bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sign of the Son of Man
Authors: Tinsley E. J. 
Published: February 2009

In an article published some time ago Dr Vincent Taylor drew attention to the fact that the question raised fifty years ago by Wrede in Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien had not been satisfactorily answered in all respects, and went on to suggest that the ‘Messianic secret’ is not, as Wrede supposed, merely a clumsy editorial explanation of a difficult problem, but is derived from and reflects beliefs about the nature and methods of His own Messiahship held by Jesus Himself. The views expressed in this article may be found summarised in the Introduction to Dr Taylor's Commentary on St. Mark where he writes:Jesus imposed silence because of the nature of Messiahship as he conceived it to be. To him it was not primarily a matter of status but of action. In his own estimation Jesus is Messiah in his works of healing, his exorcisms, his victory over Satanic powers, his suffering, dying, rising, and coming with the clouds of heaven. Messiahship is a destiny; it is that which he does, that which the Father is pleased to accomplish in him and which he fulfils in filial love. It is for this reason that he silences the demoniacs and commands the disciples to tell no man his secret till after the resurrection.
Bultmann's View of the Old Testament
Authors: Young Norman J. 
Published: February 2009

For the Christian faith, the Old Testament is no longer revelation as it had been, and still is, for the Jews. For everyone who stands in the Church, the history is no longer a live issue … the history of Israel is not the history of revelation for us.So Bultmann writes in an article on the significance of the Old Testament for Christian faith, and on the basis of this we might be inclined to dismiss the whole discussion of Bultmann and the Old Testament, and to add ‘Marcionism’ to the list of heresies already attributed to him. But this would be too hasty, for over against the above quotation we can cite another:
For anyone who has done even a minimum of historical reflection, it is senseless to try to hold on to Christianity and at the same time to discard the Old Testament. One should realise then that the Christianity he hopes to preserve is no longer Christianity. Either–or; both, or none at all.
Calvin on a Fixed Form of Worship—A Note in Textual Criticism
Authors: Jansen John Frederick 
Published: February 2009

‘On every hand one encounters a new interest in worship. The liturgical renewal has led to a fresh examination of our Reformation heritage both on the Continent and in America.’Although Calvin's own views regarding a fixed form of worship are of prime importance for the understanding of our tradition, critical scholarship is not in agreement here. On the one hand, W. D. Maxwell and others stress Calvin's attachment to fixed forms. On the other hand, Wilhelm Niesel insists that ‘The form of divine service is obviously not of fundamental importance for the Reformed Churches. The service can be ordered in this way or in that’—although of course Niesel goes on to recognise that the service must be ordered and not arbitrary. This point of view finds recent agreement in T. Watson Street.
The Bible and Marx
Authors: Weir J. Emmette 
Published: February 2009

Jorgen Moltmann has remarked that Reading the Bible with the eyes of the poor is a different thing from reading it with a full belly. If it is read in the light of the experience and hopes of the oppressed, the Bible's revolutionary themes — promise, exodus, resurrection and spirit — come alive.These words go to the very heart of the matter of our concern in this essay — the hermeneutics of Liberation Theology. It is a subject of vital importance for the Church today. For Liberation Theology is developing creative and challenging insights, principles and procedures in the field of Biblical interpretation. There are several reasons for this.
John Locke on The Status of Faith
Authors: Williams S. N. 
Published: February 2009

Michael Polanyi's thought has received increasing attention from theologians over the last few years. He offers both an historical and a critical analysis of the intellectual roots of contemporary Western culture. One aspect of this is his diagnosis of Locke's contribution to the emergence in Western epistemological theory of the supremacy of demonstrative knowledge over faith. This is reported, for instance, by Professor Thomas Torrance, quoting, first, this passage from Locke's Third Letter on Toleration:For whatever is not capable of demonstration … is not, unless it be self-evident, capable to produce knowledge, how well grounded and great soever the assurance of faith may be wherewith it is received; but faith it is still, and not knowledge; persuasion, and not certainty. This is the highest the nature of the thing will permit us to go in matters of revealed religion, which are therefore called matters of faith; a persuasion of our own minds, short of knowledge, is the last result that determines us in such truths.
The Bible in The Church
Authors: Hebert A. G. 
Published: February 2009

The subject is the Bible, and its relation to the Church. Hence I shall not attempt to deal with the so-called Bible Difficulties, or with the Higher Criticism, or to develop a theory of Inspiration. I must try to give a line about the general interpretation of the Bible, as being God's Book and truly inspired, written in the Church and for the Church's use; and as written by men, because it has been God's method to reveal Himself through men. It was written by men, and tells a story which is real history; therefore we must have thorough critical investigation of the Bible. It is God's Book because it tells the story of God's saving Purpose, worked out in the history of the believing and worshipping People of God, Israel, His chosen nation. Because this story is true, we have nothing to fear from the Higher Criticism. If that Criticism has been at fault, as it often has been, it is because it has often failed to see the record, as it needs to be seen, from the point of view of believing and worshipping Israel.For the Church is the People of God, God's Israel. As such, it has existed not for some 1900 years only, but for more than 3000 years, since the day when the Lord God redeemed it out of Egypt and made His Covenant with it.
The Christian Understanding of Truth
Authors: Mackinnon D. M. 
Published: February 2009

At first sight the above title may suggest a gross presumption. For surely what is true is true, and there is an end of it. How can there be such a thing as an “understanding of truth,” let alone a Christian understanding of truth? And yet there have been such things as “theories of truth,” attempts to analyse the notion, ending perhaps as analysis so often does in the paradox of tautology, “truth is truth,” yet useful and illuminating as far as they go. But if we grant that truth-theory forms an admissible chapter in the philosophy of logic, can we talk of such a thing as a Christian understanding of truth? After all truth remains truth. And if we speak of an understanding of truth, and then predicate Christian of it, are we using the word understanding in such a way that theory is substitutable for it? There is a suggestion in the word understanding of a certain condescension towards what is understood, a pigeon-holing, as if we would like to say: “Yes, now we have got truth nicely docketed.” Whereas perhaps a “theory of truth” does no more than help us to dissolve some puzzle or puzzles connected with the notion.So any attempt to defend the concept of a Christian understanding of truth must begin by some account of the sort of jobs truth-theories have tried to do, and then explain the kind of connection that obtains between such theories and what we call an “ understanding of truth.”
Liturgy as Paradise and as Parousia
Authors: Swanston H. F. G. 
Published: February 2009

The paradigm for Christians' descriptions of their liturgy occurs at 1 Cor. 11:The Lord Jesus on the night that he was betrayed took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said. ‘This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.’ In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.’
A New Testament Church Today?
Authors: Wedderburn A. J. M. 
Published: February 2009

Nor are we any longer able to be sure that the evidence of Scripture gives us direct guidance on how we should order our lives or organise our Church in the strange new world, so different from that of the New Testament and from that of Reformation Scotland, into which we have been thrown.’ (The Committee of Forty)‘It may seem surprising that the question of the correct way to order the church has to be dealt with again and again. Is it really not possible to answer this question once and for all? Is it inconceivable that one could discover definite rules to order our lives at all times? Can the New Testament, the sole plumbline and norm for the church's life according to the unanimous conviction of the Reformers, not supply us with such rules which would be universally valid and permanent?’ (Eduard Lohse)This surprise to which Lohse refers is perhaps the greater when one considers the confidence with which the Westminster divines felt themselves able to attach scriptural proof texts to their ordinances in their formulation of ‘The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government’, but both the Committee of Forty seeking to find a suitable form of church life for the Church of Scotland today and the Landesbischof of Hannover addressing the synod of his church in Braunschweig as they gathered to discuss a new church order felt that things had changed.
Grace and causation
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: February 2009

The debate beween the defenders of free will and of free grace in Christian theology is an age-old one. Those who have argued that human salvation is by God's grace alone seem quite opposed to those who argue that God's grace requires the unaided cooperation of the human will if it is to be successful.In such a situation the prospect of establishing a mediating position becomes attractive. This is what J. R. Lucas has recently attempted.2 Moreover, his proposal has the added interest and attraction of insisting that mistakes on both sides have been philosophical, mistakes about the nature of causality. According to Mr Lucas the Augustinian has mistaken causal importance for causal sufficiency. Pelagius was correct about the part played by free will in salvation, but wrong in attaching as much importance to that fact as he does, while Augustine is correct in the importance to be attached to God's grace, but wrong in thinking that emphasis on God's grace logically excludes human free will.
The Integrity of Faith
Authors: Gessert Robert A. 
Published: February 2009

Though at first it seems quite simple and straightforward and though he devotes hundreds of pages to its exposition, Calvin's idea of law is subtle and elusive. He, like Luther, stresses the Protestant principle of justification by grace alone, but not a few interpreters have seen him as the severest of legalists who finally relegates grace to the position of being merely a means to works righteousness. It is undoubtedly pretentious to try to put law in its ‘true’ meaning and context in Calvin's schema. This paper must therefore be regarded as simply an exploratory effort in that direction.Since Calvin was himself a competent student of the secular law, a fruitful method for investigating this problem would be to inquire into the character of the legal studies that formed such an important part of his background. How did he regard the Roman Law which had been shaping European civilisation for several centuries? To what extent was he influenced by Greek versions of the Natural Law which had been so important to Thomas Aquinas? In the English language we make the word ‘law’ (like ‘love’) carry, somewhat promiscuously, nuances of meaning that the more analytical languages of Latin and Greek distinguish. The tools of Philology and History may be necessary for a definitive examination of Calvin's concept of law.
A Seventeenth-Century Reformed Liturgy of Penance and Reconciliation
Authors: Spinks Bryan D. 
Published: February 2009

In the Babylonian Captivity, 1520, Luther launched an attack on the number of ordinances which the medieval Western Church labelled ‘sacraments’. According to Luther, only three were worthy of the title sacrament: baptism, the bread, and penance. Although critical of the prevailing penitential system, Luther not only defended the sacramental status of penance, but also the practice of auricular confession:As to the current practice of private confession, I am heartily in favor of it, even though it cannot be proved from the Scriptures. It is useful, even necessary, and I would not have it abolished.
Search heuristics for constraint-aided embodiment design
Authors: Chenouard R. , Granvilliers L. , Sebastian P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEmbodiment design (ED) is an early phase of product development. ED problems consist of finding solution principles that satisfy product requirements such as physics behaviors and interactions between components. Constraint satisfaction techniques are useful to solve constraint-based models that are often partial, heterogeneous, and uncertain in ED. This paper proposes new constraint satisfaction techniques to tackle piecewise-defined physics phenomena or skill-based rules and multiple categories of variables arising in design applications. New search heuristics and a global piecewise constraint are introduced in the branch and prune framework. The capabilities of these techniques are illustrated with both academic and real-world problems. Complete models of the latter are presented.
Reusability-based selection of parametric finite element analysis models
Authors: Udoyen Nsikan , Rosen David W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA selection method to support adaptive reuse of parametric finite element analysis (FEA) models is introduced in this paper. Adaptive reuse of engineering artifacts such as FEA models is common in product design, but difficult to automate because of the need to integrate new information. The proposed method factors reusability into selection by evaluating models based on comparative estimates of effort involved in adapting them for reuse to model a query problem. The method is developed for FEA models of component-based designs. FEA modeling of electronic chip packages is used to illustrate the method's usefulness. We conclude with a discussion on the method's advantages and limitations and highlight important issues for further research.
Remifentanil in paediatric anaesthetic practice
Authors: Marsh D. F. , Hodkinson B. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryRemifentanil is a synthetic opioid, first introduced into clinical practice in 1996. Its unique pharmacokinetic profile has resulted in a gradual increase in its popularity in paediatric anaesthesia. It is an opioid of high potency and rapid clearance, consequently lacking problems of accumulation. These characteristics give it a high degree of predictability and it has become an attractive choice for a wide variety of anaesthetic challenges, from premature neonates to the elderly. Neonates and infants have a higher clearance than older children and, as a result, remifentanil has additional benefits in this group. Remifentanil can be described as the only consistently predictable opioid in paediatric practice.
Evaluation of tracheal tube introducers in simulated difficult intubation*
Authors: Janakiraman C. , Hodzovic I. , Reddy S. , Desai N. , Wilkes A. R. , Latto I. P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn a randomised cross‐over study, 72 anaesthetists attempted to place Pro‐Breathe, new Portex, and Frova single‐use tracheal tube introducers and an Eschmann multiple‐use introducer in the trachea of a manikin set to simulate a grade 3 laryngeal view. Successful placement (proportion, 95% confidence interval) of either the Frova (78%, 67–86%) or the Eschmann introducer (64%, 52–74%) was significantly more likely (p < 0.0001) than with the Pro‐Breathe (4%, 1–12%) or the new Portex introducer (13%, 7–22%). The difference between the success rates for the Frova and the Eschmann introducers (p = 0.08) was not significant. A separate experiment revealed that the peak force that could be exerted by the Pro‐Breathe, new Portex and Frova single‐use introducers were three to six times greater than that which could be exerted by the Eschmann introducer (p < 0.0001). The single‐use introducers are more likely to cause tissue trauma during placement, particularly if held close to the tip.
The efficacy of a smoking cessation programme in patients undergoing elective surgery – a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Sadr Azodi O. , Lindström D. , Adami J. , Tønnesen H. , Nåsell H. , Gilljam H. , Wladis A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIt is known that smokers constitute an important risk group of patients undergoing surgery. It is unknown how smoking cessation intervention initiated 4 weeks prior to elective surgery affects the probability of permanent cessation. We randomly assigned 117 patients, scheduled to undergo elective orthopaedic and general surgery, to smoking cessation intervention and control group. The intervention group underwent a programme initiated, on average, 4 weeks prior to surgery with weekly meetings or telephone counselling and were provided with free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). The control group received standard care. As a result, 20/55 (36%) patients the intervention group vs 1/62 (2%) in the control group became completely abstinent throughout the peri‐operative period (p < 0.001). After 1 year, those in the intervention group was most likely to be abstinent (18/55 (33%) vs 9/62 (15%) of the controls (p = 0.03). Level of nicotine dependence and obesity seemed to be a predictor of long‐term abstinence (p = 0.02).
Forces required to remove bougies from tracheal tubes*
Authors: Jackson G. N. B. , Bartlett R. , Yentis S. M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFollowing a critical incident on our labour ward, we investigated the forces required to remove different bougies from different tracheal tubes and the effect of lubrication on ease of removal. Two studies were conducted: firstly examining the differences between six different bougies with a standard tracheal tube, and secondly examining the differences between four different tracheal tubes with a standard bougie. The forces varied amongst both the different bougies (p < 0.0001) and the different tracheal tubes (p < 0.0001). Removal was generally easier with lubrication but when corrected for multiple comparisons this did not reach statistical significance.
Interaction between prostaglandin D2 and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells mediates cytokine production by Th2 lymphocytes in response to activated mast cells
Authors: Xue L , Barrow A , Pettipher R 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe mechanisms by which immunologically activated mast cells stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines by T helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes were investigated in a human cell culture system. Supernatants collected from cord blood-derived mast cells after treatment with immunoglobulin E (IgE)/anti-IgE contained an activity that stimulated the production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 (both mRNA and protein) by Th2 lymphocytes. This activity was not detected in supernatants from unactivated mast cells and its production was inhibited by treatment of activated mast cells with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor diclofenac. The concentration of diclofenac used inhibited completely the production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) but did not inhibit the release of histamine or leukotriene C4. The effect of supernatants from activated mast cells was mimicked by exogenous PGD2 at concentrations similar to those detected in the cultures of activated mast cells, and addition of exogenous PGD2 to supernatants from diclofenac-treated mast cells restored their ability to stimulate Th2 cytokine production. The ability of the mast cell supernatants to stimulate production of Th2 cytokines was not affected by addition of diclofenac to the Th2 cells directly, indicating that the production, but not the action, of the factor was sensitive to diclofenac treatment. Inhibition of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) abolished the effect of the mast cell supernatants on Th2 cytokine production. These data indicate that mast cells have the ability to stimulate Th2 cells to elaborate cytokines independently of T cell receptor activation or co-stimulation and this response is mediated by PGD2 acting upon CRTH2 expressed by Th2 cells.
The expression profile of functional regulatory T cells, CD4+CD25high+/forkhead box protein P3+, in patients with ulcerative colitis during active and quiescent disease
Authors: Kamikozuru K , Fukunaga K , Hirota S , Hida N , Ohda Y , Yoshida K , Yokoyama Y , Tozawa K , Kawa K , Iimuro M , Nagase K , Saniabadi A R , Nakamura S , Miwa H , Matsumoto T 
Published: February 2009

SummaryRegulatory T cells (Treg) have an essential role in maintaining immune tolerance in the gut. The functional CD4+ Treg express the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) or a CD25high in humans. Further, depletion of elevated granulocytes/monocytes by extracorporeal adsorption (GMA) induces immunomodulation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated the impact of GMA on Treg. Thirty-one UC patients, clinical activity index (CAI) 12·1 ± 2·97, refractory to conventional medications including intravenous corticosteroid and 13 healthy controls (HC), were included. Patients received five GMA sessions over 5 weeks. Biopsies from the rectal mucosa and blood samples at baseline and post-GMA were immunostained with anti-CD4/FoxP3 and anti-CD4/CD25 antibodies for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Following GMA, 22 of 31 patients achieved remission (CAI ≤ 4, P &lt; 0·01) and their endoscopic activity index decreased from 10·6 ± 2·32 to 4·75 ± 1·48 (P = 0·003). The circulating CD4+CD25high+ Treg level was low and increased markedly in responders (P &lt; 0·02). In the nine non-responders, the baseline CD4+CD25high+ Treg level was about 50% of the level in the responders (P &lt; 0·03) or in the HC (P &lt; 0·01), and all nine had to undergo colectomy. Conversely, the number of CD4+/FoxP3+ mucosal Treg in GMA responders decreased significantly after the fifth GMA session compared with the baseline level (P &lt; 0·05). It is believed that the CD4+ Treg has an essential role in the control of immune pathology in UC patients and a net influx of these cells from the circulation into the mucosa may proceed to suppress inflammation. GMA can impact the circulating as well as the mucosal levels of Treg.