bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: a challenge to current thinking
Authors: Busse Anja , Angermeyer Matthias C. , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundStudies of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia suggest a linear progression over time. Conversion rates during lifetime may extend to 80–90%.AimsThis study examines the time-dependent evolution from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Current assumptions regarding yearly and lifetime conversion rates are challenged.MethodA community sample of 1045 dementia-free individuals aged 75 years and over was examined by neuropsychological testing based on 6 years of observation.ResultsApproximately 60–65% of people with mild cognitive impairment develop clinical dementia during their life. Progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia appears to be time dependent, occurring primarily within the initial 18 months.ConclusionsFurther long-term studies are needed to examine the time-dependent evolution from mild cognitive impairment to dementia and to establish age-specific conversion rates during lifetime.
Individual- and area-level predictors of self-harm
repetition
Authors: Johnston Amy , Cooper Jayne , Webb Roger , Kapur Navneet 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundNo ecological studies have examined the relationship between area
characteristics, individual characteristics and self-harm repetition.AimsTo investigate the association between area-level factors and incidence
and repetition of self-harm, and to identify which area-level factors are
independently associated with repetition after adjustment for individual
factors.MethodProspective cohort study using the Manchester Self-Harm database. Adults
who were resident in Manchester and presented to an emergency department
following self-harm between 1997 and 2002 were included
(n=4743). The main outcome measure was repeat
self-harm within 6 months of the index episode.ResultsFour individual factors (previous self-harm, previous psychiatric
treatment, employment status, marital status) and one area-based factor
(proportion of individuals who were of White ethnicity) were
independently associated with repetition.ConclusionsRepetition of self-harm may be more strongly related to individual
factors than to area characteristics. We need to better understand the
processes underlying ecological associations with suicidal behaviour
before embarking on area-based interventions.
Changes in genetic and environmental influences on depressive
symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y. F. , Eley Thalia C. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundDepression rises markedly in adolescence, a time when increased and new
genetic influences have been reported.AimsTo examine ‘new’ and ‘stable’ genetic and environmental factors on
depressive symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood.MethodA questionnaire survey investigated a sample of twin and sibling pairs at
three time points over an approximately 3-year period. Over 1800 twin and
sibling pairs reported depressive symptoms at the three time points. Data
were analysed using multivariate genetic models.ResultsDepressive symptoms at all time points were moderately heritable with
substantial non-shared environmental contributions. Wave I genetic
factors accounted for continuity of symptoms at waves 2 and 3. ‘New’
genetic effects at wave 2 also influenced wave 3 symptoms. New non-shared
environmental influences emerged at each time point.ConclusionsNew genetic and environmental influences may explain age-related
increases in depression across development.
Crisis resolution/home treatment teams and psychiatric admission
rates in England
Authors: Glover Gyles , Arts Gerda , Babu Kannan Suresh 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundIntroduction of crisis resolution/home treatment teams has been
associated with a reduction in hospital admissions in trials. Between
2001 and 2004 there was a rapid expansion in the numbers of these teams
in England.AimsTo examine whether national implementation of these teams was associated
with comparable reductions in admissions.MethodObservational study using routine data covering working age adult
patients in 229 of the 303 local health areas in England from 1998/9 to
2003/4.ResultsAdmissions fell generally throughout the period, particularly for younger
working age adults. Introduction of crisis resolution teams was
associated with greater reductions for older working age women (35–64
years); teams always on call were associated with additional reductions
for older men and younger women. By the end of the study admissions had
fallen by 10% more in the 34 areas with crisis resolution teams in place
since 2001, and by 23% more in the 12 of these on call around the clock
than in the 130 areas without such teams by 2003/4. Reductions in bed use
were smaller. Introduction of assertive outreach teams was not associated
with overall reductions in admissions.ConclusionsIntroduction of crisis resolution teams has been associated with
reductions in admissions.
Clinical and social determinants of duration of untreated
psychosis in the ÆSOP first-episode psychosis study
Authors: Morgan Craig , Abdul-Al Rudwan , Lappin Julia M. , Jones Peter , Fearon Paul , Leese Morven , Croudace Tim , Morgan Kevin , Dazzan Paola , Craig Tom , Leff Julian , Murray Robin ,   ÆSOP Study Group
Published: November 2006

BackgroundDespite considerable research investigating the relationship between a
long duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and outcomes, there has been
much less considering predictors of a long DUP.AimsTo investigate the clinical and social determinants of DUP in a large
sample of patients with a first episode of psychosis.MethodAll patients with a first episode of psychosis who made contact with
psychiatric services over a 2-year period and were living in defined
catchment areas in London and Nottingham, UK were included in the ÆSOP
study Data relating to clinical and social variables and to DUP were
collected from patients, relatives and case notes.ResultsAn insidious mode of onset was associated with a substantially longer DUP
compared with an acute onset, independent of other factors. Unemployment
had a similar, if less strong, effect. Conversely family involvement in
help-seeking was independently associated with a shorter duration. There
was weak evidence that durations were longer in London than in
Nottingham.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that DUP is influenced both by aspects of the
early clinical course and by the social context.
A Brief Exposure to Moderate Passive Smoke Increases Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Authors: Metsios Giorgos S. , Flouris Andreas D. , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Carrillo Andres E. , Kouretas Demetrios , Germenis Anastasios E. , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos , Kiropoulos Theodoros , Tzatzarakis Manolis N. , Tsatsakis Aristeidis M. , Koutedakis Yiannis 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Context: Active smoking influences normal metabolic status and thyroid function.
Objective: The objective was to assess experimentally the effects of 1 h of moderate passive smoking in a controlled simulated bar/restaurant environment on the metabolism and thyroid hormone levels in healthy nonsmokers.
Participants: Eighteen (nine females, nine males) healthy individuals (mean ± sd: age, 25.3 ± 3.1 yr; height, 174.0 ± 10.1 cm; weight, 65.2 ± 13.7 kg) participated in the study.
Design: In repeated-measures randomized blocks, participants visited the laboratory on 2 consecutive days. In the experimental condition, they were exposed to 1 h of moderate passive smoking at a carbon monoxide concentration of 23 ± 1 ppm in an environmental chamber, whereas in the control condition participants remained in the same chamber for 1 h breathing normal atmospheric air.
Main Outcome Measures: In both conditions, cotinine serum and urine levels, resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as concentration of T3, free T4, and TSH were assessed before participants entered the chamber and immediately after their exit. Heart rate and blood pressure were tested in 10-min intervals during all REE assessments.
Results: The mean ± sd difference of serum and urine cotinine levels (−0.27 ± 3.94 vs. 14.01 ± 6.54 and 0.05 ± 2.07 vs. 7.23 ± 3.75, respectively), REE (6.73 ± 98.06 vs. 80.58 ± 120.91) as well as T3 and free T4 (0.05 ± 0.11 vs. 0.13 ± 0.12 and 0.02 ± 0.15 vs. 0.22 ± 0.20) were increased in the experimental compared with the control condition at baseline and follow-up (P &lt; 0.05). No statistically significant variation was observed in the mean difference of the remaining parameters (P &gt; 0.05). Serum and urine cotinine values were linearly associated with REE (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusion: One hour of passive smoking at bar/restaurant levels is accompanied by significant increases in metabolism and thyroid hormone levels.
Conformational organization of the 3′ untranslated region in the tomato bushy stunt virus genome
Authors: Na Hong , Fabian Marc R. , White K. Andrew 
Published: November 2006

The 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of positive-strand RNA viruses often form complex structures that facilitate various viral processes. We have examined the RNA conformation of the 352 nucleotide (nt) long 3′ UTR of the Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) genome with the goal of defining both local and global structures that are important for virus viability. Gel mobility analyses of a 3′-terminal 81 nt segment of the 3′ UTR revealed that it is able to form a compact RNA domain (or closed conformation) that is stabilized by a previously proposed tertiary interaction. RNA–RNA gel shift assays were used to provide the first physical evidence for the formation of this tertiary interaction and revealed that it represents the dominant or “default” structure in the TBSV genome. Further analysis showed that the tertiary interaction involves five base pairs, each of which contributes differently to overall complex stability. Just upstream from the 3′-terminal domain, a long-distance RNA–RNA interaction involving 3′ UTR sequences was found to be required for efficient viral RNA accumulation in vivo and to also contribute to the formation of the 3′-terminal domain in vitro. Collectively, these results provide a comprehensive overview of the conformational and functional organization of the 3′ UTR of the TBSV genome.
Clay Minerals Formed During Propylitic Alteration of a Granite and Their Influence on Primary Porosity: A Multi-Scale Approach
Authors: Cassiaux M. , Proust D. , Siitari-Kauppi M. , Sardini P. , Leutsch Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe porosity of a propylitized granite from Charroux (France), with no fractures or sealed fractures, increases by more than four times from the unaltered (0.3%) to the altered rock (1.4%). This evolution results from several local porosity modifications which occur at different scales in the rock: (1) at the core scale, from 10−1 to 10−5 m, where rock porosity changes as a function of rock-forming mineralogical composition; (2) at the mineral scale, from 10−3 to 10−7 m, where porosity depends both on the nature of the rock-forming mineral and its clay mineral alteration. Mineralogical and porosity data collected from the granite using a mineralogical map (after chemical staining and scanning electron microscopy images combined with autoradiographs) indicate that (1) the ferromagnesian rock-forming minerals — biotite and magnesiohornblende — act as the main porosity source in the unaltered granite, and (2) the nature of the clay minerals replacing rock-forming minerals in the altered granite appears to control the porosity value through two major alteration processes: chloritization and phengitization which affect the ferromagnesian minerals and produce non-porous chloritic and porous phengitic areas, respectively, at the studied scales. The observation that incipient porosity formation in granites is strongly linked to the pathway of ferromagnesian silicate alteration and subsequent clay mineral formation underlines the need to study parent-rock texture and mineralogy and their effects on subsequent near-surface weathering of granites.
Zeolites and Coexisting Authigenic Minerals in Miocene Tuffs of the Alaçatı (Çeşme) Area, Turkey
Authors: Kaçmaz H. , Köktürk U. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe zeolites and coexisting minerals of the silicic vitric tuffs in the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area, west of İzmir (Turkey), were studied. Mordenite is the most abundant zeolite in tuffs of the Alaçatı area and usually coexists with clinoptilolite-heulandite, smectite and calcite. Opal-CT was identified by means of its crystal morphology and EDX spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the relative age relationships between the zeolites and coexisting minerals, namely mordenite, clinoptilolite-heulandite, smectite, calcite, and, in addition, opal-CT. Smectite consistently crystallized earlier than any of the zeolites, and it occasionally coats the outer walls of some of the vitric material. The zeolites are commonly located on the smectite, although some mordenites were observed to be in direct contact with glass shards that lacked a smectite coating. Clinoptilolite-heulandite formed after smectite and before mordenite. Opal-CT is seen to postdate both smectite and needle-shaped mordenite. Calcite was probably the latest mineral to crystallize in the Alaçatı tuffs. The zeolites in the tuffs of the Alaçatı area formed by dissolution of silicic vitric tuffs by Na- and Ca-rich thermal waters which passed through the fracture zone. The appearance of zeolites together with smectite along this zone may be attributed to a semi-open system which subdivided into smaller closed systems. Small changes in the pH and chemical composition of the thermal waters during alteration produced the corrosion effects observed by SEM. Small amounts of clinoptilolite-heulandite were corroded prior to crystallization of coexisting mordenite. The different compositions of the thermal waters were probably inherited from water that resulted from mixing of thermal and groundwaters.
Dissolution of Brucite on the (001) Surface at Neutral pH: in situ Atomic Force Microscopy Observations
Authors: Kudoh Yuriko , Kameda Jun , Kogure Toshihiro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe dissolution of brucke, Mg(OH)2, on the (001) surface was investigated using in situ atomic force microscopy in solutions at near-neutral pH. Dissolution proceeded by the formation of crystallographically oriented triangular etch pits with monolayer step and expansion of the pits. The sides of the triangle are parallel to the [100], [110] and [010] directions of the brucite structure, and the orientation of lines from the center of the triangle to the three apices are along the [210], [1¯10]$[\bar 110]$ and [1¯2¯0]$[\bar 1\bar 20]$ directions. This orientation may produce pit edges where OH groups coordinate to two Mg2+. Although triangular etch pits with monolayer depth formed mostly at random on the (001) surface, concentric pits penetrating several layers were also observed. Etch pits with spiral steps were rarely observed. Coalescence of the pits resulted in stranded terraces that diminished in size rapidly and formed a rounded irregular form. The step-retreat velocity around the triangular pit is 0.015–0.04 nm/s at pH 5–8. The retreat velocity around the stranded terraces was about three times more rapid than that around the triangular etch pits.
Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Formation of Todorokite at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Cui Hao-Jie , Feng Xiong-Han , He Ji-Zheng , Tan Wen-Feng , Liu Fan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTodorokite is a common Mn oxide (with a tunnel structure) in the Earth surface environment, and can be obtained by hydrothermal treatment or refluxing process from precursor buserite with a layered structure. Several chemical reaction conditions for the phase transformation from Na-buserite to todorokite at atmospheric pressure were investigated, including temperature, pH, crystallinity of precursor Na-buserite, the amount of the interlayer Mg2+ of the Mg-buserite and clay minerals. The results showed that the conversion rate and crystallinity of todorokite decreased with falling temperature, and Mg-buserite could not be completely transformed to todorokite at lower temperatures (40°C). The poorly crystalline Na-buserite could be converted into todorokite more easily than highly crystalline Na-buserite. Todorokite can be prepared at pH 5–9, but the rate of conversion and crystallinity of todorokite did vary with pH in the order: neutral ≈ alkali > acidic. The conversion rate of todorokite decreased with decreasing interlayer Mg2+ content of the Mg-buserite. The presence of montmorillonite or goethite slowed the formation reaction of todorokite in the refluxing process, and the reaction time was prolonged when the amounts of those minerals were increased.
Al-Pillared Montmorillonite Obtained in Concentrated Media. Effect of the Anions (Nitrate, Sulfate and Chloride) Associated with the Al Species
Authors: Aouad Amina , Pineau Alain , Tchoubar Denise , Bergaya Faïza 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBasic Al chloride, sulfate and nitrate were prepared by hydrolysis of Al chloride followed by precipitation with a Na sulfate solution, then re-dissolution in a Ba nitrate solution. The three laboratory-synthesized oligomers and solid, commercial chlorhydrol were characterized by X-ray diffraction, 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersion spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that basic Al chloride contained unknown crystalline Keggin species. In commercial chlorhydrol, Al13 species were present in small amounts aside from the monomeric species. Basic Al nitrate or sulfate contained exclusively Al13 species. Pillaring a raw montmorillonite with different Al complexes in very concentrated media using both the clay and the oligomer in the solid state led to different pillared structures. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and thermogravimetric analysis of the materials obtained shows that pillaring with sulfate or chloride oligomers gave very heterogeneous pillared clays. Although basic Al nitrate and commercial chlorhydrol give better ordered and well organized pillared clays, the stacking obtained with chlorhydrol is greater.
Raw Material Sources for the Roman Bracarense Ceramics (NW Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Prudêncio M. Isabel , Braga M. Amália Sequeira , Oliveira Felisbela , Dias M. Isabel , Delgado Manuela , Martins Manuela 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Bracarense ceramics are characterized by a fine, pale yellow paste covered with a brownish yellow slip. The name is derived from Bracara Augusta, the Roman town located in the north of Portugal, where this type of ceramic paste was first found and identified. Various forms with the same type of paste occur, such as imitations of sigillata, terra sigillata and thin walls from the Augustus-Tiberius period, and common ware. Later, similar ceramics were also found in other archeological sites, e.g. Aquis Querquennis (Galiza, Spain), which question the location of the production center of this type of ceramic paste.Mineralogical and chemical analyses showed that the majority of the Bracarense shards studied differ from the common ware of the Braga region. Despite minor differences, the Bracarense shards collected in Aquis Querquennis have the same geochemical pattern as those found in Bracara Augusta, i.e. they appear to have been manufactured with the same clay type. The firing products found indicate a kaolin character of the source clay, and point to firing temperatures near 900°C. The Aquis Querquennis shards have greater Br contents, which can be explained by use-wear and/or post-depositional processes, as this site is located in a thermal-water region.
Specificity of interpretation and judgemental biases in social phobia versus depression
Authors: Voncken M. J. , Bögels S. M. , Peeters F. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives. A body of studies shows that social phobia is characterized by content specific interpretation and judgmental biases. That is, they show bias in social situations but not in non‐social situations. Comorbid depression, one of the major comorbid disorders in social phobia, might account for these biases in social phobia since depression also is characterized by cognitive distortions in social situations. This study hypothesized that, despite comorbid depression, patients with social phobia would suffer from contentspecific biases.Design. Participants filled out the Interpretation and Judgmental Questionnaire (IJQ) to assess interpretation bias (using open‐ended responses and forced‐interpretations) and judgmental bias in social and non‐social situations.Method. Four groups participated: social phobic patients with high (N=38) and low (N=47) depressive symptoms, depressed patients (N=22) and normal controls (N=33).Results. We found both social phobic groups to interpret social situations more negatively and judge social situations as more threatening than non‐social situations relative to depressed patients and normal controls. As expected, depressive symptoms related to increased general interpretation and judgmental biases across social and non‐social situations. In contrast to expectations, we did not find these patterns for the open‐ended measure of interpretation bias.Conclusions. The content‐specific biases for social situations distinguished social phobic patients from depressive patients. This speaks for the importance of establishing the primary diagnosis in patients with mixed depression and social anxiety complaints.
Cyclopropanation of Enantiopure Metal Alkenyl Carbenes with 2‐Methoxyfuran: A Practical Route to Carboxycyclopropylglycine Precursors
Authors: Barluenga José , de Prado Ana , Santamaría Javier , Tomás Miguel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have examined the reactivity of enantiopure alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes 1, readily available from the chiral pool, with 2‐methoxyfuran 4. In this reaction, polyfunctionalised cyclopropylcarbenes 5 are obtained under very mild conditions and with high selectivity, the major stereoisomer being isolated in an enantiopure form. The reaction involves the conjugate nucleophilic addition of 2‐methoxyfuran 4 to the carbene complexes 1 followed by ring closure of the resulting zwitterionic intermediate species. The oxidation of the carbene 5 a results in the formation of the enantiopure cyclopropane diester 6. Further elaboration of the cyclopropane 6 allows for an efficient enantioselective access to alcohols or diols 7–9 as well as to cyclopropanecarbaldehydes 10–12. The protocol described herein provides a very simple entry to interesting enantiopure precursors of carboxycyclopropylglycine derivatives from readily available starting materials. In order to test this potential as carboxycyclopropylglycine precursors, the aminocyanation of the cyclopropanecarbaldehyde 10 was undertaken and the α‐aminocyano derivative 13 was isolated as a single diastereosiomer.
Li26 Clusters in the Compound Li13Na29Ba19.
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Vajenine Grigori V. , Simon Arndt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(C5H16N2)× [Zn3(HPO3)4]×H2O: A New Three‐Dimensional Zincophosphite with 12‐Membered Ring Channels and Infinite Edge Shared 4‐Membered Ring Ladders.
Authors: Wang Lei , Ding Hong , Hou Ying , Zhu Linlin , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.