bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of three‐dimensional (3D) optical flow method in mapping 3D anatomic structure and tumor contours across four‐dimensional computed tomography data
Authors: Zhang Geoffrey , Huang Tzung‐Chi , Guerrero Thomas , Lin Kang‐Ping , Stevens Craig , Starkschall George , Forster Ken 
Published: April 2008

A three‐dimensional (3D) optical flow program that includes a multi‐resolution feature has been developed and applied to 3D anatomic structure and gross tumor volume (GTV) contour mapping for four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) data. The present study includes contour mapping for actual CT data sets from 3 patients and also for a thoracic phantom in which the displacement for each voxel was known. Of the CT data sets for the actual patients, one set was used to map lung and GTV contours over all respiration phases, and the other two were studied using only the end inspiration and end expiration phases, in which the displacements between phases were the largest. Including the residual motion in the 4D CT data and motion from table shaking, the optical flow calculation agrees with the known displacement to within 1 mm. Excluding errors not introduced by the optical flow algorithm, agreement for a displacement magnitude of 24 mm can be within 0.1 mm. The mapped contours in 4D CT images of lungs, liver, esophagus, GTV, and other structures for actual patients were acceptable to clinicians. The 3D optical flow program is a good tool for contour mapping of anatomic structure and tumor volume across 4D CT scans.PACS numbers: 87.55.D‐, 87.59.bd
Status of healthcare studies submitted to UK research ethics committees for approval in 2004–5
Authors: Arshad A , Arkwright P D 
Published: April 2008

Background:In view of the increasing complexity of research ethics committee (REC) applications and thus the time and expense involved in completing the forms, continual monitoring of outcome of clinical research studies for which ethics applications have been submitted is essential in determining whether resources are being effectively used, or alternatively whether significant numbers of research proposals are abandoned because of lack of funding or manpower. Previously published surveys for which data are available examined outcome of studies receiving REC approval 10 or more years ago.Methods:A prospective questionnaire-based survey sent out in July 2006 to all 506 principal investigators who submitted research ethics applications to nine Greater Manchester RECs between April 2004 and March 2005. Data on the outcome of REC applications, and the status of the research study were collected and analysed.Results:288 of the 506 (57%) questionnaires were returned. 97% of REC applications were approved, and 87% of studies were in progress or had been completed 1–2 years after approval had been granted. Researchers employed by universities (51%), healthcare (43%) and the pharmaceutical industry (6%) had similar rates of success in initiating research studies.Conclusions:This survey suggests that most research studies submitted to RECs in Manchester, UK are approved and initiated.
Characterization of the Serratia marcescens SdeCDE multidrug efflux pump studied via gene knockout mutagenesis
Authors: Begic Sanela , Worobec Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2008

Serratia marcescens is an important nosocomial agent having high antibiotic resistance. A major mechanism for S. marcescens antibiotic resistance is active efflux. To ascertain the substrate specificity of the S. marcescens SdeCDE efflux pump, we constructed pump gene deletion mutants. sdeCDE knockout strains showed no change in antibiotic susceptibility in comparison with the parental strains for any of the substrates, with the exception of novobiocin. In addition, novobiocin was the only antibiotic to be accumulated by sdeCDE-deficient strains. Based on the substrates used in our study, we conclude that SdeCDE is a Resistance–Nodulation–Cell Division family pump with limited substrate specificity.
Characterization of plant growth-promoting Bacillus edaphicus NBT and its effect on lead uptake by Indian mustard in a lead-amended soil
Authors: Sheng Xia Fang , Jiang Chun Yu , He Lin Yan 
Published: April 2008

The plant growth promotion characteristics of a heavy-metal-resistant strain of Bacillus edaphicus NBT was characterized. The strain was also evaluated for promoting plant growth and lead (Pb) uptake of Brassica juncea L. Czern (Indian mustard) in soil artificially contaminated with 0, 400, and 800 mg Pb·kg–1 soil. Atomic absorption spectrometer analysis demonstrated that strain NBT could release water-soluble Pb from lead carbonate in the solution. Strain NBT had the capacity to produce indole acetic acid, siderophores, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Low and high Pb treatments significantly decreased the growth of Indian mustard. Inoculation with strain NBT was found to increase root dry mass (ranging from 16% to 22%) and above-ground tissue dry mass (ranging from 24% to 30%) of Indian mustard in the Pb-amended soil. Strain NBT was able to mobilize Pb efficiently in plants in Pb-amended soil. In the soil treated with 400 and 800 mg Pb·kg–1 soil, the increase in Pb uptake varied from 18% to 46% in live bacterium-inoculated Indian mustard plants compared with dead bacterium-inoculated control. The strain was also able to colonize and develop in the rhizosphere soil of Indian mustard after root inoculation.
Heat stability of chaetoglobosins A and C
Authors: Fogle M.R. , Douglas D.R. , Jumper C.A. , Straus D.C. 
Published: April 2008

Chaetomium globosum is commonly found in water-damaged buildings and produces the mycotoxins chaetoglobosin A and chaetoglobosin C (Ch-A and Ch-C, respectively). While attempting to purify Ch-A and Ch-C, we observed that these mycotoxins were broken down after heating. The objective of this study was to determine the temperature and the amount of time necessary to break down Ch-A and Ch-C. We demonstrated that the amounts of Ch-A were significantly reduced when exposed to 75 °C for 24 h and 100 °C for 90, 120, or 150 min. Under the same conditions, the levels of Ch-C were also lower (although not significantly). At 175 °C, no Ch-A was detected after 15 min and Ch-C was significantly reduced after 30 min. Our findings will aid other researchers who work with these mycotoxins in the future.
The Application of Ground Conductivity and Offset Wenner Resistivity Soundings to Optimise the Investigation of a 300 ha Site in the West Midlands
Authors: Frost F. B. , Dumble J. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In order to evaluate quickly and cost effectively the detailed shallow sub-surface geology of a 300 ha area in the West Midlands, geophysical techniques were used in conjunction with shell and auger drilling. Since the area contains one of the largest landfill sites of its type in Europe and is crossed by a river which is abstracted for drinking water within a short distance downstream, it was important to determine the geology and hydrogeology in some detail.
Previous geological surveys of the area, which included the drilling of over 80 boreholes for sand and gravel extraction, indicated the presence of up to 5 m of highly variable sandy overburden overlying Keuper Marl. It was apparent from an initial desk study that despite the large number of boreholes the geology had been completely misinterpreted.
A ground conductivity map was produced using a Geonics EM-31 which rapidly gave a picture of the general structure and identified targets for drilling and Offset Wenner resistivity soundings. The geophysics revealed the presence of a major buried channel cutting deeply into the marl, which was later confirmed in several places by drilling. Surface outcrops of clay or marl could be identified using the ground conductivity values alone.
The use of the geophysical techniques has considerably reduced the cost and time of the investigation and has allowed the major effort to be concentrated in problem areas.
Disturbed Sampling Using Reverse Circulation
Authors: Hurley M. R. , Lavender M. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The exploration of unconsolidated and semi-consolidated strata is generally undertaken using shell and auger and continuous flight augering techniques. These methods have serious limitations, especially when accurate sampling is required below the water table.
To improve the reliability of samples British Industrial Sand Ltd. have developed a drill bit for use with reverse circulation drilling. When used in combination with a non-return valve this method allows continuous drilling and sampling both above and below the water table.
Comparisons with other drilling techniques show that the duo-pipe method is capable of delivering uncontaminated samples and recovering material of all anticipated size ranges.
The system could be adapted for use in the exploration of other mineral deposits e.g. alluvial tin, beach sands, sand and gravel, or for offshore drilling programmes.
Site Investigation for Areas Affected by Limestone Workings
Authors: Solera S. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

This paper describes the techniques used to investigate the conditions, dimensions and stability of underground workings in Silurian limestone in the West Midlands. Drillholes were formed by rotary coring methods through the rock strata overlying the cavities. Rock cores were taken in the drillholes and classified.
In situ
permeability tests, geophysical logging and a closed-circuit television survey were carried out. The shape and dimensions of the workings in the proximity of the holes were established by ultrasonic surveys. The paper describes the use of a variety of techniques, some of which were primarily developed for use in fields other than civil engineering.
Benefits of engineering geology for land use planning in areas of past metalliferous mining
Authors: Holt D. N. , Marker B. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Metalliferous mining in the United Kingdom has left an inheritance of subsidence and contamination which can affect the viability and suitability of land for present and future use. The science of geology developed and grew against a background of mining in a situation of mutual interdependence. Geologists whose profession is rooted in mining are therefore uniquely able to assess the implications of the present-day inheritance of past mining activity. The planner needs guidance on areas of past mining as a basis for safe strategic planning and to aid rapid, effective decisions on development and reclamation proposals. This can best be founded on a data base compiled by appropriate specialists who should have geological training, and professional interpretation of the information. Thus it is that the engineering geologist is able to provide planners with information and guidance on matters central to the question of assessing problems, not only of stability and contamination of mined ground, but also in making recommendations for the most suitable and cost effective ways of dealing with these. To be fully effective in this role the engineering geologist must, however, be sure to express himself in the clearest and most readily understood terms at all times.
The value of engineering geological desk study appraisals in scheme planning.
Authors: Herbert S. M. , Roche D. P. , Card G. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract>
Engineering geological factors are too often given insufficient prominence in scheme planning. Whereas desk studies form an important part of ground engineering practice, their relevance to early planning and feasibility studies is not always fully appreciated by planners. It is suggested that they should be regarded as encompassing a range of appraisals varying from comprehensive research of all available information to a preliminary, rapid study of easily accessible data. In this way a desk study can be designed to meet the specific requirements appropriate for any particular stage of a project. This allows engineering geological factors to be incorporated into scheme planning without significant costs being incurred. This approach is illustrated briefly by four case histories. In each, the client was forewarned of anticipated site conditions and hence likely development costs at a sufficiently early stage in the project for scheme planning to be modified as necessary.
Cliff stability evaluation using geomorphological maps based on oblique aerial photographs
Authors: Kalaugher P. G. , Grainger P. , Hodgson R. L. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geomorphological mapping is a well established tool in terrain evaluation. A case record is presented in which high-oblique aerial photography from a light aircraft has been used for basic mapping of a 3 km length of coastline with the purpose of assessing relative landslide hazard.
The cliffs at Budleigh Salterton, East Devon, are formed in a succession of Permo-Triassic mudstone, conglomerate and sandstone which dip gently eastwards along the coast. The coastline is divided into five units based on changes in the stratigraphic succession exposed in the cliff face; each unit correlating with distinctive geomorphological features and cliff profiles. Groundwater discharges, wave attack and weathering ensure that there is continuing geomorphological activity. This necessitates frequent updating of local hazard assessment.
Overlapping aerial photographs of the cliff face have been taken at intervals during the past six years. With limited ground inspection these photographs provide adequate data for basic geomorphological mapping of the principal forms represented in the cliff. Successive series of photographs are used to follow the development of individual features and to identify the hazards present in each section of the cliff. Data from early Ordnance Survey maps, old photographs and personal reminiscences extend parts of the history of the coast back into the last century. The positions of landslides are controlled largely by geological and hydrological factors whereas the timing of events is often a function of external environmental triggering mechanisms such as weather, tide or waves.
A classification of the relative hazard of cliff-top instability has been used to map hazard zones for the coastline. Together with the system of photographic data acquisition advocated, this provides a rapid and economic method to assist planning authorities in determining development strategy.
The supply and use of engineering geology information relating to slope instability hazards for planning purposes
Authors: Fulton A. R. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper seeks to examine the use of one type of information which engineering geologists can supply to planners, in particular, that relating to slope instability problems. Mass-movement phenomena can provide major obstacles to planning objectives and may require costly measures if they are to be avoided or stabilized.
The recent publications of Varnes (1984), Brunsden & Prior (1984) and Crozier (1986) all bear witness to the intense interest and importance attached to slope instability phenomena and their planning impacts. This paper examines how information is supplied by engineering geologists to planners and the role that it may play in producing safer, more cost-effective planning solutions to the risks to both life and property posed by mass-movements.
The paper focuses its attention on the methods of supply of hazard information to planners and especially on hazard mapping. A selection of the more widely used slope hazard mapping techniques is examined and critically evaluated in planning terms. In addition, the ways of describing phenomena presently used on the relevant documents is examined for its suitability for, and compatibility with, planning requirements.
The second part of the paper focuses attention on the use of hazard information within planning systems basing its discussion on working systems in North America, Australia, and Continental Europe while also making reference to work being produced in the United Kingdom. The potential contribution of engineering geology to hazard avoidance and planning controls in hazardous areas is discussed drawing upon case-study material.
The final part of the paper discusses possible areas of incompatibility between earth-science information and planning systems drawing upon practical examples. In particular the differences between the planning and geological timescales are discussed.
Studies for the extension of a major urban quarry in Hong Kong
Authors: Choy H. H. , Earle Q. G. , Irfan T. Y. , Burnett A. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper describes the history and setting of a major urban quarry complex in Kowloon, Hong
Kong in relation to current and future town planning, the local aggregate industry and various environmental
pressures. These factors dictate that the quarries now work toward a final configuration which will be both safe
and land efficient. This will involve additional land take and an extension to the current two quarries. The
planning of this major extension will involve several investigations being carried out and in this paper the
preliminary engineering geology studies are described. The influence that these studies are likely to have on both
the future planning of the layout and after-use of the site and the type and quality of aggregate and overburden
to be produced is discussed and contrasted.
The engineering geology of road projects in North Borneo
Authors: Cook J. R. , Younger J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The influence of geology and terrain on the planning, undertaking and interpretation of site
investigations, and on the subsequent geotechnical design guidelines, is discussed with particular reference to
three recent road projects in North Borneo. The locations of these projects range from coastal plain to inland
mountainous terrain, and the geological environment from Quaternary alluvial peat deposits to folded Tertiary
geosynclinal sedimentary rocks. The different styles of investigation planned for each project are tabulated and
discussed in the light of the varying problems and requirements posed by the differing terrain units. Particular
engineering geological problems relating to the geotechnical design of the projects are listed and discussed.
The engineering geological influence on construction planning is indicated by the variation in geotechnical
design guidelines as a response to the information recovered from the various geological environments.
Examples are presented of the derived geotechnical outline designs for cut-slopes, embankments, stability
measures, etc, for the various terrains and geological environments. It is proposed that the outline designs will
form the basis of a geotechnical working programme to be used during construction. The usefulness of outline
geotechnical designs, in conjunction with a knowledge of geology and terrain, is indicated with respect to
estimation of construction costs and quantities.
Planning and construction of an industrial site on the Bristol Coalfield
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Tomlinson D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper examines the progress of a large industrial/retail development on the Bristol Coalfield,
from the planning stage through the site investigation to the construction phase. The planning history of the site,
the local geology and the history of mining in the area is reviewed.
Following completion of the major part of the site investigation, a zonal system was evolved to define the
preferred locations for various elements of the development. This is described and the application and
limitations of such a system explored. The paper examines a number of problems encountered during
construction and describes in detail the method and criteria adopted in the ground treatment operations and
foundation construction for a large retail warehouse. The financial and planning/layout constraints operating
on this type of speculative development are considered.
Geophysical mapping during the planning of new roads: an aid to thedetection of mine-workings
Authors: Jackson P. D. , McCann D. M. , Russell D. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Magnetic field strength and electrical conductivity surveys have been made over an extensively
mined area north of Dalton-in-Furness along parts of a proposed by-pass route. This approach was successful in
detecting shafts and other workings, which were brick-lined and back-filled with debris and ash, since the
magnetic field and electrical conductivity values are normally higher in the vicinity of such areas. The use of non-contacting instruments resulted in the rapid location of the geophysical anomalies associated with the contrast
in the physical properties between the material in-filling the mine shafts and the surrounding rock mass. Shafts
covered with debris or back-filled with the original overburden did not generally give rise to significant magnetic
anomalies but often produced a conductivity anomaly associated with changes in the drainage pattern of the
area resulting from the presence of the shaft.
Route selection for natural gas pipelines in Ireland
Authors: Redding J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
By the end of 1986, over 400 km of high pressure (70 bar) natural gas pipeline will have been constructed in the Irish Republic, much of it laid in sparsely populated rural areas where topography,
hydrology, near surface geology and ground conditions can significantly influence construction feasibility and cost. Identifying, quantifying and (where possible) avoiding areas of potential difficulty or hazard are aspects of
route selection to which engineering geology can make an important contribution. This contribution is discussed in relation to the Cork-Dublin pipeline completed in 1982, and the Limerick, Waterford and Mallow lines due
for completion this year. In particular, the application and merits of stereo aerial photographic interpretation, superficial geological mapping and field study are outlined, together with the use of more traditional methods of
site investigation. Attention is focussed on indigenous engineering geological problems associated with shallow rock, limestone karst, peat bog and poorly drained alluvial and morainic soils. Data acquisition and presentation are discussed within the overall context of civil engineering contract preparation and administration. The usefulness of this approach, particularly for predicting and minimising construction costs, forestalling claims and generally facilitating on-site supervision, is emphasised.
Geological investigations and proposed development of the Colonia Soto district, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Authors: Warren C. D. , Blakeway D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The twin cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela, Honduras are located within an intermontaine
basin. The urban area is dissected by several rivers which converge to form the main River Choluteca, flowing
northwards. The river channels follow tortuous courses dictated principally by accidents of geology. As a
consequence of the variable rainfalls and hurricanes that periodically lash the Republic, and the previous lack of
management, the channel profiles have generally attained unacceptable physical dimensions inside the urban
perimeter with some sections showing signs of instability. To add to this, the absence of appropriate stormwater
drainage systems within certain areas of the City has given rise to foundation problems associated with collapse
settlement. This paper summarizes the geological investigations carried out in the Colonia Soto district of the
City with a view to eliminating the present hazardous conditions, as related to the underlying geology, with
recommendations being made for future development of the hillside.