bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticonvulsive and antiepileptogenic effects of levetiracetam in the audiogenic kindling model
Authors: Vinogradova Lyudmila V. , Van Rijn Clementina M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPurpose:To study anticonvulsive and antiepileptogenic effects of singe levetiracetam (LEV) administration in the model of audiogenic kindling.Methods:Rats of Krushinsky‐Molodkina (KM) strain genetically susceptible to severe audiogenic seizures received one intraperitoneal injection of saline, low (6 mg/kg) or high (50 mg/kg) dose of LEV before or after audiogenic kindling. One hour postinjection, an audiogenic seizure was induced to assess anticonvulsive effect of LEV in nonkindled and kindled rats. To examine antiepileptogenic activity of LEV, nonkindled rats injected with the drug or saline were kindled with repeated sound stimulations. Audiogenic kindling development manifested in an appearance and progressive prolongation of an additional seizure phase, post‐tonic–clonus. The latency and duration of audiogenic seizures and the duration of every seizure phase (running, tonic, post‐tonic–clonic) were measured.Results:One hour posttreatment, LEV dose‐dependently lengthened the latency and reduced the duration of audiogenic seizures in both nonkindled and kindled rats. The seizure shortening resulted from selective suppression of tonic and kindled post‐tonic–clonic phases. The dose of 50 mg/kg completely blocked tonic and clonic convulsions 1 h postinjection. The anticonvulsive effect of LEV was more pronounced in kindled than in nonkindled rats. Single LEV injection in the dose of 50 mg/kg prior audiogenic kindling significantly suppressed subsequent kindling progression indicating profound antiepileptogenic potency of the drug.Conclusions:The present study shows that LEV exerts both short‐lasting anticonvulsive effect on audiogenic seizures and very long‐lasting antiepileptogenic effect on audiogenic kindling. Remarkably, a single injection of LEV is enough to significantly suppress kindling progression in KM rats.
Genetic influences on disordered eating behaviour are largely independent of body mass index
Authors: Slof‐Op ‘t Landt M. C. T. , Bartels M. , Van Furth E. F. , Van Beijsterveldt C. E. M. , Meulenbelt I. , Slagboom P. E. , Boomsma D. I. 
Published: April 2008

Objective:  Prior studies suggest eating disorders and related characteristics are moderately to substantially heritable. We are interested in identifying the genes underlying disordered eating behaviour (DEB), and want to know how much of the genetic influence underlying DEB is attributable to genetic influences on body mass index (BMI).Method:  Bivariate analyses were performed, in adolescent twins and siblings, to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions for DEB, BMI, and their overlap.Results:  Shared genetic risk factors explained the overlap between BMI and DEB (genetic correlation was 0.43 in women, 0.51 in men). DEB was highly heritable in women (a2 = 0.65; a2 independent of BMI = 0.53) and moderately heritable in men (a2 = 0.39; a2 independent of BMI = 0.29). BMI was highly heritable in both men (a2 = 0.76) and women (a2 = 0.80).Conclusion:  The entire correlation between DEB and BMI was explained by shared genetic risk, but the majority of genetic influences on DEB were due to genetic effects independent of BMI.
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in pancytopenia, splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis
Authors: Halfdanarson Thorvardur R. , Walker James A. , Litzow Mark R. , Hanson Curtis A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDeficiency of vitamin B12 is a well known cause of megaloblastic anemia and pancytopenia. Splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis are much less well known manifestations of B12 deficiency. We report a B12 deficient female with severe pancytopenia including normocytic anemia who also had enlarged spleen and circulating nucleated red blood cells as well as circulating immature myeloid cells. Although these findings are reported in the earlier literature, more modern reviews of the subject often fail to mention this association. We review the literature on these unusual manifestations of B12 deficiency and remind clinicians that splenomegaly and erythroblastosis can serve as diagnostic clues in cases of severe megaloblastic anemia secondary to B12 deficiency.
Nomogram of the cerebellar vermis height at birth in small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates
Authors: Zuccotti Gian Vincenzo , Pogliani Laura , Dilillo Dario , Lista Gianluca , Radaelli Giovanni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To establish a nomogram of the height of the cerebellar vermis at birth in small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates.Methods: Eighty‐five consecutively born healthy singletons who were small for gestational age were enrolled in a cross‐sectional observational study. The height of the cerebellar vermis was measured by ultrasonography in the midsagittal plane. Reference intervals for the vermian height at 5th, 50th and 95th centiles were estimated at any week of gestational age using a mean and standard deviation model based on least squares polynomial regression.Results: All attempts at obtaining neonatal vermian height were successful. Mean (standard deviation) maternal age was 29.6 (4.7) years; median parity was 1 (range, 1–3). No difference was found between males and females for the vermian height (mean difference [95% confidence interval], −0.03 [−0.16; 0.10] cm). Mean vermian height (in cm) against gestational age (in weeks) was suitably modelled by a quadratic–cubic polynomial (r2= 0.790, p < 0.0001) as 0.712 + 0.00129 × gestational age2− 0.0000053 × gestational age3 (SD =−1.009 + 0.0504 × gestational age −0.000014 × gestational age3).Conclusion: A nomogram of the height of the cerebellar vermis at birth against gestational age was established for use in small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates.
EFFECT OF LOW‐MOLECULAR ADDITIVES ON PRECIPITATION OF POTATO FRUIT JUICE PROTEINS UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Authors: BÁRTA JAN , HEŘMANOVÁ VERONIKA , DIVIŠ JIŘÍ 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The effects of two mineral and two organic acids, four organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, 2‐propano and acetone) and three inorganic metal salts in combination with temperature regimes 0 and 22C on the yield and resolubility of potato tuber proteins were studied. Using acids, the yield of precipitated protein ranged from 22.3% (citric acid, 0C) to 54.5% (acetic acid, 22C) of total protein; however, the resolubility was generally very low. The precipitation with organic solvents resulted in significantly higher yield as well as resolubility (P < 0.05) when precipitated at low temperatures. The yield ranged from 23.4% (ethanol, 22C) to 64.5% (2‐propanol, 0C) of total protein. The use of the salts resulted in precipitates with high resolubility regardless of the temperature regimes. The yield of precipitated protein ranged from 25.8% (ZnCl2, 0C) to 86.4% (FeCl3, 0C) of total protein.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe work studied the possibility of isolation of native potato proteins from potato fruit juice (PFJ) resulting from starch manufacturing process. Ethanol and FeCl3 were evaluated as the most promising precipitators for the recovery of potato tuber proteins from PFJ. However, ethanol usage for industrial isolation of potato proteins is strongly limited by the temperature regime in contrast to FeCl3, which could be used in a much wider range of temperature regimes without significant difference in protein yield and resolubility.
A NEW METHOD FOR ELLAGIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM POMEGRANATE HUSK
Authors: LU JINGJING , YUAN QIPENG 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) husk, a by‐product of the pomegranate juice industry, is an inexpensive and abundant source of ellagic acid. Ellagic acid is widely used as functional food for its physiological functions. It is the breakdown product of ellagitannins. To date, the preparation of ellagic acid from pomegranate husk has not been reported. This article reports a new process for ellagic acid production from pomegranate husk by extraction of tannins followed by acid hydrolysis and purification by extraction and recrystallization. Several tests were conducted to obtain optimum conditions including extraction of tannins by varying solvents, acid concentration and reaction time for acid hydrolysis and the volume of methanol used for purification. Ellagic acid (3.5 g) with 90% purity from 100 g pomegranate husk was obtained. This new method is easy to scale up. All equipment used in this production process is widely used in food processing industry. The cost of production is low. It is suitable for industrial applications.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe production of ellagic acid is easier and the yield and purity of ellagic acid produced this way are higher than before. This method can be used not only for experiment in laboratory but also for industrial applications. The material – pomegranate husk – is a by‐product of the pomegranate juice industry, so it is very cheap and easy to get. High‐purity ellagic acid produced this way is sold to many companies back home and abroad. It is used as food additive and cosmetic material because of its antioxidant activity and whiteningfunction. The toxicity of pomegranate husk is lower than that of gallnut, which has been the main material of ellagic acid production in the past. Reagents are common and inexpensive; some of them are reusable.
MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING FREEZE‐DRYING OF COOKED BEEF SLICE
Authors: LUO RUIMING , ZHOU GUANGHONG 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT In this article, the results were the following: drying period 2.55 h, with sample thickness 4 mm, chamber pressure 56.66 Pa, heating board temperature 67.50C; productivity 164.81 g/m/h, with sample thickness 9.40 mm, chamber pressure 74.00 Pa, heating board temperature 77.00C; minimum energy consumption 52,738.33 KJ/kg (H2O), with sample thickness 4 mm, chamber pressure 57.14 Pa, heating board temperature 77.00C. The comparison between calculated and experimental results showed that the optimized values were very close to the experimental results. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, the goal function is to minimize the energy consumption during freeze‐drying of cooked beef slice. The optimal objects could be obtained by nonlinear regression analysis of the simulated data, instead of the experimental results. Now the expectation has been put into practice and validated, not less than 15 experiments were reduced. It indicates that the optimization technique proposed in the article is a simple and convenient tool to minimize the energy consumption of the freeze‐drying process.
Growing Up Malay in Singapore
Authors: Stimp Joseph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article discusses the specific articulations of Malay identity for Malay secondary school students in one housing estate in Singapore. It focuses on the tensions and cultural processes in national identity formation as they affect Malay students. This discussion is facilitated through the juxtaposition of the concepts of Malay and non-Malay identity in Singapore. The article also deals with the issue of lower levels of achievement by Malay students. Schools in Singapore provide a myriad combination of choices for many students that result in interpretations and reinterpretations of identity based on situations that vary in place, participation and purpose. Being Malay in Singapore is a complex process that requires a negotiation of identity in the context of competing and sometimes conflicting models which change according to the situation. The choices presented to Malay school students reflect the same choices available in broader society; however, the school provides a common venue for those identity forms to interact. Being a Malay in Singapore is a compromise. The instances of this compromise are articulated on a continuum that runs from the hegemony of an overarching Malay ethnicity to the dissolution of this Malayness into a hybrid cultural identity. Lower performance may be an adaptive response for Malays in Singapore. The real issue may be that for many Malays, co-operation in the system of schooling means an acknowledgment of social inferiority.
Contextualizing a Vision: Psalmanaazaar, Formosa and Anthropology
Authors: Stauth Georg 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper takes off on Rodney Needham's exemplar of Psalmanaazaar to compare fake ethnography with theory construction. Needham claims that Psalmanaazaar's exotic ethnography of Formosa was initially not discovered as fake because it was based on factual description and avoided theory. The writer argues that in exploring anthropological theorizing on Bali, that similar to fake ethnography, theory needs an indissolvable core of the all-too-human reality. Engaged with deep issues of civilizing processes, anthropological theory necessarily panders to human existence as such, exoticizing it into a type of "counter-culture". From Bateson to Geertz to Wikan and Barth, the case of Bali is worked out with respect to the intricacies of human existence, exploring ever deeper forms of everydayness which we all share.
Imagined Proximities: The Making and Unmaking of Southeast Asia as a Region
Authors: Acharya Amitav 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay adopts an international relations perspective in understanding Southeast Asia as a region and stresses regionalism as the chief agent in regional construction. It argues that the modern, post-Second World War concept of Southeast Asia resulted from a deliberate effort by a group of governments in the region to develop a regional identity based on political and strategic considerations. Regionalism and regional identity were seen by these governments as an important way of furthering nationalism and national interests. This, in effect represented a shift from the colonial, orientalist and geopolitical views of Southeast Asia's regionness to a more indigenous and essential political idea of Southeast Asia emerging out of the evolution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). "Nations come and go - why shouldn't regions?" Don Emmerson (Emmerson, 1984:20)
To See Is To Assume: Whose Love Is Celebrated in the Song of Songs?1
Authors: Brenner Athalya 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree characteristic features of the Song of Songs are its (a) disjointed or absent plot, (b) gynocentrism and (c) lack of theocentrism. Recognition of these features facilitates a reassessment of the book's allegorical readings, be they ancient or modern, Jewish or Christian, religious or ostensibly secular. The principal readings discussed are Rabin's reconsideration of the Song's intrinsic allegorical properties with reference to Tamil love poetry; M. Cohen's on the Song and Jewish mystical literature (the Shiur Qomah and Hekhalot Rabbati); Murphy's position of reading mutually reflected human love and divine love in the Song; Pope's identification of the Song's assumed, single female protagonist as a black goddess; and Fox's rejection of allegory because of his definitions of metaphor, metaphoric distance and meaning. In conclusion, some reflections on the (ancillary) development of the Jewish allegorical tradition and its links with the Song's cannonization are offered.
The Cult of the Dead and the Theme of Entry Into the Land
Authors: Cooper Alan , Goldstein Bernard R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a number of biblical texts, including both prescriptive texts and narratives, the erection of stones, pillars, or altars commemorates entry into the land of Israel. The present paper is an investigation of the mythic and cultic basis for this action. It is suggested that the erection of the or together with accompanying ritual actions, may be traced to the Israelite ancestor cult. The underlying ritual pattern constitutes the ceremonial installation of the ancestors on the land, and manifests an assertion of ownership in perpetuity.
Love and Footwashing: John 13:1 - 20 and Luke 7:36 - 50 Read Intertextually
Authors: Rosa Kitzberger Ingrid 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper presents three intertextual readings of John 13:1-20 and/or Luke 7:36-50, starting from a feminist hermeneutic. The focus is on reader response, i.e., on the reading-process as an experience, on the effects texts have on a reader (Stanley Fish), and on the response to the response—the reflection on the reading-process. Intertextuality as applied in this paper comprises two aspects: intertextuality as a relationship between written texts, activated by a reader, and intertextuality as a dialogue between written texts and the reader as text (referring to her/his life-experience). John 13:1-20 is read intertextually by a first reader who is female, critical and informed, i.e., a woman in the Johannine community who is familiar
In the Wilderness of Speech: Problems of Metaphor in Hosea
Authors: Landy Francis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMy concern in this essay is with integrative and disintegrative aspects of metaphor. Metaphor, in current theory, is less the transfer of the properties of one semantic field onto another than a process towards an ideal object, wherewith we establish our sense of identity (Lakoff, Kristeva). I draw on psychoanalytic theory, especially Kristeva and Winnicott, to discuss the origins of metaphor in the relations of mother and child, and, in particular, the growth of a "play space," composed of transitional objects, as the nucleus of culture and creativity. Metaphors are generally metaphors for others, linked on complex chains of displacement and deferment. Hence they are unstable; each metaphor will be replaced or countermanded by others. Metaphor, in its integrative aspect, seeks to make sense of a fragmented world; by connecting disparate terms, it risks nonsense. Metaphorical language, especially in Hosea, is often fractured, baffling, and claims a status verging on madness. In Hosea, it seeks mimetically both to depict social and political entropy, and to interpret it, thus reconstructing and repairing its world. The principal analyses undertaken are of the ambiguous clause, "I am/where are your words/plagues, O Death," in 13:14, and of God's nostalgic fantasy of courting Israel in the wilderness in 2:16—17. The former either subordinates God to death, as the all-encompassing reality of the book, or renders death unreal, inarticulate. The latter turns on the paradoxes of speech and silence, communicated by the pun between wilderness word
The Seduction of Eve and the Exegetical Politics of Gender
Authors: Kimelman Reuven 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis reading of the Eve and Adam story focuses on the consequential role of the woman and her linkage to the serpent. Her rapid switch from defender to transgressor of the divine command shows that the idea of disobeying God was not instigated exclusively by the serpent. Since the serpent does not get her to act out of character, he does not function outside of her, but provides a rationale for her to extend previous inklings. This function of the serpent is based on the differences between the original divine command and her rendering. It is supported by the reader's awareness that her Hebrew name Havva sounds like its cognates hivyah and hivvah which mean serpent and speech, respectively. The talking serpent becomes the inner Eve. Thus, the story is not one of humanity coming of age but a parable of the human condition. Our heroine is nothing less than Every(wo)man. Her representative status explains why the story features both woman and serpent, why the serpent talks specifically to woman, why of all the ancient epics of origins Genesis alone gives the creation of woman separate billing, and why Genesis underscores the commonality between man and woman. By highlighting the significance of the woman, this reading makes for the remarkable combination of authoritarian theology and egalitarian anthropology.
Why You Should Poison Your Husband: a Note On Liability in Hanafī Law in the Ottoman Period
Authors: Imber Colin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHanafi legal doctrine contains an implicit analogy (although not one that the jurists themselves make) between ordering an agent to kill and killing someone by poison. In the former case, it is not the principal but the agent who is liable, unless the agent acted under compulsion. Similarly, a poisoner is liable only when he forces the poisonous substance down the victim's throat, not when the victim consumes the poison voluntarily. A victim who accepts the poison is like an agent who has received an order to kill and carries out the order voluntarily; but if the poisoner forces the substance down the victim's throat, the victim is in the position of an agent who kills under compulsion, and the poisoner becomes liable. This rule suggested to Ottoman jurists an unusual solution to the problem of how to prevent an ex-husband from fornicating with his divorced wife. The ex-wife could, without incurring any liability, poison him.
Women and Dower Property in Twentieth-Century Palestine: the Case of Jabal Nablus
Authors: Moors Annelies 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn analysis of legal texts, marriage contracts, divorce registrations, court cases, and women's narratives points to a shift in women's access to dower property in Jabal Nablus, Palestine, between the 1930s and the 1980s. This shift is related to transformations in property relations and changing attitudes toward the meaning of gender. As husbands increasingly have come to be viewed as "providers," women have lost access to, and control over, dower property. At the same time, ambiguities and contradictions in the sources suggest that the trend toward conjugality and female dependency is neither complete nor a direct expression of women's greater subordination to men. Different categories of women take up different positions. Some women regard "giving up property" as an advantage.
From Fatwās To Furü: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law
Authors: Hallaq Wael B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractModem Islamicist scholarship maintains that after the formative period Islamic substantive law became increasingly rigid, eventually losing touch with political, social, and economic developments. This view has remained in force despite the fact that some scholars have acknowledged that fatwās dealing with new issues were incorporated into subsequent manuals of substantive law. Against this view, I argue that primary and secondary fatwās not only were incorporated on a regular basis into these manuals, but also were instrumental in bringing about legal change by updating the corpus of substantive law. Drawing on a wide range of legal texts emanating from the Hanafi, Mālikī, and Shāfiī schools, I establish a strong connection between fatwās and their social background; define the methods and procedures by which fatwās were incorporated into positive law; and analyze the reasons for their selective incorporation. In the conclusion, I tentatively suggest that the evidence of the muftī's and the proto-mufti's activity in early Islamic times tends to undermine Schacht's thesis regarding the relatively late origins of Islamic jurisprudence.