bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context in action: Implications for the study of children and adolescents
Authors: Henrich Christopher C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAction theories acknowledge the reciprocal nature of the relationship between individual action and social context. In this article, the author discusses various ways that the social context and the individual's actions can interact in childhood and adolescence. From an ecological perspective, emphasis is placed on two main issues: Children and adolescents develop within an interactive web of social contexts, and the examination of some contexts without taking into account others can lead to an incomplete and inaccurate accounting of the role of the social environment. Social contexts are frequently dynamic systems that fluctuate over time, and the extent to which children and adolescents can exert effortful control over changes in contexts varies. Implications of the ecological perspective for action‐oriented research are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1083–1096, 2006.
Daily interpersonal events in pain patients: Applying action theory to chronic illness
Authors: Davis Mary C. , Affleck Glenn , Zautra Alex J. , Tennen Howard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAction theory proposes that individuals actively shape and then respond to their environments, highlighting the role of stable person characteristics in the development and maintenance of life's interpersonal difficulties. In this study, the authors adopt the action perspective in their examination of predictors of daily interpersonal events among chronic pain patients with rheumatoid arthritis. They probe the extent to which stable symptoms of illness explained between‐person variation, and fluctuating symptoms explain day‐to‐day variation in both positive and negative events. Their evaluation of patients' daily diary reports indicate that between‐person differences accounted for more variance in the occurrence of positive events relative to negative events (48% vs. 31%, respectively). Likewise, between‐person factors accounted for more variance in appraisals of positive compared to negative events across relationship domains. Both intractable illness symptoms and disability, and daily fluctuations in pain and fatigue, were only weakly related to patients' reports of their interpersonal experiences. Consistent with action theory, these results suggest that stable person characteristics are strongly related to daily stressors and particularly daily
positive events in pain patients, but still account for less than 50% of the variance in events and their appraisals. In contrast, elevations in illness‐related features, both between individuals and within individuals from day‐to‐day, are not robust predictors of positive or negative social exchanges. These findings point to the value of capturing the experiences of individuals intensively over time, an approach that can help to elaborate the contributions of both stable factors and circumstance in shaping social contexts in chronic illness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1097–1113, 2006.
Mutation of the SNF2 family member Chd2 affects mouse development and survival
Authors: Marfella Concetta G.A. , Ohkawa Yasuyuki , Coles Andrew H. , Garlick David S. , Jones Stephen N. , Imbalzano Anthony N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding domain (Chd) proteins belong to the SNF2‐like family of ATPases that function in chromatin remodeling and assembly. These proteins are characterized by the presence of tandem chromodomains and are further subdivided based on the presence or absence of additional structural motifs. The Chd1–Chd2 subfamily is distinguished by the presence of a DNA‐binding domain that recognizes AT‐rich sequence. Currently, there are no reports addressing the function of the Chd2 family member. Embryonic stem cells containing a retroviral gene‐trap inserted at the Chd2 locus were utilized to generate mice expressing a Chd2 protein lacking the DNA‐binding domain. This mutation in Chd2 resulted in a general growth delay in homozygous mutants late in embryogenesis and in perinatal lethality. Animals heterozygous for the mutation showed decreased neonatal viability and increased susceptibility to non‐neoplastic lesions affecting most primary organs. In particular, approximately 85% of the heterozygotes showed gross kidney abnormalities. Our results demonstrate that mutation of Chd2 dramatically affects mammalian development and long‐term survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 162–171, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New designer drug 4‐iodo‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐β‐phenethylamine (2C‐I): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric and capillary electrophoretic/mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Theobald Denis S. , Pütz Michael , Schneider Erhard , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological analysis of the phenethylamine‐derived designer drug 4‐iodo‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐β‐phenethylamine (2C‐I) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) techniques, and for a particular question, using capillary electrophoretic/mass spectrometric (CE/MS) techniques. The identified metabolites indicated that 2C‐I was metabolized on the one hand by O‐demethylation in position 2 and 5, respectively, followed either by N‐acetylation or by deamination with subsequent oxidation to the corresponding acid or reduction to the corresponding alcohol, respectively. The latter metabolite was hydroxylated in β‐position and further oxidized to the corresponding oxo metabolite. On the other hand, 2C‐I was metabolized by deamination with subsequent oxidation to the corresponding acid or reduction to the corresponding alcohol, respectively. 2C‐I and most of its metabolites were partially excreted in conjugated form. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full‐scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid–liquid extraction and microwave‐assisted acetylation allowed the detection of an intake of a dose of 2C‐I in rat urine that corresponds to a common drug users' dose. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure should be suitable for proof of an intake of 2C‐I in human urine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zirconia‐coated graphite adsorption bar micro‐extraction combined with ETV‐ICP‐MS for the determination of trace amounts of Cd, Hg and Pb in environmental and biological samples
Authors: Pu Xuli , Jiang Zucheng , Hu Bin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this work, a new and simple micro‐extraction method termed graphite adsorption bar micro‐extraction was developed, for the first time, for electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV‐ICP‐MS) determination of trace Cd, Hg and Pb. In this method, the graphite bar was first coated with zirconia and then inserted into the sample solution for extraction. The graphite bar enriched with the analytes was inserted directly into a graphite tube, and subsequently analyzed by ETV‐ICP‐MS according to an established temperature program. The experimental parameters, which had influence on the extraction and vaporization, were systematically investigated and the optimal experimental conditions were established. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of the method were 0.05, 0.42 and 0.06 pg/ml for Cd, Hg and Pb and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 11 replicates at the 0.1 ng/ml level were 7.4, 8.2 and 7.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace Cd, Hg and Pb in environmental and biological samples. The results of the experiments indicate that the method has a high enrichment factor and sample utilization efficiency. Furthermore, the method is fast and environment‐friendly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of low‐abundant in vitro metabolites of stable isotope‐labelled BAL4815 by accurate mass capillary‐LC‐ESI‐qTof‐MS and MS/MS
Authors: Wind Mathias , Spickermann Jochen , Schleimer Michael , Donzelli Massimiliano , Gebhardt Klaus , Sturm‐Haurany Rima , Klauer Dominique , Fullhardt Pascal , Schmitt‐Hoffmann Anne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe metabolic profile of BAL4815, an antifungal azole drug, was determined using in vitro rat hepatocyte incubations and subsequent analysis by capillary LC‐qTof‐MS and MS/MS including accurate mass determination. For the detection of the metabolites, a mixture of the drug and its deuterium‐labelled analogue was used for incubations. Metabolic stability of BAL4815 was high in cultured rat hepatocytes. However, several low‐abundant metabolites were detected by the use of capillary LC‐qTof‐MS and manual investigation of the data. The peak intensity of the most abundant metabolite was close to the limit of detection. Except for an apparent oxidation product, the masses of the other detected metabolites could not be assigned to a single and frequently occurring biotransformation. Accurate mass determination and possible elemental compositions suggested that metabolism occurred through a combination of glutathionylation and defluorination. This was verified using accurate mass MS/MS. The use of accurate mass measurements and the derived suggestions for the elemental compositions were essential to elucidate this atypical metabolic pathway. A mass accuracy better than 8 ppm could be achieved for most assigned MS and MS/MS signals with intensities less than 6 cps in the spectra. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New designer drug N‐(1‐phenylcyclohexyl)‐3‐ethoxypropanamine (PCEPA): Studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Sauer Christoph , Peters Frank T. , Staack Roland F. , Fritschi Giselher , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies are described on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the phencyclidine‐derived designer drug N‐(1‐phenylcyclohexyl)‐3‐ethoxypropanamine (PCEPA) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. The identified metabolites indicated that PCEPA was metabolized by N‐dealkylation, O‐deethylation partially followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol to the corresponding carboxylic acid, hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring at different positions of PCEPA, N‐dealkyl PCEPA, O‐deethyl PCEPA, and of the corresponding carboxylic acids. Finally, aromatic hydroxylation of PCEPA, the corresponding carboxylic acids, and O‐deethyl PCEPA, the latter partially followed by oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring could be observed. All metabolites were partially excreted in the conjugated form. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full‐scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid‐liquid extraction, and microwave‐assisted acetylation allowed the detection in rat urine of an intake of a common drug users' dose of PCEPA. Assuming a similar metabolism in humans, the STA in human urine should be suitable as proof of intake of PCEPA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designer drug 2,4,5‐trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA‐2): Studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Ewald Andreas H. , Fritschi Giselher , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the amphetamine‐derived designer drug 2,4,5‐trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA‐2) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) techniques. The identified metabolites indicated that TMA‐2 was metabolized by oxidative deamination to the corresponding ketone followed by reduction to the corresponding alcohol, O‐demethylation followed by oxidative deamination, and finally O,O‐bis‐demethylation. All metabolites carrying hydroxy groups were found to be partly excreted in urine as glucuronides and/or sulfates. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full‐scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid‐liquid extraction, and microwave‐assisted acetylation allowed the detection, in rat urine, of an intake of TMA‐2 that corresponds to a common drug users' dose. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure in human urine should be suitable as proof of an intake of TMA‐2. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KDI tripeptide of γ1 laminin protects rat dopaminergic neurons from 6‐OHDA induced toxicity
Authors: Väänänen Antti J. , Rauhala Pekka , Tuominen Raimo K. , Liesi Päivi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOur previous studies indicate that the KDI (Lys‐Asp‐Ile) tripeptide of γ1 laminin protects central neurons from mechanical trauma and excitotoxicity. At least part of the neuroprotective effect of the KDI tripeptide may be mediated by its inhibitory function on ionotropic glutamate receptors. We studied the protective effect of the KDI tripeptide against 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (6‐OHDA) induced neurotoxicity in a rat experimental model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We found that a single unilateral injection of the KDI tripeptide into the substantia nigra before an injection of 6‐OHDA protected the dopaminergic neurons from the neurotoxicity of 6‐OHDA. Compared to rats treated with 6‐OHDA alone, the KDI + 6‐OHDA‐treated substantia nigra was relatively intact with large numbers of dopaminergic neurons present at the injection side. In the rats treated with 6‐OHDA alone, no dopaminergic neurons were detected, and the substantia nigra‐area at the injection side was filled with blood‐containing cavities. Quantification of the rescue effect of the KDI tripeptide indicated that, in animals receiving KDI before 6‐OHDA, 33% of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra were present as compared to the contralateral non‐injected side. In animals receiving 6‐OHDA alone, only 1.4% of the tyrosine hydroxylase expressing dopaminergic neurons could be verified. If this much protection were achieved in humans, it would be sufficient to diminish or greatly alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD. We propose that the KDI tripeptide or its derivatives might offer a neuroprotective biological alternative for treatment of PD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2 purinergic receptors signal to glycogen synthase kinase‐3β in astrocytes
Authors: Neary Joseph T. , Kang Yuan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3 was identified initially as an enzyme that regulates glycogen synthesis in response to insulin, but more recent studies indicate that it is also involved in numerous cellular processes, including cell survival, cell cycle regulation, proliferation, and differentiation. Because extracellular ATP exerts trophic actions on astrocytes, we investigated a possible signaling linkage from P2 purinergic receptors to GSK3β. Addition of ATP to primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes resulted in phosphorylation of Ser9 on GSK3β and a concomitant decrease in GSK3 activity. UTP and 2′,3′‐O‐(4‐benzoyl)‐benzoyl ATP (BzATP) increased phosphorylation of Ser9 on GSK3β indicating that metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors are coupled to GSK3β. Signaling studies showed that phosphorylation of Ser9‐GSK3β in response to ATP was inhibited by downregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) but not by blockade of Akt or p70 S6 kinase pathways. PKC also links P2 receptors to ERK in astrocytes, but inhibition of ERK signaling did not block phosphorylation of Ser9‐GSK3β stimulated by P2 receptors. Mechanical strain, which releases ATP, also stimulated Ser9 phosphorylation and this was attenuated by hydrolysis of extracellular ATP with apyrase or by blockade of P2 receptors. We conclude that P2 receptors are coupled to GSK3β by a PKC‐dependent pathway that is independent of Akt, p70 S6 kinase, and ERK pathways. These findings suggest that purinergic signaling contributes to the regulation of GSK3β functions, one of which may be the response of astrocytes to CNS injury on release of ATP. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A regional coupled air–ocean wave model and the simulation of the South China sea summer monsoon in 1998
Authors: Huijuan Lin , Yongfu Qian , Yaocun Zhang , Xuejuan Ren 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWind‐generated ocean waves play a key role in the transfer of momentum, heat, and water vapor between air and sea. In order to reveal the influences of ocean waves on the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) and to discuss the related mechanisms, a regional atmospheric climate model (with 9 layers in P‐σ coordinate) is coupled to the third generation ocean wave model using the sea‐state‐dependent roughness, and the coupled model (referred to as P‐σRCM‐WAM) is applied to simulate the SCSSM‐developing processes as applicable for 1998. Four simulations are performed and their results compared with one another. The difference between the fully coupled and uncoupled models in terms of the pentad mean wind fields at the 850 hPa level shows a cyclonic circulation over the northern South China Sea (SCS) and southern China before the SCSSM onset. During the onset of the SCSSM the cyclonic circulation changes to a prevailing southwesterly flow over the northern SCS, thus accelerating the SCSSM onset. After the onset the differential wind field shows a divergent pattern. The evolution of precipitation is also modified by the coupling. In response to the air–ocean wave (AW) coupling, the SCSSM rainfall increases in the northern SCS during the SCSSM onset; after the onset the rainfall decreases over the SCS and increases over South China. Considering the atmospheric fields at seasonal timescales, the fully coupled model better simulates the intensity of the 500 hPa geopotential height field and obtains the precipitation with the spatial pattern and amount that are closer to the observations, especially in June, compared with the uncoupled model. The AW feedback in the momentum coupling process results in an anticyclonic differential wind field at the 850 hPa level near the coast. During the SCSSM onset, the thermal positive feedback is dominant in causing changes in the heat fluxes and intensifies the 850 hPa wind field over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and northern SCS. The BOB and the SCS are both sensitive regions for the onset of SCSSM in the momentum and thermal coupling experiments. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Appropriate application of the standardized precipitation index in arid locations and dry seasons
Authors: Wu Hong , Svoboda Mark D. , Hayes Michael J. , Wilhite Donald A. , Wen Fujiang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is now widely used throughout the world in both a research and an operational mode. For arid climates, or those with a distinct dry season where zero values are common, the SPI at short time scales is lower bounded, referring to non‐normally distributed in this study. In these cases, the SPI is always greater than a certain value and fails to indicate a drought occurrence. The nationwide statistics based on our study suggest that the non‐normality rates are closely related to local precipitation climates. In the eastern United States, SPI values at short time scales can be used in drought/flood monitoring and research in any season, while in the western United States, because of its distinct seasonal precipitation distribution, the appropriate usage and interpretation of this index becomes complicated. This would also be the case for all arid climates. From a mathematical point of view, the non‐normally distributed SPI is caused by a high probability of no‐rain cases represented in the mixed distribution that is employed in the SPI construction. From a statistical point of view, the 2‐parameter gamma model used to estimate the precipitation probability density function and the limited sample size in dry areas and times would also reduce the confidence of the SPI values.On the basis of the results identified within this study, we recommend that the SPI user be cautious when applying short‐time‐scale SPIs in arid climatic regimes, and interpret the SPI values appropriately. In dry climates, the user should focus on the duration of the drought rather than on just its severity. It is also worth noting that the SPI results from a statistical product of the input data. This character makes it difficult to link the SPI data to the physical functioning of the Earth system. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Dystonia, mental deterioration, and dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria in a family with ADAR1 mutation
Authors: Tojo Kana , Sekijima Yoshiki , Suzuki Tamio , Suzuki Noriyuki , Tomita Yasushi , Yoshida Kunihiro , Hashimoto Takao , Ikeda Shu‐ichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA family with dystonia associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), mental deterioration, and tissue calcification is described. The proband possessed an adenosine deaminase acting on the RNA 1 gene (ADAR1) mutation Gly1007Arg. This ADAR1 mutation could disturb RNA editing at Q/R sites of glutamate receptor in the brain and increase Ca2+ influx into neurons, which is thought to induce dystonia and mental deterioration. The observations in our family raise the possibility that the ADAR1 mutation might be a direct cause or a predisposing factor for heredodegenerative dystonia. Further investigation of ADAR1 mutations will shed light on the genotype–phenotype correlation in DSH. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations in a Swedish Parkinson cohort and a healthy nonagenarian
Authors: Carmine Belin Andrea , Westerlund Marie , Sydow Olof , Lundströmer Karin , Håkansson Anna , Nissbrandt Hans , Olson Lars , Galter Dagmar 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSpecific variants of Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been shown to associate with Parkinson's disease (PD). Several mutations have been found in PD populations from different parts of the world. We investigated the occurrence of three mutations (R1441G/C/H, G2019S, and I2020T) in our Swedish case–control material and identified four carriers of the G2019S mutation in 284 PD cases and 1 95‐year‐old carrier in 305 controls. The other two variants were absent in our material. We conclude that the LRRK2 G2019S mutation constitutes a significant factor for PD in the Swedish population and that it is not completely penetrant. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Botulinum toxin a may be efficacious as treatment for jaw tremor in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schneider Susanne A. , Edwards Mark J. , Cordivari Carla , Macleod William N. , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractJaw tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) may not respond well to conventional treatment. It causes embarrassment and social handicap. We piloted the use of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections in three patients with PD jaw tremor. BTX A (Dysport; mean, 53 U; range, 30–100 U) was given into each masseter muscle. Outcome was assessed by subjective and clinical improvement and by video recording before and 4 to 9 weeks after injections. There was an excellent response in all without side effects. BTX injections into the masseter may effectively improve jaw tremor and be useful in PD and other conditions. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society