bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic implications of Late Cenozoic sedimentation from the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile (22–24ºS)
Authors: HARTLEY A. J. , JOLLEY E. J. 
Published: December 2007

Late Cenozoic sediments from northern Chile (22–24ºS) are exposed on the coastal plain between the Coastal Cordillera to the east and tilted fault blocks of the Mejillones Peninsula to the west. During the mid-Miocene to Pliocene (?up to mid-Pleistocene) a shallow marine basin developed unconformably over basement. Sedimentation was initially restricted to a small half-graben on the western margin of the Mejillones Peninsula during the Miocene. Expansion of the basin during the early Pliocene resulted in widespread shallow marine sedimentation across the study area. Alluvial, aeolian and beach sediments were restricted to the basin margins, where sediment was supplied from the Coastal Scarp (a major cliff-line bounding the western margin of the Coastal Cordillera) and isolated (islands) fault blocks. Areas of restricted clastic input were characterized by carbonate deposition.
Marine planation surfaces or terraces (0.5–600 m elevation) and associated palaeo-sea cliffs cut into Miocene–Pliocene sediments and basement rocks, developed along the coastline of northern Chile in the ?late Pliocene to late Pleistocene. A similar age for a number of late Pleistocene terraces (125 000 years) now at different elevations, suggests that they were cut during interglacial highstands (oxygen isotope stage 5). Variations in terrace elevation are attributed to faulting.
Regional scale uplift (over hundreds of kilometres) of shallow marine sediments beneath an extensive pre-mid Pleistocene shoreline is considered to be related to variations in subduction zone geodynamics. The favoured hypothesis is that of aseismic ridge subduction.
Early sediment fabrics
Authors: KEMP A. E. S. 
Published: December 2007

The papers in this thematic set arise from a meeting sponsored by the British Sedimentological Research Group and held at Burlington House on 3 November 1992. About 50 people heard 14 papers of which seven are published in this thematic set.
The study of early sediment fabrics is an interdisciplinary field in which practitioners are required to interpret the combined effects of a very wide range of physical, chemical and biological processes. Not surprisingly, scientists from several different backgrounds are involved in this area of research, including biologists, civil engineers, environmental scientists and geographers as well as geologists. This broad spectrum of researchers was well represented at the meeting, and it was particularly gratifying to see the development of interactions between scientists from different disciplines.

A superbly illustrated overview of the potential and limitations of scanning electron microscopy in sediment fabric analysis was presented by
A. T. Kearsley
(Oxford Brookes University) who highlighted the expansion of the use of backscattered electron imagery (BSEI) in sedimentary petrography. He emphasized commonly overlooked limitations on the interpretation of BSEI resulting from the effects of complex beam-specimen interactions and variation in instrument parameters. Compositional ambiguities arising from BSEI can be resolved by the concurrent use of digital X-ray mapping and he further outlined the power of the more newly developed technique of scanning cathodoluminscence imagery for differentiating grain cores and overgrowths.
J. Macquaker
(University of Manchester) continued the theme of BSEI by presenting a synthesis of fabric variation within Mesozoic mudstones. He demonstrated that,
A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland
Authors: RICE C. M. , ASHCROFT W. A. , BATTEN D. J. , BOYCE A. J. , CAULFIELD J. B. D. , FALLICK A. E. , HOLE M.J. , JONES E. , PEARSON M. J. , ROGERS G. , SAXTON J. M. , STUART F. M. , TREWIN N. H. , TURNER G. 
Published: December 2007

The Early Devonian Rhynie hot spring system is the oldest known and is of the low sulphidation type. It extends for at least 1.5 km along a major fault zone defining the western margin of an outlier of fluvial and lacustrine sediments, plant-bearing sinters and andesitic lavas. The age of sedimentation and hydrothermal activity has been determined by palynological (Pragian) and radio-metric (396 ± 12 Ma) techniques. The outlier is a half graben with a complex stepped western margin.
The Devonian rocks show intense hydrothermal alteration along the fault zone. The main alteration minerals are quartz, K-feldspar, calcite, hematite and illitic and chloritic clays. Multiple chert veining and brecciation are widely developed, and geyserite and vent material are also present. Pyrite occurs in veins and all alteration facies. Sinters and altered rocks contain high concentrations of Au, As, Sb, Hg, W and Mo. Gold occurs in arsenian pyrite and as sub-micron particles in oxidized rocks.

The fluid(s) responsible for most hydrothermal alteration were near neutral with low sulphur and oxygen activities and dominated by meteoric water. However, incursions of high temperature (300–440°C) magmatic fluids occurred with δD–65‰ and δ
18
O around +8.5‰. δ
34
S (pyrite) and initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios (vein calcite) lie mainly within the ranges +3.4‰ to +8.5‰ and 0.71138 to 0.71402 respectively. These data indicate that late Proterozoic Dalradian metasediments are a likely source for S and Sr but other sources are possible. δ
13
C values for caliche and vein calcite imply derivation of carbon from non-organic sources.

The Rhynie cherts were deposited from a low salinity fluid of probable meteoric origin (δ
18
O
chert
+ 13.1‰ to +16.5‰) which had interacted with the basement rocks and sediments (high Xe/Ar, Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios). Plant-bearing chert yielded an
40
Ar/
39
Ar ratio (292.1± 0.6) significantly less than that of modem air and may be the first valid determination of a sample of ancient atmosphere.
Ordovician palaeogeography of Siberia and adjacent continents
Authors: TORSVIK T. H. , TAIT J. , MORALEV V. M. , McKERROW W. S. , STURT B. A. , ROBERTS D. 
Published: December 2007

Ordovician palaeomagnetic data from the upper reaches of the Lena River, Southern Siberia, confirm and refine the earlier reported data sets. Ordovician palaeomagnetic poles from Siberia define a systematic southwesterly apparent polar wander (APW) trend during Ordovician times (mean south poles: 500 Ma: 42°N, 310°E; 467 Ma: 27°N, 314°E; 460 Ma: 23°N, 313°E; 448 Ma: 22°N, 301°E and 437 Ma: 0N, 290°E). A primary or early magnetization age is verified by the reversal stratigraphy.
Siberia was geographically inverted at low southerly latitudes during the Latest Cambrian and Early Ordovician and drifted slowly northward and across the equator at an average palaeo-latitudinal velocity of c. 5cm/year. In Early Ordovician times, Avalonia and the European Massifs (e.g. Armorica and Bohemia) were located together with Gondwana in high southerly latitudes, Laurentia was positioned in equatorial latitudes whereas Baltica was located at intermediate southerly latitudes. Siberia was probably located north of Baltica in latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician times. Subduction-related, eclogite-facies metamorphism in latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician time in the Scandinavian Caledonides occurred in an ocean-continent transition zone marginal to Baltica but facing northern Siberia, and thus throws doubt on traditional Baltic-Laurentian correlations during this particular time period. With Baltica rotating counterclockwise during the Ordovician, the plate scenario allows for a Siberian source for Late Ordovician sedimentation in some areas of maritime Laurentia and perhaps even northern Norway. It also helps to explain the imposition of a deep-seated, sinistral strike-slip, fault regime between the obliquely converging Baltica and Laurentia, a transcurrent system which may have led to the permissive ascent of calc-alkaline granitoid magmas in favourable sites prior to the main stages of Scandinavian orogenic deformation.
Recent proposals that Laurentia formed a conjugate margin to the South American part of Gondwana during Ordovician times are permissible from palaeomagnetic data, but a tight continental fit during the entire Ordovician is contradicted by biogeographic data. The tight palaeomagnetic fit could perhaps be an artefact of inaccuracies in the palaeomagnetic record for Gondwana.
Post-depositional evolution of mudstones l: early days and parental influences
Authors: CURTIS CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2007

Ancient mudstones almost invariably record significant modification by very early diagenetic processes in the form of distinctive authigenic mineral assemblages. In the past, these have mostly been described from concretions—striking segregations of sulphides and carbonates self-organized into sub-spherical bodies. Thanks to relatively recent advances in electron microscopy (particularly back-scattered electron imagery) it is now a fairly simple matter to identify and characterize these same assemblages where they more commonly occur—dispersed through the fine-grained matrix of mudstones.
Earliest diagenesis is almost exclusively restricted to microbially-mediated redox reactions. Within recent unconsolidated sediments, these reactions take place in vertical sequences—the 'biogeochemical zones' of Claypool and Kaplan. Causal links can now be identified between early diagenetic mineral assemblages and microbial process zonation patterns. The patterns themselves vary systematically with depositional setting.

One very important aspect of depositional setting is rate of sediment accumulation. This rate control is more influential than previously suggested. It determines which diagenetic minerals will form
and
their amount as a proportion of the final sediment. This dependency permits early diagenesis and sea-level change to be linked through predictable lateral variation of biogeochemical zonation with sediment transport path (or bypass). It also provides clues as to the development of cementstones and horizons with discrete concretions—both of which reflect fluctuations in sediment accumulation rate. Finally, these relationships suggest why some mudstones are more likely than others to cause cementation in sandstones as a consequence of compactional de-watering and solute export.
The Lower Palaeozoic of Oman and its context in the evolution of a Gondwanan continental margin
Authors: MILLSON J. A. , MERCADIER C. G. L. , LIVERA S. E. , PETERS J. M. 
Published: December 2007

The Lower Palaeozoic Haima Group of the Sultanate of Oman comprises a sequence dominated by siliciclastic rocks up to several kilometres thick and broadly divisible into two groups. The sequence is known in outline from subsurface exploration, but recent field work on outcrops in the isolated Huqf area in east-central Oman has allowed a more detailed environmental interpretation of the succession. At the base coarse continental deposits of the Lower Haima Group rest unconformably on Precambrian–Lower Cambrian Huqf Group sediments (mainly carbonates and evaporites). The overlying Upper Haima Group comprises from base to top the aeolian dominated Amin Formation, the non-marine (coastal plain) to shallow marine (intertidal–subtidal) sediments of the Andam Formation, the non-marine to marginally marine Ghudun Formation, and the complex cyclical deep to shallow water deposits of the Safiq Formation.
Correlation of the Haima Group of Oman with the Lower Palaeozoic of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and Iran allows the evolution of the Gondwanan margin to be modelled. A widespread Lower Cambrian sequence of coarse alluvium, resting on peneplained Upper Precambrian–Infracambrian Huqf Group strata, represents the final stage of uplift and basin fill associated with the Late Proterozoic suturing of Arabia and adjacent plates which resulted in the formation of the Gondwanan continent. The overlying thick sequence of continental (fluvial and aeolian) sediments was deposited in a series of stable intracratonic basins across the Gondwanan landmass.
In the Mid- and Late Cambrian an overall sea-level rise led to the repeated development of shallow marine shelf carbonates across the margin. The subsequent replacement of this marginal carbonate sequence with a thick marginal to non-marine, sand dominated sequence may reflect the interplay of several events: the drift of Gondwana towards more southerly latitudes, a phase of strong tectonic rejuvenation during the latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician, and/or a eustatic fall in sea-level. Organic-rich marine mudrocks were deposited over much of the Gondwanan platform during a series of marked eustatic sea-level rises during the Mid–Late Ordovician and Early Silurian. In Oman no evidence has yet been found for the significant Late Ordovician glacial event recorded from North Africa and Saudi Arabia.
Rise, closure and reactivation of the Bicorb–Quesa evaporite diapir, eastern Prebetics, Spain
Authors: ROCA E. , ANADÓN P. , UTRILLA R. , VÁZQUEZ A. 
Published: December 2007

The Bicorb–Quesa diapir belongs to a complex system of evaporite diapirs located in the SE Iberian Peninsula. It was emplaced along the axis of a graben system flanked by two syn-diapir growth basins filled by Miocene sediments. The Miocene evolution of the diapir may be divided into three major phases: an initial extensional phase during which the graben system formed and the diapir rose; a second phase during which regional shortening closed the diapir; and a third phase characterized by normal faulting during which diapirism was reactivated, cutting the previously-formed thrusts and folds. This evolutionary trend demonstrates that diapirism was initiated and promoted by regional extension.
During the two extensional phases, the diapir grew by reactive, active and passive rise. Sedimentation during the reactive stage was characterized by strong basin subsidence, sharp changes in sediment thicknesses, and major coarse-grained sediment input. During the active stage, the coeval basin-fill sequence displays progressive angular unconformities, gravitational deposits and subtle changes in thickness with the sediments unconformably overlying most of the earlier-formed faults. Finally, during the passive stage, the sediments synchronous with diapir formation include abundant components from the extruding rocks, and show gentler changes in thicknesses, a progressive decrease in the input of coarse sediments, and the deposition of mudstones and/or lacustrine carbonates that clearly extend onto the faulted basin margins.
Geochemical characteristics of the Abor volcanic rocks, NE Himalaya, India: nature and early Eocene magmatism
Authors: SENGUPTA S. , ACHARYYA S. K. , DE SMETH J. B. 
Published: December 2007

The Abor volcanic rocks. exposed in the Siang window, NE Himalaya. occur as dismembered thrust-hound packages interbanded with fossiliferous shelf sediments of Upper Palaeocenc to Middle Eocene age. Their age is broadly contemporaneous with the age of collision between the Indian and Tibetan continents. They were. therefore, erupted in a convergent setting through channel ways in the leading edge of the Indian continent. The volcanic rocks occur beneath the Lesser Himalayan thrust sheets and were transported with them during their southward propagation. The Abor volcanic rocks were erupted in an early Palaeogene shallow basin located within marginal parts of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt south of the collision zone. They may thus represent foreland basin magmatism.
The abundances of some major and large-ion-lithophile elements have been affected by alteration of the samples. Ti and some other trace elements remain unaffected however, and their abundances indicate that the volcanic rocks form a chemically coherent group of tholciites and alkalinc basalts. The tholeiitic and alkaline basalts reflect different degrees of melting, and low-pressure fractional crystallization involving olivine and plagioclase has played a significant role in the evolution of the basalts. On the basis of ratios of strongly incompatible elements, the two basalt types appear to have been generated from sources having similar character. This source is inferred to he enriched sub-continental mantle.
Tectonics and magmatism associated with Mesozoic passive continental margin development in the Middle East
Authors: LAWS EWAN D. , WILSON MARJORIE 
Published: December 2007

Early Triassic-Cretaceous rifting and magmatism occurred along the western edge of the Arabian Peninsula from Egypt in the south to Syria in the north, associated with the development of the Neotethyan passive continental margin which is preserved in the present-day Eastern Mediterranean. A change in the direction and rate of extension during the Early Cretaceous had a profound effect upon the developing continental margin and controlled the pattern of rifting, magmatism and sedimentation.
Extensive Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanism occurred throughout the region and is clearly rift-related. Major and trace element (including rare earth element) and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions suggest derivation of the most primitive mafic magmas from an enriched mantle source with minimal evidence of crustal contamination. The magmas appear to have ascended rapidly to the surface through large-scale faults.
Isopach maps have been constructed for a series of time intervals during the Mesozoic, using well data from Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. These reveal the distribution and orientation of the main depocentres. The main tectonic feature from the Late Triassic until the Late Jurassic was a basin which extended northeastwards from northern Israel to the Palmyrides in central Syria. By the Early Cretaceous, however, deposition switched to a N–S oriented basin in central and northern Israel and Lebanon. The distribution of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatism coincides with this new basin and indicates the location of the major extensional fault zones.
Search for signs of ancient life on Mars: expectations from hydromagnesite microbialites, Salda Lake, Turkey
Authors: RUSSELL MICHAEL J. , INGHAM J. KEITH , ZEDEF VEYSEL , MAKTAV DERYA , SUNAR FILIZ , HALL ALLAN J. , FALLICK ANTHONY E. 
Published: December 2007

The 'White Rock', constituting a portion of what may be a lacustrine sedimentary sequence near the margin of a crater
c.
90 km across in Sabaea Terra, Mars, measures 18 × 15 km × 180–540 m high. It is re-interpreted as a lens of magnesium carbonate precipitated where ground waters seeped into an ancient evaporating crater lake. Were life to have emerged on Mars, as seems feasible, then the 'White Rock' might be expected to comprise a complex of stromatolitic mounds. Salda Gölü (Lake) in Turkey, is taken as an analogue. This enclosed lake is nearly surrounded and underlain by partially serpentinized harzburgite. Hydromagnesite stromatolites (microbialites) up to 7 m high coalesce to form a group of small islands 200 m across. The microbialites are seen to be growing near the mouth of the usually dry Salda River in the southwestern sector. Smaller developments of hydromagnesite encircle the lake and image processing of satellite data reveals a second extensive zone beneath the lake surface over a delta in the southeast. Individual columns a few centimetres high constitute bulbous mounds which are about 2 m in diameter. These columns terminate in domes a centimetre or so across. The domes are often annulated and are covered with a green biofilm a few millimetres thick comprised of cyanobactrial filaments. The columns consist of alternating fine and coarse hydromagnesite layers differentiated on a millimetric scale. The coarser layers near the surface still contain traces of the biofilm.

Fossil microbialites were also discovered in the friable hydromagnesite cliffs shoreward of the main developments, though the structures of the individual microbes have not survived. Instead the vestiges of microbialites are easily recognized and delineated by their coarse grain size and high porosity. Annular structures on their upper surfaces can be seen in places. The intervening and overlying material, also comprised of hydromagnesite, is a semi-lithified mud.
Bulbous megascopic structures, separated by finer grained magnesium carbonate mudstone, within strata in the 'White Rock', would be strong evidence of a photosynthetic microbial genesis. Another deposit of white rock on the western margin of Juventae Chasma could have a similar origin.
Integrated DNA-Nanoparticle Complexes: Synthesis, Electrical and Optical Properties
Authors: Vasudev Milana , Yamanaka Takayuki , Yang Jianyong , Li Yang , Stroscio Michael A. , Dutta Mitra 
Published: December 2007

We have studied the optoelectronic properties of nanostructure-DNA complexes chemically assembled on transparent, semi-rigid substrates such as poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA). DNA can be immobilized on these substrates by chemically modifying the PMMA substrates and using suitable cross-linking agents. Additionally, DNA strands end-terminated with TiO2 nanoparticles are used in this study to observe DNA cleavage through photo-induced charge carriers from the TiO2 trapped in guanine (G-) rich sites; polaron transport in such a DNA molecule is analyzed theoretically (3) to provide an understanding of charge injection into DNA as well as the	formation, transport of polarons in DNA. Subsequent AFM measurements are used to study the structural characteristics of DNA on the PMMA substrates. Raman spectral lines observed in the 750-850 cm-1 region may be attributed to the phosphodiester backbone in the DNA. The fabrication of these nanostructure-DNA ensembles wil l be discussed and their Raman and AFM	characterization will be presented.
Electrical Contacts to Molecular Devices by Electroless Deposition of Cu on Carboxylic Acid Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers on GaAs
Authors: Wu Lingling , Camacho-Alanis Fernanda , Williams Keith , Zangari Giovanni , Swami Nathan 
Published: December 2007

Copper electroless deposition (ELD) for fabrication of electrical contacts to molecular devices and diffusion barriers for nanoelectronics was carried out using Cu2+ complexation through the replacement reaction of the hydroxyl group in carboxylic acid terminated monolayers to generate the seed layer, followed by electroless reduction on the seed to form	additional Cu layers. Whereas copper deposition on monolayers	on gold was higher at defect sites, deposition on monolayers on GaAs was uniform across the substrate as observed by Scanning	Electron Microscopy of Cu overlayers on the underlying	monolayer. Cu deposition morphology was closely correlated to the crystallinity of the underlying monolayer. Cyclic voltammetry of the hydrogen evolution reaction on Cu ELD layers deposited on the monolayer on GaAs showed a 0.3 V overvoltage in comparison to Cu deposited on bare GaAs, and this significant	difference is strong evidence that the copper overlayer did not penetrate the underlying monolayer.
Chemical-Mechanical Planarization Compatible for Both Copper/Low k Level in a 90 nm Technology and Thick Copper Level in an RF Technology
Authors: Loquet Yannick , Perrot Cedric , Bouillon Pierre , Iteprat Blaise 
Published: December 2007

The emergence of wireless communication technologies has increased the need for high performance radio frequency (RF) circuits as transceivers or filters (1). These functions imply high quality factor (Q) inductors. One way to reach such high Q value is to increase the ultimate copper thickness (above 3µm).	Whereas Cu CMP has been widely reported as one of the leading techniques to integrate copper interconnects, many issues are	still encountered for thick copper applications, where	uniformity, topology and process time are major concerns. In this study, we develop a copper bulk CMP process compatible for both thick copper/low k interconnects and RF application. Starting from conventional sub-0.18µm slurry, an additive solution is added to enhance its removal rate. Results obtained on a 4 µm thick level are presented. It is shown that electrical performances are preserved, notably sheet resistance uniformity. Other usual CMP param eters, like planarization and consumables aging are also presented.