bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME DATA ON THE PULSICHROMETER1
Authors: Galbraith Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA table has been worked out of the plate openings necessary to use with enamel and slips of different weights reducing the skill required to obtain a smooth coating on a piece. The apparatus is described and tests were run on varying materials, viz., raw materials; fritted enamels and slips. The theory is advanced that the large orifice fails to develop enough back pressure to give the enamel sufficient velocity through the tube. Other features of the pulsichrometer are discussed.
SYNTHETIC SILLIMANITE IN CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Curtis T. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe manufacture, characteristics, and use of a new ceramic product in which the stable form of sillimanite, having a composition of 3A12O3–2SiO2, is the chief constituent. An interesting feature of the product is the fusible matrix of definite composition, in which sillimanite needles are held, and which permits of recrystallization at commercial temperatures when the product is added to porcelain or whiteware body mixes. Introduction of sillimanite apparently greatly toughens and strengthens the body in which it is introduced.
METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINOUS SILICATE REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Barrette Edward P. , Schroeder Frederick W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method is given in which the solution of difficultly fusible refractory material is obtained by subjecting the finely pulverized material to two fusions, the first in sodium carbonate, followed by one in potassium bisulphate. The melts are dissolved in water and after adding sulphuric acid are evaporated to dense fumes. Care is taken to remove any calcium sulphate that may be formed. The final residue is treated with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids. The alumina is determined according to the method described by Blum as given by Hillebrand especial care being used in heating the final precipitate to constant weight. A temperature of about 1150°C is necessary. Two precipitations are required in the determination of lime. The excess of ammonium salts are removed prior to the precipitation of the magnesia, by adding an excess of nitric acid, evaporating to dryness and heating, which expels the ammonium chloride according to the reaction NH4Cl + HNO3= HCI + 2H2O + N2O.
ENAMELING DEFECTS DUE TO THE CAST IRON1
Authors: Malinovszky A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTroubles in manufacturing sanitary enameled ware are pinholing, breaking out, blistering, crazing, chipping, lifting, black specks, etc., due to the iron, the chemicals, methods of applying the slush or enamel, furnace temperatures, inexperience, lack of cleanliness, differences of the coefficients between iron and enamel and fitting of ground coat to the enamel, etc. Feldspar is most liable to cause trouble by variations of its constituents. Feldspar containing above 69% of silica should be looked upon with suspicion. Troubles arising from the cast iron are discussed. Results of chemical analyses and microscopic examinations and microphotos before and after enameling are shown.
BETTER TERRA COTTA SLABS1
Authors: Allen F. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTerra cotta slab problems are discussed as to (1) refractoriness, (2) mechanical strength, (3) accurate dimensions, (4) temperature changes, (5) spalling, (6) thermal conductivity, and (7) abrasion. Mixes of two experimental bodies are given. The second consisting of 30 grog, 15 clay of low plasticity and 55 bond clays gave satisfactory results.
THE USE OF RADIATION PYROMETERS ON REFRACTORY KILNS1
Authors: Thwing Charles B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe high cost of maintenance of platinum thermocouples has greatly discouraged the use of pyrometers on kilns firing silica and other high refractories.The method of using a combination recorder employing thermocouples for the lower ranges of temperatures and the radiation pyrometer for the higher ranges is described.The accuracy of the measurements is fully equal to those made with platinum thermocouples at a temperature for which the latter are durable, and the radiation pyrometer has the advantage of not deteriorating at high temperatures.Neither couple nor radiation tube is damaged by removal while hot, so that the tubes may be kept in constant service, thus making the cost of the complete installation very reasonable.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN THE PROBLEM OF THE TURQUOISE ALKALINE GLAZE1
Authors: French Myrtle Meritt 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe blueness of the glaze was found to be influenced by the biscuit of the body, the amount of copper used and the fire of the glaze. Indications of small tests were not always dependable. Encouraging experiments are being made to obtain a raw turquoise on body which will be impervious at cone 04.
DESIGNING BANDS FOR ROUND KILN CROWNS1
Authors: Willson B. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSelecting bands for round kilns is largely a rule of thumb matter, practice ranging from a few light bands to a jacket enclosing the entire kiln with openings for wickets and fire boxes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze stresses in and thrust caused by a round kiln crown and select bands to with stand these stresses.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANT DRIER1
Authors: Barrett Wayne E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments show that the direction of flow of air or other drying media should be parallel to the hollow spaces of hollow tile and drain tile. Its velocity should be approximately 60 feet per minute for maximum safe drying and its humidity may be reasonably low providing the temperature of the clay in the block or tile is high.
AMERICAN CLAYS AS COMPARED TO ENGLISH CLAYS IN WHITE WARE BODIES1
Authors: Fritz E. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA summary of the discussion at Atlantic City on this subject is given, bringing out Dr. Langenbeck's charge that the failure to make wider use of American clays is due to the ceramic profession, which has not given American clay producers specific information as to requirements which must be met in order to compete with English clays.This charge is refuted, because such information is available and various tests which are made are enumerated. The charge is made that many clay producers either do not know how, or, are not sufficiently interested to make use of such information when it is given them.Comparative results with English and American clays are given in regard to general uniformity, plasticity, bonding strength and vitrification. Equal or better results were obtained with the American clays in every case except vitrification temperature of the ball clays which was somewhat higher.A body was developed from the best American clays which equaled any of the English clay bodies, the difference in vitrification temperature of the ball clays apparently having no adverse effect at a firing temperature of cone 10. The results are based on commercial use.It is concluded that English clays can be eliminated in most white ware bodies.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBORUNDUM REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Hartmann M. L , Westmont O. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThermal conductivity measurements up to 1350°C of silicon carbide refractory materials have been made, using the water calorimeter method. Data were secured on furnace walls such as those commonly used in practice and results are believed to be accurate to within about 1%. Conductivity measurements were made on seven carborundum single walls and on eight carborundum‐fire‐clay composite walls. The relation of the thermal conductivity to temperature, chemical composition, and porosity was investigated, as well as the magnitude of the surface and joint effects. The conductivity of carborundum was found to vary with the quantity of heat energy transmitted through the wall. Tables are given showing the coefficients of thermal conductivity and heat flow through various types of walls with a temperature of 1500°C in the combustion chamber.Temperature gradient charts and heat flow curves for various walls are also given together with the practical application of the results in the design of commercial furnaces.
THE ACTION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS ON TANK BLOCK1
Authors: McSwiney D. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTComparison of the average life of soda lime glass tanks melting green glass and those melting flint glass in which selenium is used as a decolorizer, where the same or similar batch and operating conditions obtain in both cases, shows that the life of the selenium flint tanks is invariably much shorter than that of the green tanks. This shortening of tank life is independent of the amount of selenium used or the form in which it is used but varies with the amount of arsenic used in conjunction with the selenium.
AN ELECTRIC FURNACE FOR SOFTENING POINT DETERMINATIONS1
Authors: Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a description of an electric resistance type furnace which has been designed at the Bureau of Standards for the determination of softening points of ceramic materials. The advantages claimed for this furnace are simplicity of design, with resultant low cost of manufacture and repair, economy in operation, high temperatures available, sufficient accuracy in determining softening points in terms of standard cones or actual temperature readings, and compactness of installation.
RUBBER GRINDING MILL LININGS AND RUBBER AS A MATERIAL TO RESIST ABRASION1
Authors: Rogers B. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor the benefit of those who are skeptical about the ability of rubber to resist abrasion, attention is called to the fact that a rubber tire wears much less than skid chains on a brick pavement. Rubber linings in ball mills are found more efficient than steel linings in respect to capacity, fineness of grind, and power consumption. One test on cement using both a rubber and a steel lined mill showed a 20% greater capacity, 10% less power consumption and 0.9% more material through 200‐mesh. Other advantages of rubber linings are: weight of mill decrease and volume increase, reduction of maintenance costs, minimum contamination of materials being ground, and possibility of jointless and detachable linings.
HOW IMPROVE THE HEAT ECONOMY OF GLASS TANKS?
Authors: Scholes S. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLess attention has been paid to furnace design than to glass‐working machinery, because fuel cost has been a relatively small item compared with labor. Some of the suggested means for raising fuel efficiency are: ports designed to give a better mixture for combustion, and a better spread of the flame over the glass; insulation, wherever the refractories can stand it.
THE CALCULATION OF COAL EXPENSES IN ROTARY CEMENT KILNS1
Authors: Tchernobaieff D. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe results of the author's experiments upon the heat of formation of cement clinker are given, the formula for calculation of coal expense is deducted. For an easy application of the formula the author gives several tables, and, as an example, calculates the coal expense for the heat balances of C. E. Soper and 7′. W. Richards.
PRINCIPAL REFRACTORY PROBLEMS OF THE MALLEABLE CAST IRON FOUNDRY
Authors: Schwartz H. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper covers a brief description of the necessary conditions under which fire brick are used in air furnace melting, and outlines some of the elementary relations between fuel economy and refractory economy, includiug loss of use.It has suggested as a ceramic problem, that the principal fields for improvement lie in developing refractories more resistant to slags for side walls, and more resistant to changes of temperature for furnace roofs. It is further suggested that unless higher refractoriness can be secured, the field for the use of heat insulation in such furnaces is probably negligible. The very refractory materials now known, seem to fail, due to a lack of resistance to thermal stresses.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE STRENGTH OF CALCINED KIESELGUHR‐PORTLAND CEMENT MIXTURES1
Authors: McDowell Samuel J. , Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of heat upon the strength of this material is shown. This decreases rapidly at 100°C and remains fairly constant between 200° and 500°C. It decreases until 800° where a slight increase is shown between this and 1000°C. Above this the strength decreases.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LIFE OF A SAGGER1
Authors: Sherwood Robert F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for determining the average life of a sagger over the period of a year is given as an aid in determining costs. Inventories are taken at the beginning and at the end of the year, and a record is kept of the saggers made. The average number or saggers fired in a kiln is determined and from these figures the percentage loss of life of each sagger per fire is determined, as well as the number of fires per sagger.
CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF ANDALUSITE, CYANITE, AND SILLIMANITE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE*
Authors: Peck Albert B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOwing to their growing commercial importance in the manufacture of refractories and porcelain, the minerals of the sillimanite group (andalusite, cyanite, and sillimanite) were investigated as to their decomposition products and volume changes between cones 10 and 15.Petrographic‐microscopic examinations showed that andalusite breaks down at cone 13 into mullite and glass, while cyanite also breaks down into the same components but at cone 12. Sillimanite is not decomposed up to cone 15. The composition of the mullite was checked by chemical analysis.Andalusite shows almost no volume change at dissociation; sillimanite shows a slight expansion up to cone 15; cyanite shows a great expansion and disintegration at dissociation.The practical significance of the behavior of the minerals is discussed as well as their possibilities of use in ceramic ware., Andalusite could be used in the raw state; cyanite would require calcination before use, so that andalusite appears to be best suited for most bodies.
THE LABORATORY TESTING OF PLASTIC REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwelve brands of plastic refractories, representing the products of nine manufac‐ turers, were subjected to standard and modified laboratory tests for high grade refractories. The data obtained show the chemical and physical characteristics of the material now furnished to the trade and indicate the results which may be expected from a technical examination of this type of product.
A NOTE ON COMPARISON OF ENGLISH VS. ORTON PYROMETRIC CONES1
Authors: Cole Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe English made pyrometric cones from 10–32 inclusive were compared to Orton cones for fusion values. The results are expressed in Orton cones. The work was done in a pot furnace and the comparison was intended to give values for this type of work. A drawing shows the position of English as to that of Orton cones.
FORMATION OF MULLITE FROM CYANITE, ANDALUSITE, AND SILLIMANITE1
Authors: Creig J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a thermal and microscopic study of thc decomposition of cyanite, andalusite, and sillirnanite to mullite and silica, or to mullite and a siliceous liquid. The rates of alteration, the signs or the heat effects accompanying the changes, and the way in which the decompositions take place have been investigated.The bearing on refractories is discussed.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT FLOW IN MOLTEN GLASS AND IN WALLS FOR USE AGAINST GLASS1
Authors: Mccauley George V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the flow of heat through molten glass and through glass retaining clay walls. Reference is given to previous work on heat flow by convection, radiation and conduction as applied to clay refractorise. Experimental data are given for conductivity of flux block, and for the effective conductivity of molten glass as a function of temperature. Photographs are presented to show existence of convection currents in a glass tank.
THE DENSITY AND INDEX OF REFRACTION OF GLASS VERSUS ITS COMPOSITION1
Authors: Finn A. N. , Tromson H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the available data on the relations between density, refractive index, and composition of glasses of the soda‐lime series leads to the conclusion that these relations can be adequately expressed by formulas of the type d=a(p+c)b. in which a, b and c are constants and d is that part of the total density of the glass due to p percent of any constituent oxide. The results obtained for density are more satisfactory and can be applied over a much wider range than those computed by the well‐known equation of Winklemann and Schott.
SOME FEATURES OF TANK BLOCK COMPARISONS1
Authors: Thompson F. S. , Vormelker H. I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe life of glass blocks can be increased by lower furnace temperature obtained by increasing the area of melting chamber, and by insulation of the walls. Analysis and physical tests of clays and of blocks made from them are compared with results of service test but data does not warrant conclusion.
GAS‐FIRED ENAMELING FURNACES WITHOUT MUFFLES1
Authors: Clark H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFirst attempts to design enameling furnaces reveal unsuccessful results to increase efficiencies. The early attempts to eliminate the undesirable feature of coal‐fired furnaces resulted in building furnaces having high thermal heads, uneven heat distribution and which were costly to maintain.Eventually the intermittent type of enameling furnace was developed. The only possible disadvantage of this type is that speed forks cannot be used.An example of the installation of a semi‐muffle gas‐fired enameling furnace in the plant of the Cribben and Sexton Company, Chicago, is cited. Its principal feature is constant atmospheric conditions accomplished by high pressure gas burners. The design, details, performance data and operating costs are given. A résumé stating the many advantages of gas are appended.
TALC AS THE PRINCIPAL BODY INGREDIENT IN VITRIFIED CERAMIC BODIES1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Mcdowell Samuel J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is an attempt to explain the firing behavior of pure talc as well as talc‐clay, talc‐lime, talc‐clay lime, and some other high magnesia mixtures. Phase rule equilibrium diagrams are used. The study applies only to those mixtures where talc is present in amounts greater than 50% of the total composition.
THE RELATION OF STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION TO THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF REFRACTORIES WHEN USED IN REGENERATORS1
Authors: Phblps Stuart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis study shows the relative rates of heat transmission in typical clay, silica, diaspore, fused alumina and silicon carbide refractories, when used as checker brick.It is shown that by lowering the porosity of checker brick an increase in efficiency is obtained by virtue of its greater heat capacity, which is a function of the weight and specific heat of the material.The glazing of a clay brick does not appreciably impair its efficiency in regeneration, as is sometimes thought, as shown by experiment and as explained by the fact that the greatest part of the heat leaves the surface of the brick by convection and this is affected only by the surface area, which is not appreciably changed by glazing.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe thermal expansion or contraction of a number of typical refractories has been measured up to 1700°C in a neutral or slightly oxidizing atmosphere. In nearly every case the expansion curve has been carried to a higher temperature than given by previous data. In a few cases the expansion curve has been obtained for materials that have not been studied in this way before. It is believed that the expansion curve of a brick, if carried to the softening point, gives valuable information as to the performance of that brick in service.
SHALES OF NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Stuckey Jasper L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNorth Carolina contains several extensive areas of shale deposits, which are favorably located for working and which in their slightly weathered condition have been recently found to be well adapted to the manufacture of face brick, hollow blocks, sewer pipes, etc.As a result of these discoveries a number of clay working plants have been recently set in operation and others are in course of construction.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE DEPOSITS FORMED IN GLASS FURNACE REGENERATORS1
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo high alumina refractory brick which had been used in glass furnace regenerators were examined with the petrographic microscope. The deposits formed on the surface of the brick through reaction with the dusts and gases of the furnace atmosphere were found to be composed principally of nephelite, carnegieite, and corundum. Nephelite and carnegieite probably can form only in those parts of glass furnaces where the temperature is considerably lower than that required to melt the glass, but corundum may be formed at melting temperatures.
THE SPALLING OF BRICKS1
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSpalls in spalled bricks are, under the conditions postulated by F. H. Norton, tensile, not shear fractures. The surface of separation bears no simple relation to the isothermal surfaces. In a “semi‐infinite” slab, the diffusivity has no influence on the tendency to spall, but does influence the location of the surface of parting.
A STUDY OF THE SHRINKAGE OF DIASPOR CLAYS.—PART I1
Authors: Phelps S. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDiaspor refractories often possess the undesirable characteristic of continual shrinkage in service, and since it is not practical to alter such properties in the present manufacturing processes, the object of this study was to devise, if possible, a manufacturing process to overcome this shortcoming. This part of the paper reveals the mechanism of the firing shrinkage and describes the effect of particle size, time and temperature upon the shrinkage of diaspor clays of various compositions. The properties of the two major constituents of a typical sample are given, as well as photomicrographs of interesting samples. Part II will describe experimental work conducted to devise shrinkage processes and the properties of products so made.
SILICON‐CARBIDE REFRACTORIES FOR WATER‐GAS GENERATORS1
Authors: Hartman M. L. , King John A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA discussion of the problems involved in water‐gas generator refractories is given and the steps in the development leading to the present highly satisfactory silicon‐carbide air‐ventilated Bernitz type blocks are given. Actual operating costs of typical installations are given. It is shown that generator capacities have been increased as much as 50% and fuel reductions have been so large that a real saving in net operating costs has resulted from the installation of this‐type of lining. Many generators have now been lined and economically operated with air ventilated silicon‐carbide blocks.
THE HARPER ELECTRIC KILN1
Authors: FitzGerald Francis A. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description of the development of an electric kiln for porcelain and of the construction of an experimental commercial unit for firing biscuit ware at the works of the Buffalo Pottery Co. The kiln is of the continuous tunnel type and in the course of its development has been used for firing porcelain at temperatures as high as 1500°C (2750°F).