bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Statins in Reducing the Rate of Severe Sepsis: A Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Martin Christopher P. , Talbert Robert L. , Burgess David S. , Peters Jay I. 
Published: December 2006

Study Objectives. To determine whether use of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) is associated with a reduced rate of severe sepsis, and to further characterize the effect of statins on the frequency of organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis.Design. Retrospective cohort study.Setting. University‐associated teaching hospital.Patients. Fifty‐three patients admitted with sepsis; 16 were receiving statins and 37 were not receiving statins (controls) before admission.Measurements and Main Results. Patients were identified by theInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modificationcodes. Patient demographics, vital signs, and laboratory values were collected from their electronic medical records. The primary end point was rate of severe sepsis, defined in accordance with guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Secondary end points were in‐hospital mortality rate and rate of five categories of organ dysfunction (cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, hematologic, and metabolic). Preadmission statin therapy, compared with no statin therapy, was associated with a 30% lower rate of severe sepsis (56% vs 86%, p<0.02). In‐hospital mortality was not significantly different between groups (38% vs 49%, p=0.33); however, the rate of cardiovascular dysfunction, defined as hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy, was significantly lower in the statin group (38% vs 73%, p<0.02). No significant differences in the other organ dysfunction categories were noted between groups.Conclusion. Statins appear to prevent sepsis from becoming severe, most notably through prevention of sepsis‐induced hypotension. This potential role for statins in the prevention and treatment of severe sepsis should be further evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.
Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Atypical Antipsychotic Use Among Medicaid Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Nested Case‐Control Study
Authors: Guo Jeff J. , Keck Paul E. , Corey‐Lisle Patricia K. , Li Hong , Jiang Dongming , Jang Raymond , L'Italien Gilbert J. 
Published: December 2006

Study Objective. To quantify the risk of diabetes mellitus associated with atypical antipsychotics compared with conventional antipsychotics in managed care Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder.Design. Retrospective nested case‐control study.Data Source. Integrated seven‐state Medicaid managed care claims database from January 1, 1998–December 31, 2002.Patients. Two hundred eighty‐three patients with diabetes (cases) and 1134 controls matched by age, sex, and the index date on which bipolar disorder was diagnosed.Measurements and Main Results. Cases were defined as those having an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of diabetes or those receiving treatment with antidiabetic drugs. Both case and control patients had at least a 3‐month exposure to either conventional or atypical antipsychotic agents or three filled prescriptions related to treatment for bipolar disorder. Of the 283 cases, 139 (49%) received atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and clozapine) and 133 (47%) were prescribed conventional antipsychotics. To compare the risk for new‐onset diabetes associated with atypical versus conventional antipsychotics, we conducted a Cox proportional hazard regression, in which we controlled for age; sex; duration of bipolar disorder follow‐up; use of lithium, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and other drugs; and psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Compared with patients receiving conventional antipsychotics, the risk of diabetes was greatest among patients taking risperidone (hazard ratio [HR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7–5.3), olanzapine (3.7, 95% CI 2.5–5.3), and quetiapine (2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3). The risk for developing diabetes was also associated with weight gain (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9–3.4), hypertension (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.2), and substance abuse (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.2).Conclusion. Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine are all associated with development or exacerbation of diabetes mellitus in patients with bipolar disorder. When prescribing therapy for this patient population, metabolic complications such as diabetes, weight gain, and hypertension need to be considered.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec Type in Community‐ and Hospital‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: LaPlante Kerry L. , Rybak Michael J. , Amjad Muhammad , Kaatz Glenn W. 
Published: December 2006

Study Objective. To differentiate the characteristics of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and hospital‐associated MRSA isolates on the basis of their susceptibility profiles, induction of clindamycin resistance, and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCC) mec types.Design. In vitro molecular and susceptibility study of isolates obtained from December 2004–January2006 as part of a large, ongoing clinical study.Setting. Level I trauma center in Detroit, Michigan.Bacterial Strains. Three hundred eight MRSA isolates randomly collected from patients; 130 were classified as community‐associated, and 178 were classified hospital‐associated by using definitions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Intervention. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were tested on the basis of current guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Measurements and Main Results. All tested MRSA isolates were susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin. In addition, community‐associated MRSA isolates were significantly (all p≤0.05) more susceptible to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (99%), clindamycin (96%), and a fluoroquinolone (76%) than hospital‐associated MRSA isolates. Inducible resistance to clindamycin was demonstrated in 8.4% of community‐associated MRSA isolates versus 50% of hospital‐associated MRSA isolates (p≤0.001). Of interest, 35% of the MRSA isolates collected from hospitalized patients (> 48 hrs after admission and according to the CDC definition) possessed SCCmec type I V.Conclusion. Overall, inducible clindamycin resistance occurred at significantly higher rates in the hospital‐associated MRSA isolates, susceptibility differed significantly between community‐ and hospital‐associated MRSA, and most of the hospital isolates contained SCCmec type I V.
Discrepancies in Identification of Bleeding Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: McCollum Marianne , Stringer Kathleen A. , Wittkowsky Ann K. , Young Sallie , Spinler Sarah A. 
Published: December 2006

Study Objective. To evaluate the level of agreement between two sets of criteria, the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) criteria and investigator‐developed criteria, for identifying bleeding events in patients who had undergone a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to measure length of hospital stay (LOS) as a surrogate marker of bleeding severity.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. Two university‐affiliated medical centers.Patients. Four hundred twenty‐two consecutive patients who had undergone PCI from December 1, 2001‐June 30, 2002.Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected on the number of bleeding events that occurred within 1 week after PCI (limited to one event/patient) and on LOS. Bleeding was assessed by TIMI criteria and by investigator‐developed criteria. Bleeding according to TIMI criteria included intracranial hemorrhage, spontaneous hematuria or hematemesis, or decreases in hemoglobin level. Bleeding according to investigator‐developed criteria included intracranial, retroperitoneal, intraocular, or clinically overt bleeding without a specified decrease in hemoglobin level. Agreement between criteria was assessed by means of the κ statistic. Of the 422 patients, 23 (5%) experienced TIMI‐defined bleeding events and 229 (54%) investigator‐defined bleeding events. A κ value of 0.09 (95% confidence interval 0.06–0.13) indicated a poor level of agreement between the two sets of bleeding criteria. The effect of this discrepancy on LOS was 66 fewer days of care when TIMI criteria were applied versus investigator‐developed criteria in the 206 patients who experienced bleeding events that met investigator criteria (total LOS 645 days) but not TIMI criteria (total LOS 579 days).Conclusion. Bleeding assessment with use of TIMI criteria versus investigator‐developed criteria yielded discrepant bleeding event rates and LOS, making it difficult to accurately compare bleeding rates and consequences across clinical trials and in practice. Consensus bleeding criteria are needed for applications in clinical evaluations of antithrombotic agents.
The Health Impact of Child Labor in Developing Countries: Evidence From Cross-Country Data
Authors: Roggero Paola , Mangiaterra Viviana , Bustreo Flavia , Rosati Furio 
Published: December 2006

Objectives. Research on child labor and its effect on health has been limited. We sought to determine the impact of child labor on children’s health by correlating existing health indicators with the prevalence of child labor in selected developing countries. Methods. We analyzed the relationship between child labor (defined as the percentage of children aged 10 to14 years who were workers) and selected health indicators in 83 countries using multiple regression to determine the nature and strength of the relation. The regression included control variables such as the percentage of the population below the poverty line and the adult mortality rate. Results. Child labor was significantly and positively related to adolescent mortality, to a population’s nutrition level, and to the presence of infectious disease. Conclusions. Longitudinal studies are required to understand the short- and long-term health effects of child labor on the individual child.
Prevalence Estimates of Overweight and Obesity in Cree Preschool Children in Northern Quebec According to International and US Reference Criteria
Authors: Willows Noreen D. , Johnson Melissa S. , Ball Geoff D.C. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Cree Canadian children aged 5 years (n=1044) using international and US growth references and examined the longitudinal tracking of weight categories between ages 2 and 5 years (n=562). Methods. Weight categories based on body mass index (calculated from measured heights and weights) were derived from the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) references. Results. According to the IOTF reference, 52.9% of children were overweight (31.6%) or obese (21.3%) whereas with the CDC reference, 64.9% were overweight (27.5%) or obese (37.4%). The IOTF and CDC references provided dissimilar tracking of weight categories. Based on the IOTF reference, 4.9% of the children who were normal weight at age 2 years were obese at age 5 years. Based on the CDC reference, 14.9% of children categorized as normal weight at age 2 years were obese at age 5 years. Conclusions. The IOTF reference provided more conservative estimates of obesity than the CDC reference, and longitudinal analyses showed dissimilar tracking of weight categories with the 2 references. Public health responses to obesity prevalence estimates should be made with awareness of methodological limitations.
Sensory gating and alpha‐7 nicotinic receptor gene allelic variants in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type
Authors: Martin Laura F. , Leonard Sherry , Hall Mei‐Hua , Tregellas Jason R. , Freedman Robert , Olincy Ann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectives: Single nucleotide allelic variants in the promoter region of the chromosome 15 alpha‐7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor gene (CHRNA7) are associated with both schizophrenia and the P50 auditory evoked potential sensory gating deficit. The purpose of this study was to determine if CHRNA7 promoter allelic variants are also associated with abnormal P50 ratios in persons with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Methods: P50 auditory evoked potentials were recorded in a paired stimulus paradigm in 17 subjects with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. The P50 test to conditioning ratio was used as the measure of sensory gating. Mutation screening of the CHRNA7 promoter region was performed on the subjects' DNA samples. Comparisons to previously obtained data from persons with schizophrenia and controls were made. Results: Subjects with schizophrenia, regardless of allele status, had an abnormal mean P50 ratio. Subjects with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type and a variant allele had an abnormal mean P50 ratio, whereas those schizoaffective subjects with the common alleles had a normal mean P50 ratio. Normal control subjects had a normal mean ratio, but controls with variant alleles had higher P50 ratios. Conclusions: In persons with bipolar type schizoaffective disorder, CHRNA7 promoter region allelic variants are linked to the capacity to inhibit the P50 auditory evoked potential and thus are associated with a type of illness genetically and biologically more similar to schizophrenia. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of humoral derangements from mutant superoxide dismutase 1 spinal cord
Authors: Kim Yun‐Sook , Martinez Tara , Deshpande Deepa M. , Drummond Jennifer , Provost‐Javier Katie , Williams Ariel , McGurk Julie , Maragakis Nicholas , Song Hongjun , Ming Guo‐Li , Kerr Douglas A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to define molecular and cellular participants that mediate motor neuron injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using a coculture system.MethodsWe cocultured embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons with organotypic slice cultures from wild‐type or SOD1G93A (MT) mice. We examined axon lengths and cell survival of embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons. We defined and quantified the humoral factors that differed between wild‐type and MT organotypic cultures, and then corrected these differences in cell culture.ResultsMT spinal cord organotypic slices were selectively toxic to motor neurons as defined by axonal lengths and cell survival. MT spinal cord organotypic slices secreted higher levels of nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐12p70 and lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. The toxicity of MT spinal cord organotypic cultures was reduced and axonal lengths were restored to near normal by coculturing in the presence of reactive oxygen species scavenger, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neutralizing antibodies to IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐12.InterpretationMT spinal cord organotypic cultures overexpress certain factors and underexpress others, creating a nonpermissive environment for cocultured motor neurons. Correction of these abnormalities as a group, but not individually, restores axonal length to near normal. Such a “cocktail” approach to the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should be investigated further. Ann Neurol 2006;60:716–728
Financial anatomy of neuroscience research
Authors: Dorsey E. Ray , Vitticore Philip , De Roulet Jason , Thompson Joel P. , Carrasco Melisa , Johnston S. Claiborne , Holloway Robert G. , Moses Hamilton 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the level of funding for neuroscience research from federal and industry sources and to examine the therapeutic advances in the neurosciences over the past decade.MethodsWe examined financing for neuroscience research over the past decade from the following principal sponsors of biomedical research: the National Institutes of Health, the pharmaceutical industry, large biotechnology firms, and large medical device firms. We also examined US Food and Drug Administration approvals for new molecular entities and medical devices for indications within the neurosciences. Neuroscience was defined to include funding and approvals for neurological and psychiatric conditions.ResultsTotal (nominal) industry and government funding for neuroscience research increased from $4.8 billion in 1995 to $14.1 billion in 2005 and doubled after adjusting for inflation. In 2005, the pharmaceutical industry and the largest biotechnology and medical device firms accounted for 58% of total funding. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 40 new molecular entities for indications within the neurosciences from 1995 to 2005, with the annual number of approvals remaining relatively stagnant during this period. From 1995 to 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration also approved 1,679 medical devices in the neurosciences for use.InterpretationFinancing for neuroscience research has increased significantly over the past decade, but new approvals for drugs in the neurosciences have not kept pace with the rapid increase in funding. This lag may represent a natural delay in realizing the return in the investment in scientific research or a decline in the productivity of neuroscience research. Ann Neurol 2006;60:652‒659
Orally available compound prevents deficits in memory caused by the Alzheimer amyloid‐β oligomers
Authors: Townsend Matthew , Cleary James P. , Mehta Tapan , Hofmeister Jacki , Lesne Sylvain , O'Hare Eugene , Walsh Dominic M. , Selkoe Dennis J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveDespite progress in defining a pathogenic role for amyloid β protein (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease, orally bioavailable compounds that prevent its effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function have not yet emerged. A particularly attractive therapeutic strategy is to selectively neutralize small, soluble Aβ oligomers that have recently been shown to mediate synaptic dysfunction.MethodsUsing electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral assays, we studied how scyllo‐inositol (AZD‐103; molecular weight, 180) neutralizes the acutely toxic effects of Aβ on synaptic function and memory recall.ResultsScyllo‐inositol, but not its stereoisomer, chiro‐inositol, dose‐dependently rescued long‐term potentiation in mouse hippocampus from the inhibitory effects of soluble oligomers of cell‐derived human Aβ. Cerebroventricular injection into rats of the soluble Aβ oligomers interfered with learned performance on a complex lever‐pressing task, but administration of scyllo‐inositol via the drinking water fully prevented oligomer‐induced errors.InterpretationA small, orally available natural product penetrates into the brain in vivo to rescue the memory impairment produced by soluble Aβ oligomers through a mechanism that restores hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Ann Neurol 2006;60:668–676
A status report on neuroscience research, without grade inflation
Authors: Johnston S. Claiborne , Hauser Stephen L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe fact is that most of us (then) doing research on poliomyelitis were motivated mainly by curiosity, and for the challenges of the many unsolved problems concerning the interaction of virus and host, rather than by the hope of a practical solution in our lifetime. —David Bodian discussing the reaction of the academic community after an outline for conquest of polio set forth by Thomas Rivers in 1938 had failed to inspire scientists to work collaboratively on a practical, pragmatic approach to a pressing health problem.From Oshinsky, DM. Polio: an American story. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005
Synthesis of polyacrylonitrile via reverse ATRP initiated by 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol/CuCl2/2,2′‐bipyridine
Authors: Hou Chen , Liu Junshen , Guo Zhenliang , Qu Rongjun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe reverse atom‐transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) technique using CuCl2/2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) complex as a catalyst was applied to the living‐radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). 1,1,2,2‐Tetraphenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol (TPED) was first used as the initiator in this copper‐based RATRP initiation system. A CuCl2 to bipy ratio of 0.5 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution, but also provides rather rapid reaction rate. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 53.2 kJ mol−1. Because the polymers obtained were end‐functionalized by chlorine atoms, they were used as macroinitiators to proceed the chain extension polymerization in the presence of CuCl/bipy catalyst system via a conventional ATRP process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3529–3533, 2007
Monomer apparent reactivity ratios for acrylonitrile/ammonium itaconate radical copolymerization systems
Authors: Hou Chen , Ji Chunnuan , Ying Liang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAmmonium itaconate was first used to copolymerize with acrylonitrile. This was achieved by using azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator and dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. Effects of copolymerization systems on monomer apparent reactivity ratios for acrylonitrile/ammonium itaconate copolymers were studied. The values of monomer apparent reactivity ratios were calculated by Kelen‐Tudos method. The apparent reactivity ratios in the aqueous suspension polymerization system are similar to those in the solution polymerization system at polymerization conversions of less than 18% [reactivity ratio of acrylonitrile (rAN) = 0.47 ± 0.01, reactivity ratio of ammonium itaconate (rAIA) = 3.08 ± 0.01]. At conversions of more than 50%, the changes of monomer apparent reactivity ratios become less prominent (rAN = 0.68 ± 0.01, rAIA = 2.47 ± 0.01). In water‐rich reaction medium [(H2O/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) > 80/20)], the monomer apparent reactivity ratios are approximately equivalent to those in the aqueous suspension polymerization system. In DMSO‐rich reaction medium (DMSO/H2O > 80/20), the apparent reactivity ratios are similar to those in the solution polymerization system. With an increase in the polarity of the solvent, the values of apparent reaction ratios both decrease. The values of apparent reaction ratios gradually tend to 1 with increasing the copolymerization temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3920–3923, 2007
Thermotropic liquid crystalline polyphenylphosphates containing aryl ester mesogens
Authors: Senthil S. , Poomathi N. , Kannan P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of main‐chain liquid crystalline polyphosphate esters with varying center core in a triad ester mesogen were prepared. The phosphorus is incorporated in the middle of the spacer unit. All the monomers and polymers were characterized by spectral and thermal techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that these polymers were stable up to 295–340°C. The char yields of the polymer were in range of 11–31%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis confirms the mesophase formation of the polymers. Some of the polymers exhibited micro‐grainy textures with low glass transition. The DSC and microscopic analysis reveal that the polymer containing central unit which increases the aspect ratio shows liquid crystalline properties, whereas the unit that decreases the aspect ratio failed to show the mesophase formation. Energy minimized structures for the mesogenic units reveal that the polymers containing phenyl, pyridazine, diphenyl ester, and biphenyl unit shows high aspect ratio compared to nonmesogenic phenolphthalein, bisphenol‐A, and bisphenol‐S units. It revealed that increasing the length of the mesogen and incorporating heteroatoms in the aromatic moiety increased the mesophase stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3924–3930, 2007