bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pictorial representation of transfusion over the years
Authors: Lefrère Jean‐Jacques , Danic Bruno 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The writings of the 17th and 19th centuries about experiments and debates about transfusion were often analyzed and discussed in articles and books, but an analysis of illustrations of transfusion during this pioneering epoch can throw new light on the subject. The first transfusion attempts were as sensational as they were spectacular, and their illustration permitted both focusing attention and giving a scientific iconography, almost technical, to doctors and scholars of the time.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We describe several illustrations of historical transfusions and point out common characteristics and differences, through the major elements used by illustrators.RESULTS: Nineteen illustrations are shown and commented upon. The transfusion imagery, through the representation of the three actors of transfusion (recipient, donor, doctor) varied considerably over time, as did representation of the procedures of transfusion.CONCLUSION: This series of illustrations over three centuries reveals what the use and function of picturing transfusion over the course of time were: on the one hand, a didactic intent, in offering a documentary source concerning procedures and necessary instruments, and on the other, the function of legitimization, representing the act with a subtext such as numbered titles or in a scientific article, brought transfusion into the category of technical practices that were regulated by rules.
Genetic variation of FUT3 in Ghanaians, Caucasians, and Mongolians
Authors: Soejima Mikiko , Munkhtulga Lkhagvasuren , Iwamoto Sadahiko , Koda Yoshiro 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The FUT3 gene regulates the expression of Lewis blood group antigens. Several lines of evidence suggest association between expression of these antigens and Helicobacter pylori infection or susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the Lewis‐negative phenotype have been reported, but systematic sequence analyses have not yet been performed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction product containing the whole FUT3 coding region (1086 bp) was sequenced in three human populations, Ghanaians (n = 106), Caucasians (n = 100), and Mongolians (n = 50). Some haplotypes were determined by sequencing cloned inserts, and the other haplotypes were inferred by the free software program PHASE. Also examined was the functional significance of several newly identified SNPs by a transient expression study.RESULTS: Thirty‐two SNPs were found, including 15 novel SNPs, in the three populations. The functional impact of three nonsynonymous SNPs that occurred on the Lewis‐positive alleles or weakly enzyme‐inactivating alleles was examined. A transient expression study suggested that 478C>T and 968G>C are enzyme‐inactivating mutations.CONCLUSION: Sequence analysis identified many SNPs, but most of them are in complete linkage disequilibrium with previously reported SNPs responsible for the Lewis‐negative phenotype. 13G>A, 59T>G, and 202T>C seem to be useful as tag SNPs for detection of Lewis‐negative alleles in genotyping of Lewis blood groups and large‐scale association studies with diseases in many populations.
Impact of limiting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent use for chemotherapy‐induced anemia on the United States blood supply margin
Authors: Vekeman Francis , Bookhart Brahim K. , White Joshua , McKenzie R. Scott , Duh Mei Sheng , Piech Catherine Tak , Lefebvre Patrick 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a national coverage determination that limited erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) utilization in patients with chemotherapy‐induced anemia (CIA). This study evaluated the impact of limiting the use of ESAs for CIA on the US blood supply margin.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A modeling simulation was employed to compare the number of red blood cell (RBC) units transfused in CIA patients treated with ESAs to the number of RBC units that would be transfused if ESAs were limited or discontinued. The excess number of RBC units that would be required with limited ESA treatment was contrasted with the available marginal blood supply from 2004 and 2008. Model inputs were obtained from published literature or empirical evidence when published information was unavailable.RESULTS: The model predicted that up to 18 and 15 percent of the respective 2004 and 2008 marginal US blood supply would be required to cover the incremental demand for blood that would arise from a 25 percent decrease in ESA use. For ESA use reductions of 50 and 75 percent, the model predicted 17 to 21 percent (134,667 units) and 26 to 31 percent (202,001 units) of the 2008 and 2004 marginal US blood supply would be required, respectively.CONCLUSION: This study showed that limiting ESA use in CIA patients would impose considerable pressure on the available blood supply margin given the small margin between usable blood and transfusion demand. The public health consequences of such an outcome should be taken into account when revisions to ESA use are being considered.
Very high users of platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Dohner M. Lynn , Wiedmeier Susan E. , Stoddard Ronald A. , Null Donald , Lambert Diane K. , Burnett Jill , Baer Vickie L. , Hunt Joshua C. , Henry Erick , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: In neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) practice, a small percentage of the patients receive a large proportion of the platelet (PLT) transfusions administered. This study sought to better define this very‐high‐user group. To accomplish this, records of all NICU patients in a multihospital health care system who, during a recent 5½‐year period, received 20 or more PLT transfusions were examined.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Electronic medical record repositories of Intermountain Healthcare neonates with dates of birth from January 1, 2002, through June 30, 2007, who received 20 or more PLT transfusions were identified. The causes of the thrombocytopenia were sought, whether each transfusion given was a treatment for bleeding versus prophylaxis was determined, whether each transfusion was compliant with our transfusion guidelines was judged, and the outcomes were tabulated.RESULTS: During this period, 45 patients received 20 or more PLT transfusions (median, 29; range, 20‐79). Medical conditions could be categorized into six diagnoses: 1) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH; n = 13), 2) fungal sepsis (n = 8), 3) ECMO for reasons other than CDH (n = 8), 4) necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 7), 5) bacterial sepsis (n = 7), and 6) congenital hyporegenerative thrombocytopenia (n = 2). Nineteen percent of the transfusions were ordered for oozing, bruising, or bleeding and 81 percent for prophylaxis. Thirty‐six percent of transfusions were given in violation of our transfusion guidelines. Forty‐nine percent of the high users died, but no deaths were due to hemorrhage. All survivors developed chronic lung disease, and all survivors weighing less than 1250 g at birth developed retinopathy of prematurity.CONCLUSIONS: Almost all patients that received 20 or more PLT transfusions had an acquired, consumptive thrombocytopenia. All could have received fewer transfusions had the guidelines already in place been observed. Eighty‐one percent fewer PLT transfusions would have been administered had the paradigm been transfusing only if oozing, bruising, or bleeding was present.
A new era for small molecule screening: from new targets, such as JAK2 V617F, to complex cellular screens
Authors: Constantinescu Stefan N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTraditionally reserved to research and development in pharmaceutical companies, screening of small molecule libraries is rapidly becoming an approach undertaken by academic laboratories. Novel cellular assays, sensitive systems to probe function, emerging new molecular targets are just some of the reasons explaining this shift. Targets of small molecules identified in cellular screens begin to be amenable to identification by elegant genetic approaches, such as probing toxicity of candidate small molecules on libraries of genetically modified yeast strains. Several new targets, such as JAK2 V617F, an activated JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2) mutant genetically associated with the majority of human myeloproliferative neoplasms, are being actively pursued. In this Review Series, we will learn how libraries of small molecules are harnessed to identify novel molecules, that alone or in combination, have the ability to alter cell fate, cell signalling, gene expression or response to extracellular cues.
Canine neoplasia – population‐based incidence of vascular tumours
Authors: MOE LARS , GAMLEM HANS , DAHL KJETIL , GLATTRE EYSTEIN 
Published: January 2009

We have identified thirteen breeds that are registered in the Norwegian Canine Cancer Register with more than five cases of newly diagnosed, primary vascular neoplasia in the period from 1990 to 1998. Incidence rates have been estimated for the boxer and the Bernese mountain dog because the population at risk is known as a result of the 1992/93‐census of the Bernese mountain dog, boxer and bichon frisé.The boxer had a mean annual incidence rate for all types of vascular tumours, for both sexes, of 4.3 cases per 1000 dogs. The sex ratio was close to one, and the age group of highest risk was 10–12 years. For vascular cancer, the mean annual incidence rate for both sexes was 1.5 cases per 1000 dogs, and the age group of highest risk was 10–12 years.The mean annual incidence rate of vascular tumours for the Bernese mountain dog for both sexes was 2.5 cases per 1000 dogs. The male to female incidence ratio was approximately ½. The age group of highest incidence rate was 10–11 years for all types of vascular tumours as for the vascular cancer. The mean annual incidence rate for malignant tumours for both sexes was 1.0 cases per year per 1000 dogs.For all thirteen breeds, the relative risk of all types of vascular tumours has been computed ad modum Arnesen.The highest estimated incidence rate of malignant vascular tumours per 1000 dogs was found in the boxer (1.5). The flat‐coated retriever and Bernese mountain dog had 1.0 and 0.9, respectively, and the German shepherd had 0.8. The study shows that the German shepherd is not the breed with the highest frequency of vascular tumour when the population at risk is taken into consideration, although the total number of vascular tumours is highest in this breed.
Activities related to the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries in 15‐ to 18‐year‐olds
Authors: Huang Boyen , Marcenes Wagner , Croucher Ray , Hector Mark 
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  To assess the activities related to the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in order to establish the relationship between gender, socio‐economic status (SES) and major TDI related events, using classification and examination procedures suitable for epidemiological purposes, in a sample of 15‐ to 18‐year‐old students in Taiwan.Methods:  A random sample of 6312 15‐ to 18‐year‐old senior high school students in southern Taiwan was selected. Each was examined with standard clinical procedures and a questionnaire.Results:  The prevalence of TDI was 19.9%. The major TDI related events included sports and leisure activities (30.8%), eating (20.5%), falls (19.4%), traffic accidents (10.2%) and collisions (7.1%). Within TDI victims, sports and leisure related TDI were more prevalent among males (P = 0.001, OR = 1.640, 95% CI = 1.225, 2.195) and high SES adolescents (P = 0.014, OR = 1.991, 95% CI = 1.149, 3.449). The occurrence of non‐accidental TDI was not related to age, gender and SES (P ≥ 0.643).Conclusion:  Traumatic dental injuries have become an important issue in public health and dentistry. Prevention and treatment of TDI should be emphasised to the public, the health professional and the policy maker. Future investigations into the relationship between TDI related events and their determinants are indicated.
Has the education of professional caregivers and lay people in dental trauma care failed?
Authors: Glendor Ulf 
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  Several reports have been published during the past decades showing a lack of care of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) as well as dentists and lay people having insufficient knowledge on how to manage TDIs. This situation could seriously affect the outcome of TDIs, especially a complicated TDI. The overall aim of this study was to present a review of dental trauma care with focus on treatment and dentists and lay persons’ lack of knowledge on how to manage a TDI. A further aim is to introduce the actors involved and the outcome of their education.Material and method:  The databases Medline, Cochrane, SSCI, SCI and CINAHL from the year 1995 to the present were used. Focus was on treatment need, inadequate care, lack of knowledge and poor organization of emergency care.Result:  Studies from different countries demonstrated that treatment needs were not properly met despite the fact that not all untreated teeth needed treatment. Treatment in emergency dental care was often inadequate or inappropriate. With the exception of lay people, teachers, medical personnel and even dentists performed inadequate care. Furthermore, information to the public was insufficient. Despite a low level of knowledge, lay people expressed a strong interest in helping someone with a TDI.Conclusion:  The conclusion from this review is that consideration must be given the problematic results from different studies on education or information about dental trauma care. Despite that the studies reviewed were from different countries and groups of people, the results seem to be consistent, i.e. that a large part of the educational process of professional caregivers and lay people has failed. Too much hope seems to be put on lay people to handle difficult cases such as tooth avulsion. Education of caregivers and lay people is a field where much remains to be explored.
An evidence‐based assessment of the clinical guidelines for replanted avulsed teeth. Part I: timing of pulp extirpation
Authors: Hinckfuss Susan Elisabeth , Messer Louise Brearley 
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Clinical guidelines for the management of avulsed teeth recommend pulp extirpation (PE) within 10 to 14 days of replantation. The principles of evidence‐based dentistry can be used to assess whether this is the best approach based on currently‐available evidence. The objective of this study was to use the principles of evidence‐based dentistry to answer the PICO Question: (P) For a replanted avulsed permanent tooth, (I) is early PE within 10 to 14 days of replantation, (C) compared with delayed pulp extirpation, (O) associated with an increased likelihood of successful periodontal healing after tooth replantation?Materials and methods:  A literature search was performed across four internet databases for relevant citations (n = 38 400). Limiting citations to those in English and removing duplicates produced a set of titles (n = 14 729) which were sieved. Relevant titles were selected for abstract assessment (n = 628), and then papers were selected for examination (n = 84). Inclusion criteria were applied and six papers (total 236 teeth) met the final criteria for meta‐analysis.Results:  Meta‐analyses found a statistically significant association between PE performed after 14 days and the development of inflammatory resorption [common odds ratio (COR) = 0.37, standard error (se) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14–0.98]. Pulp extirpation within 10 days of replantation was not significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of developing inflammatory resorption. There were no statistically significant differences in PE times for functional healing, acceptable healing without progressive resorption, or the development of replacement resorption.Conclusion:  There is clinical evidence for an association between PE performed after 14 days following replantation and the development of inflammatory resorption. This investigation supports the current clinical guidelines for PE within 10 to 14 days of replantation.
Androgens and Erectile Function: A Case for Early Androgen Use in Postprostatectomy Hypogonadal Men
Authors: Khera Mohit 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction affects up to 80% of men following a radical prostatectomy (RP) and is a common concern for these patients. Currently, hypogonadal men are not treated with testosterone after a RP for fear of stimulating dormant prostate cancer cells even though there is little evidence to support this hesitancy. There is data, however, to support the use of testosterone to aid in faster and better recovery of erections following RP.

Aims
The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and erectile preservation following RP.

Main Outcome Measures
The results of findings in the literature on the association between testosterone and its role in preserving erectile function, particularly in men following RP.

Methods
This article reviews and evaluates the literature that demonstrates the role of testosterone in obtaining erections and preserving erectile function. Additional articles were reviewed to assess the role of testosterone in erectile preservation following RP.

Results
This review demonstrates that testosterone does play a role in erectile function, particularly for men who have undergone a RP. Testosterone has been shown to have an effect on nitric oxide synthase release, phosphodiesterase type 5 expression and activity, and in cavernosal nerve function, and to contribute to venoocclusive disease in the penis. All of these effects are of particular importance to men attempting to preserve erectile function following RP.

Conclusions
While the relationship between TRT and improvement in erectile function has been well established, the role of testosterone in men following RP may be of even greater significance. However, further studies are needed to assess the true safety of TRT following RP.
WTO Constraints on Domestic Support in Agriculture: Past and Future
Authors: Brink Lars 
Published: January 2009

The domestic support provisions in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture originate in the 1958 Haberler Report. Economic analysis often overlooks the agreement's legally important distinctions. Few domestic support issues lead to dispute settlement proceedings. The Doha negotiations would result in more constraints on domestic support than the sole commitment on Total Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) in the present agreement: ceilings on overall trade‐distorting support and blue box payments, and also product‐specific caps. Some 18 members would reduce their Total AMS commitments, and 25 would reduce the de minimis percentages. Most members would not reduce their constraints at all or only little. If today's developing countries continue to grow as they did in recent decades, their capacity to support agriculture increases significantly. If they then choose to support agriculture as today's developed countries did at the same stage of economic development, the future WTO constraints on trade‐distorting domestic support would allow them to provide considerably more such support than developed countries. Les règles sur le soutien interne de l'Accord sur l'agriculture de l'OMC tirent son origine du rapport ≪Haberler≫ de 1958. L'analyse économique oublie souvent les distinctions d'importance juridique de l'accord. Peu de questions en soutien interne entraînent des procédures de règlement des différends. Les négociations de Doha se solderaient par plus de contraintes sur le soutien que le seul engagement de l'accord actuel, celui sur la mesure globale de soutien (MGS) totale. Ces contraintes comprennent des plafonds sur le soutien interne global ayant des effets de distorsion des échanges et sur les paiements dans la boîte bleue, ainsi que des plafonds par produit. Environ 18 membres réduiraient leurs engagements sur la MGS totale, et 25 membres réduiraient les pourcentages de minimis. La plupart des membres ne réduiraient pas leurs engagements ou les réduiraient seulement un peu. Si la croissance économique des pays, qui aujourd'hui sont en voie de développement, continue au même taux que dans les décennies récentes, leur capacité de soutenir leur agriculture augmente. S'ils choisissaient dans l'avenir de soutenir leur agriculture, comme l'ont fait les pays qui sont aujourd'hui les pays développés lorsqu'ils se trouvaient au même stage de développement, les contraintes futures de l'OMC sur le soutien interne faussant les échanges permettraient aux pays en voie de développement d'accorder de tel soutien dans des montants considérablement plus importants que ceux des pays développés.
A Dynamic Approach to Estimating and Testing Separability in U.S. Demand for Imported and Domestic Meats
Authors: Boonsaeng Tullaya , Wohlgenant Michael K. 
Published: January 2009

The paper develops dynamic model of demand for domestic and imported meats and compares the performance of the dynamic model called the general AIDS error correction model (GAECM) with the static linear approximate almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS) model. A test for separability is developed based on the long‐run solution to the dynamic model. The results indicate rejection of the static model in favor of the dynamic model. Homogeneity and symmetry are shown to hold for the dynamic model but are strongly rejected for the static model. Finally, separability between domestic and imported meats is rejected for all models at the 5% level of significance. However, the results of the dynamic model based on the corrected likelihood test with a low p‐value (p= 0.038) indicate that rejection of separability is borderline. Le présent article porte sur l'élaboration d'un modèle dynamique de la demande de viandes produites au pays et de viandes importées, et compare la performance du modèle dynamique appelé modèle général de correction d'erreur AIDS avec le modèle statique LA/AIDS. Un test de séparabilité est élaboré d'après la solution à long terme du modèle dynamique. Les résultats indiquent le rejet du modèle statique en faveur du modèle dynamique. L'homogénéité et la symétrie sont valables pour le modèle dynamique, mais sont fortement rejetées dans le cas du modèle statique. Finalement, la séparabilité entre les viandes produites au pays et les viandes importées est rejetée pour tous les modèles à un seuil de signification de 5 p. 100. Cependant, les résultats du modèle dynamique, fondés sur la correction du test du rapport des vraisemblances avec une faible valeur p (p = 0,038), indiquent que le rejet de la séparabilité se situe à la limite.
Art and Negative Affect
Authors: Smuts Aaron 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhy do people seemingly want to be scared by movies and feel pity for fictional characters when they avoid situations in real life that arouse these same negative emotions? Although the domain of relevant artworks encompasses far more than just tragedy, the general problem is typically called the paradox of tragedy. The paradox boils down to a simple question: If people avoid pain then why do people want to experience art that is painful? I discuss six popular solutions to the paradox: conversion, control, compensatory, meta‐response, catharsis, and rich experience theories.