bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drop Size Distributions and the Lack of Small Drops in RICO Rain Shafts
Authors: Baker Brad , Mo Qixu , Lawson R. Paul , O’Connor Darren , Korolev Alexei 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Data from the new two-dimensional stereo (2D-S) probe are used to evaluate drop size distributions in rain shafts observed during the Rain in Shallow Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. The 2D-S takes images of both precipitation drops and cloud droplets with 10-μm resolution. These are the first reported measurements of rain to include sizes smaller than 100 μm. The primary result is that there are almost no hydrometeors smaller than about 100 μm in these rain shafts. The measured low concentration of small hydrometeors implies that their rate of production is slow relative to their removal rate. Algorithms for removing the spurious effects of splashing precipitation and noisy photodiodes on 2D probes are also described.
Regionalization of Climate Change Simulations over the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Önol Bariş , H. M. Semazzi Fredrick 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In this study, the potential role of global warming in modulating the future climate over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) region has been investigated. The primary vehicle of this investigation is the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model version 3 (ICTP-RegCM3), which was used to downscale the present and future climate scenario simulations generated by the NASA’s finite-volume GCM (fvGCM). The present-day (1961–90; RF) simulations and the future climate change projections (2071–2100; A2) are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. During the Northern Hemispheric winter season, the general increase in precipitation over the northern sector of the EM region is present both in the fvGCM and RegCM3 model simulations. The regional model simulations reveal a significant increase (10%–50%) in winter precipitation over the Carpathian Mountains and along the east coast of the Black Sea, over the Kackar Mountains, and over the Caucasus Mountains. The large decrease in precipitation over the southeastern Turkey region that recharges the Euphrates and Tigris River basins could become a major source of concern for the countries downstream of this region. The model results also indicate that the autumn rains, which are primarily confined over Turkey for the current climate, will expand into Syria and Iraq in the future, which is consistent with the corresponding changes in the circulation pattern. The climate change over EM tends to manifest itself in terms of the modulation of North Atlantic Oscillation. During summer, temperature increase is as large as 7°C over the Balkan countries while changes for the rest of the region are in the range of 3°–4°C. Overall the temperature increase in summer is much greater than the corresponding changes during winter. Presentation of the climate change projections in terms of individual country averages is highly advantageous for the practical interpretation of the results. The consistence of the country averages for the RF RegCM3 projections with the corresponding averaged station data is compelling evidence of the added value of regional climate model downscaling.
Nonnormal Multidecadal Response of the Thermohaline Circulation Induced by Optimal Surface Salinity Perturbations
Authors: Sévellec Florian , Huck Thierry , Ben Jelloul Mahdi , Vialard Jérôme 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Optimal perturbations of sea surface salinity are obtained for an idealized North Atlantic basin using a 3D planetary geostrophic model—optimality is defined with respect to the intensity of the meridional overturning circulation. Both optimal initial and stochastic perturbations are computed in two experiments corresponding to two different formulations of the surface boundary conditions: the first experiment uses mixed boundary conditions (i.e., restoring surface temperature and prescribed freshwater flux), whereas the second experiment uses flux boundary conditions for both temperature and salinity. The latter reveals greater responses to both initial and stochastic perturbations that are related to the existence of a weakly damped oscillatory eigenmode of the Jacobian matrix, the optimal perturbations being closely related to its biorthogonal. The optimal initial perturbation induces a transient modification of the circulation after 24 yr. The spectral response to the optimal stochastic perturbation reveals a strong peak at 35 yr, corresponding to the period of this oscillatory eigenmode. This study provides an upper bound of the meridional overturning response at multidecadal time scales to freshwater flux perturbation: for typical amplitudes of Great Salinity Anomalies, initial perturbations can alter the circulation by +2.25 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1; i.e., 12.5% of the mean circulation) at most; stochastic perturbations with amplitudes typical of the interannual variability of the freshwater flux in midlatitudes induce a circulation variability with a standard deviation of 1 Sv (i.e., 5.5% of the mean circulation) at most.
Sampling Errors in Ensemble Kalman Filtering. Part II: Application to a Barotropic Model
Authors: Sacher William , Bartello Peter 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In the current study, the authors are concerned with the comparison of the average performance of stochastic versions of the ensemble Kalman filter with and without covariance inflation, as well as the double ensemble Kalman filter. The theoretical results obtained in Part I of this study are confronted with idealized simulations performed with a perfect barotropic quasigeostrophic model. Results obtained are very consistent with the analytic expressions found in Part I. It is also shown that both the double ensemble Kalman filter and covariance inflation techniques can avoid filter divergence. Nevertheless, covariance inflation gives efficient results in terms of accuracy and reliability for a much lower computational cost than the double ensemble Kalman filter and for smaller ensemble sizes.
Dynamical Extended-Range Prediction of Early Monsoon Rainfall over India
Authors: Vitart Frédéric , Molteni Franco 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The 15-member ensembles of 46-day dynamical forecasts starting on each 15 May from 1991 to 2007 have been produced, using the ECMWF Variable Resolution Ensemble Prediction System monthly forecasting system (VarEPS-monthy). The dynamical model simulates a realistic interannual variability of Indian precipitation averaged over the month of June. It also displays some skill to predict Indian precipitation averaged over pentads up to a lead time of about 30 days. This skill exceeds the skill of the ECMWF seasonal forecasting System 3 starting on 1 June. Sensitivity experiments indicate that this is likely due to the higher horizontal resolution of VarEPS-monthly. Another series of sensitivity experiments suggests that the ocean–atmosphere coupling has an important impact on the skill of the monthly forecasting system to predict June rainfall over India.
Medium-Range Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts from Canada’s New 33-km Deterministic Global Operational System
Authors: Bélair Stéphane , Roch Michel , Leduc Anne-Marie , Vaillancourt Paul A. , Laroche Stéphane , Mailhot Jocelyn 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) recently implemented a 33-km version of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model, with improved physics, for medium-range weather forecasts. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from this new system were compared with those from the previous global operational system (100-km grid size) and with those from MSC’s short-range (48 h) regional system (15-km grid size). The evaluation is based on performance measures that evaluate bias, accuracy, and the value of the QPFs.
Results presented in this article consistently show, for these three aspects of the evaluation, that the new global forecast system (GLBNEW) agrees more closely with observations, relative to the performance of the previous global system (GLBOLD). The biases are noticeably smaller with GLBNEW compared with GLBOLD, which severely overpredicts (underpredicts) the frequencies and total amounts associated with weak (strong) precipitation intensities. The accuracy and value scores reveal gains of at least 12 h and even up to 72 h for medium-range QPFs (i.e., day 3 to day 5 predictions). The new global system even performs slightly better than MSC’s operational regional 15-km system for short-range QPFs.
In a more absolute manner, results suggest that QPFs from the new global system may still have accuracy and value even at the medium range. This seems to be true at least for the smallest precipitation threshold, related to precipitation occurrence, for which the positive area under curves of relative economic value remains important, even for day 5 QPFs.
N-Glycans of ADAMTS13 modulate its secretion and von Willebrand factor cleaving activity
Authors: Zhou Wenhua , Tsai Han-Mou 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Severe deficiency of ADAMTS13, a plasma metalloprotease, leads to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ADAMTS13 contains 10 putative N-glycosylation sites in or near its metalloprotease sequence, spacer region, thrombospondin type 1 repeat no. 4 (TSR no. 4), and CUB domains. Tunicamycin treatment markedly decreased the secretion of ADAMTS13 into the culture medium of transfected cells. Nevertheless, the protease was efficiently secreted from N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I–deficient Lec1 Chinese hamster ovary cells, indicating that N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum, but not the conversion of oligomannose to complex N-glycans in the Golgi complex, is important for secretion. However, ADAMTS13 with oligomannose N-glycans cleaved its substrate, von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers, less effectively, with a higher Km but similar kcat value. In mutagenesis analysis, decreased secretion and VWF cleaving activity was observed with the N146Q and N828Q mutants, while decreased secretion only was observed with the N552Q mutant of ADAMTS13. Enzymatic removal of N-glycans from ADAMTS13 did not affect its VWF cleaving activity. Thus, N-glycosylation is necessary for efficient secretion of ADAMTS13, while conversion of the N-glycans from oligomannose to complex type in the Golgi complex enhances the proteolytic activity of the protease toward VWF multimers. After its secretion, ADAMTS13 does not require N-glycans for its VWF cleaving activity.
Evolution of GHF5 endoglucanase gene structure in plant-parasitic nematodes: no evidence for an early domain shuffling event
Authors: Kyndt Tina , Haegeman Annelies , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Endo-1,4-beta-glucanases or cellulases from the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GHF5) have been found in numerous bacteria and fungi, and recently also in higher eukaryotes, particularly in plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). The origin of these genes has been attributed to horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, although there still is a lot of uncertainty about the origin and structure of the ancestral GHF5 PPN endoglucanase. It is not clear whether this ancestral endoglucanase consisted of the whole gene cassette, containing a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM, type 2 in PPN and bacteria) or only of the catalytic domain while the CBM2 was retrieved by domain shuffling later in evolution. Previous studies on the evolution of these genes have focused primarily on data of sedentary nematodes, while in this study, extra data from migratory nematodes were included.

Results
Two new endoglucanases from the migratory nematodes Pratylenchus coffeae and Ditylenchus africanus were included in this study. The latter one is the first gene isolated from a PPN of a different superfamily (Sphaerularioidea); all previously known nematode endoglucanases belong to the superfamily Tylenchoidea (order Rhabditida). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted with the PPN GHF5 endoglucanases and homologous endoglucanases from bacterial and other eukaryotic lineages such as beetles, fungi and plants. No statistical incongruence between the phylogenetic trees deduced from the catalytic domain and the CBM2 was found, which could suggest that both domains have evolved together. Furthermore, based on gene structure data, we inferred a model for the evolution of the GHF5 endoglucanase gene structure in plant-parasitic nematodes. Our data confirm a close relationship between Pratylenchus spp. and the root knot nematodes, while some Radopholus similis endoglucanases are more similar to cyst nematode genes.

Conclusion
We conclude that the ancestral PPN GHF5 endoglucanase gene most probably consisted of the whole gene cassette, i.e. the GHF5 catalytic domain and the CBM2, rather than that it evolved by domain shuffling. Our evolutionary model for the gene structure in PPN GHF5 endoglucanases implies the occurrence of an early duplication event, and more recent gene duplications at genus or species level.
Mechanisms for human genomic rearrangements
Authors: Gu Wenli , Zhang Feng , Lupski James R 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Genomic rearrangements describe gross DNA changes of the size ranging from a couple of hundred base pairs, the size of an average exon, to megabases (Mb). When greater than 3 to 5 Mb, such changes are usually visible microscopically by chromosome studies. Human diseases that result from genomic rearrangements have been called genomic disorders. Three major mechanisms have been proposed for genomic rearrangements in the human genome. Non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) is mostly mediated by low-copy repeats (LCRs) with recombination hotspots, gene conversion and apparent minimal efficient processing segments. NAHR accounts for most of the recurrent rearrangements: those that share a common size, show clustering of breakpoints, and recur in multiple individuals. Non-recurrent rearrangements are of different sizes in each patient, but may share a smallest region of overlap whose change in copy number may result in shared clinical features among different patients. LCRs do not mediate, but may stimulate non-recurrent events. Some rare NAHRs can also be mediated by highly homologous repetitive sequences (for example, Alu, LINE); these NAHRs account for some of the non-recurrent rearrangements. Other non-recurrent rearrangements can be explained by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and the Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) models. These mechanisms occur both in germ cells, where the rearrangements can be associated with genomic disorders, and in somatic cells in which such genomic rearrangements can cause disorders such as cancer. NAHR, NHEJ and FoSTeS probably account for the majority of genomic rearrangements in our genome and the frequency distribution of the three at a given locus may partially reflect the genomic architecture in proximity to that locus. We provide a review of the current understanding of these three models.
The effect of an intensive care unit staffing model on tidal volume in patients with acute lung injury
Authors: Cooke Colin R , Watkins Timothy R , Kahn Jeremy M , Treggiari Miriam M , Caldwell Ellen , Hudson Leonard D , Rubenfeld Gordon D 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Little is known about the mechanisms through which intensivist physician staffing influences patient outcomes. We aimed to assess the effect of closed-model intensive care on evidence-based ventilatory practice in patients with acute lung injury (ALI).

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective population-based cohort of 759 patients with ALI who were alive and ventilated on day three of ALI, and were cared for in 23 intensive care units (ICUs) in King County, Washington.

Results
We compared day three tidal volume (VT) in open versus closed ICUs adjusting for potential patient and ICU confounders. In 13 closed model ICUs, 429 (63%) patients were cared for. Adjusted mean VT (mL/Kg predicted body weight (PBW) or measured body weight if height not recorded) for patients in closed ICUs was 1.40 mL/Kg PBW (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57 to 2.24 mL/Kg PBW) lower than patients in open model ICUs. Patients in closed ICUs were more likely (odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.09 to 4.56) to receive lower VT (≤ 6.5 mL/Kg PBW) and were less likely (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.55) to receive a potentially injurious VT (≥ 12 mL/Kg PBW) compared with patients cared for in open ICUs, independent of other covariates. The effect of closed ICUs on hospital mortality was not changed after accounting for delivered VT.

Conclusions
Patients with ALI cared for in closed model ICUs are more likely to receive lower VT and less likely to receive higher VT, but there were no other differences in measured processes of care. Moreover, the difference in delivered VT did not completely account for the improved mortality observed in closed model ICUs.
Monitoring of slowly progressing deterioration of computer numerical control machine axes
Authors: Uhlmann E , Geisert C , Hohwieler E 
Published: November 2008

The feed axes of computer numerical control (CNC) grinding machine tools are among the most mechanically stressed components of machine tools owing to the high process forces and rough manufacturing environment which they encounter. The resulting wear and tear depends strongly on the product range and the manner of machine operation. To counteract a functional deficiency of these central machine units, the current usual approach is preventive maintenance. The manual inspection of feed axes is complex and time consuming. A complicating matter is that the deterioration normally progresses very slowly and depends on the position of the stress along the axis. Existing approaches to automated estimation of the ‘health status’ of feed axes do not take this factor into account. This paper presents a procedure that addresses this gap. During simple test routines, the drive current, axis position, and feed rate are recorded. With the help of additional machine data, characteristic values are computed directly at the computer of the human—machine interface (HMI). The results are then transferred to and stored on a database server at the machine manufacturer. This approach enables the service technician to trace the progression of the axes’ ‘health status’ over a long time. This approach makes it possible to detect trends in the characteristic values at an early point in time. This leads to a better planning of necessary maintenance actions adapted to the remaining lifetime of the wearing component.
Femoral neck fracture following hip resurfacing
Authors: Davis E. T. , Olsen M. , Zdero R. , Waddell J. P. , Schemitsch E. H. 
Published: November 2008

A total of 20 pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver femurs were assigned to four alignment groups consisting of relative varus (10° and 20°) and relative valgus (10° and 20°), 75 composite femurs of two neck geometries were also used. In both the cadaver and the composite femurs, placing the component in 20° of valgus resulted in a significant increase in load to failure. Placing the component in 10° of valgus had no appreciable effect on increasing the load to failure except in the composite femurs with varus native femoral necks. Specimens in 10° of varus were significantly weaker than the neutrally-aligned specimens. The results suggest that retention of the intact proximal femoral strength occurs at an implant angulation of ≥ 142°. However, the benefit of extreme valgus alignment may be outweighed in clinical practice by the risk of superior femoral neck notching, which was avoided in this study.
Analysis of cover of the femoral head in normal and dysplastic hips
Authors: Dandachli W. , Kannan V. , Richards R. , Shah Z. , Hall-Craggs M. , Witt J. 
Published: November 2008

We present a new CT-based method which measures cover of the femoral head in both normal and dysplastic hips and allows assessment of acetabular inclination and anteversion. A clear topographical image of the head with its covered area is generated. We studied 36 normal and 39 dysplastic hips. In the normal hips the mean cover was 73% (66% to 81%), whereas in the dysplastic group it was 51% (38% to 64%). The significant advantage of this technique is that it allows the measurements to be standardised with reference to a specific anatomical plane. When this is applied to assessing cover in surgery for dysplasia of the hip it gives a clearer understanding of where the corrected hip stands in relation to normal and allows accurate assessment of inclination and anteversion.
Perthes’ disease and the search for genetic associations
Authors: Kenet G. , Ezra E. , Wientroub S. , Steinberg D. M. , Rosenberg N. , Waldman D. , Hayek S. 
Published: November 2008

The role of heritable thrombophilic risk factors in the pathogenesis of the Perthes’ disease is controversial. The clinical and radiological findings of Perthes’ disease may be indistinguishable from those of Gaucher’s disease, and the most common Jewish N370S Gaucher mutation is threefold greater in patients with Perthes’ disease. Familial osteonecrosis of the femoral head is associated with variant mutations of collagen type II (COL2A1 mutations). We therefore studied the potential role of genetic thrombophilia and the Gaucher and COL2A1 mutations in children with Perthes’ disease. Genomic DNA of 119 children with radiologically-confirmed Perthes’ disease diagnosed between 1986 and 2005 was analysed for the thrombophilic polymorphisms Factor V Leiden, 677T-MTHFR and FIIG20210A. The results were compared with those of a group of 276 children without Perthes’ disease. DNA was also analysed for the Gaucher mutations N370S, G insertion (84GG), L444P, Intron 2 (IVS2+1G> A) and R496H. Enzymic assays confirmed the Gaucher disease status. Collagen (COL2A1) mutations of the 12q13 gene were also analysed. The prevalence of thrombophilic markers was similar among the 119 patients with Perthes’ disease and the 276 control subjects. The prevalence of the Gaucher mutation was consistent with Israeli population carriership data and did not confirm an earlier-claimed association with Perthes’ disease. All 199 patients were negative for the studied COL2A1 mutations. We found no genetic association between Perthes’ disease and either Gaucher’s disease or COL2A1 mutations or increased genetic thrombophilia among our patients compared with the control group. A systematic review of case-control studies suggested that there was a positive association between Perthes’ disease and Factor V Leiden. The impact of this association upon the disease, although not consistent across the studies, remains unclear.
The medium-term results of the cemented Exeter femoral component in patients under 40 years of age
Authors: de Kam D. C. J. , Klarenbeek R. L. W. A. , Gardeniers J. W. M. , Veth R. P. H. , Schreurs B. W. 
Published: November 2008

We evaluated the outcome of 104 consecutive primary cemented Exeter femoral components in 78 patients (34 men, 44 women) under the age of 40 years who underwent total hip replacement between October 1993 and May 2004. The mean age at operation was 31 years (16 to 39). No hip was lost to follow-up, but three patients (four hips) died. None of the deaths were related to the surgery. At a mean follow-up of 6.2 years (2 to 13), three femoral components had been revised for septic loosening. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the seven-year survival of the component with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 95.8% (95% confidence interval 86.67 to 98.7). The seven-year survival with aseptic femoral loosening as the endpoint was 100% (95% confidence interval 100). The cemented Exeter femoral component in patients under the age of 40 shows promising medium-term results. As it is available in a wide range of sizes and offsets, we could address all types of anatomical variation in this series without the need for custom-made components.