bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social and emotional characteristics of adults seeking a cochlear implant and their spouses
Authors: Knutson John F. , Johnson Abigail , Murray Kathleen T. 
Published: April 2006

Objectives. Because past research has shown that benefits of cochlear implantation may include a significant decrease in psychological and emotional difficulties, this study examined whether persons seeking cochlear implants in recent years differed psychologically from those referred in the early 1980s. A second objective was to explore mechanisms by which profound deafness could contribute to psychological and emotional difficulties for implant candidates and their spouses.Methods. 178 cochlear implant candidates referred from 1981 to 1998 at the University of Iowa Hospitals completed a standard battery of psychological tests and questionnaires. The sample was divided into six 3‐year cohorts and compared on standardized measures of psychological and emotional adjustment, and in participation in social and non‐social activities. Spouses of implant candidates completed a similar assessment.Results. The sample was characterized by elevations in depression, social introversion, suspiciousness, and social anxiety and loneliness. There were no significant differences among cohorts across time except for an increase in expectations for implant success. Spouses also evidenced elevated levels of psychological distress. Hearing status was associated with significant differences in social activity participation. A paradoxical interaction was found between marital status and deafness.Conclusions. There was no evidence that the psychological status of implant candidates is changing across time, suggesting continued psychological benefit for persons receiving cochlear implants. Both candidates and their spouses participated in fewer social activities than normal controls. Findings underscore the complex relation between marital status, deafness, and engagement and participation in positive activities.
A COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR EDITING DIAGNOSTIC KEYS FOR FLORA NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Morse Larry E. , Beaman John H. , Shetler Stanwyn G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryComputer programs are being developed and tested for editing dichotomous keys, particularly to meet the challenges offered by the Flora North America Project. An elementary editing system is available for revising previously prepared keys; the new versions are then printed in conventional indented form. An advanced editing system currently being tested improves the efficiency of the process and offers a choice of output formats. For this latter approach the data are stored in three files: a taxon list, a descriptor list, and a numeric representation of the key. A variety of editing procedures are possible, including additions and deletions of taxa, changes in descriptors, and even translation of the key from one language to another. The system is designed for compatibility with the first author's experimental programs for constructing keys and making direct identifications.
TYPIFICATION OF THE FAMILY STILBELLACEAE
Authors: Benjamin C. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFor some years there have been uncertainty and disagreement as to which name, Stilbella Lindau or Stilbum Tode ex Fr., more properly designates a genus of the Fungi Imperfecti and whether Stilbellaceae or Stilbaceae should be used as the family name. In view of the recent conservation of the latter family name for a taxon of phanerogamic plants (30) having as its type the genus Stilbe Bergius (1767), it seems appropriate to review the fungus nomenclatural problem.
HISTORY AND TYPIFICATION OF THE GENERIC NAME CUPHEA (LYTHRACEAE)
Authors: Graham Shirley A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe selection of Cuphea P. Browne as the correct name and author for the genus over the names Parsonsia and Melanium is discussed. The identity of the type species is established as C. decandra Ait. by comparison of the morphology and distribution of possible candidates with the original description of the genus.
GENERIC NAMES ENDING IN ‐IS AND THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR STEMS
Authors: Zabinkova Nora 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe determination of the stem of generic names ending in ‐is is a special task for each particular case. In the future it is preferable to avoid such names, except for quite obvious cases, viz. names having a second (final) part of either Greek or Latin origin ending in ‐is, or a Greek stem, with the widespread Greek element ‐itis (itidis), ‐yllis (ellidis) and so on.For existing names one should be guided by the following criteria:

the grammatical form of the ancient word (Latin or Greek).
the existing tradition (which in most cases does not contradict 1).
the formation of the stem by analogy.
GEDANKEN UEBER ZUKUENFTIGE AUFGABEN DER BOTANISCHEN GAERTEN
Authors: Schultze‐Motel Wolfram 
Published: April 2006

SummarySome ideas about future problems of Botanical Gardens. — Botanical Gardens should lay out special “conservation departments” in order to prevent the extinction of plant species. This program of conservation needs international cooperation. Conditions for success are regional specialization, restriction of the number of species in each garden, and utmost care in cultivation.
THE TYPE OF THE GENUS MEDICAGO (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA critical reconsideration of the lectotypification of Medicago by Scofield (1908) has revealed that the designation of Medicago radiata L. as lectotype was not done correctly according to the Code when retroactively applied. The next choice, however, Medicago sativa L. by Britton and Brown (1913) is in accordance with the Code and must be followed. According to the combined criteria by Urban (1873) and Baum (1968) for delimitation of Medicago and Trigonella the choice of either of the two lectotype species will not affect the nomenclatural status of the generic name Medicago.
HYBRIDIZATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF BATRACHIUM
Authors: Cook C. D. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThree groups of species can be distinguished in Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium with respect to their leaf form. The first group of species produce only entire leaves and are primarily terrestrial. The second group produce only dissected leaves and all species are submerged aquatics. The third group is heterophyllous and the species produce both entire and divided leaves. The heterophyllous species are adapted to fluctuating water levels. The control of heterophylly is complex. When heterophyllous species are crossed the F1 offspring are unstable in leaf form, but in the Fa stable, non‐heterophyllous segregants are found which in one jump may be preadapted to terrestrial or submerged conditions. Such decreased epigenctic versatility in hybrids may be important in the evolution of higher plants.
HYBRIDIZATION AND EVOLUTION — A DISCUSSION
Authors: Levin Donald A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe interaction of divergent genomes as seen in the expression and stability of molecular, physiological and morphological characters may have a profound effect on the fitness of hybrids and bring forward new variations on which selection may act. The evolutionary implications of developmental interactions should prove to be a most rewarding area of inquiry for biosystematists.
BIOSYSTEMATICS: AN AVENUE TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe distinctive feature of biosystematics is considered to be its emphasis upon the processes responsible for differences between taxa, rather than the differences themselves. A progress report on our knowledge of these processes can be summarized as follows. With respect to divergent adaptations to different environments, we understand well their genetic basis, and are now ready to analyze them in terms of gene action in development and metabolism. A valuable new tool for this purpose is the study of isozyme differences by gel electrophoresis. With respect to the origin of barriers of reproductive isolation that play a large role in the origin of species, we need further tests of the hypothesis that chromosomal repatterning is established through the action of natural selection, because of the different adaptive values of differing clusters of linked genes. A new hypothesis that also needs testing is that hybrid inviability or sterility may be produced by disharmonious interaction between genes that code for different subunits of the same multimer enzyme. Valuable studies of hybridization are directed toward determining the importance of transgressive segregation in the origin of new characters. Our understanding of differences in karyotypes must now be based upon the demonstrated fact that even diploid organisms contain large stretches of chromosomal DNA that is duplicated in tandem fashion. With respect to major trends of evolution, several examples are cited which indicate that the origin of genera and other higher categories can take place through an extension of the processes mentioned earlier. An important fact in this connection is that many natural populations of plants contain hidden genetic variation with respect to such basic characteristics as the number of parts of a flower.
EPHEMEROPSIDACEAE — EIN NEUER NAME FÜR EINE FAMILIE DER LAUBMOOSE
Authors: Schultze‐Motel Wolfram 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEphemeropsidaceae is a new name for a moss family to replace the illegitimate name Nemataceae. The family consists of the genus Ephemeropsis with two species: E. tjibodensis and E. trentepohlioides.
APPLICATION OF AN INFORMATION THEORY MODEL FOR CHARACTER ANALYSIS IN THE GENUS ARCEUTHOBIUM (VISCACEAE)
Authors: Hawksworth Frank G. , Estabrook George F. , Rogers David J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA character for a group under study embodies the notion of “similar with respect to a basis for comparison” by inducing a partition of the group into classes called character states. Objects which are members of the same state are considered similar. The information in a character can be measured. This enables us to determine that

Some characters share information with other characters.
Some properties may be predicted from knowledge of other properties.
Conventional notions of character “equality” and “weighting” are often misleading.
In a very real sense, a classification is a character and may be measured for its information preserving capacity.
The information in selected characters of the genus Arceuthobium was analysed in this manner; the results of this analysis are presented.
ON ARTICLE 74 OF THE CODE AND ON THE CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF LINNAEUS'S GENERIC NAMES
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is proposed to accept as the correct spelling of generic names in Linnaeus's Species plantarum ed. 1 and Genera plantarum ed. 5 the spelling appearing in Linnaeus's Philosophia botanica (ed. 1, 1751) and to delete Article 74 from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF TWO SPECIES OF SANSEVIERIA (AGAVACEAE)
Authors: Wijnands D. O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe correct name for the species commonly known as Sansevieria thyrsiflora Thunb. or Sansevieria guineensis (L.) Willd is Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, typified by C. Commelin, Praeludia Botanica 84. t. 33. 1703. Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. is a correct name.
COMPUTER‐ASSISTED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF THE DATA OF TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Morse Larry E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis survey concerns computer‐assisted storage and retrieval of the data of taxonomy and systematic biology. First, specimen data and ecological data are briefly considered. Next, taxon‐level information is discussed, with emphasis on the role of the taxonomic hierarchy in information storage and retrieval. Following that background material, some general conditions under which computer processing of taxonomic information can be of benefit are considered, and some specific criteria for comparing and evaluating taxonomic information systems are suggested. As examples of the various approaches to computer processing of taxonomic information, several recent projects are reviewed. Finally, computer‐based information networks are considered as a coming development in taxonomic data processing, to supplement but not replace traditional museum collections and publications.
INTRAINDIVIDUAL PHENOLIC VARIATION IN THE GENUS TIARELLA (SAXIFRAGACEAE); ITS GENETIC REGULATION AND APPLICATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Taylor Ronald J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsing paper chromatography, phenolic pigment profiles were established for each of 160 plants representing three species and various intermediate (“hybrid”) forms of Tiarella (Saxifragaceae). The 160 plants included two collections of 80 plants each, one collection made on July 13, the other on August 10 (1969). All plants were collected during anthesis from a sympatric population.The similarities of pigment profiles were determined by computer programming and were used as measurements of interspecific, intraspecific, and intraindividual variation, the latter represented by phenolic changes which occurred between collection dates. Consideration has been given to various phenomenona which might have induced intraindividual variation and its genetic regulation and application to systematics have been emphasized.
THE MELASTOMATACEAE COLLECTIONS OF A. R. FERREIRA
Authors: Wurdack J. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA. R. Ferreira made extensive collections in the Amazon valley and northern Planalto of Brazil during 1783—1792. The Paris duplicates of these collections have been studied by many monographers, but are usually not attributed to Ferreira. The Ferreira Melastomataceae have generally been cited as collected by Bonpland, resulting in misleading phytogeography. The melastome types now known from this early expedition are listed, with some notes on the species synonymy.
WILLIAM A. SCHIPP'S BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE STANN CREEK AND TOLEDO DISTRICTS, BRITISH HONDURAS (1929—1935)
Authors: Lowden Richard M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHerbarium sets distributed by William A. Schipp to European and American institutions represent one of the most significant and extensive collections ever made of the coastal plain flora for the Stann Creek and Toledo Districts of southern British Honduras. Schipp (1933‐34) compiled the first complete flora of these districts in the form of a Catalogue entitled, Flora of British Honduras, Pricelist of Seeds & Herbarium Material. As a professional Botanical Explorer, Schipp's discrimination in the field yielded a total of 154 taxa new to science, including two new genera, Schippia Burret and Schizocardia Smith & Standley (= Purdiaea Planchon). Itineraries for collections made by Schipp from 1929 through 1935 are based on 1462 herbarium specimens found in the Forestry Department Herbarium, Paslow Building, Belize City, British Honduras. Schipp's specimens in the Forestry Department Herbarium include 115 isotypes which have been verified, restored, and placed in a type collection. Maps are presented to aid in the location of previously vague type localities.
DIE AELTESTE EMENDATION VON STIPA PENNATA L.
Authors: Rauschert Stephan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAccording to Art. 53 of the ICBN the name Stipa pennata L. which is given as an example to the rule in the Code, must be used for S. joannis Čelak.; it was Mansfeld (1939) who reintroduced this name. Some recent authors abandon Mansfeld's lectotypification and propose to eliminate the example of S. pennata L. from Art. 53. The present author shows that there is no reason to do so because the alteration of the diagnosis given by Steven (1857) cannot be considered an emendation and Mansfeld's lectotypification was not based upon a misinterpretation of the original description.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF SCHIZOMITRIUM B.S.G. (MUSCI, Hookeriaceae)
Authors: Crosby Marshall R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA study of the original publication of Schizomitrium B.S.G. together with materials concerning the three species cited therein clarifies its identity. Lectotypification of Schizomitrium (1851) causes Callicostella (C. Müll.) Mitt. (1859) to fall into synonymy.
THE STATUS OF ASTER ADSURGENS E.L. GREENE
Authors: Jones Almut G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn all treatments of western North American taxa of Aster subsequent to Greene's description of Aster adsurgens in Pittonia 4: 216‐217, 1900, this species was placed in the section Multiflori as a close ally to or a synonym of A. commutatus (T. 8c G.) A. Gray (= A. falcatus commutatus). Examination of the type material reveals that the name does not apply to a taxon of the section Multiflori at all, and a comparison with the corresponding type specimen (Drummond 580, K!) clearly places A. adsurgens in synonymy under A. ascendens Lindley in Hooker (1834).
PREMIERE REVISION DU COMPLEXE ARISTIDA MECCANA, ARISTIDA MUTABILIS (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Bourreil Pierre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe results of research concerning 87 mostly herbal shoots permitted us to divide a complex of essentially African Aristida's into two Linnaean species and sub‐specific units. The criteria of differentiation proposed were submitted to statistical tests. The seeds were brought to Marseille in order to cultivate them in a homogeneous environment (greenhouse and botanical garden). This latitudinal translation of seeds over a distance of 2300 to 2800 kilometers in a single hemisphere eliminates unstable specific characteristics retaining only those adequately differentiating the taxa. The ecological upheaval (Bourreil 1967‐b1) affecting the same lineages, permitted us to establish a biometrical test value of homogeneity (t = Z/Sd) for one characteristic, by comparing the averages between the native and the cultivated samples. This value, resulting from the maximal plasticity of the taxon, can be compared to a standard test for the purposes of our work. The same calculations applied to the herbarium samples give a value clearly superior to that of this standard, thus guaranteeing the specific differentiation. The results show the advantage of making use of ecological and statistical criteria in taxonomic research.
TURCZANINOW'S FLORA BAICALENSI‐DAHURICA
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn analysis of the publication, in instalments, of Turczaninow's Flora in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou together with a statement of the way the type was used to produce the consolidated reprint in book‐form.
COMMENTS ON THE SEARCH FOR A ‘PERFECT SYSTEM’
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA fairy story on biosystematics making the point that there do not exist in nature groups of individuals which must be grouped in only one way as objective, uncontestable species. On the other hand, species are not purely subjective groupings, carved out of an amorphous welter of varying populations. The organized systems of populations, forming an irregular variation pattern, is characterized by modes of similar variants separated by larger or smaller gaps of discontinuity. The best system for any group is one synthesized from data of all kinds.
F. ALLAMAND UND SEINE BOTANISCHEN BEOBACHTUNGEN
Authors: Markgraf F. , Steiger R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA biographical sketch of the botanical activities of the Swiss physician Frédéric Allamand (1735–?). Allamand visited Suriname in 1756 and 1760 and put his botanical annotations of those trips at the disposal of Linnaeus. In later years, when in St. Petersburg, he sent the remainder of his collections (part of them had been lost) to Linnaeus.
HENRI PITTIER'S BOTANICAL ACTIVITY IN PANAMA
Authors: Dwyer John D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHenri Pittier was one of the most important plant collectors in the Republic of Panama during the time of the construction of the Panama Canal by the Americans (1903‐1914). The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail Pittier's botanical activities in the Republic and to include a list of those collections which are type collections.
CHRYSOLARIX RENOUNCED ‐ A COMEDY OF RESTORATION
Authors: Moore Harold E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChrysolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) H. E. Moore and Pseudolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) Rehder have contended as names for the golden larch. The correct name is Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon, a name which stands in its own right because the type of Pinus kaempferi Lambert, a name cited in synonymy, was excluded from the concept by Gordon.
STUDIES IN BIGNONIACEAE VII. DENDROSICUS, ENALLAGMA, AND AMPHITECNA
Authors: Gentry Alwyn H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genera Enallagma and Amphitecna are united. Their union makes advisable the resurrection of Rafinesque's Dendrosicus as the name for the combined genus. A conspectus of the species of Dendrosicus is given including four new combinations and a discussion of the typification of D. latifolius.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Ornduff Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany of the diverse floral characteristics used by taxonomists in assessing relationships among taxa represent adaptations to specific pollinators or pollinating methods. Therefore, the diversity of reproductive methods that occurs within a phylad has a strong influence on the number of taxa that are generally recognized in the phylad. Such evolutionary phenomena as convergence and adaptive radiation of floral patterns influence the taxonomic status of various phylads or the relationships that are seen among them. Incompatibility systems are generally unassociated with morphological distinctions, but are of practical importance in crossing programs designed to test the presence and nature of genetic isolation between species, since an unawareness of their existence may lead to erroneous taxonomic conclusions. Similarly, unilateral incompatibility is discussed in relation to certain practicalities in hybridization programs. Morphological features associated with dioecism and heterostyly are disscussed as a generally overlooked source of potentially very useful taxonomic characters. The importance of adaptations to different pollinators as a basis of interspecific isolating mechanisms is stressed, as are the possible positive evolutionary (and taxonomic) consequences of a breakdown in this isolation. Floral and other characters associated with autogamy are discussed and examples are given where the relationships of autogamous taxa are uncertain because of their highly specialized reduced flowers. It is suggested that taxonomists should make an attempt to understand the reproductive methods of the plants with which they work, since such an understanding will strengthen the foundation upon which taxonomic judgments are made.
PROTISTAN PHYLOGENY AS INDICATED BY THE FOSSIL RECORD
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEven though the fossil record is incomplete and perhaps difficult to use in phylogenetic studies of the Protista, in the last resort it is the true basis for any real phylogeny as the dimension of time must be taken into consideration. Other hypothetical phylogenies represent speculation based on analysis of a single time plane. Major algal differentiation was a series of ancient events that took place early in the Precambrian and preceded the diversification of the animal kingdom. Every plant division, five of the classes and seven orders of plants, are represented by fossils of Precambrian age. In addition over 1500 described cyst species of some algal group (= Hystrichophyta or Acritarcha) occur in the Precambrian and Paleozoic, that may eventually fill in some of the gaps in the fossil record of the algae and contribute to a refinement of any future phylogenetic studies. With the increasing cooperation developing today between modern biologists and paleontologists interested in phylogenetic studies, I am optimistic for the future of this interesting and highly speculative field.