bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous Oxide‐Oxygen‐Relaxant Anaesthesia in Alcoholics: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Tammisto T. , Takki S. 
Published: December 2008

In order to study the action of anaesthetics in chronic alcoholics, the records of male alcoholics (annual consumption over 151 of absolute alcohol) operated upon for pancreatitis were analyzed retrospectively. The records of 46 males and 46 females matched for age, weight and duration of anaesthesia served as controls. Nitrous oxide‐oxygen‐relaxant anaesthesia supplemented after thiopental induction with analgesics and often additionally with droperidol, halothane and/or thiopental was used in all patients.In alcoholics, higher dosages of anaesthetics were used in induction and supplementation than in control patients. Nevertheless, signs of inadequate anaesthesia were seen more often in alcoholics, about 20% of whom, mostly “heavy drinkers”, complained of awareness or bad dreams. The demand for anaesthetics was also increased in alcoholics in a run‐down condition or in those with cirrhosis of the liver. The incidence of pre‐ and postoperative complications seemed to be similar in all groups. The importance of a detailed prospective study is stressed in elucidating the factors which contribute to the cross tolerance between alcohol and different anaesthetics.
Effects of Halothane and Methoxyflurane Anesthesia on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Man
Authors: Mäkeläinen A. 
Published: December 2008

With reference to our earlier findings concerning the stimulation of lipolysis by halothane and methoxyflurane and their metabolites in vivo and in vitro in rats, the effects of halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia on plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and glucose levels were studied in man.The patient series consisted of 18 patients scheduled for minor elective surgery. The patients were anesthetized with three combinations of agents. Nitrous oxide and thiopental were used for a control anesthesia, and halothane or methoxyflurane were added in the anesthesia of two other groups.Both halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia caused an increase in the plasma FFA and glycerol values compared to the control anesthesia. Especially with methoxyflurane, this stimulation of lipolysis was seen toward the end of anesthesia. The blood glucose level was elevated only during halothane anesthesia.The present results thus support our earlier suggestion that lipolysis is stimulated by halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn Hinblick auf unsere früheren Befunde, die Stimulation der Lipolyse durch Halothan und Methoxyfluran und deren Metaboliten in vivo und in vitro an Ratten betreffend, wurden die Wirkungen von Halothan‐ und Methoxyflurannarkosen auf die Plasmaspiegel der freien Fettsäuren, von Glyzerol und Glukose am Menschen untersucht.Die Untersuchungsserie umfaßte 18 Patienten, die für kleine elektive Eingriffe vorgesehen waren. Die Patienten wurden mit drei Anaesthesie‐Kombinationen narkotisiert. Als Kontrolle wurden Lachgas und Thiopental verwendet; bei den anderen beiden Gruppen wurden Halothan bzw. Methoxyfluran zusätzlich verabreicht.Sowohl Halothan als auch Methoxyfluran verursachten ein Ansteigen der freien Fettsäuren und der Glyzerolwerte im Plasma verglichen mit der Kontroll‐Anaesthesiegruppe. Diese Stimulation der Lipolyse war bei Methoxyfluran gegen Ende der Narkose besonders ausgeprägt. Der Blutzuckerspiegel war nur während der Halothannarkose erhöht.Diese Ergebnisse unterstützten somit unsere frühere Annahme, daß Halothan‐ und Methoxyflurannarkosen die Lipolyse anregen.
FOOD POISONING CauSED BY PatHOGENIC HALOPHILIC BACTERIA (Pseudomonas enteritis TAKIKAWA)
Authors: Okudaira Masahiko , Kawamura Hironori , Ueno Masahiko , Nakahara Yoshiyuki , Zen‐Yoji Hiroshi , Sakai Senzo , Terayama Takeshi , Benoki Masao 
Published: December 2008

SummaryFour autopsy cases of food poisoning caused by pathogenic halophilic bacteria (Pseudomonas enteritis Takikawa) have been reported for the first time.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS –AN ATTEMPT AT ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Authors: Shimamoto Takio 
Published: December 2008

Electron microscopical analysis of endothelial linings of the aortic lumen and of the vasa vasorum was made in man, rhesus monkey, dog, rabbit, rat, chicken and pigeon with reference to permeability of the arterial wall, because cholesterol and other substances accumulating in atheromatous lesions have been known to be transported mainly by infiltration into the lesions from the blood stream across the endothelial lining. Porous capillaries were found in vasa vasorum of man, rabbit and pigeon and a well developed vacuole system in the endothelial cells of man and chicken. For the present experiment of atherosclerosis the rabbit has been chosen.In the succeeding experiments we found substances capable of inhibiting the edematous arterial reaction such as pyridinolcarbamate and its derivatives as well as estrogens and glucocorticoids. We have tested these substances for the prevention of atherosclerosis of cholesterol‐fed rabbits and also for the treatment of established atherosclerosis of the animals.The first important finding was the correlation between their inhibiting potency against the edematous arterial reaction and their property of preventing atherosclerosis. The second Important finding was appearance of atrophy, necrosis and calcification of arterial wall along with the atheroma‐preventive effect of estrogen and prednisolone and the absence of such effects in pyridinolcarbamate, while the latter substance enhances the regeneration of smooth muscles in the lesions. Dosages of 10 to 30 mg per kg of pyridinolcarbamate given by mouth daily have shown the atheromatous mass with foam cells, necrosis and degenerative foci being replaced by regenerated smooth‐muscle, collagen and elastic fibers, and the cholesterol content of arterial wall was definitely reduced in the course of 6 to 30 weeks of the treatment, without any untoward effect.Histoenzymatic analysis revealed the increased enzymatic activity of glycolytic enzymes Including glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the arterial wall of animals treated with pyridinolcarbamate and the decreased enzymatic activity of glycolytic enzymes in that of animals treated by estrogen.The results reported in this paper show that the author's edematous arterial reaction has opened a way toward finding antiatherosclerotic agents which may prove to be useful in the prevention and treatment of human atherosclerosis. ACTA PATH. JAP. 19: 15˜43, 1969.
BONE TUMORS AMONG THE ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
Authors: Yamamoto Tsutomu , Wakabayashi Toshiro 
Published: December 2008

A study was made of 163 benign and malignant bone tumors found at autopsy and in surgical specimens in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the period 1950–1965 in order to determine whether or not there is a relationship between atomic bomb radiation and formation of bone tumors.Twenty‐four bone neoplasms were found in a fixed population sample (the ST‐100 sample), and nine of these (7 malignant and 2 benign tumors) were encountered at autopsy. The prevalence rate for malignant bone tumors in the autopsies in the fixed sample was estimated to be 0.26%.No direct relationship was found between the frequency or type of bone tumor and exposure distance.The case histories of 5 proximally exposed persons who died of malignant bone tumors (2 osteosarcoma and 3 multiple myeloma) were described.
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA CONGENITA—–HISTOCHEMICAL and ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES—–
Authors: Haebara Hideyuki , Yamasaki Yoshikazu , Kyogoku Masahisa 
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of a female infant aged nine hours, with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is presented.Histochemical and electron microscopical studies were performed on the bones, skin and eyes of this case, comparing with normal control. In the periosteum, corium layer of the skin, sclera and cornea of the eyes of this case, the connective tissue mostly consisted of thin and delicate fibers, instead of the usual collagen fibers. Histochemically, these fibers showed PAS‐positive, argyrophilic and acid mucopolysaccharide negative properties. They were composed of uniform and slender fibrils which had a cross‐striatlon periodicity at 200–400 Å intervals and thickness at 400 Å, in contrast with the cross‐striation periodicity at 640–700 A intervals and thickness at 1,000 A of the usual collagen. The presence of this collagen in the bone matrix caused irregular and granular calcium depositions. Augmented reaction of chondroitin sulfate A or C was seen in the epiphyseal cartilaginous matrix, central core of primary bone and of basophilic osteoid trabecule, and in the cartilaginous callus. On the other hand, periosteal basophilic osteoid bone, periphery of primary bone and of basophilic osteoid trabecule showed intense PAS‐positive, argyrophilic and acid mucopolysaccharide negative characteristics.The relationship between the pathogenesis of this disease and the disturbance of collagen formation as well as the augmented chondroitin sulfate A or C in the matrix of connective tissue was discussed.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE ACTIVITY OF GAMMA‐GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE IN LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Tanaka Mitsugu 
Published: December 2008

Comparative histochemical study for γ‐GTP and alkaline phos‐phatase was performed in several disorders of liver.Areas of extensively proliferated fibrosis in chronic active hepatitis and areas of newly formed fibrosis in cirrhosis showed prominent activity of γ‐GTP but poor activity for alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase activity was remarkably high in the connective tissue around proliferating bile ductules.Activity of both enzymes was prominent in the bile canaliculi and sinusoidal walls in obstructive jaundice, but marked decrease or loss of activity of the enzymes was observed in the degenerated or necrotic areas. While fatty degeneration of hepatocytes showed no increase in activity of the enzymes, prominent activity of γ‐GTP was noted in the connective tissue surrounding degenerated hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease.There was marked activity of γ‐GTP in most tumor cells of hepatoma, while in metastatic tumor the activity of both enzymes was noted in only bile canaliculi and sinusoidal wall adjacent to the tumor.
HUGHES‐STOVIN SYNDROME
Authors: Kinjo Mitsuru , Tanaka Kenzo , Ishimaru Shuzo , Shigematsu Nobuaki , Sugiyama Kohtaro 
Published: December 2008

A 37‐year‐old female with multiple pulmonary aneurysms, thrombotic obstruction of the inferior vena cava and mural thrombosis in the right heart was reported. Arterial blood culture repeatedly examined had been negative. The patient died of massive hemoptysis. This case was equivalent to Hughes‐Stovin syndrome and was the first female case of typical Hughes‐Stovin syndrome.Review of the literature revealed 9 typical cases of this syndrome and 5 atypical cases who had solitary intrapulmonary aneurysm. It was obscure whether the typical cases were essentially different from the atypical ones or not, but the cases with solitary pulmonary aneurysm might proceed to the cases with multiple ones, as shown in this case.Pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. In the present case, development of pulmonary aneurysms seemed to be closely related to thromboembolization derived from venous thrombosis due to artificial abortion.
A PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PROLONGED CASES OF MINAMATA DISEASE—With Particular Reference to 83 Autopsy Cases—
Authors: Eto Komyo , Takeuchi Tadao 
Published: December 2008

This study consists of 83 autopsy cases including 64 prolonged cases of Minamata disease. Lesions were severe in the prolonged cases with an acute onset, while they tended to be mild in those with chronic onset. Cerebral cortex showed loss of nerve cells in many of the former, with the cortex often being in a loosening or spongy state, while the thinning‐out or decrease of neurons not exceeding 30% of all cells was frequent in the latter. Glial reaction was also intense in the former, but relatively weak in the latter; gradual loss of degenerative neurons without glial reaction was not rare. A given selectivity was found in the localization of lesions of the cerebral cortex, but it was not so conspicuous in those with a chronic onset as in those with an acute onset. Secondary changes corresponding to the lesions of the cortex appeared in the medulla.Cerebellar lesions in the chronic onset cases, as compared with those in the acute onset ones, were milder: the selectively localized area was diminished; the nodulus, uvula and lingula of the vermis and the medial surface of the semilunar lobules were the most likely to be damaged. Of the spinal peripheral nerves, damages to the spinal sensory nerve were found, which were more predominant than those to the motor nerve system, and in which was noted prominent regeneration and repair.The deposited mercury found in organs tended to remain in the nervous system and the kidneys during the prolonged course of this disease, and the prolonged accumulation of mercury in the nervous system appeared to have an influence on the pathogenesis of chronic Minamata disease.
Primary gastric lymphomas: Morphologic, immunohistochemical and immunogenetic analyses
Authors: Narita Michihiko , Yatabe Yasushi , Asai Junpei , Mori Naoyoshi 
Published: December 2008

Morphologic, lmmunohistochemical and lmmunogenetic studies were performed on 28 cases of primary gastric lymphoma from fresh frozen tissue. Eight cases were diagnosed as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, four as follicular center lymphoma (follicular), five as mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, three as plasmacytoma, and three as T‐cell lymphoma, two as mantle cell lymphoma, one as follicular center lymphoma (diffuse, predominantly small cell), and one as lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, and one as Hodgkin's disease.From lmmunohistochemical studies, four types of morphologically similar low‐grade lymphomas can be differentiated by a combination of various monoclonal antibodies. Cases of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma may have a germinal center origin. We observed lympho‐epithelial lesions in cases of non‐MALT lymphomas. We therefore consider that the current diagnostic criterion for MALT lymphoma may not always be valid.Except for cases of T‐cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease, 17 out of 22 cases revealed clonal rearrangement bands of the JH gene. In situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies revealed the presence of Epstein‐Barr (EB) virus genomes in two and three cases, respectively. Epstein‐Barr virus may play a role in lympho‐magenesis, although on relatively rare occasions.
Hypothyroidism impairs chloride homeostasis and onset of inhibitory neurotransmission in developing auditory brainstem and hippocampal neurons
Authors: Friauf Eckhard , Wenz Meike , Oberhofer Martin , Nothwang Hans Gerd , Balakrishnan Veeramuthu , Knipper Marlies , Löhrke Stefan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThyroid hormone (TH) deficiency during perinatal life causes a multitude of functional and morphological deficits in the brain. In rats and mice, TH dependency of neural maturation is particularly evident during the first 1–2 weeks of postnatal development. During the same period, synaptic transmission via the inhibitory transmitters glycine and GABA changes from excitatory depolarizing effects to inhibitory hyperpolarizing ones in most neurons [deploarizing–hyperpolarizing (D/H) shift]. The D/H shift is caused by the activation of the K+–Cl− co‐transporter KCC2 which extrudes Cl− from the cytosol, thus generating an inward‐directed electrochemical Cl− gradient. Here we analyzed whether the D/H shift and, consequently, the onset of inhibitory neurotransmission are influenced by TH. Gramicidin perforated‐patch recordings from auditory brainstem neurons of experimentally hypothyroid rats revealed depolarizing glycine effects until postnatal day (P)11, i.e. almost 1 week longer than in control rats, in which the D/H shift occurred at ∼P5–6. Likewise, until P12–13 the equilibrium potential EGly in hypothyroids was more positive than the membrane resting potential. Normal EGly could be restored upon TH substitution in P11–12 hypothyroids. These data demonstrate a disturbed Cl− homeostasis following TH deficiency and point to a delayed onset of synaptic inhibition. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry demonstrated an unchanged KCC2 distribution in hypothyroids, implying that TH deficiency did not affect KCC2 gene expression but may have impaired the functional status of KCC2. Hippocampal neurons of hypothyroid P16–17 rats also demonstrated an impaired Cl− homeostasis, indicating that TH may have promoted the D/H shift and maturation of synaptic inhibition throughout the brain.
Non‐photic phase shifting of the circadian clock: role of the extracellular signal‐responsive kinases I/II/mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway
Authors: Antle Michael C. , Tse Floria , Koke Sydney J. , Sterniczuk Roxanne , Hagel Kimberly 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe master circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is synchronized to the external world primarily through exposure to light. A second class of stimuli based on arousal or activity can also reset the hamster circadian clock in a manner distinct from light. The mechanism underlying these non‐photic phase shifts is unknown, although suppression of canonical clock genes and immediate early genes has been implicated. Recently, suppression of one of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK), namely extracellular signal‐responsive kinases I/II (ERK), has been implicated in phase shifts to dark pulses, a stimulus with both photic and non‐photic components. We investigated the involvement of the ERK/MAPK pathway in phase shifts in response to 3 h of sleep deprivation initiated at mid‐day. About three‐quarters of animals subjected to this procedure demonstrated large phase advances of about 3 h. Those that shifted exhibited a significant decrease in phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) in the SCN. Those animals that were perfused during the sleep deprivation also exhibited immunoreactivity for p‐ERK in a distinct portion of the ventrolateral SCN. Finally, injections of U0126 to the SCN to prevent phosphorylation of ERK significantly decreased levels of p‐ERK but did not produce phase shifts. These data demonstrate that a purely non‐photic manipulation is able to alter the activity of the MAPK pathway in the SCN, with downregulation in the SCN shell and activation in a portion of the SCN core.
Early onset of deafening‐induced song deterioration and differential requirements of the pallial‐basal ganglia vocal pathway
Authors: Horita Haruhito , Wada Kazuhiro , Jarvis Erich D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSimilar to humans, songbirds rely on auditory feedback to maintain the acoustic and sequence structure of adult learned vocalizations. When songbirds are deafened, the learned features of song, such as syllable structure and sequencing, eventually deteriorate. However, the time‐course and initial phases of song deterioration have not been well studied, particularly in the most commonly studied songbird, the zebra finch. Here, we observed previously uncharacterized subtle but significant changes to learned song within a few days following deafening. Syllable structure became detectably noisier and silent intervals between song motifs increased. Although song motif sequences remained stable at 2 weeks, as previously reported, pronounced changes occurred in longer stretches of song bout sequences. These included deletions of syllables between song motifs, changes in the frequency at which specific chunks of song were produced and stuttering for birds that had some repetitions of syllables before deafening. Changes in syllable structure and song bout sequence occurred at different rates, indicating different mechanisms for their deterioration. The changes in syllable structure required an intact lateral part but not the medial part of the pallial‐basal ganglia vocal pathway, whereas changes in the song bout sequence did not require lateral or medial portions of the pathway. These findings indicate that deafening‐induced song changes in zebra finches can be detected rapidly after deafening, that acoustic and sequence changes can occur independently, and that, within this time period, the pallial‐basal ganglia vocal pathway controls the acoustic structure changes but not the song bout sequence changes.
Diacylglycerol kinase β accumulates on the perisynaptic site of medium spiny neurons in the striatum
Authors: Hozumi Yasukazu , Fukaya Masahiro , Adachi Naoko , Saito Naoaki , Otani Koichi , Kondo Hisatake , Watanabe Masahiko , Goto Kaoru 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFollowing activation of Gq protein‐coupled receptors, phospholipase C yields a pair of second messengers, i.e. diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate. The former activates protein kinase C and the latter mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular store. DAG kinase (DGK) then phosphorylates DAG to produce another second messenger (phosphatidic acid). Of 10 mammalian DGK isozymes, DGKβ is expressed in dopaminergic projection fields with the highest level in the striatum and its particular splice variant is differentially expressed in patients with bipolar disorder. To gain molecular anatomical evidence for its signaling role, we investigated the cellular expression and subcellular localization of DGKβ in the striatum of rat brain. DGKβ was expressed in medium spiny neurons constituting the striatonigral and striatopallidal pathways, whereas striatal interneurons were below the detection threshold. DGKβ was distributed in somatodendritic elements of medium spiny neurons and localized in association with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane or in the narrow cytoplasmic space between them. In particular, DGKβ exhibited dense accumulation at perisynaptic sites on dendritic spines forming asymmetrical synapses. The characteristic anatomical localization was consistent with exclusive enrichment of DGKβ in the microsomal and postsynaptic density fractions. Intriguingly, DGKβ was very similar in immunohistochemical and immunochemical distribution to Gq‐coupled receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5, and also to other downstream molecules involving DAG metabolism, such as phospholipase C β and DAG lipase. These findings suggest that abundant DGKβ is provided to perisynaptic sites of medium spiny neurons so that it can effectively produce phosphatidic acid upon activation of Gq‐coupled receptors and modulate the cellular state of striatal output neurons.