bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LINNAEAN NOMENCLATURE—UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF TAXONOMISTS—AND THE SPORAE DISPERSAE (WITH A COMMENTARY ON HUGHES' PROPOSAL)
Authors: Jansonius Jan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA historical perspective reviews the origins of plant taxonomy and its relationship with plant fossils. Linnaeus contributed the notion of binomial nomenclature with the sole purpose of providing a label for the species. Subjective attributes such as stratigraphic occurrence or presumed phylogenetic relationship have no place in taxonomic circumscription. Names of taxa are stabilized by nomenclatural types, to which the name is permanently attached.Nomenclature and taxonomy are entirely different concepts. The I.C.B.N, provides Rules for stabilizing the nomenclature, and strict adherence to these is beneficial to all palynologists. Their judgement on how to best group and subdivide their material may vary; proper nomenclatural procedures will allow later workers to re‐arrange these data without confusion.Practical problems of spore systematics result from imperfect knowledge and understanding. Virtually identical problems are faced by palaeobotanists working with named parts of plants, by mycologists or phycologists working with named stages in life cycles, and even by neobotanists working with incomplete herbarium specimens. There are no reasons for palynologists to aim for nomenclatural procedures different from those of other plant taxonomists. Recent suggestions by Boulter and Pirozynski and proposals by Hughes to change the I.C.B.N, so as to give special consideration to special groups of fossils are ill considered and here rejected.
THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GOSSYPIUM TOMENTOSUM SEEM. AND THE NAME OF THE HAWAIIAN ENDEMIC GOSSYPIUM
Authors: Wilbur Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is again demonstrated that Gossypium sandvicense Parlatore is the correct name of the endemic Hawaiian Gossypium and that the lectotype of Gossypium tomentosum Seem, should be Seemann 28 (K), a specimen collected in Fiji and a synonym of Gossypium hirsutum L. s.l. The greater part of the original description of Gossypium tomentosum was derived from the introduced Fijian cotton and contradicts the characters possessed by the Hawaiian species.
EVOLUTION IN THE SUBTRIBE NASSAUVIINAE (COMPOSITAE, MUTISIEAE): A PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Crisei Jorge Victor 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe 23 genera of Nassauviinae (Compositae, Mutisieae) have been used as OTU's in a numerical phylogenetic study in an attempt to estimate direction of evolutionary change (polarity), relative amount of evolutionary change (patristics), and relative recency of common ancestry (cladistics) of the group. Thirty‐six characters were scored for each OTU. For each character and using 4 criteria, the direction of evolutionary changes of the states, from primitive (ancestral) to derived, was inferred. The Wagner tree algorithm (Farris, 1970) using a distance coefficient was applied to the data, and the index of consistency (Kluge & Farris, 1969) was calculated.Three different evolutionary trees were constructed using as ancestral: (1) a hypothetical OTU, (2) the genus Dolichlasium, and (3) the genus Trixis. Each tree shows somewhat different results, but some cladistic and patristic relationships remained consistent throughout the three runs. The primitive groups: Dolichlasium and Leunisia; Jungia, Pleocarphus, Marticorenia, Trixis and Ameghinoa. The relatively advanced groups: Acourtia, Lophopappus, Proustia and Burkartia; Leucheria and Oxyphyllum; Panphalea, Holocheilus and Perezia. The most highly modified groups: Polyachyrus and Moscharia; Calopappus, Nassauvia and Triptilion. Two genera are intermediate in advancedness and isolated: Macrachaenium; Cephalopappus.
THE SUBFAMILIAL, TRIBAL, AND SUBTRIBAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE ASCLEPIADACEAE
Authors: Sundell Eric 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuring the past 150 years, casual nomenclatural practices have obscured what is generally agreed to be a natural system of suprageneric classification in the Asclepiadaceae. An account of all subfamilial, tribal, and subtribal names published within the family is presented here with an evaluation of their nomenclatural status. Some problems of nomenclatural procedure peculiar to levels above the rank of genus and deriving from the nature of the “nomenclatural type” at these levels are discussed with particular regard to the present selection of available names.
EDP‐IR IN THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF COLOMBIA (COL)
Authors: Forero Enrique , Pereira Francisco J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe work on Electronic Data Processing‐Information Retrieval (EDP‐IR) in the Colombian National Herbarium (COL) is described. The importance and relevance of automation and the practical difficulties encountered are discussed. A short review of the steps involved in up‐dating and correcting the data bank is also included.
KARYOSYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE GALIUM PALUSTRE‐GROUP (RUBIACEAE)
Authors: Teppner Herwig , Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Puff Christian 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe European — North African — West Asiatic Galium palustre‐group is a polyploid complex. The aberrant basic chromosome number x=12 was confirmed for the group, and further diploid (2x), tetraploid (4x), octoploid (8x) and (for the first time) dodecaploid (12x) populations were found. In polyploids uni‐ and multivalents are fairly common in PMC meiosis, and average chromosome size decreases with increasing ploidy level. Chromosome number and size of grains PMCs and pollen grains are correlated.Morphological similarities of 2x and 4x within G. palustre, and of 8x and 12x within G. elongatum suggest ± autopolyploid origin of these cytotypes and militate against their taxonomic recognition. On the other hand, morphological and ecological differences back separation of the predominantly temperate‐boreal G. palustre (2x, 4x), the mediterranean‐atlantic G. debile (2x) and the temperate‐mediterranean G. elongatum (8x, 12x), and the allopolyploid origin of the latter.
THE IDENTIFICATION, TYPIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF TMESIPTERIS TANNENSIS (PSILOTACEAE)
Authors: Chinnock Robert J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen Bernhardi established Tmesipteris in 1801 he based it on Lycopodium tannense Spreng., described the previous year from a collection supposedly made on Tanna Island (New Hebrides) by the Forsters. The holotype of L. tannense, the type species of Tmesipteris, has not been located and it is presumed destroyed. Tmesipteris is now generally considered polyspecific and since the protologue account of L. tannense is only sufficient to place the species in Tmesipteris further identification, to distinguish it from other species now recognized, is necessary. As no isotype of L. tannense has been located the figure in Bernhardi's paper, which is considered to depict the type collection, is selected as neotype.The type collection of L. tannense was stated by Sprengel to have been collected on Tanna Island. However, the morphological, biogeographical and historical evidence suggests that the collection was made in New Zealand, probably at Dusky Sound.Tmesipteris tannensis (Spreng.) Bernh. is now considered to be restricted to New Zealand, and the reference by Sprengel to Tanna Island is considered an error.
ON THE IDENTITY OF HALESIA CAROLINA L. (STYRACACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Seldin Margaret J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen Linnaeus described the Silverbell Tree or Snowdrop Tree, Halesia carolina, in 1759, he based his description upon flowering and fruiting specimens, plus an illustration, sent to him by John Ellis of England. The plant specimens were gathered by Alexander Garden in late June or early July of 1755 near Saluda, South Carolina, and sent to Ellis in March of 1756 shortly after a small shipment of seeds had been sent. The illustration was prepared by George D. Ehret. The exact nature of the specimens and plate has not been carefully investigated until now, and our studies show that this material represents the same entity currently called H. parviflora Michx. and not what is presently termed H. carolina by all modern authors. In 1761, Ellis proposed H. tetraptera based on a description sent to him by Garden of plants growing “along the banks of Santee river.” Apparently no specimens were collected of this entity. However, seeds were, and these were soon widely cultivated in Europe and have served as the basis for the understanding of H. carolina. Based on the location data and the description provided by Ellis (citing a letter sent to him by Garden), the name H. tetraptera should apply to what is now called H. carolina by current authors. The original Ehret plate must now serve as the type for H. carolina as the specimens have been lost, and the illustration presented in Ellis' 1761 paper which is a slightly altered, mirror image (and thus a reingraving) of the original Ehret plate, does not represent —in any manner — the type of the plant described by Ellis as H. tetraptera, a fact quite unknown to him and others. A neotype is selected for H. tetraptera, and the combination, H. tetraptera var. monticola, proposed.
OBSERVATIONS ON STYLE BRANCH EXPOSURE IN EUPATORIUM HAVANENSE H.B.K. (EUPATORIEAE‐COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Bolick M. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStyle branches in Eupatorium havanense H.B.K., as they develop, elongate, bow outwards, and either expand in an ascending manner or cross each other. This is consistent with expansion by greater enlargement of the outer surface than of the inner surface of the style branch. As a similar pattern is found in Astereae, style branch exposure may be characteristic at the tribal level.
GEOCARPON MINIMUM: SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS AS ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR ITS INCLUSION IN THE CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe presence of specific PIIIc'f sieve‐element plastids (detected by electron microscopic analysis) in Geocarpon adds further support to the inclusion of this monotypic genus in the Caryophyllaceae.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF MEXICAN SPRUCE SPECIES AND POPULATIONS
Authors: Taylor Ronald J. , Patterson Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo species of Mexican spruce, Picea chihuahuana and P. mexicana, have been named and described within the last 40 years. In addition a spruce population that does not match any known species has recently been reported. In this study, 30 specimens from each of six populations of Mexican spruce, four of P. chihuahuana, one of P. mexicana, and the unnamed population, were systematically analyzed using chemical and morphological characters. In addition, two populations of P. engelmannii and one of P. pungens, from southern Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A., respectively, were similarly analyzed. The data derived from the chemical and morphological studies were in close agreement and indicated that: 1) Picea mexicana is a disjunct population (variety) of P. engelmannii; 2) Picea chihuahuana is a distinct species with no close affinity to other taxa examined; 3) the unnamed population appears to constitute a relict hybrid swarm, one parent being P. engelmannii (including P. mexicana) the other possibly P. chihuahuana or P. pungens. Finally, the characteristics used by Martinez (1961) to separate P. engelmannii from P. mexicana were reexamined and found not to differ significantly in the two taxa. Therefore it is proposed that P. mexicana be reduced to varietal status as P. engelmannii var. mexicana.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF REV. W. W. WATTS F.L.S. TO AUSTRALIAN BOTANY
Authors: Ramsay Helen P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryW. W. Watts was an important figure in Australian botany at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper presents a biographical sketch of Watts with emphasis on his contributions to bryology and to the botany of Australia. A bibliography of publications by and about Watts is included. Appendices list types based on Watts' collections, fern types described by Watts and the numerous eponymous uses of Watts' name for bryophyte species. An account of his major collecting areas is also given.
VARIATION AND EVOLUTION OF PLANT SPECIES ON THE OUTLYING ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COTULA FEATHERSTONII
Authors: Lloyd David G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAmong the plants occupying eight island groups outlying from New Zealand, there are three evolutionary patterns. (1) The commonest pattern involves long‐distance dispersal to one or more outlying archipelagos and the differentiation of a single derivative taxon. (2) Less commonly, dispersal to more than one island group has been followed by divergence between the distant archipelagos; various stages of allopatric speciation are represented. (3) In a few plant groups endemic to the Chatham Islands, there has been evolutionary divergence among islets within the archipelago. Cotula featherstonii provides an example. Plants from four islets were grown; they belong to three distinguishable races. The three races correspond to the three land masses present during the last glacial maximum (ca. 20,000 years B.P.).
CARDENOLIDES IN NORTH AMERICAN ERYSIMUM (CRUCIFERAE), A PRELIMINARY CHEMOTAXONOMIC REPORT
Authors: Rodman James , Brower Lincoln , Frey Julia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCardenolides (cardiac glycosides) are reported for the first time from wild‐collected material of Erysimum native to North America. For two seed samples of wild origin and for 24 leaf samples from greenhouse‐grown plants, total cardenolide content was determined by spectrophotometric assay in reactions with 2,2‘,4,4‘‐tetranitrodiphenyl. Qualitative composition was studied by TLC in two solvent systems. Variation in concentrations and in arrays of compounds among populations suggests that cardenolide profiles may provide useful chemotaxonomic characters. Cardenolides are also likely to be important in mediating plant‐herbivore interactions in the genus Erysimum.
A SIMPLE TEST FOR THE POSSIBLE SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF TWO AMINO ACID POSITIONS
Authors: Estabrook G. F. , Landrum L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA taxonomic character for a group of organisms under study is said to be divergent or uniquely derived for that group if, during the evolution of that group, each character state arose only once. Homologous amino acid positions in homologous proteins can be thought of as taxonomic characters whose states are amino acids. In a similar way, DNA nucleotide positions can also be considered taxonomic characters. In the exposition below, we describe a simple test to determine when it is not possible for two amino acid (or nucleotide) positions to be divergent at the same time.
REDUCTION OF PELEA WITH NEW COMBINATIONS IN MELICOPE (RUTACEAE)
Authors: Hartley T. G. , Stone B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPelea A. Gray is put in the synonymy of Melicope J. R. & G. Forster. New combinations in Melicope are made for 48 Hawaiian species and two from the Marquesas Islands. One Hawaiian species is given a new name.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF HELLEBORUS LIVIDUS AITON SENS. LAT. (RANUNCULACEAE)
Authors: Yeo P. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHelleborus argutifolius was proposed as a species distinct from H. lividus Aiton (1789) by Viviani in 1824. Some authors have treated it at subspecific rank, but only now is a subspecific epithet validly published in combination with the earliest available specific name. A new combination is also made at (notho‐)subspecific rank for hybrids between representatives of the two taxa. The remarkable discrepancy between H. lividus Aiton in Curtis (Jan. 1789) and H. lividus sensu Aiton, Hort. Kew. (Aug./Sept. 1789) is traced to an unacknowledged change of concept between the 6th and 7th editions of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary (1752, 1759). The nomenclatural status of the names applied to these plants by Schiffner (1889, 1890) and other authors is analysed.
ON CHANGES MADE IN APPENDIX III (SYDNEY CODE)
Authors: Nicolson D. , Greuter W. , Demoulin V. , Brummitt R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the new Code, Appendix III (nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda) was considerably revised by the Editorial Committee. The kinds of changes are discussed, with examples, and the reasoning underlying changes made in special cases is presented.
‘DIE NEUEN PFLANZEN VON CH. HUBER FRÈRES & CO. IN HYÈRES‘
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKnown publications of Huber & Co. (Hyères, France) are listed and their new plants identified as far as possible. The relationship between the nursery and other firms and botanists, particularly Ortgies and Roezl, is explored and names published by other firms also introducing new material, notably that of Roezl from the Americas, are discussed. Many plants are unidentifiable though Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber is the oldest name for C. mixta Pang., while Salvia camphorata Huber may well be an older name for S. apiana Jepson and there may have to be further changes in Cleome and Salvia. Astragalus marianus Huber is an earlier homonym of A. marianus (Rydb.) Barneby, which is here renamed A. piutensis Barneby & Mabb., and Hibiscus spinulosus Huber is an earlier homonym of H. spinulosus (W. V. Fitzg.) F. B. Wilson, which is here renamed H. fryxellii Mabb. There are changes in authority in currently used names in Campsidium and Tillandsia and over 70 additions to Index kewensis.
CORRECT AUTHOR CITATION FOR HYPOLYTRUM L. C. RICHARD AND LECTOTYPIFICATION OF HYPOLYTRUM AND HYPAELYPTUM VAHL (CYPERACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryL. C. Richard, not Persoon, is established as the correct author of the genus Hypolytrum. Hypolytrum latifolium Rich, and Hypaelyptum filiformis Vahl are selected here as lectotype species of Hypolytrum Rich, and Hypaelyptum Vahl, respectively.
TRANSFER OF PILINIA KUETZING FROM CHLOROPHYCEAE WITH WAERNIELLA KYLIN IN SYNONYMY
Authors: Hooper Robert G. , South G. R. , Nielsen Ruth 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type of Pilinia rimosa Kuetzing 1843 (hitherto Chlorophyceae) has typical phaeophycean chloroplasts and sporangia, and is identical with Waerniella lucifuga (Kuckuck) Kylin (=Leptonema lucifugum Kuckuck, 1897) (Phaeophyceae). Waerniella lucifuga is therefore placed in synonymy with Pilinia rimosa, which is transferred to the Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpaceae).
ON THE IDENTITY AND RECOGNITION OF THE GENUS POCHOTA RAMIREZ GOYENA (BOMBACACEAE)
Authors: Stevens Warren Douglas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMiguel Ramírez Goyena published in the first volume of his Flora Nicaragüense (1909) the genus Pochota and its only species, P. vulgaris, which is clearly identifiable with the species well known today by the name Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand, and the species is herein neotypified. Bombacopsis Pittier (1916) was twice proposed for conservation over Pochota Ramírez Goyena and was twice unanimously rejected. Between the first rejection and the second, a new combination in Pochota was made for the one Old World species but otherwise this nomenclatural problem has dropped out of sight, presumably because it was suggested in the second proposal that Pochota and Bombacopsis were not equivalent. It is here proposed that there can be no doubt of the equivalence of Pochota and Bombacopsis and suggestions to the contrary were perhaps an expedient to avoid the consequences of the rejected conservation. Two of the 28 new combinations necessitated by this interpretation are here proposed.
A SHORT HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL FLORA (REGENSBURG) (VOL. 1‐71, 1818‐1888). PART 2. THE PUBLICATION DATES
Authors: Leussink Jan A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA description is given of the bibliographical format of the regular instalments of Vols. 1‐71, 1818‐1888 of the German journal Flora. The publication schedule of those regular instalments under the successive editors of this period is described. Study of all evidence about the frequency of publication of the regular instalments leads to the conclusion that they really were published at the intervals indicated by the dates in their head‐titles. During the editorship of D. H. Hoppe and A. E. Fμrnrohr (1818‐1861) there was a very regular schedule of four fascicles per month. When G. A. W. Herrich‐Schäffer was editor (1861‐1871) the intervals did not follow any regular schedule. During J. Singer's term as editor (1871‐1888) a regular schedule of three fascicles at fixed intervals per month was largely maintained. After a discussion of all presently available evidence, it is concluded that the head‐title dates of the regular instalments, for the present time, can be accepted as the dates of effective publication for nomenclatural purposes. There are several indications that the head‐title dates may be unreliable, especially during the periods with regular publication schedules, but it is not yet possible to replace a questionable head‐title date by an established correct one. The problem of the publication dates of the appendices of Flora is discussed separately. An inventory of the appendices is given, preceded by a survey of publications related to Flora although not true appendices. Information about the dates of the appendices belonging to Vols. 1‐15, 1819‐1832 is very limited. From Vol. 16, 1833 onwards the publication of the appendices is usually announced in the regular instalments, and the former can be dated with the help of the head‐title dates of the latter. In the Annex a detailed bibliographical analysis of Vols. 26‐71, 1843‐1888 is given.
COMMENTS ON THE GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE EUPATORIEAE
Authors: Robinson H. , King R. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTraditional genera of the tribe, based heavily on characters of the pappus and anther appendage, prove totally indefensible, having been subjected to piecemeal alterations by all significant workers since Linnaeus, and being useless for comparison with any new evidence. The total tribal revision of the present authors, based on structure, cytology, geography and chemistry, has 180 genera in 18 subtribes. What was Eupatorium has been distributed among 11 of the subtribes, and is intermixed with elements of other traditional genera. Eupatorium (44 sp., x = 10) remains a distinct arcto‐tertiary genus. Mikania (410 sp., x = 18–20), Stevia (229 sp., x = 11, 12), Liatris (42 sp., x = 10), and Brickellia (96 sp., x = 9) have minor changes. Ageratum (40 sp., x = 10) is broadened to include epappose species. Ageratina (230 sp., x = 17), the epiphytic Neomirandea (25 sp., x = 17, 20), Chromolaena (165 sp.), Fleischmannia (79 sp.), Koanophyllon (115 sp.) (all x = 10) are named or restructured to include much that was in Eupatorium. The subtribe Gyptidinae, mostly of eastern Brazil, is one of the two most complex, but has many particularly distinct genera such as Campuloclinium (14 sp.), Trichogonia (30 sp.), Lasiolaena (5 sp.) and Agrianthus (6 sp.) (all x = 10). Most problems of numerous small genera and hybridization involve the largest subtribe Critoniinae of the moist Neotropics, but tests of many individual genera have reinforced their distinct status, i.e., Critonia (38 sp.), Ophryosporus (37 sp.), Fleischmanniopsis (5 sp.) and Neocabreria (5 sp.) (all x = 10). The reclassification reflects the fact that the tribe is neither simple nor comparatively derived in the family.
CHEMICAL DATA AND THEIR BEARING UPON GENERIC DELINEATIONS IN THE EUPATORIEAE
Authors: Gage Douglas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMore than 225 species in the Eupatorieae have been chemically examined to date; the majority of this work has focused on terpenoid constituents. The results thus far depict the tribe as chemically heterogeneous, producing a large number of diverse sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, as well as thymol and benzofuran derivatives. When this diversity is examined in relation to the traditional large genera recognized in the tribe (e.g., Mikania, Stevia) no clear chemical boundaries are found. In comparison, the large genera recognized by King and Robinson are also heterogeneous in their terpenoid chemistry. Mixed results are obtained in correlating terpenoid chemistry with the limits of newly defined small genera. While some of these appear chemically delimited, others are chemically diverse and still others chemically indistinguishable from affiliated genera.