bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internationalisation of Counseling Psychology: Constructing Cross‐National Consensus and Collaboration
Authors: Savickas Mark L. 
Published: January 2007

Les analyses SWOT présentées par les auteurs dans cette édition spéciale Perspectives internationales sur la psychologie du counseling proposent de nombreux éléments en faveur de l’élaboration d’un plan stratégique destinéà la division «Psychologie du Counseling» de l’Association Internationale de Psychologie Appliquée. Condenser les multiples possibilités en un nombre limité de thèmes fédérateurs relève d’une avancée réaliste et significative dans la conception d’un plan stratégique pour la division 16. Les rubriques de ce plan pourraient être les suivantes: a) définir la psychologie du counseling d’un point de vue international, b) cristalliser une identité professionnelle supranationale c) encourager l’avènement de modèles, méthodes et connaissances propres à un pays et d) stimuler la collaboration internationale.The SWOT analyses presented by the authors in this special issue on International Perspectives on Counseling Psychology propose numerous possibilities for building a strategic plan for the new Counseling Psychology Division (16) in the International Association of Applied Psychology. Reducing multiple possibilities to a few common themes may suggest a realistic and meaningful way forward in formulating a strategic plan for Division 16. Elements of this plan might include (a) defining counseling psychology from an international perspective, (b) crystallising a cross‐national professional identity, (c) encouraging construction of indigenous models, methods, and materials, and (d) promoting international collaboration.
Challenges in the application of geometric constraint models
Authors: McClain Craig R. , White Ethan P. , Hurlbert Allen H. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDiscerning the processes influencing geographical patterns of species richness remains one of the central goals of modern ecology. Traditional approaches to exploring these patterns have focused on environmental and ecological correlates of observed species richness. Recently, some have suggested these approaches suffer from the lack of an appropriate null model that accounts for species ranges being constrained to occur within a bounded domain. Proponents of these null geometric constraint models (GCMs), and the mid‐domain effect these models produce, argue their utility in identifying meaningful gradients in species richness. This idea has generated substantial debate. Here we discuss what we believe are the three major challenges in the application of GCMs. First, we argue that there are actually two equally valid null models for the random placement of species ranges within a domain, one of which actually predicts a uniform distribution of species richness. Second, we highlight the numerous decisions that must be made to implement a GCM that lead to marked differences in the predictions of the null model. Finally, we discuss challenges in evaluating the importance of GCMs once they have been implemented.
Correlates of range size and dispersal ability: a comparative analysis of sphingid moths from the Indo‐Australian tropics
Authors: Beck Jan , Kitching Ian J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim  We tested various species‐level traits for their potential to explain species’ range sizes and dispersal abilities.Location  Southeast Asia and Malay Archipelago.Methods  We used published maps of geographical distribution estimates for sphingid moths to calculate range areas and classify species according to their dispersion across (present or historical) water straits in the Malay Archipelago. We tested forewing length (FWL), wing load (thorax width/FWL), presence or absence of a functional proboscis (i.e. adult feeding), larval diet breadth and larval diet composition for univariate correlations with range size and inter‐island dispersion. We used multivariate, phylogenetically controlled models to test for independent effects of parameters.Results  Range size correlated strongly with larval diet breadth, a result that was also confirmed in the multivariate model. Adult feeding had a significant impact on range sizes only within the multivariate model, but not in the univariate correlation. Dispersal class also correlated with larval diet breadth, but was additionally influenced by forewing length, wing load and larval diet composition. A univariate effect of adult feeding became non‐significant in the multivariate, phylogenetically controlled model.Main conclusions  Larval diet breadth is the best predictor of range size as well as inter‐island dispersion, confirming the importance of niche breadth on the geographic ranges of species. A number of other factors are shown to have additional impact on predictions of range size or inter‐island dispersal ability. Our analyses cannot determine the causal mechanisms of these correlations, but may stimulate further research on the adaptive significance of traits affecting range size and dispersal in this system.
Latitudinal diversity gradients for brachiopod genera during late Palaeozoic time: links between climate, biogeography and evolutionary rates
Authors: Powell Matthew G. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim  The latitudinal diversity gradient, in which taxonomic richness is greatest at low latitudes and declines towards the poles, is a pervasive feature of the biota through geological time. This study utilizes fossil data to examine how the latitudinal diversity gradient and associated spatial patterns covaried through the major climate shifts at the onset and end of the late Palaeozoic ice age.Location  Data were acquired from fossil localities from around the world.Methods  Latitudinal patterns of diversity, mean geographical range size and macroevolutionary rates were constructed from a literature‐derived data base of occurrences of fossil brachiopod genera in space and time. The literature search resulted in a total of 18,596 occurrences for 991 genera from 2320 localities.Results  Climate changes associated with the onset of the late Palaeozoic ice age (c. 327 Ma) altered the biogeographical structure of the brachiopod fauna by the preferential elimination of narrowly distributed, largely tropical genera when glaciation began. Because the oceans were left populated primarily with widespread genera, the slope of the diversity gradient became gentle at this time, and the gradient of average latitudinal range size weakened. In addition, because narrowly distributed genera had intrinsically high rates of origination and extinction, the gradients of both of these macroevolutionary rates were also reduced. These patterns were reversed when the ice age climate abated in early Permian time (c. 290 Ma): narrowly distributed genera rediversified at low latitudes, restoring steep gradients of diversity, average latitudinal range size and macroevolutionary rates.Main conclusions  During late Palaeozoic time, these latitudinal gradients for brachiopods may have been linked by the increased magnitude of seasonality during the late Palaeozoic ice age. Pronounced seasonality would have prevented the existence of genera with narrow latitudinal ranges. These results for the late Palaeozoic ice age suggest a climatic basis for the present‐day latitudinal diversity gradient.
ETHICS AND DRUG RESISTANCE
Authors: SELGELID MICHAEL J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the dynamics behind, and ethical issues associated with, the phenomenon of drug resistance. Drug resistance is an important ethical issue partly because of the severe consequences likely to result from the increase in drug resistant pathogens if more is not done to control them. Drug resistance is also an ethical issue because, rather than being a mere quirk of nature, the problem is largely a product of drug distribution. Drug resistance results from the over‐consumption of antibiotics by the wealthy; and it, ironically, results from the under‐consumption of antibiotics, usually by the poor or otherwise marginalized. In both kinds of cases the phenomenon of drug resistance illustrates why health (care) – at least in the context of infectious disease – should be treated as a (global) public good. The point is that drug resistance involves ‘externalities’ affecting third parties. When one patient develops a resistant strain of disease because of her over‐ or under‐consumption of medication, this more dangerous malady poses increased risk to others. The propriety of free‐market distribution of goods subject to externalities is famously dubious – given that the ‘efficiency’ rationale behind markets assumes an absence of externalities. Market failure in the context of drug resistance is partly revealed by the fact that no new classes of antibiotics have been developed since 1970. I conclude by arguing that the case of drug resistance reveals additional reasons – to those traditionally appealed to by bioethicists – for treating health care as something special when making policy decisions about its distribution.
Foreign direct investment, regional market conditions and regional development
Authors: Wen Mei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper uses regional panel data to investigate the mechanism whereby foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to China's regional development through quantifying regional marketization levels. It is found that FDI inflow generates a demonstration effect in identifying regional market conditions for investment in fixed assets and hence affects industrial location. In addition, its effects on regional export and regional income growth have varied across east, central and west China since the second half of the 1990s, depending on differences in FDI orientation between different regions. In east China, geographical advantage in exports attracts FDI inflow and FDI promotes exports. In addition, the rise of the FDI–GDP ratio increases east China's share in national industrial value added. These effects contribute positively to regional income growth in east China although there is a direct crowding‐out effect between FDI and domestic investment (as input) in growth. In contrast, the negative impact of FDI inflow on regional export orientation in central China weakens its contribution to regional income growth. Furthermore, the contribution of the improvement in the market mechanism to regional development is evidenced in attracting FDI, in promoting export and directly contributing to regional income growth.
Computer adoption and returns in transition
Authors: Kuku Yemisi , Orazem Peter F. , Singh Rajesh 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAcross nine transition economies, it is the young, educated, English‐speaking workers with the best access to local telecommunications infrastructures who work with computers. These workers earn about 25 percent more than do workers of comparable observable skills who do not use computers. Controlling for likely simultaneity between computer use at work and labour market earnings makes the apparent returns to computer use disappear. These results are corroborated using Russian longitudinal data on earnings and computer use on the job. High costs of computer use in transition economies suppress wages that firms can pay to their workers who use computers.
Origin and concentration
Authors: Hanousek Jan , Kočenda Evžen , Svejnar Jan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe analyse the effects of different types and concentration of ownership on performance using a large population of firms in the Czech Republic after mass privatization. Specifications based on first‐differences combined with instrumental variables show that the performance effects of different types and concentration of ownership are limited when compared to earlier studies. Often, concentrated ownership has a positive effect, a finding that supports the agency theory. The positive effect of foreign ownership is detected primarily for majority ownership and for ownership by foreign industrial firms. The state as a holder of the golden share has a positive effect on employment and sometimes, also on output and profitability. Overall, our results highlight the benefits of strategic restructuring accompanied by an inflow of new capital and managerial culture.
A macroeconomic model of Russian transition
Authors: Braguinsky Serguey , Myerson Roger 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe present a model in which capital assets can only be owned by members of a relatively small politically connected elite (‘the oligarchs’), each member of which faces a given risk of being expropriated, and we investigate the implications of such an imperfection of property rights for the transition to a market economy. At the start of the transition, the oligarchs are long on local capital assets but short on safe deposits abroad. This causes a depression phase characterized by acute liquidity constraints and large capital outflows at the same time. As the oligarchs acquire enough safe deposits, the economy enters a recovery phase, still accompanied by capital outflows. The model can parsimoniously explain both the steep decline suffered by the Russian economy in the first stage of its transition to a market economy and the subsequent turnaround. The decline could be avoided by allowing foreigners to own some domestic capital assets, but home‐country oligarchs may not be able credibly to collectively commit to such a reform.
The ‘Terrible Wednesday’ of Pentecost: Confronting Urban and Princely Discourses in the Bruges Rebellion of 1436–1438
Authors: DUMOLYN JAN 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOn 22 May 1437 a violent disturbance of the social order occurred in Bruges. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, only narrowly escaped with his life, while Jean de Villiers, lord of L’Isle‐Adam, was killed. Contradictory and competing accounts of these events have survived which illustrate princely and urban discourses on the Bruges rebellion of 1436–8. Careful analysis of these sources reveals that the social and political struggles between the centralizing dukes of Burgundy and their powerful and autonomous Flemish cities reflected a discursive struggle for the representation of political events.
Religion, Power and Parliament: Rothschild and Bradlaugh Revisited
Authors: GRUBE DENNIS 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe British parliament in the nineteenth century reflected the increasingly democratic stability of the British state in a century that saw numerous convulsions on the European continent. It embodied the majesty of British law, the idea that all adult males who dwelt in Britain shared the universal rights of a true‐born Englishman, including the right to speak on the affairs of the nation. The repeated attempts of the Jewish Baron Lionel de Rothschild and the atheist Charles Bradlaugh to take their seats after having been lawfully elected to parliament showed, however, that barriers remained against those who were in some way considered ‘un‐British’. The debates that the perseverance of both men engendered inside the parliament reveal how strongly the conservative British establishment clung on to what it considered to be the Protestant national character. To make British laws, one had to be British in more than citizenship. In essence, it was a debate about British national identity in an increasingly ‘liberal’ world. The eventual inclusion of both Rothschild and Bradlaugh marked a further shift away from religious conformity as a measure of ‘Britishness’ as the century drew to a close.
Incorporating the views of service users in the development of an integrated psychiatric service for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Parkes Charles , Samuels Sarah , Hassiotis Angela , Lynggaard Henrik , Hall Ian 
Published: January 2007

Accessible summary• People with learning disabilities have told us what it was like to be looked after in general psychiatric wards and in our local psychiatric ward where four of the beds are for people with learning disabilities.• People who used mainstream wards found it quite frightening to begin with and things were not always explained very well. People who used the local ward were less worried when admitted and settled in quicker.• People who used general psychiatric wards did not always feel that their medication was explained to them properly. People who used the local ward still had some concerns about this but generally felt that medication was explained properly.• Most people said that they got on well with the other people in both types of ward and they felt that social contact with others was one of the most positive things about their admission.• People using both types of ward liked to have one nurse on the ward who they could go to if anything needed to be sorted out.SummaryDuring the 1990s, a decision was made within the Learning Disabilities services of Camden & Islington to develop a local integrated service for people requiring an acute psychiatric admission. There had been little research at the time on the experiences of people with learning disabilities within the type of inner London acute mental health service within which beds were to be located. In order to inform the development of the new service, we undertook to interview a number of service users with learning disabilities who had experienced acute admissions to general psychiatric wards during the previous three years. The information that was provided was then incorporated into the service's development process. Subsequently, a further round of interviews took place with people who had used the new service to determine whether experiences had changed and to identify areas for further service development and improvement.
Signatures of Positive Selection in Genes Associated with Human Skin Pigmentation as Revealed from Analyses of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Lao O. , de Gruijter J. M. , van Duijn K. , Navarro A. , Kayser M. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryPhenotypic variation between human populations in skin pigmentation correlates with latitude at the continental level. A large number of hypotheses involving genetic adaptation have been proposed to explain human variation in skin colour, but only limited genetic evidence for positive selection has been presented. To shed light on the evolutionary genetic history of human variation in skin colour we inspected 118 genes associated with skin pigmentation in the Perlegen dataset, studying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and analyzed 55 genes in detail. We identified eight genes that are associated with the melanin pathway (SLC45A2, OCA2, TYRP1, DCT, KITLG, EGFR, DRD2 and PPARD) and presented significant differences in genetic variation between Europeans, Africans and Asians. In six of these genes we detected, by means of the EHH test, variability patterns that are compatible with the hypothesis of local positive selection in Europeans (OCA2, TYRP1 and KITLG) and in Asians (OCA2, DCT, KITLG, EGFR and DRD2), whereas signals were scarce in Africans (DCT, EGFR and DRD2). Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between genotypic variation in four pigmentation candidate genes and phenotypic variation of skin colour in 51 worldwide human populations was revealed. Overall, our data also suggest that light skin colour is the derived state and is of independent origin in Europeans and Asians, whereas dark skin color seems of unique origin, reflecting the ancestral state in humans.
Structured Incorporation of Prior Information in Relationship Identification Problems
Authors: Sheehan N. A. , Egeland T. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe objective of this paper is to show how various sources of information can be modelled and integrated to address relationship identification problems. Applications come from areas as diverse as evolution and conservation research, genealogical research in human, plant and animal populations, and forensic problems including paternity cases, identification following disasters, family reunions and immigration issues. We propose assigning a prior probability distribution to the sample space of pedigrees, calculating the likelihood based on DNA data using available software and posterior probabilities using Bayes' Theorem. Our emphasis here is on the modelling of this prior information in a formal and consistent manner. We introduce the distinction between local and global prior information, whereby local information usually applies to particular components of the pedigree and global prior information refers to more general features. When it is difficult to decide on a prior distribution, robustness to various choices should be studied. When suitable prior information is not available, a flat prior can be used which will then correspond to a strict likelihood approach. In practice, prior information is often considered for these problems, but in a generally ad hoc manner. This paper offers a consistent alternative. We emphasise that many practical problems can be addressed using freely available software.
Microsatellite loci for the plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus, Fundulidae)
Authors: LI CHENHONG , BESSERT MICHAEL L. , MACRANDER JASON , ORTÍ GUILLERMO 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus) is a killifish endemic to the Great Plains region. Recent field surveys indicate that populations may be declining in northerly portions of its range and perhaps throughout. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci developed for population genetic studies in the species. We also conducted cross‐species amplifications to test primer efficacy in five additional taxa, including four killifishes.
Mark–recapture cloning: a straightforward and cost‐effective cloning method for population genetics of single‐copy nuclear DNA sequences in diploids
Authors: BIERNE N. , TANGUY A. , FAURE M. , FAURE B. , DAVID E. , BOUTET I. , BOON E. , QUERE N. , PLOUVIEZ S. , KEMPPAINEN P. , JOLLIVET D. , MORAGA D. , BOUDRY P. , DAVID P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe describe a simple protocol to reduce the number of cloning reactions of nuclear DNA sequences in population genetic studies of diploid organisms. Cloning is a necessary step to obtain correct haplotypes in such organisms, and, while traditional methods are efficient at cloning together many genes of a single individual, population geneticists rather need to clone the same locus in many individuals. Our method consists of marking individual sequences during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 5′‐tailed primers with small polynucleotide tags. PCR products are mixed together before the cloning reaction and clones are sequenced with universal plasmid primers. The individual from which a sequence comes from is identified by the tag sequences upstream of each initial primer. We called our protocol mark–recapture (MR) cloning. We present results from 57 experiments of MR cloning conducted in four distinct laboratories using nuclear loci of various lengths in different invertebrate species. Rate of capture (proportion of individuals for which one or more sequences were retrieved) and multiple capture (proportion of individuals for which two or more sequences were retrieved) empirically obtained are described. We estimated that MR cloning allowed reducing costs by up to 70% when compared to conventional individual‐based cloning. However, we recommend to adjust the mark:recapture ratio in order to obtain multiple sequences from the same individual and circumvent inherent technical artefacts of PCR, cloning and sequencing. We argue that MR cloning is a valid and reliable high‐throughput method, providing the number of sequences exceeds the number of individuals initially amplified.