bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locked sands
Authors: Dusseault M. B. , Morgenstern N. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A new group of engineering materials, called
locked sands,
has been identified and described. The criteria which differentiate locked sands from dense sands and sandstones are: absence of cohesion, highly quartzose mineralogy, high strength, steeply curved failure envelopes, low porosities, and considerable geological age. Locked sands are also characterized by a lack of interstitial cement, brittle behaviour, residual shear strengths of 30°–35°, and exceptionally large dilation rates at failure. These materials may be common in non-metamorphosed sedimentary strata.

The locked sands were identified during strength testing of Athabasca Oil Sands, a quartzose sand with interstitial bitumen. The St. Peter Sandstone in Minneapolis, Minnesota and the Swan River Sandstone from Manitoba were also found to be locked sands. Tests on artificial dense sands and on redensified material indicate that
in situ
densities cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. The characteristic behaviour of locked sands is the result of dilation, and the dilation is the result of an interpenetrative fabric identifiable by microscopic examination. This fabric and grain-surface rugosity develop through the action of diagenetic processes of crystal overgrowth and solution.
The analysis and planning of step drawdown tests: a clarification
Authors: Clarke L. 
Published: November 2007

I have received letters from Mr D. M. Milne and Dr P. F. Worthington pointing out an error in the application of the analytical methods in this paper, (published in 1977 in
Q. Jl Engng Geol
.
12
, 125–143). I would therefore like to take this opportunity to clarify the matter.

The source of the error lies in the use of mixed time-units in the evaluation of the storage coefficient S. Time is given in minutes while the discharge rates are given in m3/day throughout the paper. These units, if applied consistently throughout an analysis, will give correct values for the various well-loss equations and the aquifer transmissivity. The value of the storage coefficient, however, will be 1440 times too great.
The storage coefficient is obtained (p. 139) by the evaluation of the equation:

The discharge rates used in obtaining
a
and T in this equation are expressed in m
3
/day. However,
a
is derived through Figs. 4 and 5 using the specific drawdown at unit time, t = 1 minute, in order to remove the expression (
b
log
t
) from (
a
+
b
log
t
) (p. 132). The units in this equation above have to be made consis-
tent with this derivation and the equation therefore becomes:

where 1440 = number of minutes in one day.
This procedure was carried out in the original paper in order to get the storage coefficient in Table 2 but was not adequately explained in the text.
It is possible to remove the source of
Application of the thermal infra-red linescanning technique to engineering geological mapping in South Africa
Authors: Warwick D. , Hartopp P. G. , Viljoen R. P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The thermal infra-red linescanning technique which is dependent on the radiant temperature and emissivity of rocks and soil has been used increasingly over the past two years for engineering geological purposes. A description is given of the fundamentals of the technique and the equipment used in South Africa as well as the approximate cost. The main engineering geological application has been the mapping of proposed tailings dam sites on dolomites and gabbros in the Western Transvaal. Other applications of the technique are also discussed.
In the case histories considered, interpretation of the thermal infra-red linescanning imagery, as well as air photo interpretation, was also carried out and it is felt that both techniques should be used together for the best results.
The merits and limitations of thermal infra-red linescanning as applied to engineering geological mapping to date is considered and its potential use in other engineering geological applications is discussed. It is concluded that conditions are ideal for the use of the technique where the thickness of soil cover is relatively thin over most of the area mapped. It is also concluded that interpretative methods should be developed further in order that more complete use may be made of thermal infra-red linescanning for engineering geological mapping in South Africa.
Discussion
Authors: Pitts A. 
Published: November 2007

The recent landslipping in the Lyme Regis area has, as Mr Conway indicates, related to reactivation of reconstituted and ‘brecciated’ Lias (Lias Head) and Upper Greensand (Cretaceous Head) (Conway, this issue). This is exemplified by the current slippage of East Cliff, and that adjacent to Cobb Road in March 1977. However, not all the movements in the area are of this type, and I would like to present a short case study of a different kind of slip and to comment on the present situation at that site.
On 12 February 1962, the area of Lyme Regis now occupied by Lister Gardens, near the Cobb, slipped, severely damaging a number of properties including Cliff Cottage and Cliff House (Fig. 1). Regrading of the slope had been under-taken with a view to developing the site (Anon. 1962) and may have led to local oversteepening of the slope. Movement took place a few days after the completion of regrading work, with a large tension crack and subsequently a back scar developing in the slope (Fig. 2). A length of slope (almost 200 m) parallel to Marine Parade was affected.
A programme of remedial works was carried out, consisting of drainage and regrading of the slipped area of the slope, the construction of a large retaining structure at the toe (which now houses a parade of shops and part of the promenade), and a small retaining wall at the head of the slipped area. The regraded
Empirical relationship between Los Angeles abrasion and Schmidt hammer strength tests with application to aggregates around Jeddah
Authors: Kazi A. , Al-Mansour Z. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A study has been made of the Los Angeles abrasion test in relation to the compressive strength of a wide variety of rocks being quarried to meet the growing demand for aggregates around Jeddah. It was found that the results of compressive strength as determined by the Schmidt rebound hammer could be used to predict the Los Angeles abrasion test results.
The aggregates tested are of volcanic and plutonic origins and are basic to acidic in composition. A rock material strength map of the Jeddah area illustrates that most of the coarse-grained plutonic rocks are of low strength and the corresponding Los Angeles abrasion values for these rocks are high, rendering them unsuitable, — especially when the aggregate is to be used in road or building construction or is to be subjected to high wear.
Discussion on ‘Large landslides in London Clay at Herne Bay, Kent’ by E.N. Bromhead
Authors: Dunbaven M. 
Published: November 2007

M. D
unbaven
writes: The geometrical forms of the slips described in the paper bear many similarities to failures in mining waste dumps reported by Blight (1969). The important feature of the slides is the coincidence of the lower parts of the slip surfaces with a weaker layer of soil; in this case the Oldhaven Beds of silty fine sand. The example chosen for discussion is the Mirmar landslide where the weak layer forms the base of a simple slope. A careful study of some similar landslides has shown that the graben block and the
en masse
movement of the lower slope are common characteristics.

Recent research at James Cook University has reproduced such failures in a small physical model. A slope made from a well graded cohesionless silica sand was built over a layer of bentonite saturated to give low yield strength. Overall dimensions of the slope were: height 400 mm, width 750 mm, base length 1100 mm. The kinematics of the failure have been determined by photography which revealed basically a movement of two ‘rigid’ wedges.
A computer study based on a wedge analysis was conducted using both force balance and energy balance equations, with the condition that one slip-plane pass through the base material. The situation which created the highest force or energy imbalance was calculated by numerical optimization. For both methods, the predicted slip-planes closely followed those observed in the laboratory, however, different answers would be expected for a material which exhibited significant dilatancy.
Frost heave of roads
Authors: Jones R. H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The mechanism by which frost heave occurs when freezing temperatures, frost-susceptible materials and an adequate supply of water occur simultaneously is outlined. Index tests for identifying frost-susceptible materials (particularly sub-base aggregates) are discussed and emphasis is given to improvements in the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) test and the role of suction/permeability relationships.
Analysis of the design procedure to prevent frost heave damage highlights the importance of material and environmental factors. Results from homogeneous and composite specimens support this conclusion. A quantitative model has been developed and reasonable agreement obtained between its predictions and the heave observed in a Precise Freezing Cell. The work described is relevant to the improvement of empirical design procedures in the near future as well as the possible introduction of analytical design methods at a later stage.
The use of a numerical model in the management of the Chalk aquifer in the Upper Thames Basin
Authors: Morel E. H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A non-linear groundwater model has been developed as an aid in the management of the Chalk aquifer in the Upper Thames Basin. The area of investigation includes Stage I of the Thames Groundwater Scheme, and the model has been used to assess the performance of the aquifer during the severe drought of 1975-76 when river flow was augmented by pumping groundwater into the river. Results indicate that the main loss of water during this period was caused by stream-bed leakage and evaporation from the riparian zone, but that these losses were relatively small. The aquifer is shown to have considerable potential for further development as a major source of water, provided that use is made of denser networks of production boreholes located in the middle and lower slopes of the valleys in the area of Chalk outcrop.
Reactions between dolomitic aggregate and alkali pore fluids in concrete
Authors: Poole A. B. , Sotiropoulos P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Carbonate aggregates will react with alkalies from the cement paste in concretes under certain conditions. Several types of reaction are possible, and one involving dolomitic aggregates which contain intergranular clays can lead to disruptive expansion in the concrete. This reaction of dolomite with cement alkalies is essentially one of dedolomitization, a complex reaction rim containing three recognizable zones develops at the interface between the cement paste and aggregate. The details of the reaction processes and of ionic migration with time have been followed using electron probe microanalysis. The effect of the presence of additional alkalies and of sodium chloride on the reaction processes and speed are also discussed on the basis of microanalytical data.
The suitability of aggregates from weathered Peterhead granites
Authors: Moore I. C. , Gribble C. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Concrete has traditionally been made using sand and gravel filler. Concretes have been compared using two variably weathered granites from north east Scotland as aggregates. This study investigates the differences produced in concrete made from different grades of weathered aggregate.
As the intensity of weathering increases, the bond between mineral grains weakens and therefore the durability of the aggregate is diminished. The intensity of weathering can be shown by the loss of certain oxides in the rock mass.
Some of the major requirements for concretes are the impact and abrasion values of the aggregates used, and the shrinkage and compressive strength of the concrete produced. It can be shown that these values are all dependent on the mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the aggregate.
A diffusion exchange model for solute movement in fissured porous rock
Authors: Barker J. A. , Foster S. S. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A model of solute movement in an idealized, fissured, porous medium, involving diffusion exchange between mobile fissure-water and immobile pore-water, is formulated mathematically and solved numerically for a range of values of the input parameters. The insight gained into this mechanism of solute movement is of relevance in predicting the migration of the more soluble pollutants in the major British aquifers, and is of particular significance to the interpretation of the distribution of tritium and nitrate in the unsaturated zone of the Chalk beneath arable land.
An engineering zoning map of the Permian limestones of NE England
Authors: Dearman W. R. , Coffey J. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The standard stratigraphical divisions of the Permian limestones of NE England are reviewed and re-interpreted as engineering types in a classification related to engineering geological requirements. Based on this classification a map of engineering geological zonation has been prepared at an original scale of 1:50 000. The general engineering geological characteristics of each zonal unit are described, in relation to engineering construction.
Some preliminary considerations on the selection and durability of rock and concrete materials for breakwaters and coastal protection works
Authors: Fookes P. G. , Poole A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The durability of concrete and rock used in marine construction is reviewed. The marine environment has been divided into four significant zones of effect on the durability of concrete and rock. Forms of deterioration specific to concrete or rock and common to both are discussed in the context of the four zones. Rates of concrete deterioration in the zones and in different environments are also discussed.
A preliminary study is presented of the shape, size and weathering characteristics on the performance of rock used in marine structures, particularly rubble-mound breakwaters. Nomographs for field use, relating the design weight of rock to shape, size and specific gravity are presented and acceptance and compliance tests for assessing suitability of rock are suggested. Design of filter systems is also considered in relation to rock characteristics for breakwater cores with high fines contents and for reclaimed areas behind coarsely graded protection works.
Rock slope stability and remedial measures for a residential development at Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
Authors: Starr D. C. , Stiles A. P. , Nisbet R. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Buildings Ordnance Office of the Hong Kong Public Works Department stipulates minimum requirements for site formation plans submitted where rock slopes are involved. In particular, design assumptions and evidence upon which they are based must be clearly stated and verified during excavation by means of engineering geological drawings, showing salient features and details of proposed support and drainage measures.
Examples from rock slope construction records for a residential development at Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong, are presented. The site formation involved excavation of benches into an existing hillside, resulting in the formation of rock faces up to 15 m in height in slightly weathered granodiorite, both beneath and behind the residential blocks.
A rapid system of logging the rock faces by means of subjective surveys using photographic overlays is outlined, and remedial measures employed after final scaling are briefly described.
A potentially unstable rock face was identified at an early stage, and geological conditions are presented in the form of a detailed Face Log. A further investigation of this slope by orientated rotary drilling was carried out, and design parameters are assessed by a combination of back-analysis and laboratory testing. A method of designing active support systems using a computer program is outlined, and ‘as-built’ construction records are presented.
The stability of cuts on the M4 north of Cardiff
Authors: Newbery J. , Baker D. A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A case history is presented illustrating the role of engineering geology in the construction N of Cardiff of some 6.6 km of motorway cuttings in glacial moraine and bedrock of Lower Old Red Sandstone age.

The proposed cut at Wenallt, located at the foot of Wenallt Reservoir, had featured prominently in the Public Inquiry. Subsequently this proved to be the only location at which a large failure occurred. Differences between the assumed and actual geological conditions are described. Due to the geological structure and the low residual strengths of c′ = 5 kN/m
2
and ϕ′ = 10.5° in the Devonian marl, the only practical solution involved major earthworks to remove the slipped material. The excavated mass was partially replaced with a toe berm which incorporated a variety of drainage measures.

Experience from this contract has substantiated the need for detailed geotechnical monitoring during construction of major cuts formed in folded and faulted soft rocks. This enables checks to be made on design assumptions, permits revised assessments of stability and facilitates redesign if required.
The assessment of soils and soft rocks for embankment construction
Authors: Parsons A. W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
During earthwork construction, the assessment of the quality of the excavated soil to determine its suitability for use as fill requires a rapid, reproducible test, the results of which correlate well with engineering properties. The newly-developed moisture condition test fulfils these requirements.
In the relatively shallow embankments in road construction, the operating ability of earthwork construction plant is frequently used as the criterion of suitability of fill material. Relations have been established, therefore, between factors affecting the productivity of earthmoving plant and the moisture condition value. Furthermore, predictions made at the design stage of a scheme of the potential quantities of available material suitable for use in embankments require a knowledge of the possible effects of weather conditions during the construction period on the condition of the soil. Recent research has set out to determine these effects and their associated impact on the planning of the earthmoving operations.
An earthwork material that can cause particular difficulties during embankment construction is chalk. A classification for chalk has been developed in terms of its saturation moisture content and a chalk crushing value. This indicates, for each class of chalk, the preferred method of working in order to minimize the difficulties.
Introduction Mudrocks of the United Kingdom
Authors: de Frietas M. H. 
Published: November 2007

A compendium of the papers read at the Geological Society on 18 September 1981

It is surprising that in the UK, where so much of the ground on which we build originated as muddy sediments, there is no collection of papers readily available for engineers and geologists alike that describes the geological distribution and general character of our mudrocks, their range of properties and the problems associated with defining and predicting their geotechnical behaviour. The one-day meeting was an attempt to fill this gap. It soon became clear, however, that the subject could not be adequately covered in one day, and the meeting was probably the first of what will become a series, over the years, to deal with the subject at large. The scope of this meeting was restricted to the non-calcareous mudrocks, which were taken to include our over-consolidated clays. Calcareous mudrocks, which include many limestones, were not considered. The papers reproduced here are largely a record of the data that were presented at the meeting.
The authors of the papers were asked to provide a review of their particular subject, supported by a selected bibliography that would direct the reader to more detailed information. Many of the papers are, therefore, general in nature and are written for the reader in need of basic information founded upon our knowledge of the subject to date. Twelve papers were read at the meeting and their sequence in this publication reflects the grouping that was used for presentation. The first four papers describe the geographical position and geological nature of the major mudrock deposits in
Mudrocks in the Carboniferous of Britain
Authors: Ramsbottom W. H. C. , Sabine P. A. , Dangerfield J. , Sabine P. W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The distribution of mudrocks in the British Carboniferous is largely related to the underlying block/basin structure, the basins showing mainly muddy sequences. Most mudrocks are in the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures, where they form more than 500f the sequence. Average chemical analyses and mineralogical compositions of fireclays mainly from the Upper Carboniferous are given and compared with international averages; the Phanerozoic secular variation of CaO/MgO ratios resembles Russian results.
Mineralogy and petrology of the argillaceous sedimentary rocks of the UK.
Authors: Shaw H. F. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The non-clay and clay mineralogy of the British argillaceous sedimentary rocks are discussed. The non-clay mineralogy is only considered in general terms due to the lack of detailed information. The general nature of the clay minerals, their genesis and the effects of burial diagenesis on clay minerals are reviewed. This is followed by a more detailed examination of the clay mineralogy of the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary argillaceous rocks. Consideration is given to the relative importance of the depositional environment and burial diagenesis in forming the clay assemblages now found in British mudrocks.
The petrology of the argillaceous sedimentary rocks is discussed in general terms. The use of electron microscopy in the examination of mudrocks generally and some British examples in particular is reviewed, including a discussion of the nature and origin of fissility. The possibility of using high voltage electron microscopy in future studies of argillaceous sediments is proposed based on its successful use in examining the microstructures and mineralogy of slates.
B. J. Connorton writes
Authors: Morhel E. H. 
Published: November 2007

The most important hydrogeological finding to come out of the field investigations carried out during the various phases of test pumping of Stage 1 of the Thames Groundwater Scheme was the realisation that the magnitude of transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) decline significantly with depth (Owen
et al.
1977). Bearing in mind that the purpose of the scheme is to abstract ground-water at times of drought, the main implication of this finding is that aquifer parameters are likely to be appreciably lower under operational conditions than under normal seasonal conditions.

The author employs the Nutbrown inverse method (Nutbrown 1975) to compute the areal distribution of T and S which are then input to the groundwater model. This particular inverse technique is based on a cyclic time integration of the conventional linear groundwater flow equation, consequently, T and S values computed by this method will necessarily correspond to some average seasonal groundwater stage condition.
Morel's ‘non-linear’ model is so called because the transmissivity parameter is represented as:

T = K
a
b (1)

where K
a
= K
a
(
x
,
y
) ... average hydraulic conductivity,

b = b(
x
,
y
, h)... saturated aquifer thickness,

and h = h(
x
,
y
, t) ... groundwater head

K
a
is obtained by dividing the T value computed from the inverse method by 50 m (assumed average aquifer thickness).

Storativity is a function of areal position only as computed by the inverse technique. Essentially, the author is modelling the unconfined Chalk aquifer as though it were a vertically homogenous porous medium. Equation (1)