bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of rotaviruses and subgroup F adenoviruses from acute summer gastroenteritis in South Africa
Authors: Kidd A. H. , Rosenblatt A. , Besselaar T. G. , Erasmus M. J. , Tiemessen C. T. , Berkowitz F. E. , Schoub B. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSix hundred and sixteen specimens were collected from black children hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis during the summer and autumn of 1982–1983 (October to May). Eighty‐five children (13.8%) shed rotavirus and at least 40 (6.5%) shed adenovirus (Ad) type 40 or 41 belonging to subgroup F. The highest monthly prevalence of shedding subgroup F adenoviruses (10.1%) coincided with a peak in admissions in midsummer, whereas the highest monthly prevalence of shedding rotaviruses (41.9%) coincided with a peak in admissions in autumn. There were at least five genome types of rotavirus, at least three genome types of Ad40, and at least five genome types of Ad41 circulating in the Johannesburg‐Soweto area during the study period. The high rate of rotavirus shedding in autumn could not be attributed to an upsurge in infections by any particular rotavirus strain.
Hepatitis A virus replication in tamarins and host immune response in relation to pathogenesis of liver cell damage
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Jowett T. , Enticott M. , Moore D. , Pignatelli M. , Brenes F. , Scheuer P. J. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) shedding in the faeces, appearance of HAV‐Ag (antigen) in the liver, and development of humoral immunity to HAV have been studied in experimentally infected tamarins. The appearance of liver damage measured by transaminase elevation and histology, in relation to the above variables, suggests that the virus is not cytopathic and the immune system contributes to the production of liver cell damage. Preliminary data suggest that HAV replication may occur in the mucosa of the small intestine and in the liver.
Human and monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen recognise a single immunodominant epitope
Authors: Ferns R. Bridget , Tedder Richard S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies were raised against hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) synthesized in Escherichia coli. They identified a single immunodominant determinant on both liver‐derived and E. coli‐derived HBcAg. Cross‐inhibition studies demonstrated that HBsAg‐containing human sera which contained antibodies to HBcAg (anti‐HBc) together with either hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or its antibody (anti‐HBe) essentially only recognised the same single determinant as the murine antibodies. The identification of a single dominant HBcAg determinant may be important if future hepatitis B virus vaccines contain HBcAg.
Occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b strains in sweden
Authors: Åkerlind Britt , Norrby Erling 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe subtype characteristics of 22 strains of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus isolated in Sweden were determined by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Eleven antibodies specific for distinct epitopes on five different structural proteins were used in immunofluorescence and radioimmune precipitation assays. One group of 12 isolates were derived from a three‐month epidemic during 1984, whereas the other ten virus isolates were recovered during a time period of 13 years (1971‐ 1983). All isolates could be allocated to the previously defined groups of subtype A and B strains of RS virus. During the single epidemic season, five subtype A and seven subtype B strains were found. During the 13‐year period a randomly alternating appearance of six subtype A and four subtype B strains was observed. Thus RS virus strains of different subtype characteristics may occur alternately or concomitantly. The possible significance of consecutive infections with RS virus subtypes for immunopathological events deserves further studies.
Protein kinase in nondiabetogenic coxsackievirus B4
Authors: Chatterjee Nando K. , Nejman Catherine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlkali‐dissociated, purified preparations of prototype coxsackievirus B4 release a protein kinase that catalyzes the incorporation of gamma‐phosphate from 32Plabeled ATP into three virus capsid proteins (VP1, VP3, VP4), several additional proteins of the particle, and exogenous acceptor proteins. Using protamine sulfate as an acceptor protein, we detected nearly 20‐fold more enzyme activity in membrane‐bound virions (MBV) than in virions of the virus. The activity in the MBV is cyclic nucleotide‐independent, divalent cation‐dependent, and has a pH optimum of 8.0. Phosphoserine is labeled with 32P. The enzyme activity sediments at about 5S and is separated into at least two peaks of heterogeneous proteins by ion‐exchange chromatography. The patterns of phosphorylation by these enzyme peaks are somewhat similar. Coxsackievirus‐associated protein kinase appears to be located internally in the virus and may be host‐cell‐coded. The enzyme appears to be lacking in a variant of the virus that produced diabetes in mice.
Coxsackievirus Group B Replication in Cultured Fetal Baboon Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Godeny Elmer K. , Gauntt Charles J. , Sprague Eugene A. , Schwartz Colin J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAll six coxsackievirus B (CVB) serotypes replicated to various extents in fetal baboon aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in culture. CVB3 and CVB4 replicated to the highest titers and induced no cytopathology at the level of light microscopy. Maximum yields of CVB3 were produced between 12 and 24 hr postinoculation. Up to 15% of SMC cells became infected, as determined by immunofluorescence assays with anti‐CVB3 antiserum, yet overall cell division in infected cultures did not differ from infected SMC cultures. Electron microscopy of CVB3‐inoculated SMC cultures revealed changes in some cells: viruslike particles, secondary lysosomes containing dense bodies, and peripheral nuclear chromatin condensation. CVB3 replicated well in SMC passages up to the eighth, but did not replicate in eleventh‐passage cells. Because of the cardiotropic and myotropic potential of this virus and its ability to replicate in aortic SMC with associated ultrastructural alterations, CVB3 (and other CVB) should be further examined as an etiologic agent(s) that could induce atherosclerosis.
Detection of IgM Antibodies to Delta Antigen After Coinfection and Superinfection With the Delta Virus
Authors: Dimitrakakis Mary , Waters Mary‐Jo , Wootton Ann , Gust Ian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive microtitre radioimmunoassay was developed for detection of IgM antibodies to delta antigen. The assay was based on the selective binding of IgM from test sera to antihuman IgM (u‐chain specific) fixed to wells of a microtitre plate, and utilized delta antigen extracted from the liver of an experimentally infected chimpanzee. This test proved to be useful in distinguishing between coinfection and superinfection with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). Transient anti‐delta IgM responses were observed in patients co‐infected with HDV, while prolonged elevated IgM levels were found in HBsAg carriers with chronic liver disease superinfected with HDV. Two distinct serological patterns were observed in both coinfection and superinfection. In coinfection, only 50% of patients with detectable anti‐delta IgM went on to develop a long‐lasting antibody response. Following superinfection with HDV either stationary or fluctuating levels of IgM antibody were demonstrated. In patients with fluctuating antibody levels, the presence or absence of IgM antibody related to the level of viral replication.
Effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immunosuppression on chimpanzee hepatitis B carriers
Authors: Eichberg Jorg W. , Lawlor David L. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Seeff Leonard B. , Buskell‐Bales Zelma , Ishak Kamal , Langloss John M. , Goldstein Alan L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCarriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are at a high personal risk of developing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and they pose a potential health threat to others. Accordingly, erradication of the carrier state is an important therapeutic goal. Several categories of drugs have been evaluated for this purpose, with, at best, limited success. The immune stimulants constitute a drug group considered to have potential benefit, since altered cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) appears to have a pathogenic role in the perpetuation of the carrier state. One such immune stimulant is the thymic hormone, thymosin, which is known to enhance suppressor T‐cell activity. We therefore examined its possible therapeutic role by evaluating its effect on four chronic HBsAg‐ and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chimpanzees. After baseline biochemical, serological, immunological, and histochemical studies were conducted, all four chimpanzees received parenteral thymosin for a period of 10–14 weeks; two of them were pretreated for 4 weeks with corticosteroids. All four were then reevaluated in the same manner at regular intervals during the 14‐week period. Neither immunosuppression nor immunostimulation significantly affected biochemical, serological, or histological measures. Indices of CMI were altered, however: both T4 and T8 cells increased with thymosin treatment, although the T4/T8 ratio declined because of the relatively greater increase of the T8 than of the T4 cells. Thymosin did not affect the mitogen assays. Thus, while immunostimulation with thymosin did slightly alter CMI, it had no affect on the HBsAg carrier state or on measures of chronic hepatitis, even when preceded by corticosteroid immunosuppression.
Detection of varicella‐zoster virus in lymphocytes by DNA hybridization
Authors: Vonsover A. , Leventon‐Kriss S. , Langer A. , Smetana Z. , Gotlieb‐Stematsky T. , Zaizov R. , Potaznick D. , Cohen I. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe availability of cloned varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) DNA probes allows rapid detection of viral‐specific DNA by “dot‐blot” hybridization in lymphocytes or in lesion aspirates. Thirty‐six blood specimens were obtained from 25 patients with suspected varicella or zoster. VZV‐specific DNA was demonstrated in 15 lymphocyte preparations of nine patients with varicella and in one with disseminated zoster out of five patients with zoster. VZV‐specific DNA was detected prior to rise in antibodies, indicating early viremia in these patients. Virus isolation from lesions and serological tests confirmed VZV infections. VZV‐specific DNA was detected in lymphocytes of three patients out of six with active herpetic lesions, whereas it was not detected in lymphocyte specimens from two patients with undiagnosed rash or four with lymphoproliferative diseases, who did not present varicella or zoster, or from 18 healthy controls. No signal was obtained in herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐infected and ‐uninfected cell lines. The hybridization assay proved that specific and viral or cellular DNAs other than VZV did not crosshybridize with the probe. The sensitivity limit of detection was 4–15 pg of homologous DNA, and the assay was accomplished within 72–96 hr. These results point to the possible rapid diagnosis of VZV infection in patients suspected of varicella or generalized zoster. In addition, simultaneous infection with both VZV and HSV seems to occur in some patients.
Herpes simplex‐specific IgG subclass response in herpetic keratitis
Authors: McBride Brian W. , Ward Kevin A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe measurement of the local IgG response in ocular Herpes simplex virus infection presents particular problems due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient tear samples and the possible transudation of IgG from the serum to the inflamed eye. Using specific monoclonal antibodies to Human IgG subclasses in an enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) the local IgG antibody response in Herpes simplex keratitis was analysed. All serum samples from patients and controls contained quantifiable levels of HSV specific IgG1 and IgG4 antibody. Comparison of serum antibody levels with tear levels for patients showed that HSV specific IgG1 serum concentrations were 16.1 fold or more higher than in tears, whereas IgG4 concentrations were only 6.5 fold higher in serum than in tears. This difference was not apparent in the control group. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay of 35S‐methionine labelled HSV antigens revealed only minor differences in the protein profiles produced by immunoprecipitation using serum or tear antibody. These results suggest a role for IgG4 antibodies in mucosal immunity in the eye as has been suggested for the mucosal surface of the lung.
Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Omdurman, Sudan
Authors: Al‐Arabi M. A. , Mahgoub M. , Ai‐Hag A. A. , Hyams K. C. , El‐Ghorab N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne‐hundred nineteen patients (cases) at least 13 years of age with acute hepatitis were studied to determine the viral etiology of acute hepatitis in Omdurman, Sudan. Ninety‐eight control subjects (controls) were also evaluated to determine the risk factors associated with the development of clinical disease. Acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B was diagnosed in 88 cases (73.9%), hepatitis B in 15 cases (12.6%), delta infection in 15 (12.6%), and hepatitis A in just one patient (0.8%). A higher percentage of hepatitis B cases had received a parenteral injection for medical therapy during the previous 6 months than control subjects (26.7 % vs 4.1 %, p ≤ 0.05). The data in this study indicate that hepatitis non‐A, non‐B may be the major cause of acute hepatitis in adults in this area of Sudan. The suggested association of parenteral therapy with the transmission of hepatitis B could have important implications for the spread of other parenterally‐transmitted diseases.
Detection of specific types of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes, anal scrapes, and anogenital biopsies by DNA hybridization
Authors: Henderson Beric R. , Morris Brian J. , Thompson Carol H. , Rose Barbara R. , Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpecific varieties of human papillomavirus (HPV) infecting the anogenital region were detected in clinical samples by use of a filter hybridization technique suitable for rapid screening of cervical and anal scrapes. In this way possibly benign types (HPV6 and HPV11) could be differentiated from types thought to be capable of malignant transformation (HPV16 and HPV18). Cervical or anal canal cells were applied directly to nylon filters and fixed by u.v. irradiation before hybridization with mixed viral DNA probes under both low‐ and high‐stringency conditions. In addition, probe for the human Alu‐repeated DNA sequence was used to assess the relative amount of total nucleic acids in each sample applied to the filter. HPV DNA was detected in 3 of 19 cervical scrapes from patients with no past or present history of wart virus infection or cervical dysplasia. Within a positive study group totalling 71 patients, HPV (6/11 or 16/18) was detected in cervical scrapes from 24% of 41 patients who did not have visible genital dysplasia, 30% of 27 patients with visible genital dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, and in 1 of 3 patients with past CIN IUIII. In addition, HPV6/11 or 16/18 DNA was detected in anal scrapes from 3 of 6 male patients and in 85% of genital biopsies. A notably high proportion (4/6) of vaginal condylomata were positive with both the HPV6/11 and the HPV16/18 mixed viral DNA probes. Of the biopsies prepared for histopathology and positive for HPV DNA, the HPV group‐specific antigen could be detected in only 60%.
Studies on transmission of human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis to marmosets
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Katagiri Jiro , Kojirna Hideo , Kamimura Tomoteru , Ichida Fumihiro , Ashida Masahiko , Harnada Chuya , Shibayama Takao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo sera obtained from four healthy blood donors, which caused non‐A, non‐B post‐transfusion hepatitis in two recipients, were experimentally inoculated into nine marmosets. Three of seven marmosets developed acute hepatitis characterized by the elevation of serum concentrations of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and/or isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) 8‐11 weeks after inoculation. Four of seven showed histopathological changes of acute hepatitis in liver biopsy specimens during the biochemically acute phase. In electron microscopic examination, attached membrane‐like structures, which consisted of two‐unit membranes of two neighboring endoplasmic reticula with electron‐dense material between them were noted in cytoplasm of hepatocytes during the acute phase of hepatitis. Furthermore, acute‐phase sera obtained from two animals were inoculated into four additional marmosets and non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was successfully passaged in two of them. The results of this study indicate that certain species of marmoset monkeys are susceptible to human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis agents and provide a useful animal model for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Microbial Structures in a Patient With Sporadic Non‐A, Non‐B Fulminant Hepatitis Treated by Liver Transplantation
Authors: Fagan Elizabeth A. , Ellis David S. , Portmann Bernard , Tovey George M. , Williams Roger , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDouble‐shelled virus‐like panicles (60 nm) and long cytoplasmic tubular structures were found in the cytoplasmic of hepatocytes from areas of collapsed and regenerating areas of hepatectomised liver in a 13‐year‐old boy who received a liver graft for fulminant hepatitis attributed to sporadic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The patient died on the ninth postoprative day from acute graft failure. Although virus‐like particles were not found. instead, gram‐negative rods were identified in the necrotic graft and the most likely cause of death was a gram‐negative septicaemia with a Shwartzman‐like reaction localized to the liver.
Hepatitis B vaccine in infants from an endemic area: Long‐term anti‐HBs persistence and revaccination
Authors: Yvonnet B. , Coursaget P. , Chotard J. , Sarr M. , Ndoye R. , Chiron J. P. , Diop‐Mar I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPersistence of anti‐HBs in 156 Senegalese infants immunized with hepatitis B vaccine was studied for periods ranging from 2 to 6 years after booster dose administration. Six years after the booster dose, 90.4% of the infants had detectable anti‐HBs antibodies, with 78.1% having titers higher than 10 mlU/ml. The geometric mean titer was 60 mlU/ml. Females showed higher anti‐HBs values than males. In a group of 11 infants who received no booster dose, anti‐HBs antibodies were detectable 7 years after the first dose. However, the geometric mean titer was lower (26 mlU/ml).Revaccination (56 infants) led to an increase of the geometric mean titer to 469 mlU/ml 2 months later. These results show that a booster injection every 5‐6 years should provide adequate protective anti‐HBs levels in infants.
Absence of HTLV I from New Zealand
Authors: Reddy D. , Okochi K. , Woodfield D. G. , Judd W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 1,943 individuals from Auckland, New Zealand, were tested for the presence of serum antibodies to human T cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV I), mainly with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with cell extracts as target antigen. The individuals tested were blood donors and mostly Caucasian, but included indigenous Maoris and representatives of several groups of Pacific islanders now resident in New Zealand. Also included were 37 patients with various hematological malignancies including seven with T cell leukemias. Although 1% of samples were positive by ELISA, none of these were confirmed as positives by Western blotting. On the basis of these results we consider that it is unlikely that HTLV I infection occurs in Auckland; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that pockets of virus infection may occur in other parts of New Zealand or the South Pacific.
Congenital cytomegalovirus: Immunological alterations
Authors: Cauda R. , Prasthofer E. F. , Grossi C. E. , Whitley R. J. , Pass R. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunological studies on 29 children with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were performed. Two groups of patients were considered according to the presence or absence of clinical symptoms. Asymptomatic patients had increased numbers of natural killer (NK) cells (CD 16+), activated NK cells (CD16+/ HLA‐DR), and activated suppressor/cytotoxic cells (CD8+/HLA‐DR+/TAC). In addition, cells from this group of patients showed increased NK activity against fibroblasts infected with CMV and a significant proliferative response to CMV antigens. In contrast, cells from symptomatic patients had reduced NK activity against fibroblasts infected with CMV and a defective proliferative response to CMV antigens. In both groups, the number of total T, T‐helper, and T‐suppressor/cytotoxic cells was normal, as was the ratio of helper/suppressor.The reported differences in the immunological parameters between the asymptomatic and symptomatic patients suggest that cell‐mediated immunity may play an important role in determining the outcome of the infection.
Interferon response in the guinea pig infected with Junín virus
Authors: Dejean Cristina B. , Ayerra Bethy L. , Teyssié Angélica R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe “in vivo” interferon (IFN) induction capacity of two Junín virus strains—the attenuated XJCI, and the intermediate virulent MC2—was studied in the guinea pig experimental model.Three different doses of XJCI3 strain—2,000, 10,000, and 50,000 TCID50—and a single dose of 10,000 TCID50 of MC2 were assayed.Animals were bled from day 0 to day 14 postinjection (pi) XJCl3 groups showed a constant serum IFN response. MC2 infection showed that 16% of the animals failed to develop interferonemia. The IFN activity was alpha type in most cases. The IFN serum levels induced by the MC2 strain were always lower than those attained after XJCl3 infection. The response to the positive control assayed, Newcastle disease virus, was higher and earlier than that obtained for Junín virus strains. The highest IFN individual value, which induced 160 guinea pig IFN U/ml, was detected at day 2 following XJCl3 infection, and corresponded to the highest XJCl3 dose assayed. Average values ranged from 23 to 65 guinea pig IFN U/ml, for XJCl3 groups and 15 guinea pig IFN U/ml for the MC2 group, measured at the day of maximal response.IFN presence was studied in homogenates from brain, spleen, and lymph nodes; it was detected in organs from guinea pigs infected with XJCI3 but not in organs from MC2 infected animals.IFN levels in sera or in organs failed to correlate with the histological findings.Demonstration of viral antigens in organs of infected animals, and seroconversion of Junín virus (JV) confirmed the evolution of the disease. A significant weight loss was observed just after serum IFN disappearance. Infection with different viral doses produced different mortality rates, although no correlation could be established between death and previous IFN level.We demonstrated low IFN levels in JV infection of the guniea pig, which were in direct relation to the viral dose employed. The MC2 strain exhibited a lower capacity of IFN induction than XJCl3.
Lymphocyte transformation test responses to cytomegalovirus in healthy adults from Britain and Iraq
Authors: Booth J. C. , Rashid S. A. , Aziz T. A. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLymphocyte transformation tests to CMV were carried out on young healthy adults from Britain and Iraq. Positive results were obtained in all of 28 seropositive British subjects as compared to 17 of 33 (51.5%) seropositive Iraqis; moreover, stimulation index values in the British group (mean 11.58) were significantly higher than in the Iraqi group (mean 2.84). Attempts to relate these differences to demographic characteristics, antibody response to CMV, including the response to early antigens, lymphoproliferative response to herpes simplex virus, and to phytohaemagglutinin and the presence of blocking factors were unrewarding.