bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faiths, Fortunes and Feminine Duty: Charity in Parisian High Society 1880–1914
Authors: MACKNIGHT ELIZABETH C. 
Published: July 2007

On 4 May 1897 more than a hundred Parisians – mostly women of high society – perished in the Charity Bazaar fire. The records of this terrible accident reveal much about the charitable practices of the nobility in France of the Third Republic. This article explores the place of religion in upper-class charity within the context of republican anticlericalism. It focuses especially on issues of inter-faith collaboration and the role of aristocratic women in supporting the work of the Catholic Church.
Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India
Authors: HALL-MATTHEWS DAVID 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFrom the 1870s onwards, debates about famine policy were central to both colonial and nationalist conceptions of the role, effectiveness and legitimacy of the state in India. Although opinions on how best to relieve famines varied, ideological opposition to a narrow laissez-faire paradigm was given short shrift in the years preceding the formulation of the Indian Famine Codes. However, specific empirical critiques of the making and implementing of famine policy were more effective. This article explores the ways in which such challenges put scientific and statistical experts within the colonial edifice at odds with those at the top of the political hierarchy, focusing on disputes over relief wages and famine mortality calculations between Sir Richard Temple and Surgeon-Major W. R. Cornish. It further examines how proto-nationalist groups and newspapers seized on the value given to statistics by the state to hold it to account for its failure to relieve famine.
Islamic Reform and Modernities in South Asia
Authors: ROBINSON FRANCIS 
Published: July 2007

From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the West, it has meant attempts to reshape Islamic knowledge and institutions in the light of Western models, a process described as Islamic modernism. Amongst ‘ulama and sufis, whose social base might lie in urban, commercial or tribal communities, it has meant ‘the reorganisation of communities . . . [or] the reform of individual behavior in terms of fundamental religious principles’, a development known as reformism. These processes have been expressed in movements as different as the Iranian constitutional revolution, thejihadsof West Africa, and the great drives to spread reformed Islamic knowledge in India and Indonesia. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process of renewal mutated to develop a new strand, which claimed that revelation had the right to control all human experiences and that state power must be sought to achieve this end. This is known to many as Islamic fundamentalism, but is usually better understood as Islamism. For the majority of Muslims today, Islamic renewal in some shape or other has helped to mould the inner and outer realities of their lives.
Organising the Old: Senior Authority and the Political Significance of a Rural Chinese ‘Non-Governmental Organisation’
Authors: HALSKOV HANSEN METTE 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article argues that villagers' weakened trust in local governments has caused the officials to develop new strategies to cooperate with people and groups who enjoy traditional forms of authority. More specifically, the article shows how the officially establishedOld People' Associationsin some areas have gained political influence far beyond what their official status as an “NGO” (minjian zuzhzi) would warrant. Villages of Fujian have a long history of being organised around patrilinear lineage organisations, and especially the older men still enjoys authority among the population. Local authorities, as well as business people, are therefore actively trying to engage and mobilise this traditional senior authority for their own political and economic purposes, thereby creating new relations of local power.
‘First Our Jobs Then Our Girls’: The Dominant Caste Perceptions on the ‘Rising’ Dalits
Authors: CHOWDHRY PREM 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the post-colonial shifting of material, legal and ideological bases, some of the given patterns of relationships between individuals and caste groups have changed and weakened because of the introduction of new, parallel and alternative structures of relationships. This change has left the dominant caste groups feeling palpably insecure in relation to the dalits. While delineating this relationship, this article seeks to argue that the cases of dalit and dominant/upper caste members' elopement and marriage represent a high point in the ongoing conflictual relationship between them, as these are viewed as forms of dalit assertion. Although many caste groups and communities are involved in inter-caste marriages and associations that defy customary norms and caste practices and have no social acceptance, it is in relation to a dalit and non-dalit association or marriage that certain aspects, which impinge on wider issues, come to the surface more pronouncedly. For the dominant caste groups such associations remain the most viable and potent issues to garner a wider collective support, cutting across class/caste/community and age divides. These cases are selectively made a public spectacle by the dominant caste groups to settle wider issues at stake verging on contemporary political and economic interests.
Dactylogyrusspecies parasitizing EuropeanBarbusspecies: morphometric and molecular variability
Authors: ŠIMKOVÁ A. , PEČÍNKOVÁ M. , ŘEHULKOVÁ E. , VYSKOČILOVÁ M. , ONDRAČKOVÁ M. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe aims of the study were (1) to describe theDactylogyruscommunities living on selected South EuropeanBarbusspecies, (2) to analyse morphometric variability of their attachment and reproductive organs, and (3) to perform molecular phylogenetic analyses, in order to investigate the mode of speciation inDactylogyrusspecies parasitizing congeneric hosts. In Bulgaria,Dactylogyrus crivellius,D. dykiandD. petenyiwere found onB. balcanicus, andD. dykionB. cyclolepis. In Spain,Dactylogyrus carpathicusandD. dykiwere detected onB. meridionalis. Morphometric analyses ofD. dykirevealed significant differences in the attachment and reproductive organs when individuals from differentBarbusspecies were compared. Two monophyletic groups were recognized from the molecular phylogenetic analyses: the first includedD. carpathicusandD. crivelliuswhich have large body size and anchors, with a weakly supported basal position ofD. malleusfromB. barbus; the second includedD. dykiandD. petenyiwhich have small body and anchor sizes. The comparison of host and parasite phylogenies did not indicate the intrahost speciation. Intraspecific molecular variability was found between individuals ofD. dykiandD. carpathicusfrom differentBarbusspecies, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision for these species.
Myxozoan transmission via actinospores: new insights into mechanisms and adaptations for host invasion
Authors: KALLERT D. M. , PONADER S. , ESZTERBAUER E. , EL-MATBOULI M. , HAAS W. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYVarious mechanisms that enable and improve transmission success of myxozoan actinospore stages towards fish hosts are described, based upon a combination of experimental data and functional analysis of morphological characters. For this purpose, laboratory-reared actinospores ofMyxobolus cerebralis,Myxobolus parviformis,Henneguya nuessliniandMyxobolus pseudodisparwere employed to exemplarily investigate aspects of host attachment and invasion. The process of polar filament discharge ofM. cerebralisactinospores was analysed, showing that full discharge occurs in less than 10 msec. Additionally, a mechanism that rapidly contracts the discharged filament after discharge is described for the first time. Its purpose is most likely to bring the actinospore apex rapidly into intimate contact with the surface of the host. UnlikeM. cerebralis,M. parviformisactinospores did not discharge polar filaments after mechanical and chemical stimulation, suggesting a different mode of triggering. ForH. nuessliniactinospores, experimental results indicated that polar filament discharge is independent of external calcium-ion concentration but is influenced by osmolality. After attachment of an actinospore and prior to penetration into the host, an ensheathed unit (‘endospore’), containing the sporoplasm, was emitted from the valves in a manner which varied from species to species. Experimentally induced sporoplasm emission was time-dependent and was found to be independent of polar filament discharge inH. nuesslini. Remarkably, it could be concluded that the sporoplasm is able to recognize host-stimuli while still within the intact spore. An updated summary of the sequential course of events during host recognition and invasion by actinospores is given.
Minor physical anomalies in patients with first-episode psychosis: their frequency and diagnostic specificity
Authors: Lloyd T. , Dazzan P. , Dean K. , Park S. B. G. , Fearon P. , Doody G. A. , Tarrant J. , Morgan K. D. , Morgan C. , Hutchinson G. , Leff J. , Harrison G. , Murray R. M. , Jones P. B. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundAn increased prevalence of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) has been extensively documented in schizophrenia but their specificity for the disorder remains unclear. We investigated the prevalence and the predictive power of MPAs in a large sample of first-episode psychotic patients across a range of diagnoses.MethodMPAs were examined in 242 subjects with first-episode psychosis (50% schizophrenia, 45% affective psychosis and 5% substance-induced psychosis) and 158 healthy controls. Categorical principal components analysis and analysis of variance were undertaken, and individual items with the highest loading were tested using the χ2 test.ResultsOverall facial asymmetry, assymetry of the orbital landmarks, and frankfurt horizontal significantly differentiated patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis from controls, as did a ‘V-shaped’ palate, reduced palatal ridges, abnormality of the left ear surface and the shape of the left and right ears. Patients with affective psychosis had significantly lowered eye fissures compared with control subjects.ConclusionsMPAs are not specific to schizophrenia, suggesting a common developmental pathway for non-affective and affective psychoses. The topographical distribution of MPAs in this study is suggestive of an insult occurring during organogenesis in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Goscelin and the consecration of Eve
Authors: O'Keeffe Katherine O'Brien 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article rethinks the current assessment of the relationship between Goscelin of Saint-Bertin and his one time pupil Eve of Wilton, suggesting that the difference in their ages was less than André Wilmart assumed and that Eve was not an oblate of Wilton but a girl entrusted to the convent for education and safe-keeping. Drawing on the liturgical evidence for consecrations in Anglo-Saxon England and on the rhetoric of Goscelin's Liber confortatorius the article argues that Goscelin describes Eve's consecration (not oblation as Wilmart and others assume) and suggests a date around 1078 for the ritual. An appendix follows detailing surviving manuscript evidence for the consecration of nuns in Anglo-Saxon England.
A large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Pamplona, Spain: early detection, rapid control and no case fatality
Authors: CASTILLA J. , BARRICARTE A. , ALDAZ J. , GARCÍA CENOZ M. , FERRER T. , PELAZ C. , PINEDA S. , BALADRÓN B. , MARTÍN I. , GOÑI B. , ARATAJO P. , CHAMORRO J. , LAMEIRO F. , TORROBA L. , DORRONSORO I. , MARTÍNEZ-ARTOLA V. , ESPARZA M. J. , GASTAMINZA M. A. , FRAILE P. , ALDAZ P. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYAn outbreak of Legionnaire's disease was detected in Pamplona, Spain, on 1 June 2006. Patients with pneumonia were tested to detectLegionella pneumophilaantigen in urine (Binax Now; Binax Inc., Scarborough, ME, USA), and all 146 confirmed cases were interviewed. The outbreak was related to district 2 (22 012 inhabitants), where 45% of the cases lived and 50% had visited; 5% lived in neighbouring districts. The highest incidence was found in the resident population of district 2 (3/1000 inhabitants), section 2 (14/1000). All 31 cooling towers of district 2 were analysed.L. pneumophilaantigen (Binax Now) was detected in four towers, which were closed on 2 June. Only the strain isolated in a tower situated in section 2 of district 2 matched all five clinical isolates, as assessed by mAb and two genotyping methods, AFLP and PFGE. Eight days after closing the towers, new cases ceased appearing. Early detection and rapid coordinated medical and environmental actions permitted immediate control of the outbreak and probably contributed to the null case fatality.
HIV in gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom: 25 years of public health surveillance
Authors: DOUGAN S. , EVANS B. G. , MACDONALD N. , GOLDBERG D. J. , GILL O. N. , FENTON K. A. , ELFORD J. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYIt is more than 25 years since the first case of AIDS was reported in the United Kingdom. In December 1981 a gay man was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections indicative of immunosuppression. National surveillance began the following year, in September 1982, with the notification of deaths and clinical reports of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma plus laboratory reports of opportunistic infections. Since then epidemiological surveillance systems have evolved, adapting to, and taking advantage of advances in treatments and laboratory techniques. The introduction of the HIV antibody test in 1984 led to the reporting of HIV-positive tests by laboratories and the establishment of an unlinked anonymous survey in 1990 measuring undiagnosed HIV infection among gay men attending sexual health clinics. The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) since 1996 has averted many deaths among HIV-positive gay men and has also resulted in a large reduction in AIDS cases. This led to a need for an enumeration of gay men with HIV accessing NHS treatment and care services (1995 onwards), more clinical information on HIV diagnoses for epidemiological surveillance (2000 onwards) and the routine monitoring of drug resistance (2001 onwards). Twenty-five years after the first case of AIDS was reported, gay and bisexual men remain the group at greatest risk of acquiring HIV in the United Kingdom. Latest estimates suggest that in 2004, 26 500 gay and bisexual men were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, a quarter of whom were undiagnosed. In this review, we examine how national surveillance systems have evolved over the past 25 years in response to the changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom as well as advances in laboratory techniques and medical treatments. We also reflect on how they will need to continue evolving to effectively inform health policy in the future.
Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience
Authors: REYNOLDS D. L. , GARAY J. R. , DEAMOND S. L. , MORAN M. K. , GOLD W. , STYRA R. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThis study examines a cohort of persons quarantined during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada and describes their understanding of, difficulties and compliance with, and the psychological impact of the quarantine experience. A mailed questionnaire was administered to 1912 eligible adults and included the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R) to assess symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported compliance with all required quarantine measures was low (15·8±2·3%), although significantly higher when the rationale for quarantine was understood (P=0·018). Health-care workers (HCW) experienced greater psychological distress, including symptoms of PTSD (P<0·001). Increasing perceived difficulty with compliance, HCW, longer quarantine and compliance with quarantine requirements were significant contributors to higher IES-R scores. The low compliance with quarantine requirements introduces concerns about the effectiveness of quarantine as a public health measure. Improvements in compliance and reduced psychological distress may be possible by minimizing duration, revising requirements, and providing enhanced education and support.
The impact of a physical geographic barrier on the dynamics of measles
Authors: VORA A. , BURKE D. S. , CUMMINGS D. A. T. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYSpatial–temporal patterns of measles incidence reflect the spatial distribution of human hosts. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of communities has been shown to introduce spatially dependent temporal lags in the timing of measles incidence. Incidence patterns reflect internal dynamics within a community and coupling of communities through the movement of infectious individuals. The central role of human movement in coupling dynamics in separate communities suggests that physical geographic barriers to movement should reduce spatial–temporal correlation. We examine measles dynamics in Maryland and Pennsylvania during the period of 1917–1938. The central feature of interest is the Chesapeake Bay, which separates Maryland into two distinct regions. We find that correlation of measles incidences in communities separated by the bay is reduced compared to communities not separated by the bay, suggesting the bay acted as a barrier to human movement during this time sufficient to decouple measles dynamics in Maryland counties.
Tachyphylaxis of the ECL‐cell response to PACAP: receptor desensitization and/or depletion of secretory products
Authors: Bernsand M , Håkanson R , Norlén P 
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:Rat stomach ECL cells secrete histamine and pancreastatin in response to gastrin and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide‐27 (PACAP). This study applies microdialysis to explore how ECL cells in situ respond to PACAP and gastrin.Experimental approach:Both peptides were administered by microinfusion into the gastric submucosa. The microdialysate was analysed for histamine and pancreastatin (ECL‐cell markers) and for somatostatin (D‐cell marker).Key results:Microinfusion of PACAP (0.01–0.3 nmol μl−1) raised microdialysate histamine and pancreastatin dose‐dependently. The response was powerful but short‐lived. The response to gastrin was sustained at all doses tested. It is unlikely that the transient nature of the histamine response to PACAP reflects inadequate histamine synthesis, since the pancreastatin response to PACAP was short‐lived too, and both gastrin and PACAP activated ECL‐cell histidine decarboxylase. Unlike gastrin, PACAP mobilized somatostatin. Co‐infusion of somatostatin abolished the histamine‐mobilizing effect of PACAP. However, pretreatment with the somatostatin receptor type‐2 antagonist (PRL‐2903) did not prolong the histamine response to PACAP, suggesting that mobilization of somatostatin does not explain the transient nature of the response. Repeated administration of 0.1 nmol μl−1 of PACAP (1 h infusions, 1 h intervals) failed to induce a second histamine response. Pretreatment with a low dose of PACAP (0.03 nmol μl−1) abolished the response to a subsequent near‐maximal PACAP challenge (0.3 nmol μl−1).Conclusion:The transient nature of the histamine response to PACAP reflects desensitization of the PACAP receptor and/or exhaustion of a specific storage compartment that responds to PACAP but not to gastrin.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 240–248; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707385
Effects of plant alkylphenols on cytokine production, tyrosine nitration and inflammatory damage in the efferent phase of contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Olmos A , Giner R M , Recio M C , Rios J L , Cerdá‐Nicolás J M , Máñez S 
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:The phenolic compounds isoprenylhydroquinone glucoside (IHG), 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCA), and its methyl ester (DCE) have previously been shown to inhibit both contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and peroxynitrite reactivity. The present work seeks to establish a relationship between the anti‐inflammatory effect and the release of cytokines and tyrosine nitration in skin.Experimental approach:Murine CHS was developed by means of sensitization and challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or oxazolone. Ear swelling was measured 24 and 96 h after challenge. Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured by ELISA; and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected by Western blotting. Histological samples were analysed for 3‐nitrotyrosine.Key results:In the oxazolone model, DCE reduced the 24 h swelling by 54% whereas the effect of DCA was lower (40% inhibition). All the test compounds reduced IL‐1β values 24 h after challenge with DNFB or oxazolone, DCE particularly inhibited IL‐4 production (74% and 78%, respectively; P<0.01). Tyrosine nitration was also markedly reduced by DCE. In general, the test compounds limited the presence of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in the skin.Conclusions and implications:These results suggest that the effect of 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C‐1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 366–373; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707402; published online 30 July 2007
An Existential Framework for Understanding the Counseling Needs of Clients
Authors: Spillers Cindy S. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose
To offer an existential framework for understanding some of the emotional and grieving issues that can accompany communication disorders.

Method
A narrative review of selected existential psychology literature is provided. I. Yalom’s (1980, 1986) model is used as a foundation to explore the 4 existential issues of death, freedom/responsibility, loneliness, and meaninglessness. This model is then applied to communication disorders based on the work of D. Luterman (1984, 2001). These 4 existential issues are juxtaposed with K. Moses' (1989) model of the grief response, which includes denial, anxiety, fear, depression, anger, and guilt. Suggestions for responding within one’s scope of practice are provided.

Conclusion
Combined, existential and grieving models can offer clinicians new insight into clients' loss resolution work. This inner work constitutes a spiritual journey that may parallel the journey through therapy and rehabilitation. The case is made that attending to these issues can enhance long-term outcomes of treatment.
Orbital Period Modulation in SW Cygni
Authors: Manzoori Davood 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe O–C curve of the Algol-type eclipsing binary SW Cyg was analyzed using the Kalimeris method. The observed period variations with time, the P(E) function and its rate of change dP/dE, were calculated. The plots of O–C values as well as of P(E) and dP/dE against ephemeris (E) all show rather regular period variations in this system. To reveal any cyclic period variations, the P(E) function was subjected to Fourier analysis. A cyclic period change of average ≈27.8-yr duration was obtained. Also a relative mass transfer rate of Δm/m = −1.1 × 10−9 yr−1 was estimated. Finally the existence of a third companion is suggested, and possible causes of period variations in the system are discussed.