bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Network Based Control of the Acrylonitrile Polymerization Process
Authors: Atasoy I. , Yuceer M. , Oguz Ulker E. , Berber R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAcrylic fiber is commercially produced by free radical polymerization, initiated by a redox system. Industrial production of polyacrylonitrile is a variant of aqueous dispersion polymerization, which takes place in a homogenous phase under isothermal conditions with perfect mixing. The fact that the kinetics are a lot more complicated than those of ordinary polymerization systems makes it difficult to control the molecular weight. On the other hand, abundant data is being gathered in industrial polymerization systems, and this information makes the neural network based controllers a good candidate for managing such a difficult control problem. Multilayer neural networks have been applied successfully in the identification and control of dynamic systems. In this work, the neural network based control of continuous acrylonitrile (ACN) polymerization is studied, based on a previously developed new rigorous dynamic model for the polymerization of acrylonitrile. Two typical neural network controllers are investigated, i.e., model predictive control and NARMA‐L2 (Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average) control. These controllers are representative of the variety of common ways in which multilayer networks are used in control systems. The results present a comparison of the two common neural network controllers, and indicate that the model predictive controller requires a larger computational time.
Electrochemical Methoxylation of p‐Xylene Over Modified Kaolin
Authors: Wang B. , Zhu Z. G. , Ma H. Z. , Zhao J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractElectrochemical methoxylation of p‐xylene with methanol over mono‐ and multi‐metal oxide(s) modified kaolin was performed under various conditions and the conversion of p‐xylene was seen to be higher than 80 %. The oxidation states of the metal(s) after modification were found from catalyst characterization by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reaction process was monitored by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and the extent of reaction was evaluated. Investigation of the application of the products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) could lead to an improvement of the octane number of gasoline.
Optimization of Photoreaction for the Production of Vitamin D2
Authors: Chen Y. , Lu J. , Wang F. , Tan T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe photochemical formation of vitamin D2 (VD2) is complicated, and optimization is essential for commercial production. An optimization methodology is introduced for investigating the factors influencing highly effective production of VD2. For this research, the irradiation time and the initial concentration of ergosterol (CE) were fully considered as the significant factors to simulate in the predictive models developed using SPSS and MATLAB software. The data obtained from the designed experiments were fit as two variable equations and their relationships were plotted as three‐dimensional surfaces. The model has a quite satisfactory coefficient (R2 > 0.99). The best conditions observed were: CE = 1.09 g/dm3 and an irradiation time of 64.5 min, while the yield of pre‐vitamin D2 (P) reached a maximum of 45.83 %. Three experiments were performed and an average yield 45.93 % was obtained. The yield obtained could be compared with the predicted yield satisfactorily.
1,x‐Elimination Reactions: Extending the Limits of a Classical Organic Reaction
Authors: Werner Christian , Hopf Henning , Dix Ina , Bubenitschek Peter , Jones Peter G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstractα,ω‐Dibromo derivatives in which the two terminal carbon atom are separated by an unsaturated spacer unit (“π spacer”) undergo 1,x‐elimination reactions (with x = 6, 8, 10, and 14), using Mori's reagent (nBu3SnSiMe3/CsF). The resulting cumulenic intermediates cyclodimerize in a subsequent step yielding novel macrocyclic acetylenic and bridged aromatic compounds (cyclophanes). Thus 1,6‐eliminations were carried out with dibromide 17 to yield 1,3,7,9‐cyclododecatetrayne (20) and with benzylbromide 24 to provide cyclophanes 26 and 27. By 1,8‐eliminations the 16‐membered macrocycle 33 could be prepared from enediyne 31, the benzannelated 1,5‐cyclooctadiyne 41 from dibromide 38, and a mixture of cyclophanes 45 and 46 from the precursor 43. 1,10‐Eliminations were carried out successfully with dibromides 47, 50, and 53 yielding the corresponding unsaturated cyclophanes (“cyclophynes”) 49, 52, and 55. The influence of the solvent on the cyclodimerization 47→49 was investigated, with acetonitrile providing the highest yields. The heterophanes 59 a and b were obtained by 1,10‐elimination of the precursor dibromides 57 a and b, and in an elimination experiment involving a 1:1 mixture of the dibromides 50 and 57 b the “mixed dimer” 60 was isolated, besides the homodimers 52 and 59 b. The method reached its limits with the 1,14‐elimination of 68, 70, and 74 providing the cyclophanes 69, 71, and 75 in varying amounts. Two final debrominations with 76 and 77, which in principle could undergo 1,16‐ and 1,20‐eliminations reactions, respectively, failed. The structures of the new cyclophanes 49, 50, 59 a, and 59 b were established by X‐ray structural analysis; all other structure assignments rest on the usual spectroscopic and analytical data.
Synthesis and optical resolution of an allenoic acid by diastereomeric salt formation induced by chiral alkaloids
Authors: Nyhlén Jonas , Eriksson Lars , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA synthetic procedure for the preparation of 4‐cyclohexyl‐2‐methyl‐buta‐2,3‐dienoic acid in the two optically active forms has been developed. Synthesis of the racemic allenoic acid was made by an efficient route with good overall yield. Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved by forming the cinchonidine and cinchonine diastereomeric salt, respectively, and the enantiomers were isolated in up to 95% enantiomeric excess. The absolute configuration of the allenoic acid was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Activity of a Trinuclear Platinum Complex: [{trans‐PtCl(NH3)2}2μ‐{trans‐Pt(3‐hydroxypyridine)2(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2}]Cl4 in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Tayyem Hasan , Huq Fazlul , Yu Jun Qing , Beale Philip , Fisher Keith 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis, characterisation, and cytotoxicity of a novel trinuclear platinum complex code named TH1. In addition to its activity against human ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, A2780cisR, and A2780ZD0473R, cell uptake, DNA‐binding, and the nature of the compound interaction with pBR322 plasmid DNA have been determined. TH1 is found to be significantly more cytotoxic than cisplatin ‐ two times more active than cisplatin against the parent cell line A2780, thirteen times more active against the cisplatin‐resistant cell line A2780cisR and 11.5 times more active against the cell line A2780ZD0473R. Whereas the resistance factors for cisplatin as applied to the cell lines A2780 and A2780cisR, and A2780 and A2780ZD0473R are 12.9 and 3.0 respectively, the corresponding values for TH1 are 1.98 and 0.5. The results suggest that TH1 has been able to significantly overcome resistance in A2780cisR and A2780ZD0473R cell lines. Whereas cisplatin binds with DNA forming mainly intrastrand GG adduct that causes local bending of a DNA strand, TH1 should bind with DNA forming mainly interstrand GG adducts that would cause more of a global change in DNA conformation. Provided it has favourable toxicity profile, TH1 has the potential to be developed into a highly active anticancer drug with a wider spectrum of activity than cisplatin.
FOLFOX in patients aged between 76 and 80 years with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Figer Arié , Perez‐Staub Nathalie , Carola Elisabeth , Tournigand Christophe , Lledo Gerard , Flesch Michel , Barcelo Ramon , Cervantes Andre , André Thierry , Colin Philippe , Louvet Christophe , de Gramont Aimery 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Patients older than 75 years of age are usually excluded from metastatic colorectal cancer randomized studies. The OPTIMOX1 study evaluated FOLFOX7, a simplified (s) leucovorin (LV) and 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) regimen (sLV5FU2) with high‐dose oxaliplatin, in a new oxaliplatin stop‐and‐go strategy. An exploratory cohort of patients aged 76 to 80 years was included in the study.METHODS.In all, 620 previously untreated patients were randomized between FOLFOX4 until progression (arm A), or FOLFOX7 for 6 cycles, maintenance without oxaliplatin for 12 cycles, and reintroduction of FOLFOX7 (arm B).RESULTS.A total of 37 patients aged 76 to 80 years were included, 20 in arm A and 17 in arm B. The overall response rate (ORR) was 59.4%, comparable to younger patients (59%). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 9.0 months and median overall survival (OS) was 20.7 months. These results did not differ from that in younger patients ≤75 years in the OPTIMOX1 study with PFS 9.0 months (P = .63) and OS 20.2 months (P = .57). They experienced slightly more grade 3 of 4 toxicity than younger patients: 65% versus 48% (P = .06), mainly with more neutropenia (41% vs 24%, P = .03) and neurotoxicity (22% vs 11%, P = .06). Tolerability, however, was manageable and no toxic death occurred in this elderly population.CONCLUSIONS.The efficacy of FOLFOX‐based treatment was maintained in patients >75 years with both FOLFOX regimens. The oxaliplatin stop‐and‐go management strategy performed well in this population. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Citizenship competencies in Colombia: Learning from policy and practice
Authors: Patti Janet , Espinosa Adriana Cepeda 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article provides an in‐depth look at Colombia's national policy on national citizenship competencies designed to foster the peaceful resolution of conflict, promote the understanding of differences, and involve young people in mutual decision making and democratic engagement in schools. It also provides a brief overview of similar efforts in the United States in social and emotional learning and the development of civic engagement and compares and contrasts these efforts. Finally, it offers suggestions for school systems that wish to engage in similar processes to ensure the future of democracy and peaceful coexistence using education as the vehicle of change.
A map of peace and conflict studies in U.S. Undergraduate colleges and universities
Authors: Smith David J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractColleges and universities continue to explore avenues for making curriculum relevant for students and responsive to world events and societal changes. Peace studies and conflict resolution are increasingly seen as approaches that can be taken to achieve these objectives at the undergraduate level. This article provides a succinct overview of curriculum strategies at the programmatic level. The Inter‐American Summit on Conflict Resolution Education provided an opportunity to explore approaches that are being used in all educational sectors to advance peace and conflict approaches.
Drug discovery: outside the box
Authors: Munk Stephen A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry, like so many industries today, is in a state of flux. Most of my graduate school colleagues, after completing their studies twenty‐odd years ago, joined large pharmaceutical companies with plans to stay with those organizations for their entire career. It was the best, if not the only, option for conducting cutting‐edge pharmaceutical discovery and development research during those years. Research and development programs in those corporations were very large and very well funded. Currently, the landscape is radically different. Much innovative research is being conducted in very small research and development operations, some with only a few workers, and some in larger organizations that qualify as mid‐size, specialty pharmaceutical companies. These larger organizations are still far from the scope and size of traditional, large organizations. Drug Dev Res 68:145–146, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bimatoprost, a novel efficacious ocular hypotensive drug now recognized as a member of a new class of agents called prostamides
Authors: Burk Robert M. , Woodward David F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPursuit of a new FP‐agonist prodrug led to the identification of an interesting series of neutral C1‐substituted prostaglandin F2α analogues. Although these initial analogues were devoid of any inherent pharmacological activity at the FP‐receptor, two compounds AGN‐190910 and AGN‐191129, were found to have pronounced effects in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive dogs and monkeys. The cat iris sphincter assay was quickly developed as a primary screen for these analogues, leading to rapid identification of AGN‐192024 (17‐phenyl PGF2α ethyl amide, bimatoprost). While bimatoprost is structurally similar to naturally occurring mammalian hormones of the prostanoid family, surprisingly it demonstrates no significant activity at any of the known prostanoid receptors. Furthermore, results of considerable additional pharmacological studies provide evidence that it may indeed act through a unique receptor yet to be identified. The effect of Bimatoprost on lowering IOP has also been found to be unique in comparison to prostanoids. Bimatoprost reduces human IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow through a dual mechanism of action where it improves both pressure‐dependent and pressure‐independent outflow pathways. First introduced to the market in 2002, bimatoprost is currently the most potent single therapy available for control of ocular hypertension. Drug Dev Res 68:147–155, 2007. ©2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platforms and networks in triterpenoid pharmacology
Authors: Sporn Michael B. , Liby Karen , Yore Mark M. , Suh Nanjoo , Albini Adriana , Honda Tadashi , Sundararajan Chitra , Gribble Gordon W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUsing the pentacyclic, naturally occurring triterpenoids, oleanolic, ursolic, and betulinic acids, as starting materials, we have developed a new series of multifunctional drugs for potential clinical use. These agents have anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, anti‐proliferative, pro‐apoptotic, and differentiating activities. Two synthetic oleanane triterpenoids, 2‐cyano‐3,12‐dioxooleana‐1,9(11)‐dien‐28‐oic acid (CDDO) and its C‐28 methyl ester (CDDO‐Me), are presently in Phase I clinical trials in cancer patients. Three themes are emphasized in this review: (1) The importance of the unique structures of the triterpenoid platforms that have been used as a start for new synthesis; (2) The concept that these new drugs interact with entire physiological networks, rather than solely with single molecular targets; and (3) The coupling in real time between the triterpenoid platforms and the physiological networks with which they interact, as seen in the reversibility of the Michael reactions, which mediate their activity. We suggest that further development of such new, multifunctional drugs will most likely occur in the more flexible environment of small biotech or pharmaceutical companies. Drug Dev Res 68:174–182, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A circuitous pharmaceutical journey to Liliput
Authors: Bridges Alex 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe author describes some of his meandering through 35 years of organic and medicinal chemistry, with emphasis on nearly a quarter of a century in the pharmaceutical industry. Special attention is paid to the not exactly voluntary transition from being an allegedly important cog at a pharmaceutical leviathan, to a possibly useful cog at a pharmaceutical minnow. This is a transition that many in the industry have already made, and many more will be making in the future, whether they wish to do so or not. The author's view of said process is the main content of this article. The habitual sense of loss that accompanies such a change is described, along with the realization that although much good disappears when a well‐running team is scattered to the four winds, most of the remaining loss is bells and whistles, pomp and circumstance, and what may be given back is the primacy of science, and the possibility of listening and responding again to “the still sad music of humanity,” as opposed to third‐rate business school gibberish. Recommended reading: Tennyson's “Ulysses.”. Drug Dev Res 68:197–204, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Derailed regulates development of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction
Authors: Liebl Faith L.W. , Wu Yuping , Featherstone David E. , Noordermeer Jasprina N. , Fradkin Lee , Hing Huey 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNeural function is dependent upon the proper formation and development of synapses. We show here that Wnt5 regulates the growth of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by signaling through the Derailed receptor. Mutations in both wnt5 and drl result in a significant reduction in the number of synaptic boutons. Cell‐type specific rescue experiments show that wnt5 functions in the presynaptic motor neuron while drl likely functions in the postsynaptic muscle cell. Epistatic analyses indicate that drl acts downstream of wnt5 to promote synaptic growth. Structure–function analyses of the Drl protein indicate that normal synaptic growth requires the extracellular Wnt inhibitory factor domain and the intracellular domain, which includes an atypical kinase. Our findings reveal a novel signaling mechanism that regulates morphology of the Drosophila NMJ. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Nickel Complexes with N2O Donor Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, Catalysis and Magnetic Studies (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 32/2007)
Authors: Chakraborty Jishnunil , Nandi Mahasweta , Mayer‐Figge Heike , Sheldrick William S. , Sorace Lorenzo , Bhaumik Asim , Banerjee Pradyot 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows how a novel tetranuclear NiII complex [Ni4L41(μ‐tp‐κ4‐O)(H2O)2(μ‐tp‐κ2‐O)]·2C2H5OH·CH3OH·3H2O [L1 = N‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐5‐bromosalicylaldimine] acts as an active catalyst for the partial oxidation of cyclohexene into its epoxide product when it is immobilized over a network of hexagonal mesoporous silica. Herein the catalytic sites allow the formation of epoxide over their surfaces. tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide acts as an oxidant for the partial oxidation process. A dinuclear unit is formed, in which the NiII is bridged by a phenolato group, and two such units are connected through a terephthalate moiety to form a tetranuclear nickel(II) complex. The tetranuclear units are connected to each other by another terephthalate moiety in its bis(monodentate) mode to form one‐dimensional networks. Details are described in the article by P. Banerjee et al. on p. 5033 ff. The artwork was designed by Mr. Jishnunil Chakraborty and Mr. Gopal Das.
Determining the global DNA methylation status of rat according to the identifier repetitive elements
Authors: Kim Hwan‐Hee , Park Jung‐Hoon , Jeong Kyoung‐Sin , Lee Suman 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA large portion of the genome represents repetitive elements. Identifier (ID) elements, the major elements of short interspersed repetitive elements, are widespread with about 150 000 copies in the rat genome. Each ID element contains six CpG dinucleotides, which might account for the global methylation status of rat. We validated the CpG methylation of the ID elements by various methods. The methylation of one CpG site (CpG‐3) of the ID element was investigated by performing pyrosequencing. The methylation percentage of the CpG‐3 site was 53.6% (SD = 2.2) on average from six rat tissues with blood, but 24.6% (SD = 1.0) in rat pheochromocytoma, PC‐12, cell line. This CpG‐3 methylation was further verified by whole genome amplification (WGA), 5‐azacytidine treatment, and proportional mixing of rat WGA genomic DNA (gDNA) with liver gDNA. Methylation‐sensitive restriction enzyme PCR method showed that three other CpG sites (CpG‐1, CpG‐4, and CpG‐5) within the ID element were also methylated (about 60%) in rat gDNA, but not in WGA gDNA. The ID elements may be good candidates for routine analysis of the global DNA methylation changes of rat for pharmaceutical treatment and their use can make basic epigenetic research possible with high accuracy.
“Paterniplex”, a highly discriminative decaplex STR multiplex tailored for investigating special problems in paternity testing
Authors: Betz Thomas , Immel Uta‐Dorothee , Kleiber Manfred , Klintschar Michael 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe goal of the study was to develop a STR multiplex (“Paterniplex”) that is – as supplement to commercially available multiplex kits like the Identifiler® kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) – suitable for solving complex paternity cases such as deficiency cases or cases with mutations. The Paterniplex comprises the nine highly polymorphic STRs D8S1132, D7S1517, D10S2325, D12S391, Se33, D17S976, Penta E, Penta D and FGA in addition to Amelogenin as sex determination marker. The loci were selected because of their high degree of polymorphism (higher than that of the widely used TH01 marker). Only one locus, FGA, is shared with the Identifiler kit to avoid sample mix up. The study further gives details on the population genetics of the loci in a German Caucasian population (allelic distribution, Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium and forensic efficiency markers such as the Discriminating Power) and three examples for cases that could not be solved using commercially available kits alone, but using the Paterniplex in addition to a commercial kit.
CE methods for the determination of non‐protein amino acids in foods
Authors: Castro‐Puyana María , Crego Antonio Luis , Marina María Luisa , García‐Ruiz Carmen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn addition to the 20 amino acids universally distributed as protein constituents in living organisms, there are other amino acids of non‐protein origin that can be found in foods. The determination of these non‐protein amino acids is interesting since they can be indicative of the quality and safety of foods. This work presents for the first time an updated and comprehensive review devoted to show the possibilities of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of non‐protein amino acids in food samples. The results reported have been classified according to the chemical structure of the non‐protein amino acid studied. Separation conditions as well as detection systems used have been detailed since most of these amino acidic compounds do not posses chromophore groups detectable by conventional UV‐Vis detection, being in this case necessary a previous derivatization step. Finally, the application of microchip electrophoresis to the determination of non‐protein amino acids in foodstuffs is also included in this review.