bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copying letters to patients: the view of patients and health professionals
Authors: Harris Claire , Boaden Ruth 
Published: June 2006

Objective: Government policies and initiatives in England have promoted the involvement of patients in the management of their own health care. Copying clinical letters to patients may improve patients' understanding of their health and the care they receive. Although the National Health Service (NHS) Plan describes copying letters to patients as a 'right', the process of copying letters to patients remains an example of good practice rather than a requirement. We review the literature to explore whether letters should be copied to patients and in what circumstances. Methods: Review of published literature and evidence from 12 pilot projects funded by the Department of Health (DH) for and against copying letters to patients from the perspective of patients and health professionals. Results: Patients generally find copies of letters beneficial, and tend to be more satisfied with their consultation and report benefits in terms of involvement in their own health care when letters are copied. Health professionals generally have concerns about the relative benefits to the patient and remain concerned about the resource implications of copying letters. Conclusions: On balance, the limited evidence on copying clinical letters to patients favours copying letters, or at least offering copies, although health professionals are less keen than patients.
Ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation and consultation rates in New Zealand general practice
Authors:   Health Utilisation Research Alliance (HURA)
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To explore the relationship between ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation and utilization of general practice. Methods: Data routinely collected by New Zealand general practices in 2001 were analysed using generalized linear regression. Results: The mean number of doctor consultations for registered individuals was 3.7 and the median 2. After adjusting for age, gender and area socioeconomic deprivation, people from Maori, Pacific, Asian and other-unspecified ethnic groups consulted general practitioners at similar rates or less frequently than European people. There was a significant positive trend between increasing deprivation and increasing rates of general practitioner (GP) consultation. The most-deprived groups had an approximately 30% higher rate of consultation than the least-deprived groups. There was a significant negative trend between nurse consultations and deprivation, with people from the most-deprived groups having a 29% lower frequency of nurse consultation. There was a different pattern of doctor consultation in the under-six age group, where a higher rate of patient subsidy was available, suggesting cost may be a barrier to doctor consultation for other age groups. Conclusions: In the general practices, in this study, the increasing rate of doctor consultations with increasing socioeconomic deprivation is consistent with increased need. However, the fact that adjusted Maori and Pacific utilization rates were not higher than those for people of European ethnic identity is a cause for concern in light of evidence that Maori health status is poorer than European, even after adjusting for deprivation. Further research is required to explore potential barriers to general practice consultation.
Regression Lines and the Linear Functional Relationship
Authors: Lindley D. V. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The first half of this paper solves the following problem : if there is a linear multiple regression between n variates, under what conditions will the regression continue to be linear when the variates are influenced by error? The new regression coefficients are obtained in terms of the original coefficients.
This leads in the second half to a discussion of the use of regression lines and functional relationships in statistical methodology. In the case of normal distributions the problem of estimation is discussed at some length. Since the classical work has used least squares methods a section relating to this work is included and some criticisms offered.
Arguendo: The Legal Challenge of Population Control
Authors: Blaustein Albert P. 
Published: June 2006

It is obvious that overpopulation is the most critical social problem of our time. As such, it is necessarily the greatest legal problem of our time and the greatest challenge which faces the legal profession today. Since the population problem is fast becoming the population crisis, it is essential that our laws and our legal order must now be subject to reexamination. We dare wait no longer in studying, formulating, and augmenting the proper and precise laws and legal machinery both to help restrain the population growth and to alleviate the ills inherent in overpopulation and unwanted population.But we must, in our quest for the best laws, be wary of the trap of talking solely in terms of population curtailment. We must take as our guiding principle the words of population expert, John D. Rockefeller, III: “Our constant goal is and must be the enrichment of human life, not its restriction.” In other words, our new laws on the population problem must at the same time make for a better society.
Jail Sentences for Driving While Intoxicated in Chicago: A Judicial Policy that Failed
Authors: Robertson Leon S. , Rich Robert F. , Ross H. Laurence 
Published: June 2006

Excessive drinking is involved in over one-half of the motor vehicle associated fatalities in the United States (Department of Transportation, 1968). Various means have been suggested, and some tried, to curb these losses. In only a few cases have countermeasures against driving while intoxicated been subjected to scientifically acceptable evaluation as to effectiveness.In one such study, Barmack and Payne (1964b) used an information program with administrative review and psychiatric referral in an attempt to reduce alcohol-related crashes by airmen at an Air Force base. Based on their earlier studies (1964a) showing various types of stress-related and deviant behavior associated with driving while intoxicated, the image of the intoxicated driver as "sick" was communicated in meetings, on bulletin boards, and in the base newspaper. Airmen who lost time because of injury in a privately-owned vehicle had their service records reviewed, and evidence of "ineffective behavior" could result in discharge or psychiatric referral. The psychiatrist could then recommend a medical discharge, suggest psychiatric therapy, or take no action.
Firearms, Homicides, and Gun Control Effectiveness
Authors: Seitz Steven Thomas 
Published: June 2006

Today, few would deny that some relation exists between firearms and violent death and crime:
In 1967, firearms were involved in approximately 73,000 robberies, 53,000 aggravated assaults, 9,000 suicides, 7,000 homicides, and 2,900 accidental deaths in this country. Although firearms used in these deaths and crimes represent only a small fraction of the total guns in the United States, some relation clearly exists between firearms and violent death and crime (Newton and Zimring, 1970: 23).Newton and Zimring of the Task Force on Firearms point out that 63% of all homicides, 37% of all robberies, and 21% of all aggravated assaults involve the use of a gun (Newton and Zimring, 1970: 39). In turn, 76%) of gun homicides are committed by handguns; similarly, 86% of aggravated assaults involving guns and 96% of robberies involving guns are committed by handguns (Newton and Zimring, 1970: 49). In short, although approximately 27% of all firearms in the United States are handguns, they are the predominant firearm used in crime (Newton and Zimring, 1970: 49).
Sociology of Law in Germany
Authors: Rueschemeyer Dietrich 
Published: June 2006

Sociological perspectives in the study of law have a long history in German scholarship. As early as the beginning of the nineteenth century the “Historical School of Jurisprudence” had insisted that the law is embedded in the developing patterns of social and cultural life, and that this aspect should guide the analysis of law as well as govern legislation. Still, it was only during the decades before and after 1900 that more specifically sociological analyses began to appear. German jurisprudence was not characterized by close contact and intimate interaction with social and economic reality. Among the reasons for this were the following:
(1)the coexistence of regionally fragmented and relatively traditional legal practice with legal scholarship shaped by the tradition of Roman law;(2)the relative segregation of legal personnel by class and subculture from people without a university education and from business and enterprise; and(3)the dominant role of government bureaucracies, staffed mainly by lawyers, which in many instances did not have to be particularly responsive to the demands of new groups with interests in the law.
Family Law in Italy: Legislative Innovations and Social Change
Authors: Pocar Valerio , Ronfani Paola 
Published: June 2006

This article traces a panoramic picture of the changes in family law in Italy during the last decade, with special reference to: the problems of adoption, divorce, abortion, and family counseling; the profound innovations introduced into the Civil Code in 1975 concerning relationships between spouses, between parents and children, and between children born in and out of wedlock; and the consequent problems of inheritance.The transformation of positive law is analyzed from a sociological point of view that explores both changes in the socioeconomic environment in which, and the political debate through which, they occurred.On the basis of a broad examination of relevant empirical research and theoretical studies, the authors conclude that, even though the reforms may represent normative innovations in the context of the plurality of family models in contemporary Italy, their practical efficacy is limited by the amount of social and economic support, which until now have been inadequate.
Does Regulatory Enforcement Work? A Panel Analysis of OSHA Enforcement
Authors: Gray Wayne B. , Scholz John T. 
Published: June 2006

This study tests the impact of OSHA enforcement on workplace injuries. Using data on injuries and OSHA inspections for a panel of 6,842 large manufacturing plants between 1979 and 1985, we find significant specific deterrence effects. Inspections imposing penalties induce a 22% decline in injuries in the inspected plant during the following few years. We suggest that narrow deterrence perspectives have led to unduly pessimistic assumptions about enforcement effectiveness and that a managerial attention model is more consistent with our findings.In a technical appendix we describe the Chamberlain technique, a powerful analytic approach for panel data that provides tests and corrections for potential biases endemic in enforcement studies, including unmeasured heterogeneity among units, serially correlated dependent variables, and endogeneity of inspections. We argue that more empirical studies of enforcement impacts are necessary to provide an appropriate perspective for descriptive and analytic studies appraising regulatory behavior.
Postmodernism, Protest, and the New Social Movements
Authors: Handler Joel F. 
Published: June 2006

My subject is postmodern politics and law, protest from below, and the “new” social movements. The question I am concerned with is the value of postmodernism for transformative politics.Scholars concerned with the struggles of subordinate groups have long emphasized protest from below. Accounts of the resistance of blacks and poor people became prominent in the 1960s. This tradition, joined by feminists, gays and lesbians, as well as others, continued in the 1980s. The new social movements are, roughly, environmental, antinuclear, peace, feminist, and gay and lesbian. Whether these broad movements are "new" or variations of older movements is much debated. For our purposes, they are included here insofar as they are antimaterialist, antistatist, antibureaucratic; they seek to cross traditional class lines in favor of humanistic, interpersonal, and communitarian values.
A Prophecy of Possibility: Metaphorical Explorations of Postmodern Legal Subjectivity
Authors: Sarat Austin 
Published: June 2006

Pleasure precedes business. The child at play is practicing for life's responsibilities. Young impalas play at fencing with one another, thrusting and parrying. Art for art's sake was the main avenue … to ancient technological breakthroughs. Such also is the way of metaphor: it flourishes in playful prose and high poetic art, but it is also vital at the growing edges of science and philosophy.—W. V. Quine (1979)What is truth? A moving army of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms, in short a summa of human relationships that are being poetically and rhetorically sublimated, transposed, and beautified until, after long and repeated use, a people considers them as solid, canonical, and unavoidable. Truths are illusions whose illusory nature has been forgotten, metaphors that have been used up and have lost their imprint and that now operate as mere metal, no longer as coins.—Nietzsche (1956)
Merchants of Law as Moral Entrepreneurs: Constructing International Justice from the Competition for Transnational Business Disputes
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Garth Bryant 
Published: June 2006

Over the past 20 years, international commercial arbitration has been transformed and institutionalized as the leading contractual method for the resolution of transnational commercial disputes. It has become an important institution of the growing international market. Although the process is far from unidirectional, this work of social construction can be described as a rationalization in the Weberian sense and also as an “Americanization” that has permitted U.S. litigators to shape the rules to favor their adversarial skills and approaches. An informal justice system has come increasingly to resemble “offshore litigation.”Drawing on Bourdieu's analytical tool of the legal “field” and, in particular, using the notion of an “international legal field,” this case study reveals how the continuing competition for business and for legitimacy—between civil law and common law, “grand old men” and “technocrats,” academics and practitioners—constructs and transforms the system of (international private) justice. As is true generally with respect to law, the details of the competition serve to build the careers of practitioners, to develop the area of practice, and to produce and legitimate the relevant “law.”
A Tangled Tale: Studying State Supreme Courts
Authors: Daniels Stephen 
Published: June 2006

No part of the history of U.S. courts presents such a tangle of detail as does the handling of appeals. Nor does the tangled story unwind toward a happy solution.James Willard Hurst, The Growth of the Law: The Law Makers (1950:101)Writing in 1950, Hurst (1950: 183) noted that there was far more opinion on the function of courts than actual knowledge of their work. Thirty years later his assessment was only slightly more encouraging, but he noted at least some positive developments. Among them was “a substantial increase in ordered collection and assessment of facts about the flow of court business” (1980–81: 407), some of which tried to cover broad areas of the country and reached back into the nineteenth century. Much of this came from a number of longitudinal studies of court business the findings of which began appearing in publications in the mid-1970s. These were ambitious, pioneering, and often theoretically challenging studies that have spawned a thriving subfield in both the United States and Europe. One of these works is a sixteen-state study of supreme courts covering the years 1870 to 1970, conducted by Robert A. Kagan, Bliss Cartwright, Lawrence M. Friedman, and Stanton Wheeler. My purpose here is to provide an overview of the seven articles reporting on this study that appeared between 1975 and 1987, and to provide a critical review of the four central articles in the series.
Resistance, Reconstruction, and Romance in Legal Scholarship
Authors: McCann Michael W. 
Published: June 2006

It has become obligatory for leaders of professional associations to exhort colleagues to practice their craft in a socially responsible manner. But Joel Handler has issued a more controversial challenge in his 1992 presidential address to the Law and Society Association. He marries the idea of responsible legal scholarship to a recovery of faith in structuralist political analysis and transformative political vision.Many in the association no doubt will find this proposed marriage undesirable for a variety of intellectual and political reasons" By contrast, I join those many who have found Handler's bold jeremiad provocative and important. Moreover, I share some of his particular concerns about the limitations of much contemporary legal study and political movement activity. At the same time, however, my research on legal mobilization by social movements has led me to draw differently the conceptual lines of both connection and division among the various trends that he identifies. The following comments aim to outline briefly some alternative, although often complementary, readings of these trends and their implications for scholarship. The discussion evolves from my most critical to my most supportive points.
Canada's Optional Payment Bonds
Authors: Hackett W. T. G. 
Published: June 2006

Optional payment bonds are a distinctive feature of the Canadian debt structure and give rise to a set of conditions quite peculiar to the Canadian economy.As to the facts, it may be said that a very considerable proportion of Canada's federal, provincial, municipal, and corporate indebtedness has been issued with principal and interest payable at the holder's option in either or both London and New York funds as well as in Canadian currency. A smaller amount is payable in London only and in New York only. The proportionate distribution of Canadian public issues according to payment feature is estimated, very approximately, as follows:Something over 55 per cent, of Canada's bonded indebtedness, therefore, has an external payment feature in some form or other.These combinations of payment feature are the consequence of several rather clearly defined phases of our economic development. The historical aspects of our capital imports constitute a study in itself beyond the scope of this article. Suffice it to say that most of our “Canada and London” and “London only” debt was acquired in the years from 1900 to 1913, a period in which we were absorbing outside capital at a more rapid rate than any other capital-importing nation and depending for our requirements almost solely on the London money market.
The Nuptiality Problem with Special Reference to Canadian Marriage Statistics
Authors: Charles Enid 
Published: June 2006

Measurement of changes of marriage frequency involves peculiar difficulties. To some extent the trend of crude birth and death rates reflects the trend of more refined indexes. A corresponding statement is not even approximately true of crude marriage rates. The crude rate may be either rising or falling, while the true rate remains constant, and vice versa. Though this fact emphasizes the need for accurate analysis, comparatively few computations of true marriage rates exist. One reason for this is probably that the marriage rate has fluctuated widely in the past from year to year in response to economic changes, without showing any very definite secular trend. So the relation between marriage frequency and reproduction rates has not seemed to be highly significant. However, the position is now changing. On the one hand, marriage is less inevitably followed by reproduction. On the other hand, most marriages are still followed by first births, and first births form an ever-increasing proportion of all births. Hence fluctuation in marriage rates is reflected to an increasing degree in fertility rates.It is now a generally accepted view that the best method of obtaining true marriage rates is to draw up nuptiality tables in accordance with the principle on which life tables are constructed. The true marriage rate is then given by the proportion of women who marry at least once out of a thousand girls alive at 15 years of age (gross nuptiality), or out of a thousand new-born girls (net nuptiality). The present paper presents nuptiality tables for Canada and each of the nine provinces for 1930-2, and for Saskatchewan for 1926 and 1936. It is hoped that similar tables will be calculated for more recent years, when the data become available.
Technology and Public Opinion in the United States
Authors: Innis H. A. 
Published: June 2006

Few subjects are exposed to more pitfalls than those concerned with public opinion since the student is so completely influenced by the phenomena he attempts to describe. Objectivity may be improved by considering its development over a long period of time but even a description of this character must register the results of an astigma adjusted to present environment.Freedom of the press in the United States emerged as a result of a clash with restrictive policies in Great Britain in the eighteenth century. Attempts of the mother country to extend such policies to the colonies involved an attack on the moulders of public opinion at a most sensitive point. Newspapers had developed in relation to printing establishments set up for the purposes of printing laws for the various assemblies and to the post office through which news and advertisements were collected and from which they were distributed. The stamp tax of 1765 imposed a heavy burden on a commodity which sold at a low price and was not to be tolerated by those chiefly concerned. They provoked an agitation which secured its withdrawal. It was followed by controversies leading to the revolution which attracted the contributions of able writers. The active role of the press in the revolution was crowned by a guarantee of freedom under the Bill of Rights.
French and English Canadian Contacts and Institutional Change
Authors: Ross Aileen D. 
Published: June 2006

The population of the Eastern Townships of the province of Quebec has been growing steadily since this area was first settled in the early nineteenth century, but its composition has been gradually changing from English-speaking to French-speaking Canadians. This change has been due to urban and industrial forces which have both influenced the English Canadians to leave the Townships and the French Canadians to use the area as a new frontier for their surplus population. The impact of these forces affected the English, the first settlers, sooner than the French. As early as 1860, influences stemming from the cities gradually caused drastic changes in their way of life. These included a declining birth-rate, mechanization of farms, and ambitions for a higher and more sophisticated standard of living. Also, the agricultural products of the English Canadians entered the wider provincial and national markets before those of the French, another factor influential in changing their mode of life.This earlier orientation of the English-speaking group to urban patterns has caused them to move slowly out of the Townships to the more urbanized parts of Canada. Census figures show that this movement has been going on since 1861. At the same time, French Canadians have been steadily moving in, so that now the 12 counties comprising the Eastern Townships are from 70 to 99 per cent French.