bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aesthetics II. The Uses of Art
Authors: Berger Karol 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe repertory of mediated experiences allows us to begin deliberating on the question of how we should live, to choose the extent that it is possible through our actions and passions, and to justify our choices. The most basic kinds of works — history, art, science, and philosophy — divide among themselves various tasks that allow us to understand ourselves and our world, to know how we should live. Since philosophy uses arguments to make explicit, criticize, and improve the norms that govern our already current practices, and hence its arguments cannot exist in separation from the representations of history and art, Hegel’s thesis of the end of art cannot stand. But art is more than an instrument of self-knowledge and self-invention; no less important than education is pleasure. The various views concerning the possible worth of the disinterested aesthetic pleasure that have been historically derived from Kant’s analysis: all variants of the claim that to the extent that we value human freedom, we must also value those activities in which the possibility of such freedom is most clearly and characteristically demonstrated, do not persuade; any pleasure, unless it is harmful, is self-evidently valuable and does not require any further arguments in its favor. It is argued that there is nothing inartistic or improper in deriving interested pleasures from the experience of art. Against puritanical moralists, it is argued that such interested pleasures may function not only as a means of self-escape or of corrupting the young and irresponsible, but also as a means of self-discovery, in which pleasure is edification.
Poetics II. Narrative and Lyric: The Poetic Forms and the Object of Artistic Presentation
Authors: Berger Karol 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter clarifies the essential nature of the two fundamental poetic forms of composition — those of the narrative and the lyric — and shows how these two forms can be seen to operate not only in literature, but also in painting and music. Narrative is a kind of form in the constitution of which the essential role is played by time, that is, the temporal form; the kind of form in which the whole consists of a number of phases or parts which succeed one another in a determined order, their succession governed by the relationships of causing and resulting by necessity or probability. Lyric, by contrast, is the atemporal form, the kind of form in the constitution of which time plays no essential role, its parts, whether existing simultaneously or succeeding one another, governed by the relationship of the necessary or probable mutual implication, rather than the necessary or probable causation. The two forms are correlated with two kinds of contents: the narrative is the kind of form properly suited for representing human actions, and the lyric for states of mind. The interplay of narrative and lyric then maps the complete field of not only artistic forms, but also human ways of being in the world, that is, of everything that one might want to represent in art if one treats art as an instrument of human self-revelation.
Hermeneutics. Interpretation and Its Validity
Authors: Berger Karol 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNo interpretation can escape the need to use figurative language of some sort: not even the closest of reading, paraphrase, or analysis where we stay within the confines of the interpreted artworld itself (text) and elucidate its internal structure, and certainly not the interpretation proper in which the results of analysis are confronted and compared with other represented and interpreted worlds so that the significance of the interpreted work for its author and his audience may emerge. To interpret is to invent new metaphors, but an interpreted artworld is not only a metaphor, it is also a metonymy. In an artworld, a visible or audible fragment implies a much larger, hidden whole; a whole way of life, of acting and suffering, and it is a job of the critic to bring this hidden whole out into the open. Based on the pragmatist’s rather than the fundamentalist’s side in the dispute over what constitutes a valid interpretation, it is argued that all we need are art interpretations that persuade us because like interpretations we provisionally accept in all other domains, they are consistent with lots of other beliefs we hold. They allow us to use the interpreted artworld as we want to use it, to amuse and to edify us. This position is qualified by showing that there are kinds of interpretation where it is proper to raise the issue of legitimacy and not to be satisfied with persuasion alone. In particular, it is shown that the pragmatic view of the nature of interpretation is compatible with a hermeneutic practice that appeals to the rules and constraints of the social practice within the framework of which the interpreted object has been made when construing the meaning of this object, and that insists on the primacy of the interpretation of meaning as a prerequisite to any criticism of significance.
The Logical Structure of Thought Experiments
Authors: Sorensen Roy A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter lays out a classification scheme for thought experiments. A good scheme consolidates knowledge in a way that minimizes the demand on your memory and expedites the acquisition of new knowledge by raising helpful leading questions. Thought experiments are all reducible to two highly specific forms of paradox — one targeting statements implying necessities, the other targeting statements implying possibilities. By treating a thought experiment as a stylized paradox, the idea that it reveals inconsistencies is matured. The chapter also exposes the structure of our ensuing ambivalence, as well as the structure of resolutions.
Conflict Vagueness and Precisification
Authors: Sorensen Roy A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the property that excited Kuhn's interest in thought experiments: conflict vagueness. This property often generates inconsistent beliefs but is not itself inconsistency. Although it is absent from most thought experiments, a substantial portion of the most provocative thought experiments do spring from this species of vagueness; for they motivate conceptual reform by touching a nerve of indeterminacy. Hence, study of conflict vagueness reveals the ways thought experiments restructure our conceptual scheme.
Fallacies and Antifallacies
Authors: Sorensen Roy A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the hazards and pseudohazards of thought experiment. It attacks most skepticism about thought experiment as arbitrary. It argues that once the standards that are customary for compasses, stethoscopes, and other testing devices are applied, thought experiments measure up. They should be used as part of a diversified portfolio of techniques. Although all these devices are individually susceptible to abuse, fallacy, and error, they provide a network of cross-checks that make for impressive collective reliability.
Kant's Teachers in the Exact Sciences
Authors: Kuehn Manfred 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the local context of Kant’s scientific education. It provides an informed sense of what Kant’s scientific training was like by presenting each relevant member of the philosophy faculty at the university in Königsberg where Kant was a student, and the scientific activities each one was engaged in. On the basis of this picture, it is argued that Kant’s relationship with one of his teachers, Martin Knutzen (who is often thought to have been Kant’s favorite teacher), may have been much more negative or critical than is typically supposed. This evaluation has important implications especially for understanding Kant’s early works in natural philosophy.
Kant on Science and Common Knowledge
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper sets Kant in the broader context of modern philosophy as a whole by suggesting that Kant not be understood primarily as attempting to i) defeat skepticism, ii) promote “scientism”, or iii) develop a radically new ontology. It suggests that Kant’s philosophy aims to take the claims of common sense at face value and then attempts to mediate between such claims and the apparently conflicting claims of science. Accordingly, philosophy is a systematic articulation of the sphere of conceptual frameworks that mediate between the extremely informal and the highly formal levels of judgment within our complex objective picture of the world. Thus, for Kant, philosophy lies in between common sense and science by attempting to mediate between them.
Kant's Theory of Matter and His Views on Chemistry
Authors: Carrier Martin 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper analyzes Kant’s notorious claim that psychology cannot become a science “properly so-called”. Contrary to widespread opinion, he does not hold any of the following three implausible views: (i) psychological phenomena cannot be mathematized, (ii) they cannot be explained in by reference to mathematical causal laws, and (iii) they cannot be dealt with in causal terms at all. Instead of claiming something about psychological phenomena, Kant argues against a specific conception of psychology: the then popular introspective psychologies. Only this reading explains why he is also concerned with the possibility of psychological experiments, and it does justice to how he himself treats phenomena of thinking, willing, and so on.
Kant on Understanding Organisms as Natural Purposes
Authors: Ginsborg Hannah 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper explains why Kant thinks that organisms must be regarded as purposes, and how this can be done while respecting their status as natural products rather than artifacts. Kant’s premise that organisms are mechanically inexplicable is interpreted as the claim that biological regularities are irreducible to regularities in the behavior of matter as such (attraction and repulsion). His conclusion that they are purposive is interpreted as the claim that they must be regarded in normative terms. This conclusion is defended on the grounds that biological enquiry cannot, even today, avoid regarding living things as subject to normative standards.
Organisms and the Unity of Science
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper considers Kant’s understanding of organisms by undertaking a developmental approach to the issue. It presents three different arguments Kant posits in the third Critique regarding the kind of explanation organisms require, and then considers how Kant ultimately seems to find these arguments wanting in the Opus postumum. Due to Kant’s sustained reflections on how to incorporate teleological explanations of organisms into his natural philosophy toward the end of his career, it is argued that it is ultimately our awareness of the freedom of our own purposiveness that leads us to understand organisms in terms of purposes, which causes a fundamental split between the teleological and mechanical views of nature. In this way, Kant can establish an important link between his theoretical and practical philosophy.
Nietzsche's Middle Period
Authors: Abbey Ruth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book offers a close study of the works that have come to be known as constituting Friedrich Nietzsche’s middle period: Human, All Too Human, Daybreak, and the first four books of The Gay Science. Some of the value in reading these works is genealogical — they show how the later Nietzsche became the thinker he did. A related benefit of reading them is the help they give in avoiding generalizations about Nietzsche — views and attitudes associated with Nietzsche come to be seen as peculiar to one of his periods or some of his texts. However, it is also argued that these are rich and fruitful works, deserving attention in their own right. The Nietzsche delivered by a reading of these works is a more careful, moderate, and modest thinker than he is usually interpreted to be. In these works, Nietzsche offers many subtle psychological insights, and has a powerful sense of the dialogical nature of identity. He values relationships like marriage and friendship, and eschews some of the misogyny, individualism, and elitism of the later works.
The Genealogist's Apprenticeship
Authors: Abbey Ruth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The middle period represents Nietzsche’s apprenticeship as a genealogist of morals. The appeal to history operates in several ways in these texts — to historicize morality in general, and to show, in particular, the origins of certain current moral values and beliefs. It also has scholarly and practical purposes — Nietzsche believes that his genealogical analysis provides a truer understanding of morality that will also weaken the grip of some moral concepts on human hearts and minds. He argues that traditionally, morality’s function has been to preserve the collective whatever the cost to individuality. The naturalism of the middle period’s accounts of morality is critically examined, and the rationalism of Nietzsche’s approach is drawn out.
Nietzsche as Psychologist
Authors: Abbey Ruth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The middle period works attest to what a careful, sensitive analyst of moral life Friedrich Nietzsche could be, offering a range of nuanced and delicate analyses of the psyche. The exaggeration, extremism, overstatement, and reductionism that characterize some of the later Nietzsche’s thought are far less evident in the works of the middle period. The ancient pursuit of self-knowledge emerges as an ideal in these texts, but it is wedded to a conception of the self as complex, multiple, and changeable. In this chapter’s exploration of the middle period’s analysis of psychology, Nietzsche’s critique of free will is examined, and its link with his aesthetic approach to the self is scrutinized.
The Greatest Danger?
Authors: Abbey Ruth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Just as he points to the power of egoism, so Friedrich Nietzsche is notorious for being a critic of pity. This chapter explores the dangers he detects in pity and its cognate emotions such as sympathy, empathy, and benevolence, in the middle period writings. The commonplace view that Nietzsche holds all such drives in contempt is questioned by a careful study of the middle period’s more nuanced portrayals of these emotions. While Nietzsche condemns the Christian-inspired morality of pity, he does not see all manifestations of fellow-feeling as base or spurious. The influence of La Rochefoucauld’s analysis of pity is discussed, and Nietzsche’s reflections of how to react to the suffering of a friend are also explored.
Equal among Firsts
Authors: Abbey Ruth 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Friedrich Nietzsche acknowledged the important place that many ancient theorists accorded to friendship, and this chapter draws attention to the importance of friendship among higher individuals in the middle period writings. Recognizing this requires some reconsideration of the belief that Nietzsche holds great individuals to be utterly autonomous and indifferent to the judgements and opinions of others. Some of the characteristics of higher friendship are identified, and Nietzsche’s suggestion that such friendships can contribute to self-knowledge is discussed. The relationship between friendship and solitude is also drawn out.
The Pathologizing of Identity
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the idea that social identity itself is an a priori problem; that identities, under any description, pose dangers and commits one to mistaken assumptions when they are believed to be real and/or acted upon politically. It discusses identity politics and the theories of Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger's arguments demonstrate that the critique of identity politics often manifests ambivalence about the relevance of identity to politics. He does not really want to eradicate all identities, but to keep non-European identities from dominating American identity. Given this, one might think that what we need is simply a more consistent opposition to identities, pursued with equality across both the dominant and the subaltern. However, it is argued that such a plan is neither wholly possible nor necessary for social justice. The real danger is not the likelihood of balkanization resulting from identity politics, but the split that results from a wholesale critique of identity that then perceives minority agendas as a threat to progressive politics. It is this mistaken idea that is endangering the future of progressive alliances.
Real Identities
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe different positions people take on identity depend on the account one gives of identity's relation to the self, that is, the relationship between ascribed social categories and the lived experience of consciousness. Those who take identity to be an a priori problem assume a certain understanding of what consciousness is, or what the core of the self is, such that social ascriptions can operate only oppressively. This chapter develops the alternative to this account that aims to explain why the willful attachment to raced or sexed identities, identities created in conditions of oppression, is not necessarily pathological. It also explains how strongly felt identities can coexist with democratic politics and solidarity across difference. Most importantly, it explains how raced and sexed identities can be compatible with a plausible concept of autonomy and agency.
The Phenomenology of Racial Embodiment
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
When one realizes the indeterminacy of racial categories — their fluid borders, arbitrary criteria, and cultural variety — it may be tempting to adopt a nominalism about race, that race is no more real than phlogiston or witchcraft. This chapter resists this conclusion based on phenomenological grounds and insists that race is real. It explores reasons for the current confusion about race, considers various approaches to knowledge about race, and proposes a preliminary phenomenological account of racial identity as it is lived in the body of various racialized subjects at a given cultural moment. It is argued that only when we come to be very clear about how race is lived, in its multiple manifestations, and only when we can come to appreciate its often hidden epistemic effects and its power over collective imaginations can we entertain even the remote possibility of its eventual transformation.
On Being Mixed
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the metaphysics and politics of being mixed, as well as the conditions (metaphysical, historical, etc.) under which being mixed creates an identity problem in the first place. It considers various proposed solutions to the problem, including assimilationism and nomadic subjectivity. It concludes with a description, assessment, and political analysis of the two main metaphysical options for conceptualizing mixed identity. The primary focus will remain on mixed racial identity, but race is mediated by ethnic and cultural identities in such a way that these cannot always be neatly disentangled.
Introduction
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the various issues surrounding social identity. Differences are widely believed to pose an a priori threat to alliance, unity, communication, and true understanding. This book aims to cast serious doubt on the suspicion of difference by explicating some of the important features of specific identities: race/ethnicity, sex/gender, and the new pan-Latino identity. It also addresses the general anti-identity trend of current (mainly white-dominant) public discourses, and develops a broad account of what social identities are. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Autonomy, Gender, Politics
Authors: Friedman Marilyn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWomen have historically been prevented from living autonomously by systematic injustice, subordination, and oppression. The lingering effects of these practices have prompted many feminists to view autonomy with suspicion. This book defends the ideal of feminist autonomy. The book proposes that behavior is autonomous if it accords with the wants, cares, values, or commitments that the actor has reaffirmed and is able to sustain in the face of opposition. By this account, autonomy is socially grounded yet also individualizing and sometimes socially disruptive, qualities that can be ultimately advantageous for women. The book applies the concept of autonomy to domains of special interest to women. It defends the importance of autonomy in romantic love, considers how social institutions should respond to women who choose to remain in abusive relationships, and argues that liberal societies should tolerate minority cultural practices that violate women's rights so long as the women in question have chosen autonomously to live according to those practices.
Values of Autonomy
Authors: Friedman Marilyn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a variety of considerations suggesting that autonomy is a valuable ideal, focusing on its value for (many) women. The focus is on women for several reasons. First, autonomy has not always been idealized for women. Even though autonomy is more widely encouraged and supported in women than ever before, it is still not regarded as a particularly feminine value or virtue. If a case for autonomy can be made out for women in particular against this history, then the case for autonomy in general should prove easier to secure. Second, feminist philosophers have figured prominently among those who have expressed doubts and reservations about the value of autonomy. Focusing on the case of women's autonomy in particular helps to answer those criticisms.
Autonomy, Social Disruption, and Women
Authors: Friedman Marilyn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter develops a point made in preceding chapters that autonomy, although socially grounded, has an individualizing dimension — a dimension that is defend against the worries of critics. The main thesis is that: at the same time that we embrace relational accounts of autonomy, we should also be cautious about them. Autonomy increases the risk of disruption in interpersonal relationships. While this is an empirical and not a conceptual claim about autonomy, nevertheless, the risk is significant and its bearing on the value of autonomy is therefore empirically significant. It makes a difference in particular to whether the ideal of autonomy is genuinely hospitable to women.
A Pragmatist Approach to Religious Lawmaking
Authors: Peach Lucinda 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a strategy that can protect the constitutional rights and interests of all parties better than either the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence or the liberal or communitarian approaches. The strategy is based on the philosopher George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self. Mead’s ideas on the socially constructed character of the self and the special requirements of role-based morality provide a model for understanding that lawmakers, as public officials, are both practically able and morally obligated to take the attitudes of all of their constituents into account in their public policy making. In a culturally and religiously diverse society, this requires lawmakers to support their policy decisions with publicly accessible rationales.