bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of mathematical models to characterize functional properties of selected emulsifiers in continuous mix bread
Authors: Gawrilow Llija 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryResearch conducted to determine the functional properties of food emulsifiers encompassed by the Bread Standards facilitated the development of mathematical models. Areas of functional utility are characterized by this mechanism. Emulsifiers were investigated individually and in combination with a complementary softener or conditioning agent. The evaluation resulted in classified functionality and ranked responses for specified areas of: (a) bread softness retention, (b) shock tolerance, and (c) specific bread volume. Mathematical techniques employed to describe the models consist of equations having the form: {ie397–01} Binary mixture experiments utilizing interaction modeling to describe functional properties were employed. Regression equations were developed to define staling‐softness effects for the investigated emulsifiers. Synergistic responses are also identified. Potential commercial applications via computerization are discussed to assist in selecting emulsifier systems for specific functional applications.
Quantitative analysis of cyclopentadiene compounds
Authors: Totani N. , Totani Y. , Matsuo N. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryA quantitative color reaction of cyclopentadiene was examined when cyclopentadiene was contained in a mixture of benzene, 1,3‐cyclohexadiene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane, cyclopentene, or cyclopentane. It was found that cyclopentadiene could be determined in the following manner. A sample was weighed to 1.38 x 10‐5 mole in a test tube, while a mixture of 10 ml ethyl alcohol plus 4 ml sulfuric acid was cooled in an ice bath. The mixture was poured into the test tube and the tube was heated in a water bath at 95 C for 30 sec followed by immediate cooling. Then the absorbance at 580 nm was measured and the content of cyclopentadiene was calculated with a calibration curve. The color reaction was tested with ethyl linoleate cyclic monomer (11 cm), ethyl linolenate cyclic monomer (mem), and photoisomerized tung oil fatty acid ethyl ester cyclic monomer (βcm), which were prepared from each purified fatty acid or from photo‐isomerized tung oil by cyclization with sodium hydroxide. It was found that cyclopentadiene compounds were formed from ethyl linolenate, but not from ethyl linoleate or from β‐eleostearate, which was a main component of photo‐isomerized tung oil.
“Zerotrans” margarines: Preparation, structure, and properties of interesterified soybean oil‐Soy trisaturate blends
Authors: List G. R. , Emken E. A. , Kwolek W. F. , Simpson T. D. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummarThe sodium methoxide‐catalyzed random interesterification of liquid soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends was explored as a possible route to zerotrans margarine oils. Lipase hydrolysis of the rearranged fats showed that with 0.2% catalyst, interesterification is complete within 30 min at 75–80 C. The glyceride structures of natural and randomized soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends are presented, and relationships between their structure and physical properties are discussed. Organoleptic evaluations showed that randomization of the glyceride structure had no adverse effects on flavor and oxidative stability. Flavor evaluations made against a commercially hardened tub margarine oil showed that interesterified oil had comparable initial and aged flavor scores. X‐ray diffraction studies demonstrated that randomized soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends possess the beta‐prime crystal structure desirable for use in margarine production. Dilatometric data indicate that random interesterification of 20% by weight of soy trisaturate into the glyceride structure of soybean oil provides a product having a solid fat index suitable for use in a soft tub margarine.
Mackerel skin lipids as an unsaturated fat model system for the determination of antioxidative potency of TBHQ and other antioxidant compounds
Authors: Ke P. J. , Nash D. M. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryA comparative study on the activity of antioxidation of butylhydroxy anisole, (BHA), butylhydroxy toluene (BHT),tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), α‐tocopherol, and tempeh oil has been investigated by using the readily oxidizable mackerel skin lipids as the tested model system. The oxidation rate of the tested lipids was mainly followed by measuring the weight gain, but some peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and free fatty acid (FFA), and the changes of composition of fatty acids and carbonyls were also determined and used for some practical evaluation of the various influences of these antioxidatns. Overall, the order of effectiveness for inhibiting the oxidation in mackerel skin lipids has found to be TBHQ > α‐tocopherol > tempeh oil > BHA > BHT at the concentrations of 0.02% for all synthetic compounds, and 0.1% and 5% for α‐tocopherol and tempeh oil, respectively. In addition, TBHQ has demonstrated not only to be the most powerful antioxidant for the unsaturated marine lipids but also to retard the formation of FFA and carbonyls from lipid hydrolysis and secondary oxidation reactions. The superior effectiveness of TBHQ in the highly unsaturated mackerel skin lipids is especially noteworthy in order to improve oxidative stability of marine oils and some fatty fishes.
A simplified gas liquid chromatographic determination for vitamin E in vegetable oils
Authors: Hartman Kenneth T. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryA simple and rapid procedure has been developed for the isolation, concentration, esterification, and gas liquid Chromatographic (GLC) quantitation for the Vitamin E content of vegetable oils. Vitamin E is determined by saponification of the oil, ether extraction of the saponified mixture, drying and evaporation of the extract, followed by closed tube esterification and quantitation of the butyrate ester using a gas Chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. This technique eliminates the conventional thin layer Chromatographie isolation of Vitamin E normally used prior to direct or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative GLC quantitations. Oils fortified with Vitamin E in the 5 to 40 milligrams per 100 grams range showed recoveries of 93.4 to 98.6%.
Lactose‐ derived surfactants(III): Fatty esters of oxyalkylated lactito
Authors: Scholnick F. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryLactitol was oxyalkylated with propylene or ethylene oxide. The resulting ether‐alcohols were transesterified with a series of fatty acid esters in order to produce long chain ether‐esters of lactitol. These compounds were found to be more water soluble than related lactitol derivatives prepared by transesterification prior to oxyalkylation. Improved lime soap dispersant requirements (LSDR) and emulsification times were obtained from the new derivatives.
Evaluation of cottonseed aflatoxin testing programs
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Whitten M. E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryA computer model was developed to simulate cottonseed aflatoxin testing programs. By use of the model, probabilities of obtaining certain aflatoxin test results for various lot concentrations and sample sizes were determined. Also, the effects of sample size and the definition of good and bad sample quality on the probability of lot acceptance were demonstrated.
Analysis of vegetable oils for flavor quality by direct gas chromatography
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. , Legendre M. G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryRecently, a direct gas Chromatographic method for examining volatiles in vegetable oils was reported [Dupuy et al., JAOCS 50:340 (1973); and Dupuy et al., Ibid. 53:628 (1976)]. The procedure stimulated the development of instrumental techniques for determining odor and flavor characteristics of vegetable oils. This symposium paper describes modifications of the original direct gas Chromatographie procedure that substantially enhance its sensitivity and applicability. Profiles of volatiles for several experimental oils obtained by the modified system are presented, together with mass spectral data characterizing significant flavor‐related peaks. Regression analysis of the instrumental data, with oil flavor scores, indicates that reliable flavor characteristics of high‐ and low‐quality vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.
Measuring flavor deterioration of fats, oils, dried emulsions and foods
Authors: Fioriti Joseph A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryIn fats, oils, and simple systems such as model dried emulsions, conventional measurements such as peroxide values and oxygen absorption measurements usually give a valid measure of sample flavor. In real food systems, this is often not the case. Measures of volatile (CO2, pentane) and nonvolatile (anisidine reactive compounds) peroxide decomposition products often give a better picture of the organoleptic status of a sample. Unusually large amounts of CO2 are liberated when fats and oils oxidize in the presence of proteins. The implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Correlation of the flavor scores of vegetable oils with volatile profile data
Authors: Williams J.L , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryOne of the most important quality parameters to users of commercial vegetable oils is the flavor. For years, taste panels have been used to rate the overall quality of oils in terms of flavor scores. However, flavor scores are subjective, vary considerably among individuals and laboratories, and are not really diagnostic. The need for more adequate quality evaluation of oils has focused attention on chemical changes and sensitive instrumental methods which can be used to differentiate the stage of freshness or deterioration. Dupuy's direct gas Chromatographic method for the examination of the volatile profile of vegetable oils has been applied to 23 fresh soybean oils, and the same 23 oils aged 5 wk in the light at 22 C. High correlation between the volatile profile data and the flavor scores was found. The most significant peaks which were positively correlated with flavor score and those which were negatively correlated were obtained, and a prediction equation of flavor score was calculated from the volatile profile data.
Chemical stimulus determinants of cat neural taste responses to meats
Authors: Boudreau J. C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryThe cat taste system was studied by recording single unit pulse signals from neurons innervating chemoreceptors on the fungiform papillae on the tongue. On the basis of neurophysiological measures, these units have been divided into three separate functional groups. Group I units respond to acids in general, but at neutral pH the most effective stimuli are certain nitrogen compounds. Compounds with an imidazole ring such as L‐histidine, 1‐methyl imidazole, anserine and carnosine prove to be effective group I stimuli. Group II units are responsive to amino acids, especially L‐proline and L‐cysteine, to the di‐ and triphosphate nucleosides, and to some inorganic salts. Group III unit stimuli are less well defined but these units are among those maximally discharged by nucleotides. The most effective compounds for stimulating both Group I and Group II units are certain nitrogen heterocycles.
Phase equilibrium data pertaining to the extraction of cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBasic phase relation data have been obtained relative to the extraction of cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol, especially as affected by water in the solvent. Mutual solubility diagrams have been constructed for cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol of various aqueous concentrations. Tie‐line data at 30° C. have been obtained for the ternary ethanol‐cotton‐seed oil‐water and 2‐propanol‐cottonseed oil‐water systems. These combined data will be of assistance in the selection of the most desirable temperatures and moisture concentrations in the solvent extraction of cottonseed with these alcohols. Comparison with results previously published for soybean oil suggests that the mutual solubility data for cottonseed oil and aqueous ethanols are applicable to other vegetable oils over a wide range of iodine values.In general, the results indicate that 2‐propanol is the more desirable solvent since complete miscibility with the oil can be attained at temperatures below its normal boiling point even at moisture contents as high as 10% by weight whereas ethanol can tolerate only about 1.5% of water. High moisture contents result in more effective separation of the oil from the solvent when the miscella is cooled after extraction. Constant boiling aqueous ethanol and 2‐propanol present the disadvantage of requiring greater than atmospheric pressure during extraction in order to attain complete miscibility with the oil.
The compositions of some unhydrolyzed naturally occurring waxes, calculated using functional group analysis and fractionation by molecular distillation, with a note on the saponification of carnauba wax and the composition of the resulting fractions
Authors: Wagner Findley Thomas , Brown J. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMethods for the determination of acid, ester, hydroxyl, and ketone (or aldehyde) groups and of mean molecular weights of small samples of natural waxes are reported. Complete analyses can be made on 0.5 g. of sample. A simplified procedure for quantitative separation of acid and unsaponifiable fractions of a wax is also reported.Molecular distillations of beeswax, caranda wax, crude and refined candelilla wax, and ouricury wax, have fractionated these complex mixtures into simpler ones. Hydrocarbons and free unsubstituted alcohols and acids, if present, distil readily at 150°C. A pot still suitable for convenient molecular distillation of up to 100‐g. charges of waxes or other high melting materials is described.A method for the calculation of composition of unhydrolyzed waxes based upon function group analysis of molecular distillation fractions is described. Results of application of this method to the waxes distilled are reported and show the ubiquitousness of hydroxy acids. All of the above waxes and carnauba wax contain major proportions of esters of the hydroxy acids, and none contains as much as one‐half simple esters of unsubstituted acids and alcohols.
Development and evaluation of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis during growth
Authors: Giglio Carlos Alberto , Volpon Jose Batista 
Published: July 2007

Purpose The aim of this study was to establish ranges of angular variation in lordotic and kyphotic curves in normal male and female children and adolescents. Methods We developed a pantograph to measure dorsal curves. It consisted of a tripod-supported vertical strut to which an articulated bar was fixed and which had an arm that was able to follow the dorsal surface while moving up and down. This arm was positioned over the C7 spinous process and followed spinous processes to L5 at constant speed. A laser beam was used to ensure the proper positioning of the pantograph and the subject. The motion was recorded using software so that the dorsal outline was represented on a computer screen, and lordotic and kyphotic curves were automatically measured. Before performing the population study, the pantograph was validated in 20 normal subjects by comparing the pantograph measurements with lateral spine radiographs. There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements. There were 718 subjects with no race selection, of whom 350 were males and 368 females ranging in age from 5 to 20 years and presenting normal weight and height. Individuals with generalized ligament laxity, trunk asymmetry, muscle retraction, or any orthopedic anomaly were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed according to age and gender. Student's t tests and regression analysis were performed. Results Kyphotic curves increased linearly from 25° at 7 years of age to 38° at 19 years of age (kyphotic angle = 25° + 0.58 × age). Lordotic curves increased linearly from 22° at 5 years of age to 32° at 20 years of age (lordotic angle = 24° + 0.51 × age). There were no differences between males and females. Conclusions The pantograph that was developed for this study was successfully used to establish the normal ranges and progression of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in the studied population. Both curves increased linearly with age, with no differences between males and females.
Quinsy trainer
Authors: Murphy J , Murphy J T , Sama A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe implementation of the European Working Time Directive, from the Council of the European Union (93/104/EC), in August 2004 has provoked a change in the working hours of junior doctors in the United Kingdom. With the evolution of the subsequent cross-cover arrangements combined with the modernising of medical careers, training is becoming increasingly important. Here we present a simple method of teaching junior doctors the skills and competencies required to aspirate a peritonsillar abscess or ‘quinsy’. The model is easy to construct, low cost and reusable.
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensisinfection and dissemination in mice inoculated with stationary-phase or with purified metacyclic promastigotes
Authors: FELIZARDO T. C. , TOMA L. S. , BORGES N. B. , LIMA G. M. C. A. , ABRAHAMSOHN I. A. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYLeishmania (Leishmania) amazonensisis a protozoan of the American Continent that causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and, rarely, the diffuse cutaneous form of disease in humans. It has become clear in recent years that the course ofLeishmania majorinfection in the mouse model differs when low numbers of purified metacyclic forms are used as inocula in comparison with the traditionally hitherto studied infection models that used large numbers of stationary-phase (SP) promastigotes. The low-number metacyclic inocula are thought to reproduce more closely the natural infection transmitted by the vector. In the present study the course ofL. amazonensisinfection, its local and distant dissemination patterns, and parasite load were compared in susceptible BALB/c and relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice infected in the footpad with inocula of 107SP-promastigotes or with 104purified metacyclic forms. Longer lag-phases were observed for infection with purified metacyclics but the characteristic patterns of disease susceptibility and cytokine production for either mouse strain were similar to those observed for SP-promastigote inocula. An inoculation dose of the order of 104metacyclics was required to obtain consistent infections; 10- or 100-fold lower doses resulted in variable infection rates. Characteristically,L. amazonensisinfection spread to distant organs and persisted there also in the relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice examined after 6 months of infection.
‘The bigger the better’ – mothers' social networks and child nutrition in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Moestue Helen , Huttly Sharon , Sarella Lydia , Galab Sheik 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveIt is hypothesised that mothers' social networks can positively affect child nutrition through the sharing of health knowledge and other resources. The present study describes the composition of mothers' networks, examines their association with child nutrition, and assesses whether health knowledge is shared within networks.Design and settingCross-sectional data for mothers of young children from Andhra Pradesh (south India) were combined with existing data from the Young Lives study, in which the mothers were participating (n = 282).ResultsThe composition of social networks varied between urban and rural areas, with urban networks being larger, more female, more literate and with a greater proportion of members living outside the household and being non-family. There was a positive association between child's height-for-ageZ-score and mother's network size and network literacy rate. The association with network literacy was stronger among the poorest households. Women commonly reported seeking or receiving health advice from network members.ConclusionBig and literate social networks are associated with better child nutrition, especially among the poor. The dissemination of health knowledge between network members is a plausible way in which social networks benefit child nutrition in India. Further research into the underlying mechanisms is necessary to inform the development of interventions that channel health information through word of mouth to the most excluded and vulnerable families.
Acrosomal exocytosis, a special type of regulated secretion
Authors: Mayorga Luis S. , Tomes Claudia N. , Belmonte Silvia A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acrosome is a single secretory granule present in the head of mammalian ‐ and other animal groups ‐ sperm. Secretion of this granule is an absolute requirement for physiological fertilization. Acrosome exocytosis is a synchronized and tightly regulated all‐or‐nothing process, with no recycling of membranes. In the last few years, it has been shown that acrosomal exocytosis is mediated by a molecular mechanism that is homologous to that reported in the secretion of neuroendocrinal cells. Moreover, because of its particular characteristics, acrosomal exocytosis is a unique mammalian model for the study of the different steps of the membrane fusion cascade. Combining results in intact and permeabilized sperm, the following sequence of events has been proposed. In resting sperm, SNARE proteins are locked in inactive cis complexes. Sperm activation causes a calcium increase in the cytoplasm that promotes the production of cAMP and activates Rab3A. Afterwards, NSF and αSNAP disassemble cis complexes and the free SNAREs are then able to reassemble in loose trans complexes. Membrane fusion is arrested at this stage until calcium is released from inside the acrosome by inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive calcium channels to trigger the final steps of membrane fusion, which require fully assembled trans SNARE complexes and the calcium sensor synaptotagmin. This working model is still incomplete and tentative. Its improvement will be important to share light on this and other processes of regulated exocytosis. Moreover, it will bring new perspectives into the field of sperm‐related fertility and sterility.
IUBMB Life, 59: 286‐292, 2007
The carbonate radical and related oxidants derived from bicarbonate buffer
Authors: Medinas Danilo B. , Cerchiaro Giselle , Trindade Daniel F. , Augusto Ohara 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe unequivocal demonstration that the carbonate radical (CO3 •‐) is produced from the reaction between the ubiquitous carbon dioxide and peroxynitrite, renewed the interest in the pathogenic roles of oxidants derived from the main physiological buffer, the bicarbonate‐carbon dioxide pair. Here, we review the biochemical properties of both the carbonate radical and peroxymonocarbonate (HCO4 ‐), and discuss the evidence of their formation under physiological conditions. Overall, the review emphasizes the recognition of the biological relevance of oxidants derived from the main physiological buffer as a crucial step into the understanding and control of numerous pathological states. IUBMB Life, 59: 1 ‐ 8, 2007
IUBMB Life, 59: 255‐262, 2007