bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiologic survey for antibodies to selected viruses in the respiratory tract of lambs
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. , Bolin Steven R. , Brogden Kim A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A serologic study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to, and infection rate of, Mastad-enouirus ovi 5, M ovi 6, parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus, and ovine progressive pneumonia (opp) virus in lambs at a ram lamb growth-rate test station. For 2 consecutive years, serum samples were prepared from blood collected from 1- to 2-month-old ram lambs as they entered the test station (1st sample) and again 2 months later (2nd sample). The 1st year, 59 producers submitted 237 lambs; the 2nd year, 65 producers submitted 253 lambs. Microtitration serum virus-neutralization tests were used to determine antibody titers for M ovi 5, M ovi 6, pi-3 virus, bhv-1, and bvd virus. Antibodies to rsv and opp virus were determined, using indirect hemagglutination and agar-gel immunodiffusion, respectively. Based on results of the 1st blood samples collected, the mean prevalence for both years was as follows: 95% of the lambs were seropositive for M ovi 5; 87.2% for pi-3 virus; 84.5% for rsv; 41.7% for M ovi 6; 8.7% for bvd virus; 5.4% for bhv-1; and 3.3% for opp virus. Based on the 2-year mean, M ovi 6 had the highest infection rate (207 of 484 [42.8%]) as determined by the number of lambs evaluated having a ≥ 4-fold increase in serum antibody titer from the 1st to the 2nd sampling. Infection rates of the other viruses were: 31.0% for M ovi 5; 15.3% for pl-3 virus; 5.6% for rsv; 0.6%. for bvd virus; and 0.4% for bhv-1. One lamb became seropositive for OPP virus the 2nd year.
Identification of antigens of two isolates of Anaplasma marginale, using a western blot technique
Authors: Adams John H. , Smith Ronald D. , Kuhlenschmidt M. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antigens of the Illinois (IAM) and Florida (FAM) isolates of Anaplasma marginale were analyzed, using the western blot technique and antiserum from A marginale-infected calves. Crude antigens were prepared from the parasitemic blood of each. Antiserum was collected after the primary and recrudescent parasitemias. Antigens were separated, using sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigens were then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes and exposed to test sera. Antibodies attached to the membrane-bound antigens were detected, using an avidin/biotin peroxidase assay and biotinylated rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin G. Antigens detected were of a high molecular weight group (108 to 91 kilodaltons [kd]) or of a low molecular weight group (47 to 27 kd). The IAM antigens were 100 kd, 96 kd, 47 kd, 38 to 43 kd, and 27 kd; these antigens were detected, using anti-IAM and anti-FAM antibodies, but the anti-FAM antibodies had a strong reaction to only the 100-kd and 38- to 43-kd antigens of IAM. The FAM antigens were 108 kd, 91 kid, 47 kd, 38 to 43 kd, and 27 kd; these antigens were detected, using anti-FAM antibodies and, except the 91 kd antigen, anti-IAM antibodies. Because the 91-kd antigen was detected only in the FAM antigen and detected only by sera from FAM-infected calves, this isolate-specific antigen may be associated with the ability of FAM to induce disease in an IAM-immune animal. Sheep anti-A ovis antibodies reacted only to the 38- to 43-kd antigens of each isolate, indicating that these antigens may be genus-specific. The high molecular weight antigens 108 kd, 100 kd, and 96 kd may be species-specific because they were detected when using their respective heterologous antisera but were not detected when using the anti-A ovis antisera. These genus-, species-, and isolate-specific antigens may be a basis for strain differentiation of Anaplasma isolates.
Evaluation of three formulations of fenbendazole (10% suspension, 0.5% pellets, and 20% premix) against nematode infections in cattle
Authors: Blagburn Byron L. , Hanrahan Lynn A. , Hendrix Charles M. , Lindsay David S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacies of 3 formulations of fenbendazole were evaluated in cattle naturally parasitized with nematodes: a 10% oral suspension, 0.5% pellets as a top dressing on feed, and a 20% premix. All formulations of fenbendazole were > 99% effective in removing adults of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Fenbendazole was > 96% effective in removing adults of Strongyloides papillosum and > 85% effective in the removal of Trichuris sp. Fenbendazole was > 96% effective against immature nematodes, which were thought to be primarily Cooperia spp. Adverse reactions were not observed in calves treated with the 3 formulations of fenbendazole.
Acute arthritis in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus challenge exposure of vaccinated or persistently infected goats
Authors: McGuire Travis C. , Adams D. Scott , Johnson Gayle C. , Klevjer-Anderson Paula , Barbee David D. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Goats vaccinated with inactivated caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) developed more severe arthritis after infectious CAEV challenge exposure than did goats vaccinated with tissue culture medium. Arthritis also developed more rapidly in the group vaccinated with inactivated virus.
In another experiment, goats with persistent CAEV infection developed acute arthritis after at least 2 injections of infectious CAEV at monthly intervals. In this experiment, the control group consisted of goats with persistent CAEV that were given tissue culture medium. Seemingly, the immune response to CAEV is an important cause of the CAEV-induced arthritis.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect subgroup-specific antibodies to avian leukosis viruses
Authors: Mizuno Yoshio , Itohara Shigeyoshi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect antibodies against avian leukosis viruses (alv), using antigens extracted from Rous-associated virus-inoculated chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cells by Nonidet P-40 treatments. The antigens reacted strongly to sera of chickens immunized with antigenically homologous viruses, but weakly to those of chickens immunized with heterologous viruses. Antigens extracted from non-inoculated cef cells by the same procedures did not react to either of the immune sera. Normal control sera did not react to any of the antigens. Reactivities of immune sera were decreased markedly by the sera adsorbing with homologous Rous-associated virus-inoculated cef cells, but not with heterologous cef cells. The elisa-specific optimal doses (the differences between the optimal doses with antigens from alv-inoculated and noninoculated cef cells) were correlated strongly with the virus-neutralization titers (r = 0.876, P < 0.01). Examination of the antibody response from alv-inoculated chickens revealed that elisa detected antibodies at the same time or several weeks earlier than did the virus-neutralization test.
Conduction velocities and myelinated fiber diameter spectra of the infraorbital and palpebral nerves of the dog
Authors: Whalen L. R. , Carsten R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Maximum conduction velocities of compound-action potentials of the infraorbital (ion) and palpebral (pn) nerves were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificity of the stimulating and recording sites was verified by recording before and after cutting the nerves. Conduction times for orthodromically and antidromically conducted potentials of the ion were essentially the same. The unipolarly recorded antidromic compound-action potentials of the ion were of higher peak-to-peak amplitude and were more reliably recorded than were the bipolarly recorded orthodromic action potentials. Areas of cutaneous innervation were not found for the pn. Neuromuscular blockade eliminated the volume-conducted muscle action potentials that were recorded after pn stimulation, allowing triphasic nerve action potentials to be recorded unobscured. Mean conduction velocities were: ion = 83.9 ± 3.5 m/s; pn = 56.4 ± 2.8 m/s. Distributions of the external diameters of myelinated fibers within the ion and the pn were determined.
Age and dosage dependency in the plasma disposition and the renal clearance of sulfamethazine and its N4-acetyl and hydroxy metabolites in calves and cows
Authors: Nouws Jacques F. M. , Vree Tom B. , Baakman Margriet , Driessens Freek , Breukink Henk J. , Mevius Dick 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma disposition, protein binding, urinary recovery, and renal clearance of sulfamethazine (smz), its N4-acetylsulfamethazine (N4-smz), and its 2 hydroxy metabolites—6-hydroxymethylsulfamethazine (sch2oh) and 5-hydroxysulfamethazine (soh)—and the glucuronide of the latter were studied in 7 cows and 7 calves to determine the relationship between these values and the age of the animal and dosage applied. A capacity-limited hydroxylation of smz into sch2oh was observed in cows and calves given dosages of 100 to 200 mg/kg. A biphasic smz elimination curve and steady state in sch2oh plasma concentration (6 to 15 μg/ml) were observed. The N4-smz plasma concentration-time curve was parallel to that of smz at the dosages and in all animals.
The total body clearance and the cumulative urinary recovery (expressed as percentage of the dose) for smz and its metabolites depended on drug dosage and age of the animals. At dosages of smz < 25 mg/kg, the main metabolite in the urine of calves and cows was sch2oh (23% to 55.2%), whereas in calves given a larger dosage (100 mg/kg), the N4-smz and soh percentages increased.
The plasma protein binding of smz and its metabolites depended on the smz plasma concentration. Hydroxylation lowered the protein binding (from 75-80%) to 50%.
The renal clearance of smz was dependent on urine flow in all animals. The renal clearance of the sch2oh metabolite was 2 to 3 times greater than the creatinine clearance value; thus, this compound was excreted by glomerular filtration and partly by tubular secretion.
Both N4-smz and soh were predominantly excreted by tubular secretion; at dosages of smz of 100 to 200 mg/kg, and N4-smz clearance was diminished. Intravenous administration of N4-smz to a calf resulted in deacetylation and a subsequent hydroxylation of the formed smz into the 2 hydroxy metabolites.
It was concluded that the elimination half-life of smz in ruminants depended mainly on the extent of the metabolism, which was dose related, and on the renal clearance of its metabolites.
Unconventional aqueous humor outflow of microspheres perfused into the equine eye
Authors: Smith P. J. , Samuelson D. A. , Brooks D. E. , Whitley R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the equine eye occurred through conventional and unconventional routes. To determine the degree of uveoscleral outflow in the pony, 1- and 3-μm (diam) microspheres were perfused through the anterior chamber for 60 and 90 minutes. Two eyes were treated with pilocarpine before perfusion of spheres to observe any effect on outflow. Presence of spheres was detected by scanning electron microscopy and verified by light microcoopy.
By 60 minutes of the perfusion 1- and 3-μm spheres thoroughly infiltrated the anterior uveal trabecular meshwork. The 3-μm spheres were notably excluded from the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork, whereas the 1-μm spheres packed into the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork and mixed with the angular aqueous plexus and intrascleral plexus vessels. After 90 minutes, 1- and 3-μm spheres penetrated the prominent supraciliary space and mixed with the suprachoroidea of the midchoroid. The 1-μm spheres infiltrated tissues more extensively than did the 3-μm spheres, packing into the anterior meshwork and supraciliary space and also moving as far posterior as the suprachoroidea of the peripapillary retina.
Spheres also entered the iris, mostly at the root. Several 3-μm spheres moved into the interstitial spaces around axon bundles and vessels in the iris. The 1-μm spheres packed into these spaces in the iris root and were observed in the lumens of iris vessels. Single 1-μm spheres were observed in the lumens of choroidal vessels posteriorly. The present study supported evidence for uveoscleral and uveovortex flow in the horse and indicated that it may be more extensive than that in other species investigated (ie, the dog).
Scanning electron microscopic studies of megakaryocytes and platelet formation in the dog and rat
Authors: Handagama Prem , Jain N. C. , Kono C. S. , Feldman B. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Megakaryocyte morphology and platelet formation in canine and murine bone marrows were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In situ-fixed bone marrow preparations and cell suspensions of bone marrow provided complementary information for the 2 species (dogs and rats).
Cylindrical processes (proplatelets) of variable length and thickness, originating from the megakaryocyte surface, were in the larger marrow sinusoids and the central vein. Regional constrictions along the length of proplatelets, particularly near their apical region, and the presence of fragments of such processes supported the concept of platelet formation through segmentation of proplatelets.
Megakaryocytes presented varied morphology. Surface features resembling platelets were observed on megakaryocytes, indicating that platelets may have been released through surface budding.
In conclusion, megakaryocytes formed long proplatelet processes that actively migrated to venous sinusoids to release platelets by fragmentation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a complex and variable megakaryocyte surface topography. The platelet-like structures on megakaryocyte surfaces may represent platelet release by a budding mechanism. The similarity between murine platelet release and canine platelet release demonstrates that data from rodent models may be applicable to nonrodents.
Infectivity of three Anaplasma marginale isolates for Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Wickwire Kathie B. , Kocan Katherine M. , Barron Selwyn J. , Ewing S. A. , Smith Ronald D. , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three isolates of Anaplasma marginale—Virginia (vam), Illinois (iam), and Florida (fam)—were compared for infectivity for Dermacentor andersoni. The isolates were selected, in part, because of a tail-like appendage that has been demonstrated in the vam and iam, but not in the fam. Ticks were exposed to the isolates as nymphs either naturally by feeding on a calf with anaplasmosis or artificially by percutaneous inoculation with infected bovine erythrocytes. They were examined for infectivity after molting to the adult stage (i) by determining their capability to transmit the disease to susceptible calves and (ii) by demonstrating colonies in tick gut sections. Only those ticks exposed to the vam proved to be infected with A marginale; ticks naturally exposed and those artificially infected with this isolate transmitted the disease to susceptible calves. Colonies of A marginale were observed only in gut tissues of ticks naturally infected with vam. The iam (appendage present) and fam (appendage absent) could not be found in ticks exposed by either method, indicating that factors other than the presence of inclusion appendages may be involved in infection of ticks by A marginale.
Demonstration of Pasteurella-specific immunoglobulin E in bovine serum
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Friebertshauser Kathleen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
On the basis of recent observations that immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies specific for bacterial antigens occur in the serum of persons with chronic respiratory tract disease, we used bovine ϵ chain-specific antiserum to investigate the possibility that IgE antibodies are induced in cattle infected with Pasteurella. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting techniques, we studied bovine sera to detect and quantitate the presence of IgE antibodies specific for antigens of Pasteurella. Immunoglobulin E antibodies reactive with whole formalinized P haemolytica, potassium thiocyanate, and saline solution extracts were detected in serum of calves with bronchopneumonia, feedlot steers with interstitial pneumonia, as well as nonaffected penmates, and adult dairy cows.
The role of parenteral vaccination in eliciting an IgE response was examined in healthy calves; vaccination with a Pasteurella bacterin failed to induce an IgE response. Adsorption studies were done to demonstrate the specificity of the antibodies for Pasteurella. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay absorbance values were significantly decreased by adsorption with P haemolytica, whereas adsorption with other gram-negative bacteria only moderately decreased serum absorbance values.
To begin identification of the antigen(s) to which the IgE binds, Western blotting of P haemolytica extract with sera from calves with bronchopneumonia was done. A dense band of protein (˜60,000 daltons) reacted strongly with IgE in the highest titer sera. These results indicate that Pasteurella-specific IgE antibodies are not readily induced by parenteral vaccination, but can be found in serum of some cattle, possibly induced by existing or previous infection. Persistence ofP haemolytica-specific IgE in serum may reflect environmental exposure of cattle after resolution of acute pneumonia.
An evaluation of agglutination and coagglutination techniques for serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolates
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Higgins R. , Lariviere S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A comparative evaluation of rapid slide agglutination, tube agglutination, 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination, and coagglutination tests was made for serotyping isolates of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. The results indicated that a majority of the isolates could be serotyped by any of these tests. But, it was not uncommon to find isolates which were inagglutinable or poorly agglutinable in homologous sera. Heat treatment of whole-cell suspensions of such isolates was essential to unmask the serotype-specific antigenic determinants; however, in the process of heat treatment, cross-reactive common antigens of minor nature were also exposed. The antibodies involved in such cross-reactions were mainly of immunoglobulin M type, because the cross-reactivities were completely abolished in coagglutination and 2-mercaptoethanol agglutination tests. Thus, both these tests were satisfactory for serotyping inagglutinable mucoid strains. For serotyping strains which were either polyagglutinating or autoagglutinating, agglutination tests could not be used, but the coagglutination test proved to be satisfactory. The coagglutination test was serotype-specific, sensitive, simple, rapid, reproducible, and easier to read and interpret than rapid slide or tube agglutination tests. This test could be used to serotype mucoid, smooth, or rough isolates.
Relationships of bovine leukemia virus prevalence in dairy herds and density of dairy cattle to human lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Donham Kelley J. , Burmeister Leon F. , VanLier Stephanie F. , Greiner Timothy C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A case-control study was conducted to examine possible relationships between human acute lymphoid leukemia and exposure to dairy cattle and drinking of raw milk. Two hundred twenty-three persons with acute lymphoid leukemia, diagnosed during the years 1969 to 1971 and 1973 to 1980 from the 87 most rural Iowa counties, were accessed from case records at the Iowa State Health Registry for participation in the present study.
Each person and 2 matched controls were interviewed for history of residence, exposure to dairy cattle, and consumption of nonpasteurized dairy products.
Two types of comparisons between affected persons and controls were done: (1) the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus infection (as measured by serologic study) in dairy herds with which the affected persons and controls had either occupational contact or from which they had consumed raw milk and (2) the density of dairy cattle in the townships where affected persons and controls lived.
The bovine leukemia virus infection prevalence in dairy herds with which affected persons had contact was 20%, whereas the infection prevalence in the herds with which the controls had contact was 38%.
The density of dairy cows in townships where affected persons resided was generally less than that in townships where controls resided. However, there was one exception; the density of dairy cows at 20 years before diagnosis was higher (589) in townships where affected adult female persons resided, compared with that in townships where controls resided (567).
Clinical chemistry reference values in two breeds of swine and their changes during percutaneous exposure to soman
Authors: James John T. , Manthei James H. , Goodwin Bradford S. , Heitkamp Dale , Liebenberg Stanley P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical chemistry reference values in blood from 48 nonfasting Chester White/Yorkshire and 48 Hanford Miniature swine were determined. Subsequently, 40 animals of each breed were restrained in a cloth sling and fasted for 24 hours while exposed percutaneously to pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman). The range of dosages for the Hanford Miniature swine was 2.0 to 15.8 mg/kg, and for the Chester White/Yorkshire swine, the range was 4.0 to 25.0 mg/kg. Shamexposed groups, consisting of 8 animals of each breed, were treated in an identical manner, except no anticholinesterase agent was administered. Samples of blood were drawn at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after soman or sham exposure. In the sham-exposed groups, significant changes from the reference values were observed as a result of the 24-hour restraint. In both breeds, skeletal muscle enzyme activities were increased, plasma Cholinesterase activity (ChEPL) was decreased, calcium concentration was decreased, and phosphorus concentration was increased. Percutaneous exposure to soman resulted in decreases of ChEPL and erythrocyte Cholinesterase activities (ChERBC). The ChEPL recovered more quickly than the ChERBC in both breeds. Even in asymptomatic swine, the decrease of ChEHBC was > 60% after 24 hours. In the swine of each breed given the largest dosage, hyperglycemia was apparent in blood samples taken at the onset of apnea, especially when the animal survived for > 2 hours. We conclude that both breeds of swine, on the basis of dispersion in clinical chemistry reference values, were equally suited for this type of dermatotoxicity study. The sling method of restraint, however, caused some undesirable changes in biochemical values.
Immunohistochemical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in fetuses and fetal membranes of sheep
Authors: Uggla A. , Sjöland L. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A peroxidase antiperoxidase technique was developed for visualizing intact Toxoplasma gondii and its antigenic residues in sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from fetal membranes recovered from ewes with induced toxoplasmosis. The peroxidase antiperoxidase method was specific and sensitive, allowing the detection of T gondii antigen even in severely decomposed tissues. Toxoplasma gondii infection was most commonly demonstrated in the cotyledons, heart, lungs, brain, and skeletal muscles of the fetus.