bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New web site launched for online air trajectory calculation
Authors: Zeng Jiye , Fujinuma Yasimi 
Published: October 2006

The Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, announces a new Web site for online air trajectory calculation (http://cgermetex.nies.go.jp/). The Web server uses the reanalysis meteorological data set of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction.Air trajectories are frequently used by researchers to investigate the airflow pattern and its relation to results of atmospheric monitoring. As an application example, Figure 1 shows the 1998 dust storm event that originated in China and the forward trajectories in the same period initialized at 3000 m in the source region of the dust storm. The airflow indicated by trajectories coincides well with the aerosol index, which shows that dust from China's Gobi desert was transported across the Pacific to the western United States.
An array of ice‐based observatories for Arctic studies
Authors: Proshutinsky Andrey , Plueddemann Albert , Toole John , Ashjian Carin , Krishfield Richard , Carmack Eddy , Dethloff Klaus , Fahrbach Eberhard , Gascard Jean‐Claude , Perovich Don , Pyramikov Sergei 
Published: October 2006

The Arctic Ocean's role in global climate—while now widely appreciated—remains poorly understood. Lack of information about key processes within the oceanic, cryospheric, biologic, atmospheric, and geologic disciplines will continue to impede physical understanding, model validation, and climate prediction until a practical observing system is designed and implemented.A review of recently observed changes in the physical and biological state of the Arctic and a justification for future Arctic observations are contained in the supporting document of the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) “Study of Environmental Arctic Change” program (SEARCH, http://psc.apl.washington.edu/search/). Comparable Arctic study programs have been conceived as an international contribution to the proposed International Polar Year 2007–2008 (http://www.aosb.org/ipyhtml). Future directions in instrument development for Arctic studies were also considered at a workshop at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in October 2002 (http://www.mbari.org/rd/ArcticInstrumentationWorkshop).
Fick's insights on liquid diffusion
Authors: Narasimhan T. N. 
Published: October 2006

In 1855, Adolph Fick published “On liquid diffusion,” mathematically treating salt movement in liquids as a diffusion process, analogous to heat diffusion. Less recognized is the fact that Fick also provided a detailed account of the implications of salt diffusion to transport through membranes.A careful look at Fick [1855] shows that his conceptualization of molecular diffusion was more comprehensive than could be captured with the mathematical methods available to him, and therefore his expression, referred to as Fick's law, dealt only with salt flux. He viewed salt diffusion in liquids as a binary process, with salt moving in one way and water moving in the other. Fick's analysis of the consequences of such a binary process operating in a hydrophilic pore in a membrane offers insights that are relevant to Earth systems. This article draws attention to Fick's rationale and its implications for hydrogeological systems.
Genesis capsule yields solar wind samples
Authors: Wiens Roger C. , Burnett Donald S. , McNamara Karen M. , Stansbery Eileen K. 
Published: October 2006

NASA's Genesis capsule, carrying the first samples ever returned from beyond the Moon, took a hard landing in the western Utah desert on 8 September after its parachutes failed to deploy Despite the impact, estimated at 310 km per hour, some valuable solar wind collector materials have been recovered. With these samples, the Genesis team members are hopeful that nearly all of the primary science goals may be met.The Genesis spacecraft was launched in August 2001 to collect and return samples of solar wind for precise isotopic and elemental analysis. The spacecraft orbited the Earth‐Sun Lagrangian point (LI), ˜1.5 million km sunward of Earth, for 2.3 years. It exposed ultrapure materials—including wafers of silicon, silicon carbide, germanium, chemically deposited diamond, gold, aluminum, and metallic glass— to solar wind ions, which become embedded within the substrates' top 100 nm of these materials.
2004 Horton (Hydrology) Research Grant recipients
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The 2004 Horton (Hydrology) Research Grant Committee selected two recipients this year, Stephen Sebestyen and Elowyn Yager.The research grant, which is separate from the Horton Award, supports projects in hydrology and water resources by doctoral candidates at institutions of higher learning. The grant's objective is to foster graduate student research leading to the completion of doctoral dissertations. Both recipients will be formally awarded on 14 December at the 2004 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California.
O'Keefe to leave NASA
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Sean O'Keefe, who became NASA administrator in December 2001, submitted his resignation on 13 December 2004. O'Keefes departure comes after the agency has begun to implement its new Vision for Space Exploration. He leaves NASA on good fiscal footing, with a fiscal year 2005 budget of $16.2 billion.However, U.S. Rep. Bart Gordon (D‐Tenn.), the ranking member of the House of Representatives Science Committee, said the next administrator must deal with “reconciling the agency's goals with the constrained budgets it is likely to be facing in the years ahead.”
Did the 26 December 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia, Earthquake disrupt the Earth's rotation as the mass media have said?
Authors: Chao B. F. , Gross R. S. 
Published: October 2006

The answer to this question is a definite yes. But then again, the same is true of any earthquake, large or small, or for that matter of any worldly event that involves mass transport, from atmospheric and ocean seasonality, to melting of glaciers and tropical storms, to a bus driving around town. All one needs to convince oneself of this is to invoke the conservation of angular momentum and apply it to the Earth system.The real question should be, Did this particular earthquake disrupt the Earth's rotation to a level large enough to be noticeable, or, technically observable? The answer is a sobering hardly, but at the same time very exciting in scientific implications.
A record year for extreme weather losses
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The year 2004 likely will be the most expensive for the insurance industry worldwide, due to weather related natural disasters, according to figures released on 15 December by the United Nations Environment Program.Between January–October 2004, natural disasters have cost the insurance industry more than $35 billion, compared to $16 billion in all of 2003, according to the preliminary figures that were compiled by Munich Re, a global re‐insurance company.
A research park for studying processes in unsaturated fractured media
Authors: Baker Kristine , McLing Travis , Street Leah , Schafer Annette , Ansley Shannon , Hull Larry , Holt Robert , Roback Robert , Jones Catherine 
Published: October 2006

A field research site has been developed to explore the combined use of physical experiments and mathematical modeling to analyze large‐scale infiltration and chemical transport through the unsaturated media overlying the Snake River Plain Aquifer in southeastern Idaho. This site offers opportunities to observe water and contaminant migration influenced by fluid dynamics and microbial activity through heterogeneous‐porous and fractured media.At many waste disposal facilities, the presence of toxic or radioactive wastes between the land surface and underlying aquifers poses a serious and ongoing threat to public health and safety.To reduce the risk associated with these industrial and Cold War by‐products, a combination of remediation and long‐term monitoring will be required.
Waves and operational oceanography: Toward a coherent description of the upper ocean
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Jenkins Alastair D. , Hauser Daniéle , Reniers Ad , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: October 2006

The availability of new operational services for ocean circulation modeling presents a unique opportunity to rethink the operational forecasting of ocean waves and how circulation and waves may be combined to provide a better understanding of the upper ocean and enhanced services to society. The largescale oil spill caused by the wreck of the tanker Prestige off the Spanish coast in November 2002, and uncertainties on the fate of that pollution, illustrated the gaps in means of observations and knowledge of relevant processes.The idea of a coupled atmosphere‐wavesocean model was proposed by Klaus Hasselmann [Hasselmann, 1991], in the context of climate modeling. As waves are the “gearbox” between the atmosphere and the ocean, a detailed understanding of waves can significantly improve the parameterization of air‐sea fluxes and surface processes. Besides, Earth observation systems rely extensively on satellite remote sensing techniques for surface winds, temperature, sea level, ocean color, and sea ice, all affected by surface waves. Hasselmann viewed the future of wave modeling as the development of this central gearbox of a general Earth observation and monitoring system, providing fluxes between ocean and atmosphere in a way consistent with satellite observations. This vision, though slow to materialize, is highly relevant for short‐term forecasting in the coastal ocean.
Huygens provides insights about Titan
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Following the Huygens probe's successful 14 January soft landing on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, scientists at a 21 January European Space Agency (ESA) news briefing announced that the moon has Earth‐like meteorology and geology and that there is evidence for liquid methane.Martin Tomasko, principal investigator for the Huygens Descent Imager‐Spectral Radiometer, said, “Geological evidence for precipitation, erosion, mechanical abrasion and other fluvial activity says that the physical processes shaping Titan are much the same as those shaping Earth.”
Comparison between probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and flood frequency analysis
Authors: Wang Zhenming , Ormsbee Lindell 
Published: October 2006

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was originally developed from the analogous flood or wind problem and was used for risk analysis in a similar way PSHA was extended later to directly incorporate the uncertainty of ground motion. Such direct incorporation of uncertainty has no clear physical basis and makes it difficult to understand, explain, and use PSHA.These difficulties may result in overly conservative seismic design for safeguarding structures such as buildings, bridges, and nuclear power plants against seismic risk. For example, ground motions with a risk level of 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years, developed from PSHA [Frankel et al., 1996, 2002],are the basis for national seismic safety regulations and design standards such as the 2000 International Building Code (IBC‐2000).
Mesoscale resolving simulations of the global atmosphere and ocean on the Earth simulator
Authors: Ohfuchi Wataru , Sasaki Hideharu , Masumoto Yukio , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: October 2006

Understanding multiscale interactions within the complex hierarchy of various phenomena on wide ranges of temporal and spatial scales is an essential part of the study of the atmosphere and ocean circulation systems. Despite significant progress, the complex interactions have not yet been fully understood, due mainly to the lack of continuous, mesoscale resolving observations of the global three‐dimensional circulations, whose realization is difficult, especially for the ocean.However, computer simulations with ultra‐high resolution, if possible, would be a powerful tool to tackle this difficult issue. Such simulations are now under way on the Earth Simulator (ES), a Japanese gigantic vectorparallel computer that has been in operation since March 2002 and was the world's fastest general‐purpose supercomputer until early fall 2004. Even though the ES is now the third‐fastest supercomputer by both peak performance and UNPACK test, which is a benchmark test by liner algebra computations, our 10‐km mesh atmospheric general circulation simulation remains the fastest real‐world computation on a general‐purpose supercomputer even after two and half years.
Hemispheres apart: The Martian Crustal Dichotomy
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , McGovern Patrick J. 
Published: October 2006

Mars is a world divided—divided into ancient, heavily cratered highlands in the southern hemisphere and relatively featureless lowland plains in the northern hemisphere (Figure 1). This hemispheric dichotomy is manifested not only in the topography, but also in the geology, the tectonics, the cratering record, the gravity and magnetic field, and the crustal structure. The contrast between hemispheres has been brought into sharp focus by the unprecedented amount of new data returned by the fleet of operational spacecraft in Mars orbit (Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Express) and on the surface (Mars Exploration Rovers).However, the origin of perhaps the most fundamental feature of the crust of Mars remains uncertain. The formation of the crustal dichotomy may have set the course for most of the subsequent geologic evolution of Mars, including the Tharsis volcanic and tectonic province.
New AGU fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Fellows of AGU are members who have attained acknowledged eminence in the Earth and space sciences.The Fellows Committee on 15 January 2005 elected 43 members to join the ranks of AGU Fellows. Candidates for Fellow are nominated by colleagues and then vetted by the relevant Sections, who forward the top nominees to the Fellows Committee. The Fellows Committee, which consists of 11 Fellows, receives about twice the number of nominations as can be elected: no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership can be elected each year. The committee meets to review the forwarded nominations and decides who will be elected for the year.
Salt marsh geomorphology: Physical and ecological effects on landform
Authors: Fagherazzi Sergio , Torres Raymond , Hopkinson Charles , Van Proosdij Danika 
Published: October 2006

Salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet, producing more organic matter per unit area than forests, grasslands, and cultivated fields. Marsh landscapes typically fringe low‐energy coastal environments, but in places they may extend inland tens to hundreds of kilometers.As a consequence of their high productivity and interactions with the coastal ocean, salt marshes provide numerous benefits to society. For example, salt marshes are critical habitats for commercially harvested marine and estuarine biota; they filter nutrients and sediment from the water column; and they provide recreational opportunities. In addition, salt marshes help dissipate erosive tide and wave energy and they have intrinsic aesthetic values. All of these societal benefits have a quantifiable economic value, and salt marsh impairment and degradation have associated costs.
The Indian Ocean disaster: Tsunami physics and early warning dilemmas
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna , Nilsen‐Hofseth Sara 
Published: October 2006

Understanding the physics of tsunamis may save lives, especially near the epicenter of a large earthquake where the danger is highest and early warning is least likely to be effective.Normal modes of Earth are standing waves of the Love (toroidal) or the Rayleigh (spheroidal) variety. The Indian Ocean tsunami may have been partly or wholly caused by low‐order spheroidal modes of the Earth such as 0S2, 0S3, and 0S4, that may have excited a waveguide—a layer that confines and guides a propagating wave—in the ocean.
Environmental processes of East Eurasia: Past, present, and future
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. , Zhisheng An 
Published: October 2006

The thick loess deposits of China have provided rich and detailed insights into past environmental conditions in East Asia, enabling links to be made between climatic changes in continental Asia and marine sedimentary records through the Quaternary period. Until recently these eolian deposits were the primary paleoenvironmental archives from the region, but in the last decade or so great strides have been made in broadening the basis of paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the region. This has involved new analytical approaches to the study of loess, as well as an explosion of research into other natural archives—lake sediments, peat, ice, speleothems, and tree rings.To review these developments, and to identify new opportunities for future research, a recent symposium on Environmental Processes of East Eurasia: Past, Present and Future brought together over 50 participants from eight countries.
First International Workshop on Active Monitoring in Solid Earth Geophysics
Authors: Fujii Naoyuki , Korneev Valeri , Kasahara Junzo , Higashihara Hiromichi , Goldin Sergey , Chichinin Innokentty , Unger Rudolf , Zhdanov Michael , Seleznev Viktor , Seleznev Viktor 
Published: October 2006

Active geophysical monitoring involves detection and interpretation of subsurface changes in waves periodically excited by repeated controlled sources. There is little doubt that active monitoring of time‐evolving structures and states in the technically active lithosphere of the Earth is very important. However, no systematic analysis of continuous geophysical monitoring has been done up to now, because no reliable technology systems have been developed other than those generating impulsive signals (e.g., chemical explosives, airguns, and seismic vibrators).Extensive technological and theoretical effort has been expended over the last few decades on developing continuously running sources (e.g., using electromagnetically controlled sources), but these efforts have generally not received much international attention.
AGU establishes Development Board
Authors: Austin James A. , Killeen Timothy L. , Spilhaus Fred 
Published: October 2006

The 21st century has already brought rapid change. Your scientific society AGU, and society‐at‐large face new challenges. These challenges range from opening up access to scientific publications to the potential impact of international terrorism on attendance at scientific meetings around the world.Such challenges and their implications for AGU's mission require strengthening the Union's financial resources. The establishment of a Development Board is the first step on this path.
Discovery of continental stretching and oceanic spreading in the Tasman Sea
Authors: Lafoy Y. , Géli L. , Klingelhoefer F. , Vially R. , Sichler B. , Nouzé H. 
Published: October 2006

A deep seismic survey conducted within the western part of New Caledonia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Figure 1) from 8 September–5 October 2004 revealed for the first time the thinned continental and oceanic natures of the crust beneath the eastern Tasman Sea.The survey which was conducted by an international group of scientists a board the Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER (Ifremer) R/V L'Atalante, aimed at improving the understanding of the geological framework, crustal characteristics, and evolution of the submarine basin and ridge system located west of New Caledonia's mainland. The study area, located east of both Australia and the oceanic Tasman Sea Basin, is composed of continental fragments: the Lord Howe Rise and the Norfolk Ridge, which are separated by the New Caledonia and Fairway basins.
Magnetic images of the Sumatra region crust
Authors: Purucker Michael , Ishihara Takemi 
Published: October 2006

Magnetic images of the region surrounding the Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 provide a current and historical view of subduction in the region. A quasi‐static far‐field image (Figure la) clearly shows the compressional boundary between the Eurasian and Indo‐Australian plates. Along the fault rupture, magnetic crustal thicknesses increase markedly in an easterly and northeasterly direction. Both the island arc and the subducting slab are magnetic, and the subducting slab is diving into the mantle at a steep angle, further increasing the magnetic thickness.To the east, between Singapore and the south coast of the island of Borneo, a previously unrecognized first‐order feature parallels the currently active subduction zone. Like the present subduction zone, the feature is characterized by a two‐fold to three‐fold increase in magnetic thickness in a northeasterly direction. While the feature's origin is enigmatic, it probably reflects the past history of subduction in the region.
Griffin nominated to head NASA
Authors: Keelor Brad 
Published: October 2006

U.S. President George W Bush nominated Michael Griffin as NASA administrator on 11 March. Griffin, who has expressed strong support for the Bush administration's Vision for Space Exploration, is head of the space department at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.Among his previous positions, Griffin was president and chief operating officer of In‐Q‐Tel, and chief engineer and associate administrator for exploration at NASA.
[Comment on “Sun unleashes Halloween storm” by R.E. Lopez et al.] Large solar flares and sheared magnetic field configuration
Authors: Choudhary Debi Prasad 
Published: October 2006

This comment gives additional information about the nature of flaring locations on the Sun described in the article “Sun unleases Halloween storm” (Eos, 85(11), 16 March 2004), by R. E. Lopez, et al.What causes the large explosions from solar active regions that unleash huge magnetic storms and adverse space weather? It is now beyond doubt that the magnetic field in solar active regions harbors free energy that is released during these events. Direct measurements of the longitudinal and transverse components of active region magnetic fields with the vector magnetograph at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), taken on a regular basis for the last 30 years, have found key signatures of the locations of powerful flares.
Geophysics could explain Ancient Maya Myth
Authors: Bruchez Margaret Sabom 
Published: October 2006

According to Maya mythology, the splendor of the principal entity, the Feathered Serpent, is exalted at Lake Atitlán in southwestern Guatemala. A chance look at a phenomenon in the natural environment reveals the possible geophysical basis of this myth.More than poetic fancy, the flight of the Feathered Serpent could refer to the dissipation of a soliton wave formed in the 130‐km2 caldera lake. In the myth, recounted in the sixteenth century document los anales de los caqchiqueles, the newly acceded leader of the Kaqchikel‐speaking Maya tribe rises from the lake transformed as the Feathered Serpent [Recinos and Goetz, 1953, p. 76]. Residents claim a gigantic serpent, Xocomil, still lives in the waters.
Mud and Mudstones: Introduction and Overview
Authors: Bloch John D. 
Published: October 2006

This volume is exemplary of the adage that one should not judge a book by its cover. The cover photo is, indeed, striking, and is a spectacular example of contrasting mudstone rheologies; but alas, the photo description is wrong (the formation ages are reversed and Albian is misspelled)! But once the reader is past the title page, Mud and Mudstones: Introduction and Overview is a well‐crafted, concise, and, for the most part, comprehensive discussion of fine‐grained clastic rocks.Information about mudstones in sedimentary petrology curricula is commonly meager or completely lacking. Standard texts with content on fine‐grained clastics are rapidly becoming outdated, and the need for a contemporary overview of mudstones is acute.