bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oscillations in the stable starless core Barnard 68
Authors: Redman M. P. , Keto E. , Rawlings J. M. C. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
New molecular line observations of the Bok globule Barnard 68 in HCO+ irrefutably confirm the complex pattern of red and blue asymmetric line profiles seen across the face of the cloud in previous observations of CS. The new observations thus strengthen the previous interpretation that Barnard 68 is undergoing peculiar oscillations. Furthermore, the physical chemistry of B68 indicates that the object is much older than the sound crossing time and is therefore long-lived. A model is presented for the globule in which a modest external pressure perturbation is shown to lead to oscillations about a stable equilibrium configuration. Such oscillations may be present in other stable starless cores as manifested by a similar signature of inward and outward motions.
USE OF ENZYMES TO ENHANCE OIL RECOVERY DURING AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED OIL
Authors: ABDULKARIM S.M. , LAI O.M. , MUHAMMAD S.K.S. , LONG K. , GHAZALI H.M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTMoringa oleifera seed oil was extracted using four different types of enzymes to obtain the most efficient extraction parameters. The enzymes used were Neutrase 0.8L (neutral protease), Termamyl 120L, type L (α‐amylase), Pectinex Ultra SP‐L (pectinase) and Celluclast 1.5L FG (cellulase). These were used either separately or in combination. Individually, Neutrase was found to be the most effective, followed by Termamyl, Celluclast and Pectinex. A combination of the four enzymes was found to be more effective than used separately, with 74% oil recovery. Percent oil recovery for individual enzymes under optimal conditions and with pH adjusted to the individual enzyme's optimum pH were 71.9, 64.8, 62.6 and 56.5 for Neutrase, Termamyl, Celluclast and Pectinex, respectively. Neutrase, Pectinex and the combination of all the four enzymes at 2% (v/w) were found to perform best at 45C, while Termamyl and Celluclast were best at 60C. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted oils such as iodine value (IV) (66.0–67.2 g iodine/100 g oil), free fatty acid (FFA) content (1.13–1.25 as % oleic acid), complete melting points (MPs) (18.6–19.1C) and viscosities (83.1–85.0 cP) except the color were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the type of enzyme used in the pretreatment of the seed. However, apart from IV and MP, the values for other properties were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those obtained for solvent‐extracted samples.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ENRICHED WITH RED PALM OIL ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PLASMA AND LIVER IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS
Authors: SZULCZEWSKA‐REMI A. , NOGALA‐KALUCKA M. , NOWAK K.W. , RUDZINSKA M. , CHALUPKA D. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Red palm oil is a natural source of antioxidants, mainly tocopherols and tocotrienols, as well as beta‐carotene. Because of its semiliquid consistency, due to 50% saturated and 50% unsaturated fatty acids, red palm oil is a valuable component of almost all margarines as well as frying and baking oils present in the market. The experimental rat groups were fed a diet supplemented with plant‐based fat “Planta,” palm oil, palm oil with a concentrate obtained from red palm oil, palm oil with rapeseed oil or rapeseed oil. The percentage of each fatty acid in animal plasma and liver was significantly different for subjects receiving different dietary lipid components.
LIPID DAMAGE DURING FROZEN STORAGE OF WHOLE JACK MACKEREL (TRACHURUS SYMMETRICUS MURPHYI)
Authors: ARANDA M. , MENDOZA N. , VILLEGAS R. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The damage on the lipid fraction of whole jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus murphyi, Carangidae) during 120 days of frozen storage was studied. The chemical composition was determined through proximate analysis. Lipid quality deterioration was evaluated by measuring free fatty acids, peroxide values, conjugated dienes and p‐anisidine values. Also, the total volatile base‐nitrogen value was determined to check the bacterial activity during frozen storage. The results showed that jack mackerel is a medium‐fat fish species with 74–78% moisture, 3–5% fat (crude) with 20–27% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The lipid hydrolysis was the major damage during frozen storage, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 after 75 days of storage. The normal oxidative rancidity (primary and secondary products) present in fillets of different species was not observed in the whole fish. The autolytic changes were predominant, because bacterial activity was low during the entire storage time.
EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF LIPIDS DURING ALKALINE COOKING OF CORN
Authors: MARTINEZ‐FLORES H.E. , GARNICA‐ROMO M.G. , ROMERO V.J.U. , YAHUACA J.B. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The effect of alkaline cooking on corn oil quality characteristics was investigated. This process is used to produce tortillas and snacks. The corn was cooked in a solution of calcium hydroxide at the concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for 45 min. The oil was then extracted from cooked grains and saponification (SV), iodine (IV) and peroxide (PV) values were determined. Color parameters L and b were also measured. The SV was 85.7 (mg KOH/g oil) in the absence of calcium hydroxide and increased to 89.9 for the 3.0% calcium hydroxide treatment. The IV decreased from 126.4 (g iodine/100 g oil) in the absence of calcium hydroxide to 102.6 in the treatment with 3.0% calcium hydroxide. The b and L color parameters increased as calcium hydroxide concentration increased. The calcium hydroxide concentration recommended for cooking of corn was found to be between 0.5 and 1.0%.
VITAMIN E CONTENTS OF PROCESSED MEATS BLENDED WITH PALM OILS
Authors: WAN ROSLI W.I. , BABJI A.S. , AMINAH A. , FOO S.P. , ABD MALIK O. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The vitamin E contents of beef burgers and chicken frankfurters blended with palm oil (PO) were determined. PO and red PO cooked beef burgers resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) loss of vitamin E from 427.5 to 178.0 µg/g and from 367.0 to 271.0 µg/g, respectively, after 6 months of storage. The concentration of alpha‐tocopherol (α‐tocopherol) for all retorted chicken frankfurters was reduced (P < 0.05) by 66.0–91.50 (16–46%) µg/g while the alpha‐tocotrienol (α‐tocotrienol) in all retorted chicken frankfurters significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by 63.0–95.5 µg/g (28–48%) after 6 months of storage. Both α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol decreased at a faster rate (62–64% and 53–61% loss, respectively) and was less stable than the gamma‐tocotrienol (12–59%) and the delta‐tocotrienol (4–28%) in beef burgers. The effect of processing, cooking, frozen storage and the type of fats used could influence vitamin E stability and content in meat products.
CHROMIUM (III) ACETATE HYDROXIDE – AN EFFICIENT CATALYST FOR PREPARATION OF 1‐MONOACYLGLYCEROLS BY THE GLYCIDOL–FATTY ACID REACTION
Authors: JANIŠ RAHULA , KLÁSEK ANTONÍN , BOBÁLOVÁ JANA 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTPartial monoacyl esters of glycerol and fatty acids (monoacylglycerols) exhibit amphiphatic properties and are widely used as potent surfactants, antistatics, antibacterial compounds and lubricants. Pure 1‐monoacylglycerols may be prepared by the addition of individual fatty acids to glycidol. This work deals with application of chromium (III) acetate hydroxide for catalysis of this reaction. Pure 1‐monoacylglycerols of caprylic, capric, lauric, palmitic and oleic acids were prepared in high yields using a solvent‐free system. The conversion rates as well as activation parameters of the reaction were evaluated. In all cases, 98–99% conversions were attained using 0.5% (w/w) catalyst at 90C.
CHARACTERIZATION AND SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION OF PALM OIL (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS)
Authors: LAU HARRISON LIK NANG , CHOO YUEN MAY , MA AH NGAN , CHUAH CHENG HOCK 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) was used to extract palm oil from palm mesocarp (Elaeis guineensis). The conditions surveyed were 40 to 80C and 14 to 30 MPa. The free fatty acid content in SC‐CO2 extracted palm oil was found to be 0.61% as compared to 3.15% in commercial crude palm oil (CPO). The average peroxide value of the SC‐CO2 extracted CPO was 1.68 meq O2/kg, which indicated that SC‐CO2 extraction does not induce the formation of undesirable peroxides and hydroperoxides. The deterioration of bleachability index of SC‐CO2 extracted palm oil met the specification of fairly good CPO with average value of 2.60. The oxidative stability of SC‐CO2 extracted palm oil was slightly lower than commercial and n‐hexane extracted CPO. The pro‐oxidants such as iron and copper were significantly reduced in the SC‐CO2‐produced oil. Minor components such as carotenes, vitamin E (e.g., tocopherols and tocotrienols), phytosterols and squalene were co‐extracted during the SC‐CO2 extraction. The overall quality of SC‐CO2 extracted CPO appears equivalent to those obtained by commercial processing of CPO.
EFFECT OF ANTICAKING AGENT ADDITION AND HEADSPACE REDUCTION IN THE POWDERED‐DRINK MIX SENSORY STABILITY
Authors: CASTRO INAR A. , MOTIZUKI MIRIAM , MURAI HÉLCIO , CHIU MING C. , SILVA RUI S.S.F. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to assess the effect of the addition of 0.2% anticaking agent “silicon dioxide” (S) and of 70.0% reduction of the headspace in the package (H) both individually and combined (SH), on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of a powdered‐drink mix over a shelf‐life period of 120 days. The “difference from control” test was applied to 10 trained panelists in order to assess the four treatments at 30‐day intervals throughout the experimental period, according to visual aspect of the powdered mix and drink flavor. The results demonstrated that a reduction of 70% of the headspace was the most effective treatment for product sensory stability. Water activity (Aw) was a more sensitive parameter than moisture content and ascorbic acid degradation. AlthoughAwhas shown a significant difference over time, the sensory properties still seemed to be a better shelf‐life indicator for powdered mixes. Based on the sensory alterations of the aspect of the powder, a reduction of headspace and the limiting of shelf life to between 60 and 90 days could be recommended for powdered‐drink mixes packaged in polypropylene containers.
USE OF CLARIFYING AGENTS AND ULTRA FILTER TO DECREASE FUMARIC ACID, HMF AND INCREASE CLARITY OF APPLE JUICE
Authors: TULEK YAHYA , YILMAZ SUKRU 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of eight different processing treatments of apple juice (AJ) production (Process 1: Ultra filtration [UF], Process 2: Activated charcoal [AC], Process 3: polyvinylpolypyrolidone [PVPP], Process 4: Gelatine [G] + Bentonite [B], Process 5: [G + B] + UF, Process 6: [G + B] + AC, Process 7: [G + B] + PVPP and Process 8: [G + B] + Kieselguhr [K]) on the fumaric acid (FA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), color and clearness values of AJ were investigated. With the exception of Processes 1 and 5, AC, K, PVPP, G and B were used at various doses in other processes. FA, HMF, color and clearness values of control sample were determined as 3.24 mg/L, 3.84 mg/L, 48.5 (%T) and 94.1 (%T), respectively. The highest proportional decrement in FA and HMF values of the samples were observed with Process 6 at the level of 5. The fifth level of Process 6 resulted in 35.8% (3.24–2.08 mg/L) and 35.9% (3.84 to 2.46 mg/L) reductions in FA and HMF values, respectively. On the other hand, the best improvement in clearness of AJ was obtained with Process 6 at the fourth level and obtained as 98.9 (%T).
HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN VEGETABLES IN TURKEY ARE WITHIN SAFE LIMITS FOR Cu, Zn, Ni AND EXCEEDED FOR Cd AND Pb
Authors: DEMİREZEN DILEK , AKSOY AHMET 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contents of various vegetables (cucumber, tomato, green pepper, lettuce, parsley, onion, bean, eggplant, peppermint, pumpkin and okra) produced in Kayseri, Turkey and the soils in which they were grown were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES). These plants are the basis of human nutrition in the study area. The results obtained from the urban area were higher than those of the rural area as a result of pollution. The order of the elements in various vegetables and their concentration ranges in μg/g were Cu (22.19–76.5), Cd (0.24–0.97), Ni (0.44–13.45), Pb (3–10.7) and Zn (3.56–259.2). The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ni in vegetables studied are within the recommended international standards. The results also show that onion (0.97 μg/g) and peppermint (76.5 μg/g) have the ability to accumulate more Cd and Cu than the other vegetables studied, respectively. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the levels of Zn and Pb in all vegetables analyzed from urban and rural areas. Concentrations of metals analyzed in samples could be related to their concentration in the corresponding soils. Enhanced levels of metals observed in some vegetable species could be related to their concentration in the corresponding soils.
VARIATION AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOME NUTRITIONAL TRAITS IN SICILIAN GENOTYPES OF CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.)
Authors: PATANÈ CRISTINA 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of several chickpeas originating from Sicily, compared with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas genotype “ILC 484” and the Italian cultivar “Calia,” was determined. A large variability was ascertained for crude fiber (coefficient of variation [CV] = 29.3%), calcium (CV = 39.3%) and tannins (CV = 120.0%). The genotype statistically affected all nutrient characteristics assessed, whose mean values were: (1) 100‐seed weight 34.0 ± 3.3 g; (2) crude fiber 2.88 ± 0.8 g/100 g; (3) fat 6.0 ± 0.9 g/100 g; (4) total carbohydrates 62.0 ± 1.4 g/100 g; (5) ash 2.64 ± 0.2 g/100 g; (6) iron 4.50 ± 0.3 mg/100 g; (7) calcium 109.6 ± 43.1 mg/100 g; (8) magnesium 189.4 ± 18.5 mg/100 g; (9) potassium 1318.7 ± 95.6 mg/100 g; and (10) tannins 0.90 ± 1.1 g/100 g. An average energy value of 379.8 ± 6.2 kcal/100 g was computed. The wide variability ascertained for some chemical attributes such as crude fiber, tannins and Ca content, and interesting correlations observed among characteristics, such as the negative correlation between Fe and tannins or fiber, or the positive correlation between ash and Fe, suggest the possibility of identifying genotypes to be used in breeding programs for the improvement of chickpea quality in Sicily.
Development of an spFRET method to measure structure changes in ion exchange proteins
Authors: Lesoine J. F. , Holmberg B. , Maloney P. , Wang X. , Novotny L. , Knauf P. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  Understanding the mechanism of tightly coupled ion exchange proteins, important effectors of cell volume regulation and other physiologically important transport processes requires means to observe dynamic changes in structure during the transport cycle. As a step towards this goal, we have applied single‐pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer to a monomeric bacterial oxalate‐formate exchanger (OxlT).Methods:  A His‐9 tagged OxlT mutant containing two cysteines at positions 17 and 224 was labelled with cyanine dye maleimides (Cy3 donor and Cy5 acceptor) and attached to glass coverslips for measurements of donor and acceptor emission from single molecules, as described (P. Pal et al. Biophys J89, L11, 2005).Results:  Time‐series data from 20 spots containing donor and acceptor provided evidence for single‐pair energy transfer. From the efficiency of energy transfer, the mean donor–acceptor distance was determined to be 44.2 Å. Considering the size of the probes, this is in good agreement with the Cα distance of 39.6 Å for the corresponding sites found in the OxlT structural (homology) model (Q. Yang et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci102, 8513, 2005).Conclusion:  These results demonstrate the feasibility of single‐pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer to measure distances between known sites in single OxlT molecules. This technique provides a potential means to test models for transport‐related conformational changes, as well as to detect real‐time structure alterations during the catalytic transport cycle.
The Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter and the osmotic stress response in a model salt transport epithelium
Authors: Lionetto M. G. , Schettino T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEpithelia are physiologically exposed to osmotic stress resulting in alteration of cell volume in several aspects of their functioning; therefore, the activation of ‘emergency’ systems of rapid cell volume regulation is fundamental in their physiology. In this review, the physiological response to osmotic stress, particularly hypertonic stress, was described in a salt‐transporting epithelium, the intestine of the euryhaline teleost European eel. This epithelium is physiologically exposed to changes in extracellular osmolarity and represents a good physiological model for functional studies on cellular volume regulation, permitting the study of volume regulated ion transport mechanisms in a native tissue. An absorptive form of the cotransporter, homologue of the renal NKCC2, localized on the apical membrane, was found in the intestine of the euryhaline teleost European eel. This cotransporter accounts for the luminal uptake of Cl−; it operates in series with a basolateral Cl− conductance and presumably a basolateral electroneutral KCl cotransport and in parallel with a luminal K+ conductance. The ion transport model described for eel intestine, based on the operation of an absorptive luminal Na+–K+–2Cl−, is basically the same as the model that has been proposed for the thick ascending limb (cTAL) of the mammalian renal cortex. This paper focuses on the role of Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransport in the responses to hypertonic stress in the eel intestine and the role of cytoskeleton (either actin‐based or tubulin based) is discussed.
Swelling‐activated ion channels: functional regulation in cell‐swelling, proliferation and apoptosis
Authors: Stutzin A. , Hoffmann E. K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCell volume regulation is one of the most fundamental homeostatic mechanisms and essential for normal cellular function. At the same time, however, many physiological mechanisms are associated with regulatory changes in cell size meaning that the set point for cell volume regulation is under physiological control. Thus, cell volume is under a tight and dynamic control and abnormal cell volume regulation will ultimately lead to severe cellular dysfunction, including alterations in cell proliferation and cell death. This review describes the different swelling‐activated ion channels that participate as key players in the maintenance of normal steady‐state cell volume, with particular emphasis on the intracellular signalling pathways responsible for their regulation during hypotonic stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Hypotonicity and ethanol modulate BK channel activity and chloride currents in GH4/C1 pituitary tumour cells
Authors: Jakab M. , Schmidt S. , Grundbichler M. , Paulmichl M. , Hermann A. , Weiger T. , Ritter M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim: Description of the effects of hypotonic cell swelling and ethanol on maxi Ca2+‐activated K+channel (BK channel) activity and Cl−channel activity in GH4/C1 pituitary tumour cells.Methods: Whole cell‐, cell attached‐ and outside‐out patch clamp measurements, fluorescence (fluo‐3) measurements of intracellular Ca2+concentration, cell size video monitoring.Results: GH4/C1 pituitary tumour cells respond to both hypotonicity and ethanol with cell swelling which is followed by a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Tetraethylammonium and 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulphonic acid (DIDS) induced cell swellingper seand inhibited hypotonicity induced RVD. Ethanol‐induced swelling is paralleled by an increase in the intracellular Ca2+concentration and augmented by DIDS. BK channel activation by hypotonicity and ethanol is demonstrated in patch clamp experiments both in intact cells (cell attached configuration) and a subset of excised membrane patches (outside‐out configuration). Cell swelling and addition of ionomycin under isotonic conditions leads to the activation of outwardly rectifying Cl−currents with time dependent activation at positive potentials.Conclusions: In GH4/C1 cells both hypotonicity and ethanol lead to cell swelling, RVD and to activation of BK channels. The hypotonicity‐induced BK channel activation can also be observed in cell free outside‐out patches. Hypotonicity, but not ethanol leads to the activation of Cl−channels with features of Ca2+‐activated Cl−currents.
Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone in rat heart: effect of swelling, angiotensin II and renin gene
Authors: Bačova Z. , Baqi L. , Beňačka O. , Payer J. , Križanová O. , Zeman M. , Smreková L. , Zorad Š. , Štrbák V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  This study was performed to examine thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) secretion and regulation in rat heart.Methods:  Expression of prepro‐TRH gene in left atrium and left ventricle was studied by RT‐PCR. TRH secretion from slices of left auricle and left ventricle in response to cell swelling (induced by hypotonic medium or ethanol in isosmotic medium), angiotensin II and losartan and their combinations was studied.Results:  RT‐PCR revealed two times higher prepro‐TRH expression in left auricle than left ventricle. In transgenic rats with extra copy of mouse renin gene a marked increase of prepro‐TRH expression in the heart was noted but the relative difference between left atrium and left ventricle persisted. The swelling stimulated TRH release from both left auricle and left ventricle and this stimulation could not be inhibited by bumetanide. Angiotensin II (10 nmol L−1) added into medium significantly decreased basal secretion of TRH. The inhibiting effect of Angiotensin II was prevented by 1 μmol L−1 losartan, an angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker. When angiotensin II and hypotonicity were applied simultaneously, swelling‐induced secretion persisted.Conclusion:  TRH secretion from heart slices has attributes of regulated secretion – depending on the stimulus it could be either stimulated or inhibited. Renin positively affects prepro‐TRH expression in the heart. Angiotensin II inhibits TRH secretion from heart tissue by a mechanism involving AT1 receptors. Swelling‐induced TRH secretion overrides inhibitory effect of angiotensin II. Swelling could be a useful tool when natural or pharmacological secretagogue is unknown. Peptides and proteins released by swelling could be mediators of local and remote ischaemic preconditioning protecting from subsequent ischaemia.
The death of cardiotonic steroid‐treated cells: evidence of Na+i,K+i‐independent H+i‐sensitive signalling
Authors: Orlov S. N. , Hamet P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNa/K‐ATPase is the only known target of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) identified in plants, amphibians and later on in several mammalian species, including human. We focus our review on recent data implicating CTS in the tissue‐specific regulation of cell survival and death. In vascular smooth muscle cells, CTS inhibited cell death triggered by apoptotic stimuli via a novel Na+i‐mediated, Ca2+i‐independent mechanism of expression of antiapoptotic genes, including mortalin. In contrast, exposure to CTS in vascular endothelial and renal epithelial cells led to cell death, showing combined markers of apoptosis and necrosis. This mode of cell death, termed oncosis, is caused by CTS interaction with Na/K‐ATPase but is independent of the inhibition of Na/K‐ATPase‐mediated ion fluxes and inversion of the [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio. The intermediates of intracellular signalling involved in Na+i, K+i‐independent oncosis of CTS‐treated cells remain unknown. Recently, we found that this mode of cell death can be protected by modest intracellular acidification via the expression of H+i‐sensitive genes. The molecular origin of intracellular Na+ and H+ sensor involvement in the development of apoptosis and oncosis is currently under investigation.