bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nitrate and Sulfate on the Anaerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater
Authors: Rodríguez M. J. , Garza G. Y. , Aguilera C. A. , Martínez A. S. Y. , Sosa S. G. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAnaerobic treatment of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry, which contained about 3.2 g/L of sulfate, was carried out in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. After a startup period of 120 days, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of more than 90 % was obtained along with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 g COD/(L day). During the same period, the sulfate removal was about 90 %. However, the performance of the reactor was affected when the loading rate was increased to 2.09 g COD/(L day). It was found that the accumulation of sulfides, combined with a decrease in the pH, affected the reactor performance. In batch reactor studies with pharmaceutical wastewater it was observed that methane production began only after the initiation of nitrate consumption. The denitrification process can inhibit sulfate reduction at high nitrate concentrations, but compared to reactors without nitrate, the sulfate reduction process and sulfide formation were quickly initiated at low nitrate concentrations. The methanogenic activity was however affected by the presence of more than 2 g/L of sulfate.
Exploring the Phospholipid Biosynthetic Pathways of Aspergillus fumigatus by Computational Genome Analysis
Authors: Do J. H. , Lim B. O. , Choi W. S. , Choi D.‐K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAspergillus fumigatus causes a wide range of diseases that include mycotoxicosis, allergic reactions and systematic diseases (invasive aspergillosis) with high mortality rates. In recent years, considerable progress in the genome sequencing of this fungus has been made by an international consortium, which includes the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (UK) and the Institute for Genome Research (USA). A tenfold whole genome shotgun sequence assembly of A. fumigatus has been made publicly available. In this study, it was attempted to identify the genes related to the phospholipid biosynthesis from the A. fumigatus genome by a gene prediction program (GlimmerM) and to reconstruct the metabolic pathway for phospholipids of A. fumigatus. Fifteen genes related to phospholipid pathway were identified in the A. fumigatus genomic sequence. The open reading frames predicted by GlimmerM showed a high amino acid sequence similarity with the other fungal phospholipid biosynthetic genes and well‐conserved functional domains. The obtained results also demonstrated that the reconstructed pathway of A. fumigatus in phospholipid biosynthesis was very similar to that of other fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, and Neurospora crassa. Therefore it is postulated that the antifungal drugs targeted for the biosynthesis of phospholipids could also be effective against A. fumigatus.
Improved Properties of Bacillus coagulans β‐Galactosidase through Immobilization
Authors: Batra N. , Singh J. , Joshi A. , Sobti R. C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThermostable β‐galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans RCS3 was purified by successive column chromatography using DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G‐50. Immobilization of the purified enzyme was studied with DEAE‐cellulose and calcium alginate. The efficiency of β‐galactosidase retention was 87 % with DEAE‐cellulose (17 mg protein/mL of matrix) and 80 % with calcium alginate (2.2 mg protein/g bead). Comparative studies of immobilization displayed a shift in the optimum temperature from 65 °C to 70 °C provoked by DEAE‐cellulose, although no effect was observed with calcium alginate. The heat inactivation curve revealed an improvement in the stability (t1/2 of 14.5 h for the immobilized enzyme as compared to 2 h for the free enzyme at 65 °C) in a calcium alginate system. This immobilized enzyme has a wide pH stability range (6.5–11). β‐Galactosidase immobilized by DEAE‐cellulose and calcium alginate allowed a 57 and 70 % lactose hydrolysis, respectively, to be achieved within 48 h after repeated use for twenty times.
Effect of Environmental Factors in Aerobiosis and Anaerobiosis on the Growth and Activity of Propionic Acid Bacteria Evaluated by Pressure Measurement
Authors: Benjelloun H. , Lebeault J.‐M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effects of air, N2 and CO2 atmospheres on the growth and metabolism of P. shermanii CIP 10 30 27 under “optimum conditions” (pH 6.5, NaCl 0 %, temperature 30 °C) and “stressful conditions” (pH 5.3, NaCl 2.1 %, temperature 20 °C) simulating cheese ripening conditions were investigated using a pressure measurement technique. Under both conditions, the inhibition of growth was at its maximum when a CO2 atmosphere with an increase in the lag phase (LP) from 3 to 80 h and a reduction in the maximum rate of pressure variation (Vmax,P) from 2.5 to 0.4 kPa/h was used. The production of metabolites was not affected under “optimum conditions”, but under “stressful conditions”, propionate production increased and higher ratios of propionate to acetate of up to 2.45 were observed. The effects of air and N2 atmospheres on both growth and metabolite production were also examined.
MPDATA error estimator for mesh adaptivity
Authors: Szmelter Joanna , Smolarkiewicz Piotr K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA) the leading error as well as the first‐ and second‐order solutions are known explicitly by design. This property is employed to construct refinement indicators for mesh adaptivity. Recent progress with the edge‐based formulation of MPDATA facilitates the use of the method in an unstructured‐mesh environment. In particular, the edge‐based data structure allows for flow solvers to operate on arbitrary hybrid meshes, thereby lending itself to implementations of various mesh adaptivity techniques. A novel unstructured‐mesh nonoscillatory forward‐in‐time (NFT) solver for compressible Euler equations is used to illustrate the benefits of adaptive remeshing as well as mesh movement and enrichment for the efficacy of MPDATA‐based flow solvers. Validation against benchmark test cases demonstrates robustness and accuracy of the approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct numerical simulation of particulate flow via multigrid FEM techniques and the fictitious boundary method
Authors: Wan Decheng , Turek Stefan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDirect numerical simulation techniques for particulate flow by the fictitious boundary method (FBM) are presented. The flow is computed by a multigrid finite element solver and the solid particles are allowed to move freely through the computational mesh which can be chosen independently from the particles of arbitrary shape, size and number. The interaction between the fluid and the particles is taken into account by the FBM in which an explicit volume based calculation for the hydrodynamic forces is integrated. A new collision model based on papers by Glowinski, Joseph, Singh and coauthors is examined to handle particle–particle and particle–wall interactions. Numerical tests show that the present method provides a very efficient approach to directly simulate particulate flows with many particles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A priori tests on numerical errors in large eddy simulation using finite differences and explicit filtering
Authors: Brandt Tellervo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWhen low‐order finite‐difference methods are applied in large eddy simulation (LES), the magnitude of the numerical error may be larger than that of the subgrid‐scale (SGS) term. In this paper, the effect of explicit filtering on the numerical error related to the spatial discretization of the convection term and the exact SGS term is studied a priori in the turbulent fully developed channel flow. As the filter width is increased the grid resolution is kept constant. Also filtering in the inhomogeneous wall‐normal direction is discussed. The main conclusions are related to two approaches to explicit filtering. In the traditional approach, the whole velocity field is filtered explicitly while in the alternative approach, only the non‐linear convection term of the Navier–Stokes equations is filtered explicitly. Based on the results presented in the paper it seems that the first approach leads to an unphysical situation. However, the later approach works in the desired way, and the numerical error becomes clearly smaller than the SGS term. The main difference between the two approaches seems to be the interpretation of the resolved non‐linear term in the filtered Navier–Stokes equations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D anisotropic unstructured grid generation
Authors: Ghidoni A. , Pelizzari E. , Rebay S. , Selmin V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a fully automatic 3D anisotropic mesh generation method for domains of arbitrary shape. The spacing of the boundary mesh is computed by the analysis of the principal curvatures and directions of the boundary surfaces. The spacing in the domain is obtained by interpolation of the spacing at the boundaries on a suitably constructed background mesh. Examples which illustrate the performance of the proposed methodology are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wälder im Nebel
Authors: Dohrenbusch Achim , Häger Achim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDie Bergregenwälder in den tropischen Regionen der Erde bieten Lebensraum für eine faszinierende Pflanzenwelt. Wie das Beispiel Costa Ricas zeigt, üben Klimafaktoren einen großen Einfluss auf die Flora und das gesamte Ökosystem aus
Gene profiling and bioinformatic analysis of Schwann cell embryonic development and myelination
Authors: D'antonio Maurizio , Michalovich David , Paterson Morris , Droggiti Anna , Woodhoo Ashwin , Mirsky Rhona , Jessen Kristjan R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in Schwann cell development, we profiled gene expression in the developing and injured rat sciatic nerve. The genes that showed significant changes in expression in developing and dedifferentiated nerve were validated with RT‐PCR, in situ hybridisation, Western blot and immunofluorescence. A comprehensive approach to annotating micro‐array probes and their associated transcripts was performed using Biopendium™, a database of sequence and structural annotation. This approach significantly increased the number of genes for which a functional insight could be found. The analysis implicates agrin and two members of the collapsin response‐mediated protein (CRMP) family in the switch from precursors to Schwann cells, and synuclein‐1 and αB‐crystallin in peripheral nerve myelination. We also identified a group of genes typically related to chondrogenesis and cartilage/bone development, including type II collagen, that were expressed in a manner similar to that of myelin‐associated genes. The comprehensive function annotation also identified, among the genes regulated during nerve development or after nerve injury, proteins belonging to high‐interest families, such as cytokines and kinases, and should therefore provide a uniquely valuable resource for future research. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EGFR protein overexpression and gene amplification in squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus
Authors: Hanawa Mitsuhiko , Suzuki Shioto , Dobashi Yoh , Yamane Tetsu , Kono Koji , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Ooi Akishi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOverexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is observed in many cancers, sometimes accompanied by gene amplification. Recently, several clinical therapies targeting EGFR were developed, but the eligibility criteria for these therapies is not fully established. To develop such eligibility criteria for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we sought to clarify: (i) the exact frequency of EGFR overexpression, (ii) the relationship between protein overexpression and gene amplification, (iii) the relationship between gene amplification and specific gene mutations and (iv) the correlation between the status of EGFR and clinical or pathological features. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR protein is overexpressed in 53 (50%) of the 106 ESCC examined. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated clear EGFR gene amplification in 15 of the 53 tumors, somewhat higher EGFR copy in 32 cases, and no increase in 6 cases. Gene amplification was significantly associated with high level overexpression. Direct sequencing of exons 19 and 21 of EGFR revealed no mutations in 15 tumors exhibiting gene amplification, and no mutations in 25 tumors not exhibiting gene amplification. Overexpression of EGFR was significantly correlated with depth of invasion of the tumor.In conclusion, anti‐EGFR therapies may be appropriate for patients with ESCC. We assume that combined analyses by immunohistochemistry/FISH would clarify aberrations in protein and gene function, and could help to identify those patients who may benefit from anti‐EGFR therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Premenopausal levels of circulating insulin‐like growth factor I and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer
Authors: Rollison Dana E. , Newschaffer Craig J. , Tao Yuzhen , Pollak Michael , Helzlsouer Kathy J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIncreased levels of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) may directly stimulate breast cell proliferation and promote growth and survival of transformed cells. Higher levels of IGF‐I have been associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer but not postmenopausal breast cancer. We investigated whether circulating levels of IGF‐I prior to menopause are associated with breast cancer diagnosed after menopause in a population‐based nested case‐control study. Female cohort participants were enrolled in 1974 (n = 15,192) and 1989 (n = 18,724) and blood was drawn. Cases were women diagnosed with primary breast cancer at ages ≥50, of whom 152 were premenopausal at blood draw. One control was matched to each case on cohort participation, age, ethnic group, menopausal status and date of blood draw. Levels of IGF‐I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) were measured using enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assays assays. The association between IGF‐I and breast cancer was determined using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for IGFBP‐3. IGF‐I levels decreased with age (p = 0.0001). Prior to age‐stratification, IGF‐I levels neither measured before nor after menopause were associated with postmenopausal breast cancer. After age‐stratification, associations were suggested in the youngest premenopausal age group (upper vs. lowest third: odds ratio (OR) = 5.31, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.85–33.13; p trend = 0.06) and oldest postmenopausal age group (upper vs. lowest third: OR = 3.41, 95% CI = 0.66–17.71; p trend = 0.13). The association between circulating levels of IGF‐I and postmenopausal breast cancer risk may be modified by age. Increased levels of circulating IGF‐I may be of particular interest in the younger premenopausal women and older postmenopausal women. Age‐stratification should be undertaken in larger investigations of IGF‐I levels as predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Change in the Arctic influence on Bering Sea climate during the twentieth century
Authors: Wang Muyin , Overland James E. , Percival Donald B. , Mofjeld Harold O. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSurface air temperatures (SAT) from three Alaskan weather stations in a north–south section (Barrow, Nome, and St. Paul) show that on a decadal scale, the correlation among the stations changed during the past century. Before the 1960s, Barrow and Nome were dominated by Arctic air masses and St. Paul was dominated by North Pacific maritime air masses. After the 1960s, the SAT correlation in winter between Barrow and St. Paul increased from 0.2 to 0.7 and between Nome and St. Paul from 0.4 to 0.8, implying greater north–south penetration of both air masses. The correlation change in the winter of the Barrow–St. Paul pair is significant at a 95% confidence level. The Nome–St. Paul pair in spring also shows some of this characteristic change in correlation. Relatively stable, high correlations are found among the stations in the fall; correlations are low in the summer. Our study shows a change in the climatological structure of the Bering Sea in the late twentieth century, at present of unknown origin and occurring earlier than the well‐known 1976/1977 shift. These climatological results further support the concept that the southeast Bering Sea ecosystem may have been dominated by Arctic species for most of the century, with a gradual replacement by sub‐Arctic species in the last 30 years. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Unstable ENSO Relationship with Indian regional rainfall
Authors: Kane R. P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn earlier years, El Niños had a strong association with droughts in India. However, in recent years, this relationship seems to have weakened, and even the strong event of 1997–1998 did not produce the expected effects. In the 133‐year data, only about 60% of the El Niño and La Niña are effective, and the magnitudes of the anomalies are not in good correlations with the strength of the ENSO. This weakening of ENSO effects in recent years is known to meteorologists. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) scientists have formulated prediction schemes, but these are not fully satisfactory. The public and the press are still swayed only by possible El Niño effects, as happened in 2005 when Pacific warming occurred in February. The meteorologists had to assure the press that this was a case of an ‘aborted El Niño’, with quiet conditions expected to return by the end of 2005. Considering the experience of the 1997–1998 El Niño, when a strong El Niño developed suddenly, a prediction of a quiet 2005 can be hazardous. More importantly, even if an El Niño develops in the next few months, the press should be told that the chance of strong El Niño effects (droughts) is only about 60%, and these too may be very different in different regions of India. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Porcine skin ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm laser irradiation
Authors: Chen Bo , O'Dell Daniel C. , Thomsen Sharon L. , Rockwell Benjamin A. , Welch Ashley J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo gain refinement in safe‐exposure limits, indicated by the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits, the minimum visible lesion thresholds for three spot sizes (5–15 mm) and four exposure durations (0.25–2.5 seconds) were determined for the skin at 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA series of experiments were conducted in vivo on female Yucatan mini‐pigs to determine the ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation. The study employed Gaussian laser beam exposures with spot diameters (1/e2) of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure durations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 seconds as a function of laser power. The effect of each irradiation was evaluated within 1 minute after irradiation and the final determination was made at 48 hours post‐exposure. Probit analysis was conducted to estimate the dose for 50% probability of laser‐induced damage (ED50), defined as persistent redness at the site of irradiation for the mini‐pig skin after 48 hours.ResultsThe MPE spot size and exposure duration trends for 2,000 nm laser exposure is consistent for exposure diameters less than 3.5 mm. However, for larger exposure diameters of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure duration longer than 0.25 second, the current MPEs are bigger than one tenth of our damage thresholds. For Gaussian laser profile, which is common for many laser output irradiance distributions, lower energy is required to generate a lesion on skin for smaller spot sizes and shorter exposure duration. On the other hand, for spot sizes greater than 4.83 mm and exposure duration over 0.25 second, the average radiant exposure at threshold is inversely proportional to spot size. The irradiance‐time and temperature‐time power law at the threshold were investigated as well and showed that the irradiance‐time power law was a close approximation to estimate laser irradiance at ED50 damage threshold.ConclusionsThe thresholds study shows that consideration for lowering the MPE standards should be explored as the laser beam diameter becomes larger than 3.5 mm. Based on the limited experimental data, the duration and size dependences of the ED50 damage thresholds could be described by an empirical equation: Irradiance at the threshold = (5.669−1.81×spot diameter)×exposure duration−0.794. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:373–381, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual Effect of Diethyl Zinc and Triisobutylaluminium in Ethylene/1‐Hexene Copolymerisation using an MgCl2‐Supported Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst
Authors: Périn Soazig G. M. , Severn John R. , Koning Cor E. , Chadwick John C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSummary: The use of triisobutylaluminium and diethyl zinc as cocatalyst and chain transfer agent respectively in ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerisation, carried out with a Ziegler‐Natta catalyst of type MgCl2/TiCl4/diisobutyl phthalate, has been found to give significantly higher comonomer incorporation than was obtained when triethylaluminium was used in combination with diethyl zinc. Triisobutylaluminium reacts readily with diethyl zinc, yielding metallic zinc, most likely via the formation of intermediate hydride species. In contrast, the use of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine as external donor in this system has been found to have relatively little effect on comonomer incorporation and distribution, indicating that a change from tendentially isospecific to syndiospecific propagation in propene polymerisation is not accompanied by a major improvement in comonomer distribution in ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerisation.1H NMR spectrum of the liquid product of the reaction between triisobutylaluminium and diethyl zinc.image1H NMR spectrum of the liquid product of the reaction between triisobutylaluminium and diethyl zinc.
Hydropower scheduling and financial risk management
Authors: Kristiansen Tarjei 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a risk management tool for hydropower generators and its application to Norway's second‐largest generation company and largest electricity consumer, Norsk Hydro ASA. The tool considers both operations scheduling and the utilization of financial contracts for risk management. Financial risks are accounted for by penalizing incomes below a reference income. The risk management problem is solved by a combination of stochastic dual dynamic programming and stochastic dynamic programming. Simulations demonstrate that lower income scenarios improve when risk aversion is introduced. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiplane incremental states in fiber reinforced elastic composites and in piezoelectric crystals
Authors: Cracium Eduard‐Marius 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe behavior of the incremental displacements on the faces and on the line ahead and behind of an antiplane crack contained in a prestressed fiber reinforced elastic composite and in a prestressed and prepolarized piezoelectric crystal is studied in the paper. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)