bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketone bodies serve as important precursors of brain lipids in the developing rat
Authors: Yeh Yu‐Yan , Streuli Victoria L. , Zee Paulus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKetone bodies are readily oxidized for energy by extrahepatic tissues. Since oxidation of ketone bodies produces acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA), and hence could be an important source of immediate precursors for fatty acid synthesis, we investigated, in whole‐brain homogenates of developing rats, the preferential utilization of [3‐14C]acetoacetate (AcAc), [3‐14C]β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐OHB), and [U‐14C]glucose for production of CO2 and lipids, including phospholipids, glycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. Throughout the postnatal period, the rate of AcAc oxidation was 2–3 and 2–6 times the rate for β‐OHB and glucose, respectively. The eynthesis of lipids from AcAc was 7‐ to 11‐fold higher than from glucose. The brain's capacity for lipid synthesis from β‐OHB was similar to that from AcAc during the first 8 days of life; however, during the next 10 days, the synthesis of lipids from β‐OHB decreased to 60% of AcAc‐dependent synthesis. The high rate of lipid synthesis from ketone bodies was accompanied by increased activities of cytoplasmic acetoacetyl CoA synthetase and acetoacetyl CoA thiolase in the developing brain. During the entire postnatal development, the proportion of radioactivity claimed by lipids vs. CO2 from [3‐14C]AcAc was 44–62% vs. 38–56%; from [3‐14C]β‐OHB, 50–81% vs. 19–50%; and from [U‐14C]glucose, 14–43% vs. 57–86%. Phospholipids accounted for more than two‐thirds of total lipids synthesized from either ketone bodies or glucose, while diglycerides plus cholesterol and free fatty acids accounted for most of the remainder. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium did not alter lipid production from AcAc throughout the suckling period, but moderately depressed energy production in the brain of 16‐ to 20‐day‐old rats. It is clear that in cell‐free preparations from the brain of developing rats, ketone bodies are preferred over glucose as precursors for both energy and lipids, mainly phospholipids. These results suggest that ketone bodies are important for the growth and development of the brain.
Glyceride structure variation in soybean varieties: I. Stereospecific analysis
Authors: Fatemi S. H. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStereospecific analysis of soybeans and related species showed that there was little palmitic or stearic acid on thesn‐2‐position, and thesn‐1‐position is consistently richer in palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids than thesn‐3‐position. Thesn‐3‐position is enriched in oleic acid and thesn‐2‐position with linoleic. Plots of the percentage of fatty acids on the glycerol positions vs. the percentage in the whole oil revealed a soybean variety that had a deviant distribution that is probably genetically controlled.
Hydrolysis ofbis‐phosphatidic acid from developing soybean by phospholipase A2
Authors: Morton W. T. , Stearns E. M. , Schmid H. H. O. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractbis‐Phosphatidic acid from developing soybean was completely hydrolyzed with phospholipase A2 (lyophilized venom from Ophiophagus hannah) to yield lyso‐bis‐phosphatidic acid and free fatty acids. It is suggested that soybean bis‐phosphatidic acid is derived from sn‐3‐glycerophospho‐sn‐3′‐glycerol.
Composition of novel triesters from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse
Authors: Logani Mahendra K. , Nhari David B. , Davies Ronald E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComposition of two novel triesters, derived from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse, is described. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the products of pancreatic hydrolysis of the triesters showed that these are comprised predominantly of isomer I (92.7 mole %). The syntheses of two reference compounds, 1‐O‐hexadecanoyl‐2‐[(14‐hexadecanoyloxy)O‐tetradecanoyl] 1,2‐hexadecanediol (Ia) and 2‐O‐hexadecanoyl‐1‐[(14‐hexadecanoyloxy)O‐tetradecanoyl]‐1,2‐hexadecanediol (IIa), corresponding in their structures to isomers I and II of the triester, wax have also been described.
Differential biosynthesis of molecular species of 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols and phosphatidylcholines in cold and warm acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)
Authors: Holub B. J. , Piekarski J. , Leatherland J. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe initial incorporation of glycerol‐3H into the molecular species of liver 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols and phosphatidylcholines was studied in vivo using goldfish acclimated to 10 C and 30 C. A 1.5‐ and 2.2‐fold higher proportion of the total radioactivity in the diacylglycerols from cold acclimated fish was found to be associated with the trienoic and pentaenoic species, respectively, when compared to warm acclimated fish. In the phosphatidylcholines, 1.9‐ and 1.3‐fold greater percentages of the newly‐incorporated radioactivity were found in tetraenoic and pentaenoic molecules, respectively, from cold relative to warm acclimated fish which suggests a preferential synthesis of these molecules relative to other molecular species in response to a lowering of environmental temperature. The present results indicate, therefore, that environmental temperature influences the complement of molecular species of diacyglycerols and phosphatidylcholines which fish produce by way of de novo biosynthesis in vivo.
Myristicin. The major volatile component in mature seed ofPortenschlagia ramosissima
Authors: Bohannon Maerean B. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPortenschlagia ramosissima (Port.) vis. (Umbelliferae) seed contains 15% essential oils, 70% of which is the aromatic ether myristicin. These structural assignments were made from nuclear magnetic resonance, combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and infrared and ultraviolet data. GC‐MS data also indicate the presence of pinene, cymene, terpinene, elemicin, methyl eugenol, and a variety of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Linolenic acid deficiency: Changes in fatty acid patterns in female and male rats raised on a linolenic acid‐deficient diet for two generations
Authors: Tinoco J. , Babcock R. , Hincenbergs I. , Medwadowski B. , Miljanich P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRats were fed for two generations a purified, linolenic acid‐deficient diet in which the only source of lipid was purified methyl linoleate. This diet contained about 38 mg linolenic acid/kg diet. Control rats were given the same diet supplemented with methyl linolenate (2,500 mg/kg diet). Male and female rats ranged in age from weanling pups to adults. Lipids were extracted from liver, brain, kidney, spleen, heart, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, lung, ovary, testis, adrenal, plasma, erythrocytes, retina, and adipose tissue. Fatty acids of major phospholipid classes (choline phosphoglycerides, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, and mixed serine phosphoglycerides plus inositol phosphoglycerides) or of total lipid extracts were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Growth rates and organ weights were similar in control and linolenic acid‐deficient rats. The major effect of the deficiency was to lower the proportions of n−3 fatty acids, especially 22∶6 n−3, in all the organs analyzed. Docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6 n−3) was mainly replaced by 22∶5 n−6 in deficient rats. The greatest changes in composition were found in brain, heart, muscle, retina, and liver.
Lipids of the Antarctic sei whale,Balaenoptera borealis
Authors: Bottino Nestor R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe blubber, liver, and muscle of the Antarctic sei whale were analyzed for total lipid content, composition of lipid by classes and positional distribution of fatty acids in individual lipids. The major glycerolipids (triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine) were fractionated by silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. The phospholipid fractions were analyzed for fatty acid positional distribution. The whale stomach contained almost exclusively the amphipodParathemisto gaudichaudi. Its lipids were also studied and compared with the lipids of the body tissues. The results indicate that the stomach content lipids are subjected to modifications before being deposited in the blubber, liver, and muscle. According to the silver nitrate thin layer chromatographic studies, liver and blubber triglycerides resemble each other in their patterns of positional distribution of fatty acids and in molecular species composition. The phospholipids of liver and blubber also exhibited closely related fatty acid distribution patterns. In general, while the proportions of lipid classes and their predominant fatty acids varied from tissue to tissue, the patterns according to which the lipids had been synthesized seemed to be common.
The 6,9,12,15,18‐heneicosapentaenoic acid of seal oil
Authors: Mayzaud P. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA heneicosapentaenoic acid isolated from seal oil has been identified as all‐cis‐heneicosa‐6,9,12,15,18‐pentaenoic acid (21∶5ω3). The gas liquid chromatographic retention times of the methyl ester on four different liquid phases were identical to those of synthetic 21∶5ω3, and the mass spectra of the pyrrolidide derivatives were very similar. The ω3 structure, unusual in an odd‐chain polyethylenic acid, suggests as the origin α‐oxidation of 22∶5ω3, but ω‐oxidation of the 21∶6 hydrocarbon common in marine algae is also discussed.
Triglyceride synthesis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and palmitate by microsomes from mammary glands of lactating mice
Authors: Ananda Rao G. , Abraham S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth di‐ and triglycerides were synthesized when microsomes isolated from mammary glands of lactating mice were incubated with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), (1‐14C)palmitate, ATP, CoASH, GSH, KF, MgCl2, and NADPH. When NADH replaced NADPH, glyceride synthesis was very low. In the absence of either NADPH or NADH, DHAP was acylated to palmityl‐DHAP. Since microsomes do not have glycerol 3‐phosphate NAD:oxidoreductase activity, we inferred that glycerol 3‐phosphate (GP) is not an intermediate in triglyceride biosynthesis from DHAP. This reductase, present in the cytosol, was active only with NADH. With the same concentration of either GP or DHAP, microsomes yielded essentially similar amounts of di‐ and triglycerides. Mitochondria, while capable of synthesizing palmityl‐DHAP, did not produce di‐ and triglycerides.
Kinetics of a micelle specific palmitoyltransferase isoenzyme of rabbit mammary gland
Authors: Caffrey Martin , Kinsella John E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalmityl‐CoA: monopalmityl‐sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate palmitoyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.‐] in rabbit mammary gland microsomes is composed of two isoenzymic species. The α form (LPAT‐α) is active with monomeric substrates and inhibited by micelles while the β form (LPAT‐β) is active only with micelles. By combining the effects of time, temperature, and Tween 80 which selectively inhibited LPAT‐α, the substrate saturation curve for the LPAT‐β isoenzyme has been successfully determined. Both theoretical and experimental curves are in good agreement.
Oxygenated fatty acid constituents of soybean phosphatidylcholines
Authors: Sessa D. J. , Gardner H. W. , Kleiman R. , Weisleder D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBitter‐tasting phosphatidylcholines from hexane‐defatted soybean flakes were chromatographically separable from ordinary soy phosphatidylcholines (SPC). The bitter‐tasting SPC contain 32% oxygenated fatty acids in addition to palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Identification of these oxygenated acids was based on infrared, ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral characteristics of methyl ester derivatives which were separated and purified by column and thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid methyl esters identified were (a) 15, 16‐epoxy‐9, 12‐octadecadienoate, (b) 12, 13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoate, both with double bonds and epoxide groups predominantly ofcis configuration; (c) 13‐oxo‐9,11‐and 9‐oxo‐10, 12‐octadecadienoates; (d) 13‐hydroxy‐9, 11‐ and 9‐hydroxy‐10, 12‐octadecadienoates; (e) 9, 10, 13‐trihydroxy‐11‐ and 9,12,13‐trihydroxy‐10‐octadecenoates. In addition, trace amounts of (f) 11‐hydroxy‐9,10‐epoxy‐12‐and 11‐hydroxy‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoates; (g) 13‐oxo‐9‐hydroxy‐10‐and 9‐oxo‐13‐hydroxy‐11‐octadecenoates; (h) 9,10‐dihydroxy‐12‐ and 12, 13‐dihydroxy‐9‐octadecenoates; and (i) 9,12,13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐10‐ and 9,10,13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐11‐octadecenoates were indicated by mass spectrometry. Dihydroxyethoxy compounds (i) were possibly formed upon extraction of the SPC from flakes by 80% ethanol. Except for the first two epoxy compounds, labelled a and b, the oxygenated fatty acids are similar to the products formed by homolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The first two compounds with predominantlycis configuration may occur by action of fatty acid hydroperoxides on an unsaturated fatty acid.
Atherogenesis in swine fed several types of lipid‐cholesterol diets
Authors: Goldsmith Dale P. J. , Jacobi Herbert P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEighteen‐month‐old Nebraska strain minipigs were fed diets containing 2% cholesterol and 20% corn oil, lard, or coconut oil for 12 to 18 months. Concentrations of serum total lipid, total cholesterol, and total phospholipid increased 200 to 300% with each diet. Changes in serum concentrations of Sf 20+ and Sf 0–20 lipoproteins varied with diets fed. Serum concentration of high density lipoprotein was increased in all cases. Intima concentration of Sf 0–20 lipoprotein fraction was elevated by feeding the corn oil diet. There was no development of atherosclerosis as a result of feeding the corn oil‐cholesterol diet, but there was an increase in atherosclerosis as a result of feeding the lard or coconut oil diet. There were no correlations between fatty acid patterns of several lipid fractions from serum and corresponding lipid fractions from aortic intima of corn oil fed animals.
The circadian cycles of plasma corticosterone and adrenal cholesteryl esters in the normal and EFA‐deficient female rat
Authors: Young Angela K. , Walker Brian L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn female rats subjected to a 12 hr light‐12 hr darkness schedule and fed a semipurified diet containing 10% corn oil, plasma corticosterone concentration showed a monophasic circadian cycle with minimum and maximum concentrations at the start of the light and dark periods, respectively. Adrenal total cholesteryl ester concentration was inversely related to plasma corticosterone, as were those of several of the individual esters; changes in cholesteryl ester concentration appeared to follow rather than precede changes in plasma corticosterone. There was preferential depletion of the cholesteryl esters of 18∶1, 18∶2ω6, and 20∶4ω6 during glucocorticoid secretion. [Abbreviations: EFA, essential fatty acid (s);X:YωZ, fatty acid with X carbon atoms and Y olefinic bonds with the terminal double bond Z carbon atoms from the methyl group.] In female rats fed hydrogenated coconut oil (EFA‐deficient), a monophasic cycle for plasma corticosterone was also observed, but the peak was much broader than that recorded for rats fed corn oil, although minima and maxima occurred at similar times for the two groups. No significant cycle of adrenal total cholesteryl esters was evident in the deficient rats, but the 20∶3ω9 and 22∶3ω9 esters did decrease significantly during the period of high plasma corticosterone concentration. Preferential net decreases in adrenal cholesteryl esters during corticosteroidogenesis were more apparent in normal than in EFA‐deficient rats.
Apoproteins in association with intralipid incubations in rat and human plasma
Authors: Robinson Stuart F. , Quarfordt Steven H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntralipid was incubated with rat and human plasma and examined for changes in lipid and apoprotein composition. Upon incubation in rat plasma, Intralipid acquired an apoprotein complement similar to that found in chylomicrons following plasma incubation or in chylomicrons after alimentary lipemia. Since the apoproteins of lipoproteins probably govern their metabolism, these results suggest that Intralipid and chylomicrons undergo similar metabolic fates. This pattern is characterized by a predominance of Apo E (the arginine‐rich apoprotein) and Apo C. Incubation of Intralipid with human plasma showed the uptake of Apo A‐I and Apo A‐IV as well. Density fractionation of the plasma into separate lipoprotein classes facilitated identification of high density lipoprotein as the major apoprotein donor to the Intralipid. When rat lipoprotein‐free plasma (δ>1.21) was incubated with Intralipid, a different apoprotein pattern appeared in the particles of Sf>400 depending on whether the entire Intralipid preparation or only the Sf>400 fraction alone was incubated. The difference consisted of a virtual total absence of the arginine‐rich protein on the Sf>400 particles in whole Intralipid incubations. Density fractionation of the Sf<400 particles of Intralipid and recombination of these fractions with the Sf>400 fraction before incubation revealed the major inhibitory fraction to be δ<1.006 (Sf 20–400).
Characterization of branched‐chain fatty acids from fallow deer perinephric triacylglycerols by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Smith A. , Duncan W. R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBranched‐chain fatty acids of perinephric triacylglycerols of semi‐feral fallow deer (Dama dama dama) were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Of the total fatty acids, 15.50% were Branched‐chain components including 8.96% iso acids, mostly 14‐methylpentacanoic acid, 2.85% anteiso acids and 1.73% of other monomethyl‐substituted acids; dimethyl‐branched acids with an iso structure (1.05%) and with an anteiso structure (0.18%) were also present. Whereas the predominant iso acids and methyl‐substituted iso acids had chain lengths of 13 and 15 carbon atoms, the anteiso acids and methyl‐substituted anteiso acids had chain lengths of 14 and 16 carbon atoms. Methyl substitution occurred on the even numbered carbon atoms relative to the carboxyl group. The general composition is also given of the fatty acids comprising the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous (rump area) and perinephric adipose tissue.
Comparison of lipid status in the hearts of piglets and rats on short term feeding of marine oils and rapeseed oils
Authors: Opstvedt J. , Svaar H. , Hansen P. , Pettersen J. , Langmark F. T. , Barlow S. M. , Duthie I. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 4 experiments with piglets and one experiment with rats has been conducted to establish the cardiac lipid status of weanling (3 weeks old) male animals fed fats with different contents of docosenoic fatty acids. Experimental fats were rapeseed oil (RSO) (48.0% 22∶1), refined fish oil (RFO) (14.6% 22∶1), partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) (14.3% 22∶1) and lard (0% 22∶1) combined with sunflower seed oil (SFO) in different proportions in diets with 21% total fat. Lipidosis could not be detected in piglets as increased heart weights, by chemical assay for myocardial contents of triglycerides, or by accumulation of docosenoic fatty acids or nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). In rats, diets with RSO at a level of 16% increased myocardial triglyceride and docosenoic fatty acid contents about 7 times while the effect on cardiac NEFA was inconsistent. Histological examinations of the hearts revealed stainable intracellular fat droplets in some piglets fed 16% RSO for 8 to 13 days, but not after 2,4 and 6 and 16, 19 and 22 days of feeding. After 10 days of feeding, mild to moderate histological lipidosis was found in piglets fed diets containing 2% or more of 22∶1 fatty acids, with no significant difference between RSO, RFO and PHFO in this respect. The same diets in rats gave about 5 times more histological lipidosis than in piglets. This is attributed to a difference in species response, the rat reacting in a more pronounced manner than the piglet. The cardiac lipidosis no‐effect level in piglets corresponded to a daily intake of docosenoic fatty acids of 0.4 g per kg body weight. Mild lipidosis was also found in a few animals on docosenoic acid‐free diets.
Cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol fatty acids in type V hyperlipidemia
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Clark R. M. , Gerrior S. A. , Fey M. B. , Gotto A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid compositions of plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) and triacylglycerols (TG) from seven healthy individuals and five patients with type V hyperlipoproteinemia were determined. Very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were isolated. The lipids were extracted from the lipoproteins and the triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters separated for analysis. The fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerols from healthy and type V individuals were very similar. The cholesteryl esters from type V patients had increased contents of palmitic and decreased amounts of linoleic and arachidonic acids as compared to the normal individuals. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters from the high density lipoproteins had the greatest deviation. The fatty acid compositions of the triacylglycerols from the two groups were similar. However, the triacylglycerols in all lipoprotein fractions contained more palmitic and oleic and less linoleic and arachidonic acids than the cholesteryl esters.
Polyenoic acid metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Aeberhard Ernesto E. , Corbo Lucille , Menkes John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe incorporation of [1‐14C]linoleic acid, and [1‐14C]linoleic acid into cellular lipids of cultured human skin fibroblasts was studied. Cultured cells took up both labeled fatty acids at nearly the same rate and incorporated them into a variety of lipid classes. At the end of 1 hr incubation with [1‐14C]linoleic acid, radioactivity was found in the triacylglycerol (TG) and choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) pools preferentially. Incorporation into the TG fraction decreased rapidly, while the uptake into CPG, serine phosphoglyceride (SPG), and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) fractions increased progressively with longer incubation times. Similar results were obtained with [1‐14C]linoleic acid as precursor. At the end of 24 hr, desaturation and chain elongation of 18∶3 n−3 was more extensive than conversion of 18∶2 n−6 to higher polyenoic acids. During pulse‐chase experiments with either fatty acid precursor, the incorporated radioactivity was progressively lost from cellular lipids, particularly from the TG and CPG fractions, but continued to increase in the SPG and EPG pools. The similar labeling pattern of cellular phospholipids with linoleic or linolenic acids, and data from pulse‐chase studies suggest that a direct transfer of fatty acids from CPG to EPG is a likely pathway in fibroblast cultures. Incorporation into the EPG pool during the pulse‐chase experiments paralleled extensive desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid into 20∶4 n−6, and 22∶4 n−6; and of linolenic acid into 22∶5 n−3 and 22∶6 n−3.