bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythraemia in Experimental Nephritis *
Authors: Davies Sylvia W. 
Published: March 2008

Seven out of 30 rabbits with experimental nephritis developed erythraemia; all seven animals developed persistently high values for the haemoglobin and the packed cell volume. Radioactive isotope investigations were done in five of these animals and in all there was an increase in the red cell mass. There was no particular relationship between the blood picture and the biochemical and histological changes. Changes in blood volume were assessed according to alterations in weight. The renal lesions involved the glomerular capillary basement membrane; there were no arterial changes.In man erythraemia has been described in association with the nephrotic syndrome and with membranous nephritis. Other ischaemic lesions of the kidney have resulted in erythraemia both in animals and in man. It is proposed that the primary erythropoietic stimulus is provided by moderate glomerular ischaemia.
Prednisolone‐Induced Granulocytosis
Authors: Cream J. J. 
Published: March 2008

A neutrophil granulocytosis with peak response at 5 hours develops after the administration of 40 mg. prednisolone tablets. In normal people the increment is greater than 2000 granulocytes per cu.mm. The response declines with advancing age, but is unrelated to sex, height, weight, surface area and initial neutrophil count. The largest responses are seen in young splenectomized people. Of 21 subjects with abnormal marrows only two gave normal responses.The results of this preliminary study suggest that the granulocyte increment following a single oral dose of prednisolone may prove to be a useful index of marrow function. Further studies, particularly serial observations in selected patients, are necessary to establish its validity and to define the role of age and the spleen.
The Coagulant Activity of Platelets
Authors: Biggs Rosemary , Denson K. W. E. , Riesenberg D. , McIntyre Carolyn 
Published: March 2008

When platelet‐rich plasma is incubated for 16–20 hours at 37° C. and the platelets are then separated and washed, tissue‐factor activity develops in these platelets. The active platelets accellerate the clotting of plasma samples deficient in Factor XII, XI, IX or VIII, and of normal plasma; the coagulant activity for samples deficient in Factors V, VII and X is much less marked. The activity developed will cause activation of Factor X in a serum eluate, whereas no such activity is evident in platelets separated from plasma immediately after collection from the donor.The development of tissue‐factor activity of platelets depends on the presence of Factor XII but not on the presence of any of the other factors tested. The relationship of tissue‐factor activity to platelet factor 3 is discussed.
Familial Thrombopathic Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kurstjens R. , Bolt C. , Vossen M. , Haanen C. 
Published: March 2008

A family with hereditary thrombopathic thrombocytopenia is described, with eight affected members in three generations. The haemorrhagic diathesis manifests itself by bleeding from mucous membranes and after operative procedures. The platelet count varies from 20,000 to 80,000 per cu.mm. The number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow has been examined in two affected members, and the platelet survival in one, and both are normal.The thrombopathy consists in a deficiency of platelet factor 3 and in morphological anomalies. Electron microscopy has revealed a low content of α‐granules in platelets from two cases. The heredity shows an autosomal dominant pattern. A linkage of this genetic defect with blood group O seems probable.
Red Cell Survival in Experimental Cholestatic Jaundice
Authors: Powell L. W. , Dunnicliff Margaret A. , Billing Barbara H. 
Published: March 2008

Red cell survival was estimated in Sprague‐Dawley and Gunn rats following bile duct ligation. A significant difference in the values for red cell survival was found between bile‐duct‐ligated Sprague‐Dawley rats and their sham‐operated controls using both the 51Cr and DF23P techniques, but no significant difference was observed between bile duct ligated homozygous Gunn rats and their sham‐operated controls. Heterozygous Gunn rats behaved similarly to Sprague‐Dawley rats with respect to haemolysis after bile duct ligation. These findings suggested that the haemolytic process accompanying cholestatic jaundice may be related to the increased levels of conjugated bilirubin in the plasma but not to the accumulation of conjugated bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol.A significant difference in red cell survival was observed between sham‐operated controls and non‐operated controls in both Sprague‐Dawley and Gunn rats; this was probably due to activation, by the operation, of Haemobartonella muris infection, which was subsequently found to be endemic in the colony.
Mechanism of Endotoxin Interaction with Human Leucocytes
Authors: Cline M. J. , Melmon K. L. , Davis W. C. , Williams H. E. 
Published: March 2008

An investigation to define the mechanism of the interaction between endotoxin and human leucocytes is reported. Endotoxin produces the following changes in human leucocytes suspended in vitro in normal plasma or serum: leak of kininase and lysozyme from the cell into the medium, decreased cellular α‐glucosidase and phosphorylase activity, increased production of lactate and of 14CO2 from glucose‐1‐14C and increased incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA and acid‐soluble nucleotide. The metabolic changes induced by endotoxin and the uptake of radioactive endotoxin by granulocytes are diminished if the suspending medium is depleted of complement components.The thesis is presented that endotoxin in the presence of complement is ingested by or adheres to the human granulocyte and induces a series of metabolic changes resembling those associated with phagocytosis.
Endemic Autoimmunity: Cold Auto‐agglutinins in Melanesia
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Curtain C. C. , Golab T. , Gorman J. G. , Kidson C. , Rutgers Carol F. 
Published: March 2008

Sera from two Melanesian populations, one living at sea level and the other at 7000 feet, were examined for the incidence, strength and specificity of cold agglutinins. The cold auto‐agglutination incidence ranged from 48 to 90 per cent for the sea‐level group to 94 per cent for the highlanders. Titres of the sera ranged from 10 to 640. The specificity of the antibodies was in the main anti‐I, although four probable examples of anti‐AI, four examples of anti‐IT and two ‘non‐specific’cold agglutinins were found. Blood group A subjects in both populations had a higher incidence and titre of cold agglutinins than O subjects.The light chain types of 160 of 200 cold agglutinins tested were both k and λ, 24 were K only and 16 were λ only. Fingerprints of the H chains of six New Guinea cold agglutinins showed some peptide spots missing compared with normal IgM, but more spots were present than in a lymphoma cold agglutinin, suggesting that the cold agglutinins represented a heterogeneous population of antibodies.No obvious relationship was found between environmental factors and the occurrence of the cold agglutinins.
The Effect of Arvin on Blood Coagulation Factors
Authors: Bell William R. , Bolton Gillian , Pitney W. R. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of Arvin on blood coagulation factors was studied both in vitro and in patients undergoing therapeutic defibrination. Clots produced in citrated or EDTA plasma were soluble in 5 M urea, but rendered insoluble by prior incubation with calcium. Clots produced in heparinized plasma were urea‐soluble, even in the presence of excess calcium ions. An apparent increase in the prothrombin concentration of defibrinated plasma was related to the method of prothrombin assay. There was no significant reduction in the concentration of Factors V, VIII, IX and X, but some loss of Factor VII in plasma samples defibrinated with Arvin in vitro. The stability on storage of Factor VIII in plasma defibrinated in vitro was similar to that in control plasma samples.When Arvin was administered to patients, there was a rapid fall in plasma fibrinogen concentrations, which could be maintained at levels below 50 mg. per 100 ml. by twice daily injections. Following cessation of therapy, plasma fibrinogen concentrations increased slowly and did not reach normal values until 2–3 weeks later. The administration of antivenene in the first 3 days following cessation of Arvin therapy did not affect this slow return to normal values. There was no significant reduction in other coagulation factors during therapeutic defibrination.
Treatment of Patients with Microangiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia with Heparin
Authors: Brain M. C. , Baker L. R. I. , McBride J. A. , Rubenberg M. L. , Dacie J. V. 
Published: March 2008

The response of three children and four adult women with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia to treatment with heparin is described. The one child and three adults treated within 10 days of the onset of the illness recovered rapidly and completely from their anaemia, thrombocytopenia and uraemia. The two children and one adult treated between 18 and 31 days after the onset of the illness responded less well. The two children who were given small doses of heparin died from complications of the renal microangiopathy despite improvement in the haemolysis and thrombocytopenia. The adult woman made a slow and partial recovery; the haemolysis and thrombocytopenia improved, but renal function did not return to normal.The importance of recognizing and treating the low grade intravascular coagulation which may accompany microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia is stressed. It is suggested that the variable response to treatment with heparin of patients with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia observed by ourselves and others may be due to relative roles of intravascular coagulation and primary vascular disease in the pathogenesis of the microangiopathy, and to the development of irreversible vascular damage if treatment is delayed.
Further Observations on Patients with a Chromosomal Abnormality Associated with Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: Millard Rosemary E. , Lawler Ylvia D. , Kay H. E. M. , Cameron C. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. An abnormality resembling a deletion of a chromosome of the F(19–20) group was observed in the bone‐marrow cells in seven patients with polycythaemia Vera. Five of the patients had a history of 9 years or more; six had received 32P (24.5 mCi or more) and one busulphan only. Cells with the abnormality constituted 22–100 per cent of the bone‐marrow population, but were very seldom observed in blood cultures. In one bone‐marrow aspirate which was examined there was no special pattern of DNA synthesis of the abnormal chromosome.One case was examined before and after the onset of bone‐marrow failure; coinciding with the appearance of blast cells in the bone marrow, cells with an additional C‐group chromosome were found.The excretion of tryptophane metabolites was studied in five of the cases; it was abnormally high in four and was reduced following pyridoxine. This suggests a relative deficiency of pyridoxine; possibly cells with the deleted F chromosome have a proliferative advantage in this environment.
Benign Erythrocytosis
Authors: Modan Baruch , Modan Michaela 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Data obtained in the course of a previously reported study have been used to re‐emphasize the existence of a distinct clinical entity—benign erythrocytosis—often misdiagnosed as polycythaemia Vera.It has been demonstrated that, in contrast to PV, there is involvement of the red‐cell line only: neither leucocytosis, thrombocytosis nor splenomegaly are present. A marked preponderance of males and absence of myeloproliferative complications such as leukaemia or myeloid metaplasia are notable. This may imply a basic difference in the natural course of the two diseases and in the nature of the stimulus to the myeloproliferative system.Some comments in the literature regarding the nature of this clinical syndrome have been reviewed and discussed.
Autoagglutination Developing in a Patient with Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Dorner Irene M. , Parker Charles W. , Chaplin Hugh 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A patient with post‐traumatic renal failure (presumably renal cortical necrosis) is described, who developed near the end of his course a potent auto‐agglutinin (titre 1024 at 37° C.). A unique feature of the autoagglutinin was its elution into serum or 8 per cent albumin solution, but its failure to elute into saline under standard conditions. The importance of this phenomenon in permitting accurate ABO and Rh grouping of the patient's cells is emphasized.Studies of the patient's serum, including DEAE fractionation, reduction and alkylation, and absorption with anti‐γ, serum, indicated that the autoagglutinin was a γM globulin. The relationship of these techniques to tests for coexisting isoanti‐bodies and to safe cross‐matching procedures is discussed.The results of in‐vivo cross‐matching procedures (51Cr labelling and haem pigment changes) are described and their role in enhancing the safety of transfusion in the face of inconclusive in‐vitro cross‐matching is stressed.
The Interpretation of Prothrombin Results: A National Survey
Authors: Poller L. , Thomson Jean M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The practical value of a formula for the interpretation of prothrombin time results has been studied in a national survey incorporating 132 of the hospital centres in our reference thromboplastin scheme. In this formula the ‘equivalent ratio’ is used to calculate the ‘Index of Anticoagulation’ in an attempt to provide a uniform scale of measurement for all hospitals.In our survey the calculated results using the formula were compared with the actual observed values. Only 15 hospitals were able to calculate the ‘Index of Anticoagulation’; of these only nine sent a complete set of results. Incomplete schedules were interpreted by us.The survey showed that the value of the formula was least with commercial reagents, but even with human brain extracts the difference between calculated and observed results was considerable. From this study it is concluded that the term ‘equivalent ratio’ is of considerable value in measuring the sensitivity of a tissue extract thromboplastin, but nothing is to be gained from the vise of the formula for the ‘Index of Anticoagulation’in the Manchester scheme for providing uniform anticoagulant treatment.
Reversible Megaloblastic and Sideroblastic Marrow Abnormalities in Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Hines John D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A reversible type of sideroblastic anaemia was detected in a group of severe alcoholic patients with liver disease. All the patients exhibiting the marrow ring‐sideroblast abnormality (24 of the 33) were found to have folate deficiency, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia. The clinical and biochemical findings in these patients are discussed in relation to the development of the marrow sideroblastic abnormality.
Maturation of the Macroreticulocyte
Authors: Ganzoni A. , Hillman R. S. , Finch C. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:With anaemia the erythroid marrow maturation pattern of the rat is altered so that macroreticulocytes containing increased amounts of haemoglobin, water, ribosomes and ribonucleic acid are released into circulation. This was shown to be accompanied by a reduction in the marrow iron transit time, a measurement of the maturation time of marrow reticulocytes, and possibly by the occurrence of skipped mitoses during maturation. Despite the premature release, increased volume and haemoglobin content of these macroreticulocytes, they matured normally without apparent splenic sequestration or significant cell death in the first 10 days. At the same time they underwent shrinkage by loss of both cell water and some haemoglobin. This appeared to be an intravascular phenomenon where macrocytes were remodelled, possibly by cell fragmentation, until a population with near normal indices was obtained.
Renal Erythropoietic Factor—Some Properties and its Interaction with Histones
Authors: Kuratowska Zofia , Kopeć Maria 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The erythropoietic activity of renal erythropoietic factor (REF) is localized in the acidic nuclear protein fraction (NPF). The activity is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes and neuraminidase. Histones obtained from mammalian liver and chicken erythrocytes completely inhibit the erythropoietic activity of NPF. The most potent inhibitory effect was evoked by the arginine‐rich histone fraction. A tentative hypothesis concerning the role of the interaction between histones and erythropoietin in the regulation of erythropoiesis is proposed.
In Vivo Behaviour of the Coagulant Enzyme from Agkistrodon rhodostoma Venom: Studies Using 131I‐‘Arvin’*
Authors: Regoeczi E. , Bell W. R. 
Published: March 2008

In vivo behaviour of Arvin, labelled with radioactive iodine, has been studied in five patients and also in a number of rabbits. The intravascular distribution volume of 131I‐Arvin was similar to that of labelled albumin, and diffusion took place into an extravascular space which was about 1.5–2 times the size of the plasma pool. The elimination of the labelled dose from the circulation followed a multi‐exponential function so that with increasing times the velocity constants became smaller and smaller. The initially rapid disappearance rate (T1/2: 3–5 hours in the first few hours) gradually decreased to correspond with a half‐life of 9–12 days when only 6–10 per cent of the dose remained in the plasma. The disappearance rate of Arvin from the blood was not affected by nephrectomy in rabbits nor by a series of injections of unlabelled Arvin but was slightly reduced by injection of large doses of α‐amino‐caproic acid. Labelled Arvin dimer disappeared from the plasma faster than the monomer. Rabbit peritoneal leucocytes did not phagocytose Arvin in vitro to a measurable extent.Assays of the quantity of non‐protein radioactivities in the plasma following injections of 131I‐Arvin as well as the results of fractionating urinary radioactivities on dextran gel columns indicated that most of the Arvin was degraded in vivo, probably in the reticulo‐endothelial system. An additional small fraction was eliminated apparently unchanged by glomerular filtration. 131I‐Arvin conjugated both in vitro and in vivo with a specific antivenene by forming small and completely soluble complexes. Until the onset of the immune response, the disappearance rate of the complexes was not noticeably different from that of the heterologous gamma globulin.
Growth Rates and Responses to Treatment in Human Myelomatosis
Authors: Hobbs J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Studies of myelomatosis during the M.R.C. trial have shown that the average doubling times for paraprotein levels were 10.1 months for γG, 6.3 months for γA and 3.4 months for Bence‐Jones myelomata. These findings suggest that from a single mutant cell it takes on average 33, 21 and 11 years respectively for the clinical emergence of these three types of myeloma. Four biochemical types of response to treatment were found and a slow response carried the best prognosis. ‘Bence‐Jones escape’, observed in 15 patients, indicates the need to monitor the urine during treatment.
‘Non‐Tropical Idiopathic Splenomegaly’ (‘Primary Hypersplenism’): A Review of Ten Cases and their Relationship to Malignant Lymphomas
Authors: Dacie J. V. , Brain M. C. , Harrison C. V. , Lewis S. M. , Worlledge Sheila M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The clinical, haematological and serological findings arc described of 10 patients believed to be suffering from a syndrome tentatively labelled ‘non‐tropical idiopathic splenomegaly’. The blood picture was characterized by leucopenia and neutropenia of severe degree, moderate thrombocytopenia and slight to moderate reticulocytosis. Abnormal or early forms of leucocytes were absent from peripheral blood films. All the patients were anaemic, although in only two was the total red‐cell volume subnormal. Five developed auto‐antibodies against red cells; one had hypogammaglobulinaemia. The spleen was grossly enlarged in all 10 patients and the liver was palpable in seven but there was no evidence of cirrhosis or portal hypertension.Splenectomy was carried out in nine of the patients, with sustained and striking clinical and haematological improvement in most instances. Four patients, however, remained neutropenic. The histological findings in the spleens were variable and in some of the patients the lymphoid foci were enlarged. There was, however, no evidence of overt malignant lymphoma.Four of the patients have died: two from illnesses unconnected with their splenomegaly; one from lymphosarcoma 8 months after splenectomy and one from auto‐immune haemolytic anaemia 41/2 years after splenectomy—this patient also showed evidence of lymphosarcoma at necropsy.The nature of the splenic enlargement remains obscure. While it is difficult absolutely to exclude an unusual and exaggerated response to an exogenous infection or infections, there was no evidence for this. An alternative possibility is that some at least of the patients were suffering from a type of auto‐immune disease, the main feature being exaggerated lympho‐reticular cellular proliferation, particularly within the spleen, rather than antibody formation. In some patients the lymphoproliferation was so marked as to suggest the development of a chronic ‘pre‐malignant’ lymphoma, predominantly (but not exclusively) affecting the spleen.
Comparison of Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Human Erythrocytes and Platelets
Authors: Cohen Phin , Derksen Arie 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The phospholipid and fatty acid composition of the diacyl and plasma‐logen derivatives of the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of human erythrocytes and platelets have been compared.No distinctly new information on the phospholipid composition of either cell was uncovered. However, the fatty acid composition studies showed rather distinct patterns among the four fractions, and between the cell types. The possible biosynthetic mechanisms responsible for and physiological meaning of these differences are considered in the discussion.
The Mechanism of Enhanced Streptokinase‐Induced Clot Lysis following In‐vitro Factor‐XIII Inactivation
Authors: Henderson K. W. , Nussbaum M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Factor‐XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor, FSF) activity in human plasma may be inhibited in vitro by a variety of sulphydryl inhibitors and by several derivatives of glycine. Incorporation of small amounts (40 units) of streptokinase (SK) into a clot formed from plasma after in vitro inactivation of Factor XIII, resulted in marked shortening of clot lysis times compared to controls without Factor‐XIII inactivation.Enhancement of SK‐induced clot lysis by the sulphydryl inhibitors is in part related to Factor‐XIII inactivation. Further acceleration of lysis is noted with concentrations greater than the minimal amount necessary for complete Factor‐XIII inhibition. At higher concentrations, clotting is delayed and ultimately completely inhibited. These reagents also produce marked changes on the thromboelastogram consistent with a weakened clot structure. No evidence to suggest increased plasminogen‐plasmin conversion, enhanced plasmin activity or inhibition of anti‐plasmin by sulphydryl inhibitors could be found.Glycine ethyl ester (GEE) incorporation results in marked enhancement of SK‐induced plasma clot lysis in vitro and pronounced changes on the thromboelastogram. The enhanced clot lysis is related to Factor‐XIII inhibition. No further acceleration of clot lysis was obtained once Factor‐XIII activity was completely inhibited. GEE alone shows an additional effect of inhibiting anti‐plasmin activity.Thus enhanced SK‐induced clot lysis following in vitro inhibition of Factor‐XIII activity with sulphydryl inhibitors and derivatives of glycine is considered to be due to the greater ease with which plasmin may act on a weakened clot. GEE, in addition to promoting the formation of a weaker clot, inhibits anti‐plasmin activity, and so further increases the relative effectiveness of streptokinase.