bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving MRI differentiation of gray and white matter in epileptogenic lesions based on nonlinear feedback
Authors: Huang Susie Y. , Wolahan Stephanie M. , Mathern Gary W. , Chute Dennis J. , Akhtari Massoud , Nguyen Snow T. , Huynh My N. , Salamon Noriko , Lin Yung‐Ya 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new method for enhancing MRI contrast between gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in epilepsy surgery patients with symptomatic lesions is presented. This method uses the radiation damping feedback interaction in high‐field MRI to amplify contrast due to small differences in resonance frequency in GM and WM corresponding to variations in tissue susceptibility. High‐resolution radiation damping‐enhanced (RD) images of in vitro brain tissue from five patients were acquired at 14 T and compared with corresponding conventional T1‐, T‐, and proton density (PD)‐weighted images. The RD images yielded a six times better contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR = 44.8) on average than the best optimized T1‐weighted (CNR = 7.92), T‐weighted (CNR = 4.20), and PD‐weighted images (CNR = 2.52). Regional analysis of the signal as a function of evolution time and initial pulse flip angle, and comparison with numerical simulations confirmed that radiation damping was responsible for the observed signal growth. The time evolution of the signal in different tissue regions was also used to identify subtle changes in tissue composition that were not revealed in conventional MR images. RD contrast is compared with conventional MR methods for separating different tissue types, and its value and limitations are discussed. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast metabolic imaging of systems with sparse spectra: Application for hyperpolarized 13C imaging
Authors: Mayer Dirk , Levin Yakir S. , Hurd Ralph E. , Glover Gary H. , Spielman Daniel M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA fast spiral chemical shift imaging (spCSI) sequence was developed for application to hyperpolarized 13C imaging. The sequence exploits sparse spectra, which can occur in such applications, and prior knowledge of resonance frequencies to reduce the measurement time by undersampling the data in the spectral domain. As a consequence, multiple reconstructions of a given data set have to be computed in which only components with frequencies within a certain bandwidth are reconstructed “in focus” while others are severely blurred (“spectral tomosynthesis”). The sequence was tested at 3 T on a phantom containing approximately 1.5‐M solutions of alanine (Ala), lactate (Lac), and pyruvate‐pyruvate hydrate C1‐C2 ester (with two resonances, PPE1 and PPE2) at thermal equilibrium polarization, all enriched to 99% 13C in the C1 carbonyl positions. Results from spCSI with a single spatial interleaf (single‐shot spCSI) and three interleaves (three‐shot spCSI) were compared with those obtained by phase‐encoded free induction decay CSI (FIDCSI). The metabolic maps of all four resonances for three‐shot spCSI, and of PPE1 and PPE2 for single‐shot spCSI demonstrate resolution and localization properties similar to those of the FIDCSI images. The metabolic maps of Ala and Lac for single‐shot spCSI contain minor artifacts due to signal overlap of aliased resonances. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient caloric restriction in early adulthood hastens disease endpoint in male, but not female, Cu/Zn‐SOD mutant G93A mice
Authors: Hamadeh Mazen J. , Tarnopolsky Mark A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLong‐term caloric restriction (CR) prolongs the lifespan in healthy insects, rodents, and nonhuman primates. We previously reported that long‐term CR improves motor performance but hastens clinical onset of disease in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (G93A mice). G93A mice overexpress the mutant human Cu/Zn‐SOD gene and show progressive lower motor neuron weakness and increased oxidative stress. To study short‐term (15 days) CR in the same animal model, we investigated the effect of transient caloric restriction (TCR) on paw grip endurance, clinical onset, disease progression (time from clinical onset to endpoint), and lifespan. Starting at age 40 days, 32 separately caged G93A mice were randomly divided into two groups: ad libitum (AL,n= 17; 10 females, 7 males) and TCR (n= 15; 6 females, 9 males) with a diet equal to 60% of AL. When the TCR mice lost 30% of their weight they were offered food AL until endpoint, otherwise all TCR mice were provided food AL from age 55 days until endpoint (i.e., range of TCR = 13–15 days). Paw grip endurance started to decrease significantly at age 96 days compared with baseline values for all the groups. TCR males reached clinical onset 5 days sooner than TCR females. Disease progression was 8 days faster in TCR mice than AL mice and 6 days faster in male mice than female mice. The probability of survival was significantly different between the groups, with the TCR males having a faster rate of reaching endpoint than TCR females, AL males, and AL females. We conclude that TCR hastens clinical onset of disease and shortens the lifespan in male, but not female, G93A mice. Moreover, TCR hastens progress of disease but has no effect on paw grip endurance. The female sex is protective against the detrimental effects of short‐term CR in G93A mice. Assuming we can extrapolate these results to humans, short‐term CR should be avoided in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, especially men. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Asymmetric sphincter innervation is associated with fecal incontinence after anal sphincter trauma during childbirth
Authors: Wietek Beate M. , Hinninghofen Heidemarie , Jehle Ekkehard C. , Enck Paul , Franz Heiko B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAimsFunctional asymmetry of pelvic floor innervation has been shown to exist in healthy subjects, and has been proposed to be a predictor of increased risk for fecal incontinence in case of trauma. However, this remains to be shown for different clinical conditions such as traumatic childbirth.MethodsA conventional surface EMG system was used to assess the innervation of the external anal sphincter. A symmetry index was used to define the relative EMG amplitude asymmetry of the external anal sphincter between 0 (symmetric) and 1 (asymmetric). Three cohorts were studied: 40 nulliparous women in the third trimester (Study 1), 15 primiparous women within 6 months following vaginal delivery without clinically apparent anal sphincter trauma (Study 2), and 50 women after childbirth‐related third or fourth degree perineal tear 6–12 months postpartum (Study 3). Furthermore, all women underwent conventional anorectal manometry.ResultsSixteen or forty nulliparous women reported signs of fecal incontinence; however, relative asymmetry was not correlated to symptom severity (P = 0.345), and not to manometric measures (Study 1). In Study 2, Women who had suffered clinically apparent anal sphincter trauma (P = 0.07) tended to have a stronger association between incontinence and asymmetry. In Study 3, 19/50 women reported moderate to severe incontinence. Asymmetry and symptom severity were significantly correlated (P < 0.001). Patients with incontinence had a significantly higher asymmetry score than their continent counterparts.ConclusionFunctional asymmetry of anal sphincter innervation is significantly associated with incontinence symptoms, but only after childbirth‐related sphincter injuries and therefore, should be regarded as an additional risk factor. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective attacks in the salvo combat model: Salvo sizes and quantities of targets
Authors: Armstrong Michael J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article considers two related questions of tactics in the context of the salvo model for naval missile combat. For a given set of targets, how many missiles should be fired to produce an effective attack? For a given available salvo size, how many enemy targets should be fired at? In the deterministic version of the model I derive a simple optimality relationship between the number of missiles to fire and the number of targets to engage. In the stochastic model I employ the expected loss inflicted and the probability of enemy elimination as the main performance measures and use these to derive salvo sizes that are in some sense “optimal.” I find that the offensive firepower needed for an effective attack depends not only on a target's total strength but also on the relative balance between its active defensive power and passive staying power. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Polymer electronic materials: a review of charge transport
Authors: Jaiswal Manu , Menon Reghu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the charge transport phenomenon in semiconducting polymer materials. In these disordered systems both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters play significant roles. In general, π‐electron delocalization, interchain interaction, band gap, carrier density, extent of disorder, morphology and processing of materials determine the electrical and optical properties. The chemical structure, especially the role of side groups, is quite important in both physical and processing properties. The nature of charge carriers and their role in charge transport depend on the structure and morphology of the system. Hence in several semiconducting polymer devices, the correlations among structure, morphology and transport are rather strong. The dependence of carrier mobility on temperature and electric field needs to be understood in the framework of competing models based on carrier hopping, trapping/detrapping and tunneling. Exactly what determines the dispersive/nondispersive, polaronic and correlative transport regimes is yet to be quantified. An understanding of the carrier mobility in semiconducting polymers is necessary to optimize the performance of polymeric electronic devices. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Sample preparation project for the subcellular proteome of mouse liver
Authors: Song Yanping , Hao Yunwei , Sun Aihua , Li Tao , Li Wenrui , Guo Lihai , Yan Yujuan , Geng Chao , Chen Ning , Zhong Fan , Wei Handong , Jiang Ying , He Fuchu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOrganelle proteome has become one of the most important fields of proteomics, and the subcellular fractionation with high purity and yield has always been a challenge for cell biologists and also for the Human Liver Proteome Project (HLPP). The liver of a C57BL/6J mouse was chosen as the model to find the optimum method for subcellular preparation. The method we selected could obtain the multiple fractions including plasma membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ER, and cytosol from a single homogenate. With the same procedure, it is for the first time that the preparation method of frozen homogenized livers was compared with that of the fresh livers and frozen livers. We systematically evaluated the purity, efficiency, and integrity by protein yield, immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, the method of multiple fractions from a single tissue is effective enough for subcellular fractionation of mouse liver. We give a selective sample preparation method for frozen homogenized livers, for rare clinical samples, which cannot easily be used for subcellular separation immediately. But the frozen livers are not recommended for organelles isolation. This result is especially useful for sample preparation of human liver for subcellular fractionation of HLPP.
A global proteomics approach identifies novel phosphorylated signaling proteins in GPVI‐activated platelets: Involvement of G6f, a novel platelet Grb2‐binding membrane adapter
Authors: García Ángel , Senis Yotis A. , Antrobus Robin , Hughes Craig E. , Dwek Raymond A. , Watson Steve P. , Zitzmann Nicole 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCollagen‐related peptide (CRP) stimulates powerful activation of platelets through the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)‐FcR γ‐chain complex. We have combined proteomics and traditional biochemistry approaches to study the proteome of CRP‐activated platelets, focusing in detail on tyrosine phosphorylation. In two separate approaches, phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitations followed by 1‐D‐PAGE, and 2‐DE, were used for protein separation. Proteins were identified by MS. By following these approaches, 96 proteins were found to undergo PTM in response to CRP in human platelets, including 11 novel platelet proteins such as Dok‐1, SPIN90, osteoclast stimulating factor 1, and β‐Pix. Interestingly, the type I transmembrane protein G6f was found to be specifically phosphorylated on Tyr‐281 in response to platelet activation by CRP, providing a docking site for the adapter Grb2. G6f tyrosine phoshporylation was also found to take place in response to collagen, although not in response to the G protein‐coupled receptor agonists, thrombin and ADP. Further, we also demonstrate for the first time that Grb2 and its homolog Gads are tyrosine‐phosphorylated in CRP‐stimulated platelets. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of platelet activation through the GPVI collagen receptor, helping to build the basis for the development of new drug targets for thrombotic disease.
Relationship between fracture toughness and intrinsic deformation parameters in isotropic and flow‐oriented linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Na Bing , Lv Ruihua 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe fracture toughness of isotropic and flow‐oriented linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is evaluated by the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) concept, with a special setup of CCD camera to monitor the process of deformation. Allowing for the molecular orientation, flow‐oriented sample, prepared via melt extrusion drawing, is stretched parallel (oriented‐0°) and perpendicular (oriented‐90°) to its original melt extrusion drawing direction, respectively. The obtained values of specific EFW we are 34.6, 10.2, and 4.2 N/mm for the oriented‐0°, isotropic and oriented‐90° sample, respectively. With knowledge of intrinsic deformation parameters deduced from uniaxial tensile tests, moreover, a relationship between specific EFW we the ratio of true yield stress to strain hardening modulus σty/G is well established. It means that the fracture toughness of polyethylene is determined by both crystalline and amorphous parts, rather than by one of them. Moreover, the true yield stress seems to be nondecisive factors determining the fracture toughness of polyethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2880–2887, 2006
Gas transport in surface‐modified low‐density polyethylene films with acrylic acid as a grafting agent
Authors: Costamagna Vanina , Strumia Miriam , López‐González Mar , Riande Evaristo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe modification of polyethylene by the grafting of poly(acrylic acid) onto the surface of one of the faces of low‐density polyethylene films with UV radiation is reported. The transport of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, and argon across surface‐modified films containing 3.7% poly(acrylic acid) has been investigated at several temperatures. The layer of poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto the surface of one of the faces of the films reduces the permeability coefficient of the gases by a factor of about 1/6. The sharp drop in the gas permeability as a result of the poly(acrylic acid) layer may arise either from the formation of ordered structures of the grafted chains or from the development of highly crosslinked structures. The values of the polymer–gas enthalpic interaction parameter for the modified film are higher than those for the unmodified one. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2828–2840, 2006
Containment system design
Authors: Leung Joseph , Greenfield Warren 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the design considerations for several plant containment systems that were installed as part of the emergency pressure relief system. In all cases, the quench tank approach with vapor suppression was utilized. The examples presented include: (1) multiple batch reactors handling vinyl monomers, (2) multiple initiator charge vessels, and (3) multipurpose batch reactors with possible Grignard‐type reactions. The design considerations include: quench fluid selection, sizing of the quench tank, fluid mixing, sparging dynamics, vapor condensation efficiency, and post relief heatup. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Improvement of insulin resistance by miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) in fructose‐rich chow‐fed rats
Authors: Chen Chang‐Chih , Liu I‐Min , Cheng Juei‐Tang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to probe a new target to improve insulin resistance, miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) was employed to investigate the effect on insulin resistance induced by fructose‐rich chow in rats. Single oral administration of the powder of this miracle fruit decreased the plasma glucose in a dose‐dependent manner for 150 min in rats fed fructose‐rich chow for 4 weeks. Insulin action on the glucose disposal rate was measured using the glucose‐insulin index, the value of the areas under the curve of glucose and insulin during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Oral administration of miracle fruit (0.2 mg/kg) to fructose‐rich chow fed rats, three times daily for 3 days, reversed the raised value of the glucose‐insulin index, indicating that miracle fruit has the ability to improve insulin sensitivity. The plasma glucose lowering action of tolbutamide, induced by secretion of endogenous insulin, is widely used to characterize the formation of insulin resistance. The time for the loss of the plasma glucose lowering response to tolbutamide (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) in fructose‐rich chow fed rats was markedly delayed after treatment with miracle fruit compared with the vehicle‐treated group. Thus providing supportive data that oral administration of miracle fruit could delay the development of insulin resistance in rats. Also, the in vivo insulin sensitivity was markedly raised by miracle fruit. In conclusion, the results suggest that miracle fruit may be used as an adjuvant for treating diabetic patients with insulin resistance because this fruit has the ability to improve insulin sensitivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectral characterization of ergot alkaloids by electrospray ionization, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and multiple stage mass spectrometry: usefulness of precursor ion scan experiments
Authors: Mohamed Rayane , Gremaud Eric , Tabet Jean‐Claude , Guy Philippe A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSix ergot alkaloids belonging to the lysergic acid derivatives (ergonovine (EGN) and methysergide hydrogen maleinate (MHM)) and peptide‐type derivatives (ergocristine (EGR), ergotamine (EGT), ergocornine (EGC) andα‐ergokryptine (EGK)) were studied by positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation mechanisms of these compounds were studied by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) using triple quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometers, and the nature of the major product ions further confirmed by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments. A common abundant product ion atm/z223 was characteristic of the two classes of ergot alkaloids. Therefore, a precursor ion scan ofm/z223 that triggers information data acquisition (IDA) in combination with CID experiments was used to identify other potential ergot alkaloids. Using this approach, it was possible to confirm the presence of ergosine, another peptide‐type ergot alkaloid, in a rye flour extract at trace levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of electrochemical degradation products of sulphonated azo dyes using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Vaněrková Dana , Sakalis Anastasios , Holčapek Michal , Jandera Pavel , Voulgaropoulos Anastasios 
Published: August 2006

AbstractElectrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes in the textile industry is a promising approach for their degradation. The monitoring of the course of the decomposition of azo dyes in wastewaters is essential due to the environmental impact of their degradation products. In this work, aqueous solutions of a simple azo dye with a low molecular weight (C.I. Acid Yellow 9) and more complex commercial dye (C.I. Reactive Black 5) were electrochemically treated in a laboratory‐scale electrolytic cell in sodium chloride or ammonium acetate as supporting electrolytes. Ion‐pairing reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with negative‐ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is applied for the identification of electrochemical degradation products. In addition to simple inorganic salts, the formation of aromatic degradation products obtained due to the cleavage of azo bonds and further degradation reactions is shown, as well as chlorination where sodium chloride is the supporting electrolyte. Degradation mechanisms are suggested for the treatment with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid characterization of the sucrose esters from oriental tobacco using liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Ding Li , Xie Fuwei , Zhao Mingyue , Xie Jianping , Xu Guowang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSucrose esters (SEs) from oriental tobacco are normally characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after a long saponification and derivatization procedure. To simplify the process, a rapid method has been developed by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MSn). Using the characteristic fragmentation behavior of abundant SEs identified by GC/MS after purification by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) from cuticular waxes of green oriental tobacco leaf, two types of SEs from green and cured oriental tobacco were identified by MSn analysis. The first is one of three types reported formerly and has 13 SE homologues. However, the presence of unsaturation in one of the acyl substituents of this first type gave rise to a new series with three homologues. The other was found to be a new type and had three homologues. The proposed method enables the rapid and sensitive characterization of SEs from oriental tobacco. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.