bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of three dinuclear copper(I) complexes of 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane
Authors: Zhang Daopeng , Dou Jianmin , Gong Shuwen , Li Dacheng , Wang Daqi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThree dinuclear copper(I) complexes, [Cu2(µ‐Cl)2(1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10)2]·2CH2Cl2 (1), [Cu2(µ‐Br)2(1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10)2]·2THF (2) and {Cu2(µ‐I)2[1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10]2} (3) have been synthesized by the reactions of CuX (X = Cl, Br and I) with the closo ligand 1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10. All these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure determination. Single crystal X‐ray structure determinations show that every complex contained di‐µ‐X‐bridged structure involving a crossed parallelogram plane formed by two Cu atoms and two X atoms (X = Cl, Br, I). The geometry at the Cu atom was a distorted tetrahedron, in which two positions were occupied by two P atoms of the PPh2 groups connected to the two C atoms of carborane (Cc), and the other two resulted from two X atoms which bridged the other Cu atom at the same time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of copper(I) complexes with 1,2‐diphenylphosphino‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane as ligand characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic property of the complex 3 for the amination of iodobenzene with aniline was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turning junk into gold: domestication of transposable elements and the creation of new genes in eukaryotes
Authors: Volff Jean‐Nicolas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAutonomous transposable elements, generally considered as junk and selfish, encode transposition proteins that can bind, copy, break, join or degrade nucleic acids as well as process or interact with other proteins. Such a repertoire of activities might be of interest for the host cell. There is indeed substantial evidence that mobile DNA can serve as a dynamic reservoir for new cellular functions. Transposable element genes encoding transposase, integrase, reverse transcriptase as well as structural and envelope proteins have been repeatedly recruited by their host during evolution in most eukaryotic lineages. Such domesticated sequences protect us against infections, are necessary for our reproduction, allow the replication of our chromosomes and control cell proliferation and death; others are essential for plant development. Many new candidates for domesticated sequences have been revealed by sequencing projects. Their functional analysis will uncover new aspects of evolutionary alchemy, the turning of junk into gold within genomes. BioEssays 28: 913–922, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
The role of mitochondrial respiration in physiological and evolutionary adaptation
Authors: Das Jayatri 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAerobic mitochondria serve as the power sources of eukaryotes by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The enzymes involved in OXPHOS are multisubunit complexes encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Thus, regulation of respiration is necessarily a highly coordinated process that must organize production, assembly and function of mitochondria to meet an organism's energetic needs. Here I review the role of OXPHOS in metabolic adaptation and diversification of higher animals. On a physiological timescale, endocrine‐initiated signaling pathways allow organisms to modulate respiratory enzyme concentration and function under changing environmental conditions. On an evolutionary timescale, mitochondrial enzymes are targets of natural selection, balancing cytonuclear coevolutionary constraints against physiological innovation. By synthesizing our knowledge of biochemistry, physiology and evolution of respiratory regulation, I propose that we can now explore questions at the interface of these fields, from molecular translation of environmental cues to selection on mitochondrial haplotype variation. BioEssays 28: 890–901, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Protein‐free fed‐batch culture of non‐GS NS0 cell lines for production of recombinant antibodies
Authors: Burky John E. , Wesson Mark C. , Young Amy , Farnsworth Sharyn , Dionne Ben , Zhu Ying , Hartman Taymar E. , Qu Limin , Zhou Weichang , Sauer Paul W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPresented is a novel antibody production platform based on the fed‐batch culture of recombinant, NS0‐derived cell lines. A standardized fed‐batch cell culture process was developed for five non‐GS NS0 cell lines using enriched and optimized protein‐free, cholesterol‐free, and chemically defined basal and feed media. The process performed reproducibly and scaled faithfully from the 2‐L to the 100‐L bioreactor scale achieving a volumetric productivity of > 120 mg/L per day. Fed‐batch cultures for all five cell lines exhibited significant lactate consumption when the cells entered the stationary or death phase. Peak and final lactate concentrations were low relative to a previously developed fed‐batch process (FBP). Such low lactate production and high lactate consumption rates were unanticipated considering the fed‐batch culture basal medium has an unconventionally high initial glucose concentration of 15 g/L, and an overall glucose consumption in excess of 17 g/L. The potential of this process platform was further demonstrated through additional media optimization, which has resulted in a final antibody concentration of 2.64 ± 0.19 g/L and volumetric productivity of > 200 mg/L per day in a 13‐day FBP for one of the five production cell lines. Use of this standardized protein‐free, cholesterol‐free NS0 FBP platform enables consistency in development time and cost effectiveness for manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 281–293. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model of fluid–biofilm interaction using a Burger material law
Authors: Towler Brett W. , Cunningham Al , Stoodley Paul , McKittrick Ladean 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA two‐dimensional finite element model of the biofilm response to flow was developed. The numerical code sequentially coupled the fluid dynamics of turbulent, incompressible flow with the mechanical response of a single hemispherical biofilm cluster (∼100 µm) attached to the flow boundary. A non‐linear Burger material law was used to represent the viscoelastic response of a representative microbial biofilm. This constitutive law was incorporated into the numerical model as a Prony series representation of the biofilm's relaxation modulus. Model simulations illuminated interesting details of this fluid–structure interaction. Simulations revealed that softer biofilms (characterized by lower elastic moduli) were highly susceptible to lift forces and consequently were subject to even greater drag forces found higher in the velocity field. A bimodal deformation path due to the two Burger relaxation times was also observed in several simulations. This suggested that interfacial biofilm may be most susceptible to hydrodynamically induced detachment during the initial relaxation time. This result may prove useful in developing removal strategies. Additionally, plots of lift versus drag suggested that the deformation paths taken by viscoelastic biofilms are largely insensitive to specific material coefficients. Softer biofilms merely seem to follow the same path (as a stiffer biofilm) at a faster rate. These relationships may be useful in estimating the hydrodynamic forces acting on an attached biofilm based on changes in scale and cataloged material properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 259–271. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anomalous muscle adjacent to temporalis
Authors: Ullah Matee , Khan Tanvir 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTemporalis is an important muscle of mastication. In recent years, there has been controversy about its detailed anatomy, and claims have been made about the existence of a variant muscle, sphenomandibularis. The present case report describes an anomalous muscle within the infratemporal fossa distinct from both temporalis and sphenomandibularis. Functionally the muscle could pull the buccinator laterally as the jaw closes. Clin. Anat. 19:648–650, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sulfate Metabolism in Mycobacteria
Authors: Schelle Michael W. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPathogenic bacteria have developed numerous mechanisms to survive inside a hostile host environment. The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is thought to control the human immune response with diverse biomolecules, including a variety of exotic lipids. One prevalent M. tb‐specific sulfated metabolite, termed sulfolipid‐1 (SL‐1), has been correlated with virulence though its specific biological function is not known. Recent advances in our understanding of SL‐1 biosynthesis will help elucidate the role of this curious metabolite in M. tb infection. Furthermore, the study of SL‐1 has led to questions regarding the significance of sulfation in mycobacteria. Examples of sulfated metabolites as mediators of interactions between bacteria and plants suggest that sulfation is a key modulator of extracellular signaling between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The discovery of novel sulfated metabolites in M. tb and related mycobacteria strengthens this hypothesis. Finally, mechanistic and structural data from sulfate‐assimilation enzymes have revealed how M. tb controls the flux of sulfate in the cell. Mutants with defects in sulfate assimilation indicate that the fate of sulfur in M. tb is a critical survival determinant for the bacteria during infection and suggest novel targets for tuberculosis drug therapy.
Formation of a Soluble Stable Complex between Pristine C60‐Fullerene and a Native Blood Protein
Authors: Belgorodsky Bogdan , Fadeev Ludmila , Kolsenik Jenny , Gozin Michael 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConcern is growing about the potential impact of human exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials (such as fullerenes) in the environment. A valid biological study of how native biomolecules interact with nanomaterials at the molecular level in physiological conditions requires the preservation of their physicochemical properties, yet most investigations rely on the use of modified fullerene conjugates or aggregates. We report the formation of a stable, water‐soluble, well‐defined complex between a single molecule of pristine C60‐fullerene and a native protein, bovine serum albumin protein (BSA), with the normal three‐dimensional structure of BSA preserved. The ability to produce a pristine C60‐fullerene–BSA hybrid at a physiological pH range lays a solid foundation for studying carbonaceous materials, biodelivery systems, and transport mechanisms and for characterizing the potential effects of nanomaterials on wildlife and human health, both in vitro and in vivo.
Ethylene Biosynthesis by 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐Carboxylic Acid Oxidase: A DFT Study
Authors: Bassan Arianna , Borowski Tomasz , Schofield Christopher J. , Siegbahn Per E. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe reaction catalyzed by the plant enzyme 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid oxidase (ACCO) was investigated by using hybrid density functional theory. ACCO belongs to the non‐heme iron(II) enzyme superfamily and carries out the bicarbonate‐dependent two‐electron oxidation of its substrate ACC (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid) concomitant with the reduction of dioxygen and oxidation of a reducing agent probably ascorbate. The reaction gives ethylene, CO2, cyanide and two water molecules. A model including the mononuclear iron complex with ACC in the first coordination sphere was used to study the details of OO bond cleavage and cyclopropane ring opening. Calculations imply that this unusual and complex reaction is triggered by a hydrogen atom abstraction step generating a radical on the amino nitrogen of ACC. Subsequently, cyclopropane ring opening followed by OO bond heterolysis leads to a very reactive iron(IV)–oxo intermediate, which decomposes to ethylene and cyanoformate with very low energy barriers. The reaction is assisted by bicarbonate located in the second coordination sphere of the metal.
Electrochromic Hysteresis Performance of a Prussian Blue Film Arising from Electron‐Transfer Control by a Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)‐Doped WO3 Film as Studied by a Spectrocyclic Voltammetry Technique
Authors: Sone Koji , Konishi Kanae , Yagi Masayuki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine)‐doped WO3 film was prepared as a base layer on a substrate by cathodic electrodeposition from a colloidal triad solution containing peroxotungstic acid (PTA), [Ru(bpy)3]2+, and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS). A Prussian blue (PB; FeII‐FeIII) film was cathodically electrodeposited on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film or neat WO3 film from an aqueous Berlin brown (BB; FeIII‐FeIII) colloid solution to yield a [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3/PB bilayer film or WO3/PB bilayer film. For the spectrocyclic voltammogram (SCV) of the WO3/PB film, a redox response of Prussian white (PW; FeII‐FeII)/PB was observed at 0.11 V, however, further oxidation of PB to BB was not allowed by the interfacial n‐type Schottky barrier between the WO3 and PB layers. For the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3/PB film, any electrochemical response assigned to the redox of PB was not observed in the cyclic voltammogram, however, the in situ absorption spectral change recorded simultaneously showed the significant redox reactions based on PB. The SCV revealed that PW on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film is completely oxidized to PB by a geared reaction of RuII/RuIII at 1.05 V, and that 32 % of PB formed is further oxidized to BB by the same geared reaction in the potential scan to 1.5 V. PB was completely re‐reduced to PW by a geared reaction of HxWO3/WO3 at −0.5 V in the reductive potential scan. These geared electrochemical reactions produced an electrochromic hysteresis performance of the PB film layered on the [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐doped WO3 film.
Predicting the Activity of Single Isolated Lewis Acid Sites in Solid Catalysts
Authors: Boronat Mercedes , Corma Avelino , Renz Michael , Viruela Pedro M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn experimental study of the activity of Ti‐, Zr‐ and Sn‐beta catalysts in different types of oxidation reactions is combined with a quantum‐chemical analysis of the electronic properties of the active sites and the adsorbed reactants. The differences observed in the catalytic behaviour of the three materials are explained in terms of the molecular orbital distribution of each system. The intrinsic Lewis acid strength of the isolated active site, the degree of back‐donation from the catalyst to the empty orbitals of the organic reactant and the net atomic charges on selected atoms are proposed as predictors of reactivity.
Parallelization and scalability issues of a multilevel elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver
Authors: Goodyer C. E. , Berzins M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe computation of numerical solutions to elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems is only possible on fine meshes by using a combination of multigrid and multilevel techniques. In this paper, we show how the parallelization of both multigrid and multilevel multi‐integration for these problems may be accomplished and discuss the scalability of the resulting code. A performance model of the solver is constructed and used to perform an analysis of the results obtained. Results are shown with good speed‐ups and excellent scalability for distributed memory architectures and in agreement with the model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRMOGA: a new parallel multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm based on the use of multiple resolutions
Authors: Jaimes Antonio López , Coello Coello Carlos A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce MRMOGA (Multiple Resolution Multi‐Objective Genetic Algorithm), a new parallel multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm which is based on an injection island approach. This approach is characterized by adopting an encoding of solutions which uses a different resolution for each island. This approach allows us to divide the decision variable space into well‐defined overlapped regions to achieve an efficient use of multiple processors. Also, this approach guarantees that the processors only generate solutions within their assigned region. In order to assess the performance of our proposed approach, we compare it to a parallel version of an algorithm that is representative of the state‐of‐the‐art in the area, using standard test functions and performance measures reported in the specialized literature. Our results indicate that our proposed approach is a viable alternative to solve multi‐objective optimization problems in parallel, particularly when dealing with large search spaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable development indicators for the transmission system of an electric utility
Authors: Searcy Cory , McCartney Daryl , Karapetrovic Stanislav 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a system of sustainable development indicators for the transmission system of a Canadian electric utility. The indicators were developed based on extensive consultations with internal experts at the case utility and external experts in the field of sustainable development indicators. A total of 98 indicators were incorporated into the system, with 70 being developed as a part of this process and 28 representing indicators previously developed by the company. Recognizing the difficulty of working with nearly 100 unstructured measures, four techniques were used to increase the utility of the indicators: (1) the indicators were clustered around eight key priority areas, (2) the indicators were organized according to a hierarchical approach linked to the business planning process, (3) the process of integrating the indicators with existing corporate initiatives was staggered over time and (4) a tiered aggregate was developed. The process of developing the indicators is discussed, with key lessons learned emphasized throughout the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Knockdown of the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) Type Iα regulatory subunit in mouse oocytes disrupts meiotic arrest and results in meiotic spindle defects
Authors: Duncan Francesca E. , Moss Stuart B. , Williams Carmen J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn mammalian oocytes, cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) is responsible for maintaining meiotic arrest. We examined the role of the predominant regulatory subunit, RIα in regulating PKA activity during mouse oocyte maturation by knocking down the protein levels using an RNA interference approach. In oocytes in which RIα protein was reduced to non‐detectable levels, compensatory decreases were also observed in the RIIα and catalytic (Cα) subunit levels. These oocytes resumed meiosis, despite culture under conditions that maintain elevated intracellular cAMP levels, suggesting that the remaining Cα was not sufficient to maintain meiotic arrest. The resulting eggs, however, displayed meiotic spindle abnormalities and abnormal cleavage planes leading to extrusion of large polar bodies. These results demonstrate that RIα is required for regulating PKA activity in maturing oocytes and that compensatory upregulation of RII does not occur. Furthermore, we implicate PKA as a modulator of spindle morphology and function during meiosis. Developmental Dynamics 235:2961–2968, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breakpoints in immunoregulation required for Th1 cells to induce diabetes
Authors: Neighbors Margaret , Hartley Suzanne B. , Xu Xiuling , Castro Antonio G. , Bouley Donna M. , O'Garra Anne 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe describe a novel TCR‐transgenic mouse line, TCR7, where MHC class II‐restricted, CD4+ T cells are specific for the subdominant H‐2b epitope (HEL74–88) of hen egg lysozyme (HEL), and displayed an increased frequency in the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid compartments over that seen in non‐transgenic littermate controls. CD4+ T cells responded vigorously to HEL or HEL74–88 epitope presented on APC and could develop into Th1 or Th2 cells under appropriate conditions. Adoptive transfer of TCR7 Ly5.1 T cells into Ly5.2 rat insulin promoter (RIP)‐HEL transgenic recipient hosts did not lead to expansion of these cells or result in islet infiltration, although these TCR7 cells could expand upon transfer into mice expressing high levels of HEL in the serum. Islet cell infiltration only occurred when the TCR7 cells had been polarized to either a Th1 or Th2 phenotype prior to transfer, which led to insulitis. Progression from insulitis to autoimmune diabetes only occurred in these recipients when Th1 but not Th2 TCR7 cells were transferred and CTLA‐4 signaling was simultaneously blocked. These findings show that regulatory pathways such as CTLA‐4 can hold in check already differentiated autoreactive effector Th1 cells, to inhibit the transition from tolerance to autoimmune diabetes.See accompanying commentary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636591
New Dimeric Copper(II) Complex [Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(μ‐nia)(H2O)]2 with Magnetic Exchange Interactions through H‐Bonds
Authors: Valigura Dušan , Moncol Jan , Korabik Maria , Púčeková Zuzana , Lis Tadeusz , Mroziński Jerzy , Melník Milan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization (elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectra as well as magnetization measurements over the temperature range 1.8 K–300 K) of solid complex [Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(μ‐nia)(H2O)]2 (1; 5‐MeOsal = 5‐methoxysalicylate, nia = nicotinamide) is reported together with the crystal structure. In blue–green complex 1, two Cu(5‐MeOsal)2(H2O) units are held together by a pair of bidentate nonchelating nicotinamide ligands, which form a (CuNC3O)2 ring. Each Cu atom adopts a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. The oxygen atoms from two unidentate 5‐MeOsal anions occupy the trans position, a water molecule and the pyridine N atom of nicotinamide build the basal plane and a carboxamide O atom occupies the apical position. The separation between two Cu atoms within the centrosymmetric dimer is 6.940(2) Å. The dimeric units are self‐assembled across a centre of symmetry by the formation of two pairs of strong hydrogen bonds, which create a one‐dimensional polymeric structure with the interdimer Cu···Cu separation 4.901(2) Å. It is believed that these hydrogen bonds between the copper(II) atoms are responsible for the unique magnetic properties of compound 1. The magnetic susceptibility of complex 1 exhibits a maximum at 6 K. A satisfactory explanation was found with the Bleaney–Bowers equation for Cu–Cu interaction through carboxylato groups and H‐bond bridges (2J = –6.83 cm–1). An additional molecular field correction that was used to characterize the interaction across the nia bridges is assumed to be extremely weak (zJ′ = –0.28 cm–1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
How fatiguing is dispositional suppression? Disentangling the effects of procedural rebound and ego‐depletion
Authors: Geeraert Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent work has shown that correcting a dispositional inference may lead social observers to over‐emphasize the role of dispositional factors in subsequent judgments. This effect has been explained as a procedural rebound following a phase of dispositional suppression. We conducted two experiments to test an alternative explanation in terms of ego‐depletion. In Experiment 1, we compared the effects of ego‐depletion and dispositional rebound by relying on the attitude attribution paradigm and the cookie paradigm. In Experiment 2, we turned to a difficult math task in order to induce fatigue. We were able to replicate the dispositional rebound and the ego‐depletion effects but none of the experiments supported an ego‐depletion explanation of post‐suppression dispositional rebound. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.