bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ashanti War of 1900: A Study in Cultural Conflict
Authors: Wasserman B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Ashanti Nation was a federation of Akan tribes united in 1697 under the Golden Stool. This federation, while functioning effectively in war, was loose with regard to internal administration. The chiefs of the constituent tribes had very wide autonomy, and a tendency to assert their independence from the Asantehene at Kumasi.The British occupied neighbouring territory on the Gold Coast and were primarily interested in trade. For trade to prosper it was necessary to have order in the area. There were two policies which would have made this possible: the British could have supported the power of the Asantehene, who would then have been sufficiently strong to keep his constituent tribes in order, or it could have taken the entire region under its protection and enforced peace among the tribes.
Wiving and Thriving in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Chaplin J. H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWith the publication of Jahoda's (1959) study of letters addressed to the advice column of a Ghanaian newspaper, my plans for a similar study in Northern Rhodesia crystallized into action. Fortunately at about the same time the country's sole independent newspaper aimed at the indigenous population began publication. The paper, which is weekly and is written in English throughout, has a circulation of some 20,000 copies, and with shared readers may be expected to reach a public of about 70,000 all told. (The total African population is somewhat over 2½ million.) Through the kindness of the editor, I have been allowed access to the complete incoming correspondence dealt with in a feature offering advice to inquirers; letters addressed to the editor have been excluded from this survey.
How Ancient is West African Maize?
Authors: Jeffreys M. D. W. 
Published: April 2006

Eastern Whites in Western AfricaMy article on Zaburro was written in the expectation that it would stimulate discussion over the antiquity of maize in West Africa, and the matter has been taken up by Professor Portères (1959), on whose publication Mr. Willett has relied for certain inferences in his article inAfricafor January 1962. Among the interesting points brought forward by Professor Portères (1959, vi) are the groups of African vernacular names which indicate that maize was introduced by foreigners, strangers, whitemen. A similar observation had been made more than a hundred years ago by Koelle (a.1854, v), a missionary in Sierra Leone, who wrote: ‘…the names for onion, rice, maize, &c. show that in many countries [in Africa] these articles have been introduced by foreigners.…’ Who these foreigners were Koelle, with his long list of vernacular words for whiteman to choose from, leaves indeterminate. On the other hand, underlying Professor Portères's view that it was the Portuguese or the Dutch who brought maize to the Guynee coast, lies the assumption that the foreigners, the strangers, the whitemen indicated by these vernacular names were the Portuguese and the Dutch.
Joking Slavery
Authors: Launay Robert 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Dyula of northern Ivory Coast consider that joking behaviour (tlon, a word that applies more generally to ‘play’, such as children's games) is an appropriate mode of social interaction between a variety of categories of persons. Such behaviour is by no means peculiar to the Dyula and to related societies. For the most part, the kinds of role relationships characterized by joking among the Dyula have long been familiar to anthropologists: ‘grandparents’ and ‘grandchildren’, cross-cousins, certain categories of affines (cf. Radcliffe-Brown 1952: 90–116). But there is indeed one form of joking which, if not entirely specific to the Dyula, is something of an ethnographic rarity, or else has gone largely unrecorded in the literature: second and subsequent generation slaves (worosso) can and frequently do joke at the expense of free men (horon) in general. The forms which this joking may take are, in certain respects, atypical of other joking relationships among the Dyula. Consequently, it may be of some interest to compare joking between slaves and free men with other types of joking relationships.
Famines et sécheresses chez les Touaregs Sahéliens: les nourritures de substitution
Authors: Bernus Edmond 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphPour les pasteurs nomades sud-sahariens, l'insuffisance ou l'irrégularité des pluies se traduit par une réduction des ressources fourragères annuelles et, par voie de conséquence, par un déficit alimentaire. Les calendriers historiques touaregs, qui privilégient pour chaque année l'événement majeur, resté vivant dans toutes les mémoires, voient périodiquement s'inscrire des années mauvaises, dénommeesawetay wa n iba n allamoz, l'année de manque d'herbe—ouawetay wa n laz, l'année de la faim, ou encore,awetay wa n manna, l'année de la famine. Ces trois définitions font référence à un même phénomène, à une même catastrophe, en mettant l'accent, soit sur les troupeaux privés de pâturage, soit sur les hommes accablés par le manque de nourriture. En tamasheq,lazsignifie la faim, alors quemanna, associe la notion de famine à celle de sécheresse; c'est ainsi que Foucauld (1925/30: II 56) traduit dans un poème le terme de manna par la périphrase: ‘La famine provenant de la sécheresse, les tourmentait, je pense’. Si la sécheresse impose des modifications dans le régime alimentaire, il faut préciser que chaque cycle annuel apporte normalement une variation saisonnière de l'alimentation. Aussi insuffisantes en quantité qu'irrégulières dans leur répartition que soient les pluies, elles sont cependant concentrées en zone sahélienne durant la période estivale; c'est pourquoi chaque année voit se renouveler une saison bienfaisante où les pluies régénèrent les pâturages, remplissent les mares, réalimentent les nappes. Pendant deux ou trois mois, où le lait abonde, se joue pour toute l'année, le développement de la végétation et la constitution du stock de fourrage qui va permettre d'attendre le retour des prochaines pluies.
La fiction narrative dans la production littérature ewe: la nouvelle et le roman
Authors: Amegbleame Simon Agbeko 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphNous avons l'intention après avoir donné de brefs détails sur l'histoire de la production littraire ewe, de présenter un tableau d'ensemble de ses diverses composantes. Une telle étude aura pour intérêt de faire ressortir les interférences d'un corpus imprimé en langue africaine avec la littérature européenne. Cette analyse comparative s'impose à l'esprit si on admet l'état de fait qui le motive: d'abord les premiers géniteurs de la littérature ewe sont d'origine européenne, en l'occurrence de l'Allemagne, ensuite les littérateurs ewe sont, en tout état de cause, des produits de l'école classique anglaise ou française. Dans deux de nos articles à paraître (a and b) sur la même question, nous avons observé le conte et la poésie dans leur rapport avec l'oralité mais aussi et surtout dans leur sujétion aux modèles occidentaux.
Atuot age categories and marriage
Authors: Burton John W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAn obvious technique to employ in assessing the age of a non-literate individual among the Atuot is to pose the question, ‘how many years do you have’ (teke yin ruon na di) which invariably results in the simple response, ‘I've really no idea at all’ (cf. also Evans-Pritchard 1939). Age classification in Atuot society as in most others is a matter of social prescription and is evidenced in the course of daily life by divergent economic and symbolic attributes which accrue to distinct age classes. Often in Nilotic societies the factor of physiological maturity is self-evident (seeegFischer 1964). The literature includes excellent descriptions of the economic tasks which accompany growth toward adulthood in pastoral Nilotic societies of the Southern Sudan (egLienhardt 1963; Evans-Pritchard 1936, 1951; see also Santandrea 1977) so it is not the primary concern of this essay to contribute to an already rich body of ethnographic data. Rather, I wish to consider certain aspects of Atuot age categories and how these are related to processes leading to marriage. This discussion is prefaced by some brief comments regarding eastern-African age set systems and a synopsis of the ethnography on this topic for a number of the Nilotic speaking peoples of the Southern Sudan.
Ceux qui jouent avec le feu: la place du forgeron en Afrique centrale
Authors: de Maret Pierre 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLa grande presse a fait assez largement écho à un article publié dans Science (Schmidt et Avery 1978) selon lequel on fondait il y a 2.000 ans de l'acier au coeur de l'Afrique. Grâce à une technique hautement sophistiquée, recourant notamment au préchauffage du vent, on obtenait un métal digne d'une aciérie moderne.
Re-defining pre-colonial Ewe polities: the case of Abutia
Authors: Verdon Michel 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Abutia Ewe formed one of the colonial administrative ‘Divisions’ of Eweland under a so-called ‘traditional ruler’, the Divisional or Paramount Chief (fiagã). These Ewe Divisions are located in the southern half of the Volta Region (Ghana) and in southern Togo. Every Division is composed of a number of villages, each headed by a ‘Sub-divisional Chief’ (dufia). Only three villages are found in Abutia: Teti, Agove and Kloe. Thefiagãor Divisional Chief comes from Teti.
The King's Men in Madagascar: slavery, citizenship and Sakalava monarchy
Authors: Feeley-Harnik Gillian 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe ‘great songs’ (antsa maventy) with which Sakalava praise their royalty extol them as unique and precious beings in whom all wealth in persons and things is, or eventually will be, concentrated, causing them to grow enormously and inexhaustibly fat, yet ever greedy for more. Solely because of their ancestry, their houses will be royal residences, their hats will be royal headdresses with special names. Above all, their people will be human beings owing allegiance only to monarchy, labouring only for monarchy. There may be indifferent or unwilling ones, as well as those who are eager to pay homage to the royal ancestors, but ultimately royalty will possess them all: ‘Royalty enslaves, royalty enslaves, royalty enslaves . . .’.
Gift Exchange and Income Redistribution between Yombe Rural Wage-earners and their Kinsfolk in Western Zaïre
Authors: Lux André 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionA Previous article (Lux, 1971) dealing with the network of visits between rural wage-earners and their kinsfolk in Western Congo, presented a first set of findings collected during field-work conducted in July 1966 among a stratified random sample of 268 workers in the territory of Lukula in central Mayombe. One-third of them are employed in the plantations, and two-thirds in the industrial, mainly wood-processing, sector of seven generally big enterprises. Some of these workers live in Lukula, a small town of 10,000 people, others in rural company camps. They are thus to a large extent rural industrial wage-earners. Many of them are fully committed to the modern wage economy, so that I have been forced in the previous article to question Southall's assertion that rural wage-earners are ‘still firmly embedded in the fuller kinship system of rural tribal communities’ (1961: 34). The degree of their commitment has been measured by their various occupational profiles, to which I shall turn later. Suffice it here to say that half of them are already second- or even third-generation workers.
Local Participation in National Politics: Ugogo, Tanzania
Authors: Rigby Peter 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAny analysis of the process of political change is fraught with the danger of being rapidly rendered ‘out of date’. This is particularly so if the analysis concerned relates to a decidedly dynamic and changing country such as Tanzania in which not only does a swift succession of historical events, both internal and external, alter the situation almost from day to day, but also where policy changes and new politico-economic orientations manifest themselves with sometimes astonishing rapidity. These elements conspire to create radical structural changes in the political system, even before prior organizational alterations have had a chance to become ‘fully institutionalized’.
Zig-Zag Change
Authors: Wilson Monica 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOne problem that besets students of society is how best to combine a study of change through time, with emphasis on the flow of time, and the detailed analysis of relationships; how to write a social history with sufficient detail on all the aspects of relationships—economic, legal, ritual, ideological—to satisfy the anthropologist. Static models are too far from reality to be useful, but how can one create a model that moves? The difficulty consists first, in discovering the relevant facts and second, in integrating them into an intelligible account.
Nharo Bushman Medicine and Medicine Men
Authors: Barnard Alan 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Nharo (also known as Naron or //Aikwe) are a Khoe- (or ‘Hottentot-’) speaking people who live in the western Ghanzi district of Botswana, in the central-western Kalahari. They number about 5000 and live in small bands of eight to 40 people each. Traditionally they were hunter-gatherers, and among their closest linguistic relatives are the G/wikhwe and G//anakhwe Bushmen (or San) of Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve, who speak dialects mutually intelligible with Nharo. The Nharo are not linguistically related to the !Kung, who live to the immediate north, but a great many aspects of their medico-religious belief system resemble those of the !Kung, and the ‘superiority’ of !Kung medicine is recognised by the Nharo and indeed by other Bushman peoples as well. The Nharo come second, with a greater spiritual and medical knowledge that the G/wikhwe and G//anakhwe, or the !Kõ, who live to the south (cf. Heinz 1975: 28-9).
Ambiguous animals: Two theriomorphic metaphors in Kaguru folklore
Authors: Beidelman T. O. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper deals with certain metaphorical uses of animals in the folklore of the Kaguru, a Bantu language speaking people of east-central Tanzania, East Africa. I have published elsewhere on Kaguru social structure (Beidelman, 1971b) and discuss this here only as it bears directly on the problems at hand. I have published many Kaguru folk-tales as well as various legends, riddles, and other texts (cf. bibliographies, Beidelman, 1967a, 1969, 1974c); it is difficult to publish textual material so that much of my data is still unavailable. In this paper I use published and unpublished texts.
The national languages of Sierra Leone: a decade of policy experimentation
Authors: Sengova Joko 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article deals with the national languages of Sierra Leone and their use in education since 1978. Language information relevant to the period under review as well as language policy and its implementation are focal parts of our discussion.There exists in practice if not in theory a formal mother-tongue education programme at primary school level in specially selected pilot schools of all four geographical regions of Sierra Leone. This programme was initiated in 1978 within the framework of a national language policy later spelt out in a working UNESCO study of 1981. Similarly, adult literacy education has gained rapid expansion over the same period although this sector of indigenous language education is mostly handled by so-called nongovernmental agencies such as CUSO Sierra Leone, the People's Educational Association (PEA), and similar bodies. To this extent the recommendations and proposals of the Dalby report concerning the implementation of a national language policy for Sierra Leone have seen practical implementation as well as some degree of experimentation in formal and non-formal education. In short, the bare bones of this experimental framework are illuminated by practice.
Social Relations and Witch Beliefs among the Ibibio
Authors: Offiong Daniel 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Ibibio live in the south-eastern part of Nigeria and according to the 1963 census number more than two million. They are patrilineal and patrilocal (Forde and Jones 1950). They are mainly agrarian and petty traders and their main export, palm oil and kernels, is seriously declining, especially as more attention is focused on drilling for crude oil in the area.
Your terroir and my ‘action space’: implications of differentiation, mobility and diversification for the approche terroir in Sahelian West Africa
Authors: Painter Thomas , Sumberg James , Price Thomas 
Published: April 2006

This article addresses the question of whether the aménagement/gestion de terroir approach, as it is currently being promoted by government, and. development organisations in the French-speaking countries of Sahelian West Africa, is compatible with the realties that agro-pastoralists in those countries face day-to-day. It is particularly concerned with three characteristics of life in the Sahel that have important implications for how agrarian populations manage resources, and whether the terroir approach, which, aims ostensibly to increase the effectiveness of local-level natural resource management, addresses or fails to address these characteristics. First, the Sahel is characterised by considerable agro-ecological diversity and socio-economic differentiation. Second, Sahelan populations are often very mobile as a result, of their efforts to deal with changing opportunities and constraints that affect their pursuit of a livelihood. And, third, Sahelian populations commonly use multiple strategies for risk management, including, but. certainly not limited to, those which focus on the terroir villageois.In exploring; this question the term ‘action space’ Is used to describe the geographical and temporal distribution of the combination of more or Jess viable options that, smallholder agriculturalists and pastoralists exploit, as they pursue their livelihood. The concept of action space is more inclusive and more flexible than the concept of terroir villageois; and, as such, offers greater promise for understanding and addressing empirical realities in. the Sahel.
Vegetation fluctuation in mediterranean dune ponds in relation to rainfall variation and water extraction
Authors: Zunzunegui M. , Diaz Barradas M.C. , Garcia Novo F. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The structure of dune ponds hygrophytic vegetation has a spatial organisation in belts around the pond basin, closely related to water level and flooding regime. Doñana National Park has an important representation of temporal dune ponds, which are subjected to rainfall fluctuations and may be suffering the impact of water extraction from the neighbouring tourist resort.Permanent transects in a vegetation complex of five dune ponds have been monitored during a eight year period (1990‐1997). This period was characterised by a number of dry years (annual rainfall around 300 mm), located between two wet cycles (800‐900 mm). Transects were analysed in 1990 (wet period), 1994 (dry) and 1997 (wet) by hierarchical agglomera‐tive clustering.During the dry period hygrophytic species showed regression, with a high mortality of some species like Ulex minor, while the xerophytic species advanced to lower areas. Seedlings of some xerophytic species colonised the dry surface of the pond basin. The lowering of the water table varied in the different ponds, ranging from 312 to 190 cm depending on topography and the distance to the pumping area. The new period of flooding during 1995‐96 and 1996‐97 cycles provided the opportunity for hygrophytic spe cies to re‐establish themselves in their original places.This study suggest that changes in vegetation are caused by the interaction between weather conditions and human disturbance (water extractions). In our example man‐made disturbance is more marked during the dry periods while wet periods tend to obscure the effects of water extractions. From a management perspective, long‐term monitoring of water table and vegetation structure is revealed as a key procedure to the management of land‐water ecotones on pressured areas and threatened habitats.
Orthogonal families of real sequences
Authors: Miller Arnold W. , Steprans Juris 
Published: April 2006

For x, y ϵ ℝω define the inner productwhich may not be finite or even exist. We say that x and y are orthogonal if (x, y) converges and equals 0.Define lp to be the set of all x ϵ ℝω such thatFor Hilbert space, l2, any family of pairwise orthogonal sequences must be countable. For a good introduction to Hilbert space, see Retherford [4].Theorem 1. There exists a pairwise orthogonal family F of size continuum such that F is a subset of lp for every p > 2.It was already known that there exists a family of continuum many pairwise orthogonal elements of ℝω. A family F ⊆ ℝω∖0 of pairwise orthogonal sequences is orthogonally complete or a maximal orthogonal family iff the only element of ℝω orthogonal to every element of F is 0, the constant 0 sequence.It is somewhat surprising that Kunen's perfect set of orthogonal elements is maximal (a fact first asserted by Abian). MAD families, nonprincipal ultrafilters, and many other such maximal objects cannot be even Borel.Theorem 2. There exists a perfect maximal orthogonal family of elements of ℝω.Abian raised the question of what are the possible cardinalities of maximal orthogonal families.Theorem 3. In the Cohen real model there is a maximal orthogonal set in ℝω of cardinality ω1, but there is no maximal orthogonal set of cardinality κ with ω1 < κ < ϲ.By the Cohen real model we mean any model obtained by forcing with finite partial functions from γ to 2, where the ground model satisfies GCH and γω = γ.
Uniformization and skolem functions in the class of trees
Authors: Lifsches Shmuel , Shelah Saharon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe monadic second-order theory of trees allows quantification over elements and over arbitrary subsets. We classify the class of trees with respect to the question: does a tree T have definable Skolem functions (by a monadic formula with parameters)? This continues [6] where the question was asked only with respect to choice functions. A natural subclass is defined and proved to be the class of trees with definable Skolem functions. Along the way we investigate the spectrum of definable well orderings of well ordered chains.
Ideals without ccc
Authors: Balcerzak Marek , RosŁanowski Andrzej , Shelah Saharon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLet I be an ideal of subsets of a Polish space X, containing all singletons and possessing a Borel basis. Assuming that I does not satisfy ccc, we consider the following conditions (B), (M) and (D). Condition (B) states that there is a disjoint family F ⊆ P(X) of size ϲ, consisting of Borel sets which are not in I. Condition (M) states that there is a Borel function f : X → X with f−1[{x}] ∉ I for each x ∈ X. Provided that X is a group and I is invariant, condition (D) states that there exist a Borel set B ∉ I and a perfect set P ⊆ X for which the family {B+x : x ∈ P} is disjoint. The aim of the paper is to study whether the reverse implications in the chain (D) ⇒ (M) ⇒ (B) ⇒ not-ccc can hold. We build a σ-ideal on the Cantor group witnessing (M) & ¬(D) (Section 2). A modified version of that σ-ideal contains the whole space (Section 3). Some consistency results on deriving (M) from (B) for “nicely” defined ideals are established (Sections 4 and 5). We show that both ccc and (M) can fail (Theorems 1.3 and 5.6). Finally, some sharp version's of (M) for invariant ideals on Polish groups are investigated (Section 6).