bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Monitoring of Mud Products on Drilled Cuttings
Authors: Hughes T. L. , Jones T. G. J. , Tomkins P. G. , Gilmour A. , Houwen O. H. , Sanders M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An increasing area of concern for offshore drilling practices is the environmental impact of discharged drilled cuttings contaminated with drilling fluids. The standard retort anal-ysis is of limited accuracy and chemical specificity. Anticipating future requirements for a more complete accounting of mud chemicals discharged to the environment, we present here results for chemical monitoring using a modern comprehensive chemical analysis technique, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. A description is given of sampling methods found to be practical and the main calibration requirements are discussed. The techniques developed in the course of this work give a good mineralogical breakdown of mud solids (commercial and drilled solids) in addition to the environmentally relevant measurements relating to mud on cuttings. The possibility of using the new technique for the rigsite monitoring of drilling cuttings is demonstrated. Cuttings samples simultaneously from the flow line, shaker screen, desilter and mud cleaner were analysed. It is found that mud polymers and other organic additives can be measured with sufficient accuracy to measure the removal of mud products by discharged cuttings. The technique is also applicable to quantify the losses of oil-based mud on cuttings. Field testing has shown that the instrumentation used is sufficiently robust and simple to use for rig-site application.
An Assessment of Surface Mud System Design Options for Minimising the Health, Safety, and Environmental Impact Concerns Associated with Drilling Fluids
Authors: Minton R. C. , Bailey M. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A drilling fluid surface system design concept is proposed that resolves the Environmental, occupational hygiene and safety issues associated with conventional designs. Automation of the chemical handling and dosing system is the central element of the concept which, when fully integrated into the system, permits a significant reduction in the surface volume requirements. This, in turn, results in weight and capital cost savings, offsetting the cost of the processing and treatment plant, and a smaller overall footprint for the system.
Adoption of the design philosophy results in a safe, healthy working environment in which all of the waste streams are managed so as to minimise the overall environmental impact of the drilling process.
Successful Application of New Technology in Antrim Shale Completions
Authors: Minthom J. W. , Garvin T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Antrim shale in the Michigan Basin has been a horizon of much interest to operators in recent years. However, sand flowback into tubing and casing sometimes impedes well production by plugging artificial lift pumps used to unload water from the Antrim formation. This paper explores a way to control sand flowback in a well during production by placing epoxy-coated sand in the fracture. A stream of catalyzed liquid epoxy resin is added to the blending tub containing surfactant, fracturing sand, and fracturing gel to achieve the processes.
Application of Microseismic Technology in a Devonian Shale Well in the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Fix J. E. , Frantz J. H. , Lancaster D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Microseismic logging technology was applied to a Devonian Shale well in the Appalachian Basin to evaluate the height and orientation of a hydraulic fracture. The technique was used in the Sterling Drilling and Production Company Jarvis No. 1143, which is the Gas Research Institute's (GRI) Comprehensive Study Well No. 2 (CSW 2). The well, completed in the Devonian Shales, is located in Calhoun County, WV. This was the first application of the fracture mapping procedure in the Appalachian Basin; it was performed as part of GRI's efforts to understand fracture growth and orientation in the Devonian Shales. The procedure was also unique in that it was the first time the seismic data were collected in a gas-filled wellbore and after a well had been produced for an extended period of two years. The microseismic logging analysis results on CSW 2 indicate a 200-ft fracture height with an orientation trending Ν34°E. Also presented in this paper are the results obtained from a series of hydraulic fracture diagnostic tests performed on the CSW 2 prior to the microseismic logging experiment
Field Application for Quick-Setting Cement
Authors: Huck D. R. , Lansdell P. A. , Sikorski D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Quick Setting Cement (QSC) is a special cement formulation which rapidly develops compressive strength and significantly reduces waiting on cement (WOC) time compared to conventional cement systems. The description of the cement properties and case histories are given.
The case histories show the advantages of QSC system for use in the following situations.
* On lost circulation zones encountered while drilling. * To stabili ze unconsolidated ground when drilling through fills associated with strip mining. * For lower drilling costs when open mines are encountered by reducing the WOC time when an additional string of casing has to be set. * To shut off large water flows that would otherwise prohibit further drilling.
A Comparison of the Fluid-Loss Properties of Borate-Zirconate-Crosslinked and Noncrosslinked Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Zeilinger S. C. , Mayerhofer M. J. , Economides M. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Static leakoff experiments with filterpaper, using borate- and zirconate-crosslinked hydroxypropylguar (HPG) fluids, have resulted in practically the same Ieakoff coefficients. This is in contrast to previous, dynamic, Ieakoff tests suggesting that borate-crosslinked fluids perform better. Within the temperature range where the polymers are thermally stable (200°F), there were no temperature effects after correcting for the filtrate viscosity. Under constant pressure differentials, both fluids exhibited compressible filtercake behavior with the Ieakoff coefficient approximately proportional to powers of 0.2 for borates and 0.17 for zirconates. When pressure was increased, imitating pumping and, then decreased, imitating closure, characterization of the pressure-dependent fluid loss using the Ieakoff coefficient as the descriptive parameter indicated a fluid-loss hysteresis for both fluids. During the pressure increase from 0 to 1400 psi both fluids showed a two-range response: incompressible behavior at low pressures and compressive behavior at higher pressures. In this range, the Ieakoff coefficient was practically constant. A comparison of the stress-sensitive properties has shown that while zirconate filtercakes exhibit decidedly viscoelastic properties, borate filtercakes are merely elastic. This can be attributed to the differences in the nature of the bonding of these polymers. Finally, filterpaper and core experiments, done with noncrosslinked fluids, have shown no filtercake-type behavior for a large range of core permeabilities, but rather a viscous flow dependent on porous medium characteristics.
Horizontal Well in the Devonian Shale, Martin County, Kentucky
Authors: Bellinger C. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Columbia Natural Resources, Inc. and Columbia Gas System Service Corporation, subsidiaries of the Columbia Gas System, and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) have successfully drilled and completed a horizontal well in the Devonian Shale in Martin County, Kentucky. The objective of this co-funded project is to assess the effectiveness and economic feasibility of applying horizontal drilling and stimulation techniques to enhance the production of natural gas from the Devonian Shale. Columbia's well is one of three wells in a DOE program called "Horizontal Wells in the Devonian Shale."
Drilling began June 1, 1990 and ended July 7, 1990. The well contains a three-part profile, a conventional vertical section, an angle building or curved section and finally the horizontal section.
The well reached a measured depth (MD) of 6,263 feet, 3,754 feet true vertical depth (TVD) and a horizontal displacement of 2,872 feet was achieved in the desired direction, N12°W. Both air and foam were used as drilling fluids. The vertical section, tangent section between the curves and the horizontal sections of the well, were drilled using conventional rotary drilling methods. Downhole motors were used to build angle in the curved sections.
Thirty-five gas shows were detected by the mud logger while drilling; measured flow rates exceeded 1 million cubic feet per day (MMcfd) at TD.
Mud and geophysical log information were used to establish discrete completion zones. A 5-1/2″ production string equipped with five Payzone Packers and FO Completion Tool established six completion zones: an openhole/slotted liner section at the bottom; three zones isolated by the external packers with access to the formation through sliding sleeve FO completion tools; and, two zones which were cemented.
Overall, this application of horizontal drilling has proven that additional reserves can be developed in the Devonian Shale by its application. The current economics could be greatly improved by developing additional technology.
Ellenberger Stimulation - Past, Present And Future
Authors: Gibbs Max A. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the Regional Gas Technology Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Omaha, Neb., Sept. 12–13, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The concentration of ultra-deep well completions in the Ellenberger formation of West Texas' Delaware Basin present a unique opportunity to study the state of the deep well stimulation art.
Some 125 wells, many 20,000 feet and deeper, have been completed in the past several years, and each of these wells has been stimulated to some extent. A wide variety of completion techniques and stimulation methods have been used to cope with the extreme depth, temperature, and gross pay thickness of these wells.
At one time, effective stimulation was considered almost impossible in the Ellenberger, but with improved materials and techniques developed specifically for the Ellenberger, better results are being realized. With measurable stimulation results to work from, treatment design has begun to conform to established tenets, except on a much larger scale.
These results can be further improved by adapting to more powerful and effective hydraulic programs, and with better hydraulics, the use of programs, and with better hydraulics, the use of proppants to supplement what has heretofore been proppants to supplement what has heretofore been acid fracturing.

Introduction
The Ellenberger formation of West Texas'Delaware Basin presents an unparalled opportunity to study ultra-deep well stimulation design. The concentrated amount of drilling, and the diversity of completion techniques afford sufficient number of well histories to make generalized summaries meaningful. Much of the experience gathered in the Ellenberger will be directly applicable to deep carbonate reservoirs in other areas, and to deep well stimulation in general.
Since the discovery of commercial gas production in the Ellenberger, approximately production in the Ellenberger, approximately 125 wells have been completed in eight fields of the Delaware Basin. Each of these wells has been stimulated to some extent, and many have been treated quite heavily.
The Chronic Toxicity of Mineral Oil-Wet and Synthetic Liquid-Wet Cuttings on an Estaurine Fish, Fundulus grandis
Authors: Jones F. V. , Rushing J. H. , Churan M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the major factors concerning oil-wet cuttings discharges is the long-term effect on the aquatic environment This study investigates the survival and growth of the mud minnow, Fundulus grandis. when exposed to different concentrations of mineral oil-wet and synthetic liquid-wet cuttings in flow-through bioassay chambers.
The test fluids were a low aromatic mineral oil-based mud (MOBM) and a synthetic liquid-based mud (SBM). Each test fluid was added to a container of dried water-based cuttings which contained minimum hydrocarbons. The fluid and cuttings were mixed to obtain the desired test concentrations. The study tested three concentrations (1%, 5%, and 8.4% by dry weight) of each fluid on the cuttings.
Growth rates during the 30-day period were modest with fish in 1% MOBM losing weight. The highest percent growth rates were obtained with fish cultured in 5% SBM and the controls. However, overall growth was not significantly different between treatments. Mean growth did show a significant difference between controls and 5% SBM, and other treatments.
The cuttings of the 5% and 8.4% concentrations of both treatments looked like paste. These pastes may have slowed the movement of organics off of the cuttings beds and affected biodegradability and growth rates. Cuttings in the controls and 1% concentrations stayed suspended in the water column longer when disturbed and looked more like loose gravel. Uptake of the MOBM occurred in the internal organs and tissue offish. No such uptake was obsen/ed in the fish tissue with the SBM; a very low level of synthetic liquid was detected in one gut sample only. This may be the major reason for the variations noted in growth rates.
Fish mortality during the study was related to the buildup of anaerobic conditions and insufficient aeration. Fish survival for the entire study was 94% This study, in association with bioaccumulation investigations, provides information on the chronic effects of discharged cuttings in the environment.
Emergency Systems for Divers
Authors: Påsche A. , Holand B. , Oftedal G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accidents during operational diving have on some occasions resulted in situations where the divers have been left in the diving bell or welding habitat at the sea bottom for several hours. In some of these situations, there have been casualties due to hypothermia. As a result, the diving industry and authorities have required that emergency equipment be developed and installed in the diving systems.
The early emergency systems consisted of passive insulation systems and a lung powered CO2-scrubber/respiratory heat exchanger. From tests as well as actual emergency situations, it has been 'pointed out that certain improvements are required. The systems should include some means of preventing urine-wetting of the insulation system. In addition, the divers are reluctant to undress their regular diving suit as they are concerned that they would later be unable to put it on again during the rescue operation.
The aim of the reported project has been to develop and test a new emergency system. New elements are a urine collection system and an evacuation system which could be used as a hot water suit and prevent the necessity of changing suits. The evacuation suit was tested during a simulated dive to 450 metres and fulfilled the requirements for prevention of cold water shock.
The passive insulation system and the lung powered CO2-scrubber/ rebreather have further been improved ergonomically and with regards to thermal properties.
Unsaturated Medium Hydrocarbons Pollution Evaluation
Authors: Di Luise G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
When the so called "porous unsaturated medium", that' s the vertical subsoil section between both the ground and water-table level, is interested by a hydrocarbons spill, theproblem to evaluate the pollution becomes difficult: considering, essentially, the natural coesistence in it of two fluids, air and water, and the interactions between them. The problems tend to increase when a third fluid, the pollutant, immiscible with water, is introduced into the medium: a three-phases flow, which presents several analogies with the flow conditions present in an oil-reservoir, will be established. In such a situation, it would be very useful to handle the matter by the commonly used parameters in the oil reservoirs studies such as: residual saturation, relative permeability, phases mobility, to derive a first semiguantitative estimation of the pollution.
The subsoil pollution from hydrocarbons agents is one of the worldwide more diffused causes of contamination: such events are generally referable to two main effects: accidental (oil pipelinebreakdowns, e.g.), and continuous (underground tanks breaks, industrial plants leakages, e.g.)
Quantification of Log-Core Correlation Using the Formation Microscope
Authors: Williams G. R. , Sharma M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The FMS tool makes extremely dense conductivity measurements, approximately 7000 per foot. These measurements have been most commonly used to generate images approximating core photographs. The images have been used for geological interpretation and fracture identification.
The main issue addressed in this paper is the comparison of rock property measurements made at different length scales. Small core plugs are often taken to represent larger sections of conventional core and comparisons are made with logs. FMS data can provide a quantitative measure of the variation that can be expected from this process. This measurement can be used to estimate the required sampling density of core plugs necessary to represent the formation in the vicinity of the wellbore to a specified degree of accuracy. It can also be used to determine the expected degree of agreement when comparing core and log data.
Reservoir Testing Using a Down Hole Shut-In Tool: Field Cases
Authors: Pacheco E. , Da Prat G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper, a brief description is given to operational procedure involved in acquiring transient data using a down hole shut-in tool. Field cases (Maracaibo Lake are presented to show the advantages of this technique in active wells and for cases where reservoir pressure is below bubble point. A comparison is made between this technique and the one that is based on simultaneous measurements of tran sient flow rate and pressure. The benefits both from an economic point of view and from the reservoir evaluation side using this method are presented. A main result derived from this work is that the use of the down hole shut-in tool reduced the build-up time by a factor of 10 in some cases for tests conducted in Maracaibo Lake fields. A considerable saving in differed oil production was gained besides the benefits of having pressure transient data not strongly affected by wellbore storage and phase segregation which permits a better reservoir evaluation.
Compositional and Pseudo Compositional Simulations Comparison for Complex Volatile Oil Reservoir Modelling
Authors: Sanchez N. , Rattia A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Maraven S.A is considering to initiate a gas injection project in a large and geologically complex volatile-oil reservoir, located in Lake Maracaibo-Venezuela. This paper describes the methodology used to carry out sensitivities to evaluate the feasibility of using a pseudo compositional option of a black-oil simulator to conduct the 3-D simulations. The first task of the study was to decide whether geological complexities or phase behavior had a larger influence on reservoir performance. Therefore, 1-D sensibility runs were carried out using a fully compositional simulator, and a pseudo compositional simulator to compare compositional effects, grid-block size required to reduce numerical dispersion, effect of displacement pressure, and the use of different injection gases. In the following phase, 2-D simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of heterogeneities on recovery, and the feasibility of lumping the sedimentological facies into flow units without modify the original sedimentological reservoir description.
The results showed that the simulated behaviour with the pseudo-compositional simulator were more sensitive to grid-block size, and numerical dispersion. Also, indicated that adecuatelly modelling of internal reservoir heterogeneities is quit relevant.
The simulation results, allowed to observe that the pseudo compositional simulator formulation does not take into account the miscibility mechanism for multiple contacts of gas and reservoir oil. Also, at the current reservoir pressure small differences were observed in the results of both models, and large reductions in running time were obtained in the pseudo compositional runs.
The previous results enhanced with the ability to permit a better description of the reservoir heterogeneities, indicated superiority of the pseudo compositional model to carry out the 3-D simulations.
Safety System – Gas Treating Plant
Authors: Fridman O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a new system to improve safety and reliability of a gas treating plant. The geographic location of the plant, isolated on a hilltop in the subtropical jungle in the north of Argentina, increases the importance of this system. The entire system is handled by Programmable Logical Control, which takes its information from four different sources: Manual Shutdown, Gas Sensors, Ultraviolet/infrared Fire Detectors, and Data Acquisition System. It is a real time monitoring and control system. Input information is processed in the PLC and action is taken automatically in accordance with the results of the analysis. The system can take the following actions: Close the flowline valves from the wells, Open the vent valves, Cut off the energy supply, Stopping the gas and propane compressor, Turn on the fire pumps, Shut down the furnaces, Activation of the alarms.
The difference between this system and other systems in similar plants lies in its flexibility and speed which help to avoid unnecessary plant shutdowns. All the elements connected with the PLC are tested every two seconds. In the control house, there is a panel that can operate the system manually if there is a problem with the PLC. It also features a mimic with LED for each data source. The color of the LED indicates one of the following conditions: Normal operation, Caution, Changing condition, Alarm.