bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the production of lipids in fungi XIII. Changes of amount and composition of lipids in fungi in species of the genusPellicularia from cellulose by cultural conditions
Authors: Suzuki Osamu , Yokochi Toshihiro , Nakasato Satoshi , Caro Cecile Q. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of growth temperature, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the medium and the nitrogen source on the cell and lipid formation from cellulose by the speciesfilamentosa andpraticola of the genusPellicularia were investigated. The strains of thePellicularia genus fungi can be grown well utilizing powdery cellulose and sugar cane bagasse as the carbon source. The amount of lipids accumulated in the mycelium varied considerably depending on the difference in the cell growth associated with the cultivation condition, and the difference in the strain, C/N ratio and nitrogen source. The maximum accumulation of lipids in the mycelium (256 mg/400 ml of the medium) from cellulose was observed at 20 C with a C/N ratio of 5.7 using potassium nitrate as the nitrogen source forPellicularia filamentosa var.solani IFO 5879. Protein formation in the liquid medium is at its peak when the cell growth is at its maximum. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral and polar lipid fractions also were determined. Linoleic acid is the major fatty acid component of both fractions. The change in the total lipid content is less than 10% under any cuitivation condition.
Extraction of rapeseed, linseed, safflowerseed and tobaccoseed with a new laboratory extractor
Authors: Gulbaran Tulbentçi H. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this study, extractions of rapeseed, linseed, safflowerseed and tobaccoseed have been conducted with a new extractor which has been developed for the extraction of vegetable tannins and which was later applied to sugar beets and sugar cane.Using the optimal conditions of the new extractor for oilseeds, that is, 315µ particle size and 62 C temperature, technical hexane has been employed, and the variations of the rate and distribution of oil extraction from solid materials have been determined.Optimal extraction periods with the new extractor were found to be 88 min for rapeseed, 90 min for linseed, 118 min for safflowerseed and 90 min for tobaccoseed. The same seeds have been extracted with the Soxhlet extractor for a period of 10 hr. Soxhlet extractor yields compared to Gülbaran yields with the new extractor were found to be only 98.18% for rapeseed, 98.15% for linseed, 97.79% for safflowerseed and 97.39% for tobaccoseed.
Isotachophoretic analysis of surfactants
Authors: Asakawa Tsuyoshi , Takeda Hidefumi , Miyagishi Shigeyoshi , Nishida Morie 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe qualitative and quantitative determination of anionic surfactants (sodium and lithium alkylsulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium di‐2‐ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium and lithium perfluoroalkylcarboxylate, and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate) were investigated by a capillary tube isotachophoresis using a potential gradient detector. The leading electrolyte solution was the mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous solution of histidine buffer containing calcium chloride. The terminating electrolyte solution was the aqueous solution of sodium octanoate. These electrolytes were effective for the analysis of the mixtures of strongly acidic surfactants.
Relationship between fluorescence and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of a maillard browning mixture
Authors: Park C. K. , Kim D. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the color and fluorescence of a Maillard browning mixture (0.1M glucose+0.1M glycine, heated at 100 C) and the antioxidant activity of ethnol extracts of the mixture was investigated. The activity was estimated by comparing the peroxide value development of soybean oil substrates containing the extracts with that of a control. The excitation and emission maxima of the mixture were 365 and 440 nm, and those of the extract 367 and 430 nm. The relative fluorescence (that of 1 µg quinine sulfate/mL 0.01N H2SO4=100) of the mixture after 16 hr browning was 450, whereas that of the corresponding extract was 175.8. The fluorescence of the mixture increased in parallel to the color (absorbance at 490 nm), which, in turn, was almost proportional to reaction time, except at the earlier stages of browning. The change of the fluorescence with the reaction time at the earlier stages was far greater than that of the absorbance at the same stages. Determination of fluorescence seems to provide a more sensitive method for tracing early browning than that of absorbance. The ethanol extracts from very early stages of the browning exhibited considerable antioxidant activity, and, unlike the absorbance of the mixture or the fluorescence of the extract, the activity of the extract changed very little with the reaction time. It appears that effective antioxidants with almost no color but with considerable fluorescence were already formed at the earlier stages of browning.
Use of branched‐chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of biodiesel
Authors: Lee Inmok , Johnson Lawrence A. , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo reduce the tendency of biodiesel to crystallize at low temperatures, branched‐chain alcohols were used to esterify various fats and oils, and the crystallization properties of the branched esters were compared with those of methyl esters by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cloud point, and pour point. Compared with the methyl esters that are commonly used in biodiesel, branched‐chain esters greatly reduced the crystallization onset temperature (TCO) of neat esters and their corresponding ester diesel fuel blends. Isopropyl and 2‐butyl esters of normal (∼10 wt% palmitate) soybean oil (SBO) crystallized 7–11 and 12–14°C lower, respectively, than the corresponding methyl esters. The benefit of the branched‐chain esters in lowering TCO increased when the esters were blended with diesel fuel. Esters made from a low‐palmitate (3.8%) SBO crystallized 5–6°C lower than those of normal SBO. Isopropyl esters of lard and tallow had TCO values similar to that of methyl esters of SBO. DSC provided an accurate means of monitoring crystallization, and the DSC results correlated with cloud and pour point measurements.
Measurement of lipase activity in single grains of oat (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase activity (LA) in individual oat grains was measured as the increase in free fatty acid (FFA) content by lipolysis of the endogenous lipid in a crushed sample of seed incubated at 38 C for 30 min. FFA content was determined by a modified copper soap method. The dough stage, about 2 weeks before normal harvest, showed the highest LA. Stored samples of mature grains showed about 45–50% loss of LA in 2 years.
Considerations on formation and stability of Oil/Water dispersed systems
Authors: Rosano H. L. , Jon D. , Whittam J. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo systems: (a) a costabilized system of toluene/water/1‐propanol, and (b) an emulsion system of toluene/sodium dodecyl sulfate/1‐butanol/NaCl solution are used as examples to provide some general observations on emulsion formation and stability. Phase volume and interfacial tension measurements indicate that the requirement for formation of O/W systems is low γi, but for overall stability, γi must be positive and of significant value in addition to any steric barrier at the interface. An approximate calculation of the amount of surfactant needed to fill the interface provides a guide for preparation of such systems.
Biodegradation of different carboxylate types of cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Yamamura Shingo , Nakamura Masaki , Takeda Tokuji , Masuyama Araki , Nakatsuji Yohji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability of new carboxylate types of “acid‐sensitive” cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring was measured by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) method in the presence of activated sludge. The result for sodium dodecanoate, measured under the same conditions, was used as a standard for evaluating the biodegradability of these cleavable surfactants. For cleavable surfactants derived from epoxides and oxocarboxylates, the biodegradation was considerably influenced by the length of the lipophilic alkyl chain, the presence of the oxymethyl moiety in the lipophilic group, and the number of methylene units between the dioxolane ring and the carboxylate group. For another type of cleavable surfactant, 2‐(long‐chain alkyl)‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dicarboxylate, the biodegradation rate for the compound, bearing a proton at position 2 in the dioxolane ring, is faster than that for the corresponding compound bearing a methyl group at position 2.
Some compositional properties of camelina (camelina sativa L. Crantz) seeds and oils
Authors: Budin John T. , Breene William M. , Putnam Daniel H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFatty acid profiles (FAP), tocopherol (T), and tocotrienol (T3) contents, total lipid contents, and trypsin inhibitor activity were quantitated from thirteen accessions of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), a little‐known oilseed. Camelina seeds of ten accessions were also assayed for ß‐glucans. FAP (%) of camelina oils were: oleic (14.1 to 19.5), linoleic (18.8 to 24.0), linolenic (27.0 to 34.7), eicosenoic (12.0 to 14.9), erucic (0.0 to 4.0), all others (11.8 to 17.4). Camelina oil T and T3 contents (mg/100 g) were: αT (0.66 to 2.38), ßT (0.38 to 1.45), γT/ßt3 (4.37 to 18.68), δT (0.00 to 0.48), γT3 (0.00 to 0.79), γT3 (0.00), γT3 (0.00). Total tocols were higher in camelina than in canola, crambe, flax, soybean, and sunflower, with γT/ßT3 constituting 82% of total tocols. The oil content of camelina seeds ranged from 29.9 to 38.3%. Camelina seeds did not contain ß‐glucans. Trypsin units inhibited ranged from 12 to 28 compared to 111 for raw soybean.
Microbial transformation of 12‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid
Authors: Huang J. ‐K. , Keudell K. C. , Zhao J. , Klopfenstein W. E. , Wen L. , Bagby M. O. , Lanser A. C. , Plattner R. D. , Peterson R. E. , Abbott T. P. , Weisleder D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStationary‐phase cells of a corynebacterium (FUI‐2) and a bacillus (NRRL B‐14864) isolate, when grown aerobically in 1% YE medium at 25°C, converted 12‐hydroxystearic acid to a major compound, 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid, and other intermediate and minor compounds (6‐hydroxydodecanoic acid, 4‐hydroxydecanoic acid, 4‐ketodecanoic acid and γ‐decanolactone). The yields of 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid, 4‐hydroxydecanoic acid, and γ‐decanolactone, byBacillus lentus NRRL B‐14864 were 43%, 18% and 5%, respectively, after 2.5 d of incubation.
Polyhydroxy fatty acids and their derivatives from plant oils
Authors: Dahlke B. , Hellbardt S. , Paetow M. , Zech W. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel process for the industrial production of hydroxylated fatty acids involves epoxidation of plant oils and their derivatives, followed by catalytic epoxy ring opening in the presence of water or other hydrogen donors, such as alcohols, diols, and amines. Depending on the starting material, epoxidation followed by opening of the oxirane ring leads to fatty acids that contain vicinal diol groups or to other substituted hydroxylated fatty acid derivatives. As an example for the preparation of a substituted hydroxylated fatty acid derivative, the reaction of epoxidized rapeseed oil with monobutylamine as hydrogen donor is described. Apart from the intended formation of hydroxyl groups with vicinal aminoalkyl groups, partial aminolysis of the ester compound was also observed. Another example describes the reaction of epoxidized rapeseed oil with different molar proportions of 1,4‐butanediol as hydrogen donor. Depending on the molar proportion of the hydrogen donor, interesterification, or intermolecular ether formation were observed as side reactions. The properties of various technical hydroxylated fatty acids and their derivatives, prepared according to this novel process, are given, and potential applications of these products are suggested.
The mass spectra of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the methoxymethyl olefins of malvalic and sterculic acids
Authors: Spitzer Volker 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new approach to the gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids is described. The method is based on the “on‐site”‐modification of the cyclopropenoid ring with AgNO3‐saturated methanol to the methoxymethyl olefin and a subsequent “remote‐site”‐derivatization of the carboxyl group to its 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline. The mass spectra of the isomeric reaction products obtained from malvalic and sterculic acid were found to be useful for locating the original cyclopropenoid ring in the fatty acid chain.
Application of thin‐layer chromatography to the quantitative estimation of tissue triglycerides II. Influence of methyl parathion on the composition of liver triglycerides in the rat
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Read Sheila I. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl parathion fed at 10 ppm in a high protein low fat diet inhibited 46.9% of the total liver carboxylesterase activity. The total fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides was not significantly altered. However, the methyl parathion‐fed rats showed a higher percentage of saturated acids in the 2‐position of the glyceride molecule. Triglyceride analysis employing the multiple TLC‐GLC technique (5) also showed a slightly higher percentage of saturated glycerides and those containing 1 and 2 double bonds than those in the control group. Triglyceride patterns in both groups were in general agreement with those calculated from the fatty acid distribution as suggested by Vander Wal (11).
Phospholipids of menhaden muscle
Authors: Froines John R. , Shuster C. Yvonne , Olcott Harold S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe phospholipids of menhaden fish muscle represent about 0.5% of the wet weight. They were separated by fractionation on a silica gel column. Choline glycerophosphatides were the major components, about 60%. Ethanolamine and serine glycerophosphatides accounted for about 20%, and sphingomyelin and less well‐characterized components for the rest. The fatty acid composition of the CGP,1 EGP1 + SGP,1 and triglyceride preparations were compared. The EGP + SGP fraction contained 20% stearic acid whereas the neutral or CGP fractions had only 2舑4%. The phospholipids contained about 30% of docosa‐hexaenoic acids compared to about 10% in the neutral fraction.
Integrated system for microreactor gas chromatography
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Davison V. L. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA compact unit has been constructed to control and to supply a microreactor apparatus. Features are an ozone generator, gas flow rotameters, solenoid‐operated six‐way gas valve and a combination temperature‐and‐ozone meter. The meter monitors and, by means of a built‐in relay, controls reaction temperature. It also affords a visual indication of ozone concentration during reactions. Basic electronic circuits and common laboratory items simplify the unit's construction. Some possible microreactions to which this integrated system may be applied are ozonizationpyrolysis, esterification, transesterification, saponification, reduction and halogenation.
Monoepoxidation of methyl linoleate: (±)‐methyl vernolate and (±)‐methyl coronarate
Authors: Ferrari M. , Ghisalberti E. L. , Pagnoni U. M. , Pelizzoni F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe two monoepoxides resulting from the epoxidation of methyl linoleate with monoperphthalic acid have been separated from each other by column chromatography. Degradation reactions on each of these established that the separation occurred without concomitant rearrangement of the double bond or the epoxide ring. Thus, (±)‐methyl vernolate (I) and (±)‐methyl coronarate (II) were obtained in a pure state.
Improved objective fluorodensitometric determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Cucullu Alva F. , Franz Anthony O. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractModifications in the extraction solvent, lead acetate, and silica gel extract purification steps, and the TLC development conditions of the aqueous acetone procedure of Pons et al. [JAOAC49, 554–562 (1966)] for the estimation of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, provides an improved method with essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxins added to typical cottonseed materials. Both the accuracy and precision of aflatoxin estimates are significantly improved by the incorporation of an objective fluorodensitometric measurement of aflatoxins on TLC plates.
The bioassay of aflatoxins and related substances with Bacillus megaterium spores and chick embryos
Authors: Jayaraman A. , Herbst E. J. , Ikawa M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe “paper disc plate” method of antibiotic assay usingBacillus megaterium spores was tested for the assay of aflatoxins and related compounds. Significant inhibitions were obtained in the range of 1–4 µg/disc for aflatoxin B1 and 4–8 µg/disc for aflatoxin G1. Dicumarol was the most active of the compounds tested and inhibited at 0.1–1.0 µg/disc. Compounds were also tested using nine‐day‐old chick embryos. It was found that embryos incubated in egg cartons were much more sensitive to toxins than eggs incubated on cotton padding or in a commercial egg incubator. The LD100 of aflatoxin B1 to carton‐incubated embryos was 0.01 µg, while to embryos from the commercial incubator the LD100 was >5.0 µg. The results of the two bioassay procedures did not correlate completely with each other.
The hydroxy fatty acids: Isolation, structure determination, quantitation
Authors: Radin Norman S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis review and commentary on quantitative methodology of the hydroxy fatty acids covers methods of isolation, structure determination, and quantitative analysis. Individual topics are: methods of liberation from bound form, separation by partition, separation by partition columns, separation by precipitation, separation by adsorption columns, separation by thin‐layer chromatography, separation of homologous fatty acids, locating the hydroxyl group, characterization of the optically active hydroxyl group, locating the double bonds, gravimetric determination, colorimetric determination, gas chromatographic determination, infrared absorption, titrimetric determination, and radiometric determination.
Chemical synthesis of H3‐ and 1‐C14‐labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Stoffel W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTotal syntheses of polyunsaturated fatty acids labeled at the double bonds or the terminal methylene groups with tritium and the carboxyl group with C14 are discussed. The methods are applicable for all known unsaturated fatty acids with polyallylic structure andall‐cis configuration.Details for the synthesis of labeled े‐linolenic acid are given and methods of ozonolysis for determining the structure of unsaturated fatty acids are described.
Lipid oxidation in flour doughs舒observations involving the boron trifluoride interesterification reaction
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Daniels N. W. R. , Russell Eggitt P. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipid extracted from unyeasted wheat flour doughs had earlier yielded hitherto unidentified methyl esters using boron trifluoride interesterification when the lipid was isolated from aged or chemically oxidized flours or doughs. The identity of one unknown constituent is shown to be methyl methoxy stearate which could also be an artifact of the interesterification process. Conditions of formation of the artifact have been carefully studied and statistical analysis of the yields of this substance from the lipid of naturally aged flour doughs maintains our view of a reversible lipid oxidation stage being involved in natural and chemical flour maturing in the presence of oxidants in doughmaking.
The effect of lauric‐based molecules on trilaurin crystallization
Authors: Smith Paul R. , Cebula Deryck J. , Povey Malcolm J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystal growth of trilaurin and the effect of partial laurates upon it have been investigated by using temperature gradient microscopy with differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The complex nature of trilaurin crystallization was demonstrated. It was found that the addition of monolaurin and lauric acid increased the crystal growth rate of trilaurin but decreased the facet and crystal size. Conversely, there was a significant reduction in growth rate upon the addition of dilaurin isomers. Crystal morphology was also altered, and the relative stability of the metastable phases was increased. The growth rate was lower for a sample containing 1–3 dilaurin than for one containing 1–2 dilaurin. It is postulated that the varying effects are caused by the varying sizes and shapes of the additive molecules.
Transesterification of phospholipids in different reaction conditions
Authors: Mustranta Annikka , Suortti Tapani , Poutanen Kaisa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTransesterification of synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine with oleic acid by commercial lipase preparations fromAspergillus niger andRhizomucor miehei was studied in the presence and absence of solvent. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method for determination of the modified phosphatidylcholine was developed. Under solvent‐free conditions, transesterification could be carried out as efficiently as in toluene, and the degree of hydrolysis was lower than in toluene. Transesterification was influenced by the water content as well as by the fatty acid concentration in the reaction mixture. The optimum water content for transesterification in solvent‐free reaction medium was higher than in toluene with both lipases. The yield of modified phosphatidylcholine increased, and the degree of hydrolysis decreased with increasing fatty acid concentration. The maximum yield of modified phospha‐tidylcholine, 35% of the original phospholipid, was obtained withR. miehei lipase.
Present and future position of palm and palm kernel oils in world supply and trade
Authors: Mielke S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major production of palm oil has shifted from Nigeria to Malaysia following the program of encouragement instituted by the Malaysian government in the 1950's. Since then oil palm developments have risen dramatically to an estimated 6.6 million tons of palm and palm kernel oils in 1984. This is expected to expand to over 20 million tons in the year 2000. Before that time Indonesia will also become a major producer of palm oil. Palm and palm kernel oils are expected to become the major world fat and oil export, reaching 44% of world totals by 2000.