bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatics of performance and the analysis of conversational humor
Authors: Kotthoff Helga 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, I combine pragmatic theorizing with empirical interaction analysis to analyze conversational humor. By taking dialogic structures and the level of performance (utterance formulation, conversational sequencing and emergent genre construction) into consideration, I also hope to offer insights for cognitive linguistics. One key to performance analysis is that utterances always provide information, often called contextualization or framing procedures, on how they should be understood. Pragmatic modeling should take framing procedures and the reconstruction of various forms of knowledge invoked in normal, everyday communication into account to explain inferencing in humorous interaction. In most humorous activities, non-standardized inferencing forms the core of the humorous potential. It arises either from a sort of script opposition (Attardo 1994) or from playing with formulation standards and expected ways of speaking within conversational sequencing. To frustrate expectations is to invite unusual associations.I distinguish between comical interaction modality (keying and framing) and punch-line humor. Both invite listeners to make complex inferences. Besides this, they work with allusions. The listener must draw on life-world knowledge in order to understand the allusions that are central to both sorts of humor.I favor retaining the Gricean cooperation principle and its maxims for the analysis of humor and try to link the Gricean pragmatics of cooperation to performance analysis (framing, keying, layering, contextualization). Clark's (2004) plea to take into account the distinction between primary and collateral signals is highly suggestive of possible ways to grasp the functioning of emergent humorous interaction. In this paper, I apply pragmatic theories to two examples of emergent conversational humor not belonging to well-known conventional humor genres and consequently hard to classify using conventional folk taxonomies. Using these examples, I show what a pragmatics of performance can and should contribute to explaining how interlocutors co-construct humor and process various layers of meaning. Only when combined with a performance analysis that takes into account the layering of meaning and social and cultural knowledge can pragmatics explain the joint production of humor.
New Electrochemical Methods for the Evaluation of Localized Corrosion in Engine Coolants
Authors: Yang B , Marinho FJ , Gershun AV 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Due to the need of increasing energy efficiency, reducing pollution and lessening dependency on petroleum, vehicles using more advanced propulsion technologies such as fuel cell and hybrid electric (e.g., gasoline-electric or diesel-electric hybrid) power are being developed constantly. At the same time, extensive development efforts are being devoted to research aiming to increase the use of lighter metals such as magnesium alloys in today's engines. New engine coolants are often required to meet many of these new developments and the associated changes in cooling system requirements. Since corrosion protection is one of the key performance parameters for engine coolants, new and more effective corrosion measurement methods are useful for evaluating old and developing new coolants to meet the needs of new cooling systems or having improved corrosion protection performance, or both. Particularly, new electrochemical methods capable of more reliable, quantitative, and fast (ideally, real-time) measurements of localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, and under-deposit corrosion, and corrosion under heat rejecting conditions are highly desired. Existing ASTM test methods for engine coolants either rely on inspection of the sample after a relatively long exposure period to determine the extent of localized attack or do not yield results directly related to localized corrosion. In this paper, coupled multi-electrode sensors test and simulated localized corrosion cell technique are compared and discussed to gain new insight for facilitating the development of more effective inhibited coolants.
Lower insulin sensitivity differentiates hirsute from non-hirsute Sicilian women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Amato Marco C , Galluzzo Aldo , Merlino Simona , Mattina Antonina , Richiusa Pierina , Criscimanna Angela , Giordano Carla 
Published: November 2006

Objective: It is well known that hyperandrogenism and insulin-resistance with or without compensatory hyperinsulinism are closely associated, but the Rotterdam Consensus has concluded that principally obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) should be evaluated for the metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to study insulin sensitivity in PCOS women with hirsutism regardless of obesity.
Methods: Clinical characteristics, sex hormones and fasting- and after OGTT-glycemia and insulinemia, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA IR), and Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity were analyzed in 130 women with PCOS. Hirsutism has been evaluated through the Ferriman–Gallwey (FG) map scoring system.
Results: PCOS women with hirsutism (57.7% of participants) showed significant higher values of total testosterone levels (P = 0.016), free testosterone (P = 0.027), DHEA sulfate (P = 0.017), and Δ4androstenedione (P = 0.018). They had similar body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.073) and were significantly less insulin sensitive (P = 0.002) than those without hirsutism (42.3% of participants). In women with PCOS and hirsutism, there was a significant correlation between FG score and insulin-sensitivity indexes (HOMA IR, ρ = 0.33, P = 0.005; Matsuda index, ρ = −0.34, P = 0.003) but not with the androgen levels. Moreover, women with hirsutism showed a significantly greater insulin (P = 0.019), C-peptide (P = 0.002), and glucose (P = 0.024) areas under the curve (auc2h).
Conclusions: Our study suggests that the increased responsiveness of the pilo-sebaceous unit to androgens seems to be influenced by insulin sensitivity and that insulin resistance should be assessed in all hirsute women with PCOS regardless of their BMI, as insulin resistance was found in hirsute women irrespective of whether they were overweight or obese.
Selenium and goiter prevalence in borderline iodine sufficiency
Authors: Brauer Volker F H , Schweizer Ulrich , Köhrle Josef , Paschke Ralf 
Published: November 2006

Design: Selenium (Se) is required for the biosynthesis of selenocysteine-containing proteins. Several selenoenzymes, e.g. glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, are expressed in the thyroid. Selenoenzymes of the deiodinase family regulate the levels of thyroid hormones. For clinical investigators, it is difficult to determine the role of Se in the etiology of (nodular-)goiter, because there are considerable variations of Se concentrations in different populations as reflected by dietary habits, bioavailability of Se compounds, and racial differences. Moreover, most previous clinical trials which investigated the influence of Se on thyroid volume harbored a bias due to the coexistence of severe iodine deficiency in the study populations.
Methods: Therefore, we investigated the influence of Se on thyroid volume in an area with borderline iodine sufficiency. First, we investigated randomly selected probands for urinary iodine (UI) and creatinine excretion in spot urine samples and determined the prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules by high-resolution ultrasonography. After this, we determined urinary Se excretion (USe) in probands with goiter as well as in matched probands without goiter. Adjustments between the two compared groups were made for age, gender, history of thyroid disorders, smoking, and UI excretion.
Results: The mean USe and UI rates of all 172 probands were 24 μg Se/l or 27 μg Se/g creatinine and 96 μg I/l or 113 μg I/g creatinine indicating borderline selenium (20–200 μg/l) and iodine (100–200 μg/l) sufficiency of the study population. Probands with goiter (n=89) showed significantly higher USe levels than probands with normal thyroid volume (n=83; P < 0.05). USe rates were not influenced by present smoking or pregnancy.
Conclusions: In our investigation, USe was not an independent risk factor for the development of goiter. The higher USe in probands with goiter in comparison with probands with normal thyroid volume is most likely a coincidence. Se does not significantly influence thyroid volume in borderline iodine sufficiency because the iodine status is most likely the more important determinant.
Testosterone and cognitive function: current clinical evidence of a relationship
Authors: Beauchet Olivier 
Published: November 2006

Background: Testosterone levels decline as men age, as does cognitive function. Whether there is more than a temporal relationship between testosterone and cognitive function is unclear. Chemical castration studies in men with prostate cancer suggest that low serum testosterone may be associated with cognitive dysfunction. Low testosterone levels have also been observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This paper reviews the current clinical evidence of the relationship between serum testosterone levels and cognitive function in older men.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE to identify clinical studies and relevant reviews that evaluated cognitive function and endogenous testosterone levels or the effects of testosterone substitution in older men.
Results: Low levels of endogenous testosterone in healthy older men may be associated with poor performance on at least some cognitive tests. The results of randomized, placebo-controlled studies have been mixed, but generally indicate that testosterone substitution may have moderate positive effects on selective cognitive domains (e.g. spatial ability) in older men with and without hypogonadism. Similar results have been found in studies in patients with existing AD or MCI.
Conclusions: Low endogenous levels of testosterone may be related to reduced cognitive ability, and testosterone substitution may improve some aspects of cognitive ability. Measurement of serum testosterone should be considered in older men with cognitive dysfunction. For men with both cognitive impairment and low testosterone, testosterone substitution may be considered. Large, long-term studies evaluating the effects of testosterone substitution on cognitive function in older men are warranted.
Clinical Disease in Children Associated With Newly Described Coronavirus Subtypes
Authors: Kuypers Jane , Martin Emily T. , Heugel Judson , Wright Nancy , Morrow Rhoda , Englund Janet A. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Coronaviruses cause upper respiratory illness and occasionally lower tract disease in susceptible populations. In this study we examined the prevalence of 4 human coronaviruses, including subtypes OC43, 229E, and the recently described NL63 and HKU1 in a pediatric population presenting to a children's hospital.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Specimens collected over a 1-year period from pediatric patients presenting with acute respiratory illness were analyzed for the presence of 4 coronavirus subtypes using consensus and subtype-specific real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. The demographic and clinical characteristics associated with coronavirus infection were examined retrospectively.
RESULTS. Coronaviruses were detected in 66 of 1043 children. Eight, 11, 19, and 28 specimens were positive for subtypes 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, respectively. Coronaviruses were detected throughout the study period; all 4 of the subtypes were present simultaneously in December. The acute clinical features were similar across subtypes. Of 32 children infected with a coronavirus as the sole respiratory pathogen, 13 had lower respiratory tract disease. Children whose only detectable respiratory virus was a coronavirus were more likely to have underlying chronic disease than were children coinfected with another respiratory virus.
CONCLUSIONS. Although 4 subtypes of coronavirus were detected, the recently discovered coronavirus subtypes NL63 and HKU1 accounted for the majority of coronaviruses detected in our cohort of mostly hospitalized children with respiratory symptoms. New subtypes likely represent a substantial portion of previously unexplained respiratory illnesses.
Kinetics and mechanism of hydroboration of oct-1-and-4-ene by dimeric dialkylboranes
Authors: Jaganyi D. , Govender J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanism of hydroboration of oct-1-and-4-ene with a series of dimeric dialkylboranes was investigated. The kinetic results showed that the hydroboration of terminal olefins proceeds via a three-halves-order mechanism, first-order with respect to the olefin and one-half-order with respect to the dimer. Using dicyclohexylborane, diisopinocamphenylborane, and 3,6-dimethylborepane the observed rate constants for the hydroboration of oct-4-ene were approximately 6 times smaller than those for oct-1-ene. Supporting computations showed that both steric and electronic effects influence the rate of hydroboration of both internal and terminal olefins. A model computational study of the isomerization of oct-4-ene with di(prop-2-yl)borane showed that formation of the terminal hydroborated complex is thermodynamically favored over the internal complex.
Reaction sites of N,N′-substituted p-phenylenediamine antioxidants
Authors: Kortišová I. , Breza M. , Cibulková Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe geometries of N,N′-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (DPPD), N-phenyl-N′-(1-phenylethyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (SPPD), N-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-N′-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (6PPD), N-propan-2-yl-N′-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (IPPD), N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-N′-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (MBPPD), and N-phenyl-N′-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine (CPPD) as well as of their dehydrogenation products were optimized by the semiempirical AM1 method. The results support the idea of stable NB=CX structures formation during the consecutive dehydrogenation of SPPD, 6PPD, IPPD, and MBPPD antioxidants. The biradicals formed during the second step of dehydrogenation of substituted phenylenediamines might be important for their antioxidant effectiveness.
Proline‐Catalyzed Imino‐Diels–Alder Reactions: Synthesis of meso‐2,6‐Diaryl‐4‐piperidones
Authors: Aznar Fernando , García Ana‐Belén , Cabal María‐Paz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmine‐catalyzed imino‐Diels–Alder reactions of acyclic α,β‐unsaturated ketones with imines have been developed. L‐Proline catalyzed the in situ generation of 2‐amino‐1,3‐butadienes to provide a stereoselective synthesis of meso‐2,6‐diaryl‐4‐piperidones in one direct step.
Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction of α‐Acyloxyacroleins Catalyzed by Chiral 1,1′‐Binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diammonium Salts
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Suzuki Kenji , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA diammonium salt of chiral 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine (2a) and trifluoromethanesulfonimide (Tf2NH) shows excellent catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for the Diels–Alder reaction of α‐acyloxyacroleins. For example, in the presence of 5 mol % of 2a and 9.5 mol % of Tf2NH, the Diels–Alder reaction of α‐(cyclohexanecarbonyloxy)acrolein with cyclopentadiene proceeded in EtCN at −75 °C to give the adducts in 88 % yield with 92 % exo and 91 % ee. The electron‐donating property of the acyl group of the α‐acyloxyacroleins increases the enantioselectivity due to the formation of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the acyl group with a proton of the ammonium group in the transition state. This catalyst can be easily prepared in situ by mixing the commercially available chiral diamine and Tf2NH.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [3+2+2] and [2+2+2] Cocyclizations of Bicyclopropylidene and Alkynes
Authors: Zhao Ligang , de Meijere Armin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUnder the catalysis of bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0), Ni(cod)2, in the presence of triphenylphosphane, two molecules of bicyclopropylidene (1) and one molecule of a terminal alkyne 2 at ambient temperature undergo an intermolecular [3+2+2] cocyclization to furnish the bis‐spirocyclopropanated cyclopropylidenecycloheptene derivatives 3 in 45–93 % yield (15 examples plus 2 examples with 8 and 25 % yield, respectively). With the same catalyst system, [2+2+2] cocyclizations of two molecules of an arylmethyl (aryl=phenyl, furyl) propargyl ether and one molecule of bicyclopropylidene (1) occur to provide regioisomeric dispiro[2.0.2.4]deca‐7,9‐diene derivatives 9/10 (2 examples, 57 and 44 % yield, respectively).
A Simple, Efficient, and Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of MS‐153 Employing a Chiral Silane Lewis Acid‐Promoted Acylhydrazone‐Enol Ether [3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Tran Kristy , Leighton James L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOur previously reported chiral silane‐promoted enol ether‐acylhydrazone [3+2] cycloaddition reaction has been applied to a brief and efficient synthesis of the neuroprotective agent MS‐153. Unsatisfactory and variable levels of efficiency and enantioselectivity with the requisite acetaldehyde‐derived acylhydrazone occasioned a modification to the chiral silane Lewis acid, which led to the key cycloaddition step proceeding with excellent efficiency (85 % yield) and enantioselectivity (≥98 % ee).
Formal Enantioselective [4+3] Cycloaddition by a Tandem Diels–Alder Reaction/Ring Expansion
Authors: Dai Xing , Davies Huw M. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tandem Diels–Alder reaction/ring expansion between cyclopentadiene and unsaturated aldehydes is a highly stereoselective process for the synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones, the formal products of a [4+3] cycloaddition. When the initial cycloaddition was conducted in the presence of the chiral Lewis acid catalyst 14, the bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones were obtained in two steps in 72–85 % yields with up to 96 % ee and>98 % de.
Gold Catalysis: Dihydroisobenzofurans and Isochromanes by the Intramolecular Furan/Alkyne Reaction
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Wölfle M. , Ata Filiz , Hamzic Melissa , Salathé Ralph , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of furyl alcohols and homofuryl alcohols was synthesized by reduction of furfurals or reaction of furyllithium compounds with epoxides and subsequent propargylation. The gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of these products furnished dihydroisobenzofurans and isochromanes. Crystal structure analyses proved the sequence of the substituents for both classes of products. Unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds as side‐products show the mechanistic relationship to the analogous platinum‐catalyzed reactions. Neither ester groups, even on the 4‐position of the furan ring, nor aryl bromides hinder the catalysis by gold. In the case of a substrate with an allyl ether in the side chain, a side‐product, which provides evidence for a reaction of the alkyne with an inverse regioselectivity, was observed.
Variable adhesion of different red blood cell products to activated vascular endothelium under flow conditions
Authors: Anniss Angela M. , Sparrow Rosemary L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRed blood cells (RBCs) that have been stored prior to transfusion show increased adherence to vascular endothelium in vitro, which suggests a potential for stored blood transfusion to impede blood flow in some patients. Transfusion is often required in patients with sepsis or inflammation; however, whether activation of endothelium affects stored RBC–endothelial cell (EC) interactions is unknown. We investigated whether storage time and leukocyte content of RBC products influences the adhesion of RBCs to activated ECs. RBCs from nonleukocyte‐reduced (S‐RBCs), buffy‐coat‐poor (BCP‐RBCs), and leukocyte‐filtered (LF‐RBCs) products and cultured EC layers were pretreated with endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), or medium alone prior to perfusion of the RBCs across the EC layer in a continuous flow microchamber. After a single day of RBC storage, the number of adherent RBCs was increased in the endotoxin and TNF‐α pretreated groups compared to the unactivated‐control group. These differences were statistically significant for S‐RBCs and LF‐RBC products (P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant difference in RBC adherence to activated and unactivated endothelium at other time‐points of RBC product storage. The strength of adhesion of stored RBCs from S‐RBC products to activated ECs was not altered following treatment; however, endotoxin significantly increased the adhesive strength of LF‐RBCs to endothelium. These results demonstrate that while fresh RBCs show increased adhesion to activated endothelium, storage of RBCs did not promote increased adhesion to activated endothelium. However, inflammatory conditions promote stronger adhesion of stored RBCs to ECs, which may contribute to impaired tissue perfusion in some transfusion recipients. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodistance analysis of the Moche sacrificial victims from Huaca de la Luna plaza 3C: Matrix method test of their origins
Authors: Sutter Richard C. , Verano John W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to test two competing models regarding the origins of Early Intermediate Period (AD 200–750) sacrificial victims from the Huacas de Moche site using the matrix correlation method. The first model posits the sacrificial victims represent local elites who lost competitions in ritual battles with one another, while the other model suggests the victims were nonlocal warriors captured during warfare with nearby polities. We estimate biodistances for sacrificial victims from Huaca de la Luna Plaza 3C (AD 300–550) with eight previously reported samples from the north coast of Peru using both the mean measure of divergence (MMD) and Mahalanobis' distance (d2). Hypothetical matrices are developed based upon the assumptions of each of the two competing models regarding the origins of Moche sacrificial victims. When the MMD matrix is compared to the two hypothetical matrices using a partial‐Mantel test (Smouse et al.: Syst Zool 35 (1986) 627–632), the ritual combat model (i.e. local origins) has a low and nonsignificant correlation (r = 0.134, P = 0.163), while the nonlocal origins model is highly correlated and significant (r = 0.688, P = 0.001). Comparisons of the d2 results and the two hypothetical matrices also produced low and nonsignificant correlation for the ritual combat model (r = 0.210, P = 0.212), while producing a higher and statistically significant result with the nonlocal origins model (r = 0.676, P = 0.002). We suggest that the Moche sacrificial victims represent nonlocal warriors captured in territorial combat with nearby competing polities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.