bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Acidizing of Carbonates: Case History From the Gulf of Suez in Egypt
Authors: Sharaf Mohamed , El-Enien Sarwat Abou , Raya Osama Abou , Waheed Arshad , Farouk Ehab 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This case history develops through the drilling of a relatively underexplored and less promising limestone formation in the Gulf of Suez area of Egypt. The target formation, known as Thebes of Eocene Age, was "faulted" and the two separated pay sections presented different rock compositional scenarios. Even though the geological description broadly classified these zones as carbonates, the stimulation treatments designed for the two zones were totally different. The process that was undertaken in determining the best solution was based on the introduction of some novel analytical techniques and a comprehensive approach to acidizing-treatment design.
This paper details some of the new approaches that were used, including a composite log developed for carbonate-stimulation design. The emphasis on reservoir characterization in terms of its petrophysical properties and production capability is paramount in carbonates because of the extreme reservoir heterogeneity and a general noncorrelation between rock porosity and permeability. Furthermore, a new matrix acidizing simulator was run with input data from the composite log for modeling fluid distribution and skin evolution from the treatment. On the basis of these simulation runs, a couple of pre-emptive measures were taken to improve the treatment-fluid distribution profile.
Bottomhole pressure gauges in conjunction with real-time monitoring of skin evolution during the treatment were analyzed for determining the effectiveness and applicability of foamed treatments, in-situ crosslinked acid systems, and maximum pressure differential and injection rate (MAPDIR) techniques.
The post-stimulation production results and pressure-buildup surveys confirmed the success and effectiveness of the stimulation treatments.
A New Technique to Eliminate Severe Slugging in Pipeline/Riser Systems
Authors: Sarica Cem , Tengesdal Jarl Ø. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The field developments in deep waters (&gt;6000 ft) are becoming a reality. Severe slugging conditions might occur at considerably high reservoir pressures, and the magnitude of the pressure fluctuations can be significantly high causing premature abandonment and reducing the ultimate recovery of the field. Considering the length of the deep-water risers, the severe slugging is expected to be more severe compared to the production systems installed in lesser depths. Therefore, the design of downstream facilities at the platform becomes very crucial considering the safety of the operation and the limited available space on the platform.
A novel technique is proposed to lessen or eliminate severe slugging in pipeline-riser systems applicable to all water depths. The idea is to transfer the pipeline gas (in-situ gas) to the riser at a point above the riser-base. The transfer process will reduce both the hydrostatic head in the riser and the pressure in the pipeline consequently lessening or eliminating the severe slugging. This can be considered as self-gas lifting (i.e., no gas injection is required). An existing severe slugging model based on one-dimensional drift flux formulation, has been modified to simulate the new severe slugging elimination method. The modified model has been verified by comparing it to the existing laboratory severe slugging data from several sources by selecting the transfer point as the riser base.
Concentric String Windows: Development, Testing and Field Experience
Authors: Blount C. G. , Gantt L. L. , Hearn D. D. , Kirk A. D. , Smith B. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Re-entry sidetracking has become an important development tool in the oilfields of the North Slope of Alaska. To date, approximately 220 wells have been sidetracked through existing production tubing in Alaska with coiled tubing. The easier candidates are diminishing in number as this cost effective re-entry technique is more widely applied.
Many of the recent candidate wells have required cutting a window through two concentric strings of tubulars. Some of the 2 string windows were performed without significant problems using proven window techniques including whipstock and cement window technology. However, difficulties were experienced when attempting to mill through concentric strings with large differences in size such as 3.5" tubing inside of 9-5/8" Casing.
This paper details the design criteria, testing and field implementation of tools and techniques used to mediate the problem encountered in achieving consistent window success for these more challenging dual string windows.
Steam-Water Capillary Pressure
Authors: Li Kewen , Horne Roland N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Steam-water capillary pressure is very important in numerical simulation and reservoir engineering for steam injection into petroleum reservoirs and water injection into geothermal reservoirs. The significant mass transfer between steam and water phases makes it very difficult to measure steam-water capillary pressure using routine methods such as the semipermeable porous plate method and centrifuge method. Due to the difficulties in measuring steam-water capillary pressure, very few steam-water capillary pressure data are available. A steady-state flow method was deployed to measure steam-water capillary pressure curves using a modified X-ray CT technique to monitor and measure the water saturation and its distribution in the core sample. Experiments were conducted under near-adiabatic conditions controlled automatically by a computer. Steam-water capillary pressure was calculated using a formula derived from Kelvin's equation with the measured pressures and temperatures of the water phase. Both drainage and imbibition steam-water capillary pressure curves were obtained. The drainage and imbibition steam-water capillary pressures of the Berea sample used in this study were about 10 psi and 3.5 psi, respectively, at a water saturation of 30% and a temperature of 120°C. It was also confirmed experimentally that the lowering of vapor pressure was very small but the capillary pressure was significant for the experimental system used. This observation is consistent with thermodynamic analysis.
Restimulation Program Finds Success in Enhancing Recoverable Reserve
Authors: Ely John W. , Tiner Robert , Rothenberg Mark , Krupa Anthony , McDougal Fred , Conway Mike , Reeves Scott 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the past 18 months the Gas Research Institute has initiated a restimulation study in wells in the Green River Basin, Piceance Basin and East Texas Cotton Valley Reservoirs.1 New specific diagnostic procedures have been utilized to select candidates as well as intensive laboratory studies have been conducted to select specific candidates for restimulation. This paper will report on the laboratory testing, which involved fluidizing beds of proppant from previous treatments and also report results of effects of various chemicals on specific reservoirs.
Several restimulation candidates case histories will be presented and a great deal of detail will be given in reference to refrac design, type of treatment and diagnostics utilized to ascertain success or failure of the treatments as well as production data. The program has illustrated that there are available diverting techniques that can function over long sections and achieve excellent stimulation. The authors will discuss laboratory testing procedures and specific recommendations in reference to selection of candidates and specific stimulation procedures that can be followed in various reservoirs.
PDC Bit Durability – Defining the Requirements, Vibration Effects, Optimization Medium, Drilling Efficiencies and Influences of Formation Drillability
Authors: Mensa-Wilmot Graham , Bits-GeoDiamond Smith , Calhoun Bill 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Technological advancements, together with improved selection and application practices, have enhanced Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bit performance. In addition to drilling faster, these bits are now drilling longer and extending their application envelopes. However in hard, abrasive and highly heterogeneous formations, PDC bit performance still lacks consistency and must be improved.
An important qualifier that needs to be optimized in order to enhance PDC bit performance in the harsh environments listed above is durability. However, the engineering efforts needed to define, quantify and explain the concept of PDC bit durability have been minimal. Current industry methods of improving durability have been very ineffective, because they focus on maximization and are based on "trial and error" processes. These approaches compromise the efficient shearing rock removal mechanism of PDC bits, thus their rate of penetration (ROP). They also neglect the relationships and influences formation drillability and vibration characteristics have on durability.
This paper will establish the differences and effects of durability maximization (DM) and optimization (DP) on PDC bit performance. It will establish the necessary medium for durability enhancement, and define the processes necessary for its quantification. The influences that formation drillability and vibration behavior have on durability optimization will also be discussed.
Laboratory analysis and field data showing DP’s effects on drilling efficiency and operational costs will also be presented. The paper will show how durability optimization enhances PDC bit performance in harsh environments.
Modeling of Complex Geometry Reservoirs
Authors: Zhao Gang , Thompson Leslie G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Complex geometry reservoirs can be encountered in the field for variety of depositional and tectonic processes. For example, fluvial depositional environments may produce inter-branching channel reservoirs, or reservoirs consisting of relatively high permeability channels in communication with low-permeability splays.
This paper presents a general methodology for computing pressure responses and flow characteristics in complex geometry reservoirs. The proposed method consists of decomposing the original complex-geometry reservoir into a set of simple-geometry reservoirs, which interact with each other by transfer of fluid and equality of pressure over the regions where they are in hydraulic contact. Analytical solutions are written down for each of the simple reservoir components in terms of the unknown pressures and fluxes at their boundaries, and the coupled systems are solved for the desired wellbore pressure responses.
The method of sources and sinks is used to compute the pressure response in the Laplace domain and the results are inverted numerically using the Stehfest Inversion algorithm1. We present fast accurate methods of taking numerical Laplace transforms of the source/sink solutions that make the computations reasonably fast and efficient.
The proposed methodology can be extended to any system where the Laplace-space solution can be easily written in terms of integrals of real-space source/sink functions, including production at constant bottom-hole pressure, wellbore storage effects or naturally fractured systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the method by modeling branching channels and channel/splay systems.
Planning for a Large Oil Company Acquisition
Authors: Morefield F.L. , Power F.R. , Wellman M.R. , Bowe P. 
Published: December 2007

Society of Petroleum Engineers 6200 North Central Expressway Dallas, Texas 75206
THIS PAPER IS SUBJECT TO CORRECTION
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Introduction
This paper reviews the planning by R. J. Reynolds Industries and its wholly owned subsidiary, American Independent Oil Co. (Aminoil), for the acquisition of the U. S. interests of Burmah Oil Co. This acquisition which was completed at midyear last year, was made for a cash consideration of $522 m This was one of the largest cash acquisitions in U. S. corporate history. There were some 65 people involved heavily in this acquisition people involved heavily in this acquisition effort, which spanned a period in excess of 1 year and cost about $2 million for outside services alone.
Following a brief description of the range of properties involved in this acquisition and the conditions under which this acquisition work was done, we shall discuss the specifications set for our approach, the scheduling of our work, the computer model developed for economic evaluation, and some of the other key ingredients that made this acquisition a successful and satisfying effort. This paper, however, will not cover the substantial petroleum engineering work — reservoir evaluation, cost and investment forecasting, risk assessment, etc. — that was fundamental to the property evaluation.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR OUR APPROACH
Burmah Oil Co. announced in March 1975 its intention to sell in one package the stock of two companies, Burmah Oil and Gas Co. (formerly Signal Oil and Gas Co., purchased by Burmah in Jan. 1974) and Burmah Oil Development, a company through which Burmah had invested independently some $200 million in leases and exploration offshore Louisiana and Texas. The total package of properties comprised exploration and production operations and marketing operations as follows.

Exploration and Production Operations
Huntington Beach field, a large and long-established producing field near Los Angeles, largely under secondary recovery, and a range of other California producing properties, particularly gas in the Sacramento area. particularly gas in the Sacramento area. Leases offshore Louisiana and Texas; some 84 blocks with an average interest of about 25 percent. Onshore Louisiana properties in partnership with John Mecom, centering on the partnership with John Mecom, centering on the established Lake Washington field.
Optimizing Treasury Growth With Proper Evaluation of Long Term Projects
Authors: Campbell Robert A. , Campbell J.M. 
Published: December 2007

Society of Petroleum Engineers 6200 North Central Expressway Dallas, Texas 75206
THIS PAPER IS SUBJECT TO CORRECTION
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Industry relies on various economic parameters to select investment opportunities. parameters to select investment opportunities. Utilization of these parameters is not always consistent with corporate goals of maximizing treasury growth and maintaining liquidity. Several new parameters are presented here to illustrate shortcomings in the parameters currently in use and recently proposed. More importantly, we indicate why parameters for selecting projects are only models of corporate profitability and, like all models, do not apply profitability and, like all models, do not apply to every company at every point in time.

Introduction
There are many limitations on the conventional economic parameters—payout, leverage present worth, present worth/investment, rate present worth, present worth/investment, rate of return, and others. Although utilization of these parameters has not always resulted in achieving corporate goals, they continue to be used because they have been successful in generating corporate profits. However, in very few cases have profits been maximized and liquidity been maintained at all times.
The ideas to be presented will apply to all areas of the petroleum industry, but particularly to capital investment decisions. particularly to capital investment decisions. There are two main objectives to be presented. The first is to create an awareness of the limited flexibility offered by conventional economic parameters for investment decisions. parameters for investment decisions. The second objective is to present approaches that better evaluate the effect of different life projects on growth of the corporate treasury. projects on growth of the corporate treasury. Since all investment decision processes involve choosing between several alternatives that rarely have the same life span, this new approach should offer more realistic investment criteria.
The industry has maintained a profit position with the use of conventional economic position with the use of conventional economic parameters. However, with rapidly increasing parameters. However, with rapidly increasing costs and smaller reserves in new discoveries, the investment criteria utilized in decision making has become, and will continue to be, more critical than ever. The base income of most large corporations today is long-term projects that were initiated in the 1950's or projects that were initiated in the 1950's or early 1960's. In an attempt to replace production, most companies operating in the U.S. production, most companies operating in the U.S. are choosing high initial potential, short-term projects, and are foregoing participation in projects, and are foregoing participation in the long-term projects that would provide the base income of the future.
Project Financing
Authors: Atkins Samuel J. , Bridges Joe M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
"Project financing" refers to those financings whose source of repayment is limited to the revenue stream generated by a particular development. Companies use project financing to (1) raise capital, (2) project financing to (1) raise capital, (2) reduce financial exposure, and (3) reduce capital costs. Project loans can be broken down into three categories based on degree of parent company support. They are (1) total guaranty, (2) project facilities completion guaranty, and (3) limited guaranty.
Project financing can be designed to meet a company's exact needs and requirements at a lower over-all financing cost to the company.

Introduction
Project Financing:How is it define? What are the objectives? What types of project financing are used? What types of companies use project financing?

DEFINITION
Project financing can be used for many different types of projects, but this paper will be limited to financing paper will be limited to financing techniques used to finance the development of coal, oil, and gas reserves. The terms "project financing" or "project loan" are normally used to refer to those financings whose source of repayment is limited to the revenue stream generated by a particular development. particular development.

OBJECTIVES
As might be expected, different companies will have different reasons for using project financing, but their principal project financing, but their principal objectives will normally include one or more of the following three:Raise capitalReduce financial exposureReduce capital costs.
Liquified Natural Gas Ventures - Economics and Outlook
Authors: Herron E. Hunter 
Published: December 2007

Society of Petroleum Engineers 6200 North Central Expressway Dallas, Texas 75206
THIS PAPER IS SUBJECT TO CORRECTION
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
LNG projects under development will send Algerian supplies to Europe and the U.S., Southeast Asia is the major supplier of Japan. Further ventures are planned to export LNG from Alaska, Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Siberia. Economics are developed for judging their potential attractiveness. Southeast Asian - Japanese trades are shown to be the most viable, followed by Algerian sales to the U.S. Middle East LNG to the U.S. or Europe is not promising. Delays in obtaining FPC authorizations may hinder U.S. import projects.

Introduction
Many liquefied natural gas (LNG) ventures are under development, but their successful implementation is by no means assured. A number of ambitious schemes have been launched in the past and summarily abandoned later, other proposed projects have langushied for years. Deciding which of the current prospective ventures have the greatest chance prospective ventures have the greatest chance of becoming realities is the subject of this paper.
The information on which this study is based comes from the numerous reports on LNG which appear in petroleum industry periodicals, such as Platt's Oilgram News Service, the Foster Natural Gas Report, and Petroleum Intelligence Weekly. Articles from the financial pages of the daily press, especially the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, were also used.
PRESENT STATUS OF LNG TRADES PRESENT STATUS OF LNG TRADES Through at least 1980, LNG will be a growth industry. Currently, worldwide trade amounts to 1.6 billion CF/D, but if projects under construction start up on schedule, this will increase to over 6 billion CF/D by decade's end. LNG is gaining prominence as an energy source in all three of the world's major consuming areas — Europe, Japan and the U.S.

Europe
In a few years, Europe's indigenous gas production will go into decline, and substantial production will go into decline, and substantial new supplies will have to be imported if the gas industry there is to meet the demands which have now been established. Pipeline imports from Russia and Iran (via an exchange agreement with the USSR) are planned, but Europe has also turned to North Africa for supplies of LNG.
Liquified Natural Gas Imports - Are They Worth the Risk?
Authors: D&apos;Andrea L. 
Published: December 2007

Society of Petroleum Engineers 6200 North Central Expressway Dallas, Texas 75206
THIS PAPER IS SUBJECT TO CORRECTION
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
The decline in readily available supplies of gas to interstate pipelines is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Uncertainties and delays associated with natural gas legislation and other supplementary gas supplies, such as Alaskan gas and coal gasification require that the gas industry import liquefied natural gas (LNG) to satisfy gas requirements.
There are risks, however, associated with LNG imports which must be recognized and dealt with to lessen United States dependency on imported sources of energy.
The Energy Resources Council, recognizing the risks associated with LNG imports, has implemented a LNG import policy which set a national level of about 2.0 Trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of LNG by 1985, but more importantly, it limits imports from any one particular source to 0.8 Billion cubic feet (Bcf) to 1 Tcf per year.

Introduction
The Presidential energy message of February 26, 1976, expressed serious concern about the United States' growing dependence on imported sources of energy. It went on to state that: "We must reduce our vulnerability to the economic disruption which a few foreign countries can cause by cutting our energy supplies or by arbitrarily raising prices."
Turning to natural gas, the Presidential message recognized the impact of a continued gas shortage and the need to supplement declining domestic supplies with such supplementary sources as LNG imports. The prospects for increased levels of imports were real in light of several LNG projects authorized or planned for the future. The policy announced in February considered 1 Tcf as an acceptable level of LNG imports by 1985, subject to further analysis and review.
The Energy Resources Council (ERC), which is part of the Executive Office of the President, part of the Executive Office of the President, has responsibility for communicating and coordinating the activities of Federal agencies that have responsibility for developing and implementing energy policy or managing energy resources. The ERC was directed to implement a new policy for imported LNG, including review of each LNG project for national security and economic feasibility. The ERC was also directed to establish procedures for the review of such issues as pricing, government financial assistance, regional dependence, sources of supply, and reassessment of the 1 Tcf import level. The ERC set up a Task Force to conduct such further review. Based on the findings of the Task Force, the ERC recommended certain actions as a further step in implementing a LNG policy. policy.