bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Women with Persistent Thinness
Authors: Slof Rita , Mazzeo Suzanne , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Western society has become increasingly obesogenic. Despite this trend, some individuals maintain low weights throughout their lives. Little is known about the characteristics of persistently thin individuals. This study examined demographic, health, and psychiatric characteristics of women who reported having been persistently thin throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 1022 female members of a population‐based twin registry. Participants completed a mail survey that included questions regarding demographics, body size in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, health behaviors and satisfaction, disordered eating, perfectionism, and personality. In previous interview waves, participants completed diagnostic interviews assessing psychiatric and substance use disorders.Results: Persistent thinness was associated with a significantly later age at menarche, lower rates of dieting and binge eating, greater health satisfaction, higher self‐esteem, and lower perfectionism and body dissatisfaction.Discussion: Persistent thinness appears to be associated with greater well‐being in the present and a later age of menarche in the past. Whether later menarche is causally related to thinness or whether later menarche, persistent thinness, and enhanced well‐being all result from a third unmeasured variable such as high sports participation is yet to be resolved.
Variations in Body Composition and Plasma Lipids in Response to a High‐Carbohydrate Diet
Authors: Archer W. Roodly , Lamarche Benoît , Dériaz Olivier , Landry Nancy , Corneau Louise , Després Jean‐Pierre , Bergeron Jean , Couture Patrick , Bergeron Nathalie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the extent to which variations in body composition modulate changes in the lipid profile in response to the ad libitum consumption of a diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs) (high‐CHO diet: 58% of energy as CHOs) or high in fat and in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (high‐MUFA diet: 40% of energy as fat, 23% as MUFAs).Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐three men were randomly assigned to one of the two diets that they consumed for 6 to 7 weeks. Body composition and fasting plasma lipid levels were measured at the beginning and the end of the dietary intervention.Results: The high‐CHO and high‐MUFA diets induced significant and comparable reductions in body weight and waist circumference. These changes were accompanied by significant and comparable (p < 0.01) reductions in total plasma cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, the high‐MUFA diet had more beneficial effects on plasma triglyceride concentrations (p < 0.01) and on plasma high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p = 0.02) compared with the high‐CHO diet. Diet‐induced changes in waist circumference were significantly associated with changes in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the high‐CHO group (r = 0.39, p = 0.03) but not in the high‐MUFA group (r = 0.16, p = 0.38).Discussion: Improvements in plasma lipids induced by the ad libitum consumption of a high‐CHO diet seem to be partly mediated by changes in body weight, whereas lipid changes induced by the high‐MUFA diet seem to be independent of changes in body weight.
Association of Polymorphisms in the Interleukin 6 Receptor Complex with Obesity and Hyperandrogenism
Authors: Escobar‐Morreale Héctor F. , Calvo Rosa M. , Villuendas Gemma , Sancho José , San Millán José L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), is an inflammatory cytokine that may influence the pathogenesis of obesity and hyperandrogenism. IL‐6 exerts its actions through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of two membrane‐bound glycoproteins: an 80‐kDa IL‐6 binding unit (IL6R‐α) and a 130‐kDa IL‐6 signal transducer (gp130). Genetic variability at these loci might contribute to explain the development of obesity and hyperandrogenism.Research Methods and Procedures: We have evaluated the possible association of several polymorphisms in the IL6R‐α and gp130 genes with obesity and/or hyperandrogenism in a case‐control study involving 143 hyperandrogenic patients and 45 healthy women from Spain.Results: A microsatellite CA‐repeat polymorphism in the IL6R‐α locus was associated with obesity. The frequency of the common 149‐bp allele was markedly increased in obese women compared with controls when considering patients and controls as a whole (0.41 vs. 0.29, χ2 = 17.085, p < 0.050). On the other hand, the uncommon Arg148 allele of the Gly148Arg polymorphism in the gp130 gene was more frequent in controls compared with hyperandrogenic patients (0.17 vs. 0.08, χ2 = 5.605, p = 0.026). Controls carrying Arg148 alleles had lower 11‐deoxycortisol and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone concentrations, a lower response of androstenedione to 1–24 adrenocorticotropin, and an almost significant decrease in free testosterone levels, suggesting that Arg148 alleles in the gp130 gene have a protective effect against androgen excess and adrenal hyperactivity.Discussion: Polymorphisms in the gp130 and IL6R‐α loci influence hyperandrogenism and obesity, respectively. Our present results further suggest that proinflammatory genotypes are involved in the pathogenesis of these common metabolic disorders.
Use of Glucose, Insulin, and C‐Reactive Protein to Determine Need for Glucose Tolerance Testing
Authors: Thompson Warren G. , Bergstralh Erik J. , Slezak Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Glucose intolerance has been shown to be a better predictor of morbidity and mortality than impaired fasting glucose. However, glucose tolerance tests are inconvenient and expensive. This study evaluated the relative frequencies of glucose intolerance and impaired fasting glucose and sought to determine if 2‐hour glucose could be predicted from simple demographic and laboratory data in an obese population.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐nine obese subjects (median BMI 35 kg/m2, range 30 to 40 kg/m2) underwent glucose tolerance testing. Using step‐wise linear and logistic regression analysis, fasting glucose, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), fasting insulin, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, sex, and age were assessed as predictors of glucose intolerance.Results: Impaired glucose tolerance was more prevalent (27%) than impaired fasting glucose (5.6%). Only fasting glucose and hsCRP were significant (p < 0.05) independent predictors of impaired 2‐hour glucose (>140 mg/dL). A fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or an hsCRP > 0.32 mg/dL (upper quartile of the normal range) detected 81% (sensitivity) of obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance; however, specificity was poor (46%). Fasting insulin ≥ 6 μU/mL had better sensitivity (92%) but poorer specificity (30%).Discussion: Impaired glucose tolerance is more common than impaired fasting glucose in an obese population. Possible strategies to avoid doing glucose tolerance tests in all obese patients would be to do glucose tolerance testing only in those whose fasting glucose is ≥ 100 mg/dL or whose hsCRP exceeds 0.32 mg/dL or those whose fasting insulin is ≥ 6 μU/mL.
Impact of Diet‐Induced Weight Loss on the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System in Severe Obesity
Authors: Poirier Paul , Hernandez Teri L. , Weil Kathleen M. , Shepard Trudy J. , Eckel Robert H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the impact of diet‐induced weight loss on cardiac autonomic nervous system modulation and arrhythmias in subjects with severe obesity and the influence of a high‐fat or a high‐carbohydrate diet regimen on heart rate variability in reduced‐obese individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: Eight severely obese subjects (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) underwent a 3‐month weight loss program followed by a 3‐month reduced‐weight maintenance regimen. Thereafter, each subject was admitted for an inpatient period of 17 days on two separate occasions. A high‐carbohydrate (60%) or high‐fat (55%) diet of appropriate energy content for weight maintenance was prescribed during each inpatient phase. Heart rate variability was derived from a 24‐hour Holter monitoring system in all subjects during their inpatient stay. Cardiac Holter monitoring was performed at three occasions (baseline, diet phase I, and diet phase II), including the second night of a two overnight calorimetry chamber stay.Results: After the diet regimen, there was a 10% decrease in weight. There were no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, arrhythmias, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, respiratory exchange ratio, and resting energy expenditure between experiments. Mean heart rate was lower after weight loss compared with baseline (p < 0.001). After weight loss, there was an increase in the parasympathetic indices of heart rate variability showing an increase in cardiac vagal modulation (all p < 0.05).Discussion: Weight loss is associated with significant improvement in autonomic cardiac modulation through enhancement of parasympathetic modulation, which clinically translates into a decrease in heart rate.
Leisure‐Time Physical Activity and Reduced Plasma Levels of Obesity‐Related Inflammatory Markers
Authors: Pischon Tobias , Hankinson Susan E. , Hotamisligil Gökhan S. , Rifai Nader , Rimm Eric B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study investigated the relationship between physical activity and the obesity‐related inflammatory markers C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF‐Rs) 1 and 2. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between physical activity and insulin sensitivity (insulin, C‐peptide, and hemoglobin A1c levels) and whether inflammatory markers mediate this association.Research Methods and Procedures: Biomarkers were measured in 405 healthy men and 454 healthy women from two large ongoing prospective studies. Information about physical activity and other variables was assessed by questionnaires.Results: After adjustment for other predictors of inflammation, physical activity was inversely associated with plasma levels of sTNF‐R1, sTNF‐R2, interleukin‐6, and C‐reactive protein (p = 0.07, p = 0.004, p = 0.04, and p = 0.009). After further adjustment for BMI and leptin, as a surrogate for fat mass, most of these associations were no longer significant. Physical activity was also inversely related to insulin and C‐peptide levels (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001); however, in contrast to BMI and leptin, levels of inflammatory markers explained only very little of this inverse relationship.Discussion: These results suggest that frequent physical activity is associated with lower systemic inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity. These associations can partially be explained by a lower degree of obesity in physically active subjects. Although inflammatory markers may mediate obesity‐dependent effects of physical activity on inflammatory related diseases such as type 2 diabetes or coronary heart disease, our study suggests that they do not directly account for the beneficial effects of physical activity on insulin resistance.
Obesity, Fasting Plasma Insulin, and C‐Reactive Protein Levels in Healthy Children
Authors: Shea Steven , Aymong Eve , Zybert Patricia , Shamoon Harry , Tracy Russell P. , Deckelbaum Richard J. , Basch Charles E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia and increased level of C‐reactive protein in older children and adults, but little is known about these relationships in very young children. We examined these relationships in healthy 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children.Research Methods and Procedures: Analyses were performed on data from 491 healthy 2‐ to 3‐year‐old Hispanic children enrolled in a dietary study conducted in New York City, 1992 to 1995.Results: Body mass index (BMI), ponderal index, and sum of four skinfolds were highly correlated (r > 0.75) in both boys and girls. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were only modestly correlated (r = 0.37 for boys and r = 0.28 for girls; p < 0.001 for both), but essentially all of the variability in a calculated index of insulin resistance was attributable to variability in fasting insulin level. The correlations of BMI with fasting insulin level were r = 0.16 (p < 0.05) in boys and r = 0.14 (p < 0.05) in girls. In separate multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age and sex, BMI and ponderal index were associated with fasting plasma insulin level (p < 0.001 for both obesity measures). In multivariate regression analyses adjusting simultaneously for age, sex, and either BMI or ponderal index, fasting insulin level, but not these obesity measures, was associated with C‐reactive protein level.Discussion: Obesity is associated with higher fasting insulin level, and fasting insulin is associated with C‐reactive protein level, in healthy 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children.
Effects of Exercise Intensity on Physical Fitness and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Okura Tomohiro , Nakata Yoshio , Tanaka Kiyoji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether “low‐intensity” exercise (walking) and “high‐intensity” exercise (aerobic dance), when added to a weight loss diet, have different effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and physical fitness.Research Methods and Procedures: Ninety obese women were divided into diet only (DO), diet plus walking (DW), and diet plus aerobic dance (DA) groups. DXA was used to evaluate segmental body composition. Leg‐extension strength and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) were the indicators of physical fitness. Blood pressure, lipoproteins, and fasting glucose were used as indices for CHD risk factors. These items were measured before and after a 14‐week intervention period.Results: Whole‐body plus all segmental fat masses were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Reductions in whole‐body and lower‐limb fat‐ and bone‐free masses were significantly less (p < 0.01) in the DA group (−1.5 and −0.1 kg, respectively) compared with the DO (−2.1 and −0.4 kg, respectively) and DW (−2.5 and −0.5 kg, respectively) groups. Improvements in leg‐extension strength and V̇o2max were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO group. The CHD risk factors clearly improved (p < 0.05) within each group. Reductions in low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and fasting glucose were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the DA group compared with the DO and DW groups.Discussion: Adding higher intensity aerobic dance to a weight‐loss diet program may help maintain fat‐ and bone‐free mass and may be more effective in improving CHD risk factors compared with low‐intensity walking.
Hypocretin Deficiency in Narcoleptic Humans Is Associated with Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Kok Simon W. , Overeem Sebastiaan , Visscher Tommy L.S. , Lammers Gert Jan , Seidell Jaap C. , Pijl Hanno , Meinders Arend E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the prevalence of obesity among patients with narcolepsy, to estimate associated long‐term health risks on the basis of waist circumference, and to distinguish the impact of hypocretin deficiency from that of increased daytime sleepiness (i.e., reduced physical activity) on these anthropometric measures.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional, case‐control study was conducted. Patients with narcolepsy (n = 138) or idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) (n = 33) were included. Age‐matched, healthy members of the Dutch population (Monitoring Project on Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases and Doetinchem Project; n = 10, 526) were used as controls. BMI and waist circumference were determined.Results: Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2) occurred more often among narcolepsy patients [prevalence: 33% (narcoleptics) vs. 12.5% (controls) and 43% (narcoleptics) vs. 36% (controls), respectively; both p < 0.05]. Narcoleptics had a larger waist circumference (mean difference 5 ± 1.4 cm, p < 0.001). The BMI of patients with IH was significantly lower than that of narcolepsy patients (25.6 ± 3.6 vs. 28.5 ± 5.4 kg/m2; p = 0.004).Discussion: Overweight and obesity occur frequently in patients with narcolepsy. Moreover, these patients have an increased waist circumference, indicating excess fat storage in abdominal depots. The fact that patients with IH had a lower BMI than narcoleptics supports the notion that excessive daytime sleepiness (i.e., inactivity) cannot account for excess body fat in narcoleptic patients.
Relationship between Body Weight Gain and Significant Knee, Hip, and Back Pain in Older Americans
Authors: Andersen Ross E. , Crespo Carlos J. , Bartlett Susan J. , Bathon Joan M. , Fontaine Kevin R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between BMI (kilograms per meter squared) and reports of significant knee, hip, and back pain using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults 60 years or older.Research Methods and Procedures: Population‐based survey data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, involving 5724 adults 60 years or older, were used. BMI, calculated from measured weight (kilograms) and height (meters squared), was used to categorize participants into six BMI‐defined groups: underweight (<18.5), desirable weight (18.5 to 24.9), overweight (25 to 29.9), obese class I (30 to 34.9), obese class II (35 to 39.9), and obese class III (≥40). The presence of significant knee, hip, and back pain in the groups was studied.Results: The overall prevalences of knee, hip, and back pain were 21%, 14%, and 22%, respectively. Prevalence estimates for knee (underweight 12.1% to obesity class III 55.7%), hip (underweight 10.4% to obesity class III 23.3%), and back (underweight 20.2% to obesity class III 26.1%) pain increased with increased BMI. Sex‐, race‐, and age‐specific pain prevalence estimates also generally increased at increased levels of BMI.Discussion: Among U.S. adults 60 years or older, the prevalence of significant knee, hip, and back pain increases with increased levels of BMI.
Reduced Expression of FOXC2 and Brown Adipogenic Genes in Human Subjects with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Yang Xiaolin , Enerbäck Sven , Smith Ulf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We investigated subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of FOXC2 and selected genes involved in brown adipogenesis in adult human subjects in whom we have previously identified a reduced potential of precursor cell commitment to adipose‐lineage differentiation in relation to insulin resistance.Research Methods and Procedure: Gene expression was studied using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The relation between the expression of brown adipogenic genes and the genes involved in progenitor cell commitment, adipose cell size, and insulin sensitivity in vivo was analyzed.Results: The expression of FOXC2, MASK, MAP3K5, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), peroxisome proliferator‐activated protein gamma (PPARγ), and retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRγ) was decreased in the insulin‐resistant compared with insulin‐sensitive subjects, whereas PPARγ‐2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) showed no differential expression. The FOXC2 expression correlated with that of Notch and Wnt signaling genes, as well as of the genes studied participating in brown adipogenesis, including MASK, MAP3K5, PPARγ, pRb, RXRγ, and PGC‐1. A second‐level correlation between PPARγ and UCP‐1 was also significant. In addition, the expression of MASK, MAP3K5, pRb, RXRγ, and PGC‐1 inversely correlated with adipose cell mass and also correlated with the glucose disposal rate in vivo.Discussion: Our results suggest that a reduced brown adipose phenotype is associated with insulin resistance and that a basal brown adipose phenotype may be important for maintaining normal insulin sensitivity.
Obesity and Alcohol Modulate the Effect of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Lipids and Insulin
Authors: Marques‐Vidal Pedro , Bongard Vanina , Ruidavets Jean‐Bernard , Fauvel Josette , Hanaire‐Broutin Hélène , Perret Bertrand , Ferrières Jean 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the interaction between apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism, alcohol consumption, and BMI on insulin, lipid, and lipoprotein levels in men.Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional study of 266 healthy men without hypolipidemic or antidiabetic drug treatment. BMI, apo E polymorphisms, insulin, and lipid and lipoprotein levels were assessed. Alcohol consumption was assessed by questionnaire. ɛ2/ɛ4 carriers were excluded from the analysis.Results: On bivariate analysis, ɛ2 carriers had lower levels of total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher levels of apo E and lipoparticle B:E than ɛ3 carriers, the opposite being found for ɛ4 carriers compared with ɛ3 carriers; ɛ4 carriers also had significantly higher insulin levels. On multivariate analysis, significant interactions (p < 0.04) between apo E alleles and increased BMI were found for total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin levels, the increase in those parameters with BMI being stronger among ɛ4 carriers than among ɛ3 or ɛ2 carriers. Significant interactions (p < 0.02) between apo E alleles and alcohol consumption were also found for apo B levels, which increased in ɛ2 carriers but remained relatively stable in ɛ3 and tended to decrease in ɛ4 carriers.Discussion: These data suggest that effects of apo E alleles on lipids and insulin levels are partly dependent on environmental variables such as BMI and alcohol intake. These findings highlight the importance of gene × environment interactions on the deleterious effect of obesity on cardiovascular risk factors.
Adult Female Rats Defend “Appropriate” Energy Intake after Adaptation to Dietary Energy
Authors: Roy Heli J. , Keenan Michael J. , Zablah‐Pimentel Erika , Hegsted Maren , Bulot Lisa , O'Neil Carol E. , Bunting L. Dwain , Fernandez J. Marcos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine if adult female rats adapt to lower and higher dietary energy density.Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 compared high‐fat (56%), high‐energy density (HD) (21.6 kJ/g) and high‐fat (56%), low‐energy density (LD) (16.0 kJ/g) diets before surgery (two groups, 2 weeks, n = 16) and after surgery [ovariectomy (O) Sham (S); 2 × 2 factorial, n = 8; 6 weeks]. The second study (no surgery) compared high‐fat (60.0%), high‐energy (22.0 kJ/g) and low‐fat (10.0%), low‐energy (15.1 kJ/g) diets (n = 8).Results: In study 1, food intake was similar for the first 2 weeks, but rats on the LD diet consumed less energy, gained less weight, and had lower nonfasted serum leptin (all p < 0.0001) than rats on the HD diet. After surgery, rats on the LD and HD diets had similar weight gain, but rats on the LD diet consumed more food (p < 0.0001) and less energy (p < 0.009). O rats consumed more food and gained more weight (p < 0.0001) than S rats. Results from study 2 were similar to those from study 1.Discussion: The results demonstrated that O and S surgery rats and rats with no surgery adjust their food intake to defend a level of energy intake. This defense only occurred after a 2‐week adaptation period. The major differences in final body weights and abdominal fat resulted from the initial 2 weeks before adaptation to energy density. Rats fed higher‐energy diets seemed to “settle” at a higher level of adiposity, and rats fed lower‐energy diets consumed more food to increase energy consumption.