bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipophilic, hydrolytic and photolytic properties and fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea of 1‐(4‐substituted phenoxymethyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylpropyl imidazole‐1‐carboxylates and ‐thiocarboxylates
Authors: Imai Tetsuya , Uchida Toshiro , Yamaguchi Kunio , Takao Hisashi , Goto Takeshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sterol 14α‐demethylation inhibitors 1‐(4‐substituted phenoxymethyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylpropyl imidazole‐1‐carboxylates and their corresponding thiocarboxylates were optimized for maximum in‐vitro activity against Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in terms of the lipophilic parameter π. The activity of both carboxylates and thiocarboxylates was strongly related with π and predicted to be maximum at π 1.38 and 0.72 respectively. However, the preventive efficacy of the carboxylates against B. cinerea on Solanum melongena L. grown in a greenhouse did not correlate with the parameter. Despite the unfavourable lower lipophilicity, compounds with p‐alkoxy substituents were superior to those with any other substituent. Moreover, the p‐methoxy‐substituted thiocarboxylate 46 was much less effective in greenhouse tests than the corresponding carboxylate 15, despite their equivalent in‐vitro activity. To clarify these discrepancies, hydrolytic and photolytic stabilities of several representative compounds including 15 and 46 were investigated. The carboxylates examined were much more labile to hydrolysis than the thiocarboxylate 46; however, the four thiocarboxylates studied were less stable to light than the carboxylates. Consequently, the above discrepancies were attributable mainly to the superior stability of the carboxylates to photolysis as compared to the thiocarboxylates.
Assessment of field hazards to birds from methiocarb applications to fruit crops
Authors: Dolbeer Richard A. , Avery Michael L. , Tobin Mark E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethiocarb, a broad‐spectrum carbamate insecticide, has shown efficacy in repelling birds from a variety of crops, especially fruit. To evaluate the hazards posed to wildlife, we reviewed laboratory studies of methiocarb toxicity and repeilency to birds and mammals and field studies of methiocarb treatments to fruit and sweet corn. Calculations revealed that birds encountering typical maximum residue levels found in treated crops would have to eat extremely large amounts of treated food to die and would in almost all cases be repelled or immobilized long before a lethal dose could be ingested.Results from feeding tests in laboratories support these calculations, as do the findings from 33 field studies in 28 locations. In spite of extensive searches and observations, only 14 dead birds were found in treated fields. Based on estimates from 26 studies, treated plantings averaged 15% loss of fruit to birds compared with 36% for nearby untreated plantings. We conclude that methiocarb, applied to fruit crops at 1–7 kg a.i. ha −1, will not adversely affect birds.
Study of the relation between carbofuran degradation and microbial or physicochemical characteristics of some french soils
Authors: Charnay Marie‐Paule , Fournier Jean‐Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn France, corn rootworm (Agriotes sp.) is controlled by applying insecticides such as carbofuran to the soil. In recent years, the failure of carbofuran to control this pest has been observed in the south‐west area of France in continuous corn cropping. A soil survey was conducted in order to determine the main factors which could influence carbofuran degradation in various soils. Degradation estimates were based on measurement of the release of [ 14 C]carbon dioxide from [carbonyl‐ 14 C]carbofuran. The enhanced degradation of carbofuran observed in laboratory conditions corresponded to the growth of micro‐organisms able to use carbofuran as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The size of this microbial population and the rates of carbofuran degradation were higher in the samples taken from plots with a history of carbofuran use than in samples from previously untreated plots. Abiological degradation was only observed in alkaline soil conditions. Statistical analyses showed that carbofuran‐degrading activity was not related to any particular pedological characteristics.
Insecticidal activity of new fluorinated pyrethroids and their stability toward chemical oxidation and photoreaction
Authors: Ando Tetsu , Koseki Nozomu , Yasuhara Isamu , Kasuga Kie , Matsuo Noritada , Ishiwatari Takao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activity of several new fluorinated pyrethroids was measured using houseflies untreated and treated with piperonyl butoxide (PB). 10, 10‐Difluorophenothrin and 10, 10‐difluoroallethrin, which include fluorine atoms at a position most easily attacked by mixed function oxidases (mfo) in the acid moiety, showed smaller topical LD50 values on the PB‐untreated flies than the parent insecticides but rather large values on the PB‐treated flies, suggesting that the introduction of fluorine prevents metabolic oxidation, although it has a negative effect on the interaction with a target site. Monofluorinated analogues of phenothrin, in which the structure of chrysanthemic acid was rearranged, still had moderate insecticidal activity, but flies were scarcely killed by 7 fluoroallethrin into which fluorine was introduced at a position most easily oxidized by mfo in the alcohol moiety.Competitive oxidation of the fluorinated derivatives and the parent compounds showed that fluorine at both the 10‐ and 7′‐positions stabilizes the alkenyl side‐chains of the pyrethroids against selenium dioxide and m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Photochemical studies with 10, 10‐difluorophenothrin indicated that the photo‐instability of the cyclopropanecarboxylic part could not be improved by this modification.
Responses of three species of captive fruit‐eating birds to phosmet‐treated food
Authors: Avery Michael L. , Nol Pauline , Humphrey John S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe conducted two‐cup feeding trials to assess the responses of cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum (Vieillet)), American robins (Turdus migratorius (L.)), and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) to food adulterated with phosmet 500 g kg−1 WP (‘Imidan’®). All species avoided phosmet concentrations ⩾ 100 mg kg−1.Robins avoided food containing 60 mg kg−1 phosmet, while food consumption by starlings was reduced by a 30 mg kg−1 treatment. All species were indifferent to phosmet at 10 mg kg−1.These findings suggest that fruit‐eating birds will safely avoid ingesting harmful levels of phosmet when the insecticide is applied to small fruit such as blueberries and cherries. Feeding deterrence associated with phosmet might be exploited in management strategies to protect small fruit crops from damage by birds.
Initial deposits and persistence of azadirachtin in fir and oak foliage after spray application of ‘Margosan‐O’® formulation
Authors: Sundaram Kanth M. S. , Curry Johanna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoliar deposits and persistence of azadirachtin were investigated after spraying ‘Margosan‐O’® formulation at three dosage and volume rates on to balsam fir and oak seedlings in a laboratory chamber. Droplet‐size spectra and deposits were assessed using artificial samplers, and foliar residues were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different intervals of time after treatment. Disappearance of azadirachtin from both types of foliage was rapid, and the DT50 (the time required for 50% of the initial concentration to disappear) values ranged from 17 to 22 h. The initial azadirachtin concentrations varied widely from 4 to 96 μg g−1 (fresh weight), but the rate constants 0.0311 to 0.0414, were not significantly different. The data thus indicated a poor relationship between initial concentrations and the rate of loss.The influence of spray droplet size and cuticular wax content of foliage on persistence of azadirachtin was investigated using both foliar types, and glass microscope slides without and with the foliar wax coating. Neither the type of surface nor the droplet size influenced the persistence. The rate of azadirachtin loss from the glass slides was faster than from both types of foliage, and was unaffected by the presence of wax coating. The fir foliage had higher cuticular wax content than the oak foliage, but the persistance of azadirachtin was similar in both foliar types.
Quantitative structure‐activity analysis of larvicidal 1‐(substituted benzoyl)‐2‐benzoyl‐1‐tert‐butylhydrazines against Chilo suppressalis
Authors: Oikawa Nobuhiro , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Nishimura Keiichiro , Ueno Tamio , Fujita Toshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe larvicidal activity of a number of 1‐(substituted benzoyl)‐2‐benzoyl–1 ‐ten‐butylhydrazines against the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walk.) was measured. Variations in the activity were examined quantitatively using physico‐chemical substituent and molecular parameters and regression analysis. The results indicated that the molecular hydrophobicity and the electron‐withdrawing inductive/ field effect of ontho substituents are favourable to larvicidal activity. The bulkiness of substituents at the meta and para positions was unfavourable to activity, substitution at the para position being more unfavourable than that at the meta position in terms of van der Waals' volume. The 2,3–, 2,5‐ and 2,6‐disubstitution patterns were also unfavourable to activity. Reductions in larvicidal activity caused by the 2,6‐,‐ 2,3,5‐ and 2,3,4,5‐substitutions were greater than those induced by the 2,3‐ and 2,5‐disubstitutions. When the sum of contributions from favourable effects is greater than that from unfavourable effects, the larvicidal activity is expected to be superior to that of the unsubstituted compound.
Lethal and sublethal effects of the neem insecticide formulation, ‘Margosan‐O’, on the pea aphid
Authors: Stark John D. , Rangus Theresa M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of ‘Margosan‐O’ (MO) on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were determined. MO significantly reduced population increase of A. pisum in a concentration‐dependent manner. At a concentration equivalent to 100 mg litre−1 of azadirachtin, population increase was c. 3.5 times lower than the control. In more detailed studies, MO significantly reduced the number of molts, longevity, and fecundity of A. pisum that had been reared on treated broad bean. Viciafaba L., plants. MO also reduced the longevity and fecundity of young adult A. pisum exposed to MO‐treated broad bean. MO was slow‐acting against A. pisum. Mortality caused by MO stabilised seven days after newborn A. pisum were exposed to treated broad bean and 10 days for adults. The seven day LC50 for individuals exposed from birth was 27.50 mg azadirachtin liter−1 while the 10 day LC50 for adults was 53.32 mg liter−1. Contrary to previous studies suggesting that neem insecticides are not contact toxicants, we found that MO applied topically to adult A. pisum caused effects similar to those found in individuals that fed upon treated plants. However, MO was slower‐acting when applied topically. Mortality in adult A. pisum caused by topically applied MO stabilised 17 days after treatment with a resultant LD50of 2.91 μg azadirachtin g−1.
Studies on the susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis of inclusion complexes of organophosphorothioate pesticides with β‐cyclodextrins
Authors: Kamiya Mamoru , Nakamura Kaori 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe inhibition of alkaline hydrolysis of organophosphorothioate pesticides such as parathion, parathion‐methyl and fenitrothion by the formation of inclusion complexes with β‐cyclodextrin and its methylated derivatives was investigated. The inclusion complex/pesticide stability relationship with the series of pesticides and β‐cyclodextrins is discussed in connection with the inclusion geometrical parameters, such as those relating to the inclusion orientation and depth of the 4‐nitrophenoxy moiety of the included pesticide. These parameters were estimated from the induced circular dichroism of the inclusion complexes by means of the rotational‐strength analysis method.
A PCR diagnostic for cyclodiene insecticide resistance in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Andreev Dmitri , Rocheleau Thomas , Phillips Thomas W. , Beeman Richard W. , ﬀrench‐Constant Richard H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA molecular diagnostic was used to examine the conservation of cyclodiene resistance associated mutations between different strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). An improved insecticide bioassay for discrimination between resistant genotypes was developed and seven resistant strains were established from five different continents. In order to develop a molecular diagnostic a partial cDNA of the cyclodiene insecticide resistance gene Rdl, a γ‐aminobutyric‐acid‐gated chloride‐ion channel, was cloned and sequenced. This cDNA spans exon 7, the region containing the resistance‐associated mutation, and part of exon 8. An ‘allele‐specific’ oligonucleotide primer, carrying the resistance‐associated mutation at its 3′ end, was used in combination with a flanking ‘allele‐independent’ primer in the polymerase chain reaction to selectively amplify a single resistance‐associated mutation from all seven strains collected worldwide. The implications of these findings for the population genetics of insecticide resistance and its management in pest insects via quarantine are discussed.
Action of a novel nonsteroidal ecdysteroid mimic, tebufenozide (RH‐5992), on insects of different orders
Authors: Smagghe Guy , Degheele Danny 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nonsteroidal ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide (RH‐5992) was tested on larval stages of a number of lepidopteran species by topical application and by feeding on treated leaves. LC50, values in the range 0.03–0.10 mg litre−1 were obtained for third to sixth instars of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) when insects were fed on leaves dipped in aqueous emulsions of the compound, while first to fifth instars of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) were less susceptible (LC50 values in the range 2.5–10.5 mg litre−1). When insects were topically treated, susceptibility of last‐instar larvae of Lepidoptera tested decreased in the order Spodoptera exempta, Mamestra brassicae L., Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) S. exigua and Galleria mellonella L. Tebufenozide induced a premature and lethal larval moult in larval Lepidoptera within 24 h of treatment. Most larvae died in their old larval cuticle. Other aberrations included inhibition of weight gain and feeding, extrusion of the hindgut, loss of hemolymph and an abnormal and lethal pupation. In contrast, tebufenozide at similar doses/concentrations had no activity on larval instars of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte), nymphs of Podisus sagitta (F.) and larvae of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.). It had a chemosterilizing activity in S. exigua, resulting in a total inhibition of oviposition within two days of continuous treatment at doses of ⩾ 10 mg litre−1. On the other hand, all deposited eggs were viable. Similar effects on reproduction occurred in L. decemlineata, but at higher concentrations.
The production of azadirachtin by in‐vitro tissue cultures of neem, Azadirachta indica
Authors: Allan Eunice J. , Eeswara Janakie P. , Johnson Shaun , Mordue (Luntz) A. Jennifer , Morgan E. David , Stuchbury Trevor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCallus produced from leaves of a Ghanaian strain of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss has been shown to produce the natural insecticide azadirachtin when grown in a defined medium. The azadirachtin was isolated by standard procedures of solvent partition and column chromatography monitored by supercritical fluid chromatography. Biological activity was monitored with antifeedant tests using the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). The azadirachtin was identified by chromatography on three independent chromatographic systems (SFC, HPLC & TLC) and two thin‐layer colour tests. It has 100% antifeedant activity at < 0.04mg litre−1. The yield of azadirachtin was 0.0007% based on dry weight of callus.
The toxicity of three second‐generation rodenticides to Barn Owls
Authors: Gray Alan , Eadsforth Charles V. , Dutton Alan J. , Vaughan John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of three second‐generation rodenticides to Barn Owls (Tyto alba Scop.) has been investigated. Brodifacoum, difenacoum and flocoumafen were separately fed to owls over a period of 15 days via rodenticide‐fed mice to simulate the potential route of exposure in the wild. The owls survived a cumulative dose of each rodenticide of at least 1.9 mg kg−1 owl body weight over 15 days. This is equivalent to the consumption of two 25 g mice with a rodenticide residue of 1 mg kg−1 each day for 15 days.Residue analysis confirmed that the liver is the organ which retains the largest residue of ingested rodenticide.
Quantitative structure—activity relationships of insecticidal pyrazolines
Authors: Hasan Riaz , Nishimura Keiichiro , Ueno Tamio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1‐[N‐(4‐substituted pheny1)carba‐moy1]‐2‐pyrazoline‐4‐carboxylates and related compounds were prepared. Their convulsant activity was determined as the minimum dose required to bring about the symptom within 1 h after injection against male adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.). Insecticidal activity with metabolic inhibitors for oxidation and hydrolysis was measured 24 h after injection of the test compounds. Variations in each of the activities were analysed by using physicochemical substituent parameters and regression analysis. The findings indicated that the greater the hydrophobicity and the more the electron‐withdrawing property of the substituents, the higher were the activities. Variations in each of the two activities were parabolically related to the STERIMOL width parameter with an optimum value of about zero.
Synthesis and biological activity of furanyl anti‐juvenile hormonal compounds
Authors: Bowers William S. , Unnithan Gopalan C. , Fukushima Jun‐Ichi , Toda Jun , Sugiyama Takeyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one synthetic compounds, containing one or more furan rings, were demonstrated to possess anti‐juvenile hormone (AJH) activity as evidenced by their induction of premature metamorphosis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) by contact, topical application or fumigation. The ED50 of the four most active analogs required to induce precocious metamorphosis from 3rd‐instar nymphs by residue contact in a Petri dish compared favorably with that of precocene II (6,7‐dimethoxy‐2,2‐dimethyl 2H‐chromene) a naturally occurring phytochemical AJH. Precocious metamorphosis was fully reversible by co‐treatment with juvenile hormone (JH III) or JH analogs, demonstrating that the observed AJH activity resulted from an induced deficiency of juvenile hormone.
Action of the fungicide tridemorph on the glucose, lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of some tridemorph‐sensitive and ‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Kalam Abul , Banerjee Ajit K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe systemic morpholine fungicide tridemorph, which is known to exert its antifungal action through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, can also inhibit the growth of organisms which are incapable of sterol biosynthesis. It was found to inhibit strongly glucose and lactate dehydrogenase activities in cultures of four Gram( +) bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. AK 1, Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Nocardia asteroides and a Gram(−) bacterium, Rhizobium leguminosarum. Growth of these bacteria was inhibited by tridemorph at concentrations between 7 and 60 mg litre−1. In contrast, similar dehydrogenase activities in other Gram(−) organisms, Escherichia coli Cast. & Chalm. and Azotobacter vinelandii, which showed no growth inhibition at 200 mg litre −1 tridemorph, were either not inhibited or inhibited only slightly. Similarly, succinate dehydrogenase activity in Rhodococcus sp. AK 1 was more strongly inhibited by tridemorph than that in E. coli.In cell‐free extracts of Rhodococcus sp. AK1 and E. coli, lactate dehydrogenase activity was also inhibited by tridemorph to a much greater extent in the sensitive strain (63%) than in the resistant ones (8%).
Managing resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides: An appraisal
Authors: Greaves John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe action necessary for resistance management is specified and compared with what has actually been done, with reference to executive, extension and research activities and to the role of rodenticides and rodenticide development. Some obstacles to resistance management are discussed. To account for the fact that no plausible programme to manage resistance has been developed over the last 36 years, the hypothesis is examined that resistance management is injurious to the parties concerned and, hence, that resistance is perceived not as a problem but as an exploitable asset. If correct, this hypothesis yields the prediction that the action necessary for resistance management will be taken when such action is judged to be economically efficient. The establishment of the Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee indicates that this time may be approaching.
Effects and possible mode of action of some nonionic surfactants on the diffusion of [14C]glyphosate and [14C]Chlorotoluron acorss isoltated plant cuticles
Authors: Coret Joël , Chamel André 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following are extended summaries based on posters presented at the 8th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC), held in Washington, DC, USA, 4–9 July 1994. They are entirely the responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
AAL‐toxin, a potent natural herbicide which disrupts sphingolipid metabolism of plants
Authors: Abbas Hamed K. , Duke Stephen O. , Paul Rex N. , Riley Ronald T. , Tanaka Tatsumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAAL‐toxin, a product of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., is effective as a herbicide at low concentrations against a range of broadleaf plants (e.g. jimsonweed, prickly sida and black nightshade). However, monocotyledonous crops such as maize and wheat, as well as some varieties of tomato, are tolerant to it. The IC50 values for cellular electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll loss in duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) after 72 h treatment were 20–40 nM. Similar results were obtained with a susceptible tomato variety. AAL‐toxin caused rapid cellular leakage of electrolytes, followed by cellular collapse; the first symptom at the ultrastructural level is disruption of the plasma membrane. The effects of the toxin are not light‐dependent and appear to be associated with dysfunction of the plasma membrane. Fumonisins and sphingoid bases such as phytosphingosine cause similar effects, although these compounds are less potent (fumonisins, about 10‐fold; sphingoid bases, about 100‐fold). Recent studies suggest that in duckweed and in susceptible tomato varieties, AAL‐toxin‐ and fumonisin B1‐induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early event in the cascade of events leading to phytotoxic injury and cell death.
Photostabilization of quinalphos by crystal violet on the surface of kaolinite and palygorskite
Authors: Banerjee Kaushik , Dureja Prem 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhotochemical stability of the insecticide, quinalphos (O,O‐diethyl O‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl phosphorothioate), adsorbed on kaolinite and palygorskite was studied. In all cases considerable photostabilization was achieved in comparison with the sample of pesticide in its free form. Improvement of photostabilization was achieved when a cationic dye (crystal violet) was co‐adsorbed with the quinalphos. The interactions between quinalphos and clays were studied by Fouriertransform infra‐red spectroscopy. It is suggested that photostabilization is due to steric hindrance imposed by the clay surface to the isomerization step of photochemical reaction and pacification of clay surface by crystal violet.