bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of direct DNA damage in human blood leukocytes and lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to high power microwave pulses
Authors: Chemeris N.K. , Gapeyev A.B. , Sirota N.P. , Gudkova O.Yu. , Tankanag A.V. , Konovalov I.V. , Buzoverya M.E. , Suvorov V.G. , Logunov V.A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCurrently, the potential genotoxicity of high power microwave pulses (HPMP) is not clear. Using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also known as the alkaline comet assay, we studied the effects of HPMP (8.8 GHz, 180 ns pulse width, peak power 65 kW, pulse repetition frequency 50 Hz) on DNA of human whole‐blood leukocytes and isolated lymphocytes. The cell suspensions were exposed to HPMP for 40 min in a rectangular waveguide. The average SAR calculated from the temperature kinetics was about 1.6 kW/kg (peak SAR was about 300 MW/kg). The steady‐state temperature rise in the 50 µl samples exposed to HPMP was 3.5 ± 0.1 °C. In independent experiments, we did not find any statistically significant DNA damage manifested immediately after in vitro HPMP exposure of human blood leukocytes or lymphocytes or after HPMP exposure of leukocytes subsequently incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Our results indicate that HPMP under the given exposure conditions did not induce DNA strand breaks, alkali‐labile sites, and incomplete excision repair sites, which could be detected by the alkaline comet assay. Bioelectromagnetics 27:197–203, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bis(stannyl)phosphanyl‐Substituted Dichlorosilanes/Germanes — Potential Precursors for a Novel Strategy Toward P–Si/Ge Multiple Bonds?
Authors: Bender Marion , Niecke Edgar , Nieger Martin , Pietschnig Rudolf 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA general synthetic route to bis(stannyl)phosphanyl‐substituted dichlorosilanes/germanes of the type R–SiCl2–P(SnMe3)2 and R–GeCl2–P(SnMe3)2 is reported. For R = Cp* (= 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) crystal structures for the corresponding silane and germane could be obtained. These compounds are the first structurally characterized bis(stannyl)phosphanyl‐substituted dichlorosilanes/germanes that due to their functionalities should be ideal precursors for the generation of unsaturated PSi and PGe units and possibly phosphasilynes and phosphagermynes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Sugar Isocyanates and Their Application to the Formation of Ureido‐Linked Disaccharides
Authors: Ávalos Martín , Babiano Reyes , Cintas Pedro , Hursthouse Michael B. , Jiménez José L. , Light Mark E. , Palacios Juan C. , Pérez Esther M. S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe present work describes a facile and practical route to carbohydrate‐based isocyanates, a reactive and appealing family of chiral heterocumulenes, wich can be easily converted into disaccharides and pseudodisaccharides interconnected by urea moieties. A full characterization of these substances by X‐ray diffraction analysis and spectroscopic methods reveals further insights into their structures and preferred conformation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2003–2005
Authors: Dolník Vladislav 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998–4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real‐world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.
Analysis of explosives via microchip electrophoresis and conventional capillary electrophoresis: A review
Authors: Pumera Martin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe upsurge in terrorist activity has generated tremendous demand for innovative tools capable of detecting major industrial, military, and home‐made (improvised) explosives. Fast, sensitive, and reliable detection of explosives in the field is a very important issue in nowadays. CE, especially in its miniaturized format (lab‐on‐a‐chip), offers great possibilities to create portable, field deployable, rapidly responding, and potentially disposable devices, allowing security forces to make the important decisions regarding the safety of civilians. This article overviews the microchip and conventional capillary electrophoretic techniques for analysis of a wide variety of explosive compounds and mixtures.
Potential bias in generalized estimating equations linkage methods under incomplete information
Authors: Lebrec J. , Putter H. , van Houwelingen J.C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe mean identity‐by‐descent (IBD) specification used in the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) methodology for linkage is only valid, strictly speaking, under the assumption of fully polymorphic markers. In practice, markers often provide only partial IBD information, which can potentially result in inconsistency of the locus location and gene effect estimates obtained by the GEE method. Using both simulations and theory, we identify some realistic conditions about marker information under which the validity of the GEE linkage methods may be arguable. Namely, researchers should not trust the GEE parameters' estimates and their associated confidence intervals in areas of the genome where IBD information is sparse or when this information changes abruptly. We show that properly standardized statistics based on IBD sharing provide a valid alternative. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Nicotine prevents stress‐induced enhancement of long‐term depression in hippocampal area CA1: Electrophysiological and molecular studies
Authors: Aleisa A.M. , Alzoubi K.H. , Alkadhi K.A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNicotine treatment prevents chronic psychosocial stress‐induced impairment of hippocampus‐dependent spatial memory and long‐term potentiation (LTP). In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic nicotine treatment on stress‐induced enhancement of long‐term depression (LTD). After paired‐pulse stimulation, LTD was evoked in area CA1 of anesthetized control, stressed, nicotine‐treated, and nicotine‐treated stressed rats. In stressed rats, a significantly greater LTD magnitude was seen than in control rats. Stress also facilitated the induction of LTD. Nicotine treatment of stressed rats prevented stress‐induced enhancement and facilitation of LTD. For chronically stressed rats, we previously reported marked decreases in the basal levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), CaMKII, P‐CaMKII, and calmodulin as well as a significant increase in calcineurin basal levels. Herein, Western blot analysis conducted 1 hr after induction of LTD by paired‐pulse stimulation showed that the levels of calcineurin and P‐CaMKII were increased in the stressed group compared with the other groups and were normalized by chronic nicotine treatment. Additionally, after paired‐pulse stimulation, the levels of total CaMKII were increased in all groups with no change in the levels of BDNF and calmodulin. Therefore, the increase in the levels of calcineurin and P‐CaMKII during expression of LTD in area CA1 may explain the enhanced magnitude of LTD in chronically stressed rats. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multilayer Microcapsules as Anti‐Cancer Drug Delivery Vehicle: Deposition, Sustained Release, and in vitro Bioactivity
Authors: Liu Xingyu , Gao Changyou , Shen Jiacong , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: A drug delivery system based on spontaneous deposition of soluble, low‐molecular‐weight therapeutic agents has been developed for the purpose of sustaining drug release. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto melamine formaldehyde (MF) colloidal particles, followed by removal of the cores at low pH has yielded intact hollow microcapsules having the ability to induce deposition of various water‐soluble substances. Dynamic observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy provided direct evidence of such deposition. Dependence of loading rate on molecular weight was investigated. Efficient loading of an anti‐cancer drug, daunorubicin (DNR), was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Its release was quantified by fluorometry. The results indicated that loading, and subsequent release, could be tuned by factors such as feeding concentrations, temperature, and salt concentrations. The intrinsic mechanism of loading and release was discussed taking into account the interaction between the drugs and the poly(styrene sulfonate)/MF complex existing in the hollow capsules. With culture of the HL‐60 cell line, a kind of human leukemia cell, the presence of DNR‐loaded capsules was seen to steadily decrease the cytoviability.Fluorescence intensity averaged from inside the circles as a function of incubation time.magnified imageFluorescence intensity averaged from inside the circles as a function of incubation time.
Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Chitosan and Polyester Blends for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Correlo Vitor M. , Boesel Luciano F. , Bhattacharya Mrinal , Mano Joao F. , Neves Nuno M. , Reis Ruis L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Hydroxyapatite, chitosan, and aliphatic polyester were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder. The polyesters include poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) , poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(butylene terephthalate adipate). The mass fraction of chitosan ranged from 17.5 to 45%, while that of HA ranged from 10 to 30%. These blends were injection molded and evaluated for thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties. The addition of hydroxyapatite decreased the crystallinity in chitosan/PBS blends, while in blends containing chitosan/PCL, the crystallinity increased. Addition of hydroxyapatite significantly decreased the tensile strength and elongation of polyester/hydroxyapatite composites as well as chitosan/polyester/hydroxyapatite composites with elongations undergoing decreases over an order of magnitude. The tensile strength of the composite was dictated by the adhesion of HA to the chitosan/polyester matrix. The tensile strength of composites containing hydroxyapatite could be predicted using the Nicolai and Narkis equation for weak filler adhesion (K ≈ 1.21). Tensile‐fractured and cryogenically‐fractured surface indicates extensive debonding of hydroxyapatite crystals from the matrix, indicating weak adhesion. The adhesion of hydroxyapatite was higher for pure polyester than those containing chitosan and polyester. The modulus of the composites registered modest increase. The two main diffraction peaks observed using WAXS are unaffected by the amount of chitosan or hydroxyapatite.
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Overexpression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors in Schwann cells of patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A
Authors: Massa Roberto , Palumbo Camilla , Cavallaro Tiziana , Panico Maria Beatrice , Bei Roberto , Terracciano Chiara , Rizzuto Nicolò , Bernardi Giorgio , Modesti Andrea 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAxon‐derived neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of growth factors whose binding to ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors promotes the maturation, proliferation and survival of Schwann cells (SCs). Correct NRG/ErbB signaling is essential for the homeostasis of axonal–glial complexes and seems to play a role in peripheral nerve repair. The potential involvement of ErbB receptors in human peripheral neuropathies has not been clarified. Therefore, we assessed the immunoreactivity for EGFR (ErbB1), ErbB2, and ErbB3 in nerve biopsies from patients with different forms of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, type 1, (CMT1), as compared to others with inflammatory neuropathies and controls. The most notable changes consisted in the overexpression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 by SCs of nerves from CMT1A patients. These findings are consistent with an impairment of SC differentiation and expand the molecular phenotype of CMT1A. The upregulation of these receptors may play a role in the inhibition of myelination or in the promotion of recurrent demyelination and axonal damage. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Coactivation of the elbow antagonist muscles is not affected by the speed of movement in isokinetic exercise
Authors: Bazzucchi Ilenia , Sbriccoli Paola , Marzattinocci Giulia , Felici Francesco 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSince muscle coactivation increases the stiffness and stability of a joint, greater coactivation is likely during faster than slower movements. Very few studies, though, have been conducted to verify this hypothesis. Moreover, a large number of studies have examined coactivation of muscles surrounding the knee joint whereas there are few reports on the elbow joint. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the antagonist activation of the elbow flexors and extensors during isokinetic concentric exercises and to investigate the influence of angular velocity on their activation. Twelve men participated in the study. The surface electromyographic signals (sEMG) were recorded from the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles during three maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of elbow flexors and extensors and a set of three maximal elbow flexions and extensions each at 15°, 30°, 60°, 120°, 180°, and 240°.s−1. Normalized root mean square (RMS) of sEMG was calculated during the isokinetic phase of movement as an index of sEMG amplitude. During elbow flexion, the antagonist activation of BB averaged 16.2% lower than TB, and this difference was statistically significant at all angular velocities. The normalized RMS values ranged from 26.0% ± 19.0 at MVC to 37.8% ± 13.9 at 240°.s−1 for antagonist TB activation, and from 5.7% ± 5.2 at MVC to 18.9% ± 8.6 at 240°.s−1 for antagonist BB activation. No influence of angular velocity on agonist and antagonist activity was found. Moreover, flexion and extension torques were both strongly affected by the amount of antagonist activation. The functional specialization of the two muscle groups could be responsible for the different levels of antagonist activation. The frequent use of BB, which is not assisted by gravity during daily activities, could lead to reduced coactivation due to a better functioning of the control system based upon reciprocal innervation. These findings may have significant implications in the design of rehabilitation programs directed to the elbow joint. Muscle Nerve, 2006
The electromyographic signal as a presymptomatic indicator of organophosphates in the body
Authors: De Luca Carlo J. , Buccafusco Jerry J. , Roy Serge H. , De Luca Gianluca , Nawab S. Hamid 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOrganophosphate (OP) compounds are present in household and agricultural pesticides as well as in nerve agents. The toxic effects of these chemicals result from their anticholinesterase activity, which disrupts nerve junctions and parasympathetic effector sites, leading to a variety of symptoms and possible death. When the anticholinesterase agents in OP compounds reach the neuromuscular junction, they cause a disruption in the firing of muscle fiber action potentials. This effect has the potential of altering the time course of the electromyographic (EMG) signal detected by surface electrodes. We investigated the association between OP compound dose, surface EMG changes, and overt signs of OP toxicity. Daily doses of 10–15 μg/kg of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were injected into the calf muscle of four rhesus monkeys while surface EMG signals were recorded from two thigh muscles bilaterally. With increasing number of doses, the EMG signal presented an increasing number of time gaps. The presence of the gaps was evident prior to any overt symptoms of cholinesterase toxicity. These findings can lead to the development of noninvasive technology for indicating the presence of OP compounds in muscle tissue prior to clinical abnormalities. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Which patients need referral for anal sphincter electromyography?
Authors: Podnar Simon 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNeedle electromyography (EMG) of lower sacral myotomes is useful in certain patients with urinary, bowel, or sexual dysfunction. The aim of the study was to identify the clinical profile of patients who require such testing. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and findings evaluated using bivariate and multivariate statistics. A neuropathic condition affecting the lower sacral segments was diagnosed by quantitative concentric needle EMG of the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle. Neuropathic changes in the EAS were found in 85 (44%) of 193 patients studied. On ordinal logistic regression analysis, bladder‐emptying difficulties and perineal sensory loss were significantly related to the presence of a neuropathic EMG. No guidelines for referral for anal sphincter EMG could be defined that would include all patients with neuropathic abnormalities in the lower sacral segments. However, patients with bladder‐emptying difficulties and perineal sensory loss seem to be the most suitable candidates for testing. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Dartos reflex: A sympathetically mediated scrotal reflex
Authors: Yilmaz Ugur , Yang Claire C. , Berger Richard E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe dartos muscle is a sympathetically innervated dermal muscle layer within the scrotum, distinct from the somatically innervated cremasteric muscle. We electrophysiologically demonstrate the presence of a dartos reflex (DR), which can be used to evaluate the thoracolumbar sympathetic and genitofemoral nerve pathways. In 20 healthy men, we evoked the DR by cutaneous stimulation of the thigh and recorded the resultant scrotal skin contraction. We recorded hand, foot, and perineal sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) as controls. The DR was reliable and reproducible, as were the SSRs. The mean left DR latency was 4.8 s (SD, 2.7 s) and right DR latency was 5.4 s (SD, 3 .4), both of which were longer than the mean hand, foot, and perineal SSRs (P < 0.05). An intact reflex arc reflects the integrity of the afferent and efferent branches of the genitofemoral nerve (T12–L2). The DR test can also be used to assess scrotal autonomic innervation. Abnormalities of dartos innervation may impact testis thermoregulation and spermatogenesis. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Alternative routes to teaching: The impacts of Teach for America on student achievement and other outcomes
Authors: Glazerman Steven , Mayer Daniel , Decker Paul 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper reports on a randomized experiment to study the impact of an alternative teacher preparation program, Teach for America (TFA), on student achievement and other outcomes. We found that TFA teachers had a positive impact on math achievement and no impact on reading achievement. The size of the impact on math scores was about 15 percent of a standard deviation, equivalent to about one month of instruction. The general conclusions did not differ substantially for subgroups of teachers, including novice teachers, or for subgroups of students. We found no impacts on other student outcomes such as attendance, promotion, or disciplinary incidents, but TFA teachers were more likely to report problems with student behavior than were their peers. The findings contradict claims that such programs allowing teachers to bypass the traditional route to the classroom harm students. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Did Ontario's Zero Tolerance & Graduated Licensing Law reduce youth drunk driving?
Authors: Carpenter Christopher 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOn April 1, 1994, Ontario, Canada, instituted a new graduated driver license (GDL) system that effectively set the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) threshold at zero for the first few years of a youth's driving eligibility. I use data from the 1983–2001 Ontario Student Drug Use Surveys (OSDUS) to examine whether the Zero Tolerance (ZT) policy reduced self‐reported drinking and alcohol‐involved driving among youth. I find that rates of drunk driving reported by 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds—who faced new, lower legal limits after adoption of the ZT policy—were about 5 percentage points lower after the law was implemented. Visual inspection of the data, however, shows that the estimated reduction is an artifact of a pre‐existing trend: Drunk driving rates in this age group were falling steadily throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. Estimates that account for this pre‐existing trend or that consider shorter windows around the 1994 implementation date return effects on alcohol‐involved driving that are either small and statistically insignificant or large and implausibly signed (positive). These null findings are robust to using the associated change in outcomes for slightly younger (14–15) or slightly older (19–20) youths as controls in a difference‐in‐differences framework. I similarly find no robust effect on drinking participation. This suggests that Ontario's age‐targeted drunk driving law—despite being harsher than similar policies in the United States—was not responsible for reductions in Canadian youth road fatalities over the past two decades. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
A cure for crime: Can mental health treatment diversion reduce crime among youth?
Authors: Evans Cuellar Alison , McReynolds Larkin S. , Wasserman Gail A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractYouth crime is a serious social problem, as is the high proportion of young offenders in the juvenile justice system who have mental disorders. A recent policy innovation applies the theory of therapeutic jurisprudence and diverts youth with mental disorders to treatment in lieu of further court processing. The expansion of mental health diversion programs reflects an increasingly popular view that there is a causal relationship between youth mental disorders and crime. Policymakers who share this view place greater emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment as a way to reduce crime, rather than on stricter punishment. This paper considers the policy issues around youth mental health diversion programs. In addition, it evaluates the effect of a mental health diversion program for youth that was implemented in Texas. The paper finds that mental health diversion can be used effectively to delay or prevent youth recidivism. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Thermodynamics of interaction between sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinae and polymers in aqueous solutions by isothermal titration microcalorimetry
Authors: Qiu Xiao‐Mei , Wei Xi‐Lian , Yin Bao‐Lin , Sun De‐Zhi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe interactions between sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinae (AOT) and two nonionic water‐soluble polymers, including polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been investigated by using isothermal titration microcalorimetry in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. The results show that the critical aggregation concentration, which corresponding to the first turning point in the curve of experimental interaction heat versus concentration of the surfactant, is lower than the critical micellar concentration (cmc), confirming the existence of polymer‐surfactant interactions. The value of cac is not sensitive to the relative amount of polymer in low concentration range of the polymer. The mono‐layer saturated adsorption concentration, which corresponding to the second turning point, rises as the polymer concentration is increased. The interaction between PVP and AOT is stronger than that between PEG and AOT. The results also indicate that the aggregation of AOT in water and polymers solutions is entropically driven. The observed thermal effects have been interpreted in terms of the interactions of the polymer molecules with AOT monomers or the molecular clusters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 275–283, 2006