bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspecies in intensively farmed pigs in Ireland
Authors: ZINTL A. , NEVILLE D. , MAGUIRE D. , FANNING S. , MULCAHY G. , SMITH H. V. , DE WAAL T. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYNaturalCryptosporidiuminfections in pigs are widespread but generally apathogenic. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of zoonoticCryptosporidiumspp. in piggeries in Ireland, where the drinking water supply is particularly vulnerable to contamination with zoonotic species. Overall, infections were detected in 39 out of 342 animals (11·4%), with highest infection rates among weaners (15%) and sows (13·3%). Twenty-nine positive samples were genotyped based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Infections withCryptosporidium parvum, the most important zoonotic species were rare and are likely to be of greater concern to animal handlers than suppliers of drinking water. In addition toC. parvum,Cryptosporidium suis,Cryptosporidiumpig genotype II,Cryptosporidium murisand a previously undescribed genotype were identified. ABI-profiles indicated the presence of different alleles in at least 40% of all genotyped isolates. This was confirmed in 3 isolates by cloning of the PCR products. Since chronic mixed infections appear to be quite common in pigs they could be considered as models for mixed infections in immunocompromised humans.
Long-range distance determinations in biomacromolecules by EPR spectroscopy
Authors: Schiemann Olav , Prisner Thomas F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provides a variety of tools to study structures and structural changes of large biomolecules or complexes thereof. In order to unravel secondary structure elements, domain arrangements or complex formation, continuous wave and pulsed EPR methods capable of measuring the magnetic dipole coupling between two unpaired electrons can be used to obtain long-range distance constraints on the nanometer scale. Such methods yield reliably and precisely distances of up to 80 Å, can be applied to biomolecules in aqueous buffer solutions or membranes, and are not size limited. They can be applied either at cryogenic or physiological temperatures and down to amounts of a few nanomoles. Spin centers may be metal ions, metal clusters, cofactor radicals, amino acid radicals, or spin labels. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the different EPR spectroscopic methods, briefly describe their theoretical background, and summarize important biological applications. The main focus of this article will be on pulsed EPR methods like pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) and their applications to spin-labeled biosystems.
Adding the Reader's Voice: Early-modern Ashkenazi Grammars of Hebrew
Authors: Zwiep Irene E. 
Published: June 2007

ArgumentThe Ashkenazi grammars of Hebrew written between roughly 1600 and 1800 fill a modest and largely forgotten shelf in the Jewish scholarly library. At first sight, especially when compared with the medieval Jewish and contemporary Christian Hebrew traditions, they seem to lack technical sophistication. As this paper hopes to demonstrate, however, this apparent lack of sophistication was not so much an intrinsic flaw as a deliberate choice. For the earliest Ashkenazi textbooks were not about studying grammar, but about teaching Hebrew. By adapting the existing descriptive models to the needs of the classroom and the gemeyne leytn (ordinary people), Jewish scholars and teachers in such cities as Prague, Wilhelmsdorff, and Amsterdam hoped to find and instruct new audiences. Depending on context and target audience, they either relied on Hebrew, Yiddish, or on an intricate interplay of the two for maximum success and efficiency. It was this innovative combination of didactic simplification and functional bilingualism that allowed them not only to reach a new readership, but also to equip that readership to henceforth read their Bible and prayers with unprecedented autonomy.
Jacob Lestschinsky: A Yiddishist Dreamer and Social Scientist
Authors: Estraikh Gennady 
Published: June 2007

ArgumentJacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) emerged as the leading social scientist in pre-1917 circles of Yiddishist Marxist nationalists, most notably the Territorialists, who sought to create Jewish statehood outside Palestine. Lestschinsky played a central role in Jewish institutions formed in Ukraine in 1918–1920. A convinced anti-Bolshevik, he lived in Germany, then in Poland, America, and eventually in Israel. He combined two careers: a popular Yiddish journalist and an influential scholar. He conducted demographic and statistical studies under the auspices of the Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO) whose headquarters were in Vilna (Vilnius) until the beginning of World War II and were later moved to New York. Lestschinsky was one of the fathers of YIVO and was associated with the organization until the 1950s. In January 1945, during a YIVO conference in New York, he was the first to estimate the number of Holocaust victims as six million. This article analyzes Lestschinsky's theoretical outlook and its transformation under the influence of the vicissitudes of Jewish life.
Interpreting Freud: The Yiddish Philosophical Journal Davke Investigates a Jewish Icon
Authors: Berger Shlomo 
Published: June 2007

ArgumentThe Argentine-based Yiddish philosophical journal Davke functioned as a mediator between general European philosophy and Jewish philosophy. Its editor Shlomo Suskovich wished to introduce readers of Yiddish to the western tradition of philosophy and, at the same time, to show how Jewish thought contributed to abstract thinking. Through topical issues dedicated to central ideas or to giants among Jewish philosophers, particular knowledge could be successfully transmitted to the reading public. Sigmund Freud was honored with such a topical issue. In it the editor wished to show this Jew's contribution to basic philosophical contemplation rather than limit the discussion to his contributions in the field of psychology. In the central article of the issue on Freud, the editor emphasizes that all the articles in the issue, including those which deal with psychoanalysis, focus on Freud's importance to the world of ideas rather than just the world of medicine.
Tuvia Schalit's Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye of 1927 and Other Introductions to the Theory of Relativity in Yiddish
Authors: Gruschka Roland 
Published: June 2007

ArgumentThis article discusses a number of heterogeneous Yiddish monographs on Einstein's theory of relativity. It presents background information on Einstein's relationship with the Yiddish language, with the cultural movement, Yiddishism, and with its leading institution, YIVO. Although Einstein avoided taking sides in the conflict between Yiddishism and its rival Zionism, his Zionist friends were successful in establishing at least a “primacy of palestinocentric Zionism” in his thinking. Of special interest are two books by philosophic writers and one by an author trained in mathematics and physics, Tuvia Schalit, an acquaintance of Einstein's assistant Jacob Grommer. This article describes the underlying motivations and the philosophical horizon of these authors, in particular with respect to their view on the relationship between Kantianism and the theory of relativity. In contrast to many German academic philosophers, the Yiddish authors thought it possible to reconcile Kantianism with the new physics.
Ber Borochov's “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology”
Authors: Trachtenberg Barry 
Published: June 2007

ArgumentBer Borochov (1881–1917), the Marxist Zionist revolutionary who founded the political party Poyle Tsien (Workers of Zion), was also one of the key theoreticians of Yiddish scholarship. His landmark 1913 essay, “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology,” was his first contribution to the field and crowned him as its chief ideologue. Modeled after late nineteenth-century European movements of linguistic nationalism, “The Tasks” was the first articulation of Yiddish scholarship as a discrete field of scientific research. His tasks ranged from the practical: creating a standardized dictionary and grammar, researching the origins and development of the language, and establishing a language institute; to the overtly ideological: the “nationalizing and humanizing” of the Yiddish language and its speakers. The essay brought a new level of sophistication to the field, established several of its ideological pillars, and linked Yiddish scholarship to the material needs of the Jewish people. Although “The Tasks” was greeted with a great deal of skepticism upon its publication, after his death, Borochov became widely accepted as the “founder” of modern Yiddish studies.
A Salmonella Typhimurium 197 outbreak linked to the consumption of lambs' liver in Sydney, NSW
Authors: HESS I. M. R. , NEVILLE L. M. , McCARTHY R. , SHADBOLT C. T. , McANULTY J. M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYWe identified an increase in the number of cases of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 197 in New South Wales in February 2005. Cases were predominantly of Lebanese descent. To identify risk factors for illness, we conducted an unmatched case-control study including 12 cases and 21 controls. Eight of 12 cases (67%) and no controls reported eating lambs' liver (OR incalculable, P<0·05), and seven of nine cases (78%) and one of 21 controls (5%) reported eating fresh fish (OR 70·0, P<0·05). Among participants who did not eat liver, there was a strong association between eating fish and illness (OR 60·0, P<0·05). The fish was from divergent sources. Five cases had bought the liver from two different butcher's shops, which obtained the lambs' liver from a single abattoir. Consumption of liver is a risk for salmonellosis. Traditional dishes may place some ethnic groups at increased risk of foodborne disease.
Molecular typing ofSalmonella entericaserovars Enteritidis, Corvallis, Anatum and Typhimurium from food and human stool samples in Tunisia, 2001–2004
Authors: BEN AISSA R. , AL-GALLAS N. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYDuring the period from 2001 to 2004, a total of 72 isolates ofSalmonella entericaserovars: Anatum (n=40), Enteritidis (n=18), Corvallis (n=8), and Typhimurium (n=6), of various origins (mainly food and diarrhoeagenic stool samples), were collected and further characterized by antibiotic resistance, plasmid analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-five isolates presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics. Among which oneS. entericaserovar Anatum isolate was resistant to 11 antibiotics, and oneS. entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 isolate was resistant to eight antibiotics. Plasmid profiling identified eight plasmid profiles (with 1–5 plasmids) among the isolates, of which one plasmid profile (P01) was predominant.XbaI PFGE analysis revealed the presence of a predominant clone of the four studiedSalmonellaserovars circulating in Tunisia throughout the years 2001–2004.
Are dietary diversity scores related to the socio-economic and anthropometric status of women living in an urban area in Burkina Faso?
Authors: Savy M , Martin-Prével Y , Danel P , Traissac P , Dabiré Hb , Delpeuch F 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo study dietary diversity and its relationship with socio-economic and nutritional characteristics of women in an urban Sahelian context.DesignA qualitative dietary recall was performed over a 24-h period. Dietary diversity scores (DDS = number of food groups consumed) were calculated from a list of nine food groups (DDS-9) or from a list of 22 food groups (DDS-22) which detailed both micronutrient- and energy-dense foods more extensively. Body mass index (BMI), mid upper-arm circumference and body fat percentage were used to assess the nutritional status of the women.Setting and subjectsFive hundred and fifty-seven women randomly selected in two districts of Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso.ResultsThe mean DDS-9 and DDS-22 were 4.9 ± 1.0 and 6.5 ± 1.8 food groups, respectively. In the high tertile of DDS-22, more women consumed fatty and sweetened foods, fresh fish, non-fatty meat and vitamin-A-rich fruits and vegetables. The DDS-9 was not associated with the women’s socio-economic characteristics whereas the DDS-22 was higher when the women were younger, richer and had received at least a minimum education. Mean BMI of the women was 24.2 ± 4.9 kg m–2and 37% of them were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg m–2). Neither the DDS-9 nor the DDS-22 was associated with the women’s anthropometric status, even though there was a trend towards fewer overweight women in the lowest tertile of DDS-22.ConclusionIn this urban area, the qualitative measurement of dietary diversity is not sufficient to identify women at risk of under- or overweight.
Energy costs of daily activities for women in rural India
Authors: Rao Shobha , Gokhale Medha , Kanade Asawari 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveIn view of the paucity of data on energy costs, the present study aimed to estimate these for typical daily activities performed by women in rural India.DesignA cross-sectional study covering 26 different activities was done by indirect calorimetry using the Oxylog™ instrument (Morgan).SettingsVillages about 30–40 km from Pune city, Maharashtra, India.SubjectsEnergy costs were measured on 22 rural Indian women aged 18–45 years.ResultsIrrespective of whether an activity was domestic or farming, energy cost was lower when performed in sitting position (cleaning grains 5.24 kJ min−1, plucking leafy vegetables 5.76 kJ min−1) and increased considerably with the extent of muscular movement (carrying two water containers 14.77 kJ min−1, chopping firewood 14.5 kJ min−1), indicating the importance of the postural details of the activity. Physical activity ratio computed using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation (PARw) was lower for all activities compared with that (PARm) based on measured basal metabolic rate, indicating the need for a population-specific equation. Furthermore, PARw identified more activities as belonging to the ‘very light’ category (nine out of 26 activities), in contrast to the perception of rural women which was supported with empirical evidence. Estimated daily energy expenditure of the women was 7.69 ± 0.63 MJ (1837 ± 150 kcal) and identified their daily activity pattern as ‘moderate’ based on PALw (1.65 ± 0.16) while PALm (2.04 ± 0.18) identified it as ‘heavy’.ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of qualitative descriptions of the various activities. The energy costs for several daily activities reported in this study could potentially be used for estimating daily energy expenditure of women from similar rural settings.
Effects of a dairy product fortified with multiple micronutrients and
omega-3 fatty acids on birth weight and gestation duration in pregnant Chilean
women
Authors: Mardones Francisco , Urrutia Maria-Teresa , Villarroel Luis , Rioseco Alonso , Castillo Oscar , Rozowski Jaime , Tapia Jose-Luis , Bastias Gabriel , Bacallao Jorge , Rojas Ivan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that maternal food fortification with omega-3 fatty
acids and multiple micronutrients increases birth weight and gestation
duration, as primary outcomes.DesignNon-blinded, randomised controlled study.SettingPregnant women received powdered milk during their health check-ups at 19
antenatal clinics and delivered at two maternity hospitals in Santiago,
Chile.SubjectPregnant women were assigned to receive regular powdered milk (n = 477) or a milk product fortified with
multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 495).ResultsIntention-to-treat analysis showed that mean birth weight was higher in the
intervention group than in controls (65.4 g difference, 95% confidence
interval (CI) 5–126 g; P =
0.03) and the incidence of very preterm birth (<34 weeks) was
lower (0.4% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.03).
On-treatment analysis showed a mean birth weight difference of 118 g (95% CI
47–190 g; P = 0.001) and a
relative fall in both the proportion of birth weight ≤3000 g
(P = 0.015) and the incidence of
pre-eclampsia (P = 0.015). Compliance
with the experimental product was apparent from a haematological study of
red-blood-cell folate at the end of pregnancy, which was performed in a
sub-sample. In both types of analyses, positive differences were also
present for mean gestation duration, birth length and head circumference.
Nevertheless, the relatively small sample sizes allowed a statistical power
of >0.80 just for mean birth weight and birth length in the
on-treatment analysis; birth length in that analysis had a difference of
0.57 cm (95% CI 0.19–0.96 cm; P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe new intervention resulted in increased mean birth weight. Associations
with gestation duration and most secondary outcomes need a larger sample
size for confirmation.
Rearrangements of the Williams–Beuren syndrome locus: molecular basis and implications for speech and language development
Authors: Osborne Lucy R. , Mervis Carolyn B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) locus on human chromosome 7q11.23 is flanked by complex chromosome-specific low-copy repeats that mediate recurrent genomic rearrangements of the region. Common genomic rearrangements arise through unequal meiotic recombination and result in complex but distinct behavioural and cognitive phenotypes. Deletion of 7q11.23 results in WBS, which is characterised by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning difficulties, with relative cognitive strengths in verbal short-term memory and in language and extreme weakness in visuospatial construction, as well as anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overfriendliness. By contrast, duplication results in severely delayed speech and expressive language, with relative strength in visuospatial construction. Although deletion and duplication of the WBS region have very different effects, both cause forms of language impairment and suggest that dosage-sensitive genes within the region are important for the proper development of human speech and language. The spectrum and frequency of genomic rearrangements at 7q11.23 presents an exceptional opportunity to identify gene(s) directly involved in human speech and language development.
Noise, cycles, and noisy cycles in finite populations
Authors: Pineda-Krch Mario 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPeriodic predator-prey dynamics in constant environments are usually taken as indicative of deterministic limit cycles. It is known, however, that demographic stochasticity in finite populations can also give rise to regular population cycles, even when the corresponding deterministic models predict a stable equilibrium. The existence of quasi-cycles substantially expands the scope for natural patterns of periodic population oscillations caused by ecological interactions, thereby complicating the conclusive interpretation of such patterns. It is, however, feasible and straightforward to accurately distinguish between the two types of cycle through the combined analysis of autocorrelations and marginal distributions of population sizes. By confronting these results with real ecological time series even short and imperfect time series allow quasi-cycles and limit cycles to be distinguished reliably.This work has been published in:Pineda-Krch M, Blok HJ, Dieckmann U, Doebeli M. 2007. A tale of two cycles - Distinguishing between true limit cycles and quasi-cycles in finite predator-prey populations. Oikos 116: 53-64.
Mortality related to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence: a comparative analysis of coronial records
Authors: GIBSON AMY E. , DEGENHARDT LOUISA J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality associated with oral naltrexone, methadone and buprenorphine in opioid dependence treatment, employing a retrospective data analysis using coronial and prescription data. Design and Methods. The number of deaths were identified through national coronial data and number of treatment recipients were estimated from 2000 to 2003 prescriptions and restricted medications data. Mortality rates were expressed as deaths per number of treatment episodes and per person‐years at high and low risk of fatal opioid overdose.Results. Thirty‐two oral naltrexone, one buprenorphine and 282 methadone‐related deaths were identified. Mortality rates in the highest risk period in deaths per 100 person‐years were 22.1 (14.6–32.2) for oral naltrexone following treatment cessation and 3.0 (2.3‐3.9) for methadone during treatment induction. Rates in the lowest risk period in deaths per 100 person‐years were 1.0 (0.3‐2.2) during oral naltrexone treatment and 0.34 (0.3‐0.4) during post‐induction methadone treatment. The relative risk of death for oral naltrexone subjects was 7.4 times (high‐risk period, p < 0.0001) or 2.8 times (low‐risk period, p = 0.055) that of methadone subjects.Discussion and Conclusions. This is the first comparison of mortality associated with these three pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence. The risk of death related to oral naltrexone appears higher than that related to methadone treatment. [Gibson AE, Degenhardt LJ. Mortality related to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence: a comparative analysis of coronial records. Drug Alcohol Rev 2007;26:405–410]
Is Australia ‘fair dinkum’ about drug education in schools?*
Authors: MIDFORD RICHARD 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSchool drug education is seen by governments as an ideal prevention strategy because it offers the potential to stop use by the next generation. Australian schools expanded drug education substantially during the 1960s in response to rising use by young people, and in 1970 the first national drug education programme was launched. In the mid‐1990s the level and quality of drug education increased noticeably. Unfortunately, subsequent national initiatives have failed to capitalise on the gains made during this period. Some good quality, independent research, such as the Gatehouse Project and the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP), has been conducted in Australia. However, national‐level momentum is being lost, because there is little commitment to the development of evidence‐based mass programmes. In this climate drug education has become vulnerable to short‐term decision‐making that emphasises palatable, policy‐driven outcomes and focuses on strategies designed to bolster the legitimacy of these goals. So is Australia ‘fair dinkum’ about drug education in schools? There is a history of innovation, and past programmes have left behind pockets of expertise, but the challenge is to invest continuously in methods with evidence of success, rather than settle for cyclical programmes driven by the political and moral palliatives of the day. To do less is to fail the young people of Australia. [Midford R. Is Australia ‘fair dinkum’ about drug education in schools? Drug Alcohol Rev 2007;26:421–427]