bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Internal Conical Mandrel Technique for Fracture Toughness Measurements on Nuclear Fuel Cladding
Authors: Catherine CS , Le Boulch D , Carassou S , Ramasubramanian N , Lemaignan C 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn understanding of the limiting stress level for crack initiation and propagation in a fuel cladding material is a fundamental requirement for the development of water reactor clad materials. Conventional tests, in use to evaluate fracture properties, are of limited help, because they are adapted from ASTM standards designed for thick materials, which differ significantly from fuel cladding geometry (small diameter thin-walled tubing). The Internal Conical Mandrel (1CM) test described here is designed to simulate the effect of fuel pellet diametrical increase on a cladding with an existing axial throughwall crack. It consists in forcing a cone, having a tapered increase in diameter, inside the Zircaloy cladding with an initial axial crack. The aim of this work is to quantify the crack initiation and propagation criteria for fuel cladding material. The crack propagation is monitored by a video system for obtaining crack extension δa. A finite-element (FE) simulation of the ICM test is performed in order to derive J integrals. A node release technique is applied during the FE simulation for crack propagation and the J-resistance curves (J-δa) are generated. This paper presents the test methodology, the J computation validation, and results for cold-worked stress relieved Zircaloy-4 cladding at 20° and 300°C and also for Al 7050-T7651 aluminum alloy tubing at 20°C.
Cover Picture: Spontaneous Emission Control in Micropillar Cavities Containing a Fluorescent Molecular Dye (Adv. Mater. 6/2006)
Authors: Adawi A. M. , Cadby A. , Connolly L. G. , Hung W.‐C. , Dean R. , Tahraoui A. , Fox A. M. , Cullis A. G. , Sanvitto D. , Skolnick M. S. , Lidzey D. G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe cover depicts a micropillar microcavity containing a fluorescent organic dye, Lumogen Red, the fabrication of which is described on p. 742 by Lidzey and co‐workers. The optical confinement resulting from the low‐dimensionality of the pillar results in a number of effects, including an enhancement in spontaneous‐emission rate. This process is confirmed using time‐resolved scanning near‐field optical microscopy. Such structures are of interest in the development of new types of low‐threshold lasers and single‐photon light sources for quantum cryptography.
Effect of helical corrugations on the low Reynolds number flow in a tube
Authors: Wang C. Y. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe low Reynolds number flow in a tube with helically corrugated wavy wall is solved for the first time. The Navier–Stokes equations are perturbed using the small wavy amplitude as parameter. For given pitch λ there exists an optimum number of circumferential waves n where the resistance is minimum. For given n there exists an optimum λ where the induced axial rotation of the flow is maximum. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Hand preference in unimanual and bimanual tasks and postural effect on manual laterality in captive red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus)
Authors: Blois‐Heulin C. , Guitton J.S. , Nedellec‐Bienvenue D. , Ropars L. , Vallet E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHand preference in 11 captive red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was examined under different conditions: a free situation during spontaneous food processing, three different postural conditions (brachiating, and bipedal and tripedal standing), and a situation involving bimanual processing. Generally, individual laterality was found regardless of the task and behavior involved. However, the number of monkeys with hand preferences and the strength of the preference increased with the complexity of the tasks. The monkeys exhibited a significantly higher and positive mean manual preference index (HI) when they were hanging than when they were quadrupedal or sitting. The strength of manual preference (ABS‐HI) was in turn higher when the monkeys were hanging or bipedal than when they were quadrupedal. The strength of manual preference was higher for both the bimanual and experimental tasks than for unimanual tasks and spontaneous activities. Although our sample was too small to allow us to make any generalizations concerning lateral preferences in red‐capped mangabeys, we propose some hypotheses about the influence of posture stability and task complexity. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–16, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pithecia pithecia's behavioral response to decreasing fruit abundance
Authors: Cunningham Elena P. , Janson Charles H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this article we describe the behavioral responses of a group of white‐faced sakis' (Pithecia pithecia) to fruit and water scarcity. Six sakis were observed on Round Island in Guri Lake, Venezuela, between March and May 1996. These months are considered the dry season and the beginning of the wet season. Sakis specialize in eating seeds. During the present study only one tree species, Licania discolor (Chrysobalanaceae), fruited in substantial numbers. Licania seeds accounted for 88% of the time the sakis spent eating fruit in March, 87% in April, and 80% in May. We estimate that the sakis' intake of Licania seeds dropped from 2,573 seeds in the 15‐day observation period in March to 956 seeds in the 16‐day observation period in May. The sakis not only spent less time eating Licania, they ate the seeds at a much slower rate. The drop in the sakis' feeding rate was probably due to increased local search and inspection times. In response to the scarcity of fruit, the sakis ate more young leaves, insects, and flowers. Feeding bouts became more frequent but shorter. Mean distances between feeding bouts fell significantly and the sakis revisited trees less often. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–6, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Las Islas de los Changos (the Monkey Islands): the economic impact of ecotourism in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Serio‐Silva Juan Carlos 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study evaluates the popularity and economic impact of Las Islas de los Changos (the Monkey Islands) as an ecotourism site on Lake Catemaco in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, Mexico. Two small island colonies of exotic primates, stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides), have proved to be highly beneficial for the local economy as the main attraction for tourists in this region. From July 1991 to June 1992, data were collected on the number of tourists who took boat trips to visit the primates, and the amount of money spent on tours to the islands. The data suggest that at least 28,470 passengers visit these primate troops annually and spend approximately $88,970 U.S. dollars (USD). Follow‐up questionnaires during July 1997 to June 2000 to hotelkeepers and tourist boat operators identified the Monkey Islands as the primary destination for tourists to this region. A comparison of the net income obtained by local ecotourism operators with wages earned through other types of employment in the Los Tuxtlas region, such as working in natural reserves, agriculture, or renting grazing land for cattle, show the relative importance of Las Islas de Los Changos in sustaining the local economy. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–8, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copulation in free‐ranging black‐handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Campbell Christina J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractI report ad libitum data on 18 copulations involving free‐ranging black‐handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. All copulations were performed in a dorsoventral position, as is typically reported for this genus. Intromission often appeared difficult to achieve, possibly as a result of the large size of the glans penis in these animals. The average length from intromission to termination of thrusting exceeded 17 min, followed by an average period of almost 2 min before separation occurred, which suggests the possibility of a copulatory lock. Offspring of the female participant were almost always in close proximity to or in contact with the pair, and harassment by the offspring was observed only during the final stages of the copulation. All but one copulatory event occurred in complete seclusion from other adult males, and sexual behavior was not limited to any one adult male in the group. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–5, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for maximizing good effects of foster care: evidence‐based strategies to prevent discontinuities of foster care and raise IQ
Authors: Kliman Gilbert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhat can psychoanalysts do to prevent transmission of trauma? One way is to improve the lot of children whose fate is in the hands of society, particularly those in foster care. The repetition compulsion is a psychoanalytic hypothesis which predicts that foster children carry within them behavioral memories of being rejected, neglected, or harmed by their families of origin. Children's enactments of these memories dispose their foster families to recreate the events, reject the troubled children, and produce further traumatic discontinuities of care. This psychoanalytic concept can be operationalized within social service systems. An aspect of repetition compulsion of foster children is measurable by tracking the number of transfers between foster homes. The phenomenon can be substantially reduced by focused psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy of the children and their caregivers (Kliman, 1996). Remarkably, there is statistically significant evidence that children's IQ are enhanced by a certain form of intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the preschool years (Kliman, 1968, 1970, 1997; Zelman and Samuels, 1996; Hope, 1999). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of ethnic and American identities to the migrant's self‐esteem: an empirical investigation
Authors: Ying Yu‐Wen , Lee Peter Allen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA psychoanalytic theory of migration postulates that migrants undergo a psychic restructuring which necessitates refueling by the culture of origin and/or its representatives (such as parents). During this time, ethnic identity is central to the migrant's self‐esteem. With completion of the mourning processes, the migrant is psychically freed up to also identify with the new country. Over time, the new hybrid identity is consolidated, so that self‐esteem is no longer determined by cultural or national identities. The current study empirically tested this postulation in three groups of Chinese migrants who varied in available resources in completing their psychic restructuring. As hypothesized, the function of Chinese and American identities in their self‐esteem varied significantly at the time of the study and reflected differential degrees of post‐migration identity consolidation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase that Bridges the Clavine and Ergoline Alkaloid Pathways
Authors: Haarmann Thomas , Ortel Ingo , Tudzynski Paul , Keller Ullrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractClavines and D‐lysergic acid‐derived alkaloid amides and alkaloid peptides are two different families of compounds that have the indole‐derived tetracyclic metergoline ring system in common. Previous work has shown that D‐lysergic acid is biosynthetically derived from clavine alkaloids. Recent cloning and analysis of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis gene cluster from the D‐lysergic acid peptide (ergopeptines)‐producing Claviceps purpurea, has shown that it most probably contains all genes necessary for D‐lysergic acid synthesis as well as those that encode the assembly of D‐lysergic acid peptides, such as ergotamine. To address the role of the oxygenase genes of alkaloid‐gene clusters, the only cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene of this cluster was inactivated by disruption. The resultant mutant accumulated agroclavine, elymoclavine, and chanoclavine in substantial amounts but not ergopeptines. Feeding the mutant with D‐lysergic acid restored ergopeptine synthesis; this suggests a block in the conversion of elymoclavine to D‐lysergic acid. The gene was designated cloA (for encoding a clavine oxidase, CLOA). Retransformation of the mutant with the intact cloA gene also restored ergopeptine synthesis. These data show that CLOA catalyses the conversion of clavines to D‐lysergic acid, it acts as a critical enzyme in the ergot alkaloid gene cluster, and bridges the biosynthesis of the two different families of alkaloids.
N,N′‐Dialkyl‐ and N‐Alkyl‐N‐mesityl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands in Grubbs Catalysts
Authors: Ledoux Nele , Allaert Bart , Pattyn Siegfried , Mierde Hans Vander , Vercaemst Carl , Verpoort Francis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractVarious symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands bearing aliphatic nitrogen‐containing side groups have been synthesised. In our attempts to isolate the corresponding second‐generation Grubbs catalysts, we were unsuccessful when using the symmetrical aliphatic NHC ligands. For the asymmetrical ligands bearing an aliphatic moiety on one side and an aromatic mesityl group on the other side, substitution of a phosphine ligand was achieved. The performance of a so‐formed series of Ru‐based metathesis initiators has been evaluated for the ring‐opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of cycloocta‐1,5‐diene and the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of diethyl diallylmalonate.
Progressive low‐grade oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Levin Netta , Lavon Iris , Zelikovitsh Bracha , Fuchs Dana , Bokstein Felix , Fellig Yakov , Siegal Tali 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p and 19q has been associated with chemosensitivity and improved prognosis in patients with oligodendrogliomas. The DNA repair enzyme O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) may induce resistance to DNA‐alkylating agents. Recent studies demonstrated that temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating agent, has efficacy in the treatment of patients with progressive, low‐grade oligodendroglioma (LGO). However, to the authors' knowledge, limited data are available regarding the 1p/19q profile and its correlation with MGMT protein expression and response to treatment with DNA‐alkylating drugs.METHODSAdult patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and/or clinical deterioration compatible with progressive LGO were eligible for the study if they were radiotherapy‐naive. TMZ cycles were repeated every 28 days at a dose of 200 mg/m2 daily for 5 consecutive days. Clinical and MRI data were used to evaluate outcomes, and Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to assess the median time to tumor progression (TTP). The 1p/19q status was analyzed from paired tumor‐blood DNA samples using polymerase chain reaction‐based microsatellite analysis. MGMT protein expression was estimated semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry using paraffin embedded tumor sections.RESULTSThere were 28 patients who received treatment, and the median time from diagnosis to tumor progression was 33.5 months. The median number of TMZ cycles per patient was 12.5. Marked clinical improvements were recorded in 15 patients (54%), and objective responses were recorded in 17 patients (61%). The median TTP was 31 months, and the progression‐free survival rate was 70% at 24 months. Loss of chromosome 1p and low MGMT protein expression were associated with objective response (P < .003 and P < .04, respectively).CONCLUSIONSTMZ was active in patients with progressive LGO, and their response to treatment was associated with 1p deletion and low MGMT protein expression. The authors suggest the possible use of MGMT immunostaining as a surrogate marker for predicting tumor chemosensitivity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Single‐axon tracing study of corticostriatal projections arising from primary motor cortex in primates
Authors: Parent Martin , Parent André 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe axonal projections arising from the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex (M1) in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied following microiontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine under electrophysiological guidance. The microinjections were centered on layer V, and 42 anterogradely labeled corticofugal axons were reconstructed from serial frontal or sagittal sections with a camera lucida. Our investigation shows that the primate striatum receives both direct and indirect projections from M1. The direct corticostriatal projection is formed by axons that remain uniformly thin and unbranched throughout their sinuous trajectory to the ipsilateral striatum. They divide as they enter the dorsolateral sector of the postcommissural putamen, the so‐called sensorimotor striatal territory. The indirect corticostriatal projection derives from a thin collateral emitted within the corona radiata by thick, long‐range fibers that descend toward the brainstem. The collateral enters the putamen dorsomedially and remains unbranched until it reaches the dorsolateral sector of the putamen, where it breaks out into two to four axonal branches displaying small and equally spaced varicosities. Both direct and indirect corticostriatal axons branch moderately but occupy vast rostrocaudal striatal territories, where they appear to contact en passant several widely distributed striatal neurons. These findings reveal that, in contrast to current beliefs, the primate motor corticostriatal system is not exclusively formed by axons dedicated solely to the striatum. It also comprises collaterals from long‐range corticofugal axons, which can thus provide to the striatum a copy of the neural information that is being conveyed to the brainstem and/or spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:202–213, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuron‐specific expression of a synaptotagmin gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Burke Robert D. , Osborne Lisa , Wang Diana , Murabe Naoyuki , Yaguchi Shunsuke , Nakajima Yoko 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInterest in chordate evolution has emphasized a need for a better understanding of the comparative neuroanatomy of invertebrate deuterostomes. However, molecular and genetic approaches to neurobiological studies in these groups are hampered by a lack of neuron‐specific molecular markers. A monoclonal antibody, 1E11, is neuron specific and is useful in identification of neural structures in larvae and adults of echinoderms, hemichordates, and urochordates. To identify a neuron‐specific gene product, we have characterized the antigen recognized by 1E11. In immunoblots and immunoprecipitations of neural tissue from adult Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, 1E11 recognizes a 57‐kDa band. Tandem mass spectrometry of trypsin digests of the 57‐kDa band permitted peptide mass mapping and sequencing of five peptides. All of the sequenced peptides, and 12 additional mass‐mapped peptides, are found within the open reading frame of a cDNA encoding synaptotagmin B (Sp‐SynB). In situ RNA hybridizations with synaptotagmin B probes with S. purpuratus larvae reveal a pattern of expression that is similar to that revealed by the antibody 1E11. Antibodies produced against a bacterially expressed Sp‐SynB protein recognize a 57‐kDa protein and colocalize with 1E11. When a full‐length Sp‐SynB cDNA is expressed in chicken embryonic cells, the cells become immunoreactive to 1E11. We conclude that synaptotagmin B is a gene expressed in neurons that has conserved epitopes in other invertebrate deuterostomes. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:244–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties and Photoconductivity of C60 and C70 Complexes with Metal Dialkyldithiocarbamates M(R2dtc)x, where M = CuII, CuI, AgI, ZnII, CdII, HgII, MnII, NiII, and PtII; R = Me, Et, and nPr
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Kovalevsky Andrey Y. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Saito Gunzi , Lopatin Dmitri V. , Umrikhin Alexey V. , Otsuka Akihiro , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew complexes of fullerenes C60 and C70 with metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, [M(R2dtc)x]·[C60(70)]·[Solvent], R = Et [M = CuII (C60, 1; C70, 2), CuI (C60, 3; C70, 4), AgI (C60, 5), ZnII (C60, 6), CdII (C60, 7; C70, 8), HgII (C60, 9), MnII (C70, 10)], R = Et and Me [M = CuII (C60, 11), and ZnII (C60, 12)], and R = nPr [M = CuII (C60, 13), NiII (C60, 14), and PtII (C60, 15)] were obtained. M(R2dtc)x efficiently cocrystallized with fullerene molecules as tetrahedral monomers (6, 12), dimers (1, 7, 11), and tetramers (3, 4). Fullerene molecules form closely packed hexagonal and square layers in 1, 7, and 11, hexagonal and tetragonal 3D structures in 6 and 12, and island motifs in 3 and 4. Complexes 1–15 have a neutral ground state. However, the formation of the complexes with fullerenes changes the environment of paramagnetic CuII and MnII. The EPR spectra of 1, 2, 11, and 13 are essentially modified relative to those of pristine Cu(R2dtc)2 because of a weak coordination of CuII to fullerene and a flattening of the central (NCS2)2Cu fragments. Complex 10 shows a spectrum exhibiting features from 50 to 600 mT and manifests strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins with a Weiss temperature of –96 K and the maximum of magnetic susceptibility at 46 K. Such magnetic behavior can be explained by the formation of [Mn(Et2dtc)2]2 dimers in 10. The illumination of the crystals of 1, 2, and 7 by white light results in up to a 103 increase in photocurrent. The photoconductivity spectra have maxima at 470, 450–650, and 660 nm for 1, 2, and 7, respectively. Photogeneration of free charge carriers is realized by photoexcitation of Cu(Et2dtc)2 in 1 and 2, and by charge transfer from Cd(Et2dtc)2 to C60 molecules in 7. The decrease of photocurrent in 1 and 7 in a weak magnetic field with B0 < 0.5 T was found. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of PY2‐ and TPA‐Appended Diphenylglycoluril Receptors and Their Bis‐CuI Complexes
Authors: Sprakel Vera S. I. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Feiters Martin C. , Lucchese Baldo , Karlin Kenneth D. , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA number of metallohosts mimicking dinuclear copper oxygenases have been designed and synthesized. These metallohosts combine a substrate binding site, i.e. the diphenylglycoluril basket receptor, with two types of metal‐binding ligands, viz. tri‐coordinating bis(2‐ethylpyridine)amine (PY2) and tetra‐coordinating tris(2‐methylpyridine)amine (TPA). The preparation of the bis‐CuI complexes of the ligand‐appended receptors and their characterization by NMR are reported. NMR spectroscopic data provide evidence for a dynamic inclusion behavior of some of the pyridine moieties in the receptor of both the metal‐free ligands and the CuI complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)