bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information technology law and health systems in the European Union
Authors: Mossialos Elias , Thomson Sarah , Ter Linden Annemarie 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:This study aims to examine the impact of European Union (EU) law relating to information technology (IT) on health systems.Methods:The study identifies EU directives relating to IT, analyzes them in terms of their impact on the use of IT in health systems, and outlines their implications for health technology assessment (HTA). Analysis is based on a review of literature identified through relevant databases and Internet searches.Results:Developments in IT have serious implications for EU health systems, presenting policy makers with new challenges. The European Commission has adopted a range of legal measures to protect consumers in the “information society” However, as few of them are health-specific, it is not evident that they have implications for health, health systems, or HTA, and they may not be effective in protecting consumers in the health sector.Conclusions:In light of the growing importance of IT in the health sector, legal and nonlegal measures need to be further developed at EU and international level. Where possible, future initiatives should pay attention to the particular characteristics of health goods and services and health systems. Although definitions of HTA usually recognize the importance of evaluating both the indirect, unintended consequences of health technologies and the legal aspects of their application, it seems that, in practice, HTA often overlooks or underestimates legislative matters. Those involved in HTA should be aware of the legal implications of using IT to provide health goods and services and compile, store, transfer, and disseminate health information electronically.
Packing-dimension profiles and fractional Brownian motion
Authors: KHOSHNEVISAN DAVAR , XIAO YIMIN 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn order to compute the packing dimension of orthogonal projections Falconer and Howroyd [3] have introduced a family of packing dimension profiles Dims that are parametrized by real numbers s > 0. Subsequently, Howroyd [5] introduced alternate s-dimensional packing dimension profiles P-Dims by using Caratheodory-type packing measures, and proved, among many other things, that P-DimsE = DimsE for all integers s > 0 and all analytic sets E ⊆ RN.The aim of this paper is to prove that P-DimsE = DimsE for all real numbers s > 0 and analytic sets E ⊆ RN. This answers a question of Howroyd [5, p. 159]. Our proof hinges on establishing a new property of fractional Brownian motion.
On the size of linearization domains
Authors: BUFF XAVIER , PETERSEN CARSTEN L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAssume $f{:}\,U\subset \C\to \C$ is a holomorphic map fixing 0 with derivative λ, where 0 < |λ| ≤ 1. If λ is not a root of unity, there is a formal power series φf(z) = z + ${\cal O}$(z2) such that φf(λ z) = f(φf(z)). This power series is unique and we denote by Rconv(f) ∈ [0,+∞] its radius of convergence. We denote by Rgeom(f) the largest radius r ∈ [0, Rconv(f)] such that φf(D(0,r)) ⊂ U. In this paper, we present new elementary techniques for studying the maps f ↦ Rconv(f) and f ↦ Rgeom(f). Contrary to previous approaches, our techniques do not involve studying the arithmetical properties of rotation numbers.
Wiener amalgams, Hardy spaces and summability of Fourier series
Authors: WEISZ FERENC 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA general summability method, the so called θ-summability is considered for multi-dimensional Fourier series, where θ is in the Wiener algebraW(C,ℓ1)($\mathbb{R}$d). It is based on the use of Wiener amalgam spaces, weighted Feichtinger's algebra, Herz and Hardy spaces. Under some conditions on θ, it is proved that the maximal operator of the θ-means is bounded from theHpHardy space toLp(orHp). This implies some norm and almost everywhere convergence results for the θ-means. Large number of special cases of the θ-summation are considered.
Cohomological invariants of odd degree Jordan algebras
Authors: MacDONALD MARK L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this paper we determine all possible cohomological invariants ofAut(J)-torsors in Galois cohomology with mod 2 coefficients (characteristic of the base field not 2), forJa split central simple Jordan algebra of odd degreen≥ 3. This has already been done forJof orthogonal and exceptional type, and we extend these results to unitary and symplectic type. We will use our results to compute the essential dimensions of some groups, for example we show that ed(PSp2n) =n+ 1 fornodd.
Agricultural carbon sequestration, poverty, and sustainability
Authors: ANTLE JOHN M. , STOORVOGEL JETSE J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the potential impacts of payments for agricultural soil carbon sequestration on poverty of farm households and on the sustainability of agricultural systems, using economic theory combined with evidence from three case studies in Kenya, Peru, and Senegal. The case studies indicate that the likely impact of carbon contracts will be to raise rural incomes and reduce the rate of soil carbon loss. In some cases, carbon contracts may be able to stabilize soil carbon stocks at a higher level than would otherwise be economically feasible. These findings suggest that carbon payments could have a positive impact on the sustainability of production systems while also reducing poverty. The analysis indicates that payments for environmental services are most likely to have a positive impact when they are implemented in an enabling economic and institutional environment.
Contracting caravans: partnership and profit in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century trans-Saharan trade
Authors: Lydon Ghislaine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOrganizing trans-Saharan camel caravans was a complicated business requiring skills, stamina, resources, and human capital. This article focuses on the contractual world of caravanning in the nineteenth and early twentieth century based on interviews with retired caravanners, original trade records, and legal sources mined in private family archives. It surveys the different contractual agreements that featured commonly in this ‘paper economy’, which was based on a reliance on literacy and Islamic law. It is argued that contracts were key instruments for accounting and accountability even between traders with kinship ties and other sources of solidarity, and that they were often the only channel for women to engage in long-distance trade via proxy.
12 Will Marion Cook
Authors: Peress Maurice 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes various highlights in the life of Dvor'k's student, Will Marion Cook, composer, conductor, and violinist. “Doc” Cook, was mentor, guide, and/or adviser to countless American artists. Among them were Ellington, “ ... things he used to tell me I never got a chance to use until ... I wrote the tone poem Black, Brown and Beige”; Eva Jessye, music educator and original choir mistress for Porgy and Bess and Four Saints in Three Acts; the composer, Harold Arlen; and the jazz saxophonist Sidney Bechet whom Cook discovered in Chicago. Cook is the central character in Josef Skvorecky's historical novel Dvořák in Love, and articles and radio broadcasts spring up every time he is rediscovered.
8 ETHICS AND THE POLITICAL IN MUSICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Korsyn Kevin 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that the crisis of musical research is ultimately an ethical crisis: when we reduce others to representatives of factions, we objectify them and their language; when we submit to the forced consensus of the ideology of the abstract, we objectify ourselves. Faced with this dilemma, the critique of musicology must draw its energy from an ethical commitment, from a commitment to justice. Three areas are identified in which change seems particularly urgent: (i) the process of peer review in professional associations (such as the AMS, SEM, and SMT); (ii) the university; and (iii) writing about music.
4 Newtonianism, Freethought, and Hume's Scottish Context
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Hume's Treatise has its origins in the distinct climate and environment of Scottish intellectual life. The question arises, therefore, to what extent the main debate concerning religion and atheism—specifically as it concerns Clarke's (Newtonian) philosophy and the “atheism” of Hobbes, Spinoza and their followers—was of any particular significance in Scotland at this time. This chapter shows that these debates and controversies not only had a high profile in Scotland during this period, they were (hotly) debated and discussed in Hume's immediate context in the Borders area throughout the 1720s and 1730s—at the very time Hume was planning the Treatise and laying its foundations. A key figure throughout this period is Andrew Baxter, who was involved in a number of significant controversies with other influential Scottish philosophers at the time, including Kames (Home), Maclaurin, and Dudgeon.
5 The Monster of Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The early responses to the Treatise show that the issue of “atheism” was neither peripheral nor irrelevant to the way that Hume's own contemporaries understood his aims and objectives. Most contemporary Hume scholars maintain, however, that this label, not only misrepresents Hume's intentions in the Treatise but that it also misrepresents his position on the subject of religion as presented in his later writings (which are understood to be more “directly” or “explicitly” concerned with religion). The immediate aim of this chapter is to develop a clearer understanding of the way that Hume and his contemporaries interpreted “atheism” and the specific doctrines that were associated with it. Once this standard is (back) in place, we will be in a position to determine the extent to which the charge of “atheism” fits the actual content of the Treatise.
8 Blind Men before a Fire
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that Hume's theory of ideas has deep roots in Hobbes's account of the nature and origin of our ideas, as presented in both Human Nature and Leviathan. Although Hume modifies Hobbes's theory in various ways, using material taken from other thinkers, his theory employs the general framework that was provided by Hobbes. The immediate and obvious significance of this, as Hume would well know, is that Hobbes employed his empiricist principles to defend (deep) scepticism about any knowledge of God. Considered from this perspective, Hume's near silence, throughout the Treatise, concerning our idea of God speaks loudly not for his lack of interest in this subject but for his (thinly veiled) irreligious intentions.
12 Matter, Omnipotence, and Our Idea of Necessity
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter's particular concern is to identify and describe the way in which Hume's discussion of our idea of necessity (T,1.3.14) is intimately and intricately related to a number of theological issues and controversies that were of considerable interest and importance for Hume and his contemporaries. Not only does Hume present a skeptical challenge to the fundamental theological doctrines of omnipotence and Creation, he also suggests a comprehensive, integrated naturalism in respect of the causal relations governing matter and thought—doing away with the suggestion that spiritual agents are the only possible source of real activity in the world. In pursuing these various irreligious themes Hume is following a tradition and pattern of “atheistic” thought that was readily identified by his own contemporaries. These specific lines of argument are entirely consistent with the wider irreligious program that Hume pursues throughout the Treatise as a whole.
THREE Influences on Schumann's Metrícal Style
Authors: Krebs Harald 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers some of the music that likely influenced Schumann's metrical style: that of contemporary pianist-composers, such as Moscheles and Hummel, which he studied and performed in his youth; that of Paganini, some of whose Caprices for Solo Violin Schumann transcribed for piano; the keyboard music of J. S. Bach, which Schumann analyzed and played in the early 1830s; and that of Beethoven and Schubert. Substantial analyses of the music of these composers demonstrate the importance of metrical conflict therein. The chapter concludes with analyses of some of Schumann's very early works, which reveal his gradual absorption of some of the metrical procedures of earlier composers.
Music, Modernity, and the Global Imagination
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
How do Western images of Africa and African representations of the West mirror one another? This book examines the complex issues involved in the making of modern identities in Africa, Europe, and the US via a study of two striking episodes in the history of black South African music. The first is a pair of tours of two black South African choirs in England and America in the early 1890s; the second is a series of engagements with the international music industry as experienced by the premier choral group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, after the release of Paul Simon's celebrated Graceland album in 1986.
2 “Style Is Just the Man Himself”
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life stories of key members of the African Choir, such as Paul Xiniwe and Charlotte Manye. Written by the subjects themselves, these autobiographical sketches illustrate the fact that the making of modern colonial subjects was primarily a matter of self-authorization and self-stylization. By narrating their own selves, the choristers drew on modern templates of self-making provided by the bourgeois nation-state, and on more traditional models inspired by heroic poetry.
9 Figuring Culture
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter queries some of the key assumptions underpinning theories of modernity. Among these are concept of history as a universal process; the idea that Europe forms the cradle of modernity; the notion that modernity initially was as stable project that experienced a crisis only at the beginning of the 20th century; and, finally, that societies outside the West pose inherent obstacles to modernity. In challenging these notions, the second half of the book foregrounds the mutual dependency, ambiguity, and blurred boundaries enfolding Africa and the West.
10 Hero on the Pop Chart
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the collaboration between the South African choral isicathamiya group, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, and US pop star Paul Simon on the Grammy Award winning album “Graceland” in 1986. Far from showcasing the vitality of South African musical tradition alone, a track such as “Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes” seeks to soften the more strident tonalities of the anti-apartheid struggle by foregrounding collaboration and stylistic closure.
11 Fantasies of Home
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cultural and historical background of the music of Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Essentially originating from the harsh world of labor migration, isicathamiya is anything but traditional. It has enabled migrant workers to articulate complex and multiply determined identities, while at the same time articulating nostalgia for rootedness and a social order predicated on stable and hierarchical gender relations.
14 Communities of Style
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the song “Mbube” by Solomon Linda, a South African classic and milestone in the evolution of isicathamiya. “Mbube” has become the subject of many cover versions, most notably “The Lion Sleeps Tonight” by the Tokens. Although most of these cover versions are exoticizing Africa, there is also a version performed jointly by Ladysmith Black Mambazo and the Afro-British female a cappella group, Mint Juleps, which articulates black diasporic consciousness.
11 The Development and Chronology of the Ambrosian Sanctorale
Authors: Bailey Terence 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although the Milanese church is ancient and its liturgical practice unique, its independence must not lead us to assume that the Ambrosian liturgy and chant are entirely indigenous and uniformly old. In the more than 800 years between the city's first bishop (c.200) and the earliest books to detail its Offices, the long and complex history of the Milanese liturgy is shadowy at best. Examination of the Ambrosian Offices for the saints reveals distinct layers and suggests a chronology for the development of the Sanctorale and the enrichment of the public veneration of the saints in the course of these centuries.
17 Transforming a Viking into a Saint
Authors: Iversen Gunilla 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Norwegian Viking Olaf Haraldson (St. Olaf of Norway) was a feared and controversial warrior and king in his lifetime. In 1031, a year after his death, however, his body was transferred to the high altar of the church of St. Clement at Nidaros (now the cathedral in Trondheim, Norway), and from that time he began to be venerated as a holy man and a saint. A wide variety of textual genres include material relating to Olaf. These range from Icelandic saga material through historical Latin chronicles to Latin liturgical texts. This chapter outlines the relations between the sagas and legends and the liturgical texts.
EPILOGUE: CROSSING PATHS AND MODES OF EXPERIENCE
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. It argues that all three of the central characters of this book — Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms — contributed in varying degrees to the art of storytelling. In doing so, they made their mark on a practice that, according to Walter Benjamin, entered a period of decline in the 19th century and was clearly in danger of coming to an end in the 20th century.
1 FOR THE HONOR OF GOD
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the origins of the six great Venetian lay confraternities (San Giovanni Evangelista, San Marco, Santa Maria della Carità, Santa Maria della Misericordia, San Rocco, and San Teodoro), known as scuole grandi, following the disciplinati movement of 1260. It treats the statutes of the scuole, called mariegole, and the founding principles of devotion, charity, patriotism, and honor. The membership of the scuole, representing all classes of Venetian society, and the organization of the confraternities, with officers elected from members of the citizen class, are also considered. Other topics include the finances of the scuole, their rules and regulations, and government supervision of their activities by such bodies as the Council of Ten. Finally, the chapter discusses the archives of the scuole, preserved today primarily in the Archivio di Stato of Venice.
Copyright's Paradox
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Copyright is at once an engine of free expression and impediment to free expression. Copyright law underwrites much literature, journalism, music, art, and film. Yet copyright often stands in the way of speech that would build upon existing expression to convey new messages and artistic perspectives.
In a seminal 1970 article, Melville Nimmer, the leading copyright and First Amendment scholar of his day, aptly termed the copyright‐free speech conflict a “largely ignored paradox.” Yet today that conflict has come virulently to the fore, and copyright is increasingly chastised as a tool of private censorship.
Why has that happened? What values and practices does the copyright‐free speech conflict put at stake? How should the conflict be resolved?
These are the principal questions this book seeks to answer. This book explores the copyright‐free speech conflict as it cuts across traditional and digital media alike. In so doing, it juxtaposes the dramatic expansion of copyright holders' proprietary control against individuals' newly found ability to digitally cut, paste, edit, remix, and distribute popular sound recordings, movies, TV programs, graphics, and texts the world over. It tests whether, in light of these developments and others, copyright still serves as a vital engine of free expression and assesses how copyright does—and does not—burden speech. Taking First Amendment values as its lodestar, the book argues that copyright should be delimited by how it can best promote robust debate and expressive diversity, and it presents a blueprint for how that can be accomplished.
Copyright's Ungainly Expansion
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The federal copyright that the Framers envisioned and enacted was a narrow, short‐term right in printed matter. Current copyright holders enjoy a capacious bundle of rights in many more uses of many more types of published works for a far greater time and with fewer preconditions. Yet, until recent decades, copyright law's basic contours still evinced an understanding of copyright as a decidedly limited grant. It has been largely since Congress enacted the Copyright Act revision of 1976 that copyright's scope and duration have burst from their moorings, growing with unwonted precipitousness and force. This chapter details the most troublesome areas of copyright's expansion and conceptual metamorphosis from narrow government grant to Blackstonian property right. It discusses copyright duration, creative appropriation, the turgid waters of the substantial similarity test and the idea/expression dichotomy, the constriction of fair use, “paracopyright,” technological protection measures, personal uses, and new media.
Is Copyright “the Engine of Free Expression”?
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Supreme Court has labeled copyright “the engine of free expression.” Copyright serves in that role in three fundamental ways. First, copyright serves a “production function.” It provides an economic incentive for the creation and dissemination of original expression. Second, copyright has an important “structural function.” It supports a sector of authors and publishers who look to the market, not government patronage, for financial sustenance and who thus gain considerable independence from government influence. Third, copyright has an “expressive function.” By encouraging authors, it reinforces the social and political importance of individuals' new, original contributions to public discourse.
This chapter argues that copyright continues to underwrite free speech through each of its production, structural, and expressive functions. Yet the chapter also qualifies copyright's “engine of free expression” moniker. Copyright's support for free speech is far more complex and, in some ways, more limited than the Supreme Court's often‐cited paean suggests.
Copyright and the First Amendment
Authors: Netanel Neil Weinstock 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Copyright law's potential for abridging speech has long been recognized in United States case law, legislation, and commentary. Because of copyright, speakers are often unable effectively to convey their message and audiences are deprived of valuable expression. But courts have almost never entertained First Amendment defenses to copyright infringement claims. They have held that copyright's internet “free speech safeguards,” including fair use and the idea/expression dichotomy, provide adequate protection for free speech.
This chapter argues that courts should apply the First Amendment to cabin copyright holder prerogatives where necessary to protect speech. It then sharply criticizes the Supreme Court's rejection of a First Amendment challenge to the Copyright Term Extension Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft. Yet as the chapter notes, Eldred nevertheless suggests a couple of ways in which courts could reinvigorate copyright's internal free speech safeguards in light of First Amendment strictures.