bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astronomy development in Thailand: the role of NARIT
Authors: Soonthornthum Boonrucksar , Kramer Busaba , Poshyachinda Saran 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAstronomy development in Thailand has improved significantly during the last few years. The government has approved the establishment of the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT). Roles of NARIT in the development astronomical research and astronomy education in Thailand includes a national framework, national facilities, collaborative research networks, teacher training and public outreach programmes. The new 2.4-metre reflecting telescope will serve not only astronomy community in Thailand but also in Southeast Asia.
Globalizing space and Earth science–the International Heliophysical Year Education and Outreach Programme
Authors: Rabello-Soares M. Cristina , Morrow Cherilynn , Thompson Barbara , Webb David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe International Heliophysical Year (IHY) in 2007 & 2008 will celebrate the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and, following its tradition of international research collaboration, will focus on the cross-disciplinary studies of universal processes in the heliosphere.The main goal of the IHY Education and Outreach Programme is to create more global access to exemplary resources in space and Earth science education and public outreach. By taking advantage of the IHY organization with representatives in every nation and in the partnership with the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI), we aim to promote new international partnerships. Our goal is to assist in increasing the visibility and accessibility of exemplary programmes and in the identification of formal or informal educational products that would be beneficial to improve space and Earth science knowledge in a given country; leaving a legacy of enhanced global access to resources and of world-wide connectivity between those engaged in education and public outreach efforts that are related to IHY science.Here we describe how to participate in the IHY Education and Outreach Programme and the benefits in doing so. Emphasis will be given to the role played by developing countries; not only in selecting useful resources and helping in their translation and adaptation, but also in providing different approaches and techniques in teaching.
EFFECT OF ANDROGEN ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE SEX DIFFERENCE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION WITH STRONGYLOIDES RATTI IN C57BL/6 MICE
Authors: Kiyota M , Korenaga M , Nawa Y , Kotani M 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe possible site of expression of the sex difference in susceptibility to infection with Strongyloides ratti was studied in C57BL/6 mice. The intensity of infection, measured by daily larval output in faeces or by intestinal worm burden, was significantly higher in males than in females. This sex difference was already expressed during the migration of larvae from the site of subcutaneous inoculation to the cranial cavity or lung as early as 24 h after infection. Conversely, there was no significant difference in the larval output in faeces or in the worm burden of male or female recipients after implantation of adult worms using a stomach tube. When the susceptibility to infection with S. ratti of gonadectomized animals was examined, the daily larval output in faeces of orchidectomized males was significantly reduced to the level of intact females, while ovariectomy had no effect, suggesting that androgen is one of the important regulatory factors for the expression of sex difference. In fact, testosterone treatment of orchidectomized males or normal females could increase their susceptibility to or above the level of intact males. These results strongly suggest that sex difference in the susceptibility to infection with S. ratti in C57BL/6 mice is mediated by ‘natural defence mechanisms’ which are under the regulation of testosterone.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VARIETY OF MECHANISMS OF ALLOGRAFT TOLERANCE
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe influence of variations in protocol on the induction and early stages of maintenance of allograft tolerance in neonatal rats was studied. Allogeneic bone marrow cells, the anti‐recipient activity of which was specifically reduced because of their origin from immunologically tolerant donors, possessed diminished tolerogenic capacity. This was commonly manifested by development of an unreactive state in only one of the two parameters of reactivity‐allograft rejection and graft‐versus‐host reactivity‐that were monitored. A similar deviation from the occurrence of unreactivity in both forms that characterizes tolerant rats was observed in animals which had been inoculated with syngeneic thymus cells at the time of induction of tolerance. Attempts to demonstrate a requirement for an extended period of exposure of young rats to semi‐allogeneic bone marrow cells before specific unreactivity on the part of host cells became irreversible were unsuccessful.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 AG‐4 ANTIGEN IN GUINEA PIGS WITH GENITAL HERPES INFECTIONS
Authors: Maragos Constantina , Miller Anetta , May John T 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFemale guinea pigs, inoculated intravaginally with a herpes simplex virus‐type 2 (HSV‐2) strain M1, developed typical symptoms of a primary and recurrent genital herpes infection. Sera from HSV‐2 infected guinea pigs taken during the primary or recurrent stages of the genital infection contained complement (C)‐fixing antibody which reacted with an apparent type specificity to an early 4 h HSV‐2 infected cell extract (AG‐4) when compared to a 4 h HSV‐1 infected cell extract. This C‐fixing anti‐AG‐4 activity was shown to be associated with the IgG2 subclass and directed primarily against HSV‐2 infected cell polypeptide (ICP)6 and ICP8. Furthermore, C‐fixing anti‐AG‐4 levels remained constant after the primary infection and during recurrences for over 6 months. Thus, while the anti‐AG‐4 response in guinea pigs was of the IgG type, it varied from that found previously in human genital HSV‐2 sufferers which was of the IgM type. Also, while an IgG anti‐AG‐4 response in human genital HSV‐2 sufferers is associated with a reduction in the number of recurrences, this reduction is not apparent in the guinea pig model.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY AND ABUNDANCE OF THE ARBOVIRUS VECTOR CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE NEAR ECHUCA, VICTORIA, IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA 1979‐1985
Authors: Russell Richard C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAbundance of Culex annulirostris in a state forest near Echuca, northern Victoria, was sampled with a dry ice‐baited EVS trap from 1979 to 1985, generally on a fortnightly basis. The species regularly became active from October, the population reached peak abundance in mid summer and then declined to become undetectable from late May. Abundance varied between years, related to availability of larval habitats. The results confirm a pattern of seasonal activity in the Murray Valley that is relevant to arbovirus epidemiology and to vector control.
Fc RECEPTOR‐INDEPENDENT PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MOUSE MACROPHAGES OF ERYTHROCYTES SENSITIZED WITH A LECTIN FROM A MARINE INVERTEBRATE
Authors: Coombe DR , Ey PL , Jenkin CR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA'lactose‐specific lectin present in the haemolymph of the colonial ascidian Botrylloides leachii was tested for its ability to act as an opsonin for the phagocytosis of erythrocytes by mouse macrophages. Sensitization of sheep or mouse erythrocytes with one agglutinating dose of the invertebrate agglutinin enhanced significantly the clearance of these cells from the circulation of mice, as did treatment with specific antibody. By measuring the adhesion and phagocytosis of 51Cr‐labelled erythrocytes by monolayers of macrophages in vitro, it was shown that the B. leachii agglutinin was highly opsonic, promoting the ingestion of erythrocytes by the macrophages with an initial efficiency similar to that of specific antibody. The adherence and ingestion of antibody‐coated erythrocytes was severely inhibited by blocking Fc receptors on the macrophages with soluble immune complexes, whereas the binding and ingestion of lectin‐coated erythrocytes was unaffected by this treatment. The results demonstrate that invertebrate lectins can act as efficient opsonins for the uptake of particles by vertebrate phagocytes and that it is not necessary for particles to bind to Fc receptors for phagocytosis to be induced.
ANGIOTENSIN‐CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) MEASUREMENT IN HUMAN SERUM USING RADIOINHIBITOR LIGAND BINDING
Authors: Jackson B , Cubela R , Johnston CI 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMK315A, a tyrosyl analogue of enalaprilic acid (MK422) is a potent inhibitor of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). MK351A was radioiodinated with 125I and used to develop a radioinhibitor binding assay for human serum ACE.125I MK351A associated rapidly and reversibly with human serum ACE (T½ = ½ h). Bound 125I MK351A was displaced by an excess of cold MK351A, to give non‐specific binding of <1%. Scatchard analysis of binding was linear (r= −0·99, n=6, p<0·001), indicating a single class of binding site.ACE was estimated in serum from normal patients and patients with sarcoid by the radio inhibitor binding assay and by enzyme kinetic assay using Hip‐His‐Leu as substrate. The two methods for ACE estimation correlated closely (r = 0·87, n=82, p<0·001).The radioinhibitor binding assay for human serum ACE is a simple, sensitive and specific assay which utilizes novel assay methodology.
LYMPHOID AGGREGATES IN THE GUINEA PIG LARGE BOWEL: DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTITATION TECHNIQUES FOR NUMBER, VOLUME AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Langman JM , Fazzalari NL , Rowland R , Vernon‐roberts B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA technique for assessing the number, distribution and volume of the lymphoid aggregates (LA) in the guinea pig large bowel is described. Aggregates could be visualised macroscopically after immersion of the bowel in 10% acetic acid and their number and distribution recorded by tracing on plastic sheets. Serial sections through a sample of 13 LA showed that they were ellipsoidal and this was confirmed by mathematical comparison with hypothetical ellipsoids. In practice, only the length and width of each LA could be measured but, using the sample of 13 LA, it was established that regression analysis enabled the volumes of all except the smallest LA to be predicted accurately from the knowledge of length and width alone.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF KUNJIN VIRUS ISOLATES USING HAEIII AND TAQI RESTRICTION DIGESTS OF SINGLE‐STRANDED cDNA TO VIRION RNA
Authors: Lobigs M , Weir RC , Dalgarno L 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe genotypic relatedness of 15 Kunjin (KUN) virus isolates from widely separated geographic regions in Australia was examined at the molecular level. Haelll and TaqI restriction digest profiles of cDNA transcribed from virion RNA revealed a close genetic similarity between all isolates. We estimate that the nucleotide sequence divergence between any pair of KUN isolates is probably less than 1%. We conclude that a single KUN genetic type has existed in enzootic and epizootic areas of virus activity over an extended time span. The epidemiological implications of these results are discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF AEDES CAMPTORHYNCHUS (THOM.) AS A VECTOR OF ROSS RIVER VIRUS
Authors: Ballard JWO , Marshall Ian D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAedes camptorhynchus (Thom.) collected on the mid‐south coast of New South Wales during the winter of 1982 were highly susceptible to infection (ID5O=102·4 VERO pfu/mosquito) when fed on rat tail skins containing blood and serial dilutions of the T48 strain of Ross River (RR) virus. After 2 d, when no virus was detectable, rapid proliferation allowed transmission from 5 d post ingestion. A maximum transmission rate occurred 9 d post‐feeding when 4 of 4 infected mosquitoes transmitted virus. The susceptibility of Ae camptorhynchus to RR virus infection was compared with that of a laboratory colony of Ae aegypti (L.) (ID50=103·8 VERO pfu/mosquito).
BLOOD GROUPING WITH MONOCLONAL ANTI‐N ANTIBODIES
Authors: Fletcher A , Harbour C , Matthews M , de Zwart R , Ford D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFour monoclonal antibodies (N1, N3, N4 and N5) with specificity for the N blood group have been produced from fusions in which human erythrocytes were used as the immunizing stimulus. N1 and N3 differed from N4 and N5 with regard to their serological specificities and pH optima. Antibody N3 has been assessed for its suitability as a blood grouping reagent by testing 10,767 blood donors in parallel with Vicia graminea anti‐N lectin or rabbit anti‐N. There was complete correlation between the results obtained with the monoclonal and conventional reagents providing strong evidence that N3 is a reliable and potent blood grouping reagent.
INFLUENCE OF MALARIAL INFECTION ON THE MATERNAL‐FOETAL RELATIONSHIP IN PREGNANT MICE
Authors: Vinayak VK , Pathak Geeta , Asnani PJ , Jain Shashi , Malik AK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPregnant mice infected on gestation day (GD) 6 with Plasmodium berghei showed a more rapid rate of increase in parasitaemia than mice infected later in pregnancy or non‐pregnant controls. All mice infected on GD 6 were dead by the 7th post‐infection day. Pregnant mice infected on GD 13, in contrast, had similar rates of parasitaemia and mortality as non‐pregnant controls and 50% delivered normally, the foetuses were absorbed in 20% and 30% died before parturition, the pups born to mice infected on GD 13 were smaller. This compromised foetal development was likely to be the result of maternal anaemia, hyperplasia of placental trophoblast and plugging of placental sinusoids with parasitized red cells.
CHARACTERISATION OF THE HOST RESPONSE TO PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTION IN ACUTE NON‐COMPLICATED MALARIA
Authors: Cowen NL , Clancy RL , Stace J , Cripps AW , Alpers MP 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn this study we have examined serum from patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, collected at the time of acute attack and 14 days later. We have also examined sequential samples of sera taken from children living in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, an area endemic for malaria. The total amount of antibody directed against P. falciparum in acute phase sera was less than that found in matched controls. An in vitro assay measuring inhibition of penetration of uninfected erythrocytes by merozoites of P. falciparum revealed less inhibitory activity in acute phase sera than in matched controls. The longitudinal study of sera from village children demonstrated that non‐specific inhibition of intracellular parasite growth was fairly stable, while merozoite inhibiting activity was unstable and varied with time. A cloned P falciparum species has been used to directly demonstrate the specific growth enhancement by serum in vitro.
INTRINSIC RATES AND ADRENERGIC RESPONSES OF ATRIA FROM RATS ON SPRINTING, ENDURANCE AND WALKING EXERCISE PROGRAMMES
Authors: Bolter CP , Banister EW , Singh AK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effects of three different physical training programmes on the control of sinoatrial rate in the young male rat were investigated. After training for 8 weeks, 5 d/week, the intrinsic rate and chronotropic response to cumulatively applied norepinephrine (NEp) were examined using isolated atrial preparations. Preparations from animals trained by walking for 60 min/d at 16.1m/min possessed the same intrinsic atrial rate as sedentary controls, while preparations from an endurance–trained group running for 60 min at 32.2m/min at 15% grade, and from a sprint–trained group running 50, 10–s efforts at 80–5 m/min, 15% grade with a 30–s rest interval, possessed lower intrinsic atrial rates. Atrial preparations from all groups demonstrated similar maximum rates after application of NEp. For all groups there was no statistically significant difference between the EC50 values for the chronotropic effect of NEp. Training induced a modification in intrinsic atrial rate without influencing NEp chronotropic responses.
A SINGLE α‐GLOBIN GENE DELETION IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES
Authors: Yenchitsomanus Pa‐Thal , Summers Kim M , Bhatia Kuldeep K , Board Philip G 
Published: August 2007

Summaryα‐ and β‐thalassaemias and other haemoglobinopathies have not so far been reported in Australian Aborigines. Using a DNA mapping technique, we tested groups of Aborigines for a deletion form of α ‐thalassaemia and found that there was a single α ‐globin gene deletion (‐α/αα) in some populations. The α ‐globin gene deletion was detected in Aboriginal DNA samples collected from Kalumburu in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It was found also in one sample from Mowanjum, near Derby in Western Australia, and in one from Mornington Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria. It was not observed in Aboriginal DNA samples from the central desert. Further analysis of the α ‐globin gene deletion revealed that it was of the 3·7 kilobase (Kb) (−α 3·7) type. However, the −α 3·7 deletion in the Aborigines is apparently different from that found in southern Papua New Guinea as it is linked to a different ζ‐globin gene polymorphism. The presence of this silent α ‐thalassaemia in several populations of Aborigines may be explained in several ways. The most likely is through contact with Macassans or other voyagers from the Indonesian and Southeast Asian areas.
PROTECTIVE ANTIGENS IN FRACTIONS OF ADULT NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Monroy FG , Dobson Colin 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAdult Nematospiroides dubius crude soluble homogenate consistently produced five fractions (Fl‐5) after filtration through Sephadex G‐200 with molecular weights of >300,000, 240,000, 83,000, 31,000 and < 10,000. The high molecular weight Fl and F2 reacted strongly with serum from previously infected mice in ELISA. Protective immunity was associated with Fl N. dubius immunogens (molecular weight > 300,000). Immunization with smaller molecular weight fractions also reduced worm recoveries following challenge infections but to a lesser extent.
RESISTANCE OF 129/J MICE TO SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTION
Authors: Tiu WU , Ehl A , Walker JC , Garcia EG , Smith DB , Mitchell GF 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMice of the strain 129/J bred at this Institute (WEHI 129/J) were exposed once or repeatedly to cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and worm burdens determined. In keeping with reports of S. japonicum infection in these mice, a high level of resistance was recorded. Radio‐labelled extracted antigens of S. mansoni adult worms were reacted with sera from exposed 129/J mice and infected BALB/c mice. Immunoprecipitated antigens preferentially recognized by antibodies in 129/J mice include proteins of Mr 99,000 and 21,000. Whether responses to these antigens are a cause or a consequence of resistance remains to be established.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRANSPLANT SITES FOR ENDOCRINE TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION IN THE PIG
Authors: Simeonovic Charmaine J , Dhall D Pal , Wilson J Dennis , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThyroid and thymus tissue autografts were used to examine the suitability of different transplant sites in the pig for endocrine tissue transplantation. The omental pouch, gall bladder fossa and renal subcapsular space showed optimal implantation, preservation and vascularisation of graft tissue. Marked dissemination of graft tissue was observed at intramuscular sites and graft viability at subcutaneous sites in the ear was poor. The omental pouch represents a potentially suitable site for pancreatic islet tissue transplantation studies in the pig.
RELATIVE LEVELS OF THECAL BLOOD FLOW IN ATRETIC AND NON‐ATRETIC OVARIAN FOLLICLES OF THE CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Carson Ronald , Findlay Jock , Mattner Phillip , Brown Bruce 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe relative level of blood flow through thecal capillaries (RTF) in individual atretic and non‐atretic follicles >1 mm was measured in conscious ewes by injecting 15 μm radioactive microspheres into the aorta near the origin of the ovarian artery, and determining the ratio of radioactivity per mg protein in theca of individual follicles to that in the non‐luteal portion (stroma plus follicles <1 mm diameter) of the corresponding ovary.In follicles >1 mm diameter, RTF in those showing advanced stages of atresia (stages IV and V) was significantly less than that in non‐atretic (stage I) follicles. RTF values in non‐atretic (stage I), early atretic (stage II) and moderately atretic (stage III) follicles did not differ significantly. There was no effect of follicular diameter (P>0·05) on the relative level of blood flow within individual thecae or of atresia on thecal protein content.These data indicate that reduced thecal blood flow is associated with advanced atresia of antral follicles and are in accordance with the findings of previous histological studies. Whether thecal ischaemia is a factor involved in the onset of atresia, or occurs as a consequence of the degenerative process, remains uncertain.
CHANGES IN VENTILATION, BREATHING PATTERN AND ACID‐BASE BALANCE OF CONSCIOUS RABBITS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS ALMITRINE
Authors: Maskrey M 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFive conscious rabbits each received a single injection of almitrine bismesylate via a marginal ear vein. Measurements were made of ventilation and breathing pattern using a barometric method, and blood gases, pH and lactate concentration ([Lac]) were measured from arterial blood samples throughout the hour following the injection. Almitrine caused an immediate increase in ventilation through an increase in tidal volume (VT), frequency (f) showing a small decline. After 15 min f increased to above control level and VT declined. Slower, deeper breathing was reinstated by 40 min post‐injection. Large changes in blood gases occurred in the first 15 min, with raised by 30 Torr and lowered by 20 Torr. These recovered to be within 10 and 7·5 Torr of control at the end of 1 h. [Lac] increased steeply at first, then declined towards control levels. The acid‐base situation was mixed, comprising a respiratory alkalosis, resulting from CO2 washout, and a metabolic acidosis from high [Lac]. These results are discussed in the context of assessing the primary and secondary effects of almitrine and recognition of the possibility that the drug may act at more than one site to alter respiration.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS: ANTIGEN PRESENTATION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY PERITONEAL CELLS
Authors: Price Patricia , Holt PG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe functional characteristics of peritoneal cells (PC's) acquired in response to infection with Nematospiroides dubius were studied to identify changes which could be associated with the high level, long‐term survival of this parasite or explain its transient immunosuppressive properties. The number of cells in the peritoneal cavity increased steadily during the infection, and the population displayed a transient hyperreponsiveness to inflammatory stimulation. N. dubius did not affect the ability of antigen‐pulsed PC's to induce humoral responses or delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) in primed recipients, but lymphoproliferative responses induced in vitro were depressed by PC's from infected donors. In addition, unpulsed PC's from N. dubius‐infected mice depressed proliferative responses to parasite antigens by autologous mesenteric lymph node cells. These effects are attributable to increased lymphocytostatic activity in the PC's, which peaked one week after infection and correlated with the expansion of a population of large plastic‐adherent vacuolated cells with elevated acid phosphatase activity (activated macrophages). Comparable inhibitory cells did not develop in the same period of time during a short‐lived infection with Nippostrongylus brasitiensis.