bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and first‐time mothers
Authors: Barnett Bryanne E. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhereas the child's need for mothering is absolute, the need for an adult woman to mother is relative. During pregnancy and subsequent child development, the mother unconsciously relives her own infantile and childhood experiences. Psychiatric disturbance is common in pregnancy and anxiety may be normal or pathological. ‘State’ or ‘trait’ anxiety need to be differentiated in order to consider treatment interventions. High anxiety levels may exert a number of adverse effects on mother and child alike. Adequate social support is important and intervention should be considered on humane grounds at the very least.
Taking the anxiety out of AIDS
Authors: Miller David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAIDS‐generated anxiety may occur in the general public, health staff, patients and high‐risk individuals. Anxieties associated with AIDS create confusion in the patient and chronic anxiety may generate a ‘pseudo‐AIDS’ condition, the somatic features of which may be misinterpreted as evidence of the disease. Furthermore, chronic anxiety itself may be immunosuppressive. Management requires multistage intervention involving: relaxation, cognitive techniques, peer‐group support, health education, ‘marital’ therapy, drug therapy and hospitalization. Educating patients is not enough; the general public must be continually reminded that this infection is no respector of gender or sexual orientation.
The role of aerobic exercise in the treatment of depression
Authors: Martinsen Egil W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA search was made for exercise intervention studies with experimental designs on clinically depressed subjects. Nine studies were found and these were reviewed. The diagnostic categories were non‐bipolar depressions of mild to moderate severity. The results of all studies tended to point in the same direction. Aerobic exercise was more effective than placebo or no treatment, and it was as effective as other treatment methods: group psychotherapy, different forms of individual psychotherapy and meditation‐relaxation. Aerobic exercise was the most commonly used form of exercise, but divergent opinions exist regarding the importance of the aerobic element.
Premenstrual syndrome: What it is and what it is not
Authors: Robert B. , Greenblatt  , Teran Ana‐Zully , Barfield W. E. , Bohler C. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe syndrome is only definitive when resolution occurs with the onset of menses or soon thereafter. Manifestations of PMS include: nervousness, depression, irritability, insomnia, headaches, breast enlargement, abdominal bloating, oedema, gastrointestinal upsets, skin disorders antisocial behavior and psychosexual aberrations. Hormonal changes are probably the main etiological factor and the newest approach to management consists of inhibition of ovulation by means of estradiol implants. Although emotional and psychiatric symptoms are prominent, psychiatric treatment is disappointing. PMS is simply a response to biochemical and metabolic changes following ovulation; distressing PMS represents a psychological maladjustment to these hormonal tides.
Transdermal nitroglycerin in angina pectoris
Authors: Wheatley David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStress is sometimes involved in cardiac patients when a number of different drugs are necessary for treatment that are taken in a variety of dose regimes. Any new method for drug delivery that can relieve some of this stress is therefore of interest. Such a preparation is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in the form of a skin patch (Transiderm‐Nitro) and this was compared to placebo in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. Following a one‐week control period, patients were randomly allocated to three weeks treatment with placebo followed by three weeks with Transiderm‐Nitro (1–15 mg in 24 h) or vice versa. Analysis was performed on 77 cases, 37 in the placebo first group (group A) and 40 in the Transiderm‐Nitro first group (group B). Irrespective of treatment order, mean weekly anginal attack rates and GTN requirements were significantly less on the active patch than on placebo. Thus, there was a 21 per cent reduction in anginal attacks on placebo but 53 per cent reduction on Transiderm‐Nitro (p<O.OOl); while the mean GTN requirement was reduced by 29 per cent on placebo but 56 per cent on Transiderm‐Nitro (p<O.OOl). There were no significant changes in pulse rate or recumbent or upright blood pressure. Patients' preferences (blind) were in favour of Transiderm‐Nitro (p<O.OOl). The most frequent side‐effect was headache, which occurred in 22 per cent of patient; on Transiderm‐Nitro but in only 3 per cent on placebo (p<O.Ol). Skin rashes occurred in 5 per cent on Transiderm‐Nitro and 4 per cent on placebo (NS). This short‐term trial demonstrated highly significant effects from the transdermal GTN preparation in comparison to placebo.
Prolactin and stress
Authors: Fava Maurizio , Guaraldi Gian Paolo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is evidence that stress influences prolactin secretion in animals and humans. Various situations and laboratory stressors can induce a significant increase in prolactin secretion.In animal studies, adaptation to the stress seems to be accompanied by a diminished response of prolactin. This habituation to chronic stress displays a pattern that seems to be stressor‐specific.In flight experiments with human subjects, a similar process of habituation in the prolactin response has been observed in pilots.Given the fact that certain individuals might not habituate to chronic psychogenic stressful stimuli, their behavioral responses to stress might lead them to different neuroendocrine responses. This might explain the individual differences observed in the impact of stress on physical and psychological well‐being.Prolactin might become an important tool in exploring the physiopathologic consequences of certain behaviour patterns and a useful neuroendrocine correlate of the individual response to what we define as stress.
Stress and the skin: Significance of emotional factors in dermatology
Authors: Koblenzer Caroline S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reviews findings from clinical observation, developmental research, and research in the neurosciences that demonstrate the developmental significance of skin as an organ of perception, and the importance of appropriate tactile cutaneous stimulation within the context of the mother‐child relationship for healthy physical and emotional development. Psychological regression to that emotional developmental level in inherently predisposed individuals under stress is invoked to account for stress‐induced or stress perpetuated skin symptoms, and stress‐triggered pathophysiologic mechanisms are described. A classification of psychocutaneous disease is offered as a guide to evaluation and treatment and the possible operative psychopathophysiologic pathways are discussed.Complete dermatologic evaluation and treatment must include consideration of possible stress effects and stress mechanisms; the somatopsychic effect‐as‐stress also cannot be ignored.
Some relationships of contrasting emotions to cardiovascular disorders
Authors: Rosenman R. H. , Swan G. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough the central nervous system is critically involved in the regulation of blood pressure, the relationship of anxiety to hypertension remains unclear. However, anxiety is closely related to various habits that affect the cardiovascular system: diet, weight, alcohol, eating and drinking, cigarette smoking, caffeine and life events. There is a high prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in subjects with anxiety disorders, but there is little evidence for a common genetic factor. A number of psychosocial factors are significantly related to the individual risk of CHD and the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) relates certain personality and behavioral characteristics that are important in this respect.
Perceptual and cognitive deficit following coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Chandarana P. C. , Cooper A. J. , Goldbach M. M. , Coles J. C. , Vesely M. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFifty‐seven patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were investigated pre‐ and postoperatively for changes in cognitive and perceptual functioning (delirium). Physical data were collected and personality and psychiatric assessments made using standard inventories. Manifestations of delirium were maximal by day 4 and had largely resolved by day 10. Cognitive deficit was significantly associated with a high score on ‘neuroticism’ and perceptual aberration, with increasing age and high scores on ‘dominant personality’ and ‘extraversion’. It is argued that postoperative delirium is multidetermined, being an interaction of physical, operative and psychological factors.
The effect of stress on melatonin and serotonin in rat brain
Authors: McIntyre Iain M. , Norman Trevor R. , Burrows Graham D. , Oxenkrug Gregory F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of immobilization, cold and immobilization plus cold stress on rat pineal indoles and brain serotonin (5‐HT) has been studied. Only combined immobilization and cold stress resulted in an increase of pineal melatonin and N‐acetylserotonin (NAS). Furthermore, the ratio of 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) to 5‐HT was significantly decreased in rats subjected to the combined stress. This effect was evident in the pineal as well as the hypothalamus and brainstem. Although showing no effect on melatonin, NAS, or the 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratio, immobilization alone produced a significant increase in pineal 5‐HT concentration. This 5‐HT increase was also evident in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Synaptosomal 5‐HT uptake was examined as a functional test of 5‐HT activity, but was unchanged by the combined stress. Although cold alone did not significantly affect serum corticosterone levels, it did augment the corticosterone increase induced by immobilization. These results are discussed in the context of previous investigations of the endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tribulin.
The prevention and management of the psychiatric morbidity of natural disasters: An australian experience
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis report examines the case for implementing preventive mental health strategies after disasters based on an analysis of the patterns of post‐traumatic morbidity identified after the “Ash Wednesday” bushfires in Australia. While a significant increase number of problems were identified which would tend to hinder the acceptance and implementation of any such preventive service. Also, the available objective evidence about the effectiveness of crisis intervention services following traumatic events remains tentative. Based on this experience, a series of recommendations are made about the future management of similar events.
Psychosocial personality traits and cigarette smoking among bronchial carcinoma patients
Authors: Kulessa C. H. E. , Blohmke M. , Jagschitz P. , Stelzer O. , Cooper C. L. , Eysenck H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a multicentre study, the Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) was administered to patients in the diagnostic process for lung diseases, who later on turned out to have lung cancer or other chest disease. The study was controlled by a group of healthy persons. The most important results of the survey are relatively low values for extraversion in the carcinoma group (BCA) and relatively high scale values for extravertion both in the healthy (GKG) and in the sick (KKG) control groups. Higher neuroticism scale values are shown by younger carcinoma patients (BCA) in comparison with healthy (GKG) and patient control group persons (KKG). However, psychotocism scale values show just small differencesk between BCA on the one hand and the control groups (GKD and KKG) on the other. Finally the authors discuss whether the results of the study are more supportive of Cooper's stress hypothesis than of Eysenck's constitutional hypothesis as explanation for an important partial cause of carcinogenesis.
Psychosocial load and symptoms: An inquiry into their relationship with coping styles
Authors: Vingerhoets Adj. J. M. , Menges Louwrens J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBased on questionnaire data, 989 subjects were classified into one of the following four groups: (1) high‐load, many symptoms; (2) high‐load, few symptoms; (3) low‐load, many symptoms; and (4)low‐load, few symptoms. Using an ANOVA design (with “psychosocial load” and “symptoms” as independent variables) the coping styles of these four groups were studied. In spite of substantial differences in coping between males and females, the pattern of findings was very similar for both sexes. The factor “psychosocial load” yielded significant results for distancing and for positive thinking, personal growth, and humour (for females only). In addition, the factor “symptoms” showed significant effects for self‐blame, daydreaming and having fantasies and wishful thinking, emotionality. No significant interactions were found. The results are discussed in the light of current knowledge on coping styles as moderators of the stress‐illness relationship and on the relationship between coping and psychosocial load and symptoms, respectively.
Stress measurement
Authors: Krause Neal 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEmpirical findings from studies of stressful life events and well‐being have been disappointing. The difficulty with this literature may be attributed in part to basic problems in the measurement of stressful life events. The purpose of this article is to propose a measurement strategy that is based on stressors arising within social roles. Although social roles have figured prominently in stress measurement, the conceptual and methodological underpinnings of this research have not been explicated fully. An argument is made for developing measures that focus on stressors that arise in salient social roles. After examining the conceptual basis for the proposed measurement approach, methodological issues are addressed in an effort to provide practical guidance for testing this perspective in the field.
The availability of lethal methods for suicide and the suicide rate: A study in Japan
Authors: Lester David , Abe Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFrom 1950 to 1980 in Japan, estimates of the availability of medicaments, toxic domestic gas and motor vehicle exhaust, and firearms were strongly associated with the suicide rates using those methods. The results suggest that restricting access to lethal methods of suicide may reduce the suicide rate.
Sex differences in occupational stress and work satisfaction among physicians
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Richardsen Astrid M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines sex differences in level and sources of experienced stress, as well as in antecedents and consequences of stress, in physicians. Two hundred and twenty‐eight female and 1859 male physicians completed questionnaires anonymously. Female and male physicians reported similar levels of overall stress and similar sources of stress. There was an indication that economic concerns were more important for male physicians. Female physicians practised medicine for a shorter period of time and earned less income. Male physicians worked more hours per week, had more patients and fewer days off. However, female physicians generally had more negative attitudes about health care and were less satisfied with the practice of medicine.
Train disaster survivors: Long‐term effects on mental health and well‐being
Authors: Lundin Tom 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDisastrous train accidents have been relatively common in Sweden during the last three decades. Between the years 1970 and 1978 more than 20 serious accidents occurred. In total 70 persons were killed and 396 were officially registered as somatically injured. This article presents a retrospective follow‐up study using questionnaires. Both the somatic injuries and the different psychological stressors and stress effects are presented. The need for psychological support together with a low rate of drug usage was prominent. The two main stressors for survivors after a train accident seemed to be personal bereavement and somatic injuries.
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) as an indicator of job strain
Authors: Netterstrøm Bo , Sjøl Anette 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAs a part of the WHO‐initiated MONICA project 248, 50‐ and 60‐year‐old men participated in a study on the relations between HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin) and job stress indicators. The participants answered a questionnaire on work, social and health conditions and underwent clinical examinations which included measurements of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and HbA1C. Using the demand—control model for measuring job strain suggested by Karasek, we classified the employed participants according to those who had suffered job strain and those who had not. This was done in two different ways. The subjective classification was based on the participants' statements regarding demand and control in their job, whereas the objective one was based on job title, mode of payment, etc. The levels of HbA1C were significantly higher among participants with objective job strain, high daily coffee consumption and low alcohol consumption. Coronary risk factors and subjective job strain did not correlate significantly with the level of HbA1C.
Quantification of the colonic mucous cell population during protracted stress in rats
Authors: Rubio Carlos A , Huang Cum B , Porwit Anja , Kock Yvonne , Stenling Roger 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mucins contained in goblet cells of the descending colon of rats were histochemically labelled by Alcian blue pH 2.5 and quantified in an image analyzer (Cortex Controller) in 55 Sprague‐Dawley rats. After transportation to the stress laboratory, 25 rats were compelled to swim for two consecutive hours/day either only once (five rats), for one week (five rats), two weeks (five rats), four weeks (five rats) or eight weeks (five rats). Twenty‐five additional rats were only transported to the stress laboratory (i.e. ‘sham‐handled’) controls, either once (five rats), one week (five rats), two weeks (five rats), four weeks (five rats) or eight weeks (five rats). The remaining five rats were ‘untransported’ resting rats (i.e. day 0). The results were expressed in per cent of Alcian blue stain cells/total mucosa analyse. When various time intervals were compared with those of day 0 (i.e. horizontal study) it was found that two hours and one, two weeks swimming resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of mucin‐containing cells (p < 0.001). Contrariwise, a significantly increased mucous‐cell population was found after eight weeks swimming. ‘Shamhandled’ rats had at two and eight weeks a significantly increased (p < 0.001) percentage of mucous‐producing cells. Swimming and ‘sham‐handled’ controls were compared at each time interval (i.e. vertical study). The results indicated that swimming rats had a significantly lower (p < 0.001) percentage of mucin‐containing cells than transported rats had at day 1 and at one, two and eight weeks. It is concluded that during the first two weeks of daily physical stress, the mucin‐cell population of the descending colon of the rat is reduced. This is followed by a hyperproduction of mucin‐containing cells. A similar hyperproduction was found at 8 weeks in control rats, suggesting that the mucin‐cell population may be altered even in the absence of physical stress. The possibility that protracted transportation acted as a psychical stress in our control rats should be considered.
Personality variables as moderators between hassles and subjective indications of distress
Authors: Farné Mario , Sebellico Andreina , Gnugnoli Denis , Corallo Anna 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe research was designed to investigate the moderating effect of some personality traits on subjective distress caused by daily hassles. The traits were internal locus of control, repression, ego strength, and barrier (as studied and defined by S. Fisher). The last two variables were negatively correlated both with the somatic and emotional distress indications and with the frequency of hassles reportED; internal locus of control showed an inverse relationship only with frequency of hassles. The hypothesis is formulated that ego strength and barrier are personality factors influencing not only the outcomes of coping (ie the stress response), but also event appraisal.
Acute catecholaminergic responses to mental and physical stressors in man
Authors: Oleshansky M. A. , Meyerhoff J. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe measurement of plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) levels has provided a means to assess sympathetic and adrenal medullary responses to stressors. To address the issue of specificity of these responses to mental or physical stress, we measured plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) levels in male volunteers who underwent either exhaustive graded treadmill exercise or a 30 min stressful interview. We found that graded treadmill exercise to exhaustion (mean duration of exercise 15.2 ± 0.7 min) was associated with similar increases in both NE (239 per cent) and EPI (201 per cent) immediately after completing exercise. Elevated values rapidly returned to baseline levels after exercise. In response to the 30min stressful interview where subjects remained seated throughout the stressor, there were smaller but highly significant increases in plasma levels of both NE (67 per cent) and EPI (82 per cent) within the first 10min of the interview. By the last 10min of the interview, EPI levels were already returning to baseline values while NE levels remained elevated throughout and for at least 5min after the exam. These findings demonstrate that a stressful interview is associated with increases in both NE and EPI levels which are qualitatively similar to the responses to a physical stressor.
Surgery as a psychological stressor: Paradoxical effects of preoperative emotional state on endocrine responses
Authors: Salmon Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has long been argued that surgery is a form of psychological stress and that the response to it should therefore be modifiable by psychological means. In particular, it has been suggested that preoperative worry should reduce the stressfulness of surgery. Endocrine responses to surgery may enable a more valid test of this theory than the measures more commonly used. A series of studies has provided evidence consistent with the theory. Preoperative anxiety correlated with lower postoperative levels of circulating cortisol and adrenaline. Furthermore, preoperative psychological procedures designed to reassure patients and reduce anxiety have increased cortisol or adrenaline responses. Programmes of preoperative reassurance should be evaluated carefully until it is known whether the increased stress response compromises recovery.