bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a New Comprehensive Ocean Atlas for Indian Ocean utilizing ARGO Data
Authors: Prasad Kumar B. , Barman Rahul , Dube S. K. , Pandey P. C. , Ravichandran M. , Nayak Shailesh 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe World Ocean Atlas (WOA), also termed ‘Levitus Climatology’, is a global ocean climatology containing monthly, seasonal and annual means of temperature (T) and salinity (S) fields at standard ocean depths. The monthly climatology for T and S is available for standard depths up to 1000 m. The database used in the preparation of this climatology (WOA) are historical records of Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) casts and other available marine observations collected in the past. The methodology used in preparation of this WOA is objective analysis which is essentially non‐synoptic and widely scattered in the space domain. We understand that ARGO data has so far not been blended with WOA, nor has its impact for improving WOA climatology been attempted. Presently, with the wealth of marine data from ARGO profilers in the Indian Ocean, we propose a new approach to reconstruct T and S fields optimally utilizing the ARGO data. Here we develop a new model using Delaunay Tessellation with QHull algorithm delivering three‐dimensional T and S fields from a non‐uniform scattered database up to a depth of 1000 m. For gaps in a data‐sparse region, we use all available quality‐checked Ocean Station Data (OSD) and Profiling Float Data (PFL) information on T and S, in addition to the existing ARGO data. The initiative here was to replace WOA data points with realistic information from ARGO and in situ data, thereby producing a new climatology atlas. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach, and the final climatology on T and S is better compared with the existing state‐of‐the‐art WOA. The advantage of the proposed methodology is the scope of improving the ocean atlas with the addition of more ARGO data in the near future. The clustered approach in modelling enables ocean parameter retrieval in geometrically disconnected regions with an option for hot restart. We believe that the new climatology will benefit the research community immensely. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Sampling free and particle‐bound chemicals using solid‐phase microextraction and needle trap device simultaneously
Authors: Niri Vadoud H. , Eom In‐Yong , Kermani Farhad Riazi , Pawliszyn Janusz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe possibility of sampling the free and particle‐bound concentrations of organic compounds was studied using two different sampling techniques at the same time: needle trap device (NTD) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME). In this study, a mosquito coil was used to produce gaseous (free) and particle‐bound compounds. Allethrin, the active ingredient in mosquito coils, was chosen as the target analyte. Under the same sampling conditions, the amount of allethrin extracted from the mosquito‐coil smoke was higher for the NTD compared to the SPME fiber, while the extracted amounts were almost the same for both devices when sampling gaseous samples of allethrin. These results can be explained by the fact that the SPME fiber can only extract free molecules (based on diffusion), whereas the NTD, an exhaustive sampling device, collects both free and particle‐bound allethrin. Breakthrough for NTD and carryover for both NTD and SPME were negligible under the given sampling and desorption conditions.
Single‐drop microextraction followed by in‐syringe derivatization and GC‐MS detection for the determination of parabens in water and cosmetic products
Authors: Saraji Mohammad , Mirmahdieh Shiva 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA single‐drop microextraction (SDME) method followed by in‐syringe derivatization and GC‐MS determination has been developed for analysis of five parabens, including methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n‐propyl and n‐butyl paraben in water samples and cosmetic products. N,O‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) was used as derivatization reagent. Derivatization reaction was performed inside the syringe barrel using 0.4 μL of BSA. Parameters that affect the derivatization yield such as temperature and time of the reaction were studied. In addition, experimental SDME parameters such as selection of organic solvent, addition of salt, extraction time and extraction temperature were investigated and optimized. The RSD of the method for aqueous samples varied from 8.1 to 13%. The LODs ranged from 0.001 (n‐butyl paraben) to 0.015 (methyl paraben) μg/L, and the enrichment factors were between 23 and 150.
Development and validation of a rapid and efficient method for simultaneous determination of methylxanthines and their metabolites in urine using monolithic HPLC columns
Authors: Atia Noha N. , York Peter , Clark Brian J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new rapid, sensitive and validated HPLC method has been developed for the determination of methylxanthines and their metabolites in asthmatic patients. The method was initiated by using spiked urine samples on a silica monolithic column as a novel packing material. The mobile phase consisted of 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer/methanol (87.5:12.5 v/v), at a flow rate 1 mL/min. Detection was set at 274 nm. The LOQ for all the compounds ranged from 14 to 41 ng/mL. Excellent linearity was achieved over the studied range of concentration with correlation coefficients 0.9991–0.9998 (n = 6). The developed method was validated by precision and accuracy with RSD <2.55%. On extraction of the drugs and metabolites from the urine samples high recoveries were achieved ranging from 82.06 to 98.34% w/w on RP18 cartridges and methanol/chloroform (20:80 v/v) as the extraction solvent. This method has advantages over other methods using conventional C18 packings.
Pressurised liquid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from gas and particulate phases of atmospheric samples
Authors: Ras Maria Rosa , Borrull Francesc , Marcé Rosa Maria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPressurised liquid extraction (PLE) was applied to determine the atmospheric levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas and particulate phases. The method involved high‐volume air sampling with quartz fibre filters (QFFs) and polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs and analytes were subsequently extracted from the samples by PLE, and determined with GC‐MS. We optimised the PLE conditions for the solvent, the number of cycles and extraction temperature. Recoveries were higher than 90% for most compounds. Method LODs and LOQs were between 0.001 and 0.02 ng/m3 and between 0.01 and 0.05 ng/m3. Air samples were taken from a site in the region of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain, where one of the largest petrochemical complexes in southern Europe is located. The total concentration of PAHs were from 6.7 to 27.66 ng/m3, with predominant levels of PAHs appearing in the gas phase (48–81%), and an average level of benzo[a]pyrene, the most carcinogenic PAH, of 0.86 ng/m3.
A strategy for fine sediment retention with bioengineering works in eroded marly catchments in a mountainous mediterranean climate (Southern ALPS, France)
Authors: Rey F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn eroded catchments in mountainous and Mediterranean‐type ecosystems, erosion can be responsible for high yields of fine sediment at the exit of catchments, which can cause different types of damage such as reservoir silting or ecological pollution. To avoid this sediment transport, low‐cost rehabilitation actions such as involving bioengineering techniques within small gullies can be used to trap and retain eroded materials before they reach the catchment exit. Based on current results of research carried out in the French Southern Alps, a specific strategy for such interventions is proposed, with rules for bioengineering structure use and methods for determining priority actions. This strategy for fine sediment retention with bioengineering works is currently being applied on eroded marly catchments in the French Southern Alps, in a mountainous Mediterranean climate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
31P Solid state NMR study of structure and chemical stability of dichlorotriphenylphosphorane
Authors: Gonnella Nina C. , Busacca Carl , Campbell Scot , Eriksson Magnus , Grinberg Nelu , Bartholomeyzik Teresa , Ma Shengli , Norwood Daniel L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSolid state 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to examine, monitor and quantify the compound integrity of the chemical reagent dichlorotriphenylphosphorane. Comparison was also made with solution 31P NMR spectra which showed that this highly reactive species could be observed in dry benzene prior to conversion to the hydrolyzed product. This is the first reported solid state NMR study of the stability and reactivity of dichlorotriphenylphosphorane and the first account of its observation and comparison in the solution state. In the solid state, the ionic and covalent forms for dichlorotriphenylphosphorane were observed along with hydrolyzed products, however, the degree of hydrolysis was dependent upon the rotor packing conditions. Calculation of the relative percent composition of dichlorotriphenylphosphorane with hydrolyzed product was made for samples prepared in air versus under nitrogen atmosphere. This information was critical in adjusting the amount of reagent used in chemical development syntheses and scale up laboratories. All hydrolyzed products were identified, based upon chemical comparisons with spectra of pure materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Groutability of cement‐based grout with consideration of viscosity and filtration phenomenon
Authors: Kim Jong‐Sun , Lee In‐Mo , Jang Jae‐Hyuk , Choi Hangseok 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe groutability depends on the properties of the grout, its injection processes, and on the mechanical properties of the soil formation. During the process of pouring cement‐based grouting into a porous medium, a variation with time occurs in the viscosity of grout suspension. In addition, the particle filtration phenomenon will limit the expansion of the grouted zone because cement particles are progressively stagnant within the soil matrix. In this paper, a closed‐form solution was derived by implementing the mass balance equations and the generalized phenomenological filtration law, which can be used to evaluate the deposition of cement‐based grout in the soil matrix. The closed‐form solution relevant to a particular spherical flow was modified by a step‐wise numerical calculation, considering the variable viscosity caused by a chemical reaction, and the decrease in porosity resulting from grout particle deposition in the soil pores. A series of pilot‐scale chamber injection tests was performed to verify that the developed step‐wise numerical calculation is able to evaluate the injectable volume of grout and the deposition of grout particles. The results of the chamber injection tests concurred well with that of the step‐wise numerical calculation. Based on the filtration phenomenon, a viable approach for estimating the groutability of cement‐based grout in a porous medium was also suggested, which might facilitate a new insight in the design of the grouting process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of early engagement: a pre‐eminent barrier to Australian university bequest giving?
Authors: McGill Phyllis , Rundle‐Thiele Sharyn , Lye Ashley 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDecreased government funding has placed increasing financial pressure on Australian universities. Currently Australian universities receive 6.6% of all donations to nonprofit organisations in Australia while universities in the United States attract 14%. These figures suggest there is considerable room for improvement for Australian universities. Efforts directed towards adding to knowledge of philanthropy to universities in Australia are, therefore, very topical at present. Despite acknowledged differences between the types of literature on gift‐giving it predominately centres on the motivation to donate to nonprofit organisations during an individual's lifetime (in vivogiving) with less focus on bequests. This exploratory study sought to gain insight into barriers to Australian University bequests. Lack of alumni engagement in Australian Universities was identified as a primary bequest barrier. Barriers identified previously in the literature (e.g. communications quality, performance, insensitive marketing) were considered secondary barriers to bequests. The results suggest a long term strategy is needed for Australian Universities seeking to improve donations. Universities need to engage students from the start of their academic tenure in order to be considered for a bequest. This paper proposes a model which highlights the consequences of this lack of early engagement and identifies key points in the academic and post‐academic process where successive challenges increasingly diverge the student from the university's bequest prospects.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Applications of the Boundary Element Method in Dynamics of Solids
Authors: Fedelinski Piotr , Gorski Radoslaw , Czyz Tomasz , Dziatkiewicz Grzegorz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe boundary element method (BEM) is developed and applied in new fields of dynamic fracture mechanics, dynamics of composite, elasto–plastic and piezoelectric materials. The BEM results are compared with solutions computed by the finite element method (FEM) showing high accuracy of the BEM. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamical iteration schemes for multiscale simulation in nanoelectronics
Authors: de Falco Carlo , Culpo Massimiliano 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present the spatial discretization of the thermal element model for coupled electrothermal simulation introduced in [1] with a suitable multiscale Finite Element scheme. The structure of the local matrices for the the thermal element is presented in detail and some preliminary numerical results are reported. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient solution of large scale Lyapunov and Riccati equations arising in model order reduction problems
Authors: Saak Jens , Benner Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractModel order reduction of large–scale linear time–invariant systems is an omnipresent task in control and simulation of complex dynamical processes. The solution of large scale Lyapunov and Riccati equations is a major task, e.g., in balanced truncation and related model order reduction methods, in particular when applied to semi–discretized partial differential equations constraint control problems. The software packageLyaPackhas shown to be a valuable tool in the task of solving these equations since its introduction in 2000.Here we want to discuss recent improvements and extensions of the underlying algorithms and their implementation. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Void nucleation by vacancy condensation
Authors: Weinberg Kerstin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA computational simulation of Kirkendall voiding in metallic materials is presented. After a brief explanation of the phenomena and its consequences on the reliability of microelectronic components we introduce a constitutive model for void nucleation and growth which is based on vacancy diffusion and rate–dependent inelastic deformation. This model can be used to predict the temporal development of voids in solder during thermal cycling and/or impact loading. A numerical study illustrates the potential of the model for the failure analysis. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Total FETI for contact problems with additional nonlinearities
Authors: Dobiáš Jiří , Pták Svatopluk , Vondrák Vít , Dostál Zdeněk 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper is concerned with application of a new variant of the Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting (FETI) method, referred to as the Total FETI (TFETI), to the solution to contact problems with additional nonlinearities. While the standard FETI methods assume that the prescribed Dirichlet conditions are inherited by subdomains, TFETI enforces both the compatibility between subdomains and the prescribed displacements by the Lagrange multipliers. If applied to the contact problems, this approach not only transforms the general nonpenetration constraints to the bound constraints, but it also generates an enriched natural coarse grid defined by the a priori known kernels of the stiffness matrices of the subdomains exhibiting rigid body modes. We combine our in a sense optimal algorithms for the solution to bound and equality constrained problems with geometric and material nonlinearities. The section on numerical experiments presents results of solution to bolt and nut contact problem with additional geometric and material nonlinear effects. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The modular robotic systems
Authors: Tatar O. , Stan S. , Mandru D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA very important design goal of these robotic systems is the adaptability to the inner diameters of the pipes. In this paper, we proposed two wheeled–type in–pipe modular robotic systems. Thus, the studied modular robotic systems are characterized by an adaptable structure, based on linkages mechanisms. The prototypes were designed in order to inspect pipes with variable diameters within 140 and 200 mm. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A crack model with delayed embedded discontinuities
Authors: Theiner Y. , Hofstetter G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this contribution the combination of a smeared rotating crack model with a crack model based on the strong discontinuity approach and formulated within the framework of elements with embedded discontinuities is presented. This so–called crack model with delayed embedded discontinuities allows considering crack opening in the direction normal to the crack and relative tangential displacements of the crack faces with transfer of shear forces across the crack faces. The advantages of this approach are shown by the numerical simulation of an anchor pull out test. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protein‐ and homo poly(amino acid)‐based hydrogels with super‐swelling properties
Authors: Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. , Pourjavadi A. , Salimi H. , Kurdtabar M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of super‐swelling polymers is steadily increasing and the applications in industry are continuing to grow. With the authorization of the superabsorbents in food packaging by the Food and Drug Administration recently, demand may soon take off in the market. However, the increase in prices of petroleum products in recent years may be a drawback for these acrylic‐based materials. Thus, there is now a need to develop natural‐based super‐swelling hydrogels which are more economical and environment friendly. In addition, the super‐swelling gels are promising novel functions in the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This review is aimed to highlight research and trends in protein‐ and homo poly(amino acid)‐based super‐swelling hydrogels. Thus, the proteinaceous hydrogels, including chemically modified soy‐, fish‐ and collagen‐based proteins, are discussed. The protein‐polysaccharide, protein‐synthetics, and the inorganic composites are also investigated as hybrid materials. Finally, the super‐swelling hydrogels based on homo polypeptides, i.e. poly(aspartic acid), poly(glutamic acid), and poly(ε‐L‐lysine) are reviewed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of second trimester screen positive pregnancies at increased risk for congenital heart defects
Authors: Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura L. , Walton‐Haynes Lynn , Currier Robert J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether second trimester biomarkers could be used to identify screen positive pregnancies at increased risk for congenital heart defects (CHDs) and measure the effect of using different biomarker cut points on the detection of CHDs and on the performance of predictive models.MethodsIncluded were 19,402 pregnancies without chromosomal defects, which were screen positive for Down syndrome or other birth defects based on maternal serum measurements of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3). Logistic regression models were built that compared biomarkers for CHD cases compared to controls.ResultsCHD cases were more likely to be screen positive for trisomy‐18, to have a nuchal fold (NF) ≥ 5 mm, and/or to have an hCG multiple of the median (MoM) ≥ 95th percentile in models that considered screen positive grouping. In models that did not consider screen positive grouping, cases were more likely to have a NF ≥ 5 mm, an AFP MoM ≤10th percentile, an hCG MoM ≤25th percentile, and/or an hCG MoM ≥ 75th percentile.ConclusionAlong with NF, second trimester maternal serum biomarkers may be useful indicators for fetal and newborn evaluation for CHDs in screen positive pregnancies without identified chromosomal defects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Luque Alejandro , Rubiales Diego 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe field of nanotechnology opens up novel potential applications for agriculture. Nanotechnology applications are already being explored and used in medicine and pharmacology, but interest for use in crop protection is just starting. The development of nanodevices as smart delivery systems to target specific sites and nanocarriers for controlled chemical release is discussed. Some nanotechnologies can improve existing crop management techniques in the short to medium term. Nanocapsules would help to avoid phytotoxicity on the crop by using systemic herbicides against parasitic weeds. Nanoencapsulation can also improve herbicide application, providing better penetration through cuticles and tissues, and allowing slow and constant release of the active substances. On the other hand, new crop management tools could be developed on the basis of medical applications. Nanoparticles have a great potential as ‘magic bullets’, loaded with herbicides, chemicals or nucleic acids, and targeting specific plant tissues or areas to release their charge. Viral capsids can be altered by mutagenesis to achieve different configurations and deliver specific nucleic acids, enzymes or antimicrobial peptides acting against the parasites. Many issues are still to be addressed, such as increasing the scale of production processes and lowering costs, as well as toxicological issues, but the foundations of a new plant treatment concept have been laid, and applications in the field of parasitic plant control can be started. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Observation of weak ferromagnetism in the C14 Laves phase of the (Fe1–xNix)2Nb system
Authors: Paduani C. , Schaf J. , Persiano A. I. C. , Raposo M. T. , Ardisson J. D. , Takeuchi A. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this work we report the observation of weak ferromagnetism in the hexagonal C14 Laves phase (s.g. P63/mmc) of the (Fe1–x Nix)2Nb system, which has been reported as nonmagnetic in the literature. A larger unit cell volume is observed as compared to Fe2Nb. From low‐temperature magnetization measurements it is found that the Ni substitution for Fe indeed leads to the onset of a weak ferromagnetic ordering in the C14 Laves phase of this pseudobinary system. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)