bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mysterious Power: Industrial Accidents and the Legal Construction of Employment Relations in Massachusetts, 1800-1850
Authors: Tomlins Christopher L. 
Published: April 2006

On 16 June 1837, at a little after six o'clock in the morning, a train of cars carrying lumber and gravel and crowded with twenty or more Irish track laborers and other workmen left the Boston depot of the Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation bound for Worcester. About four miles out, just after the train had passed the City Mills and was nearing the Brookline road, a wheel on one of the cars broke. The train was thrown from the tracks. Two men were killed and several others severely injured.Among the injured was a man named Gilham Barnes, engaged by the Corporation about two weeks before to carry out maintenance work on several bridges between Boston and Worcester. On the previous day, Barnes, his brother Luther, and one of the men who worked with them had ridden the same train (an unscheduled track maintenance train known to the corporation as the “gravel” train) as far as the Arsenal bridge, which carried the railroad over the Watertown road in Brighton, to deliver materials and tools. On the morning of the sixteenth, Barnes sent the others by wagon via the Mill Dam toll road to begin work on the Arsenal bridge while he made arrangements with the conductor of the gravel train for additional materials to be carried to the Worcester bridge. Barnes intended, it would seem, to ride the gravel train as far as the Arsenal bridge where he would jump off and join his workmen. “We saw the train going out just after we paid [the] toll,” Luther Barnes later recounted. “Then near City Mills we saw shingles &c all about. I saw my brother running towards us. He waved his hat twice. And he held up his arm and I saw blood and flesh.”
Rights Talk in Canada in the Late Nineteenth Century: “The Good Sense and Right Feeling of the People”
Authors: Risk Richard , Vipond Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

I am a friend to the preservation of the rights of property…but I believe in the subordination of those rights to the public good…. I deny that the people of my Province are insensible to or careless about the true principles of legislation. I believe they are thoroughly alive to them, and I am content that my rights of property, humble though they are, and those of my children, shall belong to the Legislature of my country to be disposed of subject to the good sense and right feeling of the people of that Province.Edward Blake made this declaration about property in 1882. Presumably his beliefs were widely shared by Canadian lawyers, for he was the leader of the Liberal party, the Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada (Ontario), and one of the leading counsel. We seek to explore his beliefs and to reconstruct the understandings of rights in late nineteenth-century Canada, and especially the understandings of common-law lawyers.
Structurally Unique Biflavonoids from Selaginella chrysocaulos and Selaginella bryopteris
Authors: Swamy Ramalla Chidananda , Kunert Olaf , Schühly Wolfgang , Bucar Franz , Ferreira Daneel , Rani Vanapatla Swarupa , Kumar Bobbala Ravi , Appa Rao Achanta Venkata Narasimha 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemical investigation of Selaginella chrysocaulos from Northeast India yielded three new (i.e., 1–3) and two known biflavonoids. From Selaginella bryopteris, collected in the southern part of India, one new (11) and eleven known biflavonoids of the amentoflavone‐ and hinokiflavone‐type were isolated and identified. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy, and by mass spectrometry. The absolute configurations of chiral biflavonoids with flavanone subunits (from S. bryopteris) were determined with the aid of circular‐dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Several very rare or even unprecedented substructures in biflavonoids were found.
Efficacy of etifoxine compared to lorazepam monotherapy in the treatment of patients with adjustment disorders with anxiety: a double‐blind controlled study in general practice
Authors: Nguyen N. , Fakra E. , Pradel V. , Jouve E. , Alquier C. , Le Guern M‐E. , Micallef J. , Blin O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdjustment Disorders With Anxiety (ADWA) account for almost 10% of psychologically motivated consultations in primary care. The aim of this double‐blind randomised parallel group study was to compare (non‐inferiority test) the efficacies of etifoxine, a non‐benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, and lorazepam, a benzodiazepine, for ADWA outpatients followed by general practitioners. 191 outpatients (mean age: 43, female: 66%) were assigned to receive etifoxine (50 mg tid) or lorazepam (0.5‐0.5‐1 mg /day) for 28 days. Efficacy was evaluated on days 7 and 28 of the treatment. The main efficacy assessment criterion was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety score (HAM‐A) on Day 28 adjusted to Day 0. The anxiolytic effect of etifoxine was found not inferior to that of lorazepam (HAM‐A score decrease: 54.6% vs 52.3%, respectively, p = 0.0006). The two drugs were equivalent on Day 28. However, more etifoxine recipients responded to the treatment (HAM‐A score decreased by ≥50%, p = 0.03). Clinical improvement (based on Clinical Global Impression scale CGI, Social Adjustment Scale Self‐Report SAS‐SR, and Sheehan scores) was observed in both treatment arms, but more etifoxine patients improved markedly (p = 0.03) and had a marked therapeutic effect without side effects as assessed by CGI, p = 0.04. Moreover, 1 week after stopping treatment, fewer patients taking etifoxine experienced a rebound of anxiety, compared to lorazepam (1 and 8, respectively, p = 0.034). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of harvest date on the yield and mineral content of Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass) genotypes screened for their potential as energy crops in southern England
Authors: Christian Dudley G , Yates Nicola E , Riche Andrew B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of harvest date on dry matter production per hectare and moisture content of 13 genotypes of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) was studied between 1995 and 1998 and N, P and K concentration in biomass was measured in 1998. There were two winter harvests, the first at crop senescence and the second after a subsequent delay of several weeks which varied each year. Average dry matter production was higher at the first (conventional) harvest than at the delayed harvest except in 1996. Each year there were differences in yield between genotypes and some differences were significant. Delayed harvest reduced yield by an average of 24% in 1997 and 23% in 1998 when losses resulted from 48% loss of leaf and 16% of stem matter. Delayed harvest decreased moisture content by 50% in 1997 and 52% in 1998 but it was 49% higher in 1996. In 1998, delayed harvest did not reduce N concentration in all genotypes and the reduction of P was variable, but K concentration was reduced by an average of 54%. Results indicate the suitability of reed canary grass as a biofuel, and variability between genotypes offers potential for crop improvement through selection and breeding. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of tannic acid and quebracho tannins on in vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat and corn grain
Authors: Martínez Tomás F , McAllister Tim A , Wang Yuxi , Reuter Tim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCurrent understanding of the effect of moderate amounts of tannins on the utilization of protein contained in forages indicates beneficial effects when fed to ruminants. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge about the effects of tannins on the ruminal hydrolysis of starch‐rich concentrates. Modulation of the hydrolysis of starch may reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders, such as acidosis, in ruminants consuming high‐grain diets. The effects of commercial tannic acid (hydrolysable tannins) and quebracho tannins (condensed tannins) (50 g kg−1 DM) on the in vitro fermentation of ground wheat and corn grains by mixed ruminal bacteria was examined. The architecture and chemical composition of wheat and corn endosperms might explain differences in fermentation rates, as well as in response to similar concentrations of tannins. Regardless of the source of tannin, microbial fermentation was inhibited in both grains, as demonstrated by a decline in gas production, DM disappearance, volatile fatty acids and ammonia production. However, these effects were more pronounced for wheat than corn grain, mostly during the initial stages of the incubation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that both sources of tannins inhibited the microbial hydrolysis of the endosperm protein matrix. Tannins did not prevent bacterial attachment to starch granules, but starch hydrolysis was slowed indirectly as a result of a tannin‐mediated reduction in the degradation of the surrounding protein matrix. Tannins are likely to be more effective at modulating the rate of starch digestion in grains that possess a readily degradable protein matrix. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Validity of the Canadian occupational performance measure
Authors: Chan Chetwyn C.H. , Lee Tatia M.C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is used to assess clients' perceived performance of daily activities and their satisfaction with their performance. This study gathered evidence on the content‐related and criterion‐related validity of the instrument. Thirty‐nine adult clients with orthopaedic and stroke disabilities were assessed using the COPM as well as three criterion instruments. Nine individuals with expertise in clinical and measurement participated in a panel review to evaluate the test content of the COPM. Results suggested that the assessment content and processes reflected clients' occupational performance issues. Criterion‐related validity between the COPM and Functional Independence Measure was (r=−0.14 to 0.38), and with the Satisfaction with Performance Scaled Questionnaire was (r=−0.13 to 0.40). Evidence gathered indicated the importance of vigorously testing the appropriateness and meaningfulness of this clinical outcome measure. Further research should be directed at improving the standardization and clinical application of the COPM. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Long‐term Outcome following Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Large Solid Adrenal Cortex Tumors
Authors: Palazzo F. Fausto , Sebag Frederic , Sierra Mauricio , Ippolito Giuseppe , Souteyrand Philippe , Henry Jean‐François 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionLaparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the procedure of choice for small benign adrenal tumors. In the absence of local invasion or metastases, the preoperative diagnosis of an adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is difficult, often leaving size as the principal predictor of malignancy. Large tumors are resectable laparoscopically, but the long‐term outcome and therefore appropriateness of LA for cortical tumors > 6 cm is not known.MethodsWe reviewed the LA experience in our institution since its introduction in June 1994. Patients who underwent LA for solid cortical tumors ≥ 60 mm in diameter without preoperative or intraoperative evidence of malignancy were reviewed. Follow‐up data, including clinical examination, biochemical analysis, and repeat scans, were reviewed for evidence of local or systemic recurrent disease.ResultsBetween 1994 and 2004 a total of 462 adrenalectomies were performed, 391 of which were done laparoscopically. Among them, 19 were solid cortical tumors ≥ 60 mm in diameter with no overt malignant preoperative or intraoperative characteristics: 9 nonsecreting tumors, 8 Cushing’s syndrome tumors (including 2 virilizing variants), 1 virilizing tumor, and 1 aldosteronoma. The mean age of the patients was 49.9 years (range 22–77 years), and the mean tumor size was 69.0 mm (range 60–80 mm). Histology confirmed a cortical adenoma in eight patients, malignant tumors in three, and indeterminate tumors in eight. The mean follow‐up was 34 months (range 4–108 months). Two patients died of systemic recurrent disease (liver metastases) at 10 and 19 months, respectively, following surgery; two other patients died 12 and 21 months, respectively following surgery owing to unrelated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathology. One patient underwent surgery for local recurrence 54 months after primary surgery; the remaining 14 patients are well with no clinical or radiologic evidence of recurrent disease.ConclusionsLaparoscopic adrenalectomy for large solid cortical tumors without pre‐ or intraoperative evidence of malignancy is not contraindicated, and it is unlikely to have a deleterious effect on long‐term outcome. Each case should be considered individually. We provide an algorithm for the approach to adrenocortical tumors ≥ 6 cm.
Classical and Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comparative Study on Clinicopathologic Features and Long‐term Outcome
Authors: Lang Brian Hung‐Hin , Lo Chung‐Yau , Chan Wai‐Fan , Lam Alfred King‐Yin , Wan Koon‐Yat 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the most common histologic subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, it is still controversial whether FVPTC should behave differently from classical PTC (CPTC). The present study aimed at evaluating any potential difference in clinicopathologic features and long‐term outcome of FVPTC as compared with CPTC.Patients and MethodsOf 568 patients with PTC managed from 1973 to 2004, 308 were shown to have CPTC (54.2%) and 67 (11.8%) FVPTC after histologic review. The mean (± SD) follow‐up period was 11.3 (± 8.9) years. The two groups were compared in terms of clinicopathological features, treatment received, and outcome regarding recurrence and disease‐specific survival.ResultsThere was no difference in age and gender ratio between the CPTC and FVPTC patients. Both groups had similar tumor characteristics in terms of tumor size, presence of multifocality, capsular invasion, lymphovascular permeation, and perineural infiltration. However, FVPTC patients had significantly fewer histologically confirmed cervical lymph node metastases (P = 0.027) and extrathyroidal involvement (P = 0.005). The proportion of bilateral resection, adjuvant radioactive iodine, and lymph node dissection did not differ significantly between the two groups. The FVPTC patients had a more favorable tumor risk by DeGroot classification (P = 0.003) and MACIS (Metastasis, Age, Completeness of excision, Invasiveness, and Size) score (P = 0.026). The 10‐ and 15‐year actuarial disease‐specific survivals did not differ significantly between FVPTC and CPTC patients (96.2% versus 90.7% and 96.2% versus 89.1%, respectively).ConclusionsAlthough patients with FVPTC had more favorable clinicopathologic features and a better tumor risk group profile, their long‐term outcome was similar to that of CPTC patients.
Intraoperative Blood Salvage in Penetrating Abdominal Trauma: a Randomised, Controlled Trial
Authors: Bowley Douglas M. , Barker Philip , Boffard Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundBlood is a scarce and costly resource. Transfusion is often required after major trauma but blood may not be readily available, and concerns remain over the potential adverse consequences of allogeneic blood transfusion. Intraoperative blood salvage (IBS) is used extensively after blunt abdominal trauma, but when blood is contaminated by enteric contents its use has been considered contraindicated.MethodsThis was a randomised, controlled trial conducted with Ethical Review Board approval in an inner city trauma unit. Patients with penetrating torso injury requiring a laparotomy and who had exhibited hypotension either pre‐hospital or on arrival and in whom there was considered to be significant blood loss were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The control group was given allogeneic blood transfusion at the discretion of the attending medical staff. The cell save (CS) group underwent IBS with transfusion of both allogeneic and autologous blood. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics. The primary outcome was exposure to allogeneic blood up to the first 24 hours postinjury.ResultsTwenty‐three patients were entered into the control group and 21 into the CS group. The groups were equivalent in demographic details, injury patterns and injury severity. The mean volume of salvaged blood re‐infused in the CS group was 1,493 ml (range 0–2,690 ml). The mean number of units of allogeneic blood transfused in the first 24 hours in the control group was 11.17 compared to 6.47 in the CS group (P = 0.008). Enteric injury had been sustained in 17/23 (75%) of the control group and 18/21 (85%) of the CS group (P = NS). Survival in the control group was 8/23 (35%) compared to 7/21 (33.3%) in the CS arm (P = NS). Patients with documented postoperative sepsis were significantly more likely to die compared to those without sepsis (P = 0.04); however, those patients in the CS arm were no more likely to develop sepsis compared to those who received allogeneic blood alone.ConclusionIn this randomised, controlled trial for patients with penetrating abdominal injuries, IBS led to a significant reduction in allogeneic blood usage with no discernable effect on rates of postoperative infection or mortality.
The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish
Authors: Wilhelmsson Dan , Malm Torleif , Öhman Marcus C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A significant expansion of offshore windpower is expected in northwestern Europe in the near future. Little is known about the impacts it may have on the marine environment. Here, we investigate the potential for wind turbines to function as artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices (FADs), i.e. whether they would locally increase fish densities or alter fish assemblages. Fish communities and habitat composition were investigated using visual transects at two windpower farms off the southeastern coast of Sweden, central Baltic Sea. Fish abundance was greater in the vicinity of the turbines than in surrounding areas, while species richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity (H′) were similar. On the monopiles of the turbines, fish community structure was different, and total fish abundance was greater, while species richness and diversity (H′) were lower than on the surrounding seabed. Blue mussels and barnacles covered most of the submerged parts of the turbines. On the seabed, more blue mussels and a lesser cover of red algae were recorded around the power plants than elsewhere. Results from this study suggest that offshore windfarms may function as combined artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices for small demersal fish.
Predicting the Nuclear Localization Signals of 107 Types of HPV L1 Proteins by Bioinformatic Analysis
Authors: Yang Jun , Wang Yi-Li , Si Lü-Sheng 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this study, 107 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 protein sequences were obtained from available databases, and the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of these HPV L1 proteins were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatic analysis. Out of the 107 types, the NLSs of 39 types were predicted by PredictNLS software (35 types of bipartite NLSs and 4 types of monopartite NLSs). The NLSs of the remaining HPV types were predicted according to the characteristics and the homology of the already predicted NLSs as well as the general rule of NLSs. According to the result, the NLSs of 107 types of HPV L1 proteins were classified into 15 categories. The different types of HPV L1 proteins in the same NLS category could share the similar or the same nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway. They might be used as the same target to prevent and treat different types of HPV infection. The results also showed that bioinformatic technology could be used to analyze and predict NLSs of proteins.
VICMpred: An SVM-Based Method for the Prediction of Functional Proteins of Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Amino Acid Patterns and Composition
Authors: Saha Sudipto , Raghava G.P.S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to predict the major functions of gram-negative bacterial proteins from their amino acid sequences. The dataset used for training and testing consists of 670 non-redundant gram-negative bacterial proteins (255 of cellular process, 60 of information molecules, 285 of metabolism, and 70 of virulence factors). First we developed an SVM-based method using amino acid and dipeptide composition and achieved the overall accuracy of 52.39% and 47.01%, respectively. We introduced a new concept for the classification of proteins based on tetrapeptides, in which we identified the unique tetrapeptides significantly found in a class of proteins. These tetrapeptides were used as the input feature for predicting the function of a protein and achieved the overall accuracy of 68.66%. We also developed a hybrid method in which the tetrapeptide information was used with amino acid composition and achieved the overall accuracy of 70.75%. A five-fold cross validation was used to evaluate the performance of these methods. The web server VICMpred has been developed for predicting the function of gram-negative bacterial proteins (http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/vicmpred/).
Fragrep: An Efficient Search Tool for Fragmented Patterns in Genomic Sequences
Authors: Mosig Axel , Sameith Katrin , Stadler Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Many classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs; including Y RNAs, vault RNAs, RNase P RNAs, and MRP RNAs, as well as a novel class recently discovered in Dictyostelium discoideum) can be characterized by a pattern of short but well-conserved sequence elements that are separated by poorly conserved regions of sometimes highly variable lengths. Local alignment algorithms such as BLAST are therefore ill-suited for the discovery of new homologs of such ncRNAs in genomic sequences. The Fragrep tool instead implements an efficient algorithm for detecting the pattern fragments that occur in a given order. For each pattern fragment, the mismatch tolerance and bounds on the length of the intervening sequences can be specified separately. Furthermore, matches can be ranked by a statistically well-motivated scoring scheme.
Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 2. The gravel river
Authors: Parker Gary 
Published: April 2006

Rivers are capable of transporting their own bed material without altering their width. However, a naive extension of the threshold theory of canals in coarse alluvium to straight reaches of gravel rivers leads to the stable-channel paradox: transport of bed material is incompatible with a stable width. In this paper singular perturbation techniques are used to obtain a bed stress distribution which allows a mobile bed but immobile banks at bankfull or dominant discharge. This result is used to obtain regime relations for straight rivers with bed and banks composed of coarse gravel.The analysis, although dependent on a series of approximate assumptions for Reynolds-stress closure and sediment transport, provides reasonable agreement with data.