bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of Localization in Grain Skeletons with Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Nübel K , Weitbrecht V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An optical method called Particle Image Velocimetry is well-suited to observe strain localization in plane strain conditions of granular bodies. A detailed description of different deformation states can be obtained. The experimental data can be used for the verification and physical interpretation of numerical models.
Retrieval and Interpretation of Crash-Related Data from Nonresponsive Electronic Control Units in Land Vehicle Systems
Authors: Rosenbluth W , Adams HA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses methods and procedures for recovering valuable vehicle crash parameter data from EEPROM/flash memory in damaged devices in the subject crash vehicle. The objective of these methods and procedures is the revival of seemingly dead or inoperative post-crash on-vehicle electronics control units (ECUs) to recover potentially valuable at-crash vehicle parameters from data that may be retrieved from EEPROM within these ECUs. In many instances, such data can strongly assist an accident investigator in his/her analysis of a crash scenario.
The first section consists of methods whereby an investigator can properly clean and restore a previously nonresponsive ECU/PCB/component to functional diagnostic operation by applying successive methodical and tested procedures. If such cleaning procedures fail, the process of component substitution is illustrated.
The second section shows an example of a complex interpretation process for a hypothetical EEPROM data example in an ABS ECU. While hypothetical, this example is very real-world in concept and content, and shows that information important to a crash investigation can be derived from EEPROM data in many types of on-vehicle ECUs.
Lastly, a discussion of Forensic Neutrality with Respect to Electronic Data Interrogations is presented with an example of the special methods required to achieve this with current interrogation tools.
Enhancement of Asphalt Pavement Evaluation Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Accelerated Pavement Testing
Authors: Li S , Li Y , Metcalf JB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Pavement engineers often are required to evaluate quickly new pavement structures, new paving materials, or pavement performance. In the past decades, pavement engineers have employed prediction models or tests to fulfill these tasks. Recently, great effort has been made to utilize accelerated pavement testing (APT) to evaluate pavements in situ. Because APT requires building test sections and sophisticated loading facilities, the individual test section is very short and the number of test sections is usually small. Consequently, the test results may not take into account variability in pavement materials, traffic estimation, and surrounding conditions. This paper investigates use of Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with APT to evaluate asphalt pavement structure and performance. It is shown that the capability of APT for pavement evaluation has been enhanced. The proposed pavement evaluation approach allows for considering variability in pavement properties and traffic estimation, and can generate realistic results.
Fatigue Mechanism of Ion-Nitrided Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Makabe C , Makishi T , Kaneshiro H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fatigue strength and the fracture mechanisms of ion-nitrided steel were investigated using three types of specimens—annealed specimens, nitrided specimens, and specimens from which the surface layer was removed (surface-removed specimens). The latter specimens' surface layers were removed after nitriding, reducing their radius by 0.1 mm. The fatigue limit of the nitrided specimens was higher than that of the annealed specimens, but was almost the same as that of the surface-removed specimens. This is related to the hardness distribution of the specimens. In the case of the nitrided specimen, the maximum hardness was recorded at the surface and decreased gradually toward the center of the specimen. The estimated strength deduced from the hardness of that specimen is higher than the measured fatigue limit within a depth of 0.1 mm from the surface. At internal depths of more than 0.1 mm from the surface, the estimated strength is expected to be lower than the fatigue limit. Accordingly, the fatigue limit and strength of the nitrided specimens are determined by the internal properties of the materials, and thus the fatigue limit and strength of the nitrided specimens are not decreased even if the surface layer is removed. In the case of the nitrided specimens, the cracks were difficult to observe from the surface because the crack initiations occurred internally. Since removing the surface layers facilitates observing the cracks on the surface, the initiation mechanism of internal cracking can be evaluated by observing surface crack initiation. In the case of the surface-removed specimens, many cracks initiated and propagated along the needle-shaped precipitates of Fe4N and finally these cracks coalesced with each other. From the observation of the fracture surfaces, a similar mechanism is assumed to be operating internally in the nitrided specimens.
The Effect of Simulated Clinical Use on Vinyl and Latex Exam Glove Durability
Authors: Kerr LN , Boivin WS , Chaput MP , Hamilton SL , Mailhot SA , O'Malley LG , Teixeira JC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simulated clinical-use study was conducted in order to verify the failure rates found in the literature and to identify the failure modes and typical locations of defects in vinyl and latex exam gloves. A simulated clinical-use protocol consisted of approximately 12 min of manipulating various medical devices. This simulated clinical use created significantly more defects in vinyl gloves (35%) than in latex gloves (9%). The user's dominant hand was significantly associated with defect rate in vinyl gloves (60%) but not in latex gloves (56%). The majority of the defects (74%) in the vinyl gloves were located in the thumb and index finger. The defects in the latex gloves were distributed evenly among the palm/back of hand, thumb, index finger, and cuff. Typical defects consisted of holes, slits, tears, and abrasions.
The Fundamental Threshold Level—a New Parameter for Predicting Cavitation Erosion Resistance
Authors: Soyama H , Kumano H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to predict and avoid cavitation erosion, it is necessary to know the resistance of materials to cavitation impacts. It is proposed that only cavitation impacts with energy larger than a certain threshold level affect the cavitation erosion of materials. Weak cavitation impacts have small impact energy, which cannot produce elastic or plastic deformation on materials. Cavitation erosion does not take place in this situation. On the other hand, strong cavitation impacts have large impact energy, which generates plastic deformation and/or causes damage with mass loss. It is proposed that only cavitation impacts that are larger than a certain threshold level affect the cavitation erosion of materials. In this paper, the existence of such a threshold level is revealed experimentally. The fundamental threshold level of the material is a new parameter suitable for the prediction of cavitation erosion rate. The erosion rates for several materials were determined by using a cavitating jet erosion test, which forms a new ASTM standard, ASTM G 134. The cavitation impacts induced by the cavitating jet were measured by means of a specially made PVDF transducer and the energy of the cavitation impacts were then calculated. The fundamental threshold levels for several materials were obtained from the relationship between the erosion rate and the energy of the cavitation impacts. A method to predict cavitation erosion quantitatively from the fundamental threshold level of the material and the measurement of cavitation impacts is proposed.
Optimal Quality Characteristic Evaluation for Asphalt Mixing Plants
Authors: Divinsky M , Nesichi S , Livneh M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The development of a quality system for asphalt mixing plants based on original statistical development is the subject of the current investigation. Quantitative evaluation of the quality characteristic under study and distinguishing the quality level for the plant production process have been analyzed. Results for the diagnostic parameter and quality characteristic evaluations (statistical estimations) have been analyzed and compared, employing process capability indices and the control chart method. Quality evaluation of the asphalt mixture produced based on the quality mark (QM) characteristic presented during a previous analysis and corresponding statistical analysis for diagnostic parameters of the presented results and their practical application are discussed. Additional development of the QM characteristic prediction model has been fulfilled and applied in practice. Results presenting the quality mark characteristic behavior with respect to an elaborated general index have been compared with analogous behavior generated using conventional indices for quality mark evaluation. The model presented for quality mark evaluation regarding asphalt mixing plant production and its practical application provides a significant level of efficiency, but requires further development.
Improvement of Sulfur Detection Limits in Petroleum Products Using ASTM D 4045
Authors: Tawara K , Kawabata Y , Uno Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To prevent the adsorption impediment of H2S in the trace sulfur analyzer approved by ASTM D 4045, a specially prepared pure ceramic tube has been advanced to be the only usable reactor for hydrogenolysis procedure. However, a conventional ceramic tube becomes usable by inhibiting the H2S adsorption on the basic impurities by a substitute adsorption of CO2 that can be introduced continuously with H2 in the ceramic reactor. Applying the OxyHydro procedure to reduce the carbon deposit in the analysis of kerosene, a large overestimation error occurred in the determination of a single ppb of sulfur even using the specially prepared pure ceramic tube. The overestimation error was completely eliminated by the continuous introduction of CO2 with H2, even using conventional ceramic reactors. By following procedures to suppress noise from the system, the original limit of detection of 25 ppb sulfur for the analyzer was improved to 0.3 ppb.
Texture Measurement in Zr-2.5%Nb Pressure Tubes for Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors
Authors: Kapoor K , Ramana Rao SV , Sanyal T , Kashyap BP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Preferred orientation or crystallographic texture of Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tubes for a pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) affects all the critical in-reactor properties. The preferred orientation has to be measured to standardize the process route for getting the desired in-reactor properties. The quantitative determination involves determination of the complete pole figure and calculation of Kearns parameters from the pole figure data. Independently, neither the X-ray reflection nor the X-ray transmission technique can provide the full pole figure data. The literature reports only partial pole figures. Quantification of texture based on partial pole figures may lead to errors in estimation. For a complete pole figure determination, it is required to merge the data from both the reflection and the transmission techniques. This requires a special test setup that can combine the pole figure data obtained from the two techniques. In this paper, a methodology for determination of the complete pole figure with quantitative texture parameters for Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tubes is reported.
Compression Index of Clays and Silts
Authors: Robinson RG , Allam MM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The consolidation settlement of a structure founded on a normally consolidated soil can be calcuated from the knowledge of the compression index Cc. The value of Cc is usually obtained from the laboratory oedometer test on the assumption that the void ratio (e)-logarithm of pressure (log σ′v) plot is linear. While the literature reveals that in the case of highly plastic clays the plots are concave upwards with their Cc (computed between successive load increments) decreasing with an increase in σ′v, little is known regarding soils that are less plastic, in particular, silty soils. This paper reports the e-log σ′v plots of clays and silits. It was found that the e-log σ′v curves of the silts are not linear but are convex upwards. This results in an increase in Cc with an increase in σ′v. Convex curves are to be regarded as a normal feature in such soils and can be explained from consideration of the mechanical and physicochemical factors that govern the compressibility of clays. These factors establish that Cc increases with σ′v for those soils whose compressibility behavior is governed by mechanical factors, in contrast to soils like very plastic clays whose compressibility behavior is governed by physicochemical factors. In the latter, Cc decreases with an increase in the consolidation pressure.
Ruggedness Experiments for a Calibrated Hot Box Measuring Fenestration Systems Thermal Transmittance
Authors: Yuan S , Murch L , Goss WP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For a specific test method, ruggedness experiments are used to determine experimental conditions that significantly influence the measurement results and to determine how closely these conditions must be controlled to reduce their influence. In this paper, the results of ruggedness experiments using hot box test methods (ASTM C 1199, C 1363, and ISO 12567-1) that are used for the thermal transmittance measurement of fenestration systems are presented. A general procedure of ruggedness evaluations was conducted on the University of Massachusetts Research Calibrated Hot Box. Using ASTM E 1169, a Plackett-Burman (P-B) design with eight experiments was used to investigate the effects of the seven most important experimental conditions. Two experimental conditions, the weather side and metering side fan speeds, were found to have the most significant effects on fenestration systems thermal transmittance measurement results.
The Wave-in-a-Tube Method for Estimation of Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Materials Using Ultrasound
Authors: Lippert SA , Rang EM , Grimm MJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The wave-in-a-tube method allows for the estimation of material properties of gel-like, viscoelastic materials utilizing only a pair of matched ultrasonic pressure transducers. To employ this technique, a sample tube must be manufactured that (1) has an inside diameter that fits snugly around the element of the transducers being utilized, (2) is as long as the specimen size will allow given the diameter required, and (3) is made of a low-density, solid material. After construction of the container, the sample to be measured is placed in the tube with a pressure transducer fitted into each end with large air pockets eliminated. An ultrasonic pulse is sent through the sample, and the resulting waveform is analyzed per the Reynolds wave-in-a-bar method, yielding the magnitude of the complex moduli.
Automatic Classification of Faience Tiles by Artificial Vision
Authors: Bouhlel MS , Elloumi M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The detection and identification of defects in fairence tiles during manufacture is necessary for an objective evaluation of quality, and for rapidity of processing. To this end, we are working on the automatic classification of surface defects observed on faience tiles.
The range of production is large and tile imprints are diversified. This leads to a complexity in the choice of the classification method and in the parameters to adopt.
After a subdivision of tiles into several types according to imprint, we propose in this paper, for each type, the methodology and the processing realized in order to classify tiles as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd quality.
Shear Testing of Polymeric Foams
Authors: Benderly D , Zafran J , Putter S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A standard method for the determination of the shear strength of a polymeric foam is a lap shear geometry. The accuracy and validity of this test was evaluated by means of finite-element modeling. Model results show that the shear stress is not constant over the length of the sample, with shear peaks at the ends, so that the average shear stress in the sample can be quite different than the maximum shear stress experienced. Normal stresses are also present at the sample ends giving rise to a combined stress field. Experimental results for a polymeric foam bonded to steel edge plates show that the measured shear strength can vary significantly with the sample geometry (length). Maintaining a minimum length/thickness ratio, as specified in the ASTM C 273 standard, does not necessarily result in a sample with the most uniform shear field, and therefore the most accurate measure of the true shear strength.
Temperature Effect on Strain Measurement by Using Weldable Electrical Resistance Strain Gages
Authors: Gomes PTV , Maia NS , Mansur TR , Palma ES 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermal output from two different strain gage types was analyzed over a temperature range from 20–500°C. The influence of applied loads was also examined. The strain gages were attached to the specimens in three different configurations. Thermal output was efficiently compensated for using a quarter-bridge configuration. Relative large errors were found using half-bridge configurations. The obtained thermal output values, with and without application of load, are discussed.
Influence of Crystallographic Texture on X-ray Residual Stress Measurement for Ti-3wt% Al-2 Vwt% Tube Material
Authors: Kapoor K , Lahiri D , Ramana Rao SV , Sanyal T , Kashyap BP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Some inaccuracies are possible during the near-surface residual stress measurement of textured material by X-ray diffraction using the standard multiexposure technique. Diffraction intensities depend on factors like inclination of the sample, the rotation of the beam, and the position of detectors. Low intensity due to texture can result in increased percentage error observed stress values. Anisotropy of elastic constants in textured materials can further increase the errors in measured stress. In the present study, the effect of texture on residual stress has been studied for seamless Ti-3wt%Al-2Vwt% tubes, in pilgered and annealed conditions, by superimposing the residual stress measurements on the pole figure obtained by texture measurement. A general approach has been developed for accurate determination of the stress tensor in textured material. This consists of the selection of inclinations giving rise to high intensity peak, the selection of rotation angles symmetric to the pole figure to get similar intensity from both the detectors (where this is not possible one detector with low intensity is shut off), and the calculation of the bulk X-ray elastic constants using the single crystal elastic data and texture. Cold worked Ti-3wt%Al-2Vwt% tubes had the highest stress along the rolling direction and that is compressive in nature. The principal residual stresses in the pilgered tubes were along the rolling and transverse directions, and annealing leads to reduction and reorientation of the stresses.
Design and Performance of the HEART Wheel Load Simulator
Authors: Cho Y-H , Lee K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Rutting of hot mixed asphalt (HMA) pavement has been considered a major pavement problem in many countries. Many researchers have tried to predict rutting or permanent deformation in the laboratory. Wheel-tracking devices have been used to evaluate rutting resistance from laboratory testing of HMA over the past several decades. Several studies showed high correlation of pavement performance between the highway and the laboratory results by wheel-tracking tests. Various wheel-tracking devices are available with different testing conditions, like variable temperature and loading conditions. Existing wheel-tracking devices developed by different institutes have some shortcomings such as nonlinear loading speed on the test specimen, fixed wheel path, impossibility of simulating underlayer effects, and so on. Therefore, the HEART Wheel Load Simulator (HWLS) was developed to improve the results the pavement engineers needs. The HWLS is capable of testing various thickness specimens, 50–700 mm, estimate rutting performance by both shear failure and further compaction of pavement substructure, and observe realistic rutting patterns by changing the wheel path using random variables or scattering. In addition, the HWLS has a linear loading speed capability using an oil compressor. Linear kneading compaction was added as an additional function so that it can be used to study rutting behavior under various compaction efforts, especially for conventional flexible pavement. This paper covers an outline of HWLS, calibration of the device, comparison of HWLS with existing wheel-tracking devices, and different behaviors of rutting resistance of typical HMA concrete under lateral distribution of traffic loading.
The Pozzolanic Effect of Fly Ash on the California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Black Cotton Soil
Authors: Pandian NS , Krishna KC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermal power stations that use pulverized coal as fuel generate large quantities of fly ash, resulting in environmental and disposal problems. Increasing demand for power leads to a greater use of coal and hence a further increase in the quantity of fly ash. These problems can be solved if the fly ash is put to use in an environmentally friendly way. Among the various uses for fly ash, the most massive and effective use is in geotechnical engineering applications. The study of fly ash and its interaction with soil is a must towards this goal. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the engineering properties of fly ash—black cotton (BC) soil mixes with special reference to their use as sub-base materials in pavement construction. The study aims to understand the effect of fly ash on the California bearing ratio (CBR) of BC soil. The CBR variation is observed to depend upon the particle size distribution and pozzolanic nature of fly ash. The study indicates that addition of fly ash increases the CBR of BC soil significantly.
Finite-Element Modeling and Experimental Comparisons of the Effects of Deformable Ball Indenters on Rockwell B Hardness Tests
Authors: Ma L , Low SR , Song J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Significant differences occur in Rockwell B hardness (HRB) tests depending on whether the 1.588 mm diameter ball indenter that is used is made of steel or of tungsten carbide (WC). It is important to study and assess the effect of different indenter materials on the HRB tests since the Rockwell hardness test method standards, published by ASTM International and the International Organization for Standardization, now permit the use of either steel or tungsten carbide ball indenters. In this paper, finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the HRB indentation process using steel and WC ball indenters on the same test materials under the same testing conditions. The influence of the deformable steel and WC indenters on the HRB tests is analyzed by comparing their FEA results with those of a simulated nondeformable rigid indenter. The contact pressure, stress, strain, and deformations of both the indenters and the tested materials during the loading and unloading period are analyzed. The FEA simulation results show that the HRB difference between steel and WC ball indenters is about 0.4 HRB for 40–78 HRB levels, but increases to 0.56 HRB at the 23 HRB level. The FEA simulation results agree with experimental HRB results.