bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry in the detection of shapes from shading in infants1
Authors: IMURA TOMOKO , TOMONAGA MASAKI , YAMAGUCHI MASAMI K. , YAGI AKIHIRO 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  We investigated 3‐ and 4‐month‐old infants’ sensitivity to differences defined by shading using a paired‐comparison familiarity/novelty preference procedure. Infants were familiarized with a pair of displays consisting of homogeneous shaded disks, and then were tested with two displays: the familiar display and a novel one containing shaded disks with reversed polarity (defined as the target). Experiment 1 examined two assumptions on discerning shapes from shading in infants by manipulating the orientations in the shading gradient of stimuli. When the orientation of the shading gradient was vertical, 4‐month‐old infants looked at the novel display for a longer time during the test trial. However, they failed to detect differences when the orientation of shading gradients was horizontal. Three‐month‐old infants did not detect differences in either orientation of the shading gradient. Experiment 2 examined asymmetry in the detection of convex versus concave shapes. Four‐month‐old infants failed to detect the target when the orientation of the shading grating was vertical and the target was convex. Taken with the results of Experiment 1, concave shapes were much easier to detect than convex shapes for 4‐month‐olds. This asymmetry suggests that 4‐month‐old infants process shading information in the same manner as adults.
Practitioner Review: Adolescent alcohol use disorders: assessment and treatment issues
Authors: Perepletchikova Francheska , Krystal John H. , Kaufman Joan 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Alcohol use disorders in adolescents are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, there has been a burgeoning of research on adolescent alcohol use disorders.Methods:  A summary of the alcohol assessment tools is provided, and randomized studies reviewed and synthesized to provide an overview of state of the art knowledge of treatment of adolescent alcohol use disorders. Animal models of addiction are also briefly reviewed, and the value of translational research approaches, using findings from basic studies to guide the design of clinical investigations, is also highlighted.Results:  Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception in adolescent alcohol use disorders. Comprehensive assessment of psychiatric and other substance use disorders, trauma experiences, and suicidality is indicated in this population to optimize selection of appropriate clinical interventions. In terms of available investigated treatments for adolescents with alcohol use disorders, Multidimensional Family Therapy and group administered Cognitive Behavioral Therapies have received the most empirical support to date. There is a paucity of research on pharmacological interventions in this patient population, and no firm treatment recommendations can be made in this area.Conclusions:  Given the high rate of relapse after treatment, evaluation of combined psychosocial and pharmacological interventions, and the development of novel intervention strategies are indicated.
G × E interaction in the organization of attachment: mothers’ responsiveness as a moderator of children’s genotypes
Authors: Barry Robin A. , Kochanska Grazyna , Philibert Robert A. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Scholars acknowledge that both biologically‐founded child temperament and environmental factors are influential in determining the quality of infant–mother attachment. We present evidence for gene by environment (G × E) interaction in the organization of attachment.Methods:  Participants were 88 typically developing infants and their mothers. Molecular genetic measures of the infants focused on the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR, ss/sl vs. ll genotype). Mothers’ responsiveness to their infants at 7 months was observed in lengthy naturalistic interactions, and was conceptualized as the environmental influence.Results:  For infants with a short allele (ss/sl ), variation in mothers’ responsiveness was significantly associated with attachment security, assessed at 15 months in the Strange Situation. For those infants, low responsiveness predicted particularly high risk for insecure attachment, and high responsiveness offset that risk. For infants homozygous for the long allele (ll ), there was no association between responsiveness and attachment organization.Conclusions:  The findings show that the quality of early care serves to amplify or offset the risk conferred by genotype.
Effortful control mediates associations of fetal growth with hyperactivity and behavioural problems in 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children
Authors: Schlotz Wolff , Jones Alexander , Godfrey Keith M. , Phillips David I.W. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Inverse associations of fetal growth with behavioural problems in childhood have been repeatedly reported, suggesting long‐term effects of the prenatal developmental environment on behaviour later in life. However, no study so far has examined effects on temperament and potential developmental pathways. Temperamental traits may be particularly susceptible to neurodevelopmental alterations, and they are linked to behavioural problems. Therefore, we tested for associations of fetal growth with behavioural problems in children and tested if temperament mediated such effects.Methods:  One hundred and thirty‐nine mother–child pairs were recruited in early pregnancy. Weight, head circumference and gestational age were measured at birth, and the mother reported on their child’s behavioural problems and temperament at age 7 to 9 years.Results:  Birth weight and head circumference at birth adjusted for gestational age (i.e., fetal growth) were inversely associated with hyperactivity and total behavioural problems, and positively associated with the temperamental trait Effortful Control. Path analyses showed that Effortful Control mediated the effects of fetal growth on hyperactivity and total behavioural problems.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that an adverse fetal environment is associated with behavioural problems in childhood, in particular in those children that show a low capacity for attentional and behavioural regulation. An adverse fetal environment might induce vulnerability for behavioural problems, or it might induce changes in temperament and behavioural problems independently, representing a common cause. Pathways are likely to be based on long‐lasting neurodevelopmental alterations due to prenatal adversity.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Wood Jeffrey J. , Drahota Amy , Sze Karen , Har Kim , Chiu Angela , Langer David A. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Children with autism spectrum disorders often present with comorbid anxiety disorders that cause significant functional impairment. This study tested a modular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for children with this profile. A standard CBT program was augmented with multiple treatment components designed to accommodate or remediate the social and adaptive skill deficits of children with ASD that could pose barriers to anxiety reduction.Method:  Forty children (7–11 years old) were randomly assigned to 16 sessions of CBT or a 3‐month waitlist (36 completed treatment or waitlist). Therapists worked with individual families. The CBT model emphasized behavioral experimentation, parent‐training, and school consultation. Independent evaluators blind to treatment condition conducted structured diagnostic interviews and parents and children completed anxiety symptom checklists at baseline and posttreatment/postwaitlist.Results:  In intent‐to‐treat analyses, 78.5% of the CBT group met Clinical Global Impressions‐Improvement scale criteria for positive treatment response at posttreatment, as compared to only 8.7% of the waitlist group. CBT also outperformed the waitlist on diagnostic outcomes and parent reports of child anxiety, but not children’s self‐reports. Treatment gains were maintained at 3‐month follow‐up.Conclusions:  The CBT manual employed in this study is one of the first adaptations of an evidence‐based treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders. Remission of anxiety disorders appears to be an achievable goal among high‐functioning children with autism.
Reduced change blindness suggests enhanced attention to detail in individuals with autism
Authors: Smith Hayley , Milne Elizabeth 
Published: September 2008

Background:  The phenomenon of change blindness illustrates that a limited number of items within the visual scene are attended to at any one time. It has been suggested that individuals with autism focus attention on less contextually relevant aspects of the visual scene, show superior perceptual discrimination and notice details which are often ignored by typical observers.Methods:  In this study we investigated change blindness in autism by asking participants to detect continuity errors deliberately introduced into a short film. Whether the continuity errors involved central/marginal or social/non‐social aspects of the visual scene was varied. Thirty adolescent participants, 15 with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and 15 typically developing (TD) controls participated.Results:  The participants with ASD detected significantly more errors than the TD participants. Both groups identified more errors involving central rather than marginal aspects of the scene, although this effect was larger in the TD participants. There was no difference in the number of social or non‐social errors detected by either group of participants.Conclusion:  In line with previous data suggesting an abnormally broad attentional spotlight and enhanced perceptual function in individuals with ASD, the results of this study suggest enhanced awareness of the visual scene in ASD. The results of this study could reflect superior top‐down control of visual search in autism, enhanced perceptual function, or inefficient filtering of visual information in ASD.
Quantitative imaging for discovery and assembly of the metabo‐regulome
Authors: Okumoto Sakiko , Takanaga Hitomi , Frommer Wolf B. 
Published: September 2008

Contents

Summary
271

I.
Introduction
272

II.
From individual enzymes to a complete parts list in 100 yr
272

III.
Pathways and flux
273

IV.
Quantitative imaging for flux analysis
274

V.
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a tool
275

VI.
Methods for FRET determination and analysis of FRET changes
276

VII.
FRET sensors for determination of steady‐state concentrations and composite flux, as well as their change
278

VIII.
A ‘Gedankenexperiment’ illustrating the potential for flux analysis using FRET sensors
280

IX.
The in vivo measurement set‐up
285

X.
Spatial resolution of FRET metabolite analyses
286

XI.
Potential effect of other parameters on the sensor response
287

XII.
Alternatives to FRET sensors for monitoring metabolite concentrations
287

XIII.
In vivo analysis of metabolite flux in microorganisms
288

XIV.
In vivo analysis of metabolite flux in mammalian cells
288

XV.
In vivo analysis of metabolite flux in plants
289

XVI.
Application of FRET sensors for high‐throughput analyses
290

Acknowledgements
291

References
291
Interrupter technique and pressure oscillation analysis during bronchoconstriction in children
Authors: Kivastik J. , Talts J. , Primhak R. A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe use of interrupter resistance (Rint) is a feasible method of measuring bronchodilator responsiveness and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in preschool children. It has been suggested that analysis of recorded oscillations of the mouth pressure may provide additional indices of changes in airway mechanics. The aim of our study was to determine whether amplitude or damping properties of oscillations were more sensitive than Rint in describing changes during bronchoconstriction. Data from 44 children (24 boys) who completed tripling dose methacholine (Mch) challenge were analysed. The median (range) age of children was 4·9 (3·1–6·1 years). In addition to baseline and maximal Rint after Mch [mean (SD) were 0·92 (0·19) and 1·44 (0·35) kPa l−1 s, respectively], obtained from a commercial device we analysed the following parameters: difference between the first maximum and minimum (AMxMn), maximum instantaneous amplitude (Ainst), amplitudes of fitted mathematical model and the dominant frequency, sum of frequency component amplitudes, two damping factors and frequency. All amplitude parameters changed significantly after Mch. For comparison of the decrease in amplitudes and increase in Rint we additionally used reciprocals of amplitudes. Using the sensitivity index (SI) i.e. the change after intervention divided by the baseline SD, 1/Ainst and 1/AMxMn were the most sensitive indices to describe the change (with median SI of 6·29 and 6·28, respectively). Rint had a median SI of 5·13. Frequency and damping factors were less sensitive, with median SI values <1. These findings suggest that oscillation amplitude analysis implemented in the software of commercial devices could have further applications in assessing respiratory mechanics.
Battling Stereotypes: A Taxonomy of Common Soldiers in Civil War History
Authors: Phillips Jason 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article explores how American historians have stereotyped Civil War soldiers as heroes, victims and villains, race warriors, and citizens at war to explain how these archetypes formed and propose methods that transcend them. The wealth of primary evidence from Civil War soldiers supports virtually any portrayal of them. Scholars influenced by current events and invested in academic debates have marshaled sources to honor courage, condemn war, remember the forgotten, or recreate society. While each camp has expanded our knowledge of soldiers, because Civil War history favors historiography over theory, the field perpetuates stereotypes that rob soldiers of their complexity. Three approaches could help scholars avoid stereotypes and the pitfalls of presentism: historians could emphasize soldiers’ individuality and not just their agency; they could study influential soldiers instead of searching for typical ones; and they could write narratives instead of monographs.
Learning in the 2‐Bottle Alcohol Preference Test
Authors: Blizard David A. , Vandenbergh David J. , Lionikas Arimantas , McClearn Gerald E. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  The 2‐bottle preference test is a popular protocol for characterizing a rodent’s selection of a variety of solutions. Little attention has been paid, however, to the role of learning in this procedure.Methods:  We explored the role of learning in 2‐bottle alcohol preference (AP) in mice by recording changes between days and periods (every 3 days the alcohol and water tubes were interchanged) throughout a 15‐day standard exposure protocol in use in our laboratory.Results:  Male and female ethanol‐naive mice of 2 BALB strains (cJ and cByJ), both characterized by low AP scores in the 2‐bottle test, exhibited decreases in AP among days but the magnitude of the change depended on test period: relatively large reductions in AP between Day 1 and the subsequent 2 days of the first 3‐day test period, smaller decreases between days during Period 2, while there were no significant differences between days during Periods 3 and 4. Thus, the ability of the mice to adapt to changes in tube position improved with increasing experience with the test until asymptote was reached. Study of mice from a C57BL/6JXBALB/cCrgl intercross with a wide range of AP scores showed that learning in the 2‐bottle test was not restricted to inbred animals. In this genetically heterogeneous group, learning was shown to be flexible according to an animal’s idiosyncratic pattern of alcohol intake: mice characterized by low AP scores on the basis of their 15‐day mean AP index exhibited decreases across Days and Periods similar to those shown by the BALB mice (who also had low alcohol consumption) but F2 mice characterized by high overall AP scores exhibited increases in AP across Periods.Conclusions:  Two‐bottle AP scores are known to be affected by genetic influences and environmental variation before test administration. The present data provide evidence of learning within the 2‐bottle test situation and this phenomenon may help understand the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying preference behavior.
Relationship Between the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis and Alcohol Craving in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Leggio Lorenzo , Ferrulli Anna , Cardone Silvia , Malandrino Noemi , Mirijello Antonio , D’Angelo Cristina , Vonghia Luisa , Miceli Antonio , Capristo Esmeralda , Kenna George A. , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Swift Robert M. , Addolorato Giovanni 
Published: September 2008

Background:  A relationship between some hypothalamic–pituitary–related hormones and craving for alcohol has been suggested, leading to hypothesize a role of some hormones in the neurobiology of alcohol dependence. Investigating this association in alcohol‐dependent (AD) patients was the aim of this preliminary and exploratory study.Methods:  Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, growth hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone as well as administering the Obsessive‐Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks in 25 current AD patients. Patients were treated with baclofen (10 mg t.i.d.) for these 12 weeks. Sixteen patients remained totally abstinent for 12 weeks.Results:  At baseline, a significant inverse correlation was found between TSH and PACS (r = −0.46; p = 0.022) and OCDS scores (r = −0.53; p = 0.007). A significant direct correlation was found between free T3 and OCDS score (r = 0.44; p = 0.026). In the 16 abstinent patients, craving scores were significantly decreased at 12 weeks (p < 0.01). At 12 weeks, no significant correlation was found between TSH and craving, but free T3 remained directly correlated with OCDS score (r = 0.60; p = 0.013).Conclusions:  A relationship between alcohol craving and free T3 and TSH was demonstrated in AD patients, suggesting the potential involvement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in the neurobiology of alcohol craving.
Association of Pro‐Ghrelin and GHS‐R1A Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes With Heavy Alcohol Use and Body Mass
Authors: Landgren Sara , Jerlhag Elisabet , Zetterberg Henrik , Gonzalez‐Quintela Arturo , Campos Joaquin , Olofsson Ulrica , Nilsson Staffan , Blennow Kaj , Engel Jörgen A. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS‐R1A), expressed in the hypothalamus as well as in important reward nodes such as the ventral tegmental area. Interestingly, ghrelin has been found to activate an important part of the reward systems, i.e., the cholinergic‐dopaminergic reward link. Additionally, the rewarding and neurochemical properties of alcohol are, at least in part, mediated via this reward link. There is comorbidity between alcohol dependence and eating disorders. Thus, plasma levels of ghrelin are altered in patients with addictive behaviors such as alcohol and nicotine dependence and in binge eating disorder. This overlap prompted as to investigate the pro‐ghrelin and GHS‐R1A genes in a haplotype analysis of heavy alcohol‐using individuals.Methods:  A total of 417 Spanish individuals (abstainers, moderate, and heavy alcohol drinkers) were investigated in a haplotype analysis of the pro‐ghrelin and GHS‐R1A genes. Tag SNPs were chosen using HapMap data and the Tagger and Haploview softwares. These SNPs were then genotyped using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination.Results:  SNP rs2232165 of the GHS‐R1A gene was associated with heavy alcohol consumption and SNP rs2948694 of the same gene as well as haplotypes of both the pro‐ghrelin and the GHS‐R1A genes were associated with body mass in heavy alcohol consuming individuals.Conclusions:  The present findings are the first to disclose an association between the pro‐ghrelin and GHS‐R1A genes and heavy alcohol use, further strengthening the role of the ghrelin system in addictive behaviors and brain reward.
Relationship Between Ethanol’s Acute Locomotor Effects and Ethanol Self‐Administration in Male Long‐Evans Rats
Authors: Chappell Ann M. , Weiner Jeff L. 
Published: September 2008

Background: Human studies have suggested an important relationship between ethanol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism. These studies have led some to hypothesize that a low initial sensitivity to ethanol’s depressant effects and/or an elevated response to ethanol’s stimulant effects may represent important risk factors associated with the development of abusive drinking behavior. Unfortunately, elucidating neurobiologic mechanisms that may underlie these relationships between ethanol sensitivity and ethanol drinking have been hampered by difficulties in modeling some of these interactions in animals. In this study, we re‐examined some of these relationships in an outbred strain of rats using continuous access two‐bottle choice drinking and a limited‐access operant procedure that engenders pharmacologically relevant levels of ethanol intake and permits the discrete assessment of appetitive and consummatory measures of ethanol drinking behavior.Methods: Twenty‐three male Long‐Evans rats were habituated to a locomotor activity box and then tested for their response to a stimulant (0.5 g/kg) and depressant (1.5 g/kg) ethanol dose. Rats were then trained to complete a lever pressing requirement to gain access to 10% ethanol for 20‐minute sessions conducted 5 d/wk for 5 weeks. Appetitive behavior was assessed after 2.5 and 4.5 weeks using 20‐minute extinction trials in which ethanol was not presented and lever responses were recorded. Home‐cage ethanol preference was also assessed prior to and immediately following the 5‐week self‐administration regimen using a continuous access, two‐bottle choice procedure.Results: A significant increase in home‐cage ethanol preference was observed following the self‐administration procedure, however, neither measure of ethanol preference correlated with average daily ethanol intake during the operant self‐administration sessions or with initial sensitivity to ethanol’s stimulant or depressant effects. Notably, a significant negative correlation was observed between sensitivity to ethanol’s locomotor depressant effect and daily intake during the operant self‐administration sessions. No significant relationships were noted between sensitivity to ethanol’s locomotor effects and extinction responding.Conclusions: The results of these studies suggest that the well‐established relationship between a low level of response to ethanol and increased ethanol consumption reported in human studies can be observed in an outbred rodent strain using a limited‐access operant self‐administration procedure, but not with home‐cage ethanol drinking.