bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Search for secondary osteoporosis: are Z scores useful predictors?
Authors: Swaminathan K , Flynn R , Garton M , Paterson C , Leese G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Aim
To determine whether Z scores can be used to predict the likelihood of patients having a secondary cause of low bone mineral density.

Methods
A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted among 136 consecutive patients with osteoporosis at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK, between 1998–2002.

Results
20.5% of female patients in this study were identified with previously unrecognised contributors to the low bone mineral density. In women, at a Z score cut-off of −1, the sensitivity of detecting a secondary cause for osteoporosis is 87.5% with a positive predictive value of 29.2%.

Conclusion
In women, a Z score of −1 would identify a majority of patients with a secondary cause for low bone mineral density and identifies patients who would especially benefit from a thorough history and clinical examination.
Changing practice to improve pain control for renal patients
Authors: Salisbury E M , Game D S , Al-Shakarchi I , Chan M , Fishman L , Tookman L , Brown E A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Pain is a common symptom described by patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) but remains ineffectively managed. The aim of this audit was to determine what proportion of these patients report pain, then introduce the use of an analgesic ladder adapted specifically for ESKD, and finally re-evaluate the prevalence of pain symptoms, looking for an improvement. A cohort of inpatients on the renal wards of a West London teaching hospital was studied. The number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain on a scale of 1–10 were recorded. A considerable number of patients were barred from participating because of a language barrier. Interpreters were introduced, and the phase was repeated. The World Health Organization (WHO) three-step analgesic ladder was adapted for patients with ESKD and introduced to medical staff on the renal wards. The number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain were re-recorded. There was a significant reduction in the number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain. Pain control in patients with ESKD is improved through the use of an adapted version of the WHO analgesic ladder. Strategies must be in place for effective communication with foreign patients.
Current controversies in the management of Warthin tumour
Authors: Thangarajah T , Reddy V M , Castellanos-Arango F , Panarese A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWarthin tumour is the second most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. It has a low rate of growth and exhibits malignant transformation in 0.3% of cases. Although its aggressiveness has not been a concern, surgical resection remains the most common treatment modality. This entails the risk of a general anaesthetic and those pertaining to the procedure itself, most notably permanent facial nerve damage. This has led some authors to use conservative management, albeit rarely. There are those who condemn such a policy despite the encouraging results reported thus far. To understand the rationale underpinning non-operative management, it is imperative that one has a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnosis of Warthin tumour. The aim of this review therefore is to detail these elements and clarify the current controversies in managing this lesion.
Infiltrative ophthalmopathy and primary hypothyroidism: a rare clinical manifestation of a common disease
Authors: Rajput R , Dhingra A , Kumar K , Sen J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The association of infiltrative ophthalmopathy with primary hypothyroidism is uncommon. We describe two such cases manifesting at different times during the course of primary hypothyroidism. The successful outcome of the present cases suggests that the timely addition of levothyroxine treatment alone or in combination with steroids is useful and effective in the management of hypothyroid Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
What killed Socrates? Toxicological considerations and questions
Authors: Dayan A D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The death of Socrates in 399 BCE, as reported by Plato in the Phaedo, is usually attributed to poisoning with common hemlock. His progressive centripetal paralysis is characteristic of that poison. Socrates is said to have had a prominent loss of sensation extending centrally from his legs, which is not a feature of hemlock poisoning, and he seems not to have had the unpleasant taste or common gastrointestinal effects of that poison. It is suggested that Plato gave a modified account of the death of Socrates for political and other reasons by describing a more “noble” death.
The seasonality of reproduction in photoperiod responsive and nonresponsive northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) in Alaska
Authors: Stevenson K.T. , van Tets I.G. , Nay L.A.I. 
Published: February 2009

High-latitude arvicoline rodents usually reproduce in warmer months, but winter breeding has been documented in several species, including the northern red-backed vole ( Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779) Wilson and Reader, 2005; formerly Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779)). We tested whether the reproductive condition of the species is linked to changes in environmental parameters or its body condition, and we tested the frequencies at which different reproductive phenotypes are exhibited under field and laboratory conditions. Free-living voles in south-central Alaska reached peak reproductive organ masses in spring (females) and early summer (males). Between-subject comparisons showed an effect of body mass, photoperiod, percent fat, temperature, and snow depth on reproductive organ masses, depending on the sex and breeding period (p < 0.05). One instance of late-summer photoperiod nonresponsiveness was observed, but we detected no winter breeding. Captive male voles given food ad libitum and housed at room temperature exhibited strong phenotypic variation in testis mass in response to short photoperiods. The percentage of nonresponders was 28.2% and was within the known range of nonresponsiveness for lower latitude species (20%–40%). Thus, photoperiod nonresponsive morphs are conserved in at least one arctic and subarctic species at frequencies comparable to lower latitude voles despite no observance of winter breeding in the field. Voles exhibit reproductive elasticity and may breed in winter if environmental conditions enable them.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE CENTRAL π--MESON CARBON INTERACTIONS AT 40 GeV/c
Authors: SULEYMANOV M. K. , KHAN E. U. , AHMED K. , HASEEB M. Q. , TAHIR F. , HUSEYNALIYEV Y. H. , AJAZ M. , KHAN K. H. , WAZIR Z. 
Published: February 2009

We discuss some properties of the central π--meson carbon reactions at 40 GeV/c. While these results were obtained many years ago they have not been explained completely. We attempt to interpret following: results regime change on the behavior of some characteristics of the events as a function of the centrality; anomaly peak on the angular distributions of the slow protons emitted in these reactions; charge asymmetry on the π--mesons production in the back hemisphere in lcs. Understanding of the results could help to explain the new ones coming from the modern central experiments at high and ultrarelativistic energies.
Comparison of GOES Cloud Classification Algorithms Employing Explicit and Implicit Physics
Authors: Bankert Richard L. , Mitrescu Cristian , Miller Steven D. , Wade Robert H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Cloud-type classification based on multispectral satellite imagery data has been widely researched and demonstrated to be useful for distinguishing a variety of classes using a wide range of methods. The research described here is a comparison of the classifier output from two very different algorithms applied to Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data over the course of one year. The first algorithm employs spectral channel thresholding and additional physically based tests. The second algorithm was developed through a supervised learning method with characteristic features of expertly labeled image samples used as training data for a 1-nearest-neighbor classification. The latter’s ability to identify classes is also based in physics, but those relationships are embedded implicitly within the algorithm. A pixel-to-pixel comparison analysis was done for hourly daytime scenes within a region in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Considerable agreement was found in this analysis, with many of the mismatches or disagreements providing insight to the strengths and limitations of each classifier. Depending upon user needs, a rule-based or other postprocessing system that combines the output from the two algorithms could provide the most reliable cloud-type classification.
A Comparison of Oceanic Precipitation Estimates in the Tropics and Subtropics
Authors: Bowman Kenneth P. , Homeyer Cameron R. , Stone Dalon G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A number of Earth remote sensing satellites are currently carrying passive microwave radiometers. A variety of different retrieval algorithms are used to estimate surface rain rates over the ocean from the microwave radiances observed by the radiometers. This study compares several different satellite algorithms with each other and with independent data from rain gauges on ocean buoys. The rain gauge data are from buoys operated by the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Potential errors and biases in the gauge data are evaluated. Satellite data are from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager and from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager instruments on the operational Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F13, F14, and F15 satellites. These data have been processed into rain-rate estimates by the NASA Precipitation Measurement Mission and by Remote Sensing Systems, Inc. Biases between the different datasets are estimated by computing differences between long-term time averages. Most of the satellite datasets agree with each other, and with the gauge data, to within 10% or less. The biases tend to be proportional to the mean rain rate, but the geographical patterns of bias vary depending on the choice of data source and algorithm. Some datasets, however, show biases as large as about 25%, so care should be taken when using these data for climatological studies.
CALIPSO Lidar Calibration Algorithms. Part I: Nighttime 532-nm Parallel Channel and 532-nm Perpendicular Channel
Authors: Powell Kathleen A. , Hostetler Chris A. , Vaughan Mark A. , Lee Kam-Pui , Trepte Charles R. , Rogers Raymond R. , Winker David M. , Liu Zhaoyan , Kuehn Ralph E. , Hunt William H. , Young Stuart A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission was launched in April 2006 and has continuously acquired collocated multisensor observations of the spatial and optical properties of clouds and aerosols in the earth’s atmosphere. The primary payload aboard CALIPSO is the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), which makes range-resolved measurements of elastic backscatter at 532 and 1064 nm and linear depolarization ratios at 532 nm. CALIOP measurements are important in reducing uncertainties that currently limit understanding of the global climate system, and it is essential that these measurements be accurately calibrated. This work describes the procedures used to calibrate the 532-nm measurements acquired during the nighttime portions of the CALIPSO orbits. Accurate nighttime calibration of the 532-nm parallel-channel data is fundamental to the success of the CALIOP measurement scheme, because the nighttime calibration is used to infer calibration across the day side of the orbits and all other channels are calibrated relative to the 532-nm parallel channel. The theoretical basis of the molecular normalization technique as applied to space-based lidar measurements is reviewed, and a comprehensive overview of the calibration algorithm implementation is provided. Also included is a description of a data filtering procedure that detects and removes spurious high-energy events that would otherwise introduce large errors into the calibration. Error estimates are derived and comparisons are made to validation data acquired by the NASA airborne high–spectral resolution lidar. Similar analyses are also presented for the 532-nm perpendicular-channel calibration technique.
The Impact of Positive-Definite Moisture Advection and Low-Level Moisture Flux Bias over Orography
Authors: Hahn Robert S. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Overprediction of precipitation has been a frequently noted problem near terrain. Higher model resolution helps simulate sharp microphysical gradients more realistically but can increase spuriously generated moisture in some numerical schemes. The positive-definite moisture advection (PDA) scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model reduces a significant nonphysical moisture source in the model. This study examines the 13–14 December 2001 second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) case, in which PDA reduces storm-total precipitation over Oregon by 3%–17%, varying with geographical region, model resolution, and the phase of the storm. The influence of PDA is then analyzed for each hydrometeor species in the Thompson microphysics scheme. Without PDA, the cloud liquid water field generates most of the spurious moisture because of the high frequency of sharp gradients near upwind cloud edges. It is shown that PDA substantially improves precipitation verification and that subtle, but significant, changes occur in the distribution of microphysical species aloft. Finally, another potential source of orographic precipitation error is examined: excessive low-level moisture flux upstream of regional orography.
Post-Traumatic Stress in Asylum Seekers and Refugees From Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: Gender Differences in Symptomatology and Coping
Authors: Renner Walter , Salem Ingrid 
Published: February 2009

Background: Internationally, a high number of refugees are in need of help as a consequence of post-traumatic stress or acculturation problems. Aims: The present study investigated the gender-specific requirements for such interventions taking clinical symptoms as well as coping strategies into account. Methods: Five psychometric instruments assessing anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, somatic symptoms, and social adaptation were administered and semi-structured interviews with n = 150 asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa were conducted. Results: On the level of total test scores, women reported significantly more somatic symptoms than men but there were no further gender differences. On the item level of the questionnaires as well as with respect to the categories obtained from the interview data, marked gender differences were found. Women, as compared to men, reported more somatic symptoms, emotional outbursts, and loss of sexual interest, while men reported detachment. For women, typical coping strategies were concentrating on their children and various indoor activities, while men preferred looking for work and socializing. Conclusion: Social psychiatric interventions should take gender-specific symptoms and coping strategies into account. For asylum seekers and refugees, same gender client-therapist dyads and groups are highly recommended.
Identification and characterization of a novel P2Y12 variant in a patient diagnosed with type 1 von Willebrand disease in the European MCMDM-1VWD study
Authors: Daly Martina E. , Dawood Ban B. , Lester William A. , Peake Ian R. , Rodeghiero Francesco , Goodeve Anne C. , Makris Michael , Wilde Jonathan T. , Mumford Andrew D. , Watson Stephen P. , Mundell Stuart J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We investigated whether defects in the P2Y12 ADP receptor gene (P2RY12) contribute to the bleeding tendency in 92 index cases enrolled in the European MCMDM-1VWD study. A heterozygous mutation, predicting a lysine to glutamate (K174E) substitution in P2Y12, was identified in one case with mild type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) and a VWF defect. Platelets from the index case and relatives carrying the K174E defect changed shape in response to ADP, but showed reduced and reversible aggregation in response to 10 μM ADP, unlike the maximal, sustained aggregation observed in controls. The reduced response was associated with an approximate 50% reduction in binding of [3H]2MeS-ADP to P2Y12, whereas binding to the P2Y1 receptor was normal. A hemagglutinin-tagged K174E P2Y12 variant showed surface expression in CHO cells, markedly reduced binding to [3H]2MeS-ADP, and minimal ADP-mediated inhibition of forskolin-induced adenylyl cyclase activity. Our results provide further evidence for locus heterogeneity in type 1 VWD.
Systematic identification of genes involved in divergent skeletal muscle growth rates of broiler and layer chickens
Authors: Zheng Qi , Zhang Yong , Chen Ying , Yang Ning , Wang Xiu-Jie , Zhu Dahai 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
The genetic closeness and divergent muscle growth rates of broilers and layers make them great models for myogenesis study. In order to discover the molecular mechanisms determining the divergent muscle growth rates and muscle mass control in different chicken lines, we systematically identified differentially expressed genes between broiler and layer skeletal muscle cells during different developmental stages by microarray hybridization experiment.

Results
Taken together, 543 differentially expressed genes were identified between broilers and layers across different developmental stages. We found that differential regulation of slow-type muscle gene expression, satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, protein degradation rate and genes in some metabolic pathways could give great contributions to the divergent muscle growth rates of the two chicken lines. Interestingly, the expression profiles of a few differentially expressed genes were positively or negatively correlated with the growth rates of broilers and layers, indicating that those genes may function in regulating muscle growth during development.

Conclusion
The multiple muscle cell growth regulatory processes identified by our study implied that complicated molecular networks involved in the regulation of chicken muscle growth. These findings will not only offer genetic information for identifying candidate genes for chicken breeding, but also provide new clues for deciphering mechanisms underlining muscle development in vertebrates.
Microarray-based comparative genomic profiling of reference strains and selected Canadian field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Gouré Julien , Findlay Wendy A , Deslandes Vincent , Bouevitch Anne , Foote Simon J , MacInnes Janet I , Coulton James W , Nash John HE , Jacques Mario 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes severe losses to the swine industry worldwide. Current commercially-available vaccines are of limited value because they do not induce cross-serovar immunity and do not prevent development of the carrier state. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridizations (M-CGH) were used to estimate whole genomic diversity of representativeActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaestrains. Our goal was to identify conserved genes, especially those predicted to encode outer membrane proteins and lipoproteins because of their potential for the development of more effective vaccines.ResultsUsing hierarchical clustering, our M-CGH results showed that the majority of the genes in the genome of the serovar 5A. pleuropneumoniaeL20 strain were conserved in the reference strains of all 15 serovars and in representative field isolates. Fifty-eight conserved genes predicted to encode for outer membrane proteins or lipoproteins were identified. As well, there were several clusters of diverged or absent genes including those associated with capsule biosynthesis, toxin production as well as genes typically associated with mobile elements.ConclusionAlthoughA. pleuropneumoniaestrains are essentially clonal, M-CGH analysis of the reference strains of the fifteen serovars and representative field isolates revealed several classes of genes that were divergent or absent. Not surprisingly, these included genes associated with capsule biosynthesis as the capsule is associated with sero-specificity. Several of the conserved genes were identified as candidates for vaccine development, and we conclude that M-CGH is a valuable tool for reverse vaccinology.
The extracellular matrix controls gap junction protein expression and function in postnatal hippocampal neural progenitor cells
Authors: Imbeault Sophie , Gauvin Lianne G , Toeg Hadi D , Pettit Alexandra , Sorbara Catherine D , Migahed Lamiaa , DesRoches Rebecca , Menzies A Sheila , Nishii Kiyomasa , Paul David L , Simon Alexander M , Bennett Steffany AL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Gap junction protein and extracellular matrix signalling systems act in concert to influence developmental specification of neural stem and progenitor cells. It is not known how these two signalling systems interact. Here, we examined the role of ECM components in regulating connexin expression and function in postnatal hippocampal progenitor cells.

Results
We found that Cx26, Cx29, Cx30, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx47 mRNA and protein but only Cx32 and Cx36 mRNA are detected in distinct neural progenitor cell populations cultured in the absence of exogenous ECM. Multipotential Type 1 cells express Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43 protein. Their Type 2a progeny but not Type 2b and 3 neuronally committed progenitor cells additionally express Cx37, Cx40, and Cx45. Cx29 and Cx47 protein is detected in early oligodendrocyte progenitors and mature oligodendrocytes respectively. Engagement with a laminin substrate markedly increases Cx26 protein expression, decreases Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx47 protein expression, and alters subcellular localization of Cx30. These changes are associated with decreased neurogenesis. Further, laminin elicits the appearance of Cx32 protein in early oligodendrocyte progenitors and Cx36 protein in immature neurons. These changes impact upon functional connexin-mediated hemichannel activity but not gap junctional intercellular communication.

Conclusion
Together, these findings demonstrate a new role for extracellular matrix-cell interaction, specifically laminin, in the regulation of intrinsic connexin expression and function in postnatal neural progenitor cells.
Study design and methods of the Ansan Geriatric Study (AGE study)
Authors: Han Changsu , Jo Sangmee Ahn , Kim Nan Hee , Jo Inho , Park Moon Ho 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
The overall objective of the Ansan Geriatric Study (AGE study) was to describe the prevalence, incidence, and related risk factors for geriatric diseases in elderly Koreans.

Methods/Design
The AGE study was designed as a population-based prospective cohort study on health, aging, and common geriatric diseases of elderly Koreans aged 60 to 84 years. The inception cohort was recruited in May 2002. The first-wave and second-wave studies were performed using uniform and structured procedures. At the screening study, 2,767 participants were enrolled. Participants (1391 in the first wave study and 841 in the second wave study) were recruited and completed the evaluation. The prevalence of geriatric disease and related factors in elderly Koreans were estimated.

Discussion
Here, we report the design and sampling participants, measurement tools, and characteristics of the AGE study. This cohort study will allow a detailed study of the longitudinal comprehensive data on health information of elderly Koreans, thereby contributing to policy formulation and planning of health, welfare management, and other social services in Korea.