bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental method for the hyperthermic treatment of cells in tissue culture: Initial application to pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Chang Barbara K. , Joines William T. , Gregory Judith A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHyperthermia is attractive as a potential adjunctive modality in the treatment of cancer, especially those cancers that are more resistant to conventional modalities. In the present study, we characterized the response of two pancreatic cancer cell lines to hyperthermia alone. In so doing, we utilized and characterized a novel exposure system that heats by 915‐MHz continuous wave microwave (MW) radiation, with microprocessor control of the power input via temperature monitoring of the sample and simultaneous visualization and recording of temperature parameters. Samples, consisting of cells in 25‐cm2 culture flasks with 10 ml of medium, were exposed to MWs in a stripline for 1 h at MW‐induced temperatures of 37, 41.5, 42.5, 43.5, or 44.5 °C. The specific absorption rate was 132 W/kg for all temperatures. In addition, 37 °C waterbath controls were concurrently run. The colony formation assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. No significant difference was found between 37 °C waterbath and 37 °C MW controls. Significant differences in the thermosensitivity of the two cell lines were found, with the most drug‐sensitive cell line showing the greatest thermosensitivity. However, hyperthermia alone was not very effective as a single cytotoxic modality in either cell line. The MW‐hyperthermia‐induction system provided precise, automated temperature control (± 0.2 °C), and ease of utilization and data management.
Developmental studies of hanford miniature swine exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields
Authors: Sikov M. R. , Rommereim D. N. , Beamer J. L. , Buschbom R. L. , Kaune W. T. , Phillips R. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEvaluations of reproductive and developmental toxicology, including teratology, were included as part of a broad screening study in Hanford Miniature swine (HMS) to detect effects of exposure to electric fields. One group (E) was exposed to a uniform, vertical, 60‐Hz, 30‐kV/m electric field for 20 h/day, 7 days/week sham‐exposed (SE) swine were housed in a separate, environmentally equivalent building. The first generation (F0) gilts were bred after 4 months of study; some were killed for teratologic assays at 100 days of gestation (dg), and the others produced an F1 generation of offspring. The pooled incidence of terata in these litters (teratologic assays and live births) was similar in the E and SE groups. The F0 females, which produced the F1 generation, were bred again after 18 months of exposure and were killed at 100 dg. Malformation incidence in E litters (75%) was significantly greater than in SE litters (29%). No consistent differences in litter size, fetal mass, or mass of fetal organs were detected. The F1 gilts were bred at 18 months of age; defective offspring were found in significantly more of the E litters (71 %) than in SE litters (33%). These F1 females were bred again 10 months later and teratologic assays were performed on their second litters at 100 dg. The percentage of litters with malformed fetuses was essentially identical in the E and SE groups (70% and 73%, respectively). There appears to be an association between chronic exposure to a strong electric field and developmental effects in swine, although the change in incidence of malformations between generations and between the first and second breedings makes it impossible to conclude unequivocally that there is a cause‐and‐effect relation.
Reproduction and development in rats chronologically exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields
Authors: Rommereim D. N. , Kaune W. T. , Buschbom R. L. , Phillips R. D. , Sikov M. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have raised the possibility of reproductive and developmental changes in miniature swine chronically exposed to a strong 60‐Hz electric field. Two replicate experiments on rats were performed to determine if similar changes could be detected in animals exposed under a comparable regime, which was based on average, induced‐current densities and on the chronology of reproductive development, as dosimetrically and biologically scaled. Beginning at three months of age, female rats of the F0 generation and their subsequent offspring were chronically exposed to a 60‐Hz electric field (100 kV/ m unperturbed) for 19 h/day for the duration of experimentation.After four weeks of exposure, F0 female rats were mated to unexposed male rats during the field‐off period. No significant developmental effects were detected in their litters, confirming our previous results with swine and rats. The F0 females were mated for a second time at 7.2 months of age, and the fetuses were evaluated shortly before term. In the first experiments, the incidence of intrauterine mortality was significantly less in exposed than in sham‐exposed litters, and there was a tendency (P = 0.12) for an increased incidence of malformed fetuses in exposed litters. Neither end point was significantly affected in the second experiment.Copulatory behavior of the female F1 offspring, which were bred at three months of age, was not affected in either experiment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the fertility of F1 exposed females and a significant increase in the fraction of exposed litters with malformed fetuses in the first experiment; both end points were essentially the same in the sham and exposed groups of the second experiment.That the significant effects detected in the first experiment were not seen in the second may be attributed to random or biological variation. Alternatively, the finding may indicate that the response threshold for induction of malformations lies near 100 kV/m.
A finite‐difference electromagnetic deposition/thermoregulatory model: Comparison between theory and measurements
Authors: Spiegel R. J. , Fatmi M. B. E. , Ward T. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe rate of the electromagnetic energy deposition and the resultant thermoregulatory response of a block model of a squirrel monkey exposed to plane‐wave fields at 350 MHz were calculated using a finite‐difference procedure. Noninvasive temperature measurements in live squirrel monkeys under similar exposure conditions were obtained using Vitek probes. Calculations exhibit reasonable correlation with the measured data, especially for the rise in colonic temperature.
Thermoregulatory responses of the immature rat following repeated postnatal exposures to 2,450‐MHz microwaves
Authors: Spiers Donald E. , Adair Eleanor R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the changes that occur in the thermoregulatory ability of the immature rat repeatedly exposed to low‐level microwave radiation. Beginning at 6–7 days of age, previously untreated rats were exposed to 2,450‐MHz continuous‐wave microwaves at a power density of 5 mW/cm2 for 10 days (4 h/day). Microwave and sham (control) exposures were conducted at ambient temperatures (Ta) which represent different levels of cold stress for the immature rat (ie, “exposure” Ta = 20 and 30 °C). Physiological tests were conducted at 5–6 and 16–17 days of age, in the absence of microwaves, to determine pre‐ and postexposure responses, respectively. Measurements of metabolic rate, colonic temperature, and tail skin temperature were made at “test” Ta = 25.0, 30.0, 32.5, and 35.0 °C. Mean growth rates were lower for rats exposed to Ta = 20°C than for those exposed to Ta = 30°C, but microwave exposure exerted no effect at either exposure Ta. Metabolic rates and body temperatures of all exposure groups were similar to values for untreated animals at test Ta of 32.5 °C and 35.0 °C. Colonic temperatures of rats repeatedly exposed to sham or microwave conditions at exposure Ta = 20 °C or to sham conditions at exposure Ta = 30 °C were approximately 1°C below the level for untreated animals at test Ta of 25.0 °C and 30.0 °C. However, when the exposure Ta was warmer, rats exhibited a higher colonic temperature at these cold test Ta, indicating that the effectiveness of low‐level microwave treatment to alter thermoregulatory responses depends on the magnitude of the cold stress.
Residential magnetic and electric fields
Authors: Kaune W. T. , Stevens R. G. , Callahan N. J. , Severson R. K. , Thomas D. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA magnetic flux density (MFD) and electric‐field (E‐field) data‐acquisition system was built for characterizing extremely low‐frequency fields in residences. Every 2 min during 24‐h periods, MFD and E‐field measurements were made in 43 homes in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties of Washington State. The total electrical energy used in each residence during the 24‐h measurement period was also recorded, and maps were drawn to scale of the distribution wiring within 43 m (140 ft) of these homes. Finally, on a separate date, field measurements were made in each home during an epidemiological interview. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) 24‐h‐average MFD measured at two separate points in the family room were correlated, as were a 24‐h‐average bedroom measurement and the mean of the two family‐room measurements. 2) The 24‐h‐average family‐room MFD and E‐field measurements were uncorrelated. 3) The 24‐h‐average total harmonic distortions of family‐room MFD and E‐fields were less than about 24% and 7%, respectively. 4) Residential MFD exhibited a definite 24‐h (diurnal) cycle. 5) The 24‐h‐average and interviewer‐measured MFD were correlated. 6) Residential 24‐h‐average MFD were correlated with the wiring code developed by Wertheimer and Leeper. 7) An improved prediction of 24‐h‐average residential MFD was obtained using the total number of service drops, the distance to neighboring transmission lines, and the number of primary phase conductors.
Test for the effects of 60‐Hz magnetic fields on fecundity and development in Drosophila
Authors: Walters Ellen , Carstensen Edwin L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRamirez et al (1983) reported reduced egg laying by Drosophila melanogaster and reduced survival of those eggs to adulthood when adult flies were exposed to magnetic fields. In a similar study, no effects from exposures of Drosophila to 1‐mT, 60‐Hz magnetic fields were found.
Absorption of microwave radiation by the anesthetized rat: Electromagnetic and thermal hotspots in body and tail
Authors: D'Andrea John A. , Emmerson Rita Y. , Dewitt John R. , Gandhi Om P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnatomic variability in the deposition of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy in mammals has been well documented. A recent study [D'Andrea et al., 1985] reported specific absorption rate (SAR) hotspots in the brain, rectum and tail of rat carcasses exposed to 360‐ and to 2,450‐MHz microwave radiation. Regions of intense energy absorption are generally thought to be of little consequence when predicting thermal effects of microwave irradiation because it is presumed that heat transfer via the circulatory system promptly redistributes localized heat to equilibrate tissue temperature within the body. Experiments on anesthetized, male Long‐Evans rats (200–260 g) irradiated for 10 or 16 min with 2,450, 700, or 360 MHz radiation at SARs of 2 W/kg, 6 W/kg, or 10 W/ kg indicated that postirradiation localized temperatures in regions previously shown to exhibit high SARs were appreciably above temperatures at body sites with lower SARs. The postirradiation temperatures in the rectum and tail were significantly higher in rats irradiated at 360 MHz and higher in the tail at 2,450 MHz than temperatures resulting from exposure to 700 MHz. This effect was found for whole‐body‐averaged SARs as low as 6 W/kg at 360 MHz and 10 W/kg at 2,450 MHz. In contrast, brain temperatures in the anesthetized rats were not different from those measured in the rest of the body following microwave exposure.
Thermal cataract formation in rabbits
Authors: Kramár Piró , Harris Carrol , Guy Arthur W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntraocularly circulating hot water was used to produce cataracts in nine eyes of seven rabbits by maintaining their retrolental temperatures between 43 °C and 45 °C. A rapid rate of heating (1.3 °C/min) plus a sharp temperature gradient across the eye may have been contributing factors in the consistent production of cataracts at these temperatures. Biomicroscopy and light microscopy showed lens changes similar to those associated with acute exposure to microwave radiation. These findings support the assumption that microwave cataractogenesis is due to the local production of elevated temperatures.
Effects of pulsed extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic fields on skin wounds in the rat
Authors: Ottani V. , De Pasquale V. , Govoni P. , Franchi M. , Ruggeri A. , Zaniol P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRats with skin‐wounds surgically created on their backs were exposed immediately after surgery and every 12 h thereafter to pulsed, extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic fields. The shape of the pulse was a positive triangle (50 Hz, 8 mT peak). The rate of healing of skin wounds was evaluated macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy at 6, 12, 21, and 42 days after the operation. A significant increase in the rate of wound contraction was found in rats treated with magnetic fields. Forty‐two days after surgery all treated animals show fully closed wounds, while control rats at the same time intervals still lacked a final 6% of the wound surface to be covered. Treated rats showed earlier cellular organization, collagen formation and maturation, and a very early appearance of newly formed vascular network.
Microwave attenuation of ethanol‐induced hypothermia: Ethanol tolerance, time course, exposure duration, and dose response studies
Authors: Hjeresen Dennis L. , Francendese Albert , O'Donnell James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour experiments were conducted to quantify the reported attenuation by microwave (MW) irradiation of ethanol‐induced hypothermia. In one experiment rats were irradiated (continuous wave 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rate = 0.3 W/kg) or sham irradiated for 45 min, injected with 3.6 g/kg, 20% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH) or saline (NaCl) i.p. Colonic temperature was monitored at 20‐min intervals for 2 h. This procedure was repeated for 8 days to determine the rate of tolerance development to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. While MW irradiation did significantly attenuate EtOH‐induced hypothermia, it did not enhance or retard the rate of tolerance development. To determine the duration of irradiation necessary to attenuate EtOH‐induced hypothermia, groups of rats were irradiated or sham irradiated for 5, 15, 30, or 60 min prior to EtOH injection and subsequent temperature measurements. The attenuation was apparent only after 60 min of irradiation. To determine the duration of the attenuation effect after irradiation, rats were injected with EtOH or NaCl at 0, 30, 60, 120, or 480 min after 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation. The attenuation effect was apparent among rats injected 0 to 30 min after irradiation and for the first 40 min for groups injected at 120 min. Additional rats were injected with NaCl or 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 g/kg of EtOH i.p. following 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation to determine if the attenuation effect depends on the dose of EtOH administered. Attenuation of EtOH‐induced hypothermia was more apparent at lower doses of EtOH than at higher doses. These results indicate that the effect is an acute response to irradiation, and rule out several other potential explanations.
B16 melanoma development in black mice exposed to low‐level microwave radiation
Authors: Santini R. , Hosni M. , Pacheco H. , Deschaux P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effect of low‐level microwave exposure, 2,450 MHz, at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 and specific absorption rate of 1.2 mW/g, continuous waves (CW) or pulsed waves (PW), 2.5 h/day, 6 sessions/week until death (up to 690 h of irradiation), has been studied in black C57/6J mice with B16 melanoma. The results show that no significant effects are observed on tumor development or on survival times compared to controls, or between CW‐ and PW‐treated animals.
Effect of ambient levels of power‐line‐frequency electric fields on a developing vertebrate
Authors: Blackman Carl F. , House Dennis E. , Benane Shawnee G. , Joines William T. , Spiegel Ronald J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were exposed continuously during their 21‐day incubation period to either 50‐ or 60‐Hz sinusoidal electric fields at an average intensity of 10 Vrms/m. The exposure apparatus was housed in an environmental room maintained at 37°C and 55–60% relative humidity (RH). Within 1.5 days after hatching, the chickens were removed from the apparatus and tested. The test consisted of examining the effect of 50‐ or 60‐Hz electromagnetic fields at 15.9 Vrms/m and 73 nTrms (in a local geomagnetic field of 38 μT, 85°N) on efflux of calcium ions from the chicken brain. For eggs exposed to 60‐Hz electric fields during incubation, the chicken brains demonstrated a significant response to 50‐Hz fields but not to 60‐Hz fields, in agreement with the results from commercially incubated eggs [Blackman et al., 1985a]. In contrast, the brains from chicks exposed during incubation to 50‐Hz fields were not affected by either 50‐ or 60‐Hz fields. These results demonstrate that exposure of a developing organism to ambient power‐line‐frequency electric fields at levels typically found inside buildings can alter the response of brain tissue to field‐induced calcium‐ion efflux. The physiological significance of this finding has yet to be established.
Effects of static magnetic fields on diffusion in solutions
Authors: Kinouchi Y. , Tanimoto S. , Ushita T. , Sato K. , Yamaguchi H. , Miyamoto H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStatic magnetic fields affect the diffusion of biological particles in solutions through the Lorentz force and Maxwell stress. These effects were analyzed theoretically to estimate the threshold field strength for these effects. Our results show that the Lorentz force suppresses the diffusion of charged particles such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl‐, and plasma proteins. However, the threshold is so high, i.e., more than 104 T, that the Lorentz force does not affect the ion diffusion at typical field strengths (a few Tesla at most). Since the threshold of gradient fields for producing a change in ion diffusion through the Maxwell stress is more than 105 T2/m for paramagnetic molecules (FeCl3, O2) and plasma proteins, their diffusion would be unaffected by typical gradient fields (100 T2/m at most) and even by high gradient fields (less than 105 T2/m) used in magnetic separation techniques. In contrast, movement of deoxygenated erythrocytes and FeCl3 colloids (more than 103 molecules) is influenced by the usual gradient fields due to a volume effect.
Exposure of mammalian cells to 60‐Hz magnetic or electric fields: Analysis for DNA single‐strand breaks
Authors: Reese J. A. , Jostes R. F. , Frazier M. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 1 h to 60‐Hz magnetic fields (0.1 or 2 mT), electric fields (1 or 38 V/m), or to combined magnetic and electric fields (2 mT and 38 V/m, respectively). Following exposure, the cells were lysed, and the DNA was analyzed for the presence of single‐strand breaks (SSB), using the alkaline elution technique. No significant differences in numbers of DNA SSB were detected between exposed and sham‐exposed cells. A positive control exposed to X‐irradiation sustained SSB with a dose‐related frequency. Cells exposed to nitrogen mustard (a known cross‐linking agent) and X‐irradiation demonstrated that the assay could detect cross‐linked DNA under our conditions of electric and magnetic field exposures.
Suppression of T‐lymphocyte cytotoxicity following exposure to 60‐Hz sinusoidal electric fields
Authors: Lyle Daniel B. , Ayotte Robert D. , Sheppard Asher R. , Adey W. Ross 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA significant 25% inhibition (P < .005) of allogeneic cytotoxicity of the target cell MPC‐11 by the murine cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte line CTLL‐1 was observed when the 4‐h cytotoxicity assay was conducted immediately following a 48‐h pre‐exposure of the effector lymphocytes to a 10‐mV/cm (rms) 60‐Hz sinusoidal electric field. At 1.0 mV/cm a significant 19% inhibition (P < .0005) was seen. At 0.1 mV/cm a nonsignificant 7% inhibition of cytotoxicity was noted. When the 4‐h cytotoxicity assay was conducted in the presence of the field using previously unexposed effector lymphocytes, cytotoxicity was not significantly reduced. Cell proliferation in the presence of interleukin‐2 was unaffected by the field. These data suggest a dose response and threshold (between 0.1 and 1.0 mV/cm) for inhibition of cytotoxicity in clonal T‐lymphocytes by exposure to a 60‐Hz sinusoidal electric field. These results suggest mechanisms by which 60‐Hz electric fields could affect the function of cells of the immune system.
Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves
Authors: Chizhenkova R. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnanesthetized rabbits exposed to 12.5‐cm microwaves at a field intensity of 40 mW/cm2 in the region of the head showed an increase in the number of slow waves and spindleshaped firings in the EEG and a change in the discharge frequency of neurons in the visual cortex in 41–52% of the cases. An enhancement of the evoked response of visual cortex neurons to light was observed in 61% of the cases and a facilitation of the driving response in 80% of all cases. It is concluded that the evoked response is a more sensitive indicator of the microwave effect than background activity. The effects of the fields were most distinctly observed with the driving response.
Microwave effect on camphor binding to rat olfactory epithelium
Authors: Philippova T. M. , Novoselov V. I. , Bystrova M. F. , Alekseev S. I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrowave radiation decreased specific camphor binding to a membrane fraction of rat epithelium but not to a Triton X‐100 extract of this fraction. Inhibition of the ligand binding did not depend on the modulation frequency of the microwave field in the region 1–100 Hz and was not a linear funcion of specific absorption rate (SAR). The decreased ligand binding was due to a shedding or release of the specific camphor‐binding protein from the membrane into solution. It is highly probable that several other membrane proteins may be shed into solution during microwave exposure.
Microwave effects on acetylcholine‐induced channels in cultured chick myotubes
Authors: D'Inzeo G. , Bernardi P. , Grassi F. , Zani B. M. , Eusebi F. , Tamburello C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe behavior of cultured myotubes from chick embryos exposed to microwaves has been experimentally analyzed. Recordings of acetylcholine‐induced currents have been obtained via patch‐clamp techniques using both cell‐attached (single‐channel current recording) and whole‐cell (total current recording) configurations. During the exposure to low‐power microwaves the frequency of the ACh‐activated single channel openings decreased, while the ACh‐induced total current showed a faster falling phase. Channel open time and conductance were not affected by microwave irradiation. It is concluded that the exposure to microwaves increases the rate of desensitization and decreases the channel opening probability. The nonthermal origin and the molecular interaction mechanisms governing these electromagnetic‐induced effects are discussed.