bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power of a Labrador Retriever-Greyhound pedigree for linkage analysis of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Casella George , Bliss Stuart P. , Lust George , Williams Alma Jo , Hamilton Samuel , Dykes Nathan L. , Yeager Amy E. , Gilbert Robert O. , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Mellersh Cathryn C. , Acland Gregory M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate the number of dogs required to find linkage to heritable traits of hip dysplasia in dogs from an experimental pedigree.Animals—147 Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, and their crossbreed offspring.Procedure—Labrador Retrievers with hip dysplasia were crossed with unaffected Greyhounds. Age at detection of femoral capital ossification, distraction index (DI), hip joint dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, and hip joint osteoarthritis (OA) were recorded. Power to find linkage of a single marker to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling 100% of the variation in a dysplastic trait in the backcross dogs was determined.Results—For the DI at the observed effect size, recombination fraction of 0.05, and heterozygosity of 0.75, 35 dogs in the backcross of the F1to the Greyhound generation would yield linkage at a power of 0.8. For the DLS score, 35 dogs in the backcross to the Labrador Retriever generation would be required for linkage at the same power. For OSS, 45 dogs in the backcross to the founding Labrador Retrievers would yield linkage at the same power. Fewer dogs were projected to be necessary to find linkage to hip OA. Testing for linkage to the DLS at 4 loci simultaneously, each controlling 25% of the phenotypic variation, yielded an overall power of 0.7.Conclusions and Clinical Significance—Based on this conservative single-marker estimate, this pedigree has the requisite power to find microsatellites linked to susceptibility loci for hip dysplasia and hip OA by breeding a reasonable number of backcross dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;222:418–424)
Clinical characteristics, prevalence, influence on sow performance, and assessment of sow-related risk factors for granulomatous mastitis in sows
Authors: Hultén Fredrik , Persson Arne , Eliasson-Selling Lena , Heldmer Eva , Lindberg Maria , Sjögren Urban , Kugelberg Christina , Ehlorsson Carl-Johan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the prevalence and clinical
appearance of granulomatous mastitis in sows, to
identify sow-related risk factors for development of
granulomatous mastitis, and to explore the manner in
which the disease influences sow performance.

Animals—1,254 sows from 76 herds.

Procedure—A clinical examination was performed at
time of weaning and 7 days later. In addition, some
sows were reexamined at time of weaning in the subsequent
lactation. Data were collected on sow performance.

Results—At time of weaning, 205 of 1,254 (16%)
sows had granulomatous mastitis, and 7 days later, the
prevalence was 19%. Variation between herds was
large (0 to 50%). In most of the affected sows (156/205
[76%]), only 1 mammary gland was affected. Parity,
duration of lactation, and number of teat wounds were
identified as risk factors for development of the disease.
In 264 of 559 (47%) sows (38/104 [37%] mammary
glands), a granuloma recurred in the subsequent
lactation. Risk for recurrence was related granuloma
appearing in multiple form but not to granuloma size.
Affected glands were less distended in the subsequent
lactation, suggesting lower milk production. Litter size
appeared to be negatively affected by the disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Granu
lomatous mastitis is a common disease in sow herds
maintained on straw bedding and in group housing,
and it has negative effects on sow productivity. A
thorough description of the clinical appearance of the
disease and the identification of risk factors should
contribute to development of relevant control measures.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:463–469)
Identification of variations in SzP proteins of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and the relationship between protein variants and clinical signs of infection in horses
Authors: Walker Richard L. , Runyan Catherine A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether previously unidentified variations of the SzP protein ofStreptococcus equisubspzooepidemicuswere present in horses with various clinical signs of infection and whether any relationship could be identified between SzP protein variants and naturally occurring clinical conditions.Sample Population—23 isolates ofS equisubspzooepidemicuswere recovered from specimens of horses with various clinical conditions and used as a representative population of isolates for evaluation of different SzP protein variants.Procedure—Genetic heterogeneity of the isolates was demonstrated by repetitive extragenic palindromic- polymerase chain reaction analysis. TheSzPgene was sequenced and the presumed protein sequence determined for each isolate. Characteristics of the SzP proteins were compared among the isolates and in relation to the clinical conditions of horses from which they were recovered.Results—The signal peptide types, number of proline- glutamic acid-proline-lysine repeats, and anchor sequences were consistent with those previously described for the SzP protein. Many of the isolates clustered with 5 previously described types on the basis of the hypervariable region of the SzP protein. One additional variant, which represented 8 of the isolates, was identified. Particular motifs in the hypervariable region accounted for many of the differences among hypervariable types.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The SzP protein appears to be limited to a selected number of types. Variations in the SzP protein are frequently determined on the basis of different motifs rather than random amino acid substitutions. There does not appear to be any association of SzP protein variations and clinical manifestations of infection in horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:976–981)
Detection of apoptotic cells in intestines from horses with and without gastrointestinal tract disease
Authors: Rowe Emma L. , White Nathaniel A. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia , Robertson John L. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To identify apoptosis in equine intestines and determine whether apoptosis is associated with gastrointestinal tract disease or a specific tissue layer of intestine.Animals—38 horses that underwent surgery or were euthanatized for small or large intestine obstruction, strangulation, or distension and 9 control horses euthanatized for reasons other than gastrointestinal tract disease or systemic disease.Procedure—Specimens were collected at surgery from intestine involved in the primary lesion and distant to the primary lesion site or at necropsy from several sites including the primary lesion site. Histologic tissue sections were stained with H&E, and apoptosis was detected by use of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique. The number of apoptotic cells per hpf was counted in the mucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, and serosa.Results—Apoptotic nuclei were seen in all layers of intestine. An increased number of apoptotic cells was found in the circular muscle of the intestine from horses with simple obstruction, compared with strangulating obstruction or healthy intestine. Intestine distant from a primary strangulating lesion had higher numbers of apoptotic cells than did intestine distant from a simple obstructive lesion or intestine taken at the site of a strangulating or simple obstructive lesion.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intestine from horses with obstructing or strangulating lesions in the small intestine and large colon had high numbers of apoptotic cells possibly because of ischemic cell injury and subsequent inflammation. Whether substantial apoptosis affects intestinal function is not yet known. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:982–988)
Isolation and characterization of factor I of the bovine complement system
Authors: Menger Marilyn , Aston W. Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To isolate and characterize factor I of the bovine complement system.Sample Population—Serum obtained from the blood of beef cattle.Procedures—Serum samples were fractionated to yield factor I by means of sequential precipitation, ionexchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. The protein was identified throughout the procedure on the basis of its ability to degrade the α'-chain of bovine C3b in the presence of bovine factor H. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels was used to assess the degradation of C3b and determine the molecular weights of factor I and its component polypeptide chains.Results—Bovine factor I had an apparent molecular weight of 94 kd and consisted of 2 disulfide-bonded polypeptides that had apparent molecular weights of 51 and 42 kd (under reducing conditions). Factor H was required for the factor I cleavage of the α'-chain of bovine C3b into iC3b. A similar cofactor effect was provided by trypsinized bovine erythrocytes or erythrocyte ghosts. Bovine properdin was prepared and shown to be a single polypeptide chain of 58 kd in the reduced form.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine factor I can be purified from serum by a simple 4-step procedure. It is structurally and functionally comparable to factor I of other species, and its purification completes the isolation and characterization of all the soluble components of the bovine alternative complement pathway. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:989–993)
Intracranial elastance in isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Brosnan Robert J. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Steffey Eugene P. , Imai Ayako , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether high intracranial
pressure (ICP) during spontaneous ventilation (SV) in
anesthetized horses coincides with an increase in
intracranial elastance (ie, change in ICP per unit
change of intracranial volume).

Animals—6 adult horses.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced and maintained
in each horse for 5 hours with isoflurane at a constant
dose equal to 1.2 times the minimum alveolar concentration.
Direct ICP measurements were obtained
by use of a strain gauge transducer inserted in the
subarachnoid space, and arterial blood pressure was
measured from a carotid artery. Physiologic responses
were recorded after 15 minutes of normocapnic
controlled ventilation (CV) and then after 10 minutes
of SV. Aliquots (3 mL) of CSF were removed from
each horse during SV until ICP returned to CV values.
Slopes of pressure-volume curves yielded intracranial
elastance.

Results—Intracranial elastance ranged from 0.2 to
3.7 mm Hg/mL after removal of the first aliquot of
CSF. Slopes of pressure-volume curves were largest
following removal of the initial CSF aliquot, but shallow
portions of curves were detected at relatively
high ICPs (25 to 35 mm Hg). A second-order relationship
between SV ICP and initial intracranial elastance
was found.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses
anesthetized with isoflurane, small changes in intracranial
volume can cause large changes in ICP. Increased
intracranial elastance could further exacerbate preexisting
intracranial hypertension. However, removal of
small volumes of CSF may cause rapid compensatory
replacement from other intracranial compartments,
which suggests steady-state maintenance of an
increase in intracranial volume during isoflurane anesthesia
in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1042–1046)
Risk of postnatal exposure to Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in horses
Authors: Duarte Paulo de C. , Conrad Patricia A. , Wilson W. David , Ferraro Gregory L. , Packham Andrea E. , Bowers-Lepore Jeanne , Carpenter Tim E. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate risk of exposure and age at first exposure toSarcocystis neuronaandNeospora hughesiand time to maternal antibody decay in foals.Animals—484 Thoroughbred and Warmblood foals from 4 farms in California.Procedure—Serum was collected before and after colostrum ingestion and at 3-month intervals thereafter. Samples were tested by use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test; cutoff titers were ≥ 40 and ≥ 160 forS neuronaandN hughesi, respectively.Results—Risk of exposure toS neuronaandN hughesiduring the study were 8.2% and 3.1%, respectively. Annual rate of exposure was 3.1% forS neuronaand 1.7% forN hughesi. There was a significant difference in the risk of exposure toS neuronaamong farms but not in the risk of exposure toN hughesi. Median age at first exposure was 1.2 years forS neuronaand 0.8 years forN hughesi. Highest prevalence of antibodies againstS neuronaandN hughesiwas 6% and 2.1%, respectively, at a mean age of 1.7 and 1.4 years, respectively. Median time to maternal antibody decay was 96 days forS neuronaand 91 days forN hughesi. There were no clinical cases of equine protozoal myeloenchaphlitis (EPM).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure toS neuronaandN hughesiwas low in foals between birth and 2.5 years of age. Maternally acquired antibodies may cause false-positive results for 3 or 4 months after birth, and EPM was a rare clinical disease in horses ≤ 2.5 years of age. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1047–1052)
Assessment of the influence of fatty acids on indices of insulin sensitivity and myocellular lipid content by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cats
Authors: Wilkins Caroline , Long Robert C. , Waldron Mark , Ferguson Duncan C. , Hoenig Margarethe 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether dietary fatty acids affect indicators of insulin sensitivity, plasma insulin and lipid concentrations, and lipid accumulation in muscle cells in lean and obese cats.Animals—28 neutered adult cats.Procedure—IV glucose tolerance tests and magnetic resonance imaging were performed before (lean phase) and after 21 weeks of ad libitum intake of either a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (3-PUFAs; n = 14) or high in saturated fatty acids (SFAs; 14).Results—Compared with the lean phase, ad libitum food intake resulted in increased weight, body mass index, girth, and percentage fat in both groups. Baseline plasma glucose or insulin concentrations and glucose area under the curve (AUC) were unaffected by diet. Insulin AUC values for obese and lean cats fed 3-PUFAs did not differ, but values were higher in obese cats fed SFAs, compared with values for lean cats fed SFAs and obese cats fed 3-PUFAs. Nineteen cats that became glucose intolerant when obese had altered insulin secretion and decreased glucose clearance when lean. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were unaffected by diet. Ad libitum intake of either diet resulted in an increase in both intra- and extramyocellular lipid. Obese cats fed SFAs had higher glycosylated hemoglobin concentration than obese cats fed 3-PUFAs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In obese cats, a diet high in 3-PUFAs appeared to improve long-term glucose control and decrease plasma insulin concentration. Obesity resulted in intra- and extramyocellular lipid accumulations (regardless of diet) that likely modulate insulin sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1090–1099)
Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography of the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Franz Sonja , Hofmann-Parisot Margarete M. , Baumgartner Walter 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate 3-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography
of the bovine mammary gland, particularly
of the teat.

Animals—6 lactating cows.

Procedures—Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations
of mammary glands of each cow were performed.
Teats were removed from a slaughtered cow
and examined via ultrasonography. All scans were
performed by use of a sensorless standard transducer
(8.5 to 10 MHz linear array). The 2-dimensional data
acquired were downloaded to an off-line system, and
software was used to digitize each image and produce
a 3-D block of digitized information. The selected
anatomic area was displayed as a 3-D volume
cube.

Results—Good-quality, 3-D views of the entire mammary
gland were acquired by obtaining sections
through the glandular parenchyma, gland cistern, teat
cistern, and teat canal.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—3-D ultrasonography
allows perspective images of the mammary
gland to be obtained. Many scanners routinely
used in veterinary practice have the resolution
required to produce satisfactory images, and the cost
of refitting a standard ultrasonographic unit with 3-D
software is affordable; however, the cost of a volume
transducer with a positioning system and mechanical
sweep strategy may be prohibitive. Three-dimensional
ultrasonography is a new imaging technique that
has promising applications in many fields of veterinary
medicine. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1159–1163)
Comparison of results for serologic testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay to determine the prevalence of stray dogs in eastern Tennessee seropositive to Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Seaman Rebecca L. , Kania Stephen A. , Hegarty Barbara C. , Legendre Alfred M. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the prevalence of stray dogs in eastern Tennessee seropositive toEhrlichia canisand examine the correlation between results for an ELISA, indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.Sample Population—Blood samples obtained from 90 adult dogs admitted to an animal shelter in eastern Tennessee.Procedure—Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies againstE canisby use of a commercially available ELISA kit, 2 IFA tests, and a PCR assay; testing was performed at the University of Tennessee (TN) and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The PCR amplification was performed by use of DNA extracted from EDTA-anticoagulated blood and primers designed to amplify DNA ofEhrlichiaspp.Results—Antibodies againstE caniswere detected in only 1 dog by use of the ELISA. By IFA testing at TN, 10 of 90 (11%) dogs were seroreactive againstE canisantigens, all of which had medium to high titers toE canis. Only 5 of the 10 TN seroreactors were also reactive againstE canisantigens in IFA tests conducted at NCSU, and all 5 had low to medium titers. The DNA ofEhrlichiaspp was not amplified in any blood samples by use of PCR assays conducted at the TN or NCSU.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The discordant ELISA, IFA, and PCR results obtained in this study were unexpected and may have been related to exposure of dogs to anEhrlichiaspecies other thanE canis, such asE ewingii. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1200–1203)
Role of the tendons of the biceps brachii and infraspinatus muscles and the medial glenohumeral ligament in the maintenance of passive shoulder joint stability in dogs
Authors: Sidaway Brian K. , McLaughlin Ron M. , Elder Steven H. , Boyle Carolyn R. , Silverman Edward B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To objectively evaluate the effect of transecting the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle (BBT), tendon of the infraspinatus muscle (IFS), or medial glenohumeral ligament (MGHL) on shoulder joint stability in canine cadavers.Sample Population—81 forelimbs from mature dogs.Procedure—Cadaver forelimbs were placed in a testing frame and axially preloaded with 4 kg of weight. Shoulder joint stability was tested in neutral joint position, flexion, and extension before and after transection of the BBT (n = 37), IFS (37), or MGHL (7). Humeral translation relative to the glenoid was induced by applying a 3-kg load in each of 3 directions (cranial, lateral, and medial) and quantitatively measured by use of an electromagnetic motion tracking system. Peak translational data were compared in each joint position before and after transection of the BBT, IFS, or MGHL.Results—When tested in neutral position, the cranial, lateral, and medial translation of the humerus was significantly increased after BBT transection. In the flexed position, translation of the humerus in the cranial and lateral directions was significantly increased after BBT transection. In the extended position, the medial translation of the humerus was significantly increased after BBT transection. Complete medial luxation of all humeral heads occurred following transection of the MGHL.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The BBT contributes to passive shoulder joint stability in dogs, particularly in the neutral and flexed positions. It also provides medial stability during shoulder joint extension. Complete luxation of the joint occurs when the MGHL is transected. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1216–1222)
Effects of exchange of dietary medium chain triglycerides for long-chain triglycerides on serum biochemical variables and subjectively assessed well-being of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Rutz Gabriele M. , Steiner Jörg M. , Bauer John E. , Williams David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To test the hypothesis that exchange of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) in the diet of dogs with well-managed exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) changes serum biochemical variables and to subjectively assess the well-being of dogs with EPI in response to experimental diets.Animals—21 dogs with EPI and 6 healthy control dogs.Procedure—The effects of 3 diets containing 0%, 16%, or 35% of the total fat content as MCTs were examined in a randomized controlled double-blind crossover trial. The 3 diets were fed for 12 weeks each. Dietary effects were evaluated by both subjective and objective variables.Results—Analysis of subjective data revealed no significant difference in appetite, attitude, drinking behavior, volume of feces, defecation frequency, color of feces, consistency of feces, flatulence, or borborygmus among dogs fed the 3 experimental diets. A high MCT content in the diet was associated with significantly higher serum vitamin E, cholesterol, triglyceride, retinyl stearate, retinyl palmitate, and total vitamin A concentrations in dogs with EPI and significantly higher serum vitamin E concentrations in control dogs, compared with low MCT content. High MCT content in the diet was also associated with significantly lower concentrations of serum linoleic acid (C18:2[n-6]) in dogs with EPI and in control dogs, compared with low MCT content.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A high MCT content in the diet leads to increases in serum concentrations of cholesterol and certain fat-soluble vitamins. However, no effect was found on the subjective well-being of the dogs as evaluated by their owners. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1293–1302)