bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of Ethnicity/Race and Socioeconomic Status with Early Childhood Caries Patterns
Authors: Psoter Walter J. , Pendrys David G , Morse Douglas E. , Zhang Heping , Mayne Susan T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this project was to evaluate ethnicity/ace, household income and caregiver education level as predictors of 1) any early childhood caries, and 2) each of four proposed patterns of primary dentition caries. Methods: Between February 1994 and September 1995, five examiners visually examined Arizona pre‐school children ages 5–59 months old. Self‐reported demographic information including family income, caregiver education level and ethnicitylrace were obtained at the time of examination. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association of income, education and ethnicity/race with a child having any caries and with each of the proposed caries patterns seen in 3,850 examinations. Results: Income and education were inversely associated with: 1) any early childhood caries, and 2) the maxillary incisor caries pattern. A positive association between these caries patterns and minority ethnicity/race status was also identified. Three additional caries intraoral patterns demonstrated more varied associations with socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity/race and income and education. Conclusions: This study supports the association of both ethnicity/race and social status with any early childhood caries. The patterns of caries were each found to be associated with specific and different socioeconomic‐demographic indicators. The practical importance of these findings is that global measurement of ECC, without regard to specific caries pattern, leads to the potential for substantial non‐differential misclassification of disease. The consequence of this is the potential for important ECC‐SES‐ethnicity/race associations to be masked. This, in turn, decreases the ability of surveys and investigations to accurately identify sub‐groups of the population at greatest risk of developing ECC.
Longitudinal Study of Non‐cavitated Carious Lesion Progression in the Primary Dentition
Authors: Warren John J. , Levy Steven M. , Broffitt Barbara , Kanellis Michael J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study reports changes in non‐cavitated tooth surface diagnoses after a 4‐year period. Methods: Dental examinations were conducted for Iowa Fluoride Study cohort children who had non‐cavitated lesions in the primary dentition and were also examined an average of 4 years later in the mixed dentition. Comparison of fluoride exposures, socioeconomic factors, and beverage consumption patterns were made between children who had lesions progress and those who did not. Results: Of 129 non‐cavitated pit and fissure lesions in the first exams, 40 (31%) progressed to either frank decay or filled status, while among 132 non‐cavitated smooth surface lesions, 7 (5%) were filled and none had frank decay in the second exam. No fluoride, socioeconomic status or beverage variables were significantly Associated with lesion progression. Conclusions: Non‐cavitated smooth surface lesions rarely progressed in this age group, but nearly one‐third of pit and fissure lesions progressed.
The Role of Location in Indigenous and Non‐Indigenous Child Oral Health
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M. , Armfield Jason M. , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye F. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: To examine the role of location in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous child oral health in three Australian states and territories. The Association of Indigenous status and residential location with caries prevalence, severity and unmet treatment need was examined. Methods: Data were collected as part of a national monitoring suivey of 4–14‐year‐old children enrolled in school dental services in New South Wales, South Australia and the Northern Territory, Australia. Results: Of the 326,099 children examined, 10,473 (3.2%) were Indigenous. Fewer 4–10‐year‐old rural Indigenous children were caries‐free in the deciduous dentition than their non‐Indigenous counterparts and rural Indigenous children had almost twice the mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) of rural non‐Indigenous children. The % d/dmft was higher among rural Indigenous children than rural non‐Indigenous children. Fewer 6–14‐year‐old rural Indigenous children were caries‐free in the permanent dentition than their non‐Indigenous counterparts and rural Indigenous children had almost twice the mean DMFT of rural non‐Indigenous children. The % D/DMFT was higher in rural Indigenous than rural non‐Indigenous children. Living in a rural location was the strongest indicator of canes prevalence, severity and unmet treatment need in the deciduous dentition of Indigenous 4–0‐year‐olds while being Socially disadvantaged was the strongest indicator of poor oral health outcomes among older indigenous and all non‐Indigenous children. Conclusions: Living in a rural location exhibited the strongest Association with poor oral health outcomes for young Indigenous children but was also Associated with poorer oral health among older Indigenous and non‐Indigenous children.
Antibacterial Treatment Needed for Severe Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Zhan Ling , Featherstone John D.B. , Gansky Stuart A. , Hoover Charles I. , Fujino Tamaki , Berkowitz Robert J. , Besten Pamela K. Den 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: To assess the effects of a single 10% povidone iodine application as an adjunct to extensive surgical procedures in the clinical treatment of children with early childhood caries. Methods: Twenty‐two children scheduled for dental treatment under general anesthesia were randomized into either an intervention group (10% povidone iodine), or a control group (phosphate buffered saline). Either povidone iodine or phosphate buffered saline was applied to teeth and soft tissues after prophylaxis and all operative dental procedures, followed by 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. Saliva samples taken at baseline, and after I hour, 3 weeks and 3 months were assayed for mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and total viable bacteria. Caries lesions were recorded at baseline and at one year. Results: Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels in the povidone iodine group were significantly reduced relative to baseline at I hour, 3 weeks and 3 months. At one year at least 60% of subjects had new caries lesions in each group, and there was no significant difference in caries increment between the two groups. Conclusions: Even prophylaxis, fluoride gel application and complete surgical treatment of caries at baseline were insufficient to prevent new caries in over 60% of the patients in these high caries risk infants. Although the one‐time treatment with povidone iodine reduced mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels for up to 3 months this therapy failed to additionally reduce future caries formation over one year, indicating that repeated antibacterial treatments will be needed to control high levels of cariogenic bacteria.
Occupational Exposure to Acidic Chemicals and Occupational Dental Erosion
Authors: Kim Hyun‐duck , Hong Yun‐Chul , Koh Dae‐ho , Paik Dai‐ll 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: This study investigated the association between occupational acidic chemicals (ACs) exposure and occupational dental erosion. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in which three dentists surveyed 951 subjects from 42 factories using five types of ACs below Korean Threshold Limit Values (K‐TLVs). Subjects agreed to participate by a written consent; 519 were acid exposed workers and 431 were non‐exposed. The modified ten Bruggen Cate's criteria was used to classify erosion. Length and type of exposure to ACs were assessed using questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis including interaction terms was applied. Results: ACs exposure was associated with erosion severity. Multiple exposures to ACs were found to be strongly associated with severe erosion. Interaction between wearing masks and AC exposure was significant. Conclusions: This study showed a clear association between AC exposure below K‐TLVs and erosion. Hence, the authors propose to lower K‐TLVs of five types of ACs.
Healthy Smiles Healthy Growth 2004 ‐ Basic Screening Survey of Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Children in Illinois
Authors: Lukes Sherri M. , Wadhawan Sangeeta , Lampiris Lewis N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: To obtain baseline data for caries prevalence, use of dental sealants, and dental treatment needs for children of migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFWs) enrolled in the Illinois Summer Migrant Education Program, 2004. Methods: This study adapted the methodology of Healthy Smiles Healthy Growth 2003–2004, by Illinois Depattment of Public Health (IDPH), Division of Oral Health. Oral screenings were conducted for children of migrant and seasonal farmworkers at participating schools. Results: Of the 840 eligible children 58%participated in the assessment. Overall caries experience was 64%. Untreated decay was observed in 42%, 8% urgently needed treatment, and sealant prevalence was 51%. Among those 6–9 years old (n=254), 47% had cavitated lesions, 12% urgently needed treatment, and 45% had dental sealants. For children 10–15 years old (n=198), 34% had cavitated lesions, 4% urgently needed treatment, and 65% had dental sealants. Conclusions: The population's mobility suggests need for more frequent surveillance for effective programmatic planning.
Influence of High Mutation Rates on the Mechanisms and Dynamics of In Vitro and In Vivo Resistance Development to Single or Combined Antipseudomonal Agents
Authors: Plasencia V. , Borrell N. , Maciá M. D. , Moya B. , Pérez J. L. , Oliver A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWe studied the mechanisms and dynamics of the development of resistance to ceftazidime (CAZ) alone or combined with tobramycin (TOB) or ciprofloxacin (CIP) in vitro and in vivo (using a mouse model of lung infection with human antibiotic regimens).Pseudomonas aeruginosastrain PAO1 and its hypermutable derivative PAOΔmutSwere used, and the results were compared with those previously obtained with CIP, TOB, and CIP plus TOB (CIP-TOB) under the same conditions. An important (200-fold) amplification of the number of resistant mutant cells was documented for PAOΔmutS-infected mice that were under CAZ treatment compared to the number for mice that received placebo, whereas the median number of resistant mutant cells was below the detection limits for mice infected by PAO1. These results were intermediate between the high amplification with CIP (50,000-fold) and the low amplification with TOB (10-fold). All CAZ-resistant single mutant cells selected in vitro or in vivo hyperproduced AmpC. On the other hand, the three combinations studied were found to be highly effective in the prevention of in vivo resistance development in mice infected with PAOΔmutS, although the highest therapeutic efficacy (in terms of mortality and total bacterial load reduction) compared to those of the individual regimens was obtained with CIP-TOB and the lowest was with CAZ-CIP. Nevertheless, mutant cells that were resistant to the three combinations tested were readily selected in vitro for PAOΔmutS(mutation rates from 1.2 × 10−9to 5.8 × 10−11) but not for PAO1, highlighting the potential risk for antimicrobial resistance development associated with the presence of hypermutable strains, even when combined therapy was used. All five independent CAZ-TOB-resistant PAOΔmutSdouble mutants studied presented the same resistance mechanism (AmpC hyperproduction plus an aminoglycoside resistance mechanism not related to MexXY), whereas four different combinations of resistance mechanisms were documented for the five CAZ-CIP-resistant double mutants.
Comparative Study of the Effects of Pyridoxine, Rifampin, and Renal Function on Hematological Adverse Events Induced by Linezolid
Authors: Soriano Alex , Ortega Mar , García Sebastián , Peñarroja Georgina , Bové Albert , Marcos Miguel , Martínez Juan C. , Martínez José A. , Mensa Josep 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTHematological disturbances that develop during linezolid treatment are a major concern when linezolid is administered for prolonged periods of time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events. From January 2002 to April 2006, 52 patients received a long-term course of linezolid. Blood cell counts were monitored weekly. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a decrease to <75% of the baseline platelet count, and anemia was defined when the hemoglobin concentration decreased by ≥2 g/liter from the baseline value. Twenty-four patients received linezolid alone, and 28 patients received linezolid plus 200 mg of pyridoxine. The Kaplan-Meier survival method, followed by the log-rank test, was used to estimate the cumulative probability of adverse events, and Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent predictors of toxicity. The baseline characteristics of the patients in both groups were similar. The cumulative probability of thrombocytopenia and anemia in patients who received pyridoxine was not different from that in patients who did not receive it. Hematological adverse events were less frequent in patients taking rifampin and were more frequent in patients with renal failure. However; the Cox regression analysis showed that rifampin was the only independent predictor associated with a lower risk of thrombocytopenia (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.98;P= 0.045). In conclusion, pyridoxine did not prevent linezolid-related hematological adverse events, and the coadministration of rifampin was associated with a lower risk of thrombocytopenia.
Hexadecane and Tween 80 Stimulate Lipase Production in
Burkholderia glumae
by Different Mechanisms
Authors: Boekema Bouke K. H. L. , Beselin Anke , Breuer Michael , Hauer Bernhard , Koster Margot , Rosenau Frank , Jaeger Karl-Erich , Tommassen Jan 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia glumae
strain PG1 produces a lipase of biotechnological relevance. Lipase production by this strain and its derivative LU8093, which was obtained through classical strain improvement, was investigated under different conditions. When 10% hexadecane was included in the growth medium, lipolytic activity in both strains could be increased ∼7-fold after 24 h of growth. Hexadecane also stimulated lipase production in a strain containing the lipase gene fused to the
tac
promoter, indicating that hexadecane did not affect lipase gene expression at the transcriptional level, which was confirmed using
lipA
-
gfp
reporter constructs. Instead, hexadecane appeared to enhance lipase secretion, since the amounts of lipase in the culture supernatant increased in the presence of hexadecane, with a concomitant decrease in the cells, even when protein synthesis was inhibited with chloramphenicol. In the presence of olive oil as a carbon source, nonionic detergents, such as Tween 80, increased extracellular lipase activity twofold. Like hexadecane, Tween 80 appeared to stimulate lipase secretion, although in a more disruptive manner, since other, normally nonsecreted proteins were found in the culture supernatant. Additionally, like olive oil, Tween 80 was found to induce lipase gene expression in strain PG1 in medium containing sucrose as a carbon source but not in glucose-containing medium, suggesting that lipase gene expression is prone to catabolite repression. In contrast, lipase production in the lipase-overproducing strain LU8093 was independent of the presence of an inducer and was not inhibited by glucose. In conclusion, hexadecane and Tween 80 enhance lipase production in
B. glumae
, and they act via different mechanisms.
A Rapid and Efficient Method for Cloning Genes of Type II Restriction-Modification Systems by Use of a Killer Plasmid
Authors: Mruk Iwona , Kaczorowski Tadeusz 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

We present a method for cloning restriction-modification (R-M) systems that is based on the use of a lethal plasmid (pKILLER). The plasmid carries a functional gene for a restriction endonuclease having the same DNA specificity as the R-M system of interest. The first step is the standard preparation of a representative, plasmid-borne genomic library. Then this library is transformed with the killer plasmid. The only surviving bacteria are those which carry the gene specifying a protective DNA methyltransferase. Conceptually, this in vivo selection approach resembles earlier methods in which a plasmid library was selected in vitro by digestion with a suitable restriction endonuclease, but it is much more efficient than those methods. The new method was successfully used to clone two R-M systems, BstZ1II from
Bacillus stearothermophilus
14P and Csp231I from
Citrobacter
sp. strain RFL231, both isospecific to the prototype HindIII R-M system.
Engineering Central Metabolic Pathways for High-Level Flavonoid Production in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Leonard Effendi , Lim Kok-Hong , Saw Phan-Nee , Koffas Mattheos A. G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

The identification of optimal genotypes that result in improved production of recombinant metabolites remains an engineering conundrum. In the present work, various strategies to reengineer central metabolism in
Escherichia coli
were explored for robust synthesis of flavanones, the common precursors of plant flavonoid secondary metabolites. Augmentation of the intracellular malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) pool through the coordinated overexpression of four acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) subunits from
Photorhabdus luminescens
(PlACC) under a constitutive promoter resulted in an increase in flavanone production up to 576%. Exploration of macromolecule complexes to optimize metabolic efficiency demonstrated that auxiliary expression of PlACC with biotin ligase from the same species (BirA

Pl

) further elevated flavanone synthesis up to 1,166%. However, the coexpression of PlACC with
Escherichia coli
BirA (BirA

Ec

) caused a marked decrease in flavanone production. Activity improvement was reconstituted with the coexpression of PlACC with a chimeric BirA consisting of the N terminus of BirA

Ec

and the C terminus of BirA

Pl

. In another approach, high levels of flavanone synthesis were achieved through the amplification of acetate assimilation pathways combined with the overexpression of ACC. Overall, the metabolic engineering of central metabolic pathways described in the present work increased the production of pinocembrin, naringenin, and eriodictyol in 36 h up to 1,379%, 183%, and 373%, respectively, over production with the strains expressing only the flavonoid pathway, which corresponded to 429 mg/liter, 119 mg/liter, and 52 mg/liter, respectively.
Lake Superior Supports Novel Clusters of Cyanobacterial Picoplankton
Authors: Ivanikova Natalia V. , Popels Linda C. , McKay R. Michael L. , Bullerjahn George S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTVery little is known about the biodiversity of freshwater autotrophic picoplankton (APP) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, a system comprising 20% of the world's lacustrine freshwater. In this study, the genetic diversity of Lake Superior APP was examined by analyzing 16S rRNA gene andcpcBAPCR amplicons from water samples. By neighbor joining, the majority of 16S rRNA gene sequences clustered within the “picocyanobacterial clade” consisting of freshwater and marineSynechococcusandProchlorococcus. Two new groups ofSynechococcusspp., the pelagic Lake Superior clusters I and II, do not group with any of the known freshwater picocyanobacterial clusters and were the most abundant species (50 to 90% of the sequences) in samples collected from offshore Lake Superior stations. Conversely, at station Portage Deep (PD), located in a nearshore urbanized area, only 4% of the sequences belonged to these clusters and the remaining clones reflected the freshwaterSynechococcusdiversity described previously at sites throughout the world. Supporting the 16S rRNA gene data, thecpcBAlibrary from nearshore station PD revealed a cosmopolitan diversity, whereas the majority of thecpcBAsequences (97.6%) from pelagic station CD1 fell within a unique Lake Superior cluster. Thus far, these picocyanobacteria have not been cultured, although their phylogenetic assignment suggests that they are phycoerythrin (PE) rich, consistent with the observation that PE-rich APP dominate Lake Superior picoplankton. Lastly, flow cytometry revealed that the summertime APP can exceed 105cells ml−1and suggests that the APP shifts from a community of PE and phycocyanin-rich picocyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes in winter to a PE-rich community in summer.
Repeat Domain Diversity of
avrBs3
-Like Genes in
Ralstonia solanacearum
Strains and Association with Host Preferences in the Field
Authors: Heuer Holger , Yin Yan-Ni , Xue Qing-Yun , Smalla Kornelia , Guo Jian-Hua 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Genes homologous to
avrBs3
of
Xanthomonas
were detected in 309 strains of
Ralstonia solanacearum
biovars 3, 4, and 5 but not biovar 1 or 2. A statistically significant association between the originating plant species and internal repeats of the gene was found. Sequences of repeats and variation between nearly clonal strains revealed evidence of frequent recombination.
Incorporation of Fungal Cellulases in Bacterial Minicellulosomes Yields Viable, Synergistically Acting Cellulolytic Complexes
Authors: Mingardon Florence , Chanal Angélique , López-Contreras Ana M. , Dray Cyril , Bayer Edward A. , Fierobe Henri-Pierre 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Artificial designer minicellulosomes comprise a chimeric scaffoldin that displays an optional cellulose-binding module (CBM) and bacterial cohesins from divergent species which bind strongly to enzymes engineered to bear complementary dockerins. Incorporation of cellulosomal cellulases from
Clostridium cellulolyticum
into minicellulosomes leads to artificial complexes with enhanced activity on crystalline cellulose, due to enzyme proximity and substrate targeting induced by the scaffoldin-borne CBM. In the present study, a bacterial dockerin was appended to the family 6 fungal cellulase Cel6A, produced by
Neocallimastix patriciarum
, for subsequent incorporation into minicellulosomes in combination with various cellulosomal cellulases from
C. cellulolyticum
. The binding of the fungal Cel6A with a bacterial family 5 endoglucanase onto chimeric miniscaffoldins had no impact on their activity toward crystalline cellulose. Replacement of the bacterial family 5 enzyme with homologous endoglucanase Cel5D from
N. patriciarum
bearing a clostridial dockerin gave similar results. In contrast, enzyme pairs comprising the fungal Cel6A and bacterial family 9 endoglucanases were substantially stimulated (up to 2.6-fold) by complexation on chimeric scaffoldins, compared to the free-enzyme system. Incorporation of enzyme pairs including Cel6A and a processive bacterial cellulase generally induced lower stimulation levels. Enhanced activity on crystalline cellulose appeared to result from either proximity or CBM effects alone but never from both simultaneously, unlike minicellulosomes composed exclusively of bacterial cellulases. The present study is the first demonstration that viable designer minicellulosomes can be produced that include (i) free (noncellulosomal) enzymes, (ii) fungal enzymes combined with bacterial enzymes, and (iii) a type (family 6) of cellulase never known to occur in natural cellulosomes.