bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the mandibular condylar cartilage in human specimens of 10–15 weeks’ gestation
Authors: Mérida Velasco J. R. , Rodríguez Vázquez J. F. , De la Cuadra Blanco C. , Campos López R. , Sánchez Montesinos , Mérida Velasco J. A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study analyses some morphological and histological aspects that could have a role in the development of the condylar cartilage (CC). The specimens used were serial sections from 49 human fetuses aged 10–15 weeks. In addition, 3D reconstructions of the mandibular ramus and the CC were made from four specimens. During weeks 10–11 of development, the vascular canals (VC) appear in the CC and the intramembranous ossification process begins. At the same time, in the medial region of the CC, chondroclasts appear adjacent to the vascular invasion and to the cartilage destruction. During weeks 12–13 of development, the deepest portion of the posterolateral vascular canal is completely surrounded by the hypertrophic chondrocytes. The latter emerge with an irregular layout. During week 15 of development, the endochondral ossification of the CC begins. Our results suggest that the situation of the chondroclasts, the posterolateral vascular canal and the irregular arrangement of the hypertrophic chondrocytes may play a notable role in the development of the CC.
The developmental clock of dental enamel: a test for the periodicity of prism cross‐striations in modern humans and an evaluation of the most likely sources of error in histological studies of this kind
Authors: Antoine Daniel , Hillson Simon , Dean M. Christopher 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDental tissues contain regular microscopic structures believed to result from periodic variations in the secretion of matrix by enamel‐ and dentine‐forming cells. Counts of these structures are an important tool for reconstructing the chronology of dental development in both modern and fossil hominids. Most studies rely on the periodicity of the regular cross‐banding that occurs along the long axis of enamel prisms. These prism cross‐striations are widely thought to reflect a circadian rhythm of enamel matrix secretion and are generally regarded as representing daily increments of tissue. Previously, some researchers have argued against the circadian periodicity of these structures and questioned their use in reconstructing dental development. Here we tested the periodicity of enamel cross‐striations – and the accuracy to which they can be used – in the developing permanent dentition of five children, excavated from a 19th century crypt in London, whose age‐at‐death was independently known. The interruption of crown formation by death was used to calibrate cross‐striation counts. All five individuals produced counts that were strongly consistent with those expected from the independently known ages, taking into account the position of the neonatal line and factors of preservation. These results confirm that cross‐striations do indeed reflect a circadian rhythm in enamel matrix secretion. They further validate their use in reconstructing dental development and in determining the age‐at‐death of the remains of children whose dentitions are still forming at the time of death. Significantly they identify the most likely source of error and the common difficulties encountered in histological studies of this kind.
The fascia of the limbs and back – a review
Authors: Benjamin Mike 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough fasciae have long interested clinicians in a multitude of different clinical and paramedical disciplines, there have been few attempts to unite the ensuing diverse literature into a single review. The current article gives an anatomical perspective that extends from the gross to the molecular level. For expediency, it deals only with fascia in the limbs and back. Particular focus is directed towards deep fascia and thus consideration is given to structures such as the fascia lata, thoracolumbar fascia, plantar and palmar fascia, along with regional specializations of deep fascia such as retinacula and fibrous pulleys. However, equal emphasis is placed on general aspects of fascial structure and function, including its innervation and cellular composition. Among the many functions of fascia considered in detail are its ectoskeletal role (as a soft tissue skeleton for muscle attachments), its importance for creating osteofascial compartments for muscles, encouraging venous return in the lower limb, dissipating stress concentration at entheses and acting as a protective sheet for underlying structures. Emphasis is placed on recognizing the continuity of fascia between regions and appreciating its key role in coordinating muscular activity and acting as a body‐wide proprioceptive organ. Such considerations far outweigh the significance of viewing fascia in a regional context alone.
Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Esparza Mireia , Sjøvold Torstein , González‐José Rolando , Santos Mauro , Hernández Miquel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractQuantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non‐genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assessed the heritability of craniofacial traits, but complex patterns of correlation among traits have been disregarded. This is a pitfall as the human skull is strongly integrated. Here we reconsider the evolutionary potential of craniometric traits by assessing their heritability values as well as their patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlation using a large pedigree‐structured skull series from Hallstatt (Austria). The sample includes 355 complete adult skulls that have been analysed using 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Heritability estimates for 58 cranial linear distances were computed using maximum likelihood methods. These distances were assigned to the main functional and developmental regions of the skull. Results showed that the human skull has substantial amounts of genetic variation, and at‐test showed that there are no statistically significant differences among the heritabilities of facial, neurocranial and basal dimensions. However, skull evolvability is limited by complex patterns of genetic correlation. Phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation are consistent but do not support traditional hypotheses of integration of the human shape, showing that the classification between brachy‐ and dolicephalic skulls is not grounded on the genetic level. Here we support previous findings in the mouse cranium and provide empirical evidence that covariation between the maximum widths of the main developmental regions of the skull is the dominant factor of integration in the human skull.
Growth of segment parameters and a morphological classification for children between 15 and 36 months
Authors: Van Dam M. , Hallemans A. , Aerts P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study is part of a research program that aims at a better understanding of the influence of individual morphological differences and physical growth on development of independent walking in toddlers. As morphometric and segment inertial parameters for toddlers aged between 15 and 36 months are indispensable for the mechanical analyses inherent to this purpose, parameter data were collected. The provided dataset of morphological and segment inertial parameters is a valuable tool for locomotor biomechanical modelling. Analysis of the parameter data showed that there are substantial changes of most segment inertial parameters across body length and body mass. In addition, a classification system was developed to categorize toddlers on the basis of morphometry, reflecting the segment inertial constitution of the child. A principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to define the variance in physique between the children. PCA resulted in three newly composed variables: the ‘Axis of chubbiness’, the ‘Axis of allometric growth’ and the ‘Axis of relative limb length’. The three axes are plotted against each other, resulting in eight morphological classes. With this classification the morphotype of toddlers between 15 and 36 months can be specified and used for further research on their walking patterns.
Small animal PET for the evaluation of an animal model of genital infection
Authors: Nanni Cristina , Marangoni Antonella , Quarta Carmelo , Di Pierro Donato , Rizzello Anna , Trespidi Silvia , D’Ambrosio Daniela , Ambrosini Valentina , Donati Manuela , Aldini Rita , Zanotti‐Fregonara Paolo , Grassetto Gaia , Rubello Domenico , Fanti Stefano , Cevenini Roberto 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground:  [18F]‐FDG is a widely used tracer for the non‐invasive evaluation of hypermetabolic processes like cancer and inflammation. However, [18F]‐FDG is considered inaccurate for the diagnosis of urinary tract and genital infections because of its urinary excretion. Since the 1970s, Gallium scintigraphy is a well established test that has been used for the evaluation of inflammation and infection in human patients.Aim:  The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of 68Ga‐Chloride small animal PET for the analysis of an animal model of genital infection, induced after the vaginal inoculum of Chlamydia muridarum.Material and methods:  Thirty mice were infected by placing 15 μl of sucrose phosphate glutamic acid (SPG) 107 inclusion forming units of C. muridarum into the vaginal vault. As controls of inflammation, three animals were challenged with 15 μl of SPG and one healthy animal was used to assess the tracer biodistribution. Four animals died during the experiment. Eleven animals were evaluated with 68Ga‐Chloride small animal PET (GE, eXplore Vista) 3–5, 10–12, 17–19 days after infection, as well as three controls of inflammation and one healthy animal. Infection was monitored by obtaining cervical‐vaginal swabs from all the animals on the day of each PET procedure. Moreover, five groups of three animals each were killed at 6, 13, 20, 27 and 34 days after infection were studied.Results:  68Ga‐PET turned out positive in all the infected animals, concordantly to data obtained by the cervical swabs and by the ex vivo analysis. The tumour‐to‐background ratio (TBR) decreased over time as the inflammation tended to naturally extinguish. The controls showed a slightly increased uptake of tracer due to the aseptic inflammation caused by SPG and frequent cervical swabs. The healthy control did not show any pelvic uptake.Conclusion:  68Ga‐Chloride is a promising tracer for the assessment of genital infection in a mouse animal model.
The Western Ideology
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAfter the fall of communism the ascendancy of neoliberalism seemed assured. Democratic government and free market capitalism had been universalized and any serious alternatives to them had disappeared. Rather than the end of ideology, neoliberalism is the latest version of the western ideology, proclaiming universal values and modernity, in the form of the liberal global order and globalization. Critics argue that neoliberalism is chiefly associated with the United States and Britain, and is best understood as a form of hegemony, concerned with the projection of Anglo-American values, policies and institutions around the world, including a particular model of capitalism and military interventions, and a particular conception of the West.
Ideology, Power Orientation and Policy Drag: Explaining the Elite Politics of Britain's Bill of Rights Debate
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article argues that three factors have framed elite political debate and outcomes on a Bill of Rights in Britain – the degree of commitment to an ideology of social liberalism, the executive/non-executive power orientation of key actors and the phenomenon of policy drag. These factors explain not only the overall historical contours of political debate but also (1) Labour's ‘aversive’ conversion to the Bill of Rights agenda and passage of the Human Rights Act (1998); and (2) the Conservatives’ more positive recent attitude to the Bill of Rights agenda.
Still the Anomalous Democracy? Politics and Institutions in Italy
Authors: Bull Martin J. , Newell James L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUntil the early 1990s, the Italian political system was regarded as anomalous among advanced democracies because of its failure to achieve alternation in government. Since then, that problem has been overcome, but Italy has been popularly viewed as continuing to be different to other democracies because it is ‘in transition’ between regimes. However, this position itself is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain because of the length of time of this so-called transition. Rather than focus on what is rather an abstract debate, it may be more fruitful to analyse what, in substance, is distinctive about Italian politics in this period: the manner in which a debate over fundamental institutional (including electoral) reform has become entangled in day-to-day politics. This can best be exemplified through an analysis of two key electoral consultations held in 2006: the national elections and the referendum on radically revising the Italian Constitution.
Reintroducing a Local-Level Multiparty System in Uganda: Why Be in Opposition?
Authors: Muriaas Ragnhild Louise 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn a referendum in July 2005 the people of Uganda voted overwhelmingly in support of reintroducing the multiparty system. As a result, one expected an increase in candidates running on party tickets other than the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) in the local elections in March 2006. However, the findings in this article reveal that politicians challenging the incumbent preferred to be non-partisan candidates rather than members of the opposition parties. Based on semi-structured interviews with 198 local leaders, this article connects local perspectives on the reintroduction of the multiparty system with well-known explanations of weak opposition in Africa, and discloses how formal institutions and people's notions of representation limit the prospects of the opposition at the local level.
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy or Tibial Tuberosity Advancement?
Authors: BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. 
Published: January 2009

Objective—To review the proposed biomechanical basis of the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and recommendations for these techniques.Study Design—Literature review.Methods—Literature search through Ovid Medline Plus, Pub Med, CAB Abstracts, and conference proceedings abstracts (August 1983 to March 2008).Results—TPLO and TTA stabilize the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle joint neutralizing tibiofemoral shear forces by altering the geometry of the proximal aspect of the tibia. Stability is attained by placing the joint in a functionally greater flexion angle so that the patellar tendon angle (PTA) remains ≤90°. Both procedures target slightly differing endpoints, the significance of which is unknown. Many of the biomechanical variables investigated appear to favor the TTA; however, TPLO appears to have more clinical versatility. The clinical ramifications of these differences remain to be determined but the reported results for both procedures are comparable. Only the early results of these techniques have been reported, which is reflected in the relatively high number of complications associated with the early learning curve for both procedures.Conclusions—There are many similarities between TPLO and TTA although it remains to be fully elucidated if either procedure is superior and under what conditions.Clinical Relevance—TPLO and TTA are effective at returning dogs with a CrCL‐deficient stifle joint to good limb function. Surgeon discretion and case selection drive selection of TPLO or TTA based mostly on anecdotal evidence and personal experience.
Descriptive Histomorphometric Ingrowth Analysis of the Zurich Cementless Canine Total Hip Acetabular Component
Authors: LAUER SUSANNE K. , NIEVES MARY ANN , PECK JEFFREY , POOL ROY R. , HOSGOOD GISELLE , LAZAR TIBOR , SWANSON ELISABETH 
Published: January 2009

Objectives— To (1) determine bone contact with the outer surface and ingrowth into the perforated outer shell of the Kyon acetabular component at 2, 6, and 12 months after total hip replacement (THR) and (2) determine correlation between radiographic lucency surrounding the cup–bone interface and bone contact and ingrowth.Study Design— Experimental study.Animals— Large breed dogs (n=11) with and without hip dysplasia.Methods— Force platform gait analysis was performed preoperatively and 2, 6, and 12 months after THR. Curvilinear length of lucency (CLL) was measured on pelvic radiographs. Tissue contact with the outer cup and ingrowth into the cup were determined histomorphometrically at 2, 6, and 12 months.Results— Peak vertical force and vertical impulse of the treated and control hind limb were not significantly different at any time. Median bone contact with the outer cup surface was 77%, 48%, and 76% at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Median bone ingrowth into the cup perforations was 50%, 20%, and 44% at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Median bone ingrowth to the inner cup surface was minimal at any time. CLL did not correlate with bone ingrowth.Conclusions— Bone ingrowth into cup perforations occurred in each dog and was already present 2 months after THR, but most of the inner cup space remained vacant.Clinical Relevance— Radiographic lucency surrounding the cup–bone interface does not allow assessment of bone contact with the outer surface or bone ingrowth into the Kyon cup in dogs without clinical problems.
Evaluation of a Collagenase Generated Osteoarthritis Biomarker in Naturally Occurring Canine Cruciate Disease
Authors: HAYASHI KEI , KIM SUN‐YOUNG , LANSDOWNE JENNIFER L. , KAPATKIN AMY , DÉJARDIN LOÏC M. 
Published: January 2009

Objective—To determine the clinical value of a novel osteoarthritis (OA) biomarker in detecting canine cruciate disease.Study Design—Cross sectional clinical study.Animals—Dogs (n=22) with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and 12 control dogs.Methods—Concentrations of collagenase‐generated cleavage epitope of type II collagen (Col2‐3/4Clong mono, or C2C) in serum, urine, and joint fluid were compared between a group of dogs with CCL rupture and a control group. Correlation of C2C concentrations to the clinical stage of stifle OA was also evaluated.Results—There were no significant differences in C2C concentrations in serum, urine, and joint fluid between groups (P>.05). Subjective scores of lameness, joint effusion, osteophytosis were significantly more severe in the CCL rupture group compared with the control group (P<.05). There was no significant correlation of C2C concentrations with clinical stage of stifle OA (P>.05).Conclusion—This OA biomarker did not detect pathology associated with CCL rupture. Our results suggest that collagenase‐specific degradation of type II collagen in articular cartilage may not be involved in the early stage of naturally occurring canine cruciate disease, and that pathology associated with naturally occurring CCL rupture is different from that of experimental OA model.Clinical Relevance—C2C is not clinically useful in detecting CCL rupture in dogs.
Validation of a Rapid Parathyroid Hormone Assay and Intraoperative Measurement of Parathyroid Hormone in Dogs with Benign Naturally Occurring Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: HAM KATHLEEN , GREENFIELD CATHY L. , BARGER ANNE , SCHAEFFER DAVID , EHRHART EUGENE J. , PINKERTON MARIE , VALLI VICTOR E. O. 
Published: January 2009

Objectives— To (1) validate a rapid chemiluminescent parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay, (2) determine it's usefulness locating a parathyroid nodule(s), and (3) determine if >50% decrease in PTH corresponds with excision of autonomously functioning parathyroid tissue.Study Design— Prospective cohort study.Animals— Dogs (n=12) with naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism and 25 healthy dogs.Methods— The assay was validated with linearity, precision, and intermethod comparison. Preoperative and postoperative systemic plasma PTH concentrations, measured from saphenous venous blood, were compared. Intraoperative local PTH concentrations were measured in right and left jugular venous blood before and after surgical excision of the grossly abnormal parathyroid gland(s).Results— Within run and day‐to‐day precisions were acceptable (coefficient of variation <15%). Dilutional parallelism was used to demonstrate high correlation between measured and calculated PTH concentrations (R2=0.99). The assay methods had good correlation but numerical results of the rapid assay were usually lower than the immunoradiometric assay. Seven of 12 dogs had uniglandular disease and five had multiglandular disease. Systemic and local PTH concentrations decreased >50% in all the dogs after excision of the parathyroid gland(s). Mean preoperative systemic plasma PTH concentrations were significantly higher than mean postoperative systemic concentrations. Local PTH concentrations could not be used reliably to differentiate the side of the autonomously functioning gland(s). Hypercalcemia resolved postoperatively in all the dogs.Conclusion— This assay measures PTH in dogs. Rapid PTH measurement provided documentation of decreased PTH concentration after removal of autonomously functioning parathyroid tissue.Clinical Relevance— Use of this assay allows documentation of a significant decrease in PTH concentration after excision of autonomously functioning parathyroid tissue.
Biomechanical Analysis of the Three‐Dimensional Motion Pattern of the Canine Cervical Spine Segment C4–C5
Authors: HOFSTETTER MARTIN , GÉDET PHILIPPE , DOHERR MARCUS , FERGUSON STEPHEN J. , FORTERRE FRANCK 
Published: January 2009

Objective— To study the kinematics of cervical spine segment C4–C5 and its association with disc dimensions and the coupled motion (CM) in relation to primary motion (PM).Study Design— Cadaveric biomechanical study.Animals— Cadavers of large breed dogs (>20 kg; n=11).Methods— Spines were freed from muscles. Radiographs were taken orthogonal to the C4–C5 disc space and disc thickness, endplate width, and height were measured. Spines were mounted on a simulator for 3‐dimensional motion analysis. Data were recorded with an optoelectronic motion analysis system. Range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were determined in the direction of flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation, as well as the ROM of CM.Results— ROM in flexion and extension was similar; there was no CM in flexion/extension. Left/right axial rotation and left/right lateral bending were coupled to the same side. CM was 1.72 and 3.56 times the ROM of the PM in lateral bending and axial rotation, respectively. Disc dimensions were positively correlated with body weight. Flexion/extension magnitude was significantly reduced for larger endplates, but axial rotation was not influenced. Lateral bending had no correlation with weight or disc dimensions.Conclusion— Left/right lateral bending and left/right axial rotation are coupled differently in the C4–C5 segment in dogs compared with humans.Clinical Relevance— The canine C4–C5 spinal segment has unique motion coupling patterns that should be considered for dynamic implant designs.