bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Rural Areas Holdouts in the Second Demographic Transition? Evidence From Canada and the United States
Authors: Clark Shelley , Brooks Matthew M. , Helou Ann-Marie , Margolis Rachel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A central premise of the first demographic transition theory is that demographic change would occur more slowly in rural than urban areas. Few studies, however, have investigated whether rural areas remain holdouts during the second demographic transition. To address this gap, this study (1) examines trends among rural and urban families in Canada and the United States over a 30-year period and (2) determines whether compositional differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and religious factors explain current differences between rural and urban families. We find that rural Canadian women continue to have, on average, 0.6 more children than urban women. However, rural families do not trail behind urban families on any other indicator of family change. In fact, rural women in both countries are now significantly more likely to cohabit and roughly 10 percentage points more likely to have children outside of marriage than urban women. These differences are largely explained by lower levels of education and income among rural American women and fewer immigrants in rural Canada. Examining family change through a rural–urban lens fills important empirical gaps and yields novel insights into current debates on the fundamental causes of ongoing family change in high-income countries.
In silico study of the mechanisms of hypoxia and contractile dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion of hiPSC cardiomyocytes
Authors: Forouzandehmehr Mohamadamin , Paci Michelangelo , Hyttinen Jari , Koivumäki Jussi T. 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Interconnected mechanisms of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) has increased the interest in IR in vitro experiments using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). We developed a whole-cell computational model of hiPSC-CMs including the electromechanics, a metabolite-sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and an oxygen dynamics formulation to investigate IR mechanisms. Moreover, we simulated the effect and action mechanism of levosimendan, which recently showed promising anti-arrhythmic effects in hiPSC-CMs in hypoxia. The model was validated using hiPSC-CM and in vitro animal data. The role of SERCA in causing relaxation dysfunction in IR was anticipated to be comparable to its function in sepsis-induced heart failure. Drug simulations showed that levosimendan counteracts the relaxation dysfunction by utilizing a particular Ca2+-sensitizing mechanism involving Ca2+-bound troponin C and Ca2+ flux to the myofilament, rather than inhibiting SERCA phosphorylation. The model demonstrates extensive characterization and promise for drug development, making it suitable for evaluating IR therapy strategies based on the changing levels of cardiac metabolites, oxygen and molecular pathways.
Missed nursing care and stoma care: an Italian survey
Authors: Valenti Antonio , Ricotti Andrea , Rizzo Alessio , Zamprogno Mattia ,   The Missed Nursing Care AIOSS group
Published: March 2024

Background: In Italy, nursing research has paid special attention to ‘missed nursing care’. The studies carried out, varying in tools and settings, describe considerable percentages of missed care. In the field of stoma care, the phenomenon has not been investigated to date. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of missed nursing care (MNC) in the Italian ostomy patient population and the most relevant causes suggested for this by stoma care nurses. Design: Cross-sectional study. Method: The Italian version of the MISSCARE survey was used with some questions related to the stoma care pathway. The survey was targeted at hospitals in the country with dedicated services and/or pathways for ostomy patients, between February and April 2023. Findings: A total of 461 questionnaires were sent out, 214 (53.3%) were analysed. The majority of the participants were female (160, 76.2%), median age of 50 years (35.0–53.8). The most common qualification was a Bachelor's degree (n=117; 54.9%) and work experience in stoma care was more than 10 years in 95 cases (50.3%). Prominent instances of MNC were identified, with hand washing (score 4.6 out of 5), compilation of nursing documentation and hygiene/skin care (score 4.5 out of 5) and patient/family education (score 4.4 out of 5) emerging as the most prevalent. The most notable omissions in the stoma care process encompassed educational facets, clinical monitoring, a comprehensive discharge plan, and diligent follow-up. Among the most frequent reasons were staff shortages (score 3.1 out of 4), unsuitable nurse–patient ratios (score of 3 out of 4) and insufficient numbers of experienced stoma care personnel (score of 3 out of 4). Conclusion: A substantial number of basic and clinically relevant nursing interventions were perceived to be missed, and this may lead to an increase in negative outcomes for ostomy patients.
Comparative study of oncology patients’ quality of life
Authors: Meneguin Silmara , Pollo Camila Fernandes , Camargo Heloiza Thaís Felipe , Honório Heitor Marques , de Oliveira César 
Published: March 2024

Background: A cancer diagnosis has a significant impact on a person's life, both physically and emotionally. However, the oncology patients’ QoL (QoL) at different stages of the disease has been under investigated. Aim: To assess and compare the QoL in three groups of oncology patients. Methods: A comparative study was carried out in an outpatient care service at a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. Data collection involved the use of the Palliative Performance Scale and the McGill QoL Questionnaire. Results: Most participants were women, Catholic and living with a partner. The Palliative Performance Scale revealed a predominance of stable patients (score: ≥70 points). Overall, palliative care patients had lower QoL scores compared to the other groups (p<0.01). Conclusion: QoL was worse among palliative care patients. Advanced age, being in palliative care, and have a low-income were negatively associated with a patient's QoL.
Design of a monocapillary with an inner Al2O3/HfO2 multilayer to obtain focused monochromatic hard X-rays
Authors: Li Yanli , Lv Wensi , Kong Xiangdong , Zhao Huibin , Han Li 
Published: March 2024

An X-ray monocapillary with an inner multilayer can be a promising optical device to obtain focused monochromatic X-rays. A focused beam is acquired via controlling the shape of the monocapillary meanwhile monochromatic X-rays are screened out by the inside multilayer. For hard X-rays such as Cu-kα line 8.04 keV and Mo-kα line 17.44 keV, Al2O3/HfO2 is an effective material pair for the X-ray multilayer that can reflect the X-rays at an acceptable efficiency. In this work, four tapered-monocapillaries with inner Al2O3/HfO2 multilayers are designed to focus and monochromatize X-rays (8.04 keV and17.44 keV, respectively) from the point source and collimated beam. The theoretical transmission performance, including the beam size, reflectivity, and monochromaticity of the device, is also calculated. The results show that the ideal optics can focus desired X-rays with efficiency of about 60%. It provides a reference for fabricating this optics in the future, especially via the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, which represents great potential to coat uniform film on a curved surface.
Low loss, wideband, and high extinction ratio TM polarizer based on subwavelength gratings
Authors: Wu Haoyu , Sun Yaohui , Zhou Yue , Lu Mengjia , Hu Guohua , Yun Binfeng , Cui Yiping 
Published: March 2024

We propose a low loss, wideband silicon transverse magnetic (TM) polarizer with high polarization extinction ratio and low reflection based on subwavelength grating. By arranging and optimizing a mutually perpendicular subwavelength grating with different duty cycles as the core and cladding, efficient waveguiding and radiation can be achieved for the TM and transverse electric (TE) injection, respectively. In simulation, the proposed TM polarizer has a footprint of 40µm×16.68µm, an insertion loss <0.7dB, a polarization extinction ratio ≥20dB, and an unwanted TE reflection <−17.4dB in the wavelength range of 1230–1700 nm. Moreover, the fabrication tolerance of the proposed device is also investigated.
INFLAMMATION’s cognitive impact revealed by a novel “Line of Identity” approach
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Palmer Raymond F. 
Published: March 2024

Importance
Dementia is an “overdetermined” syndrome. Few individuals are demented by any single biomarker, while several may independently explain small fractions of dementia severity. It may be advantageous to identify individuals afflicted by a specific biomarker to guide individualized treatment.

Objective
We aim to validate a psychometric classifier to identify persons adversely impacted by inflammation and replicate it in a second cohort.

Design
Secondary analyses of data collected by the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) (N = 3497) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (N = 1737).

Setting
Two large, well-characterized multi-center convenience samples.

Participants
Volunteers with normal cognition (NC), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or clinical “Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)”.

Exposure
Participants were assigned to “Afflicted” or “Resilient” classes on the basis of a psychometric classifier derived by confirmatory factor analysis.

Main outcome(s) and measure(s)
The groups were contrasted on multiple assessments and biomarkers. The groups were also contrasted regarding 4-year prospective conversions to “AD” from non-demented baseline diagnoses (controls and MCI). The Afflicted groups were predicted to have adverse levels of inflammation-related blood-based biomarkers, greater dementia severity and greater risk of prospective conversion.

Results
In ADNI /plasma, 47.1% of subjects were assigned to the Afflicted class. 44.6% of TARCC’s subjects were afflicted, 49.5% of non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and 37.2% of Mexican Americans (MA). There was greater dementia severity in the Afflicted class [by ANOVA: ADNI /F(1) = 686.99, p <0.001; TARCC /F(1) = 1544.01, p <0.001]. “INFLAMMATION” factor composite scores were significantly higher (adverse) in Afflicted subjects [by ANOVA in ADNI /plasma F(1) = 1642.64, p <0.001 and in TARCC /serum F(1) = 3059.96, p <0.001]. Afflicted cases were more likely to convert to AD in the next four years [by Cox’s F, ADNI /plasma: F (252, 268) = 3.74 p < 0.001; TARCC /serum: F (160, 134) = 3.03, p < 0.001 (in TARCC’s entire sample), F (110, 90) = 4.92, p <0.001 in NHW, and F(50, 44) = 2.13, p = 0.006 in MA]. The proportions converting were similar among afflicted NHW in both cohorts /biofluids but MA exhibited a lower risk (7% in TARCC /serum at 48 months).

Conclusions and relevance
Our inflammation-specific psychometric classifier selects individuals with pre-specified biomarker profiles and predicts conversion to “AD” across cohorts, biofluids, and ethnicities. This algorithm might be applied to any dementia-related biomarker making the psychometric estimation of individual biomarker effects feasible without biomarker assessment. Our approach also distinguishes individuals resilient to individual biomarker effects allowing for more accurate prediction and precision intervention.
Optimizing immunization services: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of child immunization facilities in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Taimoor , Ibrahim Muhammad , Naz Olan , Abdullah Mujahid , Khan Ayesha , Ali Maisam , Bunde Elizabeth , Alva Soumya , Prosser Wendy , Khan Adnan Ahmad 
Published: March 2024

Introduction
Child immunization, though cost-beneficial, experiences varying costs influenced by individual facility-level factors. A real-time solution is to optimize resources and enhance vaccination services through proper method to measure immunization facility efficiency using existing data. Additionally, examine the impact of COVID-19 on facility efficiency, with the primary goal of comprehensively assessing child immunization facility efficiency in Pakistan.

Methods
Utilizing survey data collected in four rounds from May 2018 to December 2020, the research focuses on doses administered and stock records for the preceding six months in each phase. In the initial stage, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is utilized to compute facility efficiency, employing two models with varied outputs while maintaining consistent inputs. Model 1 assesses doses administered, encompassing three outputs (pentavalent vaccine 1, 2, and 3). Meanwhile, Model 2, focuses on stock used featuring a single output (total doses used). The inputs considered in both models include stock availability, staff members, cold chain equipment, vaccine carriers, and vaccine sessions. The second stage involves the application of two competing regression specifications (Tobit and Simar-Wilson) to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and external factors on the efficiency of these facilities.

Results
In 12 districts across Punjab and Sindh, we assess 466 facilities in Model 1 and 455 in Model 2. Model 1 shows 59% efficiency, and Model 2 shows 70%, indicating excess stock. Stock of vaccines need to be reduced by from 36% to 43%. In the stage, COVID-19 period reduced efficiency in Model 1 by 10%, however, insignificant in Model 2.

Conclusions
The proposed methodology, utilizing DEA, emerges as a valuable tool for immunization facilities seeking to improve resource utilization and overall efficiency. Model 1, focusing on doses administered indicates facilities low efficiency at average 59% and proves more pertinent for efficiency analysis as it directly correlates with the number of children vaccinated. The prevalent issue of overstocking across all facilities significantly impacts efficiency. This study underscores the critical importance of optimizing resources through the redistribution of excess stock with low efficiency.
Narrative review after post-hoc trial analysis of factors that predict corneal endothelial cell loss after phacoemulsification: Tips for improving cataract surgery research
Authors: Perone Jean-Marc , Luc Marie-Soline , Zevering Yinka , Vermion Jean-Charles , Gan Grace , Goetz Christophe 
Published: March 2024

PurposeIdentifying pre/perioperative factors that predict corneal endothelial-cell loss (ECL) after phacoemulsification may reveal ways to reduce ECL. Our literature analysis showed that 37 studies have investigated one or several such factors but all have significant limitations. Therefore, the data of a large randomized controlled trial (PERCEPOLIS) were subjected to post-hoc multivariate analysis determining the ability of nine pre/perioperative variables to predict ECL.MethodsPERCEPOLIS was conducted in 2015–2016 to compare two phacoemulsification techniques (subluxation and divide-and-conquer) in terms of 3-month ECL. Non-inferiority between the techniques was found. In the present study, post-hoc univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine associations between ECL and age, sex, cataract density, preoperative endothelial-cell density, phacoemulsification technique, effective phaco time (EPT), and 2-hour central-corneal thickness. The data are presented in the context of a narrative review of the literature.ResultsThree-month data were available for 275 patients (94% of the randomized cohort; mean age, 74 years; 58% women). Mean LOCSIII cataract grade was 3.2. Mean EPT was 6 seconds. Mean ECL was 13%. Only an older age (beta = 0.2%, p = 0.049) and higher EPT (beta = 1.2%, p = 0.0002) predicted 3-month ECL. Cataract density was significant on univariate (p = 0.04) but not multivariate analysis. The other variables did not associate with ECL.ConclusionsOlder age may amplify ECL due to increased endothelial cell fragility. EPT may promote ECLviacataract density-dependent and -independent mechanisms that should be considered in future phacoemulsification research aiming to reduce ECL. Our literature analysis showed that the average ECL for relatively unselected consecutively-sampled cohorts is 12%.
Development of short forms for screening children’s dental caries and urgent treatment needs using item response theory and machine learning methods
Authors: Xiong Di , Marcus Marvin , Maida Carl A. , Lyu Yuetong , Hays Ron D. , Wang Yan , Shen Jie , Spolsky Vladimir W. , Lee Steve Y. , Crall James J. , Liu Honghu 
Published: March 2024

ObjectivesSurveys can assist in screening oral diseases in populations to enhance the early detection of disease and intervention strategies for children in need. This paper aims to develop short forms of child-report and proxy-report survey screening instruments for active dental caries and urgent treatment needs in school-age children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 497 distinct dyads of children aged 8–17 and their parents between 2015 to 2019 from 14 dental clinics and private practices in Los Angeles County. We evaluated responses to 88 child-reported and 64 proxy-reported oral health questions to select and calibrate short forms using Item Response Theory. Seven classical Machine Learning algorithms were employed to predict children’s active caries and urgent treatment needs using the short forms together with family demographic variables. The candidate algorithms include CatBoost, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes, Neural Network, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine. Predictive performance was assessed using repeated 5-fold nested cross-validations.ResultsWe developed and calibrated four ten-item short forms. Naïve Bayes outperformed other algorithms with the highest median of cross-validated area under the ROC curve. The means of best testing sensitivities and specificities using both child-reported and proxy-reported responses were 0.84 and 0.30 for active caries, and 0.81 and 0.31 for urgent treatment needs respectively. Models incorporating both response types showed a slightly higher predictive accuracy than those relying on either child-reported or proxy-reported responses.ConclusionsThe combination of Item Response Theory and Machine Learning algorithms yielded potentially useful screening instruments for both active caries and urgent treatment needs of children. The survey screening approach is relatively cost-effective and convenient when dealing with oral health assessment in large populations. Future studies are needed to further leverage the customize and refine the instruments based on the estimated item characteristics for specific subgroups of the populations to enhance predictive accuracy.
Emphasis should be placed on identifying and reporting research priorities to increase research value: An empirical analysis
Authors: Gao Yicheng , Liu Zhihan , Cao Rui , Liao Yingdi , Feng Yuting , Su Chengyuan , Guan Xinmiao , Fang Rui , Deng Yingjie , Xiang Wenyuan , Liu Junchang , Li Yuanyuan , Fei Yutong 
Published: March 2024

Objectives
To compared the presentation of research priorities in the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) developed under the guidance of the GRADE working group or its two co-chair, and the Chinese CPGs.

Methods
This was a methodological empirical analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, and four Chinese databases (Wanfang, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) and retrieved nine Chinese guideline databases or Society websites as well as GRADE Pro websites. We included all eligible GRADE CPGs and a random sample of double number of Chinese CPGs, published 2018 to 2022. The reviewers independently screened and extracted the data, and we summarized and analyzed the reporting on the research priorities in the CPGs.

Results
Of the 135 eligible CPGs (45 GRADE CPGs and 90 Chinese CPGs), 668, 138 research priorities were identified respectively. More than 70% of the research priorities in GRADE CPGs and Chinese CPGs had population and intervention (PI) structure. 99 (14.8%) of GRADE CPG research priorities had PIC structures, compared with only 4(2.9%) in Chinese. And 28.4% (190) GRADE CPG research priorities reflected comparisons between PICO elements, approximately double those in Chinese. The types of research priorities among GRADE CPGs and Chinese CPGs were mostly focused on the efficacy of interventions, and the type of comparative effectiveness in the GRADE research priorities was double those in Chinese.

Conclusions
There was still considerable room for improvement in the developing and reporting of research priorities in Chinese CPGs. Key PICO elements were inadequately presented, with more attention on intervention efficacy and insufficient consideration given to values, preferences, health equity, and feasibility. Identifying and reporting of research priorities deserves greater effort in the future.
Cross-sectional study of influenza trends and costs in Malaysia between 2016 and 2018
Authors: Wan Puteh Sharifa Ezat , Aazmi Mohd Shafiq , Aziz Muhammad Nazri , Kamarudin Noor ‘Adilah , Sam Jamal I-Ching , Thayan Ravindran , Wan Mahiyuddin Wan Rozita , Wan Mohamed Noor Wan Noraini , Cheong Adelina , El Guerche-Séblain Clotilde , Khor Jean , Zamri Eva Nabiha , Lam Jia-Yong , Sekawi Zamberi 
Published: March 2024

Background and objectives
While influenza circulates year-round in Malaysia, research data on its incidence is scarce. Yet, this information is vital to the improvement of public health through evidence-based policies. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the trends and financial costs of influenza.

Methods
Data for the years 2016 through 2018 were gathered retrospectively from several sources. These were existing Ministry of Health (MOH) influenza sentinel sites data, two teaching hospitals, and two private medical institutions in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Expert consensus determined the final estimates of burden for laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Economic burden was estimated separately using secondary data supplemented by MOH casemix costing.

Results
Altogether, data for 11,652 cases of ILI and 5,764 cases of SARI were extracted. The influenza B subtype was found to be predominant in 2016, while influenza A was more prevalent in 2017 and 2018. The distribution timeline revealed that the highest frequency of cases occurred in March and April of all three years. The costs of influenza amounted to MYR 310.9 million over the full three-year period.

Conclusions
The study provides valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of influenza in Malaysia. The findings reveal a consistent year-round presence of influenza with irregular seasonal peaks, including a notable influenza A epidemic in 2017 and consistent surges in influenza B incidence during March across three years. These findings underscore the significance of continuous monitoring influenza subtypes for informed healthcare strategies as well as advocate for the integration of influenza vaccination into Malaysia’s national immunization program, enhancing overall pandemic preparedness.
Africa’s Lost Classics: New Histories of African Cinema, Lizelle Bisschoff and David Murphy (eds) (2014)
Authors: Mututa Addamms 
Published: March 2024

Review of: Africa’s Lost Classics: New Histories of African Cinema, Lizelle Bisschoff and David Murphy (eds) (2014)
Oxon and New York: Modern Humanities Research Association and Routledge, 217 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-90797-551-6, h/bk, $48.95