bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Bouchard Patrice , Bousquet Yves 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Tenebrionidae of the Maritime Provinces of Canada are surveyed. Forty-eight species have been reported from the region. Eleven of these species (ten Palearctic and one Nearctic) have been introduced to the region, five of which are apparently now extirpated. Dates of first detection of these species are provided for each province and North America. Thirteen species are newly recorded in New Brunswick, 25 in Nova Scotia, and 15 on Prince Edward Island, for a total of 53 new provincial records. Of these, 18 species including Bolitophagus corticola Say, Neatus tenebrioides (Palisot de Beauvois), Helops gracilis Bland, Blapstinus substriatus Champion, Hymenorus obesus Casey, Hymenorus picipennis Casey, Hymenorus pilosus (Melsheimer), Mycetochara bicolor (Couper), Mycetochara binotata (Say), Mycetochara fraterna (Say), Platydema excavatum (Say), Platydema teleops Triplehorn, Corticeus praetermissus (Fall), Alobates pennsylvanicus (DeGeer), Haplandrus fulvipes (Herbst), Xylopinus saperdioides (Olivier), an undescribed species of Paratenetus Spinola, and an undescribed species of Neatus LeConte are newly recorded for the Maritime Provinces as a whole. One of these, Helops gracilis, is recorded for the first time in Canada. The fauna is discussed from the perspective of the patterns of distribution of species in the region and their possible underlying causes. Island faunas are discussed, as is the saproxylic component of the fauna, with a brief consideration of the importance of this trophic group in the dynamics of forest ecosystems in the region.
New Chemical Systems and Placement Methods to Stabilize and Seal Deepwater Shallow-Water Flow Zones
Authors: Eoff Larry , Sweatman Ron , Faul Ronnie 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper describes two matrix-permeability treating fluids that can helpconsolidate and impair the permeability of unconsolidated shallow-waterflow(SWF) sands. These treatments offer unique solutions to many problems presentedby shallow-water flow zones.
Overpressured, unconsolidated formations will begin flowing water and sandupon penetration. Uncontrolled water and sand flow can increase hole size and destabilize the wellbore and the adjacent formation. In these areas, formationpore pressures are often close to fracturing pressures, presentinglost-circulation problems during drilling and cementing operations. The systemsdescribed in this paper can penetrate SWF formations and gel downhole, providing adequate mechanical strength and reducing formation permeability. Byimproving hole conditions, these systems can help (1) expand thefracture-gradient/pore-pressure window, (2) stabilize the hole for lower mudweights, (3) prevent washouts, (4) allow hole section extensions withoutrequiring operators to set pipe, and (5) improve long-term well integrity. Thispaper presents laboratory data for the two chemical systems, describesplacement techniques, provides case histories, and describes software systemsthat can aid treatment fluid volume design and placement.

Introduction
SWF sands are encountered at depths less than 2,000 ft below the mudline in30 to 40% of the drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico. These zones areformed from sand and silt eroding from the continental shelf and settling overolder deepwater formations. Over time, many layers were formed as graded-sediment beds, with the heaviest particles settling to the bottom. The formation of successive layers undercompacted and overpressured the sediments. During the drilling process, penetration can cause flow through layers. Thisflow can result in significant problems during drilling, cementing, andproduction. In addition, these overpressured zones exhibit low fracturegradients that further complicate drilling and cementing operations. Theresulting concerns include possible casing collapse, buckling, or wear. Wellbore stability throughout the life of the well is absolutely critical. If SWF zones compromise the stability, the entire well could be lost.
Citrus
Authors: Peña Leandro , Cervera Magdalena , Fagoaga Carmen , Romero Juan , Ballester Alida , Soler Nuria , Pons Elsa , Rodríguez Ana , Peris Josep , Juárez José , Navarro Luis 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCitrus is the most important fruit tree crop in the world, with a production of more than 100 million tons annually. The area of origin of Citrus is believed to be southeastern Asia, where its domestication started. It has become clear that only citron, mandarin, and pummelo are true species within genus Citrus, being other important Citrus types, as sweet orange, sour orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit and other mandarins originated from hybridization between these ancestral species. In spite of the many efforts put in classical breeding programs in the last 100 years, current citrus industry relies on various groups of varieties that are grafted onto rootstocks adapted to different abiotic and biotic stresses. Most of these genotypes have been generated by chance, mostly as budsports but also as natural hybrids or seedlings selected by men in the wild or in orchards. Citrus breeding is complicated due to its complex reproductive biology. In this context, genetic transformation offers an important alternative for the genetic improvement of citrus. Moreover, it is probably the most efficient approach to make reverse genetics in citrus to investigate gene function and thus to gain better understanding in metabolic processes and plant‐pathogen‐environment interactions.
Computer aided design for sustainable industrial processes: Specific tools and applications
Authors: Fermeglia Maurizio , Longo Gennaro , Toma Letitia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChemical Process Sustainability can be estimated using different sustainability indicators. The quantitative estimation of those indicators is necessary (i) for evaluating the environmental impact of a chemical process and (ii) for choosing the best design among different available alternatives. To accomplish these goals, the computerized calculation of sustainability indicators requires the use of at least three computer tools: (i) process simulation, (ii) molecular modeling and a (iii) sustainability indicators software code. In this work, a complete software platform, Process Sustainability Prediction Framework, integrated with process simulation programs, which support the CAPE‐OPEN interfaces, is presented and discussed. The article contains also description and application of molecular modeling techniques to estimate different toxicological data, which are used in the calculation of sustainability indicators. A representative example of one chemical process and thermo‐physical properties used in the toxicological data calculation, are reported to demonstrate the applicability of the software to real cases. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A new high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) segmentation method for trabecular bone architectural analysis
Authors: Scherf Heike , Tilgner Rico 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the last decade, high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) and microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) have been increasingly used in anthropological studies and as a complement to traditional histological techniques. This is due in large part to the ability of CT techniques to nondestructively extract three‐dimensional representations of bone structures. Despite prior studies employing CT techniques, no completely reliable method of bone segmentation has been established. Accurate preprocessing of digital data is crucial for measurement accuracy, especially when subtle structures such as trabecular bone are investigated. The research presented here is a new, reproducible, accurate, and fully automated computerized segmentation method for high‐resolution CT datasets of fossil and recent cancellous bone: the Ray Casting Algorithm (RCA). We compare this technique with commonly used methods of image thresholding (i.e., the half‐maximum height protocol and the automatic, adaptive iterative thresholding procedure). While the quality of the input images is crucial for conventional image segmentation, the RCA method is robust regarding the signal to noise ratio, beam hardening, ring artifacts, and blurriness. Tests with data of extant and fossil material demonstrate the superior quality of RCA compared with conventional thresholding procedures, and emphasize the need for careful consideration of optimal CT scanning parameters. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of salt‐tolerant membrane adsorbers for viral clearance
Authors: Riordan William , Heilmann Steve , Brorson Kurt , Seshadri Kannan , He Yi , Etzel Mark 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStrong anion exchange chromatography has frequently been employed as a viral clearance step during downstream processing of biological therapeutics. When challenged with viruses having only slightly acidic isoelectric points, the performance of the anion exchange operation becomes highly dependent on the buffer salt concentration, with the virus log reduction value (LRV) dropping dramatically in buffers with 50–150 mM salt. In this work, a series of anion exchange membrane adsorbers utilizing alternative ligand chemistries instead of the traditional quaternary amine (Q) ligand have been developed that overcome this limitation. Four different ligands (agmatine, tris‐2‐aminoethyl amine, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and polyethyleneimine) achieved >5 LRV of bacteriophage ΦX174 (pI ∼ 6.7) at pH 7.5 and up to 150 mM salt, compared to 0 LRV for the Q ligand. By evaluating structural derivatives of the successful ligands, three factors were identified that contributed to ligand salt tolerance: ligand net charge, ligand immobilization density on the membrane, and molecular structure of the ligand‐binding group. Based on the results of this study, membrane adsorbers that incorporate alternative ligands provide a more robust and salt tolerant viral clearance‐processing step compared to traditional strong anion exchange membrane adsorbers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 920–929. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of L‐valine crystals
Authors: Ramachandran E. , Natarajan S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractL‐valine (C5H11NO2), an essential amino acid of monoclinic space group P21, Z = 4 and lattice parameters a = 9.688 (2) Å, b = 5.267 (1) Å, c = 11.980 (2) Å and β = 90.75 (1)° and of size: 6.0 mm across and 0.5 mm thick was crystallized in silica gel under suitable pH conditions by reduction of solubility method. Density measurement and single crystal X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the grown crystals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were made and crystal packing also discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some features of thermo‐activated structural transformation of biogenic and synthetic Mg‐containing apatite with β‐tricalcium‐magnesium phosphate formation
Authors: Danilchenko S. N. , Protsenko I. Yu. , Sukhodub L. F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTemperature transformation of biogenic and synthetic Mg‐containing apatite with β‐tricalcium‐magnesium phosphate (β‐TCMP) formation was investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Samples were annealed in air at the temperature range from 600 to 1200 °C at intervals 100 °C and cooled down to room temperature. The appearance of β‐TCMP was ascertained in samples annealed at 800 °C. As revealed, the relative amount of β‐TCMP increases and Mg concentration in this phase decreases as the annealing temperature is raised. While this, the replacement degree of Ca by Mg in the β‐TCMP lattice is the annealing temperature function and does not depend either on sample origin (biogenic/synthetic) or on initial Mg concentration. The results of present work together with other investigation data testify to a high thermally activated mobility of Mg both in structure of Mg‐containing apatites and in the structure of β‐TCMP formed after thermal decomposition. Obtained data can be used for new biomaterials design with varied prolongation of Mg released into the living biological tissue. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Predicting a major role of surface spins in the magnetic properties of ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Obaidat I. M. , Mohite V. , Issa B. , Tit N. , Haik Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRoom‐temperature magnetization hysterisis measurements were conducted on Mn0.5Zn0.5GdxFe(2‐x)O4 ferrite nanoparticles, with x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5. The structure of this ferrite is normal spinel where the added of Gd3+ ions occupied the octahedral sites and replaces Fe3+ ions. The saturation magnetization was found to increase with the initial addition of the Gd3+ ions followed by a sharp decrease with further addition of Gd3+ ions. The Curie temperature was found to increase up to Gd3+ concentration of x = 1.0, and then decreases at x = 1.5. These results were attributed to the surface spins. Because the size of Gd3+ ions is larger than that of Fe3+ ions, the substitution of Fe3+ ions with the Gd3+ ions results in surface disorder which results in surface spins. A core‐shell magnetization model was introduced where several factors were combined to explain our results. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recovery process of sciatic nerve defect with novel bioabsorbable collagen tubes packed with collagen filaments in dogs
Authors: Okamoto Hideki , Hata Ken‐Ichiro , Kagami Hideaki , Okada Kunihiko , Ito Yuki , Narita Yuji , Hirata Hitoshi , Sekiya Isato , Otsuka Takanobu , Ueda Minoru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAutologous nerve graft is the most commonly applied treatment for the patients with peripheral nerve defect, while application is limited because of tissue availability and unfavorable donor site morbidity. To overcome this problem, peripheral nerve regeneration using a nerve conduit has been studied. Especially, nerve conduit using biodegradable materials has been considered promising. In this study, a potential of collagen nerve conduit has been studied with special reference to the regenerating process of a peripheral nerve. Twelve adult female Beagle dogs weighting 10–12 kg were used. The peroneal nerve was cut to make a 30‐mm defect. The nerve defect was bridged by the collagen artificial nerve conduit. Comprehensive functional, electrophysiological, morphometrical, and histlogical analyses were performed until one year after operation. The wet weight of tibialis anterior muscles was only 32.4% of the healthy side at 24 weeks, which was recovered to 77.4% at 52 weeks after denervation. Electrophysiological evaluation of tibialis anterior muscle belly showed polyphasic wave at 52 weeks after implantation, which was almost half amplitude as compared with that of control. The diameters of myelinated nerve fibers thickened day by day, and the average diameter was 5.16 μm at PFN, 3.91 μm at CG, and 3.75 μm at DFN, and average thickness of myelin sheath was 0.94 μm at PFN, 0.46 μm at CG, and 0.55 μm at DFN after 52 weeks. The distribution of myelinated nerve fiber size in the 52 weeks group was distinctly bimodal with the major peak at approximately 2–4 μm and the minor peak at 10–12 μm. These findings were consistent with the distribution of the normal nerve fiber. This study proves the feasibility of the collagen artificial nerve conduit for promoting nerve regeneration, raises new possibilities of seeking alternatives to autograft for nerve repair. The results from this study showed detailed process of morphological, electrophysiological, and functional recovery of the regenerated nerve, which would provide scientific background for this novel therapy © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
NMP‐modified PMMA bone cement with adapted mechanical and hardening properties for the use in cancellous bone augmentation
Authors: Boger Andreas , Wheeler Kurtis , Montali Andrea , Gruskin Elliot 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to reinforce vertebral bodies (Vertebroplasty) leads to an increase in the Young's modulus of the augmented vertebral body. Fractures in the adjacent vertebrae may be the consequence thereof. Hence, PMMA with a reduced Young's modulus may be suitable for vertebroplasty. The goal of this study was to produce and characterize stiffness‐adapted PMMA cements. Modified PMMA bone cements were produced by adding N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone (NMP). Young's modulus, yield strength, polymerization temperature, setting time, and hardening behavior of different cements were analyzed. Focus was on the mechanical properties of the material after different storage conditions (in air at room temperature and in PBS at 37°C). The Young's modulus decreased from 2670 MPa (air)/2384 MPa (PBS) for the regular cement to 76 MPa (air)/320 MPa (PBS) for a material composition with 60% of the MMA substituted by NMP. Yield strength decreased from 85 MPa (air)/78 MPa (PBS) to 2 MPa (air)/24 MPa (PBS) between the regular cement and the 60% composition. Polymerization temperature decreased from 70°C (regular cement) to 48°C for the 30% composition. The hardening behavior exhibited an extension in handling time up to 200% by the modification presented. Modification of PMMA cement using NMP seems to be a promising method to make the PMMA cement more compliant for the use in cancellous bone augmentation in osteoporotic patients: adjustment of its mechanical properties close to those of cancellous bone, lower polymerization temperature, and extended handling time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2009
On the reaction of 2‐aminopyridines with alpha‐halocarbonyl compounds
Authors: Elliott Arthur J. , Guzik Henry , Soler Jose R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reactions of 6‐substituted‐2‐aminopyridines with bromoacetone and 3‐bromo‐2‐butanone have been investigated. In contrast to bromoacetone which gives a high yield of the imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, bromobutanone also produces significant amounts of material derived from substitution on the exocyclic nitrogen atom. These adducts, which are not a source of imidazopyridine in the reaction mixture, may be isolated and cyclised under more forcing conditions. The reactions of 2‐aminopyridine with 2‐chlorocyclohexanone and phenacyl bromide have been re‐examined and all the major products identified.
An alternate synthesis of 6‐substituted‐5‐deazapteridines
Authors: Degraw Joseph I. , Tagawa Hiroaki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA procedure for synthesis of 2,4‐diamino‐6‐substituted‐5‐deazapteridines (pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines) is described. Condensation of 1‐piperidino‐1‐propene with ethoxymethylenemalononitrile afforded an enamino malononitrile adduct, which when treated with ammonia yielded 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐5‐methylpyridine. Cyclization to 2,4‐diamino‐6‐methyl‐5‐deazapteridine could be effected with guanidine. Similar condensation of piperidinopropene with ethyl methoxymethylenecyanoacetate followed by cyclization with hydroxylamine gave 2‐amino‐3‐carbethoxy‐6‐methylpyridine 1‐oxide. Reduction with phosphorus trichloride afforded the pyridine base, however, attempts to cyclize the amino ester to 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐5‐deazapteridine were unusccessful.
The alkylation of 3H‐phenoxazin‐3‐one derivatives
Authors: Ueno Yoshio 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Alkyl‐, 4‐alkyl‐, and 2,4‐dialkyl‐3H‐phenoxazin‐3‐ones were prepared by reacting 3H‐phenoxazin‐3‐one with alkyl radicals in aqueous acetonitrile at 70–75°. The alkyl radicals were generated from the silver catalysed oxidative decarboxylation of acids with peroxydisulphate.
Characterization of geometric isomers of norbornene end‐capped imides
Authors: Young Philip R. , Chang A. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree geometric isomers from the thermal isomerization of methylene‐4,4′‐bis(endo‐N‐phenylbicyclo‐[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene‐5,6‐dicarboximide) (I) were chromatographically separated and isolated. Nmr spectroscopy was used to assign endo‐endo (I), endo‐exo (II), and exo‐exo (III) configurations to each compound. The three isomers, which serve as model compounds for norbornene end‐capped polyimides, were then characterized by several chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermal techniques. Upon heating, each isomer was found to establish an equilibrium mixture of all three isomers. The possibility that the compounds react by different mechanisms in air and in nitrogen is proposed.
Hydrolysis of amides. Kinetics and mechanism of the basic hydrolysis of N‐acylpyrroles, N‐acylindoles and N‐acylcarbazoles
Authors: Linda P. , Stener A. , Cipiciani A. , Savelli G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe hydroxide ion catalyzed hydrolysis of N‐formyl, N‐acetyl and N‐benzoylpyrroles, ‐indoles and ‐carbazoles has been studied in water at 25.0°. The rate constants of formation of the tetrahedral intermediate are strongly increased by releasing steric hindrance in the acyl portion as shown by the higher reactivity of N‐formyl derivatives in comparison with N‐acetyl and N‐benzoyl derivatives.
Synthesis of 1‐substituted‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐(2‐oxopropyl)‐1H‐pyrido [3,4‐b] indoles and their base‐catalyzed rearrangements to N‐ [2‐[2‐(1‐alkyl‐3‐oxobutenyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl] ethyl]acetamides
Authors: Bobowski George 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe condensation of 1H‐indole‐3‐ethanamides, 1, with 2,4‐pentanediones, 2, gave enamines 3. Acid catalyzed ring closure of 3 gave 1‐(1‐substituted‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐ (2‐oxopropyl) ‐1H‐pyrido [3,4‐b] indoles 4. Subsequent N‐acetylation yielded 5 which sequentially produced 2,3‐disubstituted indoles 6 and 7 resulting from CN bond cleavage after treatment with sodium alkoxide in ethanol. Controlled catalytic hydrogenation of the latter gave saturated derivatives 8 and 9.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinazoline derivatives as potential alpha‐adrenergic blocking agents
Authors: Granados R. , Alvarez M. , Vails N. , Salas M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of N,N′‐bis[6‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐3‐quinazolidyl)hexyl]cystamine (I) and 3‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinazoline (II) are described. Compound I is obtained by condensation of o‐nitrobenzoyl chloride with 3‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐1,3‐thiazolidine (III) followed by dimerization, reduction and formation of tetrahydroquinazoline ring. A similar method was used for preparation of compound II. These compounds and some synthesis intermediates are potential alpha‐adrenergic blockers.
2‐(4‐alkylamido‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)benz‐X‐azoles as intermediates for the synthesis of dyes
Authors: Barni Ermanno , Savarino Piero , Marzona Mario , Piva Marco 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNineteen substituted 2‐phenylbenz‐X‐azoles, which are intermediates for the synthesis of dyes, were prepared from p‐aminosalicylic acid (PAS). Substituents in the phenyl ring are 2′‐hydroxy and/or 4′‐amino and 4′‐alkylamido with alkyl chains ranging from C1 to C15. The preferred route of the synthesis is discussed. The melting points and the Rf values are correlated with the structure. An extensive discussion of the electronic absorption spectra, involving other compounds with the same general structure, is reported.
Some new methods for preparing 2,3‐ and 3,4‐diaminopyridines
Authors: Campbell J. B. , Greene J. M. , Lavagnino E. R. , Gardner D. N. , Pike A. J. , Snoddy J. , Taylor E. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew methods of preparing 2,3‐diaminopyridine (13) from 2‐chloro‐3‐nitropyridine (11) and 3,4‐diaminopy‐ridine (8) from 4‐ethoxy‐3‐nitropyridine hydrochloride (5) have been explored and evaluated.
Preparation and characterization of 6‐substituted 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene
Authors: Matsumura Noboru , Nishiguchi Hiroshi , Okada Masao , Yoneda Shigeo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe lithium 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐6‐ide (1) prepared from 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) and n‐butyllithium reacts with alkyl halides and carbonyl compounds such as benzophenone, acetophenone, and benzaldehyde to give 6‐substituted DBU derivatives in good yields. The reaction behavior of 6‐substi‐tuted DBU was also investigated.