bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum Zeitablauf der Reichstagsbrandstiftung. Korrekturen der Untersuchung Alfred Berndts
Authors: Fischler Hersch 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Der Reichstagsbrand erregt noch immer die Gemüter. War mit Marinus van der Lubbe nur ein Täter am Werk, oder wurde das Feuer von mehreren Brandstiftern gelegt? Bei der Klärung dieser Fragen spielt der Faktor Zeit eine entscheidende Rolle. Wie viele Minuten vergingen zwischen dem Einbruch in den Reichstag und dem Zeitpunkt, an dem er plötzlich in hellen Flammen stand? Waren es deutlich mehr als ursprünglich angenommen, wie Alfred Berndt 1975 in den Vierteljahrsheften betonte, wodurch die Alleintäterschaft van der Lubbes neue Plausibilität gewann? Oder hat Hersch Fischler Recht, der von einer deutlich kürzeren Zeitspanne ausgeht und damit die Vermutung nahelegt, dass es sich um mehrere Täter gehandelt haben muss?
Stalin, Renner und die Wiedergeburt Österreichs nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Mueller Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Die Gründung der Zweiten Republik in Österreich unter der Führung des Sozialdemokraten Karl Renner am 27. April 1945 hatte aus Sicht der westlichen Alliierten den Charakter eines Handstreichs. Die Gründe, die Stalin und Renner zu diesem Vorgehen veranlassten, sind bis heute nicht völlig geklärt. Umstritten ist auch, ob die sowjetische Politik Österreich als integralen Teil des künftigen Ostblocks betrachtete oder nur als dessen Vorfeld. Revisionistisch beeinflusste Historiker meinten gar, Stalin habe einen „beinahe restaurativen Wiederbeginn“ in Österreich ermöglicht. Neue Antworten auf diese alten Fragen gibt Wolfgang Mueller, Mitarbeiter der Quellenedition „Sowjetische Politik in Österreich 1945–1955“, wobei er auch auf bislang unzugängliche russische Dokumente zurückgreifen kann.
Die 6. Armee und die Zivilbevölkerung von Stalingrad
Authors: Lübbers Gert C. 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Kaum eine Schlacht des Zweiten Weltkriegs ist so bekannt wie die von Stalingrad. Was aber geschah mit der dort lebenden Zivilbevölkerung? Hitler wollte sie teilweise vernichten, im Oberkommando des Heeres verfolgte man angeblich viel weiterreichendere Pläne. Wer nicht mehr arbeitsfähig war, sollte in die Steppe deportiert werden und dort verhungern. Gab es diese Pläne wirklich? Und was geschah vor Ort unter der Verantwortung der 6. Armee tatsächlich?
Kain in Rom. Judenverfolgung und Kollaboration unter deutscher Besatzung 1943/44
Authors: Guerrazzi Amedeo Osti 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Die Römer, so sagt man, haben nach der Besetzung ihrer Stadt im September 1943 alles getan, um die Juden vor dem Zugriff der deutschen Besatzer zu schützen. Rund 2.000 Juden wurden dennoch aufgespürt und deportiert. War dies nur das Werk der deutschen Polizei? Konnte sich diese dabei auf Mithilfe stützen? Wer leistete sie? Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi stellt diese Fragen und gibt Antworten, die in ihrer verwirrenden Mischung aus Hilfs- und Denunziationsbereitschaft, Habgier und ideologischer Blendung zutiefst verstören.
The Effects of River Impoundment and Hatchery Rearing on the Migration Behavior of Juvenile Steelhead in the Lower Snake River, Washington
Authors: Plumb John M. , Perry Russell W. , Adams Noah S. , Rondorf Dennis W. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We used radiotelemetry to monitor the migration behavior of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss as they migrated through Lower Granite Reservoir and Dam on the lower Snake River, Washington. From 1996 to 2001, we surgically implanted radio transmitters in 1,540 hatchery steelhead and 1,346 wild steelhead. For analysis, we used the inverse Gaussian distribution to describe travel time distributions for cohorts (&gt;50 fish) of juvenile steelhead as they migrated downriver. Mean travel rates were significantly related to reach- and discharge-specific water velocities. Also, mean travel rates near the dam were slower for a given range of water velocities than were mean travel rates through the reservoir, indicating that the presence of the dam caused delay to juvenile steelhead over and above the effect of water velocity. Hatchery steelhead took about twice as long as wild steelhead to pass the dam as a result of the higher proportions of hatchery steelhead traveling upriver from the dam. Because upriver travel and the resulting migration delay might decrease survival, it is possible that hatchery steelhead survive at lower rates than wild steelhead. Our analysis identified a discharge threshold (∼2,400 m3/s) below which travel time and the percentage of fish traveling upriver from the dam increased rapidly, providing support for the use of minimum flow targets to mitigate for fish delay and possibly enhance juvenile steelhead survival.
Dietary Calcein Marking of Brook Trout, Atlantic Salmon, Yellow Perch, and Coho Salmon Scales
Authors: Honeyfield Dale C. , Ostrowski Christian S. , Fletcher John W. , Mohler Jerre W. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and yellow perch Perca flavescens fed calcein for 5 d showed characteristic calcein scale marks 7–10 d postmarking. In fish fed 0.75 or 1.25 g of calcein per kilogram of feed, the percentage of fish that exhibited a calcein mark was 100% in brook trout, 93–98% in Atlantic salmon, 60% in yellow perch, and 0% in coho salmon. However, when coho salmon were fed 5.25 g calcein/kg feed, 100% marking was observed 7–10 d postmarking. Brook trout were successfully marked twice with distinct bands when fed calcein 5 months apart. Brook trout scale pixel luminosity increased as dietary calcein increased in experiment 2. For the second calcein mark, scale pixel luminosity from brook trout fed 1.25 g calcein/kg feed was numerically higher (P &lt; 0.08) than scales from fish fed 0.75 g calcein/kg feed. Mean pixel luminosity of calcein-marked Atlantic salmon scales was 57.7 for fish fed 0.75 g calcein/kg feed and 55.2 for fish fed 1.25 g calcein/kg feed. Although feed acceptance presented a problem in yellow perch, these experiments provide evidence that dietary calcein is a viable tool for marking fish for stock identification.
Sublethal toxicity of trace metals to larvae of the blacklip abalone,Haliotis rubra
Authors: Gorski Jacquelle , Nugegoda Dayanthi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe availability of literature regarding sublethal and chronic toxicity of heavy metals to early life stages of marine species is restricted to a few species of invertebrate mollusks. The early life stage of abalone, an important gastropod both environmentally and commercially, has been involved in limited research investigating the effects of heavy metal toxicity. Fertilized eggs of Haliotis rubra were exposed to a range of dissolved nominal concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, and zinc in individual solutions for 48 h. After 48 h of exposure, the test was completed by recording survival success and morphological abnormalities of veliger larvae in each heavy metal treatment. The mean 48-h median effective concentrations affecting normal morphological development of veliger larvae determined in this test shows a decreasing order of toxicity of copper (7 μg/L), mercury (21 μg/L), zinc (35 μg/L), iron (4,102 μg/L), cadmium (4,515 μg/L), and lead (5,111 μg/L).
Effects of pulsed copper exposures on early life-stagePimephales promelas
Authors: Bearr Jonathan S. , Diamond Jerry , Latimer Henry , Bowersox Marcus 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEffects of pulsed copper exposures were investigated using Pimephales promelas aged less than 24 h in short-term chronic testing (7 or 14 d) with moderately hard synthetic water. Concentrations tested were between the species mean chronic value (22 μg/L at a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3) and the 7-d continuous exposure EC50 for survival (40 μg/L) to examine exposures that were not acutely toxic and representative of actual wastewater discharge permit exceedences. Factors tested included pulse duration, recovery time between pulses, and pulse frequency. Survival was the main endpoint affected in all treatments (analysis of variance, p &lt; 0.05). Effects on fish biomass, independent of survival effects, were observed in only 2 of 86 treatments examined. Fish survival was negatively affected at average copper concentrations between 7 and 50% of the 7-d continuous exposure EC50. Exposures having a 48- to 96-h recovery time between pulses had less effect on fish survival than did treatments with shorter (12–24 h) or longer (&gt;120 h) recovery times. Results suggest that the criteria averaging periods used in the United States, and the averaging periods typically used in wastewater discharge permit limits for copper, may not protect against effects of certain pulsed exposures.
Organohalogen contaminants and metabolites in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) liver from two Canadian populations
Authors: McKinney Melissa A. , De Guise Sylvain , Martineau Daniel , Béland Pierre , Lebeuf Michel , Letcher Robert J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractContaminants described as organochlorines (OCs; e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) are present in tissues of marine mammals, including beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), but the complexity of contaminant exposure often is not fully known. The PCBs, OC pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, methylsulfonyl (MeSO2)- and hydroxy (OH)-PCB metabolites, and OH-PBDEs and methoxylated (MeO)-PBDEs were determined in the liver of beluga whales from two Canadian populations: the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLB; n = 6), and western Hudson Bay in the Canadian Arctic (CAB; n = 11). The ΣPCB, ΣDDT, and ΣPBDE concentrations were higher (p &lt; 0.05) in SLB versus CAB. Of 18 detectable OH-PCBs in SLB (mainly 4-OH-CB107, 4-OH-CB112, and 4′-OH-CB120), only 4′-OH-CB120 was found in CAB. The ΣOH-PCB concentrations were less than 0.2% of the ΣPCBs in both populations but were higher (p &lt; 0.05) in SLB (65 ± 22 ng/g lipid wt) than in CAB (3.1 ± 0.5 ng/g lipid wt). The ΣMeSO2-PCB concentrations were higher in SLB (3,801 ± 1,322 ng/g lipid wt) relative to CAB (77 ± 23 ng/g lipid wt) and were 11 and 4%, respectively, of the ΣPCB concentrations. Of the 15 OH-PBDEs, only two congeners were detectable, but not quantifiable (notably 2′-OH-BDE 68 and 6-OH-BDE 47), in animals from both populations. Of the 15 MeO-PBDEs, 4′-MeO-BDE 17 and 6-MeO-BDE 47 in the SLB (n = 2) and 2′-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47 in the CAB (n = 2) had concentrations from 20 to 100 ng/g lipid weight. The OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs most likely are of natural origin and accumulated in beluga whales, whereas the OH-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs are metabolites derived from accumulated PCBs. Canadian beluga whale liver contains previously unidentified organohalogen contaminants and metabolites and, thus, a complexity of contaminant exposure that may be impacting the health of Canadian beluga whale populations.
Effects of exposure duration and recovery time during pulsed exposures
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Newman Michael C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn pulsed toxicant exposures, the concentration, duration, and frequency of pulses can change through time. However, the conventional median lethal concentration (LC50) method cannot adequately predict the effects of pulsed exposure, because it is associated with fixed exposure duration and constant concentration and does not include postexposure (latent) mortality. Many studies that tried to address the effects of pulsed exposure only provided qualitative or semiquantitative predictions. Survival time experiments conducted here quantified the effect of exposure duration on latent mortality, and the effect of recovery time between two pulses on mortality during a second pulse also was examined. This was done by exposing amphipods (Hyalella azteca) to two contrasting toxicants, copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium pentachlorophenol (NaPCP). In the exposure duration experiments, the amphipods were exposed to two toxicant concentrations for three durations. No significant effect of duration on latent mortality was detected within the experimental range; however, duration still may need to be considered under other conditions. In the recovery time experiments, the amphipods were provided four recovery times, and their survivals during the second exposure were modeled. Recovery time had a significant effect on the second-exposure mortality. Given enough time, the amphipods could recover to a state similar to their original toxicant resistance state. The complete recovery time for CuSO4 was fivefold longer than that for NaPCP. It is important to quantify the effects of latent mortality, pulse duration and concentration, and recovery time for pulsed exposures. Survival analysis provides a better way to address these issues than does the conventional LC50 method.
Sensitivity of brain cholinesterase activity to diazinon (BASUDIN 50EC) and fenobucarb (BASSA 50EC) insecticides in the air-breathing fishChanna striata(Bloch, 1793)
Authors: Van Cong Nguyen , Phuong Nguyen Thanh , Bayley Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith the expansion of agricultural areas within the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam, a concurrent, dramatic increase has occurred in agrochemical usage. To date, little consideration has been given to the negative impacts of this agricultural activity on the aquatic resources of the region. Both acute toxicity and subacute effects on brain cholinesterase (ChE) of two of the most commonly used insecticides, diazinon and fenobucarb, on adult native snakehead (Channa striata) were evaluated in a static, nonrenewable system, the environmental parameters of which, such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and pH, fluctuated similarly to field conditions. Four levels of insecticides, from 0.008 to 0.52 mg/L (for diazinon) and from 0.11 to 9.35 mg/L (for fenobucarb), were tested to assess the effects on the brain ChE activity of the snakehead up to 30 and 10 d for diazinon and fenobucarb, respectively. Diazinon was highly toxic to this fish species, with a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of only 0.79 mg/L, and it also caused long-term ChE inhibition, with activity still significantly inhibited by 30% after 30 d for the three highest concentrations. Fenobucarb was less toxic to this species, with a 96-h LC50 of 11.4 mg/L. Fenobucarb caused more rapid ChE inhibition but also rapid recovery. The results of the present study indicate an urgent need to regulate the usage of these pesticides in the Mekong River Delta.
Acute and chronic effects of pulse exposure ofDaphnia magnato dimethoate and pirimicarb
Authors: Andersen Tobias Henrik , Tjørnhøj Rikke , Wollenberger Leah , Slothuus Tina , Baun Anders 
Published: April 2006

AbstractShort-term ( &lt;48 h) and long-term (21 d) effects of dimethoate and pirimicarb were studied in Daphnia magna exposed to pulses of 0.5 to 8 h in duration. During a 21-d postexposure observation period, the following parameters were monitored: Mortality, mobility, day for first offspring, animal size, weight of offspring and adults, and number of offspring produced. In general, animals exposed to a single pulse of dimethoate or pirimicarb regained mobility after 24 to 48 h in clean media. Animals exposed to repeated pulses of dimethoate did not recover mobility during a 48-h postexposure observation period, and mortality was significantly increased. Animals exposed to two pulses of pirimicarb showed less recovery of mobility compared with those exposed to one pulse. Exposure of D. magna to 30 mg/L of dimethoate or 100 μg/L of pirimicarb for 2 to 6 h resulted in a significant reduction in the number of offspring and in the average weight of offspring. The average body length was reduced after pulse exposure to 30 mg/L of dimethoate for 3 h or 70 μg/L of pirimicarb for 4 h, and these exposure concentrations caused a delay in the day for first offspring at exposure durations of 2 to 6 h. The most important new findings in the present study are that short-term (&lt;4 h) pulse exposure of neonates to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides caused reproductive damage in D. magna and that repeated-pulse exposure significantly increased mortality in animals that apparently had recovered after a single-pulse exposure.
Genetic overlap between P300, P50, and duration mismatch negativity
Authors: Hall Mei Hua , Schulze Katja , Bramon Elvira , Murray Robin M. , Sham Pak , Rijsdijk Frühling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMismatch Negativity (MMN), P300, and P50 suppression event‐related potential (ERP) components measure intermediate stages of information processing but little is known of how they relate to each other genetically. The present study used multivariate genetic model fitting analytic techniques in 46 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic twin pairs. P300, P50 suppression, and MMN were recorded using a 19‐channel electroencephalograph (EEG). Zygosity was determined using DNA genotyping. Little evidence for either genetic or environmental association between each of the three ERP paradigms was found. This result suggests that P300, MMN, and P50 suppression serve to evaluate different brain information processing functions that may be mediated by distinct neurobiological mechanisms which in turn are influenced by different sets of genes. Within paradigm, P300 amplitude and latency shared about half of their genetic effects. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Anticoagulant Activities of Substituted 2,4‐Diketochromans, Biscoumarins, and Chromanocoumarins
Authors: Manolov Ilia , Maichle‐Moessmer Caecilia , Nicolova Irina , Danchev Nicolay 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDifferent substituted 2,4‐diketochromans, biscoumarins, and chromanocoumarins are the final products when 4‐hydroxycoumarin and aromatic aldehydes containing hydroxyl group in o‐, m,‐ or p‐position condense in boiling ethanol. We synthesized 14 compounds. Three of them are described for the first time. The X‐ray crystal structure analysis of 3‐[6‐oxo‐(6H, 7H)‐benzopyrano[4,3‐b]benzopyran‐7‐yl]‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one 1 confirmed the structure of this compound. Acute toxicity studies of the compounds were performed on mice by oral and intraperitoneal administration. A comparative pharmacological study of the in vivo anticoagulant effect of the derivatives with respect to warfarin showed that the synthesized compounds have different anticoagulant activities. The most prospective compounds are 3‐(3′‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐2,4‐diketochroman 4 and 3,3′‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)‐bis‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one 11 with low toxicity and dose‐dependent anticoagulant activity in vivo.
The Weighted Generalized Estimating Equations Approach for the Evaluation of Medical Diagnostic Test at Subunit Level
Authors: Lin Carol Y. , Barnhart Huiman X. , Kosinski Andrzej S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSensitivity and specificity are common measures used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test. A diagnostic test is often administrated at a subunit level, e.g. at the level of vessel, ear or eye of a patient so that the treatment can be targeted at the specific subunit. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the diagnostic test at the subunit level. Often patients with more negative subunit test results are less likely to receive the gold standard tests than patients with more positive subunit test results. To account for this type of missing data and correlation between subunit test results, we proposed a weighted generalized estimating equations (WGEE) approach to evaluate subunit sensitivities and specificities. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the WGEE estimators and the weighted least squares (WLS) estimators (Barnhart and Kosinski, 2003) under a missing at random assumption. The results suggested that WGEE estimator is consistent under various scenarios of percentage of missing data and sample size, while the WLS approach could yield biased estimators due to a misspecified missing data mechanism. We illustrate the methodology with a cardiology example. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of Overexpressed COX‐2 in Precancerous Lesions of Hamster Pancreas and Lungs by Molecular Imaging: Implications for Early Diagnosis and Prevention
Authors: Schuller Hildegard M. , Kabalka George , Smith Gary , Mereddy Arjun , Akula Murthy , Cekanova Maria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe enzyme cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is overexpressed in many cancers, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and arthritis. Selective inhibitors of COX‐2 have been developed as therapeutics or preventive agents for these diseases. However, recent reports have revealed a significant increase in cardiovascular mortality in long‐term users of the COX‐2 inhibitors Vioxx and Celebrex, emphasizing the need for noninvasive tests that allow the identification of individuals whose COX‐2 levels are overexpressed prior to assignment to treatment with these drugs. In this study, we have prepared a radioiodinated analogue of the selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib, and verified its binding to the COX‐2 enzyme in vitro. Biodistribution studies in hamsters demonstrated significantly higher levels of radiotracer in animals treated with the tobacco carcinogen NNK in lung, pancreas, and liver. Assessment of COX‐2 levels by whole‐body planar nuclear imaging two hours after injection of the radiotracer was suggestive of a distinct increase in COX‐2 in the pancreas and liver of a hamster treated for 10 weeks with NNK, in the lungs and liver of a second animal, and in the liver only, in two additional animals from the same treatment group. Immunostains showed selective overexpression of COX‐2 in pre‐neoplastic lesions of the pancreas and lungs in only those animals that showed tracer accumulation in these organs and in the livers of all NNK‐treated hamsters. Immunostains for COX‐1 yielded detectable reactions in the intestinal epithelium but not in pancreas, lungs, or liver, supporting the specificity of the tracer for COX‐2. Our data provide proof of principle for the hypothesis that molecular imaging with radiolabeled COX‐2 inhibitors can be used for the noninvasive monitoring of overexpressed COX‐2 levels.