bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INHIBITORY ACTION OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON ADRENAL STEROIDOGENESIS AT THE ADRENAL LEVEL
Authors: FEKETE GY. , GÖRÖG P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments are described which show that the in vitro synthesis of corticosterone under the influence of ACTH is inhibited by hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone and that the relative potency of these three substances corresponds to their relative clinical anti-inflammatory activity.
It is suggested that a direct adrenal inhibitory mechanism plays a physiological and pharmacological role, in addition to the regulatory mechanism controlling adrenal steroid function mediated by the pituitary.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN THE MALE COMMON FROG (RANA TEMPORARIA) DURING AUTUMN
Authors: VAN OORDT P. G. W. J. , LOFTS B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pars distalis of the pituitary, the testes, thumb pads, seminal vesicles and thyroids were studied in common frogs (Rana temporaria) kept at 20–24° c for 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively from 11 October. They were compared with those of control animals kept at normal outdoor temperatures during the same periods.
The following effects of high temperatures were noted:
(1) In the distal lobe of the pituitary a regression of the γ-cells and increased secretory activity of the β-cells.
(2) In the testes formation of cholesterol-positive lipids in interstitium and Sertoli cells, disintegration of sperm bundles, and spermatogenesis.
(3) In the thumb pads a regression of the epidermis and in the seminal vesicles a reduction of the epithelium. The thyroids remained unaffected.
Comparing these results with each other and with those of earlier experiments by the same authors, it was concluded that high temperatures diminished the ICSH activity of the pituitary and thus caused a reduction in the production and secretion of male sex hormone, and degenerative changes in the Sertoli cell-sperm bundle system. Moreover, high temperatures were believed to accelerate the FSH activity of the pituitary resulting in the disappearance of old remnants of sperm bundles and Sertoli cells, and subsequent spermatogenesis.
The internal rhythm, regulating the sensitivity of the germinal epithelium to gonadotrophin, was thought to manifest itself by a varying demand for FSH and a seasonal refractoriness of the primary spermatogonia to this hormone. Each of these two factors makes it impossible to transform the discontinuous spermatogenetic cycle of Rana temporaria into a continuous cycle.
THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED OESTROGENS BY VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
Authors: STONE G. M. , BAGGETT B. , DONNELLY R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The incorporation pattern of tritiated oestradiol from 2 min. to 16 hr. after intravenous injection was studied in tissues either responsive or non-responsive to oestrogens. The reactive tissues, such as uterus, vagina and liver, differ from the non-reactive in their capacity to incorporate more steroid and retain significantly higher levels for at least 16 hr. Some differences were also observed between the early incorporation patterns of tritiated oestrone and oestradiol in these responsive tissues. Oestrone disappeared more rapidly from the uterus and in the liver reached higher levels than oestradiol.
POST-COITAL CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE NON-PAROUS RABBIT
Authors: FOSTER C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The basiphil ('mucoid') cells of the adenohypophysis of the non-parous female rabbit were studied at varying times after coitus. A progressive reduction in the number of granulated mucoid cells in the dorsolateral regions of the pars distalis proper was observed. No significant changes were noted either in the mucoid cells of the zona tuberalis or in the rather large angular and strongly AF-positive cells of the median and lateral regions of the pars distalis proper.
It is suggested that the decrease in cell numbers was due to a loss of specific granules, accompanied by the release of LH.
COMPARISON OF THREE TECHNIQUES FOR THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: De MOOR P. , STEENO O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The previously reported method (De Moor, Steeno, Raskin, Hendrikx & De Tremerie, 1959) for the fluorimetric determination of plasma corticosteroids (cortisol plus corticosterone) has been further simplified and compared with two more elaborate methods intended to determine cortisol more specifically (Van der Vies, 1961; Braunsberg & James, 1962). For normal subjects there is a good relation between results obtained by the simplest method and those obtained by the two others. On the other hand, the latter two techniques give less specific fluorescence and higher reagent blanks. The background fluorescence of the simplified assay has been further studied and was found to lie between 1 and 1·5 μg./100 ml.
EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL ON WATER UPTAKE AND α-AMINOISOBUTYRIC ACID ACCUMULATION BY UTERI OF HEPATECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: DANIELS J. R. , KALMAN S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adult Long Evans rats were ovariectomized and, one month later, were subjected to partial hepatectomy. Immature Long Evans rats were either partially hepatectomized in one step, or complete hepatectomy was accomplished by a two-stage operation which included ligation of the inferior vena cava followed by a partial evisceration. The response of these animals to injected oestradiol was compared with that of sham-operated controls by observing uptake of water by the uterus in vivo, and also by estimating the ability of surviving uterine fragments to accumulate radioactive α-amino-isobutyric acid in vitro. It was found that partial or complete hepatectomy did not abolish the response of the uterus to oestradiol. These results seem to exclude an essential role for the liver in the early response of a target organ to an oestrogenic hormone.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF MAMMALIAN EPIDERMAL MELANOCYTES
Authors: SNELL R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of a commercial preparation of corticotrophin (Acthar gel, Armour Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.) on the melanocytes and melanin in the skin of the anterior abdominal wall and areola has been studied in pure black and pure red male guinea-pigs. The hormone was injected subcutaneously in a dose of 0·4 i.u. once daily 5 days/week for 1 month.
2. The hormone produced a marked reduction in the amount of melanin in the melanocytes; the greatest effect was seen in the skin of the anterior abdominal wall. In half the specimens the amount of free melanin was also reduced. There was a tendency for a slight increase of the length and complexity of the dendritic processes. A statistical analysis of the melanocyte counts showed no change.
3. It is concluded that in the intact mammal corticotrophin inhibits melanogenesis probably indirectly by the release of cortisol from the suprarenal gland.
THE RATIO OF ANABOLIC TO ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY OF 7:17-DIMETHYLTESTOSTERONE, OXYMESTERONE, MESTANOLONE AND FLUOXYMESTERONE
Authors: ARNOLD A. , POTTS G. O. , BEYLER A. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ratios of the relative anabolic and androgenic activities, based on assays measuring nitrogen retention and on the increase in weight of the ventral prostate gland of rats, are presented for the following steroids: 7α:17α-dimethyltestosterone (4·2:1·3 = 3·2); oxymesterone (4-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone) (1·8:0·36 = 5·0); mestanolone (17α-methylandrostanolone) (0·8:1·0 = 0·8); and fluoxymesterone (9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone) (3·8:1·4 = 2·7). The degree of dissociation of the two activities appears to be considerably less than that reported earlier for certain 19-nor steroids and some heterocyclic steroids of current clinical interest.
HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN PREGNANT GOATS, AND SECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK IN PREGNANT GOATS AND SHEEP
Authors: COWIE A. T. , DANIEL P. M. , PRICHARD MARJORIE M. L. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pregnant goats hypophysectomized between the 38th and 120th days of the gestation period aborted 3–9 days after operation. Pregnant goats subjected to section of the pituitary stalk between the 44th and 129th days of gestation aborted between the 6th and 17th days after operation. On the other hand, section of the pituitary stalk in pregnant sheep between the 42nd and the 90th days of gestation did not interfere with the pregnancy. In both goats and sheep the operation of stalk section included the insertion of a plate to form a barrier between the cut ends of the stalk.
The only goats which did not abort were two of the hypophysectomized group in which some anterior lobe tissue, adjacent to the stalk, had not been removed, and one stalk-sectioned goat in which the plate had moved after insertion, allowing the cut ends of the stalk to join up.
THE ESTIMATION OF CORTISOL AND CORTISONE IN BOVINE AND OVINE PLASMA
Authors: SABA N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The quantitative estimation of cortisol and cortisone in ruminant jugular vein plasma using the soda fluorescence reaction on paper is described. For plasma volumes of 50 ml. or less a partial purification of the plasma extract on a florisil column gave a fraction pure enough for paper chromatography and fluorimetry. The method was used to determine plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids in wethers after injections of either ACTH or cortisol acetate. Extracts from 100 ml. or more of plasma required a further step, namely gradient elution chromatography, to give fractions suitable for fluorimetry on paper. Satisfactory recoveries from 100 ml. plasma of 1 μg. and 0·5 μg. cortisone and cortisol were obtained.
The cortisol concentration in pooled bovine plasma was 0·5 μg./100 ml. and that for ovine plasma 1·45 μg./100 ml. In both cases cortisone was just detectable. Corticosterone could not be detected in bovine plasma.
THE EFFECT OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED GESTAGEN ON THE ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS IN RATS
Authors: SZONTÁGH F. E. , VARGA L. , BARDÓCZY Á. , FÖLDI M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of a gestagen (lynoestrenol) on anaphylactic reactions was investigated in rats and the effect of intracutaneous and intravenous re-injection of horse serum used as antigen was examined.
Gestagen treatment intensified the cutaneous reaction, decreased the rectal temperature and caused death in 50 % of the animals. In control rats the intravenous re-injection of the antigen only caused a slight decrease in rectal temperature without killing any of them.
It is suggested that the markedly increased sensitivity of rats, a species normally resistant to anaphylactic reactions, may be due to the inhibitory effect of the administered gestagen on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion.
PANCREATIC AND SERUM INSULIN IN THE NEW ZEALAND STRAIN OF OBESE MICE
Authors: SNEYD J. G. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The insulin content of the pancreas and the insulin-like activity of the blood serum are considerably higher in mice of the New Zealand obese strain than in normal controls.
The rate of glucose uptake by adipose tissue and hemi-diaphragms incubated in the absence of added insulin did not differ significantly in tissues from obese and normal mice and the stimulation of glucose uptake caused by addition of insulin was similar in tissues from the two strains. Insulin extracted from the pancreas of New Zealand obese mice stimulated glucose uptake by adipose tissue and muscle from obese mice to the same extent as an equivalent amount of porcine insulin.
THE THYROMIMETIC EFFECTS OF D-TRICHLOR-THYRONINE
Authors: OAKLEY N. W. , ADADEVEOH K. , WISE P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Various aspects of thyroid activity of a non-iodine-containing thyroid analogue, 3:5:3′-trichloro-d-thyronine (d-trichlor-thyronine = d-ClT3) have been studied and compared with those of 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (l-triiodo-thyronine = l-T3).
As judged by the suppression of radio-iodine uptake in normal subjects, d-ClT3 is about six thousand times less active than l-T3 as an inhibitor of TSH production. Acute loading tests in hypothyroid patients showed that, judged by the effect on b.m.r., d-ClT3 is over 1600 times less potent than l-T3. Maintenance studies in hypothyroid patients showed that d-ClT3 at a dosage of 90 mg./day for 1 month achieved only partial restoration of the euthyroid state, and failed to maintain it in patients previously receiving other replacement therapy; this is 1500 times the minimum maintenance dose of l-T3. It was, however, found that the blood cholesterol levels fell to, or remained within, normal limits in all cases, suggesting that, like many other d-isomers, d-ClT3 has a relatively high hypocholesterolaemic potency.
There is no evidence that d-trichlor-thyronine possesses greater pituitary-suppressive than calorigenic potency; it is therefore unlikely to be of value in the treatment of Graves' disease.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF 131I-LABELLED IODIDE IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: LONDON W. T. , MONEY W. L. , RAWSON R. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The transfer of radioactive iodide (131I) across the guinea-pig placenta has been investigated, using an in situ perfusion technique. From these studies, it can be concluded that iodide is actively transported from the maternal side to the foetal side of the placenta, and is concentrated on the foetal side. Radio-iodide accumulates on the foetal side because the foetal placenta concentrates iodide from the maternal circulation and transfers little to the maternal circulation. High concentrations of stable iodide perfused on the foetal side did not affect the transfer of radio-iodide from the maternal circulation to the foetal side of the placenta. Sodium thiocyanate, on the other hand, blocked the concentration of iodide on the foetal side, and caused a small discharge of radio-iodide from the placenta.
PHOSPHATE EXCRETION AND PARATHYROID FUNCTION IN THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: HARDEN R. McG. , HARRISON M. T. , ALEXANDER W. D. , NORDIN B. E. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Certain aspects of calcium and phosphorus metabolism have been studied in thirty-six patients with thyrotoxicosis.
The plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different from normal.
The basal phosphate excretion index was low (− 0·08 ± 0·01) and there was an impaired response to high phosphate feeding.
These findings suggest that parathyroid function is reduced in thyrotoxicosis.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESERPINE ON THE NUCLEIC ACID AND ACID-SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEOTIDE CONTENTS OF INVOLUTING MAMMARY TISSUE OF RATS
Authors: DARBY F. J. , WANG D. Y. , GREENBAUM A. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Changes in the content of lactose, DNAP, RNAP and acid-soluble ribonucleotides have been followed in the involuting mammary tissue of rats, and of rats treated with reserpine, for periods up to 6 days after removal of the pups.
(2) After a rise in the first 24 hr. after separation from the litter, the lactose content declines and is virtually absent after 5 days. Administration of 75 μg. reserpine a day retards the rate of this disappearance.
(3) The DNAP level falls progressively after the first 24 hr. in the normally involuting gland. Reserpine prevents this decline during the first 4 days. Seventy-two hours after weaning there is a sharp peak in the DNAP content of involuting glands from reserpine-treated rats. A similar pattern of change is found for the RNAP content.
(4) Reserpine decreases the rate of decline of acid-soluble ribonucleotides in the involuting gland, particularly of UMP, of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine and of those in the eluate which contains GDP and ADP-ribose.
(5) The findings are discussed in relation to the chemical changes found in involuting mammary tissue and to the histological picture presented by the gland after reserpine treatment.
A COMPARISON OF THE ACTIVITY OF SOME PRO-OESTROGENS ADMINISTERED SUBCUTANEOUSLY AND INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: STONE G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the tetrazolium assay of Martin (1960) all the pro-oestrogens tested, except racemic-butoestrol, were active intravenously but both true oestrogens and pro-oestrogens were more effective subcutaneously. The difference between the two routes of administration was greater with the pro-oestrogens. These results indicate that in this assay the slope of the dose-response line for pro-oestrogens is lower than that for true oestrogens.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS BY SHEEP: EXTRACTION PROCEDURE AND DAY-TO-DAY FLUCTUATION IN EXCRETION BY MALE AND FEMALE CASTRATED SHEEP
Authors: SYMINGTON R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The application of Johnsen's tannic acid method to the extraction of gonadotrophins from ovine urine was studied using the urine of castrated sheep.
Slight modification of the original method increased the efficiency of extraction. Rate of recovery was measured at several levels of added pituitary and urinary gonadotrophins and was similar to recovery rates reported for human urines (30–81 %). Reproducibility of the extraction procedure was excellent. Further purification of the final ethanol precipitate without loss in potency was effected by chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose.
The daily excretion of total gonadotrophic activity, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by two male and one female castrated sheep was estimated for four periods each of 3 weeks. In all instances excretory levels fluctuated considerably and randomly. Levels of excretion of all types of gonadotrophic activity were much lower than in man.
EFFECT OF COMBINATIONS OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTRONE ON THE DELAY OF NIDATION, IMPLANTATION AND FOETAL SURVIVAL IN OVARIECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: MEYER R. K. , NUTTING E. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
One hundred and twenty inseminated rats were ovariectomized 3 days after coitus and assigned to twelve treatment groups. Eleven groups were injected subcutaneously daily from day 3 to day 8 with 250, 1000 or 4000μg. progesterone alone and in combination with 0·01 or 0·1 μg. oestrone. The remaining group was injected with corn oil. All animals were injected daily with 4000 μg. progesterone and 1 μg. oestrone from day 9 to day 24 after coitus. Implantation was usually prevented permanently when animals were injected with oestrone or corn oil only from day 3 to day 8. The remaining treatments caused delayed implantation of ova. The numbers of implantation sites in groups treated with progesterone alone or in combination with oestrone were compared. Differences between groups were due to the dose of progesterone, the number of implantation sites increasing with the dose of the steroid. Addition of 0·01 or 0·1 μg. oestrone had no significant effect on the implantation site response. Survival of embryos after implantation decreased with increasing pre-nidation doses of progesterone in the absence of oestrone. In general, addition of oestrone to progesterone increased survival when oestrone was combined with the high dose of progesterone and decreased survival with the low dose of progesterone. Oestrone (0·01 μg.) given with progesterone produced consistently more frequent embryonic survival than addition of 0·1 μg. oestrone, regardless of the amount of progesterone given.
STEROID-INDUCED BLOCK OF OVARIAN COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY IN HEMICASTRATED FEMALE RATS
Authors: PETERSON D. L. , EDGREN R. A. , JONES R. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Removal of the right ovaries of 160–180 g. rats was followed in 2 weeks by a hypertrophy of 55 % of the left ovary. This postoperative growth was prevented by the administration of various natural and synthetic steroidal hormones, which were compared at daily doses estimated to produce a 100 % block of the hypertrophy. The following steroids, together with approximate ED 100, were studied: oestrone, 17·8 μg.; oestradiol-17β, 20·4 μg.; oestriol, 95·5μg.; norethynodrel, 72·5μg.; progesterone, 3630μg.;testosterone, 436 μg.; norethisterone, 479 μg.; norbolethone, 155 μg. At doses above ED 100 the natural oestrogens and norethynodrel produced a secondary cycle of ovarian growth, whereas the Δ4-3-oxosteroids depressed ovarian size further. Hemicastrated rats had histologically normal ovaries which contained larger numbers of corpora lutea than those of the intact controls. All compounds appeared to increase follicular development at the ED 100 level; the higher doses of the oestrogens and norethynodrel stimulated excessive luteinization, whereas the Δ4-3-oxosteroids inhibited luteal development and produced large vesicular and cystic follicles.
INFLUENCE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX ON GROWTH PROCESSES IN THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: HAMBERGER L. , AHRÉN K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The role of adrenal cortical hormones in the response of the rat mammary gland to testosterone was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats.
In gonadectomized rats with intact adrenals, local percutaneous application of testosterone stimulated lobulo-alveolar development in the mammary glands. This effect of testosterone was markedly reduced after adrenalectomy. Injections of cortisone into the adrenalectomized rats restored the mammary gland response to testosterone, whereas injections of oestrone did not.
In adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats, injections of testosterone in combination with growth hormone produced a marked alveolar development in the mammary glands.
The importance of gonadal, hypophysial and adrenocortical hormones for various growth processes in the mammary glands is discussed.
EFFECT OF PHENELZINE AND SOME RELATED COMPOUNDS ON PREGNANCY AND ON SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: POTJLSON EVELYN , ROBSON J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of phenelzine and several of its derivatives in interrupting pregnancy, and on sexual development, were investigated in mice.
At dose levels of one-fifth LD 50 given on days 1–6 of pregnancy, phenelzine had a low but significant activity and some derivatives were more active. There was no evidence that monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity was related to the anti-fertility activity of these compounds.
The effects of two of the compounds investigated for this purpose (WL 27 and LON 41) were partially reversed by either progesterone or prolactin.
WL 27 interrupted the normal oestrous cycle, delayed the onset of oestrus in immature female mice and depressed the weights of sex organs in immature and in non-pregnant adult mice, and in immature male mice.
These effects suggest that these compounds produce a depression of pituitary gonadotrophic activity. However, the depression is not complete since WL 27 did not interrupt pseudopregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORMADINONE ON THE RESPONSE OF THE OVARIES AND UTERUS OF THE IMMATURE RAT TO GONADOTROPHIC STIMULATION
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of chlormadinone (6-chloro-Δ6-17α-acetoxyprogesterone), an orally active progestational agent without significant oestrogenic activity, on the response of the ovaries of intact and hypophysectomized immature female rats to exogenous gonadotrophin have been examined.
Administration of the steroid whether starting on the same day as, or 4 days before treatment with gonadotrophin, did not depress the ovarian response in intact rats. In hypophysectomized animals, pretreated with the progestagen, the ovarian response to gonadotrophin was depressed.
In intact rats, treatment with the steroid and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) resulted in ovulation, whereas in similar animals given PMSG alone no corpora lutea were found. Corpora lutea were seen in all groups given PMSG and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) but ovulation occurred earlier when, in addition, treatment with the steroid was included. In only one experiment with intact rats did administration of the steroid alone cause a significant increase in uterine weight compared with controls. In neither experiment on hypophysectomized animals did such an increase occur, and significant decreases were recorded.