bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of plant protection chemicals on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas
Authors: Spokes John R. , David Roderick M. MacDonald , Hayman S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of eight plant protection chemicals on the development of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas were influenced by the identity of the host plant and fungal endophyte, the soil type, and the composition and concentration of the biocide. These effects ranged from stimulatory (as with the fungicide chloroneb, applied to inocula of Glomus microcarpus used with pot‐grown lettuce), through negligible (aldicarb on G. mosseae in pot‐grown onions and field grown barley with indigenous mycorrhizal fungi) to short‐term inhibition (drazoxolon on G. mosseae in onion) and longer term inhibition (the fungicides benomyl and triadimefon on G. mosseae in onion).
Metabolism of [14C]cymoxanil in grapes, potatoes and tomatoes
Authors: Belasco Irvin J. , Han Jerry C‐Y. , Chrzanowski Robert L. , Baude Frederic J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoliar‐applied [14]cymoxanil, 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyimino‐[2‐14C]acetyl)‐3‐ethylurea was rapidly metabolised in grapes, tomatoes and potatoes, Furthermore, the metabolism of this fungicide was unusual in that the metabolites were found to be naturally occurring compounds, with glycine as the major metabolite. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in other amino‐acids, sugars, starch, fatty acids and lignin, indicating incorporation of carbon‐14 via the various metabolic pathways.
Assessment of fungicides for the prevention of storage rot of yam tubers
Authors: Ogundana Samuel K. , Dennis Colin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwelve fungicides were screened against the soft rot pathogens of yam tubers. Benomyl and thiabendazole were the only fungicides which completely prevented infection either by spore suspensions or mycelial discs of the pathogens. Captan, iprodione and mancozeb prevented infection by spore suspensions, but did not give complete protection against infection from the mycelial disc of all the pathogens.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXV: Synthesis and insecticidal activity of conformationally restrained compounds related to 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDerivatives of 3‐phenoxybenzyl pyrethroidal esters were synthesised in which rotation about the benzylic C‐1–C‐α bond was restricted by an additional bridging ring. The insecticidal activities of these compounds to houseflies (Musca dornestica) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae) depended on the size of the bridging unit and on whether it joined C‐α to C‐2 or C‐6 of the benzyl nucleus. The results obtained are considered in relation to current correlations of the structures with the activities of pyrethroids.
Eradication of over‐wintering mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) in apple buds by nitrogen‐containing surfactants
Authors: Clifford Derek R. , Gendle Peter , Holgate Margaret E. , Lulham Malcolm 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe eradicant activities of 24 nitrogen‐containing preparations, comprising primary, secondary or tertiary amines, amine acetates, diamines, amine oxides or quaternary ammonium salts, were assessed in trials with potted dormant apple rootstocks, heavily infected with the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. The surfactants consisted of mixtures in which C12/C14 or C16/C18 alkyl or alkenyl compounds predominated. Of the amine acetates (at 50g litre−1), only the formulation containing C12/C14 primary amine acctates was considered worthy of further evaluation. Some amine oxides and quaternary ammonium compounds (at 35 g litre−1) were good eradicants and were as effective as ‘PP222’ a (nonylphenol‐ethoxylate mixture) which was included for comparison. All the compounds showing good activity contained one C12/C14 alkyl group whereas C16/C18 compounds, whether saturated or unsaturated, were relatively inactive. In a field trial, C12/C14 (dimethyl) amine oxide, C12/C14bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) amine oxide, and C12/C14 amine acetate (35 g litre−1) greatly reduced the amount of primary mildew on trees that were previously heavily infected, but there were signs that the fruit yield was reduced.
Possible methods of inhibiting or reversing the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes
Authors: Curtis Christopher F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following possible methods of minimising the risks of resistance are considered: (a) adjustment of the dosage and frequency of spraying so that resistance genes are effectively recessive; (b) detection and eradication of new foci of resistance before they have a chance to spread; (c) spraying a ‘mosaic’ of unrelated insecticides with the intention that immigrants from one sector of the mosaic to another will ‘dilute’ the frequency of resistance genes; (d) re‐introduction of susceptibility genes into the progeny of wild females by the release of heterozygous males with resistance genes translocated on to their Y chromosome so that they are protected from insecticidal killing but will pass susceptibility to their female progeny; (e) replacement of a resistant by a susceptible population by means of a negatively heterotic system such as bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. A plausible case can be made for each of these methods based on theoretical models and appropriate assumptions. However, an assessment of whether any of them will really beof any value depends on the answers to certain questions in the field. Therefore field projects have been initiated on Anopheles culicifacies in Sri Lanka and Pakistan, Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania and Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan. The results so far are summarised.
The phytotoxicity of narrow distillation range petroleum spraying oils to valencia orange trees in South Australia. Part I: The influence of distillation temperature and spray timing on yield and alternate cropping
Authors: Furness Geoffrey O. , Maelzer Derek A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPetroleum oil sprays are used on citrus to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), but may have phytotoxic effects on trees and fruit. As part of a programme to establish improved specifications for spray oils for South Australia, three oils with various 50%‐distillation temperatures were applied to trees each month from October to May to observe their effects on crop yield. Some treatments were applied once in each of three consecutive seasons while others were applied only once in the first season. The 50%‐distillation temperatures of the three oils were 211, 224 and 240°C at 10 mmHg. The oils caused significant reductions in yield, and caused or accentuated alternate cropping cycles. The higher the 50%‐distillation temperature of the oil, the greater the effect. The time of application was also important. The greatest yield reductions (expressed as two averages) occurred when the oils were sprayed in November; the tendency to alternate cropping increased with the month of application from December to May. For the oil with the highest 50%‐distillation temperature, the yield reductions were about 30%, and the yields from trees in a severe alternate cropping cycle, in the ‘light crop’ year, were as low as 25% of those on unsprayed trees.
Laboratory and field trials of the rodenticide brodifacoum against warfarin‐resistant Norway rats
Authors: Apperson Charles S. , Sanders O. Thomas , Kaukeinen Dale E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNorway rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped in a low‐income housing area in Raleigh, North Carolina, and on a poultry farm in Garner, North Carolina, manifested high levels of resistance to warfarin in laboratory tests. Of the rats tested, 59.1 and 91.7% from the Raleigh and Garner trap sites, respectively, survived a 6‐day no‐choice test of a diet containing 0.005 % warfarin. The warfarin‐resistant rats were subsequently given a choice of a 0.005% brodifacoum bait and a placebo diet. Of 27 rats, 19 died after a 3‐day test. Survivors had consumed significantly less brodifacoum (0.1 < P > 0.05) than those that died, but the survivors also died when subjected to an additional 1‐day no‐choice test of the brodifacoum bait. Field trials, in which warfarin‐resistant rats in four poultry houses were fed with poison bait for 14–16 days with 0.005% brodifacoum in a pelletised bait (‘Talon’), resulted in 87–99 % control being achieved.
Control of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) with systemic fungicides
Authors: Cooke Louise R. , Clifford Derek R. , Holgate Margaret E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mixture (‘Fubol’) of metalaxyl with mancozeb, performed better than mixtures of propamocarb (as the hydrochloride) or the experimental fungicide cymoxanil with mancozeb, when applied as sprays to control potato blight in a small‐scale field trial conducted in 1978. Another experimental fungicide, 2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐oxotetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl)acet‐2″,6′‐xylidide (RE 20615), applied at a greater rate but without mancozeb, was as effective as ‘Fubol’. The mixture of mancozeb and propamocarb or cymoxanil performed no better than mancozeb alone. In 1979, when blight incidence was greater, use of RE 20615/dithiocarbamate mixtures allowed the extension of spray intervals to 21 days, compared with a 14‐day schedule for the dithiocarbamate alone. RE 20615, applied in 1979 to the soil within the furrows at planting time as a controlled‐release granular formulation, gave adequate control of late blight up to early September, after which disease development accelerated. Yield was not significantly different from that obtained with a standard dithiocarbamate treatment.
The behaviour of residues of benzoylprop‐ethyl and its breakdown products in wheat
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Elgar Kenneth E. , Mathews Brian L. , Woodbridge Austin P. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of wheat grain and straw have been analysed from trials with the wild oat herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl (I) in several countries. Following recommended commercial treatments (application of 1.0–1.6 kg ha−1 at Feekes growth stage G‐J), total residues of I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐DL‐ alanine (free and conjugated) were low and in the majority of instances they were < 0.01 mg kg−1 in samples of grain from the UK, although rather higher residues were detected in some grain samples from other countries. Residues in straw were higher, but normally did not exceed 2 mg kg−1, and were rather variable, possibly as a result of differences in agricultural practice.
The behaviour of residues of flamprop‐isopropyl and its breakdown products in barley
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Cole Edwin R. , Woodbridge Austin P. , Mathews Brian L. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidue data are reported for flamprop‐isopropyl (I) in barley grain and straw samples following applications of the herbicide to crops grown in eight countries. The samples were analysed for I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine (II). Following recommended applications (normally 1 kg ha−1 at Feekes scale G‐I/J), residues of I and II in the grain were low (90% were <0.02 mg kg−1 for I, 86% were <0.06 mg kg−1 for II, levels which were essentially the limits of determination). Residues in straw were higher and more variable, but again 63 and 77% of samples were below 1 mg kg−1 for I and II, respectively.
The herbicidal activity of 2,2‐dialkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilides
Authors: Huppatz John L. , Phillips John N. , Rattigan Barbara M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pre‐emergent herbicidal activities of various 2,2‐dialkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilides and their derivatives are reported, and the relationships between their structure and activities on a range of plant species are examined. Their selectivity behaviour is compared with that of a 2‐alkyl‐2‐cyanoacetanilide and a 2‐chloroacetanilide herbicide (alachlor).
Metabolism of [14C]triadimefon in barley shoots
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBarley plants grown in a greenhouse were treated at growth stage 6 (during the stem extension, when the first node of the stem was visible at the base of the shoot) by spraying with [14C]triadimefon at a rate of 500 g of triadimefon ha−1, which is four times higher than is recommended. The aerial part of the plants was harvested and analysed, 66 days after treatment, at growth stage 10 (during the stem extension, when the sheath of the last leaf was completely grown out, and the ear was swollen but not yet visible). Free triadimefon and triadimenol (the mixture of both diastereoisomers of triadimenol) accounted for 9.7 and 20.3%, respectively, of the total radioactivity incorporated into the plant; their concentrations in the plants were 1.00 and 2.10 mg of the respective products kg−1 fresh weight. Conjugated triadimenol and 4‐chlorophenol, respectively, accounted for 8.0 and 35.1% of the total radioactivity in the plant, and their concentrations in the plant were 0.80 and 1.58 mg of the respective non‐conjugated products kg−1 fresh weight. Only 13% (the bound residue) of the total radioactivity was insoluble in acetone+water (10+3 by volume).
Accumulation of systemic fungicides and other solutes by haustorial complexes isolated from Pisum sativum infected with Erysiphe pisi
Authors: Manners John M. , Gay John L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHaustorial complexes, isolated from pea leaves infected with powdery mildew, were incubated with individual 14C‐labelled systemic fungicides or other solutes, and the accumulation of these compounds by the complexes was assessed following filter centrifugation of the products through silicone oil. Inulincarboxylic acid and butyric acid were not absorbed; glucose, sucrose, acetic acid and glycerol were absorbed very slowly by the complexes. All the systemic fungicides, which included nuarimol, fenarimol, dimethirimol, ethirimol, and other pyrimidine‐based analogues, were accumulated against large concentration gradients (30‐1500 fold). The fatty acids, linoleic and lauric, were also readily accumulated. The accumulation of the fatty acids and fungicides was usually complete within 5–15 min. The degree of accumulation of all the solutes was significantly correlated with their lipophilicity, indicating that partitioning of compounds into sub‐cellular lipids was the major mechanism determining accumulation by the complexes. The cations 2‐hydroxyethylarnmonium and 1‐methylpyridinium were also accumulated against large concentration gradients (18‐and 46‐fold, respectively) but less rapidly than the fungicides. The significance of these findings for the systemic distribution and mode of action of fungicides is discussed.
Efficiency of triforine and binapacryl in tank mixtures with calcium chloride against apple powdery mildew
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Warman Timothy M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mildew fungicide triforine is incompatible with calcium chloride used to reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples. Two commercial non‐ionic surfactants delayed sedimentation in spray mixtures containing both triforine and calcium chloride. The biological efficiency of triforine, alone or with calcium chloride plus surfactant, was tested in an orchard trial which included binapacryl, alone or with calcium chloride, as ‘standard’ treatment. Triforine (weekly or fortnightly) controlled mildew on Cox's Orange Pippin and Golden Delicious better than binapacryl, and the addition of calcium chloride did not affect adversely the control by either fungicide. The added calcium chloride had little effect on the deposition and persistence of the fungicides. The inclusion of calcium chloride in spray programmes slightly improved the yields (both cultivars) and russet grade (Cox only) associated with each fungicide. Calcium chloride sprays, whether mixed or alternated, increased the calcium levels in postharvest fruit for both varieties, and decreased the incidence of bitter pit for Cox after storage for 5½ months. No adverse effect was associated with the inclusion of the surfactants in tank mixtures containing either fungicide.
A study of the fate of [14C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Mischke Charles F. , Domir Subhash C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution and metabolic fate of [14C]maleic hydrazide in white ash and black locust seedlings were studied using high‐performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with thin‐layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Most of the maleic hydrazide was translocated to the leaves and stems of the black locust seedlings within 1 day after treatment but in the case of the white ash seedlings it remained in the stem tissue. After 30 days, the 14C was concentrated in the leaves of the black locust seedlings, but only in the stem and at the injection point of the white ash seedlings. Approximately 40 and 10% of the applied 14C was found at the injection points of the white ash and black locust seedlings, respectively. Chromatographic analysis of extracts showed no detectable metabolite in the black locust seedlings but two metabolites were detected in the white ash seedlings.
The effect of isoprothiolane on the emergence of infection pegs from appressoria of Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Hirooka Takashi , Miyagi Yukio , Araki Fujio , Kunoh Hitoshi , Ishizaki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of isoprothiolanea (di‐isopropyl 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐ylidenemalonate), a systemic fungicide used for rice blast control, on the infection process of Pyriculuria oryzae was studied by micromanipulation in a scanning electron microscope. Whether or not infection pegs emerged from the appressoria was examined by inverting each appressorium contact surface. Infection pegs were observed on more than 80% of the appressoria, 48 h after inoculation, on both untreated rice leaves and cellophane film. Isoprothiolane, approximately 10 μg ml−1 in the ambient water of inoculated conidia, reduced the emergence of infection pegs on rice leaves and cellophane film by 96 and 100%, respectively.
Depression of the minimum concentration of methyl bromide effective against diapausing warehouse moth larvae at 15°c by prior exposure at a moderate concentration
Authors: Bell Christopher H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWarehouse moth (Ephestia elutella) larvae in diapause were exposed at 15°C to methyl bromide at 8 mg litre−1 for 14.5 h and then immediately exposed at a lower concentration. The exposure at 8 mg litre−1 killed 44–69% of the larvae treated. Subsequent concentrations down to 1.1 mg litre−1 obeyed Haber's rule (concentration × time= k, a constant for mortality), but a higher concentration‐time product (ct) was required for over 90% kill at 0.8 mg litre−1. Only concentrations down to 1.9 mg litre−1 obey Haber's rule if there is no prior exposure at a higher concentration. Although minimum effective concentrations are lower at 15°C than at 25°C, exposure at a higher concentration depresses the subsequent level to a similar extent at each temperature. The contribution to the efficacy of a treatment, of low concentrations persisting at the end of fumigation, is thus likely to be even greater at moderate to low temperatures than at 25°C. The implications for the development of resistance to methyl bromide are discussed.
Studies on the selectivity of alloxydim‐sodium in plants
Authors: Veerasekaran Ponnan , Catchpole Anthony H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlloxydim‐sodium, methyl 3‐[1‐(allyloxyimino)butyl]‐4‐hydroxy‐6,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxocyclohex‐3‐enecarboxylate sodium salt, is a selective herbicide which controls grass weeds in a wide range of broad‐leaf crops. Spray retention, tested at two growth stages, was generally greater for the broad‐leaf crops (cotton, sugarbeet, flax, beans and peas) than for wild oat (Avena fatua L.), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds), barley and couch grass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.], and did not contribute to selectivity between susceptible and tolerant species. Broad‐leaf crops tolerated 2820 g alloxydim‐sodium ha−1, three times the recommended rate used to control annual grasses. Differential uptake and translocation were not factors contributing to selectivity. In wild oat, blackgrass and sugarbeet, uptake and translocation of 14C continued during a period of 14 days after treatment with [14C]alloxydim‐sodium. Translocation in susceptible and tolerant species was predominately symplastic. Over 40% of the applied 14C was eliminated from treated wild oat, blackgrass and sugarbeet plants within 7 days, due to degradation and volatilisation. A greater proportion of the methanol‐soluble radioactivity extracted from leaves and roots was present as water‐soluble polar metabolites in sugarbeet, than in wild oats, 7 days after treatment. The proportion of unaltered alloxydim in the organo‐soluble fraction of a methanol extract was greater in wild oat than in sugarbeet. Differential metabolism appears to be one of the factors contributing to alloxydim‐sodium selectivity between sugarbeet and wild oat.
The use of bendiocarb in ryegrass establishment
Authors: Lemon Roger W. , Greig Roderick J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProblems with the establishment of autumn‐reseeded ryegrass can be attributed to a number of causes, one of which is damage by pests, particularly larvae of shoot‐boring flies such as the frit fly (Oscinella frit). In trials over a period of 2 years, bendiocarb has been tested as a seed treatment and as spray and granule formulations for the protection of ryegrass seedlings from pest attack. The trials have included both conventional broadcasting of seed following ploughing of the old sward, and direct drilling following the use of total herbicide. Seed treatments at rates of 10 g a.i. kg−1 of seed and above have given greatly improved plant stands, resulting in yield increases in some trials. Spray and granule applications at 0.5‐1.0 kg a.i. ha−1 have significantly improved establishment at some sites. Bendiocarb has also been tested on spring reseeded leys and although results have been less dramatic than on autumn sowings, significant increases in plant stand were obtained. No evidence of phytotoxicity has been found with any variety of Italian or perennial ryegrass which has been tested, nor with timothy and cocksfoot which have been included in mixtures.
A survey of sheep dip usage in Scotland in 1978
Authors: Bowen H. Michael , Cutler James R. , Craigie Isobel R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey of sheep dipping in Scotland in 1978 showed that about 42 tonnes of organophosphorus and 17 tonnes of organochlorine insecticides were used to control ectoparasites. Information is presented about their pattern of use and about the disposal of surplus sheep dip and the empty containers. Six river pollution incidents involving sheep dips in 1978 are recorded. The main geographical areas affected by headfly (Hydrotaea irritans Fall.) and the measures taken against them are noted.
Fibre‐reactive insect‐resist agents for wool: The synthesis and effectiveness of some organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Jones F. William , O'Loughlin Gary J. , Mayfield Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFibre‐reactive derivatives of 10 organophosphorus compounds were synthesised and evaluated as insect‐resist agents for wool. Some were very effective against wool pests and, when the fibre‐reactive group was a 2‐bromoacrylic ester group. these compounds also exhibited good fastness to washing and dry‐cleaning.