bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between quality of life scores and short-term outcome after surgery for cancer of the oesophagus or gastric cardia
Authors: Blazeby J M , Metcalfe C , Nicklin J , Barham C P , Donovan J , Alderson D 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Evidence suggests that baseline quality of life (QOL) scores are independently prognostic for survival in patients with cancer, but the role of QOL data in predicting short-term outcome after surgery is uncertain. This study assessed the association between QOL scores and short-term outcomes after surgery for oesophageal and gastric cancer.

Methods
Consecutive patients selected for oesophagectomy or total gastrectomy between November 2000 and May 2003 completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer's quality of life questionnaire, QLQ-C30. Multivariable regression models, adjusting for known clinical risk factors, were used to investigate relationships between QOL scores, major morbidity, hospital stay and survival status at 6 months.

Results
Of 130 patients, 121 completed the questionnaire (response rate 93·1 per cent). There were 29 major complications (24·0 per cent) and 22 patients (18·2 per cent) died within 6 months of operation. QOL scores were not associated with major morbidity but were significantly related to survival status at 6 months after adjusting for known clinical risk factors. A worse fatigue score of 10 points (scale 0–100) corresponded to an increase in the odds of death within 6 months of surgery of 37·4 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 12·4 to 67·8) per cent (P = 0·002). Pretreatment social function scores were moderately associated with hospital stay (P = 0·021); a reduction in social function by 10 points corresponded to an increase in hospital stay of 0·93 (95 per cent c.i. 0·12 to 1·74) days.

Conclusion
QOL scores supplement standard staging procedures for oesophageal and gastric cancer by providing prognostic information, but they do not contribute to perioperative risk assessment.
Long-term results in patients with T2–3 N0 distal rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy before transanal endoscopic microsurgery
Authors: Lezoche E , Guerrieri M , Paganini A M , Baldarelli M , De Sanctis A , Lezoche G 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundLocal excision after radiotherapy for node-negative low rectal cancer may be an alternative to radical excision. This study evaluated the results of local excision in patients with small (less than 3 cm in diameter) T2 and T3 distal rectal tumours following neoadjuvant therapy.MethodsOne hundred patients with rectal cancer (54 uT2 and 46 uT3 uN0 tumours) were enrolled. All patients underwent preoperative radiotherapy followed by local excision by means of transanal endoscopic microsurgery.ResultsDefinitive histological examination revealed nine pT1, 54 pT2 and 19 pT3 tumours. A complete response (R0) or microscopic residual tumour (R1mic) was found in three and 15 patients respectively. Minor complications occurred in 11 patients and major complications in two. At a median follow-up of 55 (range 7–120) months, the local failure rate was 5 per cent and metastatic disease was found in two patients. The cancer-specific survival rate at 90 months' follow-up was 89 per cent, and the overall survival rate 72 per cent. Salvage abdominoperineal resection was performed in three patients, two of whom were disease free at 15 and 19 months.ConclusionTreatment of small uT2 and uT3 uN0 rectal cancers with preoperative high-dose radiotherapy followed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery is an acceptable alternative to conventional radical resection.
Systematic review of randomized trials comparing rubber band ligation with excisional haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Shanmugam V , Thaha M A , Rabindranath K S , Campbell K L , Steele R J C , Loudon M A 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background and method
This review compares the two most popular treatments for haemorrhoids, namely rubber band ligation (RBL) and excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Randomized trials were identified from the major electronic databases. Symptom control, retreatment, postoperative pain, complications, time off work and patient satisfaction were assessed. Relative risk (RR) and weighted mean difference with 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) were estimated using a random-effects model for dichotomous and continuous outcomes respectively.

Results
Three trials met the inclusion criteria and all were of poor methodological quality. Complete remission of haemorrhoidal symptoms was better after haemorrhoidectomy (RR 1·68 (95 per cent c.i 1·00 to 2·83)). There was significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 90·5 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). Fewer patients required retreatment after haemorrhoidectomy (RR 0·20 (95 per cent c.i 0·09 to 0·40)), but anal stenosis, postoperative haemorrhage and incontinence to flatus were more common with this operation.

Conclusions
Haemorrhoidectomy produced better long-term symptom control in patients with grade III haemorrhoids, but was associated with more postoperative complications than RBL.
The psychic life of colonial power: racialised subjectivities, bodies and methods
Authors: Riggs Damien W. , Augoustinos Martha 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOngoing histories of racism in colonial nations such as Australia challenge us as academics to consider how we understand racism and its role in practices of both privilege and oppression. In this article we as two non‐indigenous people living in Australia attempt to work through issues of collective responsibility by focusing on what we believe are three key issues in the study of racism: 1) methodology and researcher subjectivity, 2) subjectification as a practice of racialisation and 3) racialised embodiment and its relation to power. In exploring these three issues we utilise theoretical interpretations of subjectivity and embodiment alongside a brief examination of a speech by Prime Minister Howard in order to elaborate our claim that racism is foundational to white subjectivities in Australia. By examining colonial violence and our relation to it, we seek to develop a framework within which psychological research on racism in Australia may disturb white claims to belonging by continuing to explore how racism works in the service of the ‘good nation’. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying talk and embodied practices: toward a psychology of materiality of ‘race relations’
Authors: Durrheim Kevin , Dixon John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis article argues that an adequate social psychology of racism needs to take seriously people's lived experiences of ‘race relations’. This involves an empirical focus on social life in ordinary contexts in which everyday practices are structured around ‘race’. In particular, we argue that such a social psychology of racism needs to understand the articulation of two related domains of practices—embodied spatio‐temporal practices and linguistic practices (talk)—that together constitute the reality of ‘race relations’ in specific, concrete contexts. By discussing a case study of practices that constitute ‘desegregation’ on a post‐apartheid beach, we show that this focus (1) allows a fuller appreciation of the nature and construction of ‘race relations’, (2) helps us to understand why ‘race relations’ are so resistant to change and (3) provides a historical and materialist account of the nature of ‘race groups’. We argue that (what we term) the ‘impoverished realism’ of traditional attitude research and the ‘selective anti‐realism’ of discursive social psychology both limit an appreciation of lived experience as a focus of study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Against the notion of a ‘new racism’
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDespite the de jure equality achieved in the second half of the 20th century, racial discrimination and racist political movements persist. This has encouraged the orthodoxy that a ‘new racism’ serves as an ideological basis of contemporary white investment in racial inequality in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. It is argued that this ‘new racism’ is shown in more subtle and indirect formal expressions, such as a denial of societal discrimination, rather than the once popular expressions of ‘old‐fashioned’ genetic inferiority and segregationism. In opposition to this conceptualization, I review quantitative and qualitative studies from social psychology, sociology and political science, as well as historical analyses, to show that the ‘old‐fashioned’ formal expression of racism was not especially popular before de jure racial equality and is not especially unpopular now. I also show that there is nothing new about formal expressions that criticize cultural difference or deny societal discrimination. Thus, there is greater historical continuity in racism than the notion of a ‘new racism’ allows. This suggests that the first task of a critical social psychology of racism is a proper conceptualization of racism itself. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Future directions for a critical social psychology of racism/antiracism
Authors: Hook Derek , Howarth Caroline 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA variety of possible future directions for a critical psychology of racism/antiracism may assist us in avoiding the trappings of conceptual/methodological homogeneity and disciplinary insularity. Greater reference to the literature of fiction, to the epistemological domain of the aesthetic, may benefit us given that it permits different positionings, imaginings and modes of self‐reflection than afforded within the strict truth‐conditions of mainstream social science practice. We stand also to profit from greater attention to personal experience and to the embodied materiality of everyday life, powerful themes in the oft‐neglected Black Consciousness tradition of critique. Likewise, a renewed focus on subjectification. This is particularly pressing for critical social psychology given that certain of the formative conditions of the subject subjectivity may be taken to predate psychological subjectivity; without an adequate engagement with such factors (sociality, materiality, the bodily, the historical) we fail to apprehend the psychic life of power. Lastly, an innovative and critically effective social psychology of racism/antiracism cannot neglect the collaborative opportunities afforded by cultural studies, postcolonial criticism and contemporary social theory. The concepts of performativity, hybridity, mimicry and habitus (to name just a few), like a series of recent discussions of post‐imperial multiculturalism and cosmopolitan humanism, deserve to be better integrated into the work of critical social psychologists. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pityriarubins, Novel Highly Selective Inhibitors of Respiratory Burst from Cultures of the Yeast Malassezia furfur: Comparison with the Bisindolylmaleimide Arcyriarubin A
Authors: Krämer Hans‐Joachim , Kessler Dino , Hipler Ute‐Christina , Irlinger Bernhard , Hort Wiebke , Bödeker Rolf‐Hasso , Steglich Wolfgang , Mayser Peter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPityriasis versicolor is the most common skin mycosis in humans worldwide. Yeasts of the genus Malassezia, particularly M. furfur, a saprophyte occurring widely on human skin, are generally regarded as the causative agents. M. furfur is able to convert tryptophan into a variety of indole alkaloids, some of them showing biological properties that correlate well with certain clinical features of pityriasis versicolor. This suggests a possible role for these compounds in the pathophysiology of the disease. We here report that the novel pityriarubins A, B and C, isolated from cultures of the yeast, inhibit respiratory burst in human neutrophils, activated by various agents, in a highly selective, unexpected manner. The release of 5‐lipoxygenase products after challenge of neutrophils with the calcium ionophore A23187 is also inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner. These activities reflect the close structural relationship of pityriarubins to bisindolylmaleimides, which have recently gained great interest as protein kinase inhibitors.
Carbohydrate Array Analysis of Anti‐Tn Antibodies and Lectins Reveals Unexpected Specificities: Implications for Diagnostic and Vaccine Development
Authors: Manimala Joseph C. , Li Zhitao , Jain Amit , VedBrat Sharanjeet , Gildersleeve Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Tn antigen is a carbohydrate antigen expressed in most carcinomas, during embryogenesis, on pathogenic parasites, and on HIV. It has been evaluated extensively as a potential diagnostic marker and several Tn‐based vaccines are in clinical trials. Based on discrepancies in the literature regarding Tn expression, we began to question whether antibodies and lectins used routinely to detect the Tn antigen were providing accurate information. To investigate this possibility, a carbohydrate microarray and a highly sensitive assay were developed and three frequently used Tn receptors (HBTn1, Bric111, and VVL‐B4) were evaluated. Carbohydrate‐array analysis revealed unexpected cross‐reactivity with other human carbohydrate epitopes. VVL‐B4 bound the Tn antigen, GalNAcα1‐6Gal, and GalNAcα1‐3Gal. Bric111 bound the Tn antigen, blood group A, GalNAcα1‐6Gal, and GalNAcα1‐3Gal. HBTn1 showed the best selectivity, but still displayed moderate binding to blood group A. Implications for the development of Tn‐based diagnostics and vaccines are discussed.
Structural Preferences of Single‐Walled Silica Nanostructures: Nanospheres and Chemically Stable Nanotubes
Authors: Linnolahti Mikko , Kinnunen Niko M. , Pakkanen Tapani A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractStructural preferences of single‐walled and coordinatively saturated spherical and tubular nanostructures of silica have been determined by ab initio calculations. Two families of spherical (SiO2)n clusters derived from Platonic solids and Archimedean polyhedra are depicted, with n ranging from 4–120. The analogue of a truncated icosidodecahedron, Ih‐symmetric Si120O240, is favored in energy, closely followed by the Ih‐symmetric Si60O120‐truncated icosahedron. The silica nanotubes derived from spherical clusters are capped by Si2O2 rings, whereas the tubular section consists of single oxygen bridges. Periodic studies performed with open‐ended silica nanotubes and the α‐quartz polymorph of silica, along with a comparisons to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, suggest that tubes with diameters of approximately 1 nm should be chemically stable.
Columnar and Smectic Liquid Crystals Based on Crown Ethers
Authors: Steinke Nelli , Frey Wolfgang , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine , Drees Christina , Nimtz Manfred , Hägele Constanze , Giesselmann Frank 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUnsymmetrical benzo[15]crown‐5 ethers 5 with one lateral ortho‐terphenyl unit bearing alkoxy side chains of varying chain lengths (C5–C14) were prepared from 3,4‐dialkoxyphenylbromides 2. Complexation with metal salts MX (M = Na, Cs) afforded the corresponding derivatives MX⋅5. The uncomplexed crown ethers 5 h and 5 i, with dodecyloxy and tetradecyloxy side chains, respectively, exhibit liquid crystalline properties. In the series of complexed crown ethers, liquid crystal properties appeared as early as NaI⋅5 f with C9H19 side chains. Whereas the uncomplexed 5 h,i form smectic mesophases, the complexed NaI⋅5 g and NaI⋅5 h exhibit textures typical of columnar mesophases. These results were supported by X‐ray diffraction measurements (WAXS, SAXS), which revealed smectic (5 h,i), rectangular columnar (NaI⋅5 g), and hexagonal columnar (NaI⋅5 h) mesophases. As the liquid crystalline phase might retain packing features of the solid‐state structure, single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were also performed for some of the uncomplexed and complexed crown ether derivatives. The complex NaI3⋅5 a displays a sandwich‐type structure, with the crown ether cores mutually antiperiplanar and maintaining an almost perfect crown conformation. In contrast, non‐mesogenic uncomplexed crown ether 5 b displays a layer‐type ordering in the solid phase.
Polymerisationen in mikrostrukturierten Reaktoren: Ein Überblick
Authors: Hessel V. , Löwe H. , Serra C. , Hadziioannou G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPolymerisationen sind in jüngster Zeit als neue Anwendung für die Mikroverfahrenstechnik und Mikrofluidik erschlossen worden. Neben homogenen Polymerisationen im Bulk oder in Lösung gibt es mittlerweile auch Ansätze für heterogene Polymerisationen mittels Miniemulsionstechnik. Zudem können Polymerpartikel mit definierter Größe, Form und Morphologie hergestellt werden. Der Beitrag stellt erste Nutzungen der neuen Technik durch die polymerproduzierende Industrie im Labor‐ und sogar im Produktionsmaßstab unter Einsatz mikroverfahrenstechnischer Apparate vor.
Fluiddynamik und Stofftransport in gepackten Blasensäulen
Authors: Hölemann K. , Czapla F. , Kaibel G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBesonders für koaleszierende Stoffsysteme sowie für Blasensäulen mit geringer Dispergierung der Gasphase führt der Einbau von Packungen zu einer deutlichen Prozessintensivierung durch einen verbesserten Stoffübergang. Bei koalesenzgehemmten Systemen ist der Vorteil geringer, aber aufgrund der speziellen Strömung in den Kanälen einer feinstrukturierten Packung immer noch nachweisbar. Auch die gleichmäßige Verweilzeit kann in einigen Fällen Vorteile gegenüber der weitgehend rückvermischten Blasensäule ohne Einbauten haben.
Extraktivdestillation mit ionischen Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Beste Y. , Eggersmann M. , Schoenmakers H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIonische Flüssigkeiten zeichnen sich durch interessante Lösungseigenschaften aus. Aus diesem Grund eignen sie sich gut als selektiver Hilfsstoff für thermische Trennverfahren, insbesondere bei der Trennung azeotroper oder engsiedender Gemische. Durch ihren fehlenden Dampfdruck und die große Selektivität erlauben sie die Entwicklung besserer Verfahren zur Extraktivdestillation. Anhand einer exemplarischen Trennaufgabe wird erläutert, wie eine geeignete ionische Flüssigkeit identifiziert werden kann und welche Verfahrensvarianten existieren. Durch einen Kostenvergleich wird der wirtschaftliche Vorteil der Verwendung ionischer Flüssigkeiten ermittelt.
Selective Indole‐Based ECE Inhibitors: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Brands Michael , Ergüden Jens‐Kerim , Hashimoto Kentaro , Heimbach Dirk , Krahn Thomas , Schröder Christian , Siegel Stephan , Stasch Johannes‐Peter , Tsujishita Hideki , Weigand Stefan , Yoshida Nagahiro H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractInhibition of the metalloprotease ECE‐1 may be beneficial for the treatment of coronary heart disease, cancer, renal failure, and urological disorders. A novel class of indole‐based ECE inhibitors was identified by high throughput screening. Optimization of the original screening lead structure 6 led to highly potent inhibitors such as 11, which bears a bisaryl amide moiety linked to the indole C2 position through an amide group. Docking of 11 into a model structure of ECE revealed a unique binding mode in which the Zn center of the enzyme is not directly addressed by the inhibitor, but key interactions are suggested for the central amide group. Testing of the lead compound 6 in hypertensive Dahl S rats resulted in a decrease in blood pressure after an initial period in which the blood pressure remained unchanged, most probably the result of ET‐1 already present. Indole derivative 6 also displays a cardio‐protective effect in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction after oral administration. The more potent chloropyridine derivative 9 antagonizes big‐ET‐1‐induced increase in blood pressure in rats at intravenous administration of 3 mg kg−1. All ECE inhibitors of the indole class showed high selectivity for ECE over related metalloproteases such as NEP and ACE. Therefore, these compounds might have further potential as drugs for the treatment of coronary heart diseases.
Prediction of Small‐Molecule Binding to Cytochrome P450 3A4: Flexible Docking Combined with Multidimensional QSAR
Authors: Lill Markus A. , Dobler Max , Vedani Angelo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by small molecules is a major mechanism associated with undesired drug–drug interactions, which are responsible for a substantial number of late‐stage failures in the pharmaceutical drug‐development process. For a quantitative prediction of associated pharmacokinetic parameters, a computational model was developed that allows prediction of the inhibitory potential of 48 structurally diverse molecules. Based on the experimental structure of CYP3A4, possible binding modes were first sampled by using automated docking (Yeti software) taking protein flexibility into account. The results are consistent with both X‐ray crystallographic data and data from metabolic studies. Next, an ensemble of energetically favorable orientations was composed into a 4D dataset for use as input for a multidimensional QSAR technique (Raptor software). A dual‐shell binding‐site model that allows an explicit induced fit was then generated by using hydrophobicity scoring and hydrogen‐bond propensity. The simulation reached a cross‐validated r2value of 0.825 and a predictive r2value of 0.659. On average, the predicted binding affinity of the training ligands deviates by a factor of 2.7 from the experiment; those of the test set deviate by a factor of 3.8 in Ki.
Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation
Authors: Wise Roy A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle can reward arbitrary acts or motivate biologically primitive, species‐typical behaviors like feeding or copulation. The subsystems involved in these behaviors are only partially characterized, but they appear to transsynaptically activate the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Basal function of the dopamine system is essential for arousal and motor function; phasic activation of this system is rewarding and can potentiate the effectiveness of reward‐predictors that guide learned behaviors. This system is phasically activated by most drugs of abuse and such activation contributes to the habit‐forming actions of these drugs. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:115–121, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemistry of the mind: Neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cortical function
Authors: Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cortical function is reviewed with special reference to the ascending dopaminergic and serotoninergic projections. Evidence is surveyed from studies of rats, nonhuman primates, and humans to suggest that prefrontal dopamine has specific functions in attentional control and working memory, mediated mainly through the D1 receptor, whereas manipulations of serotonin are shown by contrast to affect reversal learning in monkeys and human volunteers and measures of impulsivity in rats. These findings are discussed in the context of these as well as other neurotransmitter systems (including noradrenaline and acetylcholine) having distinct roles in the neuromodulation of prefrontal cortical function. The capacity of the prefrontal cortex itself to exert top‐down regulation of these ascending neurochemical systems is also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:140–146, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.