bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport of pesticides via macropores (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Kördel Werner , Egli Hans , Klein Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This report provides an overview of the transport of solutes via macropores focusing on the practical relevance of the phenomenon. After a description of matrix flow and preferential flow in soil, information related to macropores, including their formation and measurement techniques, is briefly presented. Then, the influence of experimental conditions and of environmental and agricultural factors and pesticide properties is discussed, based on a statistical evaluation of all published studies offering sufficient quantitative information. Most of the analyzed parameters do not significantly influence the experimental pesticide losses. The groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) index turned out to be the most important compound property to describe substance losses through macropore flow. In a third section, tools for modeling pesticide transport through macropores are presented and critically evaluated. Results of the computer model MACRO, which is also used in the EU pesticide registration process, are compared with experimental losses. For five out of seven investigated pesticides (A-D, F), the simulated losses are in agreement with the experimental data. However, for two compounds with very low K
OC values, MACRO overestimated the losses. Finally, the significance of pesticide transport via macropores for contamination of ground and surface water is assessed. Losses caused by macropore transport may considerably exceed losses caused by matrix transport at a specific site. Therefore, a site-specific assessment of pesticide leaching is needed.
Chemists and "the public": IUPAC's role in achieving mutual understanding (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Mahaffy Peter , Ashmore Anthony , Bucat Bob , Do Choon , Rosborough Megan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This report informs IUPAC's efforts to enhance the public understanding of and appreciation for chemistry by evaluating IUPAC's mandate, strengths, and weaknesses, and providing insights from a substantial review of the relevant science communication literature. It summarizes the recommendations of an IUPAC project whose overall goal is to provide a framework that will bring the same level of intellectual rigor to IUPAC's science communication activities as to its scientific activities. This implies that careful attention must be paid to the terminology used to describe these activities, to clear articulation of goals and motives for public understanding of chemistry initiatives, and to inclusion of rigorous evaluations of outcomes from the outset in the design of projects on the public understanding of chemistry. Informed by our analysis of best practices for science communication, this report provides the following conclusions and recommendations: 1. IUPAC has an important role to play in enhancing public understanding of chemistry. 2. Public understanding of chemistry activities aimed at supporting teachers and students within the formal school system are more effective than those aimed at the general public. 3. IUPAC's primary targeted public should be IUPAC chemists and educators, and IUPAC's most important role is to help them understand and work with a variety of other publics. 4. It is proposed that IUPAC's niche be to focus on activities that indirectly enhance public understanding, such as: (a) Helping scientists identify and understand their publics. (b) Influencing international organizations. (c) Supporting science education systems, particularly in countries in transition. (d) Supporting scientists and educators by communicating relevant findings from IUPAC projects, conferences, and activities at an appropriate level. (e) Supporting national chemical societies and other organizations. 5. Recommendations are presented for steps to be undertaken by IUPAC to implement these recommendations and to develop a clearer strategy for public understanding of chemistry initiatives and activities.
Les Collections byzantines de XVI discours de Grégoire de Nazianze
Authors: Somers-Auwers Véronique 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
La tradition manuscrite des Discours de Grégoire de Nazianze antérieure à 1550 se répartit en plusieurs catégories de témoins: les collections complètes (une bonne centaine de témoins, parfois partiellement conservés); les collections de XVI, dites liturgiques, qui rassemblent une sélection de seize Discours «lus (à dates fixes)» (355 témoins); des collections de Discours «non lus (à date fixe)», c'est-à-dire ceux qui ne sont pas repris dans la collection précédente (53 témoins); les «collections de XVI complétées», où la collection «liturgique» est suivie d'un nombre variable de «non lus» (94 témoins); les recueils hagiographico-homilétiques, comme les homéliaires, ménologes, miscellanées, etc…, où certains Discours du Théologien sont transmis en compagnie de pièces d'autres auteurs (680 témoins); enfin, 169 fragments, restes trop peu fournis pour qu'on sache de quelle catégorie ils relèvent.
M. MELLUSO, La schiavitù nell'età giustinianea. Disciplina giuridica e rilevanza sociale
Authors: Goria Fausto 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Per una lettura del presente volume si deve anzitutto tener presente che, come afferma esplicitamente l'A. (p.12), esso è nato come tesi di laurea; si tratta quindi di un'opera redatta quando l'A. non aveva neanche ancora iniziato il percorso di dottorato di ricerca. Questo fatto può spiegare la presenza di numerose ingenuità, affermazioni avventate, ambigue o inesatte, nonché un'impostazione del lavoro che sarebbe eccessivamente ambiziosa anche per uno studioso con qualche anno di esperienza in più. Il libro infatti si propone non solo di analizzare la legislazione giustinianea in tema di schiavitù, ma anche di individuare i profili nuovi che i passi degli antichi giuristi assumono tramite il loro inserimento nel Digesto; di accertare inoltre l'impatto dei testi legislativi nella realtà sociale, al fine di verificare “se siano effettivamente stati i fattori socio-economici la principale causa del declino a quest'epoca della schiavitù, al di là dell'evoluzione legislativa subita e dell'influenza esercitata dai princìpi cristiani” (p.11).
H. CONDYLIS-BASSOUKOS, Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (XIe siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (VIIIe siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire
Authors: Gutas Dimitri 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Graeco-Arabic studies, or the study of the translations of classical Greek works into Arabic during the early ‘Abbāsid caliphate of the Arabs (ca. 750–1000), is a field that is well known; it has been cultivated, with significant results for the study of medieval Islamic civilization, for more than a century and a half now. What is less well known is the opposite trend of translations from Arabic into (Byzantine) Greek, which began after the Photian renaissance — as a direct result, I have claimed, of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement — and is of comparable significance for the study of Byzantine civilization. For reasons that it might be interesting to investigate at some point, Byzantinists have shied away from Arabo-Greek studies, to the great detriment of a deepened study of Byzantine writings, especially the scientific literature. The book by Dr. Hélène Condylis under review here, a study of the Greek translation of the famous Arabic book of fables Kalīla wa-Dimna (originally of Indian provenance), finally breaks open this unduly neglected area and makes a most impressive first contribution to Arabo-Greek studies that will, in years to come, be considered as pioneering.
Self Presentation through Appearance: A Manipulative vs. a Dramaturgical Approach
Authors: Tseëlon Efrat 
Published: January 2008

The sincerity of self presentation through personal appearance was examined through contrasting an interactionist interpretation of Goffman's dramaturgy with an “impression management” approach.“Impression management” position treats dramatization and conscious attention to one's performance as analogous to insincerity. In contrast, a dramaturgical interactionist position regards dramatization as the control of the style of performance, and as irrelevant to issues of sincerity.Analysis of forty accounts (open‐ended questionnaires) of British women highlighted the over simplification inherent in the impression management position, and provided support for a dramaturgical interactionist alternative.
High Fidelity or Chinese Whispers? Cult Symbols and Ritual Transmission in the Bronze Age Aegean
Authors: Briault Camilla 
Published: January 2008

The reproduction of ritual practices has long been a concern of social anthropology, but has been largely neglected in archaeology, where the time-depth is potentially better suited to investigating the mechanisms behind ritual stability and change. This paper proposes a quantitative methodology for exploring the long-term transmission of ritual practices, using material from the Bronze Age Aegean as a case study. It is argued that through charting the distributions of three materialized cult symbols (the double-axe, horns of consecration and composite double-axe/horns of consecration), it is possible to document the spatial and temporal spread of ritual practice, and, crucially, to identify changes in ritual between periods and between regions. Patterns in the symbols’ uptake, deployment and transformation indicate that they played a significant role in the transmission process, and it is suggested that analogous transmission mechanisms might be traced in other prehistoric ritual systems using a similarly
quantitative approach.
Continued Improvements on High-Pressure/High-Temperature Drilling Performance on Wells With Extremely Narrow Drilling Windows - Experiences From Mud Formulation to Operational Practices, Shearwater Project
Authors: Gao Erhu , Booth Martin , MacBeath Niall 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper presents the experiences gained from mud formulation and hydraulics modelling to achieve best operational practices during the Shearwater high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) project in the Central Graben of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). The Shearwater project is located in Block 22/30b of the UKCS with a reservoir pressure in excess of 15,000 psi and a maximum temperature of 380°F. The principal factor making this project most challenging is the extremely narrow drilling windows, in the worst case less than 480 psi, which is the difference between the pore and fracture pressures. Historically, wells in this area were drilled and completed in over 165 days. The six-well HPHT project was drilled and completed more than 230 days ahead of schedule and $48 million below budget due to the continued improvements in drilling performance, in which a robust mud system, optimum mud formulation, HPHT hydraulics modelling and best operational practices have played a significant part. This paper discusses the following technical issues, which have contributed to the success of the project: Mud system and formulationCriteria for the optimum level of treatments with emulsifier and oil wetting agentSpecification of critical mud propertiesManagement of bottom-hole pressureHydraulics program versus downhole pressure toolHPHT proceduresOperational practices
The paper also presents the drilling performance on the project and some conclusions derived from our experiences.
Record Performance Achieved on Gulf of Mexico Subsalt Well Drilled with Synthetic Fluid
Authors: Meize Robert A. , Young Mike , Hudspeth David H. , Chesebro Scott B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Subsalt wells are notorious for drilling difficulties encountered while penetrating both the salt and adjacent shales. Slow penetration rates, poor hole integrity, lost returns, bit balling, and pack-off problems are typical in these formations.
After experiencing a number of these problems when using a conventional saturated salt mud to drill a Gulf of Mexico discovery well through a salt formation, one major operator switched to a synthetic invert-emulsion fluid for the subsequent delineation well. Both wells penetrated approximately 8,000 feet of salt to reach total depth (TD). However, performance improvements resulting from use of the synthetic fluid in the second well reduced drilling by 78 days, generating an estimated savings of $12 million. In addition, the second well included a record bit run of more than 10,000 feet.
This paper describes the drilling programs used in the two wells, recounts drilling performance, and discusses the savings achieved.
Design at the Customer Interface: Practicalities of Improving Established Benchmark Performance, Prudhoe Bay Alaska
Authors: Lewis J. , Stone D. M. , Hecht G. , Eichman L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Design at the Customer Interface (DatCI) represents a paradigm change in the communications chain from field applications, drilling engineering, and drill bit design and application. Utilizing the DatCI concept in combination with a focused objective to improve PDC performance, has resulted in a step-change with regard to established benchmark-drilling performance.
Beginning with a brief overview of the benchmarking process previously presented in the literature(1), the paper builds on the engineered benchmarking process foundation. Details describe how the Operator was able to improve drilling efficiencies, reduce drilling costs and lower established benchmark performance targets by applying PDC technology in an historically roller cone-predominant application. Prevailing perceptions regarding PDC steerability and controllability in high angle geo-steered horizontal sidetrack operations are challenged. Also described are bottom hole assemblies and directional profiles which enabled azimuth turns of 180 degrees whilst horizontally steering to target.
All aspects of the DatCI engineering design criteria and methodology are presented, culminating in two record breaking performances which established a new benchmark bit design, reduced the benchmark target and, at the time of writing, cut drilling cost per foot by 50 percent. The paper also describes a bit application and performance analysis process that can be successfully applied in scenarios where performance objectives are seen from differing perspectives.
A New Drilling Fluid for Formation Damage Control Used in Underbalanced Drilling
Authors: Luo Shiying , Li Yun , Meng Yingfeng , Zhang Liehui 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Underbalanced drilling has been utilized with increasing frequency to minimize problems associated with invasive formation damage and increase rates of penetration in many drilling operations, etc. However, experience has indicated it is difficult to maintain a condition of continuous under-balance pressure throughout the complete drilling operation, resulting in fluid losses to the formation due to no mudcake on the borehole wall and leading to possible significant damage. So, a new drilling fluid was developed. It contains a kind of elastic fiber-shaped additive, calcium carbonate particles, a kind of polymer and salt, clay and water. The size of the fibers and particles is determined by the distribution of the pore diameters and/or fracture widths of the target formation. This drilling fluid has the ability of instantaneous plugging on the wall and reducing largely drilling fluid invasion into formation when instantaneous positive pressure difference is formed during underbalanced drilling. When the underbalanced situation is resumed, fibers and particles can be pushed back into well from the pores or fractures by the underbalance pressure. In the paper, the composition and properties of the fluid are given. Experiment results are discussed which shows it can reduce formation damage by 20% to 40% compared to the old clay drilling fluids. Besides, the conditions of utilizing this kind of drilling fluid and its maintenance in fields are also presented. Finally, a case of its application in well Xuan-5 is discussed, in which the oil production rate is 15 m3 /d, higher than 6 to 8.5 m3/d in well Xuan-3, well Xuan-4 drilled with the old clay base mud.
Coiled Tubing-Deployed Jetting Tool Enhances Cleaning and Jet Cutting
Authors: Connell Michael L. , Courville Perry , Tucker James C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Tubular restrictions from scale buildup can significantly reduce hydrocarbon production, subsequently reducing the production capacity of a well. Before production can be restored, this buildup must be removed. Although scale buildup is a global problem, the material composition and characteristics of scales can vary drastically, even within the same field. As a result, most tools traditionally used for scale removal cannot efficiently remove scale in all well conditions. This paper discusses a recently developed, customized jet cleaning tool that addresses the problems inherent with scale-cleaning operations.
Scale removal can be difficult because many removal methods cannot control jet dwell time, which is the time required to accomplish scale removal based on the type and hardness of the scale. Because jet dwell time increases with the hardness of the buildup material, cleaning efficiency is measured by the capability of the scale-removal method to control dwell time. Traditional jet cleaning tools have not provided adequate control, which has severely impacted their operational performance. A new, slow-rotating jet cleaning tool helps minimize jet dwell time without introducing repetitive cyclic effects on a coiled tubing (CT) workstring.
The slow-rotating jet cleaning tool can also be used for cutting tubulars. Previously, tubulars could only be cut by mechanical, explosive, or chemical methods. CT was used either to deploy positive-displacement motors (PDM’s) for rotating mechanical cutters, or to deploy pressure-activated firing devices that initiated the firing sequence in explosive or chemical cutters.
This paper discusses the evolution of CT cleaning procedures, alternatives to cleaning with CT, and the design and application of the new slow-rotating jet cleaning tool. Case histories discuss the use of the jet cleaning tool for removing scale and production buildup on tubing walls. The new tool can be used for performing through-tubing cuts, and can help reduce service costs for difficult applications, such as those involving long bottomhole assemblies. The capacity ofthe new jet cleaning tool to control jet dwell time and pump abrasive fluids helps reduce the risks, obstacles, and costs associated with traditional cutting and cleaning methods.
Generation of Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate and Cyclic ADP-Ribose by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Evokes Ca2+ Signal That Is Essential for Insulin Secretion in Mouse Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Kim Byung-Ju , Park Kwang-Hyun , Yim Chang-Yeol , Takasawa Shin , Okamoto Hiroshi , Im Mie-Jae , Kim Uh-Hyun 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), resulting in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. The molecular mechanism(s) of the GLP-1–mediated regulation of [Ca2+]i was investigated.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—GLP-1–induced changes in [Ca2+]i were measured in β-cells isolated from Cd38+/+ and Cd38−/− mice. Calcium-mobilizing second messengers were identified by measuring levels of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (ADPR), using a cyclic enzymatic assay. To locate NAADP- and cyclic ADPR–producing enzyme(s), cellular organelles were separated using the sucrose gradient method.
RESULTS—A GLP-1–induced [Ca2+]i increase showed a cooperative Ca2+ signal, i.e., an initial [Ca2+]i rise mediated by the action of NAADP that was produced in acidic organelles and a subsequent long-lasting increase of [Ca2+]i by the action of cyclic ADPR that was produced in plasma membranes and secretory granules. GLP-1 sequentially stimulated production of NAADP and cyclic ADPR in the organelles through protein kinase A and cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II. Furthermore, the results showed that NAADP production from acidic organelles governed overall Ca2+ signals, including insulin secretion by GLP-1, and that in addition to CD38, enzymes capable of synthesizing NAADP and/or cyclic ADPR were present in β-cells. These observations were supported by the study with Cd38−/− β-cells, demonstrating production of NAADP, cyclic ADPR, and Ca2+ signal with normal insulin secretion stimulated by GLP-1.
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings demonstrate that the GLP-1–mediated Ca2+ signal for insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells is a cooperative action of NAADP and cyclic ADPR spatiotemporally formed by multiple enzymes.
Fracture Resistance of Premolars Restored with Partial Ceramic Restorations and Submitted to Two Different Loading Stresses
Authors: Habekost L. V. , Camacho G. B. , Pinto M. B. , Demarco F. F. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The fracture resistance of ceramic restorations is associated with the quantity of the dental structure removed. In relation to the fracture resistance, preference should be given to inlay restorations rather than to onlays; however, no restorative technique was able to attain the fracture resistance of intact teeth.
Morphological Evaluation of 2- and 1-step Self-etching System Interfaces with Dentin
Authors: Radovic I. , Vulicevic Z. R. , García-Godoy F. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
This study investigated the interface of different self-etching systems with dentin and showed that the intensity of interaction was mostly dependent on the acidity of the primers/adhesives used.
Comparison of Composite Curing Parameters: Effects of Light Source and Curing Mode on Conversion, Temperature Rise and Polymerization Shrinkage
Authors: Tarle Z. , Knezevic A. , Demoli N. , Meniga A. , Sutalo J. , Unterbrink G. , Ristic M. , Pichler G. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The use of a low intensity light source for photopolymerization based on LED technology provides equivalent final degree conversion with possible flow of the resin composite, similar to when QTH technology is used. At the same time, the lower temperature rise in the sample and the more favorable development of shrinkage kinetics compared to the higher intensities of halogen light may aid in maintaining marginal adaptation while avoiding possible thermal injury.
Efficiency of the Polymer Bur SmartPrep Compared with Conventional Tungsten Carbide Bud Bur in Dentin Caries Excavation
Authors: Dammaschke T. , Rodenberg T. N. , Schäfer E. , Ott K. H. R. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
By comparing polymer bur SmartPrep with conventional tungsten carbide bud burs in vitro, SmartPrep seems to be less effective in carious dentin excavation.
Curing Capability of Halogen and LED Light Curing Units in Deep Class II Cavities in Extracted Human Molars
Authors: Hasler C. , Zimmerli B. , Lussi A. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
Knoop hardness testing showed that the new generation of light-emitting diodes (LED) have enough power to cure composites in the same time as light curing units (LCU). The composite material and curing time have a significant association with the degree of polymerization.
Microleakage After Thermocycling of 4 Etch and Rinse and 3 Self-etch Adhesives With and Without a Flowable Composite Lining
Authors: Guéders A. M. , Charpentier J. F. , Albert A. I. , Geerts S. O. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
This study indicates that etch and rinse adhesive systems are less prone to microleakage than self-etch systems.
Impact of Adhesive Application to Wet and Dry Dentin on Long-term Resin-dentin Bond Strengths
Authors: Reis A. , Pellizzaro A. , Dal-Bianco K. , Gomes O. M. , Patzlaff R. , Loguercio A. D. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
As long as adhesives are vigorously rubbed onto dentin surfaces, high immediate and long-term bond strengths can be obtained to either air-dried or wet demineralized dentin.