bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around the South Shetland Islands, 1996–2006
Authors: Reiss Christian S. , Cossio Anthony M. , Loeb Valerie , Demer David A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Reiss, C. S., Cossio, A. M., Loeb, V., and Demer, D. A. 2008. Variations in the biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around the South Shetland Islands, 1996–2006. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 497–508. The time-series of acoustically surveyed Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) biomass near the South Shetland Islands (SSI) between 1996 and 2006 is re-estimated using a validated physics-based model of target strength (TS), and a species-discrimination algorithm based on the length-range of krill in plankton samples to identify krill acoustically, derived from TS-model predictions. The SSI area is surveyed each austral summer by the US Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, and the acoustic data are used to examine trends in krill biomass and to assess the potential impact of fishing to the reproductive success of land-based predators (seals and penguins). The time-series of recomputed biomass densities varies greatly from that computed using an empirical log-linear TS-model and fixed-ranges of differences in volume–backscattering strengths (ΔSv), conventionally used to identify krill acoustically. The new acoustic estimates of biomass are significantly correlated with both proportional recruitment and krill abundance estimated from zooplankton samples. Two distinct peaks in biomass (1996 and 2003) are in accord with recruitment events shown by net-based krill time-series. The foundation for the new TS-model and the associated krill-discrimination algorithm, coupled with the agreement between acoustic- and net-survey results, provides strong support for the use of the new analytical technique. Variable biases in the re-estimated krill biomass have been greatly reduced. However, survey variability increased as a result of the increased rejection of acoustic backscatter previously attributed to krill. Management of Southern Ocean krill stocks based on a precautionary approach may therefore result in decreased allocations of krill, given its dependence on the variability of survey estimates.
Glycolysis and Glycolytic Enzyme Activity of Aging Red Cells in Man
Authors: Chapman R. G. , Schaumburg L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHexokinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase activities, and the rate of glycolysis have been measured in red cells from seven adult males responding to repeated phlebotomy or erythropheresis with iron replacement. The change in median age of the red cell populations of these men was estimated from the measured rates of red cell loss and erythropoietic replacement. These enzyme activities and glycolytic rates were measured also in a patient with aplastic anaemia in whom transfused red cells were aging at a known rate.Hexokinase, aldolase and transaminase activities in the youngest red cell populations were four times greater than the corresponding levels in normal aged cell populations. Pyruvate kinase activity was two or three times higher than normal, but glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity was not significantly increased in the youngest cell populations. The rate of glycolysis in intact cells and of lactate formation from glucose or glucose‐6‐phosphate in coenzyme‐supplemented haemolysate showed a two‐fold increase above normal in the youngest cell populations. Subnormal enzyme activity in older cells was observed only for transaminase.The deterioration of hexokinase and aldolase activity with red cell aging is sufficiently rapid and the activity of these enzymes is normally sufficiently low to indicate a severe glycolytic limitation in old red cells. Such limitation in glycolysis may impair red cell viability and be the determining factor in normal red cell life span.Measurement of activity of hexokinase, aldolase, or glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase in an unknown red cell population should indicate the median age of the cell population much sooner than such information can be obtained by measurement of red cell survival.
DNA and RNA Synthesis in Cultures of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leucocytes from Normal and Lymphosarcomatous Cows
Authors: Yang Tsu‐Ju , Hare W. C. D. , Abt D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDNA and RNA synthesis was studied in bovine blood mononuclear leucocytes cultured with and without PHA.Two of seven lymphosarcomatous cows showed a higher rate of spontaneous (i.e. without PHA) DNA and RNA synthesis, but one of these two showed no increase in DNA synthesis and a decrease in RNA synthesis in cultures with PHA. These two cows also had a large number of lymphoblasts in their peripheral blood in contrast to the other lymphosarcomatous cows and which did not show significantly different patterns of DNA and RNA synthesis from normal cows in cultures either with or without PHA, although some of the lymphosarcomatous cows had atypical lymphocytes and increased lymphocyte counts. Only in the two cows which had many lymphoblasts and a higher rate of spontaneous DNA and RNA synthesis, were there many dividing cells with abnormal chromosome complements.
Erythropoiesis in the Rat under Continuous γ‐Irradiation at 45 rads/day
Authors: Blackett N. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYRadioactive iron has been used to study the response of erythropoiesis in rats during continuous γ‐irradiation at 45 rads/day. Haemoglobin and haematocrit values remain very nearly normal throughout the period of 19 weeks studied and there is only a small decrease in the red cell count at times later than 10 weeks. The lower than normal59Fe incorporation occurring during the first few weeks of irradiation appreciably underestimates red cell production. The marked fall in re‐populating ability indicates a considerable change in the mechanism by which red cell production is maintained after more than 6 weeks irradiation. The recovery of re‐populating ability following the termination of the irradiation after a period of 10 weeks suggests that 30 per cent of the re‐populating cells are killed each day by the continuous irradiation. The results presented do not show at which stage of erythropoiesis increased proliferation occurs. However, if all the increased proliferation should occur in the cells with re‐populating ability, an increase of 10–15 times would be required in their proliferation rate. An alternative method that has been proposed for measuring re‐populating ability employing irradiation with bone marrow shielding, instead of bone marrow transplantation is briefly discussed.
Megaloblastic Anaemia of Infancy and Vitamin B12
Authors: Srikantia S. G. , Reddy Vinodini 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe haematological status of 30 infants with a syndrome characterized by satisfactory growth, abnormal pigmentation, developmental retardation, hypotonia of muscles, hepatosplenomegaly, with or without tremors, has been studied. Anaemia of a moderate degree was seen in all. All but four had megaloblastic erythropoiesis. Serum vitamin B12 levels were below 100 pg./ml. By increasing the infants' intake of vitamin B12>, by raising the concentration of the vitamin in maternal milk, megaloblastic erythropoiesis could be corrected to normoblastic erythropoiesis. The other clinical manifestations of the syndrome also responded to the administration of vitamin B12 to varying degrees.
Differential corticosterone responses to stress in the lung in two strains of Flinders rats
Authors: Amano H. , Akiyama H. , Bienenstock J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBackgroundAcute stress affects a variety of organs and cellular systems. These include the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), mast cells and nerves. Flinders‐sensitive (FSL) rat strains have hypercholinergic responses and are more sensitive than Flinders‐resistant rats (FRL) to anaphylaxis.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of acute water avoidance stress (1 h) on FSL and FRL tracheal epithelial tissue.MethodsWe measured short circuit current (Isc) as a measure of tracheal response, and the effect of substance P (SP) on tracheal epithelium in Ussing chambers. Electron microscopy was performed to assess mast cell activation.ResultsBoth strains showed increasedIscresponses to stress, inhibited by prior injection of the CRF receptor 1 and 2 antagonist, α‐helical CRF‐(9–41). No increases in conductance were seen. Stress responses were accompanied by electron microscopic morphologic evidence for mast cell degranulation, which was not completely inhibited by α‐helical CRF‐(9–41) pre‐treatment. Stress primed the epithelium for an enhanced response to SP in FSL, but this again was not inhibited by α‐helical CRF‐(9–41). FRL had 2.5 times the corticosterone response of FSL.ConclusionAcute stress affects the tracheal epithelium, not accompanied by changes in ion permeability, but associated with mast cell degranulation. Because blunted HPA axis responses are associated with vulnerability to inflammation, this may partially explain the findings. These stress effects on the lung have a genetic basis associated with relative corticosterone responses, are complex and only in part mediated by CRF.
Lactobacillus GG has in vitro effects on enhanced interleukin‐10 and interferon‐γ release of mononuclear cells but no in vivo effects in supplemented mothers and their neonates
Authors: Kopp M. V. , Goldstein M. , Dietschek A. , Sofke J. , Heinzmann A. , Urbanek R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBackground
The value of probiotics for primary prevention is controversial. Moreover, only little is known about the underlying immunological mechanisms of action. Therefore, we assessed the proliferative response and cytokine release in cultures of isolated mononuclear cells from pregnant women and their neonates supplemented with Lactobacillus GG (LGG) or placebo.Methods
In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled prospective trial, pregnant women with at least one first‐degree relative or a partner with an atopic disease were randomly assigned to receive either the probiotic LGG (ATCC 53103; 5 × 109 colony‐forming units LGG twice daily) or placebo 4–6 weeks before expected delivery, followed by a post‐natal period of 6 months. Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the corresponding mother were isolated from cord blood and peripheral blood (n=68). The proliferative response of CBMC and PBMC was expressed as the stimulation index (SI), which was calculated according to the ratio between the mean counts per minute (c.p.m.) values measured in the wells with stimulated cells and the mean c.p.m. values measured in the wells with unstimulated cells. Additionally, the cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐10 and IL‐13 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique.Results
No difference was observed between the LGG‐supplemented group and the placebo group in terms of the proliferative capacity of maternal or neonatal cord blood cells in response to IL‐2, β‐lactoglobulin or LGG. In vitro stimulation with LGG resulted in significantly enhanced release of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ, compared with cytokine release in unstimulated controls. However, this phenomenon was observed in supernatants of maternal and neonatal MC in both groups, independent of prior supplementation with LGG.Conclusion
LGG has in vitro effects on enhanced IL‐10 and IFN‐γ release of mononuclear cells. However, supplementation with LGG during pregnancy did not alter the proliferative capacity or cytokine pattern in their recipients.
GLUCOCORTICOID MAINTENANCE THERAPY FOLLOWING ADRENALECTOMY: ASSESSMENT OF DOSAGE AND PREPARATION
Authors: KEHLET HENRIK , BINDER CHR. , BLICHERT‐TOFT MOGENS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma cortisol was monitored repeatedly after oral administration of cortisol and cortisone (cortisone acetate) to seven adrenalectomized patients with pituitary‐dependent Cushing's syndrome. The amount of glucocorticoid administered was 25 mg cortisol or 33 mg cortisone/g urine creatinine/24 h. Peak plasma cortisol levels were within recommended values in all patients after cortisone and in three of the patients after cortisol. The remaining four patients had elevated peak plasma cortisol levels after cortisol. Transcortin binding capacity in plasma was normal.It is concluded that cortisol as well as cortisone is suitable for oral glucocorticoid substitution therapy in patients with normal liver function, but that cortisone apparently gives a marginally smoother plasma cortisol curve. However, it is essential to monitor plasma cortisol after institution of glucocorticoid maintenance therapy, since different and unpredictable plasma cortisol levels may exist after a given amount of glucocorticoid, although the dose required correlates reasonably well with creatinine excretion in urine.
NEUROENDOCRINE EMBRYOLOGY AND THE APUD CONCEPT
Authors: PEARSE A. G. E. , TAKOR T. TAKOR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn the Vertebrata the great majority of cells producing hormonal peptides belong to the APUD series and share its distinctive cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. According to the concept all members of the series are to be regarded as derivatives of neuroectoderm or of specialized (placodal) ectoderm.For most of the APUD cells this criterion is fulfilled in that their origin from neural tube, neural ridges or neural crest can be considered proven. Complete proof is not yet available for the APUD cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and indeed much contrary evidence can be cited.Despite the latter, our embryological studies show: (1) that the hypothalamo‐hypophyseal complex is wholly neuroectodermal; (2) that the chronology of neural crest dispersion is such that this tissue could be responsible for observed APUD cell contributions to the foregut; (3) that placodal ectoderm makes important contributions to pharyngeal pouch endocrine derivatives in birds and mammals; and (4) that the amphibian parathyroid gland is derived from the same layer of neural ectoderm as the hypothalamo‐hypophyseal axis.Supporting immunocytochemical studies indicate that peptides belonging to the APUD series are more widely distributed than hitherto recognized and it is concluded: (1) that the whole of peptide endocrinology is neuroendocrinology; and (2) that the APUD cells, with a few cells hitherto regarded as being outside the series, form a third (Endocrine) division of the nervous system to add to the existing Somatic and Autonomic divisions.
ECTOPIC HORMONE PRODUCTION BY BRONCHIAL CARCINOMAS IN CULTURE
Authors: ELLISON MORAG L. , HILLYARD CARMEL J. , BLOOMFIELD GLENYS A. , REES LESLEY H. , COOMBES R. C. , NEVILLE A. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMonolayer tissue culture has been used as a system in which to study aspects of ectopic hormone secretion. Of a series of twenty‐four human bronchial carcinomas, nineteen were successfully established in culture and the supernatant medium from each tested for peptide hormones by radioimmunoassay. Six tumours were found to produce adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), four to release calcitonin (CT) and one to release both of these hormones. No growth hormone or insulin was detected throughout the series. Net in vitro synthesis of both ACTH and CT was demonstrated by recovery of more hormone during culture than was originally contained in the explanted tumour tissue. The production of hormone by four out of six proliferative cultures established, and its persistence through many subculture passages, confirms ectopic hormone production as a stable heritable characteristic of some lung tumours. The ability of hormone‐producing bronchial tumour cells to respond to factors known to influence hormone output from normal endocrine cells was tested. ACTH release was stimulated in one tumour by Pitressin and CT in another by gastrin. In addition, the release of CT from the same tumour cell line was shown to be inhibited by the accumulation of high external concentrations of CT as has been reported for normal C‐cells.
Determination of Splanchnic Secretion Rate of Plasma Triglycerides and of Total and Splanchnic Turnover of Plasma Free Fatty Acids in Man
Authors: Boberg Jonas , Carlson Lars A. , Freyschuss Ulla 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A method has been developed whereby the splanchnic secretion rate of plasma triglycerides (TG) and the splanchnic uptake and mobilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) can be measured in man. The method includes constant intravenous infusion of albumin‐bound 3H‐labelled palmitate, and simultaneous sampling of blood from the hepatic vein and an artery.The methodological problems associated with the quantitative determination of the small hepatio venous‐arterial differences of labelled and unlabelled plasma TG and FFA have been studied. By performing ten estimates on each hepatic vein and arterial sample, analytical precision was increased sufficiently to detect significant hepatic venous‐arterial differences in TG concentration and radioactivity.The splanchnic secretion rates of labelled plasma TG were found to be constant 3 hours after beginning the continous infusion of the precursor 3H‐palmitate. The plasma TG turnover was calculated according to three different methods: the chemical, the isotope and the plasma TG clearance methods. The mean values and standard deviations of the three methods were 59 ± 105, 29 ± 12 and 37 ± 22 μmoles/min.The splanchnic uptake of plasma FFA was estimated to be between 225 and 269 μmoles/min and the splanchnic mobilization of plasma FFA was between 76 and 120 μmoles/min.
A Comparison of Stimulation Frequency and Electro‐Augmentation on Myocardial Function, Extensibility, Coronary Flow Rate, Oxygen Consumption and Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Brink A. J. , Bester A. J. , Lochner A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The effects of increased heart rate on the function and metabolism of the isolated perfused rat heart were studied. Single stimuli as well as paired and coupled stimuli were used to increase the heart rate from 80 to 200 beats/ min. Heartblock was produced in the rat heart to give a preparation with a heart rate of 80 beats/min. For measurements of mechanical activity a modified Langendorf perfusion system with a myographic force transducer was used. Results indicate that tension development was greater with paired than with single stimuli at frequency rates of 100–160 beats/ min. At higher frequency rates there was no difference between single and paired stimuli. However, paired stimuli increased the tension developed per min. (TTM) for all rates studied, whereas they reduced the time to peak height of developed tension for rates up to 160 beats/min. Relationships of length to tension at different rates of stimulation were also determined. Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary flow rates increased with increasing heart rate, with both single and paired stimuli. Paired stimulation caused significantly greater oxygen consumption at all frequency rates, while the increase in coronary flow rate was similar with paired and single stimuli. The effects of increasing heart rate by single and paired stimuli on the metabolism of [U‐14C] glucose were studied. Glucose uptake and lactate production were significantly higher with paired than with single stimuli at a constant heart rate. Paired and single stimuli had a similar effect on the pattern of glucose metabolism with increased heart rate.The results suggest, in agreement with the suggestion made by other workers, that the potentiating effects of paired stimuli dependent on the interval‐strength relationship of the impulses and are probably related to the optimal availability of Ca++ at the contractile sites. Furthermore, the increased oxygen consumption, the limited increase in coronary flow rate and the reduced effect of paired stimulation on tension development at higher rates of stimulation make it doubtful whether this procedure can be used for therapeutic purposes in the failing heart.
Adaptation of the Oxygen Affinity of Haemoglobin in Acute Hypoxia*,**
Authors: Kleeberg U.R. , Rühle K.H. , Schilling M. , Freitag M. , Schlehe H. , Konietzko N. , Matthys H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. When the adaptation of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin (Hb) to acute hypoxia is tested in healthy volunteers with and without Dipyridamole1 (D), the Bohr‐effect is shown to play the dominant role for the position of the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC). If the Bohr‐effect is eliminated by calculating a pH corrected P50, a shift to the right is observed after only 2 hours of continued hypoxia. This decrease of the O2‐affinity of Hb correlates with an increase in red cell 2, 3‐DiphosphogIycerate (DPG). Under D.‐medication the 2, 3‐DPG levels are significantly higher than the controls. The 2% increase of O2‐availability induced by D. however is fully reversed by the Bohr effect.To raise the O2 supply at the tissue level in acute hypoxia, the human organism prefers an increase in O2‐binding and ‐transport to a decrease in the O2‐affinity of Hb. The continued respiratory alkalosis raises the 2, 3‐DPG level thus gradually compensating for the primary increase in the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin.
Deposits of IgD in Renal Disease. Immunohistological Study of 180 Renal Biopsies
Authors: Tarantino A. , Imbasciati E. , Limido D. , Pietrogrande M. , Ponticelli C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. IgD deposits have been investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in 180 renal biopsies carried out on patients with various renal diseases.IgD was not present in nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes or focal glomerulosclerosis, in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, in chronic advanced glomerulonephritis, in rheumatoid purpura and in other various nephropathies with predominant non‐glomerulor lesions.Significant deposits of IgD were identified in 12 out of 16 cases of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, in 15 out of 23 cases of membranous nephropathy, in 11 out of 21 cases of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits, in 2 out of 5 cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents and in 1 out of 6 cases of proliferative exudative glomerulonephritis.All cases of lupus nephritis and nephritis associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia Bhowed IgD deposits.In diabetic glomerulosclerosis, IgD was found in 1 out of 4 biopsies and only in the exudative lesions.In 5 out of 8 cases of amyloidosis anti‐IgD serum stained the amyloid substance irregularly. In such cases IgD was found in association with other immunoglobulins and complement with the same localization. These findings suggest that IgD may participate in the immunological processes which lead to the development of glomerular deposits, mainly in cases of chronic glomerular diseases.