bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Options in endothelial transplantation
Authors: POCOBELLI A , AMATO D , DONATI R , AMICI C , COLABELLI GISOLDI RAM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To reduce DSAEK surgery time using pre‐cut tissues.In addition real time valuation of specific parameters like cell density,endothelial mortality rate and finally thickeness of the posterior corneal lamella. Methods Corneo scleral discs were fixed in an artificial anterior chamber AC and Moria One microkeratome (Moria S.A., Antony, France) with a 350‐micron Carriazo‐Barraquer‐type head was used to the prepare the lamellar corneal tissues.The artificial AC was cushioned with EUSOL‐C (AL.CHI.MI.A.S.r.l,Ponte S.Nicolò,Italy).The sectioned tissues were stored at 4°C;post‐cut and 24 hours pachymetry was repeated.Before the cutting,post‐cut,at 4 and 24 hours cell viability and the same time cell morphology was measured with an inverted microscope.Cell density was measured at beginning and at the end of time course.Following this preliminary study,40 tissues were assigned for transplantation. Results Endothelial cell mortality was observed,which was characterized by trypan blue‐positive cells diffused in the whole endothelial surface and corneal folds.The pattern of damage was typically due to mechanical factors associated to the passage of the microkeratome head.Cell morphology was well preserved at the end of the storage period at 4°C in EUSOL‐C. We find a regular endothelial mosaic and absence of significant pleomorphism and polymegathism. An increase (approx.20%) in corneal thickness was observed at the end of time course. Finally no cases of graft dislocation or primary graft failure were observed. Conclusion The results have demonstrated the reproducibility of the procedure.In this way is possible to provide tissues ready to use,within 24h, and at the same time to certify tissue quality to prevent the primary graft failure and graft dislocation.
Functional activity of the retina before and after IOP normalization in glaucoma
Authors: KAZARYAN AA , SHAMSHINOVA AM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To study dynamics of bioelectrical activity of the retina before and after normalization of intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods 20 normal subjects and 68 patients with different stages of glaucoma (early–I, advanced – II, late – III) and high level of IOP were included in our study. IOP ranged from 27 to 36 mmHg. All patients underwent complete eye examination, HRT II imaging, ERG including full‐field, flicker, pattern ERG (PERG), oscillatory potentials (OP), long‐duration flash ERG, chromatic macular ERG to red, green and blue stimuli (MBN, Russia). Results Different decrease of ERG amplitudes were detected depending on the stage of POAG. Subnormal flicker, as well as subnormal macular ERG to red and green stimuli, diminished or unrecordable off‐response were observed in all stages of POAG with increased IOP. A pathological configuration and decreased amplitudes of OPs, prolonged N95‐component of PERG and subnormal full‐field ERG was revealed in advanced and late stages of glaucoma. After reduction of IOP significant increase of amplitude values and shortening of implicit time (IT) were observed in early and advanced stages of POAG (p≤0,05), whereas those in late stage of POAG showed slight positive dynamics. Conclusion ERG symptoms in POAG have high value for assessment the functional state of the retina and optic nerve, determination of degree of IOP normalization and must be used in treatment control.
UVR exposure of the lens in the mammalian eye, species difference
Authors: DILLON J , MERRIAM J , GAILLARD ER 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To determine the absorption properties of the anterior segment of the mammalian eyes and relate those changes to aging mechanisms of the anterior segment and to possible consequences of cataract formation. Methods A simple method has been developed to determine the optical properties of the anterior segment of the intact eye. This consists of a probe which is inserted into the posterior sclera and detects light passing through the anterior segment. The probe is connected to a CCD spectrophotometer via a fiber optic bundle. Digitized data is collected and analyzed by a laptop computer. Results The absorption and transmission characteristics of mammallain anterior segments vary markedly with species and age. This has implications for photochemical and other light studies in both the lens and retina. The anterior segment of nocturnal animals, such as the rodent, transmit light down to 300 nm, but as they age this increases to 310‐320 nm. Diurnal mammals, such as the rabbit, guinea pig and cow contain large amounts of NAD(P)H, which absorbs all of the UV‐B and most of the UV‐A. The yellowing of the primate lens results in a progressive decrease in the amount of blue light reaching the retina. The young lens absorbs primarily UV‐A, whereas with age, there are increases in absorptions at 320 nm and out to wavelengths as long as 550 nm. The position of cortical cataract may be due to the optical characteristics of anterior segment. Conclusion The optical characteristics of the lenses of various animal models have markedly different UVR absorption properties. These qualities are critical to consider when using animal models to study aging mechanisms and cataract formation in the lens.
Corneal central and temporal thickness in rabbits
Authors: MORAES SILVA MRB , ANDREGHETTI E , DOMINGUES MA , SEGUNDO PR 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Rabbits are largely used in experimental eye research, including investigations related to glaucoma. Thus, it is important to know some clinical parameters of this animal, such as corneal thickness. Methods Thirty eyes of 15 albinal Norfolk rabbits were evaluated, under anesthesia. Central and temporal corneal thickness were measured by ultrasonic pachimetry. Results For the right eyes the mean values of central and temporal corneal thickness were 393.40 micra (sd=18.25) and 389.07 micra (sd=22.36), respectively. For left eyes the mean values were ‐ central corneal thickness: 398.73 (sd=23.75) and temporal corneal thickness: 382.53 (sd=26.03). Conclusion It is necessary to consider the corneal central thickness in the evaluation of ocular pressure values in rabbits.
Pathology of conjunctival melanocytic neoplasms
Authors: COUPLAND SE , DAMATO B 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To describe the classification, grading and staging of conjunctival melanocytic proliferation. Methods We have audited our experience with conjunctival melanomas, using a novel mapping system and have found shortcomings in the current Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) staging system. We have also reviewed our cases of intra‐epithelial melanocytic neoplasia and confirmed other authors’ impressions that conjunctival ‘primary acquired melanosis with atypia’ is histologically similar to cutaneous in situ melanoma. To improve objectivity in the reporting of conjunctival intra‐epithelial melanocytic neoplasia, we propose a scoring system based on pattern of melanocytic infiltration, density of melanocytes & degree of cellular atypia. Results The term ‘conjunctival melanosis’ should be used only to describe the slit‐lamp appearance of hyperpigmentation. Histologically, this abnormality should be categorized as ‘hypermelanosis’ or ‘melanocytosis’. Hypermelanosis can either be primary or secondary to ocular or systemic disease. Benign melanocytosis comprises conjunctival melanocytic hyperplasia and naevi. Malignant melanocytosis is essentially melanoma, which is primary (in situ or invasive) or secondary (i.e., spreading to conjunctiva from adjacent tissues) or rarely metastatic. We suggest that the TNM staging system for conjunctival melanoma should be revised to: (1) include a Tis stage; (2) take account of superficial extent, invasion of adjacent tissues and caruncular involvement, in stages TI to TIII; and (3) to sub‐categorize TIV disease so that there is better correlation with likely mortality. Conclusion We have revised the classification of conjunctival melanocytic proliferations & improved the grading and staging of melanoma. These developments should be useful in treatment & research.
Physiological short‐term variability of ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) measured by dynamic contour tonometer (DCT) in healthy subjects
Authors: POURJAVAN S , DETRY‐MOREL M , MUSTAKA L 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The Pascal® dynamic tonometer is a new non‐applanation contact tonometer designed to be largely independent of the structural properties of the cornea. It measures the systolic and diastolic IOP and their difference to determine OPA. By recording the pulsatile component of ocular blood flow (heart pulse as a function of time) the OPA could provide an indirect measurement of the choroidal perfusion. It has been suggested that OPA could be an indirect risk factor for glaucoma progression. We aimed to assess the short‐time variability of OPA in healthy persons Methods The left eyes of 30 healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. The IOP was measured twice by Goldmann applanation tonometers (GAT) followed by 3 consecutive measurements by DCT 10 min later. Pachymetry, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were measured after IOP measurements. These measurements were repeated with an interval of fifteen days at the same hour of the first measurements. The mean value of each parameter was taken into account for the statistical analysis. Student Test was used to assess the difference and the Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between the various parameters Results The mean age was 41 ± 12 years. The mean IOP at the first visit was 13.6 ± 2.9 mmHg by GAT and 14.3 ± 2.2 mmHg by DCT. The mean OPA was 2.4 ± 0.9 mmHg (0.8 to 4.3 mmHg) at the first visit. The mean IOP at the second visit was 13.4 ± 3.2 by GAT and 15.0 ± 2.5 mmHg by DCT. The mean OPA was 2.6 ± 1.0 (0.9 to 5.8) mmHg at the second visit. Conclusion There was no significant difference in both OPA measurements. This parameter remains stable in a short‐time interval in healthy subjects.
Vitrectomy cryo gas for the treatment of pseudophakic retinal detachment
Authors: POURNARAS CJ , MENDRINOS E 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The management of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (PsRD) has represented a challenge for vitreoretinal surgeons for many years. Different surgical techniques have been used to manage PsRD including pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling (SB) and primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without SB. Recent advances in the vitrectomy technique and instrumentation have contributed to the expanding role of PPV as a first‐line surgical treatment in cases of PsRD. Methods A potential advantage of PPV is removal of posterior capsular and vitreous opacities for better visualisation of the peripheral retina and the use of wide‐angle viewing systems and microscopic inspection of the fundus periphery with internal illumination and scleral identation during PPV. This allows for an accurate diagnosis of retinal breaks, their prompt treatment and thus high initial anatomical success. Results A meta‐analysis of published studies suggested that PPV with or without SB is more likely to achieve favorable anatomical and visual outcomes than conventional scleral buckling alone in uncomplicated PsRD. Recently published prospective or randomized clinical trials also found that primary PPV alone is at least as effective as scleral buckling for the treatment of PsRD. The Scleral Buckling versus Primary Vitrectomy in Rhematogenous Retinal Detachment study, found no difference in visual acuity between PPV and SB alone in pseudophakic eyes, but anatomic outcomes were better in the PPV group. Conclusion Primary vitrectomy without scleral buckling provides a high anatomic success rate in eyes with PsRD and is associated with few complications.
Combined surgery (phacovitrectomy)
Authors: BERROD JP , HUBERT I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To review the results and complications of combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy in phakic patients. Methods Retrospective review of 412 consecutive phakic patients who underwent phacoemulsification and vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (71), stages 2 to 4 full thickness macular holes (FTMH) (86), idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) (237), diabetic macular edema (DME) (18) . Results Lens opacity was absent or mild in 85% of patients. Reattachment rates for primary RRD after one procedure were 86% and final reattachment rates were 95% . Macular hole closure rate was 95% for holes under 500 microns. There was significant improvement in the median logMAR visual acuity from 1.6 preoperatively to 0.48 postoperatively for the retinal detachment patients ,from 0,59 preoperatively to 0,28 for the idiopathic epiretinal membrane , from 0,93preoperatively to 0,4 in full thickness macular holes and from 0,96 to 0,60postoperatively in diabetic macular edema. Postoperative complications included fibrinous uveitis (2%), IOL/iris capture secondary to gas overfill (1.1%), and posterior capsule opacification (8%). Conclusion Combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy is a safe and desirable option in the management of phakic patients with vitreoretinal pathologies that warrant vitreous surgery, even in the absence of significant lens opacity.
An opto‐mechanical device for the measurement of ocular rigidity and intraocular pressure
Authors: GINIS H , DE BROUWERE D , PANAGIOTOGLOU TH , TSILIMBARIS MK , PALLIKARIS I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate pilot measurements of ocular rigidity and intraocular pressure (IOP) with a minimally invasive opto‐mechanical device. Methods The device consists of a glass lens that is used to contact and deform the corneal surface, while the force required for this deformation is measured by means of a load cell. An infrared LED is used to illuminate the area of deformation. The area of deformation is measured by sensing the reflected light by means of a quadrant photodiode. All signals are simultaneously recorded for post‐processing. A nomogram (look‐up table) developed using enucleated rabbit eyes is used to convert force‐area data to IOP. Twenty right eyes of twenty healthy young subjects were enrolled in the initial evaluation of the instrument’s measurement. In addition, intraocular pressure provided by the instrument was compared to GAT. Results Twenty young ocular‐disease‐free persons (6 men and 14 women) with a mean age of 30 + 6,2 (mean + standard deviation(SD)) performed a measurement of ocular rigidity and IOP with the above‐mentioned instrument. The average ocular rigidity was 0.562 + 0,254 mmHg/ uL (mean + SD) which in Friedenwald’s notation corresponds to 0,0157 + 0,0071. The average IOP estimated was 21 + 9.3 mmHg (mean + SD). Average IOP using GAT was 18,5 + 3,8 mmHg. Conclusion The calculated values of ocular rigidity are comparable to values reported in the literature. Measurement of rigidity in a simple and non‐invasive manner may improve our understanding significance of this parameter in health and disease.
Can amblyopia treatment be optimised?
Authors: PRADEEP A , AWAN M , GOTTLOB I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To investigate the efficacy of an educational program in improving the compliance with patching treatment. Methods A randomised control trial was conducted with 29 amblyopes receiving no educational program and 31 receiving educational program.The compliance was measured using occlusion dose monitors for the entire patching period of 12 weeks.Our secondary aim was to look at the dose effect response for longer effective hours of patch wear. Results We found that patients who received the educational program complied more and dropped out less ( p=0.02).We also found a significant dose effect relationship in strabismic and mixed group with a greater improvement in visual acuity with longer hours of patching ;greater than 6 hours (p= 0.0001).We did not find any significant relationship in anisometropes. Conclusion An educational program would reduce poorly compliant patients and drop outs in amblyopia treatment.
The basics of wavefront aberrometry
Authors: LANGMAN ME , GICQUEL JJ 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWavefront technology has been first used by astronomers for years in order to reduce higher order aberrations induced by the earth’s atmosphere, it has been introduced into clinical eye care recently.<br /> Ophthalmological practice involves performing a full subjective refraction. The sphere, cylinder and axis of astigmatism are measured. We are only correcting two components of a whole host of refractive components of the optics of an eye. These two components (sphere and cylinder) constitute by far the majority of the optical aberration of an eye. <br /> Even a basic exam yields important information about optical quality. However, all ophthalmologists have been faced with patients reporting visual acuity (or contrast sensitivity, glare, etc.) at levels much lower than would be expected from an eye exam.<br /> Wavefront aberrometry measures aberrations over the entire eye taking into account not only spherocylindrical refractive error, but also spherical aberration, trefoil, coma, secondary astigmatism as well as other “higher order” aberrations described by Zernike polynomials. Higher order aberrations are thought to contribute to more than 20% of the total number of aberrations in a normal eye an increase with pupil size. In the majority of normal patients, these high order aberrations play a minor role, however, in cases of refractive surgery, keratoconus and orthokeratology, they can induce a number of visual disturbances. <br /> We will define higher‐order aberrations and show how to measure them, giving you a basic working knowledge of wavefront sensing (also known as aberrometry). <br /> We will show how wavefront sensors work, what are Zernike polynomials, what they tell us and we will show present and future clinical applications of wavefront aberrometry.
Custom wavefront optimization of intraocular lens asphericity
Authors: GICQUEL JJ , COHEN G , CHATEAU N , LEYNAUD P , DONATE D 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To investigate the optimal amount of ocular spherical aberration (SA) in an intraocular lens (IOL) to maximize optical quality. Methods In 54 eyes of 27 patients, implantation of aspheric IOLs was simulated with different amounts of SA to produce residual ocular SA from ‐0.30 microm to +0.30 microm. Corneal wavefront aberrations up to 6th order were computed from corneal topographic elevation data. HOAs were measured with the Imagine Eyes IRX3 wavefront aberrometer. The PSF was calculated for the residual ocular higher‐order aberrations (up to the 6th order)with fully corrected 2nd‐order aberrations. 14 patients were implanted with the Tecnis (AMO)IOL and 13 with the SN60WF (Alcon France). Results The amount of optimal SA could be predicted based on other HOAs of the cornea. The amount of ocular SA varied among subjects and could be predicted based on corneal HOAs. Conclusion Selection of an aspheric IOL should be performed according to corneal HOAs.
Retinal images using adaptive optics
Authors: LE GARGASSON JF , GLANC M , ROUSSET G , PAQUES M , SAHEL JA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To image cells of the retina using adaptive optics. Methods Imaging the human retina in vivo is affected by the eye's natural aberrations, which limit the resolution of retinal images. Measuring these aberrations, including the high order ones, is possible using wavefront sensing techniques. Results A review of the rapid progress in this field is given. Once the aberrations are known, adaptive optics methods, developed for astronomical observing in the past 15 years, can be applied in order either to improve retinal imaging or to give hyper‐vision to the subject. Progress in this domain is reviewed, and some original results are reported with a new instrument. Conclusion Applications are discussed, including a possible three‐dimensional, high‐resolution method to image the human retina in vivo.
Optical aberration measurements in dog and cat eyes: interest & limit
Authors: ROSOLEN SG 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To measure the ocular optical aberrations in dog and cat using a wavefront aberrometer based on Hartmann‐Shack technology. Methods Two dogs and one cat were sedated (Medetomidine, 0.1 mg/kg) and their right eye (RE) pupils were artificially dilated (tropicamide). Wavefront aberrations were measured using an irx3 aberrometer (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). Prior to each measurement, the eye was aligned with the instrument optical axis by centering both the eye pupil and Purkinje images. The Hartmann‐Shack spot images were produced by an array of 1024 microlenses that defined a 7.2x7.2 mm square area in the pupil plane. In preliminary tests, spot image histograms were optimized by adjusting the sensor acquisition time. Wavefront aberrations were then repeatedly measured 10 times in each animal’s RE. Spherical defocus, astigmatism and Zernike coefficients up to the 8th order were finally analyzed. Results The optimal acquisition time was 10 ms for all animals, instead of 33 ms when measuring human eyes. Refractive errors could be analyzed in a 6 mm pupil diameter in all cases. The dilated pupil often exceed the sensor area. The average refractive errors in dog #1, dog #2 and the cat were +2.9D(‐2.0D)111°;‐0.8D(‐0.8D)126° and +3.3D(‐2.1D)98°, respectively while their Root Mean Square (RMS) higher‐order aberrations amounted to 1.9, 1.1, and 2.1 µm RMS respectively. Standard deviation in sphere and cylinder was 1.0D in the cat and less than 0.5D in both dogs. Standard deviation in the higher‐order RMS was 0.8 µm in the cat and less than 0.5 µm in both dogs. The observation of individual data revealed that a significant part of this variability was due to blink‐related changes in aberrations. Conclusion Ocular optical aberrations can be easily measured in dog and cat using a Hartmann‐Shack aberrometer with reduced image acquisition time. The tested animals had relatively large higher‐order wavefront aberrations when compared to date measured in healthy human eyes. Measurement reproducibility was notably affected by tear layer effects. This variability could probably be reduced using a larger sensor area, specific head contention device and artificial tears. This new diagnostic technique is easily feasible without any use of anaesthesia and provides less variability and more detailed information than skiascopy. Wavefront aberrometry could be useful in both research and clinical applications.