bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam, or butorphanol in dogs with induced acute synovitis
Authors: Borer Luc R. , Peel John E. , Seewald Wolfgang , Schawalder Peter , Spreng David E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of single doses of carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam, and butorphanol in dogs with induced acute synovitis (acute pain model) via kinetic gait analysis and orthopedic evaluation and examine measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration as an indicator of treatment efficacy.Animals—12 Beagles and 6 additional Beagles that were used only in serum CRP analyses.Procedure—Acute synovitis was induced in right stifle joints of dogs via intra-articular injection of monosodium urate solution. Treatments included butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, IV), carprofen (4 mg/kg, PO), etodolac (17 mg/kg, PO), or meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, PO); control dogs received no treatment. The procedure was repeated (3-week intervals) until all dogs received all treatments including control treatment. Lameness was assessed on a biomechanical force platform and via orthopedic evaluations of the stifle joints; blood was collected to monitor serum CRP concentration.Results—Compared with control dogs, treated dogs had significantly different vertical ground reaction forces and weight-bearing scores. Greatest improvement in lameness was observed in carprofen-treated dogs. Etodolac had the fastest onset of action. Compared with butorphanol treatment, only carprofen and etodolac were associated with significantly lower pain scores. An increase in serum CRP concentration was detected after intra-articular injection in all dogs; this change was similar among groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen, etodolac, and meloxicam had greater efficacy than butorphanol in relief of acute pain. Carprofen was most effective overall. In this acute pain model, serum CRP analysis was not useful to assess drug efficacy. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1429–1437)
Concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cats with experimentally induced asthma
Authors: Norris Carol R. , Decile Kendra C. , Berghaus Londa J. , Berghaus Roy D. , Walby William F. , Schelegle Edward S. , Hyde Dallas M. , Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate changes in cysteinyl leukotriene (LT) concentrations in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in cats with experimentally induced asthma.Animals—19 cats with experimentally induced asthma and 5 control cats.Procedure—Cats were sensitized to Bermuda grass or house dust mite allergen, and phenotypic features of asthma were confirmed with intradermal skin testing, evaluation of BALF eosinophil percentages, and pulmonary function testing. A competitive ELISA kit for LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 was used for quantitative analysis of LTs. Urinary creatinine concentrations and BALF total protein (TP) concentrations were measured, and urinary LT-to-creatinine ratios and BALF LTto- TP ratios were calculated.Results—Mean urinary LT-to-creatinine ratios did not differ significantly between control cats and allergensensitized cats before or after sensitization and challenge exposure with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or allergen, respectively. In BALF, the mean LT-to-TP ratio of control cats did not differ significantly before or after sensitization and challenge exposure with saline. Asthmatic cats had BALF LT-to-TP ratios that were significantly lower than control cats at all time points, whereas ratios for asthmatic cats did not differ significantly among the various time points.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although LTs were readily detectable in urine, no significant increases in urinary LT concentrations were detected after challenge in allergen-sensitized cats. Spot testing of urinary LT concentrations appears to have no clinical benefit for use in monitoring the inflammatory asthmatic state in cats. The possibility that cysteinyl LTs bind effectively to their target receptors in BALF and, thus, decrease free LT concentrations deserves further study. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1449–1453)
Interactions of morphine and isoflurane in horses
Authors: Steffey Eugene P. , Eisele John H. , Baggot J. Desmond 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To quantitate dose- and time-related magnitudes of interactive effects of morphine (MOR) and isoflurane (ISO) in horses and to characterize pharmacokinetics of MOR in plasma and the ventilatory response to MOR during administration of ISO.Animals—6 adult horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthetized 3 times to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of ISO in O2and then to characterize the change in anesthetic requirement as defined by the alteration in ISO MAC following IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and 2 doses of MOR (low dose, 0.25 mg/kg; high dose, 2.0 mg/kg). Arterial blood samples were obtained before and after MOR and analyzed.Results—Mean ± SD baseline ISO MAC was 1.43 ± 0.06%. The ISO MAC did not change with time after administration of saline solution. Effects of MOR on ISO MAC varied. Maximal change in MAC ranged from –20.2 to +28.3% and –18.9 to +56.2% after low and high doses of MOR, respectively. Typical half-life of MOR in plasma was 40 to 60 minutes and related to dose. Mean PaCO2increased from 70 mm Hg before MOR to 88 to 102 mm Hg for 30 to 240 minutes after the high dose of MOR. Recovery from anesthesia after administration of the high dose of MOR was considered undesirable and dangerous.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results do not support routine clinical use of MOR administered IV at dosages of 0.25 or 2.0 mg/kg as an adjuvant to anesthesia in horses administered ISO. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:166–175)
Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of azithromycin in ball pythons ( Python regius )
Authors: Coke Rob L. , Hunter Robert P. , Isaza Ramiro , Koch David E. , Goatley Marie A. , Carpenter James W. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue
concentrations of azithromycin in ball pythons
( Python regius ) after IV or oral administration of a single
dose.

Animals—2 male and 5 female ball pythons.

Procedures—Using a crossover design, each snake
was given a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) IV.
After a 4-week washout period, each snake was given
a single dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) orally. Blood
samples were collected prior to dose administration
and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after
azithromycin administration. Azithromycin was quantitated
by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results—After IV administration, azithromycin had an
apparent volume of distribution of 5.69 L/kg and a
plasma clearance of 0.19 L/h/kg. Harmonic means for
the terminal half-life were 17 hours following IV
administration and 51 hours following oral administration.
Mean residence times were 37 and 94 hours following
IV and oral administration, respectively.
Following oral administration, azithromycin had a peak
plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1.04 µg/mL, a time to
Cmax of 8.4 hours, and a prolonged mean absorption
time of 57 hours. Mean oral bioavailability was 77%.
Tissue concentrations ranged from 4 to 140 times the
corresponding plasma concentration at 24 and 72
hours after azithromycin administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Azithromycin
is well absorbed and tolerated by ball pythons. On the
basis of plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration
data, we suggest an azithromycin dosage in
ball pythons of 10 mg/kg, orally, every 2 to 7 days,
depending upon the site of infection and susceptibil
ity of the infective organism. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:225–228)
Effect of aerosolized albuterol sulfate on resting energy expenditure determined by use of open-flow indirect calorimetry in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Mazan Melissa R. , Hoffman Andrew M. , Kuehn Heike , Deveney Edward F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate effects of sedation on stability of resistance of the respiratory system (RRS) and measures of resting energy expenditure (REE) by use of open-flow indirect calorimetry (IC) and treatment with aerosolized albuterol on REE in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).Animals—9 clinically normal horses and 8 horses with RAO.Procedure—In phase 1, RRS was measured by using forced oscillometry (FOT) in 5 clinically normal horses before and after sedation with xylazine. In phase 2, REE was measured in 4 clinically normal horses between 20 and 25 minutes and again 35 to 40 minutes after sedation with xylazine. In phase 3, IC was performed between 20 and 25 minutes and FOT was performed between 30 and 35 minutes after xylazine administration in 8 horses with RAO; after administration of 450 µg of albuterol, IC and FOT were repeated.Results—In phase 1, RRS values were significantly lower 5 and 10 minutes after sedation. In phase 2, diminishing sedation did not significantly affect REE. In phase 3, there was a significant decrease in mean RRS (1.15 ± 0.25 vs 0.84 ± 0.14 cm H20/L/s) and REE (30.68 ± 17.89 vs 27.46 ± 16.54 kcal/kg/d) after albuterol administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—FOT and IC are useful in obtaining repeatable measurements of RRS and REE, respectively, in sedated horses. Concurrent bronchodilation and decreased REE after albuterol administration suggest that increased work of breathing as a result of airway obstruction may contribute to increased energy demands in horses with RAO. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:235–242)
Hemodynamic effects of nitrous oxide in isoflurane-anesthetized cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Imai Ayako , Bolich Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the hemodynamic effects of nitrous oxide in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.Animals—12 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized by administration of isoflurane in oxygen. After instruments were inserted, end-tidal isoflurane concentration was set at 1.25 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration, and nitrous oxide was administered in a Latinsquare design at 0, 30, 50, and 70%. Each concentration was administered for 25 minutes before measurements were obtained to allow for stabilization. Heart rate; systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; body temperature; arterial and mixed-venous pH, PCO2, PO2, and hemoglobin concentrations; PCV; and total protein and lactate concentrations were measured before and during noxious stimulation for each nitrous oxide concentration. Arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations and oxygen saturation, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left and right ventricular stroke work indices, arterial and mixed-venous oxygen contents, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction ratio, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference, and venous admixture were calculated.Results—Arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, arterial PCO2, and PCV increased during administration of 70% nitrous oxide. Arterial and mixed-venous pH, mixed-venous PO2, and alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference decreased during administration of 70% nitrous oxide. Results before and during noxious stimulation were similar.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of 70% nitrous oxide to isoflurane-anesthetized cats resulted in improved arterial pressure, which was related to a vasoconstrictive effect. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:273–278)
Use of volumetric capnography to identify pulmonary dysfunction in horses with and without clinically apparent recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Herholz Conny P. , Gerber Vinzenz , Tschudi Peter , Straub Reto , Imhof Andrea , Busato André 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To investigate whether volumetric
capnography indices could be used to differentiate
between horses without recurrent airway obstruction
(RAO) and horses with RAO that were in clinical
remission or that had clinically apparent RAO.

Animals—70 adult Swiss Warmblood horses (20
used for pleasure riding and 50 used for dressage or
show jumping).

Procedure—Horses were allocated to 4 groups on
the basis of history, clinical signs, results of
endoscopy, and cytologic findings (group 1, 21
healthy horses; group 2, 22 horses with RAO that
were in remission; group 3, 16 horses with mild RAO;
group 4, 11 horses with exacerbated RAO). Expiratory
volume and CO2 curves were recorded by use of a
computerized ultrasonic spirometer. Volumetric
capnograms were plotted, and derived indices were
calculated.

Results—Dead-space volume (VD) was calculated by
use of the Bohr equation (VDBohr) and for physiologic
VD (VDphys). Ratios for VDBohr to expiratory tidal volume
(VT) and VDphys to VT as well as an index of effective
CO2 elimination were significantly different among
groups of horses. Age and use of the horses also significantly
affected volumetric capnography indices.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ratios of
VDBohr to VT and VDphys to VT as well as an index of
effective CO2 elimination were sufficiently sensitive
measures to distinguish between healthy horses and
horses with RAO in remission. To optimize the ability
of volumetric capnography indices to differentiate
among horses in heterogeneous populations, it is
important to account for effects of age and specific
use of the horses. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:338–345)
Microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Harmon Faye A. , Snyder Jack 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To characterize the vascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.Animals—7 adult llamas.Procedure—Immediately after each llama was euthanatized, vascular replicas of tissue from the third compartment were prepared by use of methylmethacrylate monomer and catalyst. Following chemical removal of tissue, the casts were further prepared for examination via scanning electron microscopy. By use of barium solution, microangiography was also performed on fixed tissue samples; the infused tissue was sectioned and imaged radiographically. Tissue samples were also collected for histologic evaluation after fixation and H&E staining.Results—The third compartment was supplied by 4 pairs of primary arteries and veins located around the circumference of the structure. From these vessels, smaller arteries and veins branched to supply the serosal surface and penetrated deeper through the tunica muscularis to supply the submucosal and mucosal layers. An extensive capillary network was arranged in a hexagonal array surrounding the gastric glands, such that the mucosal aspect of the replicas had a honeycomb-like appearance. Histologically, variably sized villous projections lined by a single layer of epithelial cells with an extensive glandular network were observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The third compartment of the stomach of llamas is a highly vascular structure with an extensive anastomotic capillary network at the luminal surface. Branching vessels provide extensive collateral circulation, and it appears that surgical incisions should heal well. Incisions in the third compartment should be oriented parallel to the longitudinal plane. (Am J Vet Res2003; 64:346–350)
Efficacy of oral supplementation with L-lysine in cats latently infected with feline herpesvirus
Authors: Maggs David J. , Nasisse Mark P. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To examine the effects of orally administered L-lysine on clinical signs of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection and ocular shedding of FHV-1 in latently infected cats.Animals—14 young adult, FHV-1-naive cats.Procedure—Five months after primary conjunctival inoculation with FHV-1, cats were rehoused and assigned to receive 400 mg of L-lysine in food once daily for 30 days or food only. On day 15, all cats received methylprednisolone to induce viral reactivation. Clinical signs of infection were graded, and viral shedding was assessed by a polymerase chain reaction assay throughout our study. Peak and trough plasma amino acid concentrations were assessed on day 30.Results—Fewer cats and eyes were affected by conjunctivitis, and onset of clinical signs of infection was delayed on average by 7 days in cats receiving L-lysine, compared with cats in the control group; however, significant differences between groups were not demonstrated. Significantly fewer viral shedding episodes were identified in the treatment group cats, compared with the control group cats, after rehousing but not following corticosteroidinduced viral reactivation. Mean plasma L-lysine concentration was significantly increased at 3 hours but not at 24 hours after L-lysine administration. Plasma arginine concentration was not significantly altered.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Once daily oral administration of 400 mg of L-lysine to cats latently infected with FHV-1 was associated with reduced viral shedding following changes in housing and husbandry but not following corticosteroid administration. This dose caused a significant but short-term increase in plasma L-lysine concentration without altering plasma arginine concentration or inducing adverse clinical effects. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:37–42)
Neutrophil function and plasma opsonic capacity in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal kittens
Authors: Hanel Rita M. , Crawford P. Cynda , Hernandez Jorge , Benson Neal A. , Levy Julie K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether passive transfer of IgG in neonatal kittens affects plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria in vitro.Animals—22 kittens from 6 specific pathogen-free queens.Procedure—Kittens were randomized at birth into the following treatment groups: colostrum-fed, colostrum-deprived, or colostrum-deprived supplemented with feline or equine IgG. Blood samples were collected at intervals from birth to 56 days of age. Plasma IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion assay. Neutrophil function was assessed by a flow cytometry assay providing simultaneous measurement of bacteria-induced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. The opsonic capacity of kitten plasma was determined in an opsonophagocytosis assay with bacteria incubated in untreated or heat-inactivated plasma.Results—Among treatment groups, there were no significant differences in neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria or opsonic capacity of plasma. In all samples of plasma, inactivation of complement and other heat-labile opsonins significantly reduced the opsonic capacity. Plasma IgG concentrations in kittens did not correlate with neutrophil function or plasma opsonic capacity before or after inactivation of complement.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses in vitro of kittens receiving passive transfer of IgG via colostrum intake or IgG supplementation and those deprived of colostrum were similar. The alternate complement pathway or other heat-labile opsonins may be more important than IgG in bacterial opsonization and phagocytosis. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:538–543)
Effect of passive immunity on the development of a protective immune response against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves
Authors: Ridpath Julia F. , Neill John D. , Endsley Janet , Roth James A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether passively acquired antibodies prevent development of a protective immune response to live virus in calves.Procedures—18 calves.Procedure—Calves were caught immediately after birth and tested free of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and serum antibodies against BVDV. Within 48 hours, 12 calves were fed colostrum that contained antibodies against BVDV and 6 calves received BVDV antibody free milk replacer. Three milk replacer fed and 6 colostrum fed calves were exposed to virulent BVDV2-1373 at 2 to 5 weeks of life when passively acquired serum antibody titers were high. After serum antibody titers against BVDV had decayed to undetectable concentrations (at 7 to 9 months of age), the 3 remaining milk replacer fed calves, 6 colostrum fed calves previously exposed to BVDV2-1373, and 6 colostrum fed calves that had not been exposed to the virus were inoculated with BVDV2-1373.Results—Passively acquired antibodies prevented clinical disease in inoculated colostrum fed calves at 2 to 5 weeks of life. Serum antibody titers did not increase in these calves following virus inoculation, and serum antibody titers decayed at the same rate as in noninoculated colostrum fed calves. Inoculated colostrum fed calves were still protected from clinical disease after serum antibody titers had decayed to nondetectable concentrations. Same age colostrum fed calves that had not been previously exposed to the virus were not protected.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A protective immune response was mounted in calves with passive immunity, but was not reflected by serum antibodies titers. This finding has implications for evaluating vaccine efficacy and immune status. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:65–69)
Assessment of corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, optical corneal diameter, and axial globe dimensions in Miniature Horses
Authors: Plummer Caryn E. , Ramsey David T. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine corneal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), and horizontal and vertical corneal diameter (HCD and VCD) and to obtain axial measurements of the anterior chamber depth (ACD), crystalline lens thickness (CLT), vitreous chamber depth (VtCD), and axial globe length (AGL) in eyes of Miniature Horses.Animals—41 healthy Miniature Horses.Procedure—Ocular component measurements were obtained via ultrasonic pachymetry, applanation tonometry, ultrasound, and by use of a Jameson caliper.Results—Mean IOP and corneal thickness for all eyes were 26.0 mm Hg and 785.6 µm, respectively. There was no correlation of age with IOP or corneal thickness and no difference in these variables between right and left eyes or between females and males. Mean HCD and VCD were 25.8 and 19.4 mm, respectively; although there were no differences between sexes or between right and left eyes, there was positive correlation of optical corneal diameters with increasing age. Mean ACD, CLT, VtCD, and AGL were smaller in Miniature Horses (5.6, 10.0, 18.1, and 33.7 mm, respectively), compared with values for full-sized horses; there was no difference in these variables between sexes or between right and left eyes in Miniature Horses, but they were correlated with increasing age.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In Miniature Horses, corneal thickness and IOP are similar to values reported for full-sized horses and do not increase with advancing age. Vertical corneal diameter, HCD, and AGL increase until 5, 7, and 2 years of age, respectively. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:661–665).