bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 made a slave, born a woman
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn Shame and Necessity, Bernard Williams uses the idea of a “necessary identity” ascribed to women to explain why ancient Greek society viewed the condition of slavery as coercive, but viewed the condition of women as inevitable. Williams fails to notice that female sex did not for the Greeks in itself constitute a social identity; rather, it is the fact of coercion into a social role that is denied in the case of women but not slaves. The key fact, then as now, is that justifying some people's subjection by others requires making coercion hard to recognize and easy to deny. Social arrangements that make identities appear necessary include naturalizing, privatizing, and normalizing the ascription of identities, and disqualifying the voice and testimony of those who bear them. Identities are made to appear necessary by a combination of force and epistemic rigging through physical, social, and legal arrangements.
The Explanatory Gap and Dualism Reconsidered
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the implications of post‐reductionist philosophy of science for dualism and the status of the explanatory gaps. The primary argument for dualism is based on a Negative Explanation‐to‐Metaphysics Connection Principle (“Negative EMC”), to the effect that if A is not reducible to B, then B→A is not metaphysically necessary and A is not metaphysically supervenient upon B. But if other special sciences are not reducible to physics either, the dualist is faced with a dilemma. Either she must give up Negative EMC, and with it the principal argument for dualism, or she must draw similar conclusions with respect to other irreducible phenomena, the result being not a dualism but a pluralism of higher ordinality. Dualism can be reconciled with explanatory pluralism only by producing a reason to think that only the mind‐body gap implies a failure of supervenience.
Nonreductive Physicalism and Mysterianism
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the consequences of post‐reductionist philosophy of science for nonreductive physicalism. Nonreductive physicalism is compatible with explanatory pluralism in philosophy of science. However, upon closer examination, the demise of reductionism leaves us with no convincing argument for physicalism. Nonreductive physicalism is attractive as a fallback position for disillusioned reductionists—that is, assuming one is already committed to physicalism. But without reductions, there is no convincing reason to become a physicalist—that is, to assume that mind‐body relations are metaphysically necessary.
9 Cognitive Pluralism and Modal Metaphysics
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the metaphysical commitments of Cognitive Pluralism. Cognitive Pluralism, as a cognitivist/pragmatist thesis, is opposed to a native realism that assumes that the world divides itself into objects and kinds in a single canonical and mind-independent way, and that it is the job of the mind to accurately reflect how things are in their own right. Cognitivism, by contrast, holds that any way of modeling the world, including our best scientific models, reflects features of the mind's cognitive architecture as well. Cognitivist and pluralist assumptions create further problems for the terms in which contemporary problems in metaphysics of mind are framed. Intuitions about supervenience, the Negative EMC, and even our standard ways of framing issues about modal metaphysics turn out to be problematic. The cognitivist turn also suggests a way in which the psychological gaps are unlike the other gaps, as they are concerned with the relation between subjects and objects, while the others are concerned with relations between two types of objects.
Melancholic Freedom
Authors: Kim David Kyuman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter lays the theoretical foundations for the analyses in this volume, which focus on “agency as melancholic freedom”. Framing the challenges of the difficult terms of “agency” and “melancholy” captures the sentiments, dispositions, and experiences of the piety to freedom that have been fundamental to modernity and to late modernity or postmodernity. Agency as the spirit of politics; and relationships between the religious, the moral-ethical, and the political are discussed.
Through a Self Darkly
Authors: Kim David Kyuman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on so-called projects of regenerating agency in late modernity and postmodernity. It begins by recapping Taylor's diagnosis of the problem of agency in modernity: a diagnosis that turns out to be a revised version of the secularization thesis. It then moves to Taylor's suggested therapy for the problem of agency, namely, his invocation of the aesthetic and poetic as epiphanic, that is, as a revelation of held moral orientations, ideals, values, and ends. Taylor's treatment of the epiphanic is critiqued through a discussion of the relationship between the sublime and agency. It is argued that Taylor's invocation of the epiphanic as sublime remains a gesture, that is, a promising movement and hope for a glimpse of transcendence. The promise of the epiphanic and the sublime for projects of regenerating agency becomes clearer when interpreted as part of the ends and aims of the disciplines of self-cultivation and self-transformation.
Analyticity and Conceptual Content
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter defends the idea that there are analytic entailments among our sentences against two sorts of prominent objections. In response to Quine's rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction, it suggests that analytic interrelations may be understood as grounded in (tacit, collective) legislations of the rules of use for our terms. Against objections based on a Kripkean approach to reference, it argues that those inclined to causal theories should accept a hybrid theory of reference in order to overcome both the qua problem and the problem of singular nonexistence claims. This hybrid theory acknowledges that our general and singular nominative terms have determinate reference only to the extent that they are associated with frame-level conceptual content, in the form of application and coapplication conditions that fix the category of entity to be referred to. This minimal conceptual content can underpin the analytic entailments discussed in Chapter 1.
Parsimony and Ontological Commitment
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIf we don't need ordinary objects in our causal explanations, it is often held, Occam's razor enjoins us to eliminate them. This chapter examines these arguments from parsimony, suggesting first that Occam's razor does not generalize to cases in which there are analytic entailments between existence claims. Moreover, it is argued that eliminativists, such as van Inwagen and Merricks who seek to paraphrase claims, for example, about baseballs in terms of claims about atoms arranged baseballwise, don't really offer a more parsimonious theory, since their paraphrased claims may be pleonastically transformed into claims that are explicitly committed to ordinary objects. This provides the basis for an argument for the existence of ordinary objects, and against Quine's criterion of ontological commitment. In closing, this chapter considers whether this also entails commitment to extraordinary objects, and whether more severe forms of eliminativism can do better.
Becoming African in America
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The first slaves imported to America did not see themselves as “African” but rather as Temne, Igbo, or Yoruban. This book reveals how an African identity emerged in the late 18th-century Atlantic world, tracing the development of “African” from a degrading term connoting savage people, to a word that was a source of pride and unity for the diverse victims of the Atlantic slave trade. The book first examines the work of black writers — such as Ignatius Sancho in England and Phillis Wheatley in America — who created a narrative of African identity that took its meaning from the diaspora, a narrative that began with enslavement and the experience of the Middle Passage, allowing people of various ethnic backgrounds to become “African” by virtue of sharing the oppression of slavery. It looks at political activists who worked within the emerging antislavery moment in England and North America in the 1780s and 1790s; it describes the rise of the African church movement in various cities — most notably, the establishment of the African Methodist Episcopal Church as an independent denomination — and the efforts of wealthy sea captain Paul Cuffe to initiate a black-controlled emigration movement that would forge ties between Sierra Leone and blacks in North America; and it examines in detail the efforts of blacks to emigrate to Africa, founding Sierra Leone and Liberia.
1 The First “Africans”
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how Wheatley and Sancho, having been labeled “African” writers, accepted that label and subtly altered what it meant to be “African” by what they wrote. Neither Africa nor African identity plays a central role in their texts, but the identity is present and acknowledged. Both were aware of ethnic diversity on the continent and understood that it undercut any notion of an indigenous “African” identity. Both responded by creating a narrative of African identity that took its meaning from the diaspora rather than from conditions on the continent, a narrative that began with enslavement and the experience of the Middle Passage.
7 Becoming American in Liberia and in the United States, 1820–1830
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the demise in black discourse on African identity through the 1820s. As black American antislavery activists became increasingly convinced that the ACS served slaveholders' interests and that asserting an “African” identity played into the Society's efforts to portray Africa as the natural home for black Americans, fewer and fewer blacks referred to themselves as Africans. “Colored” institutions began to supplant “African” ones. Orators insisted that free blacks living in the United States were “Americans” rather than “African”, and that their futures lay in the New World rather than the Old.
Maternal Investment
Authors: Keller Heidi , Chasiotis Athanasios 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Darwinian view of human maternal investment which links evolved female reproductive interests and the dynamics of social groups. Parental investment can occur in different modes, time, energy, life risks, and different styles of parenting. It can be directed at very different developmental phases. This chapter concentrates on the postnatal maternal investment. In particular, it concentrates primarily on the phase of infancy, i.e., the first two years of infant's life. This is due to the fact that this time span is crucial for investment decisions with respect to the survival of the offspring. Moreover, it constitutes a brain imprint period with consequences for psychological development and thus adaptation.
Temperament as a Biological Mechanism for Mate Choice: A Hypothesis and Preliminary Data
Authors: Fisher Helen E. , Island Heide D. , Daniel Marchalik , Jonathan Rich 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses investigations based on Fisher's hypothesis that among the myriad cultural and biological forces that contribute to mate choice, men and women tend to be attracted to potential mates who have a somewhat different genetic profile associated with different cognitive and behavioral traits, an unconscious attraction mechanism that enables mating partners to create more genetic variety in their offspring and co-parent their young with a wider array of parenting skills. The chapter concludes that the results of these pilot projects provide enough preliminary data to warrant further pursuit of this line of investigation into the biological mechanisms associated with mate choice.
All in the Family: An Evolutionary Developmental Perspective
Authors: Gardiner Amy , Bjorklund David F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks briefly at evolutionary theory applied to human families, in particular inclusive fitness and parental investment theories, as well as some assumptions derived from evolutionary developmental psychology, including the concepts of ontogenetic, deferred, and conditional adaptations. It then examines factors that influence the investment decisions that mothers, fathers, grandparents, and stepparents make with regard to children. Lastly, it looks at issues related to living with siblings, including factors that influence both sibling conflict and cooperation and mechanism responsible for incest avoidance.
Economics
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines whether Enlightenment hopes for the future in the area of economics have been realized. In particular, their hopes for globalization, trade liberalization for the reduction of poverty within and between nations, and a new active and engaged public sphere are considered. It is shown that neither of these hopes was realized. Economic globalization has not yet contributed to any noticeable moral globalization, nor has the liberalization of trade and commerce eliminated poverty. Inequality between and within nations has increased drastically over the past two hundred years, and many in the affluent West have backtracked to a pre-Enlightenment acceptance of the view that the poor will always be with us. Regardless of how much shoppers may wish to celebrate consumerism as a source of creativity and empowerment, there is no evidence that this produces active participants in an engaged civic culture.
FOUR McCulloch v.Maryland
Authors: Ellis E. Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the various arguments made in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland by the attorneys both for the 2 BUS and against it, as well as Marshall's famous decision. It also looks at James Madison's reservations about the decision as well as some hostile newspaper response, and the relationship of the decision to the ongoing debate over a federal program of internal improvements.
SEVEN Ohio and Georgia before the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Ellis E. Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the US Supreme Court's decision in Osborn et. al. v. The Bank of the United States (1824). It also treats developments in the state of Georgia which culminated in another US Supreme Court decision at the same term: The Bank of the United States v. The Planters' Bank of Georgia (1824) in which John Marshall delivered an opinion that contradicted in an important way the position he had taken in the McCulloch and Osborn cases.
Domestic Saving and Income Distribution
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the volume of domestic savings; its sources (e.g., personal/household, business, and the government); and the use of mobilized domestic savings to finance the growing investment needs of the country. Since personal/household saving is largely determined by the level and distribution of income, wealth, and people's propensity to save, these factors are evaluated for different income groups and occupations, and business profits and dividend payments upon which business savings largely depend on are examined. The chapter also analyzes the channels into which personal/household savings are funneled, the significance of owners' equity financing, and business saving. Since business saving depends on business profits, the factors that contribute to profits as well as their primary beneficiaries are examined. The sources of government revenues, public saving, and the role of the government in capital formation are investigated.
Introduction
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The introduction to this book accomplishes several ends. First, the introduction presents an overview of the book and the issues that will be addressed in it. The introduction especially speaks to how we might understand how discourse, or “talk,” about women functions within medieval Tantric texts: how this talk confines and defines notions of women's subjectivity, and with this, women's ability, or not, to speak and, finally, the implication of women's bodies in their speech. Second, a preliminary introduction to the Sanskrit sources used for this study are offered here, with a brief discussion of the elements these texts have in common. Third, the introduction lays out the theoretical issues at stake in examining women's roles in Tantra. Particular attention is given to understanding the implications of this study for contemporary feminist theorizing of gender.
The “Kālī Practice”
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses women's roles in Tantra, examining how and whether women function as actors within Tantric rites or to what degree they function merely as objects of male desire. This chapter argues that Tantric texts are varied, offering a multiplicity of views. Particularly, this chapter presents evidence from Tantric sources associated with the Northeast region of India in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries for a particular Tantric tradition that accords women respect and in which we find women as gurus and initiates. This chapter proposes that the model for understanding the veneration of women in these texts finds a parallel in the veneration of the Brahmin, where women in these texts are by analogy likened to Brahmins.
Scientific Foundations of an Evolutionary Theology
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 2 explores the epic of an evolving universe in order to understand the entities, structures, and processes that disclose the nature, attributes, and purposes of its Creator. This exploration investigates insights regarding the origin of the cosmos and engages scientific theories that challenge classical conceptions of the God‐world relationship. It focuses on Darwinian and neo‐Darwinian theories that suggest an ongoing creativity immanent in the cosmos itself. It probes the interaction of law and chance that suggests freedom and autonomy inherent in the evolving cosmos and that raises questions concerning the operation of divine omnipotence and omniscience in relation to cosmic events. Arriving at the conclusion that such cosmic freedom and autonomy implies an intrinsic measure of risk, pain, suffering, and even death for its creatures and its Creator, this exploration finds itself in an inexorable movement toward the inference of the suffering of God in, with, and under the suffering of the cosmos.
Feminist, Ecological, and Pastoral Explorations
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 6 contributes to the renaissance of a practical theology of Trinity by delineating some positive implications of its evolutionary theology of the suffering God for feminist, ecological, and pastoral concerns. It proposes a female panentheistic‐procreative paradigm of the creative suffering of the Triune God through female images of God drawn from biblical and rabbinical traditions. In keeping with such a paradigm, it advances a model of midwifery as an approach toward ecological ethics. Finally, in view of the ubiquity and diversity of suffering in the cosmos and its creatures, it sets forth a pastoral model of threefold differentiation of suffering in God as sympathy, empathy, and protopathy.
The Antiochene Tradition Inherited by Theodoret
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the Antiochene tradition inherited by Theodoret. Theodoret's immediate predecessors in this tradition were Diodore of Tarsus, who died c.390 after a vigorous struggle against the Arians and after justifying the humanity of Christ against Apollinaris, and Theodore of Mopsuestia. These were men whom Theodoret was to defend in 438 against Cyril as his own forerunners. Although it is unlikely that Theodore was Theodoret's personal instructor, his theology without any doubt took Theodore's as its starting-point.
Two Physeis in One Prosopon
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the two-part work, De Sancta et Vivifica Trinitate and De Incarnatione Domini. These works mark Theodoret's transition from Theodoret the anti-Arian and anti-Apollinarian to Theodoret the anti-Cyrillian. In their original form, they must pre-date 431, but the present form of De Incarnatione Domini shows the marks of hasty editing during the Nestorian controversy. It represents the fullest systematic presentation of Theodoret's early, firmly Antiochene Christology. Its editing in the heat of controversy gives us an indication of the way in which Theodoret was responding to the crisis of the Council of Ephesus.
Romulus' Asylum
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Modern treatments of Rome have projected in highly emotive terms the perceived problems or the aspirations of the present: ‘race-mixture’ has been blamed for the collapse of the Roman empire. More recently, Rome and Roman society have been depicted as ‘multicultural’. Moving beyond these and beyond more traditional, juridical approaches to Roman identity, this book focuses on ancient modes of thinking about selves and relationships with other peoples, including descent-myths, history, and ethnographies. It explores the relative importance of sometimes closely interconnected categories of blood descent, language, culture and clothes, and territoriality. Rome's creation of a distinctive imperial shape is understood in the context of the broader ancient Mediterranean world within which the Romans self-consciously situated themselves, and whose modes of thought they appropriated and transformed.
Psychological Holism and Socratic Ideals
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter identifies the combination of radical (Socratic) ethical claims and psychological holism as a second distinctive feature of Stoic and Epicurean thought about the self. The main ethical claims are that all human beings can achieve happiness by rational reflection and virtue, that happiness involves time-independent perfection of character, and that only the wise are fully coherent ethically and psychologically. The chapter suggests that Stoic and Epicurean ethical ideals were both influenced by Socrates but in quite different ways. It argues that Stoics and Epicureans combine these radical ethical claims with a holistic conception of psychology. This can be contrasted with the Platonic-Aristotelian division of the personality into distinct parts, such as reason and emotion or desire. It also discusses some examples of ‘quasi-dualism’ in Stoicism and Epicureanism, in which seemingly dualistic psychological language is employed for ethical purposes.