bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of a Low‐Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and a Low‐Fat Diet on Mood, Hunger, and Other Self‐Reported Symptoms
Authors: McClernon F. Joseph , Yancy William S. , Eberstein Jacqueline A. , Atkins Robert C. , Westman Eric C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effects of weight loss diets on mood, food cravings, and other self‐reported symptoms.Research Methods and Procedures: Mood and other symptoms were evaluated by participant self‐report using the Atkins Health Indicator Test (AHIT) in individuals undergoing weight loss following either a low‐carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) or a low‐fat diet (LFD). Participants were 119 overweight community volunteers randomized to an LCKD or an LFD. An additional 51 participants who had completed an earlier trial contributed data for the psychometric analyses but were not included in the prospective analyses. Self‐reported symptom levels on seven scales factor‐analytically derived from the AHIT (negative affect, fatigue, somatic symptoms, physical effects of hunger, insomnia, hunger, and stomach problems) were acquired during 12 visits.Results: After adjusting for the change in BMI over the course of the trial, participants experienced significant improvements in most symptoms regardless of diet. Diet group × visit interactions were observed for negative affect [F(9,803) = 2.30, p = 0.015] and hunger [F(9,803) = 3.62, p < 0.0002]. Examination of means indicated that the LCKD group reported less negative affect and hunger, compared with the LFD group.Discussion: Regardless of diet, participants experienced significant improvement in a broad range of symptoms. Symptoms of negative affect and hunger improved to a greater degree in patients following an LCKD compared with those following an LFD. Whether these symptom changes explain the greater short‐term weight loss generally experienced by LCKD followers deserves further research.
Controlled Study of Critical Parent and Family Factors in the Obesigenic Environment
Authors: Zeller Meg H. , Reiter‐Purtill Jennifer , Modi Avani C. , Gutzwiller Joeanne , Vannatta Kathryn , Davies W. Hobart 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Critical gaps remain in our understanding of the obesigenic family environment. This study examines parent and family characteristics among obese youth presenting for treatment in a clinic setting.Research Methods and Procedures: Families of 78 obese youth (BMI z‐score = 2.4; age, 8 to 16 years; 59% girls; 49% African‐American) were compared with 71 non‐overweight (BMI z‐score = −0.02) demographically matched comparisons. Parents completed measures assessing family demographics, psychological distress (Symptom Checklist 90‐Revised), and family functioning both broadly (Family Environment Scale: Conflicted, Support, Control) and at mealtimes (About Your Child's Eating‐Revised: Mealtime Challenges, Positive Mealtime Interaction). Height and weight were obtained from all participants.Results: Compared with mothers and fathers of non‐overweight youth, parents of obese youth had significantly higher BMIs (p < 0.001). Mothers of obese youth reported significantly greater psychological distress (p < 0.01), higher family conflict (p < 0.05), and more mealtime challenges (p < 0.01). Less positive family mealtime interactions were reported by both mothers (p < 0.01) and fathers (p < 0.05) of obese youth. These group differences did not vary by child sex or race. Logistic regression analyses indicated that maternal distress and mealtime challenges discriminated between obese and non‐overweight youth after controlling for maternal BMI. Family conflict was explained, in part, by maternal distress.Discussion: Obese youth who present for treatment in a clinic setting are characterized by psychosocial factors at the parent and family level that differ from non‐overweight youth. These data are critical because they identify factors that may be serving as barriers to a family's or youth's ability to implement healthy lifestyle behaviors but that are potentially modifiable.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Pattern in Liver and Erythrocyte Phospholipids from Obese Patients
Authors: Elizondo Alejandra , Araya Julia , Rodrigo Ramón , Poniachik Jaime , Csendes Attila , Maluenda Fernando , Díaz Juan C. , Signorini Cinzia , Sgherri Cristiana , Comporti Mario , Videla Luis A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our aim was to study the fatty acid (FA) composition of liver phospholipids and its relation to that in erythrocyte membranes from patients with obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as an indication of lipid metabolism alterations leading to steatosis.Research Methods and Procedures: Eight control subjects who underwent antireflux surgery and 12 obese patients with NAFLD who underwent subtotal gastrectomy with a gastro‐jejunal anastomosis in Roux‐en‐Y were studied. The oxidative stress status of patients was assessed by serum F2‐isoprostanes levels (gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry). Analysis of FA composition of liver and erythrocyte phospholipids was carried out by gas‐liquid chromatography.Results: Patients with NAFLD showed serum F2‐isoprostanes levels 84% higher than controls. Compared with controls, liver phospholipids from obese patients exhibited significantly 1) lower levels of 20:4n‐6, 22:5n‐3, 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], total long‐chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA), and total n‐3 LCPUFA, 2) higher 22:5n‐6 [docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn‐6)] levels and n‐6/n‐3 LCPUFA ratios, and 3) comparable levels of n‐6 LCPUFA. Levels of DHA and DPAn‐6 in liver were positively correlated with those in erythrocytes (r = 0.77 and r = 0.90, respectively; p < 0.0001), whereas DHA and DPAn‐6 showed a negative association in both tissues (r = −0.79, p < 0.0001 and r = −0.58, p < 0.01, respectively), associated with lower DHA/DPAn‐6 ratios.Discussion: Obese patients with NAFLD showed marked alterations in the polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern of the liver. These changes are significantly correlated with those found in erythrocytes, thus suggesting that erythrocyte FA composition could be a reliable indicator of derangements in liver lipid metabolism in obese patients.
Internalization of Weight Bias: Implications for Binge Eating and Emotional Well‐being
Authors: Puhl Rebecca M. , Moss‐Racusin Corinne A. , Schwartz Marlene B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined the relationship between internalization of negative weight‐based stereotypes and indices of eating behaviors and emotional well‐being in a sample of overweight and obese women.Research Method and Procedures: The sample was comprised of 1013 women who belonged to a national, non‐profit weight loss organization. Participants completed an on‐line battery of self‐report questionnaires measuring frequency of weight stigmatization and coping responses to deal with bias and symptoms of depression and self‐esteem, attitudes about weight and obesity, and binge eating behaviors. In addition, participants were asked to list the most common weight‐based stereotypes and whether they believed them to be true or false.Results: Participants who believed that weight‐based stereotypes were true reported more frequent binge eating and refusal to diet in response to stigma experiences compared with those who reported stereotypes to be false. The degree to which participants believed stereotypes to be true or false was not related to types or amount of stigma experiences reported, self‐esteem, depression, or attitudes toward obese persons. In addition, engaging in weight loss strategies as a response to bias was not predicted by stereotype beliefs or by actual stigma experiences, regardless of the amount or types of stigma reported.Discussion: These findings suggest that obese individuals who internalize negative weight‐based stereotypes may be particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of stigma on eating behaviors and also challenge the notion that stigma may motivate obese individuals to engage in efforts to lose weight. This study highlights a new area of research that warrants attention to better understand weight stigma and its potential consequences for health.
Lifecourse Socioeconomic Position and Weight Change among Blacks: The Pitt County Study
Authors: Bennett Gary G. , Wolin Kathleen Y. , James Sherman A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The elevated prevalence of obesity among U.S. blacks has been attributed to low socioeconomic position (SEP), despite inconsistent empirical findings. It is unclear whether low SEP at various lifecourse stages differentially influences adulthood BMI and BMI change.Research Methods and Procedures: Among 1167 black adults in the Pitt County Study, we examined independent cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between SEP, measured in childhood and adulthood, and BMI and 13‐year BMI change. Low vs. high childhood SEP was measured by parental occupation and childhood household deprivation; low vs. high adulthood SEP was assessed by employment status, education, and occupation. Using childhood and adulthood SEP, four lifecourse SEP categories were created: low‐low, low‐high, high‐low, high‐high.Results: We found no consistent associations between SEP and BMI or BMI change among men. Among women, we observed the expected inverse association between SEP and BMI at baseline. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, socioeconomically advantaged women demonstrated larger 13‐year increases in BMI: skilled vs. unskilled parental occupation (6.1 vs. 4.8 kg/m2, p = 0.04); college‐educated vs. < high school (6.2 vs. 4.5 kg/m2, p = 0.04); white‐collar vs. blue‐collar job (5.8 vs. 4.8 kg/m2, p = 0.05); and high‐high vs. low‐low lifecourse SEP (6.5 vs. 4.6 kg/m2, p = 0.02).Discussion: For women in this black cohort, lower SEP predicted earlier onset of obesity; however, low SEP was less predictive of BMI increases over time. Our findings demonstrate complex patterns of association between SEP and BMI change among black women.
Intra‐abdominal Fat Burden Discriminated In Vivo Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Walling Brent E. , Munasinghe Jeeva , Berrigan David , Bailey Michael Q. , Simpson R. Mark 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) as a means to distinguish among mice with disparate intra‐abdominal body fat compositions, and to measure changes in intra‐abdominal fat burden during weight loss and regain.Research Methods and Procedures: Intra‐abdominal fat burden was analyzed as a ratio of integrated areas under the curves of fat to water 1H‐MRS signals collected from a region of interest standardized across B6.V‐Lepob, C57BL/6, and A‐ZIP/F mice that exhibited various genotypically related body fat compositions, ranging from obese (B6.V‐Lepob) to minimal body fat (A‐ZIP/F). 1H‐MRS analysis of fat burden was compared with intra‐abdominal fat volume and with a single cross‐sectional intra‐abdominal fat area calculated from segmented magnetic resonance images. Similar measurements were made from obese B6.V‐Lepob mice before, during, and after they were induced to lose weight by leptin administration.Results: Relative amounts of intra‐abdominal fat analyzed by 1H‐MRS differed significantly according to body composition and genotype of the three strains of mice (p < 0.05). Intra‐abdominal fat assessed by 1H‐MRS correlated with both intra‐abdominal fat volume (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and body weight (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) among, but not within, all three genotypes. During weight loss and regain, there was a significant overall pattern of changes in intra‐abdominal fat quantity that occurred, which was reflected by 1H‐MRS (p = 0.006).Discussion: Results support the use of localized 1H‐MRS for assessing differences in intra‐abdominal fat. Refinements in 1H‐MRS voxel region of interest size and location as well as instrument precision may result in improved correlations within certain body compositions.
Hepatic‐dependent and ‐independent Insulin Actions Are Impaired in the Obese Zucker Rat Model
Authors: Afonso Ricardo A. , Ribeiro Rogerio T. , Fernandes Ana B. , Patarrão Rita S. , Macedo M. Paula 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Whole‐body insulin sensitivity (IS) depends on a hepatic pathway, involving parasympathetic activation and hepatic nitric oxide (NO) production. Both atropine and N‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA, NO synthase inhibitor) induce insulin resistance (IR). IR is associated with obesity. Because NO action was shown to be impaired in animal models of obesity, such as the obese Zucker rat (OZR), we tested the hypothesis that the hepatic‐dependent pathway is diminished in OZR, resulting in IR.Research Methods and Procedures: Lean Zucker rats (LZRs) were used as OZR controls. IS was evaluated in terms of glucose disposal [milligrams of glucose per kilogram of body weight (bw)]. Two groups were submitted to two protocols. First, a control clamp was followed by a post‐atropine (3 mg/kg intravenously) clamp. Second, after the control clamp, l‐NMMA (0.73 mg/kg intraportally) was given, and a second clamp was performed. Hepatic‐dependent IS was assessed by subtracting the response after atropine or l‐NMMA from the basal response.Results: In the first protocol, basal IS was lower in OZR than in LZR (OZR, 73.7 ± 14.2; LZR, 289.2 ± 24.7 mg glucose/kg bw; p < 0.001), and atropine decreased IS in the same proportion for both groups (OZR, 41.3 ± 8.0%; LZR, 40.1 ± 6.5%). Equally, in the second protocol, OZR presented lower IS (OZR, 79.3 ± 1.6; LZR, 287.4 ± 22.7 mg glucose/kg bw; p < 0.001). l‐NMMA induced IS inhibition in both groups (OZR, 48.3 ± 6.6%; LZR, 46.4 ± 4.1%), similar to that after atropine.Discussion: We show that the IR in OZR is due to similar impairment of both hepatic‐dependent and ‐independent components of insulin action, suggesting the existence of a defect common to both pathways.
Expression and Localization of Melanocortin‐1 Receptor in Human Adipose Tissues of Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Hoch Matthias , Eberle Alex N. , Wagner Urs , Bussmann Christian , Peters Thomas , Peterli Ralph 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The melanocortin system is a key regulator in the hypothalamus of energy intake and expenditure. It is frequently linked with obesity and apparently modulates sympathetic outflow to white adipose tissues. The role of the melanocortins within adipose tissues, however, is not entirely clear. This study was aimed at determining the quantitative expression of the five melanocortin receptors (MC1‐R to MC5‐R) in subcutaneous and omental fat of obese patients and non‐obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: Expression of MC1‐R to MC5‐R, proopiomelanocortin, agouti signaling protein, leptin, leptin receptor, and uncoupling protein‐1 was investigated in human fat samples by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. MC1‐R expression was also studied in preadipocytes, adipocytes, and monocytic THP‐1 cells and by immunohistochemical localization in adipose tissues.Results: Notable expression was found for MC1‐R, whereas no mRNA for MC2‐R and MC3‐R was detected; MC4‐R and MC5‐R mRNA was occasionally detectable but at very low levels. MC1‐R mRNA in subcutaneous fat was increased in obese patients as compared with controls; omental fat of both groups had slightly higher MC1‐R expression than subcutaneous fat and did not differ between patient groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of the MC1‐R in adipose tissue sections showed that MC1‐R expression was higher in macrophages but also present in adipocytes.Discussion: The expression of MC1‐R and the lack of MC2‐R in human adipose tissues indicate that the melanocortins may regulate cell proliferation and/or inflammatory signals rather than lipolysis. Also, the increased expression of MC1‐R in subcutaneous fat of obese subjects may reflect one aspect of the pathophysiology of obesity.
Galectin‐3 Stimulates Preadipocyte Proliferation and Is Up‐regulated in Growing Adipose Tissue
Authors: Kiwaki Kohji , Novak Colleen M. , Hsu Daniel K. , Liu Fu‐Tong , Levine James A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Some cytokines and mediators of inflammation can alter adiposity through their effects on adipocyte number. To probe the molecular basis of obesity, this study determined whether galectin‐3 was present in adipose tissue and investigated its effects on fat cell number.Research Methods and Procedures: In the first study, obesity‐prone C57BL/6J mice were fed with high‐fat (58%) diet. Epididymal fat pads were collected at Day 0, Day 60, and Day 120 after the start of high‐fat feeding.Results: Levels of adipocyte galectin‐3 protein, determined using Western blot analysis, increased as the mice became obese. Galectin‐3 mRNA and protein were then detected in human adipose tissue, primarily in the preadipocyte fraction. It was found that recombinant human galectin‐3 stimulated proliferation of primary cultured preadipocytes as well as DNA synthesis through lectin‐carbohydrate interaction.Discussion: Galectin‐3, which has been known to play a versatile role especially in immune cells, might play a role also in adipose tissue and be associated with the pathophysiology of obesity.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity in China
Authors: Reynolds Kristi , Gu Dongfeng , Whelton Paul K. , Wu Xigui , Duan Xiufang , Mo Jingping , He Jiang ,   For the InterASIA Collaborative Group
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity in China.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of 15,540 Chinese adults in 2000–2001. Body weight, height, and waist circumference were measured by trained observers. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization classification. Central obesity was defined according to guidelines of the International Diabetes Federation.Results: Mean BMI and waist circumference were 23.1 kg/m2 and 79.6 cm, respectively, for men and 23.5 kg/m2 and 77.2 cm, respectively, for women. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 24.1% and 2.8% in men and 26.1% and 5.0% in women, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 16.1% in men and 37.6% in women. The prevalences of overweight, obesity, and central obesity were higher among residents in northern China compared with their counterparts in southern China and among those in urban areas compared with those in rural areas. Lifestyle factors were the most important risk factors to explain the differences in overweight and central obesity between northern and southern residents. Among women, lifestyle and diet were the most important risk factors to explain the differences between urban and rural residents, whereas socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and diet were all important among men.Discussion: Our study indicates that overweight and obesity have become important public health problems in China. Environmental risk factors may be the main reason for regional differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in China.
Adipose Tissue Interleukin‐18 mRNA and Plasma Interleukin‐18: Effect of Obesity and Exercise
Authors: Leick Lotte , Lindegaard Birgitte , Stensvold Dorthe , Plomgaard Peter , Saltin Bengt , Pilegaard Henriette 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: Obesity and a physically inactive lifestyle are associated with increased risk of developing insulin resistance. The hypothesis that obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue (AT) interleukin (IL)‐18 mRNA expression and that AT IL‐18 mRNA expression is related to insulin resistance was tested. Furthermore, we speculated that acute exercise and exercise training would regulate AT IL‐18 mRNA expression.Research Methods and Procedures: Non‐obese subjects with BMI < 30 kg/m2 (women: n = 18; men; n = 11) and obese subjects with BMI >30 kg/m2 (women: n = 6; men: n = 7) participated in the study. Blood samples and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were obtained at rest, immediately after an acute exercise bout, and at 2 hours or 10 hours of recovery. After 8 weeks of exercise training of the obese group, sampling was repeated 48 hours after the last training session.Results: AT IL‐18 mRNA content and plasma IL‐18 concentration were higher (p < 0.05) in the obese group than in the non‐obese group. AT IL‐18 mRNA content and plasma IL‐18 concentration was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with insulin resistance. While acute exercise did not affect IL‐18 mRNA expression at the studied time‐points, exercise training reduced AT IL‐18 mRNA content by 20% in both sexes.Discussion: Because obesity and insulin resistance were associated with elevated AT IL‐18 mRNA and plasma IL‐18 levels, the training‐induced lowering of AT IL‐18 mRNA content may contribute to the beneficial effects of regular physical activity with improved insulin sensitivity.
Effect of a Thermogenic Beverage on 24‐Hour Energy Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Rudelle Servane , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Cristiani Isabelle , Moulin Julie , Macé Katherine , Acheson Kevin J. , Tappy Luc 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:To test whether consumption of a beverage containing active ingredients will increase 24‐hour energy metabolism in healthy, young, lean individuals.Research Method and Procedures:Thirty‐one male and female subjects consumed 3 × 250‐mL servings of a beverage containing green tea catechins, caffeine, and calcium for 3 days in a single‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over design study. On the 3rd day, 23‐hour energy metabolism, extrapolated to 24‐hour, was measured in a calorimeter chamber. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and total day and night urines were analyzed for urea and catecholamine excretion.Results:Twenty‐four‐hour energy expenditure (EE) and 24‐hour fat oxidation were lower in women than in men (p< 0.0001 andp< 0.015, respectively). Although there were no treatment or treatment/gender effects on substrate oxidation, treatment increased 24‐hour EE by 106 ± 31 kcal/24 hours (p= 0.002), equivalent to 4.7 ± 1.6 kcal/h (day;p= 0.005) and 3.3 ± 1.5 kcal/h (night;p= 0.04). No significant differences were observed in hemodynamic parameters.Discussion:The present study provides evidence that consumption of a beverage containing green tea catechins, caffeine, and calcium increases 24‐hour EE by 4.6%, but the contribution of the individual ingredients cannot be distinguished. Although this increase is modest, the results are discussed in relation to proposed public health goals, indicating that such modifications are sufficient to prevent weight gain. When consumed regularly as part of a healthy diet and exercise regime, such a beverage may provide benefits for weight control.