bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of twelve moist forest canopy tree species in Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire: response curves to a climatic gradient
Authors: Bongers F. , Poorter L. , Van Rompaey R.S.A.R. , Parren M.P.E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The occurrence and abundance of 12 canopy tree species from the moist tropical forests of West Africa have been studied in relation to a climatic gradient. We focused on environmental factors related to water availability: annual amount of rainfall, the length of the dry season, and cumulative water deficit. Species occurrence and abundance data are used for 39 forest sites in Liberia and southwest Côte d'Ivoire. Species responses are modelled using a set of five increasingly complex models, ranging from a no‐trend model to a skewed bell‐shaped response curve.The study species show different distribution patterns. Most of them suggest a close relationship to climatic conditions. Fitting of species occurrence data to each of the three climatic factors results in most cases in simple models. In only one out of 36 cases a bell‐shaped response curve is needed to describe the data. Four of the 12 species show no response to the climatic factors when only occurrence is evaluated.When abundance data are used, in 33 of the 36 cases significant response models are found. In general these are much more complex than in the cases of species occurrence data: in 10 of the 36 cases a bell‐shaped response model is found to describe the data best. This is in contrast with the widespread belief that species response curves are bell‐shaped: within the forest zone in the area studied this is not generally the case.The importance of the three climatic factors for the distribution of the species is evaluated: for four species mean annual rainfall is the most important variable, for four species the length of the dry period, and for one species cumulative water deficit. Consequently, the assumption that mean annual rainfall is the most important factor determining tree species distribution in West African forests is not correct.Species response models to climatic factors show where species have their geographical optima. Implications for forest management are briefly discussed.
Effects of intensive harvesting on forest floor properties in Betula papyrifera stands in Newfoundland
Authors: Roberts B.A. , Deering K.W. , Titus B.D. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Betula papyrifera (White birch) is a common tree throughout the boreal forest of Canada; makes up 12% of the total tree volume in insular Newfoundland. It forms pure stands after harvesting and wildfire disturbance and it is a common component in most softwood stands. Little is known regarding the environmental impact of whole‐tree or conventional harvesting of this species and variation in impact related to variation in soil and site conditions.This study investigates litter and organic matter production and related site ecology in nine medium to high quality Betula papyrifera stands in three locations in central Newfoundland on a variety of land form and drainage conditions. Three sites, Badger West (BW), Moose Pond (MP) and Middleton Lake (ML) were selected. The ML site has the highest quality (with the best height/age ratio, 18 m/60 yr, and height/DBH ratio, 18 m/30 cm, followed by MP and BW. Litter depth on well developed moders or mulls was usually 2 ‐ 3 cm and varied from 1 ‐ 15 cm. Forest floor depths (measured in 324 profiles) rarely reached 20 cm and was commonly 5 ‐ 10 cm; it varied with position and site. Total and available nutrients indicate that B. papyrifera produces one of the highest ‐quality organic matter types of the local forest types and is important in improving site quality. The mean N‐concentration in green foliage (2.21%) and trapped litter (1.03%) was highest at the best quality site ML, followed by MP and BW. The concentration of calcium, 0.85%, was highest at the poorest quality site. Four years after harvesting, litter depth significantly decreased in all sites and treatments with the exception of the BW whole‐tree harvest treatment. Total forest floor depth significantly decreased at all sites in the stem‐only harvest treatment as well as the MP whole‐tree harvest treatment.There was a significant decrease in available nitrogen following harvesting in both treatments at both the MP and BW sites. Change in available phosphorus was insignificant, with the exception of an increase in the MP stem‐only harvest treatment. There was a significant decrease in available potassium at both the ML and BW whole‐tree harvest treatments, but a significant increase in the stem‐only harvest treatments at ML and MP. There was a significant decrease in available calcium in both treatments at both the MP and BW sites.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Andersson Lars 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this article:Thompson, Ken, Bakker, Jan & Bekker, Renée 1997. The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. 276 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0‐521‐49519‐9 (hardcover). Price: USD 120.‐.
Relationships between floristic gradients in a primary succession
Authors: Vetaas Ole R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Correlations between five floristic gradients at small spatial extents (10 ‐ 20 m) and one successional gradient over a larger spatial extent (1.5 km) are analysed. Floristic data (62 taxa) were sampled on five terminal moraines of known age deposited after the ‘Little Ice Age’ (1750–1930). The floristic gradients on the moraine ridges were sampled by two or three transects on each moraine, and the successional gradient by 114 plots on all moraines.The sequential orders of species were determined by constrained and unconstrained Correspondence Analysis. The similarities between species order on the successional gradient and the exposure gradients at the same age were tested against the null hypothesis of no correlation. The null hypothesis was rejected using both Monte Carlo permutation tests and Spearman's rank correlations, except on the oldest moraine. Here a closed canopy has developed, which eliminates the environmental variability associated with ridge morphology. The similarity between the successional gradient and the moraine‐ridge gradients is attributed to variation in environmental severity, mainly caused by glacier wind and related factors such as temperature and moisture. Similarity was highest on the moraines in the middle of the glacier foreland, which have many successional stages present and have a relatively exposed relief.The distribution of growth/life‐forms along gradients of small spatial extent are comparable to the successional gradient, but lichens, herbs and graminoids differ in their behaviour. The resemblance between species gradients at a small spatial extent and species gradients on a larger spatial extent is interpreted as an ecological self‐similar pattern, where young and old substrate are linked to exposed‐xeric and protected‐mesic habitats, respectively.
Floristical and ecological characterization of the polar desert zone of Greenland
Authors: Bay Christian 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Species composition and biomass of four plant communities were investigated in two coastal polar desert areas in eastern North Greenland, bordering the North East Water Polynya ‐ an ice‐free sea area kept open by upwelling ‐ and compared with inland areas in North Greenland. Herb barren, the poorest type, has a species richness of 6 species/m2, a cover of 0.7 %, and an aboveground biomass of 0.6 g/m2 (vascular plants). The richest type, Saxifraga oppositifolia snowbed, has 10 species/m2, 5.0 % cover, and 11.2 g/m2 biomass.A floristic and vegetation boundary exists a few kilometres from the coast. The coastal areas bordering the North East Water Polynya had an impoverished flora and vegetation compared to areas near the ice‐covered sea, possibly caused by very low summer temperatures and high frequency of clouds.A new delimitation of the polar deserts of Greenland is proposed on the basis of the number of vascular plant species, the occurrence of species with a specific inland distribution in North Greenland and the dominating life forms. At present the polar desert zone includes only areas within a zone up to ca. 15 km from the outer coast of high arctic Greenland ‐ north of ca. 80° N. Large areas formerly classified as polar deserts in eastern North Greenland, as well as in Washington Land in western North Greenland, are excluded. New floristic data confirm that Greenland is correctly included in the Canadian province of the arctic polar deserts, whereas there is no reason for subdividing the polar deserts of the Canadian province.
The Athenian amnesty and the ‘scrutiny of the laws’
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ‘scrutiny of all the laws’ that Andocides invokes in his defenceOn the Mysteriesis usually interpreted as a recodification with the aim of barring prosecution for the crimes of civil conflict. This article advances four theses against that traditional reading: (1) In Andocides' argument the Scrutiny was designed for a more practicable purpose, not to pardon crimes unpunished but to quash any further action against formeratimoi, those penalized under the old regime but restored to rights in 403. In context, coming close upon the summary of Patrocleides' decree, ‘all the laws’ means all laws affectingatimoi. (2) The other evidence from inscriptions and literary testimony, for the Athenian Amnesty and similar agreements, supports this reading: the oath that closed the covenants,mê mnêsikakein, functions as a rule of estoppel or ‘no reprise’; it was not in itself a pledge of ‘political forgiveness’. In regard to the Scrutiny, as in Patrocleides' decree, the oath means that old penalties, now cancelled, can never again be enforced. (3) The Scrutiny itself was a reauthorization of the old laws for summary arrest and other standard remedies againstatimoiwho trespass or violate their restrictions. As a corollary to this re-enactment, the statute of limitations was introduced, ‘to apply the laws from Eucleides’: the rules punishing the disfranchised cannot be used against those whose liabilities were incurred before 403. (4) Teisamenus' decree for new legislation was prior to this revision; it is not the decree that Andocides read to the court as a document of the Scrutiny. An ancient editor simply inserted the wrong document. Teisamenus envisioned no alteration of the ‘Solonian Code’; the decree for Scrutiny was an unforeseen but necessary correction. These measures were successive reforms sorting out the new hierarchy of rules, a process whose complexity is attested in Diocles' law.
Climatic variation and simulated patterns in seedling establishment of two dominant grasses at a semi‐arid‐arid grassland ecotone
Authors: Peters Debra P.C. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The objective of this study was to predict the effects of climatic variation at multiple temporal frequencies on seedling establishment by two congeneric C4 perennial grasses (Bouteloua gracilis and B. eriopoda) at the ecotone between shortgrass steppe grassland and Chihuahuan desert grassland in central New Mexico, USA. The approach was to use a daily time‐step simulation model to determine the occurrence of a recruitment event in each year based upon the amount and timing of soil water required for establishment. Historical weather data were used to predict effects of seasonal and inter‐decadal variation in climate on establishment. A sensitivity analysis was used to predict effects of directional climate change on establishment.Bouteloua gracilis had a broad pattern of simulated establishment from May through September that included periods with high year‐to‐year variation in precipitation. B. eriopoda establishment events occurred primarily in July when precipitation amounts were most reliable. Climatic conditions from 1949 through 1968 were more favorable for B. eriopoda establishment compared to the cooler, wetter conditions from 1969 through 1988 that favored B. gracilis. Establishment of B. eriopoda was lowest in El Niño years whereas B. gracilis establishment was highest in La Niña years. Establishment of B. gracilis was most sensitive to temperature when precipitation was higher than current amounts. The greatest response to temperature by B. eriopoda for all precipitation amounts occurred at cooler temperatures than found currently.These results indicate that climatic variation at multiple frequencies has differential effects on seedling establishment for these two perennial grasses, and may account at least in part for patterns in dominance at this biome transition zone.
Another Use of Set Theory
Authors: Dehornoy Patrick 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHere, we analyse some recent applications of set theory to topology and argue that set theory is not only the closed domain where mathematics is usually founded, but also a flexible framework where imperfect intuitions can be precisely formalized and technically elaborated before they possibly migrate toward other branches. This apparently new role is mostly reminiscent of the one played by other external fields like theoretical physics, and we think that it could contribute to revitalize the interest in set theory in the future.
Accessible Recursive Functions
Authors: Wainer Stanley S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe class of all recursive functions fails to possess a natural hierarchical structure, generated predicatively from “within”. On the other hand, many (proof-theoretically significant) sub-recursive classes do. This paper attempts to measure the limit of predicative generation in this context, by classifying and characterizing those (predictably terminating) recursive functions which can be successively defined according to an autonomy condition of the form: allow recursions only over well-orderings which have already been “coded” at previous levels. The question is: how can a recursion code a well-ordering? The answer lies in Girard's theory of dilators, but is reworked here in a quite different and simplified framework specific to our purpose. The “accessible” recursive functions thus generated turn out to be those provably recursive in ( –CA)0.
Set Theory Generated by Abelian Group Theory
Authors: Eklof Paul C. 
Published: May 2006

Introduction. This survey is intended to introduce to logicians some notions, methods and theorems in set theory which arose—largely through the work of Saharon Shelah—out of (successful) attempts to solve problems in abelian group theory, principally the Whitehead problem and the closely related problem of the existence of almost free abelian groups. While Shelah's first independence result regarding the Whitehead problem used established set-theoretical methods (discussed below), his later work required new ideas; it is on these that we focus. We emphasize the nature of the new ideas and the historical context in which they arose, and we do not attempt to give precise technical definitions in all cases, nor to include a comprehensive survey of the algebraic results.In fact, very little algebraic background is needed beyond the definitions of group and group homomorphism. Unless otherwise specified, we will use the word “group” to refer to an abelian group, that is, the group operation is commutative. The group operation will be denoted by +, the identity element by 0, and the inverse of a by −a. We shall use na as an abbreviation for a + a + … + a [n times] if n is positive, and na = (−n)(−a) if n is negative.
Some Questions concerning the Armour of Homeric Heroes
Authors: Leaf Walter 
Published: May 2006

When Pandaros treacherously shoots at Menelaos (Δ 132 sq.), the arrow lights—ὅθι ζωστῆρος ὀχῆεςχρύσειοι σύνεχον καὶ διπλόος ἤντετο θώρνξ·ἐν δ᾿ ἔπεσε ζωστῆρι ἀρηρότι πικρὸς ὀιστός·διὰ μὲν ἂρ ζωστῆρος ἐλήλατο δαιδαλέοιο,καὶ διὰ θώρηκος πολυδαιδάλου ἠρήρειστομίτρης θ᾿ ἣν ἐφόρει ἔρυμα χροός, ἕρκος ἀκόντων,ἥ οἱ πλεῖστον ἕρυτο· διαπρὸ δὲ εἴσατο καὶ τῆς.A little later, Menelaos says of the same wound (Δ 185-187):οὐκ ἐν καιρίῳ ὀξὺ πάγη βέλος, ἀλλὰ πάροιθενεἰρύσατο ζωστήρ τε παναίολος, ἠδ᾿ ὑπένερθενζῶμά τε καὶ μίτρη τὴν χαλκῆες κάμον ἄνδρεςAnd Machaon, after drawing the arrow out (Δ 215-6),λῦσε δέ οἱ ζωστῆρα παναίολον, ἠδ᾿ ὑπένερθενζῶμά τε καὶ μίτρην τὴν χαλκῆες κάμον ἄνδρες.The word ζῶμα occurs again only in ξ 482, a passage which we will postpone for the moment, and in Ψ 683 of the boxer's girdle, which does not require further consideration.Comparing the second and third of the passages quoted with the first, it seems perfectly clear that the ζῶμα was a part of the θώρηξ, and not an appendage to it. The word, in fact, stands as a passive to the active correlative ζωστήρ, and means the part of the θώρηξ which was fastened down by the girdle. It is quite clear from the oldest vase paintings that the lower part of the θώρηξ was bent outwards into a sort of ridge all round, in order to make a hollow which should be capable of holding the ζωστηρ in its place. This is very well shown in the woodcut, which is taken from Conze's Melische Thongefässe, Leipzig, 1877. The is expressed by the parallel lines at the bottom of the thorax; this is clear from the Kameiros pinax, where the lines are diagonal, and therefore do not indicate anything in the nature of such a πτερύγιον as we shall presently have to discuss.
Athene and Enceladus: a Bronze in the Museo Kircheriano
Authors: Smith A. H. 
Published: May 2006

Upon the discovery of any great monument of ancient art, a series of objects of minor importance which had hitherto been awaiting identification are immediately seen to connect themselves more or less closely with the newly discovered work. Whence it comes that the course of historical development of ancient art is continually being exhibited with a nearer approach to completeness. The present article is an attempt to add another minor work to the list of statues and reliefs which group themselves round the frieze of the Great Altar of Pergamon.The plate represents a somewhat mutilated work, No. 679 in the gallery of bronzes in the Museo Kircheriano at Rome. The subject is Athene engaged in no uncertain combat with her constant antagonist the giant Enceladus. The goddess has drawn back a little from herenemy: and whilst herself protected by the shield with its gorgoneion which she carries on her left arm, she is on the point of delivering the final thrust with the weapon she holds in her right hand. Enceladus, on his part, is at the same time recoiling somewhat from Athene, and collecting all his force for a blow.
A Terra-Cotta Diadumenos
Authors: Murray A. S. 
Published: May 2006

The position of Polykleitos in the history of Greek sculpture is peculiarly tantalizing. We seem to know a good deal about his work. We know his statue of a Doryphoros from the marble copy of it in Naples, and we know his Diadumenos from two marble copies in the British Museum. Yet with these and other sources of knowledge, it happens that when we desire to get closer to his real style and to define it there occurs a void. So to speak, a bridge is wanting at the end of an otherwise agreeable journey, and we welcome the best help that comes to hand. There is, I think, some such help to be obtained from the terra-cotta statuette recently acquired in Smyrna by Mr. W. R. Paton.But first it may be of use to recall the reasons why the marble statues just mentioned must fail to convey a perfectly true notion of originals which we are justified in assuming were of bronze. In each of these statues the artist has been compelled by the nature of the material to introduce a massive support in the shape of a tree stem. That is at once a new element in the design, and, as a distinguished French sculptor has rightly observed, this new element called for a modification of the entire figure.
A Stele Commemorating a Victory in a Boat-Race
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

When working last Spring in the Central Museum at Athens, my attention was arrested by a sculptured tablet having apparent reference to the Greek boat-races of which I have already treated in two papers in this Journal. This relief admits unfortunately of but partial explanation, but nevertheless, as it stands almost alone in its kind, I propose to publish it without waiting for more light on the subject.The size of the whole stele is forty-one by twenty-six inches. All the middle part of it is blank: probably an inscription had been painted there which has now entirely disappeared. Had it survived, it would have explained the reliefs sculptured above and below it: as things are, we must explain these reliefs as best we can with the help of analogies. It is evident that they refer to a victory won in the boat-races at Athens; perhaps in one of those races of Ephebi at the festivals of Diisoteria, Aianteia, or Munychia which are spoken of in the Ephebic inscriptions.
An Inscription from Egypt
Authors: Rouse W. H. D. 
Published: May 2006

A rectangular slab of marble, measuring 14⅜ in. × 12 in. × nearly 1's College, Cambridge; said to have been found in the neighbourhood of Memphis.Dated the nineteenth year of Antoninus Pius, A.D. 157.The letters are not all of the same size or shape, being squarer in the upper part of the inscription, 1–3, as and in the rest, especially the last three lines, approaching to the shape of written characters, as They have been coloured red, and many of them still are so.(2) Μάλαλις, (4) Πιαθρηοῦς: I can find no trace of these places. The second, Prof. W. R. Smith suggests, may be the Place of Hathor.(6) Iota adscript kept in this old formula, although it is omitted in (l).
Apollo Hikesios
Authors: Head Barclay V. 
Published: May 2006

In an article by J. Y. Akerman (Num. Chron. iv. p. 97) is the following inscription:—Obv. Head of Antoninus Pius.Rev.. Apollo Embasius of the Ephesians. A galley. (Vaillant, Num. Graeca.)On turning to Vaillant's work, p. 291, I find the coin referred to by Akerman quite differently described:—. Apollo stans nudus, dextrâ demissâ sinistro cubito columnae imposito, telum gerit: ex adverso Diana Venatricis habitu, dextrâ pariter demissâ, sinistrâ jaculum tenet. Num. Antmiini Pii. Apollinis fuit cognomen, hoc est, ascendens navim, &c.Eckhel also cites Vaillant's description and remarks (ii. 516), ‘Apollonius Lib. I. Argonauticorum saepius meminit et quem venerati sunt Argonautae velut qui tueretur eos qui ad iter maritimum accincti ingrediuntur navim, praestaretque salvos egredi. Numen urbi opportunum cujus amplum fuit mari commercium.’
Countries and Cities in Ancient Art
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

Cities may be regarded in two lights. Firstly, they may be considered as collections of houses, with public buildings, market-places, and walls; as features of the natural landscape; as definite localities, with form, arrangement, and parts. Secondly, they may be regarded as bodies politic; as masses of inhabitants rather than groups of buildings; as personal rather than local. And it is obvious that by far the greatest interest attaches to them in the second aspect. In the first, however beautiful, they are but material, outward and visible; in the second they are living, spiritual, and immortal, with beliefs and customs, with heart and conscience. It is the people who make their city in its physical aspect, and it is only interesting as incorporating their history, and representing their character.This is of course true always and everywhere. But no nation has been more fully alive to the truth than the Greeks. Among them the city was more homogeneous, more fully organized, more unified than among us, was more of a person and less of a place. If we further consider how strongly Greek art tended to avoid natural scenes of any complication, and to clothe all kinds of powers and abstractions in human form, we shall see how natural it is that the national painting and sculpture of the Hellenic race are scarcely ever occupied in bringing before us the external view of cities, but devote their energies to the portrayal of bodies politic in their human and moral aspects with the best resources at their disposal.