bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciduous dental morphology of the prehistoric Jomon people of Japan: Comparison of nonmetric characters
Authors: Kitagawa Yoshikazu , Manabe Yoshitaka , Oyamada Joichi , Rokutanda Atsushi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMorphological variations of the deciduous dentition are as useful as those of the permanent dentition for determining the biological affinities of human populations. This paper provides material on morphological variations of deciduous teeth of the prehistoric Japanese population from the Late and the Latest Jomon Period (ca. 2000–ca. 300 B.C.).The expression of nonmetric traits of the deciduous teeth in the Jomon sample shows a closer affinity with modern Japanese and Native American samples than with American White, Asiatic Indian, and African samples. However, the frequency of shoveling in deciduous upper incisors in the Jomon sample is lower than those in modern Japanese and Native American samples. The Jomon sample also expresses a much higher frequency of cusp 6 in deciduous lower second molars than seen in modern Japanese, Ainu, and Native American samples. The frequency in the Jomon sample is equal to that in the Australian Aboriginal sample, which shows cusp 6 most frequently among the samples compared.A somewhat low incidence of incisor shoveling in the Jomon sample was also reported in the permanent dentition (Turner [1976] Science 193:911–913, [1979] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 51:619–635, [1987] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 73:305–321, [1990] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:295–317; T. Hanihara [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 88:163–182, 88:183–196). However, the frequency of cusp 6 in the Jomon sample shows no significant difference from those of Northeast Asian or Native American samples in the permanent dentition (Turner [1987] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 73:305–321; T. Hanihara [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 88:1–182, 88:183–196). Evidently, some nonmetric traits express an inter‐group difference only in the deciduous dentition. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, northern Namibia
Authors: Grine F. E. , Jungers W. L. , Tobias P. V. , Pearson O. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe proximal half of a hominid femur was recovered from deep within a paleokarst feature at the Berg Aukas mine, northern Namibia. The femur is fully mineralized, but it is not possible to place it in geochrono logical context. It has a very large head, an exceptionally thick diaphyseal cortex, and a very low collodiaphyseal angle, which serve to differentiate it from Holocene homologues. The femur is not attributable to Australopithecus, Paranthropus, or early Homo (i.e., H. habilis sensu lato). Homo erectus femora have a relatively longer and AP flatter neck, and a shaft that exhibits less pilaster than the Berg Aukas specimen. Berg Aukas also differs from early modern femora in several features, including diaphyseal cortical thickness and the degree of subtrochanteric AP flattening.The massive diaphyseal cortex of Berg Aukas finds its closest similarity within archaic H. sapiens (e.g., Castel di Guido) and H. erectus (e.g., KNM‐ER 736) samples. It has more cortical bone at midshaft than any other specimen, although relative cortical thickness and the asymmetry of its cross‐sectional disposition at this level are comparable with those of other Pleistocene fem ora. The closest morphological comparisons with Berg Aukas are in archaic (i.e., Middle Pleistocene) H. sapiens and Neandertal samples. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pelvic sexual dimorphism and relative neonatal brain size really are related
Authors: Ridley Mark 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrimate species in which the neonatal brain size is large relative to the birth canal tend to have more sexually dimorphic pelves: this is a classic comparative relation, discovered by Schultz and Leutenegger. The original work did not correct for phylogenetic nonindependence of the data points; it only partly corrected for body size; it used ratios in both variables, and the size of the female pubis featured in bothx‐ andy‐variables. A recent publication by Tague placed a question mark over the validity of the relation. I therefore retested it, correcting for all four statistical defects. A strongly significant statistical relation exists. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in pelvic size between males and females in nonhuman anthropoids
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhether there is a sexual difference in phenotypic variance has been the subject of theoretical and empirical studies. The presence of such a difference is integral to some models on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Several studies report that males are more variable than females for nonpelvic measures. This study tests for a sexual difference in variability of the pelvis. Phenotypic variance is a correlate of both the intensity and mode of selection. In both sexes, the pelvis is subject primarily to stabilizing selection. However, selection intensity is greater among females than among males because only among females does the pelvis function as a birth canal and, thereby, serve as a proximate cause of death. As selection intensity and phenotypic variability are inversely related under stabilizing selection, the implication is that females should be less variable than males in pelvic size and shape. However, the results of previous studies on this issue are equivocal or contradictory. This study compares the sexes for differences in pelvic variability by analyzing nine species (and ten samples) of nonhuman anthropoids. Data were collected on 16 measures of the pelvis; only adults were used. Levene's univariate and multivariate tests for relative variation were used in the analysis. The results show that the sexes do not differ significantly in pelvic variability either within or among the nine samples of noncaptive anthropoids. Only in the one sample of captive specimens (Saimiri sciureus) do the sexes differ significantly in pelvic variability, with males being more variable than females. Two interpretations are derived from these results. First, the sexual difference in variability in captive Saimiri may be due either to a bias in the selection of Saimiri specimens by the captors/experimentors or to a sexual difference in growth associated with the stress of captivity. Second, the sexes do not differ in pelvic variability among noncaptive anthropoids because the anlage of the pelvis is bipotential in development. The intrinsic (i.e., agonadal) pattern of growth and development is that characteristic of a female. Testicular androgens are requisite to redirect the pattern of growth and development to that characteristic of a male. However, the redirected pattern of growth in males simply shifts en masse the intrinsic (i.e., female) distribution curve. The consequence among adults is sexual dimorphism in pelvic size, but sexual equivalency in relative pelvic variability. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic change and patterns of growth in the Andes
Authors: Leatherman Thomas L. , Carey James W. , Thomas R. Brooke 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChanges in the pattern of growth over a 20‐year period are described for a combined rural and semi‐urban population in the District of Nunoa (Puno) in the southern Peruvian Andes. Over the past two decades, Andean regions have experienced many socioeconomic changes, including the implementation of agrarian reform policies and increased integration into a market economy. Local changes in Nunoa have included improved transportation networks, new markets, an expanded public school system, and improved health care facilities. Secular trends in stature and weight have been found to be associated with social and economic development throughout the developing world, including Peru. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings from a re‐study of growth in the Nurioan population, and to assess whether changing conditions in Nunoa have resulted in secular increases in growth.A cross‐sectional sample of 1,466 children and adults and a mixed‐longitudinal sample of 404 children (age 3–22), measured between 1983 and 1984, are compared to similar samples collected from the same location between 1964 and 1966. Adolescents are taller, heavier, and somewhat fatter in the present population, although these differences diminish or disappear in adulthood. Age of maturation, peak growth velocities, and cessation of growth may come 1 to 2 years earlier than in the 1960s. As was found in earlier studies, growth velocities are low, the adolescent growth spurt is small, and sexual dimorphism is delayed. No secular trends in adult stature were found. Thus, the effects of social and economic change on nutrition, health, and growth in the population are uneven and generally unclear. This points to inequalities in access to the benefits of change throughout the region. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioecology and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in anthropoid primates
Authors: Leigh Steven R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines statistical correlations between socioecological variables (including measures of group composition, intermale competition, and habitat preference) and the ontogeny of body size sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates. A regression‐based multivariate measure of dimorphism in body weight ontogeny is derived from a sample of 37 species. Quantitative estimates of covariation between socioecological variables and this multivariate measure are evaluated. Statistically significant covariation between the ontogeny of dimorphism and socioecological variables, with the possible exception of habitat preference, is observed. Sex differences in ontogeny are lacking in species that exhibit low levels of intermale competition and are classifiable as species with monogamous/polyandrous mating systems. Among dimorphic species, two modes of dimorphic growth are apparent, which seem to be related to different kinds of group compositions. Multimale/multifemale species tend to become dimorphic through bimaturism (sex differences in duration of growth) with minimal sex differences in growth rate. Single‐male/multifemale species tend to attain dimorphism through differences in rate of growth, often with limited bimaturism. Measures of intermale competition may also covary with these modes of dimorphic growth, but the relations among these variables are sometimes ambiguous.Correlations between dimorphic growth and behavioral variables may reflect alternative life history strategies in primates. Specifically, the ways in which risks faced by subadult males are distributed and the relations of these risks to growth rates seem to influence the evolution of size ontogenies. The absence of dimorphic ontogeny in some species can be tied to similar distributions of risk in each sex. In taxa that become dimorphic primarily through rate differences in growth, the lifetime distribution of risks for males may change rapidly. In contrast, males may face a pattern of uniformly changing or stable risk in species that become dimorphic through bimaturism. Finally, much variation recorded by this study remains unexplained, providing additional evidence of the need to specially examine female ontogeny before primate body size dimorphism can be satisfactorily explained. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional anatomy of the trunk musculature in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Curtis Deborah J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLorisid locomotor and postural behaviour exhibits a number of features that distinguish it clearly from other primates. The comparative myological study of the trunk in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) and the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sp.) presented here reveals differences that are related to unique aspects of lorisid positional behaviour. While quadrupedal running and leaping requires flexion and extension of the spine, slow climbing quadrupedalism in lorisids depends on spinal lateral flexion and rotation. The contrasting development of the epaxial musculature in the two species dissected reflects these different requirements. Bipedal suspension is a common posture in the lorisids during which rotation and dorsiflexion of the head is made possible by the robustly developed deep, dorsal, cervical musculature. The long lower lever arm in the M. rectus abdominis may play a significant role in the ventroflexion required to regain a quadrupedal stance. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of life history on the squirrel monkey (Platyrrhini, Saimiri) cranium
Authors: Hartwig Walter Carl 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong primates, squirrel monkeys uniquely possess an interorbital fenestra, in which the midline bony orbitosphenoid septum is largely absent and the soft tissues of the orbits are separated only by a thin membrane. Neural development may contribute to the approximation of the orbits to the midline in Saimiri, insofar as other platyrrhines with relatively large brains also have relatively narrow interorbital spaces compared to their near relatives. In Saimiri the narrow spacing of the orbits is further exacerbated by intense predation pressure on infants that may select for precocial neonates. The result is a large‐headed neonate that is subject to unusual parturition constraints. These parturition constraints apply to the size and dolichocephalic shape of the squirrel monkey head in general, and to the relatively large eyes and approximated orbits in particular. The unique interorbital condition in Saimiri is an example of the effects of life history on skeletal morphology. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic consequences of differential demographic behaviour in the Saguenay region, Québec
Authors: Heyer E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome rare inherited disorders are found with a high frequency in the population of the Saguenay region (Québec province, Canada, population 300,000). Inbreeding coefficients are too low to be an explanation for these high frequencies. In the first decades of settlement (1842–1870), most of the immigrants came from a small region called Charlevoix (east of Québec city). As most of the genetic disorders found in the Saguenay region are also found in the Charlevoix region, it is strongly suspected that the genes were introduced by these first settlers from Charlevoix. Using the BALSAC database (which contains linked information on the entire Saguenay population) to calculate the number of contemporary descendants and the genetic contribution of each founder to these descendants, we show that:

Founders who entered the population before 1870 contribute to 45% of the contemporary gene pool, despite the fact that they represent only 15% of all the 20,012 immigrants with descendants in the contemporary population (individuals born between 1950 and 1971).
Their genetic contribution is not homogenous in the contemporary population: 5% of the population have 100% of their gene pool coming from these first founders, while 10% have a zero to 5% contribution from these earliest founders.
Fifty percent of the genes introduced in the population were lost.
If only 68 immigrants among the first founders (2.0%) were carriers of the same gene, it could reach a frequency of 5% in the contemporary population, which is the frequency of most of the inherited disorders found in the population.
Structural adaptations for gliding in mammals with implications for locomotor behavior in paromomyids
Authors: Runestad Jacqueline A. , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe gliding abilities of paromomyid plesiadapiforms are evaluated through a functional analysis of long bone morphology in a comparative sample of modern gliders and related nongliders. Relationships between body mass, long bone lengths, and long bone midshaft cross‐sectional areas are explored. Theory suggests that gliders should have long humeri and femora to improve aspect ratio, and that larger gliders should have relatively longer limb bones than smaller gliders to minimize drag and patagial loading at greater body masses. Comparisons between extant taxa support these predictions: gliders have relatively longer humeri and femora than those of nongliders, and glider long bone lengths scale with positive allometry, while the scaling of nonglider long bones does not differ from isometry. Preliminary analysis of distal to proximal limb segment proportions further suggests that bone lengthening is, to some extent, related to patagial attachment site, although humeri and femora are relatively long in all of the gliders, regardless of attachment site. The proportions of paromomyids relative to those of extant mammals do not support a gliding interpretation for these fossils. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets: A probable upper paleolithic case
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe skeleton of a middle‐aged adult male, found in the Late Epigravettian necropolis of Arene Candide cave (Italy) and dated to the XII millenniumB.C., exhibits abnormal changes, including bowing deformities, stunted growth, enthesopathies, and increased bone density. The pattern of the observed changes is less consistent with diagnoses of metaphyseal chondrodysplasias, hypophosphatasia, dietary rickets, or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) than with X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets, which is the most likely etiological factor. This diagnosis may explain other abnormalities (exceptional elongation of the skull and bilateral absence of the lesser trochanter) displayed by other individuals from the same site. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of ontogeny and sexual dimorphism on scapula morphology in the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringel)
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractScapular measurements were obtained from growth series of the sexually dimorphic mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Juveniles, subadults, and adults were compared to determine if scapula morphology varies with age. Analyses reveal significant (P < 0.05) differences in scapula form for shape ratios of length vs. breadth, length vs. infraspinous fossa length, and length vs. spine length. Males and females were also compared to determine if sexual dimorphism in scapula morphology is a consequence of differential extension of common patterns of relative growth. Analyses reveal that scapula proportions are ontogenetically scaled. Data indicate that male scapulae grow at a faster rate and for a longer duration than females. Results of comparisons of males and females suggest that unique adaptations to different ecological niches have not evolved between the sexes despite sexual differences in frequency of patterns of locomotor behavior. By contrast, age‐related variation in scapula morphology may be linked to differences in locomotor behavior during ontogeny. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of gout in a skeletal population sample: Presumptive diagnosis in a micronesian population
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Heathcote Gary M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCharacterization of the nature and skeletal distribution of gout was accomplished in a Chamoru (Chamorros) population with predilection to the disease. Uniform excavation by the gouty diathesis produces a punched‐out appearance to these predominantly monarticular lesions. The lesion is distinct from that seen in rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, or infection. Reactive new bone formation in some gouty lesions also has an apparently unique, ivory‐like discoloration (contrasted with the adjacent bone), which facilitates diagnosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficiency of the stabilization process of a poly(arylate‐arylenesulfoxide) melt: The fractal approach
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study has shown that the parameter ϵ can be accepted as a characteristic of polymer (stabilized or nonstabilized) resistance to thermooxidative degradative action. This parameter can characterize the number of steps number required for a random walk (molecule or atom of oxidant) to achieve the reactive center of a polymer macromolecule. The main structural factor for defining polymer resistance to thermooxidative degradation is effective spectral dimension. It also shows the physical sense of the term structural stabilization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2614–2618, 2006
Cardiovascular response of rats exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields
Authors: Hilton D. I. , Phillips R. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently, it has been reported that exposure to high‐strength electric fields can influence electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns, heart rates, and blood pressures in various species of animals. Our studies were designed to evaluate these reported effects and to help clarify some of the disagreement present in the literature. Various cardiovascular variables were measured in Sprague‐Dawley rats exposed or sham‐exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields at 80 or 100 kV/m for periods up to four months. No significant differences in heart rates, ECG patterns, blood pressures, or vascular reactivity were observed between exposed and sham‐exposed rats after 8 hours, 40 hours, 1 month, or 4 months of exposure. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements, made during exposure to a 100‐kV/m electric field for one hour, revealed no significant differences between exposed and sham‐exposed groups. In addition, physiologic reserve capacity, measured in rats subjected to low temperature after exposure to 100 kV/m for one month, showed that electric‐field exposure had no significant effect on physiological response to cold stress. Our studies cannot be directly compared to the work of other investigators because of differences in animal species and electric‐field characteristics. However, our failure to detect any cardiovascular changes may have been the result of 1) eliminating secondary field effects such as shocks, audible noise, corona, and ozone; 2) minimizing steady‐state microcurrents between the mouth of the animal and watering devices; and 3) minimizing electric‐field‐induced vibration of the electrodes and animal cages.
Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction in male rats exposed to 2,450‐MHz (CW) microwaves
Authors: Berman Ezra , Carter Hershell B. , House Dennis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTests of mutagenesis and reproduction were conducted in male rats which were irradiated by 2,450‐MHz, continuous‐wave (CW) microwaves, 4 hr/day from day 6 of gestation to 90 days of age at 5 mW/cm2; or 5 hr/day for five days beginning on the 90th day of age at 10 mW/cm2; or 4 hr/day, 5 days/ wk for four weeks, beginning on the 90th day of age. During selected weekly periods after treatment, the rats were bred to pairs of untreated, normal female rats that were examined in late pregnancy by means of the dominant lethal assay. The reproductive efficiency of these males, as reflected in their breeding, was also examined for changes relating to their microwave experience. No significant evidence of germ‐cell mutagenesis was detected when data of microwave‐exposed males were compared with those of sham‐exposed males, even though there were significant increases in rectal and intra‐testicular temperatures at a power density of 28 mW/cm2. Temporary sterility, as indexed by fewer pregnancies, was seen at the highest power density.