bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common 8q24 Sequence Variations Are Associated with Asian Indian Advanced Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Tan Ying-Cai , Zeigler-Johnson Charnita , Mittal Rama D. , Mandhani Anil , Mital Balraj , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Rennert Hanna 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Three sequence variations (rs1447295, rs16901979, and rs6983267) on 8q24 were recently shown to independently affect prostate cancer risk. Asian Indians have a low prostate cancer risk; however, in the absence of screening practices for the disease, most are diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. We evaluated the association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with advanced prostate cancer in 153 prostate cancer cases and 227 age-matched controls (northern India). Overall, there was a positive association between carriers of the allele A of rs1447295 and prostate cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 1.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-2.52] but no significant association with carriers of alleles A of rs16901979 and allele G of rs6983267. However, significant associations were observed for both SNPs in men with high Gleason scores (≥7) and metastasis. Adjusting for age, the ORs were 1.77 (95% CI, 1.05-2.97) for carriers of rs1447295 A and 1.85 (95% CI, 1.04-3.28) for carriers of the rs16901979 A allele. We also observed significant joint effects among these loci associated with prostate cancer risk and severity, suggestive of additive effects of the independent SNPs. The ORs for the combined effects of rs1447295 A with rs16901979 A or rs6983267 G were 2.61 (95% CI, 1.11-6.12) and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.12-3.06), respectively. There was no joint effect between SNPs rs16901979 A and rs6983267 G. These results confirm the significance of these SNPs in prostate cancer etiology in a previously unstudied population who do not undergo prostate cancer screening and are diagnosed with severe disease. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2431–5)
Discovery of Novel Biomarkers in Oral Submucous Fibrosis by Microarray Analysis
Authors: Li Ning , Jian Xinchun , Hu Yanjia , Xu Chunjiao , Yao Zhigang , Zhong Xiaohuan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a high-risk precancerous condition of the oral cavity. Areca nut chewing is its key etiologic factor, but the full pathogenesis is still obscure. In this study, microarray analysis was used to characterize the mRNA changes of 14,500 genes in four OSF and four normal buccal mucosa samples to identify novel biomarkers of OSF. Five candidate genes with the most differential changes were chosen for validation. The correlation between clinicopathologic variables of 66 OSF patients and the expression of each gene was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The microarray analysis showed that 661 genes were up-regulated (fold value &gt;2) and 129 genes were down-regulated (fold value &lt;0.5) in OSF (q &lt; 0.01). The top three up-regulated genes [Loricrin, Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), Cys-X-Cys ligand 9 (CXCL9)] with the largest fold changes and the top two down-regulated genes [keratin 19 (KRT19), cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP 3A5)] with the most significantly differential changes in OSF were chosen as candidate biomarkers. In immunohistochemical results, the expression of Loricrin and COMP showed statistically significant association with histologic grade of OSF (P = 0.03 and 0.006, respectively). COMP was found to be overexpressed frequently in patients with the habit of areca nut chewing for more than 4 years (P = 0.002). CYP 3A5 was revealed an inverse correlation with histologic grade (P = 0.04). This pilot study showed that five novel genes might play important roles in the pathogenesis of OSF and may be clinically useful for early detection of OSF. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2249–59)
Differential Expression of Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein in Adrenocortical Tumors: Autocrine/Paracrine Effects on the Growth and Signaling Pathways in H295R Cells
Authors: Rizk-Rabin Marthe , Assie Guillaume , Rene-Corail Fernande , Perlemoine Karine , Hamzaoui Hinda , Tissier Fréderique , Lieberherr Michele , Bertagna Xavier , Bertherat Jerome , Bouizar Zhor 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are rare and heterogeneous, but their pathogenesis is unclear. The oncoprotein parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP), found in many common tumors, can regulate their growth in an autocrine/paracrine fashion through the PTH-R1 receptor. Little is known about the role of PTHrP in ACT. We monitored the synthesis of PTHrP and PTH-R1 in a series of 25 ACT: 12 adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) and 13 adrenocortical adenomas (ACA), and investigated the effects of PTHrP(1-34) on H295R cells derived from an ACC. PTH-R1 mRNA and proteins were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting in all the ACT samples and in H295R cells. Their concentrations did not differ significantly from one ACT to another. PTHrP mRNA was assayed by quantitative real-time PCR. It was detected in 90% of ACC, and in 10% of ACA. There was a positive correlation with the prognostic factors, McFarlane stage and Weiss score. Tissue-specific PTHrP protein processing was shown by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining revealed numerous, dense foci of PTHrP-containing cells in ACC, but few positive cells in ACA or normal tissue. PTHrP stimulated the growth of H295R cells, whereas a specific anti-PTHrP antibody and a PTHrP-R1 antagonist both enhanced their apoptosis. PTHrP activated both adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A and the intracellular calcium/protein kinase C pathways via PTHrP-R1. The active synthesis of PTHrP is linked to poor prognosis in ACC, in which it may act as an autocrine/paracrine factor in tumor growth and malignancy. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2275–85)
Descriptive Evidence That Risk Profiles for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1, 2, and 3 Are Unique
Authors: Belinson Suzanne , Smith Jennifer S. , Myers Evan , Olshan Andrew , Belinson Jerome , Pretorius Robert , Qiao You-lin , Hartmann Katherine 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to estimate if risk factor profiles for histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 lesions differ from those for CIN 1 or 3.
Methods: A total of 2,055 women positive for high-risk human papillomavirus, with a minimum of five cervical biopsies, were enrolled in the Shanxi Province Cervical Cancer Screening Study II. We evaluated risk factor profiles for CIN 2 in comparison with CIN 1 and 3. Polytomous logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals and to test for differences in odds ratios across histologic grades.
Results: The risk for CIN 3 associated with three or more pregnancies and sexual intercourse within 4 months of childbirth was higher than that for CIN 2 (Pdifference = 0.02 and 0.0007, respectively). Significant differences in the associations of age groups with CIN 1 and 2 were observed, such that there were positive associations with CIN 2 but none for CIN 1. There was no difference in the association of number of sexual partners or reported number of abortions between CIN 1 and 2 or between CIN 3 and 2.
Conclusions: In our study, the patterns of risk factor profiles for CIN 1, 2, and 3 were unique. Conventional grouping of CIN 2 with 3 for analysis of risk factors may need revisiting. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2350–5)
Personal Background and Cognitive Factors as Predictors of the Intention to be Screened for Stomach Cancer
Authors: Hahm Myung-Il , Choi Kui Son , Park Eun-Cheol , Kwak Min-Son , Lee Hoo-Yeon , Hwang Seung Sik 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Although stomach cancer screening is effective for reducing mortality, it is underutilized in Korea. By applying an extended theory of planned behavior model, our objective was to determine how personal background factors influence a patient's inclination to be screened for stomach cancer. The study population was derived from the 2006 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, which was done to investigate the participation of the general population in cancer screening. In total, 1,509 Koreans who were 40 to 70 years old participated in this study. Path analysis was used to test a conceptual model in which (a) factors considered as precursors to be screened (components in theory of planned behavior model) directly predicted the intention to be screened and (b) personal background factors, including sociodemographic factors, previous screening experience, economic status, and perceived risk, indirectly influenced the intention to be screened through their effects on cognitive components such as attitude and subjective norm in the theory of planned behavior model. Most of the personal background factors did not directly influence intention but instead influenced cognitive elements in the theory of planned behavior model. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were well correlated with a patient's intention, regardless of the screening cost. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2473–9)
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype Modifies the Chemopreventive Effect of Folate in Colorectal Adenoma, but not Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lightfoot Tracy J. , Barrett Jennifer H. , Bishop Timothy , Northwood Emma L. , Smith Gillian , Wilkie Murray J.V. , Steele Robert J.C. , Carey Francis A. , Key Tim J. , Wolf Roland , Forman David 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEpidemiologic evidence suggests a role for folate, a critical component of the 1-carbon cycle, in colorectal adenoma and cancer pathogenesis. Low folate levels, along with genetic polymorphisms in key enzymes such as methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), can cause DNA hypomethylation and aberrant CpG methylation, which have been associated with colorectal tumor development. We investigated self-reported folate and alcohol intake alongside possible modifying effects of MTHFR 677 C&gt;T and 1298 A&gt;C polymorphisms in UK case-control studies of colorectal adenoma (317 cases, 296 controls) and cancer (500 cases, 742 controls). A significant association between MTHFR 1298 and colorectal cancer risk was observed [odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.05-2.37], which was more pronounced in males (odds ratio, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.63-5.62). Although we found no association between MTHFR 677 and colorectal cancer, when data were stratified by sex, an increased risk was seen in females (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.11-3.46) but not in males. High folate intake was associated with a decreased risk for colorectal adenoma (odds ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30-0.73; Ptrend, &lt;0.001), which was modified by MTHFR 1298 genotype (Pinteraction = 0.006). However, we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that a high-folate diet protects against colorectal cancer development. Consistent with previous studies, high alcohol intake (≥14 U/wk) was associated with a significantly increased cancer risk (odds ratio, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.81-3.64). Our data suggest that dietary folate intake may be an important determinant for premalignant colorectal disease development but not colorectal cancer, an association that is modified by MTHFR genotype. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2421–30)
Associations of Lifestyle and Physiologic Factors with Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentrations: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2004)
Authors: Parekh Niyati , Lin Yong , Marcella Stephen , Kant Ashima K. , Lu-Yao Grace 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Studies suggest inverse associations between obesity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, there is little evidence whether factors related to obesity, including lifestyle (diet and physical activity) and physiologic factors (insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome), influence PSA. We used dietary, physical activity, and serum PSA, insulin, glucose, and lipid data for men &gt;40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2004; N = 2,548). Energy, fat, and carbohydrate intakes were estimated from a 24-hour dietary recall. Men were considered as having metabolic syndrome based on the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Leisure-time physical activity and doctor-diagnosed hypertension were self-reported. Body mass index was calculated from measured weight and height. We computed the geometric mean PSA (ng/mL), adjusted for age, race, and body mass index, by tertile of energy, fat, and carbohydrate intake and level of physical activity, and among men with and without insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in the whole population and by race. The geometric mean PSA (95% confidence interval) among men in the lowest tertile of energy was 1.05 (0.97-1.1) relative to 0.85 (0.8-0.9) in the highest tertile (P = 0.0002) in the whole population. The PSA concentrations were lower among overweight men with higher versus lower energy intake (P = 0.001). The PSA concentrations in men with insulin resistance was lower [0.87 (0.8-0.9)] relative to men without insulin resistance [0.98 (0.9-1.1)] at P = 0.04. All associations were in similar directions within racial subgroups. No associations were observed between the other lifestyle and physiologic factors. Additional studies are required to confirm these results and to investigate the potential mechanisms that may explain these relationships. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2467–72)
Effects of Personal Characteristics on Serum CA125, Mesothelin, and HE4 Levels in Healthy Postmenopausal Women at High-Risk for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Lowe Kimberly A. , Shah Chirag , Wallace Erin , Anderson Garnet , Paley Pamela , McIntosh Martin , Andersen M. Robyn , Scholler Nathalie , Bergan Lindsay , Thorpe Jason , Urban Nicole , Drescher Charles W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate if serum levels of candidate ovarian cancer biomarkers vary with individual characteristics of healthy women who are likely candidates for an ovarian cancer screening program.
Methods: We analyzed serum CA125, mesothelin, and HE4 levels in a sample of 155 healthy postmenopausal women at increased risk for developing ovarian cancer based on personal and family cancer history. Information on reproductive, family and medical histories, lifestyle factors, and anthropometry was collected by self-report. Twenty-two factors were examined using univariate and multiple linear regression models for the three biomarker levels.
Results: In the multivariate models, CA125 levels were significantly higher in women who had used talcum powder (P = 0.02) and were lower in women who were parous (P = 0.05). Mesothelin levels were significantly higher in older women (P = 0.01) and lower in heavier women (P = 0.03). HE4 levels were higher in older women (P = 0.001) and in women who began menstruating at an older age (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: CA125, mesothelin, and HE4 levels in healthy, postmenopausal women at increased risk for ovarian cancer are significantly associated with a few ovarian cancer risk factors. Since the effects of these personal characteristics on these serum markers are not large, their incorporation in screening algorithms may be unnecessary. This is true especially if a longitudinal algorithm is used because the marker level at the previous screen reflects personal characteristics such as age, body mass index, and age of menarche. Understanding the influence of personal factors on levels of novel early detection markers in healthy, unaffected women may have clinical utility in interpreting biomarker levels. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2480–7)
Sexually Transmissible Infections and Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Huang Wen-Yi , Hayes Richard , Pfeiffer Ruth , Viscidi Raphael P. , Lee Francis K. , Wang Yun F. , Reding Douglas , Whitby Denise , Papp John R. , Rabkin Charles S. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Background: Sexually transmissible infections (STI) have been variably associated with increased risks of prostate cancer, largely in case-control studies.
Methods: In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, we examined risk of prostate cancer in relation to serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus-16 and -18, herpes simplex virus-2, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus-8 in 868 cases (765 Whites and 103 Blacks) and 1,283 controls matched by race, age, time since initial screening, and year of blood draw; all blood samples were collected at least 1 year before prostate cancer diagnosis, except for 43 Black cases. We also assessed risk associated with self-reported history of syphilis and gonorrhea.
Results: Prevalences of the 7 STIs among controls were weakly correlated, and all were more frequent among Blacks than Whites, except for human herpesvirus-8. Among Whites, prostate cancer risk was not significantly associated with the individual infections or with their number (Ptrend = 0.1); however, men with one or more STI had slightly higher risk (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.6). Among Blacks, excess risk was associated with IgA antibody to C. trachomatis (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.6).
Conclusion: This large prospective study of prostate cancer shows no consistent association with specific STIs and a borderline association with any versus none. Whether a shared response or correlated infection not directly measured underlies the weak association requires further study. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2374–81)
Construct Validity and Invariance of Four Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Screening across Gender, Race, and Prior Screening
Authors: McQueen Amy , Tiro Jasmin A. , Vernon Sally W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Understanding individuals' perceptions of colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) is important for developing effective interventions to increase adherence to screening guidelines. Theory-based cognitive and psychosocial constructs have been associated with CRCS in the literature, but few studies have evaluated the psychometric properties of such measures. We hypothesized a correlated four-factor model, including CRCS perceived pros, cons, social influence, and self-efficacy. We also examined measurement invariance across subgroups based on gender, race (white; African American), and prior CRCS experience (never; overdue for repeat screening). We used baseline (n = 1,250) and 2-week (n = 1,036) follow-up survey data from participants in a behavioral intervention trial designed to increase CRCS. Only minor modifications were made to the hypothesized model to improve fit, and the final model was confirmed with a random half of the sample, as well as with follow-up data. Results support the hypothesized unidimensional construct measures and suggest that the items may be appropriate for all subgroups examined. Greater variance in responses to items assessing the perceived cons of CRCS was found among African Americans compared with whites, suggesting that race may moderate the association between perceived cons and CRCS in this sample. Pros, cons, social influence, and self-efficacy are associated with CRCS; therefore, using scales with known psychometric properties strengthens researchers' ability to draw conclusions about group differences and changes over time and to compare their results with other studies. Replication studies in other populations are needed to provide further evidence of construct validity for the scales reported here. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2231–7)
Family-Based Samples Can Play an Important Role in Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Lange Ethan M. , Sun Jielin , Lange Leslie A. , Zheng S. Lilly , Duggan David , Carpten John D. , Gronberg Henrik , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng , Chang Bao-Li 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, DNA samples from thousands of families have been collected and genotyped for linkage studies of common complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, asthma, and prostate cancer. Unfortunately, little success has been achieved in identifying genetic susceptibility risk factors through these considerable efforts. However, significant success in identifying common disease risk-associated variants has been recently achieved from genome-wide association studies using unrelated case-control samples. These genome-wide association studies are typically done using population-based cases and controls that are ascertained irrespective of their family history for the disease of interest. Few genetic association studies have taken full advantage of the considerable resources that are available from the linkage-based family collections despite evidence showing cases that have a positive family history of disease are more likely to carry common genetic variants associated with disease susceptibility. Herein, we argue that population stratification is still a concern in case-control genetic association studies, despite the development of analytic methods designed to account for this source of confounding, for a subset of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genome, most notably those single nucleotide polymorphisms in regions involved with natural selection. We note that current analytic approaches designed to address the issue of population stratification in case-control studies cannot definitively distinguish between true and false associations, and we argue that family-based samples can still serve an invaluable role in following up findings from case-control studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2208–14)
Immunohistochemical Level of Unsulfated Chondroitin Disaccharides in the Cancer Stroma Is an Independent Predictor of Prostate Cancer Relapse
Authors: Sakko Andrew J. , Butler Miriam S. , Byers Sharon , Reinboth Betty J. , Stahl Jürgen , Kench James G. , Horvath Lisa G. , Sutherland Robert L. , Stricker Phillip D. , Henshall Susan M. , Marshall Villis R. , Tilley Wayne D. , Horsfall David J. , Ricciardelli Carmela 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate is significantly increased in the peritumoral stroma of prostate tumors compared with normal stroma and is an independent predictor of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse following radical prostatectomy. In this study, we determined whether specific alterations in the sulfation pattern of glycosaminoglycan chains in clinically organ-confined prostate cancer are associated with PSA relapse. Immunoreactivity to distinct glycosaminoglycan disaccharide epitopes was assessed by manually scoring the staining intensity in prostate tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 19), early-stage cancer (cohort 1, n = 55 and cohort 2, n = 275), and advanced-stage cancer (n = 20). Alterations to glycosaminoglycans in benign and malignant prostate tissues were determined by cellulose acetate chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Glycosaminoglycan disaccharide epitopes were localized to the peritumoral stroma of clinically localized prostate cancer. The level of immunostaining for unsulfated disaccharides (C0S) in the peritumoral stroma, but not for 4-sulfated (C4S) or 6-sulfated disaccharides (C6S), was significantly associated with the rate of PSA relapse following radical prostatectomy. High levels of C0S immunostaining were determined to be an independent predictor of PSA relapse (1.6-fold, P = 0.020). Advanced-stage prostate cancer tissues exhibited reduced electrophoretic mobility for chondroitin sulfate and increased unsulfated disaccharides when compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, whereas the sulfated disaccharide levels were unaffected. The level of C0S immunostaining in the peritumoral stroma is an independent determinant of PSA failure in clinically localized prostate cancer. Specific alterations to chondroitin sulfate side chains occurring during tumor development may be a crucial step for disease progression in prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(9):2488–97)