bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silviculture and Forest Ecology
Authors: Mercker David , Blair Ryan , Tyler Don , Jain Theresa , Graham Russell , Rockwood Donald , Koch Nicholas , Brawner Jeremy , Carrero Omar , Covey Kristofer , Barrett Alex , Ashton Mark , Covey Kristofer , Gupta Angela , Miedtke Julie , Mayer Amy , Scowcroft Paul , Yeh Justin , Beane Nathan , Rentch James , Sensenig Thomas , Liang Jingjing , Kane Michael , Zhao Dehai , Borders Bruce , Rheney John , McNassar Bridget , Kleinknecht Jake , Davis Anthony S. , Farrell Michael , Downs Stephanie , Apsley Dave , Balser Daniel , Fei Songlin , Kong Ningning , Steiner Kim , Moser Keith , Steiner Erik , Overton Emily , Davis Anthony S. , Adamski Daniel , Dudley Nicklos , Morden Clifford , Borthakur Dulal , Aghai Matthew , Pinto Jeremy , Davis Anthony S. , Guldin James , Koerth Nancy , Ganio Lisa , Progar Robert , Rinella Matt , Ceder Kevin , Turnblom Eric , Cram Douglas , Baker Terrell , Suronen Elise , Newingham Beth , Rathbun Leah , Meador Andrew Sanchez , Kreye Jesse , McClellan Michael , Berg Erik , Clinton Barry , Vose Jim , Swank Wayne , Pinto Jeremy , Dumroese R. Kasten , Davis Anthony S. , Marshall John D. , Piirto Doug , Soderlund Joshua , Roller Gary , Pinto Jeremy , Dumroese R. Kasten , Davis Anthony S. , Marshall John D. , Zielke Ken , Nelson Harry , Perez David , Eisen Katherine 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
2Over the past several decades, federal incentive programs have encouraged the restoration of bottomland forests throughout the West Gulf Coastal Plain (WGCP) and the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). Programs such as the Conservation Reserve (CRP) and Wetlands Reserve (WRP) Programs have been marginally successful (Stanturf et al. 2001). Foresters and contractors often follow conventional tree planting procedures that are well established for upland sites, but prove problematic in bottomlands. High water tables, soil drainage and compaction, overland flooding and diverse soil properties make species selection difficult. Slight changes in topography and soil structure often have a dramatic effect on survival and growth of planted oak seedlings (Hodges and Schweitzer 1979). This project documented the survival and growth of six-year old seedlings that were established on a bottomland site in 2004, located at the West Tennessee Research and Education Center, Jackson, Tennessee. The purpose was to determine how soil drainage as indicated by mottling (specifically, the point of 50 percent gray color throughout the soil profile) affects the survival and growth of bottomland oak species. The findings suggest that practitioners plant Nuttall, pin and overcup oaks in poorly drained soils. As the drainage improves, begin mixing in willow oak. In the best drained soils (if they exist), finish by including water, swamp chestnut, swamp white, Shumard, cherrybark and bur oaks. Potential species diversity should expand as the soil drainage improves.
Transportation Planning to Meet Hour-Control Requirements
Authors: Norcross T. W. , Grefe R. F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the early days of the national forests the money provided for their protection against fire was sufficient for little more than the employment of a few men. With the greater funds now available it is possible to employ more men and to build roads and trails to make their efforts more effective. The proper location of these routes to give the fire-fighing forces quicker access to any portion of the forest requires careful analysis of the value and location of the resources, as well as the topography and the cost of road building, to make the money yield the greatest service. The authors discuss such an analysis and offer a technique for its preparation.
Forest Fire Damage Appraisal
Authors: MacDaniels E. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As far as the forester is concerned, timber is sold when fire destroys it, whether the stand burned is ten years old or one hundred years old. The appraisal of mature stands presents few problems. A satisfactory yard stick for valuing immature stands has not yet been devised, but the author describes a method, recommended for use in Oregon and Washington, which deserves carful consideration.
Forestry and Lumbering in British Columbia
Authors: Caverhill P. Z. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Province of British Columbia in managing its timber lands and in working toward the stabilization of the lumber industry has problems that differ little from those of the United States. British Columbia’s method of attack is, however, different. The author gives data on the extent of the Province’s timber resources, problems of its lumber industry, the responsibility of the state and private owner, and tells what his government is doing to relieve the pressure to liquidate holdings, improve marketing and make the forestry industries permanent.
The Effect of Phosphorus Placement on the Growth of White Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Meagher M. D. , Armson K. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
White spruce seedlings were grown in a sandy soil that received super-phosphate fertilizer at four rates, and placed in three ways in the soil. It was found that placing the fertilizer in a band of soil one inch below the surface produced the greatest seedling growth at all fertilizerlevels. Surface placement resulted in the least growth and mixing the fertilizer throughout the entire rooting volume gave intermediate results.
Thirty-eight Years of Group Selection in New England Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Leak W. B. , Filip S. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 38-year period of group selection in northern hardwoods is resulting in a permanent composition of one-quarter to one-third intermediate and intolerant species. The diameter distribution follows the inverse J-shaped form that typifies uneven-aged stands. Uneven-aged management based on a combination of group and single-tree selection appears to be silviculturally sound.
Marking Ponderosa Pine To Combine Commercial Thinning and Control of Armillaria Root Rot
Authors: Roth Lewis F. , Shaw III Charles G. , Rolph Leonard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Root rot caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quél, in natural ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) can be reduced by removing diseased trees during commercial thinning. Critically situated infected trees are pushed out to interrupt vegetative spread among the roots and to kill the fungus through exposure.
Long-run Sustainable Timber Yield–Floor or Ceiling?
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Beuter John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On a forest typical of the Douglas-fir region, analysis indicated that the policy prescribed by the sustained-yield clause of the National Forest Management Act might result in forgoing timber volume that could otherwise be harvested without ever going below the sustained yield level. Whether the extra volume should be harvested under an exception to the clause depends on how the Forest Service weighs attainment of multiple-use objectives.
Community Stability as a Forest Management Objective
Authors: Waggener Thomas R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Regulations issued pursuant to the Forest Management Act of 1976 have renewed interest in community stability as an implicit policy objective. Traditional definitions of stability, community, and dependency are vague, and the relationship between timber flow and stability is largely conjectural. Local community constancy is often in conflict with the broader concept of dynamic economic stability. It is necessary to define appropriate measures of economic stability, the geographical context for considering stability, and the time interval over which stability is to be measured. A dynamic economy requires the reallocation of resources and adjustments within and between communities. Current problems reflect these causes of instability, which are largely outside the forestry sector. Policy must address these causes rather than simply focus on the symptoms of change.
Confidence Or More Controversy: Whither Public Involvement?
Authors: Twight Ben W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
If judiciously carried out the public involvement process can be a way of increasing public support for programs of natural resource agencies. Effectiveness depends on the involved parties perceiving some degree of personal impact on the outcomes. However, attempts to insure representative involvement may attract alienated persons who participate only to express resentment and generalized distrust of public officials.
Modifying the Christen Hypsometer for Use in Dense Conifer Stands
Authors: Buckner Edward R. , Richeson Jerry L. , Rennie John , Boyd Wayne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Locating a position that provides a clear view of the top of the target tree is a major problem when tree heights are being measured in dense conifer stands. A further complication arises if a measured horizontal distance is required, as with conventional hypsometers based on trigonometric principles. The Christen hypsometer, based on geometric principles, does not require a measured horizontal but has been little used, probably because of the instability of the hand-held instrument. A modification of the Christen hypsometer utilizes a staff for stability, thereby enabling greatly increased precision with prolonged use. Since the staff permits positioning the instrument further from the eye, additional gains are then possible via an enlarged scale. For trees over 50 or 60 feet high increasing the length of the standard pole from 10 feet to 18 or 20 feet is recommended.
Shadow Patterns Located with a Programmable Calculator
Authors: Satterlund Donald R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Approximate location of shadows at any time can be established rapidly with the aid of a programmable pocket calculator. The procedure can be applied in the field; only the calculator, a compass, and a clinometer are needed. It can also be applied in the office if a contour map and tree height data around a forest opening are available.
Goal Programing in Land-Use Planning
Authors: Dane C. W. , Meador Nancy C. , White John B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The land-use planning process on the Mount Hood National Forest involves nine steps designed to identify needs, determine the complex interaction of effects from fulfilling these needs, and providing a means by which decisionmakers can see the tradeoffs required to achieve the various levels of need satisfaction. Goal programming, a variation of linear programming, has been experimentally used to assist in this process.
Harvesting the Forest Resource--Are We Prepared?
Authors: Boyd Conor W. , Carson Ward W. , Jorgensen Jens E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Projections of U.S. wood supply requirements and ability to harvest from domestic reserves point clearly to potential difficulties in the near future. Demand for forest products shows steady growth while the supply diminishes and the restrictions on harvesting become more constraining. Meanwhile, harvesting technology has advanced slowly. The situation correlates strongly with a history of inadequate harvesting research and development and a limited effort to educate professional forest engineers.
The Monongahela Controversy and the Political Process
Authors: Fairfax Sally K. , Achterman Gail L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Misinterpretations of the Monongahela controversy obscure important lessons which that experience should teach us about the political process. Forest policy is debated continually in a variety of arenas. Foresters must be aware of the process and the nature of the different forums if they are to be effective participants in the deliberations.
Containerized Seedlings in Western Reforestation
Authors: Stein William I. , Owston Peyton W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Technology for growing seedlings in containers is well advanced, and such stock is used extensively for planting in the West. Installed production capacity approaches 100 million seedlings per year, and more is planned. The shaped root system facilitates planting, especially among logging slash or in rocky soil. Containerized seedlings generally cost more to produce and transport but usually survive better than bare-root stock and make faster early growth.
Horizontal Line Sampling in Upland Hardwoods
Authors: Birth Elvin E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Continuous horizontal line sampling combines the advantages of PPS sampling and of strip cruising. Field work is concentrated on measuring trees. The method offers a choice of ways to control sample intensity. The direct estimate of a horizontal line sample is the sum of diameters per unit area of land. Tallying by diameter class permits calculation of tree frequency and number of trees per unit area of land. The average diameter calculated is the "average" assumed by nonforesters. Tally sheets may be formatted to show stocking percent, diameter growth required for full stocking, or volume.
Heat Accumulation: An Easy Way To Anticipate the Flowering of Southern Pines
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Accumulation of degree-day heat sums accounts for most of the year-to-year variation in dates of peak pollen shed by slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), loblolly (P. taeda L.), and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pines. During 19 years of observation for longleaf and 6 years for each of the other species, the average deviation of observed from predicted peak date was four days or less. Slash pine had the greatest range among years in date of peak flowering (45 days), followed by longleaf (40 days), loblolly (23 days), and shortleaf (20 days). Male strobili of slash pine developed without pause. except on cold days, after their emergence in late November or early December. Longleaf, however, had a period of winter dormancy that averaged about one month, and loblolly and shortleaf were dormant about two months during winter. Only the pollen shed periods of longleaf and loblolly pines overlapped during this study. Differences in heat and dormancy requirements apparently preclude overlap between longleaf and slush pines, or between shortleaf and any of the others.
Reduced Fire Frequency Changes Species Composition of a Ponderosa Pine Stand
Authors: Dickman Alan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Umpqua National Forest, Oregon, a 35-acre ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stand situated in the midst of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forest is being invaded by Douglas-fir seedlings as a result of reduced fire frequency within the last 50 years. In earlier times frequent ground fires kept Douglas-fir at a minimum.
Endangered Plant Species and Wildland Management
Authors: Zeedyk W. D. , Farmer R. E. , MacBryde B. , Baker G. S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent legislation has given wildland managers the authority and responsibility to ensure the survival of endangered and threatened plant species. Management strategies to protect such species include inventory compilation, refuge establishment, special environmental practices, and artificial propagation. Research into life histories, environmental requirements, and population dynamics is needed.
Significance to Forestry of the Dahlem Conference on Global Chemical Cycles and their Alteration by Man
Authors: Gessel S. P. , Zinke P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conferees debated whether forests are places where excess carbon dioxide can be disposed of, or whether they are sources for generating the compound and passing it into the global cycle. The role of forests in carbon supply seems to depend upon management practices. Information on the carbon cycle and on release of nitrogen oxides is very incomplete. Forest scientists should begin to accumulate data needed to develop correct policies.
Uses of Land Classification
Authors: Frayer W. E. , Davis L. S. , Risser Paul G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Land classification serves three basic purposes. The first two--developing information needed for policy formulation and for land management--differ mainly in the amount of information required. A single, hierarchical classification system may serve both purposes equally well, although the techniques employed in applying the system may differ. A third purpose--coordination within and between land-managing agencies--provides a strong argument for standardized classification.
A National Forest Policy for Canada?
Authors: Nagle George S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One of the most important of the provincial powers within the Canadian Federation is the responsibility for management of forest resources. Because of the various jurisdictional and regional rivalries, an operational forest policy at the national level has often been said to be an impossible dream. However, there is a growing consensus at all levels that the need for un concertation national, or joint federal-provincial accord, is so pressing that improved means of achieving it will simply have to be found. The Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers is currently sponsoring an effort to establish appropriate principles some workable targets and production strategies, and the mechanisms necessary to sustain continuing forest policy discussions at the national level.
Forest Environmental Impact Analysis--A New Approach
Authors: Thor Edward C. , Elsner Gary H. , Travis Michael R. , O'Loughlin Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
IMPACT is a new computerized approach that has been developed by the U.S. Forest Service to simplify the work of land-management agencies in conducting environmental impact analyses and in preparing impact statements. IMPACT consists of an information base and an interactive computer program. The information base is a complex network of short descriptions of environmental conditions linked together in cause-and-effect relationships associated with a variety of forest management activities. The information base also includes literature references useful in analyzing specific environmental effects. IMPACT is being used on several national forests.
Increased Growth of Released White Oak Poles Continues through Two Decades
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Release doubled the diameter growth of white oak (Quercus alba L.) for 20 years after treatment. Pole-size trees released and pruned grew 10 percent less than those released only. The larger trees, especially those that were growing most rapidly prior to release, increased in diameter most rapidly during the 20-year period.
Five New Machines and Six Products Can Triple Commodity Recovery from Southern Forests
Authors: Koch Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mixed southern pine-hardwood stands now yield 20 to 22 percent of their biomass in wood products. A new energy self-sufficient system using tree pullers, wet-fuel burners, mobile chippers, shaping-lathe headrigs, and continuous kilns can convert 67 percent of the biomass (above- and below-ground parts of trees of all species) into products worth about $150 per dry ton. Products of the system are pallets; dowel-laminated crossties (no adhesive); structural exterior flakeboard; structural lumber glue-laminated from veneer: studs; and hogged fuel for plant energy. Composite structural panels or fiberboards could be made also. Application of the system could provide high returns to private landholders while halting incursion of low-grade hardwoods into the southern pinery.
World Forestry: Birth Sap Utilization in the Ukraine
Authors: Sendak Paul E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Birch sap is used to make beverages in the Ukraine. Unlike the maple sap used in North America for syrup and sugar, that from birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh., B. pubescens Ehrh.) is not boiled down; it is mixed with sugar and citric acid. Similarities between the birch and maple enterprises suggest that innovations in one might be adopted by the other.
Coastal Plain Hardwood Problem
Authors: Sternitzke Herbert S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Most forest acreage suitable for growing the major species of southern pine is on the Coastal Plain. But much of the growing space on these sites is encumbered with unwanted hardwoods. Moreover, the amount is increasing. Cultural measures to increase pine stocking could be undertaken at moderate cost on some four-fifths of the Coastal Plain acreage.
Potential of Forest Fuels for Producing Electrical Energy
Authors: Burgess Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Annual aboveground wood increment in the world's forests is approximately 12.9 billion metric tons. At 50 percent accessibility, about 6.5 billion tons are available for all wood uses. On the assumption of 3.5 x 106 kcal/ton of air-dried wood, a thermal-electric conversion of about 35 percent, and a power station running at 60 percent operating efficiency, then one megawatt per year requires about 6,200 tons of wood annually. Therefore, if all wood was used for electrical generation, maximum production from the world's forests would amount to 1.0 x 106 mWe (megawatts electric), without dipping into capital. This is roughly twice the equivalent of the present U.S. generating capacity, and half that projected for the year 2000.
Declining Quality of B&W Infrared Aerial Photography -- And What to Do about It
Authors: Meyer Merle P. , Marshall James R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Adoption by the aerial photography industry of automated electronic dodging and printing techniques, associated with a shift to low-contrast negatives to suit photogrammetric applications, has seriously impaired the tonal contrast essential to medium-scale black and white infrared forest photography. In comparisons of various types of 1:15, 840 coverage of a representative forested area, experienced interpreters agreed that tonal quality of photography conventionally provided in Minnesota could be improved by using a Zeiss C filter, holding film exposure slightly below normal, processing to a contrasty negative, and printing on medium contrast paper.
Professional Profile of Urban Foresters Practicing in the Eastern United States
Authors: Dunn B. Allen , Gornicki Philip P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Increasingly, urban vegetative resources are being managed by foresters. A survey of 123 urban foresters found that most held degrees in forest management, began their professional careers since 1970, and considered themselves well received by the public they serve. They perform diverse services, primarily in information and education, administration of programs, and planning.
How Do Nontimber Values Affect Douglas-fir Rotations?
Authors: Calish Steven , Fight Roger D. , Teeguarden Dennis E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When nontimber values are included, economically optimum rotations for Douglas-fir may be shortened or lengthened by comparison with similar calculations based on timber values alone. Lengthening rotations to the age that maximizes wood production results in much less site value that the economically optimum rotation.
Does the U.S. Face a Shortfall of Timber?
Authors: Hair Dwight 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent studies show that the demands for timber from domestic forests are likely to grow rapidly in the decades ahead. Supplies, on the other hand, will increase rather slowly if forests continue to be managed much as they have been. These projections and the widening gap between them have been viewed by some in terms of a physical shortfall. In a free market economy, however, there will not be a shortfall. Prices will rise until there is an equilibrium between demands and supplies. Rising relative prices will limit the expansion potential of the timber industries. They will also mean higher costs to consumers, increased dependence on imports, greater environmental costs associated with expanding use of substitutes, and acceleration in the rate of use of nonrenewable resource.