bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical treatment of pediatric urolithiasis
Authors: Alon Uri S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In recent years the incidence of pediatric stone disease has increased several fold, mostly due to hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia. The goal of medical treatment is to protect the patient from formation of new stones and expansion of existing ones. The non-pharmacological means to address stone disease include high fluid intake and, frequently, modification of nutritional habits. The pharmacological treatment is based on the chemical composition of the stone and the biochemical abnormalities causing its formation; hence, chemical analysis of the stone, urine and blood is of paramount importance and should be done when the first stone is detected. This review discusses the current options of medical treatment of pediatric urolithiasis.
Neurogenic bladder: etiology and assessment
Authors: Bauer Stuart B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA review of the various causes of neurologic impairment to the lower urinary tract in children was the aim of this presentation. The emphasis was on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment that strive to maintain as normal a function as possible in order to achieve eventual urinary continence and health of the upper urinary tract. The latest principles based on the most up to date evidence are promulgated but with an eye towards historical prospective. The reader should gain an adequate understanding of various disorders that comprise this condition and feel comfortable with proposing options for management when faced with the responsibility of caring for an affected child.
Nutritional level and energetic source are determinants of elevated circulatory lipohydroperoxide concentration
Authors: Löhrke B. , Derno M. , Hammon H. , Metges C. , Melcher J. , Viergutz T. , Jentsch W. , Zühlke H. 
Published: February 2008

Dietary energetic impact on oxidative stress is incompletely understood. Therefore, effects of diets on oxidative stress were studied using a crossover block design. In Expt 1, intake of metabolizable energy (ME) was restricted orad libitum. In Expt 2, isoenergetic and isonitrogenic diets were fed, replacing carbohydrate energy by energy of fatty acids. Circulatory lipohydroperoxides (LOOH), markers of acute oxidative stress, were expressed absolutely and in terms of cholesterol or TAG levels. In Expt 1, plasma (jugularis vein) LOOH was assayed in combination with whole-body oxidative metabolism using gas exchange and heart rate (HR) during feeding periods and at rest. In Expt 2, LOOH was assayed in plasma from portal and a large udder vein and a mesenteric artery. In Expt 1, intake increased VO2, HR and LOOH following overnight fast with higher values (P < 0·05) when feeding MEad libitum. Intake of MEad libitum(3 weeks) increased cardiac protein of cytochrome oxidase and endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (P < 0·05), indicating adaptation of the heart to higher activity. Transient HR responses evoked by an antidiabetic drug (levcromakalim) revealed a linear positive correlation with relative LOOH (r20·79), supporting the relationship between oxidative metabolic rate and lipoperoxidation. Evidence for exogenous lipids as LOOH source provided the vessel-specific rise in LOOH through replacing carbohydrate ME by lipid ME (Expt 2). Thus, dietary energy level and energetic source are important for circulatory LOOH with a role of vascular activity in production of oxidant.
Nutritional anaemia dysregulates endocrine control of fetal growth
Authors: Mahajan S. , Aalinkeel R. , Shah P. , Singh S. , Kochupillai N. 
Published: February 2008

Severe anaemia is associated with increased low birth weight and Barker's hypothesis of ‘fetal origins’ proposes that a nutritional insult during critical periods of development results in adaptations that predispose individuals to adult onset diseases. We hypothesize that endocrine alterations may occur in the maternal–fetal milieu as a consequence of nutritional anaemia during pregnancy. We examined the quantitative variations in hormonal profiles in paired maternal and cord blood samples obtained from mothers and their neonates who were classified based on maternal anaemia status. Our results show that: (1) 74·6 % of the mothers enrolled in the study were anaemic, of which 85·2 % had moderate anaemia and 14·7 % had severe anaemia; (2) anthropometric parameters measured in the mothers indicate that severely anaemic mothers had a significantly low pre- and post-pregnancy weight, a significantly decreased maternal fundal height and abdominal circumference; (3) anthropometric measures in the neonates born to severely anaemic mothers show a significant reduction in ponderal index, birth weight and placental weight; (4) significant increase in both maternal, fetal insulin-like growth factor 1, ferritin levels and increased maternal erythropoietin levels were observed with an increase in severity of anaemia; (5) decreased T3and increased prolactin levels were observed in the maternal blood of severely anaemic mothers as compared with the control group. An insight into the endocrine modulation to overcome a growth disadvantage due to nutritional anaemia in pregnancy may lead to a better understanding of fetal adaptations invoked when the maternal-placental nutrient supply fails to meet the fetal nutrient demand.
Dispersion relation of degenerated electron–positron plasma in an ultra-relativistic regime
Authors: LIU S. Q. , LIAO Y. L. , LIU X. L. , XIAO Q. S. , ZHANG W. D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe dispersion relation for superluminal waves in degenerated and isotropic electron–positron plasmas is investigated. The dispersion equation of linear waves is derived from the relativistically correct form of the dielectric function and the Fermi distribution function. Analytical dispersion laws for the real part of the wave frequency are derived by applying the long-wavelength approximation and the short-wavelength approximation. Using the numerical simulation method, we obtain the full dispersion curve which cannot be given by an analytic method.
Test kinetic modelling of collisionless perpendicular shocks
Authors: MACKAY F. , MARCHAND R. , KABIN K. , LU J. Y. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTest kinetic simulation results are presented for perpendicular collisionless shocks in magnetized plasmas that are representative of the Earth's bow shock. In this approach, particle kinetics are described by tracing particle trajectories in prescribed electromagnetic fields obtained in the MHD approximation, and applying Liouville's theorem. This provides a first-order description of particle dynamics in complex systems, given approximate fields obtained with a low-level description of the plasma. The method also provides a useful consistency check in assessing the validity of approximate solutions such as those obtained in the ideal MHD approximation. Compared with the more familiar test particle approach, in which trajectories of randomly injected particles are followed in time, the present approach has the advantage of being numerically more efficient, and producing results without statistical errors.
Family history of depression is associated with younger age of onset in patients with recurrent depression
Authors: Tozzi F. , Prokopenko I. , Perry J. D. , Kennedy J. L. , McCarthy A. D. , Holsboer F. , Berrettini W. , Middleton L. T. , Chilcoat H. D. , Muglia P. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundGenetic epidemiology data suggest that younger age of onset is associated with family history (FH) of depression. The present study tested whether the presence of FH for depression or anxiety in first-degree relatives determines younger age of onset for depression.MethodA sample of 1022 cases with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) was recruited at the Max Planck Institute and at two affiliated hospitals. Patients were assessed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and questionnaires including demographics, medical history, questions on the use of alcohol and tobacco, personality traits and life events. Survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to determine whether FH of depression signals earlier age of onset of depression.ResultsPatients who reported positive FH had a significantly earlier age of onset than patients who did not report FH of depression (log-rank=48, df=1,p<0.0001). The magnitude of association of FH varies by age of onset, with the largest estimate for MDD onset before age 20 years (hazard ratio=2.2,p=0.0009), whereas FH is not associated with MDD for onset after age 50 years (hazard ratio=0.89,p=0.5). The presence of feelings of guilt, anxiety symptoms and functional impairment due to depressive symptoms appear to characterize individuals with positive FH of depression.ConclusionsFH of depression contributes to the onset of depression at a younger age and may affect the clinical features of the illness.
Isolation and in vitro culture of intramuscular pre-adipocytes from Luxi adult Yellow cattle
Authors: Rong Wan , Jian Ding , Zhen-Ming Zhou , Li-Ping Ren , Qing-Xiang Meng 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThree Luxi adult Yellow steers were used to isolate and culture intramuscular pre-adipocytes in vitro as well as to examine factors influencing their proliferation and differentiation. The intramuscular pre-adipocytes were taken from adipose tissues within muscles between the sixth and seventh rib and cultured after digestion with collagenase I. The results showed that the separated cell populations were highly homogeneous, proliferative and doubled within 62 h. When the confluent pre-adipocytes were treated with 10 μg/ml insulin and 0.25 μmol/l dexamethasone, small lipid droplets appeared on day 2 and the number of lipid droplets rapidly increased around the nuclei on day 6. Their dynamic morphological changes, growth curve, Oil Red O staining, and reaction to insulin and dexamethasone all verified their pre-adipocyte identity. Under controlled conditions, the intramuscular pre-adipocytes resumed proliferating and differentiating in vitro. Interestingly, the proportion of cultured diploid pre-adipocytes reached more than 90% after six repeated cultures. This study confirms the existence of functionally active pre-adipocytes within the muscles of Chinese adult local breed cattle. These cell strains are a potentially useful model for understanding further the mechanism of intramuscular adipose deposition in tissues, in order to improve beef quality based on Chinese local breed beef cattle.
Expression of H5N1Avian influenza virushaemagglutinin in a baculovirus expression system
Authors: Jifeng Dun , Juan Pu , Yingchun Zhou , Jinhua Liu 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe haemagglutinin (HA) gene of H5N1Avian influenza virus(AIV) was amplified from the plasmid pGEM-HA and cloned into the baculovirus transfer plasmid pFastBacHT to construct the recombinant transfer vector pFastBacHT-HA. The pFastBacHT-HA was transformed into DH10Bac competent cells, transposed with a shuttle vector (Bacmid) and the transposition rBacmid-HA was constructed. The recombinant baculovirus was harvested from sf9 cells transfected with rBacmid-HA. The expressed HA protein was identified and analysed by SDS–PAGE, Western blot and haemadsorption assay. The 66 kDa protein could only react with chicken serum positive to H5 subtype AIV. The haemadsorption assay showed that the sf9 cells infected with rBacmid-HA baculovirus could absorb chicken red blood cells. These results indicated that the HA protein was successfully expressed in sf9 cells, with reaction specificity to H5 subtype antiserum.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Geological Storage of CO2
Authors: LaForce Tara 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) is the collection of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial point sources such as power plants and its injection underground. Much of the technology necessary to capture and inject CO2 into the subsurface already exists and CCS will be an integral part of any strategy to combat anthropogenic climate change until we, as a society, are able to move away from our dependence on fossil fuels. There are three options for geological storage of CO2: deep saline aquifers, depleted oil reservoirs and unmineable coal beds. It is the purpose of this presentation to provide a general survey of each of these options. For each geological formation I review (1) The ways in which CO2 could escape into the atmosphere. (2) Current scientific knowledge and uncertainties about the behaviour of CO2 after it is underground -particularly the interactions of water, oil or gas initially present in the geological formation with injected CO2. (3) The overall advantages and disadvantages of each option in terms of technical challenges and cost.
Lupus erythematosus‐like features in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: McBurney Elizabeth I. , Hickham Patricia Rice , Garry Robert F. , Reed Richard J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract Background The development of lupus erythematosus‐like (LE‐like) features in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) has not been reported previously in the literature. Both diseases, however, have been etiologically linked to retroviruses. Objective Our purpose was to report four cases of patients with CTCL who developed LE‐like features during the course of their disease, and to evaluate for evidence of antibodies to retroviruses in the sera of these patients. Patients Four patients with biopsy‐proven CTCL with clinical or histologic features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated for clinical and laboratory criteria for SLE. Only one patient demonstrated four American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria sufficient for the diagnosis of SLE. The remaining three patients demonstrated one or two criteria for SLE. In addition, the sera of these patients were examined by Western blot analysis for evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV‐I), human T‐cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV‐I), or human intracisternal A‐type particle type I (HIAP‐I) retroviral proteins. Each patient demonstrated antibodies to some of the retroviral proteins examined. The sera of two patients reacted to proteins for HIAP‐I, and the sera of two patients reacted to p24 gag proteins of HIV‐I. No patient reacted to HTLV‐I proteins. Conclusions Our report identifies four patients with CTCL who developed LE‐like features during the course of their disease. Although the etiology of CTCL and SLE has not been well established, each has been linked to retroviruses. Evidence of antibodies to retroviral proteins was identified in each of our patients by Western blot analysis. Although the clinical and laboratory findings in these cases do not resolve the etiologic role of retroviruses in CTCL or SLE, they suggest that retroviruses may have a role in the pathogenesis of the clinical phenomenon reported in these four patients.
Regionalisation of Innovation Policies and New University–Industry Links in Japan: Policy Review and New Trends
Authors: Kitagawa Fumi , Woolgar Lee 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This paper examines developments in the governance of science and innovation in Japan, with a particular focus on the recent ‘regionalisation’ of innovation policies and policy support for new university–industry linkages. The paper charts the emergence of national funding programmes, greater institutional autonomy and the promotion of regional diversity. The paper presents two case studies to show how different regions have responded to the policy initiatives. The research suggests that there has been some movement towards regional diversity and the emergence of nascent regional innovation systems. However, questions remain as to the development and potential of truly regional governance structures for science and technology and the role of universities.
First Report of Sawadaea tulasnei Powdery Mildew of Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) in Wisconsin
Authors: Hudelson B. , Smith D. , Stanosz G. , Hanson M. 
Published: February 2008

Leaves affected by powdery mildew were collected from a Norway maple tree in early October 2007 in Beaver Dam, WI (Dodge County). Diseased leaves were present throughout the crown of this tree, with white mycelium in irregular and often vein-associated spots and often covering as much as 50% of the upper surfaces of leaves. Examination of the lower surfaces revealed necrosis of the areas underlying mycelium. Blades of samaras also bore white mycelium. Chasmothecia were present singly or in groups on the mycelium. Morphology of chasmothecia, including simple and bifid appendages with uncinate to circinate apices, was sufficient to identify the pathogen to the genus Sawadaea (1). Data for nuclear rDNA ITS sequence (546 bp) obtained for a specimen (GenBank Accession No. EU247884) exactly matched sequences for Sawadea tulasnei (GenBank Accession Nos. AB 193363, 478 bp; AB193385, 490 bp; AB193390 and AB193391, 546 bp). This data was 96% similar (528 of 552 nucleotides) to that of another European powdery mildew pathogen, S. bicornis (GenBank Accession No. AB193380), which is also reported to occur on maples in Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin (2,3). A further survey revealed the same fungus on several additional nearby Norway maples along streets and in yards (including varieties with both darkly colored and variegated leaves), but on these trees very few leaves were affected and usually less than 5% of the upper leaf surfaces bore mycelium. This pathogen was not observed on leaves of either red (A. rubrum) or silver maples (A. saccharinum) examined in the same area. S. tulasnei was previously known in North America only by collections in New York, Ohio, and Montreal, Canada (4), but our observation indicates that the geographic distribution of this pathogen is probably much broader and overlaps with that of S. bicornis. Specimens from Beaver Dam, WI have been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 878273). References: (1) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena-Stuttgart, New York, 1995. (2) C. Nischwitz and G. Newcombe. Plant Dis. 87:451, 2003. (3) G. Stanosz et al. Plant Dis. 91:636, 2007. (4) J. Weiland and G. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:830, 2006.
Respiratory protection during high‐fidelity simulated resuscitation of casualties contaminated with chemical warfare agents*
Authors: Schumacher J. , Runte J. , Brinker A. , Prior K. , Heringlake M. , Eichler W. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEmergency room personnel are threatened by secondary poisoning when treating victims affected by chemical warfare agents. Therefore, resuscitation skills practised with respiratory protection equipment in place require evaluation. We investigated the influence of wearing air‐purifying respirators on the simulated resuscitation of chemical warfare agent casualties. We studied 22 anaesthetic trainees in a simulated resuscitation scenario requiring five set tasks, either unprotected, wearing a binocular visor respirator or a panoramic visor respirator in a randomised, crossover study. Treatment times did not differ between the three groups, with mean (SD) times to complete the tasks being 122 (8) s without a mask, 126 (7) s when wearing the panoramic visor mask and 129 (8) s when wearing the binocular respirator mask. All anaesthetists preferred the panoramic visor in terms of visual orientation but 88% of them rated the binocular mask as being more comfortable. Modern respirators have a negligible effect on simulated resuscitation scenarios for victims affected by chemical warfare agents. Panoramic visor respirators allow better visual orientation for anaesthetists during simulated resuscitation.
Cigarette smoking and the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation
Authors: Cuvas O. , Er A. , Ikeda O. C. , Dikmen B. , Basar H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis study investigated the effects of smoking and gender on the haemodynamic response after tracheal intubation. Patients were assigned to one of four groups: female non‐smokers, female smokers, male non‐smokers and male smokers. After tracheal intubation, the highest mean (SD) increase in heart rate (30 (18) %) and rate–pressure product (40 (29) %) was seen in male smokers. The increases in heart rate and rate–pressure product in male smokers were significantly greater than those in female non‐smokers, p < 0.05. The increase in rate–pressure product was significantly greater in male smokers than in male non‐smokers, p = 0.022.
Pulmonary elimination rate of inhaled 99mTc‐sestamibi radioaerosol is delayed in healthy cigarette smokers
Authors: Ruparelia Prina , Cheow Heok K. , Evans John W. , Banney Leith , Shankar Sonal , Szczepura Katherine R. , Swift Anna E. , Ballinger James R. , Hartman Neil G. , Chilvers Edwin R. , Peters A. Michael 
Published: February 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Very little is known about the physiology of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression in the lungs.• Ex vivo evidence based on resected lung tissue suggests that pulmonary P‐gp is upregulated by cigarette smoke, but there are no in vivo studies to date. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The novel observation that healthy cigarette smokers have a delayed pulmonary elimination rate of inhaled 99mTc‐sestamibi, a P‐gp substrate, provides for the first time a potential method for quantifying functional pulmonary P‐gp expression that may inform about drug therapy by inhalation as well as provide a non‐invasive, quantitative, human biomarker for assessing P‐gp modulators.AIM To explore inhaled technetium‐99m‐labelled hexakis‐methoxy‐isobutyl isonitrile (99mTc‐sestamibi) for quantifying pulmonary P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression.METHODS The elimination rate from the lungs of 99mTc‐sestamibi was recorded scintigraphically for 30 min following inhalation as an aerosol in healthy smokers, nonsmokers and patients with lung disease.RESULTS 99mTc‐sestamibi elimination rates [% min−1 (SD; P vs. healthy nonsmokers)] were: healthy nonsmokers, 0.43 (0.083); healthy smokers, 0.19 (0.056; P < 0.001); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, 0.26 (0.077; P < 0.001). Elimination rates in three patients with interstitial lung disease were not accelerated.CONCLUSION Cigarette smoke upregulates lung P‐gp. 99mTc‐sestamibi elimination in normal smokers could be used to test new P‐gp modulators. The findings also have implications for inhaled drug delivery.