bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcomes after Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis with an Interference Screw
Authors: Mazzocca Augustus D. , Cote Mark P. , Arciero Cristina L. , Romeo Anthony A. , Arciero Robert A. 
Published: August 2008

Background Subpectoral biceps tenodesis with an interference screw has been shown to be an effective procedure from both an anatomic and biomechanical perspective. There have been no clinical outcome data on this procedure to date. Hypothesis Subpectoral biceps tenodesis is an effective procedure in eliminating biceps tendinosis symptoms. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Patients who underwent subpectoral biceps tenodesis with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were evaluated using a battery of clinical outcome measures, biceps apex difference, and pain scores. A diagnosis of biceps tendinosis was made using a specific diagnostic protocol coupled with observation of biceps tendon fraying and increased erythema on dry arthroscopy. Results Between November 2002 and August 2005, 50 patients underwent subpectoral biceps tenodesis. Complete follow-up examinations were performed in 41 of 50 (82%). There were 16 women and 25 men (mean age, 50 years). Follow-up averaged 29 months (range, 12–49 months). The mean scores were 86, Rowe; 81, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES); 9, Simple Shoulder Test (SST); 87, Constant Murley; and 84, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). There was 1 failure as demonstrated by pull-out of the tendon from the bone tunnel resulting in a “Popeye” deformity on physical examination. The mean value for biceps apex distance was 0.15 cm, with 35 of 41 patients demonstrating no difference on physical examination. Twenty-three of 41 patients had complete preoperative and postoperative examinations. All clinical outcome measures demonstrated a statistically significant improvement at follow-up when compared with the preoperative scores. Thirty-one patients had identified lesions of the rotator cuff at time of arthroscopy. The mean ASES score in patients without rotator cuff lesion (89.2 ± 10.3) was significantly greater than the mean ASES for those with rotator cuff lesion (78.0 ± 21.0) ( P = .0324). The mean SST score in patients without rotator cuff lesion (10.6 ± 1.5) was significantly greater than the mean ASES score for those with rotator cuff lesion (8.8 ± 2.7) ( P = .0132). Conclusion Subpectoral biceps tenodesis with an interference screw is a viable treatment option for patients with symptomatic biceps tendinosis. Anterior shoulder pain and biceps symptoms were resolved with this technique. Patients with coexistent rotator cuff lesion had less favorable outcomes.
Complete genome of Phenylobacterium zucineum – a novel facultative intracellular bacterium isolated from human erythroleukemia cell line K562
Authors: Luo Yingfeng , Xu Xiaoli , Ding Zonghui , Liu Zhen , Zhang Bing , Yan Zhiyu , Sun Jie , Hu Songnian , Hu Xun 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background

Phenylobacterium zucineum is a recently identified facultative intracellular species isolated from the human leukemia cell line K562. Unlike the known intracellular pathogens, P. zucineum maintains a stable association with its host cell without affecting the growth and morphology of the latter.

Results
Here, we report the whole genome sequence of the type strain HLK1T. The genome consists of a circular chromosome (3,996,255 bp) and a circular plasmid (382,976 bp). It encodes 3,861 putative proteins, 42 tRNAs, and a 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that it is phylogenetically closest to Caulobacter crescentus, a model species for cell cycle research. Notably, P. zucineum has a gene that is strikingly similar, both structurally and functionally, to the cell cycle master regulator CtrA of C. crescentus, and most of the genes directly regulated by CtrA in the latter have orthologs in the former.

Conclusion
This work presents the first complete bacterial genome in the genus Phenylobacterium. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that the CtrA regulon is well conserved between C. crescentus and P. zucineum.
Activated Akt1 accelerates MMTV-c-ErbB2 mammary tumourigenesis in mice without activation of ErbB3
Authors: Young Christian D , Nolte Erica C , Lewis Andrew , Serkova Natalie J , Anderson Steven M 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Introduction
ErbB2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in 20% to 30% of human breast cancer cases and forms oncogenic signalling complexes when dimerised to ErbB3 or other EGFR family members.

Methods
We crossed mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-myr-Akt1 transgenic mice (which express constitutively active Akt1 in the mammary gland) with MMTV-c-ErbB2 transgenic mice to evaluate the role of Akt1 activation in ErbB2-induced mammary carcinoma using immunoblot analysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histological analyses.

Results
Bitransgenic MMTV-c-ErbB2, MMTV-myr-Akt1 mice develop mammary tumours twice as fast as MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice. The bitransgenic tumours were less organised, had more mitotic figures and fewer apoptotic cells. However, many bitransgenic tumours displayed areas of extensive necrosis compared with tumours from MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice. The two tumour types demonstrate dramatically different expression and activation of EGFR family members, as well as different metabolic profiles. c-ErbB2 tumours demonstrate overexpression of EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, and activation/phosphorylation of both ErbB2 and ErbB3, underscoring the importance of the entire EGFR family in ErbB2-induced tumourigenesis. Tumours from bitransgenic mice overexpress the myr-Akt1 and ErbB2 transgenes, but there was dramatically less overexpression and phosphorylation of ErbB3, diminished phosphorylation of ErbB2, decreased level of EGFR protein and undetectable ErbB4 protein. There was also an observable attenuation in a subset of tyrosine-phosphorylated secondary signalling molecules in the bitransgenic tumours compared with c-ErbB2 tumours, but Erk was activated/phosphorylated in both tumour types. Finally, the bitransgenic tumours were metabolically more active as indicated by increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression, elevated lactate production and decreased intracellular glucose (suggesting increased glycolysis).

Conclusion
Expression of activated Akt1 in MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice accelerates tumourigenesis with a reduced requirement for signalling through the EGFR family, as well as a reduced requirement for a subset of downstream signaling molecules with a metabolic shift in the tumours from bitransgenic mice. The reduction in signalling downstream of ErbB2 when Akt is activated suggest a possible mechanism by which tumour cells can become resistant to ErbB2-targeted therapies, necessitating therapies that target oncogenic signalling events downstream of ErbB2.
Analysis of the mouse embryonic stem cell regulatory networks obtained by ChIP-chip and ChIP-PET
Authors: Mathur Divya , Danford Timothy W , Boyer Laurie A , Young Richard A , Gifford David K , Jaenisch Rudolf 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background
Genome-wide approaches have begun to reveal the transcriptional networks responsible for pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed either by hybridization to a microarray platform (ChIP-chip) or by DNA sequencing (ChIP-PET), has identified binding targets of the ES cell transcription factors OCT4 and NANOG in humans and mice, respectively. These studies have provided an outline of the transcriptional framework involved in maintaining pluripotency. Recent evidence with comparing multiple technologies suggests that expanding these datasets using different platforms would be a useful resource for examining the mechanisms underlying pluripotency regulation.

Results
We have now identified OCT4 and NANOG genomic targets in mouse ES cells by ChIP-chip and provided the means to compare these data with previously reported ChIP-PET results in mouse ES cells. We have mapped the sequences of OCT4 and NANOG binding events from each dataset to genomic coordinates, providing a valuable resource to facilitate a better understanding of the ES cell regulatory circuitry. Interestingly, although considerable differences are observed in OCT4 and NANOG occupancy as identified by each method, a substantial number of targets in both datasets are enriched for genes that have known roles in cell-fate specification and that are differentially expressed upon Oct4 or Nanog knockdown.

Conclusion
This study suggests that each dataset is a partial representation of the overall ES cell regulatory circuitry, and through integrating binding data obtained by ChIP-chip and ChIP-PET, the methods presented here provide a useful means for integrating datasets obtained by different techniques in the future.
Mutations in the Amino-Terminal Region of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in Patients with Early-Onset Obesity Impair POMC Sorting to the Regulated Secretory Pathway
Authors: Creemers John W. M. , Lee Yung Seng , Oliver Robert L. , Bahceci Mithat , Tuzcu Alpaslan , Gokalp Deniz , Keogh Julia , Herber Stefan , White Anne , O'Rahilly Stephen , Farooqi I. Sadaf 
Published: August 2008

Context: Mutations in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that impair the synthesis or structure of POMC-derived peptides predispose to human obesity.
Objective: Our objective was to identify and characterize novel mutations in the POMC gene found in patients with early-onset obesity.
Design and Patients: The POMC gene was screened in 500 patients with severe early-onset obesity. The biosynthesis, processing, sorting, and secretion of wild-type POMC and two newly identified POMC mutants was studied using metabolic labeling, Western blotting, and immunoassay analysis of lysates and conditioned media of transiently transfected β-TC3 cells.
Results: Two novel heterozygous missense mutations in POMC (C28F and L37F) were identified in unrelated probands with early-onset obesity and their overweight or obese family members. Both mutations lie in a region of the N terminus of POMC that has been suggested to be involved in its sorting to the regulated secretory pathway. Metabolic labeling studies indicate that whereas the mutations do not reduce intracellular levels of POMC, both mutations (C28F&gt;L37F) impair the ability of POMC to be processed to generate bioactive products. Studies of the secretion of POMC products suggest, particularly with C28F, that the impaired propeptide processing of these mutations results, at least in part, from a mistargeting of mutant POMC to the constitutive rather than the regulated secretory pathway.
Conclusion: These mutations in patients with early-onset obesity represent a novel molecular mechanism of human POMC deficiency whereby naturally occurring mutations in its N-terminal sequence impair the ability of POMC to enter the trafficking pathway in which serial propeptide processing normally occurs.
Thiazolidinediones in Type 2 Diabetes: A Cardiology Perspective
Authors: Khanderia Ujjaini , Pop-Busui Rodica , Eagle Kim A 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To examine the cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), discuss concerns regarding this drug class and its relation to heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (Ml), and address the clinical implications of HF and Ml. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1979-April 2008) using the search terms type 2 diabetes mellitus. thiazolidinediones. cardiovascular events, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and edema. Reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials, observational studies (case-control, cohort), and descriptive studies (case reports, caso series) were included. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles that were written in English and identified from the data sources were reviewed. Data Synthesis: The American Diabetes Association recommends metformin as first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, with the subsequent addition of a TZD, sulfonylurea, or insulin if the target is not met. Beyond glucose lowering, TZDs improvo various factors associated with cardiovascular risk. Whether the effects translate into beneficial cardiovascular outcomes is controversial. In PROactive (Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events), pioglitazone did not produce a significant reduction in the primary endpoint that included a composite of coronary and vascular deaths, but the secondary composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, Ml, or stroke was significantly reduced. Concerns related to HF have led to warnings in the labeling of TZDs. The drugs are contraindicated in patients with New York Head Association Class Ill or IV HF. Rosiglilazone, but not pioglitazone, is associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemic events, although the absolute magnitude is extremely small. Conclusions: Although the glycemic efficacy of TZDs is comparable to that of metformin, ad verso effects and higher costs make TZDs less appealing for initial therapy. Among the TZDs. pioglitazone should be considered based on cardiovascular safety data. In combination with metformin, pioglitazone may be particularly beneficial for patients wilh diabetes and metabolic syndrome. For patients on rosigfitazone who are achieving glycemic goals and tolerating the therapy without apparent complications, rosiglitazone may be continued.
Oral Glutamine for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Amara Shilpa 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To evaluate the role of glutamine in the reduction of peripheral neuropathy associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy. Data Sources: Relevant literature was accessed through PubMed (1990-May 2008), using the search terms glutamine, chemotherapy, peripheral neuropathy, neurotoxicity, safety, paclitaxel, platinum compounds, and vinca alkaloids. References in the identified articles were also reviewed for pertinent information. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies evaluating the role of oral glutamine for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) were included. Studies regarding the role of glutamine in the reduction of other radiation- and chemotherapy-related toxicities, such as mucositis, cardiotoxicity, diarrhea, and cachexia, were excluded. Data Synthesis: CIPN is a significant adverse effect associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy, particularly with taxanes, platinum compounds, and vinca alkaloids, There is no standard therapy for the treatment of this dose-limiting reaction. Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that is thought to have a neuroprotective role, possibly due to the upregulation of nerve growth factor. Two studies revealed that oral glutamine was effective in reducing peripheral neuropathy associated with high-dose paclitaxel, as evidenced by a reduction in numbness, dysesthesias, and motor weakness, as well as a smaller loss of vibratory sensation. Another study found that glutamine effectively reduced peripheral neuropathy in pationts with colorectal cancer being treated with oxaliplatin, thereby decreasing the need for an oxaliplatin dose reduction. However, data are limited by small sample sizes in these studies and the lack of placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Conclusions: Larger, well-designed, placebo-controlled trials assessing both safety and efficacy of oral glutamine are warranted before this agent can be definitively recommended for the prevention of CIPN in patients treated with high-dose paclitaxel or oxaliplatin.
NOCTURNAL ACCUMULATION OF CO2 UNDERNEATH A TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY ALONG A TOPOGRAPHICAL GRADIENT
Authors: de Araújo Alessandro C. , Kruijt Bart , Nobre Antonio D. , Dolman Albertus J. , Waterloo Maarten J. , Moors Eddy J. , de Souza Juliana S. 
Published: August 2008

Flux measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor above tropical rain forests are often difficult to interpret because the terrain is usually complex. This complexity induces heterogeneity in the surface but also affects lateral movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) not readily detected by the eddy covariance systems. This study describes such variability using measurements of CO2 along vertical profiles and along a toposequence in a tropical rain forest near Manaus, Brazil.Seasonal and diurnal variation was recorded, with atmospheric CO2 concentration maxima around dawn, generally higher CO2 build‐up in the dry season and stronger daytime CO2 drawdown in the wet season. This variation was reflected all along the toposequence, but the slope and valley bottom accumulated clearly more CO2 than the plateaus, depending on atmospheric stability. Particularly during stable nights, accumulation was along lines of equal altitude, suggesting that large amounts of CO2 are stored in the valleys of the landscape. Flushing of this store only occurs during mid‐morning, when stored CO2 may well be partly transported back to the plateaus. It is clear that, for proper interpretation of tower fluxes in such complex and actively respiring terrain, the horizontal variability of storage needs to be taken into account not only during the night but also during the mornings.
Measurement and modeling of the toxicity of binary mixtures in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans—a test of independent action
Authors: Martin Heather L. , Svendsen Claus , Lister Lindsay J. , Gomez-Eyles Jose L. , Spurgeon David J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Ecological risk assessments must increasingly consider the effects of chemical mixtures on the environment as anthropogenic pollution continues to grow in complexity. Yet testing every possible mixture combination is impractical and unfeasible; thus, there is an urgent need for models that can accurately predict mixture toxicity from single-compound data. Currently, two models are frequently used to predict mixture toxicity from single-compound data: Concentration addition and independent action (IA). The accuracy of the predictions generated by these models is currently debated and needs to be resolved before their use in risk assessments can be fully justified. The present study addresses this issue by determining whether the IA model adequately described the toxicity of binary mixtures of five pesticides and other environmental contaminants (cadmium, chlorpyrifos, diuron, nickel, and prochloraz) each with dissimilar modes of action on the reproduction of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In three out of 10 cases, the IA model failed to describe mixture toxicity adequately with significant or antagonism being observed. In a further three cases, there was an indication of synergy, antagonism, and effect-level–dependent deviations, respectively, but these were not statistically significant. The extent of the significant deviations that were found varied, but all were such that the predicted percentage effect seen on reproductive output would have been wrong by 18 to 35% (i.e., the effect concentration expected to cause a 50% effect led to an 85% effect). The presence of such a high number and variety of deviations has important implications for the use of existing mixture toxicity models for risk assessments, especially where all or part of the deviation is synergistic.
Wastewater garden—a system to treat wastewater with environmental benefits to community
Authors: Nair Jaya 
Published: August 2008

Many communities and villages around the world face serious problems with lack of sanitation especially in disposing of the wastewater—black water and grey water from the houses, or wash outs from animal rearing sheds. Across the world diverting wastewater to the surroundings or to the public spaces are not uncommon. This is responsible for contaminating drinking water sources causing health risks and environmental degradation as they become the breeding grounds of mosquitoes and pathogens. Lack of collection and treatment facilities or broken down sewage systems noticed throughout the developing world are associated with this situation.
Diverting the wastewater to trees and vegetable gardens was historically a common practice. However the modern world has an array of problems associated with such disposal such as generation of large quantity of wastewater, unavailability of space for onsite disposal or treatment and increase in population. This paper considers the wastewater garden as a means for wastewater treatment and to improve the vegetation and biodiversity of rural areas. This can also be implemented in urban areas in association with parks and open spaces. This also highlights environmental safety in relation to the nutrient, pathogen and heavy metal content of the wastewater. The possibilities of different types of integration and technology that can be adopted for wastewater gardens are also discussed.
Restoration of Hypoglycemia Awareness After Islet Transplantation
Authors: Leitão Cristiane B. , Tharavanij Thipaporn , Cure Pablo , Pileggi Antonello , Baidal David A. , Ricordi Camillo , Alejandro Rodolfo 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—To determine the impact of islet transplantation (ITx) on hypoglycemia awareness in patients with unstable type 1 diabetes and its relation to islet function.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 31 ITx recipients were studied. Hypoglycemia unawareness was assessed using the Clarke hypoglycemic score (0 = no hypoglycemia; ≥4 = hypoglycemia unawareness). Subjects were grouped based on graft function: off-insulin (n = 8), graft dysfunction (on-insulin and stimulated C-peptide ≥0.3 ng/ml, n = 13), and graft failure (stimulated C-peptide &lt;0.3 ng/ml, n = 10, evaluated 11.5 ± 14.5 months after graft failure).
RESULTS—The hypoglycemia score improved after ITx when compared with baseline values (before vs. after: 5.29 ± 1.51 vs. 1.35 ± 1.92, P &lt; 0.001). This result was sustained even after patient stratification based on islet function (pre vs. post off-insulin: 5.63 ± 2.00 vs. no hypoglycemia reported; graft dysfunction: 5.31 ± 1.49 vs. 1.15 ± 1.63, P &lt; 0.001; and graft failure: 5.00 ± 1.16 vs. 2.70 ± 2.26, P = 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS—The improved metabolic control achieved with ITx can restore hypoglycemia awareness in patients with type 1 diabetes, persisting even after islet graft failure.
Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Crystallization in Gelatin Nanoparticles Synthesized Using a Miniemulsion Process
Authors: Ethirajan Anitha , Ziener Ulrich , Chuvilin Andrey , Kaiser Ute , Cölfen Helmut , Landfester Katharina 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHere, we report a novel biomimetic strategy to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAP) inside of crosslinked gelatin nanoparticles, which serve as a nanoenvironment for crystal growth in the aqueous phase. The synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles with the inverse miniemulsion technique is very intriguing because of the flexibility offered by the technique in tailoring the properties of the gelatin nanoparticles. It can be shown that the nanoenvironment promotes a different growth environment for the crystal because of the confinement inside the particle. The formation of HAP inside the particles follows Ostwald's rule of stages. At first an amorphous phase is formed, which itself has a great potential to be used as a resorbable bone substitute. This further transforms into single crystalline HAP via an octacalcium phosphate intermediate. The solution‐mediated transformation into the HAP phase without any calcination step is studied in detail using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Homocoupling of Boronic Acids
Authors: Vogler Thomas , Studer Armido 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOxidative homocoupling of aryl‐ and alkenylboronic acids was achieved with Wilkinson’s catalyst. Commercially available 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl radical (TEMPO) was used as a stoichiometric oxidant.