bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in a Large Holstein Herd: Prospective Comparison of Production and Reproductive Performance in Antibody-Negative and Antibody-Positive Cows
Authors: Huber N. L. , DiGiacomo R. F. , Evermann J. F. , Studer E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples from lactating cows in a purebred Holstein herd were tested annually (from 1977 to 1980) for antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (blv), using the agargel immunodiffusion test. Production and reproductive variables were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records. All milk and fat production values were converted to 3.5% fat-corrected milk (fcm). Variables examined included: fcm, 305-day actual; fcm, 305-day mature-equivalent; fcm, total lactation; fcm per day, 305-day actual; total days milked during lactation; days nonlactating; age at calving; calving interval; days open, and number of times bred. Lactations were stratified from 1 to ≥ 5 for comparison of variables. A matched case-control analysis was performed to assess the risk of clinical mastitis in blv-infected cows. The retention of blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows in the herd was compared.
There were no significant trends in the means of production and reproductive variables between blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows. The relative risk of clinical mastitis in blv antibody-positive cows was 1.3, which was not significant (P > 0.05). Survivorship analysis over 3 years demonstrated no significant difference in the retention of blv antibody-negative and antibody-positive cows in the herd. The blv-infected cows did not have lower milk production, poorer reproductive efficiency, increased prevalence of mastitis, or lesser longevity in the herd than did noninfected cows.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Intravenously and Orally Administered Quinidine in Cows
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven healthy adult cows weighing between 550 and 750 kg were administered quinidine gluconate (5 mg/kg) iv and quinidine sulfate (15.84 mg/kg) orally to determine pharmacokinetic values. The apparent volume of distribution was 3.80 ± 2.21 L/kg. Total body clearance was 19.0 ± 7.02 ml/min/kg and plasma half-life was 2.25 ± 0.68 hours. The systemic availability of quinidine sulfate after oral administration of a 20 mg/kg dose was 23.3 ± 16.3%. The mean peak plasma concentration reached in 7 cows after oral administration of quinidine sulfate was 0.26 μg/ml. The peak plasma quinidine concentration was reached in an average of 41 minutes after oral administration. The average plasma quinidine concentration 5 minutes after iv administration of quinidine gluconate was 27.5 ± 22.1 μg/ml. At this time, some of the cows showed signs of quinidine toxicosis. The application of pharmacokinetic determinations to the clinical use of quinidine in cows is discussed.
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: Pathologic and Virologic Studies on the Naturally Occurring Disease
Authors: Oliver R. E. , Gorham J. R. , Parish S. F. , Hadlow W. J. , Narayan O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pathologic and virologic studies were conducted on 13 mature ewes with serum precipitin antibodies to progressive pneumonia virus (ppv). Pulmonary lesions of ovine progressive pneumonia were found in 4 sheep a meningoencephalitis resembling visna in 1 sheep, chronic proliferative carpal arthritis in 2, and massive lymphoid proliferation in the mammary gland in 3. Virus producing cytopathic effect typical of ppv was isolated from the lungs, mediastinal lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus of 4 sheep and from the carpal synovium of 2 sheep with chronic carpal arthritis.
Three viral isolates selected for further study were antigenically related to visna virus by immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion but these 3 isolates were not neutralized by antisera to reference strains of visna virus. Seemingly, infection of sheep by ovine retroviruses is common in the United States, and these viruses are capable of causing disease in more than 1 organ system.
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: Experimental Intrathoracic, Intracerebral, and Intra-articular Infections
Authors: Oliver R. E. , Gorham J. R. , Perryman L. E. , Spencer G. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of 4 lambs each were experimentally infected with an isolate of progressive pneumonia virus (ppv) by intracerebral, intra-articular, or intrathoracic routes of inoculation. An additional control group was sham-inoculated by all 3 routes with identically prepared, noninfected inoculum. Sheep were killed 12 to 42 days after inoculation. A mild generalized leptomeningitis was found in 2 of the 4 lambs inoculated intracerebrally. A severe, proliferative synovitis with massive infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells was found in the 4 lambs inoculated intraarticularly. Germinal center formation was found in the synovial membrane 42 days after inoculation. Appreciable differences in lung morphologic features were not observed among the 4 groups. The ppv was isolated from virus-inoculated sheep from the choroid plexus, synovium, and lungs from inoculated and noninoculated sites. Nine of the 12 virus-inoculated lambs developed serum antibody to ppv, and specific antibodies were found in the synovial fluid of virus-inoculated joints. Virus was not isolated, lesions were not found, and serum antibody was not demonstrated in sham-inoculated sheep.
Efficacy of Fenbendazole Against the Swine Kidney Worm Stephanurus dentatus
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Marti O. G. , McCormick W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fenbendazole in ground feed was fed on 3 successive days at the rate of 3 mg/kg of body weight to 15 sows naturally infected with kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus). Fifteen similar sows were used as nontreated controls. A total of 49 kidney worms were recovered from daily urine samples collected from 10 of the 15 treated sows within 5 days after the 3rd dose of treatment. One control sow passed 10 kidney worms on the 2nd and 3rd days. Urine samples from treated sows became negative for kidney worm eggs by the 5th to 12th posttreatment days, except for urine samples from 1 sow that contained a few eggs on the 12th day and another sow that contained a few eggs on the 19th and 33rd posttreatment days. Urine samples from control sows contained approximately the same number of kidney worm eggs in the posttreatment period as earlier. Compared with that in control sows, the hatchability of the parasite eggs from treated sows was greatly reduced. Kidney worms were not recovered at necropsy from the treated sows and a total of 860 kidney worms were recovered from the control sows (57 av).
Isolation and Identification of Equine Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Authors: Banks Keith L. , Greenlee Anne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Various cell populations of equine mononuclear leukocytes were identified and isolated. Mononuclear leukocytes were concentrated by isopyknic centrifugation, using a solution of Ficoll and Hypaque. Three additional techniques were explored to separate monocytes from lymphocytes, and 3 methods were used to separate lymphocyte types. Cytochemical techniques for the detection of nonspecific esterase readily distinguished equine monocytes from lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into at least 2 populations. One population had surface traits identical to thymocytes [ie, they readily bound peanut agglutinin, but lacked receptors for complement or immunoglobulin (Ig) and did not have surface Ig, as detected by immunohistochemical techniques]. This population could be isolated, using nylon-wool columns, or by depletion of complement- and Ig-binding cells during centrifugation. The other class of lymphocytes had equine complement receptors, Ig receptors, and detectable surface Ig, but was not bound by peanut agglutinin. Using rosetting techniques followed by centrifugation, this latter population was enriched. These studies provided means of isolating and detecting equine monocytes, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.
Renal Function After Prolonged Hypotensive Anesthesia and Surgery in Dogs with Reduced Renal Mass
Authors: Stone E. A. , Rawlings C. A. , Finco D. R. , Crowell W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of prolonged hypotensive anesthesia and surgery on renal function was studied in 8 dogs with decreased renal mass. Renal mass was reduced by unilateral nephrectomy and ligation of 4 of the 6 terminal renal artery branches of the opposite kidney. One week after reduction in renal mass, the dogs were azotemic with a serum urea nitrogen (sun) value of 65.6 ± 11.5 mg/dl. Glomerular filtration rate, as estimated by 14C-inulin clearance, was 0.66 ± 0.19 ml/kg of body weight/hour. A mean arterial pressure of < 75 mm of Hg was maintained for 4 hours in dogs given 2.3 ± 0.7% halothane. An exploratory laparotomy lasting 1 hour was performed.
The day after the hypotensive episode, 3 dogs began vomiting, became dehydrated, and had sun values > 100 mg/dl. The sun values returned to base-line values after the dogs were rehydrated. Eight days after the hypotensive episode, 14C-inulin clearance decreased 15.2 ± 8.2% (P < 0.005) compared with base-line clearance values. Light microscopic and electron microscopic observations of the kidneys did not demonstrate acute renal failure. Prolonged hypotensive anesthesia can cause a decrease in renal function, and may cause prerenal uremia and/or acute renal failure.
Distribution of Selenium-Dependent and Nonselenium-Dependent Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Tissues of Young Cattle
Authors: Scholz Richard W. , Cook Lynda S. , Todhunter Deborah A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Separation by gel-filtration chromatography and enzyme assay with H2O2 and an organic hydroperoxide substrate were used to identify selenium (Se)-dependent and non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (gsh-Px) in tissues of calves fed supplemented whole milk diets differing only in their Se content (0.03, 0.23, and 0.53 μg/g of total solids). Spleen, cardiac muscle, erythrocytes, brain, thymus, adipose tissue, and striated muscles of calves were found to contain only the Se-dependent gsh-Px. Tissues having both enzymes included liver, lungs, adrenal glands, testes, kidney medulla, and kidney cortex. Hepatic tissue contained the highest percentage of non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity of the calf tissues. For those tissues having Se-dependent and non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity, the Se-dependent enzyme activity was generally lower for calves fed 0.03 μg of Se/g of total solids as compared with activity in calves fed larger amounts of Se. The tissue ranking of non-Se-dependent gsh-Px activity, as a percentage of total gsh-Px activity, was not changed by differences in the Se content of the diets fed to the calves.
Diffusion of Nitrous Oxide into the Intestinal Lumen of Ponies During Halothane-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia
Authors: Moens Y. , De Moor A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The nitrous oxide content of the cecum was measured in 5 anesthetized ponies during and after addition of 70% N2O to a halothane-O2 mixture.
The N2O diffused into the cecum during inhalation of N2O to a mean value of 40.94% after 150 minutes. After disconnection of the N2O supply, the N2O in the cecum diffused out of the cecum at a significantly (P < 0.05) slower rate than the N2O diffused into the cecum. After disconnection of N2O for 180 minutes, a mean value of 25.71% N2O was measured.
Serial Endoscopic Observation of Swine Gastroesophageal Ulceration Induced by Injection of a Histamine-Oil-Beeswax Mixture
Authors: Kokue Ei-ichi , Kurebayashi Yoichi , Shimoda Minoru , Hayama Toyoaki 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The gastroesophageal (ge) area of swine was endoscopically observed before and after injection of a histamine-oil-beeswax mixture (5 mg of histamine/kg of body weight). The swine were anesthetized with halothane, and a rigid endoscope was inserted through a gastric cannula placed in the proximal greater curvature of the stomach. Observation was simple and the procedure lasted < 10 minutes, without adverse reactions. In 4 swine with normal ge areas, hemorrhage was found at postmedication hour (pmh) 3 and ulcerative changes were seen at pmh 9 to 12. A more rapid pathologic change of the ge area was found in 2 animals with hyper- or parakeratotic changes before medication. Abnormalities were not found up to pmh 9 in the ge area of 2 animals in which the stomach cannula was opened to allow the escape of gastric juice.
Luteolysis in Mares After Endometrial Biopsy
Authors: Baker C. B. , Newton D. I. , Mather E. C. , Oxender W. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The length of diestrus was not changed in 4 mares by taking endometrial biopsy specimens during estrus. In contrast, taking endometrial biopsy specimens on postovulation day 4 induced premature luteolysis and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the length of diestrus. A concurrent decrease in serum progesterone occurred to verify the premature luteolysis in these mares. Bacterial cultures of endometrial swab samples from these mares were negative for growth at the first estrus before and after the last biopsy procedures, indicating that luteolysis was induced by the biopsy procedure and was not due to uterine infection. Seemingly, infusion of antibiotic solution after endometrial biopsy on postovulation day 4 prevented premature luteolysis.
Chondrodysplasia in the Alaskan Malamute: Involvement of Arteries, as well as Bone and Blood
Authors: Terpin Teresa , Roach Margot R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Alaskan Malamute pups, 8 to 12 weeks old (6 clinically normal pups from 4 litters, 7 carrier pups from 2 litters, and 5 chondrodysplastic pups from 1 litter), were studied to determine if a screening test could be found to separate carrier pups from normal pups. The pups were radiographed, and the most striking deformity occurred in the forelimb. Radiographically, carriers could not be differentiated from normal pups.
Pyrophosphate bone scans were comparable in all pups, and there was no difference in overall avidity of the bone for pyrophosphate. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, urea nitrogen, and albumin values were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for carriers than for normal pups. Values of lactate dehydrogenase and reticulocytes were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the carriers. Normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia occurred in all carriers and chondrodysplastic pups, but only the carriers had decreased or absent iron stores. Osmotic fragility was normal in carriers and I normal pups, but increased in chondrodysplastic pups. The weights of the liver and kidneys were significantly higher in the chondrodysplastic pups. Impact characteristics of stifle cartilage were not significantly different among groups.
Static pressure-volume measurements were done on the carotid, iliac, aorta, and medial sacral arteries. Arteries from normal pups were the least distensible circumferentially. The elastances of these arteries indicated that most of the difference was in the collagen, because this measurement in the chondrodysplastic group was different from the values in the other groups. Using these measurements, carriers could not be differentiated from normal pups. Seemingly, Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia may be comparable with Menkes’ kinky hair disease which is characterized by severely retarded mental and physical development and convulsions and abnormalities of the hair, bone, and arteries caused by copper deficiency. This defect leads to a deficiency in activation of lysyl oxidase which is required for correct cross-linking in elastin and types I and III collagen. The hemolysis that commonly occurs in affected animals may be an associated defect, rather than part of the same defect, because altered hemolysis did not occur in our carriers.
Postprandial Changes in Plasma Urea and Creatinine Concentrations in Dogs
Authors: Watson A. D. J. , Church D. B. , Fairburn A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Changes in plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were compared in 6 dogs fed 3 meals (cooked meat, raw meat, and a soft-moist preparation) in crossover fashion. Each meal produced changes in urea and creatinine values. Although increased urea values were seen after all meals, the effects on creatinine were varied; concentrations increased after feeding cooked meat, but decreased after consumption of raw meat or soft-moist food. Although the creatinine changes were less pronounced, the variable effect of diet complicates the interpretation of plasma creatinine concentration in evaluating renal function.
Age-Related Variations in Hepatic Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Selenium Concentrations in Beagles
Authors: Keen Carl L. , Lönnerdal Bo , Fisher Gerald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Age-related changes in hepatic iron, copper, zinc, and selenium concentrations were analyzed in 30 Beagles, 8 to 193 days of age. Concentrations of iron, zinc, and selenium decreased with age. In contrast, hepatic copper concentration did not change with development. The data will be useful in the study of developmental changes in the metabolism of these trace elements.
Brucella abortus Vaccines: Comparison of Protection Provided by Immunopotentiated 45/20 Bacterins and Live Strain 19 Vaccine in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Toone N. M. , Jasman R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Guinea pigs were subcutaneously inoculated with 300 μg of Brucella abortus strain 45/20 killed cells combined in 1% oil emulsion with trehalose dimycolate (tdm), muramyl dipeptide (mdp), or a combination of the 2 immunopotentiators. Protection, as determined by splenic infections in the guinea pigs after challenge exposure, was compared with that induced by strain 19 vaccine. With few exceptions, protection induced by bacterins containing 50 to 1,000 μg of tdm or tdm-mdp/dose was comparable with that of strain 19 vaccine (P > 0.05). Bacterins that contained mdp as an adjuvant were inferior to those with tdm regardless of the excipient or method of preparation. There was no further enhancement of immunogenicity by the addition of mdp to bacterins that already contained tdm. Mineral oil could not be replaced by a metabolizable excipient in bacterins potentiated with tdm.
Serum Concentrations of Trimethoprim and Sulfadiazine Following Oral Paste Administration to the Horse
Authors: Sigel C. W. , Byars T. D. , Divers T. J. , Murch O. , DeAngelis D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Two fasted and 2 fed horses were dosed orally with a combined trimethoprim and sulfadiazine paste formulation at a dose of 35 mg (1:5 combined active ingredients)/kg. Serum concentrations of each drug were determined periodically for 3 consecutive days for the 4 horses. The extent and rate of absorption for trimethoprim were variable, but peak serum concentrations occurred generally within 3 hours; sulfadiazine absorption was slower, reaching peak concentrations by 6 hours. Fasting did not have a consistent effect on the serum concentration profiles for either drug. Both drugs achieved serum concentrations that equaled or exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations necessary to inhibit the growth of certain pathogens common to the horse. Thus, the paste formulation provides an effective means of dose administration to horses.
Validation of Radioimmunoassays for Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) in Canine, Feline, and Equine Sera
Authors: Reimers T. J. , Cowan R. G. , Davidson H. P. , Colby E. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Radioimmunoassay kits were validated for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in canine, feline, and equine sera. In each assay, serial dilutions of serum inhibited binding of radioiodinated hormone to the antibody in a manner parallel to inhibition by standard solutions. Parallel inhibition curves indicated that the same substance in standard solutions and serum inhibited binding and that the assays were specific. Further examination of specificity indicated that the antibodies minimally cross-reacted with other compounds structurally similar to T3, T4, and hydrocortisone. A 3rd test for specificity was to show that concentrations of the hormones, as determined by the radioimmunoassays, were consistent with what is known about the hormones' physiologic features. Accuracy was demonstrated by showing that essentially 100% of T3, T4, and hydrocortisone added to samples of serum was measured by the respective assays. Interassay coefficients of variation used to measure precision on 5 quality control specimens ranged from 8.5% to 14.0% for T3, 4.0% to 16.4% for T4, and 10.2% to 16.5% for hydrocortisone. Intra-assay coefficients of variation for all assays ranged from 4.2% to 12.8%. The smallest amounts of T3, T4, and hydrocortisone (sensitivity) that could be precisely quantified were 0.14 ng/ml, 0.17 μg/dl, and 0.66 μg/dl, respectively. Reagents and data concerning assay validity should always be described or cited so that the reliability of the radioimmunoassays used can be evaluated.
Comparisons of Hemagglutination Inhibition, Staphylococcal Clumping, and Latex Agglutination Tests for Canine Fibrinolytic Degradation Products
Authors: Chen James P. , Williams Teresa K. , Legendre Alfred M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two assay systems for fibrmogen-fibrin degradation products (fdp) in canine serum, the glutaraldhyyde erythrocyte hemagglutination-inhibition immunoassay (gehii) and the staphylococcal clumping test (sct), were compared for reactivity with the plasmin digests of canine fibrinogen and with sera obtained from dogs suspected of having circulating fdp. The gehii reacted well with early and late plasmin digests of fibrinogen. With early-stage fibrinogen digests, the sct was more reactive than was gehii. However, after the appearance of D and E fragments in the digests, sct reactivity decreased progressively during plasminolysis.
The sensitivities of gehii and sct for assaying fdp were 0.5 and 0.125 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, respectively. Serum fdp values for dogs with disease were comparable, with values ranging from 1 to 122 μg/ml by gehii and 8 to 64 μg/ml by sct. One dog with fulminating disseminated intravascular coagulation had a serum fdp value of 128 μg/ml by sct and 179 μg/ml by gehii. However, normal canine sera had values by sct of 4 to 16 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ml, whereas normal values by gehii were 0.5 to 2 μg/ml.
Serum fdp concentrations were also determined for healthy and diseased dogs by latex-agglutination test. The dog with fulminating disseminated intravascular coagulation had a fdp value of >40 μg/ml, and only 1 other diseased dog had > 10, but < 40 μg of fibrinogen equivalent/ ml. All other dogs were considered negative, with fdp values of < 10 μg/ml.
Electrodiagnostic Analysis of Peripheral Neuropathy in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Orsher Andrea N. , Bowen J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An electrodiagnostic analysis was conducted on 5 dogs with spontaneously occurring diabetes mellitus that were maintained for a long-term study on canine diabetes. Abnormal electromyographic findings consisted of fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, and fasciculation potentials in the limb muscles of most dogs. The mean values (± sd) for motor nerve conduction velocities (ncv) of the ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves were 57.6 ± 11.2 and 52.1 ± 7.4 m/s, respectively, for the 5 diabetic dogs. Values for motor ncv for clinically normal dogs in this laboratory were 56.0 ± 7.6 and 66.6 ± 7.1 m/s, respectively. The mean value (± sd) for the sensory ncv of the lateral superficial radial nerve in the diabetic dogs determined 4 months later was 45.2 ± 7.9 m/s, compared with 53.1 ± 6.0 m/s for normal dogs.
Analysis of the evoked potentials recorded from the interosseous muscle after sciatic-tibial nerve stimulation revealed decreased amplitudes. Potentials evoked by stimulation at the hip, as compared with potentials evoked by stimulation at the hock, had temporal dispersion and diminished amplitude in the majority of the diabetic dogs.