bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel VenusX orthogonal dual‐layer multileaf collimator
Authors: Wang Qingxin , Li Qifeng , Wang Zhongqiu , Yang Chengwen , Zhang Daguang , Wang Jun , Wang Ping , Wang Wei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPurposeTo investigate and characterize the performance of a novel orthogonal dual‐layer alpha multileaf collimator (αMLC) mounted on the LinaTech VenusX linac.MethodsWe evaluated leaf positioning accuracy and reproducibility using an electronic portal imaging device through the picket fence test. The average, interleaf, intraleaf, and leaf tip transmissions of the single and dual layers were measured using an ionization chamber. Square and rhombus fields were used to evaluate the leaf penumbra of αMLC. To investigate the advantages of the orthogonal dual‐layer multileaf collimator (MLC) in field shaping, right triangular and circular pattern fields were formed using both the dual layers and single layers of the αMLC.ResultsThe average maximum positioning deviations of the upper and lower αMLC over 1 year were 0.76 ± 0.09 mm and 0.62 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The average transmissions were 1.87%, 1.83%, and 0.03% for the upper‐, lower‐ and dual‐layer αMLC, respectively. The maximum interleaf transmissions of the lower‐ and dual‐layer were 2.43% and 0.17%, respectively. The leaf tip transmissions were 9.34% and 0.25%, respectively. The penumbra of the square field was 6.2 mm in the X direction and 8.0 mm in the Y direction. The average penumbras of the rhombus fields with side lengths of 5 and 10 cm were 3.6 and 4.9 mm, respectively. For the right triangular and circular fields, the fields shaped by the dual‐layer leaves were much closer to the set field than those shaped by single‐layer leaves. The dose undulation amplitude of the 50% isodose lines and leaf stepping angle change of the dual‐layer leaves were smaller than those of the single‐layer leaves.ConclusionsThe αMLC benefits from its orthogonal dual‐layer design. Leaf transmission, dose undulations at the field edge, and MLC field dependence of the leaf stepping angle of the dual‐layer αMLC were remarkably reduced.
Molecular Insights into [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based Functional Materials: Chemical Aspects Behind Functions
Authors: Hassan Zahid 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMany of the functions and features of practically useful materials are the province of molecular‐level chemistry and their modulation at different length‐scale. This report illustrates the molecular‐level chemistry behind functions and features of the [2.2]paracyclophane‐based materials with a particular focus on the most recent explorations on through‐space conjugated small‐molecule organic emitters, π‐stacked macrocyclic molecules and polymers, poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s featuring well‐defined donor‐acceptors sequence control, and surface engineering of technologically‐relevant parylenes that finds broad applications across the field of chemical science and technology. This report largely deals with the potential and opportunities associated with molecular features and functions of planar chirality, conformational behaviors, strain‐induced non‐planarity of the aromatics, the profound impacts of through‐space conjugation and π‐electron interactions/delocalization on optoelectronic properties of the π‐conjugated organic emitters, polymers and extended structures consisting of cyclophanes. A special focus is put on the concept of supramolecular polymers using chemically‐programmed chiral cyclophanes via non‐covalent stacking and controlled conformational arrangements. Illustrating cyclophane as precursors/monomers and fabrication strategies for their incorporation in structurally‐controlled (poly(p‐xylylene)s formed via chemical vapor deposition polymerization and post‐deposition fabrication for interface engineering is described. Demonstrating a rather different approach of electronically‐dictated ring‐opening metathesis polymerization employing strained cyclophane‐diene precursors that generate conjugated poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s with well‐defined (i.e., low dispersity) and donor‐acceptor sequence control is also discussed. This report will serve as an indispensable one‐stop reference for organic, and polymer chemists, as well as material scientists working with cyclophanes for research innovations.
Silicon Solid State Battery: The Solid‐State Compatibility, Particle Size, and Carbon Compositing for High Energy Density
Authors: Boorboor Ajdari Farshad , Asghari Parnaz , Molaei Aghdam Ali , Abbasi Fereshteh , Rao Rayavarapu Prasada , Abbasi Aliakbar , Ghasemi Fatemeh , Ramakrishna Seeram , Mikaeili Chahartagh Nima 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSolid‐state battery research has gained significant attention due to their inherent safety and high energy density. Silicon anodes have been promoted for their advantageous characteristics, including high volumetric capacity, low lithiation potential, high theoretical and specific gravimetric capacity, and the absence of lethal dendritic growth. Addressing concerns such as low conductivity, pulverization, fracture, dense solid electrolyte interface layer, and low coulombic efficiency has substantially improved the use of silicon electrodes in solid‐state batteries. Researchers have explored carbon additions, solid electrolyte suitability for Si anodes, pressure optimization, and particle size effects (nano/micro) to enhance energy density. Recent studies have investigated the conductivity mechanism, stack pressure, and anode‐solid electrolyte compatibility to improve energy density. Micro‐ and nano‐sized silicon have attracted attention in carbon‐based composites due to their exceptional conductivity, uniform distribution, efficient electron migration, and diffusion channels. The development of solid‐state batteries with high energy density, safety, and extended lifespan has been a major focus. This review sheds light on significant insights and strategic approaches for researchers working on solid‐state silicon‐based systems to overcome existing challenges.
Photo Switchable 4D Printing Remotely Controlled Responsive and Mimetic Deformation Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Feng Shiwei , Peng Xuelin , Cui Jingjing , Feng Ruiqi , Sun Yongding , Guo Yunlong , Lu Zhe , Gao Weizi , Liu Fukang , Liang Chen , Hu Guang , Zhang Biao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhoto‐triggered shape morphing structures can be found in myriads of areas. Utilizing light as a switch can effectively control and regulate the precise deformation of structures. However, the integration of photo‐switching functions in shape‐morphing structures with complex geometries remains a challenge. Here, photoswitchable digital light processing based 4D printing high‐resolution and highly complex geometries, based on UV curable WO2.9 nanoparticle doped shape memory polymer nanocomposites is reported, which are highly deformable (stretchability up to ≈1000% at rubbery state) and fatigue resistant (repeatedly loaded >1200 times at ambient temperature). The presence of just trace WO2.9 nanoparticles (<0.20 wt.‰) contributes to the controlled photothermal property of nanocomposite via selective absorption of light, which enables reversibly photoswitchable (>50 times), spatial and remote control of 4D printing shape morphing structures. These findings offer a promising approach to expanding the applications of photo‐triggered shape‐morphing structures.
Interface‐Dominated Zn2+ Storage in Hydrogen‐Bonding Interfaces
Authors: Liu Dixiang , Wang Weijuan , Li Sumin , Shen Xiaojuan , Xie Haijiao , Xu Hui 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInterface storage is an exciting mechanism for electrode materials to obtain high‐energy and high‐power densities simultaneously. However, constructing suitable and abundant interfaces in composites to achieve interface‐dominated storage is greatly challenging. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that interface‐dominated Zn2+ storage can be realized in the hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) interface between vanadium oxide (VOx) and graphene oxide (GO). This interface featuring reversibility, universality, self‐healing nature, and high per‐volume concentration can store more Zn2+ faster than the bulk by decoupling transport and storage of Zn2+ and electrons through reversible break/reconstruction of the interfacial N···H─O bonds. Density functional theory calculations reveal that an appropriate number of N···H─O bonds is crucial for maintaining high reversibility of interface storage. Additionally, the presence of carbon vacancies in the GO plane near the interfacial bonds facilitates an expansion of the interface storage limitation. Finally, it is demonstrated that intercalation pseudocapacitance is the nature of interface storage, which circumvents the solid‐state diffusion limitation in the bulk and achieves a high level of pseudocapacitive storage in the interface (464 and 126 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10.0 A g−1, respectively). This work establishes an excellent paradigm for implementing interface‐dominated Zn2+ storage in H‐bonding interfaces and demonstrates exceptional universality and broad application prospects.
Decoding Excimer Formation in Covalent–Organic Frameworks Induced by Morphology and Ring Torsion
Authors: Chakraborty Jeet , Chatterjee Amrita , Molkens Korneel , Nath Ipsita , Arenas Esteban Daniel , Bourda Laurens , Watson Geert , Liu Chunhui , Van Thourhout Dries , Bals Sara , Geiregat Pieter , Van der Voort Pascal 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA thorough and quantitative understanding of the fate of excitons in covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) after photoexcitation is essential for their augmented optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications via precise structure tuning. The synthesis of a library of COFs having identical chemical backbone with impeded conjugation, but varied morphology and surface topography to study the effect of these physical properties on the photophysics of the materials is herein reported. The variation of crystallite size and surface topography substantified different aggregation pattern in the COFs, which leads to disparities in their photoexcitation and relaxation properties. Depending on aggregation, an inverse correlation between bulk luminescence decay time and exciton binding energy of the materials is perceived. Further transient absorption spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of highly localized, immobile, Frenkel excitons (of diameter 0.3–0.5 nm) via an absence of annihilation at high density, most likely induced by structural torsion of the COF skeletons, which in turn preferentially relaxes via long‐lived (nanosecond to microsecond) excimer formation (in femtosecond scale) over direct emission. These insights underpin the importance of structural and topological design of COFs for their targeted use in photocatalysis.
Dynamic (Sub)surface‐Oxygen Enables Highly Efficient Carbonyl‐Coupling for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Chu You‐Chiuan , Chen Kuan‐Hsu , Tung Ching‐Wei , Chen Hsiao‐Chien , Wang Jiali , Kuo Tsung‐Rong , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Lin Kuo‐Hsin , Tsai Li Duan , Chen Hao Ming 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNowadays, high‐valent Cu species (i.e., Cuδ+) are clarified to enhance multi‐carbon production in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Nonetheless, the inconsistent average Cu valence states are reported to significantly govern the product profile of CO2RR, which may lead to misunderstanding of the enhanced mechanism for multi‐carbon production and results in ambiguous roles of high‐valent Cu species. Dynamic Cuδ+ during CO2RR leads to erratic valence states and challenges of high‐valent species determination. Herein, an alternative descriptor of (sub)surface oxygen, the (sub)surface‐oxygenated degree (κ), is proposed to quantify the active high‐valent Cu species on the (sub)surface, which regulates the multi‐carbon production of CO2RR. The κ validates a strong correlation to the carbonyl (*CO) coupling efficiency and is the critical factor for the multi‐carbon enhancement, in which an optimized Cu2O@Pd2.31 achieves the multi‐carbon partial current density of ≈330 mA cm−2 with a faradaic efficiency of 83.5%. This work shows a promising way to unveil the role of high‐valent species and further achieve carbon neutralization.
Synergizing Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on Single Atom Fe‐N‐C for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia at Industrial Current Densities
Authors: Murphy Eamonn , Sun Baiyu , Rüscher Martina , Liu Yuanchao , Zang Wenjie , Guo Shengyuan , Chen Yu‐Han , Hejral Uta , Huang Ying , Ly Alvin , Zenyuk Iryna V. , Pan Xiaoqing , Timoshenko Janis , Cuenya Beatriz Roldán , Spoerke Erik D. , Atanassov Plamen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of nitrates (NO3−) enables a pathway for the carbon neutral synthesis of ammonia (NH3), via the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), which has been demonstrated at high selectivity. However, to make NH3 synthesis cost‐competitive with current technologies, high NH3 partial current densities (jNH3) must be achieved to reduce the levelized cost of NH3. Here, the high NO3RR activity of Fe‐based materials is leveraged to synthesize a novel active particle‐active support system with Fe2O3 nanoparticles supported on atomically dispersed Fe–N–C. The optimized 3×Fe2O3/Fe–N–C catalyst demonstrates an ultrahigh NO3RR activity, reaching a maximum jNH3 of 1.95 A cm−2 at a Faradaic efficiency (FE) for NH3 of 100% and an NH3 yield rate over 9 mmol hr−1 cm−2. Operando XANES and post‐mortem XPS reveal the importance of a pre‐reduction activation step, reducing the surface Fe2O3 (Fe3+) to highly active Fe0 sites, which are maintained during electrolysis. Durability studies demonstrate the robustness of both the Fe2O3 particles and Fe–Nx sites at highly cathodic potentials, maintaining a current of −1.3 A cm−2 over 24 hours. This work exhibits an effective and durable active particle‐active support system enhancing the performance of the NO3RR, enabling industrially relevant current densities and near 100% selectivity.
The Impact of Local Strain Fields in Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Films
Authors: Johnson Freya , Rendell‐Bhatti Frederic , Esser Bryan D. , Hussey Aisling , McComb David W. , Zemen Jan , Boldrin David , Cohen Lesley F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAntiferromagnets hosting structural or magnetic order that breaks time reversal symmetry are of increasing interest for “beyond von Neumann” computing applications because the topology of their band structure allows for intrinsic physical properties, exploitable in integrated memory and logic function. One such group are the noncollinear antiferromagnets. Essential for domain manipulation is the existence of small net moments found routinely when the material is synthesized in thin film form and attributed to symmetry breaking caused by spin canting, either from the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction or from strain. Although the spin arrangement of these materials makes them highly sensitive to strain, there is little understanding about the influence of local strain fields caused by lattice defects on global properties, such as magnetization and anomalous Hall effect. This premise is investigated by examining noncollinear antiferromagnetic films that are either highly lattice mismatched or closely matched to their substrate. In either case, edge dislocation networks are generated and for the former case, these extend throughout the entire film thickness, creating large local strain fields. These strain fields allow for finite intrinsic magnetization in seemingly structurally relaxed films and influence the antiferromagnetic domain state and the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect.
Rapid Selenoprotein Activation by Selenium Nanoparticles to Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis and Pathological Bone Loss
Authors: Zou Binhua , Xiong Zushuang , Yu Yanzi , Shi Sujiang , Li Xiaoling , Chen Tianfeng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOsteoclast hyperactivation stands as a significant pathological factor contributing to the emergence of bone disorders driven by heightened oxidative stress levels. The modulation of the redox balance to scavenge reactive oxygen species emerges as a viable approach to addressing this concern. Selenoproteins, characterized by selenocysteine (SeCys2) as the active center, are crucial for selenium‐based antioxidative stress therapy for inflammatory diseases. This study reveals that surface‐active elemental selenium (Se) nanoparticles, particularly lentinan‐Se (LNT‐Se), exhibit enhanced cellular accumulation and accelerated metabolism to SeCys2, the primary active Se form in biological systems. Consequently, LNT‐Se demonstrates significant inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, in vivo studies underscore the superior therapeutic efficacy of LNT‐Se over SeCys2, potentially attributable to the enhanced stability and safety profile of LNT‐Se. Specifically, LNT‐Se effectively modulates the expression of the selenoprotein GPx1, thereby exerting regulatory control over osteoclastogenesis inhibition, and the prevention of osteolysis. In summary, these results suggest that the prompt activation of selenoproteins by Se nanoparticles serves to suppress osteoclastogenesis and pathological bone loss by upregulating GPx1. Moreover, the utilization of bioactive Se species presents a promising avenue for effectively managing bone disorders.
High Hydrogen Storage in Trigonal Prismatic Monomer‐Based Highly Porous Aromatic Frameworks
Authors: Kim Dae Won , Chen Yu , Kim Hyunlim , Kim Namju , Lee Young Hoon , Oh Hyunchul , Chung Yongchul G. , Hong Chang Seop 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHydrogen storage is crucial in the shift toward a carbon‐neutral society, where hydrogen serves as a pivotal renewable energy source. Utilizing porous materials can provide an efficient hydrogen storage solution, reducing tank pressures to manageable levels and circumventing the energy‐intensive and costly current technological infrastructure. Herein, two highly porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), C‐PAF and Si‐PAF, prepared through a Yamamoto C─C coupling reaction between trigonal prismatic monomers, are reported. These PAFs exhibit large pore volumes and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller areas, 3.93 cm3 g−1 and 4857 m2 g−1 for C‐PAF, and 3.80 cm3 g−1 and 6099 m2 g−1 for Si‐PAF, respectively. Si‐PAF exhibits a record‐high gravimetric hydrogen delivery capacity of 17.01 wt% and a superior volumetric capacity of 46.5 g L−1 under pressure‐temperature swing adsorption conditions (77 K, 100 bar → 160 K, 5 bar), outperforming benchmark hydrogen storage materials. By virtue of the robust C─C covalent bond, both PAFs show impressive structural stabilities in harsh environments and unprecedented long‐term durability. Computational modeling methods are employed to simulate and investigate the structural and adsorption properties of the PAFs. These results demonstrate that C‐PAF and Si‐PAF are promising materials for efficient hydrogen storage.
Atom‐Level Tandem Catalysis in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yongzheng , Li Huihua , Chen Peng , You Caiyin , Liu Meinan , Lin Hongzhen , Passerini Stefano 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHigh‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are limited by reaction or diffusion barriers with dissatisfactory electrochemical kinetics. Typical conversion‐type lithium sulfur battery systems exemplify the kinetic challenges. Namely, before diffusing or reacting in the electrode surface/interior, the Li(solvent)x+ dissociation at the interface to produce isolated Li+, is usually a prerequisite fundamental step either for successive Li+ “reduction” or for Li+ to participate in the sulfur conversions, contributing to the related electrochemical barriers. Thanks to the ideal atomic efficiency (100 at%), single atom catalysts (SACs) have gained attention for use in LMBs toward resolving the issues caused by the five types of barrier‐restricted processes, including polysulfide/Li2S conversions, Li(solvent)x+ desolvation, and Li0 nucleation/diffusion. In this perspective, the tandem reactions including desolvation and reaction or plating and corresponding catalysis behaviors are introduced and analyzed from interface to electrode interior. Meanwhile, the principal mechanisms of highly efficient SACs in overcoming specific energy barriers to reinforce the catalytic electrochemistry are discussed. Lastly, the future development of high‐efficiency atomic‐level catalysts in batteries is presented.
PEGgel‐Based Multimodal Soft Sensors Capable of Decoupling Thermal and Mechanical Stimuli
Authors: Chen Yuqian , Liu Jing , Li Zhongqi , Gao Yuliang , Gao Yang , Wang Yiming , Guo Xuhong , Xuan Fuzhen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInspired by human skin, soft sensors that are capable of sensing various external signals have been an active area of research. However, the vast majority of the developed soft sensors still lag far behind human skin in terms of multimodal sensing capability. Herein, this work reports on a multimodal soft sensor that can decouple thermal and mechanical signals. The sensor is made of poly(ethylene glycol) gel (PEGgel) containing ionic liquid, which is stretchable and transparent and shows decent strain and temperature sensing performances. Importantly, analysis of the ion relaxation dynamics shows that the charge relaxation time and capacitance change of the sensor are independently sensitive to the variations of temperature and mechanical deformation, respectively. By measuring the charge relaxation time and capacitance, the thermal and mechanical signals detected by the PEGgel sensor can be nicely decoupled without signal interference. Such a multimodal soft sensor may serve as a starting point for the development of lifelike soft sensors for high‐tech applications in a variety of fields such as soft robotics, the internet of things, and human–machine interaction.
Structural Color Materials with Color Mixing Effect Using Noble Metal‐Free Plasmonic Particles in SiO2–ZrN System
Authors: Noguchi Shinji , Lama Milena , Fujii Yuta , Miura Akira , Tadanaga Kiyoharu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractStructurally colored materials with a color mixing effect are developed using SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles, where ZrN nanoparticles used as shells exhibited localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). ZrN nanoparticles (10–30 nm) are attached to monodispersed SiO2 particles by modifying SiO2 particles with polymers. The attached ZrN nanoparticles exhibited a plasmon resonance absorption band at 700 nm. These SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles have a highly monodisperse particle size and assemble into a particle‐stacked film with Bragg diffraction light in the visible spectrum. The particle‐stacked film of the SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles exhibited the maximum reflection depending on the particle size of the SiO2 core. The ratio of the reflection intensity in the long‐wavelength region corresponding to the ZrN absorption to that in the short‐wavelength region of the particle‐stacked film containing the ZrN shell is less than that of the ratio in only SiO2 particle‐stacked film. The results reveal that these particle‐stacked films exhibit a “color mixing effect” that combines specific wavelength absorption through plasmon resonance and specific wavelength diffraction owing to the periodic structure without using precious metals.