bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal behavior and maternal stress are associated with infant behavioral development in macaques
Authors: Bardi Massimo , Huffman Michael A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe simultaneous effects of naturally occurring individual differences in maternal care and maternal peripartum stress on infant development have been sparsely reported in nonhuman primates. In this work, we used a comparative approach to assess how changes in peripartum maternal excreted cortisol levels and the quality of mother–infant interactions correlate with infant behavioral development in group‐living rhesus and Japanese macaques. We tested the hypothesis that peripartum maternal stress was associated with infant behavioral characteristics during development. Due to the difference in mothering style between the two species, we provided separated analyses for two groups. A sample of mother‐infant pairs (Japanese macaques,N = 14; rhesus macaques,N = 10) was observed during the first 3 months of the infant's life. Follow‐up observations (at 5, 7, and 9 months of age) were collected for the infants. Maternal cortisol levels were measured during the peripartum period. We found preliminary evidence that maternal peripartum stress and differences in key components of maternal behavior are associated with infant behavior throughout the developmental phase. We also provided a working hypothesis regarding maternal behavior and maternal stress as factors playing unique roles in different components of infant behavioral development. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 1–9, 2006.
Spontaneous facial motility in infancy: A 3D kinematic analysis
Authors: Green Jordan R. , Wilson Erin M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEarly spontaneous orofacial movements have rarely been studied experimentally, though the motor experiences gained from these behaviors may influence the development of motor skills emerging for speech. This investigation quantitatively describes developmental changes in silent, spontaneous lip and jaw movements from 1 to 12 months of age using optically based 3D motion capture technology. Twenty‐nine typically developing infants at five ages (1, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months) were studied cross‐sectionally. Infants exhibited spontaneous facial movements at all ages studied. Several age‐related changes were detected in lip and jaw kinematics: the occurrence of spontaneous movements increased, movement speed increased, the duration of movement epochs decreased and movement coupling among different facial regions increased. Additionally, evidence for stereotypic movements was not strong. The present findings suggest that, during the first year of life, early spontaneous facial movements undergo significant developmental change in the direction of skill development for speech. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 16–28, 2006.
Changes in the pattern of exploratory behavior are associated with the emergence of social dominance relationships in male rats
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study examined the effect of the establishment of dominance relationships and subordination on exploratory behavior for both postpubertal and adult male rats. Prior to an open field test, subjects were housed either in isolation (IS) or in littermate pairs (PS) with mild dominance relationships without overt victory or defeat, or in pairs with clear hierarchical relationships as dominants (DOM) or subordinates (SUB). Stretch‐attend postures and entries into the center area of the open‐field were measured as an index of passive and active exploratory behavior, respectively, and crossings in the peripheral area were counted as activity. SUB rats, both postpubertal and adult, displayed less activity and lower levels of active exploratory behavior, whereas adult IS rats showed higher levels of active exploratory behavior compared to the other groups. Furthermore, both DOM and PS rats exhibited a more passive pattern of exploratory behavior in adulthood than in postpuberty. Thus the results show that an increase in the active exploratory pattern is inhibited by the establishment of social relationships among adult rats, while a decrease in activity is a primarily effect of subordination. The capacity to change exploratory patterns following subordination is found even in the postpubertal stage when adultlike social relationships have not yet appeared. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 39–47, 2006.
Effects of novelty on behavior in the adolescent and adult rat
Authors: Stansfield Kirstie H. , Kirstein Cheryl L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAdolescence is a time of high‐risk behavior and increased exploration. This developmental period is marked by a greater probability of initiating drug use and is associated with an increased risk to develop addiction and dependency in adulthood. Human adolescents are predisposed towards an increased likelihood of risk taking behaviors (Zuckerman, 1986), including drug use or initiation. The purpose of the study was to examine differences in developmental risk taking behaviors. Adolescent and adult animals were exposed to a novel stimulus in a familiar environment to assess impulsive behaviors, novelty preference, and exploratory behaviors. Adolescent animals had greater novelty‐induced locomotor activity, greater novelty preference, and showed higher approach and exploratory behaviors compared to adult animals. These data support the notion that adolescents may be predisposed toward sensation seeking and consequently, are more likely to engage in risk‐taking behaviors, such as drug use initiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 10–15, 2006.
Developmental expression profiles of Xenopus laevis reference genes
Authors: Šindelka Radek , Ferjentsik Zoltán , Jonák Jiří 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCell differentiation depends mainly on specific mRNA expression. To quantify the expression of a particular gene, the normalisation with respect to the expression of a reference gene is carried out. This is based on the assumption that the expression of the reference gene is constant during development, in different cells or tissues or after treatment. Xenopus laevis studies have frequently used eEF‐1 alpha, GAPDH, ODC, L8, and H4 as reference genes. The aim of this work was to examine, by real‐time RT‐PCR, the expression profiles of the above‐mentioned five reference genes during early development of X. laevis. It is shown that their expression profiles vary greatly during X. laevis development. The developmental changes of mRNA expression can thus significantly compromise the relative mRNA quantification based on these reference genes, when different developmental stages are to be compared. The normalisation against total RNA is recommended instead. Developmental Dynamics 235:754–758, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expansion of Vα24+Vβ11+ NKT cells from cord blood mononuclear cells using IL‐15, IL‐7 and Flt3‐L depends on monocytes
Authors: Okada Hikaru , Nagamura‐Inoue Tokiko , Mori Yuka , Takahashi Tsuneo A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHuman Vα24+Vβ11+ NKT cells are a unique T cell population specifically and potently activated by α‐galactosylceramide (αGalCer; KRN7000) presented by CD1d. Here, we present a simple and efficient method for expanding Vα24+Vβ11+ NKT cells from human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMNC) using αGalCer in the presence of interleukin (IL)‐15, IL‐7 and Flt3‐L. The addition of αGalCer from day 0, compared to its addition from day 8 or day 15, induced a greater expansion of NKT cells. The maximal expansion of NKT cells was observed after 15 days (2300‐fold). Thereafter, the number of NKT cells decreased slowly, a decrease that was correlated with the diminution of CD1d‐positive cells. NKT cell proliferation induced by αGalCer was not observed when CD1d‐expressing monocytes were depleted from CBMNC, whereas B cell and dendritic cell depletions had no effect. Expanded NKT cells were CD4+CD8– and secreted both IL‐4 and IFN‐γ. In this system, CD3+ T cells and CD3–CD56+ NK cells were also expanded. However, the expansion of NKT cells had no significant functional effect on T and NK cells. This expansion method of CBMNC‐derived NKT cells is simple and may be helpful for clinical use.
Direct manipulation of activator protein‐1 controls thymocyte proliferation in vitro
Authors: Thornton Tina M. , Zullo Alfred J. , Williams Kristi L. , Taparowsky Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractB cell activating transcription factor (BATF) belongs to the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) superfamily of basic leucine zipper transcription factors and forms heterodimers with Jun that possess minimal transcriptional activity. Mice carrying a p56lckHA‐BATF transgene were created to observe the effects of constitutive expression of this well‐characterized AP‐1 inhibitor on T cell proliferation. Consistent with the role of AP‐1 in promoting the proliferation of many cell types, BATF‐transgenic thymocytes proliferate poorly in vitro when stimulated with anti‐CD3ϵ and anti‐CD28 antibodies or with Concanavalin A. However, when BATF‐transgenic thymocytes were stimulated using a standard treatment of PMA and ionomycin, proliferation is normal. The responsiveness to PMA and ionomycin can be attributed to the dramatic disappearance of the hemagglutinin antigen (HA)‐tagged BATF protein which is a PKC‐dependent process caused by the down‐regulation of the p56lck proximal promoter coupled with the rapid turnover of the HA‐BATF protein. These studies describe conditions of T cell stimulation that negatively influence transcription of the widely used p56lck proximal promoter expression cassette. In addition, the unique circumstances of this regulation were exploited to demonstrate that inhibition of AP‐1 activity by BATF exerts a direct, and reversible, effect on T cell proliferation in vitro.
Leukocyte‐associated Ig‐like receptor‐1 has SH2 domain‐containing phosphatase‐independent function and recruits C‐terminal Src kinase
Authors: Verbrugge Annelies , Rijkers Eva S. K. , Ruiter Talitha de , Meyaard Linde 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMost inhibitory receptors in the immune system contain one or several immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) and recruit the SH2 domain‐containing phosphatases SHP‐1, SHP‐2 and/or SHIP, which are generally believed to be essential for the inhibitory function. However, it has not been systematically investigated whether ITIM‐bearing receptors exert their function through alternative interactions. Here we describe that leukocyte‐associated Ig‐like receptor (LAIR)‐1 has inhibitory function in DT40 chicken B cells that lack both SHP‐1 and SHP‐2. In addition, we found that LAIR‐1 did not recruit SHIP upon phosphorylation. Thus, LAIR‐1 can function independently from SH2 domain‐containing phosphatases and must recruit at least one other signaling molecule. Using a yeast‐tri‐hybrid system, we found that phosphorylated LAIR‐1 bound the C‐terminal Src kinase (Csk). The interaction required the SH2 domain of Csk and phosphorylation of the tyrosine in the N‐terminal ITIM of LAIR‐1. We propose that Csk is an additional player in the regulation of the immune system by ITIM‐bearing receptors.
Synthesis of Novel S‐Bridged Heterotrinuclear Complexes Containing Six‐Membered Chelate Rings: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Properties of [Co{Rh(apt)3}2]3+ (apt = 3‐Aminopropanethiolate)
Authors: Amir Nagina , Motonishi Masaru , Fujita Mitsuharu , Miyashita Yoshitaro , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Okamoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA bidentate ligand, 3‐aminopropanethiolate (apt), was synthesized and treated with RhCl3·3H2O in basic water to yield a novel mononuclear complex, fac(S)‐[Rh(apt)3] (1), which was characterized by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the reaction of 1 with CoCl2·6H2O in water formed the linear‐type, S‐bridged trinuclear complexes ΔΛ‐[Co{Rh(apt)3}2]3+ (2a) and ΔΔ/ΛΛ‐[Co{Rh(apt)3}2]3+ (2b), which were characterized by stereochemical, spectrochemical, and electrochemical methods. 2a and 2b are stable and exhibit trivalency in water. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of 2a and 2b showed that all of the bridging sulfur atoms are fixed in the R configuration for the Δ unit and in the S configuration for the Λ unit, and each complex has six six‐membered chelate rings, all of which are in the chair conformation. The crystal structure of the corresponding 2‐aminoethanethiolate (aet) trinuclear complex ΔΛ‐[Co{Rh(aet)3}2]3+ (4a) was also determined. The structures of 2a and 2b have some differences from that of 4a as a result of the six‐membered chelate rings. The Co···Rh distances in 2a and 2b [3.0490(4) and 3.063(1) Å] are significantly longer than this distance in the aet complex 4a [2.9139(2) Å]. The UV/Vis absorption spectra of 2a and 2b indicate a shift to higher energies as compared with 4a and ΔΔ/ΛΛ‐[Co{Rh(aet)3}2]3+ (4b). The chemical shifts for the NCH2 and SCH2 carbon atoms in 2a and 2b are shifted to higher fields than those for 4a and 4b in the NMR spectra. The CoIII/II redox potential values are –0.56 V (2a) and–0.57 V (2b) compared with –0.35 V (4a) and –0.36 V (4b). This shows that the CoIII state is more stable in 2a and 2b than it is in 4a and 4b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Chalcogeno[3‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)‐1‐azaallyl]germanium Complexes
Authors: Leung Wing‐Por , Chong Kim‐Hung , Wu Yuen‐Sze , So Cheuk‐Wai , Chan Hoi‐Shan , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reaction of [Ge{C(C5H4N‐2)C(Ph)N(SiMe3)2}{N(SiMe3)C(Ph)C(SiMe3)(C5H4N‐2)}] (1) and [Ge{N(SiMe3)C(Ph)C(SiMe3)(C5H4N‐2)}Cl] (2) with stoichiometric amounts of elemental chalcogens in toluene affords [Ge(E){C(C5H4N‐2)C(Ph)N(SiMe3)2}{N(SiMe3)C(Ph)C(SiMe3)(C5H4N‐2)}] [E = S (3), Se (4)] and [Ge(E){N(SiMe3)C(Ph)C(SiMe3)(C5H4N‐2)}Cl] [E = S (5), Se (6)], respectively. Compounds 3–6 were characterized by X‐ray analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and X‐ray Crystal Structures of the New, Three‐Dimensional Ethylenediphosphonates [A{HO3P(CH2)2PO3H2}] (A = Alkali Metal, Tl, or NH4): Solid Brönsted Acids That Exhibit Topotactic Intercalation and Deintercalation of Ammonia
Authors: Rao Koya Prabhakara , Vidyasagar Kanamaluru 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeven new ethylenediphosphonates with the formula [A{HO3P(CH2)2PO3H2}] [A = Li (1), Na (2), K (3), Rb (4), Cs (5), Tl (6), and NH4 (7)], have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal studies. They have four types of three‐dimensional structures, with variations in the coordination of the A+ ions. All of them are solid Brönsted acids that undergo room‐temperature, acid–base intercalation reactions with ammonia. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Two pH‐Controlled Cd–Squarate Coordination Frameworks, [Cd2(C4O4)2.5(H2O)4]·(dpaH)·1.5(H2O) and [Cd(C4O4)(dpa)(OH2)] (dpa = 2,2′‐dipyridylamine)
Authors: Wang Chih‐Chieh , Yang Cheng‐Han , Lee Gene‐Hsiang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo extended coordination frameworks of CdII–squarate complexes with the formulas [Cd2(C4O4)2.5(H2O)4](dpaH)·1.5(H2O) (1) and [Cd(C4O4)(dpa)(H2O)] (2) (dpa = 2,2′‐dipyridylamine) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Structural determination reveals that compound 1 consists of a free monoprotonated 2,2′‐dipyridylamine ion (dpaH+) and a two‐dimensional (2D) anionic, layered framework, {[Cd2(C4O4)2.5(H2O)4]–}, which is formed with two antiprismatic square‐boxes as the fundamental building unit through the connection between CdII ions and hybrid μ1,2,3‐, μ1,2,3,4‐squarates. Each square‐box acts as a host for the inclusion of one pyridine ring of dpaH+. Adjacent dpaH+ cations are then self‐assembled by the parallel alignment of the other pyridine ring of dpaH+ to complete a 3D network with one‐dimensional (1D) channels intercalated by water molecules. Compound 2 contains a distorted octahedral CdII center coordinated by two squarates, two waters and one dpa ligand to form a 1D 2‐legged, ladder‐like framework by the connection of a [Cd(dpa)(μ2‐H2O)]24+ dimeric unit and a μ1,2‐squarate. Weak π–π stacking interaction and hydrogen bonds of N–H···O, O–H···O and C–H···O among the squarate, water and dpa ligands provide additional intra‐ and intermolecular interactions on the stabilization of these two polymeric frameworks. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Structural Diversity of Host–Guest and Intercalation Complexesof Fullerene C60
Authors: Makha Mohamed , Purich Ariaan , Raston Colin L. , Sobolev Alexandre N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPristine fullerene C60 has a fcc structure. Crystallisation of the fullerene in a variety of solvents can lead to inclusion complexes, as well as discrete host–guest complexes in the presence of cavitands and porphyrins, and related molecules. The complexes retain varying degrees of fullerene···fullerene interactions at the van der Waals limit, except in a limited number of cases where the fullerenes are completely shrouded by one or more included/host molecule. Analysis of the fullerene···fullerene interactions in these complexes reveals a diverse structural arrangement of the fullerenes. They can be organised into dimers, single linear columns or zigzag chains, double columns, spectacular fivefold Z‐shaped columnar arrays, hexagonal close‐packed layers, corrugated sheets, honeycomb motifs, non‐close‐packed layers and complex three‐dimensional networks. Disorder of the fullerenes in the solid state is common, although structures with close‐packed planar arrangements of C60 molecules and/or with symmetry matching between the host molecule and the fullerene (two‐, three‐ and fivefold symmetry) tend to have less disorder of the fullerene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Bundle of Nanobelts Up to 4 cm in Length: One‐Step Synthesis and Preparation of Titanium Trisulfide (TiS3) Nanomaterials
Authors: Ma Jingjing , Liu Xiaoyang , Cao Xuejing , Feng Shouhua , Fleet Michael E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) titanium trisulfide (TiS3) nanobelt bundles up to 4 cm in length have been successfully synthesized through an easy and common chemical vapor transition (CVT) process. The as‐synthesized samples were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All microscopic observations indicated a belt‐like morphology. Powder XRD patterns showed that TiS3 crystallized in the monoclinic system with a = 4.958(1) Å, b = 3.393(1) Å, c = 8.793(3) Å and β = 97.27(5)°. TEM images revealed a nanostructure with an interplanar spacing of 0.87 nm. The ED pattern and HRTEM images confirmed the [014] elongated direction and the [001] dilated direction of the bundle of TiS3 nanobelts. Its tensile strength (TS) was further examined with a universal testing machine with 20 N as the biggest strength: the maximum stress and the break strain were 111.027 MPa and 97.1 %, respectively. Because the TiS3 nanocrystals are up to 4 cm in length and flexible enough to be cut into small pieces, they should be used directly in electrical and electronic applications. Also, these nanomaterials are synthesized and prepared by a simple one‐step process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Single‐Electron‐Transfer Reactions of α‐Diimine dpp‐BIAN and Its Magnesium Complex (dpp‐BIAN)2–Mg2+(THF)3
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Makarov Valentine M. , Rosenthal Esther C. E. , Fukin Georgii K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reactions of (dpp‐BIAN)Mg(THF)3 (1) {dpp‐BIAN = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene} with ethyl halides EtX (X = Cl, Br, I) in hexane proceed by single‐electron transfer (SET) from the metal complex to the organic halide. Complexes [(dpp‐BIAN)(Et)]MgX(THF)n [X = Cl, n = 0 (2); X = Br, n = 2 (3); X = I, n = 1 (4)] are the products of ethyl transfer to an imine carbon atom of a coordinated diimine ligand. The compound [(dpp‐BIAN)(Et)]MgBr (3a) was obtained from the reaction of free dpp‐BIAN with ethylmagnesiumbromide in hexane. In this case SET from the Grignard reagent to the neutral diimine takes place. Compounds 2–4 and 3a were isolated as crystals and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of 3 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Self‐Assembly, Structure and Solution Dynamics of Tetranuclear Zn2+ Hydrazone [2×2] Grid‐Type Complexes
Authors: Barboiu Mihail , Ruben Mario , Blasen Georges , Kyritsakas Nathalie , Chacko Elizabeth , Dutta Manisha , Radekovich Olga , Lenton Kimberly , Brook David J. R. , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe describe the self‐assembly processes as well as the structural and physico‐chemical properties of [2×2]Zn2+4 grid complexes involving the bis‐tridentate ligands 7–12, based on bis(hydrazone)pyrimidine complexation subunits and octahedrally coordinated Zn2+ ions. The NMR spectroscopic data and the X‐ray crystal structure results indicate that in solution and in the solid state the complexes 13–18 adopt a very compact arrangement providing stable [2×2] hydrazone‐grid arrays. The π–π stacking between the phenyl ring and the hydrazone units of the perpendicular ligands in the complexes induces a perfect orthogonal arrangement suitable for applications in self‐organized metallosupramolecular systems. Zinc complexes provide an opportunity to study the acid–base chemistry without the added effects due to paramagnetism or redox chemistry. The intermediate protonated grids undergo relatively rapid proton exchange on the NMR timescale, the presence of a sharp pyrimidine proton resonance suggesting that there is significant delocalization of the negative charge along the backbone of the ligand. Rotation of the phenyl ring is observed. It involves probably a mechanism in which one of the ligands partially dissociates allowing the initially intercalated phenyl group to rotate, before recoordination of the terminal pyridine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
On the Conformation of 8‐Membered Ring Heterocycles – Dynamic and Static Conformational Analysis of Acylated Hexahydrobenzazocines
Authors: Hassner Alfred , Amit Boaz , Marks Vered , Gottlieb Hugo E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA high‐field NMR analysis of several acylated hexahydrobenzazocines indicates that, surprisingly, ring methylene groups are typically diastereotopic at room temperature, as the barriers for the process of enantiomerization of the eight‐membered ring are much higher than expected. It is shown that ring inversion is correlated (but not concerted) with rotation of the amide moiety, as the carbonyl is forced out of conjugation with the nitrogen in the transition state. A detailed analysis of vicinal proton‐proton coupling constants, supported by molecular mechanics calculations, indicates that these compounds exist at room temperature as a mixture of fast‐interconverting conformers of the octacycle. This is proved by the observation of two species in the 13C NMR spectrum of the parent compound, at temperatures below–90 °C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)