bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Binary Interactions in Infrared Passbands
Authors: Zhang F. , Li L. , Han Z. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe present the integrated J, H, K, L, M and N magnitudes and the colours involving infrared bands, for an extensive set of instantaneous-burst binary stellar populations (BSPs) by using evolutionary population synthesis (EPS). By comparing the results for BSPs WITH and WITHOUT binary interactions we show that the inclusion of binary interactions makes the magnitudes of populations larger (fainter) and the integrated colours smaller (bluer) for τ ≥ 1 Gyr. Also, we compare our model magnitudes and colours with those of Bruzual & Charlot (2003, hereafter BC03) and Maraston (2005, hereafter M05). At last, we compare these model broad colours with Magellanic Clouds globular clusters (GCs) and Milky Way GCs. In (V − R)−[Fe/H] and (V − I)−[Fe/H] diagrams it seems that our models match the observations better than those of BC03 and M05.
Hypobromous acid and bromamine production by neutrophils and modulation by superoxide
Authors: Chapman Anna L. P. , Skaff Ojia , Senthilmohan Revathy , Kettle Anthony J. , Davies Michael J. 
Published: October 2008

MPO (myeloperoxidase) catalyses the oxidation of chloride, bromide and thiocyanate to their respective hypohalous acids. We have investigated the generation of HOBr by human neutrophils in the presence of physiological concentrations of chloride and bromide. HOBr was trapped with taurine and detected by monitoring the bromination of 4-HPAA (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). With 100 μM bromide and 140 mM chloride, neutrophils generated HOBr and it accounted for approx. 13% of the hypohalous acids they produced. Addition of SOD (superoxide dismutase) doubled the amount of HOBr detected. Therefore we investigated the reaction of superoxide radicals with a range of bromamines and bromamides and found that superoxide radicals stimulated the decomposition of these species, with this occurring in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The protection afforded by SOD against such decay demonstrates that these processes are superoxide-radical-dependent. These data are consistent with neutrophils generating HOBr at sites of infection and inflammation. Both HOBr and bromamines/bromamides have the potential to react with superoxide radicals to form additional radicals that may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage.
Crohn's disease evaluated with magnetic resonance enteroclysis: diagnostic performance of experienced and inexperienced readers before and after training
Authors: Negaard A. , Mulahasanovic A. , Reisaeter L. A. , Aasekjaer K. , Sandvik L. , Klow N.-E. 
Published: October 2008

Background: Magnetic resonance enteroclysis (MRE) is suggested to become the preferred radiological method in small-bowel Crohn's disease (CD). However, the performance of inexperienced readers may influence the diagnostic value of the method and has not been previously investigated. Purpose: To compare readings of MRE in small-bowel CD performed by experienced and inexperienced readers before and after training. Material and Methods: One experienced radiologist (observer 1) and two trainees (observers 2 and 3) reviewed 60 MRE examinations. A second reading was performed after training. Bowel wall thickness (BWT), ulcers (BWU), stenosis (BWS), fistulas (FIS), and abscesses (ABS) were evaluated. A reference standard based on clinical records was established. Results: BWT in the terminal ileum was evaluated with high diagnostic performance (sensitivity: observer 1, 83%; observer 2, 72%; observer 3, 78%). Only BWU was diagnosed with a higher sensitivity by observer 1 (78% vs. 33% and 39%, respectively; P=0.02). False-positive findings for BWT in the jejunum (observer 2: 7; observer 3: 4) and fistulas and abscesses (observer 2: 11/5; observer 3: 5/4) were made by the trainees. Interobserver agreement in the jejunum was poor (observer 1/observer 2: κ=0.23; observer 1/observer 3: κ=−0.03) and in the ileum good (observer 1/observer 2: κ=0.78; observer 1/observer 3: κ=0.73). After training, evaluation of BWU (observer 2: 56%, P=0.22; observer 3: 44%, P=0.03), BWT (observer 2: 2; observer 3: 2), and interobserver agreement in the jejunum improved (observer 1/observer 2: κ=0.66; observer 1/observer 3: κ=0.66). However, the number of diagnosed fistulas and abscesses remained high. Conclusion: Before training, most findings of Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum were evaluated with high diagnostic performance by all readers. However, the inexperienced readers evaluated BWU with a low sensitivity and overestimated the number of FIS, number of ABS, and increased BWT in the jejunum. After training, evaluation by inexperienced readers of BWU and increased BWT in the jejunum improved.
Phylogenomic Analyses Support the Monophyly of Taphrinomycotina, including Schizosaccharomyces Fission Yeasts
Authors: Liu Yu , Leigh Jessica W. , Brinkmann Henner , Cushion Melanie T. , Rodriguez-Ezpeleta Naiara , Philippe Hervé , Lang B. Franz 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Several morphologically dissimilar ascomycete fungi including Schizosaccharomyces, Taphrina, Saitoella, Pneumocystis, and Neolecta have been grouped into the taxon Taphrinomycotina (Archiascomycota or Archiascomycotina), originally based on rRNA phylogeny. These analyses lack statistically significant support for the monophyly of this grouping, and although confirmed by more recent multigene analyses, this topology is contradicted by mitochondrial phylogenies. To resolve this inconsistency, we have assembled phylogenomic mitochondrial and nuclear data sets from four distantly related taphrinomycotina taxa: Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pneumocystis carinii, Saitoella complicata, and Taphrina deformans. Our phylogenomic analyses based on nuclear data (113 proteins) conclusively support the monophyly of Taphrinomycotina, diverging as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina. However, despite the improved taxon sampling, Taphrinomycotina continue to be paraphyletic with the mitochondrial data set (13 proteins): Schizosaccharomyces species associate with budding yeasts (Saccharomycotina) and the other Taphrinomycotina group as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina. Yet, as Schizosaccharomyces and Saccharomycotina species are fast evolving, the mitochondrial phylogeny may be influenced by a long-branch attraction (LBA) artifact. After removal of fast-evolving sequence positions from the mitochondrial data set, we recover the monophyly of Taphrinomycotina. Our combined results suggest that Taphrinomycotina is a legitimate taxon, that this group of species diverges as a sister group to Saccharomycotina + Pezizomycotina, and that phylogenetic positioning of yeasts and fission yeasts with mitochondrial data is plagued by a strong LBA artifact.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation during Photorespiration and Carboxylation in Senecio
Authors: Lanigan Gary J. , Betson Nicholas , Griffiths Howard , Seibt Ulli 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The magnitude of fractionation during photorespiration and the effect on net photosynthetic 13C discrimination (Δ) were investigated for three Senecio species, S. squalidus, S. cineraria, and S. greyii. We determined the contributions of different processes during photosynthesis to Δ by comparing observations (Δobs) with discrimination predicted from gas-exchange measurements (Δpred). Photorespiration rates were manipulated by altering the O2 partial pressure (pO2) in the air surrounding the leaves. Contributions from 13C-depleted photorespiratory CO2 were largest at high pO2. The parameters for photorespiratory fractionation (f), net fractionation during carboxylation by Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (b), and mesophyll conductance (g i) were determined simultaneously for all measurements. Instead of using Δobs data to obtain g i and f successively, which requires that b is known, we treated b, f, and g i as unknowns. We propose this as an alternative approach to analyze measurements under field conditions when b and g i are not known or cannot be determined in separate experiments. Good agreement between modeled and observed Δ was achieved with f = 11.6‰ ± 1.5‰, b = 26.0‰ ± 0.3‰, and g i of 0.27 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01, and 0.22 ± 0.01 mol m−2 s−1 for S. squalidus, S. cineraria, and S. greyii, respectively. We estimate that photorespiratory fractionation decreases Δ by about 1.2‰ on average under field conditions. In addition, diurnal changes in Δ are likely to reflect variations in photorespiration even at the canopy level. Our results emphasize that the effects of photorespiration must be taken into account when partitioning net CO2 exchange of ecosystems into gross fluxes of photosynthesis and respiration.
Association of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations with EGFR amplification in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Morinaga Ryotaro , Okamoto Isamu , Fujita Yoshihiko , Arao Tokuzo , Sekijima Masaru , Nishio Kazuto , Ito Hiroyuki , Fukuoka Masahiro , Kadota Jun‐ichi , Nakagawa Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2008

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are associated with the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Increased EGFR copy number has also been associated with sensitivity to these drugs. However, given that it is often difficult to obtain sufficient amounts of tumor tissue for genetic analysis from patients with advanced NSCLC, the relationship between these two types of EGFR alterations has remained unclear. We have now evaluated EGFR mutation status both by direct sequencing and with a high‐sensitivity assay, the Scorpion‐amplification‐refractory mutation system, and have determined EGFR copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in paired tumor specimens obtained from 100 consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC treated with chemotherapy. EGFR mutations or FISH positivity (EGFR amplification or high polysomy) were apparent in 18% (18/100) and 32% (32/100) of patients, respectively. The Scorpion‐amplification‐refractory mutation system was more sensitive than direct sequencing for the detection of EGFR mutations. Furthermore, EGFR mutations were associated with EGFR amplification (P = 0.009) but not with FISH positivity (P = 0.266). Our results therefore suggest the existence of a significant association between EGFR mutation and EGFR amplification in patients with advanced NSCLC. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 2455–2460)
Influence of co‐occurring mental and substance use disorders on the prevalence of problem gambling in Canada
Authors: Rush Brian R. , Bassani Diego G. , Urbanoski Karen A. , Castel Saulo 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTContext/background  Research has shown that problem gambling (PG) is associated with substance use disorders (SUD) and also with other mental disorders (MD). Nevertheless, evidence about the relative contribution of each type of disorder for the risk of gambling in the population is very limited.Objective  Study the association of SUD, alone and in combination with MD, with the prevalence and severity of PG.Design  Cross‐sectional national survey (Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health and Well‐Being) data collected through a multi‐stage stratified cluster design.Setting  Population‐based household survey.Participants  This analysis includes data on 36 885 participants (99.7% of the survey sample).Main outcome measures  The prevalence and severity of PG were measured using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Prevalence of MD (mood and anxiety disorders) and SUD were defined according to the World Mental Health Survey Initiative Composite International Diagnostic Interview, following definitions of the DSM‐IV.Results  Compared to the population, higher prevalence rates of PG are observed when the severity of SUD is higher, but are not impacted by the co‐occurrence of MD. For individuals with low risk and moderate risk/problem gambling, the prevalence rate difference (prevalence rate in the subgroup minus prevalence rate in the population) observed among substance dependents was reduced when MD co‐occurred (from a prevalence rate difference of 2.5; 99% confidence interval 1.6–3.8 to 1.6; 99% confidence interval 1.2–2.2 for low risk gamblers and from 3.7; 99% confidence interval 1.6–5.5 to 2.9; 99% confidence interval 2.0–4.3 for moderate risk/problem gamblers). Estimates were not statistically different.Conclusions  Prevalence of all levels of PG increased with SUD severity, but the pattern did not appear to be affected by MD co‐occurrence. Results suggest particular attention be given to SUD in treatment‐seeking clients with co‐occurring disorders.
Development and validation of a quantitative PCR to detect Parvicapsula minibicornis and comparison to histologically ranked infection of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), from the Klamath River, USA
Authors: True K , Purcell M K , Foott J S 
Published: October 2008

Abstract Parvicapsula minibicornis is a myxosporean parasite that is associated with disease in Pacific salmon during their freshwater life history phase. This study reports the development of a quantitative (real‐time) polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) to detect P. minibicornis DNA. The QPCR assay targets the 18S ribosomal subunit gene. A plasmid DNA control was developed to calibrate cycle threshold (CT) score to plasmid molecular equivalent (PME) units, a measure of gene copy number. Assay validation revealed that the QPCR was sensitive and able to detect 50 ag of plasmid DNA, which was equivalent to 12.5 PME. The QPCR assay could detect single P. minibicornis actinospores well above assay sensitivity, indicating a single spore contains at least 100 times the 18S DNA copies required for detection. The QPCR assay was repeatable and highly specific; no detectable amplification was observed using DNA from related myxozoan parasites. The method was validated using kidney tissues from 218 juvenile Chinook salmon sampled during the emigration period of March to July 2005 from the Klamath River. The QPCR assay was compared with histological examination. The QPCR assay detected P. minibicornis infection in 88.1% of the fish sampled, while histological examination detected infection in 71.1% of the fish sampled. Good concordance was found between the methods as 80% of the samples were in agreement. The majority of the disconcordant fish were positive by QPCR, with low levels of P. minibicornis DNA, but negative by histology. The majority of the fish rated histologically as having subclinical or clinical infections had high QPCR levels. The results of this study demonstrate that QPCR is a sensitive quantitative tool for evaluating P. minibicornis infection in fish health monitoring studies.
Heritability of mortality in response to a natural pancreas disease (SPDV) challenge in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post‐smolts on a West of Ireland sea site
Authors: Norris A , Foyle L , Ratcliff J 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPancreas disease (PD) is an economically important disease of European farmed Atlantic salmon. It can cause significant losses because of morbidity, mortality and reduced production. The disease is caused by an alphavirus, known as salmon PD virus (SPDV) or salmonid alphavirus subtype 1 in Ireland. To examine whether it is possible to improve the natural resistance of Atlantic salmon to SPDV by selective breeding, 6000 genotyped, tagged, pedigreed fish from 150 full‐sib families were exposed to a natural challenge during 2005 in a sea cage on a commercial salmon farm in the West of Ireland. Histopathological and serological examination was performed weekly on a proportion of all moribund fish to determine the onset of the infection and the likely cause of death. Heritabilities and genetic correlations are presented for resistance to a natural PD challenge and smolt input weight. The results indicate that the susceptibility of salmon to SPDV could be reduced by selective breeding based on the survival in a natural challenge to the virus.
Postprandial oxidative losses of free and protein‐bound amino acids in the diet: interactions and adaptation
Authors: Nolles J. A. , Verreijen A. M. , Koopmanschap R. E. , Verstegen M. W. A. , Schreurs V. V. A. M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryPostprandial oxidation of dietary free amino acids or egg white protein was studied using the [13CO2] breath test in rats, as well as in humans. Thirty‐eight male rats were assigned to four dietary test groups. Two diets only differed in their protein fraction. Diet I contained 21% egg white protein. For the breath test egg white protein, intrinsically labelled with [1‐13C]‐leucine, was used as a substrate. Diet II contained the same amino acids as diet I, though not as egg white protein but in free form. Free [1‐13C]‐leucine was used to label this diet. In addition, two 1:1 mixtures of both diets were used. During the breath test either the free amino acid or the protein fraction was labelled as in diets I or II. The animals were breath‐tested following short‐term (day 5) and long‐term adaptation (day 20) to their experimental diet. For all diets, including the mixed diets, postprandial oxidative losses on day 5 were significantly higher for the free leucine compared with the protein‐derived leucine. Differences between free and protein‐derived leucine oxidation had, however, largely disappeared on day 20. The human subjects were breath‐tested without any adaptation period to the diets. The oxidative losses of free leucine were also higher than those of protein‐derived leucine. None of the studies showed any indication for an interaction between the oxidation of protein‐derived amino acids and free amino acids. It is concluded that free and protein‐derived amino acids in the diet are mainly metabolized independently.
Mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium Species Occurring in Winter Wheat in Belgium (Flanders) During 2002–2005
Authors: Isebaert Sofie , De Saeger Sarah , Devreese Ruth , Verhoeven Ruth , Maene Peter , Heremans Betty , Haesaert Geert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDeoxynivalenol (DON) content and Fusarium spp. (Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Microdochium nivale and Fusarium poae) of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium species in winter wheat in Belgium (Flanders) were determined. Field trials were set up in the varietal testing network of Flanders Agricultural Centre for Small Grains (Roeselare – Beitem, Belgium) and followed up during growing seasons 2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Fusarium infection and DON contamination were mainly influenced by location and environmental parameters. Mean DON levels ranged from 0 to 15 mg/kg. Over the period of four growing seasons cvs Deben, Ordeal and Napier had the highest DON contamination. Seasonal and local weather conditions before and during flowering together with local crop husbandry measures (crop rotation, soil preparation) seemed to be of great importance in explaining the variation in results obtained. At Bottelare a positive correlation between disease index and DON content was found for the growing seasons 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, but not the season 2003–2004. Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum were in general the most frequently occurring Fusarium spp. in Flanders over the 4 years but the composition of the Fusarium population varied strongly from location to location and from year to year. Fusarium graminearum predominated in areas especially where maize was cultivated, whereas in areas with more small cereals in the crop rotation more F. culmorum was present. Also temperature played a role in the composition of Fusarium spp.
The Effects of Sample Size on the Outcome of Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation
Authors: Ferreira M , Bos‐Mikich A , Frantz N , Rodrigues JL , Brunetto AL , Schwartsmann G 
Published: October 2008

ContentsCryopreservation of ovarian tissue is known to affect follicular survival. Several variables may be responsible for this. Little attention has focused on the effect of the size of the fragment to be cryopreserved. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the size of the tissue on follicular histology after freezing with 1,2‐propanediol. Histological evaluations were performed of control and cryopreserved tissue. Fragments were cut 10 × 3 × 2 mm3 (2 mm group) or 10 × 3 × 4 mm3 (4 mm group). Percentages of normal follicles in control fragments cut into 2 and 4 mm slices were 56% and 34%, respectively. The relative risks to obtain normal follicles in the 2 mm and the 4 mm fragments after cryopreservation were 0.63 and 0.47, respectively. Freezing reduced follicle survival to a significantly greater extent in the larger tissue fragments. There is an increased risk of damage to primary and primordial follicles, when the tissue slices are cut with all dimensions larger than 2 mm.
Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and C‐reactive protein levels in pre‐eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women at third trimester
Authors: Deveci Koksal , Sogut Erkan , Evliyaoglu Osman , Duras Nuriye 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to determine the levels of plasma pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in pre‐eclampsia and their association with the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP).Material and Methods:  Sixty‐seven women with pre‐eclampsia symptoms were matched with 56 normal pregnant controls for gestational age, maternal age and parity. Both of the groups were third trimester. PAPP‐A and CRP were measured in serum using chemiluminescence assay and nephelometry, respectively.Results:  Maternal serum levels of PAPP‐A and CRP were increased in women with pre‐eclampsia compared to controls. There were significant correlations between MAP and CRP (r = 0.372, P = 0.002) and MAP and PAPP‐A parameters (r = 0.301, P = 0.013) in pregnancies complicated with pre‐eclampsia. PAPP‐A had no correlation with CRP in patients with pre‐eclampsia and in normotensive pregnant women.Conclusions:  We found higher levels of PAPP‐A and CRP and the presence of a good correlation between CRP and MAP in pre‐eclampsia.
Monetary Policy in the Greenspan Era: A Time Series Analysis of Rules vs. Discretion*
Authors: Christensen Anders Møller , Nielsen Heino Bohn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRelationships between the Federal funds rate, unemployment, inflation and the long‐term bond rate are investigated with cointegration techniques. We find a stable long‐term relationship between the Federal funds rate, unemployment and the bond rate. This relationship is interpretable as a policy target because deviations are corrected via the Federal funds rate. Deviations of the actual Federal funds rate from the estimated target give simple indications of discretionary monetary policy, and the larger deviations relate to special episodes outside the current information set. A more traditional Taylor‐type target, where inflation appears instead of the bond rate, does not seem congruent with the data.