bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain Tailoring in 3C‐SiC Heteroepitaxial Layers Grown on Si(100)
Authors: Ferro G. , Chassagne T. , Leycuras A. , Cauwet F. , Monteil Y. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDue to the large differences in lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients, the heteroepitaxial growth of 3C–SiC on Si mainly results in highly defective layers on strongly bent wafers. The defects may not be detrimental for very basic applications, but the bow is. In this article, we review several attempts to reduce the final curvature after epitaxial growth of 3C‐SiC. One is the use of the “checkerboard” carbonization process which creates a macroscopic balance of the stress by the formation of a regular network of compressed and tensed areas. Another approach proposes to create, in situ, a random patchwork of tensed and compressed areas during the carbonization step. The other attempts use substrates other than standard Si, namely silicon on insulator and Si–Ge substrates for compliance effect and closer thermal expansion mismatch with SiC, respectively. All techniques provoke a significant reduction of the strain in the deposited 3C‐SiC layers.
Effect of Reduced Pressure on 3C‐SiC Heteroepitaxial Growth on Si by CVD
Authors: Ishida Y. , Takahashi T. , Okumura H. , Arai K. , Yoshida S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe difference between atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD and low pressure (LP)CVD in 3C‐SiC heteroepitaxial growth on Si(001) surfaces has been investigated. It is found that the difference in the growth mode results in a difference in the secondary nucleation rate. It is suggested that the increase of the secondary nucleation rate causes 2D island growth on {111} faces, and that these 2D islands play an important role in the process of elimination of planar defects. A simulation of the homogeneous chemical reaction in the gas phase suggests that the origin of the difference in the secondary nucleation rate can be attributed to the difference in the mole fraction of atomic hydrogen.
4H SiC Epitaxial Growth with Chlorine Addition
Authors: La Via F. , Galvagno G. , Foti G. , Mauceri M. , Leone S. , Pistone G. , Abbondanza G. , Veneroni A. , Masi M. , Valente G. L. , Crippa D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe growth rate of a 4H‐SiC epitaxial layer has been increased by a factor of 19 (up to 112 μm h–1) with respect to the standard process, with the introduction of HCl in the deposition chamber. The epitaxial layers grown with the addition of HCl has been characterized by electrical, optical, and structural characterization methods. The effects of various deposition parameters on the epitaxial growth process have been described, and an explanation of this behavior in terms of the diffusion coefficient on the surface, Ds, and the ratio between the characteristic times, τD:τG, has been provided. The diodes, manufactured on the epitaxial layer grown with the addition of HCl at 1600 °C, have electrical characteristics comparable with the standard epitaxial process. This process is very promising for high‐power devices with a breakdown voltage of 10 kV.
Fabrication and Characterization of 3C‐SiC‐Based MOSFETs
Authors: Schöner A. , Krieger M. , Pensl G. , Abe M. , Nagasawa H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this article, the electrical properties of 3C‐SiC are described and its potential for metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) is demonstrated. The density of traps, DIT, at the interface of 3C‐SiC/SiO2 capacitors is determined by the conductance method subsequent to various processing steps; the origin of the interface traps is discussed. Lateral and vertical 3C‐SiC MOSFET devices of varying cell and device size are designed with hexagonal and squared cell geometry, and are fabricated side by side with MOS Hall bar structures. The electrical parameters of the MOSFETs are determined, and the free electron areal density and Hall mobility are measured in the channel of the MOS Hall bar structures. Based on the charge‐sheet model, DIT is also obtained from the Hall investigations.
Gas‐Phase and Surface Kinetics of Epitaxial Silicon Carbide Growth Involving Chlorine‐Containing Species
Authors: Veneroni A. , Masi M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA detailed chemical mechanism for the silicon carbide epitaxial growth using light hydrocarbons, silane, and either chlorosilanes and/or HCl as the chlorine source is presented. The mechanism involves 153 gas‐phase and 76 surface reactions among 47 gas‐phase and 9 surface species, respectively. A comparison with the performances of the standard process using silane‐hydrocarbons is presented, and the observed growth rate increase and the disappearing of the homogeneous silicon droplets in gas phase is explained.
Growth and Doping Modeling of SiC‐CVD in a Horizontal Hot‐Wall Reactor
Authors: Nishizawa S. , Pons M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractModeling and simulation of the SiC epitaxial growth, and doping in a horizontal hot‐wall reactor from common precursors (SiH4; C3H8 diluted in H2 for growth; N2 and Al(CH3)3 for n‐type and p‐type doping) are presented. The growth and doping features of SiC thin layers on both Si‐terminated and C‐terminated surfaces are analyzed as a function of various inlet source gas conditions, i.e., various C/Si ratios. The role of the actual surface mass fluxes of both Si‐containing and C‐containing species and their ratio is analyzed and compared to the inlet experimental parameters. It is demonstrated that the doping level resulting from lattice site competition effects can be quantified by the actual C/Si ratio calculated above the growing surface. Moreover, the surface morphology of the epitaxial layer is explained on the basis of the mass fluxes at the growing surface.
Application of LTPL Investigation Methods to CVD‐Grown SiC
Authors: Camassel J. , Juillaguet S. , Zielinski M. , Balloud C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe review in detail the few (simple) theoretical equations that rule all near‐equilibrium recombination processes in semiconductors with direct or indirect bandgaps. In the case of 4H‐SiC, we discuss their physical significance and show the corresponding limits. Next, we discuss the effect of residual doping in 3C‐SiC and show that, from typical low‐temperature photoluminescence (LTPL) data, very simple estimates of the doping level can be made. Finally, we focus on aluminum doping in 4H‐SiC. Performing a systematic comparison of LTPL spectra with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and/or capacitance‐voltage measurements, we show that a reasonably good value of the residual (or intentional) doping level can be obtained from simple optical measurements. An interesting point is that, in many cases, the use of such optical techniques offers the non‐negligible advantage to allow detection beyond the SIMS limit.
Editorial: Silicon Carbide CVD for Electronic Device Applications
Authors: Wellmann P. , Pons M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSilicon carbide CVD for device applications is the topic of this Special Issue of Chemical Vapor Deposition. In this introduction, Guest Editors Michel Pons and Peter Wellman give an overview of the current technologies for SiC thin‐film growth with adjacent contributions on layer characterization, and comment on the challenges ahead.
A European interlaboratory testing of three well‐known procedures for immunocytochemical detection of epithelial cells in bone marrow. Results from analysis of normal bone marrow
Authors: Borgen E. , Pantel K. , Schlimok G. , Müller P. , Otte M. , Renolen A. , Ehnle S. , Coith C. , Nesland J. M. , Naume B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:This investigation intended to study the unspecific background to be expected in normal bone marrow (BM), comparing three well recognized protocols for immunocytochemical detection of disseminated carcinoma cells. The interlaboratory variation in screening and evaluation of stained cells was analyzed and different screening methods were compared.Methods:BM mononuclear cells (BM MNC) from 48 normal BMs were immunostained in parallel by three participating laboratories. The protocols, based on three different anti‐cytokeratin antibodies, have all been in common use for detection of disseminated carcinoma cells: the A45‐B/B3 protocol (Hamburg), the CK2 protocol (Augsburg) and the AE1AE3 protocol (Oslo). For all protocols, the immunostained cells were visualized by the same alkaline‐phosphatase (AP) detection system (APAAP) followed by detection of the cells by manual screening and by two different automated screening systems (ACIS from Chromavision and MDS1 from Applied Imaging). Detected AP‐visualized cells were morphologically classified into unambiguous hematopoietic (Uhc) and questionable cells (Qc, potentially interpreted as tumor cells).Results:Seven of 48 BMs (15%) harbored ≥1 AP‐visualized cell(s) among 1 × 106 BM MNC, both for the A45‐B/B3‐ and for the AE1AE3 protocol, while for CK2 a higher proportion of BMs (21 BMs; 44%) harbored AP‐visualized cells (P < 0.01, McNemar's test). The number of Qc was, for all protocols, 1 log lower than the total number of AP‐visualized cells. On average, the frequency of Qc was 0.04, 0.08, and 0.02 per 106 BM MNC with A45‐B/B3, CK2 and AE1AE3, respectively, and the number of Qc‐positive BMs 1, 4, and 1. The MDS1 screening sensitivity was similar to manual screening, while ACIS detected fewer cells (P < 0.001, McNemar's test).Conclusions:All protocols resulted in AP‐visualization of occasional hematopoietic cells. However, morphological classification brings the specificity to a satisfactory high level. Approximately 10% of AP‐visualized cells were categorized “questionable”. The CK2 protocol turned out less specific than the A45‐B/B3 and AE1AE3 protocols. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Decoupled parallel hierarchical matching schedulers
Authors: González‐Castaño F. J. , López‐Bravo C. , Rodelgo‐Lacruz M. , Asorey‐Cacheda R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe load balanced Birkhoff–von Neumann switch is an elegant VOQ architecture with two outstanding characteristics: (i) it has a computational cost ofO(1) iterations and (ii) input controllers do not exchange information (as a result, it allows decoupled implementations with a low power density). The load balancing stage guarantees stability under a broad class of traffic patterns. It may alter packet sequence, but this can be solved with appropriate packet selection strategies.The average packet delay caused by previous maximal size matching algorithms, such as iSLIP, RDSRR, or PHM is noticeably lower than that of a Birkhoff–von Neumann switch, especially for low and medium loads. However, they need tightly coupled VOQ controllers, which implies higher power density. For example, this makes difficult to apply those algorithms to optical switching architectures. Moreover, they requireO(log2N) iterations to converge, and this computational cost may be unacceptable for the slot lengths in optical packet switches.In this paper, we propose a family of decoupled Parallel Hierarchical Matching (PHM) VOQ controllers (DPHM). They outperform the Birkhoff–von Neumann scheduler, which can be viewed as a member of the family (in fact, the simplest one). DPHM schedulers have a computational cost ofO(1) iterations and, unlike last generation maximal size matching algorithms, they allow a low input controller interconnection complexity (low power density switch implementation). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchronization among neighbouring RNCs in a TD‐CDMA mobile network
Authors: Huang Yin‐Fu , Lee Ming‐Fei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the paper, we use zone concepts, and also consider multiple‐bunch in a TD‐CDMA mobile network. In the multiple‐bunch environment, we need a synchronization mechanism to avoid inter‐RNC interferences. Here, we use anInformed‐ofmessage to transmit local resource allocation results to other neighbouring RNCs through a high‐speed network. Thus, inter‐RNC interferences can be avoided and the global resource allocation can be made with the message passing. Within the resource allocation algorithm, we also findmaximal compatible cliquesto achieve the best resource utilization, using the graph algorithm finding maximal cliques in graph theory. Through the simulation, we found that the SRU classification usingConservativestrategy matching the SRU allocation usingAggressivestrategy has the best performance among all combinations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor‐ferritin index in anemia of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Margetic Sandra , Topic Elizabeta , Tesija‐Kuna Andrea , Vukasovic Ines 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the value of the soluble serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and the transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (sTfR/logF) as new markers of iron status in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease (ACKD) both treated and not treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy.Materials and MethodsThe study included 53 patients and 61 controls. The concentration of sTfR was determined by an immunoturbidimetric assay. Values for the sTfR/logF index were calculated as the ratio of sTfR to logarithm ferritin level.ResultsThe results showed iron‐depleted patients had significantly higher median sTfR and sTfR/logF values (sTfR: 1.75 and 1.40 mg/L; sTfR/logF: 0.99 and 0.77) relative to those of iron‐repleted patients (sTfR: 1.07 and 0.73 mg/L; sTfR/logF: 0.39 and 0.26) in ACKD patients—both those treated and those not treated with rHuEPO. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a higher diagnostic accuracy of the sTfR/logF index (area under curve [AUC]=0.970) versus sTfR concentration (AUC=0.890) in the assessment of the iron status of ACKD patients. The tested parameters showed no significant differences according to C‐reactive protein concentration (p=0.108 and 0.147), in contrast to serum ferritin concentration (p=0.045).ConclusionThe study results showed the tested parameters to be reliable in the assessment of the iron status of patients with ACKD, with a higher discriminating power of the sTfR/logF index versus the sTfR. It is expected that combined measurements of ferritin and sTfR concentrations with sTfR/logF index calculation could improve diagnostic reliability for accurate evaluation of the iron status of patients with ACKD, particularly those with concomitant inflammatory or infective conditions.
Dialysis facility design—part I: Developing a strategic and financial plan
Authors: Bower Steven B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDeveloping a dialysis clinic is a multistep process that must be approached methodically and with focused attention to project needs and requirements. This article is the first installment in a series of four articles that will outline a plan of action for the development and design needs of a dialysis clinic—whether you're developing a clinic from the ground up or outfitting and upgrading an existing unit. This installment focuses on the first steps involved in developing a plan of action for new facility construction, including determining staffing and space needs and financial options, and navigating contract options for assembling a team.
High glucose activates pituitary proopiomelanocortin gene expression: possible role of free radical‐sensitive transcription factors
Authors: Asaba Koichi , Iwasaki Yasumasa , Asai Masato , Yoshida Masanori , Nigawara Takeshi , Kambayashi Machiko , Hashimoto Kozo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundHyperglycemia is recognized as a metabolic stress, and indeed it is known to stimulate hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, a representative anti‐stress system, in patients with diabetes mellitus or in animal models of hyperglycemia. Thus, we tried to clarify the molecular mechanism of glucose‐induced HPA axis activation.MethodsWe studied the effect of high glucose on the transcriptional regulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that encodes adrenocorticotropic hormone, a central mediator of HPA axis, using AtT20 corticotroph cell line in vitro.ResultsWe found that high glucose concentration (24 mM) significantly stimulated the 5′‐promoter activity of POMC gene. The effect was promoter‐specific, and was mimicked by nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB)‐ or AP1‐responsive promoters but not by cAMP‐responsive element or serum‐response element‐containing promoters. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of high glucose on POMC gene was eliminated by NF‐κB and AP1 inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of the transcriptional factors. The POMC 5′‐promoter has the canonical NF‐κB consensus sequence, and gel shift assay showed the binding of NF‐κB to the element. Finally, the effect of high glucose was completely abolished by treatment with a radical quencher 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPOL).ConclusionsOur data suggest that hyperglycemia activates POMC gene expression, at least partly, via NF‐κB/AP1, and that high‐glucose‐induced free radical generation may mediate the activation of these transcription factors, which in turn stimulates the transcription of POMC gene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NeuroD and reaggregation induce β‐cell specific gene expression in cultured hepatocytes
Authors: Yatoh Shigeru , Akashi Tomoyuki , Chan Phillip P. , Kaneto Hideaki , Sharma Arun , Bonner‐Weir Susan , Weir Gordon C 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundOur goal was to convert adult mouse hepatocytes to pancreatic β‐cells.Methods and ResultsTo facilitate conversion, cultured primary hepatocytes were dedifferentiated by the removal of dexamethasone (Dex) from the culture media. Removal of Dex caused detachment of hepatocytes from the culture dish, but the addition of betacellulin prevented this from happening. With the combination of lack of Dex and addition of betacellulin, albumin mRNA levels decreased. Cultured hepatocytes had a faint expression of insulin 2 mRNA, Nkx 6.1 and Pax 6 mRNA. Dedifferentiated hepatocytes were transduced with adenoviruses expressing NeuroD1, Ngn 3, or Pax 4. NeuroD1 transduction increased the insulin 2 mRNA but caused detachment of cells. However, when hepatocytes were allowed to reaggregate for 4 and 6 days in hydrophobic plates after transduction with NeuroD1, further increases of insulin 2 mRNA were found along with induction of PDX‐1, IAPP, NeuroD1, Ngn3, Pax 4, Isl‐1, PC1, PC2 and islet glucokinase. Additionally, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin expression were induced, but neither elastase 1 nor insulin 1 mRNA could be detected. Ngn 3 and Pax 4 had effects similar to NeuroD1, but did not increase insulin 2 mRNA as much as NeuroD1.ConclusionWe conclude that the combination of NeuroD1 and reaggregation promotes cultured dedifferentiated hepatocytes to differentiate towards a pancreatic β‐cell phenotype. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifunctional Materials Based on the Photochromic Cation [RuNO(NH3)5]3+ with Paramagnetic Metal Complex Anions
Authors: Kushch Lyudmila A. , Kurochkina Lyudmila S. , Yagubskii Eduard B. , Shilov Gennadii V. , Aldoshin Sergei M. , Emel’yanov Vyacheslav A. , Shvachko Yurii N. , Mironov Vladimir S. , Schaniel Dominik , Woike Theo , Carbonera Chiara , Mathonière Corine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of compounds containing the photochromic mononitrosyl cation, [RuNO(NH3)5]3+ and metal complex paramagnetic anions [M(CN)6]3– [M = Cr (1), Fe(2)], [M(ox)3]3– [M = Cr(3), Fe(4)] and [CrNO(CN)5]3– (5) is reported. The crystal structures of the salts 1 and 3 are discussed. In contrast to 1 and 3 which exhibit reversible photochromic properties, illumination of 2 and 4 results in an irreversible photochemical reaction and compound 5 is not photochromic at all. The magnetic properties of 1 and 3 have been investigated and complex 1 shows a weak reversible increase in the value of χMT under light irradiation at low temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New Coordination Modes of Substituted Benzohydroxamic Acid with Dialkyltin(IV): Structural Diversity through Ligand Isomerization
Authors: Shang Xian‐mei , Wu Ji‐zhou , Li Qing‐shan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWhen R2SnCl2 (R = Me, nBu) reacted with substituted benzohydroxamic acid (substituent = 4‐F; 2,4‐Cl2; 2,5‐F2) and potassium hydroxide in aqueous methanol solution, two types of condensation products could be obtained, depending on the molar ratio R2SnCl2/RCONHOH/KOH. When a 1:1:2 molar ratio was used, 1:1 alkyltin hydroxamates {(n‐C4H9)2Sn[4‐FC6H4C(O)NO]}n (1) and {(CH3)2Sn[2,5‐F2C6H3C(O)NO]}n (2) were formed. When a 1:2:2 ratio was used, another two unexpected 2:3 alkyltin hydroxamates, {(CH3)4Sn2[(2,4‐Cl2C6H3C(O)NHO)2][2,4‐Cl2C6H3C(O)NO]}n (3) and {(n‐C4H9)4Sn2[(4‐FC6H4C(O)NHO)2][4‐FC6H4C(O)NO]}n (4), were obtained. All these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectra and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated overall (Z)‐iminol coordination mode in the hydroximic tautomeric form for 1 and 2, and keto‐iminol mixed‐coordination mode including both in (Z)‐hydroxamic and ‐hydroximic tautomeric forms for 3 and 4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Tetrathiafulvalene‐Type Electron Donors Bearing Two Pyridine Groups
Authors: Benbellat Noura , Le Gal Yann , Golhen Stéphane , Gouasmia Abdelkrim , Ouahab Lahcène , Fabre Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe syntheses of seven new tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives substituted by two pyridine groups and their characterization by the usual methods are described. Cyclic voltammetry of all the compounds showed two one‐electron reversible waves with redox potentials comparable to other pyridine‐substituted TTF molecules. X‐ray crystal structures were solved for five compounds. In all the molecular structures the pyridine groups lie out of the central TTF plane but are located on the same side of that plane.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pd‐Catalysed Domino Arylation/CH Activation for the Synthesis of Acenaphthylenes
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Lotz Florian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe palladium‐catalysed domino cyclisation of the aryl bromides 4, containing an alkyne and a bromonaphthyl moiety, leads to tetracycles of type 5 in good yields. The substrates 4 are easily accessible by addition of the corresponding lithiated alkynes 7 to the aldehyde 6. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
First Total Synthesis of the Bioactive Anthraquinone Kwanzoquinone C and Related Natural Products by a Diels–Alder Approach
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Gericke Kersten M. , Güntner Carlos 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe first total synthesis of the novel anticancer agent kwanzoquinone C (1), an anthraquinone glycoside which has been isolated from extracts of the roots of orange daylilies(Kaempfer) (Hemerocallis fulva) is reported. The strategy involves the preparation of the tetrasubstituted 1,3‐butadiene 6 by an electrocyclic conrotatory ring opening of the cyclobutanone rac‐11, which is obtained by a [2+2] cycloaddition.Diels–Alder reaction of 6 with the juglone derivative 5 gives the bis‐benzyl‐protected anthraquinone 4 after aromatization. Finally, glycosidation of the phenolic hydroxy group using 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate followed by the cleavage of the benzyl ethers and the solvolysis of the acetate groups yields the natural product 1. A related anthraquinone natural product 2 with antioxidative properties was obtained by using the 1,3‐butadiene 17 and the juglone derivative 16 as substrates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)