bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds-mediated Electrochemical Reduction of Alkyl Mesylates
Authors: Senboku Hisanori , Takahashi Megumi , Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Hara Shoji 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of alkyl mesylates was successfully carried out by using an undivided cell equipped with a Pt cathode and an Mg anode in the presence of biphenyl and t-BuOH. The reaction could proceed efficiently under mild conditions to give the corresponding alkanes in moderate to good yields. This procedure could also be applicable to chemoselective reduction of mesylates having functional groups such as epoxide, olefin, acetal, hydroxy, or cyano groups.
Promotion of Laccase Activities of Escherichia coli Cuprous Oxidase, CueO by Deleting the Segment Covering the Substrate Binding Site
Authors: Kurose Shinji , Kataoka Kunishige , Otsuka Kaori , Tsujino Yoshio , Sakurai Takeshi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Total and partial deletions of the region covering the substrate-binding site of the Escherichia coli cuprous oxidase, CueO evidenced that the unique specificity for cuprous ion originates in the steric hindrance to interfere the access of laccase substrates towards the type I Cu site.
Sexual fantasy in paedophile offenders: Can any model explain satisfactorily new findings from a study of Internet and contact sexual offenders?
Authors: Sheldon Kerry , Howitt Dennis 
Published: December 2006

Purpose.There is widespread acceptance that sexual fantasy plays a role in sexual offences but little clarity as the nature of this relationship. This paper seeks to understand better the role of fantasy in offending behaviour through the study of sexual fantasy in Internet child pornography offenders when compared with contact offenders. Differences in the patterns of sexual fantasy associated with the different offender types are explored in order to understand how fantasy content is associated with contact offences with children and desisting from such direct acting out.Methods.Participants were all convicted of child sexual offences and recruited with the help of the probation and prison services. Out of these, 16 were Internet‐only offenders, 25 were contact offenders with no history of Internet offending and 10 were offenders with a mixed contact and Internet offending history. A variety of self‐completion questionnaires including fantasy were completed on an individual basis together with a detailed interview.Results.The most common sexual fantasies were typical adult‐male heterosexual fantasies though a variety of child‐oriented and other fantasies were also common. Contact offenders reported fewer girl‐oriented sexual fantasies although the groups did not differ in terms of terms of boy‐oriented fantasies. There was evidence that confrontational fantasies were commoner among contact offenders than Internet offenders. There are relationships between early sexual experiences and fantasy but peer sexual contacts seemed to be important rather than sexual abuse.Conclusion.Generally, the contact offenders seem to have less sexual fantasy pertinent to their offending than did Internet offenders. Fantasy deficit may be involved in contact offending against children.
Prevalence and Histopathologic Characteristics of Pancreatitis in Cats
Authors: De Cock H. E. V. , Forman M. A. , Farver T. B. , Marks S. L. 
Published: December 2006

Despite the high prevalence of feline pancreatic disease, no detailed description on the histopathologic nature of this disease is currently available in the literature. In this study we characterize the distribution and histopathologic changes commonly found in feline pancreases, correlate the lesions with age and gastrointestinal GI and extra-gastrointestinal disease, and compare the pancreatic lesions in cats with those in humans. The entire pancreas was removed and examined from 115 cats presented for necropsy irrespective of the cause of death. Histologic sections from left limb, right limb, and body were scored for lesions of acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) with a scoring system based on similar systems used in human and veterinary literature. The lesions of CP in cats resemble CP in humans, with fibrosis being more prominent than inflammatory changes. Cystic degeneration gradually increased as other lesions of CP were more prominent. A distinct nodular change of zymogen depletion and acinar cell dysplasia not associated with pancreatitis was prominent in 15.6% of the pancreases. Histologically, AP consisted of neutrophilic inflammation associated with interstitial edema and necrosis of mesenteric fat. An overall prevalence of 67%, and 45% in clinically normal animals, was identified. CP was found in 69 (60.0%) pancreases, and 58 (50.4%) had CP only, with a significant correlation between age and occurrence of CP. There was a statistically significant higher prevalence of CP in the left limb in animals with gastrointestinal disease. AP was present in 18 animals (15.7%) of which 7 animals had AP only (6.1%).
Translation Initiation inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondria: Functional Interactions Among Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein Rsm28p, Initiation Factor 2, Methionyl-tRNA-Formyltransferase and Novel Protein Rmd9p
Authors: Williams Elizabeth H , Butler Christine A , Bonnefoy Nathalie , Fox Thomas D 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRsm28p is a dispensable component of the mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is not related to known proteins found in bacteria. It was identified as a dominant suppressor of certain mitochondrial mutations that reduced translation of the COX2 mRNA. To explore further the function of Rsm28p, we isolated mutations in other genes that caused a synthetic respiratory defective phenotype together with rsm28Δ. These mutations identified three nuclear genes: IFM1, which encodes the mitochondrial translation initiation factor 2 (IF2); FMT1, which encodes the methionyl-tRNA-formyltransferase; and RMD9, a gene of unknown function. The observed genetic interactions strongly suggest that the ribosomal protein Rsm28p and Ifm1p (IF2) have similar and partially overlapping functions in yeast mitochondrial translation initiation. Rmd9p, bearing a TAP-tag, was localized to mitochondria and exhibited roughly equal distribution in soluble and membrane-bound fractions. A small fraction of the Rmd9-TAP sedimented together with presumed monosomes, but not with either individual ribosomal subunit. Thus, Rmd9 is not a ribosomal protein, but may be a novel factor associated with initiating monosomes. The poorly respiring rsm28Δ, rmd9-V363I double mutant did not have a strong translation-defective phenotype, suggesting that Rmd9p may function upstream of translation initiation, perhaps at the level of localization of mitochondrially coded mRNAs.
The Carnegie Protein Trap Library: A Versatile Tool for Drosophila Developmental Studies
Authors: Buszczak Michael , Paterno Shelley , Lighthouse Daniel , Bachman Julia , Planck Jamie , Owen Stephenie , Skora Andrew D , Nystul Todd G , Ohlstein Benjamin , Allen Anna , Wilhelm James E , Murphy Terence D , Levis Robert W , Matunis Erika , Srivali Nahathai , Hoskins Roger A , Spradling Allan C 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMetazoan physiology depends on intricate patterns of gene expression that remain poorly known. Using transposon mutagenesis in Drosophila, we constructed a library of 7404 protein trap and enhancer trap lines, the Carnegie collection, to facilitate gene expression mapping at single-cell resolution. By sequencing the genomic insertion sites, determining splicing patterns downstream of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) exon, and analyzing expression patterns in the ovary and salivary gland, we found that 600–900 different genes are trapped in our collection. A core set of 244 lines trapped different identifiable protein isoforms, while insertions likely to act as GFP-enhancer traps were found in 256 additional genes. At least 8 novel genes were also identified. Our results demonstrate that the Carnegie collection will be useful as a discovery tool in diverse areas of cell and developmental biology and suggest new strategies for greatly increasing the coverage of the Drosophila proteome with protein trap insertions.
Ammonia, pH, and Plankton in Sunshine Bass Nursery Ponds: The Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer or Sodium Bicarbonate
Authors: Ludwig Gerald M , Hobbs Melissa , Perschbacher Peter 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
When sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) fingerling production ponds are filled and fertilized according to recommended practices, high pH and high un-ionized ammonia levels often develop at the time recommended for stocking of 5-d-old fry. These levels often exceed those found to be lethal to sunshine bass. We compared the effects of organic fertilizer only, both organic and inorganic fertilizer, and both organic and inorganic fertilizers with sodium bicarbonate on 0.04-ha culture ponds. Rice bran, the organic fertilizer, was applied at 278 kg/ha during the first week and 55.6 kg/ha during the second week. Liquid 9-27-0 NPK (urea and mono-ammonium phosphate), the inorganic fertilizer, was applied at 48 kg/ha during both weeks. Sodium bicarbonate was applied at 56, 112, or 224 kg/ha. Primary productivity, pH, and the concentrations of ammonia, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and zooplankton were compared among treatments. We include results from the 12-14 d after ponds were filled and fertilized, the period when fry are usually stocked. Sodium bicarbonate application did not reduce (P &gt; 0.05) pH in culture ponds. However, ponds that only received organic fertilizer had pH values that were significantly lower than those of the other treatments on 75% of the experiment days. Chlorophyll-a, total ammonia nitrogen, and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations were also significantly lower in organic-only fertilized ponds than in the other two treatments on most days and were well below sunshine bass fry tolerance limits. For most water chemistry variables tested, use of sodium bicarbonate did not improve water quality. Although total nutrient input was lowest in the organic-only fertilized ponds, the densities of phytoplankton, rotifers, copepod nauplii, copepod adults, and cladocerans were not significantly different from those of other treatments. These results indicate that sodium bicarbonate does not ameliorate high pH; however, use of only organic fertilizer does reduce pH without reducing zooplankton standing crops.
Validation of a Fecal Collection Method for Determination of Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Diets in Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon
Authors: Venero Jesus A , Miles Richard D , Chapman Frank A 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, energy, and crude protein in the diet of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi were determined by two methods, dissection and hand stripping of feces from the lower spiral valve-rectal area of the digestive tract. Hand stripping resulted in ADC values of 58, 69, and 85% and the dissection method resulted in values of 54, 64, and 78% for dietary dry matter, energy, and crude protein, respectively. No significant differences in the ADC values obtained between the two methods were observed. Gulf of Mexico sturgeon are protected in the Gulf Coast region of the United States and listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The hand stripping method is recommended over dissection for Gulf of Mexico sturgeon since it is an accurate and reliable procedure that does not require killing the fish.
Disease Susceptibility of Hatchery Snake River Spring–Summer Chinook Salmon with Different Juvenile Migration Histories in the Columbia River
Authors: Arkoosh Mary R. , Kagley Anna N. , Anulacion Bernadita F. , Boylen Deborah A. , Sandford Benjamin P. , Loge Frank J. , Johnson Lyndal L. , Collier Tracy K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Various methods have been developed to mitigate the effects of dams on juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. migrating to the Pacific Ocean through the Columbia River basin. In this study, we examined the health of hatchery Snake River spring and summer Chinook salmon relative to two mitigating strategies: dam bypass and transportation (e.g., barging). The health of out-migrants was assessed in terms of the difference in the incidence of mortality among fish, categorically grouped into no-bypass, bypass, and transportation life histories, in response to challenge with the marine pathogen Listonella anguillarum during seawater holding. These three life histories were defined as follows: (1) fish that were not detected at any of the juvenile bypass systems above Bonneville Dam were classified as having a no-bypass life history; (2) fish that were detected at one or more juvenile bypass systems above Bonneville Dam were classified as having a bypass life history; and (3) fish that were barged were classified as having the transportation life history. Barged fish were found to be less susceptible to L. anguillarum than in-river fish—whether bypassed or not—which suggests that transportation may help mitigate the adverse health effects of the hydropower system of the Columbia River basin on Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon. The findings of this study are not necessarily transferable to other out-migrant stocks in the Columbia River basin, given that only one evolutionarily significant unit, that is, Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon, was used in this study.
Tumor Prevalence in Mummichogs from the Delaware Estuary Watershed
Authors: Pinkney Alfred E. , Harshbarger John C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus were collected in 2002–2004 from six locations within the Delaware Estuary watershed and examined histopathologically. The objective was to compare the prevalence of skin and liver tumors in fish from locations with a range of sediment polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on available data. Fish were collected from (1) three locations within the industrialized Christina River subwatershed (Hershey Run, Newport Marsh (upriver and downriver)); (2) one location in the Motiva Enterprises refinery discharge canal to the Delaware River; (3) one location in the St. Jones River; and (4) one location in Blackbird Creek. Adult mummichogs (≥70 mm; n = 21–30 fish per location) were seined and held for necropsy. No neoplastic skin lesions were diagnosed in any fish. No liver tumors were diagnosed in the St. Jones, Motiva, Newport Marsh upriver, or Newport Marsh downriver collections. One of 30 Blackbird Creek mummichogs had foci of hepatocellular alteration (a putative preneoplastic lesion) and one had hepatocellular carcinoma. There was a significant difference in hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence in Hershey Run mummichogs in 2002 (9 of 21 fish, or 43%) and in 2003 (3 of 29 fish, or 10%) compared with all other locations pooled (1 of 145 fish, or 0.7%). Hershey Run is contaminated with creosote from an adjacent Superfund site, where sediments were frequently reported to have total PAH concentrations greater than 100 mg of total PAH/kg and a maximum of 13,300 mg/kg. No other locations had reports of total PAHs higher than 11 mg/kg. In conclusion, liver neoplasia was associated with exposure to sediment containing high concentrations of PAHs derived from creosote. Studies that include tumor prevalence, biomarkers (e.g., DNA adducts and PAH metabolites in bile), and sediment and/or tissue chemistry are recommended to develop a weight of evidence for specific chemical classes.
Laboratory and Hatchery-Scale Evaluation of Sand Filters and Their Efficacy at Controlling Whirling Disease Infection
Authors: Arndt Ronney E. , Wagner Eric J. , Bobo Charles , John Thomas St 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In two separate tests rapid sand filtration was evaluated as a means of removing the waterborne triactinomyxon actinospores (TAMs) of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease, from contaminated water. In the first test we independently evaluated two sizes of sandblast sands: #4010 (effective size, (ES) = 250 μm) and #4060 (ES = 300 μm). The product number relates to the sand's size composition, and each had a different effective size. Effective size is defined by that size fraction at which only 10% of smaller particles remain. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were stocked into two separate systems with filters containing either one or the other size of sand, and TAMs were added to each system three times per week for all but the final 2 weeks of the 16-week test. A positive control (in which fish were exposed to the same number of TAMs without filtration) and a negative control (in which fish were not exposed to TAMs) were also included. Infection quantified by the pepsin−trypsin digest method showed no infection in fish from the two filter treatments. The average myxospore load among the positive controls was over 90,000 spores per fish head. In a final test, a nonreplicated comparison of filtration systems was conducted. The three systems used were as follows: (1) a drum filter in line with a UV filter, (2) a media filter followed by an ultraviolet (UV) unit, and (3) a sand filter containing three layers of sand. Water contaminated with TAMS was run through each filtration system, as well as through a positive control system, to raceways containing rainbow trout. Both of the dual-component commercial systems were 100% effective at preventing infection; the sand filter was 92% effective.
An Isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from White Seabass is Fully Virulent for Coho Salmon
Authors: House M. L. , Hedrick R. P. , Winton J. R. , Fryer J. L. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The virulence of the WSB-98 isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from white seabass Atractoscion nobilis was compared with that of the American Type Culture Collection type strain LF-89, which was originally isolated from coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile. In controlled laboratory challenges of juvenile coho salmon, the isolate from white seabass exhibited virulence that was equal to or greater than that of LF-89. The cumulative percent mortality (CPM) was similar between groups of coho salmon receiving an intraperitoneal injection of WSB-98 at 104.5 tissue culture infectious dose with 50% endpoint (TCID50)/fish (CPM = 98%) or an injection of LF-89 at 104.8 TCID50/fish (CPM = 95%). The mean day to death of 9.3 d for WSB-98 and 18.6 d for LF-89, however, differed significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) between the two isolates. The virulence of an isolate of P. salmonis from white seabass for a salmonid species is consistent with the hypothesis that nonsalmonids can serve as natural marine hosts for the bacterium and potential sources for infection of salmonids.
Histopathological Examination of Wild American Eels Infected with Anguillicola crassus
Authors: Sokolowski Mark S. , Dove Alistair D. M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We describe for the first time the histopathology caused in wild American eels Anguilla rostrata by the introduced nematode Anguillicola crassus. All of the American eels examined showed signs of previous or ongoing infections with A. crassus. Gross observations included opacity of the normally translucent swim bladder and dilation of blood vessels. The swim bladders of infected American eels showed focal, multifocal, and diffuse histological changes. Consistently observed pathologies included abnormal papillose appearance of the mucosa; hyperplasia of the lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa; edema of the mucosa and muscularis mucosa; dilation of the blood vessels; and damage in the submucosa caused by migrating A. crassus L3 and L4 larvae. Less-common pathologies included fibrosis and lymphocytic aggregates around L3 and L4 larvae in the submucosa; destruction of the mucosa, which in some cases completely exposed the mucosal blood vessels; L2 larval penetration of the tissues of the swim bladder; bacterial infections in the submucosa and muscularis mucosa; and migration of an L4 larva through the rete mirabile.
Enteral Glutamine Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients with Burn Injuries: A Retrospective Case‐Control Evaluation
Authors: Juang Paul , Fish Douglas N. , Jung Rose , MacLaren Robert 
Published: December 2006

Study Objectives. To evaluate the clinical application of enteral glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients and compare the frequency of nosocomial infections in these patients with a historical control group in a burn intensive care unit (BICU), and to assess lengths of stay in the hospital and BICU, mortality rates, and safety profile of glutamine.Design. Retrospective case‐control descriptive study.Setting. A university‐affiliated hospital BICU.Patients. Seventeen patients receiving enteral glutamine supplementation and 15 historical control patients who were admitted to the BICU for thermal burn injuries from January 1, 2001‐September 30, 2004.Measurements and Main Results. Data for patients receiving enteral glutamine supplementation were identified through the pharmacy database, and data for the control patients were identified through the BICU patient registry. No significant differences were noted in baseline characteristics or nutritional parameters and outcomes between the two groups. The mean daily dose and duration of glutamine were 0.52 g/kg and 21.6 days, respectively. The mean number of infections/patient between the glutamine and control groups was similar (2.47 and 2.73, respectively) as was the number of gram‐negative infections (1.29 and 1.20, respectively). Bloodstream infections occurred more frequently in the glutamine group (24 vs 8 patients, p=0.0006); however, cellulitis (4 vs 11, p=0.05) and pneumonia (9 vs 15, p=0.15) occurred less often. For the glutamine group versus control group, BICU length of stay (17.9 vs 15.3 days, p=NS), hospital length of stay (32.3 vs 26 days, p=NS), and mortality rates (0% vs 6.7%, p=NS) were similar between groups. No adverse events were attributed to glutamine supplementation.Conclusion. Enteral glutamine supplementation was not associated with a change in the cumulative rate of infectious complications compared with the control group, but this was attributed to more cases of bloodstream infections and fewer cases of pneumonia and cellulitis in the glutamine group. Large, prospective, randomized trials designed to detect small but clinically relevant outcomes are needed to definitively determine the effect of enteral glutamine supplementation in the BICU population.