bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic interference shielding with polyaniline nanofibers composite coatings
Authors: Niu Yuhua 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHydrochloric acid doped polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were synthesized by an interfacial polymerization with tetrachloride as the organic solvent and with a relatively higher aniline concentration. The doped PANI nanofibers were dispersed in cyclohexanone and the dispersion was mixed with solution of polyacrylate to prepare PANI nanofibers composite coatings. It was found that the yield of the doped PANI nanofibers can be as high as 23%, though a small amount of irregular shaped PANI particles and PANI nanofibers with relatively larger diameter were also obtained. The conductivity of the PANI nanofibers based composite coatings increased with the PANI nanofibers contents and a percolation threshold of 0.2 was demonstrated. The shielding effectiveness of the PANI nanofibers based coatings increased with PANI nanofibers loadings and shielding effectiveness as high as 63 dB can be achieved with PANI nanofibers loadings of 45%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prediction of environmental stress cracking resistance in linear low density polyethylenes
Authors: Maxwell Antony S. , Pilkington Gordon 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecently it has been shown that the strain hardening modulus (Gp) at 80°C can be used to predict the environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance of polyethylenes. The advantage of using strain hardening to determine ESC resistance is that the data may be obtained relatively easily and quickly using simple tensile test equipment. In this article, the strain hardening modulus has been used to predict the ESC resistance of three grades of linear low‐density polyethylene. Unlike in the previous research, the measurements were conducted at room temperature enabling tests to be performed without the need of a temperature‐controlled oven. This was achieved by reducing the strain rate to increase the sensitivity of the technique and increasing the thickness of the specimens to improve the repeatability. The strain hardening modulus data were found to correlate well with the ESC results obtained from long‐term full notch creep tests and are consistent with the known molecular structure of the polyethylene grades. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Weathering of recycled photo‐degraded polyethylene
Authors: Maxwell A.S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe increased use of recycled plastics in a wide range of outdoor applications depends on the long‐term performance of the material. However, to date most research has been concerned with the effects that recycling has on the immediate mechanical properties of the polymer. The following paper examines the effects that recycling photo‐degraded polymer has on the long‐term photo‐stability of the recycled material. Two identical high‐density polyethylene wheelie‐bins were used in this study, one of which had been kept in a controlled indoor environment and the other kept outdoors for 12years in the United Kingdom. Material removed from each wheelie‐bin was reprocessed and molded into specimens, which were artificially weathered in a Xenon arc chamber. Infrared spectroscopy and nanoindentation revealed that although the properties of each set of specimens were similar immediately after reprocessing, those that had been subjected to outdoor exposure prior to reprocessing degraded more rapidly. This accelerated degradation is believed to be due to the photo‐degraded products in the recycled material accelerating the degradation process. The consequences of this accelerated degradation raise issues regarding the vulnerability of recycled material to the long‐term effects of outdoor exposure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Viscoelastic evaluation of effects of fiber size and composition on cellulose‐polypropylene composite of high filler content
Authors: Ito Hirokazu , Kumari Rashmi , Takatani Masahiro , Okamoto Tadashi , Hattori Hidehiro , Fujiyoshi Ippei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn wood/plastic composite of high wood filler content, filler dispersion in resin is important which determines mobility of compound and mechanical properties of products. This work reports on the dispersion of components in compound by evaluation of viscoelasticity using a cone rheometer. The effects of size of cellulose fiber and resin content on viscoelasticity were analyzed, and the dispersion of cellulose is discussed to reach the following conclusions: The viscoelasticity measured by a cone rheometer was dependent on the dispersion state of compound, and evaluation of viscoelasticity affords the evidence for dispersion state of filler in compound; On the basis of viscoelastic evaluation of compound with different resin content, a model for dispersion of cellulose and resin with tangle of fiber is proposed; Viscoelastic analysis showed that cellulose size has influence on tangle of fiber, and results of viscoelasticity and mechanical properties of mold products suggested that an important factor determining tangle of fiber is its average aspect ratio. The proposed analysis of viscoelasticity presents a new technique for estimating the dispersion state of compound of high filler content which is hardly accessible by conventional fluid evaluation methods. The present method is simple and useful for quality control in manufacture. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Machining of plastics: A new approach for modeling
Authors: Quadrini F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA theoretical model was defined to predict cutting forces in drilling of polyamide. This model was not built in analogy to metal cutting but starting from the viscoelastic behavior of the workpiece material. The drilling thrust and torque were assumed to be a logarithmic function of the ratio between a characteristic time of the material and a process time. Drilling tests were carried out to experimentally evaluate the thrust and torque in dependence of drilling speed and feed rate. The experimental data are in good agreement with the predicted logarithmic trend, except at high feed rates at which a plateau is observed. The chip formation mechanism was recognized to affect the thrust and torque dependence on feed rate so that the theoretical model was opportunely corrected. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Engaging students in inquiry: Tales from an undergraduate geology laboratory‐based course
Authors: Apedoe Xornam S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis of three case studies of students' engagement in inquiry‐based learning activities in an upper‐level undergraduate geology course. Details of how students engaged in scientific questions, gave priority to evidence, formulated explanations, evaluated explanations, and communicated and justified their findings are presented. Data for this study included classroom observations and fieldnotes of classroom practices, questionnaires, archival data (e.g., student work samples), and audiotapes and transcripts of interviews conducted with the student participants throughout the course. The findings suggest that although these students were able to successfully appropriate inquiry practices (e.g., giving priority to evidence), it was not without its challenges (e.g., perceived lack of guidance). A detailed discussion of the ways in which students were successful, and where they had challenges engaging in inquiry is presented, with the goal of helping direct practitioners and researchers to strategies whereby students' inquiry experiences can be improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:631–663, 2008
Urban elementary school teachers' knowledge and practices in teaching science to English language learners
Authors: Lee Okhee , Lewis Scott , Adamson Karen , Maerten‐Rivera Jaime , Secada Walter G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study examined urban elementary teachers' knowledge and practices in teaching science while supporting English language development of English language learning (ELL) students. As part of a larger 5‐year research project in the United States, the study involved 38 third‐grade teachers who participated in the first‐year implementation of a professional development intervention that consisted of curriculum units and teacher workshops. The study examined four areas—teacher knowledge of science content, teaching science for understanding, teaching science for inquiry, and teacher support for English language development—through a questionnaire, classroom observations, and postobservation interviews. Results indicate that teachers' knowledge and practices were generally within the bounds supported by the intervention; however, such knowledge and practices fell short of the goal of reform‐oriented practices. The results provide insights for our ongoing intervention and other similar efforts and contribute to the emerging knowledge base on science and English language and literacy with ELL students. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:733–758, 2008
Scientific discourse in the academy: A case study of an American Indian undergraduate
Authors: Brandt Carol B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis case study explores how an American Indian woman experienced scientific discourse and the issues of language, power, and authority that occurred while she was an undergraduate student at a university in the southwestern United States. This ethnographic research, using a phenomenological perspective, describes her experiences as she searched for the discursive resources she required to cross‐cultural borders between her traditional worldview and Eurocentric science. Data from interviews, participant observation, and artifacts offer a narrative of how she became aware of the “game rules” of scientific discourse. The findings are expressed in terms of a cartographic metaphor where the student's world became less of a list of categories and more of a map outlining where she ventured and the ways in which she oriented herself to scientific language. To facilitate the border crossing and reduce the obstacles that some students experience in crossing between worldviews, educators can look at cross‐cultural perspectives and explore with students how language fosters or hinders their progress. This research suggests that we allow room in our pedagogy for students to learn the rules of using scientific language, make explicit the cultural norms associated with this practice, thereby promoting a “metaknowledge” of how scientific discourse functions in the academy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:825–847, 2008
Preparing small software companies for tailored agile method adoption: Minimally intrusive risk assessment
Authors: Taylor Philip S. , Greer Des , Coleman Gerry , McDaid Kevin , Keenan Frank 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere is often a misconception that adopting and tailoring agile methods is straightforward resulting in improved products and increasingly satisfied customers. However, the empirical nature of agile methods means that potential practitioners need to carefully assess whether they are exposed to the risks that can make agile method adoption problematic. This is particularly the case with small software companies who are less able to absorb the impact of failed experimentation. This study describes a minimally intrusive assessment approach for small software companies preparing for agile method adoption and tailoring in the light of key risks. The approach has been conducted with six small software companies, three of which are presented to show the evolution of the approach, describe the resource commitment that companies have to make, and highlight the type of information generated from an assessment. The contribution of this study is that small software companies have an alternative to ‘mere experimentation’ with agile methods and can take reasoned steps towards their adoption and tailoring. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of energy capacitor system to wind power generation
Authors: Muyeen S. M. , Shishido S. , Ali Mohd. Hasan , Takahashi Rion , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper, it is reported that energy capacitor system (ECS), which combines power electronic devices and electric double‐layer capacitor, can significantly decrease voltage and power fluctuations of grid‐connected fixed‐speed wind generator. The proper selection of wind farm output power reference is still a problem for smoothing the wind farm output power. This paper proposes exponential moving average to generate the reference output power of a grid‐connected wind farm. The objective of the control system is to follow the line power reference by absorbing or providing real power to or from the ECS. Moreover, the necessary reactive power can also be supplied to keep the wind farm terminal voltage at the desired reference level. Real wind speed data were used in the simulation analyses, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results clearly show that our proposed ECS can be suitable for wind power application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intervening Processes Between Youths’ Exposure to Community Violence and Internalizing Symptoms Over Time: The Roles of Social Support and Coping
Authors: Rosario Margaret , Salzinger Suzanne , Feldman Richard S. , Ng-Mak Daisy S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe roles of social support and coping as intervening processes between exposure to community violence and internalizing symptoms were examined longitudinally among a community sample of 667 middle school students in the inner city. After controlling for potential confounders (e.g., social desirability, victimization and witnessing of family violence, guardian's psychological symptomatology), internalizing symptoms at Year 2 were predicted by hypothesized changes over 1 year, such that increased community violence exposure, decreased guardian and peer support, and increased use of defensive and confrontational behavioral coping were related to more internalizing symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD, although some of these relations varied by gender. The relations between internalizing symptoms at Year 3 and increased changes in exposure to community violence over 2 years were moderated by social support and/or coping, such that decreased guardian support and increased use of defensive and confrontational coping were generally associated with more symptoms for boys exposed to community violence. Girls who witnessed increased community violence and who increased their use of defensive or confrontational coping experienced more internalizing symptoms. The findings underscore the importance of developmental and contextual considerations in the design and implementation of interventions.
Extracting Functional Modules from Biological Pathways
Authors: Zhao Sihai , Li Yong 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIt has been proposed that functional modules are the fundamental units of cellular function. Methods to identify these modules have thus far relied on gene expression data or protein-protein interaction (PPI) data, but have a few limitations. We propose a new method, using biological pathway data to identify functional modules, that can potentially overcome these limitations. We also construct a network of these modules using functionally relevant PPI data. This network displays the flow and integration of information between modules and can be used to map cellular function.
Siblings of Children With Speech Impairment: Cavalry on the Hill
Authors: Barr Jacqueline , McLeod Sharynne , Daniel Graham 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article was to examine the experiences of siblings of children with speech impairment, an underresearched area of family-centered practice.MethodUsing naturalistic inquiry, we interviewed 6 siblings and 15 significant others. Interview transcripts were analyzed for meaning statements, and meaning statements were coded and organized thematically.ResultsFour major themes emerged as significant in these children’s experiences. The first theme described the typically positive relationship when siblings were together. The second theme related to the siblings' relationship in the context of outsiders, when the sibling of the child with speech impairment frequently undertook the roles of protector and interpreter. Exemplifying this, 1 mother described her daughter as thecavalry on the hill.In the third theme, the impact on self, siblings expressed jealousy and resentment as well as worry and concern toward the child with speech impairment. In the fourth theme, the impact on parent–child relationships, siblings expressed an awareness that they experienced less parental attention, had concerns regarding the impact of the circumstances on their parents, and took on a parent-like role toward the child with impairment, and for some, toward their parents.ConclusionAs part of family-centered practice, speech-language pathologists need to be aware of the important roles that siblings play and should routinely include siblings in assessment and intervention.
Empirically Derived Combinations of Tools and Clinical Cutoffs: An Illustrative Case With a Sample of Culturally/Linguistically Diverse Children
Authors: Oetting Janna B. , Cleveland Lesli H. , Cope Robert F. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
Using a sample of culturally/linguistically diverse children, we present data to illustrate the value of empirically derived combinations of tools and cutoffs for determining eligibility in child language impairment.

Method
Data were from 95 4- and 6-year-olds (40 African American, 55 White; 18 with language impairment, 77 without) who lived in the rural South; they involved primarily scores from the Comprehension subtest of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (CSSB; R. Thorndike, E. Hagen, & J. Sattler, 1986), but scores from an experimental nonword repetition task (NRT; C. Dollaghan & T. Campbell, 1998) were also included as supplements to these scores.

Results

Although the CSSB led to low fail rates in children without impairment and a statistically reliable group difference as a function of the children’s clinical status but not their race, only 56% of children with impairment were accurately classified when −1
SD
was employed as the cutoff. Diagnostic accuracy improved to 81% when an empirically derived cutoff of −.5
SD
was used. When scores from the NRT were added to those from the CSSB, diagnostic accuracy increased to 90%.

Implications
This illustrative case adds to the growing number of studies that call for empirically derived combinations of tools and cutoffs as one option within an evidence-based practice framework.
Identifying Language Comprehension Impairment in Preschool Children
Authors: Skarakis-Doyle Elizabeth , Dempsey Lynn , Lee Christopher 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThis study examined the validity of 3 discourse comprehension measures for preschool children and the ability of a combination of them to classify children with and without language impairment.MethodThirty-seven children with typical language and 12 children with language impairment completed 3 measures of oral story comprehension: the Joint Story Retell task, the Expectancy Violation Detection task, and comprehension questions.ResultsDiscriminant analyses revealed that each measure successfully classified pre-identified groups. The clinical combination of all 3 measures resulted in 96% accurate identification of the language status of this cohort.ConclusionResults support these procedures as valid measures of discourse comprehension and monitoring and provide preliminary evidence that their combination can be validly employed for identifying young children with language comprehension impairment.
Training and Knowledge in Autism Among Speech-Language Pathologists: A Survey
Authors: Schwartz Heatherann , Drager Kathryn D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
The current study was designed to answer the following questions: (a) What knowledge do school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have concerning autism? (b) What educational and clinical training do SLPs receive in autism? (c) Do SLPs have confidence in their ability to provide services to children with autism and their families?

Method
An original 52-item survey was designed to answer the research questions. Participants were recruited through e-mail and were asked to respond to a Web-based survey.

Results
Sixty-seven school-based SLPs practicing in 33 states across the United States responded to the survey. Most participants had accurate knowledge about the characteristics of children with autism; however, they had mixed perceptions of diagnostic criteria for autism. Although most participants did address autism at some level of their educational training, little time was spent discussing the topic. Additionally, some SLPs lack confidence in their abilities to provide services to children with autism.

Conclusion
The return rate for participants was small, and it is difficult to generalize the results. However, the majority of respondents reported that they could have benefited from additional training in the area of autism. As a result, it may be necessary to consider strategies for providing this training.
A Qualitative Examination of Current Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice in Child Language Intervention
Authors: Brackenbury Tim , Burroughs Elizabeth , Hewitt Lynne E. 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThe present investigation examines the time, effort, and resources that evidence-based practice (EBP) requires, and looks at what types of results are obtained.MethodPrinciples of EBP as outlined by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association were applied to 3 treatment case studies.ResultsThe cases took between 3 and 7 hr to complete and yielded different amounts and types of results. Individual article searches yielded better results than did searches of systematic reviews. Most evidence found was from small-group and individual case studies.ConclusionEBP is a necessary part of effective and ethical treatment. The resources needed, time involved, and availability of relevant information make current guidelines for EBP challenging for most full-time practitioners. Specific recommendations to address these concerns are offered.
The Impact of Early Intervention on Speech and Lexical Development for Toddlers With Cleft Palate: A Retrospective Look at Outcome
Authors: Hardin-Jones Mary , Chapman Kathy L. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the impact of early intervention on speech and lexical measures for toddlers with cleft palate.

Method
Speech measures of ten 27-month-old toddlers with cleft palate who had been referred for therapy at 17 months of age were compared to those of 10 toddlers with cleft palate who had been referred but did not receive therapy. Both groups were compared to 2 other groups of children who had never been referred for therapy.

Results

Multivariate analysis of variance revealed only 1 significant difference between the children who received therapy and those who did not receive therapy. Children who received therapy produced a significantly greater percentage of glides (
p
< .001) than did children who did not receive therapy.

Conclusion
The findings of this study indicated that early intervention as conducted by the speech-language pathologists in this study was not as effective as expected for this group of toddlers with cleft palate.