bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural and physiological effects of the trophically transmitted cestode parasite,Cyathocephalus truncatus, on its intermediate host,Gammarus pulex
Authors: FRANCESCHI N. , RIGAUD T. , MORET Y. , HERVANT F. , BOLLACHE L. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYSome parasites with complex life-cycles are able to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts in a way that increases their transmission to the next host. Gammarids infected by the tapewormCyathocephalus truncatus(Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) are known to be more predated by fish than uninfected ones, but potential behavioural manipulation by the parasite has never been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis thatC. truncatusis able to manipulate the behaviour of one of its intermediate hosts,Gammarus pulex(Crustacea: Amphipoda). To assess if any behavioural change was linked to other phenotypic alterations, we also measured the immunity of infected and uninfected individuals and investigated the pathogenic effects of the parasite. Infected gammarids were significantly less photophobic than uninfected ones, but no effect of infection on the level of immune defence was found. The results on survival, swimming activity and oxygen consumption suggest that the parasite also has various pathogenic effects. However, the alteration in host phototaxis was not correlated to some of these pathogenic effects. Therefore, we propose that the modification in host reaction to light is a behavioural manipulation, explaining the previously observed increase of gammarid predation rate.
Choice and the Relationship between Identities and Behaviour for Mothers with Pre-School Children: Some Implications for Policy from a UK Study
Authors: HIMMELWEIT SUSAN , SIGALA MARIA 
Published: July 2007

This article reports on the findings and policy implications of a UK study that used both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate mothers' decision-making with respect to the interlinked issues of the care of their pre-school children and their own employment. Mothers were found to have both internal and external constraints on their decisions. In the three areas of finances, childcare and working time, both personal identities and external circumstances limited mothers' choices. However, neither external circumstances nor identities were fixed. Behaviour and identities were therefore adjusted to each other, giving rise to feedback effects at both the individual and the social level.While the constraints of identity limit the direct effectiveness of some policies, the long-term effectiveness of others may be enhanced by positive feedback arising from attitudes changing along with behaviour. A ‘policy multiplier’ is defined as the ratio of such indirect to direct effects. This is likely to be greater for enabling policies that lift existing constraints and enable choices that were previously not available, than for coercive policies that impose new constraints on behaviour. The article examines the implications of such feedback effects for developing policy that expands the choices available to mothers in the short term, reduces the costs of motherhood, and meets the government's long-term objectives of reducing child poverty and increasing employment.
The acquisition of Cantonese classifiers by preschool children in Hong Kong
Authors: TSE SHEK KAM , LI HUI , LEUNG SHING ON 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Cantonese language has a complex classifier system and young learners need to pay attention to both the semantics and syntax of classifiers. This study investigated the repertoire of classifiers produced by 492 Cantonese-speaking preschoolers in three age groups (3;0, 4;0 and 5;0). Spontaneous utterances produced in 30-minute toy-play contexts were collected and transcribed. Analyses identified a productive repertoire of 73 classifiers in the utterances, which could be appropriately classified into the typology proposed in the present study. An age-related increase in the number of classifier types per child as well as the repertoire size of each group was found. 個go3(CL) was widely used as the general classifier by the young children. It was also discovered that the three-year-olds were already showing signs of grasping the basic syntax of classifiers. Cognitive, linguistic and contextual influences presumed to shape the evidence are discussed.
Characteristics of maternal verbal style: Responsiveness and directiveness in two natural contexts
Authors: FLYNN VALERIE , MASUR ELISE FRANK 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty mothers' provision of responsive, supportive behavioural directive, and intrusive behavioural and attentional directive speech was investigated during interactions with their children at ages 0 ; 10, 1 ; 1, 1 ; 5 and 1 ; 9 in two natural contexts, free play and bathtime. Issues examined included developmental change, contextual differences, consistency across contexts and stability over time. Analyses revealed increases in frequencies of maternal responsive and supportive directive utterances and decreases in maternal intrusive directives with age. Differences between contexts included more speech and supportive directiveness during play than bath. Responsiveness and intrusive attentional directiveness demonstrated considerable consistency and stability. Mothers provided greater responsiveness to girls than to boys, but more intrusive directives to boys than to girls. Mothers' production of supportive and intrusive directives was unrelated, and their rates of responsive speech were inversely associated with their rates of intrusive directive speech, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between supportive and intrusive directiveness.
The overgeneralization of non-finite complements to finite contexts: The case of decide
Authors: OWEN AMANDA J. , LEONARD LAURENCE B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCurrent views on the acquisition of PRO can roughly be divided into two areas: lexical and syntactic accounts. We present data on one verb, decide, that yields data that not only differs from the data for other similar verbs with the same children, but does not lend itself easily to either type of account. Data from a sentence elicitation task conducted with 20 typically-developing children (4 ; 0–7 ; 11), along with 3 case studies illustrate that children may not be assigning a referent for PRO in an adult-like manner for particular verbs. Instead they may be overgeneralizing the use of non-finite complements to finite contexts.
Whichitis it? The acquisition of referential and expletiveit
Authors: KIRBY SUSANNAH , BECKER MISHA 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the natural order of acquisition of the proformit, comparing deictic pronounit, anaphoric pronounitand expletiveit. Files from four children (Adam, Eve, Nina and Peter) aged 1 ; 6–3 ; 0 in the CHILDES database were coded for occurrences of NPit(here it is) and expletiveit(it's raining). Occurrences of NPitwere coded for whether they followed an overt discourse anaphor (anaphoricit) or not (deicticit). All children examined produce deictic and anaphoric pronounitfrom the very first files, but do not produce expletiveituntil 2–7 months later. Following Inoue's (1991) lexical-semantic reanalysis account of the acquisition of expletivethereafter locativethere, we propose that children acquire expletiveitby reanalyzing referential pronounitto include an expletive subtype. This reanalysis takes place when children realize that expletiveitnever co-occurs with any deictic/anaphoric referent.
A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study of C-reactive protein and coronary microcirculation in children after open heart surgery
Authors: Aburawi Elhadi H. , Liuba Petru , Berg Ansgar , Pesonen Erkki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundSystemic inflammation has been suggested to underlie in part the elevated risk of arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction during the first weeks after cardiac surgery. Recent transthoracic Doppler studies from our centre indicated increased basal coronary arterial flow in children 5 days after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In these children, we investigated whether the inflammatory mediator, C-reactive protein, could influence this association.MethodsThe peak flow velocity, velocity time-integral in diastole and systole, and basal blood flow in the proximal part of the left anterior descending artery, were assessed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography 1 day before, and 5 days after, cardiac surgery in 17 children with ventricular and atrioventricular septal defects whose mean age at surgery was 6 months. Levels of C-reactive protein in the plasma were measured at both time-points.ResultsPrior to surgery, all children had levels of C-reactive protein under the limit for detection, that is less than 0.8 milligrams per litre. The levels of the protein had increased significantly by the second day, when the median value was 25, and the range from 20 to 142 milligrams per litre. They remained elevated on the fifth day after surgery, when the median was 11, and the range from 3 to 20 milligrams per litre. On the fifth day, the percentage increase in velocity time integral corrected for left ventricular mass was significantly lower in those patients with C-reactive protein greater than or equal to 10 milligrams per litre than in the remaining patients. Also, both the velocity time integral and the velocity of diastolic peak flow correlated inversely with log C-reactive protein, r being equal to −0.54 and p less than 0.02 and r equal to −0.74 and p less than 0.01, respectively, particularly among those patients in whom clamping of the aorta lasted for more than 1 hour, r for this statistic being equal to −0.8.ConclusionThe postsurgical increase in the velocity of coronary arterial flow in children is inversely associated with rising levels of C-reactive protein. The duration of the aortic cross-clamping during surgery strengthens the association between levels of C-reactive protein and the microcirculatory changes.
European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for cervical cytology terminology
Authors: Herbert A. , Bergeron C. , Wiener H. , Schenck U. , Klinkhamer P. , Bulten J. , Arbyn M. 
Published: July 2007

There are many different systems of cytology classification used in the member states of the European Union (EU) and many different languages. The following short annexe to Chapter 3 of the European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening provides a framework that will allow different terminologies and languages to be translated into standard terminology based on the Bethesda system (TBS) for cytology while retaining the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) classification for histology. This approach has followed extensive consultation with representatives of many countries and professional groups as well as a discussion forum published in Cytopathology (2005;16:113).This article will describe the reporting of specimen adequacy, which is dealt with in more detail elsewhere in Chapter 3 of the guidelines, the optional general categorization recommended in TBS, the interpretation/cytology result and other comments that may be made on reports such as concurrent human papillomavirus testing and the use of automation review and recommendations for management. The main categories in TBS will be described in the context of CIN, dyskaryosis and dysplasia terminologies so that all may be translated into the same framework. These guidelines should allow European countries to adapt their terminology in such a way as to make their screening programmes comparable with each other as well as with programmes elsewhere in the world.
Landscape, habitat characteristics and the genetic population structure of two caddisflies
Authors: WILCOCK HELEN R. , BRUFORD MICHAEL W. , NICHOLS RICHARD A. , HILDREW ALAN G. 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. In a region of south‐eastern England, we investigated the hierarchical genetic structure of populations of two stream‐dwelling caddisflies (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) with contrasting distributions:Plectrocnemia conspersainhabits numerous small, patchily distributed seeps and streams, while the confamilialPolycentropus flavomaculatusis found in fewer but larger streams and rivers. We also contrasted the genetic structure ofP. conspersain the lowland south‐east with that in an upland region in the north west.2. Microsatellite genotypes were obtained from samples of both species taken from a ‘core area’ and at sites 15, 40 and 100 km from this core (two regions forP. conspersa, totalling 45 sites and 1405 larvae; one region forP. flavomaculatus, totalling 10 sites and 269 larvae).3. The genetic structure ofP. conspersadiffered in the two regions. In the upland north‐west, significant genetic differentiation was observed at a spatial scale of around 40 km from the core, while there was no structure in the lowland south‐east up to around 100 km. Areas of high altitude did not appear directly to reduce gene flow, whereas other potential landscape barriers, including particular geological formations, large urban areas and the sea had a pronounced effect.4. Weak genetic differentiation inP. conspersaacross large distances, particularly in the lowland south‐east, suggests that it disperses strongly, facilitating gene flow within and between catchments. Conversely, forP. flavomaculatuswe found strong genetic differentiation between almost all sites, suggesting that dispersal is much more limited.5. Greater dispersal in the patchily distributedP. conspersathan inP. flavomaculatus, which occupies larger and presumably more persistent habitats, could be a general feature of other similarly distributed aquatic insects. While higher relief is potentially a partial barrier to dispersal,P. conspersamust have effective gene flow through such apparently inhospitable terrain, perhaps attributable to dispersal between neighbouring small and ephemeral populations. Indeed, its exploitation of headwaters and seeps requires the ability to disperse between such sites. Apparently it cannot, however, overcome more continuous barriers, consisting of large tracts of landscape with few habitable larval sites. Such landscapes, including those created by humans, may have a stronger effect on population connectivity and colonization in the longer term.
Faecal pellets in streams: their binding, breakdown and utilization
Authors: JOYCE PAUL , WARREN LUKE L. , WOTTON ROGER S. 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. Faecal pellets of Gammarus (shredders) and Simulium larvae (suspension feeders) are bound by exopolymers. Immediately after egestion, Gammarus pellets are covered by a peritrophic membrane that breaks up within hours, although pellets remain intact because of internal binding materials.2. Although they expand soon after egestion, the faecal pellets of Gammarus and Simulium remain intact for more than 30 days. Their internal structure is altered and the main agents of this change are bacteria that have survived passage through the gut (and become bound within pellets).3. When disrupted physically, freshly egested (1‐ to 2‐day old) Simulium faecal pellets break up into relatively large pieces whereas freshly egested Gammarus faecal pellets break apart into much smaller pieces. Disruption of 30‐day old Simulium faecal pellets results in similar sized pieces to those from freshly egested pellets, but disruption of 30‐day old Gammarus pellets produces pieces that are two orders of magnitude larger than those resulting from disruption of freshly egested pellets.4. Faecal pellets of Gammarus and Simulium are eaten by stream invertebrates and are sites of microbial breakdown. Faecal pellets are a source of organic matter for benthic invertebrates, bacteria and, indirectly, for plants.
Predictable changes in trophic community structure along a spatial disturbance gradient in streams
Authors: LEPORI FABIO , MALMQVIST BJÖRN 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. We assessed insect and resource standing stocks along a spatial gradient of flood disturbance in 19 sub‐alpine Swedish streams to test the prediction that change in trophic structure arises from the joint action of disturbance, which affect basal resources, and resource‐control, which ties the response of the consumers to the response of the resources.2. Trophic structure, quantified as scores of non‐metric multidimensional scaling based on the biomass of insect trophic groups, changed predictably along the disturbance gradient. In early summer, predators and algae feeders decreased relative to suspension feeders with increasing disturbance; in autumn, algae feeders decreased relative to leaf feeders with increasing disturbance.3. Across the disturbance gradient, the biomass of algae‐, deposit‐ and leaf‐feeders was principally controlled by the availability of the respective resource (algae, fine detritus and coarse detritus), while disturbance only had subsidiary effects on algae feeders in early summer.4. Overall, patterns in trophic‐group biomass along the disturbance gradient were more likely to reflect indirect effects of disturbance via impact on the resources, which reverberated to the consumers because of resource‐control, rather than direct effects. In contrast with the view that stream communities are the result of stochastic colonization following disturbance events, in the study streams the trophic structure of insect assemblages is predictable and partly organized by resource‐control across a broad range of disturbance conditions.
Kinetics of NO3‐ net fluxes in Pinus pinaster, Rhizopogon roseolus and their ectomycorrhizal association, as affected by the presence of NO3‐ and NH4+
Authors: GOBERT ANTHONY , PLASSARD CLAUDE 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe impact of mineral N supply, N‐free or NO3‐ with or without NH4+, on the subsequent uptake of NO3‐ by maritime pine seedlings associated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon roseolus was studied using ion‐selective microelectrodes. NO3‐ net fluxes into N‐starved non‐mycorrhizal short roots (NMSRs) were low and measurable only over the NO3‐ concentration range of 0–70 µM. The simple kinetics observed in those roots may reflect the dominant operation of a high‐affinity NO3‐ transport system (HATS) which is constitutive. NO3‐ pretreatment increased the NO3‐ net fluxes and led to a complex kinetics that may reflect the operation of other HATS. A simple kinetics was observed in plants pre‐incubated at high NH4+ concentration. In contrast, NO3‐ uptake kinetics presented only one saturation phase in the fungus, whether associated with the plant or not. NO3‐ uptake was greater after a pretreatment in N‐free or NO3‐ solution, but NH4+ pretreatment led to a threefold reduction in NO3‐ uptake. These results suggest that the regulation of NO3‐ transport systems varies between the host and the fungal partner. This variation is likely to contribute to the positive effect of mycorrhizal association on N uptake in plants when the N supply is low and fluctuating.
MicroRNAs in loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and their association with fusiform rust gall development
Authors: Lu Shanfa , Sun Ying‐Hsuan , Amerson Henry , Chiang Vincent L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that can have large‐scale regulatory effects on development and on stress responses in plants. The endemic rust fungusCronartium quercuumf. sp.fusiformecauses fusiform rust disease in pines, resulting in the development of spindle‐shaped galls (cankers) on branches or stems. This disease is the most destructive disease of pines in the southern USA. To test whether miRNAs play roles in fusiform rust gall development, we cloned and identified 26 miRNAs from stem xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), which belong to four conserved and seven loblolly pine‐specific miRNA families. Forty‐three targets for nine of these 11 families were experimentally validatedin vivo. Sequence analysis suggested that the target cleavage site may be determined not only by the miRNA sequence but also by the target sequence. Members of three loblolly pine‐specific miRNA families target a large number of non‐protein coding transcripts, and one of these families could also initiate secondary phased production from its target of a putative trans‐acting short interfering RNA (ta‐siRNA). Expression of 10 of these 11 miRNA families was significantly repressed in the galled stem. PCR‐based transcript quantification showed complex expression patterns of these miRNAs and their targets in the galled tissues and in tissues surrounding the gall. We further predict 82 plant disease‐related transcripts that may also response to miRNA regulation in pine. These results reveal a new genetic basis for host–pathogen interactions in the development of fusiform rust gall.
A comparative study of nutrients utilization, alkaline phosphatase activity and creatinine concentration in the serum of sheep and goats fed diets based on olive leaves
Authors: Yáñez‐Ruiz D. R. , Molina‐Alcaide E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare, in goats and wethers, the nutritive utilization of diets including olive leaves (OL) and the possible detrimental effect of that by‐product. Three different diets were studied: OL, OL plus polyethylene glycol (PEG) (OLP) and OL supplemented with barley [164 g/kg dry matter (DM)] and faba beans (59 g/kg DM) (OLSUP). Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy and nitrogen balances were determined along with creatinine concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the serum. The apparent digestibility of OL was low and similar in goats and wethers (54.4% and 53.5%, 22.2% and 21.6% and, 47.7% and 46.6% for DM, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre in goats and wethers, respectively). The addition of PEG did not improve (p > 0.05) digestibility of OL, although a slightly beneficial effect on the digestion of structural carbohydrates was observed (up to 8.4% and 7.10% in goats and wethers, respectively). The supplementation of OL with barley and faba beans increased (p < 0.001) the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the energy value. The consumption of the OL led to high ALP activity in the serum. Despite the higher sensitivity of wethers to Cu levels, our results show a similar digestive use of OL by wethers and goats and suggest the need of further comparative investigations focusing on the effect of the presence of high Cu levels in the by‐product on the animal health.