bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Dental Caries Development in 1.5‐Year‐Old High‐Risk Children in the Japanese Public Health Service
Authors: Sakuma Shihoko , Nakamura Muneto , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to construct prediction models for 1.5‐year‐old children who were at risk for the development of caries.Methods: The participants were 5,107 Japanese children who resided in 21 municipalities in the Shizuoka prefecture and received oral health examinations at both 1.5 and 3 years old. General practitioners in the respective municipalities conducted the examination and the evaluation of plaque deposit. At the examination at 1.5 years old, the guardians were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the child care environment and the health habits of the children and themselves. They were divided into four groups based on the population of the concerned municipality. Approximately 30 percent of the subjects in each group were found to be in the high‐risk category (Δdft ≥ 1 during both examinations). A stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis in each group was performed using high‐risk subjects as the dependent variable and 28 independent variables from the examination at 1.5 years old and the questionnaire.Results: A significant model could be constructed for each group using eight to 14 independent variables, respectively. The variables common to more than three groups are related to the child’s characteristics, especially sugar consumption, feeding, and caries experiences. The predictive ability of the models had a sensitivity of 58.0 to 64.0 percent and a specificity of 64.1 to 70.5 percent. Because the negative predictive value was 77.4 to 80.5 percent, these models might be considered to be in the permissible range.Conclusions: The models could not predict caries risk but may be able to predict those cases who will not develop caries.
Racial and Ethnic Variation in the Provision of Dental Procedures
Authors: Okunseri Christopher , Bajorunaite Ruta , Matthew Richards , Iacopino Anthony M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: Most of the available information on racial/ethnic disparities in oral health is based on differences in sociodemographic variables related to dental disease burden, dental visits, and access to care. However, very little is known regarding racial/ethnic variation in the provision of dental procedures. This study examined trends in the provision of dental procedures and sought to determine whether there are racial/ethnic differences in the provision of dental procedures.Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of patients treated at a dental training institution. Data for all patients 18 to 60 years of age in axiUm (electronic database) for 2001 to 2003 were analyzed. Data include demographic information, poverty status, insurance coverage, dental procedure, and race/ethnicity. Separate logistic regression models (by dental procedure category and year) were fitted while considering race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, poverty status, marital status, and age as possible covariates.Results: The total number of dental procedures completed by providers increased by 14,000 between 2001 and 2003. African‐Americans were significantly less likely to have restorative procedures [odds ratio (OR): 0.60, 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 0.42 to 0.86], (OR: 0.52, 95 percent CI: 0.38 to 0.73), (OR: 0.46, 95 percent CI: 0.36 to 0.58) in 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively, than the White population. Significant differences in the use of other dental procedures (prosthodontics – removable) and oral surgery procedures by race/ethnicity were observed.Conclusions: Substantial racial/ethnic variation in the provision of dental procedures exists. This study presents findings beyond anecdotal information on racial/ethnic variation in the provision of dental procedures and requires further research to compile more detailed data.
Coping with Toothache Pain: A Qualitative Study of Low‐Income Persons and Minorities
Authors: Cohen Leonard A. , Harris Shelly L. , Bonito Arthur J. , Manski Richard J. , Macek Mark D. , Edwards Robert R. , Cornelius Llewellyn J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study examined the behavioral impact of toothache pain as well as self‐care strategies for pain relief among minority and low‐income individuals.Methods: Eight focus group sessions were conducted with 66 participants drawn from low‐income non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adults over the age of 20 who had experienced a toothache during the previous 12‐month period and who had utilized self‐care or care from a nondentist.Results: Toothache pain was described as intense, throbbing, miserable, or unbearable. Focus group participants indicated that toothache pain affected their ability to perform normal activities, such as their job, housework, social activities, sleeping, talking, and eating, as well as making them depressed and affecting their social interactions. Numerous prescription and nonprescription medications as well as home remedies and self‐care strategies were used for pain relief, although these were generally of limited and uncertain benefit. While receiving care at a dental office was the most preferable option for care, most participants reported multiple barriers, including the cost of dental care that resulted in long delays in seeking dental care. The main reason for eventually seeking dental care was the severity of the pain.Conclusions: Although removing financial barriers alone may not lead to preventive dental visits, it would facilitate more timely visits to dentists to treat toothache pain.
Use of Dental Care by Elderly Chinese Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Lai Daniel W. L. , Hui Nelson T. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study examines the predictors for elderly Chinese immigrants’ use of dental care services.Methods: In 2003, a study entitled “Health and Well Being of Older Chinese in Canada” collected data from seven cities in which 2,272 Chinese Canadians aged 55 years and older were surveyed. Data from 1,537 of these individuals were used to examine the use of dental care services by the elderly Chinese. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to examine the predicting factors for use of dental care.Results: More than half (52.1 percent) of the elder Chinese immigrants did not use any dental care services within the past year of the study. Being older, living in Quebec, and having poorer physical health reduced the probability that an older Chinese immigrant would use dental care services. On the other hand, being an immigrant from Hong Kong, having lived in Canada for a longer period of time, strong social support, and having dental problems increase the probability of dental service use.Discussion: The findings support the need for considering the cultural characteristics and background of elderly Chinese immigrants when strengthening oral health promotion. This should encompass understanding of the holistic concept of health that includes oral health and its connections with other physical health issues.
Dental Amalgam and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Aminzadeh Kevin K. , Etminan Mahyar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: Amalgam restorations have long been controversial due to their mercury content. Allegations that the mercury may be linked to nervous disorders such as Alzheimer’s, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS) have fueled the calls for the removal of amalgam restorations from dentists’ armamentarium. To explore and quantify the association between amalgam restorations and MS we have conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature.Methods: A systematic search in Medline (from 1966 to April 2006), EMBASE (2006, Week 16), and the Cochrane library (Issue 2, 2006) for English‐language articles meeting specific definitions of MS and amalgam exposure was conducted. Studies were also identified using the references of retrieved articles. Studies were independently reviewed by two authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Studies were selected based on an a priori of defined criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks were pooled using the random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q statistics.Results: The pooled OR for the risk of MS among amalgam users was consistent, with a slight, nonstatistically significant increase between amalgam use and risk of MS.Conclusion: Future studies that take into consideration the amalgam restoration size and surface area along with the duration of exposure are needed in order to definitively rule out any link between amalgam and MS.
The use of recombinant activated factor VII in life‐threatening postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: FRANCHINI MASSIMO 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYBleeding is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in obstetrics. As recent reports have documented the successful treatment of some cases of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) refractory to standard treatment with recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa), we have performed a systematic review of the existing literature on this topic. Although supported by few and uncontrolled studies, on the whole the published data suggest a potential role of rFVIIa in the management of severe PPH. However, further evidences are needed in order to better assess the optimal dose, the effectiveness and the safety of rFVIIa in such critical bleeding condition.
Tolerability and efficacy of parenteral iron therapy in hemodialysis patients, a comparison of preparations
Authors: MONIEM KHALID A. , BHANDARI SUNIL 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYHemodialysis patients require parenteral iron to replenish/maintain sufficient iron stores and optimize erythropoietin (EPO) use. Two parenteral iron preparations are available in the UK, iron dextran (CosmoFer) and iron sucrose (Venofer). Debate about their safety profiles continues.We performed an observational study of chronic kidney disease patients and a prospective crossover study in hemodialysis patients to examine the comparative safety and tolerability of CosmoFer and Venofer. Side effects, hemoglobin, ferritin and EPO dose were recorded.One hundred and forty‐four patients received CosmoFer (2294 doses) and 110 received Venofer (2111 doses). Fifteen reactions occurred with no anaphylactic episodes in either group. Thirty‐nine patients (28 men), mean age 60.5 years, on intravenous Venofer were converted to CosmoFer for 6 months. They were then converted back to Venofer. No differences in hemoglobin, EPO dose or ferritin levels throughout the study were observed. Side effects were minor after 546 and 507 doses of CosmoFer and Venofer (13 reactions (eight CosmoFer, five Venofer) occurred in eight patients). Conversion from Venofer to CosmoFer led to a cost saving of £77 per patient over the 6‐month study period.In this study, the two forms of therapy were equally safe and effective. Examination of a larger cohort of patients is necessary to verify these findings and potentially reassess European Best Practice Guidelines.
A Modified Lindstedt–Poincaré Method for Strongly Mixed-Parity Nonlinear Oscillators
Authors: Sun W. P. , Wu B. S. , Lim C. W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
By introducing linear and constant terms with an undetermined parameter and subsequently using certain rules to determine the optimal value of the parameter, we establish analytical approximate frequencies and the corresponding periodic solutions for strongly mixed-parity nonlinear oscillators. A quadratic–cubic nonlinear oscillator is used to verify and illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
An Improved Tool Path Model Including Periodic Delay for Chatter Prediction in Milling
Authors: Faassen R. P. H. , van de Wouw N. , Nijmeijer H. , Oosterling J. A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of the high-speed milling process is often limited by the occurrence of chatter. In order to predict the occurrence of chatter, accurate models are necessary. In most models regarding milling, the cutter is assumed to follow a circular tooth path. However, the real tool path is trochoidal in the ideal case, i.e., without vibrations of the tool. Therefore, models using a circular tool path lead to errors, especially when the cutting angle is close to 0 or π radians. An updated model for the milling process is presented which features a model of the undeformed chip thickness and a time-periodic delay. In combination with this tool path model, a nonlinear cutting force model is used, to include the dependency of the chatter boundary on the feed rate. The stability of the milling system, and hence the occurrence of chatter, is investigated using both the traditional and the trochoidal model by means of the semi-discretization method. Due to the combination of this updated tool path model with a nonlinear cutting force model, the periodic solution of this system, representing a chatter-free process, needs to be computed before the stability can be investigated. This periodic solution is computed using a finite difference method for delay-differential equations. Especially for low immersion cuts, the stability lobes diagram (SLD) using the updated model shows significant differences compared to the SLD using the traditional model. Also the use of the nonlinear cutting force model results in significant differences in the SLD compared to the linear cutting force model.
Susceptibility of Drug-Resistant Clinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains to Essential Oils of Ginger, Thyme, Hyssop, and Sandalwood
Authors: Schnitzler Paul , Koch Christine , Reichling Jürgen 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were analyzed in vitro for their susceptibilities to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. All essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against acyclovir-sensitive strain KOS and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 clinical isolates and reduced plaque formation significantly.
Exposure-Response Analyses of Tigecycline Efficacy in Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections
Authors: Meagher A. K. , Passarell J. A. , Cirincione B. B. , Van Wart S. A. , Liolios K. , Babinchak T. , Ellis-Grosse E. J. , Ambrose P. G. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Exposure-response analyses were performed for the microbiological and clinical efficacy of tigecycline in the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections, where
Staphylococcus aureus
and streptococci are the predominant pathogens. A prospective method was developed to create homogeneous patient populations for PK-PD analyses. Evaluable patients from three clinical trials were pooled for analysis. Patients received a tigecycline 100-mg loading dose/50 mg every 12 h or a 50-mg loading dose/25 mg every 12 h. At the test-of-cure visit, microbiologic and clinical responses were evaluated. Patients were prospectively evaluated and classified into cohorts based on baseline pathogens:
S. aureus
only (cohort 1), monomicrobial
S. aureus
or streptococci (cohort 2), two gram-positive pathogens (cohort 3), polymicrobial (cohort 4), or other monomicrobial infections (cohort 5). A prospective procedure for combining cohorts was used to increase the sample size. Logistic regression evaluated steady-state 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC
24
)/MIC ratio as a predictor of response, and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were utilized to determine AUC/MIC breakpoints. Analysis began with pooled cohorts 2 and 3, the focus of these analyses, and included 35 patients with 40
S. aureus
and/or streptococcal pathogens. CART analyses identified a significant AUC/MIC breakpoint of 17.9 (
P
= 0.0001 for microbiological response and
P
= 0.0376 for clinical response). The continuous AUC/MIC ratio was predictive of microbiological response based on sample size (
P
= 0.0563). Analysis of all pathogens combined decreased the ability to detect exposure-response relationships. The prospective approach of creating homogeneous populations based on
S. aureus
and streptococci pathogens was critical for identifying exposure-response relationships.
Preclinical Testing of Candidate Topical Microbicides for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity and Tissue Toxicity in a Human Cervical Explant Culture
Authors: Cummins James E. , Guarner Jeannette , Flowers Lisa , Guenthner Patricia C. , Bartlett Jeanine , Morken Timothy , Grohskopf Lisa A. , Paxton Lynn , Dezzutti Charlene S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
A human cervical explant culture was utilized for the preclinical assessment of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity and tissue toxicity of formulated, candidate topical microbicides. Products tested included cellulose acetate 1,2-benzene dicarboxylate (CAP), a carrageenan-based product (PC-515), a naphthalene sulfonate polymer (PRO 2000), a lysine dendrimer (SPL7013), a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (UC781), and an antimicrobial peptide (D2A21), along with their placebos. Cervical explants were cultured overnight with HIV-1 with or without product, washed, and monitored for signs of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection was determined by p24gag levels in the basolateral medium and by immunohistochemical analysis of the explant. Product toxicity was measured by the MTT [1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan] assay and histology. CAP, PRO 2000, SPL7013, and UC781 consistently prevented HIV-1 infection in all explants tested. PC-515 and D2A21 prevented HIV-1 infection in 50% or fewer of the explants tested. Placebos did not prevent infection in any of the explants tested. With the exception of PRO 2000 (4%), the MTT assay and histological analysis of the other products and placebos showed minimal toxicity to the epithelium and submucosa. Collectively, these data suggest that this culture system can be used for evaluating the safety and efficacy of topical microbicides designed for vaginal use.
Defining the Molecular Forces That Determine the Impact of Neomycin on Bacterial Protein Synthesis: Importance of the 2′-Amino Functionality
Authors: Barbieri Christopher M. , Kaul Malvika , Bozza-Hingos Melanie , Zhao Fang , Tor Yitzhak , Hermann Thomas , Pilch Daniel S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
2-Deoxystreptamine (2-DOS) aminoglycosides exert their antibiotic actions by binding to the A site of the 16S rRNA and interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. However, the molecular forces that govern the antitranslational activities of aminoglycosides are poorly understood. Here, we describe studies aimed at elucidating these molecular forces. In this connection, we compare the bactericidal, antitranslational, and rRNA binding properties of the 4,5-disubstituted 2-DOS aminoglycoside neomycin (Neo) and a conformationally restricted analog of Neo (CR-Neo) in which the 2′-nitrogen atom is covalently conjugated to the 5′′-carbon atom. The bactericidal potency of Neo exceeds that of CR-Neo, with this enhanced antibacterial activity reflecting a correspondingly enhanced antitranslational potency. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy studies suggest that the enhanced antitranslational potency of Neo relative to that of CR-Neo is due to a greater extent of drug-induced reduction in the mobilities of the nucleotides at positions 1492 and 1493 of the rRNA A site. Buffer- and salt-dependent binding studies, coupled with high-resolution structural information, point to electrostatic contacts between the 2′-amino functionality of Neo and the host rRNA as being an important modulator of 1492 and 1493 base mobilities and therefore antitranslational activities.
Effect of Macrolide Usage on Emergence of Erythromycin-Resistant
Campylobacter
Isolates in Chickens
Authors: Lin Jun , Yan Meiguan , Sahin Orhan , Pereira Sonia , Chang Yun-Juan , Zhang Qijing 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

In this work we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine the development and mechanisms of erythromycin (Ery) resistance in
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Campylobacter coli
. In vitro plating revealed that both
Campylobacter
species had similar but low spontaneous mutation frequencies (3 × 10
−9
to <5.41 × 10
−10
) for Ery resistance. Chickens infected with
C. jejuni
or
C. coli
were subjected to single or multiple treatments with medicated water containing tylosin (0.53 g/liter), which transiently reduced the level of
Campylobacter
colonization but did not select for Ery-resistant (Ery
r
) mutants in the treated birds. However, when tylosin was given to the chickens in feed at a growth-promoting dose (0.05 g/kg feed), Ery
r
mutants emerged in the birds after prolonged exposure to the antibiotic. The vast majority of the in vitro- and in vivo-selected
Campylobacter
mutants with Ery MICs of 8 to 256 μg/ml lacked the known resistance-associated mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, while the highly resistant mutants (Ery MIC > 512 μg/ml) had the A2074G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Inactivation of CmeABC, a multidrug efflux pump, dramatically reduced the Ery MIC in all of the examined mutants regardless of the presence of the A2074G mutation. Together, these results reveal distinct features associated with Ery resistance development in
Campylobacter
, demonstrate the significant role of CmeABC in Ery resistance, and suggest that long-term use of a macrolide as a growth promoter selects for the emergence of Ery
r
Campylobacter
in animal reservoirs.
In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of the Antiprotozoal Drug Miltefosine against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and Other Pathogenic Streptococci
Authors: Llull Daniel , Rivas Luis , García Ernesto 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine), the first oral drug against visceral leishmaniasis, triggered pneumococcal autolysis at concentrations higher than 2.5 μM. Bactericidal activity was also observed in cultures of other streptococci, although these failed to undergo lysis. The autolysis elicited by miltefosine can be attributed to triggering of the pneumococcal autolysin LytA.