bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basics of effective erosion control in German agriculture
Authors: Deumlich Detlef , Funk Roger , Frielinghaus Monika , Schmidt Walter‐Alexander , Nitzsche Olaf 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPresent research in Germany on water, wind, and tillage erosion is examined. Existing soil‐protection strategies, laws, and guidelines are outlined. These are the result of extensive scientific investigations and the adoption of existing international knowledge. The most common methodologies currently used in Germany are reviewed. They allow an estimation of the water‐ and wind‐erosion risks as well as methods for their reduction. The results enable an aim‐orientated, site‐specific, risk‐adequate approach to implementing control measures in an easily understood framework. The most important remaining research problems are explained.
Effect of short‐term anaerobic conditions on the production of volatiles, activity of alcohol acetyltransferase and other quality traits of ripened bananas
Authors: Wendakoon Sumithra K , Ueda Yoshinori , Imahori Yoshihiro , Ishimaru Megumi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractYellow, ripened (yellow with green tips) bananas were treated with nitrogen gas for 12, 24 and 48 h at 20 °C to study the effects of anaerobic conditions on the fruit quality, including the production of volatile compounds and activity of alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) during the post‐harvest period. Significantly higher concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol were found in the treated fruit than in the untreated bananas after removal from the conditions. The 48‐h treatment showed higher levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde after storage. Immediately after releasing the fruit from the anaerobic atmosphere, the amounts of isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate decreased. The production of ethyl acetate increased markedly in each treatment unit 1 day after removing the fruit. Regardless of recovery from the production of isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate 1 day after treatment, the banana‐like aroma was denatured because of the production of high levels of ethyl acetate and ethanol. The increase in AAT was slightly lower in nitrogen‐treated fruit than untreated fruit. However, the activity in treated fruit was sufficient for ester production in bananas. The endogenous alcohol levels were increased during nitrogen gas treatment in the fruit due to the inhibition of ester production. Colour development of the bananas was greatly inhibited by the treatments, while the sugar content did not show any differences between the treated and untreated fruit. The results suggest that, even if bananas are removed from the short‐term anaerobic conditions, a loss in quality, except sweetness, easily occurs afterwards, especially the characteristic aroma of the fruit during the post‐harvest period. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the in vitro metabolism of isoflavones by fecal flora from human flora‐associated mice and human
Authors: Tamura Motoi , Saitoh Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecently there has been great interest in the biological effects of equol (4′,7‐dihydroxyisoflavan), a metabolite of daidzein produced by intestinal flora. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of daidzein, daidzin and genistein by fecal flora, in human flora‐associated (HFA) mice and a human donor was investigated. The in vitro incubation of feces with isoflavones demonstrated that the potential for equol production had been successfully transferred from human feces to HFA mice. The average equol concentrations were higher in feces from HFA mice than in those from their donor. In both HFA mice and their donor, the fecal equol production from daidzin was comparable to that from daidzein. The results suggest that daidzin would be an effective substrate for bacterial equol production in vivo. The HFA mice produced in these experiments and maintained in an isolated environment might also be useful for investigating the biological activity of equol in detail. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the human optic nerve: Pilot study in normal controls
Authors: Wheeler‐Kingshott C.A.M. , Trip S.A. , Symms M.R. , Parker G.J.M. , Barker G.J. , Miller D.H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the optic nerve (ON) was acquired in normal controls using zonally oblique multislice (ZOOM) DTI, which excites a small field of view (FOV) using a fast sequence with a shortened EPI echo train. This combines the benefit of low sensitivity to motion (due to the single‐shot acquisition used), with the additional advantage of reduced sensitivity to magnetic field susceptibility artifacts. Reducing the bright signal from the fat and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the nerve are key requirements for the success of the presented method. Measurements of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) indices were made in a coronal section of the middle portion of the optic nerve (ON) in the right (rON) and left (lON) ONs. The average values across 10 healthy volunteers were FArON = 0.64 ± 0.09 and FAlON = 0.57 ± 0.10, and MDrON = (1173 ± 227) × 10−6 mm2 s−1 and MDlON = (1266 ± 170) × 10−6 mm2 s−1. Measurements of the principal eigenvalue of the DT and its orthogonal component were also in agreement with those expected from a highly directional structural organization. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medizinische Chemie der Diuretika: Entwicklung einer erfolgreichen Wirkstoffgruppe
Authors: Brunschweiger Andreas , Müller Christa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiuretika sind nicht nur aus der Sicht des Klinikers, sondern auch aus der des medizinischen Chemikers eine interessante Arzneistoffklasse. Historisch gesehen sind sie ein Paradebeispiel für die erfolgreiche Entwicklung hochwirksamer Arzneistoffe – ausgehend von Leitstrukturen, deren diuretische Wirkung zufällig entdeckt worden war. Nach Jahrzehnten der Stagnation auf diesem Gebiet werden zur Zeit neue Diuretika mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und teilweise neuartigen Wirkungsmechanismen entwickelt.
Diuretika bei Hypertonie und Herzinsuffizienz: Wirkmechanismen und Therapieschemata
Authors: Cremers Bodo , Böhm Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiuretika haben einen festen Stellenwert in der Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie sowie der Herzinsuffizienz. Die Effektivität in der Verhinderung hochdruckassoziierter Folgeschäden (Primärprävention) ist seit langem belegt und der Einsatz von Diuretika bei Herzinsuffizienz ist fester Bestandteil der symptomatischen Therapie. Erst seit wenigen Jahren sind auch prognostische Vorteile durch Aldosteronantagonisten für herzinsuffiziente Patienten bekannt. Durch die positiven Ergebnisse der RALES‐ und der EPHESUS‐Studie ist diese Substanzgruppe in der Behandlung der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz mittlerweile unverzichtbar.
Sequenzielle Nephronblockade: Zusatznutzen von Diuretika‐Kombinationen
Authors: Knauf Heinrich , Mutschler Ernst 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDie nach klinischer Indikation gewählte Kombination verschiedener Diuretika‐Klassen mit konsekutiver Hemmung verschiedener tubulärer Transportmechanismen wird als “sequenzielle Nephronblockade” bezeichnet. Wie pharmakologische Studien belegen, wird sie den pathophysiologischen Veränderungen besser gerecht als die hoch‐dosierte Monotherapie.
Diuretika zur Therapie von Ödemen: Wenn sich das Wasser staut
Authors: Ritz Eberhard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAus unterschiedlichen Gründen kann es zu massiven Flüssigkeitseinlagerungen im Subkutangewebe kommen. In extremen Fällen kann das zu Aszites oder Lungenödem führen. Nicht in allen Fällen ist eine Behandlung mit Diuretika nötig und sinnvoll.
Wirtschaftliche Aspekte der Therapie mit Diuretika. Einsparungen möglich?
Authors: Luippold Gerd , Oßwald Hartmut 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWährend der Umsatz für Fertigarzneimittel in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) im Jahre 2003 den bisherigen Höchstwert von 24,1 Mrd. Euro erreichte, ging im darauf folgenden Jahr der Arzneimittelumsatz um 10,2 % auf 21,7 Mrd. Euro zurück. Die 20 verordnungsstärksten Indikationsgruppen des Jahres 2004 machen 81,9 % der gesamten Verordnungen und 70,7 % des Umsatz‐ bzw. Kostenvolumens aus, wobei die Diuretika auf Platz 11 zu finden sind.
Klinisch‐pharmazeutische Beratung bei der Diuretikatherapie: Beitrag der Apotheke
Authors: Goebel Ralf , Schulz Martin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiuretika zählen zu den wichtigsten Pharmaka zur Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie, Herzinsuffizienz und zur Behandlung kardialer, hepatischer und renaler Ödeme. Die Verordnungshäufigkeit, die Notwendigkeit einer längerfristigen Anwendung, die unerwünschten Wirkungen und Risiken, das Interaktionspotenzial sowie das Ausmaß und die Folgen einer mangelhaften Patienten‐Compliance bei Diuretika erfordern umfassende Informationen und individuelle Beratungshinweise, die im Rahmen einer professionellen Pharmazeutischen Betreuung vermittelt werden sollten.
Ellagitannine als Topoisomerase‐II‐Hemmstoffe
Authors: Bennack E. , Holzgrabe U. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNachdem schon dem in Rotwein vorkommenden Resveratrol lebensverlängernde Eigenschaften zugeschrieben werden, fand eine Forschergruppe um Stephane Quideaux vom Research Center for Molecular Chemistry der Universität Bordeaux nun heraus, dass grundsätzlich Wein, der in Eichenfässern lagert, bioaktive Komponenten enthält, die stärkere Topoisomerase‐II‐Inhibitoren sein sollen als das in der Krebstherapie eingesetzte Etoposid.
Klotho: eine Glykosidase, die den Alterungsprozess bremst
Authors: Götz Regina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBenannt nach der griechischen Göttin, die den Lebensfaden spinnt, ist Klotho eine Glykosidase, die den Alterungsprozess bremst. Wie Klotho dem Altern entgegenwirkt, war bislang weitgehend im Dunkeln geblieben. Mit der Entdeckung eines Targets von Klotho sind Wissenschaftler in den Niederlanden nun dem Wirkungsmechanismus von Klotho auf die Spur gekommen.
Tod eines Superagonisten
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Winckler Thomas , Zündorf Ilse 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAnfang des Jahres ging es durch die Presse: Bei einer klinischen Studie eines therapeutischen Antikörpers an sechs freiwilligen Probanden mussten alle Mitglieder der Verum‐Gruppe kurz nach Verabreichung des Wirkstoffs mit schwerem Multiorganversagen auf der Intensivstation behandelt werden. Schuld war TGN1412, ein vermeintlich “simpler” Antikörper, wie es schon etliche als Therapeutika auf dem Markt gibt, der sich dann aber doch insofern von den etablierten Antikörpern abhob, als er mit dem Attribut “Superagonist” belegt war.
Effect of rotational speed of twin screw extruder on the microstructure and rheological and mechanical properties of nanoclay‐reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Peltola Piia , Välipakka Elina , Vuorinen Jyrki , Syrjälä Seppo , Hanhi Kalle 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe morphology and rheological and mechanical properties of nanoclay‐reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites were investigated with aid of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo gravimetric analysis, rheometry, and mechanical tests. The organically modified silicate (montmorillonite) was used as a reinforcing material and maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene oligomer as a compatibilizer to improve the clay dispersion and adhesion. The object of the study was to examine the effect of screw speed of the co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder on the clay exfoliation and nanocomposite properties. Also, the effect of compatibilizing agent was taken into account. The main result of the study was that nanocomposites showed both intercalated and exfoliated structures depending on the screw speeds of extruder. TEM images revealed that the dispersion of silicate layers was greatly influenced by the screw speed. However, even when the silicate layers were highly exfoliated, there was no remarkable effect on mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:995–1000, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Efficient extraction of proteins from woody plant samples for two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Vâlcu Cristina‐Maria , Schlink Katja 
Published: June 2006

AbstractProtein extraction from plant samples is usually challenging due to the low protein content and high level of contaminants. Therefore, the 2‐DE pattern resolution is strongly influenced by the procedure of sample preparation. Efficient solubilization of proteins strictly depends on the chaotrope and detergent in the extraction buffer. Despite the large number of detergents that have been developed for the use in protein extraction and IEF, there is no single compound able to efficiently extract proteins from any source. Hence, optimization has to be performed for each type of sample. We tested several chaotrope/detergent combinations to achieve optimal solubilization and separation of proteins from Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.] needles and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaves and roots. The same chaotrope mixture (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea) was found to be suitable for the extraction and separation of proteins from all samples. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the surfactants tested varied between samples so that optimal extraction and separation was achieved with different detergents or combination of detergents for each sample. The 2‐DE separation of spruce needle proteins was optimal in a mixture of two zwitterionic detergents (2% CHAPS and 2% decyl dimethylammonio propanesulfonate). Beech proteins were best separated in buffers containing sugar‐based detergents (2% n‐octyl β‐D‐glucopiranoside in the case of leaf samples and 2% dodecyl maltoside for the root samples). IEF was performed in buffers with the same composition as the extraction buffer except for the root proteins that were better focused in a buffer containing 2% CHAPS.
Proteomic analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens response to the vir gene inducer acetosyringone
Authors: Lai Erh‐Min , Shih Hsiao‐Wei , Wen Sy‐Ray , Cheng Min‐Wen , Hwang Hau‐Hsuan , Chiu Shih‐Hua 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAgrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in a wide range of plants by transforming plants through the transfer and integration of its transferred DNA (T‐DNA) into the host genome. In the present study, we used two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis to examine the protein expression profiles of A. tumefaciens in response to the phenolic compound acetosyringone (AS), a known plant‐released virulence (vir) gene inducer. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 11 proteins consisting of 9 known AS‐induced Vir proteins and 2 newly discovered AS‐induced proteins, an unknown protein Y4mC (Atu6162) and a small heat shock protein HspL (Atu3887). Further expression analysis revealed that the AS‐induced expression of Y4mC and HspL is regulated by the VirA/VirG two‐component system. This report presents the first proteomics study successfully identifying both known and new AS‐induced proteins that are implicated in Agrobacterium virulence.
Investigation of the influence of the architectures of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymers made via the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates mechanism on the stabilization of suspension polymerizations
Authors: Nguyen T. L. Uyen , Eagles Kayleene , Davis Thomas P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLinear, star, and block copolymers based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were synthesized with the macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) process for use as potential stabilizers in suspension polymerization. The design of the leaving group of the dithioxanthate‐based transfer agent was shown to be key to the successful preparation of well‐defined PVP architectures. A linear correlation of the monomer conversion and molecular weight was found in the synthesis of star polymers, whereas the molecular weight distribution remained narrow (polydispersity index < 1.3). Significant side reactions, which typically broaden the molecular weight distribution when R‐designed MADIX agents are used, were absent. The living behavior of the PVP polymerization was furthermore confirmed via chain extension with vinyl acetate, which resulted in the formation of PVP–PVAc block copolymers [where PVAc is poly(vinyl acetate)]. The prepared polymers were used as stabilizers in suspension polymerization to prepare crosslinked poly(vinyl neodecanoate)/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate microspheres. The ratio of the interfacial tension of the aqueous and monomer phases and the overall viscosity were found to have an effect on the diameter of the particles, with PVP star polymers as stabilizers resulting in smaller particles. A smaller interfacial tension, measured when star polymers and block copolymers were used, resulted in the appearance of smaller particles, probably because of more breakup events of the monomer droplets and the enhanced stabilization of the particle surface area. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4372–4383, 2006
Kinetics of the batch cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene: A comparative study with the anionic case
Authors: Ramos Jose , Costoyas Álvaro , Forcada Jacqueline 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn in‐depth study on the kinetics of the cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene in a batch reactor is presented. This study is focused on the effect of the amount of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), using two different cationic initiators: 2,2′‐azobisisobutyramidine dihydrochloride (AIBA), 2,2′‐azobis (N,N′‐dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (ADIBA), on kinetics and colloidal features such as conversion, number of particles, number average of radicals per particle, mean particle diameter, and particle size distribution (PSD) of the polystyrene latices obtained by emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor. Furthermore, the results of the cationic emulsion polymerization were compared with its homologous anionic case. Using DTAB as cationic surfactant an expected increase in the total rate of polymerization was observed when the DTAB concentration increased. However, the total number of particles increased much more than in the anionic system. On the other hand, a dependence on the particle size of the rate of polymerization per particle together with the average number of radicals per particle was found. These differences between cationic and anionic emulsion polymerizations were explained taking into account the limited particle coagulation observed with cationic surfactants, and the high rate of radical formation of cationic initiators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4461–4478, 2006
Bimodal molecular weight distribution of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) formed by conventional free‐radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene in room temperature ionic liquids
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Jintao , Liu Zhengping 
Published: June 2006

AbstractConventional free‐radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and styrene (St) was realized in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]), under mild conditions. The copolymerization in RTILs was more rapid than that in traditional solvent DMF. Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) prepared in RTILs had higher molecular weight than that prepared in DMF or by bulk copolymerization. SAN with bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) were obtained in most of the reaction conditions in [Bmim][BF4] and some conditions in [Bmim][PF6]. By the analysis of reaction phenomena and fluorescence behavior, the reason of the difference in MWD could be attributed to the difference of reaction system compatibility mainly caused by the immiscibility of macromolecule with RTIL. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4420–4427, 2006
Dual roles of alkyl alcohols as syndiotactic‐specificity inducers and accelerators in the radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and some properties of syndiotactic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Hirano Tomohiro , Okumura Yuya , Kitajima Hiroko , Seno Makiko , Sato Tsuneyuki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of simple alkyl alcohols on the radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide in toluene at low temperatures were investigated. We succeeded in the induction of syndiotactic specificity and the acceleration of polymerization reactions at the same time by adding simple alkyl alcohols such as 3‐methyl‐3‐pentanol (3Me3PenOH) to N‐isopropylacrylamide polymerizations. The dyad syndiotacticity increased with a decrease in the temperature and an increase in the bulkiness of the added alcohol and reached up to 71% at −60 °C in the presence of 3Me3PenOH. With the assistance of NMR analysis, it was revealed that the alcohol compounds played dual roles in this polymerization system; an alcohol compound coordinating to the NH proton induced syndiotactic specificity, and that hydrogen‐bonded to the CO oxygen accelerated the polymerization reaction. The effect of syndiotacticity on the properties of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)s was also examined in some detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4450–4460, 2006
Novel aromatic polyamides and polyimides functionalized with 4‐tert‐butyltriphenylamine groups
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Chang Yu‐Min , Chen Hwei‐Wen , Liou Guey‐Sheng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new triphenylamine‐containing diamine monomer, 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐tert‐butyltriphenylamine, was successfully synthesized by the cesium fluoride‐mediated N,N‐diarylation of 4‐tert‐butylaniline with 4‐fluoronitrobenzene, followed by the reduction of the nitro group. The obtained diamine monomer was reacted with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids and tetracarboxylic dianhydrides to produce two series of novel triphenylamine‐based polyamides and polyimides with pendent tert‐butyl substituents. Most of the polymers were readily soluble in polar organic solvents, such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and could be solution cast into tough and flexible polymer films. These polymers showed high glass transition temperatures between 282 and 320 °C, and they were fairly stable up to a temperature above 450 °C (for polyamides) or 500 °C (for polyimides). These polymers exhibited UV absorption maxima around 308 to 361 nm. The photoluminescence spectra of the polyamides in DMAc exhibited a peak emission wavelength in the blue at 421–433 nm. Cyclic voltammograms of polyamides and polyimides showed an oxidation wave at 1.0–1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl in an acetonitrile solution. All the polyamides and polyimides exhibited excellent reversibility of electrochromic characteristics by continuous several cyclic scans between 0.0 and 1.1–1.3 V, with a color change from the original pale yellowish neutral form to the green or blue oxidized forms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4579–4592, 2006