bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of a reduced thermohaline circulation on transport and growth of larvae and pelagic juveniles of Arcto‐Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: VIKEBØ F. B. , SUNDBY S. , ÅDLANDSVIK BJØRN , OTTERÅ O. H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA reduction of the thermohaline circulation (THC) might have strong impact on Northeastern Atlantic fisheries. We address this potential challenge by studying the effects of THC changes on larval drift and development of Arcto‐Norwegian Cod (ANC, Gadus morhua), as several studies have shown that there is a close link between the abundance and individual size of cod at the 0‐group stage and the year class strength of the 3‐group fish. The approach taken is that of a modelling study supported by analysis of existing data on fish stocks and climate. A regional model (ROMS) is forced by a global climate model (Bergen Climate Model‐BCM) in which the river runoff to the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Oceans is increased by a factor three over the present day value, causing the THC to slow down. Although this increase in river runoff is extreme, the simulated response might be applicable in explaining and interpreting possible processes and feedback mechanisms of relevance for ANC. The impact of the anomalous circulation and ocean temperature on ANC in its habitat as simulated by ROMS is studied by using an individual‐based model to simulate growth of the larvae and pelagic juveniles along their simulated drift paths. The present description of a reduction in the THC by 35% results in: (1) a southward and westward shift in the distribution of cod year classes from the Barents Sea onto the narrow shelves of Norway and Spitsbergen, (2) a reduced individual growth of the pelagic juveniles, (3) an increasing number of larvae and pelagic juveniles advected towards the western parts of Spitsbergen, and possibly further into the Arctic Oceans where they are unable to survive.
Interannual variability in hatching period and early growth of juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the Pacific coastal area of Hokkaido
Authors: NISHIMURA AKIRA , HAMATSU TOMONORI , SHIDA OSAMU , MIHARA IKUO , MUTOH TAKASHI 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTJuvenile walleye pollock of the Japanese Pacific population were collected from the Funka Bay [spawning ground; 16–64 mm fork length (FL)] in spring and the Doto area (nursery ground; 70–146 mm FL) in summer. Hatch dates were estimated by subtracting the number of otolith daily increments from sampling dates, and their early growth was back‐calculated using otolith radius–somatic length relationships. Interannual change of the hatching period was observed during 2000–02, and the peaks ranged from mid‐February in 2000 to early‐April in 2002. In 2000, when a strong year class occurred, early life history of the surviving juveniles could be characterized by early hatching and slower growth in the larval stage (<22 mm length). Higher growth rate in 2001 and 2002 did not always lead to good survival and recruitment success. Even though their growth was slow in 2000, the larvae hatched early in the season had larger body size on a given date than faster‐growing larvae hatched in later season in 2001 and 2002. Bigger individuals at a certain moment may have advantage for survival. The delay of hatching period may result in higher size‐selective mortality, and as a necessary consequence, back‐calculated growth in 2001 and 2002 could shift towards higher growth rate, although abundance of such a year class would be at the lower level. Variability in spawning period, early growth and their interaction might have a strong relation to larval survival through cumulative predation pressure or ontogenetic changes in food availability.
Abundance and microhabitats of freshwater sponges (Spongillidae) in a Danubean floodplain in Austria
Authors: DRÖSCHER IRIS , WARINGER JOHANN 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. This study examined the abundance and distribution of freshwater sponges (Spongillidae) at 32 sites in a floodplain on the Danube within the ‘Donau‐Auen’ National Park east of Vienna, Austria. Ranked from abundant to rare, the species inventory comprised Ephydatia fluviatilis, Spongilla lacustris, Ephydatia mülleri, Eunapius fragilis and Trochospongilla horrida.2. The presence of hard substratum was essential for the growth of sponges. Timber stands near the water and drifting dead wood increased the abundance of E. fragilis, E. fluviatilis and E. mülleri, whereas stony substrata were important for S. lacustris. A small fraction of E. fluviatilis was collected from macrophytes (Phragmites).3. Based on the area colonised, the abundance of S. lacustris, E. fragilis and E. fluviatilis was highest (94.2–100% of the total) in floodplain waters where hydrological connectivity with the Danube was low (0–6 days year−1), whereas E. mülleri and T. horrida made up 20.3–35.9% of the total at sites connected for up to 179 days year−1. Moreover, the area colonised by T. horrida at a current velocity >0.20 m s−1 was larger than in the remaining species. Sites with E. mülleri and T. horrida had a higher silicon concentration (0.9 mg L−1) than sites where the remaining three species were collected (0.4–0.6 mg L−1).4. In most species, the length of macroscleres (the larger spicules) was positively correlated with conductivity and negatively with pH. With respect to aberrant macroscleres, hooks were observed most frequently, whereas the proportion of centrotylotes (ie with the one on more globular swellings along the spicule) was lowest.5. Freshwater sponges have a great deal of potential as bioindicators and restoration measures that improve floodplain connectivity will favour rare species, such as E. mülleri and T. horrida, while impairing others (e.g. E. fragilis, S. lacustris and E. fluviatilis).
Autoantibody profile in the experimental model of scleroderma induced by type V human collagen
Authors: Callado Maria R. M. , Viana Vilma S. T. , Vendramini Margarete B. G. , Leon Elaine P. , Bueno Cleonice , Velosa Ana P. P. , Teodoro Walcy R. , Yoshinari Natalino H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study is to evaluate the humoral autoimmune response in the experimental model of systemic sclerosis (SSc) induced by human type V collagen (huCol V). New Zealand rabbits were immunized with huCol V in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and boosted twice with 15 days intervals with huCol V in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Control groups included animals injected only with FCA or bovine serum albumin. Bleeding was done at days 0, 30, 75 and 120. Tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological investigation. Serological analysis included detection of antibodies against huCol V and anti‐topoisomerase I (Anti‐Scl70) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence, and rheumatoid factor (RF) by a latex agglutination test. Target antigens were characterized by immunoblot. Histological analysis revealed extracellular matrix remodeling with fibrosis and vasculitis. Anti‐Scl70 and ANA were detected as early as 30 days in all huCol V animals. The universal ANA staining pattern was Golgi‐like. This serum reactivity was not abolished by previous absorption with huCol V. Characterization of the target antigen by immunoblot revealed two major protein fractions of 175 000 and 220 000 MW. Similarly to ANA, there was a gradual increase of reactivity throughout the immunization and also it was not abolished by preincubation of serum samples with huCol V. RF testing was negative in hyperimmune sera. Conclusion: The production of autoantibodies, including anti‐Scl70, a serological marker for SSc associated with histopathological alterations, validates huCol V induced‐experimental model and brings out its potential for understanding the pathophysiology of SSc.
Pressure ulcer risk in long‐term units: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Capon Alessandra , Pavoni Noemi , Mastromattei Antonio , Di Lallo Domenico 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Title. Pressure ulcer risk in long‐term units: prevalence and associated factors Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to assess pressure ulcer prevalence in a group of long‐term units and to describe the main factors associated both with risk for and presence of a pressure ulcer.Background.  Despite being potentially preventable, pressure ulcers are highly frequent among institutionalized patients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.Method.  A cross‐sectional study was carried out, involving 571 patients from 10 long‐term units in Rome, Italy. Healthcare staff in each unit evaluated pressure ulcer risk and collected clinical data while a single Registered Nurse assessed all patients to identify pressure ulcers. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the two outcomes: condition at risk for pressure ulcers (Braden score ≤ 16) and pressure ulcer presence. The data were collected in February‐March 2005.Findings.  The overall prevalence of pressure ulcers was 27%. Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant positive association between high‐risk condition of pressure ulcer and previous stroke (OR = 1·96; 95% CI 1·30–2·96), previous trauma (OR = 1·83; 95% CI 1·12–2·99) and cognitive decline (OR associated with a 1 point Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire increase = 1·26; 95% CI 1·05–1·50). The model for pressure ulcer presence confirmed a statistically significant excess in patients with cardiovascular diseases (OR = 1·79; 95% CI 1·13–2·85), with high Activity of Daily Living scores (OR associated with a 1 point increase 1·38; 95% CI 1·03–1·84) and low Braden Scale scores (OR associated with a 1 point increase = 0·80; 95% CI 0·70–0·87). The risk of pressure ulcers according to number of full‐time nurses and auxiliary staff per 10 beds lower than five was marginally statistically significant (OR = 1·60; 95% CI 0·98–2·61).Conclusion.  Further research is needed to validate our findings and further prospective research is needed to identify ways of preventing pressure ulcers. Our data on staffing suggest that organizational factors should be taken into account when exploring determinants of pressure ulcers.
Caring for a relative with dementia: family caregiver burden
Authors: Papastavrou Evridiki , Kalokerinou Athena , Papacostas Savvas S. , Tsangari Haritini , Sourtzi Panagiota 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTitle.  Caring for a relative with dementia: family caregiver burden Aim.  This paper is a report of part of a study to investigate the burden experienced by families giving care to a relative with dementia, the consequences of care for the mental health of the primary caregiver and the strategies families use to cope with the care giving stressors.Background.  The cost of caring for people with dementia is enormous, both monetary and psychological. Partners, relatives and friends who take care of patients experience emotional, physical and financial stress, and care giving demands are central to decisions on patient institutionalization.Method.  A volunteer sample of 172 caregiver/care recipient dyads participated in the study in Cyprus in 2004–2005. All patients were suffering from probable Alzheimer's type dementia and were recruited from neurology clinics. Data were collected using the Memory and Behaviour Problem Checklist, Burden Interview, Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression scale and Ways of Coping Questionnaire.Findings.  The results showed that 68·02% of caregivers were highly burdened and 65% exhibited depressive symptoms. Burden was related to patient psychopathology and caregiver sex, income and level of education. There was no statistically significant difference in level of burden or depression when patients lived in the community or in institutions. High scores in the burden scale were associated with use of emotional‐focused coping strategies, while less burdened relatives used more problem‐solving approaches to care‐giving demands.Conclusion.  Caregivers, especially women, need individualized, specific training in how to understand and manage the behaviour of relatives with dementia and how to cope with their own feelings.
The development and validation of the On‐the‐job Learning Styles Questionnaire for the Nursing Profession
Authors: Berings Marjolein G.M.C. , Poell Rob F. , Simons P. Robert‐Jan , Van Veldhoven Marc J.P.M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTitle.  The development and validation of the On‐the‐job Learning Styles Questionnaire for the Nursing Profession Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to develop and test the psychometric properties of the On‐the‐job Learning Style Questionnaire for the Nursing Profession.Background.  Although numerous questionnaires measuring learning styles have been developed, none are suitable for working environments. Existing instruments do not meet the requirements for use in workplace settings and tend to ignore the influence of different learning situations.Method.  The questionnaire was constructed using a situation–response design, measuring learning activities in different on‐the‐job learning situations. Content validity was ensured by basing the questionnaire on interview studies. The questionnaire was distributed to 912 Registered Nurses working in different departments of 13 general hospitals in the Netherlands at the end of 2005.Findings.  The response rate was 41% (372 questionnaires). The internal factor structure of the questionnaire was partly based on the learning activities in which nurses participate and partly on the learning situation in which they are performed. The internal consistency was good. The situation–response design of the questionnaire demonstrated its added value. Construct validity was estimated using intercorrelations between the scales, and criterion validity was estimated based on the relationships of the scales with perceived professional competence.Conclusion.  The On‐the‐job Learning Styles Questionnaire for the Nursing Profession is well suited to describing nurses’ learning styles in on‐the‐job settings and has satisfactory psychometric properties.
The impact of social factors on tuberculosis management
Authors: Craig G.M. , Booth H. , Story A. , Hayward A. , Hall J. , Goodburn A. , Zumla A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTitle. The impact of social factors on tuberculosis managementAim. This paper is a report of a study to examine the impact of social factors on the management of tuberculosis including engagement with services, hospitalization and extended treatment.Background. Rates of tuberculosis in major European cities have increased greatly in the last 10 years. The changing epidemiology of the disease, concentrated in marginalized groups, presents new challenges to the control of tuberculosis.Methods. A prospective cohort study of 250 newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients was conducted in London between January 2003 and January 2005. Data were collected by means of a risk assessment tool and from medical records. Outcome measures included missed appointments, frequency and duration of hospitalization and length of treatment.Results. The median age of the study sample was 33·82 (range 16·4–92·5) and 56·8% were male. Thirty‐two per cent were hostel/street homeless or temporarily sharing accommodation with friends or relatives. Thirty‐nine per cent were in receipt of welfare benefits and 13·2% had no income. Over a third anticipated difficulties taking their medicines and 30·3% had noone to remind them of this. Increased hospitalization was associated with hostel/street homelessness, drug or alcohol use and having noone to remind them to take their medicines (allP ≤ 0·01). Missed appointments were associated with drug/alcohol use and previous tuberculosis treatment. Extended treatment was also associated with drug/alcohol use; previous tuberculosis treatment, drug resistance and those anticipating difficulties taking medication (allP ≤ 0·001).Conclusions. The development of a social outreach model of care with an emphasis on prevention and support is an essential aspect of modern, international tuberculosis care.
Image: changing how women nurses think about themselves. Literature review
Authors: Fletcher Karen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTitle. Image: changing how women nurses think about themselves. Literature reviewAim. This paper presents a review of the public and professional images of nursing in the literature and explores nurse image in the context of Strasen's self‐image model.Background. Nurses have struggled since the 1800s with the problem of image. What is known about nurses’ image is from the perspective of others: the media, public or other healthcare professionals. Some hints of how nurses see themselves can be found in the literature that suggests how this image could be improved.Method. A literature review for all dates up to 2006 was undertaken using PubMed, Medline and CINAHL databases. Additional references were identified from this literature. Sentinel articles and books were manually searched to identify key concepts. Search words used were nurse, nursing, image and self‐image. The findings were examined using the framework of Strasen's self‐image model.Findings. Public image appears to be intimately intertwined with nurse image. This creates the boundaries that confine and construct the image of nursing. As a profession, nurses do not have a very positive self‐image nor do they think highly of themselves.Conclusion. Individually, each nurse has the power to shape the image of nursing. However, nurses must also work together to change the systems that perpetuate negative stereotypes of nurses’ image.
Which factors are associated with a successful outcome in a weight management programme for obese children?
Authors: Sabin Matthew A. , Ford Anna , Hunt Linda , Jamal Riyaz , Crowne Elizabeth C. , Shield Julian P. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims and objective  To identify factors important in determining whether an obese child achieves significant reductions in Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score (BMI SDS) within a UK, hospital‐based paediatric obesity service aimed at lifestyle modification.Design  Observational Study.Subjects  137 obese children (63 boys) who have attended our childhood obesity service within the last three and a half years at The Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK.Measurements  BMI SDS with a target reduction of – 0.5 or greater.Results  70% of children achieved reductions in BMI SDS with 18% achieving the target reduction. In those attending the clinic for a year or more the levels improved to 83% and 28% respectively. Age was found to be the most important predictor with younger children achieving larger reductions in BMI SDS. More boys than girls were likely to achieve target reductions in BMI SDS and those without a parental history of obesity were more likely to achieve greater reductions in BMI SDS. Socio‐economic status did not appear to impact upon the child’s level of success.Conclusions  In families of obese children, motivated to seek help by attending a hospital‐based weight control clinic, improvements in BMI are possible by a simple approach of education and continued support. Improvement is greatest in younger children with maximal benefit being seen in boys without a parental history of obesity. We believe this emphasizes the importance of identifying significant obesity in primary school aged children, who seem most likely to benefit from simple lifestyle modification, while many older children may require additional intervention programmes to improve BMI.
Bridging the gap between clinical practice and diagnostic clinical epidemiology: pilot experiences with a didactic model based on a logarithmic scale
Authors: Van den Ende Jef , Bisoffi Zeno , Van Puymbroek Hugo , Van der Stuyft Patrick , Van Gompel Alfons , Derese Anselm , Lynen Lutgarde , Moreira Juan , Janssen Paul Adriaan Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRationale  From general practitioners to academic staff, clinicians continue to have difficulties in applying clinical epidemiology in their everyday work. They do not fully understand the logical rules behind the numbers and they do not recognize these rules in their work. We present a new model where the pre‐test and the post‐test probabilities are converted to log10 of odds, and the likelihood ratio (LR) to its own log10.Methods  Following Bayes’ theorem, adding the log10LR to the log10 pre‐test odds gives the log10 post‐test odds, which can easily be represented on a logarithmic scale. In addition, by rounding the log10LR to half the unit, we create classes of discriminative power of tests, close to intuitive estimation. This model generates also a user‐friendly diagram, adding considerably to the understanding of Bayes’ theorem. We evaluated the effect of the rounding, the current use of the classical model and the acceptability of the new model.Results  Rounding 10 disease characteristics to half the unit gives an absolute error of less than half a unit. After six explanations of Bayes’ theorem, only 6/16 medical students were capable of answering simple questions about predictive value. When asked about weight of disease characteristics, no one of the 50 clinicians mentioned sensitivity, specificity, predictive value or LR. With the new model, more than 80% of trainees found medical decision making easier to understand and recognized the theory in their practice.Conclusions  We conclude that our model of diagnostic clinical epidemiology offers a logical environment for an easy and rapid assessment of the evolution of disease probability with consecutive tests, providing a scientific format for ‘qualitative’ clinical estimations.
Spontaneous deletions and reciprocal translocations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: influence of ploidy
Authors: Tourrette Yves , Schacherer Joseph , Fritsch Emilie , Potier Serge , Souciet Jean‐Luc , De Montigny Jacky 
Published: May 2007

SummaryStudying spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements throws light on the rules underlying the genome reshaping events occurring in eukaryotic cells, which are part of the evolutionary process. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, translocation and deletion processes have been frequently described in haploids, but little is known so far about these processes at the diploid level. Here we investigated the nature and the frequency of the chromosomal rearrangements occurring at this ploidy level. Using a positive selection screen based on a particular mutated allele of the URA2 gene, spontaneous diploid revertants were selected and analysed. Surprisingly, the diploid state was found to be correlated with a decrease in chromosome rearrangement frequency, along with an increase in the complexity of the rearrangements occurring in the target gene. The presence of short DNA tandem repeat sequences seems to be a key requirement for deletion and reciprocal translocation processes to occur in diploids. After discussing the differences between the haploid and diploid levels, some mechanisms possibly involved in chromosome shortening and arm exchange are suggested.