bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Day and night feeding territoriality in Willets Catoptrophorus semipalmatus and Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus during the non‐breeding season in the tropics
Authors: McNEIL RAYMOND , ROMPRE GHISLAIN 
Published: April 2008

This study was carried out to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, Willets Catoptrophorus semipalmatus and Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus continue to defend and use their daytime feeding territories at night in a tropical environment. The study was conducted in coastal Venezuela by registering, by night and by day, the behaviour and the position of colour‐marked and radio‐tagged birds. Night observations were made with the use of a light intensifier.In Willets, both territorial and non‐territorial birds were observed. The use and defence of territories was observed only on sandy mud areas where Fiddler Crabs Uca cumulanta were plentiful; the soft mud sites were used only by non‐territorial birds. All Whimbrel were territorial. Individuals of both species defending a given space during daytime continued to occupy and defend the same area during the night. The proportion of birds foraging at night was higher on moonlit than on moonless nights. Territorial defence involved alert postures, parallel walks, calls and the chasing of intruders. Agonistic encounters between Willets and Whimbrel and other species were rare. Willets were territorial at all states of the tide except when high tides flooded the territories. Tide had no effect on the time of feeding in Whimbrel. Moonlight was clearly the factor conditioning the occurrence of nocturnal foraging on territories by both species. Foraging strategies and the type of prey and substrata explain why the incidence of night foraging varied with moonlight in territorial Willets and Whimbrels and not in non‐territorial individuals.
Modelling animal populations in changing landscapes
Authors: PULLIAM H. RONALD , LIU JIANGUO , DUNNING JOHN B. , STEWART DAVID J. , BISHOP T. DALE 
Published: April 2008

Models of Mobile Animal Populations (MAP models) simulate long‐term land use changes, population trends and patterns of biological diversity on landscapes of 103‐105 ha. MAP models can incorporate information about past land‐use patterns and management practices and can project future patterns based on management plans. We illustrate this approach with an example of how implementation of a U.S. Forest Service management plan at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, U.S.A., might influence population trends of Bachman's Sparrow Aimophila aestivalis, a relatively rare and declining species in southeastern pine forests. In this case, a management plan, largely designed to improve conditions for an endangered species, Red‐cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis, may have a negative impact, at least in the short term, on another species of management concern, Bachman's Sparrow.In a parallel processing version of the MAP models, a single landscape that would ordinarily be too large or detailed to be simulated on a single computer is subdivided into a number of smaller landscapes, and each landscape is simulated in parallel, either on a single multi‐tasking machine or on a group of networked machines. With this approach we are attempting to determine just how large a landscape must be before the dynamics of a population within it are more or less independent of factors beyond the landscape boundaries.
Disease and the abundance and distribution of bird populations: a summary
Authors: MAY ROBERT M. 
Published: April 2008

Over the past few years, I have written several reviews about the effects of infectious diseases upon the distribution and abundance of their host populations. One general review and synthesis is in the fmd chapter of a book whose earlier chapters focus mainly on human diseases (Anderson & May 1991). A bird‐specific discussion, with particular reference to conservation issues, is given by Dobson and May (1991). Broadly related questions about the invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal communities are explored by Anderson and May (1986) and with emphasis on bird populations by Dobson and May (1986). Also relevant are a set of papers from the Society for Conservation Biology's first‐ever symposium on Conservation and Disease (for an overview, see May 1988, Scott 1988).Rather than burdening the literature with a recapitulation of these existing reviews, this paper gives a sign‐posted guide for those who are not familiar with this particular literature. I first sketch reasons for believing that infectious diseases play an important part in the life history of birds. Next I point towards an analytic framework for understanding the dynamics of host‐pathogen associations. Finally I list some of the implications for the conservation biology of bird populations.
A distinctive new species of vireo (Passeriformes: Vireonidae) from the Western Andes of Colombia
Authors: Salaman Paul G. W. , Stiles F. Gary 
Published: April 2008

On the basis of field observations and two specimens from two localities in the Chocó biogeographic region of western Colombia, we here describe Vireo masteri, sp. nov. This species appears to be most closely related to Vireo carmioli of Costa Rica and west Panama but is much smaller and has a distinctive long superciliary stripe, a feature otherwise unknown in the subgenus Vireo, of which it is the southernmost known taxon. Vireo masteri appears to be restricted to a narrow belt of premontane pluvial forests from 1200 to 1600 m on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes. We present notes on the behaviour, ecology and conservation of this new species.Con base en observaciones en el campo y dos especímenes de dos localidades en la región biogeográfica del Chocó colombiano, describimos una nueva y distintiva especie de vireo o chiví, Vireo masteri, sp. nov. Esta especie parece mas afin a Vireo carmiloi de Costa Rica y Panamá que a cualquier otra especie, pero es de menor tamaño y tiene una lista superciliar larga y llamativa, caracteristica única en la subgénero Vireo, del cual es la forma más sureña. Vireo masteri aparentemente se restringe a una faja altitudinal angosta (1200–1600 msnm) de bosque pluvial premontano en la vertiente del Pacífico de la Cordillera Occental de los Andes colombianos. Presentamos anotaciones sobre la ecología, el comportamiento, y la conservación de esta neueva especie.
Competition and coexistence of the European Bee‐eater Merops apiaster and the Blue‐cheeked Bee‐eater Merops persicus in Asia
Authors: KOSSENKO S. M. , FRY C. H. 
Published: April 2008

Studies were conducted over a 10‐year period on the supposedly similar European Bee‐eater Merops apiaster and Blue‐cheeked Bee‐eater Merops persicus breeding in mixed and separate colonies in four Asiatic countries. In spring, M. persicus arrived a few days later and laid up to 2 weeks later than M. apiaster. Spatial distributions of the two species were positively associated. They were sympatric and syntopic: more than half of the local breeding ranges overlapped, and many birds bred within sight and sound of the congener. Intraspecific conflict was frequent, but in mixed colonies interspecific conflict was rare. Most M. apiaster nest burrows were dug into cliffs and most M. persicus ones into level ground, but dense mixed colonies occurred only in cliffs. Burrow architecture differed specifically. Diets were qualitatively similar at insect family level but different at the species level, partly because of local variation in availability and partly because of distinct preferences of M. apiaster for small beetles, ants and termites and of M. persicus for large dragonflies and cicadas. Merops persicus was less specialized than M. apiaster and had an airborne insect prey spectrum nearly twice as broad. Diets were more alike where the two birds foraged together than where they foraged separately. There was a high incidence of egg and nestling loss by predation and starvation.We speculate that each species may prove to breed more successfully in mixed than in monospecific colonies. We propose that the two bee‐eaters do not compete for nest sites but may compete for food and coexist unaggressively by trading off food competition against improved breeding success in mixed colonies.
Patterns of activity and burrow attendance in Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea as revealed by a novel logging technique
Authors: GRANADEIRO J. P. , BURNS M. D. , FURNESS R. W. 
Published: April 2008

We monitored the attendance and activity of Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea on Berlenga Island, Portugal, during the breeding season. To achieve this, we developed a novel logging technique to record the date and time of entrances and departures from the burrows, as well as the identity of each member of a pair. The technique enabled nonintrusive assessment of the activity of burrow‐nesting animals over prolonged periods and provided very reliable information. Our study showed that males attended the nests more frequently than females during the pre‐laying and chick‐rearing periods. We did not find such differences during the incubation period, and both members spent similar amounts of time incubating the eggs. An index of activity (denned as number of entrances plus exits from the nest) achieved higher scores during the pre‐laying and incubation periods,but the activity decreased significantly during the chick‐rearing period. We did not find any effect of moonlight on the levels of activity, hour of arrival at the colony or time spent inside the burrows in breeding birds.
Impaired nitroglycerin biotransformation in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Petersson Magnus , Rundqvist Bengt , Bennett Brian M. , Adams Michael A. , Friberg Peter 
Published: April 2008

SummaryObjective:  Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) often require higher doses of nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN) than patients with normal cardiac function to achieve a given haemodynamic goal. Two pathways leading to biotransformation of GTN have been characterized; a high‐affinity pathway operative in nanomolar concentration ranges yielding predominantly 1,2‐glyceryl dinitrate (1,2‐GDN), and a low‐affinity pathway operative at higher, micromolar concentrations of GTN associated with a greater proportion of 1,3‐GDN formation. We tested the hypothesis that, at a given GTN‐induced blood pressure reduction, the CHF group would present with: (i) higher concentrations of GTN; and (ii) decreased ratios of 1,2‐GDN/GTN and 1,2‐GDN/1,3‐GDN compared with healthy subjects (HS).Methods:  Twelve patients with CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction 20 ± 5%, NYHA III) and nine HS were investigated during a right cardiac catheterization. GTN was titrated intravenously until mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was reduced by 15%.Results:  At arterial GTN concentrations of 27·2 [10·0–57·8] nmol l−1 in CHF and 2·8 [2·5–3·5] nmol l−1 in HS [median (quartile range), P<0·05 between groups], MAP and mean capillary wedge pressures were reduced similarly in both groups (approx. 15% and 65%, respectively, P = NS between groups). The ratios of 1,2‐GDN/GTN and 1,2‐GDN/1,3‐GDN were lower in CHF (0·86 [0·28–1·58] and 5·8 [5·6–6·3]) compared with HS [1·91 (1·54–2·23) and 7·6 (7·2–10·2), P<0·05], with a negative correlation between the 1,2‐GDN/1,3‐GDN ratio and the arterial GTN concentrations in the CHF patients (R = −0·8, P<0·05).Conclusion:  Patients with CHF have attenuated GTN responsiveness and decreased relative formation of 1,2‐GDN in comparison with HS, indicating an altered biotransformation of GTN.
Effect of Relining Method on Dimensional Accuracy of Posterior Palatal Seal. An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kim Yeongjeong , Michalakis Konstantinos X. , Hirayama Hiroshi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Purpose: The posterior palatal seal contributes to the retention of the complete denture. Distortion of this area can occur during reline procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of various denture relining methods and materials on the maxillary posterior palatal seal area. Materials and Methods: A stainless steel cast was constructed from a maxillary edentulous cast. Fifty identical complete dentures were fabricated on 50 definitive casts made from the original metal cast. Five relining methods and materials were evaluated during this study, in regards to posterior palatal seal distortion: (I) laboratory conventional heat‐polymerizing method (Lucitone), (II) laboratory heat/pressure‐polymerizing method (SR‐Ivocap), (III) laboratory autopolymerizing method (Perm), (IV) chairside autopolymerizing method (Tokuso Rebase), and (V) chairside light‐polymerizing method (Astron). The dimensional changes of the posterior palatal seal areas were determined by placing a low‐viscosity silicone impression material between the metal cast and the tissue surface of the relined dentures. The silicone thickness was measured at five predetermined points, under a measuring microscope. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, one‐way analysis of variance, and Student‐Newman‐Keuls tests (α= 0.05). Results: The gap at the posterior palatal seal area ranged from 68.76 to 331.55 μm, when measured at the five predetermined points. Group IV exhibited the smallest mean gap (137.62 μm) and Group I revealed the largest mean discrepancy (192.35 μm). The different relining methods and materials presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The chairside autopolymerizing method exhibited smaller gap recordings than the rest of the tested complete denture relining methods.
Mechanical Behavior and Failure Analysis of Prosthetic Retaining Screws after Long‐term Use In Vivo. Part 3: Preload and Tensile Fracture Load Testing
Authors: Al Jabbari Youssef S. , Fournelle Raymond , Ziebert Gerald , Toth Jeffrey , Iacopino Anthony M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the preload and tensile fracture load values of prosthetic retaining screws after long‐term use in vivo compared to unused screws (controls). Additionally, the investigation addressed whether the preload and fracture load values of prosthetic retaining screws reported by the manufacturer become altered after long‐term use in vivo. Materials and Methods: For preload testing, 10 new screws (controls) from Nobel Biocare (NB) and 73 used retaining screws [58 from NB and 15 from Sterngold (SG)] were subjected to preload testing. For tensile testing, eight controls from NB and 58 used retaining screws (46 from NB and 12 from SG) were subjected to tensile testing. Used screws for both tests were in service for 18–120 months. A custom load frame, load cell, and torque wrench setup were used for preload testing. All 83 prosthetic screws were torqued once to 10 Ncm, and the produced preload value was recorded (N) using an X–Y plotter. Tensile testing was performed on a universal testing machine and the resulting tensile fracture load value was recorded (N). Preload and tensile fracture load values were analyzed with 2‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc tests. Results: There was a significant difference between preload values for screws from NB and screws from SG (p < 0.001). The preload values for gold alloy screws from NB decreased as the number of years in service increased. There was a significant difference between tensile fracture values for the three groups (gold alloy screws from NB and SG and palladium alloy screws from NB) at p < 0.001. The tensile fracture values for gold alloy screws from NB and SG decreased as the number of years in service increased. Conclusions: In fixed detachable hybrid prostheses, perhaps as a result of galling, the intended preload values of prosthetic retaining screws may decrease with increased in‐service time. The reduction of the fracture load value may be related to the increase of in‐service time; however, the actual determination of this relationship is not possible from this study alone.
Mechanical Behavior and Failure Analysis of Prosthetic Retaining Screws after Long‐term Use in vivo. Part 4: Failure Analysis of 10 Fractured Retaining Screws Retrieved from Three Patients
Authors: Al Jabbari Youssef S. , Fournelle Raymond , Ziebert Gerald , Toth Jeffrey , Iacopino Anthony M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to perform a failure analysis on fractured prosthetic retaining screws after long‐term use in vivo. Additionally, the study addresses the commonly asked question regarding whether complex repeated functional occlusal forces initiate fatigue‐type cracks in prosthetic retaining screws. Materials and Methods: Ten fractured prosthetic retaining screws retrieved from three patients treated with fixed detachable hybrid prostheses were subjected to a failure analysis. In patients 1 and 2, the middle three retaining screws of the prostheses were found fractured at retrieval time after they had been in service for 20 and 19 months, respectively. In patient 3, the middle three and one of the posterior retaining screws were found to be fractured at retrieval after they had been in service for 18 months. Low power stereomicroscopy and high‐power scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to analyze the fractured surfaces of the retaining screws examining fatigue cracks in greater detail. Results: Typical fatigue failure characterized by ratchet mark formation was revealed by light microscopy and SEM for all examined screws. Using low magnification light microscopy, ratchet marks were visible on the fracture surfaces of only two screws. SEM examination revealed all three classical stages of fatigue failure, and it was possible to see the ratchet marks on the fracture surfaces of all specimens, indicating a fatigue zone. The final catastrophic overload fracture appeared fibrous, indicating ductile fracture. The final overload ductile fracture surfaces showed equiaxed dimples, suggesting tensile overload in all examined screws except in two specimens that showed an elongated dimple pattern indicating shear/tearing overload forces. Conclusions: Fracture of prosthetic retaining screws in hybrid prostheses occurs mainly through a typical fatigue mode involving mostly the middle anterior three screws. Fatigue cracks can grow in more than one prosthetic retaining screw, leading to fracture before the patient or clinician determines that any problem exists.
Proximodistal Alignment of the Canine Patella: Radiographic Evaluation and Association with Medial and Lateral Patellar Luxation
Authors: MOSTAFA AYMAN A. , GRIFFON DOMINIQUE J. , THOMAS MICHAEL W. , CONSTABLE PETER D. 
Published: April 2008

Objectives—To evaluate the contribution of proximodistal alignment of the patella to patellar luxation, and to evaluate the structures contributing to proximodistal alignment of the patella relative to the femoral trochlea.Study Design—Retrospective study using a convenience sample.Animals—Medium to giant breed dogs (n=106).Methods—Medical records and stifle radiographs of 106 dogs were reviewed. Radiographic measurements evaluated the proximodistal alignment of the patella with respect to the femoral trochlea, distal aspect of the femur, and proximal aspect of the tibia. Measurements were compared between dogs with clinically normal stifles (controls; n=51 dogs, 66 stifles), and dogs with a clinical diagnosis of medial patellar luxation (MPL, n=46 dogs, 65 stifles) or lateral patellar luxation (LPL, n=9 dogs, 11 stifles) using ANOVA.Results—In dogs with MPL, the ratio of patellar ligament length (PLL) to patellar length (PL) was increased, as was the ratio of the distance from the proximal aspect of the patella to the femoral condyle (A) to PL (P<.0001). Dogs with LPL had a decreased A:PL (P=.003) and an increased ratio of the proximal tibial length (PTL) to distal tibial width (DTW;P=.009).Conclusions—MPL is associated with a relatively long patellar ligament and patella alta in medium to giant breed dogs. LPL is associated with a relatively long proximal tibia and patella baja. Values for PLL:PL>2.06 and A:PL>2.03 are suggestive of the presence of patella alta, whereas a value for A:PL<1.92 is suggestive of patella baja.Clinical Relevance—Measurements of both PLL:PL and A:PL are recommended in dogs with patellar luxation, and surgical correction should be considered in those with abnormal values.
Computed Tomographic Features of Incomplete Ossification of the Canine Humeral Condyle
Authors: CARRERA INES , HAMMOND GAWAIN J. C. , SULLIVAN MARTIN 
Published: April 2008

Objectives— To describe computed tomographic (CT) features of canine elbows with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC) and investigate co‐existing incongruence in the elbow joint.Study Design— Case control study.Animals— Dogs with IOHC (n=20; 38 elbows) and 25 normal elbows.Methods— Elbows with IOHC and normal elbows were assessed by CT. Standardized dorsal and sagittal reconstructions were created at 3 levels using image analysis software to obtain single measurements of the humero‐radial and humero‐ulnar joint spaces. On dorsal plane reconstructions, joint space measurements were obtained at the center point of the humero‐radial and humero‐ulnar articulations. Joint incongruity was defined as the difference between the humero‐radial and the humero‐ulnar joint spaces.Results— Nineteen dogs (95%), all Spaniel breeds, had either bilateral IOHC demonstrable as a saw‐toothed intercondylar complete or incomplete hypoattenuating defect with hyperattenuating margins, or IOHC with contralateral humeral condylar fracture (HCF). Joint incongruity values for IOHC were compared with those of normal elbows. Significant differences were noted at the levels of the medial coronoid apex (P<.0001) and base (P<.004) indicative of humero‐ulnar incongruence. Evidence of medial coronoid disease in 10 elbows (26%) and degenerative joint disease in 30 elbows (79%) was also found.Conclusions— Presence of elbow incongruence may be an underlying factor in failure of ossification centers to fuse leading to IOHC.Clinical Relevance— IOHC is clearly defined by CT, and it should be considered in larger Spaniel breeds, with a chronic forelimb lameness or HCF.
Sciatic Neurapraxia As a Complication in 1000 Consecutive Canine Total Hip Replacements
Authors: ANDREWS CHAD M. , LISKA WILLIAM D. , ROBERTS DARRYL J. 
Published: April 2008

Objectives—To report the frequency of sciatic neurapraxia (SN) associated with total hip replacement (THR), to determine outcome (recovery rate) after SN associated with THR, and to identify potential causes of THR‐associated SN in dogs.Study Design—Prospective study.Animals—Dogs (n=786; 1000 hips) that had THR.Methods—Logistic regression was used to determine the association with post‐THR SN of the variables age, sex, breed, weight, body condition score, severity of presurgical pain, side (right, left), type of prosthesis fixation (cemented, cementless), duration of surgery, surgeon experience (chronologic order), traumatic presurgical luxation, and primary versus revision arthroplasty.Results—The frequency of SN after THR was 19/1000 (1.9%). Two explanatory variables, age at surgery and duration of surgery, were significantly (P<.05) associated with increased probability of SN. Body weight (P=.09), traumatic presurgical luxation (P=.11), and revision versus primary surgery (P=.11) were marginally associated with increased probability of SN. All dogs with SN recovered fully.Conclusions—SN after THR is not uncommon and complete recovery usually occurs although the recovery time is highly variable.Clinical Relevance—Although SN associated with THR typically resolves, surgeons should avoid iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury during THR.