bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: Safety and efficacy of tramadol in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized study
Authors: Safarinejad M. R. , Hosseini S. Y. 
Published: February 2006

AimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of tramadol in patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO).MethodsA total of 76 patients 18 years or older with IDO were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg tramadol sustained release (group 1, n = 38) or placebo (group 2, n = 38) every 12 h for 12 weeks. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline and every 2 weeks during treatment. All patients underwent urodynamics and ice water test at baseline and 12‐week treatment. Main outcome measures were number of voids per 24 h, urine volume per void and episodes of urge incontinence per 24 h on a frequency volume chart and detailed recording of adverse effect.ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment mean number of voids per 24 h ± SD decreased from 9.3 ± 3.2 to 5.1 ± 2.1 (P < 0.001 vs. placebo) [95% confidence interval (CI) −5.1‐−0.4]. At that time mean urine volume per void increased from 158 ± 32 to 198 ± 76 ml (P < 0.001 vs. placebo) (95% CI 8‐22), while mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 h decreased from 3.2 ± 3.3 to 1.6 ± 2.8 (P < 0.001 vs. placebo) (95% CI −2‐0.3). Tramadol induced significant improvements in urodynamic parameters. More adverse effects were associated with tramadol treatment than with placebo (P < 0.05). The main adverse event with tramadol was nausea.ConclusionsIn patients with non‐neurogenic IDO tramadol provided beneficial clinical and urodynamic results. Further studies are required to draw final conclusions on the efficacy of this drug in IDO.
Explicit use of the Biot coefficient in predicting shear‐wave velocity of water‐saturated sediments
Authors: Lee Myung W. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTPredicting the shear‐wave (S‐wave) velocity is important in seismic modelling, amplitude analysis with offset, and other exploration and engineering applications. Under the low‐frequency approximation, the classical Biot–Gassmann theory relates the Biot coefficient to the bulk modulus of water‐saturated sediments. If the Biot coefficient under in situ conditions can be estimated, the shear modulus or the S‐wave velocity can be calculated. The Biot coefficient derived from the compressional‐wave (P‐wave) velocity of water‐saturated sediments often differs from and is less than that estimated from the S‐wave velocity, owing to the interactions between the pore fluid and the grain contacts. By correcting the Biot coefficients derived from P‐wave velocities of water‐saturated sediments measured at various differential pressures, an accurate method of predicting S‐wave velocities is proposed. Numerical results indicate that the predicted S‐wave velocities for consolidated and unconsolidated sediments agree well with measured velocities.
Deep resistivity structure of the Dikili‐Bergama region, west Anatolia, revealed by two‐ dimensional inversion of vertical electrical sounding data
Authors: Özürlan Gülçin , Candansayar M. Emin , Şahin M. Hüdavendigar 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTWithin the framework of the National Marine Geological and Geophysical Program, we re‐examined deep vertical electrical sounding (VES) data. The data, measured in 1968 by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey with the aim of exploring the deep resistivity structure of the Dikili–Bergama region, focus on the geothermal potential. The geoelectrical resistivity survey was conducted using a Schlumberger array with a maximum electrode half‐spacing of 4.5 km. The two‐dimensional (2D) inversion was utilized to interpret the VES data that were collected along 15‐ to 30‐km profiles. The 2D resistivity–depth cross‐sections obtained show very low resistivity values near the Dikili and Kaynarca hot springs. The 2D inversion results also indicate the presence of fault zones striking nearly N–S and E–W, and fault‐bounded graben‐horst structures that show promising potential for geothermal field resources. The 2D gravity model, which is in good agreement with the density variation of the region, supports the resistivity structure revealed by 2D inversion. The lithology information obtained from the borehole near Kaynarca also confirms the results of the resistivity interpretation and the density model.
Inversion of elongated magnetic anomalies using magnitude transforms
Authors: Stavrev Petar 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTThe calculable magnitudes of the anomalous magnetic field from simple 2D sources and their gradients and Laplacians appear as ratios that can be synthesized in functional forms, corresponding to the different source shapes. Field components and first‐order derivatives are involved in the inversion procedures presented. The structural index and source depth are estimated independently of each other. The applied functions allow magnetic profiles and magnetic maps to be shape‐ and depth‐converted with immediate imaging of the inversion results. The contours of these functions outline elongated loops around the 2.5D anomaly axis on magnetic maps. The width of the loops reflects the depth and structural index N of the source in the scale units of the inverted map. Model and field tests illustrate the effectiveness of this approach for fast automatic inversion of large sets of magnetic data for depth, shape, length and location of simple sources.
The Nontoxic CTA1‐DD Adjuvant Enhances Protective Immunity Against Helicobacter pylori Infection Following Mucosal Immunization
Authors: Akhiani A. A. , Stensson A. , Schön K. , Lycke N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSafe and efficacious adjuvants are much needed to facilitate the development of mucosal vaccines. Here, we have asked whether our nontoxic vaccine adjuvant, CTA1‐DD, can enhance protective immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection. Intranasal immunizations with H. pylori lysate together with CTA1‐DD‐adjuvant induced significant protection in C57Bl/6 mice, almost as strong as similar immunizations using cholera toxin (CT)‐adjuvant. Protection remained strong even at 8 weeks postchallenge and the bacterial colonization was reduced by 20‐fold compared to lysate‐immunized controls. Although CTA1‐DD was designed to bind to B cells, µMT mice developed significant, but lower, level of protection following immunization. Intranasal immunizations with CT adjuvant in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in the development of severe postimmunization gastritis at 2 and 8 weeks postchallenge, whereas the degree of gastritis was substantially lower in the CTA1‐DD‐immunized mice. Protection induced by both CTA1‐DD‐ and CT adjuvant was associated with a strong local infiltration of CD4+ T cells in the gastric mucosa, and recall responses to specific Ag elicited substantial IFN‐γ production, indicating Th1‐dominance. These findings clearly demonstrate that CTA1‐DD adjuvant is a promising candidate to be further exploited in the development of a mucosal vaccine against H. pylori infection.
Serotonin Transporter mRNA Expression is Decreased by Lamivudine and Ribavirin and Increased by Interferon in Immune Cells
Authors: Tsao C.‐W. , Lin Y.‐S. , Cheng J.‐T. , Chang W.‐W. , Chen C.‐L. , Wu S.‐R. , Fan C.‐W. , Lo H.‐Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractClinical reports document that depression as a side effect is more prevalent in hepatic patients given interferon (IFN)‐α therapy than in those given lamivudine. The mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. Serotonin transporter (5‐HTT), via uptake of serotonin (5‐HT) into presynaptic serotoninergic neurons, is an initial action site for antidepressants. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify 5‐HTT mRNA expression in immune cells in order to evaluate whether 5‐HTT acted as an indicator of depression. Results showed that the 5‐HTT mRNA expression was much higher in T‐cell and B‐cell lines than that in a monocytic cell line. Treatment with either lamivudine or ribavirin reduced the 5‐HTT mRNA expression, protein level and 5‐HT uptake in T‐cell line. Treatment with IFN‐α, however, increased those levels in the same group. A similar effect was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Mimicking clinical use by treating PBMC with a combination of IFN‐α and ribavirin increased the 5‐HTT mRNA expression level. Our study indicates that these therapeutic drugs regulate 5‐HTT expression, which implies that 5‐HTT might be a trait marker in IFN‐α‐induced depression after hepatic therapy.
Interferon‐γ Gene (T874A and G2109A) Polymorphisms Are Associated With Microscopy‐positive Tuberculosis
Authors: Etokebe G. E. , Bulat‐Kardum L. , Johansen M. S. , Knezevic J. , Balen S. , Matakovic‐Mileusnic N. , Matanic D. , Flego V. , Pavelic J. , Beg‐Zec Z. , Dembic Z. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic susceptibility to tuberculosis includes several unknown yet different loci each contributing to a small extent. Intronic polymorphisms within the interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) gene IFNG T+874A and IFNG G+2109A correlate with the IFN‐γ production in vitro, and the frequency of potential high IFN‐γ producers was previously reported by others to be lower in patients than in controls from Sicily. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between polymorphisms in the IFN‐γ gene and predisposition to tuberculosis. We analysed two IFNG SNPs (T+874A and G+2109A) in patients (n = 253) hospitalized in Rijeka (Croatia) and controls (n = 519) from the same area. One‐fifth of the controls were healthy contacts of the diseased, and the rest were blood donors. IFNG alleles, their predicted haplotypes or genotypes were not associated with disease susceptibility. Thus, we could not reproduce results from Sicilian case‐control study. However, T/T+874 (possible high IFN‐γ producer) and +874A/A (putative low producer) genotypes were associated with microscopically positive–negative forms of disease. Haplotypes (T+874A and G+2109A) based on a prediction by software phase and subsequent genotype analysis corroborated these findings. Patients had significantly higher frequency of genotypes without T at +874 (AA/AA; AA/AG and AG/AG) in microscopy‐ or bacterial culture‐positive groups compared with their negative counterparts. These data suggest an association with disease severity rather than susceptibility to tuberculosis in Croatian Caucasian population.
Elimination of CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T cells Breaks Down Reovirus Type 2‐Triggered and CpG ODN‐Induced Prolonged Mild Autoimmune Insulitis in DBA/1 Mice
Authors: Hayashi T. , Hasegawa K. , Sasaki Y. , Onodera T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have reported previously that subclinical prolonged mild T helper (Th) 1‐dependent autoimmune insulitis with impaired glucose tolerance in wealing DBA/1J mice, which is induced by the combined effects of reovirus type 2 (Reo‐2) and synthetic 20‐base oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG motifs (CpG ODN) (control mice). Compared with the control mice, newborn mice treated with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against mouse CD25+ CD4+ T cells together with Reo‐2 and CpG ODN greatly reduced the absolute number of splenic CD25+ T cells and resulted in the development of severe insulitis, leading to an overt early diabetes. Moreover, the treatment of the MoAb increased production of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and decreased that of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and developed high titre of autoantibodies against pancreatic islet cells. These evidences suggest that CD4+ CD25+ T cell may, at least in part, maintain tolerance to Reo‐2‐triggered and CpG ODN‐induced prolonged mild Th1‐dependent autoimmune insulitis, leading to the overt disease. This system may give a novel model to elucidate the mechanisms of the development of overt diabetes from borderline subclinical diabetes in virus‐triggered autoimmune type I diabetes in human.
Identification of thoracic intervertebral spaces by means of surface anatomy: a magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Holmaas G. , Frederiksen D. , Ulvik A. , Vingsnes S. O. , Østgaard G. , Nordli H. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  Successful thoracic epidural analgesia depends on the sensory blockage of specific dermatomes following appropriate placement of the epidural catheter. This study aimed to ascertain how accurately anaesthesiologists identify thoracic intervertebral spaces, and whether counting from the prominent vertebra is easier than using the iliac crest as an anatomical landmark.Methods:  Five anaesthesiologists attempted to locate one out of five consecutive intervertebral spaces (Th7–Th8 to Th11–Th12) on patients referred for magnetic resonance imaging of the vertebral column. The intended thoracic interspace and the counting reference point (C7–Th1 or L3–L4) were marked with oil capsules. The body mass index, gender and position of the patient were recorded. The exact capsule positions were determined by a radiologist after the study.Results:  In 92 patients, 26.7% of the thoracic interspaces were correctly identified. The counting reference point was the only variable studied with a significant influence on error. The accuracy increased when the iliac crest was used as an anatomical landmark rather than the prominent vertebra (odds ratio, 0.29). The majority (76.4%) of all the incorrectly placed capsules were found cephalad to the intended level.Conclusion:  We recommend that the caudal of two to three possible interspaces should be used when placing an epidural catheter in the thoracic spine. Because of the inaccurate localization of the thoracic intervertebral spaces, documentation should state the site of puncture as being in the upper or lower thoracic spine instead of claiming to be in an exact interspace.
Similar onset time of 2‐chloroprocaine and lidocaine + epinephrine for epidural anesthesia for elective Cesarean section
Authors: Bjørnestad E. , Iversen O. L. E. E. , Raeder J. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  The use of regional anesthesia for elective Cesarean section has been demonstrated to be safe for both the mother and new‐born. In parturients with an epidural catheter placed previously for labor analgesia, extension of the epidural block may be the preferred option, provided that adequate speed of onset and adequate surgical anesthesia are obtained. We therefore performed a prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial to examine the speed of onset and anesthetic quality of 2‐chloroprocaine vs. a solution of lidocaine with one additive, epinephrine 5 µg/ml.Methods:  Forty ASA I patients, scheduled for elective Cesarean section, were randomly assigned to two groups: the 2‐chloroprocaine group received 2‐chloroprocaine 30 mg/ml and the lidocaine group received the same amount (ml) of lidocaine 20 mg/ml with 5 µg/ml epinephrine. The speed of onset was defined as the time taken to loss of cold sensation from 70% ethanol application at thoracic dermatome level 5 (Th5).Results:  The time to achieve loss of cold sensation at Th5 was similar in both groups: median of 8 min (range, 4–13 min) in the 2‐chloroprocaine group vs. 5 min (range, 2–22 min) in the lidocaine group (NS). Epidural anesthesia was successful for surgery in all but one patient (lidocaine group). There was no significant difference in the need for supplemental intravenous alfentanil between the two groups: 30% vs. 20% of patients in the 2‐chloroprocaine and lidocaine groups, respectively; the pain scores (visual analog scale) were also similar. Intra‐operative complications occurred with similar frequency, and none was serious. In the patients in the 2‐chloroprocaine group, 11 (55%) had episodes of systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg vs. 15 (75%) in the lidocaine group (NS).Conclusion:  Both 2‐chloroprocaine and lidocaine have a rapid onset of effect and are suitable local anesthetic agents for Cesarean section. In view of the time taken for preparation and the potential for logistic problems when an additive is used, a pre‐prepared solution, such as 2‐chloroprocaine, may be preferred.
Anesthesia for Indian Ocean tsunami‐affected patients at a southern Thailand provincial hospital
Authors: Charuluxananan S. , Bunburaphong P. , Tuchinda L. , Vorapaluk P. , Kyokong O. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  On 26 December 2004, a giant earthquake shook South‐East Asia, triggering deadly flood waves (tsunami) across the Indian Ocean. The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand joined the Thai Red Cross Society to provide relief in southern Thailand. The objective of this article is to characterize the emergency surgical patients and anesthesia profiles of tsunami victims at Phang‐Nga Provincial Hospital.Methods:  Available records from the operating room and anesthesia unit of Phang‐Nga Provincial Hospital, together with laboratory and administrative data, during the period 26–31 December 2004 were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results:  Thai Red Cross teams provided surgical emergency services for 107 cases during 28–30 December 2004. Ninety‐three cases (86%) were Caucasian, one (0.9%) was Japanese and nine (8.4%) were Thai. ASA physical status classifications of 1, 2 and 3 were present in 87.8%, 8.4% and 0.4%, respectively. The majority of injuries comprised multiple soft tissue wounds with severe infection. Eighty‐five per cent of cases received debridement and 14.0% tendon or nerve repair or fixation of bone. The anesthesia choices were general endotracheal with rapid sequence induction and intubation (69.2%), general under mask (19.6%), total intravenous anesthesia (4.7%), spinal anesthesia (3.7%) and local anesthesia (2.8%). Anesthesia‐related problems included a lack of pre‐operative laboratory investigation, hypovolemia, severe wound infection with early sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. Common intra‐operative complications included hypotension and oxygen desaturation from pulmonary aspiration or lung contusion. There was one case of post‐operative reintubation and no peri‐operative mortality.Conclusion:  Anesthesia‐related problems in tsunami victims included pulmonary aspiration, hypovolemia, sepsis and lack of pre‐operative laboratory investigation. General anesthesia was the most common anesthetic technique. Common intra‐operative complications included hypotension and oxygen desaturation.
Depth of a central venous catheter tip: length of insertion guideline for pediatric patients
Authors: Yoon S. Z. , Shin T. J. , Kim H. S. , Lee J. , Kim C. S. , Kim S. D. , Park C. D. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  In pediatric patients, several studies have been undertaken to establish central venous catheter (CVC) tip optimal depth. Assessments of catheter tip position using chest radiographs may be misleading, whereas transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been shown to accurately monitor catheter tip placement at the superior vena cava–right atrial (SVC–RA) junction. The aim of this study was to issue a guideline for ideal catheter insertion depth, from the right internal jugular vein (IJV) using TEE to confirm the position of the catheter tip at the SVC–RA junction.Methods:  Over a 6‐month period, we studied 60 right internal jugular vein catheterizations in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Positions of CVC tips were confirmed to be at the SVC–RA junction by TEE. Distance from the skin puncture site to the SVC–RA junction, height, weight, and age were recorded.Results:  Distances measured were found to be highly correlated with patient height. The following guideline allows the CVC tip to be positioned above the RA in 97.5% of patients with an accuracy of 95%: optimal depth of insertion (cm) = 1.7 + (0.07 × height) in patients whose height is between 40 and 140 cm.Conclusion:  The model proposed for the insertion of the CVC tip in pediatric patients could be used to prevent inadvertent catheter tip placement into the atrium.
The influence of propofol on P‐selectin expression and nitric oxide production in re‐oxygenated human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Corcoran T. B. , O'Shea A. , Engel A. , Shorten G. D. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  Reperfusion injury is characterized by free radical production and endothelial inflammation. Neutrophils mediate much of the end‐organ injury that occurs, requiring P‐selectin‐mediated neutrophil–endothelial adhesion, and this is associated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide production. Propofol has antioxidant properties in vitro which might abrogate this inflammation.Methods:  Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to 20 h of hypoxia and then returned to normoxic conditions. Cells were treated with saline, Diprivan 5 µg/l or propofol 5 µg/l for 4 h after re‐oxygenation and were then examined for P‐selectin expression and supernatant nitric oxide concentrations for 24 h. P‐selectin was determined by flow cytometry, and culture supernatant nitric oxide was measured as nitrite.Results:  In saline‐treated cells, a biphasic increase in P‐selectin expression was demonstrated at 30 min (P = 0.01) and 4 h (P = 0.023) after re‐oxygenation. Propofol and Diprivan prevented these increases in P‐selectin expression (P < 0.05). Four hours after re‐oxygenation, propofol decreased endothelial nitric oxide production (P = 0.035).Conclusion:  This is the first study to demonstrate an effect of propofol upon endothelial P‐selectin expression. Such an effect may be important in situations of reperfusion injury such as cardiac transplantation and coronary artery bypass surgery. We conclude that propofol attenuates re‐oxygenation‐induced endothelial inflammation in vitro.
The effect of intrathecal fentanyl added to hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal respiratory function during Cesarean section
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Ogata J. , Fukunaga K. , Shimazu A. , Fujioka A. , Uchida T. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  Subarachnoid blockade with local anesthetics induces respiratory depression. Although the addition of fentanyl to bupivacaine has become popular in subarachnoid blockade for Cesarean section, there is no information on the effect of intrathecal fentanyl on maternal spirometric respiratory function in parturients undergoing Cesarean section.Methods:  We tested the effect of the addition of intrathecal fentanyl to hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal spirometric performance in 40 consenting parturients undergoing Cesarean section. The parturients were randomized into two groups: those receiving 2.0 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and 0.4 ml of saline intrathecally and those receiving 2.0 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine and 0.4 ml of fentanyl (20 µg) intrathecally. We performed spirometry on arriving at the operation room and 15 min after subarachnoid blockade.Results:  Subarachnoid blockade with bupivacaine significantly decreased the peak expiratory flow rate, but did not induce significant changes in vital capacity and forced vital capacity. The addition of intrathecal fentanyl to bupivacaine improved the quality of subarachnoid blockade, but did not lead to a deterioration in respiratory function compared with intrathecal bupivacaine alone.Conclusions:  The addition of intrathecal fentanyl to hyperbaric bupivacaine did not lead to a deterioration in maternal spirometric respiratory function in parturients undergoing Cesarean section.