bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Ovarian Failure in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Chemaitilly Wassim , Mertens Ann C. , Mitby Pauline , Whitton John , Stovall Marilyn , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. , Sklar Charles A. 
Published: February 2006

Context: Defined as the loss of ovarian function within 5 yr of diagnosis, acute ovarian failure (AOF) is known to develop in a subset of survivors of pediatric and adolescent cancers. Its precise incidence is unknown, and data concerning its risk factors are limited.
Objective: Our objective was to determine the incidence of and patient/treatment factors associated with AOF in a large cohort of pediatric cancer survivors.
Design and Setting: We conducted a retrospective cohort, multicenter study.
Patients: Female participants from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study who were greater than 18 yr of age were considered for inclusion. We excluded survivors who received cranial irradiation at doses of more than 3000 cGy, those with hypothalamic/pituitary tumors, and survivors who underwent bilateral oophorectomy. Survivors who reported never menstruating or who had ceased having menses within 5 yr after their cancer diagnosis were considered to have AOF.
Main Outcome: We assessed incidence and risk factors for AOF.
Results: Of a total of 3390 eligible survivors, 215 cases (6.3%) developed AOF. Survivors with AOF were older at diagnosis and more likely to have been diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma or to have received abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy than survivors without AOF. Among survivors with AOF, 116 (54%) had received at least 1000-cGy ovarian irradiation. In a multivariable logistic regression model, increasing doses of ovarian irradiation, exposure to procarbazine, and exposure to cyclophosphamide at ages 13–20 yr were independent risk factors for AOF.
Conclusions: AOF develops in a small subset of survivors, especially those treated with at least 1000-cGy ovarian radiation. These results will facilitate patient counseling and selection of candidates for newer fertility preservation techniques.
A Lewis Base-catalyzed Hetero Diels–Alder Reaction between Aldehydes and the Danishefsky’s Diene
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Kitazawa Takayuki , Fujisawa Hidehiko 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A lithium methoxide-catalyzed hetero Diels–Alder reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with 1-methoxy-3-trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene (Danishefsky’s diene) is described. It proceeds through the Mukaiyama-Aldol reaction pathway and affords the corresponding 2,3-dihydropyran-4-one skeletons in good to excellent yields.
Preparation of Branched Gold Nanocrystals by an Electrochemical Method
Authors: Zhou Min , Chen Shenhao , Zhao Shiyong 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A simple electrochemical method is used for synthesis of branched gold nanocrystals in aqueous solution. The branched nanocrystals can be obtained by electrochemical reduction of AuCl4− in the presence of PVP and a small amount of NaOH. The concentration of NaOH in the solution was found to have a profound influence of branch nanostructure formation.
A randomized controlled trial of preoperative infiltration with bupivacaine and adrenaline in varicose vein surgery
Authors: Franks S C , Harmston C , Hickey N C 
Published: February 2006

Objectives: Clinical experience suggested that preoperative infiltration of proposed avulsion sites with bupivacaine and adrenaline reduced bleeding associated with varicose vein surgery. This hypothesis was subjected to a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing bilateral long saphenous vein (LSV) stripping and avulsions were randomized to have one leg infiltrated with 0.25% bupivacaine and the other with 0.25% bupivacaine with adrenaline (1 in 200,000). Following induction of general anaesthesia, 10 mL of local anaesthetic was infiltrated into the groin and 20–30 mL over the marked varicosities down the leg. Bilateral PIN stripping and hook avulsions were performed. Operative blood loss was recorded for each leg and the area of strip-site and avulsion-site bruising was determined five days postoperatively. Results: There was no difference in the numbers of avulsions between the legs receiving adrenaline (median 12, range 4–23) and controls (median 13, range 4–25), but adrenaline significantly reduced the operative blood loss (median 41 mL, range 17–122) compared with control legs (median 79 mL, range 28–210; P < 0.001, Wilcoxon). There was also a significant reduction in postoperative avulsion-site bruising (median 45 cm2, range 13–101 compared with median 70 cm2, range 34–221; P < 0.001). There was a smaller reduction in strip-site bruising (median 50 cm2, range 14–128 compared with median 62 cm2, range 21–141; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative infiltration with bupivacaine and adrenaline is safe and reduces bleeding and bruising associated with varicose vein surgery.
Bilateral varicose vein surgery in the UK
Authors: Overbeck K , Zubrzycka D , Stansby G 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To assess the views of surgeons in the UK concerning the surgical management of patients with bilateral varicose veins (BVV) requiring surgery. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Questions concerned the use of BVV surgery in general, its use on day-case patients and which factors influenced decision-making in this area. Results: In all, 63% of surgeons never or only occasionally performed BVV surgery as a day case, whereas only 27% never or only occasionally performed BVV surgery on inpatients. The majority (70.2%) were not influenced by patient age or occupation (81.9%). The patient's general health was, however, a factor in decision-making for the majority (60.1%), as was the extent of the varicosities (52.8%). Other important factors were the availability of a second surgeon and a perception that there was likely to be increased morbidity with BVV surgery. Conclusions: There appears to be considerable variation between individual surgeons in the UK with regard to BVV surgery. This is manifested mainly as a reluctance to perform BVV as a day case by a significant number of surgeons. As there is no randomized trial(s) in this area, no firm guidance can be given. The issue is worthy of further study and may have significant health economic implications.
Combined Factor V Leiden (R506Q) and prothrombin G20210A genotyping in young patients presenting with deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Mansilha A , Araújo F , Severo M , Sampaio S M , Toledo T , Albuquerque R 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To evaluate the association between the Factor V Leiden (FV R506Q) and prothrombin gene (FII G20210A) mutations and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in young people. Methods: Blood samples were drawn from 199 subjects: 100 healthy controls and 99 unselected patients, with an objectively documented first episode of DVT under 40 years old. DNA analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction. Results: The mean age in the patient cohort was 27 years (range 16–40) and 68 (68.7%) were women. Patient prevalences were 20.6% and 10.1% for FV R506Q and FII G20210A, respectively. In the control group, carrier frequencies were 2% and 5%, respectively. We found an increased overall relative risk of DVT with statistical significance for FV R506Q carriers (OR: 12.8; 95% CI: 2.9–56.7; P < 0.001), but not for FII G20210A mutation (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 0.7–6.5; P = 0.19). Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible increase in DVT risk for the young G20210A allele carriers, which can be more expressed in the presence of a circumstantial risk factor. There is extremely strong evidence that the Factor V Leiden mutation is an important risk factor in the development of a first episode of DVT in young people.
Heat dissipation during endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins – is there a risk of nerve injury?
Authors: Beale R J , Mavor A I D , Gough M J 
Published: February 2006

Objective: Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) is a new minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins employing laser ablation of the long saphenous vein (LSV) under tumescent local anaesthesia. Concerns about thermal injury to perivenous nerves (tibial, peroneal, sural) have prevented its use for saphenopopliteal/short saphenous incompetence. This study assesses heat dissipation around the LSV during EVLT. Methods: In 12 consenting patients undergoing EVLT (Local research ethics committee approved), thermocouples (inserted percutaneously) were positioned (ultrasound control) 3, 5 and 10 mm from the LSV following perivenous injection of tumescent anaesthesia (0.1% lignocaine at room temperature). The 810-nm diode laser delivery system delivered 1-s pulses (12 W power) with 1-s intervals during laser fibre withdrawal at 3 mm/s. Results: The maximum recorded temperatures at 3, 5 and 10 mm were 43.3°C, 42.0°C and 36.0°C, with median temperatures (±interquartile range) of 34.5°C (30.8–40.0), 33.7°C (30.5–39.9) and 31.1°C (30.3–33.3), respectively. Conclusions: Although intravascular laser-tip temperatures of up to 1334°C have been recorded in experimental models of EVLT, these results indicate that heat dissipation into adjacent tissues is minimal. Thus, careful ultrasound-guided injection of adequate volumes of perivenous local anaesthetic and the associated heat-sink effect should allow safe use of EVLT in treating saphenopopliteal/short saphenous incompetence.
Role of the Bispectral Index in Sedation Monitoring in the ICU
Authors: LeBlanc Jaclyn M , Dasta Joseph F , Kane-Gill Sandra L 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To review and critique evidence for the use of the bispectral index (BIS) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Data Sources: A computer search of English-language articles in MEDLINE (1966–July 2005), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–July 2005), and Scientific Citation Index Expanded (1980–July 2005) was conducted. A manual search of abstracts was also performed using the key search terms BIS, sedation, and critical care. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Case series, letters, editorials, and clinical studies that evaluated BIS in ICU patients were considered for inclusion. Data Synthesis: Nineteen studies comparing the BIS with sedation scales were evaluated, revealing that the BIS trends lower with increasing sedation. The BIS appeared to correlate better when sedation scores were grouped rather than individual values. However, correlations between BIS and subjective scales were low in most studies (r2 0.21–0.93). Additionally, there was poor correlation between drug dosage and the BIS. Randomized, controlled trials demonstrating improved outcomes with BIS monitoring have not been reported. Conclusions: Interpreting literature on the usefulness of the BIS in the ICU is difficult for reasons that include heterogeneous populations, different methods of collecting BIS data, and use of different versions of BIS software and hardware. Outcomes data are lacking. The 2002 Society of Critical Care Medicine Sedation Guidelines recommendation that more data are needed before the BIS should be used routinely in the ICU remains unchanged. We recommend that further studies be conducted to determine the optimal method of obtaining BIS data and evaluate the impact of the BIS on relevant patient outcomes.
Are Shorter Courses of Filgrastim Prophylaxis Associated with Increased Risk of Hospitalization?
Authors: Weycker Derek , Hackett James , Edelsberg John S , Oster Gerry , Glass Andrew G 
Published: February 2006

Background: In clinical trials in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy, 10–11 days of prophylaxis with filgrastim has been found to reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia. In clinical practice, however, many patients receive shorter courses of therapy, even though the effectiveness of this regimen is unknown. Objective: To examine the relationship between duration of filgrastim prophylaxis and risk of hospitalization in patients receiving chemotherapy for non–Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), breast cancer, or lung cancer. Methods: Using a large, automated, US healthcare claims database, we identified all adults who received chemotherapy for NHL, breast cancer, or lung cancer between 1998 and 2002. For these patients, we identified their first course of chemotherapy and each unique cycle within that course, We then focused attention on all patient cycles in which filgrastim was administered on or before cycle day 5 (filgrastim prophylaxis). Pooling all such cycles, we examined the relationship between duration of filgrastim prophylaxis and risk of hospitalization for neutropenia or infection and risk of hospitalization for any reason, using generalized estimating equations. Results: Mean ± SD duration of filgrastim prophylaxis was 6.5 ± 3.1 days across 332 cycles for 133 NHL patients, 6.1 ± 2.9 days across 482 cycles for 205 breast cancer patients, and 4.3 ± 3.1 days across 522 cycles for 260 lung cancer patients. In multivariate analyses, risk of hospitalization for neutropenia or infection was found to decline with each additional day of filgrastim prophylaxis for patients with NHL (OR 0.81; p = 0.003), breast cancer (OR 0.77; p = 0.001), and lung cancer (OR 0.91; p = 0.084). Risk reductions with each additional day of prophylaxis ranged from 15% to 19% for patients with NHL, 17% to 23% for those with breast cancer, and 8% to 9% for those with lung cancer. Similar reductions in risk were noted for all-cause hospitalization. Conclusions: Among patients with NHL, breast cancer, or lung cancer, shorter courses of filgrastim prophylaxis may increase the risk of hospitalization.
Dynamic taxonomies and guided searches
Authors: Sacco Giovanni M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new search paradigm, in which the primary user activity is the guided exploration of a complex information space rather than the retrieval of items based on precise specifications, is proposed. The author claims that this paradigm is the norm in most practical applications, and that solutions based on traditional search methods are not effective in this context. He then presents a solution based on dynamic taxonomies, a knowledge management model that effectively guides users to reach their goal while giving them total freedom in exploring the information base. Applications, benefits, and current research are discussed.
Workspaces for search
Authors: Hendry David G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProgress in search interfaces requires vigorous inquiry into how search features can be embedded into application environments such as those for decision‐making, personal information collecting, and designing. Progress can be made by focusing on mid‐level descriptions of how search components can draw upon and update workspace content and structure. The immediate goal is to advance our understanding of how to shape and exploit context in search. The long‐term goal is to develop an interdisciplinary design resource that enables stakeholders in the computing, social, and information sciences to more richly impact each others' work.
Translating–transliterating named entities for multilingual information access
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Hsi , Lin Wen‐Cheng , Yang Changhua , Lin Wei‐Hao 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNamed entities are major constituents of a document but are usually unknown words. This work proposes a systematic way of dealing with formulation, transformation, translation, and transliteration of multilingual‐named entities. The rules and similarity matrices for translation and transliteration are learned automatically from parallel‐named‐entity corpora. The results are applied in cross‐language access to collections of images with captions. Experimental results demonstrate that the similarity‐based transliteration of named entities is effective, and runs in which transliteration is considered outperform the runs in which it is neglected.
Multilingual Web retrieval: An experiment in English–Chinese business intelligence
Authors: Qin Jialun , Zhou Yilu , Chau Michael , Chen Hsinchun 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs increasing numbers of non‐English resources have become available on the Web, the interesting and important issue of how Web users can retrieve documents in different languages has arisen. Cross‐language information retrieval (CLIR), the study of retrieving information in one language by queries expressed in another language, is a promising approach to the problem. Cross‐language information retrieval has attracted much attention in recent years. Most research systems have achieved satisfactory performance on standard Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) collections such as news articles, but CLIR techniques have not been widely studied and evaluated for applications such as Web portals. In this article, the authors present their research in developing and evaluating a multilingual English–Chinese Web portal that incorporates various CLIR techniques for use in the business domain. A dictionary‐based approach was adopted and combines phrasal translation, co‐occurrence analysis, and pre‐ and posttranslation query expansion. The portal was evaluated by domain experts, using a set of queries in both English and Chinese. The experimental results showed that co‐occurrence‐based phrasal translation achieved a 74.6% improvement in precision over simple word‐by‐word translation. When used together, pre‐ and posttranslation query expansion improved the performance slightly, achieving a 78.0% improvement over the baseline word‐by‐word translation approach. In general, applying CLIR techniques in Web applications shows promise.
Maternal and fetal distribution of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in rats after intravenous infusion
Authors: Soucy Nicole V. , Riley Jason P. , Templin Michael V. , Geary Richard , de Peyster Ann , Levin Arthur A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND:Fetal uptake of an antisense oligonucleotide was evaluated after intravenous (i.v.) dosing of ISIS 2105, a 20‐base phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, in timed‐pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats.METHODS:To maximize the potential for fetal exposure, ISIS 2105 was administered as a 3‐hr infusion at 6.6 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 20 mg/kg, or as a continuous 7‐day infusion at 0.35 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 59 mg/kg. This dosing regime is higher than a patient would be expected to receive in the clinical use of oligonucleotides. Infusions were delivered through a jugular vein cannula by syringe pump on gestation day (GD) 19 (3‐hr exposure) or by osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) starting on GD 12 (7‐day exposures).RESULTS:After a 3‐hr infusion, maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of ISIS 2105 were >100 µg/ml and <0.07 µg/ml, respectively with a maternal fetal ratio of >1,000. Maternal regions of the placenta had twice the oligonucleotide concentration compared to fetal regions of the placenta (6 µg/g vs. 3 µg/g). After this acute exposure the concentrations in fetal kidney and liver were approximately 140‐ and 500‐fold less than the maternal kidney and liver respectively. After 7‐day infusion maternal plasma concentrations were 0.82 µg/ml and fetal concentrations were <0.22 µg/ml. By capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) only the fetal liver consistently had quantifiable oligonucleotide concentrations (range=1.01–4.95 µg/g) compared to a mean concentration of 50.11±1.71 µg/g in the maternal liver a maternal to fetal ratio of approximately 10:50 after 7 days of infusion.CONCLUSIONS:There was a low level of transfer from dam to fetus, consistent with a slow equilibrium but the permeability of placenta to this 6 kDa polyanionic compound seemed to be limited even at supraclinical doses.Birth Defects Res (Part B) 77:22–28, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yeast as a drug discovery platform in Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Giorgini Flaviano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe high degree of conservation of cellular and molecular processes between the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes have made it a valuable system for numerous studies of the basic mechanisms behind devastating illnesses such as cancer, infectious disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Several studies in yeast have already contributed to our basic understanding of cellular dysfunction in both Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Functional genomics approaches currently being undertaken in yeast may lead to novel insights into the genes and pathways that modulate neuronal cell dysfunction and death in these diseases. In addition, the budding yeast constitutes a valuable system for identification of new drug targets, both via target‐based and non‐target‐based drug screening. Importantly, yeast can be used as a cellular platform to analyze the cellular effects of candidate compounds, which is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration will ultimately have to be tested in neuronal and animal models, there are several distinct advantages to using simple model organisms to elucidate fundamental aspects of protein aggregation, amyloid toxicity, and cellular dysfunction. Here, we review recent studies that have shown that amyloid formation by disease‐causing proteins and many of the resulting cellular deficits can be faithfully recapitulated in yeast. In addition, we discuss new yeast‐based techniques for screening candidate therapeutic compounds for Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases.
Arenicola marina extracellular hemoglobin: a new promising blood substitute
Authors: Rousselot Morgane , Delpy Eric , Drieu La Rochelle Christophe , Lagente Vincent , Pirow Ralph , Rees Jean‐François , Hagege Agnès , Le Guen Dominique , Hourdez Stéphane , Zal Franck 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe need to develop a blood substitute is now urgent because of the increasing concern over Europe's BSE outbreak and the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic, which have cut blood supplies. Extracellular soluble hemoglobin has long been studied for its possible use as a safe and effective alternative to blood transfusion, but this has met with little success. Clinical trials have revealed undesirable side effects–oxidative damage and vasoconstriction–that hamper the application of cellfree hemoglobin as a blood substitute. We have addressed these problems and have found a new promising extracellular blood substitute: the natural giant extracellular polymeric hemoglobin of the polychaete annelid Arenicola marina. Here we show that it is less likely to cause immunogenic response; its functional and structural properties should prevent the side effects often associated with the administration of extracellular hemoglobin. Moreover, its intrinsic properties are of interest for other therapeutic applications often associated with hemorrhagic shock (ischemia reperfusion, treatment of septic shock and for organ preservation prior to transplantation). Moreover, using natural hemoglobin is particularly useful since recombinant DNA techniques could be used to express the protein in large quantities.
Broad host range vectors for stable genomic library construction
Authors: Lynch Michael D. , Gill Ryan T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe describe the construction of 36 stable vectors for genomic library construction in gram‐negative species. These vectors contain the pBBR1 replicon that has been shown to stably replicate in every gram‐negative species tested. The plasmids also contain bidirectional, rho‐independent transcriptional terminators flanking the multiple cloning site, which allows for greater insert stability, and thus, greater genomic representation. Each vector varies in its antibiotic resistance cassette, mobilization function, and promoter used to express insert sequences. These vectors should prove useful in the screening of highly representational genomic libraries in a broad variety of gram‐negative species. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.