bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of crosslinking Tencel woven fabric for superior easy‐care properties and analysis using fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Abdullah Iram , Blackburn Richard S. , Russell Stephen J. , Taylor Jim 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA crosslinking treatment to impart easy‐care properties to Tencel fabric has been investigated, using dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (Reaktant DH) as crosslinking agent and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as catalyst. Nonconventional treatment techniques such as “flash curing,” “moist curing,” “pad‐batch‐cure,” and “pad‐dry‐dry steam cure” are used to facilitate better penetration of crosslinking monomer into the fiber interior. Easy‐care properties of Tencel fabrics using these techniques are evaluated and compared with those treated with resin monomer using conventional pad‐dry‐cure process. Analysis of treated fabric using a fluorescent labeling technique and image analysis shows that nonconventional techniques significantly improve the penetration of crosslinking agent. The results further suggest that these techniques can be used to improve abrasion resistance and fabric handle of Tencel woven fabric. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2154–2161, 2006
Preparation of nanosize cadmium sulfide particles with a silk fibroin membrane and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Feng Xin‐Xing , Chen Jian‐Yong , Yao Ju‐Ming , Zhang Jian‐Chun 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe present a novel method for the synthesis of nanosize CdS particles with a silk fibroin membrane, which were characterized with UV spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy. The UV spectra showed a clear blueshift in the absorption edge for the CdS particles prepared at different concentrations. XRD showed the prevailing crystal were the cube ZnS crystals formed. The particle sizes were calculated from the band gaps with the effective mass approximate model, suggesting that they were dependent on the concentration of the precursors. Meanwhile, nanosize CdS had good photocatalytic activity throughout the photocatalytic degradation experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2162–2166, 2006
Decision trees as applied to the robust estimation of diffusion coefficients in polyolefins
Authors: Vitrac Olivier , Lézervant Jérôme , Feigenbaum Alexandre 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study dealt with decision trees as used to predict diffusion coefficients (D's) in polyolefins of molecules with molecular weights ranging between 50 and 1200 g/mol at 23 and 40°C. The approach was tested on 657 D's (267 molecules) mainly collected by the European working group SMT‐CT98‐7513. According to a reptation‐like mechanism of transport, three topological molecular descriptors, the Van‐der‐Waals volume, the gyration radius, and a dimensionless shape parameter, were proposed as both classifiers and regressors. They were calculated from the minimized and oriented structure in the absence of interaction with the polymer matrix. The foreseen ability of regression trees was tested by both cross‐validation and bootstrap sampling for a wide number of classes. Optimally pruned trees provided correlation coefficients ranging between 0.74 and 0.96 for each tested polymer. The effects of the volume of diffusing molecules predominated in polyethylene, whereas a combination of the three parameters was required in polypropylene. D overestimates, which are particularly useful for checking the compliance of food contact materials, were derived and validated from the upper percentiles of the D values observed in each terminal class. The use of decision trees as a tool for data assimilation is discussed. We concluded that the proposed descriptors were a priori (without a preliminary fitting) able to gather molecules with similar D values without introducing any significant bias. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2167–2186, 2006
The influence of thermal cycling and compressive force on the resistance of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid)‐coated surfaces
Authors: Lam L. , McBride J. W. , Swingler J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere is an increasing interest in the use of conducting polymers for a wide variety of applications. This includes the study and development of alternative contact‐connector materials. The main aim is to achieve overall improvements in performance as well as cost effectiveness. Currently, extrinsic conducting polymers (ECPs) are employed as conductive coats or adhesives at contact interfaces. However, frictional abrasion within the metal‐doped polymer (ECP) causes instability in the resistance. It is important to overcome this fretting effect, especially in automotive applications; hence, the possibilities of employing intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are explored. Flat contact film coatings have been fabricated in‐house using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiopene)/poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS) with dimethylformamide as the secondary solvent. Resistance is measured using the four‐wire method. The conductivities of the PEDOT/PSS‐coated contacts are found to be in the order of 10−2 S cm−1. The change of resistance under varying compression forces has been found to be repeatable. The thermal effects on these contacts are also studied and the results are depicted as exponential negative temperature coefficients of resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2445–2452, 2006
Medicated wound dressings based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)/chitosan hydrogels
Authors: Yu Haijun , Xu Xiaoyi , Chen Xuesi , Hao Jingquan , Jing Xiabin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/chitosan hydrogels were prepared by a low‐temperature treatment and subsequent 60Co γ‐ray irradiation and then were medicated with ciprofloxacin lactate (an antibiotic) and chitosan oligomer (molecular weight = 3000 g/mol). The gel content, swelling ratio, tensile strength, and crystallinity of the hydrogels were determined. The effects of the chitosan molecular weight, the low‐temperature treatment procedure, and the radiation dosage on the hydrogel properties were examined. The molecular weight of chitosan was lowered by the irradiation, but its basic polysaccharide structure was not destroyed. Repeating the low‐temperature treatment and γ‐ray irradiation caused effective physical crosslinking and chemical crosslinking, respectively, and contributed to the mechanical strength of the final hydrogels. The incorporation of PVP and chitosan resulted in a significant improvement in the equilibrium swelling ratio and elongation ratio of the prepared hydrogels. The ciprofloxacin lactate and chitosan oligomer were soaked into the hydrogels. Their in vitro release behaviors were examined, and they were found to follow diffusion‐controlled kinetics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2453–2463, 2006
Sound attenuation in composite friction materials containing thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Masoomi M. , Katbab A. A. , Nazockdast H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAttempts have been made for the first time to modify and improve the sound attenuation ability of a friction material by the inclusion of combined plastic/rubber properties of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) as viscoelastic polymeric materials, into the formulation. To evaluate the attenuation coefficient (α) and also the real part wave number (k′) for the friction material, the viscoelastic parameters such as loss factor (tan δ) and elastic modulus (E′) were measured by the use of dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS), styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS) and nitrile rubber/polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC) blend system were used as TPE materials. However, SEBS and NBR/PVC were found to be much more effective in reducing the sound propagating speed as well as the sound level. All the friction materials containing TPEs exhibited more sound damping behavior at a wide range of temperature compared with the reference sample. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2187–2194, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyarylates bearing NLO moieties
Authors: Zadrożna Irmina , Wierzbicki Michał , Kaczorowska Ewa 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of thermally stable second‐order nonlinear optical polyarylates containing azo side‐chain groups have been obtained by interfacial polycondensation. Theoretical calculations of the static hyperpolarizabilities, first‐ and second‐order hyperpolarizability, were carried out. The structures of the obtained monomers and polymers were confirmed by infrared, 1H NMR and ultraviolet spectroscopies. Thermal and optical properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated. The investigations show that some of the new polymers obtained in this study may find use in optical applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2195–2201, 2006
Preparation and characterization of high efficiency ion‐exchange crosslinked acrylic fibers
Authors: Shoushtari Ahmad M. , Zargaran Mojdeh , Abdouss Majid 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCommercial acrylic fiber samples were first pretreated with hydrazine under various concentrations to give crosslinked structure. Then, the crosslinked fiber samples with different degree of crosslinking were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to develop ion‐exchange fibers. These fibers contain amidoxime, amine, amide, and hydrazide groups simultaneously. The effects of reaction conditions on physical properties, thermal characteristics, surface morphology, ion adsorption quantity, and reusability were investigated. The results show that by increasing the reaction time, temperature, and concentration of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the content of amidoxime groups in all samples were increased, but with noncrosslinked fibers noticeable drop in the mechanical properties were observed, while in crosslinked sample prepared under optimum conditions of reaction, good ion adsorption capacity with keeping mechanical properties was achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2202–2209, 2006
Carboxymethylation of γ‐irradiated starch
Authors: Wu Zongwen , Song Xinyuan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLow viscosity carboxymethyl corn starch was prepared by the reaction of γ‐irradiated starch with monochloroacetic acid in the presence of alkali. It was found that irradiation dose influences the product viscosity remarkably. The viscosity decreases as the irradiation dose level increases; however, the viscosity increases with the increasing dose rate and the degree of substitution (DS). γ‐Irradiation can activate the starch to react with monochloroacetic acid, and the more of the irradiation dose, the higher of the DS and the reaction efficiency. The product has the character of low viscosity at high concentration, and the more of the irradiation dose, the more similar of the rheological behavior to a Newtonian liquid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2210–2215, 2006
Mechanical properties of recycled PVC blends with styrenic polymers
Authors: Garcia David , Balart Rafael , Crespo Jose Enrique , Lopez Juan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to improve the performance of blends made from recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC), coming from credit card waste, so that these blends can be used for those applications that must fulfil some requirements with regard to mechanical properties and stability with temperature alterations. With this aim in mind, two polymers of styrenic origin have been combined: styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). These polymers are characterized by a satisfactory balance of mechanical properties and thermal stability. PVC blends with both virgin and recycled styrenic polymers have been studied throughout the entire range of compositions. The prior degradation of the recycled materials has been studied by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The behavior of the observed Tg values has been analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the existence of partial miscibility between the different components has been studied. The mechanical properties have been determined using tensile and Charpy impact tests. The thermal stability of the PVC blends with temperature changes has been determined using the Vicat softening temperature (VST). Finally, the fracture surface of the various blends has been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2464–2471, 2006
Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene: Study of catalyst components and polymerization conditions
Authors: Jamjah Roghieh , Zohuri Gholam Hossien , Masnadi Mitra , Ahmadjo Saied , Nekomanesh Mehdi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSyndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS) was prepared using monotitanocene catalyst of cyclopentadienyl titanium trichloride (CpTiCl3) activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO). Solution polymerization was carried out in toluene using different polymerization conditions. Syndiotacticity index (SI) between 68 and 91.6% was obtained. Increasing Al/Ti molar ratio shows an increase in both conversion percentage and SI. The conversion increased linearly with increasing Al/Ti molar ratio in the range studied. The conversion reached to an optimum value of about 65% at styrene/Al molar ratio of 2.83, while no regular behavior of SI was observed with changing the ratio. Effect of temperature of the range 50–80°C on polymerization was studied. The most favorable temperature for the polymerization regarding activity is 70°C; however SI decreased with temperature up to 80°C. H2 value to 140 mL/100 mL solvent increased the productivity of the catalyst, however further increase of H2 reduced the activity of the catalyst. Polymerization time of 15 to 125 min shows a decrease in activity. The decrease was sharper for about 30 min of polymerization than longer time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2216–2221, 2006
Reaction of uric acid with excess of propylene carbonate
Authors: Lubczak Jacek 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNew method of synthesis of polyetherols with purine ring by reaction of propylene carbonate with uric acid is presented. The influence of kind of catalyst, and molar ratio of substrates on structure, and physical properties of polyetherols; density, viscosity, surface tension, and refractive index were determined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2482–2487, 2006
The preparation of molecularly imprinted poly(o‐phenylenediamine) membranes for the specific O,O‐dimethyl‐α‐hydroxylphenyl phosphonate sensor and its characterization by AC impedance and cyclic voltammetry
Authors: Liu Xingyuan , Li Chunya , Wang Changfa , Li Ting , Hu Shengshui 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane for sensing O,O‐dimethyl‐α‐hydroxylphenyl phosphonate (DHP) has been prepared by electropolymerizing o‐phenylenediamine on the glassy carbon electrodes in the presence of DHP. Optimization studies with the aim to enhance insulating properties and response kinetics of the polymer membrane were carried out with respect to template molecular concentration, the monomers concentration, the polymer membrane thick and scan rate. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance have been used to characterize the behavior of MIP polymer membrane. The capacitive measurements were also certified the imprinting effect of the polymer layers. The experimental results showed that DHP imprinted polymer has better recognition property for the template than that of a blank polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2222–2227, 2006
Fracture behaviors of metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene elastomer via silane crosslinking
Authors: Lai S.‐M. , Liu J.‐L. , Chen Y.‐C. , Chang K.‐H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSilane moisture‐cured metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene (mPE) to form an elastomer has been prepared. Metallocene polyethylenes with two different levels of comonomer contents were grafted with various amounts of vinyltriethoxy silane. “Threshold” fracture energy is roughly proportional to the reciprocal square root of Young's modulus. By relating tensile strength to tear strength, the corrected average depth of flaw is in the range of 40.5 ± 11.0 μm, which successfully confirms the extension of conventional elastomeric theory to the low crystalline vulcanizates under some limitations. The cutting strength of mPE vulcanizates gives an intermediate value when compared with crystalline plastics and conventional elastomer, and is comparable with other evaluations of cutting strength for different types of materials, which further signifies the importance of crystalline yielding even in the nano‐fracture zone of deformation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2472–2481, 2006
Evaluation of cord/rubber adhesion by a new fatigue test method
Authors: Jamshidi M. , Afshar F. , Shamayeli B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPolymer adhesion and its evaluation are important from academic and industrial points of view. Today cords are used to reinforce rubber in various products. Cord–rubber adhesion can be evaluated using static and dynamic methods. The static methods are commonly used for qualification of raw materials. These methods are not suitable for prediction of durability of the cord/rubber system in real conditions. The dynamic adhesion tests (e.g., fatigue method) involve some important parameters to simulate the real conditions of cord/rubber composite usage. So they produce reliable results in comparison with static adhesion results. Increase in temperature of cord/rubber system occurs during utilization of product. Adhesion usually decreases with increasing temperature. So the static adhesion test (e.g., H‐pull test) results that are measured in the ambient temperature (23 ± 2°C) cannot be considered as the composite's performance in the utilization condition. Although heat build up occurs in the test samples during the fatigue test procedure, but this is not enough to illustrate the decreasing effect of the increased temperature on the results. The authors produced a heat chamber to improve the dynamic test. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2488–2494, 2006
Studies on molecular transport of n‐alkanes through poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐propylene) elastomeric membrane
Authors: Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y. , Kulkarni Sangeeta B. , Kulkarni Srikant S. , Kittur Arjumand A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMolecular transport of a series of n‐alkanes through commercial TFE elastomer (FA 150L) has been studied in the temperature range 30–50 °C using sorption‐gravimetric method. The Fickian diffusion equation was used to calculate the diffusion coefficients, which were dependent on the size of the alkanes and temperature. The diffusion coefficients at 30°C varied from 4.53 × 10−8 cm2/s (n‐heptane) to 0.18 × 10−8 cm2/s (n‐hexadecane). The liquid concentration profiles have also been computed using analytical solution of Fick's equation with the appropriate initial and boundary conditions and these were presented as a function of penetration depth of molecular migration and time of immersion. These results have been discussed in terms of molecular size of alkanes as well as temperature. In all the liquid penetrants, the transport phenomenon was found to follow the anomalous behavior. From the temperature dependence of diffusion and permeation coefficients, the Arrhenius activation parameters have been estimated. These parameters do not exhibit any systematic variation with the size of the penetrants. The resulting low diffusion coefficients, contribute to the superior barrier performance of the membrane, is due, in part, to the high glass transition temperature of Aflas™ TFE elastomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2228–2235, 2006
Compatibilized iPP/aPS blends: The effect of the viscosity ratio of the components on the blends morphology
Authors: Slouf Miroslav , Radonjic Gregor , Hlavata Drahomira , Sikora Antonin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMore than 25 PP/PS/SEP blends, where PP is isotactic polypropylene, PS is atactic polystyrene, and SEP is poly(styrene‐block‐ethylene‐co‐propylene), were prepared. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of PP/PS viscosity ratio, λTM, on the blends' morphology. It was shown that λTM strongly influenced not only the overall morphology of the blends, but also the morphology of SEP, which exhibited as many as five different types of structure when blended with PP and/or PS. SEP was found an efficient compatibilizer of PP/PS blends as it decreased the average particle size in all studied systems. An interesting “by‐product” of this work was the discovery of a brand‐new type of polymer morphology, which was called morel structure. The characteristic feature of the morel structure was PS matrix compartmentalized by SEP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2236–2249, 2006
Synthesis and comparative study of thermal stabilities of the imidization of some maleic anhydride copolymers
Authors: Zengin H. Bayram , Boztuğ Ali , Basan Satılmış 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the present study, first, maleic anhydride‐styrene (MA‐St), maleic anhydride‐allyl phenyl ether (MA‐APhE), maleic anhydride‐heptene‐1(MA‐Hp), and maleic anhydride‐allyl propionate (MA‐AP) copolymers have been synthesized in different solvents in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 70°C. Then, these four copolymers have been reacted with aniline at 60°C in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), and maleamidic acid derivatives of these copolymers have been synthesized. Next, they have been obtained from their maleimide derivatives by heating under vacuum at 150°C. All these polymers have been characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and investigated their thermal properties by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The analyses results showed that thermal properties of maleimide derivatives of maleic anhydride copolymers changed as depend on the neighbor monomers of maleic anhydride. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2250–2254, 2006
Introduction of side chains containing biphenyl unit on the crystalline morphology and properties of polyimides
Authors: Liu Xikui , Tang Jialing , Wang Jin , Gu Yi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeveral polyimides derived from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 3,5‐diaminobenzate containing various side chains with biphenyl unit through various flexible spacer were prepared by thermal imidization. By incorporating side chains, the solubility was greatly enhanced and all the polyimides with side chains showed good solubility in polar solvents. During a continuous thermal imidization procedure, the BTDA/MPDA polyimide samples formed a novel banded spherulites with not only zigzag Maltese crosses, but also distinct extinction rings, while the polyimides with side chains revealed only fine grainy crystalline particle. X‐ray diffraction of BTDA/MPDA powder showed sharp diffraction peak in the X‐ray diffraction and revealed the existence of highly ordered crystalline structure in polyimide, while BTDA/PP0DA, BTDA/PP2DA, and BTDA/PP6DA polyimides with side chains revealed only a broad reflection at the low angle and demonstrated the presence of low‐ordered layer structure. DSC confirmed that the introduction of side chains significantly reduced the melting points of the resulted polyimide, thus it greatly enhanced its thermal plasticity. However, the heat‐resistant properties such as the thermal stability were generally decreased, and all the polyimide with side chains showed a typical two‐step thermal degradation behavior relating to the pyrisis of side chains and polyimide backbone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2255–2260, 2006