bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW ARTICLE: Neurotransmitters regulate cell migration in the telencephalon
Authors: Heng Julian Ik‐Tsen , Moonen Gustave , Nguyen Laurent 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe complex cytoarchitectonic organization of the adult mammalian telencephalon reflects the elaborate patterns of cell migration that contribute to its generation. The migration by neurons in the CNS can broadly be divided into two categories: radial and tangential. Experimental observations in the telencephalon have shown that glutamatergic projection neurons are born in the progenitor compartment of the dorsal telencephalon and migrate radially to integrate the cortical plate, whereas most γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons are generated in the ganglionic eminences and navigate through multiple tangential paths to settle into distinct telencephalic structures. Despite progress towards the understanding of the genetic determinants that specify the fate of neuronal progenitors, much remains unknown about the mechanisms that direct their migration into specific regions of the telencephalon. Interestingly, besides their function in synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters have been shown to promote several developmental processes that contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the CNS. In this respect, recent studies have highlighted a role for neurotransmitters through activation of their receptors in regulating cell migration in the telencephalon. This review summarizes and discusses the growing body of literature implicating neurotransmitters and their cognate receptors as part of a complex molecular machinery that regulate the migration of immature neurons in the telencephalon during development and in adulthood.
Regulation of initiation factors controlling protein synthesis on cultured astrocytes in lactic acid‐induced stress
Authors: Vantelon Nadine , Rioux‐Bilan Agnès , Ingrand Sabrina , Pain Stéphanie , Page Guylène , Guillard Olivier , Barrier Laurence , Piriou Alain , Fauconneau Bernard 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe goals of this work were first to assess whether the lactic acidosis observed in vivo in ischemia may by itself explain the inhibition of protein synthesis described in the literature and second to study the factors controlling the initiation of protein synthesis under lactic acid stress. Primary rat astrocyte cultures exposed to pH 5.25 underwent cell death and a strong inhibition of protein synthesis assessed by [3H]methionine incorporation, which was solely due to acidity of the extracellular medium and was not related to lactate concentrations. This result was associated with a weak phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E and a rapid phosphorylation of eIF2α via the kinases PKR and PKR‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. The inhibition of PKR by PRI led first to a significant but not complete dephosphorylation of eIF2α that probably contributed to maintain the inhibition of the protein synthesis and second to surprising phosphorylations of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase, p70S6K and eIF4E, suggesting a possible cross‐link between the two pathways. Conversely, cell death was weak at pH 5.5. Protein synthesis was decreased to a lesser extent, the phosphorylation of eIF2α was limited, extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 was activated and its downstream targets, p70S6K and eIF4E, were phosphorylated. However, the strong phosphorylation of eIF4E was not associated with an activation of the eIF4F complex. This last result may explain why protein synthesis was not stimulated at pH 5.5. However, when astrocytes were exposed at pH 6.2, corresponding to the lower pH observed in hyperglycemic ischemia, no modification in protein synthesis was observed. Consequently, lactic acidosis cannot, by itself, provide an explanation for the decrease in protein synthesis previously reported in vivo in ischemia.
Cannabidiol reduced the striatal atrophy caused 3‐nitropropionic acidin vivoby mechanisms independent of the activation of cannabinoid, vanilloid TRPV1and adenosine A2Areceptors
Authors: Sagredo Onintza , Ramos José A. , Decio Alessandra , Mechoulam Raphael , Fernández‐Ruiz Javier 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe neuroprotective potential of cannabinoids has been examined in rats with striatal lesions caused by 3‐nitropropionic acic (3NP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex II. We used the CB1agonist arachidonyl‐2‐chloroethylamide (ACEA), the CB2agonist HU‐308, and cannabidiol (CBD), an antioxidant phytocannabinoid with negligible affinity for cannabinoid receptors. The administration of 3NP reduced GABA contents and also mRNA levels for several markers of striatal GABAergic projection neurons, including proenkephalin (PENK), substance P (SP) and neuronal‐specific enolase (NSE). We also found reductions in mRNA levels for superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD‐1) and ‐2 (SOD‐2), which indicated that 3NP reduced the endogenous antioxidant defences. The administration of CBD, but not ACEA or HU‐308, completely reversed 3NP‐induced reductions in GABA contents and mRNA levels for SP, NSE and SOD‐2, and partially attenuated those found in SOD‐1 and PENK. This indicates that CBD is neuroprotective but acted preferentially on striatal neurons that project to the substantia nigra. The effects of CBD were not reversed by the CB1receptor antagonist SR141716. The same happened with the TRPV1receptor antagonist capsazepine, in concordance with the observation that capsaicin, a TRPV1receptor agonist, failed to reproduce the CBD effects. The effects of CBD were also independent of adenosine signalling as they were not attenuated by the adenosine A2Areceptor antagonist MSX‐3. In summary, this study demonstrates that CBD provides neuroprotection against 3NP‐induced striatal damage, which may be relevant for Huntington's disease, a disorder characterized by the preferential loss of striatal projection neurons. This capability seems to be based exclusively on the antioxidant properties of CBD.
Viruses and flagellates sustain apparent richness and reduce biomass accumulation of bacterioplankton in coastal marine waters
Authors: Zhang Rui , Weinbauer Markus G. , Qian Pei‐Yuan 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTo gain a better understanding of the interactions among bacteria, viruses and flagellates in coastal marine ecosystems, we investigated the effect of viral lysis and protistan bacterivory on bacterial abundance, production and diversity [determined by 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)] in three coastal marine sites with different nutrient supplies in Hong Kong. Six experiments were set up using filtration and dilution methods to develop virus, flagellate and virus+flagellate treatments for natural bacterial populations. All three predation treatments had significant repressing effects on bacterial abundance. Bacterial production was significantly repressed by flagellates and both predators (flagellates and viruses). Bacterial apparent species richness (indicated as the number of DGGE bands) was always significantly higher in the presence of viruses, flagellates and both predators than in the predator‐free control. Cluster analysis of the DGGE patterns showed that the effects of viruses and flagellates on bacterial community structure were relatively stochastic while the co‐effects of predators caused consistent trends (DGGE always showed the most similar patterns when compared with those of in situ environments) and substantially increased the apparent richness. Overall, we found strong evidence that viral lysis and protist bacterivory act additively to reduce bacterial production and to sustain diversity. This first systematic attempt to study the interactive effects of viruses and flagellates on the diversity and production of bacterial communities in coastal waters suggests that a tight control of bacterioplankton dominants results in relatively stable bacterioplankton communities.
Steering directed protein evolution: strategies to manage combinatorial complexity of mutant libraries
Authors: Wong Tuck Seng , Roccatano Danilo , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHow to explore protein sequence space efficiently and how to generate high‐quality mutant libraries that allow to identify improved variants with current screening technologies are key questions for any directed protein evolution experiment. High‐quality mutant libraries can be generated through improved random mutagenesis methodologies and by restricting diversity generation through computational methods to residues which have high success probabilities. Advances in mutant library design and computational tools to focus diversity generation are summarized in this minireview and discussed from an experimentalist point of view in the context of directed protein evolution.
Tumour location is a prognostic factor for survival in colonic cancer patients
Authors: Sjo O. H. , Lunde O. C. , Nygaard K. , Sandvik L. , Nesbakken A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective  To evaluate survival and prognostic factors in a consecutive series of colon cancer patients from a defined city population in Norway.Method  All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon diagnosed between 1993 and 2000 were registered prospectively. Five‐year actuarial survival and 5‐year relative survival rates were calculated. Cox regression analyses were used to study the effect of prognostic factors on survival.Results  In the study period 627 patients were admitted. Overall 5‐year relative survival was 50% in females and 52% in males. Five‐year relative survival in 410 (65%) patients operated with curative intent, was 74% for females and 79% for males. Tumour location in the transverse colon, splenic flexure and descending colon (OR = 1.8), emergency operation (OR = 1.7), TNM stage (OR = 1.8–2.9), blood transfusion of more than two units (OR = 1.8) and age (OR = 4.0–7.1) were independent negative prognostic factors.Conclusion  Colon cancer located in the transverse and descending colon is associated with poor prognosis. Comparison of results from different centres is difficult due to selection and classification differences, and different methods used for calculation of survival.
A disease management programme for patients with diabetes mellitus is associated with improved quality of care within existing budgets
Authors: Steuten L. M. G. , Vrijhoef H. J. M. , Landewé‐Cleuren S. , Schaper N. , Van Merode G. G. , Spreeuwenberg C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim To assess the impact of a disease management programme for patients with diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2) on cost‐effectiveness, quality of life and patient self‐management. By organizing care in accordance with the principles of disease management, it is aimed to increase quality of care within existing budgets.Methods Single‐group, pre‐post design with 2‐year follow‐up in 473 patients.Results Substantial significant improvements in glycaemic control, health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and patient self‐management were found. No significant changes were detected in total costs of care. The probability that the disease management programme is cost‐effective compared with usual care amounts to 74%, expressed in an average saving of 117 per additional life year at 5% improved HRQL.Conclusion Introduction of a disease management programme for patients with diabetes is associated with improved intermediate outcomes within existing budgets. Further research should focus on long‐term cost‐effectiveness, including diabetic complications and mortality, in a controlled setting or by using decision‐analytic modelling techniques.
Early mortality from the time of diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes: a 5‐year prospective cohort study with a local age‐ and sex‐matched comparison cohort
Authors: Guzder R. N. , Gatling W. , Mullee M. A. , Byrne C. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims  To study patterns and predictors of early mortality in individuals with a new diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, compared with a local age‐ and sex‐matched comparison cohort.Methods  A total of 736 individuals diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes between 1 May 1996 and 30 June 1998 and non‐diabetic age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects were studied. Follow‐up was 5.25 years. Age‐ and gender‐specific all‐cause mortality odds ratios were calculated for the diabetic cohort compared with the non‐diabetic comparator group. Mortality odds ratios were ascertained using conditional logistic regression.Results  There were 147 deaths in the diabetic cohort [cardiovascular (42.2%), cancer (21.1%)]. Compared with the non‐diabetic cohort, mortality odds more than doubled [odds ratio (OR) 2.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74, 3.49]. These increased odds were present in all age bands (including those aged > 75 years at diagnosis) for both cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular causes. In women, a new diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes was associated with a sevenfold increase in mortality odds in those aged 60–74 years (OR 7.00; 95% CI 2.09, 23.47).Conclusions  Type 2 diabetes is associated with a 2.5‐fold increase in the odds of mortality in both men and women over the first 5 years from diagnosis. Our data strongly support the contention that the mortality risk associated with Type 2 diabetes essentially exists from, or may even predate, the time of diagnosis.
H. L. A. Hart on Legal Obligation*
Authors: OLADOSU ADEJARE 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The author discusses Hart's concept of legal obligation, especially his contention that there is an obligation to obey the law which is peculiarly legal, i.e., non‐moral. This view is held to be mistaken. What is denied is that legal rules, merely by their being issued, offer a justification for the use of coercion to ensure compliance with them. Although moral and other social (customary) rules are considered self‐justifying, that is not the case of legal rules. Any analogy between these two types of rules in justifying their implementation by force is deemed wrong.**
The Logic of Norms Founded on Descriptive Language*
Authors: WEINBERGER OTA 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The author gives a short survey of the different methods which have been proposed to deal with the logic of norm sentences on the basis of logical systems of descriptive language: deontic logic, logic of norms as an isomorphism of propositional logic, restriction of logical relations to the propositional content of norm sentences, transformation of norms into sanction sentences, preference interpretation of norm sentences, double interpretation of ought‐sentences and the use of the descriptive interpretation as a tool for establishing the logic of norms, proposition about norms in the place of normative logic, the logic of admissible worlds, postulates addressed to the rational lawgiver and technical ought as a substitute for nor‐mological considerations. A critical analysis of these attempts may prove them inappropriate, but it is not sufficient to prove the impossibility of any method of founding normative logic on systems of a descriptive language. Therefore the author adds a general consideration on the chances of such approaches.
Ought‐Sentences and the Juristic Description of Rules
Authors: GUASTINI RICCARDO 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.According to the normative theory of legal science, juristic ought‐sentences describe rules, since legal science just deals with rules, and rules cannot be described but by means of ought‐sentences. The author challenges this view. Two different constructions of “describing rules” are proposed: Namely, either interpreting or stating the validity of rules. “Interpreting rules,” in its turn, can be understood in three different senses: listing all the possible meanings of rule‐formulations, reporting the different interpretations a rule‐formulation has in fact received by courts, or ascribing meaning to rule‐formulations. However, the author argues that ought‐sentences are not the proper tools to accomplish such tasks. At the same time, juristic ought‐sentences cannot be understood as validity statements, since they neither mention any rule whatsoever, nor include the term “valid.” Further, if validity‐statements were ought‐sentences, their logical behaviour would reflect the logic of rules themselves. However, as the late Kelsen argued, things do not run this way, since two inconsistent ought‐sentences, if understood as validity statements, can paradoxically both be true, as well as both false. Hence, validity‐statements cannot be reduced to ought‐sentences iterating the rules which they (are supposed to) refer to.
Practical Logic and the Analysis of Legal Language*
Authors: MARÍN RAFAEL HERNÁNDEZ 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.One of the theses of the present work is that, at the strictly logical and methodological level, practical logic has neither made, nor can it make any contribution to the philosophy of law, since none of the three branches of practical logic that have been taken into account, namely, the logic of norms, deontic logic and legal logic, seems to be theoretically possible. The contribution of practical logic to the analysis of legal language is assessed in terms of both the instruments of analysis elaborated by practical logic, the artificial languages, and the results obtained in two capital subjects, the negations of norms and the permissions.
Normative Systems, Permission and Deontic Logic*
Authors: OPA?EK KAZIMIERZ , WOLEŃSKI JAN 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The authors concentrate on the analysis of the concept of permission. After a general account of differing concepts of permission both with regard to different legal theories and to different legal ideologies, they argue in favour of a “radical” imperativism which leaves no place for permissive norms. Thus, in contrast with the logic of normative language (LNL) purported by Alchourrón and Bulygin, the authors figure out a system of deontic logic ‐ supplemented by devices of the possible world semantics ‐ according to which a normative system (N) is conceived as a set of logical consequences of a certain finite set of basic obligations and no room is left either for the concept of weak permission or for the concept of strong permission. Finally the authors raise some criticisms concerning the view maintained by Alchourron and Bulygin on strong permission.*
Unger's Advocates: Assessing the Possibilities for Law Practice as a Transformative Vocation
Authors: SHELLEDY DAVID , WINTGENS LUC J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.This article focuses on a critical interpretation of the work of Unger. It is argued that Unger's view is less revolutionary than he depicts it and that American law often develops as Unger describes it, though this is absolutely no revolution. The authors further show what the possibilities and the limits of a transformative vocation at the bar can be.
What's New and Useful in Law Analysis Technology?*
Authors: NAGEL STUART S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDecision‐aiding software is probably the most important technological innovation from the perspective of lawyer decision‐making, as contrasted to efficient office management. That kind of technological breakthrough can be helpful to lawyers in negotiating settlements favorable to their clients without expensive litigation. The technology makes use of benefit‐cost analysis, multi‐criteria decision analysis, spreadsheet software, and especially super‐optimizing analysis whereby plaintiffs, defendants, and other parties can all come out ahead of their best initial expectations simultaneously. Decision‐aiding software can also be helpful to lawyers in evaluating alternative precedents, statutes, regulations, and other legal policies to arrive at versions favorable to their clients without an expensive adoption campaign.
Argumentation and Interpretation in Law
Authors: MacCORMICK NEIL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author proceeds from a brief elucidation of the concept “argumentation” through a more extended account of substantive reasons in pure practical argumentation and of institutional argumentation applying “authority reasons” as grounds for legal decisions to an initial account of the nature and place of legal interpretative reasoning. Then he explores the three main categories of interpretative arguments, linguistic arguments, systemic arguments and teleological/deontological arguments; and he examines the problem of conflicts of interpretation and their resolution. His conclusion is that legal argumentation is only partly autonomous since it has to be embedded within widerelements of practical argumentation.
Critical Remarks on Robert Alexy's “Special‐Case Thesis”*
Authors: GÜNTHER KLAUS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper the author criticizes the way Robert Alexy reconstructs the relationship between legal and practical reasoning. The core of Alexy's argumentation (Alexy 1978) is considered the claim that legal argumentation is a “special case” of general practical discourse. In order to question this claim, the author analyzes three different types of argument: (1) that legal reasoning is needed by general practical discourse itself, (2) that there are similarities between legal argumentation and general practical discourse, (3) that there is a correspondence between certain types of argument in general practical discourse and in legal argumentation.**
Normative Institutionalism and Normative Realism. A Comparison*
Authors: FARALLI CARLA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMacCormick and Weinberger's normative institutionalism, or neo‐institutionalist theory, is propounded as “a socially realistic development of normativism.” This theory blends normativism and realism and represents the coherent outcome of two components of each author's thought: normativism from the standpoint of legal theory; neo‐empiricism from the standpoint of philosophy generally. Scandinavian legal realism, or normative realism, is the only school of jurisprudence that can be understood as a direct offspring of one of the philosophical currents (i.e., the Uppsala school) belonging to contemporary neo‐empiricism. This is why it inevitably becomes a touchstone for those legal theories – like MacCormick and Weinberger's neo‐institutionalist theory–which are not direct offshoots, but owe much to the principles and methods of neo‐empiricism.
Continental Normativism and Its British Counterpart: How Different Are They?*
Authors: PAULSON STANLEY L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe separability thesis claims that the concept of law can be explicated independently of morality, the normativity thesis, that it can be explicated independently of fact. Continental normativism, prominent above all in the work of Hans Kelsen, may be characterized in terms of the coupling of these theses. Like Kelsen, H. L. A. Hart is a proponent of the separability thesis. And–a leitmotiv–both theorists reject reductive legal positivism. They do not, however, reject it for the same reasons. Kelsen's reason, in a word, is the normativity thesis. Hart, however, grounds his theory in social fact. In place of the reductive thesis of the legal positivist tradition, and in sharp contrast to Kelsen's normativity thesis, Hart defends a non‐reductive version of what the author terms the facticity thesis.
Positive Law and Systemic Legitimacy: A Comment on Hart and Habermas*
Authors: ORTS ERIC W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author revisits H. L. A. Hart's theory of positive law and argues for a major qualification to the thesis of the separation of law and morality based on a concept of systemic legitimacy derived from the social theory of Jurgen Habermas. He argues that standards for assessing the degree of systemic legitimacy in modern legal systems can develop through reflective exercise of “critical legality,” a concept coined to parallel Hart's “critical morality,” and an expanded understanding of the “external” and “internal” perspectives on legal systems. Following Habermas, he argues that modern positive law must retain systemic legitimacy. After suggesting criteria for measuring systemic legitimacy, the author concludes that the concept provides a useful approach to contemporary problems of “lawless” regimes and “law's imperialism.”