bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gator's Adventures: A Lesson in Literacy and Community
Authors: Hall Katrina 
Published: February 2007

This article describes a take‐home literacy project in which kindergartners took home books, a stuffed animal, a camera, and a shared writing activity to complete with their families. The children later shared their writing and experiences in school. The resulting written responses and photographs depicted a level of involvement with the families that was not expected.At the end of the year, the writings and photographs were collected and each child was given a book that included all of children's writings and photographs. These books became treasured keepsakes of their year in kindergarten and a wonderful artifact not only of reading and writing for relevant purposes but also of a meaningful home activity that became a community‐building project as well.
Evaluation of Two Different Resonance Frequency Devices to Detect Implant Stability: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Valderrama Pilar , Oates Thomas W. , Jones Archie A. , Simpson James , Schoolfield John D. , Cochran David L. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) provides a non‐invasive assessment of implant stability. The established RFA device uses electronic technology, whereas a recently developed device uses magnetic technology. The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate the ability of the magnetic RFA device to detect changes in stability during early healing following implant placement and to determine whether the implant stability quatient (ISQ) values obtained correlated with those made with the electronic device.Methods: RFA assessments were performed using electronic‐ and magnetic‐based devices on 34 non‐submerged titanium dental implants in 17 patients. Each patient received two implants in the posterior maxilla or mandible. Implant stability was measured at placement and weekly until week 6, when implants received provisional crowns, and at 12 weeks, when definitive crowns were cemented. During each visit, measurements were taken three times and averaged to obtain a single representative ISQ for each device.Results: At placement, the mean ISQ obtained with the electronic device was 61.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.4 to 64.3); it increased to 63.2 (95% CI, 61.2 to 65.2) at 12 weeks. With the magnetic device, the mean ISQs were 70.6 (95% CI, 68.4 to 72.8) and 75.9 (95% CI, 74.2 to 77.7), respectively. Both devices indicated a pattern of decreased mean stability from 1 to 3 weeks post‐placement, small fluctuations in mean ISQ from 3 to 6 weeks, and significantly increased mean stability from 6 to 12 weeks. For the complete set of implant measures across all weeks, the paired electronic and magnetic ISQ values correlated significantly (r = 0.52; P <0.001).Conclusions: This study demonstrates that changes in implant stability measured with the newer magnetic device correlate well with those found with the electronic device. Both devices confirmed the initial decreases in implant stability that occur following placement and identified an increase in stability during the first 6 weeks of functional loading.
Randomized, Controlled Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Implants With Nanometer‐Scale Calcium Phosphate Added to the Dual Acid‐Etched Surface in the Human Posterior Maxilla
Authors: Orsini Giovanna , Piattelli Maurizio , Scarano Antonio , Petrone Giovanna , Kenealy James , Piattelli Adriano , Caputi Sergio 
Published: February 2007

Background: Placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla has been associated with higher rates of failure that are due, in part, to the poor bone quality of this region. The purpose of the present study was the histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of the bone around a new implant surface treatment created by a deposition of nanometer‐sized calcium phosphate particles added to the dual acid‐etched surface.Methods: One custom‐made 2 × 10‐mm site evaluation implant (SEI) with this novel treatment surface (test) and one SEI with the dual acid‐etched surface without treatment (control) were placed in the posterior maxilla of 15 patients. All SEIs were retrieved after 2 months and evaluated under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and by light microscopy for histomorphometric analysis of the bone–implant contact (BIC).Results: Histologic observations in control SEIs showed formation of new bone around the implant surface; however, it was not always in direct contact with the entire perimeter of the threads. The mean BIC was 19% ± 14.2%. Test SEIs showed peri‐implant bone tightly contacting the implant surface and better adapted to the threads. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of sections obtained using CLSM showed the intimacy of the contact between bone and test SEI surface through the entire thickness of the specimens. The mean BIC was 32.2% ± 18.5%.Conclusions: After 2 months of healing, comparison of the BIC values showed a statistically significant greater mean BIC for test SEIs than for controls. The clinical implications of these results included shortening of the implant healing period and earlier loading protocols.
The Role of Perceived Personal Barriers to Engagement in Leisure-Time Physical Activity
Authors: Reichert Felipe F. , Barros Aluísio J.D. , Domingues Marlos R. , Hallal Pedro C. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. We sought to identify perceived personal barriers to physical activity and examine the potential association between these barriers and sociodemographic and behavioral variables, including participation in leisure-time physical activity. Methods. In 2003, we conducted a population-based study in Pelotas, Brazil. Participants aged 20 years and older were selected according to a multistage sampling strategy. Participants responded to both the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a standardized questionnaire investigating 8 perceived personal barriers. Results. Only 26.8% of participants achieved 150 minutes per week of leisure-time physical activity. Lack of money (40.3%) and feeling too tired (38.1%) were the most frequently reported barriers to physical activity. A dose–response group association was observed between number of perceived barriers and level of physical activity. In the multivariable analysis, lack of time, dislike of exercising, feeling too tired, lack of company, and lack of money were associated with physical inactivity. Conclusion. Detection of the determinants of physical inactivity, a growing epidemic, should be a public health priority. Brazil is a middle-income (developing) country. The prevalence of most of the personal barriers studied was higher in this population than those levels observed in high-income (developed) countries. Perceiving 5 of the 8 barriers investigated was inversely associated with leisure-time physical activity level.
Bringing Safe Water to Remote Populations: An Evaluation of a Portable Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Madagascar
Authors: Ram Pavani Kalluri , Kelsey Elaine , Rasoatiana  , Miarintsoa Rabeantoandro Rado , Rakotomalala Oliver , Dunston Chris , Quick Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

Rural populations disproportionately lack access to improved water supplies. We evaluated a novel scheme that employed community-based sales agents to disseminate the Safe Water System (SWS)—a household-level water chlorination and safe storage intervention—in rural Madagascar. Respondents from 242 households in 4 villages were interviewed; all used surface water for drinking water. Respondents from 239 households (99%) had heard of Sûr’Eau, the SWS disinfectant; 226 (95%) reported having ever used Sûr’Eau, and 166 (73%) reported current use. Current Sûr’Eau use was confirmed in 54% of households. Community sales agents effectively motivated their neighbors to adopt a new health behavior that prevents diarrhea. Future work should focus on strategies for sustaining SWS use, factors that motivate community-based sales agents to promote SWS, and the feasibility of scaling up this approach.
Homelessness, Health Status, and Health Care Use
Authors: Schanzer Bella , Dominguez Boanerges , Shrout Patrick E. , Caton Carol L.M. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. Little is known about the health status of those who are newly homeless. We sought to describe the health status and health care use of new clients of homeless shelters and observe changes in these health indicators over the study period. Methods. We conducted a longitudinal study of 445 individuals from their entry into the homeless shelter system through the subsequent 18 months. Results. Disease was prevalent in the newly homeless. This population accessed health care services at high rates in the year before becoming homeless. Significant improvements in health status were seen over the study period as well as a significant increase in the number who were insured. Conclusion. Newly homeless persons struggle under the combined burdens of residential instability and significant levels of physical disease and mental illness, but many experience some improvements in their health status and access to care during their time in the homeless shelter system.
The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and “Get Government Off Our Back”
Authors: Apollonio Dorie E. , Bero Lisa A. 
Published: February 2007

We investigated how industries use front groups to combat public health measures by analyzing tobacco industry documents, contemporaneous media reports, journal articles, and press releases regarding “Get Government Off Our Back,” a coalition created by the tobacco industry. RJ Reynolds created Get Government Off Our Back in 1994 to fight federal regulation of tobacco. By keeping its involvement secret, RJ Reynolds was able to draw public and legislative support and to avoid the tobacco industry reputation for misrepresenting evidence. The tobacco industry is not unique in its creation of such groups. Research on organizational background and funding could identify other industry front groups. Those who seek to establish measures to protect public health should be prepared to counter the argument that government should not regulate private behavior.
Housing Instability Among Current and Former Welfare Recipients
Authors: Phinney Robin , Danziger Sheldon , Pollack Harold A. , Seefeldt Kristin 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. We examined correlates of eviction and homelessness among current and former welfare recipients from 1997 to 2003 in an urban Michigan community. Methods. Longitudinal cohort data were drawn from the Women’s Employment Study, a representative panel study of mothers who were receiving cash welfare in February 1997. We used logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for both eviction and homelessness over the survey period. Results. Twenty percent (95% confidence interval [CI]=16%, 23%) of respondents were evicted and 12% (95% CI=10%, 15%) experienced homelessness at least once between fall 1997 and fall 2003. Multivariate analyses indicated 2 consistent risk factors: having less than a high school education and having used illicit drugs other than marijuana. Mental and physical health problems were significantly associated with homelessness but not evictions. A multivariate screening algorithm achieved 75% sensitivity and 67% specificity in identifying individuals at risk for homelessness. A corresponding algorithm for eviction achieved 75% sensitivity and 50% specificity. Conclusions. The high prevalence of housing instability among our respondents suggests the need to better target housing assistance and other social services to current and former welfare recipients with identifiable personal problems.
Association of the Built Environment With Physical Activity and Obesity in Older Persons
Authors: Berke Ethan M. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Moudon Anne Vernez , Hoskins Richard E. , Larson Eric B. 
Published: February 2007

Objective. We examined whether older persons who live in areas that are conducive to walking are more active or less obese than those living in areas where walking is more difficult. Methods. We used data from the Adult Changes in Thought cohort study for a cross-sectional analysis of 936 participants aged 65 to 97 years. The Walkable and Bikable Communities Project previously formulated a walkability score to predict the probability of walking in King County, Washington. Data from the cohort study were linked to the walkability score at the participant level using a geographic information system. Analyses tested for associations between walkability score and activity and body mass index. Results. Higher walkability scores were associated with significantly more walking for exercise across buffers (circular zones around each respondent’s home) of varying radii (for men, odds ratio [OR]=5.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01, 34.17 to OR=9.14; CI=1.23, 68.11; for women, OR=1.63; CI=0.94, 2.83 to OR=1.77; CI=1.03, 3.04). A trend toward lower body mass index in men living in more walkable neighborhoods did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Findings suggest that neighborhood characteristics are associated with the frequency of walking for physical activity in older people. Whether frequency of walking reduces obesity prevalence is less clear.
Availability of Recreational Resources and Physical Activity in Adults
Authors: Roux Ana V. Diez , Evenson Kelly R. , McGinn Aileen P. , Brown Daniel G. , Moore Latetia , Brines Shannon , Jacobs David R. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. Using data from a large cohort of adults aged 45 to 84 years-old, we investigated whether availability of recreational resources is related to physical activity levels. Methods. Data from a multiethnic sample of 2723 adult residents of New York City, NY; Baltimore, Md; and Forsyth County, NC, were linked to data on locations of recreational resources. We measured the availability (density) of resources within 0.5 (0.8 km), 1, 2, and 5 miles of each participant’s residence and used binomial regression to investigate associations of density with physical activity. Results. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the tertile of participants residing in areas with the highest density of resources were more likely to report physical activity during a typical week than were individuals in the lowest tertile. Associations between availability of recreational resources and physical activity levels were not present for the smallest area assessed (0.5 miles) but were present for areas ranging from 1 to 5 miles. These associations were slightly stronger among minority and low-income residents. Conclusions. Availability of resources may be 1 of several environmental factors that influence individuals’ physical activity behaviors.
Placement, Gender, Pedagogy: Virgil's Fourth Georgic in Print*
Authors: Wallace Andrew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe article examines the narrative conclusion of the Georgics, in which the nymph Cyrene distills from Proteus' tale of Orpheus and Eurydice a set of practical instructions for her son to carry out. It argues that the tendency to minimize or ignore Cyrene's crucial role at the end of the poem is inseparable from Virgil's attempt to inspect the mechanics of instruction. Renaissance editors, commentators, and illustrators grappled uneasily with Virgil's attempt to make gender and placement integral components of Cyrene's pedagogy, and with the notion that successful instruction would culminate in a scene in which the teacher might still need to be present.
Patch dynamics and local succession in a sandstone area with frequent disturbance
Authors: Gutzerová Naděžda , Herben Tomáš 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A system of sand talus cones in a small forested rocky sandstone area was investigated to determine the importance of disturbance‐related dynamics and mesoclimate to vegetation differentiation. These cones (usually 3–12 m long) are formed by the accumulation of sand at the foot of sandstone rocks and are subject to frequent disturbance by the transport of sand. Vegetation was recorded both at the whole‐cone level and at the within‐cone level; the latter was approached by means of a transect of small squares along each cone. Soil profiles were recorded at the upper, centre and bottom parts of the cones. To express mesoclimatic differentiation among the cones within the rocky area, the potential insolation was calculated from the horizon angular height and the likelihood of thermal inversions was estimated by the height of the cones above the valley bottom.The major environmental factor correlated with variation in cone vegetation is the disturbance dynamics as determined by the structure of the soil profile; active cones (with sand at the surface) are colonized by different species as compared with non‐active cones (with surface covered by humus sediments). There is a clear primary succession gradient from plants able to cope with continuous sand transport to stands of tall bryophytes, small shrubs and herbs. Quite often the same gradient is found within cones, with late successional vegetation confined to the lower, stabilized parts of the cones, while the upper part is still being affected by sand transport. The differentiation along the gradient of disturbance is much stronger than the differentiation due to climatic or other gradients.Indirect data indicate that the long‐term average rate of sand accumulation is ca. 1 mm/yr. If sand transport ceases, Sphagnum peat accumulates on some of the cones; the depth of accumulated Sphagnum remains may reach 50 cm. The development of the peat layer is but weakly correlated with the measured variables suggesting that random processes at the beginning of Sphagnum establishment may be a driving force. By measuring Sphagnum growth and decomposition, and the peat density, we estimated the time needed for their development to be several hundreds of years.
ChenopodiumCultivation and Formative Period Agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia
Authors: Bruno Maria C. , Whitehead William T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe emergence of agriculture during the Formative period in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin played a crucial role in the development of the region’s first complex societies. Our study ofChenopodiumseeds from the site of Chiripa, Bolivia, sheds light on some of the small-scale processes contributing to the development of agricultural systems between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 100. Using a combination of scanning electron and light microscopy, we identified the crop/weed complex of the domesticate, quinoa (C. quinoaWilld.), and its weedy relative, quinoa negra (C. quinoavar.melanospermumHunziker), at Chiripa by 1500 B.C. Analyses of quinoa/quinoa negra morphometry and seed frequencies suggest that during the Early Formative period, farmers maintained gardens where both the crop and weed grew and were harvested for consumption. Around 800 B.C., however, we find samples almost entirely of quinoa at Chiripa’s social and political center, the Montículo. The paucity of quinoa negra seeds suggests that Middle Formative period farmers became more meticulous cultivators of quinoa, perhaps through weeding, careful seed selection, and construction of fields. This study complements previous investigations of settlement patterns, landscape modification, and stone tool use in this region, providing a richer understanding of Formative period agriculture.
Maya Calendar Reform? Evidence from Orientations of Specialized Architectural Assemblages
Authors: Aveni Anthony F. , Dowd Anne S. , Vining Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLong before they devised a written calendar, the Maya articulated their seasons by means of an “orientation calendar” that consisted of visual alignments involving their architecture. One specialized set of buildings, Group Eat Uaxactún, Guatemala, in the Petén lowlands, has been regarded as the prototype of such a calendar. We present new data based on precise measurements made in the field at 12 Group E complexes and obtained for a number of additional sites from reliable maps where on-site astronomical fixes were acquired. Statistical analysis of the resulting 99 alignments supports the hypothesis that, at least at some stage of development, certain of these specialized complexes did indeed function astronomically. The earliest version of the orientation calendar seems to have developed in the Petén; it was focused on the solstices. A later orientation calendar seems to have functioned principally during the season leading up to the onset of rain and crop planting. It consisted of a division of the dry season into 20-day months prior to the first annual passage of the sun across the zenith (approximately May 10 in the Christian calendar). We argue that this later orientation calendar was derived from Teotihuacan during the Early Classic period (A.D. 278–593).
Centrifuges, Filtering
Authors: Peuker Urs A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Fundamentals

2.1.

Description of the Pore Liquid

2.2.

Cake Formation

2.3.

Washing of the Centrifuge Cake

2.4

Dewatering of the Centrifuge Cake

2.4.1.

Equilibrium of Centrifugal Dewatering

2.4.2.

Kinetics of Dewatering

3.

Discontinuous Filtering Centrifuges

3.1.

Cycles of the Discontinuous Centrifugation Process

3.2.

Filling Strategies of the Centrifuge Drum

3.3.

Peeler/Scraper Centrifuge

3.3.1.

Horizontal Construction

3.3.2.

Vertical Construction: Three Column Centrifuge

3.3.3.

Siphon Centrifuge

3.4.

Inverting Filter Centrifuge

3.5.

Centrifugal Dryer

4.

Filtering Centrifuges with Continuous Feed

4.1.

Conical Screen Centrifuge

4.2.

Vibrating Conical Screen Centrifuge

4.3.

Tumbler Centrifuge

4.4.

Screen Scroll Centrifuge

4.5.

Pusher Centrifuge

4.5.1.

Cake conveyance – Transport model

4.5.2.

Washing on the Pusher Centrifuge

4.5.3.

Feeding – Danger of Basket Flooding

4.5.4.

Multistage Pusher Centrifuges

4.5.5.

Special Pusher Centrifuges

4.6.

Decanting Centrifuge/Solid Bowl Centrifuge

4.6.1.

Application for Filtration Dewatering

4.6.2.

Dewatering Model

4.7.

Screen‐Bowl Centrifuge

5.

Hybrid Processes

5.1.

Hyperbaric Centrifugation/Jet‐Stream Centrifugation

5.2.

Steam‐Enhanced Centrifugation/Steam‐Pressure Centrifugation

6.

Laboratory‐Scale Testing

6.1.

Laboratory Centrifuges

7.

Applications

8.

References
Uniform Magnetic Chains of Hollow Cobalt Mesospheres from One‐Pot Synthesis and Their Assembly in Solution
Authors: Guo L. , Liang F. , Wen X. , Yang S. , He L. , Zheng W. , Chen C. , Zhong Q. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMagnetic chains up to 10 μm in length formed of hollow cobalt mesospheres (480–850 nm) with a 60 nm thick shell are synthesized by a new soft‐assembly protocol. The obtained chains show a saturation magnetization of 37.5 emu g–1, a remnant magnetization of 1.55 emu g–1, and a coercivity of ca. 66 Oe at 300 K. A possible mechanism for the formation of the chainlike hollow structures is proposed.