bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastic Scintillators. II. The Synthesis of Some Distyrylbenzene Derivatives as Wavelength Shifters in Plastic Scintillators
Authors: Nakaya Tadao , Imoto Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The synthesis and the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2, 5-dimethoxy-1, 4-distyryl-benzene derivatives and the related compounds are reported on. Their absorption and their fluorescence spectra, are then discussed. According to the spectra, some of the compounds synthesized here are better wavelength shifters in plastic scintillators that the compounds described in the literature.
The Synthesis of Bicyclic Lactam Ether
Authors: Ogata Naoya , Tohoyama Shyunroku 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The bicyclic lactam ether, 3-aza-10-oxabicyclic[4.3.1]decane-4-one has been attempted to synthesize by the Beckmann rearrangement of the oxime of 9-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-one; this rearrangement caused polymerization through the cleavage of the ether group in acidic media. Therefore, it may be presumed that the cationic polymerization of lactam ethers in the presence of Lewis acid proceeds through the opening of the ether linkage.
Methylene-hydantoin and Related Compounds. II. Poly-5-methylene-hydantoin and Poly-α-aminoacrylic Acid
Authors: Murahashi Shunsuke , Yuki Heimei , Kosai Koichi , Doura Fumihiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
5-Methylene-hydantoin was polymerized easily by free radical initiators, and showed a higher reactivity in copolymerization with styrene. From the copolymerization of styrene (M1) and 5-methylene-hydantoin (M2), the monomer reactivity ratios, r1 and r2, were found to be 0.03 and 24, while the Q and e values in Alfrey-Price’s Q-e scheme were found to be 21 and −0.23, respectively. As is shown by the large Q value, the high reactivity of 5-methylene-hydantoin is based on the high resonance stabilization of its radical, a stabilization which results from the conjugation system. This was also confirmed by a study of the ultraviolet spectrum. Poly-5-methylene-hydantoin showed electrolytic behavior in its solubility and solution viscosity. This property is due to the dissociation of NH at the 3 position of the hydantoin group. The polymers of 3-methyl-5-methylene-hydantoin and 3-phenyl-5-methylene-hydantoin were observed to show very weak acidities, resulting from the NH at the 1 position. Poly-α-aminoacrylic acid was obtained by the alkaline hydrolysis of poly-5-methylene-hydantoin. This polymer was soluble in water, and showed an unusual amphoteric behavior in solution viscosity.
The Behavior of Free Radicals Produced by Ultraviolet Irradiation in the Frozen Propargyl Alcohol-Hydrogen Peroxide System
Authors: Takeda Keiji , Yoshida Hiroshi , Hayashi Koichiro , Okamura Seizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In order to assertain the polymerization mechanism in the solid state, a solid mixture of propargyl alcohol (monomer), hydrogen peroxide and water was irradiated at −196°C by an ultraviolet light. The structure of the free radicals so formed in the solid medium was then studied by the electron-spin-resonance method. The trapped free radical was a monomer radical, CH≡C–CHOH. This shows that the HO·radicals produced by the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide abstracted the methylenic hydrogen atoms from the alcohol. An examination of the kinetic behavior of free radicals revealed that HO· radicals migrated freely and reacted with monomers at −196°C. The reaction between the monomer radical and HO· radicals is more important than the recombination between monomer radicals.
Silent Discharge Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. III. Acidic Aqueous Solutions of Ferrous Sulfate and Ceric Sulfate in a Hydrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Yokohata Akira , Tsuda Satoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A study has been made of silent discharge reactions in aqueous solutions of ferrous sulfate and ceric sulfate acidified with sulfuric acid in a hydrogen atmosphere. The present study has confirmed that silent discharge leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide from water molecules in a dilute sulfuric acid solution, the oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions, and the reduction of ceric ions to cerous ions. The same reactions were previously studied in inert gases. A satisfactory interpretation can be made of their mechanisms by taking into consideration the action on the solvent of slow electrons produced in the gaseous phase. In a hydrogen atmosphere, the yields of the foregoing reactions were very small when compared with those in the case of inert gases; however, a good linear correlation was observed between the yield and the duration time of discharge. From these results it has been concluded that the yields can be well interpreted by taking into consideration the action of active species of hydrogen generated in the gaseous phase on the radicals formed from liquid water, besides the action of slow electrons; moreover, the action of active species on the solute cannot be serious. The absorbed dose in the solution was estimated to be approximately 1.9×107 r./hr. from the relation of the dissipated energy calculated electrically to the absorbed dose.
The Reaction of Oxygen Atoms with Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Takezaki Yoshimasa , Mori Sadayuki , Kawasaki Hironobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gas-phase reaction of dimethyl ether with oxygen atoms produced by the mercury photosensitized decomposition of nitrous oxide has been studied by means of quantitative determinations of the reaction products. Characteristic products are water, methanol, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, methoxy ethanol and methyl formate. The possible mechanisms of the oxygen attack on the substrate have been considered, and the following steps postulated on the basis of the relative importance of these products and their time variations:
O+CH3OCH3 –\xrightarrowkE OH+CH3OCH2, OH+CH3OCH3 –→ H2O+CH3OCH2 and CH3OCH2+OH –→ CH3O+CH2OH.
The rate constant, kE, of the first step has been determined in the competitive reaction with n-butane as:
k E=6.3×1010exp(−4700/RT) 1. mol−1 sec−1·
The Quenching Action of Benzoic Acid and Methyl Benzoate on the Fluorescene of Naphthalene Derivatives. II
Authors: Miwa Takuji , Koizumi Masao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The quenching action of benzoic acid on the fluorescence of naphthalene derivatives, for instance, N, N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine, is phenomenologically ascribed to its dimer. In order to examine its molecular mechanism, absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured on solutions of N, N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine with and without benzoic acid, using as a solvent cyclohexane to which various amounts of dioxane or ethyl ether has been added. The quenching action of benzoic acid has also been measured in similar solvents. A good parallelism has been found between the change in the absorption spectra of benzoic acid and the change in the quenching action of benzoic acid when both are examined as functions of the concentration of dioxane or ether. From this finding, and from the more precise analysis of the data described in a previous paper (This Bulletin, 38, 529 (1965)), it has been concluded that the quenching action of benzoic acid may be ascribed to the direct interaction between the fluorescer and the benzoic acid dimer. Further, similar quenching actions have been observed in o-, m- and p-toluic acids, and p-methoxy-bonzoic acid.
Theoretical Studies of the Use of the Double Extrapolation Method to Determine the Forward Scattering of Light by Spherical Colloidal Particles
Authors: Nakagaki Masayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An application of the double extrapolation method (the Zimm-plot method) for the reduced intensity of light scattered by colloidal dispersions, instead of polymer solutions, is discussed theoretically on the basis of the Mie theory. The correction factor, F, required to recalculate the experimental value of the molecular weight, MR, to the true value, M (M=FMR), is equal to unity in the case of the Rayleigh scattering (α→0) and the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye (R-G-D) scattering (|m–1|→0, where m is the relative refractive index of the sphere to the medium). Usually, however, the value of F is not equal to unity, but is found to be given by an empirical equation F=1–0.155Q+bQ1.5, where Q is a quantity proportional to the reduced specific scattering intensity at θ→0. For the determination of the radius of gyration from the “initial slope,” the R-G-D equation is applicable even in cases where |m–1| is not small. In order to determine the true molecular weight from the molecular weight, Mτ, obtained from the specific turbidity at the infinite dilution, the factor Φ is needed (M=ΦMτ). The factor Φ is considered to be a product; that is, Φ=F\varphi, where the factor \varphi seems to be independent of the m value. The empirical equation obtained was \varphi=1+0.537α2.08
On the Photochemical Behavior of Some Xanthenes and Xanthones and the Photochemical Formation of Dixanthenes, Mono-, and Dihydroxydixanthenes
Authors: Zanker V , Ehrhardt E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By ultraviolet spectrometric measurements we studied the photochemical behavior of xanthene, xanthone, 9, 9′-dihydroxydixanthene and dixanthene in aerated and deaerated ethanolic solutions in the range of concentration 5·10−3 m to 10−4 m by Osram-HBO 200- and Hanau TQ 81- lamps. We found: Xanthenes are photostable similar to monoacridans in the absence of oxygen; in the presence of oxygen photooxidation to the corresponding xanthones takes place. The xanthones are photochemically unstable; in oxygen free solvents containing H-atoms, like methanol, ethanol, benzene, cyclohexane, dioxane, they are reduced to xanthenes. In cyclohexane we found a soluble xanthene, 9-cyclohexylxanthydrol. In hexane there is formed a precipitate with a yield above 80%; this is the dimeric xanthene 9, 9′-dihydroxydixanthene. The photo-reaction presumably is going over a diradical, H-atom transfer from the solvent and formation of a xanthydrol monoradical in the primary step and dimerization to the 9, 9′-dihydroxydixanthene. Irradiation of solutions of xanthone and xanthene in benzene furnish 9-hydroxydixanthene. Solutions of equal molarity of xanthone and acridan yield under irradiation also a solid photoproduct; this is 9, 9′-diacridan. The first step of reaction is photoreduction, where xanthene tranfers a H-atom to xanthone and the hydroxyxanthyl radical dimerizes with the xanthyl radical or the acridanyl radical dimerizes with themselves and forms the diacridan.
Aminocyclitols. VIII. A Synthesis of Inosamines and Inosadiamines
Authors: Suami Tetsuo , Lichtenthaler Frieder W , Ogawa Seiichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
muco-Inosamine-1, scyllo-inosamine, muco-inosadiamine-1,5 and myo-inosadiamine-1,2 have been synthesized from myo-inositol. Their structures have also been established by a study of the NMR spectra of their acetyl derivatives. When 1, 4, 5, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-O-mesyl-myo-inositol is treated with sodium azide in boiling aqueous 2-methoxyethanol, an azido derivative is obtained. The azido compound is hydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst and subsequently acetylated to give muco-inosamine-1. The stereochemical course of the reaction has been proposed to be an anchimeric reaction. When the analogous reaction is carried out with 2,3-di-O-mesyl-myo-inositol tetraacetate, myo-inosadiamine-1,2 or muco-inosadiamine-1,5 is obtained as the main product, depending on the solvent applied.
Methylene-hydantoin and Related Compounds. III. Synthesis of 5-Ethylidene-hydantoin: Attempts to Synthesize 5-Vinyl-hydantoin
Authors: Murahashi Shunsuke , Yuki Heimei , Kosai Koichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A number of methods of preparation were studied in an attempt to synthesize 5-vinyl-hydantoin using acrolein as a starting material. There were three possible routes: 1) the thermal decomposition of 5-(9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-endo-α, β-ethyl)-hydantoin at 400°C; 2) that of 5-(2-acetoxyethyl)-hydantoin and 3) the elimination reaction of dimethyl 2-(5-hydantoin)-ethyl sulfonium iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide by potassium t-butoxide. However, all the reactions gave 5-ethylidene-hydantoin as the product instead of 5-vinyl-hydantoin. An extreme ease of isomerization from 5-vinyl-hydantoin to 5-ethylidene-hydantoin was caused by the highly stable structure of the latter compound. The strong resonance stabilization of 5-ethylidene-hydantoin was observed in the ultraviolet spectrum. 5-Methyl-5-vinyl-hydantoin, which has no migrating hydrogen, could not be obtained from the 5-methyl derivatives of the above compounds.
Studies on d-Glucosamine Derivatives. XII. The Synthesis of N-Acetyi-3-O- and -4-O-aminoacyl-d-glucosamines
Authors: Yoshimura Juji , Funabashi Masuo , Ishige Sadao , Sato Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
As a part of the investigation of the stabilities of the esters between N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and various amino acids, N-acetyl-3-O- and 4-O-aminoacyl-d-glucosamines were synthesized. Benzyl N-acetyl-4, 6-O-benzylidene-α- and -β-d-glucosaminide, and benzyl N-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-6-O-trityl-α- and -β-d-glucosaminide were condensed with N-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino acids by the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide method, followed by the step-by-step removal of the protecting groups. The α-Glycosidic benzyl group, however, could not be removed by the catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of oxalic acid, probably because of a steric hindrance.
The Reaction of 2-Cyclohexylimino-3-cyclohexyl-4, 5-diphenyl-4-oxazoline
Authors: Kumamoto Takanobu , Nagaoka Takenori , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of 2-cyclohexylimino-3-cyclohexyl-4, 5-diphenyl-4-oxazoline with isocyanate or isothiocyanate was studied. When the oxazoline was treated with isocyanate, an exchange reaction took place, thus forming new 2-imino-oxazoline and cyclohexyl isocyanate. Similarly, the reaction of the oxazoline with carbon disulfide resulted in the formation of 3-cyclohexyl-4, 5-diphenyl-4-oxazoline-2-thione and cyclohexyl isothiocyanate. Further, cyclohexyl isothiocyanate was obtained by the reaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or cyclohexyl isocyanate with carbon disulfide.
Organic Sulfur Compound. X. The Mechanism of the Carboxylic Ester Formation from Carboxylic Sulfurous Anhydrides
Authors: Kobayashi Michio , Kiritani Reiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sodium benzoate-18O reacts with methyl chlorosulfite to give methyl benzoate-18O ina low yield; the excess 18O content has been found to be exactly one-half of that in the starting benzoic acid. Another reaction of the labeled benzoic acid with phenyl chlorosulfite gives phenyl benzoate-18O; its excess 18O atom% is also one-half of that of benzoic acid. Both reactions are considered to proceed by way of the intermediate formation of the benzoic sulfurous mixed anhydrides, the decomposition of which by acyl-oxygen splitting affords the carboxylic esters labeled only in the carbonyl group.
Kinetics of the Hydrogenation of Aniline in the Vapor Phase on a Cobalt-Alumina Catalyst
Authors: Hagiwara Hiroshi , Kojima Eiichi , Echigoya Etsuro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of aniline with a cobalt-alumina catalyst in the temperature range from 160° to 210°C was studied by a differential flow reactor with a fixed bed. (1) The rate of reaction reaches a maximum in the 180–190°C range for the hydrogenation of aniline. From the thermodynamic calculations and the experimental results for a fluidized-bed reactor, the reverse reaction was found to be almost negligible below 200°C under the conditions of the reaction. This phenomenon was explained by the proposed kinetics of the reaction. (2) The initial rate of reaction without cyclohexylamine, and the rate when some cyclohexylamine was added to the reactants, were measured at atmospheric pressure over the following range of conditions of partial pressures; hydrogen 0.3–0.92 atm., aniline 0.05–0.2 atm., cyclohexylamine 0–0.24 atm. It was concluded that a plausible rate-controlling step was the surface reaction, i. e., the reaction between the adsorbed aniline and hydrogen on the surface of the catalyst. The equation for the vapor phase hydrogenation of aniline on a cobalt-alumina catalyst in the temperature range from 150°C to 210°C was determined to be:
r=k\fracKH3KAPH3PA(1+KHPH+KAPA+KCPC)4
The Energy of the Excimer Luminescence of Naphthalene under a Variety of Geometrical Configurations
Authors: Azumi Tohru , Azumi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A four-electron ASMO treatment of the interaction of two naphthalene molecules to yield excimers of D2h, C2, or S4 is developed, and the energies of these excimers are calculated as a function of the angle, α, between corresponding bonds of the two molecules. It is shown that excimers are stable at two configurations, α=0° and α=75°; that the excimer with α=0° does not emit because of the forbidden character of the transition, and that the excimer with α=75° emits and is considered to play a predominant role in the observed excimer fluorescence.
The Activation of Titanium Dioxide as a Decontaminant for Radioactive Contamination
Authors: Takami Toshiko , Sasaki Tsunetaka 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The decontamination efficiencies of treated and untreated titanium dioxide pastes were measured using 60Co-contaminated surface of plastics, polyvinyl chloride. The titanium dioxides used were commercial titanium dioxide, hydrous titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide treated with sulfuric acid, and “Titanium Cake,” an intermediate product of the titanium dioxide industry. Among these titanium dioxide decontaminants, titanium dioxide treated with sulfuric acid proved most effective in decontamination, even in neutral conditions, if activated properly. The optimum condition of activation was the 50% sulfuric acid treatment of commercial titanium dioxide at 50°C for 6 hr.
Studies of Polybutenes. III. On the Molecular Motion Studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Kondo Shoichi , Ishii Fumiaki , Chokki Yasuo , Tanaka Koji , Takeda Masatami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The molecular motion of polybutenes of low molecular weights has been studied by observing the NMR line widths and spin-lattice relaxation times at temperatures in the range from −180 to 200°C. The temperature dependence of these values is similar to that of polyisobutylene of a higher molecular weight. The correlation time spectra calculated from the spin-lattice relaxation time and the spin-spin relaxation time shift in the shorter-time direction with the decrease in the molecular weight. The dependence of the correlation frequency upon the temperature is also discussed in terms of the W. L. F. equation.
The Solvent Effect on the Interaction between Perylene and Antimony Pentachloride
Authors: Kuroda Haruo , Sakurai Takako , Akamatu Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The electronic spectrum of the mono-positive ions of perylene formed by the interaction of antimony pentachloride was examined in various solvents. The observed spectra may be classified into two types. The one is the spectrum observed when the solvent is of a high dielectric constant, a spectrum which almost coincides with the spectrum of perylene in sulfuric acid. The other is the spectrum observed for a solution in a solvent of a low dielectric constant, a spectrum consisting of broad absorption bands accompanied by an extra band at about 1200 mμ. The former type of spectrum may be attributed to the perylene ions in a free state stabilized by the solvation, and the latter to an associated state involving perylene and antimony pentachloride ions. It is suggested that, in the association of both kinds of ions, two or more perylene ions are in contact with each other, and that the interaction between them is responsible for the shift and broadening of the absorption bands of perylene ions, as well as for the appearance of the extra band.
The Isocyanurates. II. The Syntheses of Several Unsaturated Aliphatic Isocyanurates
Authors: Tanimoto Fumio , Tanaka Takatomi , Kitano Hisao , Fukui Kenichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Triallyl, trimethallyl and tripropargyl isocyanurates were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of the corresponding halides with potassium cyanate in dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Allyl and ethyl isocyanates were easily trimerized in the presence of alkaline salts in dimethylformamide. Tris(1,3-pentadienyl) isocyanurate was synthesized by the trimerization of 1,3-pentadienyl isocyanate in a saturated solution of sodium benzoate in dimethylformamide. 1,3-Butadienylene-1,4-diisocyanate was also polymerized in the same solvent; it formed black solid mass, suggesting a polyisocyanurate structure of a low molecular weight.
The Oxygen Exchange Reaction of Phenol in Acidic Media
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Kiritani Reiko , Tagaki Waichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The acid-catalyzed oxygen exchange reaction to a number of phenolic compounds that is, phenol, o- m- and p-hydroxy phenols, α- and β-naphthols, o- m- and p-nitrophenols, o- m- and p-aminophenols, o- and p-bromophenols, 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol, o- m- and p-cresols and 2, 4, 6-trimethylphenol, plus quinone for comparison with 18O-enriched water was carried out under various conditions. A plot of the logkx⁄kh line against Hammett σ-constants in the substituted phenols gave a fairly good correlation line (ρ=0.47) except in the cases of p-bromophenol and p-aminophenol. The mechanism of these reactions has been discussed.
The Oxidation of Methyl Sorbate with Monoperphthalic Acid
Authors: Suhara Yasuo , Minami Toshikatsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The products obtained by treating methyl sorbate with monoperphthalic acid under various conditions were studied by chemical and spectroscopic procedures. From the results of chemical tests and spectroscopic observations in the infrared and ultraviolet regions, it was inferred that the product in all cases is methyl trans-4, 5-epoxy-trans-2-hexenoate. This inference was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
Vinylacetic Acid Ester Formation in the Reaction of Crotonoyl Chloride with Alcohol in the Presence of t-Amine
Authors: Ozeki Toshitsugu , Kusaka Masakatsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the esterification of crotonoyl chloride, vinylacetic acid ester was obtained predominantly, with an unusual double bond shift from the α, β- to the β, γ-position in the presence of a strong basic amine. In the case of ethyl alcohol, for example, the yields of ethyl vinylacetate were as follows (%): triethylamine (96.1), tributylamine (86.1), N-ethyl morpholine (74.6), N,N-diethyl aniline (0.1) and pyridine (0.9). The rest were cis- and trans-crotomc acid esters.
The DTA of Polymer-Solvent Systems. The Solubility Curves of Isotactic Polypropylene-Decalin and Isotactic Polypropylene-Nitrobenzene Systems
Authors: Tamura Katsutoshi , Nakatsuka Kunio , Fujishiro Ryoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A DTA apparatus for a polymer solution has been constructed. The heating rate was adjusted to approximately 0.50 or 0.42°C/min., a favorable rate for a polymer solution. From the DTA curves obtained by the use of this apparatus, the temperatures of the end points of the melting or dissolution have been determined; their plots give the solubility curves. The solubility of the isotactic polypropylene in decalin system increases monotonously with the increase in the temperature, except for the abnormality in the region from 30 to 50 wt.% in polymer content. In the case of the isotactic polypropylene-nitrobenzene system, on the other hand, the melting curve has a horizontal part in the region with a polymer content of less than 50 wt.%; above this point lies the phase separation curve, which touches the melting curve at the point with a polymer content of approximately 50 wt.%. The double peaks which appear in the DTA curve of the melting of pure isotactic polypropylene, may be due to the paracrystalline smectic modification of isotactic polypropylene, as has been suggested by Natta (Makromol. Chem., 35, 93 (1960)). The heat of fusion for isotactic polypropylene has been estimated to be approximately 1000 cal./unit mol. by measuring the area under the melting peak of the DTA curve and the equation for the melting point depression.