bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a tool for identifying women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer in population‐based screening
Authors: Hoskins Kent F. , Zwaagstra Alice , Ranz Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent scientific advances provide the opportunity to identify women in the general population at increased breast cancer risk and to offer effective early detection and disease prevention interventions.METHODSA pedigree assessment tool (PAT) was designed to identify women in primary care settings who are at increased risk for hereditary breast cancer, including potential BRCA mutation carriers. The PAT is a simple point‐scoring system based on family cancer history with points weighted to account for features associated with a higher probability that a BRCA mutation is present. The ability of the PAT and the Gail model to accurately identify potential BRCA mutation carriers in 3,906 women without a personal history of breast cancer presenting for a screening mammogram at a community hospital was tested.RESULTSEighty‐six (2.2%) women had a family history indicative of a high probability (>10%) that a BRCA mutation was present within the family. The PAT performed better than the Gail model in correctly assigning women to the “high BRCA probability” cohort. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the PAT was 0.9625 compared with 0.389 and 0.5861 for the Gail model 5‐year and lifetime risk estimates, respectively. At the optimal threshold score, the PAT performed with 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity.CONCLUSIONSThe PAT is a simple and accurate tool for identifying women at risk for the hereditary breast cancer syndromes that can be employed as part of a comprehensive breast cancer risk‐screening strategy in the primary care setting. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Clinical factors affecting acquired resistance to gefitinib in previously treated Japanese patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Segawa Yoshihiko , Hotta Katsuyuki , Umemura Shigeki , Fujiwara Yoshiro , Shinkai Tetsu , Ueoka Hiroshi , Takigawa Nagio , Tabata Masahiro , Kiura Katsuyuki , Tanimoto Mitsune 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The risk factors for the development of acquired resistance in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients responding to gefitinib are unclear. The current study assessed clinicopathologic factors affecting acquired resistance to gefitinib in previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC.METHODS.Between 2000 and 2004, 197 consecutive Japanese patients with advanced NSCLC underwent treatment with gefitinib. Of these patients, 56 who had continued gefitinib treatment without disease progression for at least 6 months were included in the study.RESULTS.At a median follow‐up time of 21.6 months (range, 7.7–59.7 months), the median time to disease progression was 19.5 months, with progression‐free survival rates of 68.5% at 1 year, 33.6% at 2 years, and 21.2% at 3 years. In a multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model, baseline brain metastasis was the strongest prognostic factor affecting acquired resistance to gefitinib (hazards ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.10‐ 4.17 [P = .025]). In addition, a decreased baseline hemoglobin level (P = .074) and the administration of >1 chemotherapy regimen before gefitinib treatment (P = .069) tended to be significant negative prognostic factors.CONCLUSIONS.In patients undergoing treatment with gefitinib, the presence of brain metastasis was strongly associated with the emergence of acquired resistance in the current series of NSCLC patients. The finding requires confirmation in a large cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC, including a non‐Japanese/Asian population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nitrogen‐doped zirconia single crystals
Authors: Rödel T.‐C. , Wang D. , Su D. S. , Lerch M. , Prokofiev A. , Luther K. D. , Assmus W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work is the preparation of nitrogen‐doped single crystals of cation‐stabilized zirconia. Thin plates of these crystals were nitrided in a graphite heated resistance furnace with nitrogen as reaction gas. Several dwell times and reaction temperatures were tested and their effect on the amount of incorporated nitrogen is investigated. During nitridation at high temperatures a rock salt‐type ‘ZrN’ layer grows on the surface, leading to the destruction of the crystal. In contrast to the fluorite‐type bulk material, which can be described as a fast anion conductor, the surface layer shows electronic conductivity. For possible applications of the bulk material (solid electrolyte) the formation of the surface layer must be avoided. Therefore, the interface between surface epilayer and bulk material was investigated in detail by electron microscopy methods. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Distribution of metallic ions in a single KDP crystal grown from aqueous solution
Authors: Maeda Kouji , Tabuchi Ryo , Asakuma Yusuke , Fukui Keisuke 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA single KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal was grown in a supersaturated solution containing a metallic ion (Al3+, Fe3+, or Cr3+). The growth rate, morphology, and distribution of the metallic ions into the KDP crystal were measured as the ionic concentration and supersaturation in the solution changed. It was found that in the KDP crystal, Al3+ and Fe3+ were greatly concentrated, but Cr3+ was diluted. Complete expressions for the effect of metallic ions on all aspects of the growth of KDP crystal were suggested. The growth rates of (100) and (101) faces were well correlated by the empirical equation and resulted in good estimation of morphology. The distribution of metallic ions into KDP crystal was also correlated by the distribution model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphologies of calcium carbonate crystallites grown from aqueous solutions containing polyethylene glycol
Authors: Xie An‐Jian , Zhang Chun‐Yan , Shen Yu‐Hua , Qiu Ling‐Guang , Xiao Pei‐Pei , Hu Zhao‐Yang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCalcium Carbonate has been precipitated from aqueous solutions containing different concentrations and different molecular weight of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). The precipitations were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated that PEG has profound influence on the nucleation and crystal growth of CaCO3, under condition of low PEG6000 (refer to PEG MW=6000) concentration, it favored the formation of calcite, while high PEG6000 concentration promoted vaterite formation. Additionally, low molecular weight PEG can stabilize vaterite phase. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaporation induced diameter control in fiber crystal growth by micro‐pulling‐down technique: Bi4Ge3O12
Authors: Chani V. , Lebbou K. , Hautefeuille B. , Tillement O. , Fourmigue J.‐M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDiameter self‐control was established in Bi4Ge3O12 fiber crystal growth by micro‐pulling‐down technique. In accordance with Bi2O3‐GeO2 phase diagram, the diameter was controlled due to compensation of solidification with evaporation of volatile Bi2O3 self‐flux charged into the crucible with excess. The crucibles had capillary channels of 310 or 650 μm in outer diameter. The crystals up to 400 mm long and 50‐300 μm in diameter were grown at pulling‐down rates of 0.04‐1.00 mm/min. The melt composition and the pulling rate were generally only two parameters determining solidification rate. As a result, crystals with uniform (± 10%) diameter and aspect ratio up to 104 were produced without automation of the process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of olivine single crystals grown by the micro‐pulling‐down method and terrestrial olivine by XPS, Mössbauer, magnetic and EPR methods
Authors: Talik E. , Zarek W. , Kruczek M. , Ganschow S. , Skrzypek D. , Popiel E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition, crystal and electronic structure and magnetic properties of the (Mg1‐x Fex )2SiO4 olivines (nominal x=0.060 and 0.091), synthetic and terrestrial (Lower Silesia, Poland) were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron spin resonance and magnetostatic methods. It was found that in synthetic olivines the carbon, proceed from starting materials, located in the Mg sites lead to distortion of the crystal lattice. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spontaneous crystallization of potassium chloride from aqueous and aqueous‐ethanol solutions; Part 3: Model of the crystallization process
Authors: Linnikov Oleg D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA model of spontaneous crystallization process was proposed. The model describes kinetics of the crystallization process after the end of the induction period. To test the model the published earlier data on crystallization and aggregation kinetics of potassium chloride at its spontaneous crystallization from supersaturated aqueous and aqueous‐ethanol solutions were used. It was found excellent coincidence of the experimental and theoretical data on concentration of the salt and the total number of crystals in solution at crystallization. Somewhat change for the worse was at the theoretical calculations of crystal size distribution at the end of the crystallization process. It indicated that the ways of calculation of size of crystals and their weight fraction in deposit were very approximate. The model allows predicting with satisfactory accuracy kinetics of crystallization using such general parameters of potassium chloride as the specific surface energy and the height of the nucleus‐bridges between crystals at coalescence. It needs further test of the model for other salts. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the crystallochemical origin of the disordered form of Ba7(EuII)F12Cl2 and the structural changes induced at high temperature
Authors: Kubel F. , Hagemann H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of the disordered modification of Ba7F12Cl2 has been carefully re‐examined on several new crystals prepared under different conditions of synthesis. All single crystal structure refinements reveal a residual electron density of ∼3 e–/Å3 in the 0,0,0 position which is explained by the introduction of a small amount of sodium ions in the crystal. The title compound transforms from a disordered to an ordered modification at ∼800 °C. New structural data show a change in space group from P63/m to P6. During this process, a slight chemical change and the formation of nano‐channels in the crystals is observed by electron microscopy. These changes were further studied by electron microprobe analysis, by spectroscopic methods and thermal analysis. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical properties of Dy and La doped SnO2 thin films prepared by a cost effective vapour deposition technique
Authors: Joseph J. , Mathew V. , Abraham K. E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStannous oxide (SnO2) thin film is one of the most widely used n‐type transparent semi‐conductor films in electronics, electro‐optics and solar energy conversion. By achieving controlled non‐stoichiometry, we can get good transparency and high electrical conductivity simultaneously in SnO2 thin films. Dy and La doped SnO2 thin films have been prepared by a cost effective vapour deposition technique. The structural, photo‐electronic, optical and electrical properties of the doped and undoped films were studied. The results of X‐ray Diffraction studies reveals the polycrystalline nature of the films with preferential orientation along the (101), (211) and (301) planes and their average grain size variation for different deposition temperature. Photoconductivity and Photovoltaic studies of the films were also performed. The optical properties of these films were studied by measuring their optical transmission as a function of wavelength. The optical transmission is found to be increased on Dy doping and decreased on La doping. The band gap, refractive index and thickness of the films were calculated from U‐V transmittance and Absorption graphs. The optical band gap of undoped film is found to be 4.08 eV, but on doping it shifts to lower energies and then increases on increasing the concentration of both dopants. Its electrical parameters such as sheet resistance, resistivity, mobility, Hall coefficient, and carrier concentration were determined by Four Probe, Van der Pauw and Hall Probe method. On doping with Dy, carrier conversion takes place from n‐type to p‐type and p‐conductivity dominates. On La doping no carrier conversion takes place but resistivity decreases. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterisation of potassium cobalt nickel sulfate hexahydrate for UV light filters
Authors: Zhuang Xinxin , Su Genbo , He Youping , Zheng Guozong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new single crystal for ultraviolet light filter, KCNSH (Potassium Cobalt Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate) was designed and its crystal structure was studied using X‐ray diffraction in this paper. The empirical of the title compound is K2Co0.1Ni0.9(SO4)2.6H2O with formula weight 437.15. KCNSH crystal belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, a=6.1390(3)Å, b=12.1839(6)Å, c=9.0095(4)Å, α=γ=90°, β=105.060(2)°, V=650.74(5)Å3, Z=2, Dc=2.231g/cm3. Using the cooling solution method, we have grown a deep green KCNSH crystal with dimension of 12×12×40mm3. The transmission spectrum of KCNSH in the range from UV to near IR wavelengths, its thermal properties, and the relationship between the structure and optical transmission properties are also studied and further discussed in this paper. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An X‐ray powder diffraction study of the microstructural evolution on heating 3:2 and 2:1 mullite single‐phase gels
Authors: Ruiz de Sola E. , Serrano F. J. , Torres F. J. , Reventós M. M. , Esteve V. J. , Kojdecki M. A. , Amigó J. M. , Alarcón J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSingle‐phase gels with compositions 3Al2O3·2SiO2 and 2Al2O3·SiO2 were prepared by gelling mixtures of aluminium nitrate and tetraethylorthosilicate. Gels were fast heated at different temperatures between 900°C and 1600°C. The phase transformation and microstructural changes of both mullite precursor gels over the temperature range were followed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), lattice parameter determination (LP), and scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). The distribution of crystallite sizes and strains were determined by linewidth refinements of X‐ray diffraction patterns using the integral breadth method of Langford and the Warren‐Averbach analysis. XRD of both heated gels showed the formation of crystalline mullite single phase. Some amount of glassy phase coexisted with mullites at low temperatures, i. e. below 900°C. The compositional range of mullites formed on heating gels at temperatures between 900°C and 1600°C was dependent on the starting nominal composition of gels. SEM and TEM micrographs of both heated gels below 1200°C showed the formation of small, discrete, prismatic, well‐shaped nanocrystals in a very ordered arrangement. The size of these nanocrystals was dependant on the nominal composition of gels and increased on rising the heating temperature of gel precursors. The microstructural features obtained from linewidth refinement results of X‐ray diffraction patterns also allowed to suggest the formation of prismatic a little elongated nanocrystals at temperatures below 1200°C. Microstrain values were small and only displayed a relatively significant value for mullites processed at 900°C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two CrIII containing metal‐1‐hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate compounds: Synthesis, structure, and morphology
Authors: Wu Zongbin , Liu Zhongmin , Tian Peng , Xu Lei , Song Haibin , Bao Xinhe , Liu Xiumei , Liu Xianchun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo novel layered CrIII containing metal‐hedp compounds, Na20AlCrIII[CH3C(O)P2O6]6·O3·(H2O)26·(H3O)10 (CH3 CH2 OH) and Na6CrIII[CH3C(OH)P2O6]3·(H2O)21(H3O)3 (designated as DLES‐AlCr and DLES‐CrIII respectively), were hydrothermally synthesized. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The two crystals are isostructural with propeller‐like chiral motifs and hexagonal rings along [001]. DLES‐AlCr crystal exhibits interesting hollow tubular hexagonal morphology, while DLES‐Cr crystal possesses solid hexagonal morphology. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser scanning cytometry in the characterization of the proapoptotic effects of transiently transfected genes in cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Bingham Brendan , Kotnis Smita , McHendry‐Rinde Barbara , Shen Ru , Wood Andrew , Kennedy Jeffrey D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundLow transient transfection efficiency limits the ability to characterize putative proapoptotic gene function in neurons. Laser scanning cytometry (LSC), with its high capacity, medium throughput means of collecting fluorescent emissions from cultured cells, offers an effective technology for scoring cell death in neuronal transfectants.MethodsCerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were transfected with EGFP‐fusion constructs of Caspase‐3 and Caspase‐9 using a DNA‐calcium phosphate coprecipitation method. CGNs were fixed, permeablized, and stained with propidium iodide (PI) nuclear dye. An LSC method, based on a combination of Long Red Max Pixel, Long Red Integral, and Green Integral fluorescence parameters was validated for the scoring of apoptotic cell death in CGNs.ResultsIn Caspase‐3 and Caspase‐9 transfected CGNs, cell death was scored both in transfectants and nontransfected culture‐mates. The cell death phenotype was found to be independent of transfection efficiency. LSC scoring of Caspase‐9 transfectants was compared with visual scoring following Hoechst 33342 staining, yielding results that were similar qualitatively, but not quantitatively, likely owing to the greater sensitivity to green fluorescence of laser scanning compared to human vision.ConclusionLSC scoring of transiently transfected CGNs offers a rapid and reliable means of characterizing proapoptotic gene effects. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Comparison of fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugates for quantifying CD20 expression on normal and leukemic B‐cells
Authors: Wang Lili , Abbasi Fatima , Gaigalas Adolfas K. , Vogt Robert F. , Marti Gerald E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundNumerous methods for quantitative fluorescence calibration (QFC) have been developed to quantify receptor expression on lymphocytes as potential disease biomarkers. CD20 expression in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) is one of the best examples of such a biomarker, but results from the use of different QFC methods vary considerably.MethodsWe measured CD20 expression on normal and B‐CLL B‐cells, using FITC and PE conjugates from the same monoclonal antibody (Mab). As a biological control and calibrator, we also measured CD4 expression on T‐cells with FITC and PE Mab. Calibration curves were constructed using the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) consensus guidelines for QFC. Calibration with QuantiBRITE™ PE‐labeled microspheres and the use of unimolar PE conjugates provided direct measurement of antibody bound per cell (ABC) for CD4 and CD20. Calibration for FITC conjugates was based on molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF), as determined by NIST RM 8640 microsphere standards. These MESF values were then converted to ABC, using the CD4 T‐cell as a biologic calibrator, to normalize FITC and PE results for CD20 expression.ResultsOn normal B cells, the mean ABC value for unimolar CD20‐PE conjugate was 143,500 (CV ± 19.1%). The mean ABC value for B‐CLL B‐cells stained with the same conjugate was 21,700 (CV ± 42.0%). Using the CD4 T‐cell as a biologic calibrator for FITC conjugate, the mean ABC value for CD20‐FITC on normal B‐cells was 199,300. CD20‐FITC staining on B‐CLL cells was generally too weak for accurate quantification. On normal T‐cells, the mean ABC value for CD4 unimolar PE conjugate was (36,800 ± 10.4)%, and it did not differ significantly in CLL samples.ConclusionThe expression of CD20 on normal and B‐CLL lymphocytes can be quantified in ABC units using unimolar CD20‐PE conjugates. In addition, CD4 expression on T‐cells can be used as a biological calibrator to quantify CD20‐FITC ABC, with reasonable agreement between the two conjugates with different fluorochromes. Issues regarding the accuracy of MESF microsphere calibrators and effective F/P ratios for FITC conjugates will require additional laboratory studies. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Preparation and Reductive Decomposition of 2‐Iodoxybenzenesulfonic Acid. X‐ray Crystal Structure of 1‐Hydroxy‐1H‐1,2,3‐benziodoxathiole 3,3‐Dioxide
Authors: Koposov Alexey Y. , Litvinov Dmitry N. , Zhdankin Viktor V. , Ferguson Michael J. , McDonald Robert , Tykwinski Rik R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract2‐Iodoxybenzenesulfonic acid (in a cyclic tautomeric form of 1‐hydroxy‐1H‐1,2,3‐benziodoxathiole 1,3,3‐trioxide), a thia‐analog of 2‐iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) and a potentially important oxidizing reagent, was prepared by two different pathways: direct oxidation of 2‐iodobenzenesulfonic acid and hydrolysis of the methyl ester of 2‐iodylbenzenesulfonic acid. The resulting l‐hydroxy‐1H‐1,2,3‐benziodoxathiole 1,3,3‐trioxide was found to be thermally unstable and highly reactive towards organic solvents. The structure of its reductive decomposition product, l‐hydroxy‐1H‐1,2,3‐benziodoxathiole 3,3‐dioxide (the cyclic tautomeric form of 2‐iodosylbenzenesulfonic acid), was established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of (+)‐Pseudodeflectusin: Structural Revision of Aspergione B
Authors: Saito Fumiyo , Kuramochi Kouji , Nakazaki Atsuo , Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Sugawara Fumio , Kobayashi Susumu 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report herein the total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of (+)‐pseudodeflectusin. The total synthesis of (+)‐pseudodeflectusin starting from o‐anisic aid was achieved in 11 total steps with an overall yield of 2.0 %. The 1H‐ and 13C NMR spectroscopic data of our synthetic pseudodeflectusin was identical to that of the natural compound. The absolute configuration of (+)‐pseudodeflectusin was determined by chiral HPLC and X‐ray crystallographic analyses. We also synthesized the proposed structure of aspergione B, whose 1H‐ and 13C NMR spectroscopic data is identical to that of pseudodeflectusin. The 1H‐ and 13C NMR spectra of our synthetic aspergione B were different from those of the natural compound reported by Proksch et al. Our results confirm that aspergione B and pseudodeflectusin are, in fact, the same compound.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)