bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deepwater Production Systems for the Bay of Campeche
Authors: Heideman J. C. , Finn L. D. , Hansen R. L. , Santala M. J. , Vyas Y. K. , Wong P. C. , Pontigo F. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Deepwater production systems are considered for the 300500 m water depth range in the Bay of Campeche. In comparison with the northern Gulf of Mexico, the physical environment is found to have similar seafloor soils; similar winter storms; no Loop Current; less severe hurricanes; and weak earthquake-induced groundmotions. Oil reservoirs are expected to be larger than those in the northern Gulf, and well flow rates greater. Under these conditions, and based on industry experience in various offshore oil provinces, steel piled jackets, compliant piled towers, tension leg platforms, and floating production systems, alone or in connection with subsea production systems, are all judged to be technically viable candidates for full-field development with permanent structures.
Unit Equity Determination
Authors: Tetreau E.M. , Roberts L.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Where unitization takes place early in a pool's life, it is considered critical that the pool's life, it is considered critical that the evaluations determining participating equity be carried out quickly and accurately. Comprehensive studies of the interrelationships of all of the known variables, or commonly called unitization parameters, for a large number of land tracts with wide variance of their parameters has in the past been unwieldy and parameters has in the past been unwieldy and impractical. In order to assess accurately the impact of these unitization parameters, a computer program was developed to calculate future performance and tract value. The example used in this illustration happens to be for a unit project in the Province of Alberta, but the principle and procedures can be adapted to any project where contributory values of the tracts involved need to be assessed.
The program includes the following features:
pool allowable forecast as a time function, distribution of pool allowables on an acreage basis, together with redistribution of individual tract's incapability to the remaining capable wells, crude oil price as a function of time, present worth at several discount rates, individual tract's reserves and allowable acreage, individual tract's initial producing capacity, start of decline, type of decline (constant percentage, harmonic or hyperbolic) and abandonment rate, operating costs and expenditure scheduling, complete print-out of tractperformance over 50 years, and each company's participating equity at each discount rate.
The adaptability of the program has been demonstrated by the virtual fieldwide unitization of the Nipisi Gilwood pool in Alberta. Here 20 of the 21 operators with both wholly owned and joint interest in various parts of the pool, and under a system which grants equal allowables to all productive acreage, were able to agree despite the following variances in their major tract parameters:
tract reserves - 100 percent, tract producing capacity - 10,000 percent and percent and well spacing - 700 percent.
It is no longer necessary then to rely on previously established unitization weighting previously established unitization weighting patterns of various parameters to establish patterns of various parameters to establish unit equities.
A Multi-Phase Mud Filtrate Invasion and Wellbore Filter Cake Formation Model
Authors: Civan Faruk 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Mathematical modeling for prediction of the distribution and mixing of mud filtrates in the reservoir formation surrounding a well being drilled and the filter cake build-up and its effect on the mud filtrate invasion into the formation, as well as the resulting formation damage effects is presented. The model can simulate the single and two-phase flow situations in the formation with water or oil based drilling mud cases. External particle invasion during the early period of filter cake initiation and its effect on the formation damage by particle migration and retention is considered. An application involving radial flow is given. This model is a useful tool for accurate interpretation of oil-mud-fluid system saturations and resistivity profiles which are essential for the development of efficient well-log interpretation.
Rethinking Conventional Field Development: 3D Shows Direct Detection of Bypassed Oil Reserves
Authors: Sibley D. M. , Mastoris S. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate well to seismic correlations of several producing sands and detailed analyses of reservoir characteristics have revealed hidden reserves in an aging field that was previously determined to be uneconomic. The combination of a recent 3D survey shot over Eugene Island Blocks 338 and 339, Gulf of Mexico, and new interactive workstation technology was instrumental in identifying swept and unswept portions of different oil reservoirs and allowed new infill wells to pinpoint key targets.
Seismic attributes were extracted along mapped horizons which showed lateral variations in reservoir properties, identifying depleted zones where the water front had passed through and areas it had missed. This observed seismic response is related to changes in water saturation associated with production and was verified by seismic modeling based on Biot-Gassman-Geertsman equations.
To apply these concepts, net pay maps for key reservoirs were constructed by calibrating detuned, composite amplitudes to pay thicknesses. The top and base of these net pay surfaces were displayed in geologic cross-sections to direct the paths of infill wells.
This proved to be a useful approach to plan conventional and horizontal well paths within the difficult internal stratigraphy of complex Pleistocene reservoirs having an associated structural complexity.
The result was a successful drilling program for Chevron and its operating partner Texaco. Chevron was able to participate in 11 out of 14 development wells after making a "turnaround" decision to keep what was once thought to be a marginal property.
Logging While Drilling Applications in Latin America & The Caribbean
Authors: Husband F. J. , Palomo M. Ricardo , Roca R. Luis 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The commercial use of Logging While Drilling (LWD) technology in Latin America & the Caribbean has grown significantly in the last two years as national and international oil & gas companies implement more efficient systems to locate and extract hydrocarbons. This technology has been applied to optimize drilling projects as LWD measurements are now routinely used for improved log quality, geosteering into complex horizontal targets, "insurance" logging in difficult drilling environments, and where operating rig costs create a financial need.
Case field applications are presented including drilling and logging depleted gas sands in high concentration LCM mud systems, 3-dimensional geosteering techniques, and time lapsed overlays for identification of moved fluids and wellbore stability. The examples and discussion that follow represent field experience utilizing Compensated Dual Resistivity (CDR*) and Compensated Density Neutron (CDN*) measurements to more efficiently find and produce oil and gas in Latin America.
Practical Approach to Environmental Protection in the Exploration and Production Industry
Authors: Emmons L. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental protection is a major issue throughout the world. Effective environmental protection techniques exist that are simple, creative, practical, and often cost effective. The cornerstone of cost effective environmental protection is an environmental management system. Various techniques are also available for reducing wastes, minimizing spills, remediating soils, reducing air emissions, and protecting groundwater and surface water in exploration and production operations.
Design Of A Total Energy Management System For The Abatement Of Air Pollution
Authors: Schoeppel Roger J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ever-increasing utilization of fossil fuels to meet the energy requirements of our affluent society has resulted in an alarmingly high rate of pollutants being emitted to the atmosphere. Although the problem of air pollution has been existent since the earliest pollution has been existent since the earliest times, its magnitude had not been discernable. In recent years, however, this subject has attracted the attention of both the public and the Government. Of the various sources of air pollution, the internal combustion engine has been estimated to contribute about 60% to the overall problem. Since 80% of the fuel requirements for the transportation sector of our economy is shared by vehicles, mostly automobiles, buses, and trucks, the use of an alternate, nonpolluting fuel, would certainly diminish air pollution levels. Research along this direction at Oklahoma State University has resulted in the development of an internal combustion engine which uses hydrogen instead of gasoline as fuel. Unless a more viable solution to the air pollution problem is advanced, it is proposed that the oil industry consider the development of a total Energy Management System which, interalia, aims at supplying large quantities of hydrogen at relatively low cost. It is believed that the proposed system would enable optimum management proposed system would enable optimum management of energy resources and thus place minimum strain on the delicate ecological balance of the environment.
Introduction
It may seem paradoxical, but man is presently poisoning his own environment, thus presently poisoning his own environment, thus gradually disturbing the delicate ecological natural balance. Millions of tons of noxious pollutants are rejected daily to the atmosphere, pollutants are rejected daily to the atmosphere, rivers and lakes, in the United States, as a result of the utilization of some 65.5 × 10(15) is BTU of energy, as reported for 1969. In a sense environmental pollution has become a direct corollary to an ever-increasing level of energy utilization. It all began with the Industrial Revolution and, since then, the increase in energy consumption has shown a linear correlation with the increase in economic growth of the United States reflecting a gradually rising standard of living.
Simulation of Gas Well Performance by Variational Methods
Authors: Douglas Jim , Dupont Todd , Henderson Gerald E. 
Published: December 2007

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
A numerical method based on the calculus of variations is proposed for the solution of the problem of computing the behavior of single-phase linear or radiial gas flow. The method is shown to allow consideration of the effect of linear or radially-varying reservoir rock properties.
This paper discusses both the method of solution and the computer program which results from its application. Examples are presented which demonstrate the relevance and usefulness of the program, as well as the small computer cost program, as well as the small computer cost required for solution to a particular problem. problem

Introduction
The application of computer simulation to reservoir engineering has grown very rapidly in the past few years. This growth has paralleled the increased activity in research on numerical methods for approximating the solution of partial differential equations. Until partial differential equations. Until quite recently most of the development in numerical methods centered on the use of finite difference methods, but in the last three or four years quite a large portion of the theoretical work in portion of the theoretical work in numerical analysis has shifted to the study of variational methods and this paper is devoted to the treatment of the paper is devoted to the treatment of the single-phase flow of a gas in a radially symmetric reservoir. The specific objectives of this research are as follows:
The development of a one-dimensional, radial, one-flowing phase, unsteady-state, heterogenous gas well simulator based on variational methods. The simulator should allow the properties of formation net pay, properties of formation net pay, permeability, and porosity to vary as a permeability, and porosity to vary as a function of distance from the well. Jump discontinuities should be allowed to occur in these data. The effect of water and rock compressibility and of varying gas viscosity, gravity and Z-Factor should be included.
Crystallization Process to Reduce NORM-Containing Waste
Authors: Hayden C. G. , Kraemer T. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a process of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) waste reduction for scales, sludges, and soils. The process involves dissolution and fractional crystallization steps that concentrate the radioactive material into a small mass of barite. The concentration of radium in the product, barite, can be increased or decreased. The NORM-containing barite product is suitable for slurry injection into sandstone formations.
Associative and Repulsive Interactions in Polymer-Surfactant Systems Studied by Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Veggeland Kirsti 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Polymer-surfactant interactions have been studied by Gel Permeation Chromatograhy in order to include a dynamic aspect. Associative interactions can be identified and studied with this method. Also quantitative measurements on the amount of surfactant associated with the polymer have been performed. Association between PEO and ethoxylated sulfonates decreases when the number of EO-groups in the surfactant increases. For more than 3 EO-groups the association with PEO disappears. When there are repulsive interactions, like in (P-S-)-systems, the results are difficult to interpret. A (P-S-) -system is separated in a GPC column due to osmosis and size exclusion. PS-interactions cannot explain the surprising core flood results.
New Techniques for Monitoring Cement Hydration Under Simulated Well Conditions
Authors: Luke Karen , Hall Chris , Jones Tim , Barnes Paul , Turillas Xavier , Lewis Andrew 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction methods are described for studying cement hydration chemistry at temperatures up to 200 deg C, covering the normal temperature range of wellbore cementing. The methods provide complementary information on the transformation of silicate, ferrite and sulphate minerals. The thermal decomposition of the cement mineral ettringite is shown to occur at 114 deg C in a sealed system in contact with water. The FTIR spectrum of a well cement slurry hydrating at 150 deg C and 2000 psi is analysed. The anomalous thickening time behaviour of certain cements around 75-100 deg C is discussed in the light of new data on the hydration of a Class G cement at 65 and 95 deg C, with and without retarder.
Mechanism of Shale Inhibition by Polyols in Water Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Reid P. I. , Dolan Bernadette , Cliffe Stephen 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Polyols (e.g. glycols, glycerols, polyalkylene glycols) are now established as effective shale inhibitors in water-based muds (WBM). These water-soluble compounds are typically used at concentrations between 3 and 10% in WBM and are generally found to reduce wellbore problems associated with reactive shales, increase drilling rates and reduce the environmental impact of the drilling operation. The mechanisms by which these molecules provide shale inhibition are not well understood and the aim of this paper is to provide some insights into these mechanisms.
The adsorption of three polyols on to a swelling clay mineral (montmorillonite) was studied. The adsorption experiments were carried out from distilled water and from potassium chloride solutions. The resulting clay complexes were characterised by X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy techniques. Shale inhibition measurements were also made and the results correlated with the adsorption of the polyols.
The polyols are shown to be strongly adsorbed by the clay. During the adsorption process, water is displaced from the clay surface and ordered structures of polyol are formed. The nature of these structures and their stability in aqueous fluids is strongly controlled by the presence or absence of potassium cations: *Under most conditions, a single polyol layer forms on the clay in the presence of potassium and the resulting complexes are stable in water.*A complex containing 2 polyol layers is formed when potassium is absent. This complex is less stable in water.
The interaction between potassium ions and polyols at the clay surface is proposed as the critical factor in the provision of shale inhibition. This interaction appears to account for all the observed inhibition in the case of two of the polyols studied. For a 3rd polyol, an additional (minor) contribution may come from interactions between polyol molecules at the clay surface.
The selection of the most appropriate polyol for inhibitive muds is discussed. This is a complex issue that must consider cost and environmental acceptability as well as technical performance.
Horizontal Well Drill-In Fluid Utilising Alcohol Ethoxylate
Authors: Jachnik R. P , Green P 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The drilling of horizontal wells in the last 6 years has significantly improved the economics of oil and gas production from depleted reservoirs or tight sands. This paper illustrates the application of an alcohol ethoxylate into a drill-in fluid designed to minimise formation damage in low permeability sandstones while drilling horizontal sections as long as 1,617 metres (5,306 ft) at depths approaching 6,580 metres (21,600 ft) and to facilitate formation cleanup.
The chemistry of alcohol ethoxylates/alkoxylates are described and the more popular names used within the industry will be discussed. Laboratory results are presented which illustrate colloidal phenomena not previously reported with these systems, the routes taken for successful application into a drill-in fluid and how complex these particular colloidal systems are from a physical chemical viewpoint, along with the inevitable "learning curve" required to fully optimise these systems.
Generalised case histories from the UK Southern North Sea will be described, along with field observations which back up the colloidal phenomena seen in the laboratory.
Comparative Laboratory Selection and Field Testing of Polymers for Selective Control of Water Production in Gas Wells
Authors: Ranjbar M. , Czolbe P. , Kohler N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Intensive comparative feasibility studies were performed in different laboratories in order to select the most promising polymer based technology for water control in gas production and storage wells exhibiting low matrix permeability, high temperature and high produced brine salinity. Core flow experiments performed under reservoir conditions with different commercial available chemical systems have pointed out to the superiority of two relatively low-molecular-weight vinyl sulfonated/ vinyl amide/ acrylamide terpolymers over other polymers to decrease selectively and effectively the water permeability without affecting the gas flow. These polymers have excellent compatibility with all types of reservoir brines and good thermal stability up to 150°C. Furthermore, because of their high shear resistance, and excellent injectability even in low permeability cores, solutions of these polymers can be pumped at high injection rates with a moderate wellhead pressure.
Based on the promising results of the lab tests the first field treatment was performed in January 1993 on an abandoned gas producing well from a sandstone reservoir with a BHT of about 130°C, an average matrix permeability of 0.01 μm2 and a produced brine salinity of more than 300 g/1 TDS. This well was loaded up with water. The polymer solutions were injected at a well head pressure not exceeding 5 MPa without any problem. The treatment returned a daily gas production of more than 100,000 m3 to the well. The water production was reduced from almost 90 m3/d to less than 1 m3/d. The second treatment was performed in May 1994 on a candidate well in a gas storage sandstone reservoir with a BHT of 87°C, matrix permeability of 0.1μm2 and brine salinity of 300 g/l. According to the lab feasibility studies this time a terpolymer with a lower molecular weight was used. As a consequence of the treatment the well is showing far better gas injection characteristics. The effect on the gas and water production can only be evaluated at the end of the winter production period in March 1995.
Performance of 18 Polymers in Aluminum Citrate Colloidal Dispersion Gels
Authors: Smith J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Colloidal dispersion gels are made up of low concentrations of polymer and aluminum citrate in water. These gels, which are mixed as a homogeneous solution at the surface, provide a valuable tool for in-depth blockage of high permeability regions of rock in heterogeneous reservoirs. Performance of colloidal dispersion gels depends strongly on the type and quality of polymer used. This paper provides an overview of the performance of 18 different polymers in colloidal dispersion gels. 14 of the polymers were partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides or AMPS polymers in dry crystalline form with varying degrees of hydrolysis and molecular weight. The group also includes one cationic polyacrylamide, one carboxymethyl cellulose, one partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide in emulsion form and one polysaccharide in dry form. Gels were mixed with the polymers at two polymer concentrations, three polymer:aluminum ratios and in different concentrations of potassium chloride. The gels were quantitatively tested at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after crosslinking using the transition pressure test, which is a screen flow resistance test. Of the six polymer types tested, only the dry partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides and AMPS polymers formed colloidal dispersion gels. Gel strength generally increased with increasing anionic charge and molecular weight; however, the manner in which the polymer is manufactured and the impurities present in the polymer also play roles which are more significant than originally expected.