bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opsonin-dependent stimulation of bovine neutrophil oxidative metabolism by Brucella abortus
Authors: Canning Peter C. , Deyoe Billy L. , Roth James A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nonopsonized Brucella abortus and bacteria treated with fresh antiserum, heat-inactivated antiserum, or normal bovine serum were evaluated for their ability to stimulate production of superoxide anion and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination by neutrophils from cattle. Brucella abortus opsonized with fresh antiserum or heat-inactivated antiserum stimulated production of approximately 3 nmol of O2-/106 neutrophils/30 min. Similarly treated bacteria also stimulated the binding of approximately 4.3 nmol of NaI/107 neutrophils/h to protein. Significant (P < 0.05) production of O2- and iodination activity by neutrophils were not stimulated by nonopsonized bacteria or organisms treated with normal bovine serum. Seemingly, B abortus stimulated oxidative metabolism in bovine neutrophils; however, the stimulation was dependent on the presence of bacterial associated opsonins.
Dysfunction of sense of smell caused by canine parainfluenza virus infection in dogs
Authors: Myers Lawrence J. , Nusbaum Kenneth E. , Swango Larry J. , Hanrahan Lynn N. , Sartin Eva 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Olfactory function of 5 dogs that were naturally infected with canine parainfluenza virus and of 4 dogs that were inoculated with the C958 strain of canine parainfluenza virus was evaluated. Except for one dog that was inoculated, the threshold for detection of benzaldehyde and/or eugenol was found to be excessively high during the course of the disease, as determined by electroencephalographic and behavioral olfactometry. In experimentally infected dogs, an increase in threshold developed in the absence of other clinical signs of disease. Changes were not observed in electro-olfactograms recorded throughout the study. Olfactory thresholds returned to normal after the disappearance of clinical signs of disease in the naturally infected dogs. Necropsies and histologic examinations performed during the course of the disease did not reveal abnormalities of the olfactory mucosa.
Effects of phenobarbital on thiopental pharmacokinetics in Greyhounds
Authors: Sams Richard A. , Muir William W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of phenobarbital on the pharmacokinetics of thiopental (15 mg/kg iv) were investigated in 12 trained racing Greyhounds. Phenobarbital (16 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 24 h), administered for 14 days, reduced the area under the curve of plasma concentration of thiopental vs time from 10,688 μg·min/ml to 3,224 μg·min/ml. Furthermore, the time to recovery from anesthesia (ie, return to standing position) decreased from 103 minutes to 35.7 minutes after phenobarbital. These effects were attributed to an increase in the metabolic clearance of thiopental, as a result of induction of liver enzyme activity by phenobarbital. These results suggested that hepatic metabolism, in addition to distribution, is a factor that must be considered when assessing the difference in drug disappearance rates between Greyhounds and other breeds of dogs.
Probenecid infusion in mares: Effect on para-aminohippuric acid clearance
Authors: Gronwall Ronald , Brown Murray P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Para-aminohippuric acid (paha, 0.1 mg/min/kg of body weight) was infused iv into 2 mares, followed by concurrent iv infusion of paha and probenecid (0.075, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.35 mg of probenecid/min/kg). Probenecid infusion reduced the clearance of paha at serum probenecid concentrations > 55 μg/ml. At 12-hour intervals, probenecid (in 5 repeated doses - 50, 75, 100, or 200 mg/kg) was administered by gavage to 2 mares. Mean serum probenecid concentration was > 55 μg/ml for all dosages. At dosages < 200 mg/kg, accumulation of probenecid in the serum was minimal from the 1st to the 5th dose. At a dosage of 200 mg/kg, probenecid accumulated in the serum from the 1st to the 5th dose. Intragastric administration of 5 doses of probenecid (75 mg/kg) at 12-hour intervals to 6 mares reduced the clearance of paha by 50%. Bioavailability of probenecid was 117 and 102% for 2 mares after a single intragastric dose, compared with a single iv dose.
Spinal decompressive procedures and dorsal compartment injuries: Comparative biomechanical study in canine cadavers
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Walter Mary C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of decompressive procedures or dorsal injuries on flexion-extension, 4-point bending properties of the L-3 and L-4 motion segment in dogs were quantitated and compared. Hemilaminectomy did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect mechanical properties of the spine. Bilateral facetectomy caused a small increase in the range of motion and a 56% decrease in ultimate bending strength. Excision of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments decreased the flexural stiffness of the spine, increased the range of motion of the interspace, and decreased ultimate flexion bending strength 62%. Dorsal laminectomy caused a marked decrease in spine stiffness in all phases of flexion and extension, increased the range of motion, and decreased ultimate flexion bending strength 75%. Seemingly, a hemilaminectomy was preferable to the dorsal laminectomy if adequate decompression and exploration were achieved with the hemilaminectomy.
Neutralization of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus by complement-dependent monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Woods R. D. , Wesley R. D. , Kapke P. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies (mab) to each of the 3 major structural proteins of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of swine were compared, using their virus-neutralizing (vn) activity in the presence or absence of guinea pig, rabbit, or swine complement. The mab against the peplomer protein had similar vn titers for tgev in the presence or absence of complement from any source. The mab against the matrix protein had vn activity for tgev only in the presence of complement, whereas mab specific for the nucleocapsid protein did not possess vn activity in the presence or absence of complement. Serum from sows containing antibodies against tgev peplomer and matrix proteins had slightly higher vn titers in the presence of complement than in the absence of complement. High concentrations of complement from swine serum (128 U) had little effect on the infectivity of tgev for swine testes cells, whereas 32 U of complement from rabbit serum and 64 U of complement from guinea pig serum were able to neutralize virulent and attenuated tgev in the absence of known antibodies for tgev. Complement (≤ 8 U) from any source did not decrease the infectivity of tgev by > 0.5 log10 units.
Effects of mizoribine on canine renal allograft recipients
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Gourley I. M. , Haskins S. C. , Cain G. R. , Ishizaki G. , Cowgill L. D. , Willits N. H. , Patz J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Heterotopic renal allograft transplantation and bilateral nephrectomies were performed on 12 mixed-breed dogs. Histoincompatibility was confirmed by serologically defined and lymphocyte-defined antigen testing. Mizoribine (5 mg/kg, q 24 h) was administered orally starting the day of surgery. Body weights, blood cell counts, serum biochemical and electrolyte values, immunoglobulin concentration, and serum mizoribine concentrations were determined. Complete urinalyses, including bacteriologic culturing and lymphocyte stimulation assays were performed.
The mean survival time for the allograft recipients was 20 ± 14 days; significantly longer than nontreated historic controls surviving 8.1 ± 0.6 days (P = 0.0098). Death was attributed to the combined effects of renal allograft rejection and development of a mizoribine-dependent gastroenteritis. Serum mizoribine concentrations were greater in dogs undergoing rapid allograft rejection because of compromised renal excretion of the drug. This resulted in a rapid onset of gastroenteritis. There were no complications resulting from infection, myelosuppression, or hepatotoxicosis.
Effect of naturally occurring intramammary infections by minor pathogens on new infections by major pathogens in cattle
Authors: Rainard Pascal , Poutrel Bernard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
New mammary infections were recorded in 3 dairy herds during a lactation period by bacteriologic examination of milk samples at 3-week intervals. Influences of the infection status of quarters at the time of new infection and of microorganisms responsible for bacterial invasion were analyzed. The new infection rate in uninfected quarters was about 3 times the rate in quarters already harboring bacteria considered minor pathogens (coagulase-negative staphylococci and Corynebacterium bovis) or major pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci). The frequency of new infections with major pathogens was almost halved by preexisting infections with minor pathogens (P = 0.05), mainly because of coagulase-negative staphylococci (P = 0.05) and, to a lesser extent, C bovis (P = 0.19). New infections by minor pathogens also were less frequent in quarters harboring a major pathogen (P < 0.05), indicating that the competition or antagonism between mammary infections was a general phenomenon.
Reduction of the ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine by ketamine administration in halothane-anesthetized cats
Authors: Bednarski Richard M. , Sams Richard A. , Majors Lynda J. , Ashcraft Susan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of ketamine administration on the ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (vade) was studied in 4 halothane-anesthetized cats. Each cat was anesthetized 4 times, 1 week apart, with halothane (end-tidal concentration, 1.5%) and with halothane (end-tidal concentration, 1.5%) combined with ketamine infusion (50, 100, and 200 μg/kg of body weight/min). Epinephrine was infused in progressively increasing doses. The vade (μg/kg) was calculated as the product of infusion rate of epinephrine and time of infusion necessary to induce 4 or more ventricular premature depolarizations within 15 s. The mean (± sd) vade during halothane anesthesia was 1.1 (± 0.30) μg/kg. Ketamine infusion significantly (P < 0.01) lowered the vade independently of dose. The dose of epinephrine (μg/kg) that induced an ecg change in P-wave configuration was calculated similarly. Less epinephrine was necessary to induce a change in P-wave configuration than was necessary to induce 4 or more ventricular premature depolarizations within 15 s.
Blood samples were collected after 4 hours of ketamine infusion and again immediately after determination of the vade for analysis of plasma ketamine and norketamine concentrations by use of gas chromatography. Plasma ketamine and norketamine concentrations after a 4-hour infusion and immediately after determination of the vade were similar for any given ketamine infusion rate, indicating that steady-state plasma concentrations had been reached for each infusion rate.
Blood pressure and heart rate were measured immediately before (base line) and immediately after infusion of the vade. Ketamine infusion significantly (P < 0.05) lowered base-line blood pressure, but not heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate associated with the vade increased from base-line values, regardless of the ketamine infusion rate. These results suggested that ketamine administration lowers the vade in halothane-anesthetized cats.
Immunogenic effects of culture-derived exoantigens of Cooperia punctata on calves before and after challenge exposure with infective larvae
Authors: Leland Stanley E. , Sofield William L. , Minocha Harish C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The parasitic stages of Cooperia punctata were cultivated in vitro, and the incubation fluid from these stages containing exoantigen (ExoAg; metabolites, secretions, excretions) was diafiltered (retaining material of approximate molecular weight > 10,000), concentrated, and lyophilized. Using serum of calves immune to C punctata, ExoAg activity was verified by agar gel immunodiffusion. The ExoAg was combined with adjuvants and was inoculated into calves. Results of preliminary experiments indicated that the ExoAg had potent biological activity capable of inducing severe respiratory distress and death. Subsequently, however, improved inoculation procedures and combination of ExoAg with aluminum hydroxide gel or Freund complete adjuvant consistently prevented this reaction in 25 calves. In helminth-free calves, the ExoAg induced marked eosinophilia, which generally was greater during the ExoAg-exposure period than after challenge exposure with infective larvae.
Of 27 calves exposed to the various ExoAg inoculation schedules, 12 had nematode reductions > 80%, 10 had < 16% reduction, and 5 had reductions between 39 and 72%. This polarization of the nematode recovery data generally thwarted statistical difference in overall consideration of all ExoAg inoculation schedules.
Additional manifestations of resistance, ie, prolonged prepatent period, reduced patent period, reduced number or lack of nematode eggs passed in feces, and reduced nematode length, were observed in calves of certain ExoAg inoculation schedules.
In vitro blastogenic response of blood lymphocytes was observed in calves exposed to ExoAg. Quantitatively, this cell-mediated immune response to ExoAg was as great as or greater than that after subsequent challenge exposure with infective larvae.
Intradermal inoculation of ExoAg into a calf resistant to C punctata induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. However, this reaction to ExoAg was not observed in nonimmunized, helminth-free calves used as controls.
Humoral antibodies against ExoAg were detected by an agar gel immunodiffusion test. Calves exposed to ExoAg always seroconverted and usually remained seropositive until necropsy. There were no false-positive results; however, ExoAg did not consistently coprecipitate (by agar gel immunodiffusion) with serum from infected calves that were not exposed to ExoAg.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ceftriaxone administered intravenously and intramuscularly to calves
Authors: Soback S. , Ziv G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ceftriaxone was administered to Israeli-Friesian male calves by iv and IM routes. The antibiotic was administered iv (10 mg/kg) to 10 calves and im to 23 calves; 8 were given the antibiotic at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight, 5 were given 20 mg/kg, and 10 were given 10 mg/ kg, together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Serum concentration vs time profiles measured after iv and im administration were analyzed by use of statistical moment theory.
The following mean values ± sd were found: elimination half-life (t½) was 83.8 ± 8.6 minutes after iv administration and significantly longer 116.8 ± 20.5 minutes (P < 0.001) after im administration at 10 mg/kg. The t½ was increased to 141.3 ± 24.4 minutes by the coadministration of probenecid and to 145.0 ± 48.2 minutes by doubling the im dosage to 20 mg/kg. The total body clearance was 3.39 ± 0.42 ml/min/kg and the renal clearance 2.37 ± 0.74 ml/min/kg. The specific volume of distribution was 0.2990 ± 0.0510 L/kg. The average mean residence time (mrt) was 94.0 ± 12.3 minutes after iv administration and 137.6 ± 19.9 minutes after im administration of ceftriaxone at 10 mg/kg. The mrt was increased to 198 ± 48.8 minutes by the coadministration of probenecid and to 191.0 ± 59.4 minutes by doubling the im dose. The former value was significantly different from the mrt after im administration of the antibiotic at 10 mg/kg. Bioavailability of ceftriaxone after im administration at 10 mg/kg and at 20 mg/kg was 78% and 83%, respectively.
The serum protein binding of ceftriaxone was concentration-dependent, being 76.9, 36, and 20% bound at serum drug concentrations of 2, 10, and 50 μg/ml, respectively.
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic90) of ceftriaxone for 90% of the isolants were 0.03 μg/ml for 140 Escherichia coli and 0.06 μg/ml for 188 Salmonella isolants tested, including group B Salmonella. The mic90 value for 22 Pasteurella isolants was 0.20 μg/ml. Serum drug concentrations remained much greater than the mic90 values during a 10-hour sampling period.
Radioimmunoassay for etorphine in horses with a 125I analog of etorphine
Authors: Tai Chen L. , Wang Chang-jin , Weckman T. J. , Popot Marie Agnes , Woods W. E. , Yang Jyan-Ming , Blake Jerry , Tai H. H. , Tobin Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To improve the sensitivity and specificity of screening for etorphine in horses, an 125I-labeled etorphine analog was synthesized and an antibody to etorphine was raised in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (ria) for etorphine was developed, using these reagents.
Bound and free 125I-labeled etorphine was separated by a double-antibody method that reduced interference from materials associated with equine urine. The 125I-labeled etorphine binding was rarely > 250 pg of background etorphine equivalents/ml in raw urine and was 100 pg/ml in hydrolyzed urine. The 125I-ria was capable of detecting etorphine equivalents in urine above these background values.
Etorphine equivalents were detected in equine urine samples for about 7 days after 4 mares were dosed with 0.22 μg of etorphine/kg of body weight, iv. The stability of etorphine in urine from these mares was evaluated. Urine from these dosed mares was held in constant − 20 C storage, and aliquots were repeatedly frozen and thawed. When analyzed for etorphine equivalents using an 125I-ria, etorphine and its metabolites in urine samples were stable for ≤ 38 days if continuously frozen and also resistant to repeated freezing and thawing.
A technique for catheterization of the equine antebrachiocarpal joint
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Stover Susan M. , Pascoe John R. , Pool Roy R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2.5-cm long, 0.8 mm in diameter catheter was placed percutaneously into the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint in 6 clinically normal horses. The catheter was affixed in place for 72 hours. Cytologic analysis was performed on synovial fluid specimens obtained through the catheter at postcatheterization hours (pch) 0, 24, and 72. The horses were euthanatized at pch 72, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed on the dorsal portion of the joint capsule and the palmarolateral pouch of the catheterized and contralateral (noncatheterized) joint.
Clinical, synovial fluid cytologic, and synovial membrane histologic examinations were performed to assess the effect of the catheter on clinically normal equine synovial membrane. Serially obtained synovial fluid specimens were yellow and clear or hazy and had good mucinous precipitate quality at all times in all horses, except 2, in which the catheter required readjustment. Mean refractive index was slightly decreased, and the rbc count was high at pch 24 and 72, compared with pch 0; the highest rbc count was 12,550 cells/μl (pch 24). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) increases were observed in wbc, neutrophil, and large and small mononuclear cell counts between pch 0 and 72. These increases were modest, except the mean wbc count (51,000 cells/μl, pch 72) observed in 1 horse in which the catheter was dislodged, requiring reinsertion into the joint. At necropsy, subcutaneous hemorrhages were observed at the catheter insertion site in all horses. The synovial membrane of the catheterized joint was discolored (ranging from yellow-orange to salmon), compared with the contralateral synovium (noncatheterized joint). The synovial inflammation was mild in 5 of 6 catheterized joints; in each instance, the palmarolateral pouch was more inflamed than was the dorsal portion of the joint capsule. Edema, small mononuclear cells, and a few scattered neutrophils were observed in the subintima of the synovial membrane. In 1 horse, a marked inflammatory reaction characterized by a predominance of neutrophils, was observed in the synovium.
Duration of immunity and efficacy of an oil emulsion Escherichia coli bacterin in cattle
Authors: Collins Neil F. , Halbur Thomas , Schwenck William H. , Hoogeveen Polly , Pierce Ralph L. , Behan R. Wayne , Pankratz Duane 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An oil emulsion Escherichia coli bacterin administered in 1- and 2-dose vaccination regimens was evaluated in beef cattle. Serologic responses to the K99 pilus antigen were monitored, and suckling offspring from vaccinated and nonvaccinated cows were inoculated with virulent, K99-positive, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The degree of protection and duration of immunity conferred were determined in 2 respective studies.
In the first study (study A), titers of pregnant cattle were determined from time of vaccination through calving (a 6- to 20-week period). Titers of 24 cows vaccinated with a single 2-ml dose of bacterin were compared with those of 24 cows given a 2-dose regimen and with those of 23 nonvaccinated cattle (contemporary controls).
Inoculum consisting of 1.2 × 1012 viable enterotoxigenic E coli/dose administered to nursing calves from these dams yielded 0% mortality (0 deaths/20 calves) in calves from 1-dose vaccinates, 6% mortality (1 death/18 calves) in calves from 2-dose vaccinates, and 37% mortality (7 deaths/19 calves) in calves from nonvaccinated dams.
Study B was an extended evaluation conducted in cattle that were kept in the study up to 87 weeks from initial vaccination until calving. Serologic titers to the K99 pilus antigen were compared in 1-dose, 2-dose, and nonvaccinated cattle in groups of 8, 6, and 6, respectively. Calves from these dams were inoculated with 8.1 × 1011 viable enterotoxigenic E coli/dose, which resulted in 0% mortality (0 deaths/5 calves) in calves from 1-dose vaccinates, 0% mortality (0 deaths/5 calves) in calves from 2-dose vaccinates, and 80% mortality (5 deaths/6 calves) in calves from nonvaccinated dams.
Effects of xylazine on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in healthy horses
Authors: Clark E. Susan , Thompson Sidney A. , Becht James L. , Moore James N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mechanical activity of the cecal body, lateral cecal arterial blood flow, carotid arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured in 6 conscious healthy horses 30 minutes before and for 120 minutes after iv administration of xylazine at dosages of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight, 0.55 mg/kg, and 0.275 mg/kg. Xylazine at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg reduced the mean motility index (the product of the mean amplitude of contractions and the total duration of contractile activity divided by the recording time) of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers for the first, second, third, and fourth 30-minute periods after administration of xylazine. Xylazine at a dosage of 0.55 mg/kg reduced the motility index of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers for the first and second 30-minute periods after administration of xylazine. Xylazine at a dosage of 0.275 mg/kg reduced the motility index of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers for the first 30-minute period after administration of xylazine. Mean lateral cecal arterial blood flow was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the base-line value at 2 and 4 minutes after administration of all 3 xylazine dosages and at 8 minutes after administration of xylazine dosages of 1.1 mg/kg and 0.55 mg/kg. All dosages of xylazine caused transient hypertension and bradycardia, followed by hypotension.
Strains of Escherichia coli associated with urogenital disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Wilson Richard A. , Keefe Thomas J. , Davis Michael A. , Browning Marcia T. , Ondrusek Kenneth 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Selected strains of Escherichia coli associated with urogenital disease in dogs and cats were evaluated for 3 virulence factors associated with human uropathogenic strains. Urogenital strains of E coli from dogs and cats had high prevalence of α hemolysin and were clustered in 5 to 10 somatic serogroups, attributes also shared by human uropathogenic strains. However, the canine and feline urogenital strains failed to have increased prevalence of mannose-resistant hemagglutination, as has been reported for human uropathogenic strains.