bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the trace‐level impurities in the bulk drug citalopram by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem multistage mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Cuirong , Xu Hui , Pan Yuanjiang , Shen Zhiquan , Wang Danhua 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFive trace impurities were detected in the bulk drug citalopram using high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A simple and sensitive method suitable for liquid chromatography tandem multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn) analysis was developed. Using this method, the fragmentation behavior of citalopram and the impurities was investigated. Four impurities were rapidly characterized, and an unknown impurity was elucidated as 3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐(1‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐5‐yl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐5‐carboxamide on the basis of the MSn and exact mass evidence, and the proposed structure was further confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments after preparative isolation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiresidue analysis of β‐agonists in pork by coupling polymer monolith microextraction to electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Huang Jing‐Fang , Zhang Hui‐Juan , Lin Bo , Yu Qiong‐Wei , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel method of polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) using poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QTOF MS) was developed for the rapid and sensitive determination of β‐agonists in pork samples. The conditions of PMME were optimized for the improvement of extraction efficiency and reduction of the matrix interferences from pork. Under the optimal condition, the eluate solution allowed direct analysis by mass spectrometry. In the positive ion mode and in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the limits of detection (LODs) for β‐agonists were found to be 0.08 ng/g (clenbuterol, CLB), 0.18 ng/g (salbutamol, SBTM) and 0.26 ng/g (terbutaline, TBTL) in pork, respectively, with good inter‐ and intra‐day precisions (2–10% for CLB, 11–23% for SBTM and 4–16% for TBTL). The proposed PMME/ESI‐QTOF MS method was successfully applied to the determination of β‐agonist residues in thirteen real samples, and the positive samples were confirmed according to the identification points (IPs) system defined by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. To investigate the matrix effect, the proposed method was compared with PMME‐HPLC/ESI‐QTOF MS and the slight decrease in sensitivity of PMME/ESI‐QTOF MS was ascribed to the inter‐analyte ion suppression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensional analysis for robust control of planar vehicle dynamics
Authors: Li Yan , Hencey Brandon , Alleyne Andrew 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost engineered systems with similar functions, which are designed under strict external constraints, share similar dynamics. Using a dimensionless model as system representation, a dimensionless robust controller can be designed and implemented for a class of dynamically similar systems that are different in physical dimension. Dimensionless transformations of timescale, inputs and outputs determine a nominal plant model and plant‐to‐plant uncertainties in a dimensionless form. Using parameter‐dependent normalization, a normalized dimensionless model can be derived that has lower levels of plant‐to‐plant uncertainty than previous formulations (IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.2005;13(4):624–630). The benefit of this dimensional analysis is demonstrated by the dynamic analysis of different types of planar vehicle systems. Numerical results show that, by using dimensional analysis, it is possible to obtain a controller that is robust to plant‐to‐plant parametric uncertainties among specific classes of systems designed with widely varying physical dimensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletons out of the closet: effectiveness of conceptual frameworks for communicating sustainable development indicators
Authors: Lyytimäki Jari , Rosenström Ulla 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFinland is one of the forerunners in sustainable development reporting, with abundant long term statistics on environmental, social and economic issues. In this article, we introduce the Finnish experience on producing and disseminating sustainable development indicators. We describe four indicator initiatives prepared and published during the last decade and discuss the role of different conceptual frameworks for preparing and presenting the indicators. The requirements for a good conceptual framework are reviewed and the effectiveness of different frameworks for different purposes is discussed based on the cases presented. We conclude by stressing the importance of paying more attention to indicator set frameworks instead of individual indicators and using specifically tailored frameworks for specific uses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Study of the wettability properties of polypropylene nonwoven mats by low‐pressure oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Masaeli E. , Morshed M. , Tavanai H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSurface modification by plasma treatment is widely used for textiles and polymeric materials. Plasma processes are environmentally friendly and reduce chemicals and energy consumption. This study reports the effect of cold, low‐pressure oxygen plasma on the wettability properties of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven mats. The wetting properties were examined using contact angle, surface energy, and diameters of the drop after 20 s of treatment. It was found that plasma treatment had a significant effect on the wettability of PP fibers. The ageing for 90 days had no significant effect on the wettability. It was also shown that the morphology of the fibers was not affected by the plasma treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Phase 2 screening trials in oncology obsolete?
Authors: Holmgren Eric 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhase 2 studies in Oncology are controversial because on the one hand they are substantially underpowered for making assessments of activity and on the other hand they are used as a screen to determine whether a Phase 3 trial is warranted. In this paper, we undertake a systematic assessment of the properties of a Phase 2 study in the context of a drug development program. We will show that, when considering only the efficiency of a clinical trials program, Phase 2 screening trials can substantially increase the efficiency with which drugs that provide clinical benefit are identified. However, if there are substantial costs in identifying drug candidates to test in clinical trials as there are today, then Phase 2 screening trials as a prelude to Phase 3 trials may reduce the efficiency of the drug development process as a whole. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of relationship stress and unmitigated communion on physical and mental health outcomes
Authors: Nagurney Alexander J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the interactive effects of relationship stress and ‘unmitigated communion’ (UC) when predicting health outcomes among college students (n = 97). It was hypothesized that those participants who scored high on a scale of ‘UC’ (the tendency to focus on relationships rather than on one's own needs or desires) would be more negatively affected by interpersonal stress than those participants who scored lower on this scale. Paper‐and‐pencil measures of ‘UC’, perceived interpersonal stress, vitality, mental health, anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect were completed. The results of the study strongly supported the hypothesis on both the physical and psychological levels. Gender was investigated as a potential moderating factor. While there was no evidence that this was the case, the results do provide limited evidence that men may be more prone to the negative effects of relationship stress than women (when controlling for ‘UC’). Implications for counselling are such that a participant's standing on ‘UC’ should be addressed during therapy. Failure to do so may result in inappropriate, or even harmful, treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimism, self‐efficacy and information processing of threat‐ and well‐being‐related stimuli
Authors: Karademas Evangelos C. , Kafetsios Konstantinos , Sideridis Georgios D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine whether information bias associated with dispositional optimism and generalized self‐efficacy can account for the link between general expectations and well‐being. A modified Stroop task was used in this study. Our hypothesis was that individuals with high self‐efficacy expectations or dispositional optimism would show greater bias towards well‐being‐related stimuli, whereas individuals with low self‐efficacy or optimism would exhibit bias towards threat‐related stimuli. A secondary hypothesis was that both self‐efficacy and optimism would act as mediators of the latency, perceived distress relationship. One hundred and two undergraduate students participated in the study. After controlling for daily mood, the results showed that individuals high in optimism and self‐efficacy showed greater informational bias towards well‐being‐related stimuli. The low self‐efficacy group exhibited greater bias towards threat‐related stimuli. Also, consistent with our hypothesis, optimism and self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between the Stroop colour‐naming latencies and perceived distress. These findings suggest that associations, which refer to automatic processes, may form an additional way through which expectations are related to functioning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The shape of stress: the use of frequent sampling to measure temporal variation in S‐IgA levels during acute stress
Authors: Benham Grant 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have indicated that statistically significant increases in Secretory immunoglobulin A (S‐IgA) can be achieved in as little as 5min as a result of mental stress. However, the temporal resolution of these changes is low and therefore the rate and pattern of changes during the stress task and during subsequent recovery is unclear. A within‐subjects design was used to examine levels of S‐IgA before, during and after a short (8 min) mental stress task. S‐IgA was measured from saliva samples obtained every 2 min during the entire 30‐min session. Significant increases in S‐IgA concentration were observed as early as the task instruction period, with additional increases during the stress task itself. The data also show a rapid recovery of S‐IgA, with a return to baseline levels within 6 min. Results suggest that S‐IgA changes can occur very rapidly and that the observed increases are short‐lived. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alliance or acquisition? a dyadic perspective on interfirm resource combinations
Authors: Wang Lihua , Zajac Edward J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor firms seeking to strategically combine their resources with those of other firms, two popular alternative governance structures emerge: alliance or acquisition. In this paper, we propose a dyadic perspective to examine how and why configurations of two firms' resources and capabilities affect the costs and benefits associated with each governance structure. More specifically, we posit that factors such as (1) the resource similarity and complementarity between a pair of firms, (2) the combined relational capabilities of a pair of firms, and (3) the partner‐specific knowledge between a pair of firms will affect the likelihood of observing that pair of firms forming an alliance vs. engaging in an acquisition. We test and find support for our hypotheses using extensive longitudinal data from a sample of the largest firms in the United States from 1991 to 2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AVal: an extensible attribute‐oriented programming validator for Java
Authors: Noguera Carlos , Pawlak Renaud 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAttribute‐oriented programming (@OP) permits programmers to extend the semantics of a base program by annotating it with attributes defined in an attribute domain‐specific language (AttDSL). In this article, we propose AVal: a Java5 framework for the definition and checking of rules for @OP in Java. We define a set of meta‐annotations to allow the validation of @OP programs, as well as the means to extend these meta‐annotations by using a compile‐time model of the program's source code. AVal is fully integrated into the Eclipse IDE. We show the usefulness of the approach by using examples of its use applied to three AttDSLs: an @OP framework that helps programming Simple API for XML parsers, an @OP extension for the Fractal component model called Fraclet, and the JSR 181 for web services definition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical study of rules for well‐formed identifiers
Authors: Lawrie Dawn , Feild Henry , Binkley David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReaders of programs have two main sources of domain information: identifier names and comments. In order to efficiently maintain source code, it is important that the identifier names (as well as comments) communicate clearly the concepts they represent. Deißenböck and Pizka recently introduced two rules for creating well‐formed identifiers: one considers the consistency of identifiers and the other their conciseness. These rules require a mapping from identifiers to the concepts they represent, which may be costly to develop after the initial release of a system. An approach for verifying whether identifiers are well formed without any additional information (e.g., a concept mapping) is developed. Using a pool of 48 million lines of code, experiments with the resulting syntactic rules for well‐formed identifiers illustrate that violations of the syntactic pattern exist. Two case studies
show that three‐quarters of these violations are ‘real’. That is, they could be identified using a concept mapping. Three related studies show that programmers tend to use a rather limited vocabulary, that, contrary to many other aspects of system evolution, maintenance does not introduce additional rule violations, and that open and proprietary sources differ in their percentage of violations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic construction of accurate application call graph with library call abstraction for Java
Authors: Zhang Weilei , Ryder Barbara G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCall graphs are widely used to represent calling relationships among methods. However, there is not much interest in calling relationships among library methods in many software engineering applications, such as program understanding and testing, especially when the library is very big and the calling relationships are not trivial. This paper explores approaches for generating more accurate application call graphs for Java. A new data reachability algorithm is proposed and fine tuned to resolve library callbacks accurately. Compared with an algorithm that resolves library callbacks by traversing the whole‐program call graph, the fine‐tuned data reachability algorithm results in fewer spurious callback edges. In empirical studies, the new algorithm shows a significant reduction in the number of spurious callback edges. On the basis of the new algorithm, a library abstraction can be calculated automatically and applied in amortized slicing and dataflow testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPI of the requirements engineering process for embedded systems using SPICE
Authors: Poth Alexander 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComplex embedded systems need consequent and complete requirements engineering. The embedded system must be specified and separated into modules which are developed by the suppliers. For effective specification, an adequate process with methods and tools must be set up. This article describes the introduction of this process for an automotive OEM which was designed by MB technology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some observations on software processes for CBSE
Authors: Tripathi A. K. , Gupta Ratneshwer , Gupta Manjari 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComponent‐based development(CBD), an approach to develop a software system with the help of reusable software components, has its own challenges because its parallel development process, coding style, system life cycle, etc. are required to be different from those of conventional software development. In this work, an attempt has been made to consider the software processes of conventional software engineering for identifying those software engineering concepts that need redefinition in the context of component‐based software engineering (CBSE). The idea is to evaluate whether the requirement of engineering, design, and implementation methodologies for conventional software development can be used for CBSE, or there is need for fresh interpretation of existing methodologies in the context of CBSE. The conventional development methodologies proposed in software engineering literature, focus on non CBSE‐based development of software.The issues related to the software processes are important because the slow rate of practices of CBSE may be a result of the use of software engineering principles and practices meant for nonCBSE‐based software. The model proposed by us would be able to address the questions and concerns in a meaningful and effective manner.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructing the user
Authors: Gage Stephen A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA distinction is drawn between the design of settings that are part of the performative framing of immediate behaviour and the often more difficult task of constructing an architecture of possibilities. Analogies are drawn to the work of stage magicians and software interface designers that suggest some attributes of both of the above aspects of architecture. The concept of ‘Utilitas’ is explored both as a way of reducing variety in order to allow for the orderly introduction of change and as a way of introducing a rich and complex user illusion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control information theory: the ‘missing link’ in the science of cybernetics
Authors: Corning Peter A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNorbert Wiener's cybernetic paradigm represents one of the seminal ideas of the 20th century. It has provided a general framework for analysing communications and control processes in ‘purposeful’ systems, from genomes to empires. Especially notable are the many important applications in control engineering. Nevertheless, its full potential has yet to be realized. For instance, cybernetics is relatively little used as an analytical tool in the social sciences. One reason, it is argued here, is that Wiener's framework lacked a crucial element––a functional definition of information. The functional (content and meaning) role of information in cybernetic processes cannot be directly measured with Claude Shannon's statistical approach, which Wiener also adopted. Although so‐called Shannon information has made many valuable contributions and has many important uses, it is blind to the functional properties of information. Recently, we proposed a radically different approach to information theory. After briefly critiquing the literature in information theory, this new kind of cybernetic information will be described. We call it ‘control information’. Control information is not a thing or a mechanism but an attribute of the relationships between things. It is defined as: the capacity (know how) to control the acquisition, disposition and utilization of matter/energy in ‘purposive’ (cybernetic) processes. We will briefly elucidate the concept and we will describe a proposed formalization in terms of a common unit of measurement, namely the quantity of available energy that can be controlled by a given unit of information in a given context. However, other metrics are also feasible, from money to allocations of labour (time and energy). Some illustrations will be provided and we will also briefly discuss some of the implications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems theory: a worldview and/or a methodology aimed at requisite holism/realism of humans' thinking, decisions and action
Authors: Mulej Matjaž 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany observers find that humankind is in crisis due to lack of holism and due to too much reductionism—in human thinking, insight, decision‐making and action—caused by increasingly narrow specialization per professions and disciplines. Systems theory surfaced good five decades ago to fight this problem. But it keeps losing its battle, including in its own arena. Specialization is unavoidable, but it is frequently not enough. Good three decades of experience of this contribution's author have demonstrated that his concept of the ‘dialectical system’ and ‘law of requisite holism/realism’ can offer a response. It shows a way towards holism/realism as an overarching worldview, which is capable of providing room for many systems theories and specialized/traditional theories to work together, because they are interdependent, that is, needing each other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The paradox of observing, autopoiesis, and the future of social sciences
Authors: Shkliarevsky Gennady 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe current debate in social sciences show that the paradox of observing—the embeddedness of observer in the process of observing—is at the heart of the controversy about their cognitive status and future. Although the problem of observing has been addressed in numerous theoretical perspectives—some of which (Habermas, Leydesdorff, Maturana, and Luhmann) are examined in this article—the prospects for resolving this paradox remain problematic. Locating a point, which allows reflection on the process of autopoiesis in general, not just the operation of a particular autopoietic system, may be one condition for resolving this paradox. Such point will offer reflection on all autopoietic systems, including the observer. The dynamic balance between equilibrium and disequilibrium is the mechanism, which regulates the process of autopoiesis. Since the function of regulation is essentially a reflective function, this equilibrium between equilibrium and disequilibrium, which can be identified with the concept of homeorhesis introduced by Conrad Waddington, may offer a possibility to reflect on the process of observing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the possibility of restoring trust from mistrust and friendship from enmity and hatred
Authors: van Gigch John P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe start our investigation with Professor Russell L. Ackoff's trailblazing (Ackoff and Strümpfer, 2003) in which they considered the problem of TERRORISM from a systemic perspective. We extend their views by attempting an epistemological inquiry based on the knowledge surrounding the problem. Specifically, we proceed to acquire knowledge by parsing the concepts labelled ‘TRUST’ and ‘FRIENDSHIP’ as well as their respective antonyms ‘MISTRUST’ and ‘ENMITY’. These concepts lie at centre of any discussion of the problem raised by Ackoff and Strümpfer. We call this inquiry an epistemological inquiry because it is a method by which knowledge of a problem can be obtained in order to improve its meaning and understanding. We also invoke C. West Churchman (1971, 1979) when using the process of applying an inquiring system to solve a system problem: this process was studied in three previous papers by the present author (2005a, 2005b, 2006). See also McIntyre‐Mills, (2005, 2006). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.