bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human rights and intercultural relations
Authors: Healy Paul 
Published: June 2006

By drawing on hermeneutico-dialogical principles, the approach developed here seeks to advance the global implementation of a viable human rights regime in a manner commensurate with the preservation of culture-specific differences. To this end, the present article undertakes to elucidate the conditions under which the ongoing intercultural debate about rights might yield a more productive outcome through fostering the implementation of the international human rights regime in a manner that can do justice to core intra-cultural beliefs, values and practices. Chief among these are: a commitment to moving beyond universalism and relativism as polarized alternatives; endorsement of the comparable validity and dialogical equality of established traditions and cultures; valorization of mutual understanding and learning as the regulative orientation most conducive to yielding potentially transformative advances across cultures in the theory and practice of human rights; and acknowledgment of the need for both external and internal accountability. As contended throughout, these conditions apply equally both to modernist and to traditionalist cultures and call, correspondingly, for a rethinking of entrenched presuppositions in both domains. In defending these conditions, the dialogical approach poses a severe challenge to core presuppositions of the strong universalist stance, as endorsed by some prominent contributors to the contemporary debate about the cross-cultural implementation of human rights.
Place-of-residence errors on death certificates for two contiguous U. S. counties
Authors: Pierce Rush J , Denison Anne V 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Based on death certificate data, the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics calculates age adjusted all-cause mortality rates for each Texas county yearly. In 1998 the calculated rates for two adjacent Texas counties was disparate. These counties contain one city (Amarillo) and are identical in size. This study examined the accuracy of recorded county of residence for deaths in the two counties in 1998. In our jurisdiction, the county of residence is assigned by funeral homes.

Methods
A random sample of 20% of death certificates was selected. The accuracy of the county of residence was verified by using a large area map, Tax Appraisal District records, and U.S. Census Bureau databases. Inaccuracies in recording the county or zip code of residence was recorded.

Results
Eighteen of 354 (5.4%) death certificates recorded the incorrect county and 21 of 354 (5.9%) of death certificates recorded the zip code improperly. There was a 14.4% county recording error rate for one county compared to a 0.82% for the other county. The zip code error rate was similar for the two counties (5.9% vs. 5.8%). Of the county errors, 83% occurred for addresses within a zip code that contained addresses in both counties.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated a large error rate (14%) in recording county of residence for deaths in one county. A similar rate was not seen in an adjacent county. This led to significant miscalculation of mortality rates for two counties. We believe that errors may have arisen in part from use of internet programs by funeral homes to assign the county of residence. With some of these programs, the county is determined by zip code, and when a zip code straddles two counties, the program automatically assigns the county whose name appears first in the alphabet. This type of error could be avoided if funeral homes determined the county of residence from Tax Appraisal District or Census Bureau records, both of which are available on the internet. This type of error could also be avoided if vital statistics offices verified the county and zip code of residence using official sources.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Hollow Hexagonal Cylinder Co–SiO2 Composites Prepared in a Micelle Solution
Authors: Imagawa Satoshi , Inoke Koji , Kaneko Kenji , Matsune Hideki , Nakagawa Keizo , Takenaka Sakae , Kishida Masahiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Novel submicron scale composites with hollow hexagonal cylinder structures were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate in a micelle solution composed of polyoxyethylene (n = 15) cetyl ether/cyclohexane/water containing Co–N2H4 compound nanoparticles.
Cationic Palladium Complex-catalyzed Cyclization–Hydrosilylation of 1-Alkene-6,11-diyne Derivatives: Facile Cyclization at the Enyne Part than at the Diyne Counterpart
Authors: Shimamoto Takamitsu , Hirano Tomohiro , Nishimoto Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Keiji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A palladium complex, [(η3-C3H5)Pd(cod)]+[PF6]− (C), catalyzes hydrosilylation of 1-dodecene-6,11-diyne (5) or 1-tridecene-6,11-diyne (7), and of their 9-oxo congeners (9 or 11), with HSiCl3 to form regioisomeric cyclization products (6, 8, 10, and 12, respectively), which arise between the diyne part (path a) to form A series or between the enyne counterpart (path b) to form B series. The formation of product B is markedly favored with 1-tridecene-6,11-diyne derivatives as compared with 1-dodecene-6,11-diyne ones that possess a terminal alkyne.
Glucose-specific Sensing with Boronic Acid Utilizing Enzymatic Oxidation
Authors: Kanekiyo Yasumasa , Tao Hiroaki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A novel sensing system for glucose-specific detection has been established based on a combination of a boronic acid and enzymes. To overcome the inherently low biding affinity of glucose toward boronic acids, glucose is converted into gluconic acid by the enzymatic reaction using glucose oxidase (GOx), and then complexed with a fluorescent boronic acid through the α-hydroxycarboxylate moiety. According to the present strategy, glucose concentration is exclusively determined among other saccharides in aqueous solutions.
Perturbative Theory of Mica Polytypism. Role of the M2 Layer in the Formation of Inhomogeneous Polytypes
Authors: Nespolo Massimo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new model is proposed to explain, within the framework of the theory of spiral growth of Frank, the formation on inhomogeneous mica polytypes. This model relates the interaction and cooperative growth of two components (spirals and/or crystals) to produce a new stacking sequence. Depending on the relative orientation between the two components, a mismatch of the interlayer positions occurs, which is compensated through either a growth defect or a crystallographic slip at the octahedral (O) sheet. Both these adjustments transform the Ml layer into the M2 layer. These two types of layers have the same chemical composition but differ in cation distribution in the O sheet. The coalescence and cooperative growth of crystals occurs in fluid-rich environments and is most frequent in druses and volcanic fumaroles. These environments favor the inhomogeneous polytypes, especially those with complex stacking sequenc¬es. In addition, the Ml → M2 transformation is most probable in micas with an oxybiotitic composition, where the removal of the OH dipole strengthens the interlayer bonding and the presence of high-charge cations destabilizes the O sheet. Three examples of inhomogeneous polytypes of titaniferous oxybiotite from Ruiz Peak (a volcanic environment where many inhomogeneous polytypes have been reported) are presented.
Kübler Illite “Crystallinity” Index of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, Korea: Implications for Basin Evolution
Authors: Lee Jae Il , Lee Yong Il 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThermal maturity of the Lower Cretaceous Sindong and Hayang groups in the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, was investigated using the Kübler illite “crystallinity” index (KI) which is based on the numerical expression of the 10-Å peak width after calibration to the Crystallinity Index Standard scale. The metamorphic grade of the Sindong and Hayang groups ranges from late diagenetic zone to high anchizone. Depth of burial was not a major factor controlling KI variation in the basin because Hayang mudrocks have higher thermal maturity than the underlying Sindong mudrocks. Short-lived heating by the emplacement of the Upper Cretaceous plutonic rocks is responsible for the higher thermal maturity in the Hayang mudrocks. A linear NNE-SSW trending belt is drawn by connecting the lowest KI values, and it seems to reflect a hidden fault trace beneath the Hayang Group. Emplacement of Upper Cretaceous plutonic rocks and introduction of hydrothermal fluids along the inferred fault may have been the main cause of the lowering of KI values along this belt. This inferred fault is interpreted to represent the buried eastern boundary of the Nagdong Trough, which was the main depositional site for the Sindong Group in the western part of the Gyeongsang Basin. Deposition of the Hayang Group occurred in the enlarged basin when the basin extended eastward. This study provides an example that KI values can be used in the reconstruction of an early history of basin evolution.
The Relationships between Kaolinite Crystal Properties and the Origin of Materials for a Brazilian Kaolin Deposit
Authors: Varajāo Angélica F. Drummond C. , Gilkes Robert J. , Hart Robert D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe clay particles in a kaolin deposit from Brazil were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to examine the relationships between morphological and chemical properties of the crystals and to relate these properties to formation conditions. The XRD patterns show the dominant presence of kaolinite with minor amounts of gibbsite, illite, quartz, goethite, hematite, and anatase. ATEM observations show two discontinuities in the deposit as indicated by changes in morphology and size of the kaolinite crystals. At the base of the deposit, hexagonal platy and lath-shaped particles (mean area of 001 face = 0.26 μm2) maintain the original fabric of the parent rock which characterizes an in situ evolution. In the middle of the deposit a bimodal population of large (mean area of 001 face > 0.05 μm2) and small (mean area of 001 face < 0.05 μm2) sub-hexagonal platy kaolinite crystals occurs. This zone defines the boundary between the saprolitic kaolinite and the pedogenic kaolinite. Near the top of the profile, laths and irregular plates of kaolinite, together with sub-hexagonal particles, define two different depositional sources in the history of formation of the deposit. Crystal thickness as derived from the width of basal reflections and the Hinckley index are compatible with the morphological results, but show only one discontinuity. At the base of the deposit, kaolinite has a low- defect density whereas in the middle and at the top of the profile, kaolinite has a high-defect density. Likewise, EPR spectroscopy shows typical spectra of low-defect kaolinite for the bottom of the deposit and typical spectra of high-defect kaolinite for the other portions of the deposit. Despite the morphological changes observed through the profile, the elemental composition of individual kaolinite crystals did not show systematic variations. These results are consistent with the deposit consisting of a transported pedogenic kaolinite over saprolite consisting of in situ kaolinized phyllite.
The Surface Chemistry of Imogolite
Authors: Gustafsson Jon Petter 
Published: June 2006

AbstractImogolite is a tubular aluminosilicate which is common in Andosols and Spodosols. The high pH at point-of-zero charge at the outer parts of the tube and the anomalously high chloride adsorption of imogolite suggested that there may be structural charge associated with this mineral. The structural charge may arise because of changes in bond valence imposed by the incorporation of orthosilicate anions in a gibbsite-type sheet. By using a Basic Stem Model approach, it is shown that the surface charge properties of imogolite are explained if the mean Al-O bond valence of the outer -Al2OH groups is higher than the inner -Al2OHSiO3 groups. Hence, a weak positive charge is developed on the outer tube walls whereas a negative charge develops in the tubular pores. The best model fits were obtained where either one or two units of structural charge per unit cell of tube were assumed. The model may also explain why imogolite tubes are normally aggregated in large bundles in close hexagonal packing, because bound counterions may hold the tubes together. However, to arrive at good model descriptions, the deprotonation of -Al2OH groups must occur at a higher pH than that expected when assuming that all surface oxygens form two hydrogen bridges with H2O. A more precise structure of imogolite is required to test fully this hypothesis.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Conversion of Smectite to Illite in Mudstones of the Nankai Trough: Contrast with Coeval Bentonites
Authors: Masuda Harue , Peacor Donald R. , Dong Hailiang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractClay minerals in shales from cores at Site 808, Nankai Trough, have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) to compare the rates and mechanisms of illitization with those of coeval bentonites, which were described previously. Authigenic K-rich smectite having a high Fe content (∼7 wt. %) was observed to form directly as an alteration product of volcanic glass at a depth of ∼500 meters below seafloor (mbsf) with no intermediate precursor. Smectite is then largely replaced by Reichweite, R, (R = 1) illite-smectite (I-S) and minor illite and chlorite over depths from ∼550 to ∼700 mbsf. No further mineralogical changes occur to the maximum depth cored, ∼1300 m. Most smectite and I-S in shales are derived from alteration of glass, rather than being detrital, as is usually assumed. Discrete layer sequences of smectite, I-S, or illite coexist, indicating discontinuities of the transformation from smectite to (R = 1) I-S to illite. Authigenic Fe-rich chlorite forms concomitantly with I-S and illite, with the source of Fe from reactant smectite.Smectite forms from glass with an intermediate precursor in coeval bentonites at approximately the same depth as in shales, but the smectite remains largely unchanged, with the exception of exchange of interlayer cations (K → Na → Ca) in response to formation of zeolites, to the bottom of the core. Differences in rates of illitization reflect the metastability of the clays. Temperature, structure-state, and composition of reactant smectite are ruled out as determining factors that increase reaction rates here, whereas differences in water/rock ratio (porosity/permeability), Si and K activities, and organic acid content are likely candidates.
Characterization of Montmorillonite Surfaces After Modification by Organosilane
Authors: Song Kang , Sandí Giselle 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), surface area measurements, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy were used to examine the surface properties of organosilane-modified smectite-type aluminosilicate clays. Organic modified clays derived from the reactions of montmorillonite (containing 93–95% montmorillonite from a bentonite, <1% quartz, and 4–6% opal CT) with octadecyltrichlorosilane (C18H37SiCl3) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane [C18H37Si(OMe)3] are highly hydrophobic. Surface loadings of the modified clays depend on the organosilane and the solvent, and they range from 10 to 25 wt. %. The organic species are probably adsorbed to the outer surfaces and bound to the edges of the clay via condensation with edge-OH groups. Encapsulation of montmorillonite with C18H37SiCl3 and C18H37Si(OMe)3 resulted in a hydrophobic coating that acts like a “cage” around the clay particles to limit diffusion. Basal spacings of the organic modified clays remain at ∼15 Å upon heating to 400°C in N2, whereas those of unmodified clays collapse to ∼10 Å. A considerable reduction in surface area (by 75–90%) for organic modified clays is observed, which is consistent with the existence of a surface coating. The solvent used can affect the amount of organic silane coated on the clay particles, whereas the difference between the products prepared using C18H37SiCl3 and C18H37Si(OMe)3 in the same solvent is relatively small. The carbon and oxygen K-edge NEXAFS spectroscopy of the modified montmorillonite surfaces showed that surface coatings on the outside of the clay particles exist. The encapsulating system may allow for economical remediation and storage of hazardous materials.
Genesis of Dioctahedral Phyllosilicates During Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks: I. The Golden Cross Epithermal Ore Deposit, New Zealand
Authors: Tillick David A. , Peacor Donald R. , Mauk Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo characterize the evolution of dioctahedral interstratified clay minerals in the Golden Cross epithermal deposit, New Zealand, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks containing the sequence smectite through illite-smectite (I-S) to muscovite were examined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission and analytical electron microscopies (TEM/AEM).XRD analyses of 30 oriented clay samples show a broad deposit-wide trend of increasing illite content in I-S with increasing depth and proximity to the central vein system. Six representative samples were selected for SEM/TEM study on the basis of petrographic observations and XRD estimates of I-S interstratification. Ca and Na are the dominant interlayer cations in smectite, but as the proportion of illite layers in I-S increases, so does the K content and (IVAl + VIAl)/Si ratio. Layers and packets tend to flatten and form larger arrays, reducing the amount of pore space. Smectite coexists with (R = 1) I-S, rather than being (R = 0) I-S where R is the Reichweite parameter. The highest alteration rank samples contain discrete packets of mica to ∼300 Å thick, but a limited chemical and structural gap exists between illite, which is intermediate in composition between common illite and muscovite, and illite-rich I-S. Selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of mica show that the 1M polytype dominates, rather than the common 2M1 polytype.Petrographic, SEM, and TEM data imply that all phyllosilicates formed via neoformation directly from fluids. Relatively mature I-S and micas form simultaneously, without progressing through the series of transformations that are commonly assumed to characterize diagenetic sequences during burial metamorphism in mud-dominated basins. Although the overall distribution of clay minerals is consistent with temperature as a controlling variable, local heterogeneities in the distribution of clay minerals were controlled by water/rock ratio, which varied widely owing to different rock types and fracture control.
Genesis of Dioctahedral Phyllosilicates During Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks: II. The Broadlands-Ohaaki Hydrothermal System, New Zealand
Authors: Yan Yonghong , Tillick David A. , Peacor Donald R. , Simmons Stuart F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe clay mineral textures, assemblages, formation mechanisms, and controlling geological parameters relating to alteration of silicic volcanic rocks by hydrothermal solutions, in core samples from the Broadlands-Ohaaki hydrothermal system, New Zealand, were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Mineralogical and textural relations of this active hydrothermal system, for which temperatures and fluid relations are well known, are equivalent to those in the Golden Cross hydrothermal gold deposit as described in Part 1.XRD data show a sequence of clay minerals from smectite to a range of interstratified I-S to mica with increasing depth and temperature, on average. TEM observations are in general agreement with XRD data, especially with respect to relative proportions of illite (I)- and smectite (S)- like layers. TEM data also show that: (1) Smectite packets contain no discrete illite-like layers in samples identified as (Reichweite, R = 0) I-S by XRD. They coexist with separate packets of (R = 1) I-S. (2) A continuous range in I-S occurs from (R = 1) I-S with increasing proportion of illite-like layers, but at high illite-like layer contents there is a gap between I-S and illite. (3) 1M and 2M1 polytypes of mica coexist in separate packets, but the rare 1M polytype has a larger VIMg content.The data imply that clay minerals formed by dissolution and neocrystallization directly from volcanic phases, although multiple reaction events can not be ruled out. Such “episodic” alteration produces a sequence of clay minerals identical to those of prograde diagenesis of pelitic sediments. This result implies that the presence of a continuous sequence is not definitive proof of continuous sequences of transformation as a function of time and continuous burial. Reaction progress of the clay-mineral sequence is in general accord with the known temperature gradient, but with significant and common exceptions. High porosity and permeability, both inherent in rock texture and local structure, are inferred to foster local reaction progress, as consistent with metastability of phases and the Ostwald step rule.
Illite “Crystallinity” Revisited
Authors: Jaboyedoff M. , Bussy F. , Kübler B. , Thelin Ph. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Kübler Index (KI) is defined as the full width at half-maximum height (FWHM) of the 10-Å X-ray diffraction peak of illite-smectite interstratified (I-S) clay minerals. The only parameters controlling the Kübler Index are assumed to be the mean number of layers (N) in the coherent scattering domains (CSD), the variance of the distribution of the number of layers of the CSD, the mean percentage of smectite layers in I-S (%S), and the probability of layer stacking (Reichweite).The Kübler-Index measurements on air-dried (KIAD) and ethylene-glycolated (KIEG) samples were compared to N and %S using the NEWMOD computer program to simulate X-ray diffraction patterns. Charts of KIADversusKIEG corrected for instrumental broadening were made and isolines were mapped for constant N and %S. Isolines allow a direct and rapid determination of N and %S from KI measurements.The method allows quantification of the metamorphic anchizone limits by considering mean thickness of fundamental particles in MacEwan crystallites. The transition from diagenesis to the anchizone and from the anchizone to the epizone of low-grade metamorphism corresponds to thicknesses of 20- and 70-layer fundamental particles, respectively.