bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent image analysis of lipid hydroperoxides in fish muscle with 3‐perylene diphenylphosphine
Authors: Chotimarkorn Chatchawan , Ohshima Toshiaki , Ushio Hideki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA fluorescent image analysis method was developed to evaluate lipid hydroperoxide formation in fish muscle. The lipid hydroperoxides generated in white and dark fish muscles during storage at 5–6°C oxidized 3‐perylene diphenylphosphine located in the tissue to yield the fluorescent derivative, 3‐perylene diphenylphosphine oxide (3‐PeDPPO). 3‐PeDPPO thus obtained was determined by digital fluorescent image analysis. The 3‐PeDPPO fluorescence intensity of white and dark muscle increased during low‐temperature storage (0–24 h) and was clearly correlated with total lipid hydroperoxide levels in muscle extracts, which were determined by using HPLC based on a triphenylphosphine oxidation method (R2=0.954). These results suggest that 3‐PeDPPO fluorescence, coupled with fluorescent image analysis, is a novel tool for direct determination of lipid hydroperoxides in fish muscle without a need for extraction of lipid.
Acyl migration during debenzylation of 1,3‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐O‐acylglycerols
Authors: Yue Lijian , Zhang Chenggang , Zhang Guolin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn investigating the preparation of 2‐acylglycerol by debenzylation of 1,3‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐O‐acylglycerol, twelve 1,3‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐O‐acylglycerols were synthesized, 2‐O‐acyl moieties with one or more protons at the carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl group were found to migrate from C‐2 to C‐1 of the glycerol moiety during hydrogenation under Pd/C at room temperature.
Very long chain fatty acid methyl esters in transesterified palm oil
Authors: Puah Chiew Wei , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome unidentified minor compounds have been observed in the residue from short‐path distillation of transesterified palm oil that are not detected in the original palm oil. A method combining short‐path distillation to enrich the unknowns with fractionation using solid‐phase extraction is described. The fractionated components were identified using GC coupled with MS. The transesterified palm oil was found to contain methyl esters of up to C32 carbon atoms. In the very long chain FAME with carbon numbers ≥20, both even and odd carbon numbers accounted for 0.26 wt%, with C24 and C26 being the major ones present in the residue after short‐path distillation of transesterified palm oil.
Natural neo acids and neo alkanes: Their analogs and derivatives
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis review presents more than 260 naturally occurring (as well as 47 synthesized) neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and their analogs and derivatives, isolated and identified from plants, algae, fungi, marine invertebrates, and microorganisms, that demonstrate different biological activities. These natural metabolites are good prospects for future chemical preparations as antioxidants, and also as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. Described also are some synthetic bioactive compounds containing a tertiary butyl group(s) that have shown high anticancer, antifungal, and other activities. Applications of some neo fatty (carboxylic) acid derivatives in cosmetic, agronomic, and pharmaceutical industries also are considered. This is the first review to consider naturally occurring neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and other metabolites containing a tertiary butyl group(s) [or tert‐butyl unit(s)].
Gestational diabetes mellitus enhances arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in placental phospholipids
Authors: Bitsanis Demetris , Ghebremeskel Kebreab , Moodley Therishnee , Crawford Michael A. , Djahanbakhch Ovrang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn previous studies, we reported that neonates of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have reduced blood levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that were unrelated to maternal status. Since both AA and DHA are selectively transferred from maternal to fetal circulation by the placenta, we have investigated whether the FA composition of the placenta is altered by GDM. Thirty‐six women, 11 with and 25 without GDM, were recruited from Newham General Hospital, London. The women with GDM had higher levels of di‐homo‐γ‐linolenic (P<0.05), docosate‐traenoic (n‐6 DTA; P<0.0001), docosapentaenoic n‐6 (P<0.005), total n‐6 (P<0.005), docosapentaenoic (n‐3 DPA; P<0.005), and total n‐3 (P<0.01) FA, as well as higher levels of AA (P<0.05) and DHA (P<0.01), in placental choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) compared with the healthy women who served as controls. Similarly, the women with GDM had elevated n‐6 DTA (P<0.005), AA, total n‐6 metabolites (P<0.05), DHA, total n‐3 metabolites, and total n‐3 FA (P<0.005) in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG). In contrast to CPG and EPG, the placental TG of the women with GDM had higher linoleic acid (P<0.05) and lower AA, n‐6 metabolites, and n‐3 DPA (P<0.01). The placenta is devoid of desaturase activity, and it is thought to be reliant on maternal circulation for both AA and DHA. Hence, the enhanced levels of the two FA in the placenta of the GDM group suggests that these FA are taken up from the maternal circulation and retained after esterification into phosphoglycerides instead of being transferred to the fetus. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism involved and the effect of the phenomenon on postnatal growth and development of the offspring.
Effect of diacylglycerol on the development of impaired glucose tolerance in sucrose‐fed rats
Authors: Meguro Shinichi , Osaki Noriko , Matsuo Noboru , Tokimitsu Ichiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of DAG oil and TAG oil on impaired glucose tolerance in rats that were fed a diet containing high levels of sucrose were compared. Male Wistar rats (8 wk old and 32 wk old) were fed either high‐sucrose (57.5% sucrose w/w) or control diets containing either 10% (w/w) DAG or TAG oil with a similar FA composition for 48 wk in 8‐wk‐old rats and for 24 wk in 32‐wk‐old rats. Plasma lipids, the size of the islets of Langerhans, and insulin, glucose, and adipocytokine levels were measured. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out during the study period. For rats in both age groups that were fed a high‐sucrose diet, the DAG oil group had lower plasma glucose and insulin response in an OGTT, and lower homeostasis model assessment‐R levels, than the TAG oil group. Furthermore, in 8‐wk‐old rats that were fed a high‐sucrose diet, the DAG oil group accumulated less visceral fat and showed decreases of plasma adiponectin and suppressed increases of plasma insulin, leptin, and the size of islet of Langerhans compared with the TAG oil group. No difference in the OGTT was found between the DAG and TAG oil groups in either age group of rats fed a control diet. In conclusion, these results suggest that DAG oil ingestion prevents the high‐sucrose‐diet‐induced development of impaired glucose tolerance compared with TAG oil ingestion.
Rat adult offspring serum lipoproteins are altered by maternal consumption of a liquid diet
Authors: Pennington J. S. , Pennington S. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPalatable liquid diets for the administration of ethanol (EtOH) to animals have proven to be a major advance for the study of the effects of EtOH consumption under conditions of isocaloric nutrition of the control animals. Using a liquid diet, the original aim of the reported studies was to examine the effect of maternal EtOH consumption during pregnancy on the lipoprotein (Lp) profiles of the adult offspring measured by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, initial data suggested that compared to a maternal chow diet, the basal maternal liquid diet (without EtOH) had a significant effect on specific serum Lp of the adult offspring. The adult off‐spring of mothers who had consumed a basal liquid diet with‐out EtOH exhibited significant increases in their plasma triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol content compared to adult offspring whose mothers consumed a chow diet. Further, there were significant increases in the offspring's VLDL and low density Lp (LDL) subfractions' particle number, regardless of whether the maternal liquid diet was ad libitum‐fed, pair‐fed, or EtOH‐containing. The increase in offspring plasma TG was due to increases in specific VLDL subfraction particle numbers and not to increased TG content per particle. Similarly, the increase in plasma cholesterol was the result of elevated level of the very small LDL particles but not to an increased amount of cholesterol per LDL particle. These findings should be further examined in light of the widespread use of liquid diets in, research to administer EtOH, especially for studies of fetal alcohol syndrome.
Effect of low vitamin a status on fat deposition and fatty acid desaturation in beef cattle
Authors: Siebert B. D. , Kruk Z. A. , Davis J. , Pitchford W. S. , Harper G. S. , Bottema C. D. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA group of Angus beef cattle was removed from temperate pastures and fed a very low β‐carotene cereal‐based ration in a feedlot for over 300 d. Half the group was supplemented weekly with retinyl palmitate (at the rate of 60,000 IU vitamin A/100 live weight (LW)/day), sufficient to offset clinical vitamin A deficiency; the other half received no supplement. Blood was sampled from all animals at biweekly intervals to assess β‐carotene and vitamin A status. Adipose tissue was sampled by biopsy on three occasions throughout the experimental period and at slaughter to assess FA composition. Muscle was sampled at slaughter to determine the intramuscular fat content. The mean plasma concentration of β‐carotene of all animals fell from an initial value of 20.1 to 5.2 μg/mL at 14 d, to 1.4 μg/mL at 35 d, and to zero at 105 d. Mean vitamin A in plasma was not significantly different between the treatment groups initially. The values then rose to almost twice their initial values by 35 d, but subsequently fell to below initial values by day 119. Thereafter, plasma vitamin A of the supplemented group was significantly greater than that of the unsupplemented group (P<0.05). Muscle samples at slaughter from supplemented animals contained significantly (P<0.01) more intramuscular lipid (13.0 vs. 9.6%). Major changes occurred over time in FA composition in both groups. Saturated FA decreased as monounsaturated FA increased over the first 60 d. An index of desaturation of FA was significantly lower (P<0.001) in the vitamin A‐supplemented group than in the nonsupplemented group. M.P. of the adipose tissue of nonsupplemented animals was 32.3°C, significantly less (P<0.05) than that of supplemented animals (34.1°C). Feeding vitamin A was associated with less intramuscular fat but with a less desirable (less unsaturated, more solid) FA profile.
Differential effect of lysophospholipids on activities of human plasma paraoxonase1, either soluble or lipid‐bound
Authors: Park Cheon Ho , Nguyen Su Duy , Kim Mee Ree , Jeong Tae‐Sook , Sok Dai‐Eun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInteraction of paraoxonasel (PON1) with lysophospholipids was examined with respect to activity regulation and binding property. Paraoxonase activity of purified PON1 was partially inhibited by palmitoyl‐lysophosphatidylglycerol (palmitoyl‐lysoPG) and lysophosphatidylinositol (lysoPl), which had a stimulatory effect on arylesterase and diazoxonase activities. The selective inhibition of paraoxonase activity by palmitoyl‐lysoPG, characterized by noncompetitiveness and charge interaction, was also observed with HDL‐or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)‐bound PON1. Mean‐while, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) stimulated all three activities of purified PON1, although it stimulated DMPC‐bound or HDL‐bound PON1 to a lesser extent. The stimulatory action of lysophospholipids was observed around their CMC, suggesting that micelle formation of lysophospholpids might be involved in the stimulation of PON1 activity. Presumably in support of this, the tryptophan fluorescence intensity of PON1 was increased by lysophospholipids at concentrations required for the stimulation of PON1 activity. Separately, lysoPC stimulation was less remarkable for DMPC‐bound PON1 than for either dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS)‐or dimyristoylphos‐phatidylglycerol‐bound PON1, suggesting a tight association between PON1 and DMPC. In support of this, the stimulatory role of apolipoprotein A‐I was less prominent for DMPC‐bound PON1 than for DMPS‐bound PON1. Taken together, these data suggest that the inhibition of paraoxonase activity by lysoPG or lysoPI may be due to binding to a site distinct from the active center, whereas the stimulation by lysophospholipid may be ascribed to the micelle formation around the lipid‐associable region of PON1.
Analysis of triacylglycerols of seeds and berries of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) of different origins by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Baoru , Kallio Heikki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTAG of seeds, berries, and fruit pulp/peel of different subspecies of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) were analyzed by MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The seeds contained mainly TAG with acyl carbon number (ACN) of 52 with 2–6 double bonds (DB) (20–30%), and TAG of ACN 54 with 3–9 DB (70–80%). In the pulp/peel fraction, the major TAG were species with ACN:DB of 48∶1 to 48∶3 (19–49%), 50∶1 to 50∶4 (31–41%), and 52∶1 to 52∶6 (9–19%). The molecular weight species of whole berries largely resembled those of fruit pulp/peel with additional species of ACN 54 from the seeds (5–24%). Subspecies (spp.) sinensis differed from ssp. mongolica and rhamnoides by having a higher proportion of TAG of ACN 52 (27% vs. 21% and 22%, P<0.05) and a lower proportion of ACN 54 (71% vs. 79% and 78%, P<0.01) in seed TAG. Seed TAG of ssp. mongolica contained a higher proportion of more unsaturated species compared with those of the two other subspecies. Berry TAG of ssp. mongolica had the highest proportion of molecular species of ACN 48 due to the higher proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids and the lower seed content of the berries. Overall, palmitic acid favored the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. The order of preference of unsaturated FA for the sn‐2 position depended at least partially on the FA combination of TAG. Seed TAG of ssp. mongolica contained a higher proportion of α‐linolenic acid in the sn‐2 position than those of ssp. sinensis. In berry TAG, ssp. mongolica had the highest proportions of palmitoleic and linoleic acids in the sn‐2 position, and the lowest proportion of oleic/cis‐vaccenic acid in the sn‐2 position, among the three subspecies.
NMR characterization of dihydrosterculic acid and its methyl ester
Authors: Knothe Gerhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCyclopropane FA occur in nature in the phosphoplipids of bacterial membranes, in oils containing cyclopropene FA, and in Litchi sinensis oil. Dihydrosterculic acid (2‐octyl cyclopropaneoctanoic acid) and its methyl ester were selected for 1H and 13C NMR analysis as compounds representative of cyclopropane FA. The 500 MHz 1H NMR spectra acquired with CDCl3 as solvent show two individual peaks at −0.30 and 0.60 ppm for the methylene protons of the cyclopropane ring. Assignments were made with the aid of 2D correlations. In accordance with previous literature, the upfield signal is assigned to the cis proton and the downfield signal to the trans proton. This signal of the trans proton is resolved from the peak of the two methine protons of the cyclopropane ring, which is located at 0.68 ppm. The four protons attached to the two methylene carbons α to the cyclopropane ring also show a split signal. Two of these protons, one from each methylene moiety, display a distinct shift at 1.17 ppm, and the signal of the other two protons is observed at 1.40 ppm, within the broad methylene peak. The characteristic peaks in the 13C spectra are also assigned.
Effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition and temporal trajectories of fatty acids in fasting Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, cladocera)
Authors: Schlechtriem Christian , Arts M. T. , Zellmer I. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPoikilothermic organisms accumulate highly unsturated FA (HUFA) in their lipids at reduced temperatures to maintain cell membrane fluidity. In this study we investigated the effect of temperature on temporal trajectories of FA of fasting Daphnia pulex cultured on a HUFA‐free diet. Daphnia pulex populations were maintained for 1 mon at 22 and 11°C and were fed the chlorophyte Ankistrodesmus falcatus. We observed conversion of C18 FA precursors to EPA (20∶5n3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20∶4n6) in D. pulex. We showed that long‐term exposure to cold temperature causes a significant increase in EPA, HUFA such as ARA and EPA are highly conserved during starvation. Therefore, D. pulex has the biosynthetic capacity to adjust and to maintain the content of HUFA required to survive at low temperatures.
Effects of storage time and added antioxidant on fatty acid composition of red blood cells at −20°C
Authors: Magnusardottir Anna R. , Skuladottir Gudrun V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe stability of PUFA in venous red blood cells (RBC) of women aged 25 to 55 years (n=12) was investigated during storage at −20°C. The RBC sample from each participant was divided into seven portions: one baseline with the antioxidant BHT, another without BHT, samples without BHT stored for 2, 4, 9, or 17 wk, and samples with BHT stored for 17 wk. No difference was found in proportions of PUFA at baseline and after storage for 2 and 4 wk without BHT, and 17 wk with BHT. After 9 wk without BHT the proportion of 22∶6n−3 in RBC was lower, and after 17 wk without BHT proportions of all PUFA were lower than at baseline. High proportion of 22∶6n−3 in RBC at baseline was associated with more stable concentration of total FA in RBC without BHT during 17 wk. The findings indicate that PUFA in RBC from healthy women are stable at −20°C for 4 wk, without BHT and for at least 17 wk with BHT.
Differential effects of modulation of docosahexaenoic acid content during development in specific regions of rat brain
Authors: Levant Beth , Ozias Marlies K. , Jones Karra A. , Carlson Susan E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVariation in brain FA composition, particularly decreased DHA (22ŋ6n−3), affects neurodevelopment, altering visual, attentional, and cognitive functions, and is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. To further understand how specific brain processes and systems are affected by variation in brain DHA content, we sought to determine whether specific brain regions were differentially affected by treatments that after brain DHA content. Adult male Long‐Evans rats were raised from conception using diet/breeding treatments to produce four groups with distinct brain phospholipid compositions. Total phospholipid FA composition was determined in whole brain and 15 brain regions by TLC/GC. Brain regions exhibited significantly different DHA contents, with the highest levels observed in the frontal cortex and the lowest in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Increased availability of DHA resulted in increased DHA content only in the olfactory bulb, parietal cortex, and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. In contrast, treatment that decreased whole‐brain DHA levels decreased DHA content in all brain regions except the thalamus, dorsal midbrain, and the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Alterations in DHA level were accompanied by changes in docosapentaenoic acid (n−6 DPA, 22∶5n−6) content; however, the change in DHA and n−6 DPA was nonreciprocal in some brain regions. These findings demonstrate that the FA compositions of specific brain regions are differentially affected by variation in DHA availability during development. These differential effects may contribute to the specific neurochemical and behavioral effects observed in animals with variation in brain DHA content.
Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Sioen Isabelle A. , Pynaert Hse , Matthys Christophe , De Backer Guy , Van Camp John , De Henauw Sterfaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe intake of fat, saturated and monounsaturated FA (SFA and MUFA), and omega‐6 and omega‐3 PUFA has been estimated in 641 Belgian women (age 18‐39 y). Their food intake was recorded using a 2‐d food diary. The PUFA included were linoleic (LA), alpha‐linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaeonoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The mean total fat intake corresponded to 34.3% of total energy intake (E). The mean intake of the FA groups corresponded to 13.7%, 13.1%, and 6.0% of E, for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively. The mean intake of LA was 5.3% of E and of LNA was 0.6% of E, with a mean LA/LNA ratio of 8.7. The mean intake of AA was 0.03% of E. The mean intake of EPA, DPA, and DHA was 0.4%, 0.01%, and 0.06% of E, respectively. According to the Belgian recommendations, the total fat and SFA intake was too high for about three‐quarters of the population. The mean LA and overall n‐6 PUFA intake corresponded with the recommendation, with part of the population exceeding the upper level. Conversely, the population showed a large deficit for LNA and n‐3 PUFA. The major food source for LA and LNA was fats and oils, followed by cereal products. The main sources of long‐chain PUFA were fish and seafood, and meat, poultry, and eggs. From a public health perspective, it seems desirable to tackle the problem of low n‐3 PUFA intake.
Influence of dietary oil content and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid metabolism enzyme activities and gene expression in tissues of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Kennedy Sean R. , Leaver Michael J. , Campbell Patrick J. , Zheng Xiaozhong , Dick James R. , Tocher Douglas R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe overall objective is to test the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has beneficial effects in Atlantic salmon as a result of affecting lipid and FA metabolism. The specific aims of the present study were to determine the effects of CLA on some key pathways of FA metabolism, including FA oxidation and highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) synthesis. Salmon smolts were fed diets containing two levels of fish oil (low, ∼17%, and high, ∼34%) containing three levels of CLA (a 1∶1 mixture of cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 at 0, 1, and 2% of diet) for 3 mon. The effects of dietary CLA on HUFA synthesis and β‐oxidation were measured, and the expression of key genes in the FA oxidation and HUFA synthesis pathways, and the potentially important transcription factors peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR), were determined in selected tissues. Liver HUFA synthesis and desaturase gene expression was increased by dietary CLA and decreased by high diatary oil content. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐I (CPT‐I) activity and gene expression were generally increased by CLA in muscle tissues although they were relatively unaffected by dietary oil content. In general CPT‐1 activity or gene expression was not correlated with β‐oxidation. Dietary CLA tended to increase PPARα and β gene expression in both liver and muscle tissues, and PPARγ in liver. In summary, gene expression and activity of the FA pathways were altered in response to dietary CLA and/or oil content, with data suggesting that PPAR are also regulated in response to CLA. Correlations were observed between dietary CLA, liver HUFA synthesis and desaturase gene expression, and liver PPARα expression, and also between dietary CLA, CPT‐I expression and activity, and PPARα expression in muscle tissues. In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary CLA has effects on FA metabolism in Atlantic salmon and on PPAR transcription factors. However, further work is required to assess the potential of CLA as a dietary supplement, and the role of PPAR in the regulation of lipid metabolism in fish.