bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Downhole Equipment for Beatrice Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) Wells 1981 – 1985
Authors: Brown J K , Bills D 
Published: December 2007

SYNOPSIS
The Beatrice Field in the North Sea relies exclusively for production on artificial lift, using electrical submersible pumps (ESP's).
Beatrice came on stream during September, 1981 from 3 wells on the ‘A’ platform. ‘B' and ‘C' platforms were completed during 1984/1985 and there are now 22 production wells, each with an ESP and 12 water injection wells for pressure maintenance.
The ESP installation performance on Beatrice has progressively improved in the pumping of mono-phasic fluids. Average pump life (excluding non-start failures, which are counted at completion installation failures) over the operating period has steadily increased and for the last year has been running at approximately 10 months. Average installation and retrieval times for equipment have steadily decreased. Both improvements can be largely attributed to equipment developments that have taken place in the UK. The principal developments described in this paper are:- –Electrical developments for downhole power trasmission systems–Connectorless packer penetrations–Metal cable protectors–wireline adaptors
High Pressure Flexible Pipes for Marginal Oilfield Development
Authors: Griffiths A. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The major fields in the North Sea are currently in production and the average size of prospective development fields will decrease with time. The smaller or ‘marginal’ field development technology will represent a major factor in the future of oil and gas development in the North West European Continental Shelf area. Worldwide the number of exploitable marginal discoveries to date is believed to exceed 800. In the North West European Continental Shelf it is forecast by Hoare Govett that more than 45 marginal developments will be underway before 1990 in this area. These will be chosen from a known potential of 200 discoveries.
Formation Evaluation Using EWR Logs
Authors: Coope D. F. , Yearsley E. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the first few years of using logs measured while drilling (MWD), experience has revealed unexpected benefits for reservoir evaluation. MWD formation logs can deliver high quality measurements, often made before significant invasion or before the borehole has enlarged. The MWD induction resistivity log, the EWR*, is used to define reservoirs and accurately determine true formation resistivity. In fact, these measurements are often more accurate than conventional open hole wireline logs, as is proven with field examples. MWD users are combining "while drilling" logs with "after drilling" logs to observe hydrocarbon movement, or non-movement.
We discuss briefly the operating principles and characteristics of the EWR. Examples are shown which demonstrate the salient features of the logs. In particular, its thin bed resolution and good depth of investigation are obvious when compared with the conventional Deep Induction log. Field data will demonstrate the application of MWD logs for complementing or supplementing wireline logs, water saturation calculations, thin bed evaluation, and indication of hydrocarbon movement.
Improve Drilling Results Using a Real-Time Data Center
Authors: Guidry T. F. , Scego J. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An operator has expanded the capacity and capability of an existing real time drilling data center to produce a drilling information system that provides a variety of services to all domestic affiliates. This system serves to unite field, enigneering, management, and technical support personnel into a drilling team by integrating real-time data and applications programs on a dedicated system to which all parties have continuous access.
The system provides for well surveillance, well management information, and engineering application programs.
A drilling team can choose to use one or all of the services including engineering application programs, morning reporting and/or real-time drilling data on terminals located in the field or office, or on portable dial-up terminals. A brief discussion of data center operations, including field data input, communications, data processing and surveillance, is presented.
Several examples of actual field applications demonstrate various aspects of the system's utility.
A brief dicussion of future developments is offered for completeness.
Marine Safety on Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
Authors: Cole M. W. , Marucci T. F. , Taft D. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Several years ago, Exxon instituted a survey of contracted mobile offshore drilling units to evaluate structural integrity and readiness to properly respond to marine emergencies that might arise offshore. Results showed structural integrity and marine readiness varied from rig to rig and prompted Exxon to implement an ongoing and more rigorous Marine Safety program throughout its offshore operations.
This paper will briefly describe results of Exxon rig inspections and Exxon's on-going Marine Safety program. Work in progress by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) to promote industry-wide upgrading of the mobile drilling fleet will also be highlighted.
Computer-Aided Well Test Analysis
Authors: Gringarten A. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the use of computers for the analysis of well tests. A survey of available technical and commercial publications indicates that computer usage to-date has generally been limited to reproducing manual interpretation processes or to performing parameter estimation based on some fit of observed data with a preselected interpretation model. In other words, computers have mainly been used to solve the easiest part of the interpretation process. The most difficult parts, namely, the identification of the applicable interpretation model and the validation of the analysis, have received little attention. As a result, computers still do not help the practicing engineer to do better interpretations; they only help him to do his usual interpretations faster.
Theoretically, identification of the interpretation model applicable to the test data is an artificial intelligence problem, requiring an expert system which is not available to-date. Yet, as discussed in the paper, it is possible to combine a systematic methodology with the use of interactive graphics to enhance considerably the interpretation capability of an average interpreter.
Use of Crosslinked Xanthan Gels in Actual Profile Modification Field Projects
Authors: Avery M. R. , Burkholder L. A. , Gruenenfelder M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Most fields around the world suffer from formation heterogeneities that significantly reduce the sweep efficiency of waterfloods. For over five years xanthan gum/trivalent chrome gels have been used successfully in North American oil fields to improve injection well flow profiles. The process involves selectively placing the complexed biopolymer into water thief zones which, after it has developed gel strength, diverts subsequent water flow to underswept oil bearing zones. This paper discusses the general theories behind this technology, the features and benefits of the xanthan /Cr(III) gels, and actual field results.
Hydrocarbon Solvents: An Alternative to Acid for Removing Some Formation Damage
Authors: King G. E. , Holman G. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbon solvents such as xylene, toluene, and alcohols are being used with acid and sometimes instead of acid to treat some types of formation damage. In addition to the familiar roles of removing paraffin and tar, the solvents can be used successfully to remove oil-based mud damage, sludges, oil wetting problems and many emulsions. The solvents may also be used as preflushes for acids or mixed in with acids to enhance acid reaction. The success of solvent use depends upon the selection of the correct solvent and the best conditions for its application. The advantages of solvent usage are reduction or elimination of the acid and its accompanying corrosion and precipitation problems.
This paper deals with selection of the type and amount of solvent and the method of application. The actions of the solvents with various emulsions and sludges are discussed and suggestions are given for optimum reaction times. The guidelines were developed in the laboratory and have been field tested with excellent results. Laboratory and field results are given.
Economic Evaluation of Cooperation Projects in the Offshore Petroleum Exploration and Development
Authors: Shi Hongxi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Abundant petroleum resources are predicted to be present in the Chinese offshore continental shelf. Since 1979 when the policy of "Opening toward outside world and stimulating domestic economy" was adopted by the Chinese government, in order to speed up the pace of the four modernization, over one million km2 on the offshore continental shelf covering Bohai, South Yellow Sea, Pearl River Mouth, Beibu Gulf and Yinggehai of South China Sea were offered for bidding to cooperate with foreign contractors in the cooperative exploration and development. The practice of recent years proves that such an undertaking has played a positive role in speeding up the development of our offshore petroleum resources and in the introduction of foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise. Remarkable success has been achieved.
In the light of the precondition of safeguarding the state's sovereignty, the following considerations were given and implemented in dealing with the cooperation: first, to consider whether our country's four modernizations can benefit technically and economically through such cooperation, secondly, whether the state can maximize its economical rent from it because the petroleum resources are owned by the state; and thirdly, whether foreign contractors can obtain their reasonable profits through such cooperation and whether it is attractive to foreign investments, because foreign contractors have put in a great deal of risk money, manpower as well as material resources. This is also a basic principle which we are following with in the cooperative exploration and development of offshore petroleum resources.
We all understand that the offshore petroleum exploration and development cover the stages of geophysical surveying, drilling (including wildcat and appraisal drilling), field development (including platform design and fabrication, installation of production facilities, storage and transportation facilities, drilling of production wells as well as injection wells, and onshore facilities), and oil/gas production, etc. When a decision is to be made before commencing any activities of these stages, evaluations are needed for decision making. Thus, we consider that evaluation would certainly be carried out without interruptions in every stage, for the purpose of decision making during each stage. As for offshore petroleum exploration and development projects, the evaluations usually include resource evaluation, development evalution, engineering evaluation and finally economic evaluation. Therefore, economic evaluations are carried throughout the whole process of projects with their contents and accuracy changing with the advancement of activities. The so-called successive evaluation is the fact that, along with intensification of the work and updating of the knowledge, the requirements for evaluation are also upgraded.
Determination of Fracture Conductivity in Moderate-Permeability Reservoirs Using Bilinear Flow Concepts
Authors: Britt L. K. , Bennett C. O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The creation of highly conductive fractures has been shown to be important to the successful stimulation of wells in moderate permeability reservoirs. Therefore, the ability to determine fracture conductivity through pressure tests can be extremely beneficial to the proper design and ultimately to the success of future fracture stimulations.
Previous studies have shown techniques which can be used to determine fracture conductivity from pressure transient data. These techniques have been successfully applied to hydraulically fractured tight gas wells. This paper will illustrate the application of these techniques to wells in moderate permeability reservoirs.
Recent Development in Oil Well Cementing
Authors: Thompson Joe L. , Callison Jimmy D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The success of oil field cementing operations, whether for completion or remedial purposes, is a vital factor in determining the well's future productive life and the eventual return on the well owner's investment.
With the advent of deeper and deeper wells, requiring specialized cement formulations with critical solid-to-water ratios, slurry density must be closely controlled. If the cement job is to be successful and the set cement is to have optimum strength and sealing characteristics, proper slurry density is important to insure proper initial viscosity, pump ability time, and strength after a predetermined waiting-on-cement time.
The problems of the control of cement density, cement water-loss, and cement retardation have been solved by the use of such additives as Diacel"D", Diacel "LWL" and Diacel "A". Another fairly recent development is a cementing service called "Cealment" (R) employing a specialized mixture of latex and Portland cement designed to improve the properties of the Portland cement.
Rock Breakage Mechanisms With a PDC Cutter
Authors: Zeuch D. H. , Finger J. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Some aspects of chip generation by a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter moving through a rock can be understood by examining the shapes of the chips and the fracture patterns in the remaining rock. Data from laboratory experiments have led to general conclusions about the uniformity of chip generation mechanisms in different kinds of rock and about crack nucleation position relative to the cutter tip.
Optimization of PDC Bit Hydraulics by Fluid Simulation
Authors: Crouse R. , Chia R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fluid flow across complex PDC bit geometry is difficult to optimize by drilling tests in the laboratory. Insight into this flow field has been developed within a computer program which simulates the fluid flow at the bit. The development aspects of the computer code which allow for the three-dimensional flow visualization are reviewed. Graphical representation of the velocity vectors and pressure fields for six bit geometries are given to show the effects of nozzle location, orientation, baffles and flow channels. This in turn serves as data for a bottom hole cleanup, cooling rate and body erosion analysis. Dull bit observations are discussed and compared to the computer-derived hydraulic conditions.
New Optimization Drilling Fluid Programs for Reactive Shale Formations
Authors: Ritter A. J. , Geraut R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
To solve the drilling problems with reactive shales, it is necessary to know the reactive clay contents of the shales exactly. This reactivity proceeds from the crystalline clays and the amorphous minerals. Association of several methods of analysis allows to measure crystalline clays and amorphous reactive minerals. Choice of adequate muds is runned with an motorized penetrometer which test reactions between clays and recommended muds. Efficacious polymeric additives and concentrations are choosen by zeta potential techniques.
Horizontal Pumps: A New Approach to Water Injection Pressure Boosting
Authors: Johnson C. L. , Vandevier J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Secondary recovery operations utilizing waterflood technology require the maintenance of reservoir pressure via water injection wells. To maintain adequate injection pressure, it is common to utilize large pressure boost pumps. Typically, these systems have made use of positive displacement or large diameter centrifugal pumps. Economic advantages can be obtained by the application of small diameter multi-stage submersible centrifugal pumps applied horizontally at the surface. These systems have repeatedly demonstrated benefit with regard to total operating costs, serviceability, and minimized downtime.
A Generalized Correlation for Characterizing the Hydrocarbon Heavy Fractions
Authors: Ahmed T. H. , Cady G. V. , Story A. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the absence of detailed analytical data for the heptanes-plus fractions in a hydrocarbon system, major problems arise in predicting the thermodynamic behavior of the system by equations of state. These problems result because of the difficulty in characterizing the heavy-plus fractions. However, they can be reduced by splitting the plus fractions into pseudocomponents.
This paper presents a concise and accurate method for extending the molar distributions of the heavy fractions of naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems. This method originated from studying the molar behavior of thirty four hydrocarbon systems with a detailed Laboratory compositional analyses of the heavy fractions.
The proposed correlation will enhance the predictive capabilities of equations of state when applied to naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems.
A FORTRAN subroutine to perform the computations of the proposed method is included.
A Correlation To Predict Maximum Condensation for Retrograde Condensation Fluids and Its Use in Pressure-Depletion Calculations
Authors: Cho S. J. , Civan F. , Starling K. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A correlation which is a function of the reservoir temperature and the heptanes plus mole fraction has been developed to predict the maximum condensation during pressure depletion of retrograde condensate fluid reservoirs.
A generalized equation of state has been used in phase behavior calculations. The phase behavior of a condensate fluid for which the compositional analysis of the heavy components is known was accurately predicted using eleven pseudocomponents. Then under the guideline of the maximum condensation criterion, the phase behavior of the fluid also was predicted by using only three pseudocomponents, thus providing a recipe for using as few as three pseudocomponents in equations of state for depletion calculations.
A principal use of the method would be for estimation purposes in the initial period after discovery of a condensate reservoir, where the compositional analysis of the reservoir fluid may be only approximate and the dew point if not known, is assumed to be the reservoir temperature and pressure.
Reservoir Rock Descriptions Using Computed Tomography (CT)
Authors: Honarpour M. M. , Cromwell V. , Hatton D. , Satchwell R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The petroleum industry is increasingly interested in accurate descriptions of reservoir rocks for better performance prediction of EOR processes. Detailed reservoir heterogeneity study methods are essential for generation of reliable statistical data input for predictive discrete numerical simulation methods.
In this study, reservoir rock descriptions are developed using X-ray computed tomography (CT) for formation mineral and rock property evaluation. An investigation of the mineral X-ray attenuation characteristics is documented. Rock fabric heterogeneities such as directional flow permeabilities, macroscopic permeability barriers, and fracture system orientations are demonstrated using North Sea Danian chalk and Wyoming Phosphoria formation, full-diameter cores. These results are verified using directional permeability tests, thin-section analysis, gamma ray responses, pore throat size distribution measurements, and visual inspection. The minerological data are presented as tabulated Houndsfield Unit (H.U.) attenuation densities and are cross plotted using g/cc-H.U. diagrams. The core images are displayed for comparison with the verification test results.
The Alteration of Rock Properties Due to Interactions With Drilling Fluid Components
Authors: Sharma M. M. , Wunderlich R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The effects of water-based drilling fluid components on wettability and permeability have been evaluated. Most of the components tested are generally considered to be acceptable for a bland drilling mud, that is, a mud which will not alter rock properties. However, we have found that almost all of the components do alter wettability, and that some components reduce permeability significantly.
Both capillary pressure behavior and contact angle measurements were used to evaluate the effects of drilling fluid components on wettability. The capillary pressure tests were performed on strongly water-wet Berea sandstone samples and on Berea samples which had been treated to be oil-wet. Contact angles were measured on quartz and calcite crystals and on asphaltene films. The bland components tested included bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), dextrid, drispac (a polyanionic cellulose polymer), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), pregelatinized starch, and xanthan gum. Two components excluded from bland muds were also tested: Coat 415 (a filming amine) and lignosulfonate.
All of the components considered to be bland, with the exception of bentonite filtrate, made oil-wet samples significantly less oil-wet. None of the bland components apparently affected the wettability of the water-wet samples. Coat 415 reversed the wettability of the water-wet samples, and lignosulfonate made the oil-wet samples less strongly oil-wet. CMC, starch and dextrid were found to reduce permeability significantly. This work demonstrates that additives generally considered to be bland can, in fact, alter reservoir rock properties.
Optimized Oilwell Fracturing of Moderate-Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Britt L. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents results from an analysis of the effect of fracturing on moderate permeability oil reservoirs under primary depletion and secondary recovery processes. This analysis indicated that the optimum fracture half length in wells having a reservoir permeability of 1–10 md is relatively short and highly conductive. Both simulated and field production data are used to support this conclusion.
Vertical Fracture Growth Considerations in the Mission Canyon/Ratcliffe Formations of the North Alexander Area
Authors: Begnaud W. J. , Claiborne E. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The North Alexander Field located in the NW area of Mackenzie County, North Dakota consists of two productive horizons within the Madison group (Figure 1). These productive intervals, the Mission Canyon (Nesson) and Ratcliffe formations, are separated by a questionable barrier, the Midale, and an equally questionable lower Mission Canyon barrier below. This paper discusses several testing techniques used in the determination that a lack of vertical fracture containment within the pay zone is achieved during both Mission Canyon and Ratcliffe fracture treatments. Several methods of determining horizontal stress differences between pay zones and boundaries including insitu measurements (using acid treatments, mini-frac, and pump-in/flowbacks), differential strain curve analyses, conventional core analyses, and log-spaced sonic logs are also discussed.
A comparison between the data produced from the above techniques is reviewed. Sensing strings were used in conjunction with Nolte net pressure curves, from which interpretations concerning fracture behavior were made. Fracture height predictions using the Simonson equation are plotted and analyzed for varying degrees of stress differences and net pressure changes. As a result of the lack of stress differences seen between the barriers and pay zones, various completion modifications are discussed and several conclusions drawn.