bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Molecular Recognition by Synthetic Multifunctional Pores in Practice: Are Structural Studies Really Helpful? (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2/2006)
Authors: Baudry Y. , Bollot G. , Gorteau V. , Litvinchuk S. , Mareda J. , Nishihara M. , Pasini D. , Perret F. , Ronan D. , Sakai N. , Shah M. R. , Som A. , Sordé N. , Talukdar P. , Tran D.‐H. , Matile S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStefan Matile and co‐workers describe their recent results on synthetic multifunctional pores on p. 169. In Nature, pores are used to transport materials across cellular membranes. Synthetic pores, such as the one shown on the cover, can be used for molecular recognition, leading to applications such as hosting, sensing, or catalysis. The authors argue that demonstration of function is not enough to confirm that synthetic pores work as designed: structural studies and molecular modeling provide complementary, yet vital, information.This account summarizes five years of research devoted to the development of the concept of synthetic multifunctional pores. The objective is to complement a comprehensive graphical summary of molecular recognition with a survey of structural studies on the same topic. The relevance of the latter for research focusing on creation and application of supramolecular functional materials is discussed briefly in a subjective manner.
Influence of polymer viscoelasticity on the residence distributions of extruders
Authors: Elkouss Paul , Bigio David I. , Wetzel Mark D. , Raghavan Srinivasa R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFluid flow in extruders has been described kinematically using residence time distributions (RTDs). Residence Distributions (RxD), as expressed by Residence Volume Distributions and Residence Revolution Distributions, have shown to collapse the RTD curves onto single master curves based on specific throughput. When the same extruder is used for processing different polymers, differences in RxDs have been attributed mainly to differences in material viscosity, as measured, for example, by the melt flow index. This study explores the role of polymer viscoelasticity in modeling extruder performance. It is shown that viscosity is not the material property that explains differences in RxDs. In one case, two materials with very similar viscosities have very different RxDs and, in a second case, two materials having very different viscosities have very similar RxDs. A calculation of the Weissenberg number for each system shows that viscoelastic effects can underlie the differences in RxD. Strongly elastic fluids tend to travel in a plug‐flow–like manner down an extruder and so their RxDs are qualitatively different from those of viscous fluids. The results thus show that comprehensive rheological information is necessary for modeling the flow of polymer melts in extruders. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
No association between VNTR polymorphisms of dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children
Authors: Cheuk Daniel Ka Leung , Li Susanna Yuk Han , Wong Virginia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDopamine transporter (DAT) gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previously a meta‐analysis concluded no association between the variable‐number‐of‐tandem‐repeats (VNTR) polymorphisms of the DAT gene and ADHD. However, significant heterogeneity was present among studies and no conclusion can be drawn about the association in any single ethnicity given the small number of studies. There were also conflicting results in Chinese populations. We therefore perform the present study to investigate the association in Chinese children in Hong Kong. In this prospective family‐based and case‐control study during January to June 2004, we recruited consecutive Chinese children diagnosed with ADHD by DSM‐IV criteria, their family members, and sex‐matched controls admitted for acute upper respiratory infection, excluding those with perinatal brain insults, mental retardation, or neurological deficits. VNTR polymorphisms of the DAT gene were determined by standard PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sixty‐four ADHD cases (52 boys, 12 girls), their family members and 64 normal controls were recruited. The 10‐repeat allele (92.6%) and the 10/10 repeat genotype (85.2%) were the most prevalent. Both family‐based and case‐control analyses showed no association between the DAT gene polymorphisms and ADHD (transmission dysequilibrium test: P = 0.99; odds ratio of 10‐repeat allele = 0.89 (95%CI 0.35–2.28), P = 0.81; odds ratio of 10/10 repeat genotype = 0.69 (95%CI 0.26–1.84), P = 0.46). We concluded that VNTR polymorphism of the DAT gene is not associated with ADHD in Chinese children, and further studies are needed to clarify the polygenic and environmental influences for pathogenesis of ADHD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coxibs and Alzheimer's disease: Should they stay or should they go?
Authors: Firuzi Omidreza , Praticò Domenico 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, but also, among other aspects, by signs of a chronic inflammatory process. Epidemiological studies have shown that long‐term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing AD and delays its onset. The classic target of NSAIDs is the prevention of cyclooxygenase (COX) activation. The main mechanism of action of COXs is the synthesis of prostaglandins, some of which have potent inflammatory activity. The discovery of two isoforms of this enzyme, COX‐1 and COX‐2, and that the latter is inducible by inflammatory cytokines supported the hypothesis that its inhibition would result in a potent antiinflammatory effect and led to the rapid development of selective COX‐2 inhibitors, collectively called coxibs. Based on this rationale, some coxibs have been used in clinical trials for AD patients, but all the results obtained so far have been negative. Here, we review our knowledge in terms of COX‐2 in the central nervous system, COX‐2 and Aβ formation, and finally COX‐2 and AD pathogenesis to understand the reasons why these drugs have failed and whether there is any scientific support to keep them as therapeutic tools for this chronic disease. Ann Neurol 2006
Formation of SBS thermoplastic block copolymer using hexamethyleneimine alkenyl lithium (N‐Li) initiator
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Yurong , Liao Mingyi , Zhang Chunqing 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStyrene and butadiene block copolymers (SBS) end functionalized with amino group at the initiating chain ends were synthesized using hexamethyleneimine alkenyl lithium (N‐Li) as initiator, tetrahydrofuran (THF) as polar modifier, and cyclohexane as solvent. By attaching a few number of butadiene molecules to N‐lithium hexamethyleneimine, a new N‐Li initiator that can effectively initiate the polymerization of SBS was obtained. 1H NMR spectrums of the N‐Li initiator terminated by ethanol, end functionalized polystyrene, and SBS block copolymer proved the structure of N‐Li and its ability to initiate the polymerization of styrene and SBS block copolymer. Kinetics studies suggested that the polymerization rate of styrene in the first block reached the maximum when the ratio of THF/Li was increased to 5, while further increase of the ratio of THF/Li could not improve the polymerization rate. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of SBS initiated by N‐Li varied with the ratio of THF/Li. The vinyl content of polybutadiene block increased by improving the ratio of THF/Li, while the content of cis‐1,4 and trans‐1,4 structures decreased. The vinyl content of end functionalized SBS was somewhat higher than that of SBS initiated by classical n‐butyllithium when other condition was the same. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 81–88, 2006
Poly(D, L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)/poly(ethylenimine) blend matrix system for pH sensitive drug delivery
Authors: Sutton Damon , Durand Remy , Shuai Xintao , Gao Jinming 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) were blended and found to form a homogeneous pH sensitive matrix for drug release. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the PLGA/PEI blends showed a single glass transition temperature at all compositions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that the PLGA carbonyl peak at 1760 cm−1 shifted to 1666 cm−1 as a result of amide bond formation between the two polymers. This was confirmed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies. A PLGA/PEI matrix of 90/10 weight ratio was chosen for evaluation for controlled drug release. Both hydrophobic β‐lapachone and hydrophilic rhodamine B showed pH dependent release profiles with faster release kinetics at lower pH values. The observed pH sensitive drug release was mainly attributed to two factors, pH dependent swelling and protonation of the PEI‐PLGA matrix. These results demonstrate utility of a PLGA/PEI matrix and its potential application in pH responsive drug delivery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 89–96, 2006
Effect of amino‐functionalization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on the dispersion with epoxy resin matrix
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Fang Zhengping , Gu Aijuan , Xu Lihua , Liu Fu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAmino‐functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was carried out by grafting triethylenetetramine (TETA) on the surfaces of MWCNTs through the acid–thionyl chloride way. The amino‐functionalized MWCNTs show improved compatibility with epoxy resin and, as a result, more homogenous dispersion in the matrix. The mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of the amino‐functionalized MWCNT/epoxy composites were also investigated. It was found that introducing the amino‐functionalized MWCNTs into epoxy resin greatly increased the charpy impact strength, glass transition temperature, and initial decomposing temperature of cured epoxy resin. In addition, introducing unfunctionalized MWCNTs into epoxy resin was found greatly depressing the light transmission properties, which would affirmatively confine the application of the MWCNTs/epoxy composites in the future, while much higher light transmittance than that of unfunctionalized MWCNTs/epoxy composites was found for amino‐functionalized MWCNTs/epoxy composites. SEM of the impact cross section and TEM of ultrathin film of the amino‐functionalized MWCNTs/epoxy composites showed that the amino‐functionalized MWCNTs were wetted well by epoxy matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 97–104, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of new functional poly(urethane‐imide) crosslinked networks
Authors: Park Mi‐Hee , Jang Wonbong , Yang Seung‐Jin , Shul Yonggun , Han Haksoo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo synthesize new functional poly(urethane‐imide) crosslinked networks, soluble polyimide from 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydianiline, and maleic anhydride and polyurethane prepolymer from polycaprolactone diol, tolylene 2,4‐diisocyanate and hydroxyl ethyl acrylate were prepared. Poly(urethane‐imide) thin films were finally prepared by the reaction between maleimide end‐capped soluble polyimide (PI) and acrylate end‐capped polyurethane (PU). The effect of polyurethane content on dielectric constant, residual stress, morphology, thermal property, and mechanical property was studied by FTIR, prism coupler, Thin Film Stress Analyzer (TFSA), XRD, TGA, DMTA, and Nano‐indentation. Dielectric constant of poly(urethane‐imide) thin films (2.39–2.45) was lower than that of pure polyimide (2.46). Especially, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films with 50% of PU showed lower dielectric constant than other poly(urethane‐imide) thin films did. Lower residual stress and slope in cooling curve were achieved in higher PU content. Compared to typical polyurethane, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films exhibited better thermal stability due to the presence of the imide groups. The glass transition temperature, modulus, and hardness decreased with increase in the flexible PU content even though elongation and thermal expansion coefficient increased. Finally, poly(urethane‐imide) thin films with low residual stress and dielectric constant, which are strongly affected by the morphological structure, chain mobility, and modulus, can be suggested to apply for electronic devices by variation of PU. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 113–123, 2006
An object‐oriented approach to simulating convective rainfall over an island heat source
Authors: Charlery John L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA model for simulating the life cycle of convective cloud formation through daytime heating over a small island is developed. Resulting precipitation is also simulated. The evolution of the cloud cells is represented as a sequence of stages, with both the main and supporting cells described by attributes whose values change as the atmospheric environment evolves. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Propensity scores and the surgeon
Authors: Adamina M , Guller U , Weber W P , Oertli D 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackgroundEvidence-based surgery has been established as a cornerstone of good clinical practice, promising to improve the treatment of patients and the quality of surgical education. However, evidence-based surgery requires dedicated clinicians trained to perform methodologically sound clinical investigations. Statistical knowledge is therefore invaluable. Surgical studies often cannot be randomized. Propensity scores offer a powerful alternative to multivariable analysis in the assessment of observational, non-randomized surgical studies. Unfortunately, many surgeons are unaware of this important analytical approach that has gained increasing stature in medical research. Thus, propensity score analyses are not used often in surgical studies.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of propensity score analysis, allowing the surgeon to understand the role, advantages and limitations of propensity scores, boosting their development in surgical investigations.
Latent plaque rupture in a patient undergoing stenting for acute coronary syndrome and diffuse coronary disease: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Koizumi Tomomi , Wilson Andrew M. , Clark David A. , Fitzgerald Peter J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSecondary prevention of plaque rupture following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome is not well studied. This case report describes a 53‐year‐old man who experienced plaque rupture between two previously successfully implanted stents in the right coronary artery, as documented during the 3rd intervention using intravascular ultrasound. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Late fenestration of the extracardiac conduit in a Fontan circuit by sequential stent flaring
Authors: Gewillig M. , Boshoff D. , Delhaas T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent Fontan circuits frequently involve an extracardiac conduit. We report on a new technique to create a late fenestration in such an extracardiac circuit by sequential flaring of a stent in the fenestration. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant Porphyrin Wheels with Large Electronic Coupling as Models of Light‐Harvesting Photosynthetic Antenna
Authors: Hori Takaaki , Aratani Naoki , Takagi Akihiko , Matsumoto Takuya , Kawai Tomoji , Yoon Min‐Chul , Yoon Zin Seok , Cho Sung , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStarting from a 1,3‐phenylene‐linked diporphyrin zinc(II) complex 2ZA, repeated stepwise AgI‐promoted coupling reactions provided linear oligomers 4ZA, 6ZA, 8ZA, and 12ZA. The intramolecular cyclization reaction of 12ZA under dilute conditions (1×10−6 M) gave porphyrin ring C12ZA with a diameter of approximately 35 Å in 60 % yield. This synthetic strategy has been applied to a 1,3‐phenylene‐linked tetraporphyrin 4ZB to provide 8ZB, 12ZB, 16ZB, 24ZB, and 32ZB. The intramolecular coupling reaction of 24ZB gave a larger 24‐mer porphyrin ring C24ZB with a diameter of approximately 70 Å in 34 % yield. These two large porphyrin rings were characterized by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectroscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. The STM images of C12ZA reveal largely circular structures, whereas those of C24ZB exhibit mostly ellipsoidal shapes, indicating more conformational flexibility of C24ZB. Similar to the case of C12ZA, the efficient excitation energy transfer along the ring has been confirmed for C24ZB by using the time‐correlated single‐photon counting (TCSPC) and picosecond transient absorption anisotropy (TAA) measurements, and occurs with a rate of (35 ps)−1 for energy hops between neighboring tetraporphyrin subunits. Collectively, the present work provides an important step for the construction of large cyclic‐arranged porphyrin arrays with ample electronic interactions as a model of light‐harvesting antenna.
Benzotriazole‐Assisted Thioacylation.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Witek Rachel M. , Rodriguez‐Garcia Valerie , Mohapatra Prabhu P. , Rogers James W. , Cusido Janet , Abdel‐Fattah Ashraf A. A. , Steel Peter J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Desilylative Nitration of C,N‐Disilylated 3‐Amino‐4‐methylfurazan.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Ivanova Elena A. , Spiridonova N. P. , Melnikova S. F. , Tselinsky I. V. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arylphthalazines: Identification of a New Phthalazine Chemotype as Inhibitors of VEGFR Kinase.
Authors: Piatnitski Evgueni L. , Duncton Matthew A. J. , Kiselyov Alexander S. , Katoch‐Rouse Reeti , Sherman Dan , Miligan Daniel L. , Balagtas Chris , Wong Wai C. , Kawakami Joel , Doody Jacqueline F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidines, Pyrido[3′′,2′′:4′,5′]thieno[3′,2′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6‐a]benzimidazoles and Related Fused Systems.
Authors: Bakhite E. A. , Al‐Sehemi A. G. , Yamada Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Benzazepine Analogues from D‐Glucose: Synthesis of Chiral cis‐ and trans‐Fused Furo[3,2‐c][2]benzazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Majhi Tirtha Pada , Nandi Aniruddha , Neogi Arpita , Mukhopadhyay Ranjan , Chattopadhyay Partha 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymorphism in Micro‐, Submicro‐, and Nanocrystalline NaNbO3.
Authors: Shiratori Yosuke , Magrez Arnaud , Dornseiffer Juergen , Haegel Franz‐Hubert , Pithan Christian , Waser Rainer 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Self‐Encapsulation of Homogeneous Catalyst Species into Polymer Gel Leading to a Facile and Efficient Separation System of Amine Products in the Ru‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carboxamides with Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS).
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Mitsui Kaoru , Ishida Toshiki , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Novel 4,4′‐Bis[2′′‐(5′′′‐substituted rhodanin‐3′′′‐yl)thiazol‐4′′‐yl]bibenzyls.
Authors: Siddiqui I. R. , Singh Pravin K. , Singh Jaya , Singh Jagdamba 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibition of Secretory Phospholipase A2. Part 1. Design, Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies Starting from 4‐Tetradecyloxybenzamidine to Obtain Specific Inhibitors of Group II sPLA2s.
Authors: Heymans Francoise , et al. et al. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New N‐(5‐Oxo‐2,5‐dihydro)pyrrol‐3‐yl Glycines and N‐(5‐Oxo‐2,5‐dihydro)pyrrol‐3‐yl Glycines Esters
Authors: Jourdan Fabrice , Kaiser Jens T. , Lowe David J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzyl Ether Structure—‐Activity Relationships in a Series of Ketopiperazine‐Based Renin Inhibitors.
Authors: Powell Noel A. , Clay Emma H. , Holsworth Daniel D. , Bryant John W. , Ryan Michael J. , Jalaie Mehran , Edmunds Jeremy J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High Affinity Ligands for the α7 Nicotinic Receptor that Show no Cross‐Reactivity with the 5‐HT3 Receptor.
Authors: Baker S. Richard , Boot John , Brunavs Michael , Dobson David , Green Rachel , Hayhurst Lorna , Keenan Martine , Wallace Louise 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparative assessment of the 1992 and 2002 pathologic T3 substages for the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Steuber Thomas , Erbersdobler Andreas , Graefen Markus , Haese Alexander , Huland Hartwig , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare the ability of the 1992 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system for nonorgan‐confined prostate carcinoma (PCa) (pathologic T3 [pT3a], pT3b,and pT3c) to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy with its revision from 1997/2002 (pT3a and pT3b).METHODSThe authors analyzed prospectively collected data from 971 consecutive patients with pT3 tumors who underwent radical prostatectomy alone at a single institution. According to the 1992 AJCC substages, 494 patients had pT3a PCa (51%), 85 patients had pT3b PCa (9%), 302 patients had pT3c PCa (31%) and 91 patients had pT3 PCa (9%) with metastatic lymph node invasion (LNI). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were employed to assess the BCR rate using the preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, surgical margin (SM) status, pathologic Gleason score, and LNI. The predictive accuracy of this “base” model was compared with models that added either the AJCC 1992 or the AJCC 1997/2002 staging definitions.RESULTSBCR was observed in 345 patients (36%). The actuarial 5‐year recurrence‐free probability for patients with AJCC 1992 pT3a, pT3b, and pT3c PCa was 69%, 42%, and 33%, respectively, and differed significantly between men with pT3a tumors and men with pT3b tumors (log‐rank test; P < 0.0005). In Cox regression analyses, the 1992 substages were associated significantly with BCR after controlling for PSA, SM status, Gleason grade, and LNI (P < 0.0005). The predictive accuracy of the base model (bootstrap‐corrected concordance index, 0.739) was improved after addition of the 1992 TNM staging criteria (concordance index, 0.747). However, predictive accuracy was similar for the model that included the 1997/2002 substages (concordance index, 0.746).CONCLUSIONSSubstaging of pT3 tumors according to the less complex 1997/2002 pT3 classification improved the predictive accuracy of the BCR rate virtually to the same extent as the more detailed 1992 classification. Therefore, the current data favor the use of the 1997/2002 pT3 substaging system. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.