bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Analysis of Sediment Quality Criteria and Hazard/Risk Assessment Tools
Authors: Galvez-Cloutier R , Yong RN , Chan J , Bahout E 
Published: March 2009

The Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office is funding the Geotechnical Research Centre to facilitate their participation in the analysis of the Environmental Impact Statement during the public hearings of the Lachine Canal decontamination project. A summary and critical analysis of recent research and practical experience in the interpretation and application of sediment quality criteria and hazard/risk assessment tools was prepared for use in a comparative examination for the Lachine project.
This present survey shows that various approaches can be taken when establishing both sediment quality and remediation criteria, in light of an increasing preference for flexible guidelines that can be adjusted according to specific site conditions and that will marry more than one approach.
Depending on the complexity of the decontamination scenario, there exist different levels of application in the analysis of the hazard and risk. Simple and complex models are available, but their actual application in ongoing sediment decontamination projects is minimal due to lack of understanding of the basics of contaminant exposure assessment and exposure routes.
Tests and Analyses for Fully Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Plane Strain Mode I Crack Growth
Authors: McClintock FA , Kim Y-J , Parks DM 
Published: March 2009

Under monotonic loading, structures should ideally be ductile enough to provide continued resistance during crack growth. Such fully plastic behavior is of interest in design against collisions, tank car accidents, earthquakes, and ship groundings. For fully plastic crack growth in low strength alloys, existing asymptotic solutions for elastic-plastic growing cracks are not applicable because they reach the fracture strain only in regions small compared to the inhomogeneities of the actual fracture process.
For the limiting case of non-hardening fully-plastic plane strain crack growth, in a number of geometries and loadings the near-tip fields are characterized in terms of three parameters: an effective angle 2θs between a pair of slip planes, and the normal stress σs and the increment of displacement δus across the planes. This three-parameter characterization is in contrast to the one- or two-parameter (K or J and T or Q) characterization in linear or non-linear elastic fracture mechanics. These θs, σs, and δus parameters are found from the far-field geometries and loadings through slip line fields or least upper bound analyses based on circular arcs. The resulting crack growth, in terms of the crack tip opening angle (CTOA), is a function of θs, σs and the material. The geometry of the crack growing between two moving slip planes emanating from its tip reduces this function to the critical fracture shear strain left behind the slip planes, γf, as a function of σs, γf(σs) is found theoretically from a hole initiation and growth model. It is also found from preliminary fully plastic crack growth experiments on unequally grooved specimens with fixed-grip extension or 4-point bending of a 1018 CF steel. At high triaxialities and also after strain aging, cleavage intervened abruptly, even during stable, slow deformation.
CTOD (δ5) Estimate of Mis-Matched Joints Using the ETM-MM Procedure
Authors: Hornet P , Koçak M , Hao S , Cornec A , Schwalbe K-H 
Published: March 2009

Defect assessment analyses of engineering structures require information on the elastic-plastic crack driving force. The Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) has been developed at the GKSS Research Center to estimate the crack tip opening displacement CTOD (δ5) and the J-integral for homogeneous specimens. When the plasticity properties of base and weld metals are different, which is referred to as weld strength mis-match, the defect assessment procedures need to be modified accordingly. Therefore, the ETM has recently been extended (ETM-MM) to predict the CTOD for tension loaded wide plates with transverse strength mis-matched welds containing through thickness cracks parallel to the weld / base metal interface, in the middle of the weld by finite element calculations and analytical considerations.
This paper presents the comparison between the estimates of the ETM-MM procedure and the experimental results of as-welded (AW) and stress relieved (SR) highly overmatched weld CCT specimens. The ETM-MM predictions have been obtained using the yield stress (σ0) and strain hardening exponent (n) data approximated from the true ((σ0t, nt) and the engineering (σ0e, ne) stress-strain curves of the base and eight overmatched weld metals. The ETM-MM procedure generally provides very good estimates; however, it always yields conservative estimates of the CTOD (δ5) for all eight CCT panels with the use σ0e and ne data. On the other hand, the use of σ0t and nt values provides a better agreement with the experimental results for a large range of CTOD (δ5) cases.
Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Al-Li Alloy 1441
Authors: Prakash RV , Parida BK 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue crack growth behavior of Al-Li alloy 1441 having a marginally lower lithium content, compared to 80xx and 20xx series Al-Li alloys is presented in this paper. This investigation was conducted on single edge tension -SE(T)\3 — specimens, under constant amplitude as well as under MiniLCA flight spectrum loading with the specific objective of determining the effects of stress ratio, orientation, thickness and cladding. Three thicknesses were considered: 1.2 mm(clad and unclad), 2.0 mm(clad and unclad) and 8.0 mm unclad. Constant amplitude fatigue tests were conducted at stress ratios of -0.3, 0.1 and 0.7. Testing was performed under ambient conditions and along three orientations, namely L-T, T-L and L+45 degrees. Crack growth characteristics of this alloy are compared with that of BS:L73 (2014-T4 equivalent) for assessing the possibility of replacing BS:L73.
Significant effect of stress ratio on crack growth rate was observed in all thicknesses. However, in case of 1.2 and 2.0 mm thick sheets, the effect was minimal at intermediate-crack growth regime. The orientation of the specimen does not adversely affect the fatigue crack growth behavior of 8.0 mm and 2.0 mm thick specimens. However, for 1.2 mm unclad sheet crack growth resistance in L-T direction was found to be superior to that along T-L direction. In majority of test cases considered, no significant effect was observed on crack growth rate due to thickness or cladding. Crack growth characteristics of Al-Li alloy 1441 and Al-Cu alloy BS:L73 under constant amplitude as well as MiniLCA spectrum loading are similar in the low and intermediate-crack growth rate regime. Based on these observations, it is felt that this Al-Li alloy has the potential for future aerospace applications.
The Application of a Logic Framework for Fatigue Crack Growth Analyses to Microstructural Effects
Authors: Xu JG , Liu HW 
Published: March 2009

△K has been widely used to correlate da/dN data. The relation between da/dN and △K is usually found empirically. However, fatigue crack growth relations can also be derived theoretically. Three fatigue crack growth theories are derived for the state of small scale yielding and plane strain. These three theories constitute a logic framework useful for fatigue crack growth analyses. The application of the logic framework to the analyses of microstructural effects on fatigue crack growth is illustrated.
The fatigue crack growth curve of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy has five distinct regions. A fatigue crack grows by crack-tip shear decohesion forming striations and by brittle fractures of particles followed by localized shear decohesion at these microcracks forming dimples. The logic framework helps to relate the fatigue crack growth behaviors in these five regions to the fractures of inclusions and to the resistance of grain boundaries and dispersoids to shear decohesion.
Promoted Ignition-Combustion Behavior of Light Metals in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Authors: Zawierucha R , McIlroy K , Million JF 
Published: March 2009

Promoted ignition-combustion is a term which has been used to describe a situation where a substance with poor oxygen compatibility ignites and supports the combustion of a more resistant material. Previous papers on the subject in recent years have reported on the investigation of this phenomenon as it relates to aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steels and a number of engineering alloys.
Aluminum alloys are used in the construction of equipment found in industrial gas applications. Yet, promoted ignition-combustion test data on aluminum samples showing the effects of variables such as test pressure, oxygen purity, promoter types, etc. on promoted ignition-combustion behavior of one aluminum alloy are scarce over the full spectrum of oxygen enriched atmospheres which might be encountered in the industrial gas business.
Titanium alloys are preferred materials of construction in certain environments where severe corrosion is of concern. However, there are known instances where they have proven to be incompatible with oxidizers such as liquid oxygen, gaseous oxygen, red fuming nitric acid and “red” nitrogen tetroxide. Recent developments in titanium alloys have been oriented towards improvement of their ignition resistance in oxygen enriched environments for specific applications.
In this investigation, the promoted-ignition combustion behavior of aluminum alloy 5183 was studied in oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures over the pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 20.8 MPa with oxygen purities ranging from 40% to 99.7% using 3.175 mm diameter rods. Utilizing the same test method and specimen size, the promoted ignition-combustion resistance of a commercially pure titanium alloy and Nb-55Ti titanium alloy was studied in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures with oxygen purities ranging from 30 to 80% oxygen at pressures up to 1.5 MPa.
Reaction of Molten/Burning Aluminum with Liquid Oxygen
Authors: Barthélémy HM , Muller C 
Published: March 2009

Aluminum packings and trays are used in the cryogenic distillation of air. During the sixth International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres, we presented test results under simulated operating conditions of aluminum packings in oxygen atmosphere. Flammability tests were also performed on aluminum tray samples and heat exchangers. During these tests, a violent energy release (VER) was observed when aluminum samples were ignited and a LOX pool was present. It was established that this phenomenon was not relevant for the operating conditions of cryogenic air separation plants, but the conditions necessary to obtain/explain this VER were not clear. The VER's were attributed to molten/burning aluminum coming into contact with LOX. In this paper we have analyzed, from the tests already performed, the conditions/parameters necessary for this phenomenon to occur. Further tests were also performed involving aluminum rods, in order to get a better understanding of this phenomenon. The results show that the necessary conditions to obtain a pressure wave: ♦ do not depend on the geometry of the sample (packings, trays, heat exchangers, rods) ♦ are the simultaneous presence of a vaporizable liquid (LOX) and a very hot molten material (liquid aluminum T &gt; 1900 K or liquid alumina) ♦ are the rapid contact and mixing of these two liquids so as to get a quick vaporization of LOX.
These conditions are very similar to those encountered in Molten fuel/coolant, interactions which have been widely studied for nuclear reactor safety. An analogy between the two types of reactions is proposed to enhance the understanding of the physical phenomena involved in Aluminum/LOX reactions.
Medical Oxygen Administration: A Comparison of National Training Courses
Authors: Starr LM 
Published: March 2009

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controls the distribution and labeling of portable oxygen devices used for emergency resuscitation and life support. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a division of the Department of Labor, promulgates standards for ensuring adequate safety and health at the workplace which include the use of devices during life support and first aid. Unfortunately, neither agency has established criteria or content for a medical oxygen training class.
To fill this void, several national training organizations have created and distributed programs to teach administration of oxygen. The National Safety Council and SOS Technologies direct their programs primarily towards basic first aid responders in the workplace. The American Red Cross course focuses on workplace or community First Responders, an advanced emergency care program. The Divers Alert Network has created a course for those desiring to help a person with a marine or diving emergency.
The assumptions, structure, and content of each of the programs are briefly described. Critical issues associated with oxygen use, service, and storage are identified. An evaluation of how each program addresses these issues is presented. The paper concludes with comments and recommendations about each of the oxygen administration programs currently available.
Assessment of the Potential for Long-Term Toxicological Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Birds and Mammals
Authors: Hartung R 
Published: March 2009

This paper assesses the potential for direct long-term toxicological effects of exposures to oils in birds and mammals by tracing exposures and effects from the initial acute phases through the sub-chronic to the eventual long-term exposures.
The immediate effects of oil spills are physical, the oil acting on the plumage of birds or the fur of mammals. This causes a loss of entrained air and a concomitant reduction in buoyancy and thermal insulation. Animals that escape the immediate impacts may be isolated from their food supply and often ingest large amounts of oil while attempting to clean themselves. At the comparatively high dose levels involved, these exposures can result in toxicologically significant responses in many organ systems.
In the course of an oil pollution incident, the amounts of biologically available oils decrease steadily, and simultaneously the composition of the oils shifts towards those components that have low volatility, and that resist photo- and bio-degradation. As this occurs, the primary pathways of exposure change from direct intakes to indirect routes involving the food supply. Although laboratory studies often report finding some adverse effects, the dose rates employed in many of these studies are extremely high when compared with those that are potentially available to animals in the wild, and very few actually use weathered oils.
An assessment of the toxicological literature and of the available empirical data on the Exxon Valdez oil spill leads to the conclusion that long-term sub-lethal toxic effects of crude oils on wildlife in such marine spills appear to be very unlikely.
Genetic Variation in KCNQ1 Associates With Fasting Glucose andβ-Cell Function
Authors: Tan Jonathan T. , Nurbaya Siti , Gardner Daphne , Ye Sandra , Tai E. Shyong , Ng Daniel P.K. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
The potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1) has been found through a genome-wide association study to be a strong candidate for conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations. Our objective was to describe the association between polymorphisms at the KCNQ1 locus with insulin resistance, β-cell function, and other type 2 diabetes–related traits in a sample of Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined the associations between four previously reported KCNQ1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes–related traits in 3,734 participants from the population-based 1998 Singapore National Health Survey cohort (2,520 Chinese, 693 Malay, and 521 Asian Indians). Insulin resistance was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose using the homeostasis model assessment method, whereas pancreatic β-cell function was assessed using the corrected insulin response at 120 min (CIR120).

RESULTS
SNPs rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, P = 3 × 10−4; OR 1.38, P = 0.002; OR 1.31, P = 0.012, respectively). Within the Chinese population, the risk alleles for rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with higher fasting glucose levels (P = 0.014, 0.011, and 0.034, respectively) and reduced CIR120(P = 0.007, 0.013, and 0.014, respectively). A similar trend was observed among the Malay and Asian Indian minority groups, although this did not reach statistical significance because of limited sample sizes.

CONCLUSIONS
The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with KCNQ1 is likely to be caused by a reduction in insulin secretion. Further studies will be useful to replicate these findings and to fully delineate the role of KCNQ1 and its related pathways in disease pathogenesis.
Genome-Wide Association Scan for Diabetic Nephropathy Susceptibility Genes in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Pezzolesi Marcus G. , Poznik G. David , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Paterson Andrew D. , Barati Michelle T. , Klein Jon B. , Ng Daniel P.K. , Placha Grzegorz , Canani Luis H. , Bochenski Jacek , Waggott Daryl , Merchant Michael L. , Krolewski Bozena , Mirea Lucia , Wanic Krzysztof , Katavetin Pisut , Kure Masahiko , Wolkow Pawel , Dunn Jonathon S. , Smiles Adam , Walker William H. , Boright Andrew P. , Bull Shelley B. ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, Doria Alessandro , Rogus John J. , Rich Stephen S. , Warram James H. , Krolewski Andrzej S. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Despite extensive evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, the identification of susceptibility genes and their variants has had limited success. To search for genes that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a genome-wide association scan was implemented on the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes collection.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We genotyped ∼360,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 820 case subjects (284 with proteinuria and 536 with end-stage renal disease) and 885 control subjects with type 1 diabetes. Confirmation of implicated SNPs was sought in 1,304 participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a long-term, prospective investigation of the development of diabetes-associated complications.

RESULTS
A total of 13 SNPs located in four genomic loci were associated with diabetic nephropathy with P &lt; 1 × 10−5. The strongest association was at the FRMD3 (4.1 protein ezrin, radixin, moesin [FERM] domain containing 3) locus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, P = 5.0 × 10−7). A strong association was also identified at the CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) locus (OR = 1.36, P = 3.1 × 10−6). Associations between both loci and time to onset of diabetic nephropathy were supported in the DCCT/EDIC study (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = 0.02, and HR = 1.32, P = 0.01, respectively). We demonstratedexpression of both FRMD3 and CARS in human kidney.

CONCLUSIONS
We identified genetic associations for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy at two novel candidate loci near the FRMD3 and CARS genes. Their identification implicates previously unsuspected pathways in the pathogenesis of this important late complication of type 1 diabetes.
Development of Selective Axonopathy in Adult Sensory Neurons Isolated From Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zherebitskaya Elena , Akude Eli , Smith Darrell R. , Fernyhough Paul 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pro-oxidant factors in distal neurodegeneration in diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that sensory neurons exposed to type 1 diabetes would exhibit enhanced ROS and oxidative stress and determined whether this stress was associated with abnormal axon outgrowth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Lumbar dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons from normal or 3- to 5-month streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were cultured with 10 or 25–50 mmol/l glucose. Cell survival and axon outgrowth were assessed. ROS were analyzed using confocal microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining detected expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and MitoFluor Green dye detected mitochondria.

RESULTS
Dorsal root ganglion neurons from normal rats exposed to 25–50 mmol/l glucose did not exhibit oxidative stress or cell death. Cultures from diabetic rats exhibited a twofold (P &lt; 0.001) elevation of ROS in axons after 24 h in 25 mmol/l glucose compared with 10 mmol/l glucose or mannitol. Perikarya exhibited no change in ROS levels. Axonal outgrowth was reduced by approximately twofold (P &lt; 0.001) in diabetic cultures compared with control, as was expression of MnSOD. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (1 mmol/l) lowered axonal ROS levels, normalized aberrant axonal structure, and prevented deficits in axonal outgrowth in diabetic neurons (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Dorsal root ganglia neurons with a history of diabetes expressed low MnSOD and high ROS in axons. Oxidative stress was initiated by high glucose concentration in neurons with an STZ-induced diabetic phenotype. Induction of ROS was associated with impaired axonal outgrowth and aberrant dystrophic structures that may precede or predispose the axon to degeneration and dissolution in human diabetic neuropathy.
Usual Source of Care as a Health Insurance Substitute for U.S. Adults With Diabetes?
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Tillotson Carrie J. , Wallace Lorraine S. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of health insurance and/or a usual source of care (USC) on receipt of diabetic-specific services and health care barriers for U.S. adults with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Secondary analyses of data from 6,562 diabetic individuals aged ≥18 years from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2002 to 2005 were performed. Outcome measures included receipt of seven diabetic services plus five barriers to care.

RESULTS
More than 84% of diabetic individuals in the U.S. had full-year coverage and a USC; 2.3% had neither one. In multivariate analyses, the uninsured with no USC had one-fifth the odds of receiving A1C screening (odds ratio 0.23 [95% CI 0.14–0.38]) and one-tenth the odds of a blood pressure check (0.08 [0.05–0.15]), compared with insured diabetic individuals with a USC. Similarly, being uninsured without a USC was associated with 5.5 times the likelihood of unmet medical needs (5.51 [3.49–8.70]) and three times more delayed urgent care (3.13 [1.53–6.38]) compared with being insured with a USC. Among the two groups with either insurance or a USC, diabetic individuals with only a USC had rates of diabetes-specific care more similar to those of insured individuals with a USC. In contrast, those with only insurance were closer to the reference group with fewer barriers to care.

CONCLUSIONS
Insured diabetic individuals with a USC were better off than those with only a USC, only insurance, or neither one. Policy reforms must target both the financing and the delivery systems to achieve increased receipt of diabetes services and decreased barriers to care.
COCOS: A New Sinex Combination Software
Authors: Lytvyn M. 
Published: February 2009

COCOS: A New Sinex Combination SoftwareA simple and flexible algorithm for combination of space geodesy observations is presented. The CoCoS software that implements this algorithm is described in details. The combined GPS-VLBI solution for the CONT02 VLBI experiment data and observations from co-located GPS sites is obtained and discussed.