bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Can Semantics Work to Help Translation
Authors: Wen-Li Ke 
Published: September 2007

This paper attempts to probe into some aspects of semantic studies which may be of help to the understanding, explaining, and solution of some of the problems in translation. In the first part ense and reference, he author states the relationship between sense and reference, and points out that failure to understand this and to make a distinction between them can lead to paradoxes and mistakes in translation.
In the second part “Hyponymy,” the author, through examples and diagrams, explains the implication of hyponymy, and proves that a better knowledge of hyponomy is not only important in language acquisition but also quite helpful to the translator. Examples are given to show how the knowledge of hyponymy can be applied to translation.
In the third part hanges of meaning, he author discusses how Bloomfield, and Baugh and Cable classified types of changes of meaning, and points out if insufficient attention is paid to the change of meaning, a translator can hardly avoid falling into error in translating.
In the fourth part ontext, he author discusses how different scholars treated context in different ways and makes it clear that context is very important in correctly understanding the original text. Without contextual knowledge and information, a translator is sure to make mistakes. Examples are given to show how anomalous or deviant sentences can be understood and translated with the help of context.
After discussion of the four aspects, the author comes to the conclusion that for a satisfying translation, it is particularly necessary and helpful for a translator to have some idea of the relationship between semantics and translation and to have some general knowledge of semantics.
Arabic translation across cultures
Authors: Homeidi Moheiddin A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper deals mainly with some of the difficulties the translator might encounter when translating some culturally bound pieces of information. These would include the translation of some idioms, and some culturally bound concepts. The paper starts with definitions of translation, language and culture followed by an extensive analysis of the examples provided. All the examples are drawn from Arabic and English. The examples include the translation of some idioms which violate truth conditions, which are easily recognizable, and some others which may be translated either literally or idiomatically with obviously different results. Then the analysis moves to the translation of some culturally bound expressions from both Arabic and English. Here, we find examples that cannot be translated into the other language simply for lack of cultural equivalents. The skill and the intervention of the translator are most needed in this respect because above all translation is an act of communication.
Résumé
Cet article traite principalement de certaines difficultés que le traducteur peut rencontrer quand il traduit des textes d’information qui présentent un aspect culturel. Ces difficultés ont trait à certaines locutions idiomatiques et concepts culturels. L’article commence par définir la traduction, la langue et la culture, puis analyse en détail les exemples fournis. Tous les exemples sont tirés de l’arabe et de l’anglais. Ces exemples comprennent la traduction de certaines locutions idiomatiques qui trahissent les conditions de vérite et sont facilement reconnaissables, et de quelques autres qui peuvent etre traduites soit litteralement, soit de manière idiomatique, mais avec bien sur des résultats différents. Puis l’analyse passe à la traduction de certaines expressions de nature culturelle, en arabe et en anglais. Nous y trouvons des exemples qu’il est impossible de traduire dans l’autre langue, tout simplement parce qu’il leur manque des équivalents culturels. L’habileté et l’intervention du traducteur sont des plus nécéssaires dans ce cas, parce que la traduction est avant tout un acte de communication.
Translation as a learning and teaching strategy
Authors: Al-Kufaishi Adil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper deals primarily with the potentiality a translation task could bring to the learning/teaching environment. Since translation deals with language in its socio-cultural communicative context, it could serve as an indispensable teaching/learning tool, a medium for developing the learners’ communicative competence and for teaching properties and types of meaning, underlying semantic relationships, communicative language functions, sentential and suprasentential information structure and discourse values. In this paper, it is argued that translation is
a. an interlingual, interactive, communicative and cognitive activity
b. a macro-skill that subsumes a number of micro-skills
c. a meaningful task-based exercise, a problem-solving exercise that helps develop the learners’ data processing capabilities
d. a meaningful communicative context for presenting and practising language forms and lexical items
e. a means for highlighting interlingual structural differences, and
f. a medium for teaching thematic meaning
Résumé
Cet article traite principalement du potentiel qu’une tache de traduction pourrait présenter pour l’environnement d’apprentissage ou d’enseignement. Étant donné que la traduction traite de la langue dans son contexte communicatif socioculturel, elle pourrait servir d’outil indispensable d’enseignement ou d’apprentissage, un moyen de développer les compétences de communication des apprenants, et d’enseigner les propriétés et types de signification qui sous-tendent les relations sémantiques, les fonctions de communication de la langue, la structure d’information phraseale et subphraseale et les valeurs du discours. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que la traduction est:
a. une activité interlinguale, interactive, communicative et cognitive
b. une macro-technique qui subsume un certain nombre de micro-techniques
c. un exercice significatif basé sur une tache — un exercice de résolution d’un problème qui aide a développer les capacités de traitement des données des apprenants
d. un contexte communicatif significatif pour présenter et pratiquer les formes de la langue et les élements lexicaux
e. un moyen de souligner les différences structurelles interlinguales
f. un moyen d’enseigner la signification thématique.
Playing with Figures
Authors: Klimenko Svetlana 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The paper is based on a corpus investigation of Danish theatre repertoire for the second half of the twentieth century. The discussion opens with a detailed presentation of those genre-specific challenges and even obstacles to a statistically oriented approach that arise the moment an investigation turns from ‘plays as published texts’ to ‘plays as performances and productions’. The main part of the analysis is a discussion of British and Russian theatrical import to Denmark, and the ways in which its development can shed light on the mechanisms of power working through translation politics. Danish repertoire choices reveal egotistic, self-centred motivation behind their treatment of British and Russian sources, respectively, when the English culture emerges as a source of, first of all, light entertainment, while the Russian one, on the contrary, seems to be called on to satisfy the demand for the artistic exploration of the more melancholic, dark side of human character. The analysis is focussed on the uses of Chekhov and Shakespeare in the construction of Danish cultural Self, and framed in a more theoretical discussion of the challenges and signifi cance of the theatre for Translation Studies in the new, culture conscious phase of its development.
Resumé
L’article est basé sur l’examen du corpus du répertoire théâtral danois pendant la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. La discussion débute par une présentation détaillée des défi s spécifi ques au genre, voire des obstacles à une approche statistiquement orientée. Ces défi s surgissent au moment où la recherche passe des « pièces sous forme de textes publiés » à des « pièces devant être représentées et produites ». La partie principale de l’analyse est une discussion sur l’importation théâtrale britannique et russe au Danemark et sur la manière dont son développement peut éclairer les mécanismes de force qui agissent dans la politique de la traduction. Les choix du répertoire danois révèlent l’existence d’une motivation égotiste et égocentrique derrière leur traitement des sources britanniques et russes; la culture anglaise apparaît surtout comme une source de divertissement léger, tandis qu’au contraire, il semble qu’on fasse appel à la culture russe pour satisfaire la demande d’une explora tion artistique du côté sombre et plus mélancolique du caractère humain. L’analyse se concentre sur l’utilisation de Tchekhov et de Shakespeare dans la construction du Moi culturel danois, et s’inscrit dans une discussion plus théorique sur les défi s et la signification du théâtre pour la traductologie, dans la nouvelle phase de son développement, consciente de la culture.
Traduction et littérature beure
Authors: Duchêne Nadia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This study starts from a well-known premise, which states that translation is not exclusively a linguistic practice; rather, it
should integrate a set of social and cultural interrelations. Once accepted that premise, we propose a synthetic case study of the
French work Le gone du Chaâba, by Azouz Begag, published in Spanish in 2001 by Ediciones del Bronce. Our case study is focused on
the translating difficulties found in this particular work when dealing with the peculiar linguistic and cultural specificities of
the Arab population living in France, the real "protagonists" of the novel. The study does not intend to be prescriptive; rather,
it is an illustrated descriptive analysis based on textual pairs (French and Spanish), selected almost at random throughout the
text. Thus, we propose a synchronic and well-limited analysis, which deals basically with: (i) the omissions found in the target
text; (ii) the Spanish rendering of Arab colloquialisms, fairly frequent in the source text; (iii) the translator´s strategies
when rendering the orality of the source text; (iv) the translation of the different linguistic registers; and (v) the contresens,
along with the potential semantic misrenderings.
Aus dem leben eines lautgesetzes
Authors: Romaschko Sergej A. 
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung
Das, was man in der Indogermanistik als ‘das Graßmann’sche Gesetz’ bezeichnet, erscheint dem Autor dieses Beitrags zufolge oft nicht identisch mit dem, was den tatsächlichen Beitrag Hermann Graßmanns (1809–1877) ausmachte und was er selbst als seine persönliche Leistung betrachtete. Der Versuch, die authentische Entdeckung und ihren Unterschied von den früheren Arbeiten festzustellen, zeigt, daß die von Graßmann vorgeschlagene Interpretation vom theoretischen Gesamtkontext der indogermanischen Rekonstruktionsarbeit der Zeit abhängig war. Die spätere Verschiebung des Kontexts verursachte auch die Veränderungen in der Interpretation derselben empirischen Tatsachen (die man von der Graßmann’schen Interpretation unterscheiden muß) und markierte eine neue Phase in der Geschichte des ‘Graßmann’schen Gesetzes’.
Le développement des idées saussuriennes chez Charles Bally et Albert Sechehaye
Authors: Amacker René 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
Charles Bally (1865–1947) et Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946), linguistes déjà affirmés à la mort de Saussure, n’ont pas vraiment profité du CLG pour établir leurs doctrines respectives, que les thèses saussuriennes leur ont plutôt permis de préciser que de modifier. En revanche, on surprend chez eux, avant 1913, des traces d’une influence privée de Saussure, qui explique certaines convergences terminologiques et conceptuelles, quoique partielles (notamment sur signe, système et langue ~ parole). Après le Cours, Bally se servira assez artificiellement des idées saussuriennes, tandis que Sechehaye finira par se rapprocher remarquablement de ce qu’en sera l’interprétation moderne.
La linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure
Authors: Bouquet Simon 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
On parle aujourd’hui d’un ‘retour à Saussure’. Comment cette expression doit-elle s’entendre au regard de l’histoire éditoriale complexe des textes saussuriens de linguistique générale? Comme un retour à des idées de Saussure que l’on a connues grâce au Cours de linguistique générale? ou comme un retour à des textes pour partie méconnus, pour partie inédits? Répondre à ces questions implique de revenir sur la singulière histoire éditoriale en question. C’est ce que fait cet article, en présentant à la fois le corpus des textes disponibles et l’histoire de leur éditions, avant d’évoquer sur ce que pourrait ètre un retour à Saussure, aujourd’hui, en termes de contenus.
More about Saussure
Authors: Lepschy Giulio 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Some comments are offered on the history of Saussure’s reception and on the relation between the text of the Cours de linguistique générale and (a) the manuscript material on which it is based, and (b) Saussure’s own reflections, in as far as they are ascertainable. The discussion leads up to a review of Simon Bouquet’s Introduction à la lecture de Saussure (Paris, 1997).
Saussure translated
Authors: Sanders Carol 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This article examines the degree to which Saussure has been well served in English translation. It looks at features such as the disappearance of markers of uncertainty and the contribution of sentence structure to the development of a convincing argument, to see how these fare in the various versions. Taking the key Saussurean terms of langage, langue and parole, it evaluates the translations of the Cours de linguistique générale by Baskin (1959), Harris (1983), as well as those edited by Harris, Komatsu and Wolf (1993, 1996, 1997).
The efforts of the Aubrey correspondence group to revise John Wilkins’Essay(1668) and their context
Authors: Lewis Rhodri 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the aftermath of the publication of John Wilkins’sEssay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language(1668), the Royal Society established a committee to consider and develop Wilkins’s proposals, whose members included Seth Ward (1617–89), Robert Hooke (1635–1703), Robert Boyle (1627–1691), John Wallis (1616–1703), John Ray (1627–1705), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) and William Holder (1616–1698). Despite the fact that this committee never reported, work on theEssaydid continue, with many of the individual members conducting a detailed correspondence, marshalled by John Aubrey (1626–1697). In addition to the members of the original Royal Society committee, this group’s participants included Francis Lodwick (1619–1694), the Somerset clergyman Andrew Paschall (c.1630–c.1696), and Thomas Pigott (1657–1686), fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. The correspondents could not, however, agree on the best means of advancing theEssay, with the principal bone of contention being the ideas of Seth Ward. Thus, their efforts were eventually fruitless. This article traces the activities of this group and the intellectual milieu in which the revision of Wilkins’sEssaytook place.
Dutch linguists between Humboldt and Saussure
Authors: Noordegraaf Jan 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe impact Ferdinand de Saussure’sCours de linguistique générale(1916) had on Dutch linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s has not yet become the object of a thorough investigation. It can be pointed out, however, that in the interwar period Dutch reactions to theCourswere of a mixed character. When one finds Saussure’s book referred to by leading Dutch linguists such as Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) and A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), the question should be asked to what extent theCourswas seen as a new and important specimen of linguistic theorizing. Moreover, it can be argued that several Dutch linguists felt themselves to be in a different linguistic tradition. Such is definitely the case with Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). He took part in the organization of the first international congress of linguists (1928) and the first international phonetic congress (1932). Although critical of theCours, he sympathized with the Prague approach to phonology, of which he was one of the early propagandists in Western Europe. However, he did not become a confirmed structuralist. Practising a holistic approach to language and culture he felt more affinity with the ‘Neolinguists’, and tended to revert to 19th-century thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), as some of his papers clearly show. In an intriguing posthumous essay,Het mysterie der menschelijke taal(‘The mystery of human language’, 1946), Van Ginneken acknowledged that over the years language had become a mystery to him.
Speculations about thePotestas Litterarumin medieval grammar (11th through 13th centuries)
Authors: Rodríguez Estrella Pérez 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to study the concept ofpotestas, one of the three ‘accidents’ of ‘letters’ in the Roman tradition. More specifically, it intends to examine the way in which the speculative grammarians from the 11th to the 13th centuries dealt with speech sounds and which issues were attached to it. The commentators of the beginning of this period mapped out the route to be followed in the attempt at a thorough explanation and systematization of Prisician’s adumbrations. To that purpose, they forged the successful termmodus pronunciandiand classified thepotestasinto five types. This chapter was granted as much discussion as any other: some concepts and terminology of the Aristotelian universe were employed in it (e.g., the opposition substantial/accidental, potentiality/act). Nevertheless, some remarkable differences between the points of view of the 12th-century grammarians and those of the 13th-century have been observed, among them the interest on the part of the latter in the generation of sound. In this century, two works, the anonymousTractatus de grammaticaand John Dacus’s modisticSumma, held for different reasons a very particular position in the evolution of the doctrine on thepotestas. In this respect, the influence of the former on the latter has been noticed. With their speculations all these medieval grammarians succeded in differentiating two levels within the realm of speech sounds.
The asterisk from historical to descriptive and theoretical linguistics
Authors: Graffi Giorgio 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe use of the asterisk in descriptive and theoretical linguistics is attested well before the 1950s (contrary to what has been maintained by Householder in 1973). It is suggested that the meaning of the asterisk was extended from that of ‘unattested form’, which was standard in historical linguistics, to that of ‘unattested form’ in sense of ‘non-existent’; a further step was to assign to the asterisk the meaning of ‘impossible form’, hence also of ‘ungrammatical sentence’.
Die ursprünglichen fragestellungen hinter August schleichers Stammbaum-Theorie und Johannes Schmidts Wellen-Metapher
Authors: van Pottelberge Jeroen 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAugust Schleicher’s genealogical tree (Stammbaum) and Johannes Schmidt’s wave metaphor (Welle) are very well known linguistic concepts. At the same time there has been a widespread misunderstanding about their original meaning and the questions they were intended to deal with. Both were originally classificatory concepts, not models of language change. Schleicher, on the one hand, introduced theStammbaumby transforming hierarchical classes of Indo-European languages into successive historical stages. Schmidt, on the other hand, rejected the idea of subgrouping Indo-European languages as required by Schleicher’sStammbaum. Instead, he assumed an original continuum of languages. He described this continuum metaphorically in terms of concentric ‘waves’. The interpretation of the wave image as a metaphor for the geographical spread of linguistic innovations (as has become common) is the result of later adaptations in dialectology.
Lexicography and the Evolution of Consciousness
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Owen Barfield (1898–1997), a cultural critic and historian, has been appreciated by literary scholars and artists including C. S. Lewis, T. S. Eliot, and W. H. Auden, but he has been relatively unnoticed by linguists despite the fact that he advanced a thoughtfully reasoned and documented theory of language history throughout his many writings. In his theory of etymological semantics, Barfield asserted that the etymology of words reveals an evolution of human consciousness. Barfield’s relationship between language and consciousness is significant to the history of linguistics because he not only described what changed in a language’s history, but he also explained why it changed. In his seminal History in English Words (1926), a book written at the beginning of his nearly 70-year career as a scholar and writer, Barfield initially presented his theory with examples from the history of English beginning with its origins in Indo-European. This theory became a central and unifying theme in all of his work – a theory which he refined and expanded in many later writings, especially in Poetic Diction (1928), Speaker’s Meaning (1967), and History, Guilt, and Habit (1979).
Gab es eine Fachsprachenforschung im 17. Jahrhundert?
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter 
Published: September 2007

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Aufsatz legt am Beispiel des Universalgelehrten Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638) dar, dass man sich bereits im 17. Jahrhundert systematisch mit Fachsprachen beschäftigte. Die damalige Fachsprachenforschung war hauptsächlich lexikographisch orientiert und stand in enger Verbindung zur Entwicklung der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft ihrer Zeit. Methodologisch orientierte sie sich an fest umrissenen lexikologischen Analysekategorien, mit denen sich vor allem semantische und etymologische Spezifika der Fachwörter in den Blick nehmen ließen. Dabei analysierte man, wenn nötig, auch die Differenz der Fachsprache zur Gemeinsprache. Ferner wurden zur Darstellung der Fachwortschätze avancierte Darstellungstechniken der Zeit wie die Lehre von denloci communesund ramistische Theorieversatzstücke genutzt. Die Übertragung der lateinisch-griechischen Terminologie in die verschiedenen Volkssprachen spielte bei dieser Beschäftigung noch keine Rolle. Stattdessen müssen die Bemühungen zur Identifikation und Analyse der Fachlexik als konstitutive Bestandteile der einschlägigen universalwissenschaftlichen Entwürfe und Projekte gesehen werden.
Language as the Key to the Epistemological Labyrinth
Authors: Lifschitz Avi S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A belief in a firm correspondence between objects, ideas, and their representation in language pervaded the works of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727–1781) in 1750. This conviction is particularly manifest in Turgot’s sharp critique of Berkeley’s philosophical system and his remarks on Maupertuis’s reconstruction of the origin of language. During the 1750s Turgot’s epistemological views underwent a change, apparent in two of his contributions to the Encyclopédie: the entries Existence and Étymologie (1756). These articles included a reassessment of Berkeleyan immaterialism, facing an ultimate crisis of definition and representation. A similar development may be traced in contemporary works by Condillac and Diderot. Turgot’s Encyclopédie entries also envisaged a new science, an archeology of the human mind aided by the examination of linguistic development and change. This entailed the scientific verification of conjectures in any historical account of ideas, turning etymological and psychological inquiries into what Turgot termed ‘experimental metaphysics’.