bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 Personal Autonomy and Cultural Tradition: The Arranged Marriage Debate in Britain
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the ways in which particular liberal notions of personal autonomy sit uneasily with certain cultural practices, especially those of ‘traditional’ or nonliberal groups. It argues that idealized, substantive ideals of autonomy can impede attempts to understand, evaluate, and where necessary, reform cultural traditions. The particular example that provides the focus for this chapter is that of the public debate on arranged and forced marriages among some (mostly Muslim) South Asians in Briton, a practice which has in recent years attracted the attention of British media, politicians, and the public. By examining the ways in which arranged and forced marriage have been framed in public debates in Britain, this discussion sheds light both on the limitations of the liberal autonomy paradigm — with its emphasis on choice and consent — and demonstrates the importance of engaging minority communities in the evaluation and reform of their own traditions.
7 Gender and Cultural Justice in South Africa
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNowhere are the difficulties of protecting both the right to enjoy one’s culture and the right to sexual equality protections better illuminated than in the case of post-Apartheid South Africa. This chapter discusses efforts to reconcile constitutional recognition of African customary law (and to a lesser extent Muslim personal law) with formal protections for women’s sexual equality. It also presents the debate and consultations over the reform of African customary marriage (in the late 1990s in South Africa) as a good example of open-ended democratic deliberation grounded in principles of democratic legitimacy and political inclusion. It is this kind of model of deliberation that offers up the best solution to conflicts of culture, including those over gender roles, in socially plural, liberal constitutional democracies.
The Interpretation of Nature and the Origins of Physico‐Theology
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere was always a lack of fit between natural philosophy and natural history in the Aristotelian tradition, and the latter was better adapted to the Christian idea of the universe as something created. The natural history tradition was marginalized with the introduction of Aristotelianism in the 13th century, but it continued to play a role in conceiving of nature as a text to be read in a similar way to that in which revelation was read. Developments in biblical and legal philology in the 16th century transformed the model on which natural history was based, and as a result, it ceased to be allegorical and became literal. By the 17th century, it had begun to provide a new kind of religious reading of nature.
The Scope of Mechanism
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are three areas of particular concern to mechanists, concerns which highlight the legitimatory aspects of the mechanist project in natural philosophy. The first is the question of how mechanists deal with the explanatory load placed on their systems by a combination of minimal explanatory resources and ambitious explanatory aims. In particular, the role that the doctrine of primary and secondary qualities plays in this respect, especially in Malebranche's reworking of Cartesianism. Second, there is the attempt to extend mechanism into the realms of vital and cognitive functions, phenomena that were treated as part of natural philosophy in the early-modern period, and which generated a great deal of controversy. Finally, there is the question of the relation between natural philosophy expanded into the biological realm and the traditional practice of clinical medicine, which harbours a very different model of understanding biological processes as they relate to illness and health.
The Unity of Knowledge
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the driving ideas behind many of the various movements in 17th-century natural philosophy was that of the unity of knowledge. There were two principal ways of establishing this in its most general form. The first was politico-theology: Spinoza undermined the claims of Christianity to supply satisfactory notions of wisdom and happiness, and to set out to develop a novel account of how a mechanised natural philosophy can lead to wisdom and happiness. The general unqualified rejection of the Spinozean model does not mean that in a struggle between legitimacy, which the Spinozean conception effectively abandoned, and autonomy, which it established beyond doubt, natural philosophers favoured legitimacy over autonomy. They wanted both, and the answer was deemed to lie in physico-theology: revelation and natural philosophy were treated as being mutually reinforcing, there being a process of triangulation towards the shared truth of revelation and natural philosophy.
Fully Implantable Hearing Aids in Patients With Congenital Auricular Atresia
Authors: Siegert Ralf , Mattheis Stefan , Kasic James 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntroduction: Patients with congenital auricular atresia suffer from a conductive hearing loss (HL) with an air‐bone gap of 50 to 60 dB. Conventional bone conducting or bone anchored hearing aids are treatment options with several disadvantages and a biophysical limitation of almost no sound attenuation in the skull bone. Surgical construction of the sound conducting apparatus has been performed by others and modified by us into a three‐step procedure with in vivo prefabrication of the external ear canal and the tympanic membrane. Although the results improved after inauguration of our modifications, there still remains an air‐bone gap that makes air conducting hearing aids necessary in many patients. Implantable hearing aids have been developed for patients with perceptional HL and normal middle ear function but not for patients with middle ear disease or malformation.Objectives: Our objectives were to improve the hearing results of auricular atresia.Study Design: Prospective.Methods: The surgical instruments, the transducer, and the operative technique of the only fully implantable hearing aid (Otologics Fully Implantable Middle Ear Transducer) clinically available were modified. They were implanted in five patients with congenital auricular atresia and their audiologic outcome evaluated.Results: After activation and fitting of the devices, patients experienced an improvement of sound‐field thresholds up to 50 dB HL. The mean functional gain in a three frequency pure‐tone average was approximately 35 dB HL.Conclusions: This technique appears to provide a completely new dimension for the audiologic rehabilitation of patients with severe malformation of the middle ear.
Morphometric study of the apical anatomy of C‐shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars
Authors: Cheung G. S. P. , Yang J. , Fan B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim  To investigate the apical anatomy of C‐shaped canal systems in mandibular second molars by micro‐computerized tomography (μCT) and stereomicroscopy.Methodology  Forty‐four permanent mandibular second molars with a C‐shaped root canal systems from a native Chinese population were scanned at 100 μm intervals by μCT at a resolution of 30 × 30 μm. The apical 5 mm of each tooth was reconstructed three‐dimensionally for visualization and classification of the canal configuration using Vertucci's criteria. The main and auxiliary (accessory) foramina were examined under a stereomicroscope.Results  Type IV and VIII canal configurations were most often found in the apical 5 mm of these canal systems. The prevalence of accessory canals, lateral canals, inter‐canal communications and apical delta were 41%, 25%, 27% and 11%, respectively. Approximately 80% of C‐shaped canals had 1–3 apical foramina; the prevalence of accessory foramina was about 48%. The mean distance between the main foramen and the anatomic root apex was 0.84 mm, and that between the accessory foramen and the apex was 1.61 mm. The mean (shortest and longest) diameters of major and accessory foramina were 0.19∼0.32 mm and 0.07∼0.10 mm, with a mean form factor of 0.73 and 0.82, respectively.Conclusion  The apical anatomy of C‐shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars is extremely complex with many anatomical variations.
Phase transformation behaviour and bending properties of hybrid nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Yoneyama T. , Yahata Y. , Miyai K. , Doi H. , Hanawa T. , Ebihara A. , Suda H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim  To investigate the bending properties of hybrid rotary nickel–titanium endodontic instruments in relation to their transformation behaviour.Methodology  Four types of nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments with different cross‐sectional shapes (triangular‐based and rectangular‐based) and different heat treatment conditions (super‐elastic type and hybrid type with shape memory effect) were selected to investigate bending properties and phase transformation behaviour. Bending load of the instruments was measured in a cantilever‐bending test at 37 °C with the maximum deflection of 3.0 mm. A commercial rotary instrument, ProFile (PF; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used as a reference for the bending test. Phase transformation temperatures were calculated from the diagrams obtained from differential scanning calorimetry. Data were analysed by anova and Scheffe's test.Results  The bending load values of the hybrid type that had undergone additional heat treatment at the tip were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the super‐elastic type with no additional heat treatment. The bending load values of rectangular‐based cross‐sectional shaped instruments were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of triangular‐based cross‐sectional shaped instruments. Phase transformation temperatures (Ms and Af points) of the hybrid type were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the super‐elastic type. The Mf and As points of the tip part were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the whole part of the hybrid instrument.Conclusions  Additional heat treatment of hybrid nickel–titanium instruments may be effective in increasing the flexibility of nickel–titanium rotary instruments.
Stereological estimation of surface area and barrier thickness of fish gills in vertical sections
Authors: DA COSTA OSCAR T. F. , PEDRETTI ANA CAROLINA E. , SCHMITZ ANKE , PERRY STEVEN F. , FERNANDES MARISA N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryPrevious morphometric methods for estimation of the volume of components, surface area and thickness of the diffusion barrier in fish gills have taken advantage of the highly ordered structure of these organs for sampling and surface area estimations, whereas the thickness of the diffusion barrier has been measured orthogonally on perpendicularly sectioned material at subjectively selected sites. Although intuitively logical, these procedures do not have a demonstrated mathematical basis, do not involve random sampling and measurement techniques, and are not applicable to the gills of all fish. The present stereological methods apply the principles of surface area estimation in vertical uniform random sections to the gills of the Brazilian teleost Arapaima gigas. The tissue was taken from the entire gill apparatus of the right‐hand or left‐hand side (selected at random) of the fish by systematic random sampling and embedded in glycol methacrylate for light microscopy. Arches from the other side were embedded in Epoxy resin. Reference volume was estimated by the Cavalieri method in the same vertical sections that were used for surface density and volume density measurements. The harmonic mean barrier thickness of the water‐blood diffusion barrier was calculated from measurements taken along randomly selected orientation lines that were sine‐weighted relative to the vertical axis. The values thus obtained for the anatomical diffusion factor (surface area divided by barrier thickness) compare favourably with those obtained for other sluggish fish using existing methods.
Gene expression polymorphism in Drosophila populations
Authors: MICHALAK PAWEL , MALONE JOHN H. , LEE IVAN TIMOTHY , HOSHINO DAIJU , MA DAINA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough changes in gene expression have long been recognized as critical to evolutionary processes, the extent of natural polymorphism in gene expression has yet to be assessed, thus opening a new area of active research. We present microarray and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) data from Cosmopolitan and Zimbabwe morphs of Drosophila melanogaster. These morphs provide a useful model for investigations into the incipient stages of speciation because Zimbabwe females tend to preferentially mate with their own males and discriminate against Cosmopolitan males, while Cosmopolitan females mate indiscriminately. We analysed expression profiles from heads of mated and nonmated females and identified 45 candidate genes whose expression levels were associated with the behavioural morphs and were modified by mating. Genes with altered transcription levels were randomly distributed across the genome and fell into diverse categories of biological activities. Several candidate genes, such as desaturase2 and Odorant receptor 63a, were additionally subjected to quantitative RT‐PCR analysis. Notably, desaturase2, which has been invoked to play a role in sexual isolation between Cosmopolitan and Zimbabwe D. melanogaster/races/strains and predicted to be translational‐inactive in Cosmopolitan due to a major deletion, was found to be up‐regulated in Zimbabwe and down‐regulated, but still expressed, in Cosmopolitan.
Primary zygomycosis of the pericardium in an immunocompetent host
Authors: Vaideeswar Pradeep , Pandit Shobhana P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe fungi in the order Mucorales commonly target immunocompromised hosts, especially diabetics and produce fulminating respiratory and/or central nervous system infections, which are often fatal. We report primary zygomycotic pericarditis accompanied by osteomyelitis of the sternum in an immunocompetent female: a rare site and a rare setting. The disease was clinically thought to be of tuberculous aetiology and had evaded diagnosis for a year.
Modified synthetic varieties: a breeding method for forage crops to exploit specific combining ability
Authors: Tamaki H. , Yoshizawa A. , Fujii H. , Sato K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHybrid varieties have not become commercially successful in perennial and self‐incompatible forage crops because of their severe inbreeding depression and/or ineffectiveness in commercial seed production. Here, a modified synthetic variety (MSV), a breeding method for forage crops is proposed, where specific combining ability (SCA) is exploited in a way different from that in hybrids. As Syn‐l seeds from only two of its parental clones are used to produce its Syn‐2, its performance in Syn‐2 partially depends on the SCA between the two seed parents. The inbreeding coefficient of MSVs can be as low as that of conventional synthetic varieties sold today. To evaluate its advantages, 15 modified synthetic strains (MSSs) of timothy were developed from a set of Syn‐l seeds of a conventional synthetic strain (CSS) having six parental clones. An MSS (Syn‐2) showed a yield level equivalent to and a disease score significantly lower than the CSS (Syn‐1) in a field test. The diallel crossing analysis implied that the SCA effects are influential for yield, and that MSV or other SCA‐exploiting breeding methods have the potential to improve the yield level of timothy effectively.
Resistance to leaf rust in cultivars of bread wheat and durum wheat grown in Spain
Authors: Martínez F. , Sillero J. C. , Rubiales D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA set of bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars adapted to Spanish conditions was tested for resistance against leaf rust caused by different pathotypes of Puccinia triticina in field trials and in growth chamber studies. Lower levels of resistance were found in durum wheat than in bread wheat. The most frequent Lr genes found in bread wheat were Lr1, Lr10, Lr13, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr28. In durum wheat, additional resistance genes that differed from the known Lr genes were identified. The level of partial resistance to leaf rust was in general low, although significant levels were identified in some bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars.
Genotypic and environmental effects on selenium concentration of broccoli heads grown without supplemental selenium fertilizer
Authors: Farnham M. W. , Hale A. J. , Grusak M. A. , Finley J. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSelenium (Se) is an important trace element in human nutrition that is essential to normal health. Broccoli is known to accumulate relatively high concentrations of Se, and there is strong evidence that consumption of Se‐enriched broccoli florets decreases cancer risk. In light of the above, this study was conducted to evaluate differences in Se concentration per head and total Se head content for a collection of broccoli hybrids (20) and inbreds (15) grown in field environments without supplemental Se fertilization. Our objectives were to assess the relative importance of genotype vs. environment in affecting Se levels and to determine if Se content is associated with other important horticultural traits. When analysed over three environments, there was a significant genotype effect for Se head concentration with hybrids, but not inbreds, but the environmental effect was about 10 times larger than that for genotype. Total Se content (ng/head) varied significantly among hybrids and inbreds, but as with concentration, environmental effects were also much larger for this trait. Head Se concentrations for hybrids ranged from 52.7 to 84.7 ng/g and total Se accumulation ranged from 563 to 885 ng/head. The same respective traits ranged from 49.3 to 80.0 ng/g and 678 to 876 ng/head for inbreds. There was no correlation between Se head concentration and head dry mass or days from transplant to maturity for either hybrids or inbreds. There was no evidence that Se might be diluted in broccoli heads as mass increases with cultivars that produce dense heads. Results indicate that it should be feasible to combine relatively high Se concentration or content with high head dry matter (DM), a phenotype that broccoli breeders might strive to achieve.
Resistance of 12 rose genotypes to 14 isolates of Diplocarpon rosae Wolf (rose blackspot) collected from eastern North America
Authors: Whitaker V. M. , Zuzek K. , Hokanson S. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBlackspot disease, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae Wolf, is the most serious disease problem of roses worldwide. From a breeding perspective, the documented occurrence of races in the pathosystem necessitates the characterization of the race structure for the pathogen, identification of resistance genes in rose germplasm, and determination of the nature of genetic resistance to breed stably resistant rose cultivars. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of eastern North American races of D. rosae and to simultaneously determine the degree to which partial resistances existed in rose hosts. Twelve rose genotypes were inoculated with 14 single‐conidial isolates collected from eastern North America. Three distinct D. rosae races were identified based on presence/absence of infection in the differential array. There were five distinct reaction patterns across pathogen isolates among the 12 rose genotypes. The partial resistance components of leaf area with symptoms, lesion length and incubation period were evaluated for all inoculated plants. Variation for expression of partial resistance was noted, and partial resistance appears to behave in a race‐specific manner for some rose genotypes. Early defoliation differed between genotypes and may prove to be another component of partial resistance.
Efficacy and tolerability of initial combination therapy with vildagliptin and pioglitazone compared with component monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rosenstock J. , Kim S. W , Baron M. A. , Camisasca R.‐P. , Cressier F. , Couturier A. , Dejager S. 
Published: February 2007

Aim:  The aim of this study was to compare efficacy and tolerability of initial combination therapy with vildagliptin/pioglitazone to component monotherapy.Methods:  This 24‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled study assessed the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor vildagliptin (100 mg q.d.), pioglitazone (30 mg q.d.) and vildagliptin combined with pioglitazone (100/30 mg q.d. or 50/15 mg q.d.) in 607 drug‐naive patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The primary outcome measure was change from baseline in HbA1c in patients receiving initial combination therapy compared with pioglitazone monotherapy.Results:  After 24‐week treatment, adjusted mean changes in HbA1c from baseline (approximately 8.7%) in patients receiving pioglitazone monotherapy, 50/15 mg combination, 100/30 mg combination and vildagliptin monotherapy were −1.4 ± 0.1%, −1.7 ± 0.1%, −1.9 ± 0.1% and −1.1 ± 0.1% respectively. Both low‐dose and high‐dose combinations were significantly more efficacious than pioglitazone alone (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001 respectively). Adjusted mean changes in fasting plasma glucose were −1.9 ± 0.2, −2.4 ± 0.2, −2.8 ± 0.2 and −1.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l respectively, and both combination groups were significantly more effective than pioglitazone monotherapy (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001 respectively). The overall incidence of adverse events ranged from 45.8% in the low‐dose combination to 51.6% in the pioglitazone monotherapy group. The incidence of peripheral oedema was highest in patients receiving pioglitazone monotherapy (9.3%) and lowest in those receiving low‐dose combination (3.5%). One mild hypoglycaemic event was reported by one patient receiving high‐dose combination and one patient receiving vildagliptin monotherapy.Conclusions:  First‐line treatment with vildagliptin/pioglitazone combination in patients with T2DM provides better glycaemic control than either monotherapy component yet has minimal risk of hypoglycaemia and a tolerability profile comparable with component monotherapy.