bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical investigation of entrainment and transport within a stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer
Authors: J. Kurowski Marcin , P. Malinowski Szymon , W. Grabowski Wojciech 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEntrainment into the stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer (STBL) is investigated by means of large‐eddy simulations. Set‐up of the numerical experiment is based on the research flight RF‐01 in the DYCOMS‐II field campaign. We focus on the stability of the flow in the cloud‐top region known as the Entrainment Interface Layer (EIL). We calculate the local gradient Richardson number, Ri, at the surface of maximum static stability and at the material top of the STBL defined by a threshold of the total water content. We found that regions in which updraughts impinge upon the inversion and diverge horizontally are characterized by small values of Ri. Resulting turbulence is responsible for entrainment and formation of the EIL. Volumes of the STBL air and the free‐tropospheric air from above it, mixed in proportion resulting in negative buoyancy and typically void of cloud water, form ‘cloud holes’ ‐‐ trenches of descending cloud‐free air which surround updraught areas.The entrainment process is further analyzed using a passive scalar introduced after three hours of the simulation above the layer of maximum static stability. The mixing fraction of this scalar in the air within the cloud holes falls within the range corresponding to the buoyancy reversal. Some of the negatively buoyant mixtures sinking through the cloud holes are wrapped around the edge of cloudy regions and recirculated into the cloud, which causes a local increase of the cloud‐base height. The rest of the entrained free‐tropospheric air sinks slowly into the STBL and leads to its gradual dilution. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Design strategies for response surface models for the study of supersonic combustion
Authors: Johnson Rachel T. , Parker Peter A. , Montgomery Douglas C. , Cutler Andrew D. , Danehy Paul M. , Rhew Ray D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn application of a classical design approach to an experiment involving the study of supersonic combustion is described in this paper. The case study described is that of an experiment whose objective is to create response surfaces of the mean and variance of several flow parameters as a function of location within a supersonic jet flow field. The approach demonstrated in this paper involves the use of a classic response surface methodology design in a unique manner. Additionally a unique application involving the sub‐sampling and replication strategies is developed in a similar manner to those of robust parameter design. The sub‐sampling and replication techniques allow for the ability to systematically account for the precision in mean and variance models of the output response variables. The final design prescribed met the experimental objectives of the project by creating the ability to fit response surfaces and allowing for the experimenters to understand the relative precision of their estimates based on the final sub‐sampling and replication techniques. Results from one section of the region of interest are used to illustrate two different modeling approaches. The performance of both modeling approaches in prediction of new data is illustrated. The conclusions also include a discussion of the future work that will follow. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity‐associated stigma and physiological markers of stress: evidence from the Dominican Republic
Authors: Muennig Peter , Bench Kara Keating 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSocial stigma is increasingly recognized as a cause of stress‐induced pathophysiology. We tested the hypothesis that stigma is associated with obesity‐related morbidity, using a cohort of subjects from the Dominican Republic who value fat bodies over thin ones. We surveyed 87 subjects from Batey Algodón—a small region in the Dominican Republic where obesity is not stigmatized. We obtained information on ideal body norms, perceptions of one's own body and self‐rated health. We also measured height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure. We then performed linear regression analyses to ascertain the extent to which body mass index (BMI) and body norm perceptions were related to self‐rated health and blood pressure. Self‐rated health was strongly associated with one's satisfaction with his or her physical appearance (p < 0.001) and weight (p < 0.001). As expected, self‐rated health was not independently associated with BMI in this community, which does not stigmatize obesity. However, BMI was nevertheless associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). While de‐stigmatizing obesity may improve perceptions of health, it might not significantly reduce the incidence of hypertension among heavier persons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Job stress, job satisfaction and stress‐related illnesses among South African educators
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Shisana Olive , Zuma Khangelani , Van Wyk Brian , Zungu‐Dirwayi Nompumelelo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between self‐reported job stress and job satisfaction, and the prevalence of stress‐related illnesses and risk factors among educators. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of 21,307 educators from public schools in South Africa. Results indicate that the prevalence of stress‐related illnesses were 15.6 per cent for hypertension, 9.1 per cent stomach ulcer, 4.5 per cent diabetes, 3.3 per cent minor mental distress, 3.1 per cent major mental distress and 3.5 per cent asthma. The study found considerably high stress levels among educators. Job stress and lack of job satisfaction were associated with most stress‐related illnesses (hypertension, heart disease, stomach ulcer, asthma, mental distress, tobacco and alcohol misuse). From three components of the demand‐control model, two, namely work stress from teaching methods and low peer support, were related to hypertension but not to heart disease. The components of the effort‐reward model of low socio‐economic status and lack of career advancement were both not related to heart disease, and only lack of career advancement was inversely related to hypertension. Most components assessed here of the demand‐control model (including stress with teaching methods and educational system and low peer support) and effort‐reward model (including job insecurity and lack of career advancement) were related to stomach ulcer and mental distress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal development and resistance to Plasmodium yoelii infection of mice prenatally exposed to triphenyltin hydroxide
Authors: Delgado Isabella F. , Viana Vanilda G. , Sarpa Marcia , Paumgartten Francisco J. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the effects of prenatal exposure to triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) on the postnatal development of Swiss Webster mice. Females were treated by gavage (0, 7.5 15 and 30 mg TPTH/kg/day) on days 6–17 of gestation. After birth, the progeny was examined for deaths, body weight gain and appearance of developmental landmarks. On postnatal day 50, one male and one female of each litter were inoculated with Plasmodium yoelii and the time‐course of infection was monitored. TPTH was embryolethal at doses ≥15 mg/kg/day. Body weight at birth was decreased, but no alteration of pup body weight was observed after postnatal day 5. Except for an advancement of incisor eruption in the group treated with 15 mg/kg/day, no alteration of somatic development was noted. A shorter latency to peak parasitemia and a reduced malaria‐induced spleen enlargement were observed in mice prenatally exposed to TPTH. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to TPTH at doses ≥15 mg/kg enhanced neonatal lethality, reduced pup birth weight and interfered with the response to infection with P. yoelii in adulthood. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Business process management with group features in pervasive environments
Authors: He Wei , Wang Haiyang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interaction modality constrained to desktop PC between users and workflow management system is one of the main factors obstructing the wide application of business processes in pervasive computing environments. In addition, the increasingly complicated and flexible group activities have been a salient feature of current business processes. Traditional workflow management systems have difficulties in supporting such features. With the introduction of new modeling methods and the improvement of executing mechanism of traditional workflow model, a group‐enabled workflow management system capable of interacting with users in multiple modalities is designed and implemented. Compared with the traditional workflow modeling methods, this method has more capabilities in describing group activities and makes modeling simpler. This paper introduces the new modeling method for multifold group activities as well as the mechanism supporting interaction between users and systems with multiple modalities. Then some outcomes and findings in the applications of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early administration of enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease: Short‐term follow‐up results
Authors: Hamdan M. A. , Almalik M. H. , Mirghani H. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPompe disease (glycogen storage disease II, OMIM # 232300), is a hereditary lysosomal disorder. It is characterized by deficiency of acid alpha‐glucosidase enzyme (acid maltase, GAA, OMIM *606800, EC 3.1.26.2), secondary to mutations in the GAA gene (HGNC:4065) on chromosome 17q25.2‐q25.3. Absent enzyme activity in the infantile form of Pompe disease results in abnormal glycogen deposition in the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, leading to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, feeding abnormalities, hypotonia, weakness, respiratory insufficiency, and ultimately death. Prenatal diagnosis is accomplished by enzyme assay, mutation analysis or electron microscopy of amniotic fluid cells or chorionic villus sample. However, these techniques may not always be available, and can result in perinatal morbidity and fetal loss. Early diagnosis of Pompe disease results in early institution of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which minimizes morbidity and prolongs survival. We report the case of a 35‐week part‐of‐twin neonate, whose older sibling died earlier because of infantile Pompe disease. At 32 weeks of gestation, fetal echocardiography showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in twin 1, which persisted until birth at 35 weeks of gestation. Diagnosis was confirmed after birth by enzyme assay, and mutation analysis showing homozygosity for the sequence change 1327–2A>G (GAA intr 8). Administration of ERT at 18 h of age, resulted in normalization of cardiac abnormalities within 21 weeks of therapy, and normal neurodevelopmental assessment at 46 weeks, using Griffiths Mental Development Scales. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported to receive ERT for Pompe disease, and the first report of prenatal diagnosis of Pompe disease by fetal echocardiography.
Environmentally Friendly Vegetable Oil Microemulsions Using Extended Surfactants and Linkers
Authors: Do Linh D. , Withayyapayanon Anuradee , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Sabatini David A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMicroemulsion formation of triglyceride oils at ambient conditions (temperature and pressure) and without the addition of co‐oil and/or alcohols is challenging at best. Undesirable phases, such as macroemulsions, liquid crystals and sponge phases, are often encountered when formulating triglyceride microemulsions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of extended surfactants, lipophilic linkers, and hydrophilic linkers in enhancing triglyceride solubilization and interfacial tension reduction. We have studied two classes of extended surfactants, linear alkyl polypropoxylated sulfate (LAPS) surfactants and linear alkyl polypropoxylated ethoxylated sulfate (LAPES) surfactants. Linkers evaluated were oleyl alcohol (lipophilic linker), sodium mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate (SMDNS), and polyglucoside (hydrophilic linkers). Oils studied include olive, peanut, soybean, canola and sunflower oils. The effect of electrolyte concentration on microemulsion phase behavior was studied. The microemulsion “fish” diagram was obtained by plotting the total surfactant and linker concentrations versus the electrolyte concentration. We were able to form Winsor Type I, II, III and IV microemulsions at ambient conditions and without co‐oil or short and medium chain length alcohol addition. Winsor Type III and IV triglyceride microemulsions are particularly useful in numerous applications such as cosmetics, vegetable oil extraction and soil remediation.
Random Mating amongAnastrepha ludens(Diptera: Tephritidae) Adults of Geographically Distant and Ecologically Distinct Populations in Mexico
Authors: Aluja M. , Rull J. , Pérez-Staples D. , Díaz-Fleischer F. , Sivinski J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Mexican fruit flyAnastrepha ludens(Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a polyphagous pestiferous insect with a geographical range encompassing highly variable environmental conditions. Considering that cryptic species have been recently found among South American representatives of the same taxonomic group asA. ludens, we tested whether or not some populations ofA. ludenshave evolved assortative mating as an isolating mechanism that maintains intrapopulation genetic differences and behavioral adaptations to local conditions. Males and females stemming from widely separated locations with similar environmental conditions and males and females stemming from populations within individual-flight range, but collected in different hosts (a native and an exotic one), mated randomly amongst themselves when placed in a field cage. Despite the fact that sibling males and females from two distinct populations also mated randomly amongst themselves, siblings engaged in significantly longer copulations than non-siblings, indicating that perhaps adults discriminated mates with similar genetic compositions. Our results have important practical implications asA. ludensis the most devastating pest of citrus in Mexico and Central America, and large-scale releases of sterile flies are used to control it.
Diversity, distribution and role of wild crucifers in major cabbage and kale growing areas of Kenya
Authors: Kahuthia-Gathu R. , Löhr B. , Poehling H.M. , Mbugua P.K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn investigation of the diversity and distribution of wild crucifer species and their importance for cultivated crucifers was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in the highland and mid-altitude semi-arid areas of Kenya. Thirteen species of wild crucifers in nine genera were recorded:Raphanus raphanistrum,Erucastrum arabicum,Sisymbrium officinale,Crambe kilimandscharica,Capsella bursa-pastoris,Rorippa nudiuscula,Ro. micrantha,Ro. microphylla,Lepidium bonariense,Coronopus didymus,Brassica rapa,B. junceaand an unidentifiedBrassicaspecies. Highland areas had significantly higher species diversity and species richness than mid-altitude semi-arid areas. Species richness, diversity and evenness varied with season and location.Raphanus raphanistrumwas the dominant non-cultivated species in the highlands followed byE. arabicum, which was also present and dominant in the semi-arid study sites. Diamondback moth (DBM) was recorded from ten wild crucifer species andR. raphanistrumandE. arabicumwere the preferred host plant species. Overall, four larval, one larval-pupal and one pupal parasitoid of DBM were recorded:Diadegma semiclausum,D. mollipla, Apanteles sp.,Cotesia plutellae, Oomyzus sokolowskiiandBrachymeriaspecies, respectively.Diadegma semiclausumwas the most dominant species on all crucifers. We conclude that wild crucifers act as alternative hosts for DBM and provide refugia for DBM parasitoids, which risk local extinction through pesticide application or competition from introduced exotic parasitoid species. The wild crucifers also act as recolonization sites for DBM parasitoids.
Factors limiting the species richness of bees in Saharan Africa
Authors: Patiny S. , Michez D. , Kuhlmann M. , Pauly A. , Barbier Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is a severe shortage of knowledge of bee biogeography. Some former studies have highlighted a link between bee diversity and xeric ecosystems, but we know practically nothing of the macro-ecological factors driving bee diversity. The present study aims to analyse the main macro-ecological factors driving bee species-richness in the Saharan region. Our dataset includes 25,000+ records for localities in Africa, between 37° and 10°N. Maps and GIS were used to get a first overview of the distribution of the studied taxa. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) was used to study the impact of a set of ecological factors on the bee species richness (SR). The mapping highlighted the clustering of the highest bee SR values in some parts of the Saharan area (e.g. Maghreb, western Africa). In Central Sahara, there is an obvious topological coincidence of the high SR, the local mountain chains and the inland waters. The PLS helped to quantify the relationships between bee SR and a set of eco-climatic variables. It also highlighted a residual variance not explained by the considered descriptors. Our results recover the tight link between bee SR and xeric ecosystems. They also suggest that, within these ecosystems, bee SR is driven by an optimum of the energy-water balance (on which adjustment is allowed by the above gradients).
Diagnostic accuracy of different urine dipsticks to detect urinary schistosomiasis: a comparative study in five endemic communities in Osun and Ogun States, Nigeria
Authors: Ugbomoiko U.S. , Obiezue R.N.N. , Ogunniyi T.A.B. , Ofoezie I.E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks was investigated using two different brands in five endemic communities of south-western Nigeria. The BM-5L test was used in 1992 to screen 566 subjects in two communities in Ogun State, while 1457 subjects in three other communities in Osun State were screened with the Combur-9 test in 2006. Haematuria gave a higher prevalence of infection than proteinuria irrespective of which strip brand was used (e.g. BM-5L test: 58.3 and 36.2%; Combur-9 test: 46.5 and 41.9%, respectively). Compared with egg microscopy (gold standard), haematuria identified over 90% of egg-positive samples using either the BM-5L test in 1992 or the Combur-9 test in 2006. The corresponding values for proteinuria were 58% using the BM-5L test and 82% using the Combur-9 test. Sensitivity of haematuria to infection was higher using the BM-5L test (92.4–93.5%) than Combur-9 (58.6–73.3%), while sensitivity of proteinuria to infection was higher using Combur-9 (55.5–80.4%) than BM-5L test (26.0–58.3%). However, both strip brands have comparable specificity for haematuria (BM-5L test, 88.3–99.5%; Combur-9, 88.9–100%) and proteinuria (BM-5L test, 94.4–100%; Combur-9, 98.7–100%) to infection. Based on these results we conclude that neither brand nor manufacturer has a significance effect on the performance of chemical reagent strips. However, the diagnostic value of both haematuria and proteinuria varied according to the positivity level adopted, intensity of infection and age, but was not affected by sex and village of residence.
Impact of antidepressants on the risk of suicide in patients with depression in real-life conditions: a decision analysis model
Authors: Cougnard A. , Verdoux H. , Grolleau A. , Moride Y. , Begaud B. , Tournier M. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundThe impact of antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) on the risk of suicide is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine in a real-life setting whether ADT is associated with an increased or a reduced risk of suicide compared to absence of ADT (no-ADT) in patients with depression.MethodA decision analysis method was used to estimate the number of suicides prevented or induced by ADT in children and adolescents (10–19 years old), adults (20–64 years old) and the elderly (⩾65 years) diagnosed with major depression. The impact of gender and parasuicide history on the findings was explored within each age group. Sensitivity analyses were used to assess the robustness of the models.ResultsPrescribing ADT to all patients diagnosed with depression would prevent more than one out of three suicide deaths compared to the no-ADT strategy, irrespective of age, gender or parasuicide history. Sensitivity analyses showed that persistence in taking ADT would be the main characteristic influencing the effectiveness of ADT on suicide risk.ConclusionsPublic health decisions that contribute directly or indirectly to reducing the number of patients with depression who are effectively administered ADT may paradoxically induce a rise in the number of suicides.
A direct proof of the tail variational principle and its extension to maps
Authors: BURGUET DAVID 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDownarowicz [Entropy structure. J. Anal.96 (2005), 57–116] stated a variational principle for the tail entropy for invertible continuous dynamical systems of a compact metric space. We give here an elementary proof of this variational principle. Furthermore, we extend the result to the non-invertible case.
The Lyapunov spectrum of some parabolic systems
Authors: GELFERT KATRIN , RAMS MICHAŁ 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe study the Hausdorff dimension for Lyapunov exponents for a class of interval maps which includes several non-hyperbolic situations. We also analyze the level sets of points with given lower and upper Lyapunov exponents and, in particular, with zero lower Lyapunov exponent. We prove that the level set of points with zero exponent has full Hausdorff dimension, but carries no topological entropy.
Databases for assessing the outcomes of the treatment of patients with congenital and paediatric cardiac disease – a comparison of administrative and clinical data
Authors: Welke Karl F. , Karamlou Tara , Diggs Brian S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe introduction of the reporting of medical and surgical outcomes to the public and the potential implementation of initiatives involving pay-for-performance have invigorated debates about the relative benefits of administrative and clinical databases for comparing rates of mortality at the level of the hospital and surgeon. While general agreement exists that public performance report cards must use the highest quality data available, debate continues regarding whether administrative or clinical data should be utilized for this purpose. Clinical databases may contain information more relevant to risk-adjustment, but the currently available clinical databases are voluntary and suffer from validity concerns. Administrative data, however, suffer from inaccuracies of coding and a lack of potentially informative covariates. Particularly problematic to congenital heart surgery is the non-uniform application of coding algorithms to define complex reconstructive procedures for which there is no unique code assignment. The purposes of this manuscript are; therefore, to discuss the relative advantages and limitations of both clinical and administrative data, and to provide a brief introduction to currently available databases germane to the study of congenital cardiac disease.