bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct satellite broadcasting in the Arab Gulf region: Trends and policies
Authors: Ayish Muhammad I. , Qassim Ali 
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, the six Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (AGCC) states, comprising of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain have taken long strides in the development of their mass media and national telecommunications infrastructures. One of the areas positively affected by this trend has been direct satellite broadcasting and reception. Not only have AGCC states made possible their populations' exposure to DBS television programming, but they themselves have become active participants in international satellite broadcasting, some of them are even beaming their TV materials on an around-the-clock basis. This study argues that the rise of DBS in the Gulf is part of a three-decade trend of commu nications development in the region whereby national broadcasting systems in the six states have acquired high degrees of sophistication and maturity. The study notes that major DBS broadcasters to the Gulf region range in background from CNN International, to Middle East Broadcasting Center, London, to the French International Channel (CFI). Local Gulf popula tions watch DBS programs through direct-to-home transmissions, telecasts of selected foreign and Arab satellite services by national TV channels, and finally through microwave distribution systems. The authors note that while DBS in the Arab Gulf region is here to stay, it has to be approached with a balanced vision that takes into account the national interests of Gulf societies and media systems. While total blackout approaches seem to be unrealitistic in light of accelerating innovations in DBS reception techniques, openness to international television via satellite should serve as a means of fostering intercultural interactions and of enhancing national media performance.
A Question of Access: An exploration of the factors that influence the health of young males aged 15 to 19 living in Corby and their use of health care services
Authors: Richardson Christine A. , Rabiee Fatemeh 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the factors that influence young men's access to health services with a view to identifying the potential for health promotion interventions in this area. Design A qualitative study using a semi-structured interview schedule with small groups of young men. Setting Interviews were carried out in the field within school and youth settings. Method A series of three focus group interviews were used as a means of gathering qualitative data. Results It was found that participants consistently equated health to physical fitness, and help-seeking behaviour was dictated by social norms. These demanded that a problem should be both physical and sufficiently severe to justify needing help. General Practitioners (GPs) were not a popular choice for confiding because of discomfort associated with communication issues, unfamiliarity and feelings of vulnerability. In some cases this was expressed using homophobic comments. Participants were more likely to confide in female key workers with whom they had an established relationship. Conclusion The complex factors influencing help-seeking and access to services require that health promotion interventions embrace a social model of health. Clients attitudes and beliefs about health and health services need to be considered within a cultural context taking into account the sociological and environmental conditions in which they live. When providing health service to young men, issues such as com munication, and vulnerability should be considered and it should not be assumed that young men would prefer to see male health professionals.
HIV prevention and sexual health services for sex workers in the UK
Authors: Cooper Kate , Kilvington Judith , Day Sophie , Ziersch Anna , Ward Helen 
Published: March 2007

Background Sex workers were targeted for HIV prevention work from the mid-1980s and budgets were allocated for services and projects with a specific component of HIV prevention. We look at changing trends in service provision in the UK during the 1990s. Methods Two surveys of services for sex workers were conducted: one in 1995 and the other in 1999. We documented different approaches to health promotion through questionnaire and telephone interview at these two points in time, as well as associated funding and support. Results Eighty-one services were identified in 1995 and 124 in 1999. There was an increase in services for young people and those based in genitourinary medicine clinics. Most services conducted outreach and shared a common approach to health promotion, based on harm minimisation. Funding did not change significantly and the major source of support continued to be local health authorities. Conclusion Despite the fact that sex workers are no longer a general priority for HIV prevention work, services have proved to be surprisingly resilient. Projects have developed a holistic approach, linking community intervention to specific health promotion, a model that may prove useful for new government initiatives in relation to health inequalities and social exclusion.
Sustainability and evidence of success: An 18-month follow-up study of the Doorstep Walks initiative
Authors: Vernon M. , Brewin M.J. , Vernon D. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To assess the sustainability and evidence of success of an independent walking initiative titled Doorstep Walks. Design A retrospective follow-up study using a self-administered questionnaire. Setting The city of Salisbury in the county of Wiltshire with a population of approximately 24,000. Method A postal questionnaire was administered to recipients of the Doorstep Walks pack ( n=322) 18 months after its intervention. Results Sustainability was noteworthy at 18.6 per cent of the initial cohort with approximately one in six continuing to use the resource 18 months after initial participation. Frequency of use remained similar to the original cohort with approximately one in four doing between one and five walks per 3-month period. The sustainability of reduced short car journey use and encouragement to go on 'alternative' walks was also demonstrated ( 1 in 8, and 1 in 7 respectively). Conclusion Whilst the initiative has a prominent appeal to the 'active' its success in encouraging the 'sedentary' to become 'active' has also been demonstrated, although this is based on subjective, self-reported evidence. It is suggested that further attention be focused on the influence of the pack in encouraging alternative walking and use of walking as a mode of transport. The paper considers the value of the findings in the further development of such initiatives and in formulating an evidence base of success. Further research examining the effective targeting of such schemes and their longer-term impacts is recommended.
Evaluation of feasibility and acceptability of a community pharmacy health promotion scheme - views of users and providers
Authors: Blenkinsopp Alison , Tann Jennifer , Platts Adrian , Allen Judy 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To analyse client uptake and obtain feedback on pharmacists' health promotion interventions; to consider pharmacists' perspectives on providing health promotion inputs. Design Telephone interviews with clients, stakeholders and pharmacists. Analysis of client questionnaires. Setting Community pharmacies in one health authority area in England. Method Eleven community pharmacists took part in a scheme to offer health promotion advice to the public about four topics: exercise, dental health, smoking cessation and medicines. The scheme used a behavioural change model drawing on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Motivational Interviewing. The pharmacists received a specific training programme (six days in total). Clients were offered a brief 'Level 1' intervention with a second, extended 'Level 2' where the pharmacist and client thought it necessary. The evaluation included interviews with clients (29), participating pharmacists (9) and stakeholders (7) together with an analysis of client feedback questionnaires. Results In total 301 Level 1 and 30 Level 2 interventions were provided by the pharmacists. The most popular topic was smoking cessation (140 Level 1 and 29 Level 2) and the least popular, exercise (21 Level 1). Client questionnaires and interviews showed that clients valued the advice they received. Pharmacists' motivations for participating and their level of proactivity and networking were variable. There was some evidence that limiting the pharmacist's input to one Level 1 and one Level 2 session may provide insufficient flexibility to meet clients' needs. Furthermore, while the TTM has a good fit with some health promotion topics, there are others where a straightforward information-giving model might be more suitable. Conclusion The health promotion scheme was well received by clients, many of whom had not previously sought health advice from the pharmacist. The findings of this study should give pharmacists more confidence to proactively offer health promotion advice to clients and indicate scope for extending the provision of such advice.
Speech practices that facilitate patient participation in health counselling - A way to empowerment?
Authors: Kettunen Tarja , Poskiparta Marita , Karhila Päivi 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study described nurse-patient communication during health counselling and focused on the linguistic realisations of empowering speech practices that emphasised patient participation. It aimed at a description of nurses' speech practices that facilitated the inclusion of patients' perspectives and preferences and encouraged patients to express themselves. Design and setting Thirty-eight videotaped nurse-patient health- counselling sessions that were conducted in a hospital were transcribed verbatim. Method The analysis of the videotaped data was based on the adaptation of Conversation Analysis (CA) and was carried out on a turn-by-turn basis. Results The research material revealed that affective questions and tentative speech, together with continuers, facilitated active participation by patients. Thus, patients were free to discuss their ideas, concerns, experiences, and knowledge with nurses. The findings indicated that nurses were able to establish collaboration and involve patients in their own frame of reference. Conclusion The results emphasised partnership and reciprocal conversation, with nurses' social and emotional skills at the heart of the ' encounter. The findings may advance professional understanding of patient-centred empowering practice, which has until now remained at a conceptual level. The results may be useful for developing health counselling and for designing training programmes for nurses.
The Struggle to Quit: Barriers and Incentives to Smoking Cessation
Authors: Moffatt Jenny , Whip Rosemary , Moffatt Jenny 
Published: March 2007

Objective Decades of research into smoking cessation have created a plethora of knowledge yet quit rates continue to be low and relapse rates high. In order to better understand this complex behaviour, this paper examines incentives and barriers to smoking cessation for a high risk group. Methods The successful and unsuccessful quitting experiences of twenty- five blue collar males with pregnant partners were examined using semi- structured interviews. Results Indicators which differentiated between successful and unsuccessful quitters were awareness, approach to quitting and whether the participants had a cultural or direct relationship with smoking. Conclusions This study provides insights that give direction for both new approaches to tailoring smoking cessation programmes and further research.
Safe Schools and Sexual Harassment: the Relationship between School Climate and Coping with Unwanted Sexual Behaviour
Authors: Timmerman M.C. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the impact of the school climate on adolescents' reporting of sexual harassment. Design A quantitative survey among students in their 4th year of secondary education. Setting Questionnaires were completed in a class setting. Method An a-select sampling strategy was used to select 2808 students in 22 schools. Results Findings indicate that a safe school climate is not enough for students to speak freely or report unwanted sexual experiences. Of more importance is an atmosphere where, generally speaking, sexuality is a topic for (an open) discussion. Conclusion Good sex education classes (as perceived and evaluated by the students themselves) provide students with the communicative tools necessary to talk about their experiences of unwanted sexual behaviour.
A survey of food projects in the English NHS regions and Health Action Zones in 2001
Authors: Caraher Martin , Cowburn Gill 
Published: March 2007

Background and Objective This article sets out the findings from an analysis of food projects, with a particular emphasis on fruit and vegetables, from the 26 Health Action Zones (HAZs) in England and those taking place within the former NHS regional areas in 2001. The objective was to gather information on the existing practice to inform future work. Methods A series of interviews with key informants in the London area and a review of all the London Health Improvement Programmes and Coronary Heart Disease Local Implementation Plans were used to inform the development of an interview schedule and questionnaire. A second phase consisted of interviews with leads in the NHS Regional Offices. The third phase involved distribution of a questionnaire to the 26 Health Action Zones (HAZs). Results Comprehensive data on food projects was not routinely available. The large number of initiatives related to food led some respondents to feel unsure as to under which policy to locate their food and fruit and vegetable work. Projects tended to be based on the development of skills (for example, cooking classes) or on a settings approach such as activities in schools or workplaces. A strategic focus was reported as being more common at a local level. Evaluation of food projects was at an early stage in many areas. Conclusions The future sustainability of food and fruit and vegetable projects was identified as a Key issue. Future policy development of food projects need to be clearly guided by a coherent policy focus and an integrated approach which clearly tackles the root causes of food access and poverty.
Cross infection: How frequently do dentists change into a clean set of clinical clothing?
Authors: Qureshi Usman M. , Siddiqui Saqib , Macfarlane T.V. 
Published: March 2007

Aim To investigate the types of clinical clothing worn by dentists and how frequently dentists changed into a clean set of clinical clothing. Study Type Cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey. Sample Two hundred and fifty general dental practitioners (GDPs) in the NHS with North West of England region and 250 dentists in the Dental Defence Agency (DDA). Method A questionnaire was developed which aimed to investigate the types of clothing worn for upper and lower body protection, and how frequently it was changed. This was posted to the sample of dental surgeons. Results Ninety per cent of GDPs and 99 per cent of DDA dentists reported wearing some form of clinical clothing to protect their upper body. Twenty-nine per cent of GDPs and 93 per cent of DDA dentists wore some form of designated clinical clothing to protect their lower body. Less than 50 per cent of both groups reported changing clothing on a daily basis. Thirty-six per cent of GDPs and 96 per cent of DDA dentists removed their clinical clothing before leaving work. Conclusion Dentists generally wear appropriate clinical clothing for their upper body protection but fall short of the guidelines for lower body protection. To improve cross infection control dental surgeons need to improve the frequency of changing into a clean set of clinical clothing.
Attendance of exercise referral schemes in the UK: A systematic review
Authors: Gidlow Christopher , Johnston Lynne Halley , Crone Diane , James David 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of this review was to explore attendance of UK exercise referral schemes (ERS), who attends them, why participants drop out of schemes and to compare evaluations of existing ERS with randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Design Systematic review. Method A search of major databases was conducted to identify studies investigating ERS interventions that were based in primary care in the UK, reported attendance-related outcomes and were published in peer- reviewed journals. Results Five evaluations of existing ERS and four RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Method of participant recruitment was the only marked difference between the two types of study. In RCTs and evaluations, rates of referral uptake and attendance were varied but comparable. Attendance was generally poor; approximately eighty per cent of participants who took up referral dropped out before the end of programmes. More women than men took up referral (60 vs. 40 per cent) but there was no evidence of higher attendance in women. None of the participant characteristics reported were consistently associated with attendance. Most of the reasons for attrition and negative comments from participants related to practical problems associated with attending leisure facilities. Conclusion The present review highlighted a high level of attrition in ERS. However, poor measurement and reporting of attendance, and inadequate participant profiling, prevented us from identifying which sections of the population were most likely to attend or drop out. Adequate data collection regimens, beginning at the point of referral would enable us to learn whom exactly ERS are proving successful for.
The role of gender in workplace stress: a critical literature review
Authors: Gyllensten Kristina , Palmer Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate research relating to the role of gender in the level of workplace stress. A further aim was to review literature relating to stressors of particular relevance to working women. These stressors included, multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping. Design Systematic review. Method Major databases were searched in order to identify studies investigating gender and workplace stress. A range of research designs were included and no restrictions were made on the basis of the occupations of the participants. Results Much of the research indicated that women reported higher levels of stress compared to men. However, several studies reported no difference between the genders. Furthermore, the evidence for the adverse effects of multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping was inconsistent. Conclusion The current review concluded that the evidence regarding the role of gender in workplace stress and stressors was inconsistent. Limitations of the research were highlighted and implications for practice were discussed.
Obesity — Public health enemy No 2?
Authors: Garrow John 
Published: March 2007

MOST health educators would agree that cigarette smoking is the most important avoidable cause of ill-health and death in this country, so it is the prime target for health education campaigns. But what should rank second? Drug abuse? Alcoholism? Unwanted pregnancy? STD? Food poisoning? Accidents at work or on the road or in the home? Dental caries? Coronary heart disease? All of these are avoidable causes of suffering which health educators should fight against, but my choice for Public Health Enemy No 2 is Obesity.
Utilization of Psychiatric Inpatient Care in Greece: a Nationwide Study (1984-1996)
Authors: Madianos Michael G. , Zacharakis Costas , Tsitsa Chryssa 
Published: March 2007

This report examines the trends in the utilization of psychiatric inpatient care for the period 1984-1996, when the implementation of the psychiatric reform programme was initiated in Greece. Admissions in public mental hospitals declined by 7.2%. However discharges have been increased by 30.6% with a parallel decrease of the length of stay by 53.7% followed by an increase in discharges of patients diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and affective psychoses by 61.1 % and 123.8% respectively. In the prirrate sector a remarkable reduction in both admissions and discharges was noticed. Admissions in psychiatric departments of general hospi tals for the same years have been increased by 1054.1 %. It seems that the recent deinstitutionalization process resulted in increasing trends in the discharges of patients suffering from psychoses. Additionaliy, a substantial increase in the number of extramural psychiatric services and rehabilitation places between 1994-1996 was observed. The demand for the mental health care services expressed as the urbanization index was found to be related with mental health professionals and the extramural units ratios. The higher degree of urbanism is, the greater the number of extramural services exist. The models explained variance reached 50.6%.
Factor Structure of the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale (Mhpss) Among Clinical Psychologists in India
Authors: Mehrotra Seema , Rao Kiran , Subbakrishna D.K. 
Published: March 2007

This study examined the factor structure of the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale (MHPSS) and its reliability and validity in a sample of 116 clinical psychol ogists in India. Principal component analysis of the MHPSS identified four factors that accounted for 42.2% of the total variance. These 4 factors reflected 6 of the 7 original subscales. The subscale Client-related difficulties' did not emerge as a distinct factor. The authors attribute this to cultural differences in the therapist-patient relationship. The MHPSS correlated negatively with measures of professional role satisfaction and subjective well being. It was concluded that the MHPSS is a reliable and valid tool to measure sources of occupational stress experienced by mental health professionais.
Family Burden, Participation in Care and Mental Health - an 11-Year Comparison of the Situation of Relatives To Compulsorily and Voluntarily Admitted Patients
Authors: Ostman Margareta , Hansson Lars , Andersson Kristina 
Published: March 2007

The changes in fiamily burden and participation in care of relatives to both voluntarily and compulsorily admitted patients were investigated as part of a longitudinal study of the quality of the mental health services in a Swedish county perfiorrned between 1986 and 1997. The relationship between the relative's mental health and family burden, participation in care and need of own support was also investigated. The results showed similar and high levels of burden and a non-sufficient participation in care in both periods investigated despite the ongoing changes in the delivery of psychiatric services and a change in the compulsory legislation in Sweden during the period. More relatives experienced an own need of care and support from the psychiatric services in the 1997 investigation. Relatives who experienced mental health problems of their own more often experienced other forms of burden, experienced less participation in the patient's treatment and also more often had own needs of care and support. It is concluded that interventions in families where relatives experience mental health problems will be useful, since a well-functioning network around the mentally ill person has shown to reduce relapse.