bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Polygenetic Conditions: A Legal, Ethical, and Scientific Challenge
Authors: Ginod Perrine , Dahan Michael H. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe recent commercialization of the Embryo Health Score (EHS), determined through preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic conditions, offers the potential to select embryos with lower disease risk, thus potentially enhancing offspring longevity and health. Lately, Orchid Health company increased testing from less than 20 diseases to more than 900+ conditions for birth defects. However, the “geneticization” of phenotype estimates to a health state erases the environmental part, including the in vitro fertilization potential risks, questioning its scientific usefulness. EHS is utilized in countries with minimal regulatory oversight and will likely expand, while it remains illegal in other countries due to ethical and legal dilemmas it raises about reproductive autonomy, discrimination, impacts on family dynamics, and genetic diversity. The shift toward commercialized polygenic embryo screening (PES) redefines healthcare relationships, turning prospective parents into consumers and altering the physician's role. Moreover, PES could increase social inequalities, stigmatize those not born following PES, and encourage “desirable” phenotypic or behavioral traits selection, leading to ethical drift. Addressing these issues is essential before further implementation and requires a collaborative approach involving political, governmental, and public health, alongside geneticists, ethicists, and fertility specialists, focusing on the societal implications and acceptability of testing for polygenic traits for embryo selection.
Language acquisition across the lifespan in historical
sociolinguistics
Authors: Sanz-Sánchez Israel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The study of language variation and change has
long been rooted in the effects of acquisition at different points
of the lifespan, but the potential for language acquisition theory
and data to inform sociohistorical approaches to language diachrony
has not always been recognized. In this introductory chapter, the
application of an acquisitionally informed lens to the research on
language variation and change is justified on theoretical,
methodological, and heuristic grounds. Following an overview of the
existing research on the role of age in the acquisition of variation
and the emergence of sociolinguistic norms, the chapter summarizes
previous applications of acquisition theory in historical
sociolinguistics. This panoramic review is then used to articulate
the potential for a lifelong view of language acquisition to serve as a powerful instrument in the historical sociolinguist’s toolkit.
Ultimately, the goal is to supplement other methodologies to produce
more thorough explanations of language change by centering a
language developmental perspective in the praxis of historical
sociolinguistics.
Monolingual and bilingual child language acquisition and language
change
Authors: Shin Naomi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on children’s
monolingual and bilingual acquisition of linguistic variation to
consider children’s role in language change. Many patterns of
variation are learned early and veridically, but some are acquired
late and may be more susceptible to change. Further, children
sometimes regularize variable input and may create novel patterns
when exposed to different dialects or languages, which suggests that
contact settings can serve as breeding grounds for language change.
The chapter thus turns to the topic of childhood bilingualism and
reviews research on child heritage speakers, whose divergences from
their input sometimes persist into adulthood. The chapter culminates
by considering the implications of the research reviewed for
socially informed models of language change and historical
sociolinguistics.
The dynamics of lifelong acquisition in dialect contact and
change
Authors: Hendriks Jennifer 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Acquisition research involving speakers of
mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) or mutually unintelligible varieties (languages) reveals a wide range of possible acquisition
outcomes at different life stages and their potential to shape
language change across the community. Since contexts of dialect
contact often include language contact, attempts to understand
the link between dialect acquisition and dialect change must also
consider language contact as a potential factor. This chapter
surveys the research on dialect contact and lifespan change in
contexts of language maintenance in both non-mobile and mobile
languages users as a window into the human capacity for lifelong
acquisition and change. The chapter adopts a linguistic repertoire
focus, recognizing that bidialectalism/bilingualism is a matter of
degree, and that language dominance plays a key role in
crosslinguistic transfer. This proposal is illustrated with a case
study of dialect and language contact in Early Modern Dutch.
Multilingual acquisition across the lifespan as a sociohistorical
trigger for language change
Authors: Aalberse Suzanne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Language contact implies more variation in
language use, both in the individual and in the community. This
increased variation can accelerate language change, but it can also
halt it (Aalberse et al.
2019; Muysken
2013). Which parts of language do change, and which parts
do not depends on cognitive and social factors: the change or
non-change should be cognitively possible and socially acceptable.
What is cognitively possible or cognitively likely partly depends on
the age of the language user. What is socially desirable is also
partly dependent on age. This chapter provides an overview of
bilingual speaker optimization strategies inspired by Muysken (2013), relating
preferences for a type of strategy to life stages. The chapter ends
with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities of combining
the lifespan acquisition perspective with the historical
sociolinguistics of language contact.
Language acquisition across the lifespan and the emergence of new
varieties
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of acquisitional
processes in the emergence of new language varieties, exploring the
question in two ways. We first consider how different age groups and
generations contribute to the emergence of new multi-ethnolects in
Europe and in comparable contemporary contact situations. Age of
exposure and the social context of acquisition are both shown to
alter the course of a given variety. We then look at cases of
post-colonial dialect emergence, which we exemplify with cases
stemming from British colonialism. These examples are used to show
that theories of second language acquisition can account for the
development of specific grammatical features over generations, and
indeed that those theories can in turn be evaluated by such
examples. Overall, these cases show that new varieties are key
contexts to understand the role of language acquisition in
historical sociolinguistics.
Tracing the emergence of the voseo/tuteo
semantic split in Río de la Plata second person subjunctives
Authors: Moyna María Irene , Requena Pablo E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study documents the history of second person
singular informal variation in Rioplatense Spanish. It focuses on
the competition between voseo and
tuteo forms in the subjunctive and proposes
that the outcome of this variation can be linked to the acquisition
of these forms by children. In contrast with other verb forms in the
variety, which eradicated tuteo progressively, in
the subjunctive tuteo prevailed in epistemic
contexts, while voseo continued to be possible in
deontic contexts. By combining data from the historical record
(Study 1) with converging data from contemporary children acquiring
the same structures (Study 2), we show that the subjunctive forms
most likely to select tuteo are acquired later,
making them more susceptible to normative influence. Because changes
in the second singular present subjunctive coincided with the spread
of public education in the region, we argue that the semantic split
resulted from the interaction of linguistic, social, and
developmental factors, and sketch a sociohistorical account for the
actuation of this change.
Child and adolescent transmission and incrementation in
acquisition in historical sociophonetic data from English in
Missouri, 1880–2000
Authors: Strelluf Christopher 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Phonological conditioning of allophones of /æ/ is
typologically important for American Englishes and a site of ongoing
sound change. Combining historical and present-day data, this
chapter traces productions of /æ/ in the US state of Missouri from
the 1880s to 1990s. It reveals a transition to a nasal /æ/ system
that progressed via children’s probabilistic calculations, as
children initially acquired the /æ/ of their speech community
(transmission) and then introduced innovations as they approached
adulthood (incrementation). It also posits roots for the actuation
of modern-day /æ/-backing in turn-of-the-century associations with
high socioeconomic status and/or metropolitan Kansas City, which may
have initiated incrementation. These findings highlight the value of
historical sociophonetic explorations of sound changes as
consequences of cognitive processes of language acquisition.
Adult L2 acquisition of for-complementation in
Chinese Pidgin English and Hong Kong English
Authors: Li Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper examines the emergence of
for-complementation in Chinese Pidgin English
(CPE) and Hong Kong English (HKE) from a sociohistorical
perspective. Although CPE and HKE arise under different contact
situations and time periods, surprisingly speakers of these
varieties show parallelism in the use of for to
introduce purposive clauses. The origins of for as
a complementizer in CPE will be argued to be contributed by
convergence of meanings and functions in Cantonese and English – the
major input languages in the feature pools of both varieties. It
will be shown that L2 learning provided the mechanism for the
emergence of for in purposive clauses in CPE and
HKE. Variation in sentential complementation in these two varieties
of English supports one of the tenets in variationist historical
sociolinguistics, namely synchronic and diachronic variation can
inform and complement each other.
Parataxis and hypotaxis in the history of English
Authors: Walkden George 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The claim that parataxis precedes hypotaxis in the history of English is an idea with a long pedigree;
however, the empirical evidence for it is limited. In this chapter, I revisit the question of parataxis and hypotaxis
diachronically, focusing on two different claims. The first is the idea that finite clausal complementation emerged
from clausal juxtaposition. Following Axel-Tober (2012, 2017), I argue that this scenario is implausible. The second is the idea that
the proportion of subordinate clauses increases gradually over time. This quantitative claim can be assessed using
parsed historical corpora. No gradual increase can be observed; rather, we see substantial genre-conditioned
variation. I conclude that the idea of parataxis preceding hypotaxis might be ready for retirement.
Subject-verb agreement and the rise of do-support in the period of anglicisation of
Scots
Authors: Gotthard Lisa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Scots subject-verb (S-V) agreement is historically distinct from that of (Standard) English, as Older Scots
employed a version of the Northern Subject Rule (NSR). It has been suggested that the NSR is a
similar last-resort operation to do-support (de Haas 2011),
giving rise to the question of whether do-support entered grammar competition with the NSR when it
emerged in Scots. Using the new Parsed Corpus of Scottish Correspondence (1540–1750), this study
explores the presence of these S-V agreement strategies in 16th–18th century Scots, and investigates the possibility
that NSR constraints influence the trajectory of Scots do-support. The findings indicate that the NSR
declines as do-support emerges in the PCSC data, but apparently without interference
from subject type constraints.
A modern light on diachronic processes affecting coda /l/ in English
Authors: Stenbrenden Gjertrud F. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper examines historical changes affecting coda laterals in British English, in the light of findings
from articulatory phonology, with some insights from acoustic and perceptual phonetics as well. Historically, coda
laterals induce pre-lateral diphthongisation and are themselves vocalised/lost, usually to a back rounded vowel. Coda
laterals involve a radical gesture (retracted tongue root), and diphthongisation is caused by a gestural conflict
between the laminal-dorsal gesture of the vowel and the radical gesture of the following lateral, producing an
excrescent vowel in the transition. This excrescent vowel sounds like a schwa or /ɔ/ due to a shared post-oral gesture
between these vowels and coda laterals. Vocalisation/loss is caused by gestural reduction, whether in terms of time,
timing or space.
Modality and the English subjunctive in noun clauses
Authors: Moessner Lilo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The paper starts with a survey of earlier studies on the subjunctive in English noun clauses, and it
promises the analysis of the parameter modality expressed by third person singular present tense verbal syntagms in a
corpus of almost 550,000 words. Two models of modality are distinguished; in the first model, the relevant descriptive
parameters are fact and non-fact modality, in the second root and epistemic modality. The subjunctive realises
non-fact modality in the first, root modality in the second model. The application of both models to the corpus
analysis yields a frequency descrease of noun clauses expressing non-fact/root modality, but only the second model,
which includes meaning specifications of the competitors of the subjunctive, allows the prediction that they will
probably guarantee the survival of the subjunctive.
Some philological implications of punctuation in editions of Middle English texts
Authors: Nedelius Sabina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the use of editions with modernised punctuation for linguistic enquiries. While
previous studies have highlighted potential qualitative issues with using such editions, this study provides a
quantitative analysis in order to give insight into how often editions with modernised punctuation tend to deviate
from their manuscript’s punctuation. By doing so, this study provides further insight into how frequently the use of
such editions may potentially lead the linguistic scholar astray. This study reveals that a high proportion of the
punctuation marks encountered in the studied editions have no corresponding mark in the manuscript, ultimately
concluding that the use of such editions may have an impact on the current understanding of Middle English syntax and
text interpretation.
Researching understatement in the history of English
Authors: Claridge Claudia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A distinction is here introduced into restrictive, hedgy understatementR and emphatic understatementE, which are traced in historical data via the metalinguistic and the form-to-function approach. The metalinguistic approach found the modern sense of understatementE with examples from mostly more formal, written registers, while understatementR could hardly be found in works on rhetoric and etiquette. In contrast, understatementR was generally more prominent in the instances found with the corpus linguistic form-to-function approach, based on negation, a bit of a and a N or two, although understatements made up only a tiny fraction of those constructions’ uses. UnderstatementE could be attested from Middle English onwards, while understatementR appeared later, with both becoming more common after 1800, pointing to late British preference for this speech style.
The rise and fall of sentence-internal capitalization in English
Authors: Nowak Jessica , Hartmann Stefan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper addresses an empirically under-researched aspect of English historical orthography: the rise and fall of sentence-internal capitalization of common nouns. Our corpus study supports previous findings with respect to the developmental course of common noun capitalization, i.e., a steady rise until 1750 with a steep decline thereafter. The analysis of contemporary grammars shows that animacy was a key factor in determining the practice of sentence-internal capitalization. Moreover, the grammaticographic advice parallels the development found in actual usage, suggesting that grammarians did not significantly influence its rise or fall. With respect to its decline, we argue that it was mainly a matter of the printers, who introduced lowercase for practical reasons, once sentence-internal capitalization had been extensively used.
Gender, genre, and prescriptivism
Authors: Hyett James , Percy Carol 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper extends our previous study of you was and you were in eighteenth-century English drama, examining trends following Robert Lowth’s proscription of you was in his grammar (1762) and complementing Tieken-Boon van Ostade’s (2002) and Laitinen’s (2009) studies of different genres. Comparing close readings of plays by four female playwrights to the same writers’ novels, we find you was used increasingly after 1762 to indicate negative emotion and moments of dramatic significance, not unlike contemporary theatrical thou (Nonomiya 2021). Qualitatively, we confirm that you was had specifically theatrical functions, signalling deception and provocation (often by younger characters) and loss of control (often by older characters). We identify these disparate but recurrent meanings and personae with Eckert’s (2008) concept of the indexical field.
Duties, offices, and conduct
Authors: Lonati Elisabetta 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The general aim of this study is to investigate the lexis of moral sense and practical ethics in a number of medical works published between 1770 and 1803. Two physicians laid the foundations of medical morality: John Gregory (1724–1773) and Thomas Percival (1740–1804). In their works, they highlight and discuss the notions of duty/-ies, office/-s, and conduct in many different contexts, and gradually define their specific shades of meaning in the emerging medical profession over time. The study will exemplify how these three words are used within Gregory’s and Percival’s works (e.g., frequency rate across works, textual and discourse relevance), and will also explore their function in structuring medical ethics, as well as their role in governing medical practice and performance.
Changing styles of letter-writing?
Authors: Säily Tanja , Vartiainen Turo , Siirtola Harri , Nevalainen Terttu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We analyse the social embedding of stylistic change in the frequencies of nouns, lexical verbs and personal pronouns in the Corpora of Early English Correspondence from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Our visualization methods show that the frequency of nouns exhibits a consistent decrease, while that of verbs and pronouns tends to increase over time. This suggests a colloquialization of the letter genre, which is particularly prominent in letters by women and the upper ranks as well as those written to socially close recipients. In the later eighteenth century, however, there is a convergence across genders and social ranks indicating the development of a shared, polite style among the increasingly highly educated middle and upper classes in the corpus.
“Quhen I am begun to write I really knou not what to say”
Authors: van Eyndhoven Sarah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is currently unclear to what extent Older Scots features continued in correspondence during the early eighteenth century (Millar 2020: 100). To explore this, the digitised letters of politically-involved Scottish writers active during this time were compiled into a purpose-built corpus, and searched for the Scots feature <quh‑>. The focus was on three authors in particular who were selected for close-up analysis. Their correspondence was quantitatively analysed to determine the frequency of <quh‑> across author and word-type, which was then compared to the general dataset. Inter- and intra-writer variation was evaluated in relation to possible macrosocial influences. Results suggest that, contrary to earlier findings (Macqueen 1957; van Eyndhoven & Clark 2019), <quh‑> had not completely disappeared, but its persistence was largely conditioned by its use in abbreviations for highly frequent function words. The professional background of the author, however, is also shown to influence usage.
To acquire a recursive grammar, children start with a recursive procedure (MERGE)
Authors: Giblin Iain , Zhou Peng , Bill Cory , Shi Jiawei , Crain Stephen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Recursion is a central topic in language acquisition because it helps to inform an explanatorily adequate
theory of the human language faculty. Some researchers (e.g., Roeper, 2011)
have proposed that it is possible for children’s early grammars to include a transitory acquisition stage that is
based on conjunction rather than the truly recursive operation of merge which characterizes mature grammars.
A truth-value judgement task with an elicitation component was designed to elicit recursive genitive structures in
both Mandarin and English. Our results indicate that child participants in both Mandarin and English understood
recursive genitive structures and a substantial majority could also produce the target recursive genitive structures.
These results provide compelling evidence that recursion emerges early in child language acquisition and that there is
no need to propose a transitory stage that lacks a recursive procedure.
Pitfalls and promises of dialect in the classroom
Authors: Washington Julie A. , Murray Bryan K. , Doyne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
African American English (AAE) is among the most studied dialects of American English (Gollan & Ferreira, 2009), and is spoken by most, but not all, African
American people in the United States. It is a source of pride and identity within the community, unifying its speakers
socially and linguistically. Outside of the community, however, AAE has a long and complicated history that is
inexplicably entangled with race politics. By most accounts, AAE is regarded as a low status, stigmatized variety and
as such has not been without controversy in social, political and educational circles. Its status, and the often
controversial nature of AAE, has significantly impacted attempts to introduce it into educational settings, and has
hindered its use by educators and child speakers as an accepted way to bootstrap language and literacy learning. This,
despite mounting evidence of the impact of AAE on outcomes of language-supported academic skills, such as reading,
writing and spelling (Brown et al., 2015; Craig et al., 2003; Puranik et al., 2020; Thomas-Tate et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2004;
Washington et al., 2019; Washington
et al., 2018; Patton-Terry & Connor, 2010; Terry, 2006; Charity et al., 2004).
The sections that follow present an overview of the history and origins of AAE, the pitfalls, promises, and potential
future directions for the use of AAE in the classroom.