bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Argument from Theology to Ethics
Authors: Hughes George E. 
Published: February 2009

It is not infrequently said that the true justification of moral beliefs lies in theology. I wish here to examine precisely what is meant by this contention, and by what arguments, if any, it can be substantiated.The view I am examining is not that the only valid reason for doing what is right is a theological reason (e.g. the fact that God wills it); as if we could know independently of theology what was right, but required a theological motive to make it reasonable to do it. It is rather that the very fact that it is right is logically dependent on certain facts of a theological nature; or, to express the matter otherwise, that from certain theological propositions it is possible validly to draw certain conclusions in the form of propositions which state what I ought to do, and that this fact is the source of the validity of these latter propositions.This, however, is not yet a sufficiently precise account of the theory in question, since it might cover a number of different contentions, some of which I think may be reasonably maintained, while others, I think, may not. I propose to work towards a clearer formulation by considering certain arguments which have been advanced in order to deny outright the very possibility of arguing validly “from theology to ethics”; for I do believe that these arguments prove something, and rule out certain theories as untenable.
Is Philosophy Possible? A Study of Logical Positivism
Authors: Barnes Winston H. F. 
Published: February 2009

The present situation in philosophy is paradoxical. On the one hand, thinking men and women all over the world are exclaiming that, while science has made sufficient advance to satisfy all our material needs, what we most need, and must find if we are not to suffer shipwreck, is a new sense of values, a new religious awakening and a new orientation towards life, in short a new philosophy. On the other hand, many professional philosophers are coming to hold the view that philosophy has had its day, or rather that it never in any proper sense had its day, because it is not a rational enterprise but a mistake, an illusion, a farrago of nonsense, “a muddle arising out of the complexities of language.” A new inquiry which goes by the name of Analysis and resembles logic more closely than any other existing discipline is at once to give the quietus to philosophy and to reign in its stead. The modern philosopher cries, with Faustus, “Sweet Analytickes! 'tis thou hast ravished me.” I will not prejudice your minds at the outset by recalling where the study of analysis led the Doctor of Wurtemburg.Those who are thus forthrightly sceptical about philosophy and group themselves under the aegis of analysis are themselves divided into a number of sects. One and all, however, are relentless in exposing the weaknesses of philosophy, zealous in proselytizing and deadly in expounding their new technique which combines scholastic subtlety with modern scientific realism. They represent in fact a modern scholasticism loosely grouped round the dogma: “We pursue logical analysis, but not philosophy,” though, by a curious paradox which demands scrutiny, some of them say: “Philosophy is analysis.”
Philosophy in Italy
Authors: de Ruggiero Guido 
Published: February 2009

After an interruption of seven years I take up once again my surveys of Italian philosophy. Many things have happened in the interval, but it is perhaps too soon for them to be susceptible of calm philosophical reflection. The problems that most interest the cultured public to-day are those of existentialism, of historicism and its limits, of German romanticism, and, more generally, of Germanic culture in relation to new spiritual orientations. The interest in existentialism is due, at least in part, to the fact that it is the philosophy in fashion. But there is in it nevertheless a depth of seriousness that is not overlooked. The tragedies of recent years have placed in the foreground the problems of immediate existence, of human personality and its place in the world, which the preceding idealistic philosophy had too easily absorbed in an impersonal and trans-subjective view of the spirit and its universal values. And, as has often happened in the course of history, there has resulted a reaction of individuality, in its most irrational and vital expressions, against the pretensions of reason to dominate it from above, and imprison it in the net of its concepts.But if, in this regard, existentialism represents a just demand, which can exercise a beneficial influence on philosophical thought, yet to many its claim to represent a new era in philosophy seems excessive. Its value is only that of an episode. Hence some interpreters of contemporary thought have been drawn to limit the importance of the new movement.
Is Pain Necessary?
Authors: Puccetti Roland 
Published: February 2009

Many writers have been struck by what Ronald Melzack, a leading investigator of pain mechanisms, calls the ‘puzzle’ of pain. Thus the surgeon Leriche, often quoted in this connection, says:Defence reaction? Fortunate warning? But as a matter of fact the majority of illnesses, even the most serious, attack us without warning. Sickness is nearly always a drama in two acts, of which the first takes place, cunningly enough, in the dim silence of bur tissues, with the lights out, before the candles have been lit. When pain makes its appearance, we are almost in the second act…… Pain merely makes more distressing and sad a situation already long lost…… In fact, pain is always a baleful gift, which reduces the subject of it, and makes him more ill than he would be without it (pp. 22–23).
Kant's Ethical Formalism
Authors: Jensen O. C. 
Published: February 2009

The generally accepted interpretation of Kant's formula “act only on that maxim which thou canst at the same time will to be a universal law,” is roughly as follows:—Our moral experience is fundamentally a consciousness of the difference between Duty and Inclination, between "doing what we ought to whether we like to or not, and doing merely what we like whether we ought to or not."1 When we have open to our choice different acts, there are some which we would like to do, others we would not like to do, and perhaps others towards which we are indifferent; or we like to do any one of them, or we may dislike all, or we may be indifferent to all. But we must ignore our inclinations, our aversions, our attractions, and our indifferences. We must ask ourselves which of the acts open to our choiceoughtwe to do, no matter what our feelings in the matter may be.
Knowing Involves Deciding
Authors: Hartland-Swann John 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYEvery case of knowing that S is, was or will be P involves, when analysed, some decision or the acceptance of some decision. This applies equally when you are discussing the so-called tautological propositions of logic and pure mathematics; for you can only claim to “know” that some logical or mathematical proposition is true because you have previously decided to accept that certain meanings shall be attached to certain words, or that certain symbols shall function in a certain way. When we examine what philosophers are doing who demand that we prefix “we know” to this or that part of their analyses of perceptual situations, we find that they are often using “know” in a question-begging manner in order to buttress some particular, and usually contentious, analysis. Nor is any philosopher in a position to lay down rigid and precise rules for the proper use of “know” in ordinary conversation; although he can usefully debate the nature and cogency of the grounds on which decisions, issuing in “know”-statements, are generally made. Lastly, Austin is quite right in claiming that when I say “I know” I give my authority and pledge my word, which I do not do when I merely say “I believe”; but I give my authority and pledge my word only because I have decided, or accepted a decision, that so and so is the case.
Austin's Mistake About ‘Real’
Authors: Angluin D. J. C. 
Published: February 2009

This paper is written in an analytic style, but it is meant to deprive analysis of an important prop.The title needs a short introduction. The mistake is to take ‘real’ as governed in its separate uses by criteria; and this paper is meant to show that this is a mistake and that Ausin makes it. In the course of the argument I try to develop my own account and, although I am not altogether satisfied with it, the result gives something to build upon. I believe the mistake is by no means confined to Austin, but that it is connected with a particular conception of philosophy.
Affirmation And Assertion
Authors: Palmer H. 
Published: February 2009

Positivists have always objected to people talking about God.Their objection rests on quite general logical grounds. They have discovered a simple, formal test by which to tell significant remarks from nonsensical collections of words. There must, they say, be some minimal conditions of intelligibility. From these we can construct a Principle of Meaning. Now religiousremarks, on any positivist Principle, are demonstrable nonsense.What are these conditions of intelligibility ? Speaker and hearer, we suppose, must use the same language; must possess a rather similar background of information; must both have some interest or other in communication.… Such matters of ‘more and less’ will vary with the topic, the parties, and the occasion.
Fuelwood scarcity, energy substitution, and rural livelihoods in Namibia
Authors: PALMER CHARLES , MACGREGOR JAMES 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTIn Namibia, as in many parts of Africa, households are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods, including energy needs. Using data originally collected for Namibia's forest resource accounts and insights from a non-separable household model, this paper estimates household fuelwood demand. Specifically, the factors underlying the substitution between fuelwood collected from open access forest resources, cow dung, and fuelwood purchased from the market are analysed. Heckman two-step estimates show that households respond to economic scarcity, as measured by the opportunity costs of collecting fuelwood, by reducing energy consumption slightly more than by increasing labour input to collection. There is limited evidence for substitution from fuelwood to other energy sources, particularly with declining availability of forest stocks. Market participants may be more sensitive to price changes than non-participants. All estimated elasticities are low, similar to those observed in previous studies.
An introduction to cardiac monitoring and rhythm interpretation
Authors: Spiers Christine , Stinchcombe Emma 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is the first in a series which will explore the identification and management of cardiac arrhythmias within the peri-operative care setting. To improve patient safety, the number of patients who are monitored within the recovery room is rising, whilst cardiac monitoring remains a fundamental requirement for patient care during the anaesthetic phase. Therefore, the role of the peri-operative care nurse requires an ability to interpret cardiac arrhythmias and to subsequently instigate the appropriate management.The purpose of this preliminary article is to establish the basic principles that underpin the identification and management of arrhythmias. Cardiac physiology is reviewed and then applied to the derivation of the waveforms of the normal ECG. The article continues with a summary of accurate electrode placement and some tips for troubleshooting in the presence of ‘artifact’. A systematic analysis tool, which can be easily applied to clinical practice, completes the article.
Care of the High Dependency Patient
Authors: Kent Elaine 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTRecent government changes to Critical Care in the Health Service have resulted in an increase in the numbers of critical care patients being nursed in Post Anaesthetic Care Units (PACU). Many recovery nurses have had to increase their knowledge and skills accordingly. This article will analyse the high dependency nursing care given to a patient in the PACU necessitated by the haemodynamic compromise of the patient's cardiovascular system following surgery. The need for admission to a high dependency bed will be discussed along with the assessment of shock, tissue perfusion, fluid replacement, and any pharmacological intervention. Psychological, social and ethical issues relating to the patient and family will also be identified. Concentrating on the first 24 hours post-operatively, a careful discussion and analysis of the clinical management given will be made, with reference to the clinical and physiological measurements. After an evaluation and reflection of the medical and nursing care given to the patient, this article will conclude with a brief reiteration of the key issues.
Research – A Systematic Approach for Nursing Specialities Part I
Authors: S Maura 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis overview of the research process is for nurses who have either not had a formal course of study in the area, or have not thought about the process in some time. Using a systematic method of viewing the research process should improve understanding. By knowing how question type determines design, and ultimately how results are structured, nurses will be better able to engage in the process as knowledgeable participants. Using this framework should allow those, who wish to do so, to further study the numerous variations in designs and nuances within in each level
International Perianesthesia Collaboration A UK Circle of Influence
Authors: Brady Joni M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt has been said that where one door closes, another opens. I experienced such a phenomenon in June. A humanitarian medical team mission, with which I was scheduled to participate in Romania, was unfortunately cancelled due to world events. Within days of the cancellation news the latest edition of the Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing (JoPAN) arrived in my mailbox.
Parental Presence within the Post-Anaesthetic Care Unit
Authors: Whitehurst Eric 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAs health care providers our philosophy is to deliver the very highest quality of care to our patients. However within many hospitals there are not firm policies to allow family members to see their loved ones in the immediate postoperative period. Thus parents are routinely not being encouraged to comfort and support their children within the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit. The evolution of ‘family centred’ care should result in parents being encouraged to be with and care for their children during hospitalisation. This has been found to be beneficial to all parties. Whilst parental presence in the anaesthetic room has become more accepted practice the same cannot be said of Post Anaesthetic Care Units despite the recommendations made by the Department of Health [1991] and ‘The Patients’ Charter [1996]. Why does this situation exist? Is it due to preconceived attitudes of the staff involved, parental ignorance or historical reasons? This article will examine available research and attempt to identify possible reasons why such situations exist within many Post Anaesthetic Care Units and suggest possible solutions.
Post Anaesthetic Shaking
Authors: Brown Maria E. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBastien (1950), cited by Horn et al (1998b) first described post anaesthetic shaking over fifty years ago. Although the existence of this phenomenon is well documented, definition, cause and the benefits of individual treatments remain open for debate (Fotheringham 1998). However the mechanism for Post Anaesthetic Shaking (PAS) remains unclear (Sessler and Sessler 1998b), although the literature does suggest hypothermia is a factor, as too might be pain and stress. There are many variables effecting whether a patient will develop PAS. As much controversy remains regarding this condition the rationale for undertaking this paper is to improve care by broadening knowledge and thus allowing rapid and effective treatment to reduce the discomfort and distress experienced by the patient. This article is presented as a critical incident. Implications, for practice arising from this work suggest that more frequent monitoring and early intervention would enhance the available treatments. Further to this it appears that warming patients preoperatively, particularly those groups known to be at risk would reduce the incidence of hypothermia and consequently post anaesthetic shaking. Recommendations for future research would be further investigation in to the suggestion that body temperature need only vary by 0.2°C to affect a bodily response (such as shivering).
Haemodynamic Monitoring in Theatre
Authors: Clinton Heidi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe number of devices available to monitor the haemodynamic status of patients is increasing. Practitioners need to be aware of the non-invasive and invasive methods available in order to care for their patients safely and effectively. This article reviews a number of noninvasive measurements of haemodynamic function, in addition to invasive methods such as arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. It is argued that using these methods in combination provides a comprehensive haemodynamic assessment.
A randomized controlled trial to assess an anger management group programme
Authors: Naeem Farooq , Clarke Isabel , Kingdon David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe the results of a randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of an anger management group programme, employing a cognitive behavioural framework that was run by the Psychology Service. The treatment group was compared with a control group on a waiting list. The trial was performed at the Southampton CBT Service. The treatment group received a cognitive behavioural anger management programme, initially based on Novaco's approach, but with further development of the motivational components. The control group received no treatment and was on a waiting list. The Novaco Anger Assessment Scale (NAS), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Evaluative Beliefs Scale (EBS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluations (CORE) were used to measure anger, belief about self and others, anxiety and depression, and physical and psychological wellbeing. Clients in the anger management group showed statistically significant changes on STAXI, NAS, CORE and EBS subscales at the end of the therapy. The change in depression and anxiety on HAD (depression and anxiety) was not statistically significant. It was not possible to carry out analyses at follow-up due to high dropout rates. We concluded that an anger management programme using CBT was helpful in reducing anger and overall psychopathology.
Schemas defined
Authors: James Ian , Todd Helen , Reichelt F. Katharina 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA range of clinicians (n = 72) were asked to provide a definition of a schema. The participants were selected from different parts of the broad church of the CBT community, with all having received some training in CBT – although only 26.4% had a formal CBT qualification. Fourteen themes were identified, suggesting that the concept is perceived to be complex. However, the mean number of themes identified per clinician's definition was small: 2.86 (mode = 2). We consider this finding reflects a problem concerning a lack of clarity with respect to the use of one of the key concepts in CBT.
Using a structured treatment, Friends for Life, in Norwegian outpatient clinics: results from a pilot study
Authors: Martinsen Kristin D. , Aalberg Marianne , Gere Martina , Neumer Simon-Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCBT treatment programmes for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders are promising as indicated by efficacy research. Replicating this research in ordinary clinical care is crucial in order to establish the validity of these results and disseminate empirically based treatments to practitioners. This paper presents the first experiences of using a structured programme, the Friends for Life manual, in ordinary clinical care in Norway targeting anxiety problems in children aged between 7 and 12 years. The effects of the treatment are presented as multiple single-case studies. Clinical meaningful change is considered from two perspectives; diagnostic change and changes in self-report measures. At a statistical significance level the treatment effect can be characterized as modest. Independent of the symptom reduction, the children, families and therapist are in the main satisfied with the structured approach indicating the acceptability of the programme.
Heart sympathetic activity and pulmonary function in obese pregnant women
Authors: AMADOR‐LICONA NORMA , GUÍZAR‐MENDOZA JUAN MANUEL , JUÁREZ MANUEL , LINARES‐SEGOVIA BENIGNO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective. To estimate autonomic balance and pulmonary function in obese women according to their baseline weight and weight gain during pregnancy. Design. A cohort study. Setting. Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Leon, Mexico. Population. One hundred and seventy‐eight healthy pregnant women (88 obese and 90 non‐obese). Methods. At first visit of pregnancy and in the third trimester blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, glucose, insulin, and leptin levels were evaluated and spirometry, oximetry, and 60 minutes electrocardiograph monitoring were performed. Main outcome measures. Heart rate variability and pulmonary function. Results. Blood pressure levels, glucose, insulin, and leptin levels were higher in obese women, whereas total power of heart rate variability was lower in this group than in non‐obese women at the beginning of pregnancy. In the third trimester, the standard deviation of all the normal R–R intervals was lower in obese women, whereas blood pressure and glucose levels remain higher. In the multiple regression analysis, the change in forced expiratory volume at 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio and leptin levels independently of weight gain were associated to low‐frequency/high‐frequency (LF/HF) index at third trimester (R2 = 0.21; p<0.001 for the model) only in obese women. Conclusions. LF/HF index at third trimester of pregnancy is associated with increase in leptin levels and decrease in FEV1/FVC in obese women independently of weight gain.