bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐free glycerolysis catalyzed by acetone powder of Nigella sativa seed lipase
Authors: El Naciye , Dandik Levent , Aksoy H. Ayşe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe solvent‐free glycerolysis of used sunflower oil catalyzed by acetone powder of Nigella sativa seeds was investigated. The highest partial acylglycerols yield was obtained at 60°C. The glycerolysis reactions, conducted at molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 of oil to glycerol keeping the acetone powder content at 30% based on oil weight and the temperature at 60°C, approached equilibrium after 2 h. The highest partial acylglycerol content of the products was 66% (1:1 molar ratio) and 60% (2:1 molar ratio).
Identification and estimation of tocotrienols in the annatto lipid fraction by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Frega N. , Mozzon M. , Bocci F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lipid fraction of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds was extracted with a Soxhlet apparatus with n‐hexane and isolated by thin‐layer chromatography. The fatty‐soluble antioxidant fraction contained only tocotrienols, mainly δ‐tocotrienol, but no tocopherols. The presence of tocotrienols was confirmed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The quantities of δ‐tocotrienol were 140–147 mg/100 g dry seeds and 5.2–5.5% wt/wt of lipid extract, determined by gas chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Currently no vegetable species seems to contain comparable concentrations of δ‐tocotrienol.
Esterification kinetics of long‐chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols with a surfactant‐coated lipase in n‐hexane
Authors: Basheer Sobhi , Cogan Uri , Nakajima Mitsutoshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe esterification reaction kinetics of long‐chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols catalyzed with a surfactant‐coated lipase in a microaqueous n‐hexane system were studied. The biocatalytic complex, surfactant‐lipase adduct, showed 40 times the activity after a reaction time of 5 h compared to the unmodified lipase in the same reaction system. Various factors that may affect the activity of the modified lipase were studied, such as the influence of substrate fatty acid chainlength, water content, and temperature. By varying the concentration of each of the two substrates while keeping that of the other substrate constant, it was found that the esterification reaction follows Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. The surfactant‐enzyme complex kinetic parameters were determined with respect to both substrates. It was suggested that the kinetics of the lipase‐catalyzed esterification reaction model follow a Ping‐Pong Bi Bi mechanism with no substrate or product inhibition.
Bioconversion of oleic acid to a series of keto‐hydroxy and dihydroxy acids by Bacillus species NRRL BD‐447: Identification of 7‐hydroxy‐16‐oxo‐9‐cis‐octadecenoic acid
Authors: Lanser A. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFifty‐eight strains of eight Bacillus species were selected from the ARS Culture Collection to investigate their ability to bioconvert oleic acid to unique hydroxy or keto derivative. Addition of 0.5% oleic acid substrate to a whole‐cell culture of Bacillus strain NRRL BD‐447 produced mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted compounds. These products appear to contain combinations of keto and hydroxy groups. One of the major products was isolated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its structure was determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to be 7‐hydroxy‐16‐oxo‐9‐cis‐octadecenoic acid.
Stabilization of water‐in‐oil emulsions by submicrocrystalline α‐form fat particles
Authors: Garti N. , Binyamin H. , Aserin A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe results presented in this study confirm previous knowledge and stress the need for both hydrophobic emulsifiers and submicronial fat particles to stabilize water‐in‐vegetable oil emulsions. It was demonstrated that polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) is superior to glycerol monooleate and/or lecithin, but is incapable of stabilizing these fluid emulsions for sufficient storage periods. Fluid emulsions, unlike margarine, exhibit high droplet mobility and are susceptible to flocculation and coalescence. It was also demonstrated that submicronial α‐form crystals of hydrogenated fat can be obtained in the oil phase by the flash‐cooling process. The crystals are homogeneously almost mono‐dispersed and exhibit insufficient stability against flocculation and phase separation. The use of an emulsifier (PGPR) in the fat crystallization process was very helpful in decreasing the aggregation and flocculation processes. The α‐form (mixed with β′‐form) submicronial crystals can stabilize water‐in‐oil emulsions only in the presence of food emulsifiers, provided the concentration of tristearin is limited to 1.0–2.0 wt% (to prevent phase separation and high viscosity) and the PGPR is added at sufficient concentrations (PGPR/tristearin ratio of 2.0 or more). Ideally stable (for over 6–8 wk) fluid emulsions can be formed in systems composed of fat submicrocrystalline hydrophilic particles and food‐grade emulsifiers. These water‐in‐oil emulsions can serve as the basic preparation for any food‐grade water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsion.
Determination of sorbitan tristearate in vegetable oils and fats
Authors: Thyssen Karen , Andersen Karsten Stig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new method for analysis of Sorbitan Tristearate (STS) in vegetable oils and fats has been developed. The method is based on isolation and hydrolysis of STS compounds in a silica cartridge. The polyalcohols are eluted from the silica cartridge and the final separation and quantitation are done by high‐performance liquid chromatography and refractive index detection. Linearity, precision, and recovery satisfy general demands on quantitative methods. The detection limit and the quantitation limit are well below the concentrations normally used to attain functional effects of STS in vegetable oils and fats.
Electrospray mass spectrometry for characterizing polyglycerols and the effects of adduct ion and cone voltage
Authors: Crowther Molly W. , O’Connell Terrence R. , Carter Stephen P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolyglycerol intermediates have been characterized by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Linear and cyclic components from n=2–23 in a sample of decaglycerol, for example, have been resolved in the second dimension or mass axis. Molecular weight (MW) distributions for tri‐, hexa‐, and decaglycerol products have been analyzed as a function of cone voltage and adduct ion (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+). A different combination is required to obtain a reliable MW distribution for each polyglycerol intermediate. The best distribution obtained by ESI/MS is determined by comparing the calculated hydroxyl number and cyclic content to that obtained by wet chemistry and gas chromatography, respectively. Once ESI/MS conditions are established, the distribution can be used, for the first time in polyglycerol analysis, to calculate important parameters such as number average MW, weight average MW, polydispersity, % cyclics, hydroxyl number, wt% above n=6, etc.
An improved reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography method for separation of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Marquardt T. C. , Wilson R. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResolution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by thin‐layer chromatography often is complicated by co‐migration of certain acyl‐isomers in heterogeneous mixtures. However, a novel reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography method which employs 10% (wt/vol) silver nitrate in a mobile phase containing acetonitrile/1,4‐dioxane/acetic acid (80:20:1, vol/vol/vol) allows one‐dimensional resolution of a wide range of acyl‐methyl esters. This innovation enables improved separation of saturated FAME ranging from C12 to C22, and geometric isomers of C14 to C22 unsaturated FAME by thin‐layer chromatography.
Characterization of membrane‐bound lipase from a thermophilic Rhizopus oryzae isolated from palm oil mill effluent
Authors: Razak C. N. A. , Musani R. , Basri M. , Salleh A. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of the membrane‐bound lipase from a thermophilic Rhizopus oryzae were studied. The pH and temperature optima for lipase activity were at 7.0 and 37°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable and acidic conditions, retaining more than 80% of its initial activity at pH 4.0 after 30 min incubation. It was stable up to 50°C with 70% of initial activity retained after 3 h incubation. The enzyme is 1,3 specific and exhibits substrate preference. Monoacid triglyceride substrates were hydrolyzed better than methyl esters, polyoxysorbitan and sorbitan substrates.
Enzymatic synthesis of wax esters from rapeseed fatty acid methyl esters and a fatty alcohol
Authors: Hallberg Marianne Lilja , Wang Daobin , Härröd Magnus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWax esters were transesterified from fatty acid methyl esters of rapeseed and a fatty alcohol (1‐hexadecanol, 16:0). The amounts of both the substrates were fixed to 0.1 mmol and an immobilized enzyme, Lipozyme, was used as catalyst. The experiment was performed following a statistic central composite design with five variables. The enzyme/lipid ratio was varied between 0.3–0.9 of the substrate weight and the enzyme was equilibrated to different water activities varying from 0.11 to 0.44. A temperature range of 50–80°C was investigated and the reaction time lasted up to 40 min. A solvent, isooctane, constituted 0–30% of the substrate weight. The first experimental series was performed in small closed test tubes. In the second series the caps of the test tubes were off to evaporate the methanol produced during the reaction. The highest initial reaction rate was 9.6 gwax esters/genzyme · h. It appeared when: the enzyme/lipid ratio was low, 0.3, the temperature was high, 80°C; no isooctane was present; and the water activity was below 0.11. The initial reaction rate was independent of the caps on the test tubes. With the large amount of enzyme the yield of wax esters was above 70% after 10 min in both experimental series. In the reaction with caps, the reaction reached equilibrium at 83% after 20 min at 80°C. However, without caps the continuous evaporation of methanol increased the equilibrium constantly, and after 40 min at 80°C a yield of 90% was reached.
Fatty acid composition of two new pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jaranda and Jariza). Effect of drying process and nutritional aspects
Authors: Pérez‐Gálvez Antonio , Garrido‐Fernández Juan , Mínguez‐Mosquera Ma.Isabel , Lozano‐Ruiz Mercedes , Montero‐de‐Espinosa Vicente 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComposition in fatty acids of the pericarp and seeds of two new pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jaranda and Jariza) and the effects of different processing stages on the fatty acid composition of these tissues and of paprika are shown. In the pericarp the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic and linolenic, both in the same proportion, are the major acids; in the seed, linoleic is in a very high concentration as compared to in the pericarp. In the pericarp, a storage zone of carotenoid pigments, linolenic acid does not participate in the carotenoid esterification process. From the different lipid patterns, nutritional aspects are deduced. In the drying step the concentrations of constituent fatty acids are constant in the seed, while in the pericarp there is a net increase in the total content of fatty acids.
Dehydration of glycerine‐water mixtures by pervaporation
Authors: Burshe M. C. , Sawant S. B. , Pangarkar V. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDehydration of glycerine‐water mixtures by pervaporation (PV) was studied with Nafion® (NA), cellulose triacetate (CA), polyimide, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. PES membrane yielded the highest selectivity (6580) and CPVC membrane yielded the lowest selectivity (1552) at 5% by weight of water in the feed and 30°C. The NA membrane yielded the highest permeation flux (0.2–1.45 kg/m2h) of water over the entire water concentration range. Energy of activation of permeation for water was in the range of 7–15 kJ/mol, being highest for CPVC and lowest for CA. Comparison of PV and vapor liquid equilibrium data showed that the former gave better results, particularly for concentrating glycerine above 90 wt%.
Mechanical oil expression from extruded soybean samples
Authors: Bargale P. C. , Ford R. J. , Sosulski F. W. , Wulfsohn D. , Irudayaraj J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoybean is generally recognized as a source of edible and industrial oil, and the deoiled meal is seen as a source of protein in animal feed. In recent years, however, more interest has been directed toward using soy meal as a protein source for human consumption. Extrusion‐expelling of soybean provides an opportunity in this direction. The main focus of this study was to maximize the oil recovery from extruded soybean processed using three different kinds of extruders and processing conditions. These extruded samples were later pressed uniaxially in a specifically designed test‐cell and the oil recovery was recorded over time. The effects of process variables, including applied pressure, pressing temperature and sample height, were investigated. Results indicated that over 90% of the available oil could be recovered from pressing of extruded soy samples. The information generated is likely to be useful in interpreting the effect of process variables and extruding equipment for pretreatment of soybean for subsequent mechanical oil expression.
Reinvestigation of the polymethylene‐interrupted 18:2 and 20:2 acids of Ginkgo biloba seed lipids
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Christie William W. , Marpeau Anne M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of Ginkgo biloba seed lipids was reinvestigated with particular emphasis on the polymethylene‐interrupted octadecadienoic and eicosadienoic acids. Analysis of the picolinyl esters and 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography on a highly polar cyanopropyl polysiloxane stationary phase coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of three such acids, with the structures 5,9–18:2, 5,11–18:2, and 5,11–20:2. This indicated that in G. biloba seeds, cis‐vaccenic (11–18:1) acid may be a substrate for the Δ5‐desaturase characteristic of gymnosperms. The 5,11‐18:2 acid was not limited to G. biloba, as it may occur in a few other species. The 5,11‐20:2 acid is a common component of the seed lipids from almost all gymnosperm species analyzed so far.
Spinel-anthophyllite rocks of the Kokchetav massif (northern Kazakhstan)
Authors: Selyatitskiy A.Yu. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Spinel-anthophyllite rocks that may be classified as ultrabasic low-Ca spinel amphibolites have been first discovered in the Kokchetav collision zone (northern Kazakhstan). They outcrop 2 km west of Enbek-Berlyk Village among schists and quartzites and are closely associated with spinel harzburgites and garnet pyroxenites. The main hosted minerals are spinel (hercynite) and anthophyllite. The rocks bear magnetite-hornblende-spinel-anthophyllite pseudomorphs with rounded and polygonal sections, which might have been resulted from the replacement of garnet grains. The prismatic anthophyllite crystals and scarce olivine relics contain elongate parallel spinel inclusions resembling spinel-olivine syntactic intergrowths in the Enbek-Berlyk spinel harzburgites. The spinel-anthophyllite rocks are similar to the associated spinel harzburgites in CaO, MnO, SiO2, and Al2O3 contents but are richer in FeO and poorer in MgO (F = FeO/(FeO + MgO) = 57% against 35% in the harzburgites). Geological, mineralogical, and geochemical data suggest that the spinel-anthophyllite rocks formed during the isochemical contact metamorphism of garnet-bearing spinel harzburgites, which contained more FeO and less MgO than garnet-free harzburgites of the same area. Variations in FeO and MgO contents in both types of harzburgites seem to be due to different chemical compositions of the chlorite protoliths of these rocks.
Petroleum potential of reservoirs at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary in West Siberia: seismogeological criteria (example of the Chuzik-Chizhapka regional oil-gas accumulation)
Authors: Kontorovich V.A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The study aims at developing petroleum potential criteria for reservoirs at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary in West Siberia, by the example of the Chuzik-Chizhapka regional oil and gas accumulation in the Parabel District (Tomsk Region).
Oil and gas accumulations in formations of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary were discovered in the Archa, Urman, Gerasimovka, Kalinovoe, North Kalinovoe, Tambai, Ostanino, North Ostanino, and other fields within the Chuzik-Chizhapka zone. Hydrocarbons are hosted by reservoirs of different lithologies and ages, including Devonian and Carboniferous organic, dolomite, and siliceous limestones and argillaceous-siliceous rocks.
Synthetic interpretation of seismic profiling and log data was used to model the geological structure of the Chuzik-Chizhapka regional accumulation, to develop potential criteria for reservoirs of the Paleozoic basement and weathering zone, and to suggest methods for detection of complex traps in upper Paleozoic strata.
Density inhomogeneity of the lithosphere in the southeastern periphery of the North Asian craton
Authors: Petrishchevsky A.M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The study addresses the space distribution of lithospheric density contrasts in 3D and 2D surface (spherical) sources of gravity anomalies to depths of 120 km below the geoid surface and their relationship with shallow deformation and Archean, Early Paleozoic, and Late Mesozoic geodynamic environments. The lithospheric section in northeastern Transbaikalia and the Upper Amur region includes two layers of low-density gradients attendant with low seismic velocities and low electrical resistivity. The lower layer at depths of 80–120 km is attributed to an asthenospheric upwarp that extends beneath the North Asian craton from the Emuershan volcanic belt and the Songliao basin. The concentric pattern of density contrasts in the middle and lower crust beneath the Upper Amur region may be produced by the activity of the Aldan-Zeya plume, which spatially correlates with the geometry of the asthenospheric upwarp as well as with the regional seismicity field, magnetic and heat flow anomalies, and stresses caused by large earthquakes and recent vertical crustal movements. The relationship between shallow and deep structures in the crust and upper mantle bears signature of horizontal displacement (subduction) of the lower crust of the Baikal-Vitim and Amur superterranes beneath the North Asian craton.
Increased plant sterol and stanol levels in brain of Watanabe rabbits fed rapeseed oil derived plant sterol or stanol esters
Authors: Fricke Christiane B. , Schrøder Malene , Poulsen Morten , von Bergmann Klaus , Wester Ingmar , Knudsen Ib , Mortensen Alicja , Lütjohann Dieter 
Published: May 2007

Foods containing plant sterol or stanol esters can be beneficial in lowering LDL-cholesterol concentration, a major risk factor for CVD. The present study examined whether high dietary intake of rapeseed oil (RSO) derived plant sterol and stanol esters is associated with increased levels of these components in brain tissue of homozygous and heterozygous Watanabe rabbits, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Homozygous animals received either a standard diet, RSO stanol or RSO sterol ester while heterozygous animals were additionally fed with 2 g cholesterol/kg to the respective diet form for 120 d (n9 for each group). Concentrations of cholesterol, its precursor lathosterol, plant sterols and stanols in brain and additionally in liver and plasma were determined by highly sensitive GC–MS. High-dose intake of RSO derived plant sterols and stanols resulted in increased levels of these components in plasma and liver. In brain a limited uptake of plant sterols and stanols was proven, indicating that these compounds passed the blood–brain barrier and may be retained in the brain tissue of Watanabe rabbits. Plant stanol ester feeding lowered plant sterol levels in brain, liver, and plasma. Cholesterol synthesis in brain, indicated by lathosterol, a local surrogate cholesterol synthesis marker, does not seem to be affected by plant sterol or stanol ester feeding. We conclude that high dose intake of plant sterol and stanol esters in Watanabe rabbits results in elevated concentrations of these components not only in the periphery but also in the central nervous system.
EDUCATION FOR EXPECTANT FATHERS IN WORKPLACES IN TURKEY
Authors: SAHIP YUSUF , MOLZAN TURAN JANET 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWorldwide, there is increasing recognition that if family and reproductive health programmes are to be successful, the involvement of men is essential. As part of the problem, men also have to be seen as part of the solution. The reality is that in many countries, including Turkey, men generally do not accompany their partners to health facilities for family planning, antenatal and postnatal services and are not expected to attend the labour or birth of their child. Workplace programmes are a potential strategy for meeting the reproductive health education needs of men in industrial cities such as Istanbul. This intervention study was developed to test the feasibility and effects of expanding a special programme for expectant fathers to large workplaces in Istanbul, with the aim of improving the health of Turkish families during the pregnancy, birth and newborn periods. The findings indicate that it is possible to train workplace physicians in Istanbul to conduct regular educational programmes for expectant fathers on reproductive health, and that such programmes may have beneficial effects, especially in the areas of pregnancy nutrition, exclusive breast-feeding, and support behaviours. Considering the difficulty of getting men to attend hospital or clinic-based educational programmes in large urban areas, bringing such training programmes to men at their places of work has the potential to be an important strategy. Given that large workplaces in Turkey already have full-time physicians charged with the duty of health education for employees, this is also a feasible strategy.
STUDYING HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOURS: COLLECTING RELIABLE DATA, CONDUCTING COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: SHAIKH BABAR T. , HARAN DAVID , HATCHER JUANITA , IQBAL AZAM SYED 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThere is certainly a growing need to justify the significance of studying health-seeking behaviours for designing advocacy campaigns, lobbying for a policy shift and convincing donors to invest in priority areas. Moreover, policymakers need to be encouraged to design evidence-based policies that take into account information relating to health-promoting, -seeking and -utilization behaviour and the factors determining these behaviours. This paper primarily covers the ‘methodology’ used in the study of health-seeking behaviours and determinants of health services utilization in a predominantly rural district of Pakistan. The paper substantiates that this methodology is comprehensive and reliable, and there is potential for replicating this in similar settings. The approach of Kroeger in his research on the study of health-seeking behaviours, particularly in developing countries, provides the most holistic framework for examining, analysing and interpreting factors and determinants of health-seeking behaviours and health services utilization in developing countries. This study endeavoured to validate Kroeger’s framework in a Pakistani setting, exploring all the factors listed through mixed method research, and qualitative supplemented by representative quantitative enquiry. This approach has also helped in understanding the inter-relationship of various factors and drivers of health-seeking behaviours from all angles.