Global status of chiropractic education research and scholarly publications: a scoping review
Authors: Johnson Claire D. , Green Bart N. , Amorin-Woods Lyndon G. , Arar Ilija , Burnham Kara D. , Byfield David C. , Carmichael Joel P. , Crespo Waleska , Dewhurst Philip , Doucet Chantal , Dunn Andrew S. , Fox Marina , Haworth Navine , Hunnisett Adrian G.W. , Iwami Russ , Jones-Harris Amanda , Kolberg Carolina , Korporaal Charmaine M. , Little Craig S. , Maguire Celia P. , Mathers Kevin S. , Moore Daniel , Mrozek John P. , Naidoo Sharné , Rowell Robert M. , Schultz Gary , Snow Gregory J. , Sullivan Stephanie G. B. , Ward Krista L. , Whillier Stephney , Wickes David , Wong Yi Kai , Yelverton Christopher 
Published: February 2025

Objective:
This scoping review aimed to map the volume (number of studies) and nature (topics and designs) of chiropractic education research and scholarly publications on chiropractic learners and programs worldwide.

Introduction:
Despite the expansion of the chiropractic profession and its recognition by entities such as the World Health Organization, a gap exists in comprehending the international landscape of chiropractic education. No prior studies have systematically mapped the volume and nature of chiropractic education research and scholarly publications. A scoping review of chiropractic education research and scholarly publications is needed to guide future policy development, research agendas, and educational initiatives within the chiropractic profession.

Inclusion criteria:
Publications in the indexed literature on chiropractic students, graduates, academics, and programs in any chiropractic education setting were included. Studies focused on chiropractic programs and education for chiropractic students or chiropractors worldwide. All research designs, literature reviews, descriptive studies, and commentaries were included.

Methods:
This scoping review was conducted according to JBI methodology for scoping reviews and was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The databases PubMed (NLM), Scopus, CINAHL via EBSCOhost, Index to Chiropractic Literature, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, and Educational Resources Information Center were searched from their inception to November 5 and 6, 2023, with no language limits. Data were extracted for primary topics, study designs, and regions of the included documents and entered in Covidence by paired independent reviewers. The findings were organized into figures and tables with a narrative description.

Results:
The search identified 7494 documents. After deduplication, 5041 were screened for relevance, of which 667 were selected for full-text review. From these, 598 were selected for data extraction. The chiropractic education topics included values/ethical competence (n=3), personal/behavioral competence (n=34), knowledge and cognitive competence (n=49), functional and clinical competence (n=93), and program-relevant research (n=419). Most designs were quantitative (n=391), followed by descriptive reports (n=91), qualitative (n=43), mixed methods (n=40), commentaries (n=22), and literature reviews (n=11). Chiropractic education was most studied in the United States (n=359), Australia (n=116), and Canada (n=106).

Conclusions:
This scoping review reports the volume and nature of indexed publications relating to chiropractic learners and programs worldwide. This body of literature contains learner competencies in knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as studies about chiropractic programs. The increasing number of publications and proportion of study designs over time show that chiropractic scholars and programs are engaged in collecting, analyzing, and distributing data relevant to education and training. The map of professional competencies in the chiropractic education literature shows that the profession possesses the fundamental traits needed to contribute to the global health care workforce.

Review registration:

Open Science Framework
https://osf.io/9b3ap