bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of micro‐organisms in biltong flavour development
Authors: Prior B.A. 
Published: March 2008

Prior, B.A. 1984. Role of micro‐organisms in biltong flavour development. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 41–45.When biltong, a dried salted meat product, is prepared from beef, micro‐organisms are able to proliferate freely and counts of 9.8 times 104 to 3.8 times 107/g are observed. Treating the meat with four antibiotics before production of the biltong restricted microbial growth, yet a taste panel was unable to distinguish between biltong containing high and low numbers of micro‐organisms. No significant difference in the free amino acid and free fatty acid content of biltong; prepared with and without antibiotics was detected although there were significant increases in these compounds during biltong production. These results suggest that micro‐organisms are not involved in the development of biltong flavour and microbial inhibitors may thus be added to the meat as a preservative agent without affecting the development of the biltong flavour, taste and aroma.
Evaluation of a cup scrub technique for quantification of the microbial flora on bovine skin
Authors: Lloyd D.H. 
Published: March 2008

Lloyd, D.H. 1984. Evaluation of a cup scrub technique for quantification of the microbial flora on bovine skin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 103–107.A cup‐scrub technique devised for sampling the human skin surface microfiora was evaluated in cattle. Scrub samples from bovine skin contained clumps of squames and bacterial microcolonies which were progressively broken down by shaking. This was accelerated in the presence of ballotini beads but aggregations of bacteria were still present after prolonged agitation. Vigorous shaking, particularly with beads, decreased the viability of the bacteria and optimum viable counts were obtained after manual shaking for half a minute. Immersion in buffered detergent, wash and diluting fluids for up to 2 h promoted release of bacteria from micro‐colonies but decreased the viability of aerobic and anaerobic pleomorphic rods and a Bacillus strain. There was no significant effect on strains of Micrococcaceae. Prolonged exposure of bacteria from scrub samples to these fluids can thus lead to both quantitative and qualitative alterations in the counts: obtained, although these effects may be masked by the continuing release of bacteria from microcolonies. The cup‐scrub technique provides a convenient means of quantifying changes in the bovine skin microfiora but results obtained from different studies should only be compared if closely similar techniques are used.
The effect of suspended particulate material on cyanobacteria—cyanophage interactions in liquid culture
Authors: Barnet Yvonne M. , Daft M.J. , Stewart W.D.P. 
Published: March 2008

Barnet Yvonne M., Daft, M.J. Stewart, W.D.P. 1984. The effect of suspended particulate material on cyanobacteria‐cyanophage interactions in liquid culture. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 109–115.The effect of the lytic phage LPP‐DUN 1 on the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum has been investigated in batch and in continuous cultures in the presence and absence of silt. In batch culture Plectonema without added phage grew normally; the presence of phage caused rapid lysis of the cyanobacterium and the addition of silt prevented lysis by the phage. In continuous culture the numbers of cyanobacterial cells and phage particles oscillated in a reciprocal manner, but the addition of silt damped down the oscillations in Plectonema biomass without decreasing the numbers of phage particles isolated from the cultures. The presence of silt thus appears to protect the cyanobacterium from lysis by phage, although the total numbers of phage particles are relatively unaffected by the silt, at least in the short‐term.
The ability of campylobacter media supplements to neutralize photochemically induced toxicity and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Bolton F.J. , Coates D. , Hutchinson D.N. 
Published: March 2008

Bolton, F.J. Coates D. & Hutchinson, D.N. 1984. The ability of campylobacter media supplements to neutralize photochemically induced toxicity and hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 151–157.Nutrient agar plates stored in light and air for 48 h became inhibitory for Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and nalidixic acid‐resistant, therrnophilic campylobacter (NARTC) strains. All five campylobacter test strains showed > 5 log reduction in counts on media which had been stored in light and air. Media stored in the dark and/or in a reduced atmosphere did not become inhibitory and supported the growth of campylobacters. Ferrous sulphate, sodium pyruvate, blood, charcoal or sodium metabisulphite, compounds frequently used as supplements in campylobacter media, were added to nutrient agar prior to storage of media in light and air. All additives except sodium metabisulphite prevented the accumulation of photochemically generated toxic oxygen derivatives and allowed growth of test strains. In qualitative tests to determine the ability of supplements to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, blood was the most active, charcoal and sodium pyruvate slightly less active and ferrous sulphate and sodium metabisulphite the least active. The results of this study confirm that supplements in campylobacter media act as quenching or detoxifying agents and not as enrichment factors.
A note on the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium japonicum
Authors: Zlotnikov K.M. , Chatuev B.M. , Khmelnitsky M.I. 
Published: March 2008

Zlotnikov K.M. Chatuev B.M. khmelnitsky, M.I. 1984. A note on the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium japonicum. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 173–174.Several different stable auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium japonicum were isolated following NG mutagenesis. It was found that NG mutagenesis of the rhizobia was most efficient at pH 70.
A note on a modified membrane‐Bovis agar for the enumeration of Streptococcus bovis by membrane filtration
Authors: Oragui J.I. , Mara D.D. 
Published: March 2008

Oragui, J.I. Mara, D.D.1984. A note on a modified membrane‐Bovis agar for the enumeration of Streptococcus bovis by membrane filtration. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 179–181.A modified membrane‐Bovis agar, containing a reduced quantity of sodium azide, for the isolation and enumeration of Streptococcus bovis is described and evaluated. Higher counts, with larger colonies, were obtained from water and sewage samples with this medium than with the original formulation.
The effect of bacteria on the solubilization of silica in diatom frustules
Authors: Patrick Sheila , Holding A.J. 
Published: March 2008

Patrick, Sheila & Holding, A.J. 1985. The effect of bacteria on the solubilization of silica in diatom frustules. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 7–16.Natural bacterial populations in samples of water from Loch Leven and Lough Neagh increased the rate of solubilization of frustule silica from an axenic Cyclotella meneghiniana culture, compared with sterile autolysis, at 25d̀C. In the inoculated cultures 50–60% of the silica was solubilized over a period of 30 d. Bacterial populations in Loch Leven water also enhanced the solubilization of silica from non‐axenic cultures of Asterionella formosa, Tabellaria flocculosa, Navicula pellicu‐losa and C. meneghiniana, compared with control cultures sterilized with mercuric chloride. Similar results were obtained with Lough Neagh populations incubated with A. formosa. In comparison with untreated cells, the treatment of diatom cells with ultra‐sonication did not increase the release of silica. Pure cultures of bacteria from Loch Leven water enhanced the release of silica from non‐axenic A. formosa and axenic C. meneghiniana compared with sterile control treatments. The variation in the ability of cultures to solubilize the frustule silica appeared to be related to their potential to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Natural populations of Loch Leven and Lough Neagh water bacteria and certain bacterial cultures caused the diatoms to aggregate, which did not enhance the release of silica.
A note on the characterization of an estuarine microbial community enriched with the herbicide Fenuron
Authors: Minney Susan F. , Parkes R.J. , Bull A.T. 
Published: March 2008

Minney, S.F., Parkes, R.J. & Bull, A.T. 1985. A note on the characterization of an estuarine microbial community enriched with the herbicide Fenuron. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 17—22.A stable, five‐membered estuarine microbial community was enriched in the presence of 1,1 dimethyl‐3‐phenylurea (Fenuron), phenylurea and aniline. At a dilution rate of 0μD01/h in the chemostat, partial aniline utilization occurred and the rate increased with dilution rate. At the higher dilution rates the phenylurea component was also utilized. At a dilution rate of mD015/h in a fluidized bed system, complete removal of both aniline and phenylurea occurred. There was no evidence of Fenuron degradation under any of the conditions examined. The importance of the use of heterogeneous culture conditions in the laboratory is discussed.
Growth kinetics of mixed culture in salmonella enrichment media
Authors: Rhodes P. , Quesnel L.B. , Collard P. 
Published: March 2008

Rhodes, P., Quesnel, L.B. & Collard, P. 1985. Growth kinetics of mixed culture in salmonella enrichment media. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 231–237.A technique for investigating the kinetics of salmonella enrichment is reported. Its use with four enrichment media (Rappaport' medium, Muller‐Kauffmann tetra‐thionate broth (MKT) tetrathionate broth and selenite F) is described and the effect of elevated temperature on the growth kinetics shown. Rappaport' medium at 37d̀C and MKT at either 37d̀C or 42d̀C were far superior to selenite F and tetrathionate broth in their selective properties and, with the exception of Rappaport' medium, the use of elevated temperature increased the selectivity of the media.
Influence of mixed culture conditions on yeast‐wall hydrolytic activity of Bacillus circulans WL‐12 and on extractability of astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma
Authors: Okagbue R.N. , Lewis M.J. 
Published: March 2008

Okagbue, R.N. & Lewis, M.J. 1985. Influence of mixed culture conditions on yeast‐wall hydrolytic activity of Bacillus circulans WL‐12 and on extractability of astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 243–255.In mixed culture Bacillus circulans WL‐12 hydrolysed cell walls of Phaffia rhodozyma and rendered astaxanthin extractable from the yeast. pH control was critical to survival and lytic activity of the bacillus; the optimum range was 6.2–6.8. The optimum range of temperature was 20–24d̀C. Glucose (1–2%) was efficient in minimizing catabolite repression of the lytic enzyme complex of the bacillus. Slow‐feeding of glucose improved ultimate yields of lytic enzyme but did not acclerate yeast cell wall modification. A relatively high inoculum level of B. circulans accelerated modification of P. rhodozyma in the mixed culture: when the bacterial inoculum was four times that of the yeast, over 80% of total astaxanthin was extractable in 48 h. High bacterial inoculum size also stimulated yeast autolysis and necessitated early harvest of the mixed culture. Results obtained in shake flasks were duplicated in 5‐litre fermentors and suggest that the mixed culture has potential industrial value for producing a biomass containing biologically‐available astaxanthin. Extractability of astaxanthin was also achieved when mixed culture filtrate was incubated with pure cultured Phaffia cells. When suitably fortified with nutrients, the filtrate also supported simultaneous yeast growth and modification of the yeast cell walls. A scheme incorporating mixed culture with B. circulans WL‐12 and re‐use of culture filtrate has been proposed for enzymatic processing of Phaffia rhodozyma for inclusion in animal diets.
Characteristics of some unclassifiable strains of staphylococci isolated from goats and sheep
Authors: Adegoke G.O. 
Published: March 2008

Adegoke, G.O. 1985. Characteristics of some unclassifiable strains of staphylococci isolated from goats and sheep. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 257–262.Fourteen strains of catalase‐positive, Gram‐positive and coagulase‐negative cocci that were sensitive to 20 μg/ml of furazolidone were isolated from goats and sheep. Two of the strains had glycerol with glucose teichoic acids whilst another possessed glycerol, glucose, glucosamine and acetylglucosamine teichoic acids. Six strains had peptidoglycan type L‐Lys‐Ala‐Gly4 peculiar to Staphylococcus sciuri and Staph. lentus but other phenotypic characters were different from those of Staph. sciuri and Staph. lentus. The guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content of the DNA determined for three of the strains examined ranged from 32.9–34.6 mol %. The coagulase‐positive staphylococcal strain of caprine origin examined had glycerol and glucosarnine teichoic acids in addition to peptidogylcan type L‐Lys‐Gly5–6. The characteristics of the strains of staphylococci described herein are different from those already described in the literature.
Mycobacterium senegalense from bovines in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Mohan Krishna 
Published: March 2008

Mohan, K. 1985. Mycobacterium senegalense from bovines in Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology59, 277–281.Detailed characteristics of three mycobacterial strains sharing important properties of Mycobacterium senegalense are described. Their physiological properties were compared with those of a typical M. senegalense strain described by Chamoiseau (1979), six strains of M. senegalense and one typical strain of M. fortuitum from the culture collection of Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers. The three Nigerian strains exhibited minor variations in their physiological properties when compared with other strains of M. senegalense. Unlike the strain of Chamoiseau the Nigerian strains did not utilize benzoate or citrate. The strains were also different from the other six strains of M. senegalense by utilizing trehalose and in failing to produce acid in mannitol. Unlike earlier isolates of M. senegalense the Nigerian strains were not from cases of bovine farcy but from cases with pathological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. They appeared to be intermediate strains between M. senegalense and M. fortuitum. These results raise doubts on the justification for giving specific rank to M. senegalense.
Characterization of microbial populations in polluted marine sediments
Authors: Parkes R.J. , Taylor J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe sediment environment is both heterogeneous and complex, and so too are the bacterial communities which develop within it. There are no simple, universal techniques available to characterize sediment microbial communities. Each method, even ones purporting to measure the same parameter (e.g. total bacterial biomass by ATP, LPS or direct counts plus volume estimates), tends to quantify a specific aspect of the microbial community. Hence, methods used to characterize bacterial populations within sediments need to be chosen carefully and with full awareness of the principles and limitations involved. An important point which also has to be considered is that biomass estimates, which may be equatable to activity for higher organisms, do not necessarily reflect metabolic activity when applied to bacteria (Meyer‐Reil et al. 1978).A large number of techniques for quantifying microbial populations require that the basic data be multiplied by conversion factors in order to obtain information which is both understandable and comparable with other data. These factors have to be used with caution, as they are often derived from laboratory isolates which may have very different properties and compositions from sediment bacteria. Also, as bacterial types change with depth within a sediment (Fig. 4), so too may the appropriate conversion factors. In this context there is obviously a need for more basic physiological information concerning sediment bacteria. In addition, if the characterization of bacterial populations within sediments is to play an effective role in the study of the impact of pollutants on the system in general, information is needed about the variability of microbial populations in both polluted and non‐polluted sediments.With all the problems associated with quantifying bacterial activity and populations within sediments it is tempting to ask the question 'Why bother to include micro‐organisms in any pollution study? The answer is that because they are the organisms that will respond rapidly to even small environmental changes, they provide the potential for positive action to be taken before damage to the higher trophic levels becomes irreversible.
Mechanisms of triple stress‐mediated damage in stationary phase cells of Salmonella typhimurium exposed to succinate‐acidified hypochlorite system at 5° C
Authors: Obafemi A. , Davies R. 
Published: March 2008

Exposure for 20 min of stationary phase cells of Salmonella typhimurium to a combined triple stress system (TSS) treatment comprising hypochlorite derived 5 ppm free available chlorine in solution acidified with 1% succinate (pH 2·5) and at a chill shock temperature of 5°C resulted in symptoms of injury. Cells became sensitive to 40 μg/ml lysozyme, 50 μg/ml actinomycin D and 100 μg/ml ribonuclease B, to which control cells were resistant. Metabolic injury was indicated by reduction in colony forming ability of stressed cells on minimal salts glucose agar M9 medium. There was no detectable leakage loss of 260–280 nm‐absorbing materials. This was also confirmed by assay of the cellular RNA material components. Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the stressed cells.The intensity of induced cellular damage as measured by lysozyme sensitivity was greatest in the cells exposed to the complete TSS, followed by those stressed in 1% succinate at 5°C, then 5 ppm chlorine at 5°C and the singular chill shock stress at 5°C, respectively. The magnitudes of cellular damage, however, were suggestive of synergistic interactions among the component stress factors of the TSS.The findings obtained indicate impairment of the structural integrity and functional capabilities of the permeability barriers and the inactivation of certain periplasmic enzymes. The resultant cumulative cellular damage from the TSS exposure may therefore enhance greater sensitivity of treated cells to subsequent stress factors.
Submicroscopical changes in Klebsiella pneumoniae cells treated with concentrated sucrose and polyethylene glycol 400 solutions
Authors: Bozzini J. P. , Kohn Elisa S. , Joseph Arabella , Herszage L. , Chirife J. 
Published: March 2008

This study reports the extent and character of plasmolysis and other morphological changes as shown by electron microscopy in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and with sucrose or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG‐400) as the plasmolysing agent at a water activity of 0.935.Both solutes produced severe plasmolysis in K. pneumoniae cells; PEG‐400 also caused some cell wall collapse and fingerlike extrusions to emerge from the bacterial cell.
Counter‐immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of Brucella antigen and antibodies in the diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes
Authors: Chand Puran , Khanna R.N.S. , Sadana J.R. 
Published: March 2008

Counter‐immunoelectrophoresis was employed for the detection of Brucella antigen in stomach contents of aborted buffalo fetuses and antibody in aborted as well as apparently healthy in contact buffaloes. Five of 16 aborted cases were serologically positive for brucellosis but isolation of Brucella abortus was successful in only two cases. By counter‐immunoelectrophoresis, Brucella antigen was detected in the fetal stomach contents of four serologically positive cases.Of the 68 serum samples from in contact healthy buffaloes, 10 were positive with counter‐immunoelectrophoresis: more than were detected by tube agglutination, Rose Bengal plate agglutination, complement fixation and agar gel precipitation test.
Purification and characterization of two types of alkaline serine proteases produced by an alkalophilic actinomycete
Authors: Tsujibo Hiroshi , Miyamoto Katsushiro , Hasegawa Toru , Inamori Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2008

Tsujibo, H., Miyamoto, K., Hasegawa, T. & Inamori, Y. 1990. Purification and characterization of two types of alkaline serine proteases produced by an alkalophilic actinomycete. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 520–529.Two types of alkaline serine proteases were isolated from the culture filtrate of an alkalophilic actinomycete, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei OPC‐210. The enzymes (protease I and protease II) were purified by acetone precipitation, DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50, CM‐Sepharose CL‐6B, Sephadex G‐75 and phenyl‐Toyopearl 650 M column chromatography. The purified enzymes showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of proteases I and II were 21000 and 36000, respectively. The pIs were 6.4 (protease I) and 3.8 (protease II). The optimum pH levels for the activity of two proteases were pH 10–12 (protease I) and pH 10.5 (protease II). The optimum temperature for the activity of protease I was 70°C and that for protease II was 60°C. Protease I was stable in the range of pH 4.0–8.0 up to 60°C and protease II was stable in the range of pH 6.0–12.0 up to 50°C.
Biological control of Dutch elm disease: Bacillus thuringiensis as a potential control agent for Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus
Authors: Jassim Hana K. , Foster H.A. , Fairhurst C.P. 
Published: March 2008

Jassim, H.K., Foster, H.A. & Fairhurst, C.P. 1990. Biological control of Dutch elm disease: Bacillus thuringiensis as a potential control agent for Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 563–568.The effects of exposing fifth instar larvae of Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus to spore suspensions of Bacillus spp. were investigated. Bacillus thuringiensis ser 3a, 3b increased the mortality of larvae cultured on an artificial medium from approximately 20% in control cultures to over 80% in cultures exposed to the bacteria. The mortality was dose‐dependent for S. multistriatus and the approximate LC50 value was 2.2 times 103 spores/ml. Different serotypes of B. thuringiensis caused different levels of mortality: H6 produced the highest mortality and H1 the lowest. Bacillus alvei and B. cereus were also pathogenic but B. megaterium was not. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of pathogenicity and the potential for the use of B. thuringiensis for the control of the vectors of Dutch elm disease.
Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated with sewage sludge cake
Authors: Al‐Ghazali M.R. , Al‐Azawi Salwa K. 
Published: March 2008

Al‐Ghazali, M.R. & Al‐Azawi, S.K. 1990. Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated with sewage sludge cake. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 642–647.Listeria monocytogenes was found in the sewage sludge cake which is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer in Iraq. Soils treated with this material were contaminated with the organism. Pot and field experiment showed that crops grown on treated soil became contaminated with L. monocytogenes and when alfalfa plant was grown on farmland soil treated with sewage sludge cake, listerias were found on 10% of 50 plants sampled at harvest, but the organism was detected only in low numbers on these crops (≤ 5 cells/g). This could add to the risk to animals and man.