bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory calibration and field deployment of the Polar organic chemical integrative sampler for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater and surface water
Authors: MacLeod Sherri L. , McClure Evelyn L. , Wong Charles S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Aqueous sampling rates for 25 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were determined on the commercially available passive Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS). To date, POCIS calibration has only been carried out for a handful of compounds. Uptake rates were 0.040 to 2.462 L/d under conditions of flowing water; quiescent conditions resulted in uptake rates between 0.016 and 0.223 L/d. The uptake of many PPCPs appears to be boundary-layer controlled, as indicated by higher sampling rates under flowing conditions. Sampling rates were corrected for analyte dissipation rates, and some correlations with octanol–water partition coefficients were noted. Field deployments of POCIS in wastewater effluent and surface waters had time-weighted average concentrations derived from laboratory calibrations that were consistent with regular grab samples. This work indicates that POCIS can be used as a quantitative tool for measuring PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
Analysis of pyrethroids in sediment pore water by solid-phase microextraction
Authors: Bondarenko Svetlana , Spurlock Frank , Gan Jianying 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Sediment toxicity from trace contamination of pyrethroid insecticides is an emerging water quality concern. Pyrethroids are highly hydrophobic, and their sediment toxicity is related to the freely dissolved concentration in pore water. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was evaluated as a selective method to analyze free concentrations of eight pyrethroids in sediment pore water, and SPME measurements were compared to total pore-water concentrations measured using a conventional liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) method. Free pore-water concentrations detected by SPME (Cw-SPME) were 4.1 to 37% of the total concentration given by LLE (Cw-LLE) in pore water prepared from a freshwater sediment and only 3.2 to 13.3% in the pore water of a marine sediment. The difference suggested predominant partitioning of pyrethroids into the dissolved organic matter phase in pore water. The method detection limits of the SPME method were lower than the 10th percentile of the reported median lethal concentrations for aquatic organisms, with relative standard deviation &lt;20% as determined over 200 analyses. The SPME method was further used to analyze field-contaminated sediment samples. Those analyses showed that the phase distribution of pyrethroids in sediment was influenced by sediment type and other conditions. Our results show that SPME provides a sensitive, reproducible, and practical method for screening sediment toxicity from potential pyrethroid contamination.
Injection Molded Solid and Microcellular Polylactide Compounded with Recycled Paper Shopping Bag Fibers
Authors: Kramschuster A. , Pilla S. , Gong S. , Chandra A. , Turng L.-S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Recycled paper shopping bag fibers were melt-compounded using a batch mixer with biobased/biodegradable polylactide (PLA) at 10 and 30 wt.% using silane as a coupling agent. These PLA/fiber composites were then injection molded to produce both solid and microcellular tensile bars. The mechanical properties (specific modulus, specific tensile strength, specific toughness, and strain at break) of the neat PLA and PLA composites were tested and the cell morphology of the microcellular samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the addition of the recycled paper shopping bag fibers resulted in an increase in cell density and decrease in average cell size for the microcellular components when compared with the neat PLA. The addition of the fibers increased the specific modulus of both solid and microcellular components, and high fiber contents (30 wt.%) resulted in an increase in specific tensile strength, yet yielded a decrease in the strain at break and specific toughness. The storage modulus was also improved with the addition of 10 and 30 wt.% fibers for both solid and microcellular components.
Reduced‐order robust adaptive control design of uncertain SISO linear systems
Authors: Zhao Qingrong , Pan Zigang , Fernandez Emmanuel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a stability and robustness preserving adaptive controller order‐reduction method is developed for a class of uncertain linear systems affected by system and measurement noises. In this method, we immediately start the integrator backstepping procedure of the controller design without first stabilizing a filtered dynamics of the output. This relieves us from generating the reference trajectory for the filtered dynamics of the output and thus reducing the controller order byn, nbeing the dimension of the system state. The stability of the filtered dynamics is indirectly provedviaan existing state signal. The trade‐off for this order reduction is that the worst‐case estimate for the expanded state vector has to be chosen as a suboptimal choice rather than the optimal choice. It is shown that the resulting reduced‐order adaptive controller preserves the stability and robustness properties of the full‐order adaptive controller in disturbance attenuation, boundedness of closed‐loop signals, and output tracking. The proposed order‐reduction scheme is also applied to a class of single‐input single‐output linear systems with partly measured disturbances. Two examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the reduced‐order controller in this paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance study of heptane reforming in the dense ceramic membrane reactors
Authors: Zhu Wenliang , Han Wei , Xiong Guoxing , Yang Weishen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHeptane reforming was investigated in three dense ceramic membrane reactors, where the membranes were modified differently with reforming catalyst. Each reactor displayed distinctive catalytic behavior. The reactor with a bare membrane showed low catalytic activity and low oxygen permeation flux (JO2), but gave stable performance. The left two membranes reactors modified with catalyst both displayed shift processes at the preliminary stage of membrane reaction, not only in JO2 but also in the selectivity of all products. Moreover, the membrane reactor with more catalyst gave higher performance in the case of JO2 and CO selectivity. The observed shift phenomena are due to the activation of catalyst on the membrane surface, and the different amounts of catalyst produce different impaction on the membrane reactions. On the basis of the results in three membrane reactors, a reaction pathway of hydrocarbon reforming in dense ceramic membrane reactor is proposed. Being some different from combustion and reforming mechanism (CRR), hydrocarbon reforming in dense ceramic membrane reactor has its own characteristics. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Hydrogen storage in metal‐organic and covalent‐organic frameworks by spillover
Authors: Li Yingwei , Yang Ralph T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCovalent‐organic framework COF‐1 and metal‐organic frameworks HKUST‐1 and MIL‐101 were synthesized and studied for hydrogen storage at 77 and 298 K. Although MIL‐101 had the largest surface area and pore volume among the three materials, HKUST‐1 had the highest uptake (2.28 wt %) at 77 K. However, the H2 storage capacity at 298 K and high pressure correlated with the surface area and pore volume. The H2 storage in the COF and MOF materials assisted by hydrogen spillover, measured at 298 K up to a pressure of 10 MPa, have been examined for correlations with their structural and surface features for the first time. By using our simple technique to build carbon bridges, the hydrogen uptakes at 298 K were enhanced significantly by a factor of 2.6–3.2. The net uptake by spillover was correlated to the heat of adsorption through the Langmuir constant. Results on water vapor adsorption at 298 K indicated that COF‐1 was unstable in moist air, while HKUST‐1 and MIL‐101 were stable. The results suggested that MIL‐101 could be a promising material for hydrogen storage because of its high heat of adsorption for spiltover hydrogen, large surface area and pore volume, and stability upon H2O adsorption. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Does single umbilical artery (SUA) predict any type of congenital defect? Clinical–epidemiological analysis of a large consecutive series of malformed infants
Authors: Martínez‐Frías María Luisa , Bermejo Eva , Rodríguez‐Pinilla Elvira , Prieto David ,   ECEMC Working Group
Published: November 2007

AbstractMost studies associating different types of malformations with the presence of a single umbilical artery (SUA) are based on small and selected series. Here, we present the results of a study aimed at identifying the most frequent, and the most specific anomalies related to SUA. We analyzed 19,909 consecutive newborn infants with congenital malformations, from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC). To estimate the specificity of the relationship of different congenital defects with SUA, we calculated their relative frequencies (RF) by dividing their frequency in infants with SUA by the corresponding frequency in newborn infants without SUA. Using the different levels of the ECEMC coding system, we calculated the RFs in three steps: (a) a group of individual congenital defects, (b) different groups of malformed infants, and (c) each individual malformation by its clinical presentation in some of the studied groups of malformed infants. The defects most specifically associated with SUA were bilateral renal agenesis and imperforate anus, followed by unilateral renal agenesis, and vertebral defects, the RF of which indicated that they were between 7.99 and 9.93 times more frequent among malformed infants with SUA than among malformed infants without SUA. However, these defects were not as frequent in the group of infants with SUA, as cardiovascular anomalies. Regarding the association of SUA in the groups of malformed infants, the most specific groups were body stalk defects and sirenomelia. Finally, we analyzed the association of the individual defects by different groups of malformed infants in order to identify if the individual defects are associated with SUA in any type of clinical presentation, and in relation to some groups of infants with genetic disorders. The results, together with the embryonic development of the umbilical cord, strongly suggest that not all cases of SUA have the same cause, and that all previously suggested mechanisms may be possible but with different frequencies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zum Verständnis ionischer Flüssigkeiten auf molekularer Ebene: Fakten, Probleme und Kontroversen
Authors: Weingärtner Hermann 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIonische Flüssigkeiten sind organische Salze, die Schmelzpunkte in der Nähe der Raumtemperatur (oder gemäß Konvention unter 100 °C) aufweisen. Ihre einzigartigen Material‐ und Lösungsmitteleigenschaften sowie das Ziel einer nachhaltigen, “grünen” Chemie haben in den letzten Jahren zu einer erstaunlichen Zunahme des Interesses an diesen Salzen geführt. Eine riesige Anzahl von Kationen‐ und Anionenfamilien und unterschiedliche Substitutionen ermöglichen die gezielte Einstellung von Eigenschaften für spezifische Anwendungen. Da es unmöglich ist, auch nur einen geringen Bruchteil der möglichen Kation‐Anion‐Kombinationen experimentell zu untersuchen, ist ein Verständnis ihrer Eigenschaften auf molekularer Ebene unabdingbar. Allerdings wird dies durch die Komplexität ihrer zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungen erschwert, weshalb in der Literatur zahlreiche Kontroversen, Spekulationen und Mythen über angebliche Eigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten zu finden sind. In diesem Aufsatz wird das gegenwärtige Wissen über die molekularen Grundlagen des Verhaltens ionischer Flüssigkeiten diskutiert.
Multiplexmethoden zur Profilierung der MikroRNA‐Expression in biologischen Proben
Authors: Wark Alastair W. , Lee Hye Jin , Corn Robert M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDie Entdeckung kleiner nichtcodierender RNA‐Moleküle (MikroRNAs; miRNAs), die in der Lage sind, die Genexpression zu steuern, hat eine neue Komplexitätsebene bei der Regulation der Zellfunktionen aufgezeigt. Seit einigen Jahren wird nun versucht, die regulatorische Funktion von hunderten bis tausenden von miRNAs zu verstehen, die in pflanzlichen und tierischen Zellen exprimiert werden. Um hier entscheidend weiterzukommen, ist die Entwicklung quantitativer bioanalytischer Verfahren erforderlich, mit denen ein schneller, paralleler Nachweis aller miRNAs in einer bestimmten Zelle oder Gewebeprobe möglich ist. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir einige der neuesten Verfahren zur Hochdurchsatzprofilierung von miRNAs und schildern die besonderen technischen Herausforderungen, die dabei gemeistert werden müssen.
Understanding Ionic Liquids at the Molecular Level: Facts, Problems, and Controversies
Authors: Weingärtner Hermann 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with melting points near room temperature (or by convention below 100 °C). Recently, their unique materials and solvent properties and the growing interest in a sustainable, “green” chemistry has led to an amazing increase in interest in such salts. A huge number of potential cation and anion families and their many substitution patterns allows the desired properties for specific applications to be selected. Because it is impossible to experimentally investigate even a small fraction of the potential cation–anion combinations, a molecular‐based understanding of their properties is crucial. However, the unusual complexity of their intermolecular interactions renders molecular‐based interpretations difficult, and gives rise to many controversies, speculations, and even myths about the properties that ILs allegedly possess. Herein the current knowledge about the molecular foundations of IL behavior is discussed.
An assessment of the use of remote sensing to map habitat features important to sustaining lamprey populations
Authors: Gilvear D.J. , Sutherland P. , Higgins T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This study describes the use of colour aerial photography and Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) multispectral imagery (420–1050 nm) to map gravel‐bed river habitats important to sustaining river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) — an aquatic species with high conservation interest in Europe. The accuracy of the remote sensing approach was assessed by comparing the output from automated mapping of physical habitat features using image analysis and GIS and habitat maps derived from field survey.
Unsupervised classification of the aerial photography and ATM imagery mapped hydraulic habitat such as pools and riffles with overall accuracies of 57% and 65.5% respectively. Submerged sand and silt deposits, which are important to river lamprey ammocoetes could not be identified on the imagery by simple unsupervised or supervised classification. They could be mapped indirectly, however, by association between their presence and morphological attributes such as backwaters and embayments in the bank profile detectable on the imagery. Remotely determining the likely presence and location of lamprey ammocoete habitat can be useful in planning detailed electrofishing campaigns to estimate lamprey densities, to assess conservation status and any change over time, and to determine the need for restoration strategies.
The results suggest that on rivers wider than 20 m without a continuous wooded riparian fringe, and where there is good quality imagery, it is possible to automate mapping of physical habitat features important to many river species with high nature conservation interest. As a result organizations charged with monitoring and conserving river species should consider investing in airborne imagery covering river systems of high conservation value.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of taxa as indicators of river and freshwater wetland quality in the UK
Authors: Everard Mark 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
To assess the efficacy of environmental management policies and practices, there is a progressive transition from monitoring of activities towards assessment of their outcomes for the environment.
Population trends of key taxonomic groups can serve as useful indicators of broader environmental integrity and health. Several necessary and desirable criteria for selecting meaningful and suitable indicators are discussed. The attributes of a range of taxa and survey methods used for their assessment are discussed with reference to these criteria.
Survey methods, data holdings and analytical methods for populations of wild birds at present provide a good basis for developing indicators of the quality of fresh waters at a landscape scale. Other taxa are not necessarily any less appropriate; however, survey design and data representativeness are often limiting factors to the use of other taxa for assessing geographic and temporal trends.
Taxonomic science and ecological monitoring are necessary for determining society' progress with sustainable development and for informing appropriate enhancements to policy and management practice, particularly so for fresh waters.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actual status of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum populations and macroalgal cover in marine protected areas compared to a highly fished area (Canary Islands—eastern Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Hernández José Carlos , Clemente Sabrina , Sangil Carlos , Brito Alberto 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The aim was to determine the status of subtidal rocky benthic assemblages in three marine protected areas (MPAs) of the Canary Islands: (1) La Graciosa; (2) Mar de Las Calmas; (3) La Palma. Sea urchin (Diadema aff. antillarum) populations and non‐crustose macroalgal cover were surveyed, and used as an indicator of conservation status in the three MPAs as well as in a highly fished area (HFA‐Tenerife Island).
Comparing characteristics between each MPA and the HFA, and considering issues of management and design, it was concluded that the three MPAs each have a different conservation status. ‘Mar de Las Calmas’ marine reserve was found to have the most desirable conservation status, followed by ‘La Palma’ marine reserve based on sea urchin populations and non‐crustose macroalgae assemblages.
Conversely, ‘La Graciosa’ had the highest density of D. aff. antillarum and the lowest cover of non‐crustose macroalgae out of the three MPAs. Values were comparable to those at the HFA, which shows ‘La Graciosa’ to have the undesired conservation status.
Different spatial distribution patterns of non‐crustose macroalgal as well as different algal composition cover were observed between the three MPAs and the HFA. These differences were principally attributed to the intensity of grazing activity of the key herbivore D. aff. antillarum. It is suggested that the different study areas correspond to different phase shifts that imply differing resilience of systems that should be taken into a count in future conservation strategies.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double Ester Prodrugs of FR900098 Display Enhanced In‐Vitro Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Wiesner Jochen , Ortmann Regina , Jomaa Hassan , Schlitzer Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFosmidomycin and FR900098 are inhibitors of the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR; IspC), a key enzyme of the mevalonate‐independent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. We have determined the in‐vitro antimalarial activity of two double ester prodrugs 2, 3 in direct comparison with the unmodified FR900098 1 against intraerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Temporarily masking the polar properties of the phosphonate moiety of the DXR inhibitor FR900098 1 enhanced not only its oral bioavailability but also the intrinsic activity of this series against the parasites.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative In‐Vitro Activity of Natural Flavans and Related Compounds
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Wei‐Ge , Ma En‐Long , Wu Lan , Bao Kai , Wang Xiao‐Long , Wang Yu‐Ling , Song Hong‐Rui 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe total synthesis of natural flavan racemates (±) 1, (±) 2 and natural flavones 3, 4 had thus been achieved. A straightforward synthetic procedure of flavans via the Pd‐C catalyzed hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of corresponding flavones was developed. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activities of racemic flavans (±) 1, (±) 2, flavones 3, 4, and five synthetic intermediates toward human SGC‐7901, BEL‐7402, HeLa, and HL‐60 cell lines in vitro were evaluated by MTT assay, and the racemic flavans (±) 1 were found to have significant antiproliferative activity against all four cell lines.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Capacities of Some New Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Ayhan‐Kılcıgil Gülgün , Kus Canan , Özdamar Elçin D. , Can‐Eke Benay , Iscan Mümtaz 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this study, we prepared some new oxadiazolyl benzimidazole derivatives and investigated their antioxidant properties by determination of microsomal NADPH‐dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation levels (LP assay) and microsomal ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase activity (EROD assay). Some of these compounds 20, 23 had slightly inhibitory effects (28%) on the lipid peroxidation levels at 10–3 M concentration lower than standard BHT (65%). 5‐[2‐(Phenyl)‐benzimidazol‐1‐yl‐methyl]‐2‐mercapto‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazole 16 was found to be more active than caffeine on the ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase activity with an IC50 value of 2.0 6 10–4 M.
Synthesis, Antitubercular and Anticancer Activities of Substituted Furyl‐quinazolin‐3(4H)‐ones
Authors: Raghavendra Nulgulmnalli M. , Thampi Parameshwaran , Gurubasavarajaswamy Purvarga M. , Sriram Dharmarajan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSome novel substituted‐3‐{[(1E)‐(substituted‐2‐furyl)‐methylene]amino}quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (5, 6, 7)a–fwere synthesized by a multi‐step process. These synthesized compounds are characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their antitubercular and anticancer activities. Biological activity indicated that some of the title compounds are potent antitubercular and anticancer agents.
γ‐Substituted Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)ester Analogues of Fosmidomycin and FR900098
Authors: Kurz Thomas , Behrendt Christoph , Pein Miriam , Kaula Uwe , Bergmann Bärbel , Walter Rolf D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and in‐vitro antimalarial activity of γ‐substituted bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)ester analogues of the drug candidate fosmidomycin have been investigated. In contrast to the high antimalarial activity of α‐aryl substituted fosmidomycin analogues like α‐phenylfosmidomycin, γ‐substituted derivatives display only weak to moderate activity against the chloroquine‐sensitive strain 3D7 of Plasmodium falciparum.