bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating legal and illegal catches of Russian sockeye salmon from trade and market data
Authors: Clarke Shelley C. , McAllister Murdoch K. , Kirkpatrick R. Craig 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Clarke, S. C., McAllister, M. K., and Kirkpatrick, R. C. 2009. Estimating legal and illegal catches of Russian sockeye salmon from trade and market data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 532–545. To address concerns about the conservation of Russian sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the face of potentially large-scale illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities, we estimated the quantities of sockeye caught in eastern Russia based on trade data from Japan, China, and Korea. In addition to being a fishery-independent estimate, our approach avoids reliance on Russian customs documentation that may not capture quantities of fish transhipped at sea. Using a Bayesian statistical model, we estimate quantities imported and traded in municipal markets as two separate estimates of the actual Russian sockeye catch. To estimate the “excess” catch deriving from IUU fishing operations, these trade-based estimates of catch are compared with official Russian catch figures. The results support (posterior probabilities 0.72 to >0.99) the hypothesis that there are substantial quantities of excess catch of Russian sockeye making their way to East Asian markets. In the years 2003–2005, the median quantities of annual excess catch were estimated to range from 8000 to 15 000 t, representing a value of US$40–74 million and demonstrating that actual catches are 60–90% above reported levels.
The undesirable effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs
Authors: Claudius C. , Garvey L. H. , Viby‐Mogensen J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNeuromuscular blocking drugs are designed to bind to the nicotinic receptor at the neuromuscular junction. However, they also interact with other acetylcholine receptors in the body. Binding to these receptors causes adverse effects that vary with the specificity for the cholinergic receptor in question. Moreover, all neuromuscular blocking drugs may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Often the symptoms are mild and self‐limiting but massive histamine release can cause systematic reactions with circulatory and respiratory symptoms and signs. At the end of anaesthesia, no residual effect of a neuromuscular blocking drug should be present. However, the huge variability in response to neuromuscular blocking drugs makes it impossible to predict which patient will suffer postoperative residual curarization. This article discusses the undesirable effects of the currently available neuromuscular blocking drugs including the definitions, diagnosis and causes of hypersensitivity reactions and postoperative residual curarisation.
Antagonism of non‐depolarising neuromuscular block: current practice
Authors: Kopman A. F. , Eikermann M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThere is now mounting evidence that even small degrees of postoperative residual neuromuscular block increases the incidence of adverse respiratory events in the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit and may increase longer‐term morbidity as well. In the absence of quantitative neuromuscular monitoring, residual block is easily missed. A very strong case can be made for the routine administration of a non‐depolarising antagonist unless it can be objectively demonstrated that complete recovery has occurred spontaneously. However, the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is associated with the potential for cardiovascular and respiratory side‐effects, so there are cogent reasons for using low doses when the level of neuromuscular block is not intense. As little as 0.015–0.025 mg.kg−1 of neostigmine is required at a train‐of‐four count of four with minimal fade, whereas 0.04–0.05 mg.kg−1 is needed at a train‐of‐four count of two or three. If only a single twitch or none at all can be evoked, neostigmine should not be expected to promptly reverse neuromuscular block, and antagonism is best delayed till a train‐of‐four‐count of two is achieved.
Cyclodextrins and the emergence of sugammadex
Authors: Booij L. H. D. J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryResidual paralysis, with its subsequent postoperative pulmonary sequelae, is one of the major complications of anaesthesia, and was recognised shortly after the introduction of neuromuscular blocking drugs into routine clinical practice. Although its incidence decreased with the introduction of intermediate duration drugs, and further diminished with routine neuromuscular monitoring and reversal with cholinesterase inhibitors, residual paralysis still remained a problem. In the search for alternatives to stop the effect of neuromuscular blocking drugs and to match their duration of action to clinical need, chelation of the non‐depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs was considered. It was recognised that cyclodextrins could encapsulate steroidal molecules and thereby inactivate the aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocking drugs. In order to improve the binding of rocuronium to the cyclodextrin and to increase the compound’s water solubility, the molecule was modified. This led to the development of sugammadex (Org 25969), a modified γ‐cyclodextrin. The modification of the molecule and the initial in vitro studies that led toin vivoand later human studies of this conceptually new drug for anaesthesia are described.
Goodbye Suxamethonium!
Authors: Lee C. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNo drugs in anaesthesia are more problematic than suxamethonium. Yet, no drugs have survived as suxamethonium does in spite of crisis after crisis, and attempt after attempt at its replacement. For decades, suxamethonium has taught us neuromuscular pharmacology and provided us with an encyclopaedia of side effects, while benefiting millions and millions of our anaesthetised patients. With the arrival of sugammadex, it finally appears that suxamethonium can be retired. Suxamethonium has done its job and seen its days! The present review is intended to offer a eulogy for suxamethonium.
Post‐thrombotic syndrome: prevalence, prognostication and need for progress
Authors: Prandoni Paolo , Kahn Susan R. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDespite considerable progress in the diagnosis and treatment of deep‐vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities, one of every 2–3 patients will develop within 2 years post‐thrombotic sequelae, which are severe in approximately 10% of cases and produce considerable socio‐economic consequences. Among factors potentially related to the development of the post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS) are older age, obesity, a history of previous ipsilateral DVT, iliac‐femoral location of the current thrombosis, failure to promptly recover from the acute symptoms and insufficient quality of oral anticoagulant therapy. Based on recent findings, the lack of vein recanalization within the first 6 months after DVT appears to be an important predictor of PTS, while the role of venous reflux is controversial. According to the results of recent clinical studies, the prompt administration of adequate compression elastic stockings in patients with symptomatic DVT has the potential to halve the frequency of PTS, and when carefully supervised and instructed to wear proper elastic stockings, more than 50% of patients have the potential to either remain stable or improve during long‐term follow‐up. Nevertheless, due to limitations in current therapies, the management of PTS is demanding and often frustrating. Further research is required to optimize the prevention and management of this common and burdensome complication of DVT.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the threatened Bliss Rapids snail (Taylorconcha serpenticola)
Authors: LIU H.‐P. , HERSHLER R. 
Published: February 2009

Summary1. The Bliss Rapids snail is a federally listed yet poorly known small caenogastropod which lives in the Snake River drainage (main stem river and spring‐fed tributaries) of south‐central Idaho. The construction of three large dams along this portion of the Snake River during the 20th century is thought to have fragmented a single, ancestral population of this species into genetically isolated subunits that are vulnerable to extinction. We assessed variation of 11 microsatellite loci within and among 29 samples (820 snails) from across the entire range of the Bliss Rapids snail to assess genetic structure and test whether habitat fragmentation resulting from dam construction has impacted population connectivity.2. The overall FST (0.15133, P < 0.05) and pairwise comparisons among samples (384/406 significant) indicated extensive population subdivision in general. A consistent trend of isolation by distance trend was not detected by Mantel tests. We found no evidence of reduced genetic diversity attributable to segmentation of the Snake River, and genetic variation among portions of drainage separated by the dams was not significant. Population structuring in spring–tributary habitats was considerably greater than in the main stem river as evidenced by differences in FST (0.18370, 0.06492) and the number of private alleles detected (16, 4), and by the results of an assignment test (69.4%, 58.7% correctly classified to sample of origin) and Bayesian genetic clustering algorithm.3. Our results provide no evidence that dam construction has genetically impacted extant populations of the Bliss Rapids snail. We speculate that the generally weaker genetic structuring of riverine populations of this species is a result of passive dispersal within the water column, which may enable occasional passage through the dams. The somewhat stronger structuring observed in a portion of the river (Shoshone reach) which receives discharge from many springs may be due to local mixing of main stem and more highly differentiated tributary populations. Our findings parallel recent, genetically based studies of other western North American freshwater gastropods that also demonstrate complex population structure that conflicts with traditional concepts of dispersal ability and sensitivity to putative barriers.
A comparison of the efficacy of conventional and new retreatment instruments to remove gutta‐percha in curved root canals: an ex vivo study
Authors: Çelik Ünal G. , Üreyen Kaya B. , Taç A. G. , Keçeci A. D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of conventional and new retreatment instruments when removing gutta‐percha root fillings in curved root canals.Methodology  A total of 56 curved molar roots were instrumented with ProFile instruments and filled using system B and Obtura II. The root fillings were removed with manual K‐files and Hedström files (Dentsply Maillefer), ProFile (Dentsply Maillefer), R‐Endo (Micro–Mega) or ProTaper Universal retreatment files (Dentsply Maillefer). Eucalyptol was used as a solvent with all techniques. Bucco‐lingual and proximal radiographs of the roots were exposed and the percentage area of the remaining material was calculated by dividing the area of remaining filling material by the area of canal wall. Data were statistically analysed with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (P = 0.05).Results  None of the techniques completely removed the root filling materials. No significant differences were found amongst the coronal, middle and apical thirds in both radiographic projections (P > 0.05). In the bucco‐lingual direction, the remaining filling material was significantly less following manual instrumentation than R‐Endo and ProTaper instrumentation (P < 0.05). In the proximal view, it was significantly less following manual and ProFile instrumentation than R‐Endo (P < 0.05). Complete removal of filling material occurred only in three specimens (with manual instruments). Manual instruments were significantly faster than R‐Endo and ProFile (P < 0.05). More procedural errors (five fractured instruments and two perforation) were noted when using ProTaper (P < 0.05).Conclusions  In this laboratory study in curved molar roots, ProTaper Retreatment and R‐Endo instruments were less effective in removing filling material from canal walls than manual and ProFile instruments.
Combination of apex locator and endodontic motor for continuous length control during root canal treatment
Authors: Altenburger M. J. , Çenik Y. , Schirrmeister J. F. , Wrbas K.‐T. , Hellwig E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To compare ex vivo an experimental setup consisting of an electronic apex locator (EAL) and endodontic motor with an established product (Tri Auto ZX) for accuracy of length control during root canal treatment with three different types of files.Methodology  An experimental setup consisting of porous spongy material and an electrolyte was used. Sixty anterior teeth were randomly assigned to six groups. Access cavities were prepared. During root canal treatment, constant length monitoring was performed either with the Tri Auto ZX or the Raypex®5 apex locator attached to an endodontic motor (Endo IT professional) using ProTaper, Mtwo or FlexMaster files. After root canal preparation the distances between file tip and major apical foramen and file tip and minor apical foramen were measured using a microscope and analysed using two‐way anova to evaluate the accuracy of the two systems.Results  Distances between the file tip and the major apical foramen were not significantly different between the file systems and the two EALs. In cases treated with FlexMaster significantly larger distances between file tip and minor apical foramen were found compared to Mtwo and ProTaper. No significant differences were observed between the two EALs. After preparation of the root canals with the Tri Auto ZX, multiple minor apical foramina were mechanically widened.Conclusion  With the limitation of this laboratory study the combination of EAL and endodontic motor was as accurate as the Tri Auto ZX system in terms of length control during root canal preparation.
Effect of osmotic dehydration on the drying kinetics and quality of cashew apple
Authors: Azoubel Patricia Moreira , El‐Aouar Ânoar Abbas , Tonon Renata Valeriano , Kurozawa Louise Emy , Antonio Graziella Colato , Murr Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh , Park Kil Jin 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe effect of different osmotic pretreatments on cashew apple drying kinetics and product quality were investigated. The osmotic pretreatment was carried out in an incubator at constant temperature and agitation. The drying process was conducted in a fixed bed dryer at different temperatures and constant air velocity. Experimental data were fitted successfully using the Page and the two‐term exponential models for dried fresh and pretreated fruit, respectively. It was found that drying rates of osmosed fruits decreased owing to the presence of infused solutes. Evaluation of the final product was performed by means of ascorbic acid content, water activity and sensorial test. The osmotic pretreated samples showed the highest vitamin C losses and the lowest water activity. The samples pretreated in sucrose solution had the highest acceptance.
Bran characteristics and wheat performance in whole wheat bread
Authors: Seyer Marie‐Ève , Gélinas Pierre 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe effect of the composition and physical properties of bran from four wheat samples from different cultivars was determined in whole wheat bread. High specific volume of whole wheat bread was correlated (r2 = 0.8275) with strong mechanical properties (low friability) of the bran of wheat cultivars, as determined by sizing (over 425 μm) of bran particles after grinding with a rotor mill. Fibre content and composition of insoluble fibre (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) in the bran fraction had a non‐significant (P > 0.05) effect on the performance of wheat cultivars in whole wheat bread. Water absorption of bran was correlated (r2 = 0.9532) with its insoluble fibre content. Based on data obtained with white flour, it was not possible to estimate the baking potential of wheat cultivars in whole wheat bread.
Antioxidant activity of phytogenous industrial waste and derived extracts for the production of feed and food additives
Authors: Stockhammer Sylvia , Stolze Klaus , Rohr‐Udilova Nataliya , Chizzola Remigius , Zitterl‐Eglseer Karin , Franz Chlodwig 
Published: February 2009

SummaryOrganic wastes as well as their ethanolic, water and heptane extracts and fermented products derived from herbs, fruit and vegetables obtained worldwide from food and pharmaceutical industries were investigated regarding their antioxidant activities using different methods [1.1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, FeIII‐reduction method and photochemiluminescence (PCL)]. The highest antioxidative activities were exhibited by different products of grape seed wastes (350–830 mg rosmarinic acid equivalent g−1 dried material = rae g−1 dm) followed by ethanolic extracts of blueberry (475 mg rae g−1 dm), larch (219 mg rae g−1 dm), willow (193 mg rae g−1 dm) and sunflower presscake (154 mg rae g−1 dm). Ethanolic extracts of the residues showed comparatively higher activity than water extracts. The least antioxidative capacities were found in heptane extracts of serenoa products (0.4; 0.6 mg rae g−1 dm) and fermented waste of carrots (1.6 mg rae g−1 dm). Correlating different assay methods, the strongest correlation was found between FeIII‐reduction and DPPH‐method (correlation coefficient r2 = 0.99**) and the weakest between FeIII‐reduction and PCL method (r2 = 0.57**) for raw materials.
Usefulness of near infrared spectroscopy to monitor the extent of heat treatment in fish meal
Authors: Cozzolino Daniel , Chree Allison , Murray Ian , Scaife Jeff R. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe objective of this study was to explore the use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to monitor the degree of heat treatment of fish meal. Six batches of fish meal (approximately 500 g) were split in sub‐samples of 50 g and heated at constant temperature (60 ± 5 °C) for different periods of time (15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 48 and 72 h) in a force air oven and scanned in the NIR region (1100–2500 nm) in a monochromator instrument in reflectance. Principal component analysis (PCA), stepwise discriminant analysis (SLDA) and partial least square regression (PLS) models were used to interpret, classify and predict the extent to heat treatment in fish meal samples. The SLDA models correctly classified 80% and 100% of fish meal samples belonging to the untreated fish meal and after 4, 5 and 6 h of heat treatment. However, samples heated for 30 min, 1, 2 and 3 h yield poor classification rates (less than 50%). This study demonstrated the potential ability of NIR spectroscopy to predict and classify the extent of heat treatment during the production of fish meal. However, further research must carry out in order to validate the NIR calibrations to predict the degree of heat treatment in fish meal expose to a shorter time.
Preconditioning treatment maintains taste characteristic perception of ripe ‘September Sun’ peach following cold storage
Authors: Infante Rodrigo , Meneses Claudio , Crisosto Carlos H. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPreconditioning is a thermal treatment that consists in maintaining stone fruits immediately after harvest and prior to cold storage at 20 °C for 24–48 h in special chambers aimed to extend fruit market life reducing chilling injury symptoms. This work investigates whether preconditioned ‘September Sun’ peaches had better eating quality than control fruit. Commercially harvested peaches were preconditioned and transferred to cold storage for 12, 26 and 40 days and evaluated for sensory characteristic perception after a ripening period at 20 °C. Acceptability of preconditioned fruit was higher than control fruit during this 40‐day cold‐storage period. Preconditioned and control fruit were also segregated into two clusters by PCA analysis; preconditioned fruit clustered together and show association to acceptability, sweetness and juiciness, while the second cluster was associated with flesh texture, acidity and aroma, suggesting the positive effect of preconditioning on final fruit quality. Preconditioned fruit maintained their sensory characteristics longer than control fruit during this 40‐day cold‐storage period.
Antioxidant properties of raw and cooked spears of green asparagus cultivars
Authors: Fanasca Simone , Rouphael Youssef , Venneria Eugenia , Azzini Elena , Durazzo Alessandra , Maiani Giuseppe 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties, including phenolics, ascorbic acid and carotenoids of four green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears cultivars (UC 157, AM 822, Gijnlim, and Grande) grown under greenhouse conditions and to asses their changes during cooking process. The highest spear production of category ‘extra’ and ‘first’ was recorded on ‘UC 157’, whereas the higher production of “second” class spears was recorded on ‘UC 157’ and ‘Gijnlim’. The Grande cultivar has provided a higher total phenol, quercetin, rutin and lutein + zeaxantin contents in comparison to ‘UC 157’, ‘Gjinlim’ and ‘AM 822’ cultivars. The results also indicate that the effect of cooking process was significant and more pronounced than the effect of cultivars. The cooking process increased the antioxidant activity, total phenols, quercetin, rutin, β‐carotene and lutein + zeaxantin contents by, 16%, 23%, 98%, 32%, 24% and 25%, respectively, but decreased the total ascorbic acid content by 52%.
Non‐lethal entanglement of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in fishing gear in northern Southeast Alaska
Authors: Neilson Janet L. , Straley Janice M. , Gabriele Christine M. , Hills Susan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  Entanglement in fishing gear is recognized as a potentially significant source of serious injury and mortality for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in some parts of their range. In recent years, the number of humpback whales reported to have been entangled in Alaska has increased. In 2003–04 we quantified the prevalence of non‐lethal entanglements of humpback whales in northern Southeast Alaska (SEAK) with the ultimate goal of informing management discussions of the entanglement issue for the Central North Pacific stock of humpback whales.Location  The near‐shore waters of northern Southeast Alaska.Methods  We photographed individual humpback whales’ caudal peduncles as they dived and then examined the photographs for scars indicative of a previous entanglement.Results  The percentage of whales assessed to have been non‐lethally entangled at some time in their lives ranged from 52% (minimal estimate) to 71% (conditional estimate) to 78% (maximal estimate). Of these, the conditional estimate is recommended because it is based solely on unambiguous scars. Eight per cent of the whales in one portion of the study area (Glacier Bay/Icy Strait) acquired new entanglement scars between 2003 and 2004, although the sample size was small. Calves were less likely than older whales to have entanglement scars, and males may be at higher risk than females. Whales with more photographs and/or photographic coverage may be more likely to be assessed as having been entangled than whales with fewer photographs and/or coverage.Main conclusions  Caudal peduncle scars reveal that the majority of humpback whales in northern SEAK have been entangled. Comparison with statistics on reported entanglements suggests that most whales apparently shed the gear on their own, unless humans are disentangling whales much more often than is reported. While cumulative estimates of the percentage of whales with entanglement scars (e.g. the conditional estimate) provide useful baseline information, future efforts should focus on monitoring the annual rate of entanglement scar acquisition as a more powerful measure of contemporary entanglement rates. Our findings indicate that entanglement of humpback whales in fishing gear in SEAK is a management issue warranting increased attention. A proactive approach is needed to address the problem and to identify and implement preventive measures.