bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeschylus and the unity of opposites
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe idea of the ‘unity of opposites’ allows one to see important connections between phenomena normally treated separately: verbal style, ritual, tragic action and cosmology. The stylistic figure ofSatzparallelismusin lamentation and mystic ritual expresses the unity of opposites (particularly of life and death) as oxymora. Both rituals were factors in the genesis of tragedy, and continued to influence the style and action of mature tragedy. The author advances new readings of various passages of theOresteia, which is seen to advocate the replacement of a Herakleitean model of the unity of opposites with a Pythagorean model of their reconciliation.
The role of reversals in order‐restricted inference
Authors: Perlman Michael D. , Chaudhuri Sanjay 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA statistical model is said to be an order‐restricted statistical model when its parameter takes its values in a closed convex cone C of the Euclidean space. In recent years, order‐restricted likelihood ratio tests and maximum likelihood estimators have been criticized on the grounds that they may violate a cone order monotonicity (COM) property, and hence reverse the cone order induced by C. The authors argue here that these reversals occur only in the case that C is an obtuse cone, and that in this case COM is an inappropriate requirement for likelihood‐based estimates and tests. They conclude that these procedures thus remain perfectly reasonable procedures for order‐restricted inference.
A discussion of some inference issues in order restricted models
Authors: Cohen Arthur , Sackrowitz Harold B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTraditional inference methodology in order restricted models oftentimes yields procedures with unexpected properties. There are many scattered results exhibiting anomalies and there is disagreement on which inference procedures are appropriate in particular specific models. The authors contend here that these anomalies are not surprising and are to be expected. They air some of the issues that arise in an effort to shed some light on these problems.
Effects of Televised Instruction on Student Music Selection, Music Skills, and Attitudes
Authors: Brown Amy 
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the extent to which differential training in aural discrimination would result in subsequent music selection. Students trained to discriminate components of instrumental music only and vocal music only were compared to a contact control group. Pretests and posttests consisted of the subject's operant music selection, cognitive music skills, and attitudes about school music. Results indicated no difference among groups on the three dependent measures. Pre-posttest difference scores for each individual group revealed significant increase in time spent listening to instrumental music for the contact control group, significant increase in cognitive music skills for all groups, and no change in attitude about school music for any group. On the basis of these data, it appears that the three treatments did not function differentially to change first-grade student music selection, cognitive music skills, or attitudes about school music. This surprising absence of influence might suggest that knowing is not valuing.
Fighting of Bulls as Symbolic Expression of Divisions in the Hima Camp
Authors: Elam Yitzchak 
Published: February 2008

Opening ParagraphIn the course of tracing the social aspects of witchcraft and sorcery in East Africa, Middleton and Winter (1963: 11–13) distinguished two types of neighbourhood. In type I neighbours tend to be co-members of a unilineal descent group; type II in terms of descent is heterogeneous.The authors implied that, while tensions existed in both these neighbourhoods, type I was likely to give rise to more acute forms of interpersonal conflict. It is an involuntary association in which relationships are ascribed at birth, being therefore ‘inborn and innate’, i.e. compulsory. By contrast, neighbours of the second type ‘…live together because in the ultimate sense they choose to do so’. This freedom of choice conduces to an easier contact between them as proved by the absence of accusations of withcraft and the prevalence of accusations of sorcery. Accusations of sorcery are viewed by Middeton and Winter as symptoms of milder conflicts.
Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function
Authors: Jensen Michael C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:In this article, I offer a proposal to clarify what I believe is the proper relation between value maximization and stakeholder theory, which I call enlightened value maximization. Enlightened value maximization utilizes much of the structure of stakeholder theory but accepts maximization of the long-run value of the firm as the criterion for making the requisite tradeoffs among its stakeholders, and specifies long-term value maximization or value seeking as the firm’s objective. This proposal therefore solves the problems that arise from the multiple objectives that accompany traditional stakeholder theory. I also discuss the Balanced Scorecard, which is the managerial equivalent of stakeholder theory, explaining how this theory is flawed because it presents managers with a scorecard that gives no score—that is, no single-valued measure of how they have performed. Thus managers evaluated with such a system (which can easily have two dozen measures and provides no information on the tradeoffs between them) have no way to make principled or purposeful decisions. The solution is to define a true (single dimensional) score for measuring performance for the organization or division (and it must be consistent with the organization’s strategy), and as long as their score is defined properly, (and for lower levels in the organization it will generally not be value) this will enhance their contribution to the firm.
The Turn to the Local: The Possibility of Returning Health Care to the Community
Authors: Newton Lisa H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:It is not too early to suggest that the attempts to place medical care in private hands (through group insurance arrangements) has not fulfilled its promise—or better, the promises that were made for it. Yet history has not been kind to plans to make government the single payer, and the laudable progress in medical technology has placed high-technology medical care beyond the reach of most private budgets. In this paper I suggest that the major problem of the U.S. health care system as presently conceived is a failure of legitimacy, and I put forward a proposal that purports to solve that problem. The proposal is to localize health care, on the model of a public school system, on the argument that such localization will answer most of the questions of legitimacy at the core of the private insurance imbroglio, provide a brake for medical costs, while preserving our ability to take advantage of the most advanced medical interventions. I present some initial arguments for the proposal, but await its proof in the dialogue emerging as the present insurance system collapses.
Competitive Irrationality: The Influence of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Arnett Dennis B. , Hunt Shelby D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This study explores a phenomenon that has been shown to adversely affect managers’ decisions—competitive irrationality. Managers are irrationally competitive in their decisions when they focus on damaging the profits of competitors, rather than improving their own profit performance. Studies by Armstrong and Collopy (1996) and Griffith and Rust (1997) suggest that the phenomenon is common but not universal. We examine the question of why some individuals exhibit competitive irrationality when making decisions, while others do not by focusing on four aspects of moral philosophy—deontological orientation, cognitive moral development, idealism, and relativism. Results suggest that individuals high in deontological orientation, high in cognitive moral development, high in idealism, and low in relativism will be less competitively irrational than those who are not.
"Eat the World": Postcolonial Encounters in Quebec City’s Ethnic Restaurants
Authors: Turgeon Laurier , Pastinelli Madeleine 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article examines intercultural contact in Quebec City’s ethnic restaurants. The results of this multisited inquiry show that ethnic restaurants have developed rapidly, representing microspaces of intercultural encounter and exchange, places where people can see, touch, and consume the cuisine of the "other." More specifically, this article explores the ways in which eating reduces difference and distance; how it evokes cultural and geographical appropriation. Ethnic restaurants represent deterritorialized "ethnosites" in which the foreign is made familiar and the global miniaturized. They provide the opportunity to "taste" difference and to "eat" exotic cultures from faraway places without leaving home. In the same way that the bourgeois restaurant of the 19th century was a site for the consumption of the nation, through the presentation of regional cuisine, the ethnic restaurant has become in postcolonial societies a place for the consumption of the world.
Congruence and language
Authors: Ebach Malte C. , Williams David M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractKnowledge claims in comparative biology are interpretations/explanations (propositions) of facts. These facts help us to discover the interrelationships amongst taxa and areas. Relationships are information disseminated in the form of language. Propositions, in cladistics and cladistic biogeography, are based on congruence. In a cladogram, for instance, congruent apomorphic character­states form a synapomorphy. Synapomorphies may be treated as topographical units that depict evolutionary relationships (synchrony) or evolutionary events (diachrony). In cladistic biogeographical and systematic theory, synchronic and diachronic statements of relationships conflict in their interpretation of non­congruence. Comparative biology needs a meaningful language, for without it conflict becomes congruence and non­information becomes knowledge.
Typification of the fossil conifer Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin
Authors: Uhl Dieter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA neotype for the fossil conifer Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin is designated. It has been chosen from the material figured by Geinitz in 1880, which is stored at the Sächsische Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden/Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie.
Phylogeny of Echiochilon (Echiochileae, Boraginaceae) based on ITS sequences and morphology
Authors: Långström Elisabeth , Oxelman Bengt 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA phylogenetic analysis of Echiochilon and representatives of Antiphytum and Ogastemma based on nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the ribosomal DNA indicated that zygomorphy is the plesiomorphic condition in Echiochilon. Antiphytum and Ogastemma were resolved as sister taxa, together forming the sister group to Echiochilon. An analysis based on morphological data mainly corroborates the ITS phylogeny, with a notable exception concerning the position of the actinomorphic‐flowered E. johnstonii. Biogeographic interpretation of the ITS phylogeny using DIVA (dispersal vicariance analysis) indicated an ancestor to Echiochilon with a wide distribution over northern Africa and Arabia to India.
Neuropogon and the phylogeny of Usnea s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes)
Authors: Articus Kristina 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMolecular phylogenies based on the ITS­LSU nrDNA and part of the ß­tubulin region were used to investigate the position of Neuropogon in Usnea s. lat. Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony strongly supported the monophyly of Neuropogon. Subgenus Usnea and Neuropogon form a strongly supported group with subg. Eumitria and subg. Dolichousnea as consecutive monophyletic sister groups. The following generic classification is proposed: Usnea (subgenus Usnea only), Neuropogon, Eumitria, and Dolichousnea. Dolichousnea is elevated to generic rank. Usnea as presently conceived is clearly non­monophyletic but with the present recircumscription it may be monophyletic, or not; this requires further analysis. The genera are well characterised morphologically, and pending further investigations this classification is in agreement with current practice and minimises the need for nomenclatural changes. The following new combinations are made: Dolichousnea (Y. Ohmura) Articus, Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, D. trichodeoides (Vain.) Articus, D. diffracta (Vain.) Articus, and Eumitria pectinata (Taylor) Articus.
Polyphyletic origin of Microtrichomanes (Prantl) Copel. (Hymenophyllaceae), with a revision of the species
Authors: Ebihara Atsushi , Hennequin Sabine , Iwatsuki Kunio , Bostock Peter D. , Matsumoto Sadamu , Jaman Razali , Dubuisson Jean-Yves , Dubuisson Motomi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMicrotrichomanes, a controversial genus created originally to accommodate “intermediates” between Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes, was reassessed using molecular data in order to clarify the systematic position of the species assigned to it. The results strongly suggest a polyphyletic origin for Microtrichomanes, with most of the species being placed in Hymenophyllum s.l., in spite of their having the cup­shaped involucre which is the primary taxonomic character of Trichomanes s.l. Based on this result, some new combinations are made herein for the species formerly attributed to Microtrichomanes; and an updated dichotomous key and synonymic lists are provided.
Magnolia lawiana Sima & H. Yu is a superfluous renaming of M. odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou (Magnoliaceae)
Authors: Zhang Dianxiang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe name Magnolia odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou is reinstated as legitimate, because the supposed earlier homonym M. odoratissima Reinw. ex Blume has never been validly published. Therefore, later publication of the new name M. lawiana Sima & H. Yu to replace Magnolia odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou is nomenclaturally superfluous.
Immigration, Assimilation, and Status in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan: Stable Isotopic Evidence from Tlajinga 33
Authors: White Christine D. , Storey Rebecca , Longstaffe Fred J. , Spence Michael W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen and oxygen isotope ratios in bone and enamel phosphate from 25 individuals from the residential compound of Tlajinga 33 were used to examine the possibility that the inhabitants, who were craft producers, may have accepted immigrants to maintain either their ability to reproduce themselves as a social group or their level of economic productivity. Bone δ18O and δ13C values provide a long-term picture of geographic identity and diet, and enamel δ18O values provide a snapshot of geographic location during particular tooth development. A considerable proportion (29 percent) of the Tlajinga 33 inhabitants grew up elsewhere, but the majority of these immigrants had dwelt in Teotihuacan for many years before their death. Neither geographical relocation nor dietary differences are significantly associated with gender. The social position of foreigners appears to have been generally high. For example, the occupants of Tomb 50 appear to have come from elsewhere, possibly West Mexico, but foreigners were also found in lower status contexts such as middens. The stable isotope ratios reflecting long-term dwelling at Teotihuacan suggest that social status was achieved, which supports current archaeological evidence. Furthermore, the lack of dietary differences between immigrants and native Teotihuacanos may also imply political and/or ethnic assimilation.
Micro biochemical engineering to accelerate the design of industrial‐scale downstream processes for biopharmaceutical proteins
Authors: Titchener‐Hooker N.J. , Dunnill P. , Hoare M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe article examines how a small set of easily implemented micro biochemical engineering procedures combined with regime analysis and bioprocess models can be used to predict industrial scale performance of biopharmaceutical protein downstream processing. This approach has been worked on in many of our studies of individual operations over the last 10 years and allows preliminary evaluation to be conducted much earlier in the development pathway because of lower costs. It then permits the later large scale trials to be more highly focused. This means that the risk of delays during bioprocess development and of product launch are reduced. Here we draw the outcomes of this research together and illustrate its use in a set of typical operations; cell rupture, centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, expanded bed adsorption, chromatography and for common sources, E. coli, two yeasts and mammalian cells (GS‐NSO). The general approach to establishing this method for other operations is summarized and new developments outlined. The technique is placed against the background of the scale‐down methods that preceded it and complementary ones that are being examined in parallel. The article concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the micro biochemical engineering approach versus other methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 473–487. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to lignocellulose hydrolysate
Authors: Modig Tobias , Almeida João R.M. , Gorwa‐Grauslund Marie F. , Lidén Gunnar 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe development of tolerant microorganisms is needed for the efficient fermentation of inhibitory lignocellulose hydrolysates. In the current work, the fermentation performance of six selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dilute‐acid spruce hydrolysate was compared using two different modes of fermentation; either single pulse addition of hydrolysate to exponentially growing cells or continuous feeding of the same amount of hydrolysate in a controlled fed‐batch fermentation was made. All strains performed better in fed‐batch mode than when all hydrolysate was added at once. However, the difference between strain performances varied significantly in the two fermentation modes. Large differences were observed between strains during the fed‐batch experiments in the in vitro ability to reduce the furan compounds furfural and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). A common feature among the strains was the induction of NADPH‐coupled reduction of furfural and HMF, with the exception of strain CBS 8066. This strain also performed relatively poorly in both batch and fed‐batch fermentations. Strain TMB3000—previously isolated from spent sulphite liquor fermentation—was by far the most efficient strain with respect to specific fermentation rate in both pulse addition and fed‐batch mode. This strain was the only strain showing a significant constitutive NADH‐coupled in vitro reduction of HMF. The ability to induce NADPH‐coupled reduction together with the level of the apparently constitutive NADH‐coupled reduction appeared to be key factors for selecting a suitable strain for fed‐batch conversion of lignocellulose hydrolysate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 423–429. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth and differentiation of alveolar bone cells in tissue‐engineered constructs and monolayer cultures
Authors: Malicev E. , Marolt D. , Kregar Velikonja N. , Kreft M.E. , Drobnic M. , Rode M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe ability to enhance bone regeneration by implanting autologous osteoblasts in combination with an appropriate scaffold would be of great clinical interest. The aim of our study was to compare the growth and differentiation of alveolar bone cells in tissue‐engineered constructs and in monolayer cultures, as the basis for developing procedures for routine preparation of bone‐like tissue constructs. Alveolar bone tissue was obtained from four human donors and explant cultures of the cells were established. Expanded cells were seeded on macroporous hydroxyapatite granules, and cultured in medium supplemented with osteogenic differentiation factors for up to 3 weeks. Control monolayer cultures were established in parallel, and cultured in media with or without osteogenic supplements. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and gene expression of AP, osteopontin and osteocalcin were determined under different culture conditions at weekly intervals. Cells in tissue constructs exhibited growth patterns similar to those in control monolayer cultures: enhanced proliferation was noted during the first 2 weeks of cultivation, followed by a decrease in cell numbers. AP activity at 3 weeks was higher in all cultures in osteogenic medium than in control medium. Gene expression levels were stable in monolayer cultures in both types of media whereas, in tissue constructs, they exhibited patterns of osteogenic differentiation. Light and scanning electron microscopy examination of the cell‐seeded constructs showed uniform cell distribution, as well as cell attachment and growth into the interior region of the hydroxyapatite granules. Our results show that bone‐like constructs with viable cells exhibiting differentiated phenotype can be prepared by cultivation of alveolar‐bone cells on the tested hydroxyapatite granules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 773–781. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved Helmholtz‐type magnetic resonance imaging coils with high‐B1 homogeneity—Spherical and ellipsoidal four‐coil systems
Authors: Guendouz Laouès , Ghaly Sidi M. Ould Ahmed , Hedjiedj Ahcène , Escanyé Jean‐marie , Canet Daniel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe operation of two novel magnetic resonance imaging coils with high‐B1 homogeneity and easy tuning is described. These coils involve four coaxial loops of wire carrying the same current and symmetrically located on a spherical or an ellipsoidal surface. In comparison with Helmholtz coils, an improved field homogeneity is expected while keeping the simplicity and ease of use. Field calculation and electrical modeling are performed. Using an appropriate field decomposition, the design of the four‐coil probes is optimized in terms of position and diameter (or azimuthal angle) of the loops to produce, in principle, a fourth or sixth‐order homogeneous field with the spherical or ellipsoidal structure, respectively. At the electrical level, in addition to the inductive coupling between the coils, the neighboring coils located on a same side are connected in series with a tuning capacitor. An equivalent lumped circuit model of the four‐coil system, including all couplings is provided. In practice, it permits, at a given Larmor frequency, to determine the tuning capacitors. Comparative tests in a spectro‐imager were performed between a prototype Helmholtz coil and two spherical and ellipsoidal prototype coils. Concerning the radio‐frequency field homogeneity, experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Moreover, compared to the homologous Helmholtz coil, our four‐coil prototypes possess a better quality factor and therefore lead to an improved nuclear magnetic resonance sensitivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 9–20, 2008