bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistributive Goals versus Distributive Politics: Social Equity Limits in Environmental and Appropriate Technology Movements*
Authors: Schnaiberg Allan 
Published: January 2007

Contrary to conventional social problems models that depict environmental problems as arising from either “sin” or “error,” such problems are rooted in the modern treadmill of production.Following the classification of Theodore Lowi, recent environmental movement organizations appear to have emphasized a social redistributive rhetoric (sin), but have engaged in practices of distributive politics (error). As a result, even with the advent of the “radical” appropriate technology movement in the mid 1970s, the central issues relate to the forces of production, with far less attention given to the social relations of modern production.The explanation for this disparity lies partly in the substantial decline of a participatory base for social movement organizations in the 1970s. Hence the advent of appriate technology movement organizations has raised competition for limited membership pools, inducing older organizations to become more diffuse in their ideologies in order to maintain and/or attract constituents. Second, the social context makes successful redistributive policies less likely, encouraging movement organizations to find successes in more decentralized distributive negotiations.
Profiles of Achievement: Women's Entry into the Professions, the Arts, and Social Reform*
Authors: MDonagh Eileen L. 
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the structural determinants of the achievement behavior of over 1,300 American women whose lives collectively span three centuries of American history, 1607–1950. Of particular importance is the investigation of the relative effects of historical birth cohort, religion, sibling placement, social class background, and region of birth upon the career patterns of women involved in the professions, the arts, and social reform.A major conclusion of this study is that denomination and importance of religion are major factors accounting for social reform careers, while the absence of religion combined with being the first child is related most importantly to career choices in the professions and the arts. Historical birth cohort was found to be of some importance along with social class. However, region of birth proved to be the least important influence affecting achievement patterns.The data for this study are a quantitative archive established by the author on the basis of a detailed coding of all the biographies included in the three‐volume reference set, Notable American Women (James, James, and Boyer, 1971). Information concerning 302 variables relevant to a study of achievement behavior was coded on a standardized form, keypunched, and transferred to magnetic tape suitable for computer and statistical analysis. The techniques used in this research are discriminant analysis and cross tabular analysis.
Patterns of Childlessness among Catholic and Non‐Catholic Women in the U.S.: A Log‐Linear Analysis*
Authors: Poston Dudley L. , Kramer Kathryn B. 
Published: January 2007

The principal objective of this paper is to conduct a log‐linear analysis of patterns of childlessness among Catholic and non‐Catholic women in the United States. We address this issue by examining white women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four, ascertaining whether they are voluntarily, involuntarily, or temporarily childless or childed.Given the long‐standing emphasis of the Catholic Church regarding the importance of children in marriage and the family, an emphasis which was not reversed during the Second Vatican Council, we suggest that even after controlling for religious activity and educational attainment, Catholic women should be less disposed than non‐Catholic women to choose voluntarily to have no children. We review various aspects of Church doctrine leading to such an hypothesis.Our results do not suggest an “end” to Catholic‐non‐Catholic differentials in childlessness. Catholic women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four in 1976 were very far apart from non‐Catholic women with respect to the voluntary decision to have no children. And they are also very different from non‐Catholic women regarding patterns of involuntary childlessness. These differential patterns of voluntary and involuntary childlessness are discussed and analyzed.
America's Foreign Wars and the Legitimation of Domestic Violence
Authors: Kleck Gary 
Published: January 2007

Do wars between nations encourage violence on the home front by legitimating violence? A time series regression analysis of U. S. homicide trends from 1947 to 1978 shows that neither war years nor postwar years show significantly higher homicide levels than other years, other things being equal. In the U. S., those postwar years which showed higher violence rates, after the Vietnam War, had higher violence levels only because of higher proportions of the population in the high‐violence ages, lower criminal justice system effectiveness in crime control, and other differences which characterized those years. Survey research findings support the conclusion that violent actions of government agents like soldiers and police officers, on the one hand, and violent actions by private citizens, on the other hand, lie in distinct and separate cognitive categories for most Americans. Consequently there is little reason to expect that governmental violence serves to legitimate, or exerts a modelling influence on, violent behavior of private individuals in the U. S.Official killing by the state makes killing respectable. It not merely dulls the sensibilities of people to cruelty and inhumanity but actually stimulates cruelty.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Folse Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2007

Book reviewed in this article: In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology, by Pierre Bourdieu, translated by Matthew Adamson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, 223 pages, $32.50, hardback, $10.95, paperback. Crisis and Change: Basic Questions of Marxist Sociology, by Peter Knapp and Alan J. Spector. Chicago: Nelson Hall Publishers, 1991, 421 pages. Beyond Glasnost: The Post‐Totalitarian Mind, by Jeffrey C. Goldfarb, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989, 248 pages, $24.95, hardback.
Cultural Analysis of Religious Change and Movements*
Authors: Thomas George M. 
Published: January 2007

In this article I review a cultural perspective on religion and suggest that cultural analysis resolves current debates over the nature of religion as either collectivist or individualist. I use one type of cultural analysis, institutionalism, to present an interpretive overview of religious change and movements in historical contexts of global instrumental rationality, in particular the expansion of state authority. The usefulness of this approach is revealed in interpreting Protestantism in the United States, Islamic fundamentalism, and movements and trends in global Roman Catholicism.While not reflecting precisely the views of the authors of this collection, this article introduces the studies of the recent restructuring of religion in the United States (Robert Wuthnow), Islamic fundamentalisms in Iran and Syria (Mansoor Moaddel). and global Roman Catholicism (Jose Casanova).
Re‐Creational Television: The Paradox of Change and Continuity within Stereotypical Iconography
Authors: Hudson Shawna V. 
Published: January 2007

Speculation abounds regarding the cumulative effect of stereotypical images in the media, especially those effects directed toward ethnic/gender identity. Using images of Black women in the United States as a case study, this paper explores the ways in which three historical stereotypes—Mammy, Jezebel, and Sapphire—are re‐created in current‐day television broadcasts. I argue that these recreations influence modern depictions of Black women in important ways. But my analysis differs from other sociological works on stereotypes, as it critically examines three underexplored components of the stereotyping process: (1) the symbolic properties of stereotypical images; (2) the separation of time and space achieved on television; and (3) the use of rigid interpretive frames as means of sustaining stereotypes in this media age.[b]lack women, still least powerful economically, socially and politically in American society … have been refracted through a prism that tends to project them in one of three extremes: larger than life as matriarchs or sex objects, diminished to insignificance as mammies or maids, or faded into invisibility as irrelevant. (Edwards 1993, p. 217)
The Scholarship of Difference: A Scholarship of Liberation?
Authors: Mann Susan Archer 
Published: January 2007

Recent decades have witnessed an explosion of new scholarship depicting the diverse experiences of men and women from different classes, races, and ethnicities. This article examines the implications of this new scholarship by comparing and contrasting its core assumptions with those of both Marxism and postmodernism. Particular attention is paid to its potential as a scholarship of liberation.Within this new scholarship of difference, two types of identity politics are critically examined: those that privilege the knowledge of the oppressed and those that focus on multiple realities and polyvocality. Shortcomings of this scholarship are discussed, including the naive pluralism of idealist multiple realities approaches, the underdevelopment of analyses of social class, and the problems that arise from rejecting scientific realism and from ignoring the importance of theory for analyzing structural relations of oppression. Of this new scholarship I ask: Whither social structure? Whither truth? And whither social class?
An Exploration of the Independent Contributions of Genetics, Shared Environment, Specific Environment, and Adult Roles and Statuses on Perceived Control
Authors: Bullers Susan , Prescott Carol A. 
Published: January 2007

Perceived‐control ‘describes individuals’generalized beliefs about their abilities to influence their life courses and circumstances. Most research concerning this construct has viewed perceived control as a developmentally acquired, stable personality characteristic. Others argue that perceived control is determined by current social status, with more privileged social positions contributing to increased control over life circumstances.This study analyzes data from the Virginia Twin Registry to determine the independent contributions of genetics, shared environment, and nonshared environment, including adult roles and statuses, on women's perceived control. Findings from latent variable twin models suggest that there are modest but significant effects of shared environment and genetics on perceived control but that the majority of individual variation in perceived control is due to nonshared environmental factors on perceived control among adult women. Analyses of measured individual‐level variables indicate significant effects from education, income, earnings, marital quality, age, and single‐parent status.
Children at Risk: The Association Between Perceived Weight Status and Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts in Middle School Youth*
Authors: Whetstone Lauren M. , Morrissey Susan L. , Cummings Doyle M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  Suicide is one of the most common causes of death among young people. A report from the US Surgeon General called for strategies to prevent suicide, including increasing public awareness of suicide and risks factors, and enhancing research to understand risk and protective factors. Weight perception has been linked to depression and poor self‐esteem in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived weight status and suicidal thoughts and actions by gender in middle school youth.Methods:  All public middle school students in 4 eastern North Carolina counties presented, and with parental permission (n = 5174), completed the Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Middle School Questionnaire. The 3 dependent variables were self‐reported thinking, planning, and attempting suicide. Bivariate analyses describe suicidal thoughts and actions; multiple logistic regression models examined the relationship between weight description and suicidal thoughts and actions controlling for age, race, household composition, grades on report cards, and parents’ education.Results:  Significantly more females than males reported thinking (26% vs 19%), planning (12% vs 9%), and attempting (11% vs 8%) suicide. For females, those who perceived themselves as overweight were significantly more likely to report suicidal thoughts and actions; while for males, perceptions of overweight and underweight were significantly associated with suicidal thoughts and actions.Conclusions:  Controlling for personal and family characteristics, perceived weight status was significantly associated with suicidal thoughts and actions in middle school boys and girls.
HABITAT SELECTION BY MANATEES IN SARASOTA BAY, FLORIDA
Authors: Gannon Janet G. , Scolardi Kerri M. , Reynolds John E. , Koelsch Jessica K. , Kessenich Teresa J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHabitat selection by Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is influenced by, among other things, availability of food, thermal, and freshwater resources. However, habitat selection by females with dependent calves may differ from that of other demographic groups with regard to the relative importance of these factors. Additional factors that may influence habitat selection for females with dependent calves include ambient noise, strong currents, or increased foraging requirements. We examined distributional data for manatees from aerial surveys of the coastal waters near Sarasota, Florida, between 1994 and 2004 to determine whether habitat selection by groups of manatees that included calves differed from that of other groups. We characterized groups according to their location within seven habitat types. Enclosed bays not traversed by the Intracoastal Waterway had the highest proportions of groups with calves. Groups with calves used a No Entry refuge (from which almost all human use is barred) to a greater extent than did other groups. Overall, groups with calves exhibited significantly different habitat selection from groups without calves (P < 0.001, χ2= 43.0, df = 6), but this was not consistent across seasons. During the winter and spring, thermal requirements influenced manatees to such an extent that all demographic groups selected habitat similarly.
China's New Rural Income Support Policy: Impacts on Grain Production and Rural Income Inequality
Authors: Heerink Nico , Kuiper Marijke , Shi Xiaoping 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses the impact of agricultural tax abolition and direct income payments to grain farmers on grain production and rural inequality in China. To separate the impact of the income support measures from recent price trends for grains and inputs, and to account for differences in household responses, we use a village‐level general equilibrium model that we calibrate for two villages with different degrees of market access in Jiangxi province. The results show that the income support policy does not reach its goal of promoting grain production. The increased incomes allow farm households to buy more inputs for livestock production and involve other activities that are more profitable than grain farming. Selling of rice outside the villages declines more than rice production, because households in the villages consume more rice when incomes rise. We further find that the income support measures tend to reduce income within a village, but that tax abolition tends to widen income inequality between villages.(Edited by Zhinan Zhang)
Cooperate or Antagonize: The EU's Dilemma on Anti‐dumping and Safeguard Measures against China
Authors: Hou Xingzheng , Ren Rongming 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAfter a 15‐year accession path, China became a full member of the WTO in December 2001. Since then, China has become one of the most important trade partners of the EU countries. However, the increasingly strengthening trade relationship and China's official entrance into the WTO unexpectedly leads to many more trade disputes between China and the EU in the era of globalization and free trade. This paper thus investigates the motive and outcome of the EU government's frequent resort to trade protectionism against products made in China.(Edited by Xiaoming Feng)
Low-Cost TiO2
Photocatalytic Technology for Water Potabilization in Plastic Bottles For
Isolated Regions. Photocatalyst Fixation
Authors: Meichtry Jorge M. , Lin Hurng J. , de la Fuente Luciana , Levy Ivana K. , Gautier Eduardo A. , Blesa Miguel A. , Litter Marta I. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Experiments to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of supported TiO2 to potabilize water in common plastic PET bottles under solar irradiation were performed. Commercial titanium dioxide (Degussa P-25) was applied to different cheap materials—glass rings, glass rods and porcelain beads—by dip coating, or directly to the plastic wall of the bottles. The adherence and stability of TiO2 on the supports and the photocatalytic activity in bottles under solar irradiation was evaluated using model compounds as 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Rings were found to be the best glass supports, but PET bottles were superior for this specific application, as no fragile fillings are used, and the materials can be easily fabricated on site.
Low-Oxygen-Recovery Assay for High-Throughput Screening of Compounds against Nonreplicating
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Cho Sang Hyun , Warit Saradee , Wan Baojie , Hwang Chang Hwa , Pauli Guido F. , Franzblau Scott G. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Screening for new antimicrobial agents is routinely conducted only against actively replicating bacteria. However, it is now widely accepted that a physiological state of nonreplicating persistence (NRP) is responsible for antimicrobial tolerance in many bacterial infections. In tuberculosis, the key to shortening the 6-month regimen lies in targeting this NRP subpopulation. Therefore, a high-throughput, luminescence-based low-oxygen-recovery assay (LORA) was developed to screen antimicrobial agents against NRP
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis
H
37
Rv containing a plasmid with an acetamidase promoter driving a bacterial luciferase gene was adapted to low oxygen conditions by extended culture in a fermentor with a 0.5 headspace ratio. The MICs of 31 established antimicrobial agents were determined in microplate cultures maintained under anaerobic conditions for 10 days and, for comparative purposes, under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Cultures exposed to drugs under anaerobic conditions followed by 28 h of “recovery” under ambient oxygen produced a luminescent signal that was, for most compounds, proportional to the number of CFU determined prior to the recovery phase. No agents targeting the cell wall were active against NRP
M. tuberculosis
, whereas drugs hitting other cellular targets had a range of activities. The calculated
Z
′ factor was in the range of 0.58 to 0.84, indicating the suitability of the use of LORA for high-throughput assays. This LORA is sufficiently robust for use for primary high-throughput screening of compounds against NRP
M. tuberculosis
.
Rapid Genotyping of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases by Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Xu Li , Evans Jason , Ling Thomas , Nye Kathy , Hawkey Peter 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) is a powerful technique which has been used extensively to detect genetic variation. This is the first report of the application of dHPLC for rapid genotyping of bacterial β-lactamase genes. The technique was specifically developed to genotype members of all
bla
CTX-M
DNA homology groups. Thirteen well-defined
bla
CTX-M
extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains were used to develop and optimize the dHPLC genotyping assay. Further evaluation was carried out with a blinded panel of 62 clinical isolates. The results of
bla
CTX-M
genotyping achieved by dHPLC were comparable to the typing results obtained by DNA sequencing. Applying the newly developed dHPLC-based genotyping method, we successfully genotyped all 73
bla
CTX-M
ESBL-producing strains from the 4-month survey study. Furthermore, we found the first reported cases in the United Kingdom of clinically significant disease caused by CTX-M-14- and CTX-M-1-producing
Escherichia coli
strains. We conclude that the novel dHPLC assay is highly accurate, rapid, and cost-effective for the genotyping of
bla
CTX-M
-producing ESBLs and has great potential for determining the clinical relevance of different and new
bla
CTX-M
genotypes, as well as for epidemiological studies and surveillance programs.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Darunavir Boosted with Ritonavir and Omeprazole or Ranitidine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Sekar Vanitha J. , Lefebvre Eric , De Paepe Els , De Marez Tine , De Pauw Martine , Parys Wim , Hoetelmans Richard M. W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
Darunavir (DRV; TMC114; Prezista) is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor used in combination with low-dose ritonavir (RTV) (DRV/r) as a pharmacokinetic enhancer. Protease inhibitor absorption may be decreased during coadministration of drugs that limit stomach acid secretion and increase gastric pH. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ranitidine and omeprazole on the plasma pharmacokinetics of DRV and RTV in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Sixteen volunteers completed the study and received DRV/r, DRV/r plus ranitidine, and DRV/r plus omeprazole, in three separate sessions. Treatment was given for 4 days with an additional morning dose on day 5, and regimens were separated by a washout period of 7 days. Samples were taken over a 12-h period on day 5 for the assessment of DRV and RTV plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters assessed included DRV area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration, and trough plasma concentration. The least-squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals are reported with treatment of DRV/r alone as a reference. Compared with DRV/r alone, no significant changes in DRV pharmacokinetic parameters were observed during coadministration of DRV/r and either ranitidine or omeprazole. Treatment regimens were generally well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, coadministration of DRV/r and ranitidine or omeprazole was well tolerated by the volunteers. Ranitidine and omeprazole did not have a significant influence on DRV pharmacokinetics. No dose adjustments are required when DRV/r is coadministered with omeprazole or ranitidine.
In Vitro Activity of the Oxazolidinone RWJ-416457 against Linezolid-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococci and Enterococci
Authors: Livermore David M. , Warner Marina , Mushtaq Shazad , North Sarah , Woodford Neil 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
RWJ-416457, a novel oxazolidinone, had modal MICs of 0.5 to 1 μg/ml for linezolid-susceptible staphylococci and enterococci, versus linezolid MICs for these organisms of 1 or 2 μg/ml. RWJ-416457 MICs for mutants with 23S rRNA mutations were 2 to 32 μg/ml, versus linezolid MICs of 8 to 64 μg/ml; actual values reflected the proportion of gene copies mutated.
Activity of Linezolid against 3,251 Strains of Uncommonly Isolated Gram-Positive Organisms: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program
Authors: Jones Ronald N. , Stilwell Matthew G. , Hogan Patricia A. , Sheehan Daniel J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Linezolid was tested against 32 species of uncommonly isolated gram-positive organisms (3,251 strains) by reference MIC methods and found to be highly active (MIC
50
range, 0.25 to 2 μg/ml; MIC
90
range, 0.25 to 2 μg/ml). Only one isolate (viridans group streptococcus; 0.03% of tested strains) was resistant to linezolid.