bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A GAME MODEL OF COUNTERPROLIFERATION, WITH MULTIPLE ENTRANTS
Authors: McCORMICK GORDON H. , OWEN GUILLERMO 
Published: October 2006

We consider a game-theoretic model of counterproliferation, in which a single Incumbent (holding nuclear weapons) is faced with a sequence of potential Entrants (who are considering developing and deploying a nuclear capability or other weapons of mass destruction of their own). The Incumbent can either choose to act preemptively, with certain costs, or allow the Entrants to deploy a nuclear capability, with consequent costs due to the potential for nuclear blackmail. How should each of the players decide? The players' decisions are optimally based not only on their own cost functions (which each knows) but also on their opponent's cost structure (which is known only in probability). Entrants (other than the first) can learn something about the Incumbent's cost structure from decisions they have made in the past. It turns out that, depending on a would-be Entrant's cost structure, a record of preemption by the Incumbent can have either a deterrent or provocation effect. Understanding the basis for each of these contradictory effects is critical to designing an optimal counterproliferation strategy.
Penetrance of eye defects in mice heterozygous for mutation of Gli3 is enhanced by heterozygous mutation of Pax6
Authors: Zaki Paulette A , Collinson J Martin , Toraiwa Junko , Simpson T Ian , Price David J , Quinn Jane C 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Knowledge of the consequences of heterozygous mutations of developmentally important genes is important for understanding human genetic disorders. The Gli3 gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor and homozygous loss-of-function mutations of Gli3 are lethal. Humans heterozygous for mutations in this gene suffer Greig cephalopolysyndactyly or Pallister-Hall syndromes, in which limb defects are prominent, and mice heterozygous for similar mutations have extra digits. Here we examined whether eye development, which is abnormal in mice lacking functional Gli3, is defective in Gli3
+/- mice.

Results
We showed that Gli3 is expressed in the developing eye but that Gli3
+/- mice have only very subtle eye defects. We then generated mice compound heterozygous for mutations in both Gli3 and Pax6, which encodes another developmentally important transcription factor known to be crucial for eye development. Pax6
+/-; Gli3
+/- eyes were compared to the eyes of wild-type, Pax6
+/- or Gli3
+/- siblings. They exhibited a range of abnormalities of the retina, iris, lens and cornea that was more extensive than in single Gli3
+/- or Pax6
+/- mutants or than would be predicted by addition of their phenotypes.

Conclusion
These findings indicate that heterozygous mutations of Gli3 can impact on eye development. The importance of a normal Gli3 gene dosage becomes greater in the absence of a normal Pax6 gene dosage, suggesting that the two genes co-operate during eye morphogenesis.
Design factors that influence PCR amplification success of cross-species primers among 1147 mammalian primer pairs
Authors: Housley Donna JE , Zalewski Zachary A , Beckett Stephanie E , Venta Patrick J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Cross-species primers have been used with moderate success to address a variety of questions concerning genome structure, evolution, and gene function. However, the factors affecting their success have never been adequately addressed, particularly with respect to producing a consistent method to achieve high throughput. Using 1,147 mammalian cross-species primer pairs (1089 not previously reported), we tested several factors to determine their influence on the probability that a given target will amplify in a given species under a single amplification condition. These factors included: number of mismatches between the two species (the index species) used to identify conserved regions to which the primers were designed, GC-content of the gene and amplified region, CpG dinucleotides in the primer region, degree of encoded protein conservation, length of the primers, and the degree of evolutionary distance between the target species and the two index species.

Results
The amplification success rate for the cross-species primers was significantly influenced by the number of mismatches between the two index species (6–8% decrease per mismatch in a primer pair), the GC-content within the amplified region (for the dog, GC ≥ 50%, 56.9% amplified; GC<50%, 74.2% amplified), the degree of protein conservation (R2 = 0.14) and the relatedness of the target species to the index species. For the dog, 598 products of 930 primer pairs (64.3%) (excluding primers in which dog was an index species) were sequenced and shown to be the expected product, with an additional three percent producing the incorrect sequence. When hamster DNA was used with the single amplification condition in a microtiter plate-based format, 510 of 1087 primer pairs (46.9%) produced amplified products. The primer pairs are spaced at an average distance of 2.3 Mb in the human genome and may be used to produce up to several hundred thousand bp of species-specific sequence.

Conclusion
The most important factors influencing the proportion of successful amplifications are the number of index species mismatches, GC-richness of the target amplimer, and the relatedness of the target species to the index species, at least under the single PCR condition used. The 1147 cross-species primer pairs can be used in a high throughput manner to generate data for studies on the genetics and genomics of non-sequenced mammalian genomes.
Evaluation of NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1genes in familial colorectal cancer predisposition
Authors: Broderick Peter , Bagratuni Tina , Vijayakrishnan Jairam , Lubbe Steven , Chandler Ian , Houlston Richard S 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
The observation that germline mutations in the oxidative DNA damage repair gene MUTYH cause colorectal cancer (CRC) provides strong evidence that dysregulation of the base excision repair (BER) pathway influences disease susceptibility. It is conceivable that germline sequence variation in other BER pathway genes such as NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1 also contribute to CRC susceptibility.

Methods
To evaluate whether sequence variants of NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1 genes might act as CRC susceptibility alleles, we screened the coding sequence and intron-exon boundaries of these genes in 94 familial CRC cases in which involvement of known genes had been excluded.

Results
Three novel missense variants were identified NEIL2 C367A, TDG3 A196G and UNG2 C262T in patients, which were not observed in 188 healthy control DNAs.

Conclusion
We detected novel germline alterations in NEIL2, TDG and UNG patients with CRC. The results suggest a limited role for NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1 in development of CRC.
Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine
Authors: Meissner Peter E , Mandi Germain , Coulibaly Boubacar , Witte Steffen , Tapsoba Théophile , Mansmann Ulrich , Rengelshausen Jens , Schiek Wolfgang , Jahn Albrecht , Walter-Sack Ingeborg , Mikus Gerd , Burhenne Jürgen , Riedel Klaus-Dieter , Schirmer R Heiner , Kouyaté Bocar , Müller Olaf 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The development of safe, effective and affordable drug combinations against malaria in Africa is a public health priority. Methylene blue (MB) has a similar mode of action as chloroquine (CQ) and has moreover been shown to selectively inhibit the Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase. In 2004, an uncontrolled dose-finding study on the combination MB-CQ was performed in 435 young children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso (CQ monotherapy had a > 50% clinical failure rate in this area in 2003). Three serious adverse events (SAE) occurred of which one was probably attributable to the study medication. In the per protocol safety analysis, there were no dose specific effects. The overall clinical and parasitological failure rates by day 14 were 10% [95% CI (7.5%, 14.0%)] and 24% [95% CI (19.4%, 28.3%)], respectively. MB appears to have efficacy against malaria, but the combination of CQ-MB is clearly not effective in the treatment of malaria in Africa.
Traditional medicinal plant use in Loja province, Southern Ecuador
Authors: Bussmann Rainer W , Sharon Douglas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the traditional use of medicinal plants in Loja province, Southern Ecuador.Two hundred fifteen plant species were collected, identified and their vernacular names and traditional uses recorded. This number of species indicates that the healers, market vendors and members of the public interviewed still have a very high knowledge of plants in their surroundings, which can be seen as a reflection of the knowledge of the population in general. However, the area represents only an outlier of the larger Northern Peruvian cultural area, where more than 500 species of plants are used medicinally, indicating that in Ecuador much of the original plant knowledge has already been lost.Most plant species registered are only used medicinally, and only a few species have any other use (construction, fodder, food). The highest number of species is used for the treatment of "magical" (psychosomatic) ailments (39 species), followed by respiratory disorders (34), problems of the urinary tract (28), Fever/Malaria (25), Rheumatism (23) and nervous system problems (20).
Analysis of normal and osteoarthritic canine cartilage mRNA expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Clements Dylan N , Carter Stuart D , Innes John F , Ollier William ER , Day Philip JR 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe molecular basis to mammalian osteoarthritis (OA) is unknown. We hypothesised that the expression of selected proteases, matrix molecules, and collagens believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of OA would be changed in naturally occurring canine OA cartilage when compared to normal articular cartilage. Quantitative (real-time) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays were designed measuring the expression of selected matrix molecules (collagens and small leucine-rich proteoglycans), key mediators of the proteolytic degradation of articular cartilage (metalloproteinases, cathepsins), and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases). All data were normalised using a geometric mean of three housekeeping genes, and the results subjected to power calculations and corrections for multiple hypothesis testing. We detected increases in the expression of BGN, COL1A2, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL5A1, CSPG2, CTSB, CTSD, LUM, MMP13, TIMP1, and TNC in naturally occurring canine OA. The expression of TIMP2 and TIMP4 was significantly reduced in canine OA cartilage. The patterns of gene expression change observed in naturally occurring canine OA were similar to those reported in naturally occurring human OA and experimental canine OA. We conclude that the expression profiles of matrix-associated molecules in end-stage mammalian OA may be comparable but that the precise aetiologies of OA affecting specific joints in different species are presently unknown.
Expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma: Relation to tumor phenotype and clinical outcome
Authors: Mylona Eleni , Magkou Christina , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Agrogiannis George , Markaki Sofia , Keramopoulos Antonios , Nakopoulou Lydia 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Our aim was to study the expression pattern of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma, and its clinicopathological and prognostic value as well as its relation to markers indicative of the tumor phenotype.

Methods
Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 173 invasive breast carcinomas to detect the proteins TIMP-3, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, p53, c-erbB-2, topoisomerase IIα and Bcl-2.

Results
TIMP-3 protein was immunodetected in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and the peritumoral stroma, as well as in in situ carcinoma and normal epithelium. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was correlated with carcinomas of high nuclear and histological grade (p = 0.032 and p = 0.015, respectively), and low ER expression (p = 0.053). Moreover, TIMP-3 immunopositivity was inversely correlated with the expression of p53 and topoIIα proteins (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively), whereas it was positively associated with Bcl-2 expression (p = 0.020). Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to have an unfavorable impact on disease-free survival (p = 0.052) in the entirety of the patient population, as well as in both subgroups of lymph-node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively). Stromal localization of TIMP-3 protein was found to have no clinicopathological or prognostic value.

Conclusion
This is the first immunohistochemical study to show that TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells is associated with tumor phenotype. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to correlate with an aggressive tumor phenotype, negatively affecting the disease-free survival of both subgroups of lymph node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients.
Dobutamine reverses the vasopressin-associated impairment in cardiac index and systemic oxygen supply in ovine endotoxemia
Authors: Ertmer Christian , Morelli Andrea , Bone Hans-Georg , Stubbe Henning Dirk , Schepers Ralf , Van Aken Hugo , Lange Matthias , Bröking Katrin , Lücke Martin , Traber Daniel L , Westphal Martin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is increasingly used to treat sepsis-related vasodilation and to decrease catecholamine requirements. However, AVP infusion may be associated with a marked decrease in systemic blood flow and oxygen transport. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether dobutamine may be titrated to reverse the AVP-related decrease in cardiac index (CI) and systemic oxygen delivery index (DO2I) in an established model of ovine endotoxemia.

Methods
Twenty-four adult ewes were chronically instrumented to determine cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and global oxygen transport. All ewes received a continuous endotoxin infusion that contributed to a hypotensive-hyperdynamic circulation and death of five sheep. After 16 hours of endotoxemia, the surviving ewes (n = 19; weight 35.6 ± 1.5 kg (mean ± SEM)) were randomized to receive either AVP (0.04 Umin-1) and dobutamine (n = 8) or the vehicle (normal saline; n = 6) and compared with a third group treated with AVP infusion alone (n = 5). Dobutamine infusion was started at an initial rate of 2 μg kg-1min-1 and was increased to 5 and 10 μg kg-1 min-1 after 30 and 60 minutes, respectively.

Results
AVP infusion increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index at the expense of a markedly decreased CI (4.1 ± 0.5 versus 8.2 ± 0.3 l min-1 m-2), DO2I (577 ± 68 versus 1,150 ± 50 ml min-1 m-2) and mixed-venous oxygen saturation (SvO2; 54.5 ± 1.8% versus 69.4 ± 1.0%; all p < 0.001 versus control). Dobutamine dose-dependently reversed the decrease in CI (8.8 ± 0.7 l min-1 m-2 versus 4.4 ± 0.5 l min-1 m-2), DO2I (1323 ± 102 versus 633 ± 61 ml min-1 m-2) and SvO2 (72.2 ± 1.7% versus 56.5 ± 2.0%, all p < 0.001 at dobutamine 10 μg kg-1 min-1 versus AVP group) and further increased MAP.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence that dobutamine is a useful agent for reversing the AVP-associated impairment in systemic blood flow and global oxygen transport.
Relating tissue specialization to the differentiation of expression of singleton and duplicate mouse proteins
Authors: Freilich Shiri , Massingham Tim , Blanc Eric , Goldovsky Leon , Thornton Janet M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background
Gene duplications have been hypothesized to be a major factor in enabling the evolution of tissue differentiation. Analyses of the expression profiles of duplicate genes in mammalian tissues have indicated that, with time, the expression patterns of duplicate genes diverge and become more tissue specific. We explored the relationship between duplication events, the time at which they took place, and both the expression breadth of the duplicated genes and the cumulative expression breadth of the gene family to which they belong.

Results
We show that only duplicates that arose through post-multicellularity duplication events show a tendency to become more specifically expressed, whereas such a tendency is not observed for duplicates that arose in a unicellular ancestor. Unlike the narrow expression profile of the duplicated genes, the overall expression of gene families tends to maintain a global expression pattern.

Conclusion
The work presented here supports the view suggested by the subfunctionalization model, namely that expression divergence in different tissues, following gene duplication, promotes the retention of a gene in the genome of multicellular species. The global expression profile of the gene families suggests division of expression between family members, whose expression becomes specialized. Because specialization of expression is coupled with an increased rate of sequence divergence, it can facilitate the evolution of new, tissue-specific functions.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Organosilica Hybrid Materials
Authors: Kapoor Mahendra P , Inagaki Shinji 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The latest developments in periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) have been compiled. The discovery of mesoporous hybrid organosilicas with molecular scale periodicity resulting from alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers, and a cost effective solution showing the use of allyl derivatives of the bis-silyl precursors are discussed. Relevant uses of the periodic mesoporous materials in diverse applications are summarized. For example, the metal-incorporated periodic mesoporous organic frameworks are likely to offer an advantage in catalytic transformations, while the functionalized PMOs show promise in fascinating catalytic applications via enhancing the physical properties of guest molecules and clusters. In general, the advancement in PMOs have showed great promise and are expected to deliver exciting achievable future findings.
Photocatalytic Electron-Transfer Oxidation of Triphenylphosphine and Benzylamine with Molecular Oxygen via Formation of Radical Cations and Superoxide Ion
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Nanjo Takashi , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Photooxygenation of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) to triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3P=O) with molecular oxygen (O2) occurs under photoirradiation of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate ([Acr+–Mes]ClO4−) which acts as an efficient electron-transfer photocatalyst. Photooxidation of benzylamine (PhCH2NH2) with O2 also occurs efficiently under photoirradiation of Acr+–Mes to yield PhCH2N=CHPh and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Each photocatalytic reaction is initiated by intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer from the Mes moiety to the singlet excited state of the Acr+ moiety to produce the electron-transfer state (Acr•–Mes•+). The Mes•+ moiety oxidizes Ph3P and PhCH2NH2 to produce the radical cations (Ph3P•+ and PhCH2NH2•+, respectively), whereas the Acr• moiety reduces O2 to O2•−. The produced Ph3P•+ binds with O2•− as well as O2, leading to the oxygenated product (Ph3P=O). On the other hand, proton transfer from PhCH2NH2•+ to O2•− occurs, followed by hydrogen transfer, leading to the dehydrogenated dimer product, PhCH2N=CHPh. In each case, the radical intermediates were detected by laser flash photolysis and ESR measurements to clarify the photocatalytic mechanism.
Analysis of Short-Time Transient Dynamics of a Diffusion-Controlled Reaction in a Hard-Sphere Fluid Based on Fokker–Planck–Kramers Equation
Authors: Ibuki Kazuyasu , Ueno Masakatsu 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed for a simple diffusion-controlled reaction in a hard-sphere fluid. The short-time transient rate constants are compared with the Markovian Langevin dynamics (LD), two theories based on the Fokker–Planck–Kramers equation (FPKE), and the Smoluchowski–Collins–Kimball (SCK) theory based on the diffusion equation. At n* = 0.7856, where n* is the total number density reduced by the diameter of the molecules, molecular motions are diffusive and Markovian, and the MD results agree well with the LD results. At n* = 0.9428, the MD results are much larger than the LD ones at short times, and the discrepancy can be explained by non-Markovian effects. Also at n* = 0.2000, where inertia effects are important, the time profile of the MD rate constant is satisfactorily explained by LD, while the MD rate constant shows a smaller decay than at higher densities. FPKE theory with a continuous velocity distribution reproduces the LD results under all conditions indicating that the theory is valid over a wide density range. FPKE theory with a discontinuous velocity distribution cannot explain the simulation results at the lowest density despite taking into account inertia effects. Although SCK theory is expected to be valid only at high densities, the predicted rate constant is close to that from the simulation even at the lowest density, if the intrinsic rate constant is chosen to reproduce the exact value of the initial rate constant.
Synthesis of Peduncularine
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Ihara Yuichiro , Uera Kazuyoshi , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Peduncularine, the principal alkaloid of the Tasmanian shrub Aristotelia peduncularis, was synthesized via the radical cyclization of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-5-yl ketone oxime 9 forming the 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton.
Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1H-indole Derivatives by Iodine-Mediated Cyclization of 2-(Arylamino)styrene Derivatives
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Miyamoto Kazuna , Yamase Tohru , Nakamura Daizo , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A convenient synthetic method for 1-aryl-1H-indole derivatives has been developed. 2-(Arylamino)-α-methylstyrene derivatives were treated with iodine in the presence of sodium hydrogencarbonate to give 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-indole derivatives in fair to good yields. 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-indole and 3,3′-dimethyl-1,1′-(p-phenylene)diindole were also prepared from the respective 2-(phenylamino)styrene derivatives under the same conditions in reasonable yields.
Deamination of 1-Alkyl-9-aminomethyltriptycenes. Participation of a Neighboring 1-Alkyl Substituent
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Koseki Ai , Sugita Jun , Mochida Hisashi , Minoura Mao 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Deamination reactions of 1-alkyl-9-aminomethyltriptycenes (alkyl = Me, Et, i-Pr, and t-Bu) and 9-(1-aminoethyl)-1-methyltriptycene were performed in CHCl3 and in AcOH, and product distributions were studied. The results suggest that the loss of N2 from a primary alkanediazonium ion predominantly takes place concomitantly with participation of a C–H bond of the neighboring 1-alkyl group to form a nonclassical cationic species with a three-center two-electron bonding, while the loss of N2 from a secondary alkanediazonium ion occurs spontaneously to form a secondary carbocation. Solvent effects (CHCl3 vs AcOH) are explained in terms of lower nucleophilicity/basicity of the AcO− in AcOH than in CHCl3 due to solvation.