bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Toronto Transit Commission: A Case Study of the Structural-Functional Approach to Administrative Organizations
Authors: Kaplan Harold 
Published: June 2006

Political scientists have approached the study of administrative organizations with widely divergent purposes and modes of analysis. The early studies in this field were suffused with a desire to improve administrative institutions. Attention was centred on the “problems” of administrative accountability, red tape and inertia, administrative efficiency, and the public's low estimation of government service. Emphasis in these early studies was placed on the description of formal institutions and arrangements, since these arrangements, rather than informal behavioural patterns, were amenable to reform. This approach still characterizes the great body of literature on “public administration” in all western countries.In the 1930s and 1940s some American political scientists began to focus their analysis on the “leadership” or “political” behaviour of top-level administrators. Rejecting the notion that public administration could be studied or taught apart from the general concerns of political science, this approach viewed administration as simply one phase in the political process. Emphasis was shifted from the internal aspects of administrative organizations to the environmental or “political” problems of these organizations. Emphasis was shifted from reform to value-free, neutral analysis. This “administrative politics” approach developed at the same time as the “behavioural revolution” in American political science and applied many aspects of that revolution to the study of public administration.
Imperial Reaction to the Fielding Tariff of 1897
Authors: Shields R. A. 
Published: June 2006

During the closing decades of the nineteenth century the self-governing colonies of the British Empire and particularly Canada attempted to obtain a broader degree of freedom in developing their commercial policies. The campaign, which may be said to have commenced in 1878, had as its goals the right for the dependencies to conclude preferential tariff agreements with each other, the establishment of tariff preference throughout the Empire, including the United Kingdom, and the denunciation of the mother country's treaties with Belgium and the German Zollverein. Abrogation of the latter two agreements was regarded as vital since they provided that any duty concessions made to the United Kingdom by the colonies had to be accorded to Belgium and Germany. These concessions also had to be extended to all other foreign countries with which London had treaties containing the most-favoured-nation clause that included the colonies.The movement suffered a considerable set-back in 1895 when the Colonial Secretary, the Marquis of Ripon, issued his famous circular letter to the colonies in which he stoutly defended Britain's free-trade policy and emphasized the value of her commerce with the foreign world. His policy statement rejecting the establishment of tariff preference within the Empire and the abolition of the two treaties was aimed at a series of resolutions emanating from the Colonial Conference of 1894 held in Ottawa. This imperial pronunciamento was not the last word. The entire issue was raised again in 1897 when a new tariff bill was introduced in the Canadian House of Commons by the Finance Minister, W. S. Fielding. The purport of the bill was to grant preference to British goods.
Politics and Policy-Making in Metropolitan Toronto
Authors: Kaplan Harold 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this paper is to describe the way in which policy decisions have been made by the government of Metropolitan Toronto during its first twelve years of operation, and to set policy-making in the broader context of interest-group and electoral politics in the Toronto area. I begin with some comments on the structure of Metro government and on the current debate over Metro’s successes and failures.The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was a major breakthrough in the post-war drive for reorganization of local governments in metropolitan areas. As the inability of small, autonomous local governments to deal with metropolitan problems became apparent, most North American metropolitan areas began considering various devices for meeting region-wide needs. Metro Toronto, created in 1953 by an act of the Ontario legislature, is the oldest example of what has become known as the metropolitan federation plan, a device subsequently adopted for the Miami and Winnipeg metropolitan areas.The 1953 provincial statute setting up Metro brought the City of Toronto and twelve suburbs under the umbrella of a new regional government, but did not alter any municipal boundaries in the area. A few powers were shifted to the Metro level, a few were left solely with the municipalities. A majority of powers, however, were to be shared by both levels of government. Metro was dominant in the fields of public transportation, property assessment, capital borrowing, highway construction, and the construction of water and sewer facilities; the municipalities were dominant in the fields of zoning, housing, welfare, police, fire, licensing, and traffic control. The only major change in this 1953 division of powers occurred in 1956, when policing and licensing functions were amalgamated–that is, shifted from the municipal to the Metro level.
Collectivization and Economic Development
Authors: Fallenbuchl Zbigniew M. 
Published: June 2006

According to Marxism-Leninism the “socialist reconstruction of agriculture,” or collectivization, is a necessary step in the process of building socialism and, subsequently, communism. The communists realize, however, that in a country where the peasantry constitutes the overwhelming majority of the population the process may require some time and they admit that in such cases “the socialist reconstruction of agriculture is, after the seizure of power by the working class, the most difficult task of the revolution.”Lenin was aware of the danger inherent in collectivization and he was planning it as a gradual process. The communist leaders in Eastern Europe and in China, keeping in mind the catastrophic results of the Soviet collectivization drive in the years 1928–33, were even more convinced that they should proceed slowly, gradually, and carefully, without antagonizing the majority of peasants. They tried, as the Bolsheviks had done during the 1920's, to reduce the power of the “kulaks” (the better-off peasants who were still rather poor by Western standards) and to enlist against them the support of the poor peasants and of the rest of the society. Neither the Bolsheviks in the late 1920's nor the communists in Eastern Europe in the late 1940's and in China in the 1950's could tolerate independent producers who represented a political menace and created economic complications for the administrators and the planners. Moreover, the land reforms, which were introduced by the communists for tactical reasons although regarded by them as a retrogressive step, increased the number of small holdings below the optimum size and destroyed larger farms which had been producing the majority of marketable output. The “class struggle in the countryside” had adverse effects on productivity, even when it was limited to discrimination in taxation, in delivery quotas, in availability of credit and producers' goods, and the administrative pressure and chicanery. In many instances it went, however, far beyond these measures.
A Robinsonian Growth Model
Authors: Nowlan David M. 
Published: June 2006

A Robinsonian model is a two-sector model with fixed technical coefficients. Aside from Mrs Robinson's own work, similar models, without technical change, have been discussed in two major papers, one by I. M. D. Little and the other by R. Findlay. Mrs Robinson has criticized both these contributions on the ground that they do not treat the rate of growth or accumulation as an exogenous variable, but rather regard it as endogenous, emerging from the model after the real-wage rate has been given. In the first section of this paper I explore the conditions for stable equilibrium growth on Mrs Robinson's assumption of a desired rate of accumulation (a function of “animal spirits” and the rate of profit), and then add to the model neutral technical change of an appropriate sort.In section II, the effects of introducing biased technical change are examined. I show that the model has “technological stability,” by which I mean that there is a tendency for technical change to be neutral. Predictions and tests about the movement over time of the consumption-good price of capital are made in section III. Finally, I end with a short comment on stability in the short run.
Mergers and Competition: The Brewing Case
Authors: Jones J. C. H. 
Published: June 2006

In 1960, the first major decision of any doctrinal importance concerning mergers under section 32 of the Combines Investigation Act was handed down in the Supreme Court of Ontario. This decision established that there is no merger problem under the Act unless the fusion of firms creates a monopoly situation. Such a test, aside from being incomprehensible in economic terms, is based on a narrow legal premise (that may or may not be legally correct) which, taken together with the decision in R. v. British Columbia Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. and the inexplicable decision of the Crown to appeal neither case, has resulted in complete emasculation of the merger section of the Act. In effect, mergers have ceased to become an economic problem.The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the Brewing case solely in terms of economic criteria, by putting economic flesh on the bones of the statutory offence: “merger … which has operated or is likely to operate to the detriment or against the interest of the public.” Such criteria as will be erected are generally applicable to the section because here the application of appropriate economic criteria requires not so much a change in the Act as a better and more sophisticated treatment in the courts.
The Accuracy of Canadian Forecasts of Manufacturers' Capital and Repair Expenditures
Authors: Holmes R. A. 
Published: June 2006

Canadian anticipations data for manufacturers' capital and repair expenditures are now extensive enough to allow statistical estimates of their accuracy to be made. The data are based on mail questionnaire surveys conducted and analysed by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics and the Department of Trade and Commerce. Their year-end “cut-off” surveys include manufacturing establishments having gross sales in excess of $200,000.00 annually, and are used to estimate intentions for the year ahead, as well as to provide actual expenditures for the current year and the previous year. The results are published the following spring, and the forecasts are revised at mid-year on the basis of smaller “follow-up” surveys which include only the larger establishments.The accuracy of these forecasts is measured in this study by comparing them with the estimates of actual expenditures which are published two years later. Objections to such comparisons on the grounds that the forecasts could be used as an instrument of control, designed to influence the subject of the forecast, can be safely ignored, since the published results are simply summations of the estimates of individual establishments, with a mechanical allowance for non-surveyed expenditures. Our measure of accuracy might also be criticized on the grounds that the estimates of actual expenditures may be as inaccurate as the forecasts themselves, so that the comparison of forecast to “actual” is no measure of the accuracy of the former. This is unlikely to be the case, however, since the accounting data of most firms provide accurate and readily available statements of actual capital outlays.
Incorporation of proteins within alginate fibre-based scaffolds using a post-fabrication entrapment method
Authors: Hou Qingpu , Walsh Maria C , Freeman Richard , Barry John J A , Howdle Steven M , Shakesheff Kevin M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this study, a physical entrapment process was explored for the incorporation of proteins within preformed fibrous alginates and the release profile was tuned by varying the processing parameters. The entrapment process was carried out in a series of aqueous solutions at room temperature and involved pre-swelling of the fibrous alginate within a Na+-rich solution, followed by exposure to the protein of choice and entrapping it by re-establishing cross-links of alginate with BaCl2. Entrapment and release of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA), a model protein, was studied. It was found that a sustained release of the incorporated protein in cell culture medium for about 6 days was achieved. The main factors determining the release profile included the NaCl/CaCl2 ratio in the pre-swelling solution, protein concentration, and the exposure time. To retard protein release, alginate fibres with entrapped FITC-BSA were processed together with poly(d, l-lactide) (PDLLA) into porous alginate fibre/PDLLA composites using supercritical CO2. In this manner, release of the protein for up to 3 months was achieved.
Antiproliferative effect of salvianolic acid A on rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Lin Yun-Lian , Lee Ting-Fang , Huang Yeh-Jeng , Huang Yi-Tsau 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Suppression of activation or proliferation, or induction of apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been proposed as therapeutic strategies against liver fibrosis. Salvia miltiorrhiza has been reported to exert antifibrotic effects in rats with hepatic fibrosis, but its mechanisms of action remain to be clarified. We have investigated the effects of salvianolic acid A (Sal A), an active principle from S. miltiorrhiza, on the proliferation-related biomarkers in a cell line of rat HSCs (HSC-T6) stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer (PDGF-BB). DNA synthesis (bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation), cell cycle related proteins and apoptosis markers were determined to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Sal A. The results showed that Sal A (1–10μ M) concentration-dependently attenuated PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation (BrdU incorporation) in HSC-T6 cells. Sal A at 10μ M induced cell apoptosis in PDGF-BB-incubated HSCs, together with a reduction of Bcl-2 protein expression, induction of cell cycle inhibitory proteins p21 and p27, and down-regulation of cyclins D1 and E, suppression of Akt phosphorylation, reduction in PDGF receptor phosphorylation, and an increase in caspase-3 activity. Sal A exerted no direct cytotoxicity on primary hepatocytes and HSC-T6 cells under experimental concentrations. Our results suggested that Sal A inhibited PDGF-BB-activated HSC proliferation, partially through apoptosis induction.
The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854: A Regional Study
Authors: Saunders S. A. 
Published: June 2006

While the net effects of the Reciprocity Treaty, 1855-1866, are difficult to estimate, it has been generally held that the Maritime Provinces gained more than did the province of Canada. The rapid development of central Canada and the painful readjustments of the Maritime Provinces since the abrogation of the treaty and the consummation of Confederation may seem to justify this conclusion, but the following analysis of the trade statistics of the period suggests grave doubts as to the validity of this interpretation. It appears that it was the province of Canada that had most to gain from free access to the American market.The simplest and most general test of the efficacy of any trade policy is the measure of increase or decrease in those branches of commerce that it was designed to influence. In order to apply this test, a table has been prepared (table I) showing for the province of Canada and the Maritime Provinces the percentage changes in exports to, and imports from, the United States. In each case the imports and exports for the years 1854 to 1866 are shown as percentages of those for the year 1853. Had 1854 been chosen as the base year a slight advantage would have been gained for the thesis of this paper, but the results would not have been materially different.
Notes on Prices of Agricultural Commodities in the United States and Canada, 1850-1934
Authors: Michell H. 
Published: June 2006

There are here presented charts and tables of the prices of seven agricultural commodities, namely wheat, oats, barley, rye, eggs, butter, and cheese, which were assembled in the course of a study of comparative prices in Canada and the United States for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Notes on the major influences determining the general trends of these prices are given by way of preface. It is hoped that the price data will prove of interest and value to other investigators. No discussion of the difficulties of compiling and comparing such price series is included; these difficulties are, of course, very great.The five years 1850-5 may be taken as the turning point of the long decline in prices after the Napoleonic Wars. From 1840 to 1850 this decline had been particularly severe, the price level in Great Britain falling 28 per cent, and in the United States, 15.5 per cent. From various scattered records we may be certain that a similar drastic decline was experienced in Canada. The panic of 1847, followed by abundant harvests in Great Britain and the United States sent down prices for wheat sharply: in England from 50s. 6d. per quarter in 1848 to 38s. 6d. in 1851; in Canada from $0.875 per bushel in 1848 to $0.737 in 1852; and in the United States, from $0.85 to $0.708 in the same period. Poor harvests in 1852 and 1853, and the outbreak of the Crimean War in March, 1854, sent up the price of all foodstuffs, both in Canada and the United States.
The Trend of Fertility in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Charles Enid 
Published: June 2006

Rapid and continuous decline in the size of the human family has been widespread during the last half-century. The main facts are widely known. A brief summary will serve as an introduction to what follows.In most European countries a period of continuous decline in the birth-rate began about 1870. In France the decline began much earlier, in eastern European countries somewhat later. We find the same picture, varying only in time of origin and tempo, in the United States of America, the British Dominions, Russia, and probably in Japan. A precise measure of the trend in terms of gross and net reproduction rates cannot be given over a long period, but the changes in these measures are available for several countries from 1911 to 1931. The drop in the gross reproduction rate in these twenty years was 50 per cent in Sweden, 38 per cent in Denmark, 37 per cent in England and Wales. In Australia it was 41 per cent between 1912 and 1933. Studies of smaller population units reveal the same trend. Among the counties of England and Wales, the smallest percentage decrease between 1911 and 1931 was 18 per cent. In Scotland a few counties showed smaller percentage decreases, the smallest being 11 per cent.
The Significance of the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
Authors: Elliott G. A. 
Published: June 2006

The General Theory was written “with the object of persuading economists to re-examine critically certain of their basic assumptions.” In accomplishing this purpose it has been completely successful, for it has influenced a very large proportion of the economic writings, not only professional but popular as well, that have been published during the last twelve years. The purpose of this paper is not to attempt to predict the place in the history of economic thought which it will eventually occupy but rather to point out some of the fields in which its effects are already obvious and important. These effects are attributable on the one hand to its timeliness and on the other to its form and content.In one sense its timeliness is obvious: during the twenties and thirties in Great Britain, and during the thirties in many other countries as well, unemployment had been severe and prolonged. But it was timely in a more general and significant sense. Many other shocking things had happened, too, and it may not be out of place to recall a few of the familiar details of the British setting. Britain had come through the war victorious and had proudly hitched the pound sterling to gold at the old par of exchange; but London was no longer supreme in international trade; in the early thirties it had fallen to a discount even in time of peace. Income from foreign property had diminished. International trade was decreasing in importance. Taxes were heavy; landed estates were being dismembered; naval supremacy was impaired; the formerly well disciplined English labourers now well organized had staged a general strike; tastes and technology were changing rapidly. In the east, in Russia, a new economic order had arisen; and in the west the United States had become the dominant power in wealth and productive capacity. In the past these things had occurred within a generation.
The Life and Work of John Rae
Authors: James R. Warren 
Published: June 2006

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk was a central figure in the windy discussions of the theory of capital and interest which occupied a prominent place in economic literature in the 1890's. The two volumes of his Kapital und Kapitalzins were translated into English in 1890 and 1891, which meant that his views were generally known to English-speaking economists. An American student of economics, Charles Whitney Mixter, who was aware both of Böhm-Bawerk's writings and of his high prestige, was therefore elated to find that an earlier and obscure Scotch-Canadian writer named John Rae appeared to have foreshadowed Böhm-Bawerk's theory of capital in some important respects. Mixter somewhat hastily announced his discovery of “A Forerunner of Böhm-Bawerk” in an article with this title in the Quarterly Journal of Economics for January, 1897. Today this label would perhaps be regarded as faint praise and happily it was quite wrong. Mixter's error had arisen out of a misunderstanding of Rae's ideas and it was soon corrected, although not before it was repeated by Irving Fisher.Mixter's find was enthusiastically acclaimed by Fisher who wrote in February, 1897:No economist who is interested in the theory of capital in any of its aspects can afford longer to let Mr. Rae's investigations go unread. His work is a magnificent specimen of true scientific method and a rare example of orderly and convincing exposition. His style too is easy, forceful and captivating and his fund of ready illustrations commands instant admiration. Not the least remarkable feature of this many-sided work is the clear conception of sociology, or “Natural History of Men,” which it contains. It is difficult to realize that Mr. Rae wrote before that science was definitely founded. In short, the “New principles of political economy” is truly a masterpiece, a book of a generation or a century. It was written before the world was ready for such painstaking analysis. Now that its merits have been pointed out by Mr. Mixter, it is sure to be accorded a high place among the classics of economic science.