bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of nitrate on metal sorption and bioaccumulation in marine phytoplankton, Dunaliella salina
Authors: Shun‐Xing Li , Hua‐Sheng Hong , Feng‐Ying Zheng , Nan‐Sheng Deng , Fang Lin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCoastal organisms are often exposed to both metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment. Dunaliella salina, a uni‐cell, cell‐wall‐less green marine microalga, was used as a model marine organism. The influences of major nutrients additions on the absorption (intracellular uptake), adsorption (cellular surface uptake), and bioconcentration of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in Dunaliella salina over 10 days were examined. When N:P ratio was 16 (8, 0.5 μmol/L for nitrate, phosphate), both metal absorption and bioconcentration factor were the most. The maximum and minimum metal adsorptions were obtained, respectively, at N:P ratio of 110 (55, 0.5 μmol/L for nitrate, phosphate) and 25 (12.5, 0.5 μmol/L for nitrate, phosphate). The difference in ambient nitrate concentration did not affect the order of metal adsorption of Dunaliella salina (Fe >> Zn > Mn > Cu), but the absolute adsorption quantities were greatly affected. The influence of nitrate concentration on metal absorption and adsorption was different. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 582–586, 2007.
Adduction of DNA with MTBE and TBA in mice studied by accelerator mass spectrometry
Authors: Yuan Y. , Wang H. F. , Sun H. F. , Du H. F. , Xu L. H. , Liu Y. F. , Ding X. F. , Fu D. P. , Liu K. X. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMethyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is a currently worldwide used octane enhancer substituting for lead alkyls and gasoline oxygenate. Our previous study using doubly 14C‐labeled MTBE [(CH3)314CO14CH3] has shown that MTBE binds DNA to form DNA adducts at low dose levels in mice. To elucidate the mechanism of the binding reaction, in this study, the DNA adducts with singly 14C‐labeled MTBE, which was synthesized from 14C‐methanol and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA), or 14C‐labeled TBA in mice have been measured by ultra sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry. The results show that the methyl group of MTBE and tert‐butyl alcohol definitely form adducts with DNA in mouse liver, lung, and kidney. The methyl group of MTBE is the predominant binding part in liver, while the methyl group and the tert‐butyl group give comparable contributions to the adduct formation in lung and kidney. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 630–635, 2007.
Multiple‐organ toxicity resulting from cylindrospermopsin exposure in tadpoles of the cane toad (Bufo marinus)
Authors: Kinnear S. H. W. , Fabbro L. D. , Duivenvoorden L. J. , Hibberd E. M. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHistological examinations were made of cane toad (Bufo marinus) tadpoles after exposure to freeze‐thawed Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii whole cell extracts and live C. raciborskii cultures containing sublethal concentrations of the blue‐green algal toxin, cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Toxin exposure resulted in tissue injuries to multiple organs, with particular severity noted in the liver, intestine, nephric ducts and gill epithelia. The extent of cellular damage was similar across trials exposing tadpoles to aqueous and cell‐bound toxins, despite unequal toxin concentrations being present in each. It was concluded that the presence of cell‐bound toxin, which may be directly ingested via grazing, plays a crucial role in the exertion of histological effects in B. marinus. This work provides baseline information regarding the ecotoxicity of CYN toward amphibians. The range of cellular effects noted in CYN‐exposed tadpoles suggests that toxic C. raciborskii blooms could represent considerable health risks to amphibian populations and indicate potentially far‐reaching ecological impacts of toxic C. raciborskii blooms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 550–558, 2007.
LXR Agonist Increases the Lymph HDL Transport in Rats by Promoting Reciprocally Intestinal ABCA1 and apo A‐I mRNA Levels
Authors: Sato Masao , Kawata Yayoi , Erami Kazuo , Ikeda Ikuo , Imaizumi Katsumi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLiver and intestine are major sites of apo A‐I synthesis in mammals. ABCAI is reported to be involved in the secretion of nascent HDL from cultured intestinal cells. However, whether ABCA1 participates in the secretion of nascent HDL from the intestine has not been assessed directly in vivo. This study examined the effect of a synthetic LXR‐agonist “TO” on the lymphatic transport of HDL in thoracic duct‐cannulated rats. The feeding of a TO‐containing diet resulted in an increased transport of cholesterol and apo A‐I in the lymph d > 1.063 g/ml lipoprotein fraction than did the feeding of a control diet without TO. The transport of cholesterol in whole lymph was lower, whereas the transport of apo A‐I was higher, in the TO group. The abundance of mRNAs for ABCAI and apo A‐I in the intestine was increased in the TO group. Furthermore, although the TO‐containing diet reportedly increased the serum HDL concentration in intact mice and rats, no such effect was observed in the cannulated rats. The LXR agonist stimulated in vivo the synthesis of nascent HDL by increasing reciprocally the mRNA for ABCAI and apo A‐I in the intestine, thereby contributing to an increase in the circulating HDL.
Extraction of Essential Oils From the Seeds of Pomegranate Using Organic Solvents and Supercritical CO2
Authors: Abbasi Hajar , Rezaei Karamatollah , Rashidi Ladan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this study, essential oils from pomegranate seeds of the Malas variety from Shahreza, Iran, were extracted using hexane and petroleum benzene applying four extraction methods: normal stirring, soxhlet, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonic irradiation. Also, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 under different conditions was used for comparison. Different methods of extraction with organic solvents (normal stirring, soxhlet, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonic irradiation) showed significant differences in the extraction yields. However, no differences were found when a given method (e.g., microwave irradiation) was applied using different organic solvents. On the other hand, different extraction conditions from the various runs of SFE resulted in different extraction yields, all of which were lower than those of the other extraction methods using organic solvents. No significant differences were observed in the fatty acid compositions of the extracted oils using organic solvents. However, the fatty acid compositions of the oils extracted under different conditions of the SFE system indicated significant differences among several fatty acids including unsaturated fatty acids.
Bioactive Components of Commercial and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processed Wheat Germ Oil
Authors: Eisenmenger Michael , Dunford Nurhan Turgut 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWheat germ oil (WGO) is a specialty product with a very high nutritional value. The chemical composition of both commercial and pilot scale supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) processed WGO was examined. This study showed that methods used for oil extraction and refining did not have a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of the oil. SC‐CO2 extracted oil had a higher tocopherol content than that of commercially hexane extracted oil. The phospholipid content of the SC‐CO2 extracted oil was very low indicating that the SC‐CO2 extraction method could eliminate the degumming step from edible oil refining processes. Although the conventional chemical oil refining technique reduced the tocopherol content of the WGO, it was possible to concentrate tocopherols in WGO by using physical refining methods such as molecular distillation.
Transient hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy: A prospective study and multivariate analysis of 604 consecutive patients
Authors: Cavicchi Ottavio , Piccin Ottavio , Caliceti Umberto , De Cataldis Angelo , Pasquali Renato , Ceroni Alberto Rinaldi 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism in a group of patients undergoing thyroid surgery.Study DesignA prospective study was conducted on 604 patients undergoing thyroid surgery.Subjects and MethodsGender, final diagnosis, extent of resection, biology of pathology, intrathoracic involvement, surgery for recurrent multinodular goiter, and presence and number of parathyroid glands in a surgical specimen were analyzed as risk factors for postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism. The chi‐square test and a logistic regression analysis were applied. RESULTS: On logistic regression analysis, only the extent of surgery constituted an independent variable for transient hypoparathyroidism (P = 0.001).ConclusionThe extent of surgery to central and/or lateral neck lymph nodes is responsible for a high rate of transient hypoparathyroidism owing to a high probability of unplanned parathyroidectomy or parathyroid gland devascularization.
Differentiation of adductor‐type spasmodic dysphonia from muscle tension dysphonia by spectral analysis
Authors: Rees Catherine J. , Blalock P. David , Kemp Shannon E. , Halum Stacey L. , Koufman Jamie A. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesTo determine the utility of spectral analysis in the differentiation of adductor‐type spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) from muscle tension dysphonia (MTD).Study DesignProspective blinded study.MethodsForty‐seven samples of AdSD‐connected speech spectrograms from 27 subjects and 17 samples of MTD‐connected speech spectrograms from 15 subjects were selected from clinical charts and de‐identified. These spectrograms were reviewed independently and blindly by two speech language pathologists experienced in spectrography. The speech language pathologists designated the spectrogram as consistent with AdSD and MTD, and these designations were compared with actual clinical diagnoses.ResultsThe ability to differentiate AdSD from MTD with spectral analysis was 94% for rater #1 and 98% for rater #2. No MTD subjects were incorrectly diagnosed as having SD (100% specificity).ConclusionsThis study suggests that experienced speech language pathologists can distinguish AdSD from MTD with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity based on spectral analysis. Spectral analysis is especially useful in cases where perceptual analysis and clinical evaluation alone are insufficient.
Laryngeal tuberculosis: A review of 26 cases
Authors: Wang Chen‐Chi , Lin Chang‐Chun , Wang Ching‐Ping , Liu Shih‐An , Jiang Rong‐San 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesTo review the clinical characteristics of laryn‐geal tuberculosis.Study DesignRetrospective case series.Subjects and MethodsMedical records of 26 histopa‐thology‐confirmed cases in a tertiary medical center from 1992 to 2006.ResultsThe female patients were significantly younger than male patients. Hoarseness is the most common symptom (84.6%) because true vocal fold is most commonly involved (80.8%). Infection usually involves unilateral (66.7%) and right‐side larynx but multiple subsites of the larynx (57.7%). The appearance of the affected larynx may have mixed features and change before diagnosis. Laryngeal tuberculosis is usually misdiagnosed as laryngeal cancer, especially in patients with malignant signs such as enlarged cervical lymph nodes and vocal fold immobility. Chest film is better than sputum examinations for screening.ConclusionWe should be especially alert about TB infection when facing young female patients with unusual laryngeal lesions. Extensive laser excision before diagnosis should be avoided because after antituberculous treatment, prognosis is usually good and vocal fold immobility could be reversible.
Distribution of PLGA nanoparticles in chinchilla cochleae
Authors: Ge Xianxi , Jackson Ronald L. , Liu Jianzhong , Harper Elizabeth A. , Hoffer Michael E. , Wassel Ronald A. , Dormer Kenneth J. , Kopke Richard D. , Balough Ben J. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesTo study the distribution of polylactic/glycolic acid–encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles (PLGA‐NPs) in chinchilla cochleae after application on the round window membrane (RWM).Study Design and SettingSix chinchillas (12 ears) were equally divided into controls (no treatments) and experimen‐tals (PLGA‐NP with or without magnetic exposure). After 40 minutes of PLGA‐NP placement on the RWM, perilymph was withdrawn from the scala tympani. The RWM and cochleae were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and processed for transmission electron microscopy.ResultsNanoparticles were found in cochleae with or without exposure to magnet forces appearing in the RWM, perilymph, endolymph, and multiple locations in the organ of Corti. Electron energy loss spectroscopy confirmed iron elements in nanoparticles.ConclusionThe nanoparticles were distributed throughout the inner ear after application on the chinchilla RWM, with and without magnetic forces.SignificancePLGA‐NP applied to the RWM may have potential for sustained therapy to the inner ear.
Is it necessary to preserve the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve in parotidectomy?
Authors: Min Hyun Jung , Lee Hyung Seok , Lee Yong Seop , Jeong Jin Hyeok , Cho Seok Hyun , Lee Seung Hwan , Kim Kyung Rae , Park Chul Won , Tae Kyung 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesTo evaluate the necessity of preserving the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve during parotidectomy.Study Design and SettingForty‐six patients undergoing parotidectomy were prospectively analyzed. Twenty‐four patients had preservation of the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve; in the remaining 22 patients the nerve was sacrificed. A sensory index score was defined as the area involved multiplied by the intensity grade of sensory loss. Quality‐of‐life was evaluated with a questionnaire.ResultsThe sensory index score was significantly higher in the sacrificed group as compared with the preserved group at both 1 week (41.87 vs 62.11) and 1 month (24.91 vs 46.11) after parotidectomy. The sensory deficit improved over time in both groups, and after 12 months only minimal sensory loss remained. Quality‐of‐life was not significantly different between the groups.ConclusionsIrrespective of preservation of the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve, sensory deficit improved over time. Therefore, preservation of the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve might not be necessary during parotidectomy.
Potential of ultrasound diagnosis for parotid tumors: Analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters
Authors: Bozzato Alessandro , Zenk Johannes , Greess Holger , Hornung Joachim , Gottwald Frank , Rabe Christina , Iro Heinrich 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveHistology of parotid tumors determines the extent of surgery. The aim was to test ultrasound (US) contrast enhancer‐kinetics to identify histologic entities, possibly being superior to qualitative morphological parameters.Study DesignIn a cross‐sectional assessment of ultrasound diagnosis, the subjective US‐classification was compared with contrast analysis with histology as gold standard.Subjects and MethodsA total of 64 male and 61 female patients with a mean age of 54 years were included, with 13 malignant tumors. These were classified with US morphology, then time‐dependent contrast medium analysis.ResultsA total of 92.8% of tumors were classified correctly as malignant or benign. The sensitivity, specificity, positive‐ and negative‐predictive values were 66.7%, 86.3%, 60.6%, and 89.1% for differentiating Warthin tumors, but only 46.2%, 98.2%, 75%, and 94% for malignant lesions. Contrast parameters yielded significant parameters for benign tumors, not for malignant entities.ConclusionAlthough contrast medium analysis provided statistical criteria, these, however, do not possess the ability to improve the diagnostic prediction of tumor histology. Neither the morphologic classification nor contrast medium analysis was able to identify a malignant lesion sufficiently.
Impact of FDG‐PET to detect recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Périé Sophie , Hugentobler Alexis , Susini Bertrand , Balogova Sona , Grahek Dany , Kerrou Khaldoun , Montravers Françoise , El Chater Pierre , St Guily Jean Lacau , Jean‐Noël Talbot 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveProspectively evaluate the impact of fluorodeoxy‐glucose‐fluorine‐18 positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in the management of recurrence of advanced head and neck squa‐mous cell carcinoma during the first year after treatment.Study DesignSeventy patients were followed‐up every 6 to 8 weeks during the first year after initial combined curative therapy. FDG‐PET, together with conventional imaging and en‐doscopy were performed systematically at 1 year (group A) or prompted earlier in case of clinically suspicious recurrence (group B). The referring physician evaluated the impact of FDG‐PET on the patient's management. Another clinician checked the pertinence of decisions.ResultsFDG‐PET had a therapeutic impact in 8 of 43 group A patients and in 16 of 27 group B patients; the overall rate was 34%. This change was pertinent in 5 of 8 and 14 of 16 cases, respectively. Overall pertinence rate of decisions was 90% versus 70% without FDG‐PET.ConclusionsFDG‐PET had a significant overall therapeutic impact; the induced decisions were either pertinent or just led to “futile” noninvasive examinations. Systematic FDG‐PET had a significantly lesser impact in comparison with FDG‐PET motivated by clinical suspicion.
The role of tinnitus evaluation tests in differentiating functional versus organic tinnitus
Authors: Segal Nili Tal , Puterman Max , Shkolnik Mark , Niv Alexander , Kaplan Daniel , Kochva Anat , Kraus Mordechai 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness of tinnitus tests in differentiating patients with functional tinnitus from patients with organic tinnitus.DesignOne hundred ninety‐six patients with tinnitus were divided into 2 groups. Forty‐three patients, group 1, were not exposed to noise and had sensorineural hearing loss. One hundred fifty‐three patients, group 2, were exposed to noise and claimed disability. All the patients underwent 4 tinnitus evaluation tests: pitch matching, intensity matching, residual inhibition, and tinnitus masking. We compared the results of the tinnitus tests between the 2 groups.ResultsGroup 1 patients had a high‐frequency, low‐intensity tinnitus that tended to be more inhibited by narrow‐band noise, was usually consistent with type I Feldman masking curve, and could be effectively masked. Group 2 patients had tinnitus that could not be characterized. The results of the tinnitus tests were significantly different between the groups.ConclusionTinnitus tests may help us differentiate functional tinnitus that is not of cochlear origin from genuine tinnitus.
Post‐tonsillectomy pain management in children: Can we do better?
Authors: Bean‐Lijewski Jolene D. , Kruitbosch Shane H. , Hutchinson Lewis , Browne Barry 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe search for an effective post‐tonsillectomy analgesic has been disappointing. This study tests the hypothesis that rofecoxib improves pain scores in children for 72 hours post‐tonsillectomy when compared to hydrocodone with acetaminophen elixir.Study DesignProspective, randomized, double‐blind, active comparison of postoperatively administered rofecoxib or hydrocodone with acetaminophen in 60 healthy children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy.Subjects and MethodsSixty ASA I and II children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled to receive either rofecoxib or hydrocodone with acetaminophen, commencing at discharge from day surgery. Active and passive pain scores and side effects were assessed for 3 days.Results and ConclusionRofecoxib significantly reduced active pain scores at all time intervals after 6 hours following surgery when compared to hydrocodone with acetaminophen without detectable differences in adverse effects. This difference was not apparent in passive pain scores. A review of analgesic strategies is presented. Study results and review of the literature support the development of pediatric formulations of NSAIDs with greater COX‐2 selectivity to improve postsurgical pain relief for children.
Randomized controlled trials in otolaryngology journals
Authors: Yao Francisca , Singer Michael , Rosenfeld Richard M. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveTo identify trends in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in leading otolaryngology journals.Study Design and SettingWe reviewed all RCTs of treatment efficacy from 2000 through 2005 in 4 major otolaryngology journals. Data included study quality, author's conclusions, adverse events, and study support/funding.ResultsOf 5467 total articles, 202 (3.7%) were RCTs of treatment efficacy. Slightly more than half of the trials were supported by for‐profit organizations (25%), not‐for‐profit groups (21%), or both (7%). Intent‐to‐treat analysis was used in 58 percent of trials, P values in 88 percent, and confidence intervals in 11 percent. Conclusions favoring the experimental group were unrelated to presence or absence of industry funding, and conclusions suggesting equivalence were unrelated to sample size.ConclusionsRCTs are uncommon in otolaryngology journals, but they demonstrate frequent use of intent‐to‐treat analysis, no evidence of publication bias for funded studies, and no evidence of low power in studies suggesting equivalence.SignificanceThis study has implications for both the otolaryngology researcher designing studies and the practicing clinician interpreting them.
The nose between ethics and aesthetics: Sushruta's legacy
Authors: Sorta‐Bilajac Iva , Muzur Amir 
Published: November 2007

ObjectivesThe aim of this article is to determine the origin of interest in rhinoplasty in ancient India, as well as to discuss the ethical and aesthetic implications of the nose in human history.Study DesignLiterature review.Materials and MethodsArticles on history of medical ethics and rhinoplastic surgery were reviewed.ResultsSushruta is considered “the father of plastic surgery,” and ancient India a cradle of rhinoplastic method called “the Indian method.” Origin of interest in and need for rhinoplasty is deeply rooted in ancient Indian society due to the practice of nose mutilations as a form of public punishment for immoral conduct.ConclusionThe nose, once symbol of morality expressed through physical integrity, today becomes an important factor of human beauty. Rhinoplastic surgery is, both then and now, deeply pervaded with both ethics and aesthetics.
Governing catastrophes: security, health and humanitarian assistance
Authors: Fidler David P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecent catastrophes, and predictions of an increasing potential for more, have stimulated thinking about the best policy responses to these threats. This article explores how security concepts influence catastrophe governance. The article considers how globalization affects thinking about catastrophes and describes ways in which catastrophes have been conceptualized as governance challenges, such as the human rights approach to the provision of health and humanitarian assistance. The article explains how health and humanitarian assistance experienced “securitization” in the post-cold war period, a development that challenges rights-based strategies and creates complex and controversial implications for the prevention, protection and response functions of catastrophe governance.
Domestic regulation of international humanitarian relief in disasters and armed conflict: a comparative analysis
Authors: Fisher David 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn both disasters and armed conflicts, domestic regulatory control over the entry and operation of international humanitarian relief operations can significantly affect their ability to address the critical needs of affected persons. The types of regulatory problems that arise, such as customs barriers, visa issues and taxation of aid, are often similar, but both the underlying dynamics and the applicable international law can be quite different. This article analyses these similarities and differences and suggests distinct steps that might be taken to move forward in the two contexts.