bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recursive definitions for iterative algorithms
Authors: Lassagne Theodore D. 
Published: November 2005

Since higher level languages first appeared, computer
practitioners have been seeking a language which will permit them
to define an algorithm to a computer without unnecessary
specification of the sequence in which actions are to be carried
out. Recursive definitions meet this requirement, but a major
obstacle to their wider adoption has been the fact that so many of
our algorithms are iterative in nature, and it typically has not
been easy to convert an iterative atgorithm to one in recursive
definition form.
However, if we look at recursive definitions from a somewhat
broader viewpoint and introduce the technique of "mu-recursion",
then iterative algorithms can be expressed fairly naturally in
recursive form. This capability opens up possibilities for a
practical recurstve definition language useful for a wide range of
computational tasks. Therefore, in addition to demonstrating how to
write practical algorithms with recursive definitions, we will
discuss the prospects for a practical language and its compilation.
Also covered briefly will be proof techniques and suggestions for
further research.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Promotes Vincristine Resistance through Multiple Mechanisms Independent of Maintained Glycolytic Rate
Authors: VanderWeele David J. , Rudin Charles M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Deregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway is a major contributor to oncogenesis and resistance to cancer therapy. Recent work has shown mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to be a major target downstream of Akt that contributes to both transformation and therapeutic resistance. Although inhibitors of Akt are not yet clinically available, rapamycin, a mTOR-specific inhibitor, has long been used as an immunosuppressant, and several rapamycin analogues are now in clinical trials in oncology. Recent data indicate that a mTOR complex phosphorylates Akt, and this complex is insensitive to rapamycin. We show that dominant-negative mTOR diminishes phosphorylation of endogenous Akt and exogenous myristoylated Akt (mAkt), that prolonged exposure to rapamycin also inhibits Akt activation, and that this inhibition is dependent on new protein synthesis. These data suggest that mTOR facilitates Akt activation through mechanisms other than direct phosphorylation. A constitutively active mTOR mutant that fails to enhance Akt phosphorylation nevertheless promotes resistance to multiple antimicrotubule agents, indicating that mTOR also mediates survival independent of Akt. Although Akt- and mTOR-mediated survival has been linked to regulation of cellular metabolism, we also show that survival and metabolic control are separable. The hexokinase inhibitor 5-thioglucose markedly inhibits glycolytic rate but does not diminish vincristine resistance mediated by mAkt or mTOR, and it has only a minor effect on mTOR- or mAkt-mediated resistance to growth factor withdrawal, suggesting that Akt-mTOR-mediated resistance is largely independent of maintenance of glycolytic rate. We conclude that mTOR activity can promote resistance through multiple mechanisms independent of maintained glycolytic rate.
p53-Independent Regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 Expression and Senescence by Chk2
Authors: Aliouat-Denis Cécile-Marie , Dendouga Najoua , Van den Wyngaert Ilse , Goehlmann Hinrich , Steller Ulf , van de Weyer Inez , Van Slycken Nele , Andries Luc , Kass Stefan , Luyten Walter , Janicot Michel , Vialard Jorge E. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The Chk2 kinase is a tumor suppressor and key component of the DNA damage checkpoint response that encompasses cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair. It has also been shown to have a role in replicative senescence resulting from dysfunctional telomeres. Some of these functions are at least partially exerted through activation of the p53 transcription factor. High-level expression of virally transduced Chk2 in A549 human lung carcinoma cells led to arrested proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. These were accompanied by various molecular events, including p21Waf1/Cip1 (p21) transcriptional induction, consistent with p53 activation. However, Chk2-dependent senescence and p21 transcriptional induction also occurred in p53-defective SK-BR-3 (breast carcinoma) and HaCaT (immortalized keratinocyte) cells. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of p21 in p53-defective cells expressing Chk2 resulted in a decrease in senescent cells. These results revealed a p53-independent role for Chk2 in p21 induction and senescence that may contribute to tumor suppression and genotoxic treatment outcome.
Bile Acids Decrease Hepatic Paraoxonase 1 Expression and Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Levels Via FXR-Mediated Signaling of FGFR4
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandra , Ratliff Eric P. , Andres Allen M. , Huang Xinqiang , McKeehan Wallace L. , Davis Roger A. 
Published: November 2005

Objective—The purpose of this research was to determine how dietary bile acids repress hepatic expression of paraoxonase 1 (PON1).Methods and Results—C57BL/6 mice and C3H/HeJ mice, having different susceptibilities to atherosclerosis, were fed a chow diet and an atherogenic diet containing taurocholate. Compared with the more atherosclerosis–susceptible C57BL/6 mice, C3H/HeJ mice display resistance to dietary bile acid repression of hepatic PON1 mRNA and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whereas knockout of toll receptor 4 did not affect response to taurocholate, deletion of either FXR or FGFR4 blocked taurocholate repression of PON1 and CYP7A1. FGF19, an activator of FGFR4 expressed in human ileum, decreased expression of both PON1 and CYP7A1 expression by human hepatoma cells. In all of the mice studied, dietary taurocholate increased ileal expression of FGF15, a FXR-inducible murine homologue of human FGF19.Conclusions—Hepatic PON1 and CYP7A1 mRNA expression is repressed by bile acids via FXR-mediated induction of FGF15. Thus, the inability of C3H/HeJ mice to display taurocholate repression of PON1 and CYP7A1 mRNAs was not because of a lack of induction of FGF15 but rather signaling events distal to FGF15-FGFR4 association.
Why Do Teachers Ask the Questions They Ask?
Authors: Ho Debbie Guan Eng 
Published: November 2005

Although teacher questioning has received much attention in the past few years, studies on teacher questions in the ESL classroom have so far revolved around the ‘closed’/‘open’ or ‘display’/‘referential’ distinction. Findings from classroom observations show excessive use of closed questions by teachers in the classroom. The argument that has been more or less accepted is that such questions seek to elicit short, restricted student responses and are therefore purposeless in the classroom setting. This paper attempts to conduct an analytical discussion of the argument. The questions of three non-native ESL teachers during reading comprehension in the upper secondary school in Brunei are analysed using a three-level question construct. Through this three-level question analysis, it is possible to challenge the argument concerning question types and purposes. Particularly, it illustrates (i) the problem of assigning teacher questions into narrowly defined categories and (ii) that questions asked by teachers in the language classroom are purposeful when reflected against the goals and agenda of the educational institution.
Art and philosophy
Authors: Negrin Llewellyn 
Published: November 2005

Ever since the time of Hegel, there has been a growing philosophization of art in which artists increasingly make works where visual/formal concerns are supplanted by philosophical questions concerning the definition of art itself. At the same time, however, an equally vociferous defence of art against its subsumption by philosophy has been made by theorists such as Nietzsche, Sontag and Barthes who have sought to rescue the sensuous immediacy of art from the abstractness of philosophical thought by advocating a more spontaneous and less rationalistic response to works of art. While it may seem paradoxical that two such diametrically opposing conceptualizations of the relation between art and philosophy should coexist, it is argued that they are in fact two sides of the one coin and reflect the fundamentally contradictory nature of the project of art in modernity. Furthermore, both conceptualizations are one-sided insofar as they fail to grasp the essentially antinomous nature of the relationship between the two in which art is inescapably dependent upon philosophy at the same time as it is irreducible to it.
The Effect of Angled Osteochondral Grafting on Contact Pressure
Authors: Lee Koh Jason , Kowalski Adam , Lautenschlager Eugene 
Published: November 2005

Background Flush osteochondral plugs can reduce contact pressure compared with an empty defect in the articular cartilage. However, incongruities such as graft angulation have an unknown effect. Hypothesis Incongruity of the articular cartilage after osteochondral transplantation affects articular surface contact pressure. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods An 80-N load was applied with a material testing system for 120 seconds to the femoral condyles of 50 fresh swine knees. Contact pressures were measured using Prescale super low film. Five conditions were tested: (1) intact articular surface; (2) surface with 4.5-mm-diameter circular defect; (3) defect grafted with a flush 4.5-mm-diameter plug from the contralateral condyle; (4) defect grafted with a 30 ° angled 4.5-mm-diameter plug, with lower edge flush (tip elevated with respect to the adjacent surface); and (5) defect grafted with a 30 ° plug, with tip flush to the adjacent surface (lower edge sunk). Angled grafts were obtained using a rotational bearing vise aligned with a 30 ° fixed-angle track. The film was digitally scanned and analyzed, and standard statistical tests were performed. Results Mean peak pressures of intact cartilage (8.57 kg/cm2), flush graft (9.81 kg/cm2), and sunk and angled graft (9.15 kg/cm2) were not significantly different (P <. 5). The mean pressures for defects (12.01 kg/cm2) and the elevated angled graft (14.50 kg/cm2) were significantly (P <. 05) higher than that of intact cartilage. Clinical Relevance Slightly sunk grafts were still able to reduce elevated contact pressures to normal levels. However, elevated angled grafts increased contact pressure. These results suggest that it is preferable to leave an edge slightly sunk rather than elevated.
Biomechanical Comparison of a Single-Row versus Double-Row Suture Anchor Technique for Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Kim David H. , ElAttrache Neal S. , Tibone James E. , Jun Bong-Jae , DeLaMora Sergai N. , Kvitne Ronald S. , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: November 2005

Background Reestablishment of the native footprint during rotator cuff repair has been suggested as an important criterion for optimizing healing potential and fixation strength. Hypothesis A double-row rotator cuff footprint repair will demonstrate superior biomechanical properties compared with a single-row repair. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods In 9 matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders, the supraspinatus tendon from 1 shoulder was repaired with a double-row suture anchor technique: 2 medial anchors with horizontal mattress sutures and 2 lateral anchors with simple sutures. The tendon from the contralateral shoulder was repaired using a single lateral row of 2 anchors with simple sutures. Each specimen underwent cyclic loading from 10 to 180 N for 200 cycles, followed by tensile testing to failure. Gap formation and strain over the footprint area were measured using a video digitizing system; stiffness and failure load were determined from testing machine data. Results Gap formation for the double-row repair was significantly smaller (P< .05) when compared with the single-row repair for the first cycle (1.67 ± 0.75 mm vs 3.10 ± 1.67 mm, respectively) and the last cycle (3.58 ± 2.59 mm vs 7.64 ± 3.74 mm, respectively). The initial strain over the footprint area for the double-row repair was nearly one third (P< .05) the strain of the single-row repair. Adding a medial row of anchors increased the stiffness of the repair by 46% and the ultimate failure load by 48% (P< .05). Conclusion Footprint reconstruction of the rotator cuff using a double-row repair improved initial strength and stiffness and decreased gap formation and strain over the footprint when compared with a single-row repair. Clinical Relevance To achieve maximal initial fixation strength and minimal gap formation for rotator cuff repair, reconstructing the footprint attachment with 2 rows of suture anchors should be considered.
Jump-Land Characteristics and Muscle Strength Development in Young Athletes
Authors: Barber-Westin Sue D. , Noyes Frank R. , Galloway Marc 
Published: November 2005

Background Many authors have speculated that altered neuromuscular control and strength of the lower extremity are responsible for the gender disparity in knee ligament injury rates. Hypothesis Significant increases in normalized quadriceps and hamstrings strength and limb symmetry on single-legged hop test occur with age. No gender differences in strength occur until age 14 years, after which boys generate greater peak torques than do girls. Age and gender do not influence lower limb alignment on a drop-jump test. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods We studied the effects of age and gender in 1140 athletes, 9 to 17 years old, on muscle strength and neuromuscular control during functional activities. Isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings strength was measured at 300 deg/s. Limb symmetry was assessed with single-legged hop tests. A video drop-jump test determined lower limb alignment in the coronal plane. Results Extension peak torques significantly increased with age; maximum strength was noted in girls at age 13 years and in boys at age 14 years (P< .001). Although maximum flexion strength occurred in boys at age 14 years (P< .001), girls had only slight increases from ages 9 to 11 years (P= not significant). Boys aged 14 to 17 years had significantly greater normalized isokinetic strength than did age-matched girls. No age or gender effects existed in limb alignment on the drop-jump test or limb symmetry on single-legged hop testing. Conclusion Maximum hamstrings strength was noted in female athletes by age 11 years, compared with age 14 years in male athletes, and a distinct lower limb valgus alignment existed in the majority of all athletes on landing. The absence of a gender difference in lower limb alignment on landing suggests other factors may be responsible for the gender disparity in knee ligament injury rates.
A Biomechanical Evaluation of an Anatomical Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Mazzocca Augustus D. , Santangelo Stephen A. , Johnson Sean T. , Rios Clifford G. , Dumonski Mark L. , Arciero Robert A. 
Published: November 2005

Background Despite numerous surgical techniques described, there have been few studies evaluating the biomechanical performance of acromioclavicular joint reconstructions. Purpose To compare a newly developed anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction with a modified Weaver-Dunn procedure and a recently described arthroscopic method using ultrastrong nonabsorbable suture material. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Forty-two fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (72.8 ± 13.4 years) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: arthroscopic reconstruction, anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction, and a modified Weaver-Dunn procedure. Bone mineral density was obtained on all specimens. Specimens were tested to 70 N in 3 directions, anterior, posterior, and superior, comparing the intact to the reconstructed states. Superior cyclic loading at 70 N for 3000 cycles was then performed at a rate of 1 Hz, followed by a load to failure test (120 mm/min) to simulate physiologic states at the acromioclavicular joint. Results In comparison to the intact state, the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure had significantly (P <. 05) greater laxity than the anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction or the arthroscopic reconstruction. There were no significant differences in bone mineral density (g/cm2), load to failure, superior migration over 3000 cycles, or superior displacement. The anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction had significantly less (P <. 05) anterior and posterior translation than the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure. The arthroscopic reconstruction yielded significantly less anterior displacement (P <. 05) than the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure. Conclusion The anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction has less anterior and posterior translation and more closely approximates the intact state, restoring function of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. Clinical Relevance A more anatomical reconstruction using a free tendon graft of both the trapezoid and conoid ligaments may provide a stronger, permanent biologic solution for dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This reconstruction may minimize recurrent subluxation and residual pain and permit earlier rehabilitation.
Scapular Kinematics during Supraspinatus Rehabilitation Exercise
Authors: Thigpen Charles A. , Padua Darin A. , Morgan Nicholas , Kreps Carly , Karas Spero G. 
Published: November 2005

Background Supraspinatus strengthening is an important component of shoulder rehabilitation. Previous work has determined that the full-can and empty-can exercises elicit the greatest amount of supraspinatus activity. However, scapular kinematics has not been considered when prescribing supraspinatus exercises. Hypothesis Scapular downward rotation, internal rotation, and anterior tipping during the empty-can exercise are increased when compared with the full-can exercise. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Twenty participants performed full-can and empty-can exercises while an electromagnetic tracking system was used to collect three-dimensional scapular kinematic data. Scapular angles at 30 °, 60 °, and 90 ° of the ascending and descending phases of humeral elevation were compared using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results There was more scapular anterior tipping and internal rotation during the empty-can exercise at all sampled humeral elevation angles except at 30 ° of the descending phase for anterior/posterior tipping (P< .05). Conclusion Scapular anterior tipping and internal rotation are increased during the empty-can exercise, whereas scapular upward rotation was not different between exercises. Clinical Relevance Increased scapular internal rotation and anterior tipping decrease the volume of the supraspinatus outlet during the empty-can exercise. When maintenance of the subacromial space is important, use of the full-can exercise seems most appropriate for selective strengthening of the supraspinatus muscle.
The Myth of Anglican Communion
Authors: Calvani Carlos 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTAnglicanism has come to worldwide significance in the context of modernity and debate about the recent difficulties in the Anglican communion which have been of such note and concern has been influenced by this context. The categories of the debate as reflected in the Virginia Report provide a case study of the difficulties. That report is examined in this light and the tendency of the argument drawn out to show a disposition to see issues in terms of control and exclusion. A consideration of the origins of the Anglican Communion shows that it expresses a disposition of Christians to pray for one another. It is a myth not in the sense that it is unreal but in the sense that it provides a way of understanding how the communion works. It works like a myth and in being re-enacted gains its force. This argument is combined with the notion of scapegoat in the writings of Rene Girard and applied to the case of Gene Robinson in order to lead to a better understanding of inclusive love and communion.
Charles Gore, Kenosis and the Crisis of Power
Authors: Chapman Mark D. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the theology of one of the major figures of theology in Edwardian England, Charles Gore (1853–1932), particularly his understanding ofkenosisand vulnerability in relation to Christ and the Christian. Beginning with an analysis of the loss of invulnerability by the Church of England, the article uses the theology of Donald Mackinnon as a backdrop for understanding the notion of ‘rough discipleship’ outlined by Gore which strips away the trappings of power. Through a detailed discussion of Gore's works on the incarnation and the Sermon on the Mount, a picture is drawn of the requirements of the Christian character as well as what he regarded as the authentic church freed from the state. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of kenoticism in relation to the crisis of authority in contemporary Anglicanism. Assertions of power and authority are shown to be a denial of the complexity and vulnerability implied by the powerlessness and tragedy of Christ.
Notch1 mutations are important for leukemic transformation in murine models of precursor-T leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Lin Ying-Wei , Nichols Rebecca A. , Letterio John J. , Aplan Peter D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNOTCH1 is frequently mutated in human precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T LBL). In the current study, we found that 13 of 19 cell lines and 29 of 49 primary tumors from SCL/LMO1, OLIG2/LMO1, OLIG2, LMO1, NUP98/HOXD13, and p27-/-/SMAD3+/- mice had Notch1 mutations in either the heterodimerization (HD) or the glutamic acid/serine/threonine (PEST) domain but not both. Thymocytes from clinically healthy SCL/LMO1 mice aged 5 weeks did not have Notch1 mutations, whereas thymocytes from clinically healthy SCL/LMO1 mice aged 8 to 12 weeks did have Notch1 mutations and formed tumors upon transplantation into nude mice. Remarkably, all of the HD domain mutations that we identified were single-base substitutions, whereas all of the PEST domain mutations were insertions or deletions, half of which mapped to 1 of 2 mutational “hot spots.” Taken together, these findings indicate that Notch1 mutations are very frequent events that are acquired relatively early in the process of leukemic transformation and are important for leukemic cell growth. (Blood. 2006;107: 2540-2543)
Nitric oxide generation from hydroxyurea: significance and implications for leukemogenesis in the management of myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Burkitt Mark J. , Raafat Alaeddin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe use of myelosuppressive agents to reduce the risk of thrombosis in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) has been associated with an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas chlorambucil, busulfan, and radiophosphorus (32P) have been demonstrated to increase the risk of transformation, the leukemogenic potential of hydroxyurea (HU) continues to be a matter of debate. Clinical studies have suggested that HU may cause a small increase in the risk of AML, but it has proven difficult to establish whether AML is actually caused by HU or arises during the natural progression of PV and ET. Reports that HU undergoes metabolic activation to species that induce mutation appear to support the notion that it is leukemogenic. Here, we suggest that the ability of HU to induce mutation in cell culture studies results from the generation of nitrogen dioxide via the autoxidation of nitric oxide, a product of HU metabolism. However, we argue that autoxidation would not occur in vivo, leading to the conclusion that generation of the mutagen nitrogen dioxide is peculiar to cell culture systems and has little relevance to the use of HU in the management of PV and ET.