bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AGE AND SEX ON CIRCULATING AND PITUITARY PROLACTIN LEVELS IN HUMAN
Authors: Yamaji T. , Shimamoto K. , Ishibashi M. , Kosaka K. , Orimo H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to determine whether age or sex affects prolactin secretion in the human, basal levels of serum prolactin, and its response to TRH administration as well as the pituitary content of this hormone were compared between both sexes and among the different age groups. In 315 adult subjects of various ages, the mean basal levels of prolactin were found to be higher in women than in men of the same age groups with the exception of the sixth decade. The effect of age on serum prolactin concentrations, on the other hand, was not demonstrated. Similarly, the prolactin response to intravenous injections of 500 μg of TRH was significantly greater in female subjects than in males of both young and aged groups. No relationship between the prolactin response and the day of menstrual cycle in young women was apparent. Although quantitative difference in TRH-induced prolactin release was not observed between young and elderly subjects, the occurrence of prolactin peak and the elimination of the circulating prolactin following TRH administration were delayed in the aged groups. Taken together with the demonstration of a higher content of this hormone in female pituitary glands compared with those of males, it was concluded that prolactin secretion is enhanced in female subjects throughout life after puberty and that aging, per se, is not associated with an alteration in the rate of secretion of this hormone in human subjects.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON THE INSULIN RELEASE CAUSED BY ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Jefferys D. B. , Jones R. H. , Stanley D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on normal fasting subjects, with and without atropine. Insulin release after oral glucose was significantly diminished by atropine, and this effect could not be ascribed to the drug delaying glucose absorption. However, insulin release brought about by intravenous glucose was not altered by atropine. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.
SERUM THYROTROPHIN, PROLACTIN AND GROWTH HORMONE, RESPONSE TO TRH DURING OESTROGEN TREATMENT
Authors: Rutlin E. , Haug E. , Torjesen P. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The serum levels of thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) and the response of these hormones to 500 μg thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) iv were studied in menstruating women. in post-menopausal women before and after 2 mg oestradiol valerate for 5 consecutive days, and in men on long term oestrogen treatment. Oestrogen treatment had no effect on basal serum TSH levels, which were within the normal range in all groups. The TSH response to TRH was not different in menstruating and post-menopausal women and was not changed in the latter group after oestrogen treatment. In men treated chronically with oestrogens, the TSH response to TRH was similar to that found in normal male subjects.
There was no difference in basal levels of serum PRL between males and menstruating females. In the post-menopausal women, however, basal levels of serum PRL was significantly decreased, but rose during oestrogen treatment to serum levels normally found in menstruating women. In the oestrogen treated males basal serum PRL levels were significantly higher than in untreated men. The PRL response to TRH was significantly greater in females than in males, but in the oestrogen treated males the PRL response to TRH was greatly increased and almost of the same magnitude as the response in females. There was no difference in PRL response between menstruating and post-menopausal women, and oestrogen treatment of the latter group had no significant effect on the PRL response.
Basal levels of serum GH did not differ between the groups. In the group of 9 post-menopausal women one subject showed a small GH response to TRH prior to oestrogen treatment, while 7 subjects showed GH responses to TRH after oestrogen treatment. In the group of 5 chronically oestrogen treated men, 2 subjects had increased serum levels of GH after TRH.
Thus our data show that oestrogen administration may induce PRL release in human subjects, while oestrogens seem to play a far less important role in the regulation of GH and TSH secretion.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF ALDOSTERONE IN THE PLASMA AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF THE FOETUS, THE NEWBORN AND THE PREGNANT GUINEA-PIG DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD
Authors: Giry J. , Delost P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma and adrenal aldosterone concentrations have been estimated by radioimmunoassay and by gas phase chromatography in the foetus, the newborn and the mother between day 62 of pregnancy and day 8 of post-natal life. The pre-natal period is characterized by a gradual increase in plasma and adrenal aldosterone levels from day 62 up to 67. Birth greatly stimulates the synthesis and the release of aldosterone. In the neonatal period there are two peaks of maximum intensity in the plasma aldosterone concentration, one at 12 h together with a high adrenal aldosterone level, the other on day 5. In the mother the plasma aldosterone concentration is always higher than that of the foetus during the pre-natal period and increases from day 64 of gestation until parturition and remains high during the first 24 h after parturition.
METABOLISM OF NORGESTREL BY THE HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM AND MYOMETRIUM IN VITRO
Authors: Uniyal J. P. , Buckshee K. , Hingorani V. , Laumas K. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Under in vitro conditions, the human endometrium and myometrium metabolized norgestrel to 13β-ethyl,17α-ethynyl-5β-oestrane,3α,17β-diol; 13β-ethyl,17α-ethynyl-5β-oestrane,3β,17β-diol and to some unidentified polar compounds, which suggests that the enzyme 3-ketosteroid reductase is present in these tissues. There was no qualitative difference in the conversion of norgestrel to its metabolites by the endometrium and myometrium, though some quantitative differences were observed i.e. more norgestrel was metabolized by the proliferative as compared with the secretory endometrium and myometrium. Furthermore, the conversion of norgestrel to its metabolites was higher in the endometrium as compared with the myometrium. Among the subcellular fractions of the endometrium and myometrium, the cytosol fraction showed the highest conversion of norgestrel. The main metabolite formed in the endometrium, myometrium and in their subcellular fractions was 3α-hydroxy-5βH-tetrahydronorgestrel. The implications of the formation of metabolites of norgestrel with very low biological activity as a factor involved in the regulation of the action of norgestrel in the endometrium are discussed.
CORTICOSTERONE BINDING BY MOUSE SERA DURING FOETAL AND POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Savu Lia , Nunez Emmanuel , Jayle Max-Fernand 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The binding properties of corticosterone binding globulin (CBG) of mouse sera have been studied by equilibrium dialysis and electrophoretic techniques, at different stages of foetal and post-natal development.
Scatchard analysis has demonstrated in all cases a single class of high affinity saturable binding sites for corticosterone. Remarkable increases of the binding capacities were observed in the foetal and pregnant sera, as compared to normal adult and immature levels. The mean values of n1M1 × g−1 of serum proteins (concentration of binding sites, n1 × moles of binding proteins M1) were 21 10−8 in 14–19 day pregnant females, 17 10−8 in the amniotic fluid, 4.2 10−8 in 14–19 day embryos, and only 0.8 10−8 in the normal adult female. Neonatal mice, aged 0–6 days exhibited no CBG activities. The association constants showed values of 2.5–4.1 108 m−1 when measured with foetal sera, and of 1.2–2.1 108 m−1 with pregnant or control adult sera and with the amniotic fluid, at 25°C. Comparative electrophoretic, thermal denaturation and competition studies with foetal and pregnant plasma CBG's are also reported.
The results are discussed in relation to the origin of CBG in the foetal serum, and also with respect to similar studies in the rat, guinea pig and man. The possible biological implications of serum steroid binding proteins in mammalian development are briefly outlined.
EFFECT OF INCREASED IODIDE INTAKE ON THYROID FUNCTION IN SUBJECTS ON CHRONIC LITHIUM THERAPY
Authors: Spaulding S. W. , Burrow G. N. , Ramey J. N. , Donabedian R. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thyroid function tests were obtained in 10 patients on chronic lithium therapy before and after the administration of potassium iodide 250 mg q. i. d. Mean serum TSH rose by 8.9 μU/ml and mean serum T3 rose from 70 to 101 ng/dl. Two patients became hypothyroid; a third showed a rise in TSH without any change in T3 or T4. A fourth patient developed hyperthyroidism probably secondary to the Jod-Basedow phenomenon. Pharmacologic doses of iodine should be administered with caution to patients on chronic lithium therapy.
ANTI-OESTROGEN ACTION: UTERINE NUCLEAR RETENTION OF THE CI-628 ANTI-OESTROGEN RECEPTOR COMPLEX IN VITRO
Authors: Rinehart John S. , Ruh Thomas S. , Ruh Mary F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Experiments were performed in vitro which compared the nuclear retention of the anti-oestrogen receptor complex formed by CI-628 and the nuclear retention of the oestrogen receptor complex formed by oestradiol-17β. Uterine nuclei retained the CI-628 receptor complex regardless of whether uterine incubations were carried out in the continued presence of CI-628 or whether, after 1 h, uterine incubations were continued in fresh medium. However, for oestradiol-17β there was a rapid decrease in the amount of receptor complex retained in the nucleus with time. When extractions using KCl were performed on nuclei after maximal accumulation of receptor complex by oestradiol-17β or CI-628, the oestrogen receptor complex was found to have a higher relative nuclear affinity than did the CI-628 receptor complex. These studies suggest different nuclear binding sites for these complexes.
FSH: II. EVIDENCE FOR ITS MEDIATING ROLE ON TESTOSTERONE SECRETION IN HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: Sizonenko Pierre C. , Rappaport Raphael , Josso Nathalie , Dray Fernand 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Testicular responses to administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in 23 hypopituitary patients were compared to responses obtained in adequate control groups and correlated to basal plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Sixteen nonpubertal patients demonstrated a significantly diminished testosterone response (250 ± 64 ng/100 ml, mean ± sem) along with low basal plasma FSH values (1.4 ± 0.2 mU/ml) when compared to normal response (607 ± 97 ng/100 ml) and normal FSH level (2.3 ± 0.2 mU/ml), but with normal LH values. In 7 pubertal patients decreased testosterone responses to HCG (815 ± 147 ng/100 ml) were observed with normal plasma FSH and LH values. Correlation between testosterone responses and FSH levels (r = 0.718, P < 0.002) in the pre-pubertal hypopituitary patients was highly significant. No such correlation was observed between testosterone response and LH. The present findings may a) give one explanation for the absence of response to HCG observed in some cases of hypo-pituitarism, b) give support to the hypothesis that FSH has a mediating role on LH-induced secretion of testosterone by the testis in human subjects.
EFFECT OF ADMINISTRATION FREQUENCY OF GROWTH HORMONE ON LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: Thorngren K.-G. , Hansson L. I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of the administration frequency of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth was investigated with tetracycline as intravital marker of the bone growth of the proximal tibia in hypophysectomized rats.
The total dose of growth hormone (NIH-GH-B16) and the administration period were the same in all compared experiments. It was possible to achieve an optimum growth response for a certain total dose of growth hormone by increasing the injection frequency. The period of hormone administration was 10 or 5 days followed by a 10 days withdrawal period. When the growth hormone was administered alone or in association with L-thyroxine for 10 days, the optimum injection frequency for growth hormone was found to be 1 inj./day in hypophysectomized rats and 2 inj./day in thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized rats.
When the administration period was 5 days for growth hormone given in association with L-thyroxine, the growth stimulation induced by one daily growth hormone injection was the same as that induced by two or four daily injections of the same total dose.
An increase in the administration frequency for a total daily dose of thyroxine from 1 to 2 inj./day did not increase the longitudinal bone growth either when thyroxine was given alone or in association with growth hormone.
THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT OF HYPERAND HYPOTHYROIDISM ON URINARY EXCRETION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE
Authors: Carter D. J. , Heath D. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was examined in patients with hyperthyroidism and primary hypothyroidism, before treatment and at least six months later on return to euthyroid status.
Urinary cyclic AMP excretion was significantly greater in the hyperthyroid group than in the hypothyroid group both in the basal state (P < 0.01) and the ambulant state (P < 0.001).
In ambulant hyperthyroid patients absolute urinary cyclic AMP excretion (μmol/24 h) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) prior to treatment than on return to euthyroid status. In the hypothyroid group no significant change occurred after treatment with 1-thyroxine (P > 0.05).
The mechanism of changes in urinary cyclic AMP excretion in thyroid disease are discussed.
STUDIES OF A THYROID HORMONE AND ANDROGEN DEPENDENT PROTEIN IN RAT LIVER CYTOSOL
Authors: Dillmann Wolfgang H. , Silva Enrique , Surks Martin I. , Oppenheimer Jack H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the liver cytosol of euthyroid male rats revealed a prominent band (molecular weight, 26 000 daltons), designated Protein II, which was virtually absent in the cytosol of hypothyroid animals. Injection of 500 μg triiodothyronine (T3) per 100 g body weight resulted in a maximal increase in the level of Protein II, reaching 90% of the euthyroidal level 3 days after hormone administration. Concomitant studies with the liver mitochondrial enzyme alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD) indicated that this T3 dose also resulted in a maximal enzyme response in this time period. Since we have estimated that 500 μg of T3 will saturate nearly all nuclear T3 binding sites, these results support the concept that the synthesis of both proteins is limited by nuclear binding. Protein II was absent in the liver cytosol of female rats but could be induced in ovariectomized female rats by androgens. Treatment of male rats with oestradiol resulted in disappearance of Protein II. Since administration of testosterone to hypothyroid male rats caused only a minimal increase in the amount of Protein II, the absence of the protein in hypothyroid animals was not due to androgen deficiency. Similarities in the molecular weight and the response to hormonal manipulation of Protein II and of the urinary α2uglobulin, previously reported by Roy (1973) raise the possibility that these proteins are the same. The high concentration of Protein II in male rat cytosol and the relative ease in its identification by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis make it a potentially useful model protein for the study of thyroid hormone action at the cellular level.
FAMILIAL ADRENOCORTICAL HYPOPLASIA WITH EARLY CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SIGNS OF MINERALOCORTICOID DEFICIENCY (HYPOALDOSTERONISM)
Authors: Petersen Knud E. , Tygstrup Inge , Thamdrup Erik 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Biochemical investigations in a boy with a salt losing syndrome revealed a very low secretion of aldosterone which did not rise during salt deprivation, in spite of a normal rise in plasma renin activity. Cortisol secretion was normal - but subsequently decreased, while the corticosterone secretion was high. The patient was studied at the age of 5 weeks, 3 months and also at the age of 8 months. He survived until the age of 18 months on treatment with sodium chloride and DOCA, but did not receive glucocorticoids. At autopsy the adrenal glands were absent, but in fat tissue from the upper renal poles foetal adrenal cortex tissue was found. The histological picture agrees well with other cases which could be designated as "foetal-cortex-only" adrenal hypoplasia. The same histological changes were demonstrated in the boy's brother who died suddenly at the age of 6 weeks.
The boy's testes were advanced in maturation to a stage of about ten years: spermatocytes and Leydig cells were present.
STABILIZATION AND ASSAY OF A 17β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE IN THE SERUM OF PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Lübbert H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Up to the present the activity of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in the blood of pregnant women has not been accurately measured because of its great instability.
The enzyme was stabilized by mixing fresh serum with an equal volume of potassium phosphate buffer (100 mm, pH 7.4), containing 40 % (v/v) glycerol, 40 μm oestradiol-17β (Oe2) and 0.4 % (v/v) ethanol. Under these conditions the 17β-HSD was stable for several days at −20, +4 and 20°C and resistant to heat denaturation at 60°C.
The Km-value for Oe2 with NAD or NADP as cosubstrate was 5 × 10−6 or 2 × 10−6 M, respectively. In the presence of NAD, Oe2 was oxidized twice as rapidly as with NADP. The Km-value for NAD was 10−5 m.
Under the conditions of assay [3H]oestrone formation was linear with time (3 h) and with protein concentration.
Serum enzyme activities in normal pregnancies (between 20 and 60 μU/ml serum at the end of gestation) were nearly twice as high as those reported by other investigators. In normal single and twin births highest activities were obtained at the expulsion of the placenta which in all cases was followed by a rapid decrease in activity.
EVOLUTION OF THE MENSTRUAL PATTERN OF GONADOTROPHIN AND SEX STEROID CONCENTRATIONS IN SERUM
Authors: Penny Robert , Parlow Albert F. , Olambiwonnu N. Olantunji , Frasier S. Douglas 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Consecutive daily serum samples were obtained over 25–30 days from 2 pre-pubertal girls (Stage I), 2 girls with breast development alone (Stage II); one girl with both breast development and pubic hair (Stage III), and 2 girls who were six months and three years post-menarche, respectively (Stage IV). All serum samples were assayed for LH, FSH, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Sera from 6 girls were assayed for testosterone, and sera from 3 were assayed for oestradiol.
The patterns of gonadotrophins and sex steroid concentrations in both Stage I and Stage II girls were characterized by day to day stability. LH and FSH concentration was increased in Stage II subjects, while steroid concentration were similar to those in Stage I. The Stage III subject showed marked, apparently random, fluctuations in the concentrations of LH, FSH, oestradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. In Stage IV, as early as six months post-menarche, there was a definite peak in the serum concentration of gonadotrophins, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol. However, luteal phase length and maximal progesterone levels of these post-menarchial girls were less than those observed for normal adult females.
These data are consistent with evolution of the adult menstrual pattern of hormone secretion through a series of developmental stages.
EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE ON AMMONIA INTOXICATION IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: Paik Woon Ki , Lee Hyang Woo , Kim Sangduk 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Adrenalectomy induces a hypersensitivity in the rat to ammonia intoxication. Daily injection of hydrocortisone hydrochloride to adrenalectomized rats restored normal sensitivity to ammonia intoxication, with concomitant restoration of liver urea-synthesizing capacity to the normal value. When injected with a large dose of ammonium acetate, hydrocortisone-treated adrenalectomized rats were able to reduce the plasma ammonia concentration much more rapidly than the adrenalectomized control rats. However, neither the increase in liver urea synthesis nor the more rapid decrease in the plasma ammonia concentration were sufficient to explain the protective action of hydrocortisone against ammonia intoxication.
GONADOTROPHIN SUPPRESSION BY STEROIDS IN NORMAL, ADULT MALE RATS
Authors: Verjans H. L. , Eik-Nes K. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Effects of subcutaneous administration of various doses of different steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH in normal, adult male rats were investigated. Each steroid was injected daily during 7 days in doses of 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 μg per 100 g body weight. Ring A 5α-reduced testosterone metabolites exerted high activity in suppressing serum LH and FSH levels. 5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol had in the doses tested, however, no such effects on serum gonadotrophins. Serum LH concentrations in normal rats appeared more sensitive to steroid treatment than serum FSH concentrations.
TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL, HYPER- AND HYPOTHYROID SUBJECTS
Authors: Lemarchand-Béraud Th. , Holm A.-Ch. , Scazziga B. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In an investigation of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) receptors in humans, the lymphocyte was chosen as the target cell. This study was performed to elucidate whether T3 and T4 bind to different receptors, if T4 is bound only after conversion into T3, and whether there is any modification of the receptors in hyper- and hypothyroidism. Lymphocytes were found to possess a high-affinity, limited-capacity binding sites for both T4 and T3. The mean equilibrium affinity constant (Ka) was 2.28 · 1010 ± 0.21 m−1 for T3, and 0.98 · 1010 ± 0.16 m−1 for T4. The mean number of saturable binding sites was 115 for T3, and 102 for T4. The binding capacities and affinities also determined in the lymphocyte nuclei isolated after incubation of the intact cell, were similar to those observed in the intact cells. In competition experiments, labelled T4 was as readily displaced by T3 as by T4 itself, whereas labelled T3 was displaced only by a 40 times higher concentration of T4 than T3. These observations suggest identical receptors for the two hormones and a binding of T4 as such, provided it is not in competition with T3. In lymphocytes from hyperthyroid patients, receptor affinities and numbers remained unchanged. In lymphocytes from hypothyroid patients, the affinity was normal, but the mean number of T3 binding sites was increased to 310 (P < 0.001), to return to normal after a few months of treatment.
TRANSPLANTABLE THYROID TUMOUR IN RATS: IODOAMINO ACID DISTRIBUTION IN SUCCESSIVE TUMOUR GENERATIONS
Authors: Volpert E. M. , Prezyna A. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
All first generation thyroid tumours in rats, produced by 3 μc 131I followed by LID, were uniformly functional, containing MIT, DIT, T4, T3, and in some cases, T′3. All fourth generation tumours were nonfunctional as tested. Second and third generation tumours were biochemically unpredictable, some containing all IAA including T′3, others only MIT, I− and a trace DIT. Degree of dedifferentiation and of autonomy did not necessarily correlate with loss of function. Results could be explained by postulating nodules with differing biochemical properties within individual tumours.