bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Jackup Structures
Authors: Liu Ping , Massie W. W. , Wolters J. G. , Blaauwnendraad J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper summarizes the more salient results of an experimental and numerical study on jack-up dynamic behavior. The laboratory studies of three principle jack-up platform models were carried out in both regular and irregular waves. The data from irregular wave tests were analyzed in both the probability domain and frequency domain supported by a careful error analysis.
Computer simulations were carried out in the time domain using a nonlinear, dynamic, multiple degree of freedom software which includes various hydrodynamic interaction options.
The experimental results and associated computer simulations demonstrate that nonlinearities are important even with the present simplified model testing and different nonlinearities have different (sometimes compensating) influences on the structure's dynamic behavior. Some more specific results include: (1) Relative motions from structural compliance are such that they cannot be neglected in the hydrodynamic computation; (2) the stiffness obtained from static tests can be significantly lower than that inferred from dynamic vibration tests and (3) inclusion of the P-δ effect in the structural schematization is essential for the jack-up simulations.
Unique Characteristics of Mixed Metal Hydroxide Fluids Provide Gauge Hole in Diverse Types of Formation
Authors: Fraser L. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The recent introduction to the drilling industry, of magnesium aluminum hydroxide compounds represents a departure from traditional drilling fluid technology. The unique rheological performance of the fluids (which has been described in earlier publications) and their apparent inhibitive behavior are both considered as potential contributing factors in provision of gauge holes. Field and laboratory data are presented to support the validity of the dual contributions which appear to be derived from a single mechanism.
Pore Fluid and Wellbore Stabilities
Authors: Yew C. H. , Liu Gefei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method for estimating the borehole pressure or mud weight, required for maintaining the stability of a deviated wellbore, is presented in this paper. The critical borehole pressure is calculated by incorporating elastic stresses on the hole surface into a failure criterion of the rock. The Drucker-Prager criterion together with an experimentally obtained Mohr-Coulomb (p - q) curve is used to estimate the condition for plastic flow on the hole surface, and the maximum tensile stress failure criterion is applied to calculate the breakdown pressure of the hole. Both the flow induced stresses and the effect of pore pressure on failure of rock are taken into consideration. It is demonstrated that the plastic failure of borehole is very sensitive to the pore pressure, and that the range of safe borehole pressures (or mud weights) decreases with the increase of the borehole inclination angle.
Constitutive Equations of Shale and Clay Swelling: Theoretical Model and Laboratory Test Under Confining Pressure
Authors: Zhou Z. H. , Huang R. Z. , Chen Y. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shale is a rock likely to cause problems in oil drilling and production. The main problems in shale and clay swelling studies published so far are: (1) there is little connection of swelling test results with possible engineering applications, especially to stress-strain analysis; (2) the advances in the microscopic swelling research are not applied in the macroscopic mechanical swelling research; and (3) most tests do not consider the effects of confining pressure on water content, swelling amount and Young's modulus.
Based on the published microscopic swelling data, this paper derives a general swelling model which includes the effects of water content and stress state (and transversely isotropic mechanical properties for the sedimentary formation, if needed). The parameters in the derived constitutive equations are determined by swelling tests under different confining pressure levels. The test apparatus and procedures are described. The test results have verified the proposed model to show the higher the confining pressure the lower the final water content and swelling amount. Based on rock mechanics theory and the experimental research, constitutive equations of shale from Daqing Oilfield, China, have been proposed. Discussions and suggestions for further research are given at the end of the paper.
Recent Advances in the Fluid Mechanics and Rheology of Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Shah S. N. , Lord D. L. , Tan H. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Numerous advances have been made in rheology of fracturing fluids over the past decade. This paper describes the state-of-the-art fracturing fluid technology. In particular it gives a comprehensive review of the current literature on fracturing fluid rheology. It describes various fluids available today for the fracturing process and provides a review of the presently available methods and procedures to characterize the simple as well as more complex fluids. Further, our intention is to review and describe current laboratory methods for prediction of friction pressure under simulated field conditions within the wellbore. This includes uncrosslinked and crosslinked fluids with and without proppant.
This paper also describes the use of pipe and rotational viscometers to simulate laminar flow, of these non-Newtonian and time dependent fluids within the fracture. Application of data collected during these various laboratory simulations to predict wellbore hydraulics and fracturing fluid rheology is described. Finally, the paper summarizes findings, addresses future needs, and presents recommendations.
Optimizing Fracture Acidizing Treatment Design by Integrating Core Testing, Fieid Testing, and Computer Simulation
Authors: Van Domelen M. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Many hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate formations are routinely stimulated by fracture acidizing. Concurrent with the desire for increased production is the need to optimize treatment design and to predict well response following treatment. Simulation of the fracture acidizing process is complicated by the fact that the rate and extent of chemical reaction must be predicted, in addition to modelling the growth of the hydraulic fracture. Treatment design is further complicated by the fact that reactive and non-reactive fluids display different leakoff characteristics and overall leakoff rates tend to increase throughout an acidizing treatment.
This paper describes the use of a fracture acidizing simulator which dynamically couples fracture geometry and acid spending calculations. The simulator has the ability to accept data which describe the specific reactivity and etching characteristics of a given formation. The inadequacies of utilizing standard reactivity data and generalized etched conductivity correlations are illustrated.
The paper takes an engineering approach to acidizing treatment design. It reviews various core tests which can be performed to evaluate the feasibility of successfully stimulating a formation by fracture acidizing and shows how the data can be used in conjunction with computer design programs. Field tests which allow estimation of in-situ fluid leakoff characteristics are reviewed and related to acidizing treatment design.
Case histories are given which illustrate how fracture acidizing treatment design can be optimized by integrating core testing, field testing, and computer simulation.
Review of Coalbed Methane Well Stimulation
Authors: Palmer I. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coalbed methane is an abundant resource in the U.S.A., for example, in the San Juan Basin (50 TCF), and Black Warrior Basin (20 TCF). Amoco has drilled many wells in both basins in the last few years. Different completions and stimulations have been tried, and these are summarized as follows:
Openhole cavity - This has worked best in areas of the San Juan Basin where reservoir pressure and permeability are high. The wells can be prolific producers (up to 12 MMCFD). The physical mechanisms involved in the completion are discussed, and these are used to try to understand the difference in gas production between cavity completions and gel fracture stimulations. Gel fracture treatments - These stimulations are conducted through perforations in coal seams, and sometimes two or more stages are used per well. High fracture conductivities are achieved by using 12/20 mesh sand to concentrations of 10 ppg, and the viscous gel should mean most of the coal seams are propped. Graduated proppant treatments (40/70 sand preceding the main 12/20 sand) are often used to alleviate screen-outs. Although some gel damage to the coal formation is evident, moderate productivity increases have been achieved. Water fracture treatments - Because of gel damage to the formation, fracturing treatments have been conducted using water as fracture fluid, plus 12/20 sand to concentrations of a few ppg. Although not all coal seams are expected to be propped (due to low viscosity of water), gas production is greater in general than offset wells References and illustrations at end of paper. with gel fracture treatments, and the water fractures are cheaper. Sandless water fracture treatments - Recently water fracture treatments have been performed without sand, using ball sealers to open up more seams. Although their gas production may not be as good as wells fractured with water and sand, they can be substantially cheaper.
Fracture designs are summarized, and gas production is compared for the different completion/stimulation techniques.
Fracture treatments in general appear to fall into two different classes: First, those in which significant fracture height growth occurs, accompanied by falling pressures (vertical fractures). The second class are those which are largely confined by the coal seams, and are accompanied by steady or rising pressures, prop-pant-induced pressure increases, and ISIP values greater than 1 psi/ft (T-fractures). Interpretations of fracture geometry, height growth or confinement, fracturing pressure, and proppant-induced behavior, are summarized.
A Survey of Continuing Education in Petroleum Engineering
Authors: Calhoun J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Continuing education courses in petroleum engineering are offered through several channels, some of which are open to the general profession and some of which are arranged on a private basis for selected clients. The principal sources for these courses are (1) the major oil producing companies, (2) the academic petroleum engineering departments, (3) individuals and organizations engaged in continuing education for profit, and (4) the Society of Petroleum Engineers. The petroleum engineering profession generally is aware of the availability of continuing education courses through these channels, but no group within the profession provides a comprehensive clearinghouse function. There is a lack of information on the scope and totality of the activity and this paper is intended to assist in filling that need.
Early in its development, the petroleum industry recognized that the practitioners of petroleum engineering needed to have a first hand knowledge of the natural situations from which oil was produced and of the manner in which those situations influenced the application of basic engineering concepts. This led, in the first quarter of the century, to the establishment of company training programs, which at first were concerned with the operational techniques of drilling for and producing petroleum rather than with engineering concepts. According to the API History of Petroleum Engineering the first such organized activity began in 1916 as the Doherty Training School associated with the Empire Gas and Fuel Company at Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
Universities in the petroleum regions also played a role in the development of technological personnel for the industry by offering special short term training programs such as the Natural Gas Measurement Course at the University of Oklahoma, or by conducting organized extension courses in the field that were patterned after the agricultural model. An extension program in oil and gas production that existed at Penn State as early as the 1930s is now extinct, but an organized Petroleum Extension Service is still operated by the University of Texas.
Undergraduate and Graduate Petroleum Engineering Education in the U.S.
Authors: Von Gonten W. D. , Whiting R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Petroleum Engineering educational programs produce graduates primarily for die upstream sector of the petroleum industry. This paper will present a summary of both the undergraduate and graduate petroleum engineering programs in the United States.
The undergraduate portion of the paper will address the curriculum, accreditation, enrollments, student recruitment, faculty, jobs, starting salaries, and a historical perspective.
The graduate section will address both master and doctoral level programs including the number and size of programs, curriculum, admission requirements, program administration, jobs, salaries, and a historical perspective.
Microbit Studies of the Effect of Fluid Properties And Hydraulics on Drilling Rate, II
Authors: Eckel John R. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Microbit studies presented to the SPE of the AIME in 1966 (SPE 1520) showed that in one rock under fixed conditions of bit weight, rotary speed, and differential pressure, drilling rate could be expressed as a simple power function of mud flow properties and power function of mud flow properties and hydraulic parameters. A logical question arose: "Are these reported results general?"
To resolve this question, the results of additional microbit studies are reported in this paper. These tests were conducted with bit weights 500 pounds less and greater than the original 1000 pounds test condition, rotary speeds of 150 rpm and 45 rpm in addition to the original 75 rpm value, and differential pressures of 0 and 50 psi in addition to the original 500 psi test condition. Tests were also run in Carthage marble as well as additional tests in the original Indiana limestone.
Under all of these conditions, the original relationship of rate of penetration to fluid properties and hydraulics was unchanged. Changes in the various parameters caused changes in the drilling rate, but not in the effect of fluid properties and hydraulics.
There was no detectable interaction between the variables, indicating that an equation of the form,
can be satisfactorily used for calculating drilling rate.

Introduction
An earlier paper, "Microbit Studies of the Effect of Fluid Properties and Hydraulics on Drilling Rate" (SPE 1570, published in 1966), presented the results of a laboratory study indicating that drilling rate can be expressed as an exponential function of a pseudo Reynolds number involving flow rate, pseudo Reynolds number involving flow rate, nozzle size, and fluid viscosity and density. For non-Newtonian fluids, the "viscosity" is that at hole bottom, near bit-nozzle, shear rates. A relatively simple expression for drilling rate,
can be used to cover the range of greatest variation—that is, for values of the Reynolds number between about 5 and 100.
The Use of Real-Time Downhole Shock Measurements To Improve BHA Component Reliability
Authors: Alley S. D. , Sutherland G. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A database consisting of 150 bit runs over 29 wells was compiled. Trend analysis was performed on the data to determine the driving force behind downhole shocks. A statistical analysis, specifically used for analyzing fatigue life phenomenon, was used to predict a Mean Shock Between Failure (MSBF) for a downhole tool component
Data analysis revealed that high shock levels occurred in both horizontal and vertical wells. The analysis also confirmed that downhole vibration is a strong function of RPM and WOB. The data shows that pendulum assemblies with tricone bits using high WOB results in extremely high levels of downhole shocks.
Downhole shock data transmitted in real time will allow the operator to vary drilling parameters to reduce the downhole shock level and increase the life of the drillstring and its components. The data demonstrates that cumulative shock cycles should be used with cumulative pump time to enhance BHA component reliability through improved maintenance scheduling.
Development of Air Drilling Motor Holds Promise for Specialized Directional Drilling Applications
Authors: Shale L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of a new motor designed specifically for use in holes drilled with air and mist is chronicled, from initial use of modified mud motors in air drilling applications, through development to date of an air drilling motor currently in use.
Until recently, air drilling was accomplished using either an air hammer or, for a more directionally controlled well, a Moineau type positive displacement mud motor (PDM) adapted to an air drilling environment. In such cases, bottom hole assembly performance proved heavily dependent on motor life and lithology type.1 Greatly reduced stator life and accelerated damage to bearings designed for mud lubrication meant that conventional motor runs on air usually were shorter than with mud systems. Ultimately, conventional PDMs exhibit many economic limitations when used on air for directional drilling.
The new air drilling motor, which features a Moineau motor with a novel geometrical design of the power section, an adjustable kick off sub and a modified bearing assembly, represents the latest step in the continuing development of a downhole motor suitable for directional and horizontal drilling using air or mist. This design has been successful in US air drilling applications, which are detailed in case histories.
Deviation Control With Steerable System Lowers Well Costs in Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Schellenberg S. , Rogers T. , Smith L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes case histories of wells drilled primarily in two fields in Southern Oklahoma, Southwest Davis and Cottonwood Creek, which are located in an area of known deviation problems. Past operations in this "crooked hole country" have employed conventional means of drilling these problem wells, including running relatively light weights and stiff, packed hole assemblies. Ordinarily, conventional directional tools are used to direct the hole to a specified location.
In an attempt to control deviation problems and increase penetration rates, a steerable system was incorporated into the drilling program for the 8-3/4″ hole size, at depths that ranged from 2000 to more than 8000 feet. While directional tools were used to direct the hole to a specified location, use of the steerable system resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of days required to drill the interval.
Improved Drilling Performance, Efficiency, and Operations Using an Advanced Real-Time Information System for Drilling
Authors: Onoe Y. , Yoder D. , Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An Advanced Real-Time Information System for Drilling has been under continuous development and rig-site testing since 1986. The objectives of this system are to provide significant increases in drilling efficiency and engineering accuracy while at the same time to enhance operational safety and optimize the data management associated with drilling operations.
Three important attributes distinguish this system from other "real-time" systems either existing or under development. First, the system provides "real-time" engineering models for decision support augmented by a "real-time" expert system. Second, the system can be interfaced with any data acquisition hardware. Third, it addresses a wider range of data analysis and engineering functionality.
This paper describes the concepts, design and capabilities of this system. Additionally, scenarios for its utilization in the field to optimize drilling operations are provided.
Advanced Drilling Technology for the Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB): Part of International Lithosphere Research
Authors: Rischmüller H. , Chur C. , Engeser B. , Hoffers B. , Sperber A. , Viet T. Tran , Wohlgemuth L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In scientific research drillingf the borehole may be reviewed as an endoscope into the Earth, as it happens to be the case, for example, in the international Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and the Continental Deep Drilling Program of Germany (KTB). Development of the drilling technology in the last 15 years took place mainly in the two areas of deep and ultradeep drilling, and of horizontal drilling. The impact of big geoscientific research programs on deep drilling technology is remarkable. Scientific drilling projects need intensive and expansive R&D efforts on the one hand and produce an outstanding spin-off on the other hand.
The German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) is part of the international lithosphere research. The two boreholes of the project penetrate crystalline rock from the beginning. The 4,000 m deep pilot hole was drilled from September, 1987 to April, 1989. The ultradeep hole, planned for at least 10,000 m depth, started being drilled in October, 1990. The pilot hole was drilled by applying a large diameter thin kerf wire line coring technology, which was improved to a high extent during drilling. A newly developed synthetic clay based mud has been used succesfully. For ultradeep drilling, a straight vertical wellbore trajectory is a must, to minimize drag, torque, and wear. To obtain a vertical wellbore course, active vertical drilling systems were developed and for the first time successfully utilized at the KTB. A new heavy, technologically advanced drilling rig has been constructed and is working satisfactorily.
Preacquisition/Predivestiture Environmental Auditing
Authors: Holliday G. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
United States Congress passed stringent environmental statutes which Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] implemented via regulations. The statutes and regulations can mandate costly remediation action on property owners, whether the owner caused the environmental problem or not.
Accordingly, financing of property acquisitions is hampered and, in some cases, made impossible by environmental liabilities found on the property. Thus, financial institutions require preacquisition audits [environmental site assessments] of properties prior to funding. This paper discusses the use of preacquisition audits by sellers, purchasers and financial institutions and some of the findings associated with the audits.