bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary fat saturation of absorption and intestinal secretion of cholesterol by the hypercholesterolemic rat
Authors: McGovern R. F. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of an oral dose of [4‐14C] cholesterol given to rats grown on diets with 20% safflower oil or 20% hydrogenated coconut oil was determined by analysis of digestive tract, feces and tissues. The pattern of isotope distribution did not support the view that rats fed a saturated fat absorb less cholesterol than those fed an unsaturated fat. Fasted animals growth on the diet with 5% of these two fats and beef fallow showed no clear difference in the amount of digitonin‐peecipitable sterol in their intestines. A shorter transit time for intestinal contents was observed with the saturated fat groups. It is concluded that neither absorption of cholesterol from the gut nor secretion of β‐hydroxy sterol into the gut accounts for the hypocholesterolemic effect of polyunsaturated fat.
Separation ofcis andtrans‐isomers of 1,2‐benzylidene glyceryl esters
Authors: Johnson C. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeparation of thecis‐ andtrans‐isomers of 1,2‐benzylidene glyceryl esters has not yet been achieved by column or gas liquid chromatography. However these isomers were separated by thin layer chromatography in the present study and the parent cyclic alcohols regenerated by alkaline hydrolysis.
Identification of some polyenoic acids isolated from human testicular tissue
Authors: Grogan W. M. , Coniglio J. G. , Rhamy R. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive polyenoic acids present in human testicular tissue have been isolated in pure form by gas chromatography and chemically identified using procedures of hydrogenation and UV absorption spectrometry following alkaline isomerization and ozonolysis. Three of these (20∶3, 22∶4 and 22∶5) belong to the linoleic acid and the other two (22∶6 and 22∶5), to the α‐linolenic acid family. The latter (22∶5ω3) had not been reported previously in human testes; the others had been tentatively identified by retention time using gas chromatography.
Isomers of alpha‐tocopheryl acetate and their biological activity
Authors: Ames Stanley R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐Tocopheryl acetate, an ester of the naturally occurring form of vitamin E, has a biopotency of 1.66 IU/mg as determined by bioassays based on biological function. On a similar basis, 2l‐α‐tocopheryl acetate, the 2‐epimer of α‐tocopheryl acetate, has a biopotency of 0.35 IU/mg. Results of hemolysis bioassays indicate relative activities of 1.53 and 0.56 for α‐ and 2l‐α‐tocopheryl acetates, respectively, compared with 2dl‐ or all‐rac‐α‐tocopheryl acetate. Responses to plasma and liver storage tests average 1.35 for α‐tocopheryl acetate compared with all‐rac‐α‐tocopheryl acetate. The configuration at C‐2 is most important but the configurations at C‐4’ and C‐8’ may also be important in determining biopotency. There is no evidence of synergism between α‐tocopheryl acetate and 2l‐α‐tocopheryl acetate. Since the two isomers comprising 2dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate, the former International Standard, have different rates of absorption, tissue storage, metabolism and excretion, a better standard for vitamin E is needed. α‐Tocopheryl acetate has both the chemical and biological properties required for a new International Standard for vitamin E. Redefinition of an International Unit in terms of 1 IU=0.60 mg of α‐tocopheryl acetate would give a precise reference for future research and a reasonable correlation with data collected in the past.
Distribution and metabolism of two orally administered esters of tocopherol
Authors: Gallo‐Torres Hugo E. , Neal Miller O. , Hamilton James G. , Tratnyek Carol 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison of the distribution of total radioactivity in rat tissue lipids after the oral administration of d,1‐3,4‐3H2‐α‐tocopheryl nicotinate and d,1‐α‐tocopheryl‐1’,2’‐3H2‐acetate in equimolar concentrations has demonstrated that there is considerable variation in the concentration of vitamin E in organs at different times after dosing. A higher total radioactivity was found in the tissues of animals receiving α‐tocopheryl nicotinate than after α‐tocopheryl acetate 12 hr after feeding with an emulsion, but not at most other time intervals studied. These findings indicate that the tissue uptake of vitamin E after oral dosage with nicotinate ester is, perhaps, poorer than that occurring after feeding with tocopheryl acetate, or that α‐tocopheryl nicotinate has a faster turnover than the acetate ester. Although total radioactivity in the blood and liver of those animals dosed with α‐tocopheryl acetate varied slightly with time, there was a high peak of radioactivity at 12 hr after dosage with nicotinate ester. In both groups of rats, the adrenals, ovaries, adipose tissue and heart appeared to extract vitamin E from the blood for a period of up to 48 hr postabsorptively. Metabolic products of tocopherol detected by glass‐fiber paper chromatography were found in both instances. This analysis revealed that, when orally administered, both α‐tocopheryl nicotinate and α‐tocopheryl acetate are extensively metabolized by the tissues of the rat. The metabolite most abundantly occurring under these conditions was α‐tocopheryl quinone. In the adrenal glands, however, the most highly labeled compound was unesterified tocopherol, which increased with time and comprised up to 90% of the chromatographed radioactivity. From the data obtained, it can be assumed that the adrenal tissue plays a definite role in the metabolism of vitamin E.
Liver triglyceride synthesis failure in post‐spawning salmon
Authors: Phleger C. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of liver of pink salmon, Onchorhychus gorbuscha, to synthesize triglycerides is lost after migration into fresh water and spawning. Triglyceride fatty acids are probably mobilized as cholesterol esters as energy sources in these starving fish. Total lipid decreases; cholesterol remains constant; and relative values of protein and water increase in the liver of the spawned out fish. Both hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis decrease. Control values are given for river whitefish.
Cyanolipids of kusum (schleichera trijuga) seed oil
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA cyanolipid, consisting of two fatty acid moieties esterified with 1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐2‐ene‐1‐ol, constitutes 58% ofSchleichera trijuga (Kusum) seed oil.
Improved separation of phospholipids by counter‐current distribution
Authors: Collins F. D. , Trewhella M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeparation by counter‐current distribution of individual molecular species of phospholipids are much improved by the use of CCl4:CH3OH:H2O (62∶33∶5 v/v) for lecithins and of heptane: CH3OH:H2O (50∶47.5∶2.5 v/v) for the methyl esters of the dinitrophenyl derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamines.
Mass spectrometry of lipids. I. Cyclopropane fatty acid esters
Authors: Christie W. W. , Holman R. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method was developed for the almost quantitative conversion of unsaturated esters (from monoenes to tetraenes) to cyclopropanes using diiodomethane and a highly active zinc‐copper couple. These derivatives are sufficiently volatile for GLC analysis andcis andtrans isomers can be distinguished by this technique. Equivalent chain lengths of the cyclopropane derivatives were measured on polar and nonpolar phases. The mass spectra of the monocyclopropane compounds are very similar to those of the parent unsaturated esters. Those of dicyclopropanes, however, are quite distinctive so that the original structure of the ester can be deduced. Polycyclopropanes give complex spectra which are difficult to interpret in terms of the position of the original double bonds.
The structure of the glycerides of ergot oils
Authors: Morris L. J. , Hall S. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oils from sclerotia or from suitable mycelial cultures ofClaviceps purpurea (ergot) contain up to 44% of ricinoleic acid but no free hydroxyl groups. This is due to the presence of, besides normal triglycerides, tetra‐acid, penta‐acid and hexa‐acid triglycerides. These contain respectively one, two and three ricinoleic acids esterified to glycerol, these in turn being acylated at their hydroxy groups with normal long‐chain fatty acids. By suitable complementary use of TLC, GLC and lipase hydrolysis techniques, the proportions, compositions and structures of these novel triglyceride classes were determined. Four types of positional specificities in fatty acid combinations could be shown by our procedures. These are discussed and, on the basis of our results, some tentative proposals as to possible biosynthetic mechanisms are advanced.
Fractionation of triglyceride mixtures by preparative gas chromatography
Authors: Kuksis A. , Ludwig J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA semiautomatic system is described for gas‐chromatographic separation and recovery of triglycerides of uniform molecular weight in milligram quantities. It employs an Aerograph Autoprep 700 (Wilkens Instrument and Research Inc.) equipped with a stream splitter and a hydrogen flame ionization detector. The column is an aluminum or stainless steel tube (1/4 in. O.D.×2 ft) and contains silanized Chromosorb W (60–80 mesh) coated with 5% (w/w) JXR or SE‐30. Five to ten milligrams of mixed triglyceride are injected at a time and the temperature is programmed exponentially from 150 to 350C. With split ratios of 1∶5 to 1∶10 collections of 20 to 50 mg of each peak can be made with some 10 to 20 injections.
A comparative study of the phospholipids and fatty acids of some insects
Authors: Fast Paul G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipids of 27 species of insects representing 6 orders and 20 families were examined by DEAE cellulose column chromatography to determine the choline/ethanolamine phosphoglyceride ratios, and by gas chromatography to determine the constituent fatty acids.The phosphorus in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides accounted for approximately 50% of the total lipid phosphorus in aphids (Homoptera) and in all but one family of Diptera (flies) examined while the phosphorus in the choline phosphoglycerides accounted for only about 25%. Ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were present in approximately equal proportions in one family of Diptera and in the Coleoptera (beetles) examined. In the other insects examined choline phosphoglycerides predominated, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides comprising only about 25–30% of total lipid phosphorus as they do in most mammalian tissues.Diptera in which ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were the major phosphatides were also characterized by high proportions of fatty acids less than 18 carbons long, particularly palmitoleic acid, in the neutral lipids. Aphids are characterized by a preponderance of 14‐carbon fatty acids. The evidence suggests that predominance of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides is associated with a preponderance of shorter chain fatty acids in the neutral lipids.Differences also exist between Diptera and other insects in the fatty acid compositions of different phosphatides, particularly with respect to the distribution of 18‐carbon acids. The compositions observed in insects that contained large amounts of the choline phosphoglycerides are similar to those found in vertebrates. Similarities in fatty acid composition of the choline phosphoglycerides in such widely divergent organisms suggest that the fatty acids may play a greater role in phospholipid function than has heretofore been demonstrated.
Glycerides, waxes and sterols in ovaries ofAscaris lumbricoides (Nematoda)
Authors: Tarr George E. , Fairbairn Donald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlycerides (65%), ascaroside esters (33%), waxes (1.5%) and sterols (0.26%) accounted for essentially all the neutral lipids inA. lumbricoides ovaries. Nineteen per cent by weight of the triglycerides contained only long chain fatty acids. Nearly all the remaining triglycerides contained 1 mol volatile acid. Mono‐ and diglycerides, free fatty acids and triglycerides containing 2 mol volatile acids were present in very small amounts. Mole percentages of glyceride volatile acids were α‐methylavaleric (70), α‐methylbutyric (23),n‐valeric (ca. 7), and traces of acetic, propionic, isobutyric andn‐butyric. Mole percentages of the alcoholic component of the waxes were 96% 1‐octadecanol, and 4% of its 16, 17 and 19 carbon homologs. The acid components were α‐methylbutyric (75 mol%), acetic (16 mol%), propionic andn‐valeric (each 4 mol%), and traces ofn‐butyric and α‐methylvaleric. Sterols (42 wt% cholesterol, 30% cholestanol, 9.5% campestanol, 8.2% stigmastanol, 6.6% β‐sitosterol, and 3.8% campesterol) were essentially the same as those found in the whole worm, except that no esterified sterols were present.
Effect of heated fat upon metabolism of 1‐14C‐acetate in the rat
Authors: Govind Rao M. K. , Hemans C. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGroups of rats were prefed for 18 weeks with fresh or heated corn oil (≈5% nonurea adduct) at 10, 20 and 30% protein levels and at 10% protein+2% cellulose; 1‐14C‐sodium acetate was injected intraperitonially into each animal and the radioactivity was measured in expelled CO2 and also in the lipid fractions of liver. In the groups of rats fed 10% protein, one‐half of the administered radioactivity was found 50 min after acetate injection into rats fed fresh oil, whereas 90 min were required to reach the same level in rats fed heated oil. The same trend was found in all the groups of rats receiving different protein levels. The conversion of acetate to CO2 was significantly higher at a 10% dietary protein level than at the 20 or 30%, but there appeared to be no significant difference in the conversions at the 20 and 30% protein levels. However addition of 2% cellulose to the 10% dietary protein level significantly increased the conversion of the acetate to CO2 in rats fed heated oil. The livers of animals receiving heated fat diets had a higher lipid content, mainly triglyceride. When the liver lipids from rats fed fresh corn oil were separated by argentation thin layer chromatography, the bulk of the radioactivity was found in the saturated fractions. Monoene, diene and triene fractions from the liver lipid of rats fed heated oil had almost twice the radioactivity of those from fresh oil, suggesting the preferential utilization of acetate in the synthesis of these unsaturated fatty acids.
Novel methods for evaluating deterioration and nutritive value of oxidized oil
Authors: Akiya Toshimi , Araki Chuji , Igarashi Kiyoko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe peroxide content of an oxidized oil is of limited value in estimating the toxicity of the oil, because some decomposition products of peroxides are also injurious to health. Methods of evaluating the toxicity of deteriorated fats and oils have been investigated. A method based on the mortality of chicken embryos following injection of oil into the yolk sac has been found to be much more sensitive and reproducible than tests based on growth rate of weanling rats or mice fed deteriorated oils. An enzyme activity method using alkaline phosphatase has been tested and gives promise of being very rapid, but additional work is required to evaluate this method and to look for better enzyme systems.
Characterization of toxic compound in thermally oxidized oil
Authors: Ohfuji Takehiko , Kaneda Takashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn preliminary experiments, soybean oil was heated at 275 C for 12 hr in the presence of N2 or air. Feeding studies with rats showed that the oil heated in the presence of air, oxidatively polymerized oil, retarded weight gain more than that heated with N2, thermally polymerized oil. Oxidatively polymerized oil was fractionated with silicic acid column chromatography, and the fraction eluted with ether (fraction III) proved to be most toxic to mice. For chemical studies combined with bioassays, additional oxidatively polymerized oil was prepared by aeration at 185 C for 90 hr, and the product was fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography. The material originally eluted with ether (fraction III) was eluted in stages, and fraction IIIc proved to be most toxic in a mouse bioassay. IR, UV and NMR analyses did not indicate the presence of C−O−O−C or C−O−C linkages or aldehyde groups or aromatic compounds. Fraction IIIc was converted to its methyl esters and molecularly distilled to yield two fractions: one containing unpolymerized fatty acid esters and one giving evidence of more functional groups per molecule and of dimeric material. This “dimeric” fraction was more toxic to mice. IR analysis of this fraction revealed carbonyl groups, and NMR showed several functional groups on alkyl chains. Treatment with sodium borohydride and with hydroiodic acid revealed no C−O−O−C and no C−O−C linkages. Mass spectrography showed peaks at mass 586 and 293; in the reduced fraction a peak also occurred at mass 143, suggestive of cleavage of some of the chains. It is tentatively concluded that a highly toxic material formed in oil heated in air is a dimer of triglyceride molecules.
Presence of antioxidant materials in bacteria
Authors: Smith James L. , Alford John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFourteen species of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria from nine genera were investigated to determine if they produced compounds that have antioxidant activity. Washed bacterial cells were extracted with methanol for 24 hr. This extract was evaporated to dryness and extracted with benzene. The fractions were added to lard and incubated at 58 C. Antioxidant activity was determined by prolongation of the period required for the initiation of rancidity as measured by changes in peroxide value. The methanol soluble‐benzene soluble fractions ofBacillus cereus, Lactobacillus dextranicum, Micrococcus freudenreichii andSarcina lutea showed considerable antioxidant activity. Methanol fractions of threePseudomonas species showed considerable activity that could not be extracted with benzene. The possibilities of using microbial growth on fats as well as extracts of microorganisms added to fats as antioxidants are discussed.
A quantitative determination of phosphonate phosphorus in naturally occurring aminophosphonates
Authors: Snyder William R. , Law John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method is described for the quantitative determination of naturally occurring aminophosphonates. Samples are treated sequentially with hydrochloric acid and alkaline phosphatase to convert esters to inorganic phosphate without destruction of phosphonates. The difference between inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus is then a measure of phosphonate phosphorus.
Structure determinations and synthesis of pharmacologically active phospholipids from kidney and intestine
Authors: Wiley R. A. , Sumner D. D. , Walaszek Edward J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical structures of an acidic phospholipid originally isolated from equine intestine by Vogt and of a phospholipid isolated from rabbit kidney medulla by Walaszek are shown by total synthesis to be similar mixtures of 2‐alkyl (and alkenyl)‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐dihydrogen phosphate esters. In these materials, the alkyl residues derive primarily from oleyl, palmityl and linoleyl aldehydes. The smooth muscle contracting activity observed in the natural substances is shown to reside exclusively in the oleyl aldehyde derivative.
Cyanolipids ofCardiospermum halicacabum L. and other sapindaceous seed oils
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Tjarks L. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of sapindaceous seed oils have been investigated with respect to their cyanolipid constituents. All but one of the oils have this new class of lipids in amounts ranging from 13% to 55%. These cyanolipids are of four different types, but all consist of long‐chain fatty acids esterified with an unsaturated isoprenoid hydroxy‐ or dihydroxynitrile. The large amounts of C20 acids usually found in these oils indicate an appreciable cyanolipid content because such acids are preferentially incorporated in nitrile‐containing fractions.Cardiospermum halicacabum L. seed oil was shown to contain 49% of a diester having two fatty acid moieties esterified with 1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐2‐ene‐1‐ol and 6% of another diester derived from 1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐1‐ene‐3‐ol. Treatment of the latter diester with methanolic hydrogen chloride produces methyl 4,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐(methoxymethyl) butyrate from the dihydroxynitrile moiety.
Lipids of human atheroma VI. Hydrocarbons of the atheromatous plaque
Authors: Brooks C. J. W. , Steel G. , Harland W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe higher hydrocarbons of the atheromatous plaque have been examined and the major compounds present have been found to be a series ofn‐alkanes (C17‐C31), squalene, cholest‐5‐ene and a cholestadiene. Identification of these compounds was based on chromatographic correlations and mass spectrometry.
Application of negative ion mass spectrometry to the identification of long chain aldehydes and alcohols
Authors: Rankin Peter C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe negative ion mass spectra of a number of long chain aldehydes and alcohols are reported. The small number of fragment ions in the mass spectra of these compounds was a characteristic feature. The prominent P‐1 negative ion in the mass spectra enabled identification of the molecular ions of long chain alcohols and aldehydes whose positive ion mass spectra have negligible molecular ion intensities. The potential of the method for analysis of complex mixtures of long chain aldehydes and alcohols has been demonstrated with the identification of the components of a 14 component mixture.
Fatty acid composition of the living layer and stratum corneum lipids of human sole skin epidermis
Authors: Ansari M. N. A. , Nicolaides N. , Fu H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipids from the living layer and stratum corneum of human sole epidermis were extracted, saponified and the fatty acids analyzed. The proportion of fatty acids to unsaponifiables (mainly cholesterol), was higher in the living layer than in the stratum corneum. Fatty acids of the living layer and stratum corneum of human sole epidermis comprise saturates, monoenes, dienes, traces of polyenes and α‐hydroxy fatty acids. Homologs of monoenoic and dienoic fatty acids for both living layer and stratum corneum lipids have a similar distribution. C16 and C18 were major components for each type of acids. There appeared to be two clusters, especially for saturates of both living layer and stratum corneum acids. One of these clusters ranged from C12 to C20 with C16 or C18 as a maximum and the other ranged from C21 to C30 with C24 as a maximum. The proportion of saturated acids with chain length C20 and above was much higher in the stratum corneum than in the living layer. Position isomers of the monoenoic fatty acids for both the living layer and stratum corneum show a predominance of ω9 acids, due to the overwhelmingly large amount of oleic acid. Linoleic acid was by far the major component of the dienoic acids. Homolog distribution of α‐hydroxy fatty acids for the living layer was similar to that of the stratum corneum and again two clusters of acids below and above C20 with maxima at C16 and C24 were noticeable. Comparison of epidermal acids with those of sebaceous glands showed that each tissue can synthesize the same kind of acids but in widely different amounts. Oxidation of palmitate and stearate could supply the necessary energy for the late stages of keratinization.