bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bible and Biblical Theology in the Early Reformation
Authors: van den Brink J. A. B. 
Published: February 2009

Everywhere in Europe the translations of the Bible into the evernacular languages have been the strongest help towards Reformation. It would be a very attractive task to study in detail, to compare and to summarise the history of the Bible in the Reformation movement, from West to East and from South to North in Europe.2 John Knox tells us that, when the Act of Parliament of 1543 allowed the Scriptures to be read freely, this was ‘no small comfort to such as before were held in such bondage that they durst not have read the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, nor articles of their faith, in the English tongue, but they should have been accused of heresy. Then might have been seen the Bible lying almost upon every gentleman's table. The NT was borne about in many men's hand.3 By these words is given no doubt a true and striking picture of the general situation in Scotland in those days and this may be true also for the beginnings of the Reformation in other countries some decades earlier. The Scots reformer adds that, although for reasons of profit many acted in an inexcusable way with the new book, ‘yet thereby did the knowledge of God wondrously increase and God gave his Holy Spirit to simple men in great abundance’.Now this is my first thesis: that the Bible in the early Reformation was passionately desired, not for the book as such, nor to have it as a weapon against the Church and its superfluous appendages, but as a help to find a better way to God.
The Samaritan Doctrine of Moses
Authors: Macdonald J. 
Published: February 2009

The Samaritan doctrine of Moses is the second tenet of the Samaritan Creed. Before realising the centrality of this tenet, it is necessary to relate it to the others. Then it will become clear that the second tenet is the one which, as it were, binds all the tenets of the Creed together.The Creed is a statement of fundamental belief, consisting of five tenets with the addition of a sixth which may be regarded as later or merely supplementary. The first is belief in the Oneness of God; this belief the Samaritans hold no less strictly than Jews, Christians or Muslims, but the emphasis is on the Oneness, not the Unity of God. The unpartnered, unassisted, un-seconded God is sole Creator, ruler of men's spirits in a royal sense, king of rulers in an historical sense, and, as the Muslims too put it, ‘Lord of this world and the next’. The One God chose to express His relationship to His creatures preeminently through Moses, and it is solely in terms of Moses that God's will and purposes for mankind are to be interpreted.
Predestination
Authors: Nelson John 
Published: February 2009

The classical discussion of the doctrine of Predestination and the problem of Free-will is still to be found in Luther's book, the Bondage of the Will. In the course of four hundred pages he ranges through profound Biblical exegesis, trenchant theological statement, narrow scholastic argument, virulent vituperation—developing, through it all, the most powerful exposition of the doctrine ever made. The question naturally arises: How far can we, in our generation, go with him? The following paragraphs suggest the main points involved, and discuss the modifications of his position that would seem to be necessary.The initial point where Luther joins issue with Erasmus is on the unlawfulness of human speculation before the final mysteries of the Faith, and the need to put the hand upon the mouth at that point, and simply confess. Erasmus has argued that certain Christian doctrines are ambiguous, and should therefore be rejected in the interests of a more rational theology. Luther quotes Erasmus as follows and replies:In like manner, your examples which you subjoin, not without suspicion and bitterness, are nothing at all to the purpose. Such are those concerning the distinction of Persons, the union of the divine and human natures, the unpardonable sin, the ambiguity attached to which, you say has never been cleared up. If you mean the questions of Sophists that have been agitated upon these subjects, well. But what has the all-innocent Scripture done to you, that you impute the abuse of the most wicked of men to its purity?
The One Baptism as a Category of New Testament Soteriology
Authors: Robinson J. A. T. 
Published: February 2009

‘I Acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins’ ‘There is one body and one Spirit, … one Lord, one faith, one baptism’ (Eph. 4.4 f). What precisely is here the significance of the word ‘one’ ? It would clearly be inadequate to see this unity simply as a matter of Church order—though it may yet be more significant than we have allowed that, in spite of everything, divided Christendom still today recognises a single baptism. We should be nearer the heart of the matter to say that baptism is one because it makes one. Just as it is ‘because there is one bread’ that ‘we, who are many, are one body’ (I Cor. 10.17), so it is baptism which in the first place creates this unity: ‘In one Spirit were we all baptised into one body, whether Jews or Greeks, whether bond or free’ (I Cor. 12.13); ‘for as many of you as were baptised into Christ … are all one man in Christ Jesus’ (Gal. 3.27 f).Yet there are other elements in the NT doctrine of baptism which suggest that even this does not exhaust the meaning of the phrase. To be baptised ‘into Christ’ is not merely to find a new and given unity among ourselves. It is to be ‘baptised into his death’ (Rom. 6.3), to be ‘circumcised … in the circumcision of Christ’ (Col. 2.11).
St. Mark 13
Authors: Cranfield C. E. B. 
Published: February 2009

Jesus' answer, which takes up the rest of the chapter, falls quite naturally into three divisions: vv. 5–23, 24–27, and 28–37.It is very hard to find an altogether satisfactory single title for this section. We might call it The End is not yet; for Jesus is certainly warning His disciples that much has still to happen before the consummation of all things. They were, apparently, like people who ‘wish to reap the harvest before the season arrives’, inclined to ‘confound the perfection of Christ's reign with the commencement of it’. So they needed to be warned that ‘the end is not yet’ (v. 7) and that they must resist the deceivers who would be only too ready to play on their impatience. Or we might with equal fairness entitle this section The Characteristics of the Last Times, i.e., of the time between the Incarnation and the Parousia; for that is what we have here. Jesus warns His disciples what they are to expect during the time before the End. Or again, we might call it, as Roux does, The Signs of the End; for these characteristic marks of the time before the End are also signs which point to the End. Though not to be mistaken for the End, they are nevertheless eloquent of it.The first of these signs of the End is the presence of deceivers and the possibility of the disciples of Jesus being led astray. Throughout the last times they will be liable to seduction.
Re-Thinking the Pastoral Ministry
Authors: Stevenson J. W. 
Published: February 2009

“When I see you setting off down the road on Monday morning,” the village schoolmaster once said to me, “I sometimes wonder if you are regarding human life as radically as you did when you were preaching in the kirk the day before. You seem, somehow, easier-minded about it. You come into the school. What, honestly, do you see there? A fine bunch of children, going on their pleasant way to become decent men and women—or are they really heading for a life which is rooted in the world's evil, a life out of which you'll tell them in a few years they must be saved by the grace of God?“And then on the Tuesday morning,” he went on, “you're off to the Presbytery. Now, tell me honestly, don't you meet together pretty much as any other body of people would do—to transact your business, to express your opinions, and to come to the judgment which your own experience has led you to hold? And yet your distinctive characteristic is supposed to be that you believe that human experience and human judgment are shot through with a deadly evil. You say that you distrust yourselves, that ‘of yourselves you can do nothing aright”—but I can't say that you look or sound particularly like people who are distrusting themselves. You say in your opening prayer that you want to be over-ruled and corrected—but you'll forgive me for saying that you don't seem very often to go through the process during the meeting that follows.
Lithospermic acid B is more responsive to silver ions (Ag+) than rosmarinic acid in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures
Authors: Xiao Ying , Gao Shouhong , Di Peng , Chen Junfeng , Chen Wansheng , Zhang Lei 
Published: February 2009

LAB (lithospermic acid B) is a dimer of RA (rosmarinic acid) and has been suggested to be derived from RA, but the detailed biosynthesis process has not yet been identified. The accumulation of RA has been intensively investigated in the plant species of Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae. In the present study, we report that silver ions (Ag+; 15 μM), an abiotic elicitor, did not stimulate RA accumulation but dramatically enhanced LAB from approx. 5.4% to 18.8% of dry weight in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures, and the rise in LAB was found to be coincident with the decline of RA content at each time point after treatment. Meanwhile, a profiling analysis of genes and metabolites (intermediates) involved in the RA synthesis pathway was performed; the result indicated that several gene transcripts and metabolite accumulations show temporal changes in abundance consistent with LAB production. Thus a potential (putative) biosynthetic route from RA to LAB was presumed, which was suggested to be significantly activated by Ag+ in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. Further intermediate monitoring and compound feeding experiments were performed to rank the strength of this hypothesis. Our study, for the first time, provides evidence that RA is a precursor leading to LAB synthesis.
Variability in Sublingual Microvessel Density and Flow Measurements in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: HUBBLE SHEENA M. A. , KYTE HAYLEY L. , GOODING KIM , SHORE ANGELA C. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives: As sublingual microvascular indices are increasingly heralded as new resuscitation end‐points, better population data are required to power clinical studies. This paper describes improved methods to quantify sublingual microvessel flow and density in images obtained by sidestream dark field (SDF) technology in healthy volunteers, including vessels under 10 μm in diameter.Materials and Methods: Measurements of sublingual capillary density and flow were obtained by recording three 15‐second images in 20 healthy volunteeers over three days. Two independent observers quantified capillary density by using two methods: total vessel length (mm/mm2) and counting (number/mm). Both intraoral and temporal variabilities within subject and observer reproducibilities were determined by using coefficients of variability and reproducibility indices.Results: For small (1–10 μm), medium (11–20 μm), and large (21–50 μm) diameter, mean vessel density with standard deviations (SDs) in volunteers was 21.3(±4.9), 5.2 (±1.2), and 2.7 (±0.9) mm/mm2, respectively. Also, 94.0±1.4% of small vessels, 94.5±1.4% of medium vessels, and 94.5±4.0% of large vessels had continuous perfusion. Within subjects, the means of all measurements over three days varied less than 13, 22, and 35% in small, medium, and large vessels, respectively. Interobserver reproducibility was good, especially for capillary (1–10 μm) density and flow measurements.Conclusions: Our methods of microvessel flow and density quantification have low observer variability and confirm the stability of microcirculatory measurements over time. These results facilitate the development of SDF‐acquired sublingual microvascular indices as feasible microperfusion markers in shock resuscitation.
Age and growth of bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus, from the Portuguese continental slope
Authors: Sequeira Vera , Neves Ana , Vieira Ana Rita , Figueiredo Ivone , Gordo Leonel S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Sequeira, V., Neves, A., Vieira, A. R., Figueiredo, I., and Gordo, L. S. 2009. Age and growth of bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus, from the Portuguese continental slope. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 524–531. In all, 933 bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus) were obtained from bottom-trawl research surveys along the Portuguese continental slope between October 2005 and February 2007 and from commercial landings. Age was determined by reading whole sagittal otoliths, and age estimates were validated by daily growth increment (DGI) analysis. Fish ranged from 5.2 to 44.9 cm, which corresponded to fish between 0 and 30 years old. The mean total length obtained from DGI analysis for age class 1 fish was 8.6 cm, corresponding to otoliths with a mean radius of 1.8 mm. As no statistical differences between sex were observed, the von Bertalanffy growth equation fitted was Lt = 45.50[1 − e−0.05(t+4.01)]. Comparisons with other studies using Hotelling's T2 test and the growth perform index (Ф) are drawn. The growth rates estimated in this study using whole otolith readings were the lowest of all the studies available, and the estimated L∞ is lower then those obtained for Azorean waters and higher than those published for the Mediterranean.
Towards a standard operating procedure for fishery acoustic surveys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America
Authors: Rudstam Lars G. , Parker-Stetter Sandra L. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Warner David M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRudstam, L. G., Parker-Stetter, S. L., Sullivan, P. J., and Warner, D. M. 2009. Towards a standard operating procedure for fishery acoustic surveys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1391–1397. Acoustic surveys are conducted annually in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to assess forage-fish abundance. The main target species are rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), and several coregonine species (Coregonus spp.). The Great Lakes Fishery Commission sponsored an Acoustic Study Group from 2002 to 2006 to discuss common problems and suggest standardized methods across these lakes. The study group produced a set of recommendations, available as a Great Lakes Fishery Commission Special Publication and on the web, that use in situ target strength (TS) to scale volume backscattering. Here, we review these recommendations with special attention to four often-overlooked topics of interest to all acoustic users, namely issues associated with first, the choice of thresholds for both TS and volume-backscattering strength, second, different settings for single-echo detection algorithms for measures of in situ TS, third, those taking account of measuring in situ TS in dense fish concentrations, and finally, detection limits.
The Rab GTPase RabA4d Regulates Pollen Tube Tip Growth inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Szumlanski Amy L. , Nielsen Erik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDuring reproduction in flowering plants, pollen grains form a tube that grows in a polarized fashion through the female tissues to eventually fertilize the egg cell. These highly polarized pollen tubes have a rapid rate of growth that is supported by a tip-focused delivery of membrane and cell wall components. To gain a better understanding of how this growth is regulated, we investigated the function RABA4D, a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana RabA4 subfamily of Rab GTPase proteins. Here, we show that RABA4D was expressed in a pollen-specific manner and that enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-RabA4d-labeled membrane compartments localized to the tips of growing pollen tubes. Mutant pollen in which the RABA4D gene was disrupted displayed bulged pollen tubes with a reduced rate of growth in vitro and displayed altered deposition of some cell wall components. Expression of EYFP-RabA4d restored wild-type phenotypes to the raba4d mutant pollen tubes, while expression of EYFP-RabA4b did not rescue the raba4d phenotype. In vivo, disruption of RABA4D resulted in a male-specific transmission defect with mutant raba4d pollen tubes displaying aberrant growth in the ovary and reduced guidance at the micropyle. We propose that RabA4d plays an important role in the regulation of pollen tube tip growth.
Characterization of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related disorders
Authors: Nakahashi Hirotaka , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Hashimoto Yoko , Koiso Hiromi , Yokohama Akihiko , Saitoh Takayuki , Uchiumi Hideki , Handa Hiroshi , Murakami Hirokazu , Nojima Yoshihisa , Karasawa Masamitsu 
Published: February 2009

The incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is low in the Japanese population compared with populations in western countries, suggesting a role for genetic factors in the occurrence of this disease. We have previously shown that chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Japan rarely expresses the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) 1‐69 gene (1 out of 43 patients, 2.3%), which is a gene most commonly expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases from western countries. In the current study, we extended the previous study by examining immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain gene expression in 80 Japanese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in 52 Japanese patients with other leukemic chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. IGHV1‐69 gene expression was again quite low in our cohort, found in only two patients: one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the other with splenic marginal zone lymphoma. The IGHV4‐34 gene was most frequently expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (27.5%), whereas it was rarely found in leukemic chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (7.7%, P = 0.005). There was also a significant difference in the expression of IGLV3‐21 between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and leukemic chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (29.4 vs 4.8%, P = 0.018). The IGLV3‐21 gene in the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases was associated with homologous complementarity determining region 3 sequences. Recent studies identified subsets of cases expressing almost identical B‐cell receptors. We found that two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the patient with splenic marginal zone lymphoma expressed IGHV4‐39/IGKV1‐39 and IGHV1‐69/IGKV3‐20, respectively, which belong to these subsets. (Cancer Sci 2009)
A prospective study of the time to evacuate acute subdural and extradural haematomas*
Authors: Bulters D. , Belli A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWe performed a prospective, single‐centre study of times to treatment of patients with life‐threatening, traumatic, extra‐ and subdural haematomas requiring surgical evacuation between May 2006 and May 2007. The mean time to surgical decompression was 5.0 h and 32% were performed within 4 h. Patients who initially presented to a district hospital and required transfer for neurosurgery were decompressed in 5.4 h vs 3.7 h for those admitted directly. The current standard of surgical evacuation of all haematomas within 4 h is not being met. Delays were identified in every stage in the management of these patients and no single step was identified as the major cause. Initial treatment in district hospitals led to delays greater than the added driving time. There may be time savings from carrying out treatment steps in parallel instead of in series.
The relationship between cerebral and somatic oxygenation and superior and inferior vena cava flow, arterial oxygenation and pressure in infants during cardiopulmonary bypass*
Authors: White M. C. , Edgell D. , Li J. , Wang J. , Holtby H. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWe investigated blood flow and regional oxygenation (rSO2) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Twenty infants (mean (SD) age 5 (3) months, weight 5.4 (1.6) kg) were prospectively studied. Total CPB and superior vena cava (SVC) flow were measured using Transonic Bypass Flowmeters, inferior vena cava (IVC) flow derived arithmetically and rSO2measured using Near Infra‐Red Spectroscopy. Mean SVC flow was 51.3 (14.8) ml.kg−1.min−1and mean IVC flow 62.5 (19.0) ml.kg−1.min−1. Mean cerebral rSO2was 71 (11)% and somatic rSO255 (13)%. Cerebral and somatic rSO2showed no correlation with SVC and IVC flow. Cerebral rSO2showed a positive correlation withPaco2, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and haematocrit (p < 0.0001). Somatic rSO2showed a positive correlation with MAP and haematocrit (p = 0.01, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the distribution of blood flow during CPB varies. The most important factor affecting this isPaco2. Cerebral and somatic oxygenation are unaffected by flow but significantly influenced by MAP, haematocrit andPaco2.
Copy number variation in the human genome and its implication in autoimmunity
Authors: Schaschl H , Aitman T J , Vyse T J 
Published: February 2009

Summary
The causes of autoimmune disease remain poorly defined. However, it is known that genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility. Hitherto, studies have focused upon single nucleotide polymorphisms as both tools for mapping and as probable causal variants. Recent studies, using genome-wide analytical techniques, have revealed that, in the genome, segments of DNA ranging in size from kilobases to megabases can vary in copy number. These changes of DNA copy number represent an important element of genomic polymorphism in humans and in other species and may therefore make a substantial contribution to phenotypic variation and population differentiation. Furthermore, copy number variation (CNV) in genomic regions harbouring dosage-sensitive genes may cause or predispose to a variety of human genetic diseases. Several recent studies have reported an association between CNV and autoimmunity in humans such as systemic lupus, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. The use of novel analytical techniques facilitates the study of complex human genomic structures such as CNV, and allows new susceptibility loci for autoimmunity to be found that are not readily mappable by single nucleotide polymorphism-based association analyses alone.
Oral glucocorticoid treatment decreases interleukin-10 receptor expression on peripheral blood leucocyte subsets
Authors: Moniuszko M , Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A , Dabrowska M 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Glucocorticoids (GCS) are capable of stimulating the secretion of interleukin (IL)-10 by leucocytes; however, the potential of GCS to modulate leucocyte susceptibility to IL-10-mediated actions has not yet been studied. In the current paper, we performed a detailed cross-sectional analysis of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and neutrophils. Next, we analysed the effects of short-term oral GCS treatment on surface IL-10R expression by various leucocyte subpopulations in asthmatic patients. All leucocyte subsets studied presented with substantial levels of surface IL-10R. The highest levels of IL-10R were found on monocytes, predominantly with CD142+CD16+ and CD14+CD16+ phenotypes, and on CD4+CD25high T cells. In contrast, levels of IL-10R on CD8+ T cells, NK cells and neutrophils were significantly lower and similar to each other in intensity. GCS treatment resulted in a significant decrease of IL-10R expression on all analysed peripheral blood leucocyte subsets. Our data suggest that down-regulation of IL-10R could counterbalance the otherwise suppressive action of GCS.