bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do respiratory state and measurement method affect bra size calculations?
Authors: McGhee D E , Steele J R 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To investigate the effects of respiratory state and measurement method on bra size calculation.Methods:The bra sizes of 16 large-breasted women were measured during two respiratory states, end voluntary inspiration and relaxed voluntary expiration, and using two sizing methods, which were compared against subject-reported bra sizes.Results:Both respiratory state and measurement method significantly affected bra size estimations, whereby measuring chest circumference during inspiration increased both band and decreased cup size. However, whereas bra size calculated using the standard method differed significantly from subject-reported bra size, cup size calculated using the breast hemi-circumference method did not differ significantly from subject-reported cup size.Conclusions:As respiratory state significantly affects bra sizes, it should be standardised during bra size measurements. A more valid and reliable bra sizing method should be developed, possibly using the breast hemi-circumference method for cup size estimations and raw under-bust chest circumference values for band size.
Urea stimulation of KCl cotransport induces abnormal volume reduction in sickle reticulocytes
Authors: Joiner Clinton H. , Kirk Rettig R. , Jiang Maorong , Risinger Mary , Franco Robert S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
KCl cotransport (KCC) activity contributes to pathologic dehydration in sickle (SS) red blood cells (RBCs). KCC activation by urea was measured in SS and normal (AA) RBCs as Cl-dependent Rb influx. KCC-mediated volume reduction was assessed by measuring reticulocyte cellular hemoglobin concentration (CHC) cytometrically. Urea activated KCC fluxes in fresh RBCs to levels seen in swollen cells, although SS RBCs required lower urea concentrations than did normal (AA) RBCs. Little additional KCC stimulation by urea occurred in swollen AA or SS RBCs. The pH dependence of KCC in “euvolemic” SS RBCs treated with urea was similar to that in swollen cells. Urea triggered volume reduction in SS and AA reticulocytes, establishing a higher CHC. Volume reduction was Cl dependent and was limited by the KCC inhibitor, dihydro-indenyl-oxyalkanoic acid. Final CHC depended on urea concentration, but not on initial CHC. Under all activation conditions, volume reduction was exaggerated in SS reticulocytes and produced higher CHCs than in AA reticulocytes. The sulfhydryl-reducing agent, dithiothreitol, normalized the sensitivity of KCC activation to urea in SS RBCs and mitigated the urea-stimulated volume decrease in SS reticulocytes, suggesting that the dysfunctional activity of KCC in SS RBCs was due in part to reversible sulfhydryl oxidation.
Human rhinovirus induces robust IP-10 release by monocytic cells, which is independent of viral replication but linked to type I interferon receptor ligation and STAT1 activation
Authors: Korpi-Steiner Nichole L , Bates Mary Ellen , Lee Wai-Ming , Hall David J , Bertics Paul J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced respiratory infections are associated with elevated levels of IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), which is an enhancer of T lymphocyte chemotaxis and correlates with symptom severity and T lymphocyte number. Increased IP-10 expression is exhibited by airway epithelial cells following ex vivo HRV challenge and requires intracellular viral replication; however, there are conflicting reports regarding the necessity of type I IFN receptor ligation for IP-10 expression. Furthermore, the involvement of resident airway immune cells, predominantly bronchoalveolar macrophages, in contributing to HRV-stimulated IP-10 elaboration remains unclear. In this regard, our findings demonstrate that ex vivo exposure of human peripheral blood monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages (monocytic cells) to native or replication-defective HRV serotype 16 (HRV16) resulted in similarly robust levels of IP-10 release, which occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HRV16 induced a significant increase in type I IFN (IFN-α) release and STAT1 phosphorylation in monocytes. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor and inhibition of JAK or p38 kinase activity strongly attenuated HRV16-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation and IP-10 release. Thus, this work supports a model, wherein HRV16-induced IP-10 release by monocytic cells is modulated via autocrine/paracrine action of type I IFNs and subsequent JAK/STAT pathway activity. Our findings demonstrating robust activation of monocytic cells in response to native and/or replication-defective HRV16 challenge represent the first evidence indicating a mechanistic disparity in the activation of macrophages when compared with epithelial cells and suggest that macrophages likely contribute to cytokine elaboration following HRV challenge in vivo.
Effects of oleic acid on the high threshold barium current in seabassDicentrarchus labraxventricular myocytes
Authors: Chatelier A. , Imbert N. , Infante J. L. Zambonino , McKenzie D. J. , Bois P. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe present study employed a patch clamp technique in isolated seabass ventricular myocytes to investigate the hypothesis that oleic acid (OA), a mono-unsaturated fatty acid, can exert direct effects upon whole-cell barium currents. Acute application of free OA caused a dose-dependent depression of the whole-cell barium current that was evoked by a voltage step to 0 mV from a holding potential of –80 mV. The derived 50% inhibitory concentration(IC50) was 12.49±0.27 μmol l–1. At a concentration of 30 μmol l–1, OA significantly reduced the current density to about 45% of control values, but did not modify either the shape of the current-density voltage relationship or the apparent reversal potential. In addition, OA did not modify the voltage dependence of either steady state inactivation or activation curves. Taken together, these results indicate that physiological concentrations of free OA decrease the conductance of the L-type inward current, without altering its properties of selectivity and its voltage dependence. The inhibitory effect of OA upon the L-type calcium channel may translate, in vivo, into a protective effect against arrhythmias induced by Ca2+ overload.
The control of anterior foregut motility during a larval molt of the moth Manduca sexta involves the modulation of presynaptic activity
Authors: Bestman Jennifer E. , Booker Ronald 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
In the moth, Manduca sexta, anterior foregut motility is modulated during the larval–larval molts in order to control the timing of molting fluid (MF) ingestion. MF is the enzymatic mixture that destroys the outer cuticle so that it can be shed at the end of the molt. The onset of the larval–larval molt is characterized by a dramatic decline in the amplitude of the anterior foregut contractions so that MF is not prematurely ingested. As the end of the molt approaches, the robust contractions of the anterior foregut return and the MF is ingested, enabling the larva to free itself from its old cuticle. In the present study we examine possible mechanisms involved in modulating anterior foregut motility during a larval–larval molt. Our results reveal that the release of a blood-borne factor plays a role in the decline in anterior foregut peristaltic activity during the molt. This blood-borne factor reduces the efficacy of the presynaptic endings of the motorneurons, resulting in a reduction in the amplitude of the excitatory junctional potential (EJP) recorded from the anterior foregut musculature. We also present evidence that crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) targets the motorneuron terminals and its actions are sufficient to trigger the dramatic increase in EJP amplitude and anterior foregut contractions. Finally, the surgical ablation of the subesophageal ganglion, which has been previously described to be a source of CCAP neurons and the CCAP projections to the anterior foregut region, blocks both the increase in anterior foregut motility and the ingestion of MF that normally occur at the end of a larval–larval molt.
Vocal cord paralysis — 1979: Etiology and management
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBecause of the development of reinnervation surgery, approximately 400 patients have been seen by the author with a referral diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis. Because these patients were being entered into a research protocol to evaluate the efficacy of reinnervation surgery, very careful evaluation and records have been kept. Retrospective analysis of these records has permitted an up‐to‐date evaluation of the epidemiology, natural history, symptoms, signs and presenting complaints, as well as the status of treatment of vocal cord paralysis at the present time. Since this subject has received only limited treatment in the recent literature, it was felt that such an opportunity to evaluate a large personal experience might be a worthwhile addition to current knowledge of the subject.
Patterns of involvement of the temporal bone in metastatic and systemic malignancy
Authors: Berlinger Norman T. , Koutroupas Steven , Adams George , Maisel Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe temporal bone appears to be involved with secondary malignant processes in discrete histologic patterns with rather characteristic clinical presentations. Five distinct types of involvement can be recognized: isolated metastasis from a distant primary tumor; direct extension from a regional primary tumor; meningeal carcinomatosis; leptomenin‐geal extension from an intracranial primary tumor; and leukemic or lymphomatous infiltration. The typical histopathological patterns are described with correlative clinical symtomatolgy. Differential diagnosis is considered, and guidelines for surgical management are discussed.
Facial nerve nucleus in the cat. Further study
Authors: Radpour Shokri , Gacek Richard R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe location of efferent neurons, supplying muscles innervated by facial nerve, was studied in the brain stem of the cat using horseradish peroxidase. One to four microliters of HRP was injected in the frontalis, posterior belly of digastric, platysma, and auricularis superior muscles of the kittens. Their representative locations were determined in the facial nucleus.No direct relation between the amount of HRP injected and the number of labeled neurons was found. The number of positive cells was between 2 and 661. No labeled neurons were found in nucleus of Vth or any other brain stem nuclei.
Blunt laryngeal trauma in children
Authors: Myer Charles M. , Orobello Peter , Cotton Robin T. , Bratcher Glenn O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of laryngeal trauma in an adult trauma patient is usually readily made. It is frequently overlooked in children, however, because of the severity of their concomitant injuries and the unfamiliarity of pediatricians with this type of injury. The child with laryngeal trauma may develop respiratory distress much more quickly than an adult because of the relatively small dimensions of the pediatric airway and the apparent propensity for children to develop edema of the soft tissues of the larynx.This report retrospectively reviews our experience during the past several years with ten children who experienced blunt laryngeal trauma. Emphasis is placed upon the diverse etiologies of laryngeal trauma in children and the importance of both flexible and rigid laryngoscopy in the diagnosis and management of these patients.
Delayed neck infection following anterior spine surgery
Authors: Kuriloff Daniel B. , Blaugrund Stanley , Ryan John , O'Leary Patrick 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPharyngoesophageal perforation and neck abscess formation is a rare complication of anterior cervical spine surgery. This complication usually manifests itself within the early postoperative period and is associated with soft tissue trauma at the time of surgery.We describe two cases of retropharyngeal abscesses and persistent pharyngocutaneous fistulae which occurred in a delayed fashion several months after cervical spine surgery. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this problem is discussed with a review of the current literature.
Detection and quantification of laryngotracheopulmonary aspiration with scintigraphy
Authors: Muz Jaroslaw , Mathog Robert H. , Miller Peter R. , Rosen Robert , Borrero George 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAspiration is analyzed by a new scintigraphic technique and standard videofluoroscopy in 78 patients with head and neck pathology and neurologic disorders. When both methods are compared to clinical aspiration and a positive x‐ray film of pneumonia, they appear to complement each other and provide a very accurate evaluation. Scintigraphy is a more sensitive method for detecting aspiration below the vocal cords and also provides for flow dynamics and a method of quantifying the amount of aspirated material. Videofluoroscopy shows more clearly the mechanism of the swallowing disorder and how the bolus enters the tracheobronchial tree. Studies in patients following head and neck surgery demonstrate a high incidence of dysphagia, aspiration, and pneumonia.
Substituted 3‐Hydroxypyrroles from 1‐Azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones:The Aza‐Nazarov Reaction – Synthesis and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Dieker Jürgen , Fröhlich Roland , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn the basis of quantum chemical calculations, 1‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones were chosen as candidates for a thorough theoretical and experimental investigation of their electrocyclization reactivity upon protonation. According to G3 theory, the O‐protonated 1‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one cyclizes with high exothermicity and modest activation barrier to give the corresponding 3‐hydroxydihydropyrrolium ion (“aza‐Nazarov reaction”), whereas the corresponding O‐protonated 2‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one shows endothermicity and a huge barrier to the electrocyclization reaction. The stereochemistry of the cyclization reaction (torquoselectivity) was studied in detail theoretically as well as the cyclization properties of vinylogous system 4, which may give either five‐ or seven‐membered heterocyclic cations (5 versus 6). 1‐Amino‐ and 1‐alkoxy‐1‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones 9 and 10 wereeasily prepared from corresponding α‐imino‐carbonyl compounds 7 and 8 by aldol condensation. Experimentally, as evidenced by in situ NMR experiments, 1‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones gave dihydropyrrole cations upon protonation at a low temperature. For preparative purposes, trapping of the 3‐hydroxypyrrole intermediates with the use of anhydrides proved to be advantageous. Thus, a large variety of new, fully substituted 3‐hydroxypyrrole derivatives 13–17 have become accessible in moderate‐to‐good yields, including two bis‐pyrrole compounds 17a,b. All new compounds were thoroughly characterized, including a number of X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Amplification strategies in MR imaging: Activation and accumulation of sensing contrast agents (SCAs)
Authors: Querol Manuel , Bogdanov Alexei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe review new strategies for the development of Gd3+‐based T1‐relaxation agents and paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) “sensing” contrast agents (SCAs) designed specifically to detect small molecules or enzymatic activity in living systems. The first class of agents exhibits molecular “sensing” properties as a result of water coordination sphere effects, cleavage, or synthesis of reactive precursor compounds that recombine with macromolecules with the resultant formation of immobilized or rotationally constrained paramagnetic cations. This effect results in changes of water proton relaxation times. The second class (PARACEST) comprises a family of lanthanide‐based paramagnetic compounds suitable for CEST imaging. The need for both types of MR agents is justified by efforts to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize fine structures in living tissue, and to increase the molecular specificity of MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reference ranges of skin micro‐relief according to age in French Caucasian and Japanese women
Authors: Guinot C. , Latreille J. , Mauger E. , Ambroisine L. , Gardinier S. , Zahouani H. , Guéhenneux S. , Tschachler E. 
Published: October 2006

Background/purpose: The variation of skin surface morphological indicators according to age has not been frequently studied. The aim of this work was to establish French Caucasian and Japanese reference ranges of these indicators according to age.Methods: Two studies were performed simultaneously in Paris and Sendai on 356 Caucasian and 120 Japanese healthy women aged from 20 to 80 years. Skin replicas were obtained from the volar forearm and analysed by interferometry. This analysis yielded 16 morphological indicators. Reference ranges according to age were established using the statistical methodology defined by Royston.Results/discussion: Reference ranges were found for 15 out of the 16 parameters for the French women as well as for the Japanese women. The models' truthfulness will have to be confirmed using new samples, larger if possible. Moreover, non‐parametric methods will be used in order to compare the results provided by these approaches.
OCCURRENCE OF STEROL ESTERS IN THE CHICKEN BRAIN DURING PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Grafnetter D. , Grossi E. , Morganti P. 
Published: October 2006

The changes in brain constituents during development have been widely studied and data concerning lipids and other substances are now available. Some investigators have considered the possibility of correlating the maturation of the brain with the deposition of specific lipid fractions; but it is difficult to relate composition data to the functional development of the nervous system.An increase in the concentration of various lipids in the brain of different animal species during development has been demonstrated by many investigators, and these data have recently been reviewed by Sperry (1963). The concentration of cholesterol increases sharply during brain development: Folch ‐Pi (1955) found an increase of the order of 300‐400 per cent in mouse brain from birth to 90 days, and Mandel and Bieth (1951) demonstrated a 300 per cent increase of cholesterol concentration during the development of the rat brain from newborn to adult age. Mandel, Bieth and Stoll (1949) demonstrated that the cholesterol content increases from 1 to 5‐4 mg in the brain of the chick embryo from the 10th to 19th day of incubation.Most investigators agree that cholesterol is present in mature brain only in the free form (Cumings, 1957; Davison and Wajda, 1959) and Le Baron and Folch (1959) postulated that it is combined with the water soluble proteins in the myelin sheat. However, some investigators have found esterified cholesterol in developing brain. Mandelet al. (1949) found cholesterol esters in the brain of chick embryo and Adams and Davison (1959) in the cord of the chick embryo and in foetal human brain. JOHNSON, Mc Nabb and Rossiter (1948) and Brante (1949) found some esterified cholesterol in the infant human brain, while Cumings (1957) found trace amounts of cholesterol esters in adult white and infant grey matter. More recently Clarenburg, Chaikoff and Morris (1963) give values for cholesterol esters in the brain of the developing rabbit. However, there are no firm data on the changes in concentration of esterified cholesterol in the brain during development. We have, therefore, measured the sterol esters in the chick developing brain at different stages of embryonic and postnatal life.Recent investigations have shown that cholesterol is not the only sterol present in the developing brain, but there is a considerable amount of desmosterol (24‐dehydro‐cholesterol) in the brain of the chick embryo (Fish, Boyd and Stokes, 1962) and other animal species (Paoletti, Fumagalli, Grossi and Paoletti; 1965). Desmosterol is partially esterified in the chick brain and disappears from the brain during maturation (Fumagalli, Grafnetter, Grossi and Morganti, 1963).
HETEROGENEITY OF BRAIN FRACTIONS CONTAINING NEURONAL AND GLIAL CELLS1
Authors: Cremer J. E. , Johnston P. V. , Roots B. I. , Trevor A. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A density‐gradient procedure, previously reported to enable the separation of intact metabolically active neuronal and glial cells, has been appraised in terms of cellular homogeneity and integrity.Morphological examination by light and electron microscopy of fractions prepared by this method demonstrated marked heterogeneity and a high degree of cellular damage. The ‘neuronally enriched’ fraction contained a large proportion of non‐neuronal tissue including fragmented capillaries and endothelial cells. The ‘glial‐enriched’ fraction contained numerous nerve‐endings and synaptic boutons.The distribution of protein, DNA, carbonic anhydrase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase was examined, but such data were difficult to interpret in view of the marked heterogeneity of the fractions. Particulate material from the fractions was capable of endogenous respiration which was stimulated by glucose or pyruvate to levels slightly lower than that found in slices of cerebral cortex.The limitations of this and other methods for separation of cell types from neural tissue are discussed.
INCORPORATION OF [14C]GLYCINE INTO PROTEIN OF THE ADULT RAT PERIPHERAL NERVE: EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS
Authors: Matheson D. F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) The rate of incorporation in vitro of [14C]glycine into adult rat peripheral nerve protein was studied and found to be linear up to a concentration of 4.5 μc/ml. It was also linear with time of incubation up to at least 6 hr.(2) Anaerobiosis, potassium cyanide, dinitrophenol and diphtheria toxin inhibited the incorporation of [14C]glycine into protein, in a manner comparable to other tissues.
CHANGES IN ACETYLCHOLINE, NOREPINEPHRINE AND 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE CONCENTRATIONS IN SEVERAL DISCRETE BRAIN AREAS OF THE RAT DURING BEHAVIOURAL EXCITATION1,2
Authors: Aprison M. H. , Kariya T. , Hingtgen J. N. , Toru M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and norepinephrine concentrations were measured in the telencephalon, diencephalon plus mesencephalon (midbrain), and pons‐medulla oblongata of rats exhibiting behavioral excitation while working on a Sidman avoidance schedule and injected with 50 mg/kg iproniazid 16 hr before being given 2 mg/kg tetrabenazine. Acetylcholine concentrations in all three brain areas decreased and returned to normal levels at different times. The time course of increased response rates correlated best with the acetylcholine levels in the telencephalon. Both the 5‐hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine concentrations remained similar to the iproniazid control values during the period of behavioural excitation. However, the norepinephrine concentration in the midbrain showed a continuous decreasing trend toward naive control levels. These data suggest that changes in a cholinergic system in the telencephalon and a noradrenergic system in the midbrain operate in the maintenance of behavioural excitation.