bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Class Generation for Numerical Wind Atlases
Authors: Cutler N. J. , Jørgensen B. H. , Ersbøll B. K. , Badger J. 
Published: January 2007

A new optimised clustering method is presented for generating wind classes for mesoscale modelling to produce numerical wind atlases. It is compared with the existing method of dividing the data in 12 to 16 sectors, 3 to 7 wind-speed bins and dividing again according to the stability of the atmosphere. Wind atlases are typically produced using many years of on-site wind observations at many locations. Numerical wind atlases are the result of mesoscale model integrations based on synoptic scale wind climates and can be produced in a number of hours of computation. 40 years of twice daily NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis geostrophic wind data (approximately 200 km resolution) are represented in typically around 150 classes, each with a frequency of occurrence. The mean wind-speed and direction in each class is used as input data to force the mesoscale model, which downscales the wind to a 5 km resolution while adapting to the local topography. The purpose of forming classes is to minimise the computational time for the mesoscale model while still representing the synoptic climate features. Only tried briefly in the past, clustering has traits that can be used to improve the existing class generation method by optimising the representation of the data and by automating the procedure more. The Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale Model (KAMM) is combined with the WAsP analysis to produce numerical wind atlases for two sites, Ireland and Egypt. The model results are compared with wind atlases made from measurements at specific sites. The sources are The New Irish Wind Resource Atlas and the Wind Atlas for the Gulf of Suez. The new clustering method has the ability to include wind-speed, direction and thermal stability from different heights for the classification. It is shown that the clustering method is able to produce results at least as accurate as the existing method for both sites. A refined, general clustering procedure is devised which could improve the results for both sites, where the existing method requires two different configurations.
Equilibrium, Growth and Reform
Authors: Kornai János 
Published: January 2007

In 2001 the Hungarian
economy departed from the path of balanced growth. During the past six years
the state budget deficit has grown to an unsustainable level, and also the
deficit in the current accounts has become too high. Real wages have increased
considerably faster than labour productivity. These difficulties and other
macroeconomic troubles led the Hungarian Government to the introduction of an
adjustment program in July 2006. The first part of the article analyses the
current macroeconomic situation and the expected economic and social effects of
the adjustment program. The commitment and determination of the government is
shown by the fact that they are ready to accept the political “price” of the
program, i.e. that the unavoidable measures will probably reduce the popularity
of the election winning political powers.
The second part of the article discusses the
relationships concerning measures requiring immediate execution and reforms aimed
at long-lasting effects and in-depth institutional changes. These are
indispensable to the sustainability of the effects of the adjustment. In
connection with this, the paper reflects on the relationship between the budget
deficit and the size of the state, on the proportions of state- and
self-support, as well as on the speed and the gradual implementation of the
reforms.
Modeling Management Scenarios and the Effects of an Introduced Apex Predator on a Coastal Riverine Fish Community
Authors: Pine William E. , Kwak Thomas J. , Rice James A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe flathead catfishPylodictis olivaris, a carnivorous fish species native to most of the central interior basin of North America, has been introduced into at least 13 U.S. states and 1 Canadian province. Concurrent declines in abundance of native fishes have been reported in aquatic systems where flathead catfish have been introduced. To evaluate the potential impact of this invasive species on the native fish community we developed an ecosystem simulation model (including flathead catfish) based on empirical data collected from a North Carolina coastal river. The model results suggest that flathead catfish suppress native fish community biomass by 5–50% through both predatory and competitive interactions. However, our model suggests these reductions could be mitigated through sustained exploitation of flathead catfish by recreational or commercial fishers at rates equivalent to those for native flathead catfish populations (annual exploitation = 6–25%). These findings demonstrate the potential for using directed harvest of an invasive species to assist in restoring native communities.
Genetic and Ecological Divergence Defines Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon Populations Returning to Bristol Bay, Alaska, and Provides a Tool for Admixture Analysis
Authors: Habicht Christopher , Seeb Lisa W. , Seeb James E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe examined the population genetic diversity and structure of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka spawning in tributaries of Bristol Bay, Alaska, a region that supports the largest commercial fisheries for sockeye salmon in the world. Genetic variation among the sockeye salmon populations, as revealed by microsatellite data, was shallower than that found in other areas of comparable size around the Pacific Rim. This finding was driven by similarity among populations rearing in the four largest lake systems located on the southeastern side of the bay (upper and lower Ugashik, Becharof, Naknek–Grosvenor–Coville, and Iliamna lakes). Sockeye salmon in lakes located above known obstacles to migration on the southeastern side and in tributaries on the northwestern side showed variation and structure that were more typical of the species. Management of these important fisheries assumes knowledge of the composition of stock mixtures captured in each fishery. We investigated the potential of microsatellite data to provide stock composition estimates. We examined 58 collections and identified eight genetically discrete reporting groups. These reporting groups give fishery managers the opportunity to quantify stock components within fishing districts and thereby improve management precision.
Year‐Class Strength and Recovery of Endangered Shortnose Sturgeon in the Hudson River, New York
Authors: Woodland Ryan J. , Secor David H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractShortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum, a U.S. endangered species, has experienced a fourfold increase in abundance in the Hudson River in the past three decades. The age structure and trends in year‐class strength of yearlings were investigated to evaluate the underlying pattern of annual recruitment that accompanied population recovery. Annuli in pectoral spine sections were used to estimate ages of specimens captured with gill nets bimonthly from November 2003 to November 2004. Age estimates (range = 5–30 years) were generated for 554 shortnose sturgeon ranging from 49 to 105 cm total length. Hindcast year‐class strengths corrected for gear selectivity and cumulative mortality indicated high recruitments (31,000–52,000 yearlings) during 1986–1992. This interval was preceded and succeeded by approximately 5‐year periods of lower recruitment (6,000–17,500 yearlings), suggesting 10‐fold recruitment variability over the 20‐year period. The pattern and relative magnitude of hindcast recruitment patterns were corroborated by shortnose sturgeon catch‐per‐unit‐effort trends in an independent beam trawl survey. An analysis of hindcast year‐class abundance and coincident environmental conditions indicated that flow volume and water temperature in the fall months preceding spawning were significantly correlated with subsequent year‐class strength. Our results suggest that shortnose sturgeon of the Hudson River have experienced several strong year‐classes concomitant with the observed population recovery during the 1980s and 1990s. The data indicate that population growth slowed during the late 1990s, as evidenced by a nearly constant recruitment pattern at depressed levels relative to the 1986–1992 year‐classes.
Behavior of Nine Species of Pacific Rockfish after Hook‐and‐Line Capture, Recompression, and Release
Authors: Hannah Robert W. , Matteson Keith M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of barotrauma on the behavior of nine species of Pacific rockfish Sebastes spp. after hook‐and‐line capture and release using a video‐equipped underwater release cage. Sampling was conducted across a range of bottom depths (12–194 m), mostly where barotrauma resulting from an expanded swim bladder and gaseous release of dissolved blood gases would be expected. Behavioral impairment from barotrauma was depth related but highly species specific. Increased depth of capture was associated with lower behavioral scores for black rockfish S. melanops, blue rockfish S. mystinus, and yelloweye rockfish S. ruberrimus, but not for canary rockfish S. pinniger. Behaviorally impaired fish showed a decreased ability to maintain vertical orientation and were slower in exiting the release cage. Species differed in the degree of behavioral impairment resulting from barotrauma and in how rapidly behavioral impairment increased with depth of capture. When captured at depths between 40 and 99 m, blue rockfish showed the most serious behavioral impairment, 8 of 18 (44%) failing to swim away at the time of release and simply drifting off in a sideways or upside‐down posture. In the same depth range all of the other species sampled showed only moderate behavioral impairment, which is indicative of some potential for survival after discard by the fishery. Surface observations of the external signs of barotrauma were variable among species and were poor indicators of which species would show behavioral impairment upon release at depth. Within individual species, however, the external signs of barotrauma were associated with an increased probability of behavioral impairment at time of release.
Survival and Growth Responses of Juvenile Salmonines Stocked in Eastern Lake Ontario Tributaries
Authors: Coghlan Stephen M. , Connerton Michael J. , Ringler Neil H. , Stewart Donald J. , Mead Jerry V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the species‐specific and stream‐specific suitability of juvenile salmonine habitat in the southern Lake Ontario watershed, we studied the effects of multiple environmental gradients on the first‐summer apparent survival and growth of various combinations of Atlantic salmonSalmo salar, rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss, and coho salmonO. kisutchstocked in tributaries. Costocking of eitherOncorhynchusspecies had no detectable effect on the apparent survival or change in cohort biomass of Atlantic salmon, but their growth rates were reduced slightly when they were stocked with rainbow trout. Generally, Atlantic salmon outperformed their putative competitors. Summer temperatures were near the physiological optimum for Atlantic salmon but may have limited the success of rainbow trout and especially coho salmon. Total salmonine biomass was maximized at sites in which only Atlantic salmon were planted. Apparent survival and biomass elaboration of Atlantic salmon varied inversely with stream size, temperature, and the abundance of wild salmonines and piscivores, whereas growth rate responded positively to moderate increases in summer temperature, agricultural development, and nutrient enrichment. These regional and species‐specific differences in stocked salmonine success may, in part, be explained by variations in temperature, geomorphology, and anthropogenic influences. We recommend that the feasibility of restoring Atlantic salmon continues to be evaluated, especially in those tributaries considered to be of marginal quality for other salmonines.
Relationship between mutagenicity and reactivity or biodegradability for nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Maeda Toshinari , Nakamura Ryosuke , Kadokami Kiwao , Ogawa Hiroaki I. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
—Although many studies have reported that nitroaromatics such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have strong mutagenicity, the mechanism of mutagenic activity in these compounds has not yet been reported. We examined the mutagenicity versus reactivity and biodegradation by bacteria using TNT and its analogs (1,3,5-trinitrobenzene [TNB], 2,4,6-trinitroaniline [TNA], 2,4,6-trinitrophenol [TNP], N,2,4,6-tetranitro-N-methyl-aniline [tetryl], 2,4-dinitrotoluene [24DNT], and 2,6-dinitrotoluene [26DNT]). Aromatic compounds harboring three nitro groups (except TNP) have high mutagenicity, judging from the results of the umu test using luminescent bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535/pTL210). Single-electron reduction potentials for these chemicals were −530, −555, −565, −575, −640, −674, and −764 mV for TNA, tetyl, TNT, TNB, 24DNT, 26DNT, and TNP, respectively, indicating that trinitro-aromatics (except TNP) were more reducible than other compounds. Pseudomonas sp. strain TM15, which was isolated from TNT-contaminated soils in the Yamada Green Zone, Kitakyushu City, Japan, could efficiently biotransform TNT, TNB, TNA, and tetryl; 24DNT, 26DNT, and TNP were less biodegradable. This strain converted all TNT analogs into reduction products; nitro groups were reduced to amino groups. We revealed that the mutagenicity of nitroaromatics correlate with reactivity and biodegradability. This finding may contribute to the elucidation of mutagenic expression of nitroaromatic compounds in organisms.
Effects of acid-volatile sulfide on metal bioavailability and toxicity to midge (Chironomus tentans) larvae in black shale sediments
Authors: Ogendi George M. , Brumbaugh William G. , Hannigan Robyn E. , Farris Jerry L. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract—Metal bioavailability and toxicity to aquatic organisms are greatly affected by variables such as pH, hardness, organic matter, and sediment acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). Sediment AVS, which reduces metal bioavailability and toxicity by binding and immobilizing metals as insoluble sulfides, has been studied intensely in recent years. Few studies, however, have determined the spatial variability of AVS and its interaction with simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in sediments containing elevated concentrations of metals resulting from natural geochemical processes, such as weathering of black shales. We collected four sediment samples from each of four headwater bedrock streams in northcentral Arkansa (USA; three black shale-draining streams and one limestone-draining stream). We conducted 10-d acute whole-sediment toxicity tests using the midge Chironomus tentans and performed analyses for AVS, total metals, SEMs, and organic carbon. Most of the sediments from shale-draining streams had similar total metal and SEM concentrations but considerable differences in organic carbon and AVS. Zinc was the leading contributor to the SEM molar sum, averaging between 68 and 74%, whereas lead and cadmium contributed less than 3%. The AVS concentration was very low in all but two samples from one of the shale streams, and the sum of the SEM concentrations was in molar excess of AVS for all shale stream sediments. No significant differences in mean AVS concentrations between sediments collected from shale-draining or limestone-draining sites were noted (p &gt; 0.05). Midge survival and growth in black shale-derived sediments were significantly less (p &lt; 0.001) than that of limestone-derived sediments. On the whole, either SEM alone or SEM-AVS explained the total variation in midge survival and growth about equally well. However, survival and growth were significantly greater (p &lt; 0.05) in the two sediment samples that contained measurable AVS compared with the two sediments from the same stream that contained negligible AVS.
Flow cytometry as a tool to study phytotoxic modes of action
Authors: Adler Nicole E. , Schmitt-Jansen Mechthild , Altenburger Rolf 
Published: January 2007

Abstract—The objective of the present investigation was to provide a diagnostic tool for the analysis of phytotoxic interactions between environmental contaminants and algae by application of flow cytometry. Therefore, an experimental design was developed consisting of synchronized Scenedesmus vacuolatus cell populations at defined cell-cycle stages, short-term exposure against different inhibitors with known molecular targets, and fluorochrome labeling of different metabolic processes. To discriminate cells with compromised metabolic processes from intact and metabolically inactive cells, references for every fluorochrome were defined using control and heat-treated populations. The experimental results showed that fluorescence markers are able to detect disturbance of specific cellular characteristics, such as membrane integrity, chlorophyll synthesis, and degradation. A differentiation of impacts on specific metabolic process caused by the reference inhibitors in concentration-dependent patterns could be seen using flowcytometric fluorochrome analysis. These findings were compared with effects observed for N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (PNA), a sediment contaminant of high phytotoxicity but unclear mode of action. Rhodamine 123 and cyano-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride detected significant metabolic changes for relevant exposures against PNA, thus pointing to compromised mitochondrial activity and changes in membrane potential as causes of phytotoxicity.
Identification of potentially toxic compounds in complex extracts of environmental samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Bergknut Magnus , Kucera Adam , Frech Kristina , Andersson Erika , Engwall Magnus , Rannug Ulf , Koci Vladimir , Andersson Patrik L. , Haglund Peter , Tysklind Mats 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
—In this study, we examined 31 samples of varying chemical composition, including samples of soils from gasworks, coke production sites, and sites where wood preservatives were heavily used; ash and soot from municipal solid waste incinerators; antiskid sand; and dust from areas with heavy road traffic. The samples were comprehensively chemically characterized, especially their polycyclic aromatic compound contents, using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas their biological effects were assessed using dehydrogenase activity, root growth (Hordeum vulgare), reproduction of springtails (Folsomia candida), algal growth (Desmodesmus subspicatus), germinability (Sinapis alba), Vibrio fischeri, DR-CALUX, and Ames Salmonella assays. The number of compounds detected in the samples ranged from 123 to 527. Using the multivariate regression technique of partial-least-squares projections to latent structures, it was possible to find individual compounds that exhibited strong correlations with the different biological responses. Some of the results, however, indicate that a broader chemical characterization may be needed to identify all the compounds that may cause the measured biological responses.
Bioremediation of benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in groundwater under iron-amended, sulfate-reducing conditions
Authors: Jin Song , Fallgren Paul H. , Bilgin A. Azra , Morris Jeffrey M. , Barnes Paul W. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
—Elevated concentrations of sulfide in groundwater (∼63 mg S2−/L in water and 500 mg dissolved H2S/L dissipating from the wellhead) at a field site near South Lovedale (OK, USA) were inhibiting the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that are known to degrade contaminants, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Elevated concentrations of these contaminants, except for toluene, also were present in this groundwater. Microcosms were established in the laboratory using groundwater and sediment collected from the field site and amended with various nutrient, substrate, and inhibitor treatments. All microcosms initially were amended with FeCl2 to induce FeS precipitation and, thereby, to reduce aqueous sulfide concentrations. Complete removal of benzene, ethylbenzene, and m+p-xylenes (BEX; o-xylene not detected) was observed within 39 d in treatments with various combinations of nutrient and substrate amendments, including treatments with no amendments (other than FeCl2). This indicates that the elevated concentration of sulfide is the only limiting factor to BEX biodegradation at this site under anaerobic conditions and that treating the groundwater with FeCl2 may be a simple remedy to both facilitate and enhance BEX degradation by the indigenous SRB population.
Sorption of male hormones by soils and sediments
Authors: Kim Il , Yu Zhiqiang , Xiao Baohua , Huang Weilin 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
—This paper reports the sorption of two male hormones, testosterone and androstenedione, by four soil and sediment samples at both equilibrium and rate-limiting conditions. Unlike prior studies, androstenedione was studied independently of testosterone. Apparent sorption equilibrium is achieved in one to two weeks when the initial aqueous hormone concentrations (C0) at 10,000 μg/L (∼30% of their solubility limits [Sw]) and two to three weeks when the C0 is 300 μg/L (less than 1% of Sw). The Freundlich model parameter n ranged from 0.698 to 0.899 for all soil—solute systems indicating nonlinear sorption isotherms. Isotherm nonlinearity leads to an inverse correlation between single-point organic carbon—normalized sorption distribution coefficients (KOC) and equilibrium androgen concentration (Ce). When Ce/Sw = 0.012, the log KOC values for testosterone and androstenedione on the various sorbents ranged from 6.18 to 6.75 and 6.83 to 6.04, respectively, compared to 6.30 to 6.80 and 6.16 to 6.92 when Ce/Sw = 0.004. This study suggests that male hormones may exhibit slow rates of sorption over 14 d or longer and that soils and sediments may have greater sorption distribution coefficients when concentrations fall into the ng/L range.
Search and identification methods that owners use to find a lost dog
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Wittum Thomas E. , Ferketich Amy K. , Funk Julie A. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the process by which owners search for lost dogs and identify factors associated with time to recovery.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—Owners of 187 dogs lost in Montgomery County, Ohio, between June 1 and September 30, 2005.
Procedures—A telephone survey was conducted.
Results—132 of the 187 (71%) dogs were recovered; median time to recovery was 2 days (range, 0.5 to 21 days). Dogs were recovered primarily through a call or visit to an animal agency (46 [34.8%]), a dog license tag (24 [18.2%]), and posting of neighborhood signs (20 [15.2%]). Eighty-nine (48%) dogs had some type of identification at the time they were lost (ie, identification tag, dog license tag, rabies tag, or microchip). Owners had a higher likelihood of recovery when they called an animal agency (hazard ratio, 2.1), visited an animal agency (1.8), and posted neighborhood signs. Dogs that were wearing a dog license tag also had a higher likelihood of recovery (hazard ratio, 1.6). Owners were less likely to recover their dogs if they believed their dogs were stolen (hazard ratio, 0.3).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that various factors are associated with the likelihood that owners will recover a lost dog. Both animal agencies and veterinarians can play a role in educating dog owners on the importance of identification tags, licensing, and microchips and can help to emphasize the importance of having a search plan in case a dog is lost.