bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Flowing p/Z* Material Balance for Dry Coalbed-Methane Reservoirs
Authors: Morad K. , Clarkson C. R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Material balance analysis is a fundamental technique for estimating gas-in-place. It can be achieved using: 1) Static material balance, using static (shut-in) reservoir pressures, where a plot of static p/z versus cumulative gas production is created to estimate original-gas-in-place (OGIP) or 2) Flowing material balance where gas rates and flowing pressures are used to estimate average reservoir pressure.
The flowing material balance concept of Agarwal-Gardner (1999) was extended to dry coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs by Clarkson et al. (2007a) and Gerami et al. (2007) and to 2-phase (gas and water) CBM wells by Clarkson et al. (2007b). The present study further enhances the flowing material balance for dry CBM reservoirs by presenting a p/z* implementation of the concept.
This application, while accounting for the distinguishing characteristics of a CBM reservoir, uses the industry-standard practice of p/z material balance to calculate original-gas-in-place. As with the Agarwal-Gardner approach, the flowing p/z* method can be applied to variable gas rates and/or flowing pressures conditions.
In the present work, the derivation and iterative procedure of calculations are explained. Several test cases based on dry/immobile water saturation using real and synthetic data were generated. The resulting estimates of OGIP calculated from implementation of flowing p/z* material balance show excellent agreement and the estimated OGIP's are reliable.
Optimizing Gas Recovery With Solid Expandable Technology
Authors: Holland Mark , Chipiuk Jolene 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Long touted as a "cleaner" energy source, natural gas provides an attractive fuel in a world market increasingly conscious of the environmental impact to recover and consume fossil fuels. As one of the world's largest producers of natural gas, Canada remains on the cutting edge of implementing new and innovative technology to extract natural gas efficiently, economically, and safely due in large part to potential reserves and the diverse environmental conditions that dictate such.
Efficiency starts with optimizing existing wells through remediation, revitalization, repair, or restoration. Solid expandable tubulars, specifically cased-hole liners, have proven to be a viable solution on all counts without compromising hole size or rendering completion equipment inadequate. Operators have used solid expandable solutions to facilitate a practical approach to gas field management and well operations. An operator in Texas used six liners in one well in preparation for six separate acid and fracture treatments. The installations placed five packer seats in the horizontal section and one expandable liner in the vertical section to support the damaged base casing. On the other end of the spectrum, an operator in Colorado used expandable technology to convert a depleted gas well into a water-disposal well that adhered to federal and state specifications. The operator covered 45-year-old perforations with two separate solid expandable tubular systems for safe water disposal from several wells in a prolific gas-producing field.
The application realm for this enabling technology continues to expand as operators pre-plan its use to optimize production. This paper will discuss how solid expandable tubulars, openhole liners or cased-hole liners, provide a cost-effective and technically-savvy approach to gas recovery. Comparing conditions and applications will illustrate how applicable these systems are suited for similar operations in Canada. Case histories will be used to demonstrate the robustness of expandable technology for diverse environments and objectives.
Central America Operator Uses Versatile Surface Packoff for Improved Well-Construction Operations
Authors: Monroy Rafael Rodriguez , Rogers Hank , Castro Jorge , Martinez Carlos 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
While using conventional surface launch cementing plugs during cementing operations performed on large diameter surface pipe, significant costs are incurred during the pumping of cement and displacement fluids because of the large volumes involved in the job. Additionally, high differential lifting pressures sometimes exceed the safe collapse load that can be applied to the large casing; thereby preventing the operator from checking the float valves after displacement is complete.
For several operational reasons, the operator elected to cement subsequently installed surface pipe using the inner-string method of displacement.
To help reduce overall job execution time and provide safer means of checking the floats after displacement is complete, a versatile surface packoff was incorporated into cementing operations on many large-diameter surface jobs. The time required to run the work string and install the surface packoff was easily justified with reduced costs associated with actual job execution. This paper documents the operators cost analysis along with operational benefits realized from the use of inner-string cementing and surface packoff methods.
New Environment-Friendly Cement Slurries With Enhanced Mechanical Properties
Authors: Mahmoudkhani Amir H. , Huynh Diana N. T. , Sylvestre Chuck , Schneider Jason 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
New cement slurries have been developed with significantly reduced greenhouse gas footprints when compared to conventional cement slurries used for oil and gas well cementing operations. The slurries consist of geopolymeric materials exhibiting superior chemical and mechanical properties at a competitive cost saving. A key attribute of the geopolymer technology is its robustness and versatility which enables products to have specific properties for slurries at densities as low as 1200 kg/m3. In these slurries, cement has been replaced by up to 60% of its weight with aluminosilicate materials. This includes lightweight slurries with high compressive and flexural strengths and desirable elasticity. The new slurry has been successfully placed as a lightweight lead cement in intermediate casing operations. The short- and long-term performances of the new blend will be presented in relation to each of its various well applications.
New Steel PDC Drill-Bit Technology Redefines Performance Standards in Key Natural-Gas Applications
Authors: Beaton Tim , Herman J. J. , Miko Chris , denOuden Bruce 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
One of the biggest ongoing challenges to the successful production of many natural gas reserves is the ability to improve drilling efficiency. In many of these applications, in order to drill the interval safely, it is necessary to drill through gas producing formations using high mud weight. As is well known in the industry, drilling with high mud weight poses significant challenges to drilling efficiency. Generally speaking, high mud weight equates to high solids content in the mud, and slow ROP for the drill bit, which means high hours to drill the section and frequent bit trips. Further to that, high hours and high solids equate to wear and erosion problems with bits and downhole equipment, leading to higher costs.
A new line of steel bodied drill bits has recently been introduced that has shown dramatic improvements in drilling efficiency in Western Canadian foothills natural gas applications. The hydraulic configuration (blade shape & height, void volume, junk slot area, nozzle orientation and TFA flexibility) of the drill bit is of paramount importance in applications with high mud weight. Bit balling is very common in these types of applications, and is very detrimental to drilling efficiency. The ability to utilize a steel body, and to protect it from the typical erosion and wear that is seen in high solid environments, is critical to maximizing hydraulic performance.
The new technology developed for these drill bits allows higher ROP in high mud weight applications, increased mechanical efficiency during the drilling process, and greatly enhanced wear / erosion resistance. Runs have been recorded in intervals with ≥ 1750 kg/m3 mud weight and &gt; 85 cP viscosity showing dramatic increases in ROP, with absolutely no erosive wear to the body of the bit, even after drilling for ~ 160 hours. This significant increase in ROP is a major breakthrough as less time spent in the hole means less wear and erosion on all downhole components.
Screening of Oil-Degrading and Hydrogen-Producing Microorganisms for Microbial Conversion of CO2 into CH4 in Oil Reservoir
Authors: Sugai Y. , Niimi T. , Sasaki K. , Hattori Y. , Kano S. , Mukaidani T. , Fujiwara K. , Okatsu K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
CO2 sequestration into depleted oil reservoir has been expected as a method of reducing CO2 emission. Moreover, the authors focus on in-situ microbial conversion process of carbon dioxide into methane by hydrogenotrophic methanogens that inhabit oil reservoir universally. It is important for this process how to supply hydrogenotrophic methanogens with hydrogen for their methane production in reservoir. This study is aimed at searching for the oil-degrading and hydrogen-producing thermophilic bacteria (ODHPTB) which can produce hydrogen from oil in reservoir brine.
Reservoir brine was extracted from 10 producing wells in Yabase oilfield in Japan. Indigenous bacteria in brine samples were incubated with sterilized oil under anaerobic conditions (10% CO2 balance N2) at 50°C and/or 75°C. Both the production of hydrogen and methane and the consumption of carbon dioxide were observed in almost all culture solutions after 2 months incubation. The maximum rate of hydrogen production was 20.9 Nml/L-medium/day.
These culture solution and raw brine were inoculated into nutrient agar medium and incubated under anaerobic conditions at 50°C and 75°C. Microbial single colonies formed in the nutrient agar medium after 2 weeks incubation were picked and inoculated into sterilized brine including sterilized oil as a hydrogen source. More than 40 strains were isolated and incubated in the brine medium and 24 strains were observed to produce hydrogen from oil after 1 month incubation. The maximum rate of hydrogen production was 1.0 Nml/L-medium/day.
These results show that the in-situ microbial conversion process of carbon dioxide and residual oil into methane using ODHPTB and hydrogenotrophic methanogens is promising. Moreover, the most talented ODHPTB that was isolated in this study can be injected into reservoir in order to stimulate the conversion of carbon dioxide into methane.
Results of diagnostic ophthalmic testing in healthy guinea pigs
Authors: Coster Martin E. , Stiles Jean , Krohne Sheryl G. , Raskin Rose E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To report values for tear production, central corneal touch threshold (CTT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy guinea pigs and determine results of aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—31 healthy guinea pigs (62 eyes) of various ages and breeds.
Procedures—Tear production was measured by the phenol red thread tear test (PRT) and Schirmer tear test (STT) before and after topical anesthetic application, CTT was measured with an esthesiometer, and IOP was measured by applanation tonometry.
Results—Combining data from all eyes, mean ± SD PRT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 21.26 ± 4.19 mm/15 s and 22.47 ± 3.31 mm/15 s, respectively, and mean IOP was 18.27 ± 4.55 mm Hg. Median STT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 3 mm/min (range, 0 to 12 mm/min) and 4 mm/min (range, 0 to 11 mm/min), respectively, and median CTT was 2.0 cm (range, 0.5 to 3.0 cm). Values did not differ between eyes for any test, but significant differences were identified for PRT values between males and females and between values obtained before and after topical anesthetic administration. Common bacterial isolates included Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. Cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens revealed mainly basal epithelial cells; lymphocytes were common.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provided information on values for PRT, STT, CTT, and IOP in healthy guinea pigs and on expected findings for aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens.
Effect of orally administered tramadol alone or with an intravenously administered opioid on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in cats
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Abbo Lisa A. , Weil Ann B. , Johnson Brenda M. , Inoue Tomohito , Payton Mark E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effect of oral administration of tramadol alone and with IV administration of butorphanol or hydromorphone on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in cats.
Design—Crossover study.
Animals—8 healthy 3-year-old cats.
Procedures—Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. A standard tail clamp method was used to determine the MAC of sevoflurane following administration of tramadol (8.6 to 11.6 mg/kg [3.6 to 5.3 mg/lb], PO, 5 minutes before induction of anesthesia), butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.04 mg/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.05 mL/kg [0.023 mL/lb], IV, 30 minutes after induction), or tramadol with butorphanol or with hydromorphone (same doses and routes of administration). Naloxone (0.02 mg/kg [0.009 mg/lb], IV) was used to reverse the effects of treatments, and MACs were redetermined.
Results—Mean ± SEM MACs for sevoflurane after administration of tramadol (1.48 ± 0.20%), butorphanol (1.20 ± 0.16%), hydromorphone (1.76 ± 0.15%), tramadol and butorphanol (1.48 ± 0.20%), and tramadol and hydromorphone (1.85 ± 0.20%) were significantly less than those after administration of saline solution (2.45 ± 0.22%). Naloxone reversed the reductions in MACs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of tramadol, butorphanol, or hydromorphone reduced the MAC of sevoflurane in cats, compared with that in cats treated with saline solution. The reductions detected were likely mediated by effects of the drugs on opioid receptors. An additional reduction in MAC was not detected when tramadol was administered with butorphanol or hydromorphone.
Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995–2004)
Authors: Posner Lysa P. , Asakawa Makoto , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine morbidity and fatalities in cats with hepatic lipidosis that received propofol to facilitate placement of a feeding tube.
Study Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—44 cats with presumed primary hepatic lipidosis anesthetized for placement of a feeding tube.
Procedures—Medical records from January 1995 through December 2004 were reviewed to identify cats that matched the inclusion criteria (histologic confirmation of hepatic lipidosis, anesthetized for placement of feeding tube, complete intensive care unit [ICU] records, and recorded outcome). Data extracted included age, body weight, sex, anesthetic drugs, drug dosages, type of feeding tube, duration of anesthesia, number of hours in ICU, administration of blood products, and survival until discharge from ICU.
Results—44 cats (21 females and 23 males) were included in the analysis. Age range was 3 to 15 years (median, 8 years), and body weight ranged from 1.8 to 9.0 kg (4.0 to 19.8 lb), with a median of 4.8 kg (10.6 lb). Twenty-seven cats were administered propofol. There was no significant association between the use of propofol or the dosage of propofol and any risk factor, need for blood products, number of hours in the ICU, or survival. There was no significant difference between cats that received propofol and cats that did not receive propofol with regard to interval until discharge from the ICU.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of propofol did not increase morbidity or fatalities in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis. Thus, propofol can be used in these cats for placement of a feeding tube.
Association of magnetic resonance imaging findings and histologic diagnosis in dogs with nasal disease: 78 cases (2001—2004)
Authors: Miles Macon S. , Dhaliwal Ravinder S. , Moore Michael P. , Reed Ann L. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features correlated with histologic diagnosis in dogs with nasal disease.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—78 dogs undergoing MRI for evaluation of nasal disease.
Procedures—Medical records and MRI reports of dogs were reviewed to identify MRI features associated with histologic diagnosis. Features evaluated were presence of a mass effect, frontal sinus involvement, sphenoid sinus involvement, maxillary recess involvement, nasopharyngeal infiltration by soft tissue, nasal turbinate destruction, vomer bone lysis, paranasal bone destruction, cribriform plate erosion, and lesion extent (ie, unilateral vs bilateral).
Results—33 dogs had neoplastic disease, 38 had inflammatory rhinitis, and 7 had fungal rhinitis. Lesion extent was not significantly associated with histologic diagnosis. Absence of a mass effect was significantly associated with inflammatory disease. However, presence of a mass was not specific for neoplasia. In dogs with evidence of a mass on magnetic resonance (MR) images, nasal turbinate destruction, frontal sinus invasion, and maxillary recess invasion were not useful in distinguishing neoplastic from nonneoplastic disease, but cribriform plate erosion, vomer bone lysis, paranasal bone destruction, sphenoid sinus invasion, and nasopharyngeal invasion were.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in dogs with nasal disease, the lack of a mass effect on MR images was significantly associated with inflammatory disease. In dogs with a mass effect on MR images, vomer bone lysis, cribriform plate erosion, paranasal bone destruction, sphenoid sinus invasion by a mass, and nasopharyngeal invasion by a mass were significantly associated with a diagnosis of neoplasia.
Percutaneous endovascular retrieval of an intravascular foreign body in five dogs, a goat, and a horse
Authors: Culp William T. N. , Weisse Chick , Berent Allyson C. , Getman Liberty M. , Schaer Thomas P. , Solomon Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Case Description—5 dogs, 1 goat, and 1 horse underwent percutaneous endovascular retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies between 2002 and 2007.
Clinical Findings—Foreign bodies were IV catheters in 4 dogs, the horse, and the goat and a piece of a balloon valvuloplasty catheter in 1 dog. Location of the foreign bodies included the main pulmonary artery (1 dog), a branch of a pulmonary artery (4 dogs), the right ventricle (the goat), and a jugular vein (the horse).
Treatment and Outcome—The procedure of percutaneous endovascular retrieval of the foreign body was easy to perform in all instances. One dog was euthanized 41 days after retrieval because of worsening of another disease process, and 1 dog had abnormal neurologic signs secondary to a brain mass. All other animals were clinically normal during the follow-up period (follow-up duration, 3 to 57 months). None of the animals developed long-term complications secondary to the foreign body retrieval procedure.
Clinical Relevance—Intravascular foreign bodies that result from catheters or devices used during minimally invasive techniques are rare but may cause substantial morbidity. Percutaneous endovascular retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies was easily and safely performed in the 7 animals reported here. Use of percutaneous endovascular retrieval techniques should be considered for treatment of animals with intravascular foreign bodies because morbidity can be substantially decreased; however, proper selection of patients for the procedure is necessary.
Laparoscopic-assisted implantation of a urinary catheter in male sheep
Authors: Franz Sonja , Dadak Agnes M. , Schöffmann Gudrun , Coppens Paul , Khol Johannes L. , Baumgartner Walter , Dupre Gilles 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate a laparoscopic technique for implantation of a urinary catheter in the right paramedian area in male sheep and to determine feasibility, benefits, and risks for this technique.
Design—Evaluation study.
Animals—6 healthy male sheep (mean ± SD body weight, 42.16 ± 11.95 kg [92.75 ± 26.29 lb]).
Procedures—Each sheep was anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. A 10-mm laparoscope was inserted in the right paramedian area between the xiphoid and preputial orifice. After creation of capnoperitoneum, grasping forceps were inserted in the left paramedian area at the level of the teats and used to immobilize the urinary bladder. A pigtail balloon catheter was implanted transcutaneously in the right paramedian area between the preputial orifice and teats and directed into the urinary bladder by use of laparoscopic guidance. The catheter was removed 10 days after implantation. Fourteen days after initial surgery, a second laparoscopy was performed to evaluate pathologic changes.
Results—Inadvertent insertion of the first trocar into the rumen of 1 sheep was the only intraoperative complication encountered. Laparoscopic-assisted implantation of the urinary catheter was successfully performed in all sheep. No postoperative complications were detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic-assisted implantation of a urinary catheter in the right paramedian area was successfully performed and may be a feasible method for use in sheep. This method can be considered as an alternative to tube cystotomy performed by laparotomy.
Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States
Authors: Wright Jennifer G. , Jung Sherry , Holman Robert C. , Marano Nina N. , McQuiston Jennifer H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the knowledge and use of infection control practices (ICPs) among US veterinarians.
Design—Anonymous mail-out population survey.
Procedures—In 2005 a questionnaire was mailed to US small animal, large animal, and equine veterinarians who were randomly selected from the AVMA membership to assess precaution awareness (PA) and veterinarians' perceptions of zoonotic disease risks. Respondents were assigned a PA score (0 to 4) on the basis of their responses (higher scores representing higher stringency of ICPs); within a practice type, respondents' scores were categorized as being within the upper 25% or lower 75% of scores (high and low PA ranking, respectively). Characteristics associated with low PA rankings were assessed.
Results—Generally, respondents did not engage in protective behaviors or use personal protective equipment considered appropriate to protect against zoonotic disease transmission. Small animal and equine veterinarians employed in practices that had no written infection control policy were significantly more likely to have low PA ranking. Male gender was associated with low PA ranking among small animal and large animal veterinarians; equine practitioners not working in a teaching or referral hospital were more likely to have low PA ranking than equine practitioners working in such institutions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that most US veterinarians are not aware of appropriate personal protective equipment use and do not engage in practices that may help reduce zoonotic disease transmission. Gender differences may influence personal choices for ICPs. Provision of information and training on ICPs and establishment of written infection control policies could be effective means of improving ICPs in veterinary practices.