bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late failure of root canal therapy: a diagnostic and treatment planning challenge. Case report
Authors: HAYES S. J. , DUMMER P. M. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis report describes a case in which failure of conventional root canal therapy presented 17 years following initial treatment. The apical pathology was curetted, the tooth root resected and a root‐end filling placed. The possible reasons for failure of the initial orthograde root canal therapy are discussed with the conclusion that the cause may not have been addressed fully by surgical intervention. The case highlights the challenge facing clinicians when assessing failed root fillings, not only in determining the exact cause of failure but deciding the appropriate treatment for the individual tooth and patient.
Analysis of IL1B, TAP1, TAP2 and IKBL polymorphisms on susceptibility to tuberculosis
Authors: Gomez L. M. , Camargo J. F. , Castiblanco J. , Ruiz‐Narváez E. A. , Cadena J. , Anaya J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGenetic determinants of human susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) have not been completely elucidated. Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and the inhibitor of kB‐like (IkBL) are important molecules that participate in the inflammatory response required for the immunological control of a broad spectrum of infectious agents. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is involved in the antigen processing via major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and in turn might regulate the T‐cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To better characterize the host genetic factors determining the susceptibility to TB, we evaluated the influence of functional polymorphisms in IL1B, TAP and IKBL genes on the risk of developing pulmonary TB in a Northwestern Colombian population, an endemic area of M. tuberculosis infection. A total of 122 TB patients and 166 healthy controls (N = 166) negative for human immunodeficiency virus infection were examined for IL1B−511 and +3953, TAP1 and TAP2 and IKBL+738 polymorphisms. Univariate analysis disclosed significant differences between patients and controls for IL1B+3953 polymorphism. After unconditional logistic regression analysis, a strong protection conferred by IL1B+3953 T‐allele‐carrying genotypes was observed. A trend between TAP2*0201 allele and disease was observed. Association between IL1B−511, TAP1 or IKBL polymorphisms and TB disease was not found. These results indicate that a functional polymorphism in the IL1B gene influences the susceptibility to TB and suggest a role for IL‐1β in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection.
The Psychology of Novelty‐Seeking, Creativity and Innovation: Neurocognitive Aspects Within a Work‐Psychological Perspective
Authors: Schweizer Tanja Sophie 
Published: April 2006

Curiosity is, in great and generous minds, the first passion and the last.Samuel Johnson, 1751Why are some people constantly on the move towards something new, while others feel comfortable with what there is? What motivates us to seek for the new? What helps us in finding it? What leads us to transform what we find into a product that is visible to others and expose us to their judgement? Research in psychology holds fascinating insights concerning the above questions. Surprisingly, neurocognitive and neuropsychological insights that could lead to a better understanding of the processes of novelty‐seeking and novelty‐finding, have received little attention in the creativity and innovation literature. Especially for those working in professions where the generation of the new is the core business, it would be highly relevant to know more about those biological parameters of novelty generation and especially how they make human beings behave in professional environments. Such knowledge can not only improve human resource management in creative work settings, but also help creative professionals to better understand and manage themselves. The Novelty Generation Model (NGM) introduced in this article offers a new perspective.
Identity Sniping: Innovation, Imagination and the Body
Authors: Sørensen Bent Meier 
Published: April 2006

I have asked myself often enough whether, on a grand scale, philosophy has been no more than an interpretation of the body and a misunderstanding of the body.
The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche
Two routes to the creation of the new dominate the current literature on innovation: one is guided by fantasy, brainstorms and free interaction, the other one is focused on knowledge‐sharing technologies and the implementation of new organizational forms. Eventually, however, this article rejects both routes, further arguing that innovation is a matter of details and the work invested in creating such details. The body plays a crucial role here, and a case from weapon design innovation exemplifies this insight: that the creation of new knowledge always happens through a crisis in which the body trembles. This crisis is called an event where new and unforeseen connections between the individual and the organization becomes possible.
Gynaecological oncology: Investigating postmenopausal bleeding for endometrial cancer: cost‐effectiveness of initial diagnostic strategies
Authors: Clark TJ , Barton PM , Coomarasamy A , Gupta JK , Khan KS 
Published: April 2006

Objective To determine the most cost‐effective outpatient testing strategy for diagnosing endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).Design Decision analysis modelling.Population Women with postmenopausal bleeding.Methods A decision analytic model was constructed to reflect current service provision, which evaluated 12 diagnostic strategies using endometrial biopsy (EB), ultrasonography (USS) (4‐ and 5‐mm endometrial thickness cutoff) and hysteroscopy. Diagnostic probability estimates were derived from systematic quantitative reviews, clinical outcomes from published literature and cost estimates from local and NHS sources.Main outcome measures The cost per additional life year gained (£/LYG) was determined and compared for each diagnostic strategy, and sensitivity analyses were performed.Results Compared with carrying out no initial investigation, a strategy based on initial diagnosis with USS using a 5‐mm cutoff was the least expensive (£11 470/LYG). Initial investigation with EB or USS using a 4‐mm cutoff was comparably cost‐effective (less than £30 000/LYG versus USS with a 5‐mm cutoff) at their most favourable diagnostic performance and at disease prevalence of 10% or more. The strategies involving initial evaluation with test combinations or hysteroscopy alone were not cost‐effective.Conclusions Women presenting for the first time with PMB should undergo initial evaluation with USS or EB.
General gynaecology: Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women
Authors: Reddy BS , Rozati R , Reddy BVR , Raman NVVSS 
Published: April 2006

Objective  To evaluate the possible association between phthalate esters (PEs) and the occurrence of endometriosis.Design  Case–control study.Setting  Department of Reproductive Medicine, Bhagawan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Maternal Health and Reproductive Institute and Department of Analytical R&D, Hetero Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.Sample  Blood samples were collected from 49 infertile women with endometriosis (study group); 38 age‐matched women without endometriosis (control group I) but with infertility related to tubal defects, fibroids, polycystic ovaries, idiopathic infertility and pelvic inflammatory diseases diagnosed by laparoscopy and a further group of 21 age‐matched women (control group II) with proven fertility and no evidence of endometriosis and other gynaecological disorders during laparoscopic sterilisation.Methods  Concentrations of PEs were measured using gas chromatography.Main outcome measures  Evaluation of PEs concentrations in women with endometriosis compared with women free from the disease.Results  Women with endometriosis showed significantly higher concentrations of di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di‐n‐octyl phthalate (DnOP) and diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) (mean 0.44 [SD 0.41]; 0.66 [SD 0.61]; 3.32 [SD 2.17]; 2.44 [SD 2.17] micrograms/ml) compared with control group I (mean 0.08 [SD 0.14]; 0.12 [SD 0.20]; 0; 0.50 [SD 0.80] micrograms/ml) and control group II (mean 0.15 [SD 0.21]; 0.11 [SD 0.22]; 0; 0.45 [SD 0.68] micrograms/ml). The correlation between the concentrations of PEs and different severity of endometriosis was strong and statistically significant at P < 0.05 for all four compounds (DnBP: r=+0.73, P < 0.0001; BBP: r=+0.78, P < 0.0001; DnOP: r=+0.57, P < 0.0001 and DEHP: r=+0.44, P < 0.0014).Conclusions  This study suggests that PEs may have an aetiological association with endometriosis.
Limited Literacy in Older People and Disparities in Health and Healthcare Access
Authors: Sudore Rebecca L. , Mehta Kala M. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Harris Tamara B. , Newman Anne B. , Satterfield Suzanne , Rosano Caterina , Rooks Ronica N. , Rubin Susan M. , Ayonayon Hilsa N. , Yaffe Kristine ,   for the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between health literacy, demographics, and access to health care.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study, Health, Aging and Body Composition data (1999/2000).SETTING: Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand five hundred twelve black and white community‐dwelling older people who were well functioning at baseline (without functional difficulties or dementia).MEASUREMENTS: Participants' health literacy was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. Scores were categorized into 0 to sixth‐, seventh‐ to eighth‐, and ninth‐grade and higher reading levels (limited health literacy defined as <9th grade). Participants' demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and three indicators of healthcare access (whether they had a doctor/regular place of medical care, an influenza vaccination within the year, or insurance for medications) were also assessed.RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 75.6, 52% were female, 38% were black, and 24% had limited health literacy. After adjusting for sociodemographics, associations remained between limited health literacy and being male, being black, and having low income and education, diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, and fair/poor self‐rated health (P<.02). After adjusting for sociodemographics, health status, and comorbidities, older people with a sixth‐grade reading level or lower were twice as likely to have any of the three indicators of poor healthcare access (odds ratio=1.96, 95% confidence interval=1.34–2.88).CONCLUSION: Limited health literacy was prevalent and was associated with low socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and poor access to health care, suggesting that it may be an independent risk factor for health disparities in older people.
Entrepreneurial Studies: The Dynamic Research Front of a Developing Social Science
Authors: Cornelius Barbara , Landström Hans , Persson Olle 
Published: April 2006

Entrepreneurship research has been built upon a historical foundation grounded in economic change. To understand the development of the field, it is useful to understand the motivations and interests of key scholars and to trace the linkages between these scholars and other authors, from the transient to the contributor. This has been done through a bibliometric analysis of research articles cited between 1982 and 2004. Entrepreneurship has developed from a subdiscipline of management studies reliant on alien terms and cognitive methods toward a separate field with increasing complexities of its own. While not fully mature, entrepreneurship shows all the signs of a maturing field from its increasingly internal orientation and the establishment of key areas of research through to an enhanced, discipline–specific, theoretical approach with a professional language of its own.
High-Resolution In Situ Profiling through the Stable Boundary Layer: Examination of the SBL Top in Terms of Minimum Shear, Maximum Stratification, and Turbulence Decrease
Authors: Balsley B. B. , Frehlich R. G. , Jensen M. L. , Meillier Y. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSome 50 separate high-resolution profiles of small-scale turbulence defined by the energy dissipation rate (ɛ), horizontal wind speed, and temperature from near the surface, through the nighttime stable boundary layer (SBL), and well into the residual layer are used to compare the various definitions of SBL height during nighttime stable conditions. These profiles were obtained during postmidnight periods on three separate nights using the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) campaign in east-central Kansas, October 1999. Although the number of profiles is insufficient to make any definitive conclusions, the results suggest that, under most conditions, the boundary layer top can be reasonably estimated in terms of a very significant decrease in the energy dissipation rate (i.e., the mixing height) with height. In the majority of instances this height lies slightly below the height of a pronounced minimum in wind shear and slightly above a maximum in N 2, where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. When combined with flux measurements and vertical velocity variance data obtained from the nearby 55-m tower, the results provide additional insights into SBL processes, even when the boundary layer, by any definition, extends to heights well above the top of the tower. Both the TLS profiles and tower data are then used for preliminary high-resolution studies into various categories of SBL structure, including the so-called upside-down boundary layer.
Improving Parameterization of Rain Microphysics with Disdrometer and Radar Observations
Authors: Zhang Guifu , Sun Juanzhen , Brandes Edward A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Disdrometer observations indicate that the raindrop size distribution (DSD) can be represented by a constrained-gamma (CG) distribution model. The model is used to retrieve DSDs from polarization radar measurements of reflectivity and differential reflectivity and to characterize rain microphysics and physical processes such as evaporation, accretion, and precipitation. The CG model parameterization is simplified to a single parameter for application in single-moment numerical models. This simplified parameterization is applied in the Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) using Kessler-type parameterizations for model initialization and forecasting. Results are compared to those for the Marshall–Palmer (MP) DSD model. It is found that the simplified CG model parameterization better preserves the stratiform rain and produces better forecasts than the MP model parameterization.
On the Effective Solar Pathlength
Authors: Li J. , Shibata Kiyotaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The effects of atmospheric spherical curvature and refraction and their impact on radiative transfer have been studied. It is shown that formulas employed in GCMs for atmospheric curvature and refraction underestimate the effect of effective solar pathlength. A new parameterization is therefore proposed. It is emphasized that the atmospheric curvature effect on radiative transfer is a localized problem with height dependence. A method corresponding to the local effective pathlength factor is proposed. This rigorous scheme enables variations in both the pathlength and the gaseous amount along a solar direct beam to be accurately evaluated in the radiative transfer process. The results of the rigorous scheme can be used as the benchmark to the proposed parameterizations for the effective pathlength factor. It is found that the new parameterization proposed in this note has better results in flux and heating rates when compared to other parameterizations.
Oceanic Response to Surface Loading Effects Neglected in Volume-Conserving Models
Authors: Ponte Rui M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Forcing by freshwater fluxes implies variable surface loads that are not treated in volume-conserving ocean models. A similar problem exists with the representation of volume changes implied by surface heat fluxes. Under the assumption of an equilibrium response, such surface loads merely lead to spatially uniform sea level fluctuations, which carry no dynamical significance. A barotropic model forced by realistic freshwater fluxes is used to test the validity of the equilibrium assumption on seasonal to daily time scales. The simulated nonequilibrium signals have amplitudes much weaker than those of the forcing, with standard deviations well below 1 mm over most of the deep ocean. Larger values (up to ∼1 cm) can be found in shallow and semienclosed coastal areas, where the equilibrium assumption can lead to substantial errors even at monthly and longer time scales. Forcing by mean seasonal river runoff yields similar results, and heat flux effects lead to weaker nonequilibrium signals. In contrast, nonequilibrium signals driven by atmospheric pressure loading are at least an order of magnitude larger than those forced by freshwater fluxes. The exceptions occur for some shallow, coastal regions in the Tropics and at the longest time scales, in general, where forcing by freshwater flux is much stronger than by pressure.
Interaction of SST Modes in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe spectral origin of the recently discovered multidecadal modes (MMs) and centennial modes (CMs) is explained. These modes appear in the linear stability analysis of thermohaline-driven flows in a single-hemispheric ocean basin. It is shown that both classes of modes arise through interaction of so-called sea surface temperature (SST) modes. These SST modes are damped and nonoscillatory for the unforced (motionless) flow. They become oscillatory under small thermal forcing through mode merging that is induced by the meridional overturning circulation. The type of merger responsible for each class of modes explains many features—for example, why CMs can be found in two-dimensional models whereas MMs cannot—of the patterns of the modes at realistic forcing strength.
A Method for Assimilating Lagrangian Data into a Shallow-Water-Equation Ocean Model
Authors: Salman H. , Kuznetsov L. , Jones C. K. R. T. , Ide K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Lagrangian measurements provide a significant portion of the data collected in the ocean. Difficulties arise in their assimilation, however, since Lagrangian data are described in a moving frame of reference that does not correspond to the fixed grid locations used to forecast the prognostic flow variables. A new method is presented for assimilating Lagrangian data into models of the ocean that removes the need for any commonly used approximations. This is accomplished by augmenting the state vector of the prognostic variables with the Lagrangian drifter coordinates at assimilation. It is shown that this method is best formulated using the ensemble Kalman filter, resulting in an algorithm that is essentially transparent for assimilating Lagrangian data. The method is tested using a set of twin experiments on the shallow-water system of equations for an unsteady double-gyre flow configuration. Numerical simulations show that this method is capable of correcting the flow even if the assimilation time interval is of the order of the Lagrangian autocorrelation time scale (TL) of the flow. These results clearly demonstrate the benefits of this method over other techniques that require assimilation times of 20%–50% of TL, a direct consequence of the approximations introduced in assimilating their Lagrangian data. Detailed parametric studies show that this method is particularly effective if the classical ideas of localization developed for the ensemble Kalman filter are extended to the Lagrangian formulation used here. The method that has been developed, therefore, provides an approach that allows one to fully realize the potential of Lagrangian data for assimilation in more realistic ocean models.
Acts and the Healing Narratives: Why?
Authors: Warrington Keith 
Published: April 2006

AbstractActs includes a selection of healing narratives. This article asks and answers two questions concerning them. Why does Luke record the healings performed by Peter and Paul? Why does Luke record the healings performed by Stephen, Philip and Ananias? The answer to both questions is the same. The healings indicate that Jesus is present among the believers. The ascension of Jesus does not indicate his absence. The healings are reminiscent of the way Jesus healed. It is as if he was performing them himself; in reality, he is. Because of the contemporary pressures on the readers of the book of Acts, this timeless message of the centrality of Jesus is particularly important. For the contemporary reader, the lessons are the same though the context is different.
Apolipoprotein Eɛ2 Is Associated with New Hemorrhage Risk in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Pawlikowska Ludmila , Poon K.Y. Trudy , Achrol Achal S. , McCulloch Charles E. , Ha Connie , Lum Kristen , Zaroff Jonathan G. , Ko Nerissa U. , Johnston S Claiborne , Sidney Stephen , Marchuk Douglas A. , Lawton Michael T. , Kwok Pui-Yan , Young William L. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) are at life-threatening risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Identification of genetic variants associated with increased new ICH risk would facilitate risk stratification and guide therapeutic intervention.

METHODS:
Brain AVM patients evaluated at University of California, San Francisco or Kaiser Permanente Northern California were followed longitudinally. Primary outcome was new ICH after diagnosis; censoring events were any AVM treatment or last follow-up examination. The association of ApoE ɛ2 and ɛ4 genotype with new ICH was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and further characterized via a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS:
We genotyped 284 brain AVM patients (50% women; 57% Caucasian; median follow-up time, 0.3 yr) including 18 patients with a history of new ICH). ApoE ɛ2, but not ApoE ɛ4 genotype, was associated with new ICH (P = 0.0052). ApoE ɛ2 carriers had fivefold increased risk of new ICH (hazard ratio, 5.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–17.7; P = 0.010; Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for race/ethnicity and clinical presentation). Subset analysis in the largest homogenous ethnic subcohort (Caucasians) confirmed the increased risk of new ICH in ApoE ɛ2 carriers (hazard ratio, 8.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–53.9; P = 0.020; multivariate model adjusting for clinical presentation).

CONCLUSION:
ApoE genotype may influence the risk of ICH in the natural course of brain AVM. The identification of genetic predictors of ICH risk may facilitate estimation of AVM natural history risk and individualize clinical decision-making and therapeutic recommendations.