bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Maynard Alan , Kennan Patricia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper examines economic aspects of alcohol abuse, particularly the social costs of alcohol abuse and the taxation of alcohol. The social costs section reviews the available literature and sets out the relevant costs, discussing how the work could be extended and improved. The next section explains the economic rationale behind the taxation of alcohol and its relationship to social costs. The paper then examines the effects of alcohol taxation on consumption and how this link is estimated. Some estimates are given from the literature showing how changes in the price of alcohol and in incomes can affect consumption. The paper concludes that there is much research work to be done on the economic aspects of alcohol abuse.
Estimating the Yield to Smokers of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide from the ‘Lowest Yield’Ventilated Filter‐Cigarettes
Authors: Kozlowski Lynn T. , Rickert W. S. , Pope M. A. , Robinson J. C. , Frecker Richard C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe behavioural misuse of low‐yield, ventilated‐filter cigarettes is evaluated in two studies. The first reports the results of interviews with 46 low‐yield smokers. Fifty‐two per cent admitted to having blocked the ventilation holes on these cigarettes at some time with either lips, fingers, or tape. Although only three smokers admitted blocking the holes at the present time, 41 per cent (of the 39 who were observed smoking) gave evidence (by direct observation and by inspection of characteristic stain patterns on the filter) of currently blocking the holes. Study 2 demonstrates, using a modified smoking‐machine assay (a 2.4 sec., 47 ml puff, with a 44 sec. interval, vent‐holes blocked), how much tar, nicotine, and CO an average smoker might derive from the lowest‐yield cigarettes in the U.K., Canada, and the U.S. In comparison to standard assays, tar increases from 15‐ to 39‐fold, nicotine from 8‐ to 19‐fold and CO from 10‐ to 43‐fold. Smokers should be advised of the risks of blocking the holes of ventilated‐filter cigarettes and taught how to detect whether they are doing it. The construction of low‐yield cigarettes that will ensure low yields to smokers requires careful attention to the behaviour of smokers.
Harmonisation Policies in the European Community and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Maynard Alan , O'Brien Bernard 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the effects of the implementation of the Treaty of Rome on the use and abuse of alcohol. The effects of the Commission's internal market and competition policies are to remove barriers to the trade in alcoholic beverages across the Community. One outcome of this process is that competition is increased and prices stabilised or reduced. The process of tax harmonisation policy is also likely to affect prices. We examine the attempts by the Commission, starting in 1972, to harmonise excise duties and we present estimates of the likely effects of this policy on prices. We predict that the most likely option will raise alcohol consumption by reducing the price of wine.Policy decisions are compartmentalised in any bureaucracy. The effects of this in the E.E.C. is that the effects of economic policies on alcohol abuse are, seemingly, ignored. The price of economic integration would appear to be increased social costs from alcohol abuse. Is this the wish of policy makers and citizens?
Indicators of Alcohol Consumption: Comparisons Between a Questionnaire (Mm‐MAST), Interviews and Serum γ‐Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in a Health Survey of Middle‐aged Males
Authors: Kristenson Hans , Trell Erik 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA questionnaire consisting of nine questions about drinking habits was used in a preventive programme for middle‐aged males in Malmo. With a cut‐off point of two yes‐answers to the questions, 66% of a group of heavy drinkers, 73 % of all registered alcoholics and 90% of not previously identified alcoholics were identified. Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), used as an indicator of heavy alcohol consumption in the screening, was a poor instrument for the detection of alcoholism in the same population, assigning correctly only 35%. In combination, the two tests identified 82% of all registered alcoholics, and 97% of the alcoholics who were registered in the period following the screening investigation. Thus Mm‐MAST is a useful screening test for alcoholism in medical screening examinations and may successfully be used in combination with biochemical tests.
A Comparative Study of the Amount of Smoke Absorbed From Low Yield (‘Less Hazardous’) Cigarettes.
Authors: Robinson J. C. , Young J. C. , Rickert W. S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty‐two smokers (≥20 cigarettes per day with an average nominal nicotine delivery of .96 mg) were split randomly into treatment (16 subjects) and control (6 subjects) groups. During the first two‐week period (P1), all subjects smoked their usual brand. For the next three weeks (P2) the treatment group switched to a cigarette averaging .64 mg, while the control group switched to another brand within ± .1 mg of their usual brand. During the last three weeks (P3) the treatment group switched to a still lower vented cigarette (.38 mg nicotine) while the control group switched to another brand again having a nominal delivery within ± .1 mg of their usual brand.Both treatment and control groups were dissatisfied with their substitute brands suggesting that the dissatisfaction may be to the act of switching cigarettes rather than to any decrease in cigarette yield.The non‐invasive exposure measures employed (average number of cigarettes per day, daily mouth level nicotine intake, butt length, expired air carbon monoxide and saliva thiocyanate) demonstrated that the almost complete compensation of the treatment group was achieved with a combination of increased cigarette consumption, smoking intensity and depth of inhalation.Thus, the assumed health advantage for relatively heavy smokers switching to lower delivery cigarettes is largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate.
Parathyroid Activity in Alcoholics
Authors: Johnell Olof , Kristensson Hans , Nilsson Bo E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFourteen alcoholics were tested as they were admitted to hospital because of alcohol intoxication. Their serum calcium level was low and their parathyroid hormone activity high ‐ the difference was not quite significant. However, after on average 10 days of abstinence the serum calcium level increased and the parathyroid hormone activity decreased, both significantly.
The 1978 Strike at the Norwegian Wine and Spirits Monopoly
Authors: Horverak Ø. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the autumn of 1978 the workers at the Norwegian Wine and Spirits Monopoly went on strike. The strike lasted nine weeks. The result of the strike was a complete standstill in the deliveries of alcoholic beverages to the Monopoly's retail outlets and to licensed premises. All through the strike beer was on sale as usual. The most striking effect of the strike was the rather rapid adjustment to the new supply conditions. For most people the strike did not have any effects on the quantity consumed. The consumption of a little group of alcoholics, however, was strongly affected. The strike affected offences which for a large part are executed by far‐gone alcoholics, especially skid‐row residents. However, the strike did not seem to have had any similar demonstrable effect on offences which do not so strongly correlate with the alcohol consumption among skid‐row types.
Marital Histories of Women whose First Husbands were Alcoholic or Antisocial
Authors: DeBlois C. Susan , Stewart Mark A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDetailed marital histories were taken from the mothers of 112 boys attending a child psychiatry clinic. 56 of these women had first been married to alcoholic or antisocial men, while another 56 had never married such men; these groups were compared. The former women were less well educated, had more often worked, tended to have unskilled jobs, and had lower socioeconomic status. They had married at an earlier age, after knowing their future husbands for a shorter time; they less often cited mutual affection as the reason for marrying. Their marriages were more often marred by separations and physical abuse, and more often broke down. The women whose first husbands were alcoholic or antisocial divided into four roughly equal groups: those who stayed married to their original husbands; those who divorced and did not remarry; those who divorced and married other antisocial or alcoholic men; and those who divorced and married men who did not have these problems. Other facets of the marital histories of women in these subgroups seemed to differ.
Employee Assistance Programming: In Search of Effective Interventions for the Problem‐Drinking Employee
Authors: Walker Keith , Shain Martin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA critical review is made of traditional approaches to occupationally‐based alcoholism programmes (Employee Assistance Programmes: E.A.Ps). Methodological problems in E.A.P. research are briefly reviewed and major conceptual, ethical and practical difficulties underlying E.A.P. implementation are identified. Suggestions for improving the efficacy and efficiency of E.A.Ps include: (i) the integration of alcoholism services with more effective systems of employee performance‐management and (ii) the extension of E.A.Ps to include interventions aimed at the‘non‐alcoholic’problem‐drinking employee.
Behavioural Patterns of Alcohol Use Among Young Adults in Britain and Zimbabwe
Authors: Chambwe A. , Slade P. D. , Dewey M. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA survey of drinking and drug behaviour of two samples of university students was conducted, one from Britain and one Zimbabwe. Quantities and frequencies of consumption, preferred beverages and frequencies of drinking in various contexts were elicited. Comparing the samples, Zimbabwean students drank less frequently than British students but become intoxicated more often. While smoking and illicit drug use were associated in both samples, drinking was a poor predictor of these behaviours. The case for there being a deviant sub‐group who engage in all three behaviours is not supported by these data.
A Follow‐up Study of Adolescent Glue‐Sniffers in Japan
Authors: Suwaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA follow‐up study was conducted on 64 glue‐sniffing adolescents who had previously visited a child consultation center. Family backgrounds were deprived with much early separation. Many parents adopted a‘hands‐off policy in bringing up their children. School records were poor and many subjects showed signs of delinquent behavior. At follow‐up (mean 6.9 years) the recent adjustment of 42 cases (65.6 %) was examined in detail. Of these, 29 cases were evaluated as well adjusted, 2 cases as intermediate and 11 cases as poorly adjusted. Six cases had experienced glue‐sniffing and three had used amphetamine in the past year. Prognostic factors are difficult to identify.
Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service
Authors: Webster Charles 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPioneer researches concerning the connection between the smoking addiction and lung cancer provided the National Health Service with its first major test in the field of preventive medicine. It is instructive in examine how this problem was handled in the period 1950 to 1962. The NHS legislation of 1946 envisaged that the new service would take on an active preventive rote and that it would respond flexibly to new demands. At the heart of the new central administration was an elaborate professional advisory machinery designed precisely for the purpose of ensuring prompt response to new needs.The connection between smoking and lung cancer became a live issue in the immediate post‐war period through the researches of Kennaway sponsored by the British Empire Research Campaign. This work was carried to a striking conclusion in the epidemiological context by Doll and Hill in 1950. Subsequent investigations strongly supported their conclusions.Within the Ministry of Health smoking and lung cancer was the prerogative of the Cancer Standing Advisory Committee for which this problem was an uncongenial side issue. Positive action was precluded by strong objections within the Cancer SAC to ‘cancer education’. A vociferous minority within the advisory structure campaigned to generate a more positive attitude, but once formed there was great reluctance to modify, let alone reverse, medical policy decisions. Eventually the unresponsive Cancer SAC was by‐passed. The mart prestigious and broadly based Medical SAC and the Central Health Services Council gradually awoke to the importance of this issue. Crucial to keeping this issue alive was the increasing publicity in the press which resulted in persistent parliamentary questioning.Complete conversion was rendered more difficult by virtue of lack of sympathy of Ministers and officials within the Ministry of Health. MRC generally supported the work of Doll and Hill, but a strongly positive and independent line would have prejudiced relations with the Ministry of Health. A distinct change in the official attitude awaited the 1962 report of the Royal College of Physicians, after which further procrastination seemed inadmissible. But even then, after 12 years of inactivity, the National Health Service was not mobilized to make smoking and health a major issue on its agenda.
Under the Microscope Yet Again: A Commentary on Walker and Roach's Critique of the Dickens Committee's Enquiry into our Research
Authors: Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this issue, Walker and Roach present their critique of the Dickens Committee's investigation of our research. In their critique, Walker and Roach confound criticism of the Dickens Committee with criticism of the study ‘Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics’. We respond to the specific issues raised to demonstrate the misconceptions, and erroneous assumptions upon which Walker and Roach base their critique. The alcohol field will not be advanced by polemics.
The Risks of Drunkenness (or, Ebrietas Resurrecta) A Comparison of Frequent Intoxication Indices and of Population Sub‐Groups as to Problem Risks
Authors: Knupfer Genevieve 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData from nine population samples are combined in order to compare different population sub‐groups as to prevalence of drinking problems among high “frequency of intoxication” drinkers. Various indicators of frequent intoxication and of drinking problems are presented and discussed. Suggestions are made as to fewer, simpler questions about drinking and as to better ways of studying problem risks.
Can Accurate Drinking Histories be Obtained from Psychiatric Patients by a Nurse Conducting Screening Interviews?
Authors: Bernardt M. W. , Mumford J. , Murray R. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThree hundred and eighty‐five psychiatric patients were screened by a nurse for alcohol‐related problems, and a representative 112 were re‐interviewed in a ‘blind’ fashion by a psychiatrist using either (a) the same screening interview, or (b) a much more detailed history schedule. Reliability measures between the two screening interviews were high for alcohol consumption as well as the Brief MAST, CAGE, and Reich tests. Similarly the more detailed ‘validity’ interview produced closely correlated estimates of alcohol consumption. Agreement was less good for women than men and for drinking in the month, as opposed to the year, before admission. The Brief MAST, CA GE, or Reich screening tests could usefully be incorporated into the routine nursing interview at first contact with psychiatric patients.
Secondary Prevention of Alcoholism and the Centres D'Hygiène Alimentaire
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFrance has invested in a mode of secondary prevention for alcoholism, the Centres d'Hygiene Alimentaire (C.H.A.). Early problem drinkers detected in industry, general hospitals, by social services, and drinking/driving offenders are referred for assessment and advice. The approach is medical. Among drinking/driving offenders in Soissons, a majority attend the C.H.A. and a majority of attenders return for follow‐up. A randomized, controlled outcome study has not been performed, but the results of the Soissons C.H.A. are promising, as are some early results in two other projects.
The Relationship Between Coping Behaviours, their Effectiveness and Alcoholism Relapse and Survival
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg Michelle , Jackson Paul 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a Principal Components analysis of the Effectiveness of Coping Behaviours Inventory (ECBI) administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with the results of the Coping Behaviours Inventory (CBI) administered to the same sample and also compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different sample 5years ago. The results indicate that the factor structure of the ECBI and CBI are similar. The four factors emerging from the present study, accounting for 59 per cent of the variance were:1. Positive Thinking2. Negative Thinking3. Avoidance/Distraction4. Seeking Social SupportsWhile the scores on the CBI at intake did not discriminate between subsequent relapsers and survivors, the factor scores on the ECBI at intake on ‘Positive Thinking’ and ‘Avoidance/Distraction’ were found to be predictive of subsequent outcome 6 to 12 months later. The clinical implications are discussed in terms of coping strategies for relapse prevention treatment.
Under the Microscope Yet Again: A Commentary on Walker and Roach's Critique of the Dickens Committee's Enquiry into our Research
Authors: Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this issue, Walker and Roach present their critique of the Dickens Committee's investigation of our research. In their critique, Walker and Roach confound criticism of the Dickens Committee with criticism of the study‘Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics'. We respond to the specific issues raised to demonstrate the misconceptions, and erroneous assumptions upon which Walker and Roach base their critique. The alcohol field will not be advanced by polemics.
Can Accurate Drinking Histories be Obtained from Psychiatric Patients by a Nurse Conducting Screening Interviews?
Authors: Bernardt M. W. , Mumford J. , Murray R. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThree hundred and eighty‐five psychiatric patients were screened by a nurse for alcohol‐related problems, and a representative 112 were re‐interviewed in a ‘blind’ fashion by a psychiatrist using either (a) the same screening interview, or (b) a much more detailed history schedule. Reliability measures between the two screening interviews were high for alcohol consumption as well as the Brief MAST, CAGE, and Reich tests. Similarly the more detailed ‘validity’ interview produced closely correlated estimates of alcohol consumption. Agreement was less good for women than men and for drinking in the month, as opposed to the year, before admission. The Brief MAST, CAGE, or Reich screening tests could usefully be incorporated into the routine nursing interview at first contact with psychiatric patients.
Effect of Nicotine Replacement on the Cigarette Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: West R. J. , Jarvis M. J. , Russell M. A. H. , Carruthers M. E. , Feyerabend C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome was investigated in 48 smokers, who were randomly allocated to chew either 2 mg or. 5 mg nicotine gum over 24 hours of cigarette abstinence. Characteristic withdrawal symptoms were observed on the low dose (.5 mg) gum: i.e. increased irritability, depression, restlessness, dizziness and hunger, and decreased ability to concentrate, sociability and composure when in company. In addition there was a drop in heart rate and urinary adrenaline excretion. The 2 mg gum alleviated problems of irritability, depression, and difficulties related to social interaction but not hunger or ability to concentrate. It also reduced the drop in heart rate from 14.9 to 9.7 bpm. The results support the view that nicotine deprivation per se plays a significant role in certain withdrawal effects.
Alcohol and Brain Damage
Authors: Tuck R. R. , Brew B. J. , Britton A. M. , Loewy J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this review, two forms of alcohol‐related brain damage and their possible pathogenesis are discussed. These are the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholic dementia.There is little doubt that thiamine deficiency is the factor responsible for Wernicke's encephalopathy. However, additional factors might play a role in the development of Korsakoff's psychosis. Many cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy are undiagnosed by clinicians whose awareness of the various manifestations of this disease needs to be increased. Thiamine deficiency may lead to brain damage by blocking the oxidative metabolism of glucose, ammo acids and fatty acids. There is no definite evidence that marginal thiamine deficiency causes disease. Certain individuals may be especially prone to the effects of thiamine deficiency for genetic reasons.There is clearly a spectrum of mental impairment in alcoholics which cannot be attributed to thiamine deficiency. Some of these abnormalities correlate with the neuroradiological and pathological signs of cerebral atrophy. Mental impairment and atrophy in alcoholics are partly reversible with abstinence. Alcohol itself might be neurotoxic which would explain some of these phenomena.
A Multivariate Analysis of Psychological, Clinical and CT Scanning Measures in Detoxified Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Acker W. , Ron M. A. , Lishman W. A. , Shaw G. K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPsychological, clinical, and CT scanning measures of 100 detoxified male alcoholics and 50 controls are reported. There were statistically significant group differences in psychological and CT scanning measures. However, individual differences in premorbid intelligence accounted for more of the variance in psychological performance than did clinical data (drinking history) or CT scanning measures. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
Alcohol Policy in a Crisis Situation
Authors: Wald Ignacy , Moskalewicz Jacek 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe impact of the 1980 political crisis on Polish drinking is described. Alcohol prices began to rise, temporary prohibition was introduced and the military government felt it necessary to take a number of active steps to deal with excessive drinking. Long queues began to appear at liquor shops, and in late 1981 liquor rationing was introduced. All these forces combined to produce a dramatic fall in consumption. In July 1982 alcohol rationing began to be lifted. Together these events provide an interesting example of a‘natural experiment', illustrating the effects of multiple and acute social measures and social change on population drinking.
Addiction Control Policies or There's no Such Thing as a Free Lunch
Authors: Maynard Alan , Powell Melanie 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper sets out the characteristics of the basic economic approach to evaluating addiction control policy. It emphasises the importance of costing policy prior to implementation in an attempt to highlight the waste of resources which can result from ad hoc policy choice. Every policy choice is taken at the cost of another and if such costs are evaluated and minimised, limited funds can be spent most efficiently. The example used is the cost to the health of Europeans from EEC market controls such as the Common Agricultural Policy wine policy. These and similar costs must be considered if recent moves to set up an EEC Health Policy are to be fulfilled.