bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More on entangled orders
Authors: Shafir Ofer , Shelah Saharon 
Published: May 2006

This paper grew as a continuation of [Sh462] but in the present form it can serve as a motivation for it as well. We deal with the same notions, all defined in 1.1, and use just one simple lemma from there whose statement and proof we repeat as 2.1. Originally entangledness was introduced, in [BoSh210] for example, in order to get narrow boolean algebras and examples of the nonmultiplicativity of c.c-ness. These applications became marginal when other methods were found and successfully applied (especially Todorčevic walks) but after the pcf constructions which made their début in [Sh-g] and were continued in [Sh462] it seems that this notion gained independence.Generally we aim at characterizing the existence of strong and weak entangled orders in cardinal arithmetic terms. In [Sh462, §6] necessary conditions were shown for strong entangledness which in a previous version was erroneously proved to be equivalent to plain entangledness. In §1 we give a forcing counterexample to this equivalence and in §2 we get those results for entangledness (certainly the most interesting case). A new construction of an entangled order ends this section. In §3 we get weaker results for positively entangledness, especially when supplemented with the existence of a separating point (Definition 2.2). An antipodal case is defined in 3.10 and completely characterized in 3.11. Lastly we outline in 3.12 a forcing example showing that these two subcases of positive entangledness comprise no dichotomy. The work was done during the fall of 1994 and the winter of 1995. The second author proved Theorems 1.2, 2.14, the result that is mentioned in Remark 2.11 and what appears in this version as Theorem 2.10(a) with the further assumptionden(I)θ< μ. The first author is responsible for waving off this assumption (actually by showing that it holds in the general case), for Theorems 2.12 and 2.13 in Section 2 and for the work which is presented in Section 3.
Computational randomness and lowness
Authors: Terwijn Sebastiaan A. , Zambella Domenico 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe prove that there are uncountably many sets that are low for the class of Schnorr random reals. We give a purely recursion theoretic characterization of these sets and show that they all have Turing degree incomparable to 0′. This contrasts with a result of Kučera and Terwijn [5] on sets that are low for the class of Martin-Löf random reals.
Limitations on National Sovereignty in International Relations
Authors: Garner James W. 
Published: May 2006

Among the traditional political conceptions which in recent years have become the object of almost irreverent attack, is that which ascribes the quality of absolutism to that often elusive, but ever present, double-faced creation of the jurists which bears the name of sovereignty. Text-writers, sometimes in unqualified terms, still persist in claiming for it the unrestricted supremacy which was attributed to it in an age when its wielders everywhere were absolute monarchs; but an increasing number, less influenced by legal theories than by realities, see in it only the “ghost of personal monarchy,” as Hobbes characterized it, “sitting crowned on the grave thereof.”On the one side the attack is directed by a new school of political writers, who deny its very existence or maintain that it is not an essential constituent attribute of the state. According to them, the notion is useless if not fallacious; the theory is discredited by the facts of modern state life and the term should be abandoned and expunged from the literature of political science.
The Doctrine of Power and Party Conflict
Authors: Catlin G. E. G. 
Published: May 2006

The fundamental problem in politics is that of the balance of power. It is a balance which has to be struck not only in foreign affairs but, quite as much, in the domestic management of states. Only, it may be suggested, when real equilibrium has been secured, is that efficient, smooth and healthy working of the social system possible which finds external expression in a normal and resilient form of conservatism as distinct from the tetanus of the morbid and hysterical form. But it is futile to speak of striking a balance of social interests unless we are justified in supposing that the units have a certain constancy of characteristics and persistence of activity.Now the units of social force are, in the last analysis, the so-called ‘free wills’ of the individuals necessarily brought into contact as component members of a society. The contact is necessary: civilization admits of no ‘wild ass freedom.’ To assert that these ‘persons with a will of their own’ behave in accordance not only with an ‘altruistic’ gregarious tendency but also with a differentiating, assertive tendency, is to make a psychological assumption. To affirm that this self-assertive tendency may perhaps be religiously sublimated but that it is under all circumstances inextinguishable, is to make another psychological assumption.
A theory of restricted quantification I
Authors: Hailperin Theodore 
Published: May 2006

The notion of a variable restricted in range to some set of values, or to values having some property, is widespread in logic and mathematics. To avoid continual explicit mention of such a restriction the common device is to resort to a typographically different set of letters for such variables. But a notation of this kind is clearly inadequate when a general discussion, including more than one kind of restriction, is under consideration. For example, two restrictions may have some inner connection, as in the case of mutually exclusive restrictions, and this the usual symbolism doesn't depict; or, one may wish to study the dependence of such restrictions upon one or more parameters as in the case of bounded quantifiers of recursive function theory; or, one can even conceive of restrictions which may in turn depend upon restricted variables. In each of these cases the currently used notation is deficient.Ifxis an individual-variable andQa formula of the predicate calculus, then for the idea ‘xsuch thatQ’ the notation ‘vxQ’ is proposed as one having the requisite degree of notational multiplicity – the ‘vx’ acting as a binding operator for free occurrences ofxinQ. The expression ‘vxQ’ is referred to as arestricted-variableand it may occupy positions in formulas appropriate to individual-variables, in argument places as well as in quantifiers. In § 2 a first-level predicate calculus, called ‘‘, is presented in which the restricted-variable is an integral part.
The axiomatization of arithmetic
Authors: Wang Hao 
Published: May 2006

I once asked myself the question: How were the famous axiom systems, such as Euclid's for geometry, Zermelo's for set theory, Peano's for arithmetic, originally obtained? This was to me more than merely a historical question, as I wished to know how the basic concepts and axioms were to be singled out, and, once they were singled out, how one could establish their adequacy. One possible approach which suggests itself is to take typical theorems, proofs, definitions, and examine case by case what assumptions and concepts are involved. The obstacle in such an empirical study is, apart from the obvious demand of excessive time and energy, the lack of conclusiveness in both result and justification.The attempt to find an answer to this question led me to some interesting fragments of history. For example, in 1899 Cantor distinguished consistent collections (the “sets”) from inconsistent collections ([1], p. 443), anticipating partly the distinction between the two kinds of classes stressed by von Neumann and Quine. Cantor had already proposed a form of the axiom of substitution ([1], p. 444, line 3), although Fraenkel and Skolem, more than twenty years later, had to adjoin it to Zermelo's list of axioms as a supplement. In another direction, the history of the development of axioms of geometry makes clear how natural it was for Hilbert to raise in 1900 the consistency question of analysis ([2], p. 299) quite independently of the emphasis on set-theoretical paradoxes.By far the best piece of good fortune I had in these historical researches was, however, my findings with regard to Peano's axioms for arithmetic. It is rather well-known, through Peano's own acknowledgement ([3], p. 273), that Peano borrowed his axioms from Dedekind and made extensive use of Grassmann's work in his development of the axioms.
Alternative proof of a theorem of Kleene
Authors: Wang Hao 
Published: May 2006

We offer a simple alternative proof of Theorem II, Kleene [1]:Theorem. For certain primitive recursive -predicates R and S,We separate the definitions of < o and O:Definition 1. (1) 1 <o2; (2) for all y, if 1 <oy, then y <o 2v; (3) for all e, if (n)(Ey)T(e, no, y) and (n)(e(no) <oe((n+1)o)), then (n)(e(no) <o 3·5e); (4) for all x, y, z, if x <oy, y <oz, then x <oz; (5) a <ob only as required by (1)–(4).Definition 2. a ϵ O if and only if 1 <o 2α.If we write α(2a·3b) = O for a <ob in Conditions (1) to (4) of Definition 1 and take their conjunction, we get an arithmetic predicate P(α). By the Frege-Dedekind device for handling inductive definitions,Hence, by Theorem 1 (Part 2) of [2], we have a primitive recursive S such that a <o b ≡ (α)(Ey)S(a, b, α, y). By Definition 2,The classical use of the function quantifier (α) in the above proof is conspicuous. It is not clear that the constructive or intuitionistic content of Kleene's proof (cf. [1] Footnote 40) can be obtained by this method.
Überprüfung einer frühen Anwendung der Kombinatorik in der Logik
Authors: Biermann Kurt-R. , Mau Jürgen 
Published: May 2006

Plutarch berichtet, Chrysipp habe gesagt, “daß die Konjunktionen aus 10 Aussagen zahlenmäßig 1.000.000 übertreffen, ohne daß er das zuvor selbst genau untersucht hat oder von Fachleuten die Wahrheit erkundet hat …. Den Chrysipp widerlegen alle Arithmetiker, unter ihnen Hipparch, der beweist, daß ihm (Chrysipp) ein sehr großer Rechenfehler unterlaufen ist insofern, als nämlich das Bejahende 103.049 Konjunktionen ausmache, das Verneinende 310.952.”Ohne Zweifel liegt hier eine der frühesten uns bekannten Aufgaben aus dem Gebiete der Kombinatorik, − neben der Berechnung der Zahl der Silben durch Xenokrates, die sich aus der Zusammenstellung von Buchstaben ergeben −, vor. Außerdem handelt es sich um die erste Anwendung der Kombinatorik in der Logik, bei der Werte auftreten, die nicht durch einfaches Abzählen gewonnen sein können.Es ist bisher weder eine befriedigende Deutung der von Plutarch gegebenen Zahlenwerte noch, von der Interpretation ausgehend, eine Wiederherstellung der von den Alten benutzten Formeln gelungen.
Liver fluke-associated and sporadic cholangiocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of bile duct, peribiliary gland and tumour cell phenotypes
Authors: Hughes N R , Pairojkul C , Royce S G , Clouston A , Bhathal P S 
Published: May 2006

Aim:To compare cell phenotypes displayed by cholangiocarcinomas and adjacent bile duct lesions in patients from an area endemic in liver-fluke infestation and those with sporadic cholangiocarcinoma.Methods:65 fluke-associated and 47 sporadic cholangiocarcinomas and 6 normal livers were studied. Serial paraffin-wax sections were stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies characterising a Brunner or pyloric gland metaplasia cell phenotype (antigens D10 and 1F6), intestinal goblet cells (antigen 17NM), gastric foveolar apomucin (MUC5AC), a gastrointestinal epithelium cytokeratin (CK20) and thep53protein.Results:60% of the 112 cholangiocarcinomas expressed antigen D10, 68% MUC5AC, 33% antigen 17NM and 20% CK20; 37% showed overexpression ofp53. When present together in a cholangiocarcinoma, cancer cells expressing D10 were distinct from those displaying 17NM or MUC5AC. Many more fluke-associated cholangiocarcinomas than sporadic cholangiocarcinomas displayed 17NM andp53expression. Most cases of hyperplastic and dysplastic biliary epithelium expressed D10 strongly. Pyloric gland metaplasia and peribiliary glands displayed D10 and 1F6, with peribiliary gland hyperplasia more evident in the livers with fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma; goblet cells in intestinal metaplasia stained for 17NM. No notable association of expression between any two antigens (includingp53) was found in the cancers.Conclusions:Most cases of dysplastic biliary epithelium and cholangiocarcinoma display a Brunner or pyloric gland cell phenotype and a gastric foveolar cell phenotype. The expression of D10 in hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelium and in cholangiocarcinoma is consistent with a dysplasia–carcinoma sequence. Many more fluke-associated cholangiocarcinomas than sporadic cholangiocarcinoma display an intestinal goblet cell phenotype and overexpressp53, indicating differences in the aetiopathology of the cancers in the two groups of patients.
Effects ofHelicobacter pylorion the cadherin–catenin complex
Authors: Bebb J R , Leach L , Zaitoun A , Hand N , Letley D P , Thomas R , Atherton J C 
Published: May 2006

Background:The cadherin–catenin complex is the key component of the adherens junction in epithelial cells, and changes in this complex are implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma. Germline mutations in E-cadherin have been described in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma.Helicobacter pyloriinfection is the first stage in gastric carcinogenesis.Aims:To determine whetherH pyloriwas associated with changes in the complex, and whether this was affected by virulence of the strain.Methods:Epithelial cell lines were cultured withH pyloriusing the wild-type pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains andCagEnull andVacAnull isogenic mutants. Gastric biopsy specimens at endoscopy were obtained from patients with (n = 17) and without (n = 15)H pyloriinfection, and E-cadherin and β–catenin expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry.H pyloriwas typed by polymerase chain reaction from these patients forCagEandVacA.Results:In vitro studies showed that coculture with a pathogenic strain ofH pyloriled to disruption of epithelial junctional β-catenin expression, but without evidence of nuclear translocation or signalling. This effect was independent of a functionalCagpathogenicity island and vacuolating activity, but dependent on live bacteria. No marked differences in β-catenin or E-cadherin expression were seen in gastric biopsy specimens in patients with and withoutH pyloriinfection.Conclusion:AcuteH pyloriinfection disrupts junctional β-catenin in vitro, but chronic infection byH pylorihas no effect on E-cadherin and β-catenin expression, as seen in gastric biopsy specimens at the initial gastritis stage of the proposed Correa pathway of gastric carcinogenesis. A later effect at the later stages of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia cannot be ruled out.
The Parliament Act of 1911—II
Authors: Dennis Alfred L. P. 
Published: May 2006

A previous article attempted a summary of the contents of the Parliament Act of 1911 and a mention of its immediate ancestry. There followed notice of some historical alleviatory suggestions regarding the composition of the House of Lords and an analysis both of the actual provisions of the Act and of proposals alternative to them with respect to the powers of the Upper House in the matter of “money bills.”This second article, continuing the method of the first, includes at the outset the question of the powers of the House of Lords as to “general legislation,” i. e. public bills other than money bills. There follows reference to historical ancestry in these matters. Thus the consideration of the means by which the Act became law, that potential resort to the use of the royal prerogative by the temporary executive, may clear the way for speculation as to the significance of the Parliament Act as a whole.Briefly the Act provides for a final reduction of the powers of the House of Lords as to general legislation to a suspensive veto operative against House of Commons measures only in two successive sessions; after a lapse of two years after the first introduction of the measure in the Lower House and on its third passage there the bill can become law on the royal assent being given, the Lords notwithstanding.
Our Relations with Japan
Authors: Latané John Holladay 
Published: May 2006

The rise of Japan within the span of one generation from the condition of a weak feudalized state, shut off from all contact with the western nations, to the position of a world power dominated by a desire to shape the destinies of Eastern Asia and ready to dispute with other powers the control of the Pacific, constitutes one of the most dramatic stories in the whole range of history. The rapid assimilation of western ideas and the successful appropriation of all the material elements of western civilization are without a parallel.Dr. Nitobé, whom we are glad to recognize not only as a great scholar but as a great writer of English, in his remarkable book, Bushido, the Soul of Japan, describes with great power and beauty the idealism of the Samurai, or gentlemen of Japan of a generation ago, but while the old spirit still flashes out occasionally as in the spectacular, and to us meaningless, suicide, on the occasion of the funeral of the late Emperor, of one of his most distinguished subjects, General Nogi, we cannot help believing that the Japanese have outgrown their idealism; that they cast it aside when they discarded their mediaeval weapons and abandoned their self-complacent exclusivism. The Japanese are the greatest materialists in the world today, for it is the material elements of western civilization that they have appropriated and to which they owe their success in two wars. A nation of materialists, fired with ambition and military ardor, are going just as far in their aggressiveness as sheer force will carry them. That is why Japan with her present ambitions is so generally regarded as a menace to the peace of the world.
The Recent Italian Elections
Authors: Hershey Amos S. 
Published: May 2006

Since this is the first time that the great majority of male adults have had the opportunity of exercising the franchise, the recent Italian elections constitute an event of considerable significance, and were watched with much interest in Europe.According to the new electoral law of 1912–13, practically all adult male Italians were given the right to vote at Parliamentary elections. More specifically, this right of suffrage may now be exercised by three classes of citizens: (1) all literate male Italians who are twenty-one years old; (2) illiterates who have reached the age of thirty; (3) all who have served in the Italian army or navy, even though they have not attained the age of twenty-one. Thus the number of possible voters has been increased from less than 3,500,000 to more than 8,500,000—an addition of over 5,000,000 illiterates.
The Political Bureaucracy of France Since the War
Authors: Sharp Walter R. 
Published: May 2006

To comment upon the far-reaching effects of modern warfare upon national life is in these days commonplace. Nevertheless, nearly ten years after Versailles, countless ramifications of the World War's long-term effects remain unexplored. Silent but profound social and political readjustments were set in motion which are only now beginning to be studied by trained observers of human institutions, while the public at large scarcely suspects what is going on.The administrative organization of France has not escaped these subtle processes. A bureaucratic inheritance surviving a half-dozen political revolutions, it has perhaps been more deeply shaken by events of the last fifteen years than in any period of similar length since the French Revolution itself. Some of these changes bid fair to modify not only the popular attitude toward the ubiquitous fonctionnaire, but the organization and spirit of the civil service as well.For a proper understanding of the causes and significance of this administrative evolution, we must revert for a moment to the scene as it appeared in 1914. Then the public service of France was a highly centralized hierarchical organization, with a democratic façade, but resting none the less upon the imperial foundations laid by Napoleon. There were as many as 900,000 persons in public employment, including the staffs of the départements and the communes. As in America to-day, the man in the street was sure this number was excessive. He remembered, doubtless, that France had done very well with 40,000 civil servants in Balzac's day, when the population of the country was only a fourth smaller than in 1914. Why, then, were twenty times as many needed in the twentieth century? As a matter of fact, the French public service made use of a staff which was, in proportion to population, no larger than the English or the American, especially if it be remembered that over 150,000 public school teachers and several thousand telegraph and telephone employees were among the 900,000 civil servants mentioned.
Campaign Expenditures
Authors: Sait Edward McChesney 
Published: May 2006

I start with an assumption. It is an assumption which can be supported by impressive evidence, and which political experts, familiar with that evidence, will be disposed to admit: campaign expenditures, in many parts of this country, tend to be not only excessive but also corrupt.This corruption is particularly noxious because it affects the very foundations of the democratic process. Therefore, when once its existence has been recognized, the application of a remedy becomes imperative. Only one question can arise: What is the appropriate remedy?Twenty years ago Mr. Perry Belmont was prescribing publicity. His pharmacopoeia resembled, in its simplicity, that of the late Sir William Osier, which was confined to nux vomica and hope. According to his belief—and it is shared by many today—the best method of treatment is to tell the patient what is wrong with him and let him cure himself. In a word, if the law requires publicity for the details of campaign contributions and expenditures, an informed public opinion, becoming aware of unhealthy conditions, can be relied upon to correct them.Experience makes it plain that this prescription contains too much hope and not enough nux vomica. Public interest in campaign expenditures and the abuses connected with them is spasmodic. It can be roused from its chronic torpor only by the shock of some particularly scandalous or dramatic revelation. The shock comes at frequent intervals.
First Session of the Seventieth Congress December 5, 1927, to May 29, 1928
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W. 
Published: May 2006

Long sessions in presidential years are short ones in the sense that the conventions dictate earlier and more definite limits than even Washington weather invites. Moving to such an end, the recent session could not escape the season's contagion. Yet presidential politics hardly set the tone of the session. Its work had unusual inherent interest. The array of questions before it, mingling economic and technical elements, was indicative of the trend of problems of public policy. It presented the paradox of all Congresses, of course: partisanship in building the machine; eclectic voting or bipartisan combinations in the actual passing of bills.Membership. The Republican majority in the House had been cut by the 1926 elections and by a party shift in one of five by-elections from 61 to 40—a margin safe enough for purposes of organization, even apart from the relaxed mood and leaderless condition of insurgency in the lower chamber.In the Senate, however, the Republican lead had been reduced to a hair. Even if Smith of Illinois and Vare of Pennsylvania were counted, those called Republicans numbered only 48, against 47 Democrats and a Farmer Labor member. Deaths chanced to net the Republicans a seat, so that at the session's close, although lacking Smith and Vare, they still had a plurality of one. Two empty seats in the meantime were evidence of the weakness of the regular Senate Republicans when deprived of the aid of House amendments and House conferees.