bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIDIURETIC SUBSTANCE (ADS) IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND PRE-ECLAMPTIC TOXAEMIA
Authors: HAWKER R. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Samples of plasma and serum from healthy non-pregnant women, from normal gravidae and from patients with pre-eclamptic toxaemia have been tested for antidiuretic activity by means of the method described by Jeffers, Livezey & Austin [1942].
2. An antidiuretic substance (ADS) is present in normal pregnancy serum, and in pre-eclamptic plasma and serum. ADS was not detected in non-pregnant serum or plasma or in normal pregnancy plasma.
3. Normal pregnancy plasma contains a substance which inactivates both vasopressin and the ADS present in normal pregnancy serum and in pre-eclamptic plasma. This inactivator was not demonstrated in non-pregnant plasma.
4. Vasopressin and ADS are inactivated both by thioglycollic acid and normal pregnancy plasma.
5. The antidiuretic activity of normal pregnancy serum is not attributable to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. II. ENDOMETRIAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE AS INDICATOR OF LUTEOID POTENCY: CORRELATION WITH PROGESTATIONAL PROLIFERATION
Authors: LUTWAK-MANN CECILIA , ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In an attempt to establish the measurement of uterine carbonic anhydrase activity as a quantitative test for progestationally active substances, the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the rabbit endometrium has been correlated with the conventional histological method of assaying progestational activity. The following steroids have been tested in this manner with special regard to the duration of their effect: (a) progesterone, deoxycorticosterone (DC), deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), 3-acetoxy-pregna-3,5-diene-20-one, 17α-hydroxy-progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Delalutin); (b) 17α-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone, 17β-acetoxy-isoprogesterone, 3α-hydroxy-pregnane-12:20-dione, 12α-hydroxy-pregnane-3:20-dione, pregnane-3:12:20-trione, 2β-acetoxy-progesterone, 2 α-acetoxyprogesterone, pregna-5-ene-20-one.
The action of DCA was weak and transient; that of progesterone and 3-acetoxy-pregna-3,5-diene-20-one was marked but of limited duration; Delalutin was powerful as well as sustained; DC and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone failed to produce true progestational changes.
Ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone was the only steroid in group (b) endowed with progestational potency.
Stilboestrol (2 mg) administered a day before or simultaneously with DCA (16 mg), progesterone (4 mg) or Delalutin (2 mg), suppressed the endometrial response for 5 days but did not interfere with the late (8-day) progestational effect of the long-acting progestogen Delalutin.
Small doses of purified FSH induced a few ovulations in the rabbit when injected intravenously, the endometrium showed some proliferative changes by bioassay but the activity of carbonic anhydrase was not appreciably increased. Subcutaneous injections had no effect.
When progesterone was administered subcutaneously with FSH its effect was curtailed.
With few exceptions, there was satisfactory agreement between the enzymic and histological method of determining progestational activity.
THE ADRENAL CIRCULATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: HARRISON R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. 1·5 hr after intramuscular injection of adrenaline there is pronounced filling of adrenocortical vessels in the rabbit. Adrenaline tartrate is more effective than adrenaline hydrochloride, and a second injection hastens the onset of the vascular change.
2. The filling of the cortical capillaries is effected by constriction of the arteriae medullae, thus diverting blood into other cortical vessels. It is independent of the hypothalamus and hypophysis cerebri, and no change in adrenocortical vascularization is produced by ACTH.
3. Histamine also produces filling of adrenocortical vessels.
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE PROTOTHERIA
Authors: WRIGHT A. , JONES I. CHESTER , PHILLIPS J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The histology of freshly fixed adrenal glands of Ornithorhynchus and of Tachyglossus has been investigated.
In the adrenals of both species the bulk of the chromaffin tissue was found to occur at one pole, the lower or caudal part of the gland. The adrenal cortex of Ornithorhynchus has a complicated histological appearance and comprises three main types of tissues, designated groups I-III. The major portion of the cortex was made up of groups II and III tissues which were in contiguous patches associated with blood vessels. Group I tissue was confined, for the most part, to a layer of cells lying against the chromaffin tissue. Group III tissue consisted of big cells with large nuclei which frequently contained prominent globules or vacuoles. It is possible that group III represents the secreting part of the cortex and group II the formative layer.
In Tachyglossus, the cortex had a more homogeneous appearance and was more akin to that of reptiles. There was, however, some gradation of cell types. The peripheral cells had plentiful cytoplasm with faintly basophilic nuclei, while centripetally the cells were closely packed and the nuclei densely stained.
QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN GONADOTROPHIC EXTRACTS FROM URINE OF POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: WALTER K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A gonadotrophic preparation made from post-menopausal human urine with tannic acid had more activity on the mouse uterus than would be predicted from the results of the test on the prostate of the hypophysectomized rat.
2. In one experiment, when gonadotrophic principles were adsorbed on kaolin at pH 6 from a very concentrated solution of post-menopausal gonadotrophin in distilled water, even larger quantitative differences were found in the results of these two tests.
3. There was no significant deviation of the dose-response curves from parallelism in either test.
4. The data suggest that there is more than one gonadotrophin in post-menopausal urine.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND ASSOCIATED CORTICAL CELLS IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE RABBIT'S EYE
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pieces of adrenal medulla, together with inner zone cortical cells, were inserted into the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye in eighty-four instances. Care was taken to exclude the outer parts of the adrenal cortex. Both chromaffin and cortical cells were vascularized by the iris and persisted in the eye for many months in spite of the presence of the whole or part of the right adrenal gland. Partial removal of the right adrenal gland was followed by a proliferation of the cortical elements of the graft. ACTH injections (5 mg twice daily for 21 days) did not induce cellular proliferation. The findings indicate that adrenocortical cells will persist in a graft and proliferate in spite of the presence of abdominal adrenocortical tissue and that the inner zone cells of the rabbit's adrenal can be successfully grafted and are capable of proliferating in response to a partial removal of the remaining normal adrenal cortex.
COMPARISON OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS OF URINARY OESTROGENS
Authors: BULBROOK R. D. , GREENWOOD F. C. , WILLIAMS P. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The oestrogenic activity of the phenolic fraction of human urine has been measured by its effect on vaginal smears from spayed mice and compared with that of its contained oestrone, oestradiol-17β, and oestriol as determined chemically by the method of Brown [1955].
Eleven urine samples, collected from normal women during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and after the menopause, from normal men and from a eunuch have been tested. In all but one of the samples there was satisfactory agreement between the biological and chemical results. It is concluded that the chemical method adequately measures the oestrogenic activity in the phenolic extract of normal urine.
THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE ON THE LEVEL AND TURNOVER OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE RAT'S LIVER
Authors: GREENBAUM A. L. , GRAYMORE C. N. , SLATER T. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The levels of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), phospholipid and phosphoprotein and the turnover rates of DNA, nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA, and phospholipid, have been studied in the livers of rats treated with growth hormone for 12 hr or 3 days.
There was no change in either the level or turnover of DNA. After a lag phase the level of RNA rose some 30% above control level and similar rises were noted in the turnover rate. The phospholipid content and turnover also increased as a result of the hormone treatment. There was a fall in the level of the phosphoprotein fraction.
These results are discussed in relation to the increased rate of protein synthesis found in growth hormone-treated rats.
THE GROWTH-STIMULATING EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE AND l-THYROXINE ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS AND UTERUS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovariectomized mice, treated with a preparation of growth hormone (GH) containing thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), showed increased mammary duct growth and increased uterine weight. The effect of the amount of GH used was similar in mice treated either with or without oestrone. Similar mice, treated with l-thyroxine, showed increased uterine weight but no significant effect on mammary duct growth.
It appears that TSH may have been responsible for the effect of GH on uterine weight but not for its effect on mammary duct growth.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: APPLEBY JOAN I. , NORYMBERSKI J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OH CS) and of one of their subgroups—the 21-deoxyketols (17-hydroxy-20-oxopregnanes)—has been measured in the course (5th to 10th lunar month) of human pregnancy. In twenty-six cases with a normal course of pregnancy the average excretion of 17-OH CS rose slowly to values 40% above the normal average. An additional sharp increase occurred following parturition, but 1 day later the urinary levels returned to normal. The average excretion of 21-deoxyketols rose more steeply to values 800% above the normal average and returned to normal 2 days after delivery.
Following intrauterine death (five cases) the excretion of 17-OH CS and of 21-deoxyketols returned to normal values. No such drastic change was found in three cases of stillbirth and in four cases of toxaemia.
The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that in pregnancy (i) the urinary excretion of the main metabolites of cortisol is essentially unchanged, while the excretion of 21-deoxycorticosteroids of unknown origin is greatly increased; (ii) 21-deoxyketols are unlikely to derive from cortisol; (iii) the high plasma levels of cortisol indicate that the compound is metabolized at a reduced rate rather than that the activity of the adrenal cortex is enhanced.
THE NUMBER OF OOCYTES IN OVARIAN AUTOGRAFTS
Authors: GREEN S. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The numbers of oocytes in ovarian autografts placed in normal saline have been compared with those in autografts placed in 15% glycerol in normal saline, eighty-eight mature rats being used in two sets of experiments. In both series the oocytes were very much reduced in number, but statistical analysis failed to reveal any significant differences. The interval before oestrous cycles reappeared was, however, significantly different.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE AVIAN LIVER
Authors: CAMPBELL J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A modified method of determining the avian liver clearance of intravenously administered sodium bromosulphthalein (BSP) is described.
2. Using this test, a sexual difference has been observed in the clearance gradients over the periods 5–10 and 10–15 min after injection of BSP. This appears to be determined by sex hormones, in that males caponized by stilboestrol possess a female type of clearance.
3. Surgically caponized birds appear to occupy an anomalous position which can be variously interpreted as showing female or male trends, according to the particular clearance gradients selected. Androgen, however, causes a clear reversion to the male type of excretion.
4. High initial BSP concentrations in the plasma of certain females have been correlated with a relatively smaller blood volume in proportion to body weight increase.
INDUCTION OF SUPEROVULATION AND PREGNANCY IN MATURE MICE BY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: FOWLER RUTH E. , EDWARDS R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The injection of 1 i.u. pregnant mares' serum (PMS) followed after 40 hr by 2 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), or of 3 i.u. PMS followed by 3 i.u. HCG into mature female mice selected at random with regard to their oestrous cycle induces oestrus and mating in approximately 75%, and ovulation in 99% of them.
2. The induction of superovulation depends on the amount of PMS injected and on the strain of mice used.
3. Two types of egg are ovulated, one being normal and with a cumulus, the other degenerated and without cumulus. 93% of the normal eggs were fertilized and 98% of the pronucleate eggs possessed two pronuclei.
4. Approximately three-quarters of the females which mate in response to the injected gonadotrophins become pregnant, although this number was less than the number becoming pregnant after mating during natural oestrus. Many of the treated females carried their embryos to term and some gave birth to large litters, although resorptions, irregular distribution of embryos in the uterus, and difficulty during parturition occurred in some females. Mean litter size of the treated females was similar to that found after natural mating.
5. After more than one treatment with gonadotrophins, fewer females mated, ovulated, and became pregnant than after the first treatment. This reduction in response may have been due to the greater age of the females or to their decreased sensitivity to the hormones.
6. The value of the method as a technique for inducing oestrus, ovulation, and pregnancy in mature female mice is considered.
INSEMINATION OF THE GUINEA-PIG BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION
Authors: ROWLANDS I. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intraperitoneal injection has been shown to be a method of insemination which produces a high conception rate in guinea-pigs. The proportion that become pregnant increases from 0 to 100% by raising the number of spermatozoa inseminated over the comparatively narrow range of 3·0 × 107-5·0 × 107. The conception rate is high in animals inseminated between 0 and 16 hr after the end of oestrus; all animals (17) inseminated with more than 5·0 × 107 spermatozoa during the first half of this period became pregnant. The incidence of pregnancy is very low in animals inseminated intraperitoneally during oestrus and at 18 hr or more after oestrus. The temporal relation between successful insemination and ovulation is the reverse of that obtaining in mated animals or after intravaginal insemination [Blandau & Young, 1939]. Fertility, determined by an estimate of the fertilization rate, by the number of foetuses in utero and the rate of foetal development is similar to that following mating. Reasons for the failure of fertilization in animals intraperitoneally inseminated during oestrus are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF OXYTOCIN ON MAMMARY GLAND INVOLUTION IN THE RAT
Authors: BENSON G. K. , FOLLEY S. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The involution of the mammary glands of lactating rats, which normally follows the cessation of suckling, was greatly retarded over a period of 9 days by administering oxytocin to the mothers, following removal of the litters on the 4th day of lactation. This effect was obtained with a commercial extract of the natural hormone, the same extract without preservative (benzethonium chloride), and with synthetic oxytocin. Vasopressin administered under the same conditions had a less well-marked effect. No retardation of mammary involution could be obtained with oxytocin in the absence of the anterior pituitary gland.
Similar results were obtained by administering prolactin to the mothers, but growth hormone (GH) had only a slight effect in maintaining the mammary glands. When both prolactin and GH were given, the maintenance of gland structure was particularly marked.
A majority of the animals receiving synthetic oxytocin showed vaginal mucification which is taken to be indicative of the presence of a luteotrophic hormone (prolactin).
These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of oxytocin in the release of prolactin and other lactogenic and galactopoietic hormones from the anterior lobe.
NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY AND THYROID HORMONE ADMINISTRATION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF BILE CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLIC ACID
Authors: VAN ZYL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The diminished cholesterol concentration in bile obtained after thyroidectomy, previously demonstrated by Rosenman, Friedman & Byers [1951], has been confirmed, but an increased concentration after chronic administration of triiodothyronine (T3) or triiodothyroacetic acid (TA3) could not be demonstrated.
The blood and bile cholesterol concentrations were not affected by large single doses of T3 or TA3.
Secretion of biliary cholic acid was reduced after thyroidectomy and by prolonged administration of T3 or TA3.
A low iodine diet had the same effect as thyroidectomy on the concentrations of bile cholesterol and cholic acid.
THE CLEARANCE OF VASOPRESSIN FROM THE SPLANCHNIC VASCULAR AREA AND THE KIDNEYS
Authors: GINSBURG M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The recoveries from portal blood of Pitressin and Azovan blue injected into the superior mesenteric artery in neurohypophysectomized rats were determined. The ratio of the recoveries of Pitressin and Azovan blue was 1·00±0·15. In rats with intact neurohypophyses and anaesthetized with urethane, the concentration of antidiuretic hormone in arterial blood was not different from that in portal blood. It is therefore concluded that vasopressin and endogenous antidiuretic hormone are not cleared rapidly from the circulation in the intestines. The pressor responses to 20 mu. Pitressin given intraportally were smaller than those obtained with 10 mu. given intravenously, suggesting rapid clearance of Pitressin from the circulation in the liver.
A technique is described for determining the renal clearance of test substances infused intravenously into conscious rats followed by sampling of the arterial blood. In six rats the urinary clearance of Pitressin was 1·24±0·06 times the clearance of inulin. In two rats in which urine flow was unusually low, clearance of Pitressin was respectively 0·161 and 0·325 times the inulin clearance. It is calculated that the rate of clearance of Pitressin from the circulation in conscious rats corresponds to a half-life of 42 sec.
THE EFFECT OF OESTRONE ON THE MAMMARY GLAND OF ADRENALECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: HÖHN E. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the guinea-pig progesterone is not required for alveolar development of the mammary gland. In order to test the hypothesis that this can be accounted for by endogenous progesterone produced by the adrenal cortex in this species, the growth response of the mammary gland to oestrone of adrenalectomized castrated male guinea-pigs has been studied.
Oestrone applied to the nipples as an alcoholic solution in doses of 15 μg/day for 14 days resulted in the formation of clusters of mammary alveoli in animals subjected merely to castration. In eleven castrated and adrenalectomized animals which survived oestrone treatment for periods of 11–28 days only duct proliferation with occasional formation of isolated alveoli was observed. Nipple growth in response to oestrone, as indicated by changes in nipple length, was much the same in both groups.
Administration of oestrone to adrenalectomized animals was found to be toxic. The average survival of oestrone-treated, adrenalectomized castrated animals was only 4 days, compared with an average survival period of 16·6 days in similar animals not treated with oestrone.
PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A OVERDOSAGE BY SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE
Authors: SELYE H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments on albino rats indicate that the intense osteoclastic bone absorption that is normally produced by vitamin A overdosage can be prevented by suitable treatment with somatotrophic hormone (STH). Although luteotrophic hormone (LTH) shares several of the actions characteristic of STH, it cannot substitute for the latter hormone in counteracting the effect of vitamin A intoxication.
THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF A NEW SUBSTITUTED STEROID, 2-METHYL-9-α-FLUOROHYDRO-CORTISONE, IN MAN
Authors: GURLING K. J. , GORE MARION B. R. , BARON D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
2-Methyl-9α-fluorohydrocortisone has potent mineralocorticoid and adrenocortical-suppressing activity.
A single oral dose of 0·1 mg lowered the urinary Na/K ratio, causing Na retention and K loss. There was an eosinophilia and a fall in plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids and in urinary 17-oxosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticoids. These effects lasted 24–36 hr, after which time there was a Na diuresis and the values returned to normal.
Doses of 0·3 mg, repeated for 3 days, enhanced these effects, with accompanying oedema and hypokalaemia. No significant effects on carbohydrate or protein metabolism were observed.
The dangers and possible uses of the compound are discussed.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF HAIR GROWTH IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: JOHNSON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Spaying of female rats aged 7 weeks accelerated the passage of the second wave of hair growth. Longer hairs were produced as a result of faster growth, and the rate of loss of dead or 'club' hairs [cf. Johnson, 1958] was increased.
2. Oestradiol implanted into spayed females delayed the initiation and passage of the wave. Shorter hairs were produced by a reduced rate of growth, and loss of club hairs was inhibited.
3. Castration of male rats aged 7 weeks accelerated the passage of the second wave of growth, and implantation of testosterone slowed it down. Testosterone had no effect on the definitive length of hair produced or on the rate at which club hairs were lost.
4. Oestradiol implanted into castrated males produced the same effects as in spayed females except that it had no effect on the time of initiation of the wave.
5. Combined implantation of testosterone with oestradiol into castrated males did not off-set the inhibitory effects of the oestradiol on hair length or rate of loss of club hairs, but may have slightly speeded the hair wave.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF HAIR GROWTH IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: JOHNSON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Adrenalectomy 2 weeks before the start of the second wave of hair growth advanced the beginning of the wave in female rats, and speeded its passage over the body in both males and females. The rate of loss of club hairs was slightly accelerated, but there was no effect on the definitive length of hair produced.
2. Adrenalectomy after the wave of hair growth had begun was less effective.
3. ACTH did not affect the time at which the wave of hair growth began but delayed its passage. ACTH had no effect on the loss of club hairs nor on the definitive length of hair produced.
4. Implantation of oestradiol retarded the start and rate of passage of the wave, and the loss of club hairs in both spayed and spayed adrenalectomized animals. Oestradiol must therefore have some action which is independent of the adrenals. Nevertheless, inhibitory effects of oestradiol on these aspects of hair growth were enhanced by the presence of the adrenals. The action of oestradiol in reducing the rate of hair growth was, on the other hand, unaffected by the presence or absence of the adrenals.
5. Adrenal hormones delay the passage of the growth wave to a greater extent than ovarian hormones, but they have no effect on the rate of hair growth, and, compared with ovarian hormones, affect the loss of club hairs only slightly. It is therefore suggested that these three main phases of hair growth may be controlled by mechanisms which are at least partially independent.