bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Axial Compression
Authors: Javorik LJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The beneficial effects of work hardening have been long known to, and appreciated by, the steel industry and have been accepted as a step in the same direction as heat treatment. Because of the obvious difficulty with buckling, however, so far only the tension mode and the transverse compression mode have been commonly used (e.g., pipe expanders for tension, and cold-rolling, cold-drawing for transverse compression).
Treatment stresses in the tension method are restricted to stresses less than the ultimate strength of the material. Compression loads can be many times that of the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
Predicting the Durability of Bricks
Authors: Winslow DN , Kilgour CL , Crooks RW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The pore size distributions of approximately 80 bricks removed from walls of existing buildings were measured using mercury intrusion. These distributions were used to calculate a Durability Factor using the method of Maage. This Durability Factor was then correlated with the observed performance of the bricks on the buildings. It was found that all bricks with a Durability Factor greater than 70 exhibited no freeze/thaw durability problems. Further, with very few exceptions, all bricks with a Durability Factor less than 70 were suffering freeze/thaw failures. This technique is more accurate and faster for selecting potentially durable bricks than the current use of absorption measurements.
Evolution of the Internal Quality Audit at Ford Motor Company's Central Laboratory
Authors: Terjimanian A , Kelly CJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses the evolution of an internal laboratory quality audit which takes into account the needs and expectations of the laboratory customers, the laboratory management, and the laboratory employees. This audit has been in operation for over 15 years and its development and early years were reported at an ASTM Symposium in 1981. Since then a number of changes have been implemented to improve the effectiveness of the audit.This paper describes the creation of the auditor position with organizational independence. Developments in the Quality Audit Manual, the Laboratory Report Format Procedure and other audit standards are also reported. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using a classification system to rank discrepancies identified by the audit process.Because the underlying purpose of an internal quality audit is to improve laboratory report quality, the major beneficial role is as a learning tool. As originally structured the audit was conducted with complete anonymity of the laboratory employee. Unfortunately this anonymity constrained the reporting procedure and inhibited the universal implementation of corrective actions.After several years with no improvement in the discrepancy rate, a process change was desired. Coinciding with this need, process improvement methodology based on Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle [1] was used to develop an improved process. An audit improvement team proposed and conducted a pilot audit procedure that audited reports monthly for the natural work groups with open discrepancy reporting at work group meetings. Based on the successful pilot, management approval was obtained to implement the revised procedure and improvements in laboratory report quality as assessed by the internal laboratory quality audit are observed.
Eliminating Wasteful “Cut and Try” Procedures in Gas Chromatography Method Development Using Computer Modeling
Authors: Annino R , Villalobos R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Computer programs that accurately predict the performance of one's chromatograph considerably shorten the interval between an analysis request and the final report by eliminating laboratory time spent in “cut and try” attempts at finding the right column and analysis conditions. Examples are presented of a program used to quickly design the optimum column or columns and conditions for multiple application scenarios.
Determination of the Geometric Profile and Stress/Strain State in the Necked Region During Inelastic Deformation at Elevated Temperatures Using a Non-Contact Measurement Technique
Authors: Gaudig W , Bothe K , Bhaduri AK , Maile K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An improved testing methodology for determining the geometric profile and true stress/true strain at elevated temperatures through continuous monitoring of the specimen profile in the necked region using a video camera is demonstrated through a slow creep tensile test. The results show that the video camera is an appropriate tool for accurately monitoring specimen necking at elevated temperatures, and that the true stress and strain can be adequately determined from the specimen profile. Based on this test methodology, true strain rate-controlled creep testing can be carried out. This is essential for determining the true material parameters required for establishing appropriate constitutive equations for realistic finite element modeling.
Time-Dependent Bending Properties of Lumber
Authors: Kliger IR , Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Research related to structural stressed-skin panels (SSP) and their component parts has been ongoing at Chalmers University of Technology. In recent years, attention has been focused on SSP with lumber webs and sheet metal and chipboard panels as tension and compression flanges, respectively. In this study, certain mechanical and rheological properties of structural lumber were evaluated as part of a larger project designed to predict the long-term behavior of SSP under load.
In this study, several test series were conducted to evaluate short- and long-term properties of European redwood (called Scotch pine in North America) (Pinus sylvestris). From 22 pieces of lumber measuring 25 by 125 by 4000 mm, specimens were cut for use in several test series to determine solid wood properties. Wood modulus of elasticity (MOE), accounting for the shear effects, was evaluated from initial deflections of long-term tests. Mean MOE values of about 14 500 MPa were obtained.
Four series of long-term tests were conducted under different combinations of stress level and distribution, as well as loading history. The results suggested that the magnitude of relative creep was greatest under lower stress levels. Different stress distribution (resulting from center- and third-point loading) proved to have little effect on creep behavior. Two mathematical models, i.e., power functions (Clouser function without exponential terms and power function with exponential terms) [1] were evaluated as predictors of the deformation-time relationship for lumber under constant loading. Differences in accuracy of predicting creep behavior between the two models studied were very modest.
A Critical Evaluation of the Performance of Optical Fiber Sensors for Monitoring Dynamic Strains
Authors: Singh RP , Shukla A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the applicability of optical fiber sensors in measuring strains under dynamic loading conditions. Both phase modulated and intensity modulated sensors are studied. The experiments are performed to characterize the high strain rate response of these sensors and test their ability to measure changes in dynamic strain resulting from one-dimensional stress wave propagation. The stress waves are generated using both compressive and tensile gas gun setups. Then, optical fiber sensors are employed to monitor the stress wave pulse as it propagates down the bar. The output from the optical fiber sensors is compared to strain gages mounted at the same location. The results demonstrate that only localized optical fiber sensors that are bonded over the entire sensing region can be used for monitoring dynamic strain fields.
Structure and Property Evaluation of Large-Diameter Spray-Formed Superalloy Piping
Authors: Moran AL , Rebis RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comparative testing evaluation program was conducted to assess the mechanical properties, metallurgical characteristics and fabricability of spray-formed Alloy 625 tubes and subsequently processed piping. Spray-formed preforms were deposited and reduced via pilger rolling or roll extrusion to produce thin-walled piping in diameters of 10.2, 20.3, and 35.6 cm (4, 8, and 14 in. nominal pipe size). Evaluations based on chemical analysis, strength, ductility, hardness, impact toughness, fatigue properties, weldability, and corrosion resistance demonstrated that spray-formed piping appears to be a viable substitute for conventionally produced Alloy 625 piping and that a minimal amount of cold working is required on the as-deposited tubular preforms in order for them to meet the specification requirements for naval applications.
Bias Testing: Myths, Misconceptions, and Mistakes
Authors: Gould G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The art and science of testing sampling systems for bias has been controversial from its beginnings, some 35 years ago. Since then it has evolved as a discipline of increasingly broad scope and complexity. Currently under consideration as a standard practice, it involves univariate, multivariate, parametric, and nonparametric statistical treatments, static and dynamic operating modes, single and two-stage tests, and matched samples consisting of single increments, sublots, and lots. Testing for bias has been encumbered with an ever-expanding set of myths, misconceptions, and mistakes. The author explores the most common and grievous among them using graphics to help the reader visualize the issues.
Determination of Thermal Properties of Pavement Materials and Unbound Aggregates by Transient Heat Conduction
Authors: Tan S-A , Fwa T-F , Chuai C-T , Low B-H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA laboratory procedure for determining the thermal conductivity (k) and diffusivity (α) of pavement materials and unbounded aggregate beds by means of a transient heat conduction experiment is described. It is first established that the plane-wall theory of heat conduction can be applied to a finite-slab problem provided that the thickness-to-width ratio is kept within 0.2. The procedure is to obtain the k and α values that would match the theoretical temperature-time history response with the measured response. An analytical curve-fitting technique is used to match the inflection points of the measured to the theoretical temperature-√t curves. The heat experiment is conducted in a controlled convection oven with parallel air flow at constant velocity over a horizontal test specimen bed. This allows for the testing of unbounded aggregate beds made into a slab by placement of aggregates in an insulated polystyrene box that fits into the base of the oven. The test method is first validated by comparing steady-state heat conduction results with the transient test predictions of k for a solid acrylic slab, two bituminous slabs, and four concrete slabs, with good agreement in the values of k determined by both methods. For the unbounded aggregates, it is observed that there is trend of decreasing values of k and α, with increase in particle size. Also, wet aggregates exhibit higher thermal conductive properties than dry aggregate beds. The test method will be useful for obtaining thermal properties of pavement materials to allow for thermal analysis in pavement layers subjected to solar heating.
Eddy Current Decay Resistivity Measurements Using a Digital Voltmeter
Authors: Hua CY , McDonald LC , Hartwig KT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A digital voltmeter is shown to successfully capture the voltage decay signal during eddy current decay (ECD) measurements at cryogenic temperatures on low-resistivity specimens. The use of a voltmeter simplifies ECD measurements, typically made using a digital oscilloscope. An added benefit of using a voltmeter is that under certain circumstances, measurement precision exceeds that which is normally obtained with a preamplifier-digital oscilloscope combination. Results indicate that the best combination of instruments for capturing extremely weak signals (i.e., those with long exponential time constants) is a preamplifier-voltmeter configuration. Results of a comparative study using a preamplifier-digital oscilloscope configuration, a digital voltmeter alone and a preamplifier-digital voltmeter arrangement are presented and discussed.
Hot Plane Strain Compression Testing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Shi H , McLaren AJ , Sellars CM , Shahani R , Bolingbroke R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Plane strain compression is a versatile laboratory testing method for simulating industrial hot working operations such as plate and strip rolling. The deformation can be closely controlled to the required conditions of temperature and strain rate, and high strains can be achieved without instability. However, for accurate determination of flow stress, care must be taken with experimental procedure and the interpretation of the measured force-displacement data.
This paper reports the results of work carried out in three laboratories on samples of the same cast of Al-1% Mn alloy. In particular, the effects of spread and friction are analyzed as a function of initial specimen geometry. When consistent procedures are used it is shown that excellent reproducibility of flow stress data is obtained between laboratories. In deriving constitutive relationships, the importance of considering the effects of lubricant films, of deformational heating, and of heat transfer are clearly demonstrated.
High ResolutionR-Curve Characterization of the Fracture Toughness of Thin Sheet Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Haynes MJ , Gangloff RP 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe plane-strain initiation fracture toughness and plane-stress stable crack growth resistance were determined with a single small compact tension (C(T)) specimen for each of three precipitation hardened aluminum alloy sheets (AA2024-T3, AA2519-T87 (+Mg+Ag), and AA2650-T6). Crack length was monitored precisely with direct current potential difference (DCPD) measurements, and specimen plasticity was accounted for with the J-integral. The DCPD technique resolves a small amount of crack-tip process-zone damage (≈20 µm) that constitutes crack initiation under plane-strain constraint. Two measures of initiation toughness are calculated: the elastic-plastic fracture toughness detected by DCPD (JICi, KJICi) and the toughness based on ASTM Standard E 813 () and the toughness based on ASTM Standard E 813 (JIC, KJIC). High resolution of fracture initiation is necessary to obtain a lower bound initiation toughness,). High resolution of fracture initiation is necessary to obtain a lower bound initiation toughness, KJICi, because plane-strain constraint is present ahead of the fatigue precrack but is rapidly lost with crack extension in thin sheet. KJIC overestimates toughness due to constraint loss coupled with the offset blunting line definition of fracture initiation. The J-integral/DCPD method provides a reproducible measure of the plane-stress linear-elastic resistance curve (KJ − Δa) that compares reasonably to R-curves determined for large middle-cracked tension specimens. The small specimen method is effective for studies pertaining to alloy development, environmental effects, and fracture mechanisms.
Development and Evaluation of a Method to Measure Traction on Turfgrass Surfaces
Authors: McNitt AS , Middour RO , Waddington DV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Traction, as it relates to field quality, involves the athlete, studded footwear, and the turf. Traction involves two types of forces: those acting in a vertical manner that compress the turf and those that act horizontally and produce a shearing or tearing effect on the turf. The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate an apparatus to measure the horizontal forces associated with traction, compare this apparatus with other devices routinely used to quantify traction, and examine how different turfgrass stand characteristics combine to influence traction.
An apparatus, termed PENNFOOT, was developed and field tested. PENNFOOT consists of a framework that supports a leg and foot assembly that can be used to measure both rotational and linear traction using different footwear under various loading weights. When we compared PENNFOOT to other traction measuring devices, the force values we obtained from different grass species and varying cutting heights provided low correlation values.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of turfgrass and soil conditions on traction of turf areas. Tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass provided the highest traction values whereas perennial ryegrass and creeping red fescue provided the lowest. Higher linear traction values occurred with lower cutting heights.
Although more work is needed on the turf and soil characteristics that influence traction, the PENNFOOT with its versatility seems appropriate for traction evaluation.
International Symposium on Slip Resistance: The Interface of Man, Footwear, and Walking Surfaces
Authors: Sacher A , Ownes JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The final four papers of this issue were presented at the International Symposium on Slip Resistance: The Interaction of Man, Footwear, and Walking Surfaces, which was covered in part in the November 1996 issue of this journal. Held 30–31 October 1995 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD, the symposium was sponsored by Committee D 21 on Polishes and Subcommittee D 21.06 on Slip Resistance. This symposium represents the culmination of research initiated in the 1950s to determine the coefficient of friction of polished walkway surfaces. Extensive laboratory and field studies of methods and apparatus led to the development of the ASTM Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine.
Comparison of Walkway Safety Tribometers: Part Two
Authors: Marpet MI , Fleischer DH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fall accidents generate large injury, morbidity, and mortality costs. Many falls are caused by pedestrian slips, which are in turn a result of one or a combination of factors: pedestrian, walkway surface, footwear, or environmental.
It is important to be able to quantify and characterize the slipperiness of walkways and shoe bottoms, both separately and in combination. There presently exist on the market many tribometers (walkway-friction measuring instruments); different tribometers do not necessarily give the same results under identical conditions.
In the summer of 1991, ASTM Committee F-13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear organized a workshop at Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA to compare nine tribometers against each other and against a force plate, which measures ground-reaction forces.
Briefly, we found that different tribometers gave different results. An earlier paper contained results of data aggregated by tribometer. It appeared that the differences were at least in part a result of the fact that the tribometers measured different types (mechanisms or models) of friction. The force plate “saw” and mimicked whatever the tribometer “saw.” Thus, if the tribometer's design made it incapable of seeing the correct frictional mechanism vis à vis pedestrian-generated friction, the force plate saw the same incorrect model. This paper summarizes the procedures used and continues the analysis of the workshop data, aggregating it by test condition.
The Effect of Footwear Midsole Hardness and Thickness on Proprioception and Stability in Older Men
Authors: Waked E , Robbins S , McClaran J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Support surface interface (footwear, flooring systems, etc), thickness, and hardness strongly influence stability in men of all ages. We hypothesize interfaces influence stability through their effect on proprioception. We tested this by means of an experiment based on a randomized, cross-over, and controlled comparison design. Footwear midsole hardness and thickness were independent variables. Dependent variables were foot position and perception of foot position, measured concurrently. Thirteen subjects were a random sample of healthy older men (mean age 72 years, sd ± 4.50). They were tested barefoot using six support surface interfaces consisting of shoes that were identical, except for midsole hardness and thickness, that spanned the respective ranges in current footwear. Measures were balance failure frequency defined as falls per 100 m of beam walking, rearfoot angle measured via an optical position measurement system, perceived maximum supination estimated by subjects via a ratio scale when walking, and foot position error, defined as rearfoot angle minus perceived maximum supination. The results demonstrated: (1) foot position awareness was positively related to stability; (2) foot position error was negatively related to support surface interface thickness; (3) foot position error was positively related to support surface interface hardness; and (4) foot position error correlated best with maximum supination. We conclude that instability induced by support surface interfaces is caused by its effect on foot position awareness. Thin hard-soled shoes provide superior stability for older men. Most currently available footwear provides poor stability because soles are too soft and thick. Since suboptimal support surface interfaces are encountered by everyone daily, they represent substantial safety hazards. Likewise, improving this situation through setting stability safety standards is a promising means of improving public safety. At the very least, the public must be informed about products imparting suboptimal stability so that they can anticipate potential problems and compensate for them without falling.
A Methodology for the Fire Resistance Testing of Structural Components at Reduced Scale
Authors: O'Connor DJ , Morris B , Silcock GWH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The full scale fire resistance test forms the basis of acceptance of structural integrity in fire. However, such tests are too expensive to provide more than a limited amount of test data of parametric significance as a means of fully exploring a width of structural responses, required for research purposes as underpinning to the formulation of design guidance.
In this paper a methodology for the fire testing of reduced-scale structural models, previously outlined in other fire engineering journals, is presented for dissemination to the wider testing community. The principles of scale modeling applied to general structural testing and the specific requirements for scaled thermal modeling are detailed. Their application to the formulation of a new model fire curve for reduced-scale modeling is defined. An initial normalized temperature distribution condition in a test specimen requires the imposition of an inverse scale incident heat flux rule and a scale squared time scale rule. The increased flux requirement can be accommodated by an enhanced temperature axis formulated by consideration of convective and radiative surface heat transfer processes. An alternative suggestion to control model test furnaces by heat flux instrumentation is also postulated.
Finally, experiences with the application of the methodology to some wide-ranging research studies on brickwork compartment walls, reinforced concrete floor slabs, and steel columns in standard fire tests are presented to illustrate different facets of the application of the methodology. Further applications to “natural” fire tests performed within the Cardington Frame program are also referenced.