bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Minnesota model in the treatment of addictions: A social psychological assessment of changes in beliefs and attributions
Authors: Morojele Neo K. , Stephenson Geoffrey M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChanges in beliefs and attitudes that accompany Minnesota Model (MM) treatment are examined in terms of Brickman et al.'s Compensatory Model of coping, and Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour. Questionnaires were completed both on intake and at discharge, by 61 patients who successfully completed treatment at a residential MM facility. The questionnaires measured the patients' attributions of responsibility for the cause of, and for recovery from, their addictions, and their beliefs about outcomes, normative pressures and personal control with respect to their abstinence. It is shown that between intake and discharge there is a marked reduction in the patients' feelings of personal responsibility for their addiction, whilst their sense of personal control over their recovery increases significantly. In general, the patients' evaluations of recovery were more favourable on discharge than on intake, although little change was observed in the overall level of perceived normative pressure, or in the importance of taking a range of practical steps to facilitate recovery. When viewed in relation to Brickman et al. and Ajzen's models, these findings place the MM in a favourable light. The results of this study are considered in relation to changes that might be expected among patients undergoing other forms of treatment.
On the nature of nature: Experimental studies in the power of rhetoric
Authors: Macnaghten P. , Brown R. , Reicher S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports two studies which investigate the effects of different definitions of the natural upon human preferences. The first study is designed to show that items are deemed more acceptable when defined as natural than when defined as non‐natural. Subjects rated the acceptability of cannabis use after reading a text which either described it as a natural herb or as a drug. Acceptability ratings were significantly higher in the former condition. The second study examines how the way in which the category ‘nature’ is defined affects the acceptability of changes to the environment. Subjects watched videos which showed pictures of landscapes and then superimposed changes which consisted either of wild, non‐human elements (W), human elements which fitted with the colour, texture and contours of the original (F), or human elements which were unfitting in terms of these criteria (U). It was predicted that, when we defined nature as virgin territory, W changes would be more acceptable than F or U changes. However when we defined nature as visual harmony, it was predicted that W and F changes would be equally acceptable but U changes would be less so. The results largely confirm these predictions. In discussion we argue for the importance of studying how processes of defining nature affect environment action, and for the use of experimental techniques to complement discursive investigations of such processes.
Effects of experienced discrimination and different forms of relative deprivation among Surinamese, a Dutch ethnic minority group
Authors: Koomen Willem , Fränkel Erik G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a study among 81 Surinamese, members of a Dutch ethnic minority group, we found that experienced discrimination led to both fratenalistic and egoistic relative deprivation (RD). Fraternalistic RD results from a comparison between ingroup and outgroup, and egoistic RD results from a comparison between self and ingroup. In addition, we investigated two specific hypotheses. Fraternalistic RD would be more strongly related to group militancy than egoistic RD, whereas egoistic RD was hypothesized to predict personal satisfaction better than fraternalistic RD. Results, obtained by path analyses, indicated support for the hypotheses.
The role of primary prevention in mental health services: A review and critique
Authors: Blair A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCommunity psychology in the West has had a growing impact on mental health service provision. One facet of this development has been the advocacy of an increased focus on the primary prevention of mental illness. This paper reviews both theoretical and practical work in this area in order to assess the current role and relevance of primary preventive interventions. There is a discussion of primary prevention's historical and theoretical contexts, of its conceptualisations and definitions, of criticisms of its relevance and efficacy, and of examples of its practice. It is argued that primary prevention is inappropriately marginalised in current service provision and that there is a need to engage in the long‐term planning and evaluation of primary preventive interventions in order to facilitate their fuller incorporation into national and local policies on mental health.
The dilemma of primary prevention in mental health services: Rationalize the status quo or bite the hand that feeds you
Authors: Rappaport Julian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThat primary prevention has been ‘inappropriately marginalised’ is seen to be an inevitable outcome of reliance on government support. Policy makers and service providers can never be expected to give prevention a higher priority than direct service. Preventionists have developed two strategies for doing their work. One, based on the logical positivist ideal, seeks specific causal models for specific disorders. This sort of prevention research, while it will always remain less well funded than direct services, tends not to challenge the status quo belief in individual responsibility, or the acceptable methods of mainstream science, and thus will tend to be more acceptable than other forms of prevention research and services. An alternative, based on a social constructivist paradigm engages in social action research through collaboration with a variety of grass roots organizations and people outside the mainstream of power. This latter approach, brings to preventionists ideas from feminists, ethnic minority leaders, neighborhood organizers, and self and mutual help group leaders. It is a sensible way to use the resources available to those professionals interested in social change oriented prevention.
Ways of coping with excessive drug use in the family: A provisional typology based on the accounts of 50 close relatives
Authors: Orford Jim , Rigby Kate , Miller Tony , Tod Anne , Bennett Gerald , Velleman Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper outlines an eight‐fold typology of coping actions based upon a qualitative analysis of the accounts provided by 50 close relatives of people with drug problems. In a number of different ways relatives draw attention to the contrasts between these distinguishable ways of coping. Emphasis is placed upon the provisional nature of this typology and upon the compromises between, and combinations of, ways of coping that are often used by relatives in practice. Different ways of coping represent alternative choices for relatives, often explicitly expressed by them as difficult dilemmas. Links are suggested between the ways of coping identified here and those discussed in the literature on coping with other disorders and disabilities in the family, with ways of coping described in the general literature on coping with stress, and with types of social action appearing in general models of interpersonal behaviour. Implications for counselling close relatives of people with drug problems are also outlined.
An empirical study of the decision to use condoms among Norwegian adolescents using the theory of reasoned action
Authors: Rise Jostein 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe decision whether or not to use condoms was studied among Norwegian adolescents using the theory of reasoned action (TRA). The empirical data stem from a survey of a random sample of 3000 adolescents aged 17–19 (response rate 60.9 per cent). A total of 1172 persons had made their sexual debuts, and thus constituted the material of this paper. TRA is an expectancy‐value model of attitude for understanding and changing a behaviour, and views condom behaviour as a decision based upon consideration of the expected consequences of using or not using condoms. The decision whether or not to use a condom was primarily under normative control, and immediate consequences were more important than long‐term consequences, indicating that persuasive communications should pay more attention to social pressure and psychological costs. Most of the effect of prior behaviour upon intention was not mediated by attitudes and subjective norm, and by far exceeded the effects of attitudes and subjective norm, raising doubts of the generality of the model. The possible inclusion of a measure of perceived behavioural control is discussed.
Interviews with ethnic interviewees: Non‐verbal communication errors in impression formation
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Dragt August , Koppelaar Leendert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo studies are described concerning ethnic interviewees in interviews. The first study (a style of presentation study) revealed several differences in non‐verbal behaviour displayed by Dutch and ethnic interviewees in interviews. The second study showed that interviewees with an ‘ethnic style’ of non‐verbal presentation were assessed more negatively than interviewees with a ‘Dutch style’ of non‐verbal presentation by a Dutch selection board. Finally, some implications of the results are discussed.
The urban environment and child pedestrian and bicycle injuries: Interaction of ecological and personality characteristics
Authors: Bagley Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is argued that the study of injuries to child pedestrians and cyclists in urban contexts must involve the study of complex elements interacting within a total environment. This complexity, and the need for further research, is illustrated from a study of 400 child victims in an urban, ecological study, and of 67 individually studied child victims and controls. It is argued that the individual vulnerability of some children puts them at high risk when they live in certain types of urban neighbourhoods.
Parental alcohol consumption and postneonatal mortality
Authors: Borges Guilherme , Garrido Francisco , Cárdenas Víctor , Ibarra Jorge , Bobadilla José Luis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of maternal and paternal alcohol consumption as independent risk factors in postneonatal mortality. Questions on the frequency and quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed were included in a questionnaire used as part of a case‐control study. Over a period of 11 months the families of 157 cases and 468 controls, matched for age and locality, were interviewed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained by matched univariate analysis and by multiple conditional logistic regression. Maternal consumption during pregnancy, maternal consumption during breastfeeding and maternal consumption in the past year were not risk factors for postneonatal mortality. A multiple matched analysis did not alter these results. Matched univariate analysis of paternal alcohol consumption gave several positive results, including variables pertaining to the father's consumption in a multiple logistic regression model with traditional risk factors, which revealed that the frequency of paternal consumption in the last year, as estimated by the mother, was found to have a significant effect on postneonatal mortality.
Alcohol‐related knowledge and attitudes in people with a mild learning disability – the effects of a ‘sensible drinking’ group
Authors: McCusker Christopher G. , Clare Isabel C. H. , Cullen Clara , Reep Judith 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlcohol‐related knowledge and attitudes in people with a mild learning disability, who were either living, or being prepared to live, in relatively independent conditions in the community, were assessed through a structured interview format. Compared with non‐learning‐disabled teenagers, adults and a hospitalized patient sample, alcohol‐related knowledge in the people with a learning disability was found to be significantly poorer, alcohol was reported as having particularly negative effects and susceptibility to social pressure to drink alcohol was greater. A ‘sensible drinking’ group, taking a social skills and influences approach to alcohol education, was conducted with a subgroup of the individuals with a learning disability. The group format and methods, including in vivo sessions in a public house, are described. Follow‐up evaluations suggested some significant positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and sensible drinking skills. It is concluded that this population, which is increasingly living, or being moved into, independent conditions in the community, is at least as vulnerable to social influences on alcohol use and abuse as are young people. As with young people, the usefulness of making available such alcohol‐education programmes as described in this study, is discussed.
A six‐month follow‐up of adolescents' sexual risk‐taking, HIV/AIDS knowledge, and attitudes to condoms
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Shepherd Helen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA follow‐up study was conducted to investigate change in sexual behaviour, knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission, and attitudes to condoms over a 6‐month period in a sample of late‐adolescent students. The study also obtained subjective reports of HIV/AIDS‐relevant change. Overall there was a decrease in sexual risk‐taking behaviour with casual partners but no change occurred in sexual behaviour with regular partners, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitude towards condoms, or intention to use a condom on next sexual encounter. Examination of individual data revealed that, for some adolescents where behavioural change had occurred, this was in the direction of less safe sex. There were few self‐reports of change in sexual behaviour, intention to take precautions against HIV/AIDS, or concern about HIV/AIDS over the preceding 6 months. Subjective reports of behaviour change did not correspond with reports of actual behaviour. Low rates of behaviour change are attributed to the failure of adolescents to personalize the threat of AIDS and to their trust in the safety of sex with a regular partner as well as to the lack of relevance of HIV/AIDS education campaigns to this group.
Work stressors in health care: Context and outcomes
Authors: Schaefer Jeanne A. , Moos Rudolf H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis overview presents a holistic model of work stressors in health care settings. The model posits that health care system and personal system factors contribute to work stressors, influence staff coping, and affect staff and patient outcomes. We use the model for commenting on issues such as the determinants of health care workers' stressors and the impact of health care system factors, work stressors, and coping on staff's job morale and health. The research in this area suggests that health care system factors play a central role in the work life of health care providers. A positive work milieu can lessen the stressors staff confront and mitigate their negative effects. We discuss key developments that are changing the health care workplace and suggest directions for future research.
Coping and the intensity of nursing stressors
Authors: Dewe Philip 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResearchers typically use stressors to predict coping. However, if the relationships between the different components of the stress and coping processes are bidirectional, it is equally important to focus on the effect of coping on stressors. Using a sample of 2,500 nurses working in general and obstetric hospitals throughout New Zealand, this research examined the association between the frequency of the nurses' coping, and the intensity of their work stressors. Instruments for measuring stressor frequency, tension and fatigue, and coping strategies were developed specifically for a nursing population. The results indicated that more reliance on coping strategies was associated with more stressors, tension and fatigue. The nurses' somewhat greater reliance on emotion‐focused coping strategies may reflect the lack of resources and control available to nursing staff. using the different stressor scores, high and low stress groups were identified for each stressor. Coping strategies discriminated the high stress from the low stress group, confirming that more frequent coping is associated with more stress intensity. These findings were discussed in terms of methodology, measurement strategies and stress management programmes.
The broken heart phenomenon: An examination of the mortality of bereavement
Authors: Stroebe Margaret S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBereaved people are at greater risk of losing their lives than the non‐bereaved. This paper explores the evidence on this ‘bereavement—mortality relationship’, to establish who among the bereaved are most vulnerable to such dire consequences of loss. Information is drawn from several sources, including epidemiological research on sociodemographic variables, analyses of causes of death and recent empirical studies that have identified differences between bereaved decedents and survivors. The survey shows that risk factors interact in complex ways to determine level of vulnerability. A simple explanation in terms of ‘broken heart’ cannot account for the pattern of results. Some bereaved subgroups are more vulnerable to death than others, excess risk occurs across a variety of causes of death (suggesting different underlying processes), and personal characteristics in combination with circumstantial factors lead to high vulnerability. It is concluded that two types of process underlie the bereavement–mortality relationship. These are related: (a) to the direct effects of grief (broken heart); and (b) to secondary consequences associated with the stress of bereavement.
Ethnic categorization among children in multi‐ethnic schools in the Netherlands
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Masson Kees 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this study the use and importance of ethnic categories is investigated among children in multi‐ethnic schools. It is argued that concentrating on ethnic categories ignores the many alternative forms of social categorization that can be used. It also ignores the possibility that social categories are not used at all. In the present study children were not confronted with material that explicitly stressed ethnicity, nor were they forced to respond to ethnic categories, but the social categories spontaneously used in written essays were analysed. The results show that ethnic categories should not be taken for granted. First, categorical constructs were not the only ones used, as many particular descriptions were given. Second, although most children did use ethnicity in describing differences between schoolmates, many other social categories were used and there were hardly any references to ethnicity when the children described patterns of playing.
Reflexive research and the grounding of analysis: Social psychology and the psy‐complex
Authors: Parker Ian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper is concerned with reflexivity in research, and the way research is grounded in the operations of the psy‐complex in social psychology. A central argument is that qualitative research in general, and a focus on reflexivity in particular, requires theoretical grounding. Distinctions are drawn between ‘uncomplicated subjectivity’, ‘blank subjectivity’ and ‘complex subjectivity’; and the analytic device of the ‘discursive complex’ is described. It is argued that such theoretical grounding can usefully draw on developments in discourse analytic, deconstructionist, and psychoanalytic social research. The opposition between objectivity and subjectivity is deconstructed, and psychoanalytic conceptual reference points for an understanding of the discursive construction of complex subjectivity in the context of institutions are explored with particular reference to the location of the researcher in the psy‐complex. The paper discusses the reflexive engagement of the researcher with data, and the construction of the identity of the researcher with reference to professional bodies. An analysis of a document produced by the British Psychological Society is presented to illustrate conceptual issues addressed in the first sections. This illustrative analysis is designed to show how the material is structured by a series of six discursive complexes, and that the institutional structure facilitates, and inhibits, certain forms of action and reflection.
Towards reflexive practice: Engaging participants as co‐researchers or co‐analysts in psychological inquiry
Authors: Smith Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers some of the implications of reflexivity for the practice of psychological research. After a brief consideration of the theoretical background to a concern with reflexivity, the paper goes on to examine how various researchers have attempted to incorporate components of reflexivity in their research practice. While a group of sociologists of science have operationalized reflexivity by self‐conscious concern for their own role in the construction of social—scientific knowledge, new paradigm co‐operative inquirers interpret a need for reflexivity by including their participants as fully self‐reflexive co‐researchers. Mulkay's suggestion for a dialogic analytical exchange with one's participants is also considered. The second half of the paper illustrates an attempt at reflexive practice in the authors' own research. This was a project concerned with identity change during the transition to motherhood, and aimed to allow the women a strong hand in helping to shape the project's direction. Preliminary analysis of a woman's data was taken back to her for her comments, and her reflections on the data were incorporated in the final case study. A detailed example of the investigator and participant's discussion of a piece of data is provided.
‘So you did what you wanted then’: Discourse analysis, personal agency, and psychotherapy
Authors: Madill Anna , Doherty Kathy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper explores issues concerning personal agency in discursive psychology and discourse analysis, with a particular emphasis on agency in terms of motivational accounts of the person. Issues are discussed in relation to the efficacy, acceptability, and accessibility of discourse analytic research for the practising psychotherapist. We suggest that such an approach may raise problems in four areas. First, we argue that without explicit theorization of the subject as language user, discourse analysis may be vulnerable to the charge of determinism. Second, theorization of the subject as language user may be required to account successfully for individual consistency and continuity of identity. Third, although claiming to critique commonsense notions of subjectivity, implicit dualist assumptions facilitate a reading of discursive psychology that is compatible with a motivational model of the person. Finally, we argue that discursive psychology itself implies a particular model of the strategically motivated language user. We conclude that, although these issues require clarification, discursive psychology and discourse analysis have much to offer psychotherapy research.