bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropomyosin modulates erythrocyte membrane stability
Authors: An Xiuli , Salomao Marcela , Guo Xinhua , Gratzer Walter , Mohandas Narla 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe ternary complex of spectrin, actin, and 4.1R (human erythrocyte protein 4.1) defines the nodes of the erythrocyte membrane skeletal network and is inseparable from membrane stability under mechanical stress. These junctions also contain tropomyosin (TM) and the other actin-binding proteins, adducin, protein 4.9, tropomodulin, and a small proportion of capZ, the functions of which are poorly defined. Here, we have examined the consequences of selective elimination of TM from the membrane. We have shown that the mechanical stability of the membranes of resealed ghosts devoid of TM is grossly, but reversibly, impaired. That the decreased membrane stability of TM-depleted membranes is the result of destabilization of the ternary complex of the network junctions is demonstrated by the strongly facilitated entry into the junctions in situ of a β-spectrin peptide, containing the actin- and 4.1R-binding sites, after extraction of the TM. The stabilizing effect of TM is highly specific, in that it is only the endogenous isotype, and not the slightly longer muscle TM that can bind to the depleted membranes and restore their mechanical stability. These findings have enabled us identify a function for TM in elevating the mechanical stability of erythrocyte membranes by stabilizing the spectrin-actin-4.1R junctional complex.
Diffuse panbronchiolitis
Authors: Poletti V. , Casoni G. , Chilosi M. , Zompatori M. 
Published: September 2006

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease, well recognised in Japan and principally affecting the respiratory bronchioles, causing a progressive suppurative and severe obstructive respiratory disorder. If left untreated, DPB progresses to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure and death.It was first described in the early 1960s. Subsequently, in 1969, the disease was named DPB to distinguish it from chronic bronchitis. “Diffuse” refers to the distribution of the lesions throughout both lungs, and “pan-” refers to the involvement of inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles.The distinctive imaging and histological features, the coexisting sinusitis, and the isolation ofHaemophilus influenzaeandPseudomonas aeruginosain the sputum enhance disease recognition. Histologically, DPB is characterised by chronic inflammation, localised mainly in the respiratory bronchioles and adjacent centrilobular regions, with characteristic interstitial accumulation of foamy histiocytes, neutrophils and lymphocyte infiltration. Neutrophils and T-lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ cells, together with the cytokines interleukin-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1, are believed to play key roles in the development of DPB.A significant improvement in the prognosis of this potentially fatal disease has been recently reported thanks to the use of long-term therapy with macrolide antibiotics, the effect of which is attributed to an anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory action.
Eye and neural defects associated with loss of GDF6
Authors: Hanel Meredith L , Hensey Carmel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
In Xenopus the bone morphogenetic protein growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) is expressed at the edge of the neural plate, and within the anterior neural plate including the eye fields. Here we address the role of GDF6 in neural and eye development by morpholino knockdown experiments.

Results
We show that depletion of GDF6 (BMP13) resulted in a reduction in eye size, loss of laminar structure and a reduction in differentiated neural cell types within the retina. This correlated with a reduction in staining for Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation indicating a decrease in GDF6 signalling through loss of phosphorylation of these intracellular mediators of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling. In addition, the Pax6 expression domain is reduced in size at early optic vesicle stages. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is generally reduced in intensity along the neural tube, while in the retina and brain discreet patches of NCAM expression are also lost. GDF6 knock down resulted in an increase in cell death along the neural tube and within the retina as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrate that GDF6 has an important role in neural differentiation in the eye as well as within the central nervous system, and that GDF6 may act in some way to maintain cell survival within the ectoderm, during the normal waves of programmed cell death.
Analysis of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP transcriptome using a sequencing-by-synthesis approach
Authors: Bainbridge Matthew N , Warren René L , Hirst Martin , Romanuik Tammy , Zeng Thomas , Go Anne , Delaney Allen , Griffith Malachi , Hickenbotham Matthew , Magrini Vincent , Mardis Elaine R , Sadar Marianne D , Siddiqui Asim S , Marra Marco A , Jones Steven JM 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
High throughput sequencing-by-synthesis is an emerging technology that allows the rapid production of millions of bases of data. Although the sequence reads are short, they can readily be used for re-sequencing. By re-sequencing the mRNA products of a cell, one may rapidly discover polymorphisms and splice variants particular to that cell.

Results
We present the utility of massively parallel sequencing by synthesis for profiling the transcriptome of a human prostate cancer cell-line, LNCaP, that has been treated with the synthetic androgen, R1881. Through the generation of approximately 20 megabases (MB) of EST data, we detect transcription from over 10,000 gene loci, 25 previously undescribed alternative splicing events involving known exons, and over 1,500 high quality single nucleotide discrepancies with the reference human sequence. Further, we map nearly 10,000 ESTs to positions on the genome where no transcription is currently predicted to occur. We also characterize various obstacles with using sequencing by synthesis for transcriptome analysis and propose solutions to these problems.

Conclusion
The use of high-throughput sequencing-by-synthesis methods for transcript profiling allows the specific and sensitive detection of many of a cell's transcripts, and also allows the discovery of high quality base discrepancies, and alternative splice variants. Thus, this technology may provide an effective means of understanding various disease states, discovering novel targets for disease treatment, and discovery of novel transcripts.
Do functional walk tests reflect cardiorespiratory fitness in sub-acute stroke?
Authors: Tang Ada , Sibley Kathryn M , Bayley Mark T , McIlroy William E , Brooks Dina 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background and purpose
The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) has been employed as a measure of functional capacity, but its relationship to cardiorespiratory fitness in stroke is not well established. Gait speed measured over short distances is commonly used as an index of walking competency following stroke. We evaluated the relationship between the 6MWT, aerobic fitness (VO2peak) and walking competency in sub-acute stroke.

Methods
Thirty-six individuals (mean age ± SD, 64.6 ± 14.4 years; time post-stroke 16.2 ± 13.3 days) were evaluated using the 6MWT (distance, speed, heart rate), a maximal exercise test (VO2peak, heart rate, exercise test duration), and walking competency using a five meter walk (speed, symmetry ratio). Correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between these outcomes.

Results
There was a strong correlation between the 6MWT and five meter walk velocity for preferred (r = 0.79) and fast (r = 0.82) speed (p < 0.001). On average, the 6MWT speed was faster than the preferred gait speed (94.9 cm/s vs. 83.8 cm/s, p = 0.003), but slower than the fast-paced walk (115.1 cm/s, p < 0.001). There was significant though more moderate association between 6MWT distance and VO2peak (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and exercise test duration (r = 0.60, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The speed selected during the 6MWT was strongly related to the velocities selected during the five meter walk distance (intermediate to the selected preferred and fast speeds). Although the 6MWT may be challenging to the cardiorespiratory system, it appears to be more strongly influenced by potential limits to walking speed rather than cardiorespiratory capacity. As a result, this test is not, by itself, an adequate measure of aerobic fitness early after stroke.
Ligand-Selective Interdomain Conformations of Estrogen Receptor-α
Authors: Padron Adrian , Li Li , Kofoed Eric M. , Schaufele Fred 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSelective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) inhibit estrogen activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) in some tissues but activate ER in other tissues. These tissue-selective actions suggest that SERMs may be identified with tissue specificities that would improve the safety of breast cancer and hormone replacement therapies. The identification of an improved SERM would be aided by understanding the effects of each SERM on the structure and interactions of ER. To date, the inability to obtain structures of the full-length ER has limited our structural characterization of SERM action to their antiestrogenic effects on the isolated ER ligand binding domain. We studied the effects of estradiol and the clinically useful SERMs 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant on the conformation of the full-length ERα dimer complex by comparing, in living human breast cancer cells, the amounts of energy transfer between fluorophores attached to different domains of ERα. Estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and fulvestrant all promoted the rapid formation of ERα dimers with equivalent interaction kinetics. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal ERα domains both contain activation functions differentially affected by these ligands, but the positions of only the carboxyl termini differed upon binding with estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, or fulvestrant. The association of a specific ERα dimer conformation with the binding of ligands of different clinical effect will assist the identification of a SERM with optimal tissue-selective estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. These studies also provide a roadmap for dissecting important structural and kinetic details for any protein complex from the quantitative analysis of energy transfer.
In Vivo Transcript Profiling and Phylogenetic Analysis Identifies Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2 as a Direct Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5b Target in Liver
Authors: Vidal Oscar M. , Merino Roxana , Rico-Bautista Elizabeth , Fernandez-Perez Leandro , Chia Dennis J. , Woelfle Joachim , Ono Mitsuru , Lenhard Boris , Norstedt Gunnar , Rotwein Peter , Flores-Morales Amilcar 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe GH-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is an essential regulator of somatic growth. The transcriptional response to STAT5b in liver is poorly understood. We have combined microarray-based expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis of gene regulatory regions to study the interplay between STAT5b and GH in the regulation of hepatic gene expression. The acute transcriptional response to GH in vivo after a single pulse of GH was studied in the liver of hypophysectomized rats in the presence of either constitutively active or a dominant-negative STAT5b delivered by adenoviral gene transfer. Genes showing differential expression in these two situations were analyzed for the presence of STAT5b binding sites in promoter and intronic regions that are phylogenetically conserved between rats and humans. Using this approach, we showed that most rapid transcriptional effects of GH in the liver are not results of direct actions of STAT5b. In addition, we identified novel STAT5b cis regulatory elements in genes such as Frizzled-4, epithelial membrane protein-1, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). Detailed analysis of SOCS2 promoter demonstrated its direct transcriptional regulation by STAT5b upon GH stimulation. A novel response element was identified within the first intron of the human SOCS2 gene composed of an E-box followed by tandem STAT5b binding sites, both of which are required for full GH responsiveness. In summary, we demonstrate the power of combining transcript profiling with phylogenetic sequence analysis to define novel regulatory paradigms.
The deaf :their education‐improvement of conditions‐ responsibilities and participation of the profession
Authors: Wright John Dutton 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aim of this department of THE LARYNGOSCOPE will be to bring to the notice of its readers from month to month, facts that may be helpful to physician and patient in dealing with the life‐problems involved In deafness. Suggestions from readers will be gladly received and all questions answered to the best of our ability.
Fractures of the mandible. An Analysis of 114 Cases with Observations on Treatment.
Authors: Hudson W. R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract1. A knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the mandible is necessary in understanding principles of treatment.2. A precise classification of the injury will aid in electing the treatment of choice.3. Many methods of treatment have been advocated; however, the majority of patients with fractures of the mandible can be satisfactorily treated utilizing the relatively simple techniques described.4. An analysis of 114 cases of mandibular fractures treated in an otolaryngology department has been presented. These data have been discussed in regard to the age, sex, etiology, fracture location and treatment method employed.
Removal of glomus jugulare tumor utilizing complete occlusion of the cerebral circulation.
Authors: Michelson Robin P. , Connolly John E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract1. The diagnostic features and natural course of glomus jugulare tumors are presented.2. The difficulties of operative removal are illustrated.3. The experimental background and clinical application of selective cerebral hypothermia are outlined.4. A case of recurrent glomus jugulare tumor without neurologic involvement is presented in which excision of the tumor was successfully performed during ten minutes of cerebral vascular occlusion provided by selective brain cooling.
Oncocytic neoplasms of salivary glands: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Johns Michael E. , Regezi Joseph A. , Batsakis John G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe oncocyte is a peculiar cell found in the aging parotid gland. A precise definition of oncocytic tumors is now available using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Oncocytic carcinomas are very rare; only a handful have been cited in the literature. This is the first description of the electron microscope features of oncocytic carcinomas we can find in the literature.The cells of these carcinomas are characterized by mitochondrial hyperplasia, pleomorphism and atypism. The cells contained few other sub‐cellular organelles and no myofilaments or glycogen as previously described in benign oncocytomas. In additon to these electron microscopic features, the clinical presentation, treatment, and biologic course of these three cases of oncocytic carcinoma and two cases of benign oncocytoma will be presented.
Tracheotomy in acute supraglottitis (epiglottitis) : The treatment of choice
Authors: Fearon Blair , Cinnamond Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe provocative title of this presentation has been chosen quite deliberately, knowing full well that the subject of management of patients with severe airway obstruction is a very controversial one. The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of all of the staff dealing with these problems at the Hospital for Sick Children.
Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Ryan Robert E. , Desanto Lawrence W. , Devine Kenneth D. , Weiland Louis H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVerrucous carcinoma, because of its oftentimes unusual clinical appearance, may be misdiagnosed if there is not good communication between the surgeon and the pathologist. We have reviewed our series of 20 cases of verrucous carcinoma from 1964 through 1974 and have analyzed the results of our therapy. We have concluded that verrucous carcinoma is a slow‐growing, locally invasive lesion that does not metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Radiation therapy does not seem to be an effective method of treatment; the recurrence rate is high. Conservative laryngeal surgery is the preferred method of treatment in these patients and should prevent loss of life and spare laryngeal function.
Conservation laryngeal surgery in the elderly patient
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the 100 years since Bilroth first undertook a total laryngectomy, general improvements in the prevention and management of childhood and adult disease have led to continuing increase in life expectancy to the point that, in many developed countries, 25% or more of the population is over the age of 65. Although many of these individuals are in otherwise reasonable health, major head and neck procedures are often not performed in favor of radiation therapy for cure, even for lesions that would otherwise be considered amenable to surgery in younger patients, on the grounds that the patient is too old to tolerate the necessary procedure. The same argument has been employed in favoring total laryngectomy over subtotal procedures in the older patient.Review of the author's experience (27 cases) with conservation laryngeal surgery in patients over the age of 65 at the time treatment was undertaken reveals that such procedures are well tolerated in this age group. There were no mortalities and an overall complication rate of 11.1% resulted. These findings compare favorably with complication rates reported for similar patients and surgery in the under 65 age group and strongly suggest that chronologic age alone need not be a contraindication to such surgery.
Transnasal microsurgical correction of choanal atresia
Authors: Caldarelli David D. , Friedberg Stanton A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExperience with the transnasal microsurgical correction of bilateral congenital choanal atresia is presented. Four case reports are presented to illustrate the advantages of this surgical approach utilizing standard otosurgical instruments and supplemental fiberoptic nasopharyngeal visualization.
An endoscopically‐introducible t‐tube for tracheal stenosis
Authors: Duvall Arndt J. , Bauer William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFive cases of tracheal stenosis are presented, and aspects of etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are discussed. A new soft, flexible T‐tube is described along with a method of endoscopic introduction. Although many patients with tracheal stenosis will eventually need tracheal reconstruction, stenting may be definitive in selected cases.
Surgical treatment of chronic suppurative parotitis. a critical review
Authors: Nichols Richard D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChronic suppurative parotitis, manifest by recurrent acute parotid enlargement and purulent sialorrhea, is usually seen with sialolithasis, sialectasis, or duct strictures. These conditions have a common pathophysiology, the predisposition to infection associated with fluid stasis.Chronic suppurative parotitis can usually be successfully treated with conservative mechanical and medical measures. Occasionally the disease is severe enough to require vigorous surgical treatment. Parotidectomy is currative and provides tissue to confirm the diagnosis. Because of concern about risk to the facial nerve in parotidectomy, tympanic neurectomy and parotid duct ligation—which theoretically cause atrophy of the gland by interruption of secretomotor nerves or pressure effects—are advocated as alternative treatment.Basic physiological and clinical studies do not confirm that tympanic neurectomy consistently interrupts all secretomotor nerves to the gland nor that parasympathetic denervation can induce complete atrophy of the gland. Studies of parotid duct ligation also do not conclusively demonstrate that this procedure will induce complete atrophy of the gland. There is a suggestion that it may have some role in protecting an already functionless gland from ascending infection.Published studies indicate that parotidectomy is the most effective treatment for this disease, and that the risk of permanent facial injury after the operation is slight.A review of 86 consecutive parotidectomies is reported. Fourteen of the surgical specimens showed inflammatory pathology and 6 of the patients had frank chronic suppurative parotitis preoperatively. The patients with chronic parotitis are asymptomatic 2 to 7 years after parotidectomy and there was no instance of permanent facial paresis after operations done for inflammatory disease.Parotidectomy is the treatment of choice for chronic suppurative parotitis when it is resistant to conservative measures. Operations such as tympanic neurectomy and parotid duct ligation, which approach the disease in an indirect manner, are not founded on carefully considered basic or clinical information and are of questionable effectiveness. The risk of permanent facial nerve paresis following parotidectomy for inflammatory disease is an important question. Our review indicates that the risk is well within acceptable limits.
Glomus intravagale
Authors: Conley John J. , Clairmont Albert A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGlomus intravagale (paraganglioma of the nodose ganglion and/or vagus nerve) is an unusual tumor. There are approximately 45 cases reported in the literature; the authors report four more cases. This tumor may be associated with other paragangliomas of the head and neck, such as carotid body tumors, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes, although the histology always appears benign.
“Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery — how i do it” protic duct transfer in xerophthalmia
Authors: Alonso William A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractXerophthalmia, or dry eye, is an old human affliction. Among the many causes are trachoma, surgical or traumatic destruction of the lacrimal gland, and paralysis of the greater superficial petrosal nerve after Bell's palsy or from the presence or removal of an intracranial posterior fossa tumor. The technique of parotid duct transfer is a well established effective means to rehabilitate the dry eye. A method of parotid duct transfer is described.