bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Painting Politics in the Alhambra
Authors: Echevarria Ana 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article endeavours to shed new light on the meaning of the ten Muslim male figures depicted in the central vault of the Hall of Justice in the Alhambra. First, new chronologies are attempted for the hall and the painting according to historical evidence contained in chronicles and literary sources. The study of the architectural frame of the paintings, interpreted as a madrasa-zawiya, suggests a relationship between the painting and the books intended to be kept below it. Therefore, an analysis of the emir's literary entourage is basic for the interpretation of the ceiling. Finally, the question of armouries and shields to be found in the vault is taken into account to demonstrate that some of this work may have been re-elaborated by Christians after taking possession of the palaces. The shields and the concept of the Order of the Band are too far from Islamic tradition as to belong to the original design of this painting, as critical examination of the Order's internal code shows.
Hunting in the Borderlands (for Oleg Grabar)
Authors: Dodds Jerrilynn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn an article now three decades old, I suggested that the Paintings of the Hall of Justice of the Alhambra used Arthurian iconography as part of a fashionable admiration for Gothic style and the language of chivalry in the Nasrid court, one which was subverted by the polarizing imagery of a Muslim and a Christian fighting. However, I failed at the time to take into full account the extraordinary hunting cycle of the Hall of Justice paintings, discrete groups of hunters and their prey that were interspersed with surprising episodes from romance narratives. These images picture Christians and Muslims as polarized and opposed. In fact, I believe it is in these very images of domination and apparent differentiation that a deep interconnectedness can be found. This study uses the painting cycle from the Hall of Justice of the Alhambra as a means of exploring, not just common styles and motives, but artistic meanings that were held in common between courts. In particular, hunting as an attribute of lordship and sovereignty is key here, in a world in which relationships between Nasrids and Castilians were still largely feudal and many meanings shared, allying the parties we once supposed to be 'other.' There, hunting as iconographic shorthand for ownership of the land appears in surprising and deflected ways. Through a discussion of the Palace of Pedro I at the Alcázar of Seville, contemporary literary evocations of the courtly tradition and of the practice and meaning of the hunt, as these were known on the Iberian peninsula, and the exploration of narrative and emblematic languages of form, I hope to reveal an imagery which suggests domination but masks a complicit, symbiotic interaction. Hunting imagery becomes the means by which both Nasrids and Castilians act out a ceremonial opposition to another with whom they are socially and culturally intertwined.
The Forested Frontier: Commentary in the Margins of the Alhambra Ceiling Paintings
Authors: Borland Jennifer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper argues that important notions are imbedded within the seemingly marginal backgrounds of the ceiling paintings in the Alhambra's so-called "Hall of Justice." The shared European and Islamic iconographies evident in the paintings' settings, and the creatures that appear therein, reiterate the complexities inherent in the multicultural context of the Alhambra. Through the processes of intercultural appropriation, interpretation and adaptation, these plants and animals seem to transcend their many individual cultural resonances, generating new meanings based on the particular convergences fostered by the Nasrid court. The paintings' backgrounds, on the edges of the central courtly dramas, literally visualize the cultural "outsideness" of forests, which, as spaces for seclusion and distance from the distractions of daily life, also may have served as a metaphor for the Nasrid court in Granada. At the same time, these newly reconstituted meanings often seem to speak directly to the nature of the relationships between the figures depicted in the main scenes. Displaying integrated associations deliberately culled from the visual repertoires of several cultures, these paintings appear to offer something of an oasis, where intellectuals of various religious and cultural affiliations would have been encouraged to engage in contemplation and dialogue with one another.
Walk on the Wild Side
Authors: Pinet Simone 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe figure of the wild man is one that crosses artistic disciplines and genres in the cultures of medieval Iberia. In this article I show how the wild man operates within a variety of meanings in diverse literary contexts that, working simultaneously at different narrative levels, cross over from literature into daily life and spectacles, from legal to political discourses. The figure's continued presence from the medieval period into the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries suggests its use as a commonplace, as a motif with a number of fixed meanings that are put to work through context, providing the possibility of different, perhaps even contradictory readings. As commonplace, then, the wild man is presented as a case study for the reconsideration of other elements in the paintings of the Hall of Justice of the Alhambra, often interpreted to have a specific or fixed meaning, and thus programmed within a particular narrative. Seen in its entirety as a repository of commonplaces, I interpret the complex of the lateral paintings of the Hall of Justice in relation to the central one, in which a set of ten kings in Nasrid dress are depicted as conversing, as pretexts for narration that can be of a literary or juridical nature. I then go on to provide a possible itinerary of reading for the wild man scene not only in its immediate context, but as part of he overall visual project in a political key that illustrates the productive makeup of the paintings as pedagogical and ideological enterprise.
Love's Subjects: The Alhambra Ceilings, Sentimental Fiction and Allegory
Authors: Martín Oscar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article analyzes the way in which allegorical and narrative motifs work in the fourteenth-century Alhambra ceilings and in fifteenth-century Castilian sentimental fiction. It argues that while the Alhambra ceilings, based on courtly allegory, convey a dignified statement concerning the potential of allegory to structure a political lesson while at the same time registering cultural assimilation and social crisis, allegory in sentimental fiction is problematized from the outset, showing that the genre's evolution renders allegory ineffective to account for love's subjectivity as it was attached to an outmoded courtly subjectivity. In this way, the painted ceilings of the Alhambra can be interpreted as a stage in the use of allegory in courtly context in the Iberian Peninsula within a larger group of works that make use of similar codes.
Spatiotemporal Mapping of Temperature and Precipitation for the Development of a Multidecadal Climatic Dataset for Wisconsin
Authors: Serbin Shawn P. , Kucharik Christopher J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Results from the generation of a multidecadal gridded climatic dataset for 57 yr (1950–2006) of daily and monthly precipitation (PTotal), maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) are presented for the important agricultural and forest products state of Wisconsin. A total of 176 climate stations were used in the final gridded dataset that was constructed at 8-km (5.0′) latitude–longitude resolution using an automated inverse distance weighting interpolation. Accuracy statistics for the interpolated data were based on a rigorous validation step using 104 first- and second-order climate observation stations withheld in the production of the gridded dataset. The mean absolute errors (MAE) for daily minimum and maximum temperatures averaged 1.51° and 1.31°C, respectively. Daily precipitation errors were also reasonable, ranging from −0.04 to 0.08 mm, on average, across all climate divisions in the state with an overall statewide MAE of 1.37 mm day−1. Correlation analysis suggested a high degree of explained variation for daily temperature (R2 ≥ 0.97) and a moderate degree for daily precipitation (R2 = 0.66), whereby the realism improved considerably for monthly precipitation accumulation totals (R2 = 0.87). Precipitation had the best interpolation accuracy during the winter months, related to large-scale, synoptic weather systems, and accuracy was at a minimum in the wetter summer months when more precipitation originates from local-to-regional-scale convective forcing. Overall the grids showed coherent spatial patterns in temperature and precipitation that were expected for this region, such as the latitudinal gradient in temperature and longitudinal gradient in precipitation across the state. The grids will prove useful for a variety of regional-scale research and ecosystem modeling studies.
Numerical Simulations of Local Circulation and Cumulus Generation over the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Nishikawa Masanori , Hiyama Tetsuya , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Fukushima Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Loess Plateau of China consists of dissected flat tablelands with steep gullies. To evaluate the effect of topography on local circulation and cumulus generation over the Loess Plateau, numerical simulations of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) development were conducted using a cloud-resolving nonhydrostatic model. Two types of numerical simulation were carried out under two sets of bottom boundary conditions: real terrain and flat terrain. The differences in ABL development and cumulus generation between the flat- and real-terrain conditions are described and the local circulation structures induced by ABL development are illustrated. More cumulus clouds were generated over the real terrain than over the flat terrain. In the real-terrain case, large amounts of cumulus cloud were generated on the windward slopes and on the edge of the tableland, with updrafts caused by thermal generation and a local circulation developing with horizontal and vertical scales of several kilometers. Cumulus clouds clearly developed at the top of the ABL because the water vapor is nonhomogeneously lifted by the local circulation on windward slopes and on edge of the tableland. Thus, the topography of the Loess Plateau plays an important role in cumulus generation.
Correlative Evolutions of ENSO and the Seasonal Cycle in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Xiao Heng , Mechoso Carlos R. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This study examines whether shifts between the correlative evolutions of ENSO and the seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean can produce effects that are large enough to alter the evolution of the coupled atmosphere–ocean system. The approach is based on experiments with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the Pacific basin, in which the seasonal and nonseasonal (interannually varying) components of the surface forcing are prescribed with different shifts in time. The shift would make no difference in terms of ENSO variability if the system were linear. The surface fluxes of heat and momentum used to force the ocean are taken from 1) simulations in which the OGCM coupled to an atmospheric GCM produces realistic ENSO variability and 2) NCEP reanalysis data corrected by Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set climatology for the 20-yr period 1980–99. It is found that the response to the shifts in terms of eastern basin heat content can be 20%–40% of the maximum interannual anomaly in the first experiment, whereas it is 10%–20% in the second experiment. In addition, the response to the shift is event dependent. A response of this magnitude can potentially generate coupled atmosphere–ocean interactions that alter subsequent event evolution. Analysis of a selected event shows that the major contribution to the response is provided by the anomalous zonal advection of seasonal mean temperature in the equatorial band. Additional OGCM experiments suggest that both directly forced and delayed signals provide comparable contributions to the response. An interpretation of the results based on the “delayed oscillator” paradigm and on equatorial wave–mean flow interaction is given. It is argued that the same oceanic ENSO anomalies in different times of the oceanic seasonal cycle can result in different ENSO evolutions because of nonlinear interactions between equatorially trapped waves at work during ENSO and the seasonally varying upper-ocean currents and thermocline structure.
Consistent Scale Interaction of Gravity Waves in the Doppler Spread Parameterization
Authors: Becker Erich , McLandress Charles 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The standard Doppler spread parameterization of gravity waves, which was proposed by C.-O. Hines and has been applied in a number of middle atmosphere general circulation models, is extended by the inclusion of all effects associated with vertical diffusion. Here the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation is employed to calculate the vertical propagation of the wave spectrum in the presence of wave damping. According to the scale interaction between quasi-stationary turbulence and the larger nonturbulent flow, all vertical diffusion applied to the resolved flow should damp the parameterized gravity waves as well. Hence, the unobliterated part of the gravity wave spectrum is subject to diffusive damping by the following processes: 1) the background diffusion derived from the model’s boundary layer vertical diffusion scheme, which may extend into the middle atmosphere, 2) molecular diffusion, and 3) the turbulent diffusion resulting from the truncation of the gravity wave spectrum by Doppler spreading, which thus feeds back on the unobliterated gravity waves. The extended Doppler spread parameterization is examined using perpetual July simulations performed with a mechanistic general circulation model. For reasonable parameter settings, the convergence of the potential temperature flux cannot be neglected in the sensible heat budget, especially in the thermosphere. Less gravity wave flux enters the model thermosphere when vertical diffusion is included, thus avoiding the need for artificial means to control the parameterized gravity waves in the upper atmosphere. The zonal wind in the tropical middle and upper atmosphere is found to be especially sensitive to gravity wave damping by diffusion.
Linear Theory Calculations for the Sea Breeze in a Background Wind: The Equatorial Case
Authors: Qian Tingting , Epifanio Craig C. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe equatorial coastal circulation is modeled in terms of the linear wave response to a diurnally oscillating heat source gradient in a background wind. A diurnal scaling shows that the solution depends on two parameters: a nondimensional coastal width ℒ and a nondimensional wind speed 𝒰. The solutions are interpreted by comparing to the 𝒰 = 0 theory of Rotunno.For 𝒰 ≠ 0 the Fourier integral solution consists of three distinct wave branches. Two of these branches correspond to the prior no-wind solution of Rotunno, except with Doppler shifting and associated wave dispersion. The third branch exists only for 𝒰 ≠ 0 and is shown to be broadly similar to flow past a steady heat source or a topographic obstacle. The relative importance of this third branch is determined largely by the parameter combination 𝒰/ℒ. For sufficiently large 𝒰/ℒ the third branch becomes the dominant part of the solution.The spatial structures of the three branches are described in terms of group velocity arguments combined with a desingularized quadrature method.
A Note on the Numerical Representation of Surface Dynamics in Quasigeostrophic Turbulence: Application to the Nonlinear Eady Model
Authors: Tulloch Ross , Smith K. Shafer 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The quasigeostrophic equations consist of the advection of linearized potential vorticity coupled with advection of temperature at the bounding upper and lower surfaces. Numerical models of quasigeostrophic flow often employ greater (scaled) resolution in the horizontal than in the vertical (the two-layer model is an extreme example). In the interior, this has the effect of suppressing interactions between layers at horizontal scales that are small compared to Nδz/f (where δz is the vertical resolution, N the buoyancy frequency, and f the Coriolis parameter). The nature of the turbulent cascade in the interior is, however, not fundamentally altered because the downscale cascade of potential enstrophy in quasigeostrophic turbulence and the downscale cascade of enstrophy in two-dimensional turbulence (occurring layerwise) both yield energy spectra with slopes of −3. It is shown here that a similar restriction on the vertical resolution applies to the representation of horizontal motions at the surfaces, but the penalty for underresolving in the vertical is complete suppression of the surface temperature cascade at small scales and a corresponding artificial steepening of the surface energy spectrum. This effect is demonstrated in the nonlinear Eady model, using a finite-difference representation in comparison with a model that explicitly advects temperature at the upper and lower surfaces. Theoretical predictions for the spectrum of turbulence in the nonlinear Eady model are reviewed and compared to the simulated flows, showing that the latter model yields an accurate representation of the cascade dynamics. To accurately represent dynamics at horizontal wavenumber K in the vertically finite-differenced model, it is found that the vertical grid spacing must satisfy δz ≲ 0.3f/(NK); at wavenumbers K &gt; 0.3f/(Nδz), the spectrum of temperature variance rolls off rapidly.
Nonlinear Saturation of Vertically Propagating Rossby Waves
Authors: Giannitsis Constantine , Lindzen Richard S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The interaction between vertical Rossby wave propagation and wave breaking is studied in the idealized context of a beta-plane channel model. Considering the problem of propagation through a uniform zonal flow in an exponentially stratified fluid, where linear theory predicts exponential wave growth with height, the question is how wave growth is limited in the nonlinear flow. Using a numerical model, the authors examine the behavior of the flow as the bottom forcing increases through values bound to lead to a breakdown of the linear solution within the computational domain. Focusing on the equilibrium flow obtained for each value of the bottom forcing, an attempt is made to identify the mechanisms involved in limiting wave growth and examine in particular the importance of wave–wave interactions. The authors also examine the case in which forcing is continuously increasing with time so as to enhance effects peculiar to transiency; it does not significantly alter the main results.
Wave–mean flow interactions are found to dominate the dynamics even for strong bottom forcing values. Ultimately, it is the modification of the mean flow that is found to limit the vertical penetration of the forced wave, through either increased wave absorption or downward reflection. Linear propagation theory is found to capture the wave structure surprisingly well, even when the total flow is highly deformed. Overall, the numerical results seem to suggest that wave–wave interactions do not have a strong direct effect on the propagating disturbance. Wave–mean flow interactions limit wave growth sufficiently that a strong additional nonlinear enstrophy sink, through downscale cascade, is not necessary. Quantitatively, however, wave–wave interactions, primarily among the lowest wavenumbers, prove important so as to sufficiently accurately determine the basic state and its influence on wave propagation.
The Roles of CO2 and Orbital Forcing in Driving Southern Hemispheric Temperature Variations during the Last 21 000 Yr*
Authors: Timmermann Axel , Timm Oliver , Stott Lowell , Menviel Laurie 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Transient climate model simulations covering the last 21 000 yr reveal that orbitally driven insolation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, combined with a rise in atmospheric pCO2, were sufficient to jump-start the deglacial warming around Antarctica without direct Northern Hemispheric triggers. Analyses of sensitivity experiments forced with only one external forcing component (greenhouse gases, ice-sheet forcing, or orbital forcing) demonstrate that austral spring insolation changes triggered an early retreat of Southern Ocean sea ice starting around 19–18 ka BP. The associated sea ice–albedo feedback and the subsequent increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations helped to further accelerate the deglacial warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Implications for the interpretation of Southern Hemispheric paleoproxy records are discussed.
Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in a Relatively Simple AGCM: The Importance of Stratospheric Variability
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The impact of stratospheric variability on the dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere is explored in a relatively simple atmospheric general circulation model. Variability of the model’s stratospheric polar vortex, or polar night jet, is induced by topographically forced stationary waves. A robust relationship is found between the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex and the latitude of the tropospheric jet, confirming and extending earlier results in the absence of stationary waves. In both the climatological mean and on intraseasonal time scales, a weaker vortex is associated with an equatorward shift in the tropospheric jet and vice versa.
It is found that the mean structure and variability of the vortex in the model is very sensitive to the amplitude of the topography and that Northern Hemisphere–like variability, with a realistic frequency of stratospheric sudden warming events, occurs only for a relatively narrow range of topographic heights. When the model captures sudden warming events with fidelity, however, the exchange of information both upward and downward between the troposphere and stratosphere closely resembles that in observations. The influence of stratospheric variability on variability in the troposphere is demonstrated by comparing integrations with and without an active stratosphere. A realistic, time-dependent stratospheric circulation increases the persistence of the tropospheric annular modes, and the dynamical coupling is most apparent prior to and following stratospheric sudden warming events.