bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Mind and Body
Authors: Cooper Adam G. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Philosophical debate continues over the relation of mind to body. ‘Cartesian dualism’ is the dirty word, but can even a moderate materialism make proper sense of the full range of human intellectual and spiritual activity? Determining whether, what, and how we know calls for a philosophy of the flesh articulated in full consciousness of our bodily situatedness. At the same time, a philosophy of the flesh, or even a philosophy in the flesh, does not require a scepticism about the human capacity for transcendence, or agnosticism about the reality of transcendent truth.
Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations
Authors: De Baere Geert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe volume explores the marked differences between the complex and rapidly changing legal organization of EU external relations and the EU's ‘internal’ constitutional order. The European Union is unique as a polity organized along federal lines but with fully fledged States as its component political entities. The tension between the self-conscious Member States and their constitutional relationship within the EU is especially pronounced in the foreign policy field, where they remain determined to assert their status as full subjects of the international order. This book explores how foreign policy fits within the constitutional structure of the EU, characterized by the division of external relations competences between the EU and the Member States (‘the vertical axis’), and between the ‘pillars’ of which the Union is composed, in particular the division between the Community competences of the first pillar and the common foreign and security competences of the second pillar (‘the horizontal axis’). This is a study of the extent to which foreign policy is legally sui generis within the sui generis constitutional order of the EU, and of how the common foreign and security policy is in turn sui generis within the foreign policy structure of the Union. It provides both an exploration of the constitutional reality of EU foreign policy and theoretical analysis which suggests possibilities for reform.
Conclusions
Authors: De Baere Geert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a summary of discussions in the preceding chapters. It then discusses EU foreign policy, identity, and law. It concludes that the development of the EU's external relations, and of the EU in general, can be seen as an extraordinary attempt to bring foreign policy more within the realm of law and thereby to constrain its possible destructive force. Having domesticated the Member States' foreign policies with regard to each other, the EU is gradually moving its focus from the inside to the outside, bringing the Member States' foreign policies with regard to third countries more and more within the constraining and enabling framework of EU law.
5 Individual Choice and Social Order
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter relates the social science traditions discussed in Chapter 4 to the assumptions of social citizenship identified in Chapter 1. It reviews evidence from the study of games, evolutionary psychology, negotiation over public goods, behaviour in markets, and other areas of research, to show that individual rational actor approaches can provide strong accounts of reciprocity and of some aspects of social inclusion. However they are much weaker in explaining the development of the kind of citizenship trust that is essential to the stability of welfare states, and unable to offer it more than a limited role in social interactions. More sociological accounts resting on norms, symbolic communication and expressive approaches to action provide good accounts of the development of welfare state citizenship (understood as embedded norms). In more recent work, structural approaches to social norms have been integrated with accounts of the experience of independent individual agency. This approach offers an explanation of the development of the values essential to social citizenship and of how they can contribute in welfare states. However, it is of declining importance in the logic that directs policy-making.
11 Welfare Under Altered Circumstances
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWelfare states have enjoyed considerable success in containing the pressures of economic, political, and social change identified in Chapter 1. However, an important theme in their responses, the shift towards an individual rational actor approach to policy-making, risks weakening the values that sustain social citizenship. It may support reciprocity but undermines social inclusion and trust in welfare state institutions. Any response must recognise the continuing pressures for greater competitiveness arising in a more open economy. Cost-constraint is not the only factor contributing to productivity. Greater inclusiveness, more open opportunities and constraint on privilege at the top end may help to secure better mobilization of human resources. More democratic accountability will enhance trust in services. The individual rational actor approach to welfare state reform has considerable weaknesses as well as the strengths that make it attractive to governments.
Pursuing our Own Good
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnjoyment of one's life consists in pursuing our own good in our own way. Personal evaluation of the available possibilities on the basis of what is most important to oneself is a means to it. It leads to a complex attitude formed of beliefs, emotions, and motives expressing one's deepest concerns. Attitudes may be coherent or incoherent, reasonable or unreasonable. The attitudes of detached contemplation, creative inwardness, and shibumi are critically considered.
The Communication of Christianity
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ways in which Christianity was communicated across vast expanses of rural Punjab, the reaction of missionaries once they became aware that a large-scale movement of poor rural workers towards Christianity was afoot, and the various ways in which they sought to order and teach those entering the mission-Churches. Convert perceptions about Christianity at this early stage are crucial. Was there a tendency among converts to view it as a collection of ideas and resources from which they could pick and choose, or rather as a cohesive whole that would have to be either accepted or rejected in its totality? The role played by catechists in these early years of the mission-convert relationship is examined, from their training and workload to varying perceptions among missionaries and converts about what their main duties ought to be and how satisfactorily they were executing them.
4 Concentration among the Rich
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study examines the concentration of wealth among the group of top wealth holders, defined as those with wealth in excess of a high cut‐off. The study begins by considering the definition of this cut‐off, analogous to the definition of a poverty line at the other end of the distribution. It then considers what can be learned about the proportion classified as ‘rich’ and about the concentration among the rich from four non‐survey sources: journalists' lists, estate data, wealth tax data, and investment income tax data. It starts off from the world's billionaires in 2006, but is particularly concerned with changes over time within countries, taking France, Germany, the UK, and the USA, to illustrate the different sources.
8 Household Wealth in Latin America
Authors: Torche Florencia , Spilerman Seymour 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study provides a descriptive analysis of wealth ownership and wealth inequality in Latin American countries, using diverse published sources and primary data analysis for sixteen nations. This chapter presents estimates of the distribution of home ownership, land, and financial assets, and find very high wealth concentration in all these types of assets, with the partial exception of home ownership. The relevance of informal assets and the historical patterns of wealth accumulation and concentration since colonial times are discussed. Mechanisms of intergenerational wealth transmission are analysed for the Chilean case.
16 Land Titles, Credit Markets, and Wealth Distributions
Authors: MacGee James C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDoes the existence of formal title to land and real estate matter for the distribution of wealth? This study reviews the empirical literature on the economic impact of land and real‐estate administration systems across countries. This study argues that a functioning credit market for secured credit is necessary to realize the full benefits of legal title to private real estate. This study also reviews quantitative economic theory on wealth distribution to assess the probable impact of different land‐registration systems on wealth inequality. The implication of current theory is that poor land‐administration systems may sometimes lead to lower levels of wealth inequality than better land‐registration systems.
India
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case study of India (1947–present). In India, decentralization is neither an unabashed success, as in Spain, nor a resounding failure, as in Czechoslovakia. India has experienced intermittent bouts of conflict in some regions and periods of its history more than in others. This chapter attributes India's mixed track record to the behavior of regional parties in the country and the failure of statewide parties to fully incorporate regional interests into their agenda. In India, regional parties have prompted conflict and secessionism by adopting legislation harmful to regional minorities and mobilizing groups to engage in ethnic conflict and secessionism. Regional parties have been confined to the regional level, however, until the 1990s. Statewide parties, and the Congress Party in particular, have not fully or always reduced ethnic conflict and secessionism in India because of certain conditions in the country that reduce their incentive to incorporate the interests of particular regions into their agenda (i.e. the pivotalness — or lack thereof — of certain regions and/or groups within India, the distribution of ethnolinguistic and religious groups throughout the country, the internal organization of statewide parties, as well as the leadership style of particular political leaders in the country). This chapter attributes the shape of India's party system to specific features of decentralization in the country (i.e. the proportion of national legislative seats India's many regions hold individually, the extension of decision‐making autonomy to some regions of India and not others, and the election of the upper house entirely by the country's regional legislatures).
Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThrough statistical analysis, this chapter tests the generalizability of its argument regarding the effect of decentralization and regional parties on ethnic conflict and secessionism. The analysis draws on an original dataset, known as the constituency‐level elections (CLE) dataset, which provides election results for national (lower and upper house) elections and regional elections from 1945 to 2002 at the constituency‐level of government, to measure systematically the electoral strength of regional parties. To measure ethnic conflict and secessionism, the chapter draws on the Minorities at Risk dataset (1985–2000), which it corrects for selection bias. The analysis supports the chapter's argument that decentralization diminishes the strength of ethnic conflict and secessionism, while regional parties intensify it, and that the ability of decentralization to reduce conflict decreases as the electoral strength of regional parties increases. The chapter controls for a number of factors that may affect regional party strength (e.g. ethnolinguistic heterogeneity, economic development, democracy, and the executive and electoral system). The chapter also uses instrumental variable regression in this chapter to disentangle the causal relationships between decentralization, regional parties, and ethnic conflict and secessionism.
Chapter 6 Retirement Distributions and the Bequest Motive
Authors: Hallman G. Victor 
Published: January 2009

AbstractManaging retirement payouts generally revolves primarily around securing adequate retirement income and assuring the continuity of such income for as long as the retirees live. Many commentators have suggested that the most efficient strategy to deal with these issues for risk-averse retirees is to annuitize retirement benefits. However, these commentators recognize that relatively few retirees actually choose life annuitization (the so-called ‘annuity puzzle’). One reason for this is the bequest or inheritance motive which involves using income-tax-favored retirement plans to pass wealth to the heirs (probably children) of the retiree or to charity. This chapter discusses the concepts, strategies, and constraints on using tax-favored retirement plans as wealth transfer devices.
Chapter 10 The Impact of Health Status and Out‐of‐Pocket Medical Expenditures on Annuity Valuation
Authors: Turra Cassio M. , Mitchell Olivia S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes how differences in health status at retirement can influence the decision to purchase a life annuity. It extends previous research on annuitization decisions by incorporating the effect of health differentials via differences in survival throughout the latter portion of life. It then shows how precautionary savings motivated by uncertain out-of-pocket medical expenses influence annuitization decisions. Results show that annuities become less attractive to people facing uncertain medical expenses. While full annuitization would still be optimal if annuity markets were truly complete and both life- and health-contingent, lacking this, annuity equivalent wealth values are much lower for those in poor health, as compared to persons in good health.
Chapter 11 Annuity Valuation, Long‐Term Care, and Bequest Motives
Authors: Ameriks John , Caplin Andrew , Laufer Steven , Van Nieuwerburgh Stijn 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Financial security in retirement has traditionally meant having a steady flow of annuity income as long as one lives — a definition enshrined in the Social Security system. Earlier research has stressed a more holistic approach, which focuses on the match between resources and spending needs. Using this formulation this chapter estimates annuity values given long-term care concerns and bequest motives, where these estimated values are consistent with low observed demand for standard annuities. The chapter extends this model to value non-standard annuities with various security-enhancing features that may be of value to retirees.
The Blasphemy of Sirmium (357) and Basil of Ancyra
Authors: Beckwith Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that the synod of Sirmium (357) and its theological manifesto led Hilary to recast his efforts against his Homoian opponents. Following this synod, Basil of Ancyra and his theological circle issued a letter rejecting the Homoian theology of the Sirmium manifesto and stated their own Homoiousian theology. This chapter reviews in detail both the Sirmium manifesto and the Homoiousian response to it.
The Fundamental Legal Right to Privacy
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter deals with the fundamental right to privacy; its protean nature is exposed as well as its propensity to conflict with other fundamental rights. Lacking a common core, the fundamental right to privacy is broken down into four sub-rights: informational privacy, decisional privacy, formational privacy, and physical privacy. It is argued that there is a link between the lack of a narrow definition of privacy and its aptitude to conflict. Therefore, the fundamental right to privacy is likely to conflict with other fundamental rights in several contexts, as is shown in Chapters 6 and 7.
Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKant condemned revolution as a violation of a duty of justice, yet was a supporter of the French Revolution. This chapter defends Kant's view that revolution is a violation of a duty of justice by appeal to the fact that in order to be just, revolution would have to accord with the general will, and the government speaks for the general will. The chapter then explains Kant's paradoxical attitude by appeal to the distinction between duties of justice and duties of virtue. The duties of justice require us to obey the powers that be, because only in the political state can human rights and freedom be realized. But the virtue of justice requires us to make human rights our end. When a political society itself violates human rights, the virtue of justice is turned against itself, and the person who makes human rights his end may be driven to take the law into his own hands.
Realism and Constructivism in Twentieth‐Century Moral Philosophy
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of one of the central debates of late 20th-century moral philosophy — the debate between realism and what Rawls called “constructivism.” It argues that realism is a reactive position that arises in response to almost every attempt to give a substantive explanation of morality. It results from the realist's belief that such explanations inevitably reduce moral phenomena to natural phenomena. The chapter traces this belief, and the essence of realism, to a view about the nature of concepts: that it is the function of all concepts to describe reality. Constructivism may be understood as the alternative view that the function of a normative concept is to refer schematically to the solution to a practical problem. A constructivist account of a concept, unlike a traditional analysis, is an attempt to work out the solution to that problem. The chapter explains how the philosophies of Kant and Rawls can be understood on this model.
A divide-and-conquer approach to analyze underdetermined biochemical models
Authors: Kotte Oliver , Heinemann Matthias 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: To obtain meaningful predictions from dynamic computational models, their uncertain parameter values need to be estimated from experimental data. Due to the usually large number of parameters compared to the available measurement data, these estimation problems are often underdetermined meaning that the solution is a multidimensional space. In this case, the challenge is yet to obtain a sound system understanding despite non-identifiable parameter values, e.g. through identifying those parameters that most sensitively determine the model's behavior.
Results: Here, we present the so-called divide-and-conquer approach—a strategy to analyze underdetermined biochemical models. The approach draws on steady state omics measurement data and exploits a decomposition of the global estimation problem into independent subproblems. The solutions to these subproblems are joined to the complete space of global optima, which can be easily analyzed. We derive the conditions at which the decomposition occurs, outline strategies to fulfill these conditions and—using an example model—illustrate how the approach uncovers the most important parameters and suggests targeted experiments without knowing the exact parameter values.
Contact: heinemann@imsb.biol.ethz.ch
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Patients with localized primary non‐tonsillar oral diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma exhibit favorable prognosis despite a non‐germinal center B‐cell‐like phenotype
Authors: Sato Yasuharu , Onishi Naoko , Morito Toshiaki , Takata Katsuyoshi , Mizobuchi Kohichi , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Ichimura Kouichi , Tanaka Takehiro , Tamura Maiko , Yoshino Tadashi 
Published: January 2009

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas are detected frequently in the oral cavity. Although tonsillar lymphomas have been rather well characterized, lymphomas originating from non‐tonsillar regions, such as the gingiva, palate, and tongue, have not been well studied. We examined the pathology of clinical samples obtained from 21 patients with localized primary non‐tonsillar oral diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Immunohistological examination of CD10, Bcl‐6, and MUM1 determined that 17 of 21 (81%) samples exhibited non‐germinal center B‐cell type, an increased proportion of non‐germinal center B‐cell type compared with previous reports in samples of tonsillar origin (P < 0.05). The four remaining samples exhibited germinal center B‐cell type, although one sample expressed MUM1. Follow‐up clinical survival data were obtained from the 17 patients over a range from 4 to 173 months (mean 52 months). All patients were treated with chemotherapies, irradiation, or surgical resection. Sixteen patients achieved complete remission and two patients relapsed, but no patient has died of disease. Extranodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of non‐germinal center B‐cell type are generally characterized by poor prognosis, regardless of localized disease. Interestingly, our results indicate that, unlike similar lymphomas of tonsillar origin, localized primary non‐tonsillar oral diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas exhibit favorable prognosis, suggesting that these lymphomas may be clinicopathologically distinct. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 42–46)
Antibody epitope peptides as potential inducers of IgG antibodies against CD98 oncoprotein
Authors: Itoh Kunihiko , Ohshima Motohiro , Sonobe Momoyo , Saito Misa , Yoshida Akira , Hayashi Hideki , Inoue Kazuyuki , Masuko Takashi 
Published: January 2009

An epitope is an antibody‐recognition site on a target antigen. As such, active immunization of epitope peptides may induce therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the administration of parent antibody medicines. In the present study, we designed peptides based on the epitope recognized by the tumor‐suppresive anti‐CD98 monoclonal antibody HBJ127, and investigated their efficacy for induction of antitumor immunity. The immune sera showed reactivity against the corresponding peptide–keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and peptide–bovine serum abumin (BSA) conjugates, although they did not react with CD98‐positive HeLa cells or recombinant CD98 heavy chain. To elucidate whether the epitope peptide failed to induce antitumor immunity or not, we constructed the IgG1, κ Fab phage display libraries from spleen cells of immunized mice and tried to retrieve CD98‐reactive recombinant Fab (rFab) fragments by panning against either epitope peptide–BSA conjugates or live HeLa cells. RFab fragments retrieved from peptide–BSA panning showed no reactivity to HeLa cells. Their variable‐region sequences were different from HBJ127. However, rFab fragments retrieved from HeLa cell panning showed reactivity to CD98 by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Moreover, they were structurally almost identical to HBJ127. Although the immunogenicity of epitope peptides may be insufficient for induction of expected antitumor activity in vivo, we used antibody phage display to show that IgG antibodies almost identical to HBJ127 were an undetectable population in epitope peptide‐induced immune sera. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 126–131)