bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental infection of chimpanzees with antihemophilic (factor viii) materials: Recovery of virus‐like particles associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , Cook E. H. , Maynard James E. , McCaustland Karen A. , Ebert James W. , Dolana Gary H. , Petzel Robert A. , Kantor Robert J. , Heilbrunn Alfred , Fields Howard A. , Murphy Bert L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNon‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis was transmitted to four colony‐born chimpanzees by infusion of three lots of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) implicated in the transmission of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis to two human recipients. All four inoculated animals showed histopathological evidence of viral hepatitis, and all demonstrated significant ALT elevations between three and seven and one‐half weeks after inoculation. Acute‐phase plasma from one of the infected chimpanzees (no. 771) was shown to induce non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in two other chimpanzees approximately three weeks after their inoculation. In addition, an acute‐phase open liver wedge biopsy obtained from animal no. 771 was processed and examined by immune electron microscopy (IEM) for virus‐like particles with convalescent serum from a serologically confirmed case of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. Twenty‐five to 30 nm (mean = 27 nm) diameter viruslike particles that were either “full” or “empty” were identified in this liver preparation by IEM. Two additional chimpanzees inoculated with a cesium chloride gradient fraction of an isopycnically banded liver homogenate (animal no. no. 771) also developed elevated ALT activity two to two and one‐half weeks later. Our findings have experimentally verified that commercially produced factor VIII materials can induce non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in chimpanzees and that the disease can be subpassaged in these animals by inoculation of either acute‐phase plasma or liver. These results also provide evidence for the association of 27 nm‐diameter virus‐like particles with non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis.
Ebola and marburg viruses: I. Some ultrastructural differences between strains when grown in vero cells
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Stamford Susan , Lloyd G. , Bowen E. T. W. , Platt G. S. , Way Hilary , Simpson D. I. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA strain of Marburg virus and two strains of Ebola virus grown in Vero cells were compared by electron microscopy. The outer coat of the Marburg virion appeared to be more resistant to erosion by negative staining techniques than that of the Ebola strains. Marburg virus commonly produced “torus” forms and short filaments: the Zaire strain of Ebola produced extensive branched forms and very long filaments; the Sudan strain of Ebola produced shorter, less branched structures but very many aberrant forms. The mechanism for the production of these aberrant forms is described.
Ebola and marburg viruses: II. Their development within vero cells and the extra‐cellular formation of branched and torus forms
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Stamford Susan , Tovey D. G. , Lloyd G. , Bowen E. T. W. , Platt G. S. , Way Hilary , Simpson D. I. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development of Marburg virus and the Sudanese and Zaire strains of Ebola virus in Vero cells as visualized by electron microscopy is described. Despite differences in timing, all three strains appear to pass through identical stages of development. Initially there is a large increase in nucleolus material, and viral precursor material arranges itself in spirals and then into tubes. The cells fill with core material, which passes to the plasmalemma, which often proliferates. Each virion passes through the plasmalemma, acquiring a coat of host material. The formation of torus forms is discussed; the branched appearance that is often seen is believed to be an aberrant form. The reasons for this view are put forward.
Further studies in man of hsw1n1 influenza viruses
Authors: Beare A.S. , Kendal A.P. , Craig J.W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo subpopulations of antigenically different HswlNl influenza viruses, cloned from ‘swine’ New Jersey virus 1976, were individually inoculated into antibody‐free volunteers. One clone contained a haemagglutinin so far seen only in swine viruses prevalent in 1971 and after, the other a haemagglutinin of earlier strains dating back to at least 1957. Each of the viruses was infectious for man and intermediate in human virulence between a wild human virus and swine pathogens of 1966 and 1967, which had earlier been tested in man. Antigenically comparable clones segregated from viruses recovered in Wisconsin from a pig and a human contact, respectively, were also infectious for man; however, they were less virulent than their New Jersey counterparts. Differences between the Wisconsin clones themselves were small, but there was an indication of a relationship between human passage and human virulence. There was no evidence of inherently greater human virulence in the newer Hsw 1N1 serotype as compared with the earlier serotype. Hence, recent detection of swine influenza‐like viruses in man is unlikely to be the consequence of a host‐range mutation concurrent with an antigenic mutation.We believe that the Hsw1N1 viruses recovered from the human influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and from recent single human infections were wholly derived from enzootic swine viruses that underwent limited human adaptation through man‐to‐man passage.
Comparison of solid phase test systems for demonstrating antibodies against hepatitis a virus (anti‐hav) of the igm‐class
Authors: Roggendorf M. , Frösner G.G. , Deinhardt F. , Scheid R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree methods were compared for determining anti‐HAV of the IgM class. In the first method flat‐bottomed microtiter plates coated consecutively with anti‐HAV of the IgG class and HAAg were incubated with patient serum and, after washing, peroxidase conjugated anti‐m̈ was added. After subsequent incubation with substrate the enzymatic reaction was stopped and the optical density was measured. In the second method the solid phase was coated first with antibodies to IgM and after incubation with patient serum and subsequent incubations with HAAg and 125I anti‐HAV of the IgG class radioactivity was counted. These two methods were compared with reorienting sucrose gradient ultra centrifugation, an established method for demonstrating specific IgM antibodies. The persistence of IgM anti‐HAV in 103 sera drawn at different times after onset of jaundice was evaluated. Sera drawn up to 30 days after onset of hepatitis A were IgM anti‐HAV positive with both of the first two methods. Forty‐one to 90 days after onset of illness IgM anti‐HAV could be demonstrated with the first method in 47% of the patients, in 94% with the second method, and in 82% with gradient centrifugation. The second method was most sensitive and could be adjusted so that at a serum dilution of 1:104 anti‐HAV IgM was detected only up to six months after infection. In contrast to the first method, nonspecific reactions caused by rheumatoid factor were not detected with the second method. During a one‐year period about 15,000 sera of patients with clinical diagnoses of acute hepatitis were tested; the positive results correlated well with the clinical data, and there was no indication of nonspecific positive results.
Further evaluation of a rubella passive hemagglutination test
Authors: Kilgore James M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClinical experience with the Rubacell passive hemagglutination (PHA) test over a one‐year period has shown the test to be a rapid, reliable, and economical method for determining antibody to rubella. The data from two separately administered rubella proficiency surveys showed 100% correlation between the PHA and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) qualitative results with 24 reference specimens. Also, the PHA titers appeared to be generally higher than the HI in these specimens and in the sera of immune individuals. The efficacy of detecting HI antibody in the absence of PHA antibody as an indication of recent infection was compared to the HI paired sera method and to a rubella‐specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) test based on protein A absorption. From the results obtained with the sera of 76 rubella patients, the efficacy of the three diagnostic methods was of the following order: protein A IgM test > positive HI/negative PHA > HI paired sera method.
Systemic cell‐mediated and antibody responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections
Authors: Cranage M. P. , Gardner P. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate the possible role of immunity in lower respiratory tract disease of infants produced by respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, 18 hospitalized infants were tested for cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses in a whole blood culture assay utilizing a gamma emitting tracer, 5(125 I) Iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine [125 IUdR] to quantitate cellular proliferative responses to virus antigen. Class‐specific antiviral antibody titres were determined in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence test.One infant showed a CMI response in the acute phase of illness whereas 72% responded one month later. Of the 18 infants, 14 were tested for antibody responses and 71% showed significant rises of antiviral IgG. IgM was detectable in only one acute phase specimen. A tendency for higher CMI responses following severe infection with RS virus was noted but little difference in antibody responses was respect to severity was seen.These findings are discussed in relationship to the pathogenesis of RS virus.
Hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in peritoneal fluid of hbsag carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Salo Richard J. , Salo Ann A. , Fahlberg Wilson J. , Ellzey Joanne T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSamples of ascitic fluid and outflow dialysate were collected from HBsAg carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis and tested for HBsAg by solid‐phase radioimmunoassy. The surface antigen was detected in every sample from HBsAg carriers. This finding was not dependent upon the presence of occult blood in the sample. Surface antigen particles and possibly Dane particles were also observed in HBsAg‐positive samples by immunoelectron microscopy. These results identify the outflow dialysate of HBsAg carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis as a potential source of hepatitis B virus transmission.
A comparative study of strains of ebola virus isolated from southern sudan and northern zaire in 1976
Authors: Bowen E.T.W. , Platt G.S. , Lloyd G. , Raymond R.T. , Simpson D.I.H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring the 1976 Ebola virus outbreak in Sudan, the investigating team gained the impression that fewer haemorrhagic manifestations and few fatalities occurred during the later stages of the epidemic after the virus had undergone several generations in man. This impression was also noted in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Sudanese and Zairean strains of Ebola virus. The virulence of the Sudanese isolates was less intense than isolates emanating from Zaire. Similar findings were seen in monkeys; a Zairean isolate produced fatal infections, whereas monkeys inoculated with a Sudan strain generally recovered. Two monkeys, which had recovered from Sudanese strain infections and had developed high levels of antibody detectable by immunofluorescence, were challenged with the Zairean strain. Both developed viraemias and died. The mechanisms of this “failed protection” are discussed.
Presence of a receptor for albumin on individual hbsag polypeptides and on hbsag produced by a hepatoma cell line
Authors: Lonescu‐Matiu Irina , Sanchez Yanuario , Blaine Hollinger F. , Melnick Joseph L , Dreesman Gordon R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe receptors for polymerized (P) human (Hu) serum albumin (SA) present on intact hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been shown to be associated with the major HBsAg polypeptides, as well as HBsAg produced in vitro by a hepatoma cell line. These observations demonstrate that the albumin receptors are virus‐specific.
Distribution of hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) and anti‐hbe in carriers with different levels of hbsag
Authors: Nath N. , Fang C. T. , Fields H. A. , Doto I. L. , Maynard J. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBlood samples from 154 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg were studied for the presence of HBeAg and anti‐HBe using techniques of rheophoresis and a micro solid phase radioimmunoassay (micro‐SPRIA). The level of HBsAg in each sample was determined by titration using reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test. The significance of relationships between the titer of HBsAg, HBeAg, anti‐HBe, and anti‐HBe were statistically analyzed. Micro‐SPRIA detected almost twice as many reactives for HBeAg and anti‐HBe as were found by rheophoresis; the difference in sensitivity was significant (P < 0.001).The mean HBsAg titer of 41 samples reactive for HBeAg was 11,181, while it was 3,032 for 91 samples reactive for anti‐HBe. The remaining 23 samples with no detectable HBeAg or anti‐HBe had a mean HBsAg titer of 1,018. The differences in the distribution of HBsAg among the three categories is statistically significant (P < 0.005). HBeAg was most likely to be found in samples with higher concentrations of HBsAg.
Failure to detect infectious hepatitis b virus using high dose safety test for hepatitis b vaccine
Authors: Tabor Edward , Barker Lewellys F. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred milliliters of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine (20 /m̈g/ml) were inoculated intravenously into two colony‐born infant chimpanzees. Immediately thereafter each received hepatitis B virus from a documented infectious inoculum intravenously at a separate site. Neither chimpanzee developed elevation of aminotransferase levels, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen during six months of evaluation, the duration of the currently recommended safety test. Both chimpanzees developed antibody to HBsAg beginning 8 and 9 weeks, respectively, after inoculation. The administration of a large intravenous quantity of vaccine antigen thus appeared capable of masking or preventing infection by simultaneously administered hepatitis B virus. This study suggests that a chimpanzee safety test for hepatitis B vaccine should not employ large quantities of vaccine antigen, since such a safety test may fail to detect small amounts of residual infectious hepatitis B virus.
Adenovirus 37: Identification and characterization of a medically important new adenovirus type of subgroup D
Authors: De Jong J.C. , Muzerie C.J. , Wermenbol A.G. , Wigand R. , Keller D. , Wadell G. , Schaap G. J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new human adenovirus has been isolated from 62 eyes with (kerato)conjunctivitis and from nine genitourinary sites. The virus is closely related in haemagglutination inhibition tests to adenovirus type 19 (Ad 19) and Ad 10. Antiserum adsorption experiments demonstrated the presence of three haemag‐glutinin antigens in the virus: One unique, another common to Ad 19, and a third common to Ad 10 and 19. In neutralization tests, the virus is distantly related to Ad 13, 30, 19, and 10. Despite this relationship, it is proposed to call the virus adenovirus 37, in agreement with current species definitions. It belongs to subgroup D of human adenoviruses. Antisera to the new virus show virtually no neutralization of other human adenovirus types. Only by use of this antiserum it is in practice possible to avoid wrong or indefinite typing, which has often occurred in the past.
Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in conventional cell lines
Authors: Kojima Hideo , Shibayama Takao , Sato Akira , Suzuki Shiro , Ichida Fumihiro , Hamada Chuya 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFecal extracts of hepatitis A (HA) patients were selected for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immune electron microscopy (IEM). When FL and Vero cells were inoculated with fecal extracts containing HAV, development of hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) was evident in the cytoplasm of the two cell lines by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test. The antigen was detectable in the cells 12 hr postinoculation (pi), and reached a plateau within two days pi. FL cell cultures inoculated with a specimen containing HAV were harvested and passaged four times. During the passages, efficient production of HAAg was confirmed in the infected cultures by three different serological tests: The indirect IF test, RIA using fixed cells, and RIA by the sandwich method. At the second and fourth passages, HAV particles were recovered in abundance from infected FL cell cultures by IEM. Throughout these experiments, no cytopathic effect (CPE) was discernible in the cultures.
The immune response of healthy adults to a reduced dose of hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Szmuness Wolf , Stevens Cladd E. , Harley Edward J. , Zang Edith A. , Taylor Patricia E. , Alter Harvey J. , The Dialysis Vaccine Trial Group  
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree hundred thirty‐six medical personnel from hemodialysis centers were treated with three doses, 20 μg each, of the Merck hepatitis B vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months). Within 1 month after the first injection, 41% converted to anti‐HBs positivity; after the second injection the conversion rate rose to 80–90%; and after the booster, to 96–98%. The later rate remained unchanged during the 18‐month follow‐up period. Only 2.8% of those vaccinated did not respond to the vaccine. The patterns of immune responses to 20‐μg doses were found to be exactly the same as to 40‐μg doses. It is suggested that reduced doses of vaccine should be as efficacious as the larger ones.
A two‐part study of the aetiological role of rotavirus in lntussusception
Authors: Mulcahy D.L. , Kamath K.R. , De Silva L.M. , Hodges S. , Carter I.W. , Cloonan M.J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aetiology of intussusception is ill‐defined, with viruses being incriminated as one of many possible aetiological agents. A two‐part study was performed by us to investigate the aetiological role of rotavirus in intussusception. Retrospective epidemiological data revealed a negative correlation between the incidence of rotaviral gastroenteritis and the incidence of intussusception. A prospective investigation employing electronmicroscopy, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence studies of faeces and fluorescent antibody studies of sera demonstrated evidence of rotavirus infection in only 2 of 24 children with intussusception. No evidence was forthcoming in this study of an aetiological role of rotavirus in intussusception.
Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of adw and ayw hepatitis b vaccines
Authors: Papaevangelou George J. , Vissoulis Charalambos G. , Roumeliotou‐Karayannis Anastasia J. , Kolaitis Nickolas , Krugman Saul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe safety and immunogenicity of adw and ayw hepatitis B vaccines were compared in a double‐blind randomized trial in Greek Air Force recruits. One hundred and ten out of 240 eligible nonimmune recruits were randomly selected and allocated to thc two vaccine treatment groups. Two 20‐m̈g doses 1 month apart and a third 20‐m̈g booster dose, at 6 months, were given intramuscularly. Severe local or general side effects were not observed. The frequency of mild side effects (local discomfort or pain, fever less than 37.5°C, and malaise) was slightly higher with the adw than with the ayw vaccine. Antibodies developed earlier and in higher titers in adw vaccinees. However, after the booster dose all ayw and all but one adw vaccinees developed anti‐HBs in almost similar titers. It is concluded that both vaccines are equally safe and immunogenic after administration of two doses at a 1‐month interval followed by a booster dose at 6 months.
The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: An interim scheme for classification
Authors: Caul E.O. , Appleton Hazel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany of the small round human fecal viruses implicated in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis have been collected together and examined under the electron microscope. Negatively stained preparations without the addition of antibody were used so that the surface morphology of the virus particles remained clearly visible. It was apparent that several viruses, previously thought to be simply antigenic variants within the Norwalk group of viruses, show distinct morphological differences and quite clearly belong to other virus groups. By comparing the features of all the viruses examined in this study, both with each other and with standard cell culture strains of enterovirus, parvovirus, and calicivirus, it has been possible to propose an interim classification scheme, based primarily on the morphological appearance of the particles and supported by estimations of size and buoyant density.
A rapid enzyme lmmunofiltration technique using monoclonal antibodies to serotype herpes simplex virus
Authors: Richman Douglas D. , Oxman Michael N. , Cleveland Patrick H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rapid enzyme immunofiltration technique using monoclonal antibodies to serotype herpes simplex virus is described. It requires only a Gngle tube culture showing viral cytopathology and can accommodate multiple specimens in a single assay. The monoclonal antibodies confer absolute specificity and the use of horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated staphylococcal protein A or antiglobulin permits easy visual interpretation of the results following the 2‐3‐hour assay. Although it is possible that an occasional wild strain of HSV might escape recognition by monoclonal antibody, this potential problem has not been observed among the more than 500 clinical isolates tested to date, all of which have yielded an unequivocal result.
Co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs: Two consecutive infections or a sign of advanced chronic liver disease?
Authors: Heijtink R. A. , Van Hattum J. , Schalm S. W. , Masurel N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimultaneous presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to the surface antigen (anti‐HBs) was detected in 32 out of 89 Dutch chronic hepatitis patients of Caucasian race. HBsAg was subtyped ad in 28 and ay in four cases. Anti‐HBs could be subtyped in 25 cases using reference antigens discriminating between d, y, and w1–4 subdeterminants. In 20 patients HBsAg subtype ad (HBsAg/ad) was accompanied by antibody to subdeterminant y (anti‐y), whereas HBsAg/ay and anti‐d were simultaneously detected in the serum of one patient. The antibody pattern in sera from the remaining patients was complex. Eighteen anti‐HBs‐positive patients were matched for age, histology, and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status with 18 anti‐HBs‐negative patients. Differences in risk factors for acquiring a hepatitis B infection were not found. These results do not support the hypothesis that co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs is due to two consecutive infections with hepatitis B virus. The frequency of the co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs was found to be related to the degree of progressive liver disease, since anti‐HBs was found in three out of 23 asymptomatic carriers, in four out of 20 chronic persistent hepatitis patients, in 20 out of 41 chronic active hepatitis patients, and in all five patients with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. The high frequency of anti‐HBs in advanced liver disease may be the result of a disturbed immunologic response mechanism.