bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyunsaturation in cell membranes and lipid bilayers and its effects on membrane proteins
Authors: Slater Simon J. , Kelly Mary Beth , Yeager Mark D. , Larkin J. , Ho Cojen , Stubbs Christopher D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of variation of the degree ofcis‐unsaturation on cell membrane protein functioning was investigated using a model lipid bilayer system and protein kinase C (PKC). This protein is a key element of signal transduction. Furthermore it is representative of a class of extrinsic membrane proteins that show lipid dependent interactions with cell membranes. To test for dependence of activity on the phospholipid unsaturation, experiments were devised using a vesicle assay system consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in which the unsaturation was systematically varied. Highly purified PKCα and ε were obtained using the baculovirus‐insect cell expression system. It was shown that increased PC unsaturation elevated the activity of PKCα. By contrast, increasing the unsaturation of PSdecreased the activity of PKCα, and to a lesser extent PKCε. This result immediately rules out any single lipid bilayer physical parameter, such as lipid order, underlying the effect. It is proposed that while PC unsaturation effects are explainable on the basis of a contribution to membrane surface curvature stress, the effects of PS unsaturation may be due to specific protein‐lipid interactions. Overall, the results indicate that altered phospholipid unsaturation in cell membranes that occurs in certain disease states such as chronic alcoholism, or by dietary manipulations, are likely to have profound effects on signal transduction pathways involving PKC and similar proteins.
Marked enrichment of the alkenylacyl subclass of plasma ethanolamine glycerophospholipid with eicosapentaenoic acid in human subjects consuming a fish oil concentrate
Authors: Wilkinson Tim , Aukema Harold M. , Thomas Lisa M. , Holub Bruce J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlteration in human platelet fatty acid levels with the consumption of fish oils containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) have been well documented, but changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma plasmalogenic phospholipid under similar circumstances have not been delineated. In the present study, subjects consumed the fish oil concentrate (MaxEPA) for 6 wk followed immediately by a 6‐wk recovery period with no fish oil ingestion. Plasma total choline glycerophospholipid (GPC) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (GPE) subclasses isolated from blood samples obtained at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wk of the experimental period were analyzed for fatty acid composition via thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic techniques. Consumption of fish oil for 3 or 6 wk significantly elevated the content of n‐3 fatty acids while concomitantly decreasing n‐6 fatty acid levels in plasma total GPC and in diacyl and alkenylacyl (plasmalogen) GPE. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest alteration of both n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid levels. Following 6 wk of supplementation with fish oil, EPA rose by 24.6 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE compared to increases of 6.7 and 7.1 mol% in diacyl GPE and total GPC, respectively. The increase in EPA (from 5.0 to 29.6 mol%) in plasma alkenylacyl GPE represents amongst the highest enrichment of EPA in any lipid yet reported in human subjects. DHA also rose by 8.0, 4.8, and 3.1 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE, diacyl GPE, and total GPC, respectively. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest mol% decline (by 18.7 mol%) in arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) following 6 wk of fish oil supplementation. The corresponding decreases of AA in diacyl GPE and total GPC were 8.7 and 1.8 mol%, respectively. Following the 6 wk recovery period, n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid levels had returned to pre‐supplementation values. The marked enrichment of alkenylacyl GPE in n‐3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be of significance with respect to a unique role for this plasma phospholipid subclass in attenuating certain lipoprotein‐mediated cardiovascular effects as observed with fish/fish oil consumption.
Natural and accelerated docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in the prenatal rat brain
Authors: Green Pnina , Yavin Ephraim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe quantity and distribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in major brain phospholipids (PL) was examined in the fetal rat brain before birth, using thin‐layer and capillary column gas chromatography. A rapid increment of DHA content of about 187 μg/g brain/day was observed between 17 to 20 days gestation, as opposed to 39.3±2.9 μg/g brain/day prior to that. Single intraamniotic injections of 5 μL ethyl‐docosahexaenoate (Et‐DHA) 12 μM, 4.25 mg) administered to 17‐day‐old fetuses were used to examine the uptake of DHA into brain PL. Three days following injection, the amount of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by 28% compared to ethyl‐oleate (Et‐Ole) injected fetuses. Compared to the n‐6 fatty acid family, the relative amount of DHA increased in the phosphoatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids by 15 (P=0.02), 13 and 14%, respectively. A major increase in the pool size of phosphatidylinositol and PS (110 and 50.3%, respectively), and a decrease in PC (8.2%) were observed 3 d after Et‐DHA as compared to Et‐Ole administration. The data suggest that a single intraamniotic administration of Et‐DHA can modulate membrane PL content and alter PUFA composition.
n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokine synthesis
Authors: Endres Stefan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cytokines interleukin‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α are potent peptide mediators of the immune response. They exert potent cellular effects at nanomolar concentrations with target tissues ranging from the vascular endothelium, to the central nervous system and immunocompetent cells. The synthesis of these two cytokines can be suppressed pharmacologically by steroids and other immunosuppressive agent such as cyclosporin A. In previous studies we have found that such an inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis can also be achieved by increasing the content of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in leukocyte membranes.
Arachidonic acid maldistribution in obesity
Authors: Phinney Stephen D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractArachidonic acid is an important regulator of cellular function via its effects on the physical properties of membranes, in its free form, or as a substrate for eicosanoids. Dietary studies indicate that its production is regulated, but the mechanisms of this regulation and factors influencing arachidonate distribution from the site of production remain to be determined. In particular, whether there is a nonoxidative fate for arachidonate once it has been released from phospholipid has yet to be determined. Variations in the arachidonate content of serum, liver, and muscle lipid fractions have been correlated with alterations in lipogenesis and insulin action, implying a role for arachidonate in fuel partitioning. Evidence for this mechanism acting systemically has been found in genetic models of obesity in rodents and also in humans. This review proposes that variation in the distribution of arachidonate between phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fractions participates in the abnormal fuel partitioning associated with some forms of genetic obesity.
Trans, n‐3, and n‐6 fatty acids in canadian human milk
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Chen Z. ‐Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe presence oftrans fatty acids in human milk may be a concern because of their possible adverse nutritional and physiological effects on the recipient infant. The mother's diet is the source of human milktrans fatty acids, and since these fatty acids are prevalent in many common foods of the Canadian diet, thetrans fatty acid content and the fatty acid composition of Canadian human milk were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography coupled with silver nitrate‐thin layer chromatography. In samples obtained from 198 lactating mothers across Canada, the average percentage of totaltrans (sum oft18∶1,t18∶2, andt18∶3) was 7.2% of breast milk fatty acids with a range of 0.1–17.2%. Analysis oft18∶1 isomer distribution indicated that partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are the major source of thesetrans fatty acids in human milk, whereas contribution from dairy products appeared to be relatively minor. Linoleci and α‐linolenic acid levels were inversely related to the totaltrans fatty acids, indicating that the elevation oftrans fatty acids in Canadian human milk is at the expense of n‐3 and n‐6 essential fatty acids. Levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids did not correlate with their parent fatty acids, indicating that it might be difficult to elevate the levels of n‐6 and n‐3 C20–22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk by increasing levels of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids in the mother's diet.
The initial stages of autoxidation
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids is initiated by a discrete reaction occurring prior to the formation ofstable hydroperoxides. The products of the initiating reaction were detected by thin‐layer chromatography and by ultraviolet spectral analysis. The reaction initiating autoxidation does not necessarily involve interactions with metals, although it is catalyzed by some heavy metals when these are present in sufficient concentrations. ॅ‐Tocopherol does not inhibit the initiation reaction, and in general, the stability of preparations of esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids is related to the content of prooxygenic substances resulting from this reaction. By taking special precautions to remove these prooxygenic substances, methyl esters containing as many as six double bonds were prepared having significant induction periods at 40C during which there was no measurable uptake of oxygen.
The simultaneous determination of both the quantity and the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides in three to ten microliters of plasma
Authors: Bowers Cyril Y. , Hamilton James G. , Muldrey James E. , Miyamasu Walter T. , Reynolds George Ann , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn integrated system using chromatography on silica gel‐impregnated glass paper, an internal standard and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) makes possible the isolation of triglycerides, the determination of triglyceride, fatty acid composition, and the quantitative determination of triglyceride.Recoveries are good and values for total triglyceride obtained by this system compare favorably with values obtained by application of the hydroxamate colorimetric method to the triglyceride eluate from silicic acid columns. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl ester (CE) fraction is obtainable at the same time by GLC of methyl esters prepared from the CE fractions which also appears as a distinct spot on these chromatograms.Also, a densitometric method is described for triglyceride determination by photometry of the charred spots obtained after chromatography on the gel‐paper.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Metal acetylacetonates
Authors: Emken E. A. , Frankel E. N. , Butterfield R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of linseed and soybean methyl esters was achieved at 100舑180C, 100舑1000 psi H2 and 0.05舑0.25 moles catalyst per mole of ester. The relative activity of metal acetylacetonates in decreasing order was: nickel (III), cobalt (III), copper (II) and iron (III). Reduction occurred readily in methanol solution but only slowly in dimethylformamide and acetic acid. No reduction occurred in the absence of solvents. Soybean oil was also hydrogenated rapidly with nickel (III) acetylacetonate in methanol, but in this system the triglycerides were converted to methyl esters. Nickel (III) acetylacetonate was the most selective catalyst toward linolenate hydrogenation. Methyl linoleate and linolenate hydrogenated with nickel(III) acetylacetonate were fractionated into monoenes, dienes and trienes. Thecis monoenes separated in 62 to 68% yield had double bonds in the original position. The remainingtrans monoenes had extensively scattered unsaturation. The dienes and trienes showed no conjugation, but some of the double bonds in the dienes were not conjugatable with alkali. Little stearate was formed.
N‐2‐mercaptoethyl amides of fatty acids舒A new class of derivatives
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Stolp J. A. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwelve N‐2‐mercaptoethyl amides have been prepared by reacting 2‐aminoethyl mercaptan with a carboxylic acid in refluxing xylene or toluene. All products were well‐defined crystalline compounds except for the dimer acid derivatives. Addition of dithiol amides, prepared from dimer acids and 2‐aminoethyl mercaptan, to diolefins gave a new class of potential protective coatings, a polyamide of a dimerized fatty acid with a ॆ‐thio linkage. Oxidation of the dithiols gave the corresponding disulfides, another new class of compounds, a polyamide with a ॆ‐disulfide structure. Film properties have been obtained with both classes of polymers. Air‐dried films were soft and tacky, but baking the films improved hardness. Dry‐to‐touch times of less than 2 hr at 150C and good alkali resistance were obtained.
Water‐solubilizable oxazoline polyester coating resins
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPreparation of water‐soluble coating resins was attempted by reaction of linseed acids with an aminopolyol, tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and then with itaconic acid. The amino alcohol reacts with linseed acids to form amides and then oxazolines. The oxazolines undergo ringopening to increase their functionality to greater than two. The oxazoline‐polyester resins are only partially water‐soluble, but homogeneous aqueous solutions are formed by addition of isopropyl alcohol and neutralization with an amine. Film properties are described.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XIV. Amphoteric derivatives of alkylbenzenesulfonamides
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurface active amphoteric derivatives were prepared from alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides. Industrial detergent alkylates, as well as benzene and pure 1‐phenylalkanes whose side chains ranged from C1 to C12, were used as starting materials in this study of chemical structure‐physical property relationships. The alkylbenzenes were first converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid, and the sulfonyl chlorides were further treated with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane or N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3‐diaminopropane. The reaction products were quaternized with propanesultone to produce amphoteric surfactants in high yields. The N,N‐dimethyl herivatives of pure phenylalkanes were white crystalline powders, whereas the N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) derivatives were light , lime soap dispersing requirement, surface tension, wetting ability, and calcium ion stability were determined. The commercial detergent alkylate derivatives showed good detergency by themselves as well as in formulations with soap or with soap and silicate builder. Good lime soap dispersing properties were observed with compounds possessing a side chain of at least 4 carbon atoms.
Polymorphic changes in mixtures of confectionery fats
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polymorphic behavior of mixtures of cocoa butter and high melting cocoa butter fraction with three types of confectionery fats and mixtures of the confectionery fats with each other were investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The confectionery fats were an interesterified‐fractionated fat, a hydrogenated‐fractionated fat, and a lauric acid fat. The lowered melting point observed in mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter or cocoa butter fraction was related to the proportion of triglycerides dissimilar to the major components in cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction contained in a particular confectionery fat. The hydrogenated‐fractionated fat contained ca. two‐thirds 2‐oleodisaturated triglycerides similar to the major components of cocoa butter; the interesterified‐fractionated fat, ca. one‐third 2‐oleodisaturated triglycerides. The lauric acid fat contained virtually no triglycerides similar to cocoa butter. The series of mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction that had the least melting point lowering were those that contained 25% hydrogenated‐fractionated fat; the ones that had the greatest lowering of melting point were those that contained 25% lauric acid fat. Mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter possessed considerable amounts of low melting components, whereas similar mixtures with cocoa butter fraction exhibited a narrower melting range and possessed few low melting components. The more highly crystalline confectionery fats can accommodate the addition of fats containing some low melting components. The most compatible of the series of mixtures of confectionery fats with each other was the mixture of interesterified‐fractionated fat containing 25% hydrogenated fractionated fat; the least compatible, hydrogenated fractionated fat containing 25% lauric acid fat.
Coconut flour: Technology and cost of manufacture
Authors: Hagenmaier R. D. , Quinitio P. H. , Clark S. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcessing operations are described for production of oil and coconut flour from fresh coconuts. The nuts first are made into white desiccated coconuts in drying plants, and then prepressed, flaked, and hexane extracted in a central facility. White coconut flour that is produced contains 25% protein and only 0.5% oil. The process would be commercially feasible in the Philippines if a coconut flour price of $315 per metric ton were assumed.
Strength properties of floor finish films
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Buzzelli O. R. , Wicklund K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnsupported floor finish films were prepared by deposition on glass and removal after soaking in water. The films were then studied for tensile properties, using an Instron Tester. Measurements were attempted and developed for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and tearing strength. Differences in film forming characteristics were observed for various floor finishes. Attempts were made to explore film properties, and it was possible to measure differences in film strength properties resulting from scrubbing with detergent‐stripper systems.
Solubilizing power of some anionic surface active agents
Authors: Ogino K. , Abe M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSolubilizing power of anionic surfactants was studied with the aid of turbidimetry. The work was based on the finding that although the calcium salts of anionic surfactants are insoluble in water and produce turbidity, they become soluble in the presence of excess calcium ions. The critical micelle values obtained by the turbidimetry were in good agreement with those of other authors.
Nylon‐9 from unsaturated fatty derivatives: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Perkins R. B. , Roden J. J. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl azelaaldehydate, soy nitriles, and oleonitrile were compared as starting materials for making nylon‐9. Less difficulty was encountered in purifying intermediates from oleonitrile than from the other two. All 3 routes involved hydrolysis of methyl 9‐aminononanoate to 9‐aminononanoic acid. Self catalyzed hydrolysis of the amino ester in water produced low yields of monomer owing to oligomer formation, but hydrolysis in the presence of barium hydroxide was more successful. Polymerization of the amino acid proceeded smoothly with 9‐acetamidononanoic acid used to control mol wt. Strength and moisture absorbing properties were determined for nylon‐9, as well as for nylon‐6/9, ‐9/11, and ‐9/12 copolymers. Nylon‐9 has attractive properties, offering tensile yield and flexural strengths approaching those of nylon‐6, while having low water absorption closely approaching that of nylon‐11 and ‐12. The cost of producing 10,000,000 lb/year of nylon‐9 from purchased oleonitrile was estimated to be .99/Ib at 100% yield and $2.18/Ib at 35.5% yield. Further process development is needed before yields in a commercial plant can be forecast.
A new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Halbrook Noah J. , Agee G. Worthen 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit for oil and moisture content has been developed wherein it is possible to largely eliminate the sampling errors which occur in component procedure used in the past because of the relatively small samples used. Collaborative studies have indicated that to obtain results similar to those obtained in analysis by the component procedure a correction of 0.37% must be subtracted from the oil content obtained with the Wiley‐Bauer ground fruit, but no correction appears to be necessary in the case of the Wiley‐Raymond ground material.
Dielectric properties of odd‐numbered alcohol esters of C14, C16 and C18 acids
Authors: Hunter James J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe dielectric properties of pentadecyl and heptadecyl tetradecanoate, pentadecyl hexadecanoate, pentadecyl and heptadecyl octadecanoate were investigated over a frequency range of 0.1 kHz to 100 kHz and a temperature range of −30C to +25C. The thermodynamic parameters for the dielectric process were calculated and related to the X‐ray long spacings of the esters.
Polymorphism of 1‐behenoyldistearin and 2‐stearoyldibehenin
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Fehl A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe triglyceride 1 ‐behenoyldistearin shows α‐2, β‐2, β′‐2 and β‐3 forms in order of increasing stability. The previously unobserved β‐2 form of the closely related homolog 1‐stearoyldimyristin has now been observed on crystallization from hexane. The triglyceride 2‐stearoyldibehenin shows an α‐2 form and two modifications of β′‐2 type. No β‐3 form was observed such as has been previously observed for the related homolog 2‐myristoyldistearin.
Some factors involved in the detoxication of cottonseed
Authors: Olcott Harold S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe toxic factor in cottonseed can be nullified by three apparently unrelated mechanisms: oxidation, combination with soluble iron salts, and destruction by steam autoclaving. Oxidation is of minor importance except where the toxic factor has first been extracted with ethyl ether and is present in the diet in solution in oil. Detoxication with soluble iron salts is demonstrable even when the iron is administered in the drinking water. Ball‐milled petroleum ether‐extracted cottonseed meal can be detoxified by autoclaving under conditions which are not effective for the original meal.These results were obtained from feeding tests with rats.
Nitrogenous derivatives of cyclic fatty acids
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of nitrogenous derivatives of cyclized acids derived from C‐18, triene‐containing fatty acid sources, were prepared. Mixed amides (mp 33C), nitriles (fp 蜢25C), and amines (fp 蜢34C), prepared from the hydrogenated cyclic acids, have uniquely low mp for fat‐derived substances of their mol wt. Compatibility with synthetic resins and solubility in organic solvents of the mixed amides are high compared to common fatty‐amide mixtures. The nitriles and morpholides are compatible with polyvinyl chloride and may have potential as plasticizers for it. The hydrogenated cyclic fatty acid amines have an approximate fp of 蜢34C. The diethanolamides, ethenoxylated amides, and quaternary amines were prepared and their surface‐active properties compared with similar fat‐derived substances.