bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mono‐ or Polytherapy and the Severity of Epilepsies
Authors: Fukushima Katsuyuki 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: 1. Out of 295 outpatients who were followed up by our staff for longer than 4 years, a total of 196 patients was subjected to this retrospective study. The inclusion criterion was that they had inevitably been placed on polytherapy of two or more anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs). In other words, they had failed to reach monotherapy for some reasons.2. One of the determinant factors for the success or failure of monotherapy was the type of epilepsies. Namely, primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) was relatively easy to attain by monotherapy regardless of the seizure type, whereas secondary generalized epilepsy (SGE) with combined seizures and secondary partial epilepsy (SPE) with mixed seizures were not infrequently difficult to be placed on a monotherapy regimen. In the latter case, however, an abrupt withdrawal of AEDs was apt to cause an exacerbation of seizures.3. There were some patients who could reach a complete freedom from seizures as a result of bi‐ or polytherapy and became socially adaptable and acceptable. They themselves are, if not all, afraid of a possible relapse of seizures produced by a reduc tion in the number of AEDs hitherto prescribed. In some cases, a family member may refuse monotherapy, or even physicians are reluctant to switch to monotherapy because the patients have experienced status epilepticus in the past.In other words, there are two reasons why polytherapy should not, by all means, be avoided; one is the type or severity of epilepsies from which a given patient has been suffering, and the other is the patient's social factor or “quality of life” in which he or she hesitates to accept a monotherapy regimen. In conclusion, monotherapy WBS not necessarily regarded as the only rational way of having antiepileptic drug (AED) treat ment.
A Twin Study of Febrile Convulsions in the General Population
Authors: Sunami Ken , Hayashi Naoyuki , Endo Shun'ichi 
Published: March 2008

SummarySeven monozygotic (MZ) and six dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with febrile convulsions (FC) in the general population were studied. The pairwise concordance rate for FC in MZ 85.7% (6/7) was higher than that in DZ 16.7% (1/6). In a discordant MZ pair, the unaffected co‐twin was attacked by epi leptic seizures later. Between the concordant DZ twins, the clinical symptoms and EEGs differed in quality. According to the ratio of concordance rate in MZ to that in DZ 5.1, a multifactorial mode of inheritance for FC was suspected.
Relationship between Sleep‐Wakefulness Cycle and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Kainic Acid‐Induced Epileptic Focus in Hippocampus
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuya , Kunimoto Masayuki , Tanaka Shigeya , Kondo Shinji , Yonemasu Yukichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryConcurrent monitorings of polygraph and continuous measurements of rCBF of the epileptic focus were made in the nonanes‐thetized chronic cats. The influences of the sleep‐wakefulness cycle on IIDs and rCBF of the epileptic focus of the hippocampus were analyzed.

IIDs increased remarkably during LSW and DSW but not as much as during DSW‐P.
The rCBF decreased gradually during LSW and DSW. But the rCBF during DSW‐P increased slightly as compared to that of DSW.
The frequencies of IIDs increased in association with hypoperfusion of the epileptic focus.
The spiking rate of the hippocampal focus decreased with the appearance of PGO during the deep slow wave sleep stages.
On Recovery from the Postpsychotic Collapse in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ushijima Sadanobu 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: First the author pointed out that the postpsychotic state, the state of decreased activity which emerges shortly after the disappearance of acute symptoms, had been regarded as an independent stage in the treatment process of schizophrenic breakdown. Then he presented the case of family therapy in which the patient was a lkyear‐old university student with the postpsychotic collapse. The author observed interesting phenomena during the treatment in which the patient gave rise to the homosexual physical touch with his father when going to bed in the evening and making up nursery dories with his mother when getting up in the morning, consequently leading to the recovery of dreams with wishful fulfillment. This process was discussed from the point of view of the concept of transitional object (Winnicott) and the formation of symbol functioning (Bion). Finally the postpsychotic collapse was considered 88 a regression to primary narcissism.SummaryThe postpsychotic collapse or exhausted state which had been apt to be regarded as a deficit symptom was discussed through the case examination as a regression to the primary narcissism, that is, not the disintegrated but the unintegrated state (Winnicott). The process of treatment was a recovery process not merely from the decreased activity but of the symbol functionings which had been lost in the psychotic formation of “mind.” Though the approach to encourage patients to do social activities had been advocated so far, this study showed that this state needed the environments which would facilitate recovery and promotion of symbol functioning.
Continuous Observations of Daytime EEG Patterns in Normal Subjects under Restrained Conditions while Sitting in Armchair or on Stool Part 2 Awake State
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuaki 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: While stabilizing (though not completely) both behavioral and environmental factors as far as possible, observations of continuous awake EEG patterns and corresponding behavioral states were made in order to investigate the level of vigilance for extended periods of time in the daytime. The subjects were requested to maintain a constant posture while sitting in an armchair or on a stool, and continuous polygraphic recordings and simultaneous TV monitoring of the subjects' behavior were carried out. Inspections of the EEG records, the rating of simultaneous behavior shown by the subjects and subsequent data analysis produced the following results:1) From evaluations of EEGs, EOGs and EMG and ratings of the corresponding behavioral states carried out for every 30–second epoch, six types of awake EEG patterns and four types of behavioral states could be defined. There was a strong correlation between the awake EEG pattern and the behavioral state.2) Regular 6.0–7.0 c/s theta wave trains predominantly in the frontal area were observed in 16 out of 24 normal subjects (67%) in an awake state. In the theta‐appearance group, the relative abundance and mode of appearance of theta wave trains varied greatly both intra‐ and interindividually. The appearance of the theta wave trains was not related to drowsiness and was presumed to reflect the emotional activity under higher levels of vigilance in the subjects.
Parkinsonism Manifesting Depression as the First Sign
Authors: Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Miura Chishin , Inanaga Kazutoyo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have had experience in treating two patients with parkinsonism of which the first manifestation was depression. Case 1 was a 61‐year‐old woman. A diagnosis of depression had been made and repeated medication consisting mainly of antidepressants was given. However, the depressive state persisted and the signs of parkinsonism gradually became evident. The initial treatment with antidepressant drugs was replaced with one based on L‐DOPA (400 mg a day).Subsequently, the symptoms of parkinsonism and depression diminished relatively rapidly.Case 2 was a 66‐year‐old man. His parkinsonism was suspected shortly after the onset, although the symptoms of depression were predominant. Similarly, the treatment based on L‐DOPA (400 mg a day) relieved the symptoms of depression and parkinsonism rapidly.The present study described above indicates that parkinsonism should be suspected in cases of persistent depression and in patients who have depressive symptoms resistant to antidepressants, since parkinsonism may first manifest itself as depression.
Projections of the Nucleus Accumbens in the Cat
Authors: Nieto Adela , Mexicano Graciela , Cappello Silvia , Contreras Carlos M. , Nieto Dr. Sci. y Dionisio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Due to the recent advances in knowledge on the function of the limbic sys tem it would be wise to consider this system as being widely distributed throughout the diencephalic and mesencephalic levels as well as the forebrain. Numerous regions have been discovered that are related to the limbic structures in anatomical and functional respects. According to Koikegami et al. (1967), it would be adequate to divide this system into two main categories–the major limbic rim or the structure proper and the paralimbic structures. The former defined phylogenetically and ontogenetically as those structures around the third ventricle such as: the hippocampus, septum, dentate gyrus, fimbria hippocampi, anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, area paraolfactoria, amygdala and Diagonal Band of Broca.The paralimbic structures may represent those brain regions, which have direct connections or functional correlations with the limbic formation proper. These areas include the posterior orbital gyrus, insula, nucleus accumbens, head of the caudate, nucleus habenula, nucleus interpendencularis, nucleus pulvinaris thalami, intralaminar and anterior thalamic nucleus, preoptic area, hypothalamic nuclei, mammillary body, snbthalamus, limbic midbrain area of Nauta, temporal lobe pole, superior temporal gyrus, praecuneus, nucleus dorsalis et profundis tegmenti of Gudden and claustrum.In the present paper we will deal with the projections of the nucleus accumbens. This nucleus was described by Meynert (1872) as the anterior polar region of the caudate nucleus. Kappers describes the nucleus accumbens in 1908 as the nucleus accumbens septi and considers it as a part of the striatum. Later on, the histological studies of Brochaus (1942) relate a part of the nucleus with olfactory functions, and he describes another part, which is very well developed in microsmatic mammals and in anosmic mammals like the dolphin. Szteyn (1960) describes two main areas, the accumbens septi and the accumbens caudate. Nevertheless, the accumbens constitutes a very important region of the paralimbic system and seems to play an important role in some behavioral patterns.
Manners of Arginine Vasopressin Secretion in Schizophrenic Patients:—With Reference to the Mechanism of Water Intoxication—
Authors: Kishimoto Toshifumi , Hirai Motoharu , Ohsawa Hiroyoshi , Terada Makoto , Matsuoka Izuru , Ikawa Genro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Water intoxication occurs almost exclusively in many patients with chronic psychiatric disorder. To elucidate the mechanism of this syndrome, we undertook the following animal experiments and clinical study.Twelve rabbits were given neuroleptics for eight weeks. From measurement of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion response to osmotic stimuli (fluid deprivation, partaking ad lib. and water loading), we found that chronic neuroleptic administration might raise the sensitivity of AVP escretion response.Then we investigated the manners of AVP secretion during ad lib. drinking in seventeen schizophrenic patients with hyponatremia and sixteen schizophrenic patients without hyponatremia. Normal range of plasma AVP was obtained from healthy volunteers by water loading. Only in both schizophrenic groups was plasma AVP detected below 270 mosm/kg osmolality. We observed that sensitivity of AVP secretion response to osmolality was decreased in schizophrenic patients, regardless of the presence of hyponatremia.We hypothesize that the primary low sensitivity of AVP secretion response to osmo‐receptor and the secondary renal hypersensitivity of AVP receptor may play the major role in the occurrence of water intoxication, Linked to SIADH, in schizophrenic patients.
Histopathological Study on a Case of Idiocy: —Morphological Mechanism of Idiocy Appearance—
Authors: Kuramoto Ryoko , Miyakawa Taihei 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A male, aged 42, had idiocy without any somatic or neurological signs. In laboratory examination, no abnormal finding could be observed.Brain weight was 1,330 g. and no abnormal finding was observed macroscopically.Histopathologically, gross changes were not observed, however, many nerve cells contained a lot of lipofuscin granules in the cytoplasms for the patient's age. Some astrocytes in the cerebral cortex contained homogenous amorphous inclusion bodies in their cytoplasms. From these findings, it was speculated that the change of astrocyte may play an important role in causing mental deficiency.
Cerebral Infarction due to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation with Thromboexclusion for Dissecting Aortic Aneurysma
Authors: Urakami Katsuya , Adachi Yoshiki , Takahashi Kazuro , Asano Takao , Iijima Kenji , Nakamura Katsumi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Cserebral infarction due to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after thromboexclusion for thoracic dissecting aortic aneurysma is described.Chronic DIC may be caused by the delay of thrombus formation at the site of thromboexclusion, and local DIC occurred at that site. It is difficult to find chronic DIC. This case shows that DIC after thromboexclusion for dissecting aortic aneurysma may be one of the causes of recurrent cerebral infarction.
Psychosis of Epilepsy—An Approach to a Biological Basis for Postictal and Interictal Psychoses
Authors: Sato Mitsumoto 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPostictal and interictal changes in behavior and the corresponded neurochemical data in the kindling model of epilepsy are reviewed briefly to explore a biological base for epileptic psychosis. Kindling can be a potent animal model to study this problem. A possible participation of both TRH and opioid system in prolonged postictal behavior disorder and of TRH, mesolimbic system and/ or PI response to excitatory amino acid in interictal behavior disorder are discussed. A further experimental study is required to disclose the basic mechanism of epileptic psychosis.
EEG Analysis in Patients with Senile Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Horie Tan , Koshino Yoshifumi , Murata Tetsuhito , Omori Masao , Isaki Kiminori 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An EEG frequency analysis using the wave‐form recognition method was performed in different stages of senile dementia (SD), evaluated according to the Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale (HDS), and the differences in EEG changes between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with SD were studied.We found that the EEG changes in the SD patients correlated with HDS, and that an increase in slow theta (4–5.8 Hz) and a decrease in fast theta (7–7.8 Hz) waves were early changes in the SD patients.Furthermore, delta and slow theta waves increased mainly in the anterior frontal and temporal areas in the severe SD patients.The AD patients showed more severe EEG abnormalities than the SD patients and showed severe focal abnormalities in the temporal area.
Special Etiologies in the Classification of Epilepsy–With Special Reference to Brain Malformations
Authors: Tachibana Yasuo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: I analyzed 18 cases of brain malformations detected by autopsy and five cases of lissencephaly diagnosed by CT scan or MRI.Autopsg CasesBrain malformations were highly complicated, and many cases showed more than one typeof brain malformation.Epileptic seizures were observed in 13 of the 18 cases. In most cases, the seizures were characterized by infantile onset, a high incidence of tonic seizures and difficultiesin controlling them.Patients with LissencephalyThey all had severely retarded psychomotor development.Tonic seizures were observed in all the five patients, two of whom had a past hitory of infantile spasms.The EEG patterns of these patients were varied. It is thought that a relationship exists between the severity of CT or MRI findings and that of EEG findings.
Biochemical Abnormalities in Developing El Mouse
Authors: Sashihara Shunsuke , Aramaki Ikuho , Murai Yoshiyuki , Mita Takashi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryComplex biochemical abnormalities were found in the early developmental stage of the El mouse. First, the El mouse has abnormal levels of specific amino acid concentration within a week from birth. Second, an unusual expression of poly(A)+ RNA from the one‐day newborn liver of the El mouse was detected by use of Cot 100 DNA as a probe. Third, sodium channels are increased in synaptosomes and at the mRNA expression level of the 3 or 4‐week‐old El mouse brains, compared with the ddY mouse. These results suggest that the biochemical abnormalities described in this study may affect greatly the epileptogenesis of El mouse.
A Morphological Study on MRI in 100 Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Uetsuhara Koichi , Tomosugi Tetsuzou , Makamura Katsumi , Asakura Tetsuhiko 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn summary, this study suggests that MRI is an effective tool for imaging the epileptogenic lesions of the patients with epilepsy and the specified axial image is useful in the investigation of the temporal lobe structure.
Sleep in Korea: A developmental perspective
Authors: JEONG DO‐UN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Sleep is an ubiquitous phenomenon. It is a developmental product, being subjected to the vicissitudes of human behavior and culture. The author will attempt to elaborate on sleep, sleep disorders, and sleep medicine in Korea from various developmental perspectives (i.e. personal, national and scientific).Korea is a rapidly developing industrialized nation and is now experiencing immense cultural changes which force individuals to change their behavior and value systems. For example, shift working is becoming increasingly popular and early working hours are being adopted by more companies as a measure to win competitions in the international market. In the clinical setting it is observed very easily that patients develop and maintain disturbed sleep‐wake rhythm and its consequences. More obstructive sleep apnea, presumably due to obesity, are observed and studied in sleep clinics. The nuclear family system, an inevitable outcome of industrialization, produces some profound difference in sleeping arrangement such as children's earlier separation from parental or grandparental sleeping environment. The question is how these and other industrialization‐related changes may affect the incidence and the manifestation of sleep and sleep disorders. In the background there is emerging interest in healthy sleep and sleep disorders, exemplified by increasing coverage of the topics in the mass media and the publication business.Development of sleep medicine/research per se also involves a developmental perspective. Interests in sleep and sleep disorders began sporadically decades ago in Korea and are now actively being organized mainly by the Korean Association of Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology as a unified developing force.Understanding of sleep and of sleep disorders is not complete without in‐depth understanding of culture, philosophy, and tradition from developmental perspectives. Traditional ideas and wisdom from the past are the unavoidable resources for further understanding sleep and developing sleep researches/medicine in Korea as well as in Asia.
Mental disorders and suicide prevention
Authors: LÖNNQVIST JOUKO K. , HENRIKSSON MARKUS M. , SISOMETSÄ ERKKI T. , MARTTUNEN MAURI J. , HEIKKINEN MARTTI E. , ARO HILLEVI M. , KUOPPASALMI KIMMO I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract In the research phase of the National Suicide Prevention Project, all suicides (n= 1397) in Finland between March 1987 and April 1988 were examined retrospectively using the psychological autopsy method. Careful retrospective diagnostic evaluation of the victims according to DSM‐III‐R criteria was done by weighing and integrating all available information. A series of studies addressing the mental disorders among suicide victims, the treatment received before death and the life events is now reviewed.Among a random sample of suicide victims from the nationwide suicide population, at least one psychiatric diagnosis was made for 93% of the victims. The most prevalent disorders were depressive syndromes (66%) and alcohol dependence/abuse (43%). The prevalence of major depression was higher among women than among men. Major depression as the principal diagnosis was more common among the elderly suicides. Among adolescent victims, depressive syndromes were also the most prevalent disorders. Adjustment disorders were common (25%) among male adolescent suicides. The majority of suicide victims of all ages suffered from comorbid mental disorders.Among suicide victims who had had contact with a health carer before death, inadequacy of treatment for mental disorders seems to have been common. Of the major depressive victims only 3% were found to have received adequate psychopharmacological treatment, and only 7% received weekly psychotherapy by a trained therapist.The analysis of the massive database collected in the research phase of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland is still ongoing, and the implications of the findings for suicide prevention will be refined during the research process. The necessity to improve recognition and treatment for comorbid depressive disorders in all age groups seems evident already.
Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome: A new vista
Authors: OHTAHARA SHUNSUKE , OHTSUKA YOKO , KOBAYASHI KATSUHIRO 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is regarded as a model of the epileptic syndrome because of its specific clinicoelectrical manifestation. However, a close investigation reveals that its outline is somewhat vague, having the borderland around it. Precise diagnosis in an individual case is not always easy. In this paper, the diagnostic criteria of LGS are described. According to these criteria, cases with LGS were subclassified into the typical and the atypical cases, and also cases in the borderland of LGS were reviewed. On the other hand, our prospective long‐term follow‐up study revealed that cortical mechanisms played an important role in the pathophysiology, clinical features and refractoriness of LGS.Secondary bilateral synchrony (SBS) is supposed to be a mode of expression of cortical mechanisms of LGS. A newly developed method with coherence and phase analysis demonstrated that the pathophysiology was based on SBS in 33% of the typical LGS cases. This finding is not only crucial for the choice of rational treatment including epilepsy surgery, such as callosotomy, but also contributes to a more refined subclassification of LGS.
Clinical studies of pervasive developmental disorders in Japan
Authors: KURITA HIROSHI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractArticles on pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) published manily by Japanese child psychiatrists in international journals for the last 20 years were reviewed for the purpose of clarifying the accomplishment and aimes of Japanese PDD research. Although Japanese child psychiatrists inventigated PDD in various specialties, their contributions to international archives were much fewer than those of Japanese professionals in other branches of medical sciences. This may be accounted for by the absence of an authorized education system of child psychiatrists and strong clinical orientation together with some reluctance of Japansee child psychiatrists to perform research. However, the epidemiology of PDD subtypes, the speech loss in PDD and the psychopathology of persons with high‐functioning PDD seem to be providing promising research areas for Japanese child psychiatrists based on their clinical experiences.