bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Low-Dose Insulin Treatment on Body Weight and Physical Development in Children and Adolescents at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rhodes Erinn T. , Wolfsdorf Joseph I. , Cuthbertson David D. , Feldman Henry A. , Ludwig David S. ,   the DPT-1 Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Insulin’s role in body weight regulation is controversial. We evaluated the effect of parenteral insulin on body weight and physical development in children and adolescents at risk for type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a secondary analysis of the parenteral arm of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Diabetes (DPT-1), a randomized controlled trial of low-dose parenteral insulin (human ultralente insulin at 0.25 units · kg−1 · day−1) in subjects with a &gt;50% 5-year risk of diabetes. Analysis was limited to 100 subjects (55 intervention, 45 closely monitored) aged &lt;19 years at randomization whose weight was followed for at least 2 years by study end after excluding subjects who were noncompliant within 2 years or developed diabetes within 36 months of randomization.
RESULTS—Subjects ranged in age from 4.07 to 18.98 years. There were no significant differences at randomization between subjects in each group with respect to sex, age, weight, height, BMI, Tanner stage, or glucose tolerance. We found no differences over 2 years between the intervention and closely monitored groups in the change in weight (median 6.8 vs. 6.0 kg, P = 0.65), height (median 10.7 vs. 10.1 cm, P = 0.66), BMI (median 0.9 vs. 1.0 kg/m2, P = 0.79), or Tanner stage (median 0 vs. 0, P = 0.35). Multiple regression showed no effect of insulin on change in weight (P = 0.53) or BMI (P = 0.95) over 2 years after adjustment for relevant covariates.
CONCLUSIONS—Low-dose insulin treatment for 2 years did not affect the weight, BMI, or physical development of nondiabetic children and adolescents.
Oral Contraceptives, Angiotensin-Dependent Renal Vasoconstriction, and Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Ahmed Sofia B. , Hovind Peter , Parving Hans-Henrik , Rossing Peter , Price Deborah A. , Laffel Lori M. , Lansang M. Cecilia , Stevanovic Radomir , Fisher Naomi D.L. , Hollenberg Norman K. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S., is believed to involve activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) as a risk factor for nephropathy. RAS activation occurs in healthy women using oral contraceptives (OCs), but the effects of OC use on the diabetic kidney are unclear.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Renal plasma flow (RPF) response to captopril, as an index of RAS activity, was investigated in 92 women (41 nondiabetic OC nonusers, 10 nondiabetic OC users, 29 diabetic OC nonusers, and 12 diabetic OC users). Based on the hemodynamic findings, we examined the impact of OC use on the development of nephropathy as a post hoc analysis in an inception cohort of 114 female patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes followed for a median of 20.7 years (range 1–24).
RESULTS—Nondiabetic OC nonusers showed minimal RPF vasodilator response to captopril (9 ± 10 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2, P = 0.6). In comparison, nondiabetic OC users showed a significant increase (69 ± 35 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2, P = 0.02) (P = 0.04 vs. nondiabetic OC nonusers). Diabetic OC nonusers demonstrated the anticipated vasodilator response (58 ± 12 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2, P &lt; 0.0001). Diabetic OC users showed the largest responses (84 ± 12 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2, P = 0.002) (P = 0.04 vs. diabetic OC nonusers). Plasma renin activity did not vary with OC use (P = 0.3). The RPF responses to captopril and angiotensin receptor blocker were highly correlated (r = 0.72, P &lt; 0.001), suggesting clear involvement of the RAS. In the observational study, 18% (6/33 [95% CI 4.3–32.1]) of OC users developed macroalbuminuria compared with 2% (2/81 [0–5.9]) of OC nonusers (P = 0.003, univariate analysis). After adjustment for known risk factors with a Cox regression model, OC use remained a predictor for the development of macroalbuminuria (relative risk 8.90 [95%CI 1.79–44.36], P = 0.008).
CONCLUSIONS—The strong association of OC use with angiotensin-dependent control of the renal circulation and the development of macroalbuminuria suggest that OC use may be a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy. Large prospective studies are required to further investigate this relationship.
comparative Approaches to Risk Reduction of Coronary Heart Disease in Tecumseh Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Population
Authors: Smith D A 
Published: March 2007

Analysis of 182 Tecumseh residents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 364 controls matched for age and sex demonstrates increased levels of relative weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the diabetic group but similar smoking habits for the two groups. Consequently, the risk for acquiring coronary heart disease (CHD) in the next 8 yr calculated by the Framingham logistic regression equation shows a marked increase in risk for both men and women with diabetes (relative risk = 1.3 and 1.9, respectively). This calculated risk for CHD incidence predicts actual deaths from CHD, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in diabetic individuals in the succeeding 15 yr.
Baseline levels of cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking in the NIDDM population were hypothetically reduced according to results achieved in recent coronary-risk intervention trials. Average population risk for CHD incidence was recalculated and compared with new risk estimates calculated by hypothetically eliminating diabetes in various proportions of the population. Crude estimates suggest that realistic attempts to lower one, two, or three coronary risk factors in the population would reduce calculated CHD risk equivalent to eliminating diabetes in 20, 40, and 60% of the population, respectively.
The Answer to Weight Loss Is Easy—Doing It Is Hard!
Authors: Franz Marion J. 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
Although the number of people dieting continues to increase, the rate of obesity also continues to increase. The latest solution is the high-protein (or, more accurately, high-fat), low-carbohydrate diet. People lose weight while following this diet, but there is no evidence that the weight lost is maintained over the long term. In addition, the diet eliminates whole categories of foods known to have health benefits—fruits, whole-grains, vegetables, and milk. Energy restriction, not manipulation of macronutrients, is associated with weight reduction in the short term. Because we do not yet know how to maintain weight loss over the long-term, diabetes care providers should advise patients to eat healthfully, be physically active, and keep food and blood glucose records.
ABCs of Diabetes Research
Authors: Bardsley Joan K. , Passaro Maureen 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
This article describes the major studies in the field of diabetes, which are most commonly known by their acronyms. Studies dealing with prevention, cardiovascular disease in diabetes, genetic linkages, and treatment are highlighted. Descriptions of study design, outcomes when available, and funding sources are provided. Information is also provided about participating in upcoming studies.
Diabetes Management and Exercise in Pregnant Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Harris George D. , White Russell D. 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
Pregnancy in patients with diabetes is associated with an increased incidence of congenital anomalies for fetuses and spontaneous abortions in women with poor glycemic control. Normalizing blood glucose concentrations before and early in pregnancy can reduce these risks to levels of the general population. To improve outcomes, pregnant women with type 2 diabetes should plan their pregnancies, maintain good metabolic control of their diabetes,exercise, and take folate daily.
Identification of environmental factors affecting the prevalence of insect bite hypersensitivity in Shetland ponies and Friesian horses in the Netherlands
Authors: VAN GREVENHOF E. M. , DUCRO B. , HEUVEN H. C. M. , BIJMA P. 
Published: March 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: It is expected that climate and habitat factors influence the prevalence of culicoides and, therefore, the prevalence of insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), but very little is described in the literature to prove the association of these factors. Prevalence varies widely from 3% in certain areas of Great Britain to 60% in certain parts of Australia. Objectives: To describe the influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of IBH in Shetland ponies and Friesian horses in the Netherlands. Methods: Data on 3284 Shetland and 2824 Friesian mares (n = 6108) were collected in the Netherlands, based on 90 regions, according to postal codes. The climate components, amount of rainfall, number of warm days, number of cold days, and habitat components of soil type and type of vegetation were collected for each region. Results: Prevalence of IBH varied widely from 0–71.4% per region. The results showed that the environment with low IBH‐prevalence had high rainfall, many cold days and few warm days per year. Habitats with a low IBH‐prevalence were based along the coast line. Habitats with increasing prevalence of IBH had soils of clay with heather and woody vegetation. Friesian mares had a higher IBH prevalence than Shetland mares, which could indicate an effect of genetic background or an effect of year. Conclusions: There is an environmental effect on IBH prevalence within the Netherlands, which is caused by climate and habitat factors. Potential relevance: The results provide a more accurate description of environmental factors and their impact on development of IBH; and should help better to understand habitat and climate effects, and to distinguish these from other effects, such as animal factors (genetics, age or sex).
Parenteral nutrition in foals: a retrospective study of 45 cases (2000–2004)
Authors: KRAUSE J. B. , III H. C. MCKENZIE 
Published: March 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Adequate nutritional support of sick foals in critical care is an important aspect of treatment. When enteral feeding is contraindicated, parenteral nutrition (PN) provides a source of energy and protein. However, no study has critically assessed the use of PN in a large group of foals.Objective: The administration of PN to clinically ill foals was examined retrospectively to determine the effects of PN formulation and variables on the incidence of PN‐associated complications and outcome.Hypotheses: There was no effect of PN formula on 1) the occurrence or type of complications; 2) of PN formula on outcome; 3) of disease severity on the occurrence or type of complications; and 4) of disease severity on outcome.Methods: Medical records of 45 foals, presented to the Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, which received PN, were reviewed for the years 2000–2004.Results: The indications for PN were recumbency, depression or gastrointestinal conditions. Formulation of PN was not associated with the development of complications, and there was no association of PN formula with patient survival. Disease severity was positively associated with the development of PN complications and the occurrence of PN complications was associated with an increased risk of nonsurvival.Conclusion and potential relevance: The use of lipid‐containing PN solutions facilitates the delivery of energy to the critically‐ill foal without increasing the risk of deleterious side effects. Severely ill foals are more prone to develop complications associated with PN and to have a poor outcome.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Review of implicated genetic factors
Authors: Weese‐Mayer Debra E. , Ackerman Michael J. , Marazita Mary L. , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGenetic studies in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have been motivated by clinical, epidemiological, and/or neuropathological observations in SIDS victims, with subsequent pursuit of candidate genes in five categories: (1) genes for ion channel proteins based on electrocardiographic evidence of prolonged QT intervals in SIDS victims, (2) gene for serotonin transporter based on decreased serotonergic receptor binding in brainstems of SIDS victims, (3) genes pertinent to the early embryology of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (and with a link to the 5‐HT system) based on reports of ANS dysregulation in SIDS victims, (4) genes for nicotine metabolizing enzymes based on evidence of cigarette smoking as a modifiable risk factor for SIDS, and (5) genes regulating inflammation, energy production, hypoglycemia, and thermal regulation based on reports of postnatal infection, low birth weight, and/or overheating in SIDS victims. Evidence for each of these classes of candidate genes is reviewed in detail. As this review indicates, a number of genetically controlled pathways appear to be involved in at least some cases of SIDS. Given the diversity of results to date, genetic studies support the clinical impression that SIDS is heterogeneous with more than one entity and with more than one possible genetic etiology. Future studies should consider expanded phenotypic features that might help clarify the heterogeneity and improve the predictive value of the identified genetic factors. Such features should be evaluated to the extent possible in both SIDS victims and their family members. With 2,162 infants dying from SIDS in 2003 in the U.S. alone, and improved but still imperfect parent and caretaker compliance with known modifiable risk factors for SIDS, it behooves clinicians, researchers, and parents to combine efforts to reach a common goal. The message of the “Back to Sleep” campaign needs to be re‐introduced/re‐engineered to reach families and caretakers of all ethnic groups. Clinicians and researchers need to gently inform new SIDS parents about the opportunity to contribute tissue to the NICHD‐funded University of Maryland Brain and Tissue Bank. By expanding the network of clinicians, scientists, and families working together, and by combined efforts in a collaborative multi‐center study of candidate genes and/or genomics, the discovery of the genetic profile of the infant at risk for SIDS can ultimately be determined. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Properties of anionic polymerized ε‐caprolactam in the presence of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Kelar Krystyna , Jurkowski Boleslaw 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe results of the investigations of the relations between structure, physical and usage properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are presented. A method of in situ anionic bulk polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in the presence of MWNTs was used for the preparation of reinforced PA6. The polymerization product was crushed, and the pellets of PA6 and PA6/MWNTs composites were injection molded to produce the standard test specimens for various measurements. The surface morphology (SEM), thermal (DSC, TGA, DMTA), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, Charpy's notched impact strength) of these materials were examined. Some differences between our specimens and those obtained by hydrolytic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam (CL) were found. It was found that a small amount of carbon nanotube decreases the crystallinity degree of PA6 matrix in the composites. The thermal stability was higher than that for neat PA6. DMTA results showed that the magnitudes of the storage modulus are higher for the PA6/MWNTs composites than for the unmodified PA6 in the temperature range between −90 and 200°C. The tensile strength and tensile modulus are higher compared with the neat PA6. The elongation at break showed no noticeable change in the range of MWNTs loading considered, while the Charpy's notched impact strength slightly decreased. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Concentration of benzylpenicillin sodium by polyimide nanofiltration membrane
Authors: Shi Baoli , Zhang Qianru , Zhang Hongfeng , Liu Zhiguo , Zhang Xiucheng 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this work, a nanofiltration membrane prepared from soluble polyimide (HQDPA‐DMMDA) was used to concentrate benzylpenicillin sodium solutions at 10 and 14°C. Three benzylpenicillin sodium solutions with the concentration of 7.2, 13.0, and 19.7 g/L were used. The pressure varied from 0.5 to 2.0 MPa. The rejection reached 85% for the solution of 19.7 g/L under 2.0 MPa. To the solution of 7.2 g/L, the largest permeation flux was 9.5 kg/m2 h. Temperature had a slight influence on flux, but the influence on rejection was complicated. A sharp increasing phenomenon of rejection appeared under 0.5 MPa when the concentration was 19.7 g/L. This was elucidated by Martínez‐Landeira's works on benzylpenicillin's colloids. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Crystallinity variations in the double yield region of polyethylene
Authors: Manzur Angel , Rivas Juan I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNumerous specimens of a linear low density polyethylene sample were uniaxially deformed up to different elongations to study the double yield phenomenon. Extruded samples were analyzed to calculate the crystallinity and to estimate the mean crystal size, under stressed state and released state (after removal of the stress), using the wide angle X‐ray scattering technique. The crystallinity degree and the mean crystal dimension associated to the (110) orthorhombic reflection of the specimen without deformation were of 55% and 16 nm. These parameters in the stressed state, as functions of the elongation, presented a multi‐step behavior. A decrement after the first yield point (48%, 13 nm), then another decrement, and an abrupt increment followed by a decrement at higher strain values around the second yield point (28, 40, and 30%; 12, 14.5, and 11 nm). The behavior was more notorious in the stressed state than in the released state. The latter results were interpreted in terms of a partial melting followed by a recrystallization process. These experimental findings show that the second yield is not only associated with the deformation of the crystalline region. This partial melting–recrystallization process is one of the main mechanisms of the double yield phenomenon. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Hydrogen‐bond acidic polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane filled polymer coatings for surface acoustic wave sensors
Authors: Hartmann‐Thompson Claire , Keeley Douglas L. , Dvornic Petar R. , Keinath Steven E. , McCrea Keith R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of novel polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane nanofiller compounds functionalized with hydrogen‐bond acidic sensor groups was prepared, characterized by IR, 1H‐, 13C‐ and 29Si‐NMR, and MALDI‐TOF MS, and formulated into polymer coatings for 500 MHz surface acoustic wave sensor platforms. Sensor responses to the explosives simulant dinitrotoluene and to the nerve agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate were studied, and the performances of the polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane formulations were compared with those of conventional hydrogen‐bond acidic linear surface acoustic wave sensor polymers carrying the same sensor groups. The polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane formulations gave good initial responses to the simulants, maintained 40–65% of their original response over a period of 6 months and maintained their sensitivity down to a simulant vapor concentration of 1 ppb v. The surface compositions of the surface acoustic wave sensor coatings were characterized by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Children as architects of Web directories: An exploratory study
Authors: Bar‐Ilan Judit , Belous Yifat 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChildren are increasingly using the Web. Cognitive theory tells us that directory structures are especially suited for information retrieval by children; however, empirical results show that they prefer keyword searching. One of the reasons for these findings could be that the directory structures and terminology are created by grown‐ups. Using a card‐sorting method and an enveloping system, we simulated the structure of a directory. Our goal was to try to understand what browsable, hierarchical subject categories children create when suggested terms are supplied and they are free to add or delete terms. Twelve groups of four children each (fourth and fifth graders) participated in our exploratory study. The initial terminology presented to the children was based on names of categories used in popular directories, in the sections on Arts, Television, Music, Cinema, and Celebrities. The children were allowed to introduce additional cards and change the terms appearing on the 61 cards. Findings show that the different groups reached reasonable consensus; the majority of the category names used by existing directories were acceptable by them and only a small minority of the terms caused confusion. Our recommendation is to include children in the design process of directories, not only in designing the interface but also in designing the content structure as well.
Stability of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its fluorinated derivative in rat plasma
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Bowman Phillip D. , Kerwin Sean M. , Stavchansky Salomon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe stability of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and its fluorinated derivative (FCAPE) in rat plasma and conditions preventing their degradation are reported. Reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using taxifolin as an internal standard was applied for the quantitative determination of CAPE and FCAPE in rat plasma extracted with ethyl acetate. The assay was validated over a linear range of 0.25–10 µg/mL plasma (r2> 0.9990,n= 3). No endogenous interferences were observed in the chromatographic region of interest. The limits of quantification and detection were set at 0.25 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. The precision ranged from 0.7 to 13.7% for CAPE, and from 0.4 to 10.4% for FCAPE. Accuracy ranged from −2.8 to 12.4% for CAPE and from −0.6 to 6.8% for FCAPE. The stability was conducted at 4, 25 and 37°C. First‐order kinetics was observed for the degradation of CAPE and FCAPE. The energies of activation of CAPE and FCAPE were found to be 17.9 and 20.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Addition of 0.4% of sodium chloride and pH adjustment to 6 prevented their degradation in rat plasma for 24 h and at least one month at −20°C. This study provides useful information for the future pharmacokinetic study of CAPE and FCAPE in rat. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor emtricitabine in human plasma
Authors: Sparidans Rolf W. , Prins Jan M. , Schellens Jan H.M. , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for the determination of the antiretroviral nucleoside emtricitabine in human plasma was developed and validated using a simple sample pre‐treatment procedure. After addition of 5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorocytidine as the internal standard and protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the supernatant was directly injected in the isocratic chromatographic system using a polar embedded reversed‐phase column and formic acid in water–methanol as the eluent. The eluate was completely led into an electrospray interface with positive ionization and the analytes were quantified using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The assay was validated in the range 5–5000 ng/mL. Intra‐day precisions were ≤7% and inter‐day precisions were ≤10%. Accuracies between 92 and 99% were found. The analytes were chemically stable under all relevant conditions and the assay was applied in the analysis of plasma samples of HIV‐infected patients treated with the drug. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.