bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DEFICIENT DIETS ON CORTICOSTEROID SYNTHESIS BY RAT ADRENALS IN VITRO AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INFECTIONS WITH NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS
Authors: CLARKE KAREN R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats were fed on a low protein (LP) and a glucose—filter paper (GFP) diet; they were then infected with 1000 larvae of the nematode worm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914) and killed 5 or 10 days later.
The adrenals of male and female rats on the GFP diet for 21 days showed atrophy and so did those of female rats on the LP diet for 42 or 56 days. The adrenals of male rats on the LP diet for 21 days were hypertrophic.
Referred to body weight, the adrenal weights of male rats on both diets were higher than those of the controls, the weights of the adrenals of female rats on the deficient diets were lower.
Adrenal weight and adrenal weight as a percentage of body weight were shown to bear no relationship to corticosteroid production in vitro, since the capacity for corticosteroid synthesis in vitro was increased in rats on the GFP diet only.
Significantly more parasites were found in the intestine after 5, but not after 10 days on both deficient diets suggesting that the deficient diets increased the susceptibility of the rats on initial contact with the parasite and before the development of acquired resistance. Later more parasites were lost by the rats on the deficient diets than from controls. These findings were not related to changes in the rate of corticosteroid synthesis.
The effects of stress, and the administration of cortisone or corticotrophin on host—parasite relationships is discussed in relation to the results of the present experiments. It is concluded that though these factors can increase susceptibility and lower acquired resistance, the effect on susceptibility can also be produced independently by severe dietary deficiency.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE ON THE INCORPORATION OF TRITIATED URIDINE INTO THE GENITAL TRACT OF THE MOUSE
Authors: MILLER B. G. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pattern of changes in levels of uridine incorporation into uterine and vaginal RNA at different times after the commencement of daily injections of several dose combinations of oestradiol and progesterone has been determined. Progesterone does not antagonize the response to oestradiol in the uterus and vagina at 16 hr., but in the uterus augments the effects of lower doses of oestradiol. At 48 hr., progesterone eliminates the response to oestradiol in the vagina. The interaction in the uterus is more complex. At 47 hr., or later, relatively high levels of uridine incorporation into uterine RNA are maintained by the administration of either oestradiol alone, at doses of 27 ng. or more; or by oestradiol and progesterone together, at doses of about 6 ng. and 0·33 mg. respectively. In mice receiving intraluminal peanut oil as a decidual stimulus the sensitivity of the uterus to deciduoma formation is not well correlated with its ability to incorporate uridine into RNA.
ACCUMULATION OF [14C]5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN THE PREGNANT RAT UTERUS AFTER TREATMENT WITH A MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR
Authors: KOREN Z. , PFEIFER Y. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intra-aortic injection of [3-14C]5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate ([14C]5-HT) into oestrogen or oestrogen-progestogen treated rats showed a pattern of homogeneous uptake similar to that found in untreated normal rats. In pregnant rats the injection resulted in a preferential uptake by the myometrium. Injection of a MAO inhibitor (pargyline hydrochloride, Eutonyl) into the amniotic sac, preceding the [14C]5-HT injection by 30 min., changed this pattern to a preferential accumulation in the myometrium and the spleen, perhaps due to unhampered transport of preserved 5-HT by the thrombocytes to the spleen. When [14C]5-HT was injected i.p. into the foetuses they retained high amounts of exogenous 5-HT. Myometrium and placenta also showed increased 5-HT uptake.
This finding—taken together with the established fact that foetal 5-HT increases and placental monoamine oxidase decreases steadily up to term—suggests that at term the release of foetal 5-HT may enrich the maternal myometrium with 5-HT through the umbilical arteries without its entering the general blood circulation. It is also possible that additional maternal 5-HT may accumulate in the myometrium sensitized by the oestrogen surge at term. The importance of these mechanisms for the induction of labour is discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: ALLEN W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rabbits and turkeys were immunized against commercial preparations of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Ouchterlony double diffusion and haemagglutination-titration tests showed that the rabbit antisera contained non-specific antibodies against horse serum proteins, whereas the turkey antisera did not. Both types of antisera neutralized the effects of PMSG in vivo. One specific turkey anti-PMSG serum was used unabsorbed to establish a sensitive and accurate haemagglutination—inhibition assay for PMSG in equine serum and in saline. Pyruvic aldehyde-treated sheep red blood cells sensitized with PMSG were used in perspex haemagglutination trays. The reliability criteria of the assay is discussed. The smallest quantity of PMSG detectable in saline was 0·3 i.u./ml.
The turkey anti-PMSG serum showed a strong immunological cross-reaction with preparations of equine pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and equine pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), a faint reaction with human pituitary gonadotrophin and no reaction against human chorionic gonadotrophin, ovine FSH, ovine LH, bovine LH or porcine FSH.
PROGESTERONE WITHDRAWAL AS THE LACTOGENIC TRIGGER IN THE RAT
Authors: KUHN N. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lactogenesis, as indicated by the appearance of mammary lactose, follows ovariectomy and/or hysterectomy and the fall in the concentration of progesterone in the plasma preceding normal parturition in the pregnant rat. It is suppressed by administered progesterone in all cases, and by prolactin after hysterectomy.
The natural lactogenic signal may occur 30 hr. before parturition, due to conversion of progesterone to 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in the ovaries. Changes in the concentration of corticosterone, oestrogen and prolactin in the plasma either do not occur or do not constitute a lactogenic signal.
THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN IN RATS
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ E. , QUIJADA CLEMENTE LOPEZ 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When groups of rats were kept on control and high-carbohydrate diets from the end of lactation until their body weight reached 150 g. it was found that the animals fed on the high-carbohydrate diet gained weight more rapidly, with an increase in fat deposits.
Glucose and plasma insulin in both groups were compared with the amounts of hormone extracted from their pancreases. When the rats on the control diet were killed the insulin and glucose plasma levels were 40 ± 3 μu./ml. and 156·69 ± 13 mg./100 ml. respectively. After 17–20 hr. fasting these values decreased significantly (P < 0·01) to 18 ± 1·5 μu./ml. and 116 ± 13 mg./ml. The amount of insulin in the pancreas was not modified by fasting. In the rats fed on the high-carbohydrate diet the plasma insulin and glucose values were higher than those in the control rats (50 ± 3·8 μu./ml. and 187 ± 19 mg./100 ml.); after 17–20 hr. starvation the glucose levels were reduced and the plasma insulin concentration remained higher (44 ± 2·9 μu./ml.); the insulin content of the pancreas was higher than in the control rats. In vitro the epididymal fat and the diaphragm of the rats on the high-carbohydrate diet were less sensitive to insulin than the same tissues in the controls.
A STUDY OF THE HETEROGENEITY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE PREPARATIONS
Authors: LEA D. J. , ZANELLI J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Bovine parathyroid glands, stored in several ways, have been extracted by published methods using urea and HCl, or phenol, and recent modifications of the latter method utilizing mercaptoethanol. The extracts were purified by gel filtration. Parathyroid hormone of high potency has been obtained only from rapidly frozen glands by the method using phenol and mercaptoethanol.
Purified hormone preparations were extremely heterogeneous, were indistinguishable from material of much lower potency by gel electrophoresis, and shared common antigenic determinants with components of fractions having insignificant biological activity. It is possible that parathyroid hormone which has been modified irreversibly at the biologically active site is commonly present in gland extracts.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF HYPOTHYROID RABBITS
Authors: FOSTER C. L. , CAMERON E. , YOUNG B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of the rabbit, after treatment with propylthiouracil, is described. All cells in the zona tuberalis and pars distalis proper, with the exception of the prolactin producing (type 1) and stellate cells (type 5), were affected. However, the only ones which presented some evidence of sequential changes were the type 4 cells. These became markedly degranulated and sometimes showed vesiculation of the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, similar to that observed in the 'thyroidectomy' cells in some other species. Although changes occurred in the somatotrophs (type 2) and in the gonadotrophs (type 3) the evidence suggests that it is the type 4 cells which have a thyrotrophic function.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME PROGESTOGENS ON THE MAMMARY GLAND OF THE FOETAL MOUSE DURING THE PERIOD OF INITIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: CUPCEANCU B. , NEUMANN F. , ULLOA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progestogens administered to pregnant mice during the initial period of differentiation of the mammary gland rudiment produced various morphological changes in the mammary rudiments of both male and female foetuses.
Norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-Δ4-oestrene-17β-ol-3-one) caused virilization of the rudiments in female foetuses. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (6α-methyl-Δ4-pregnene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-acetate) produced virilization of the rudiments in female and feminization in male foetuses. Gestonorone caproate (19-nor-Δ4-pregnene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-caproate) and allyloestrenol (17α-allyl-Δ4-oestren-17β-ol) tended to cause feminization of some of the mammary rudiments.
Androgenic, anti-androgenic or anti-gonadotrophic effects of the investigated substances are considered as possible mechanisms involved in the present findings.
THE OESTROGENIC POTENCY IN THE MOUSE OF SEVERAL SUBSTANCES CLOSELY RELATED TO DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND MESO-HEXOESTROL
Authors: MILLER B. G. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of oestradiol, diethylstilboestrol, α,α′-dimethylstilbene-4,4′-diol (DMS), α-ethyl-α′-methylstilbene-4,4′-diol (MES), meso-hexoestrol, dl-hexoestrol, meso-butoestrol, dl-butoestroland erythro-α-ethyl-α′-methyl-4,4′-dihydroxybibenzyl (erythro-MEA) on the incorporation of tritiated uridine into uterine RNA were investigated. At 2 hr., valid relative potency estimates with oestradiol were obtained with all substances, and MES, erythro-MEA and meso-butoestrol were almost as potent as diethylstilboestrol and meso-hexoestrol. The time-course of the uridine response to the different substances varied markedly. Injections every 16 hr. of DMS, MES, dl-hexoestrol, meso-butoestrol and erythro-MEA elicited little uterine or vaginal growth, but small doses of these substances given every 4 hr. elicited considerable growth in both organs. It was concluded that the compounds tested were oestrogens and not pro-oestrogens.
HORMONE SECRETION DURING EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE MOUSE
Authors: FINN C. A. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of cell division in the tissues of the mouse uterus changes in a characteristic manner during the first few days of pregnancy due to changes in the secretion of ovarian hormones. Pregnant mice were ovariectomized at various times and attempts made to reproduce the pattern of cell division with exogenous hormones. The schedule of hormone injections producing a pattern of uterine mitoses which most closely approached that of pregnancy suggested that secretion of both oestrogen and progesterone started about 48 hours after mating and continued, possibly increasing, until after implantation had started. This conflicts with the oestrogen surge hypothesis. Further experiments were carried out to determine the optimum hormone treatment schedules for sensitivity to induction of the oil decidual cell reaction. Multiple small doses of oestradiol allowed the production of greater deciduomas than a single dose, thus again suggesting that the oestrogen surge hypothesis may not be correct.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C19- AND C21-STEROID SYNTHESIS IN THE HUMAN ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: CAMERON E. H. D. , JONES T. , JONES D. , ANDERSON A. B. M. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
As part of a continuing study of adrenal steroids in relation to breast cancer, various experiments were performed in order to study relationships between androgen and corticosteroid biosynthesis. Chopped tumour tissue from a 'mixed cell' adrenal adenoma (7·4 g.) removed from a patient in Cardiff Royal Infirmary was incubated with [4-14C]pregnenolone and [7α3H]17α-hydroxypregnenolone for periods of time ranging from 30 to 120 min. The results of this work suggest that 17α-hydroxyprogesterone may not be an obligatory intermediate in androgen or cortisol synthesis. Evidence from further experiments with 'normal' human adrenal tissue removed from breast cancer patients using previously established ultramicrochemical techniques indicates that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) sulphokinase enzyme system is confined to the zona reticularis of the gland. The conversion of [7α-3H]DHA sulphate, [7α-3H]androstenedione and [7α-3H]testosterone to oestrogens and their conjugates by adrenal homogenates was also investigated. Conversions were extremely low from all precursors.
THE EFFECT OF VALINOMYCIN ON THE TOAD BLADDER: ANTAGONISM TO VASOPRESSIN AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The macrolide antibiotic valinomycin decreased short-circuit current (SCC, Na transport) across the isolated bladder of the toad. This effect was not overcome by increasing the K+ levels in the bathing medium or by the action of amphotericin B.
The effects of vasopressin on both sodium and water transfer across the toad bladder were inhibited by valinomycin and the latter inhibition is non-competitive. The action of theophylline in increasing water transfer across the bladder was also inhibited. Cyclic AMP also increased water and Na+ transfer across the bladder but its action was not reduced by the macrolide. These results suggest that valinomycin inhibits adenyl cyclase.
Aldosterone increases sodium transport across the toad bladder and this action was abolished by previous incubation of the tissue with the macrolide. Once the steroid-induced effect had been established subsequent addition of valinomycin did not alter the sodium transfer.
Valinomycin thus appears to have several sites of action on the toad bladder.
STEROIDOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN OVARIAN CELL TYPES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: CHANNING CORNELIA P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human granulosa, thecal, and stromal cells were grown in tissue culture in a medium containing 15% pooled human male serum, 30% Parker's medium '199', and 55% Hanks's solution. Granulosa cells underwent hyperplasia until about 10–12 days of culture and stayed alive up to at least 100 days. However, from about 20 days onward some of the cells gradually became detached from the glass. Initially the cytoplasm became eosinophilic and granular and accumulated lipid droplets and maintained these characteristics for about 20 days. From day 0–3 of culture, cells from non-gonadotrophin-treated women secreted 10·7 μg. progesterone, 0·54 μg. pregnenolone, 0·52 μg. oestrone and 0·45 μg. oestradiol as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. They also converted pregnenolone to similar products.
A pool of thecal cells cultured for 3 days secreted 2·84 μg. progesterone, 0·36 μg. pregnenolone, 1·38 μg. 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 2·10 μg. androstenedione, 1·93 μg. oestrone and 1·44 μg. oestradiol. Stromal cells secreted less steroid per cell and no detectable oestrogens. Thecal cells grew in stellate colonies and had a lacy cytoplasm which contained vacuoles of various sizes which did not contain large amounts of lipid. Stromal cells resembled fibroblasts in morphology and growth characteristics.
OESTROGEN RESPONSES OF RATS NEONATALLY STERILIZED WITH STEROIDS
Authors: WRENN T. R. , WOOD JOAN R. , BITMAN J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
At 75 days of age, female rats neonatally sterilized with oestradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate were compared with normal and ovariectomized rats with regard to their 6-hr. response to 0·2 μg. oestradiol 17β. The greatest increases in uterine weight, glucose and glycogen concentrations and per cent uterine water occurred in the ovariectomized animals. A marked oestrogen response also occurred in the animals neonatally sterilized with oestradiol benzoate. The response of the normal rats was slight, and the testosterone propionate-treated rats were the least affected.
Adrenal, pituitary, and ovarian weights were found to be affected by the neonatal hormone treatments. Vaginal patency was completely inhibited in the rats injected with testosterone propionate. It is concluded that rats neonatally sterilized with steroids are much less suitable than ovariectomized animals for oestrogen assays.
OESTROGENIC AND ANTIOESTROGENIC ACTIVITIES OF A NUMBER OF STEROIDS IN BEHAVIOURAL OESTRUS AND VAGINAL SMEAR ASSAYS IN THE EWE
Authors: LINDSAY D. R. , SCARAMUZZI R. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Fourteen synthetic steroids and androstenedione were examined in ovariectomized ewes for oestrogenic activity when administered alone and with oestradiol benzoate by intramuscular injection. None of the compounds investigated was active when administered alone, as assessed by the vaginal smear assay, and only androstenedione produced a behavioural response. Androstenedione had a MED of 8·8 mg. but was less active when administered intravenously. Several steroids acted as anti-oestrogens when injected with oestradiol benzoate. Eight steroids inhibited the behavioural response and four the vaginal response. An additive response was found with androstenedione for behavioural response and with 17β-ethyl-17-hydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (SC-5914) for vaginal response.
Vaginal and behavioural responses were not necessarily related, and responses obtained in the ewe to particular steroids were not identical with those obtained in laboratory animals by other workers using similar tests.
THE PINEAL ORGAN: PHOTOPERIOD AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES IN THE GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L.
Authors: FENWICK J. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The possible endocrine role of the pineal organ was studied in goldfish. Pinealectomized, sham-pinealectomized and intact goldfish were exposed to various artificially-maintained light regimens during different times of the year and the effects on gonad weight were observed. In addition, the thyroidal and interrenal tissues, the plasma osmotic concentration, and the plasma levels of Ca2+, Na+ and Cl− ions were studied in some of the experiments.
The mean gonosomatic index (GSI = gonad weight expressed as percentage of body weight) of goldfish varied throughout the year and was greatest during the month of May. Further, the response of the gonads to increased daily light exposure (e.g. 16 hr. of light and 8 hr. of darkness as opposed to 8 hr. of light and 16 hr. of darkness) was maximal during the 3 months immediately preceding May. These results indicate that whilst gonadal maturation in goldfish is influenced by photoperiod, the efficacy of an increased light—dark ratio in stimulating gonadal maturation is subject to the time of year that it is imposed.
An effect of pinealectomy on goldfish gonad size was restricted to those animals pinealectomized prior to, and held throughout the months of increased gonadal responsiveness to prolonged light (i.e. January, February, March, April and May). During these months, pinealectomized animals underwent greater gonadal development than sham-pinealectomized or intact goldfish when all experimental groups were exposed to 8 hr. light/day.
The thyroidal and interrenal tissues, plasma osmotic concentration, and the plasma levels of Ca2+, Na+, and Cl− ions were not affected by pinealectomy in any of the experiments in which these parameters were tested.
The pineal organ of the goldfish was found to be specifically related to gonadal size and this relationship was associated with the responsiveness of the gonads to light.
THE INTERFERENCE OF FREE AND ESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL IN THE SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA 11-HYDROXYSTEROIDS
Authors: STENLAKE J. B. , DAVIDSON A. G. , WILLIAMS W. D. , DOWNIE W. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cholesterol and cholesterol esters have been identified on the basis of thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatographic data and fluorimetric characteristics as major interfering fluorogens in a simple fluorimetric method for determining plasma corticosteroids.
In a small series of normal subjects the average concentration of fluorogen, which was not 11-hydroxysteroid, was 3·4 μg. apparent cortisol/100 ml. plasma, equivalent to 22·4% of the total fluorogen present.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR OXYTOCIN: RADIO-IODINATION, ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: CHARD T. , KITAU M. J. , LANDON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simple and rapid method is described for labelling oxytocin with 131I at a high specific activity. This method is compared with those of previous workers. A satisfactory antiserum has been raised by direct intra-lymph node injection of oxytocin adsorbed to carbon microparticles. A number of methods for separating antibody-bound from free oxytocin are described, and reasons given for preferring a procedure using ammonium sulphate precipitation. These data form the basis for developing a radioimmunoassay intended for the determination of oxytocin in human plasma.
CAUSE OF INCREASED PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF IODOTYROSINES IN GRAVES' DISEASE
Authors: FÖLDES J. , TAKÓ J. , BÁNOS C. , GESZTESI E. , VARGA I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In most cases of Graves' disease the level of iodotyrosines in the plasma is above normal. With a view to ascertaining the cause of this phenomenon simultaneous determinations were made of the iodotyrosine and long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) levels in the plasma and of the titre of thyroid antibodies. It was found that high plasma concentrations of iodotyrosines in exophthalmic goitre were mainly due to auto-immune thyroiditis, but that LATS may also contribute to the phenomenon.