bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balancing Tracking Granularity and Parallelism in Many-Task Systems: The Horizons Approach
Authors: Thoman Peter , Salzmann Philip 
Published: April 2024

AbstractReducing the need for users to manually manage the details of work and data distribution is an important goal of high-level many-task runtime systems. For distributed memory platforms this means that the runtime system has to keep track of both fine-grained task dependencies and data residency meta-information. The amount of such meta-information is proportional to the granularity of parallelism which needs to be managed, introducing a trade-off. More precise tracking of data state allows leveraging more opportunities for compute and transfer parallelism, while also introducing more overhead. As such, the fidelity of the information being tracked needs to be managed carefully, ideally without introducing additional latency, communication or substantial compute overhead. We present the “Horizons” approach, designed to fulfill these goals. Specifically, horizons allow for the effective and efficient management of parallelism and the coalescing of previous fine-grained tracking information while maintaining an easily configurable scheduling window with full information precision. As an additional benefit, they provide consistent cluster-wide decision points without requiring any inter-node communication, and effectively cap the size of state tracking data structures even in the presence of problematic access patterns. Experimental evaluation on microbenchmarks and dry runs demonstrates that horizons are effective in keeping the scheduling complexity constant, while their own overhead is negligible—below $$10\, \upmu {\rm s}$$

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per horizon when building a command graph for 512 GPUs. We additionally demonstrate the performance impact of horizons—as well as their low overhead—on a real-world application.
Feature extraction for artificial intelligence enabled food supply chain failure mode prediction
Authors: Trollman H. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Commission is a contingency plan aimed at always ensuring a sufficient and varied supply of safe, nutritious, affordable, and sustainable food to citizens. The learning from previous crises such as COVID-19 indicates that proactive strategies need to span numerous levels both within and external to food networks, requiring both vertical and horizontal collaborations. However, there is a lack of systematic performance management techniques for ripple effects in food supply chains that would enable the prediction of failure modes. Supervised learning algorithms are commonly used for prediction (classification) problems, but machine learning struggles with large data sets and complex phenomena. Consequently, this research proposes a manual approach to feature extraction for artificial intelligence with the aim of reducing dimensionality for more efficient algorithm performance, and improved interpretability/explainability for benefits in terms of ethics and managerial decision-making. The approach is based on qualitative comparative analysis informed by in-depth case knowledge which is refined through Boolean logic, yielding solutions that reflect complex causality as opposed to single failure point modes. Two case exemplars are presented to support the proposed framework for implementation: export readiness of dairy supply chains under the Russia-Ukraine war, and egg supply chain sustainability during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.
Comparative investigation of powder and extract of biochar from Broussonetia papyrifera on the growth and eco-physiological attributes of Vigna radiata
Authors: Gupta Ipsa , Singh Rishikesh , Kaushik Anupama , Singh Harminder Pal , Batish Daizy R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study compared the impact of biochar (in powder and extract forms) derived from the invasive tree Broussonetia papyrifera on the growth and eco-physiological responses of Vigna radiata (mung bean) under laboratory and experimental dome environments. The primary objective was to investigate the sustainable utilization potential of biochar derived from invasive plants. Powdered biochar was mixed into garden soil at amendment rates of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%, while for extract treatments, the seedlings were irrigated with extracts of these concentrations. The responses of plants were found to be dependent on the concentration and type of treatment (i.e., powder or extract) used. The highest levels of growth and eco-physiological responses were observed at a concentration of 1% for biochar extract and 2% for powdered biochar. In addition, the impacts were more pronounced in the roots than in the shoots. The biochar amendment resulted in a 7‒73% increase in root length and a 12‒148% increase in plant dry biomass when compared to the control. Crop growth, water use efficiency, and leaf area were greater in powdered biochar, but net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were higher in plants treated with biochar extract. Adding powdered biochar to soil increases its pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, soil organic C, and amounts of available N, P, and K; however, the effects of applying biochar extracts were less pronounced. Crop growth and eco-physiological responses were found to be positively correlated, regardless of the biochar form used. Following biochar extract treatment, EC was found to be negatively correlated with Pn. The study revealed that powdered biochar had superior growth responses and soil improvement compared to biochar extract at higher concentrations. However, biochar extract also had comparable effects and can be beneficial in short-term cropping systems such as urban farming (e.g., in kitchen gardens and vegetable production) at lower concentrations (up to 2%). The findings of the study provide a baseline for future evaluations regarding the sustainable application of biochar liquor (water extract) as a source of nutrients and the powdered residual biochar as a potential material for adsorbing environmental contaminants or improving soil quality.
Carbon storage and economic efficiency of fruit-based systems in semi-arid region: a symbiotic approach for sustainable agriculture and climate resilience
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Yadav Sarwan Kumar , Rajput Bhalendra Singh , Sharma Prashant 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEnhancing our understanding of carbon (C) stock in diverse horticulture and fruit-based agroforestry systems has potential to provide farmers with supplementary advantages in terms of poverty alleviation and livelihood development which can significantly benefit C market initiatives like UN-REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the biomass accumulation, C storage and economic efficacy of seven agro-ecosystems, namely guava-based agri-horticulture system (AHS), mango-AHS, guava- pure orchard (PO), mango-PO, Indian gooseberry -PO, teak boundary plantation (TBP) and annual cropping system (ACS) under two different landscape positions viz., upland and lowland in the semi-arid region of Vindhyan ranges. The result indicated that mango-AHS accumulated significantly (p < 0.05) higher biomass (26.01 t ha−1) and vegetation C density (13.01 t C ha−1) whereas, soil (35.23 t C ha−1), litter (0.64 t C ha−1), and total C density (46.63 t C ha−1) was maximum under mango-PO closely followed by mango-AHS. The guava-PO system exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher C sequestration (2.11 t C ha−1 yr−1), and CO2 abatement (7.76 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) rate compared to other systems with C credit generation of 129.76 US$ ha−1 year−1. However, mango-AHS was the most lucrative system providing net returns of 4835.48 US$ ha−1 yr−1 and 5.87 benefit–cost ratio. The C credits help in getting farmers an additional income; however, the economic impact of C credit was low (1.16–6.80%) when weighed against the overall economic efficacy of the different systems. Overall, the study concluded that farmers in the region should adopt fruit-based systems, especially agroforestry systems to establish mutually beneficial relationships between mitigation of climate change and livelihood stability.
Graphical Abstract
Comparison of the Climatic Characteristics of Ozone Valley Over the Tibetan Plateau and the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Shen Lin , Rao Jian , Guo Dong , Yang Junfeng , Wang Qilu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study compares the ozone valleys over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the Rocky Mountains (RM) using the ERA5 reanalysis data set. The dynamical transport of the ozone over these two regions is analyzed using the Lorenz circulation decomposition method. The ozone content valley over TP is observed around 200–50 hPa (upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, or UTLS), and that over RM is around 300–100 hPa. It is shown that the TP ozone content is smaller than that over RM. By analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of the ozone content and the general circulation, the anticyclone over Southern Asian (SAH) plays a significant role in existence of the TP ozone valley, and the ozone content flux reaches its maximum in July. Large‐scale terrain and related general circulation determine the ozone valley appearance. Further analysis suggests that stationary transport has a larger impact on the ozone valley formation than the transient transport. The transport by the zonal circulation nearly cancels out most of that by the meridional circulation, due to the fact that the zonal transport magnitude is nearly equal to the meridional transport. The transport center over the RM is much weaker than that over the TP. Furthermore, the contrasts between transient and stationary transports are less evident over RM than over TP. The eddy‐driven stationary ozone transport flux significantly impacts the development of the two low ozone centers across these large terrains.
Stratospheric Aerosol Injection to Stabilize Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial Permafrost Under the ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 Scenario
Authors: Morrison A. L. , Barnes E. A. , Hurrell J. W. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPermafrost, or ground that is continuously frozen for at least 2 years, contains vast stores of organic soil carbon. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) may prevent tipping points that lead to widespread permafrost thaw and carbon release by cooling surface and soil temperatures, but it is unclear if or when permafrost could stabilize after SAI deployment. Here we use output from the ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 simulations to assess how permafrost may respond to a specific SAI strategy that maintains global mean surface temperature to 1.5°C above pre‐industrial levels. Permafrost responses under SAI are compared to responses under the control SSP2‐4.5 emissions scenario. We show that the rate of boreal permafrost thaw slows under SAI but does not fully stop, likely due to deep permafrost thaw processes that are resistant to surface temperatures changes. In both the ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 and SSP2‐4.5 simulations, permafrost completely thaws and disappears along the southern edge of the permafrost area by 2069, indicating that some permafrost loss may be inevitable even if SAI successfully stabilizes global mean surface temperatures. SAI does prevent a potential local tipping point (talik formation) in roughly 1 million km2 of permafrost. Most of the talik prevention occurs in permafrost peatlands. Thus, a more aggressive SAI strategy than that of ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 is likely required to prevent all future projected permafrost thaw.
Tracking Interprovincial Flows of Atmospheric PAH Emissions Through Downscaling Estimates With Province‐Specific Emission Factors
Authors: Xia Linlin , Wang Jianbing , Wang Ruwei , Liang Sai , Yang Zhifeng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAtmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are emitted significantly by economic sectors, are closely related to the global incidence of human cancer. When assessing temporal changes in PAH emissions in a country that is vast in area, such as China, it is crucial to consider socioeconomic differences across geological regions. In this study, we developed PAH emission factors at the provincial level and used them to compile a Chinese PAH emission inventory. Subsequently, we estimated trade‐driven PAH emissions at the provincial level in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2017, and examined the critical supply chain paths. The updated inventory reveals a distinct temporal trend in trade‐driven PAH emissions, although they remain at an order of magnitude similar to previous estimates. National total production‐, consumption‐, and income‐based PAH emissions, despite a rebound in 2012, exhibit a general decline from 59.3, 43.3, and 48.8 kt in 2007 to 52.1, 43.9, and 47.0 kt in 2017, respectively. These declines align with economic adjustments and emissions mitigation legislation. Spatial hotspots were concentrated in the most affluent Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Jing‐Jin‐Ji provinces on the demand side and in the northern coal resource‐rich provinces on the supply side. They primarily drive PAH emissions from the heavy industrial sectors of northern coal resource‐rich provinces. Fewer affluent provinces have experienced a rapid increase in trade‐driven PAH emissions after 2012, emphasizing the need for synergistic reduction measures to combat PAH pollution.
Mapping Global Lithospheric Mantle Pressure‐Temperature Conditions by Machine‐Learning Thermobarometry
Authors: Qin Ben , Ye Chenyang , Liu Jingao , Huang Shichun , Wang Shunguo , ZhangZhou J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractComprehending the temperature distribution within Earth's lithospheric mantle is of paramount importance for understanding the dynamics of Earth's interior. Traditional mineral‐based thermobarometers effectively constrain temperature and pressure for particular compositions, but their application is limited at the global scale. Here, we trained machine‐learning (ML) algorithms on 985 published high‐temperature and high‐pressure experiments for use as thermometers and barometers to overcome the limitations of classic methods. We compared our ML models to classic thermobarometers to assess the accuracies of predicted pressures and temperatures. The comparison shows that the ML models outperform classic methods and better fit various mineral pairs. Global application of the ML models unveils mantle conditions beneath cratons. Furthermore, depths to the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) calibrated based on the ML thermobarometry results are generally deeper by ∼40 km than those derived geophysically, implying the existence of melt‐bearing or hydrated mineral zones at the LAB.
Integrated Investigation on Heterogeneous Lower Crust Rheology in Kyushu and Afterslip Behavior Following the 2016 Mw7.1 Kumamoto Earthquake
Authors: Liu Yiqing , Cui Xin , Hu Yan , Zhang Jian , Chen Yunguo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe viscoelastic lower crust beneath Kyushu Island, influenced by the volcanic arc, interplays with active crustal faults in this region and helps to shape local tectonics. In this study, we employed a three‐dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to gain insights into the lithospheric rheology and crustal faulting kinematics, through modeling the postseismic deformation processes of the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake. Our model reveals a viscosity of 2 × 1020 Pa s for the lower crust and 2 × 1019 Pa s for the upper mantle. A reduced lower crust viscosity of 2 × 1019 Pa s in the volcanic arc area is required for better reproducing the Global Positioning System data. The stress‐driven afterslip decays rapidly over time and is up to 0.3 m within 5 years after the earthquake. We propose additional normal‐component afterslip to better explain the complex postseismic deformation in the near field, which may be due to the interaction between the fault and volcano Aso.
Asymmetric Influences of ENSO Phases on the Predictability of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Hou Zhaolu , Li Jianping , Diao Yina , Zhang Yazhou , Zhong Quanjia , Feng Jie , Qi Xin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) has a profound climatic influence. The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly impacts the North Pacific SST; however, the influence of the distinct phases of ENSO on SST predictability remains unclear. To overcome the model limitations, this study assessed SST predictability under diverse ENSO phases using reanalysis. The predictability limit of the North Pacific SST under La Niña (8.4 months) is longer than that under Neutral (5.9 months) and El Niño (5.5 months) conditions, which unveils asymmetry. This asymmetry mirrors contemporary multimodal prediction skills. Error growth dynamics reveal La Niña's robust signal strength with a slow error growth rate, in contrast to El Niño's weaker signal and faster error growth. There exhibits intermediate signal strength and elevated error growth in Neutral condition. Physically, predictability signal strength aligns with SST variability, whereas the error growth rate correlates with atmospheric‐ocean heating anomalies. La Niña, which induces positive heating anomalies, minimizes the impact of atmospheric noise, resulting in lower error growth. The result is beneficial for improving North Pacific SST predictions.
The Ellipticity of High Frequency Transionospheric Radio Waves
Authors: Pandey Kuldeep , Kalafatoglu Eyiguler E. Ceren , Hussey Glenn C. , Danskin Donald W. , Gillies Robert G. , Yau Andrew W. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe polarization state of transionospheric high frequency (HF) radio waves can be determined using the crossed‐dipole antennas of the Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI) onboard Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP) on the CAScade, Smallsat, and IOnospheric Polar Explorer/Swarm‐E satellite. Coordinated experiments between ground radars and RRI showed that the radio waves have high ellipticity angles (elliptical or circular polarization) for propagation direction 6°–25° from the perpendicular direction to the local geomagnetic field. However, from magnetoionic theory and a typical assumption of roughly equal power in the O‐ and X‐modes, radio waves can have high ellipticity angles only when the propagation direction is within 10° of perpendicularity. This investigation uses coordinated experiments between the Saskatoon SuperDARN radar and RRI. Magnetoionic modeling reveals that the relative strengths of the O‐ and X‐modes for the HF radio waves transmitted from the Saskatoon SuperDARN change significantly poleward of the radar. Differences in the relative power between the two wave modes were found to significantly modify the polarization state of radio waves, and govern the sense of rotation of the wave. Even a relatively modest 2–5 dB power difference in the X‐mode over the O‐mode was found to result in unexpected observations of circularly polarized radio waves at aspect angles 6°–10° from perpendicular, and unexpected elliptically polarized waves observed at aspect angles more than 10° from perpendicular. Therefore, a combination of RRI observations and modeling, which accounts for relative differences in the O‐ and X‐mode powers, was used here to better understand the unexpected observations of polarization states of transionospheric radio waves.
Role of Lightning Activity in Deciphering Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) Induced D‐Region Ionospheric Perturbations During Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS) Fani
Authors: Patil Omkar M. , Moharana Sidha S. , Maurya Ajeet K. , Parihar Navin , Singh Rajesh , Dimri A. P. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe study presents detailed meteorological characteristics of extremely severe cyclonic storm (ESCS) Fani, and subsequent Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) induced D‐region ionospheric perturbations and the role of lightning activity in it. The cyclone shaped as a weak disturbance over the north Indian Ocean (2.7°N, 89.7°E) on 25 April 2019. The disturbance intensified and evolved into ESCS Fani over Bay of Bengal (BoB) on 30 April, had landfall on 03 May, and dissipated after 04 May 2019. What makes Fani unique is its long life span of ∼10 days, and only ESCS to occur after ∼30 years over the BoB. Fani attained a minimum cloud top temperature of about −80°C, and a corresponding maximum cloud top altitude of about ∼17 km. Such meteorological conditions presented a strong convection process in the towering cumulonimbus in inner and outer rain bands, resulting in intense lightning activity. The peak lightning flash rate observed was ∼375 min−1. SABER observations confirmed the coupling of atmosphere with ionosphere with strong AGWs in middle atmosphere during Fani. NWC (19.8 kHz) Very Low Frequency signal intersecting the track of Fani is used to decipher D‐region ionospheric perturbations induced by AGWs from Fani. The results show the presence of increased AGW activity in D‐region during the cyclone period when compared to that of the pre‐ and post‐cyclone periods. The periods of the observed gravity waves are between ∼13 and 20 min, highlighting the important role of lightning activity and AGWs in atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Source Parameters of Laboratory Acoustic Emission Events Estimated From the Coda of Waveforms
Authors: Kartseva Tatiana I. , Shapiro Nikolai M. , Patonin Andrey V. , Shikhova Natalia M. , Smirnov Vladimir B. , Ponomarev Alexander V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe develop a method to estimate relative seismic moments M0 and corner frequencies fc of acoustic emission events recorded in laboratory experiments from amplitude spectra of signal's coda composed of reverberated and scattered waves. This approach has several advantages with respect to estimations from direct waves that are often clipped and also are difficult to separate in experiments performed on small samples. Also, inversion of the coda spectra does not require information about the source locations and mechanisms. We use the developed method to analyze the data of two experiments: (a) on granite from the Voronezh crystal massif and (b) on Berea sandstone. The range of absolute corner frequencies estimated in both experiments is around 70 − −700 kHz. The range of relative seismic moments covers 103.5. The relation between fc and M0 observed on the first stages of both experiments, consisted of increasing isotropic confining pressure, approximately follow scaling and the b‐value of the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution was found close to 1. This can be interpreted as rupturing of preexisting material defects with a nearly constant stress‐drop and has a similarity with observations of “natural” earthquakes. Deviations from this “earthquake‐like” behavior observed after applying axial loading and initiation of sample damaging can be interpreted as changes in stress‐drop. Lower stress‐drops prevail for sandstone and higher for granite sample respectively that can be related to the strength of corresponding material.