bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geological framework of the Sellafield area and its relationship to hydrogeology
Authors: Michie Uisdean 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Sellafield area lies over the transitional zone between the western margin of the Lake District Massif, of Lower Palaeozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, and the East Irish Sea Basin of younger sedimentary rocks. This paper sets out the general geological framework, and includes aspects such as the structural evolution, sedimentary history, rock properties and fault and fracture characteristics. From this framework, hydrogeological units are identified and linked to hydrogeological parameters as the basis for general hydrogeological models of the Sellafield area. Site specific models of groundwater flow through and around the potential location of an underground repository for radioactive waste are being developed on the basis of detailed characterization of the rock mass. In particular, geological and geophysical methods are applied to improve understanding of groundwater flow and to develop hydrogeological models integrated with the local geological framework.
Hydrogeological testing in the Sellafield area
Authors: Sutton J. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A summary of the hydrogeological test methodologies employed in the Sellafield geological investigations is provided in order that an objective appraisal of the quality of the data can be formed. A brief presentation of some of these data illustrates the corroborative nature of different test and measurement methodologies and provides a preliminary view of the results obtained.
The programme of hydrogeological testing is an evolving one and methodologies are developing as work proceeds and targets become more clearly defined. As the testing focused on relatively low permeability rocks at depth, the approach to testing differs slightly from conventional hydrogeological well testing and makes extensive use of oilfield technology.
Groundwater chemistry in the Sellafield area: a preliminary interpretation
Authors: Bath, A. H. , McCartney, R. A. , Richards, H. G. , Metcalfe R. , Crawford M. B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Hydrochemical investigations form an important part of the Nirex Site Characterization Programme at Sellafield. They support the development of a conceptual hydrogeological model of the area as it is now, are the main basis for reconstructing the palaeohydrogeological evolution of the area over the recent geological past (which will assist predictions of future evolution) and allow characterization of the baseline hydrochemical conditions in the potential repository rock volume. The deep hydrochemistry of the area of interest is dominated by its location on the margin of the East Irish Sea Basin. To the west of the potential repository zone, the influence of basinal brines has been a feature of the deep sedimentary rocks and the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) basement for a considerable period of geological time. The brines currently present are inferred to be the result of partial dissolution of Permo-Triassic halite by ancient (probably pre-Pleistocene) meteoric recharge. Within the BVG of the potential repository zone itself, stable isotopic data and estimates of recharge temperature (based on noble gas data) indicate a predominance of old meteoric recharge (probably Pleistocene). These groundwaters are moderately saline and of NaC1 type. Br/CI ratios suggest that a significant component of this salinity is derived from a putative saline groundwater within the Lake District basement further to the east. The BVG within the potential repository zone is overlain by a Permo-Triassic sedimentary sequence containing fresh groundwaters of Ca-HCO
3
type, which are separated from the underlying saline groundwaters by a fairly sharp salinity transition near the base of the sedimentary formations and locally within the topmost part of the BVG.
Conceptual model of the hydrogeology of Sellafield
Authors: Black J. H. , Brightman M. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Understanding the abundant data from site investigations at Sellafield is considerably aided by having a conceptual model of the groundwater flow system. It also forms the basis for numerical modelling. The idea of conceptual models is explained. In general, a conceptual model identifies the process or processes which cause groundwater movement together with the major limits and boundaries on those processes. The conceptual model for Sellafield is based on processes associated with the Irish Sea Basin competing with the present-day landbased freshwater system. The conceptual model is described in terms of three regimes: the Irish Sea Basin, the Coastal Plain, and the Hills and Basement. The Irish Sea Basin Regime is dominated by basinal processes and contains evaporite-derived brines. The Coastal Plain Regime is a topographically driven system containing freshwater within transmissive sandstones. The Hills and Basement Regime is a transitional regime containing mixed brines and freshwater, driven by gravity near surface and in dynamic equilibrium at depth.
Comparing the conceptual model against measured values of groundwater head and chemistry indicates broad agreement. Closer examination shows the value of understanding and measuring the interfaces between the regimes. Numerical modelling of the system is still at an early stage.
The geology and hydrogeology of the Sellafield area: development of the way forward
Authors: Littleboy Anna 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper summarizes the way in which Nirex has used knowledge of the Sellafield site gained through experience to establish a forward strategic programme of work. The use of iteration between data collection and model refinement in order to ensure the programme remains focused on key uncertainties is discussed. These iterations are described as cycles of site characterization.
A broad framework for site characterization activities is discussed, which identifies the work under three broad headings; potential repository zone (PRZ) studies, regional studies and hydrochemical studies. Work performed under previous cycles of site characterization is summarized and activities planned for the next cycle of site characterization are presented. These are placed in context with the uncertainty which they are designed to address.
The paper concludes by restating the need for the programme of site characterization undertaken by Nirex to be flexible, and to evolve as necessary to ensure new understanding is accommodated, and used to redefine strategy on a regular basis.
A review of the hydrogeological studies for the Cardiff Bay Barrage
Authors: Edwards R. J. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Plans to construct a barrage across the entrance to Cardiff Bay on the South Wales coast were evolved by the Welsh Office in 1986 in parallel with proposals to establish an Urban Development Corporation to redevelop 1080 hectares of derelict land in South Cardiff. The proposed barrage which is 1.4 kilometres in length will cut the bay off from the adjacent Severn Estuary.
The project was first promoted in 1987 necessitating a Parliamentary Bill to permit its construction in tidal waters. Since the first private Bill was introduced in November 1987 there has been concerted opposition to the proposals, in the main due to the inundation of a winter feeding ground for wading birds (protected SSSI), concerns over water quality and flooding, and fears of a catastrophic rise in groundwater level as a result of the impoundment and the impact of such a rise on the infrastructure of the city.
This paper reviews the work undertaken to assess the impact of the impoundment on the existing groundwater regime as presented to the various Parliamentary Committees and to the public.
Cardiff Bay Barrage: investigating groundwater control in a tidal aquifer
Authors: Heathcote J. A. , Lewis R. T. , Russell D. I. , Soley R. W. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Cardiff Bay Barrage Act requires any impact caused by groundwater rise as a consequence of the construction of the Barrage to be remedied. A possible strategy is to control groundwater levels, obviating any rise. Such control would require groundwater abstraction adjacent to rivers which are presently strongly tidal. This strong tidal fluctuation makes difficult the measurement of parameters needed for the design of the scheme.
Two multi-well pumping tests were performed during feasibility investigations. One of these is described, together with two different approaches to interpreting the strongly tidally affected results--a correlation method and a spectral analysis method. Similar results are obtained from both methods, which are compatible with the other results, although both methods are found to have limitations.
The results are then used to constrain analytic and numerical models of the interaction with the rivers, and to assess the feasibility of future groundwater control.
Possible effects of rising groundwater levels on a gasworks site: a case study from Cardiff Bay, UK
Authors: Thomas B. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The impoundment of the Taft and Ely rivers by Cardiff Bay Barrage will cause a groundwater level rise of varying amounts within South Cardiff, including the Grangetown Gasworks site. Concern regarding the contamination risk to groundwaters and surface water at and in the vicinity of the gasworks site, resulting from a change in groundwater levels due to the barrage impoundment, resulted in the need for further site investigation to provide more precise information for hydrogeological analysis. This paper outlines the site investigation and groundwater studies undertaken, identifies the existing pollution and contamination hazards at the site and evaluates the subsequent risk resulting from an increase in groundwater levels.
Radon investigations for tunnelling projects: a case study from St Helier, Jersey
Authors: Talbot D. K. , Hodkin D. L. , Ball T. K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In St Helier, Jersey, a surface water link and storage cavern are being constructed to alleviate surcharging of the town's sewerage system during periods of high rainfall. Foul sewers will discharge a stormwater/sewage mix into a 25 000 m3 cavern for temporary storage. The cavern will be emptied by pumping to a treatment works at a regulated rate.
As part of the site investigation for the work, an assessment of the levels of radon likely to be encountered during the construction and operation of the cavern was undertaken. Samples of borehole core were analysed in the laboratory to obtain values of radon emanation per unit surface area. These were then combined with design data to estimate radon concentrations in the void.
The method described provides a simple and effective way of assessing radon contamination at the site investigation phase of a project, enabling protection measures to be incorporated into the design at an early stage, so minimizing the exposure of staff to potential harmful levels of radon during both construction and operation.
The public health implications of microbiological contamination of groundwater
Authors: Pedley Stephen , Howard Guy 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The microbiological contamination of groundwater has profound and severe implications for public health, particularly in small communities and developing countries where groundwater is often the preferred source of drinking water. Although natural groundwater is usually of good quality, this can deteriorate rapidly due to inadequate source protection and poor resource management. Contaminated groundwater can contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates from diarrhoeal diseases and sometimes lead to epidemics. The disposal of excreta using land-based systems is a key issue for groundwater quality and public health protection. The use of inappropriate water supply and sanitation technologies in peri-urban areas leads to severe and long-term public health risks. The use of poorly constructed sewage treatment works and land application of sewage can lead to groundwater contamination close to water supply sources. Microbiological, in particular virus survival in these circumstances is not well understood, but there are indications of extended pathogen survival and therefore increased public health risk.
Genetic Variation of Serotonin Function and Cognitive Control
Authors: Strobel Alexander , Dreisbach Gesine , Müller Johannes , Goschke Thomas , Brocke Burkhard , Lesch Klaus-Peter 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that serotonin plays a pivotal role in the modulation of anxiety- and depression-related personality traits as well as in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders and depression, the role of serotonin in cognition is less clear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of serotonin in cognitive behaviors by examining the impact of genetic variation in key regulators of serotonergic neurotransmission on behavioral measures in a cognitive control task. Eighty-five healthy participants performed a cued continuous performance task (the AX Continuous Performance Task [AXCPT]) and were genotyped for polymorphisms in the transcriptional control regions of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2 G-703T; rs4570625) and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). The core result was that individuals lacking the rare TPH2 T allele were not faster than T allele carriers, but committed fewer errors and were less variable in responding. These findings parallel those of a recent study where an enhancement of executive control in individuals without the rare TPH2 T/T genotype was observed. Together with recent evidence that individuals without the T allele exhibit higher scores in anxiety- and depression-related personality traits, our results underscore the role of the TPH2 G-703T polymorphism in the modulation of behavior and raise the intriguing possibility that genetic variants associated with higher negative emotionality may have beneficial effects on some cognitive functions.
The Costs of Emotional Attention: Affective Processing Inhibits Subsequent Lexico-semantic Analysis
Authors: Ihssen Niklas , Heim Sabine , Keil Andreas 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The human brain has evolved to process motivationally relevant information in an optimized manner. The perceptual benefit for emotionally arousing material, termed motivated attention, is indexed by electrocortical amplification at various levels of stimulus analysis. An outstanding issue, particularly on a neuronal level, refers to whether and how perceptual enhancement for arousing signals translates into modified processing of information presented in temporal or spatial proximity to the affective cue. The present studies aimed to examine facilitation and interference effects of task-irrelevant emotional pictures on subsequent word identification. In the context of forced-choice lexical decision tasks, pictures varying in hedonic valence and emotional arousal preceded word/ pseudoword targets. Across measures and experiments, high-arousing compared to low-arousing pictures were associated with impaired processing of word targets. Arousing pleasant and unpleasant pictures prolonged word reaction times irrespective of stimulus-onset asynchrony (80 msec, 200 msec, 440 msec) and salient semantic category differences (e.g., erotica vs. mutilation pictures). On a neuronal level, interference was reflected in reduced N1 responses (204–264 msec) to both target types. Paralleling behavioral effects, suppression of the late positivity (404–704 msec) was more pronounced for word compared to pseudoword targets. Regional source modeling indicated that early reduction effects originated from inhibited cortical activity in posterior areas of the left inferior temporal cortex associated with orthographic processing. Modeling of later reduction effects argues for interference in distributed semantic networks comprising left anterior temporal and parietal sources. Thus, affective processing interferes with subsequent lexico-semantic analysis along the ventral stream.
The Cerebellum Mediates Conflict Resolution
Authors: Schweizer Tom A. , Oriet Chris , Meiran Nachshon , Alexander Michael P. , Cusimano Michael , Stuss Donald T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Regions within the frontal and parietal cortex have been implicated as important neural correlates for cognitive control during conflict resolution. Despite the extensive reciprocal connectivity between the cerebellum and these putatively critical cortical areas, a role for the cerebellum in conflict resolution has never been identified. We used a task-switching paradigm that separates processes related to task-set switching and the management of response conflict independent of motor processing. Eleven patients with chronic, focal lesions to the cerebellum and 11 healthy controls were compared. Patients were slower and less accurate in conditions involving conflict resolution. In the absence of response conflict, however, tasks-witching abilities were not impaired in our patients. The cerebellum may play an important role in coordinating with other areas of cortex to modulate active response states. These results are the first demonstration of impaired conflict resolution following cerebellar lesions in the presence of an intact prefrontal cortex.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Both Perceptual and Postperceptual Selection during the Attentional Blink
Authors: Giesbrecht Barry , Sy Jocelyn L. , Elliott James C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
When two masked targets are presented in rapid succession, correct identification of the first target (T1) leads to a dramatic impairment in identification of the second target (T2). Several studies of this so-called attentional blink (AB) phenomenon have provided behavioral and physiological evidence that T2 is processed to the semantic level, despite the profound impairment in T2 report. These findings have been interpreted as an example of perception without awareness and have been explained by models that assume that T2 is processed extensively even though it does not gain access into consciousness. The present study reports two experiments that test this assumption. In Experiment 1, the perceptual load of the T1 task was manipulated and T2 was a word that was either related or unrelated to a context word presented at the beginning of each trial. The event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to isolate the context-sensitive N400 component evoked by the T2 word. The ERP data revealed that there was a complete suppression of the N400 during the AB when the perceptual load was high, but not when perceptual load was low. Experiment 2 replicated the high-load condition of Experiment 1 while ruling out two alternative explanations for the reduction of the N400 during the AB. The results of both experiments demonstrate that word meanings are not always accessed during the AB and are consistent with studies that suggest that attention can act to select information at multiple stages of processing depending on concurrent task demands.
Lateral Inferotemporal Cortex Maintains Conceptual—Semantic Representations in Verbal Working Memory
Authors: Fiebach Christian J. , Friederici Angela D. , Smith Edward E. , Swinney David 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Verbal working memory, that is, the temporary maintenance of linguistic information in an activated state, is typically assumed to rely on phonological representations. Recent evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological studies, however, suggests that conceptual-semantic representations may also be maintained in an activated state. We developed a new semantic working memory task that involves the maintenance of a novel conceptual combination. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during the maintenance of conceptual combinations, relative to an item recognition task without the possibility of conceptual combination, demonstrate increased activation in the posterior left middle and inferior temporal gyri (known to be involved in conceptual representations) and left inferior frontal gyrus (known to be involved in semantic control processes). We suggest that this temporo-frontal system supports maintenance of conceptual information in working memory, with the frontal regions controlling the sustained activation of heteromodal conceptual representations in the inferior temporal cortex.
Evidence for Attentional Gradient in the Serial Position Memory Curve from Event-related Potentials
Authors: Azizian Allen , Polich John 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The occurrence of primacy versus recency effects in free recall is suggested to reflect either two distinct memory systems, or the operation of a single system that is modulated by allocation of attention and less vulnerable to interference. Behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERPs) measures were used to investigate the encoding substrates of the serial position curve and subsequent recall in young adults. Participants were instructed to remember lists of words consisting of 12 common nouns each presented once every 1.5 sec, with a recall signal following the last word to indicate that all remembered items should be written on paper. This procedure was repeated for 20 different word lists. Both performance and late ERP amplitudes reflected classic recall serial position effects. Greater recall and larger late positive component amplitudes were obtained for the primacy and recency items, with less recall and smaller amplitudes for the middle words. The late positive component was larger for recalled compared to unrecalled primacy items, but it did not differ between memory performance outcomes for the recency items. The close relationship between the enhanced amplitude and primacy retrieval supports the view that this positive component reflects one of a process series related to attentional gradient and encoding of events for storage in memory. Recency effects appear to index operations determined by the anticipation of the last stimulus presentation, which occurred for both recalled and unrecalled memory items. Theoretical implications are discussed.
The content and interactivity of health support group websites
Authors: Harrison Sandra , Barlow Julie , Williams Gareth 
Published: November 2007

Objective To assess the online contents and interactivity provided by health support group (HSG) websites representing a range of chronic diseases. Design Survey of 80 HSG websites. Method A checklist of website content was developed rating the level of information and advice, interactivity and online support provided by each HSG website. Each website was examined page by page using the checklist. A comparison of website characteristics by HSG income was made. Results Information and advice: 97.5 per cent provided medical information and most provided some form of advice, especially about treatment (88.1 per cent); 93.75 per cent provided non-medical information with news items (77.5 per cent) and an events diary (61.3 per cent). Interactivity: all but one website had some form of interactivity but more complex content functions were less frequently present (e.g. self-evaluation questionnaire, 18.8 per cent) and tended to be restricted to larger HSGs. Online support: 52.5 per cent of websites offered a discussion forum and 63.8 per cent a helpline. Few websites (36.3 per cent) provided the date of the last update and where displayed it tended to be out of date (4.1 months). Accessibility for users with disabilities was limited with just 16.3 per cent offering manual adjustment of the website display. Conclusion While HSGs are providing useful information and support, most are not yet exploiting the full potential of a website, with the interactive elements on these sites still in their infancy and not being regularly up-dated.