bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of high‐impact polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites synthesized via in situ polymerization
Authors: Hwang Sung Jun , Joo Yong Lak , Lee Seong Jae 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHigh‐impact polystyrene (HIPS)/organically modified montmorillonite (organoclay) nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ polymerization. The effects of the organoclay on the morphology and material properties of HIPS/organoclay nanocomposites were investigated. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that intercalation of polymer chains into silicate layers was achieved, and the addition of nanoclay led to an increase in the size of the rubber domain in the composites. In comparison with neat HIPS, the HIPS/organoclay nanocomposites exhibited improved thermal stability as well as an increase in both the complex viscosity and storage modulus. The presence of intercalated organoclay drastically enhanced the gas‐barrier properties because of the increase in the tortuosity of the diffusive path for a penetrating gas molecule. Some mechanical properties, including the tensile modulus, were superior to those of conventional HIPS. Finally, the preparation of the nanocomposites with a minimal loss of impact properties was proposed through changes in the synthetic procedure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of core–shell particles by dispersion polymerization with a poly(ethylene oxide) macroazoinitiator
Authors: Kimoto Masaki , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Hioki Ayako , Inoue Youtaro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA macroazoinitiator (MAI) containing a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block was used with a methyl methacrylate monomer to prepare polymer particles in ethanol/H2O solutions. The effects of the monomer/MAI ratio (RMI) and H2O content in the solutions on the molecular weight, particle diameters, and chemical structure of the resulting polymer particles were investigated. The reaction mixtures showed three kinds of states, which were milky colloid solutions, macrogels and/or precipitations, and clear solutions. The colloid solutions were obtained in the solutions with an H2O content of about 50–90 vol % and a RMI of 20–400. In the colloid solutions, core–shell nanospheres consisting of PEO shells and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cores were predominantly obtained. In the specific conditions close to the area of gel and/or precipitation formation, particles connected about 0.5–5 μm in length were obtained. Multiblock copolymers nanospheres tended to be obtained with lower RMIs, and PMMA‐PEO‐PMMA tri‐bloc and/or PMMA‐PEO di‐block copolymer nanospheres were obtained with higher RMIs. The solubility of the monomer and the generated polymer in solutions may have affected the polymerization development and the state of the products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of multilayer metallic thin film on plastic substrates
Authors: Yang S. M. , Chang Y. Y. , Hsieh Y. C. , Lee Y. J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractConductive coatings have been applied to plastic substrates to protect electronic devices against electromagnetic interference. A model, based on the transmission line and plane wave theory, is developed to analyze the shielding effectiveness of multilayer metallic thin films. Analyses show that among absorption, reflection, and re‐reflection in electromagnetic wave transmission, reflection is dominant, whereas absorption is negligible because of small film thickness. A key indicator of reflection is the thin film's intrinsic impedance characterized by the ratio of conductivity over permeability. Better shielding can be achieved by having the impedance ratio of the adjacent layers higher than 1; i.e., by placing the thin film of higher impedance as the inner layer to the substrate. Without the correct sequence of placement, more layers do not necessarily lead to better shielding. All analytical results are validated by experiments on PC and PP substrates with plasma surface treatment and physical vapor deposition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A model for the size‐frequency function of coauthor pairs
Authors: Egghe Leo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLotka's law was formulated to describe the number of authors with a certain number of publications. Empirical results (Morris & Goldstein, 2007) indicate that Lotka's law is also valid if one counts the number of publications of coauthor pairs. This article gives a simple model proving this to be true, with the same Lotka exponent, if the number of coauthored papers is proportional to the number of papers of the individual coauthors. Under the assumption that this number of coauthored papers is more than proportional to the number of papers of the individual authors (to be explained in the article), we can prove that the size‐frequency function of coauthor pairs is Lotkaian with an exponent that is higher than that of the Lotka function of individual authors, a fact that is confirmed in experimental results.
Influences of IT substitutes and user experience on post‐adoption user switching: An empirical investigation
Authors: Ye Chen , Seo DongBack , Desouza Kevin C. , Sangareddy Sridhar Papagari , Jha Sanjeev 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study examines factors that influence individual users' post‐adoption switching behavior between information technology products that are near perfect substitutes. The introduction and popularity of Mozilla Firefox Web browser provided an ideal empirical setting for this study. Drawing upon literature on post‐adoption user behavior, consumer behavior, and online user research, we propose a research model and validate it using cross‐sectional field data collected from 306 users on their decision to switch from Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) to Mozilla Firefox. Findings suggest that user satisfaction and breadth of use of the incumbent product are negatively associated with switching behavior. Perceived ease of use, relative advantage, and perceived security of the substitute product are positively associated with switching behavior. In addition, the effects of perceived ease of use and relative advantage are not moderated by user experience. This study contributes to both research and practice by advancing our understanding of information technology (IT) users' post‐adoption behavior in general and their switching behavior on Web‐related IT products specifically.
Three‐dimensional study of the musculotendinous architecture of lumbar multifidus and its functional implications
Authors: Rosatelli Alessandro L. , Ravichandiran Kajeandra , Agur Anne M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLumbar multifidus (LMT) is a key muscle, which provides stability to the lumbar spine, and has been shown to have altered neuromuscular recruitment following acute episodes of low back pain. Architectural parameters are important determinants of function, but have not been well documented for LMT. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to model and quantify the architecture of LMT throughout its volume. Nine male and one female formalin‐embalmed cadaveric specimens (average age 80 ± 11 years) without any evidence of spinal deformity/pathology were used. The musculotendinous components of LMT were serially dissected and digitized. Next, the data were imported into MAYA™ to create a three‐dimensional model of each segment of LMT from which architectural parameters including fiber bundle length (FBL), fiber bundle angle (FBA), and tendon length were quantified. Water displacement was used to determine volume. The data were analyzed using paired t‐tests and ANOVA followed by Tukey's post‐hoc test (P ≤ 0.05). LMT (L1–L4) has three architecturally distinct regions: superficial, intermediate, and deep. Intermediate LMT was absent in all specimens at L5. Mean FBL decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from superficial (5.8 ± 1.6 cm) to deep (2.9 ± 1.1 cm) as did volume (superficial, 5.6 ± 2.3 ml; deep, 0.7 ± 0.3 ml) measured at each region. By contrast, mean FBA increased from superficial to deep. The current study lends further evidence to support the role of different regions within LMT to serve distinct functions particularly to produce movement and/or control stability. Clin. Anat. 21:539–546, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiculturalism, liberal fundamentalism and banal nationalism: Dilemmatic aspects of Dissolving the Diaspora
Authors: Condor Susan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this commentary I point to some inherent tensions within the article Dissolving the Diaspora. First, I suggest that the author may be in danger of underestimating the extent to which the values of the multiculturalism promoted in the article rely upon an acceptance of the incorrigible stats of culturally‐specific ideologies of liberalism. Second, I point to the way in which the author adopts a banal nationalist frame of reference whereby constructs such as ‘society’ and ‘polity’ and understood to be conterminous with ‘nation‐state’. I suggest that, in this respect, the author may be in danger of overlooking the ways in which the same liberal values which under pin an advocacy of multiculturalism might also be associated with utopian visions of transnational or cosmopolitan forms of solidarity and polity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolving the diaspora: Dialogical practice in the development of deep multiculturalism
Authors: Nesbitt‐Larking Paul 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article is an exposition of deep or critical multiculturalism that is grounded in a mutually respectful dialogue. Such multiculturalism names historical oppressions, recognizes the structural causes of injustice and inequality, and is profoundly open to cultural critique, challenge and change. In order to promote such a multicultural practice, the article makes the case for a dialogical politics of deep and mutual respect in which ethno‐religious sensibilities are validated and welcomed in their rich diversity. In doing so, the article draws upon the author's empirical research on the Muslim minority in contemporary Canada. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a selective Rho‐kinase inhibitor Y‐27632 on oxidative stress parameters in acute dichlorvos poisoning in rats
Authors: Gunay N. , Kose B. , Demiryurek S. , Ocak A. R. , Erel O. , Demiryurek A. T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study examined the effects of Y‐27632, a selective Rho‐kinase inhibitor, on organophosphate‐induced acute toxicity in rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups as control (corn oil), dichlorvos (30 mg kg−1 i.p.), 1 and 10 mg kg−1 Y‐27632 + dichlorvos groups. Cholinergic signs (fatigue, tremor, cyanosis, hyper‐secretion, fasciculations) were observed in all the rats in the dichlorvos group and the mortality rate was 50%. No cholinergic findings and deaths were observed in the control and Y‐27632 groups. Plasma cholinesterase activities were suppressed with dichlorvos and these reductions were attenuated with Y‐27632 pretreatment. There was a marked increase in plasma malondialdehyde level in the dichlorvos group, but Y‐27632 pretreatment abolished this elevation. Dichlorvos markedly depressed cardiac paraoxonase activity, but these changes were not markedly modified with Y‐27632. Total antioxidant capacities, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, total free sulfhydryl groups and catalase activities in plasma and cardiac tissues were not markedly different between the groups. No significant changes were observed with cardiac myeloperoxidase activities or plasma arylesterase and ceruloplasmin activities. In conclusion, our results suggest that Rho‐kinase pathway is involved in organophosphate intoxication, and a decrease in cardiac paraoxonase activities may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute organophosphate poisoning in rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palatal seam disintegration: To die or not to die? that is no longer the question
Authors: Nawshad Ali 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFormation of the medial epithelial seam (MES) by palatal shelf fusion is a crucial step of palate development. Complete disintegration of the MES is the final essential phase of palatal confluency with surrounding mesenchymal cells. In general, the mechanisms of palatal seam disintegration are not overwhelmingly complex, but given the large number of interacting constituents; their complicated circuitry involving feedforward, feedback, and crosstalk; and the fact that the kinetics of interaction matter, this otherwise simple mechanism can be quite difficult to interpret. As a result of this complexity, apparently simple but highly important questions remain unanswered. One such question pertains to the fate of the palatal seam. Such questions may be answered by detailed and extensive quantitative experimentation of basic biological studies (cellular, structural) and the newest molecular biological determinants (genetic/dye cell lineage, gene activity, kinase/enzyme activity), as well as animal model (knockouts, transgenic) approaches. System biology and cellular kinetics play a crucial role in cellular MES function; omissions of such critical contributors may lead to inaccurate understanding of the fate of MES. Excellent progress has been made relevant to elucidation of the mechanism(s) of palatal seam disintegration. Current understanding of palatal seam disintegration suggests epithelial–mesenchymal transition and/or programmed cell death as two most common mechanisms of MES disintegration. In this review, I discuss those two mechanisms and the differences between them. Developmental Dynamics 237:2643–2656, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reprogramming multipotent tumor cells with the embryonic neural crest microenvironment
Authors: Kasemeier‐Kulesa Jennifer C. , Teddy Jessica M. , Postovit Lynne‐Marie , Seftor Elisabeth A. , Seftor Richard E.B. , Hendrix Mary J.C. , Kulesa Paul M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe embryonic microenvironment is an important source of signals that program multipotent cells to adopt a particular fate and migratory path, yet its potential to reprogram and restrict multipotent tumor cell fate and invasion is unrealized. Aggressive tumor cells share many characteristics with multipotent, invasive embryonic progenitors, contributing to the paradigm of tumor cell plasticity. In the vertebrate embryo, multiple cell types originate from a highly invasive cell population called the neural crest. The neural crest and the embryonic microenvironments they migrate through represent an excellent model system to study cell diversification during embryogenesis and phenotype determination. Recent exciting studies of tumor cells transplanted into various embryo models, including the neural crest rich chick microenvironment, have revealed the potential to control and revert the metastatic phenotype, suggesting further work may help to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention derived from a convergence of tumorigenic and embryonic signals. In this mini‐review, we summarize markers that are common to the neural crest and highly aggressive human melanoma cells. We highlight advances in our understanding of tumor cell behaviors and plasticity studied within the chick neural crest rich microenvironment. In so doing, we honor the tremendous contributions of Professor Elizabeth D. Hay toward this important interface of developmental and cancer biology. Developmental Dynamics 237:2657–2666, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancer detection in zebrafish permits the identification of neuronal subtypes that express Hox4 paralogs
Authors: Punnamoottil Beena , Kikuta Hiroshi , Pezeron Guillaume , Erceg Jelena , Becker Thomas S. , Rinkwitz Silke 
Published: July 2008

AbstractActivity of zebrafish hoxb4a in the developing brain was analyzed in comparison to hoxa4a and hoxd4a using unique enhancer detection transgenes. Cytoplasmic YFP revealed shape and axonal projections of neurons in animals with insertions near the Hox4 genes and provided a means for the identification of neuronal subtypes. Despite an early activity of the genes in neuroepithelial cells and later in immature postmitotic neurons, we found reporter expression in distinct neuronal subtypes in the r7–r8‐derived hindbrain. Most strikingly, hoxb4a neuronal subtypes projected through the vagus and into the pectoral fin while others formed symmetrically located fiber tracts innervating the cerebellum and the tectum, features that are partially shared by the other two paralogs. Collectively, our expression analysis indicates that hoxb4a in combination with its paralogs may play a significant role in the development of precerebellar, vagal, and pectoral fin neuronal subtypes. Developmental Dynamics 237:2195–2208, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological correlates of purging disorder as compared with other eating disorders: An exploratory investigation
Authors: Fink Erin L. , Smith April R. , Gordon Kathryn H. , Holm‐Denoma Jill M. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Keel et al.3 introduced the diagnostic category of purging disorder (PD), an eating disorder characterized by recurring purging behaviors in the absence of objective binges. The current study sought to investigate psychological correlates among individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of PD as compared to those with other eating disorders, and those with no eating disorder.Method:The current sample included 294 ethnically diverse undergraduate women. Subjects diagnosed with different types of eating disorders [i.e., anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD)] were compared to one another, as well as to individuals with no eating disorder on a variety of indices.Results:Women with PD displayed similar levels of drive for thinness as women with AN and BED. Individuals with BN and BED exhibited anxiety levels significantly higher than those with PD. Those with PD displayed levels of impulsivity that were significantly higher than those of individuals with AN or BED, but significantly lower than those of individuals with BN. They also displayed similar levels of bulimic symptoms as those with AN and BED; however, analysis of item 53 on the EDI revealed that those with PD had similar levels of purging ideation as those with BN. Women with any eating disorder diagnosis were more likely to have a comorbid Axis I disorder than women in the non‐eating disorder group.Conclusion:Our data replicated and extended the findings of Keel et al. and gave further support to the validity and distinctiveness of PD. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Pregnancy in severe anorexia nervosa
Authors: Manzato Emilia , Zanetti Tatiana , Gualandi Malvina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Anorexia nervosa among Arabian girls seems to be rare and pregnancy in condition of extreme underweight seems to be rare as well.Method:We report the case of a 19‐year‐old Arabian girl living in Italy who referred to an Eating Disorder Unit for her anorexic condition.Results:She arrived for a consultation when she was at her 33rd week of pregnancy at a Body Mass Index lower than 14.Conclusion:The present case aims to underline the need of medical and psychological attention to pregnancy in anorexia nervosa cases. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
A multilevel PWM strategy suitable for high‐voltage motor direct drive systems with consideration of the adverse effect of dead time
Authors: Tadano Yugo , Urushibata Shota , Ogura Kazuya , Shigaki Akira , Nomura Masakatsu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecently, high‐voltage motor direct drive systems have been put to practical use, and various multilevel PWM strategies have also been proposed. This paper describes a multilevel PWM strategy [our group calls it the Carrier Phase Selection Method (CPS)] that has the lowest line voltage harmonic distortion in order to prevent the degradation of high‐voltage motor winding insulations. This method takes the adverse effect of dead time into consideration, and it controls the shift direction of a carrier phase. Therefore, a favorable output waveform without instantaneous voltage surges is achieved even if the line voltage level changes. Moreover, the switching transitions across all switching devices are well‐balanced, so the utilization of inverter unit cells is equalized. This is an important factor when designing the entire system. Based on simulation and experimental results, it is shown that this CPS method is particularly effective in high‐voltage motor direct drive systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 77–88, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20474
Analysis of annotations on documents for recycling of information
Authors: Nakai Tomohiro , Kondo Nobuyuki , Kise Koichi , Matsumoto Keinosuke 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn order to make collaborative business activities fruitful, it is essential to know characteristics of organizations and persons in more details and to gather information relevant to the activities. In this paper, we describe a notion of “information recycling” that actualizes these requirements by analyzing documents. The key of recycling information is to utilize annotations on documents as clues for generating user profiles and for weighting contents in the context of the activities. We also propose a method of extracting annotations on paper documents just by pressing one button with the help of techniques of camera‐based document image analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that it is fundamentally capable of acquiring annotations on paper documents on the condition that their electronic versions without annotations are available for the processing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 60–68, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20516
CXCL10/CXCR3‐mediated responses promote immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection by augmenting dendritic cell and CD8+ T cell efficacy
Authors: Lindell Dennis M. , Lane Thomas E. , Lukacs Nicholas W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe induction of inflammatory cytokines during respiratory viral infections contributes to both disease pathogenesis and resolution. The present studies investigated the role of the chemokine CXCL10 and its specific receptor, CXCR3, in the host response to pulmonary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Antibody‐mediated neutralization of CXCL10 resulted in a significant increase in disease pathogenesis, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mucus gene expression, and impaired viral clearance. When the pulmonary cytokine levels were examined, only type I IFN and IL‐12p70 were significantly reduced. These latter observations were reflected in reduced dendritic cell (DC) numbers and DC maturation in the lungs of RSV‐infected mice treated with anti‐CXCL10. Neutralization of the only known receptor for CXCL10, CXCR3, resulted in similar increases in pathogenic responses. When bone marrow‐derived DC were incubated with CXCL10 and RSV, an up‐regulation of type I IFN was observed. In addition, T lymphocytes were also examined and a significant decrease in the number of RSV M2 peptide‐specific CD8+ T cells was identified. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for the CXCL10:CXCR3 signaling axis in RSV‐infected animals by recruiting virus‐specific T cells into the lung and promoting viral clearance.