bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron Chelates in Biological Systems. Its Relevance to lnduction of Pathogenesis of Tissue Damage and Carcinogenesis
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Goto Atsuko , Akamatsu Tetsuya , Ohba Shigeru , Fujita Toyoaki , Tokii Tadashi , Okada Shigeru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Iron-nta(nitrilotriacetate) solution induces severe nephrotoxicity and high accidence of renal carcinoma in rats and mice, however, the effect by an iron-pac(2-aminomethylpyridine-N,N-diacetate) solution is negligible. These facts were interpreted in terms of different reactivity of the two compounds toward hydrogen peroxide.
Scanning Near-field Fluorescence Microscopy and Nanoscopic Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Combination with a Non-contact Scanning Force Microscope
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi , Monobe Hirosato , Muramatsu Hiroshi , Ataka Tatsuaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The resolution of scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is determined by the dimensions of the microscopic light source (or detector) and the probe-to-sample separation rather than the diffraction limit. In the present microscope, we took advantage of scanning force microscopy (SFM) with a vibrating cantilever holding an optical fiber tip not only to give a simultaneous SFM topographic image but also to control the separation for SNOM without mechanical damages of the sample. By the precise control of the separation of the tip within 100 nm from the sample surface, we demonstrate here that this combined non-contact SFM and SNOM method can be used as fluorescence microscopy and nanoscopic fluorescence spectroscopy with a resolution of ∼100 nm.
Purification and Substrate Specificity of Chlorophyllase from Chlorella regularis
Authors: Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Kitamura Masaya , Tamura Sayuri , Watanabe Tadashi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Chlorophyllase was purified 13300-fold from a crude butanol extract of Chlorella regularis. The enzyme clearly recognizes the C132 stereochemistry of chlorophyllous pigments in that it hydrolyzes the a and b (132R) forms but not the a′ and b′ (132S) forms. No enzyme was detected in vivo that specifically hydrolyzes chlorophyll a′.
Effect of Vitamin B12 Treatment on Haptocorrin
Authors: Mørkbak Anne L , Hvas Anne-Mette , Lloyd-Wright Zouë , Sanders Tom AB , Bleie Øyvind , Refsum Helga , Nygaard Ottar K , Nexø Ebba 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Haptocorrin (HC) carries the major part of circulating cobalamin, but whether HC is altered on treatment with vitamin B12 remains unknown.Methods: Our study included 3 populations: a population of vegan men (n = 174; vegan population), of whom 63 were treated daily with 5 mg of oral vitamin B12 for 3 months; a group of patients with a previous methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration &gt;0.4 μmol/L (n = 140; population with suspected deficiency), of which 69 were treated with weekly vitamin B12 injections (1 mg) for 4 weeks; and a subgroup of participants in a vitamin B intervention study (n = 88; nondeficient population), of whom 45 were treated daily with 0.4 mg of oral vitamin B12 for 3 months. Total HC and holoHC were measured by ELISA. Cobalamin was measured by an intrinsic factor (IF)-based assay. Samples were collected at baseline and 3 months after start of treatment.Results: Compared with baseline results for the 3 study populations, total HC and holoHC increased 30 pmol/L for every 100 pmol/L increase in cobalamin. After treatment with vitamin B12, holoHC (P &lt;0.0001) and total HC (P &lt;0.0001) increased significantly in the vegan population. Only holoHC increased in the population with suspected deficiency (P &lt;0.0001), whereas no alteration was observed in the nondeficient population.Conclusions: The HC concentration is decreased in severely cobalamin-deficient individuals and increases on treatment. The concentration of cobalamin also relates significantly to the HC concentration in nondeficient individuals.
Early Prediction of Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation with Interleukin-10, Interleukin-6, and RANTES in Preterm Infants
Authors: Ng Pak C , Li Karen , Leung Ting F , Wong Raymond PO , Li Geng , Chui Kit M , Wong Eric , Cheng Frankie WT , Fok Tai F 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: The progression to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in infected very low birth weight (VLBW; &lt;1500 g) infants is difficult to predict with precision at the onset of sepsis. We investigated the immunologic profiles of preterm infants with sepsis, using chemokine and cytokine measurements to predict the development of sepsis-induced DIC at the onset of infection.Methods: We measured a panel of chemokines and cytokines at 0 and 24 h after clinical presentation in VLBW infants with suspected infection requiring full sepsis screening. The chemokines measured were interleukin (IL)-8, interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monokine induced by interferon-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and the cytokines were IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α.Results: Of 195 episodes of suspected clinical sepsis investigated, 62 were culture-confirmed septicemia or necrotizing enterocolitis (28 of these infants developed DIC), 22 were culture-negative clinical infections, and 111 involved noninfected episodes. All studied inflammatory mediators except RANTES showed significantly greater up-regulation in culture-positive infected infants than in noninfected infants at 0 and 24 h, whereas RANTES showed significant down-regulation. The model that used plasma IL-10 (&gt;208 ng/L), IL-6 (&gt;168 ng/L), and RANTES (&lt;3110 ng/L) at 0 h had sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 97%, 85%, and 100%, respectively, for identifying infected patients who subsequently developed DIC.Conclusions: IL-10, IL-6, and RANTES measured at clinical presentation sensitively and accurately predicted the development of DIC in severely infected infants. This information could be vital for early and effective treatment of neonatal sepsis.
Detection of a Soluble Form of BACE-1 in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid by a Sensitive Activity Assay
Authors: Verheijen Jan H , Huisman Linda GM , van Lent Natascha , Neumann Ulf , Paganetti Paolo , Hack C Erik , Bouwman Femke , Lindeman Jan , Bollen Edward LEM , Hanemaaijer Roeland 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background: Formation of deposits of the insoluble amyloid β-peptide is believed to be causally related with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD). The β-peptide originates from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of proteolytic enzymes. The first proteolytic event leading to amyloid formation is the cleavage of APP by the membrane-bound aspartyl protease BACE-1, also known as memapsin-2. Inhibition of BACE-1 is thought to be a therapeutic approach to AD. Measuring BACE-1 activity in biological samples would be useful to elucidate the mechanism of AD and for development of AD drugs.
Methods: We developed a sensitive and specific activity assay for BACE-1. The assay is based on a genetically engineered proenzyme that is specifically activated by BACE-1. The resulting active enzyme is measured with a chromogenic substrate. The use of 2 coupled reactions produces a detection limit as low as 0.4 pmol/L.
Results: The assay detected BACE-1 activity in extracts of human brain tissue as well as, unexpectedly, in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Gel electrophoresis and Western blotting identified the BACE-1 present in CSF as a truncated soluble form of the originally membrane-bound BACE-1.
Conclusion: Detection of the soluble form of BACE-1 in CSF, a relatively easily accessible biological fluid, may be useful for monitoring the effects of drug candidates in vivo and may have diagnostic or prognostic applications.
c-Myc protein is stabilized by fibroblast growth factor 2 and destabilized by ACTH to control cell cycle in mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells
Authors: Lepique Ana Paula , Moraes Miriam S , Rocha Kátia M , Eichler Claudia B , Hajj Glaucia N M , Schwindt Telma T , Armelin Hugo A 
Published: April 2006

ACTH is the hormone known to control adrenal cortex function and maintenance in the intact animal but, in culture, it inhibits proliferation of adrenocortical cells from different mammalian species, a puzzle that has remained unsolved for nearly 30 years. In this paper we compare ACTH and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) antagonistic effects on the cell cycle in the Y1 cell line, a functional lineage of mouse adreno-cortical tumor cells. This cell line displays chronic high levels of c-Ki-Ras-GTP, high active constitutive levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and low constitutive basal expression of c-Myc, which accounts for a minor deregulation of the cell cycle. In G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells, over-expression of the dominant negative mutant HaRasN17 drastically reduces c-Ki-Ras-GTP levels, eliminating basal c-Myc expression and basal S phase entry. PI3K/Akt seems to be the downstream pathway from c-Ki-ras for deregulation of c-Myc basal expression, since wortmannin abolishes c-Myc expression in serum-starved, G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells. FGF2 is a strong mitogen for Y1 cells, promoting – in a manner dependent on the MEK/ERK pathway – c-myc transcription induction, c-Myc protein stabilization and S phase entry in G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells. On the other hand, ACTH causes c-Myc protein destabilization, partially blocking S phase entry induced by FGF2, by a process dependent on the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The whole pathway activated by ACTH to destabilize c-Myc protein in Y1 cells might comprise the following steps: ACTH receptor →cAMP/PKA → Akt deactivation →GSK3 activity liberation → c-Myc Thr58 phosphorylation.
We demonstrate that c-Myc regulation is a central key in the cell cycle control by these factors, since enforced expression of c-Myc through the MycER chimera abrogates the ACTH inhibitory effect over FGF2-induced S phase entry.
Sapropel-like Pliocene sediments of Sicily deposited under oxygenated bottom water
Authors: Daux Valérie , Foucault Alain , Melieres Frédéric , Turpin Mélanie 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Pliocene Punta Piccola series, deposited on the Sicily sill at 100–400 m depths, consists of alternating whitish hemipelagic marl and carbonate-poor, organic-carbon-richer, brownish dark marl. The rhythmic bedding is interpreted to result from the precession driven alternation of more or less humid periods. In the present study, we compare the mineralogical and geochemical composition (isotope ratios of oxygen and carbon; Ca, Mn, Mg, Sr, and Fe concentrations) of the carbonate fractions of the whitish marl to those of the dark layers to evaluate the environmental changes that likely produced these alternations.
High Mn concentrations in the dark layers, and the occurrence of pseudo-kutnahorite (Mn-Ca mixed carbonate), bioturbation, ostracodes, and benthic foraminifera favour the hypothesis of the dark-layer deposition taking place under oxygen-bearing bottom waters. The original value of the concentration of the organic carbon in the dark layers of Punta Piccola, estimated from the δ13C measured in the carbonate fraction, was higher than the post-diagenetic one. It may have reached 7% in the dark layer 107, which was therefore a true sapropel at the time of deposition. This result indicates that anoxic conditions are not a prerequisite for sapropelic sediment formation. However, the pristine concentration of the organic carbon in the dark layers at Punta Piccola is lower than those of coeval sapropels cored in the nearby deep settings, which were deposited under an anoxic water column. This difference may result from the effect of water column anoxia on the organic carbon content.
Diagenetic reactions took place in the dark layers through the oxidation of large amounts of organic matter. The dissolution of primary calcium carbonates (biogenic in origin) and the reduction of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides led the interstitial solutions to be supersaturated towards Mn-rich calcite and/or pseudo-kutnahorite. The secondary carbonates are Mg-enriched and Sr and Fe-depleted. The negative shifts of the δ18O signal in the carbonates of the dark layers of Punta Piccola are consistent with an increased river discharge in the Mediterranean at the time of deposition.
Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities
Authors: Gladney Dru C. 
Published: April 2006

The following statement was made by a private taxi driver as I was on my way into the city from the Beijing Capital Airport shortly before the 1991 Chinese New Year's Spring Festival. It raises many of the issues addressed in this article:I try to stay clear of politics. On New Year's Eve, I'm not going to light fireworks like everyone else, and that's how I'll show that I don't support the government. If I don't set off fireworks, all my neighbors will know that I don't give a damn about this country. I'm just going to sit at home and watch the special New Year's program on TV. They'll have a lot of acrobats, singers, comedians, and minority dances.
The Russian Populists' Response to Darwin
Authors: Rogers James Allen 
Published: April 2006

Contemporary Soviet historians of biology have attempted to add historical prestige to Trofim Lysenko's controversial theory of evolution by reinterpreting past Russian social thought on evolution. One Soviet historian has not hesitated to go back as far as the eighteenth century to find Russian antecedents of various aspects of Lysenko's theory, although the relevance of this rewriting of history to the scientific merits of Lysenkoism remains at best obscure.But the attempt does raise several significant questions: What were the major interpretations by pre-Marxist Russian social thinkers of evolution and particularly of Darwinism? What implicit assumptions about the process of evolution and the nature of man do these interpretations contain? What influence did they have on the development of a Russian Marxist interpretation of Darwinism?It is obviously impossible to answer all these questions in a single article.
Dostoevsky's Early Feuilletons: Approaches to a Myth of the City
Authors: Fanger Donald 
Published: April 2006

Like Balzac and Dickens, Dostoevsky is one of the great mythographers of the modern city; and, like them, he was a journalist as well as a novelist. The motley contents of his Diary of a Writer are, if not well known, at least available to the curious in English translation. His journalism before 1873 is a different matter: this work remains untranslated and largely unexamined, though it contains much that sheds light on his artistic practice—including the feuilletons, published at the very beginning of his career and called, significantly, a “Petersburg Chronicle.” What they show us is the young writer, in search of a persona, confronting the city and experimenting with the themes and attitudes that would later go into his myth of Petersburg.The terms of the experiment were in good part furnished by the times.
The Beginning of Written Slavic
Authors: Lunt Horace G. 
Published: April 2006

The lucid account of the Moravian mission of Constantine–Cyril and Methodius that Professor Dvornik has given is a persuasive and up–to–date statement of widely accepted views. Yet scarcely a single specialist would be willing to agree unhesitatingly with all the details even in such a brief résumé of the quarter-century of relations between the emerging Slavic nations and their neighbors. Indeed, some, as his footnotes suggest, might take exception to certain of his major points.The difficulty lies in our historical sources–in their paucity, their unclear allusions, their omissions, and, worst of all, their contradictions. First of all, so little of the ninth–century material has survived that we are dependent on the views written decades or even centuries after the events. Then, even the contemporary writings have come down to us in modified form, owing to varying amounts of recopying and editing, with inevitable distortions, omissions, reinterpretations, and interpolations.
Pecherin's Quest for Meaningfulness
Authors: Lipski Alexander 
Published: April 2006

The wide divergence of views among the Russian Westernizers makes it difficult to generalize about them, and the personality of Vladimir Pecherin, in particular, defies all categorization. In his search for perfection he was, like the radical Westernizers, led from idealism to left Hegelianism to revolution. But unlike the radical Westernizers he ultimately freed himself from the revolutionary mystique and moderated his demands for perfection, finding meaningfulness in a life of service as a Roman Catholic priest at a hospital in Dublin.It seems worth while to re-examine Pecherin's intellectual development, since the only Russian biography of Pecherin, by Mikhail Gershenzon, was completed before the publication of Pecherin's memoirs, Zamogil'nye zapiski. Of two recent German works, the essay by Victor Frank centers on Pecherin, the Russian exile, but takes the memoirs insufficiently into account in evaluating Pecherin's religious views.
The Forged Bolshevik Signature: A Problem in Soviet Historiography
Authors: Slusser Robert M. 
Published: April 2006

The problem of the origin of the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies in the 1905 Revolution is an important one in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement and the formative stages of the organs of the Soviet state. The problem is a complex one, involving both theory and practice—the conflicting theories of the revolution held by the various revolutionary parties in Russia in 1905 and the actions taken by their members both at the center and in local headquarters. Two revolutionary organizations are of paramount importance in this connection, the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP).Because the problem is directly related to major doctrinal controversies that broke out between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks after the 1905 Revolution, the historical record and its interpretation have been subject to powerful pressures.
Pulp
Authors: Kadla John F. , Dai Qizhou 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPulp, the raw material used in the production of paper, paperboard, fiberboard, and other similar manufactured products, is produced from wood and nonwood plant matter by separating cellular components using mechanical and/or chemical methods. Wood is the dominant source of fiber used in the manufacture of pulp in the western hemisphere. Nonwood fiber sources are used in those locations where wood is in short supply or for pulps requiring special characteristics. In addition to wood, recovered (recycled) fiber represents a growing segment of the overall fiber supply worldwide.Commercial pulp is classified according to the method of manufacture as mechanical, chemical, chemimechanical, and semichemical. Economic factors, product requirements, and desired fiber properties determine the method of pulping. Mechanical pulps, produced through the application of mechanical energy, give rise to materials having high yield, small average particle size, high opacity, and excellent printing characteristics. Mechanical pulps have some undesirable properties, such as low tensile strength and lack of permanence. Chemical pulps are produced by digesting wood using chemicals to remove lignin, extractives, and low molecular weight polysaccharides, frequently resulting in the loss of wood solids that are dissolved during the pulping and bleaching processes. Chemical pulps are used in the bleached or the unbleached state and are composed of longer, stronger fibers that are more stable than mechanical pulps, but have lower yields and less desirable print qualities. Chemimechanical and semichemical pulps are produced in hybrid processes based on the application of both chemicals and mechanical energy.Wood solids originating in the pulping process are recovered in the form of steam and electrical energy. Pulping chemicals are also recovered for reuse in the manufacturing process. Environmental management includes improvements in chemical recovery, process modification to minimize the use of elemental chlorine, and the treatment of process waste streams.
Succinic Acid and Succinic Anhydride
Authors: Fumagalli Carlo ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2006

AbstractSuccinic acid and succinic anhydride occur frequently in nature. Their chemical behavior is characterized by the reactivity of the two carboxylic functions, ie, hydration/dehydration, esterification, hydrogenation, acylation, and reactions with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, as well as of the two methylene groups, ie, oxidation, halogenation, and condensation with aldehydes and ketones. Succinic anhydride is manufactured by liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride; succinic acid by hydration of the anhydride. The acid is also obtained as a by‐product in the manufacture of adipic acid. Uses include bath preparations, detergents, cosmetics, pigments, fluxes for soldering, and reagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products. An important emerging use is the production of inherently degradable polymers. Succinic acid is an approved food additive having FDA generally‐recognized‐as‐safe status. Both the acid and the anhydride are irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.
Biocomputation
Authors: Nicolau Dan , Nicolau Dan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBiocomputation refers to the attempt to compute the solutions to mathematical problems with biological entities and processesin vivo. Examples include DNA computing and cellular switches. The advantages of such computational paradigms over the traditional are that biological systems compute in a massively parallel fashion (in contrast to the sequential manner in which digital computers carry out operations), are endowed with very large data storage capacities, and are extremely energy efficient. Thus, computing with biological entities and algorithms could be used to efficiently solve problems that are intractable with traditional computers. This article describes the foundations and current state of the field and offers some perspectives on the potential of biocomputation in the near term.
Evolution of genetically correlated traits: Tooth size and body size in baboons
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Lease Loren R. , Mahaney Michael C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWithin a population, only phenotypic variation that is influenced by genes will respond to selection. Genes with pleiotropic effects are known to influence numerous traits, complicating our understanding of their evolution through time. Here we use quantitative genetic analyses to identify and estimate the shared genetic effects between molar size and trunk length in a pedigreed, breeding population of baboons housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. While crown area has a genetic correlation with trunk length, specific linear measurements yield different results. We find that variation in molar buccolingual width and trunk length is influenced by overlapping additive genetic effects. In contrast, mesiodistal molar length appears to be genetically independent of body size. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant genetic correlation between tooth size and body size in primates. The evolutionary implications are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.