bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contamination: Nursing Diagnoses with Outcome and Intervention Linkages
Authors: Polk Laura V. , Green Pauline M. 
Published: May 2007

PURPOSE.  To relate the collaborative processes involved in the evolution of environmental nursing diagnoses and the linkages between two new nursing diagnoses and their associated interventions and outcomes; to describe the environmental health implications of contamination. DATA SOURCES.  Published research articles, official reports, textbooks, and collaborative discussion with experts in community and global health. DATA SYNTHESIS.  Reflection following review of the literature and collaboration with experts led to the development of a new schema for environmental diagnoses and development of two new diagnoses, allowing for greater clarity and distinction between the contamination diagnoses and risk for poisoning diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS.  An environmental nursing diagnosis schema, with its emphasis on contamination, infection, and violence, provides nurses with a holistic framework for making judgments about environmental influences related to individual, family, community, and global health. The diagnoses of Contamination and Risk for Contamination provide necessary language to describe human responses and risk states that may arise following exposure to environmental contaminants. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Development of environmental diagnostic labels and delineation of the linkages to nursing outcomes and interventions will allow nurses to take active roles in identifying environmental components that affect health and planning care that responds to environmental health needs. Greater clarity in the use of language will allow nurses to incorporate environmental concepts appropriately in nursing assessments and improve the accuracy of the diagnostic process and selection of distinct interventions and outcomes. This will result in better outcomes for patients and communities and permit greater accountability of nursing's contribution to environmental health.
Developing Conservation Priorities Based on Forest Type, Condition, and Threats in a Poorly Known Ecoregion: Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Cannon Charles H. , Summers Marcy , Harting John R. , Kessler Paul J.A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe island of Sulawesi is the largest in Indonesian Wallacea, one of the most important ecoregions in SE Asia and globally. Here, we generate a comprehensive and detailed map of forest type, its condition, and some of its threats, which highlights key forest conservation areas, pinpoints frontlines within them, and provides the basis for the development of more specific objectives. We relied upon a variety of techniques to generate five main descriptors of forest quality: condition, its level of endangerment, its landscape setting, its simulated fate given a simple model of forest change, and its overall size. Using the results of this analysis, we assessed the existing protected areas (PA), recognized by the Indonesian government, and a conservation portfolio (CP) generated by a recently completed Ecoregional Conservation Assessment (ECA). Our map of conservation priorities is congruent with previous conservation activities, although several priority areas were identified outside of the current PA system and should be the focus of strategic protected area development. Our ranking system is simple, transparent, and flexible. Its modular construction will allow local managers to choose among available proxy measures and to add their own conservation values according to specific priorities and desired outcomes. We envision this analysis as the foundation upon which more specific conservation strategies, based upon detailed biotic information as it becomes available, can be developed.
The Old and Young Amazon: Dung Beetle Biomass, Abundance, and Species Diversity
Authors: Radtke M. G. , Da Fonseca C. R. V. , Williamson G. B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe Amazon Basin can be divided into two geomorphological regions based on the age of its soils: young (< 30 mya) and old (> 300 mya). We tested the effects of soil age on dung beetle communities by comparing biomass, abundance, and species between reserves in Ecuador on young soils and reserves in Brazil on old soils. Beetle biomass in the old Amazon was one‐third that in the young Amazon, and beetle abundance in the old Amazon was one‐fourth that in the young Amazon. Species richness, rarefied to equal sample sizes, was not significantly different between old and young soils. These data suggest young soils of the Amazon support a significantly greater biomass and abundance of dung beetles than old soils, but that species richness across the Basin is similar. As dung beetles are bio‐indicators of mammals, our data support previous studies indicating a greater biomass of mammals on young versus old Amazon soils.
Cirrhosis and endotoxin decrease urea synthesis in rats
Authors: Nielsen Susanne Schouw , Grøfte Thorbjørn , Tygstrup Niels , Vilstrup Hendrik 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  In patients with cirrhosis, endotoxemia is frequent and the vitally important capacity for urea synthesis is impaired. The patients’ mortality of infection is markedly increased, which could be related to adverse metabolic effects of endotoxins. The effects of endotoxins on in vivo urea synthesis and on urea cycle genes during cirrhosis are unknown.Methods:  We examined the effects of a low dose of 0.5 mg/kg ip lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the basal urea nitrogen synthesis rate (UNSR), the capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis (CUNS), liver tissue mRNA levels of urea cycle enzyme genes, and on the metabolic liver function measured by the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) in rats with cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation and in control animals.Results:  LPS and cirrhosis + LPS decreased UNSR by 40% (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis and LPS each tended to decrease CUNS and cirrhosis + LPS decreased CUNS by 40% (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis and LPS each decreased the mRNA level of the gene for the flux‐generating urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) and the mRNA for the rate‐limiting urea cycle enzyme arginine succinate synthetase (ASS) (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis + LPS left the mRNA level of CPS unchanged and decreased that of ASS (P < 0.05). The GEC did not differ among the study groups.Conclusion:  Endotoxemia in rats with experimental cirrhosis markedly impaired the ability of the animals’ livers to synthesize urea, suggesting a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the severe consequences of endotoxemia in human cirrhosis.
The effect of supplementation with branched‐chain amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Urata Yohei , Okita Kosuke , Korenaga Keiko , Uchida Koichi , Yamasaki Takahiro , Sakaida Isao 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  We investigated the effect of supplementation with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) in patients with liver cirrhosis on the change of energy metabolism as well as glucose tolerance.Methods:  Thirty liver cirrhosis patients underwent nutrient supervision by a dietician for one week. They were then prescribed oral supplementation with three packs of a BCAA nutrient (Livact 4.15 g/pack; Ajinomoto Pharma, Tokyo, Japan), taken three times a day: after breakfast, dinner and before sleep. The change in energy metabolism and glucose tolerance was examined using an indirect calorimeter and 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT).Results:  Non‐protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) as well as branched‐chain amino acid/tyrosine ratio (BTR) showed significant improvement, especially in patients with a creatinine height index (CHI) greater than 80. There was also a significant correlation between npRQ after one week of BCAA supplementation and the CHI. The patients with CHI greater than 80 and those with borderline pattern assessed by 75 g OGTT showed significant improvement in impaired glucose tolerance.Conclusion:  Liver cirrhosis patients with CHI greater than 80 are the first candidates for BCAA supplementation. These patients showed improvement not only in energy metabolism and BTR, but also glucose tolerance.
Comparison of transformation protocols in Streptococcus gordonii and evaluation of native promoter strength using a multiple-copy plasmid
Authors: Warren Travis K. , Lund S.  Amanda , Jones Kevin F. , Hruby Dennis E. 
Published: May 2007

An active area of research in the development of Streptococcus gordonii for use as a bacterial commensal vector involves the identification and utilization of strong promoters for high-level expression of heterologous products. Escherichia coli plasmid vectors containing different streptococcal promoters often fail to become established in E. coli for unknown reasons. Therefore, it is desirable at times to transform S. gordonii, which is naturally competent, with small quantities of nascently ligated DNA without using E. coli first to amplify or screen the product. By comparing the efficiency of two methods used to induce competence in S. gordonii, it was shown that the use of a synthetic competence stimulating peptide substantially enhanced plasmid uptake by S. gordonii. We amplified the amylase-binding protein (abpA) promoter from the S. gordonii genome and, using a synthetic peptide to induce competence, directly introduced plasmid DNA containing this promoter into S. gordonii as an unamplified product of ligation. This plasmid facilitated abundant secretion of a heterologous product by S. gordonii. By assessing the levels of heterologous product secreted by two plasmid constructs, it was possible to evaluate the relative strength of two native promoters.
Functional Interactions during the Retrieval of Conceptual Action Knowledge: An fMRI Study
Authors: Assmus Ann , Giessing Carsten , Weiss Peter H. , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Impaired retrieval of conceptual knowledge for actions has been associated with lesions of left premotor, left parietal, and left middle temporal areas [Tranel, D., Kemmerer, D., Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. Neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 409–432, 2003]. Here we aimed at characterizing the differential contribution of these areas to the retrieval of conceptual knowledge about actions. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), different categories of pictograms (whole-body actions, manipulable and nonmanipulable objects) were presented to healthy subjects. fMRI data were analyzed using SPM2. A conjunction analysis of the neural activations elicited by all pictograms revealed ( p &lt; .05, corrected) a bilateral inferior occipito-temporal neural network with strong activations in the right and left fusiform gyri. Action pictograms contrasted to object pictograms showed differential activation of area MT+, the inferior and superior parietal cortex, and the premotor cortex bilaterally. An analysis of psychophysiological interactions identified contribution-dependent changes in the neural responses when pictograms triggered the retrieval of conceptual action knowledge: Processing of action pictograms specifically enhanced the neural interaction between the right and left fusiform gyri, the right and left middle temporal cortices (MT+), and the left superior and inferior parietal cortex. These results complement and extend previous neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies by showing that knowledge about action concepts results from an increased coupling between areas concerned with semantic processing (fusiform gyrus), movement perception (MT+), and temporospatial movement control (left parietal cortex).
Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-referential Processing and Perspective Taking
Authors: D'Argembeau Arnaud , Ruby Perrine , Collette Fabienne , Degueldre Christian , Balteau Evelyne , Luxen André , Maquet Pierre , Salmon Eric 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) appears to play a prominent role in two fundamental aspects of social cognition, that is, self-referential processing and perspective taking. However, it is currently unclear whether the same or different regions of the MPFC mediate these two interdependent processes. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study sought to clarify the issue by manipulating both dimensions in a factorial design. Participants judged the extent to which trait adjectives described their own personality (e.g., “Are you sociable?”) or the personality of a close friend (e.g., “Is Caroline sociable?”) and were also asked to put themselves in the place of their friend (i.e., to take a third-person perspective) and estimate how this person would judge the adjectives, with the target of the judgments again being either the self (e.g., “According to Caroline, are you sociable?”) or the other person (e.g., “According to Caroline, is she sociable?”). We found that self-referential processing (i.e., judgments targeting the self vs. the other person) yielded activation in the ventral and dorsal anterior MPFC, whereas perspective taking (i.e., adopting the other person's perspective, rather than one's own, when making judgments) resulted in activation in the posterior dorsal MPFC; the interaction between the two dimensions yielded activation in the left dorsal MPFC. These findings show that self-referential processing and perspective taking recruit distinct regions of the MPFC and suggest that the left dorsal MPFC may be involved in decoupling one's own from other people's perspectives on the self.
Nasserism Revitalized. A Critical Reading of Hasan Hanafī's Projects "The Islamic Left" and "occidentalism" (and their Uncritical Reading)
Authors: Riexinger Martin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHasan Hanafī is often described as leading and original reformer of Arab thought, renovator of the Islamic cultural heritage (turāth) and advocate of political freedom. But these categorizations are based on insufficient analyses of his writings on both the Islamic and the Western intellectual heritage as well as his statements on current political issues. A critical reading of the first unveils that Hanafī misrepresents religious and philosophical doctrines and that he systematically passes over the fact that the relations between intellectual currents which he claims as role models for the "Islamic left" were marked by deep enmity. His writings on Marxism reveal that he merely condemns capitalism on moral terms without deeper analysis of the way it works. He himself proposes the idea of historical cycles determining the course of Eastern and Western civilization. This allows him to predict the imminent decline of the latter. The contradicting elements in Hanafī's thought do, however, gain coherence when analyzed in the context of his writings on the modern history of Egypt and the Middle East at large. Here he juxtaposes activist and progressive Nasserism to the religious quietism used by Sadat to legitimize his rule. From 1978 onwards he became an advocate of the Islamic revolution in Iran which he saw as rebirth of Nasserim and Tiermondism in general.
Temperature Anomalies in the Northeastern North Atlantic: Subpolar and Subtropical Precursors on Multiannual Time Scales
Authors: Junge Martina M. , Fraedrich Klaus 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An adjoint ocean general circulation model of the North Atlantic is employed to calculate sensitivities of temperature in the northeastern North Atlantic with respect to atmospheric nonlocal fluxes and ocean state variables at prior times, up to 7 yr.
Maximum sensitivities cross the Atlantic from east to west within 3 to 4 yr. On this interannual time scale, advection of temperature perturbations by the climatological flow is suggested as the prime mechanism responsible for SST perturbations in the northeastern North Atlantic. The pathway of sensitivities lies preferentially beneath the surface and can be understood in terms of the reemergence mechanism. This provides the link between local forcing, mainly by heat flux in winter, and resurfacing of perturbations at remote locations.
On the multiannual to decadal time scale, the western subpolar gyre plays a key role: negative temperature sensitivities that evolve in parallel with positive salinity sensitivities in the Labrador and Irminger Seas give rise to pressure gradients and velocity perturbations that have effects on SST by modifying the oceanic heat transport into the northeastern North Atlantic. Together with additional influence from the Tropics and the subtropical gyre on time scales of 5 yr and beyond, these sensitivities combine to make a plethora of time scales that play a role in shaping SST perturbations in the North Atlantic.
El Niño in a Coupled Climate Model: Sensitivity to Changes in Mean State Induced by Heat Flux and Wind Stress Corrections
Authors: Spencer Hilary , Sutton Rowan , Slingo Julia M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Here the factors affecting the mean state and El Niño variability in the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) are examined with and without heat flux or wind stress corrections. There is currently little confidence in the prediction of El Niño for seasonal forecasts or climate change due to the inaccuracies in coupled models. If heat flux or wind stress corrections could reduce these biases then forecasts might be improved.
Heat flux corrections have unexpected effects on both the mean state and variability of HadCM3. HadCM3 is found to be very sensitive to the corrections imposed. If heat flux corrections are imposed Tropics wide then easterlies in the eastern equatorial Pacific are increased leading to localized steep east–west gradients in the thermocline or “thermocline jumps,” which appear to suppress propagation of heat from the west to the east and hence suppress strong El Niños so that ENSO variability is weak. In contrast, if heat flux corrections are imposed only within 10° of the equator, an atmospheric teleconnection from the cold subtropical SST biases intensifies the ITCZ and weakens the equatorial easterlies. As a result, the thermocline jumps are flattened and strong El Niños occur very frequently. Neither heat flux correction procedure improves the representation of El Niño.
Wind stress corrections alone have a small impact on the coupled model. Some of the SST warm biases are reduced, but the variability is not altered significantly.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is involved in myeloid lineage commitment
Authors: Hsu Chia-Lin , Kikuchi Kazu , Kondo Motonari 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommon lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are lymphoid-lineage-committed progenitor cells. However, they maintain a latent myeloid differentiation potential that can be initiated by stimulation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) via ectopically expressed IL-2 receptors. Although CLPs express IL-7 receptors, which share the common γ chain with IL-2 receptors, IL-7 cannot initiate lineage conversion in CLPs. In this study, we demonstrate that the critical signals for initiating lineage conversion in CLPs are delivered via IL-2 receptor β (IL-2Rβ) intracellular domains. Fusion of the A region of the IL-2Rβ cytoplasmic tail to IL-7Rα enables IL-7 to initiate myeloid differentiation in CLPs. We found that Shc, which associates with the A region, mediates lineage conversion signals through the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Because mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors completely blocked IL-2-mediated lineage conversion, MAPK activation, specifically via the MEK/ERK pathway, is critically involved in the initiation of this event. Furthermore, formation of granulocyte/macrophage (GM) colonies by hematopoietic stem cells, but not by common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), was severely reduced in the presence of MEK/ERK inhibitors. These results demonstrate that activation of MEK/ERK plays an important role in GM lineage commitment.
MDM2 Polymorphism, Survival, and Histology in Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Heist Rebecca Suk , Zhou Wei , Chirieac Lucian R. , Cogan-Drew Thea , Liu Geoffrey , Su Li , Neuberg Donna , Lynch Thomas J. , Wain John C. , Christiani David C. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose MDM2 is a negative regulator of p53. The MDM2 309T/G polymorphism has been associated with differential MDM2 expression levels and inhibition of the p53 pathway. We hypothesized that the MDM2 G/G genotype may be associated with worse survival outcomes in lung cancer, especially in squamous cell cancers where p53 abnormalities are more common. Patients and Methods We evaluated the relationship between MDM2 polymorphism status and overall survival (OS) among patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with surgical resection at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1992 to 2000. Kaplan-Meier methods and the log-rank test were used to compare survival by polymorphism status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for possible confounding variables. Results There were 383 patients in the analysis. In the early-stage population as a whole, the G/G genotype seemed to be associated with worse OS on adjusted analysis (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.40; P = .04). Among patients with squamous histology, OS was significantly worse among those with the G/G genotype (P = .0001 by log-rank test), with 5-year survival rates among the genotypes of 59% for T/T, 53% for T/G, and 7% for G/G. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the G/G genotype of the MDM2 polymorphism is associated with worse OS among early-stage NSCLC patients, particularly those with squamous cell histology.
Studies of the Selective Removal of Micro-Quantities of Platinum(IV) Ions from Macro-Quantities of Model Solutions of Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Nickel and Zinc Chloride on Anion-Exchangers of Various Types
Authors: Hubicki Z. , Wójcik G. 
Published: May 2007

Platinum has been widely applied as an industrial catalyst and consequently the recovery of noble metals from industrial wastes has become an economic issue. In the present studies, laboratory tests were undertaken to examine the selective removal of micro-quantities of platinum(IV) from 1 M solutions of aluminium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc chloride in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid using anion-exchangers containing tertiary amine group functions (Amberlite IRA-67 and Amberlite IRA-93) and polyamine group functions (Diaion CR-20). The values of the recovery factor [% R Pt(IV)] were determined for these anion-exchangers, as well as the sorption isotherms whose shape and type depended on the kind of aqueous phase employed and the phase contact time. In addition, the weight and volume distribution coefficients as well as the working and total ion-exchange capacities were calculated from the Pt(IV) breakthrough curves and various kinetic parameters were determined. The anion-exchanger Amberlite IRA-93 exhibited a maximum working capacity for Pt(IV) ions.