bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The force field picture of molecular shape response
Authors: Kryachko Eugene S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe concept of molecular response that is likely related to an enormous variety of phenomena of chemistry and biochemistry, such as supramolecular catalysts, enzymes reactions, folding, the concept of recognition, sensoring, and drug design, is approached in the present work from both graph theory invoked to rationalize the bonding patterns and from the molecular force field applied to quantify this response. Regarding the need of some supplementary criteria to characterize the chemical bond, we partially focus on the existence of the central C–C bond ofsyn‐1,6:8,13‐biscarbonyl [14]annulene and report its three lower‐energy conformers. Some class of triatomic molecules HXY is computationally studied to illustrate the proposed approach to molecular response. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Hydraulic habitat composition and diversity in rural and urban stream reaches of the North Carolina Piedmont (USA)
Authors: Shoffner Deborah , Royall Dan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe differences between urban and rural streams regarding hydrological process, channel morphodynamics and ecosystem functioning have been highlighted by a number of studies in recent decades. The need to understand lotic ecosystem functioning in these environments at scales relevant to individual organisms has led to research focusing on hydraulic composition and structure over small areas of channel bed. In this study we map and analyze the hydraulic biotope composition of two urban and two rural stream reaches in the North Carolina (USA) Piedmont to determine if urban flow regimes and attendant channel modification processes might translate into important differences in hydraulic environment, and if so, what those differences are. Hydraulic biotope assemblages were found to vary only moderately in diversity per unit stream length between sites, but were distinctly different in composition. One important control on the differences between rural and urban streams was found to be the localized incision of urban channels into bedrock and saprolite. Resistant rock outcrop in the beds of urban streams creates rapid and riffle biotopes and long stretches of upstream pool habitat by impoundment. Urban reaches were found to be more homogeneous than rural reaches in hydraulic composition and were dominated by pools. Rural reaches, characterized by copious sandy alluvium in the bed, were dominated by runs or glides. Quantitative differentiation of biotopes based on four hydraulic indices generally yields coherent associations, although these may vary in content. Comparisons between hydraulic and biotic diversities suggest relationships favoring biotic functional group aggregation over species richness‐based indices of diversity. Because the majority of published hydraulic diversity analyses are based on coarse‐bed streams, further study of hydraulic diversity in streams with finer substrate is likely to be beneficial. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macroinvertebrate community response to inter‐annual and regional river flow regime dynamics
Authors: Monk Wendy A. , Wood Paul J. , Hannah David M. , Wilson Douglas A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpatio‐temporal variability in river flow is a fundamental control on instream habitat structure and riverine ecosystem biodiversity and integrity. However, long‐term riverine ecological time‐series to test hypotheses about hydrology–ecology interactions in a broader temporal context are rare, and studies spanning multiple rivers are often limited in their temporal coverage to less than five years. To address this research gap, a unique spatio‐temporal hydroecological analysis was conducted of long‐term instream ecological responses (1990–2000) to river flow regime variability at 83 sites across England and Wales. The results demonstrate clear hydroecological associations at the national scale (all data). In addition, significant differences in ecological response are recorded between three ‘regions’ identified (RM1–3*) associated with characteristics of the flow regime. The effect of two major supra‐seasonal droughts (1990–1992 and 1996–1997) on inter‐annual (IA) variability of the LIFE scores is evident with both events showing a gradual decline before and recovery of LIFE scores after the low flow period. The instream community response to high magnitude flow regimes (1994 and 1995) is also apparent, although these associations are less striking. The results demonstrate classification of rivers into flow regime regions offers a way to help unravel complex hydroecological associations. The approach adopted herein could easily be adapted for other geographical locations, where datasets are available. Such work is imperative to understand flow regime–ecology interactions in a longer term, wider spatial context and so assess future hydroecological responses to climate change and anthropogenic modification of riverine ecosystems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion properties of cohesive sediments in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon
Authors: Akahori Ryosuke , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Topping David J. , Melis Theodore S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCohesive sediment deposits characterized by a high fraction of mud (silt plus clay) significantly affect the morphology and ecosystem of rivers. Potentially cohesive sediment samples were collected from deposits in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons. The erosion velocities of these samples were measured in a laboratory flume under varying boundary shear stresses. The non‐dimensional boundary shear stress at which erosion commenced showed a systematic deviation from that of non‐cohesive sediments at mud fractions greater than 0.2. An empirical relation for the boundary shear stress threshold of erosion as a function of mud fraction was proposed. The mass erosion rate was modelled using the Ariathurai–Partheniades equation. The erosion rate parameter of this equation was found to be a strong function of mud fraction. Under similar boundary shear stress and sediment supply conditions in the Colorado River, cohesive lateral eddy deposits formed of mud fractions in excess of 0.2 will erode less rapidly than non‐cohesive deposits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of spates of different magnitudes on a Phragmites japonica population on a sandbar of a frequently disturbed river
Authors: Asaeda Takashi , Rajapakse Lalith 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn flow‐regulated rivers, natural flow patterns and related sedimentation processes are disturbed, thus interrupting the magnitude and duration of spates. We hypothesized that this in turn might alter the impact of spates on plant communities inhabiting sandbars along the river channel. In order to test this hypothesis, the effects of spates of different magnitudes and durations on spatial variation and composition of a Phragmites japonica Steud. community on a sandbar during a 2‐year period were investigated. The flow variation of the river was continuously monitored, and the spates were categorized as small, medium or large, based on the magnitude (depth). Growth parameters (shoot length and shoot density), above‐ and belowground biomass of the plant community and the quantity of litter retained within selected quadrats, and ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) of the soil were observed at seven different locations: two each at the extreme upstream, middle and extreme downstream and one location in the downstream reaches of the sandbar. Our results showed that the aboveground biomass declined due to large‐scale spates; however, these spates triggered the formation of secondary shoots if sediments were accumulated as a result of the spates. Conversely, the aboveground biomass did not recover if the substrate was eroded. Accumulated litter beneath shoots was easily washed away due to spates, positively affecting shoot re‐growth. The effects of spates on the P. japonica plant community depended highly on the location of the plants on the sandbar and the magnitude and duration of the spates. The different erosion–sedimentation processes, depending on the local river channel morphology and spate types, significantly affected the growth and morphological characteristics of P. japonica population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A weighted interference estimation scheme for interface‐switching wireless mesh networks
Authors: Feng Yunxia , Li Minglu , Wu Min‐You 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe co‐channel interference problem in wireless mesh networks (WMN) is extremely serious due to the heavy aggregated traffic loads and limited available channels. It is preferable for mesh routers to dynamically switch channels according to the accurate estimation of co‐channel interference level in the neighborhood. Most developed interference estimation schemes, however, do not consider the impact of interface switching. Furthermore, the interference in wireless networks has been extensively considered as an all‐or‐nothing event. In this paper, we develop a weighted interference estimation scheme (WIES) for interface‐switching WMN. WIES takes a new version of multi‐interface conflict graph that considers the impacts of frequent interface switching as the interference relationship estimation scheme. Besides, WIES uses a weight to estimate the interference level between links. The weight utilizes two empirical functions to denote the impacts of the relative distance and characteristics of traffic loads in WMN. Extensive NS2 simulations show that WIES achieves significant performance improvements, especially when the interference level of the network is high. We also validate that the interference level of networks is affected by several system parameters such as the number of available channels and the ratio between interference range and transmission range. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aflatoxin in pecans: Problems and solutions
Authors: Ayres J. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe aflatoxin contamination potential in pecans has been clearly demonstrated in the literature. No definitive study has been published indicating the extent of aflatoxin contamination in pecans. Good manufacturing practices can be maintained in culture, drying, sizing, storing, and processing which should reduce the possibility of mold growth or aflatoxin production. Sampling of pecans for aflatoxin analysis would be costly due to the great number of pecan sizes and grades as well as to the high cost of pecans. Surveillance costs could be minimized by incorporating chopping with subsampling.
Stabilization of a low-frequency instability in a dipole plasma
Authors: GARNIER D. T. , BOXER A. C. , ELLSWORTH J. L. , HANSEN A. K. , KARIM I. , KESNER J. , MAUEL M. E. , ORTIZ E. E. , ROACH A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLow-frequency fluctuations are observed in a plasma confined by a strong dipole magnet and containing an energetic high-pressure population of trapped electrons. The quasi-coherent fluctuations have frequencies characteristic of drift frequencies of the lower temperature background plasma and have large toroidal and radial extent. They are excited throughout a wide range of plasma conditions determined by the level of neutral gas pressure. However, for a sufficiently high rate of neutral gas fueling, the plasma density profile flattens and the fluctuations disappear.
Anti-cosmopolitanism, pluralism and the cosmopolitan harm principle
Authors: SHAPCOTT RICHARD 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor anti-cosmopolitan critics, cosmopolitanism is equated with the universalisation of a particular, liberal, account of justice and is therefore problematic for a number of reasons. The liberal principle ‘do no harm’ principle – and the cosmopolitan principle of humanitarianism, can be used to correct the depiction of cosmopolitanism as hostile to ‘pluralism’, to identify the universalism that is latent or undeveloped in much ‘anti-cosmopolitanism’, and to identify further means of reconciling these positions. A cosmopolitan harm principle argues that the absence of a universal conception of justice should not provide an obstacle to the recognition of an obligation to limit transboundary harms.
A matter of drawing boundaries: global democracy and international exclusion
Authors: MARCHETTI RAFFAELE 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article defends the case for a global extension of democracy by deploying a cosmo-federalist theory. As a response to the current state of international exclusion, the radical project of stretching the paradigm of democratic inclusion to the extreme limits encompassing the whole of mankind, is here presented. The article begins by taking position for a choice-based version of consequentialism that generates a principle of political justice centred on political participation. From this, a political project is developed that envisages a cosmopolitan system where all world citizens are included within a scheme of a direct representative participation under an overarching authority governing the process of democratising world affairs. Crucial in this is the establishment of an all-inclusive authority to legitimately delineate jurisdictional boundaries and a multilayered system of political interaction.
Minority as inferiority: minority rights in historical perspective
Authors: LIEBICH ANDRE 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article argues that minority rights developed as an indemnity offered to defeated parties. As a grudging and begrudged calculus of compensation, considered inadequate by the vanquished and offensive by the victors, minority rights have been unable to compete in terms of legitimacy with either an increasingly robust international human rights regime or with the right of national self-determination. After reviewing some explanations for the weakness of the existing minority rights regime, this article traces the rationale of what may be described anachronistically as minority rights provisions in international treaties from the Peace of Westphalia to the Versailles settlement, concluding with a consideration of present-day implications of the argument elaborated here.
Relationship between BMI and blood pressure in girls and boys
Authors: Gundogdu Zuhal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship between BMI and blood pressure as this is of crucial interest in evaluating both public health and the clinical impact of the so-called obesity epidemic.MethodsData were gathered from 1899 children aged between 6 and 14 years, analysing and evaluating a possible relationship between BMI and systolic and diastolic blood pressure values for both girls and boys. Each child was classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific BMI percentile as normal weight (<85th percentile), overweight (≥85th and <95th percentile) or obese (≥95th percentile).ResultsIn comparisons among age–sex–BMI percentile groups, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were higher in obese and overweight groups than in normal weight groups for both sexes. Although BMI among girls was higher than among boys in all three percentile groups, there were no significant differences between sexes with respect to blood pressure values.ConclusionThe present findings emphasize the importance of the prevention of obesity in order to prevent future related problems such as hypertension in children and adolescents.
Site‐Specific Linking of Biomolecules via Glycan Residues Using Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Qasba Pradman K. , Boeggeman Elizabeth , Ramakrishnan Boopathy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe structural information on glycosyltransferases has revealed that the sugar‐donor specificity of these enzymes can be broadened to include modified sugars with a chemical handle that can be utilized for conjugation chemistry. Substitution of Tyr289 to Leu in the catalytic pocket of bovine β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase generates a novel glycosyltransferase that can transfer not only Gal but also GalNAc or a C2‐modified galactose that has a chemical handle, from the corresponding UDP‐derivatives, to the non‐reducing end GlcNAc residue of a glycoconjugate. Similarly, the wild‐type polypeptide‐ N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyltransferase, which naturally transfers GalNAc from UDP‐GalNAc, can also transfer C2‐modified galactose with a chemical handle from its UDP‐derivative to the Ser/Thr residue of a polypeptide acceptor substrate that is tagged as a fusion peptide to a non‐glycoprotein. The potential of wild‐type and mutant glycosyltransferases to produce glycoconjugates carrying sugar moieties with chemical handle makes it possible to conjugate biomolecules with orthogonal reacting groups at specific sites. This methodology assists in the assembly of bio‐nanoparticles that are useful for developing targeted drug‐delivery systems and contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
Advances in Cell Culture Process Development: Tools and Techniques for Improving Cell Line Development and Process Optimization
Authors: Sharfstein Susan T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAt the 234th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, held in Boston, MA, August 19–23, 2007, the ACS BIOT division held two oral sessions on Cell Culture Process Development. In addition, a number of posters were presented in this area. The critical issues facing cell culture process development today are how to effectively respond to the increase in product demands and decreased process timelines while maintaining robust process performance and product quality and responding to the Quality by Design initiative promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration. Two main areas were addressed in the presentations: first, to understand the effects of process conditions on productivity and product quality, and second, to achieve improved production cell lines. A variety of techniques to achieve these goals were presented, including automated flow cytometric analysis, a high‐throughput cell analysis and selection method, transcriptional and epigenetic techniques for analysis of cell lines and cell culture systems, and novel techniques for glycoform analysis.
Leptin Predicts a Worsening of the Features of the Metabolic Syndrome Independently of Obesity
Authors: Franks Paul W. , Brage Soren , Luan Jian'An , Ekelund Ulf , Rahman Mushtaquar , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Halsall Ian , O'Rahilly Stephen , Wareham Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The term metabolic syndrome (MS) describes a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Obesity increases the risk of MS, but as obesity is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the syndrome, there is considerable interest in identifying obesity‐independent pathways. One such pathway may involve the actions of the adipokine leptin, which is associated cross‐sectionally with MS and prospectively with coronary heart disease and stroke, independently of obesity. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that leptin predicts the development of the features of MS independently of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: This study used a prospective population‐based cohort of 748 middle‐aged whites in whom baseline measures of leptin and repeated measurement of the subcomponents of the MS at 5 and 10 years were available. The features of the MS were characterized as five factors (obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance), which were combined to create an MS summary score.Results: Baseline leptin significantly predicted the development of obesity (p = 0.001) and, after adjustment for BMI, development of glucose intolerance (p = 0.016) and insulin resistance (p < 0.0001). Leptin levels did not independently predict a change in lipids or blood pressure. Leptin levels significantly predicted the development of the MS (p = 0.036), independently of baseline BMI.Discussion: Leptin predicts the development of the MS independently of baseline obesity. This association is specifically related to the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The extent to which these relationships are explained through residual confounding by obesity remains to be determined.
Virus transmission studies and diagnostic detection of four begomovirus isolates in selected crop hosts and in Bemisia tabaci biotype B*
Authors: Morris J. , Harju V. , Cambridge J. , Boonham N. , Henry C. 
Published: April 2008

Virus transmission studies were conducted under glasshouse conditions using the vector Bemisia tabaci biotype B to determine how effectively isolates of the begomoviruses Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV) could be transmitted to phaseolus bean, capsicum and tomato test plants, the latter host used as a positive control for transmission. Diagnostic detection of viruses in these host crops and vector was also evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of TYLCV in bean cv. Wade and capsicum cv. Bellboy was achieved 4 weeks after fumigation in asymptomatic plants. Detection of TYLCV in tomato controls was achieved 2 weeks after fumigation with improved frequency of detection at 4 weeks. PCR was found to be a more sensitive method than triple‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (TAS‐ELISA) for the detection of TYLCV isolates in all hosts. ToLCBV was detected by PCR and TAS‐ELISA in bean. TYLCV was also detected by PCR in the vector, with a novel internal positive control. This work was carried out to facilitate the development of a diagnostic protocol for the begomoviruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl under the EU SMT programme project –‘Diagnostic protocols for organisms harmful to plants’ (DIAGPRO).
Control of the Bemisia tabaci/Tomato yellow leaf curl virus complex on protected tomato crops in Algarve (Portugal)*
Authors: Arsénio A. F. , Neto E. , Ramos N. , Mangerico S. , Fortunato E. , Stigter L. , Fernandes J. E. , Lavadinho A. M. P. , Louro D. 
Published: April 2008

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci has been a serious pest in protected tomato crops since 1995 in the south of Portugal (Algarve), causing severe losses mainly resulting from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), first reported in the autumn/winter season. In order to manage and control the B. tabaci/TYLCV complex, experimental field trials were carried out between 1997 and 2000. Several control methods were tested, such as the application of white screen nets to windows and doors, chemical treatments against B. tabaci and the use of cucumber as a trap crop. The results show that the percentage of plants with TYLCV symptoms mainly reflects B. tabaci infestation level in the first 6 weeks. Screen net protection was the control method that clearly provided a low incidence of plants with TYLCV symptoms in the autumn/winter season. Additionally, insecticide treatments, made weekly in the first 6 weeks, may give improved protection. In the winter/spring season, the B. tabaci/TYLCV complex is a minor problem because of the low populations of B. tabaci and the climatic conditions. Information about the work in progress and results was given to growers through visits to the experimental fields and oral presentations.