bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C genome annotation: a working hypothesis
Authors: Fisk Dianna G. , Ball Catherine A. , Dolinski Kara , Engel Stacia R. , Hong Eurie L. , Issel‐Tarver Laurie , Schwartz Katja , Sethuraman Anand , Botstein David , Michael Cherry J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe S. cerevisiae genome is the most well‐characterized eukaryotic genome and one of the simplest in terms of identifying open reading frames (ORFs), yet its primary annotation has been updated continually in the decade since its initial release in 1996 (Goffeau et al., 1996). The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD; www.yeastgenome.org) (Hirschman et al., 2006), the community‐designated repository for this reference genome, strives to ensure that the S. cerevisiae annotation is as accurate and useful as possible. At SGD, the S. cerevisiae genome sequence and annotation are treated as a working hypothesis, which must be repeatedly tested and refined. In this paper, in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the completion of the S. cerevisiae genome sequence, we discuss the ways in which the S. cerevisiae sequence and annotation have changed, consider the multiple sources of experimental and comparative data on which these changes are based, and describe our methods for evaluating, incorporating and documenting these new data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying a Theory of Change Approach to Interagency Planning in Child Mental Health
Authors: Hernandez Mario , Hodges Sharon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the use of a theory of change approach to community‐based cross‐agency service planning for children with serious emotional disturbance and their families. Public agency planners in Contra Costa County, California used the theory of change approach to organize service planning for a population of youth who had been arrested and involved with juvenile probation. The theory of change process described in this paper links community outcomes with planned activities with the assumptions or principles that underlie the community planning efforts. When complete, a theory of change logic model can serve as a guide for implementation, ensuring that community plans for service delivery remain true to their intent. The theory of change development process includes twelve stages and is based on a step‐by‐step approach. Theory of change logic models establish a context for articulating a community's shared beliefs and prompt local stakeholders to establish logical connections between the population to be served, expected results, and strategies intended to achieve those results.
Management of life-threatening airway obstruction caused by benign thyroid disease
Authors: Kadhim A L , Sheahan P , Timon C 
Published: September 2006

Introduction: Goitre presenting with acute, life-threatening airway compromise is an uncommon indication for thyroid surgery. The management of this critical condition is controversial.Aims: To investigate the incidence of life-threatening airway compromise in patients with benign goitre, to investigate the predisposing factors, and to outline an optimal management policy for such critical cases.Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of patients presenting with life-threatening, acute airway compromise secondary to benign thyroid disease, treated by the senior author (CT) between July 1994 and July 2005.Results: Of a total of 505 thyroid surgery procedures over the 11-year period, five patients with benign thyroid disease had presented with life-threatening, acute airway compromise. Three of the five patients had been thyrotoxic and two of these had received an iodine load prior to airway compromise. Immediate endotracheal intubation for airway control followed by admission to the intensive care unit had been the presentation in two patients. An incidental diagnosis of tracheal compression had been made from the computed tomography (CT) scan in two patients who had non-resolved obstructive airway disease. Emergency thyroidectomy had been performed in all five patients. Significant tracheomalacia had been noted in four patients. Following thyroidectomy, two patients had required tracheostomy and one had required tracheal stenting.Conclusion: Chronic obstructive airways disease, substernal extension and long-standing goitre are considered as risk factors for developing acute, life-threatening airway compromise in the presence of benign thyroid disease. A recent iodine load may lead to airway compromise in thyrotoxic patients. A CT scan is indicated in cases of unresponsive chronic obstructive airways disease to rule out substernal extension of non-palpable goitres. Life-threatening airway compromise secondary to benign goitres is best treated by endotracheal intubation if conservative measures fail, followed by emergency thyroidectomy. Following surgery, close observation is mandatory to exclude airway compromise due to tracheomalacia and laryngeal oedema.
Multiple laryngeal foreign bodies composed of dried fish vertebral bones: a case report
Authors: Nakahira M , Yamakawa K , Ikenaga H , Takeuchi S 
Published: September 2006

We present a rare case of tracheostomy for removal of laryngeal foreign bodies consisting of three connected fish vertebral bones in a 15-month-old girl. Recent endoscopic techniques have made it possible to extract nearly all tracheobronchial foreign bodies with rigid bronchoscopes. However, the three connected foreign bodies in this report could not be extracted entirely by single endoscopy because the glottis as an exit was narrow due to severe oedema. Accordingly, tracheostomy was required to assist ventilation, prevent prolonged post-operative endotracheal intubation, remove the secondary tracheal foreign bodies and to provide a conduit for the introduction of a bronchoscope.This suggests that tracheostomy should be considered to avoid the potential dangers of severe laryngeal oedema and to secure the route for removal of foreign bodies from the trachea when treating patients with multiple laryngeal foreign bodies and laryngeal oedema.
Computer-assisted surgery of the paranasal sinuses: technical and clinical experience with 368 patients, using the Vector Vision Compact® system
Authors: Stelter K , Andratschke M , Leunig A , Hagedorn H 
Published: September 2006

Introduction: This paper presents our experience with a navigation system for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. In this study, we took particular note of the surgical indications and risks and the measurement precision and preparation time required, and we present one brief case report as an example.Materials and methods: Between 2000 and 2004, we performed functional endoscopic sinus surgery on 368 patients at the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. We used the Vector Vision Compact® system (BrainLAB) with laser registration. The indications for surgery ranged from severe nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis to malignant tumours of the paranasal sinuses and skull base.Results: The time needed for data preparation was less than five minutes. The time required for preparation and patient registration depended on the method used and the experience of the user. In the later cases, it took 11 minutes on average, using Z-Touch® registration. The clinical plausibility test produced an average deviation of 1.3 mm. The complications of system use comprised one intra-operative re-registration (18 per cent) and one complete failure (5 per cent). Despite the assistance of an accurate working computer, the anterior ethmoidal artery was incised in one case. However, in all 368 cases, we experienced no cerebrospinal fluid leaks, optic nerve lesions, retrobulbar haematomas or intracerebral bleeding. There were no deaths.Discussion: From our experience with computer-guided surgical procedures, we conclude that computer-guided navigational systems are so accurate that the risk of misleading the surgeon is minimal. In the future, their use in certain specialized procedures will be not only sensible but mandatory. We recommend their use not only in difficult surgical situations but also in routine procedures and for surgical training.
Predictive role of Carhart's notch in pre-operative assessment for middle-ear surgery
Authors: Yasan H 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive role of the audiometric Carhart's notch for the assessment of middle-ear pathology prior to surgical intervention.Method: In this retrospective analysis, a total of 315 operated ears of 305 patients were evaluated regarding their pre-operative pure tone audiograms and peri-operative findings. The probable relationship between the middle-ear pathologies found and the Carhart's notch found on pre-operative pure tone audiometry was investigated. Patients with conductive hearing loss who obtained at least a 10 dB improvement (at 1 and 2 kHz frequencies) in their bone conduction threshold post-operatively were included in the Carhart's notch group. The pathologies underlying Carhart's notch were compared.Results: Three hundred and fifteen ears of 305 consecutive patients with conductive hearing loss were operated on due to middle-ear pathology. In patients with otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis, a Carhart's notch was seen at 2 kHz in 28 (93 per cent) patients but at 1 kHz in only two (7 per cent). However, in patients with chronic otitis media, a Carhart's notch was seen at 1 kHz in 10 (55 per cent) patients and at 2 kHz in eight (45 per cent) patients.Conclusions: Otitis media with effusion, tympanosclerosis and congenital malformations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a Carhart's notch seen on pure tone audiometry. A Carhart's notch at 2 kHz indicates stapes footplate fixation, whereas one at 1 kHz indicates a mobile stapes footplate; the footplate mobility can thus be predicted pre-operatively.
Magnetic resonance imaging scans for vestibulocochlear nerve tumours: what is actually found?
Authors: Chisholm E J , Savy L , Geyer M , Choa D 
Published: September 2006

Background: Approximately 20 per cent of adult patients presenting to otolaryngology clinics have symptoms pertaining to the inner ear. These are investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) internal auditory meatus scans. This study analysed all findings from 736 sequential MRI internal auditory meatus scans performed on 731 patients over a one year period.Methods: Six hundred and seventy-two patients were included for analysis. Of these, 419 (62.35 per cent) had normal MRI scans, 221 (32.90 per cent) had MRI findings thought to be unrelated to their presenting symptoms, 32 (4.76 per cent) had findings thought to be the cause of their symptoms, and eight (1.19 per cent) had the typical appearance of an VIIIth nerve schwannoma.Conclusions: Magnetic resonance image scanning of the inner ears and auditory pathways yields a diagnosis of VIIIth nerve tumours of the order of 1 per cent, does not show other causes of inner-ear symptoms in a further 4 per cent, and shows incidental intra- and extracranial abnormalities in a further 33 per cent, most of which are not clinically significant.
BIRTH WEIGHT AND ADULTHOOD DISEASE AND THE CONTROVERSIES
Authors: PHILLIPS DIW 
Published: September 2006

A large number of studies show that low birth weight is associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors including raised blood pressure, glucose intolerance and the metabolic syndrome. These findings have formed the basis for the ‘fetal origins hypothesis’. This suggests that the operation of adverse influences during intrauterine life leads to permanent alterations in fetal structure and physiology which predispose to adult disease. The process is known as developmental plasticity or programming and is strongly supported by studies in experimental animals. Ongoing research is providing important insights in to the underlying mechanisms. It is likely that adverse environmental factors during pregnancy are important, and that these include suboptimal nutrition of the mother. The long-term programming effects may be transduced by alterations in the set-point of key hormonal axes, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and recent evidence suggests that epigenetic modification of gene expression may be a key factor. Importantly, this has the potential to produce transgenerational effects.The hypothesis has not remained unchallenged and a wide variety of criticisms have been put forward. These include accusations that the associations are weak and overestimated due to publication bias, that there are many inconsistencies between studies, that the associations are confounded by lifestyle factors, and that there has been inappropriate adjustment for adult size. Finally many studies report that the findings in singletons do not seem to be replicated in twins. While many of these issues have been resolved, some continue to form the basis of a lively dialogue and ongoing research. Nevertheless the research findings have important implications for clinical obstetric practice and maternal-fetal medicine.
RANTES stimulates Ca2+ mobilization and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) formation in cells transfected with G protein‐coupled receptor 75
Authors: Ignatov A , Robert J , Gregory‐Evans C , Schaller H C 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:RANTES is an inflammatory chemokine with a critical role in T‐lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Its effects are mediated through G protein‐coupled heptahelical receptors (GPCRs). We show for the first time that RANTES activates the orphan G protein‐coupled receptor 75 (GPR75).Experimental approach:To identify a ligand for GPR75 we have used three different and independent methods, namely luciferase assay, bioluminescence assay and IP3 accumulation assay.Key results:Treatment of cells expressing GPR75 with subnanomolar concentrations of RANTES led to stimulation of the luciferase activity in a reporter‐gene assay, an increase in inositol trisphosphate, and intracellular Ca2+. The latter effect was blocked by the phospholipase‐C inhibitor (PLC) U73122 indicating that Gq proteins mediate GPR75 signaling. RANTES enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in GPR75‐transfected cells and this effect was blocked by the PLC inhibitor U73122 and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin. The hippocampal cell line HT22, which expresses GPR75 endogenously, but not the other known RANTES receptors, was used to study the effects of RANTES and GPR75 on neuronal survival. Treatment of HT22 cells with RANTES significantly reduced the neurotoxicity of amyloid‐β peptides, by activating PLC and PI3K.Conclusions and implications:This demonstrate clearly and undoubtedly the ability of RANTES to act on GPR75. Defects in the RANTES/GPR75‐signaling pathway may contribute to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes as observed in Alzheimer's disease.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 490–497. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706909
Tails of the unexpected – an atypical receptor for the chemokine RANTES/CCL5 expressed in brain
Authors: Pease J E 
Published: September 2006

Chemokines and their receptors play a central role in the trafficking of leukocytes within the body, a process which is amenable to antagonism by small molecules and which holds promise as a treatment for clinically important diseases. In the issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology accompanying this commentary, Ignatov and colleagues describe an unexpected role for the chemokine RANTES/CCL5, namely an ability to signal via the orphan G protein‐coupled receptor named GPR75. This receptor bears little homology to other chemokine receptors, most strikingly within the putative intracellular domains, with the third loop and C‐terminal tail dwarfing those of other known chemokine receptors. This most likely accounts for the atypical pertussis toxin‐insensitive signalling induced by RANTES. Intriguingly, this signalling is neuro‐protective, inducing the survival of a hippocampal cell line following insult with the neurotoxic amyloid‐beta peptide. Since this peptide is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, it may be that exploitation of this signalling pathway presents itself as a future therapeutic treatment.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 460–462. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706910
Na+‐K+‐ATPase is involved in the sustained ACh‐induced hyperpolarization of endothelial cells from rat aorta
Authors: Bondarenko A , Sagach V 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose.Inhibition of Na+‐K+‐ATPase is known to attenuate endothelium‐dependent relaxation in many arteries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Na+‐K+‐ATPase in the regulation of endothelial membrane potential at rest and during stimulation by ACh.Experimental approach.Membrane potential was recorded from the endothelium of rat aorta using the perforated patch‐clamp technique.Key results.Superfusion with K+‐free solution produced a depolarization of about 11 mV from the resting value of ‐42.9±0.9 mV. Reintroduction of 4.7 mM K+transiently hyperpolarized endothelial cells to −52.4±1.8 mV and the membrane potential recovered within 10 min. Ouabain 500 μM depolarized endothelium by about 11 mV and inhibited the hyperpolarization induced by K+reintroduction into the K+‐free solution. However, 500 nM ouabain did not affect the resting membrane potential or the hyperpolarization induced by K+reintroduction. Pre‐exposure to ouabain 500 μM, but not 500 nM, attenuated the sustained component of hyperpolarization to ACh without affecting the amplitude of the transient peak hyperpolarization. In K+‐free solution, the amplitude of peak hyperpolarization to ACh was increased, while the sustained component of hyperpolarization was attenuated.Conclusions and Implications.These results indicate that electrogenic Na+‐K+‐ATPase partially contributes to the sustained hyperpolarization of endothelial cells from rat aorta in response to ACh. They also suggest that the α1, but not α2 or α3 isoforms, is involved in ACh‐mediated hyperpolarization.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 958–965. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706913
Children's environmental health: Why should social disparities be considered?
Authors: KOHLHUBER MARTINA , HEINRICH JOACHIM , VAN DEN HAZEL PETER , ZUURBIER MONIEK , BISTRUP MARIE LOUISE , KOPPE JANNA G. , BOLTE GABRIELE 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Background/Methods: The aim of workpackage 5 ‘Environmental exposures and children's health: impact of socioeconomic factors’ in the EU‐funded network PINCHE (Policy Interpretation Network on Children's Health and Environment) was to review and interpret the current knowledge of social inequalities in environmental exposures and children's health. Socioeconomic factors may impact on children's environmental health in two ways: 1) environmental exposures may differ according to socioeconomic status; 2) given a certain level of harmful environmental exposure, socioeconomic factors may modify the health effects by influencing the susceptibility characteristics of children. Results: There is a lack of information to evaluate and quantify the effect of socioeconomic factors on environmental exposures and children's health in Europe. In most circumstances there seems to be an inverse social gradient with increased burden concerning exposures and health outcomes in children of lower social status. Conclusions: There is a need to improve research on social inequalities in children's health and environment. Because of the complexity, integrated approaches and a combination of different intervention measures and policies are necessary to reduce environmental exposure and adverse health effects in children. Paediatricians may contribute to improvement of children's environmental health by risk communication and health advocacy at community and governmental level.
PINCHE's policy recommendations on noise: How to prevent noise from adversely affecting children
Authors: BISTRUP MARIE LOUISE , BABISCH WOLFGANG , STANSFELD STEPHEN , SULKOWSKI WIESLAW 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Background: Noise can have auditory and non‐auditory effects on children. Very few noise episodes affect children's hearing instantaneously; most effects are long‐term and cumulative. Describing the risks of noise on children's health and well‐being in a life‐course perspective can illustrate the prospects of cumulative effects. Conclusion: The policy recommendations the Policy Interpretation Network on Children's Health and Environment (PINCHE) prepared for each age group or setting are described here.
Policy interpretation network on children's health and environment
Authors: VAN DEN HAZEL PETER , ZUURBIER MONIEK , BISTRUP MARIE LOUISE 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Aim: The main objective of PINCHE is to provide policy recommendations aiming at protecting children's health and environment based on completed scientific research. The project focused on four themes: indoor and outdoor air pollutants, carcinogens, neurotoxicants, and noise. The data were evaluated in workpackages on exposure assessment, epidemiology, toxicology, and risk and health impact assessment. The data were analysed according to a framework of questions. The workpackage on socioeconomic factors studied the influence of socioeconomic status on exposures and on health effects. In the workpackage on science‐policy interface, recommendations on how to improve children's environmental health were formulated. Results: The policy recommendations resulting from the analysis were grouped according to relevant policy levels: European Commission or the European Parliament, member states and other stakeholders at regional or local level. These recommendations are general guidelines for taking action. Regional differences and variation must be reflected when policy is actually implemented. In addition, recommendations related to education and personal behaviour are presented in the reports. Conclusions: The policy recommendations are important input for policy advisers, policy makers and public health authorities at all policy levels. The recommendations are also of direct relevance to interest groups, such as environmental NGOs including child health and advocacy groups. The policy recommendations for each policy level were prioritized. High priorities were given to reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, transport related air pollution, indoor air and mercury.
Paediatric environmental health history taking: Why bother?
Authors: TUSSCHER GAVIN W. TEN , LEIJS MARIKE M. , KOPPE JANNA G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEnvironmental health history taking is often not part of standard medical history taking for clinical physicians. During recent years attention has been placed on home environments and asthma and allergies, high caloric intake and obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, yet environmental health history taking still remains relatively uncharted terrain for the clinical physicians of today. While the reasons for this are certainly varied, ignorance of environmental influences, ignorance of environmental pollutants, politics and prejudices will certainly play a role. We suggest a simple manner of environmental health history taking, and discuss the importance of the subject in our modern‐day clinical practice.