bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Search of the Origin of the Merchants of Sena
Authors: Le Roux Magdel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe oldest, recorded oral tradition ofthe Lemba of southern Africa, individually also known as mušavi (buyer/trader), nyakuwana (the man who finds the things which are bought), or mulungu ('white man' or 'the man from the North'), is that their Israelite ancestors came to Africa by boat as traders from a remote place called Sena on the 'other side' of the 'Phusela'. Some say they came through Egypt. From anthropological and archaeological evidence it has become clear that at a very early stage continuing influences between the Semitic world (Phoenician, Hebrew and Sabaean) and the eastern parts of Africa had a reciprocal impact. The Sabaean (Yemenite) colonies were established in Ethiopia very early. There seems to be a historical link between the Lemba and Yemen. Later documents (684-900 CE) (for example Arab and Portuguese) refer to 'Moorish' traders along the east coast of Africa who possessed notably Semitic characteristics without being clearly Muslim. It is not certain who those 'Moorish' people were, but their traditions and customs were reminiscent of those that we know today as Lemba. Numerous Lemba songs, recitations, prayers, praises, proverbs and customs bear witness to their traditions of origin and their trading skills. One advantage of dealing with a 'living source' is that the researcher can sometimes verify some of the information on traditions. A qualitative study of Lemba 'Israelite' culture underlies this article. Oral traditions do not provide us with chronology, and some cannot be verified. The oral traditions of the Lemba and historical, archaeological and genetic data suggest that the immigration of the Lemba to Africa as traders could have taken place before the Christian era, but probably before the 6th century CE. An oral tradition can survive many generations.
The Millennarian Meridian and Cultural-Religious Conflict in Timothy Mofolorunso Aluko's Kinsman and Foreman
Authors: Hale Frederick A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this novel of 1966, the critical Nigerian author T. M. Aluko examines the irrelevance of an indigenous Christian movement among his Yoruba ethnic fellows during the final decade of British imperial rule. He, like Chinua Achebe and other literary contemporaries, highlights the corruption rampant in colonial Nigeria and attributes much of the responsibility for this social ill to the colonised themselves. Aluko takes to task both leaders and adherents of the Alasotele religious community for failing to perceive and address the social sin around them. In his portrayal, they fix their gaze on the anticipated return of Jesus Christ rather than raising a prophetic voice against the evils of the present world, shouldering public responsibility and contributing to the transformtion of society. Despite his scathing indictment of their religious escapism and purported moral poverty, Aluko sheds light on the Alasoteles' relationship to the colonial Church of England, their indigenous African style of worship and the individual spirituality they evince within the context of their fellowhsip.
The Blood of the Female Martyrs as the Sperm of the Early Church1
Authors: Vorster Johannes N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTo what extent did early Christian martyr stories function as empowering the female body and contributing to an independent view of her 'self' and 'identity'? In the light of claims made, often motivated by political correctness, that certain early Christian traditions acknowledged, appreciated and promoted woman's agency in Graeco-Roman social interaction, it is argued that if the notion of a 'regulatory body' is taken into consideration, early Christian female bodies and identities were crushed both by the Roman Imperium and early Christian patriarchal leadership.
'We are able': Cross-bearing Discipleship and the Way of the Lord in Mark
Authors: Brower Kent 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAccording to Mark, the disciples are invited to follow Jesus in cross-bearing servanthood. This is more than imitatio Christi or simply the consequence of following Jesus. Rather, Jesus calls them to participate in his redemptive suffering: cross-bearing discipleship is part of the redeeming purposes of God because they are participate in the mission of Jesus as Son of Man. When Mark's gospel is read in the early Christian communities, this is how they would hear the call to cross bearing discipleship. This understanding especially illuminates our understanding of Paul's emphasis on cruciform living and is consistent with other NT views.
Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders
Authors: Liu W. Timothy , Xie Xiaosu , Niiler Pearn P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMany years of high-resolution measurements by a number of space-based sensors and from Lagrangian drifters became available recently and are used to examine the persistent atmospheric imprints of the semipermanent meanders of the Agulhas Extension Current (AEC), where strong surface current and temperature gradients are found. The sea surface temperature (SST) measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the chlorophyll concentration measured by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) support the identification of the meanders and related ocean circulation by the drifters. The collocation of high and low magnitudes of equivalent neutral wind (ENW) measured by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which is uniquely related to surface stress by definition, illustrates not only the stability dependence of turbulent mixing but also the unique stress measuring capability of the scatterometer. The observed rotation of ENW in opposition to the rotation of the surface current clearly demonstrates that the scatterometer measures stress rather than winds. The clear differences between the distributions of wind and stress and the possible inadequacy of turbulent parameterization affirm the need of surface stress vector measurements, which were not available before the scatterometers. The opposite sign of the stress vorticity to current vorticity implies that the atmosphere spins down the current rotation through momentum transport. Coincident high SST and ENW over the southern extension of the meander enhance evaporation and latent heat flux, which cools the ocean. The atmosphere is found to provide negative feedback to ocean current and temperature gradients. Distribution of ENW convergence implies ascending motion on the downwind side of local SST maxima and descending air on the upwind side and acceleration of surface wind stress over warm water (deceleration over cool water); the convection may escalate the contrast of ENW over warm and cool water set up by the dependence of turbulent mixing on stability; this relation exerts a positive feedback to the ENW–SST relation. The temperature sounding measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is consistent with the spatial coherence between the cloud-top temperature provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and SST. Thus ocean mesoscale SST anomalies associated with the persistent meanders may have a long-term effect well above the midlatitude atmospheric boundary layer, an observation not addressed in the past.
Age-Related Rates of Decline in Performance among Elite Senior Athletes
Authors: Wright Vonda J. , Perricelli Brett C. 
Published: December 2007

Background Age-related disability and lost independence currently plague one third of older Americans. Many causes of disability, lost muscle mass and bone mineral density, are modifiable with exercise. Most exemplary of successful aging are the Senior Olympians; this group of vital athletes exhibit persistently high levels of functional capacity. Purpose This study describes demographic data, injury characteristics and the effect of aging on physical performance in senior athletes to identify key time points for intervention to address declining performance. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Senior Olympians (>50 years) participating in the 2001 National Senior Olympic Games were surveyed for demographic and health characteristics. Age-related changes in physical performance were determined from mean winning performance times in track and field events. These were plotted against age and task for men and women. Analysis of variance and intergroup significance were analyzed using the Tukey procedure. Percentage performance change across events was compared. The 2001 National Senior Olympic Games results were compared with American track and field record holders. Results Senior athletes’ performance declined (male and female) approximately 3.4% per year over 35 years of competition—slowly from age 50 to 75 years and dramatically after age 75 years. Men showed no difference in decline of sprint and endurance events, whereas the decline in the sprint was greater than in endurance for women, especially after the age of 75 years. Conclusion Even the healthiest examples of musculoskeletal aging experience significant performance declines around age 75 years. This may be a key time point for preventive intervention.
Surgical Treatment of Acute versus Chronic Complete Proximal Hamstring Ruptures
Authors: Folsom Greg J. , Larson Christopher M. 
Published: December 2007

Background Acute surgical repair of proximal hamstring ruptures has been shown to result in a high return to preinjury activity level. Hypothesis Achilles allograft reconstruction of chronic complete proximal hamstring ruptures results in improved function and strength that approaches that of acute surgical repairs. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Between 2002 and 2005, 26 patients underwent surgical treatment for complete proximal hamstring ruptures. Twenty-one were acute primary repairs. Five chronic ruptures were treated with Achilles allograft reconstruction with (n = 2) or without (n = 2) interference screw fixation or mobilization and primary repair (n = 1). Isokinetic strength testing was conducted postoperatively in 11 acute and 3 chronic cases, and a functional questionnaire was given at most recent follow-up. Results Subjective results for all patients at a mean follow-up of 20 months revealed good leg control in 96%, no pain in 80%, and return to sporting activities in 76%. Ninety-six percent of patients said they would have the procedure done again. With the isokinetic testing available at most recent follow-up, there was no significant difference in the mean hamstring strength deficits for the acute versus chronic groups tested at 60 deg/s (8% vs 21%, P = .295) and 180 deg/s (12% vs 2%, P = .294). Overall, there were 3 major adverse events and 5 patients with superficial wound drainage treated with antibiotics. Conclusion Surgical treatment of acute and chronic complete proximal hamstring ruptures can result in a high return to full activity. Reconstruction of chronic ruptures with Achilles allograft appears to restore function and strength comparable to acute repairs.
Lyn-coupled LacCer-enriched lipid rafts are required for CD11b/CD18-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis of nonopsonized microorganisms
Authors: Nakayama Hitoshi , Yoshizaki Fumiko , Prinetti Alessandro , Sonnino Sandro , Mauri Laura , Takamori Kenji , Ogawa Hideoki , Iwabuchi Kazuhisa 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe integrin CD11b/CD18 plays a central role in neutrophil phagocytosis. Although CD11b/CD18 binds a wide range of ligands, including C3bi and β-glucan, and transmits outside-in signaling, the mechanism of this signaling responsible for phagocytosis remains obscure. Here, we report that lactosylceramide (LacCer)-enriched lipid rafts are required for CD11b/CD18-mediated phagocytosis of nonopsonized zymosans (NOZs) by human neutrophils. Anti-CD11b and anti-LacCer antibodies inhibited the binding of NOZs to neutrophils and the phagocytosis of NOZs. During phagocytosis of NOZ, CD11b and LacCer were accumulated and colocalized in the actin-enriched phagocytic cup regions. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that CD11b/CD18 was mobilized into the LacCer-enriched lipid rafts during phagocytosis of NOZs. DMSO-treated, neutrophil-like HL-60 cells (D-HL-60 cells) lacking Lyn-coupled, LacCer-mediated signaling showed little phagocytosis of NOZs. However, loading of D-HL-60 cells with C24 fatty acid chain-containing LacCer (C24-LacCer) reconstructed functional Lyn-associated, LacCer-enriched lipid rafts, and restored D-HL-60 cell NOZ phagocytic activity, which was inhibited by anti-LacCer and anti-CD11b antibodies. Lyn knockdown by small interfering RNA blocked the effect of C24:1-LacCer loading on D-HL-60 cell phagocytosis of NOZs. CD11b/CD18 activation experiments indicated phosphorylation of LacCer-associated Lyn by activation of CD11b. Taken together, these observations suggest that CD11b activation causes translocation of CD11b/CD18 into Lyn-coupled, LacCer-enriched lipid rafts, allowing neutrophils to phagocytose NOZs via CD11b/CD18.
Schizotypal cognitions as a predictor of psychopathology in adolescents with mild intellectual impairment
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Owens David G. C. , Hoare Peter , Gaur Sonia , Spencer Michael D. , Harris Jonathan , Stanfield Andrew , Moffat Vivien , Brearley Norma , Miller Patrick , Lawrie Stephen M. , Muir Walter J. 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundThere is evidence to suggest that among young people with mild intellectual disability there are those whose cognitive difficulties may predict the subsequent manifestation of a schizophrenic phenotype. It is suggested that they may be detectable by simple means.AimsTo gain adequate cooperation from educational services, parents and students so as to recruit a sufficiently large sample to test the above hypothesis, and to examine the hypothesis in the light of the findings.MethodThe sample was screened with appropriate instruments, and groups hypothesised as being likely or not likely to have the phenotype were compared in terms of psychopathology and neuropsychology.ResultsSimple screening methods detect a sample whose psychopathological and neuropsychological profile is consistent with an extended phenotype of schizophrenia.ConclusionsDifficulties experienced by some young people with mild and borderline intellectual disability are associated with enhanced liability to schizophrenia. Clinical methods can both identify those with this extended phenotype and predict those in whom psychosis will occur.
Postcards from the EDge: 24-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial for hospital-treated self-poisoning
Authors: Carter Gregory L. , Clover Kerrie , Whyte Ian M. , Dawson Andrew H. , D'Este Catherine 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundRepetition of self-poisoning is common.AimsTo report the 24-month outcomes of a non-obligatory postcard intervention (plus treatment as usual) compared with treatment as usual.MethodIn a randomised-controlled trial (Zelen design) conducted in Newcastle, Australia, eight postcards were sent to participants over a 12-month period. The principal outcomes were the proportion of participants with one or more repeat episodes of self-poisoning and the number of repeat episodes per person.ResultsNo significant reduction was observed in the proportion of people repeating self-poisoning in the intervention group (21.2%, 95% CI 17.0–25.3) compared with the control group (22.8%, 95% CI 18.7–27.0;χ2=0.32, d.f. = 1,P= 0.57); the difference between groups was −1.7% (95% CI −7.5 to 4.2). There was a significant reduction in the rate of repetition, with an incidence risk ratio of 0.49 (95% CI 0.33–0.73).ConclusionsA postcard intervention maintained the halving of the rate of repetition of hospital-treated self-poisoning events over a 2-year period, although it did not significantly reduce the proportion of individuals who repeated self-poisoning.
Cost-effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and routine specialist care with and without cognitive–behavioural therapy in adolescents with major depression
Authors: Byford Sarah , Barrett Barbara , Roberts Chris , Wilkinson Paul , Dubicka Bernadka , Kelvin Raphael G. , White Lydia , Ford Claire , Breen Siobhan , Goodyer Ian 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundMajor depression is an important and costly problem among adolescents, yet evidence to support the provision of cost-effective treatments is lacking.AimsTo assess the short-term cost-effectiveness of combined selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) together with clinical care compared with SSRIs and clinical care alone in adolescents with major depression.MethodPragmatic randomised controlled trial in the UK. Outcomes and costs were assessed at baseline, 12 and 28 weeks.ResultsThe trial comprised 208 adolescents, aged 11–17 years, with major or probable major depression who had not responded to a brief initial psychosocial intervention. There were no significant differences in outcome between the groups with and without CBT. Costs were higher in the group with CBT, although not significantly so (P=0.057). Cost-effectiveness analysis and exploration of the associated uncertainty suggest there is less than a 30% probability that CBT plus SSRIs is more cost-effective than SSRIs alone.ConclusionsA combination of CBT plus SSRIs is not more cost-effective in the short-term than SSRIs alone for treating adolescents with major depression in receipt of routine specialist clinical care.
Lithium in mood disorders: increasing evidence base, declining use?
Authors: Young Allan H. , Hammond Judith M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryUse of lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder may be declining even as knowledge of the efficacy and side-effects of lithium has increased. Recent meta-analyses confirm the benefits of maintenance lithium treatment and show that it reduces suicide and suicidality. Psychiatrists should continue to utilise this efficacious treatment for bipolar disorder.
Ethical Perspectives on Political Excuses
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: December 2007

Self-styled policy scientists pride themselves on their sensitivity to the ethical implications of social policies. However, the very nature of their enterprise focuses attention on certain aspects of political evaluation at the expense of others. For assessing social action-plans, the obvious bits of moral philosphy to borrow are those for appraising the behaviour of individual moral agents. Such instruments are well suited to praising or blaming policy-makers, individually and perhaps even collectively. But there is more to political evaluation than policy evaluation construed in this narrow way. Some moral goods, in politics as elsewhere, come as simple windfalls for which no one deserves credit; and there are some evils for which no one can be faulted. Thus, the virtue of the state, its balance of good over evil, is partially independent of anyone’s actions. Ethical equipment for levelling recriminations is totally inadequate for assessing these other dimensions of moral goodness.
These shortcomings are nowhere more apparent than with the familiar moral maxim, ‘ought implies can’, and its political analogue, ‘politics is the art of the possible’.
Contextual Bases of Responsiveness to Citizen Preferences and Group Demands
Authors: Getter Russell W , Schumaker Paul D 
Published: December 2007

It is frequently asserted by democratic theorists that policymakers should be highly responsive to citizen inputs. Because of its importance in normative theory, the concept of responsiveness has been the subject of many empirical investigations seeking to describe and explain the degree of responsiveness of American state and local governments. However, broad generalizations regarding the degree of responsiveness of these governments and general explanations specifying the social and political conditions enhancing responsiveness have not been forthcoming. A major reason for the lack of cumulative knowledge in this area is that the concept of responsiveness to citizen inputs has been treated in a casual and often ambiguous fashion.
Most scholars agree that responsiveness occurs when citizen concerns and activities, treated as input variables, are reflected in public policy, treated as output variables. A lack of responsiveness occurs when policymakers adopt and implement policies which are independent of, and contrary to, citizen concerns. However, the ambiguity of this definition is apparent if one considers the multiplicity of types of citizen inputs to which policymakers can potentially respond.
The Allocation of Federal Money in the United States: Aggregate Analysis by Correlation
Authors: Johnston R J 
Published: December 2007

There is a considerable literature in the social sciences reporting analyses of variations between governments (almost invariably local governments) in their spending on various service areas. Much less attention has been paid to the spatial pattern of spending within the territory of a single government, largely because of a paucity of data. It is possible to analyse allocations of money to the states by the American federal government, however, and the present paper outlines some results of exploratory investigations into the influences on the spatial pattern of this spending.
Both economic and political variables have been used to account for patterns of inter-governmental spending. Economic variables cover the needs for different policies in different places, needs which vary because of spatial patterns of the target populations, and differences between places in the resources available to meet such needs. Political variables refer to the dispositions of different parties towards meeting certain perceived needs, and the abilities of representatives to obtain social and economic benefits for their constituents. As the analyses reported here are for aggregates – state populations – the measurement of needs is difficult and spatial variations in resources are of slight relevance only.
Degradation of polyethylene glycol and hemicellulose in the Vasa
Authors: Almkvist Gunnar , Persson Ingmar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of aqueous wood extracts from the Swedish warship Vasa reveals a serious chemical condition in the depth of the wood. The surface is less affected. Polyethylene glycol, used as conservation agent, is affected and partly degraded, and low-molecular fragments from hemicellulose are found at sites with high iron content and low pH. These findings imply a catalytic oxidative process and acidic hydrolysis in the wood, which contributes to a new picture of the challenge of long-term preservation of the Vasa.