. , Goldstein Jacob , Shardey Gilbert C. , Pick Adrian W. , Moshinsky Randall , Kejriwal Nand K. , Lowe Cassie , Jolley Damien , Smith Julian A. 
Published: August 2006

Background:  Urgent and emergency coronary artery bypass grafting may be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. We report our recent experience with this group of patients.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 441 patients undergoing urgent and emergency surgery over a 3‐year period was carried out. Multivariate analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients who were most at risk of death.Results:  The 30‐day mortality was 3.3 and 16.3% in the urgent and emergency groups, respectively. Urgent surgery was associated with significantly shorter duration of ventilation (16 h vs 69 h) and stay at the intensive care unit (31 h vs 102 h). The incidence of pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, renal failure and neurological events were also less in the urgent group. The preoperative use of the intra‐aortic balloon pump was low (0.8% in the urgent group and 4.8% in the emergency group). Multivariate analysis showed that patients over 70 years of age (odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1–9.5) with left main stenosis (odds ratio 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5–12.4) complicated by cardiogenic shock (odds ratio 17.8, 95% confidence interval 5.2–61.1) were at highest risk of death. Patients transferred directly to theatre from cardiac catheter laboratory following failed percutaneous interventions were found to be most at risk. Mortality in this group was 29%, with 50% patients being in shock and 36% having left main stenosis.Conclusion:  Satisfactory results have been obtained in urgent coronary artery bypass grafting, but acute coronary syndromes complicated by cardiogenic shock remain a high‐risk group. Further studies are needed to define the optimal operative management in this group of patients.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HEPATIC HAEMANGIOMAS: A 15‐YEAR EXPERIENCE
Authors: Gourgiotis Stavros , Moustafellos Panagiotis , Zavos Apostolos , Dimopoulos Nikitas , Vericouki Christina , Hadjiyannakis Evangelos I. 
Published: August 2006

Background:  Hepatic haemangiomas are congenital vascular malformations. They are the most common benign tumours of the liver and are often asymptomatic. Spontaneous or traumatic rupture, intratumoral bleeding, consumption coagulopathy and rapid growth are the mandatory surgical indications. We present our experience over the last 15 years with the surgical management of 15 liver haemangiomas to clarify the safety and effectiveness of this treatment.Methods:  There were 15 patients with hepatic haemangiomas who were surgically treated from 1990 to 2004. Indications for the operation were spontaneous or traumatic rupture, consumption coagulopathy, rapid growth, abdominal pain and uncertain diagnosis. Four of these lesions were located on the left lobe, nine on the right lobe; one lesion was located on the left and the right lobes and one on segments VII and VIII. Methods for diagnosis included ultrasonography, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging and selective hepatic arteriography or combinations of more than one technique.Results:  The procedures included five right‐extended lobectomies, five right lobectomies, one left‐extended lobectomy, two left lobectomies and two segmental resections. There was no death. The postoperative morbidity was minimal and was mainly correlated to two subdiaphragmatic collections, one intra‐abdominal collection and one wound infection. The postoperative hospital stay was 12.7 days (range, 10–19 days). During the follow‐up period, there was no recurrence.Conclusion:  The resection of the hepatic haemangioma is safe. The indications for resection, however, should be carefully analysed before embarking on such a major operation.
DIFFERENTIAL PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES FOLLOWING COLORECTAL SURGERY
Authors: Chuang Danny , Paddison Johanna S. , Booth Roger J. , Hill Andrew G. 
Published: August 2006

Background:  Colorectal surgery is associated with a number of postoperative complications, including anastomotic leak and local recurrence. These complications are more common after rectal surgery than after colon surgery. Cytokines are secreted into the peritoneal cavity after colorectal surgery and have a number of metabolic and immunological effects. Hence we suggested that differential secretion of these may contribute to the differences in complications between colon and rectal surgeries.Methods:  Patients undergoing either elective rectal excision or colectomy for benign or malignant disease were recruited into the study. The region in relation to the anastomosis was drained with a silastic drain for 12–18 h. Drain fluid was collected on the morning following surgery. The drain fluid was assayed for interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and IL‐13 using multiplexed biomarker immunoassays.Results:  Interleukin‐8 concentrations were significantly higher in the region of the anastomosis after rectal excision compared with colectomy. Also, IL‐6 levels were very high in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Although the concentrations of IL‐10 were higher in the rectal group relative to the colectomy group, only low levels of this cytokine were present in the drain fluids. No other cytokines were consistently detected in significant concentrations.Conclusion:  This study has shown that the concentration of IL‐8 in the region of the anastomosis of patients who have undergone rectal surgery is much higher than those who have undergone colonic surgery. The increased level of IL‐8 may provide a milieu conducive to local recurrence and anastomotic leak.
Quantitative analysis of carotid atherosclerotic lesions and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein in community‐dwelling elderly 80 years or older
Authors: Miyano Ichiro , Takata Jun , Nishinaga Masanori , Okumiya Kiyohito , Hamada Tomio , Kubo Toru , Morita Yukari , Okawa Makoto , Yamasaki Naohito , Sato Kyoko , Matsubayashi Kozo , Doi Yoshinori 
Published: August 2006

Aim:  To investigate the association between the carotid atherosclerotic lesions assessed by high‐resolution ultrasonography and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) in the community‐dwelling elderly aged 80 years or older.Methods:  One hundred and seventy‐nine community‐dwelling elderly aged 65 years or older (78 ± 6 years, 69 men and 113 women) participated in this study. High‐resolution B‐mode ultrasonography was performed on the common carotid arteries. Intima‐media thickness (IMT) was measured using automatic measuring system and compared with standardized examinations included blood pressure, body mass index, hemoglobin‐A1c, cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid, fibrinogen and hs‐CRP.Results:  Subjects were divided into two age groups: young‐old aged 65–79 years (113 subjects, 74 ± 3 years) and old‐old aged 80 years or older (66 subjects, 84 ± 3 years). The maximum (max) IMT was significantly increased in the old‐old compared to that of the young‐old (1.7 ± 1.0 vs 1.4 ± 0.6 mm; P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that hs‐CRP was the strongest predictor of thickened max IMT in the young‐old (P = 0.022). However, it was not the predictor of thickened max IMT in the old‐old.Conclusions:  Depending on age, hs‐CRP may have different meanings in the atherosclerotic process. In particular, the predictive power of hs‐CRP as a marker of atherosclerotic process was less significant in subjects aged 80 years or older.
Decreased salivary vascular endothelial growth factor in elderly patients with pneumonia during the course of recovery
Authors: Miyaji Atsuko , Ohwada Akihiko , Iwabuchi Kazuhisa , Ogawa Hideoki , Fukuchi Yoshinosuke 
Published: August 2006

Background:  Elderly individuals are known for their high risk of acquiring pneumonia. Poor oral hygiene and high incidence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux continue to cause persistent oropharyngeal mucosal injuries and results in overgrowth of bacterial population and alteration of bacterial flora to respiratory pathogens in the oropharyngeal cavity. Salivary secretion contributes in maintaining homeostasis of the oropharyngeal mucosal barrier. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts as an angiogenic and permeability‐enhancing cytokine but is normally secreted in saliva. It has been previously demonstrated that VEGF secreted in the airway functions in the restoration or repair of the injured tissue. We hypothesized that salivary VEGF is a candidate as a marker to evaluate the degree of oropharyngeal mucosal injury.Methods:  We compared the volumes, protein contents, and the amount of VEGF secreted in the saliva of patients with pneumonia during the course of recovery (P; n = 7) and those without pneumonia (n = 10).Results:  Volumes and protein contents within the secreted saliva were similar between the patients with P and the control subjects (0.60 ± 0.28 mL versus 0.41 ± 0.34 mL, P = 0.126, 7.12 ± 5.57 µg/mL versus 3.92 ± 3.58 µg/mL, P = 0.231, respectively). The concentrations of salivary VEGF were significantly lower in patients with P than those of the controls (0.71 ± 0.37 versus 2.66 ± 3.44 µg/µg protein, P = 0.032).Conclusion:  Lower concentrations of salivary VEGF in patients with pneumonia during the course of recovery suggested the presence of persistent oropharyngeal mucosal injury even after normalization of systemic C‐reactive protein levels. The concentration of salivary VEGF is capable of being a marker for discriminating impaired oral mucosal barrier that precipitates in development of pneumonia in elderly individuals.
Peace‐building: Theoretical and Concrete Perspectives
Authors: Gawerc Michelle I. 
Published: August 2006

In a world where war is everybody's tragedy and everybody's nightmare, diplomacy is everybody's business. —Lord Strang1
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the conflict resolution and peace‐building literature focused on the issues involved in assessing the impact of peacemaking and peace‐building through people‐to‐people contact. Findings reveal that we are still in the beginning stages of establishing frameworks for the resolution of wars and the building of peace and that there continues to be academic and political contestation over the definition of peace and peace‐building. At the same time, this review identifies significant research progress in creating useful conceptual distinctions among the various modalities for peace, in establishing definitions that are both explanatory and remedial, and in recognizing the need for multi‐faceted approaches to peacemaking and peace‐building. Likewise, the literature indicates a growing understanding of the various forms of people‐to‐people contact, their impact, their possibilities, and their limitations. Attempts are made to reconcile the tensions between structural and social‐psychological approaches, and similarly, the contradictions between conflict resolution and social justice. Finally, directions for future research that address the impact, the effectiveness, and the possibilities for creating an infrastructure for a sustainable just peace.
Diplomats Without a Flag: The Institutionalization of the Delegations of the Commission in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries*
Authors: DIMIER VÉRONIQUE , McGEEVER MIKE 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the evolution of the status and role of the delegations of the European Commission in Africa from the 1960s onwards. Starting from an institutionalist approach, it tries to show to what extent this evolution reflects the bureaucratization of the external service (in the Weberian sense of a rational and professional civil service) in parallel with that of the administration of the Commission as a whole. It envisages the current reform of the external service as a new step in the construction of a mature European bureaucracy.
Conditioning and Fine‐Tuning Europeanization: Negotiating Regional Policy Maps under the EU's Competition and Cohesion Policies*
Authors: MÉNDEZ CARLOS , WISHLADE FIONA , YUILL DOUGLAS 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMost studies of Europeanization tend to adopt a top‐down conceptual perspective exploring the impact of the EU on Member States' policies, polities and politics. Whilst it is generally recognized that Europeanization involves reciprocal relationships between the EU and Member States, few studies seek to explore the nature of such interaction. This study sheds light on such processes by exploring the negotiation of regional policy maps under the EU's competition and cohesion policies. Approaching Europeanization from this angle shifts analytical attention towards actors, their preferences and strategies, and the bargaining opportunities through which they may attain their goals over time.