bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of pollutant transport acted by wave for a shallow water sea bay
Authors: Tao Sun , JianHua Tao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA numerical model of pollutant transport acted by water waves on a shallow‐water mild‐slope beach is established in this study. The numerical model is combined with a wave propagation model, a multiple wave‐breaking model, a wave‐induced current model and a pollutant convection–dispersion model. The wave propagation model is based on the higher‐order approximation of parabolic mild‐slope equation which can be used to simulate the wave refraction, diffraction and breaking in a large area of near‐shore zone combined with the wave‐breaking model. The wave‐induced current model is established using the concept of the radiation stress and considering the effect of bottom resistance caused by waves. The numerical model is verified by laboratory experiment results of regular and irregular waves over two mild beaches with different slopes. The numerical results agree well with experimental results.The numerical model has been applied in the near‐shore zone of Bohai bay in China. It is concluded that pollutant transport parallel to the shoreline due to the action of waves, which will induce serious pollution on the beach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow effects of blood constitutive equations in 3D models of vascular anomalies
Authors: Neofytou Panagiotis , Tsangaris Sokrates 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effects of different blood rheological models are investigated numerically utilizing two three‐ dimensional (3D) models of vascular anomalies, namely a stenosis and an abdominal aortic aneurysm model. The employed CFD code incorporates the SIMPLE scheme in conjunction with the finite‐volume method with collocated arrangement of variables. The approximation of the convection terms is carried out using the QUICK differencing scheme, whereas the code enables also multi‐block computations, which are useful in order to cope with the two‐block grid structure of the current computational domain. Three non‐Newtonian models are employed, namely the Casson, Power‐Law and Quemada models, which have been introduced in the past for modelling the rheological behaviour of blood and cover both the viscous as well as the two‐phase character of blood. In view of the haemodynamical mechanisms related to abnormalities in the vascular network and the role of the wall shear stress in initiating and further developing of arterial diseases, the present study focuses on the 3D flow field and in particular on the distribution as well as on both low and high values of the wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anomaly. Finally, a comparison is made between the effects of each rheological model on the aforementioned parameters. Results show marked differences between simulating blood as Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluid and furthermore the Power‐Law model exhibits different behaviour in all cases compared to the other models whereas Quemada and Casson models exhibit similar behaviour in the case of the stenosis but different behaviour in the case of the aneurysm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct numerical simulation of settling of a large solid particle during bioconvection
Authors: Geng P. , Kuznetsov A. V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSettling of a large solid particle in bioconvection flow caused by gyrotactic microorganisms is investigated. The particle is released from the top of the bioconvection chamber; its settling pattern depends on whether it is released in the centre of the bioconvection plume or at its periphery. The Chimera method is utilized; a subgrid is generated around a moving particle. The method suggested by Liu and Wang (Comput. Fluid 2004; 33:223–255) is further developed to account for the presence of a moving boundary in the streamfunction‐vorticity formulation using the finite‐difference method. A number of cases for different release positions of the particle are computed. It is demonstrated that bioconvection can either accelerate or decelerate settling of the particle depending on the initial position of the particle relative to the plume centre. It is also shown that the particle impacts bioconvection plume by changing its shape and location in the chamber. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of the artificial compressibility method for turbulent open channel flows
Authors: Lee J. W. , Teubner M. D. , Nixon J. B. , Gill P. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical method for solving the Navier–Stokes equations with a standard k–ε turbulence model is presented. In order to couple pressure with velocity directly, the pressure is divided into hydrostatic and hydrodynamic parts and the artificial compressibility method (ACM) is employed for the hydrodynamic pressure. By introducing a pseudo‐time derivative of the hydrodynamic pressure into the continuity equation, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are changed from elliptic‐parabolic to hyperbolic‐parabolic equations. In this paper, a third‐order monotone upstream‐centred scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) method is used for the hyperbolic equations. A system of discrete equations is solved implicitly using the lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel (LU‐SGS) method. This newly developed numerical method is validated against experimental data with good agreement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generic, mass conservative local grid refinement technique for lattice‐Boltzmann schemes
Authors: Rohde M. , Kandhai D. , Derksen J. J. , van den Akker H. E. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA generic, mass conservative local grid refinement technique for the lattice‐Boltzmann method (LBM) is proposed. As a volumetric description of the lattice‐Boltzmann equation is applied, mass conservation can be imposed by allowing the lattice‐Boltzmann particles to move from coarse grid cells to fine grid cells and vice versa in the propagation step. In contrast to most existing techniques, no spatial and temporal interpolation of particle densities is applied. Moreover, since the communication between the coarse and the fine grids is independent on the collision step, the method can be used for any LBM scheme.It was found that the method is second‐order accurate in space for 2‐D Poiseuille flow and different grid setups. The method was also applied to the case of 2‐D lid driven cavity flow at Re=1000, where half of the cavity was locally refined. It was found that the locations of the two lower vortices could be captured accurately. Finally, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow at Reτ=360 was performed where the grid was locally refined near the walls of the channel. Good first‐ and second‐order turbulence statistics were obtained, showing the applicability of the local grid refinement technique for complex flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann BGK model and its application to flows with heat transfer in a rectangular microchannel
Authors: Chew Y. T. , Niu X. D. , Shu C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we present a 3D lattice Boltzmann BGK model for simulation of micro flows with heat transfer. This model is an extension of the two‐dimensional model that is based on the kinetic theory and the thermal lattice Boltzmann method. The kinetic relations of the relaxation times in this model were linked with the Knudsen number, and a diffuse scattering boundary condition for the velocity and thermal fields was presented for the 3D lattice Boltzmann method. The present 3D lattice Boltzmann model was successfully applied to simulate the flow and heat transfer in rectangular channels using the 3D TLLBM developed by the authors. Numerical results obtained by the present method show that the LBM can give a good prediction of the micro fluidic behaviours with thermal effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dienst und Leistung
Authors: Schneider Christoph 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDie Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft unterstützt die Wissenschaft „in allen ihren Zweigen”︁. Das verpflichtet ihre Geschäftsstelle zu fairem Wettbewerb für alle Disziplinen und zu einer Auswahl der unterstützten Projekte nach Qualität
Vom „Fingerabdruck”︁ der Wildbiene
Authors: Steinhage Volker , Schröder Stefan , Roth Volker , Cremers Armin B. , Drescher Wilhelm , Wittmann Dieter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMithilfe des Systems ABIS können Wildbienen schnell und sicher erkannt werden. Das Verfahren setzt auf die automatisierte Bildanalyse von Bienenflügeln, die neue Wege für die computergestützte Artenbestimmung ermöglicht
Die turbulente Geburt der Sterne
Authors: Jappsen Anne‐Katharina , Schmeja Stefan , Klessen Ralf Stephan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDas Entstehen von Sternen ist ein dramatischer Vorgang, der Physiker vor viele ungelöste Fragen stellt. Mit Computersimulationen sind Forscher den Mechanismen auf der Spur, die aus dem Gas der Milchstraße einen Stern wie unsere Sonne entstehen lassen
Der grüne Schatz der pharaonischen Ärzte
Authors: Seifert Karlheinz 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIm Alten Ägypten spielten Heilpflanzen bei der Behandlung von Krankheiten eine große Rolle. Wenn heute die pharmakologischen Wirkungen dieser Pflanzen im Labor untersucht werden, ist dies nicht nur für Chemiker aufschlussreich
Human amyloid β‐induced neuroinflammation is an early event in neurodegeneration
Authors: Craft Jeffrey M. , Watterson D. Martin , Van Eldik Linda J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUsing a human amyloid β (Aβ) intracerebroventricular infusion mouse model of Alzheimer's disease‐related injury, we previously demonstrated that systemic administration of a glial activation inhibitor could suppress neuroinflammation, prevent synaptic damage, and attenuate hippocampal‐dependent behavioral deficits. We report that Aβ‐induced neuroinflammation is an early event associated with onset and progression of pathophysiology, can be suppressed by the glial inhibitor over a range of intervention start times, and is amenable to suppression without inhibiting peripheral tissue inflammatory responses. Specifically, hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occur in close time proximity at 4–6 weeks after the start of infusion. Intraperitoneal administration of inhibitor for 2‐week intervals starting at various times after initiation of Aβ infusion suppresses progression of pathophysiology. The glial inhibitor is a selective suppressor of neuroinflammation, in that it does not block peripheral tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines or markers of B‐ and T‐cell activation after a systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge. These results support a causal link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, have important implications for future therapeutic development, and provide insight into the relative time window for targeting neuroinflammation with positive neurological outcomes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NG2 upregulation in the denervated rat fascia dentata following unilateral entorhinal cortex lesion
Authors: Dehn Doris , Burbach Guido J. , Schäfer Ruth , Deller Thomas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 is a component of the glial scar following brain injury. Because of its growth inhibiting properties, it has been suggested to impede axonal regeneration. To study whether NG2 could also regulate axonal growth in denervated brain areas, changes in NG2 were studied in the rat fascia dentata following entorhinal deafferentation and were correlated with the post‐lesional sprouting response. Laser microdissection was employed to selectively harvest the denervated molecular layer and combined with quantitative RT‐PCR to measure changes in NG2 mRNA (6 h, 12 h, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days post‐lesion). This revealed increases of NG2 mRNA at day 2 (2.5‐fold) and day 4 (2‐fold) post‐lesion. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect changes in NG2 protein (1 days, 4 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days, 30 days, 6 months post‐lesion). NG2 staining was increased in the denervated outer molecular layer at day 1 post‐lesion, reached a maximum 10 days post‐lesion, and returned to control levels thereafter. Electron microscopy revealed NG2 immunoprecipitate on glial surfaces and in the extracellular matrix around neuronal profiles, indicating that NG2 is secreted following denervation. Double labeling of NG2‐immunopositive cells with markers for astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and mature oligodendrocytes suggested that NG2 cells are a distinct glial subpopulation before and after entorhinal deafferentation. BrdU labeling revealed that some of the NG2‐positive cells are generated post‐lesion. Taken together, our data revealed a layer‐specific upregulation of NG2 in the denervated fascia dentata that coincides with the sprouting response. This suggests that NG2 could regulate lesion‐induced axonal growth in denervated areas of the brain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discounting and cost‐effectiveness in NICE – stepping back to sort out a confusion
Authors: Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark , Culyer Anthony , McCabe Chris , Briggs Andrew , Akehurst Ron , Buxton Martin , Brazier John 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBrouwer and colleagues [1] argue that the reasons for specifying an equal discount rate for health outcomes and costs in the recent guidance on methods of technology appraisal issued by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) [2] is both opaque and wrong. They argue that a lower rate should apply to health outcomes like QALYs. It is also claimed that the guidance on discounting represents a step backwards, that is both inconsistent with current theoretical insights and will prejudice the outcome of cost‐effectiveness studies of preventive interventions.The reasoning behind the use of equal discount rates for costs and health outcomes is indeed not well developed in the published guidance. Nor does it reflect the debate that underpinned the guidance. We therefore welcome the opportunity to explain more completely the rationale in the minds of the principal authors of the current guidance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclin G‐associated kinase: A novel androgen receptor‐interacting transcriptional coactivator that is overexpressed in hormone refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Ray Mira R. , Wafa Latif A. , Cheng Helen , Snoek Robert , Fazli Ladan , Gleave Martin , Rennie Paul S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe androgen receptor (AR), a steroid receptor family member, is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor that has an integral role in normal prostate development. Alterations in AR‐mediated activity can result in abnormal gene expression, dysregulated cell growth and prostate cancer. Coregulator proteins that interact with AR to influence activity and specificity of the AR‐response may also have an important role in prostate cancer progression. Since the NH2‐terminal domain (NTD) of AR encodes the ligand‐independent activation function (AF)‐1, this domain is incompatible with conventional yeast two‐hybrid systems. Therefore, we have used the Tup1 repressed transactivator (RTA) system, which exploits the intrinsic transactivation properties of AR.NTD, for identification of novel AR‐interacting proteins. Using this system, cyclin G‐associated kinase (GAK) was identified as an AR interacting protein, and GST pull‐down assays were used to confirm the interaction. GAK was shown to enhance the AF‐1 function of AR activity in a ligand‐dependent manner. Additionally, GAK enhanced the AR transcriptional response even at low concentrations of androgens, which is relevant to AR activity in androgen‐independent prostate cancer. Finally, neo‐adjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) tissue microarray analysis demonstrated that GAK expression increased significantly with prostate cancer progression to androgen independence, which suggests a prognostic role for GAK in advanced disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human sulphotransferases are involved in the activation of aristolochic acids and are expressed in renal target tissue
Authors: Meinl Walter , Pabel Ulrike , Osterloh‐Quiroz Mandy , Hengstler Jan G. , Glatt Hansruedi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUse of herbal preparations containing Aristolochia species has led to progressive nephropathy and urothelial cancer in humans. Analysis of DNA adducts formed in human target tissues and studies in animal models have pointed out a major role of the secondary plant metabolites, aristolochic acids, in these effects. Only a minority of the users of Aristolochia‐containing products developed nephropathy and cancer, suggesting differences in individual susceptibility. Differences in metabolic activation and inactivation frequently affect the susceptibility towards chemicals. Others have shown that the activation of aristolochic acids to DNA‐reactive and mutagenic metabolites requires reduction of their aryl nitro group. The biological activity of numerous nitro‐ and aminoarenes, after appropriate phase I metabolism, is strongly enhanced in the presence of acetyltransferases or sulphotransferases (SULTs). In the present study, we demonstrate that expression of human SULTs in bacterial and mammalian target cells reinforces the mutagenic activity of aristolochic acids. Using Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 as the recipient organism, we identified the expression of all 12 human SULT forms. SULT1A1 led to the strongest increase in the mutagenicity of aristolochic acids. Some activation was also observed with SULT1B1, but not with the remaining forms. The role of SULT1A1 in the activation of aristolochic acids was corroborated using S. typhimurium TA100‐ and Chinese hamster V79‐derived target cells engineered for expression of human SULT1A1 when compared with control cells. Furthermore, pentachlorophenol, an inhibitor of SULT1A1, strongly reduced the mutagenic effect of aristolochic acids in V79‐hCYP2E1‐hSULT1A1 cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that SULT1A1 and SULT1B1 are expressed in human kidney using immunoblot analysis, but their levels are substantially lower than in liver. Finally, we discuss the possibility that reactive sulphuric acid conjugates produced in other tissues are transferred to kidney and ureter. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of altered expression of retinoid receptors in oral precancerous and cancerous lesions: Relationship with cell cycle regulators
Authors: Ralhan Ranju , Chakravarti Nitin , Kaur Jatinder , Sharma Chavvi , Kumar Anupam , Mathur Meera , Bahadur Sudhir , Shukla Nootan Kumar , Deo Suryanaryana VS 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAlterations in expression of retinoid receptors are implicated in human cancers. We hypothesized that altered expression of retinoic acid receptors (RARα,β,γ) and retinoid X receptor RXRα and their relationship with cell cycle regulators (p53, p16, p21) is associated with development, progression and prognosis of oral cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of RAR α, β, γ and RXRα proteins was carried out on serial sections from 244 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), 102 potentially malignant lesions (65 hyperplasias, 37 dysplasias), 83 matched histologically normal oral tissues and 29 normal mucosa from non‐exposed individuals without oral lesions and correlated with expression of cell cycle regulators p53, p16 and p21 as well as with clinicopathological parameters. Expression of retinoid receptors RARβ, RARγ, RXRα and cell cycle regulators p16 and p21 was decreased in majority of oral SCCs as well as in potentially malignant lesions. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis carried out for comparison of non‐exposed normal oral mucosa with histologically normal oral tissues from patients with oral lesions showed significant loss of RARβ or p53 accumulation (RARβ−/p53+ Odd's ratio, OR = 266.6, p = 0.000); non‐exposed normal mucosa from individuals without oral lesions with potentially malignant lesion was RARβ−/p21−/p53+ (OR = 215.7, p = 0.000); matched normal to potentially malignant stage was RARα+/p21− (OR = 4.414, p = 0.005); hyperplasia to dysplasia was RARα+/p53+ (OR = 4.72, p = 0.005) and potentially malignant to malignant phenotype was RARα+ (OR = 2.061, p = 0.004). The prognostic relevance of these factors was assessed in 115 of these SCC patients who were followed‐up for a maximum period of 94 months (median 21 months). Multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional Hazard's model showed that RARα+/p21− phenotype was associated with shorter disease‐free survival (Hazard's ratio, HR = 1.863, p = 0.0471). To our knowledge, this is the first large study showing alterations in expression of retinoid receptors at the protein level at different stages in development and progression of oral SCC. It also underscored the prognostic significance of retinoid receptors and their interactions with cell cycle regulators in multistep oral tumorigenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered patterns of transcription of the septin gene, SEPT9, in ovarian tumorigenesis
Authors: Scott Michael , McCluggage W. Glenn , Hillan Kenneth J. , Hall Peter A. , Russell S.E. Hilary 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOvarian carcinoma represents the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. A variety of morphological subtypes are recognised (e.g. serous, mucinous, endometrioid), which may be benign, borderline or malignant. While their relationship is controversial, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of ovarian tumorigenesis may help resolve this issue and perhaps identify early markers of disease. Perturbed patterns of expression of the SEPT9 gene on chromosome 17q25.3 have been implicated in a variety of tumour types including both breast and ovarian neoplasia. In preliminary studies, we showed that SEPT9 mRNA was upregulated in a bank of ovarian tumours, which included benign, borderline and malignant tumours, and reported increased levels of one splice variant, SEPT9_v4*. We now describe a comprehensive analysis of SEPT9 expression specifically in serous and mucinous ovarian tumours (benign, borderline and malignant), using cDNA microarray, semi‐ and quantitative RTPCR of microdissected archival tumour material. Our data show consistent and specific overexpression of both SEPT9_v1 and SEPT9_v4* transcripts in the epithelial component of ovarian tumours. These transcripts show highest levels of expression in serous and mucinous borderline tumours. SEPT9_v1 is also upregulated in both serous and mucinous carcinomas. Interestingly, highest levels of expression are observed in serous borderline and low‐grade tumours rather than high‐grade in keeping with a model of progression of benign, borderline and low‐grade serous tumours. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.