bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Greater Inclusion in Practice and Among Practitioners
Authors: Punnoose Reenu , Haneefa Muhammed 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter initiates a call for reflexivity in the practice of linguistics in India by demonstrating that the secondary status assigned to experience (as constitutive of empiricism and inextricable to the knowledge of a language) in the discipline’s practice is related to a lack of inclusion among its practitioners which in turn continues to narrow the scope of knowledge produced in the field. The authors examine the case of a neighbouring discipline, sociology, in the light of positive shifts over the last 30 years that reflect the early outcomes of a discipline attempting to be reflexive and its consequences for the practitioner-practice relationship in knowledge production. Preliminary recommendations are made on ways to strengthen the undergraduate programme in linguistics, reimagine the MA curriculum, popularise the discipline, and collaborate with the Global North to decentre their position of privilege in the knowledge economy while participating as allies in centring the practice and practitioners of linguistics in the Global South.
Power Shift
Authors: Bender Emily M. , Grissom Alvin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which lack of inclusion in natural language processing encourages the development of inequitable and harmful technology, both through the exclusion of the language and perspectives of marginalized populations and through overexposure and surveillance, especially of these same populations. The authors review the ways in which research funding and corporate interests influence the field and the growing awareness within the research community of the deleterious potential of current language technologies, from the level of individuals to the level of societies and beyond. Finally, the authors look to some paths forward, with particular emphases on shifting power to affected communities and the role that linguists can play in shaping the development of more inclusive and less harmful language technology.
Texts, Tweets, Twitch, TikTok
Authors: Lederer Jenny 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIncreasing racial diversity in linguistics rests on capturing BIPOC student interest, ideally upon first exposure. This chapter introduces a replicable introductory course design, which focuses on computer-mediated communication (CMC) as a means to inspire passion for language analysis. The case study is a general education course at San Francisco State University, titled Language Evolution in the Digital Age. In the course, students investigate patterns in language use from a variety of online and smartphone platforms including text messaging, social media interaction, online gaming, vlogging, and other every-day mediated interaction. By elevating students’ own linguistic competencies and expertise, the traditional asymmetry between instructor and student inverts: the CMC student is a data source, a data analyst, and a teacher, leading to student empowerment and comfort in the linguistics classroom. Meanwhile, the CMC data itself becomes the entree to lessons on grammatical analysis, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistic theory.
The Breakdown in Democracy in 1930s Japan
Authors: Young Louise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Japan’s parliamentary system underwent a stress test during the 1930s, as economic collapse, a wave of political violence, and geopolitical crisis precipitated the hollowing out of democratic institutions built up over the preceding decades, culminating in a de facto military dictatorship by the end of the decade. Examining the creation of a constitutional monarchy under the Meiji emperor, the chapter argues that, while the 1889 Constitution created an asymmetry of power between the executive and legislative branches, it also provided the foundation for parliamentary democracy. Politics evolved to meet the pressures of an industrializing society, expanding democratic institutions across the 1910s and 1920s. But when parliamentary government failed to respond to the crises of the 1930s, the public lost faith in party politics. Military leadership stepped into the political opening to execute a slow-moving takeover of the state, effectively transforming democracy into authoritarian rule.
Democratic Breakdown in Argentina, 1976
Authors: Mainwaring Scott 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter’s argument about democratic breakdown in Argentina in 1976 focuses on three factors. First, extreme radicalization on the left and right quickly led powerful establishment actors to shift away from support or acceptance of democracy. The revolutionary left had no chance of capturing power, but it galvanized an extremist right-wing response. The country was besieged by right-wing and left-wing bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, factory seizures, and violent attacks on companies, newspapers, and cultural organizations. Second, the democratic government failed to handle Argentina’s economic and public-security problems. These crises generated a public perception of chaos and power vacuum. In response, actors who had welcomed democracy in 1973 clamored for a coup in 1976. Third, democracy might have survived if nonextremists, especially political leaders, had embraced it. However, most of them were indifferent or even hostile to democracy.
A Different “Turkish Model”
Authors: Hintz Lisel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
When the Justice and Development Party (AKP) took power in 2002, many hoped Turkey’s previously jittery path to democratization would stabilize. Moves to address obstacles to democracy, such as reducing the military’s political role and opening space for Islam in the public sphere, led observers to herald the AKP’s accomplishments as a “Turkish model” that could be exported, particularly to the Muslim world. However, what appeared as steps toward Turkey’s democratization are better understood as AKP moves to solidify its own rule—in effect, laying the groundwork for rapid de-democratization. After more than twenty years of AKP rule, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presides over a highly consolidated executive system, opposition actors—particularly Kurds, but also politicians, journalists, lawyers, artists, and more—are jailed, and political rights and civil liberties are drastically curtailed. This chapter unpacks Turkey’s de-democratization by examining the institutional and discursive tools the AKP used to weaken and vilify domestic challengers and consolidate state power in party hands.
The Nervous Nineties
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 1995 Newsweek branded the era “The Nervous Nineties,” and Chapter Three explores the events in mid-decade contributing to that label. HIV/AIDS was ravishing the nation, and by 1995 AIDS had killed some 350,000 Americans. By the end of the era scientists had changed the virus from a terminal to a chronic illness. Japan had become the second-largest economy in the world, challenging the United States. Clinton had worries, for Paula Jones went public about her alleged sexual harassment by Clinton, resulting in Jones v. Clinton. The O. J. Simpson trial mesmerized America and profoundly changed news coverage to Infotainment. In Washington, DC, Newt Gingrich forced a government twenty-one-day shutdown, the longest up to that time. Overseas in Bosnia, the Srebrenica Massacre prompted US intervention that resulted in the Dayton Accords, while Clinton kick-started the negotiations in Northern Ireland that brought about peace with the Good Friday Agreement. The chapter ends with the 1996 presidential campaign and election.
The Road to the Future
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the authors draw together the threads of previous chapters to reflect on issues of contemporary race relations in the United States. The authors connect their own experiences with American society and history, reflecting on current challenges and prospects for hope with respect to racial issues in the United States. Seagrave reflects on his experience as a scholar of the American Founding and American political thought. Shonekan provides commentary on the controversy at the University of Missouri over the statue of Thomas Jefferson. The authors comment on the relationship between African American civil rights and other contemporary rights movements. Martin Luther King Jr. is highlighted as a source for promising guiding principles on issues of race.
Conclusion
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The empirical focus in this book is China’s impact on global commodity markets, but the conclusions point to broader patterns we can expect as China attempts to carve out a position of market power that is commensurate with its size in the global economy. The Conclusion presents six broader lessons we can draw from this book to reflect on the ongoing integration (the advance and, at times, retreat) of the Chinese economy with the global economy: the heterogeneity of China’s behavior and impacts abroad, the importance of unintended consequences, the resonance between domestic and global market institutions, market vulnerability as seen from China, the question of market fairness and, finally, the return of market power, including via the re-emergence of economic nationalism and the attendant much-needed problematization of the concept of “open markets.”
Achille
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses Achille as a paradigm of Walcott’s New World Adam. Unlike Hector, who fatally decides to trade his canoe for a transport van, Achille is at home only in the regenerative space of the sea. The only landward journey he takes is to the African underworld; this echoes Odysseus’s inland journey to a place where its people know nothing of the sea. Achille’s long walk on the ocean floor takes him to his ancestral village where Walcott mobilizes the oar of Tiresias’s prophecy as a symbol of the terrors of a landlocked space. His encounter with the African “homeland” teaches Achille about his people’s past, but his ancestral village is not a site of homecoming. Figuring Achille’s journey as both a katabasis, a descent to the underworld and a journey to a sea-less space, Walcott reinforces the poem’s privileging of aquatic routes over terrestrial roots and reiterates his longtime refusal to valorize the idea of a lost African homeland. Instead, he celebrates the New World as a space of productive amnesia and recreation. Walcott manipulates the meaning of Achilles’s name in Greek—“one whose laos, people, has achos, grief”—to ennoble Achille through a new understanding of his people’s past and of his name. When Achille subsequently wonders “where trees get names,” Walcott evokes the exchange between Laertes and Odysseus in Laertes’s orchard in Odyssey 24, but when Seven Seas renames the trees, he gives Achille a patrimony which entitles him to begin again.
Plunkett
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter considers Dennis Plunkett, the poem’s representative (neo)colonizer and the one character whose journey is landward. Plunkett’s journey is informed by the fact that his relationship to the island and its inhabitants is a damaging one: as a pig-farmer he reproduces plantation practices, and as a historian he seeks to inscribe the islanders in a Eurocentric imperial history. The chapter reads him against the two keepers of pigs in the Odyssey, Odysseus’s swineherd, Eumaeus, and Circe, who turns Odysseus’s men into pigs. Eumaeus, who has a harmonious relationship with the landscape he inhabits and the pigs he tends, becomes a foil against which to read Plunkett’s exploitation of St. Lucia and its resources. Circe emerges as the mistress from whose grip Plunkett must extricate himself if he is to end his complicity in the figurative transformation of the islanders into swine. Maud, Plunkett’s Penelope, awaits his return, patiently quilting her tapestry of birds. Unlike Penelope, who unstitches her quilt every night, delaying the Odyssey’s various endings, Maud’s quilt is unstitched only in Plunkett’s imagination and only after her death. Maud’s quilt and her flower garden are both represented as acts of colonial domination, attempts to order and categorize the flora and fauna of an island landscape that she finds unmanageable. After her death Plunkett’s imagined unstitching of her tapestry allows him to heal from his colonial wounds and find his place on the island.
The Tribal Poet
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the disruptive nature of books 4 and 5 of Omeros and the possibility raised by the Poet that the poem he has set out to write will not succeed. It includes the Catherine Weldon narrative and the account of Wounded Knee, a pivotal event in the story of the American decimation of its indigenous population. Walcott saw this episode as constituting the heart of an American epic; by giving an account of it in Omeros he found a way of contending with his personal quest to write a West Indian epic while living and working in the United States on a long-term basis. Walcott had a longstanding commitment to a hemispheric perspective and believed that all the stories of the New World belong together. His inclusion of the American narrative is not just academic but also personal; to become what he calls a “tribal poet,” he also has to find a way of incorporating his American voice. The healing that follows books 4 and 5 makes possible his accommodation of his own position as a poet living in the US and the continuation of the Caribbean poem that he began in book 1. While books 4 and 5 appear largely disconnected from books 1–3, four brief H/omeric encounters within them begin to show Poet and reader alike a path back to the Omeros of book 1 and to the pelagic poetry that first drew the Poet to Homer and to his own H/omeric project.
Homeric Shadow, H/omeric Light
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an account of the processes by which the poem brings about the Poet’s multifaceted homecoming to the island and the fulfillment of his dream to become tribal poet. He moves from a diachronic to a synchronic relationship with Omeros and thereby becomes contemporary with him in all his incarnations—Greek bard, African griot, Sioux shaman. Throughout Omeros the blindness of these singers marks their highly refined inner vision, which gives rise to the authority of the tribal songs they sing. Walcott, drawing on the well-known ancient tradition that Homer was blind, expands the trope and plays with the name of the island—from the blinded saint whose own name was derived from the Latin word for “light,” lux, lucis. The poem effectively bypasses the Poet’s interrogation of Homeric metaphor. The real question for the Poet becomes not, When will I escape the obfuscating shade of Homer’s shadow?, but When will I achieve the clear sight of Omeros? This is a kind of vision which makes it possible to see, as he says, “the light of St. Lucia at last through her own eyes.” The H/omeric thus becomes for him not an obstacle but a vehicle for his clear seeing of his island and her people. In the descent through Soufrière, Omeros leads the Poet to the acquisition of the vision that will enable him to achieve the same status as the blind bard and to occupy the same temporal and creative space.
The Sense of Communication
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Many philosophers nowadays believe Frege was right about belief, but wrong about language: The contents of beliefs need to be individuated more finely than in terms of Russellian propositions, but the contents of utterances do not. This chapter argues that this ‘hybrid view’ cannot offer a reasonable account of how communication transfers knowledge from one speaker to another and that, to do so, we must insist that understanding depends upon more than just getting the references of terms right. The central examples used here are similar to one mentioned by Brian Loar, but, whereas Loar relies simply upon the ‘intuition’ that there has been a misunderstanding in the case he describes, Heck here develops an argument in support of that claim.
Sense as Mode of Representation
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frege tells us that we need to distinguish sense from reference, but he does not say very much about what sense is. There are two main traditions for understanding the notion, both with their roots in the work of Sir Michael Dummett. On one, also developed by David Chalmers, sense is a condition an object must satisfy to be the object of a particular thought. On the other, best known from the work of Gareth Evans, sense is to be understood in terms of what makes something the object of a particular thought. This chapter develops and motivates the first of these traditions and then argues that it cannot be defended. It then discusses how the second tradition differs (largely because it abandons internalism) and argues that it can, at least potentially, allow for a substantial notion of sense. But such a view has to abandon one of Frege’s key claims about sense: that it is an aspect of representational content.
Chalmers on Analyticity and A Priority
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In both the paper “Revisability and Conceptual Change in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’” and in Constructing the World, David Chalmers has argued against W. V. O. Quine’s claim that there are no ‘analytic’ sentences. This chapter argues that Chalmers’s argument does not advance this debate. Chalmer’s appeal to diachronic conditions on rational update does no significant work, and his Carnap-inspired account of meaning-change fails to secure the results he claims it does.[CB1]
Intuition and the Substitution Argument
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ‘substitution argument’ [CB3]purports to demonstrate the falsity of Russellian accounts of belief-ascription by observing that, for example, the sentences (LC) “Lois believes that Clark can fly” and (LS) “Lois believes that Superman can fly” could have different truth-values. But what is the basis for that claim? It is widely supposed that it is simply an ‘intuition’ that could then be ‘explained away’. This supposition plays an especially important role in Jennifer Saul’s defense of Russellianism, based upon the existence of an allegedly similar contrast between the sentences (PC) “Superman is more popular than Clark” and (PS) “Superman is more popular than Superman”. The latter contrast looks pragmatic. But then, Saul asks, why shouldn’t we then say the same about the former? The answer is that the two cases are not similar. In the case of (PC) and (PS), we have only the facts that these strike us differently, and that people will sometimes say things like (PC) but never say things like (PS). By contrast, there is an argument that (LS) can be true even if (LC) is false, and this argument does not appeal to anyone’s ‘intuitions’. The chapter’s main goal is to present such a version of the substitution argument, building upon the treatment of the Fregean argument against Russellian accounts of belief itself in “Solving Frege’s Puzzle”. A subsidiary goal is to contribute to the growing literature arguing that ‘intuitions’ simply do not play the role in philosophical inquiry that ‘experimental philosophers’ have supposed they do.
Speaker’s Reference, Semantic Reference, and Intuition
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Some years ago, Edouard Machery, Ron Mallon, Shaun Nichols, and Stephen Stich reported the results of experiments that reveal, they claim, cross-cultural differences in speakers’ ‘intuitions’ about Saul Kripke’s famous Gödel–Schmidt case. Several authors have suggested, however, that the question they asked their subjects is ambiguous between speaker’s reference and semantic reference. Machery and colleagues have since made a number of replies. It is argued here that these are ineffective. The larger lesson, however, concerns the role that first-order philosophy should, and more importantly should not, play in the design of such experiments and in the evaluation of their results.
Lightning
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Lichtenberg’s claim that ‘one should say it is thinking, just as one says, it is lightning. To say cogito is already too much as soon as one translates it as I am thinking. To assume the I, to postulate it, is a practical requirement’. It argues that Lichtenberg is not raising a problem here about the possibility of subjectless episodes of thinking. He is raising a problem about Descartes’s grounds for thinking of himself as the agent of his thinking. The chapter argues that there is a genuine puzzle here since neither experience nor the intellect can explain our sense of ourselves as the agents of our thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the languages that represent the empirical focus of the book (Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, Aromanian) and describes the properties that set Balkan Romance languages apart from other Romance languages (the affixal nature of the definite article, the null phonological realization of the definite article in certain contexts, the variability of the host for the definite article, the simultaneous realization of the definite article on multiple heads within the DP). The chapter also presents the goal of the book and the main gist of the proposal
Topos and Narcos
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Topos de Tlatelolco (Tlatelolco moles) is a Mexican volunteer force who burrow into collapsed buildings to rescue people in disasters throughout Latin America and across the globe. Also in Mexico, the narcotráficos are gangs who perpetrate untrammelled violence. Cooperation is clearly in our nature, whether for good or ill. Yet there is still a nagging doubt that something biological in us compels us to be selfish: our genes. Genes are selfish in the sense that they are driven by self-replication, and yet cooperation continually rears its head. Not only are humans fundamentally team players, but all of nature has been teaming up since the dawn of life. The first teams were made of naked molecules. Those molecular teams eventually became genes. Genes, so notoriously selfish in their impetus to propagate more of their own kind, team up too. A good deal of human cooperation arises through enlightened self-interest, and yet it is difficult to see how it could explain the kind of selfless altruism shown by the Topos. Could there be a biological impulse to cooperate? And if so, how could it have evolved? How could natural selection, which favours any inherited trait that confers an individual advantage in survival and reproduction, cultivate an apparently selfless tendency to help others?