bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DR SMITH'S ANEMIA, OR, THE PREVENTION OF LATER HOMONYMS
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExamination of the supplementary portion (1818‐1819) of Rees's Cyclopaedia and the seed‐lists and catalogues of European botanic gardens has revealed some 120 unlisted binomials, several making currently accepted names later homonyms so that Anemia radicans Raddi must be known as A. blechnoides Sm.; A. blechnoides Brade becomes A. spicantoides Mabb.; Aphelandra deppeana Schlecht. & Cham. is A. scabra (Vahl) Sm., Alyssum arenarium Lois. is A. loiseleurii P. Fourn. and Salvia inconspicua Benth. is S. protracta Benth. There may have to be changes in Acacia, Canna, Justicia, Pholiurus and Senecio, while names in Acacia, Acaena, Artemisia, Blechum, Bonapartea, Cassia, Cleome, Coleus, Commelina, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Ipomoea, Lotus, Psoralea and Stevia remain obscure.
PHILOSOPHIE DES COMPTAGES DE CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Favarger C. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméAprès avoir passé en revue et illustré par des exemples les principales causes d'erreur dans les comptages de chromosomes, l'auteur donne quelques recommandations pratiques pour les éviter le plus possible. Il montre que chez des polyploïdes élevés, il est parfois extrêmement difficile (sinon impossible) de savoir si le nombre zygotique est constant ou non dans une population. Il pense que la variation intraspécifique par Polyploïdie ou dysploïdie précède assez souvent la variation interspécifique et il montre combien il faut être prudent dans l'établissement du nombre de base x d'un groupe donné.
PRÉCIS, THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AFRICA (PRE) COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Morris J. W. , Glen H. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDevelopments in EDP‐IR within herbaria are briefly reviewed and progress with implementation of a data banking system by the National Herbarium of the Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria (PRE) is outlined. The three linked bases of the bank (literature, taxonomic information and specimen bases) are described. The numbering systems used for genera, based on that of de Dalla Torre & Harms, as well as those for species and families are described. Procedures which were used for encoding the 500 000 extant Southern African herbarium specimens in PRE as well as methods being used for accessioning new collections are outlined. Both a prototype query system (in operation) and a production query system (nearing completion) are described. Progress to date is discussed and ways in which encoding errors were obviated are highlighted.
RE‐ESTABLISHMENT OF GENUS CATUNAREGAM WOLF (RUBIACEAE) — A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN RHEEDE'S “HORTUS MALABARICUS”
Authors: Tirvengadum D. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe validly published generic name Catunaregam Wolf (1776) based upon Rheede's “Katou‐Naregam” has been overlooked or ignored until Ross (1966) called attention to it. Having priority and being congeneric with Xeromphis Raf. (1838), it is here re‐established for a group of rubiaceous plants hitherto ascribed to that latter genus. New combinations for two Asiatic and one African species are given. Extensive preliminary work on the tribe Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) suggests deferring disposition of four other species commonly included in Xeromphis until further study can be completed.
DISTRIBUTION OF CYANOGENESIS IN LOTUS (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Band Louise , Heyn Chaia C. , Plitmann Uzi 
Published: April 2006

SummarySingle specimens and population samples (about 1000 plants in total) from 12 species of Lotus collected throughout Israel have been tested for cyanogenic compounds by the sodium‐picrate test. Various distribution patterns were found: In 3 species all plants were cyanogenic; in another 3 all were acyanogenic: and in the remaining 6 species varying degrees of cyanogenic polymorphism could be observed. Polymorphism tends to occur more often between than within populations of a species. A geographical trend was found only in L. halophilus where the ratio of cyanogenic plants in populations decreased towards the more arid areas. Except for the possible reduction in cyanogenesis in systematic groups with x = 6, no uniform correlation with morphotaxonomic or ecogeographic characters were found. Different Lotus species do not have a uniform response to conditions described previously as selective for or against cyanogenesis in L. corniculatus or Trifolium repens. For that reason no general hypotheses explaining the polymorphism of cyanogenesis can be formed and it is proposed that all such theories should be tested only at the specific level and even then within a regional frame.
A COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GENUS BUPLEURUM L. (UMBELLIFERAE)
Authors: Carbonnier J. , Cauwet‐Marc A. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the course of a phytochemical investigation of 124 populations within Bupleurum L. and some related genera. 78 constituents were found. The distribution of these compounds, as compared with the phyletic scheme of the group, indicates that a reduction in the number of constituents and a concomitant increase in synthetic specialization paralleled evolutionary advance.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: A PALEOBOTANICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Taylor Thomas N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of numerous fossil plants in recent years, together with the application of new techniques directed at understanding the total biology of the organism, has resulted in the modification of some ideas pertaining to the origin of land plants. Several of these lines of evidence strongly suggest the presence of a diverse terrestrial flora significantly earlier than the Upper Silurian bench mark currently used for the first appearance of plants with vascular tissue.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF POACEAE SUBFAMILY POOIDEAE
Authors: Macfarlane T. D. , Watson L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFollowing a review of previous classifications, a revised scheme is presented for the 155 genera of Pooideae, derived via numerical analyses of original and compiled morphological and anatomical data and consideration of additional evidence. The subfamily is divided into two newly described supertribes, Poanae and Triticanae. These are further subdivided into the following tribes, all fully described: Poeae, Seslerieae, Meliceae, Aveneae and Agrostideae (in Poanae) and Triticeae, Bromeae and Brachypodieae (in Triticanae). The Aveneae are more narrowly circumscribed than is usual. The data employed in the numerical analyses are available, on microfiche, as full English descriptions.
POLLEN FINE STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ACHATOCARPUS TRIANA AND PHAULOTHAMNUS A. GRAY
Authors: Skvarla John J. , Nowicke Joan W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA palynological study of Achatocarpus Triana and Phaulothamnus A. Gray utilizing structural data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), reinforces their close relationship as suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and supports family status as Achatocarpaceae. Both genera are known to have the betalain pigments and protein‐type sieve tube plastid which characterize the order Centrospermae. Affinities within the Centrospermae remain uncertain.
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXTANT SEED PLANTS: THE NEED TO UTILIZE HOMOLOGOUS CHARACTERS
Authors: Young David A. , Richardson P. Mick 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe characters used in a recent phylogenetic analysis of land plants to derive the “Gneticae” and flowering plants from a common ancestor are critically evaluated. In our opinion, these characters are not homologous in the two groups and cannot be used in such a fashion. A cladistic analysis of seed plants (or land plants) is a worthwhile endeavor, but requires careful consideration of the homologous nature of the characters that are utilized in such an analysis.
STRUCTURAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS IN GREEN ALGAE AND LAND PLANTS
Authors: Melkonian Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUltrastructural features of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and land plants seem to be of considerable phylogenetic significance. Based on functional considerations details of the flagellar apparatus can be used to construct tentative lines of evolution within the green algae. An “ancestral” asymmetric zooflagellate possibly gave rise to a green unicell after a primary endosymbiotic event involving a green prokaryote. During the transition from phagotrophic to phototrophic nutrition in most green algae (the Chlorophyceae and Ulvaphyceae sensu Stewart & Mattox and most Prasinophyceae sensu Christensen) the original asymmetric flagellar apparatus was transformed into a 180° rotational symmetric flagellar apparatus with 4 flagella and a flagellar root system of the X‐2‐X‐2‐type. Most significant in this transition was presumably the evolution of the phototactic apparatus and of an apical flagellar groove. In the Charophyceae sensu Stewart & Mattox (including those green algae related to the ancestry of the archegoniate land plants) the early transition towards a terrestrial life, lack of an eyespot apparatus and development of a special type of oogamy possibly led to the evolution of the unilateral flagellar root in these organisms. It is suggested that the evolution of the unilateral MLS‐root in the Charophyceae sensu Stewart & Mattox can be traced back to an “ancestral green flagellate” before the evolution of the typical X‐2‐X‐2 flagellar root system. A tentative evolutionary scheme of the green algae mainly based on motile cell structure and mitotic and cytokinetic mechanisms is presented.
HYBRIDIZATION AND AGAMOSPERMY OF BIDENS IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Crowe David R. , Parker William H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFour weedy taxa of Bidens are common in Thunder Bay: B. cernua, B. connata, B. frondosa and B. vulgata. Since B. connata is intermediate in gross morphology and ecological preference between B. cernua and B. frondosa, and since it is only found in areas where B. cernua and B. frondosa are sympatric, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether B. connata is of hybrid origin (B. cernua × B. frondosa). Representative specimens of the 4 taxa were scored for 23 morphological characters, and these data were analyzed by Principal Coordinates Analysis. Seed germination and pollen viability were determined to be high with no significant differences among the 4 taxa. Morphological and cytological data suggest that B. connata (2n = 48) is the result of either a cross between an unreduced gamete of B. cernua (2n = 24) with a normal gamete of B. frondosa (2n = 48), or a cross between a 2n = 24 of B. frondosa with a typical gamete of B. cernua. Since B. connata shows no decrease in seed viability and apparently produces pollen by mitosis only, Thunder Bay populations of B. connata evidently comprise an agamic complex.
METHODOLOGY OF TAXONOMY
Authors: de Hoog G. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomy consists of three fundamentally different parts: (1) Representation, which consists of nominal, reproducible statements; (2) Ordering, which is a logical, verifiable science; and (3) Nomenclature, which is largely guided by practical application. Some proposals are made for the improvement of the scientific character of taxonomy.
A CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS INTO HIGHER TAXA BASED ON CYTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CRITERIA
Authors: Edwards Peter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA variety of schemes are employed currently for the classification of plants into higher taxa. The two most widely used schemes, the traditional kingdom Plantae with sub‐kingdoms Thallophyta and Embryophyta, and the Whittaker five‐kingdom system with plants in the kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi and Plantae, rely on nineteenth century morphological criteria for delimitation of taxa that result in polyphyletic assemblages of organisms. It is proposed that plants be assigned to seven kingdoms, subordinate to the superkingdoms Procaryota and Eucaryota which are based on the procaryotic and eucaryotic types of cellular organization. The distribution of accessory chlorophylls is used as a major taxonomic criterion for classifying photosynthetic organisms at the kingdom level. This results in a single kingdom, the Cyanochlorobionta for photosynthetic plants containing chlorophyll a only within the superkingdom Procaryota. Photosynthetic plants within the superkingdom Eucaryota have been divided into three groups, the kingdom Erythrobionta for organisms with no accessory chlorophyll or occasionally chlorophyll d (and lacking flagella), the kingdom Chlorobionta for organisms with accessory chlorophyll b, and the Ochrobionta for those organisms with accessory chlorophyll c. Vascular plants have been assigned to a single division, the Tracheophyta, since in addition to having a similar biochemistry (chlorophylls a and b, similar carotenoids, starch as a reserve food product) they possess also a basic morphological groundplan ‐ a vascular system containing xylem and phloem, and a life history consisting of an alternation of generations. The fungi have been assigned three kingdoms as opposed to most extant schemes of classification in which they are allocated to a single polyphyletic assemblage. The true fungi have been divided into kingdoms Fungi 1 and Fungi 2 since it is thought that they have evolved from the Chlorobionta and Ochrobionta, respectively; the myxomycetes have been placed in a third kingdom, the Myxobionta.
GEITONOGAMY IN ANIMAL POLLINATED TROPICAL ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: de Arroyo Mary T. Kalin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent reproductive biology studies reveal high levels of self‐incompatibility in species diverse tropical communities. Many tropical trees are animal pollinated, pollen transfer patterns closely following the energetics of foraging. The energy output (in the form of nectar, pollen and other food bodies) of a single massively flowering tropical tree is far in excess of the demands of a single pollinating individual. This being so, a large proportion of the pollen transfers in tropical trees are geitonogamous and genetically equivalent to self‐pollination. It is here argued that the tendency for high levels of geitonogamy, which presumably increase with decreasing population density or increasing species diversity has been the major factor in the spread and perhaps initial evolution of pre‐zygotic self‐incompatibility mechanisms in the angiosperms.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF CAESALPINIOIDEAE
Authors: Pettigrew C. J. , Watson L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryComputer analyses of data on 41 characters compiled for 158 genera of Caesalpinioideae gave equivocal results at lower hierarchical levels, but pointed to the existence of two major series (Caesalpinieae + Cassieae + Dimorphandreae + most Sclerobieae/Amherstieae + Detarieae + two Sclerobieae), for which diagnoses are provided. The results are more in line with updated versions of Bentham's classification than with Hutchinson's. They are consistent with data on seed amyloid and also with observations on leaf transfer cells.
SEROLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE RUBIACEAE AND RELATED FAMILIES
Authors: Lee Yoo Sung , Fairbrothers David E. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySerological techniques have been employed in a systematic investigation of selected taxa of the Rubiaceae and selected putative relatives. Mature seed proteins were compared by quantitative and qualitative serological methods. Presaturation techniques were combined with the Ouchterlony tests to obtain additional data. An antiserum was presaturated and used in double diffusion tests to react against selected cross antigens. The combination of presaturation tests with double diffusion provided valuable information about the distribution of determinant groups. Various taxa belonging to 14 genera of Rubiaceae were reacted with taxa of the Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Dipsacaceae, Gentianaceae, Nyssaceae and Umbelliferae. Quantitative data emphasized the similarity of the Rubiaceae to the Cornaceae and Caprifoliaceae. Presaturation tests using Rubiaceae antiserum revealed that the immunoprecipitating systems obtained with Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Gentianaceae were very similar to those systems obtained with the Cornaceae. Presaturation tests made it possible to determine that one or two systems were common to the five above families, and this has been interpreted as evolutionary similarity. Asperula and Galium were found to be serologically similar to each other, while being the two most dissimilar genera when compared with all other Rubiaceae genera.
THE LINNAEAN TYPES OF MENTHA (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Harley Raymond M. , Fairbrothers David E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature of certain polymorphic temperate genera, notably Crataegus, Mentha, Rubus and Salix, has been rendered more difficult by assumptions of type specimens and the consequential publication of illegitimate names. In Mentha alone, disregarding Gandoger (whose names were declared illegitimate at the Eleventh International Botanical Congress), almost 2300 names have been published for essentially 20 species; possibly 50% of these are synonyms, the remaining legitimate infraspecific names. To bring some order in the chaos of Mentha nomenclature, we herein set forth a choice and discussion of the Linnaean types using Savage (1945), Stearn (1957), Heller (1959), and Stafleu (1978) as our guides.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON DRYOPTERIS: 4
Authors: Fraser‐Jenkins C. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe following nomenclatural judgements upon disputed or doubtful names are made in compliance with the Code, and changes made as follows: 1. Dryopteris austriaca (Jacquin) Woynar, based on Nephrodium austriacum Jacquin, can only have applied to Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn from its description, though the type is missing. A lectotype proposed by Jermy of a Dryopteris species cannot be taken as type material and is rejected as such, as are two other candidates for type material. A neotype is therefore designated. The name D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray is to be used instead for the Dryopteris species. 2. The name D. carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs is retained as definitely applying to the taxon it is at present widely used for, despite the apparent absence of a type. A neotype is designated. 3. Dryopteris paleaceae (Sw.) Hand.‐Mazz. is the corrected citation for D. paleacea (Don) Hand.‐Mazz. and replaces D. wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl., as it appears that Don was taking the name Aspidium paleaceum from Swartz without directly acknowledging it, though he does cite Swartz indirectly; therefore, Aspidium paleaceum Swartz, which is the earliest name, can be legitimately transferred to Dryopteris. The species concerned is found throughout tropical regions of the world, there being no major differences between the typical South American and Himalayan populations.
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION AND INTROGRESSION IN RHINANTHUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN RELATION TO BUMBLEBEE POLLINATION
Authors: Kwak Manja M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFlowers of plants obtained after artificial crosses between Rhinanthus minor L. and R. serotinus (Schönh.) Oborny are compared with flowers in field samples of mixed populations. Hybridization and introgression in different degrees are found to occur in the field. Arguments are given that the occurrence of both is influenced by the behaviour of flower‐visiting bumblebees and their numbers. In the field seed set in open‐pollinated hybrid plants was reduced compared with that of the parents. Variance in seed production is related to hybrid index value in open‐pollinated plants and to stigma position in caged ones. Stigma position is an important character for the direction of hybridization and introgression.
DICHAENA RUGOSA FRIES AND ITS IMPERFECT STATES, PSILOSPORA FAGINEA (PERS.) RABENH. AND DICHAENOPSIS NOTARISII PAOLI
Authors: Speer Eberhard O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHaving considered the publications over the past 240 years devoted to the nomenclature and taxonomy of Dichaena, it has been found that the legitimate name for its ascus form is Dichaena rugosa. For the conidial states the valid names are Psilospora faginea and Dichaenopsis notarisii. Observations on the spermatia and receptive hyphae are mentioned.
THE SUBGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF CLEMATIS (RANUNCULACEAE) IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Keener Carl S. , Dennis W. Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWithin North America north of Mexico, Clematis (Ranunculaceae) consists of 30 native or introduced species which are classified into four subgenera, viz., Clematis (9 species), Atragene (L.) Torrey & Gray (2 species, Viorna A. Gray (17 species), and Viticella (Moench) Keener & Dennis, stat. nov. (2 species). In particular, the history of the names “Atragene” and “Viorna” is reviewed with special attention to the major infrageneric rank (subgenus) in Asa Gray's publications.
2. WOOD ANATOMY
Authors: Philipson W. R. , Butterfield B. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe wood of Aralidium pinnatifidium Miq. is diffuse‐porous with the vessels mainly in groups; the perforation plates exclusively scalariform with numerous bars; the parenchyma paratracheal; the rays multiseriate heterogeneous; and the fibres with simple pits and frequently septate. On balance, the wood is, therefore, more like that of the Araliaceae than of the Cornaceae.A number of differences have been recorded between the secondary xylem in the Araliaceae and the Cornaceae (in the broad sense) (Hoar, 1915; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1957). It was hoped, therefore, that an investigation of the wood anatomy of Aralidium would provide evidence of the relationships of that genus.
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION UNDER THE CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Weresub L.K. , McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe problems of defining “printed matter” for the purposes of effective publication under the Code of Botanical Nomenclature are discussed. Modern techniques have blurred the distinction between traditional printing and reproduction from typescript. It is concluded, however, that the precise method of reproduction is less important than the accessibility of the printed matter to the botanical community. The present rules imply that publication is effected by distributing a copy of almost any non‐autographic material to each of only two botanical institutions. Some further restrictions seem desirable and, with increasing use of modern methods of reproduction, a decision on this has become urgent. A proposal is made to restrict effective publication, in future, to established journals and to such other works as explicitly claim to be media for such publication and also indicate that specified minimal distributional requirements have been met. Two further proposals are made: one dealing with an editeral matter and the other establishing a committee to review those problems of effective publication that are not dealt with in the first proposal.
FLORISTIC SIMILARITIES AMONG 51 REGIONS OF THE SOVIET UNION BASED ON THE BRASSICACEAE
Authors: Crovello Theodore J. , Miller Douglas C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFloristic similarities among 51 geographic regions in 7 superregions of the Soviet Union were analyzed using distributonal data of 736 species of the Brassicaceae. Due to the high number of species, they were grouped into 9 tribes before analysis. Principal components revealed that different superregions occupied different but understandable parts of reduced character space, and possessed different shapes in that space. Floristic form, analogous to organic form and its components of size and shape, was introduced as a useful concept. Finally, similarities (based on their geographic distributions) among the 9 tribes of the Brassicaceae were presented and discussed.
MARIA SIBYLLA MERIAN (1647‐1717) AS A BOTANICAL ARTIST
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn outline of the life of Maria Sibylla Merian, better known as an entomological than as a botanical artist, with identifications of the wild and cultivated plants of Surinam, northern South America, illustrated in her Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705).