bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of oral administration of metronidazole on small intestinal bacteria and nutrients of cats
Authors: Johnston Karen L. , Lamport Anne I. , Ballèvre Olivier P. , Batt Roger M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of oral administration of metronidazole on the number and species of duodenal bacteria and selective nutrients of cats.Animals—6 healthy domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Undiluted duodenal fluid was obtained for quantitative and qualitative bacterial culture to determine species and number of bacteria in healthy cats. Blood samples were assayed for taurine, total protein, albumin, cobalamin, and folate concentrations. Cats then were given metronidazole (20 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for 1 month, after which bacterial cultures and serum assays of nutrients were repeated. Nine months after cessation of antibiotic treatment, duodenal bacteria were re-evaluated and serum was assayed for total protein, albumin, cobalamin, and folate concentrations.Results—Oral administration of metronidazole caused a significant decrease in aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts in the duodenum of healthy cats, accompanied by emergence ofStreptococcusspp andCorynebacteriumspp. Serum concentrations of cobalamin and albumin increased when duodenal bacterial counts were decreased, although changes in folate or taurine concentrations were not detected. Measured variables did not differ, when comparing results obtained before and 9 months after cessation of metronidazole.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of metronidazole decreased the number of aerobic bacteria and altered indigenous flora in the small bowel of cats. Normal duodenal flora appeared to be stable, because species of bacteria were reestablished by 9 months after cessation of metronidazole. Bacterial flora appeared to have an impact on nutrients, because albumin and cobalamin increased during antibiotic administration and returned to preadministration concentrations after cessation of the antimicrobial. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1106–1112)
Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in dogs following subcutaneous administration and continuous infusion and the association with in vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Moore Kenneth W. , Trepanier Lauren A. , Lautzenhiser Sarah J. , Fialkowski James P. , Rosin Eberhard 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of
ceftazidime following subcutaneous administration
and continuous IV infusion to healthy dogs and to
determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of ceftazidime for clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Animals—10 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—MIC of ceftazidime for 101 clinical isolates
of P aeruginosa was determined in vitro. Serum
concentrations of ceftazidime were determined following
subcutaneous administration of ceftazidime
(30 mg/kg of body weight) to 5 dogs and continuous
IV infusion of ceftazidime (loading dose, 4.4 mg/kg;
infusion rate, 4.1 mg/kg/h) for 36 hours to 5 dogs.

Results—The MIC of ceftazidime for P aeruginosa
was ≤ 8 µg/ml; all isolates were considered susceptible.
Following SC administration of ceftazidime, mean
β disappearance half-life was 0.8 hours, and mean
serum ceftazidime concentration exceeded the MIC
for P aeruginosa for only 4.3 hours. Two dogs had gastrointestinal
tract effects. Mean serum ceftazidime
concentration exceeded 16 µg/ml during continuous
IV infusion. None of the dogs developed adverse
effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration
of ceftazidime subcutaneously (30 mg/kg, q 4
h) or as a constant IV infusion (loading dose, 4.4
mg/kg; rate, 4.1 mg/kg/h) would maintain serum ceftazidime
concentrations above the MIC determined
for 101 clinical isolates of P aeruginosa. Use of these
dosages may be appropriate for treatment of dogs
with infections caused by P aeruginosa. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1204–1208)
Effects of 0.005% latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure in healthy dogs and cats
Authors: Studer Michele E. , Martin Charles L. , Stiles Jean 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate effects of daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy cats and dogs.Animals—9 domestic shorthair cats and 14 dogs.Procedure—Latanoprost solution (0.005%) was administered topically to 1 eye (treated) and vehicle to the other eye (control) of all animals once daily in the morning for 8 days. Intraocular pressure was measured twice daily for the 5 days preceding treatment, and IOP, pupillary diameter, conjunctival hyperemia, and blepharospasm were measured 0, 1, 6, and 12 hours after the first 4 treatments and 0 and 12 hours after the final 4 treatments. Measurements continued twice a day for 5 days after treatment was discontinued. Aqueous flare was measured once daily during and for 5 days after the treatment period.Results—Intraocular pressure and pupillary diameter were significantly decreased in the treated eye of dogs, compared with the control eye. Mild conjunctival hyperemia was also detected, but severity did not differ significantly between eyes. Blepharospasm and aqueous flare were not detected in either eye. Intraocular pressure in cats was not significantly affected by treatment with latanoprost. However, pupillary diameter was significantly decreased in the treated eye, compared with the control eye. Conjunctival hyperemia, aqueous flare, and blepharospasm were not detected in either eye.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Once-daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution (0.005%) reduced IOP in healthy dogs without inducing adverse effects but did not affect IOP in healthy cats. Latanoprost may be useful for treating glaucoma in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1220–1224)
Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of lens capsular plaques in dogs with cataracts
Authors: Colitz Carmen M. H. , Malarkey David , Dykstra Michael J. , McGahan Mary Christine , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the multifocal adherent plaques that commonly develop on the internal surfaces of the anterior and posterior lens capsules in dogs with cataracts.Sample Population—31 anterior and 4 posterior capsular specimens collected during lens extraction surgery in dogs with cataracts.Procedure—Specimens were evaluated, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize cytokeratin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle-specific actin, fibronectin, tenascin, and transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) within plaques.Results—Histologically, plaques comprised elongated spindle-shaped cells that formed a placoid mass. Cells were embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibrils, often with duplicated or split basement membranes. Immunohistochemically, normal lens epithelial cells and cells within plaques stained for vimentin. Most cells and some areas of the extracellular matrix within plaques stained for TGF-β and α-smooth muscle-specific actin. Fibronectin and tenascin were also detected in the extracellular matrix.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine lens capsular plaques are histologically and immunohistochemically similar to posterior capsule opacification and subcapsular cataracts in humans, which suggests that the canine condition, like the human conditions, is associated with fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor-β may play a role in the genesis of capsular plaques. Because severity of plaques was correlated with stage of cataract development, earlier surgical removal of cataracts may be useful to avoid complications associated with plaque formation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:139–143)
Glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in neutrophils of periparturient cows
Authors: Preisler Mara T. , Weber Patty S. D. , Tempelman Robert J. , Erskine Ron J. , Hunt Henry , Burton Jeanne L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of parturition on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts in periparturient dairy cows.Animals—23 Holstein cows.Procedure—Blood samples were collected from 8 multiparous and 5 primiparous periparturient cows at various times from 28 days before parturition until 14 days after parturition. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts were determined. Results were compared with results from control samples obtained from 5 multiparous and 5 primiparous Holstein cows in midpregnancy.Results—Neutrophils from periparturient cows had 49% reduction in GR expression at calving, compared with GR expression 2 to 4 weeks before calving, and 39% reduction, compared with neutrophils from cows in midpregnancy. Reduction in neutrophil GR expression began 1 week before calving and was most severe at calving and 24 hours after calving; a significant difference in GR expression was detected between primiparous and multiparous cows. Serum cortisol concentrations and total leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly increased at calving and returned to baseline values by 24 hours after calving. Significant negative correlations were detected between neutrophil GR expression and serum cortisol concentration, total leukocyte count, and neutrophil count.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reduced GR expression in blood neutrophils of periparturient dairy cows was associated with increased serum cortisol concentrations, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Thus, GR down-regulation in neutrophils may be involved in periparturient neutrophil dysregulation and may cause increased susceptibility to mastitis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:14–19)
Use of sevoflurane for anesthetic management of horses during thoracotomy
Authors: Aida Hiroko , Steffey Eugene P. , Pascoe John R. , Yarbrough Thomas B. , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Hiraga Atsushi , Hobo Seiji , Smith Barbara L. , Steffey Michele A. , Jones James H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate sevoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic for thoracotomy in horses.Animals—18 horses between 2 and 15 years old.Procedure—4 horses were used to develop surgical techniques and were euthanatized at the end of the procedure. The remaining 14 horses were selected, because they had an episode of bleeding from their lungs during strenuous exercise. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered via a circle anesthetic breathing circuit. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2at approximately 45 mm Hg. Neuromuscular blocking drugs (succinylcholine or atracurium) were administered to eliminate spontaneous breathing efforts and to facilitate surgery. Cardiovascular performance was monitored and supported as indicated.Results—2 of the 14 horses not euthanatized died as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Mean (± SD) duration of anesthesia was 304.9 ± 64.1 minutes for horses that survived and 216.7 ± 85.5 minutes for horses that were euthanatized or died. Our subjective opinion was that sevoflurane afforded good control of anesthetic depth during induction, maintenance, and recovery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of sevoflurane together with neuromuscular blocking drugs provides stable and easily controllable anesthetic management of horses for elective thoracotomy and cardiac manipulation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1430–1437)
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan
Authors: Yasuda Ryo , Kawano Junichi , Onda Humiaki , Takagi Michihiro , Shimizu Akira , Anzai Toru 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine patterns of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from apparently healthy horses.Sample Population—44 horses from 8 riding clubs in Japan.Procedure—Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from the skin or nares, using a selective medium containing a β-(symboric) lactam antibiotic, ceftizoxime. Clonality of isolates was determined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Detection ofmecA,mecI, andmecR1genes was accomplished by use of polymerase chain reactions.Result—Of the 44 horses, 13 (29.5%) yielded 15 isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The 15 isolates were identified as 6 species (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S lentus, S saprophyticus, S xylosus, S sciuri,andS haemolyticus). However, methicillin-resistantS aureuswas seldom isolated. Each isolate contained themecAgene and had a high resistance to β- lactam antibiotics. Some isolates also were resistant to other antibiotics such as erythromycin and kanamycin.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Methicillinresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci that were highly resistant to various antibiotics were isolated from apparently healthy horses in Japan. These organisms must be considered a potential threat to horses and veterinarians who care for them. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1451–1455)
Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H in horses
Authors: Natalini Claudio C. , Robinson Elaine P 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate and compare effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.Animals—5 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Using a Latin square complete repeatedmeasures design, horses were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 6 treatments (morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, U50488H, or sterile water) at intervals of at least 7 days. Agents were injected epidurally at the first intercoccygeal epidural space, and electrical stimulation was applied at repeated intervals for 24 hours to the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions. Avoidance threshold to electrical stimulation was recorded.Results—Administration of butorphanol, U50488H, and sterile water did not induce change in avoidance threshold. Alfentanil increased avoidance threshold during the first 4 hours, but not significantly. Tramadol and morphine significantly increased threshold and analgesic effects. Complete analgesia (avoidance threshold, > 40 V) in the perineal and sacral areas was achieved 30 minutes after tramadol injection, compared with 6 hours after morphine injection. Duration of complete analgesia was 4 hours and 5 hours after tramadol and morphine injections, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidural administration of tramadol and morphine induces long-lasting analgesia in healthy adult horses. Epidural administration of opioids may provide long-lasting analgesia in horses without excitation of the CNS. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1579–1586)
Fecal shedding of coliform bacteria during the periparturient period in dairy cows
Authors: Pelan-Mattocks Lisa S. , Kehrli Marcus E. , Casey Thomas A. , Goff Jesse P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether numbers of coliform bacteria in feces of dairy cattle changed during the periparturient period and whether fluctuations were associated with changes in dry-matter intake.Animals—12 healthy Holstein cows.Procedure—Fecal samples were collected on a semiregular basis (ie, 3 to 7 times/wk) beginning 4 to 6 weeks before the anticipated parturition date and continuing through the third day (5 cows) or second week (7 cows) after parturition, and total numbers of fecal coliform bacteria were determined. Daily feed intake of 7 cows was monitored.Results—For 11 cows, fecal coliform bacterial counts between 34 and 25 days prior to parturition were low and relatively constant (< 102change in number of bacteria). Coliform bacteria were not detected in 4 to 8% of fecal samples from 10 cows. All cows had a 104to 107increase in number of colony forming units/g of feces near the time of parturition. Number of fecal coliform bacteria peaked within 7 days of parturition in 9 cows and within 12 days of parturition in 3. Number of fecal coliform bacteria was not correlated with feed intake.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cows may have large increases in fecal coliform bacteria count during the periparturient period; however, periparturient cows do not continually shed high numbers of coliform bacteria, and coliform bacteria may not always be detectable by conventional culture methods. Changes in fecal coliform bacteria count did not correlate with changes in dry-matter intake. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1636–1638)
Doppler ultrasonographic features of thoracic limb arteries in clinically normal horses
Authors: Cochard Thierry , Toal Robert L. , Saxton A. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine blood flow velocities and indices from spectral waveforms obtained by use of Doppler ultrasonography of thoracic limb arteries of horses and to assess interobserver and patient variability associated with the technique.Animals—9 clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Left thoracic limb arteries of 8 nonsedated horses were examined at 5 sites by use of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography to determine a range of values for peak systolic, end diastolic, and mean velocities and resistive and pulsatility indices. Interobserver and patient variabilities were determined by 2 operators repeating similar measurements on 1 horse 8 times at weekly intervals.Results—A range of values for each variable measured at the 5 selected sites was obtained. For each variable, strong positive correlations (R ≥ 0.7) were detected for > 70% of the site-to-site comparisons made (excluding the coronary band). Among horses, resistive index varied least, whereas over time, mean velocity varied least. Waveform characteristics were consistent with resistive (n = 5) or nonresistive (4) patterns. In the single-horse experiment, waveform characteristics were consistent throughout the 8 weeks, and operator effects were not detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Doppler ultrasonography of no one site resulted in more reliable measurements of blood flow characteristics in thoracic limb arteries of horses. Mean velocity and resistive index were the least variable measurements made. Pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography may be a useful technique for evaluating diseases that alter normal thoracic limb arterial blood flow in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:183–)
Limb loading activity of adult horses confined to box stalls in an equine hospital barn
Authors: McDuffee Laurie A. , Stover Susan M. , Coleman Kim 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine a range of limb loading
activity for healthy adult horses confined to box stalls
in an equine veterinary teaching hospital and determine
the effects of hospital environmental factors on
load rates and daily limb loading patterns.

Animals—6 mature healthy horses of various ages,
breeds, and sexes, and 1 horse with a repaired
metatarsal fracture.

Procedure—Step monitors were placed on 2 limbs of
adult horses confined to box stalls. Relocation steps
and weight shifts were recorded, as loading events,
for 24 hours. Influence of forelimb versus hind limb
and environmental factors on load rate (loading
events per hour) were assessed with repeated-measures
ANOVA.

Results—Loading activity was greater for the forelimb
than the hind limb and was greater during the
day than the night. Loading activity differences were
not associated with daytime environmental factors.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses with
normal locomotor activity appear to have higher load
rates for forelimbs compared with hind limbs and
higher load rates during the day compared with night.
Knowledge of influence of environmental factors and
mechanical restraint on limb loading activity may be
useful in management of horses with musculoskeletal
disorders. This information may also be used for in
vitro simulation of in vivo loading of limbs during
cyclic biomechanical investigations.(Am J Vet Res
2000;61:234–237)
Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs
Authors: Khan K. Nasir M. , Knapp Deborah W. , Denicola Dennis B. , Harris R. Keith 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate expression of cyclooxygenase
(COX)-1 and COX-2 in the urinary bladder epithelium of
clinically normal dogs and in transitional cell carcinoma
cells of dogs.

Animals—21 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of
the urinary bladder and 8 dogs with clinically normal
urinary bladders.

Procedure—COX-1 and COX-2 were evaluated by
use of isoform-specific antibodies with standard
immunohistochemical methods.

Results—COX-1, but not COX-2, was constitutively
expressed in normal urinary bladder epithelium; however,
COX-2 was expressed in neoplastic epithelium
in primary tumors and in metastatic lesions of all 21
dogs and in new proliferating blood vessels in 3 dogs.
Also, COX-1 was expressed in the neoplastic cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lack of
expression of COX-2 in normal bladder epithelium and
its substantial expression in transitional cell carcinoma
cells suggest that this isoform may be involved in
tumor cell growth. Inhibition of COX-2 is a likely
mechanism of the antineoplastic effects of non
steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:478–481)
Safety of moxidectin in avermectin-sensitive Collies
Authors: Paul Allan J. , Tranquilli William J. , Hutchens Douglas E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the safety of moxidectin administration at doses of 30, 60, and 90 µg/kg of body weight (10, 20, and 30 times the manufacturer's recommended dose) in avermectin-sensitive Collies.Animals—24 Collies.Procedure—Collies with mild to severe reactions to ivermectin challenge (120 mg/kg; 20 times the recommended dose for heartworm prevention) were used. Six replicates of 4 dogs each were formed on the basis of body weight and severity of reaction to ivermectin test dose. Within replicates, each dog was randomly allocated to treatment with oral administration of 30, 60, or 90 µg of moxidectin/kg or was given a comparable volume of placebo tablet formulation. Dogs were observed hourly for the first 8 hours and twice daily thereafter for 1 month for signs of toxicosis.Results—Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any control group dog throughout the treatment observation period. Likewise, signs of toxicosis were not observed in any dog receiving moxidectin at 30, 60, or 90 µg/kg.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The moxidectin formulation used in the study reported here appears to have a wider margin of safety than ivermectin or milbemycin in avermectin-sensitive Collies. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:482–483)
Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and hyaluronan on prostaglandin E2 production by cultured equine synoviocytes
Authors: Frean Stephen P. , Lees Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate effects of the anti-arthritic agents hyaluronan and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) on inflammatory metabolism in cultured equine synoviocytes.Sample Population—Synoviocytes cultured from samples obtained from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 4 horses.Procedure—Equine synoviocytes were grown in monolayer culture. Synoviocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and simultaneously treated with various concentrations of hyaluronan or PSGAG for 48 hours. Three hyaluronan preparations were compared. Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) concentrations in culture medium were measured, using radioimmunoassay.Results—The highest concentrations of hyaluronan and PSGAG tested inhibited PGE2production.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinically achievable concentrations of hyaluronan and PSGAG inhibited PGE2synthesis by cultured equine synoviocytes. This anti-inflammatory action may be a mechanism through which these agents exert anti-arthritic effects. The effect was obtained at concentrations that can be achieved by use of intra-articular, but not systemic, administration of hyaluronan or PSGAG. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:499–505)