bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capping university overhead rates
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

On October 3 the Office of Management and Budget released final regulations on college and university administrative costs that can be charged against federal grants and contracts. A number of expenses were disallowed and all administrative costs were capped at 26%.Earlier this year Richard Darman, director of the Office of Management and Budget, announced his intention to “stop the abuse” in university reimbursements. Almost 300 replies were received in response to the earlier set of proposals on the matter.
Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences
Authors: Back William 
Published: October 2006

Hydrologists can take heart that our profession has matured to the point of having its respectable reputation recognized by the National Academy of Sciences. Opportunities in Hydrology follows the publication of Opportunities in Biology and Opportunities in Chemistry, and was prepared by a committee composed of prestigious water‐oriented scientists. I am writing this review because the book is extremely important, and its basic premise—that there is such a thing as a single “discipline” of hydrologic sciences—is contrary to the thinking of many hydrogeologists.The committee proposes that students can obtain adequate training and be prepared to develop a career in “hydrologic sciences.” Such an approach may be suitable for many aspects of hydrology, but it does not represent the interests, needs, goals, history, or future of “hydrogeology,” a clearly recognized subdiscipline of hydrology. The various aspects of hydrology are so wide ranging that, from my personal viewpoint and the viewpoints of many of my colleagues, it takes a person of extremely narrow focus to see hydrology as a single discipline.
GRSFE data available on PDS node
Authors: Dale‐Bannister Mary A. , Arvidson Raymond E. 
Published: October 2006

The Geosciences Node of the Planetary Data System (PDS) has released Archive Version 1.0 of the Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment (GRSFE) to the community. The archive occupies a set of nine CDROMs, written in the ISO 9660 Standard, that contains all of the data and documentation for the archive.GRSFE was co‐sponsored by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program and the NASA Geology Program. Approximately 50 scientists from eight universities and three NASA centers participated in the experiment. The experiment included an airborne and a field campaign in which data were acquired in 1989 for geologic targets in the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nev., and the Mojave Desert, Calif.
Glacier mass‐balance standards
Authors: Fountain A. , Trabant D. , Brugman M. M. , Ommanney C. S. L. , Monroe S. 
Published: October 2006

Deep‐sea cores and ice cores from the late Cenozoic show that the Earth's climate changes significantly. Glacier fluctuations are but one indication of this change. Glaciers are both an active component of the environmental system, regulating mountain streamflow, and a passive one, responding to climatic change. Thus, an understanding of the link between climate and glaciers is needed in order to assess the potential effect of glacier variations on the water resources of glacierized regions.To define the basic data collection program needed to achieve this goal, the Workshop on Glacier Mass‐Balance Standards was held November 28–29, 1990, in Seattle, Wash. Convened by the North American Committee on Climate and Glaciers, which was established in June 1990 at a meeting of the National Research Council of Canada's Subcommittee on Glaciers, the workshop was held to re‐examine current glacier climate and hydrology programs in Canada and the United States.
Tectonics‐climate interaction studied
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

A growing number of Earth scientists are studying tectonic‐climate interaction, which is reflected in a constantly evolving mountain landscape. Robert S. Anderson, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Michael A. Ellis, Center for Earthquake Research and Information, Memphis State University, describe the field as “one of the most exciting interdisciplinary fields of Earth science.” By studying the landscape, researchers are gaining new insight into the kinematics and dynamics of crustal deformation.Several important feedbacks may exist at the large time and length scales involved in building mountains. Tectonic uplift produces mountains that influence both regional and global climate. At the same time, the evolution of mountain belts is influenced by climatically driven erosion, which transfers crustal mass away from the mountain belt. The distribution and intensity of the erosional process is strongly affected by the uplift, and the transfer of mass affects the stress system in the crust and mantle. It has also been suggested that large regions of uplift (plateaus) may trigger global climate changes through increased weathering rates at high elevations,
A new path to magnetic reversals?
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

When the Earth's magnetic field undergoes periodic reversals, does it retain the dipolar (north‐south) character of its stable periods, or does it develop a more complex magnetic character? And during the transition from normal to reverse polarity, or the opposite, does the field show a mysterious “preference” for certain paths to its new state? Fresh evidence gathered from paleomagnetic fossils across the globe, to be aired in sessions at AGU's 1991 Fall Meeting, suggests a possible “yes” to both questions.The Earth's magnetic field has regularly flip‐flopped from normal to reverse polarity and back again throughout the planet's history. The switches, which take a few thousand years to occur, are abundantly recorded in the fossil magnetism of rocks, both sedimentary and volcanic, formed during the times of reversal.
Can the climate be engineered?
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: October 2006

As climate research increases our understanding of the atmosphere's chemistry, serious theories are emerging that address the problems associated with engineering climate. New proposals suggest that it may be possible to reverse the trend in global warming and to replenish the diminishing ozone layer.A special Union session titled Global Environmental Engineering, to be held at the Fall AGU Meeting in San Francisco, will bring researchers together to discuss the science and problems associated with engineering climate change. According to Ralph Cicerone, one of the session co‐conveners, “It is not our intention to propose solutions to the problems facing our climate, nor to suggest methods for altering the environment. Rather, we recognize that many people would like to see them critically reviewed to see if some of the concepts in climate engineering have merit.”
Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment
Authors:   BASIX Working Group
Published: October 2006

BASIX, the Bay Area Seismic Imaging eXperiment, conducted in September 1991, was designed to use a combination of verticalincidence and wide‐angle seismic data to image the San Andreas and associated faults. The results of this experiment will provide, for the first time, a detailed image of the plate boundary between the Pacific and North American plates.Basic to our understanding of the earthquake cycle in the San Francisco Bay area is detailed knowledge of the structure and evolution of the complex boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. This boundary is a broad, complex zone in which slip is distributed over the San Andreas, Hayward, Rodgers Creek, Calaveras, Green Valley, and Antioch faults. The San Andreas accounts for approximately 40–60% of the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates—the rest is distributed across these other faults located in the East Bay.
Fennoscandia Paleomagnetics Meeting
Authors: Pesonen Lauri J. , Rob Van Der Voo 
Published: October 2006

In a repeat of a 1986 meeting of paleomagnetists from Scandinavia (Eos, October 27, 1987), a second meeting was held October 26 to November 2, 1990, in Luleå, Sweden, to discuss recent developments in the Precambrian.data base for Fennoscandia and other continents of interest, such as the Ukraine Block and the Gbndwana continents.The meeting was essentially a 9‐day workshop: participants compiled, computed, and plotted, with 1 day reserved for formal presentations. In addition to host Sten Ake Elming of Luleå, the following scientists attended: L. J . Pesonen, S. Mertanen, M. Leino, J . Marmo (Finland); N. Abrahamsen (Denmark); G. Bylund, R. Gorbatschev, G. Vidal (Sweden); E. Halvorsen, M. Smethurst, T. Torsvik (Norway); A. N. Khramov, A. Krasnova, N. P. Michailova (U.S.S.R.); T. Onstott (U.S.); and R. Van der Voo (U.S./Spain).
Last interglacial in Arctic and Subarctic
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: October 2006

An international group of 30 Quaternary scientists studying the last interglacial in the Arctic met recently to share regional information and to begin the compilation of paleoclimatic information on a hemispheric scale. The NATO Advanced Studies Workshop was held in Hanstholm, Denmark.The last interglacial (s.s.) has been identified at sites across the Arctic, as have other discrete intervals later in stage 5. The development of hemispheric data sets requires international programs that foster the exchange of field‐based paleoclimate data and increased communication between field researchers and the modeling community. Toward that goal, LIGA (The Working Group on the Last Interglacial in the Arctic and Subarctic) was formed to foster the development of a global‐scale data base and to serve as an interface between field‐based Quaternary scientists and ongoing regional programs addressing the field record of the last interglacial (for example, PONAM, CELIA, SOVPEC, PALE), and the climate‐modeling community.
First issue of JGR‐Planets published
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A new section of the Journal of Geophysical Research dedicated to planetary studies was sent to subscribers this week. The first issue of JGR‐Planets covers such topics as the convection of the mantle of Venus, detecting carbonates on Mars, and meteorite finds in Antarctica.JGR‐Planets is intended to serve the entire planetary science community. The scope of the journal includes the geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of planets, satellites, and small bodies (including meteorites), as well as planetary atmospheres and planetary space physics. Papers that would have been previously published in other sections of JGR will be published in JGR‐Planets when they focus on solar system bodies other than the Earth, broad issues in planetary science, and/or when the articles address the interdisciplinary community of planetary scientists.
GEWEX: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
Authors: Chahine Moustafa T. 
Published: October 2006

The need for better quantitative understanding of energy fluxes and water exchanges is basic to all climate studies, yet our quantitative knowledge of the global hydrological cycle remains surprisingly poor. Evaporation minus precipitation or, similarly, the net flow of water from land to oceans and the net advection of moisture from the marine atmosphere to the terrestrial atmosphere is known at best to a factor of two to three (J. Schaake, personal communication, 1991). The regional and temporal distribution of the components of the hydrological budget are even more uncertain.Improved understanding of the global hydrological cycle has been limited in part by the absence of reliable global data on such essential quantities as precipitation, evaporation, and atmospheric transport; acquisition of these data is a prerequisite for the study of global energetics and hydrology. Space agencies in the United States, Europe, and Japan have announced plans to launch a series of global Earth observing satellites in the late 1990s to monitor these essential atmospheric and surface parameters and to complement existing operational meteorological and hydrological networks.
Overview of SAR Chesapeake tower experiment
Authors: Shemdin O. H. 
Published: October 2006

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of the ocean surface promises to be an important tool in ocean remote sensing. The long‐range goal of the work reported here is to understand SAR imaging in sufficient detail that airborne and/or spaceborne SARs become reliable tools for oceanic research and operational use.TOWARD (Tower Ocean Wave and Radar Dependence Experiment) [seeShemdin, 1988, 1990], a predecessor experiment to the SAR and X‐Band Ocean Nonlinearities Experiment at Chesapeake Light Tower (SAXON:CLT), provided a comprehensive data set to test the theoretical concepts advanced on SAR imaging of the ocean surface. A significant achievement of TOWARD is determining that none of the then available theories on SAR imaging of long surface waves could explain all the SAR observations satisfactorily. Improved models immediately followed as a consequence of the TOWARD finding. In spite of the significant insights gained in TOWARD, gaps remain in understanding radar backscatter from the sea surface.
The ATLAS‐1 shuttle mission
Authors: Torr Marsha R. , Sullivan Kathryn D. 
Published: October 2006

A space shuttle mission scheduled for launch on March 23, 1992, carrying a payload of largely remote‐sensing instruments, will constitute an important element of the NASA's Mission to Planet Earth and the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The mission was planned in 1983 and was earlier known as the Earth Observations Mission (EOM), subsequently becoming the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) in 1986.The ATLAS‐1 flight is intended to be the first in a series of shuttle flights that will monitor the radiant energy output of the Sun, look for potential responses of the Earth's atmosphere to changes in this energy source, and verity global change assessments. Emphasis is on the frequent recalibration opportunities afforded by such a program, which allow transfer of calibrations to other longer‐duration orbiting observatories, such as the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration TIROS‐N satellites
Coalition forms to support NEHRP
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A group of professional associations, including the Seismological Society of America and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, has formed a coalition to support the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Meeting in met on February 20, the group plans to actively support the research necessary to mitigate earthquake losses and to seek continued federal funding of the program.NEHRP was established by President Carter following the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977. Funding was originally authorized for 3 years and has been reauthorized by Congress each year. The program is funded through four federal agencies—the U.S. Geological Survey, National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the National Institute of Stan dards and Technology. Its purpose is to address the nation's earthquake threat by reducing earthquake hazards.
Congress criticizes space science budget
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

NASA's $15 billion budget request continued to draw fire at recent House and Senate hearings, as well as criticism from the General Accounting Office. Discussing space science funding, legislators seemed particularly concerned about how NASA will fund its $11 billion Earth Observing System in coming years while continuing with the rest of its space science agenda.“NASA is overcommitted relative to likely resources—in short, it is chasing too much program with too few dollars,” GAO's Mark E. Gebicke, director of NASA issues, wrote in a February 19 letter to Richard Durbin (D‐Ill.) of the House Budget Committee.
Glacier recession in Iceland and Austria
Authors: Hall Dorothy K. , Williams Richard S. , Bayr Klaus J. 
Published: October 2006

Valley and mountain glaciers and ice caps respond to changes in regional climate on the scale of decades; thus, they can serve as indicators of regional climate change. During the last century, most valley and mountain glaciers and ice caps receded [Meier, 1984; Haeberli et al., 1989], although some advances have occurred during periods of cooling [Wood, 1988]. Glaciers in Iceland [Rist, 1975] and in the eastern Alps of Austria [Patzelt, 1980] have followed a similar pattern.Images acquired by satellite sensors can provide a regional overview for studying changes in glacier area, terminus position, glacier facies [Williams et al., 1991], and the position of the regional snow line, while insitu studies usually provide measurements at only a single point. Major changes in glaciers may be obvious from initial inspection of satellite images; however, detailed study of digital image data can reveal the presence of small changes that are useful indicators of regional trends in glacier mass balance. If observed over a long enough period of time in many different geographic settings, glacier‐terminus position changes can be related to changes in regional and even global climate.
Best NOAA budget ever, Knauss says
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's budget request of $1.7 billion for fiscal year 1993 is “the best budget we have presented to date,” said John Knauss, Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere, U.S. Department of Commerce. It is an increase of 7.8% over fiscal 1992. NOAA's proposed budget focuses on four major areas: the modernization of the National Weather Service, improving predictions of global change, understanding coastal ocean processes, and managing marine fisheries.The budget “reflects our conviction that we are working to assure the president's belief in the interconnectedness of the environment and the economy,” particularly in the weather service and fisheries programs, said Knauss, testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies on April 9.
The recovery phase of substorms
Authors: Hones Edward W. 
Published: October 2006

A special SPA: Magnetospheric Physics session dedicated to the recovery phase of substorms is being planned for the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting. Substorms have provided an important focus for magnetospheric research for nearly 3 decades, and continue to do so today. Of the three phases (growth, expansive, and recovery) that constitute a substorm, the growth and expansive phases have received the most attention, and a fairly good understanding of them has developed.In contrast, the recovery phase has received scant attention. Perhaps that is because it lacks the dramatic auroral and geomagnetic effects that mark the expansive phase at Earth and the similarly impressive particle and magnetic field effects that mark the growth phase to expansive phase transition at geosynchronous orbit. The recovery phase was originally defined as the period when auroras, having advanced far toward the pole during the expansive phase, become less intense and retreat back toward the auroral oval. Wavy structures—omega bands—and pulsating intensities often characterize the recovery phase auroras. It has become customary, also, to define the recovery phase as that period when the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index is subsiding from the peak value it reached during the substorm. These two definitions, probably not altogether compatible, may identify somewhat different periods of a substorm. There is no obvious feature in geosynchronous observations that has been specifically identified with the recovery phase.
Borovoye Geophysical Observatory, Kazakhstan
Authors: Richards Paul G. , Kim Won‐Young , Ekström Göran 
Published: October 2006

This is a story of surprises—of a geophysical observatory and a community of scientists who until about a year ago were unknown to scientists in the West, who now have new opportunities for collaboration with expert seismologists in Russia and Kazakhstan.The story began for us in the spring of 1990 at the annual workshop of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Seismologists from the Soviet Union attended and told us that they had permission to describe a geophysical observatory at Borovoye, near Kokchetav in Northern Kazakhstan, which had operated digital seismometers since 1966. They said there was a large tape archive and that much of the data were of excellent quality and would probably be made available on request—even the data for nuclear explosions.
Giotto reawakens
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Giotto, a space probe of the European Space Agency, has been brought back to life after being “in hibernation” since July 1990. The probe revealed the nucleus of Halley's Comet in 1986 and is now on its way to a second comet, according to ESA, whose engineers confirmed on May 7 that Giotto was reactivated.The probe is aimed for an encounter with the comet Grigg‐Skejellerup on July 10. Giotto will pass as closely as possible to the comet's nucleus—within 1000 meters. Observations of this largely inactive comet will be compared to those from young and vigorous Halley.
Magnetic observatory data on CD‐ROM
Authors: Herzog Donald C. 
Published: October 2006

The National Geomagnetic Information Center (NGIC) of the U.S. Geological Survey recently produced a pair of CD‐ROMs, using the ISO 9660 standard, that contain 1‐minute values of the Earth's magnetic field from the USGS network of thirteen magnetic observatories.One CD‐ROM contains data for the years 1985–1989, and the other contains 1990 data. A third CD‐ROM containing 1991 data is expected to be available soon. One‐year CDROMs will be produced annually until 5 years of data have been accumulated, at which time a separate CD‐ROM containing these 5 years of data will also be produced. Digital geomagnetic data for some of these USGS observatories extends back into the mid‐1970's and are currently being processed for distribution on CD‐ROMs as well. Figure 1 shows the locations of the U.S.magnetic observatories.
NOAA's wind profiler is operational
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's wind‐profiling network to improve weather forecasting became fully operational in May and has been called a success story by Alexander McDonald, director of NOAA's Forecast Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colo.The $16 million system consists of 29 stations in 15 central states where most of the severe weather occurs. Each of the stations automatically sends wind speed and direction information to an office in Boulder every 6 minutes. Hourly averaged wind data are then transmitted to National Weather Service offices throughout the United States for use in local forecasts. These same data are also transmitted to the National Meteorological Center outside of Washington, D.C., where it is integrated into computer numerical models for use in making mid‐range forecasts.