bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing two independent incidence rates using conditional and unconditional exact tests
Authors: Han Cong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral unconditional exact tests, which are constructed to control the Type I error rate at the nominal level, for comparing two independent Poisson rates are proposed and compared to the conditional exact test using a binomial distribution. The unconditional exact test using binomial p‐value, likelihood ratio, or efficient score as the test statistic improves the power in general, and are therefore recommended. Unconditional exact tests using Wald statistics, whether on the original or square‐root scale, may be substantially less powerful than the conditional exact test, and is not recommended. An example is provided from a cardiovascular trial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability analysis of a ‘point‐and‐point machine’ of the Indian railway signaling system
Authors: Panja Subhash Chandra , Ray Pradip Kumar 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe operations of one of the vital subsystems of Indian Railways (IR) signaling called a ‘point‐and‐point machine’, which guides a train in changing its direction of movement from one track to another, are affected by a number of problems in relation to its intensity of use, repair and maintenance, and environmental stress. In this paper, the reliability modeling of a point‐and‐point machine is elaborately described taking into account the effect of the problems on its operational efficiency. It is observed that even when derating the system specifications (i.e. lowering the speed of the train), the reliability of the point‐and‐point machine system has been poor (0.44 after 1100 days of continuous operation) with existing preventive and corrective measures. Two graphical methods, namely, Nelson–Aalen and total‐time‐on‐test plots, are used to analyze the trend of the failure time data for a set of representative point‐and‐point machines in the Kharagpur Division of IR. The parametric model as recommended for estimating the reliability of the point‐and‐point machine is capable of correctly predicting its failure rate probability. The analysis of data obtained from a homogeneous Poisson process of the point‐and‐point machine system also leads to a better assessment of the reliability pattern with which the problems as mentioned above may be adequately and properly addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educational value of different types of exhibits in an interactive science and technology center
Authors: Afonso Ana S. , Gilbert John K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study analyzes the short‐term consequences of visitors' use of different types of exhibits (i.e., “exemplars of phenomena” and “analogy based”) together with the factors affecting visitors' understanding of and their evaluation of the use of such exhibits. One hundred and twenty five visitors (either alone or in groups) were observed during their interaction and interviewed immediately afterwards. Findings suggest that the type of exhibit constrains the nature of the understanding achieved. The use of analogical reasoning may lead to an intended causal explanation of an exhibit that is an exemplar of a phenomenon, but visitors often express misconceptions as a consequence of using this type of exhibit. Analogy‐based exhibits are often not used as intended by the designer. This may be because visitors do not access the source domain intended; are unaware of the use of analogy per se (in particular, when the exhibit is of the subtype “only showing similarities between relationships”); only acquire fragmentary knowledge about the target; or fail to use analogical reasoning of which they were capable. Furthermore, exhibits related to everyday world situations are recognized to have an immediate educative value for visitors. Suggestions for enhancing the educative value of exhibits are proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed91:967–987, 2007
Morphometric analysis for early detection of changes in cellular structure in a toxicological experiment
Authors: Crotty Suzanne , Roy Choudhury Kingshuk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a method for semi‐automatic analysis of morphometry in image cytometry studies. We examine morphological changes in neuroblastoma cells caused by a toxin. Nuclei are automatically recognized from images using a constrained seeded region growing algorithm. The shape of the nuclei is quantified by fitting ellipses to the identified regions. Features such as centroids, elongation, orientation and size are extracted from this fitting process. Under certain assumptions, it is demonstrated that the log elongation measurement has an asymptotically normal distribution whose variance is dependent only on object size. This allows weighted linear models to be fitted to elongation measurements. Hypothesis tests show that over time, there is a significant elongation due to application of the toxin. The other variables are not significant, but there is a significant ‘image’ effect. The scientific implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying Little‐JIL to describe Process‐Agent knowledge and support project planning in SoftPM
Authors: Xiao Junchao , Osterweil Leon J. , Zhang Lei , Wise Alexander , Wang Qing 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoftPM is a toolkit that supports a process‐based approach to software project management. It relies upon a software process modeling method based upon the idea of an Organization‐Entity to define standard processes and model project processes. The Process‐Agent is the core of this modeling method and is a well‐defined unit whose role is to encapsulate an Organization‐Entity's knowledge, skill etc. The Process‐Agent's infrastructure comprises descriptive knowledge, process knowledge and an experience library. The process knowledge is represented by process steps, whose execution determines the behaviors of the Process‐Agent. This causes Process‐Agent knowledge to be precisely described and well organized. In this paper, Little‐JIL, a well‐known process modeling language, is used to define a Process‐Agent's process knowledge. Benefits for process element knowledge representation arising from Little‐JIL's simplicity, semantic richness, expressiveness, formal and precise yet graphical syntax etc., are described. The article also demonstrates how this knowledge can be useful in supporting project planning activities, such as time estimation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive frame structure in B3G–TDD uplink
Authors: Lihua Li , Mingyu Zhou , Xiaofeng Tao , Ping Zhang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractB3G–TDD uplink in China's FuTURE project is introduced in the paper. By taking advantage of MIMO–OFDM and special design for the TDD frame, peak data rate of 100 Mbps can be achieved. The system is required to support service in both indoor and outdoor environments, and guarantee high data rate communication even with mobility up to 250 kmph. Detail theoretical analysis was carried out to give the principle of designing frame structure for the system under different environments. In order to reduce the influence of Doppler Effect, adaptive frame structure is proposed for the uplink. By special design on the frame for different environments, the channel information can be tracked accurately with low overhead, which ensures the system performance. Through simulation based on the platform of Future Technologies for Universal Radio Enviroment (FuTURE) project, bit error rate (BER) can achieve lower than 10−6 when Eb/N0 is 3 dB for various mobility case in both indoor and outdoor environments, which satisfies the requirement of FuTURE project. By employing it into B3G–TDD uplink, robustness to Doppler Effect is strengthened greatly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New direction of broadband wireless technology
Authors: Adachi Fumiyuki , Kudoh Eisuke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe most important technical challenge for the realization of 4G mobile networks is twofold: (a) to overcome the highly frequency‐selective fading channel and (b) to significantly reduce the transmit power from mobile terminals. Recently, it has been shown that the application of frequency‐domain equalization (FDE) can take advantage of channel frequency‐selectivity and improve the transmission performance of single‐carrier (SC) as well as multi‐carrier (MC) signal transmissions. Either SC or MC can be used for the downlink (base‐to‐mobile) to achieve almost the same bit error rate (BER) performance. However, for the uplink (mobile‐to‐base) applications, SC transmission is more appropriate since it has less peak power. For broadband data transmissions, transmit power reduction is a very important issue. Applying wireless multi‐hop technique is a possible solution to this issue. In this paper, we will discuss about some important 4G wireless techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity, power allocation and partners selection for SIMO relay channels
Authors: Pan Chengkang , Cai Yueming , Xu Youyun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the cooperative channels with one source‐destination pair and multiple partners (relays), where only the destination is equipped with multiple antennas. The achievable capacity with the optimal power allocation and partner selection is analyzed with the total transmit power constraints under the different cooperation modes, including amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and decode‐and‐forward (DF). With the partial channel state information (CSI) at the destination, we develop three algorithms to choose the possible best partner(s) for AF, repetition‐coded DF and Gaussian‐coded DF, which are called Selective AF (SAF), Selective repetition‐coded DF (SRDF), and Selective Gaussian‐coded DF (SGDF), respectively. In these algorithms, only one partner will be employed as relay for SAF and SRDF to maximize the capacity while multiple partners are selected for SGDF. An efficient quasi‐distributed protocol to support SAF, SRDF, and SGDF is also involved. We study the impact of the number of receive antennas and SNR on SAF, SRDF, and SGDF. Numerical results show that SAF and SRDF have higher spectral efficiency than direct transmission (DT), especially in low SNR regime and for the small number of receive antennas and large number of users cases, while SGDF outperforms DT evidently in every scenario. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Mild and Moderate Intrapulmonary Shunting in Children with End‐Stage Liver Disease Undergoing Liver Transplantation
Authors: Liang Chi‐Di , Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chen Chao‐Long , Concejero Allan M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of mild and moderate intrapulmonary shunting (IPS) in children with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing liver transplantation.Materials and MethodsA total of 73 patients (38 male, 35 female; mean age 31.5 ± 35.2 months, range 6–180 months) with ESLD and subsequent liver transplantation were enrolled. Based on contrast echocardiography, patients without IPS were assigned to group 1 (n = 57), and patients with mild or moderate IPS were assigned to group 2 (n = 17). The preoperative age, body weight, O2 saturation, length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, postoperative complications, and 1‐year survival rate were compared between groups.ResultsThe overall incidence of IPS and 1‐year survival rate were 23.3% (17/73) and 96% (70/73), respectively. There were significant differences between group 1 and group 2 patients regarding age at transplant (35.9 vs. 16.6 months, p = 0.002) and body weight (12.6 vs. 8.5 kg, p = 0.002). There were no other statistically significant differences between the two groups.ConclusionAlthough children with mild and moderate IPS were younger at the time of transplantation and had significantly lower body weight than those without IPS, the presence of mild and moderate IPS in children with ESLD did not affect the overall outcome of liver transplantation.
Epidemiology of Urban Trauma Deaths: A Comprehensive Reassessment 10 Years Later
Authors: Cothren C. Clay , Moore Ernest E. , Hedegaard Holly B. , Meng Katy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of trauma deaths in our urban county during a one‐year period a decade ago. In the interim we have implemented a statewide trauma system, initiated a number of injury‐prevention programs, and have had a major public effort to reduce drug traffic and related gangs. Consequently, we have reassessed the regional trauma mortality to ascertain the impact of these measures and to search for new injury patterns.MethodsTrauma deaths occurring within our urban county from January 1 through December 31, 2002 were reviewed for mechanism, demographics, and cause of fatal injury; cases were identified using death certificates from the Colorado Department of Public Health. We compared these data to the trauma fatalities occurring during 1992.ResultsDuring the 2002 study period, there were 420 injury‐related deaths. Most of the patients were men (296 patients, 70%), with a mean age of 47.3 years (median age, 42 years). The three predominant mechanisms of fatal injury were transport‐related (180 patients, 43%), intentional (99 patients, 24%), and falls (86 patients, 20%). Comparison between 1992 and 2002 showed significant increases in the percentage of transport‐related and fall‐related deaths, and a significant reduction in intentional fatal injuries. There was also a shift in the percentage of deaths occurring in the first 24 h to delayed times. The death rate per capita in Denver County declined from 0.081 in 1992 to 0.060 in 2002.ConclusionsAlong with a decrease in the per capita death rate, the major mechanisms of patient’s deaths changed substantively over the decade 1992–2002; there was a shift from intentional injuries to transport‐related deaths as the predominant etiology of trauma related deaths. Recognition of such injury patterns will direct future injury‐prevention efforts and coordination of citywide trauma care.
Neonatal screening: from the ‘Guthrie age’ to the ‘genetic age’
Authors: Dhondt Jean‐Louis 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNewborn screening has ‘traditionally’ been performed to detect metabolic or endocrine diseases that are severe, frequent and treatable, according to criteria established in the late 1960s. Technological advances in laboratory testing over the past ten years open new possibilities. However, many new problems have to be explored before the establishment or expansion of a newborn screening programme. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the major problems that screening programmes will face in the near future.
Genetische Prädisposition für Wilms-Tumor
Authors: Royer-Pokora B. 
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung
Wilms-Tumor (WT) ist ein embryonaler Tumor der Niere, der auf eine aberrante Proliferation von frühen Nierenvorläuferzellen zurückzuführen ist. Das WT1-Gen, welches eine Funktion bei der Nieren- und Genitalentwicklung hat, ist in 10–15% der Tumoren mutiert. Keimbahnmutationen in diesem Gen werden bei Patienten mit Urogenitalfehlbildungen, isoliertem nephrotischem Syndrom, Denys-Drash-Syndrom, Frasier-Syndrom, WAGR-Syndrom (Wilms-Tumor/Aniridie/Genitalfehlbildung/mentale Retardierung) sowie selten bei familiärem WT gefunden. Patienten mit WT1-Keimbahnmutation haben ein hohes Risiko für unilaterale WT sowie syn- oder metachrone bilaterale WT (BWT), die auch noch später im Leben auftreten können. Ein erhöhtes WT-Risiko wird außerdem bei einigen Großwuchssyndromen, verschiedenen Tumorprädispositionssyndromen und bestimmten konstitutionellen Aneuploidien gefunden. Embryonale Tumoren entstehen während einer frühen Entwicklungsphase, wenn die Zellen noch eine hohe Zellteilungsrate haben. Mutationen, die eine normale Differenzierung inhibieren, führen zu einem expandierten Zellpool, in dem weitere genetische Veränderungen auftreten können. Da viele Gene diese Prozesse steuern, könnte dies erklären, warum ein erhöhtes WT-Risiko bei verschiedenen genetischen Syndromen zu beobachten ist.
Ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells via PKC‐involved activation of NF‐κB
Authors: Ge Chutian , Zhang Caiqiao , Ye Jian , Tang Xinyan , Wu Yanqun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of ginsenosides on proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) was evaluated and involvement of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in the signaling pathway was investigated. PGCs were isolated from the genital ridge of 3.5–4 day embryos and cultured in Medium 199 supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 ng/ml LIF. PGCs subcultured on chicken embryonic fibroblast feeder were challenged with ginsenosides alone or in combination with PKC inhibitor H7 or activator phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) for 24 h. Moreover, the translocation of NF‐κB and degradation level of IκBα were investigated by Western blot analysis. Results show that PGCs were identified by periodic acid‐Schiff, alkaline phosphatase histochemistry as well as c‐kit, SSEA‐1 and Oct‐4 immunocytochemistry. Treatment with ginsenosides at 1–100 μg/ml significantly increased the number and area of PGC colonies in a dose‐dependent manner. However, this proliferating effect was obviously attenuated by combined treatment of H7 (10−7–10−5 M). Similarly, PKC staining of PGC colonies was more intensive after ginsenosides treatment compared with the control group. In addition, treatment with ginsenosides at 1–10 μg/ml stimulated the translocation of NF‐κB (p65). However, the NF‐κB translocation and the degradation of IκBα were significantly blocked by combined treatment with 10−6 M H7. These results indicated that ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken PGCs through activation of PKC‐involved NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Cancer proteomics by quantitative shotgun proteomics
Authors: Chen Emily I. , Yates John R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA major scientific challenge at the present time for cancer research is the determination of the underlying biological basis for cancer development. It is further complicated by the heterogeneity of cancer's origin. Understanding the molecular basis of cancer requires studying the dynamic and spatial interactions among proteins in cells, signaling events among cancer cells, and interactions between the cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recently, it has been proposed that large‐scale protein expression analysis of cancer cell proteomes promises to be valuable for investigating mechanisms of cancer transformation. Advances in mass spectrometry technologies and bioinformatics tools provide a tremendous opportunity to qualitatively and quantitatively interrogate dynamic protein–protein interactions and differential regulation of cellular signaling pathways associated with tumor development. In this review, progress in shotgun proteomics technologies for examining the molecular basis of cancer development is presented and discussed.
Lemierre's syndrome associated with consumption coagulopathy and acute renal failure: a case report
Authors: Georgopoulos S , Korres S , Riga M , Balatsouras D , Kotsis G , Ferekidis E 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground:Acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis may lead to suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. This complication, also known as Lemierre's syndrome, remains, even nowadays, life threatening, due to dissemination of septic thromboemboli to various organs. Respiratory deficiency and renal impairment are often reported in patients suffering from Lemierre's syndrome.Case report:The unusual clinical manifestation of this case involves severe acute renal and respiratory deficiency in addition to microangiopathic consumption coagulopathy in a young patient treated with macrolides five days after the onset of acute tonsillitis.Conclusion:The usual causative pathogen, namelyFusobacterium necrophorum, shows a varying sensitivity to macrolides. As a result, the syndrome may present itself in a variety of clinical forms even in patients under treatment with macrolides. A high index of suspicion is therefore crucial for in time prevention of potentially life threatening complications.
Phosphorylation of the 12 S globulin cruciferin in wild-type and abi1-1 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) seeds
Authors: Wan Lianglu , Ross Andrew R. S. , Yang Jingyi , Hegedus Dwayne D. , Kermode Allison R. 
Published: May 2007

Cruciferin (a 12 S globulin) is the most abundant storage protein in the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) and other crucifers, sharing structural similarity with the cupin superfamily of proteins. Cruciferin is synthesized as a precursor in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Subunit assembly is accompanied by structural rearrangements involving proteolysis and disulfide-bond formation prior to deposition in protein storage vacuoles. The A. thaliana cv. Columbia genome contains four cruciferin loci, two of which, on the basis of cDNA analysis, give rise to three alternatively spliced variants. Using MS, we confirmed the presence of four variants encoded by genes At4g28520.1, At5g44120.3, At1g03880.1 and At1g3890.1 in A. thaliana seeds. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, along with immunological detection using anti-cruciferin antiserum and antibodies against phosphorylated amino acid residues, revealed that cruciferin was the major phosphorylated protein in Arabidopsis seeds and that polymorphism far exceeded that predicted on the basis of known isoforms. The latter may be attributed, at least in part, to phosphorylation site heterogeneity. A total of 20 phosphorylation sites, comprising nine serine, eight threonine and three tyrosine residues, were identified by MS. Most of these are located on the IE (interchain disulfide-containing) face of the globulin trimer, which is involved in hexamer formation. The implications of these findings for cruciferin processing, assembly and mobilization are discussed. In addition, the protein phosphatase 2C-impaired mutant, abi1-1, was found to exhibit increased levels of cruciferin phosphorylation, suggesting either that cruciferin may be an in vivo target for this enzyme or that abi1-1 regulates the protein kinase/phosphatase system required for cruciferin phosphorylation.