bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the culture-specificity of linguistic gender differences: The case of English and Russian apologies
Authors: Ogiermann Eva 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The present paper analyzes the influence of gender and culture on speech act performance. Although culture as a factor shaping gender roles can be regarded as being implicitly addressed by the growing number of speech act studies analyzing gender differences in various languages, results from such studies are difficult to compare. This study examines responses to offensive situations produced under identical contextual conditions by English and Russian women and men, thus ensuring comparability across groups and allowing for statements on the culture-specificity of linguistic gender differences. The first part of the paper offers a contrastive analysis of English and Russian responses to offensive situations, sketching some culture-specific differences in dealing with them. The second part is devoted to an investigation of gender-based differences in English and Russian, their comparison and interpretation. Apart from apology strategies and intensifying devices, the study also examines the use of downgrading strategies and the effect of strategy combinations on the illocutionary force of the responses.
Effects of Side Channel Structure on Productivity of Floodplain Habitats for Juvenile Coho Salmon
Authors: Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Raeburn Elizabeth , Carrier Patrick C. , Johnson Rachel 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Numerous artificial side channels have been constructed in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest to compensate for habitat loss from floodplain development. We reviewed data from published studies on natural and restored side channel habitats to determine how design features influence productive capacity for juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Average density and biomass of coho salmon parr were significantly higher in stream-type side channels (3.4 parr/m2 and 8.01 g/m2, respectively) than in pond-type side channels (0.8 parr/m2 and 2.37 g/m2). Although total parr biomass was three times higher in stream-type side channels, average parr weight was 47% lower, suggesting greater density-dependent limitation of growth from higher recruitment of juveniles to stream-type habitats. Parr abundance declined from late summer to early spring in both side channel types but appeared to decrease more quickly in stream-type side channels, suggesting greater self-thinning in stream-type habitat from mortality or immigration to slower pond or main-stem habitat as fish sought lower velocities for overwintering. Fish density in a single off-channel complex that contained both stream and pond habitats (fish were able to move between habitats) was also higher in stream habitats, although fish were significantly larger in pond habitats than in stream habitats. Parr density in stream-type side channels was constant with increasing channel size, whereas density in pond-type side channels was a decreasing function of side channel area. Smolt production data were more limited and variable, and production was not significantly different between stream- and pond-type side channels. Smolt density (smolts produced/m2 of channel habitat) was also a decreasing function of total side channel area, indicating that the optimal side channel habitat size (or pond size within a side channel complex) was below 5,000–10,000 m2. Side channels that incorporate a diversity of flowing- and standing-water areas are most likely to provide the variety of habitats (i.e., spawning, summer rearing, and overwintering) required by salmonids to complete their life cycle.
Application of Household Disinfectants to Control New Zealand Mudsnails
Authors: Schisler George J. , Vieira Nicole K. M. , Walker Peter G. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum was recently discovered in Colorado, thereby expanding its invasion of the western United States. This exotic snail may invade streams through transport on angling gear and fishery equipment. Previous studies have demonstrated that some household cleaning products are lethal to New Zealand mudsnails and can be used to disinfect waders and boots. Two disinfectants, antibacterial Formula 409 All-Purpose Cleaner and Sparquat 256, were compared as potential control agents. Snails were submersed for 5 or 10 min in one of two Formula 409 solutions (50% or 100%) or one of three Sparquat 256 solutions (1.6, 3.1, or 4.7%). We used distilled water as the control treatment. Snail mortality at 48 h and 56 d after exposure was evaluated. Our findings suggest that the current recommendation (5-min application of 50% Formula 409) is not sufficient; half of the snails survived this treatment in our study. In contrast, a 10-min exposure to 100% Formula 409 or to a Sparquat 256 solution of at least 3.1% resulted in 100% snail mortality. In addition to its effectiveness in controlling New Zealand mudsnails, Sparquat 256 has also proven useful as a disinfectant for whirling disease spores and other fish pathogens.
Dynamics of an Increasing Lake Trout Population in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho
Authors: Hansen Michael J. , Horner Ned J. , Liter Mark , Peterson Mike P. , Maiolie Melo A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
To quantify movement and abundance of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, large trap nets were fished during two periods (30 September 2003–31 March 2004 and 10 September–15 December 2005) and gill nets were fished from 12 February to 6 April 2006. Trap-net catch rates and recapture rates of previously marked lake trout suggested that sampling locations along the eastern shore were associated with either lake trout foraging or spawning aggregations in both years. Abundance of mostly mature lake trout that were vulnerable to trap-netting in autumn increased from 6,000 in 2003 to 11,000 in 2005, whereas total abundance of immature and mature lake trout increased from 12,000 in 2003 (based on trap-net size selectivity) to 36,000 in 2005 (based on gill-net recaptures). The increase in abundance of all immature and mature lake trout estimated by mark–recapture in 1999, 2003, and 2005 was well described by an exponential growth model (intrinsic rate of population change r = 0.490; annual rate of population change λ = 1.631), which indicated that the population would double every 1.4 years and would reach nearly 400,000 fish by 2010 if carrying capacity was not reached sooner. Based on population densities observed elsewhere within the species' range, an abundance of 400,000 lake trout is possible, but population density at carrying capacity is probably lower in very deep lakes like Lake Pend Oreille, where much of the area is too deep for lake trout. During 2006, suppression of the lake trout population through gillnetting, trap-netting, and angling was reflected by an exploitation rate of 44% (30–63%) and a total annual mortality rate of 58% (39–82%), well above the sustainable threshold mortality rate of 50%. We recommend the use of population modeling to evaluate the success of ongoing lake trout suppression efforts in Lake Pend Oreille.
Depth Distribution Dynamics of the Sculpin Community in Lake Michigan
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , Bunnell David B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractUsing data from our annual lakewide bottom trawl survey of Lake Michigan, we calculated the mean depths of capture for deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus for each combination of transect (Frankfort, Ludington, Saugatuck, and Manistique in Michigan, Waukegan in Illinois, and Port Washington and Sturgeon Bay in Wisconsin) and year (1973‐2005). The mean depth of capture of both sculpin species significantly decreased during the recovery phase of the deepwater sculpin population at four of the transects but did not significantly change for either species at the other three transects during this time. During the postrecovery phase of the deepwater sculpin population, the mean depth of capture of deepwater sculpins significantly increased at six of the seven transects, whereas that for slimy sculpins significantly increased at only four of the seven transects. The mean depth of capture of deepwater sculpins was most strongly correlated with that of slimy sculpins at Frankfort (r = 0.73); the correlation was weakest at Manistique (r = 0.00). Long‐term mean depths of capture (averaged over all years) for deepwater sculpins ranged from 90 to 108 m among the seven transects, whereas the long‐term mean depths of capture for slimy sculpins ranged from 60 to 83 m. The long‐term mean depth difference between the two species was least at Frankfort (21 m) and greatest at Manistique (38 m); at all seven transects, the mean depth difference was significantly greater than zero. We concluded that these two sculpin populations in Lake Michigan maintained some degree of spatial separation during 1973‐2005.
Interannual and Spatial Feeding Patterns of Hatchery and Wild Juvenile Pink Salmon in the Gulf of Alaska in Years of Low and High Survival
Authors: Armstrong Janet L. , Myers Katherine W. , Beauchamp David A. , Davis Nancy D. , Walker Robert V. , Boldt Jennifer L. , Piccolo John J. , Haldorson Lewis J. , Moss Jamal H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo improve understanding of the mechanisms affecting growth and survival, we evaluated the summer diets and feeding patterns (prey composition, energy density, and stomach fullness) of hatchery and wild juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Prince William Sound (PWS) and the northern coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA). Our study (1999‐2004) included 2 years of low (∼3%), mid (∼5%), and high (∼8‐9%) survival of PWS hatchery pink salmon. Because variations in diet should affect growth and ultimately survival, we expected that the variations in diet, growth, and survival would be correlated. During August in the CGOA, pteropod‐dominated diets and higher gut fullness corresponded to high survival (5‐9%), and copepod‐dominated diets and lower gut fullness corresponded to low survival (3%). Within years, no significant differences were found in diet composition or gut fullness between hatchery and wild fish or among the four PWS hatchery stocks. Diets varied by water mass (habitat) as juveniles moved from PWS to more saline habitats in the CGOA. In July, when juveniles were most abundant in PWS, their diets were dominated by pteropods and hyperiid amphipods. The diets of fish that moved to inner‐shelf (i.e., the least‐saline) habitat in the CGOA in July were dominated by larvaceans in low‐survival years and pteropods in high‐survival years. Diet quality was higher in CGOA habitats than in PWS in July. In August, fish moved to the more productive, more saline water masses in the CGOA, where large copepods and pteropods were dominant prey and diet quality was better than in PWS. Our results indicate that spatial variation in the diets of juvenile pink salmon in July and the timing of migration to the CGOA play a critical role in marine growth and survival.
Evaluation of the effects of coal fly ash amendments on the toxicity of a contaminated marine sediment
Authors: Burgess Robert M. , Perron Monique M. , Friedman Carey L. , Suuberg Eric M. , Pennell Kelly G. , Cantwell Mark G. , Pelletier Marguerite C. , Ho Kay T. , Serbst Jonathan R. , Ryba Stephan A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Approaches for cleaning up contaminated sediments range from dredging to in situ treatment. In this study, we discuss the effects of amending reference and contaminated sediments with coal fly ash to reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of a field sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Six fly ashes and a coconut charcoal were evaluated in 7-d whole sediment toxicity tests with a marine amphipod (Ampelisca abdita) and mysid (Americamysis bahia). Fly ashes with high carbon content and the coconut charcoal showed proficiency at reducing toxicity. Some of the fly ashes demonstrated toxicity in the reference treatments. It is suspected that some of this toxicity is related to the presence of ammonia associated with fly ashes as a result of postoxidation treatment to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Relatively simple methods exist to remove ammonia from fly ash before use, and fly ashes with low ammonia content are available. Fly ashes were also shown to effectively reduce overlying water concentrations of several PAHs. No evidence was seen of the release of the metals cadmium, copper, nickel, or lead from the fly ashes. A preliminary 28-d polychaete bioaccumulation study with one of the high-carbon fly ashes and a reference sediment was also performed. Although preliminary, no evidence was seen of adverse effects to worm growth or lipid content or of accumulation of PAHs or mercury from exposure to the fly ash. These data show fly ashes with high carbon content could represent viable remedial materials for reducing the bioavailability of organic contaminants in sediments.
Ammonia sensitivity of the glass eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): Salinity dependence and the role of branchial sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase
Authors: da Silva Joana Moreira , Coimbra Joao , Wilson Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Eel aquaculture is capture based and thus dependent on the fishery for juvenile glass eels. This fishery typically takes place in estuaries where salinity varies and ammonia levels can be elevated. Also, during capture and transport glass eels are kept at high densities and ammonia from endogenous production can increase to toxic levels. Ammonia is known to have detrimental effects on fish growth and survival. In the present study, the salinity dependence of ammonia sensitivity in glass eels acclimated to either seawater or freshwater was determined, and the possible role of branchial sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) was investigated. Freshwater-acclimated glass eels were found to be more sensitive to ammonia with a lethal concentration to 50% of the test organisms (LC50) value for 96 h of 3.30 mM for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and 117 μM for un-ionized ammonia (UIA), versus values of 4.95 mM and 138 μM, respectively, for seawater-acclimated animals. Freshwater glass eels also had significantly lower body TAN levels than seawater-acclimated glass eels, although body accumulation profiles during exposure were similar. The higher branchial Na+/K+-ATPase activities in seawater glass eels might explain this difference in sensitivity; however, activities decreased significantly with increasing ammonia levels. There was also no salinity dependence of net ammonia flux rates (0.388 μmol of TAN/g/h). Holding glass eels at high densities characteristic of transport conditions resulted in elevated ammonia concentrations to approximately 3 mM, which coincidently approaches to the freshwater LC50 value and may therefore contribute to mortality.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden
Authors: Johansson Anna-Karin , Sellström Ulla , Lindberg Peter , Bignert Anders , de Wit Cynthia A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Previous analyses of 52 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs collected from two wild and one captive population in Sweden 1987 through 1999 were complemented by including additional polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE −35, −183, −184, −185, −196, −197, −;203, and −207). In addition, 31 eggs not previously analyzed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and BDE-209 were analyzed for these. Geometric mean concentrations of ΣPBDEs, HBCD, and the hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153) were 3,100, 140, and 81 ng/g of lipid weight for the southern population; 2,500, 110, and 84 ng/g of lipid weight for the northern population; and 47, not detected, and 8 ng/g of lipid weight for the captive population. The BDE congener pattern was dominated by BDE-153, −99, and −100. The results were used to investigate whether a difference in PBDE congener pattern could be distinguished between the two wild populations of peregrine falcons due to different diets, as the southern population preys mainly on birds belonging to the terrestrial food chain while the northern population preys more on aquatic birds. A multivariate t-test showed a subtle but significant (p &lt; 0.001) difference in PBDE congener pattern between the two populations. However, our hypothesis that higher-brominated congeners of PBDEs would be present to a greater extent in the terrestrial food chain was not supported by principal component analysis. The average brood size for individual females from the southern population decreased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE in the eggs (log-linear regressionp &lt; 0.01).
Evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives by using the yeast two-hybrid assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Terasaki Masanori , Kamata Ryo , Shiraishi Fujio , Makino Masakazu 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We assessed the estrogen agonist activities of 21 parabens and their chlorinated derivatives by using yeast two-hybrid assays incorporating either the human or medaka (Oryzias latipes) estrogen receptor α (hERα and medERα, respectively), and by using hERα competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ER-ELISA). In the two-hybrid assay with hERα, five parabens and three chlorinated derivatives exhibited estrogenic activity, and their relative activity (17β-estradiol [E2] = 1) ranged from 2.0 × 10−5 to 2.0 × 10−4, with the highest activity observed in i-butylparaben. In the medERα assay, six parabens and six chlorinated derivatives exhibited estrogenic activity and their relative activity ranged from 2.7 × 10−5 to 3.5 × 10−3, with the highest activity observed in benzylparaben, its monochlorinated derivative, i-butylparaben, and n-butylparaben. Although medERα demonstrated an activity to E2 that was three times lower than that demonstrated by hERα, medERα has a higher sensitivity to parabens than hERα (1.3–8.9 times). Five parabens and two chlorinated derivatives exhibited a binding affinity to ERα in the ER-ELISA; of the parabens, i-butylparaben exhibited the strongest binding affinity. The yeast two-hybrid assay and the ER-ELISA also revealed that many of the assayed chlorinated parabens were much weaker than the parent compound. In addition, the results mainly showed that parabens with a bulk substituent (e.g., i-butyl and benzyl groups) had a higher activity than those with a sterically small substituent. It is considered that derivatization masks the apparent estrogenic activity of parabens, but the resulting chlorinated compounds may represent a potential hazard and therefore other toxicity tests should be performed to determine the toxicity of the chlorinated derivatives.
Endurance Exercise as a Countermeasure for Aging
Authors: Lanza Ian R. , Short Daniel K. , Short Kevin R. , Raghavakaimal Sreekumar , Basu Rita , Joyner Michael J. , McConnell Joseph P. , Nair K. Sreekumaran 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE— We determined whether reduced insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other age-related dysfunctions are inevitable consequences of aging or secondary to physical inactivity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and ATP production in mitochondria isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies of 42 healthy sedentary and endurance-trained young (18–30 years old) and older (59–76 years old) subjects. Expression of proteins involved in fuel metabolism was measured by mass spectrometry. Citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abundance, and expression of nuclear-encoded transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis were measured. SIRT3, a mitochondrial sirtuin linked to lifespan-enhancing effects of caloric restriction, was measured by immunoblot.
RESULTS— Insulin-induced glucose disposal and suppression of endogenous glucose production were higher in the trained young and older subjects, but no age effect was noted. Age-related decline in mitochondrial oxidative capacity was absent in endurance-trained individuals. Although endurance-trained individuals exhibited higher expression of mitochondrial proteins, mtDNA, and mitochondrial transcription factors, there were persisting effects of age. SIRT3 expression was lower with age in sedentary but equally elevated regardless of age in endurance-trained individuals.
CONCLUSIONS— The results demonstrate that reduced insulin sensitivity is likely related to changes in adiposity and to physical inactivity rather than being an inevitable consequence of aging. The results also show that regular endurance exercise partly normalizes age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, although there are persisting effects of age on mtDNA abundance and expression of nuclear transcription factors and mitochondrial protein. Furthermore, exercise may promote longevity through pathways common to effects of caloric restriction.
A New Class of 3′‐Sulfonyl BINAPHOS Ligands: Modulation of Activity and Selectivity in Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalysed Hydrophosphorylation of Styrene
Authors: Barta Katalin , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Shepperson Ian R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPalladium‐catalysed monophosphorylation of (R)‐2,2′‐bisperfluoroalkanesulfonates of BINOL (RF=CF3 or C4F9) by a diaryl phosphinate [Ar2P(O)H] followed by phosphine oxide reduction (Cl3SiH) then lithium diisopropylamide‐mediated anionic thia‐Fries rearrangement furnishes enantiomerically‐pure (R)‐2′‐diarylphosphino‐2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐perfluoralkanesulfonyl‐1,1′‐binaphthalenes [(R)‐8ab and (R)‐8g–j], which can be further diversified by Grignard reagent (RMgX)‐mediated CF3‐displacement [→(R)‐8c–f]. Coupling of (R)‐8a–j with (S)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐dioxychlorophosphine (S)‐9 generates 3′‐sulfonyl BINAPHOS ligands (R,S)‐10a–j in good yields (43–82%). These new ligands are of utlility in the asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of styrene (1) by 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane 2‐oxide (2), for which a combination of the chiral ligands with either [Pd(Cp)(allyl)] or [Pd(allyl)(MeCN)2]+/NaCH(CO2Me)2 proves to be a convenient and active pre‐catalyst system. A combination of an electron‐rich phosphine moiety and an electron‐deficient 3′‐sulfone moiety provides the best enantioselectivity to date for this process, affording the branched 2‐phenethenephosphonate, (−)‐iso‐3, in up to 74% ee with ligand (R,S)‐10i, where Ar=p‐anisyl and the 3′‐SO2R group is triflone.
Differences in impact factor across fields and over time
Authors: Althouse Benjamin M. , West Jevin D. , Bergstrom Carl T. , Bergstrom Theodore 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe bibliometric measure impact factor is a leading indicator of journal influence, and impact factors are routinely used in making decisions ranging from selecting journal subscriptions to allocating research funding to deciding tenure cases. Yet journal impact factors have increased gradually over time, and moreover impact factors vary widely across academic disciplines. Here we quantify inflation over time and differences across fields in impact factor scores and determine the sources of these differences. We find that the average number of citations in reference lists has increased gradually, and this is the predominant factor responsible for the inflation of impact factor scores over time. Field‐specific variation in the fraction of citations to literature indexed by Thomson Scientific's Journal Citation Reports is the single greatest contributor to differences among the impact factors of journals in different fields. The growth rate of the scientific literature as a whole, and cross‐field differences in net size and growth rate of individual fields, have had very little influence on impact factor inflation or on cross‐field differences in impact factor.