bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes)
Authors: Henry J. David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P<0.001) food remnants exhibiting both the odor of food and the odor of urine as compared to remnants exhibiting just the odor of food. Experiment III suggests that there a hierarchy of stimuli which determines different responses in the fox's scavenging behavior. The experiments also suggest that there is a degree of social behavior in the scavenging activities of red foxes. Foxes appear to use each other's urine marks to increase the efficiency of their scavenging behavior. Thus this study definitely support LEYHAUSEN'S (1965) statement that the social life of solitary animals is frequently more complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms for occupying niches where highly social species could not be maintained. The social evolution and ecological advantages of solitary species deserve to be the focus of future research.
Aggression in the Female Northern Elephant Seal, Mirounga Angustirostris
Authors: Christenson T.E. , Le Boeuf B.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMaternal aggressive behavior of northern elephant seals enhances reproductive success by increasing the likelihood of pup survival. Detailed observations of marked mother-pup pairs revealed that female aggressiveness increased dramatically after giving birth. Maternal aggressiveness also correlated negatively with the number of times the pup was bitten by alien females. Mothers of these pups were less aggressive than the 17 whose pups survived. Pup behavior was not directly related to mortality. Frequencies of interfemale aggressive encounters were compared for different beach areas. Aggression was most frequent on the smallest area, where interfemale distance was the shortest, and tidal action extreme. Aggression was least frequent on the sparcely populated beach, affected little by tide or male activity. Interfemale distance was greatest here. Reproductive advantages and disadvantages of pupping on each area are noted.
The Induction of Aggressive Behaviour By Electrical Stimulation in the Hypothalamus of Male Rats
Authors: Kruk Menno R. , Van Der Poel A.M. , DE VOS-FRERICHS Thea P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus induces male rats to attack another rat in an external stimulus situation where such attacks are unlikely events without stimulation. Among the goal objects which are attacked besides live male rats are live female rats, anaesthetized or dead-and-frozen rats and mice. According to the morphology of the induced attacks, the electrode placements can be classified as attack jump or bite attack electrode placements. Both attack patterns can be observed in "spontaneous" aggression between male rats. These attacks are directed to the fronto-dorsal side of the goal objects. The relation between the current intensity and the induction of the first attack has characteristics of a dose-response relation. The subliminal electrical stimulation in the presence of a partner, which usually precedes the induction of the first attack in an electrode placement, does not facilitate the induction of attack behaviour. Similarly, experience with attacks elicited in one electrode placement in a rat does not facilitate the induction of the first attack in another electrode placement in the same rat. Threshold current intensities of attack behaviour can be determined in about 85% of the attack-inducing electrode placements. Some of the factors probably involved in the initial decrease in such attack thresholds are discussed.
An Analysis of Time-Budgeting By Roe Deer (Capreol Us Capreol Us) in an Agricultural Area
Authors: Turner Dennis C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn analysis of time-budgeting by Capreolus capreolus in an agricultural area is presented in two sections: the first concerns resting behavior, the second, time-budgeting within the active state. Of primary interest were comparisons between age-/sex-classes over seasons. Data were collected by direct observation of a free-ranging roe deer population with ca 50% of the animals individually marked. The study site consisted of ca 200 ha of agricultural cropland with a small wooded area on one end and interspersed tree-rows. An ethogram was constructed to enable the recording of behavioral samples on tape; these were later transcribed onto computer cards and the data were analyzed by computer using non-parametric and parametric tests. Roe deer spent ca 55% of the day lying (and ruminating) during the Winter. Differences between age-/sex-classes over the year were related to differential behavior towards protective cover, rather than differential energy requirements. Therefore, age-/sex-differences in time-budgeting were sought within the active period. It was found that ca 90% of the time spent on foot was devoted to 4 non-overlapping ethogram elements - orienting, walking, moving (searching), and feeding - and one collective element - social behavior. These 5 elements were subjected to more detailed statistical analyses, and indeed, significant age-/sex-class, as well as seasonal differences were found. The differences elucidated were often in agreement with predictions made from models or theories based on energetic considerations. This does not reduce the importance of recently hypothesized nutrient-balancing tasks, but it did demonstrate that time-variable energy demands were still operative in herbivores. Several results indicated that females follow more conservative strategies than males: they tended to reduce costs when faced with higher energy demands, whereas males tended to increase energy intake.
The Facial Expressions of the Brown Capuchin Monkey (Ceb Us Apella)
Authors: Weigel Ronald M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo captive groups of the brown capuchin, Cebus apella, were observed for approximately 146 hours, with particular attention paid to the facial expressions of this species. Seven discrete facial expressions having the properties of ritualized displays were observed. These were classified as follows according to motivational, status indication, and social functional criteria: (I) Open Mouth Bared Teeth-threat, (2) Open Mouth Staccato Beep-probably defensive threat, (3) Bared Teeth Scream-appeasement, maternal solicitation, (4) Grin-probably appeasement and reassurance, (5) Lipsmacking-reassurance, leads to passive contact, (6) Forehead Raise-affinitive, leads to active contact, and (7) Relaxed Open Mouth-play face, possibly play reassurance. An examination of the intention movements and the behaviors temporally associated with the facial expressions strongly suggests the brown capuchins studied here are providing accurate motivational information to other group members. Facial expressions morphologically similar to those observed in capuchins are also given by many species of Ceropithecinae, especially Macaca and Papio, with similar expressions occurring in similar social contexts. The presence of ritualized appeasement gestures in Cebus, Macaca, and Papio may be a function of the diversity of diet and the resulting spatial distribution of food items.
Adaptedness of Arena Behaviour in Black Grouse (Tetrao Tetrix) and Other Grouse Species (Tetraoninae)
Authors: De Vos G.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Arena grouse species probably descended from a forest-living grouse species. 2. The behaviour of arena grouse species differs from the behaviour of forest-living grouse species with respect to the size of individual home ranges, the type of territory which is defended by males and the gregariousness of males as well as females. These differences indicate in which aspects the behaviour of arena grouse species is adapted to their present environments. 3. The large individual home ranges in arena grouse species are in all likelihood an adaptation to environments in which critical ecological resources are unevenly distributed. 4. The defence of small territories on arenas by males of arena grouse species can be explained as an adaptation which enables territorial males to exploit large home ranges and to live in groups continuously. 5. Several advantages may be cormected with group life in arena grouse species. There is some evidence that groups provide possibilities to acquire information about the location of resources. Groups may provide protection against conspecific territorial males which control the population distribution range outside arenas. It cannot be excluded that groups also provide protection against predators. 6. Female mating preferences in arena grouse species for males in a cluster probably evolved because clustering has ecological advantages for males. 7. Female mating preferences for clustered males may have resulted in a "runaway process" through which the tendency to cluster in males became stronger than is most advantageous with respect to their chances of staying alive.
Ontogeny of Visual Acuity of Rainbow Trout Under Normal Conditions and Light Deprivation
Authors: Rahmann H. , Jeserich G. , Zeutzius I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The development of visual acuity (minimum separable visual angle) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was investigated from hatching to one year old trout by eliciting optomotor reactions in an optokinetic drum. I. The first optomotor responses were found 10 days after hatching with a visual angle of 30° of arc. Then a rapid increase in the visual resolving power occurs leading to a visual angle of about 1° at the end of the larval period. Up to the age of one year the visual angle of rainbow trout improves slightly to final 14' of arc. 2. Light deprivation during rearing causes a severe impairment ot visual acuity during the first 40 days after hatching (best visual angle only 2°05' of arc). 3. The results are discussed with respect to synaptogenetical and biochemical findings in the tectum opticum of rainbow trout under the same rearing conditions.
Effects of Testosterone On Investigation of Stimulus Change By the Domestic Chick
Authors: Andrew R.J. , Clayton D.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTestosterone-treated chicks (T's) were more persistently disturbed than controls (C's), both by the introduction of a novel object into the home cage, and by its removal 24 hours later. This was shown, firstly, by delay in the first appearance of behaviour not directed to the novel object: the preliminaries to feeding (looking at the floor, visiting the food hopper) appeared later in T's, as did drowsiness. Secondly, behaviour was interrupted in T's by a return to investigation: in particular the first bout of feeding was markedly abbreviated and (after introduction of the object) was not followed as usual by stretching. None of these differences between T's and C's were present in undisturbed behaviour. It is probable that the development in T's of unusually protracted periods of sleep after removal of the novel object is another consequence of more prolonged disturbance in T's. Other evidence is cited suggesting that protracted sleep may be caused in this way. Increased persistence of attention, including an ability to return to a previous point of attention after a shift to a distracting stimulus, is known from other studies to be produced by testosterone in male chicks. Such an effect would explain the above findings. It is argued more speculatively that it may also underlie differences between T's and C's in the character of investigation, and not just its prolongation.
Retention and Recovery of Habituated Territorial Aggressive Behavior in the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeat Us L.) : the Roles of Time and Nest Reconstruction
Authors: Peeke Harman V.S. , Figler Michael H. , Blankenship Nancy 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Factors involved in the recovery and reinstatement of a territorial resident's aggression directed at an intruder after habituation were studied in the Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In the first experiment it was demonstrated that following initial habituation to the intruder, there was no recovery of response after 3-5 days, but there was virtually complete recovery after 14 days. It was further shown that if the stickleback's nest is removed and he rebuilds the nest between the first habituation session and the test, there is complete recovery following nest reconstruction. A second series of experiments shows that the recovery following nest removal and reconstruction is prevented if the fish is prevented from reconstructing the nest. It was further found in two additional sub-experiments that allowing post-habituation nest reconstruction appeared to re-set memory for the habituated stimulus such that the intruding stimulus fish appears novel to the territorial resident, thus abolishing the stimulus specific nature of such habituation.
Inter-Observer Reliability
Authors: Caro T.M. , Roper R. , Young M. , Dank G.R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper examines the methods used in expressing agreement between observers both when individual occurrences and total frequencies of behaviour are considered. It discusses correlational methods of deriving inter-observer reliability and then examines the relations between these three methods. Some of the factors that affect reliability are reported. These include problems of definition such as how a behaviour may change with age and how reliability depends on which recipient of behaviour is considered. Frequency of occurrence of a behaviour pattern is discussed both in relation to itself and to other behavioural categories, as well as its effect on observer vigilance. The effect of partitioning data in different ways is also discussed. Finally the influence of different observers on inter-observer reliability is noted. Examples are taken from studies of children and kittens.
Le Comportement De "Renserrement" ("Herding Behaviour") Dans Un Groupe Captif De Macaca Fascicularis
Authors: Deputte Bertrand L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDans notre groupe captif de Macaca fascicularis, le comportement "Marche queue dressée", quand il est effectué par le ♂ "alpha", ne conduit à des poursuites que lorsqu'il est orienté vers une ♀. Ces poursuites se terminent généralement par des morsures du ♂ sur ia ♀. Elles sont plus fréquentes à l'égard de la ♀dominante, quelque soit la phase de son cycle reproducteur. Lorsque des modifications de la structure sociale apparaissent, expérimentalement ou spontanément, on observe une liaison quantitative entre ces poursuites et l'ensemble des comportements agonistiques dirigés par le ♂ "alpha" vers les ♀♀. Cette liaison disparaît lorsque la structure sociale du groupe se stabilise, les séquences "Marche queue dressée-Poursuite" devenant très rares. La confrontation expérimentale de 2 groupes conspécifiques augmente la fréquence de ces séquences. Celles-ci seraient donc liées aux phénomènes d'assertion de statut. Elles participeraient à la création du lien ♀ dominante- ♂ "alpha" nécessaire à l'acquisition de ce statut. Elles diffèrent en cela des comportements agonistiques "classiques", qui tendent, quant à eux à distancier 2 individus. Par leur aspect démonstratif, ces séquences dissuaderaient, les compétiteurs potentiels du ♂ "alpha". Cette séquence comportementale, dans son déroulement et par ses conséquences, s'apparente au comportement de "Herding" de plusieurs espèces de Cercopithecidae à structure sociale de type centripète.
Male Courtship Persistence in the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes Vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Las Allan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe courtship behavior of whiteflies was examined, focusing particularly on the manner in which males maximized their fertilization rate by optimizing their time expenditure per female. Some males adopted a sneak male strategy in which they approached courting pairs and without preliminary courtship movements attempted copulation. The chief function of this strategy may have been to disrupt other males' courtships. 'Traditional courtship' was described and found to be sequentially invariable. However, if a female performed a maintenance activity during courtship, males had a significantly lower probability of success and had to court for a much longer time to improve their chances. Most males, including naive ones, persisted rather than abandoned these females. Persistence was seen as a strategy by which males could induce females with high sexual response thresholds to mate. Males reduced the primary cost of persistence, a lower encounter rate with other females, by integrating into their courtship strategy the way in which probability of insemination varied with courtship time invested. They neither courted for too short a time nor did they persist past the point of diminishing returns. Females appeared to assess males on the basis of courtship stamina and intensity. Recently mated females would remate only if the male performed a superior courtship in these respects. By copulating with males that performed more vigorous courtships, a female presumably improved the quality of her sperm store. This would increase her reproductive success because the resultant female offspring would receive a superior genetic complement from their haploid father, and the resultant male grandchildren would, on the average, possess the same desirable qualities that made their grandfather successful.
The Imminence of Behavioural Change and Startle Responses of Chicks
Authors: Culshaw A.D. , Broom D.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The responses of chicks startled near the end of a bout of feeding or preening were different from, and measurably greater than, those of chicks startled at the beginning of bouts of these activities. This result provides evidence about changes in motivational state during a bout of activity. It is proposed that causal factors, which are changing during the bout, may initiate an attentional change as the point of transition to another activity approaches. Distractibility and information-processing rate may be increased near the end of an activity because the individual can then attend to a greater variety of inputs than it could earlier in the bout. This would maximise the efficiency of the ensuing behavioural change. In order to carry out these experiments, bouts of feeding and preening were measured using a criterion based on log survivor curves for inter-event gap-lengths. The effects on the response of the time during a bout at which interruption occurs, were shown by chicks of 2, 4 and 6 days of age. The method used in these experiments, the interruption of activities at previously defined instants whilst observing behaviour in detail, affords opportunities for studying the nature of behavioural sequences and their control.
Gegendrehung Und Winkelsinn in Der Orientierung Von Lithobius Forficatus L. Teil Iii: Ergänzende Untersuchungen Zur Verrechnung Von Winkelfolgen
Authors: Walter Schäfer M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe centipede Litkobius forficatus L. (Myriapoda) when forced to deviate from its initial course by passing through corridors containing sharp bends performs opposing (reverse) turns at the corridor's exits. The magnitudes of opposite turning responses appears to be a function of the size of the induced turns ("angle sense"). If corridors are used containing distances of 4 cm, entrance to turn and turn to exit, a relation of 1:0.7 between stimulus and response (induced turn : opposing turn) is measured for induced turn-angles up to about 120°; greater angles lead to a relative decrease in response up to a limit of 270° (Fig. 12). Increasing the distances from induced turn to choice point (corridor-exit) by an additional 4 cm (4:8 cm corridors) decreased opposite turning, resulting in the relation 1:0.49 between stimulus and response. Using corridors with two sequential turns and proportions of 4:4:4 cm demonstrates adding or subtracting mechanisms of stimulus sequences. However, due to the decreasing influence of increasing distances after an induced turn, passing through the second turn of the angle sequence can be seen as an increase of distance after the first angle, and therefore a decreasing response which must be added to the second turn (Fig. 1). An alternative addingmechanism could be a linear addition without the decreasing ("unloading") effect of distance referred to above. Sequences with left-right or right-left turns cannot be used to decide between the two possible mechanisms because both lead to identical degrees of response (Fig. 2). Experiments were performed using sequences of the same or opposed induced turns with various corridor distances. It could be demonstrated that, although decreasing effects of straight distances after turns were acting, linear additions of induced turn sequences were possible without the influence of unloading, but limited by the capacity of the neural store (Fig. 13).
Étude Ontogénétique De L'Exploration Chez Le Hamster Doré
Authors: Vauclair J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractL'activité exploratoire spontanée du Hamster doré est étudiée d'un point de vue ontogénétique 1° dans le milieu familier (cage), et 2° dans un espace nouveau ("open-field") relié topographiquement à la cage où vit l'animal. Les résultats ont montré que l'activité exploratoire dans la cage augmente fortement dès 14 jours jusqu'à 30-36 jours, alors que l'exploration dans l' "open-field" est la plus intense à 30 jours et qu'elle diminue ensuite avec l'âge, mais de manière non monotonique. L'analyse des résultats de groupes de contrôle montre que la diminution de l'exploration est indépendante de la répétition de l'exposition à la situation nouvelle. Le rôle du facteur âge, comme responsable unique des changements observés dans l'exploration est discuté par rapport aux facteurs concomitants de type maturationnel et social.
Location of Insect Hosts By the Nematode, Neoaplectana Carpocapsae, in Response To Temperature
Authors: Byers J.A. , Poinar G.O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The infective stage juveniles of Neoaplectana carpocapsae, a parasitic nematode of insects, was found to aggregate at point sources heated to temperatures of only 0.3°C or less above ambient in either light or dark conditions. 2. The nematode also aggregated in response to heat conducted from a wax moth larva (about 0.3°C above ambient) in the absence of CO2 or chemical gradients. 3. The responses to heat sources (1° above ambient) occurred over a wide range of ambient temperatures. 4. The apparent response of the nematode to light is at least in part caused by effects of heat from light absorption by the agar medium and nematode. 5. The response to temperature appears to function in host location especially at close range from (within a few mm) the insect.