bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gone Fishin'
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The chapter explores the fact that although Dōgen’s most well known version of the Shōbōgenzō has 95 fascicles, he composed several more versions that revealed additional information about the Master. As abbot of Eiheiji, Dōgen focused his attention on delivering the jōdō sermons in the Eihei kōroku, a crucial text which, until very recently, has been so overshadowed by the 75-Shōbōgenzō that it was virtually neglected in Western scholarship. Two other collections that are crucial for understanding the unfolding of Dōgen’s career in relation to Chinese Ch’an are the Shōbōgenzō zuimonki and the Eihei shingi. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Dōgen’s life through the Decline and Renewal theories.
The Early Period
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the first stage or period of Dōgen’s career. This period covers his initial training in China with Master Ju-ching to his return to Japan to establish authentic Sung style practice. The period has two sub-periods. The first is the “early early” sub-period (1223-1227), which covers his travels to the Five Mountains region of China and experience of shinjin datsuraku, which are examined for a critical understanding of the impact on Chinese Ch’an on Dōgen’s entire career development. The second or “late early” sub-period (1227-1233) began when Dōgen returned to Japan. It includes his first few years at Kenninji temple and then at Fukakusa beginning in 1230, and his composition of the Bendōwa. The history and conversion of the Daruma School and its founder, Nōnin, are also discussed.
The Middle Period, Part I
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter describes the second stage or middle period of Dōgen’s career, which covers the establishment of his first temple in Kyoto through the completion of his move to Echizen, and the initial explosion of literary productivity that features a rich variety of styles and themes composed in both kanbun and kana. Dōgen composed many works during the middle period, some of the most notable being Shōbōgenzō zuimonki, 75-Shōbōgenzō, Fukanzazengi, Mana Shōbōgenzō, Gakudōyōjinshū, and Genjōkōan. The period is characterized by intense creativity with jishu and jōdō styles coupled with the emergence of a partisan polemical standpoint in promoting the value of Ju-ching while denigrating the approaches of rival lineages. It encompassed the move to Echizen and all of the transitional modes this represented.
The Middle Period, Part II
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the question of why Dōgen left Kyoto for Echizen in the summer of 1243, perhaps the most significant yet most mysterious event that transpired at the midpoint of his career. Reasons for the move are explored through three theories: the Withdrawal Hypothesis, the Desperation Hypothesis, and the Hakusan Tendai and Hakusan Shinkō Hypotheses. An analysis of the sequence of Dōgen’s writings clearly shows that it was during this crucial and extremely challenging juncture that he began eulogizing Ju-ching in a heightened manner, cultivated an interest in Ch’an models, and began moving towards jōdō style sermons.
The Late Period
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the late stage of Dōgen’s career. This stage is divided into two sub-periods. The first is the early late period (1246-1248) extending from the mission to Kamakura until Dōgen’s return to Eiheiji. The phase beginning with the return from Kamakura was dynamic, marked by the composition of at least three major writings. These include jōdō and shōsan sermons collected in Eihei kōroku; the majority of the 12-Shōbōgenzō fascicles; and the Hōkyōki. Poetry (both waka and kanshi) and other short works were also composed during this period. These writings collectively express what seems to be a new attitude toward the doctrine of karmic causality in its various ramifications.
one Understanding the Dual Crisis
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s central questions, themes, and theoretical concepts, and elaborates on the moral-political premises of the study. It starts with a discussion of the contemporary dual crisis of the welfare state and the nation. This complex crisis presents the European Union with a dilemma centered on changing frameworks of citizenship, social exclusion, and the racialization of social relations. It has important historical similarities with the American dilemma of race, class, and democracy described by the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal. This emerging ‘European dilemma’ can no longer be dealt with through the defensive strategies through which European governments and EU institutions have endeavored to appease anti-immigrant populist parties in the past: by adopting restrictive immigration and asylum regimes, shifting from multiculturalism towards revamped assimilationist policies, or devising new ‘guest worker’ systems designed to keep the ‘problem’ away from the core institutions of society altogether. On the one hand, the very future of the European project of integration is dependent on the successful framing of new inclusive modes of citizenship and broad forms of social solidarity. On the other hand, taking this task seriously means confronting powerful political and economic interests. Thus, a central question of the book is whether current national and EU-level anti-discrimination and equal opportunities policies can succeed in the absence of some form of broad social compact on citizenship and social welfare in terms of normative political consensus, and strong institutions beyond and complementary to the market.
three Migration, Citizenship, and the European Social Model
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.
five Britain's ‘Neo‐American’ Trajectory
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ‘Thatcher revolution’ and its continuation by New Labour make Britain a kind of master model for the neo-liberalization or Americanization of European welfare states. This chapter examines Britain’s new political economy and its links with immigration and ethnic diversity. The development of the specific model of state managed race relations and multiculturalism went parallel to the growth of inequality and the restructuring of the labour force according to the criteria of race, gender, human capital, and legal status. Current debates on the alleged threat from disaffected Muslim youth and the need for social cohesion arise from this failure of British multiculturalism to overcome barriers of race and class, and indicate a search for new forms of social control: less state in economic and social issues is matched by a stronger state in matters of identity and order.
eight ‘Paradise Lost’?
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ‘Swedish Model’ has been taken to represent the quintessential social democratic welfare regime. Sweden enjoys a reputation for having one of the world’s most far-sighted immigration policies and is still referred to as an international model with respect to its policies for the incorporation of immigrants and new ethnic minorities. However, these policies experienced deep-seated changes and serious setbacks from the 1990s. This chapter focuses on a truly puzzling disjuncture between a strong commitment to sustainable welfare and diversity on the one hand, and deepening structurally and institutionally grounded ethnic-class divisions on the other. General trends in migration are described, and the historical specifics of the so-called ‘Swedish model’ and its subsequent transformation are presented. This is the basis for an analysis of the changing forms of racialized marginality. The chapter concludes by setting out Swedish policies on migration and incorporation, and discusses migrants’ ambivalent position in a changing social democratic welfare state.
Introduction: The Best of Times, The Worst of Times
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDrawing on the strikingly different records of the 103rd and 104th Congresses — congresses in which women’s proportional presence was roughly similar — this introduction to Part I highlights the empirical evidence of the complexity belying the probabilistic relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women. This lays the foundation for comparing and contrasting gender’s impacts on policymaking as the environment changes, examining how women’s efforts to bring (feminale) gendered perspectives to the policymaking process affect and are affected by (masculine) gendered institutions, assessing the implications for the connection between descriptive and substantive representation of women, and exploring what this may mean for all citizens in a representative democracy. Special attention is devoted to why the 103rd and 104th Congresses are an ideal laboratory for exploring the dynamic, probabilistic relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women.
Reproductive Rights: Redefining the Meaning of Critical Mass
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhen the 1994 elections gave control of Congress to a conservative, Christian Coalition-dominated, Republican majority, what some had over-optimistically touted as a critical mass of women became a token group, notwithstanding a slight increase in numbers. Nowhere was that more evident than in the ability of that new Republican majority to re-define the agenda, raising new issues (Partial Birth Abortion Ban) and challenging seemingly non-controversial, bipartisan, well-established programs (funding for the Title X Family Planning program and international family planning programs). The continued evidence of the gender gap in prochoice support, along with the critical role played by the shrinking cohort of prochoice Republican women in challenging their leadership’s anti-reproductive rights agenda, reinforce the importance of increasing descriptive representation. Nevertheless, the gendered roles assumed by a growing vocal cohort of female Republican reproductive rights opponents, reluctance by some ostensibly prochoice Republican women to challenge their leadership, a shrinking gender gap in prochoice support within Congress, and the frustrations of those who attempted to fight these often futile battles, all highlight the critical role that institutional environments, increased ideological diversity among women, and extra-institutional forces play in shaping the probabilistic relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, in strengthening or weakening perceptions of legitimacy surrounding gender difference, and in defining and redefining the meaning of substantive representation of women and realizing the potential for difference. These case studies explore gender differences in perspectives of reproductive rights opponents, provide insight into the value of bipartisan support for reproductive rights policy agendas (despite Republicans being less prochoice than Democrats), and point to the important role of women voters in maintaining bipartisan support and political resolve.
Women's Health: A Shelter in the Storm
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Women’s health did not suffer the same endless litany of political defeats as other policy areas in the Republican-controlled 104th. While the case studies of women’s health research funding, breast cancer screening, and women veterans’ health suggest that women’s presence within the institution is important for ensuring substantive representation of women, they also suggest that other factors play a critical role in giving meaning to women’s presence. These include the political environment of Congress, the ideological perspective of those who hold positional power, and the extra-institutional pressure generated from the gender gap in the mass public, which gives legitimacy to action on behalf of women’s health among male members concerned about the next election.
Health Insurance Reform: Institutional Structure, Contingent Meanings
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe story of health insurance reform in the 104th brings to life many of the contested issues surrounding gender difference in impact. It illustrates the importance of going beyond quantitative evidence of gender difference to look carefully at the substance of those differences that emerge, to understand their relationship to the broader political context, and to explicitly consider the motivations belying difference. That those who were seen as advocates for women in the health care reform battles of the 103rd played little role in health insurance reform, while some of the more visible vocal women critics of the Clinton plan led the effort some saw as ‘radical’, that the prime [female] motivator and facilitator of the effort was not seen as driven by gendered forces or even connected with women’s organizations, and that Republican women who had supported women’s health also supported a measure likely to have reversed state mandates protecting women’s health benefits all make health insurance reform a unique laboratory for addressing the contested issues that surround difference. The conclusions suggest a growing gap between gender difference and the standards of third wave feminism, the need for an active engaged women’s movement to counter the threat posed by essentialist assumptions that grant legitimacy to any pronouncement women make on behalf of women, the contribution differences in the masculinist cultures of parties may make toward partisan differences in the manifestation of feminist protest, and they caution against the gendered consequences of ostensibly gender-neutral institutional procedures.
Health Promotion in the Good Society
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of health-policy ethics by exploring the nature and ethics of health promotion. The main concern is to highlight the implications of the issues reviewed for the theory and practice of healthcare ethics when it shifts from a clinical to a more societal focus. It begins by identifying generalizations about health promotion broadly conceived and some of the distinctive features of health-promotion ethics. Some of the fundamental continuities between health promotion and more conventional healthcare are discussed.
Rethinking Health Education
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter makes a case for a new conception of health education, which properly reflects a diffused health agenda and diffused responsibility. It also considers some of the dilemmas facing educators in this area. It calls for an education for action which: (i) is based upon treating people as subjects not just as objects; (ii) is based upon broader and more self-consciously debated notions of what might count as valuable ends; and (iii) is closely linked to genuine mechanisms of inclusion in health-related decisions-making.
The Irrational Augustine
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book explores the earliest works of St. Augustine to discover the anti-dogmatic Augustine, one who gives questioning, uncertainty, and human limitations their due role in his theology. These early works are considered performances, through which multiple questions can be raised and multiple options explored, both in words and through their dramatic framework. It is shown that the very idiosyncrasy of Augustine’s arguments and his manner of pursuing them are of immense significance, which suggests possibilities for interpretation of the more idiosyncratic riches in his later works. The book is divided into three parts. Part I analyzes Augustine’s use of the genre of philosophical dialogue, why he may have chosen the genre, and what he achieves with it. Part II discusses the roles played by Augustine’s mother. Part III focuses on the dialogue, the Soliloquia.
5 The Interrogation of Reason
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The anomalous dialogue, the Soliloquia, was also composed at Cassiciacum, and must be read alongside the others. While it lacks the paralinguistic potential of stage-setting, it is of particular interest as it portrays Augustine in conversation with his own ratio, or reason. This chapter explores the way in which these two are characterized, and their treatment of topics as they discuss ‘God and the soul’. It also looks at how the ratio of the liberal disciplines might relate to the personified ratio of the Soliloquia.
Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book defends a particular liberal conception of justice and legitimacy, and applies it to certain issues concerning the upbringing of children. It begins by offering an account of liberal political morality that draws on the work of Rawls and Dworkin. It then defends the claim that the distribution of childrearing rights should be sensitive to the interests of both children and parents. With respect to the issue of whether it is permissible to impart controversial values to children, a distinction is drawn between shaping children’s political motivations and enrolling them into disputed conceptions of the good. Whereas there is a requirement of liberal legitimacy to foster liberal virtues of civility and reciprocity, the widely held view that the enrolment of children into particular ethical or religious practices is rejected as illegitimate. Finally, the practice of age-based discrimination in the case of the allocation of certain rights, such as the right to vote, is defended and criteria for determining the appropriate age of majority are discussed.
5 The Age of Majority
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter addresses issues of justice with respect to the end of childhood. Should there be an age at which certain legal rights become available to individuals and, if so, how should the appropriate age be determined? The chapter defends age-based discrimination against objections that it is unjust or undemocratic. It then considers the issue of the voting age and defends certain criteria for its determination.
A Few Lessons for the Future
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis concluding chapter reiterates three main themes emphasized in the book. The first is that institutional and political reforms seldom reduce the cost of capital quickly; other types of events, especially wars and episodes of politically-motivated violence, have a far more immediate and pronounced impact on the cost of borrowing. The second theme is that country-specific developments played a more important role in determining spreads in 1870-1913 than they did in the 1990s, as reflected in the high co-movement of bond spreads today. The third theme is that the existence of institutions aimed at resolving debt crises may have contributed to the continuous expansion of the international bond market in the 19th century, but creditor coordination is likely to be less effective today.
1 From 1966 to 2005: Balancing Protection and Access in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes in policies regarding children in research between 1966 and 2003. It reviews Henry Beecher’s famous article, Ethics and Clinical Research, which described 22 projects published after World War II that he found to be of questionable ethics; Paul Ramsey’s examination of the ethical problems in medicine; debates over the moral permissibility of children’s participation in nontherapeutic research; the government’s policy shift from an exclusive focus on protecting children from research risks to promoting greater access by children in research during the early 1990s; and international research ethics. It is shown that new policies have encouraged pediatric pharmacological testing and have led to some improved pediatric labeling.
12 Lead Abatement Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In August 2001, the Maryland Court of Appeals harshly criticized the Kennedy Krieger Institute of Johns Hopkins University for knowingly exposing poor children to lead-based paint. This chapter examines the court’s ruling that parents cannot consent to nontherapeutic research that poses any degree of risk to children subjects. It argues that the court was mistaken because parents legally can and morally should be allowed to consent to some nontherapeutic research. The research methodology to determine whether the research is approvable under the current federal regulations is also examined to refine what is meant by being ‘at risk’ for a ‘disorder or condition’.
Just Peace: A Cause Worth Fighting For
Authors: Roberts Sir Adam 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlong with identifying a number of pitfalls to be avoided in this project of conceptualizing a Just Peace, Roberts proposes using the term ‘justifiable force’ rather than Just War. This would move the tradition away from appearing to approve of war as a whole, and towards recognizing something more conditional and cautious — that the threat and use of military force by a particular state or group of states may, in precise circumstances, be justifiable. Roberts writes about how the development of the European Union has affected the nations of this region, and encourages an idea of ‘induction’ through adherence to human rights law as the way to become a part of this union. It is through processes at the regional level that we can find positive illustrations of how justice can be maximized without the introduction of force. Since a desire to proliferate the ‘good’ has long been what has shaped human relations, this examination of ‘induction’ provides an example of how an internal focus on justice can create an environment that promotes promulgation.