bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit and explicit attitudes respond differently to increasing amounts of counterattitudinal information
Authors: Rydell Robert J. , McConnell Allen R. , Strain Laura M. , Claypool Heather M. , Hugenberg Kurt 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis research examined the processes by which explicit and implicit attitudes changed to systematically differing levels of counterattitudinal (CA) information. Explicit attitudes changed quickly in response to relatively small amounts of CA information, reflecting rule‐based reasoning. On the other hand, implicit attitudes changed more slowly in the face of CA information, reflecting the progressive accretion of evaluation‐attitude object pairings. Thus, explicit attitudes were extremely malleable and changed quickly when CA information was presented, however, implicit attitudes revealed a slow, linear change trajectory resulting from the on‐going accrual of information about the attitude object. Implications for the processes underlying implicit and explicit attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary electrophoresis with a UV light‐emitting diode source for chemical monitoring of native and derivatized fluorescent compounds
Authors: Hapuarachchi Suminda , Janaway Gordon A. , Aspinwall Craig A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report the utilization of a high power UV light‐emitting diode for fluorescence detection (UV‐LED‐IF) in CE separations. CE‐UV‐LED‐IF allows analysis of a range of environmentally and biologically important compounds, including PAHs and biogenic amines, including neurotransmitters, amino acids, proteins, and peptides, that have been derivatized with UV‐excited fluorogenic labels, e.g., o‐phthalic dicarboxaldehyde/β‐mercaptoethanol (OPA/β‐ME). The 365 nm UV‐LED was used as a stable, low cost source for detection of UV‐excited fluorescent compounds. UV‐LED‐IF was used with both zonal CE separations and MEKC. Native fluorescence detection of PAHs was accomplished with detection limits ranging from 10 nM to 1.3 µM. Detection limits for OPA/β‐ME‐labeled glutamic acid and aspartic acid were 11 and 10 nM, respectively, for off‐line labeling, and 47 and 47 nM, respectively, for on‐line labeling, comparable to UV‐laser‐based systems. Analysis of OPA/β‐ME‐labeled proteins and peptides was performed with 28 and 47 nM detection limits for BSA and myoglobin, respectively.
Modeling annual rainfall: a robust maximum likelihood approach
Authors: Haddad John N. , Nimah Musa N. , Farajallah Nadim 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLet { Xt} be a zero mean, Gaussian, autoregressive process of order one with parameter α. For a realization (X1,X2,…,Xn)′ of { Xt}, we consider the transformation Yt = Xt/Xt−1, for t = 2,…, n. Then the likelihood function of (Y2,…, Yn) can be derived and is shown to be independent of the parameter σ2. Now, maximum likelihood estimator for α is derived and interval estimates are then computed and used to determine the influence of each data point. Finally, a direct application to precipitation data will be given for illustration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintaining the power balance in an ‘empty network’
Authors: Reza M. , Dominguez A. O. , Schavemaker P. H. , Kling W. L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the concept of an ‘empty network’ and shows how the power balance can be maintained in such a system. In this study, an ‘empty network’ is defined as a power system in which no rotating mass is present; all generators are grid‐connected via power electronic interfaces. One generator creates a neat 50 Hz voltage that serves as a frequency reference for the other generators. Consequently, a power unbalance cannot be detected in the classical way, as an altered system frequency. Therefore, in this paper, voltage deviations are used to detect the power unbalances. Simple test systems that consist of 1, 2 and 3 buses are applied on a real time digital simulator (RTDS). A load jump is simulated to cause a power unbalance in the system. The study shows that by using voltage deviations as control signals, the power balance can be maintained in an empty network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving viscoelastic free surface flows of a second‐order fluid using a marker‐and‐cell approach
Authors: Tomé M. F. , Doricio J. L. , Castelo A. , Cuminato J. A. , McKee S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis work is concerned with the numerical simulation of two‐dimensional viscoelastic free surface flows of a second‐order fluid. The governing equations are solved by a finite difference technique based on the marker‐and‐cell philosophy. A staggered grid is employed and marker particles are used to represent the fluid free surface. Full details for the approximation of the free surface stress conditions are given. The resultant code is validated and convergence is demonstrated. Numerical simulations of the extrudate swell and flow through a planar 4:1 contraction for various values of the Deborah number are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A higher‐order Boussinesq‐type model with moving bottom boundary: applications to submarine landslide tsunami waves
Authors: Ataie‐Ashtiani B. , Najafi Jilani A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA two‐dimensional depth‐integrated numerical model is developed using a fourth‐order Boussinesq approximation for an arbitrary time‐variable bottom boundary and is applied for submarine‐landslide‐generated waves. The mathematical formulation of model is an extension of (4,4) Padé approximant for moving bottom boundary. The mathematical formulations are derived based on a higher‐order perturbation analysis using the expanded form of velocity components. A sixth‐order multi‐step finite difference method is applied for spatial discretization and a sixth‐order Runge–Kutta method is applied for temporal discretization of the higher‐order depth‐integrated governing equations and boundary conditions. The present model is validated using available three‐dimensional experimental data and a good agreement is obtained. Moreover, the present higher‐order model is compared with fully potential three‐dimensional models as well as Boussinesq‐type multi‐layer models in several cases and the differences are discussed. The high accuracy of the present numerical model in considering the nonlinearity effects and frequency dispersion of waves is proven particularly for waves generated in intermediate and deeper water area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing analytical and numerical solution of nonlinear two and three‐dimensional hydrostatic flows
Authors: Casulli Vincenzo , Zanolli Paola 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNew test cases for frictionless, three‐dimensional hydrostatic flows have been derived from some known analytical solutions of the two‐dimensional shallow water equations. The flow domain is a paraboloid of revolution and the flow is determined by the initial conditions, the nonlinear advective terms, the Coriolis acceleration and by the hydrostatic pressure. Wetting and drying is also included.Some specific properties of the exact solutions are discussed under different hypothesis and relative importance of the forcing terms. These solutions are proposed for testing the stability, the accuracy and the efficiency of numerical models to be used for simulating environmental hydrostatic flows.The computed solutions obtained with a semi‐implicit finite difference—finite volume algorithm on unstructured grid are compared with the corresponding analytical solutions in both two and three space dimension. Excellent agreement are obtained for the velocity and for the resulting water surface elevation. Comparison of the computed inundation area also shows a good agreement with the analytical solution with degrading accuracy observed when the inundation area becomes relatively large and for long simulation time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative stress scale, a useful instrument to identify various aspects of carer burden in dementia?
Authors: Ulstein Ingun , Bruun Wyller Torgeir , Engedal Knut 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify carer and patient characteristics associated with various aspects of burden of care.MethodThe burden on 196 carers, each caring for one patient with dementia, was rated by means of the Relative Stress Scale (RSS). Patients were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).ResultsFactor analysis of the RSS resulted in three subgroups: ‘emotional distress’, ‘social distress’ and ‘negative feelings’. The total NPI score contributed to the explanation of the RSS total score and the three RSS subgroup scores with an explanatory power of 37% for total RSS, 34% for emotional distress, 27% for social distress and 20% for negative feelings. In multiple regression analysis, total NPI, DAD%, the carer being a wife and the hours spent caring per week, contributed to the explanation of total RSS with an explanatory power of 48%. Total NPI, the carer being a female and the hours spent caring, explained 38% of the variance in ‘emotional distress’. Total NPI, the DAD%‐score, contact with the patient on a daily basis and the hours spent caring, explained ‘social distress’ (49%). ‘Negative feelings’ were associated with total NPI, younger patients and the carer being a wife (27%).ConclusionsThe RSS offers an opportunity to differentiate between different patterns of distress. This facilitates the creation of tailored intervention to reduce the strain of caring. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Old age mental health services in England: implementing the National Service Framework for Older People
Authors: Tucker Sue , Baldwin Robert , Hughes Jane , Benbow Susan , Barker Andrew , Burns Alistair , Challis David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is much variation in the services provided for older people with mental health problems. In England, the National Service Framework for Older People (NSFOP) sought to address these inconsistencies and improve care. This study describes the situation three years after its publication.MethodsA postal survey of old age psychiatrists collected data on the NSFOP mental health model: the range of specialist mental health provision, the nature of the specialist:generic service interface and the degree of interdisciplinary/interagency working.ResultsThree hundred and eighteen (72%) consultants responded. Considerable differences existed in the deployment of key professionals within community teams, with more than a third lacking ring‐fenced social work time. Few services had dedicated rehabilitation beds and nearly a third lacked separate facilities for people with organic and functional illnesses. Increasing numbers of consultants had access to a memory clinic and there was some suggestion that liaison services were developing, but little indication of increased support for care homes. Several services had yet to agree protocols with primary care, or to implement measures promoting effective information‐sharing and integrated care, and there was little evidence that the introduction of the Single Assessment Process (SAP) had significantly changed practice. Although just over half of consultants reported that mental health services were improving, less than a quarter considered community provision adequate.ConclusionsThree years after the publication of the NSFOP there remained significant gaps in services for older people with mental health problems and substantial variation in provision between districts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, structure, and transition metal complexes of amphiphilic 1,5‐diaza‐3,7‐diphosphacyclooctanes
Authors: Karasik Andrey A. , Naumov Roman N. , Balueva Anna S. , Spiridonova Yulia S. , Golodkov Oleg N. , Novikova Helen V. , Belov Gennadii P. , Katsyuba Sergey A. , Vandyukova Elena E. , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Sinyashin Oleg G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAmphiphilic 1,5‐diaza‐3,7‐diphosphacyclooctanes have been synthesized by condensation of hydrophobic primary arylphosphines, formaldehyde, and functionalized hydrophilic primary arylamines (5‐aminoisophthalic acid and the sodium salt of sulfanilic acid). These compounds readily form P,P‐chelate complexes with [PtCl2(cod)], which are stable in water. The catalytic activity of palladium catalysts with 1,5‐diaza‐3,7‐diphosphacyclooctane ligands was studied in the copolymerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:499–513, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20272
Monosodiumoxyorganoalkoxysilanes: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Rebrov E. A. , Muzafarov A. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe reaction of organoalkoxysilanes with sodium hydroxide was studied in detail. Studies indicate that this reaction involves more than one stage and involves rather complex multistep process, which leads to the formation of both monosodiumoxyorganoalkoxysilanes (MSOAS) and several secondary products. Analysis of experimental evidence makes it possible to advance the mechanism behind this phenomenon and to define the optimum conditions for the preparation of pure MSOAS with high yields. Different MSOAS were synthesized and their basic physicochemical properties were studied. MSOAS are shown to constitute multifunctional reagents with chemically independent functional groups, and their reaction with trimethylchlorosilane selectively proceeds via ONa groups, whereas their interaction with triethylesilanol and higher alcohols proceeds exclusively via OAlk groups. Exchange interaction between MSOAS and organoalkoxysilanes via ONa and OAlk groups was found and studied in detail. Temperature corresponding to the onset of thermal degradation of MSOAS was estimated to be equal to ∼180–190°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:514–541, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20280
Outcome of craniofacial resection in patients 70 years of age and older
Authors: Ganly Ian , Gross Neil D. , Patel Snehal G. , Bilsky Mark H. , Shah Jatin P. , Kraus Dennis H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundCraniofacial resection (CFR) for patients over 70 years of age is uncommon. This study examines a cohort of 36 patients who had CFR at a single institution with the aim of reporting mortality, complications, and outcome.MethodsThirty‐six patients 70 years of age and older were identified from a prospective database of 234 patients who had CFR at a single institution. The median age was 72 years (range, 70–87). Seventeen (47%) patients had had prior single‐modality or combined treatment, which included surgery in 14 (40%), radiation in 13 (36%), and chemotherapy in 2 (6%). Thirty‐five patients had a malignant tumor and 1 patient a benign tumor; 15 (42%) had high‐grade, 17 (47%) intermediate‐grade, and 4 (11%) low‐grade pathology. The margins of resection were close or microscopically positive in 18 (50%). Adjuvant radiotherapy was given in 15 (42%) and chemotherapy in 1 (3%). Complications were classified into overall, local, central nervous system (CNS), systemic, and orbital. Overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method. Outcomes were compared with patients less than 70 years of age.ResultsPostoperative mortality occurred in 6 (17%) patients and postoperative complications occurred in 23 (64%) patients. Local wound complications occurred in 11 (30%), CNS in 12 (33%), systemic in 6 (17%), and orbital in 1 (3%). Postoperative mortality and complications were significantly higher in patients 70 years of age and older compared with patients less than 70 years of age (17% versus 1.5%, p = .0005; 64% versus 36%, p = .003, respectively). With a median follow‐up of 27 months (range, 1–237), the 3 year OS and DSS were significantly poorer than patients less than 70 years of age (OS: 53% versus 69%, p = .0004; DSS: 61% versus 70%, p = .01) due to increased medical comorbidity (53% versus 24%, p = .001) and poorer histology (high‐, intermediate‐, low‐grade histology: 42%, 47%, 11% versus 26%, 47%, 27%, p = .05, respectively) in patients over 70 years of age.ConclusionCFR in patients 70 years of age and older is associated with increased mortality, increased incidence of complications, and a poorer overall and disease‐specific 3‐year survival, compared with patients less than 70 years of age. The survival was likely due to increased medical comorbidity and adverse histology. These factors must be taken into account when considering an elderly patient for craniofacial resection. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Downregulation of the KIP family members p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 by SKP2 and the role of methylation in p57KIP2 inactivation in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Pateras Ioannis S. , Apostolopoulou Kalliopi , Koutsami Marilena , Evangelou Kostas , Tsantoulis Petros , Liloglou Triantafillos , Nikolaidis Giorgos , Sigala Fragiska , Kittas Christos , Field John K. , Kotsinas Athanassios , Gorgoulis Vassilis G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractKnowing the status of molecules involved in cell cycle control in cancer is vital for therapeutic approaches aiming at their restoration. The p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors are nodal factors controlling normal cell cycle. Their expression in normal lung raises the question whether they have a mutual exclusive or redundant role in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A comparative comprehensive analysis was performed in a series of 70 NSCLCs. The majority of cases showed significantly reduced expression of both members compared to normal counterparts. Low KIP protein levels correlated with increased proliferation, which seems to be histological subtype preponderant. At mechanistic level, degradation by SKP2 was demonstrated, in vivo and in vitro, by siRNA‐methodology, to be the most important downregulating mechanism of both KIPs in NSCLC. Decreased p57KIP2‐transcription complements the above procedure in lowering p57KIP2‐protein levels. Methylation was the main cause of decreased p57KIP2‐mRNA levels. Allelic loss and imprinting from LIT1 mRNA contribute also to decreased p57KIP2 transcription. In vitro recapitulation of the in vivo findings, in A549 lung cells (INK4A‐B(−/−)), suggested that inhibition of the SKP2‐degradation mechanism restores p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 expression. Double siRNA treatments demonstrated that each KIP is independently capable of restraining cell growth. An additional demethylation step is required for complete reconstitution of p57KIP2 expression in NSCLC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple combined floating and anchored collagen gel for enhancing mechanical strength of culture system
Authors: Harada Ichiro , Kim Sung‐Gon , Cho Chong Su , Kurosawa Hisashi , Akaike Toshihiro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this study, a simple combined method consisting of floating and anchored collagen gel in a ligament or tendon equivalent culture system was used to produce the oriented fibrils in fibroblast‐populated collagen matrices (FPCMs) during the remodeling and contraction of the collagen gel. Orientation of the collagen fibrils along single axis occurred over the whole area of the floating section and most of the fibroblasts were elongated and aligned along the oriented collagen fibrils, whereas no significant orientation of fibrils was observed in normally contracted FPCMs by the floating method. Higher elasticity and enhanced mechanical strength were obtained using our simple method compared with normally contracted floating FPCMs. The Young's modulus and the breaking point of the FPCMs were dependent on the initial cell densities. This simple method will be applied as a convenient bioreactor to study cellular processes of the fibroblasts in the tissues with highly oriented fibrils such as ligaments or tendons. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Coupled atomic charge selectivity for optimal ligand‐charge distributions at protein binding sites
Authors: Bhat Sathesh , Sulea Traian , Purisima Enrico O. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCharge optimization as a tool for both analyzing and enhancing binding electrostatics has become an attractive approach over the past few years. An interesting feature of this method for molecular design is that it provides not only the optimal charge magnitudes, but also the selectivity of a particular atomic center for its optimal charge. The current approach to compute the charge selectivity at a given atomic center of a ligand in a particular binding process is based on the binding‐energy cost incurred upon the perturbation of the optimal charge distribution by a unit charge at the given atomic center, while keeping the other atomic partial charges at their optimal values. A limitation of this method is that it does not take into account the possible concerted changes in the other atomic charges that may incur a lower energetic cost than perturbing a single charge. Here, we describe a novel approach for characterizing charge selectivity in a concerted manner, taking into account the coupling between the ligand charge centers in the binding process. We apply this novel charge selectivity measure to the celecoxib molecule, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agent binding to cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), which has been recently shown to also exhibit cross‐reactivity toward carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), to which it binds with nanomolar affinity. The uncoupled and coupled charge selectivity profiles over the atomic centers of the celecoxib ligand, binding independently to COX2 and CAII, are analyzed comparatively and rationalized with respect to available experimental data. Very different charge selectivity profiles are obtained for the uncoupled versus coupled selectivity calculations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2006
Ab initio studies on isomers of macropolyhedral borane ions [B20H18]n (n = 0, –2, –4)
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhang Mingyu , Zhao Yuanyuan , Chen Baoguo , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVarious isomers of macropolyhedral borane ions [B20H18]n (n = 0, −2, −4) are investigated by using the density functional theory methods at RB3LYP/6‐31+G* and RB3LYP/6‐31G* levels to obtain the optimized geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, electron structures, and the stability order. The calculated results show that optimized bond lengths are consistent with the available experimental values and the natural populations, taking [a2‐B20H18]4− (4) as an example, are also in agreement with NMR spectra. The calculated vibrational frequencies are all real, so all of these isomers could be stable, among which [a2‐B20H18]2− (3) and [a2‐B20H18]0 (7) are considered for the first time in this paper. On the basis of the contour maps of molecular orbitals, the delocalized characteristic of molecular orbitals and the possible redox mechanism of these ions are also discussed. Moreover, the analysis on counting of skeletal bonding electrons shows that the isomers (1)–(6) obey the electronic requirement predicted by the mno rule, whereas the newly predicted isomer (7) does not match the mno rule. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2006
Finance and development: why should causation matter?
Authors: Lawrence Peter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe discussion on the relationship between financial development and growth has swung from an initial consensus that financial development follows, or is at least inter‐related with growth, to an almost consensual belief that sustained growth follows from financial development. This paper argues that the relationship is too complex to allow for such generalised assertions. Further, the evidence brought out in contemporary and historical research to support the new consensus is flawed. New research directions need to establish which financial policies work, especially at the micro‐level, and when, and to re‐focus on the issue of the role finance can play in supporting productive investment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.