bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Future of the International System
Authors: Galtung Johan 
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to present an image of a likely development of the international system in the rest of this century. This is not a prediction in the same sense as in the natural sciences since trends existing today obviously may be counteracted. But the effort is made to see where the trends in the world today are most likely, according to the author, to lead the world. Some possible political initiatives that may arise to reinforce or stop some of these trends are also indicated. For this purpose a distinction is made between a society, which is held to be a self-sufficient unit that would remain essentially the same if the rest of the world were removed, and a nation-state which is a political unit based on geographical continuity. Four types of societies are distinguished: the primitive, traditional, modern, and neo-modern societies, differing in level of agricultural productivity and percentage of population working in the tertiary sector. The world is then divided into nation-states too small for the societies, and nation-states too big for the societies within them: a distinction similar to the distinction between developed and developing countries. The author predicts that the first type of nation will penetrate so deeply into each other that the nation-states will wither away and that national loyalty will be more and more superseded with sub-, cross-, trans- and supra-national identities. A tightly integrated region from Alaska to Japan is envisaged. For the second type of societies growing nationalism is predicted as the primitive and social segments become increasingly modern and coincide in size with the nation-state. For the relation between the two types of societies it is predicted that the neomodern nations will try to take them one at a time, and that this will be so much resented that the poorer nations will unite to form increasingly effective trade-unions of poor nations. Further, they will bargain with the rich nations for better prices for their commodities treatening with delivery strikes, and also bargain for welfare world policies with taxation of nations and redistribution. If this does not succeed, the possibility of major wars is seen as very likely.
On the Structure of Foreign News
Authors: Smith Raymond F. 
Published: March 2007

A set of hypotheses on the structure of foreign news, which had been presented by Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, is tested empirically by comparing New York Times' coverage of Sino-Indian relations in 1962 with the 'actual' relations of the two countries as reflected in their official correspondence, published by the Indian government in a series of White Papers. Four of the six hypotheses tested are confirmed. It is found that international relations, according to the newspaper, is comprised as predicted of a series of simple, discrete. and dramatic events, whose nature is such as to tend to confirm our expectations of what will happen. On the other hand, predictions that the newspaper would over-select events which are rare or unexpected, and overemphasize events which are more negative in their consequences, were not confirmed. Since the New York Times is generally considered one of the world's most complete and factual newspapers, these findings probably apply with even greater force to most other news papers in the world. Therefore, in reporting international news, newspapers should place more emphasis on background material, on complex and ambiguous events, and on dissonant events. Although Galtung and Ruge had only hypothesized, rather than demonstrated, the existence of the twelve factors influencing news selection discussed in their paper, this study seems to confirm that most, it not all, of the factors do exist and do exert a distorting effect on the news selection process.
The Contribution of International Law to Peace Research
Authors: Kewenig Wilhelm 
Published: March 2007

Successful interdisciplinary cooperation in the area of peace research requires the reduction of prejudices and the joint recognition and analysis of the specific problems of each of the disciplines involved. An attempt has been made here to touch on some of the most important problems of inter national law and the study of international law. The scope of these problems reaches, as far as international law as such is concerned, from the question of its basis, which is more and more dif ficult to answer, to the many and varied concep tions of an ideal, desirable world order. In the science of international law, the range is from an antitheoretical pragmatism to the real and con ceptual difficulties in developing rules and pro cedures for peaceful change. Only when these and other difficulties are recognized, and when it is accepted that the study of international law is and must remain a normative science, and that the maintenance of the 'negative' peace is a valid objective, even an indispensable requirement for all further endeavors to improve the condition of international rela tions, will fruitful cooperation with other disciplines be possible in the area of future peace research.
The Counterforce Potential of American SLBM Systems
Authors: Ball Desmond J. 
Published: March 2007

SLBM systems have traditionally been seen as counter-value weapons systems, ideally suited to the support of mutual assured destruction and hence of greater international stability. It is the primary contention of this paper that several quite discrete developments are pro viding SLBM systems with a potential, at least under some circumstances, for significant counterforce strategic operations. These developments are partly technical (a combination of improved ballistic missile inertial guidance systems, MIRVing, and increases in the naviga tional accuracy of the FBM submarines), partly strategic, and partly bureaucratic-political. These developments necessitate a re-thinking of much of the conventional wisdom on the role of SLBM systems in the American strategic nuclear posture, and of the implications of these systems for arms control.
Towards a Multilateral Aviation Treaty
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter 
Published: March 2007

How does one organize international interaction patterns which will serve to strengthen a peaceful and just international order? This is the central question of this paper which focuses on one particular type of interaction: international aviation. Starting from the five 'global values' of welfare, peace, justice, pluralism, and ecological balance, some consequences for interaction patterns are derived. The history and present state of aviation are discussed briefly in terms of network parameters (integration, centralization, polarization), network utilization (multiple users or a unitary user), allocation of services (laissez-faire vs. 'public utility'), distribution of income (traffic originator takes all or carrier takes all or some kind of sharing), and finally decision-making (single-country, bilateral, multilateral). Aviation is characterized by increasing integration, high (but somewhat decreasing) centraliza tion and periodic local polarization of the network, duplicating services allocated on the basis of regulated competition, very limited income sharing, and largely bilateral decisionmaking. Aviation services are very unequally distributed (within and between countries) and no 'limit to growth' has been formulated by the industry. A movement towards less centralization and higher international equality in network definition, industry participation etc., is seen as desirable. A multilateral aviation system is seen as the system most suited to steering aviation in the direction of the postulated values. While there was considerable interest in multi lateralism during and just after WW II, interest has waned since then. As a preliminary step, it is suggested that ICAO sets up a computer model for a simulated aviation system, based on a multilateral treaty. This 'simulated network' could be used as a standard for reporting on current trends in aviation.
A Counterforce/Countervalue Scenario- or How Much Destructive Capability is Enough?
Authors: Lutz Dieter S. 
Published: March 2007

Military forces and weapon systems - unless they are determined only for political reasons or internally di rected - must be capable of being reduced to a military relationship between on the one hand alternative tar get options and on the other hand the capability they have to threaten or destroy. This applies to the Theatre Nuclear Forces as well as to the NATO decision of December 1979. Consequently, the question of the necessity for reactive armament - in German language the so-called "Nachrüstung" - can also be investigated by a comparison between (already) existing potential, enemy first strike and/or defence capabilities and alternative target options. To make the question more real by ap plying it to NATO's decision concerning reactive armament in the area of Long Range Theatre Nuclear For ces (LRTNF), we should ask: Without the planned increase in Euro-strategic systems, is NATO faced with the situation of an "atomic deterrent deficit", and conversely does the prospect exist for WTO of a nuclear offensive war with a calculable risk and acceptable consequences?
Economic And Monetary Union in A Multi-Tier Europe
Authors: Arrowsmith John 
Published: March 2007

It is now looking increasingly plausible that, at some point between the middle of 1997 and the beginning of 1999, a number of EC Member States (perhaps even a majority) will move to the final stage of Economic and Monetary Union. The macro economic consequences of EMU and the costs and benefits ofparticipating are already the subject ofactive and extensive academic analysis. Very little attention has so far been given to the question of how a two-tier EMU, with only some EC countries prticipating in Stage 3, would function and what implications there might be for those remaining in Stage 2.The purpose of this Note is to highlight some of these issues, which will need to be studied and understood in much greater depth before a decision is taken. It looks at the legal and institutional framework set out in the Maastricht Treaty, the relevant experience of nearly-fixed European exchange rates from 1987 to 1992 and the economic and political implications of particular country configurations in a two-tier EMU, concluding that mutually satisfactory management of such a relationhip will require greater political will and co-operative spirit than has been in evidence so far.
A Video Presentation
Authors: McLeod John 
Published: March 2007

Last summer there was a 50th Anniver sary Celebration of the birth of the "first stored program computer" at the Univer sity of Manchester, "The Home of Com puting," in Manchster, UK. As a part of that celebration, The Society for Com puter Simulation International organized the European Simulation Multiconference 1998, and this Editor was in vited to participate. When logistics prevented my attendance it was sug gested that I prepare a videotape as my contribution. With the aid of a friend who furnished equipment and acted as interviewer, we made a very amateurish videotape. In lieu of being able to show it to you here, a slightly modified text follows—JM
Five dilemmas in the institutionalization of religion
Authors: O'Dea Th. F. 
Published: March 2007

L'évolution des religions part généralement d'une étape charismauque pour arrive? à une institutionalisation. Cela pose un certain nombre de dilemmes énumérés par l'auteur. Dilemme des motivations mélangées : une religion sta bilisée développe des rôles et des statuts, que certains risquent de poursuivre quelque peu pour eux-mêmes. Dilemme objectivisation-aliénation : c'est-à-dire le con- flit pouvant naitre de l'objectivisation des sentiments internes dans le culte. Dilemme d'ordre administratif : élaboration-efficience, c'est-à-dire le danger de bureau cratie. Dilemme de la lettre contrc l'esprit et finale ment celui de la conversion ou coercition, ou la tenta tion d'user de moyens temporels coercitifs.
Le Juif et le Diable dans la civilisation de I'Occident (*)
Authors: Raphael Freddy 
Published: March 2007

The passage of centuries has not effaced the devilish aura that has persistently surrounded the Jew. He has appeared as an impure creature, working in league with Satan for the downfall of Christendom, a pernicious and corrupting figure, cynically auctioning away the values that tradition has hallowed. The author seeks to explain how such a myth has survived the cultural, social, economic and political upheavals the western world has known after the middle ages. He gives his answer through a study that is directed firstly to the medieval gargoyle of a church in Alsace, then to the diabolical role attributed to the Jew by the rumours of white slavery cir culating in Orleans, Amiens and Strasbourg. Three revealing approaches emerge. From a socio-economic standpoint, the Satanic image of the Jew is seen as a ten dentious interpretation of the role he has actually played in western economics, resulting in his becoming, today, the sinister symbol of the ' success at any price ' life style. A cul tural standpoint analyzes the secularization of the myth created by medieval theology, that presented this contemptible outcast of society as the privileged eye-witness of Christ's martyrdom and triumph. In Hitler's version, the Jew achieves his dominant position over other peoples by propagating subversive political ideas among them, and undermining their religious and moral foun dations. In a psycho-sociological perspective, the identification of Jew with devil is placed within the wider dialectic relating man with the Other. The Jew repeatedly incarnates the stran ger in his nearness, his radical difference, and his irreducible otherness.
L'analyse socio-linguistique de deux documents pontificaux
Authors: Legrand Michel , Meyers Pierre 
Published: March 2007

The authors are making a comparative analysis of two pon tifical documents : the encyclical « Rerum Novarum » (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and the « Letter to Cardinal Roy » (1971) of Pope Paul VI. The two Roman texts are analyzed on the basis of hypotheses formulated by J. Matthes concerning the institutionalized doctrinal production. The authors are working principally on two lexical theories : ideology and socialism on one hand, and the Church, Christians, on the other. The authors can verify the hypothesis that, beyond the stylistic variations, which analysis of the two documents bring to light, the effort of the Church to maintain and extend its hold on its members in retaking into account the practices and now problems of its members, by linking the problems con sidered and the actions envisaged to the official recognition.
Hydrolysis of Native Versus Regenerated Cellulose Structures
Authors: Battista O.A. , Coppick S. 
Published: March 2007

Milder conditions of hydrolysis than have been heretofore generally used to characterize cellulosic structures chemically were employed for the purpose of comparing the hydrolytic accessibility of native and regenerated structures, respectively. It is assumed that the acces sibility of the fine cellulosic structure is related to the rate of drop of the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose with time of treatment. Using 5 N HCl at 18°C, the following samples of cellulose were evaluated: - 1. Cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively, before and after non- degradative solution and regeneration. 2. Cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively, before and after swelling in 18-percent NaOH at 18°C. 3. Viscose rayons made from cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively.
The Development of the Polyester Tire
Authors: Kovac F.J. , Kersker T.M. 
Published: March 2007

The introduction of a polyester cord tire to the motoring public in early 1962 repre sented a research and development breakthrough on a goal that has intrigued tire com panies for a decade. This paper describes the following steps in developing a new tire cord fabric deter mining the primary need for a new fiber, programming a fiber study, evaluating cord physical properties, optimizing fabric design, developing maximum performance ad hesive, undertaking tire testing, developing new technology where necessary, conducting volume testing, and finally, adopting in production. In addition to describing the development of the polyester tire, this paper outlines a new concept to predict the potential of a fiber for tire cord usage. This mathematical relationship, called "tire fabric efficiency," rotates (i) the quantity of fabric required in a tire, based on measureable physical properties; (ii) the cost of the fabric; and (iii) the quantity and cost of rubber required in a tire as affected by the fabric characteristies. In relation to this latter factor, it is proposed that a high specific gravity is desirable in a tire cord since it results in rubber savings. It is concluded that polyester represents the ultimate in tire fabric for some time to come because of its outstanding performance and customer acceptance combined with its excellent efficiency and economic potential.
The Effect of Temperature on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2007

The rate of felting of an untreated wool fabric in buffer solutions (in the presence or absence of nonionic detergent) increases with increasing temperature of the felting solu tion until a maximum rate is reached at 40-70° C. This rate then remains constant with further increase in temperature up to 90° C. The exact temperature at which the maximum is reached depends on the pH of the solution and on the action of the machine used for felting. Behavior is different in soap solutions, the maximum rate, reached at 40-50° C. being followed by a rapid decrease in rate with further increase in tempera ture up to 90°C. With wool made shrink-resistant by industrrally used oxidation procedures, the rate reaches a maximum at 30-40° C. depending on the pH of the felting solution. The rate decreases rapidly with further increase in temperature. Relative to untreated wool, there is a contmual decrease in felting rate of the shrink-resistant wool with increasing temperature. This is due to changes in the inherent felting property of the shrink- resistant wool with temperature of the felting solution, and not to irreversible changes in wool structure brought about by chemical attack of the solutions on the treated wool. The results emphasize the need for accurate temperature control in all felting tests and also show that best results would be obtained with shrink-resistant wool if solutions used for laundering were of high pH and at high temperatures. However, the use of such solutions at present is hunted by questions of dyefastness and possible damage to the wool.
The Post-Yield Region and the Structure of Keratin
Authors: Feughelman M. 
Published: March 2007

The load-extension curve of wool fibers under a variety of conditions and treatments shows little change in mechanical extensibility in the post-yield region (extension greater than ∼30%). This taken together with x-ray and water swelling data already published suggests that the cross-links and entanglements present in the matrix component of the keratin structure are concentrated rather than spread throughout the matrix. The above favors the series-zone model, which has been proposed to explain the mechanical properties of wool and hair fibers.
The Torsional Properties of Single Wool Fibers
Authors: Feughelman M. , Mitchell T. 
Published: March 2007

The torsional moduli (both wet and dry) and torsional relaxation of fibers (i) with disulfide bonds reduced and (ii) with disulfide bonds reduced and methylated and of unmodified fibers that had been "permanently" set were examined. The moduli of all the dry fibers show little change from the moduli of normal dry fibers. In water, how ever, fibers show a progressive decrease in torsional moduli with removal of cytine. Fibers that have been "permanently" set behave in torsion in the same way as fibers of low cystine and high sulfhydryl content, although analysis shows that their cystine and sulfhydryl content is about the same as that of a normal fiber. The torsional relaxation in water of the reduced and methylated fibers is almost independent of cystine content. but in reduced but unmethylated fibers there is a rapid increase of torsional relaxation with decrease in cystine and increase in sulfhydryl content. The torsional relaxation in aqueous HCl at pH 1 is lower than it is in distilled water at ∼pH 6. It is suggested that disulfide-sulfhydryl interchange explains at least a part of the torsional relaxation of fibers in water.
Behavior of Liquids on Various Cords for Seams in Chemical and Biological Protective Overgarments
Authors: Hall Pauline P. 
Published: March 2007

The leakage of water through seams has long been studied by the Army in its quest for rainproof clothing and equipage. While many researchers have reported theories of liquid migration on and through textile assemblies, this study is the first known attempt to test seams for penetration by liquid chemicals and to develop a seam type that will help to resist this penetration, important steps in the development of chemical and biological protective overgarments. The results have shown that the behavior of liquids on seams depends not only on the chemicals but also on the cords. The conclusion is reached that effective protection against seam leakage can be provided by an LSc-1 seam with a superimposed cord having both migration and absorption properties. Such a cord might be constructed with an absorbent inner core and a braid-like outer covering made of synthetic fibers. More research on this subject is indicated.
Multifunctional Amino-Terminated Polyurethanes : Their Preparation and Use as Crosslinkers in Shrink-Resist Polymers for Wool
Authors: Bateup Brett O. , Fleischfresser Barry 
Published: March 2007

A simple, rapid method for converting water-insoluble polyisocyanates into either water soluble (or water-dispersible multifunctional amino-terminated polyurethanes or self-crosslinkable polymers containing protonated an ino groups and blocked isocyanate groups is descried. Both types of product are suitable for shrink resisting wool, the self-crosslinkable polymers can be used alone, whereas the polyamines need to be combined with poly mers containing groups capable of reaction with amino groups. The effective functionalites of the amino-terminated polyurethanes correlated well with the values calculated from the known functionality of the reactants, which suggests that chain extension via urea formation was suppressed by this preparative procedure.
Improved Tactile and Sorption Properties of Polyester Fabrics Through Caustic Treatment
Authors: Latta Bruce M. 
Published: March 2007

Alkaline hydrolysis has been used for about 30 years as a procedure for modifying the physical properties of polyester fabrics. Despite the length of time the reaction has been-known, its kinetics and mechanism are not well understood. Studies conducted in our laboratory indicate that the hydrolysis of polyester occurs both by first and second order cleavage of the polymer chain by the hydroxide ion and by elimination of end groups in first-order saponification reactions. Based on this model, a rate expression for the hydrolysis has been derived. Additional studies into the-drying behavior of caustic treated polyester demonstrated that the ability of polyester fabrics to disperse moisture through in-plane wicking is improved by the hydrophilic character imparted by caustic treatment. Consequently, under certain conditions caustic treated polyester fabrics can dry faster than their untreated counterparts.