bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of the sulphur content of wheat grown in Britain
Authors: Byers Marjorie , McGrath Stephen P. , Webster Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a survey of the sulphur content of wheat grown on British farms in 1981 and 1982 the percentage of sulphur in the grain ranged from 0.13% to 0.21%, equivalent to 0.11–0.18% at 14% moisture content, with a mean of 0.17%. The nitrogen‐to‐sulphur ratios, indicators of baking quality, were 11.5:1 and 13.1:1 in 1981 and 1982, respectively. The larger value in 1982 is attributed to the crop taking up much nitrogen during the exceptionally wet June. The ratio, however, was not critical in any sampler.Mean sulphur contents computed for ADAS regions showed that, generally, grain grown in the English Midlands, Eastern counties and South East contained the most sulphur, and that in Scotland least. Maps of both sulphur content and the proportion of sulphur that occurs as sulphate were made by simple block kriging with blocks 14 × 14 km. These showed that above‐average sulphur contents occurred mainly in a belt of country extending from London to the West Midlands and South Yorkshire, with a maximum in the vicinity of Peterborough. Crops grown in Scotland contained least. The pattern corresponds closely with the deposition from the atmosphere predicted by the Central Electricity Research Laboratories. The distribution of sulphate as a percentage of total sulphur also had a marked regional pattern with largest concentrations in Cheshire, South Yorkshire, Fife and the rural Midlands of England.
Changes in elements, pectic substances and organic acids during development of boysenberry fruit
Authors: Monro John A. , Lee Julian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges in elements, pectic fractions, and organic acids during the development of boysenberries are described. Fruit were grouped into nine developmental stages on the basis of fresh weight and anthocyanin content. Stages 1–5 covered the earliest period of development (Stage 1 fresh weight=1.34 g), marked by fruit expansion and little accumulation of anthocyanin, whereas during Stages 6–9, when ripening occurred, fruit expansion ceased and anthocyanin content increased greatly. Most elements (except B and Na) fell into two very distinct groups. Over the course of development the content of Ca, Mn and Sr per fruit varied bimodally and decreased after the cessation of fruit growth, indicating a net efflux from the fruit. In contrast, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, P and S, which were all very significantly intercorrelated (P<0.01), increased approximately linearly and thus showed a net influx into the fruit. The decrease in Ca, Mn and Sr content per fruit coincided with a decrease in Ca pectate and total pectin, and a greatly increased proportion of cold water‐soluble pectin. Three acids, citric, malic and succinic, were detectable, with citric acid predominant. The changing content of malic acid paralleled that of Ca. The observed patterns of change suggested an increasing phloem/xylem influx ratio during fruit enlargement, with a subsequent loss of binding capacity in the cell‐wall, enabling remobilization of wall‐bound elements. The results imply that the Ca level in the fruit is important in the ripening of bramble fruit.
Effects of solute gradients on the osmotic potential of potato tubers stored at two temperatures
Authors: Gill Peter A. , Waister Peter D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTubers of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Pentland Crown were stored at either 2°C or 16°C in the dark. The concentrations of the major osmotica were measured at three positions along the tuber, together with parallel cryoscopic measurements of osmotic potential.Positive gradients of concentration of potassium and organic acids, from the base to the apex of the tuber, were approximately balanced in their osmotic effect by negative gradients of soluble sugars. Tubers stored at 16°C showed a small net negative gradient of osmotic potential, and those at 2°C a slightly larger positive gradient. This difference was attributed to the steeper gradient of soluble sugars in tubers stored at 2°EC. There were no significant differences in the gradients of potassium, magnesium and organic acids between the two temperature treatments, nor were there any detectable changes in these gradients with time in storage.
A land grouping system for cultivation and sowing requirements for winter barley: Evaluation and modification of recommendations
Authors: Ball Bruce C. , O'Sullivan Michael F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractResults are presented which allow further development of a recently proposed grouping of land according to its minimum cultivation requirement for winter barley. The minimum cultivations required are: Group 1, direct drilling (no cultivation); Group 2, shallow ploughing or shallow cultivation to 50–150 mm depth and Group 3, mouldboard ploughing to >150 mm depth. Soil, climate and yield data are presented from field experiments on soils in each group located in the south east of Scotland. Results from short‐term experiments support the grouping. Long‐term average yields were similar among cultivation‐sowing systems when compaction was minimised and when weather at sowing was suitable. This effect was associated with an improvement in structure of Group 3 soils under zero and reduced cultivation systems. A reduced‐tillage broadcasting system allows more favourable localisation and timing of sowing traffic than drilling so that cultivation requirements may be reduced.
Phenolics, fibre and fibre digestibility in the crop residue from bird resistant and non‐bird resistant sorghum varieties
Authors: Reed Jess D. , Tedla Abate , Kebede Yilma 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe relationship between phenolics and parameters of in‐vitro digestibility of neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) in leaves and stems from the crop residue of bird resistant (BR) and non‐bird resistant (NBR) sorghum varieties was determined. The phenolics studied were lignin, insoluble proanthocyanidins, soluble red pigments and soluble phenolics as measured by absorbance (280 nm)and precipitation with ytterbium. Parameters of the digestibility of NDF studied were 48‐h digestibility, potentially digestible NDF, rate of digestion and indigestible NDF as determined by non‐linear regression analysis. Leaves from BR varieties were higher in most phenolics than leaves from NBR varieties. Digestibility of NDF at 48 h, potentially digestible NDF and rate of NDF digestion was lower in leaves from BR varieties. The indigestible NDF was higher in BR varieties. Phenolics in leaves were negatively correlated with digestibility of NDF at 48 h, potentially digestible NDF and rate of NDF digestion and positively correlated with indigestible NDF. Phenolics in stems had non‐significant correlations with parameters of the digestibility of NDF except for a positive correlation between lignin and indigestible NDF. These results indicate that breeding for bird resistance in sorghum would lead to lower nutritive value of the crop residue.
Thermostable muscle antigens suitable for use in enzyme immunoassays for identification of meat from various species
Authors: Kang'ethe Erastus K. , Lindqvist Kaare J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for the extraction of thermostable muscle antigens for use in enzyme immunoassays is described. The method yields antigens devoid of contaminating proteins which reduce the adsorption of the antigens on to the plate. The effect of such proteins is stimulated by the addition of gelatin. Gelatin (5 mg ml−1) results in 100% inhibition of the antigen adsorption on to the plate.
Effect of post‐harvest treatment on the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaves
Authors: Wee Kok Leong , Wang Shusen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of sun drying, soaking at various temperatures and submergence times, and tissue disruption on mimosine removal in Leucaena leucocephala leaves were studied. The rate of mimosine elimination increased with an increase in both temperature and exposure time, but maceration of leaves did not significantly increase the rate of mimosine conversion. Prolonged soaking of leaves was most effective, and virtually all the mimosine was degraded after 48 hours' submergence in water at 30°C.
Some inhibitory effects of radiation stress on tomato fruit ripening
Authors: Adegoroye Adegoke S. , Jolliffe Peter A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDetached tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) fruit exposed to 650 W m−2 radiation from incandescent lamps for 1.5 or 4 h developed visible injury during subsequent storage. In tissues directly exposed to the radiation, ascorbic acid content was decreased and lycopene accumulation and protopectin solubilisation were blocked. For intact fruit, the respiratory climacteric was depressed, but ethylene production was enhanced following the radiation stress. Radiation injury blocks both the initiation and the progress of ripening.
Chemical composition, amino acid content and protein quality of Canavalia spp. seeds
Authors: Bressani Ricardo , Brenes Roberto Gómez , García Arnoldo , Elías Luiz G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCanavalia ensiformis is a grain legume that offers good possibilities for its use, but reports on its chemical composition and nutritive quality are not readily available. This study presents chemical and nutritional data on C. ensiformis, C. gladiata and C. maritima grains. The three species varied in protein content mainly because of differences in crude fibre content. Protein varied from 26.9 to 22.4%, and crude fibre varied from 8.5 to 17.3%. This was due to differences in seed‐coat percentage. The amino acid content in C. ensiformis and C. gladiata was essentially the same, and both were deficient in sulphur‐containing amino acids but rich in lysine. Pressure cooking and roasting reduced lysine levels. Mineral content in the three species was essentially the same, with high potassium levels as is the case with most food legumes. Feeding trials indicated low nutritional quality for the raw grain, which was significantly improved by pressure cooking and roasting. Protein digestibility was 47.9%, and cooked and roasted samples had 76.4 and 78.7%, respectively. Both C. ensiformis and C. gladiata had the same protein quality (PER = 1.24), and it was significantly improved with methionine supplementation.
Gas chromatographic determination of indole glucosinolates—a re‐examination
Authors: Slominski Bogdan A. , Campbell Lloyd D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) as a technique for the analysis of glucosinolates, including indole glucosinolates, in low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal and seed was assessed. Variation contributed by various steps of g.l.c. methodology was studied, and following modifications to the method analytical results were compared with those estimated from thiocyanate ion (SCN) release following treatment of samples with myrosinase enzyme. The volume of water required to effectively elute glucosinolates from a DEAE Sephadex column was shown to cause variability in analytical results. The effect was dependent upon the internal standard used and was most pronounced for indole glucosinolates. Heat treatment (95°C) required in the procedure for the inactivation of myrosinase enzyme was shown to result in substantial decomposition of indole glucosinolates. In this regard a standard procedure involving 15 min dry heat treatment followed by 3 min wet heat treatment is recommended. With these modifications the g.l.c. methodology was shown to be adequate as a routine procedure for the analysis of glucosinolates in low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal and seed.
Effect of sulphur dioxide and blanching on the stability of carotenoids of dehydrated carrot
Authors: Baloch Ahmad K. , Buckle Kenneth A. , Edwards Ron A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of blanching and sulphiting of carrot on the stability of carotenoids of dehydrated carrot was evaluated. The carotenoid content of untreated and treated carrots was measured after dehydration and during storage of dehydrated carrot at 37°C. Sulphiting was found to have a marked effect on the stability of carotenoids of both unblanched and blanched carrots during dehydration and storage at 37°C. The effectiveness of sulphur dioxide was reduced by increasing blanching time to over 1 min, the period in which the carrot becomes just adequately blanched. Even 9621 μg−1 SO2 in over‐blanched carrot was not as effective as less than one‐quarter of this concentration in carrot that had been just adequately blanched. The combination of sulphiting, and blanching to a level sufficient to inactivate peroxidase activity, is considered to be the most effective method for enhancing the storage life of the product, and optimisation of the blanching process is highly desirable in order to gain the maximum benefit from the SO2 treatment.
Investigation into Pentaclethra macrophylla seed oil: Identification of hexacosanoic (C26:0) and octacosanoic (C28:0) fatty acids
Authors: Jones Andrew C. , Robinson Janet M. , Southwell Keith H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of seed oil from Pentaclethra macrophylla was analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Linoleic acid (56.6%) was the major fatty acid with oleic (16.1%) and lignoceric (10.5%) acids making a significant contribution. Two long‐chain fatty acids not commonly found in vegetable oils were identified. These were shown to be hexacosanoic (C26:0) and octacosanoic (C28:0) acids; 4.8% and 1.0% of each acid being present, respectively. The oil content of the seeds was 42.0%.
Characterisation of aqueous extracts of seed proteins of Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius
Authors: Yu Richard S.‐T. , Kyle William S. A. , Hung Tran V. , Zeckler Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAqueous isolation of proteins from lupin seeds at different pH values has been examined. Protein isolates were characterised by gel filtration, electrophoresis and protein digestibility studies. The efficiency of extracting protein, expressed as solubilised nitrogen, from L. angustifolius and L. albus seeds can be manipulated by using aqueous media at pH <3 or >8. Although lupin proteins extracted at pH 2, 7 and 8.5 produced similar elution profiles on gel filtration analysis, lupin proteins extracted at pH 2 contained a low proportion of high molecular weight polypeptides, and those at alkaline pH, e.g. at 8.5, contained high molecular weight polypeptides similar to those extracted from the seeds directly. This situation was confirmed by SDS—PAGE analysis. It can be concluded that structural damage to the seed proteins occurs at pH 2 extraction, resulting in more unfolded conformation. This conclusion is consistent with our results from in vitro protein digestibility studies.
Near infra‐red analysis of grass silage by principal component analysis of transformed reflectance data
Authors: Downey Gerard , Robert Paul , Bertrand Dominique , Devaux Marie Françoise 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMost of the observed variation between n.i.r. spectra in any sample collection is due to particle size variation; in addition, absorbance readings are highly inter‐correlated. Application of multiple linear regression techniques to such spectral data produces a multiplicity of solutions which vary in the wavelengths selected and in predictive accuracy. Evaluation of all or most of these calibrations requires a significant amount of time. In the present study, alternative data treatment methods are described which reduce the effect of particle size variations, select only those wavelengths which contain significant information, and overcome the problem of inter‐correlation by means of principal component analysis. These methods were applied to the analysis of dried silage for crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD); accuracy of the novel data treatments (best standard error of prediction of CP and IVDMD equal to 0.63 and 2.7, respectively) was better than that generally achieved by more conventional statistical techniques.
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for diacetoxyscirpenol applied to the analysis of wheat
Authors: Mills E. N. Clare , Johnston Jane M. , Kemp Heather A. , Morgan Michael R. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHigh‐titre, high‐specificity antisera against diacetoxyscirpenol have been produced in rabbits and used to set up an indirect, microtitration‐plate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the trichothecene mycotoxin. The assay, with a limit of detection of 2 pg per well, has been applied to the determination of diacetoxyscirpenol in wheat. Cereal extraction consists of a simple solubilisation of toxin in methanol resulting in an assay sensitivity of 300 ng g−1. Recovery, measured at three different toxin levels, was essentially quantitative.
Effect of intraruminal infusions of sodium bicarbonate on the rate of passage and degradation of dietary proteins in cows given a silage‐based diet
Authors: Newbold Charles J. , Chamberlain David G. , Thomas Phillip C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour non‐lactating cows, each fitted with a rumen cannula, were given a diet of grass silage, molasses, barley, soya bean meal and a mineral mix (70:14:9:6:1 on a dry matter basis) in eight meals a day. Four experimental treatments, consisting of intraruminal infusions of sodium bicarbonate at 0, 300, 600 and 900 g d −1in a 4×4 Latin square design, were used to study the effects of added bicarbonate on the rumen environment and on the predicted rumen degradability of soya bean meal, rapeseed meal and fishmeal.Mean rumen pH values were 6.26, 6.53, 6.73 and 6.87 for the control and bicarbonate treatments, respectively; corresponding values for the fractional outflow of rumen liquid were 0.129, 0.142, 0.151 and 0.153 h−1 (SED 0.01; P>0.05) and for the fractional outflow rates of Cr‐mordanted protein particles 0.035, 0.040, 0.048 and 0.054 h−1 (SED 0.001; P<0.01).Sodium bicarbonate had no effect on the disappearance of soya bean meal or rapeseed meal nitrogen from Dacron bags incubated in the rumen, but at the 900 g d−1 level there was an increased nitrogen disappearance from fishmeal at all incubation times; disappearances after 24 h were 0.64 and 0.68 (SED 0.025; P<0.05). Using the values for the disappearance of nitrogen and the outflow rates of Cr‐mordanted protein the predicted rumen degradabilities of soya bean meal and rapeseed meal were reduced by about 8% by the 900 g d −1 infusion, but for fishmeal there was no change in degradability since the effects of an increased outflow rate were counter‐balanced by an increased rate of loss of nitrogen in the Dacron bag incubations.
Influence of chemical and biological pretreatments on the degradation of lignocellulosic material by biological systems
Authors: Morrison Ian M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA highly lignified lignocellulosic substrate, barley straw, was modified by treatment with a variety of chemical and biological reagents. These reagents had specific effects on different components of the cell wall. The residual materials after the treatments were analysed for their composition and degradability by two biological pretreatments, rumen liquor and pepsin/cellulase. The biological pretreatments (cellulase and hemi‐cellulase) gave residues with decreased degradability. Reagents which primarily attack the hemicellulose component gave residues with slightly increased degradabilities. When the treatments primarily hydrolysed the phenolic acid/acetic acid ester bonds, the degradabilities were also slightly increased, but only reagents which primarily attack the core lignin component of the cell wall gave residues with greatly increased degradabililies. Similar results were obtained with both biological systems, but the rumen liquor system was always more efficient than the pepsin/cellulose system.
Studies on the proteins of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
Authors: Sudharshana L. , Monteiro P. Vincent , Ramachandra Geeta 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies on the proteins of five varieties of kodo millet showed that there are hardly any varietal differences. Fractionation of the proteins showed that glutelin is the major storage protein. The amino acid compositions of the protein of the five varities of kodo millet and the individual protein fractions of two varieties were determined. Lysine is the most limiting amino acid followed by methionine and cystine. There is no significant negative correlation between lysine levels and protein content. Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns indicate great similarities in the different varieties.
Filamentous structures of bovine myosin in diluted suspensions and gels
Authors: Hermansson Anne‐Marie , Langton Maud 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTurbid solutions and fine‐stranded gels of myosin from bovine semi‐membranous muscle were investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Evidence is given that the turbidity was caused by filament formation upon dialysis to pH 5.5 and 0.25 M KCl and to pH 4.0 and 0.6 m KCl at 4°C. The filaments formed at pH5.5 and 0.25 m KCl had a backbone with a diameter of c. 25 nm with the myosin heads located close to the filament backbone. The total width of these filaments was c.45nm. The filaments were prepared for electron microscopy by adsorption on various substrates, negative staining, or freeze drying and rotary shadowing. Variations in the preparation technique did not affect the appearance of the filaments. The filaments formed at pH 4.0 and 0.6 m KCl had a more irregular appearance, and the total filament width varied between 20 and 45 nm. Fringes of globular material surrounding the filament backbone were seen but also clusters of myosin molecules protruding further out from the backbone and from the filament ends.Comparison of heat‐treated filaments in dilute solutions with strands of the gel network confirmed that the gel strands originated from filaments formed upon dialysis prior to gelation. Typical features of the network structure were junction zones formed by parallel alignments of filaments in pairs and by end‐to‐side interactions forming so‐called Y‐junctions. At pH5.5 and 0.25 m KCl these interactions resulted in a rather loose and open network structure. At pH 4.0 and 0.6 M KCl the filaments often interacted approximately at right angles, which resulted in a denser network than that observed atpH5.5 and 0.25 m KCl. The efficient network formation at pH 4.0 gave rise to spontaneous gel formation upon dialysis without any heat treatment. Additional heating did not change the character of the network, and no differences could be observed between unheated and heat‐treated gels at low magnifications. At higher magnifications it could be seen that heating resulted in loss of details of the filaments at both pH values and ionic strengths. The shape of the myosin heads was lost, and the heads fused together on the filament backbone.
Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea): Protein content, quality and SDS–PAGE of protein fractions
Authors: Monteiro P. Vincent , Sudharshana L. , Ramachandra Geeta 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTotal protein from five varieties of Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea,) was separated into albumin/globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions. The protein fractions were examined by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Total protein of the varieties ranged from 110·5 to 139·3 mg g−1 of which 11·3–17·2% was albumin/globulins, 6·8–9·3% prolamins, 7·5–11·6% prolamin–like, 5·9–9·1% glutelin‐like and 39·3–54·4% true glutelins. Amino acid analyses of the total protein showed that the varieties had essentially the same ammo acid composition. With the exception of lysine the amino acid levels adequately matched the provisional FAO scoring pattern. The amino acid composition of the protein fractions was also very similar. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the albumin/globulin fraction contained three or four components; the prolamin and glutelin fractions each had five components. The glutelin fraction had higher molecular weight components than the other two fractions.