bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La définition des « bons sentiments » en question
Authors: Korichi Mériam 
Published: March 2009

Cet article interroge un fait de langage : l’emploi de l’expression de « bons sentiments » impliquant un sens critique et une attitude de rejet. La généralisation de cet usage est ici mise en évidence. De Louis Althusser se méfiant de la pensée « camusienne » à la mise en garde de Pierre Nora contre l’empire des bons sentiments au détriment de la vertu, les rangs de la critique publique des émotions se sont étoffés. Quelles sont les motivations d’une telle attitude critique ? Quels en sont les effets ? Dans la mesure où l’emploi critique de l’expression de « bons sentiments » paraît manifester une méconnaissance de la nature des phénomènes affectifs, la question soulevée ici en dernière instance consiste à se demander si nous ne sommes pas confrontés à un cas de déférence langagière sans expertise, situation qui interpelle les compétences d’analyse logique et de définition conceptuelle de la philosophie.
La création du Monde : La philosophie entre art et science
Authors: Lopez Victor 
Published: March 2009

La philosophie contemporaine est tiraillée entre deux pôles apparemment inconciliables, que sont la littérature et les sciences dures. Une possibilité de réconciliation et de fusion est pourtant envisageable en remontant à Descartes, qui ne voit pas, dans son traité du Monde, de discontinuité entre philosophie et science et qui utilise la fable et la fiction pour exposer une vérité scientifique universelle. Or, cette vérité est exposée par des moyens (la déréalisation expérimentale du monde, la géométrisation de l’espace, la force d’un esprit qui s’exprime par un « je », l’analogie, qui permet d’expliquer l’homme) qui sont aussi ceux qu’emploient des artistes modernes comme Marcel Proust et Stanley Kubrick. En confrontant le Monde de Descartes à À la recherche du temps perdu de Proust et à 2001 : l’Odyssée de l’espace de Kubrick et de Clarke, il est possible de montrer la fraternité des œuvres malgré leurs différences d’époques, de styles et de buts et de souligner l’unité de leur prétention à la vérité, qu’elle soit scientifique, artistique ou philosophique. Les différences entre les disciplines fusionnent dans les œuvres, qui ont toujours pour finalité de refaire le réel à l’image de l’entendement humain, pour mieux pouvoir l’expliquer.
Bolzano : objectivité sémantique et subjectivité de la perception
Authors: Mansour Goufrane 
Published: March 2009

De la pensée de Bolzano, l’objectivisme sémantique est certainement l’aspect le plus largement commenté. Mais son œuvre maîtresse, la Wissenschaftslehre, comprend aussi bien la version la plus aboutie de cet objectivisme qu’une partie proprement épistémologique, la « Théorie de la Connaissance ». Si l’épistémologie bolzanienne repose sur la désubjectivation des éléments de la connaissance, la théorie de la perception présente dans cette Wissenschaftslehre prête au sujet connaissant un rôle actif dans l’élaboration du réel perceptif.
De quel concept de fonction la philosophie de la médecine peut-elle avoir besoin ?
Authors: Forest Denis 
Published: March 2009

De quel concept de fonction la philosophie de la médecine peut-elle avoir besoin ? La théorie étiologique définit les fonctions biologiques en faisant référence à l'action passée de la sélection naturelle. Elle peut ainsi permettre de définir les pathologies comme des dysfonctionnements : il y a pathologie lorsqu?un composant x de l'organisme ne fait plus ce qu?il est censé faire et qui a conduit à le retenir dans le passé de l'histoire évolutive. On peut distinguer trois problèmes qui attendent les partisans de cette solution. Le premier est celui de la conciliation entre deux visées différentes : la théorie de l'évolution peut-elle à la fois contribuer à l'explication du fait récurrent de la maladie (ce que vise une « médecine darwinienne ») et permettre une démarcation entre normal et pathologique ? Le second problème est celui des exceptions : en certains cas, une incapacité acquise a bien valeur de pathologie, mais la présence de la capacité correspondante ne s?explique pas par la sélection, ce qui ôte à la proposition initiale son caractère de nécessité conceptuelle. Enfin, la réalisation d?un trait peut être à la fois atypique et adaptative, ce qui fragilise la notion de normalité biologique impliquée par la théorie étiologique. Ces problèmes sont sérieux et l'article examine pour conclure si un autre concept de fonction, le concept systémique, ne pourrait pas mieux convenir moyennant quelques ajustements, à la philosophie de la médecine.
Faire désemprise : à propos d'un travail groupal avec des adolescents cérébro-lésés et de ses effets paradoxaux
Authors: Toubert-Duffort Danièle , Ferveur Christophe 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Pour se construire/reconstruire face à la lésion cérébrale qui les a affectés les adolescents cérébro-lésés dont il est question dans cette contribution vont devoir constituer/reconstituer une autonomie de pensée et des ressources narcissiques suffisantes. Dans cette élaboration l’apport du scolaire n’est pas négligeable, mais il est souvent lui-même aux prises avec le contrôle hospitalier. Les deux auteurs de cette contribution ont mis en place un dispositif groupal d’expression pour les adolescents concernés : il s’est agi de les soutenir dans le travail psychique qui est le leur. C’est-à-dire aussi, comme on le découvre progressivement, de les aider à s’« armer », face aux risques de désubjectivation liés au soin.
Results From a Hindcast Study of the Ocean Circulation Africa
Authors: Evensen Geir 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper presents results from a circulation model for the west Africancoast. The model covers all of the southern Atlantic but has enhancedresolution along the west African coast and in particular in the Angola Basinand Gulf of Guinea. An 11 year hind cast run was performed from 1986 to 1996using synoptic forcing fields. This simulation has produced a large amount ofdata which has been analyzed and intercompared with results in the openliterature, and a validation has been carried out using current meter data fromseveral locations off the west coast of Africa.

Introduction
The oceanic processes along the western coast of Africa are strongly influencedby the Equatorial current system. The Northern Equatorial Counter Current(NECC) which continues as the Guinea Current (GC) induces strong currents andupwelling along the Ivory Coast. The Benguela Current (BC) originates from thedynamically active Benguela upwelling zone and propagates Northwards along thecoast until it separates and feeds into the Southern Equatorial Current (SEC). The Equatorial undercurrents affect the characteristics of water masses alongthe west African coast, where they also feed poleward undercurrents.
Thus, to have a realistic model for the circulation along the west coast of Africa which can be integrated for many years without being influenced by poorspecification of open boundary conditions, one either has to use a rather largedomain or alternatively nest a high resolution coastal model into a large scale South Atlantic model. The approach taken here is to apply a "global"South Atlantic model with variable grid resolution which is enhanced along thewest African coast. This allows for high resolution coastal modeling studieswithout having to specify open boundary conditions for a regional model. Theopen boundaries can be moved far enough away to not influence the particularregion of interest.
In the next Section the general model setup is discussed. Thereafter a fewexamples from the model results will be shown, and finally some results from astatistical validation will be presented.

Model setup
The physical model to be used is based on the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) which is an isopycnic dynamic-thermodynamic ocean generalcirculation model developed by Bleck and coworkers1,2,3,4. In thevertical, MICOM uses potential density as the coordinate. This can clearly bedone since the stratification is a monotone function of depth, thus changing todensity as a coordinate, does not involve any assumptions or simplifications. The advantage of using density surfaces as a coordinate is evident since theeddy mixing in the ocean is mainly along neutral surfaces, or approximatelysurfaces of constant density. The cross isopycnal mixing is orders of magnitudelower5 and can in most model experiments be neglected (except forlong term climate simulations). This leads to a formalism where the ocean isdivided into a number of layers each having a density which is constant in timeand increasing with depth.
Measuring the Bathymetry of Shallow Seas Using Radar Imagery From Satellite and Aircraft
Authors: de Valk C.F. , Wensink G.J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Under the appropriate conditions, satellite or aircraft radar images overshallow seas show features of the seabed. These conditions are a reasonablystrong current, a moderate wind speed, a stable atmosphere and a well-mixedwater column. The underlying mechanism is that depth variations inducevariations in the tidal current, which affect the surface waves and thereforeradar backscatter. Use of radar images to map the seabed topography is nottrivial, as the image brightness pattern depends on current direction, wind-wave direction and the orientation of the topographic features to becharted.
ARGOSS has developed techniques for mapping of the seabed that use radar imagesas the primary data source and a limited number of sounding data forcalibration. The most recent version of this mapping software, BAS2D, incorporates a comprehensive model of the physical mechanisms involved. Potential advantages of the technique are that fewer sounding data are neededto obtain charts with the same degree of detail and accuracy, and possibly alsothat charts can be updated more frequently without requiring more frequentship-borne surveys.
The BAS2D software is currently being tested on both satellite imagery andairborne imagery in differnt radar wavelength bands. Tests of the method on L-and C-band aircraft imagery planned for last year were postponed due toproblems with data acquisition, but they will be completed in the course ofthis year.
This paper discusses case studies carried out using C-band radar imagery fromthe ERS-2 satellite at two sites in the North Sea.
One is the Plaatgat area near a tidal inlet between the islands of Ameland andSchiermonnikoog in the north of the Netherlands, and the other in the FlemishBanks of the coast of Belgium. The morphology and the hydraulic regime of thesesites are very different. The dominant seabed features in the Plaatgat area aredeep curved tidal channels and shoals. BAS2D has been used to produce maps of a3 km × 3 km area with a resolution of 50 m × 50 m which were compared withsoundings along tracks at 200 m intervals from Rijkswaterstaat. The FlemishBanks test area is characterised by large banks almost parallel to thecoastline with on top of these short steep sand waves with wavelengths about200 m. A small area of 1.5 km by 1.5 km of the Kwintebank was charted with aresolution of 25 m × 25 m using a SAR image as well as sounding data from WWK(Administration of Water Infrastructure and Sea Affairs) in Belgium.

Methods
Under favourable meteorological and hydrodynamic conditions (moderate winds of3 to 10 m/s, a neutrally stable atmosphere and moderate tidal currents of about0.5 m/s), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery shows features of the bottomtopography of shallow seas (Alpers and Hennings 1984).
Enabling Enhancements of Riser VIV Design Techniques Through Detailed Interpretation of Test Results for VIV Suppression Devices
Authors: Spencer Don , Leverette Steve , Masters Rodney , Quinn Ronan , Schaudt Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the developments and key findings of a comprehensive test program executed by AIMS International, Inc. to predict the effectiveness of various Vortex-Induced-Vibration (VIV) suppression devices for riser systems. In addition, the test results were fully integrated into a widely-used riser analysis numerical code, whereby the suppression characteristics of the test devices were compared with standard design practices for a typical riser concept.
This paper will discuss the (1) extensive testing of conventional and ROV deployable VIV suppression systems; (2) development of stable, low-drag fairing designs that are not subject to galloping; (3) implementation of these systems in the empirical models such as SHEAR7 and; (4) evaluation of the impact of such suppression devices.

Introduction
The search for, and production of, hydrocarbon has been relentlessly moving into deeper and deeper water. In the Gulf of Mexico where much of this deep water activity has been pioneered, slender and flexible components are used to moor floating platforms or to transport fluids to and from the seabed. The Loop Current and its associated eddies interact with these relatively bluff bodies causing the shedding of von Karmen vortices. Under certain conditions, the interaction of the vortices with the body produces VIV. This phenomenon can significantly increase the drag of the body and the vibration can lead to shortened life through fatigue. In the Gulf of Mexico, the problem is compounded by several factors: as production moves into deeper water the Loop Current and its associated eddies become stronger and more prevalent, the risers need more external buoyancy to support their weight hence their diameter increases and, of course, the risers are longer. All of these factors contribute to the overall drag of the riser or drill string and must be carried by the floating platform and its mooring or positioning system.
The Heme Oxygenase-1/Carbon Monoxide Pathway Suppresses TLR4 Signaling by Regulating the Interaction of TLR4 with Caveolin-1
Authors: Wang Xiao Mei , Kim Hong Pyo , Nakahira Kiichi , Ryter Stefan W. , Choi Augustine M. K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Caveolin-1 (cav-1), the principle structural protein of plasmalemmal caveolae, regulates inflammatory signaling processes originating at the membrane. We show that cav-1 bound to TLR4 and inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) production in murine macrophages. Mutation analysis revealed a cav-1 binding motif in TLR4, essential for this interaction and for attenuation of proinflammatory signaling. Cav-1 was required for the anti-inflammatory effects of carbon monoxide (CO), a product of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity. CO augmented the cav-1/TLR4 interaction. Upon LPS stimulation, HO-1 trafficked to the caveolae by a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism, where it down-regulated proinflammatory signaling. These results reveal an anti-inflammatory network involving cav-1 and HO-1.
Cutting Edge: The PTPN22 Allelic Variant Associated with Autoimmunity Impairs B Cell Signaling
Authors: Arechiga Adrian F. , Habib Tania , He Yantao , Zhang Xian , Zhang Zhong-Yin , Funk Andrew , Buckner Jane H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
PTPN22 is a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp. A missense mutation changing residue 1858 from cytosine to thymidine (1858C/T) is associated with multiple autoimmune disorders. Studies have demonstrated that Lyp has an inhibitory effect on TCR signaling; however, the presence of autoantibodies in all of the diseases associated with the 1858T variant and recent evidence that Ca2+ flux is altered in B cells of 1858T carriers indicate a role for Lyp in B cell signaling. In this study we show that B cell signal transduction is impaired in individuals who express the variant. This defect in signaling is characterized by a deficit in proliferation, a decrease in phosphorylation of key signaling proteins, and is reversed by inhibition of Lyp. These findings suggest that the PTPN22 1858T variant alters BCR signaling and implicate B cells in the mechanism by which the PTPN22 1858T variant contributes to autoimmunity.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Modulates Trophoblast Cytokine/Chemokine Production
Authors: de la Torre Eugenia , Mulla Melissa J. , Yu Andrew G. , Lee Seung-Joon , Kavathas Paula B. , Abrahams Vikki M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
It is well established that intrauterine infections can pose a threat to pregnancy by gaining access to the placenta and fetus, and clinical studies have strongly linked bacterial infections with preterm labor. Although Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) can infect the placenta and decidua, little is known about its effects on trophoblast cell immune function. We have demonstrated that Ct infects trophoblast cells to form inclusions and completes the life cycle within these cells by generating infectious elementary bodies. Moreover, infection with Ct leads to differential modulation of the trophoblast cell’s production of cytokines and chemokines. Using two human first trimester trophoblast cell lines, Sw.71 and H8, the most striking feature we found was that Ct infection results in a strong induction of IL-1β secretion and a concomitant reduction in MCP-1 (CCL2) production in both cell lines. In addition, we have found that Ct infection of the trophoblast results in the cleavage and degradation of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that the effect of a Chlamydia infection on trophoblast secretion of chemokines and cytokines involves both activation of innate immune receptors expressed by the trophoblast and virulence factors secreted into the trophoblast by the bacteria. Such altered trophoblast innate immune responses may have a profound impact on the microenvironment of the maternal-fetal interface and this could influence pregnancy outcome.
TLR-9 Activation Aggravates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis via Promoting Accumulation and Activation of Liver CD4+ NKT Cells
Authors: Jiang Wei , Sun Rui , Zhou Rongbin , Wei Haiming , Tian Zhigang 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that TLRs are involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we found that treatment with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) promoted the accumulation and activation of murine hepatic NKT cells. Additional experiments showed that CpG-ODN preferred to act on CD4+ NKT cells, while having less effect on CD4− NKT cells. The effect of CpG-ODN on liver NKT cells depended on the presence of Kupffer cells and IL-12. Meanwhile, CpG-ODN pretreatment aggravated liver injury and promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines in a Con A-induced fulminant hepatitis model via TLR9 activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TLR9 stimulation prefers to promote the accumulation and activation of hepatic CD4+ NKT cells and suggest that TLR9 signaling might be involved in the pathogenesis of human hepatitis.
MHC Class I/Peptide Transfer between Dendritic Cells Overcomes Poor Cross-Presentation by Monocyte-Derived APCs That Engulf Dying Cells
Authors: Qu Chunfeng , Nguyen Van Anh , Merad Miriam , Randolph Gwendalyn J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In vivo data suggest that monocytes participate critically in cross-presentation, but other data suggest that lymph node resident dendritic cells (DCs) mainly cross-present. Here, we utilized a three-dimensional model of a blood vessel wall that endogenously supports DC development from human monocytes, and we incorporated dying autologous cells in the subendothelial matrix of the model. Flu-infected dying cells promoted monocytes to become mature DCs and cross-present cell-associated Ags for the activation of CTLs. Similar responses were induced by loading the dying cells with the TLR7/8 ligand ssRNA, whereas dying cells loaded with TLR3 ligand were less efficient. Monocyte-derived DCs that developed in this model cross-presented Ag to T cells efficiently regardless of whether they engulfed detectable amounts of labeled dying cells. Unexpectedly, the monocyte-derived cells that directly engulfed dying cells in vitro were not the major APCs stimulating CD8+ lymphocytes. Instead, bystander DCs acquired more robust capacity to cross-prime through receipt of MHC class I/peptide from the phagocytic, monocyte-derived cells. In mice, lymph node-homing monocyte-derived DCs processed Ags from engulfed cells and then transferred MHC class I/peptide complexes to confer cross-priming capacity to MHC class I-deficient lymph node resident CD8α+ DCs. Thus, natural or synthetic TLR7/8 agonists contained within dying cells promote the conversion of monocytes to DCs with capacity for cross-presentation and for “cross-dressing” other DCs. These data reveal a way in which migratory monocyte-derived DCs and other DCs, like lymph node resident DCs, both mediate cross-presentation.
Tc17, a Unique Subset of CD8 T Cells That Can Protect against Lethal Influenza Challenge
Authors: Hamada Hiromasa , Garcia-Hernandez Maria de la Luz , Reome Joyce B. , Misra Sara K. , Strutt Tara M. , McKinstry Kai K. , Cooper Andrea M. , Swain Susan L. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We show here that IL-17-secreting CD4 T (Th)17 and CD8 T (Tc)17 effector cells are found in the lung following primary challenge with influenza A and that blocking Ab to IL-17 increases weight loss and reduces survival. Tc17 effectors can be generated in vitro using naive CD8 T cells from OT-I TCR-transgenic mice. T cell numbers expand 20-fold and a majority secretes IL-17, but little IFN-γ. Many of the IL-17-secreting cells also secrete TNF and some secrete IL-2. Tc17 are negative for granzyme B, perforin message, and cytolytic activity, in contrast to Tc1 effectors. Tc17 populations express message for orphan nuclear receptor γt and FoxP3, but are negative for T-bet and GATA-3 transcription factors. The FoxP3-positive, IL-17-secreting and IFN-γ-secreting cells represent three separate populations. The IFN-γ-, granzyme B-, FoxP3-positive cells and cells positive for IL-22 come mainly from memory cells and decrease in number when generated from CD44low rather than unselected CD8 T cells. Cells of this unique subset of CD8 effector T cells expand greatly after transfer to naive recipients following challenge and can protect them against lethal influenza infection. Tc17 protection is accompanied by greater neutrophil influx into the lung than in Tc1-injected mice, and the protection afforded by Tc17 effectors is less perforin but more IFN-γ dependent, implying that different mechanisms are involved.