bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior and Mechanisms of Irradiation—Thermal Creep of Cladding Tubes Made of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Rogozyanov A. Ya. , Kobylyansky G. P. , Nuzhdov A. A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the irradiation-thermal creep behavior of cladding tubes made of two Russian zirconium alloys: the widely used E110 (Zr-1Nb) alloy and the advanced E635 (Zr-1Nb-1.2Sn-0.35Fe); and to demonstrate the advantages of E365 claddings for VVER fuel rod application with respect to fuel pellet-cladding gap at high burnups. For this purpose, a creep test concept and an analysis methodology were developed. Creep tests using cladding tubes made from both alloys were carried out. The test results along with published data allowed development of predictive models of irradiation-thermal creep for the cladding tubes of both alloys. The models describe strain processes in non-irradiated claddings and in claddings under and after irradiation. The models benchmark well to dimensional changes in VVER fuel rods. The models show the fuel pellet-cladding gap to disappear at higher burnup values if E635 is used for VVER cladding as opposed to the E110 alloy.
An Outbreak of Hematopoietic and Reproductive Disorders Due to Solvents Containing 2‐Bromopropane in an Electronic Factory, South Korea: Epidemiological Survey
Authors: Park Jung‐Sun , Kim Yangho , Park Dong Wook , Choi Kyeong Sook , Park Seung‐Hyun , Moon Young‐Hahn 
Published: February 2008

An Outbreak of Hematopoietic and Reproductive Disorders Due to Solvents Containing 2‐Bromopropane in an Electronic Factory, South Korea: Epidemiological Survey: Jung‐Sun Park, et al. Industrial Health Research Institute, Korea Industrial Safety Corporation (KISCO)ObjectivesThis survey was conducted to identify the causative agent in the outbreak in an electronic factory in Korea.MethodsThe questionnaire administered to subjects consisted of questions regarding medical and occupational history, including current work practices. Employees were also examined for liver, kidney, brain, reproductive organ and bone marrow function, etc. Detailed investigation of industrial hygiene was conducted to identify the potential source of occupational exposure.ResultsAmong the three subject groups, all 23 intoxication cases (6 males and 17 females) were found in the only section using a new cleaning solution, the Tactile Switch Assembly Operation (total workers: 8 males and 25 females). Abnormal findings in the cases were only hypofunctions of the reproductive organs (ovarian failure, azoospermia or oligospermia) and the bone marrow (pancytopenia). 2‐bromopropane is the main component in the cleaning solution (97.4%). Until late November, 1994, workers were exposed to the cleaning solution directly without using proper protective equipment. The solvent was changed from Freon 113 to the above mixture solution in February, 1994. There has been no case among workers who quit before February, 1994. Freon 113 can therefore be excluded as a possible causative agent in the outbreak.ConclusionsThe outbreak in the section of Tactile Switch Assembly Operation was caused by exposure to the new cleaning solution. The causative agent is most likely to be 2‐bromopropane.
A Study on Extremely Low‐Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Discussion of EMF Safety Limits
Authors: Nakagawa Masayoshi 
Published: February 2008

A Study on Extremely Low‐Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Discussion of EMF Safety Limits: Masayoshi Nakagawa, Railway Technical Research Institute—Since Wertheimer and Leeper reported in 1979 that the incidence of cancer in children living near distribution lines is twice or three times as high as normal, the association between leukemia or cancer and extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF, electromagnetic fields) has often been the subject of debate. Compared with the thermal effect of high frequency bands, the non‐thermal effects of ELF‐electromagnetic fields on animals are very weak and have been studied in the recent past. A positive correlation between low level ELF electromagnetic fields and some specific cancers was detected by epidemiological studies but not directly by laboratory experiments. Nevertheless it has been reported that very low‐level (0.1μT order) ELF electromagnetic fields can induce cell proliferation and a high transcription rate in human lymphocytes and human carcinoma cell lines. However, more investigations are necessary to arrive at an appropriate conclusion as to whether a low level ELF electromagnetic field induces mutation or acts as a promotor of cancer.In the last two decades, equipment using high power EMF e.g. pulse magnetic fields have come into common use and the effects of eddy currents, which are induced by the time‐varying magnetic fields, in humans and animals are clearly noticed. These effects are magnetophosphenes, spastic contraction of muscles and stimulation of nerves. In 1990, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) published the threshold limit values (TLV) of ELF magnetic fields as a function of 60/f (frequency) mT while in 1993 the National Radiation Protection Board (NRPB of the UK) published 80/f mT safety guideline. These magnetic flux densities i.e. 1.2 mT at 50 Hz recommended ACGIH or 1.6 mT at 50 Hz by NRPB were calculated so as to obtain a current density of 1‐10 mAm’2 i.e. the supposed minimum electric current to affect animals. While these recommended values are 100 to 1,000 times higher than the flux density levels in our living environment, the suggested value that epidemiologists think has deleterious effects on humans is 0.2μT. It is difficult to decide which is the right guideline to adopt: the one suggested by the results of epidemiological surveys indicating that very low‐level EMF raises the incidence of leukemia and other cancer, or the one which was recommended as the minimum level of magnetic flux density inducing a current that would supposedly affect humans and animals. Therefore this disparity between the values arrived at by epidemiological surveys and that recommended by regulatory agencies has to be resolved.
A Cross‐Sectional Observation of the Effects of Hydrazine Hydrate on Workers' Health
Authors: Nomiyama Tetsuo , Omae Kazuyuki , Tanaka Shigeru , Miyauchi Hiroyuki , Koizumi Akio , Tsukada Mikako , Wada Yasuhiko , Mogi Takashi , Imamiya Shunichiro , Sakurai Haruhiko 
Published: February 2008

A Cross‐Sectional Observation of the Effects of Hydrazine Hydrate on Workers' Health: Tetsuo Nomiyama, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio UniversityObjectiveTo clarify the current and cumulative effects of hydrazine hydrate (HH) (N2H4 · H2O: CAS No. 7803‐57‐8) on workers' health.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was carried out on 172 male HH‐exposed workers (age 18‐60, mean 39.6; exposure duration 0.50‐34.17) and 125 male referent workers (age 19‐58, mean 40.9) at 5 factories making HH or hydrazine derivatives in Japan. Current exposure concentrations were assessed by determining hydrazine in the breathing zones and urinary hydrazine + acetylhydrazine. The cumulative exposure level was assessed by multiplying the individuals' working durations at the job sites and the estimated past environmental levels at the job sites. Clinical examinations were performed with particular focus on hepatic and renal function tests. N‐acetyltransferase (NAT2) phenotypes were assessed. Acute and chronic subjective symptoms related to HH were examined by self‐administered questionnaires.ResultsNo hydrazine was detected in either the breathing zones or the urine of the referent workers. The mean hydrazine concentration in the breathing zones, hydrazine + acetylhydrazine in urine, and cumulative exposure level were 0.0109 ppm (N.D.‐0.2003), 0.8660 μ mol/g · Cr (N.D.‐14.20), and 2.80 ppm‐years (0.003‐19) respectively. There was no difference and no dose‐dependent change in either the means or the prevalence of abnormal findings in health examination items between the HH‐exposed and the referent workers after adjusting confounding factors and by means of the differences of NAT2 phenotypes. Among 90 subjective symptoms, complaint of “nightmares” was significantly related to HH exposure.ConclusionIn this study, no health effect regarding current and cumulative HH exposure was observed in the HH‐exposed workers when compared to the referent workers.
Gender and Hierarchical Differences in Lead‐Contaminated Japanese Bone from the Edo Period
Authors: Nakashima Tamiji , Hayashi Haruki , Tashiro Hiraku , Matsushita Takayuki 
Published: February 2008

Gender and Hierarchical Differences in Lead‐Contaminated Japanese Bone from the Edo Period: Tamiji Nakashima, et al. Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanObjectivesWe analyzed lead concentrations in bones from both genders of the Japanese samurai class and compared findings with those of the farmer and fisherman classes in the Edo period (1603‐1867) to clarify gender and hierarchical (or occupational) differences in lead exposure during the Japanese feudal age.MethodsTests were performed by atomic absorption.ResultsFemale samurai bones (30.5 μg Pb/g dry bone) showed higher lead concentrations than male samurai bones (15.6μg Pb/g dry bone), but these differences were not significant. This tendency was also seen in the farmer and fisherman classes (male: 1.0 μg Pb/g dry bone; female: 1.7 μg Pb/g dry bone). Strong hierarchical differences between samurai and farmer/fisherman classes were seen in both genders in this study (p<0.001). One of the female samples from the Samurai class, who was a daughter of the 6th feudal lord in Kokura (Japan), had 945.5 μg Pb/g dry bone.ConclusionThe samurai class were the aristocrats of society. We assume that facial cosmetics (white lead) comprised one of the main routes of lead exposure among the samurai class, because cosmetics were a luxury in that period.
Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in the Treatment of Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Adverse Reactions Are Associated With Immunoglobulin A Content
Authors: Manlhiot Cedric , Tyrrell Pascal N. , Liang Lisa , Atkinson Adelle R. , Lau Wendy , Feldman Brian M. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Anecdotal reports have suggested differences in children's tolerance to different intravenous immunoglobulin products; however, there has been little research on this issue. We sought to determine whether different intravenous immunoglobulin products used in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis are equally well tolerated by patients and, if not, whether differences in tolerance are linked to immunoglobulin A content.PATIENTS AND METHODS. The intravenous immunoglobulin infusion history (product given and history of adverse events) of patients who were attending the juvenile dermatomyositis clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children from 1986 to 2005 was reviewed. Products with an immunoglobulin A content of &gt;15 μg/mL were classified as “high immunoglobulin A.” Data were analyzed by using logistic regression models adjusted for repeated measures.RESULTS. Thirty-eight patients with juvenile dermatomyositis received 1056 infusions at the Hospital for Sick Children. Adverse events were reported on 92 occasions (9%), affecting 25 patients (66%), a frequency that is higher than that usually reported in adult patients (&lt;1%–5%). Adverse events were reported more often with products that contained high immunoglobulin A (15.0% vs 8.0%). These were accounted for specifically by fever (8.0% vs 1.0%), lethargy or malaise (2.0% vs 0.1%), and nausea or vomiting (5.0% vs 1.0%). Of the possible pharmacologic predictors, including dose, immunoglobulin G concentration, immunoglobulin A level, pH, glycine content, sugar content, sodium content, and osmolality, only immunoglobulin A level was significantly associated with adverse events.CONCLUSIONS.Intravenous immunoglobulin was found to be safe and well tolerated by most children with juvenile dermatomyositis. However, in contrast to adult studies, we found that significant differences existed in tolerance to different intravenous immunoglobulin products, most likely because of immunoglobulin A concentration. This study confirms anecdotal reports that a high level of immunoglobulin A in intravenous immunoglobulin is less well tolerated by children and provides evidence that product choice is important in pediatrics.
Safety and Tolerability of Cold-Adapted Influenza Vaccine, Trivalent, in Infants Younger Than 6 Months of Age
Authors: Vesikari Timo , Karvonen Aino , Smith Helen M. , Dunning Andrew , Razmpour Ahmad , Saville Melanie K. , Gruber William C. , Forrest Bruce D. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Young children are at high risk for influenza-related complications. Vaccination of close household contacts is recommended to provide indirect protection to children &lt;6 months of age. Studies have shown that live, cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, is efficacious in children. To assess the risks associated with inadvertent exposure of infants to vaccine viruses from vaccinated contacts, this study was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, administered intranasally to healthy children 6 to &lt;24 weeks of age.
METHODS. Healthy infants aged 6 to &lt;16 weeks and 16 to &lt;24 weeks, respectively, were randomly assigned to receive 2 doses of influenza vaccine, or placebo intranasally 35 ± 7 days apart. Reactogenicity events were monitored for 11 days after each dose. Other adverse events were monitored through 28 to 35 days after dose 2.
RESULTS. Of the infants aged 6 to &lt;16 weeks, 31 received influenza vaccine and 28 received placebo, and of those aged 16 to &lt;24 weeks, 30 received influenza vaccine and 31 received placebo. In the 6- to &lt;16-week cohort, more influenza vaccine, recipients experienced irritability (66.7% vs 35.7%) and runny nose or nasal congestion (63.3% vs 33.3%) after dose 1 but not dose 2. There were no significant increases in any other reactogenicity events or adverse events in the vaccine recipients compared with the placebo group.
CONCLUSIONS. Although there was an increase in mild reactogenicity events in children 6 to &lt;16 weeks of age, cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, was generally well tolerated in infants 6 to &lt;24 weeks of age. These findings support further evaluation of cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, in infants &lt;6 months of age.
String Corrosion and String Protection During Constructing and Operating Gas Storage Facility in Bedded Salt Deposit
Authors: Guangjie Yuan , Qinghua Wang , Ruichen Shen , Jinping Yuan , Lijun Lu , Chunmao Wang 
Published: February 2008

Summary
With more and more salt cavern gas storage under construction, the corrosion problems of leaching string, production string, and production casing require more attention by experts on gas storage. This paper introduces several corrosion phenomena that are encountered during the operation of leaching salt caverns and during natural-gas injection and withdrawal. The main corrosion factors are discussed such as brine, air, microbes, components of natural gas, gas injection velocity, operating status, and others. The corrosion mechanisms are also analyzed. To prevent the corrosion effects, a series of measures are successfully applied during different construction phases of the gas storage facility in the Yangtze River Delta, such as oxygen scavenger and biocide, coating protection, annulus protection liquid, and cathodic protection.
Analysis of the Mechanism of Transport and Retention of Nonaqueous-Scale-Inhibitor Treatments in Cores Using Novel Tracer Techniques
Authors: Shields R. A. , Sorbie K. S. , Singleton M. A. , Guan H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary
In recent years, a number of nonaqueous delivery systems for scale inhibitors (SI) have been developed that are designed to be applied as low-damage, low-water-cut or pre-emptive squeeze treatments (e.g., in critical or expensive subsea wells). The mechanisms through which nonaqueous SI systems operate is an important technical issue. Only when a good understanding of the transport and retention mechanisms is developed can this be built into a model for designing such squeeze treatments (such as the SQUEEZE VI model). The experimental work in this paper focused on a specific oil soluble version of a standard pentaphos-phonate inhibitor (DETPMP), which has been described previously in the literature. Several floods have been carried out comparing corresponding nonaqueous and aqueous applications of DETPMP to better determine the main features of the transport and retention mechanism of the system. Novel core flood experiments with tracers in both the aqueous and oleic phases have been performed and are reported in this paper. Unique information is generated by designing very detailed flooding cycles and carrying out tracer floods at each stage. Results point to the formation of an immobile "emulsion-like" third phase in this system. To confirm our proposed mechanism, nonaqueous inhibitor has also been applied at zero residual water saturation (100% oil) to investigate whether or not the tailing effect (or third layer deposition) could be generated without previous oil/water partitioning of the SI. For this case, tailing of the brine tracer only was observed. Mass balance showed that there was still considerable retention of SI that was ultimately produced during the aqueous post-flush.
The corresponding aqueous-inhibitor coreflood showed similar returns to that of the previous nonaqueous experiment and no retardation of either the tracer species or the metal ions in the brine. No formation damage occurred for either phase after the inhibitor was injected. A further "control" flood (no SI treatment) proved that the brine tracer tailing arose as a direct result of the treatment.
The use of the tracer species in each (water and oil) phase is a genuine innovation, which provides a powerful additional technique for demonstrating the effect of chemical treatments on the flow and the retention of all fluids in the core.
Experience in AA-LDHI Usage for a Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Dry-Tree Oil Well: Pushing the Technology Limit
Authors: Harun A. F. , Fung G. , Erdogmus M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary
A dry tree well in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) has been producing oil with more than 50% water cut. This raises a concern, because the existing Anti-Agglomerants Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor (AA LDHI) used during extended shutdowns and cold restarts, is effective only up to 50% water cut. Because more time and resources would be required to bring a new AA LDHI, more detailed analysis were performed to evaluate the possibility of managing hydrate risks through operating procedures. It was found that during extended shutdown, the wellbore fluid can be pushed down below the mudline using the dry gas from the glycol contact tower followed by diesel or methanol. Thus, it eliminates the hydrate risk during extended shutdowns. Confirmed by the actual data, the cold restart simulations found the warm-up time in the wellbore to be less than an hour. The actual data also show the cumulative water cut one hour after restart was found to be below 50%. The cold restart procedures have been updated with the strategy to outrun the water and come out of the hydrate condition as quickly as possible. Since then, the well has been brought on production using the existing LDHI without any hydrate problems, even with a water cut approaching 90%.
Effective Gas-Shutoff Treatments in a Fractured Carbonate Field in Oman
Authors: Ali E. , Bergren F. E. , DeMestre P. , Biezen E. , Van Eijden J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary
A giant, fractured carbonate field in north Oman has both complex geology and complex reservoir-drive mechanisms. The upper, densely fractured layers are produced using the gas/oil gravity-drainage (GOGD) process, while the less-fractured lower set of layers is subjected to waterflooding. The production from the GOGD layers is through vertical and horizontal wells completed in a thin fracture oil rim. Gas conformance control is a challenge in many of these wells because the gas breakthrough occurs for a variety of reasons: downward movement of fracture gas/oil contact (fracture-oil-rim thinning), gas breakthrough via high-conductivity fractures (fracture gas breakthrough), zonal-isolation failure at the wellbore (mechanical gas breakthrough), and increasing gas saturation in the matrix (matrix gas breakthrough). An integrated multidisciplinary team studied well and reservoir performance and openhole (OH) and cased-hole logs to diagnose the source of higher-than-expected gas/oil ratio (GOR) in several GOGD wells. The most important logs in this work were memory-production-logging-tool (MPLT) surveys used to identify the sources of gas production and formation-microimager (FMI) logs used for fracture identification and characterization.
This paper illustrates the work carried out in horizontal open-hole and vertical cased-hole completions to shut off the undesirable gas flow successfully. The horizontal wells identified with poor zonal isolation behind the liner were treated with an innovative gel gas-shutoff procedure. The merits of this procedure out-weighed those of other proposed solutions: targeted placement, a strong full-blocking gel to fill up channels behind the liner, inert particles to control fluid loss of the full-blocking gel to small fractures and the formation matrix, and displacement with an already-cured gel that could be washed out of the wellbore.
Significant drops in the GORs of these wells resulted in sustained oil-production increases. This is a step change in the ability to manage detrimental gas production in this field and is expected to lead to further opportunities for improved gas management and well performance in this field and other fields where the GOGD recovery mechanism is used.
Investigation of Gas Carryover With a Downward Liquid Flow
Authors: Sutton Robert P. , Skinner Terry K. , Christiansen Richard L. , Wilson Lyle 
Published: February 2008

Summary
An investigation into gas carryover resulting from the downward flow of water was conducted. Water accumulation in a gas well is responsible for well-productivity decline and left untreated will eventually result in the well loading up and ceasing to produce. Submersible pumps offer a viable means of removing water from the well; however, gas interference can significantly degrade pump performance and even result in pump failure. An effective means of mitigating this problem is to place the pump below the producing interval, effectively allowing gravity to separate the gas and water. The rule of thumb (in this instance) is to limit the downward liquid velocity to values less than 0.5 ft/sec to ensure gas/water separation. High steel prices dictate smaller casing strings be used where possible to enhance project economics in operations such as coalbed methane. However, smaller pipe sizes result in higher flow velocities for a corresponding surface flow rate. These higher flow velocities reduce separation efficiency, which could jeopardize project success. To quantify the relationship between gas-carryover and liquid velocity, a full-scale model was built and actual gas carryover rates were measured. Two sizes of annular flow geometries representative of those used in the field were used in the test. The results were also confirmed with separate measurements taken from a test-well facility. These studies show the traditional rule-of-thumb value of 0.5 ft/sec to be conservative. Multiphase-flow pattern maps also were integrated into the study as a supplemental aid to the development of operation guidelines and to add insight into operational practices of submersible pumps. As a result of this work, smaller casing sizes were successfully used resulting in substantial project cost savings.