bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Values and Political Dissatisfaction in Poland and the West: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Inglehart Ronald , Siemienska Renata 
Published: April 2007

THE POLITICAL CRISIS WHICH ERUPTED IN POLAND IN 1980 WAS widely attributed to the economic problems which beset the country then and subsequently. Economic conditions undoubtedly contributed to the crisis — but survey evidence suggests that gradual cultural changes were a less obvious but at least equally important factor. Historically, the Polish people have characteristically placed relatively great emphasis on self-determination and political freedoms. This traditional heritage has not grown weaker in recent years. Quite the contrary, it seems to have been reinforced by a gradual shift toward postmaterialist values among the Polish public.An intergenerational shift from materialist toward postmaterialist priorities, already shown to be taking place in more than a score of Western countries, also seems to be occurring in Poland.
The Twenty-Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: A Personal Assessment
Authors: Frank Peter 
Published: April 2007

TO PARAPHRASE ALEXANDER YAKOVLEV, THE ONLY predictable thing about the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) would be its utter unpredictability.Twice brought forward from its original planned date (February 1991), it began its deliberations in Moscow's Palace of Congresses on 2 July 1990. Little optimism attended the opening. Instead, the mood was nervous and jittery, angry and spiteful. Gone were the self-congratulation, unanimity and routinized ovations of previous congresses. Society at large was stubbornly indifferent to what was happening in the Kremlin; the Party was riven with dissent, while the Congress delegates themselves were in a fractious, belligerent mood.
Military Industrial Networks and Technical Change in the New Strategic Environment
Authors: Gummett Philip , Reppy Judith 
Published: April 2007

FOR FORTY YEARS THE COLD WAR, WITH ITS PRESUMED threat to Western Europe, has been used to justify the level of military budgets in NATO countries. The United States, Britain and France, in particular, have sustained high levels of military spending throughout this period. Each has sought to maintain capability across a full range of military options, including nuclear forces and the ability to intervene in Third World conflicts. Each has maintained a large, and quite stable, industrial and technological infrastructure in support of these military goals.With the ending of the cold war, the basis for that stability has been undermined. Defence spending is set to fall. With it will fall overall spending on defence equipment. But the rate of decline, and its distribution across the different sectors of the defence industry, remain to be determined. Upon the outcome turns the future of investment in defence technologies, with further consequences, complex in nature, for national and industrial technological capabilities. To complicate analysis further, these changes arise at a time of considerable concern on both sides of the Atlantic about industrial competitiveness. This concern had already led to upheaval in industrial structures and strategies within both the defence and the civil high technology industries.
Hannah Arendt on Capitalism and Socialism
Authors: Beiner Ronald S. 
Published: April 2007

…the alternative between capitalism and socialism is false — not only because neither exists anywhere in its pure state anyhow, but because we have here twins, each wearing a different hat.So you ask me where I am. I am nowhere. I am really not in the mainstream of present or any other political thought. But not because I want to be so original — it so happens that I somehow don't fit. For instance, this business between capitalism and socialism seems to me the most obvious thing in the world. And nobody even understands what I am talking about, so to speak.FOR US IT IS ENTIRELY NATURAL TO ASSUME THAT THE paramount political question of our time is whether to move in the direction of a socialist or capitalist organization of the economy, or to decide what manner of welfarist compromise between them ought to be struck. But merely to make this assumption is already to be committed to a particular view about what defines politics, the political priorities of our society, the nature of the relationship between state and society, and so on.
Perestroika Observed
Authors: Gellner Ernest 
Published: April 2007

It is an attempt at moral regeneration, at expiation, at the purging of guilt;a would-be effort at performing a Wirtschaftswunder (so far without visible success);a political reorganization, the establishment of democracy, from above;an intellectual liberalization; a partial abandonment of pretensions at a monopoly of truth;the withering away, or at least conspicuous routinization of a secular faith;a reincorporation of the Soviet Union in a wider civilization, an international idiom;a recovery of traditional Russian culture (and of others), including ‘spiritual’ values, a much used phrase;the establishment of the rule of law;the re-creation of civil society;a re-orientation in foreign relations and policy.The legitimacy and the appeal of the perestroika regime has a curious double basis. It says, in effect: we claim your support because we are changing everything; and we also claim your support because we are preserving our established order, our Soviet, revolutionary, Leninist heritage and tradition. This may or may not be contradictory; but it is unquestionably the case and this is the manner in which the great restructuring is presented, advocated and defended.
The Virtue of Civil Society
Authors: Shils Edward 
Published: April 2007

SINCE MONTESQUIEU, WRITERS ON POLITICS HAVE BEEN aware that there might be an association of particular moral qualities and beliefs with particular political regimes. The association between virtue and republican governments, although duly recorded by students of Montesquieu's thought, has however been passed over. The disposition to participate in politics, the sense of political potency or impotence, certain traits of personality such as could be summarized in the term ‘authoritarian personality’, etc., have all been studied by theorists of democracy. Virtue, or public spirit or civility, has been neglected.I would like to take up Montesquieu's theme once more. I wish to enquire into the place of virtue or what I call civility in the liberal democratic order, which Montesquieu referred to as the republican type of government. Latterly the term ‘civil society’ has come to be used very loosely as equivalent to ‘liberal democratic society’. They are not entirely the same and the difference between them is significant. In civility lies the difference between a well-ordered and a disordered liberal democracy.
Global Security, Glasnost and the Retreat Dividend
Authors: Park Andrus 
Published: April 2007

THE QUESTION ‘WHO WON THE COLD WAR?’ IS STILL BEING debated. In a way it is certainly right to say that communism is collapsing and that Western capitalism has won the cold war. The Soviet Union (I shall not analyse here the situation in other socialist countries) has in fact recognised the complete failure of its economic system. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) has lost ground during the relatively free elections in various Soviet republics, etc.Yet we have to take into account that the cold war was largely a war of words, a war of ideas, and in some respects the Soviet Union has done well in the global ideological contest. For a country with a scarcity of food and most elementary consumer goods and with an extensive past record of repression and direct terror it has been extremely successful in establishing its image as a stable and peace-loving partner in the international arena, as a society which is capable of producing more humane, caring, intellectual and trustworthy leaders than most other countries. It is a remarkable achievement and it is even more remarkable that this ideological success has emerged from the ruins of the dull and rigid Brezhnevist ideological machinery.
The International Monetary Fund in the 1990s
Authors: Crockett A. D. 
Published: April 2007

WHEN ITS ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT WERE DRAWN UP IN 1944, the International Monetary Fund was seen as having two main functions: to oversee the operation of a system of fixed, but adjustable, exchange rates; and to promote the removal of payments restrictions on international trade. Over the years since then, despite the demise of the fixed exchange rate system and a steady decline in payments restrictions, the scope of the Fund's influence has grown. Why should this be?In broad terms, the answer is to be found in the increasing integration of the world economy. As trade and investment flows have grown, so too have the concerns of the international community for good economic management in individual national economies. ‘Spill-over’ effects have grown in size and importance, and with them the need for a framework to regulate their consequences.
Assessing MEP Influence on British EC Policy
Authors: Thomas Stafford T. 
Published: April 2007

THERE ARE 518 MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT(MEPs). Each of the twelve member states of the EuropeanCommunity (EC) has a specific number of MEPs, based onpopulation. As one of the larger member states, the UnitedKingdom, along with France, Germany, and Italy, has 81repre sent at ives.European Parliament (EP) elections are held every five yearsfor a fixed term. The Parliament is organized into blocs ofrepresentatives, which, in the traditional manner of multi-partyparliaments, span the ideological spectrum from left to right.There are continual adjustments in these coalitions, but generallythe 5 18 MEPs are divided into approximately ten groupings. The EP holds its plenary sessions in Strasbourg, and itsSecretariat is in Luxembourg. However, most of its substantivedeliberations are done by committees, which hold their sessions inBrussels. This, together with the ease of commuting andinherently greater appeal of Brussels, has made the Belgiancapital the usual reference point for the European Parliament,although the EP continues to have something akin to ageographical split personality.
Conjectures on the Nation‐State
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2007

WHAT FOLLOW ARE LESS ‘THESES’ THAN ‘CONJECTURES’, speculations both tentative and disjointed. Like a mathematician's conjectures, however, they admit of being systematically ordered into a larger theory as well as being elaborated more fully, one-by-one. Here I shall, without elaboration, at least sketch the outlines of that larger theory.The general tenor of all these conjectures is to query an ethos, prevailing for the past two centuries or more, effectively encapsulated in the slogan, ‘Every state a nation, every nation a state’. Starting with the American and Latin American revolutions and continuing through the twentieth century's own wars of national liberation, the continuing motif has been one of freeing ‘a People’ from ‘alien rule’. Champions of ‘political unification’, from Mazzini's Italy to Kohl's Germany, have likewise taken as their rallying cry the uniting of a single people under a single government. That is the ‘every nation a state’ side of the story.
Real Change in the USA
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C. 
Published: April 2007

THE AMERICAN ELECTION OF 1994, A SMASHING NATIONAL victory for the Republican Party, was both unusual and momentous. It produced a result of startling clarity, which is unusual in the American constitutional scheme, especially for a non-presidential election; and it promises enduring dominance for the Republicans, which is momentous. The change that President Bill Clinton said he would bring in 1992, and did not bring, has been imposed on him.Not since 1946, when Harry Truman was presented with a Republican Congress, has an incumbent president been treated so roughly by the voters. But Truman lived in the era of New Deal dominance and was able to recover and be re-elected in 1948. The better analogy for the 1994 election, unfortunately for the Democrats, is probably 1930, when Herbert Hoover was repudiated by the voters and a new Democratic Congress become the prelude to the New Deal dominance that began in 1932 and now seems to have come to an end.
Mexico: The Challenge of Democracy
Authors: Cansino César 
Published: April 2007

THE MEXICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IS CURRENTLY GOING through the most turbulent, disconcerting and complex end of a sexenio, or six-year presidential term, in memory. This is not the usual internal turmoil which has traditionally accompanied every change of administration, but a political crisis so great that it portends a process of political change destined to transform the very nature of the Mexican political regime itself.It may not be altogether new for this political regime to face the ‘democratic demands’ of important sectors of civil society; these demands have been made in the past in a variety of ways and with various consequences. However, this time the call for democracy constitutes an authentic challenge to the continuity and autonomy of the regime, and this is an extraordinary, highly significant development.
Machiavelli and the Duck/Rabbit Problem of Political Perception
Authors: Minogue Kenneth 
Published: April 2007

Why Do People Disagree About Politics? Like All Naive questions, this one rapidly launches us into fundamentals. Without disagreement, there would be no politics.Some of the answers are obvious, and all the common ones line up with popular political projects. If disagreement were attributed to error, for example, to know the truth would transform our condition. Let us review the commonest answers in turn and look at the sources of political disagreement.
The End of a Labor Era in Australian Politics
Authors: McAllister Ian 
Published: April 2007

The March 1996 Australian Federal Election Was The most important Australian election for more than a decade. It resulted in the return of the Liberal-National coalition to office after thirteen years in opposition, ending a period of unprecedented Labor-initiated change, first under the leader-ship of Bob Hawke and since 1991, Paul Keating.The election was also important because the new government will in all probability lead Australia into the new millennium and guide the country through a period of intense change in the Asia Pacific region; how the Liberal-Nationals approach the whole question of Australia's changing relationship with the world will shape Australia's future and wellbeing for decades to come. And finally, the election was notable for making John Howard prime minister during his second period as Liberal leader, a prospect that Howard himself had once ridiculed as akin to ‘Lazarus with a triple bypass’.
Pigment Variations in Anacystis nidulans Induced by Light of Selected Wavelengths*
Authors: JONES LARRY W. , MYERS JACK 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Growth of Anacystis nidulans in wavelengths of light predominantly absorbed by chlorophyll a causes dramatic lowering of the chlorophyll content with only small changes in phycocyanin and carotenoids. Steady‐state growth under red photographic safe lamps produces cells with 1/4 of the chlorophyll content of cells grown under low intensities of white (tungsten) illumination. Pigment analyses permit resolution of in vivo absorption spectra into spectra of the component pigments and also the fractional absorption vs wavelenth. Even in normally pigmented cells phycocyanin is the major collector of light quanta for photosynthesis. The observed pigment control is viewed as a special case of intensity control which has chromatic character by virtue of the presence of two different pigment systems linked to the two light reactions of photosynthesis.
Trichosarcina polymorpha Gen. et Sp. Nov.
Authors: NICHOLS H. WAYNE , BOLD HAROLD C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTrichosarcina polymorpha gen. et sp. nov. is newly described as a member of the Ulvales, Schizo‐meridaceae. The life cycle includes a uniseriate, Hormidiuzn‐like phase; a pluriseriate stage, and, finally, a chain of sarcinoidpackets which may dissociate. The cells are uninucleate, with a parietal cbloroplast and single pyrenoid. Quadriflagellate zoospores are produced singly by cells of the pluriseriate and sarcinoid stages. Sexual reproduction was not observed.
ON SEXUAL AGGLUTINATION AND MATING‐TYPE SUBSTANCES (GAMONES) IN ISOGAMOUS HETEROTHALLIC CHLAMYDOMONADS. I. EVIDENCE OF THE IDENTITY OF THE GAMONES WITH THE SURFACE COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEXUAL FLAGELLAR CONTACT1
Authors: Wiese Lutz 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Sexual contact between the isogametes of hetero‐thallic Chlamydomonas species is based on a highly efficient agglutination mechanism, whose complementary components–the mating‐type substances–are localized on the flagellar tips. Evidence is presented that the sex‐ and species‐specific isoagglutinins (gam‐ones) detected in the supernatant of each gamete type are those contact components, secondarily detached in active form. Added to the opposite sex these components can cause agglutination within one gamete type, apparently by the reaction of their combining sites with the complementary receptor groups. The evidence for the identity of the isoagglutinins with the surface substances effecting the normal gamete contact consists of their parallel behavior with regard to the species‐, sex‐, phase‐, and site‐specificity of both reactions.
RESPIRATION AND P32 UPTAKE IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF FRESHWATER ALGAE AS AFFECTED BY A CURRENT1
Authors: Schumacher G. J. , Whitford L. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Lotic species of freshwater algae have a higher respiratory rate in a current as compared with that in still water. Species in 4 classes (Chlorophyceae, Xan‐thophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Rhodophyceae) were tested. A correspondingly higher uptake of P32 was also noted. The fact that the increase in metabolic rate results from the sweeping effect of a current was indicated by the lower mineral uptake of filaments floating free in a current as compared with that of filaments held still in the current in the same container. The current effect was evident even at current speeds as low as 1‐4 cm jsec.
FLAGELLATES FROM BRACKISH WATERS IN THE VICINITY OF WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Hulburt Edward M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The following marine chrysomonads, originally described by Carter, are redescribed: Pseudopedinella pyriforme, Ochromonas oblonga, and Pyrmnesium parvum. Parachrysiclalis n.g. is set up for P. estuariale, with a flattened body and 2 equal flagella inserted in the middle of one side. Redescribed Xanthophy‐cean species include Nephrochloris salina and Olis‐thocliscus luteus. Olisthodiscus carterae and O. magnus are new species, the first distinguished by the position of the flagella and large number of chromatophores, O. magnus by its size (30‐18 μ X 15‐25 μ) and anteriorly inserted but posteriorly trailing flagellum. Among Cryptophyceae, Chroomonas vectensis Carter, Rhodomonas amphioxeia Conrad, and Cryptomonas salina and C. stigmatica Wislouch are redescribed along with Rhodomonas minuta v. apyrenoidosa var. nov. Redescribed Chlorophyta are Bipedinomonas pyriformis Carter, Pyramimonas obovata Carter, P. amylifera Conrad, and what may be Tetra‐selmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher. The loricate, probably colorless Calycomonas gracilis (Lohmann) Wulff is redescribed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND DIVIDING CELLS OF CHLOROCOCCUM ECHINOZYGOTUM STARR1
Authors: Deason Temd R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYChlorococcum echinozygotum Starr was grown in a modified Bristol's solution, and in the same medium in which strontium had been substituted for calcium. After 3 and 6 weeks growth, cells were transferred to fresh Bristol's solution overnight to initiate motile cell production. Dividing cells were fixed in 2.0% K permanganate, and embedded in Epon. The ultra‐structure of several stages in the life history of the organism is described. Light and electron microscopic observations indicate that progressive cleavage of the protoplast occurs, as well as the previously reported successive bipartitioning. A Sr replacement for Ca in the growth medium apparently has no demonstrable effects on the development of cell organelles in C. echinozygotum.Many investigators have contributed to our understanding of the ultrastructure of the algae (1,4,5,6,7, 8,15,16). Studies of vascular plants (9,19) and algae (11,12,13) indicate that cells and cell organelles do not develop normally when some elements are lacking. This study reports observations on the ultra‐structure of several stages in the life history of the alga, C.hlorococcum echinozygotum Starr, which was grown in a modified Bristol's solution (3) and in the same medium with strontium substituted for calcium.
INHIBITION OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE BY SYNTHETIC SURFACE‐ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Ukeles Ravenna 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The effects of non‐ionic, anionic and cationic detergents on 12 species of marine phytoplankton lucre observed. Although individual species varied widely in response, growth inhibition in non‐ionic surfactants became more pronounced as the surface‐active properties of the agents tested increased. The tolerances of species belonging to the same family were generally similar, and each family had a specific inhibition pattern. Anionic detergents inhibited growth in concentration ranges that depended on the species and the surfactant. All species were more sensitive to the cationic agent than to anionic or non‐ionic agents. The significance of these results was discussed.
THE NONESSENTIALITY OF BORON FOR CHLORELLA1 2
Authors: Bowen John E. , Gauch Hugh G. , Krauss Robert W. , Raymond A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY With growth rate as the criterion, the responses of several species and strains of Chlorella to boron were investigated. The algae were Chlorella vannielii Shihira and Krauss, C. emersonii Shihira and Krauss, C. protothecoides var. mannophila Shihira and Krauss, and C. vulgaris Beijerinck, Columbia strain. There was no evidence of a boron requirement for any of the four strains of algae. In contrast with most higher plants, for which a few parts of boron per million are usually toxic, 50 to 100 ppm of B, depending on the alga, toxic required for a statistically significant (5% level) reduction in growth rate.
TRANSLOCATION IN MACROCYSTIS. II. FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SIEVE TUBES
Authors: Parker Bruce C. , Huber Jeannette 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The enucleate, mature sieve elements of Macrocystis possess thick cell walls composed of microfibrils of cellulosic substance impregnated with amorphous substance(s). Sieve plates are also basically microfibrillar with callose deposits. Protoplasmic connections between the sieve tubes and other cells have not been observed. Freshly cut and fixed sieve tubes reveal a peripheral layer of plastids, vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum surrounding a large lumen filled with fine granular to fibrillar material interrupted by large masses of electron dense, aggregated slime. Sieve plates with masses of slime and callose constricting pores are numerous. Liquid nitrogen‐frozen, osmium‐fixed sieve tubes contain a peripheral layer of plastids, numerous vesicles of many sizes, numerous mitochondria with well‐developed cristae, occasional dictyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Masses of slime are absent. The mature sieve tube lumen contains dispersed slime which is continuous through the unobstructed pores of sieve plates. These fine structural studies indicate many similarities between the sieve tubes of Macrocystis and those of vascular plants. However, the large number of well‐preserved organelles in the peripheral layer of Macrocystis sieve elements, constitute a striking difference from most vascular plant sieve tubes so far examined, and may indicate a greater degree of metabolic independence by Macrocystis sieve tubes which lack companion cells.