bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The activity of Mangifera indica L. leaf extracts against the tetanus causing bacterium, Clostridium tetani
Authors: Bbosa Godfrey S. , Lubega Aloysius , Musisi Nathan , Kyegombe David B. , Waako Paul , Ogwal‐Okeng Jasper , Odyek Olwa 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Mangifera indica L. is a common horticulture and medicinal plant, which is used traditionally to treat various infections. A previous study has shown its leaf extracts to have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated the activity of the leaf extracts against Clostridium tetani, which causes many deaths around the world. Ether and ethanolic leaf extracts were obtained by sequential extractions. Qualitative studies were carried out to determine the different classes of compounds in the extracts. The chemical tests showed that the ether extract had saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, while the ethanol extract had alkaloids, anthracenosides, coumarins, flavonones, reducing sugars, catechol and gallic tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the study organism was determined using the gradient serial dilution method. Gentamycin and distilled water were used as controls. Both the ethereal and ethanolic fractions showed anti‐clostridium tetani activity with an MIC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg ml−1, respectively.
The ethnobotany and ecological status of Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv. in Budondo Sub‐county, eastern Uganda
Authors: Tabuti John R. S. , Mugula Ben Belden 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUseful trees are believed to be threatened. However, most evidence about these concerns is anecdotal. The objectives of this study were to document uses of Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv., local harvesting patterns, perceptions about the species population dynamics, as well as local attitudes to its conservation. A further objective was to determine its availability, distribution and population structure. The study was carried out using ethnobotanical and quantitative ecological methods. The species was found to be multipurpose and produced fourteen different products and services. The most frequently mentioned products were herbal medicines, sawn timber and wood for construction. Individuals of the species were sometimes felled to harvest wood. Community responses indicated that the species was rare and was declining in the area. The quantitative inventory supported this community view: the species had a low density (33 individuals, >5 cm diameter at breast height per ha) and a flat size class distribution with a calculated least‐squares regression slope of −0.0357. The species population appeared to be threatened by clearing of land for crop agriculture, human population growth, logging and a poor attitude to its conservation. Respondents claimed that they were not interested in conserving it because they had a low appreciation of its true value; lacked land, propagation material and skills; or because the species was slow growing.
A critical review of the health belief model in relation to cigarette smoking behaviour
Authors: GALVIN KATHLEEN T. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

There are a number of health behaviour models and theories available to nurses which have been developed to explain and predict health behaviour. Of particular interest to nurses in recent years is the ‘health belief model’ which has been the most widely used.
Despite a wealth of evidence to support the model's value in predicting health behaviour, often it is evident that there are a substantial number of factors involved in health behaviour which are not health related and are therefore not easily predicted by the model. Cigarette smoking is one interesting example due to the many physiological and psychological factors involved that are not health related.
Another model, the ‘theory of reasoned action’, may be useful in understanding such a complex behaviour as cigarette smoking as it relys not only on health beliefs but also takes into consideration personal factors which are seen as relevant by smokers such as social influence and the individuals positive or negative evaluation of giving up or continuing smoking and it is these factors according to the model, which underlie whether or not a person will intend to give up or continue to smoke.
The theory of reasoned action may be a useful tool to both health educators and nurse researchers.
Maternal–infant attachment following caesarean delivery
Authors: HILLAN EDITH M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A study group of 50 low‐risk primigravidae of normal stature delivered by emergency caesarean section during the course of labour were compared with a closely matched control group of 50 primigravidae delivered vaginally.
Data for the purposes of the study was collected from a number of sources including semi‐structured interviews on the 3rd or 4th postnatal day and 6 months after the birth.
Women delivered by emergency caesarean section took significantly longer than those delivered vaginally to feel close to their infants and these differences persisted for several months.
Contact between women delivered by caesarean section and their babies was found to be restricted in the 24 h following caesarean delivery.
This paper focuses on maternal‐infant attachment following delivery, and discusses some of the implications of the findings for midwifery practice.
A supportive–educative caring rehabilitation programme; improvements of physical health after myocardial infarction
Authors: FRIDLUND BENGT , PIHLGREN CHRISTINA , WANNESTIG LENA‐BRITT 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a supportive–educative caring rehabilitation programme involving interdisciplinary efforts to improve the physical health of myocardial infarction patients (MI‐patients).
MI‐patients chosen at random participated either in a 6‐month programme or normal medical follow‐up.
Instruments designed for both subjective and objective measuring of recovery of physical health were used.
Subjective capacity showed significant differences (P 0·05‐0·001) concerning: (i) reported pain and exertion 5 weeks and 6 months after MI during physical exercise, (ii) perceived breathlessness, chest pain, fatigue, physical fitness 6 and 12 months after MI, and (iii) reported callisthenics and coitus 6 and 12 months after MI.
Significant differences (P 0·05‐0·001) in objective capacity were indicated concerning: (i) a symptom‐limited submaximal physical exercise test 5 weeks and 6 months after MI, and (ii) reinfarctions 12 months after MI.
The strength of the study rests on the fact that the improvements of physical health could be statistically verified, regarding both subjective and objective capacity of the MI‐patients. The described caring efforts are simple, easy to carry out and take little time for the MI‐patients and their next‐of‐kin as well as for the health‐care personnel.
An analysis of the literature pertaining to pressure sore risk‐assessment scales
Authors: HAMILTON FIONA 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The purpose of this analysis was to determine which pressure sore risk‐assessment scale was the most valid and reliable for use outside the elderly setting.
It includes a review of the causes of pressure sores to determine the factors which should be included in a scoring system, an overview of the risk‐assessment scales developed and an analysis of the research performed to test their validity and reliability.
The study has shown that the Gosnell, Knoll, and Douglas scales have had little or no validity studies conducted and should therefore not be used in the clinical setting and the Pressure Sore Prediction Score should be used with caution outside an orthopaedic setting. The Waterlow scale has also not been fully validated and the Norton scale requires further validation to make it applicable to patients outside the elderly setting. The Norton scale has been shown to overpredict the risk of pressure sores, but the Waterlow scale may actually overpredict this risk even more.
The Braden scale appears to be the most appropriate to use because it has been tested on a representative sample of patients with a wide age range (14–102). It also has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 64–90% compared with the Norton scale's sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 36%.
The analysis concludes that more research is required on all of the scales to determine validity and reliability outside of the elderly setting and therefore all scales should be used with caution bearing in mind the limitations of each.
Is ‘sick‐nursing’ an alternative to conversion hysteria?
Authors: HOLDEN ROBYN J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Freud made the interesting observation that many of his patients suffering from conversion hysteria (a psychogenically induced physical dysfunction affecting the special senses) had been engaged in ‘sick‐nursing’ for a prolonged period prior to decompensation.
This paper aims to explore the relationship between ‘sick‐nursing’ and conversion hysteria.
It will be argued that, for a select population group, the unconscious motivation for choosing nursing as a career and decompensation with conversion hysteria rest on the same fundamental factors.
These factors include an unconscious sense of guilt, the need for punishment through suffering, and envy all of which corrupt normal psychosexual development.
The control of pain in labour
Authors: MANDER ROSEMARY 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper examines a selection of the recent literature on the control of pain in labour in terms of the source of that control and its effectiveness.
Emphasis is given to the effect of analgesia on the mother's ability to control her childbirth experience.
Reliable research detailing the effects of more commonly used, less invasive methods of pain control is lacking.
The effects of analgesia are considered in terms of controlling pain, effects on the fetus/baby, effects on the progress of labour and the woman's ability to maintain self control.
There are difficulties inherent in providing the mother with suitably wide‐ranging information.
To have the most benefit, research‐based information would need to be available to the mother when she is both seeking it and able to utilize it.
The contribution of lecturer practitioners to theory and practice in nursing
Authors: LATHLEAN JUDITH 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Problems surrounding the relationship between the theory and practice of nursing have been pervasive for decades. Whilst, traditionally, concerns have been mainly expressed by nurse educators, and solutions offered from an educational perspective, increasingly the issues are seen as those of practitioners and managers as well, and as broader than the integration of theory and practice in the education of nurses.
Many of the attempts to bring theory and practice together by the development of an educationally driven model, or by the introduction of new roles into an existing system have been problematic, leading to the desire for a more radical proposition.
The development of lecturer practitioners, who aim ‘to identify and maintain the standards of practice and policies in a defined clinical area, and to prepare and contribute to the educational programme of students in relation to the theory and practice of nursing in that unit’ (Vaughan, 1987), offers one such approach.
This article reviews the main empirical literature in relation to issues of theory and practice, as well as reporting on some preliminary findings from a research project aimed at studying the implementation and development of lecturer practitioner roles in one health authority.
Factors influencing staff nurses' decisions for non‐documentation of patient response to analgesia administration
Authors: ALBRECHT MARY NIES , COOK JEANETTE E. , RILEY MARVEL JEAN , ANDREONI VICKI 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The purpose of this descriptive field study is to determine what factors influence staff nurses' decisions for non‐documentation of patients' response to analgesic administration.
The study, based on Herbert Simon's descriptive model of decision making, has two components: (a) to determine staff nurses' perceptions of the factors that influence their documentation as well as how frequently they document analgesic administration and (b) to determine the actual frequency of nurses' documentation.
Data collected from 67 staff nurses using a questionnaire designed for this study and through an audit of 65 patients' charts allowed comparison of nurses' perceptions with their actual practice.
Analysis involved both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
The results of the study have implications for nurse educators and nurse administrators.
Helping ‘new carers' of the frail elderly patient: the challenge for nurses in acute care settings
Authors: NOLAN MIKE , GRANT GORDON 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The present policy of community care for frail elderly individuals relies primarily on the provision of support by informal carers. Such carers are usually close family members, most often spouses or children.
Whilst most carers take on their role willingly they often do so at a time of crisis, such as following a period of hospitalization. As a consequence many individuals are ill‐prepared for their new responsibilities. For a minority of others the role of carer is adopted reluctantly.
This paper argues that nurses in acute care settings are in the best position to try and ensure that individuals become carers following an informed decision‐making process.
Suggestions are provided as to how current nursing practice can be improved in order better to achieve this aim.
Post‐surgical hormone replacement therapy: information needs of women
Authors: LACK LESLEY , HOLLOWAY IRMGARD M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This study examines the feelings and thoughts of women who have received hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after a surgically induced menopause.
The paper outlines the patients' need for easily accessible information about HRT from professionals. Sometimes the information is not completely clear because of anxiety or misinterpretation. Women are also concerned about side‐effects.
Women feel that they can cope better if they understand why certain treatments are carried out, and if they have an informed choice about their method of treatment.
Basic care of demented patients living in institutions
Authors: LIUKKONEN ARJA 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper looks at the basic care of demented patients living in institutions and the distinctive characteristics of those patients.
The data included in the study were collected by observing basic care situations and interviewing practising nurses.
The nurses tended to look at demented patients chiefly in terms of the abilities they had lost and the disturbance they caused; less attention was given to their remaining faculties, such as their sense of humour and their ability to enjoy things and to establish contact through gestures and physical touching.
Five models of nursing activity were identified: rejective, routinized, robot‐like, cassette‐like, and skilful.
Nurses concentrated more on obligatory daily activities than on the individual needs of demented patients, the special characteristics of dementia, or encouraging spontaneous activity among demented patients.
Intuition: concept analysis and application to curriculum development. II. Application to curriculum development
Authors: McCORMACK BRENDAN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis is the second of two articles which addresses the subject of intuition and its relevance in practice and to curriculum development.Ways by which nurse educators can learn to value the concept of intuition and integrate it into the curriculum are discussed.Following examination of the concept of intuition, some solutions are offered.Research concerning the measurement of intuition in nursing practice is analysed.Concepts of intuition and the role of intuitive thinking in nursing practice are presented.
An information booklet for schools to help teachers deal with students with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: MAYBERRY MARGARET K. , MAYBERRY JOHN F. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A short text for educators entitled Factbook of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Primer for Lecturers and Teachers was prepared by a group of doctors and teachers.
As a technical manual it was formally assessed as generally easy to read with a Flesch Kincaid score of 10.1 and a Flesch Reading Ease Score of 47.9.
In a pilot survey of 156 schools in Leicestershire, 78 headmasters or senior teachers completed a questionnaire about its value. Of these 70 (90%) would make use of the booklet.
The results of the survey reflect the lack of professional support for teachers, although if available most educators would prefer nurses to hospital specialists as their point of contact.
A pilot study of the prevalence and psychological sequelae of sexual harassment of nursing staff
Authors: FINNIS SARAH J. , ROBBINS IAN , BENDER MIKE P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A pilot study of nurses and nursing auxiliaries was carried out to determine the prevalence and psychological sequelae of sexual harassment.
Thirteen nurses and 22 nursing auxiliaries were interviewed.
Sixty per cent reported having experienced sexual harassment on at least one occasion.
The results showed that the predominant experience typically occurred:

to female nursing staff;
by male patients;
on the wards;
often while washing patients.

There was minimal reporting of the incident.
The overriding emotion felt was embarrassment which was perceived as resulting in impaired work performance.
Spirituality and nursing practice
Authors: HARRISON JUDY 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Spirituality is often equated or used synonymously with the word religion but it appears this concept can be defined in broader terms.
Nurses do not appear to consider spirituality adequately in clinical practice but if holistic care is to be given to patients it is essential that the spiritual component of individuals is addressed.
This paper explores the concepts of spirituality and clinical practice. Clarification of the term spirituality is given followed by a critical review of the literature in order to establish its relevance to nursing practice and to what extent patients' spiritual needs are met. Aspects of spiritual assessment and spiritual care are also outlined.
It is suggested that nurse education may help nurses incorporate spirituality into clinical practice by increasing their knowledge and understanding of such a concept.
Accountability: a core concept for primary nursing
Authors: EVANS AMANDA 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The aim of this paper is to explore how the theoretical definitions of accountability might be put into practice within a structure of primary nursing.
Bergman's preconditions leading to accountability (1981) are discussed with respect to traditional ward organization and contrasted with primary nursing. The size of the case‐load is identified as a significant factor in the way and the depth with which the concept is operationalized.
Adaptations to nursing roles are necessary in order to facilitate accountability in action. The primary nurse is given authority as both case manager and line manager. The ward manager role changes to focus on resource management and developmental need.
Changes of this nature lead to accountability being viewed in a positive light and an abstract concept becoming grounded in reality.
Care or self‐care? Self‐administration of medication in hospital
Authors: BAKER HELEN , PEARSON ALAN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

One of the stated objectives of the Professorial Nursing Unit at The Geelong Hospital was to promote self‐care in all patients who were capable. This included self‐administration of medication.
Two years later the implementation of the programme, although approved by the administration of the hospital and actively promoted by the nursing staff, had not occurred.
The barriers to achieving the implementation of self‐medication have largely concerned the need for control by various groups within the hospital community. This case‐study traces the story to date.
Nursing diagnosis in sick children's nursing
Authors: WEBB CHRISTINE , MASON GERALDINE 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) is receiving increasing attention in the UK, following 40 years of development in the USA.
A study of care plans in children's wards shows that nurses fail to identify comprehensively children's and families' nursing needs.
The potential of using a system of nursing diagnoses to facilitate nursing assessment in children's wards is discussed.
Enhancing students' perspectives of health through non‐traditional community experiences
Authors: SWORD WENDY , MAJUMDAR BASANTI , NOESGAARD CHARLOTTE 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The shift in emphasis to community‐based health care necessitates that opportunities be provided for nursing students to acquire an understanding of the complex nature of health.
A qualitative study was used to demonstrate the benefits accrued by junior baccalaureate nursing students in non‐traditional community settings.
Key themes that emerged from data analysis included definitions of health and illness as context specific, and environmental factors influencing health.
The study demonstrated that learning experiences with diverse communities can broaden students' perspectives and understanding of health behaviours. Students gained an appreciation of the sociocultural variation in meanings of health and illness as well as of the social and political dimensions of health.
An evaluation of nurse‐led team care within a rehabilitation ward for elderly people
Authors: DAVIES SUSAN M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This small exploratory study evaluated the effects of introducing a system of nurse‐led team care on a ward providing intensive nursing and rehabilitation to elderly people.
A quasi‐experimental design compared three variables between the study ward and two similar wards within the unit. These were:

quality of care,
job satisfaction,
length of patient stay.Quantitative data were complemented by semi‐structured interviews with team members and by observation of team meetings.

Quality of care scores showed an improvement on the study ward, but no difference on the main comparison ward. There were no differences between nurse job satisfaction between the study and comparison wards or in length of patient stay throughout the period of evaluation.
Observation of team meetings suggested that communication was more structured and focused on the study ward and that patient goals were more clearly specified. Interviews suggested three main factors in successful implementation of the change to nurse‐led team care:

commitment of the team,
open communication about difficulties,
the support of managers and medical staff.The main effects noted were:

partnership with patients,
equality between team members,
improved decision making and quality of care.

Further studies of nurse‐led team care are required, and the stress and anxiety for staff consequent on developing the nurse's role in this way should be considered.
Knowledge and use of lifting techniques among a group of undergraduate student nurses
Authors: KANE MARION E. , PARAHOO K. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

As part of a nursing degree course, one of the authors (M.K.) gathered data on the knowledge and use of lifting techniques among a group of undergraduate student nurses. A 17‐itcm questionnaire was administered to one cohort of 19 third‐year students.
The results show that while they were aware of lifts recommended by the RCN and by other researchers, they reported that they frequently used lifts not recommended by the above sources during their medical placement. This behaviour seemed to mirror the practices of ward staff. Possible explanations for the knowledge‐practice gap are offered.