bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and Accuracy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy After Preoperative Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients With Documented Axillary Metastases
Authors: Shen Jeannie , Gilcrease Michael Z. , Babiera Gildy V. , Ross Merrick I. , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Feig Barry W. , Kuerer Henry M. , Francis Ashleigh , Ames Frederick C. , Hunt Kelly K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy has been demonstrated in a number of large, single‐institution studies. However, a relative contraindication to SLN biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy is the presence of axillary metastases at initial diagnosis. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLN biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with documented axillary metastases at presentation.METHODS.Between 1994 and 2002, 69 patients who had axillary metastases identified by ultrasound‐guided, fine‐needle aspiration underwent SLN biopsy after treatment on prospective, preoperative chemotherapy protocols. All but 8 patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Those 8 patients either declined additional surgery or were offered enrollment in other institutional protocols.RESULTS.The median patient age was 49 years, and the median primary tumor size was 4 cm. The SLN identification rate was 92.8%. Thirty‐one of 64 patients (48.4%) had successfully mapped, positive SLNs. Sixty‐one patients underwent ALND, including 5 patients who did not have an SLN identified. In the 56 patients in whom a SLN was identified and an ALND was performed, 10 patients had a false‐negative SLN (25%).CONCLUSIONS.SLN biopsy was feasible after preoperative chemotherapy, even in patients who initially presented with cytologically proven, lymph node‐positive disease. However, the false‐negative rate of SLN biopsy in this group of patients was much higher than that observed in clinically lymph node‐negative patients. Based on the current results, the status of the SLN cannot be used as a reliable indicator of the presence or absence of residual disease in the axilla in this patient population. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
An efficient time‐domain damping solvent extraction algorithm and its application to arch dam–foundation interaction analysis
Authors: Zhong Hong , Lin Gao , Li Jianbo , Chen Jianyun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dynamic structure–unbounded foundation interaction plays an important role in the seismic response of structures. The damping solvent extraction (DSE) method put forward by Wolf and Song has a great advantage of simplicity, with no singular integrals to be evaluated, no fundamental solution required and convolution integrals avoided. However, implementation of DSE in the time domain to large‐scale engineering problems is associated with enormous difficulties in evaluating interaction forces on the structure–unbounded foundation interface, because the displacement on the corresponding interface is an unknown vector to be found. Three sets of interrelated large algebraic equations have to be solved simultaneously. To overcome these difficulties, an efficient algorithm is presented, such that the solution procedure can be greatly simplified and computational effort considerably saved. To verify its accuracy, two examples with analytical solutions were investigated, each with a parameter analysis on the domain size and amount of artificial damping. Then with the parameters suggested in the parameter study, the complex frequency–response functions and earthquake time history analysis of Morrow Point dam were presented to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of DSE approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of mitochondrial 7A6 antigen exposure triggered by distinct apoptotic pathways: Involvement of caspases
Authors: Nagahara Yukitoshi , Tanaka Masato , Shinomiya Takahisa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:During the early stages of apoptosis, 7A6 antigen is exposed on mitochondria. 7A6 antigen is observed in various cells and is thought to be a specific marker of apoptosis determination. However, the exposure mechanism of 7A6 during apoptosis is poorly understood.Methods:In this study, we used two major distinct (mitochondria‐mediated and receptor‐mediated) apoptotic pathways to elucidate the 7A6 exposure pathway. Jurkat cells were incubated with either a mitochondrial permeability transition pore open reagent FTY720, or anti‐Fas antibody. 7A6 exposure was detected with a specific antibody, Apo2.7. Other apoptosis phenomena, including DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, and mitochondrial membrane potential decreases, were also observed to explore the correlation with 7A6 exposure.Results:Both FTY720 and anti‐Fas antibody were found to activate caspase‐3 and exposed 7A6, to subsequently fragment DNA. Mitochondrial membrane potential decrease did not correlate to 7A6 exposure. When mitochondrial dysfunction was inhibited by the overexpression of Bcl‐2, FTY720‐induced 7A6 exposure was blocked, whereas 7A6 was still exposed in anti‐Fas antibody treatment. Caspase inhibitor attenuated 7A6 exposure in both apoptotic pathways, suggesting that 7A6 exposure on mitochondria is a downstream effect of caspase activation.Conclusions:7A6 antigen is exposed in a caspase‐dependent manner. 7A6 exposure does not require mitochondrial perturbation. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Semi‐automated imaging system to quantitate Her‐2/neu membrane receptor immunoreactivity in human breast cancer
Authors: Joshi Aparna S. , Sharangpani Girish M. , Porter Kyle , Keyhani Sedigheh , Morrison Carl , Basu Amitabha S. , Gholap Gauri A. , Gholap Abhi S. , Barsky Sanford H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:Immunocytochemical methods for quantitating Her‐2/neu immunoreactivity rest on subjective semi‐quantitative interpretations with resulting interobserver, intraobserver, and fatigue variability.Methods:To standardize and quantitate measurements of Her‐2/neu immunoreactivity, we created epithelial‐recognition and specific membrane‐recognition algorithms, which could image breast cancer cells against a background of stroma, compartmentalize the cancer cell into nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane, and quantitate the degree of Her‐2/neu membrane immunoreactivity based on both gray scale intensity and RGB colorimetric determinations. Image acquisition utilized either scanner or microscope with attached camera with a resolution of 20 pixels/10 μm. Areas of 150 whole slides were screened and the regions of interest manually selected for image processing. Three hundred TMA cores were directly processed. Images were acquired by jpg conversion of svs virtual slides or direct jpg photomicrograph capture. Images were then assessed for quality and processed.Results:The digital algorithms successfully created a semi‐automated imaging system whose algorithm‐based ordinal values for Her‐2/neu both strongly correlated with the subjective measurements (intraclass correlation: 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.89) yet exhibited no run variability. In addition, the algorithms generated immunocytochemical measurements of Her‐2/neu on an expanded continuous scale, which more reliably distinguished true Her‐2/neu positivity from true Her‐2/neu negativity (determined by FISH) than subjective or algorithmic ordinal scale measurements. Furthermore, the continuous scale measurements could better resolve different levels of Her‐2/neu overexpression than either subjective or algorithmic ordinal interpretation. Other semi‐automated analysis systems have been used to measure Her‐2/neu and other cellular immunoreactivities, but these either have required proprietary hardware or have been based on luminosity differences alone. In contrast, our algorithms are independent of proprietary hardware and are based on not just luminosity but also many other imaging properties including epithelial recognition and membrane morphology.Conclusion:These features provide a more accurate, versatile, and robust imaging analysis platform. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
A computerized spectrophotometric instrumental system to determine the “vertical velocity” of sperm cells: A novel concept
Authors: Saha Sudipta , Paul Debashis , Mukherjee Ashutosh , Banerjee Somnath , Majumder Gopal Chandra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:The presently available cell motility‐analyzers measure primarily the “horizontal” velocity and there is no instrument available for “vertical” velocity measurement. This development was based on the turbidimetric method of sperm motility analysis.Methods:Sperm was layered at the bottom of the cuvette containing buffer solution and exposed to the spectrophotometric light path at different heights to track the vertically moving sperms. The vertical movement was materialized with the development of an electromechanical up–down movement devise for the cuvette accomplished with the help of a cuvette holder‐stepper motor‐computer assembly. The entire system was controlled by the necessary motion control, data acquisition, and data processing softwares developed for cuvette movement and data analysis.Results:Using goat sperm as the model a unique computer‐based spectrophotometric system has been developed for the first time to determine the average “vertical” velocity of motile cells.Conclusions:Undertaking upward movement against gravity is much tougher as compared with horizontal movement. Consequently average vertical velocity is expected to be a much better identifying parameter for assessing semen and other motile cell quality. The novel instrumental system developed by us has thus the potential for immense application in human infertility clinics, animal‐breeding centres, centres for conservation of endangered species, and also for research work on vertical velocity of spermatozoa and other motile cells, such as bacteria, protozoa, etc. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
ICOS and B7 costimulatory molecule expression identifies activated cellular subsets in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ruth Jeffrey H. , Rottman James B. , Kingsbury Gillian A. , Coyle Anthony J. , Haines G. Kenneth , Pope Richard M. , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo better define important cell subsets expressing activation markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we compared selective lymphocyte and monocyte B7H1, B7H2, B7RP.1, B7RP.2, and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) expression from normal peripheral blood (NL PB), RA PB, and RA synovial fluid (SF) by multicolor flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. RA SF memory lymphocytes expressed B7RP.1 and B7RP.2, suggesting that T‐cells may function as antigen presenting cells (APCs) in RA joints. We found similar results for ICOS expression. RA SF CD14+ monocytes also expressed B7RP.1 (an ICOS ligand) and the homologous ligand B7RP.2, identifying monocytes as potential mediators of antigen processing and lymphocyte activation in RA. Furthermore, we found an increased population of RA SF CD14+ monocytes expressing B7H1 and B7H2. [The FACS analysis was supported by immunohistochemistry, showing intense lymphocyte and APC (macrophages with dendritic morphology) ICOS staining in RA synovial tissue (ST). Overall, these results define elevated populations of memoryT‐lymphocytes expressing proinflammatory B7 molecules in RA SF that either stimulate T cells through ICOS (via ICOS ligands B7RP.1 and B7RP.2), or down‐regulate RA ST T‐lymphocytes through B7H1 and B7H2.] Therefore, in the same joint, there may exist positive and negative influences on the inflammatory response, and perhaps, the negative signals dominate as joint inflammation resolves. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Photothermal flow cytometry in vitro for detection and imaging of individual moving cells
Authors: Zharov Vladimir P. , Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Tuchin Valery V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:Photothermal (PT) cytometry has recently demonstrated great potential for the label‐free detection of nonfluorescent cells under static conditions. The goal of our investigation was to expand this technique to the detection of flowing cells in vitro.Methods:Cells in flow were irradiated with short, tunable laser pulses (420–2,300 nm, 8 ns), and the absorbed energy was detected by monitoring of the temperature‐dependent variations in the refractive index in the cells with a second, collinear probe beam in two modes: (a) PT imaging of single cells with a pulsed probe beam (639 nm, 13 ns) and (b) thermolens monitoring of the integral PT responses from individual cells as whole with a continuous‐wave probe beam (633 nm, 2 mW).Results:PT flow cytometry at the current speed of analysis of 10 cell/s, with the capability to image selected cells of interest flowing at velocities up to 2 m/s, demonstrated the capability for (a) label‐free detection of flowing single cells (e.g., blood and cancer cells) on the basis of the differences in their endogenous absorption properties, (b) identification of cells labeled with gold nanoparticles, (c) rapid cell viability testing, (d) aggregation immunoassay, and (e) optimization of selective nanophotothermolysis.Conclusions:PT cytometry can be extended to the study of cells in flow. This new technique increases the speed of cell analysis approximately 102 times over that of conventional PT technique, with the potential to achieve a rate of 104–105 cells/s in specific PT applications, which has previously been realized only with cells under static conditions. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Current literature in diabetes
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of diabetes/metabolism. Each bibliography is divided into 26 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Genetics; 4 Epidemiology; 5 Immunology; 6 Obesity; 7 Prediction and Prevention; 8 Intervention: a) General; b) Care; c) Drug Therapy; d)Economics; e) Gene therapy; f) Nursing; g) Nutrition; h) Surgery; i) Transplantation; 9 Pathology and Complications: a) General; b) Cardiovascular; c) Eye disease; d) Gestational and fetal; e) Neurological; f) Podiatrical; g) Renal; 10 Endocrinology & Metabolism; 11 Experimental Studies; 12 Diagnosis and Techniques. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author
Total immunoglobulin of rat thymocytes and thoracic duct lymphocytes
Authors: Jensenius J. C. , Williams A. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe total immunoglobulin of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) and thymocytes has been assayed in extracts of detergent‐solubilized cells. Immunoglobulin was found in thymocytes in much larger amounts than expected from cell surface assays. The main classes involved were IgA and IgG2a+2b, with very little IgM being detected. The variability in the amount detected and the increase with age suggested that the immunoglobulin was coming from antibody‐forming cells in the thymus.TDL contained large amounts of internal IgA, but virtually no hidden IgG2a+2b or IgM. The IgA was in large lymphocytes which also had surface immunoglobulin. Most of the IgM in cell extracts seemed to be derived from the cell surface. It was not found in amounts greater than estimated by cell surface assays, and was confined to small lymphocytes which carried large amounts of cell surface immunoglobulin. Less than 1000 molecules per cell of IgM was detected in thoracic duct lymphocytes with little surface immunoglobulin after they had been solubilized in 0.33 % sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 % Triton X‐100 or 9 M urea + 1.5 M acetic acid.
Inhibition of complement‐dependent lymphocyte rosette formation: a possible test for activated complement products
Authors: Ezer G. , Hayward A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractComplement‐dependent rosette formation by human adenoid lymphocytes could be inhibited by preincubating the lymphocytes with fresh serum activated in vitro. Similar rosette inhibition was seen when lymphocytes were incubated in serum of patients with immune‐complex‐associated conditions, but not by normal serum, suggesting that this test may have clinical usefulness.
The differentiation function of T cell‐replacing factor in nu/nu spleen cell cultures
Authors: Askonas Brigitte A. , Schimpl Anneliese , Wecker E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of T cell‐replacing factor (TRF) on B cells was studied in spleen cell cultures from athymic nu/nu mice with particular emphasis on its possible role in proliferation and/or differentiation of precursor cells.In contrast to B cell mitogens, such as lipopolysaccharide, TRF does not significantly increase thymidine incorporation nor does it lead to the development of an increased number of plaque‐forming cells in the absence of test antigen. It was found that under conditions of maximal induction of plaque‐forming cells by TRF, i.e. TRF administration 1–2 days following commencement of tissue culture and antigenic stimulation, there was a proportional increase in levels of IgM production relative to total protein synthesis by the cells. In such cultures, Ig formation represented up to 37 % of total protein synthesis. Although the background level of Ig production varied in different cultures, TRF reproducibly led to a 1.5 to 4‐fold increase in proportional Ig synthesis.The results suggest that some proliferation takes place before TRF is added and indeed before it can act. This is supported by the finding that conditions of reduced cell proliferation (lowered temperature) before the addition of TRF prevent subsequent plaque responses. In contrast, the same treatment applied later on and simultaneously with TRF addition still permits a significant increase in the number of PFC. X‐irradiation of the culture on day 2, immediately prior to TRF addition, still permits an increase in proportional Ig synthesis.Thus, it appears that a major component of the function of TRF, i.e. the nonantigen‐specific soluble T cell factor, is a differentiation signal favoring Ig production. Mitosis is required before the differentiation signal can be received, and some controlled concomitant proliferation is not excluded.
T cell recognition of cell surface antigens. I. Specificity
Authors: Wekerle H. , Feldman M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse fibroblast monolayers can be used as an immunoadsorbent to separate normal, unsensitized rat lymphocytes with receptors for foreign cell surface antigens. We used this approach to investigate if the specificity of thymus‐dependent cellular immune reactions is based on a functional diversity of the T lymphocytes recognizing the relevant antigens. T lymphocyte diversity was demonstrated by the following findings.

Lymphocytes that are adsorbed to fibroblasts of a given phenotype are relatively restricted in their reactivity to cellular antigen. They strongly react against the adsorbing monolayer type, but their reactivity to another, third party fibroblast type is decreased.
Lymphocytes that were preabsorbed on one fibroblast type and transferred to fresh monolayer cultures decreased their reactivity to the absorbing fibroblast type, but could fully react against unrelated third party fibroblasts.
Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with relevant subcellular antigen prevents their specific adherence to fibroblast monolayers, and, thus, recognition of cellular antigen.
Using mosaic fibroblast monolayers composed of fibroblasts of two unrelated phenotypes, we were able to demonstrate two different lymphocyte populations, each characterized by the capacity to recognize either of the adsorbing fibroblast types.
Hapten‐specific tolerance in mice. I. Induction with hapten‐coupled syngeneic erythrocytes
Authors: Hamilton J. A. , Miller J. F. A. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA specific suppression of the splenic anti‐NIP (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitropheyl)acetyl plaque‐forming cell response to NIP. FGG (fowl IgG) was obtained in CBA/J mice by pretreatment with NIP‐coated syngeneic erythrocytes. If the plaque assay was carried out at 7 days after challenge with NIP. FGG, a complete suppression of the indirect anti‐NIP plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response could be obtained, but there was no significant decrease in the direct anti‐NIP PFC response at this stage. Complete suppression of the day 7 indirect PFC response occurred within 5–7 days after the NIP‐coated erythrocyte treatment, and lasted for 1–2 months. The degree of suppression was found to depend on the dose of the erythrocytes and on the amount of NIP coupled to them. On closer examination of the anti‐NIP PFC response at different time intervals after the NIP. FGG challenge, it became apparent that there was a slight increase in the indirect anti‐NIP PFC response at days later than day 7. A definite suppression of the direct anti‐NIP PFC cell response was observed earlier than at day 7.The state of hapten‐specific suppression could be reversed by the addition of syngeneic spleen cells at the time of antigen challenge. The suppression was found to extend to the serum anti‐NIP antibody levels and could also be induced in animals previously primed with NIP‐FGG.
Hapten‐specific tolerance in mice. II. Adoptive transfer studies and evidence for unresponsiveness in the B cells
Authors: Hamilton J. A. , Miller J. F. A. P. , Kettman J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe suppression fo the anti‐NIP ((4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl) plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response elicited in mice by treatment with NIP‐coated syngeneic erythrocytes could be transferred by spleen cells into irradiated recipients. This was evidenced by the lack of an indirect anti‐NIP PFC response 7 days after cell transfer and challenge with NIP. FGG (fowl IgG). This state of specific unresponsiveness could be serially transferred by spleen cells into a second irradiated recipient. The hapten‐specific suppression in the first recipient could be reversed by addition of normal spleen cells, but not by cortisone‐resistant thymus cells. The lesion appears to be in the T cell‐depleted population, since the suppression could be reversed by supplementing with T cell‐depleted normal spleen cells. In vitro incubation of spleen cells from tolerant animals did not restore the capacity of these cells to produce an anti‐NIP PFC response in irradiated recipients. In vitro incubation of normal spleen cells with sera from tolerant animals did not prevent these spleen cells from producing a normal anti‐NIP PFC response in irradiated recipients. The adoptive secondary response response to NIP. FGG was inhibited by injection of NIP‐coated syngeneic erythrocytes on the same day as the adoptive transfer of the NIP. FGG primed spleen cells and the challenging antigen.It would seem that NIP‐coupled syngeneic erythrocytes, which are presumably poor stimulators of T cells, can suppress NIP‐specific B cells, perhaps by gaining direct access to the surface of these cells.
Metabolism of H‐2 and Thy‐1 (Θ) alloantigens in murine thymocytes
Authors: Vitetta Ellen S. , Uhr J. W. , Boyse E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe metabolism of Thy‐1 and H‐2 alloantigens was studied in murine thymocytes radiolabeled with 3H precursors or surface radioidinated. It was found that 125I‐labeled Thy‐1 is rapidly shed from cultured thymocytes, whereas H‐2 alloantigens are not. [3H]galactose‐labeled Thy‐1 is also released from cultured thymocytes, whereas [3H]leucine‐labeled H‐2 alloantigens are not. These results support the concept that H‐2 alloantigens are integral macromolecules of the plasma membrane and suggest further that Thy‐1 is a peripheral one. Possible mechanisms underlying shedding are discussed.