bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy to capillary gas chromatography for trans fatty acid determination
Authors: Adam M. , Mossoba M. M. , Dawson T. , Chew M. , Wasserman S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGas chromatography (GC) has been a standard analytical tool in lipid chemistry. The rapid attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared (IR) American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Recommended Practice (Cd 14d‐97) was compared to the capillary GC AOCS Recommended Practice (Ce 1f‐97) that was optimized to accurately determine total trans fatty acids on highly polar stationary phases. This comparative evaluation was validated in an independent laboratory. These procedures were used to quantitate the total trans fatty acid levels in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, measured as neat (without solvent) triacylglycerols (TAG) by ATR and as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives by capillary GC. Unlike FAME, TAG determination by ATR required no derivatization, but samples had to be melted prior to measurement. Five blind replicates for each of three accuracy standards and three test samples were analyzed by each technique. The GC and ATR determinations were in good agreement. Accuracy was generally high. The ratios of ATR mean trans values (reported as percentage of total TAG) to the true values (based on the amount of trielaidin added gravimetrically) were 0.89, 0.98, and 1.02 for accuracy standards having about 1, 10, and 40% trans levels. The corresponding GC values, determined as percentage of total FAME, were 0.98, 0.99 and 1.04. The ratios of mean trans values determined by these techniques were ATR/GC 0.85, 1.04, and 1.01 for test samples having trans levels of about 0.7, 8, and 38%, respectively. The optimized GC procedure also minimzed the expected low bias in trans values due to GC peak overlap found with the GC Official Method Ce 1c‐89. Satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility were obtained by both ATR and GC.
A reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for analyzing complex mixtures of triglycerides. Application to the fat fraction of an aged cheese
Authors: Nájera A. I. , Perea S. , Barcina Y. , de Renobales M. , Barron L. J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalysis of complex mixtures of triglycerides that span a broad range of partition numbers can entail a number of difficulties. The present study was therefore intended to develop a method of reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography using a light scattering detector for analyzing such mixtures. Stationary phase type, mobile phase gradient, column temperature, and injection solvent were the factors used to develop the method. The method improved the selectivity of critical pairs of milk fat triglycerides, providing good resolution for 115 peaks with partition numbers of between 22 and 53. The use of tristearin as internal standard and the relative response factors for different partition number ranges made it possible to more accurately estimate the weight of the sample triglycerides.
Whose security? Deepening social conflict over ‘customary’ land in the shadow of land tenure reform in Malawi
Authors: Peters Pauline E. , Kambewa Daimon 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMalawi, like other countries in Africa, has a new land policy designed to clarify and formalise customary tenure. The country is poor with a high population density, highly dependent on agriculture, and the research sites are matrilineal-matrilocal, and near urban centres. But the case raises issues relevant to land tenure reform elsewhere: the role of ‘traditional authorities’ or chiefsvis-à-visthe state and ‘community’; variability in types of ‘customary’ tenure; and deepening inequality within rural populations. Even before it is implemented, the pending land policy in Malawi is intensifying competition over land. We discuss this and the increase in rentals and sales; the effects of public debates about the new land policy; a new discourse about ‘original settlers’ and ‘strangers’; and political manoeuvring by chiefs.
Existence of solutions for some implicit partial differential equations and applications to variational integrals involving quasi-affine functions
Authors: Dacorogna Bernard , Ribeiro Ana Margarida 
Published: July 2007

We discuss some existence theorems for partial differential inclusions, subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions, of the form

where Φ is a quasi-affine function and so, in particular, for Φ(Du) = det Du.We then apply it to minimization problems of the form
Bax expression and apoptotic cell death in Fanconi anaemia peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Baruque G. A. , Bitencourt M. A. , Pasquini R. , Castelo‐Branco M. T. L. , Llerena J. C. , Rumjanek V. M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract.  Objective: Deregulated apoptosis might be involved in some of the features of Fanconi anaemia (FA). The possibility that the pro‐apoptotic Bax protein could be involved in an increased susceptibility to apoptosis in FA patients was investigated. Materials and methods: Intracellular Bax expression, Bcl‐2 expression (an anti‐apoptotic protein) and cell death were analysed in 26 FA peripheral blood lymphocyte samples. Results: Most FA samples (69%) displayed increased levels of Bax and were more susceptible to both spontaneous apoptosis and mitogen activation‐induced cell death. Two subgroups were identified: one presented elevated levels of Bax (n = 18), whereas the other (n = 8), had Bax levels lower than controls. Two subgroups based on Bcl‐2 expression were also identified: one with normal and another with high Bcl‐2 expression. No inverse correlation was found between Bcl‐2 levels and Bax expression. A clear difference in susceptibility to induced cell death could be observed between control and FA samples. The best correlation was observed between high levels of Bax and mitogen‐induced apoptosis of cells; these displayed characteristics of necrosis secondary to apoptosis, suggesting that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway was being activated. Conclusion: Despite increased susceptibility to cell death induction, there was no correlation between Bax levels, chromosome breakage, haematological parameters or androgen therapy. The importance of apoptosis and Bax expression in the clinical development of FA awaits clarification.
Activation of human CD4+ T cells by targeting MHC class II epitopes to endosomal compartments using human CD1 tail sequences
Authors: Niazi Kayvan R. , Ochoa Maria‐Teresa , Sieling Peter A. , Rooke Nanette E. , Peter Anna K. , Mollahan Pamela , Dickey Micah , Rabizadeh Shahrooz , Rea Thomas H. , Modlin Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDistinct CD4+ T‐cell epitopes within the same protein can be optimally processed and loaded into major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in disparate endosomal compartments. The CD1 protein isoforms traffic to these same endosomal compartments as directed by unique cytoplasmic tail sequences, therefore we reasoned that antigen/CD1 chimeras containing the different CD1 cytoplasmic tail sequences could optimally target antigens to the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. Evaluation of trafficking patterns revealed that all four human CD1‐derived targeting sequences delivered antigen to the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway, to early/recycling, early/sorting and late endosomes/lysosomes. There was a preferential requirement for different CD1 targeting sequences for the optimal presentation of an MHC class II epitope in the following hierarchy: CD1b > CD1d = CD1c > > > CD1a or untargeted antigen. Therefore, the substitution of the CD1 ectodomain with heterologous proteins results in their traffic to distinct intracellular locations that intersect with MHC class II and this differential distribution leads to specific functional outcomes with respect to MHC class II antigen presentation. These findings may have implications in designing DNA vaccines, providing a greater variety of tools to generate T‐cell responses against microbial pathogens or tumours.
The Immunological Basis for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Holmøy T. , Vartdal F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last few years, the concept of multiple sclerosis (MS) as a pure inflammatory disease mediated by myelin reactive T cells has been challenged. Neither the specificity nor the mechanisms triggering or perpetuating the immune response are understood. Genetic studies have so far not identified therapeutic targets outside the HLA complex, but epidemiological and immunological studies have suggested putative pathogenetic factors which may be important in therapy or prevention, including the Epstein–Barr virus and vitamin D. Advances in the treatment of MS have been reached by manipulating the immune response where the pathogenesis of MS intersects experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, most recently by blocking T‐cell migration through the blood–brain barrier. Antigen‐specific approaches are effective in experimental models driven by a focused immune response against defined autoantigens, but MS may not fit into this concept. Novel candidate autoantigens which are not constitutively expressed in the brain, such as protein α‐B crystallin or IgG V‐region idiotopes, as well as evidence of pathogenetic heterogeneity and complexity, suggest that treating MS by tolerizing the immune system against an universal MS antigen may be a fata morgana. Further characterization of MS subtypes may lead to individualized treatment. However, shared immunological features, such as intrathecal production of oligoclonal IgG, suggest that potential therapeutic targets may be shared by most MS patients.
STATISTICAL INFORMATION CHARACTERIZATION OF CONSERVED NON-CODING ELEMENTS IN VERTEBRATES
Authors: ABNIZOVA I. , WALTER K. , TE BOEKHORST R. , ELGAR G. , GILKS W. R. 
Published: July 2007

Recently, a set of highly conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) has been derived from a comparison between the genomes of the puffer fish, Takifugu or Fugu rubripes, and man. In order to facilitate the identification of these conserved elements in silico, we characterize them by a number of statistical features.We found a pronounced information pattern around CNE borders; although the CNEs themselves are AT rich and have high entropy (complexity), they are flanked by GC-rich regions of low entropy (complexity). We also identified the most abundant motifs within and around of CNEs, and identified those that group around their borders. Like in human promoter regions, the TBP, NF-Y and some other binding motifs are clustered around CNE boundaries, which may suggest a possible transcription regulatory function of CNEs.
Formation and deformation of the Pannonian Basin: constraints from observational data
Authors: Horváth Frank , Bada Gábor , Szafián Péter , Tari Gábor , Ádám Antal , Cloetingh Sierd 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed spectacular progress in the collection of observational data and their interpretation in the Pannonian Basin and the surrounding Alpine, Carpathian and Dinaric mountain belts. A major driving force behind this progress was the PANCARDI project of the EUROPROBE programme. The paper reviews tectonic processes, structural styles, stratigraphic records and geochemical data for volcanic rocks. Structural and seismic sections of different scales, seismic tomography and magnetotelluric, gravity and geothermal data are also used to determine the deformational styles, and to compile new crustal and lithospheric thickness maps of the Pannonian Basin and the surrounding fold-and-thrust belts. The Pannonian Basin is superimposed on former Alpine terranes. Its formation is a result of extensional collapse of the overthickened Alpine orogenic wedge during orogen-parallel extrusion towards a 'free boundary' offered by the roll-back of the subducting Carpathian slab. As a conclusion, continental collision and back-arc basin evolution is discussed as a single, complex dynamic process, with minimization of the potential and deformational energy as the driving principle.
Post-Variscan (end Carboniferous-Early Permian) basin evolution in Western and Central Europe
Authors: McCann T. , Pascal C. , Timmerman M.J. , Krzywiec P. , López-Gómez J. , Wetzel L. , Krawczyk C.M. , Rieke H. , Lamarche J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The Variscan orogeny, resulting from the collision of Laurussia with Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, was followed by a period of crustal instability and re-equilibration throughout Western and Central Europe. An extensive and significant phase of Permo-Carboniferous magmatism led to the extrusion of thick volcanic successions across the region (e.g. NE German Basin, NW part of the Polish Basin, Oslo Rift, northern Spain). Coeval transtensional activity led to the formation of more than 70 rift basins across the region. The various basins differ in terms of their form and infill according to their position relative to the Variscan orogen (i.e. internide or externide location) and to the controls that acted on basin development (e.g. basement structure configuration). This paper provides an overview of a variety of basin types, to more fully explore the controls upon the tectonomagmatic-sedimentary evolution of these important basins.
The impact of physical illnesses on non‐psychotic psychiatric morbidity: Data from the household survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain
Authors: Cooke Debbie , Newman Stanton , Sacker Amanda , DeVellis Brenda , Bebbington Paul , Meltzer Howard 
Published: July 2007

Objectives. Psychiatric morbidity among the physically ill is an important issue, particularly in the light of research documenting the difficulties in accurately diagnosing and effectively treating psychiatric disorders in this group. The objectives of this study were: (1) To compare psychiatric morbidity in 11 physical conditions and a healthy comparison group. (2) To compare psychiatric morbidity between respondents with one of the 11 illnesses to those with more than one physical illness.Design. The sample was derived from the cross‐sectional Household Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity.Methods. Psychiatric morbidity (excluding psychosis) was assessed by interview using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS‐R) and physical illness through self‐report in 10,108 adults.Results. Eight of the 11 illness groups were more likely to be classified as having psychiatric morbidity on the CIS‐R than the physically healthy group. There were no differences in psychiatric morbidity between the different illness groups. The presence of more than one physical illness significantly increased the likelihood of psychiatric morbidity in 10 of the 11 groups.Conclusion. This study further supports the association between physical and psychiatric illness. Importantly, it suggests an increased likelihood of psychiatric morbidity in the presence of more than one physical condition.
Novel Inhibitors of Alkaline Phosphatase Suppress Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification
Authors: Narisawa Sonoko , Harmey Dympna , Yadav Manisha C , O'Neill W Charles , Hoylaerts Marc F , Millán Jose Luis 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We report three novel inhibitors of the physiological pyrophosphatase activity of alkaline phosphatase and show that these compounds are capable of reducing calcification in two models of vascular calcification (i.e., they suppress in vitro calcification by cultured Enpp1−/− VSMCs and they inhibit the increased pyrophosphatase activity in a rat aortic model).
Introduction: Genetic ablation of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) leads to accumulation of the calcification inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). TNALP deficiency ameliorates the hypermineralization phenotype in Enpp1−/− and ank/ank mice, two models of osteoarthritis and soft tissue calcification. We surmised that the pharmacological inhibition of TNALP pyrophosphatase activity could be used to prevent/suppress vascular calcification.
Materials and Methods: Comprehensive chemical libraries were screened to identify novel drug-like compounds that could inhibit TNALP pyrophosphatase function at physiological pH. We used these novel compounds to block calcification by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to inhibit the upregulated pyrophosphatase activity in a rat aortic calcification model.
Results: Using VSMC cultures, we determined that Enpp1−/− and ank/ank VSMCs express higher TNALP levels and enhanced in vitro calcification compared with wildtype cells. By high-throughput screening, three novel compounds, 5361418, 5923412, and 5804079, were identified that inhibit TNALP pyrophosphatase function through an uncompetitive mechanism, with high affinity and specificity when measured at both pH 9.8 and 7.5. These compounds were shown to reduce the calcification by Enpp1−/− VSMCs. Furthermore, using an ex vivo rat whole aorta PPi hydrolysis assay, we showed that pyrophosphatase activity was inhibited by all three lead compounds, with compound 5804079 being the most potent at pH 7.5.
Conclusions: We conclude that TNALP is a druggable target for the treatment and/or prevention of ectopic calcification. The lead compounds identified in this study will serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry efforts to develop drugs for the treatment of soft tissue calcification.
Entwicklung und Applikation von modellbasierten Steuergerätefunktionen am Beispiel eines Sechszylindermotors mit vollvariablem Ventiltrieb (Development and Calibration of Model-based Controller Functions by the Example of a Six Cylinder Engine with Full-variable Valvetrain)
Authors: Meder Georg , Mitterer Alexander , Konrad Heiko , Krämer Gerd , Siegl Norbert 
Published: July 2007

Der Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung und Applikation von modellbasierten Steuergerätefunktionen am Beispiel der neuen BMW Reihen-Sechszylindermotoren. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei BMW im gesamten Funktionsentwicklungs- und Applikationsprozess neue Wege beschritten werden, um auch in Zukunft Steuerungs- und Regelungsfunktionen für Motorsteuerungen maßgeschneidert und effektiv entwickeln zu können.
This paper describes the development and calibration of model based functions within the electronic control unit of the new BMW 6-cylinder inline engine. It is shown that BMW uses new ways in the overall function and calibration process for developing future functions for control units in an highly customised and efficient manner.
Basicities of Aquo + Alcoholic (Mono-ol) mixtures
Authors: Bhattacharyya Ranjana , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: July 2007

Gibbs energies of transfer of H+ion [ΔG0t(w→s)(H+)] from water (w) to different aquo + alcoholic mixtures (s) were calculated using no extrathermodynamic assumptions. ΔG0t(w→s)(H+) values with and without interactions are given.ΔG0t(w→s)(H+) values (without interaction terms) compare well with the selected values of ΔG0t(w→s)(H+) in different aquo + alcoholic mixtures recommended by Marcus from compilations of data reported by various workers using different extrathermodynamic assumptions. Suitable conversion was made to bring the data into the range of the TATB scale.ΔG0t(w→s)(H+) values in binary mixtures (without interaction terms) are lower and qualitatively to some extent close to the values reported in the literature at least at low percentages.The results show that ΔG0solv(H+) and ΔG0t(w→s)(H+) values are increasingly positivei.e.less basic as the mass% of organic solvents increases and the sequence of basicities are in the orderi.e.the organic solvent and solvent mixtures are less basic than water contrary to the prevalent conceptions. The main factor appears to be the number of O-atoms with lone-pair of electrons responsible for H+acceptance, H-bonding and other structural modifications of the solvent mixtures. Obviously, the lower the molar mass of the organic solvent, the greater will be the basicity of the solvent and solvent mixtures.
Organizational Ontology and The Moral Status of the Corporation
Authors: Seabright Mark A. , Kurke Lance B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper explores an ontological approach to the issue of whether corporations, like individuals, are morally responsible for their actions. More specifically, we investigate the identity of organizations relative to the individuals that compose them. Based on general systems theory, the traditional assumption is that social collectives are more complex, variable, and loosely coupled than individuals. This assumption rests on two premises. The first is a view of the individual as simple, stable, and tightly coupled (i.e., unitary). The second premise is that the relationship between social collectives and their members is characterized by the complete inclusion of individuals in higher order systems.We examine the social science literature that bears on these premises and conclude that they are false. The differences between organizations and individuals in the magnitude of complexity or variability appear to be minimal or nonexistent. An implication of our analysis is that individuals and organizations are coterminous and, therefore, inseparable as moral agents.
Corporate Soulcraft in the Age of Brutal Markets
Authors: Johnson Elmer W. 
Published: July 2007

The economic and political arguments for the market principle over alternative forms of economic organization are to my mind irrefutable. It is on the moral level that the perplexing concerns about capitalism center, concerns that have been raised from the beginnings of the industrial era down to the present time. This essay focuses on one major aspect of the ongoing moral test of capitalism: the test of whether our major corporations can both succeed in their profit-making efforts and also serve as one of society’s chief mediating structures that stand, like family, church and community, between the individual and the state. Should the corporation serve not simply as a utilitarian arrangement for the efficient production of high quality goods and services, but also as a moral community that shapes human character and behavior? How can it do so in this age of brutal markets?James Q. Wilson, professor of management at UCLA, has no doubt about the answer. In an article last year, he said: “The problem of imbuing large-scale enterprise with a decent moral life is fundamental.” Corporations “are systems of human action that cannot for long command the loyalty of their members if their standards of collective action are materially lower than those of their individual members.” Capitalists should recognize, he concluded, “that, while free markets will ruthlessly eliminate inefficient firms, the moral sentiments of man will only gradually and uncertainly penalize immoral ones. But, while the quick destruction of inefficient corporations threatens only individual firms, the slow anger at immoral ones threatens capitalism, and thus freedom itself.”
Judaism, Business and Privacy
Authors: Dorff Elliot N. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This article first describes some of the chief contrasts between Judaism and American secularism in their underlying convictions about the business environment and the expectations which all involved in business can have of each other—namely, duties vs. rights, communitarianism vs. individualism, and ties to God and to the environment based on our inherent status as God’s creatures rather than on our pragmatic choice. Conservative Judaism’s methodology for plumbing the Jewish tradition for guidance is described and contrasted to those of Orthodox and Reform Judaism.One example of how Conservative Judaism can inform us on a current matter is developed at some length—namely, privacy in the workplace. That section discusses (1) the reasons for protecting privacy; (2) protection from intrusion, including employer spying; (3) protection from disclosure of that intended to remain private; (4) individualistic vs. communitarian approaches to grounding the concern for privacy; and (5) contemporary implications for insuring privacy in business.