bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ visualization of degradation of silicon field emitter tips
Authors: Nozawa Naoyuki , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Hashiguchi Gen , Fujita Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the simultaneous observation of both the electron field emission from nanoscopic tips by electrical means and their structural shape change by an ultra‐high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoneedles with sharp tips of radius in the nanometer range were fabricated with semiconductor micromachining technology. A correlation between the electron field emission characteristics and the structural change of the emitter tip was clearly observed. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of ferromagnetic shape‐memory alloys by the extended Hückel method
Authors: Ehara Kei , Tanaka Hirokazu , Kanno Yoshinori 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFerromagnetic shape‐memory alloy (SMA) are powerful candidates as actuators, pressure sensors, magnetic sensors, etc. Magnetic‐field‐induced strain has been observed in many ferromagnetic SMA. The magnetic‐field‐induced strain is a reversible transformation in the martensite phase with the magnetic field. We have investigated the property of the ferromagnetic shape‐memory materials by the extended Hückel method, and estimated the ferromagnetic shape‐memory of Fe–Pt and Fe–Pd alloys at high temperatures. We used two physical quantities, i.e. cohesive energy and energy fluctuation, to measure the stability of the materials. On the basis of the cohesive energy and energy fluctuation, we discuss the characteristics of ferromagnetic SMA, in which the energy fluctuation is a measure of thermal stability of the metals and/or alloys. The martensite structure is unstable, which means that the energy fluctuation has to be controlled to a small value to keep the martensite phase. Furthermore, it is estimated that the energy fluctuation is associated with the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is an essential parameter for ferromagnetic materials. From the discussion presented above, we can propose the following: (i) Alloys possessing a low cohesive energy are associated with a high mobility of atoms and are suitable for ferromagnetic shape‐memory materials; (ii) Alloys showing a low energy fluctuation show ferromagnetic shape‐memory and are favored for use as memory devices. We found that I (iodine) is the best dopant for Fe–Pt ferromagnetic SMA, and Tc (technetium) is the best dopant for Fe–Pd ferromagnetic SMA. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of radio frequency transmitters including on‐chip antenna for intelligent human sensing systems
Authors: Kim Jong‐Wan , Takao Hidekuni , Sawada Kazuaki , Ishida Makoto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the essentials of the development of an integrated smart microsensor system that has been developed to monitor the motion and vital signs of humans in various environments. Integration of RF transmitter technology with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor/micro electro mechanical systems (CMOS/MEMS) microsensors is required to realize wireless smart microsensors for the monitoring system. Sensors for the measurement of body temperature, perspiration, heart rate (pressure sensor), and motion (accelerometers) are candidates for integration on the wireless smart microsensor system. In this paper, the development of radio frequency transmitter (RF) that will be integrated on wireless smart microsensors is presented. A voltage controlled RF‐CMOS oscillator (VCO) has been fabricated for the 300‐MHz frequency band applications. Also, spiral inductors for an LC resonator and an integrated antenna have been realized with a CMOS‐compatible metallization process. The essential RF components have been fabricated and evaluated experimentally. The fabricated CMOS VCO showed a conversion factor from voltage to frequency of about 81 MHz/V. After matching the characteristic impedance (50 Ω) of the on‐chip integrated antenna and the VCO output, more than 5 m signal transmission from the microchip antenna has been observed. The transmitter showed remarkable improvement in transmission power efficiency by correct matching with the microchip antenna. Essential technologies of the RF transmitter for the wireless smart microsensors have been successfully developed. Also, for the 300‐MHz band application, the integrated RF transmitter, with the CMOS oscillator and the on‐chip antenna, has been successfully demonstrated for the first time. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transparent biosensor with micro channel array for optical and electrophysiological detection of luciferin–luciferase reaction
Authors: Tonomura Wataru , Okamura Hitoshi , Konishi Satoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a transparent biosensor that was designed to detect both the optical and electrophysiological signals of the luciferin–luciferase reaction. By using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies, we have studied and developed a ‘Micro Channel Array’ (MCA) integrated with suction holes and electrodes as planar patch‐clamp biosensors. A transparent biosensor was developed as an advanced MCA. The developed transparent biosensor employs an SU‐8‐based MCA structure for simultaneous multipoint sensing of optical and electrophysiological signals. In this study, we tested the newly developed biosensor using the mPer1‐luc slice culture, which has circadian rhythms and is a typical example of cells in which a luciferin–luciferase reaction occurs. We could measure the optical and electrophysiological signals of the mPer1‐luc slice culture. Here we describe the experimental results of this study, and describe the design and fabrication of the transparent biosensor with MCA. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cell adhesion characteristics of chemically modified silicon nitride surfaces
Authors: Sakata Toshiya , Ueda Aiko , Miyahara Yuji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe investigated the fundamental characteristics of cell adhesion during cell culture on the Si3N4 surface for using it as the gate insulator in field‐effect devices. The culture medium and the surface condition of Si3N4 were controlled for cell culture on the Si3N4 substrate. When we measure electrical characteristics of cell adhesion and cell function using field‐effect devices, we require a stable measurement of the electrical signals. The serum in the culture medium includes a number of proteins, which cause instability of the potential behavior. In this paper, we show that the cell‐adhesive molecules on the Si3N4 surface used as a gate insulator should be designed and controlled when cell culture is performed in the culture medium without the serum. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Towards mechanical characterization of biomolecules by MNEMS tools
Authors: Collard Dominique , Yamahata Christophe , Legrand Bernard , Takekawa Tetsuya , Kumemura Momoko , Sakaki Naoyoshi , Hashiguchi Gen , Fujita Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSingle‐molecule micromanipulations have provided information that has been awaited for a long time. However, these experiments relying on optical tweezers (OT) or magnetic tweezers (MT) have a low throughput since the molecular preparation is done one at a time. In order to move towards systematic biological or medical analysis, micro‐nano‐electromechanical systems (MNEMS) are the appropriate devices, as they integrate accurate molecular level engineering tools and can be cheaply produced with highly parallel fabrication processes. This paper investigates the ability of MNEMS tweezers to perform molecular manipulations. The mechanical forces relevant in biological interactions are first reviewed and compared to the performances of biophysical instruments. MNEMS tweezers are then presented. The tweezers integrate opposing sharp tips to capture the molecules, an actuator to stretch them and a displacement sensor to measure in real time the produced molecular extension. DNA molecular bundles are readily assembled and manipulated. The sensor provides a 0.3‐nm stretching resolution, equivalent to the interbase pair distance in double‐stranded DNA. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced silicon microstructures, sensors, and systems
Authors: Paul Oliver , Gaspar Joao , Ruther Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the progress in silicon‐based biomedical microstructures, material characterization techniques, and mechanical microsystems by the authors' research team. Microneedle and microelectrode arrays with fluidic through‐wafer vias and electrical contacts were developed. The structures are designed for dermatological and biological applications such as allergy testing, surface electromyography, and spatially resolved impedance spectroscopy. The characterization of thin films has relied on the bulge test. By the formulation of more powerful models, the application range of the bulge test was extended to elastically supported thin‐film multilayers. This enables the mechanical properties of thin films to be determined reliably. Finally, progress in the operation and application of novel stress sensors based on CMOS diffusions and field effect transistors and exploiting the pseudo‐Hall effect is reported. Their integration into powerful single‐chip microsystems is described. Applications include stress mapping, force and torque measurements, and tactile surface probing of microcomponents. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low‐temperature direct bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) for polymer microchips
Authors: Shinohara Hidetoshi , Mizuno Jun , Shoji Shuichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA low‐temperature, direct bonding method for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plates has been developed by employing surface treatment by atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma, vacuum oxygen plasma, ultraviolet (UV)/ozone or vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/ozone. Reasonable bonding strength, as evaluated by a tensile test, was achieved below the glass transition temperature (Tg). The highest bonding strength among the achieved results is 1.43 MPa (about three times the value for conventional direct bonding) at an annealing temperature of 50 °C and an applied pressure of 2.5 MPa for 10 min. Low‐temperature bonding prevents deformation of the PMMA microstructure. A prototype PMMA microchip that has fine channels of 5 µm depth was fabricated by hot‐embossing using a Si mold. After atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma activation, direct bonding was carried out at an annealing temperature of 75 °C and an applied pressure of 3 MPa for 3 min. The method gives good bonding characteristics without deformation and leakage. This low‐temperature bonding technology can be applied to polymer micro/nano structures. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Localized thermal processing with a laser‐trapped and heated metal nanoparticle
Authors: Numata Takayuki , Tatsuta Hirokazu , Morita Yoshiaki , Otani Yukitoshi , Umeda Norihiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe report localized thermal processing using a laser‐trapped and heated metal nanoparticle. A metal nanoparticle trapped by a focused, continuous wave (CW), near‐infrared laser was heated by photothermal conversion and acted as a remotely controllable nanosized thermal tool for processing a workpiece. We demonstrated the processing of a glass substrate with an optically trapped gold nanoparticle (diameter 200 nm) irradiated by a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.064 µm, CW). Laser irradiation caused local melting of the substrate and a crater‐like nanosized imprint on the substrate, demonstrating thermal nanoprocessing of an optically transparent material. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploration of communication models in the design of distributed embedded systems
Authors: Kobayashi Kazutaka , Shiraishi Takashi , Zakaria Nurul Azma , Yamasaki Ryosuke , Yoshida Norihiko , Narazaki Shuji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDistributed embedded systems involve communication in various layers, and therefore their design is more difficult than of single embedded systems. This paper presents how communication exploration can be done in a design process of distributed embedded systems using an example of event‐triggered and time‐triggered communication. A design process begins from abstract specification without assuming any communication category, then explores the categories in a stepwise manner, followed by physical implementation synthesis. This encourages stepwise decision making, component and framework reuse, and early stage verification. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydrophilization of polypropylene films by using migratory additives
Authors: Zhu Siqiang , Hirt Douglas E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLinear and branched hydrophilic additives of various molecular weights (MWs) were extruded with polypropylene (PP) to make blend films. The surface‐modifying additives included polyethylene glycol (PEG), hydroxyl‐terminated four‐arm polyethylene oxide (PEO), and a commercial hydrophilic additive, Irgasurf HL560. Films were extruded by using a twin‐screw microcompounder at 200°C, and the resulting film thickness was 100 μm. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)‐FTIR spectrometry and water contact angle measurements were performed on the film surfaces over time to investigate the additive migration behavior. Although ATR‐FTIR detected concentration increases for all additives in the subsurface region, there was no significant improvement in surface hydrophilicity for the PEGs and four‐arm PEOs in the same period of time as water contact angles were measured on the surfaces. Among the linear additives, low MW PEG (1 kDa) was found to migrate faster than the high MW varieties. The linear PEG and four‐arm PEO with MW higher than 2 kDa did not exhibit significant migration to the surface within a month. Irgasurf was found to change the surface wettability effectively in a relatively short time. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:57–64, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Preparation and phase behavior of acetyl monoglycerides
Authors: Martin James B. , Lutton E. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA homologous series of 1‐monoacetyl‐3‐monoglycerides in which the fatty acyl group varies from C14 to C22 in even C intervals has been prepared by partial acetylation of the appropriate 1‐monoglycerides. Crystallization and silica gel chromatography were used to isolate the diglycerides in high purity. The isomeric monoacetyl monostearins were prepared either by application of a similar procedure to 2‐monostearin or by acetylation of 1‐tetrahydropyranyl‐3‐monostearin with subsequent removal of the blocking group to obtain 2‐acetyl‐1‐monostearin. In the homologous series of 1‐acetyl‐3‐monoglycerides from monomyristin through behenin the stable form at room temperature, called form I, is a tilted double chain length form, existing up to the melting point for myristin through stearin but transforming to a stable α form before melting for arachidin and behenin. The α form, low melting and entirely metastable for myristin through stearin, transforms reversibly to sub‐α on cooling. Both α and sub‐α are perpendicular forms and probably of single chain length structure. An interesting feature is the two‐step transformation of sub‐α to α on warming; the nature of this stepwise transformation, observed for all but myristin, is discussed. A nearly perpendicular double chain length β‐like form occurs for palmitin and stearin and perhaps myristin. This form, which has not been well characterized thermally, though possibly entirely metastable, is conceivably a stable form at low temperatures.
Canadian beeswax: Analytical values and composition of hydrocarbons, free acids and long chain esters
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Hoffman L. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhysical and chemical properties of 80 samples of Canadian yellow unrefined beeswax have been determined. Mean values were: melting point, 64.3 C; acid value, 18.7; ester value, 72.6; ratio number 3.89; saponification cloud point 62.5 C; and hydrocarbon content, 15.3%. There was no significant variation due to geography or climate. Values were very similar to those of U.S. beeswax and were within the specifications of National Formulary XIII, except that 21 samples had ester values in the range 70–72. A more accurate specification for ester value would be 70–77 instead of 72–77. Hydrocarbons, free fatty acids and long chain esters were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, and the limiting values found make possible improved detection and estimation of adulterants. The upper limits for C16 and C18 acids were 5.8 and 3.3%, respectively, of the total free acids.
Projection and prospects for cottonseed in the 1970’s
Authors: Cater Carl M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOilseeds and their products, vegetable oils and oilcakes, are primary agricultural commodities on the world market. The current annual volume is ca. $3000 million and, with increasing world population and income, their production is expected to expand. Improved technology, which allows for substitution of oils from various sources in many products, has narrowed the price spread between different oils. If production increases as predicted, the price of vegetable oils may decline in the future. Oilcakes are used primarily for animal feed at present. Forecasts predict that consumption of oilcake should increase and prices remain stable. Since cottonseed is a byproduct of cotton fiber production, it does not readily respond to fluctuations in supply and demand. Two factors may significantly affect utilization patterns of cottonseed protein in the future. First is development of the liquid cyclone process for production of food‐grade protein flour from conventional cottonseed. Second is development of commercially acceptable varieties of glandless cotton, the seed of which can be processed into food without special procedures. Exploitation of these developments could move significant amounts of cottonseed protein into food channels in both developed and lesser developed countries and alter use patterns for cottonseed.
Projection and prospects for sunflower seed
Authors: Gandy Dalton E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOil‐type sunflower production may be expected to increase during this decade and strengthen the crop’s position as the second largest world source of vegetable oil. The development would intensify its already profound effect upon world trade in general and the vegetable oil industry in particular. The Soviet Union, producer of more than half of the world’s supply of sunflower oil, has greatly influenced the position of this commodity. Apparent increasing production there and in other countries, including the U.S., will influence the market position of all vegetable oils. Sunflower oil with its many desirable characteristics should find ready acceptance in world markets. Sunflower meal should be competitive with most vegetable proteins. Domestic sunflower production has been competitive with other farm crops in many areas. Requirements for successful production include the application of good management and the use of available information and materials. In most instances where production has not been satisfactory, poor management, which is somewhat typical in attempting to grow most new crops, has existed. A need also exists for further development of high yielding varieties, insect and disease control, improved harvesting procedures, control of field losses to birds and improved cultural practices. Good progress is being made in each of these categories.
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester using inorganic formic acid salts as donors
Authors: Arkad O. , Wiener H. , Garti N. , Sasson Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl esters using aqueous formic acid salts solutions and heterogeneous palladium‐on‐carbon catalyst was investigated. Complete hydrogenation of the methyl ester was achieved by mixing a concentrated aqueous alkali formate solution with the methyl ester at 80 C in the presence of the catalyst (0.2–0.4% Pd). At the initial stages of the reaction, the selectivity was significantly higher than conventional hydrogenation (hydrogenation under pressure) performed with the same catalyste.Cis‐trans isomerization was similar to the behavior of conventional techniques.
Design of oilseed extractors I. Oil extraction (supplement)
Authors: Karnofsky George 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis supplements an earlier article (1) which presented a method of calculating retention time required for countercurrent extraction of oilseeds from laboratory extraction rate data. The method is based on the empirical observation that extraction rate is governed largely by the rate at which undissolved oil goes into solution, resistance to diffusion from the flakes becoming of consequence only in thick flakes. This article introduces the concepts of parabolic concentration gradient in the flakes and of an apparent diffusivity which is an inherent property of the seed. The method is applied to the solution of several commercially important extractions.
Rigid urethane foams from hydroxymethylated linseed oil and polyol esters
Authors: Khoe T. H. , Otey F. H. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRigid urethane foams were prepared from hydroxymethylated linseed oil and its esters of glycerol, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. These polyols were made by selective hydroformylation with a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst followed by catalytic hydrogenation with Raney nickel. Although the hydroxymethylated linseed monoglyceride by itself yielded a satisfactory foam, better foams were made from all hydroxymethylated linseed derivatives when blended with a low‐molecular weight commercial polyol. Linseed‐derived foams were compared with foams from equivalent formulations of hydroxymethylated monoolein and castor oil. Hydroxymethylated products yielded polyurethane foams meeting the requirements of commercial products with respect to density, compressive strength and dimensional stability.