bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An automated storage and retrieval system for clinical pharmaceutical research documents
Authors: Weaver Barbara N. , Ruffner Albert B. , Ellis Claire , Anderson Helen , Delorenzo Samuel X. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Medical Information Center of Schering Corporation is the central depository for all original clinical documents. The Clinical Documentation Section of the Center has developed an automated document storage and retrieval system capable of generating indexes to all documents in the system, summaries, and reports for management by computer.Documents are indexed and stored according to a project‐product oriented classification scheme and the resulting citations reduced to tab cards for computer input. Citation master files are updated daily, and cumulative outputs are issued.Major system sources are completely updated and generated monthly by computer and include a patient document citation index, keyword index, file index, and patient document log book. Many special outputs are issued upon request.Other system functions include providing documents for F.D.A. submissions and the maintenance of a grant‐reporting system capable of generating financial and clinical status reports by computer. The system services all company divisions engaged in clinical research and offers complete and immediate availability, accessibility, and security of documents and information.
A study of statistical measures for predicting terms used to index documents
Authors: Rosenberg Victor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA statistical measure is developed for predicting the terms from a restricted vocabulary that will be used to index a document, given that one of the index terms is known. The results indicate that a large proportion of terms can be predicted using co‐occurrence data and that the best method of ordering the terms ranks them first in descending order of co‐occurrence frequency and then breaks ties in descending order of total frequency. The central assumption is that data from a previously indexed collection can be useful in predicting the terms to be assigned to a new document. The procedure for presenting an indexer with computer‐produced ordered lists of suggested index terms in response to an initial term choice could be implemented in an interactive man‐machine environment.
Two machine indexing projects at the Catholic University of America
Authors: Blum Fred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an application of Keyword‐in‐Context/KWIC/Keyword‐Out‐of‐Context/KWOC programs (IBM 1401‐CR‐02X) to indexing masters' theses and doctoral dissertations at the Catholic University of America. Two recent (1970) computer‐produced indexes, one covering 5,458 masters' theses and doctoral dissertations accepted in all schools between 1961 and 1967, inclusive, and the other covering 975 masters' theses in nursing accepted between 1932 and 1961, are described. The machine configuration, programs, general system and costs are discussed.
On‐line systems: Promise and pitfalls
Authors: Cuadra Carlos A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInteractive systems, in existence for nearly 15 years, are becoming increasingly important, both for information retrieval and library support operations. The virtues of these systems are speed, intimacy, and—if time‐sharing is involved—economy. The major problems are the cost of the large computers and files necessary for bibliographic data, the still‐high cost of communications, and the generally poor design of the user‐system interfaces. The desirable features of online retrieval interfaces are only now being defined and tested in a systematic way, e.g., by the National Library of Medicine in its AIM‐TWX nationwide experimental retrieval service. System implementers must, in addition to engineering the right capabilities into online systems, also make a careful, concerted effort to engineer user acceptance. Common pitfalls here include overselling system capabilities and failure to take into account the social context around the user terminal. The major national problem is to avoid or limit wasteful and expensive duplication in providing nationwide search access to the hundreds of public and private data bases that will be readily available during the next few years. We do not need technological breakthroughs to exploit the potential of online systems, but we do need breakthroughs in organizing for technological change.
Selected results from an inquiry into testing of information retrieval systems
Authors: Saracevic Tefko 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA variety of aspects related to testing of retrieval systems were examined. A model of a retrieval system, together with a set of measures and a methodology for performance testing were developed. In the main experiment the effect on performance of the following variables was tested: sources of indexing, indexing languages, coding schemes, question analyses, search strategies and formats of output. In addition, a series of separate experiments was carried out to investigate the problems of controls in experimentation with IR systems. The main conclusions: the human factor appears to be the main variable in all components of an IR system; length of indexes affects performance considerably more than indexing languages; question analyses and search strategies affect performance to a great extent—as much, if not more than indexing. Retrieval systems seem to be able to perform at present only on a general level, failing to be at the same time comprehensive and specific. It seems that testing of total IR systems controlling and monitoring all factors (environmental and systems‐related) is not possible at present.
Suggestions for exploiting the potential of on‐line remote access information retrieval and display systems
Authors: Wolfe Theodore 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ideal remote access, on‐line, information retrieval and display system would exploit the inherent potential of on‐line program capabilities to a far greater extent than those currently employed by on‐going, on‐line information systems. Special emphasis would be placed on the utilization of the feedback capabilities of on‐line user‐computer interactions as a means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of search and display capabilities. The most significant contribution of online program capabilities to the advancement of information retrieval is their ability to top the immense computational capacities of the computer as a retrieval tool. The ideal on‐line information retrieval system would offer statistical inference analysis and heuristic optimization programs as aids to query formulation. In fact, the ideal system would include on‐line programs capable of automatically computing, generating, and executing, optimal query formulations and retrieval on request. Implementation of expanded on‐line capabilities to achieve the ideal on‐line information retrieval and display system will have a considerable economic impact on the entire field of information science.
Machine‐assisted approach to general reference materials
Authors: Meredith J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA collection of 144 general reference works was analyzed and encoded according to 254 identifiable characteristics of services and contained data, comprising an “approach language” expressing search parameters. In response to a request submitted at an on‐line terminal, the “REFSEARCH” system retrieves the names of those works whose profiles meet or exceed the specification. The background and rationale of the system is discussed, its current use in the School of Librarianship, University of California, and its potential for direct service to library patrons.
Holography as applied to information storage and retrieval systems
Authors: Johnson Claire , Briggs Eleanor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to assess the potential use of holography in information storage and retrieval systems. Various scientific (physics), engineering, and business indexes were searched as well as those dealing with information science and libraries. A great many articles were found in the first three, all of which indicate the vast amount of interest, research, and development in the field, and lead to the conclusion that holography is one of the most promising methods now under research for the achievement of high bulk storage with fast random access at a reasonable cost. Because such a method implies a far greater than present ability to store, access, and transmit information on the part of information centers and libraries, and because little has been written in their literature, this paper has been prepared as a “state of the art” to provide background knowledge which is expected to be useful to many in the future.
On the evolution of information science
Authors: Harmon Glynn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe emergence and development of information science within its wider disciplinary framework is interpreted. Information science is approached as one of a modern generation of communication or behavioral disciplines which emerged almost simultaneously around World War II. Consequently, an attempt is made to discern the evolution of relationships between information science and other modern generation disciplines. The internal development of information science is first sketched. Second, possible relationships and roles of information science within a potentially emergent suprasystem of knowledge are discussed.
Informal communication among scientists in sleep research
Authors: Crawford Susan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAt the frontiers of an active area of science, social structure based upon communication is demonstrated. Using sociometric techniques, an informal communication network was identified which included 73% of the scientists. Within the network was a core group of scientists who were the focus of a disproportionately large number of contacts and who were differentiated from others by greater productivity, higher citation record and wider readership. Information transferred to these scientists is so situated that it could be transmitted to 95% of the network scientists through one intermediary scientist or less.
Citations, references and the growth of scientific literature: A model of dynamic interaction
Authors: Krauze Tadeusz K. , Hillinger Claude 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mathematical model is presented which explains the observed exponential growth rates of citations and references in a scientific discipline. The independent variables are the growth rate of the number of articles published and the decay rate of citation of old literature. It is shown how the parameters of the model can be estimated.
A computer‐based procedure for keyword indexing of newspapers
Authors: Davis Charles H. , Kearney W. Robert , Davis Bonnie M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough indexing coverage of national and international news items has been handled well by the New York Times Index and other sources, similar coverage of items which are of local or regional interest has either been non‐existent or provided for by card files which make the information accessible only with difficulty. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of tagging terms from newspaper headlines, adding descriptors for enrichment, and then using a computer to reformat the data and print out a keyword index. The results of the study indicate that this would be a straightforward, relatively inexpensive method of increasing the accessibility of this kind of information.
Preparation for interpersonal communication
Authors: Wolek Francis W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes three methods used by engineers and scientists to enrich their understanding of a technical subject prior to an interpersonal communication. Professionals may: (a) store the information need in hopes of an accidental or working encounter with the required information (piggybacking), and/or (b) verify and extend their background by contact with friendly associates (friendly consultation), and/or (c) review the literature of the field which is peripheral to their own (professional peripheration). Factors which determine the methods used are proposed: the opportunity cost of time, the extent to which similar needs have been encountered before, and the breadth of the user's (problem). Implications for the management of R & D organizations concern the provision of peripheral literature, the development of skills involved in consultation, and the clarification of the organization's technical goals.
The “generality” effect and the retrieval evaluation for large collections
Authors: Salton G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe retrieval effectiveness of large document collections is normally assessed by using small subsections of the file for test purposes, and extrapolating the data upward to represent the results for the full collection. The accuracy of such an extrapolation unhappily depends on the “generality” of the respective collections.In the present study the role of the generality effect in retrieval system evaluation is assessed, and evaluation results are given for the comparison of several document collections of distinct size and generality in the areas of documentation and aerodynamics.
An economic analysis of the demand for scientific journals
Authors: Berg Sanford V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate that economic analysis can be useful in modeling the scientific journal market. Of particular interest is the efficiency of pricing and page policies. For example, would the community be better off if more copies or pages are produced, or similarly, should the journal be produced at all? In order to calculate losses due to the inefficiencies, demand parameters are statistically estimated and used in a discussion of market efficiency.Although more refinement is needed for both the specification of the demand functions and proxies for variables, the techniques used permit the establishment of lower bounds on the net benefits stemming from journals (assuming that there are additional social benefits). The responses of individuals and institutions to changes in pages are shown to differ. Thus, the analytic framework facilitates the evaluation of current trends toward the selective dissemination of information to individuals.
Federal aid and the growth of a subject literature
Authors: Baughman James C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince 1966 the federal government has made millions of dollars available for the purchase of instructional materials for use in the nation's elementary and secondary schools. While the federal funds have benefited students and teachers through the establishment of materials collections, relatively little research has been conducted in the use of these materials.The experimental test described in this article shows that productivity in regard to the subject literature supporting the school library media center concept increases or decreases in correspondence with the amount of federal funds made available for each fiscal year. This subject literature represents the state of knowledge (source) in a communication process to the learner (destination). It is suggested that if federal funds were made available for the systematic study of the phenomena of use of learning materials, new knowledge and a more effective communication system would result. Thus, the teacher's knowledge and understanding of the use of instructional materials, which will ultimately determine the use or nonuse of such materials, would increase, and children would benefit.
Analysis of directory searching
Authors: Lowe Thomas C. , Roberts David C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFiles are frequently organized into records, and keys are associated with those records. A directory is a list of key‐address pairs, where each pair consists of a key and an address associated with that key. The addresses may be those of records in the file, or of intermediate data, such as inverted lists. A fundamental problem is searching a directory efficiently for known keys, in order to find all addresses associated with those keys. Several problems of finding keys in directories are considered. Methods of searching both ordered and unordered directories are analyzed; directories are classified as they organize unused space: compacted, distributed, or chained. Searching on ranges of key values, rather than exact key matching, is also considered. Finally, design tradeoffs among the classes of directory and searching strategies are developed.
Sampling in‐library book use
Authors: Jain A. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough a large number of book usage studies have been conducted in the past, very little is known about in‐library (unrecorded) use. This may be due to the lack of a “good” method of sampling in‐library use. Here, a plan for sampling in‐library use is presented which attempts to avoid the pitfalls of the earlier methods. According to this plan, the library is divided into a certain number of areas, and a sample of monographs within each area is selected for study. Inspection rounds are then made on each of the days of the survey period. The sequence in which different areas of the library are surveyed is determined at random for every round. During each round an investigator goes through the book shelves and determines which sample monographs are away from their positions on shelves. This plan yields an unbiased estimate of a proposed index of in‐library use for any specified group of books. A hypothetical example is provided to explain the proposed plan.
Citation patterns of the cardiovascular serial literature
Authors: McMurtray Frances , Ginski John M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to further amplify the characteristics of the cardiovascular serial literature, citation patterns were studied. As previously shown, one‐third of the 5,860 papers from the National Heart Institute grantees for 1967 appeared within 13 journals (3). After the exclusion of the abstract journals, the remaining journals were used to obtain a basic pool of 300 cardiovascular related articles. Science Citation Index was used to gather statistics relative to citing author, journal and year. The 300 articles in the basic pool were cited a total of 2,545 times during this four‐year period (1967‐1970). The figures concerning citation rate by year serve to uphold the idea that journal citation reaches a peak during the third year after publication. Also some definite patterns of self‐citation were noted. It was found that, when analyzed on the basis of first author, 15 percent of the 2,545 citations were self‐citations. The ten basic journals tend to be cited mostly within themselves; one‐third of the citations were found in these journals. Although the citations were found throughout 349 journals, indicating an extensive scatter, a relatively high percentage of papers were found in few journals.
A flow chart for indexing with a thesaurus
Authors: Wellisch Hans 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe utilization of all or most of the different possibilities to find prescribed descriptors, identifiers or new index terms in thesauri is aided by using a flow chart which is applicable to most indexing aids (thesauri or subject heading lists). The use of the flow chart is shown in an application of the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms to three articles from different fields of technology.
Retrieval parameters in growing data bases
Authors: Marcus Richard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a recent article (1) Gerard Salton considered the question of how certain retrieval parameters can be estimated for large collections from their values in small collections. The purpose of this communication is to suggest that in the situation where documents are retrieved independently the desired parameters may be estimated more accurately by sampling and averaging techniques over homogeneous subparts of the data base. It is also suggested that certain changes in the nomenclature of the parameters would help to avoid ambiguities in their interpretation.
Marketing perspectives for “ERIC‐like” information systems
Authors: Kuehl Philip G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe objective of this discussion is to examine and articulate three perspectives which “Marketing” can contribute to a better understanding of the role “ERIC‐like” information systems can fulfill in satisfying user needs. It is the author's contention that an understanding of “marketing”—a discipline focused on building linkages between producers and consumers—can provide valuable insights for understanding the capability for success or failure of “ERIC‐like” information systems.This objective is accomplished through discussing three specific dimensions of marketing thought and technique. First, “Marketing” is characterized as a pervasive societal process; i.e., a discipline whose content encompasses both the private and public sectors of society through focusing on the fundamental goal of providing “Need satisfactions” to consumers.In this respect, it is the author's contention that all “ERIC‐like” systems should recognize that they (a) are in the “Marketing business” and (b) attempt to improve their marketing capability and performance.The second dimension of marketing discussed is the so‐called “Marketing concept.” This concept, which stresses a “User/consumer need” orientation, provides four distinct advantages and applications for the manager of information systems: (a) proper “Product” definitions; (b) new product opportunity abilities; (c) more efficient dissemination and distribution patterns; (d) efficient use of system resources.Finally, the following four specific marketing technique areas are related to information science: (a) consumer behavior research; (b) channel of distribution technique; (c) organizational theory; and, (d) market segmentation analysis.
Dialectical inquiring systems: A new methodology for information science
Authors: Mitroff Ian I. , Williams James , Rathswohl Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA taxonomy for modeling information systems is presented. The taxonomy derives from the history of Western epistemology. Epistemology is used as a prescriptive modeling basis because (1) the fundamental problems of epistemology are concerned with information, and (2), because the history of epistemology identifies and archetypal ways that men have conceived of information and of models.It is shown how the different models of epistemology can be made scientifically operational through the use of a special kind of systems analysis.Finally, the results of a preliminary experiment based on one of the models are presented in the form of prescriptive rules for the design of future experiments.
Systematic utilization of human resources as an integral part of information science work
Authors: Hoey P. O'N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is difficult to consistently remember the names of business acquaintances and draw upon their particular subject knowledge as a help in enquiry answering. The place of formal ‘indexes to people’ as a part of information science work is considered in relation to informal communication networks and existing formal information retrieval resources. Examples of some of the ‘indexes’ in existence or planned are given and some suggestions made as to what could be done. Additionally, some ideas are put forward as to what an information scientist should do in his everyday work to ensure that, when it is appropriate, he will exploit available human resources.
On‐line serials control system in a large biomedical library. Part III: Comparison of on‐line and batch operations and cost analysis
Authors: Fayollat James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe on‐line serials control system in use at the UCLA Biomedical Library is compared with former batch processing and manual procedures. It is evaluated in terms of performance, user satisfaction, and costs. The operation of the on‐line system is shown to be superior in these respects. Significant savings are achieved as a result of increased productivity made possible by the interactive system.