bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of mass spectrometry to the discovery of biomarkers for detection of prostate cancer
Authors: Semmes O. John , Malik Gunjan , Ward Mike 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere has been an impressive emergence of mass spectrometry based technologies applied toward the study of proteins. Equally notable is the rapid adaptation of these technologies to biomedical approaches in the realm of clinical proteomics. Concerted efforts toward the elucidation of the proteomes of organ sites or specific disease state are proliferating and from these efforts come the promise of better diagnostics/prognostics and therapeutic intervention. Prostate cancer has been a focus of many such studies with the promise of improved care to patients via biomarkers derived from these proteomic approaches. The newer technologies provide higher analytical capabilities, employ automated liquid handling systems, fractionation techniques and bioinformatics tools for greater sensitivity and resolving power, more robust and higher throughput sample processing, and greater confidence in analytical results. In this prospects, we summarize the proteomic technologies applied to date in prostate cancer, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The development of newer proteomic strategies for use in future applications is also discussed. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 496–503, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue culture methods can strongly induce immediate early gene expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Yang Huaitao , Yang Xiuying , Lang John C. , Chaum Edward 
Published: March 2006

AbstractExpression and activation of AP‐1 transcription factor proteins is stimulated by diverse physiological factors including cytokines, growth factors, and various cell stressors. The studies presented here arose out of observations in our laboratory that there was rapid and significant induction of immediate early gene (IEG) transcription in “control” retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) cultures following media changes. To clarify whether routine in vitro manipulations have the potential to induce the expression of transcription factors and non‐transcription factor genes, we performed quantitative PCR studies on RPE cells in culture following various cell rinse conditions. Our studies showed that there is rapid and dramatic induction of FosB, JunB, and EGR‐1 transcription within 1 h following media aspiration and rinsing of confluent cells in vitro. The induction of these genes ranged from 32‐ to 256‐fold following a buffered saline or media rinse. Modifying the rinse conditions and media used can eliminate this early response; however, a significant effect is still seen for FosB and JunB, 4 h after rinsing. The response was not seen with non‐transcription factor genes and can be eliminated for most of the genes using a non‐rinsing method. These studies demonstrate that rinsing cells in culture has the potential to profoundly affect subsequent analyses of gene expression and must be carefully controlled. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inorganic phosphate inhibits growth of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells via adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway
Authors: Naviglio Silvio , Spina Annamaria , Chiosi Emilio , Fusco Anna , Illiano Fausto , Pagano Mario , Romano Maria , Senatore Giovanna , Sorrentino Annunziata , Sorvillo Luca , Illiano Gennaro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn order to elucidate how phosphate regulates cellular functions, we investigated the effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic AMP (cAMP) axis. Here we describe that Pi treatment of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells results in a decrease of both intracellular cAMP levels and AC activity, and in a cell growth inhibition. The phosphate‐triggered effects observed in U2OS cells are not a widespread phenomenon regarding all cell lines, since other cell lines screened respond differently to parallel Pi treatments. In U2OS cell line, the AC activity/cAMP downregulation is accompanied by significant variations in the levels of some membrane proteins belonging to the AC system. Remarkably, the above effects are blunted by pharmacological inhibition of sodium‐dependent phosphate transport. Moreover, 8‐Br‐cAMP and other cAMP‐elevating agents, such as IBMX and forskolin, interestingly, prevent the cell growth inhibition in response to phosphate. Our results enforce the increasing evidences of phosphate as a signaling molecule, identifying in U2OS cell line the AC/cAMP axis, as a novel‐signaling pathway modulated by phosphate to ultimately affect cell growth. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investments in ICT‐capital and economic performance of small and medium scale enterprises in East Africa
Authors: Chowdhury Shyamal K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we focused on whether investments in ICTs could cause any increases in a firm's performance. We constructed a data set for two East African countries—Kenya and Tanzania for small and medium scale enterprises and focused on three performance indicators—internal rate of return, labour productivity and domestic and export market expansion. Findings of this paper suggested that investments in ICT have a positive impact on general market expansion. However, it has a negative impact on labour productivity, and such investment does not have any significant impact on the firm's return nor does it determine the firm's exporter (non‐exporter) status. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on poverty in Kosovo
Authors: Bhaumik Sumon Kumar , Gang Ira N. , Yun Myeong‐Su 
Published: March 2006

AbstractKosovo is a war‐torn corner of the former Yugoslavia, where a civil war between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs raged during most of the 1990s. We examine the incidence and depth of poverty and some of its correlates in post‐conflict Kosovo using the Living Standards Measurement Survey. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downscaling heavy precipitation over the United Kingdom: a comparison of dynamical and statistical methods and their future scenarios
Authors: Haylock Malcolm R. , Cawley Gavin C. , Harpham Colin , Wilby Rob L. , Goodess Clare M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSix statistical and two dynamical downscaling models were compared with regard to their ability to downscale seven seasonal indices of heavy precipitation for two station networks in northwest and southeast England. The skill among the eight downscaling models was high for those indices and seasons that had greater spatial coherence. Generally, winter showed the highest downscaling skill and summer the lowest. The rainfall indices that were indicative of rainfall occurrence were better modelled than those indicative of intensity. Models based on non‐linear artificial neural networks were found to be the best at modelling the inter‐annual variability of the indices; however, their strong negative biases implied a tendency to underestimate extremes. A novel approach used in one of the neural network models to output the rainfall probability and the gamma distribution scale and shape parameters for each day meant that resampling methods could be used to circumvent the underestimation of extremes. Six of the models were applied to the Hadley Centre global circulation model HadAM3P forced by emissions according to two SRES scenarios. This revealed that the inter‐model differences between the future changes in the downscaled precipitation indices were at least as large as the differences between the emission scenarios for a single model. This implies caution when interpreting the output from a single model or a single type of model (e.g. regional climate models) and the advantage of including as many different types of downscaling models, global models and emission scenarios as possible when developing climate‐change projections at the local scale. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Long‐term memory of the hydrological cycle and river runoffs in China in a high‐resolution climate model
Authors: Blender Richard , Fraedrich Klaus 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe hydrological cycle in China is analysed on the basis of a 250‐years present‐day climate simulation with a high‐resolution (T63, ≈2° × 2° ) coupled atmosphere‐ocean circulation model (ECHAM5/MPI‐OM). The analysis of the annual data in the model simulation reveals long‐term memory (LTM) on decadal time scales in some components of the hydrological cycle. LTM is characterised by a scaling exponent β > 0 in the power spectrum S(f) ∼ f−β for low frequencies f and is determined by detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The simulated annual precipitation and atmospheric near‐surface temperature fields show, as in the observations, a white low‐frequency spectrum and, hence, no long‐term memory in East Asia. However, simulated river flows of the Yangtze and the Huang He reveal LTM with scaling exponents β = 0.3–0.4 (similar to the observations and that of the river Nile) extending beyond the decadal time scale. The model soil temperature indicates restricted memory up to time scales of approximately 30 years. In addition, the model's soil wetness, evaporation, and local runoff show memory on this time scale in a zonal belt at the latitude of Mongolia. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Spherical ordered mesoporous silicas and silica monoliths as stationary phases for liquid chromatography
Authors: Galarneau Anne , Iapichella Julien , Brunel Daniel , Fajula François , Bayram‐Hahn Zöfre , Unger Klaus , Puy Guillaume , Demesmay Claire , Rocca Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOrdered mesoporous silicas such as micelle‐templated silicas (MTS) feature unique textural properties in addition to their high surface area (˜1000 m2/g): narrow mesopore size distributions and controlled pore connectivity. These characteristics are highly relevant to chromatographic applications for resistance to mass transfer, which has never been studied in chromatography because of the absence of model materials such as MTS. Their synthesis is based on unique self‐assembly processes between surfactants and silica. In order to take advantage of the perfectly adjustable texture of MTS in chromatographic applications, their particle morphology has to be tailored at the micrometer scale. We developed a synthesis strategy to control the particle morphology of MTS using the concept of pseudomorphic transformation. Pseudomorphism was recognized in the mineral world to gain a mineral that presents a morphology not related to its crystallographic symmetry group. Pseudomorphic transformations have been applied to amorphous spherical silica particles usually used in chromatography as stationary phases to produce MTS with the same morphology, using alkaline solution to dissolve progressively and locally silica and reprecipitate it around surfactant micelles into ordered MTS structures. Spherical beads of MTS with hexagonal and cubic symmetries have been synthesized and successfully used in HPLC in fast separation processes. MTS with a highly connected structure (cubic symmetry), uniform pores with a diameter larger than 6 nm in the form of particles of 5 μm could compete with monolithic silica columns. Monolithic columns are receiving strong interest and represent a milestone in the area of fast separation. Their synthesis is a sol‐gel process based on phase separation between silica and water, which is assisted by the presence of polymers. The control of the synthesis of monolithic silica has been systematically explored. Because of unresolved yet cladding problems to evaluate the resulting macromonoliths in HPLC, micromonoliths were synthesized into fused‐silica capillaries and evaluated by nano‐LC and CEC. Only CEC allows to gain high column efficiencies in fast separation processes. Capillary silica monolithic columns represent attractive alternatives for miniaturization processes (lab‐on‐a chip) using CEC.
Is there any convergence between the differential and integral procedures used in chemical kinetics, particularly in nonisothermal kinetics?
Authors: Segal E. , Budrugeac P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSome contradictions concerning the classification of the methods to evaluate nonisothermal kinetic parameters into differential and integral ones are analyzed. Using the theorem of media for integrals, the equivalence between the methods that use the integration on low ranges of variables and the differential methods is shown. Concerning the magnitude of the range of change of variables on which the integration of the rate equation is performed, the applicability of the isoconversional methods that use approximate expressions of the temperature integral (Simpson's formula, formula based on the theorem of media for integrals) was analyzed. Our results were verified for simulated data (which are not affected by the experimental errors) as well as for the nonisothermal data for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 339–344, 2006
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor: A genetic risk factor for obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Klaffke Stefanie , König Inke R. , Poustka Fritz , Ziegler Andreas , Hebebrand Johannes , Bandmann Oliver 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA strong association of the G196A polymorphism of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has been reported. Patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) often develop OCD as well, suggesting a shared genetic susceptibility for OCD and GTS. We investigated whether BNDF is associated not only with OCD but also with GTS. The G196A polymorphism of the BNDF gene was genotyped in 88 GTS trios. The extended transmission/disequilibrium test was applied. The transmission rates for both alleles did not differ from the expected transmission rates. This finding suggests that GTS and OCD may have distinct genetic risk factors. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of ovarian theca cells on granulosa cell differentiation during gonadotropin‐independent follicular growth in cattle
Authors: Orisaka Makoto , Mizutani Tetsuya , Tajima Kimihisa , Orisaka Sanae , Shukunami Ken‐ichi , Miyamoto Kaoru , Kotsuji Fumikazu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effects of theca cells or FSH on granulosa cell differentiation and steroid production during bovine early follicular growth, using a co‐culture system in which granulosa and theca cells were cultured on opposite sides of a collagen membrane. Follicular cells were isolated from early antral follicles (2–4 mm) that were assumed to be in gonadotropin‐independent phase and just before recruitment into a follicular wave. Granulosa cells were cultured under serum‐free conditions with and without theca cells or recombinant human FSH to test their effects on granulosa cell differentiation. Messenger RNA levels for P450 aromatase (aromatase), P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (P450scc), 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD), LH receptor (LHr), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in granulosa cells were measured by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR analysis. FSH enhanced aromatase mRNA expression in granulosa cells, but did not alter estradiol production. FSH also enhanced mRNA expression for P450scc, LHr, and StAR in granulosa cells, resulting in an increase in progesterone production. In contrast, theca cells enhanced aromatase mRNA expression in granulosa cells resulting in an increase in estradiol production. Theca cells did not alter progesterone production and mRNA expression in granulosa cells for P450scc, 3β‐HSD, LHr, and StAR. The results of the present study indicate that theca cells are involved in both rate‐limiting steps in estrogen production, i.e., androgen substrate production and aromatase regulation, and that theca cell‐derived factors regulate estradiol and progesterone production in a way that reflects steroidogenesis during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human herpesvirus 7 in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Khanani Muhammad , Al‐Ahmari Ali , Tellier Raymond , Allen Upton , Richardson Susan , Doyle John J. , Gassas Adam 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the significance of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV‐7) in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).ObjectiveTo evaluate children post autologous and allogeneic HSCT, with a positive PCR or immunohistochemistry for HHV‐7 either from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or any other pathology specimen. Clinical data for these patients were collected examining symptoms and signs, engraftment, acute infectious complications, graft versus host disease (GVHD) where applicable, and survival.ResultsBetween June 1999 and June 2003, 265 HSCT were performed in The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, allogeneic (n = 163) and autologous (n = 102). Nine children were positive for HHV‐7 at a median of 21 days (range 16–27 days) post‐HSCT. All had allogeneic transplantation. The most common underlying diagnosis was acute leukemia and 7 had matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation. Eight of the nine patients had grade II–IV acute GVHD and all of them had multiple infectious episodes with fungal, bacterial and other viral pathogens. Although not fully attributed to HHV‐7, the clinical syndrome varied from fever, vomiting and diarrhea to septic shock. Four patients died due to GVHD and sepsis.ConclusionHHV‐7 was uncommon post‐HSCT. It was associated with severe GVHD and sepsis secondary to severe immunosuppression. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:567–570. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting and confirming the effectiveness of systems for managing low‐probability chemical process risks
Authors: Rosenthal Isadore , Kleindorfer Paul R. , Elliott Michael R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article addresses the role of a facility's process safety management system (PSMS) in preventing low probability–high consequence (LP–HC) accidents. We review the rationale for the hypothesis that a facility's PSMS is the central driver of accident prevention, and we discuss how this rationale has been incorporated implicitly into the OSHA Process Safety Management standard (PSM) in 1992 and explicitly into both the EU Seveso II Directive and the USA EPA Risk Management Program regulation (RMP) in 1996. We then note that the limited process accident incidence data available to date have not resolved the issue of determining or predicting characteristics of a facility's PSMS that are likely to be effective in reducing LP–HC accidents. Based on a variety of considerations, the authors propose retrospective and prospective case‐control studies on facilities with and without RMP reported process accidents using candidate survey instruments to test which survey factors appear to have the greatest predictive power for the likelihood of future LP–HC accidents. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Structure and optical properties under VUV/UV excitation of Eu2+ doped Alkaline Earth Aluminate Phosphors
Authors: Nötzold D. , Wulff H. , Jilg S. , Kantz L. , Schwarz L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolycrystalline hexagonal alkaline earth aluminates M3Al16O27 doped by divalent europium were prepared by solid state reaction. The crystal structure and optical properties at room temperature were investigated. The structure parameters were refined using Rietveld refinement procedures. The space group of the materials is P63/mmc. Eu2+ ions occupy the 2d cation position of the large cation in the unit cell. The blue emission of the phosphors due to transitions between 4f65d and 4f7 configurations of the Eu2+ ion can be excited by UV radiation and very efficient also by VUV radiation. Spectral position and band width at half height of the emission band as well as the shape of the excitation spectrum and the luminous flux of the investigated aluminate phosphors depend on their composition. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relaxor or classical ferroelectric behavior in A site substituted perovskite type Ba1–x(Sm0.5Na0.5)xTiO3
Authors: Abdelmoula N. , Chaabane H. , Khemakhem H. , Von der Mühll R. , Simon A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew ferroelectric ceramics of ABO3 perovskite type were synthesized in the Ba1–x (Sm0.5Na0.5)x TiO3 system by solid state reaction technique. The effect of the replacement of barium by samarium and sodium in the A cationic site on structural and physical properties was investigated. These compounds crystallize with tetragonal or cubic symmetry. The material is classical ferroelectric for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.6, and present a relaxor behavior for 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.4. The dielectric behavior depends upon the cationic disorder in the A site and the cell size. Small rate substitution allows a ferroelectric‐paraelectric transition. For higher rate of substitution the possible random position of the Sm–Na cations brings to a relaxor sate and when the substitution rate x becomes higher than 0.5, the material comes back to a ferroelectric state due to the reduced cell size. Some of these new compositions are of interest for applications due to their physical properties and environmentally friendly character. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effective exchange coupling in permalloy–gadolinium films
Authors: Ranchal R. , Aroca C. , Sánchez M. C. , Sánchez P. , López E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPy/Gd/Py trilayers (Py:Fe20Ni80) have been electrical and magnetically characterized as a function of the temperature. Results show a weak Py–Gd exchange coupling probably due to the Ni interdiffusion into the Gd layer. These results have been compared with magnetic measurements in Py/Gd double bilayers ([Py/Gd/Mo]2). An enhancement of the Py–Gd exchange coupling has been obtained in these samples where the Ni concentration in the Gd layer is almost null. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A comparison between EAM interatomic potentials for Al and Ni: from bulk systems to nanowires
Authors: Peláez S. , García‐Mochales P. , Serena P. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTwo different kinds of interatomic potentials within the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) have been used to study several properties of selected crystalline structures and nanowire configurations (ordered and helical) for Al and Ni based systems. Reliability of these potentials has been explored when describing cohesive energy and geometrical properties of the systems under consideration as the atomic coordination number decreases. Results provide a criteria for stablishing the limits of validity of EAM potentials when applied to such systems as metallic ultra‐narrow or single atom nanowires. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐body potential of the Buckingham type for copper halides
Authors: Mouffok B. , Feraoun H. , Aourag H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe ground state, and elastic properties of copper halides in their zinc blende, NaCl and intermediate structures have been calculated using a two‐body potential of the Buckingham type coupled with a molecular dynamics simulation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization of electron spin in two barrier system based on semimagnetic semiconductors
Authors: Lev S. B. , Sugakov V. I. , Vertsimakha G. V. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe spin‐dependent tunneling of electrons through a two barrier semiconductor heterostructure with a semimagnetic layer was investigated. It was shown that the resonant level splitting in the semimagnetic well under an external magnetic field allows achieving a high level of spin polarization of the current flowing through the proposed spin filter. The dependence of the polarization depth on the parameters of the sample was calculated in the two component diffusion transport model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)