bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of REM Deprivation and Stage 4 Deprivation With Total Sleep Loss: Experiment 2
Authors: Johnson L. C. , Naitoh P. , Moses J. M. , Lubin A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine whether prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 sleep would potentiate the effects of total sleep loss, 7 young adult males were denied REM sleep and 7 were denied stage 4 sleep for 3 nights before 1 night of total sleep loss. Measures of autonomic and EEG activity, mood, anxiety, Rorschach CET and on several performance tasks were obtained during baseline, following stage deprivation, total sleep loss, and during recovery.There were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation. The changes following total sleep loss were similar for both groups. Prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 did not potentiate sleep loss effects. Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study.
Heart Rate and Skin Conductance in Anticipation of Shocks With Varying Probability of Occurrence
Authors: Peter Bankart C. , Elliott Rogers 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn Experiment I,Ss in each of four groups were given 8 shocks in either 8, 11, 16, or 32 trials, confounding probability with number of trials. Each trial was a countdown period of 30 sec, with an ITI of 30 sec. There were no shock probability effects using either heart rate (HR) or skin conductance (SC), with respect either to average within trial changes or to average pre‐shock levels relative to rest. In every group after a large acceleration in Trial 1, HR subsided and stabilized; SC rose steadily throughout the session. In Experiment II, Ss in each of four groups were given either 5, 10, 15, or 20 shocks in 20 trials, confounding probability with number of shocks. In addition to the large HR acceleration in the first trial, there were in this case between‐group differences in HR, which were a direct function of number and probability of shocks. Skin conductance did not discriminate the groups, though it rose in all groups both within and across trials. Experiment III, a partial replication of Experiment II, showed that the HR differences in Experiment II failed to repeat when the shock intensity was reduced; and SC no longer increased over trials.
Sensation Seeking and Cortical Augmenting‐Reducing
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Murtaugh Thomas , Siegel Jerome 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe experiment was designed to establish the relationship between the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS) and cortical augmenting‐reducing. Forty‐nine male undergraduate Ss were used. Ss were presented with five intensities of light flashes in randomly presented blocks of trials at each intensity. Averaged evoked response (AER) amplitudes were measured at each intensity of light. Augmenting‐reducing was measured for each S as the slope of the relationship between stimulus intensity and amplitude of response. This slope measure correlated very significantly (r= .59) with the Disinhibition subscale of the SSS and positively, but not significantly, with other subscales. Comparing the low and high scorers on the Disinhibition scale, a significant interaction between groups and stimulus intensities was found but no main effects of stimulus intensity or groups were found. The high Disinhibitors did not differ from the lows at the low stimulus intensities but did differ significantly at the highest intensity where the lows showed a marked reducing tendency. The results show an interesting convergence between the Disinhibition type of sensation seeking, manic tendencies, and the AER.
Effects of Brief Relaxation Training on Autonomic Response to Anxiety‐Evoking Stimuli
Authors: Connor William H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelaxation training procedures used in systematic desensitization are abbreviated forms of procedures developed by Jacobson to decrease muscle tension level and assumed by Gellhorn to affect autonomic balance. Autonomic response effects of relaxation training are sometimes considered secondary to either cognitive or autonomic level change. In the present experiment, specific instruction and training was provided in making relaxation responses to a cue stimulus which was used subsequently in two mild anxiety conditions. Brief relaxation training did not significantly affect either verbal report of anxiety or autonomic level following training, but did affect autonomic response in the anxiety conditions. The results suggest that autonomic response modification can be accomplished by instruction and relatively minimal training. Also, the results indicate that autonomic response effects need not be accompanied by either verbal report of greater relaxation or autonomic level modification. These results are difficult to account for by any theoretical model of desensitization which considers autonomic response change secondary to either cognitive or autonomic level change.
Posterior Alpha‐Wave Characteristics of Eidetic Children
Authors: Furst Charles J. , Gardner Joanne , Kamiya Joe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn investigation was conducted of a group of 4 children who reported having eidetic images. It was found that high‐amplitude occipital alpha activity occurs during eidetic periods, contrary to the usual observation in adults that visual imagery tends to block alpha waves. In addition, these children were found to have higher resting baseline alpha than their classmates.
Overextinction of the Evoked Skin Conductance Response: An EEG Study
Authors: Siddle David A. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to investigate Sokolov's (1963) proposal that overextinction of the orienting response (OR) is related to sleep onset. A series of 80 auditory stimuli was presented to 22 male and female Ss. Although re‐evocation of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the OR occurred, in the majority of Ss, after 40–50 stimulus presentations, this was not accompanied by any change in cortical alertness as measured by integrated EEG output in three frequency bands (2–4, 4–8, and 8–13 Hz). However, the results did indicate that Ss displaying SCR return required more stimulus presentations before initial SCR habituation and displayed more spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance during the prestimulus period than did non‐return Ss. Within the return group, latency of SCR return was negatively related to both spontaneous activity during the prestimulus period and number of stimuli to initial habituation.
Amplitude and Habituation of the Orienting Reflex as a Function of Stimulus Intensity
Authors: Jackson Jan C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo within‐S experiments involving 20 Ss each and one between‐S experiment employing 100 Ss were performed to examine effects of stimulus intensity on orienting response amplitude and habituation. Five intensities of a 1000 Hz tone were presented, ranging from 0 to 40 dB in Experiment I and from 0 to 80 dB in Experiments II and III. Response measures were skin conductance response (SCR) and heart rate (HR). Skin conductance response amplitude increased monotonically with stimulus intensity while HR deceleration was a generally decreasing function which tended to decrease, increase, and finally decrease again as intensity increased.Not only was deceleration greatest at 0 dB but it was more resistant to habituation. Several intensities of test stimulation were presented after habituating stimuli in the between‐S experiment. Skin conductance response to test stimuli was facilitated by habituation at 0 dB and depressed by habituation at 80 dB. The results suggest a direct relationship between stimulus intensity and development of habituation.
An Empirical Test of Sokolov's Entropy Model of the Orienting Response
Authors: Velden M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral hypotheses, most of them deduced from Sokolov's entropy model of the Orienting Response (OR), were tested. The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) served as the indicator of the OR. Printed language, analyzed with regard to the information content in bits, was used as stimulus material. Forty‐eight female students served as subjects. The results indicate: (1) that the uncertainty of a situation does not determine the strength of the OR, (2) that the strength of the OR depends on the information carried by an event, and (3) that the processing of this information, as indicated by the OR, may be delayed by one or more events in a serial application. For tonic level over a series of events no trend could be found.
Voluntary Control of ‘Involuntary’ Functions: The Approach of the Stoics
Authors: McMahon C. E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Stoics expressed great concern about emotion related psychophysiological phenomena as pathological states of body and spirit. They outlined procedures through which all bodily functions could be brought under voluntary control. The Pneumatist School of Medicine of the first century A.D. adopted these philosophical convictions and instituted them in their diagnostic and treatment techniques for psychosomatic disorders. Pneumatic theory, and its application in this context, is described.
How easy it is to repel and to wipe away every impression which is troublesome or unsuitable, and immediately to be in all tranquility…. Nature has not so mingled the intelligence with the composition of the body, as not to have allowed thee the power of circumscribing thyself and of bringing under submission to thyself all that is thy own.Marcus Aurelius
Newborn Responses to Nonsignal Auditory Stimuli: I. Electroencephalographic Desynchronization
Authors: Schaefer Arlene B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere are suggestions in the literature that the electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization response is in the newborn's repertoire. The present investigation was designed to examine that possibility under stringent experimental conditions. Sixteen normal neonates were presented with a 1‐Sec pure tone or white noise during one episode of quiet sleep and one episode of active sleep. Flat activity during stimulated quiet sleep was compared with spontaneous periods of low voltage activity during a nonstimulated quiet sleep episode. Comparisons were also made between responses in quiet sleep with and without prior stimulation in active sleep. Habituation and dishabituation were studied by presenting the nonfamiliar stimulus after repetition of the original stimulus. Increased EEG desynchronization to stimulation was found but the response appears to be a complex function of the type of stimulus, recording location, stimulus repetition, and the prior experience variable. The results have implications for differential maturation of the brain, the perceptual capacities of the neonate, and the controversy over orientation in the newborn.
Cognitive Control Factors in Vascular Stress Responses
Authors: DeGood Douglas E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, 24 internal and 24 external locus of control subjects underwent an aversive shock‐avoidance procedure. Half of the subjects were permitted to temporarily escape the situation whenever they wished by requesting a rest period, while the remaining subjects had comparable rest periods imposed on them by the experimenter. Control over initiation of the rest periods had an arousal‐reducing effect on systolic blood pressure. Diastolic pressure indicated an interaction of locus of control with the situational availability of a self‐initiated escape response, with blood pressure elevations the lowest where the personality and situational control factors were congruous.
Cardiovascular and Neurophysiologic Correlates of Sensory Intake and Rejection. I. Effect of Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Williams Redford B. , Bittker Thomas E. , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Wynne Lyman C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this study of the relationship between sensory processing and cardiovascular function, five cardiovascular parameters were monitored during baseline periods and during tasks requiring either sensory intake or sensory rejection behavior on the part of 19 subjects. Sensory intake behavior was associated with a pattern of response similar lo that seen with activation of peripheral sympathetic nerves‐vasoconstriction in both the digit (skin) and forearm (skeletal muscle). In contrast, sensory rejection behavior was associated with vasodilatation in the forearm and vasoconstriction in the digit. Individual differences in an EEG measure of characteristic ways of processing sensory information were predictably associated with differences in resting cardiovascular function. The association of sensory intake with a skeletal muscle vasoconstriction may help to extend our understanding of the physiology of sensory processing, since heretofore only heart rate and somatic motor activity have reliably differentiated sensory intake from sensory rejection behavior.
Newborn Offspring of a Schizophrenic Parent: Cardiac Reactivity to Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Schachter J. , Kerr J. , Lachin J. M. , Faer M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate level and phasic responses to auditory stimuli were recorded in a total of 39 newborn offspring with one schizophrenic parent and compared to those of 82 newborns with no family history of a schizophrenic disorder as well as to those of 48 newborns with a possible family history of A schizophrenic disorder. Newborns were tested for 31/2 hrs on the second and, again, on the third postnatal day, and the data were analyzed in relation to a number of prenatal variables. Results indicated a significant interaction between diagnostic group and the level of maternal delivery medication for the change in heart rate level during the second, but not the third, postnatal day. The possible validity of this finding is discussed, and reasons for the failure to obtain more definitive heart rate differences between these groups of newborns are considered.
Some Factors Influencing the Vasomotor Response to Cold Pressor Stimulation
Authors: Lovallo William , Zeiner Arthur R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of initial level of vasomotor tonus, as measured by pulse‐wave amplitude, on the cutaneous blood‐volume response to a 1‐min cold immersioa of an extremity. The design included 3 test sessions, I wk apart, in which room temperature was set at either 32°C, 22°C, or 12°C. Pulse‐wave amplitude and blood volume of the left thumb were recorded plethysmographically. Room temperature manipulated the state of the peripheral vasculature successfully, with subjects at 12°C having smaller pulse‐wave amplitudes than at 32°C, during rest, It has been specifically hypothesized that when subjects were more constricted at rest, as at 12°C, the response to cold immersion would be an increase in blood volume, and when they were more dilated, as at 32°C, that the response would he a drop in blood volume, while subjects at 22°C would fall in between. It was further hypothesized that should CP habituation occur over the 3 sessions, it would be seen as a smaller drop for the 32°C and 22°C sessions and a smaller volume increase for the 12°C sessions. Both hypotheses were supported by the data. The results indicate that the magnitude and direction of change in cutaneous vascular systems depends on prestimulus tonus, and that the response to cold stress is not strictly stimulus bound, but that is dependent equally as much upon initial level of tonus. Habituation is seen as a decrease in response magnitude, regardless of direction.
Autonomic Responses to Affective Visual Stimuli
Authors: Klorman Rafael , Wiesknfeld Alan R. , Austin Mary L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐two subjects were categorized by an objective questionnaire as high or low in fear of mutilation. These subjects viewed six slides each from three categories: neutral, incongruous, and mutilation. As predicted, fearful subjects' cardiac responses to mutilation were acceleratory and their counterparts' deceleratory. Both groups reacted to incongruous stimuli with heart rate deceleration. Unexpectedly, both samples displayed cardiac acceleration to the neutral category. Respiratory patterns of initial expiration characterized low‐fear subjects whereas inspiration was typical in the high‐fear group. However, respiratory activity did not vary over slide types. The high‐fear sample emitted electrodermal responses of greater amplitude and slower recovery to mutilation slides than to the other categories. In both respects, the high‐fear sample exceeded their counterparts. Finally, fearful subjects exhibited a more pronounced tendency to judge mutilation slides more aversive than incongruous or neutral materials. In general, responses to mutilation materials indicated reactions of defense in fearful subjects and orientation in low‐fear persons.
Cardiac Response to Simple Stimuli as a Function of Phase of the Respiratory Cycle
Authors: Hart James D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo evaluate respiratory effects on the cardiac response to simple stimuli, 10 female subjects were presented with a series of 20 100 dB tones with stimulus onset occurring at either peak expiration or peak inspiration. The heart rate response at peak inspiration is quartic in form (deceleration‐acceleration‐deceleration‐ acceleration) and differs significantly from that obtained at peak expiration which is cubic in form (acceleration‐deceleration ‐deceleration‐acceleration). These differences can be eliminated, however, by subtracting heart rate values obtained during control periods from the heart rate response to stimulation.
Correlation Between the Chromatic Visual Evoked Response and McCollough Aftereffect
Authors: Galbraith Gary C. , Hohmann Anna , Creutzfeldt Otto D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEighteen subjects received a 10‐min exposure to alternating stripe‐color patterns designed to elicit the orientation‐specific McCollough red and green complementary aftereffect (CAE). They were also exposed to 7 Hz flickering red and green light in order to elicit the chromatic visual evoked response (CVER) from occipital and vertex electrodes. Spectral analysis of the sinusoid‐like occipital CVER was then compared with strength of aftereffect. Although CVER activity at the fundamental frequency did not correlate significantly with CAE. significant correlations were obtained for CVER activity at higher harmonic frequencies. The results showed that 14 and 21 Hz activity of the green CVER correlated positively with green CAE, and 21 and 28 Hz activity of the red CVER correlated positively with red CAE. These findings agree with the hypothesis that color coding of red involves a faster neural system. Moreover, it appears that achromatic test stimuli elicit complementary aftereffects, the subjective strength of which is not related to the CVER of the training color, but rather the effectiveness of the experienced color to evoke CVER harmonic activity during direct stimulation.
Perceptual Performance as a Function of Intra‐Cycle Cardiac Activity
Authors: Velden Manfred , Juris Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the experiment was to test the hypothesis of a systematic change in perceptual performance within a single cardiac cycle due to the activity of the baroreceptors in carotid sinus. As an index of perceptual performance the ds‐parameter from signal detection theory (TSD) was used. A 1000 Hz sine tone had to be detected in a background of white noise. Each of 4 subjects received on the average 4605 noise or noise plus tone stimuli distributed over 10 experimental sessions. When comparing performance during time intervals before and after baroreceptor activity onset no significant difference was found. Also, when tracing perceptual performance over the whole cardiac cycle in steps of 66,100, and 200 msec, no systematic variation could be detected. For steps of 33 msec a rhythmic pulsation of perceptual performance of about 8 Hz appeared. An influence of electrical activity of the brain on perceptual performance was postulated. This activity would have to be time‐locked to carotid sinus baroreceptor activity.
Effects of the Range of Stimulus‐Variation Upon Habituation of the Orienting Response
Authors: Mino Tetsuro , Miyata Yo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of the range of stimulus‐variation upon the habitation and return of the skin resistance response (SRR) component of the orienting response (OR) were investigated in three experiments using human subjects. In Experiment I the habituation and return of the OR were studied in two groups with a wide (Group‐W) und a narrow (Group‐N) range of stimulus‐variation. Habituation in the two groups did not differ, but a differential level of return of the OR to a novel stimulus was observed. In Experiment II the difference in the range was made large and a group presented with a constant stimulus (Group‐C) was added. Again Group‐W and ‐N habituated in the same way as Group‐C. In Experiment III the upper end stimulus of each group was set at the same intensity. The differential return of the OR disappeared, and as before a differential habituation could not he detected between Groups‐W and ‐N. These findings were discussed in reference to Sokolov's neuronal model of the OR.
Autonomic Responsively to Sensory Stimulation in Drug Addicts
Authors: Prystav Gunther H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin conductance responses (SCRs), heart rate (HR). arterial blood pressure (BP), and respiration were recorded under rest and sensory stimulation (11 Hz strobe light, 100 dB while noise) in former drug addicts (DC) and in controls (CG) matched for sex and age in a repeated measures design, DC consisted of long‐term users of barbiturates and narcotic analgesics and had been free of drugs for 11 period of 3 wks prior to the first session. The hypothesis was tested that autonomic functions art decreased in DG due to the drug effects. In various ANOVAs significant main effects for all factors were found. The results in DG compared to CG were: (1) diastolic hut not systolic BP was significantly lower: (2) SCR magnitudes were. Significantly smaller during rest periods; (3) SCR magnitudes and SCR recruitment latencies were significantly smaller in both sessions to visual and auditory stimuli; i4 the habituation rates of SCR magnitudes and SCR recruitment latencies were significantly greater at stimulus offset. The results of SCRs and diastolic BP indicated a decreased autonomic activity in the drug dependents compared to the controls.
Relationships Between Bilateral Differences in Body Perception and Bilateral Differences in Skin Conductance Levels
Authors: Varm John G. , Doerr Hans O. , Varni Jill R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBilateral differences in Ionic skin conductance were found to be related to lateral body awareness. The side of the body reported by the subject to be the side of greater awareness as tested by the Fisher Body Focus (Questionnaire) was also the side of greater tonic skin conductance for those subjects showing statistically reliable bilateral differences in Both skin conductance and body awareness.