bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fumigation of agricultural products. XVII.—control of Ascochyta blight of peas by fumigation
Authors: Kennedy Juliet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEthylene oxide, methyl bromide, mercury and organo‐mercury compounds were ineffective as fumigants for the purpose. Chloropicrin proved more satisfactory, fumigation at saturation concentrations killing the three pathogens, when diseased Zelka seed with a moisture content of 16% was exposed for 72 h. at 20°. This unusually long treatment was necessitated by slowness in penetration. Zelka showed little fumigation damage in the laboratory or in the field. A ‘Blue’ variety showed little damage in field trials, in which the emergence of Feltham Advance was reduced by 29%. All seeds were so heavily infected that some interaction between fungal and fumigation damage was anticipated. A commercial sample of the variety Onward was very susceptible to chloropicrin. In all experiments the vigour of plants grown from fumigated seeds was normal. Cultures of the pathogens were killed by dilute aqueous solutions of chloropicrin, the responses of the three species being markedly different.
Nitrate and nitrite metabolism in a baconcuring brine and their relation to the bacterial population
Authors: Eddy B. P. , Kitchell A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of salt concentration, temperature and bacterial population density on the rates of metabolism of nitrate and nitrite have been investigated in a bacon‐curing brine initially devoid of both. Increasing salt concentration and decreasing temperature diminish the rates of metabolism. The rates could not be related satisfactorily to either total microscope or viable counts of bacteria, but a relationship with total counts seems more probable.
Routine analysis of carbohydrates and lignin in herbage
Authors: Deriaz R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn approximate analytical method is described for the rapid routine determination of carbohydrates and lignin in herbage. Dried milled samples are extracted successively with diethyl ether, 0.5% ammonium oxalate solution, N‐H2SO4, and 72% H2SO4. Soluble carbohydrates in the ammonium oxalate extract are determined with anthrone, and hydrolysed pentosans and hexosans in the combined N‐H2SO4 and 72% H2SO4 extracts are determined with aniline acetate and chromotropic acid respectively. The method gives a maximum variation of 4% from the mean of duplicates with each carbohydrate component. The residual material is ashed to obtain crude lignin, and a nitrogen correction applied.
Fatty acid composition of the depot fats of the kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli)
Authors: Shorland F. B. , Gass Joan P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe depot fat of a flightless bird, the New Zealand kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli) has been shown to be similar in fatty acid composition to that of other land birds apart from its exceptionally high content (∼10%) of C20 highly unsaturated acids the origin of which has not been established.
Effects of some fungicides on the flavour of fruits and syrups
Authors: Crang Alice , Clarke G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the fungicides captan, Karathane (Dinocap), thiram and lime‐sulphur on the flavour of fruits and acidified syrups have been assessed before and after bottling, canning and freezing. Captan at 5 p.p.m. increased the rate of corrosion of the cans and caused some taint in canned and bottled syrups, but was not detected before processing; when used as a spray on strawberries it caused slight taint of fresh or canned fruit in two yearly tests out of five. Karathane at 10 p.p.m. was not detected in the syrup and had no effect on the cans; it caused no taint in one year's trials on gooseberries and strawberries. Thiram at 2 p.p.m. increased the rate of corrosion of cans and caused distinct taint in canned, but not in bottled, syrups, although it was not readily detected before processing; it caused marked taint in much of the fruit tested over five years, especially after canning.
Separation of some glycerides of cocoa butter by paper chromatography
Authors: Steiner E. H. , Bonar A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique of reverse‐phase paper chromatography is described by means of which the three mono‐unsaturated glycerides of cocoa butter were separated and their positions on the paper located. RF values of the glycerides are given together with their approximate proportions in cocoa butter as indicated by the chromatograms. The technique was applied successfully to ‘bloom’ crystals and to illipé butter but was not found to be satisfactory in the case of butter fat or palm kernel fats.
The ‘available lysine’ content of fish meals
Authors: Olley June , Watson Helen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ‘available lysine’ content of a number of different fish meals has been determined and results are given for the effects of preservation, putrefaction and of azeotropic and steam drying of the fish. Fish flours have been examined and also meals prepared from commercially unwanted species and fish guts. Results have been compared with the ‘available lysine’ and pepsin digestibility of Peruvian fish meal.Digestibility values >89% were associated with ‘available lysine’ contents of 5–7.5 g./100 g. of protein. Neither azeotropic drying nor solvent washing in the preparation of fish meal reduces the ‘available lysine’ content.
Changes in sugar phosphates of chilled codling (Gadus callarias) muscle
Authors: Burt J. R. , Jones N. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHexose and pentose phosphates in extracts of codling muscle have been identified and estimated by quantitative ion‐exchange chromatography. Changes in glucose 1‐ and 6‐phosphate, fructose 1‐ and 6‐phosphate, fructose 1,6‐diphosphate, ribose 1‐ and ribose 5‐phosphate and an unidentified pentose phosphate were followed throughout a period of chill storage. The findings are discussed in relation to their significance in comparative biochemistry and fish technology. Glucose 6‐phosphate and fructose 1,6‐diphosphate were present in concentrations at which they would contribute significantly to the ‘browning’ of muscle dehydrated fresh: ribose 5‐phosphate would probably contribute to that of codling dehydrated in a spoiling condition.
Studies on egg shells. XVI.—variations in shell thickness over different parts of the same shell
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVariations in shell thickness over the surface of the egg have been studied in a number of normal and abnormally thin shells. There is far less variation around the latitudes of the egg than there is longitudinally. Different birds give, for normal shells, different patterns of thickness from pole to pole, but for any one bird the pattern is usually fairly constant. The most frequent general pattern is one in which the broad and narrow caps each have a thickness greater than most intermediate latitudes, but the minimum value may fall in different positions in different eggs.Abnormally thin shells seem to deviate from the normal pattern for the same bird, but it will be necessary to carry out more work on this before reliable conclusions can be drawn.With a collection of eggs, the thickness of one latitude is highly correlated with the thickness of another latitude and it is possible to calculate from assumed values for one latitude the pattern for the rest of the shell.Various methods for obtaining an accurate value for mean shell thickness by using a sample of measurements have been compared.
The isolation of leaf components. I
Authors: Chayen I. H. , Smith R. H. , Tristram G. R. , Thirkell D. , Webb T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe disintegration of leaf materials has been effected by the impulse rendering process. Various components, protein, lipids, water‐soluble matter and fibre have been isolated in amounts which would appear to merit investigation and exploitation.As the first of a series of papers, the present one deals with the methods used in the disintegration of leaf material and the isolation of protein.
Fundamental studies on dough with the Brabender Extensograph. I.—determination of stress–strain curves
Authors: Muller H. G. , Williams Mary V. , Eggitt P. W. Russell , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for converting the empirical load–extension diagrams obtained by stretching flour–water–salt doughs on the Brabender Extensograph, into stress–strain curves plotted in absolute units. Probable errors are defined and assessed.
Composition and properties of dried peas in relation to their suitability for canning
Authors: Setty Lakshminarayana , Siddappa G. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhysical properties such as appearance, shape, water‐absorption capacity and specific gravity of dried peas are related to their canning quality. W.K. Marrowfat and E.W. Marrowfat, which are typical wrinkled seeded varieties and which have a high water‐absorption capacity, are good for canning. On the other hand, smooth‐seeded varieties like R.O. Dutch Blue and S.O. Dutch Blue with low water‐absorption capacity, and an abnormally high swelling ratio on processing, often give a mealy canned product. Others, like Blue Dutch, V.S. Dutch Blue and U.A. Dutch Blue, exhibit hard seededness on canning.Highly wrinkled varieties are characterised by a low starch/protein ratio, low alcoholinsoluble solids (A.I.S.) and a high sugar content, with a predominantly amylose type of starch content. Smooth‐seeded varieties generally have a high starch/protein ratio, a high A.I.S. content and a comparatively low percentage of sugar. The starch in them is of both amylose and amylopectin types, the latter predominating in some of the varieties.Wrinkled varieties differ from the smooth ones in their ash and phosphate contents and acid–base balance.
The pre‐emergent herbicidal activity of certain acetaldehyde and chloro‐substituted aldehyde addition products and related compounds
Authors: Pizey J. S. , Bates A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree series of chloro‐substituted aliphatic aldehyde addition products, mostly derived from chloral, together with related compounds, have been examined for pre‐emergent herbicidal activity. The herbicidal investigations were carried out in the laboratory and greenhouse with both mono‐ and dicotyledonous plants as test species. Some of the compounds showed selective activity at low dosage rates per acre and appeared to warrant further examination under field conditions.The chloral–nitro‐paraffin and chloral–amide addition products showed selective herbicidal toxicity which might depend on their breakdown in soil to trichloroacetic acid. The unsaturated dehydration products of the nitro‐alkanols, their acetyl derivatives and the corresponding methoxy compounds exhibited little toxicity towards any plant species tested. All active compounds tested were toxic towards wheat and other monocotyledonous species and almost inactive towards dicotyledonous plants.
Nutrition of livestock. (2) Minerals and vitamins in the productive efficiency of livestock
Authors: Mills C. F. , Williams R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe types of diet most likely to limit physiological performance through mineral or vitamin inadequacy under practical conditions are considered. The effects of dietary imbalance, particularly of calcium, magnesium and copper, are discussed and limitations to present knowledge of vitamin and mineral requirements of stock are described. It is strongly emphasised that before more precise information of nutrient requirements can be obtained or exploited there is a need for greater knowledge of the mineral and vitamin content of common British feeding stuffs.
Pesticide residues on fruit. II.—determination of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin residues by the organic chlorine and phenyl azide methods and by microbioassay
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn account is given of important modifications to the organic chlorine and phenyl azide methods for the determination of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin, and a comparison is made between the results obtained by these methods and by microbioassay.
Pesticide residues on fruit. III.—aldrin and dieldrin residues on strawberries with some reference to insecticide persistence in the soil
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeasurements of deposits and residues, on fruit and in the soil, of insecticides used in trials for the control of the strawberry seed beetle, Harpalus rufipes Deg., have shown that aldrin is much to be preferred to dieldrin on grounds of efficiency, consumer hazard and cost.
Effect of crushing on the respiratory drift of pasture plants during drying
Authors: Simpson Beulah 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments have been carried out to determine the effect of crushing, under laboratory conditions, on the respiratory changes in pasture plants during drying. Results are presented to show that crushing often causes some stimulation of respiration but that the increase is not proportional to the amount of injury produced. Crushing increases the rate of drying, so the respiration of crushed material ceases much sooner than that of uncrushed material.
The drying of seaweeds and other plants. IV.—Through‐circulation drying of chondrus crispus in a semi‐continuous dryer
Authors: Merritt J. H. , Katsuura K. , Young E. Gordon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments on the through‐circulation drying of the red alga known as Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) have been conducted with a semi‐continuous dryer of original design on a semi‐commercial scale to determine optimum conditions. For fresh weed with an initial content of 78% moisture the feasible load was approximately 4.5 lb./sq. ft./tray with flow of air up to 80 lb. of dry air/min./sq. ft. At temperatures from 120° to 200° F, heat consumptions of 1200–2000 B.Th.U./lb. of water evaporated were recorded. It is possible to operate at a heat consumption of <1800 B.Th.U./lb. of water evaporated with high output. the final moisture content of the product varied between 11 and 18%. the percentage of carrageenin extractable with a hot dilute solution of sodium acetate fell from 54 to ˜43% in the process of drying. While there was some indication that degradation occurred at 155° F or over, many runs showed little change in physical properties at temperatures up to 200° F. Similar measurements of the viscosity and gel strength of dry commercial carrageenin exposed to temperatures of 158–240° F for intervals up to 30 h. indicated a slow degradation which became appreciable only if over 190° F for more than 10 h.
Fat oxidation. I.—Preparation of Trans‐trans methyl linoleate hydroperoxide
Authors: Banks A. , Fazakerley S. , Keay J. N. , Smith J. G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the preparation of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide by the oxidation of methyl linoleate in solution in light petroleum, followed by partition of the product between light petroleum (b.p. 60–80°) and 85% aqueous methanol which gave material with an extinction coefficient (E) (1%, 1 cm.) of 810 at 231.5 mμ in ethanol (c = 26,400). This hydroperoxide was found to be a mixture of cis‐trans and trans‐trans conjugated dienes, from which the latter was isolated by low‐temperature precipitation from light petroleum (b.p. 40–60°) followed by low‐temperature crystallisation from ethanol. This product had an E (1%, 1 cm.) of 890 at 231.5 mμ ( ϵ = 29,000).
Determination of inorganic nitrogen in soil
Authors: Lewis D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInvestigations were conducted to find the most suitable conditions for extraction and subsequent determination of nitrate in soils by the xylenol method. Errors were caused by two main factors:(1) When using methods of nitrate analysis based on the formation of highly coloured nitro‐compounds, low recoveries of nitrate were obtained if even small amounts of soil organic matter were present at the time of nitration. the nature and extent of this loss were investigated and a satisfactory method devised for eliminating this interference.(2) With aqueous soil suspensions, biological loss of nitrate occurred after a few hours and progressed rapidly unless sterile or bacteriostatic conditions were maintained.Extraction of soil with 0.02N‐copper sulphate solution, precipitation of copper from the decanted supernatant as hydroxide and subsequent filtration gave solutions on which nitrate could be determined, and these interferences were obviated. Use of a solution containing sodium sulphate (N) and copper sulphate (0.02N) as extractant permits determination of both ammonium and nitrate in the same extract.
Effect of supplementing with methionine, cysteine and derivatives of thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid on the nutritive value of Herring‐meal protein
Authors: Njaa L. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nutritive value of herring‐meal protein was improved by supplementation with methionine, cysteine and derivatives of thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid.The effects with graded amounts of methionine were greater than would be expected from the contents of methionine and cystine in herring‐meal and from the requirement of the young rat for these amino‐acids.Methionine supplementation also improved the nutritive value of an acetone‐dried meal prepared from herring fillets.The results are explained primarily by the fact that methionine + cystine is the first limiting factor in herring protein. Destruction of amino‐acids during meal production seems to be small, although some destruction of the S‐amino‐acids cannot be completely excluded.
Some observations on the oxidative deterioration of the lipids of crude leaf protein
Authors: Lea C. H. , Parr L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeasurements of oxygen absorption have been carried out on a sample of crude leaf protein, containing about 20% lipid, at temperatures between 37° and – 12° and pH 2.6–6.0. An enzyme system was active in the moist but not in the freeze‐dried product. Attempts to protect the lipid of the freeze‐dried protein by the addition of antioxidants were unsuccessful.
Occurrence of 2‐O‐methylrhamnose and 4‐o‐methylgalactose in soil and peat
Authors: Duff R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrolysates of the soluble polysaccharide fraction from a well decomposed peat contained small amounts of 4‐O‐methyl‐D‐galactose and 2‐O‐methyl‐L‐rhamnose. the first‐named sugar has not hitherto been isolated from natural sources. Its isolation supports a connexion between the occurrence of methylated sugars in Nature and the position of the linkage in related polysaccharides. the sugars were isolated from the complex mixture by gradient elution from Ultrasorb charcoal followed by partition chromatography on Celite columns with a butanol‐light petroleum solvent.The significance of the occurrence of these sugars is discussed. It is suggested that the stability of the polysaccharides in soil may be associated with the presence of the methylated sugar units.
Progress report on an assessment of laboratory procedures suggested as indicators of protein quality in feedingstuffs
Authors: Boyne A. W. , Carpenter K. J. , Woodham A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe first results are reported of collaborative work carried out, under the aegis of the Agricultural Research Council, at 13 different laboratories to assess different laboratory procedures for the evaluation of quality in protein concentrate feedingstuffs.In all, 130 samples of seven different types of protein concentrate were evaluated by the Gross Protein Value (GPV) procedure as supplements to cereal protein for chicks and in addition Net Protein Utilisation (NPU), with the samples as the sole protein source for rats, was determined for a limited number.Various chemical and microbiological procedures were applied to the samples in the collaborating laboratories. For fish, meat and whale meals the ‘available lysine’ procedure based on the reactivity of ϵ‐amino groups in the lysine units with fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene correlated best with the GPV results. For cottonseed meals the results of nitrogen solubility tests correlated well with GPV. Microbiological procedures also yielded some useful correlations.
Flame‐photometric determination of calcium and magnesium in vegetables
Authors: Haworth F. , Cleaver T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany difficulties have been reported in the estimation of calcium and magnesium in plant materials using flame‐photometric methods, the reliability of which has been questioned.In the method described here the effects of interfering ions have been reduced to negligible proportions by using dilute solutions of plant ash, in presence of an excess of sulphate ions, in a flame photometer of high sensitivity. the method gives accurate and reproducible results for a wide range of vegetable tissues, but it has certain limitations at low calcium concentrations, especially in presence of large amounts of phosphate and aluminium.
High‐protein breads and the growth of weanling rats
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. , Pace J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect on the growth rateFor convenience the “groth rate” is used throuthout this paper to signify “rate of weitht gain”.
of male weanling rats of progressively raising the level of bread protein in the diet, by adding increasing amounts of gluten, has been investigated. With additions of dried gluten as 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of a basic bread diet there was a slow increase in growth rate as the protein content was raised, and the increase was approximately proportional to the quantity of gluten added. All the diets were still deficient in lysine and, owing to this deficiency, the growth rate at even the highest protein level examined, about 44%, was only about 3.3 g./rat/day. This is only about three times the rate obtained on a diet of ordinary bread (12‐13% protein) and considerably less than the rate on a diet of ordinary bread supplemented with lysine and threonine (about 4.8 g./rat/ day). When L‐lysine was added to correct the deficiency of this amino‐acid in the gluten‐bread diets, the growth rate increased rapidly as the gluten content of the diet was raised, reaching a maximum value when the gluten addition was 10% of the diet (protein content about 20%). Under these conditions the growth rate was high (about 5.0 g./rat/day), equal to that obtained by adding 15% of casein to the basic bread diet, and was not increased by raising the gluten content to higher levels. These results are interpreted in relation to the lysine and threonine contributed by the gluten supplements, and their relevance to the suggested official standards for high‐protein breads is noted.
Effects of ionising radiation on the acid metabolism of apples (cox orange pippin)
Authors: Fernandes S. J. G. , Clarke I. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn accelerated loss of titratable acidity occurs in irradiated fruit during storage at 37° F. The principal acids contributing to the titratable acid values have been identified and determined quantitatively. Changes in the titratable acid values were shown to be due primarily to changes in the malic acid content.