bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Effort Enables Repair of Prolific Gas Well With Solid Expandable Chrome Liner
Authors: York Patrick 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A prolific gas-condensate well in the Caspian Sea was forced to shut in due to a leak in a premium connection of the 7 in. production tubing resulting in loss of well integrity. Immediate repair was required to re-establish production. An expandable tubing patch (solid expandable cased-hole liner) was selected to provide a high-pressure, gas-tight, and potentially long-term repair of the leak while minimizing the loss of wellbore internal diameter (ID). In a very short time frame, engineering teams successfully collaborated to design, manufacture, and qualify the expandable tubing patch to a V0 (zero-bubble acceptance criterion) test protocol.
The tubing patch was successfully installed without killing the well using a single downhole barrier and a snubbing unit. The well was returned to production in May 2007, and has been on continuous production without any evidence of a re-occurrence of the tubing leak. This paper will review the well engineering, design engineering, qualification testing, QA/QC, and operational installation planning. Close teamwork between the end user and the expandable provider resulted in the successful repair of the well and allowed the operator to progress the return of the well to service.

Introduction
The Shah Deniz field, confirmed in 1999, is a giant high-pressure gas condensate field containing approximately 30 TCF of gas and a significant amount of condensate offshore Azerbaijan in the Caspian Sea (Figure 1). Shah Deniz Stage 1 sanctioned 12 wells with further development planned in the field with a life estimated to more than 30 years. Well conditions are near HPHT with a reservoir pressure of 12,500 psi at 20,000 ft (~6,100m) TVD and a static reservoir temperature of 212°F. Drilling and production occur from the Shah Deniz Alpha (SDA) platform in water depth ~330 ft (~100m) (Figure 2). Licensees and subsequent interests in the Shah Deniz Exploration, Development, and Production Sharing Agreement (EDPSA) include the following:BP, operator - 25.5%StatoilHydro - 25.5%State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) - 10%LUKoil - 10%Nico - 10%Total - 10%TPAO - 9%
Wells producing from the Shah Deniz field are among the most prolific in BP's global portfolio. As such, the integrity of these wells is essential to the company's strategy for exporting gas from the Caspian Sea.
The Greater Plutonio FPSO: Mixed Contracting Strategies to Optimize Delivery
Authors: Stewart Graeme 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Large scale integrated projects are becoming increasingly common across the industry, requiring a complex series of multiple activities to be co-ordinated to reach a successful conclusion. Development of the Greater Plutonio project in Angola Block 18 required the construction of a world scale FPSO, similar to those used in other developments offshore Angola. Typically, similar projects have adopted an EPCI contracting strategy, where the FPSO is designed, constructed, installed, and commissioned under a single lump sum contract.
During the early stages of the Greater Plutonio project development, it became apparent that there were some potential disadvantages in this approach. In a number of cases, the design contractor who had been involved in the front end engineering design was not part of the successful bidding consortium, leading to a change of designer and associated rework. Additionally, there are a very limited number of companies capable of bidding and winning large scale, fully integrated FPSO contracts. At the time of bidding for the Greater Plutonio, a number of these companies were fully occupied in other oil industry work, which would have led to an uncompetitive bidding situation.
This paper describes how a different approach was used for the Greater Plutonio FPSO, unbundling the contracts into smaller packages which were tendered and awarded separately, which delivered a successful outcome.
Emerging Geophysical Technologies: Is Planting and Re-Planting of Nodes in a 4C-4D Scenario the Optimum and Most Cost-Effective Solution for Field Reservoir Monitoring?
Authors: Berg Eivind , Vuillermoz Claude , Woje Geir , Ekmann Gunnar 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Seabed data acquisition methods offer numerous advantages over towed streamer data. These advantages can lead to improved static and dynamic reservoir characterization. By recording complete vector field data at the sea floor with full azimuth acquisition improved shallow resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, spectral content, deep imaging and 3D illumination can be achieved. Also in the presence of obstacles such as production facilities a regular coverage can be assured.
Autonomous node technology has been developed to a fully commercial system. It has demonstrated improved imaging of complex reservoir with both pressure (PP) and converted shear (PS) with stable and consistent measurements achieved by very well planted nodes into the sea floor and full azimuth acquisition with densely sampled shots.
It has been experienced that the background response from well planted nodes can be repeated in a 4C-4D scenario when the coupling conditions are the same. The vector fidelity in the node system will secure this behavior. In addition, the accurate positioning and re-positioning of the nodes under realistic water depth ranges gives positioning accuracy close to permanently buried cable systems. An experiment performed on the Volve field in the North Sea with pairs of nodes planted side by side clearly confirmed the high degree of stability in the coupling and the repeatability of the measurements from all components. At 100 m water depth all the planted nodes were within a short radius around the pre-plot position.
A cost sensitivity study of different 4C-4D node scenarios depending of field size, water depths and node spacing indicates that, for larger field sizes (300-600km2 receiver coverage), the alternative use of nodes could be significantly more cost effective than permanently buried cable systems. Moreover, there are advantages linked to the acquisition geometry, operation, zero equipment life time risk and low initial investment.

Introduction
Marine seismic exploration and reservoir imaging have been through numerous stages of adjustments and improvements. Towed streamer surveys from 2D to 3D and now to 4D dominate the offshore seismic survey with a well established technology which remains the most common acquisition with narrow azimuth coverage. New techniques such as " single sensor recording?? (Egan et al, 2005), " over-under?? (Singh et al, 1996) and " wide azimuth?? (Campbell et al, 2002) have recently delivered impressive results. These techniques have raised the cost and complexity to more traditionally " simple?? towed streamer operations.
Collaboration for EPC of Offshore Structures
Authors: Shin Hyun-Soo , Sim Woo-Seung , Moon Joong Soo , Yoon K.Y. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Korean shipyards have been leading the construction of newbuilt offshore structures in the last 10 years. HHI (Hyundai Heavy Industries Co.) is one of major EPC contractors and has successfully built several FPSOs, drilling rigs and FPUs intended for worldwide operation. HHI has established a strong reputation in construction as the world leading shipbuilding yard and has highly experienced workforce. Numerous novel methods enhancing HHI's competitiveness were employed in its recent endeavors. They include new construction methods (Ground Build Method), work on new technologies in collaboration with external research entities and participation in JIPs; the recent one focused on nonlinear impact fluid forces due to slamming, green water and viscous roll damping.
HHI is also well established in the area of hull design for offshore industry. It has recently designed fatigue free FPSO using FMS (Fatigue Methodology Specification) co-developed by EMDC and DNV.
HHI can respond with high degree of flexibility to client's needs as it owns extensive facilities (several dry docks) and has mastered effective project management methods. This paper summarizes the recent successful offshore projects from the perspective of accomplishment through collaboration.

Introduction
From the last decade, Korean shipyards have been at a No. 1 position in newbuilt FPSO market. As presented in Table 1, Korean shipyards had 16% and 9% share of FPSO hull and topside fabrication market respectively until 2007[1][2][3].
Navigational Aids in Offshore Operations (With Particular Reference to the European Area)
Authors: Holloway Douglas R. 
Published: October 2008

1. Introduction
The history of the North Sea oil and gas fields is now too well known for detailed comment but it is worthy of note that it is still not ten years old and developing at an ever increasing pace. There are already signs that the areas of intensive exploration to be followed by production are extending from the North Sea into areas west of the Shetlands, and through the Irish Sea into the area of the Bristol Channel commonly known as the 'Celtic Sea'. European nations, almost without exception are participating in this frenzy of activity, aided and abetted by their United States colleagues who have such a tremendous wealth of experience.
This concentration of international effort implies a rapid growth of traffic and potential obstructions in this area which means in turn that reliable and effective aids to navigation are absolutely essential on both fixed structures and moving vessels. The purpose of this paper is to describe in some detail the factors influencing the choice and design of such aids to navigation and to illustrate ways in which these problems have been and are being solved.
As the greater proportion of this work is going on in the British Sector, most of the information in this paper is related to that area but the technical aspects are common throughout the whole of the North Sea.

2. Brief History and Background
The North Sea is a continental shelf area of something like 200,000 square miles in extent surrounded almost completely by a number of nations. Interest in the possibility of hydro-carbon deposits in this continental shelf was stimulated by the gas discoveries in Holland in the late 1950's, and this was followed by the Geneva Convention of the early 1960's which was an international agreement concerned with the methods of dividing up national responsibilities for continental shelf areas. The basis of the sub division of the area is the so called Median line which is the locus of a point moving equi-distant from the nearest base line of each state. The allocation of responsibility is shown in Figure 1 by the continuous lines. Britain is fortunate in receiving approximately half of the total acreage but Germany fares very badly. Norway is rather a special case because of the Norwegian trench just offshore which has depths of the order of 2000 feet as compared with the average depth in the North Sea ranging from 300 to 600 feet in the North and 100 feet over the Dogger Bank.
Starting in 1964 the countries concerned began to award licences for exploration and development at an ever increasing rate and at the time of writing this paper there are approximately 75 groups of oil companies and associated concerns engaged in either exploration or production in the North Sea. The number of licences being operated by these groups totals 675.
An Assay of Marine Mineral Resources In Massachusetts Bay
Authors: Lassiter J.B. , Soden James E. , Powers Robert B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A probabilistic model for estimating the volume of sand and gravel resources in an offshore area has been developed. This model has been applied to the analysis of core and grab sample data taken along the western margin of Massachusetts Bay. Through the use of Bayesian and classical statistical techniques, expected volumes of sand and gravel have been calculated for specified subdivisions of the western Massachusetts Bay offshore area. These probabilistic estimates are compared with other available estimates for the region. Problems and prospects in applying this type of modeling to offshore mining are discussed.

Introduction
For some years, proponents of operations research have proposed the use of probabilistic modeling in the exploration for and development of mineral resources. These techniques have met with some limited success in both the petroleum and hard rock mining industries. However, the most widely used method for estimating the volume of extractable resource associated with a specific deposit is what we might call the "educated trapezoidal rule". In other words, the geologist and mining engineer gather the available data, delineate the deposit, estimate the spatial distribution in grading, and then calculate the implied volume of extractable resource as a function of market price. The "educated trapezoidal rule" is the implicit application of the subjective judgment of the people involved coupled with the objective information available. In this paper, we will develop a probabilistic model for determining the volume of economically extractable sand and gravel from an offshore region. We will apply this model to a relatively well-known offshore region and compare the model estimates with those from other available sources. In doing this, we will not attempt a complete economic analysis, but rather will restrict ourselves to the first question which the geologist must answer, namely: how much recoverable sand and gravel of a specified grade is located in a specific area?
In the development of the model, the western margin of Massachusetts Bay was chosen as an offshore region which could serve as the baseline against which model predictions could be measured. A number of individuals such as Emery (1965), Schlee (1968), and Manheim (1972) had pointed out the presence of significant sand and gravel deposits near major northeastern metropolitan areas, among them Boston. Extensive studies by the staffs of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Division of Mineral Resources of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had resulted in a large amount of physical and subjective data with which to compare our model. In addition, the prospect of a New England Offshore Mining and Environmental Study (NOMES) in the area had incited considerable public debate on 'the topic of sand and gravel deposits in western Massachusetts Bay. with these factors in mind, we chose this area for our comparative baseline.
Ocean Engineering Educational Program
Authors: Herbich John B. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The results of two surveys led to recommendations regarding undergraduate and graduate programs in ocean engineering. The first survey consisted of interviews with marine-oriented industry, state and federal governments and NOAA Sea-Grant Program representatives. The second survey was based on a questionnaire sent to educators in leading engineering schools to determine the type and content of ocean engineering courses offered, or planned.
The need for both undergraduate and graduate programs in ocean engineering was evident from the first survey and the extent of courses or programs in this field was determined from the second survey.
Basic engineering as well as applied courses are discussed for the undergraduate program. A "core" program covering ocean environment, material behavior, human factors, communications in the ocean, operation and instrumentation is recommended. The "core" program should be followed by applications in many areas of ocean engineering which should involve such courses as coastal engineering, marine soils and foundations, ocean structures, coastal sediment processes, estuary and harbor hydrodynamics, shallow and deep ocean dredging, ocean instrumentation, corrosion in ocean environment, marine transportation systems, etc.
The nature of the programs as well as their relation to existing disciplines is discussed. Existing programs are reviewed and summarized. Research plays an important part in graduate programs.

INTRODUCTION
A great deal of interest, both public and private, has been shown in recent years in activities related to the usage and development of estuaries, coastal areas, offshore and deep ocean locations.
Only the oceans can meet the increasing demands for protein, power generation, minerals and fresh water. Anyone of these requirements would require a major and accelerated effort and each will require engineering in the ocean or ocean engineering.
Much is being said and written about the subject of Ocean Engineering. In the absence of a definition of the term, continued discussion is adding to the confusion concerning its proper scope.
New educational programs are emerging with the objective of satisfying the need for engineers especially trained to meet the technological problems of the ocean. While flexibility in program development has merit, it would seem important to determine 1f there is same mint with respect to the goals of Ocean nearing education.
A Mud Density Analysis for Floating Drilling Operations In Wildcat Areas
Authors: Bolt Donald  B. , Bercegeay E. Paul 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
A new detailed analysis of floating drilling operations to determine the proper mud densities required for sub sea wildcat wells leads to the development of an equation for calculating fracture gradients in open hole below the first casing string. The effect of penetration rates and the resulting cuttings load on mud density is discussed. The penetration rate is related to fracture gradient in an equation derived for this section of the hole.
Because mud density requirements change instantaneously when the riser is removed to run casing, an equation has been derived to calculate the mud density required to keep the mud column pressure constant in the drilled hole prior to and after riser removal. The procedure presented will prevent a well kick when the riser is removed.
Kicks can seldom be contained without fracturing the formation while drilling the surface pipe hole; therefore, the heaviest mud density possible should be considered to allow high pressured zones to be drilled with maximum safety.
The mathematical analyses regarding kick tolerances and mud density are given using actual drilling conditions which indicates that sometimes a gas kick cannot be taken and contained without fracturing the formation at the last casing shoe. Therefore, depending on the kick tolerance the lowest or highest possible mud densities should be considered in preference to normal densities.

INTRODUCTION
Throughout oilfield history man hasdrilled wildcat wells. The first wells were drilled without regard for the mud densities required to safely seek total depth. Many times this resulted in loss of control of the well.
Drillers hypothesized that wells could be controlled if mud densities exerted pressures that were equal to or greater than formation pressures. This theory was valid; however, in most cases formation pressures were unknown until the formations were penetrated.
Hence, well control loss still occurred but less frequently. Some drillers thought that blowouts could be entirely eliminated if high mud densities were used. Drillers sometimes used such high mud densities that weak formations were fractured causing whole mud to flow into these zones. Drillers found that lost returns could be prevented by placing casing in the hole and cementing the casing-hole annulus thus isolating formations behind the pipe from the hole drilled below the casing.
Hydrospheric Navigation and Positioning in Survey Missions where Navaids are Lean and Far Off
Authors: Sender Friedhelm 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
So far it is of little help for a survey navigator, that in the 80's satellite navigation systems on worldwide base will allow fixes continously in real time with an accuracy of ten to hundred feet.
Instead he has to cope with existing facilities still for several years. Especially on the southern hemisphere groundbased radio-navaids are rare and the Transit-Satellite-System allows its lowest sporadic fix frequency in the equatorian region.
This paper will present a survey of methods how presently available navaids maybe exploited to achieve optimal navigation and positioning results as they are needed for research-vessels in areas not covered by accurate radionavigation facilities.
Methods for improvement of groundbased radionavigation systems are discussed for exploitation of existing facilities beyond their normally useable range and to set up own navigational buoys at deep sea to obtain a continous real time position information.

INTRODUCTION
A considerable number of radionavigation systems and devices are scattered throughout the radiofrequency spectrum. The casual observer or even the scientist who has studied a particular system in depth may wonder why so many frequency assignments for navigation exist. The choice of frequency which basically defines the wave propagation mode is far from arbitrary, e.g. the particular requirement' for very long range navigation is met only by few propagation modes.
Accuracy of any system IS Inverse proportional to distance. This applies more severely to systems with complex wave propagation. It means that obtainable accuracy for very long range systems is largely an academic matter. In cases, where is no other choice even low accuracy "back Up" systems may be of enormous value also when the uncertainly is one mile or more.
There are only few radionavigation aids, which are useable for very long range operation. The most important are:Loran C, Omega and the Navy VLF Communication and Navigation Systems. Using these facilities the user has normally no influence to improvements of the transmitter systems. The only thing he can do is to evaluate his receiving and data handling equipment to harvest the full potential of obtainable information.If the user really needs more accurate information, he may obtain it by employing his own deep-sea navigational buoys for active and differential navigation.

Radio Propagation in General
Normally radio propagation is straightforward like visible light. This fact would make long range navigation along the earth surface impossible unless transmitter and receiver are elevated over the horizon. Beyond the horizon transmissions are feasible by four propagation modes.