bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasound in patients with chronic tennis elbow
Authors: du Toit C , Stieler M , Saunders R , Bisset L , Vicenzino B 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To determine the diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler and grey scale ultrasonography, assess the relationship between severity measures and neovascularity, and describe the intra-tendon distribution of neovascularity in chronic tennis elbow.Design:Between group cross sectional study.Setting:Sports medicine clinic and radiology centre.Participants:32 affected elbows (median and range of duration: 10; 3–120 months) and 18 unaffected contralateral elbows in 25 patients (mean age 50 years) with lateral elbow pain, and 38 unaffected elbows in 19 asymptomatic participants (mean age 45 years) underwent a clinical examination (reference standard test) and grey scale and power Doppler ultrasonographic examination.Main outcome measures:Ultrasound examination with power Doppler identified neovascularity and grey scale ultrasound changes (lateral epicondyle bony spurring or irregularity, maximum anterior–posterior thickness, and echo characteristics) of the common extensor tendon.Results:Power Doppler had a strong positive likelihood ratio of 45.39, whereas a combined null finding in power Doppler and grey scale ultrasonography resulted in a robust negative likelihood ratio of 0.05. Grey scale changes were generally not as diagnostically accurate. Common extensor tendon neovascularity was equally distributed between the superficial and deep part of the tendon, and clinical severity measures did not correlate with neovascularity scores.Conclusions:Neovascularity identified with power Doppler ultrasonography when compared to grey scale changes (alone or in combination with Doppler) was diagnostically superior in identifying chronic tennis elbow. The lack of both neovascularity and grey scale changes on ultrasound examination also substantially increase the probability that the condition is not present and should prompt the clinician to consider other causes for lateral elbow pain.
The effects of age and skill level on knee musculature co-contraction during functional activities: A systematic review
Authors: Ford Kevin R. , van den Bogert Antonie J. , Myer Gregory D , Shapiro Robert , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: February 2008

Objectives-To systematically review the current literature relating the effects of age and skill level to motor control patterns of knee musculature co-contraction during functional movements.Methods-A search of electronic databases was performed with the search terms specifying co-contraction (cocontract*, co-contract*, coactive* or co-activ*). The search was focused on the effects age and/or skill level and were limited by the keywords of age or skill level (skill*) or experience (experi*).Results-The search yielded a total of six peer reviewed manuscripts that met the search criteria and were included in the review.Conclusions-The relationship between adequate dynamic joint stability and efficient movement patterns are complex. Co-contraction related to age and skill development varies among studies due to technical and practical considerations. Adequate antagonistic co-contraction of hamstrings musculature appears to be a component of all functional movements to possibly maintain dynamic knee stability and protect against excessive joint loads. Future investigations that further delineate the appropriate lower extremity agonist and antagonist relationships during dynamic tasks may help elucidate injury risk mechanisms in specific populations.
Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone
Authors: Edwards A M , Wells C , Butterly R 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To examine whether inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a useful additional technique with which to augment cardiovascular exercise training adaptations.Methods:16 healthy untrained males agreed to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to training (TRA; n = 8) and placebo (PLA; n = 8) groups. Pre- and post-training measurements of spirometry and maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) were taken in addition to i) maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and ii) 5000 m run time-trial. All subjects completed the same 4 week cardiovascular training programme which consisted of three running sessions (CV1: 5×1000 m, CV2: 3×1600 m, SP1: 20 min run) in each of the 4 weeks. IMT was performed daily by both groups using an inspiratory muscle trainer (POWERbreathe). TRA completed 30 maximal inspirations while PLA inspired 30 times against a negligible resistance.Results:Mean MIP increased significantly in both groups (TRA: 14.5 (SD 6.8)% change, PLA: 7.8 (7.4)% change) from pre- to post-training (p<0.01) but was not significantly related to changes in running performance. Mean CV1 training-repetition runs improved similarly in both groups, but RPE evaluations were significantly reduced in TRA (15.7 (0.7)) compared with PLA (16.6 (0.8)) at week 4 (p<0.05). Pre- to post-training changes in VO2maxwere well-matched between both TRA (+2.1 (2.3)%) and PLA (+1.3 (2.4)%) while post-intervention 5000 m performance was significantly augmented in TRA compared with PLA (TRA: 4.3 (1.6)%, PLA: 2.2 (1.9)%, p<0.05).Conclusions:The addition of IMT to a cardiovascular training programme augments 5000 m running performance but exerts no additional influence over VO2maxcompared with a cardiovascular-training group. This is probably due to IMT-induced reduction in perceived effort at high ventilatory rates, which is of greater consequence to longer duration time-trial performances than incremental tests of VO2max.
Human-tissue-related inventions: ownership and intellectual property rights in international collaborative research in developing countries
Authors: Andanda P A 
Published: March 2008

There are complex unresolved ethical, legal and social issues related to the use of human tissues obtained in the course of research or diagnostic procedures and retained for further use in research. The question of intellectual property rights over commercially viable products or procedures that are derived from these samples and the suitability or otherwise of participants relinquishing their rights to the samples needs urgent attention. The complexity of these matters lies in the fact that the relationship between intellectual property rights and ownership or rights pertaining to the samples on which the intellectual property right is based may either be overlooked or taken for granted. What equally makes the matter complex is that samples may be obtained from participants in developing countries and exported to developed countries for analysis and research. It is important for research ethics committees to tread carefully when reviewing research protocols that raise such issues for purposes of ensuring that appropriate benefit sharing agreements, particularly with developing countries, are in place.This paper attempts to analyse the key questions related to ownership and intellectual property rights in commercially viable products derived from human tissue samples. Patent law is used as a point of reference as opposed to other forms of intellectual property rights such as industrial designs because it is the right that most inventors apply for in respect of human tissue-related inventions. The key questions are formulated following a systematic analysis of peer reviewed journal articles that have reported original investigations into relevant issues in this field. Most of the cases and reported studies that are referred to in this paper do not directly deal with HIV/AIDS research but the underlying principles are helpful in HIV/AIDS research as well. Pertinent questions, which members of ethics review committees should focus on in this regard are discussed and suggestions on appropriate approaches to the issues are proposed in the form of specific questions that an ethics review committee should consider. Specific recommendations regarding areas for further research and action are equally proposed.
Air pollution and mortality benefits of the London Congestion Charge: spatial and socioeconomic inequalities
Authors: Tonne C , Beevers S , Armstrong B , Kelly F , Wilkinson P 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:To alleviate traffic congestion in Central London, the Mayor introduced the Congestion Charging Scheme (CCS) in February 2003. We modelled the impact of the CCS on levels of traffic pollutants, life expectancy and socioeconomic inequalities.Methods:Annual average NO2and PM10were modelled using an emission-dispersion model. We assumed the meteorology and vehicle fleet remained constant during the pre- and post-CCS periods to isolate changes due to traffic flow. Air pollution concentrations were linked to small area socioeconomic, population and mortality data. Associated changes in life expectancy were predicted using life table analysis and exposure-response coefficients from the literature.Results:Before the introduction of the CCS, annual average NO2was 39.9 μg/m3and PM10was 26.2 μg/m3across Greater London. Concentrations were 54.7 μg/m3for NO2and 30.3 μg/m3for PM10among census wards within or adjacent to the charging zone. Absolute and relative reductions in concentrations following the introduction of the CCS were greater among charging zone wards compared to remaining wards. Predicted benefits in the charging zone wards were 183 years of life per 100 000 population compared to 18 years among the remaining wards. In London overall, 1888 years of life were gained. More deprived areas had higher air pollution concentrations; these areas also experienced greater air pollution reductions and mortality benefits compared to the least deprived areas.Conclusions:The CCS, a localised scheme targeting traffic congestion, appears to have modest benefit on air pollution levels and associated life expectancy. Greater reductions in air pollution in more deprived areas are likely to make a small contribution to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in air pollution impacts.
Evaluation of the Antiangiogenic Potential of AQ4N
Authors: O'Rourke Martin , Ward Claire , Worthington Jenny , McKenna Julie , Valentine Andrea , Robson Tracy , Hirst David G. , McKeown Stephanie R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Purpose: A number of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents tested at low concentrations show antiangiogenic properties with limited cytotoxicity, e.g., cyclophosphamide, tirapazamine, and mitoxantrone. AQ4N is a bioreductive alkylaminoanthraquinone that is cytotoxic when reduced to AQ4; hence, it can be used to target hypoxic tumor cells. AQ4N is structurally similar to mitoxantrone and was evaluated for antiangiogenic properties without the need for bioreduction.
Experimental Design: The effect of AQ4N and fumagillin on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) was measured using a variety of in vitro assays, i.e., 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, wound scrape, tubule formation, rat aortic ring, and invasion assays. Low-dose AQ4N (20 mg/kg) was also given in vivo to mice bearing a tumor in a dorsal skin flap.
Results: AQ4N (10−11 to 10−5 mol/L) had no effect on HMEC-1 viability. AQ4N (10−9 to 10−5mol/L) caused a sigmoidal dose-dependent inhibition of endothelial cell migration in the wound scrape model. Fumagillin showed a similar response over a lower dose range (10−13 to 10−9 mol/L); however, the maximal inhibition was less (25% versus 43% for AQ4N). AQ4N inhibited HMEC-1 cell contacts on Matrigel (10−8 to 10−5 mol/L), HMEC-1 cell invasion, and sprouting in rat aorta explants. Immunofluorescence staining with tubulin, vimentim, dynein, and phalloidin revealed that AQ4N caused disruption to the cell cytoskeleton. When AQ4N (20 mg/kg) was given in vivo for 5 days, microvessels disappeared in LNCaP tumors grown in a dorsal skin flap.
Conclusions: This combination of assays has shown that AQ4N possesses antiangiogenic effects in normoxic conditions, which could potentially contribute to antitumor activity.
Toward a Theory of Evolution Strategies: Self-Adaptation
Authors: Beyer Hans-Georg 
Published: February 2008

This paper analyzes the self-adaptation (SA) algorithm widely used to adapt strategy parameters of the evolution strategy (ES) in order to obtain maximal ES performance. The investigations are concentrated on the adaptation of one general mutation strength σ (called σSA) in (1, λ) ESs. The hypersphere serves as the fitness model. Starting from an introduction to the basic concept of self-adaptation, a framework for the analysis of σSA is developed on two levels: a microscopic level, concerning the description of the stochastic changes from one generation to the next, and a macroscopic level, describing the evolutionary dynamics of the σSA over time (generations). The σSA requires the fixing of a new strategy parameter, known as the learning parameter. The influence of this parameter on ES performance is investigated and rules for its tuning are presented and discussed. The results of the theoretical analysis are compared with ES experiments; it will be shown that applying Schwefel's τ-scaling rule guarantees the linear convergence order of the ES.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Parameter Optimization Problems
Authors: Michalewicz Zbigniew , Schoenauer Marc 
Published: February 2008

Evolutionary computation techniques have received a great deal of attention regarding their potential as optimization techniques for complex numerical functions. However, they have not produced a significant breakthrough in the area of nonlinear programming due to the fact that they have not addressed the issue of constraints in a systematic way. Only recently have several methods been proposed for handling nonlinear constraints by evolutionary algorithms for numerical optimization problems; however, these methods have several drawbacks, and the experimental results on many test cases have been disappointing. In this paper we (1) discuss difficulties connected with solving the general nonlinear programming problem; (2) survey several approaches that have emerged in the evolutionary computation community; and (3) provide a set of 11 interesting test cases that may serve as a handy reference for future methods.
Why Does the Brain Have So Many Visual Areas?
Authors: Kaas Jon H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Mammals vary in number of visual areas from a few to 20 or more as a result of new visual areas being added to the middle levels of processing hierarchies. Having more visual areas probably increases visual abilities, perhaps in part by allowing more stimulus parameters to be considered. Proposals that each visual area computes and thereby “detects” a specific stimulus attribute have so far dealt with attributes that most mammals can detect and thus do not relate to the issue of species differences in numbers of areas. The problem of forming and maintaining complex patterns of interconnections between many different sets of distinct processing models within an area may limit multiplying functions within a field. In addition, the adding of new visual areas is a way of avoiding constraints on modifying existing visual areas that are imposed by the ongoing functional requirements. Thus, increasing the number of visual or other cortical areas is an effective and apparently common mechanism for evolving new capacities.
Neural Processes Involved in Directing Attention
Authors: Harter M. Russell , Miller Steven L. , Price Natalie J. , LaLonde Margaret E. , Keyes Alvin L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Neural processes associated with two aspects of visual-spatial attention were investigated with event-related potential (ERPs): those that direct spatial attention to a given point in space and those that modulate the processing of sensory input after attention has been directed. The subjects were 6- to 9-year-old children (51 boys and 35 girls). An arrow cue directed attention from the central to peripheral visual field; targets were then flashed in the attended or ignored visual field 600 msec after the cue.
The directing of attention to the left vs. right visual field was associated with hemispheric differences in slow potentials prior to the presentation of the targets. The earliest potential, which started about 200 msec after the cue and was negative over the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of attention, was greatest over the parietal area and appeared to reflect processes directing attention per se. The last potential, which peaked 60 msec after the target and was positive over the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of attention, was greatest over the occipital-parietal region. It appeared to reflect the modulation of cortical excitability in the regions receiving input from the relevant and irrelevant visual fields. The effects of spatial attention on P1, N1, and P3 ERP components following the targets replicated previous results. Boys appeared more aroused (as indicated by CNVs) and reflected faster and greater selective processing (as indicated by reaction time, and N1-P1 latency and amplitude) than girls.
Does Scopolamine Directly Impair Memory?
Authors: Grober Ellen , Leipzig Rosanne M. , Lipton Richard B. , Wisniewski Wendy , Schroeder Mary , Davies Peter , Ritter Walter , Buschke Herman 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Enhanced cued recall, a procedure which circumvents inattention and induces semantic processing, was used to determine if scopolamine produces direct impairment of specific memory mechanisms or indirect impairment of memory secondary to impairment of other cognitive processes. In two studies, cognitively normal young adults given moderate or high doses of scopolamine maintained maximum cued recall in spite of a dose-dependent decrement in free recall. This finding suggests that cholinergic blockade may impair memory indirectly through effects on other cognitive processes.
Enhancement of Metabolic Activity in the Diencephalon of Monkeys Performing Working Memory Task: A 2-Deoxyglucose Study in Behaving Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Friedman Harriet R. , Janas Janice D. , Goldman-Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method was used to study the effect of working memory processing on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the diencephalon of the rhesus monkey. Monkeys were given [14C]2-DG while performing either one of three tasks that engaged working memory (WORK group) or one of two control tasks (CONT group) that used associative or non associative processes. The tasks of the WORK group—spatial delayed response, spatial delayed alternation, and delayed object alternation—are alike in that the information guiding a correct response changes from trial to trial and only the accurate record of the preceding response (or cue) is relevant for each successive trial. The CONT group, in contrast, performed on either a visual pattern discrimination test, in which the correct stimulus–response association was invariant across all trials and all test sessions, or on a sensorimotor task in which there was no explicit memory requirement.
LCGU was examined in five diencephalic regions: the mammillary bodies, the anteroventral and anteromedial thalamus, and the parvocellular and magnocellular components of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Comparisons across the two groups showed that mean LCGU in the anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei was significantly elevated (by 12–16%) in the WORK group relative to the CONT group. Mean LCGU in the mammillary bodies also was higher in the WORK group than in the CONT group, but this difference was not significant.
The present findings suggest that the anterior and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei represent diecephalic components of a neural network processing working memory. Together with our previous report on the enhancement of metabolic activity in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, these results show that working memory has a wide-ranging influence on cerebral metabolism and emphasize the cooperative, rather than dissociable, roles of the hippocampus and medial thalamus in this function.
On the Interaction of Selective Attention and Lexical Knowledge: A Connectionist Account of Neglect Dyslexia
Authors: Mozer Michael C. , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Neglect dyslexia, a reading impairment acquired as a consequence of brain injury, is traditionally interpreted as a disturbance of selective attention. Patients with neglect dyslexia may ignore the left side of an open book, the beginning words of a line of text, or the beginning letters of a single word. These patients provide a rich but sometimes contradictory source of data regarding the locus of attentional selectivity. We have reconsidered the patient data within the framework of an existing connectionist model of word recognition and spatial attention. We show that the effects of damage to the model resemble the reading impairments observed in neglect dyslexia. In simulation experiments, we account for a broad spectrum of behaviors including the following: (1) when two noncontiguous stimuli are presented simultaneously, the contralesional stimulus is neglected (extinction); (2) explicit instructions to the patient can reduce the severity of neglect; (3) stimulus position in the visual field affects reading performance; (4) words are read much better than pronounceable nonwords; (5) the nature of error responses depends on the morphemic composition of the stimulus; and (6) extinction interacts with lexical knowledge (if two words are presented that form a compound, e.g., COW and BOY, the patient is more likely to report both than in a control condition, e.g., SUN and FLY). The convergence of findings from the neuropsychological research and the computational modeling sheds light on the role of attention in normal visuospatial processing, supporting a hybrid view of attentional selection that has properties of both early and late selection.
Simulating Visual Attention
Authors: Sandon Peter A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Selective visual attention serializes the processing of stimulus data to make efficient use of limited processing resources in the human visual system. This paper describes a connectionist network that exhibits a variety of attentional phenomena reported by Treisman, Wolford, Duncan, and others. As demonstrated in several simulations, a hierarchical, multiscale network that uses feature arrays with strong lateral inhibitory connections provides responses in agreement with a number of prominent behaviors associated with visual attention. The overall network design is consistent with a range of data reported in the psychological literature, and with neurophysiol-ogical characteristics of primate vision.