bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Management of Offshore Oil Production in Indonesia
Authors: Dahuri Rokhmin , Smith J. P. , Rondonuwu W. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Increasing public awareness on the limited nature of the environment to absorb wastes generated by various human activities has led to the need to implement sustainable development techniques in real world exploitation practices. Maxus Southeast Sumatra, Inc. has a corporate mandate to practice sustainable development principles for all its operations.
One important manifestation of sustainable development practices within the oil and gas industries is through environmental management aimed at minimizing negative impact of the operations on the receiving environment. Establishing a valid and integrated information base concerning biophysical, socio-economic and cultural entities of coastal and marine ecosystems within the Maxus production area is a vital step in achieving the corporate policy objective.
This paper presents Maxus’ research program, ESACOC (Environmental Sensitivity Analysis and Crude Oil Characteristics), as a means of establishing such an information base. ESACOC consists of four interrelated research packages: (1) risk analysis, (2) shoreline sensitivity analysis, (3) laboratory studies and (4) an interactive computer system. The primary objective of this research program is to provide Maxus and the government of Indonesia the capability of managing environmental problems and issues that may arise in an efficient and optimal manner. This is achieved by integration of data collected from these projects by novel application of a. simulation database and GIS (Geographical Information System).
Quality Criteria in Selecting Glycols as Alternatives to Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Systems
Authors: Bland R. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High performance polyglycol and polyglycerol based drilling fluids are growing in use to replace less environmentally acceptable oil-based, and the newer "synthetic", invert emulsion drilling fluids. The characteristics and properties of these polyglycols and polyglycerols are presented, discussed and recommendations made with respect to shale stabilization, bit balling, torque reduction, differential sticking and gas hydrates formation.
Indian West Coast Oil Spills: A Remedial Preparedness
Authors: Kapoor Surinder , Rawat H. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The western offshore oil activities contribute significantly to nation's hydrocarbon requirement. The increased activities of exploration, exploitation processing, handling, transportation, accentuate the risk of oil spillage by accident, human error, equipment failure in operation or natural calamity. Thus the spill of oil into the sea is an inevitable phenomenon that causes serious problem both to marine ecology & oil installations by increasing the risk of fire hazards. The present communique analyses the plausible causes of oil spill & highlights the development of an environmental protection technique that may be applicable to Indian waters. It also exposes all the scientific facts concerning the combatment of oil slick, especially the data base development & analysis system.
Experimental part of the problem has been systematically studied through synergistic bench scale models. The weathering behaviour so studied, was conformed on test slicks in Arabian open sea. The test oil behaved typically having high wax content with low natural combatment features viz.low dispersion & evaporation both below 10% under controlled simulated environment. Further studies indicated that the use of chemical enhanced methodology has limited application as toxicity of test crude may increase many folds.
Efforts have also been made to develop; two predictive models for the area which can be used as a tool for planning an oil spill clean-up strategy. These comprehensive models when integrated can predict the probable contamination, identify low & high sensitive areas and periods in a year and quantum of oil left at any moment for a large oil slick etc.
An emerging technology, net boom with woven socks collection system has been attempted in open sea. Initial field trial is encouraging & speaks about the complete solution to the existing problem with minimal secondary effects.
Revegetation Trials in Western Siberia: The Growth of a Cooperative Effort
Authors: Younkin W. E. , Martens H. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The removal of barriers to Western involvement in the Russian economy has made it possible for joint cooperation in the solution of environmental problems facing that country. One such problem is the large terrain and vegetation disturbances associated with oil and gas exploration and development activities in Western Siberia. While studies to select adapted species and test terrain stabilization techniques for Arctic and Subarctic regions in North America have been underway for over 20 years, little was known of similar work in the former Soviet Union. In 1991 and 1992, Amoco environmental specialists, in consultation with the local gas association, brought in a number of revegetation species proven in the North American Arctic and put them into test gardens on the Yamal Peninsula. First year results were favorable and in 1992 the tests were expanded to include various plant establishment methods for the sandy soils common in the region. In 1993 a joint Russian/American team was formed and studies utilizing a combination of species and methods from both countries were undertaken at the most northern site. The results of these studies are reviewed and summarized.
Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons Under the Impact of More Stringent Environmental Requirements: How Does a Central European Producer Tackle This Problem?
Authors: Böning Heinrich 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In Germany, hydrocarbon reservoirs are frequently located in areas designated as nature or landscape protection zones, or at least as farmland or forest.
In addition, environmental discussions are making the public increasingly sensitive and statutory environmental requirements are impeding the implementation of industrial planning and decision-making processes.
In order for exploration for and production of hydrocarbons to remain calculable, economically and ecologically reasonable solutions must be found which are acceptable to all concerned. This necessitates competent communication and coordination and a high degree of cooperation both within the company and vis-à-vis residents, authorities, ministries, interest groups and partners.
Within the scope of these activities, environmental concerns for BEB can be roughly grouped in the three main categories
Legislation/permit procedures Emissions/immissions/damage Upgrading/recultivations/restitutions.
The entrepreneurial challenge in solving these tasks necessitates an environmentally-oriented management and a change of strategy towards a preventive-proactive approach which also take into account ecological aspects and thus co-responsibility for environmental quality in an appropriate manner.
The present paper describes two examples of this structural change, the first initiated by the lawmaker and the second by the company itself.
Researching Employee Assistance Program Resources in Southeast Asia
Authors: O'Donnell W. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper will describe visits to four (4) Southeast Asian countries and the efforts to discover what resources are available for expatriates and nationals to address problems traditionally encountered in employee assistance programs.
Specific resources for treatment of chemical dependency (alcoholism, drug addiction) in the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand will be discussed. Both professional and self-help resources will be covered. Counseling resources for other psychological and emotional problems will be included.
Prior to discussing resources in specific countries, a discussion of the definition of an EAP as well as the history of the EAP movement will be briefly described. The various models of service and the EAP core technology and actual mechanics will also be explained.
Safety Issues Regarding Temporary Wellhead Pressure Control Equipment Used in Wireline Service Operations
Authors: Fehrmann G.Z. 
Published: December 2007

SPE Member

Abstract
Wireline operators employ pressure-control equipment when performing slick, braided, and E-line service operations on pressurized (live) wells. This pressure-control equipment, commonly referred to as lubricator stacks or risers, is mounted temporarily on top of the wellhead for the purpose of controlling well pressure and fluids as the services are being performed. To ensure the safety of personnel, property, and the environment, several new enhancements have recently been made to lubricator equipment and associated well entry technology.
This paper will present an overview of these enhancements and how they:facilitate proper selection of equipment for particular well environments and pressure conditions, andprovide operators with procedures for proper inspection and maintenance of the equipment to insure its integrity.
The paper will also discuss various methods and design improvements that can eliminate the uncertainty of equipment selection for H2S and standard service.
This information is being presented with the hopes that a better understanding of equipment and processes will enable operators to make proper selections of temporary wellhead pressure-control equipment, and thus, ensure safer conditions for both personnel and the environment.

Introduction
The process of moving tools in and out of a live wellbore using a pressure-control system or stack was originally referred to as "lubricating the tools" into and out of the well, and thus, the equipment has come to be known as a "lubricator." Operators also use the term, "riser," but for purposes of this paper, the equipment will be referred to as a "lubricator" or "lubricator stack."
Most components in a lubricator stack are manufactured with threaded end connections that employ elastomeric O-ring seals so that the components can be connected easily without special tools. Equipment working pressures range from 2,000 to 20,000 psi (13.79 to 137.9 mPA). Most lubricator stack components are sized to the tubing in the well or the equipment that must be run in the tubing, and the ID sizes range from 2 to 9 inches (50.8 to 228.6 mm). In recent years, manufacturers of lubricator components have been requested to size their equipment to standard API wellhead ID sizes. Since lubricator equipment is mounted temporarily on the wellhead, it does not fall within the API specifications, and compliance is not mandatory. However, most manufacturers of lubricator equipment try to adhere to API 6A specifications.
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Investigation of Pore-Blocking Mechanism in Gravel Packs in the Management and Control of Fines Migration
Authors: Bigna Yann , Oyeneyin M. S. , Peden J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The migration of fines into gravelpacks from both unconsolidated reservoirs and through the injection of fluids from the wellbore, is characterised by permeability reduction which may be gradual or instantaneous depending on the invasion process and the pore blocking mechanism. In an attempt to define the maximum allowable levels of fines that can be tolerated by a typical gravelpack which will ensure optimum production capacity over the economic life of the well, an experimental project on pore blocking mechanisms in gravelpacks was initiated in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Heriot-Watt University in order to define the gravelpack permeability decline as a function of production time.
In this paper, the results of the experimental studies which show the trends of gravelpack permeability reduction as a function of the pore blocking phenomena are presented. Five prevailing pore blocking mechanisms were identified, each characterised by the profile of permeability reduction against time. Based on the characteristic profiles, specific pore blocking mechanism models were developed to quantify gravelpack impairment as a function of gravel-fines size ratio, fines concentration, and fluid production rate. These models have been incorporated into a computerised well performance model which can be utilised to predict both the initial and lifetime performance of a gravelpacked well.
Specific case studies, using field data, to illustrate how the well performance model can be utilised to conduct sensitivity analysis of the productivity index to fines concentration, gravel size and production time. Application of the studies to the analysis of gravelpacked well performance especially with respect to maximum allowable level of fines injection during water flooding for injection wells or formation fines production level for specific commercial gravels are presented. The paper also illustrates how the system can be used to predict possible plugging time of a typical gravelpack.
Utilizing Snubbing Is a Cost-Effective Tool for Gravel Pack Operation on the Gullfaks Field
Authors: Kristiansen T. S. , Hauge Torleif , Kolsto Johan 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Utilising a snubbing rig has proven to be cost effective for gravel pack applications on the Norwegian Gullfaks field. A snubbing rig is less expensive to use than the drilling rig, but more importantly, deploying a snubbing rig releases the drilling rig for drilling operations. Use of the drilling rig for sand control operations delays the drilling progress on the platforms and consequently delays the production from all the upcoming wells. The total cost of delayed drilling operations, including the impact on delayed production, varies between 1 to 5 Mill NOK/rig-day ( 150 000 - 700 000 USD/Day) on the Gullfaks field. These values will, however, change over time and will be less important as more wells are drilled and completed.
This paper describes the economical potential and the technical advantages of using a snubbing rig for gravel pack operations on the Gullfaks field. Field examples and experiences gained from different gravel pack operations are included.
Numerical Model for Predicting Complex Sulfate Scaling During Waterflooding
Authors: Roque Claude , Renard Michel , Van Quy Nguyen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is in two parts. The first part describes the experimental investigation enabling the precipitate to be identified as a single complex-structure solid. The second part describes a numerical model for predicting solid deposits.
In constructing the model, consideration was given to the experimental observation given above. Likewise, the concept of an equilibrium constant applied to each sensitive ion was used in the place of solubility products, which had become inadequate to describe an equilibrium in which the solid phase has a complex composition.
Comparisons were made between deposited masses, determined by computing and by experimental measurements for several water pairs. Quite satisfactory agreement was obtained in each case.
Several measured families of equilibrium constants were introduced into the model, corresponding to water pairs that are often encountered in reservoirs. With this database, the model is able to provide a mass deposit curve for a water pair having any composition. An example of prediction is given. It has to do with an industrial case applied to production.
Evaluation of Potassium Carbonate as a Non-Corrosive, Chloride-Free Completion Fluid
Authors: Houchin L. R. , Foxenberg W. E. , Zhao Jun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of Potassium Carbonate as a non-corrosive, chloride free completion fluid has gained acceptance by several operators in the Middle East and North Sea. These brines can be formulated to reach a specific gravity of 1.52 (12.5 lbm/gal). The formulated brines possess physico-chemical properties such as high solubility, low crystallization temperature, low intrinsic viscosity, low corrosivity, etc., which make them candidates for utility as completion and/or packer fluids. Theoretically, these properties should provide a brine completion fluid which is operationally functional, corrosion resistant (high pH) and which eliminate the potential for chloride stress cracking of corrosion resistant alloys. However, the significance of these benefits is unpublished and other obvious potential incompatibilities were apparently not evaluated.
This paper presents results from an extensive laboratory evaluation as to the suitability of potassium carbonate brines as completion fluids. Data from average weight loss and stress cracking corrosion (SCC) tests confirm both low general corrosion rates and little or no tendency toward stress corrosion. However, this low corrosion potential is not significantly lower than other chloride free brine alternatives such as sodium bromide.
At test temperatures as high as 300°F, no evidence of 13 Chrome Stainless Steel stress cracking was identified in any of the completion brine systems tested, including chloride and bromide based fluids. Furthermore, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock compatibility test results indicate that carbonate based brines produce precipitation reaction products when intermixed with a range of synthetic and natural formation waters. Single-phase, brine flow tests on Berea cores showed an almost total loss of permeability after exposure to potassium carbonate brines.
Guidelines are presented to assist the completion engineer in thoroughly evaluating completion fluid brine chemistries as to functionality and formation compatibility.
Analysis of Radial Core Experiments for Hydrochloric Acid Interaction With Limestones
Authors: Frick T. P. , Mostofizadeh Behdokht , Economides M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Radial experiments of acid interactions with low permeability limestone cores were performed for a clearer understanding of controlling phenomena whose quantification would have a considerable impact on the matrix stimulation design of carbonate formations. The effects of injection rate, temperature, core permeability and acid concentration are demonstrated and compared with an analytical model which is based on a fractal geometry of the dissolution patterns. An optimum injection rate for the most efficient spending is identified. The shape of the wormhole pattern has been investigated under different conditions. Computer tomography before and after the treatment and thin sections were applied to analyze the dissolution patterns. The special laboratory considerations for conducting these experiments are presented in detail. A dimensional analysis comparison of the results in the radial cores with previous work in linear cores is also shown.
ESEM Observations Coupled With Coreflood Tests Improve Matrix Acidizing Designs
Authors: Simanjuntak A. B. M. , Haynes L. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new laboratory procedure has been developed to study formation damage mechanisms and improve acid stimulation designs using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) coupled with core flood tests. An ESEM has the unique capability of observing a sample, wet or dry, in its natural, uncoated state. The core plugs used in core flooding experiments can be observed at the same locations, before, during and after treatment with workover and completion fluids, without any cleaning, drying or metal coating processes. The direct effects of the stimulation and completion fluids on the formation minerals can be seen along with any changes to the initial porosity. The ESEM is combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to allow elemental analysis of precipitates or observation of changes in the elemental composition of the clay minerals.
This paper describes both the analytical procedures and the results of acidizing sandstone cores. The core material was observed by ESEM before, during and after laboratory core flood tests. This has resulted in a more effective acid stimulation treatment design through a better understanding of the fluid/rock interactions.
Converting Semisubmersible Drilling Units to Floating Production
Authors: Bowie R. D. , Tan P. L. , Corcoran G. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Converting semi-submersible drilling units to long term site specific Floating Production Service is becoming more frequent. This paper will present the latest classification and other regulatory requirements for this type of service.
The paper concentrates on Gulf of Mexico service and offers information regarding ABS interaction with Government Authorities such as USCG, MMS and flag states such as Panama and Liberia. ABS requirements for production risers, subsea templates and the role of ABS as a CVA for MMS are also discussed.
Fatigue assessment methods and joint detail enhancement are discussed together with surveys that are necessary to ensure that the unit will be capable of operating in one location for an extended period of time.
BP's Well Construction Strategy - A Way Forward?
Authors: Nims D G , Doig M J , Townhill R 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
To accelerate its North Sea Miller Platform drilling programme BP introduced an integrated incentive drilling contract with its two main drilling services contractors, Santa Fe the drilling contractor, and Baroid Engineered Drilling Services Limited the drilling engineering services contractor.
The objective in setting up the integrated incentive contract was to build mutual understanding by all parties of the common business drivers and to align the parties to deliver an end product, "the well", as opposed to the provision of a series of individual services. The anticipated benefits include increased commitment and focus from the contractors resulting in improved drilling performance. The paper will outline the implementation and results of this new contracting philosophy.
Fast Tracking to a Quality Operation
Authors: Schaeffer P. H. , Hartt M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the present times of fixed revenues and flat crude prices, an operator must control variable costs in order to remain competitive. Drilling costs are an important part of Capex and reduction of these costs in both Exploration and Development phases has become vital to improve profitability and increase attractiveness of marginal prospects/fields. Significant improvements from advancements in technology will more likely be evolutionary rather than revolutionary and contract rig rates are/have been at all time lows. Thus, the need and the challenge to drill economically will continue.
In the realm of areas that an operator influences, improving operational performance is the prime candidate for reducing drilling cost with immediate results using currently available technology/equipment. This paper discusses the "Fast Track" program introduced by Exxon in floating drilling operations offshore Malaysia that combines the development of ‘Cost Effective Drilling Programs’ with sharply increased ‘Rig Productivity’ to optimize overall drilling performance/quality and safety.
Case Study of Cased-Hole Sidetracking Mechanics: Prudhoe Bay Field Re-Entry Program
Authors: Jordan T. T. , Hernandez Floyd , Parnell L. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Consistent success has been achieved in the sidetracking mechanics used in the Prudhoe Bay re-entry program: milling a section out of the casing, laying an effective balanced cement plug, and directionally drilling out of the open section.
Operational success and consistency in this sidetracking phase have been a key in making a re-entry sidetrack more economical than a new well or an extensive workover. The objective of this paper will be to discuss the operational procedures that have proven effective over a large volume of wells.