bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managerial thinking. A study of public managers from developing countries
Authors: Rahman Syedur , Norling Frederick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe field of comparative public administration/management in the United States has been criticized for theoretical underdevelopment and methodological narrowness. Utilizing advances made in comparative business management and taking into consideration the assertion that an agenda based empirical research programme in comparative public administration should highlight managerial processes, the individual, and group‐level behaviours, this paper focuses on examining the attitudes of public managers towards their own organizations. It analyses the responses of 110 public sector managers from 58 different countries of the world while they were in residence for professional development at 12 major universities in the United States. Examining public managers outside their own working environment makes this research on public sector managers to some extent unusual. For purposes of data collection a stratified sample was utilized. The principal instrument consisted of 79 items. Managers were asked to state their attitudes towards problem‐solving and decision‐making, leadership, job challenge, change, and organizational culture. Primarily descriptive statistics are used to analyse the data. Limited use is made of the One‐way ANOVA test. Results show that public managers from developing countries tend to view themselves somewhat differently from the traditional western perspective, especially as it relates to organizational innovativeness and job challenge. Public managers also confirm the earlier held western perspective that personnel in the public sector are more concerned with their personal welfare rather than organizational welfare and that their leadership is more directive. While one has to be careful interpreting the data, the emerging profile of public managers should influence future policy makers in both developing and developed nations of the world.
Ghana and South Korea: Lessons from world bank case studies
Authors: Werlin Herbert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1957, Ghana and South Korea had about the same annual per capita GDP. Thirty years later, South Korea's annual purchasing power per head was about 10 times that of Ghana's for reasons explained by World Bank case studies. Ghana's economic retrogression stemmed from allowing hyperinflation, over‐regulation, production disincentives, institutional demoralization, and deterioration of human services. Since 1983, Ghana has embarked upon an Economic Recovery Programme, including realistic exchange rates, decontrol of prices, and administrative reforms. While this programme has led to real GDP growth, Ghana remains dependent upon the international price of cocoa and foreign aid.Under President Park, beginning in the mid‐1960s, South Korea successfully introduced an export‐oriented economy by developing export pride, national leadership, market sustaining incentives, labour incentives, research, and technical education. While both Ghana and South Korea have used state‐owned enterprises, only South Korea has done so successfully, with a Performance Evaluation System. This system can be introduced elsewhere with sufficient political will to overcome inevitable problems and opposition.
Reducing poverty
Authors: Salmen Lawrence 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince the early 1970s, the World Bank has recognized that economic growth alone will not reduce poverty. Yet it has not fully accepted the fact that effective poverty reduction requires a ‘learning process approach’, rather than the ‘blueprint approach’ commonly used by development agencies. To facilitate the learning process approach, the Bank should consider using qualified intermediary, grass‐roots, and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs); stimulating pluralism and competition; and encouraging cooperation between central and local institutions. However, helping the poor is going to require more administrative resources than heretofore provided, making funds available for careful and flexible project design, staff exposure to poverty conditions and programmes, training in and recruitment of appropriate interdisciplinary fields, monitoring and evaluation, and continual project revision.This article was initially written as a Working Paper: Salmen, L. (1990). Institutional Dimensions of Poverty Reduction. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Assessing the impact of decentralization on governance: A comparative methodological approach and application to Tunisia
Authors: Vengroff Richard , Salem Hatem Ben 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relationship between decentralization and governance has not been adequately explored in the literature. Many past studies have failed to assess fully the impact of decentralization because of the lack of a set of independent, comparative indicators of the quality of decentralization being implemented in a given country. The authors adopt the working hypothesis that decentralization, both as a process and as an end state in terms of organization and operations, is closely related to the quality of governance in developing countries. In order to provide an empirical basis for a comparative assessment, the authors have developed a model based on the scope, intensity and commitment to decentralization in a country. Each of these concepts is operationalized in terms of a set of empirically measurable variables. The method is then applied to the case of Tunisia and assessed as a tool for the comparative study of decentralization and governance. Decentralization in Tunisia is shown to have an important relationship to the quality of governance in that country. The methodology developed here for the analysis of the quality of decentralization appears, based on the examination of a significant case, to be worth pursuing cross‐nationally.
Methods and mindsets: Towards an understanding of the tyranny of methodology
Authors: Bell Simon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article attempts to examine familiar things through a different comparative focus. The results given here are preliminary and intended for comment and further development. The article takes as its basis the tradition which has arisen from the export of methods to developing countries in all manner of scientific and technical development projects. In the area of global development the traditions of technology transfer and development intervention by donor agencies and their related consultancy groups is well documented. Not so well covered in the literature is the related issue pertaining to the export of the methods which accompany and, to some extent, confer respectability upon all manner of technology, intervention and work towards nation building. The article is concerned with what might be called the ‘tyranny of methods’, which, it is argued, are applied often uncritically in development work. The mindsets which are invoked by traditional western scientific methods are reviewed using a psychological model. Following from this, the article investigates two areas of existing experience in the adoption of methods and then goes on to develop a critical perspective of one particular form of information systems development method, drawing on the experiences related. The article briefly investigates traditional, linear methods and makes links to the experiences of fanning systems research and rapid rural appraisal. Although no definitive conclusions are made, observations relating to an action plan are provided. The core of this relates to self‐analysis and points to be conscious of in the export of any method.
Antiproton Annihilation into Two Mesons and Higher Symmetries
Authors: Makarov A. A. , van Hieu Nguyen , Winternitz P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe annihilation of antiprotons on nucleons is investigated assuming various symmetry groups. The general structure of the transition amplitude is found for the unitary symmetry and the higher symmetries SL (6, C) and U (6, 6) are applied to annihilations at rest. The relations between matrix elements, amplitudes and cross sections, following from various symmetries are compared with each other and with experiments. It is shown that all SL (6, C) predictions, that can be compared with experiments, are in good agreement, whereas the stronger results of the U (6, 6) symmetry contradict experiments.
Complex Angular Momentum Theory in Particle Physics
Authors: Drechsler Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA critical review of the techniques of complex angular momenta used at present in the Regge theory of strong interactions is presented. After discussing the kinematical singularities of helicity amplitudes, their crossing properties as well as the constraints they satisfy, the reggeization procedure for two‐body helicity amplitudes is reviewed in detail. The properties of the generalized Froissart‐Gribov continuation are investigated. The factorization properties of Regge pole contributions to a general two‐body scattering amplitude are studied and the various mechanisms producing the dip structure of differential cross‐sections are discussed. The complications of the reggeization for amplitudes describing unequal‐mass reactions at high energies in the forward direction are discussed and a survey of the status of “conspiracies” of singularities in the complex angular momentum plane is given. Both, the group theoretical and the analytical methods are discussed in treating the conspiracy problem. Finally, a review of the present situation is given regarding the influence of branch cuts in the complex angular momentum plane and their phenomenological consideration in various multiple scattering models. It is shown that the multiple scattering correction in the Glauber‐eikonal type of approach correspond to cuts in the angular momentum plane which represent absorptive corrections to the single Regge exchanges. It is clear from this discussion that cuts in the complex j‐plane, describing multi‐Regge pole exchanges, cannot be neglected.
Would‐Be Local Fields
Authors: Hindle C. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGeneral quantum field theory is formulated for the case when the Wightman distributions can grow in momentum space as the exponential of a covariant polynomial. Appropriate spaces of test functions are introduced, and it is shown that the vacuumexpectation values can be written in terms of various associated tempered distributions, which enjoy some of the properties of ordinary Wightman distributions; in particular, they can be represented as boundary values of functions holomorphic in the usual extended tubes. Notions of locality for the tempered distributions can be introduced, which are sufficient to imply the PCT theorem and theorems on the connection between spin and statistic for the non‐tempered fields. It is shown how a Haag‐Ruelle theory of asymptotic states and fields may be set up. A possible line of generalisation is illustrated by the special example of fields of the type χ (□) A (x), where A is a tempered field, and χ an entire analytic function of finite exponential order.
ππ Scattering Amplitudes that Satisfy Inelastic Unitarity Constraints
Authors: Kupsch J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe construct amplitudes which are represented by a Mandelstam representation with a finite number of subtractions and that satisfy ππ crossing symmetry and the unitarity constraints Im flI(s) ≧|flI (s)|2, l=0, 1, 2,…, for all energies above threshold s > 4, in the three isospin channels I=0, 1, 2.The following types of solutions are derived.
The amplitudes have a positive double spectral function ϱ(s, t) ≧ 0. The total cross section decreases like σT(s) ∼ (log s)‐δ for arbitrary δ ≧ 1, including the limiting case δ=1.
The amplitudes are dominated by Regge poles, the total cross section can reach a constant asymptotic value, σT(s) → const.
The amplitudes are dominated by Regge cuts, the total cross section can increase logarithmically σT(s) → log s.
Local Operator Products and Field Equations in P(φ)2 Theories
Authors: Schrader Robert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn P(φ)2 theories with small coupling constants, local fields exist which are obtained from normal ordering of Euclidean fields. Normal ordering with respect to the free measure and the physical measure leads to the same family of fields. The coefficients of the two resulting field equations are related by a fixed point problem. Conditions are exhibited under which there is a unique solution.
ΔI = 1/2‐Rule and Fierz‐, SU(3)‐ and Colour SU(3)‐Crossing Eigenvectors of the Current‐Current Quark Interaction
Authors: Körner J. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this review we study the SU(3) transformation behaviour of the hadronic current‐current quark interaction Hamiltonian for the different cases of possible quark statistics. By expanding the current‐current quark Hamiltonian along the crossing‐even and ‐odd eigenvectors of the appropiate Fierz‐, SU(3)‐ and colour SU(3)‐crossing matrices, resp., we arrive at a transparent classification of the possible forms of the current‐current quark interaction that lead to octet behaviour. In some instances, octet behaviour can be established directly for the interaction Hamiltonian, in others, simplifications occur if one makes reference to the two basic types of diagrams that occur in the evaluation of nonleptonic transitions.
Modification of Dispersion Relations and Generalization of the Hartree‐Fock Method for Hard‐Core Interactions in Nuclear Matter
Authors: Winter J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of a hard‐core part in the interaction on dispersion relations for the generalized optical potential (mass operator) and the T‐matrix of nuclear matter is investigated in the frame‐work of the A00‐approximation. The model is based on the two‐nucleon scattering problem in vacuo, for which a hard‐core generalization of the Low equation is derived. As a consequence, T‐matrix and mass operator are shown to split into a polynomial of the first order in the energy variable and a dispersion integral generalized by a limiting process, so that dispersion relations of the twice subtracted type result.Restriction to a self‐consistent calculation of the non‐dispersive term of the mass operator leads to a close analogue of the Hartree‐Fock equations for non‐singular interactions. This simple approximation which avoids the full‐nucleon problem is shown to yield a qualitatively correct density dependence of the ground‐state energy possibly to be improved by more realistic interactions. A formulation as an eigenvalue problem for finite nuclei is also given.
Quantum Field Theory of Crystals and Dislocations
Authors: Wadati M. , Matsumoto H. , Takahashi Y. , Umezawa H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe present a quantum field theoretical treatment of crystals from the view point of the spontaneous breakdown of the spatial translation invariance. It is proved that at least three massless Goldstone particles exist and they are identified as the acoustic phonons.We carry out the boson transformation to show that the classical phenomenological theory of crystals can be derived. The classical momentum and stress tensor are expressed in terms of the classical displacement field.The method is extended to a microscopic derivation of the theory of crystal dislocations. It is shown that the Burgers vector is quantized and is a special case of the so‐called topological quantum number. An explicit expression of a general solution of the dislocation is obtained.
Quantum Field Theory with Soliton Conservation Laws
Authors: Schroer B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractField theories with soliton conservation laws are the most promising candidates for explicitly constructable models. We exemplify in the case of the massive Thirring model how the old S matrix bootstrap idea, supplemented with a soliton factorization property, may be used as a systematic starting point for the construction of the S matrix, form factors and (hopefully) correlation functions.
Neutral Currents and P‐Odd Effects in Processes with Participation of Leptons
Authors: Bilenky S. M. , Bilenkaya S. I. , Motz G. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present article is a detailed review on P‐odd effects in deep‐inelastic and elastic scattering of polarized leptons on nucleons. The contribution from neutral currents into the cross sections of processes e+ + e− → l+ + l−(l = e, μ) for the case of unpolarized initial particles is also considered.
On the 1‐Loop Renormalization of the Electroweak Standard Model and its Application to Leptonic Processes
Authors: Böhm M. , Spiesberger H. , Hollik W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA renormalization scheme for the electroweak standard model is presented in which the electric charge and the masses of the gauge bosons, Higgs particle and fermions are used as physical parameters. The photon is treated such that quantum electrodynamics is contained as a simple substructure. Field renormalization respecting the gauge symmetry gives finite propagators and vertex functions. The Ward identities between the Green functions of the unphysical sector allow a renormalization that maintains the simple pole structure of the propagators in the t'Hooft‐Feynman gauge. We give a complete list of self energies and all renormalization constants also in the unphysical Higgs and ghost sector. Explicit results are given for the renormalized self energies, vertex functions and boxes that enter the evaluation of 1‐loop radiative corrections to fermionic processes.We calculate the 1‐loop radiative corrections to purely leptonic reactions like μ decay, vμμe scattering and μ pair production in e+e−annihilation. A test of the standard model is performed by comparing these low energy data with the results of the PP collider experiments for the W and Z boson masses.
Reversal of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Wilson Margaret , Moshitzky Pnina , Laor Einat , Ghanim Murad , Rami Horowitz A , Morin Shai 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, is a biorational insecticide that disrupts insect development. It is one of the principal insecticides being used to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cotton, and has many environmentally positive attributes that make it compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In Israel, a high level of resistance to pyriproxyfen has been observed in several isolated regions. Here, tests were conducted to establish whether temporal refuges from exposure to pyriproxyfen could be useful for restoring the effectiveness of the compound. Resistance was found to decrease by a factor of 8 when exposure to pyriproxyfen was ceased for 13 generations. Reversal of resistance was accompanied with increased biotic fitness of the revertant colony. By incorporating experimental estimates of nymph survival, sex ratio, fecundity, egg hatching rate and developmental time, the seasonal cost per generation for resistant insects was estimated to be 25%. A genetic simulation model, optimized by empirical data from bioassays, predicted fitness cost per generation of 19% for resistant homozygous (RR) females and hemizygous (R) males, and produced rates of reversal similar to the experimental results. The model also predicted that, even after 5 years (∼55 generations) without pyriproxyfen treatments, the frequency of the resistance allele (R) will still remain high (0.02). It is therefore concluded, on the basis of experimental and modeling results, that the effectiveness of temporal refuges for reversing development of resistance to pyriproxyfen in B. tabaci may be limited. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Humidity acceleration factor for plastic packaged electronic devices
Authors: Klinger David J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFailure mechanisms associated with the effects of humidity on plastic packaged devices are briefly reviewed. Relevant experimental and theoretical work on these failure mechanisms is then considered, pointing to an incomplete understanding as to why relative humidity is the appropriate variable, along with temperature to use in acceleration factor models. The BET equation (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller), is invoked to provide a theoretical underpinning to the use of relative humidity in such acceleration factor models. The BET equation provides such a connection by relating surface concentration of water to vapour pressure of water. Using the BET equation as a starting point, we derive a relation between surface concentration of water and relative humidity that has no explicit temperature dependence.We then consider a simple kinetic model for a corrosion reaction leading to failure. The result is an acceleration factor that is a typical Arrhenius form, multiplied by a simple function of relative humidity. This form is similar to other power‐law acceleration factor models that have been developed empirically. Now a physical derivation is offered as a theoretical basis for power‐law models of the effects of humidity on plastic packaged device reliability.
The influence of temperature on integrated circuit failure mechanisms
Authors: Pecht Michael , Lall Pradeep , Hakim Edward B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTemperature is generally considered to be a key parameter in the design of electronic equipment, and cautions concerning temperature and its relationship to reliability are widely documented. While some studies suggest that temperature is the most critical stress influence on microelectronic device failures, the actual failure mechanisms have generally not been quantified in terms of whether a steady state temperature, temperature change, rate of temperature change, or spatial temperature gradient induced failure. In this paper, the influence of temperature on major integrated circuit failure mechanisms is discussed, with emphasis placed on those failure mechanisms which occur in the temperature range of ‐55°C to 125°C. This paper shows that no simple expression can adequately describe temperature as a failure accelerator for all integrated circuit failure mechanisms. In fact, a generic statement that can be attributed to temperature is lacking. This suggests that a much deeper level of insight into temperature dependencies is necessary to achieve reliable equipment and avoid unnecessary thermal design complexities. Thermal management in electronic equipment can involve additional costs and system complexities that can be of consequential importance, and temperature control should not be routinely employed without close study and justification.
Plastic encapsulated ic reliability prediction modelling: Principal results
Authors: Nallino M. , Digout R. , Deleuze G. , Brizoux M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe content of this paper is based on the study published at ESREF 91 in Bordeaux under the title ‘Plastic Encapsulated IC's in military equipments: reliability prediction modelling’. The first paper introduced the theoretical aspects of plastic encapsulated IC reliability prediction modelling. This paper presents the results of statistical studies done to complete the model with numerical data. Dependence of failure rates on year of manufacturing, dependence of thermo‐mechanical failure rate on die diagonal, distribution of the quality of ICs in the market, and environment factor defect values are the principal topics addressed in this paper.
Electromigration early resistance increase measurements
Authors: Niehof J. , Flinn P. A. , Maloney T. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn early resistance change measurement set‐up, using an AC bridge technique, has been developed, and measurements have been performed. Large sample‐to‐sample variations occur. The characteristic time for the resistance change curve is shorter for resistance increase (under current stress) than for resistance decay (during recovery).