bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct synaptic contacts on the myenteric ganglia of the rat stomach from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
Authors: Hayakawa Tetsu , Kuwahara Sachi , Maeda Seishi , Tanaka Koichi , Seki Makoto 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe myenteric ganglia regulate not only gastric motility but also secretion, because a submucous plexus is sparsely developed in the rodent stomach. We have examined whether the neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) have direct synaptic contacts on the myenteric ganglia and the ultrastructure of the vagal efferent terminals by using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP). The myenteric ganglia of the rat were composed of four types of neurons, i.e., small, medium‐sized, large, and elongated neurons. The average numbers of axosomatic terminals per profile were 2.0 on the small neurons, 3.1 on the medium‐sized neurons, 1.2 on the large neurons, and 4.2 on the elongated neuron. More than half of the axosomatic terminals contained round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts on the small, medium‐sized, and large neurons. About 80% of the axosomatic terminals on the elongated neurons contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. When WGA‐HRP was injected into the DMV, many anterogradely labeled terminals were found around the myenteric neurons. The labeled terminals were large (3.16 ± 0.10 μm) and contacted exclusively the somata. Most of them (about 90%) contained round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. Serial ultrathin sections revealed that almost all neurons in a ganglion received projections from the DMV. The vagal axon terminals generally contacted the medium‐sized or the elongated neurons, whereas a few labeled terminals contacted the small and the large neurons. The present results indicate that the DMV projects to all types of neurons and that their axon terminals contain mostly round synaptic vesicles and form asymmetric synaptic contacts. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:352–362, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synapse loss from chronically elevated glucocorticoids: Relationship to neuropil volume and cell number in hippocampal area CA3
Authors: Tata Despina A. , Marciano Veronica A. , Anderson Brenda J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIndividuals with clinical disorders associated with elevated plasma glucocorticoids, such as major depressive disorder and Cushing's syndrome, are reported to have smaller hippocampal volume. To understand how the hippocampus responds at the cellular and subcellular levels to glucocorticoids and how such changes are related to volume measures, we have undertaken a comprehensive study of glucocorticoid effects on hippocampal CA3 volume and identified elements in the neuropil including astrocytic volume and cell and synapse number and size. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected with corticosterone (40 mg/kg), the primary glucocorticoid in rodents, or vehicle for 60 days. The CA3 was further subdivided so that the two‐thirds of CA3 (nearest the dentate gyrus) previously shown to be vulnerable to corticosterone could be analyzed as two separate subfields. Corticosterone had no effect on neuropil volume or glial volume in the proximal subfield but caused a strong tendency for astrocytic processes to make up a larger proportion of the tissue and for volume of tissue made of constituents other than glial cells (primarily neuronal processes) to be smaller in the middle subfield. Within the neuropil, there were no cellular or subcellular profiles that indicated degeneration, suggesting that corticosterone does not cause prolonged damage. Corticosterone did not reduce cell number or cell or nonperforated synapse size but did cause a pronounced loss of synapses. This loss occurred in both subfields and, therefore, was independent of volume loss. Together, the findings suggest that volume measures can underestimate corticosterone effects on neural structure. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:363–374, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anwendung von Spannverfahren nach ETAG 013
Authors: Hartz Uwe 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDas Vorspannen von Betontragwerken ist ein umfassender und anspruchsvoller Verfahrensablauf, der beginnend mit der Tragwerksplanung und der Auswahl eines geeigneten Spannverfahrens über die Vorfertigung und Lieferung auch die Montage, das Vorspannen und das Herstellen eines dauerhaften Korrosionsschutzes für das Spannglied einschließt. Nur durch das enge Zusammenwirken aller beteiligten Partner kann dieser Ablauf zu einem zufriedenstellenden Ergebnis geführt werden. Die Mitglieder der EOTA‐Working group zur Erarbeitung der Leitlinie für Spannverfahren waren sich darin einig, dass eine sichere und dauerhafte Vorspannung über die gesamte Lebensdauer von Tragwerken nur gew&�uml;hrleistet werden kann, wenn neben den Produkteigenschaften auch an die Anwendung des Spannverfahrens auf der Baustelle hohe Anforderungen gestellt werden, wobei dem Zulassungsinhaber und der ausführenden Spezialfirma aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung und Verantwortlichkeiten die entscheidende Rolle zukommt.
Genetic inducible fate mapping in mouse: Establishing genetic lineages and defining genetic neuroanatomy in the nervous system
Authors: Joyner Alexandra L. , Zervas Mark 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA fascinating aspect of developmental biology is how organs are assembled in three dimensions over time. Fundamental to understanding organogenesis is the ability to determine when and where specific cell types are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cells move to reside in their final position. Numerous methods have been developed to mark and follow the fate of cells in various model organisms used by developmental biologists, but most are not readily applicable to mouse embryos in utero because they involve physical marking of cells through injection of tracers. The advent of sophisticated transgenic and gene targeting techniques, combined with the use of site‐specific recombinases, has revolutionized fate mapping studies in mouse. Furthermore, using genetic fate mapping to mark cells has opened up the possibility of addressing fundamental questions that cannot be studied with traditional methods of fate mapping in other organisms. Specifically, genetic fate mapping allows both the relationship between embryonic gene expression and cell fate (genetic lineage) to be determined, as well as the link between gene expression domains and anatomy (genetic anatomy) to be established. In this review, we present the ever‐evolving development of genetic fate mapping techniques in mouse, especially the recent advance of Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping. We then review recent studies in the nervous system (focusing on the anterior hindbrain) as well as in the limb and with adult stem cells to highlight fundamental developmental processes that can be discovered using genetic fate mapping approaches. We end with a look toward the future at a powerful new approach that combines genetic fate mapping with cellular phenotyping alleles to study cell morphology, physiology, and function using examples from the nervous system. Developmental Dynamics 235:2376–2385, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Reagentless Tyrosinase Biosensor Based on 1,6‐Hexanedithiol and Nano‐Au Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Liu Zhimin , Liu Jia , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn amperometric tyrosinase biosensor was developed via a simple and effective immobilization method using the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) technique. The organic monolayer film was first formed by the spontaneous assembly of thiolor sulfur compound (1,6‐hexanedithiol, HDT) from solution onto gold electrode. When these thiol‐rich surfaces were exposed to Au colloid, the sulfurs form strong bonds to gold nanoparticles, anchoring the clusters to the electrode substrate. After the assembly of gold nanoparticles layer, a new nano‐Au surface was obtained. Thus, the tyrosinase could be immobilized onto the electrode. The tyrosinase retained its activity well in such an immobilization matrix. The various experimental variables for the enzyme electrode were optimized. The resulting biosensor can reach 95% of steady‐state current within 10 s, and the trend in the sensitivity of different phenolic compounds was as follows: catechol>phenol>p‐cresol. In addition, the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K$\rm{ {_{m}^{app}})}$ and the stability of the enzyme electrode were estimated.
An Aptamer‐Based Protein Biosensor by Detecting the Amplified Impedance Signal
Authors: Xu Ying , Yang Lin , Ye Xiaoyan , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA label‐free electrochemical impedance based protein biosensor was introduced by using aptamer as recognition tool. Our sensing protocol utilizes the affinity interaction between the thrombin and the self‐assembled DNA aptamer on gold electrode. This specific interaction increases the electrode interfacial electronic transfer resistance. The resistance signal is then “amplified” by using guanidine hydrochloride to denature the captured thrombin for increasing the hydrated radius of the thrombin, consequently blocking the electron transfer from solution to electrode. The sensor sensitivity is improved using this strategy and as low as 1.0×10−14 mol L−1 thrombin (enzymatic activity 10 U/mg) can be detected out.
Solvent‐Polymeric ISEs Tailored for Measurements in Solutions Containing Tetrabutylammonium, Cesium, and Calcium Ions
Authors: Grekovich Alexander L. , Alekseeva Maria V. , Schulze Klaus‐Dieter , Mikhelson Konstantin N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIon‐selective electrodes are described, with membranes tailored for measurements of tetrabutylammonium ions in aqueous and formamide solutions, and for measurements of cesium and calcium ions in the presence of tetrabutylammonium. It is shown that reliable measurements of cesium ions are possible when a correction is introduced for interference from tetrabutylammonium, using Nikolsky selectivity coefficient. A novel membrane composition is described which ensures high selectivity to calcium ions over tetrabutylammonium.
The dielectric behavior of outdoor high‐voltage polymeric insulation due to environmental aging
Authors: Ehsani M. , Bakhshandeh G. R. , Morshedian J. , Borsi H. , Gockenbach E. , Shayegani A. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMost of breakdowns are caused by aging effects of high‐voltage insulation used within these components, and there is still a need of suitable tools to diagnose such systems non‐destructively and reliably in the field. Several methods have been published in the last decade for which reliable diagnostics are claimed. One of these methods is based on changes of the dielectric properties of the insulation. Dielectric spectroscopy provides information on molecular dynamics and free charge carriers and it is sensitive to the insulation morphology, that is crystallinity, oxidation, additives, and impurities (ions and dipolar molecules). The measurement of dielectric constants and dielectric losses in frequency domain help to quantify the chemical and physical changes in the bulk of polymer due to aging. The results of frequency domain measurements in this contribution show that the effects of aging of insulators can be analyzed by this method. This paper demonstrates the use of a dielectric spectroscopy technique for monitoring the effect of different aging on silicone rubber, ethylene–propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and blend of silicone‐EPDM and new polymeric alloy. New polymeric alloy is found to be suitable for humid environment and shows good hydro‐thermal resistance compared to other polymers; also it is cheaper than other materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure: A questionable invasive surveillance
Authors: Bernuau Jacques , Durand François 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) in acute liver failure (ALF) is controversial as a result of the reported complication risk (approximately 20%) and limited therapeutic options for intracranial hypertension. Using prospectively collected information from 332 patients with ALF and severe encephalopathy, we evaluated a recent experience with ICP monitoring in the 24 centers constituting the U.S. ALF Study Group. Special attention was given to the rate of complications, changes in management, and outcome after liver transplantation (LT). ICP monitoring was used in 92 patients (28% of the cohort), but the frequency of monitoring differed between centers (P < .001). ICP monitoring was strongly associated with the indication of LT (P < .001). A survey performed in a subset of 58 patients with ICP monitoring revealed intracranial hemorrhage in 10.3% of the cohort, half of the complications being incidental radiological findings. However, intracranial bleeding could have contributed to the demise of 2 patients. In subjects listed for LT, ICP monitoring was associated with a higher proportion of subjects receiving vasopressors and ICP-related medications. The 30-day survival post-LT was similar in both monitored and nonmonitored groups (85% vs. 85%). In conclusion, the risk of intracranial hemorrhage following ICP monitoring may have decreased in the last decade, but major complications are still present. In the absence of ICP monitoring, however, patients listed for LT appear to be treated less aggressively for intracranial hypertension. In view of the high 30-day survival rate after LT, future studies of the impact of intracranial hypertension should also focus on long-term neurological recovery from ALF.
Structural controls on groundwater flow and groundwater salinity in the Spicers Creek catchment, Central West region, New South Wales
Authors: Morgan Karina , Jankowski Jerzy , Taylor Geoffrey 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSaline seepage zone development, and hence the onset of dryland salinity, is a major environmental problem occurring within the Spicers Creek catchment. The primary objective of this paper was to identify previously unmapped faults and show the correlation between these faults and groundwater salinization. As identified from this study, there is a close association between geological structural features and the formation of saline seepage zones. The most saline groundwaters in the catchment were encountered where two geological structures join and form a fault intersection. These saline groundwaters are found at various depths within the fractured aquifers, and changes in groundwater chemistry in the aquifers are associated with the presence of fault zones. 18O and δ2H stable isotopes, together with 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios, indicate that groundwaters within the fault zones are enriched in 18O and have a strontium signature similar to seawater. This study identifies several geological structures in the Spicers Creek catchment and demonstrates that groundwaters with the highest salinity arise where fault intersections occur. The results of this study may be used to interpret further the mechanisms leading to seepage zone formation in dryland salinity‐affected catchments located throughout the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Indicator Systems in Floodplains – a Review
Authors: Dziock Frank , Henle Klaus , Foeckler Francis , Follner Klaus , Scholz Mathias 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBased on a literature review, the different approaches to biological indicator systems in floodplains are summarised. Four general categories of bioindication are defined and proposed here: 1. Classification indicators, 2.1 Environmental indicators, 2.2 Biodiversity indicators, 3. Valuation indicators. Furthermore, existing approaches in floodplains are classified according to the four categories. Relevant and widely used approaches in floodplains are explained in more detail. The results of the RIVA project are put into the context of these indication approaches. It is concluded that especially functional assessment approaches using biological traits of the species can be seen as very promising and deserve more attention by conservation biologists and floodplain ecologists. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Life‐History Data in Bioindication Procedures, Using the Example of Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in the Elbe Floodplain
Authors: Dziock Frank 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis is the first study to relate syrphid life history traits to environmental variables with a multi‐trait approach. We aimed to answer two questions: 1. Do syrphid species respond to small scale changes in environmental variables in seasonally flooded grasslands in a Central European floodplain (Elbe)? 2. Can species response to environmental variables be explained by the biological characteristics of the species expressed by their life history traits? Despite their large mobility, syrphids did respond significantly to small scale changes in environmental variables (groundwater (GW) depth, cation exchange capacity, amplitude of variation of the GW‐depth). On the other hand, the biological traits of the syrphids did not sufficiently explain syrphid occurrence at the sites. Possible explanations are discussed and an outlook for further studies is given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Performance of Plants, Molluscs, and Carabid Beetles as Indicators of Hydrological Conditions in Floodplain Grasslands
Authors: Follner Klaus , Henle Klaus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFloodplain systems are among the most complex ecosystems. To assess their ecological condition, several indicator systems have been developed. However, none of them quantifies environmental factors related to the dynamics of water levels, which is a major driver for the occurrence and distribution of species in floodplains. We present a new bioindicator system for the duration of inundation per year and mean depth of groundwater during the vegetation period. The new indicator system is based on carabid beetles, molluscs, and plants. The indicator system generally proved to be precise as well as temporally and spatially transferable within the same river system, the Elbe River in Germany. The indication based on plants was clearly most precise and transferable. The results are discussed in terms of application of the indicator system. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in human blood after in vitro treatment with chlorpyrifos, and its metabolites, in combination with endotoxin LPS and allergen Der p1
Authors: Duramad Paurene , Tager Ira B. , Leikauf John , Eskenazi Brenda , Holland Nina T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been associated with respiratory symptoms and may be related to asthma; however, few studies have examined the molecular basis for these associations. Asthma and allergic disorders are characterized by elevated Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13), whereas the chronic inflammatory response in asthmatic airways is maintained by Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ. The goal of this in vitro study was to examine the effects of OP chlorpyrifos (CPF), and its metabolites chlorpyrifos‐oxon (CPO) and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCP), singly, and in combination with endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p1) allergen, on expression of IFN‐γ and IL‐4, Th1 and Th2 signature cytokines, respectively. Cytokine expression was measured by ELISA and flow cytometry. Human blood cultures were treated with CPF/CPO/TCP (1–1000 µg ml−1) and LPS (1.5–2.5 µg ml−1) or Der p1 (200 AU ml−1) and supernatants were collected at 48 h. Pesticides CPF, CPO and TCP did not induce cytokine expression in vitro, while LPS and Der p1 induced IFN‐γ and IL‐4 expression, respectively. Whole blood cultures treated with low doses of CPO (1 and 10 µg ml−1), in combination with LPS, expressed higher levels of IFN‐γ than LPS alone (P < 0.05). While CPO increased LPS‐dependent induction of IFN‐γ, CPO treatment did not alter Der p1 induction of IL‐4. The interaction between CPO and LPS, which results in an increased type 1 immune response, should be investigated further, particularly since the combination of OP pesticides and endotoxin is common in rural, agricultural communities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization and characterization of γ‐aminobutyric acid on gold surface
Authors: Wang Tingting , Ehteshami Gholam , Massia Stephen , Muthuswamy Jit 
Published: July 2006

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of two main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system that plays an important role in neuronal function and dysfunction. Immobilization of GABA molecules on a rigid surface in an ordered fashion will provide an opportunity to understand some of the fundamental properties related to its structure and function. In this study, we report a novel strategy for immobilization of bioactive GABA on gold substrate. GABA was immobilized in three consecutive steps, namely gold substrate amination, dextran covalent attachment, and GABA immobilization. Surface chemistry was verified at each step using XPS and FTIR. Bioactivity of GABA immobilized on the gold surface was studied using atomic force microscopy to reveal antigen‐antibody binding. Nonspecific protein adsorption on the bioactive surface was analyzed quantitatively using anti‐GABA antibody and an enzyme linked nonspecific anti‐immunoglobulin‐G antibody in an ELISA assay. GABA functionalized surface has high affinity for anti‐GABA, while showing significantly low affinity for nonspecific anti‐IgG antibody. All these data support the presence of a bio‐functional immobilized GABA on the gold surface. In conclusion, we report a novel technique for immobilizing bioactive GABA molecules in an orderly fashion on gold substrates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Biocompatibility of poly(ether)urethane‐gold nanocomposites
Authors: Hsu Shan‐hui , Tang Cheng‐Ming , Tseng Hsiang‐Jung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have prepared the nanocomposites of a polyether‐type waterborne polyurethane (PU) incorporated with different amounts (17.4–174 ppm) of gold (Au) nanoparticles (∼5 nm). The nanocomposite containing a certain amount (43.5 ppm) of gold was previously demonstrated to possess the optimal thermal and mechanical properties, as well as much reduced foreign body reactions in subcutaneous rats. In this study, the surface morphology, biocompatibility, oxidative degradation, and free radical scavenging ability of the nanocomposites were characterized in vitro. The nanocomposite at 43.5 ppm of gold (“PU‐Au 43.5 ppm”) exhibited different surface morphology confirmed by the atomic force microscope. PU‐Au 43.5 ppm also showed enhanced cellular proliferation, reduced platelet and monocyte activation, and much less bacterial adhesion, relative to PU alone or nanocomposites at the other Au contents, in general. This better biocompatibility was associated with the surface morphological change in the presence of Au. The oxidative degradation in PU‐Au 43.5 ppm was also inhibited. The increased oxidative stability corresponded to the greater free radical scavenging ability of the nanocomposites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006