bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Networked Governments: Evidence from Europe
1
Authors: Eynon Rebecca , Dutton William H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Progress towards realizing the full potential of ‘e‐government’—using digital technologies to improve public services and government–citizen engagements—has been slower and less effective than the technologies’ take‐up in spheres such as e‐commerce. Evidence from across Europe reported here, including an online survey and case studies, indicates a significant reason has been an overly narrow focus on substituting electronic for traditional services. Theoretical and empirical perspectives on barriers to e‐government identified (e.g. poor coordination; workplace and organizational inflexibility) suggest greater attention should be given to supporting organization innovations to achieve maximum benefits from networking in the public sector.
The Internationalisation of the Small and Medium‐sized Firm
1
Authors: Rodriguez Jorge 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In the last few decades, SMEs have become increasingly active in international markets. SMEs do not necessarily follow a pattern of incremental internationalisation as they have a wide range of options and many are opportunistic. A large postal survey was conducted in five countries—the UK, France, Finland, Australia and Mexico. Many similarities in internationalisation strategy were found among these companies.
Fluid skills: drinking games and alcohol consumption among Australian university students
Authors: POLIZZOTTO MARK N. , SAW MELANIE M. , TJHUNG IRENE , CHUA EU HUA , STOCKWELL TIMOTHY R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess participation in drinking games among Australian university students; to determine the range of games played, their context and participant motivations; and to analyse the impact of games on alcohol consumption and its adverse consequences. We used a cross‐sectional survey incorporating structured interviews and a self‐administered questionnaire with students between 18 and 25 years of age at the University of Western Australia. This was a qualitative assessment of drinking game typology and contexts and participant motivation. Quantitative outcomes were rate and frequency of participation in drinking games; amount and rate of alcohol consumption during games; incidence of adverse outcomes following participation. Twenty‐seven interview responses and 256 questionnaire responses were analysed for qualitative and quantitative outcomes, respectively. The qualitative analysis enabled categorisation of drinking games by skill and competitive nature, with varying influence on hazardous drinking. Common reported motivations for play included boredom, social pressure and social unease. The associated heavy drinking and possible hazards were well recognised but did not affect the decision to play. In the quantitative arm, most drinkers (74%) reported having participated in a drinking game. Game players reported playing an average of four drinking games in the previous 6 months. An average of six standard drinks was consumed during the most recent game. Pressure to participate from others was reported by 60% of game participants, while 50% reported that they had placed pressure on others to participate. Half (51%) reported an adverse outcome following participation. Loss of consciousness due to drinking was experienced or witnessed by 89% of game players, of whom 63% reported that the person was put to bed, while 54% reported that the person was watched. Participation in drinking games was common, and plays an important social role in this group. Drinking games were associated commonly with binge drinking and adverse outcomes. Future harm minimisation strategies targeting this group should address the particular risks of these games.
Applied communitarian ethics for harm reduction: promoting a dialogue within the field
Authors: FRY CRAIG , TRELOAR CARLA , MAHER LISA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis piece responds to critical points raised in commentaries on our 2005 HRD paper on the topic of harm reduction ethics, and clarifies other aspects of our original arguments that were misinterpreted. In our view, the goal of ethical engagement in harm reduction is not necessarily the production of an agreed moral framework, but instead reflection and awareness raising around the various values and beliefs underlying harm reduction, and consideration of how these influence policy, practice and research decisions and outcomes. This ‘discursive authenticity’ as Hathaway has called it, can help to define a new territory of authority for drug users as participants in harm reduction policy, practice and research.
Application of the paramagnetic dipole field for solution NMR active site structure determination in low‐spin, cyanide‐inhibited ferric hemoproteins
Authors: La Mar Gerd N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe principles for the application of the paramagnetic dipolar field of low‐spin, cyanide‐inhibited ferrihemoproteins for determining active site structure are briefly described. The ubiquitous dipolar shifts for assigned residues, together with crystal coordinates of some appropriate structural homolog, allow determination of the orientation and anisotropies of the paramagnetic dipolar tensor. The orientation of χ uniquely defines the orientation of the Fe‐CN unit, which is tilted variably and sensitively monitors distal steric and H‐bond interactions. The mapped dipolar field, in turn, can be used to determine the orientation of mutated residues. Case studies involving unusual genetic variants and point mutants of myoglobins, human hemoglobins, horseradish peroxidase and its substrate complex of heme oxygenase are presented as examples.
Bach1, a heme‐dependent transcription factor, reveals presence of multiple heme binding sites with distinct coordination structure
Authors: Hira Shusuke , Tomita Takeshi , Matsui Toshitaka , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Ikeda‐Saito Masao 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe mammalian transcription factor Bach1 functions as a repressor of the enhancers of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) gene (Hmox‐1) by forming heterodimers with the small Maf proteins such as MafK. The transcription of Hmox‐1 is regulated by the substrate of HO‐1, heme. Heme induces expression of Hmox‐1 in part by inhibiting the binding of Bach1 to the enhancers and inducing the nuclear export of Bach1. A dipeptide motif of cysteine and proline (CP motif) in Bach1 is essential for the heme‐mediated regulation. In this study, we show that five molecules of heme bind to Bach1 by the heme‐titration assay. The Bach1‐heme complex exhibits an absorption spectrum with a major Soret peak at 371 nm and Raman band at 343 cm‐1 in high amounts of heme and a spectrum containing the major Soret peak at 423 nm at low heme concentrations. The spectroscopic characterization indicates that Bach1 has two kinds of heme‐binding sites with different coordination structures. Mutagenesis studies have established that four molecules of heme bind to the cysteine residues of four CP motifs in the C terminus of Bach1. These results raise the possibility that two separated activities of Bach1, DNA‐binding and nuclear export, are regulated by heme binding at the different CP motifs of Bach1 respectively, but not by cooperative heme‐binding.
Multiple strategies for O2 transport: from simplicity to complexity
Authors: Ascenzi Paolo , Bellelli Andrea , Coletta Massimo , Colosimo Alfredo , Falcioni Giancarlo , Giacometti Giorgio M. , Ippoliti Rodolfo , Zolla Lello , Giardina Bruno 
Published: August 2007

AbstractO2carriers (extracellular and intracellular as well as monomeric and multimeric) have evolved over the last billion of years, displaying iron and copper reactive centers; very different O2carriers may co‐exist in the same organism. Circulating O2carriers, faced to the external environment, are responsible for maintaining an adequate delivery of O2to tissues and organs almost independently of the environmental O2partial pressure. Then, intracellular globins facilitate O2transfer to mitochondria sustaining cellular respiration. Here, molecular aspects of multiple strategies evolved for O2transport and delivery are examined, from the simplest myoglobin to the most complex giant O2carriers and the red blood cell, mostly focusing on the aspects which have been mainly addressed by the so called 'Rome Group'.
Modelling, Analysis and Calculation of Cerebral Hemodynamics
Authors: Daun Silvia , Tjardes Thorsten 
Published: August 2007

Mathematical models of cerebral hemodynamics, applicable to humans and rats have been developed and analysed with the purpose of reaching a deeper insight to which degree experimental results on rats can be extrapolated to humans and to clinical management of patients. These models include regulation mechanisms involving the small cerebral arteries and arterioles, flow autoregulation, as well as CO2 and NO reactivity. Bifurcation analysis was conducted on both models.The human model includes Hopf‐bifurcations, which allow for the existence of periodic solutions with a time scale comparable to Lundberg′s plateau waves in intracranial pressure (Pic). By contrast, the rat model does not manifest Hopf‐bifurcations and thus does not predict the existence of periodic solutions with critical high Pic.Therefore the model questions the relevance of rodent injury models to predict human physiology following TBI.
Learning string similarity measures for gene/protein name dictionary look-up using logistic regression
Authors: Tsuruoka Yoshimasa , McNaught John , Tsujii Jun'i;chi , Ananiadou Sophia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMotivation: One of the bottlenecks of biomedical data integration is variation of terms. Exact string matching often fails to associate a name with its biological concept, i.e. ID or accession number in the database, due to seemingly small differences of names. Soft string matching potentially enables us to find the relevant ID by considering the similarity between the names. However, the accuracy of soft matching highly depends on the similarity measure employed.Results: We used logistic regression for learning a string similarity measure from a dictionary. Experiments using several large-scale gene/protein name dictionaries showed that the logistic regression-based similarity measure outperforms existing similarity measures in dictionary look-up tasks.Availability: A dictionary look-up system using the similarity measures described in this article is available at http://text0.mib.man.ac.uk/software/mldic/Contact: yoshimasa.tsuruoka@manchester.ac.uk
A Hierarchical Modelling Framework for Identifying Unusual Performance in Health Care Providers
Authors: Ohlssen David I. , Sharples Linda D. , Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA wide variety of statistical methods have been proposed for detecting unusual performance in cross-sectional data on health care providers. We attempt to create a unified framework for comparing these methods, focusing on a clear distinction between estimation and hypothesis testing approaches, with the corresponding distinction between detecting ‘extreme’ and ‘divergent’ performance. When assuming a random-effects model the random-effects distribution forms the null hypothesis, and there appears little point in testing whether individual effects are greater or less than average. The hypothesis testing approach uses p-values as summaries and brings with it the standard problems of multiple testing, whether Bayesian or classical inference is adopted. A null random-effects formulation allows us to answer appropriate questions of the type: ‘is a particular provider worse than we would expect the true worst provider (but still part of the null distribution) to be'? We outline a broad three-stage strategy of exploratory detection of unusual providers, detailed modelling robust to potential outliers and confirmation of unusual performance, illustrated by using two detailed examples. The concepts are most easily handled within a Bayesian analytic framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, but the basic ideas should be generally applicable.
The Size of Under-Reporting Bias in Recorded Transnational Terrorist Activity
Authors: Drakos Konstantinos 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe address an apparent gap in the applied terrorism literature providing an estimate for the size of under-reporting in transnational terrorist activity. The method that is suggested is computationally straightforward and takes into account the stochastic interactions between terrorism, polity and press freedom in a manner that utilizes their sample properties. The outcome from the application of this metric is that underreporting bias is indeed present and quite sizable.
Quantifying Uncertainty in the Biospheric Carbon Flux for England and Wales
Authors: Kennedy Marc , Anderson Clive , O’Hagan Anthony , Lomas Mark , Woodward Ian , Gosling John Paul , Heinemeyer Andreas 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA crucial issue in the current global warming debate is the effect of vegetation and soils on carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere. Vegetation can extract CO2 through photosynthesis, but respiration, decay of soil organic matter and disturbance effects such as fire return it to the atmosphere. The balance of these processes is the net carbon flux. To estimate the biospheric carbon flux for England and Wales, we address the statistical problem of inference for the sum of multiple outputs from a complex deterministic computer code whose input parameters are uncertain. The code is a process model which simulates the carbon dynamics of vegetation and soils, including the amount of carbon that is stored as a result of photosynthesis and the amount that is returned to the atmosphere through respiration. The aggregation of outputs corresponding to multiple sites and types of vegetation in a region gives an estimate of the total carbon flux for that region over a period of time. Expert prior opinions are elicited for marginal uncertainty about the relevant input parameters and for correlations of inputs between sites. A Gaussian process model is used to build emulators of the multiple code outputs and Bayesian uncertainty analysis is then used to propagate uncertainty in the input parameters through to uncertainty on the aggregated output. Numerical results are presented for England and Wales in the year 2000. It is estimated that vegetation and soils in England and Wales constituted a net sink of 7.55 Mt C (1 Mt C = 1012 g of carbon) in 2000, with standard deviation 0.56 Mt C resulting from the sources of uncertainty that are considered.
Modelling The Effect of Pupil Mobility on School Differences in Educational Achievement
Authors: Goldstein Harvey , Burgess Simon , McConnell Brendon 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe recently introduced national pupil database in England allows the tracking of every child through the compulsory phases of the state education system. The data from key stage 2 for three local education authorities are studied, following cohorts of pupils through their schooling. The mobility of pupils among schools is studied in detail by using multiple-membership multilevel models that include prior achievement and other predictors and the results are compared with traditional ‘value-added’ approaches that ignore pupil mobility. The analysis also includes a cross-classification of junior and infant schools attended. The results suggest that some existing conclusions about schooling effects may need to be revised.
Prospects for the 1990s: A New Phase of Development in Australian Higher Education
Authors: Beswick David G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHigher education in Australia is seen as having reached the conclusion of one phase of development characterized by a high degree of central planning and to be engineering a new phase in which it is argued that a radically different orientation is required. Recovery of at least shared responsibility by the states and the development of private initiatives should help to promote more creative management through diversification of funding sources and lines of accountability. Pressures for change follow demographic and social changes in the Australian population which are likely to favors increased participation in higher education for both personal and national economic purposes.
Appraisal and Accountability in Higher Education: Some Current Issues*
Authors: Elton Lewis 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAppraisal and accountability become meaningful only m terms of declared and agreed objectives. The article, which deals in the main but not on& with teaching and learning, shows that teaching objectives can be clarified by relating teaching to research and that appraisal at both individual and institutional level can then be made meaningful. This leads on, quite generally, to a discussion of the potential for good as well as the inherent dangers, of appraisal and accountability in a collegial setting, the vital role played by staff development and training, and the difficulties which arise from an association of appraisal with promotion.
Student Mobility within the Commonwealth: Growing Constraints, New Initiatives*
Authors: Selvaratnam Viswanathan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article examines the forces which have constrained student mobility and educational co‐operation within the Commonwealth and the new developments which are seeking to improve the situation. Economic imperatives and political pressures in both receiving and sending countries are seen as the major causes of the decline in mobility. The new developments dandified are preparatory courses, split‐site courses and distance education. The paper argues the need for a coherent constituent approach to increase student mobility in place of the rhetoric which has characterized policy to date.
Business Planning for Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Port Jim , Burke Jacqueline 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBusiness planning is now an essential discipline for universities, polytechnics and colleges. Those which do not already have a corporate strategy will find they have to develop one in order to succeed in the new funding competition. The skills and attitudes required for successful business planning will have to be acquired and exploited alongside traditional academic strengths. In this article two management consultants who know higher education well explain how institutions can develop and benefit from a structured approach to business planning.
The Selection of Vice‐Chancellors: The Australian Experience
Authors: Sloper D. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper examines appointment procedures and selection criteria for the position of vice‐chancellor in eight of Australia's nineteen universities which advertised a vacancy during 1984 and 1985. Among issues analysed are: advertisement formalities; information provisions; and selection processes and criteria including initial action taken, composition of selection committees, identification of selection criteria and selection processes employed. Ways of imprroving subsequent appointment procedures and of ensuring legitimacy for appointees are discussed.
How Effective is Our University? A Study of Graduates from the University of Malawi
Authors: Dubbey J. M. , Chipofya C. C. , Kandawire J. A. K. , Kasomekera Z. M. , Kathamalo O. J. , Machili G. G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The diminished resources available to a University in a developing country which has at the same time great national responsibilities require that the University will aim to be as efficient and effective as possible. This study of graduates of the University of Malawi attempts to measure the effectiveness of the University and to raise policy issues for the improvement of quality.
Opportunities Gained, Lost and to be Grasped
Authors: Scott Peter 
Published: August 2007

Abstract This paper will attempt to do two things. First, to try to establish the context in which the New Universities presently operate, both in terms of the overall shape and structure of higher education in Britain and in terms of the likely evolution of this system. Second, to look forward by attempting to discuss how the new universities’ leading characteristics, their achievements, fit into this changing pattern. Will they be assets or handicaps?
Evolution of Higher Education Finance in Australia
Authors: Harrold Ross 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Central policymakers are becoming more aware of the possibilities of implementing their policies by using ‘softer’ discretionary financial instruments in preference to ‘harder’ directives and conditions attached to granted funds. A typical technique within this softer approach is to offer block grants to any target organization which contracts to pursue specific policy goals and to account for their achievement. Policymakers effectively perceive themselves as ‘quasi‐consumers’, prepared to ‘buy’ the achievements of their target organizations. Following its new self‐perception, the Commonwealth has ‘invited’ higher education institutions to ‘enjoy’ the financial benefits of its new Unified National System. Membership is open, however, only to those institutions which undertake to achieve specific organizational reforms desired by the Commonwealth. Moreover block recurrent grants flow to member institutions only after teaching and research targets have been individually negotiated and contracted. An endnote updates the final section on the Relative Funding Model.
The Contemporary Trend of Marketing Chinese Universities in Hong Kong—An Incoming Rival to British Counterparts
Authors: Liu Sandra S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBritish universities have always been the market leader in recruiting Hong Kong students to study overseas or to take part in learning programmes. As the transfer of Hong Kong's sovereignty to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1997 approaches, some changes in market demands and incoming competitors have complicated the external environment of the market for higher education in Hong Kong. A major impetus for the incoming rivalry of the PRC is the recognition of qualifications obtained in PRC by the Hong Kong Government and continuing economic growth which in turn creates a tremendous demand for professional and managerial personnel in PRC. With the current sophisticated marketing practices and quality services to potential customers, this article attempts to provide information that may help British universities to discover their competitive edge in capitalizing on the experience and strengths of their higher education tradition and system.
The Psychological Status of Children With Cancer
Authors: Martinson Ida M. , Bossert Elizabeth 
Published: August 2007

The psychological and social functioning of a sample of 16 children with cancer was assessed 3–5 years after diagnosis using Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist. Analysis indicated that 81% of the children were involved in age‐appropriate social interactions and the same percentage showed normal behavioral patterns.No significant differences were found due to gender, type of tumor, or behavior over time. The children in this sample appeared to be functioning normally, both psychologically and socially, three to five years after a diagnosis of cancer.
Milieu Management of Traumatized Youngsters
Authors: Lawson Louanne 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Traumatized youngsters are disproportionately represented in out‐of‐home treatment facilities. Conceptual models that guide treatment of traumatized youngsters are not well integrated with models that guide milieu management.PURPOSE. To describe a milieu management approach for treatment of traumatized youngsters.somas. Clinical experience with hospital and residential treatment facilities and therapeutic foster homes, as well as literature support.CONCLUSIONS. Familiar treatment strategies take on an additional meaning when they are implemented in the context of the children's histories of exposure to traumatic euents.