bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and processes in insular floras affected by hurricanes
Authors: Morrison Lloyd W. , Spiller David A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim  To investigate species compositions, rates of species turnover, species–area and species–distance relationships and patterns of nestedness in the floras of small Bahamian islands, by comparing two groups of islands that had been differentially affected by two hurricanes.Location  Small islands occurring on either side of Great Exuma near Georgetown, Bahamas.Methods  We surveyed the plant species of 44 small islands over a 5‐year period from 1998 to 2002. Hurricanes Lili and Michelle occurred in 1996 and 2001, respectively; both storms affected small islands on the more exposed south‐west side of Great Exuma to a greater degree than small islands on the more protected north‐east side. A set of 27 islands was surveyed in 1998 and 2002 to evaluate species turnover. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses and an information‐theoretic approach (the Akaike information criterion) were used to elucidate the importance of area and distance as predictors of plant species number. We compared a piecewise linear regression model with a simple linear regression of species number against area to determine whether a small island effect existed. Nestedness patterns were evaluated by Wilcoxon two‐sample tests to analyse occurrence sequences.Results  Species turnover was low in an absolute sense (overall = 0.74% year−1), yet was over three times higher than that documented in a nearby archipelago in the absence of hurricanes. Both vegetated area and distance were important predictor variables for exposed islands but not for protected islands. Some support was found for a small island effect for the exposed islands based on a piecewise linear regression model. Both island groups revealed significant nestedness at the level of the assemblage (both P < 0.001). On exposed islands, 65–79% (depending upon the method of calculation) of all species were significantly nested, but only 47% of all species were significantly nested on protected islands.Main conclusions  Overall, these insular floras seem highly resistant to hurricane‐force disturbances. Species turnover was low (< 1% year−1) in an absolute sense, particularly in comparison with rates for other taxa. Higher degrees of nestedness and significant species–area and species–distance relationships for exposed islands indicated stronger patterns of community assembly. It is likely that disturbance is a major structuring force for the exposed islands, although the type of disturbances that mediate these patterns may not be primarily hurricane‐force storms.
Mycorrhizal fungi determine salt‐marsh plant zonation depending on nutrient supply
Authors: Daleo Pedro , Alberti Juan , Canepuccia Alejandro , Escapa Mauricio , Fanjul Eugenia , Silliman Brian R. , Bertness Mark D. , Iribarne Oscar 
Published: April 2008

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can affect nutrient uptake of associated plants and can vary in function from mutualism to parasitism as nutrient availability increases; thus they may interact with nutrient availability to influence plant community structure.
We experimentally investigated the hypotheses that AMF can affect the community structure of salt marshes by affecting plant competitive ability. We focused on: Spartina densiflora, that dominates physically benign high marsh habitats and S. alterniflora, which dominates more stressful low marsh habitats.
Colonization by AMF increased S. densiflora growth at low nutrient levels, but reduced growth at high nutrient levels. Spartina alterniflora was not colonized by AMF and showed increased growth only with nutrient amendment. Nutrient or fungicide additions resulted in S. alterniflora migrating to higher marsh elevations, displacing S. densiflora. When nutrient and fungicide additions were made together, however, dominance of S. densiflora was maintained in the high marsh.
Synthesis. These results show that AMF can affect the competitive ability of plants and can have a large impact on plant community structure. The community impacts of these symbioses may be especially sensitive to human‐induced eutrophication, given that nutrient supply can modulate whether AMF positively or negatively affect associated plants.
Neighbourhood analyses of the allelopathic effects of the invasive treeAilanthus altissimain temperate forests
Authors: Gómez‐Aparicio Lorena , Canham Charles D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAllelopathic interactions between invasive and native species have been suggested to be an important mechanism for the success of some of the most aggressive plant invaders. However, field experiments that test the effects of natural levels of allelopathic compounds on coexisting native species are exceptionally rare.In this study, we analyzed the allelopathic effects of the invasive treeAilanthus altissimaon seedling emergence, survival and growth of three native tree species (Acer rubrum,A. saccharumandQuercus rubra) in temperate forests of the northeastern United States. We used activated carbon (AC) to reduce potential allelopathic interference, and developed neighbourhood models that explain the observed spatial variation in the effects of the AC treatments on seedling performance as a function of the size, abundance and distribution ofAilanthustrees in the neighbourhood.Our results showed that the addition of AC to the soil did not affect seedling emergence or survival, but caused a significant increase in seedling growth of all three species. Moreover, the AC shifted the overall interaction betweenAilanthusand maple seedlings from neutral or slightly positive to very positive forA. rubrum,and from negative to positive forA. saccharum, whereas the net interaction betweenAilanthusandQ. rubrawas always negative. AsAilanthushas the ability to increase soil fertility, these species‐specific responses are presumably influenced by among‐species differences in the net effects of both allelopathy and changes in resource availability caused by the presence ofAilanthus.The cumulative allelopathic effects ofAilanthuswere proportional to the density ofAilanthusin the neighbourhood, regardless of their size. In contrast,Ailanthuseffects were strongly influenced by distance from a tree, generally dropping to zero within 5 m from the trunk.Synthesis.Taken together, our results indicate that allelopathy is an important mechanism to take into account when trying to understand the causes and consequences of plant invasions. However, this study also strongly suggests that the real significance of the allelopathic effects of an invasive species cannot be assessed independently of its target community, or in isolation of other resource interactions involving the invader and the native community.
High prevalence of hearing disorders at the Special Olympics indicate need to screen persons with intellectual disability
Authors: Hild U. , Hey C. , Baumann U. , Montgomery J. , Euler H. A. , Neumann K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground  Persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at increased risk for hearing impairment which often remains undetected. If left untreated, such hearing impairments may worsen the social and communicative problems of these persons. The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of hearing impairment, to specify type and degree of hearing loss, and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the screening in this population.Methods  During the German Special Olympics Summer Games 2006, 552 athletes with ID had their hearing screened according to the international protocol of Healthy Hearing, Special Olympics. This screening protocol includes otoscopy, measurement of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and – if necessary – tympanometry and pure tone audiometry (PTA) screening at 2 and 4 kHz. Additionally, 195 athletes underwent a full diagnostic PTA. The results of the screening and diagnostic PTA were compared.Results  Of the 524 athletes who completed the screening protocol, 76% passed and 24% failed it. Ear wax was removed in 48% of all athletes. 42% of the athletes were recommended to consult an otolaryngologist or an acoustician. Of the 99 athletes whose screening‐based suspicion of a hearing loss was confirmed with diagnostic PTA, 74 had an undetected hearing loss. The correlation (Cramer's V) between screening and diagnostic PTA was .98. The sensitivity of the screening was 100% and the specificity 98%.Discussion  The screening reliably detects hearing disorders among persons with ID. The prevalence of hearing impairment in this population is considerably higher than in the general population, and the proportion of undetected hearing impairments is large, even among people with only mild and moderate ID, as examined in this study. Therefore, a screening is highly recommended, and special attention from caregivers and professionals as well as regular hearing assessment and standard therapy programmes are required for persons with ID.
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 inhibition in cardiovascular inflammatory disease
Authors: Wang M. , Song W.‐L. , Cheng Y. , FitzGerald G. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Prostaglandins (PGs), particularly PGE2 and prostacyclin (PGI2), are potent mediators of pain and inflammation. Both atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm exhibit the hallmarks of inflammation. However, randomized trials of inhibitors of PG synthesis – nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs – reveal that they predispose to cardiovascular risk. This appears to be consequent to inhibition of PGI2 and PGE2 formed by cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Inhibitors of microsomal PGE synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1) are being developed for relief of pain and interest has focused on their potential impact on the cardiovascular system. Deletion of mPGES‐1 retards atherogenesis and limits aortic aneurysm formation in hyperlipidaemic mice. However, it does not predispose to thrombogenesis and has a limited impact on blood pressure compared to inhibition of COX‐2. This occurs despite the potential of the suppressed PGE2 in affording cardioprotection via its EP2 and EP4 receptors. However, deletion of mPGES‐1 permits rediversion of the PGH2 substrate to other PG synthases and augmented formation of PGI2 and PGD2 mitigates this effect. However, increased PGI2 may also attenuate relief of pain. Pain relief seems likely to be a nuanced indication for mPGES‐1 inhibitors, but they have therapeutic potential in syndromes of cardiovascular inflammation, cancer and perhaps in neurodegenerative disease. However, as the products of substrate rediversion vary according to cell type, these drugs may have contrasting impact amongst individuals at varied stages of disease evolution.
Regulatory T‐cell immunity and its relevance to atherosclerosis
Authors: Taleb S. , Tedgui A. , Mallat Z. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to disease initiation and progression. Recent studies from several groups suggest that subtypes of T cells, called regulatory T cells, previously shown to maintain immunological tolerance, inhibit the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the regulatory T‐cell response and the major cytokines involved in its modulation in the context of atherosclerosis.
Role of microparticles in atherothrombosis
Authors: Leroyer A. S. , Tedgui A. , Boulanger C. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Cell activation or apoptosis leads to plasma membrane blebbing and microparticle (MP) release in the extracellular space. MPs are submicron membrane vesicles which express a panel of phospholipids and proteins specific of the cells they are derived from. Exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and tissue factor confers a procoagulant potential to MPs. MPs accumulate in the lipid core of the atherosclertotic plaque and is a major determinant of its thrombogenecity. Elevation of plasma MPs levels, particularly those of endothelial origin, reflects cellular injury and is considered now as a surrogate marker of vascular dysfunction. Thus, MPs can be seen as triggers of a vicious circle for they promote prothrombogenic and pro‐inflammatory responses as well as cellular dysfunction within the vascular compartment. A better knowledge of MP composition and biological effects as well as the mechanisms leading to their clearance will probably open new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of atherothrombosis.
Identifying the susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease: from hyperbole through doubt to cautious optimism
Authors: Hamsten A. , Eriksson P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.The genetic basis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is complex, and the fact that an alarmingly high proportion of reported associations between genetic variants and CAD are not replicated has generated uncertainty as to whether molecular genetics is ever going to deliver on the promises delivered in the late 1990s. However, during 2007, the first generation of large‐scale genome‐wide association studies using high‐density, single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping arrays have revealed genetic variants that are robustly associated with CAD and CAD‐related traits such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In particular, a robust susceptibility locus for CAD has been identified on chromosome 9p21. Also, evidence has been obtained that multiple rare alleles with fairly strong phenotypic effects may contribute to the genetic heritability of CAD, in addition to common variants with a modest impact on risk. Furthermore, new mechanistic connections have been discovered between different common complex diseases including CAD. This review focuses on the challenges and recent advances of molecular genetics in dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of atherothrombosis and defining novel targets for treatment.
The description of mammals–2 Limbs and locomotion of terrestial mammals
Authors: BROWN J. CLEVEDON , YALDEN D. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour separate categories of description relating to limbs and locomotion are recognized. Gross variation in limb structure characterizes descriptions at the ordinal level. Detailed morphology of the external features, and of limb bones, extends diagnosis to the familial and generic levels. The gaits of mammals describe locomotory behaviour.In all of these categories, definitions tend to be imprecise and the terminology to be misapplied. This descriptive terminology is critically reviewed in the light of advancing research and a synthetic framework for ordering future studies is proposed.
Mortality in deer
Authors: McDIARMID A. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYMortality in deer can occur from various causes predominantly associated directly or indirectly with man. Deliberate culling by shooting is of course the principal cause but a considerable number of deer are killed by illegal activities of poachers in various parts of the country. At present high prices for venison and low fines imposed by the Courts encourage their activities. Mechanical injuries from car accidents and fencing wire are common factors and the weather, particularly in the North of Scotland, can take a heavy toll especially of the old and the very young.Disease per se is probably of little significance in well‐managed populations. An excellent host‐parasite relationship seems to exist in many instances, but liver fluke and lungworm are important causes of death particularly in Roe in certain areas. Deer are, on the whole, remarkably free from clinical diseases compared with domesticated stock but with the advent of ‘deer farming’, certain infections such as Tuberculosis and Brucellosis are worthy of further study. Deaths from poisoning rarely occur although certain plants such as laurel can be toxic to Fallow deer; yew appears to be eaten with impunity.Percentage mortality in the different species is virtually impossible to ascertain at present, as the numbers of deer are not known in most areas. Moreover, dead deer are rarely found; so far the only accurate figures available have been obtained from deer parks. It would probably be true to say that the vast majority of free‐living deer in Britain rarely live out their allotted span of life as judged by the age to which deer can survive in certain parks in the absence of the usual causes of mortality in the wild.
Red deer range and problems of carrying capacity in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: NICHOLSON I. A. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYSome general principles underlying the concept of carrying capacity and problems in using the term are illustrated by reference to herbivore/vegetation inter‐relationships in intensive pasture systems, regimes of range management and wildlife systems. The approach to management of the deer/range system in Scotland does not fit into any of these categories of land use. Ecological deficiencies arise because deer, rather than the soils and vegetation, are regarded as the resource. Hence, management of the range is animal orientated. It is based on techniques such as burning which give temporary benefits to the animal component of the system. It is argued that this inversion of priorities in management has the long‐term effect of encouraging vegetational successions that aggravate problems of animal management, especially on the poorer soils.The characteristics of the deer and the vegetation, and trends of change are considered in this context. It is concluded that within the present framework of management there is little scope for radical improvement. A restructuring of the system is required to give greater control over the biological performance of the deer and of the trends in the vegetation.
Examples of short‐ and long‐term changes of dental pattern in Scottish voles (Rodentia; Microtinae)
Authors: CORBET G. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn isolated population of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, at Loch Tay, Perthshire, which was found to have abnormally complex third upper molars in 1955‐57, was re‐examined in 1972 and found to have reverted to normal. Subfossil teeth of the field vole, Microtus agrestis, from the island of Jura, Inner Hebrides, dating back to at least 2000 BP have been compared with recent specimens from the island. They demonstrate a slight but progressive reduction in the size of the postero‐medial ridge of M1 that is characteristic of certain marginal
An analysis of sightings of Cetacea in British waters
Authors: EVANS P. G. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn analysis is carried out of all documented sightings of cetaceans in British waters between 1950–1975, received by the Cetacean Group. Two major problems which must be taken into account in such an analysis are difficulties of specific identification and bias from uneven coverage.The results show that porpoises are present in coastal waters for much of the year. The pattern of movements for this species is rather confused. Most dolphin species show peak numbers in summer, earliest in the north of Britain and later further south. Risso's dolphins may enter British waters rather earlier in spring than other species. Killer whales occur off the west coast of Britain and Ireland mainly between June‐September. Pilot whales are seen in North Britain at most times of the year but otherwise enter British waters along the west coast in spring. Bottle‐nosed whales and the larger whale species, including the Rorquals, are found only on the north and west coasts in summer and early autumn. For all species, herd size increases at the same time as increase in the numbers of sightings reported. Different species have different herd sizes with the largest occurring amongst porpoise and all dolphin species except Risso's dolphin, and the smallest amongst the large whale species. Herds may be accompanied by young individuals in spring‐late summer, depending on the species.
Theoretical aspects concerning transmission of the parasite Skrjabingylus nasicola (Leukart 1842) to stoats and weasels, with a review of the literature
Authors: DUNCAN NEIL 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Skrjabingylus nasicola belongs to a genus of parasitic nematodes which invade members of the Mustelidae. Despite its widespread occurrence, little is known about the natural mechanisms of transmission. Certain inferences as to how transmission might occur are drawn from indirect sources, such as the behaviour of the nematode first stage larvae, and the severity of infections assessed by quantifying skull damage to the host species. The possibility that the parasite is transmitted in times of food shortage for the host is discussed in the light of previous work and knowledge of the ecology of mustelids.
The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentata‐Orycteropodidae)
Authors: MELTON DEREK A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aardvark is a large nocturnal mammal with an anatomy highly specialized to cope with a myrmecophagous diet and a fossorial habit. Today it is present throughout Africa south of the Sahara, but the actual distribution is very patchy and in some areas it has been largely exterminated by man.For many years the species was classified in the Edentata, along with other ‘anteaters’ such as Myrmecophaga and the pangolins. It is now recognized as comprising an order to itself, the Tubulidentata; so named because of the unique structure of the teeth.Aardvark are generally believed to have evolved from the protoungulates (Condylarthra), although earlier origins for the group have been suggested.Little is known of the ecology of this animal, no detailed study having been made. Burrows, often quite extensive, are dug and play an important role in the life of aardvark. They are the diurnal resting sites, refuges from nocturnal predators and the places where young are born.Termites, particularly Macrotermes, and ants (Formicidae) constitute almost the whole diet, being obtained by frequent digging at night. A zig‐zag foraging pattern is used with no particular attention being paid to termite mounds. The senses of hearing and smell both appear to be important in food location.The extent of man's effects on the animal, through hunting and habitat alteration, is not known. It is concluded that a detailed ecological study is required to assess the need for conservation measures and generally gauge the status of the species.
Population fluctuations of Field voles (Microtus): a background to the problems involved in predicting vole plagues
Authors: TAPPER S. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe course of various investigations into vole cycles is briefly reviewed and it is shown that an increasing proportion of workers are looking for intrinsic mechanisms of control which might cause the periodic fluctuations; however, no single line of investigation can be said to dominate the field and extrinsic factors such as food supply or predation could be heavily involved. The majority of work has failed to take into account the spatial aspects of these cycles and future work in this field might resolve some of the conflicts about the demographic aspects. As yet few workers have considered vole cycles on a geographical scale and just how these major changes in abundance relate to the local fluctuations of smaller populations is not known. Various methods used to measure vole densities are reviewed and suggestions are made on how they can be used to provide information on different aspects of vole population studies.
The decline of the rarer carnivores in Great Britain during the nineteenth century
Authors: LANGLEY P. J. W. , YALDEN D. W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTmarten (Martes martes) and Wild cat (Felis silvestris) in Great Britain during the nineteenth century is surveyed, and a series of maps to illustrate the declines is presented. These highlight the different patterns of decline in the three species, and draw attention to the parallels in certain birds of prey. The declines do not match the decline in woodland, which was largely completed before they began. They do coincide with the development of the sporting estate, and moreover the differences between the species can partly be explained by differences in persecution.