bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of spermatozoan morphology in Cetacea with new data for the genus Kogia
Authors: Plön S. , Bernard R. T. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere have been few studies on the morphology of spermatozoa of the Cetacea. Here we present a review of the existing published material and present new data for spermatozoa of Kogia breviceps, Kogia sima and Delphinus delphis. In contrast to the usual spiral arrangement of mitochondria in the midpiece of mammalian sperm, cetaceans exhibit a unique arrangement of spherical mitochondria arranged in tiers and columns along the midpiece, which is primitive in appearance. In addition, the midpiece of the cetacean spermatozoon is much shorter than that of other mammalian orders. Detailed knowledge of the morphology of the spermatozoa of cetaceans may help elucidate aspects of male reproduction and the fertilization process in this group.
Microsatellite loci for a sparsely distributed species, Kalopanax pictus (Araliaceae) in Japanese temperate forests
Authors: FUJIMORI N. , KENTA T. , KONDO T. , KAMEYAMA Y. , ISAGI Y. , NAKASHIZUKA T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe identified seven polymorphic microsatellite loci that can be used to evaluate distances of pollen movement and seed dispersal in a sparsely distributed tree species, Kalopanax pictus (Araliaceae), in Japanese temperate forests. The leaves of K. pictus are damaged by a fungal disease, Mycosphaerella acanthopanacis, and the intensity and frequency of the infections are positively correlated with adult tree density. In order to infer the optimal density of K. pictus and the processes of regeneration in the presence of the fungal disease, we developed microsatellite markers. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from seven to 17 with an average of 10.6. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.63 to 0.94 with an average of 0.79. Total exclusion probabilities from the seven loci for the first and second parents of seedlings were 0.9880 and 0.9999, respectively. Our results indicate that these loci will be useful for the analysis of gene flow.
Comparison of urethane/chloralose and pentobarbitone anaesthesia for examining effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice
Authors: Kazerani Hamid R. , Furman Brian L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough anaesthetics are widely used to alleviate stress in endotoxaemic animals, these drugs themselves may interfere with the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects of LPS on serum glucose, biochemical markers of hepatic, renal and pancreatic exocrine function, and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were compared using anaesthesia with either urethane/chloralose or pentobarbitone. Groups of 10–13 of C57B1/6 mice (22.3 ± 0.18 g) were treated with 40 mg/kg LPS or the same volume of saline (10 mL/kg, i.p.) at time 0, Animals were anaesthetized either with urethane (1000 mg/kg) and chloralose (50 mg/kg) or with pentobarbitone (90 mg/kg, i.p.) after 2 h and blood and lung samples obtained after 6 h. In pentobarbitone‐anaesthetized mice, LPS caused hypoglycaemia and increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipase and creatinine suggesting damage/dysfunction of liver, exocrine pancreas and kidney respectively. Lung tissue MPO activity, an indicator of neutrophil infiltration, was also increased. Urethane/chloralose‐treated mice demonstrated hypoglycaemia and enhanced serum levels of ALT and creatinine in response to LPS, but failed to show LPS‐induced increases in serum lipase and lung MPO activity. It is concluded that while pentobarbitone may be successfully used in experimental models of endotoxaemia in mice, anaesthesia with urethane and chloralose may protect mice against LPS‐mediated damage/dysfunction in the exocrine pancreas and in the lung, and therefore, is not recommended in studies on endotoxaemic mice.
Long‐term effects of compost amendment of soil on functional and structural diversity and microbial activity
Authors: Ros M. , Klammer S. , Knapp B. , Aichberger K. , Insam H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe studied the effects of applying different composts (urban organic waste, green waste, manure and sewage sludge), mineral fertilizer and compost plus mineral fertilizer on chemical, biological and soil microbiological parameters over a 12‐year period. The organic C and total N levels in soils were increased by all compost and compost + N treatments. Microbial biomass C was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased for some compost treatments. In addition, basal respiration and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) were significantly higher in all soils that had received sewage sludge compost. The Shannon diversity index (H), based on community level physiological profiling, showed a higher consumption of carbon sources in soils treated with compost and compost + N compared with the control. The utilization of different guilds of carbon sources varied amongst the treatments (compost, compost + N or mineral fertilizer). Cluster analysis of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns showed two major clusters, the first containing the mineral fertilization and compost treatments, and the second, the composts + N treatments. No differences in bacterial community structure could be determined between the different types of compost. However, the results suggest that long‐term compost treatments do have effects on the soil biota. The results indicate that the effects on the qCO2 may be due to shifts in community composition. In this study, it was not possible to distinguish with certainty between the effects of different composts except for compost derived from sewage sludge.
Case series of 406 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients: a demographic and epidemiological study
Authors: Leonardi Andrea , Busca Francesca , Motterle Laura , Cavarzeran Fabiano , Fregona Iva A. , Plebani Mario , Secchi Antonio G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the specific allergic sensitization and epidemiological characteristics of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Methods:  This retrospective non‐comparative case series included 406 VKC patients. Data included patient and family histories, and results of allergic tests. Annual incidence and prevalence rates were calculated for a cohort of 128 VKC patients from the greater Padua area. Results:  The great majority of VKC patients were male (76%), with a male : female ratio of 3.3 : 1. A skin prick test, specific serum IgE or conjunctival challenge was positive in 43%, 56% and 58% of patients, respectively. In the cohort of patients from the Padua area, the prevalence of the disease was 7.8/100 000, with a higher rate in young males (57/100 000) compared with young females (22/100 000), and lower rates in people over 16 years of age (3.8/100 000 in males, 1/100 000 in females). The incidence of VKC was 1/100 000, with a higher rate in males under 16 years of age (10/100 000) compared with females (4.2/100 000). In people over 16 years of age, the incidence of the disease was 0.06/100 000, with no difference between males and females. Conclusion:  An IgE‐mediated sensitization was found in only half of the VKC patients. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is not a rare event in the paediatric population but is an extremely rare new disease in adults.
Fog collection as a source of fresh water supply in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gandhidasan Palanichamy , Abualhamayel Habib I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to harvest water contained in fog, the topographical features and the climatic conditions of 27 cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were studied. The topography, altitude and orientation are some of the factors that determined the selection of the site. It was identified that the southwest of the region in the kingdom was the most suitable location for the fog‐collection process. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of fog water collection and the site, three identical standard fog collectors (SFCs) with two different local collection materials were designed and manufactured. Experiments were conducted at two different locations in the area close to Abha, namely Soodha. The maximum amount of water collected was 22.9 L/m2 in a day and 7.25 L/m2 in a 2‐h period. It was found that there was a high probability of fog when the relative humidity was higher than 95%. The results from the chemical analyses of eight sets of fog water samples collected were compared with World Health Organization drinking water standards. It was found that the level of heavy metals was negligible and the level of Fe was marginally high for the first flush only. The study indicates that in terms of both quality and magnitude of yield, fog is a viable source of water and can be successfully used to supplement water supplies in the fog‐prone regions of the kingdom.
The Moral Basis of Animal-Assisted Therapy
Authors: Zamir Tzachi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIs nonhuman animal-assisted therapy (AAT) a form of exploitation? After exploring possible moral vindications of AAT and after establishing a distinction between "use" and "exploitation," the essay distinguishes between forms of animal-assisted therapy that are morally unobjectionable and those modes of it that ought to be abolished.
How dear is my enemy: Intruder-resident and resident-resident encounters in male sand fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator)
Authors: Pratt Ann E. , McLain Denson Kelly 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMale sand fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) defend territories that consist of a breeding burrow and a display area where they wave their claw to attract females. Burrow-holding males engage in agonistic contests with both intruding males that attempt burrow take-overs and with other territory-holding neighbors that apparently attempt to limit waving or other surface activities of rivals. Contests employ one or more behavioral elements that range from no claw contact to use of the claw to push, grip, or flip an opponent. We placed each observed element into one of six groups ranked by intensity, which was based on the degree of claw contact and apparent energy expenditure. In the field, contests with intruders began at higher intensity and escalated more rapidly than did those with neighbors. Thus, U. pugilator males exhibit a dear enemy response toward neighbors. However, resident-resident contests increased in intensity when burrows were close, neighbors faced each other when exiting burrows, and neighbors were of similar size. Proximity and orientation determine the ease with which a neighbor may be engaged. Also, neighbors that are close and of similar size pose a greater threat to mating opportunities, favoring heightened intensity of contests.
Therapeutic potential of iron chelators in diseases associated with iron mismanagement
Authors: Weinberg Eugene D 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A considerable array of diseases are now recognized to be associated with misplacement of iron. Excessive deposits of the metal in sensitive tissue sites can result in formation of destructive hydroxyl radicals as well as in stimulation of growth of neoplastic and microbial cell invaders. To counteract potential iron damage, hosts employ the iron chelators, transferrin and lactoferrin. These proteins have been recently developed into pharmaceutical products. Additionally, a variety of low molecular mass iron chelators are being used/tested to treat whole body iron loading, and specific diseases for which the metal is a known or suspected risk factor.
Involvement of the nitric oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase pathway in the anti-oedematogenic action of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen in mice
Authors: Teixeira Chirlei G L , Piccoli Andressa , Costa Philipe , Soares Luciano , da Silva-Santos José E 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Pfaffia glomerata is used in southern American countries against inflammatory diseases. We have explored the ability of a crude hydroalcoholic extract of P. glomerata root (HEPG) to prevent the oedematogenic action of several inflammatory agents in mice. We have examined also the duration of its effects and the mechanisms involved. The oral or intraperitoneal treatment of mice with HEPG (1, 10, 30, 100 or 300 mg kg−1) reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, carrageenan-induced paw oedema in the early (1–4 h) and late (48 h) periods. In the early period, the ID50 value (the median dose that caused 50% inhibition) of HEPG was 60.5 (28.5–128.71) and 20.4 (14.8–28.3) mg kg−1 after oral and intraperitoneal administration, respectively. This effect was still evident when HEPG was administered up to 6 h before carrageenan. HEPG inhibited also paw oedema induced by histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, substance P and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In addition, oral administration of HEPG increased the levels of nitrate and nitrite in the blood of mice. Further, its anti-oedematogenic action against carrageenan was prevented fully by NG nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (10 mg kg−1, s.c.), as well as by methylene blue (20 mg kg−1, s.c.) or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (2 mg kg−1, s.c.). The results indicated that stimulation of endogenous production of nitric oxide, followed by soluble guanylate cyclase activation, was implicated in the anti-oedematogenic action of HEPG.
WHAT IS A NEW TAXON?
Authors: Bullock A. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA ‘new taxon’ is not, or only rarely, a newly evolved taxon whilst a new species is new only in a nomenclatural sense or, as it was phrased in earlier generations “new to science”. The indication “nom. nov.” must be regarded as a technical term indicating a new name replacing an old one which is illegitimate under the Code.
SUR L'ILLÉGITIMITÉ DU GENRE PHRAGMOGRAPHIUM (STILBELLACEAE)
Authors: Morelet Michel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genus Phragmographium Morris, is illegitimate and must be rejected because it is a later homonym of Phragmographum P. Henn. (Ascomycete). Morrisographium is proposed as a new name and the fungus must be named Morrisographium pilosum (Earle) Morelet.
CEPHALOCEREUS VERSUS CEPHALOPHORUS (CACTACEAE)
Authors: Hunt D. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe generic name Cephalophoms Lemaire 1838 (before May) is without any possible doubt a provisional name, not validly published under Art. 34 of the Code. It should not be taken up in preference to the generally accepted Cephalocereus Pfeiffer (5 May 1838).
SOLL DER GATTUNGSNAME KRASCHENINNIKOWIA TURCZ. GESCHÜTZT WERDEN?
Authors: Schaeftlein H. 
Published: April 2006

ZusammenfassungSeit der Ersetzung des als jüngeres Homonym regelwidrig gewordenen Gattungsnamens Krascheninnikowia Turcz. ex Fenzl 1840 durch Pseudostellaria Pax 1934 hat sich der neue Name völlig eingebürgert. Insbesonders wurde eine Revision der Gattung auf ihm aufgebaut und eine Reihe neuer Art‐ und Varietätsnamen wurde veröffentlicht, so daß nun die Rückkehr zum früheren Gattungsnamen mehr nomenklatorische Umstellungen erfordern würde als seinerzeit die Einführung des neuen. Die beantragte Konservierung von Krascheninnikowia Turcz. würde sich daher nicht empfehlen. Angeschlossen werden literaturkritische und nomenklatorische Ausführungen über Krascheninnikowia.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENUS HEXAGONA
Authors: Fidalgo Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA brief historical review of the genusHexagonaFr. and discussion of its typification are presented. The indication ofHexagona crinigeraFr. as lectotype is considered to be the most suitable. The genusHexagonaFr. should be restricted to the group of species included by Fries in 1838 in his first section, around which allied species should be grouped.While studying the genusHexagonaI found the question of its typification a most difficult and serious problem. Several non‐congeneric species have been designated by different authors as the type. Different interpretations of the International Code of Nomenclature favored diversified conclusions, making the situation more and more confused. I decided to study this problem with the hope of clarifying the situation with some new evidence.
NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS AROUND HIBISCUS L.
Authors: van den Brink R. C. Bakhuizen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHibiscus L. was first typified by Ph. Miller who restricted the genus to the single species Hibiscus malvaviscus L. In order to retain present usage it will be necessary to conserve Hibiscus L. with the type H. syriacus L. and to conserve Malvaviscus Cav. with the type Hibiscus malvaviscus L. as proposed in Taxon 15: 43. 1966.
SOLANUM VERBASCIFOLIUM L., MISIDENTIFICATION AND MISAPPLICATION
Authors: Roe Keith E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe common unarmed pantropical species of Solanum traditionally known as S. verbascifolium L. must be called S. erianthum D. Don. The Linnaean type specimen of S. verbascifolium is no 248.1 of the Linnaean herbarium (LINN) and belongs to the prickly subgenus Leptostemonum.
FLORA REIPUBLICAE POPULARIS BULGARICAE
Authors: Kuzmanov B. A. , Kozuharov S. I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAims and scope of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Bulgaricae, of which three volumes have so far appeared (1963, 1964, 1965), are discussed with reference to herbarium collections, previous literature and general organizational questions. The fourth (Cactaceae‐Crassulaceae) and fifth (Rosaceae‐Leguminosae) volumes are in preparation.
HILL'S THE BRITISH HERBAL (1756‐1757)
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJohn Hill's The British Herbal was published in 52 parts between 24 January 1756 and 28 January 1757. Each part normally consisted of two sheets (8 pages) and three plates or of three sheets (12 pages) and two plates. A detailed list of contents of the parts and of the precise dates of publication is given, based on announcements in a London daily newspaper, the Public Advertiser.Hill's nomenclature and taxonomy, and especially the status of his names under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, are briefly discussed.
KEY COMMUNALITY CLUSTER ANALYSIS AS A TAXONOMIC TOOL
Authors: Crovello Theodore J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe technique of Key Communality Cluster Analysis developed by Robert C. Tryon is introduced into the biological literature. The value of this technique to biosystematics is illustrated by a study using taxa of the dicotyledonous family Limnanthaceae. Cluster analysis of characters emerges as an efficient way to comprehend the relationships not only among individual characters but among clusters of characters. Five major clusters were found among the 35 characters employed. The method can be used as a context for the generation of ideas and hypotheses on the origin and selective role of the observed character‐clusters. Such hypotheses could then be verified or disproved by subsequent experiments. It can also be used to understand results obtained from a complementary taximetric analysis. Its relationship with other methods of character analysis is discussed.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF BIOSYSTEMATICS
Authors: Böcker Tyge W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBiosystematics should not develop into a superior synthetic science; it should deliver material for the modern taxonomic synthesis. It should not only continue to produce chromosome numbers, but also to provide taxonomists with information about chromosomal behaviour during meiosis, ecotypical variation, sterility barriers, etc. However, it should not only act as a supporting branch of science, but it should keep its own face, stamped by experimental work. Specialisation in the field of evolution in plants is needed, thereby obtaining a deeper understanding of variation and evolution in relation to the environment. Divergent as well as convergent evolution must be understood just as well as the phenomenon of ‘adaptation’.
SEED BANKS AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF SEED LISTS
Authors: Thompson P. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCriticisms of the quality of Seed Lists issued by Botanic Gardens, have been directed towards failures either to identify accurately the seed offered, or to ensure its viability or to provide information on its origin.These shortcomings can be remedied only by spending more time on each seed sample than at present. One way of gaining this time is to prolong seed viability to a maximum by providing good storage conditions. This avoids the necessity for frequently repeated collections of seed with the advantage that documentation on any particular collection remains relevant for a long period.No single storage condition suits all species and experiments at Kew are directed towards establishing optimum needs of different species. with the aim of maintaining viability in store of seventy‐five percent or more of the species involved for at least ten to fifteen years. This would allow the establishment of a bank of seed which could be built up from year to year with time for adequate documentation of every species.
CHROMOSOME CHANGES — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Smith Ben W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEvolutionary studies, one of the main aims of “biosystematics” frequently do not provide the practical information required for classification. A truly phyletic classification is probably unattainable in view of the sheer numbers of organisms systematists have to deal with. Chromosomal changes, however, are often of importance as characters in more conventional taxonomy. The evolutionary direction of the changes is mostly difficult to assess.
CHEMICAL AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON ALECTORIA (LICHENES) II
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStudies on type specimens show that the following nomenclatural changes are necessary: A. divergescens Nyl. (= A. acanihodes Hue), A. jubata (L.) Ach. (= A. prolixa sensu Mot.). The identities of A. fusconitida Lamb ex Mot. nom. nud., A. pacifica Stizenb., and Bryopogon hosseusianus Gyeln. are discussed; and A. lanea (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Vain. is shown to be a synonym of A. pubescens (L.) R. H. Howe and not the correct name for A. nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain.. The name A. prolixa (Ach.) Nyl. is rejected in accordance with Articles 69 and 70; the combination A. sarmentosa subsp. vexillifera (Nyl. in Kihlm.) D. Hawksw. stat. nov. is made; and a new variety, A. sulcata var. barbata D. Hawksw. var. nov., is described from Formosa and Sikkim.
DEUX ACCEPTIONS D'ASTER SUBULATUS
Authors: Bosserdet Pierre 
Published: April 2006

RésuméL'acception traditionnelle d'Aster subulatus, sur la seule foi de la diagnose de la Flora boreali americana ne correspond pas au type de Michaux (Herb. Mus. Paris).Il est donc nécessaire de donner un autre nom à la plante actuellement nommée A. subulatus. Nous l'appelons: Aster ensifer, et en donnons une diagnose et une description.Le nom de A. subulatus reste valable pour les plantes répondant à la diagnose et à la description ici publiées de la plante de l'herbier Michaux.
THE ALGAL GENERA MACROPORELLA, SALPINGOPORELLA AND PIANELLA (DASYCLADACEAE)
Authors: Gušić Ivan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPianella Radoičić, 1962, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1966), should be considered a later synonym of Salpingoporella Pia, 1918. Consequently, all species which have been assigned to Pianella should be included in the older genus Salpingoporella, which may be defined, essentially, as a Macroporellu but with clearly euspondyl arrangement of the branches.
ZONALAPOLLENITES PFLUG 1953 AND RELATED GENERA
Authors: Pocock Stanley A. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryConsiderable confusion has arisen over the validity and content of the genera Zonalapollenites and Tsugaepollenites. The problem is discussed and it is concluded that the latter generic name is junior synonym of the former. Since no type species was proposed for Zonalapollenites it is proposed that Zonalapollenites igniculus Potonié ex Pflug 1953 be regarded as type species.