bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Permeability and its Relationship to Grain Yield and Dry Matter Production in Oats, Avena sativa L.
Authors: Bertholdsson N. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe leaf permeability of eighteen field grown oat cultivars was examined with the aid of a viscous‐flow porometer. The relationship of leaf permeability to grain yield was determined during two different years. An F4 population and its parents were further studied for frequency distribution of leaf permeability, total plant dry matter, and grain yield. A plus and minus selection based on leaf permeability measurements was also studied.Leaf permeability proved to be cultivar specific, i.e. a cultivar with low values one year also exhibited low values next year and vice versa (rank correlation r = 0.55, p < 0.05). This in spite of that one year was dry and the other wet. Old cultivars had low leaf permeability while new cultivars and new promising breeding lines had, with one exception, high values. Leaf permeability was positively correlated with grain yield, particularly during the wet year (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). The population had a population mean of 1.09 porometer units compared to 0.95 and 1.18 porometer units for the parents (LSD = 0.08, p < 0.05). Both total dry matter and grain production were positively correlated (p < 0.001) with leaf permeability during grain‐filling. The plus and minus selection for leaf permeability within a population showed in the next generation significantly different population means (0.69 and 0.79 porometer units, LSD = 0.08, p < 0.05). Total dry weight and grain yield were six per cent higher (non significant) in the plus selection than in the minus selection. The possibility to use leaf permeability as a selection criterion is discussed.
Recovery of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants as Affected by Glyphosate
Authors: Shaban Sh. A. , El‐Hattab A. H. , Hassan Esmat A. , Abo‐El Suoud M. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo field experiments were carried out during 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons at Experimental Farm of National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the reversal effect of glyphosate induced phytotoxicity on growth and yield and its components of faba bean by the application of growth factors, i.e., growth regulators, amino acids and nutrient elements at different concentrations. A split plot design with four replications was used in both seasons. The obtained results indicated clearly that: Glyphosate at the two higher doses exhibited varying degrees of phytotoxic symptoms and reduced all the faba bean plant characters except the number of branches/plant. GA3 alone or in a mixture with cytokinin reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the plant height. Cytokinin at 4/1000, phenylalanine and tryptophan at both levels, as well as GA3 at 50 ppm, reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the dry weight/plant cytokinin at 4/1000, tryptophan at both concentrations, as well as, phenylalanine at 500 ppm, reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the number and dry weight of pods, seed yield per plant and per ha.
An Analysis of Conditions Determining Decline in Water Potential and Concurrent Proline Accumulation in Leaves of Four Cultivars of Vicia faba L.
Authors: Venekamp J. H. , Grashoff C. , Koot J. T. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField bean plants, Vicia faba L., in the field were used to study which conditions determine decline in leaf water potential (ΨW) and coinciding proline accumulation. Cultivars Minica and Optica, having a short period of elongation growth, were used and the cultivars Alfred and Kristall, with a long elongation growth period. The plants were exposed to a “dry” and a “moist” treatment in a randomized block design. Leaf ΨW proline concentration and rate of elongation growth were measured weekly in June and July of both years. The measurements and samplings were conducted from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. at 4‐hour intervals. Some leaf samples were selected for amino acid analysis.It was concluded that a drought‐induced proline accumulation only occurred when the plants were still in the phase of elongation growth. In this phase, a pre‐dawn leaf ΨW lower than ‐2 bars, combined with high temperatures during the night, were the main determinants for this accumulation. Weather conditions in day time were less decisive for proline accumulation at a certain leaf ΨW decline. The same applies to the diurnal rhythm in physiological patterns, the genetic properties of the plants, the rate of leaf ΨW decline and the amino acid metabolism. Proline accumulation increased when two or more determinants acted together.
Specific and General Adaptation and Yield Stability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Authors: Musaviun M. , Ehdaie B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMean grain yield performance of 12 wheat and one triticale genotypes were measured at four locations over four consecutive years, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The genotypes used were commercial cultivars and advanced lines from different wheat breeding projects located in different areas in Iran. Two locations were in semiarid regions and the other two locations in the temperate zones.The combined analysis of variance indicated highly significant genotype‐environment (GE) interactions. From combinations of locations and years three sets of environments were generated. Set I and set II, each, consisted of eight environments (two locations and four years) representing semiarid and temperature environments, respectively. Set III consisted of 16 environments including both semiarid and temperate conditions. Set I and set II were used to measure specific adaptation of the genotypes while set III was employed for measuring general adaptation.The methods of Eberhart and Russell (1966) were used for partitioning GE interactions. The mean square associated with the heterogeneity of regression was highly significant under all sets of environments. These observations indicated that a major part of GE interaction could be accounted for by differences in the regression of the individual genotypes.All the genotypes had significant regression mean square under set I, set II, and set III environments, with the exception of two genotypes under set II. However, mean yields, regression coefficients, and the mean squares associated with deviation from regression greatly varied over the sets of environments.Only three genotypes, a commercial cultivar and two new advanced line, were identified as having specific adaptation and yield stability to semiarid environments.Among all the genotypes, only a commercial cultivar was identified as adapted and stable to temperate conditions. Two of the three genotypes which were adapted to semiarid environments also showed general adaptation to set III environments. However, the mean yield of these two genotypes under semiarid conditions (set I) were significantly greater than their respective mean yields under set III environments. Thus, wider adaptability was compensated by lower mean yield.The present study indicates that, while a wide range of environments is necessary and recommended for measuring general adaptation reactions and yield stability of various genotypes, one should not ignore the possibility of finding some genotypes with specific adaptation to specific environments and thus maximizing yield production. Stable genotypes with general of specific adaptation should be utilized in breeding projects in order to develop even more desirable lines.
Growth Regulation in Crop Plants with New Types of Triazole Compounds1)
Authors: Jung J. , Luib M. , Sauter H. , Zeeh B. , Rademacher W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBAS 110 … W and BAS 111 … W are introduced as new triazole‐type plant growth regulators. Most probably, the principal mode of action of both compounds consists in reducing the endogenous levels of biologically active gibberellins, thereby inducing shorter stems. The risk of lodging can be reduced in particular by BAS 110 … W in cereals and by BAS 111 … W in oilseed rape. Apart from this, pronounced increases in seed yield are obtained which are most probably due to the following effects: improved canopy structure, delayed senescence of leaves, improved partitioning of assimilates, enhanced root growth, reduced fungal infections and a lowered susceptibility to low temperatures and drought.
Persistence of Legumes in Hill Land Pasture Following Sod Seeding
Authors: Bryan W. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnimproved hill land pastures are often characterized by low production and poor forage quality. The introduction and persistence of a legume component in the sward may increase both forage quality and quantity. Persistence of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and white clover (T. repens L.) sod‐seeded into a rotationally grazed hill land pasture was examined. Legumes were introduced by broadcasting by hand, sod‐seeding with a zip seeder, and sod‐seeding with a Power‐till seeder. The effects of paraquat (1, 1‐dimethyl 4–4′‐bipyridinium ion), lime and P on legume persistence also were examined. The pasture was mostly Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with 5 % white clover initially. Percentage legume in the pasture followed the same trend over time irrespective of whether sod‐seeded or not, or method of sod‐seeding. There was 30 % legume in control plots the year after sod‐seeding and 15 % at the end of 4 years. Application of lime and P resulted in an increase in legume content of at least 5 % through the 4 year period. Paraquat, legume species, and sod‐seeding method had no effect on legume persistence. It is concluded that management, soil fertility and time are the most important determinants of legume persistence in hill land pastures.
Optimization of Size and Shape of Experimental Plots for Trials Against Eggplant Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen 1
Authors: Rao G. S. Prasada , Tewari G. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudies were made to work out the optimum size and shape of the plots for conducting field trials against Leucinodes orbonalis Guen which is a serious pest of eggplant throughout South East Asia and Africa. A plot with 20 plant stand measuring 7.2 m2 was found to be optimum size based on the cv.‐% values. The shape of the plot was not considered to be important. The index of infestation heterogeneity (b) was high (> 2) indicating uniform spread of infestation throughout the field.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Tropical Maize Cultivars
Authors: Thiraporn R. , Geisler G. , Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSix tropical maize cultivars were grown in Thailand on a reddish brown latosol under three nitrogen regimes, 0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha. With regard to biomass and economic yield several “cultivar by N fertilization response types” were discriminated. The low fertilization type was represented by an early and a late maturing cultivar, both yielded comparatively well without additional N and responded little to N fertilization. An opaque 2 cultivar and a commercial hybrid belonged to the high fertilization type, they had a very low yield without N and needed high N fertilization to produce a high yield. The other genotypes were of an intermediate type with comparatively high yields without N, a considerable increase in yield at 40 kg N/ha and some increase from 40 to 80 kg N/ha. Genotypic variability for the harvest index was high but values were at the usual low level of tropical cultivars. High fertilization types reacted to an additional N supply with a marked increase in kernel number/plant and little increase in kernel weight. The early maturing low fertilization type reacted quite the opposite way. All other genotypes predominantly increased kernel number from 0 to 40 kg N/ha and kernel weight from 40 to 80 kg N/ha.
Effect of Two Row Spacings and Hemp Sesbania Competition on Sunflower
Authors: Woon C. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe competitiveness of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata [Raf.] RYBD. EX A. W. Hill) with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in two row spacings was evaluated at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Agricultural Experiment Station in 1982 and 1983. Sunflower and hemp sesbania at densities of 3 to 5 and 13 to 16 plants per meter row, respectively, were interseeded in 61 and 91 cm row spacings in field test plots. Hemp sesbania plants were removed at different sunflower growth stages. In 1982, weed removal treatments were: (1) weedy check, (2) weed‐free check, (3) weed removal at 15‐leaf stage, (4) removal at 20%, (5) 50% and (6) 100% sunflower anthesis. Treatments in 1983 consisted of: (1) weedy check, (2) weed‐free check, (3) weed removal at 10‐leaf stage, (4) bud stage, (5) pre‐anthesis, (6) 10% anthesis, and (7) 100% anthesis. Sunflower yields were significantly decreased by hemp sesbania competition each year, except for the weed competition treatments in 91 cm row spacing in 1982. Generally, the longer the weeds were allowed to compete with sunflower, the greater the sunflower yield reduction. Yield reductions of 5% to 6% and 25% or more were observed when hemp sesbania was allowed to compete with sunflower until the 10‐leaf and anthesis stages of sunflower growth, respectively. When hemp sesbania was allowed to compete with sunflower for the entire growing season, yield was reduced by as much as 35%. Reducing row width from 91 cm to 61 cm did not improve sunflower's ability to compete with hemp sesbania. Thus, hemp sesbania is quite competitive with sunflower and should be controlled during early vegetative growth in order to minimize yield loss.
Effect of Variety and Seeding Rate on Establishment and Productivity of Alfalfa Sown in Autumn
Authors: Sarraj W. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFive alfalfa varieties (var.) were sown on 26 September, 1983 near Aleppo on clay or heavy clay soils, classified as Vertisols (FAO‐system) or Chromoxerertic (Calcic) Rhodoxeralf (USDA‐system). Irrigation was applied after planting to ensure uniform germination. Thereafter the study was conducted under supplementary irrigation. The parameters measured to estimate fresh weight (FW) and dry matter (DM) yields; plant height, ground cover and regrowth after cutting, indicated that winter‐active var. (Moapa 69, CUF 101 and Aleppo local) resulted in better productivity than semi‐dormant (Paravivo) and dormant (Lebanon local) varieties. The 2‐years mean average FW yields were 70.2, 68.2, 65.2, 57.1 and 36.9 t/ha, or 16.2, 16.0, 15.5, 13.1 and 8.9 t/ha DM respectively. Forage yields were similar among the 12, 16 and 20 kg/ha seeding rates, indicating little justification for high seeding rates under good establishment conditions, even if a seeding‐year yield is desired. In general, seeding rate had also no effect on plant population, which was reduced with time and towards the end of the tested period it became nearly similar and counted 137, 132 and 134 plants/m2 according to the seeding rates respectively. Alfalfa yields were positively correlated with plant height, ground cover and regrowth after cutting. The highest yielding combination for FW and DM yields in Moapa 69 with 12 kg/ha seeding rate.
Effect of Leaf Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Apparent Photosynthesis in Alfalfa
Authors: Travis R. L. , Prendergast J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRates of apparent photosynthesis (AP), dark respiration, photorespiration, mesophyll resistance, and concentrations of soluble starch, sugars, chlorophyll and nitrogen were measured in alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa L.) grown under high or low light levels in an attempt to evaluate the effect of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration on net CO2 assimilation.Leaf N and chlorophyll levels of high light plants exceeded those of low‐light plants. Constant light increased both starch and sugar levels in low‐light plants, but had little effect on high‐light plants. Rates of AP declined in low‐light plants upon transfer to constant light conditions, apparently due to increases in stomatal and mesophyll resistance. Leaf starch levels were negatively correlated (P > 0.05) with rates of AP and positively correlated with mesophyll resistance in both groups of plants but leaf sugar content was not correlated with either AP or mesophyll resistance.Starch and sugar levels of high‐light plants declined substantially upon transfer to constant darkness, while low‐light plants were less affected. Rates of AP declined in both groups of plants due to increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances. Neither sugar nor starch levels were correlated with AP or mesophyll conductance in this treatment.The data support the hypothesis of feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, mediated through an increase in mesophyll resistance, which is associated with high levels of starch in the leaves.
Role of Fine Roots in the Nitrogen Economy of Sugar Beet
Authors: Steen E. , Lindén B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn 31 field experiments with sugar beet, carried out in 1982–84 in Scania, southern Sweden, fertilizer nitrogen recovery in tops and beets, calculated with the difference method, amounted to 73%. To elucidate the role of the fine lateral roots in the fate of the nitrogen not accounted for, the lateral roots within depths of 0–25 and 25–60 cm were sampled at harvest in late September, 1984 in five sugar beet experiments. Irrespective of differences in nitrogen fertilization and plant‐available soil nitrogen, a mean of ca. 3 kg/ha−1 of nitrogen was found in the fine lateral roots. This corresponded to only ca. 2% of the nitrogen in the whole crop at harvest, whereas the beets and tops contained 43 and 55%, respectively. Using the difference method, calculations with, as well as without, fine roots therefore yielded the same recover (75%) of fertilizer nitrogen in the beet crop. The increase of residual mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest caused by the fertilization corresponded to 2% of the fertilizer nitrogen applied. This means a total recovery of 77%.
Effect of Simulated Lodging on Soybean Yield
Authors: Shapiro C. A. , Flowerday A. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) grain yields may be reduced when the plants lodge. The magnitude of yield reduction is dependent on the growth stage at which lodging occurs. The stage of plant development most vulnerable to yield reduction from lodging has not been conclusively determined. The objective of this two‐year study was to determine soybean yield reduction caused by simulated lodging at three stages of reproductive development: the onset of flowering (R1), beginning pod (R3) and beginning seed (R5). At each developmental stage the plants were lodged at either 45° or 90°. A natural lodging control and an artificially maintained erect treatment were included.The 1976 results indicated no yield differences due to any of the lodging treatments. In 1977, yields were significantly reduced for the R3 lodging treatments. Soybeans lodged 90° at the R1, R3, and R5 growth stages yielded 2.63, 1.88 and 2.26 Mg ha−1, respectively. The natural lodging and erect treatments yielded 2.73 and 2.43 Mg ha−1, respectively.Lodging treatments applied at the R1 stage produced plants with a two‐year average of 30% of their seeds on the main stems, compared to 62% of the seeds on the main stems for the R5 stage treatments. The percentage of seeds on the main stem was 69% on the erect plants, as compared with 45% on the 90° lodged plants. In 1977, lodging treatments also reduced pods per plant, seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and seed weight per plant.
Micrometeorological Influences at High Crop Density on Different Genotypes of Silage Maize
Authors: Hoyningen‐Huene J. V. , Wermke M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the year 1979, 1981 and 1982 two‐factorial experiments with the factors genotypes and crop densities were conducted, connected with the following agrometeorological analyses:a) outside the canopies: determination of air temperature, air humidity, wind velocity, precipitation, global radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)b) in the interior of the canopies: measurements of air temperature at cobheight, of precipitation components, of the penetration of PAR and of the leaf area index.The following results were obtained:a) Influence of high crop densities1. In high crop densities the greatest part of radiation was absorbed, so that at 30 plants/m2 57% and at 70 plants/m2 only 28% of the PAR reached cob height.2. As a consequence of temperature and decrease of radiation the contents in the leaves of biological energy, of water soluble K.H. and rough protein were reduced.b) Influence of the leaf posture3. For genotypes with erected leaf posture the leaf temperatures increased by 0.3°C, on the ground even by 1.2°C above the values of the stand with horizontal leaf posture.4. Higher air temperatures were measured in the stands with erected leaf posture than in those with a horizontal one.5. In the cool year 1981 on days with temperatures above 27°C outside the stands, those temperatures were exceeded during 7 hours in canopies with erected leaf posture at a higher plant density (30 plants/m2) and only during 2 hours in canopies with a horizontal leaf posture.
Containers for Small‐Plot Trials with Crop Plants
Authors: Keller E. R. , Huber R. , Schwendimann F. , Soldati A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA description is given of a PVC‐container installation which allows the determination of plant yield as well as the measurement of water flow. The single containers with 600–700 kg soil are transportable by means of a fork‐lift truck or similar vehicle. Information is given on the insulation and the heating unit (overwintering) of the container as well as on the elimination of border effects, fluctuations in soil temperature etc. An example of practical use, a trial with 48 units with the aim of evaluating the BNF (closed system) of faba beans in a rotation, is described. Detailed instructions (English, French, German) for constructing the container unit are available from the authors.
Effect of Boron on Seed Yield in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Misra S. M. , Patil B. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present study aimed at studying the effect of boron on pollen characteristics, translocation of water soluble sugars and its importance as a specific nutrient for seed production in lucerne. Aquous solutions of borax (0, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10 000 and 20 000 ppm) were sprayed at flowering stage. After 20 days, the fresh flowers were collected from the plants of all the treatments separately. The pollen was dusted on glass slides containing Muntzing's mixture for staining. After 6 hours, the data on pollen size, stainability and germination were recorded in 10 randomly selected microscopic fields. The estimation of water soluble sugars and boron content in flowers was done by standard methods. Data on grains per pod, grains per inflorescence and 1000 seed weight were recorded at seed maturity. With increasing rates of applied B, pollen germination, water soluble sugars, boron content and number of seeds per pod and per inflorescence increased but pollen fertility decreased. The pollen size and 1000 seed weight was not affected by boron concentrations. The results indicate that boron plays a definite role in increasing the seed yields through stimulating the physiological processes during reproductive phase.