bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positional specificity oftrans fatty acids in fetal lecithin
Authors: Moore Carolyn E. , Dhopeshwarkar Govind A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferences in the positional incorporation of 9‐trans[1‐14C] octadecenoic (elaidic) and 9‐trans,12‐trans[1‐14C] octadecadienoic (linoelaidic) acids in fetal lecithin of rats were demonstrated. On the 20th day of gestation, a14C‐labeled albumin complex of elaidic or linoelaidic acid was injected into the jugular vein of pregnant rats. For comparative purposes, 9‐cis[1‐14C] octadecenoic (oleic) or 9‐cis,12‐cis[1‐14C] octadecadienoic (linoleic acid) was injected into the maternal circulation of rats. Animals were killed 6 hr later. Distribution of label in total lipids and phospholipids (PL) of fetal tissue was measured by TLC. Irrespective of the label, the highest percentage of total radioactivity was associated with PL‐59 to 67%. Within PL, the major portion of radioactivity was found in choline phosphoglycerides (CPG)‐53 to 67%, and in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG)‐18 to 33%. While linoelaidic acid was predominantly esterified in the 2‐position of CPG, elaidic acid was nearly equally distributed between positions 1 and 2 of lecithin. Distribution of radioactivity within fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of CPG measured by radio‐GLC suggested that oleic and possibly linoleic acids may be converted to nervonic and arachidonic acid, respectively, in the rat by the 20th day of gestation. Following injection of elaidate, radioactivity of FAME was distributed between palmitate and elaidic acid indicating that rat fetal tissue may metabolize elaidic acid via β‐oxidation. In contrast, following injection of linoelaidate, radioactivity of FAME was primarily associated withtt‐18∶2, suggesting little biotransformation to other fatty acids by fetal tissues.
Hyperlipidemia in rats fed retinoic acid
Authors: Gerber Leonard E. , Erdman John W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis report describes a series of experiments that attempt to characterize the lipidemia accompanying retinoic acid administration. After feeding young adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats, 1.2 Retinol Equivalents (R.E.) retinyl acetate plus supplemental retinoic acid (100 μg/g dry diet) for three days and fasting for 6–8 hr, triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid content of various serum lipoprotein fractions were determined. When compared to unsupplemented controls, both the serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and the high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions of the retinoic acid‐fed rats were found to harbor an elevated triglyceride content. While VLDL cholesterol and phospholipid content were also elevated, total serum cholesterol and phospholipids were not statistically altered. The detergent Triton WR‐1339 was used to depress serum triglyceride clearance in order to assess the effects of retinoic acid feeding on serum triglyceride levels. Triglyceride accumulation started earlier after Triton treatment and was greater when rats were fed 100 μg/g retinoic acid for three days prior to testing. Red and white gastrocnemius muscle, cardiac ventricular muscle, and perirenal adipose tissue were removed from rats following retinoic acid feeding. Analysis of these tissues for lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) activity showed a decrease in adipose tissue, a large depression in both areas of gastrocnemius muscle and no change in cardiac muscle as a result of retinoic acid feeding.
Myelin subfractions isolated from mouse brain: Analysis of the lipid composition at three developmental stages
Authors: Rhein Linda D. , Sampugna Joseph 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipids were examined in whole myelin and 8 myelin subfractions isolated from mouse brain at 18–24, 44–48 and 80–90 days of age. Relative to protein, total lipid was lowest in whole myelin isolated from the oldest animals as well as from subfractions isolated at greater sucrose densities, thus partially accounting for the observed myelin subfraction distribution pattern which shifted during development from an average peak density banding between 0.55 and 0.65 M sucrose to one banding between 0.60 and 0.70 M sucrose. Whole myelin and each myelin subfraction isolated at one age contained nearly the same ratio of sterol and phospholipid to galactolipid; these ratios decreased uniformly during development suggesting enrichment with galactolipid in all myelin subfractions. Sulfatide, as percentage of total galactolipid, was relatively constant during development and appeared to be slightly enriched in the denser myelin subfractions. The findings suggest that regardless of the origin(s) of the subfractions, an age‐related mechanism exists in the central nervous system which modifies myelin lipid composition relatively uniformly.
Acylglycerol structure of genetic varieties of peanut oils of varying atherogenic potential
Authors: Manganaro F. , Myher J. J. , Kuksis A. , Kritchevsky D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetailed investigation was made of the triacylglycerol structure of three varieties of peanut oils of varying atherogenic activity. By means of chromatographic and stereospecific analyses, it was shown that all the oils had markedly nonrandom enantiomeric structures with the long chain saturated fatty acids (C20−C24) confined exclusively to thesn‐3‐position, whereas the palmitic and oleic acids were distributed about equally between thesn‐1‐andsn‐3‐positions, with the linoleic acid being found preferentially in thesn‐2‐position. On the basis of detailed studies of the molecular species of the separatesn‐1,2‐,sn‐2,3‐ andsn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol moieties, it was concluded that the fatty acids in the three positions of the glycerol molecule are combined with each other solely on the basis of their relative molar concentrations. As a result, it was possible to calculate the composition of the molecular species of the peanut oil triacylglycerols (including the content of the enantiomers and the reverse isomers) by means of the 1‐random 2‐random 3‐random distribution. In general, the three peanut oils possessed triacylglycerol structures which where closely similar to that derived earlier for a commercial peanut oil of North American origin. Since their oil has exhibited a high degree of atherogenic potential, it was anticipated that the present oils would likewise be atherogenic, which has been confirmed by biological testing. However, there are certain differences in the triacylglycerol structures among these oils, which can be correlated with the variations in their atherogenic activity. The major differences reside in the linoleic/oleic acid ratios in the triacylglycerols, especially in thesn‐2‐position, and in the proportions in which these acids are combined with the long chain fatty acids. On the basis of the characteristic structures identified in the earlier analyzed atherogenic peanut oil, the peanut oil of South American origin would be judged to possess the greatest atherogenic potential and this has been borne out by biological testing.
Microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase: Some physical and kinetic properties
Authors: Hoffman Dennis R. , Cornatzer W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome physical and kinetic properties of the microsomal enzyme(s) that convert phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine in rat and guinea pig livers have been investigated. The pH optima, of the reactions were 9.8, 9.3 and 9.5 for the first, second and third methylation reactions, respectively. Incomplete heat denaturation of the protein catalyzing the first reaction contrasts with inactivation at 60 C of the enzymes catalyzing the second and third methylations. The maximal velocity of the first reaction of the guinea pig liver enzyme is 48 p mol/min/mg protein, substantially less than exhibited rate‐limiting reaction of the three step methylation sequence in rat liver, 114 pmol/min/mg. The affinity of the microsomal enzyme for S‐adenosylmethionine is greater in rat liver (Km=18.2 μM) than in guinea pig liver (Km=302 μM).
Analysis of the phospholipid of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells by high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: James Jacqueline L. , Clawson Gary A. , Chan Christine H. , Smuckler Edward A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the separation and analysis of phospholipids from rat‐liver nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. The procedure employs a liquid environment, to which antioxidants can be added, and results in separation of NL, PE, PI, PS, and PC in 99% purity in 12 min; analytical columns and a radial compression system may be employed. The procedure results in phospholipids with a large proportion of highly unsaturated fatty acids; some differences in fatty acid distributions were found when nuclear envelope phospholipid fractions were compared with the corresponding fractions from endoplasmic reticulum.
Diplocyclos palmatus L.: A new seed source of punicic acid
Authors: Gowrikumar G. , Mani V. V. S. , Rao T. Chandrasekhara , Kaimal T. N. B. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seeds ofDiplocyclos palmatus L. (Cucurbitaceae) contained 23% oil and 15% protein. The UV, IR,1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR spectrometry of the oil, and oxidation, reduction and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the methyl ester of conjugated fatty acid isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of punicic (octadeca‐cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐13‐trienoic) acid. The fatty acid composition (wt %), as determined by GLC, is: punicic, 38.2; 18∶2, 43.9; 16∶0, 8.1; 18∶0, 4.9 and 18∶1, 4.9.
Phospholpid studies of marine organisms: 2.1 Phospholipids, phospholipid‐bound fatty acids and free sterols of the spongeAplysina fistularis (Pallas) formafulva (Pallas) (=Verongia thiona)2. Isolation and structure elucidation of unprecedented branched fatty acids
Authors: Walkup Robert D. , Jamieson Gene C. , Ratcliff Milton R. , Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe free sterols and phospholipids of the demospongeAplysina fistularis were isolated and analyzed. The free sterols consisted mainly of the unusual 26‐methylated sterols aplysterol (53%) and 24(28)‐dehydroaplysterol (7%) together with 7 commonly occurring sterods. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acyl components of the phospholipids consisted of 85% C14−C20 acids, including the unprecedented 2,6,10‐trimethyl‐5‐tetradecenoic acid and 11‐methyloctadecanoic acid. The remaining 15% were C27−C30 demospongic acids, including 2 novel acids tentatively assigned the structures 5,9,23‐octacosatrienoic acid and 5,9,23‐nonacosatrienoic acid, and 3 novel acids proven to be 5,9,21‐octacosatrienoic acid, Z,Z‐20‐methyl‐5,9‐hexacosadienoic acid and Z,Z‐22‐methyl‐5,9‐octacosadienoic acid. The biosyntheses of the novel demospongic acids are proposed to occur by chain elongation of monoenoic or branched precursors followed by desaturation. The large quantities of typically bacterial phospholipids and fatty acids found implied the presence of bacteria in the sponge, in agreement with microscopic studies. Analysis of the phospholipid‐bound fatty acids in a sponge cell‐enriched fraction indicated that the demospongic acids, including the 2 branched structures, were the major acids of the sponge cells. The presence inA. fistularis of demospongic acids containing membrane disordering groups—methyl branches or double bonds—on the ω7 carbon is proposed to be due to the need by the sponge for membranes possessing fluidity near the middle of the phospholipid bilayer. It is also proposed that the C26 methyl group of aplysterol causes disordering of the phospholipid bilayer in the same region, and thus also evolved in response to this need.
Phospholipid synthesis in human embryo fibroblasts infected with herpes simplex virus type 2
Authors: Daniel Larry W. , Waite Moseley , Kucera Louis S. , King Lynn , Edwards Iris 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection on the synthesis of phospholipids in human embryo fibroblasts was determined at temperatures permissive (35 C) or nonpermissive (42 C) for virus replication. Incorporation of [32P]i was decreased by herpes simplex virus type 2 in fection after 6 hr, which corresponds to the time of initiation of progeny virus production. No differences were observed in the relative incorporation of [32P]i into phospholipid classes. In another series of experiments, cells were labeled with [3H] ethanolamine before infection and with [14C] ethanolamine after infection. The incorporation of [14C] ethanolamine was also decreased after 6 hr of infection. When choline was substituted for ethanolamine, a similar, although less pronounced, decrease in incorporation was seen in infected cells compared to mock‐infected cells. During abortive infection at 42 C, incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA was stimulated, but the incorporation of phospholipid precursors was decreased. Total phospholipid composition and phospholipid acyl group composition were not changed appreciably during abortive or productive infection, regardless of whether the cells were labeled before or after infection. In conclusion, these data indicated that, during herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, the incorporation of lipid prescursors into phospholipid was decreased. The stimulation of cellular DNA synthesis previously observed during abortive infection at 42 C was not paralleled by a detectable stimulation of total phospholipid synthesis. Neither productive nor abortive infection resulted in significant phospholipid compositional changes in the host cell; however, both resulted in a marked inhibition of phospholipid synthesis.
Ketone bodies, glucose and glutamine as lipogenic precursors in human diploid fibroblasts
Authors: Reed W. Douglas , Zielke H. Ronald , Baab Peter J. , Ozand Pinar T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncorporation of [14C] from acetoacetate, D(‐)‐ and L(+)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose, glutamine, acetate and palmitate in cellular lipids were studied in cultures in human diploid fibroblasts (HDF). The results showed that acetoacetate was 2–10 times more effective as a lipogenic precursor than was either D‐ or L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate. Its extent of incorporation into lipids was 2‐ to 8‐fold more than the other precursors examined under conditions when the overall rates of nonsaponifiable and saponi‐fiable lipogenesis as measured by3H2O incorporation were essentially unchanged. Acetoacetate supported both saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipid syntheses with half‐saturation values (Km app.) of 185 μM and 30 μM, respectively. Glucose stimulated acetoacetate incorporation into lipids whereas, conversely, acetoacetate inhibited [14C] glucose incorporation into lipids. The presence of low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol (@40 μg cholesterol/mL) inhibited the incorporation of [14C] from acetoacetate 56% into nonsaponifiable lipids; the inhibition was consistently higher (75%) when [14C] glucose or glutamine were the precrusors. The loss of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase activity upon addition of LDL‐cholesterol was greater than the suppression of [14C] incorporation from acetoacetate or glucose into nonsaponifiable lipids. In the presence of glucose, [14C] acetoacetate was incorporated into 3‐βOH sterols (digitonin precipitable). 7.7±1.1 times more effectively than was [14C] glucose. The results suggest that HDF would be a suitable model to investigate the effects of various precrusors of HMG CoA on the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Effect of Ca++ on triphosphoinositide extraction in fusing myoblasts
Authors: Grove Robert I. , Fitzpatrick David , Schimmel Steven D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCa++‐dependent degradation of triphosphoinositide has been postulated to regulate levels of membrane‐bound Ca++ and to generate a 1,2‐diacylglycerol fusogen in cell fusion. Triphosphoinositide metabolism was therefore studied during Ca++‐induced fusion of cultured chick embryo myoblasts. Using a frequently cited extraction procedure, it was found that apparent Ca++‐dependent triphosphoinositide degradation was actually due to inhibition of extraction. A new procedure using the ion‐pairing reagent tetrabutylammonium sulfate was developed which was unaffected by Ca++ and gave 2‐ to 20‐fold greater extraction of triphosphoinositide than existing procedures. With this procedure, no changes in triphosphoinositide metabolism were found during myoblast fusion.
Different pools of esterified arachidonic acid in rabbit kidney medulla: Relationship to Ca2+‐stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis
Authors: Erman A. , Azuri R. , Raz A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of Ca2+ ions on renal medulla metabolism of endogenous esterified arachidonic acid in contrast to that of radioactive arachidonate incorporated into medullary lipids. Some striking differences between the release of unlabeled prostaglandin E2 and of14C‐labeled prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid were seen in incubations in absence or presence of Ca2+ ions. These differences indicated that exogenous [14C] arachidonate incubated with medulla slices is incorporated into both Ca2+‐sensitive and Ca2+‐insensitive lipid pools of esterified arachidonate and furthermore, the Ca2+‐sensitive pool is itself heterogeneous and consists of at least 2 functionally different lipid pools of esterified arachidonate. The first Ca2+‐sensitive pool is characterized by a higher arachidonate turnover rate and incorporates more rapidly added radioactive arachidonate. The acylhydrolase activity which releases arachidonate from this pool is not efficiently coupled to prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. In contrast, the second Ca2+‐sensitive lipid pool has a slower arachidonate turnover rate and, consequently, a slower incorporation of added14C‐acid. The acylhydrolase activity associated with this pool is more tightly coupled to prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, so that a higher portion of released arachidonate is converted to prostaglandin E2. Studies on arachidonic acid metabolic transformations using exogenously radioactive free acid added to tissues should therefore be inerpreted with caution because the results obtained may not reflect accurately the metabolic fate of endogenous, lipid‐esterified arachidonate which is released and metabolized under physiological conditions in vivo.
Effects of zinc deficiency and castration on fatty acid composition and desaturation in rats
Authors: Clejan Sanda , Castro‐Magana Mariano , Collipp Platon J. , Jonas Ernesto , Maddaiah Vaddanahally T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and microsomes of liver, intestine and testes were studied. The activities of fatty acid desaturase (Δ6 and Δ5) in rat liver and testes were also measured. A significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid was observed in plasma of normal rats fed the zinc‐deficient diet. Castration significantly decreased arachidonic acid but increased 20∶3 fatty acid, which is negligible in normal rats. Testosterone and zinc administration restored arachidonic acid to normal values. Zinc deficiency does not significantly change the fatty acid profile in liver, but castration decreased both arachidonic and 22∶6 fatty acid. Intestinal mucosal microsomes showed that the predominant fatty acid in this tissue, palmitic acid, is independent of zinc status, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids 18∶2 and 20∶4 were decreased by zinc‐deficient diet or castration. Zinc deficiency sharply decreased 22∶5 fatty acid and to some extent, other polyunsaturated fatty acids in testis microsomes. These changes in fatty acids are in agreement with increased Δ9 desaturation and decreased Δ5 desaturase activity. In testes, both Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activities are decreased in zinc deficiency. It appears that zinc influences the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid, whereas testosterone influences Δ6 desaturase activity. The data suggest that zinc deficiency may be one of the important factors in the causation of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency, which in turn, may induce serum hypertriglyceridemia.
Hepatic bile acid elution by albumin and bile acid content in isolated rat hepatocytes
Authors: Hashimoto Shigeru , Uchida Kiyohisa , Hirata Masaharu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBile acid contents were determined for isolated rat hepatocytes. During the course of isolating the hepatocytes, perfusion of rat liver with buffer containing 2% albumin eluted a significant amount of bile acids. The elution was proportional to the volume of the buffer and attributable to albumin in the buffer. The isolated hepatocytes prepared by perfusion with 0.1% albumin buffer, which eluted a negligible amount of bile acids, contained 95±12 μg/108 cells of bile acids. The major bile acids were cholic acid (22%), β‐muricholic acid (34%) and hyodeoxycholic acid (10%). Levels of the other bile acids were less than 3%. Peak 8, unidentified but presumed to be a trihydroxycholanoic acid, accounted for 19%.
Changes of fatty acid composition of phospholipids in liver mitochondria and microsomes of the rat during growth
Authors: Keränen Antti , Kankare Paavo , Hallman Mikko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid patterns of rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids were analyzed from term fetuses, 1 and 4 days old, and adult rats. The main fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine and‐choline were stearic and palmitic acids, although the patterns differed slightly. The fatty acid composition of corresponding phospholipids in mitochondria and microsomes was similar. The fatty acid pattern of cardiolipin was dominated by linoleic acid. The most consistent feature of the developmental changes in the fatty acid patterns of all phospholipids studied was a decrease in the relative amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. The percentages of saturated fatty acids in phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and‐choline increased during neonatal development. It is suggested that the high levels of fetal monounsaturated fatty acids were due to low availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Regional distribution of glycosylceramide‐sulfates in human kidney
Authors: Samuelsson Bo E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlycosylceramide‐sulfates were prepared separately from human kidney cortex and medulla. Glycosylceramide‐sulfates were characterized with respect to long‐chain bases, fatty acids, carbohydrates and sulfuric ester group position. Monogalactosylceramide I3‐sulfates were 3 times more concentrated in medulla compared to cortex, whereas lactosylceramide II3‐sulfates were 3 times more concentrated in cortex compared to medulla. The results were discussed in relation to the possible role of glycosyl‐ceramide‐sulfates in sodium‐potassium ion transport.
Occurrence of 3‐oxo triterpenes in the unsaponifiable matter of some vegetable fats
Authors: Kolhe J. N. , Bhaskar Anil , Bringi N. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFourteen vegetable oils were examined and 3‐oxo triterpenes are present in the unsaponifiable matter of shea (Butyrospermum parkii), illipe (Shorea stenoptera), mango kernel (Mangifera indica), kokum (Garcinia indica) and phulwara (Madhuca butyracea) fats but not in cocoa butter, dhupa fat (Vateria indica), soybean, peanut, mustard, corn, palm, coconut or mowrah (Madhuca latifolia) fats.Lipids.