bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pseudomonas Pneumonia of Mink: Pathogenesis, Vaccination, and Serologic Studies
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Gallina Anthony Μ. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fulminating pneumonia was produced in mink by the intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sequence of pulmonary lesions was focal inflammation, focal necrosis, and widespread inflammation and necrosis. Secondary lesions of peracute hemorrhage and necrosis were the result of bacterial spread via the airways. Invasion of vessel walls by P aeruginosa was a terminal event and was secondary to bacillary invasion and necrosis of adjacent tissues. Regional (lymphatic) and systemic spread of bacteria followed the development of pulmonary lesions, but there was little morphologic evidence of tissue damage in other organs. Immunofluorescence studies showed that P aeruginosa antigen was dispersed within pulmonary cells and was free in the lung parenchyma. Mink surviving beyond postinfection hour 60 had a macrophage infiltration into limited pulmonary lesions.
A vaccine trial was conducted with P aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (lps) used as antigen, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibody. Antibody was detected in mink after vaccination with lps or natural exposure. Mink with antibody to lps, from vaccination or naturally acquired, were resistant to experimental infection.
Hemorrhagic Syndrome Induced in Chicken Embryos by Intravenous Inoculation of Ground Chicken Embryo Extract
Authors: Tyler D. E. , Sawyer Μ. Μ. , Osburn B. I. , Benken B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The hemorrhagic syndrome which occurred after the iv inoculation of ground embryo extract into living chicken embryos resulted from rapid activation and depletion of the clotting mechanism. The syndrome was prevented by the addition of heparin to the ground embryo inoculum. The characteristics of the hemorrhagic syndrome suggest that the phenomenon is the result of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Efficacy of Ivermectin (22,23-Dihydroavermectin B1) Against Gastrointestinal Parasites in Ponies
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Torbert Betty J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The controlled test method was used to evaluate the antiparasitic efficacy of im inoculated 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 (ivermectin) against gastrointestinal parasites of horses (ponies). Parasite infections were naturally acquired in southern Louisiana. Dose levels of the drug tested were 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 0.5 mg/kg.
Ivermectin at all dose levels tested had an efficacy greater than 97% (P < 0.05) against Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi larvae, Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, 15 species of small strongyles, and small strongyle larvae. Ponies were less uniformly infected with Habronema sp larvae, G nasalis larvae, Parascaris equorum, O equi adults, Anoplocephala perfoliata, S equinus, and 11 small strongyle species, and statistical analysis was not possible to do. However, observations indicate that the drug was also highly effective against these species. There were no gross or clinical reactions observed in treated animals. Dissections of the injection sites revealed spindle-shaped lesions, 3 to 5 cm long, in a few ponies in all treatment groups, including those given the placebo injection.
Effects of Clonidine on Glucose Production and Insulin Secretion of Cattle
Authors: Gorewit R. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clonidine2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride, a potent α-adrenoceptor stimulant, was given to dairy heifers. Administration of either 2 or 20 μg of drug/ kg during 10 minutes resulted in decreased immunoreactive serum insulin (iri) concentrations and increased serum glucose concentrations 5 minutes after administration. Drug administration resulted in a protracted decrease (P < 0.01) of serum iri and a protracted increase (P < 0.01) in serum glucose. Doses differed significantly (P < 0.01) with regard to their ability to alter iri and glucose concentrations. Clonidine also significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced glucose release from liver slices of heifers in vitro. Clonidine stimulated cyclic 3'5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in liver tissue slices when they were incubated in the presence (or absence) of theophylline, indicating that the mechanisms bringing about changes in liver glucose release and cAMP production were related.
Response of Calves to Lung Challenge Exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica After Parenteral or Pulmonary Immunization
Authors: Wilkie B. N. , Markham R. J. F. , Shewen P. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 3 experiments, calves were vaccinated by intrabronchial or subcutaneous injection of formalinized Pasteurella haemolytica. Immunization was evaluated by assessing the clinical and pathologic responses to pulmonary challenge exposure with live homologous bacteria. Serum and bronchoalveolar washings were titrated for antibody by indirect (antiglobulin) bacterial agglutination.
Response to challenge exposure was determined by increased rectal temperature and faster respiratory rate. In all experiments, the most obvious clinical change occurred in challenge-exposed calves which had been vaccinated by the subcutaneous injection of killed P haemolytica with added adjuvant. Also, macroscopic pulmonic lesions were recorded most frequently in calves vaccinated by this route. In all instances, immunization resulted in elevated anti-Phaemolytica titers both in lung and serum.
Canine Population Dynamics; A Study of the Manhattan, Kansas, Canine Population
Authors: Nassar R. , Mosier J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Analysis of the age distribution in the pet population of dogs in the community of Manhattan, Kansas from 1968 to 1979 revealed that the distribution was stationary and the rate of population change (λ1) was close to 1, which means, that if present conditions do not change, the population probably would remain stable in size in the future.
The number of females spayed in the Manhattan population reached a frequency of 66% in 1979. Considering only present age-dependent birth and survival rates, the population could not maintain itself and would decrease rapidly in size. It was found, however, that the population is maintained by a high net rate of immigration, with about 57% of all dogs under 6 months old coming from outside the Manhattan population.
The ratio of people to dogs in Manhattan was estimated to be 4.14:1; about 41% of all dogs under 6 months of age were acquired through breeders.
Roaming animals in 1 year represented about 12% of the canine population in Manhattan; of those, 36% were stray (not claimed by owner) and the rest were owned and redeemed. The data represented only a portion of the population (dogs with responsible owners) and for a complete understanding of the dynamics of the entire population, one should analyze roaming dogs in a similar way.
The methods described in this study should be useful for collecting data to be used by veterinarians and municipal authorities confronted with proposals for regulation dealing with reproduction and pet population.
Aqueous Humor Outflow in Beagles with Inherited Glaucoma: Constant Pressure Perfusion
Authors: Peiffer Roger L. , Gum Glenwood G. , Grimson Roger C. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Determination of facility of aqueous humor outflow (C), using constant pressure perfusion, was performed in vivo in normal dogs and in Beagles with inherited glaucoma at different stages of the disease process. Measurements were taken at 10 mm of Hg increments of intraocular pressure (iop) from 10 to 50 mm of Hg iop in the controls and to higher levels of iop, as needed, to obtain 3 consecutive intervals in which perfusion was required in glaucomatous animals. In normal dogs, C increased slightly as iop increased to a maximum of 0.22 at 50 mm of Hg. In glaucomatous dogs, C was significantly (P = 0.001) reduced compared with the value in the controls, with a maximum value of 0.09 at 50 mm of Hg.
Experimentally Induced Chronic Aflatoxicosis in Rabbits
Authors: Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Hatch Roger C. , Mahaffey Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male New Zealand White rabbits were given (orally) 4 dosage levels of aflatoxin B1 (afb1): 0.025, 0.0375, 0.05, and 0.0625 mg/kg of body weight daily for 24 days. Feed was available ad libitum. Other rabbits were ration-fed without added afb1, with the following amounts: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 g/day. Clinical condition, feed consumption, selected blood values, and gross and microscopic pathologic changes were determined.
The 2 smaller doses of afb1 did not produce clinical toxicosis or blood changes. The 2 larger doses produced anorexia, decreased weight gains, lethargy, emaciation, dehydration, icterus, and death. Clinicopathologic changes included decreased plasma total protein (tp) and increases in blood clotting time, serum bilirubin concentration, and alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast) activities. There were no consistent dose-related changes in serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and little change in pcv and hemoglobin concentration.
Reduced feeding did not affect clotting time and serum bilirubin and ast values. Mean values for pcv, hemoglobin, and tp were within usual limits, but gradually decreased with time in animals given 10, 20, and 40 g of feed/day. In the latter rabbits, mean serum alp activity gradually decreased to less than that of control rabbits. Mean serum alt activity was normal except on day 23 when the values were moderately increased in rabbits given 10 and 40 g of feed/day.
Gross pathologic changes were observed in most rabbits given 0.05 and 0.0625 mg of afb1/kg each day. Icterus of body tissues was apparent, and liver of the icteric animals was yellow to orange. Traces of fresh blood were found within the jejunal lumen.
Microscopic changes were observed only in the liver and were more consistent and severe in animals given the daily dosages of 0.05 and 0.0625 mg of afb1/kg. Histopathologic changes in liver sections from rabbits given the 0.025 and 0.0375 mg of afb1/kg dosage included increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia and loss of cytoplasmic granularity of hepatocytes. In livers of some rabbits, a mild increase in the proportion of binucleate hepatocytes and mild karyomegaly was noted. Bile duct hyperplasia was not evident. Liver sections from rabbits given the 2 larger dose concentrations of afb1 had similar but more severe changes in hepatocytes. In addition, bile stasis was found within biliary canaliculi of several rabbits. Portal triads in some liver sections contained many cells with fusiform nuclei and little visible cytoplasm. Hepatic necrosis was not detected in any of the rabbits. Hyperplasia of biliary ductular epithelium was seen in 1 rabbit.
Acute Oral Median Lethal Dose of Haloxon and Coumaphos in Sheep as Influenced by Plasma A Esterase
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Fisk Robert A. , Stormont Clyde 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Determination of the acute oral median lethal dose (ld50) of haloxon for lambs classified as to the presence or absence of plasma esterases (A esterase; EsA) rapidly hydrolyzing haloxon revealed markedly different values for the 2 phenotypes of sheep. The ld50 for EsA— lambs was 763 mg/kg of body weight with 95% confidence limits of 543 to 1,072 mg/kg. The acute oral ld50 for EsA+ lambs remains undetermined but was demonstrated to be in excess of 11,392 mg/kg.
The acute oral ld50 for a closely related organophosphate (coumaphos) was not different in the 2 phenotypes of sheep.
Demonstration of Canine Distemper Viral Antigen in Paraffin Sections, Using an Unlabeled Antibody-Enzyme Method
Authors: Ducatelle R. , Coassement W. , Hoorens J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A peroxidase technique was used for the inununohistochemic demonstration of canine distemper viral antigen in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. The antigen was detected in epithelial cells and nerve cells of young dogs.
The application of a combined peroxidase and hematoxylin and eosin stain as a diagnostic technique is discussed.
Effects of Copper Pretreatment Upon the Toxicity of Selenium in Ponies
Authors: Stowe H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-four adult ponies were used to determine the effects of single oral doses of copper (Cu) supplements (0, 20, and 40 mg of Cu/kg of body weight) on the toxicity of oral doses of selenium (Se) supplements (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight) administered 24 hours after the copper was given. Signs of Se toxicosis—sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, mild pyrexia, lethargy, and colic—developed in ponies given 6 and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight without Cu pretreatment. Two of 4 ponies given 6 mg of Se/kg and both ponies given 8 mg of Se/kg without Cu pretreatment died within 36 hours after being given the Se. All ponies given either 20 or 40 mg of Cu/kg were unaffected by the subsequent Se supplement, regardless of dosage. The Cu pretreatment did not seem to inhibit absorption of Se, based on serum Se concentrations, but hastened the disappearance of the Se from the serum.
Lesions in Clinically Healthy Cattle Persistently Infected with the Virus of Bovine Viral Diarrhea—Glomerulonephritis and Encephalitis
Authors: Cutlip R. C. , McClurkin A. W. , Coria M. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four clinically healthy cattle persistently infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrhea were examined for viral antigen and lesions. Antigen was seen by direct immunofluorescence in cytoplasm of the neurons of the brain and cervical part of the spinal cord, cells and basement membrane of renal glomeruli, reticular cells of lymph nodes and spleen, epithelial cells of small intestinal crypts and renal and testicular tubules, and endothelial cells of blood vessels. Infected neurons were pyknotic and surrounded by astrocytes and macrophages. A few blood vessels in the brains were cuffed with mononuclear cells. Basement membranes of renal glomeruli were irregularly thick with eosinophilic material, and mesangial cells in the glomeruli were plentiful. The virus had a direct effect on some tissues, but was restricted in its cytopathogenicity and was not eliminated by defense mechanisms of the host. Renal glomerular lesions were believed to have an immunologic basis.
Passive Protection of Calves Against Experimentally Induced and Naturally Occurring Enteric Colibacillosis
Authors: Myers L. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant beef cows were vaccinated twice before calving with a 4-strain Escherichia coli bacterin, a K99 E coli bacterin, or a placebo. The 4-strain bacterin contained formalin-killed whole cells of 3 serogroups (O9:K35:K99, O101:K30:K99, and O8:K85:K99) of enterotoxigenic E coli (etec) prevalent in nature and strain B41 (O101:K–:K99), the source strain for the K99-pilus antigen. The K99 bacterin contained whole cells of etec strain B41. The degree of protection elicited in calves against experimentally induced (experiment 1) find naturally occurring (experiment 2) enteric colibacillosis was determined. In experiment 1, newborn colostrum-fed calves were orally challenge inoculated with 5 × 1010 viable cells of 1 of 2 serogroups (O9:K35:K99 or O8:K85:K99) of etec. None of the 21 calves whose dams were vaccinated with the 4-strain bacterin developed enteric disease. This compares with the development of enteric disease in 7 of 21 calves whose dams were given the K99 bacterin and 14 of 20 calves from dams given the placebo.
In experiment 2, involving 2,039 pregnant beef cows in 12 privately owned herds, 5 of 676 calves whose dams were vaccinated with the 4-strain bacterin died of naturally occurring enteric disease, compared with 16 of 699 calves whose dams were given the placebo. Significantly fewer calves whose dams were vaccinated with the 4-strain bacterin developed severe enteric disease in experiment 1 (P < 0.005), or died of enteric disease in experiment 2 (P < 0.025), as compared with the number of calves whose dams were given the placebo. In experiment 2, there was considerable interherd variation in efficacy of the 4-strain bacterin. In both experiments, severe enteric colibacillosis occurred in fewer (but not significantly fewer) calves from dams vaccinated with the K99 bacterin as compared with the colibacillosis that occurred in calves from dams given the placebo. Lack of efficacy of the K99 bacterin was probably due to an insufficient amount of K99 antigen in the bacterin.
Using the reverse radial immunodiffusion test, precipitating antibodies against E coli-capsular K antigens 30, 35, and 85 were detected in colostral whey from 21 of 27 dams vaccinated with the 4-strain bacterin. Colostral antibodies against K antigens 30, 35, and 85 were not detected in dams injected with the K99 bacterin or the placebo. The geometric means of the K99-agglutinating antibody titers were higher in cows vaccinated with the 4-strain bacterin than in cows vaccinated with the K99 bacterin. In experiment 1, there was a good correlation between K99 antibody titer and the development of enteric disease in calves from dams vaccinated with the K99 bacterin.
Vaccination of Dogs Against Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease), Using an Inactivated-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Pensaert M. B. , Commeyne Sophie , Andries K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serologic and virus isolation studies were performed on dogs vaccinated against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease). A commercially available inactivated-virus vaccine was used in 29 dogs. The dogs were vaccinated once subcutaneously (sc; group A, n = 7), with 2 doses sc (group B, n = 9), with 1 dose sc followed by 1 im (group C, n = 8), and with 2 doses im (group D, n = 5). Twelve vaccinated dogs were challenge-exposed oronasally and 5 dogs were challenge-exposed im, using 5 × 106.0 tcid50 of virulent virus. The oronasal challenge exposure caused typical disease in nonvaccinated control dogs (group E, n = 4). Healthy dogs (group F, n = 2) exposed to infected dogs remained seronegative and did not become clinically ill. Disease in the challenge-exposed control group E dogs and in the vaccinated dogs (groups A, B, C, and D) was characterized by the progressive development of anorexia, cns depression, difficulties in swallowing, hypersalivation, dyspnea, ataxia or circling, and unconsciousness; then death. Head scratching was frequent, particularly around the eyes. Death occurred between 12 and 48 hours after clinical signs appeared.
Serum-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 15 of 23 dogs (groups A, B, and C) after the initial or the 1st sc vaccination. All dogs were seropositive after 2 vaccinations, regardless of route. The highest titers were obtained in the group D dogs (2 im administrations). Only 2 of the 12 oronasally and 1 of the 5 im challenge-exposed dogs survived. Virus isolation was attempted in 11 dogs that died after oronasal challenge exposure. Virus was isolated from the brain and cervical part of the spinal cord from these 11 dogs; it was regularly obtained from tonsils and parotid salivary gland, but rarely from the thoracic part of the spinal cord, lungs, and heart. Conjunctival tissue was positive in 5 of the 6 dogs examined. The present results indicate that protection of dogs against pseudorabies may be difficult to achieve with an inactivated-virus vaccine.
Therapeutic and Toxic Plasma Concentrations of Digoxin in the Cat
Authors: Erichsen Deborah F. , Harris Stanley G. , Upson Dan W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nonanesthetized cats of both sexes were given oral digoxin (0.011 mg/kg of body weight) in 3 forms: elixir, tablet, and crushed tablet mixed with food. Mean peak plasma concentrations of digoxin were highest with the elixir (1.89 ± 1.02 ng/ml) and lowest with the crushed tablet mixed with food (0.66 ± 0.35 ng/ml). Male cats had significantly higher (P < 0.10) mean plasma digoxin concentrations than did female cats.
A 2nd group of nonanesthetized cats of both sexes was given digoxin elixir orally at therapeutic amounts (0.011 mg/kg) once a day for 4 consecutive days. The cumulative effect of digoxin resulted in 62% increase in the mean peak plasma concentration and 231% increase in the 24-hour plasma concentration of digoxin over the 4-day period. Male cats had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean plasma digoxin concentration than did female cats. Significant changes in the ecg were not recorded.
A 3rd group of nonanesthetized cats of both sexes was given a single toxic dose (0.11 mg/kg) of digoxin elixir orally. All cats showed clinical signs of digitalis toxicosis (depression, vomiting, salivation, and anorexia) before ecg changes appeared. Alterations in the ecg were minimal; the most important changes were a slight increase in the PQ interval, an elevated ST segment, and decreased heart rate. Plasma concentrations of digoxin at the time of vomition ranged from 4.45 to 12.12 ng/ml with a mean peak plasma value of 7.37 ± 3.61 ng/ml. The cats were clinically ill for 48 to 96 hours. A plasma digoxin concentration of 2.3 ng/ml was not toxic.
Comparisons of Serotests with Calf Inoculations for Detection of Carriers in Anaplasmosis-Vaccinated Cattle
Authors: Luther D. Gene , Cox Hollis Utah , Nelson Walter O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen months after discontinuing vaccination for anaplasmosis in a herd of 131 cattle, 126 of the animals were reactive to the complement-fixation or card-agglutination tests. Inoculation of splenectomized calves proved that 9 animals were carriers and 117 animals were free of anaplasmosis. Anaplasmosis vaccination induced titers detectable by the standard serotests that persisted for at least 15 months.
Canine Babesiosis: Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test for a North American Isolate of Babesia gibsoni
Authors: Anderson John F. , Magnarelli Louis A. , Sulzer Alexander J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A sensitive and reproducible indirect fluorescent antibody test for a North American isolate of Babesia gibsoni was described. In blind tests (coded samples), titer reproducibility was within two 4-fold dilutions and the appropriate positive and negative sera were identified as such. Babesia gibsoni antisera reacted with homologous antigen at one to three 4-fold dilutions greater than with the following heterologous species: B bigemina, B argentina, B equi, Plasmodium falciparum, and P brasilianum. The titer of B canis antiserum to B gibsoni antigen was 1:1,024.
Low parasitemia (< 0.01%) of B gibsoni preceded development of minimum significant titer (1:64) by 10 days in a splenectomized dog. Maximum titer was detected 25 days later. In a nonsplenectomized dog, low parasitemia (< 0.01%) was noted 6 days after injection; it reached 8% at 5 weeks and decreased to and remained below 1% at 7 weeks. A titer of 1:256 occurred at 25 days and increased to 1:65,536 at 18 weeks. Thereafter, it fluctuated to 1:4,096 until the experiment was ended at 24 weeks.
Organismic antigen retained its reactivity for 5 days at 5 C.
This indirect fluorescent antibody test should be useful in the diagnosis of dogs infected with B gibsoni.
Silicon in Plasma of Sheep
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Ivan M. , Ihnat M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma silicon (Si) concentrations were determined (i) in lambs at 49 days of age reared artificially in confinement (system A), or fed a postweaning diet, or suckled and reared conventionally (system B), (ii) in 2-year-old ewes reared under systems A and B, (iii) in lambs at 49, 70, and 100 days of age reared under system A, and (iv) in lambs (reared under system A) injected with a vitamin D3 preparation. The lambs reared under system A had a significantly lower (P < 0.01) plasma Si concentration than did lambs reared under system B, but in ewes there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the 2 rearing systems. Plasma Si concentration of lambs increased (P < 0.01) as the lambs aged.
The vitamin D3 injection had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the plasma Si value.