bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being in Time
Authors: Coope Ursula 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Aristotle believes that some things are not in time; that the things that are in time are all and only those things that last for a finite length of time. This raises a puzzle. Everlasting things are (on this view) not in time. However, Aristotle thinks that some of the things that last forever move. This chapter presents a solution to this puzzle. It argues that everlasting movements are part of the temporal order: they have parts that are simultaneous with, or before or after, other changes. However, there is a sense in which things that last forever are not in time. Time does not cause them to grow older or decay. Aristotle’s view of being in time is compared to a view that can be found in Plato. The sense in which (on Aristotle’s account) time is a cause is explained.
1 Why be a Stoic?
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter opens the discussion with the questions: what is it to be a Stoic and why would one would want to live like a Stoic? It offers answers to this question — answers that are considered incomplete, misleading, false, or completely hopeless — in an effort to provide contrast, thus painting a clearer picture of the view of Stoicism presented in the succeeding chapters. The answers were derived from miscellaneous popular notions of what it is to be Stoic, or what it is to be stoical about something.
3 The Ancient Philosophical Background
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents a philosophical background of Stoic ethics. Stoic ethics arose as the last of the distinctive ethical outlooks developed in ancient Greece. Socrates had the greatest influence on the Stoics. A summary of the philosophical content of Socrates’ contribution to the Stoic background is presented. Similarities between the ancient and contemporary concepts of ethics are discussed.
7 Impulses and Emotions
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the Stoics’ views on impulses and emotions. Impulse is defined as an assent to an impression of a certain kind, i.e. an impression that attributes a certain kind of value to the agent’s own potential action. The relation between the three main kinds of impulse: emotions (desire, fear, pleasure, and pain), eupatheiai (joy, volition, and caution), and selections (selection, disselection), are discussed.
8 Goods and Indifferents
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Stoics claim that only virtue is good, only vice is bad, and the rest are indifferents of various sorts. The strategies employed Stoics to argue for this claim, and why they should be believed are analysed. Cicero’s discussion on the fourth book of his treatise de Finibus (On Ends) is examined. It is argued that the Stoic account of human good must be met on the grounds of physics and metaphysics, with a competing account of human nature.
9 Final Ends
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Stoic theory of the final end. It considers the various formulations of the Stoic end to impose some order on the multiplicity. The problem of ‘living consistently’ is shown to be a bad translation of an uninformative formulation. Ancient and anti-Stoic allegations of incoherence, unoriginality, and other problems with the Stoic end are reviewed. Finally, some Stoics’ responses to these charges, and other texts in which they offer discussions of their end and how these were formulated are presented.
13 Discovering the Befitting: A Better Model
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the problems of the Indifferents-Only model. This model was replaced by a Naturalness-Only model, while the Salva Virtute model was replaced by the No Shoving model. The two new models are deliberately equivalent — yielding the same principles in the same circumstances — as a result of the bridging principles between acting contrary to what is just, and acting contrary to nature. Both have integral roles of considerations of what is just, arising from the welfare, advantages, and property rights for other agents, and the needs of the agent’s country or human community. The role of virtue in deliberation is discussed.
16 The Lazy Argument
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The Lazy Argument attempts to steer one away from Stoicism. It attacks determinism by showing that it makes nonsense of planning, deliberation, and effort. The Stoic response is to reject the soundness of the argument. The Lazy Argument does not show the incompatibility of Fate and ordinary goal-directed behaviour, thus, one need not choose between them. This chapter examines this argument, Chrysippus’ reply, and then discusses what the argument succeeds in showing.
Introduction
Authors: Crouch Colin , Voelzkow Helmut 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe main aim of this book is to determine the national patterns of local production systems, particularly those involving small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. This chapter lays down the theoretical foundations for this volume then explains the methodologies used for the selection and analysis of case studies. An overview of the case studies is then presented.
Collective Goods in the Local Economy: The Packaging Machinery Cluster in Bologna
Authors: Farrell Henry , Holten Louise 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the packaging machinery cluster in Bologna. It focuses on the mix of governance institutions affecting the industrial district of packaging machine producers, and the ‘Emilian model’ as a whole — the state, associations, and relations among firms. It argues that local collective competition goods determine the success or failure of industrial districts.
Industrial Decline and Local Development Policies in the Steel Area of Piombino
Authors: Tonarelli Annalisa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the efforts to revitalize the Piombino area following the decline of the steel industry. The strategies and actors involved in managing the decline are discussed. It is shown that revitalization strategies succeeded due to the early attention given by the local political class to the initial signs of crisis in the steel sector, and the acceptance of financial opportunities offered by the EU and other institutions.
The Biopharmaceutical Cluster in Oxford
Authors: Proudfoot Neill 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines two hypotheses on the biopharmaceutical cluster in Oxford. First, that dedicated pharmaceutical firms can be expected to co-locate where they can reduce transaction costs in the market for ideas, where they can exploit untraded localized knowledge externalities, and/or where they can economize on start-up costs. Second, that pure market mechanisms provide inadequate investment in start-up resources because information asymmetries that encourage entrepreneurship will discourage investors. The findings for Oxford are compared to the governance of local collective competition goods in other established or embryonic clusters of biopharmaceutical activity in the UK.
1 Introduction
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the book. Part I briefly sets out the expression theory of meaning, and then extends it to four categories of terms with nondescriptive meaning. The expression theory realizes Grice’s program of defining word meaning in terms of speaker meaning, and speaker meaning in terms of intention. Part II provides an analysis of reference, defining speaker reference in terms of expression and intention, and examines the relationship between word meaning and word reference. Part III presents the expression theory’s account of proper names.
2 Thoughts
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces the cogitative sense of thought, comparing and contrasting it with belief. It distinguishes thoughts from sentences, identifies propositions with one type of thought, and establishes that thoughts have constituents including sub-propositional constituents. Thoughts are cognitively and motivationally neutral, abstract, generatively constructed representations with truth values and sentence-like constituent structures.
Reference and Intention
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that the intentionalist definition of reference presented in chapter 7 is superior to alternative analyses. It defends the implication that speakers can refer to non-existent objects, arguing for the intentionality of speaker reference and against the wide-spread assumption that it is a relation. It enumerates many defects in the theory that reference is a species of causal relation, and defends the thesis that speaker reference is determined by intention against twin earth arguments.
9 Meaning and Reference
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on word reference, and shows that the meaning of an expression cannot be identified with its reference to things in the world, rather than its expression of ideas in the mind. It looks at extensionalist versions of the referential theory that focus on objects in the actual world and sets thereof, as well as intensionalist versions that consider other possible worlds and/or properties and relations. It examines the Davidsonian theory, which used a Tarski-style axiomatization for languages to describe the compositionality of language. Truth-theoretic properties can be systematized in an ideational theory using a generative theory of thought, with phrase structure rules and Tarskian reference rules.
Formal Semantics
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that the treatment of names as having nondescriptive, indefinable senses does not preclude a powerful formal semantics; that the referential properties of names can be treated formally without identifying the meaning of a name with its reference; and that names can be handled within an ideational semantics, or by situation and possible worlds semantics. The key to avoiding both Russell’s and Frege’s problems is to drop the assumption that the elements of the ordered n-tuples representing situations, or the values of intension functions representing meanings, are the referents of the terms whose meanings are being represented, and to rely on the formal character of formal semantics.
15 Rigidity and Identity
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that the principle of the necessity of identity, which precludes proper treatment of names in standard possible worlds semantics, fails for logical and epistemic necessity. Model structures allow contingent identities as long as the co-representation relation is non-transitive. It is shown that there is no sound argument from the rigidity of names to the necessity of identity, and that other well known arguments for this principle are either invalid or question begging. The rigidity of names extends to worlds that are mere logical or epistemological possibilities, and is intensional.
1 Emotions as Judgements
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The most widely accepted theory of emotion is probably the ‘judgement’ theory, i.e., that emotions are or entail evaluative judgements such as ‘I have been offended’ (anger) or ‘I have suffered a loss’ (grief), but it seems as if one can make the judgement appropriate to a particular emotion without actually experiencing that emotion or indeed without getting emotional at all. Some have tried to modify the judgement theory by arguing that the ‘judgements’ in the judgement theory are better thought of as ‘points of view’ or ‘ways of seeing’ the environment.
2 Boiling of the Blood
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
William James argued that bodily changes are essential to an emotion; they are what put the ‘emotionality’ into emotion. There is good empirical evidence that some bodily responses are universal for particular emotions. Paul Ekman has demonstrated that there are universal spontaneous facial expressions for the ‘basic’ emotions of fear, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, happiness, and contempt. There is also evidence that many emotional responses are inbuilt or very easily acquired, such as the human fear of snakes. Robert Zajonc's research shows that some emotional responses happen too fast for ‘higher’ cognitive processes to be involved.
4 The Importance of Being Emotional
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Emotional reactions to great works of (especially realistic) literature can be indispensable to a proper understanding of the work. Unless we laugh and cry in the right places, we haven't really understood what we're reading. This theme is developed specifically in relation to understanding characters, which is a sine qua non of understanding a novel. Understanding characters in great realistic novels such as Tolstoy's Anna Karenina is relevantly like understanding real people and understanding real people requires emotional understanding, not just a dispassionate grasp of their character and motives.
5 Puzzles and Paradoxes
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The argument of Chapter 4 is defended against a number of objections: that not all novels require emotional involvement (true), that we do not in fact react to novels in a bodily way (false), that I ignore authorial manipulation (I don't ), that some emotional responses are inappropriate (they are), and that according to the so-called ‘paradox of fiction’, it is irrational to respond emotionally to fictional characters when we are perfectly aware that they are fictional. The answer to the paradox of fiction is that we process novels both cognitively and affectively. Our instinctive affective appraisal system is indifferent to whether or not stimulus for emotion exists or not. Persons can get emotionally worked up by imagined and remembered events and people as well as by actual people right in front of them.
6 A Sentimental Education
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The emotional experience of reading a novel is itself educational, teaching us about life and morality. However, emotional learning is not just a matter of making reflective judgements or acquiring beliefs about the characters and events portrayed, but of making affective appraisals of important events, having our attention focused on these events in a bodily way, and reflecting upon them after the fact. This chapter contains a detailed reading of Edith Wharton's The Reef, in which these themes are explored and illustrated. It also defends the version of ‘reader-response theory’ that underpins the discussion.
7 Formal Devices as Coping Mechanisms
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Formal devices are the means by which a literary work guides and manages our emotional experience of the work. It is suggested that formal devices in literature play the role of coping mechanisms as described by the psychologist Richard Lazarus. In particular, formal devices help us to cope with difficult or painful material, such as we encounter in The Reef, in Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach, and in Shakespeare's Sonnet ‘That time of year thou mayst in me behold’. Using these examples, different modes of coping are illustrated, from ‘distancing oneself’ intellectually from the difficult material to confronting and coming to terms with it.
8 Pouring Forth the Soul
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
R. G. Collingwood defended a Romantic theory of art as the expression of emotion, which was so effectively criticized by the philosopher Alan Tormey in 1971 that Collingwood's theory was left for dead. This chapter rehabilitates Collingwood's views, not as a theory of art in general, but as a theory of expression in the arts. Collingwood's idea that the expression of emotion in literature, painting, and so on is the articulation and elucidation of emotion is clarified by reference to the theory of emotion worked out in Part One. Expression should be thought of as a special kind of cognitive monitoring and as part of the emotion process.
12 Listening with Emotion: How Our Emotions Help Us to Understand Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Leonard Meyer thinks that when we listen to tonal music, it is entirely appropriate to respond with emotion to the unfolding structure of a piece. Indeed, if we are surprised by the sudden key change, bewildered by the way the music lingers in keys distant from the tonic, and relieved when the tonic finally reappears, we are thereby evincing understanding of the musical development. It is argued that we may well also be able to detect the expressive features of music by having our emotions aroused appropriately. An experiment by psychologist Carol Krumhansl seems to confirm that having one's emotions aroused by music serves to help the listener grasp both the structure and the expressiveness of music. This chapter parallels Chapter 4, which made the case that having one's emotions aroused is often crucial to understanding literature.
13 Feeling the Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
There is a great deal of evidence that music does arouse the ‘garden-variety’ emotions such as joy and sadness, serenity and nervousness. But because these states lack specific objects, they may turn out to be more like moods than emotions. When music works on our moods, we become sadder, happier, or more calm or nervous. Depending on the contexts we bring to the music, we then interpret these affective states in somewhat different ways. There is no reason to feel sad just because music is playing — I haven't suffered a loss, and nothing bad has occurred — so we label our state in a way that makes sense, given the contexts we bring to the music: I feel ‘nostalgic’ because the music reminds me of my homeland, and you feel ‘melancholy’ because melancholy events are more readily remembered when melancholy music is playing. ‘Labeling’ our emotions is one form that ‘cognitive monitoring’ of our affective appraisals and reactions can take.
14 Epilogue
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The book aims to marry the scientific with the humanistic. It gives an account of emotion that is grounded in empirical psychology and neuroscience, but uses it to illuminate the way emotion functions in the experience of great works of art. There are a number of sub-texts. First is that the philosophical study of the arts is more fruitful if it is based on empirical work in the cognitive sciences. Second is that we should wrest the study of music away from those who pay attention only to the quasi-mathematical analysis of structure, and hand it over to those who are just as interested in the humanistic implications of music. Third is that post-modernism has seduced academic critics of literature into highly cognitive modes of criticism that have sometimes lost touch with what ordinary readers find most compelling about literature: the way they appeal to our emotions and the way they teach through appealing to our emotions.
Political Parties and the Rhetoric and Realities of Democratization
Authors: Kittilson Miki Caul , Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter considers how political parties may be contributing to changes in the relationships between citizens and the democratic process in established industrial democracies. Parties may promote democratizing reforms through their rhetoric as well as through the culture they nurture within their own organizational domains. The changes in the values that parties have proclaimed in their election platforms are first examined. The changes they have made in their selection procedures, and in the inclusion of interest groups on parties’ decision-making bodies are then assessed. The investigation finds that while few parties in these countries have given top priority to campaigning on democratic themes, many have nevertheless embraced an internal agenda of democratization, altering party rules to offer party members a greater say in party decisions.
Reforming the Administrative State
Authors: Ansell Christopher , Gingrich Jane 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter investigates reforms that arguably produce more direct forms of accountability and citizen participation in administrative agencies. A first type of reform is part of a larger trend to decentralize aspects of administrative accountability, which includes New Public Management reforms designed to make agencies more responsive to their “customers.” A second type of reform, increasingly widespread, involves the creation of legal frameworks for pursuing grievances and ensuring representation, such as ombudsman systems and administrative procedure laws. Finally, a third type involves direct attempts to increase deliberation, using informal strategies of collaborative governance between public agencies and stakeholders particularly. These are particularly common at the local level. A wide of variety of other new techniques designed to enhance participation and democratic deliberation — such as citizen juries and consensus conferences — are increasingly popular, though they remain largely experimental.
Participation, Representative Democracy, and the Courts
Authors: Cichowski Rachel A. , Sweet Alec Stone 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis analysis examines the relationship between representative democracy and courts. In particular, it asks to what extent can citizens activate judicial institutions to pursue more diffuse public policy issues and whether this use has grown over time? To assess this change, cross-national variations in three institutional variables: separation of powers, judicially enforceable rights, and rules governing standing to sue state authorities, are examined. The findings reveal increasing levels of public interest litigation around the globe that has led to a creeping judicialization of policy-making.
Basics of treatment effect analysis
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
For a treatment and a response variable, the ‘causal effects’ of the former on the latter is of interest. This chapter introduces causality based on ‘potential-treated and untreated-responses’, and examines what type of treatment effects are identified. The basic way to identify treatment effect is to compare the average difference between the treatment and control (i.e., untreated) groups. For this to work, the treatment should determine which potential response is realized, but should otherwise be unrelated to the potential responses. Biases can result if this condition is not met due to some observed and unobserved variables affecting both the treatment and response. Avoiding such biases is one of the main tasks in causal analysis with observational data. The treatment effect framework has been used in statistics and medicine, has appeared in econometrics under the name ‘switching regression’, and is closely linked to ‘structural form equations’ in econometrics. Causality using potential responses gives a new look to the old workhorse ‘regression analysis’, enabling the interpretation of the regression parameters as causal parameters.