bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cobalt
Authors: Karimpoor Amir A. , Erb Uwe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDue to their excellent wear and corrosion properties, nanocrystalline cobalt and several cobalt alloys made by electrodeposition are currently being developed as environmentally benign replacement coatings for hard chromium electrodeposits. The focus of this study is on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cobalt, which are currently not well understood. A comparison is presented for hardness, tensile properties, Charpy impact properties and fracture surface analysis of both nanocrystalline (grain size: 12 nm) and conventional polycrystalline (grain size: 4.8 μm) cobalt. It is shown that the hardness and tensile strength of nanocrystalline cobalt is 2–3 times higher than for polycrystalline cobalt. However, in contrast to other nanocrystalline materials tested previously, nanocrystalline cobalt retains considerable ductility with elongation to fracture values up to 7%. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NIGERIA'S PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT LAWS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE
Authors: Ekwueme Khrushchev U.K. 
Published: April 2006

EKWUEME, KHRUSHCHEV, Nigeria's principal investment laws in the context of international law and practice, Journal of African Law, 49, 2 (2005): 177–206The enactment of the NIPC Act and FEMMP Act in 1995 represent a paradigm shift in Nigeria in three major areas of investment rule-making, namely, investment liberalization, investment protection and settlement of investment disputes. These statutes, especially the NIPC Act, contain certain investment-friendly provisions relating to foreign participation in Nigerian enterprises, guarantees against expropriation, nationalization and currency risk, as well as State-investor arbitration. Although the literature on the NIPC Act and FEMMP Act is vast, no in-depth scholarly study has been done on them in the context of international law and practice. Primarily, this article examines the provisions of these laws through a practical lens by studying them alongside the jurisprudence of the ICSID. It also explores specific constitutional and administrative law questions intimately related to the treatment of foreign investment in Nigeria. Finally, it assesses inflows of FDI into Nigeria and considers some of the impediments to foreign investment in the country.
Resistance Is Futile – You Will Be Assimilated
Authors: MATHEWS SUSAN 
Published: April 2006

Sigrun Skogly, The Human Rights Obligations of the World Bank and the IMF, London, Cavendish Publishing, 2001, ISBN 1859416659, 240 pp., £71.50 (pb).Mac Darrow, Between Light and Shadow:The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and International Human Rights Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1841133906, 376 pp., £42.00.00 (hb).Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521016711, 360 pp., £19.99 (pb).
Effectiveness of Central Auditory Processing Tests With Children
Authors: Singer Jay , Hurley Raymond M. , Preece John P. 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to determine central auditory processing (CAP) individual test efficacy and test battery efficacy and to estimate the costs that are associated with the identification of a targeted sample. Ninety-one children with normal learning (NL) abilities and 147 children with a classroom learning disability (CLD) and presumed CAP disorders (CAPDs) ranging in age from 7 to 13 years were given a battery of seven CAP tests. The test battery consisted of: (1) Binaural Fusion Test (BFT), (2) Masking Level Difference (MLD) test, (3) Filtered Speech Test (FST), (4) Time Compressed Speech (TCS) test, (5) Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), (6) Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test, and (7) Pitch Pattern Test (PPT).
We believe that this investigation is the first report regarding the assessment of the utility of CAP tests using clinical decision analysis (CDA). We determined that the BFT separated the two samples most effectively and that the FST was the next most effective. A test protocol with BFT and FST or BFT and MLD represented the best battery approach when hit rate, false positive rate, and cost factors were considered. However, if the intent is to be certain that a child with CLD has CAPD given a positive test result, then the BFT and MLD would be the test battery of choice.
A Clinical Trial of the ReSound BT2 Personal Hearing System
Authors: Walden Brian E. , Surr Rauna K. , Cord Mary T. , Pavlovic Chaslav V. 
Published: April 2006

The Food and Drug Administration requires that hearing aid manufacturers substantiate benefit claims in advertising with clinical research. Recently, Walden (1997) described a model protocol that might be used to assess hearing aid benefit in manufacturer-sponsored clinical trials. The Walter Reed protocol includes laboratory measures of speech recognition ability using the Continuous Speech Test (CST, Cox, Alexander, & Gilmore, 1987; Cox, Alexander, Gilmore, & Pusakulick, 1988) and the scales and subscales of the Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (PHAB, Cox & Gilmore, 1990) to assess user benefit in four prototype listening environments.
A clinical trial of the ReSound BT2 Personal Hearing System (BT2 PHS) using the Walter Reed protocol is reported here. The results for 40 adult participants with moderate-to-severe acquired sensorineural hearing losses revealed significant benefit from the BT2 PHS as compared to unaided performance on most of the CST and PHAB measures.
Compared to performance (unaided) of persons with normal hearing, the individuals with hearing impairments obtained substantially poorer performance on the CST and reported slightly poorer BT2-aided performance on the PHAB. Finally, on average, participants reported significantly more success on the PHAB with the BT2 PHS as compared to their own linear hearing aids, and 70% of the participants preferred the BT2 PHS enough to be willing to purchase it rather than to continue to use their own government-issued linear hearing aids.
Does the implementation of a clinical information system decrease the time intensive care nurses spend on documentation of care?
Authors: Saarinen K. , Aho M. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  The number of intensive care units (ICU) using a clinical information system (CIS) is increasing. It is believed that replacing manual charting with an automatic documentation system allocates nurses more time for patient care. The objective of this study was to measure changes in nurses' working time utilization after the implementation of a CIS in a polyvalent ICU of a large Finnish central hospital.Methods:  An activity analysis‐based comparison of the ICU nurses' working time utilization before and after the implementation of a CIS.Results:  After the implementation of a CIS the total time the nurses spent on documentation of nursing care increased by 3.6% (NS), 15 min per shift of 8 h per nurse. The total time they spent on patient care increased by 5.5% (P < 0.05), 21 min. Intensive care nursing activities increased by 3.7% (P < 0.05), 14 min. The length of the nurses' ICU experience had some effect on these figures. The demand for nurse labor remained constant.Conclusions:  After the implementation of a CIS, an increase in the time nurses spent on documentation of care was detected, which suggests a need for further development of the system. As all the measured time changes were relatively small, any plans to reduce the ICU staff number with the aid of computers were not justified.
Trauma response to the Asian tsunami: Krabi Hospital, Southern Thailand
Authors: Johnson Luke J , Travis Angela R 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe date 26 December 2004 saw a massive tidal wave propagated from a 9.0 Richter scale suboceanic earthquake off the coast of Sumatra in South‐East Asia. It swept across the Indian Ocean over a matter of hours leaving destruction in its wake. In Southern Thailand, Krabi Hospital, that province's major tertiary health centre, received the majority of the region's tsunami victims. Well‐rehearsed contingency plans were in place to cope with 10, 20 and 40 trauma victims in the case of an extreme event. By the end of 26 December some 500 injured people had been treated at Krabi Hospital: well in excess of the ‘worst case scenario’ planning. Over the following days a total of 1357 tsunami victims were treated. Over the course of the day victims were able to move through the hospitals’ system and gain appropriate treatment. This was achieved through the almost superhuman dedication of the hospitals’ well‐trained nursing and medical staff. In addition to this were large numbers of both Thai and foreign volunteers, who aided people with basic necessities such as providing them with food, water and clothing as well as simple human comfort, some also acting as translators for the health‐care workers and the masses of injured and displaced people. Makeshift wards were constructed in halls and little used areas of the hospital, using army style stretchers to accommodate the wounded. Even though the disaster contingency plans at Krabi Hospital were utterly overrun, the fact that well‐thought out and practised strategies were in place saved incalculable lives. The message is clear: practised responses to mass trauma situations will save lives and allows health‐care teams to coordinate well in the face of overwhelming odds without panic. All centres should routinely practise disaster response through scenario‐based training.
Murine Malaria Infection Induces Fetal Loss Associated with Accumulation ofPlasmodium chabaudiAS-Infected Erythrocytes in the Placenta
Authors: Poovassery Jayakumar , Moore Julie M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTMalarial infection in nonimmune women is a risk factor for pregnancy loss, but the role that maternal antimalarial immune responses play in fetal compromise is not clear. We conducted longitudinal and serial sacrifice studies to examine the pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy using thePlasmodium chabaudiAS/C57BL/6 mouse model. Peak parasitemia following inoculation with 1,000 parasite-infected murine erythrocytes and survival were similar in infected pregnant and nonpregnant mice, although development of parasitemia and anemia was slightly accelerated in pregnant mice. Importantly, pregnant mice failed to maintain viable pregnancies, most aborting before day 12 of gestation. At abortion, maternal placental blood parasitemia was statistically significantly higher than peripheral parasitemia. Infected mice had similar increases in spleen size and cellularity which were statistically significantly higher than in uninfected mice. In contrast, splenocyte proliferation in response to mitogenic stimulation around peak parasitemia was statistically significantly reduced in both groups of infected mice compared to uninfected, nonpregnant mice, suggesting that lymphoproliferation is not a good indicator of the antimalarial immune responses in pregnant or nonpregnant animals. This study suggests that while pregnant and nonpregnant C57BL/6 mice are equally capable of mounting an effective immune response to and survivingP. chabaudiAS infection, pregnant mice cannot produce viable pups. Fetal loss appears to be associated with placental accumulation of infected erythrocytes. Further study is required to determine to what extent maternal antimalarial immune responses, anemia, and placental accumulation of parasites contribute to compromised pregnancy in this model.
Multiple Chromosomal Loci for the
babA
Gene in
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Hennig Ewa E. , Allen Johnna M. , Cover Timothy L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori babA
encodes an outer membrane protein that binds to fucosylated Lewis b blood group antigen. We analyzed a panel of 35
H. pylori
strains and identified three possible chromosomal loci for
babA
. There was a significant association between the presence of
babA
and the presence of
cagA
(
P
= 0.0001). Phylogenetic analysis of
babA
alleles revealed two divergent families of signal sequences. Among 17 strains in which an intact in-frame
babA
allele was identified, 10 expressed a detectable BabA protein. Expression of a BabA protein and the Lewis b-binding phenotype were not dependent on the chromosomal locus of
babA
. These data indicate that there is marked heterogeneity among
H. pylori
strains in
babA
genetic content and BabA expression.
Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of
Bacillus cereus
and
Bacillus thuringiensis
Isolates Closely Related to
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Han Cliff S. , Xie Gary , Challacombe Jean F. , Altherr Michael R. , Bhotika Smriti S. , Bruce David , Campbell Connie S. , Campbell Mary L. , Chen Jin , Chertkov Olga , Cleland Cathy , Dimitrijevic Mira , Doggett Norman A. , Fawcett John J. , Glavina Tijana , Goodwin Lynne A. , Hill Karen K. , Hitchcock Penny , Jackson Paul J. , Keim Paul , Kewalramani Avinash Ramesh , Longmire Jon , Lucas Susan , Malfatti Stephanie , McMurry Kim , Meincke Linda J. , Misra Monica , Moseman Bernice L. , Mundt Mark , Munk A. Christine , Okinaka Richard T. , Parson-Quintana B. , Reilly Lee Philip , Richardson Paul , Robinson Donna L. , Rubin Eddy , Saunders Elizabeth , Tapia Roxanne , Tesmer Judith G. , Thayer Nina , Thompson Linda S. , Tice Hope , Ticknor Lawrence O. , Wills Patti L. , Brettin Thomas S. , Gilna Paul 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Bacillus anthracis
,
Bacillus cereus
, and
Bacillus thuringiensis
are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the
B. cereus
sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of
B. anthracis
reveal conspicuous sequence homogeneity, environmental isolates of
B. cereus
and
B. thuringiensis
exhibit extensive genetic diversity. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of the genomes of two members of the
B. cereus
group,
B. thuringiensis
97-27 subsp.
konkukian
serotype H34, isolated from a necrotic human wound, and
B. cereus
E33L, which was isolated from a swab of a zebra carcass in Namibia. These two strains, when analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism within a collection of over 300 of
B. cereus
,
B. thuringiensis
, and
B. anthracis
isolates, appear closely related to
B. anthracis
. The
B. cereus
E33L isolate appears to be the nearest relative to
B. anthracis
identified thus far. Whole-genome sequencing of
B. thuringiensis
97-27and
B. cereus
E33L was undertaken to identify shared and unique genes among these isolates in comparison to the genomes of pathogenic strains
B. anthracis
Ames and
B. cereus
G9241 and nonpathogenic strains
B. cereus
ATCC 10987 and
B. cereus
ATCC 14579. Comparison of these genomes revealed differences in terms of virulence, metabolic competence, structural components, and regulatory mechanisms.
Role of Secondary Attachment Sites in Changing the Specificity of Site-Specific Recombination
Authors: Rutkai Edit , György Andrea , Dorgai László , Weisberg Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
We previously proposed that lambdoid phages change their insertion specificity by adapting their integrases to sequences found in secondary attachment sites. To test this model, we quantified recombination between partners that carried sequences from secondary attachment sites catalyzed by wild-type and by mutant integrases with altered specificities. The results are consistent with the model, and indicate differential core site usage in excision and integration.
Evidence from mosquitoes suggests that cyclic gas exchange and discontinuous gas exchange are two manifestations of a single respiratory pattern
Authors: Gray Emilie M. , Bradley Timothy J. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYIn this paper we demonstrate that the apparent pattern of gas exchange in insects, as observed using flow-through respirometry, is strongly affected by the rate of flow of air through the system. This is true not only because of the time constant of the respiratory chamber in which the insect resides, but also due to the effect of flow rate on the residence time of air as it passes through the detection chamber in the gas analyzer. It is demonstrated that insects respiring with a discontinuous gas exchange pattern can appear to be using a cyclic respiratory pattern. The effects of flow rate on the respiratory pattern discerned are illustrated using the mosquito Culiseta inornata. It is demonstrated that these mosquitoes respire discontinuously. They are among the smallest insects to date in which the discontinuous gas exchange cycle has been observed.
Spectral selectivity during phonotaxis: a comparative study in Neoconocephalus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Deily Joshua A. , Schul Johannes 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The calls of male Neoconocephalus have most energy concentrated in a relatively narrow low-frequency band. In N. robustus this low-frequency band is centered around 7 kHz, whereas calls of N. nebrascensis and N. bivocatus have center frequencies close to 10 kHz. The importance of the position of the low-frequency band for female phonotaxis in these three species was determined using a walking compensator. Female N. robustus showed significant phonotaxis towards call frequencies from 5 to 10 kHz, and spectral selectivity towards higher frequencies did not change with stimulus amplitude. Significant responses in N. nebrascensis and N. bivocatus occurred at significantly higher frequency ranges than in N. robustus. In these species,spectral selectivity changed with stimulus amplitude; at 68 dB sound pressure level (SPL), upper cut-off frequency was significantly lower than at 80 dB SPL in both species. Adding a higher harmonic to the conspecific carrier frequency had a strong inhibitory effect on phonotaxis in N. robustus: at higher relative amplitudes of the harmonic, phonotaxis was completely suppressed. Adding a higher harmonic to the conspecific carrier frequency had a much weaker but significant inhibitory effect in N. nebrascensisand little, if any, effect in N. bivocatus. The processing of song spectrum in the sensory system is discussed with regard to the differences in spectral selectivity among the three species. The sharp spectral selectivity of N. robustus is interpreted as an adaptation for species isolation.
Halphen conditions and postulation of nodes
Authors: Chiantini L. , Chiarli N. , Greco S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We give sharp lower bounds for the postulation of the nodes of a general plane projection of a smooth connected curve C ⊆ ℙ
r
and we study the relationships with the geometry of the embedding. Strict connections with Castelnuovo’s theory and Halphen’s theory are shown.
Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional moment problem II
Authors: Kuhlmann S. , Marshall M. , Schwartz N. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The paper is a continuation of work initiated by the
first two authors in [S. Kuhlmann, M. Marshall, Positivity, sums of squares and
the multi-dimensional moment problem. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002), 4285–4301]. Section 1 is introductory. In Section 2
we prove a basic lemma, Lemma 2.1, and use it to give new proofs of key
technical results of Scheiderer in [C. Scheiderer, Sums of squares of regular
functions on real algebraic varieties. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 352 (2000), 1039–1069] [C. Scheiderer, Sums of squares on real
algebraic curves. Math. Z. 245 (2003), 725–760] in the compact case;
see Corollaries 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. Lemma 2.1 is also used in Section 3 where we
continue the examination of the case n = 1 initiated in [S.
Kuhlmann, M. Marshall, Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional
moment problem. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002), 4285–4301],
concentrating on the compact case. In Section 4 we prove certain uniform degree
bounds for representations in the case n = 1, which we then use in
Section 5 to prove that (‡) holds for basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of
cylinders with compact cross-section, provided the generators satisfy certain
conditions; see Theorem 5.3 and Corollary 5.5. Theorem 5.3 provides a partial
answer to a question raised by Schmüdgen in [K. Schmüdgen, On the moment problem
of closed semi-algebraic sets. J. Reine Angew. Math. 558 (2003),
225–234]. We also show that, for basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of
cylinders with compact cross-section, the sufficient conditions for (SMP) given
in [K. Schmüdgen, On the moment problem of closed semi-algebraic sets. J.
Reine Angew. Math. 558 (2003), 225–234] are also necessary; see Corollary
5.2(b). In Section 6 we prove a module variant of the result in [K. Schmüdgen,
On the moment problem of closed semi-algebraic sets. J. Reine Angew.
Math. 558 (2003), 225–234], in the
same spirit as Putinar’s variant [M. Putinar, Positive polynomials on compact
semi-algebraic sets. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 42 (1993), 969–984] of the
result in [K. Schmüdgen, The K-moment problem for compact semi-algebraic sets.
Math. Ann. 289 (1991), 203–206] in the compact case; see Theorem 6.1.
We apply this to basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of cylinders with compact
cross-section; see Corollary 6.4. In Section 7 we apply the results from Section
5 to solve two of the open problems listed in [S. Kuhlmann, M. Marshall,
Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional moment problem. Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc.

354 (2002), 4285–4301]; see
Corollary 7.1 and Corollary 7.4. In Section 8 we consider a number of examples
in the plane. In Section 9 we list some open problems.
Allomorphy in the usage-based model: The Russian past passive participle
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Langacker's usage-based model provides cognitive linguists with a useful tool for the study of allomorphy. In the present article the model is applied to a central problem in Russian conjugation, viz., the formation of the past passive participle. The analysis demonstrates the restrictiveness of the model, which precludes reference to arbitrary indices and underlying representations. Thus, the analyst is forced to look for surface-true generalizations including phonological, semantic, and symbolic structures and relationships holding between them. This reseach strategy proves fruitful for the Russian past passive participle. The choice of suffixes is shown to be predictable from the shape of the past-tense stem, facilitating the formation of simple generalizations about the distribution of the relevant suffixes.
When down is not bad, and up not good enough: A usage-based assessment of the plus–minus parameter in image-schema theory
Authors: Hampe Beate 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Preceding research in cognitive linguistics has advanced the claim that evaluative components form an integral part of image schemas (cf. Krzeszowski 1993, 1997; Cienki 1997: 3–6). This so-called “plus–minus” (or “axiological”) parameter has primarily been discussed with regard to opposing dimensions within a range of image-schematic contexts. In the paired particles in–out, up–down, and on–off, for instance, the meaning of which is based on the image-schematic notions of CONTAINMENT, VERTICALITY, and CONTACT, respectively, the second elements are assumed to carry negative default evaluations. Additionally, the Axiological Invariance Principle (Krzeszowski 1997) claims that these evaluative components are generally retained in metaphorical extensions. This study applies the plus–minus hypothesis in image-schema theory to the analysis of semantically highly redundant verb-particle constructions in English. The hypotheses derived from this application are tested against the real usage of such constructions as documented in the British National Corpus and the Collins Online. Though the presentation of a full-blown alternative to the plus–minus assumption is beyond the scope of this empirical investigation, an important implication of this study is that the isolated, “primitive” (noncompound) image schemas traditionally dealt with in cognitive linguistic research should not be considered as the locus of evaluative defaults. It is suggested instead that axiological components are dimensions of richer, contextualized cognitive models, in which image schemas appear as complex superimpositions, i.e., image-schema groupings or compounds.