bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid in Patients with Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Joy Melanie S. , Hilliard Tandrea , Hu Yichun , Hogan Susan L. , Dooley Mary Anne , Falk Ronald J. , Smith Philip C. 
Published: December 2008

Study Objectives. To evaluate and describe the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its metabolite, mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG), in patients with lupus nephritis, and to determine the effects of clinical parameters (urinary protein excretion as measured by the urinary protein:creatinine ratio, serum albumin level, and creatinine clearance) and demographic variables (age, race, sex) on the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound mycophenolic acid and MPAG.Design. Pharmacokinetic analysis.Setting. University‐affiliated general clinical research center.Patients. Eighteen patients with biopsy‐confirmed lupus nephritis who were receiving maintenance therapy with mycophenolic acid for at least 2 weeks.Intervention. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 hours and were assayed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.Measurements and Main Results. Time to maximum concentration was variable (0.5–8 hrs). Mean ± SD fraction of unbound mycophenolic acid was 2.6 ± 1.9%, and oral clearance (Cl/F) was about 2‐fold higher (343 ± 200 ml/min) than previously reported. Multiple regression analysis showed that Cl/F of mycophenolic acid was predicted by creatinine clearance and serum albumin level: Ln Cl/F = 5.358 + 0.0092 (creatinine clearance) — 0.078 (ranked albumin), R2=51.1%, p=0.0195. Patients with urinary protein excretion of 1 g/day or higher had lower minimum (trough) concentrations and area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0–12) profiles and higher Cl/F values compared with patients with urinary protein excretion of less than 1 g/day. Patients with serum albumin levels less than 4 g/dl had higher mycophenolic acid unbound clearance and MPAG renal clearance from 0–12 hours versus those with serum albumin levels of 4 g/dl or greater. Recycling AUC (AUC6–12), as well as sex and age (both equally), predicted renal clearance of MPAG.Conclusion. Both creatinine clearance and serum albumin level were identified as primary contributors to mycophenolic acid exposure and should be considered when evaluating dosages. The results of future studies should clarify the interactions of other variables on drug exposure and treatment responses. Clinicians need to be mindful of clinical changes that occur throughout the course of lupus nephritis in order to maintain efficacy and reduce toxicity from mycophenolic acid therapy.
Au nom de la Loi : Schoenberg et les critiques
Authors: Buch Esteban 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Tout au long de sa carrière, Arnold Schoenberg fut l’objet de nombreuses attaques de la part de la critique musicale. Au-delà des aspects techniques, ce vocabulaire hostile puisait dans le registre du politique et dans celui de la déviance corporelle et psychique. Ce passage discursif entre musique et société, particulièrement fréquent à l’époque des premières œuvres atonales, tirait sa vraisemblance de concepts qui avaient une signification établie, métaphorique ou littérale, dans les deux domaines concernés. C’est le cas, surtout, de la notion de loi ( Gesetz ), car l’idée scientifique de loi naturelle inspirait la plupart des critiques qui assimilaient l’abandon de la tonalité à une faute politique ou morale. C’est au concept de loi musicale qu’est consacré le présent article, où sont interrogées à la fois l’efficacité rhétorique et la pertinence logique de l’analogie entre le système tonal décrit dans les traités d’harmonie, et un « système légal » tel que défini par la science juridique.
Au cœur du raisonnement galtonien : le paradoxe de la politique malthusienne et sa solution eugéniste
Authors: Taguieff Pierre-André 
Published: December 2008

Résumé En forgeant le mot « eugenics » (« bonne naissance ») en 1883, Francis Galton (1822-1911) a baptisé son projet normatif d'une amélioration des qualités supposées héréditaires des « meilleures » lignées humaines par le contrôle de la procréation. Il postule que les aptitudes humaines sont inégalement distribuées et déterminées par l'hérédité. Inspiré par Quetelet, il s'efforce d'établir que leur distribution est « gaussienne », représentable par une « courbe en cloche ». Dans Hereditary Genius (1869), il tente de montrer qu'on peut formuler des lois statistiques de l'hérédité, susceptibles d'expliquer la transmission des caractères physiques et des caractères mentaux. L'intelligence est donc héréditaire. Le raisonnement galtonien est fondé sur la réinterprétation héréditariste d'un paradoxe mis en évidence par Malthus : si les meilleurs éléments sont les « prévoyants », qui tendent à se reproduire moins que les « imprévoyants », alors les meilleurs sont voués à disparaître et les médiocres ou les pires à proliférer. Galton en infère que le contrôle des naissances doit être qualitatif. Il faut donc sélectionner les procréateurs, et encourager la procréation chez les représentants des « meilleurs souches ». Tel est le programme de l'eugénique dite « positive ».
Mobilisations autour d'un modèle de sortie de conflit.
Authors: Lecombe Delphine 
Published: December 2008

Résumé La Commission Nationale de Réparation et Réconciliation colombienne (CNRR) « n'est pas une Commission de Vérité et Réconciliation » plaident ses membres. En effet, le conflit colombien diffère des contextes traditionnels de création des CVR. Pourtant, la CNRR fait l'objet d'investissements nationaux et internationaux financiers, cognitifs et normatifs. Elle mobilise les acteurs « traditionnels » du modèle des CVR qui la pensent comme un lieu de reproduction des « bonnes pratiques » internationales en matière de sortie de conflit. La CNRR s'invente dans un jeu de va-et-vient entre l'identification et la singularisation du modèle des CVR. Les spécificités du contexte colombien imposent aux acteurs mobilisés dans et autour de la CNRR des « bricolages » : le modèle est travaillé pour être adapté aux contraintes colombiennes.
La « voix » institutionnalisée : approche comparée de la mobilisation de migrants-citoyens en France et aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Célestine Audrey 
Published: December 2008

Résumé	Dans cet article, nous nous attacherons à étudier deux groupes de migrants, l'un en France, l'autre aux Etats-Unis, qui ont la particularité d'être des citoyens du pays vers lequel s'effectue la migration. Dans les deux cas, la migration a été largement organisée par les pouvoirs publics par le biais d'organisations chargées de recruter et d'acheminer ces migrants-citoyens d'un genre particulier. Notre hypothèse est que l'institutionnalisation de la migration et la prise en charge des migrants par ce type d'organisme ont durablement façonné les formes et les espaces de leurs revendications en créant des canaux spécifiques d'expression pour ces citoyens marqués par l'ambivalence.
La mobilisation des Tatars de Crimée pour leur réhabilitation : entre légalisme et rhétorique victimaire
Authors: Campana Aurélie 
Published: December 2008

Résumé	Les Tatars de Crimée, une minorité turcophone musulmane du sud de l'Ukraine, ont été massivement déportés en mai 1944. Contrairement à la majorité des « peuples punis », ils n'ont pas été réhabilités en 1956. Cet article se propose d'examiner les stratégies et le répertoire d'action mobilisés par les militants du mouvement nationaliste tatar de Crimée, apparu au milieu des années 1950. Il montre que la mobilisation des Tatars de Crimée pour leur réhabilitation résulte de stratégies construites et de mises en scène des mémoires de la déportation. Trois stratégies principales sont analysées. La première concerne l'emploi, à compter du milieu des années 1960, du concept de génocide pour qualifier la déportation ; la deuxième a trait au recours à une expertise chiffrée pour démontrer le génocide ; la troisième relève de la production d'un récit historique concurrent du récit officiel soviétique, mettant en avant le génocide continu enduré par les Tatars de Crimée depuis l'annexion de la péninsule par les Tsars en 1783.
Les discours de genre dans la campagne présidentielle de Michelle Bachelet : une critique féministe
Authors: Vera Gajardo Antonieta 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article interroge les usages du « féminin » dans les discours publics sur l'unité et la réconciliation nationales dans la nation chilienne postdictatoriale. A partir d'une approche critique et anti-essentialiste, l'analyse montre que la « bonne féminité nationale » y est façonnée à partir d'une rhétorique sur la supériorité morale des femmes et sur leur mission civilisatrice : la réconciliation nationale. Les discours de genre dans la campagne présidentielle de Michelle Bachelet sont alors appréhendés comme une illustration de ce processus.
Elucidation of the interaction among cellulose, xylan, and lignin in steam gasification of woody biomass
Authors: Fushimi Chihiro , Katayama Shingo , Tasaka Kazuhiko , Suzuki Masahiro , Tsutsumi Atsushi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe reaction mechanism for gas and tar evolution in the steam gasification of cellulose, lignin, xylan, and real biomass (pulverized eucalyptus) was investigated with a continuous cross‐flow moving bed type differential reactor, in which tar and gases can be fractionated according to reaction time. In the steam gasification of real biomass, the evolution rates of water‐soluble tar (derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses) and water‐insoluble tar (derived from lignin) decrease with increasing reaction time. It was found that the evolution of water‐soluble tar occurs earlier than in the gasification of pure cellulose, indicating an interaction of the three components. The predicted yield of water‐insoluble tar is substantially less than that of real biomass. This implies that the evolution of tar from the lignin component of biomass is enhanced, compared with pure lignin gasification, by other components. The gas evolution rate from real biomass is similar to that predicted by the superposition of cellulose, lignin, and xylan. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Design and implementation of an integrated environment for real‐time control of power electronic systems
Authors: Tuncer Servet , Tatar Yetkin , Güldemir Hanifi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this article, an integrated lab environment for the electrical engineering education is presented which includes hardware and software for the modeling, simulation and control of multilevel inverters. A five‐level cascade inverter is designed and implemented which is an educational platform for the students to test different pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques and verify simulation results. The integrated environment is based on Matlab together with dSPACE. Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and Selected Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEPWM) blocks are constructed in Matlab/Simulink and converted to C code using Matlab/Real‐Time Workshop. C codes are sent to dSPACE's DS1103 digital signal processor (DSP) via dSPACE/Real‐Time Interface software. Voltages with variable frequency and amplitude obtained from SPWM and SHEPWM techniques are applied to an induction motor. Simulation and experimental results are visualized on the designed graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI is developed using dSPACE's ControlDesk software. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 119–130, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20169
The stress relaxation behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene and polypropylene/CaCO3 in mechanical vibration injection molding
Authors: Lu Ying , Peng Huan , Shen Kai‐Zhi , Yan Zheng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe influence of vibration pressure and frequency on the mechanical properties and stress‐relaxation was investigated via stress‐relaxation test and tensile test. First, it had been observed in the tensile test that the tensile fracture elongation reached the maximum at 20 Hz for polypropylene (PP) and 15 Hz for polypropylene/calcium carbonate (PP/CaCO3), respectively. With the increasing vibration pressure, the tensile fracture elongation would decrease. Second, the dynamic mechanic analysis has been used to test loss angle tangent value of the material. After the dynamic mechanic analysis, the simples have been installed in the universal tensile testing machine which applies the 2% strain on the simples. From these experiments, it has been discovered that the trend of the changes of stress‐relaxation is similar with the trend of the changes of loss angle tangent value. When the vibration frequency reaches the 20 Hz for PP and 15 Hz for PP/CaCO3, the stress‐relaxation is larger than that of other materials prepared at the same pressure (10 Mpa); meanwhile, the stress‐relaxation of these materials, which has been prepared at the same frequency (10 Hz), decreases with the increasing vibration pressure. According to above tests, it is also very useful to improve the stress relaxation properties via changing the condition of the vibration field. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of chlorinated polypropylene on the hydrogen‐bond and electric property of polypropylene/chlorinated polypropylene/polyaniline composites: FTIR analysis
Authors: Yang Lin , Chen Jinyao , Li Huilin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this article, the volume resistivity of polypropylene (PP)/chlorinated polypropylene (CPP)/polyaniline (PANI) composites was detected. The results show that thevolume resistivity of PP/CPP/PANI composites decreases with increasing CPP content, and there exists a minimum volume resistivity. The relationship between volume resistivity of the PP/CPP/PANI composites and CPP content can be explained by Fourier‐transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Effects of CPP on the formation of the intermolecular and innermolecular hydrogen‐bond in the PP/CPP/PANI composites were carefully investigated by FTIR. An iterative least‐squares computer program was adopted to obtain the best FTIR fit curves of the PP/CPP/PANI composites by varying the wavenumber (ν), width at half‐height (w1/2), and area (S) of several bands. The obtained semiquantitative results illuminate that the intermolecular and innermolecular H‐bonded interaction of the PANI‐DBSA is weakened by the introduction of CPP; the interactional strength between PANI‐DBSA and CPP increases with increasing CPP content, and there exists a maximum, which is favorable to disperse well PANI‐DBSA in PP/CPP/PANI composites and improve the conductive property of the PP/CPP/PANI composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
What is a market? A Wittgensteinian exercise
Authors: Depeyre Colette , Dumez Hervé 
Published: December 2008

Abstract What is a market? The question is both practical (for firms elaborating their strategy) and theoretical, and various answers have been given by different disciplines, especially economics and sociology. In this paper, we will address the question from a Wittgensteinian perspective:— making use of an extreme case, to unfamiliarize the familiar, or what we think we know on markets;— considering how different language‐games are played, and how they give different meanings to the notion of market; and— using the notion of ‘family resemblance’ to highlight the fact there is no such thing as ‘the’ market, but families of markets, with resemblances and dissimilarities.The extreme case we have selected is that of the American defense industry. We study three language‐games that constitute this industry as a market: the regulation, the financial investment and the strategic games. We suggest that although there is no single concept of the market, there can be families of markets that can be identified through sets of resemblances and dissimilarities. Finally, we show how the language‐game perspective contributes to understand innovation.
Clinical evaluation of Brinaldix. A new oral diuretic
Authors: Briggs J D , McSween R N M , Kennedy A C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
‘Brinaldix’, a new non-thiazide oral diuretic, has been used in a trial on three normal subjects and fourteen patients with oedema from various causes. It is a potent salidiuretic and proved superior to bendrofluazide in 10 out of 14 patients. It produced a substantial potassium diuresis, and we are of the opinion that potassium supplements should be given in conjunction with it. In one normal subject it produced a period of postural hypotension; no other major side-effects were noted.
Infectious-mononucleosis-like syndrome following haemodialysis for carbon tetrachloride poisoning
Authors: Proudfoot A T , Macdonald R H 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A patient with renal failure after carbon tetrachloride poisoning is presented. Haemodialysis was required and renal function recovered completely. Convalescence was complicated by the development of an infectious-mononucleosis-like syndrome. The aetiology of this condition is discussed. The present case is the first to be reported after haemodialysis and transfusion of blood stored for at least 2 days.
Biochemistry of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
Authors: Hoch Frederic L 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe thyroid hormones act directly on mitochondria, and thereby control the transformation of the energy derived from oxidations into a form utilizable by the cell. Through their direct actions on mitochondria, the hormones also control indirectly the rate of protein synthesis and thereby the amount of oxidative apparatus in the cell. A rationale for the effects of thyroid hormone excess or deficiency is based upon studies of the mechanism of thyroid hormone action. In hypothyroidism, slow fuel consumption leads to a low output of utilizable energy. In hyperthyroidism, rapid fuel consumption leads to a high energy output, but as efficiency decreases, the utilizable energy produced decreases. Many of the chemical and physical features of these diseases can be reduced to changes in available energy.
The aetiology and pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism
Authors: Hetzel Basil S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Studies of thyroid stimulating activity of serum from thyrotoxic patients has revealed an abnormal prolonged response in the mouse present in 40-60% of patients depending on the criteria used. This agent designated long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) is a 7S globulin. Transplacental passage of LATS accounts for neonatal thyrotoxicosis—a self-limited disease. LATS is also more readily detected in patients with large goitre, exophthalmos, pretibial myxoedema and recurrence following therapy. Thyroid ablation is usually followed by a fall in the level of LATS. A fall may also be produced by steroid therapy or immunosuppressive agents. LATS probably arises from lymphoid tissue which accounts for the non-suppressibility of the hypersecreting thyroid. Its discovery provides strong evidence that hyperthyroidism is often, though not always, a disorder of immunological tolerance.
Thyrotoxic muscle disease
Authors: Ramsay Ian 
Published: December 2008

SummaryEvidence suggests that most hyperthyroid patients have a proximal myopathy. The more severe this is the more frequently are distal muscles, and ultimately, bulbar muscles involved. Probably acute thyrotoxic myopathy or encephalopathy supervenes on a previous chronic background or occurs concurrently with skeletal muscle involvement. Using careful electromyographic techniques evidence of myopathy may be found in most thyrotoxics; it disappears with adequate treatment of the primary disease.Myasthenia gravis and periodic paralysis are also associated with thyrotoxicosis and their differentiation is discussed. Infiltrative ophthalmopathy is not related to the effects of excess thyroid hormone, but is possibly due to EPS working in conjunction with LATS.
Major vascular complications in Behçet’s syndrome
Authors: Enoch B Anthony , Khoo T C L , Castillo-Olivares J L , Grainger R G , Henry L 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two patients with Behçet’s syndrome are described. One patient developed spontaneous bilateral popliteal artery aneurysms and the other spontaneous thrombosis of the superior vena cava. These cases emphasize that primary inflammatory lesions of large vessels, with arterial aneurysm formation and thrombosis may be a feature of the syndrome.
Constipation: definition and classification
Authors: Hinton J M , Lennard-Jones J E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
When a patient complains of constipation it is important to find out exactly what is meant by the term. A detailed history, general physical examination, digital examination of the anus and rectum, sigmoidoscopy and possibly barium enema or other investigations are needed to exclude recognized clinical causes of decreased bowel frequency or difficulty in passing the stools.
Among patients without obvious disease, a frequency of fewer than three bowel actions weekly is found in less than 1% of the population. Some patients complaining of decreased bowel frequency in fact pass a normal number of stools each week.
The intestinal transit rate of patients complaining of consipation may be measured simply using radio-opaque markers. Those patients with a normal transit rate do not need chemical or osmotic laxatives, though a bulk laxative may be helpful. Patients with a slow transit rate appear to need regular laxatives. A few patients are seen who conceal their bowel actions. Some young patients have a normal transit rate round the colon but stools accumulate in a large and insensitive rectum. These patients do not require laxatives so much as training and local treatment to help the rectum to empty.
Cardiac aneurysm after myocardial infarction
Authors: Groden Bernard M , James Wilson B , McDicken Ian 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Ten cases of post-infarction cardiac aneurysm have been described in detail. Many of the patients had survived for several years after the infarction which was held to be responsible for the formation of the aneurysm. It is suggested that in most cases the diagnosis can be made on the basis of a PA chest radiograph combined with careful cardiac fluoroscopy. If surgery is contemplated because of cardiac failure which does not respond to medical treatment or because of embolic phenomena not controlled by anticoagulant therapy, left heart angiography and coronary arteriography are indicated.
Medullary cystic disease of the kidney: its occurrence in two siblings
Authors: Handa Satya Paul , Tennant Robert 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two cases of medullary cystic disease of the kidney in two siblings are presented. In both siblings there was an insidious onset of azotaemia and anaemia at an early age. The urinalyses were normal except for a trace of proteinuria and persistent low specific gravity. The kidneys were small by radiological studies and this was proved at necropsy. The gross microscopic appearances of the kidneys were consistent with medullary cystic disease. The literature on this subject and current views on the similarities between familial juvenile nephronophthisis and this condition are discussed.