bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak D phenotypes and transfusion safety: where do we stand in daily practice?
Authors: Noizat‐Pirenne France , Verdier Martine , Lejealle Annette , Mercadier Anne , Bonin Philippe , Peltier‐Pujol Françoise , Fialaire‐Legendre Anne , Tournamille Christophe , Bierling Philippe , Ansart‐Pirenne Hélène 
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Weak D Types 1, 2, and 3 recipients cannot be immunized when exposed to D antigen. Molecular biology is very efficient to type weak D variants but rarely implemented in daily practice. The serologic typing practice of weak D in a Caucasian patient population was analyzed and a transfusion strategy is proposed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Samples typed either ddCcee or ddccEe in routine laboratories were tested with the indirect antiglobulin test (Du test). Du‐positive samples were screened for weak D alleles Types 1, 2, and 3 and further tested with immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti‐D reagents, used in a fully automated device.RESULTS: A total of 468 of 55,162 samples were found to be ddCcee or ddccEe. Ninety‐three expressed weak D after the Du test leading to D+ assignment for transfusion. Seventy‐three percent of Du‐positive samples were weak D alleles Type 1, 2, or 3. Almost all weak D Types 1, 2, and 3 were positive with IgM reagents in gel matrix with an automated device. Other variants that could be potentially associated with anti‐D alloimmunization, however, were also positive.CONCLUSION: Serology is very sensitive to detect weak D Types 1, 2, and 3, but there is no cutoff to distinguish variants of clinical significance. When molecular analysis is not available, it is proposed that a D+ status for blood recipients found to be weak D with a sensitive method be assigned, except for women of childbearing age or younger, because of the remaining possibility to be partial D or other rare weak D who can be immunized.
IN PURSUIT OF CONSUMER THEORY
Authors: BERRY LEONARD L. , KUNKEL JOHN H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe central problem area in marketing may be conceived as the analysis and satisfaction of the consumer‐buyer in order to stimulate demand. In its most fundamental form, therefore, marketing is necessarily concerned with describing, explaining, and predicting the behavior of men as it pertains to the performance of marketing activities, including consumption. That is, marketing is necessarily concerned with the development of a general theory and within it, a theory of consumer behavior.In this article, the authors propose one possible foundation for a theory of consumer behavior. Towards this end, the nature of theory, the primary requirements of developing consumer theory and some of the problems presently encountered in meeting these requirements, are all considered. A theoretical approach which holds promise for overcoming these problems, relevant to theory‐development requirements, is then presented.
COMPUTER SIMULATION
Authors: KACZKA EUGENE E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTComputer systems simulation may be defined as a study of a system by experimentation on a computer model of the system in a manner which enables the results of the experiments to be used to make valid inferences about the system itself. This article presents some of the basic concepts of the simulation approach and discusses the primary decisions that must be made by managers and analysts in the process of conducting a simulation study. A selective survey of the existing literature demonstrates the power of this approach. In addition, extrapolations are made from some recent work to speculate about future developments in con‐puter simulation.
THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF CENTRALITY–AN INFORMATION APPROACH
Authors: Tapiero Charles S. , Lewin Arie Y. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe complexity of interdependent structural systems greatly complicates the analysis of any single structure. This is particularly the case when a structure represents some behavioral process. For this reason it is necessary to devise measures which can differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively between structures as well as between subsets (or points) of a particular structure. For example, consider the authority structures of two different organizations. They exhibit similarities and differences which a behavioral analyst tries to identify and explain. Typically, both similarities and differences are compared by structural indices which, on the basis of past data and prior information, tend to reflect certain organizational traits.The purpose of this paper is to investigate one particularly important index—centrality.Centrality conveys the notion that points in a structure are not all ‘equal’. This ‘inequality’ vis‐a‐vis the structure creates a situation in which certain points will be more ‘central’ than others. In this paper we first identify the characteristics of centrality and observe how they may relate to behavioral research. We then develop a procedure for measuring centrality which is based on information theory.
INDIVIDUAL ITEM FORECASTING MODEL EVALUATION*
Authors: Adam Everett E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA computer simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare seven individual item forecasting models across five different demand patterns. Results indicate the best model varies depending upon the demand pattern, the time period forecast, the noise level of the demand pattern, and to a lesser extent the measure of forecast error. Across all demand patterns, exponential double smoothing was best for the long run forecast and at least second best for the short run regardless of noise level in the demand patterns. Analysis of models within a demand pattern yielded, in most cases, several models as ranking equally well. The adaptive model developed here did not perform as well as some other models. For example, it ranked no better than third on a step function demand pattern.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN A UNIVERSITY*
Authors: Koch James V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the application of a linear programming model to the process of resource allocation at Illinois State University. The model developed is a general model designed to assist academic administrators in allocating the scarce resources at their disposal. The model, and the assumptions upon which it is based, may be altered to suit the particular decision criteria of any particular academic institution.The linear programming model developed here maximizes an objective function which reflects the total net social profit realized by the university on its outputs to society. This objective function was maximized subject to a myriad of constraints which reflected the limitations of budget, space, and other scarce inputs. Further, the constraints reflect the joint interdependency of many parts of the university and the particular educational delivery system employed by a given department. The outputs of the model include the optimal mixture of academic outputs by the university, the optimal distribution and usage of inputs inside the university, and the shadow price of each input.While the linear programming model developed here is general and may be applied to any university, it was applied to Illinois State University in this paper. In the case of Illinois State University, the model recommended a substantial reduction in emphasis upon teacher education.
EVALUATION OF MULTIATTRIBUTE ALTERNATIVES: ADDITIVE VERSUS CONFIGURAL UTILITY MEASUREMENT
Authors: Green Paul E. , Carmone Frank J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA model for measuring subjective evaluations of multiple component alternatives is developed and tested in the context of business students' evaluations of professorial candidates for tenured positions. The model is based on a type of ANOVA formulation in which the response variable need only be rank ordered. That is, arbitrary monotonic functions of subjective responses can be made that optimize a well‐defined badness of fit measure.Application of the model indicates that metric analysis of the response data can exhibit a large number of configural (interaction) effects that may be a reflection of how subjects use rating scales rather than anything more basic in their combination of multiple component cues. Implications of these findings for the modeling of multiple component choices are discussed.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS WITH ASYMMETRIC LINEAR LOSS
Authors: Blanning Robert W. , Hamilton William F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAsymmetric loss functions often arise where regression estimates are used in management decision making. However, regression analysis has traditionally made use of a symmetric loss function in which the cost of underestimating equals the cost of overestimating. If the loss function is linear and the degree of asymmetry can be determined, the asymmetric regression method presented in this paper can be employed to find appropriate regression estimates. Asymmetric regression analysis requires no unusual data inputs other than an estimate of the cost asymmetry and can be performed efficiently using standard linear programming techniques.
EFFECTS OF PROBLEM REPRESENTATION AND FEEDBACK ON RATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN ALLAIS AND MORLAT‐TYPE PROBLEMS
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the results of an experiment which investigated the effects of various ways of structuring decision problems under uncertainty (viz, matrix, tree, versus word representations) and various forms of feedback (discussion versus non‐discussion of prepared answers conforming to and deviating from the irrelevance of identical outcomes postulate) on consistent choice behavior (i.e., in accordance with this postulate) in the context of Allais and Morlat‐type (A & M) problems. The special structure of A & M problems is especially useful for studying such behavior in that it presumably leads to a set of choices that violates this fundamental norm of decision theory. The experiment involved 134 industrial management undergraduates who gambled to improve their grades in a statistics course. The results showed that: (1) structuring such problems as “decision trees” or “decision matrices” had either a detrimental or no beneficial effect respectively on the number of consistent responses; while (2) discussion led to some improvement in consistency over no discussion. The implications of the findings for training in rational decision making are discussed.
OPTIMIZING UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS PLANNING
Authors: Lee Sang M. , Moore Laurence J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe crucial issues in the administration of higher education embody the very purpose, function, and concept of each institution. The institution's administrative policies are based on the combined philosophy of many conflicting interest groups such as taxpayers, donors, administrators, faculty, students, staff, and users of university services. A function performed by the university which is receiving increasing attention and outside pressure is the formulation of admissions policy for newly entering students. This paper investigates problems involved in the admissions planning and presents a goal programming model as an optimization tool for the problem.
INTERVENTIONS INTO GROUP PROCESS: AN APPROACH TO IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUPS*
Authors: Hackman J. Richard , Kaplan Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSome new directions for research on group effectiveness are proposed. These include: (a) explicit recognition of group interaction process as the moderator of input‐output relationships in groups; (b) research which focuses on the functions of group interaction in influencing group performance; and (c) use of experimental interventions which create new, non‐typical patterns of interpersonal behavior in groups as an approach to studying group effectiveness. The results of two studies based on these proposals are summarized. One study examines the effectiveness of implicit vs. explicit discussion of group task “strategies”; the other addresses the effects of implicit (“traditional”) vs. explicit (“adaptive”) approaches to the maintenance of internal social relationships in work groups. Implications of the research are drawn both for future research on group effectiveness, and for the design of interventions aimed at improving the performance of on‐going groups in organizations.
PRODUCTION PROCESS STRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Authors: Abernathy William J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA descriptive life cycle model of process development and innovation, as previously reported, is used as a framework to analyze historical trends in the technological development of U.S. automotive engine plants. Using the plant as the unit of analysis, the author examines trends in product diversity, equipment development, backward integration, and productivity improvement. Results support the original research framework and help to clarify the important impact of process changes on the sources of productivity improvement, the capability for product innovation, and the cost of change.
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PARTITIONING VARIANCE IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
Authors: Peterson Robert A. , Mahajan Vijay 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis note sets forth a method for obtaining viable estimates of total discriminatory power in a discriminant analysis. In addition, a technique based upon this methodisgiven for assessing the overall relative importance of each predictor variable regardless of the number of discriminant functions. Two examples are given to illustrate application of the method.
A MODEL FOR ALLOCATING LIMITED RESOURCES WHEN MAKING SAFETY‐STOCK DECISIONS
Authors: Buffa Frank P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article describes the application of a goal programming model to set safety stocks in a fixed‐interval, variable order‐quantity inventory system. The firm is constrained by limited storage space and capital in the determination of inventory levels.The costs resulting from the use of the proposed model are contrasted with costs resulting from an alternative method based solely upon a forecasting model. The costs considered are holding costs, stock‐out costs, and the costs of acquiring excess resources.Excess resources are required when safety‐stock levels, determined by the forecasting model, would utilize more than the available capital and space. The proposed model eliminates the need for acquiring excess resources at the risk of increasing the frequency and size of stock outs. A trade‐off occurs between the potential for greater stock‐out costs versus the costs of acquiring excess resources‐borrowing additional funds or renting additional space.The goal programming model was used to set safety stocks for 15 product groups over a 46 month evaluation period for a multiproduct firm. Significant reductions in costs can be realized if the proposed model is used.
USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE MATERIALITY*
Authors: Abdel‐khalik A. Rashad 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA large body of the published research in financial accounting provides strong and persuasive evidence on the association between accounting numbers and stock prices but falls short of drawing any implications about accounting policies on measurements or on reporting. Attempting to go beyond association the author of this paper provides an application of a possible methodology for evaluating materiality of accounting measurements in a given decision situation. The methodology employs discriminant analysis in which the sensitivity of the discriminating model to the changes in mean earnings per share provides a decisions reaction scale and shows that a change in mean earnings per share equal to or less than 10% does not significantly affect the prediction. The validity of the results would depend on the correspondence between this model and the behavior of decision‐makers. However, in situations such as the one chosen here, in which an investor's decision‐making process cannot be normatively structured, appropriate statistical methods effectively can be utilized to describe the process.
ACROSS‐INDIVIDUAL, WITHIN‐INDIVIDUAL AND RETURN ON EFFORT VERSIONS OF EXPECTANCY THEORY1
Authors: Kopelman Richard E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe author reviewed the conceptual, methodological, and empirical problems associated with across‐individual tests of expectancy theory predictions of work behavior. Based on the literature it was hypothesized that within‐individual expectancy theory predictions would be superior to across‐individual predictions. Using a sample of 159 college students, results were generally supportive: mean across‐individual and mean within‐individual correlations were r=.24 and r=.35, respectively. Also, in light of the widespread use of incremental (marginal) decision algorithms in various disciplines, it was hypothesized that a return on effort (ROE) predictor would yield better correlations than the conventional maximum expected benefits predictor. As hypothesized, correlations using the ROE predictor consistently exceeded correlations using the maximum expected benefits predictor in both the across‐ and within‐individual paradigms r=.27 versus r=.18, and r=.52 versus r=.35, respectively.
METRIC VS. NONMETRIC PROCEDURES FOR MULTIATTRIBUTE MODELING: SOME SIMULATION RESULTS *
Authors: Cattin Philippe , Bliemel Friedhelm 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNonmetric procedures such a MONANOVA have been developed to estimate attribute utilities with ranked observations. It is argued that the goodness of the estimation procedure is another criterion which favors a metric procedure like Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Regression. MONANOVA and OLS Regression are compared in their ability to recover attribute utilities with both ranked and scaled observations.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION *
Authors: Zmud Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn empirical study is described that derives the dimensionality of the concept of information. The resulting information structure was found to be in agreement with the structures suggested in the literature. Additionally, subject evaluations of three distinct report formats were determined using the derived dimensions of information. A graphical format was found to be preferred over both a tabular format and a bar chart format.
CONSUMPTION OCCASION INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BRAND CHOICE *
Authors: Bearden William O. , Woodside Arch G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of consumer brand attitudes and consumption situations on behavioral intentions and reported behavior are analyzed for 172 adult beer drinkers. The inclusion of situational variables in the multiple regression equations substantially increased the levels of explained variances for behavioral intentions and reported behavior. The inclusion of an interaction term of attitude‐toward‐the‐object and a consumption situation did not increase the level of explained variance of behavioral intention; substantial improvement in the levels of explained variance of reported behavior was found with an interaction term in the equations. Thus, behavioral intention toward a particular brand is likely to be modified by situational influences.
MULTICRITERIA OPTIMIZATION: A GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Soland Richard M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn the context of deterministic multicriteria maximization, a Pareto optimal, nondominated, or efficient solution is a feasible solution for which an increase in value of any one criterion can only be achieved at the expense of a decrease in value of at least one other criterion. Without restrictions of convexity or continuity, it is shown that a solution is efficient if and only if it solves an optimization problem that bounds the various criteria values from below and maximizes a strictly increasing function of these several criteria values. Also included are discussions of previous work concerned with generating or characterizing the set of efficient solutions, and of the interactive approach for resolving multicriteria optimization problems. The final section argues that the paper's main result should not actually be used to generate the set of efficient solutions, relates this result to Simon's theory of satisficing, and then indicates why and how it can be used as the basis for interactive procedures with desirable characteristics.
TOWARD A PSYCHO‐TECHNICAL SYSTEMS PARADIGM OF ORGANIZATIONAL MEASUREMENT*
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes the need to revise the traditional paradigm of measurement as it applies to organizations. It develops the notion that measurement in an organizational context must be viewed as a “psycho‐technical system,” a technology that is intended to influence behavior, including management decisions. It examines the functions of measurement as a psycho‐technical system and presents proposed criteria consistent with this revised view of organizational measurement.
CROSS‐COMPARISON OF ANOVA AND SCJM: A NEW APPROACH TO AXIOMATIC CONJOINT MEASUREMENT FOR NOISY DATA*
Authors: Person Henry B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStochastic conjoint measurement (SCJM) diagnosis is a new methodology for the identification of descriptive models of subjective judgments of multiattribute alternatives. SCJM implements nonparametric statistical analogues of the Krantz, Luce, Suppes, and Tversky [5] independence and cancellation axioms on which the present theory of conjoint measurement is based. SCJM thus relaxes the assumption that the rank‐order data are error free. This paper describes the SCJM approach and applies both SCJM and classical ANOVA to the same factorial designs to obtain cross‐comparisons of the effectiveness of these methodologies for detecting interaction effects. The data are five cross‐section samples of the largest NYSE industrials drawn from Compustat tapes to explore financial leverage effects on E/P ratios during 1963–1973. Results indicate that the two methodologies usually reach similar conclusions regarding the appropriateness of a main effects additive model, but SCJM can detect interactions which would not be detected by ANOVA. Procedures for analyzing the sensitivity of SCJM conclusions are also illustrated.
COMPUTER‐BASED SUPPORT OF ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION MAKING*
Authors: Bonczek Robert H. , Holsapple Clyde W. , Whinston Andrew B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe central issue of this research is the extent to which computer facilities can be used to support organizational decision‐making processes beyond mere performance of information retrieval. This depends upon the extent to which computers can be made to emulate human perceptual and judgmental processes. We present a framework for understanding these cognitive processes and examine how it applies to organizational decisions. Moreover, the framework furnishes a basis for the design of a generalized, intelligent problem processor. This processor is general in the sense of its ability to support a decision maker's activities, regardless of the decision maker's application area (e.g., urban planning, water‐quality planning, etc.). It is intelligent in the sense of its ability to comprehend English‐like queries and subsequently formulate models, interface appropriate data with those models, and execute the models to produce some facts or expectations about the problem under consideration.
THE LEARNING CURVE: HISTORICAL REVIEW AND COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY
Authors: Yelle Louis E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of the learning curve has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. Much of this increase has been due to learning curve applications other than in the traditional learning curve areas. A comprehensive survey of developments in the learning curve area has never been published. The closest thing to a survey was by Asher in 1956. His study focused exclusively on military applications during and immediately after World War II. This paper summarizes the learning curve literature from World War II to the present, emphasizing developments since the study by Asher. Particular emphasis is given to identifying the new directions into which the learning curve has made recent inroads and identifying fruitful areas for future research.