bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follow‐up at II years of children who had marked speech defects at 7 years
Authors: SHERIDAN MARY D. , PECKHAM CATHERINE 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The results of a follow‐up study at 11 years of 215 children in the National Child Development Study who were reported to show marked speech defects at 7 years are presented. Information regarding social welfare, health and scholastic attainments was available for 190 children (88%). Over a third of these had been formally ‘ascertained’ for special educational treatment. Of the 124 children remaining in ordinary schools, 56% still had residual speech problems while 44% were reported to have acquired satisfactory speech. The health and scholastic attainments of these two groups are described and discussed in relation to each other and to controls. A note regarding significant items in the original reports of 25 ‘missing’ children at 7 years is provided, indicating that the large proportion had serious additional handicaps at 7 years.The importance of effective identification, full paediatric and educational assessment and the provision of appropriate help at or preferably before school entry is stressed.
Developmental training by parents of the very young child with potential handicap
Authors: COWAN MARGARET , BRENTON ANN 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Fifteen children aged 9 to 15 months, who were on the observation register of a city, and considered to be showing signs of delayed development, were studied over a 3‐month period.Following assessment, the parents were shown ways in which they could train their children appropriate to their developmental levels, in separate fields of locomotion, social development, language, and hand‐eye coordination. Eight out of 13 children with delay showed significant improvement in general quotients of development over the 3 months. This occurred in 5 out of 7 children with no signs of neurological abnormality at the time of the study, and in 3 out of 6 children with signs of neurological disorder. Two children without delay showed no significant improvement.Parents' reactions are discussed, and a description is given of the way in which this project was designed, suggesting implications for future Community Health services.
A review of the medical, educational and social needs of 207 handicapped children
Authors: APPLEYARD W. J. , BAIRD G. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The Mary Sheridan Centre serves the needs of two health districts with a population of over half a million. The assessment of the handicapped child is combined with a Day Nursery and Observation Unit which provides therapeutic, educational and supportive guidance. During the year May 1973–74, 207 children were referred for assessment of whom only 11 were found to have no handicap. One‐third of these referrals were from the hospital follow‐up baby clinic and two‐thirds came from community and general practitioner sources. The average age of referral was two years for girls and two and a half years for boys. Ofthe 196 handicapped children, 33 had neurological disorders, 30 congenital anomalies and 50 an adverse perinatal history. Social factors were thought to contribute significantly in 72; 35 children came from single parent families. Behaviour problems were noticed in a high proportion (68).Forty‐four children regularly attend the Centre's day nursery whose staff include preschool teacher, occupational therapists and trained nurses for play, speech stimulation and specific therapy; 48 attend for speech therapy and 19 for physiotherapy. The prime aim is to help the parents continue with the therapy and care of their child in their own home.
ANALYSING PARENT‐CHILD INTERACTIONS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE AND METHOD OF REPORTING
Authors: GAUSSEN TERENCE 
Published: April 2006

Summary Research in child developmental psychology is concerning itself increasingly with the fine‐grain study of infant‐caregiver interactions and as a result awareness of the importance of early interaction patterns in the development of children has grown very rapidly. The research has been based on an observational approach made possible by the use of video‐recording and the development of sophisticated methods of interaction analysis. The methods employed and the research findings have important implications for those working clinically with young handicapped children and their parents, but as yet the research methods have been too complex and time‐consuming to be used directly in practice.This paper describes the development of a procedure which can be used to observe and analyse the interactions of pre‐school handicapped children with their caregivers in a clinical setting, using modifications of existing research methods and based on current findings. Examples of the coding procedure, transcript sheet and reporting methods are given in the context of a pilot application. It is suggested that the approach is valuable as a conceptual framework which the observer can use to improve his observational skills, provides a sound base for assessment and remediation work and can incorporate new research findings as they become available.
A study of an urban health centre: factors influencing contact with mothers and their babies
Authors: WILLIAMS P. R. , ARGENT E. H. M. , CHALMERS COLIN 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Some insight into the use of the primary care team was provided by a study of encounters with families with infants. The demand for primary care was large, and varied greatly depending on the circumstances of the family. Using statistical models, five possible influences on contact were examined ‐ the presence of other children in the family, distance from the surgery, the family's socioeconomic grouping, maternal age, and maternal depression.Having more than one child and living close to the surgery increased the likelihood of a home visit by the doctor. There were proportionately more visits by the health visitors to first‐time mothers who were depressed, and this was unaffected by distance. The baby clinic was a popular meeting place, particularly for first‐time mothers, and attendance showed no obvious social class bias. The degree of help sought by mothers, in terms of the number of contacts, appeared disproportionate to the child's physical problems. This indicates that more research is needed into the appropriateness of many contacts, and the extent to which the practice team is the most effective source of help.
How ‘flat’ are normal ability profiles in 4‐year‐olds?
Authors: LYNCH ANTHONY , VINCENT E.M. , MITCHELL L. B. , TRVEMAN M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Group and individual ability profiles of 89 English 4‐year‐olds on the McCarthy scales of children's abilities (MSCA) are presented. The results suggest that at this age, there is a high expectation of obtaining at least one significant difference between a child's mean ability score and the individual ability of index scores. The direction of these significant differences in ability suggested that, in this age group, abilities measured by the MSCA verbal and perceptual performance indexes tend to be more advanced than abilities measured by the quantitative and memory indexes. Motor development is relatively retarded compared to these other abilities. (The results are at variance with the often accepted concept of a ‘flat’ ability profile in normal children.)The use of the MSCA on English children could result in over referral of normal children, especially boys, who appear delayed on the motor index, and under referral of children who were regarded as normal on the verbal and perceptual indexes.
Some family problems associated with the presence of a child with handicap in Nigeria
Authors: ENWEMEKA CHUKUKA S. , ADEGHE NOEL U. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The problems presented in 53 families by the presence of handicapped children arising from cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, Erb's palsy, talipes, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and trauma, were studied in Benin City, Nigeria. Among other things, most fathers were found to be indifferent to their handicapped children and there was a highly significant difference in attitude between educated and enlightened fathers of handicapped children, and their barely educated counterparts. A statistically significant proportion of handicapped children were prevented from going to school because of their disabilities and in half of the families studied, occasional squabbles arose because of the presence of a handicapped child.It is suggested that Nigeria and similar developing countries should lay emphasis on health education in their on‐going primary health care schemes.
Item reliability for the Griffiths scales of mental development
Authors: HANSON RUTH 
Published: April 2006

Summary
As a preliminary to the revision of the Griffiths scales, the 498 items constituting the original test were studied in terms of inter‐observer agreement over the scoring, using videotapes of tests, given to children aged from 2 months to 7 years, and large scoring panels. Fifty‐seven items failed to be administered or scored adequately often. One hundred and twelve were found to be unreliable on one in three administrations and only 23 were unreliable on two or three administrations. Among items scored sufficiently often, 88% of all administrations were reliable.Subscale differences were not as expected since the locomotor, personal—social and hearing and speech scales fared no worse than hand—eye coordination. Inter‐observer agreement varied with the age of the children. Subscale weaknesses were examined in terms of the age ranges most concerned.
Cultural influences and patient behaviour: some experiences in the paediatric ward of a Nigerian hospital
Authors: ODEBIYI A. I. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the incompatibilities between the professional and the layman's ideology in terms of models of illness and their treatment. From an interview with paediatricians at the Ile‐Ife Teaching Hospitals Complex in Nigeria, we found out that the conflicting encounters experienced could be divided into 2 groups: opposition as a result of religious ideology, held especially from the Jehovah's Witnesses Sect; and opposition as a result of some child‐rearing practices that were being strictly upheld by the mothers of the patientsFrom the cases cited, we noted that the adherence to some religious ideology was so strong that some patients were willing to withdraw from hospital treatment when it conflicted with a tenet of their religion. Of particular relevance here, was the fact that a religious leader of this sect agreed to a transfusion after he had been assured of secrecy. In this particular case, it was obvious that he feared ‘losing face’ among his followers. We felt that a more flexible relationship between the doctor and patient would reduce the tension; hence a case was made for a transcultural perspective based on an adequate knowledge of behavioural sciences.
CHARGE association looking at the future — the voice of a family support group
Authors: BLAKE KIM D. , BROWN DAVID 
Published: April 2006

Summary CHARGE association is a non‐random collection of congenital anomalies. The condition is becoming more widely known to medical and educational professionals. The number of children diagnosed is increasing, probably because of the greater awareness of this condition. This paper considers some of the long‐term management problems which are often deferred in the early months, when acute life threatening problems take priority.Questionnaires were sent to parents via the CHARGE Association Family Support Group, UK. Thirty‐nine were returned and incomplete information was sought by personal contact or telephone. The majority of children were known professionally to one or both authors and information was therefore checked from medical and educational notes.There is still widespread misunderstanding about the impact of multiple disability, especially when this includes multi‐sensory impairment, on the early development of the child. Therefore, the information collected from the study has been from an educational and medical perspective, thereby aiding the understanding of these complex problems.At the parents request, information was gathered about certain teratogens, of which Lindane, an organophosphate, is highlighted.
Review: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Authors: GORDON N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJuvenile myoclonic epilepsy does not seem to be recognized as often as it should be, accounting as it does for about one in 10 of those with epilepsy. In addition to the myoclonus, absence seizures and tonic‐clonic fits can occur. The interictal EEG shows polyspike and wave discharges, and during the myoclonus, medium to high amplitude 16 Hz spikes.Patients may not be seen by a doctor until a major seizure occurs, and if a history of myoclonus is not obtained, inappropriate treatment may be given. The myoclonus may attributed to clumsiness. The inheritance of the condition is most probably polygenic, although it is claimed that juvenile myoclonic epilepsy may be determined by a single autosomal recessive gene. The most effective treatment is with sodium valproate, and this may have to be life‐long. In the presence of major seizures carbamazapine should be used with caution as it may exacerbate minor attacks.
The causes of children's institutionalization in Romania
Authors:   THE CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE COLLABORATIVE STUDY GROUP
Published: April 2006

SummaryA country‐wide, cross‐sectional survey was conducted to determine the causes of institutionalization of Romanian children aged 0–3 years. A total of 628 children were sampled at random. Interviews were conducted with directors of institutions and records of each sampled child were reviewed. Each sampled child was given a brief medical and developmental evaluation.The children in Romanian institutions have one or more chronic health conditions. Their families have multiple, complex social problems. The referral to institutions usually involved a paediatrician (76% of children). Fifty‐four per cent of children were referred primarily from paediatric and maternity hospitals. The majority of children currently interned are likely to remain in institutional care. Implications for policy and re‐organization of health and social services are discussed.
Breaking bad news to parents with disabled children—a cross‐cultural study
Authors: KRAUSS‐MARS A. H. , LACHMAN P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis cross‐cultural retrospective study investigates the problems parents experience when told that their child is physically and/or mentally disabled. The authors try to compare, where relevant, some of the responses of the parents from different ethnic groups.The parents of 40 randomly selected coloured, 26 white and 24 black pre‐school children who were first seen at the Developmental Assessment Clinic at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between January 1989 and December 1990 were asked to participate in this study. The final sample comprised 65 children.Except for the Xhosa speaking parents, the majority of parents received the diagnosis in their own language (English or Afrikaans). Most Xhosa speaking parents denied having received an explanation of the diagnosis, or having had an opportunity to ask questions. Only a few black parents reported being asked as to their understanding of the diagnosis. White parents tended to deny the diagnosis of mental handicap more often than the other groups despite reporting that explanations were given. The majority of parents would have liked a written report after the first consultation. Despite these findings, most parents felt satisfied with the way the news were given to them, reported good progress in their children and some of them expected their children to go to a normal school. Use of a language other than the parent's tongue tends to have a negative influence on the communication between doctors and parents. A diagnosis of mild mental handicap, a ‘perception’ of good progress and an absence of visible signs of the disability contribute to parental denial of the reality of the child's developmental delay and its scholastic consequences.
Do mothers and fathers interact differently with their child or is it the situation which matters?
Authors: Walker K , Armstrong L 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis study aimed to test the Differential Experience Hypothesis which suggests mothers and fathers interact differently with their child. The forms and functions of parents' language in interaction with their 2‐2.5‐year‐oid chiid were investigated across four different Interactional settings within the home and for each parent separately. The results, supporting the differential experience hypothesis, suggest that differences do exist between mothers' and fathers' conversational styles. However, the findings indicate that gender is not the only influencing factor. The situations in which interaction occurs aiso appear to have an effect on the style of Interaction irrespective of the sex of the parent (context hypothesis).
Pathways to a child mental health service
Authors: Godfrey J M 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe mothers of 46 children who had been assessed by staff from a child mental health service were Interviewed about the process by which they had come to be referred. The sequence of contacts with agencies was described and children coming via different pathways compared. Contacts with school teaching staff, and general practitioners were commonly part of the pathway, and health visitors were an important group of carers for younger children. When children had had contact with general practitioners and health visitors they were likely to be referred directly to the mental health service, but school staff had mostly sought help from other agencies.
Children's help‐seeking behaviour
Authors: Westcott H L , Davies G M 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA study of children's help‐seeking behaviour with respect to bullying and parental arguing is reported. A number of specific hypotheses and open‐ended questions were investigated with boys and girls aged8‐17 years. Female helpers were preferred overall, thought a relationship existed between the child's and helper's gender. Parents, friends, and teachers were all chosen, and parent and peer helpers were seen as complementary rather than competitive sources of help. Reasons for choosing helpers were notably varied, but largely related to perceived qualities of the helper rather than the child's own needs. Children depicted helping as an active response on the part of the helper. These findings, are discussed and implications of practice noted.
Siblings off a child with autism, with mental retardation and with a normal development
Authors: Roeyers H , Mycke K 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA total of 60 children between 8 and 15 years of age participated in this project, 20 of whom had a sibling with autism, 20 a sibling with mental retardation and 20a non‐disabled sibling. The children were questioned about their sibling relationship and their experiences of stress. The children with a sibling with autism also completed a questionnaire on their knowledge of the autistic syndrome. Analyses revealed that the three groups were basically similar in their ratings of the frequency of stressors involving their siblings. There was a trend for children with a disabled brother or sister to rate their relationship with the sibling more positively. Correlational analyses revealed an association between both stressor frequency and appraisal and the evaluation of the relationship with the brother or sister. Siblings of children with autism had a fair understanding of the autistic syndrome, in this group, there was also an association between the children's knowledge of the autistic disorder and the quality of the sibling relationship.
Subcutaneous midazolam, diamorphine and hyoscine infusion in palliative care of a child with neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Grimshaw D , Holroyd E , Anthony D , Hall D M B 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe report on the use of a subcutaneous infusion of diamorphine, hyoscine and midazolam in the terminal care of a child with a neurodegenerative disease. The technique was safe and effective, and provided good symptom relief including control of previously intractable seizures.
The foster carer experience in Ireland: findings from a postal survey
Authors: Gilligan R 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFindings from a postal survey of foster carers in a region of Ireland are reported. While a majority of the respondents seem broadly contented in their role, it is clear that some are experiencing difficulties of different kinds. Problems experienced by different minorities of these foster carers included concerns with the level of administrative and professional support, worries about being parted from the child, and problems in the relationship with the child's biological parents. Responses on motivations to foster suggest a high level of altruistic motivation. The possible implication of these and other findings are discussed.
Children's auditory perception of movement of traffic sounds
Authors: Pfeffer K , Barnecutt P 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis study examined children's auditory perception of traffic sounds, focusing on identification of vehicle movement. Children in three age groups (5 years, 8 years and 11 years) were presented with recorded sounds of a car approaching, passing and going away from the listener. The auditory perception of movement was identified as a problem area for children, particularly younger children. The number of correctly identified vehicle sounds was found to significantly increase with age. Age differences in some aspects of auditory perception of vehicle movement were more noted than others, identification of an approaching vehicle was the most difficult task for the 5‐year‐olds. The role of the attention‐demanding characteristics of some traffic sounds and their correct identification was discussed, approaching vehicles catching the attention much later in the stimulus array than passing or receding vehicles. The implications of the results for road safety training were discussed.
Specific eating and sleeping problems in Prader‐Willi and Williams‐Beuren syndrome
Authors: Sarimski K 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEating and sleeping problems have a high prevalence in mental retardation in general, but are also discussed as characteristic in some genetically determined disorders. A comparative analysis of eating and sleeping behaviours in 28 Prader‐Wilii and 32 Williams‐Beuren syndrome children by psychometric instruments confirms excessive food‐seeking behaviours in PWS and selective food refusal in WBS as specific problems. in both syndromes, however, there is considerable Individual variability in these symptoms.