bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF GLYCOLIPIDS IN FOUR SELECTED LOBES OF HUMAN BRAIN IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES1
Authors: Cherayil G. D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Glycolipid (ganglioside, cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate) and cholesterol concentrations for cerebral grey matter from frontal, occipital, temporal and hippocampal lobes of patients with neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, cerebrocortical atrophy, schizophrenia and chronic alcoholism) and controls are reported. The results indicate that the concentrations of these lipids are not uniform in the different lobes of both diseased and control brains. The concentrations of the cerebrosides and cerebroside sulphates were generally highest in the occipital lobe and lowest in the frontal lobe; ganglioside N‐acetymeuraminic acid (NANA) concentrations on the other hand were lowest in the occipital lobe and highest in the frontal lobe. About one‐half of the total NANA was found in the lipid‐free residues.There was a general decrease in the concentrations of the glycolipids in the grey matter from the frontal, temporal and hippocampal lobes of brain obtained from patients with neurological diseases (the chronic alcoholic being excluded) below the control values from patients with no known neurological diseases. The cholesterol concentrations in the schizophrenic and alcoholic brains were reduced slightly in all the lobes studied. The general decrease in the glycolipid concentration in the diseased brain may indicate the extent of cortical degeneration.
EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON IONIC METABOLISM AND Na‐K ACTIVATED ATP PHOSPHOHYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Valcana Theony , Timiras Paola S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on electrolyte contents and the Na+ and K+ activated ATPase system was studied in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the developing rat. Neonatal hypothyroidism increased Na+ and CI− contents and decreased K+ and Mg2+ contents in both brain areas. Hypothyroidism also resulted in a decrease in the specific activity of the Na‐K ATPase extracted by deoxycholate treatment from brain homogenate as well as in the specific activity of this enzyme in the heavy microsomal fraction. The decrease in Mg2+ content and ATPase activity is discussed in relation to the changes occurring in Na+ and K+. Both enzymic and ionic changes may underlie the biochemical and physiological abnormalities observed when the brain is deprived of thyroxine at critical stages of its development.
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHLY BASIC PROTEINS OF THE RAT BRAIN FRACTION WHICH INDUCES EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Martenson R. E. , Gaitonde M. K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A purified basic protein fraction of adult rat brain when injected into guinea pigs induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The freeze‐dried preparations were subjected to electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel at pH 10.6 in the presence of 8 m‐urea to obtain one‐step separation of highly basic proteins from other proteins. Under these conditions the highly basic proteins whose isoelectric point exceeded pH 10.0 gave seven distinct components. After staining these protein bands with naphthalene black 10B they were scanned densitometrically: the area under each peak was computed and used for calculation of the amounts of individual basic proteins. The acid extracts of rat brain contained 2.61–3.95 mg highly basic proteins/g fresh tissue.A comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of acid extracts of rat brain and liver showed that two of the highly basic proteins (components 1 and 2) were present only in the brain and not in the liver. These two components in the brain were attributed to proteins of the myelin sheath.
2′,3′‐CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE 3′‐PHOSPHOHYDROLASE IN BRAINS OF MUTANT MICE WITH DEFICIENT MYELINATION
Authors: Kurihara T. , Nussbaum J. L. , Mandel P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The brains of Jimpy and Quaking mice were compared with those of the corresponding normal controls during the course of development. The activity of 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase (CNP) was found to be markedly reduced in the affected animals. The reduction in the Jimpy mice was greater than in the Quaking mice. The activity of CNP seems to be proportional to that of myelin in the mutant mice. A similar reduction was found in spinal cords of the mutant mice, but there was no difference in CNP activity between the sciatic nerves of the mutant mice and those of the corresponding normal controls.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS OF THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN: AN IN VIVO STUDY1
Authors: Johnson D. E. , Sellinger O. Z. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A technique for the isolation of pure neuronal perikarya and intact glial cells from cerebral cortex has been developed for routine use. The yield of neuronal perikarya and glial cells was greater from highly immature (5–10 days) rat cerebral cortex than from the cortex of older rats (18–43 days). The perikarya/glia yield ratio decreased with age indicating that, as the glial population matured, the procedure succeeded in isolating a gradually smaller proportion of the existing neurons. The perikarya/glia ratio was highest for the 5‐day‐old cortex in which no mature glial cells could be identified.After a 10‐min pulse in vivo of intrathecally injected [14C]phenylalanine, the specific radioactivity of the neuronal proteins was higher than that of the glial proteins in the 5‐, 10‐ and 18‐day‐old rat but was lower in the 43‐day‐old rat. The values for absolute specific radioactivity of the 14C‐labelled proteins in both cell types were greater, the younger the brain. The 14C‐labelling of neuronal and glial proteins in the 18‐day‐old rat was assessed in vivo as a function of time by determining the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into such proteins at 5, 10, 20 and 45 min after administration of the amino acid. The rate of incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into the glial cells was faster than into the neurons since higher specific radioactivities of the glial proteins could be achieved at earlier times. Also, a biphasic pattern of 14C‐labelling of the glial proteins was noted, suggesting, perhaps, a sequential involvement of the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.Homogenates of prelabelled neuronal perikarya were fractionated into the nuclear, mitochondrial microsomal and soluble cell sap fractions. In the 18‐day‐old cerebral cortex, the proteins of the microsomal fraction exhibited the highest specific radioactivity at the end of 10 min, whereas by 20 min proteins of the mitochondrial fraction were most highly labelled. The specific radioactivity of the nuclear proteins increased over the entire 45‐min experimental period. On the contrary, the proteins of the soluble cell sap, in which the specific radioactivity was at all times by far the lowest, were maximally labelled by 5 min. Examination of the labelling of the neuronal subcellular fractions as a function of age revealed that at 10 min after administration of [14C]phenylalanine, the specific radioactivities of all 14C‐labelled proteins were highest in the youngest (5‐day‐old) neurons. The proteins of the microsomal fraction were most rapidly labelled at all ages. During this interval the proteins of the soluble cell sap were only moderately labelled in the 5‐day‐old neurons and were totally unlabelled in the 43‐day‐old neurons, indicating age‐dependent differences in the rate of utilization of the amino acid precursor by the neurons.
PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE RAT
Authors: Stephens M. C. , Havlicek V. , Dakshinamurti K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency was produced in rats during the period of development of the central nervous system. The levels of pyridoxal phosphate and y‐amino‐butyric acid in whole brains of these rats were determined, together with the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) and γ‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19). The lowered contents of pyridoxal phosphate and γ‐aminobutyrate in the brains confirmed the existence of pyridoxine deficiency. The activity of the glutamate decarboxylase holo‐enzyme was decreased, whereas the activity of the apoenzyme was increased. However, there appeared to be no difference in the activity of γ‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase.Concomitantly, some electrophysiological parameters, such as EEG and auditory evoked potentials, were analysed. The EEG of pyridoxine‐deficient animals showed spike activity, presumably indicative of the existence of seizures in many of the deficient rats. Evoked potentials presented abnormalities in their latency, wave form and response to repetitive stimuli, but the extent to which they were affected depended upon the intensity of the deficiency.
BRAIN ACYL‐COENZYME A HYDROLASE: DISTRIBUTION, PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES1
Authors: Anderson A. D. , Erwin V. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRat brain acyl‐CoA hydrolase enzymes which hydrolyse C2, C4, C8 and C16 derivatives were localized primarily in the soluble, 144,000 g, supernatant fluid. With octanoyl‐CoA as substrate, long‐chain acyl‐CoA hydrolase activity was greater in the pons, medulla and midbrain than in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus. The long‐chain acyl‐CoA hydrolase enzyme was purified from bovine brain stems to a specific activity of 4‐61 n mol of palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolysed per min per mg protein. The Km values for palmitoyl‐CoA and octanoyl‐CoA were 5 μm and 14 μ/m, respectively. Activity of the enzyme was inhibited by bovine serum albumin and ρ‐chloromercuribenzoate. The partially purified enzyme protein was found to have approximately eight titratable sulphydryl residues per 105 g of protein. Studies of the molecular weight of the enzyme indicated the presence of associated and dissociated forms with molecular weights of approximately 96,000 and 46,000 respectively.
EVIDENCE FOR THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATES IN VERTEBRATE TISSUES
Authors: Gabel N. W. , Thomas Virginia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEvidence for the occurrence of polyphosphates having apparent chain‐lengths ranging from less than 10 to over 5000 orthophosphate units has been found in adult brain as well as in a number of other mammalian tissues which have been examined. There appears to be three times as much polyphosphate in rat brain as there is in rat liver. Adult rat brain appears to contain at least 15 μg of phosphorus as polyphosphate per g of fresh tissue. In addition, neural polyphosphate is extremely labile to catabolic degradation after death whereas hepatic polyphosphate is relatively more stable. The nature of this inorganic polymer was elucidated through use of the technique of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further structural evidence was obtained by application of the isotopic dilution technique to 32P‐labelled neural polyphosphate mixed with an abiotically prepared inorganic polyphosphate. The conditions and rates of hydrolysis of the biological polyphosphate and a non‐biological polyphosphate were comparable.
THE BINDING OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TO MEMBRANE LIPIDS: SPHINGOLIPIDS, STEROIDS AND FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Simpson L. L. , Rapport M. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA number of lipids known to be constituents of nerve‐ending membranes were tested for their ability to inactivate botulinum toxin. Inactivation of the toxin by a lipid was taken as presumptive evidence that the lipid might be the in vivo receptor for the toxin. Several sphingolipids (sphingosine, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, cytolipin K and cytolipin R), steroids (cholesterol and deoxycholic acid) and fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, prostaglandin E1) did not affect the potency of botulinum toxin, and thus were discounted as potential toxin receptors. However, the gangliosides did inactivate botulinum toxin rapidly (in less than 5 min), within a temperature range of 2°‐40°C, and at ionic strengths of 0.05‐0.40. Inactivation diminished as pH fell below 6. The activity of gangliosides in suppressing the potency of botulinum toxin was a function of the number of sialic acid residues in the lipid. Thus, the data suggest that a molecule containing sialic acid may be the receptor for the toxin.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN NADH‐LINKED ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE FROM BOVINE BRAIN1
Authors: Erwin V. Gene , Heston W. D. W. , Tabakoff B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The presence of a nonspecific NADH‐linked aldehyde reductase was demonstrated in various regions of bovine brain in vitro. With m‐nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, the rate of NADH oxidation was approximately 4 nmol.min‐1.(mg of protein)‐1 in the cerebellum, pons and medulla; but somewhat lower rates [2–3 nmol.min‐1.(mg of protein)‐l] were obtained in the other areas of the brain examined. The enzyme was localized primarily in the soluble, supernatant fraction of rat brain homogenates.The enzyme from the supernatant fluid fraction of bovine brain was purified approximately 350‐fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on calcium phosphate‐gel, DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G200 columns. The partially purified enzyme catalysed the reduction of a number of aldehydes, including substituted benzaldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes of intermediate chain lengths. Short chain aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, were not reduced by the enzyme and butyraldehyde was a poor substrate. With m‐nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, NADH was oxidized at an approximately 10‐fold faster rate than NADPH. The pH optimum for the enzyme was 6.75 for aldehyde reduction, whereas the rate of oxidation of m‐nitrobenzylalcohol was optimal at pH 10.0 with NAD as the co‐substrate. Km and K3 values ranged from 10 μM to 10 mM for various aldehydes and from 10 to 30 μM for the cofactors.Oxidation of NADH by the partially purified enzyme was not inhibited by 10m pyrazole or by 1 mM phenobarbital. However, the enzyme activity was inhibited by approximately 60 percent by 1 mM chlorpromazine or by 5 mM 1,10‐orthophenanthroline. Our data demonstrate that the enzyme is not only separable from the NADPH‐linked aldehyde reductase described previously by TABAKOFF and ERWIN, but also is quite different in substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity from the ‘classical’, pyrazole‐sensitive, NAD‐ linked alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1).
METAL CHELATES IN THE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS: FORMATION OF MIXED LIGAND CHELATES OF Mg2+‐ATP WITH BIOGENIC AMINES1,2
Authors: Rajan K. S. , Davis J. M. , Colburn R. W. , Jarke F. H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Quantitative studies on the interactions of adenosine‐triphosphate and several biogenic amines with magnesium ion have been carried out in an attempt to correlate the thermodynamic stabilities of the metal‐binding of the amines with the in vivo affinities of the amines for granule‐binding. Equilibrium data indicate that in each of the ternary chelate systems (viz. Mg2+‐ATP‐amine), the predominant reaction in the pH range 3.0–7.0 is the formation of a magnesium‐ATP chelate with a stability constant, log KML=3.22 ± 0.02. Each of the biogenic amines coordinates with Mg2+‐ATP system in the pH range 7.0–10.5 to form the mixed ligand chelate (or ternary chelate), Mg2+‐ATP‐amine(1:1:1). The stability constants for the binding of the amines with Mg2+‐ATP are: (i) norepinephrine (NE) = 2.34 ± 0.32; (ii) epinephrine (E) = 2.95 ± 0.08; (iii) dopamine (DA) = 3.05 ± 0.06; (iv) octopamine (OA) = 1.93 ± 0.12; (v) 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐HDA) = 2.42 ± 0.14; (vi) 3‐methoxynorephedrine (MeN) =2.76 ± 0.09; (vii) amphetamine (AA) =2.09 ± 0.05; (viii) tyramine (TA) = 2.60 ± 0.04; (ix) phenylethylamine (PEA) = 0.A general correlation is indicated between the stability constants (binding strengths) of the amine chelates and the metal‐binding functionalities of the amines on the one hand and their vesicular binding characteristics in in vivo systems on the other (Carlsson and Waldeck, 1966). The Mg2+‐ATP‐dependant amine storage mechanism of KIRSHNER (1962a;b) and Carlsson, Hillårp and Waldeck (1963) is discussed both in the light of the data on metal chelate stability and of a significant modification of metal coordination hypothesis.
LIPID DEFICIENCY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF LANDRACE PIGLETS AFFECTED WITH CONGENITAL TREMOR AIII, A FORM OF CEREBROSPINAL HYPOMYELINOGENESIS
Authors: Patterson D. S. P. , Sweasey D. , Harding J. D. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Congenital tremor, type AIII, is characterized by partial agenesis of the white matter of the CNS affecting mainly the spinal cord. The percentage water content of the fresh cord is consistently higher than normal and other parts of the CNS are sporadically affected. The total lipid content (mg/g fresh tissue) is markedly decreased in the cord but brain stem and cerebellum are less severely deficient; the cerebrum is barely deficient. Total amounts of cholesterol, cerebroside and phospholipid (mmol/part) are significantly reduced predominantly in cerebellum, brain stem and cord. Total DNA and protein contents are decreased to a significant extent only in spinal cord. Broadly similar lipid changes are found in fixed tissues. The data are consistent with sub‐normal myelination, associated with a deficiency of oligodendrocytes.
WATER‐SOLUBLE AND PENTANOL‐EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN HUMAN BRAIN NORMAL TISSUE AND HUMAN BRAIN TUMOURS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO S‐100 PROTEIN
Authors: Haglid K. G. , Stavrou D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDisc electrophoretic separation of water‐soluble and pentanol‐extractable protein from normal human brain and human brain tumours (glioblastoma, neurinoma and medulloblastoma) on 10 per cent polyacrylamide gels showed minor differences between tissues. After disc electrophoresis ependymomal tumour cells contained high concentrations of a rapidly migrating anodic protein fraction which was immunologically distinct from S‐100 protein. After electrophoresis of normal brain grey matter in a continuous buffer system, a rapidly migrating anodic protein fraction which was immunologically distinct from S‐100 protein was found, and this protein fraction had a similar relative mobility to that of ependymomal tumour cells. This protein fraction was present to a low extent in human normal white matter, but absent from neurinoma and glioblastoma.In a continuous buffer system at least two separable protein fractions, immunologically equivalent to S‐100 protein, were observed in normal human brain. The more anodic of these two fractions was shown to be present in relatively high amounts in neurinomas, and may be of Schwann cell origin. Additional S‐100 protein could be extracted from residual material remaining after removal of water‐soluble proteins; 2.8‐10 per cent of the water‐soluble S‐100 in normal material, and 0.1‐0.6 per cent of that present in tumour material, was extractable from the water‐insoluble residue by pentanol.
DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITIONS IN UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY SYNAPTOSOMAL FRACTIONS ISOLATED FROM RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Peterson N. A. , Raghupathy E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDevelopmental changes in mechanisms of synaptosomal amino acid transport have been studied in rat cerebral cortex. Well‐defined changes over an age continuum could be observed in both the rates of amino acid accumulation and the effects of Na+ on the accumulation. The uptakes of five amino acids (threonine, serine and valine in Na+‐free medium, aspartic acid and proline in Na+‐containing medium) increased progressively with the age of the animal, whereas the uptakes of leucine and arginine (in Na+‐free medium) decreased steadily. The uptake of serine or threonine by synaptosomal fractions prepared from newborn rats was markedly dependent on the presence of Na+in the incubation media. Na+exerted progressively less effect on the accumulation process with continuing postnatal development and to some extent inhibited uptake by fractions obtained from rats older than about 15 days. Na+significantly enhanced the accumulation of glycine in fractions from newborn and adult rats, but had only a slight effect in fractions prepared from 12 to 17‐day old rats. A detailed study of the accumulation of glycine indicated that the synaptosomal transport of this amino acid proceeded by two independent systems, one of which was totally dependent on external Na+and the and adult animals than in fractions from 12 to 17‐day‐old rats, wheras the Na+‐independent system was most active during this latter period of development. The decline in the Na+‐independent accumulation of glycine from about the 15th day to adulthood was characterized by a decrease in the Vmax. and an increase in the Km.
ELECTROPHORESIS OF GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE (EC 4.1.1.15) FROM MOUSE BRAIN IN SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS1
Authors: Matsuda T. , Wu J.‐Y. , Roberts E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractElectrophoretically and ultracentrifugally homogeneous glutamic acid decarboxylase purified from mouse brain showed multiple protein bands after electrophoresis in SDS polyacrylamide gel. The positions and intensities of the multiple bands were constant despite different treatments of the enzyme with various concentrations of SDS, β‐mercaptoethanol, and urea at different temperatures. The major band had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons and there were three minor bands of molecular weights, about 120,000, 90,000, and 75,000 daltons, respectively. The molecular weights of almost all bands were approximately integral multiples of 15,000. The possible subunit structure of this enzyme has been discussed in the light of the latter data and data previously reported from ultracentrifugation and gel filtration studies. We suggest that this enzyme may be a hexamer consisting of 15,000‐dalton sub‐units and that dissociation of these sub‐units in SDS is accompanied by reassociation into a variety of aggregates, the probability of whose formation is determined by structural features that are more important than the differences encountered under the environmental conditions employed in these studies.
INCREASE OF NORADRENALINE METABOLISM FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE LOCUS COERULEUS IN THE RAT1
Authors: Walter D. S. , Eccleston D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA sensitive gas–liquid chromatography method is described for measuring both free and conjugated 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl glycol (HMPG) in brain, which is applied to study the turnover of noradrenaline (NA) in brain when one Locus coeruleus (LC) is stimulated electrically. Stimulation was found to produce a rise in total HMPG on the ipsilateral side of brain when the current was sufficiently low to obviate current spread to the opposite LC. This suggests an increase in turnover of NA on electrical stimulation.
ACTIVE POTASSIUM TRANSPORT AND [Na++ K+]ATPase ACTIVITY IN CULTURED GLIOMA AND NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS
Authors: Kimelberg H. K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The ouabain‐sensitive K+ uptake and ATPase activities of cultured glioma and neuroblastoma cells were studied. Both cell lines showed ouabain‐sensitive K+ uptake which correlated with the level of [Na++ K+]ATPase activity found in the respective total cell homogenate. The glioma cells had a 2.1‐fold higher rate of K+ uptake than neuroblastoma cells, and a 2.4‐fold higher [Na++ K+]ATPase activity. In the presence of ouabain neuroblastoma cells released K+ and took up Na+ in a 1:1 ratio. These results are compared and contrasted with similar studies on brain tissue and isolated cells. It is suggested that the cultured cell lines may serve as good models for the cation transport properties of their tissue counterparts.