bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excreted urinary mediators in an animal model of experimental immune nephritis with potential pathogenic significance
Authors: Wu Tianfu , Xie Chun , Bhaskarabhatla Madhavi , Yan Mei , Leone Amanda , Chen Su Sin , Zhou Xin J. , Putterman Chaim , Mohan Chandra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveCurrently, proteinuria is viewed as the earliest indicator of renal disease in immune‐mediated nephritis. The objective of this study was to determine whether additional mediators may be excreted in the urine during immune‐mediated nephritis, using an experimental model with a well‐defined disease course.MethodsUrine samples from mice with anti–glomerular basement membrane (anti‐GBM) antibody–induced experimental nephritis were screened using a focused immunoproteome array bearing 62 cytokines/chemokines/soluble receptors. Molecules identified through this screening assay were validated using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. One of these molecules was further evaluated for its pathogenic role in disease, using antibody‐blocking studies.ResultsCompared with B6 and BALB/c mice, in which moderately severe immune‐mediated nephritis develops, the highly nephritis‐susceptible 129/Sv and DBA/1 mice exhibited significantly increased urinary levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), P‐selectin, tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFRI), and CXCL16, particularly at the peak of disease. Whereas some of the mediators appeared to be serum derived early in the disease course, local production in the kidneys appeared to be an important source of these mediators later in the course of disease. Both intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating leukocytes appeared to be capable of producing these mediators. Finally, antibody‐mediated blocking of CXCL16 ameliorated experimental immune nephritis.ConclusionThese studies identified VCAM‐1, P‐selectin, TNFRI, and CXCL16 as a quartet of molecules that have potential pathogenic significance; the levels of these molecules are significantly elevated during experimental immune nephritis. The relevance of these molecules in spontaneous immune nephritis warrants investigation.
Purchasing decisions in non‐traditional households: the case of lesbian couples
Authors: Wilkes Robert E. , Laverie Debra A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtant research on family purchase behavior has focused almost exclusively on heterosexual couples. This exploratory study of non‐traditional households shows that lesbian couples are strongly egalitarian in decision behavior for a wide range of products and services. Perceptions about relative influence of each partner in these dyads are increasingly congruent as the decision process progresses. Findings demonstrate the inapplicability of two concepts long associated with family research, that is, power and relative resource theory, in lesbian couples. Instead, gender dynamics and equity play dominant roles in these relationships.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Water Molecule in the Stereospecificity Pocket of Candida Antarctica Lipase B Enhances Enantioselectivity towards Pentan‐2‐ol
Authors: Léonard Valérie , Fransson Linda , Lamare Sylvain , Hult Karl , Graber Marianne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of water activity on enzyme‐catalyzed enantioselective transesterification was studied by using a solid/gas reactor. The experimental results were compared with predictions from molecular modelling. The system studied was the esterification of pentan‐2‐ol with methylpropanoate as acyl donor and lipase B from Candida antarctica as catalyst. The data showed a pronounced water‐activity effect on both reaction rate and enantioselectivity. The enantioselectivity increased from 100, at water activity close to zero, to a maximum of 320, at a water activity of 0.2. Molecular modelling revealed how a water molecule could bind in the active site and obstruct the binding of the slowly reacting enantiomer. Measurements of enantioselectivity at different water‐activity values and temperatures showed that the water molecule had a high affinity for the stereospecificity pocket of the active site with a binding energy of 9 kJ mol−1, and that it lost all its degrees of rotation, corresponding to an entropic energy of 37 J mol−1 K−1.
A Kinetic Model for Nanocrystal Morphology Evolution
Authors: Xu Xiangxing , Liu Feng , Yu Kehan , Huang Wei , Peng Bo , Wei Wei 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA kinetic model is developed with the goal of understanding and predicting the morphology evolution of nanocrystals in nonequilibrium growth conditions. The model is based on the assumption that under such conditions, different crystal planes have different kinetic parameters. This model focuses on the morphology‐developing stage and is successfully related to the nucleation process and other crystal evolution mechanisms. It is believed to be a universal model and is applied to discuss the morphology evolution of CdSe nanocrystals, including the aspect ratio, injection schemes, ligands effect and morphology distribution.
Association between the HLA haplotype and the TCR‐Vβ repertoire of anti‐hCMV specific memory T‐cells in immunocompetent healthy adults
Authors: Rodriguez‐Caballero Arancha , Garcia‐Montero Andres C. , Almeida Julia , Balanzategui Ana , Munoz‐Criado Santiago , Orfao Alberto 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:Despite the key role of memory T‐cells specific for human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in protecting against hCMV‐reinfection early after immunodeficiency episodes, the precise characterization and definition of the essential components of a protective CD4 T‐cell response still remain to be established.Methods:We analyzed by flow cytometry hCMV‐specific immune responses driven by peripheral blood antigen‐presenting cells (APC) and CD4 memory T‐cells at both the cellular and soluble levels, and their cooperation in priming and sustaining the effector function of specific CD8 T cells in adult healthy individuals using a hCMV whole viral lysate stimulatory model.Results:Overall, activated T‐cells showed a heterogeneous phenotype, with a marked predominance of CD45RA−/CCR7+/− memory CD4+ T‐cells. Despite this, cytoplasmic expression of granzyme B was found in both the CD45RA+/effector and CD45RA−/memory T‐cell compartments of the two major CD4+ and CD8+ activated T‐cell subpopulations, further confirming the presence of circulating antigen experienced cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in hCMV‐seropositive individuals. Moreover, we observed that both CD4+ and CD8+ hCMV‐specific T‐cells included relatively restricted numbers of TCR‐Vβ family members. Interestingly, we found a significant association between some HLA Class II and Class I haplotypes and the presence of specifically expanded TCR‐Vβ clones of anti‐hCMV T cells.Conclusions:These results indicate that hCMV‐specific memory T‐cells are phenotypically heterogeneous, their TCR‐Vβ repertoire shaped through the interaction between hCMV epitopes and the HLA haplotype. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society.
The European Water Framework Directive and economic valuation of wetlands: the restoration of floodplains along the River Elbe
Authors: Meyerhoff Jürgen , Dehnhardt Alexandra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper concerns the economic valuation of riparian wetlands ecological services within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The directive is an integrated approach to river basin management in Europe and aims at achieving a good water status for both surface and ground water. It introduces economic analysis as a core part of the development of integrated river basin management plans. However, to date the WFD has not clearly stated to what extent wetlands should be used for the achievement of environmental objectives, or what scope the economic analysis should have. Our study of the river Elbe shows that riparian wetlands provide significant benefits that should be considered in river basin management decisions. To neglect these benefits would lead to biased cost–benefit analysis results and might therefore misguide the decision‐making process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The somatic generation of immune recognition
Authors: Jerne N. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntibody specificity is determined by structural v‐genes that code for the amino acid sequences of the variable regions of antibody polypeptide chains. The present hypothesis proposes that the germ‐cells of an animal carry a set of v‐genes determining the combining sites of antibodies directed against a complete set of a certain class of histocompatibility antigens of the species to which this animal belongs. The evolutionary development of this set of v‐genes in phylogeny is traced back to the requirements for cell to cell recognition in all metazoa. The hypothesis leads to a distinction between two populations of antigen‐sensitive cells. One population consists of cells forming antibodies against foreign antigens; these lymphocytes have arisen as mutants in clones descending from lymphocytic stem cells which expressed v‐genes belonging to the subset (subset S) coding for antibody against histocompatibility antigens that the individual happens to possess. The other population consists of allograft rejecting lymphocytes that express v‐genes of the remaining subset (subset A) coding for antibody against histocompatibility antigens of the species that the individual does not possess. The primary lymphoid organs are viewed as mutant‐breeding organs. In these organs (e. g. in the thymus), the proliferation of lymphocytes expressing the v‐genes of subset S and the subsequent suppression of the cells of these “forbidden” clones, leads to the selection of mutant cells expressing v‐genes that have been modified by spontaneous random somatic mutation. This process generates self‐tolerance as well as a diverse population of antigen‐sensitive cells that reflects antibody diversity. The proliferation in the primary lymphoid organs of lymphocytes expressing v‐genes of subset A generates the antigen‐sensitive cell population that is responsible for allo‐aggression.The theory explains how a functional immune system can develop through a selection pressure exerted by self‐antigens, starting during a period in early ontogeny that precedes clonal selection by foreign antigens. The hypothesis provides explanations for the variability of the N‐terminal regions of antibody polypeptide chains, for the dominant genetic control of specific immune responsiveness by histocompatibility alleles, for the relative preponderance of antigen‐sensitive cells directed against allogeneic histocompatibility antigens, for antibody‐idiotypes, for allelic exclusion, for the precommitment of any given antigen‐sensitive lymphocyte to form antibodies of only one molecular species and for the cellular dynamics in the primary lymphoid tissues.
Dose response and induction of tolerance to the synthetic antigen (T,G)‐A–L in adult rabbits
Authors: Sela M. , Fuchs Sara , Maron Ruth , Gertner Bela 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immunogenicity of the synthetic multichain polypeptide (T,G)‐A–L in rabbits was investigated under a variety of conditions. The polymer led to antibody production with as little as four micrograms in complete Freund's adjuvant per immunization. The pattern of antibody formation as a function of time varied from dose to dose, the highest initial response corresponding to the lowest dose administered. The synthetic polypeptide was immunogenic also when incorporated in an alum precipitate, but not when injected intravenously in buffered saline. Tolerance to (T,G)‐A–L was produced in adult rabbits upon intravenous injection.
Two allotypic specifities of rat immunoglobulin
Authors: Armerding D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo allotypic specificities (W‐1 and SD‐1) of rat immunoglobulin are described. These allotypic specificities are detected by a passive hemagglutination assay. Both specificities are located on the L‐chains of rat immunoglobulin and were found to be present in both IgG2 and IgM. The gene loci controlling the allotypic determinants are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. Rats of 27 different strains tested possessed either the W‐1 or the SD‐1 specificity.
Immunological unresponsiveness of genetically thymusless (nude) mice
Authors: Kindred Berenice 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice homozygous for the nude mutation completely lack a thymus. Their response to antigenic stimulus is very poor. They do produce a small amount of hemolysing antibody in response to sheep red blood cells but significant hemagglutinating antibody, or antibody against bacteriophage T4 could not be demonstrated and they did not reject allogeneic skin grafts.
The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten‐protein conjugates. IV. Uptake of antigen in vitro and failure to obtain cooperative induction in vitro
Authors: Britton S. , Mitchison N. A. , Rajewsky K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUptake of antigen in the cooperative adoptive secondary response of mice to hapten‐protein conjugates was examined. Spleen cells from donors primed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) took up 4‐Hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenacetyl(NIP)‐BSA in vitro, as judged by their subsequent ability to induce a response to NIP in cooperation with NIP‐ovalbumin‐primed spleen cells. Competitive inhibition by BSA could be demonstrated, indicating that uptake occured onto specific receptors. The antibody‐forming‐cell‐precursor population also could take up conjugates in vitro.Allogeneic helper and antibody‐forming‐cell‐precursors were incubated together under conditions likely to support cooperative induction of the secondary response and then transferred into hosts alloimmune to the helper cells. Under these conditions the response did not proceed after the transfer. It is likely therefore that continuous cooperation is required in order to support a full response.
The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten‐protein conjugates. V. Use of antilymphocyte serum to deplete animals of helper cells
Authors: Mitchison N. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment of mice primed with bovine serum albumin, chicken γ‐globulin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin with rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum (ALS) depresses the secondary response, and particularly the adoptive secondary response, to these antigens. If, however, the transferred cells are boosted with NIP (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenacetyl‐) or DNP (2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐) conjugates of the protein with which they had been primed, their ability to make an anti‐protein response can be partially restored by adding cells primed against the hapten. Such hapten‐primed cells can be obtained, for example, by immunization with the hapten conjugated to another carrier. These helper cells can therefore be regarded as hapten‐specific.DNP‐specific helper cells can be obtained, as expected, from lethally‐irradiated thymocyte‐repopulated, FDNB (2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene) skin‐painted donors.Hapten‐specific helper cells can be demonstrated in guinea pigs according to the same principle. As in mice, there is no correlation between helper activity and antibody‐forming‐cell‐precursor activity in terms of anti‐hapten antibody.ALS suppression spares the secondary response to high doses of conjugate, suggesting that this type of response is helper‐independent; it also indicates that the loss of carrier‐effect obtainable with high doses of conjugate cannot be attributed to the operation of hapten‐specific helper cells.These ALS experiments strengthen the evidence for the identification of helper cells in the adoptive secondary response to conjugates as thymus‐derived lymphocytes mediating cellular immunity. The case for this identity is summarized in the discussion.
Immunological properties of synthetic sugar‐polypeptide conjugates. Effect of N‐Lauroyl‐glucosamine residues on immunogenicity
Authors: Rüde E. , Meyer‐Delius Margot , Gundelach Maria‐Luise 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral mono‐ and disaccharides were tested for their capacity to enhance the immunogenicity of a weakly immunogenic synthetic polypeptide. For this purpose the sugars were attached to the side chains of multichain poly‐DL‐alanine as O‐glycosides of serine. Some of the conjugates were essentially non‐immunogenic in rabbits while others, like the unsubstituted polypeptide, were relatively weak immunogens. Antibodies elicited by the latter were directed almost entirely against the serine glycoside residues. Thus, the sugars contributed to the antigenic specificity of the respective conjugate, but were not very efficient in enhancing its immunogenicity.In further experiments, the effect of lipids on the immunogenicity of sugar‐polypeptide conjugates was studied. In addition to the usual sugars, N‐lauroyl‐glucosaminyl‐serine residues were incorporated into the polymers. In all cases, this led to an increase in immunogenicity, which may be due, in part, to the fact that these polymers were highly aggregated. However, in addition to aggregation, a more specific effect of the N‐lauroyl‐glucosamine groups appears to be involved. In most of the polymers the N‐lauroyl‐glucosaminyl‐serine residues also functioned as determinant groups and it could be shown that for the interaction with antibody the fatty acid residue plays an essential role.
Allotypic markers of rabbit IgM
Authors: Kelus A. S. , Pernis B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive different allotypic specificities called Ms1 to Ms5 were identified in rabbit sera by agar gel precipitation with the use of antisera developed in the same species.Immunoelectrophoresis and investigation of purified immunoglobulin classes have shown that these allotypes are on IgM molecules.The cellular localization of these allotypes has been studied by immunofluorescence on rabbit plasma cells; numerous double‐staining experiments with different antisera have confirmed the presence of these allotypes in IgM synthesizing plasma cells.One allotype, Ms3, has been shown to be strictly limited to the IgM plasma cells containing the b locus allotype As4, while for allotypes Ms4 and Ms5 the expression in plasma cells appeared to be connected with the expression of the a locus allotypes. This last condition also applied to allotype Ms6, an IgM allotype which was demonstrated by the immunofluorescence studies only.The observations performed are consistent with the hypothesis that allotype Ms3 is in fact an allotype of the κ‐light chains which is expressed only when these chains are part of an IgM molecule, while allotypes Ms4, Ms5 and Ms6 are true markers of the μ‐chain. This hypothesis is also supported by absorption experiments performed with separated heavy and light chains of rabbit IgM.
Studies on the relation between the fifth component of complement and anaphylatoxinogen
Authors: Vogt W. , Lufft Elke , Schmidt Gisa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPreparations of anaphylatoxinogen obtained from rat serum contain the fifth component of complement in an hemolytically active state. Conversely, crude C5 preparations of hog serum release anaphylatoxin (AT) on incubation with the AT‐forming cobra enzyme. The ratio between the C5 content and the amount of anaphylatoxinogen does not remain constant during the preparation of anaphylatoxinogen.By incubation of rat plasma with zymosan, consumption of C5 and production of AT proceed simultaneously.When instead of zymosan, aggregated human γ‐globulin is used as complementbinding agent, the two processes can be differentiated. Though a considerable portion of C5 is inactivated, only a small amount of AT is formed. Subsequent incubation with zymosan releases the full amount of AT.During incubation of hog serum with labeled guinea pig C5 and yeast, i. e. under classical conditions of AT formation in serum by contact activation, a labeled basic peptide is cleaved from the added C5. Its behavior on chromatography is rather similar to but not entirely identical with hog serum AT. Probably the same split product is obtained by treatment of labeled C5 with the cobra enzyme.It is concluded that (1) C5 appears to be the precursor of AT, i.e. anaphylatoxinogen, (2) the hemolytic activity of C5 is not essential for the release of the AT moiety and (3) the process of AT release is only partially identical with the reaction of utilization of C5 in immune hemolysis.
C1 inactivator protein complexed with albumin in plasma from a patient with angioneurotic edema
Authors: Laurell Anna‐Brita , Mårtensson Ulla 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn abnormal protein, antigenically identical with C1 inactivator and belonging electrophoretically to the α1‐globulins was found in plasma and serum from a patient with angioneurotic edema. Treatment of the pathological protein with 2‐mercaptoethanol or with neuraminidase followed by analysis with antigen‐antibody crossed electrophoresis showed that the protein was a complex of C1 inactivator and albumin. The patient's serum and plasma was found to contain also a C1 inactivator protein migrating with α2‐globulin but somewhat faster than normal C1 inactivator. Neither the α2‐ nor the α1‐C1 inactivator inhibited the hydrolyzing effect of C1 on N‐acethyl‐L‐tyrosine ethyl ester.
Cell cooperation in antibody induction. The susceptibility of helper cells to specific lethal radioactive antigen
Authors: Roelants G. E. , Askonas Brigitte A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIrradiated mice were reconstituted with syngeneic spleen cells from mice immunized with 2,4‐Dinitrophenyl(DNP)‐ovalbumin or Maia squinado hemocyanin (MSH) and challenged with DNP‐MSH. In this hapten‐carrier system MSH primed cells showed the expected helper activity for an anti‐DNP response. As previously shown for another system by Mitchison and Raff, the helper activity of MSH‐primed cells could be attributed to thymus‐derived (T) lymphocytes since it was suppressed by anti‐Θ serum and complement.Susceptibility of helper activity to lethal radioactive antigen was tested. MSH‐primed cells were incubated with [125I] MSH of high specific activity, a treatment known to suppress antibody secreting precursor cells. Cell transfer experiments were carried out using two doses of cells. With a low dose transfer (5 × 106 cells), [125I]MSH treatment suppressed the helper activity of MSH cells specifically indicating that thymus‐derived lymphocytes must have antigen specific receptors and are susceptible to killing by radioactive antigen. However, after transfer of a large number (25 × 106) of cells treated with [125I] MSH, helper activity was still present although the anti‐MSH antibody forming capacity was completely suppressed. This finding and the effect of anti‐Θ treatment demonstrate the dissociation of T and B lymphocyte function.The observation that a large dose of MSH‐primed cells retained its helper function after radioactive antigen treatment could be attributed to an excess of MSH specific helper cell activity in spleen cells primed with MSH. Limiting cell dilution experiments have shown that as few as 106 MSH‐primed cells are sufficient to exert full helper activity in this system. Thus more than 96% of the helper cells would need to be killed by lethal radioactive antigen to suppress the helper effect of 25 × 106 cells.The analysis of the anti‐MSH response showed that memory in the T cell population was not sufficient to obtain a secondary response and that memory in the B lymphocyte population was also required.
Inhibition of the immune response of mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes in vitro by anti‐immunoglobulin sera
Authors: Sjöberg O. , Greaves M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of anti‐immunoglobulin sera on the antibody response of both non‐sensitized and sensitized mouse spleen cells in vitro has been studied. Antisera to immunoglobulin Fab gave almost complete inhibition of both IgM and IgG responses. Antisera to IgM suppressed the IgM but not the IgG response and conversely antisera to IgG classes caused some suppression of the IgG response but did not reduce the IgM response. These results have been discussed in terms of the nature of receptor molecules on lymphocytes responsible for recognition of antigen.