bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The altitude of the aurora above the Earth's surface
Authors: Abbe Cleveland 
Published: February 2008

During the past three centuries, numerous observers and physicists, astronomers and mathematicians, have endeavored to contribute to our knowledge of the altitude of the region whence the auroral light proceeds, and still the greatest diversity of opinion seems to prevail on this subject. Some observers—such as Captain Parry, Sir James Clark Ross, and Sir John Ross his uncle, Dr. Walker, and Professor J. P. Lesley—have seen the light in such positions between themselves and neighboring objects as to demonstrate that the aurora, like the lightning, descends to the very surface of the earth, and may even be entirely confined to the lowest stratum.Others—such as Dr. Richardson, Sir John Franklin, Silbermann—have seen it so located among the clouds that its origin must be placed at or below their level, and therefore within a few thousand feet of the earth's surface. On the other hand, those who have calculated the altitudes of specific beams and arches by trigonometrical or equivalent methods, have generally found figures indicating altitudes between twenty and a hundred miles. Perhaps the highest altitudes that have been deduced were the following: Dalton, 150 miles; Loomis, 400 to 600; Bergman, 468; Boscovich, 825; Fournerius, 1,006; Twining, 1,100; Krämer, 1,945 kilometers, or 1,200 miles.
Suggestions as to questions to be addressed to the directors of magnetic observatories
Authors: Eschenhagen  
Published: February 2008

Es ist für die magnetische Forschung sehr nützlich, wenn ein vollständiges Verzeichnis aller magnetischen Observatorien nebst einer Uebersicht der an denselben ausgeführten Arbeiten und Veröffentlichungen allgemein bekannt würde.Der unterzeichnete Vorsitzende des internationalen magnetischen Comités, welches von der Conferenz der Directoren meteorologischer Institute im September 1896 zu Paris ernannt wurde, ist bereit eine solche Zusammenstellung auszuführen und zur Veröffentlichung zu bringen.
On magnetic observations in the Azores
Authors: Albert  
Published: February 2008

After having perceived the capital importance of the Azores, from their geographical position, for the establishment of meteorological observatories with a view to weather predictions, I thought that these observatories might be of service to other branches of science. For instance, the communications of Messrs. Neumayer, Mascart, von Bezold, and other eminent meteorologists, to the International Conference of Meteorologists in 1896, show that magnetic observations made at the Azores would offer the following advantages : (i) A situation near latitude 40°N. (page 22); (2) remoteness from the permanent causes of perturbation of actual magnetic observation, such as electric lighting tramways, and other applications of electricity; and (3) a geographical position intermediate between Europe and America, capable of furnishing most useful indications for the comparison of the magnetic curves obtained in these two parts of the world (pp. 36 and 90).The examination of these considerations and different interviews which I had with M. Mascart, director of the Bureau Centrale Météorologique of France, convinced me of the advantage which would be gained if Captain Chaves, director of the Meteorological Observatory of Ponte Delgada, came to Europe to study the practical details of the magnetic service there. I therefore communicated my ideas to the Portuguese Government, who recalled Captain Chaves to undertake a mission in this sense.
Sur le mouvement diurne du pôle nord d'un barreau magnétiqué suspendu par le centre de gravité
Authors: Capello J. B. 
Published: February 2008

En combinant les variations diurnes de l'inclinaison avec celles de la déclinaison, sur un plan perpendiculaire à la direction de l'inclinaison, résulte une courbe fermée.Les variations ou écarts de l'inclinaison sont positives vers le sud, et celles de la déclinaison positives vers l'ouest.
On the relations between the variations in the earth currents, the electric currents from the atmosphere, and the magnetic perturbations
Authors: Lemström Selim 
Published: February 2008

The paper contains an historical sketch of the observations and researches made on the earth currents by Lamont, Airy, Wild, Blavier, and others. The author describes the method employed by him for measuring the electro‐motive force of the electric currents coming from the atmosphere, and gives the evidence of the fact that the variations or earth currents occur a short time (five minutes) before the magnetic perturbations, and that the former are more numerous than the latter. From the observations in Sodankyla it is, however, proved that all magnetic perturbations are not preceded by variations in the earth currents, but that these probably are caused by electrical currents from the atmosphere to the earth, or vice versa.The proofs of that conclusion are: (1) That the magnetic perturbations in polar regions have a contrary direction to those in more southern countries; (2) That at the times of auroras the electrical current from the atmosphere varies much, and must exert on magnetic instruments a marked influence depending on their position, relative to the space within which this current is moving. It follows from this that we can not find the causes of the magnetic variations, or, rather, perturbations, before we have investigated the earth currents and the electrical currents in the atmosphere.
Discussion of ‘Estimates of extreme values by different distribution functions’ by K. C. Majumdar and R. P. Sawhney [Comment]
Authors: Weiss L. L. 
Published: February 2008

Majumdar and Sawhney [1965] present very useful comparisons of some distribution functions widely used in hydrological practice. The comparison made by expressing the ratio of the exceedance probabilities is most practical. Because the extreme‐value and the log‐normal distributions have perhaps the largest number of devotees, the ratios of equation 12 presented in Figure 1 are of prime interest.Following equation 12 the authors state that the ratio depends ‘only’ on the coefficient of variation. This relationship holds true, of course, only if KT is calculated from equation 10 or 11, which implicitly assume that the period of record (n) is infinite. When that is not the case, the ratio is dependent on n as well as Cv
Snow catch by Contier Crowns
Authors: Satterlund Donald R. , Haupt Harold F. 
Published: February 2008

Study of interception storage of snow by two species of sapling conifers in northern Idaho revealed that cumulative snow catch follows the classical law of autocatakinetic growth, orwhere Is, is interception storage, S is the interception storage capacity of the tree, e is the base of the natural logarithm, k is a constant expressing the rate of interception storage, P is accumulated snowfall, and P0 is accumulated snowfall at the time of most rapid storage (i.e., the point of inflection of the sigmoid curve). Interception storage conformed to the law in five storms in which snowfall began while the trees were bare, and in two storms in which snow fell while snow from previous storms persisted on the trees. Several small storms yielded insufficient data to define the appropriate constants, but inspection indicated no serious deviation from the general law.
Snowmelt at an Index Plot
Authors: Pysklywec D. W. , Davar K. S. , Bray D. I. 
Published: February 2008

A small experimental index plot has been installed in the open at a climatological station in the North Nashwaaksis Stream Basin, N. B., to obtain a reliable regional relation between snowmelt measured at the plot and meteorological parameters thermodynamically related to the snowmelt process.The data collected during the 1966 spring snowmelt season were analyzed by three methods: The degree‐day method, the U.S. Corps of Engineers generalized snowmelt equations, and optimal regression equations derived from the measured snowmelt at the index plot and related thermal budget indices formed from individual meteorological parameters or a rational form of their product combinations. All three methods gave generally comparable results; their specific merits and limitations are discussed in the text. The per cent deviation of seasonal totals by the three methods varied from −15.6 to +54.5%. A comparison of the relative accuracy of the three techniques as daily predictors was obtained by taking the root‐mean‐squared values of the deviations of daily estimated snowmelt from the daily measured values; these ranged from 0.17 to 0.22 in.It is suggested that experimental index snowmelt plots and computerized optimal regression equations offer possibilities for dependable predictions of point snowmelt rates that may be used as input information for estimation of basin‐wide snowmelt and hydrograph synthesis.
Discussion of “Similitude Theory Applied to Correlation of Flume Sediment Transport Data” by D. I. H. Barr and J. G. Herbertson
Authors: Maddock Thomas 
Published: February 2008

Barr and Herbertson, in the abstract of their paper ‘Similitude Theory Applied to the Correlation of Flume Sediment Transport Data,’ state:A rigorous method of correlation compatible with feasible laboratory procedures is presented and illustrated in figure form using available data. It was found that the bulk of the published data was in a form unsuitable for use in a rational correlation. The authors conclude that new experimentation is required and that could best be done by cooperation among institutions with the necessary apparatus.The authors appear to say that their proposed approach to the analysis of sediment transport data is not supported by existing data; hence it is necessary to perform additional experiments in hopes of finding some data that will fit the plot.
Saline Water Symposium: Introduction
Authors: Johnson A. I. 
Published: February 2008

‘Saline water—A valuable resource’ was the unusual concept that became the subject of a symposium presented on April 24, 1969, during the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Washington, D.C. The symposium was sponsored by the Groundwater Committee, Section of Hydrology, American Geophysical Union.The objective of this symposium was to provide a new perspective on the value of saline ground water and saline aquifers, based on the most recent industrial and technological developments. The rapid development of desalination technology has brought with it the recognition of a new intrinsic worth for saline water, especially saline ground water. In addition, increased awareness in surface pollution and the need for protection of man's environment has greatly intensified the interest in use of saline aquifers for disposal, or storage, of toxic industrial wastes and other fluids. With these trends in mind, the Groundwater Committee believed that a symposium on this subject was timely in developing among hydrologists and water resource managers the recognition that saline ground water and saline aquifers actually could be a valuable resource.
A Note on Linear Decision Rules
Authors: Nayak Satish C. , Arora Sant R. 
Published: February 2008

In a recent letter Loucks [1970] made a few interesting comments about the linear decision rule proposed by Revelle et al. [1969].Loucks' first comment concerns the initial storage volume defined as a0 · C; a0 ≥ am, where a0 and am are specified fractions. The release constraints for the first time period are given by

urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr864:wrcr864-math-0001
where a1, b1, f1, a0, am, and C have the same meanings as defined by Loucks and Revelle et al.
Problems choosing irrigation techniques in a developing country
Authors: Soltani‐Mohammadi G. R. 
Published: February 2008

A linear programing model is developed to select between modern surface and portable or semiportable sprinkler systems in two irrigation projects in Iran. Skilled labor is included in the model as one of the major limiting factors in the development of modern irrigated agriculture in a developing country.Under the specified conditions and assumptions, a portable or semiportable sprinkler system is indicated to be economically superior to a modern surface irrigation system for the development of new lands. However, in lands where a modern surface irrigation system has already been installed the transformation to sprinkler irrigation is not feasible. A completely automated sprinkler system is not indicated for either set of conditions in Iran. Primitive irrigation was not included in this study because of lack of data. Finally, the welfare effects of the choice of techniques are indicated.
Principles of groundwater data acquisition
Authors: Gilliland John A. 
Published: February 2008

Any data acquisition program, must be planned and designed to attain some objective, and since the objectives of different types of groundwater programs differ, each case must be considered on its own merits.Groundwater programs can be broken into three different categories, each requiring a different type of data: (1) water resource allocation and management, (2) water resource evaluation, and (3) research. Any water resource program involves significant costs, against which the probability of success must be weighed. Data acquisition costs cannot be considered separately from other costs because the individual processes involved in attaining the overall objective are all interrelated; e.g., a saving in data acquisition costs may lead to increased processing costs. The way in which the various tools of hydrogeology (instruments, techniques, and so on) affect the costs, the precision, and the reliability of results for the three types of programs are considered, and ways by which costs can be reduced and efficiency increased are examined.
Infiltration analysis and perturbation methods: 1. Absorption with exponential diffusivity
Authors: Babu D. K. 
Published: February 2008

Simple perturbation methods are employed to analyze the horizontal absorption of moisture in unsaturated soils. The special case treated assumes the diffusivity to be an exponential function of the concentration and the concentration at the boundaries to be constant. The solution emerges as an explicitly determined power series in the Boltzmann variable.The resulting profiles are compared with some others found in the existing literature. A discussion about the relevance and advantages of this type of analysis forms the concluding part of the paper.
Water storage variations in the conterminous United States
Authors: Court Arnold , Elliott Stythe T. 
Published: February 2008

Variations through the year in the contents of two dozen storage reservoirs in the conterminous United States are shown in Figure 1, which is patterned after the map by Busby [1963] of ‘normal monthly distribution of runoff’ for 20 well‐distributed streams. The lakes and reservoirs chosen for tabulation were the ‘representative group’ used by Langbein [1959] and are listed in Table 1.For each reservoir the average contents at the end of each month during 1961–1970 were computed from annual tabulations and expressed as percentages of usable capacity (given in Table 1). These percentages, in turn, were shown on cartesian graphs for the October through September water year; polar (circular) diagrams, while they are perhaps more appropriate, might be harder to interpret. Results were consistent with those of the only other similar tabulations which were found for the states of California and Texas and are published by their respective water agencies.
Relationships of maximal single‐ and double‐step length tests with sex and the dominant and non‐dominant legs
Authors: Demura Shin‐Ichi , Yamada Takayoshi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe maximal step length test has been proposed to evaluate the risk of falls among the elderly, although the test is confusing and prone to errors due to two types of test methods. The maximal double‐step length test may be used to evaluate both leg function and the functional difference between the left and right legs, but its measurement and evaluation methods have not been studied extensively. The aims of the present study were to compare the maximal single‐ and double‐step length tests, and to highlight differences between the sexes and between the dominant and non‐dominant legs. Fifty healthy adults free from lower‐limb disorders conducted the above step tests twice, once with the dominant and once with the non‐dominant leg. The former test requires individuals to return the stepping leg to the original position or to draw the other leg to the step leg after stepping out maximally with either leg from a standing posture while maintaining body stability with the supporting leg. The latter test requires individuals to step forward with either leg maximally, after similarly stepping with the other leg and to draw the first stepping leg to the second stepping leg. The above tests are defined as the single‐ and double‐step length test, respectively. Step lengths were measured in both tests, and these values were used for analysis. Correlations among step length tests conducted with the dominant and non‐dominant legs were very high (r=0.82–0.97). Significant sex differences were found in all step length tests, and males were superior to females. No significant difference between legs was found in any test. In summary, the relationship between the maximal single‐ and double‐step length tests was very high and step lengths showed a significant sex difference.
Downregulation of ING3 mRNA expression predicts poor prognosis in head and neck cancer
Authors: Gunduz Mehmet , Beder Levent Bekir , Gunduz Esra , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Fukushima Kunihiro , Pehlivan Davut , Cetin Eren , Yamanaka Noboru , Nishizaki Kazunori , Shimizu Kenji , Nagai Noriyuki 
Published: February 2008

Although many clinical and pathological prognostic factors such as tumor stage and lymph‐node involvement have been described, to date no reliable or clinically applicable marker or tumor aggressiveness has been identified for head and neck cancer. In an attempt to identify such a molecular prognostic marker, we analyzed the mRNA expression status of ING3 by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. We also examined p53 mutation status and investigated its relationship with ING3, as well its clinicopathological characteristics. About half of the 71 tumor samples demonstrated downregulation of ING3 compared to their matched normal counterparts. Although most clinicopathological variables were not significantly related to ING3 downregulation or p53 mutation status, a significant relationship was detected in terms of overall survival between the cases with low and normal to high ING3 expression. At 5 years follow up, approximately 60% of the patients with normal to high ING3 expression survived, whereas this was 35% in the patients with low ING3 expression. Multivariate analysis also showed downregulation of ING3 as an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival. These results reveal that ING3 would function as a potential tumor suppressor molecule and that low levels of ING3 may indicate an aggressive nature of head and neck cancer. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 531–538)
Targeting Slit–Roundabout signaling inhibits tumor angiogenesis in chemical‐induced squamous cell carcinogenesis
Authors: Wang Li‐Jing , Zhao Yuan , Han Bing , Ma Yu‐Guang , Zhang Jie , Yang Ding‐Ming , Mao Jian‐Wen , Tang Fu‐Tian , Li Wei‐Dong , Yang Yang , Wang Rui , Geng Jian‐Guo 
Published: February 2008

Slit is a secreted protein known to function through the Roundabout (Robo) receptor as a repellent for axon guidance and neuronal migration, and as an inhibitor in leukocyte chemotaxis. We have previously shown that Slit2 is also secreted by a variety of human cancer cells whereby it acts as a chemoattractant to vascular endothelial cells for tumor angiogenesis. We used a blocking antibody to investigate the role of Slit–Robo signaling in tumor angiogenesis during oral carcinogenesis. In this report we undertook a multistage model of 7,12‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthracene‐induced squamous cell carcinoma in the hamster buccal pouch. R5, a monoclonal antibody against the first immunoglobulin domain of Robo1, was used to study whether R5 blocks the Slit–Robo interaction and furthermore inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth in our model. In addition, the expression of Slit2, von Willebrand factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor were examined using human tissue of oral cheek mucosa with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Our data showed that Slit2 was expressed minimally in normal and hyperplastic mucosa, moderately in dysplastic mucosa, and highly in neoplastic mucosa obtained from hamster buccal pouch. We also found that increased Slit2 expression was associated with higher tumor angiogenesis, as reflected by increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvessel density. A similar Slit2 expression profile was found in human tissue. Importantly, interruption of the Slit2–Robo interaction using R5 inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth in our in vivo model, which indicates that Slit2‐mediated tumor angiogenesis is a critical process underlying the carcinogenesis of chemical‐induced squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, targeting Slit–Robo signaling may offer a novel antiangiogenesis approach for oral cancer therapy. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 510–517)
Does attractiveness in men provide clues to semen quality?
Authors: PETERS M. , RHODES G. , SIMMONS L. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe psychological mechanisms underlying attractiveness judgements in humans are thought to be evolved adaptations for finding a high quality mate. The phenotype‐linked fertility hypothesis proposes that females obtain reliable information on male fertility from male expression of sexual traits. A previous study of Spanish men reported that facial attractiveness was positively associated with semen quality. We aimed to determine whether this effect was widespread by examining a large sample of Australian men. We also extended our study to determine whether cues to semen quality are provided by components of attractiveness: masculinity, averageness and symmetry. Each male participant was photographed and provided a semen sample that was analyzed for sperm morphology, motility and concentration. Two independent sets of women rated the male photographs for attractiveness, and three further sets of 12 women rated the photographs for masculinity, symmetry or averageness. We found no significant correlations between semen quality parameters and attractiveness or attractive traits. Although male physical attractiveness may signal aspects of mate quality, our results suggest that phenotype‐linked cues to male fertility may not be general across human populations.
Production of methyl mercury in the gut of the Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis
Authors: Limper U. , Knopf B. , König H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAnimals are often exposed to or can ingest heavy metals along with their food. Therefore, we tested whether the hindgut microbiota of Mastotermes darwiniensis possesses the capability to form methyl mercury. The termite M. darwiniensis (Isoptera) was fed with saw dust containing different concentrations of inorganic mercury. Methyl mercury was determined by purge‐and‐trap capillary gas chromatography‐atom fluorescence spectrometry (CGC‐AFS) using ethyl mercury chloride as the internal standard. Total mercury concentrations were determined in the termite tissue by inductive coupled plasma‐isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP‐IDMS) after microwave‐assisted digestion. The obtained results showed in vivo methyl mercury production in terrestrial insects for the first time. Desulfovibrio intestinalis isolated from M. darwiniensis was identified as a biomethylating species of the intestinal microbiota.