bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prestige und gemeiner Nutzen Universitätsgründungen im deutschen Spätmittelalter
Authors: Schwinges Rainer Christoph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe medieval German university entered the picture late but thereby as a new and third type of university in Europe besides Paris and Bologna: This was the ruler‐controlled ‘Four‐Faculties‐University’, which powerfully integrated the socially very different associations of liberal arts, theology, medicine, and law. From the beginning on the ‘German type’ was tied to the princely founder, his court, his dynasty, and his territory (in some cases also to the municipal leadership), and it was politically subjected to his will. All foundations produced prestige and dynastic need at first rather than public need (utilitas publica), respectively the advancing of common learned education and science. The great royal dynasties of Luxembourg, Habsburg, and Wittelsbach began founding in Prague, Vienna, and Heidelberg. Up to 1506 all the seven prince electors, some more important princes and big towns of the Holy Roman Empire had their university or had relations to a university. Public need was rather an indirect result: university students utilized surprisingly strongly the possibilities offered by the subsequent university foundations in Germany ‐ about 200.000 people during a long‐term 15th century. However, it has to be thought over in the history of science and effectivity of the German universities in a European frame, that more than 80% of them were ‘only’ students of arts.
Platon im Arzneibuch und der Heller am Tresen Pharmazie im 16. Jahrhundert zwischen Humanismus, Stadtgesellschaft und Ökonomie
Authors: Müller‐Jahncke Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe study focuses on the development of pharmacopoeas during the early modern time. First, the >Nouvo Receptario< of 1499 came out in Florence as the first printed pharmacopoea of a north‐Italian town, edited by the guild of medicins and apothercaries. Following trading routes the idea of >pharmacopoea< arrived in Nuremberg, where the counsil of the town asked the humanist Valerius Cordus to prepare such a book. Printed in 1546, it quickly became the standard in preparing medicines for other towns in southern Germany. At Augsburg, a wealthy and powerful town, the physicians wrote their own pharmacopoea which was printed in 1564. The comparison of the three pharmacopoeas shows that its printing depended on the social stucture and the financial aspects of each town. But even if the apothecaries, the doctors or the mayors were trained in the humanistic tradtion, the materia medica still continued in the arabic tradition, i.e. the old drugs and preparations remained in these pharmacopoeas, probably for financial reasons.
Alexander von Humboldt, die Natur als ‚Kosmos’︁ und die Suche nach Einheit. Zur Geschichte von Wissen und seiner Wirkung als Raumgeschichte
Authors: Daum Andreas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent historiography has demonstrated a growing sensitivity toward space as a geographical and cultural category. The following article expands on this theme by focusing on Alexander von Humboldt and his understanding of nature as >cosmos<. Humboldt's cosmic concept stressed the interrelatedness of all natural phenomena and their historicity. Humboldt regarded both as dependent on specific spatial conditions. In his view, the same held true for the ideas about nature, the Weltanschauungen, that evolved in history. Against this background, >Humboldtian science< should not be reduced to a mere empiricist approach of interpreting systematically collected data. >Humboldtian science< was fundamentally a concept that paid attention to the formulation of knowledge as well as to the effects and the esthetic impact of that knowledge in geographical and cultural spaces.Along these lines, this articles argues for adopting a Humboldtian view in observing the spatial dimensions of history. Three ramifications of Humboldtian ideas into the culture of the nineteenth century serve as examples of how we might ourselves employ such a view: The transfer of Humboldtian ideas into the field sciences of Australia; the appeal of Humboldtian in the botanical and meteorological exploration of the American West and its German‐American community; and, finally, the reading of Humboldt in Germany's popular culture during the last third of the nineteenth century that generated a »cosmic understanding« of evolution different from Darwin's theory. In all cases, geographical and cultural spaces strengthened the receptiveness for >Humboldtian science< not only to satisfy the need for knowledge; beyond that, Humboldt's ideas nourished an esthetic perception of nature, and they served as a vehicle for the ideological search for unity in nature and human society.
Kabinett – Seminar – Institut: Raum und Rahmen des forschenden Lernens
Authors: Schubring Gert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper examines the transition from the traditional forms of learning at German universitites to the specialized research‐oriented forms estahlished during the 19th century. The first transition occurred by complementing the passive form of listening in the Hörsaal with the active studies in the Seminars. While the Seminars remained largely restricted to the humanities and to mathematics, another transition took place in the exact sciences: here, cabinets ‐ originally service facilities for demonstrations by professors during their lectures ‐ were first changed to become Praktika providing students with space for experiments of their own, and were later transformed into Institutes combining all research and study facilities necessary for the by now differentiated and specialized disciplines. The impressive palace‐like buildings for chemistry and physics institutes became an incentive for other, less experimental disciplines to obtain suitably representative buildings as well.
Eine naturwissenschaftliche Forschungsbibliothek des 18. Jahrhunderts: Die Bibliothek der ‚Naturforschenden Gesellschaft’︁ zu Jena
Authors: Ziche Paul , Büch Gabriele , Kenklies Karsten , Neuper Horst , Breidbach Olaf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ‚Naturforschende Gesellschaft’︁, founded in 1793, proved instrumental for the development of science at the University of Jena around 1800. Its library can be considered as one of its most important facilities provided for research and for the education of students. Since this library has been preserved almost without losses, we can ask whether this library served the purpose of a research library in the newly established field of ‚science’︁. In consequence, the role of scientific societies and the genesis of specialised libraries in the area of science can be investigated in an exemplary case, with implications for the concept of scientific research around 1800.
Der Freundschaftsvertrag zwischen dem Museum für Naturkunde Berlin und dem Naturhistorischen Museum Budapest und die Entwicklung einer naturhistorischen Museologie
Authors: Jahn Ilse 
Published: October 2006

AbstractScientific cooperations between the museums of natural history in Berlin and in Budapest are described. Already in 19th century, for instance, the specialists of zoological Taxonomy Edmund Reitter (coleopterologist), Geza von Horváth (helminthologist) and Ludwig von Mehély (herpetologist) intensively communicated with the Berlin Zoologists Julius Weise, Karl August Möbius and Anton Collin. After World War II the mueums have been continued using the special collections to their mutual benefit, and when in 1956 the Hungarian collections were disturbed by Soviet military actions, Hungarian zoologists asked for assistance with exchanging specialists and well destined items of their collections. This way in 1963 there have been officially arranged both yearly visits to the museums in Berlin and Budapest and cooperations not only on taxonomy but also on general museological research like problems of modern exhibitions and their evaluating. In 1973, the Berlin museum also participated in the Dictionarium museologicum (1986) initiated by the Hungarian museologist István Eri.
Über deutsch‐ungarische Beziehungen der Medizin im Zeitalter der Aufklärung ‐ zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Pestinokulation
Authors: Schultheisz Emil 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of German science and medicine on the development of Hungarian medicine in the age of Enlightenment has been extraordinary strong. Many Hungarian medical students staid in German medical faculties. The medical interrelationships between Germany and Hungary in the 18th century are discussed in an overview according to following dimensions: education of protestant Hungarian medical students at German »Aufklaerungs‐Universitaeten«, practical and theoretical resonance, membership of scientific societies, personal contacts and correspondence. Outstanding personalities of this aera were Daniel Fischer, István Weszprémi, Abraham Vater. Special attention is given to a new idea: inoculation against plague as first described by A. Vater in his work Blattern‐Beltzen (1721). Thirty years later I. Weszprémi published his original conception ‐ independently from Vater ‐ in the Tentamen de inoculanda peste (1755).
Der medizinische Wissensaustausch zwischen Siebenbürgen und anderen europäischen Ländern im Spiegel des Auslandsstudiums und der ärztlichen Ausbildung der Siebenbürger vor der Gründung der Klausenburger Universität (1872)
Authors: Offner Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe first perpetual university in Transylvania was founded rather late compared to European standards, namely only in 1872 in Klausenburg (Cluj, Kolozsvár). Through the centuries, the social request for physicians was satisfied by the education of Transylvanian students at foreign universities and by the immigration of physicians from abroad. Concerning the period from 1180 to 1849, we know about 7145 Transylvanian students at more than 80 different universities of the Occident. Thereof, 412 physicians and 219 surgeons can be documented by their names. The ranking list of the most frequented medical faculties (Vienna, Padova, Leyden, Utrecht, Jena, Lipsia, Erlangen, Frankfort‐on‐Oder, Goettingen, Basel etc.) proves that all of these medical men received their professional education (being sponsored socially) from the then most excellent foreign universities. Thus, studies abroad guaranteed continual transfer of knowledge from Western to Eastern Europe. This situation seems to partially have compensated the disadvantages of lacking own Transylvanian universities ‐ at least from the quality point of view, so that the professional standard of the education of doctors working in Transylvania used to correspond to the highest level of European medicine.
Intra-anal collagen injection for the treatment of faecal incontinence
Authors: Stojkovic S G , Lim M , Burke D , Finan P J , Sagar P M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Intra-anal injectable agents have been used to treat faecal incontinence. The aim of this study was to report the experience of a cohort of patients who underwent intra-anal injection of collagen and to determine which patients benefited from the technique.

Methods
Data, including age, sex, incontinence score, classification of incontinence, baseline resting pressure and vector volume, were collected prospectively for 73 consecutive patients (59 women) undergoing intra-anal collagen injection. Patients were reviewed after treatment and incontinence scores documented. A proportion of patients also underwent repeat anorectal physiological testing 8 weeks after the procedure.

Results
At a median follow-up of 12 months after the intra-anal injection, 63 per cent of patients had an improved incontinence score and 73 per cent reported an overall improvement in symptoms. Logistic regression showed that older age and idiopathic faecal incontinence were predictors of a successful outcome (P = 0·042 and P = 0·048 respectively).

Conclusion
Intra-anal collagen injection appears to have a role in the treatment of faecal incontinence. The majority of patients can expect both objective and subjective improvement. The best results are achieved in older patients and in those with idiopathic incontinence.
Silica Gel Triggered Transformations of 3‐Methylenecyclopropylmethyl Sulfonates to 3‐Methylenecyclobutyl Analogues: Experimental and Computational Studies
Authors: Shao Li‐Xiong , Li Yu‐Xue , Shi Min 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethylenecyclopropylcarbinols 1 treated with sulfonyl chloride and Et3N form the sulfonated products 3 in almost quantitative yields, which can be transformed to the corresponding 3‐methylenecyclobutyl sulfonates 4 with silica gel chromatography work‐up. The rational explanation was proposed on the basis of computational studies.
Redox‐Controlled Interaction of Biferrocenyl‐Terminated Dendrimers with β‐Cyclodextrin Molecular Printboards
Authors: Nijhuis Christian A. , Dolatowska Karolina A. , Ravoo Bart Jan , Huskens Jurriaan , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis and electrochemistry of biferrocenyl‐terminated dendrimers and their β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) inclusion complexes in aqueous solution and at surfaces. Three generations of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers, decorated with 4, 8, and 16 biferrocenyl (BFc) units, respectively, were synthesized. A water‐soluble BFc derivative forms stable inclusion complexes with β‐CD. The intrinsic binding constant is Ki=2.5×104 M−1. The BFc dendrimers were solubilized in water by complexation of the end groups with β‐CD, resulting in large water‐soluble supramolecular assemblies. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that all the end groups are complexed to β‐CD. Adsorption of the dendrimers at self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of heptathioether‐functionalized β‐CD on gold (“molecular printboards”) resulted in stable monolayers of the dendrimers due to the formation of multivalent host–guest interactions between the BFc end groups of the dendrimers and the immobilized β‐CD molecules. The number of interacting end groups is 3, 4, and 4 for dendrimer generations 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The complexation of BFc to β‐CD is sensitive to the oxidation state of the BFc unit. Oxidation of neutral BFc‐Fe2(II,II) to the cationic, mixed‐valence biferrocenium BFc‐Fe2(II,III)+ resulted in dissociation of the host–guest complexes. Scan‐rate‐dependent CV and DPV analyses of the dendrimer–β‐CD assemblies immobilized at the β‐CD host surface and in solution revealed that the dendrimers are oxidized in three steps. First, the surface‐β‐CD‐bound BFc moieties are oxidized to the mixed‐valence state, Fe2(II,III)+, followed by the oxidation of the non‐surface‐interacting BFc groups to the Fe2(II,III)+ state. The third step involves the oxidation of all the BFc moieties to the Fe2(III,III)2+ state.
Reusable Catalysts for the Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Chollet Guillaume , Guillerez Marie‐George , Schulz Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new method for recycling chiral bis(oxazoline)–copper complexes is described based on the formation of charge‐transfer complexes, their subsequent precipitation, and reuse after addition of new substrates. The conditions to perform this procedure were optimized in the presence of three bis(oxazoline)‐based ligands. When associated with copper salts, these ligands efficiently catalyzed the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and α,β‐unsaturated acyloxazolidinones. These catalysts were successfully recycled up to ten times while maintaining their high activities and enantioselectivities.
Au3SnCuP10 and Au3SnP7: Preparation and Crystal Structures of Au3Sn Heterocluster Polyphosphides.
Authors: Lange Stefan , Nilges Tom 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Tri‐ and Difluoromethylation Reactions of Aldehydes.
Authors: Mizuta Satoshi , Shibata Norio , Ogawa Shinichi , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Nakamura Shuichi , Toru Takeshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Bis‐allylation of Internal Alkynes with Triallylindium.
Authors: Hirashita Tsunehisa , Akutagawa Kazuhiko , Kamei Toshiya , Araki Shuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
P2O5/SiO2‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Amides from Ketones via Schmidt Reaction under Microwave Irradiation in Dry Media.
Authors: Eshghi Hossein , Hassankhani Asadollah 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel(0)/Imidazolium Carbene Catalyst System for Efficient Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides with Organomanganese Reagents.
Authors: Leleu Anne , Fort Yves , Schneider Raphael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Palladium Complexes with S‐ or Se‐Containing Schiff‐Base Ligands as Efficient Catalysts for the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Bromides with Phenylboronic Acid under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Kostas Ioannis D. , Steele Barry R. , Terzis Aris , Amosova Svetlana V. , Martynov Alexander V. , Makhaeva Natalia A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Chiral Iron(II)—Pybox Catalyst Stable in Aqueous Media. Asymmetric Mukaiyama—Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Jankowska Joanna , Paradowska Joanna , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Ethynylstibane with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Kakusawa Naoki , Kurita Jyoji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulations Catalyzed by a Planar‐Chiral Derivative of DMAP.
Authors: Bappert Erhard , Mueller Peter , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Synthetic Route to 2‐Aryl‐N‐tosylazetidines (V) and Their ZnX2 (X = I, OTf) Mediated Regioselective Nucleophilic Ring Opening Reactions: Synthesis of γ‐Iodoamines and Tetrahydropyrimidines.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Das Kalpataru , Kumar Amit , Das Animesh 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Class of Laser Dyes, 2‐Oxa‐bicyclo[3.3.0]octa‐4,8‐diene‐3,6‐diones, with Unity Fluorescence Yield.
Authors: Wang Chao‐Yu , Yeh Yu‐Shan , Li Elise Y. , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shiuh‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung , Chou Pi‐Tai 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective, Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Additions of Silyloxy Furans to Cyclic Ketones: Annulation of Butenolides and γ‐Lactones.
Authors: Kong Ke , Romo Daniel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Through Net [5 + 5]‐Cycloaddition of 2‐Alkynylarylcarbene Complexes and Enyne—Aldehyde Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Yanshi , Herndon James W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactivity Series for s‐BuLi/Diamine‐Mediated Lithiation of N‐Boc Pyrrolidine: Applications in Catalysis and Lithiation of N‐Boc Piperidine.
Authors: McGrath Matthew J. , Bilke Julia L. , O'Brien Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Approach to the Paal—Knorr Pyrroles Synthesis Catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3 under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chen Jiuxi , Wu Huayue , Zheng Zhiguo , Jin Can , Zhang Xingxian , Su Weike 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes (BIAs) Catalyzed by a Recyclable Solid Superacid SO42‐/TiO2 under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Zeng Xiao‐Fei , Ji Shun‐Jun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
PdCl2 Immobilized in Ionic Liquids: A Novel and Efficient Catalytic System for Michael Additions of Indoles to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Lin Xufeng , Cui Sunliang , Wang Yanguang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Synthesis of Linear Benzene‐Fused Bis(tetrathiafulvalene) Compounds and Their Application for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors.
Authors: Gao Xike , Wu Weiping , Liu Yunqi , Qiu Wenfeng , Sun Xiaobo , Yu Gui , Zhu Daoben 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Estrogen Receptor β‐Subtype Selective Tetrahydrofluorenones: Use of a Fused Pyrazole as a Phenol Bioisostere.
Authors: Wilkening R. R. , et al. et al. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Conversion of Esters, Lactones, and Carboxylic Acids to Oxazolines Catalyzed by a Tetranuclear Zinc Cluster.
Authors: Ohshima Takashi , Iwasaki Takanori , Mashima Kazushi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.