bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proposed classification system of central airway stenosis
Authors: Freitag L. , Ernst A. , Unger M. , Kovitz K. , Marquette C. H. 
Published: March 2007

Tracheobronchial stenosis, a serious problem in adults and children, has multiple causes and has been treated in many ways. While developing an international multicentre study to evaluate efficacy of airway stents, it was realised that no adequate description of central airway stenosis regarding type, location and degree has been published. Thus, comparing results of different treatment modalities in different centres has been difficult due to a lack of uniformity of classification. Reports are typically descriptive and precise classification schemes have not adequately addressed either for the trachea or the main bronchi.A standardised classification scheme was proposed with descriptive images and diagrams for rapid and uniform classification of central airway stenosis. The present authors’ system divides stenosis into structural and dynamic types and further classifies the disease by degree of stenosis, location and transition zone.Multiple sites can be described and each is transformed into a simple numerical scoring system prompted by a diagram, which can be easily captured for subsequent uniform analysis across sites.A pilot validation of the system, with 18 pulmonologists of varying training background, showed strong precision and agreement between observers. Such a system will enhance the ability to study the effectiveness of treatment modalities for central airway stenosis.
The transforming growth factor-β/Smad2,3 signalling axis is impaired in experimental pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Zakrzewicz A. , Kouri F. M. , Nejman B. , Kwapiszewska G. , Hecker M. , Sandu R. , Dony E. , Seeger W. , Schermuly R. T. , Eickelberg O. , Morty R. E. 
Published: March 2007

Mutations in genes encoding members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily have been identified in idiopathic forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The current study examined whether perturbations to the TGF-β/Smad2,3 signalling axis occurred in a monocrotaline (MCT) rodent model of experimental PAH.Expression of the TGF-β signalling machinery was assessed in the lungs and kidneys of MCT-treated rodents with severe PAH by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. TGF-β signalling was assessed in the lungs and in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from MCT-treated rodents by Smad2 phosphorylation, expression of the connective tissue growth factor gene, activation of theserpinepromoter in a luciferase reporter system and by the induction of apoptosis.The expression of type1 TGF-β receptor (TGFBR) activin-A receptor-like kinase1, TGFBR-2, TGFBR-3 (endoglin), Smad3 and Smad4; as well as TGF-β signalling and TGF-β-induced apoptosis, were dramatically reduced in the lungs and PASMC, but not the kidneys, of MCT-treated rodents that developed severe PAH.The current data indicate that the transforming growth factor-β/Smad2,3 signalling axis is functionally impaired in monocrotaline-treated rodents with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, underscoring the potential importance of transforming growth factor-β/Smad2,3 signalling in the onset or development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Twelve-year longitudinal study of respiratory status in dairy farmers
Authors: Gainet M. , Thaon I. , Westeel V. , Chaudemanche H. , Venier A. G. , Dubiez A. , Laplante J. J. , Dalphin J-C. 
Published: March 2007

To evaluate respiratory risk in dairy farmers, the present authors conducted a longitudinal study in the Doubs region of France.From a cohort constituted in 1986 (T1), 157 (62.8%) dairy farmers and 159 (63.6%) controls were re-evaluated in 1998 (T3). The study protocol comprised a medical and occupational questionnaire, spirometric tests at both evaluations, and noninvasive measure of blood oxygen saturation with pulse oximetry (Sp,O2) at T3.In 1998, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis was higher in dairy farmers. In cross-sectional analyses, all respiratory function parameters andSp,O2were significantly lower in dairy farmers. In a multiple linear regression model, farming, age, male sex and smoking were significantly and negatively correlated withSp,O2. However, the mean annual decline in respiratory function parameters did not differ significantly between groups. After adjustment of covariables, accelerated decline in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second was associated with age, smoking and male sex. Decline in vital capacity was accelerated in dairy farmers working in traditional farms and those currently foddering.The current study demonstrates that dairy farming is associated with an increased risk of lung disorders and a decrease in blood oxygen saturation and suggests that respiratory function impairment is correlated with cumulated exposure to organic dusts.
Aromatic Fluorination Effect on the Mesomorphic Properties of Discotic Liquid Crystal of Alkoxybenzoyloxytriphenylene
Authors: Sasada Yasuyuki , Monobe Hirosato , Ueda Yasukiyo , Shimizu Yo 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two homologues, C6F4 and C10F4 having 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenylene moieties were synthesized and investigated on the mesomorphic behavior. It was revealed that these exhibit a hexagonal columnar (Colh) phase, and this mesomorphism is quite different from the corresponding nonfluorinated homologues, C6H4 and C10H4 predominantly showing a discotic nematic (ND) phase.
Efficient Synthesis of Fused 1,2,3-Triazolo-δ-lactams Using Huisgen [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition “Click-chemistry” in Water
Authors: Kumar Indresh , Rode Chandrashekhar V 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A general approach for the quick synthesis of various 1,2,3-triazolo-δ-lactams has been described, which involves the Huisgen [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of azides derived from different amino acids with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in water followed by cyclization.
Reproducibility in Protein Profiling by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Albrethsen Jakob 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Protein profiling with high-throughput sample preparation and MALDI-TOF MS analysis is a new potential tool for diagnosis of human diseases. However, analytical reproducibility is a significant challenge in MALDI protein profiling. This minireview summarizes studies of reproducibility of MALDI protein profiling and current approaches to improve its analytical performance.
Methods: The PubMed database was searched using combinations of the following search terms: MALDI, SELDI, reproducibility, variation, precision, peak intensity, quantification, peptide, biomarkers, and proteomics. Acceptance criteria were detailed reports on the reproducibility with MALDI protein profiling and studies describing efforts to improve the analytical performance with this technology.
Results: The reported intraexperiment CVs of the peak intensity vary highly between individual protein peaks, with the reported mean CV of the peak intensity varying among studies from 4% to 26%. There is additional interexperiment variation in peak intensity. Current approaches to improve the analytical performance of MALDI protein profiling include automated sample processing, extensive prefractionation strategies, immunocapture, prestructured target surfaces, standardized matrix (co)crystallization, improved MALDI-TOF MS instrument components, internal standard peptides, quality-control samples, replicate measurements, and algorithms for normalization and peak detection.
Conclusions: Further evaluation and optimization of MALDI-TOF MS is recommended before use in routine analysis.
Comparative analysis of life-history traits in two species of C alomys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in captivity / Analyse comparative des traits d'histoire de vie de deux espèces de Calomys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) en captivité
Authors: Araripe Luciana O. , Aprigliano Paula , Olifiers Natalie , Borodin Pavel , Cerqueira Rui 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe analyzed life-history traits (fertility, growth and rate of postnatal development) in captive-bred colonies of two closely related sympatric species: Calomys expulsus and C. tener (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae). We found significant differences between the species in growth rate and several reproductive traits. C. tener had a smaller litter size and litter mass, smaller proportion of litter mass to maternal mass, lower growth rate and higher infant mortality. We also found an apparent difference in correlation patterns of life history parameters between the two species of Calomys . The strong correlation between body size and fecundity found in other studies of life history traits and in selection experiments seems to be disrupted in C. tener . We found a significant positive correlation between maternal mass and litter size and mass only for C. expulsus, which means that in C. tener the fertility of females does not depend strongly on body mass. We discuss inbreeding depression and stress reactions as possible reasons for these results.
Sources and Utilization of Amino Acids in Channel Catfish Diets: A Review
Authors: Ambardekar Amogh A , Reigh Robert C 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Alternatives to high-cost protein supplements in formulated diets for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are desirable to reduce feed costs and increase profits in modern channel catfish farming operations. Channel catfish feed manufacturers are focused on using plant proteins in least-cost diet formulations which typically contain at least 90% plant products. These diets are sometimes supplemented with purified crystalline amino acids to eliminate amino acid deficiencies associated with plant proteins, which often possess amino acid compositions that are less favorable for channel catfish than the animal products they replace. The efficiency with which channel catfish utilize these supplemented amino acids is discussed, and we describe evidence that amino acids provided in purified crystalline form are not used as effectively as the amino acids obtained from intact proteins in the feed ingredients. Because purified amino acids could be absorbed from the intestine faster than amino acids released from intact proteins, the two forms might be metabolized differently. We discuss the differences in the rates at which amino acids are released from the proteins in practical ingredients, as such differences could affect their utilization.
First Report of Yersinia ruckeri Biotype 2 in the USA
Authors: Arias Cova R. , Olivares-Fuster Oscar , Hayden Karl , Shoemaker Craig A. , Grizzle John M. , Klesius Phillip H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A polyphasic characterization of atypical isolates of Yersinia ruckeri (causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in trout) obtained from hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta in South Carolina was performed. The Y. ruckeri isolates were biochemically and genetically distinct from reference cultures, including the type strain, but were unequivocally ascribed to the species Y. ruckeri, based on API 20E, VITEK, fatty acid methyl ester profiles, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. These isolates were nonmotile and unable to hydrolyze Tween 20/80 and were therefore classified as Y. ruckeri biotype 2. Genetic fingerprint typing of the isolates via enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (amplified by polymerase chain reaction) and fragment length polymorphism showed biotype 2 as a homogeneous group distinguishable from other Y. ruckeri isolates. This is the first report of Y. ruckeri biotype 2 in the USA.
A Science-Based Approach for Identifying Temperature-Sensitive Streams for Rainbow Trout
Authors: Nelitz Marc A. , MacIsaac Erland A. , Peterman Randall M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
To regulate human-induced changes to fish habitat, resource managers commonly set standards based on maximum allowable changes. For example, new legislation in British Columbia (BC), Canada, calls for restrictions on harvesting of trees and related activities near temperature-sensitive streams. However, methods for designating such streams are still evolving. Our objective was to help develop such methods by (1) improving understanding of the temperature-dependent responses of fish and (2) devising improved methods for estimating the effects of forestry-related activities on stream temperature as well as the chance of exceeding upper temperature limits. Using previously published models, we found that for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss particular increases in stream temperature led to different effects on juvenile growth rate, egg survival rate, and resistance to mortality from diseases. In a separate analysis, to evaluate the chance that cumulative forestry activities will increase stream temperature by various amounts, we compiled summer temperature data for 104 streams in central BC that reflected different watershed features, contrasting summer climates, and various levels of land use. A classification and regression tree analysis of a summer maximum weekly average temperature (MWAT) index grouped streams into six categories as a function of watershed size, watershed elevation, and air temperature. We then analyzed the remaining unexplained variation among stream temperature indices using Bayesian regression. We found high probabilities that increases in road density and the density of road crossings of streams within watersheds are associated with increases in residual temperature. For instance, a Bayesian regression indicated a 6-in-10 chance that the MWAT in our study area will increase by 1.25°C for a road density of 2 km/km2 of watershed area and by 3.25°C for a road density of 4 km/km2. These analyses illustrate some possible ways to help designate temperature-sensitive streams.
Changes in Algal Species Composition Affect Juvenile Sockeye Salmon Production at Woss Lake, British Columbia: A Lake Fertilization and Food Web Analysis
Authors: McQueen Donald J. , Hyatt Kim D. , Rankin D. Paul , Ramcharan Charles J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In recent decades, the abundance of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Nimpkish River watershed (Vancouver Island) has declined by more than 80%. To improve sockeye salmon abundance, one of three Nimpkish nursery lakes (Woss Lake, 13.6 km2) was fertilized; a second (Vernon Lake, 8.4 km2) was maintained as an unmanipulated reference. For 3 years (2000–2002), we assessed changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and juvenile sockeye salmon and then used food web analysis to model the fate of fertilizer phosphorus (FP) as it moved up the food web to juvenile sockeye salmon. As the experiment progressed, we found two distinctly different results. During the first 2 years (2000 and 2001), fertilization was associated with higher concentrations of P, chlorophyll, and phytoplankton. However, because most of the algae were inedible diatoms (principally Rhizosolenia eriensis), only 8% of the algal standing stock was available to zooplankton and less than 0.1% of the FP was incorporated into sockeye salmon biomass via limnetic pathways. The result was that juvenile sockeye salmon growth rates in the treated and control lakes were not significantly different. During the third year (2002), a bloom of the diatom Leptocylindrus increased Woss Lake edible algal biomass by a factor of 7; zooplankton production tripled, and juvenile sockeye salmon production increased by 19%. Consequently, Woss Lake juvenile sockeye salmon grew twice as fast as they did in untreated Vernon Lake, and juvenile sockeye salmon fall weights were 50% higher than those recorded before the lake was fertilized. We conclude that for north Pacific coastal lakes, bottom-up effects resulting from changes in phytoplankton species composition can profoundly alter rates of juvenile sockeye salmon production. Regulation of algal species composition through manipulations of fertilizer composition and application timing might be used to reduce blooms of nuisance algae and increase age-0 sockeye salmon yield.
Tag Return Models Allowing for Harvest and Catch and Release: Evidence of Environmental and Management Impacts on Striped Bass Fishing and Natural Mortality Rates
Authors: Jiang Honghua , Pollock Kenneth H. , Brownie Cavell , Hoenig John M. , Latour Robert J. , Wells Brian K. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Catch-and-release fisheries have become very important in the management of overexploited recreational fish stocks. Tag return studies, where the tag is removed regardless of fish disposition, have been used to assess the effectiveness of restoration efforts for these fisheries. We extend the instantaneous rate formulation of tag return models to allow for catch and release as well as harvest. The key point of our methods is that, given an estimate of the tag reporting rate, the fishing mortality rate (F) is separated into two components: the mortality on harvested fish and the “mortality” on tags (because the tags are removed) of fish released alive. The total fishing mortality rate for untagged fish is the sum of the Fs due to harvest and hooking mortality suffered by fish released alive. Natural mortality rates can also be estimated. Both age-independent models and age-dependent models are constructed, and the age-dependent models are illustrated by application to data from a study of striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay from 1991 to 2003 by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. By fitting models of the natural mortality rate with limited age and year dependence, we demonstrate an overall decrease in natural mortality rates as fish age and provide evidence of an increase in natural mortality beginning in the late 1990s, when an outbreak of the disease mycobacteriosis is thought to have begun. Our results indicate that fishing mortality is age dependent; selectivity increases up to age 6, when fish appear to be fully recruited to the fishery. There is also evidence of an increase in fishing mortality since 1995, when regulations were relaxed.
Nine Things Every Teacher Should Know About Words and Vocabulary Instruction
Authors: Bromley Karen 
Published: March 2007

Vocabulary knowledge contributes to comprehension, fluency, and student achievement. The goal of vocabulary instruction should be to build students' independent word‐learning strategies.This article provides research and theory in support of nine key ideas about words and vocabulary instruction. These ideas are important for middle and secondary teachers to know and understand in order to provide sound vocabulary teaching across the content areas. Topics discussed include
The English language and the consistency of its rules
How language competence grows from oral to written
How words are learned
Multiple meanings
Multisyllabic words
The importance of teachers' modeling word consciousness and their own excitement about learning new words
For each key idea, the author provides several practical suggestions for classroom instruction, including strategies for individuals, small groups, and the whole class. Several websites for developing vocabulary as well as professional resources for teachers are suggested.This article is also the source for a Class Acts podcast. Download “Teaching vocabulary in middle and high school” from
www.reading.orgresourcespodcastsindex.html
Reflections on Native American Reading: A Seed, a Tool, and a Weapon
Authors: White‐Kaulaity Marlinda 
Published: March 2007

Oral tradition has a long and valued history in Native American cultures and communities. In the past and still today, reading has had lesser value among many Native Americans. But oral tradition can be a vehicle toward improved literacy.This article uses literacy stories from Native American people, as well as quotes from prominent Native American writers, as a rationale for increased personal reading among Native Americans. Each literacy story describes or explains the positive impact reading has had on that particular person's life. Also, a theory that discusses how people attain literary appreciation, as they move from the earliest stages in preschool into adulthood, is used as a framework. From the stories and voices of the people quoted comes the message that oral literacy and print literacy can and should work together to affect positive reading practices and attitudes. Implications and examples of literacy activities are given at the end of the article for teachers and other adults to promote reading as a valuable and necessary activity.
Story Discussion in the Primary Grades: Balancing Authenticity and Explicit Teaching
Authors: McIntyre Ellen 
Published: March 2007

Literature discussion groups have become a popular instructional alternative to traditional reading groups. Yet, literature discussion does not happen naturally in the classroom, and some teachers find it particularly difficult to implement with primary‐grade students.This article explores how two teachers used a balance of explicit teaching and techniques of authentic dialogue to help students participate in meaningful discussions of literature. The teachers began by emphasizing telling, defining, and modeling at the beginnings of their lessons—moves that appeared to be critical to students' eventual participation. Gradually, the teachers lessened their scaffolding, allowing students to lead more of the discussion. Within an atmosphere of respect for students, shown by much student choice and decision making, literature discussion became more successful.
“Reading” the Painting: Exploring Visual Literacy in the Primary Grades
Authors: Williams T. Lee 
Published: March 2007

Traditional literacy practices and educational policymakers define reading as a process of vocabulary recognition and print‐based decoding. This perspective is especially prevalent in the primary‐grade literacy classroom. Yet, a growing movement sees literacy encompassing not only printed text, but a wide range of cultural, technological, and visual experiences.In this article, a teacher discusses her efforts to incorporate this broadened definition of reading in a second‐grade classroom. In an innovative activity, students created personal, written interpretations of a wide range of artwork from the National Gallery in London, England. Without historical and contextual clues about the artists or paintings, students used critical thinking skills to craft interesting and unique stories about the artwork. This project illustrates the potential of incorporating visual literacy into a primary‐grade classroom and how responsive even young children can be to an expanded view of literacy. The author details the project's background, implementation steps, and outcomes.
Web‐Based Inquiry Learning: Facilitating Thoughtful Literacy With WebQuests
Authors: Ikpeze Chinwe H. , Boyd Fenice B. 
Published: March 2007

An action research study investigated how the multiple tasks found in WebQuests facilitate fifth‐grade students' literacy skills and higher order thinking.Findings indicate that WebQuests are most successful when activities are carefully selected and systematically delivered. Implications for teaching include the necessity for adequate planning, organization, supervision, and scaffolding of learning in a Web environment. For students, benefits of WebQuests include enhancement of thoughtful literacy through multiple knowledge representations and making learning meaningful through connections to real‐life contexts. The study also highlighted interdisciplinary teaching and learning of social studies, science, and language arts.
Making Magazine Covers That Visually Count: Learning to Summarize With Technology
Authors: Assaf Lori , Garza Rubén 
Published: March 2007

A step‐by‐step guide helps teachers direct 9‐ to 11‐year‐olds as they summarize what they are reading by creating magazine covers. In this activity, young readers use visual images and multiple graphics to connect important ideas, synthesize those ideas, and capture the big picture of a text.The article outlines the theory and research in support of learning to summarize. It highlights how the magazine‐cover activity motivates learners, integrates technology into instruction, and expands readers' ability to summarize and make meaning.