bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crustal shortening estimates across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, NW India
Authors: Corfield R. I. , Searle M. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A structural and lithological map has been produced covering the Spontang ophiolite and the north Indian continental margin from the Indus Suture Zone in the north to the high-grade metamorphic rocks and granites of the High Himalaya in the south. Cross-section balancing techniques have been used to identify, quantify and sequentially restore three major phases of deformation (D1–3) affecting the north Indian continental margin resulting in > 85 km (280%) shortening.
D1 in the late Cretaceous involved obduction of the Spontang ophiolite, associated Neo-Tethyan thrust sheets and Mesozoic continental slope deposits onto the outer passive margin. D1 was responsible for 200% shortening by internal folding and duplex formation within stratigraphic units in the outer shelf, but did not affect the innermost parts of the Indian passive margin. Restoration of later structures suggests that the allochthonous thrust sheets were emplaced a minimum of 70 km onto the continental margin.
D2 from the early Eocene to Oligocene was the main phase of deformation associated with the collision of India and Asia. Re-thrusting places the Spontang ophiolite and associated mélanges over the Maastrichtian to Lower Eocene neo-autochthonous cover which accommodated 140–160% shortening in the hanging wall. D2 progressed with the propagation of thrusting down section and towards the foreland causing crustal thickening and Barrovian metamorphism. The thick, argillaceous late Cretaceous Kangi La Formation decoupled deformation in higher and lower structural levels in outer shelf areas.
D3 backthrusting and break-backthrusting in the late Tertiary formed a pop-up structure at the northern edge of the continental margin associated with a further 190–230% shortening and inversion of structures in the Indus Suture Zone. A major anticlinal structure also initiated across the southern edge of the Indus Suture Zone. South of Spontang reactivation of D2 thrusts as late D2/D3 normal faults was associated with gravitational collapse of the High Himalaya to the south. Extensional movement on these structures was probably concomitant with shortening in the pop-up structure to the north.
A reduction in present day and restored thickness of the Tethyan Himalaya and an increase in absolute shortening from east to west probably reflects a variation in the partitioning of deformation across the whole width of the orogen. This may be associated with the indentation of India into Asia to the northwest.
Glaucophane and barroisite eclogites from the Upper Kaghan nappe: implications for the metamorphic history of the NW Himalaya
Authors: Lombardo B. , Rolfo F. , Compagnoni R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a petrographical and mineral chemical study of glaucophane- and barroisite-bearing eclogites from the Upper Kaghan nappe in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines of the Pakistan Himalaya, and discusses the implications of the
P-T
path recorded in such rocks for the tectonic and metamorphic history of the NW Himalaya. The eclogites described here come from a previously undescribed outcrop at Gittidas, but belong to the same suite as the garnet-omphacite-phengite-quartz-rutile eclogites previously described elsewhere in the Upper Kaghan nappe. The metamorphic peak assemblage is garnet-omphacite-rutile-quartz in glaucophane eclogite and garnet-omphacite-zoisite-rutile±kyanite±phengite±ankerite in barroisite eclogite. Most samples contain a significant amount of amphibole, white mica and quartz. White mica may be present either as part of the peak assemblage (phengite) or as a retrogressive phase after kyanite (paragonite). Amphibole is later than the metamorphic peak assemblage and is barroisite in most samples, but in relatively Fe-rich eclogite it is glaucophane with significant Na in the A site, Ca in the M4 site and tetrahedral A1. Garnet displays strong prograde zoning in the barroisite eclogites, with Mg increasing and Fe decreasing from core to rim. The iron-rich core is crowded with mineral inclusions of the peak assemblage, but inclusions of earlier paragonite, green and blue-green amphibole were also found. Peak metamorphic conditions in the barroisite eclogites have been estimated at
T
= 610 ± 30 °C and
P
= 24 ± 2 kbar from Fe/Mg partition in garnet-omphacite pairs, and from the garnet-omphacite-phengite barometer. These values are close to the equilibration conditions estimated for the eclogites of the North Himalayan Tso-Morari Dome. Strong similarities between metamorphic evolution of the Upper Kaghan nappe and metamorphic evolution of the eclogite-bearing units of the Neelum valley just to the east of the Kaghan valley indicate that the eclogite occurrences of the Kaghan-Neelum area define an eclogite-bearing terrane of regional extent, which was subjected to high pressure metamorphism in middle Eocene times. A comparison of the metamorphic evolution recorded in the eclogites of the NW Himalaya with that of the granulitized eclogites recently discovered in the E Himalaya suggests the possibility of a Himalaya-wide eclogitic metamorphism of pre-Miocene age. Therefore, the main difference between the Higher Himalayan Crystalline nappes of the NW Himalaya and those of the E Himalaya appears to lie less in the early part of their metamorphic evolution than in the different
P-T
paths they followed during exhumation.
Creation and destruction of travertine monumental stone by earthquake faulting at Hierapolis, Turkey
Authors: Hancock P. L. , Chalmers R. M. L. , Altunel E. , Çakir Z. , Becher-Hancock A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The presence of travertines adjacent to the city and their value for construction was well known to the Greek, Roman and Byzantine residents of Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale). The travertines were mainly extracted from quarries on the outer slopes of a low plateau below the city. The distinctive attribute of most of the quarries is that they are narrow but deep vertical-sided trenches. Each trench is the site of a nearly vertical fissure that was filled by banded fissure travertine, one type of so-called
Phrygian marble
. Trench walls, formerly the contacts between vertical banded travertines and outward dipping bedded travertines, bear a well-defined herringbone pattern of tool marks identical to those on many of the stone blocks that were used for building Hierapolis. Deposition of the travertines in 21 major fissure-ridges was a consequence of precipitation following degassing of carbonate-rich hot waters emerging from springs aligned along active faults and associated fissures. Whereas the dense and attractively banded travertine in fissures was principally used as an ornamental stone, the bedded travertines of ridge sides were mainly employed as a dimension stone and for making columns. After many of the monuments at Hierapolis had been constructed from travertine, itself a faulting-related material, some of them were subsequently destroyed or damaged by earthquake fault reactivation, which caused them to be either shaken or displaced. The zone of greatest seismic damage coincides with the trace of the Hierapolis fault zone, whose location was detected from an alignment of offsets of walls and petrified irrigation channels. The kinematic class of this fault zone could be deduced because offsets of the linear archaeological features permitted opening directions to be determined, thus allowing the fault zone to be reinterpreted as a normal fault zone achieving a small downthrow to the southwest. The knowledge that the Hierapolis fault zone is a structure across which there is active stretching and increased hydrothermal flow helps to explain why the present-day area of hot pools and travertine deposition is situated immediately downslope of the fault trace. If this relationship between displaced features and recent travertine deposits occurs elsewhere it might be employed for finding the locations of earthquake faults.
Uses of volcanic products in antiquity
Authors: Griffiths D. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Since the advent of mankind many human societies have lived in volcanically active zones. The geological, archaeological and historical records provide a rich and diverse source of evidence for both archaeology and volcanology concerning the nature of volcanic processes and the effects of volcanism on the environment and on human society. To achieve a balanced understanding of the effects of volcanism on past cultures, it is important to consider the attractions as well as the hazards of life in an actively volcanic zone. This paper gives an overview of some of the ways in which a wide range of volcanic products were used by mankind in antiquity. These include the use of volcanic rocks as stone tools, as substrates for rock carvings, as materials for building and sculpture, as millstones, as additives to make cements that set under water, and, more indirectly, as precursors of fertile earths for agriculture and as sources of metals and semi-precious stones. The paper also considers some of the properties of volcanic products that may have made them attractive. Assessment of the interaction of past cultures with volcanism is highly relevant to the present: it can provide the temporal perspective needed to deal appropriately with the human aspects of contemporary and future volcanic hazards.
A critical reappraisal of the classical texts and archaeological evidence for earthquakes in the Atalanti region, central mainland Greece
Authors: Buck Victoria , Stewart Iain 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDespite numerous damaging earthquakes in central Greece only the Atalanti Fault is considered to have ruptured successively, most recently in 1894 and in a historical event in 426 BC. Although the pre-Christian earthquake is now firmly entrenched in the tectonic literature, classical literary accounts are inconsistent and do not unequivocally tie the event to a particular time and place. Archaeological evidence from sites close to the Atalanti Fault similarly remains ambiguous, and fails to convincingly corroborate the rupture of the Atalanti Fault in 426 BC. In this paper, the main thrust of the argument is not to try to define the seismogenic source of the 426BCevent, but to illustrate the level of uncertainty that accompanies literary and archaeological information, and to highlight the need for caution when using interdisciplinary methods or datasets in earthquake seismology.
Santorini (Greece) before the Minoan eruption: a reconstruction of the ring-island, natural resources and clay deposits from the Akrotiri excavation
Authors: Friedrich Walter L. , Seidenkrantz Marit-Solveig , Nielsen Ole Bjørslev 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Before the catastrophic eruption around 1640
BC
, Thera, Therasia and Aspronisi formed a ring-shaped island with a sea-flooded caldera in the middle. The so-called Pre-Kameni Island was situated in the centre of the caldera. This reconstruction is based on the study of stromatolites found in eruption products as well as other geological observations. The location of pre-eruption settlements or sites on the present rim of the Santorini caldera seems to support this reconstruction. Many of the rocks and minerals used in the Bronze Age culture are of local origin. Foraminiferal and mineralogical studies enable us to trace the source areas of a clay deposit found in a grave chamber in the Akrotiri excavation. This clay can be used for pottery making. The foraminiferal and mineralogical studies also help identify the natural drainage system and thus the freshwater supply, which may have been an important factor deciding the location of the Bronze Age settlement.
Late Minoan IB marine ware, the marine environment of the Aegean, and the Bronze Age eruption of the Thera volcano
Authors: Bicknell Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Late Minoan IB fine ware pottery includes a number of decorative styles. The most spectacular of these is characterized by motifs, hitherto only rarely deployed by Cretan vase painters, drawn from the marine world. Late Minoan IB marine ware turns up in ritual contexts, which include human sacrifice. The pottery style is likely to reflect, then, not simply a vagary of secular fashion, but a circumstance or circumstances requiring far-reaching religious attention. It is proposed that Late Minoan IB marine ware and the cult activities in which it was deployed were a response to negative effects of the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption on the marine environment of the Aegean.
The Johnston-Lavis collection: a unique record of Italian volcanism
Authors: Kirk W. L. , Siddall R. , Stead S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Housed at University College London, the Henry James Johnston-Lavis collection of rocks, minerals, photographs, gouaches and engravings is extremely important in that it provides a record of volcanism in southern Italy, especially in the latter part of the 19th century. The collection of the intrepid Dr Johnston-Lavis also contains literature and materials relevant to earlier eruptions of the Italian volcanoes, and sample collections of both rocks and minerals from other world-wide locations of mineralogical and volcanological interest. Although regrettably now much depleted, a substantial part remains, and this continues to be a valuable resource for volcanologists, historical geologists and archaeologists.
Timing of the prehistoric eruption of Xitle Volcano and the abandonment of Cuicuilco Pyramid, Southern Basin of Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez Silvia , Pastrana Alejandro , Siebe Claus , Duller Geoff 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Cuicuilco pyramid was one of the first true urban centres in the Basin of Mexico. Its construction started a few centuries
BC
, during the Late Preclassic period. The pyramid is partially covered by a basaltic lava flow produced by the Xitle monogenetic volcano. New stratigraphic work around the pyramid and the volcano together with new radiocarbon dates indicate that the pyramid and nearby settlements were abandoned as a direct consequence of the volcanic activity of Xitle. The new dates, obtained from material which clearly is contemporaneous with the volcanic activity, suggest that the eruption took place around 1670 years
BP
, some 300 years later than previously thought.
‘A fire spitting volcano in our dear Germany’: documentary evidence for a low-intensity volcanic eruption of the Gleichberg in 1783?
Authors: Grattan J. P. , Gilbertson D. D. , Dill A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper presents documentary evidence suggesting that the most recent volcanic activity in Germany may have occurred just over 200 years ago, rather than the 11 000 years held currently (Ulmener Maar, West Eifel). Several descriptions recounted here suggest that a mountain in Germany, the Gleichberg, may have erupted in the early summer of 1783. The reports of the volcanic event are laden with detail that would tempt the reader to accept them as genuine descriptions of an eruption, had the event been located in an historically active volcanic region. However, there are several reasons to suggest that the report of the Gleichberg eruption was a complex hoax, written to exploit the fear and panic generated by the dry fog present over much of Europe at the same time, which had its origins in the Laki fissure eruption. Geologically, the Gleichberg forms part of the Grabfeld, and is of Tertiary volcanic origin. There are no compelling geological reasons to suggest that this area has been tectonically active in recent times. The convincing detail of the report is used to illustrate the pitfalls waiting for geologists, historians and archaeologists who are using historical documents and folklore to explore the impact of volcanic eruptions upon ancient peoples and environments; time may lend weight to documents and folklore, which in reality may deserve none.
Seismic and volcanic hazards affecting the vulnerability of the Sana’a area of Yemen
Authors: Hughes Richard , Collings Adrian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The City of Sana’a is a World Heritage Site, renowned for its ancient tall and ornate domestic dwellings. Following a moderate, but locally destructive seismic event near Sana’a (Dhamar) in 1982 (
M
s
5.5–6.0), the seismic vulnerability of the city and its hinterland have been reviewed, using the extensive records of the Arab chroniclers, going back over 1500 years. A hazard study indicated that Yemen is a country of moderate seismicity rather than one of low seismicity as previously considered, as records indicated that moderate-sized earthquakes (
M
s
4.0–6.0), have occurred regularly over the last 1000–1500 years. It was determined that Sana’a is in a location where a damaging event could statistically occur every 200 years or so. Using a seismic character similar to that of the 1982 Dhamar event (shallow hypocentre, 40 s duration, peak ground acceleration 0.3
g
, and
M
s
5.5–6.0), the vulnerability of Sana’a was determined from condition surveys of some 250f the historical houses, which proved remarkable levels of active structural distress and fabric decay. It was estimated that nearly 680f the building stock in Sana’a would be severely damaged to totally damaged beyond repair by a similar earthquake, causing a significant loss of life and destruction of a World Heritage Site. Strategies and techniques for reducing the vulnerability of the urban fabric of Sana’a, ranging from simple upgrading within the owners’ means to significant engineering measures, sympathetic to the historical and archaeological fabric of the buildings, are considered. Also considered are volcanic hazards, as records indicate that closely related to the seismic activity in Yemen are occasional, generally small-scale, volcanic eruptions. Several eruptions are indicated to have occurred in the Sana’a area over the last 1500 years, and the area is vulnerable to future eruptions. An event in about
AD
200 is indicated by archaeological work to have overwhelmed several religious sites 20 km north of Sana’a.
Archaeological, geomorphological and geological evidence for a major earthquake at Sagalassos (SW Turkey) around the middle of the seventh century AD
Authors: Waelkens Marc , Sintubin Manuel , Muchez Philippe , Paulissen Etienne 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The ancient city of Sagalassos, located 7 km north of the
ilçe
(centre of an administrative unit) of Ağlasun in the Turkish province of Burdur, was an important centre during the Roman period. The collapse and subsequent repairs of buildings may suggest that at least four distinct earthquakes struck this city. These could have occurred in the second half of the first century AD, the middle of the third century AD, the first quarter of the sixth century AD and the middle of he seventh century AD. The youngest of these four earthquakes could have been so destructive that the city was abandoned. The age of this earthquake is based on coins and pottery dated to the middle of the seventh century AD, overlain by the collapsed monuments. Additional evidence is provided by the fractures in a baked mosaic floor belonging to a library, set on fire in the third quarter of the fourth century AD and filled in with waste material and earth during the fire. A directional analysis of the fractures in the mosaic floor of the Library, on the pavement of the Upper Agora and on the Theatre steps gives some insight into the local stress field associated with this earthquake. The palaeostress field, inferred from this analysis, is similar to that created by a transtensional strike-slip activity on an E-W-trending tear fault, situated just north of the city. Although it cannot be proven that the earthquake was related to activity along this fault, the magnitude of the destruction suggests an epicentre in the proximity of the city.
The geological origins of the oracle at Delphi, Greece
Authors: De Boer J. Z. , Hale J. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Ancient authors from Plato to Pausanias have left descriptions of Delphi’s oracle and its mantic sessions. The latter were interpreted as events in which the Pythia (priestess) placed herself on a tripod over a cleft (fissure) in the ground below the Apollo temple. Here she inhaled a vapour rising from the cleft, and became inspired with the power of prophecy. French archaeologists who excavated the oracle site at the turn of the century reported no evidence of either fissures or gaseous emissions and concluded that the ancient accounts were myths. As a result, modern classical scholars and many archaeologists reject the ancient testimonies concerning the mantic sessions and their geological origin. However, the geological conditions at the oracle site do not
a priori
exclude the early accounts. A major WNW-ESE fault zone and a minor swarm of NNW-SSE fractures intersect below the site. These intersection(s) provided pathways for rising ground water, including a spring below the Apollo temple. The faults broke through a bituminous limestone formation at relatively shallow depth. Hydrocarbon gases that originated in this formation may have escaped during and after seismo-tectonic events. Such gases can induce mild narcotic effects. It is highly probable therefore that the Pythia’s inspiration resulted from the inhalation of light hydrocarbon gases, which rose along a fissure (fracture) in the adyton below the Apollo temple.