bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAMBER TEMPERATURE CHANGE DURING VACUUM COOLING
Authors: ZHAO RUI , CHEN ERTONG , LIN MEIYING , SUN DA‐WEN , XU BINKAI 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the dynamic changing pattern of the chamber temperature with chamber pressure during vacuum cooling, 10 repeated experiments were conducted to evaluate the time‐dependent temperature and pressure in the vacuum chamber during vacuum cooling of water. Water was chosen in the experiment as it is the main component of most foods. The results showed that the temperature in the vacuum chamber significantly depended on variation in pressure at different pumping stages. The temperature changes in the chamber generally followed a certain pattern. In the early stage of vacuum cooling, the chamber temperature dropped very quickly (0.26 K/s), while at the end of vacuum cooling, it increased rapidly (0.22 K/s), and was about 11.8 K higher than the ambient temperature when the vacuum was released with ambient air flowing back to the chamber. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVacuum cooling is a rapid cooling method for the food industry; further understanding of the vacuum cooling mechanism can help to control and improve this cooling process. Temperature changing pattern and distribution affects the quality of the food product in vacuum cooling process. As the main component of most foods is water, it is necessary to investigate the dynamic temperature changing pattern and distribution with vacuum pressure during vacuum cooling of water so that the information obtained could be used as a reference for vacuum cooling of food products.
ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES BY THE FOOD‐GRADE MONOLAURIN MICROEMULSION SYSTEM
Authors: FU XIAOWEI , ZHANG MINGZHOU , HUANG BIN , LIU JUN , HU HUAJUN , FENG FENGQIN 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT Monolaurin (M) is a potential natural antimicrobial agent used in foods. It is considered to have an antimicrobial activity against gram‐positive bacteria. A monolaurin microemulsion (MME) system inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum. Microemulsions (MEs) are transparent, isotropic solutions of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and water, which are thermodynamically stable and have been much studied in terms of pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The growth of B. subtilis was inhibited more strongly by MME than by M. A similar pattern was observed for E. coli, A. niger and P. digitatum, although an enhanced inhibition by MME system over that obtained in comparable M alone was not observed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMonolaurin is considered to have an antimicrobial activity against gram‐positive bacteria but not against gram‐negative bacteria. A monolaurin microemulsion system inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum, and will be regarded as a “natural” antimicrobial preservative.
APPLICATION OF ATTRITION‐MILLED SOY FLOUR IN A BEVERAGE APPLICATION
Authors: JARRARD M. , HUNG Y.‐C. , PHILLIPS R.D. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT A soy beverage mix was created using thermally treated, attrition‐milled soy powder, anticaking agent (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and adjunct ingredients (salt, sugar, carrageenan, calcium phosphate) commonly found in a soy beverage. Thermal processing of defatted soy flake at specific moisture levels (30, 35 and 40%) from two different sources was evaluated for effective denaturation of the soy trypsin inhibitor complexes. Identification of an optimal thermal treatment was then used to produce a soy flake milled in a cyclone‐assisted attrition mill. Soy beverage mixes were homogenized with a handheld blender at solution temperatures of 4, 30, and 70C. Separation rates were highest at all treatment levels consisting of the 70C solution temperature (1.67 mL/min) and were lowest for all treatment levels at 4C (0.55 mL/min). Thermal treatment of defatted soy flake resulted in solutions with lower viscosities (87.32 and 151.90 cP for Archer Daniels Midland Co. and L‐Star, respectively). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis article establishes the milling conditions to create an instant soy beverage system. The soy drink mix can be easily used by consumers to make soy beverage or soymilk and is stable for up to 10 min.
Effects of Exposure of
Clostridium difficile
PCR Ribotypes 027 and 001 to Fluoroquinolones in a Human Gut Model
Authors: Saxton Katie , Baines Simon D. , Freeman Jane , O'Connor Rachael , Wilcox Mark H. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

The incidence of
Clostridium difficile
infection is increasing, with reports implicating fluoroquinolone use. A three-stage chemostat gut model was used to study the effects of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) on the gut microbiota and two epidemic
C. difficile
strains, strains of PCR ribotypes 027 and 001, in separate experiments.
C. difficile
total viable counts, spore counts, and cytotoxin titers were determined. The emergence of
C. difficile
isolates with reduced antibiotic susceptibility was monitored with fluoroquinolone-containing medium, and molecular analysis of the quinolone resistance-determining region was performed.
C. difficile
spores were quiescent in the absence of fluoroquinolones. Instillation of each fluoroquinolone led to
C. difficile
spore germination and high-level cytotoxin production. High-level toxin production occurred after detectable spore germination in all experiments except those with
C. difficile
PCR ribotype 027 and moxifloxacin, in which marked cytotoxin production preceded detectable germination, which coincided with isolate recovery on fluoroquinolone-containing medium. Three
C. difficile
PCR ribotype 027 isolates and one
C. difficile
PCR ribotype 001 isolate from fluoroquinolone-containing medium exhibited elevated MICs (80 to ≥180 mg/liter) and possessed mutations in
gyrA
or
gyrB
. These in vitro results suggest that all fluoroquinolones have the propensity to induce
C. difficile
infection, regardless of their antianaerobe activities. Resistant mutants were seen only following moxifloxacin exposure.
The Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein, CRP, Is Required for Both Virulence and Expression of the Minimal CRP Regulon in
Yersinia pestis
Biovar microtus
Authors: Zhan Lingjun , Han Yanping , Yang Lei , Geng Jing , Li Yingli , Gao He , Guo Zhaobiao , Fan Wei , Li Gang , Zhang Lianfeng , Qin Chuan , Zhou Dongsheng , Yang Ruifu 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

The cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) is a bacterial regulator that controls more than 100 promoters, including those involved in catabolite repression. In the present study, a null deletion of the
crp
gene was constructed for
Yersinia pestis
bv. microtus strain 201. Microarray expression analysis disclosed that at least 6% of
Y. pestis
genes were affected by this mutation. Further reverse transcription-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses disclosed a set of 37 genes or putative operons to be the direct targets of CRP, and thus they constitute the minimal CRP regulon in
Y. pestis
. Subsequent primer extension and DNase I footprinting assays mapped transcriptional start sites, core promoter elements, and CRP binding sites within the DNA regions upstream of
pla
and
pst
, revealing positive and direct control of these two laterally acquired plasmid genes by CRP. The
crp
disruption affected both in vitro and in vivo growth of the mutant and led to a >15,000-fold loss of virulence after subcutaneous infection but a <40-fold increase in the 50% lethal dose by intravenous inoculation. Therefore, CRP is required for the virulence of
Y. pestis
and, particularly, is more important for infection by subcutaneous inoculation. It can further be concluded that the reduced in vivo growth phenotype of the
crp
mutant should contribute, at least partially, to its attenuation of virulence by both routes of infection. Consistent with a previous study of
Y. pestis
bv. medievalis,
lacZ
reporter fusion analysis indicated that the
crp
deletion resulted in the almost absolute loss of
pla
promoter activity. The plasminogen activator encoded by
pla
was previously shown to specifically promote
Y. pestis
dissemination from peripheral infection routes (subcutaneous infection [flea bite] or inhalation). The above evidence supports the notion that in addition to the reduced in vivo growth phenotype, the defect of
pla
expression in the
crp
mutant will greatly contribute to the huge loss of virulence of this mutant strain in subcutaneous infection.
Prostaglandin E2Produced byEntamoeba histolyticaBinds to EP4 Receptors and Stimulates Interleukin-8 Production in Human Colonic Cells
Authors: Dey Indranil , Chadee Kris 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTEntamoeba histolyticapathogenesis in the colon occurs in a stepwise fashion. It begins with colonization of the mucin layer, which is followed by stimulation of a proinflammatory response that causes nonspecific tissue damage that may facilitate parasite invasion of the underlying colonic mucosa. Unfortunately, the parasite and/or host factors that stimulate a proinflammatory response in the gut are poorly understood. In this study, we found that liveE. histolyticaor secretory or proteins (SP) and soluble ameba components (SAP) can markedly increase interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expression and protein production in colonic epithelial cells. The IL-8-stimulating molecule produced by live amebae was identified as prostaglandin E2(PGE2) as trophozoites treated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors inhibited the biosynthesis of PGE2and eliminated IL-8 production induced by live parasites or ameba components. Moreover, using specific prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists and antagonists, we found that PGE2binds exclusively through EP4 receptors in colonic epithelial cells to stimulate IL-8 production. Silencing of EP4 receptors with EP4 small interfering RNA completely eliminated SP- and SAP-induced IL-8 production. These studies identified bioactive PGE2as a one of the major virulence factors produced byE. histolyticathat can stimulate the potent neutrophil chemokine and activator IL-8, which can trigger an acute host inflammatory response. Thus, the induction of IL-8 production in response toE. histolytica-derived PGE2may be a mechanism that explains the initiation and amplification of acute inflammation associated with intestinal amebiasis.
STABILIZING HEEGAARD SPLITTINGS OF COMPOSITE TUNNEL NUMBER TWO KNOTS
Authors: LEE JUNG HOON 
Published: August 2008

Suppose K # K′ is a composite tunnel number two knot where both K and K′ are tunnel number one knots. Let t1, t2 be unknotting tunnels of K and t′1 , t′2 be unknotting tunnels of K′ and assume that cl (S3 - N(K ∪ t1 ∪ t2)) and cl (S3 - N(K′ ∪t′1 ∪t′2)) are genus three handlebodies. Suppose {t1 , t′1} , {t2 , t′2} are tunnel systems of K # K′. Then we give some condition such that the two genus three Heegaard splittings induced by these tunnel systems become isotopic by one stabilization. On the other hand, we construct infinitely many examples such that cl (S3 - N(K # K′ ∪ t1 ∪ t′1 ∪ t′2)) is not a genus four handlebody and give candidates of two splittings which cannot be made isotopic by a single stabilization.
What's going on?
Authors: Kandula Srikanth , Chandra Ranveer , Katabi Dina 
Published: August 2008

Existing traffic analysis tools focus on traffic volume. They identify the heavy-hitters - flows that exchange high volumes of data, yet fail to identify the structure implicit in network traffic - do certain flows happen before, after or along with each other repeatedly over time? Since most traffic is generated by applications (web browsing, email, p2p), network traffic tends to be governed by a set of underlying rules. Malicious traffic such as network-wide scans for vulnerable hosts (mySQLbot) also presents distinct patterns.
We present eXpose, a technique to learn the underlying rules that govern communication over a network. From packet timing information, eXpose learns rules for network communication that may be spread across multiple hosts, protocols or applications. Our key contribution is a novel statistical rule mining technique to extract significant communication patterns in a packet trace without explicitly being told what to look for. Going beyond rules involving flow pairs, eXpose introduces templates to systematically abstract away parts of flows thereby capturing rules that are otherwise unidentifiable. Deployments within our lab and within a large enterprise show that eXpose discovers rules that help with network monitoring, diagnosis, and intrusion detection with few false positives.
Network exception handlers
Authors: Karagiannis Thomas , Mortier Richard , Rowstron Antony 
Published: August 2008

Enterprise network architecture and management have followed the Internet's design principles despite different requirements and characteristics: enterprise hosts are administered by a single authority, which intrinsically assigns different values to traffic from different business applications.
We advocate a new approach where hosts are no longer relegated to the network's periphery, but actively participate in network-related decisions. To enable host participation, network information, such as dynamic network topology and per-link characteristics and costs, is exposed to the hosts, and network administrators specify conditions on the propagated network information that trigger actions to be performed while a condition holds. The combination of a condition and its actions embodies the concept of the network exception handler, defined analogous to a program exception handler. Conceptually, network exception handlers execute on hosts with actions parameterized by network and host state.
Network exception handlers allow hosts to participate in network management, traffic engineering and other operational decisions by explicitly controlling host traffic under predefined conditions. This flexibility improves overall performance by allowing efficient use of network resources. We outline several sample network exception handlers, present an architecture to support them, and evaluate them using data collected from our own enterprise network.
Zigzag decoding
Authors: Gollakota Shyamnath , Katabi Dina 
Published: August 2008

This paper presents ZigZag, an 802.11 receiver design that combats hidden terminals. ZigZag's core contribution is a new form of interference cancellation that exploits asynchrony across successive collisions. Specifically, 802.11 retransmissions, in the case of hidden terminals, cause successive collisions. These collisions have different interference-free stretches at their start, which ZigZag exploits to bootstrap its decoding.ZigZag makes no changes to the 802.11 MAC and introduces no overhead when there are no collisions. But, when senders collide, ZigZag attains the same throughput as if the colliding packets were a priori scheduled in separate time slots. We build a prototype of ZigZag in GNU Radio. In a testbed of 14 USRP nodes, ZigZag reduces the average packet loss rate at hidden terminals from 72.6% to about 0.7%.
Spamming botnets
Authors: Xie Yinglian , Yu Fang , Achan Kannan , Panigrahy Rina , Hulten Geoff , Osipkov Ivan 
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we focus on characterizing spamming botnets by leveraging both spam payload and spam server traffic properties. Towards this goal, we developed a spam signature generation framework called AutoRE to detect botnet-based spam emails and botnet membership. AutoRE does not require pre-classified training data or white lists. Moreover, it outputs high quality regular expression signatures that can detect botnet spam with a low false positive rate. Using a three-month sample of emails from Hotmail, AutoRE successfully identified 7,721 botnet-based spam campaigns together with 340,050 unique botnet host IP addresses.
Our in-depth analysis of the identified botnets revealed several interesting findings regarding the degree of email obfuscation, properties of botnet IP addresses, sending patterns, and their correlation with network scanning traffic. We believe these observations are useful information in the design of botnet detection schemes.
Unconstrained endpoint profiling (googling the internet)
Authors: Trestian Ionut , Ranjan Supranamaya , Kuzmanovi Aleksandar , Nucci Antonio 
Published: August 2008

Understanding Internet access trends at a global scale, i.e., what do people do on the Internet, is a challenging problem that is typically addressed by analyzing network traces. However, obtaining such traces presents its own set of challenges owing to either privacy concerns or to other operational difficulties. The key hypothesis of our work here is that most of the information needed to profile the Internet endpoints is already available around us - on the web.
In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for profiling and classifying endpoints. We implement and deploy a Google-based profiling tool, which accurately characterizes endpoint behavior by collecting and strategically combining information freely available on the web. Our 'unconstrained endpoint profiling' approach shows remarkable advances in the following scenarios: (i) Even when no packet traces are available, it can accurately predict application and protocol usage trends at arbitrary networks; (ii) When network traces are available, it dramatically outperforms state-of-the-art classification tools; (iii) When sampled flow-level traces are available, it retains high classification capabilities when other schemes literally fall apart. Using this approach, we perform unconstrained endpoint profiling at a global scale: for clients in four different world regions (Asia, South and North America and Europe). We provide the first-of-its-kind endpoint analysis which reveals fascinating similarities and differences among these regions.
Turbulence Anisotropy Carried by Streaks in the Neutral Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Dubos Thomas , Drobinski Philippe , Carlotti Pierre 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The authors investigate the relationships between coherent structures and turbulence anisotropy in the neutral planetary boundary layer by means of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of large-eddy simulation (LES) data. The simulated flow contains near-surface transient streaks. The EOF analysis extracts the most energetic patterns from the velocity fluctuations based on their second-order spatial correlations. The scale and direction of streaks obtained from a level-by-level analysis of the LES flow field do correspond to that of the EOFs.
It is found that two characteristics of the turbulence anisotropy depend on whether or not the velocity fluctuations with a given horizontal wave vector present distinct patterns: (i) the vertical extent up to which the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is concentrated and (ii) the ratio of the vertical TKE EV to the horizontal TKE EH. Although still present in the complete signal, this anisotropy is strongly emphasized when the signal is projected onto the EOF structures. Hence the coherent structures do indeed carry more anisotropy than the remaining turbulent fluctuations. Furthermore, at horizontal wave vectors where energetic patterns are dominant, the ratio EV/EH takes values close to 0.2, representative of the ratio EV/EH based on the total LES flow and on in situ measurements.
MJO and Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and Eastern Pacific: Case Study and Idealized Numerical Modeling
Authors: Aiyyer Anantha , Molinari John 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The role of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in modulating the frequency and location of tropical cyclogenesis over the eastern Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico during August–September 1998 is examined. During the nonconvective phase of the MJO, convection and low-level cyclonic vorticity occurred primarily in conjunction with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). During the convective phase, convection, low-level cyclonic vorticity, and convergence expanded into the northeastern Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. This was accompanied by enhanced eddy kinetic energy and barotropic energy conversions as compared to the nonconvective phase, consistent with previous research. During the nonconvective phase of the MJO, vertical shear was relatively weaker but tropical cyclones tended to form mainly within the ITCZ. On the contrary, during the convective phase, vertical wind shear exceeded 10 m s−1 over much of this region and tropical cyclone development occurred north of the ITCZ, near the Mexican Pacific coast and the Gulf of Mexico.
Idealized numerical experiments are conducted using a barotropic model with time-invariant basic states representative of the nonconvective and convective phases of the MJO. The simulations indicate that the propagation paths as well as the amplification of the eddies differ substantially between the two phases. During the nonconvective phase, the waves tend to propagate westward into the eastern Pacific. During the convective phase, stronger southerlies steer the waves into the Gulf of Mexico. The MJO-related modulation of tropical cyclogenesis in the eastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico thus appears to involve anomalous convergence, cyclonic vorticity, vertical wind shear, and differing tracks of easterly waves.
Can a Descending Rain Curtain in a Supercell Instigate Tornadogenesis Barotropically?
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This paper investigates whether the descending rain curtain associated with the hook echo of a supercell can instigate a tornado through a purely barotropic mechanism. A simple numerical model of a mesocyclone is constructed in order to rule out other tornadogenesis mechanisms in the simulations. The flow is axisymmetric and Boussinesq with constant eddy viscosity in a neutrally stratified environment. The domain is closed to avoid artificial decoupling of a vortex from the storm-scale circulation. In the principal simulation, the initial condition is a balanced, slowly decaying, Beltrami flow describing an updraft that is rotating cyclonically at midlevels around a low pressure center surrounded by a concentric downdraft that revolves cyclonically but has anticyclonic vorticity. The boundary conditions are no slip on the tangential wind and free slip on the radial or vertical wind to accommodate this initial condition and to allow strong interaction of a vortex with the ground.
Precipitation is released through the top above the updraft and falls to the ground near the updraft–downdraft interface in an annular curtain. The downdraft enhancement induced by the precipitation drag upsets the balance of the Beltrami flow. The downdraft and its outflow toward the axis increase low-level convergence beneath the updraft and transport air with moderately high angular momentum downward and inward where it is entrained and stretched by the updraft. The resulting tornado has a corner region with an intense axial jet and low pressure capped by a vortex breakdown and a transition to a broader vortex aloft (a tornado cyclone). A clear slot of subsiding air with anticyclonic vorticity surrounds the vortex. The vertical kinetic energy of the entire circulation declines dramatically prior to tornado formation.