bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Learning in Animals
Authors: Galef Bennett G 
Published: December 2005

Abstract‘Social learning’ is a general term referring to several behavioral processes that allow social interactions to bias what individuals learn. Processes involved in social learning include ‘local enhancement’, when the normal activities of one individual simply focus attention of others on a particular part of the environment with which they then interact, and ‘teaching’, when a model changes its own behavior to facilitate learning by naive individuals.
Isolated extramedullary relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Potenza Leonardo , Luppi Mario , Riva Giovanni , Morselli Monica , Ferrari Angela , Imovilli Annalisa , Giacobbi Francesca , Temperani Paola , Donelli Amedea , Narni Franco , Torelli Giuseppe 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIsolated extramedullary relapse (IEMR) is a pattern of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse post‐allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT). Less is known about IEMR post‐autologous BMT (autoBMT) and about factors associated with IEMR. We report a case of a woman with M4 AML who experienced IEMR post‐autoBMT and review the related literature. Seventy‐two alloBMT and 3 autoBMT patients, including ours, were identified. The review suggests that an M2 or M4 French‐American‐British (FAB) phenotype, intermediate cytogenetic risk group, and chromosome 8 abnormalities are more frequently associated with the occurrence of IEMR. IEMR occurs earlier in autoBMT than in alloBMT. Combined treatment with radiation and high‐dose chemotherapy may be effective. When we searched the European Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (EBMTR) database, we found the incidence of IEMR to be statistically greater in alloBMT than in autoBMT (11% vs. 6%; P = 0.02), but no correlations have been found with the conditioning transplant regimen used. A closer follow‐up, including body and central nervous system scan, should be considered in patients who are undergoing BMT presenting with several IEMR‐associated factors. Am. J. Hematol. 81:45–50, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral monocytes and CD4+ cells are potential Sources for increased circulating levels of TGF‐β and substance P in autoimmune myelofibrosis
Authors: Harrison Jonathan S. , Corcoran Kelly E. , Joshi Deval , Sophacleus Constantin , Rameshwar Pranela 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMyelofibrosis is an uncommon phenomenon associated with a variety of neoplastic and inflammatory processes. Although there is evidence that cytokines elaborated by clonal malignant hematopoietic cells are implicated in myelofibrosis in primary hematologic disorders, there has been little data to date on the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis in autoimmune disorders. Here we report a case of autoimmune myelofibrosis with pancytopenia. Peripheral blood monocytes and CD4‐positive lymphocytes produced significantly elevated levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) compared to similar cells from healthy volunteer controls. TGF‐β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis associated with primary hematological malignancies. Furthermore, substance P, previously linked to myelofibrosis, was also detected in elevated levels in the patient's serum and correlated negatively with the levels of the patient's blood counts. These findings suggest a role for both TGF‐β and substance P in the pathophysiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. This is the first report of deregulated production of TGF‐β by monocytes in the pathobiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 81:51–58, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Success with infliximab in treating refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Henzan Tomoko , Nagafuji Koji , Tsukamoto Hiroshi , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Gondo Hisashi , Imashuku Shinsaku , Harada Mine 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder characterized by fever, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, liver dysfunction, and hemophagocytosis. A 29‐year‐old woman, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus in 1996, developed HLH in early June 2002. HLH remained refractory during 1.5 months of treatment including corticosteroid, cyclosporine, plasma exchange, vincristine, and etoposide. Infliximab (5 mg/kg/day) was then administered twice. After the second administration, the patient attained remission. Because HLH itself is not a neoplasm but an uncontrolled immune reaction, blocking cytokines involved in the reaction should have therapeutic potentials. For HLH patients not responding to conventional therapy, anticytokine treatment with infliximab may represent one of promising options. Am. J. Hematol. 81:59–61, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic decision‐making in inhibitor patients
Authors: Allen Geoffrey , Aledort Louis 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA panel of hematologists met to discuss treatment choices in patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors. The group agreed that the management of bleeding episodes is complicated by a variable response to bypassing therapy, uncertainties regarding optimal dosing of NovoSeven, and concerns about the combined use of NovoSeven and FEIBA. Thrombotic risk was rated very low for both agents, and there was consensus that product selection should not be restricted to recombinant products. Cost considerations in therapeutic decision‐making were also discussed. Am. J. Hematol. 81:71–72, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy
Authors: Zarychanski Ryan , Elphee Erin , Walton Paul , Johnston James 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBisphosphonates are commonly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, and they are also an important therapeutic adjunct in multiple myeloma and other cancers metastatic to bone. Bisphosphonates are generally well tolerated and associated with minimal adverse effects; however, there exists a growing concern that intravenous bisphosphonate use is associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). We report the occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy in 12 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma, breast carcinoma, or renal cell carcinoma, all involving bone. At the onset of jaw osteonecrosis, pamidronate therapy was the single medication common to all 12 patients. The duration of therapy varied from 12 to 77 months before osteonecrosis was observed; 92% (11/12) of cases involved the posterior mandible and all cases have been refractory to a variety of medical therapies, including surgical debridement and systemic antibiotics. Available tissue biopsies revealed inflammation consistent with osteomyelitis. In one biopsy, Actinomyces spp. were recovered from culture, but treatment with an extended course of clindamycin conferred no clinical benefit. The persistence of exposed bone remains a significant source of morbidity and pain for each surviving patient. Discontinuation of pamidronate therapy has not helped reverse the presence of osteonecrosis, and surgical manipulation of the involved site appears to worsen the underlying bone pathology. ONJ is an important adverse outcome associated with bisphosphonate therapy, and physicians prescribing pamidronate or zoledronate must be aware of the association between these drugs and this serious clinical entity. Failure to recognize the signs of ONJ can lead to unnecessary surgical procedures, which ultimately exacerbate the condition and impact quality of life. The unremitting nature of this clinical development, and the long‐lasting morbidity associated with it suggests that patients should be counseled regarding the possible occurrence of ONJ prior to initiating therapy with pamidronate. Am. J. Hematol. 81:73–75, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reticulocyte evaluation in α+‐thalassemia
Authors: Krügner F. , Zaccariotto T.R. , Rosim E.T. , Costa F.F. , Grotto H.Z.W. , Sonati M.F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAlthough it is almost certain that α+‐thalassemia protects against malaria, the mechanisms for that are still unknown. It has been suggested that an increased number of young circulating red blood cells in α+‐thalassemic children, as a result of some degree of ineffective erythropoiesis, could be related to the high frequencies of the α+‐thalassemic allele in malaria endemic areas. Reticulocyte evaluation in this condition, however, has been poorly performed so far. Our objective was to determine the reticulocyte number and maturation degree, in addition to the soluble transferrin receptor and serum erythropoietin levels, in α+‐thalassemia heterozygotes, comparing them with normal α‐genotype controls. One hundred twenty‐one α+‐thalassemia carriers (−α3.7/αα) and 249 controls (αα/αα), all of them with normal serum ferritin levels, were subclassified according to age (1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and over 20 years old). Reticulocyte analyzes were carried out by flow cytometry and sTfR and s‐Epo levels determined by immunonephelometry and chemiluminescence, respectively. The comparisons did not show any significant difference between thalassemics and controls regarding the reticulocyte parameters [percentages and absolute values, P = 0.2643 and 0.5421; high, medium, and low maturation degree, P = 0.2579, 0.2196, and 0.4192; RET maturity index (RMI), P = 0.2471, respectively], as well as the s‐Epo levels (P = 0.5711). The sTfR concentrations were higher in the thalassemic group (P = 0.0001), but statistical significance was due only to the 1–5 and over 20 subgroups (P = 0.0082 and 0.0436, respectively). The results found here are compatible with a compensated erythropoiesis and do not confirm the hypothesis mentioned above. Am. J. Hematol. 81:68–70, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
Authors: Davoren A. , Aster R.H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHeparin, employed clinically for more than 50 years, is still a widely used anticoagulant. Unfortunately, some patients given this agent develop thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Because this side effect can have catastrophic consequences, it is imperative that all clinicians caring for patients who receive heparin have at least a basic understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am. J. Hematol. 81:36–44, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ikaros increases normal apoptosis in adult erythroid cells
Authors: Pulte Dianne , Lopez Rocio A. , Baker Shane T. , Ward Maureen , Ritchie Ellen , Richardson Christine A. , O'Neill David W. , Bank Arthur 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIkaros is a critical transcriptional regulator of hematopoietic cell differentiation. In addition to its effects on the lymphoid system and hematopoietic stem‐cell compartment, we have previously shown that Ikaros is also required for normal erythroid development. In this report, we compare Ikaros‐dependent gene expression in erythroid cells of mice lacking the Ikaros protein with that of normal mice in purified adult bone‐marrow erythroid cells (BMRC). Gene expression, measured by Affymetrix microarray analysis, indicates that in the BMRC of Ikaros‐null mice, there is significant up‐regulation of SMADs 6 and 7, serine protease inhibitor 3, and immediate–early protein 3 (IER3), all proteins that play a modulating role in apoptosis. We investigate the role of Ikaros in oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis using Annexin‐V staining and FACS analysis. We find a decrease in apoptosis in the BMRC of Ikaros‐null mice compared to normal mice. This effect is also seen in nonerythroid cells but is stronger in BMRC. We conclude that normal Ikaros function increases normal apoptosis in erythroid cells. The data also suggest that Ikaros plays a role in apoptosis‐mediated events in other normal hematopoietic cell lineages. Am. J. Hematol. 81:12–18, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapy‐related lymphomas in patients with autoimmune diseases after treatment with disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs
Authors: Au Wing‐Yan , Ma Edmond S.K. , Choy Carolyn , Chung Lap‐Ping , Fung Tsz‐Kin , Liang Raymond , Kwong Yok‐Lam 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTen patients developing lymphomas after disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARD) (methotrexate, n = 3, mean cumulative dose = 3.4 g; cyclophosphamide, n = 2, mean dose = 70 g; azathioprine, n = 6, mean dose = 243 g) were investigated. Methotrexate‐related lymphomas were Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐positive, had infrequent aberrant methylation of p15 and p16, and responded well to methotrexate withdrawal or anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) alone without concomitant chemotherapy, implying that defective immunosurveillance was important in lymphomagenesis. However, 75% of cyclophosphamide/azathioprine‐related lymphomas were EBV‐negative, had frequent p15 and p16 methylation, and responded poorly to drug withdrawal and chemotherapy, implying that direct drug‐induced mutagenesis might be involved in lymphomagenesis. Am. J. Hematol. 81:5–11, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylaxis of central venous catheter‐related thrombosis with minidose warfarin in patients treated with high‐dose chemotherapy and peripheral‐blood stem‐cell transplantation: Retrospective analysis of 228 cancer patients
Authors: Magagnoli Massimo , Masci Giovanna , Castagna Luca , Pedicini Vittorio , Poretti Dario , Morenghi Emanuela , Brambilla Giorgio , Santoro Armando 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPatients with a central venous catheter (CVC) undergoing high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by peripheral‐blood stem‐cell transplantation (PBSCT) for malignancies are at high risk of thrombosis, but the use of anti‐coagulant prophylaxis remains debatable in this setting of patients. We analyzed the efficacy and the safety of minidose warfarin in 228 patients in whom CVCs had been placed and who had received 292 HDC courses of therapy. The catheters remained in place for a mean of 173 (range 40–298) days. All patients received prophylactic oral warfarin in the fixed dose of 1 mg/day starting on the day of CVC insertion. Prophylaxis was interrupted during aplasia when platelet counts fell below 50,000/dL. There were no toxic deaths related to the prophylaxis. Overall there were 4 thrombotic events. Three occurrences were directly related to the catheter, while the remaining event was a deep saphenous‐vein thrombosis. A number of potential predictive factors were analyzed for their impact on thrombotic events without finding any significant correlation. Four episodes of bleeding occurred, with each of these individuals having a normal INR but a platelet count below 50,000/dL. Minidose warfarin is effective and safe to use for preventing thrombotic events in this setting of patients. Am. J. Hematol. 81:1–4, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure of blood from patients with sickle cell disease to air changes the morphological, oxygen‐binding, and sickling properties of sickled erythrocytes
Authors: Obata Kazuo , Mattiello Julian , Asakura Kenji , Ohene‐Frempong Kwaku , Asakura Toshio 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe collected venous blood samples from 7 steady‐state patients with homozygous sickle cell disease under venous oxygen pressure without exposure to air (UnExp‐blood) and compared the morphological, oxygen‐binding, and sickling properties with those of SS cells in aliquots of the same venous blood samples that were oxygenated in room air or at a PO2 near 180 mmHg (Exp‐blood). Results showed that (1) upon deoxygenation under nitrogen, UnExp‐blood generated a significantly higher percentage of elongated reversibly sickled cells (RSCs) than did Exp‐blood; (2) upon gradual oxygenation of completely deoxygenated sickled cells, RSCs in UnExp‐blood converted to discocytes at a higher oxygen pressure than did those in Exp‐blood; (3) the degree of hysteresis between the sickling/desickling curves of UnExp‐blood was greater than that of Exp‐blood; and (4) deoxy‐Hb S in hemolysate prepared from SS cells in UnExp‐blood polymerized without a delay time, while those from Exp‐blood polymerized with a distinct delay time. The in vivo properties of RSCs significantly changed upon oxygenation. We also found that the various properties of blood samples collected from patients with SCD by the ordinary method were similar to those of Exp‐blood, probably because such blood samples are exposed to oxygen through air in the needle, syringe, and Vacutainer. Once SS cells were oxygenated, the in vivo properties of RSCs could not be recovered by partial deoxygenation to venous oxygen pressure. Am. J. Hematol. 81:26–35, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, and their charge‐transfer complex. VIII. Charge‐transfer complex (4)
Authors: Jianping Deng , Wantai Yang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn view of the complexity of surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate/maleic anhydride (VAC/MAH) binary monomer systems, a novel method was adopted in the present article to obtain insight into the relevant grafting copolymerization mechanism. This method includes two steps: semibenzopinacol dormant groups were first introduced onto LDPE film by UV‐irradiation and then thermally reactivated to produce LDPE macromolecular free radicals, which initiated the grafting copolymerization of VAC and MAH. It was demonstrated that, in the first step, the solvent used to introduce benzophenone (BP) to LDPE film largely affected the subsequent grafting copolymerization, which was closely related to the affinity of the solvent toward the substrate. The monomer feed composition had considerable influence on both the grafting and nongrafting copolymerization; however, the maximum copolymerization rates did not appear in the polymerization system with [VAC]/[MAH] being 1 : 1, but, in the system with a bit more VAC than MAH, as the total monomer concentration was raised, the maximum copolymerization rates tended to appear in the system with [VAC] equal to [MAH]. The relationship between the total copolymerization rate (RP) and monomer concentration was determined to be LnRP ∝ [VAC + MAH]1.83. All of these results indicated that both charge transfer (CT) complex formed by VAC and MAH and free monomers took part in grafting copolymerization. This feature differentiated the surface grafting copolymerization of VAC/MAH from the well‐studied thermally induced alternating copolymerization of VAC/MAH. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Thermal and mechanical properties of plasticized poly(L‐lactide) nanocomposites with organo‐modified montmorillonites
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Someya Yoshihiro , Orihara Masato , Miyoshi Masanao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNanocomposites of poly(lactide) (PLA) and the PLA plasticized with diglycerine tetraacetate (PL‐710) and ethylene glycol oligomer containing organo‐modified montmorillonites (ODA‐M and PGS‐M) by the protonated ammonium cations of octadecylamine and poly(ethylene glycol) stearylamine were prepared by melt intercalation method. In the X‐ray diffraction analysis, the PLA/ODA‐M and plasticized PLA/ODA‐M composites showed a clear enlargement of the difference of interlayer spacing between the composite and clay itself, indicating the formation of intercalated nanocomposite. However, a little enlargement of the interlayer spacing was observed for the PLA/PGS‐M and plasticized PLA/PGS‐M composites. From morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy, a finer dispersion of clay was observed for PLA/ODA‐M composite than PLA/PGS‐M composite and all the composites using the plasticized PLA. The PLA and PLA/PL‐710 composites containing ODA‐M showed a higher tensile strength and modulus than the corresponding composites with PGS‐M. The PLA/PL‐710 (10 wt %) composite containing ODA‐M showed considerably higher elongation at break than the pristine plasticized PLA, and had a comparable tensile modulus to pure PLA. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites decreased with increasing plasticizer. The addition of the clays did not cause a significant increase of Tg. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Assessing the effect of processing variables on the mechanical response of polysytrene molded using vibration‐assisted injection molding process
Authors: Kikuchi A. , Coulter J. P. , Gomatam R. R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present work is focused on the study of vibration‐assisted injection molding (VAIM) process, using polystyrene as a model polymeric system. This recently developed polymer processing operation is based on the concept of using motion of the injection screw to apply mechanical vibration to polymer melt during the injection and packing stages of injection molding process, to control the polymer behavior at a molecular level, which would result in improvements/alterations to the mechanical behavior of molded products. In this study, the afore‐mentioned concept was verified experimentally from monotonic tensile experiments and birefringence measurements of VAIM molded polystyrene in comparison with those of conventional injection molding process. The results of our study indicate that the actual degree of strength improvement depends on at least four parameters, namely, vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, vibration duration, and the delay time between the injection start and the vibration start. Furthermore, when these parameters were optimized, as much as a 28% strength improvement was observed, accompanied by an increase in toughness. Furthermore, birefringence measurements revealed that VAIM processing significantly altered the residual stress distribution throughout final products, but it did not, however, change the material density in the products. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Study of the factors influencing the exfoliation of an organically modified montmorillonite in methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) mixtures
Authors: McAlpine Morven , Hudson Nicholas E. , Liggat John J. , Pethrick Richard A. , Pugh David , Rhoney Ian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe factors that affect the dispersion of exfoliated organically modified montmorillonite in a solution of poly(methyl methacrylate) in methyl methacrylate are explored. Exfoliation of montmorillonite in the solution is achieved with the assistance of ultrasound, and rheological measurements indicate a very significant increase in the viscosity, a dramatic shear thinning behavior, and a finite yield stress, all of which are direct consequences of the exfoliated state of the clay platelets. A number of factors, including the sonication power, clay loading, use of a swelling agent, and moisture content of the modified montmorillonite, are found to influence the exfoliation process. The effect of addition of a range of titanate coupling agents (LICA‐01, 12, 38, 44, and 97) on the viscosity of the nanoclay dispersions was investigated. It was found that LICA‐44 had the effect of reducing the viscosity of the exfoliated montmorillonite dispersion without apparently influencing the extent of the exfoliation. Molecular modeling, UV–visible and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were used to investigate the possible reasons for efficacy of this LICA. The LICA appears to act through a combination of steric effects and the presence of certain charges on the organic molecule. The magnitude of the negative charges on elements of the LICA appears to influence its ability to bind to the clay and also its ability to reduce the viscosity of the nanoclay. This article indicates how the apparently conflicting requirements of achieving a highly exfoliated state and also maintaining a viscosity low enough for processing can be effectively addressed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006