bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliable Measures of Behaviorally‐Evoked Cardiovascular Reactivity from a PC‐Based Test Battery: Results from Student and Community Samples
Authors: Kamarck Thomas W. , Jennings J. Richard , Debski Thomas T. , Glickman‐Weiss Ellen , Johnson Paul S. , Eddy Michael J. , Manuck Stephen B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes efforts to reduce measurement error in the assessment of cardiovascular reactivity by standardizing task requirements and by aggregating data across tasks and testing sessions. Using these methods, reliable measures of reactivity (.80 or greater) were obtained on five different measures of cardiovascular function (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, stroke volume, pre‐ejection period) in samples of college students and community volunteers. Methodological limitations may have hampered previous efforts in this area. Current findings are consistent with a dispositional model of cardiovascular reactivity, and they suggest productive future strategies for obtaining reliable assessments.
P300, Food Consumption, and Memory Performance
Authors: Geisler Mark W. , Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of food intake on the P300 (P3) component of the event‐related brain potential (ERP) were assessed in two studies. Experiment 1 compared 24 subjects who had not eaten within 6 hours of testing with 24 subjects who had consumed food within 3 hours of testing. P3 target stimulus amplitude was reduced significantly for the subjects who had not eaten relative to those who had eaten, whereas peak P3 latency was only moderately affected by the recency of food consumption over task conditions. In Experiment 2, P3 measurements, memory performance in a word recall task, and blood glucose levels were obtained from 24 subjects at three different times: 1) after a 14‐hour fast, 2) 5 min after consuming lunch, and 3) 30 min after consuming lunch. P3 target stimulus amplitude increased initially after food intake and decreased slightly at the third measurement time, while peak P3 latency became somewhat shorter immediately after food intake but then returned to baseline. Recall for recently presented items mimicked the P3 amplitude changes, whereas blood glucose levels increased monotonically across food conditions. The results from both studies suggest that: 1) target stimulus P3 amplitude is affected by the recency of food intake; 2) food‐related P3 amplitude changes appear related to memory function; and 3) subjects should eat within several hours before ERPs are acquired to ensure that P3 component measurements reflect values indicative of normal bodily functioning.
P300 and Individual Differences: Morning/Evening Activity Preference, Food, and Time‐of‐Day
Authors: Geisler Mark W. , Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine how individual differences stemming from activity preference, previous food intake, and time‐of‐day affect the P300 or P3 event‐related brain potential (ERP), subject groups who varied orthogonally on these factors were compared using a simple auditory discrimination task to elicit the ERPs. Amplitude of the P3 component for morning‐preferring subjects who had eaten recently was relatively large for both the morning and evening measurement time groups. P3 amplitude for the morning‐preferring subjects who had not eaten recently was large for those measured in the morning and relatively small for those subjects measured in the evening. For evening‐preferring subjects who had eaten recently, P3 amplitude was again relatively large for both the morning and evening measurement time groups. Evening‐preferring subjects who had not eaten recently produced very small P3 components for those measured in the morning compared to the large components produced by those subjects measured in the evening. P3 latency tended to be longer for all subjects who had not eaten recently compared to those who had. The results suggest that the P3 component is sensitive to physiological and psychological changes originating from individual differences related to bodily state, which perhaps stems from individual differences in arousal level.
Data‐dependent filter characteristics of peak‐valley respiratory sinus arrhythmia estimation: A cautionary note
Authors: BYRNE EVAN A. , PORGES STEPHEN W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFilter characteristics of the peak‐valley respiratory sinus arrhythmia estimation method are described. To identify filter characteristics of this method, models were generated that combined signals of different frequencies with trends of varying slopes. These models simulate the influence of trend and changing respiratory frequency on the accuracy of peak‐valley estimates. The transfer function of the peak‐valley method, unlike that of other time domain filters, is not solely dependent upon signal frequency. Two factors interact to determine the relative accuracy of the peak‐valley method: (a) slope of the signal component and (b) slope of the underlying trend. Combinations of these factors may result in significant distortion to the input signal. The direction of error is a function of the direction of the trend (i.e., overestimation with deceleration and underestimation with acceleration). In many situations when respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitude is low in special populations (e.g., cardiovascular disorders, high‐risk infants, or human fetuses) or under conditions that greatly reduce respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitude (e.g., exercise, drugs, pharmacological manipulations), use of the peak‐valley method may result in significant measurement error. The use of this method to evaluate respiratory sinus arrhythmia over short epochs (i.e., less than 2 min) or to quantify changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia due to discrete stimulation (e.g., breath by breath) may result in inconsistent measurement error. Recommendations are made for detrending heart rate data prior to application of the peak‐valley method.
Backward masking and skin conductance responses after conditioning to nonfeared but fear‐relevant stimuli in fearful subjects
Authors: SOARES JOAQUIM J. F. , ÖHMAN ARNE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study examined two issues. Are skin conductance responses conditioned to fear‐relevant stimuli, as contrasted with responses conditioned to fear‐irrelevant stimuli, elicited after merely an automatic, nonconscious analysis of the stimulus content? Do fearful subjects show better conditioning to nonfeared but fear‐relevant stimuli (e.g., conditioning to spiders in snake‐fearing subjects) than do nonfearful subjects? Subjects afraid of snakes, but not of spiders, or vice versa (n= 32) and nonfearful subjects (n= 32) were shown either fear‐relevant stimuli (snakes or spiders and rats) or fear‐irrelevant stimuli (flowers and mushrooms) in a differential conditioning paradigm, where one of the stimuli was followed by an electric shock. During a subsequent extinction phase, the conditioned stimuli were presented under backward masking conditions, preventing their conscious recognition. Consistent with our hypothesis, during the masked extinction of the conditioned stimuli, differential skin conductance responses to conditioning and control stimuli remained only for subjects conditioned to fear‐relevant stimuli. Both fearful and nonfearful control subjects had significantly larger differential electrodermal responses to fear‐relevant than to fear‐irrelevant stimuli. However, contrary to our hypothesis, fearful subjects did not show enhanced conditionability to their nonfeared but fear‐relevant stimuli as compared with nonfearful control subjects.
An alternative method for significance testing of waveform difference potentials
Authors: BLAIR R. CLIFFORD , KARNISKI WALT 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGuthrie and Buchwald (1991) proposed an ad hoc procedure for assessing the statistical significance of waveform difference potentials that may arise in a variety of psychophysiology research contexts. In our paper, an alternative method is presented and demonstrated that has fewer underlying assumptions than does the Guthrie‐Buchwald test and may, therefore, produce better results in some situations. In particular, the test proposed here (a) is distribution free, (b) requires no assumption of an underlying correlation structure (e.g., first‐order autoregressive), (c) requires no estimate of the population autocorrelation coefficient, (d) is exact, (e) produces p values for any number of subjects and time points, and (f) is highly intuitive as well as theoretically justifiable. This procedure may be used to carry out multiple comparisons with exact specification or experimentwise error, however, this test is based on permutation principles and may require large amounts of computer time for its implementation.
Does activation of the baroreceptors reinforce differential Pavlovian conditioning of heart rate responses?
Authors: ROBERTS LARRY E. , RAU HARALD , FUREDY JOHN J. , BIRBAUMER NIELS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHigh‐ and low‐pitched tones (CS+ and CS−) signalled baroreceptor stimulation or inhibition (US+ and US‐) on 6‐s conditioning trials (n= 128). Baroreceptor stimulation was induced by the phase‐related external suction (PRES) method of Rau et al. (1992) in which a brief pulse of negative external pressure is applied to the neck at systole and one of positive pressure at diastole within each cardiac cycle (the reverse sequence is used for baroreceptor inhibition). Changes in heart period (R‐R intervals) confirmed that PRES manipulated the baroreceptors in the presence of CS+ and CS− without habituation over conditioning trials. However, conditioned heart period responses were not observed on test trials (n= 32) in which CS+ and CS− were presented with the baroreceptor manipulation removed. Subjects were unable to state which CS had signalled baroreceptor stimulation and inhibition when given PRES‐alone trials after the conditioning phase (differential attention thus controlled). These results (a) confirm that the differential effect of the two PRES stimuli was specific to the baroreceptors and (b) support earlier studies that have found that differential conditioning is impaired when CS−US relations are not processed in attention. We discuss implications regarding when baroreceptor firing might be discriminable and reinforcing.
Guidelines for the recording and quantitative analysis of electroencephalographic activity in research contexts
Authors: PIVIK R. T. , BROUGHTON R. J. , COPPOLA R. , DAVIDSON R. J. , FOX N. , NUWER M. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDevelopments in technologic and analytical procedures applied to the study of brain electrical activity have intensified interest in this modality as a means of examining brain function. The impact of these new developments on traditional methods of acquiring and analyzing electroencephalographic activity requires evaluation. Ultimately, the integration of the old with the new must result in an accepted standardized methodology to be used in these investigations. In this paper, basic procedures and recent developments involved in the recording and analysis of brain electrical activity are discussed and recommendations are made, with emphasis on psychophysiological applications of these procedures.
Signal‐detection outcomes on heartbeat and respiratory resistance detection tasks in male and female subjects
Authors: HARVER ANDREW , KATKIN EDWARD S. , BLOCH ELISABETH 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMale and female subjects were compared on heartbeat, respiratory resistance, and light‐tone signal‐detection tasks. Subjects judged whether a series of 10 tones was coincident with their heartbeats; whether an external load added to the airway was either present or absent during targeted inspiratory cycles; and whether a series of 10 light flashes was matched with auditory tones presented following a fixed delay of either 50 or 100 ms. Nonparametric indices of perceptual sensitivity and response bias indicated that men were more sensitive than women on the resistive load task (p < .05) and on the heartbeat task (p= .07). Performance on the light‐tone task was virtually identical. All subjects used a stricter criterion on the respiratory resistance task than on either the heartbeat or the light‐tone task; women employed a stricter criterion than men on the heartbeat task. The gender differences may be understood in terms of lateralization of central processing of somesthetic sensory information.
Intermodal selective attention: Evidence for processing in tonotopic auditory fields
Authors: WOODS DAVID L. , ALHO KIMMO , ALGAZI ALAIN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAuditory event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded for 250‐ and 4,000‐Hz tone bursts in an intermodal selective attention task. Tonotopic changes were evident in the scalp distribution of the rising phase of the auditory N1 (mean peak latency 116 ms); the N1 was more frontally distributed following the 4,000‐Hz than following the 250‐Hz tone bursts, and it included a contralateral P90 component that was absent following 250‐Hz tones. ERPs related to intermodal selective attention were isolated as negative and positive auditory difference waves (Nda and Pdas). Neither the Nda nor the Pda showed changes in distribution with tone frequency, but both showed Ear × Frequency changes in distribution. ERPs for deviant tones included mismatch negativities (MMNs) and, in attend auditory conditions, N2b and P3 components. These components did not change in scalp distribution with tone frequency. One possible explanation is that tonotopic displacements of ERP distributions on the scalp surface depend on angular displacements in generator fields on gyral convexities. The results are consistent with the possibility that auditory processing radiates outward with increasing latency from tonotopic fields on Heschl's gyri to more gyrus‐free regions of the planun temporale and anterior superior temporal plane.
Temporal stability of smooth‐pursuit eye tracking in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: GOODING DIANE C. , IACONO WILLIAM G. , BEISER MORTON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe evaluated the temporal stability of smooth‐pursuit eye tracking in 38 schizophrenic, 42 nonschizophrenic psychotic (bipolar, depressive, paranoid psychotic, and schizophreniform), and 49 normal subjects. Pursuit performance was evaluated on two testing occasions separated by approximately 9.5 months. Retest reliability coefficients of root mean square (RMS) error scores for schizophrenic and normal subjects were .68 and .57, respectively. The reliability coefficients of RMS error scores for the nonschizophrenic psychotic patients ranged from .44 to .51. Level of psychological functioning was not significantly related to tracking performance, and most patients' pursuit performance remained stable despite changes in medication and clinical status. These results support the hypothesis that eye tracking dysfunction is a trait characteristic that can serve as a vulnerability indicator of schizophrenia.
An event‐related potential study of sensory representations of unfamiliar tonal patterns
Authors: SCHRÖGER ERICH 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTonal patterns were delivered to 17 subjects instructed to read a self‐selected book and to ignore the auditory stimuli. The standard pattern contained eight 50‐ms segments differing in frequency. Infrequent changes of single segments within the pattern elicited negative modulations of the event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) as compared with the ERPs elicited by the standard pattern. The change consisted of either a duplication of a single segment or an interchange of two segments within the pattern. Because of the nature of the change, the ERP modulation cannot be explained by a simple refractoriness mechanism or by assuming that the mechanism generating the negative modulation relies on representations of only the spectral but not the temporal information of the pattern. Therefore, the spectral and the temporal information of the tonal patterns were represented by the information processing system on a grain of single segments.
Resting EEG in first‐episode schizophrenia patients, bipolar psychosis patients, and their first‐degree relatives
Authors: CLEMENTZ BRETT A , SPONHEIM SCOTT R. , IACONO WILLIAM G. , BEISER MORTON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe evaluated the resting electroencephalogram (EEG) of 50 first‐episode schizophrenia patients and 55 of their relatives, 31 first‐episode bipolar patients and 35 of their relatives, and 113 nonpsychiatric subjects and 42 of their relatives. The frequency characteristics of the EEG showed moderate stability for a subgroup of these subjects (n= 106) who were tested twice, approximately 9 months apart. Both the schizophrenia and bipolar patients showed a generalized pattern of increased delta and theta and decreased alpha activity. The bipolar patients demonstrated additional right hemisphere activity that was not present among the schizophrenia patients and nonpsychiatric subjects, a finding consistent with hypotheses concerning nondominant hemisphere involvement in the regulation of elated mood. The schizophrenia patients' female relatives and/or relatives with affective disorders and the bipolar patients had significantly reduced peak alpha frequencies. This finding may be related to reduced information processing capacity among these subjects.
Emotional imagery and physical anhedonia
Authors: FIORITO EVELYN R. , SIMONS ROBERT F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA previous study by Fitzgibbons and Simons (1992) confirmed that subjects identified as anhedonic consistently report a reduced experience of pleasure when confronted with hedonic stimuli (i.e., color slides). Evidence that this emotion‐processing deficit extended from the verbal report to the physiological and behavioral domains was mixed but suggested that poor imagery might be associated with the reduced capacity to experience pleasure. The present experiment was designed to test this hypothesis more directly. Anhedonic and normal control subjects were presented scripts, which they were to imagine as vividly as possible. During both script presentation and imagery, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial muscle activity were recorded. Verbal reports of emotional experience were obtained subsequent to each image. The physiological data, as well as an imagery questionnaire, were consistent with the poor imagery hypothesis and also with data from other laboratories (Lang, 1984), which suggests that imagery may be a fundamental aspect of emotion processing in humans.
Baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate responses during sustained visual attention in preterm infants from 3 to 6 months of age
Authors: RICHARDS JOHN E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree groups of preterm infants were studied longitudinally at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age (corrected for gestational age). The groups included infants with no perinatal medical complications, those with mild respiratory problems requiring ventilatory assistance, and those with respiratory distress syndrome. Baseline heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were recorded for 5 min, and heart rate was also recorded while the infants engaged in sustained visual attention to stimuli presented on video monitors. The heart rate response during stimulus orienting and sustained attention was smaller in those infants with respiratory distress syndrome than in the other preterm infants and in comparison with the response seen in full‐term infants in previous research. Magnitude of RSA was positively correlated with the attention responses irrespective of the preterm group assignment. There was greater stability in baseline heart rate and RSA for the preterm infants than has been found with full‐term infants. These data suggest that the cardiorespiratory functioning of the preterm infant indexes a stable individual difference characteristic that is correlated with heart responses during sustained attention, and heart rate attention systems may be damaged in the high‐risk preterm infant.
Needle electromyographic evaluation of trigger point response to a psychological stressor
Authors: McNULTY WALTER H. , GEVIRTZ RICHARD N. , HUBBARD DAVID R. , BERKOFF GREGORY M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFourteen subjects were evaluated by needle electromyography in a trapezius myofascial trigger point and simultaneously in adjacent nontender trapezius muscle fibers during a control condition (forward counting), a stressful condition (mental arithmetic), and resting baselines. Based on recent data implicating autonomic innervation in muscle function, we hypothesized that the trigger point would be more responsive than the adjacent muscle to psychological stress. The results showed increased trigger point electromyographic activity during stress, whereas the adjacent muscle remained electrically silent. These results suggest a mechanism by which emotional factors influence muscle pain. This may have significant implications for the psychophysiology of pain associated with trigger points.
ERPs for infrequent omissions and inclusions of stimulus elements
Authors: NORDBY HELGE , HAMMERBORG DAG , ROTH WALTON T. , HUGDAHL KENNETH 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA negative event‐related potential (ERP) wave called mismatch negativity (MMN) is elicited by an infrequent deviant stimulus in a sequence of frequent standard stimuli. Omission of a stimulus in a sequence of stimuli, however, has been considered to elicit a negativity different from MMN. The present study addressed this issue by examining ERPs for infrequent omissions and inclusions of compound stimuli or their elements. Three kinds of stimuli were presented: a 1000‐Hz sine wave tone (Sine), white noise with the 1000‐Hz frequency sharply filtered out (Noise), and a composite of the pure tone and the filtered white noise (SiNoise). All stimuli had 50 ms duration and were presented with a regular interstimulus interval of 650 ms. Intensities were 75 dB SPL for the tone and noise stimuli and slightly higher for the composite stimulus. The three kinds of stimuli were presented on separate runs, either as the frequent stimulus or one of two infrequent stimuli, each with 10% probability. Infrequent omission of the large stimulus element (Sine deviant to SiNoise) tended to elicit later MMN than inclusion of the same element (SiNoise deviant to Sine). Omission of the small stimulus element (Noise deviant to SiNoise) elicited a smaller and later MMN than did inclusion of the same element (SiNoise deviant to Noise). These data suggest that MMNs are also elicited by partial stimulus omissions, although they seem to be more sensitive to other kinds of stimulus deviances.
Emotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights
Authors: PATRICK CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAbnormal affective response in psychopaths is conceptualized within a broad theory of emotion that emphasizes reciprocal appetitive and defensive motivational systems. The startle response is proposed as a specific measure of the directional component of emotional activation. I review the literature that indicates that criminal psycho‐paths do not show the expected potentiation of the startle reflex that normally occurs during processing of aversive stimuli such as unpleasant photgraphs or punishment cues. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that this deviant response pattern is specific to individuals who display the classic affective symptoms of psychopathy. The core emotional deviation in psychopathy could be a deficit in fear response, which is defined as a failure of aversive cues to prime normal defensive actions. This emotional deficit may represent an extreme variant of normal temperament.