bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wildland–Urban Interface: Evaluating the Definition Effect
Authors: Platt Rutherford V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The wildland–urban interface (WUI) is the area where human-built structures and infrastructure abut or mix with naturally occurring vegetation types. Wildfires are of particular concern in the WUI because these areas comprise extensive flammable vegetation, numerous structures, and ample ignition sources. A priority of federal wildland fire policy in the United States is to help protect communities threatened by wildfire, creating a demand for maps of the WUI. In this study, five models of the WUI are compared for four counties in the United States. The models are all based on the widely cited characteristics of the WUI published in the Federal Register, although they differ slightly in their focus (vegetation or housing) and implementation (the details of the WUI definition). For models that differ in focus, I describe how the purpose of the map led to different results. For conceptually similar models, I assess how different effects—the “dasymetric effect,” the “settlement representation effect,” and the “merging buffer effect”—influence the extent of the WUI in different counties. The differences between the WUI maps can be more or less pronounced depending on the spatial distribution of housing, vegetation, and public land. No single mapping approach is unequivocally superior, and each has tradeoffs that need to be fully understood for use in management.
The Effects of Forest Regeneration on Preferences for Forest Treatments among Foresters, Environmentalists, and the General Public
Authors: Kearney Anne R. , Tilt Jenna R. , Bradley Gordon R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study explored changes in forest preferences among three different groups—foresters, environmentalists, and the general public (n = 410)—over a 7-year period for five different forest treatment types. Preferences were assessed for near views of clearcut, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, and commercial thin. Results show that time since harvest significantly affected preference, with preferences generally increasing over time, but that the rate and pattern of preference change varied considerably according to the forest treatment type and the population group. The pattern of the initial harvest—specifically, the size of the openings and the uniformity of the harvest pattern across the landscape—appeared particularly important in influencing preference change. In addition, results show that although preferences among the groups tended to converge over time for less-intensive treatments, foresters' preferences remained higher than those of the other groups for more-intensive treatments (i.e., patch cut, two age, and clearcut). These results caution against overreliance on static preference studies when incorporating aesthetic considerations into forest planning decisions. Results also caution the forestry community against overestimating the positive effects of green-up on nonforester preferences, particularly for areas of intensive harvesting.
Rebuilding Spatial Forest Inventories from Aggregated Data
Authors: Schwab Olaf , Maness Thomas C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The limited availability of data sets with a sufficiently high spatial scale and resolution can pose a significant challenge in the development and testing of new forest management and economics modeling approaches. This article describes and tests an algorithm for generating an ecologically and statistically consistent data set for the province of British Columbia by projecting publicly available aggregated forest inventory information back onto a landscape grid. The dispersal procedure assigns specific combinations of ecosystem, tree species, site quality, and age class parameters for each mapping tile, allowing for the use of standard growth and yield modeling procedures in simulating forest growth over time. Although ecosystem assignments were relatively accurate, significant location errors within forest management units remain for species, site quality, and age class assignments.
Incorporating Acquisition Costs in Forestland Open Space Programs: Lessons from Conservation Biology and Applications
Authors: Nordman Erik , Wagner John E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The tools for cost-effective biodiversity conservation are well documented, but rarely implemented. These tools for prioritizing candidate properties can be used for managing forestland open space programs. We reviewed the benefit targeting, benefit score–cost ratio, binary linear programming (BLP), and benefit-loss–cost targeting approaches. A case study in Brookhaven, New York, showed that more conservation benefits are secured by using prioritization techniques that include acquisition costs. The acquisition costs for all properties were estimated using a hedonic model of public open space purchases. The benefit score–cost ratio approach does not guarantee an optimal portfolio of open space properties determined by BLP, but results in more cost-effective choices than benefit targeting and is more flexible than BLP. Forest resource managers have broad interdisciplinary training and are well suited to implementing cost-effective forestland conservation techniques.
Do You Hear What I Hear: Better Understanding How Forest Management Is Conceptualized and Practiced by Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Davis Miriam L.E. Steiner , Fly J. Mark 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The discrepancy between the amount of privately owned forestland and the amount of well-managed privately owned forestland has been attributed to a variety of factors including the time, money, and knowledge required to manage private forestland and the degree to which forest management services offered by natural resource professionals reflect private forest landowner (PFL) interests. These views assume the value of forest management is, or can be, mutually understood but may have ignored mutual understanding of the concept itself. This Tennessee survey compares how PFLs conceptualize forest management with traditional definitions and finds most landowners surveyed believe they manage their forestland. Relationships were identified between how forest management is conceptualized, whether PFLs believe they manage their forestland (or not), and forest management behavior. Results suggest incorporating landowner forest management conceptualizations and beliefs may more effectively engage PFLs in forest management than focusing on the value of forest management alone.
Twenty-Five Years of Intensive Forest Management with Southern Pines: Important Lessons Learned
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Martin Timothy A. , Vogel Jason G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A commitment to long-term forest research provides the basis and opportunity to understand developmental processes and stand dynamics over an entire rotation. The southeastern United States has undergone a significant evolution in forest management practices over the last 60 years, especially in regard to the intensification of pine plantation silviculture. However, few studies have examined production relationships for an entire rotation. This article reviews results from a rotation-length experiment that tested factorial combinations of understory competition control and sustained fertilizer additions on the productivity and stand dynamics of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) in north central Florida. After 25 years, fertilizer and competition control treatments increased site index (base age, 25 years) from 64 to 87 ft in loblolly pine and from 75 to 88 ft in slash pine. In addition, these cultural treatments increased total stand stem volume accumulation by 1.8–2.2-fold compared with the control treatments for slash and loblolly pine, respectively; the proportion of volume in high-value product classes such as chip-n-saw (C/S) and sawtimber was also increased in both species (e.g., 39% in C/S and sawtimber in the loblolly pine control treatment versus 74–87% in the fertilizer and/or weed control treatments). Overall, results from this study, as well as others in the region, highlight the overriding importance of soil nutrient supply on long-term productivity of southern pine stands.
The Identification of Criteria and Indicators to Evaluate Hazardous Street Trees of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A Delphi Study
Authors: Maruthaveeran Sreetheran , Yaman Amat Ramsa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trees have been playing important roles in our lives for centuries; however, too often, city councils in Malaysia are unaware about the consequences of a tree failure such as property damage and personal injury. Identifying hazardous trees and taking appropriate corrective actions can protect property and save lives. A study was conducted to identify the criteria and indicators needed to identify hazardous street trees in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Delphi method was used in this study to solicit the opinion from the experts through a series of questionnaires. This study generated and identified 6 criteria and 38 indicators that arborist need to evaluate to identify hazardous street trees in Kuala Lumpur. Hopefully the generated criteria and indicators will be an initial step for Malaysian park managers as they implement their hazard tree management programs.
Forest Service Use of Nonmarket Valuation in Fire Economics: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Loomis John , González-Cabán Armando 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The need for monetary benefits of protecting spotted owl old-growth forest habitat from fire in the early 1990s was the catalyst for application of nonmarket valuation techniques to fire management within the US Forest Service. Two large-scale general public surveys successfully established that the contingent valuation method (CVM) could be used to estimate both state-level and national-level benefits for fire prevention and fire suppression in endangered species critical habitat. By the late 1990s large-scale wildland–urban interface fires resulted in the need to measure what the general public would pay for prescribed burning and mechanical fuel reduction programs. To reduce the expense of conducting original surveys, we use past results to offer benefit transfer of the existing results as a plausible interim technique to provide nonmarket benefits the general public receives from fire prevention and suppression. We also offer some insights as to the next frontiers in CVM application to wildland fire.
Maturity Selection versus Improvement Selection: Lessons from a Mid-20th Century Controversy in the Silviculture of Ponderosa Pine
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. , Youngblood Andrew , Waring Kristen M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two rival silvicultural systems for promoting multiaged ponderosa pine stands emerged in the 1930s and 1940s. Maturity selection was developed to move the vast ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) acreage in eastern Oregon and Washington into regulation to limit bark beetle losses. In the Southwest, improvement selection was designed to improve residual growing stock by making stands less susceptible to wind, lightening, and dwarf mistletoe. The primary difference between the systems was the treatment of undesirable smaller trees. Maturity selection tended to ignore them whereas improvement selection removed them. Improvement selection appeared to place a greater emphasis on the future whereas maturity selection focused more on current economic values. The controversy subsided by 1960 because of increased interest in even-aged systems. Although these systems have largely been forgotten, they provide interesting insights to the current trend of increased use of multiaged systems. Both systems involved greater volume removals at longer cutting cycles than current systems.
Estimating Regional Wood Supply Based on Stakeholder Consensus for Forest Restoration in Northern Arizona
Authors: Hampton Haydee M. , Sesnie Steven E. , Bailey John D. , Snider Gary B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Thinning treatments focused on small-diameter trees have been designed to restore fire-adapted ponderosa pine ecosystems. Estimating the volume of wood byproducts derived from treatments can assist with agency planning of multiyear thinning contracts that sustain existing and attract new wood product businesses. Agency, local government, industry, and environmental representatives were engaged to assess the level of agreement on restoration treatments in northern Arizona. Participants unanimously agreed on appropriate management across two-thirds of the 2.4 million ac analysis area and defined desired posttreatment conditions using forest structure information derived from remotely sensed data. Results indicate that an estimated 850 million ft3 of stem volume and 8.0 million green tn of tree crown biomass could be generated from tree thinning to reestablish fire-adapted conditions and stimulate new economic opportunities while meeting social and environmental criteria. Wood supply defined by stakeholders exceeded current utilization levels by 88% when extrapolated over the next 10 years.
Geographic Information System-Based Spatial Analysis of Sawmill Wood Procurement
Authors: Anderson Nathaniel M. , Germain René H. , Bevilacqua Eddie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the sawmill sector of the forest products industry, the clustering of mills and wide variation in forest stocking and ownership result in sawlog markets that are complex and spatially differentiated. Despite the inherent spatial attributes of markets for stumpage and logs, few studies have used geospatial methods to examine wood procurement in detail across political boundaries. This article provides a visual representation of wood procurement pressure across the Northern Forest region of the northeastern United States based on a spatial analysis of woodshed maps provided by 273 sawmills in the United States and Canada. The analysis also includes the predicted woodsheds of 280 nonrespondent mills, which were modeled based on mill characteristics and location. In general, maps emphasize the magnitude of softwood procurement on industrial and investment-oriented forestlands in northern Maine, but also highlight distinct spatial procurement patterns in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. Sensitivity analyses of woodshed boundary uncertainty suggest that procurement pressure in existing hotspots will intensify if procurement range is restricted by high transportation costs. The methods used to visualize resource procurement in this study have the potential to benefit a broad range of stakeholders including industry, policymakers, and landowners.
Dissemination of Forest Health Research Information in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Jacobi William R. , Crump Amanda , Lundquist John E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An important objective of forest health research is that it is applicable to and used by end users. A survey, interviews, and two case studies determined how to best transfer research to US Forest Service end users in the Rocky Mountain Region. The survey indicated research information was most often found via the Internet, peer-to-peer interactions, publications, specialist visits, and field days. However, the most preferred methods were site visits by specialists, field days, and peers. Interviewees indicated that increased workloads and decreased budgets restricted them from staying current with research findings. Case studies found transferring findings directly from a researcher can be inefficient while using boundary spanners reduces researchers' efforts on technology transfer. To be better disseminated to end users, research findings should use face-to-face media, be easy to interpret and quick to use, and build on or establish trust between researchers, boundary spanners, and end users.
Southern Hardwood Varietal Forestry: A New Approach to Short-Rotation Woody Crops for Biomass Energy
Authors: Merkle Scott , Cunningham Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Varietal forestry appears poised to make significant contributions to the production of woody crops for timber, pulp and paper, and biomass energy in the southeastern United States. The projected productivity gains with southern pine somatic seedling technology make a strong case for adopting parallel technologies with southern hardwoods. Systems for producing somatic seedlings of multiple southern hardwoods have been developed and in some aspects are already more amenable to scale-up and manipulation than conifer systems. The feasibility of scaling up production of elite, varietal hardwoods using somatic embryogenesis has already been established. By combining this propagation system with hybrid breeding, thousands of somatic seedlings of elite hybrid sweetgum and hybrid yellow-poplar have been generated, some of which have shown impressive biomass productivity in field tests. Varietal, blight-resistant chestnuts now being developed may have even greater potential to be deployed for biomass plantations and other applications in the southern Appalachians.
Homeowners' Perspectives on the Parcel Approach to Wildland Fire Mitigation: The Role of Community Context in Two Colorado Communities
Authors: Brenkert-Smith Hannah 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Current policy seeks to address the wildland fire problem by increasing awareness and capacity to address risk within wildland–urban interface communities. The primary recommendation for property owners facing risk is fuel reduction at the parcel level. Little is known, however, about how property owners understand and/or feel about available options. This study reveals widely held skepticism about the efficacy of the parcel approach to wildland fire mitigation in two fire-prone Colorado communities. Furthermore, it highlights the role community context plays in shaping how community members characterize the wildland fire risk they face as well as how to address the limits associated with the parcel approach to mitigation. Facilitating cooperative efforts within communities and between communities and fire and forest managers may not only increase community capacity, but also provide managers an opportunity to understand and integrate local concerns into the presentation of fire mitigation information and shift from “one size fits all” recommendations to programs that attend to community context.
Forest Service Interdisciplinary Teams: Size, Composition, and Leader Characteristics
Authors: Cerveny Lee K. , Blahna Dale J. , Stern Marc J. , Mortimer Michael J. , Freeman James W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Interdisciplinary (ID) teams were created by the US Forest Service in response to environmental legislation. In 2008, we surveyed ID team leaders for National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis of 106 recreation-related projects conducted between 2005 and 2008. Results were compared with current workforce data and previous studies of ID team leadership and composition for NEPA assessments. ID teams were large in size and diverse in composition, with representatives of a broad range of disciplines and functional areas. The composition of ID teams may be changing from traditional natural resource management to more discipline-specific expertise. The role of social scientists and other human dimension specialists remains modest, despite the importance of social science questions inherent in recreation projects. Results reflect changes in agency hiring practices in the last 20 years and raise questions about the interdisciplinary nature of US Forest Service ID teams.
A Comparison of Accuracy and Cost of LiDAR versus Stand Exam Data for Landscape Management on the Malheur National Forest
Authors: Hummel Susan , Hudak A.T. , Uebler E.H. , Falkowski M.J. , Megown K.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Foresters are increasingly interested in remote sensing data because they provide an overview of landscape conditions, which is impractical with field sample data alone. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) provides exceptional spatial detail of forest structure, but difficulties in processing LiDAR data have limited their application beyond the research community. Another obstacle to operational use of LiDAR data has been the high cost of data collection. Our objectives in this study were to summarize, at the stand level, both LiDAR- and Landsat (satellite)-based predictions of some common structural and volume attributes and to compare the cost of obtaining such summaries with those obtained through traditional stand exams. We found that the accuracy and cost of a LiDAR-based inventory summarized at the stand level was comparable to traditional stand exams for structural attributes. However, the LiDAR data were able to provide information across a much larger area than the stand exams alone.
Assessment of Cooperative Learning in Natural Resources Education
Authors: Etchberger Richard C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
I compared the academic achievement of students in a biodiversity class before and after I used cooperative learning techniques. Student achievement by nonscience majors before using cooperative learning averaged 66.1% or a class grade of D+. For nonscience students in the classes after I began using cooperative learning techniques, the class average was 77.2% or a class grade of C+. Students who took the class after I began using cooperative learning expressed satisfaction with working in a group but found it challenging to schedule time to work in a group outside of class. Cooperative learning is a well-researched technique that helped improve student achievement in the class.
Use of Classroom Response Systems for Formative Assessment in Natural Resource Courses
Authors: Bibles Brent D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Classroom response systems, i.e., clickers, increase student engagement and participation during class. Although they have many uses, clickers are particularly useful for encouraging student discussion and for formative assessment of student understanding. Clickers enable the instructor to rapidly gauge student understanding of the class topic and move discussion to points where students are having trouble. They also enable instructors to probe for common misconceptions about concepts, stimulate discussion concerning these misconceptions, and stimulate critical thinking in students in the process. I discuss my approach to using clickers for formative assessment and provide suggestions for effective use of clickers in the natural resource classroom.
Regional Impacts of a Program for Private Forest Carbon Offset Sales
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Alig Ralph , Latta Greg , White Eric M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Policymakers are examining a wide range of alternatives for climate change mitigation, including carbon offset sales programs, to enhance sequestration in the forest sector. Under an offset sales program, on-the-ground forestry could change as a result of both afforestation and modifications in the management of existing forests. These effects could vary markedly by region in the United States because of differences in areas of agricultural land suitable for afforestation, forest carbon and volume growth characteristics, the structure of landownership, and forest industry concentration. Using a dynamic model of North American markets, our analysis of alternative carbon price levels suggests that the largest carbon increment response would come from changes in forest management: extending rotations, shifting silvicultural regimes, and reforestation to hardwood forest types (in some regions). Carbon payments could also stimulate a substantial afforestation response in eastern regions (North and South). Afforestation is particularly important in the North where timberland area could expand markedly. Much of the area would be planted to hardwoods, stemming the projected decline in hardwood forest types and growing stock volume.