bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patent novelty; proposals for change and their possible impact on information scientists
Authors: Oppenheim Charles 
Published: March 2007

Novelty is one of the most Important criteria an applicant must demonstrate for an invention before a patent can be granted. Its importance is not just crucial to patent agents, but also to information scientists, for any changes to the concept could have important implications for their work. The paper describes the major requirements for patent novelty, i.e. the concepts of prior publication, prior use (also known as prior user) and prior claiming. The major groupings of patent novelty requirements in the world—local novelty, relative novelty, and the increasingly important absolute novelty are considered. The paper then examines some variants on the concept of novelty. The best established of these variants is the novelty grace period, used in the USA. Finally, the paper looks at one of the most interesting suggestions for changes in patent law, the concept of the innovation or investment patent. This idea sweeps away the traditional concept of novelty. Innovation patents would not be granted unless there is evidence of commercial use. If such a system were adopted, the numbers of patents applied for and published would drop dramatically, and patents would become much less important as sources of information. At the moment, the concept of an innovation patent remains theoretical, as no country has seriously pro posed changing its patent law in that direction.
Synchronous versus diachronous methods in the measurement of obsolescence by citation studies
Authors: Stinson E. Ray , Lancaster F.W. 
Published: March 2007

Using the literature of human and medical genetics, the results of a synchronous citation study of obsolescence over a 19-year period were compared with the results of a di achronous citation study. If the first two years of synchronous data are excluded, the rate of obsolescence measured synchro nously is statistically equivalent to the rate of obsolescence measured diachronously. The assumption that synchronous studies need to be cor rected to account for the growth of the literature was tested. The data collected support the hypothesis put forward by Brookes that the growth of the literature and the growth of the number of contributors to that literature have opposite effects in the measurement of obsolescence. The results of a synchro nous study corrected for the growth of the literature and also for the growth in number of contributors were statistically equivalent to synchronous data with no corrections whatever.
Evaluations using test queries of chemical hazards databases and databanks
Authors: Wood Frances E. , Berrie Andrew T. , Plampin Helen R. , Wilkinson-Tough Margaret L. 
Published: March 2007

This paper consists of short reports on three projects which evaluated online chemical hazards services. Two were studies of bibliographical databases and one a study of databanks. Test queries were used in the evaluations. The chemical hazards bibliographic databases studied were HSEline, CISDOC, Laboratory Hazards Bulletin (LHB), Chemical Hazards in Industry (CHI), Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), Safety Science Abstracts (SSA), EMBASE, BIOSIS, MEDLINE and CASearch. The main conclusion reached was that whilst all the databases included relevant references none provided comprehensive coverage for the test queries. HSEline produced the highest number of relevant references and LHB and CHI also performed well, but most of the other databases were useful for some of the queries. The chemical hazards databanks compared were RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances), HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), OHMTADS (Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance Data - system), BAKER, CHRIS (Chemical Hazards Response Information System) and CESARS (Chemical Evaluation Search and Re trieval System). The main conclusions of the evaluation were that HSDB gives the widest subject coverage and has the longest datasheets. Its coverage of animal toxicology is as good as that of RTECS. HSDB is the best source for human toxicity information and has the same amount or more information than BAKER and CHRIS on emergency actions. RTECS concentrates on toxic effects and has little information on physical/chemical properties, manufacture, emergency han dling, chemical reactions or explosive properties. OHMTADS does not contain first aid procedures but gives concise infor mation on other emergency actions. BAKER and CHRIS are useful for substance identification, waste management and emergency spill procedures.
The duality of informetric systems with applications to the empirical laws
Authors: Egghe L. 
Published: March 2007

Informetric systems are formalized in order to make them suitable for mathematical dual analysis: the duality of sources vs. items (sources being the objects that produce while the items are the objects that are produced). The special place of empirical laws, such as those of Bradford, Leimkuhler. Mandelbrot and Lotka, in this framework is indicated. The paper closes with a section on some of the fundamental problems in informetric systems: higher dimensions, time de pendence and fractal aspects.
Control Processes in Declining Organizations: The Polish Economy, 1971-1981
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis of changes in control processes in a declining economic organization. The main analytical tool is a model of control cycles which hypothesizes that, in the face of decline, management tends to move from looser to tighter modes of control. Four modes of control are differentiated: persona-, action-, ideological- and ecological control. The subject of the analysis is the Polish economy from 1971-1981; a period during which the national economy was centrally steered and could therefore be treated as one organization. The analysis suggests that tightening internal control is a defensive reaction of a management which feels threatened by a degenerating situation. It is suggested that the phenomenon is common in economic organizations. One could speculate whether a reverse move, i.e. towards looser control, might be more functional.
Participative Management in Centrally Planned Economies: Algeria and Yugoslavia
Authors: Zeffane Rachid 
Published: March 2007

Experiments in industrial democracy and participative forms of management constitute central issues in the ongoing search for viable models of organizing. In countries that have espoused the socialist strategy for socio-economic development, such forms constitute prime instruments in the integration of individual and national objectives. In principle, institutionalized models of participative management should blend with both underlying socialist 'intentions' and socio-economic endeavours. However, examina tion and comparisons of the systems adopted in Algeria and Yugoslavia suggests that these basic national pursuits and their associated effects set limits to the implementation of the intended democratic management systems. These limits are most apparent in the constraints generated by central planning as a fundamental instrument of the socialist strategy, and in technological imperatives. This paper compares the formalized mechanics of the Algerian participative system with the underlying principles of the Yugoslav model, drawing on data from fifteen Algerian State-enterprises and on published evidence on Yugoslav 'self management'.
Culture Gap in Greek Management
Authors: Bourantas Dimitris , Anagnostelis John , Mantes Yiorgos , Kefalas Asterios G. 
Published: March 2007

Since the publication of In Search of Excellence academicians have rushed to empirically verify the existence or absence of corporate cultures in organizations. This paper reports on a survey of Greek organizational cultures. The study utilizes Handy's conceptual framework published in his Gods of Management. Data for the study were gathered via a questionnaire which was a translation of Handy's instrument into Greek. The data from 585 questionnaires administered to Greek managers, confirmed the main hypothesis that while most of their organizations are seen to be Zeus/Apollo (power/role) centred, most managers themselves tend to be Athena/Dionysus (task/people) oriented.
Post-acquisition Managerial Learning in Central East Europe
Authors: Villinger Roland 
Published: March 2007

Managing a western acquisition in a central east European country requires substantial learning on both sides, on the part of the western acquirer and the central east European acquiree. While the research work underlying this paper deals with a variety of issues concerning post-acquisition management and learning in central east European organizations, the present paper focuses on aspects of individual, managerial learning following acquisitions in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. It is shown that the importance of appropriate cross-border management skills appears to be underestimated as compared to general business skills in the context of post-acquisition management efforts in central east Europe. The knowledge of the partner's language and a sensitivity towards cultural issues seem to be crucial, though undervalued factors for successful learning pro cesses on both sides.
The spaces of music and its foundation of values – music teaching and young people's own music experience
Authors: Stålhammar Börje 
Published: March 2007

How do young people experience music today? Can their experience be counted as knowledge? What learning processes do they employ, and what forms of acquisition of knowledge can they participate in? These are among the central questions which arise with regard to educational strategies and quality enhancement at the university colleges of music in Sweden. For it is at these institutions that young people's music teachers receive their own education. In the world of the young there is no dissection of a subject into fragments, nor are there firm boundaries between subjects. Music is linked to the person and to the interaction with the world around. Young people try it and judge it directly on the basis of their own experience and practical everyday knowledge. When their own experience comes into conflict with the process of acquisition of knowledge offered by (for instance) the school, it is understandable that they will begin to form their own values, their own attitudes, their own practice – values, attitudes and practice which are not to be found within the established institutions.
Spheres of Influence: the Interplay Between Music Research, Technology, Heritage, and Music Education
Authors: Upitis Rena 
Published: March 2007

The centrality of music to the human experience is explored in this article through the contrasting lenses of heritage and technology. The importance of social participation is highlighted, along with the need for a closer interplay between music educators, music researchers and the public. It is argued that by making music education research more accessible to the broader public-including policy makers, parents, teachers, taxi drivers, grocery clerks, dancers and politicians-some of the goals that are inherent in our work might be brought to fruition through the interplay between research, education, policy and practice.
The Logical Necessity of Multi-Disciplinarity: a Consistent View of the World
Authors: Kline Stephen Jay 
Published: March 2007

For three hundred years two conflicting views of the world (1) have provided the overall frameworks for thought in western culture. The present paper shows neither view is sufficient for human understanding of many important systems and behaviors. A third view which appears sufficient is presented. Illustrations of the third view show increased understanding is obtained in many problems. The sufficiency of the historic views and the route to the third view are provided through discussion of the issue of multi-disciplinarity, the question of whether it is possible to base everything we know on one discipline, or, on the contrary, if there is a logical necessity for using principles and concepts from many disciplines to achieve human understanding of the world. The present article provides three distinct proofs of the logical necessity of multi-disciplinarity. The proofs proceed via study of: (1) the hierarchical structure of proto-typical systems in various areas of human concern; (2) the use of "integrated-control-information" by life forms and human artifacts; and (3) an extension of the theory of dimensions. The three proofs interlock, confirm, and extend each other.
Prefab Programs for Marketing Education
Authors: Good Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

Mass marketing of personal computers is a reality. These computers are starting to be used by executives. Relevant marketing education must now include how to use this new tool to help solve marketing problems. Just as math courses don't teach marketing research, computer science courses don't teach computer-aided marketing analysis. Truly, it would be a case of 'marketing myopia' for educators to proclaim that we're not in that business. Prefab computer programs are one educational device which can make it easier to teach and easier for students to learn computer-aided marketing analysis.
New Library - New Measures: A Social Audit of Public Libraries
Authors: Usherwood Bob , Linley Rebecca 
Published: March 2007

Bob Usherwood, Professor of Librarianship at Sheffield University's Department of Information Studies,is widely experienced in the practice and teaching of librarianship and information studies. Before joining the Department at Sheffield he was Chief Librarian in the London Borough of Lambeth. He started his career with Devon County Libraries and has also worked for the London Boroughs of Havering and Sutton, and the Polytechnic of North London. Over the years he has presented papers to many conferences and courses in the UK and abroad. His international work has taken him to various parts of the world, including Singapore, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Ethiopia, Poland, Canada, Russian Federation, Scandinavia, Swaziland and Hungary. He served on LISC's predecessor, LACE (the Library Advisory Council for England), the Library Association Council and many professional working parties and committees. He was Chair of the Library Association's Working Party on Ethics that led to the LA adopting a Code of Professional Conduct in 1983. He was presented with an Honorary Fellowship of the Library Association in 1992 and made a Fellow of the Institute of Information Scientists in 1993. He was President of the Library Association in 1998. He obtained his Doctorate as a result of undertaking research into the role of elected members in the operation of public library services. His other research interests include the social impact of library services, public policy issues, interpersonal skills for LIS workers, the role of total quality management in public libraries and public library expenditure in the private sector. He is also responsible for the Centre for the Public Library in the Information Society (CEPLIS), at Sheffield University's Department of Information Studies. Mr Usherwood may be contacted at the Department of Information Studies, Sheffield University, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK (fax: +(44- 114) 2780300; e-mail: r.usherwood@sheffield.ac.uk). Rebecca Linley received her first degree in politics from Newcastle University. After this she worked for several years in the civil service, most recently in the R&D Directorate of the Department of Health. She completed her MA at Sheffield University in 1996, and since then has worked on two British Library Research and Innovation Centre (BLRIC) projects- the social audit project at Sheffield (October 1996 until January 1998), and from February 1998 until the present at Leeds Metropolitan University on "Education and Training for Information Work in the Voluntary Sector", with four other co-workers. Ms Linley can be contacted at the School of Information Management, Leeds Metropolitan University, the Grange, Beckett Park, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK (e-mail: r.linley@lmu.ac.uk).
Smoke Accumulation 2. Predictive Parameters for Plywood
Authors: Brenden John J. , Le Van Susan L. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the Aminco-NBS smoke density chamber (ASTM Method E 662) has been frequently used for measuring the smoke yield of materials. If chamber data could be related to larger scale fire experiments, the test method would contribute to cost-effective fire research. In this study, a specially modified chamber facilitated smoke sampling at several locations. Sampling at various locations established the smoke distribu tion and made it possible to calculate correlating parameters using 3/8-inch (0.953 cm) thick Douglas-fir plywood. In general, the particulate optical density (POD), the mass optical density (MOD), and the weight fraction (χ) of par ticulates in the smoke showed considerable variability. Particulate mass concen tration could be the most important predictive variable.
Evaluation of Smoke Toxicity Using Concentration-Time Products
Authors: Alexeeff George V. , Puckham Steven C. 
Published: March 2007

A variety of protocols and test methods have been developed to examine com bustion product toxicity of building and furnishing materials. To promote com parisons of results among such tests, a standard method for quantifying ex posure intensity as an estimate of dosage was developed. Smoke concentrations (C) were calculated from sample weight-loss data and integrated over the animal exposure time (t), such that Ct products were obtained in units of "mg/L · minutes." Application of the method was demonstrated by calculating Ct prod ucts from data reported in the literature for forty-five materials examined by the University of Pittsburg test (UPT) method. Smoke concentrations from individual materials tested in the UPT method were not constant and some materials produced smoke for only one third of the 30-minute exposure period. Some smoke exposures calculated using the pro posed method were as low as one-fourth to one-sixth of that implied by the reported LC50 (g) values. Expression of toxic potency in Ct units [L(Ct)50's] changed the relative ranking of some materials. Generically similar materials exhibited similar L(Ct)50's. The range of L(Ct)50's, especially for wood products, was found to be narrow when compared to that of pure gases and vapors.
The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples
Authors: Jun Zhang  , Hall Michael E. , Horrocks A. Richard 
Published: March 2007

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.
Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 2- CNET Test Method
Authors: Rogers Charles E. , Bennett James G. , Kessel Stephen L. 
Published: March 2007

This is the second in a series of papers to investigate smoke corro sivity test methods published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, a unit of The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. In the first paper, 24 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosion using the ASTM E05.21.70 pro posed method for measuring the corrosive effect of smoke from the burning or thermal decomposition of materials and products with a radiant combus tion/exposure apparatus. This paper presents results on the same 24 materials evaluated with the CNET corrosivity test method under consideration by ISO TC61/SC4/WG2 and IEC TC89/WG3. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of compositions used for wire and cable insula tion and jacketing. The samples were decomposed in the CNET apparatus which contained a printed copper circuit board as the corrosion target. The target was held at a lower temperature than the chamber to facilitate the condensation of the com bustion gases. After exposure to the condensed combustion gases for one hour, the resistance change of the target was measured and the Corrosivity Factor "COR" was calculated for each material. These results are discussed and com pared with the results of the ASTM E05.21.70 method. To complete the review of corrosion test methods, studies are under way to evaluate the DIN 57 472 Acid Gas test method and the cone calorimeter corro sivity test method under review by the ASTM D09.21.04 using the same 24 materials.
Flammability Study of Wallboard Containing Thermal Storage Materials. Methods to Improve Flame Retardancy of Treated Wallboard
Authors: Benrashid R. , Babich M.W. , Nelson G.L. 
Published: March 2007

The introduction of thermal storage materials into wallboard can help to control the temperature fluctuations in the heating and cooling of a building. Thermal storage materials absorb or release heat in defined tempera ture ranges. Wallboard was treated with thermal storage materials, including hexadecane, 1-dodecanol, undecylenic acid, coconut oil and silicone wax. These treatments involved absorption of the compounds into the wallboard. The de sired uptake of material into wallboard was approximately twenty-five percent. The uptake rate for silicone was lower than for the other materials. Most of the energy storage materials are organic, therefore their odor, smoke production, and flammability are a concern. The flammability properties of wallboard samples containing these materials were studied using the E-662 NBS Smoke Chamber and the E162 Radiant Panel Test. The results showed that silicone wax, undecylenic acid and coconut oil treated wallboard samples have superior flame retardent properties compared to wallboard treated with hexadecane, and 1-dodecanol. Silicone wax has a lower latent heat for the phase change as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as compared with the other materials. To obtain better flammability properties of treated wallboard, the surface was coated with an epoxy paint containing aluminum trihydrate or magnesium hydroxide. Radiant Panel studies showed a major reduction in flame spread fac tor (Fs) and heat release factor (Q), compared to treated wallboard. However, NBS Smoke Chamber studies in the flaming and non-flaming mode did not show improvement in smoke generation for coated samples. NBS Smoke Cham ber results showed that silicone treated wallboard without any coating yielded lower smoke in the non-flaming mode over other energy storage materials, even when protected by a flame retardant paint. Dodecanol showed lower smoke pro duction in the flaming mode versus other samples.