bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Macroanatomical Study of the Neurocranium in some Carnivora
Authors: Karan M. , Tımurkaan S. , ÖZdemır D. , ÜNsaldi E. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThis study was carried out to investigate the specific anatomical features of the neurocranium of the skull of the dog, cat, badger, marten and otter. Twenty‐five animals (five from each species) were used without sexual distinction. The neurocranium consists of os occipitale, os sphenoidale, os pterygoideum, os ethmoidale, vomer, os temporale, os parietale and os frontale. The processus paracondylaris is projected ventrally in the cat, dog, marten and badger, and caudally in the otter. Two foramina were found laterally on each side of the protuberantia occipitalis externa in the otter, and one foramen was found near the protuberantia occipitalis externa in the badger. Foramen was not seen in other species. Paired ossa parietalia joined each other at the midline, forming the sutura sagittalis in the badger, dog, otter and cat while it was separated by the linea temporalis in the marten. The os frontale was small in otters, narrow and long in martens, and quite wide in cats and dogs. The bulla tympanica was rounded in the marten, dog, cat and badger, dorsoventral compressed in otter, and it was very large in all species examined. These observations represented interspecies differences in the neurocranium of marten, otter, badger, cat and dog.
Mixed Mesodermal and Mesenchymal Origin of Myotomal Muscles in Pike (Esox lucius: Teleostei)
Authors: Kacperczyk A. , Daczewska M. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryDuring the myotomal myogenesis in pike (Esox lucius) two phases of muscle differentiation can be distinguished. In the first phase, the somite cells‐derived stock, the primary myoblasts (of mesodermal origin), fuse to form multinucleate myotubes. Participation of myotomal cells of mesodermal origin is insufficient for further muscle development. In the second stage mesenchymal cells migrate, via myosepts, into the myotome between myotubes. Immunocytochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (marker of S phase of cell cycle) showed their mitotic activity. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that the differentiation of these cells depends on their position. Cells remaining in the myosepts develop into fibroblasts and produce collagen fibres, while those that have migrated into the myotomes transform into secondary myoblasts. Mesenchymal cells in the studied species are believed to participate in hypertrophy and hyperplasy of muscle fibres. Thus the muscle fibres in pike (E. lucius) are of mesodermal‐mesenchymal origin.
Effects of glitazones on blood pressure and vascular structure in mesenteric resistance arteries and basilar artery from genetically hypertensive rats
Authors: Ledingham Janet M , Laverty Richard 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. The effects of two of the glitazone (thiazolidinedione) class of drugs, namely rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, on blood pressure and vascular remodelling in the New Zealand genetically hypertensive (GH) rat model were investigated.2. In the first study, a GH group given rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg per day) from the age of 7 to 12 weeks was compared with a GH control group. In the second study, GH rats were given either pioglitazone, simvastatin, valsartan or combinations of pioglitazone with simvastatin or valsartan (all drugs at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day).3. Tail‐cuff systolic blood pressure was measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, blood vessels were fixed by perfusion and samples of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA), second‐order branches and basilar artery were embedded in Technovit and serial sections were cut and stained with Giemsa for stereological analysis. Media width, medial cross‐sectional area and lumen diameter were determined and the ratio of media width/lumen diameter was calculated.4. Rosiglitazone significantly reduced blood pressure in GH rats.5. In MRA, rosiglitazone had a hypotrophic effect on media, reduced lumen diameter and reduced media/lumen ratio (P < 0.001).6. In basilar artery, there was also a hypotrophic effect of rosiglitazone on media and reduced media/lumen ratio (P < 0.001).7. Pioglitazone slowed down the rate of blood pressure increase with age in GH rats and had a greater effect on blood pressure when given in combination with simvastatin.8. Pioglitazone had a hypotrophic effect on the media of MRA and basilar artery. The hypotrophic effect was enhanced when pioglitazone was given in combination with simvastatin. The media/lumen ratio was reduced by pioglitazone; in MRA, combination treatment with simvastatin reduced the ratio further to normal and, with valsartan, to below normal. In basilar artery, the media/lumen ratio was reduced further by both combination treatments, but was lowest in the pioglitazone–valsartan combination group.9. The significant effects on MRA and basilar artery structure (and, thus, haemodynamics) seen after rosiglitazone monotherapy and after pioglitazone, given alone and in combination with simvastatin or valsartan, may well indicate a glitazone class effect on vascular structure and, hence, cardiovascular function.
Protective effects of exogenously administered or endogenously produced melatonin on hyperbaric oxygen‐induced oxidative stress in the rat brain
Authors: Dundar Kadir , Topal Turgut , Ay Hakan , Oter Sukru , Korkmaz Ahmet 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is a widely used treatment modality in many diseases. A known side‐effect of HBO is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many anti‐oxidants, such as vitamins C and E, riboflavin and selenium, have been used successfully to scavenge the ROS produced by HBO administration.2. The aim of the present study was to determine whether melatonin, a newly discovered anti‐oxidant, has a protective effect against the overproduction of ROS produced by HBO in rat brain tissue.3. Seventy male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into seven groups as follows: 1, daytime control; 2, daytime HBO; 3, melatonin; 4, daytime HBO plus melatonin; 5, night‐time control; 6, night‐time HBO; and 7, night‐time HBO under light exposure.4. Hyperbaric oxygen was administered at 303 kPa for 120 min. Melatonin was injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. Brain malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured to elucidate oxidant status.4. The MDA and SOD levels of groups 2 and 7 increased significantly. Exogenous (group 4) and endogenous (group 6) melatonin protected against HBO‐induced lipid peroxidation. Exogenously administered melatonin (groups 3 and 4) had increased levels of the anti‐oxidant enzymes SOD and GPx.5. In conclusion, HBO caused oxidative stress and melatonin exhibited protective effects. Both endogenously produced and exogenously administered melatonin were found to be effective.
Characterization of two polyclonal peptide antibodies that recognize the carboxy terminus of angiotensin II AT1A and AT1B receptors
Authors: Hoffmann Andrea , Cool David R 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. The differential identification of the angiotensin AT1A and AT1B receptor subtypes is impaired by the existing > 96% homology of both receptors. In the present study, we characterized two polyclonal rabbit peptide antibodies, namely α‐AT1A and α‐AT1B, that recognize the C‐terminal region of mouse AT1A and AT1B receptors, respectively.2. In immunoblotting, both antibodies detected two major AT1 receptor‐specific bands at sizes of 72.5 and 87.6 kDa in mouse tissues and in Neuro‐2a cell lysates. In immunohistochemistry, antibodies demonstrated AT1 receptor‐specific staining in renal proximal and distal tubules, as well as in kidney glomeruli. In addition, both antibodies stained AT1 receptors in Neuro‐2a cells with G‐protein receptor typical distribution. Dot‐blot and ELISA analysis of the α‐AT1A antibody showed 2.5‐ to fourfold higher selectivity for its AT1A receptor target peptide (1A‐PEP) compared with the non‐specific AT1B receptor peptide (1B‐PEP). In contrast, the α‐AT1B antibody showed high binding affinity towards its target peptide 1B‐PEP, but also demonstrated high cross‐reactivity for the non‐specific peptide 1A‐PEP (1.4‐ to twofold in ELISA and dot‐blot analysis). In contrast with the lack of recognition by the α‐AT1B antibody, the α‐AT1A antibody selectively recognized the AT1A receptor fused to red fluorescence protein in transiently transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells.3. In summary, we have generated two new peptide antibodies to the mouse AT1A and AT1B receptors (α‐AT1A and α‐AT1B), of which the α‐AT1A antibody has the capability to distinguish AT1A receptor types in immunological approaches.
EFFECT OF HUMAN SPLENIC CONTRACTION ON VARIATION IN CIRCULATING BLOOD CELL COUNTS
Authors: Baković Darija , Eterović Davor , Saratlija‐Novaković XXXana , Palada Ivan , Valic Zoran , Bilopavlović Nada , Dujić XXXeljko 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. The human spleen sequesters 200–250 mL densely packed red blood cells. Up to 50% of this viscous blood is actively expelled into the systemic circulation during strenuous exercise or simulated apnoea (breath‐hold) diving. The contribution of splenic contraction to changes in the circulating volume of red blood cells (RBCV), as well as the venous concentration of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT), was investigated following repeated breath‐hold apnoeas.2. Eighteen trained apnoea divers and 18 intact and six splenectomized subjects without diving experience repeated five maximal apnoeas with face immersion in cold water, with 2 min intervals between successive attempts. Venous blood samples were taken before and between consecutive apnoeas, as well as at 0, 10 and 20 min after the last breath hold. Arterial pressure, heart rate and transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide were monitored continuously.3. Plasma protein concentration decreased by 5.8, 2.2 and 9% in apnoea divers, untrained and splenectomized subjects, respectively, indicating an expansion of plasma volume. The RBCV and venous concentration of WBC, corrected for changes in plasma volume, increased in both trained apnoea divers (4.9 ± 1.0 and 14.9 ± 3.1%, respectively) and intact subjects (1.7 ± 0.8 and 7.2 ± 1.8%, respectively), whereas in splenectomized subjects there was no change in RBCV and a delayed increase in WBC concentration. Furthermore, an initial lymphocytosis detected during repeated breath holds in divers and intact subjects was completely absent in splenectomized subjects. None of the groups showed significant changes in PLT concentrations. The well‐recognized diving response to apnoea (bradycardia and increased blood pressure) was seen during all breath‐hold attempts in all subjects.4. Repeated breath‐holds (apnoeas) contribute to increased RBCV and venous blood concentrations of WBC through splenic contraction.
Connective tissue growth factor: A role in airway remodelling in asthma?
Authors: Burgess Janette K 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. Severe persistent asthma is accompanied by structural changes in the airway, referred to as remodelling. The mechanisms driving airway remodelling are poorly understood.2. Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β is increased in the airways of patients with asthma. Many of the effects of TGF‐β are mediated by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF).3. Overexpression of CTGF is linked to many fibrotic diseases, but its exact role in airway remodelling is unknown.4. Connective tissue growth factor mediates cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, extracellular matrix synthesis and has a role in angiogenesis.5. Current asthma therapies do not inhibit CTGF induction.6. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the role of CTGF in airway remodelling may lead to new therapeutic strategies for asthma.
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY: CLINICAL SCIENCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Bateman Dn 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. The aims of the present paper are to: (i) review progress in clinical toxicology over the past 40 years and to place it in the context of modern health care by describing its development; and (ii) illustrate the use of clinical toxicology data from Scotland, in particular, as a tool for informing clinical care and public health policy with respect to drugs.2. A historical literature review was conducted with amalgamation and comparison of a series of published and unpublished clinical toxicology datasets from NPIS Edinburgh and other sources.3. Clinical databases within poisons treatment centres offer an important method of collecting data on the clinical effects of drugs in overdose. These data can be used to increase knowledge on drug toxicity mechanisms that inform licensing decisions, contribute to evidence‐based care and clinical management. Combination of this material with national morbidity datasets provides another valuable approach that can inform public health prevention strategies.4. In conclusion, clinical toxicology datasets offer clinical pharmacologists a new study area. Clinical toxicology treatment units and poisons information services offer an important health resource.
The need for translational research on antidotes for pesticide poisoning
Authors: Buckley Nick A , Eddleston Michael , Dawson Andrew H 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY1. Pesticide poisoning kills hundreds of thousands of people in the Asia–Pacific region each year. The majority of deaths are from deliberate self‐poisoning with organophosphorus pesticides (OP), aluminium phosphide and paraquat. The current response from a public health, medical and research perspective is inadequate.2. There are few proven or effective treatments; in addition, very little clinical research has been performed to transfer antidotes shown to work in animal studies into clinical practice.3. The human toxicity of pesticides is poorly studied and better information may inform a more sustained and appropriate regulatory response. Further understanding may also lead to improvements in diagnosis and treatment.4. The few effective treatments are not being recommended or delivered in an optimal and timely fashion to poisoned patients. A regional approach to facilitate appropriate pricing, packaging and delivery of antidotes is required.
Morphological study of the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros okamurai (Chaetocerotales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hernández‐Becerril David U. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYDespite the numerous works on phytoplankton in the Gulf of Mexico, there are new records of species made continually, especially diatoms and dinoflagellates in this area. The presence of the planktonic diatom Chaetoceros okamurai Ikari, originally described by Ikari in 1928 from Japanese Pacific waters, is reported from the Gulf of Mexico, This species appeared occasionally in net samples from the southern Gulf of Mexico, Its morphology was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Some morphological characteristics are useful to distinguish C. okamurai trom closely related species: the form of the chains (slightly twisted and heteropolar); the shape of the aperture (typically rhombical); and the shape of the valves. A single rimoportula, centrally placed, is present in every valve of the chain, Chaetoceros okamurai belongs to the subgenus Chaetoceros (Phaeoceros) and the section Borealia, and seems to be closely related to the species Chaetoceros borealis Bailey, Chaetoceros densus Cleve, Chaetoceros eibeniiGrunow and Chaetoceros octagonus Hernández‐Becerril. This is the first record of C. okamurai since its original description, and a new record in the Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean). The distribution of the species is poorly known, but apparently it is a tropical to subtropical form.
Neorhodomela enomotoi sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Japan
Authors: Masuda Michio , Kogame Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYThe red alga Neorhodomela enomotoi Masuda et Kogame (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) is described as a new species from Japan. It is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) thalli reddish‐brown and slightly rigid; (ii) first‐order branches mostly indeterminately branched; (iii) adventitious branches infrequent, determinately branched and formed chiefly in the axils of lateral branches; (iv) vegetative trichoblasts abundant; (v) tetrasporangia produced on paniculate ultimate and penultimate branches; and (vi) cystocarps flask‐shaped (urceolate). This species has been found growing only in the upper subtidal zone in the warm temperate waters of Japan.
Reproductive structures of Dictyopteris undulata (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from Japan
Authors: Tanaka Jiro 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYsporophytes, and both male and female gametophytes of Dictyopteris undulata Holmes were collected from the Pacific coast and the Japan Sea coast of Japan. Female gametophytes are reported for the first time in the present study. All reproductive structures are aggregated in sori that form on both sides of the midrib in the upper and the middle parts of a blade. Tetraspor‐angia are spherical and project from the cortical layer with a 2–4‐celled stalk at the base. They are sometimes divided tetrahedrally to form four spores, but often remain undivided. Oogoniat sori also project from the cortical layer. Each oogonium is ovoid, sometimes borne on a single stalk cell at the base. Antheridial sori appear swollen above the cortex and each antheridium has a basal stalk cell. Fertile female gametophytes and te‐trasporophytes are difficult to distinguish from each other in surface view because tetrasporangial and oogonial sori are similar in size and undivided tetrasporangia resemble oogonia. Oogonia are not so closely packed in small groups, unlike in Dictyota species, and they can be distinguished by the cell sizes (i.e. tetrasporangia are bigger in diameter than oogonia).
Shigeo Yamanouchi (1876–1973): A noted Japanese phycologist
Authors: Chihara Mitsuo , West* John A. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTDr Shigeo Yamanouchi was born in Yamagata Prefecture and completed his secondary education at Tokyo Higher Normal School (THNS) where he was also a professor until 1904. In 1905, he went to the University of Chicago in the USA and earned a PhD in Botany in 1907. He is best noted for his excellent research on the cytology and life histories of the marine algaePolysiphonia, Fucus, Cutleria, AglaozoniaandZanardinia, published between 1906 and 1921 while he was associated with the University of Chicago. He also described the freshwater green algaHydrodictyon africanum. In 1910, he returned to THNS as a Professor and wrote several botanical textbooks, receiving his DSc degree in 1911 and traveling in England and the USA as an advisor for the Japanese Ministry of Education during 1911–1913. For much of the time between 1920 and 1942 he remained in the USA, returning to Japan following the advent of World War II, During his later life, he was in obscurity, and sadly there is very little recorded of his activities in the post‐war years. He died in Tokyo on 2 February 1973 at the age of 96.
Statistical methods for characterizing diversity of microbial communities by analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes
Authors: Abdo Zaid , Schüette Ursel M.E. , Bent Stephen J. , Williams Christopher J. , Forney Larry J. , Joyce Paul 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThe analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T‐RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes has proven to be a facile means to compare microbial communities and presumptively identify abundant members. The method provides data that can be used to compare different communities based on similarity or distance measures. Once communities have been clustered into groups, clone libraries can be prepared from sample(s) that are representative of each group in order to determine the phylogeny of the numerically abundant populations in a community. In this paper methods are introduced for the statistical analysis of T‐RFLP data that include objective methods for (i) determining a baseline so that ‘true’ peaks in electropherograms can be identified; (ii) a means to compare electropherograms and bin fragments of similar size; (iii) clustering algorithms that can be used to identify communities that are similar to one another; and (iv) a means to select samples that are representative of a cluster that can be used to construct 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The methods for data analysis were tested using simulated data with assumptions and parameters that corresponded to actual data. The simulation results demonstrated the usefulness of these methods in their ability to recover the true microbial community structure generated under the assumptions made. Software for implementing these methods is available at http://www.ibest.uidaho.edu/tools/trflp_stats/index.php.
Evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction‐based approaches for determining gene copy and gene transcript numbers in environmental samples
Authors: Smith Cindy J. , Nedwell David B. , Dong Liang F. , Osborn A. Mark 
Published: December 2005

SummaryQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) amplification is widely applied for determining gene and transcript numbers within environmental samples. This research evaluated Q‐PCR reproducibility via TaqMan assays quantifying 16S rRNA gene and transcript numbers in sediments, within and between replicate Q‐PCR assays. Intra‐assay variation in 16S rRNA gene numbers in replicate DNA samples was low (coefficients of variation; CV from 3.2 to 5.2%). However, variability increased using replicated standard curves within separate Q‐PCR assays (CV from 11.2% to 26%), indicating absolute comparison of gene numbers between Q‐PCR assays was less reliable. 16S rRNA transcript quantification was evaluated using standard curves of diluted RNA or cDNA (before, or following, reverse transcription). These standard curves were statistically different with cDNA‐derived curves giving higher r2 values and Q‐PCR efficiencies. Template concentrations used in Q‐PCR also affected 16S rRNA gene and transcript numbers. For DNA, 10−3 dilutions yielded higher gene numbers than 10−1 and 10−2 dilutions. Conversely, RNA template dilution reduced numbers of transcripts detected. Finally, different nucleic acid isolation methods also resulted in gene and transcript number variability. This research demonstrates Q‐PCR determination of absolute numbers of genes and transcripts using environmental nucleic acids should be treated cautiously.
Effects of Writing About Emotions Versus Goals on Psychological and Physical Health Among Third‐Year Medical Students
Authors: Austenfeld Jennifer L. , Paolo Anthony M. , Stanton Annette L. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTA randomized, controlled trial compared writing about emotional topics (EMO) to writing about goals as the “best possible self” (BPS; after King, 2001) and evaluated emotional approach coping, i.e., efforts to cope through processing and expressing emotion, as a moderator of writing effects on psychological and physical health in 64 third‐year medical students. In participants with higher baseline hostility, the EMO condition was associated with less hostility at 3 months compared to the BPS and control conditions. Emotional processing (EP) and emotional expression (EE) moderated the effect of experimental condition on depressive symptoms at 3 months; high EP/EE participants reported fewer depressive symptoms in the EMO condition, whereas low EP/EE individuals reported fewer depressive symptoms in the BPS condition compared to the EMO and control conditions. A moderating effect of EP on physical health was also identified, such that low EP individuals who wrote about goals (BPS) had fewer health care visits at 3 months compared to low EP participants in the EMO and control conditions.