bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology‐Preserving Geodesic Active Contours for Segmentation of High Content Fluorescent Cellular Images
Authors: Lorenz Dirk A. , Maass Peter , Preckel Hartwig , Trede Dennis 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper a method for segmentation of fluorescent cellular images is introduced, which uses geodesic active contours. After segmentation of the nuclei by a thresholding algorithm, the appropriate whole cells are detected by inflation of the nuclei masks and gradient information. Because the implicit level set formulation provides topological changes and the topology of the nuclei and the whole cells is equal, a topology–preserving modification is necessary. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical simulation of electromagnetically influenced plasma flows using discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Brußies Eva , Stiller Jörg , Grundmann Roger 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study several model cases to find possibilities to control the plasma flow by alternating magnetic fields, in particular travelling and high frequency (HF) fields, using numerical simulations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow stabilisation by Dirichlet boundary control
Authors: Schneider René , Rothaug Tobias , Benner Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRe–attachment of separated flow is investigated for the model problem of a backward facing step at moderate Reynolds number (up to 400), where the length of the detachment zone is reduced by blowing in (or sucking out) fluid through a nozzle below the step. Both optimal feed forward control as well as a simple feedback control are considered, with surprisingly good results obtained by a very simple (non–optimal) linear feedback controller. Numerical results are shown. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of the addendum modification at helical gears, at the points where the meshing starts and ends, based on the relative velocity equalization criterion
Authors: Antal Tiberiu Alexandru , Antal Adalbert , Arghir Mariana 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper gives a new method for the determination of the specific addendum modifications at helical gears. The method is based on the equalization of the relative velocities at the points where the meshing of the teeth begins and ends. The numerical values were obtained for some given gears using MathCAD. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass Conservative Approximation of Single and Two Phase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Bause Markus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper a new error estimate for a multi point flux approximation (MPFA) control volume method on triangular meshes for approximating flow in porous media is presented. The scheme is mass conservative and has shown to simulate reliably flows with discontinuous permeability tensors and on irregular grids which is the major challenge in hydrological engineering. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generative Programming in Scientific Computing
Authors: Jürgens Dominik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe complexity of simulation software increases because the simulated phenomena get more complex and massively parallel machines have to be used. Other reasons are the consideration of new technologies like the computational Grid and the integration of simulation programs into more complex applications. Therefore the development of future scientific software requires implicitly a step towards separation of concerns beyond the possibilities of classical programming techniques. An important integration problem in the context of scientific computing is the coupling of independently simulated phenomena, where different programs simulate only a part of a more complex coupled system. Numerical methods for the coupling of simulators like Lagrangian–multipliers based or staggered methods are in common use. Many problems which appear in practice of simulator coupling are not mathematical, but of more technical nature. That results in the current situation where code for the coupling of simulations is not implemented in a reusable way. New approaches to separation of concerns like aspect oriented and generative techniques may help to overcome these issues. As our vision we discuss the idea of a domain specific language (DSL) for coupled simulations. We present a review on methods, paradigms, theories and tools which aim at the development of coupled simulations with a generative approach. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solving fluid‐structure interaction problems using strong coupling algorithms with the component template library (CTL)
Authors: Rang Joachim , Krosche Martin , Niekamp R. , Matthies Hermann G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this note fluid–structure interaction problems are treated with a partitioned approach where the different solvers are transformed into software components which communicate with the help of the component template library (CTL). The implementation is explained and a numerical result shows the advantages of the numerical method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vitamin E. Alles ist im Fluss
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDie Literatur über die Chemie, Physiologie, Biochemie und den therapeutischen Einsatz von Vitamin E ist unübersehbar. Erst kürzlich haben wir den antioxidativen Wirkmechanismus von Tocopherol vollständig verstanden. Weniger wissen wir über seine physiologischen Wirkungen und damit auch über den möglichen Einsatz in Prävention und Therapie von Krankheiten wie Krebs, kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Rheuma. Große Metaanalysen haben keine Vorteile aufgezeigt, ja sogar eine leichte Erhöhung der Mortalität ergeben, so dass bei der Supplementierung mit hohen Dosen Vitamin E Vorsicht geboten ist.
Vitamine in der Dermatologie. Etablierte Therapien bei Hautkrankheiten
Authors: Krauss Jürgen , Knorr Veronika 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDer Einsatz von Vitaminen wie Vitamin E, Vitamin A oder Dexpanthenol in der Dermatologie ist allgegenwärtig. Ihr Nutzen bei verschiedenen Hauterkrankungen oder kosmetischen Problemen wird teilweise kontrovers diskutiert. Zurzeit finden sich nur wenige vitaminhaltige Externa in der Roten Liste und aus Sicht der Dermatologen wird auch die innerliche Anwendung in den meisten Fällen nicht unkritisch beurteilt. Dagegen haben Vitamin‐Derivate in der Therapie von Hauterkrankungen ihren Siegeszug angetreten und sind heute unverzichtbarer Teil der Dermatopharmakologie.
De novo balanced chromosome rearrangements in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Giardino Daniela , Corti Cecilia , Ballarati Lucia , Colombo Daniela , Sala Elena , Villa Nicoletta , Piombo Giuseppe , Pierluigi Mauro , Faravelli Francesca , Guerneri Silvana , Coviello Domenico , Lalatta Faustina , Cavallari Ugo , Bellotti Daniela , Barlati Sergio , Croci Gianfranco , Franchi Fabrizia , Savin Elisa , Nocera Gianfranco , Amico Francesco Paolo , Granata Paola , Casalone Rosario , Nutini Lucia , Lisi Ermanna , Torricelli Francesca , Giussani Ursula , Facchinetti Barbara , Guanti Ginevra , Di Giacomo Marilena , Susca Francesco Paolo , Pecile Vanna , Romitti Lorenza , Cardarelli Laura , Racalbuto Erika , Police Maria Adalgisa , Chiodo Francamaria , Rodeschini Ornella , Falcone Patrizia , Donti Emilio , Grimoldi Maria Grazia , Martinoli Emanuela , Stioui Sabine , Caufin Daniele , Lauricella Salvatrice Antonia , Tanzariello Salvatrice Antonella , Voglino Gianfranco , Lenzini Elisabetta , Besozzi Marco , Larizza Lidia , Dalprà Leda 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveWe surveyed the datasheets of 29 laboratories concerning prenatal diagnosis of de novo apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements to assess the involvement of specific chromosomes, the breakpoints distribution and the impact on the pregnancy outcome.MethodBy means of a questionnaire, data on 269.371 analyses performed from 1983 to 2006 on amniotic fluid, chorionic villus and fetal blood samples were collected.ResultsA total of 246 balanced anomalies were detected at frequencies of 72% for reciprocal translocations, 18% for Robertsonian translocations, 7% for inversions and 3% for complex chromosome rearrangements. The total frequencies of balanced rearrangements were 0.09%, 0.08% and 0.05% on amniotic fluid, chorionic villus and fetal blood samples.ConclusionA preferential involvement of chromosomes 22, 7, 21, 3, 9 and 11 and a less involvement of chromosomes X, 19, 12, 6 and 1 was observed. A nonrandom distribution of the breakpoints across chromosomes was noticed. Association in the location of recurrent breakpoints and fragile sites was observed for chromosomes 11, 7, 10 and 22, while it was not recorded for chromosome 3. The rate of pregnancy termination was about 20%, with frequencies decreasing from complex chromosomal rearrangements (33%), reciprocal translocations (24%) to inversions (11%) and Robertsonian translocations (3%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological and physical properties of a thermoplastic polyurethane reinforced with functionalized graphene sheet
Authors: Nguyen Duc Anh , Lee Yu Rok , Raghu Anjanapura V , Jeong Han Mo , Shin Cheol Min , Kim Byung Kyu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Functionalized graphene sheet (FGS) was recently introduced as a new nano‐sized conductive filler, but little work has yet examined the possibility of using FGS as a nanofiller in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. In particular, there are currently no published papers that evaluate polyurethane/FGS nanocomposites. The purpose of this study was to prepare a polyurethane/FGS nanocomposite and examine the morphological and physical properties of the material.RESULTS: A cast nanocomposite film was prepared from a mixture of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) solution and FGS suspended in methyl ethyl ketone. The FGS dispersed on the nanoscale throughout the TPU matrix and effectively enhanced the conductivity. A nanocomposite containing 2 parts of FGS per 100 parts of TPU had an electrical conductivity of 10−4 S cm−1, a 107 times increase over that of pristine TPU. The dynamic mechanical properties showed that the FGS efficiently reinforced the TPU matrix, particularly in the temperature region above the soft segment melt.CONCLUSION: Our results show that FGS has a high affinity for TPU, and it could therefore be used effectively in the preparation of TPU/FGS nanocomposites without any further chemical surface treatment. This indicates that FGS is an effective and convenient new material that could be used for the modification of polyurethane. It could also be used in place of other nano‐sized conductive fillers, such as carbon nanotubes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of silanized silica nanofiller on tack and green strength of selected filled rubbers
Authors: Movahed Saeed Ostad , Ansarifar Ali , Song Mo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Tack and green strength of filled and gum (unfilled) natural rubber (NR), poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR) and (SBR‐BR) blend with different loadings of reinforcement agent, silanized silica nanofiller (Coupsil 8113), were studied and the results compared and discussed.RESULTS: It was found that silica was fully dispersed in rubber matrix after 13 min of mixing. In addition, with some exceptions for NR and (SBR‐BR) blend, filler loading decreased the tack strength of the studied filled rubbers. Green strength and Mooney viscosity increased with filler loading for all studied filled rubbers but with different rates and amounts. The optimum filler loadings for NR and (SBR‐BR) filled blend were 30 and 10 phr, respectively. Tacks of NR filled rubbers were much higher than those of synthetic filled rubbers.CONCLUSION: It was concluded that filler loading alters substantially the tack and green strength of the rubbers under investigation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determine SIS and SIL using HAZOPS
Authors: Cruz‐Campa Héctor Javier , Cruz‐Gómez M. Javier 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simplified quantitative analysis methodology for the determination of required Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and the associated target Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) is presented. As prerequisites, the company policy for risk acceptability and a hazard and operability (HAZOP) study are needed. A risk acceptability criterion for large commodity chemical, petrochemical, or refining companies is discussed. The methodology starts with the selection of high potential risk scenarios from the HAZOP study. Then the effectiveness of the relevant process safeguards is evaluated based on layers of protection analysis, to assess if there are adequate and sufficient safety protection layers in the chemical process, so that the actual risk of the process is at an acceptable level. The method allows the user to determine first if a SIS is required and then, what SIL is required for each function it performs. If a SIS already exists in the process, the methodology can be used to verify the required SIL for each safety instrumented function. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2010
Modernization of an ammonia plant safety shutdown system
Authors: Mason John , Gluckie Joe 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Agrium Redwater Nitrogen Operations Ammonia 2 plant underwent a phased project to upgrade and modernize its automatic safety shutdown system. Agrium incorporated the use of safety integrity levels in the functional design and detailed design of the safety shutdown system to ensure that all required protections were implemented in a safe and cost‐effective manner.This article discusses the methodology used to determine the scope of the system, the methodology used to define the functional design, the implementation strategy chosen and the key lessons learned from the execution of this project. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 28:282–292, 2009
History of AIChE's Center for Chemical Process Safety
Authors: Berger Scott 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOn December 3, 1984, water contamination of a tank of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India initiated a series of events that led to a catastrophic toxic release, killing more than 3,000 residents and injuring over 100,000. Immediately after, leaders from the chemical industry asked AIChE to lead a collaborative effort to eliminate catastrophic process incidents by advancing state of the art technology and management practices, serving as the premier resource for information on process safety, supporting process safety in engineering, and promoting process safety as a key industry value. In the spring of 1985, CCPS was founded. Since that time, CCPS has incorporated experience‐based learning from major and minor accidents and near‐misses into a world‐class collection of guideline documents, resource books, and on‐line content. This paper will reflect on the history of CCPS, highlight some recent accomplishments, and present a glimpse at the future of process safety. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Crystallographic plane dependent Fe and Si dopant incorporation and activation in InP
Authors: Reynolds C. Lewis , Grenko Judith A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVarious crystallographic planes are exposed when growing along mesa sidewalls during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Dopant incorporation and activation on these higher index surfaces can be quite different from that observed on (001) surfaces. Incorporation and activation of Si and Fe in MOVPE grown InP on (001), (110), and (311)A and B surfaces are reported. The Si donor concentration is higher on the P‐terminated B surface than the A surface while the opposite behavior is observed for Fe incorporation. In the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, it must be remembered that it is the carrier concentration, that is, activated atomic species, that is relevant for device performance and not the incorporation of atomic species alone. Activation of Si is >1 on all surfaces; however, Fe is shown to be an effective compensating species only on the (001) and (311)A crystallographic surfaces. Data for the presence of oscillations in the iron concentration on (001) surfaces are also reported. The active Fe concentration is shown to be related to the Fe atomic concentration relative to the donor density on the different crystallographic surfaces, suggesting that Fermi level position sets a limit to the fraction of Fe centers which are electrically active as a deep trap. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Green light‐emitting diodes with p‐InGaN:Mg grown on c ‐plane sapphire and GaN substrates
Authors: Liu J. P. , Limb Jae , Lochner Zachary , Yoo Dongwon , Ryou Jae‐Hyun , Dupuis Russell D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe report the structural, electrical, and optical characteristics of green light emitting diodes (LEDs) using InGaN:Mg as a p‐type layer grown on a (0001) bulk GaN substrate in comparison to the LEDs grown on a sapphire substrate. The density of nano‐pits of LEDs on the bulk substrates is significantly lower than that on the sapphire substrate by 2 orders of magnitude, resulting from the reduced dislocation density in bulk GaN substrates. As a result, the reverse current of LEDs grown on the bulk GaN substrates is significantly reduced as compared to that on the sapphire substrate. In contrast to the substantial improvement in electrical properties, the emission intensity of the LEDs on the bulk GaN substrate is similar to that of the LEDs on the sapphire substrate. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of Gd(Ni1–xFex)3 crystalline compound and powder
Authors: Chrobak Artur , Bajorek Anna , Chełkowska Grażyna , Haneczok Grzegorz , Kwiecień Marzena 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the paper we present and discuss magnetic properties of the Gd(Ni1–x Fex)3 crystalline compounds and their ball‐milled powders in a context of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). Moreover, based on the obtained results, powders and composites with non‐magnetic (Cu) and magnetic (Fe) additions were prepared. Magnetic quantities such as the Curie temperature, the saturation magnetization and the MCE (as a magnetic entropy change) were determined for all examined samples. In the case of the bulk crystalline compounds a partial substitution of Ni by Fe atoms causes a decrease of the saturation magnetization as well as the MCE and an increase of the Curie temperature. Samples with x ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 show the best potential for room‐temperature refrigeration. Pulverization of the tested compounds leads to formation of flake‐like grains with thickness less than 1 μm. Such grinding causes a decrease of the Curie temperature (by about 10 K) as well as the MCE (by about 50%) in a comparison with the crystalline samples. In the case of the composite with magnetic addition an enhancement of the MCE was observed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cu in In2S3: interdiffusion phenomena analysed by high kinetic energy X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Pistor P. , Allsop N. , Braun W. , Caballero R. , Camus C. , Fischer Ch.‐H. , Gorgoi M. , Grimm A. , Johnson B. , Kropp T. , Lauermann I. , Lehmann S. , Mönig H. , Schorr S. , Weber A. , Klenk R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChalcopyrite thin film solar cells with an In2S3 buffer showed high efficiencies above 15%, but only after annealing at 200 °C. One possible explanation is a Cu interdiffusion at the absorber/buffer interface. We were able to directly measure a Cu interdiffusion with a new tool at the BESSY synchrotron facility: HIKE (high kinetic energy X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Due to its increased information depth of up to 10–20 nm HIKE is able to provide chemical information even through thin closed overlayers. The HIKE endstation also allows in‐situ heating. A layer stack of In2S3/ Cu(In,Ga)Se2 was prepared and heated in‐situ up to a temperature of 300 °C while continuously measuring HIKE spectra. A strong increase of the Cu signal above temperatures around 200 °C was found. With this setup we were able to directly monitor the Cu diffusion from the absorber into the buffer layer. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quality assurance within the scope of Good Clinical Practice (GCP)—what is the cost of GCP‐related activities? A survey within the Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (LIF)'s members
Authors: Funning Sandra , Grahnén Anders , Eriksson Karin , Kettis‐Linblad Åsa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe bureaucracy that the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) system generates, due to industry over‐interpretation of documentation requirements, clinical monitoring, data verifications etc. is substantial. The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage cost of all such GCP‐related activities within phase III clinical trials performed in Sweden in 2005.Method: An electronic questionnaire on ICH GCP‐activities and their related costs was sent to 47 of the 60 member companies of the Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (LIF).Results: The number of respondents was 29, giving a response rate of 62% and covering 97% (n=250) of phase III trials performed in Sweden in 2005. Approximately 50% of the total budget for a phase III study was reported to be GCP‐related. 50% of the GCP‐related cost was related to Source Data Verification (SDV). A vast majority (71%) of respondents did not support the notion that these GCP‐related activities increase the scientific reliability of clinical trials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The journey of Indian GLP programme–looking back and forward
Authors: Stanley V. Amalan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Indian GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) compliance monitoring programme has successfully brought the task of implementing the programme to the foreground where full OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) membership is about to happen. It has been a long journey, more than five years for the programme to arrive at this juncture, succeeding through sheer commitment and will of the Science and Technology initiatives under which the programme has been implemented. Considering the spontaneous and natural challenges that are bound to make the effort of implementing the GLP compliance programme tougher for any country, the progress made by the Indian GLP programme can be considered very rapid. Though the dawn of full OECD membership for the Indian GLP programme is imminent the paper deals with the details of the journey it has traveled so far and the challenges ahead, commending the commitment of the efforts of the GLP MA (Monitoring Authority) as well as the preparedness of the test facilities.This paper discusses the GLP policy aspects that favoured the growth of the programme among non‐member adherents, such as the allowance for getting GLP certification by GLP MA abroad. It also deals with the challenge of harmonizing the policies of the internal agencies that have direct influence on the implementation of the GLP programme, other than legalizing the GLP aspects as there are various government departments in India dealing with the regulatory aspects of specific drug products for human use or that are of chemical in origin. There are data requirements made mandatory by these institutions on pre‐clinical or non‐clinical safety evaluation of those products, which invariably necessitate studies conducted in compliance with the principles of GLP. The paper concludes with the emphasis that there is a primary need for harmony as well as legal or judicial underpinnings under the umbrella of a national GLP Monitoring Authority, a gray area to be essentially tackled with foresight, to earn credibility on the international front. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.