bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER CHOICE
Authors: Grobler Christelle , Stuart Ian C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn order to achieve an ‘optimal health system’, health policies should not only be focused on the supply of health care, but also take cognisance of the demand for health care. Studies of health care demand in South Africa are scarce due to considerable data limitations. This analysis attempts to fill this gap by combining two data sets (specifically, the GHS 2004 and IES/LFS 2000) in order to be able to utilize the wealth of information regarding health care utilization in the General Household Survey. The aim is to inform and encourage debate on how to incorporate demand side considerations in order to arrive at improved public health care in South Africa.
DEA APPLIED TO A GAUTENG SAMPLE OF PUBLIC HOSPITALS1
Authors: Kibambe Jacques Ngoie , Koch Steven F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe research presented in this paper provides an analysis of the delivery of a few health care services by the public sector in Gauteng, South Africa. The data for the study was especially difficult to collect, suggesting the need for hospital level data information systems, as well as staff who are trained to analyze the information collected. The empirical results from the analysis suggest that services provided by small‐scale medical facilities waste fewer resources, while medical centres offering more technical services, such as surgeries, also appear to deliver medical services more efficiently.
Causation of injuries in female football players in top-level tournaments
Authors: Tscholl P , O’Riordan D , Fuller C W , Dvorak J , Gutzwiller F , Junge A 
Published: July 2007

Background:Analyses of tackle parameters in injury situations have provided valuable information regarding men’s football. However, there are no similar data for women’s football.Objective:To categorise the tackle mechanisms leading to injury in elite women’s football.Study design:Retrospective video analysis of injury situations.Methods:Events associated with all reported injuries during six women’s top-level tournaments were analysed on video recordings for tackle parameters.Results:More than half of all injuries were due to tackles from the side (52%, 103/200), whereas tackles from behind were much less commonly involved in injury situations (11%, 21/200). One-footed (65%, 130/200) and upper body (21%, 42/200) tackle actions were most common. Sliding-in tackles leading to injury were the least likely to be sanctioned by match referees. Tackling players (45%, 90/200) were almost as likely to be injured as the tackled player (55%).Conclusion:The present study found differences between injury mechanisms in women’s football and previously published data on men’s football. Further research, especially using video analysis, is needed for a better understanding of risk situations in football.
Tackle mechanisms and match characteristics in women’s elite football tournaments
Authors: Tscholl P , O’Riordan D , Fuller C W , Dvorak J , Junge A 
Published: July 2007

Background:Several tools have been used for assessing risk situations and for gathering tackle information from international football matches for men but not for women.Purpose:To analyse activities in women’s football and to identify the characteristics and risk potentials of tackles.Study design:Retrospective video analysis.Method:Video recordings of 24 representative matches from six women’s top-level tournaments were analysed for tackle parameters and their risk potential.Results:3531 tackles were recorded. Tackles in which the tackling player came from the side and stayed on her feet accounted for nearly half of all challenges for the ball in which body contact occurred. 2.7% of all tackles were classified as risk situations, with sliding-in tackles from behind and the side having the highest risk potential. Match referees sanctioned sliding-in tackles more often than other tackles (20%v17%, respectively). Tackle parameters did not change in the duration of a match; however, there was an increase in the number of injury risk situations and foul plays towards the end of each half.Conclusions:Match properties provide valuable information for a better understanding of injury situations in football. Staying on feet and jumping vertically tackle actions leading to injury were sanctioned significantly more times by the referee than those not leading to injury (p<0.001), but no such difference was seen for sliding-in tackles (previously reported to have the highest injury potential in women’s football). Therefore, either the laws of the game are not adequate or match referees in women’s football are not able to distinguish between sliding-in tackles leading to and those not leading to injury.
Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. Part 1: match injuries
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Dick Randall W , Corlette Jill , Schmalz Rosemary 
Published: July 2007

Objective:To compare the incidence, nature, severity and cause of match injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female footballers.Methods:The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System was used for a two-season (August to December) prospective study of American college and university football teams (2005 season: men 52 teams, women 64 teams; 2006 season: men 54 teams, women 72 teams). Injury definitions and recording procedures were compliant with the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies of injuries in football. Athletic trainers recorded details of the playing surface and the location, diagnosis, severity and cause of all match injuries. The number of days lost from training and match play was used to define the severity of an injury. Match exposures (player hours) were recorded on a team basis.Results:The overall incidence of match injuries for men was 25.43 injuries/1000 player hours on artificial turf and 23.92 on grass (incidence ratio 1.06; p = 0.46) and for women was 19.15 injuries/1000 player hours on artificial turf and 21.79 on grass (incidence ratio = 0.88; p = 0.16). For men, the mean severity of non-season ending injuries was 7.1 days (median 5) on artificial turf and 8.4 days (median 5) on grass and, for women, 11.2 days (median 5) on artificial turf and 8.9 days (median 5) on grass. Joint (non-bone)/ligament/cartilage and contusion injuries to the lower limbs were the most common general categories of match injury on artificial turf and grass for both male and female players. Most injuries were acute (men: artificial turf 24.60, grass 22.91; p = 0.40; women: artificial turf 18.29, grass 20.64; p = 0.21) and resulted from player-to-player contact (men: artificial turf 14.73, grass 13.34; p = 0.37; women: artificial turf 10.72; grass 11.68; p = 0.50).Conclusions:There were no major differences in the incidence, severity, nature or cause of match injuries sustained on new generation artificial turf and grass by either male or female players.
Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. Part 2: training injuries
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Dick Randall W , Corlette Jill , Schmalz Rosemary 
Published: July 2007

Objective:To compare the incidence, nature, severity and cause of training injuries sustained on new generation artificial turf and grass by male and female footballers.Methods:The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System was used for a two-season (August to December) prospective study involving American college and university football teams (2005 season: men 52 teams, women 64 teams; 2006 season: men 54 teams, women 72 teams). Injury definitions and recording procedures were compliant with the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies of injuries in football. Athletic trainers recorded details of the playing surface and the location, diagnosis, severity and cause of all training injuries. The number of days lost from training and match play was used to define the severity of an injury. Training exposures (player hours) were recorded on a team basis.Results:The overall incidence of training injuries for men was 3.34 injuries/1000 player hours on artificial turf and 3.01 on grass (incidence ratio 1.11; p = 0.21) and for women it was 2.60 injuries/1000 player hours on artificial turf and 2.79 on grass (incidence ratio 0.93; p = 0.46). For men, the mean severity of injuries that were not season ending injuries was 9.4 days (median 5) on artificial turf and 7.8 days (median 4) on grass and, for women, 10.5 days (median 4) on artificial turf and 10.0 days (median 5) on grass. Joint (non-bone)/ligament/cartilage and muscle/tendon injuries to the lower limbs were the most common general categories of injury on artificial turf and grass for both male and female players. Most training injuries were acute (men: artificial turf 2.92, grass 2.63, p = 0.24; women: artificial turf 1.94, grass 2.23, p = 0.21) and resulted from player-to-player contact (men: artificial turf 1.08, grass 0.85, p = 0.10; women: artificial turf 0.47, grass 0.56; p = 0.45).Conclusions:There were no major differences between the incidence, severity, nature or cause of training injuries sustained on new generation artificial turf and on grass by either men or women.
Gfi1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is inhibited by the ubiquitin ligase Triad1
Authors: Marteijn Jurgen A. F. , van der Meer Laurens T. , van Emst Liesbeth , van Reijmersdal Simon , Wissink Willemijn , de Witte Theo , Jansen Joop H. , Van der Reijden Bert A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor essential for the function and development of many different hematopoietic lineages. The Gfi1 protein expression is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In granulocytes, Gfi1 is rapidly degraded by the proteasome, while it is more stable in monocytes. How the ubiquitination and degradation of Gfi1 is regulated is unclear. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase Triad1 interacts with the DNA-binding domain of Gfi1. Unexpectedly, we found that Triad1 inhibited Gfi1 ubiquitination, resulting in a prolonged half-life. Down-regulation of endogenous Triad1 by siRNAs resulted in increased Gfi1 ubiquitination. In U937 cells, Triad1 caused an increase in endogenous Gfi1 protein levels and slowed cell proliferation in a similar manner when Gfi1 itself was expressed. A Triad1 mutant that lacks the Gfi1-binding domain did not affect Gfi1 levels and proliferation. Because neither proteasome-ubiquitin nor Triad1 ubiquitin ligase activity was required for the inhibition of Gfi1 ubiquitination, these data suggest that Triad1 competes for Gfi1 binding with as yet to be identified E3 ubiquitin ligases that do mark Gfi1 for proteasomal degradation. The finetuning of Gfi1 protein levels regulated by Triad1 defines an unexpected role for this protein in hematopoiesis.
Dual robot system for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: The design process
Authors: Jackson A E , Holt R J , Culmer P R , Makower S G , Levesley M C , Richardson R C , Cozens J A , Williams M Mon , Bhakta B B 
Published: July 2007

Stroke is the most common cause of severe disability in the UK. Arm impairment is common and recovery is partly dependent on the intensity and frequency of rehabilitation intervention. However, physical therapy resources are often limited, so methods of supplementing traditional physiotherapy are essential. Robot assisted physiotherapy is one way to increase the duration patients spend participating in rehabilitation activities. A single robot system has been developed at the University of Leeds that actively assists patients undertaking therapeutic movements in a three-dimensional workspace. However, using only a single point of contact at the wrist to assist with therapeutic reaching movements does not allow control or support of the more proximal joints of the upper limb. This could lead to discomfort during assisted exercise. In addition, the design suffers from a restrictive workspace, limiting the range of therapeutic exercise that can be undertaken. To address these limitations, the intelligent Pneumatic Arm Movement system has been developed. A major aspect of the development process has been the continual involvement of physiotherapists and stroke patients; the end users of the system. Through inclusion of these stakeholders, a system has been developed that satisfies their requirements for workspace, comfort, safety, and ease of use.
Idealized steering for hauling locomotives
Authors: Simson S A , Cole C 
Published: July 2007

Most of the passive and active steering developments of traction bogies have been directed towards high speed rail or light rail and commuter rail applications. Previous studies ignored coupler forces and often assumed the wheel rail profiles have ample conicity for the curving task. There is little work directed towards high adhesion rates which is a critical area for freight locomotive performance. In heavy haul train operations ruling grades are often associated with tight curvatures, and steering tasks of hauling locomotives are affected by lateral components of longitudinal train forces. Haul locomotives also have a significant yaw moment from coupler forces making uneven longitudinal creeps useful in balancing these yaw forces. The use of larger diameter wheels on locomotives reduces effective steering conicity such that contact profiles may become insufficient to negotiate tight curves. The large diameter wheels make longitudinal creepage or slip inevitable and Goodall et al. [1] definition of perfect steering unattainable. A new criteria for ideal steering in these conditions is proposed. For hauling locomotives, ideal steering is defined as when the lateral rail creep and contact loads of each axle in one bogie are equal and longitudinal creeps are positive to the applied traction. This definition is applicable to all curving tasks that a hauling locomotive encounters while still applying low wheel rail creep forces. In most of the cases ideal steering can be achieved with zero lateral creep forces. The paper describes equations for quasi-static curving forces including traction and in-train forces. An analysis of curving forces for locomotives with three axle bogies is made with the equations for various curvatures and with haulage locomotives in different train configurations including pusher configuration.
Crosswind stability of a high-speed train on a high embankment
Authors: Diedrichs B , Sima M , Orellano A , Tengstrand H 
Published: July 2007

This work presents aerodynamic results of crosswind stability obtained numerically and experimentally for the leading control unit (class 808) of Deutsche Bahn AG's high-speed train Inter-CityExpress 2. The train model is on top of a 6m high embankment in accordance with the proposed European code for interoperable trains, the so-called technical specifications for interoperability. The purpose of the study is to convey the predictive accuracy that typical steady-state computational fluid dynamics-Reynolds average Navier-Stokes methods (industry standard) return and to contribute to the understanding of the aerodynamics for the current application. Attention is drawn to the aerodynamics around the train and embankment when subjected to a steady block profile crosswind of 30° yaw angle on the basis of the onset velocity far upstream the embankment. The Re (Reynolds number) of the embankment cases is 4.6 × 106. Calculated results are obtained with the commercial code STAR-CD, with exclusively hexahedral meshes with a total cell count of 13.5 × 106. Results are obtained when the train stands on the windward and leeward tracks on top of the embankment. These results are first compared with a flat ground case from a previous study. Then experimental data are obtained in a high-pressure wind tunnel with a model scale of 1:100. Re effects are compensated by raising the ambient pressure by a factor of 60, which increases the air density and thus the Re by a similar factor. Calculated results are in fair agreement with the experiments, where both the calculations and the experiments predict the leeward case to be the more critical one. In addition, the related consequences on the mechanical behaviour, i.e. the stability of the car, are briefly addressed by means of a quasi-static mechanical analysis. The results of the present study indicate that the 6m high embankment concerning the current train reduces the permissible crosswind speed with approximately 20 per cent.
Stress changes in the ground below ballasted railway track during train passage
Authors: Powrie W , Yang L A , Clayton C R I 
Published: July 2007

The design of railway track formations has traditionally been empirically rather than analytically based, with ballast and sub-ballast layer thicknesses specified mainly on the basis of previous practice. Recent design methods are more scientifically based, and for the most advanced design methods currently in use, input parameters are typically determined from cyclic triaxial testing. The changes in stress experienced by an element of soil below a railway track as a train passes are complex, involving (for example) a cyclic rotation of the principal stress directions. In these conditions, soil element testing in uniaxial compression may lead to the underestimation of vertical strains. Testing in a hollow cylinder apparatus, which can impose the rotations in principal stress direction likely to be experienced by a soil element in the field, may therefore be preferable to triaxial testing. However, there are as yet no data to guide the designer to a rational specification of a testing programme in this more complex apparatus. This article reports the results of finite element analyses carried out to investigate the stress changes experienced by an element of soil beneath a ballasted railway track during train passage. The effects of element location, the initial in situ stress state of the soil, and the elastic parameters used to characterize its behaviour are investigated, and the modelling of the stress paths in a cyclic hollow cylinder apparatus is discussed.
Moiré interferometry applied to fracture in titanium tubes
Authors: MacKenzie P M 
Published: July 2007

Despite there being a substantial body of evidence to the contrary, moiré interferometry is often regarded - even by some adherents - as a curiosity of the optics lab. The present work seeks to demonstrate still further that the method can be an effective tool for practical materials research and assessment, in this case, in a novel and challenging experimental application involving fracture testing of heat exchanger tube material, the work being conducted in a conventional materials test laboratory setting. The key to the utility of the present setup lies with the priority given to its optical efficiency. In standard fracture toughness tests, it is axiomatic that standard specimen geometries be used. A dilemma arises when a material's properties are transformed to a substantial degree by the final stages of its process of manufacture, and when the very nature of the finished form dictates that standard geometries cannot be produced. The focus of this investigation was to measure crack-tip opening displacements (CTODs) in thin-walled titanium tubes. Fringe patterns corresponding to in-plane displacement contours were obtained interferometrically and the method for extracting CTODs from these is described. Significant differences in yield, ultimate strength, elongation, and fracture behaviour were observed for different material orientations.
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2,2,2]octane Bis(tetrafluoroborate) as Novel and Efficient Reagent for the Conjugate Addition of Indoles to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V Subba , Raju A , Ravindar K , Baishya Gakul 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Indoles undergo smooth conjugate addition with α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of 10 mol % SelectfluorTM under extremely mild conditions to afford the corresponding Michael adducts in high to quantitative yields with 1,4-selectivity.
A TBAF-mediated Chemoselective Method for Synthesis of 4-Methylbutenolides and 4-Hydroxy-4-methylbutenolides from 3-Hydroxy-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)pentanoates
Authors: Li Chunhong , Xue Jijun , Xu Baiyan , Xie Zhixiang , Li Ying 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A chemoselective synthesis of butenolides was found based on TBAF-mediated deprotection, cyclization, dehydration, and oxidation of 3-hydroxy-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)pentanoates, which yielded either 4-methylbutenolides or 4-hydroxy-4-methylbutenolides in moderate to good yields. The selectivity depends on the quantity of TBAF. This method was applied to the synthesis of several 4-butenolide compounds.
Nickel-catalyzed Carbometalation Reactions of [2-(1-Propynyl)phenyl]methanol with 1-Alkenylmagnesium Reagents
Authors: Murakami Kei , Ohmiya Hirohisa , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Treatment of [2-(1-propynyl)phenyl]methanol with 1-alkenyl Grignard reagents under nickel catalysis results in carbomagnesiation across the alkynyl part. The 1-alkenylation reaction proceeds in a syn fashion to yield the corresponding 1,3-butadienyl-substituted benzyl alcohol.
Orientation Control of Self-stacking d,l-Alternating Cyclic Octa-α-peptide through Multiple Electrostatic Interactions
Authors: Murota Kazutoshi , Sakamoto Seiji , Kudo Kazuaki 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We designed d,l-alternating cyclic octa-α-peptides having two d-lysines and two d-glutamates as electrostatically interacting units in order to regulate the orientation of the peptide units upon stacking in an antiparallel manner. Spectroscopic analyses of the fluorescence probe on the peptide indicated the successful control of the orientation.
Study of the Influence of Temperature and the Ionic Strength of the Solution on the Adsorption and Conformation of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Macromolecules on the ZrO2 Surface
Authors: Wiśniewska M. 
Published: July 2007

The influence of temperature and the ionic strength of the solution on the adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and the structure of the corresponding adsorbed layers on a zirconium dioxide surface were studied. All measurements (spectrophotometric, electrokinetic, viscosity and potentiometric titrations) were carried out within the temperature range 15–40°C. The methods used allowed the amount of polymer adsorbed, the surface charge and diffuse layer charge of the ZrO2 particles in the absence and presence of the polymer, as well as the thickness of the polymer adsorption layers, to be determined. The adsorption measurements demonstrated the occurrence of a minimum in PAA adsorption over the temperature range 25–30°C caused by conformational changes of the polymer macromolecules. In addition, an increase in polymer adsorption and a decrease in the thickness of the polymer adsorption layers were observed as the ionic strength of the solution increased. This was due to the fact that the repulsion interactions between the negatively charged surface and the negatively charged PAA macromolecules were screened by the NaCl used for adjusting the ionic strength. The free energy of PAA adsorption was calculated from the zeta potential data obtained.