bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Adsorption of Precious Metals on Sulfur-Containing Chitosan Derivatives
Authors: Baba Yoshinari , Hirakawa Hiroyuki , Kawano Yoshinobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
2-Thienylchitosan and 3-(methylthio)propylchitosan were newly synthesized by crosslinking the corresponding Schiff base derivative before reducing it so that the adsorptive activity was not lowered by the crosslinking. These chitosan derivatives selectively adsorbed gold(III), palladium(II) and platinum(IV) over base metals from hydrochloric acid.
Convenient Syntheses of 3-Deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic Acid (KDO) and 3-Deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic Acid (KDN) Derivatives from d-Mannose
Authors: Sato Ken-ichi , Miyata Tomoyuki , Tanai Ikuo , Yonezawa Yasuchika 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Horner-Wittig reactions of 4-O-benzyl-2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-d-mannose and 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexa-O-benzyl-6-d-glycero-2,3,4,5-d-galacto-heptose with methyl 2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate gave the corresponding α-dehydroamino acid derivatives in good yields, respectively. They were converted to methyl 3-deoxy-4,5:7,8-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-manno-2-octulopyranosonate and methyl (methyl 3-deoxy-d-glycero-β-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosid)onate via methyl α-oxoalkanoate derivatives.
(E)-2-Oxo-1-sulfonyl-3-alkenes as Reactive Hetero 1,3-Dienes. Absolutely endo-Selective Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions with Vinyl Ethers in the Presence of a Lewis Acid Catalyst
Authors: Wada Eiji , Yasuoka Hiroshi , Kanemasa Shuji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
(E)-2-Oxo-1-sulfonyl-3-alkenes as new hetero 1,3-dienes undergo smooth hetero Diels-Alder reactions with vinyl ethers in the presence of Eu(fod)3 or TiCl2(i-PrO)2. The reactions are absolutely endo-selective producing 2,4-cis-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans in excellent yields, sufficient catalytic cycles being attained. The sulfonyl-stabilized carbanions derived from the cycloadducts are alkylated followed by reductive desulfonylation.
Properties of Radical Cations Generated by the Pulse Radiolysis of 1,ω-Bis(diarylethenyl)alkanes. Trapping of Distonic 1,4-Radical Cation by Molecular Dioxygen
Authors: Tamai Toshiyuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Hashida Isao , Otsuji Yoshio , Ishida Akito , Takamuku Setsuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of radical cations generated from Ar2C=CH(CH2)nCH=CAr2 (Ar = 4-CH3OC6H4, n = 2–4) were studied by use of pulse radiolysis and γ-radiolysis techniques. When n = 3 and 4, 1,4-radical cations were formed via intramolecular cyclization of initially formed radical cations. The 1,4-radical cations were trapped by molecular dioxygen at the diarylalkylmethyl radical site, which suggests the “distonic” character of the species.
Anomalous Association of 3,3′-Diethyloxadicarbocyanine Iodide in Saturated Solutions or Acetone and Water
Authors: Hiraga Takashi , Tanaka Norio , Kikuchi Naoto , Hayamizu Kikuko , Moriya Tetsuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An association of 3,3′-Diethyloxadicarbocyanine Iodide (DODCI) in saturated solutions has been investigated by means of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 1H-NMR spectroscopy and photo-emission spectroscopy. In the investigation by SAXS, we have revealed that DODCI molecules in a saturated acetone solution exhibit an association with an average diameter of 4.5 nm, which is reasonably supported by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and we could fairly well understand the structural hierarchy acting in the formation of the association.
Novel Catalytic Metathesis of Substituted Olefins Promoted by Rhenium(I) Enolate Complexes
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Hirai Miwa , Ito Yuji , Fukuoka Atsushi , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Rhenium(I) enolate complexes Re(NCCHCO2Et)[NC(EtO2C)C=CHPh](PMe2Ph)4 and Re(NCCHCO2Et)(NCCH2CO2Et)(PMe2Ph)4 are found to catalyze unique olefin metathesis reaction of tetracyanoethylene with ethyl α-cyanocinnamate to give 1,1 dicyano-2-phenylethylene and ethyl 2,3,3-tricyanopropenoate at room temperature.
Selective Adsorption of Hemoglobin with Copper-Phthalocyanine Trisulfonate Derivative Immobilized on Gel Beads
Authors: Baba Yoshinari , Kawano Yoshinobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Copper phthalocyanine derivative was proposed as a new affinity ligand for the separation and purification of proteins. The adsorption equilibria of lysozyme, albumin and hemoglobin were studied with the affinity gel prepared by immobilizing its ligand to gel beads. The affinity gel was found to be highly selective for hemoglobin over albumin and lysozyme.
Zirconium Catalyzed or Mediated Regioselective C–C Bond Formation Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Acetals
Authors: Takahashi Tamotsu , Kondakov Denis Y , Suzuki Noriyuki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Zirconium-alkyne complexes or zirconacyclopentenes, which were easily prepared in situ from alkynes, reacted with acrolein diethylacetal to afford vinyl ether derivatives. The C–C bond formation proceeded exclusively at β-position of the α,β-unsaturated acetal. Zirconium catalyzed C–C bond formation reactions of α,β-unsaturated acetals with EtMgBr also proceeded at β-position exclusively.
Selective NO2 Sensing Characteristics of Sc2O3 Mixed Nickel Copper Oxide
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Banno Susumu , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Copper oxide and scandium oxide were mixed with p-type semiconducting nickel oxide and its NO2 sensing performance was investigated. By mixing copper oxide with nickel oxide, the response of the oxide for NO2 was improved. Further Sc2O3 mixing with nickel copper oxide greatly enhanced the sensing performance. Especially, the addition of scandium oxide into nickel copper oxide was considerably effective to sense only NO2 in the nitrogen oxides existing atmosphere.
Photo-Induced Formation of Gold Metal Film from Metal Salt of Chitosan
Authors: Yonezawa Yoshiro , Sato Tomoo , Kawabata Itaru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An application of chitosan for the polymer support to fabricate thin gold films was examined. When a thin film of chloroauric acid salt of chitosan was irradiated with UV-light in air, a clear gold mirror was formed. It is suggested that the gold mirror is made of aggregated colloidal gold particles stabilized by chitosan.
Preparation of Poly(1,4-phenylene) by Oxidative Polymerization of Benzene with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Oyaizu Kenichi , Asada Toshio , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Oxidative polymerization of benzene with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) under strongly acidic conditions produced structure-defined poly(1,4-phenylene) (PP). Addition of CF3SO3H prior to the stoichiometric oxidation enabled the efficient formation of the protonated σ-complex of benzene through which linear PP (degree of the polymerization was ca. 30) was produced by the subsequent addition of DDQ.
Spectroscopic Evidence for the Redox Reaction between Copper(II) and a Pterin Cofactor Model, 6,7-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin
Authors: Funahashi Yasuhiro , Kohzuma Takamitsu , Odani Akira , Yamauchi Osamu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The reactions of Cu(II) with 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin dihydrochloride (H4DMP·2HCl) in CH3OH-CH3CN have been investigated by spectroscopic methods. The redox reaction in the 1 : 1 Cu(II)–H4DMP·2HCl system has been established by detection of the protonated trihydropterin radical (H4DMP•+) and its disproportionation products.
An Effective and Selective Synthesis of Sterically Crowded Benzotrithioles from Benzodithiastannoles via Benzotrithiole 2-Oxides
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Yomoji Naoki , Chida Shin-ichi , Sato Ryu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Sterically crowded benzotrithioles were efficiently and selectively prepared by the reduction of corresponding benzotrithiole 2-oxides which were readily obtained on treatment of benzodithiastannoles, synthetic equivalents of benzenedithiols, with thionyl chloride.
Electro- and Photoelectro-chemical Formations of Dye Films Based on Chromogenic Development of Photography
Authors: Saji Tetsuo , Uehara Kazuki , Sugawara Kazuhiro , Liu Shunlin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A dye thin film was prepared on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode by controlled potential electrolysis (oxidation) of 1,4-benzenediamine derivative (1) following reaction with a coupler. Photoelectrochemical oxidation of 1 with TiO2 particle in the presence of methyl viologen (MV2+) also gave a dye film and a photo image.
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Acetal Carboxylic Acids by Nickel(II) Complex Catalyzed Oxygenation of α-Alkoxy Cyclic Ketones with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Hata Eiichiro , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of nickel(II) complex, various α-alkoxy cyclic ketones are smoothly oxygenated into acetal lactones by combined use of molecular oxygen and aldehydes at room temperature under an atmospheric pressure. Successive treatment of formed acetal lactones with hydrogen chloride in alcohols affords the corresponding acetal carboxylic acids in good to quantitative yields.
Ligand Exchange Reaction of Sulfoxides in Organic Synthesis. A Novel Method for Synthesizing Acetylenes from Carbonyl Compounds through β-Trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy Vinyl Sulfoxides
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi , Itoh Norifumi , Watanabe Shizue , Matsuno Haruko , Yamakawa Koji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
α-Sulfinyl ketones were prepared by the reaction of alkyl phenyl sulfoxide or chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide with aldehydes or methyl esters in high yields, and were converted to acetylenes through β-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy vinyl sulfoxides by the ligand exchange reaction of the sulfinyl group.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Acid Dissociation of the 1 : 1 Copolymer of Acrylic Acid and 4-Vinylpyridine
Authors: Masuda Seizo , Tsuda Masanori , Tomida Tahei , Tanaka Masami , Asahi Yutaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Acrylic acid and 4-vinylpyridine were copolymerized at 40 °C without any catalysts. The copolymer with 1 : 1 molar ratio of monomeric units was obtained over a wide range of the monomer ratios in the feed. Macroscopic and microscopic acid dissociation equilibria of the copolymer with 1 : 1 composition were determined in aqueous ethanol by potentiometric titration at 25 °C. The zwitterion and neutral molecule forms coexist over a wide range of pH, and the latter form is predominant. There exists only 10% of the zwitterion form in the neutral region.
Preparation of Water Soluble Polymer with 8-Quinolinol Group and Its Specific Reactivity with Cd(II)
Authors: Hamaya Takeo , Hiratani Kazuhisa , Ohashi Kosaburo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Water soluble polymer with 8-quinolinol group (3) was prepared and its fluorescent feature was studied. Polymer ligand 3 was found to form water soluble fluorescent chelate complexes with some metal ions in aq. solution without precipitating. Among them, Cd complex was shown especially to emitt fluorescence intensively.
Chemiluminescence Induced by Mediated Oxidation of 1,2-Diols
Authors: Karatani Hajime 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The electrooxidation of iodide ions (I−) induces chemiluminescence from 1,2-diols in an alkaline solution. The induced chemiluminescence occurs slightly after the electrooxidation of I−. The anodically generated hypoiodite ions (IO−) seem to be a mediator-oxidant responsible for the mediated oxidation of 1,2-diols, resulting in the induced chemiluminescence.
Enormously Long Triplet Lifetime of Zinc(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin Incorporated As a Pendant of a Liquid Crystalline Polymethacrylate Based on Cholesterol Mesogens
Authors: Morishima Yotaro , Yusa Shin-ichi , Saegusa Kazunori , Tashiro Kohji , Kamachi Mikiharu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A small number of zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) moieties were covalently incorporated into a liquid crystalline (LC) polymethacrylate bearing cholesterol side chains. The ZnTPP moieties exhibited enormously long triplet lifetime in the LC polymethacrylate in n-hexane.
Ene Reaction as a New Method for Functionalization of Fullerene C60
Authors: Komatsu Koichi , Murata Yasujiro , Sugita Nobuyuki , Wan Terence S M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Fullerene C60 undergoes the ene reaction when heated with 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-(trimethylsiloxy)allylbenzene at 180 °C for 48 h to give the monoadduct in 20% yield.
Study on the Polymer Adsorption/Desorption Behavior Using Continuous Elution Method
Authors: Furusawa Kunio , Chen Ming-Hua 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper, a new method for studing the polymer adsorption/desorption behavior, “Continuous Elution Method”, has been developed. In the continuous elution method, the target of study is concentrated onto the pre-adsorped powders packed into a small column after the usual adsorption process, solvent eluted and the concentration of polymer desorbed from the adsorbent surface is measured by a UV detector. By this method, the adsorption and desorption behavior of polystyrene and end-functionalized polystyrene by iminium ion on/from the surface of controlled-pore glass (CPG-10), has been investigated.
A Synthesis of the Cyclic Ferrocene Tetramer [1]4Ferrocenophane
Authors: Mueller-Westerhoff Ulrich T , Swiegers Gerhard F 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The cyclic ferrocene tetramer, [1]4ferrocenophane, may be isolated in a 2.1% yield from a reaction involving the controlled addition of FeCl2.1.5THF to a dilute solution of the bis(cyclopentadienylmethyl)ferrocene anion.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraethylethanediselenoamide
Authors: Nakayama Juzo , Mizumura Ayako , Akiyama Isao , Nishio Takehiko , Iida Ikuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tetraethylethanediselenoamide (2) was prepared in 81% yield by reaction of tetraethylethynediamine with elemental selenium. The X-ray single crystal structure analysis revealed that two Et2N(C=Se)– units of 2 are perpendicular to each other. The oxidation of 2 with m-CPBA produced tetraethylmonoselenooxamide and the reaction with DMAD afforded dimethyl 4,5-bis(diethylamino)selenophene-2,3-dicarboxylate.
Interaction between CO2 and Electrochemically Reduced Species of N-propyl-4,4′-bipyridinium Cation
Authors: Ishida Hitoshi , Ohba Tomoyuki , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Ohkubo Katsutoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The one-electron reduced species of N-propyl-4,4′-bipyridinium cation (1+) which is generated under electrolysis at −1.1 V vs. SCE was found to be able to react with CO2 although it is even a neutral radical. The intermediate CO2 adduct was furthermore reduced by one-electron at the same electrolysis potential to form a stable CO2 adduct.
Farmers, traders, and labourers: dry season migration from north-west Nigeria, 1900–33
Authors: Swindell Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphColonial rule brought about significant changes in the regional economies of West Africa, which had already been influenced by Europeans through the slave trade and the succeeding period of legitimate trade. Colonial administration extended the cultivation of export crops, introduced new systems of taxation and currencies, reorientated trading networks, and introduced policies aimed at ending domestic slavery. Levels of population mobility also increased, especially in the agricultural sector, as the seasonal redistribution of labour became an integral part of the production of export crops. This paper looks at the origins and development of dry season labour migration from Sokoto in north-western Nigeria, a migratory system which is generally accepted as being a product of colonialism. The argument takes the opening years of colonial rule in Sokoto and tries to uncover the nature and type of migration which obtained at this time. It is suggested that early migration was influenced by the economy of the central Sudan of the late nineteenth century, and there was an overlap, rather than a sharp break, between pre-colonial and colonial economies. The likely influence of pre-colonial structures is especially pertinent in an area which was the centre of the Sokoto caliphate, the largest and most populous state in nineteenth-century West Africa. But, in the early 1930s, dry season migration changed as the volume of migrants increased and their destination altered; it is the identification of this point of change which distinguishes the early period of migration and the changing impact of colonial policies.
Kyanshipand kinship among the Tarok
Authors: Smith M. G. , Smith Mary F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Tarok of Plateau State in Northern Nigeria, or Yergam as they are better known, may have a unique kinship system.Their kinship institutions, and especially theirkyanship, that is, the positions and roles of the mother's mother's brother (MMB) and mother's brother (MB), raise fundamental questions about the nature of filiation and descent. To indicate the problem we first briefly describe Tarok forms of kinship and marriage and then concentrate on its distinctive feature, namely, the institution ofkyanship. In closing we suggest how the system probably emerged and discuss its implications.
Rich cousins, poor cousins: hidden stratification among the Omani Arabs in Eastern Africa
Authors: Grandmaison Colette Le Cour 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAmong the Arab tribes of Oman the only acknowledged nobility is that reckoned by tribal ancestry (asl), affirmed by genealogies and oral history, and known by all. This goes not only for the Sultanate of Oman, but also for Omani tribes which have settled in East Africa. One is either a noble or a member of a group of inferior status, that is, the clients (mawâlî) who comprise the labour force in village communities. Slaves ('abid) by definition have no status. This society is thus socially divided between tribal organisations and client groups. On the other hand, within the tribe itself clans or sections appear to be equal or egalitarian, by law and in reality.
«Dieu d'eau», eau du barrage. Les populations du Plateau Dogon face aux contraintes: pluviométrie, terre et démographie
Authors: Diawara Mamadou 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDogon society, readily described as traditional by a certain ethnology, holds within it the seeds of an extraordinary flexibility which enables it to retain the essentials: its apparent conservatism and its underlying internal dynamism. Thus, the relative individualisation of the market gardening system makes up for the shortcomings of a cereal economy that is chronically in deficit; integration into the market is essential to improving the food situation.Dogon social structure is still withstanding the hammer blows of out-migration, monetisation, Islam and Christianity. Is it not the case that some who had left for good do sometimes return? Such is the case with some of the numerous peasants who were transferred by the Church during the drought years to southern Mali where the land was more fertile and the climate wetter. Conversely, the loss of population suffered by the highlands, the accelerated rate of Islamisation (or re-Islamisation) and Christianisation, together with the economic importance of dams are surely speeding up the break-up of the family as a farming unit. This process would be irreversible if the speculative and sometimes individual market-gardening promoted by themanandid not exist. The family as it is today will of course succumb by transforming itself but it still has some future which depends on a number of conditions: the control of grain and cattle by the chief, the deepening of urban poverty which makes emigrants return home, the solving of the problems of the conservation and marketing of shallots, the opening-up of the plain, an outlet for younger sons who have left themananand send back the cereal surplus from their new villages to the highlands. The fragile equilibrium established by the Dogon will survive so long as the dams continue to water these green islands lost in a sea of sandstone.
Charisma and ethnicity in political context: a case study in the establishment of a Senegalese religious clientele
Authors: Villalón Leonardo A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThrough an examination of a case of a popular switch in religious affiliation in the small regional capital of Fatick, this article explores the factors that give rise to new Muslim maraboutic movements in Senegal. While the majority of the Serer population of the town had previously claimed an affiliation with the Sy family branch of the Tijaniyya order, based in Tivaouane, over the course of the past six to eight years there has been a widespread transfer of allegiance to a Serer marabout, El Hajj Ousmane Mama Ansou Niang, known popularly as Ma Ansou Niang. A consideration of this realignment reveals little basis for interpreting it as a function of maraboutic ‘charisma’ in the sense of any distinctive qualities of the religious message or of the messenger himself. It is, rather, the ‘popular demand’ side of charisma which emerges as important, an aspect that must be understood in the context of the particular local implications of Serer ethnicity. Because a religious model has thus been adopted to address primarily secular concerns, the study supports the argument that the entire maraboutic system has been institutionalised as the prevailing means of organising societal concerns in Senegal. The case thus has significant implications not only forthe study of Senegalese Sufi movements but also for an understanding of the socio-political impact of Islam in the country.
Effects of Mnemonic Reconstructions on the Spatial Learning of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A. , Brigham Frederick J. , Sullivan G. Sharon 
Published: April 2006

Thirty-nine seventh- and eighth-grade students with learning disabilities received verbal and spatial information about eighteenth-century North American battles under two conditions. In the control condition, learners were provided a map depicting locations of battles, accompanied by descriptive/decorative pictures. Mnemonic condition learners received the same map with the exception that pictures accompanying place names represented reconstructed keywords of those names. In both conditions, pictures were colored red if they represented British victories, blue if they represented American victories. After a training session and a 90-second filler activity, students were asked to locate each battle on an unlabeled map and indicate which side had won the battle. Analysis of results indicated that mnemonic condition students significantly outperformed controls on measures of spatial relocation and correct matching of place name with victor. Effects were especially pronounced on the measure of spatial relocation, in which an effect size of over two standard deviations was obtained. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Lomonosov's Dedication to His Russian Grammar
Authors: Johnson C. A. 
Published: April 2006

Almost any book on Lomonosov, and certainly any book or article about Lomonosov and the Russian language, is bound to quote this passage from the dedication to his Russian Grammar:Charles V, the Roman Emperor, used to say that one should speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, and Italian with the female sex. But if he had been skilled in Russian, he would, of course, have added that one could speak it with all of them, for he would have found in it the magnificence of Spanish, the vivacity of French, the strength of German, the delicacy of Italian, and in addition the richness and conciseness of Greek and Latin.... Cicero’s powerful eloquence, the splendid majesty of Virgil, Ovid’s pleasant oratory do not lose their merit in Russian.