bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les Archives de la Société des Pères Blancs (Missionnaires d'Afrique)
Authors: Lamey René 
Published: April 2006

Les Archives de la Société des Pères Blancs comportent essentiellement les documents suivants: Correspondance entre la Maison Généralice et les missionnaires, Rapports, Statistiques, Diares, Enquêtes et Etudes diverses.Ces divers éléments concernent La Maison Généralice des Pères Blancs (Alger, puis Rome) avec tout l'éventail de ses relations; les Provinces (c'est-à-dire les pays d'Europe et d'Amérique) d'où sont originates les missionnaires et qui s'occupent de leur formation; mais surtout les pays ou territoires africains où travaillent les Peres Blancs. Voici la liste de ces régions et les dates indiquant l'arrivée des missionnaires, et, le cas échéant, leur depart.
A Linguistic Tour in Southern Nigeria. Certain Problems Re-stated
Authors: Ward Ida C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphA six-months' tour in Southern Nigeria has afforded a valuable opportunity for review of certain questions about the chief languages of this part of West Africa and for a re-statement of the problems connected with them. The main questions are:1. With what success can one dialect be used as a literary medium?2. Is the new orthography suggested by the Institute suitable for the purposes for which it was designed?3. Are educated Africans interested in their own language and its development?4. Can Europeans learn to speak these languages with any degree of accuracy ?5. What are the present needs, and what lines should future work take?I can here express on these points only my own views, based on the experience of my tour and my work previous and subsequent to it. The two districts with which this article is mainly concerned are the Efik and Ibo speaking areas in Southern Nigeria.
Ionic Channels
Authors: Raković Dejan , Djordjević Drago 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe chapter provides an overview of passive and active ionic channels (intrinsic transmembrane proteins that span the membrane), which regulate the movements of ions into and out of biological cells and in the membrane‐bound organelles; their role is central to the life of the cells, as the single genetic abnormalities that cause over 600 human diseases have now been identified, including a variety of channelopathies. In the introductory part, the remarkable diversity of ionic channels is classified according to functional characteristics (electrophysiologic behavior, inhibition or stimulation by pharmacologic agents, activation by extracellular agonists, and modulation by intracellular messengers) or structural characteristics (amino acid sequence homology and the kinds of subunits of which they are composed). In the second part, the biophysical transport of ions through biological membranes is considered as an interplay between (gated) active membrane transport (which explains the origin of different ion concentrations from the inside and outside of the cell membrane) and (nongated) passive membrane transport (explaining the resting potential of the membrane, as a consequence of the concentration gradient established by active transport). In the last part, we summarize the major structural features of the known 18 distinct families of ionic channels that have been identified in mammals by cloning of their pore‐forming subunits, where the hypothetical membrane topologies are based primarily on hydropathy analysis; when annotation of the human genome is completed, it will eventually be possible to provide a definitive survey of channel types and functions.
Musculoskeletal Cell Mechanics
Authors: Shieh Adrian C. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues—bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon—have important biomechanical functions in the body. They support, transmit, and redistribute the loads generated by movement. As a result, the cells in these tissues have adapted to rigorous mechanical environments. Furthermore, the forces experienced by musculoskeletal cells can modulate cell function, which results in improved tissue performance, repair and regeneration, or degeneration and injury. To better understand how mechanical forces can affect the physiology of these cells, it is important to first grasp the mechanical properties of the cells. A variety of methods have been developed and implemented to improve the current understanding of the mechanical behavior of individual cells. This article will cover the fundamentals of cell mechanics as they relate to musculoskeletal tissues, focusing on the underlying structural components of the cell, modern methods used to measure cell properties, and important scientific findings.
Parametric Adaptive Identification and Kalman Filter
Authors: Jovičić Aleksandar , Stipanović Dušan M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article, a survey of results on adaptive parametric identification and Kalman filtering is presented. Fundamental notions and definitions in parametric estimation are provided. Basic Kalman filter design is demonstrated for linear dynamical systems. Additionally, a list of references for further reading is provided at the end of the article.
Roles for phosphoinositide 3‐kinases, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and Jun kinases in B lymphocyte chemotaxis and homing
Authors: Ortolano Saida , Hwang Il‐Young , Han Sang‐Bae , Kehrl John H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractB lymphocyte chemokine receptors signal to downstream effectors by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. However, many of these effectors remain unknown and the known ones often have ill‐defined roles in B cell trafficking. Here we report that pharmacological inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (wortmannin, WMN), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (LFM‐A13), and Jun kinases (SP600125) all significantly impair CXCL12‐induced mouse B cell chemotaxis and that of a human B lymphoma cell line. Examination of two CXCR4‐induced signaling pathways revealed that LFM‐A13 and WMN blocked Akt activation, while SP600125 and WMN blocked JNK activation. Each of the inhibitors impaired the homing of transferred B cells to peripheral lymph nodes. Intravital imaging of control and inhibitor‐treated mouse B cells in the inguinal lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV) demonstrated a 17%, 35%, and 60% reduction in the number of firmly adherent B cells with LFM‐A13, SP600125, and WMN, respectively. These results implicate chemokine receptor mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases in the firm adhesion of mouse B cells within peripheral lymph node HEV, while Bruton's tyrosine kinase and JNK activation are less important and more likely needed during B cell transmigration through the endothelium and/or trafficking into the lymph node parenchyma.
Electrode Activation and Passivation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Koch S. , Mogensen M. , Hendriksen P. V. , Dekker N. , Rietveld B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe performance of anode‐supported cells with a composite LSM‐YSZ cathode and an LSM current collector was investigated. Over the first 48 hours, after the application of a constant current, the cell voltage was observed to increase by up to 20%. When the current was switched off, the cell resistance increased significantly over the next four days at open circuit conditions. Apparently, at OCV conditions cell passivation occurs. The cell gradually reactivates, once the current is switched on again. Part of this activation / passivation process is fast enough to influence the resistance of the cell during i–V measurements (over less than 1 hour) and a considerable hysteresis is observed in the cell voltage during these measurements.Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the activation / passivation process. It was found that the series resistance and the part of the polarisation impedance above approximately 100 Hz were not influenced by the activation / passivation process. The part of the polarisation impedance between 1 and 100 Hz was highly influenced by the activation / passivation process and during cell polarisation this part of the polarisation impedance was up to 40% lower than at open circuit conditions. This frequency range of the spectrum was also sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure at the cathode side, indicating that it is the cathode that activates and passivates.
Break Down of Losses in Thin Electrolyte SOFCs
Authors: Barfod R. , Hagen A. , Ramousse S. , Hendriksen P. V. , Mogensen M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe contributions of the individual components of the cell (anode, cathode, and electrolyte) to the cell resistance were determined experimentally, directly from impedance spectra obtained from a full cell. It was an anode supported thin electrolyte cell, consisting of a YSZ electrolyte, a Ni/YSZ cermet anode, and a LSM composite cathode. Additional, qualitative information was obtained using symmetric cells with LSM composite electrodes. The investigations were carried out in the temperature interval from 700 to 850 °C. The electrolyte and anode activation energies obtained were 0.9 and 1.1 eV, respectively, which is in relatively good agreement with literature values. The anode resistance was 0.24 Ω cm2 and the cathode resistance was 0.58 Ω cm2 at 700 °C, corresponding to 23% and 56% of the total resistance, respectively.
Testing of Ni‐Plated Ferritic Steel Interconnect in SOFC Stacks
Authors: Nielsen K. A. , Dinesen A. R. , Korcakova L. , Mikkelsen L. , Hendriksen P. V. , Poulsen F. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStack tests were run at 850 °C for periods from 80 hours to 1,150 hours to develop contacting procedures and at the same time evaluate the performance of a 5 μm electroplated nickel coating on a ferritic Fe22Cr interconnect. The metallic nickel coating reacted relatively quickly during the initial heating to 1,030 °C. During this time, 20–70 μm thick surface layers of austenitic steel were formed, which were covered by a 1–4 μm chromia layer on the anode side and by a layer of mixed Cr‐Fe‐Ni‐spinels over a 1–4 μm chromia layer on the cathode side. The microstructure and composition of the protective scale on the cathode side was susceptible to pitting‐type corrosion patterns, which may limit the life expectancy to less than 2,000 hours for the 200 μm thick interconnect tested. The initial area‐specific resistances (ASR) at the interconnect/cathode current collector interface and the interconnect/anode current collector interface were very low (2 and 10 mΩ cm2, respectively). The cathode side interface resistance increased over the 1,150 hours by ∼7 mΩ cm2/103�h, but the anode side interface resistance decreased during the first 600 hours of the experiment before it started to show a slight increase, < 1 mΩ cm2/103�h, maintaining values below 1 mΩ cm2.
In vitro culture conditions favoring selection of chromosomal abnormalities in human ES cells
Authors: Imreh M.P. , Gertow K. , Cedervall J. , Unger C. , Holmberg K. , Szöke K. , Csöregh L. , Fried G. , Dilber S. , Blennow E. , Ährlund‐Richter L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious studies in several laboratories have demonstrated inadvertent chromosomal abnormalities in long‐term cultured human embryonic stem cells (HESC). Here, using a two‐step selection process we report a functional adaptation of a HESC line, HS181, towards a decreased dependence of extra cellular matrix (ECM) for in vitro survival, that is for growth directly onto a plastic surface. Successful adaptation was paralleled with a karyotype change in 100% of the cells to 47,XX,del(7)(q11.2),+i(12)(p10). The resulting adapted population showed increased survival and growth on plastic and also maintained expression of HESC markers, but showed a decreased pluripotency, as demonstrated by results from embryoid body (EB) formation in vitro. The finding of reduced pluripotency may not be totally unexpected since the variant cells were selected for self‐renewal and proliferation, not differentiation during the adaptation to growth on plastic. In the light of recent models of a germ cell origin of HESC it is of particular interest that similar to many of the reported spontaneous HESC mutants, one of the identified specific chromosome abnormalities, i(12p), has also been strongly implicated for human germ cell cancer. However, the mutated HESC variant carrying this mutation failed to grow as a xeno‐graft in a mouse model in vivo. This is surprising and needs a further mechanistic analysis for its explanation. Increased knowledge of genetic integrity of HESC may have significance on the understanding of mechanisms for tumor progression and thus strategy for treatments, particularly for tumors occurring in early life. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 508–516, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caregiving time in sickle cell disease: Psychological effects in maternal caregivers
Authors: Moskowitz Judith Tedlie , Butensky Ellen , Harmatz Paul , Vichinsky Elliott , Heyman Melvin B. , Acree Michael , Wrubel Judith , Wilson Leslie , Folkman Susan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundProviding home care for a child with a chronic illness can be stressful for the family. The purpose of this paper is to examine patterns of caregiving and the associated psychological impact on maternal caregivers of children with sickle cell disease (SCD).ProcedureFourteen maternal caregivers of children with SCD were interviewed as part of a larger study of maternal caregivers of children with chronic illness. Forty‐four caregivers of children with HIV and 36 caregivers of healthy children were included as comparison groups. Interviews included questions regarding amount of time spent providing care for the child (technical care, non‐technical care, health care management), hospitalization, emergency room visits, illness stigma, and mental health of the caregiver.ResultsChildren with SCD had significantly lower functional status and significantly more hospitalizations in the previous 3 months than children with HIV. Caregivers of children with SCD were more likely to work full‐time and had higher incomes than caregivers of children with HIV. The three caregiving groups did not differ significantly on amount of total care, although caregivers of children with SCD and caregivers of children with HIV both reported significantly more time spent in technical care than caregivers of healthy children. Despite lower functional status of the children in the SCD group, when group comparisons on caregiving time variables were adjusted for child's functional status, the differences between groups increased. This appeared to be due to the fact that caregivers in the HIV group spent more time in all caregiving categories except skin, crisis, and other care. In terms of caregiver mental health, caregivers of children with HIV and SCD had significantly higher depressive mood scores than caregivers of healthy children but the groups did not differ on caregiving burden.ConclusionsThe perceived care burden of caregivers of children with SCD may be related to the unpredictable nature of the crisis care they provide. Additional attention is warranted to developing adequate resources for caregivers of children with SCD to mitigate the stress of unexpected crises. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:64–71. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative proteomic analysis of hypoxia‐treated and untreated human leukemic U937 cells
Authors: Han Yu‐Hui , Xia Li , Song Li‐Ping , Zheng Ying , Chen Wen‐Li , Zhang Lei , Huang Ying , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Wang Li‐Shun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe reported recently that moderate hypoxia and hypoxia‐mimetic agents could induce growth arrest and differentiation of leukemic cells via the mediation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α), but the exact molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, human acute promonocytic leukemic U937 cells were incubated under 2% O2 or in 50 µM of the hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and normal oxygen for 24 h, and their protein expression profiles were compared by 2‐DE coupled with MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS/MS. We identified 62 and 16 proteins that were significantly deregulated by hypoxia and CoCl2 treatment, respectively. These proteins were mainly involved in metabolism, gene expression regulation, signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. As an example, N‐myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a putative differentiation‐related gene, was up‐regulated in both 2% O2‐ and CoCl2‐treated U937 cells. Moreover, enforced HIF‐1α expression also elevated NDRG1 mRNA and protein in U937 cells. These data will provide some clues for understanding mechanisms by which leukemic cells response to hypoxia.
Gauge/string duality in confining theories
Authors: Edelstein J.D. , Portugues R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis is the content of a set of lectures given at the “XIII Jorge André Swieca Summer School on Particles and Fields”, Campos do Jordão, Brazil in January 2005. They intend to be a basic introduction to the topic of gauge/gravity duality in confining theories. We start by reviewing some key aspects of the low energy physics of non‐Abelian gauge theories. Then, we present the basics of the AdS/CFT correspondence and its extension both to gauge theories in different spacetime dimensions with sixteen supercharges and to more realistic situations with less supersymmetry. We discuss the different options of interest: placing D–branes at singularities and wrapping D–branes in calibrated cycles of special holonomy manifolds. We finally present an outline of a number of non‐perturbative phenomena in non‐Abelian gauge theories as seen from supergravity.
Clinical evaluation of the Chinese herbal medicine formula STA‐1 in the treatment of allergic asthma
Authors: Chang Tung‐Ti , Huang Chieh‐Chen , Hsu Ching‐Hsiang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough some formulae of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been used for antiasthma treatment, few of them have had sufficient discussion on their efficacy, safety and mechanisms. In this study, the availability of the TCM formula STA‐1 for the treatment of allergic asthma was investigated by conducting a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled and randomized trial. One hundred and twenty patients between the ages of 5 to 20 years with mild‐to‐moderate asthma were included. These patients were treated with either STA‐1 or placebo in a dose of 80 g/kg/day and were administered twice daily for 6 months. The main outcome measures were a daily diary record of symptoms, supplementary bronchodilator and glucocorticoid treatment, changes of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), changes of total and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP)‐specific IgE and side effects. The results showed a statistically significant reduction of symptom scores, systemic steroid dose, total IgE and specific IgE in the STA‐1 group. Furthermore, STA‐1 also improved the pulmonary lung function FEV1 compared with the placebo group and only minimal side effects were shown. These results suggested that STA‐1 is available for the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate chronic asthma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A natural sweetener, Momordica grosvenori, attenuates the imbalance of cellular immune functions in alloxan‐induced diabetic mice
Authors: Song Fangfang , Chen Weijun , Jia Wenbo , Yao Ping , Nussler Andreas K. , Sun Xiufa , Liu Liegang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMomordica grosvenori (MG), a traditional medicinal herb in China used as a substitute sugar for obese and diabetic patients, exhibited an enhancement of immunity. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is among the acute phase proteins that play an important role in the inflammatory process and have antiinflammatory activities with their antioxidant properties. The hypothesis that MG could modulate an imbalance of the cellular immune system and prevent the progression of diabetes mellitus, via induction of HO‐1 protein expression was investigated. Diabetes was induced in male Balb/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (200 mg/kg). The mice were randomly assigned to non‐diabetic and diabetic groups, and further subdivided according to their treatments: control (distilled water), low dose MG (150 mg/kg) and high dose MG (300 mg/kg), which were administered by gavage in 24 h cycles over a 30 day period. MG administration effectively regulated the immune imbalance in diabetic mice, principally by upregulating the CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets, and remodeling the intracellular cytokine profiles (reducing the expression of pro‐inflammatory Th1 cytokines towards a beneficial Th2 pattern), ascribed to its induction and upregulation of HO‐1. In conclusion, MG exhibited antidiabetic effects and may be used as a new natural drug for the treatment of diabetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonverbal Learning Disability
Authors: Volden Joanne 
Published: April 2006

Nonverbal learning disability (NLD) is a diagnostic category that is unfamiliar to most speech-language pathologists. This brief tutorial describes NLD's characteristics, a theoretical model proposed to explain its source, and areas of overlap between NLD and similar diagnostic categories. The communicative profile, made up of difficulties in pragmatic and semantic language in the presence of relatively preserved syntactic skill, is also discussed.
Empirical evidence relevant to NLD is also evaluated. Many questions remain unresolved, but until systematic research provides definitive answers, speech-language pathologists are encouraged to rely on careful description of the individual child's communicative strengths and weaknesses to identify appropriate targets and to focus intervention on improving the child's ability to communicate effectively in everyday contexts.
Fostering Literal and Inferential Language Skills in Head Start Preschoolers With Language Impairment Using Scripted Book-Sharing Discussions
Authors: van Kleeck Anne , Vander Woude Judith , Hammett Lisa 
Published: April 2006

Purpose
Preschoolers with language impairment have difficulties with both literal and inferential language, both of which are critical to later reading comprehension. Because these children are known to be at risk for later reading comprehension difficulties, it is important to design and test interventions that foster both literal and inferential language skills. Using a randomized pretest–posttest control group design, we investigated whether an 8-week, one-on-one book-sharing intervention would improve both the literal and inferential language skills of Head Start preschoolers with language impairments.

Method
Thirty children were randomly assigned to either a control group that received no intervention or to a treatment group that received twice-weekly 15-min sessions in which adults read books and asked both literal and inferential questions about the books using scripts that were embedded throughout the text. Treatment and control groups were compared using pre- and posttest scores on 2 measures of literal and 1 measure of inferential language skill.

Results
Significant group differences, and medium to large effect sizes, were found between pre- and posttest scores for all 3 measures.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that book sharing with embedded questions that target both literal and inferential language skills can result in gains on both types of language in this population. Future studies with larger number of children are needed to corroborate these findings.