bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflection of an electron beam by a photon mirror
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , SILVA L. O. , BINGHAM R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new configuration for the laser accelerator is proposed, which is inspired by the relativistic photon mirror effect. The material mirror is replaced here by an intense laser pulse, acting as a photon mirror for the incoming charged particles. A sufficient condition for particle reflection at such a photon mirror is established and three types of particle trajectories are described. A snow-plow acceleration regime is identified and quantitatively defined. Production of intense radiation bursts by the charged particle beam during the reflection process is also demonstrated.
Ovarian hormones and binge eating in bulimia nervosa
Authors: EDLER CRYSTAL , LIPSON SUSAN F. , KEEL PAMELA K. 
Published: October 2006

Background. Symptom fluctuation in bulimia nervosa (BN) is related to menstrual cycle phase. However, the relationship between bulimic symptoms and ovarian hormones (estrogens and progesterone) has not been examined directly in women with BN.Method. Regularly menstruating women with DSM-IV BN (n=9) and regularly menstruating controls (n=8) collected hormone samples and recorded mood and bulimic symptoms daily for 35 consecutive days. Estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Within-subject analyses examined prospective longitudinal associations between changes in ovarian hormones and changes in binge frequency in women with BN. Analyses controlled for the possible influence of negative affect on binge frequency as well as the influence of progesterone when examining estradiol associations and the influence of estradiol when examining progesterone associations. Between-subject analyses examined whether women with BN were more likely to have disrupted hormonal profiles than controls.Results. Increases in binge eating were significantly associated with both decreases in estradiol and increases in progesterone in BN women with intact menstrual cycles. Although BN women were more likely to have disrupted hormone profiles than controls, this difference did not reach statistical significance, and mean estradiol and progesterone levels did not differ between bulimic and control groups.Conclusions. The results are consistent with those from experimental animal studies and suggest that decreases in estradiol and increases in progesterone may contribute to increases in binge eating. Ovarian hormone function represents a promising candidate for unraveling the neurobiological mechanisms of binge eating.
DSM-IV alcohol dependence: a categorical or dimensional phenotype?
Authors: HASIN DEBORAH S. , LIU XINHUA , ALDERSON DONALD , GRANT BRIDGET F. 
Published: October 2006

Background. Etiologic research on complex disorders including alcohol dependence requires informative phenotypes. Information is lost when categorical variables represent inherently dimensional conditions. We investigated the validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence as a dimensional phenotype by examining evidence for linearity and thresholds in associations with validating variables.Method. Current drinkers in the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) (n=18352) and National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n=20836) were analyzed. Validating variables included family alcoholism, early-onset drinking, and alcohol treatment. Logistic or Poisson regression modeled the relationships between the validating variables and dependence in categorical, dimensional or hybrid forms, with severity defined as number of current DSM-IV alcohol-dependence criteria. Wald tests assessed differences between models.Results. No evidence was found for boundaries between categories. Instead, the association of alcohol dependence with the validating variables generally increased in linear fashion as the number of alcohol-dependence criteria increased. For NLAES models of family alcoholism, early-onset drinking and treatment, the lines had zero intercepts, with slopes of 0·18, 0·27, 0·70, respectively. For NESARC models of family history and early-onset drinking, the zero intercept lines had slopes of 0·20, 0·33, and 0·77, respectively. Wald tests indicated that models representing alcohol dependence as a dimensional linear predictor best described the association between dependence criteria and the validating variables.Conclusions. The sample sizes allowed strong tests. Diagnoses are necessary for clinical decision-making, but a dimensional alcohol-dependence indicator should provide more information for research purposes.
The architecture and function of the light-harvesting apparatus of purple bacteria: from single molecules to in vivo membranes
Authors: Cogdell Richard J. , Gall Andrew , Köhler Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

1. Introduction 2292. Structures 2342.1 The structure of LH2 2342.2 Natural variants of peripheral antenna complexes 2422.3 RC–LH1 complexes 2423. Spectroscopy 2493.1 Steady-state spectroscopy 2493.2 Factors which affect the position of the Qy absorption band of Bchla 2494. Regulation of biosynthesis and assembly 2574.1 Regulation 2574.1.1 Oxygen 2574.1.2 Light 2584.1.2.1 AppA: blue-light-mediated regulation 2594.1.2.2 Bacteriophytochromes 2594.1.3 From the RC to the mature PSU 2614.2 Assembly 2614.2.1 LH1 2624.2.2 LH2 2635. Frenkel excitons 2655.1 General 2655.2 B800 2675.3 B850 2675.4 B850 delocalization 2736. Energy-transfer pathways: experimental results 2746.1 Theoretical background 2746.2 ‘Follow the excitation energy’ 2766.2.1 Bchla→Bchla energy transfer 2776.2.1.1 B800→B800 2776.2.1.2 B800→B850 2786.2.1.3 B850→B850 2796.2.1.4 B850→B875 2806.2.1.5 B875→RC 2806.2.2 Car[harr ]Bchla energy transfer 2817. Single-molecule spectroscopy 2847.1 Introduction to single-molecule spectroscopy 2847.2 Single-molecule spectroscopy on LH2 2857.2.1 Overview 2857.2.2 B800 2867.2.2.1 General 2867.2.2.2 Intra- and intercomplex disorder of site energies 2877.2.2.3 Electron-phonon coupling 2897.2.2.4 B800→B800 energy transfer revisited 2907.2.3 B850 2938. Quantum mechanics and the purple bacteria LH system 2989. Appendix 2999.1 A crash course on quantum mechanics 2999.2 Interacting dimers 30510. Acknowledgements 30611. References 307This review describes the structures of the two major integral membrane pigment complexes, the RC–LH1 ‘core’ and LH2 complexes, which together make up the light-harvesting system present in typical purple photosynthetic bacteria. The antenna complexes serve to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer it to the reaction centres, where it is used to ‘power’ the photosynthetic redox reaction and ultimately leads to the synthesis of ATP. Our current understanding of the biosynthesis and assembly of the LH and RC complexes is described, with special emphasis on the roles of the newly described bacteriophytochromes. Using both the structural information and that obtained from a wide variety of biophysical techniques, the details of each of the different energy-transfer reactions that occur, between the absorption of a photon and the charge separation in the RC, are described. Special emphasis is given to show how the use of single-molecule spectroscopy has provided a more detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the energy-transfer processes. We have tried, with the help of an Appendix, to make the details of the quantum mechanics that are required to appreciate these molecular mechanisms, accessible to mathematically illiterate biologists. The elegance of the purple bacterial light-harvesting system lies in the way in which it has cleverly exploited quantum mechanics.
Greek measles epidemic strain, 2005–2006
Authors: GIOULA G. , PAPA A. , EXINDARI M. , MELIDOU A. , CHATZIDIMITRIOU D. , KARABAXOGLOU D. , ANTONIADIS A. , KYRIAZOPOULOU V. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe purpose of this work was the molecular study of the virus strain that caused the last measles outbreak in Greece. Twenty-four saliva specimens were obtained from selected patients serologically confirmed as measles cases between December 2005 and March 2006. Measles virus (MV) detection was performed by a nested RT–PCR. The 447-bp segment of the N gene of these MV strains was used for genotyping. The N gene sequences of the Greek MV strains were identical to each other, therefore a phylogenetic tree was constructed using one representative MV (ThesGRE/06). Our data show that the MV strain which caused the 2005–2006 outbreak in Greece belongs to genotype D6, and differs by 0·68% from the New Jersey D6 strain and by 5·5% from the MV vaccine strain Edmonston B (U03656) belonging to genotype A.
FETAL MANIPULATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF SHOULDER DYSTOCIA
Authors: GUREWITSCH EDITH D , ALLEN ROBERT H 
Published: October 2006

Many authors assert that there is essentially nothing that can be done to better manage shoulder dystocia. They will point to injuries that have been proven to occur spontaneously and to a stable or even rising injury rate over the last decade and claim:
that the risk of injury cannot be reducedthat no manoeuvre has been proven superior to another or guaranteed to work in all circumstancesthat the choice and sequence of specific shoulder dystocia manoeuvres beyond McRoberts' should be left to the discretion of the birth attendantthat the predominant concern during shoulder dystocia is its expedient resolution, by whatever means necessary, to avoid central nervous system damage or even death.
Time-Lag Effects in Urban Environment Adaptation as a Warning System for Urban Growth Control: An Application to Flanders
Authors: van Naelten M. 
Published: October 2006

In this paper we wish to discuss some aspects of a particular system approach in urban planning. An attempt has been made to explain the meaning of the first principal factor (Hotelling, 1933) in the verification of a set of supposed urban characteristics. The same factor model has been used in the subsequent measurement of the degree of urbanity in each municipal territory in Flanders. In mapping the results we have also attempted to verify some growth and communication theories for the Flanders case. Finally, the basic point of the paper is the detection of time-lag effects which create gaps between the slower development of more rigid environment elements, with which the planner is concerned, and the more quickly adapting elements—a time lag which could indicate urgent planning areas.
Regional Patterns in Commodity Flows in India
Authors: Lakshmanan P P 
Published: October 2006

The paper makes an attempt to delineate regional patterns in commodity flows in India at present and in the foreseeable future. There is heavy concentration of traffic in the north and some concentration in the extreme south of the country, with an east-west grain. The traffic is heaviest nearer the metropolitan centres. The commodity flows will be larger in the coming years but smaller in relation to the growth in national income, which may lead to a reduction in the proportion of transport investments. Reference is made to the likely emergence of a larger number of smaller regions in India with no vital dependence on any single metropolitan centre as at present. The commodity-mix of the commodity flows in future will change in favour of manufactured goods. This may lead to greater competition between rail and road transport.
L'aménagement: Régulation ou Approfondissement Des Contradictions Sociales? Un Exemple: Fos-Sur-Mer et L'aire Métropolitaine Marseillaise
Authors: Bleitrach Danielle , Chenu A 
Published: October 2006

Cette étude tente de dégager la signification sociologique de l'aménagement tel qu'il est pratiqué à l'heure actuelle en France. A travers un cas concret, celui de Fos-sur-mer et de l'aire métropolitaine marseillaise, elle analyse la nature des interventions de l'État. Ces interventions, qu'elles portent sur la mise en place d'un appareil de production ou sur le développement de zones urbaines, relèvent de la même logique, celle d'une aide aux secteurs monopolistes. La planification urbaine est le plus souvent analysée en termes de régulation sociale; notre article se propose de montrer que, loin de relever d'une quelconque régulation, les interventions sélectives de l'État dans le domaine de l'aménagement aboutissent à un approfondissement des contradictions sociales fondamentales.
Evaluating English Landscapes—Some Recent Developments
Authors: Clamp P 
Published: October 2006

A programme of research to develop two indices to be used as aids in the prediction of public response to issues involving landscape planning, and in particular the routing of new roads through rural areas, is described. The first index was based on assessments by 272 respondents of the attractiveness of 170 landscapes, presented as panoramas of colour transparencies. This index, which was derived by means of multiple regression statistics, may be used to predict attractiveness scores for other landscapes on the basis of nine measures of visual content. The second index was derived from assessments by 112 respondents of 63 landscapes, with and without simulated roads. An index based upon landscape attractiveness and the visible extent of the roadway was found to provide an accurate prediction of the change in assessed attractiveness due to the introduction of the road.
A Market-Consumer Model of Residential Property Values: The Airport-Noise—Land-Use Impact Problem
Authors: Haynes K E , Phillips F Y , White G M 
Published: October 2006

The paper presents a model of residential property values which is more complete and theoretically grounded than previous regression studies of environmental pollution and land values. By using the distribution model of linear programming, a constrained regression hypothesis is presented which strongly interacts with the theory that generated it. The full use of dual evaluators for estimation purposes is a central feature of the new model, and is an innovative contribution. It is not necessary to observe the purchase price of individual properties, since these (and interval estimates of other offer prices) follow theoretically from the regression results. A market solution to the housing-allocation problem having been characterized, the consumer's decision problem is considered, and his solution is shown to be in general incompatible with market conditions. This incompatibility is resolved by the use of a multipage or decomposable linear program which incorporates both consumer goals and market conditions. The method of solution of this problem reflects the gain of information that leads to the purchase of a residence by each consumer, and demonstrates the value of the ‘decomposition principle’ in consumer theory. An illustration of the consumer's point of view is developed by using the noise problem of a neighborhood airport.
The Effects of Environmental Quality Standards on Pricing Electrical Energy
Authors: Uri N D 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the effects of implementing environmental quality standards on the pricing of electrical energy is discussed. In a situation where the maximization of social welfare is the objective, the price, in any period, is set equal to the operating cost plus explicit and implicit environmental-quality costs plus amortization on any new generating capacity. Further, a sufficiently high combination of costs to meet environmental quality standards will result in an earlier retirement of existing capacity than would otherwise have been the case. In a profit-maximizing situation in which profit is subject to a return-on-investment constraint, the imposition of these standards leads, via the Averch—Johnson effect, to a larger investment in new generating capacity.
Amenity and Equity: A Review of Local Environmental Pressure Groups in Britain
Authors: Lowe P D 
Published: October 2006

The paper discusses the effect, on the distribution of environmental quality and access to facilities, of the growth in Britain of political activity and influence of locality-based, area-oriented groups—the amenity, civic and preservation societies, residents' and tenants' associations, and community action groups—referred to as local environmental pressure groups. After reviewing the growth of organized interest in local environmental issues, one prominent type of local group, amenity societies, is considered in detail, including typical styles of action, resources, ethos, and social composition. It is suggested that the evident effectiveness of many amenity societies may preclude other environmental groups with different social compositions from influencing official planning policies. With growing emphasis on public participation in statutory planning, serious problems of the equity of distribution of amenity and accessibility arise because certain areas and sections of society are not organized to protect their interests in the environment; certain sections of the community lack the available resources to sustain effective pressure group activity; and some local political cultures are unreceptive to group activity. The problems of political equity, the representativeness of local environmental groups, variations in potential political efficacy between existing groups, and the failure of certain interests to achieve political expression are each considered in detail. It is concluded that the medium of political organization will magnify the differences and inequalities of the social structure, and that the activities of local environmental pressure groups will tend to accentuate existing disparities between the favoured environments of the powerful and wealthy and the degraded environments of the deprived.
Regional Multiplier Analysis: A Demometric Approach
Authors: Ledent J 
Published: October 2006

This paper reports on the design and testing of an adequate framework for conducting regional multiplier studies in areas experiencing rapid population growth. It puts forward the demometric approach, one that applies econometric methods to the analysis of demoeconomic growth. Two alternative models are proposed here. The first is an aggregate model presenting a demometric revision of the traditional economic-base model. The second model, an enlarged version of the first, is characterized by a breakdown of economic activities into nine major sectors. Both models are fitted to data for the rapidly growing metropolitan area of Tucson, Arizona, USA. They are then used to derive tentative impact and dynamic multipliers which substantiate the role of households as consumers and suppliers of labor in the development of the Tucson Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). The major finding is that, for the same level of resources, the second model yields better policy implications than the modified (and therefore also than the traditional) economic-base model.
Urban Planning of Locational Structures with Due Regard to User Behaviour
Authors: Lundqvist L 
Published: October 2006

The frequently used dichotomy between optimum and equilibrium in urban development planning reflects the importance of combining the welfare aspect and the behavioural aspect of urban performance. Whereas long-term investments and structural policies are often evaluated in terms of overall criteria of system performance, the development of behavioural relations is more properly described in terms of user-optimized choices. The combination of these aspects is difficult to cover in model building. This paper reviews some previous integrated approaches (for example, in transportation planning) and describes how a model for long-term infrastructural planning can be interlinked with an aggregated demand model of transportation behaviour. Applications from Stockholm regional planning conclude the paper. Two recent proposals for land use in 1990 are compared with model-generated structural developments, and the impacts of structural changes on behavioural patterns are analyzed.
White Flight and Central-City Loss: Application of an Analytic Migration Framework
Authors: Frey W H 
Published: October 2006

This paper utilizes an analytic migration framework to assess the aggregate impact of selected community-level factors on white population losses experienced in central cities of large metropolitan areas. The framework identifies analytically distinct components of local and long-distance migration streams which contribute directly to central-city population change. Each component can be specified as a function of community-level attributes which are relevant to the explanation of specific in- and out-movement streams. In this application, previously advanced racial and nonracial attributes of central cities and their surrounding suburbs are used to estimate framework components based on 1970 census data for white movement streams associated with the central cities of large SMSAs. These estimates are then used to ascertain the impact that the central-city racial composition exerts on net white out-migration from selected cities. The data demonstrate that the aggregate impact of racially linked ‘white flight’ has been minimal.
Basic Human Needs versus Economic Growth Approach for Coping with Urban—Rural Imbalances: An Evaluation Based on Relative Welfare
Authors: Mera K 
Published: October 2006

Increasing attention is being paid to the ‘basic human needs' approach for reducing imbalances within a developing country, urban—rural imbalances being important among them. However, as investment for meeting basic human needs is not directly productive, the future growth of the economy would have to be sacrificed if this approach is taken. In this paper the development implications of two approaches, the economic growth and the basic human needs approaches, are projected through a simulation model, and they are evaluated relative to each other. It is shown that, even if the evaluation is based on the criterion of the relative position of the rural population to the urban population, low-income countries would be better off with the economic growth approach after about ten years. For middle- and high-income countries, the basic human needs approach deserves serious consideration.
Interactive Groups with Related Limited Efficiency
Authors: Paelinck J H P 
Published: October 2006

A model is set up in which two groups can potentially interact but this interaction is subject to some limitations. It is shown how allocation of resources proceeds under such conditions. The following results were obtained: asymptotically the dominated group is allowed some share of total resources; this is true even when the dominating group handles only an ‘egoistic’ objective function; fluctuations can be introduced by the allocative actions of the dominating group; threshold phenomena for reversing actions can be isolated; dominating actions can be used to combat cyclical behaviour of the system. One of the conclusions is that techniques like differential gaming might be adequate for exploring simultaneously satisfactory relations.
Action Spaces of Urban Residents: An Empirical Study in the Region of Hamburg
Authors: Dangschat J , Droth W , Friedrichs J , Kiehl K 
Published: October 2006

The different theoretical approaches used in action space research are discussed; then a causal model, based on hypotheses drawn from the relevant literature, is presented. This model is tested in an empirical study on the action spaces of 3000 residents in the region of Hamburg. The results of two different path analytical test strategies of this model are reported, which show the deficiencies of prior, mainly bivariate, analyses. Finally, a cluster analysis of the respondents' activities demonstrates that the ‘sociodemographic groups’ which are traditionally used are not homogeneous in their behaviour.