bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a New Metabolite of Astilbin, 3′-O-Methylastilbin, and Its Immunosuppressive Activity against Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Guo Jianming , Qian Feng , Li Jianxin , Xu Qiang , Chen Ting 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground: Astilbin is a flavonoid isolated from the rhizome of Smilax glabra. In a previous study, we revealed its unique immunosuppressive activity, a selective inhibition against activated T lymphocytes. This characteristic of astilbin is beneficial for the treatment of human immune diseases.Methods: We incubated astilbin with rat liver microsomal/cytosolic fractions and isolated the metabolite of astilbin, which was fully characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We administered astilbin orally via a gastric tube to rats at 0.22 mmol/kg and collected whole blood samples after 30 min and urine samples after 0 to 12 h. We applied HPLC and liquid chromatography/MS to measure the metabolite in the samples, and we assayed cytokine expression by reverse-transcription PCR.Results: After incubation of astilbin with rat liver microsomal/cytosolic fractions, we detected a new metabolite of astilbin and isolated it from the culture solution. We characterized this metabolite by MS and NMR techniques as 3′-O-methylated astilbin. We detected the metabolite in both blood and urine samples after oral administration of astilbin, and the metabolite inhibited picryl chloride–induced ear swelling in mice and suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, similarly to astilbin.Conclusion: This is the first identification of 3′-O-methylastilbin as a new flavonoid, as well as an active metabolite of astilbin in vivo, and is helpful for studying the kinetics of astilbin and its clinical applications.
Standardized Peptidome Profiling of Human Urine by Magnetic Bead Separation and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Fiedler Georg Martin , Baumann Sven , Leichtle Alexander , Oltmann Anke , Kase Julia , Thiery Joachim , Ceglarek Uta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground: Peptidome profiling of human urine is a promising tool to identify novel disease-associated biomarkers; however, a wide range of preanalytical variables influence the results of peptidome analysis. Our aim was to develop a standardized protocol for reproducible urine peptidome profiling by means of magnetic bead (MB) separation followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS).Methods: MBs with defined surface functionalities (hydrophobic interaction, cation exchange, and metal ion affinity) were used for peptide fractionation of urine. Mass accuracy and imprecision were calculated for 9 characteristic mass signals (Mr, 1000–10 000). Exogenous variables (instrument performance, urine sampling/storage conditions, freezing conditions, and freeze-thaw cycles) and endogenous variables (pH, urine salt and protein concentrations, and blood and bacteria interferences) were investigated with urine samples from 10 male and 10 female volunteers.Results: We detected 427 different mass signals in the urine of healthy donors. Within- and between-day imprecision in relative signal intensities ranged from 1% to 14% and from 4% to 16%, respectively. Weak cation-exchange and metal ion affinity MB preparations required adjustment of the urinary pH to 7. Storage time, storage temperature, the number of freeze-thaw cycles, and bacterial and blood contamination significantly influenced urine peptide patterns. Individual urine peptide patterns differed significantly within and between days. This imprecision was diminished by normalization to a urinary protein content of 3.5 μg.Conclusion: This reliable pretreatment protocol allows standardization of preanalytical modalities and facilitates reproducible peptidome profiling of human urine by means of MB separation in combination with MALDI-TOF MS.
Longitudinal Relationship Between Television Viewing and Leisure-Time Physical Activity During Adolescence
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Field Alison E. , Berkey Catherine S. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Frazier A. Lindsay , Colditz Graham A. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to examine the longitudinal associations of changes in television viewing and other sources of sedentary behavior with changes in leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity in adolescence.METHODS. We studied a cohort of 6369 girls and 4487 boys who were 10 to 15 years of age in 1997. During each of 4 years of follow-up assessments, participants self-reported their weekly hours of television viewing. By using a seasonal questionnaire, we also obtained detailed information on physical activities over the previous year, from which we calculated total leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity. We performed linear regression analyses to assess the longitudinal associations between 1-year changes in television viewing and 1-year changes in leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity during the same year, using data from 1997 through 2001.RESULTS. One-year changes (mean ± SD) were −0.13 ± 7.2 hours/week for leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity, −0.55 ± 7.0 hours/week for television viewing, and −1.02 ± 11.0 hours/week for total sedentary behaviors. In longitudinal models adjusted for age, age2, gender, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage, menarche (in girls), baseline physical activity, and baseline television viewing, we found no substantive relationship between year-to-year changes in television viewing and changes in leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity (0.03 hours/week, for each 1-hour/week change in television viewing). There were no material associations in age or gender subgroups.CONCLUSIONS. In this longitudinal study, changes in television viewing were not associated with changes in leisure-time moderate/vigorous physical activity. Our findings suggest that television viewing and leisure-time physical activity are separate constructs, not functional opposites.
Factors Associated With Treatment for Hypotension in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns During the First Postnatal Week
Authors: Laughon Matthew , Bose Carl , Allred Elizabeth , O'Shea T. Michael , Marter Linda J. Van , Bednarek Francis , Leviton Alan ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goals were to identify the blood pressures of extremely low gestational age newborns that prompt intervention, to identify other infant characteristics associated with receipt of therapies intended to increase blood pressure, and to assess the interinstitutional variability in the use of these therapies.METHODS. The cohort included 1507 extremely low gestational age newborns born at 23 weeks to 27 weeks of gestation, at 14 institutions, between March 2002 and August 2004; 1387 survived the first postnatal week. Blood pressures were measured as clinically indicated. Interventions were grouped as any treatment (ie, vasopressor and/or fluid boluses of &gt;10 mL/kg) and vasopressor treatment, and logistic regression analyses were performed.RESULTS. At each gestational age, the lowest mean arterial pressures in treated and untreated infants tended to increase with advancing postnatal age. Infants who received any therapy tended to have lower mean arterial pressures than infants who did not, but uniform thresholds for treatment were not apparent. The proportion of infants receiving any treatment decreased with increasing gestational age from 93% at 23 weeks to 73% at 27 weeks. Treatment nearly always began during the first 24 hours of life. Lower gestational age, lower birth weight, male gender, and higher Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology–II values were associated with any treatment and vasopressor treatment. Institutions varied greatly in their tendency to offer any treatment and vasopressor treatment. Neither the lowest mean arterial pressure on the day of treatment nor other characteristics of the infants accounted for center differences in treatment.CONCLUSIONS. Blood pressure in extremely premature infants not treated for hypotension increased directly with both increasing gestational age and postnatal age. The decision to provide treatment was associated more strongly with the center where care was provided than with infant attributes.
Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy and Cerebral Tissue Volumes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Parikh Nehal A. , Lasky Robert E. , Kennedy Kathleen A. , Moya Fernando R. , Hochhauser Leo , Romo Seferino , Tyson Jon E. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to relate postnatal dexamethasone therapy in extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight of ≤1000 g) to their total and regional brain volumes, as measured by volumetric MRI performed at term-equivalent age.METHODS. Among 53 extremely low birth weight infants discharged between June 1 and December 31, 2003, 41 had high-quality MRI studies; 30 of those infants had not received postnatal steroid treatment and 11 had received dexamethasone, all after postnatal age of 28 days, for a mean duration of 6.8 days and a mean cumulative dose of 2.8 mg/kg. Anatomic brain MRI scans obtained at 39.5 weeks (mean) postmenstrual age were segmented by using semiautomated and manual, pretested, scoring algorithms to generate three-dimensional cerebral component volumes. Volumes were adjusted according to postmenstrual age at MRI.RESULTS. After controlling for postmenstrual age at MRI, we observed a 10.2% smaller total cerebral tissue volume in the dexamethasone-treated group, compared with the untreated group. Cortical tissue volume was 8.7% smaller in the treated infants, compared with untreated infants. Regional volume analysis revealed a 20.6% smaller cerebellum and a 19.9% reduction in subcortical gray matter in the dexamethasone-treated infants, compared with untreated infants. In a series of regression analyses, the reductions in total cerebral tissue, subcortical gray matter, and cerebellar volumes associated with dexamethasone administration remained significant after controlling not only for postmenstrual age but also for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and birth weight.CONCLUSIONS. We identified smaller total and regional cerebral tissue volumes in extremely low birth weight infants treated with relatively conservative regimens of dexamethasone. These volume deficits may be the structural antecedents of neuromotor and cognitive abnormalities reported after postnatal dexamethasone treatment.
Impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Child Behavior Problems Through School Age
Authors: Bada Henrietta S. , Das Abhik , Bauer Charles R. , Shankaran Seetha , Lester Barry , LaGasse Linda , Hammond Jane , Wright Linda L. , Higgins Rosemary 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. We examined the trajectory of childhood behavior problems after prenatal cocaine exposure.METHODS. The Maternal Lifestyle Study, a longitudinal cohort study, enrolled children between 1993 and 1995 at 4 centers. Prenatal cocaine exposure was determined from mothers who admitted use and/or meconium results. Exposed children were matched with a group of nonexposed children within site and by gestational age, gender, race, and ethnicity. The study began at the 1-month corrected age with a total of 1388 children enrolled. A total of 1056 were assessed for internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems at ages 3, 5, and 7 years using the Child Behavior Checklist. Longitudinal hierarchical linear models were used to determine the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior problem trajectories while controlling for other prenatal exposures; time-varying covariates, including ongoing caregiver use of legal and illegal substances; demographic factors; family violence; and caregiver psychological distress.RESULTS. High prenatal cocaine exposure was associated with the trajectory of internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems; these effects were independent of and less than the significant combined effect of prenatal and postnatal tobacco and alcohol exposures. Caregiver depression and family violence had independent negative influence on all behavior outcomes.CONCLUSIONS. Prenatal cocaine exposure has a negative impact on the trajectories of childhood behavior outcomes. When they co-occur with prenatal cocaine exposure, prenatal and postnatal tobacco and alcohol exposures have added negative effects on behavior outcomes.
Risk and Promotive Factors in Families, Schools, and Communities: A Contextual Model of Positive Youth Development in Adolescence
Authors: Youngblade Lise M. , Theokas Christina , Schulenberg John , Curry Laura , Huang I-Chan , Novak Maureen 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Emerging evidence about optimal youth development highlights the importance of both reducing negative behavior and promoting positive behavior. In our study we tested a contextual model derived from positive youth-development theory by examining the association of family, school, and community risk and promotive factors, with several outcome indices of both positive and negative adolescent development.METHODS. A sample of 42305 adolescents aged 11 to 17 (51% girls) was drawn from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Survey item composites were formed representing promotive and risk factors in the family (eg, closeness, aggression) and school and community (eg, community connectedness, school violence). Outcome composites reflected positive (social competence, health-promoting behavior, self-esteem) and negative (externalizing, internalizing, academic problems) developmental outcomes. Ordinary least squares regression was used to test the overall model.RESULTS. Between 0.10 and 0.50 of the variance in each outcome was explained by the contextual model. Multiple positive family characteristics were related to adolescent social competence and self-esteem, as well as lowered levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior and academic problems. Family communication, rules about television, and parents' own healthy behavior were related to adolescent health-promoting behavior. School and community safety were associated with increased social competence and decreased externalizing behavior. School violence was related to adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior, as well as academic problems and lower self-esteem.CONCLUSIONS. Our results support the proposition that healthy adolescent development has roots in multiple contexts. Youth who were involved in contexts that provided positive resources from important others (ie, parents, schools, and communities) not only were less likely to exhibit negative outcomes, but also were more likely to show evidence of positive development. These findings provide important implications for intervention and prevention efforts and, more generally, for the promotion of positive, competent, and healthy youth development.
National Estimates and Factors Associated With Medication Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Visser Susanna N. , Lesesne Catherine A. , Perou Ruth 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. In this study we identified child and family-level characteristics that were associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using nationally representative survey data.METHODS. National Survey of Children's Health data from 79264 youth 4 to 17 years of age were used. Data were weighted to adjust for the complex survey design of the National Survey of Children's Health. Gender-specific logistic regression models were generated to identify child and family-level characteristics that were collectively associated with current medication status among youth with a reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.RESULTS. Nationally, 7.8% of youth aged 4 to 17 years had a reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and 4.3% had both a disorder diagnosis and were currently taking medication for the disorder. Current medication treatment among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was associated with white race, younger age, English spoken in the home, health care coverage, a health care contact within the last year, and reported psychological difficulties. Gender-specific logistic regression models revealed that, together, younger age, higher income, health care coverage, having psychological difficulties, and a health care contact in the past year were associated with medication use among boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Among girls with the disorder, younger age, psychological difficulties, fair-to-poor paternal mental health status, and a health care contact within the last year were collectively associated with current medication use.CONCLUSIONS. Regardless of gender, younger age, the presence of psychological difficulties, and a recent health care contact were significantly associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, additional health care access and income variables among boys and paternal mental health status among girls represented gender-specific factors that were also associated with medication treatment for the disorder. Future studies should characterize how and when the burden associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder leads to treatment, support, or services for this prevalent and impairing neurobehavioral disorder.
The Relationship Between Autism and Parenting Stress
Authors: Schieve Laura A. , Blumberg Stephen J. , Rice Catherine , Visser Susanna N. , Boyle Coleen 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. We assessed associations between parenting a child with autism and stress indicators.
METHODS. In the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health, parents or other knowledgeable adult respondents for children aged 4 to 17 years reported their recent feelings about their life sacrifices to care for their child, difficulty caring for their child, frustration with their child’s actions, and anger toward their child. Responses were compiled in the Aggravation in Parenting Scale. Parents of children reported to have autism (N = 459) were compared with parents of: (1) children with special health care needs including emotional, developmental, or behavioral problems other than autism that necessitated treatment (children with other developmental problems [N = 4545]); (2) children with special health care needs without developmental problems (N = 11475); and (3) children without special health care needs (N = 61826). Weighted estimates are presented.
RESULTS. Parents of children with autism were more likely to score in the high aggravation range (55%) than parents of children with developmental problems other than autism (44%), parents of children with special health care needs without developmental problems (12%), and parents of children without special health care needs (11%). However, within the autism group, the proportion of parents with high aggravation was 66% for those whose child recently needed special services and 28% for those whose child did not. The parents of children with autism and recent special service needs were substantially more likely to have high aggravation than parents of children with recent special service needs in each of the 3 comparison groups. Conversely, parents of children with autism but without recent special service needs were not more likely to have high aggravation than parents of children with other developmental problems.
CONCLUSIONS. Parenting a child with autism with recent special service needs seems to be associated with unique stresses.
Both Extremes of Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure and the Magnitude of Fluctuations in Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure Are Associated With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants
Authors: Fabres Jorge , Carlo Waldemar A. , Phillips Vivien , Howard George , Ambalavanan Namasivayam 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to test the hypothesis that extremes of Paco2 during the first 4 days after birth are associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades 3 and 4).METHODS. A single-center retrospective review of clinical and blood gas data in the first 4 postnatal days for 849 infants with birth weights of 401 to 1250 g was performed. The univariate and multivariate relationships of severe intraventricular hemorrhage with maximal and minimal Paco2, Paco2 averaged over time (time-weighted Paco2), and measures of Paco2 fluctuation (SD of Paco2 and difference in Paco2 [maximum minus minimum]) were assessed.RESULTS. Birth weight (mean ± SD) was 848 ± 212 g, and the median gestational age was 26 weeks. Infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage had higher maximal Paco2 (median: 72 vs 59 mm Hg) and time-weighted Paco2 (mean: 49 vs 47 mm Hg) values but lower minimal Paco2 values (32 vs 37 mm Hg). High Paco2, low Paco2, SD of Paco2, and difference in Paco2 predicted severe intraventricular hemorrhage, but time-weighted average Paco2 was not as predictive.CONCLUSIONS. Both extremes and fluctuations of Paco2 are associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage. It may be prudent to avoid extreme hypocapnia and hypercapnia during the period of risk for intraventricular hemorrhage.
Painful bladder syndrome and interstitial cystitis
Authors: Jha Swati , Parsons Matthew , Toozs‐Hobson Philip 
Published: February 2007

Key content

Painful bladder syndrome is a chronic disabling condition that mainly affects women.
The aetiology is uncertain, but is almost certainly multi‐factorial and presents as a triad of pain, urinary urgency and frequency.
The most common diagnosis made is interstitial cystitis. Diagnosis is based on history and examination and supplemented by clinical investigation.

Learning objectives

To be able to identify the clinical features of interstitial cystitis and arrange appropriate diagnostic tests.
To know how to manage interstitial cystitis using non‐pharmacological, dietary and behavioural treatment, as well as pharmacological and surgical therapy.

Ethical issues

How much information should women be given about possible adverse effects?

Please cite this article as: Jha S, Parsons M, Toozs‐Hobson P. Painful bladder syndrome and interstitial cystitis. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:34–41.
Stocking of Endangered Razorback Suckers in the Lower Colorado River Basin over Three Decades: 1974–2004
Authors: Schooley Jason D. , Marsh Paul C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus was historically widespread and abundant throughout the larger streams of the Colorado River basin, ranging from Sonora, Mexico, to Wyoming. The species was federally listed as endangered in 1991 because it has been extirpated from most of its range. Its decline is attributed to habitat loss and predation by nonnative fishes. Thirty years of federal and state effort have resulted in stocking millions of razorback suckers to the lower Colorado River basin, but only a few individuals have been recaptured because the young are rapidly consumed by introduced predators, resulting in insufficient recruitment to adulthood. Elderly, wild adults of this long-lived species are vanishing, and lower Colorado River basin recovery efforts now focus on replacement of these fish with repatriated (or reintroduced) adults. Stocking success and subsequent survival increases with size at release. When estimates of size-based, first-year survival rates were applied to individual batches of repatriated fish, we observed less than 1% overall first-year survival, and most fish stocked to date are thought to have been consumed soon after release. Overall, stocking has been unsuccessful, long-term survival is unknown, and no new populations have been established.