bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National differences in disulfiram prescribing
Authors: Chick Jonathan , Brewer Colin 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo test the impression of wide national differences in the use of deterrent medication in the treatment of alcohol dependence, data showing comparative sales of disulfiram in 13 countries were obtained.ResultsSales in Britain were lowest, and less than a tenth of those in Denmark. Rates bore no relation to alcohol sales or an index of alcohol-related problems in the 13 countries.Clinical implicationsBritish doctors may apply a particularly cautious risk/benefit ratio for disulfiram. The disparity may also reflect the predominantly nonmedical approach to treating alcohol dependence in Britain.
Refusal of prescribed drugs in a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Irvine Elizabeth-Anne 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodsA survey of recorded refusal of drug administration to patients in a psychiatric hospital over a six-month period in 1996 was made using drug administration records. For comparison 150 patients were randomly selected from the 1975 drug sheets and instances of drug refusal noted.ResultsEighteen per cent of patients refused drugs on at least one occasion, and of those over 65 years of age 26.2% refused drugs. All the main diagnostic categories and groups of drugs were involved. of the 150 patients studied from 1975 only four refused drugs.Clinical implicationsDoctors should be alert to the possibility of refusal of drug treatment in a wide range of psychiatric conditions. When refusal occurs interventions are likely to be necessary, including a review of drug treatment.
A dedicated district poisons treatment unit: response to the College guidance on the management of deliberate self-harm
Authors: Scorer R. C. , Beck P. , Bisson J. , White S. , Routledge P. A. 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodAn examination of the activities of a district-wide dedicated admission unit for poisoned patients in Cardiff, Wales, between 1987 and 1997. Number of admission episodes, gender, drugs taken. intent, psychiatric diagnosis and disposal were recorded.ResultsAlthough the number of admission episodes almost doubled over the 10–year period, the median length of stay fell by almost half.Clinical implicationsThe results suggest that a dedicated unit is a cost-effective model for the management of poisoned patients.
Neuroleptics in dementia
Authors: Wismayer Franz Schembri , Sipos Attila 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodWe surveyed the prescription of neuroleptic drugs in patients with a diagnosis of dementia discharged from a general psychiatric hospital over two consecutive years. The surveys looked at documentation of information around prescribing and communication to primary care teams. Our aim was to help to minimise the potential contribution of hospital practice to unnecessary or continuing unreviewed neuroleptic prescription in the community.ResultsThe first survey led to the adoption of new clinical standards in the Department of Old Age Psychiatry. The second survey found improvements in all surveyed parameters.Clinical implicationsClear communication of information around prescribing and follow-up arrangements could help to reduce inappropriate community prescription of neuroleptics in this vulnerable group of patients.
The effect of structured consent on recall of information pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy: a pilot study
Authors: Greening J. , Bentham P. , Stemman J. , Staples V. , Ambegaokar S. , Upthegrove R. , Day E. 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodA randomised, blind comparison of a structured consent procedure against routine consent was conducted to determine whether it had any utility in improving treatment knowledge In patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Additionally we aimed to determine whether degree of cognitive impairment intelligence and severity of depression influenced recall of information.ResultsThirty-two subjects were investigated. Structured consent significantly improved the number of knowledge items recalled pre-ECT (P<0.05). Knowledge scores declined significantly after completion of the treatment course in both structured consent (P<0.05) and control groups (P<0.06). There was a significant correlation between Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and the number of knowledge items recalled both pre- (r=0.43, P<0.05) and post-ECT (r=0.53, P<0.01).Clinical implicationsStructured consent procedures may be a useful way of improving patient knowledge of ECT and merit further study. Low scores on MMSE should caution clinicians to take particular care when consenting patients to ECT.
Usage of clozapine and the new neuroleptics
Authors: Bristow M. F. 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo explore clozapine and atypical antipsychotic usage in England and Wales, particularly availability, restrictions on use and shifting of prescribing to general practitioners. To examine the hypothesis that respondents in acute trusts would encounter more restrictions. Method used – postal questionnaire sent to general psychiatrists derived from the 1996 Medical Directory.ResultsThere was an 80% response rate and over 90% of respondents used clozapine, with only 9% reporting any difficulty in obtaining it. Difficulty was not associated with any particular type of trust. Only about 4% of respondents suggested that general practitioners regularly took over the prescribing costs of the drug.Clinical implicationsOptimistic, with widespread usage and few difficulties in obtaining clozapine. General practitioner prescribing is still very low and needs to increase.
Management of psychiatric in-patient violence in the Anglia region
Authors: Dowson J. H. , Butler J. , Williams O. 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodA total of 384 incidents of violence against the person (six ‘serious' and 378 ‘mild’), by adult in-patients in general psychiatric units (GPUs) and learning disability units (LDUs) in 10 National Health Service trusts in the Anglia region, were evaluated by Interviews with staff and examination of records.ResultsThe findings, when compared with standards derived from previous recommendations, showed deficiencies in the documentation of incidents (there was no satisfactory written record of physical restraint for 97% of incidents in GPUs and 86% in LDUs), in the training of staff in ‘control and restraint’ procedures (If two or more staff were involved In physical restraint, for 3% of incidents in GPUs and 100% in LDUs, the staff had received no training within the previous 12 months) and in policies for victim support (there was no written policy that included procedures for victim support in relation to 84% of incidents in GPUs and 44% in LDUs).Clinical implicationsTrusts should consider reviewing their policies on the prevention and management of violence, particularly in relation to staff training.
Ultra-rapid opiate detoxification in hospital
Authors: London Mervyn , Paul Eddi , Gkolia Ionna 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo evaluate ultra-rapid opiate detoxification under sedation. Symptom control was analysed in the first 12 hours of detoxification in 20 patients and case notes were examined 12 weeks later for outcome.ResultsGood symptom control was achieved, except for restlessness. At 12 weeks 25% patients were abstinent.Clinical implicationsWhile long-term outcome is similar to conventional methadone detoxification, the ultra-rapid technique is safe, more acceptable to patients and more cost-effective.
Dehydration Behavior of Metal-salt-added Magnesium Hydroxide as Chemical Heat Storage Media
Authors: Ryu Junichi , Hirao Naoya , Takahashi Rui , Kato Yukitaka 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The dehydration behaviors of metal-salt-added magnesium hydroxide as chemical heat storage media were studied. Dehydration temperature of magnesium hydroxide, which was corresponding to heat storage temperature, was dropped from 277 to 233 °C by addition of lithium chloride. The heat storage capacity of 6.8 wt % LiCl/Mg(OH)2 (816 MJ m−3) was 11 times as high as one of authentic Mg(OH)2 under the heat storage operation at 280 °C.
Expectant Management of Pneumothorax in Ventilated Neonates
Authors: Litmanovitz Ita , Carlo Waldemar A. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and outcome of managing a pneumothorax without tube thoracostomy and to determine the clinical and laboratory characteristics that distinguish infants with a pneumothorax who can be treated without chest-tube insertion.METHODS. A retrospective study was performed of neonates who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the University at Alabama at Birmingham from 1992 to 2005 and had a pneumothorax while on mechanical ventilation. Infant characteristics, respiratory and radiologic diagnoses, and respiratory management data (ventilator settings and blood gases) were compared between infants who initially were treated with a chest tube versus those initially treated without a chest tube.RESULTS. A total of 136 ventilated infants with pneumothorax while on a ventilator were included in the final analysis; 101 (74%) were treated initially with a chest tube and 35 (26%) without a chest tube. Of those who did not receive a chest tube initially, 14 were treated with needle aspiration and 21 with expectant treatment. Infants who were treated initially without a chest tube were on a lower ventilator settings (mean airway pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen) and had better blood gases (arterial oxygen saturation, Pco2, and pH) compared with infants who were treated with a chest tube. Infants who were treated initially with needle aspiration were more likely to require subsequent chest-tube insertion than infants who had expectant treatment (43% vs 10%).CONCLUSIONS. It is possible to treat expectantly without initial chest-tube placement a select group of ventilated neonates with pneumothorax.
Clinical Predictors of Lyme Disease Among Children With a Peripheral Facial Palsy at an Emergency Department in a Lyme Disease–Endemic Area
Authors: Nigrovic Lise E. , Thompson Amy D. , Fine Andrew M. , Kimia Amir 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION. Although Lyme disease can cause peripheral facial palsy in Lyme disease–endemic areas, diagnostic predictors in children have not been described.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine clinical predictors of Lyme disease as the etiology of peripheral facial palsy in children presenting to an emergency department in a Lyme disease–endemic area.
METHODS. We reviewed all available electronic medical charts of children ≤20 years old with peripheral facial palsy who were evaluated in the emergency department of a tertiary care pediatric center from 1995 to 2007. We used the Centers for Disease Control Lyme disease definition: presence of erythema migrans lesion or serologic evidence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. We performed binary logistic regression with bootstrapping validation to determine independent clinical predictors of Lyme disease.
RESULTS. We identified 313 patients with peripheral facial palsy evaluated for Lyme disease. The mean age was 10.7 years, and 52% were male. Of these, 106 (34%) had Lyme disease facial palsy. After adjusting for year of study, the following were independently associated with Lyme disease facial palsy: onset of symptoms during peak Lyme disease season (June to October), absence of previous herpetic lesions, presence of fever, and history of headache. In the subset of patients without meningitis, both onset of symptoms during Lyme disease season and presence of headache remained significant independent predictors.
CONCLUSIONS. Lyme disease is a frequent cause of facial palsy in children living in an endemic region. Serologic testing and empiric antibiotics should be strongly considered, especially when children present during peak Lyme disease season or with a headache.
Flat algebras and the translation of universal Horn logic to equational logic
Authors: Jackson Marcel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe describe which subdirectly irreducible flat algebras arise in the variety generated by an arbitrary class of flat algebras with absorbing bottom element. This is used to give an elementary translation of the universal Horn logic of algebras, partial algebras, and more generally still, partial structures into the equational logic of conventional algebras. A number of examples and corollaries follow. For example, the problem of deciding which finite algebras of some fixed type have a finite basis for their quasi-identities is shown to be equivalent to the finite identity basis problem for the finite members of a finiteiy based variety with definable principal congruences.
First-order and counting theories ofω-automatic structures
Authors: Kuske Dietrich , Lohrey Markus 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe logicextends first-order logic by a generalized form of counting quantifiers (“the number of elements satisfying … belongs to the setC”). This logic is investigated for structures with an injectivelyω-automatic presentation. If first-order logic is extended by an infinity-quantifier, the resulting theory of any such structure is known to be decidable [6]. It is shown that, as in the case of automatic structures [21], also modulo-counting quantifiers as well as infinite cardinality quantifiers (“there aremany elements satisfying …”) lead to decidable theories. For a structure of bounded degree with injectiveω-automatic presentation, the fragment ofthat contains only effective quantifiers is shown to be decidable and an elementary algorithm for this decision is presented. Both assumptions (ω-automaticity and bounded degree) are necessary for this result to hold.
Canonical bases in excellent classes
Authors: Hyttinen Tapani , Lessmann Olivier 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe show that any (atomic) excellent class can be expanded with hyperimaginaries to form an (atomic) excellent class which has canonical bases. When is, in addition, of finite U-rank, then is also simple and has a full canonical bases theorem. This positive situation contrasts starkly with homogeneous model theory for example, where the eq-expansion may fail to be homogeneous. However, this paper shows that expanding an ω-stable, homogeneous class gives rise to an excellent class, which is simple if is of finite U-rank.
Closed maximality principles: implications, separations and combinations
Authors: Fuchs Gunter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractI investigate versions of the Maximality Principles for the classes of forcings which are <κ-closed, <κ-directed-closed, or of the form Col(κ, <λ). These principles come in many variants, depending on the parameters which are allowed, I shall write MPΓ (A) for the maximality principle for forcings in Γ, with parameters from A. The main results of this paper are:• The principles have many consequences, such as <κ-closed-generic (Hκ) absoluteness, and imply, e.g., that ◊κ holds. I give an application to the automorphism tower problem, showing that there are Souslin trees which are able to realize any equivalence relation, and hence that there are groups whose automorphism tower is highly sensitive to forcing.• The principles can be separated into a hierarchy which is strict, for many κ.• Some of the principles can be combined, in the sense that they can hold at many different κ simultaneously.The possibilities of combining the principles are limited, though: While it is consistent that MP<κ-closed(Hκ +) holds at all regular κ below any fixed α, the “global” maximality principle, stating that MP<κ-closed (Hκ ∪ {κ} ) holds at every regular κ, is inconsistent. In contrast to this, it is equiconsistent with ZFC that the maximality principle for directed-closed forcings without any parameters holds at every regular cardinal. It is also consistent that every local statement with parameters from Hκ⊦ that's provably <κ-closed-forceably necessary is true, for all regular κ.
Hierarchies of forcing axioms I
Authors: Neeman Itay , Schimmerling Ernest 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe prove new upper bound theorems on the consistency strengths of SPFA(θ), SPFA(θ-linked) and SPFA(θ+ -cc). Our results are in terms of (θ, Γ)-subcompactness, which is a new large cardinal notion that combines the ideas behind subcompactness and Γ-indescribability. Our upper bound for SPFA(ϲ-linked) has a corresponding lower bound, which is due to Neeman and appears in his follow-up to this paper. As a corollary, SPFA(ϲ-linked) and PFA(ϲ-linked) are each equiconsistent with the existence of a -indescribable cardinal. Our upper bound for SPFA(ϲ-c.c) is a -indescribable cardinal, which is consistent with V = L. Our upper bound for SPFA(ϲ+-linked) is a cardinals κ that is (κ+,)-subcompact, which is strictly weaker than κ+-supercompact. The axiom MM(ϲ) is a consequence of SPFA(ϲ+-linked) by a slight refinement of a theorem of Shelah. Our upper bound for SPFA(ϲ++-c.c.) is a cardinal κ that is (κ+, )-subcompact, which is also strictly weaker than κ+-supercompact.
Adiponectin Upregulates Ferritin Heavy Chain in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Ikegami Yuichi , Inukai Kouichi , Imai Kenta , Sakamoto Yasushi , Katagiri Hideki , Kurihara Susumu , Awata Takuya , Katayama Shigehiro 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived protein that acts to reduce insulin resistance in the liver and muscle and also inhibits atherosclerosis. Although adiponectin reportedly enhances AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α action downstream from the adiponectin signal, the precise physiological mechanisms by which adiponectin acts on skeletal muscles remain unknown.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We treated murine primary skeletal muscle cells with recombinant full-length human adiponectin for 12 h and searched, using two-dimensional electrophoresis, for proteins upregulated more than threefold by adiponectin compared with untreated cells.
RESULTS—We found one protein that was increased 6.3-fold with adiponectin incubation. MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization−top of flight) mass spectrometric analysis identified this protein as ferritin heavy chain (FHC). When murine primary skeletal muscle cells were treated with adiponectin, IκB-α phosphorylation was observed, suggesting that adiponectin stimulates nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity. In addition, FHC upregulation by adiponectin was inhibited by NF-κB inhibitors. These results suggest NF-κB activation to be involved in FHC upregulation by adiponectin. Other NF-κB target genes, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were also increased by adiponectin treatment. We performed a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay using CM-H2DCFDA fluorescence and found that ROS-reducing effects of adiponectin were abrogated by FHC or MnSOD small-interfering RNA induction.
CONCLUSIONS—We have demonstrated that adiponectin upregulates FHC in murine skeletal muscle tissues, suggesting that FHC elevation might partially explain how adiponectin protects against oxidative stress in skeletal muscles.
Genome-Wide Linkage Scan for Genes Influencing Plasma Triglyceride Levels in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study
Authors: Coletta Dawn K. , Schneider Jennifer , Hu Shirley L. , Dyer Thomas D. , Puppala Sobha , Farook Vidya S. , Arya Rector , Lehman Donna M. , Blangero John , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Duggirala Ravindranath , Jenkinson Christopher P. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Elevated plasma triglyceride concentration is a component of the insulin resistance syndrome and is commonly associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and coronary heart disease. The goal of our study was to perform a genome-wide linkage scan to identify genetic regions that influence variation in plasma triglyceride levels in families that are enriched with individuals with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used phenotypic and genotypic data from 1,026 individuals distributed across 294 Mexican-American families, who were ascertained for type 2 diabetes, from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES). Plasma triglyceride values were transformed, and a variance-components technique was used to conduct multipoint linkage analysis.
RESULTS—After adjusting for the significant effects of sex and BMI, heritability for plasma triglycerides was estimated as 46 ± 7% (P &lt; 0.0001). Multipoint linkage analysis yielded the strongest evidence for linkage of plasma triglycerides near marker D12S391 on chromosome 12p (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 2.4). Our linkage signal on chromosome 12p provides independent replication of a similar finding in another Mexican-American sample from the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study (SAFDS). Combined multipoint linkage analysis of the VAGES and SAFDS data yielded significant evidence for linkage of plasma triglycerides to a genetic location between markers GATA49D12 and D12S391 on 12p (LOD = 3.8, empirical P value = 2.0 × 10−5). This region on 12p harbors the gene-encoding adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), where we previously have shown that multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with plasma triglyceride concentrations in the SAFDS. In the present study, we provided suggestive evidence in favor of association for rs929434 with triglyceride concentrations in the VAGES.
CONCLUSIONS—Collectively, these results provide strong evidence for a major locus on chromosome 12p that influences plasma triglyceride levels in Mexican Americans.
Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) Polymorphism and Context-Specific Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in African American and Caucasian Adults
Authors: Yan Yu , North Kari E. , Ballantyne Christie M. , Brancati Frederick L. , Chambless Lloyd E. , Franceschini Nora , Heiss Gerardo , Kottgen Anna , Pankow James S. , Selvin Elizabeth , West Suzanne L. , Boerwinkle Eric 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Although variants in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene are consistently associated with type 2 diabetes, large population-based studies of African Americans are lacking. Moreover, few studies have investigated the effects of TCF7L2 on type 2 diabetes in the context of metabolic risk factors of type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We investigated the association between the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes in 2,727 African American and 9,302 Caucasian participants without diabetes who were inducted into the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study in 1987–1989 and followed for 9 years.
RESULTS—A total of 485 and 923 cases of type 2 diabetes were identified in African Americans and Caucasians, respectively. Compared with homozygous CC individuals, heterozygous CT and homozygous TT individuals had higher cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes over 9 years of follow-up: 11.3% (95% CI 10.2–12.4) vs. 21.1% (20.8–21.4) and 27.9% (19.3–36.5) in African Americans, respectively, and 9.7% (8.8–10.6) vs. 11.3% (10.2–12.4) and 13.6% (11.1–16.1), respectively, in Caucasians. Individuals with the risk allele had the highest hazards of diabetes if they were obese and had low HDL cholesterol, followed by individuals with any one and none of the traits.
CONCLUSIONS—Our study provides the first significant evidence of association between the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes risk in a large African American population and also demonstrates that the diabetes risk conveyed by the rs7903146 risk allele is substantially increased in the context of some metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Our study findings need to be replicated in other large, population-based studies.