bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status of Peruvian Terns Sternula lorata in Perú: threats, conservation and research priorities
Authors: ZAVALAGA CARLOS B. , HARDESTY JESSICA , MORI GINA P. , CHÁVEZ-VILLAVICENCIO CÉSAR , TELLO ALEJANDRO 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPeruvian Terns Sternula lorata breed in the sand desert plains of the coast of Perú and northern Chile. Because of their long-term population decline, Peruvian Tern is categorized as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List. The observations that formed the basis for that decision were made in the 1970s and 1990s. In this study, we compile information on distribution, numbers, habitat use and threats of Peruvian Terns that has become available between 2003 and 2008 from 14 localities on the Peruvian coast. Peruvian Tern sites are located between the mangroves of San Pedro de Vice in the north (5o31’S) and the wetlands of Ite in the south (17o56’S). From the 14 locations, five are reported for first time: Virrilá, Eten, Huanchaco, isla Mazorca and Ite. There were only four active breeding sites: Pacasmayo, Paraíso, Pampa Lechuzas and Tres Hermanas-Yanyarina; however, some localities were visited outside the breeding season and should be surveyed between October and February to search for nests. The presence of 283 individuals was confirmed at the 14 sites in an area of approximately 1,388 ha (which represents only 0.35% of the total suitable area for nesting along the Peruvian coast). Thus, the number of Peruvian Terns in Perú should increase with systematic surveys. Here for the first time we report the importance of wetlands for the Peruvian Terns (43% of the sightings occurred in this habitat). Wetlands can offer optimal conditions for feeding, but the cost of using them is becoming higher with a sharp increase of human expansion into coastal areas and urban development around wetlands. We identified the following threats affecting Peruvian Terns on their feeding and breeding grounds: 1) recreational activities; 2) off-road driving by fishermen and tourists; 3) wetland pollution and water use for irrigation; 4) conversion of desert plains to agricultural land; 5) management of wetland water levels; 6) presence of feral cats and dogs, and 7) oil exploration on the desert plains. These adverse factors can be eradicated by the protection of tern sites and public awareness and education. Conservation actions, monitoring and research priorities are suggested.
Prenatal identification of the pulmonary arterial supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia
Authors: Seale Anna N. , Ho Siew Y. , Shinebourne Elliot A. , Carvalho Julene S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo define the patterns of flow of blood to the lungs in fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia.BackgroundIn this condition, supply of blood to the lungs is provided via an arterial duct or systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries, or very rarely through other conduits such as coronary arterial fistulas or an aortopulmonary window. The intrapericardial pulmonary arteries vary in size, and may be absent. These variables influence the prognosis and management.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective review of cases from a tertiary service for fetal cardiology, identifying all cases of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia diagnosed antenatally between January, 1997, and April, 2006. We established pre- and postnatal outcomes, and compared the prenatal diagnosis with postnatal or autopsy findings.ResultsOf 6587 fetuses scanned during this period, 11 were diagnosed as having tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and no other cardiac defect. In 5, arterial flow to the lungs was via an arterial duct, and in the other 6, the main identified source of flow was systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries. Of the latter 6 pregnancies, 4 were terminated, along with 3 of the 5 with ductal supply. The presence of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries was confirmed at postmortem examination in 3 instances, and in the two delivered neonates, in neither of whom was an infusion of prostaglandin commenced.ConclusionThe patterns of pulmonary flow can be identified prenatally in the setting of tetralogy with pulmonary atresia. Supply through systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries impacts on counselling, introducing uncertainty regarding postnatal surgical management.
The magnetic navigation system allows avoidance of puncturing a baffle during ablation of a postincisional macroreentrant tachycardia
Authors: Schwagten Bruno , Cuypers Judith , Szili-Torok Tamas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn 18-year-old female patient with tricuspid atresia, discordant ventriculo-arterial connections, a total cavo-pulmonary connection, and a Damus-Kaye-Stansel suffered with atrial tachycardia. Use of a magnetically navigated catheter made it possible to create an electro-anatomical map of both atriums using a retrograde approach. It then proved possible to ablate successfully the tachycardia in the left atrium thanks to the unique capabilities of the magnetic navigation system.
Incidences of micro-deletion/duplication 22q11.2 detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in patients with congenital cardiac disease who are scheduled for cardiac surgery
Authors: Hu Yali , Zhu Xiangyu , Yang Yuehua , Mo Xuming , Sheng Min , Yao Jincui , Wang Dongjing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground22q11.2 microdeletion is the most common microdeletion in the global population. Congenital cardiac disease is the most frequently observed feature of this syndrome. The prognosis of patients with 22q11.2 copy number aberrations varies from those without 22q11.2 deletion or duplication.MethodsWe enrolled 241 patients from Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Nanjing Sick Children’s Hospital, 227 being scheduled for cardiac surgery, and 14 cases being fetuses aged from 24 to 36 gestational weeks. We performed karyotypic analysis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in all cases.ResultsKaryotypic analysis demonstrated 3 cases with trisomy 21, and 1 case with mosaic trisomy 8 [47,XY,+8/46,XY(1:2)]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis revealed 10 cases (4.15%) with changes in the number of copies within the region of 22q11.2, of which 7 cases were hemizygous interstitial microdeletion from CLTCL1 to LZTR1, 1 case with deletion of the region from CLTCL1 to PCQAP, and 2 cases with 22q11.2 duplication, one of which spanned from ZNF74 to LZTR1, and simultaneously showed trisomy 21 by karyotyping analysis, and the other spanned from HIC2 to TOP3B. The phenotypes of the cardiac lesions included 3 cases of ventricular septal defect, 3 of tetralogy of Fallot, 2 of combined ventricular and atrial septal defects, and 2 with pulmonary arterial stenosis.ConclusionsPatients with congenitally malformed hearts who are scheduled for cardiac surgery, as well as fetuses with congenital cardiac disease, should routinely undergo karyotypic analysis and examination for 22q11.2 aberrations. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification has been proven to be a cost-effective diagnostic technique for 22q11 deletion syndrome.
The Fifth Estate Emerging through the Network of Networks
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The rise of the press, radio, television and other mass media enabled the development of an independent institution: the ‘Fourth Estate’, central to pluralist democratic processes. The growing use of the Internet and related digital technologies is creating a space for networking individuals in ways that enable a new source of accountability in government, politics and other sectors. This paper explains how this emerging ‘Fifth Estate’ is being established and why this could challenge the influence of other more established bases of institutional authority. It discusses approaches to the governance of this new social and political phenomenon that could nurture the Fifth Estate’s potential for supporting the vitality of liberal democratic societies.
Services, ICTs and the Changing Nature of Economic Development Processes in the KBE Era
Authors: Mandeville Tom , Kardoyo Hadi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We present a concise, exploratory, discussion paper that provides some promising hypotheses concerning how economic development processes may be evolving in the KBE era. Emerging roles for ICTs and services in the economy are driving these changes. Developing countries may be able to leapfrog stages of growth, or structural change, that presently developed nations historically went through. Case studies of India and Indonesia are utilized.
Oral Tolerance Induced by Enterobacteria Altered the Process of Lymphocyte Recruitment to Intestinal Microvessels: Roles of Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules, TGF‐beta and Negative Regulators of TLR Signaling
Authors: TAKEBAYASHI KOICHI , HOKARI RYOTA , KURIHARA CHIE , OKADA YOSHIKIYO , OKUDAIRA KEISUKE , MATSUNAGA HISAYUKI , KOMOTO SYUNSUKE , WATANABE CHIKAKO , KAWAGUCHI ATSUSHI , NAGAO SHIGEAKI , TSUZUKI YOSHIKAZU , MIURA SOICHIRO 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: Although enterobacteria are implicated in intestinal immune response, there has been no report on how intraluminal pathogens affect lymphocyte recruitment. The aim of this study was to determine how the presence of intestinal flora affects lymphocyte migration to intestine under physiological and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory conditions.Methods: Interaction of T‐cells with ileal microvessels was monitored by using an intravital microscope in mice under germ‐free (GF) and specific pathogen‐free (SPF) conditions. LPS was administered into either the peritoneal cavity or duodenum before lymphocyte injection.Results: Adherence of T‐cells was greater in SPF than in GF mice, indicating that the presence of enterobacteria upregulated migration under physiological conditions. Intraperitoneally administered LPS significantly increased the adherence of T‐cells in both GF and SPF mice accompanied by the expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. However, intraluminally administered LPS did not enhance the adherence of T‐cells in SPF mice. A significant induction of increase in mRNA expression of IRAK‐M, a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐beta), a regulatory cytokine, was observed in SPF mice after luminal LPS treatment.Conclusions: Tolerance to intraluminally administered LPS in the lymphocyte recruitment process was induced by enterobacteria, possibly via the induction of IRAK‐M and TGF‐beta.
PASS: a program to align short sequences
Authors: Campagna Davide , Albiero Alessandro , Bilardi Alessandra , Caniato Elisa , Forcato Claudio , Manavski Svetlin , Vitulo Nicola , Valle Giorgio 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: Standard DNA alignment programs are inadequate to manage the data produced by new generation DNA sequencers. To answer this problem, we developed PASS with the objective of improving execution time and sensitivity when compared with other available programs. PASS performs fast gapped and ungapped alignments of short DNA sequences onto a reference DNA, typically a genomic sequence. It is designed to handle a huge amount of reads such as those generated by Solexa, SOLiD or 454 technologies. The algorithm is based on a data structure that holds in RAM the index of the genomic positions of ‘seed’ words (typically 11 and 12 bases) as well as an index of the precomputed scores of short words (typically seven and eight bases) aligned against each other. After building the genomic index, the program scans every query sequence performing three steps: (1) it finds matching seed words in the genome; (2) for every match checks the precomputed alignment of the short flanking regions; (3) if passes step 2, then it performs an exact dynamic alignment of a narrow region around the match. The performance of the program is very striking both for sensitivity and speed. For instance, gap alignment is achieved hundreds of times faster than BLAST and several times faster than SOAP, especially when gaps are allowed. Furthermore, PASS has a higher sensitivity when compared with the other available programs.
Availability and implementation: Source code and binaries are freely available for download at http://pass.cribi.unipd.it, implemented in C++and supported on Linux and Windows.
Contact: pass@cribi.unipd.it
Medialization Thyroplasty Window Creation Using an Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator
Authors: Halum Stacey , Patel Nalin , Hoffman Raymond G. , Simpson C Blake , Merati Albert L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The aim of the study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic surgical aspirator for creation of the laryngeal cartilage window during medialization thyroplasty.Study Design: Basic science.Methods: Forty thyroplasty windows were constructed in fresh, unpreserved cadaver larynges. A 6 × 13‐mm rectangular window and a 4 × 4‐mm round window were created on each side of the larynges in a symmetrical fashion. A standard surgical drill with a 3‐mm cutting burr was used on one side; the ultrasonic surgical aspirator was used on the contralateral side. The time required for window construction was recorded, as was the status of the inner perichondrium at window completion.Results: For creation of the 6 × 13‐mm window, a mean time of 128 seconds was required using a standard surgical drill. The mean time using the ultrasonic aspirator device was 91 seconds for the window of the same size (P < .008). For the 4‐mm round window, drilling completed the task in a mean time of 63 seconds, compared with 40 seconds (P < .016) for the ultrasonic aspirator. On creation of the 6 × 13‐mm window, there were 4 of 10 perichondrial violations in the drilled specimens, and there were no violations in creation of the window of the same size with the ultrasonic aspirator (P = .12). The 4‐mm round window had no perichondrium violations in the standard drill group and only 1 of 10 violations in the ultrasonic aspirator group (P = .99).Conclusion: The study suggested that the ultrasonic surgical aspirator device may be an effective, efficient alternative to the standard drill for medialization thyroplasty window creation. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to better characterize its applicability.
Effects of a Twenty‐Four Hour Call Period on Resident Performance During Simulated Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–Compliant Training Program
Authors: Jakubowicz David M. , Price Erin M. , Glassman Harrison J. , Gallagher Anthony J.G. , Mandava Neil , Ralph Walter P. , Fried Marvin P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Since the early 1990s, extended resident work hours have undergone increasing scrutiny. Although previous studies have demonstrated conflicting results regarding cognitive decline secondary to fatigue, few studies have specifically examined the effects of fatigue on surgical performance. No previous studies have examined resident performance under current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) work‐hour guidelines that limit residents to an average number of work hours of 80 hours per week. The study sought to determine whether an endoscopic sinus surgery simulator (ES3) measured performance changes before and after a 24‐hour on‐call period in residents following mandated work‐hour limitations.Study Design: Case control, crossover trial at a Level I trauma center.Methods: Eight general surgical residents were trained on the novice mode of the ES3. These residents were then tested twice both before and after on‐call duties. Performance and hazard scores were compared using a paired t test.Results: No statistically significant change in the number of errors, time to task completion, or overall performance was identified in the study between the precall and postcall groups. There was a trend toward improved speed at the expense of accuracy in the postcall group. Postcall score between the two trials improved, on average, by 3.3 (P = .045).Conclusion: In the study of residents following current ACGME work‐hour mandates, there was no diminution in performance before and after a 24‐hour on‐call period. There was a trend toward improved speed at the expense of accuracy. Furthermore, repetition on the ES3 in the postcall period can result in improved ES3 proficiency.
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vocal Fold Collagen
Authors: Sivasankar Mahalakshmi , Ivanisevic Albena 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: Collagen is an important constituent of the vocal fold extracellular matrix and is necessary for providing tensile strength and maintaining tissue geometry. Traditional investigations of vocal fold collagen using light and electron microscopy do not provide information on the organization and mechanical properties of collagen in native topographic state. The primary objective of this study was to use Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to examine the surface characteristics and organization of collagen in the deep layer of the lamina propria at nanoscale resolution.Study Design: Experimental in vitro design.Methods: Freshly dissected porcine vocal folds were mounted on AFM discs and imaged under contact and tapping mode to obtain information on topographic distribution of collagen.Results: AFM imaging of the deep layer of the lamina propria revealed dense, abundant collagen fibers with a characteristic banding pattern. The distribution of collagen was heterogeneous, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions within a sample.Conclusions: AFM offers a useful tool to obtain topographic information about biologic samples at nanoscale resolution with minimal sample preparation. Mapping the topography and mechanical properties of vocal fold collagen is necessary for designing rheologically compatible bioimplants for the treatment of dysphonia resulting from vocal fold scarring and bowing.
Oncostatin‐M Enhances Osteoinduction in a Rabbit Critical Calvarial Defect Model
Authors: Moxham J Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Oncostatin‐M (OSM) is a member of the interleukin‐6 family of cytokines with controversial roles in bone homeostasis. Evidence supports a role in bone regulation, but the balance between healing promotion and acceleration of bone destruction is unclear. It is also uncertain as to whether these varied responses may be dose dependent or related to interactions with other growth factors within the bone microenvironment.Objective: To determine whether OSM enhances osteoinduction in a rabbit critical calvarial defect model and whether there is a dose response curve.Hypothesis: OSM enhances osteoinduction, and there is a dose response curve favoring lower doses over higher doses.Study Design: Controlled animal study using arms of increasing concentrations of OSM in an inactive demineralized bone matrix (DBM) carrier to assess the degree of osteoinduction through standard histomorphometric analysis and a variant of the radiodensitometry technique.Methods: Twenty‐five skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into control and experimental arms. Incremental doses of OSM (30 μg, 100 μg, and 300 μg/g) in an inactivated guanidine‐extracted DBM (Gu‐DBM) carrier were implanted into a critically sized (13 mm) calvarial defect. Arms of carrier alone and no carrier served as controls. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks, and histomorphometry and radiodensitometry analyses were then performed.Results: All OSM arms showed a statistically significant increase in bone formation and bone density compared with either control arm. There was also a statistically significant increase in bone area by histomorphometry between each OSM group, showing an inverse relationship to dose. Radiodensitometry analysis confirmed a significant bone density difference when comparing experimental groups with controls and also showed a significant difference between the low dose and the higher doses of OSM. It failed to show any significance between the higher two doses when compared with each other.Conclusions: OSM enhances osteoinduction in vivo and will close a critically sized calvarial defect in a rabbit model when delivered in a Gu‐DBM carrier. There appears to be an inverse dose relationship with new bone formation.
Viability of Crushed and Diced Cartilage Grafts Wrapped in Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose and Esterified Hyaluronic Acid: An Experimental Study
Authors: Kazikdas Kadir Cagdas , Ergur Bekir , Tugyan Kazim , Guneli Ensari , Kaya Durdane , Sahan Murat 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the viability of diced/crushed cartilage grafts wrapped in esterified hyaluronic acid (HYAFF) and oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel) with respect to macroscopic and microscopic parameters.Study Design: Experimental study.Methods: A total of 10 New Zealand rabbits were acquired for the study. Cartilage grafts were harvested from both ears, with the ventral and dorsal perichondrial layers dissected off. There were six comparison groups in this experimental study: 1) bare, diced cartilage, 2) diced cartilage wrapped in Surgicel, 3) diced cartilage wrapped in HYAFF, 4) bare, crushed cartilage, 5) crushed cartilage wrapped in Surgicel, 6) crushed cartilage wrapped in HYAFF. Six cartilage grafts were inserted into the six subcutaneous pockets of the same animal. All the rabbits were sacrificed at the end of 2 months, the samples were collected, and the total specimen was examined histopathologically. The sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin and Masson trichrome stain and examined under light microscopy.Results: There was a significant difference among the bare, diced cartilage, the Surgicel, and the HYAFF groups with respect to fibrosis, chronic inflammation, cartilage mass, and vascularization. A significant difference was observed among the bare, crushed cartilage, Surgicel, and HYAFF groups with respect to fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and cartilage mass. There was no significant difference among the three groups regarding vascularization.Conclusions: This study suggests that wrapping cartilage grafts with Surgicel grossly reduces cartilage viability and the regeneration potential of the chondrocytes, leading to fibrosis formation. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid promotes cartilage integrity and survival, thus increasing clinical predictability and avoiding the need for overcorrection.