bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Characteristics of Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Upper Wabash River, Indiana
Authors: Kennedy Anthony J. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Sutton Trent M. , Fisher Brant E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus support a commercial fishery throughout much of the Mississippi and Missouri River drainages. There is concern that harvest closures for Eurasian sturgeons (Acipenseridae) may result in increased exploitation of shovelnose sturgeon to meet global demands for caviar. Population attributes of shovelnose sturgeon were examined in the upper Wabash River, Indiana, from April 2003 through November 2004 between Wabash and Terre Haute. Fish (N = 4,849) were captured by direct current electrofishing, experimental gill nets, and benthic trawls. Electrofishing catch per unit effort varied on a temporal basis, being highest for both reaches from March through May. The fork length of captured fish ranged from 273 to 858 mm, but few fish less than 550 mm were captured. Median fork length and wet weight were 683 mm and 1,208 g, respectively (ranges = 273–858 mm and 52–3,381 g). Shovelnose sturgeon ranged from ages 2 to 30, with 95% of the fish between ages 9 and 20. Total annual mortality for fish between ages 13 and 18 was 20%. Empirical growth rates derived from recaptured fish were slow; 74% of the fish exhibited negative or no growth. The population characteristics of shovelnose sturgeon in the upper Wabash River were within the ranges reported for other river systems, but fish attained a larger body size, reached older age-classes, and experienced lower mortality rates than did some other populations. The results from this study will allow for the detection of shifts in abundance, size and age structure, and gender ratio in response to harvest or natural perturbations and promote the development of appropriate management actions to ensure the sustainability of this species and its fishery.
Survival and Tag Retention of Pacific Lamprey Larvae and Macrophthalmia Marked with Coded Wire Tags
Authors: Meeuwig Michael H. , Puls Amy L. , Bayer Jennifer M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We examined the survival, tag retention, and growth of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata larvae and macrophthalmia marked with standard-length decimal coded wire tags and exposed to two levels of handling stress. The survival of marked individuals did not differ from that of unmarked individuals at either life stage for the duration of the experiment (56 d). Tag retention was 100% for all treatment combinations except larvae that were handled frequently (93 ± 3%). The majority of tag loss occurred within 28 d of marking, and no tag loss was observed between 42 and 56 d after marking. The individuals that lost tags were among the smallest marked, and a logistic regression model indicated a relationship between larva length and the probability of tag retention. Size of larvae (length and mass) and macrophthalmia (mass) decreased over the duration of the experiment; however, changes in size were systematic among treatment combinations, indicating that factors other than tagging or handling affected growth. These data indicate that coded wire tags may be useful for field-based studies of Pacific lamprey larvae and macrophthalmia.
An Evaluation of Techniques Used to Index Recruitment Variation and Year-Class Strength
Authors: Quist Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Recruitment is one of the most important factors influencing fish population dynamics, and although long-term data are probably the best source of information for explaining recruitment dynamics, such data are often unavailable due to logistic or monetary constraints. Consequently, a number of indices have been developed to index recruitment variability and year-class strength from a single sample. The purpose of this study was to compare two indices, the recruitment variability index (RVI) and recruitment coefficient of determination (RCD), with empirical estimates of walleye Sander vitreus recruitment variability in eight Kansas reservoirs. In addition, Studentized residuals from catch curves were compared with empirical estimates of year-class strength. Empirical estimates of recruitment variability were not related to RCD or RVI values from a single sample, and Studentized residuals from catch curves did not adequately index walleye recruitment for any of the study populations. Sampling bias was probably not the cause for the observed patterns, but examination of age-specific mortality rates indicated that mortality differed among ages (e.g., the mortality of age-2 fish was less than that of age-3 and older fish) and that mortality of a given age differed through time (i.e., the mortality of age-3 fish varied among years). These results suggest that angler behavior, in response to strong and weak year-classes, may affect the ability of indices to adequately assess recruitment dynamics. Mean RVI values estimated from multiple years of age structure data were significantly correlated with empirical estimates of walleye recruitment variability, suggesting that the RVI may be useful for indexing recruitment when data are available for more than 1 year. Although the indices examined in this study provide adequate assessments of recruitment dynamics for many fish populations, these results illustrate the importance of differential mortality among age-groups on index values and suggest that some form of index validation is necessary prior to their use.
Poetry in Third Grade: Getting Started
Authors: Sekeres Diane Carver , Gregg Madeleine 
Published: February 2007

Poetry should be an integral part of children's learning in elementary school. This article explains the classroom structures and routines through which third‐grade students in an inner‐city school became familiar with poetic language and learned to appreciate the artistry of poetry. Most of the students were struggling readers. Reading poetry challenged them in terms of attending to the reading process, understanding concepts presented in the poems, and learning to read aloud so that listeners could also make meaning of the poem.The article includes descriptions of lessons on elements of poetry and poetic language, making meaning of poetry, imagery, and symbolism. The authors conclude with considerations in choosing poems, including students' reading abilities, integration with other disciplines, and the poetry curriculum itself.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Ki‐67 Expression and Apoptosis in Cyclosporin A‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Buduneli Nurcan , Buduneli Eralp , Çınar Sema , Lappin David , Kinane Denis F. 
Published: February 2007

Background: This study was planned to evaluate cell division rate and apoptosis by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques in cyclosporin A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth tissue samples to determine whether these processes played a role in the pathogenesis of this condition.Methods: Fourteen CsA‐induced overgrowth tissues from renal transplant recipients, 10 control tissues from patients with plaque‐induced gingivitis, and 14 control tissues from systemically and periodontally healthy subjects were evaluated. In patient groups, clinical periodontal recordings and tissue sampling were performed before initiation of any periodontal intervention. Numbers of Ki‐67–positive cells/field and apoptotic cells/field in formalin‐fixed/paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were determined. Data were evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance, post hoc Sidak test with modified Bonferroni correction, and Pearson correlation analysis. Three phenytoin‐ and five nifedipine‐induced overgrowth tissues were also processed in the same way, and findings in these tissue specimens were evaluated as case series.Results: The number of keratinocytes was significantly greater in the CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth group than in the healthy control group (P <0.0‐). Cells labeled by in situ end labeling, namely the apoptotic cells, were significantly fewer in the CsA group than in the gingivitis and healthy control groups (P <0.01). Overall, statistically significant positive correlations were found between the numbers of Ki‐67–positive cells and probing depth and hyperplastic, bleeding, and plaque indices (P <0.01). Phenytoin and nifedipine samples exhibited obviously higher expression of Ki‐67–positive cells than the CsA, gingivitis, and healthy control groups.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that decreased apoptosis may have a more prominent role than increased cell division in the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Periodontal Disease Progression Among Young Subjects With No Preventive Dental Care: A 52‐Month Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Oliveira Costa Fernando , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Costa José Eustáquio , Pordeus Isabela Almeida 
Published: February 2007

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence, severity, and extension of periodontal disease among young subjects.Methods: Three hundred sixty subjects from a public school in Belo Horizonte, Brazil were examined. Forty‐four subjects with bone loss (BL) and/or clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥4 mm, and no dental care during the following 52 months, were considered the reference sample and were recalled for a second examination. At both examinations, statistical analyses were performed for CAL and BL for subject, tooth, and site. Comparisons of CAL at subject, tooth, and site levels were performed with the Wilcoxon test for matched samples. Comparisons of BL at subject, tooth, and site levels were performed with the McNemar and Student t tests for dependent samples.Results: Findings indicated an increase in the number of sites with CAL >4 mm from baseline to follow‐up. Sites that exhibited BL increased from 2.14% at baseline to 7.5% at follow‐up (P <0.001). The severity of periodontitis was characterized by increased CAL values at affected sites at both examinations (P <0.001) and an increase in BL over time (mean BL at 35 affected sites was 2.6 mm at baseline and 3.5 mm at follow‐up; P = 0.001). In addition, a 34% incidence of BL was verified.Conclusions: The incidence, severity, and extension of CAL and BL were significant findings. They indicate the importance of early detection of the disease and the need for preventive health care programs geared toward young subjects.
Associations of Abdominal Fat With Perceived Racism and Passive Emotional Responses to Racism in African American Women
Authors: Vines Anissa I. , Baird Donna Day , Stevens June , Hertz-Picciotto Irva , Light Kathleen C. , McNeilly Maya 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. An excess in abdominal fat may predispose African American women to chronic health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Because stress may increase body fat in the center-body region, we used the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to examine associations between excess abdominal fat and perceived racism (a chronic stressor) and daily stress. Passive emotional responses to perceived racism, hypothesized to have particularly adverse effects, were also examined. Methods. We controlled for body mass index in multiple logistic regression models among 447 African American women who completed a telephone interview on perceived racism. Results. Passive emotional responses were not related to WHR (odds ratio [OR]=1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.8, 2.4). High perceived racism was associated with a low WHR in this population (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.3, 0.8). However, high daily stress was related to a high WHR (OR=2.7; 95% CI=1.1, 6.7). Conclusions. Findings support an association between daily stress and WHR but do not support our hypothesis that passive emotional responses to perceived racism increase abdominal fat. Further study of the stress physiology of perceived racism in African American women is warranted.
Environmental Health Practice: Statistically Based Performance Measurement
Authors: Enander Richard T. , Gagnon Ronald N. , Hanumara R. Choudary , Park Eugene , Armstrong Thomas , Gute David M. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. State environmental and health protection agencies have traditionally relied on a facility-by-facility inspection-enforcement paradigm to achieve compliance with government regulations. We evaluated the effectiveness of a new approach that uses a self-certification random sampling design. Methods. Comprehensive environmental and occupational health data from a 3-year statewide industry self-certification initiative were collected from representative automotive refinishing facilities located in Rhode Island. Statistical comparisons between baseline and postintervention data facilitated a quantitative evaluation of statewide performance. Results. The analysis of field data collected from 82 randomly selected automotive refinishing facilities showed statistically significant improvements (P<.05, Fisher exact test) in 4 major performance categories: occupational health and safety, air pollution control, hazardous waste management, and wastewater discharge. Statistical significance was also shown when a modified Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the new self-certification approach to environmental and worker protection is effective and can be used as an adjunct to further enhance state and federal enforcement programs.
Alciato and the Grammarians: The Law and the Humanities in theParergon iuris libri duodecim
Authors: Drysdall Denis L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlciato'sParergon iuris libri duodecimbelongs to the tradition of humanist notebooks which begins with Valla'sElegantiaeand finds its most important representative in Poliziano'sMiscellanea. It purports to provide explanations of difficulties found in theCorpus iuris civilisbased on Alciato's reading in non-legal texts. However, it is apparent that he is also seeking to demonstrate his competence in the emendation and explication of these literary and historical texts. The remarks he is led to make about "grammatici" and "rhetores" are revealing of his personal attitudes and symptomatic of the evolution of attitudes in the world of education.
Reverse Transmutations: Béroalde de Vervilles Parody of Paracelsus inLe Moyen de parvenir: An Alchemical Language of Skepticism in the French Baroque*
Authors: Giordano Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay analyzes the skeptical ideas of one of the most notorious works of the French Baroque,Le Moyen de parvenir. Its author, Béroalde de Verville, described his anti-novel as "une Satyre universelle," and one of his noteworthy accomplishments was to provide his troubled age with a relatively complete and innovative skeptical language based on both esoteric and exoteric alchemy. Conceiving of his text as a critical athanor, Béroalde conducts numerous experiments in transmutation that would turn Paracelsus' concepts into a kind ofprima materia. Out of this reversion to the primordial emerges a general critique of ideas and social institutions through such alchemical notions as prime and ultimate matter, quintessence, astrosophy, the arcanum, the Archeus, and the Cagastrum.
Variation in species composition and vegetation structure of succulent scrub on Tenerife in relation to environmental variation
Authors: Otto Rüdiger , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Krüsi Bertil O. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. On Tenerife, the occurrence of environmental gradients over short distances provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors. In the semi‐arid coastal region of Tenerife, floristic composition, species richness and vegetation structure of perennial plants have been studied in 67 locations covering the existing precipitation gradient.On the island as a whole, variation in species composition could be best explained by mean annual precipitation; at coastal sites, substrate age and soil characteristics also played a significant role. On the other hand, substrate chemistry and the type of eruptive material explained little of the floristic variation. Stand biomass was strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation and was, on the youngest lava flows studied, also affected by substrate age. The native stem succulent species made up the bulk of total biomass along the whole precipitation gradient. Disturbed and undisturbed sites differed significantly in stand biomass and cover. Species richness was correlated with precipitation and substrate age. Distribution of plant functional types was also related to the precipitation gradient. The relative abundance of hemicryptophytes and shrubs with non‐hairy leaves increased with increasing precipitation whereas the ratio of shrubs with hairy/non‐hairy leaves and succulent plants decreased. Some alien plants were quite frequent at disturbed sites but, on the whole, they contributed little to the species spectrum and to the stand biomass. Undisturbed sites remained almost free of introduced species not considering annuals.
Vegetation and ecological gradients in abandoned salt pans in western France
Authors: Bouzillé J.‐B. , Kernéis E. , Bonis A. , Touzard B. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.Salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of France have been converted into solar salt pans since the 7th century. Salt production declined strongly from the 18th century onward, leading to the abandonment of many of these salt pans. High soil salinity is a residue from the original salt production and varies among salt pans according to time since abandonment, the current flooding regime and the effect of drainage measures. The relationships between the plant communities and seven environmental variables were investigated by Detrended Correspondence Analyses (DCA). Duration of flooding, electric conductivity and sodium saturation were most strongly related to variation in vegetation. TheHeleo‐chareto‐Hippuridetum vulgarisand theCaricetum ripariaeoccur in lagoons with slightly saline soil that are flooded for the longest time period; theScirpetum maritimi compactioccurs in salt pans with saline soil flooded for a long period; theAlopecuro‐Juncetum gerardiioccurs on saline soil where flooding is of short duration whereas theCarici‐Lolietum perennisis never flooded and occurs on only slightly saline soil.Soil salinity and duration of flooding provide a satisfactory explanation of the variation in species composition in abandoned salt pans but land‐use practices, especially grazing, have to be taken into account to fully understand their floristic composition.
Nutrient requirements of ephemeral plant species from wet, mesotrophic soils
Authors: Brouwer Emiel; , Backx Hans , Roelofs Jan G.M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Nanocyperion plant communities occur on wet, more or less nutrient‐poor and sparsely vegetated soils in temperate climates and are characterized by tiny, very shortlived plant species. Most of these have become locally extinct. It is generally assumed that drainage and eutrophication were the most important reasons for this decrease. However, chemical analysis of soil pore water from plots on growth sites of these ephemerals showed that phosphorus availability was relatively high.In a greenhouse experiment, the growth of ephemeral species was strongly limited by the amount of available phosphorus, whereas there was little or no limitation to the growth of other plant species from this habitat. At low phosphorus concentrations, the ephemeral species reached their reproductive phase within the same period, but showed a strong reduction in the amount of flowers that were produced. We concluded that ephemeral species in particular require a minimum amount of phosphorus for reproduction. Other species on nutrient‐poor, wet soils have a longer life span and can postpone flowering in nutrient‐poor soils.In contrast to other short‐lived plant species from the same habitat, the growth of ephemeral species was barely stimulated by enhanced nitrogen availability. Apparently, the ephemerals are adapted to low nitrogen concentrations. The occurrence on nitrogen‐poor and relatively phosphorus‐rich soils suggests that this community may be very sensitive to nitrogen deposition. Reduced phosphorus availability below the minimum requirements of ephemerals, for example after acidification or the exclusion of human activities, has possibly contributed to the decrease of ephemeral plant species.
Differential effects of reindeer on high Arctic lichens
Authors: van der Wal René , Brooker Rob , Cooper Elisabeth , Langvatn Rolf 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. We studied the effects of Svalbard reindeer on the abundance of lichens in Spitsbergen. A survey was carried out in 14 areas with contrasting reindeer densities. Separate cover estimates for crustose, fructose and foliose lichens were taken in each area, and related to the density of reindeer pellet groups, a measure of reindeer density. Dominant macro lichen families were identified in 10 areas, and a full record of macrolichen species was taken in four additional areas. Variation in reindeer density is partially due to past overhunting, and subsequent incomplete recovery, releasing some areas from reindeer grazing for 100–200 yr.The cover of fruticose lichens was negatively related to reindeer pellet group density, indicating suppression by Svalbard reindeer. This makes their impact comparable to other members of the Rangifer genus around the northern hemisphere. The generally recorded low abundance of lichens in the diet of Svalbard reindeer compared to other Rangifer species, therefore, was interpreted as the depletion of fruticose lichens in Spitsbergen, and a subsequent switch to alternative foods.Of all fruticose lichens, Stereocaulon spp. appeared least sensitive to grazing. Crustose and foliose lichen cover was independent of reindeer pellet group density. The cover of crustose lichens was significantly related to latitude, with greater cover in more northern areas. Foliose lichens were more abundant in places where moss cover was high. We conclude that the impact of Svalbard reindeer on lichens is dependent on growth form, with fruticose lichens suffering from grazing, whereas foliose lichens might indirectly benefit from higher densities of reindeer or, like crustose lichens, be controlled by other factors.
From Stewards to Bureaucrats: Architecture and Information Flow at Chan Chan, Peru
Authors: Topic John R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArchaeologists working with complex societies are concerned with the administration of political economies. Beginning with the premise that there are differing forms of administration and that bureaucracy, in the classic formulation of Max Weber, is one of these, I develop a heuristic dichotomy between two types of administrators: stewards (who closely supervise goods and people) and bureaucrats (who process and control information). Bureaucracy is often linked to written records, but in the Central Andes alternative methods of record keeping were developed, such as the quipu or knotted string record. I argue that one alternative record-keeping device was an architectural form, the U-shaped structure. U-shaped structures are closely identified with the administrative architecture of the Chimu kingdom (ca. A.D. 850–1470) on the north coast of Peru. Four independent lines of argument demonstrate the development of bureaucracy from stewardship at Chan Chan, the capital of the Chimu kingdom. Brief comparisons are made between the Chimu administrative pattern and commodity and information flow in the earlier Huari and Tiwanku civilizations, and with the later Inka pattern. These comparisons show how record-keeping technology affects political economy and the strategy of expansion.