bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical staining of renal biopsy samples in patients with diabetic nephropathy in non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus using monoclonal antibody to advanced glycation end products
Authors: SUZUKI Daisuke , YAGAME Mitsunori , NAKA Raita , JINDE Kiichiro , ENDOH Masayuki , NOMOTO Yasuo , SAKAI Hideto , ARAKI Norie , HORIUCHI Seikoh 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Immunohistochemical staining of glomeruli in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using the monoclonal anti‐advanced glycation end products (AGE) antibody is described. In order to detect the localization of AGE in human renal tissues, we performed immunohistochemical staining using the monoclonal anti‐AGE antibody in the glomeruli of 11 patients with DN and 11 age‐matched patients with diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis without IgA deposition (DPGN) as controls.Emergence of AGE in the mesangial area was more marked in the glomeruli of patients with severe mesangial expansion than in those with mild expansion. AGE in the extraglomerular arteriolar walls was also observed. In contrast, there was no positive staining using the same antibody in renal tissue obtained from DPGN.These data support the concept that deposition and/or formation of AGE in the mesangial area might be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
CREEP‐FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF FOUR CASTS OF TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL
Authors: WAREING J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Low‐cycle fatigue tests including hold periods up to 24 h at maximum tensile strain have been conducted on four casts of Type 316 stainless steel in the temperature range 570 to 625°C. These resulted in failure times up to 4000 h. In general, fatigue life is reduced as the hold period increases, but the extent of life reduction varies from material to material and with test temperature. For two casts material this initial life reduction is followed by an increase in life as hold periods are extended. The results are rationalised in terms of prevailing fracture processes, and the implication for the extrapolation of short‐term data is discussed.
A METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE LIFETIME OF GAS TURBINE BLADES
Authors: POLICELLA HUMBERT , CULIÉ JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—–The article describes a method developed at ONERA for predicting the lifetime of gas turbine blades. This method makes use of non‐linear viscoplastic constitutive laws, the problem being solved from a plane cross section assumption and through a time‐step linearization. The initiation of the first macroscopic crack is calculated from a stabilized cycle condition. A blade test rig has been developed for checking the method under load and temperature conditions that are as close as possible to operational ones. The results of two series of tests on convection cooled IN100 blades prove the method to be acceptable to design engineers.
THE ENGINEERING FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT COPPER*†
Authors: MURPHY M. C. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The paper presents a comprehensive review, supplemented by original data, of the engineering fatigue behaviour of copper. Variations in manufacturing route and softening treatments are shown to have little effect on the fatigue of annealed copper but the high cycle fatigue strength is increased by cold work. The high strain fatigue behaviour is defined in terms of the plastic strain range and the cyclic stress‐strain characteristics are documented. Fatigue behaviour in bending and torsion is defined by data and related to that in tension by simple design rules.Notches are found to reduce the laboratory measured fatigue strength of copper by ∼ 30% and the effect of surface finish, surface distortion and surface residual stress is defined in the literature. Fatigue crack growth is defined in terms of stress intensity factor range ΔKby an upperbound law and, together with the conditions for non‐growth (ΔK0), shown to relate to the equivalent conditions for steels via the ratio of the respective elastic moduli.The effect of environment on the fatigue of copper has received scant attention in the literature, such results as exist suggesting little if any reduction in strength to be brought about by gaseous or aqueous environments. The most dramatic change is the improvement of about an order of magnitude which results when tests in vacuum are compared with equivalent tests in air. Results of fatigue tests on copper in ammoniacal environments are conspicuously absent from the literature.As the test temperature is reduced below room temperature there is a predictable increase in high cycle fatigue strength, a reduction in fatigue strength occurring above room temperature. High strain fatigue test results presented in terms of plastic strain range appear insensitive to temperature although at very low strain rates and high temperatures a reduction in fatigue strength occurs. A linear life fraction cumulative damage creep‐fatigue law appears sometimes to be non‐conservative but much more testing is needed to evaluate fatigue damage summation laws generally for copper.Numerical data are given in support of all the aspects of the engineering fatigue behaviour reviewed in the paper.
THE APPLICABILITY OF STRAIN‐RANGE PARTITIONING TO HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF “IN 738” ALLOY
Authors: NAZMY M. Y. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The results of high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF) on IN 738, obtained from two different sources, were used to study the applicability of strain‐range partitioning (SRP) to this alloy. In spite of the difficulty in separating the plastic‐plastic strain component from the different strain‐life relations, an attempt was made to determine the coefficients and exponents for each of these relations from both sets of data. The observation that compressive creep, balanced by tensile plastic deformation, was more damaging than the reverse, could be related to the behaviour of the material. The evidence of the effect of temperature on the plastic‐plastic strain‐life relation, reported by some researches, was shown to be not decisive in the reported temperature range. The reasonable agreement and the similarity in the material's behaviour, obtained from the analysis of the high temperature low cycle fatigue of the two sets of data, substantiates the applicability of the strain‐range partitioning method to IN 738 alloy.
DAMAGE ACCUMULATION DURING INITIATION AND SHORT CRACK GROWTH REGIMES
Authors: MILLER K. J. , IBRAHIM M. F. E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The birth and growth of short cracks is analysed from an elastic‐plastic fracture mechanics viewpoint. Low to high cumulative damage tests from the low stress to high strain regime indicate that there is no crack initiation period in the metallurgical sense and that cracks grow from the first cycle, but at a slow rate. The initiation phase terminates when one crack starts to dominate and accelerates to failure, its initial size being given by
image
for the medium carbon steel tested here, of grain size 56 μm.
THE IMPACT FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF PEARLITIC PLAIN CARBON STEELS
Authors: JOHNSON ALAN A. , KELLER DAVID J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—A literature search has revealed that the most extensive study of impact fatigue reported is still that of Stanton and Bairstow (1908) who were the first to work on this topic. Their results, which were on pearlitic plain carbon steels, have been reanalyzed in an attempt to deduce from them the effects of chemical composition on impact fatigue in this class of materials.The results show that when the number of impacts to failure, Nf, is greater than about 103, Nf and the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, are related by the equation: Ei, =Eo+EkNf−p, where Eo appears to be the impact endurance limit. It is suggested that Ek and p be named respectively the “impact fatigue parameter” and “impact fatigue exponent”. Ek is independent of composition except that it is lower by a factor of about four for two materials which probably failed by an intercrystalline rather than transcrystalline fracture; p has a value of 0.6; and Eo increases monotonically with silicon content but does not vary systematically with the carbon, manganese, sulphur or phorphorus contents. The significance of these results is discussed.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN NIMONIC AP1
Authors: KING J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecently a controversy has developed over whether crystallographic crack growth near threshold in Ni‐base superalloys occurs along {111} slip planes or {100} planes at room temperature. In this work on Nimonic API crack propagation is shown to occur on both {100} and {111} planes. The most common facet plane is {111} and this is the only orientation observed at the lowest stress intensities, but at higher stress intensities occasional {100} facets are also produced. This behaviour is compared with similar results in aluminium alloys.
FATIGUE LIFE BEHAVIOR OF COPPER SINGLE CRYSTALS. PART I: OBSERVATIONS OF CRACK NUCLEATION
Authors: CHENG ALEX S. , LAIRD CAMPBELL 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn low strain fatigue, cracks often form in persistent slip bands (PSB) in a wide variety of materials. Observations of crack nucleation involving PSB have been made in copper single crystals by careful interferometric studies. The width, length, step height and thus strain localization in the PSBs remain very stable during saturation, even up to three‐quarters of the life. For a given applied strain amplitude, the specimen will form PSBs having a certain distribution of slip offsets. The fatal crack is found to nucleate in the group of micro‐PSBs having the largest offsets, and the largest strain localization. The PSB volume fraction for a given strain amplitude depends only very slightly on crystal orientation, and the slip offsets not at all. Thus the kinetics of crack nucleation are not affected by orientation. The mechanism of nucleation is concluded to be one of random walk in the slip offsets of PSBs.
CYCLIC STRAIN HARDENING OF 316 STAINLESS STEEL AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: DE LOS RIOS E. R. , BROWN M. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe cyclic strain hardening occurring during fatigue testing at 550°C was studied in terms of the dislocation structures developed. The dislocations are collected in dense tangles which form the boundaries of a cell structure. The stress required to push through, or eject, a dislocation from the cell boundary predicts the flow stress. These values showed good correlation with the cyclic shear stresses obtained by applying the Tresca criterion, which underlies its usefulness in design under cyclic loads. Carbide particles are shown to precipitate on grain and cell boundaries.
THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR OF SMALL CRACKS AT NOTCHES
Authors: SCHIJVE J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— It was found in a previous publication that stress fields around notches are quantitatively very similar, if the peak stress at the notch root (σpeak) and the notch root radius (ρ) are the same. As a consequence, small cracks (length l) should have the same stress intensity factor, if σpeak and ρ are similar. This implies that the geometry factor C in
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should primarily depend on l/ρ only, and not on other dimensions. Available data on calculated K values was analysed, which confirmed the similarity concept. An equation for C as a function of l/ρ was obtained. It was shown that K‐values calculated with this equation are an accurate approximation for the stress intensity factor of small cracks at notches.
ON THE IMPACT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF METALLIC MATERIALS
Authors: Tanaka T. , Nakayama H. , Kimura K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe impact fatigue crack growth characteristics of a low carbon steel and an aluminium alloy were studied. An impact fatigue testing machine of the Hopkinson bar type was used in these experiments to conduct a series of crack growth tests under simple impact stresses.The following characteristics of impact fatigue crack growth behaviour were revealed: (1) crack growth rate is higher in impact fatigue than in non‐impact fatigue; (2) crack opening ratio in impact fatigue takes a higher value than in non‐impact fatigue; (3) crack tip plastic zone size is smaller in impact fatigue than in non‐impact fatigue.
EFFECT OF LASER BEAM RADIATION ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Peiyan Huang , Changchun Li , Qiguang Zheng , Guangxia Li , Lee Hao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of laser beam radiation on the fatigue crack growth threshold and the crack growth rate in 25CrMnSi steel plate. A comparison of radiated and unradiated specimens permits the derivation of an equation for the fatigue crack growth rate. The results show that radiation can enhance the fatigue threshold and retard crack growth rate.
THE LOW CYCLE IMPACT FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF PEARLITIC PLAIN CARBON STEELS
Authors: Johnson David N. , Johnson Alan A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe results of Stan ton and Bairstow (1908) have been reanalyzed to yield information on the composition dependence of the low cycle impact fatigue properties of pearlitic plain carbon steels. It has been found that the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, and the number of impacts are failure, Nf, are related by the equation:In this equation q is determined by the carbon, manganese and silicon contents of the steel; Eo is the impact endurance limit; and C and D are constants. The curve represented by this equation intersects that representing the Johnson‐Keller high cycle impact fatigue equation at a value of logeNf equal to 1/C. Thus, the transition from low to high cycle impact fatigue occurs at this value of logeNf.
AN EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH
Authors: Ochi Y. , Ishii A. , Sasaki S. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSurface fatigue crack studies were carried out and statistically analysed from rotating bend fatigue tests in the high cycle region for three metals, copper, stainless steel and mild steel with four ferrite grain sizes. Quantitative observations of the initiation and growth behavior, including coalescence of closely spaced cracks, are discussed and a limiting condition for coalescence is proposed. Statistical properties of initiation, propagation and propagation rate of surface cracks are examined and the effect of different metals and grain sizes is discussed.
LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF ALLOY 800H AT 600°C—EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE AND γ′ ‐PRECIPITATE DISPERSION
Authors: Nilsson J.‐O. , Thorvaldsson T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigh strain fatigue properties of Alloy 800H have been investigated at 600°C in strain control. The behaviour of solution heat treated material was compared with that of material aged at 550 and 600°C. It was found that both aging treatments extended the fatigue life significantly, the longest fatigue life being observed for fine‐grained material aged at 550°C. The results are explicable in terms of partially reversible plastic flow occurring when the γ′ particles are by‐passed by shearing.
CYCLIC CREEP ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION IN Cr‐Mo‐V ROTOR STEEL AT AMBIENT AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE RESPECTIVELY
Authors: Wang Zhong‐Ghuang , Rahka Klaus , Laird Campbell 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe cyclic creep properties of Cr‐Mo‐V rotor steel have been explored at room temperature and elevated temperature by multiple‐step tests with increasing maximum stress (R= 0), and with subsequent tests in partial unloading (0 ≤R < 1). Cyclic creep acceleration is observed at room temperature and cyclic creep retardation at elevated temperature. This behavior is explained in terms of cyclic softening at low temperature and by creep‐dominated deformation at high temperature with a ferritic material considered especially prone to retardation because of the high diffusivity of b.c.c. material. Other interesting effects, such as strain burst phenomena and the observation of anomalously high values of the ratio of diametral strain to axial strain, are also reported.
A PROBABILISTIC MODEL FOR LOWER‐SHELF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS—THEORY AND APPLICATION
Authors: Slatcher Stephen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen fitting parametric distributions to fracture toughness data, one will often encounter the situation where there are few data available. In such a situation, additional information obtained from a theoretical model can prove to be of value. A theoretical model is described here, which predicts that lower‐shelf fracture toughness follows a 2‐parameter Weibull distribution with a shape parameter equal to 2 or 4 (depending on the units used for fracture toughness), the scale parameter being determined by the crack front length and a material constant. A rule‐of‐thumb is given for determining when it is an advantage to use this theoretical information, and when it is best to fit a parametric distribution on the basis of the available data alone.
NEAR THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF A HETEROGENEOUS MICROSTRUCTURE
Authors: Vaidya W. V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe threshold regime of a heterogeneous, pearlitic‐ferritic microstructure was investigated at R= 0.1. Not only did the ΔKth values vary depending on the test procedure in that da/dN vs ΔK curves before and after ΔKth determination were not identical but transition ΔK values also differed. The observations are correlated with inherent micro‐ structural features.
HUMID AIR EFFECTS ON CRACK TIP PLASTIC WORK IN 1008 STEEL
Authors: Gross T. S. , Joseph A. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe cyclic plastic work of fatigue crack propagation, Qpw, and the effective surface energy, U, were measured for an annealed 1008 steel in humid air and dry nitrogen using calorimetry Qpw was not significantly affected by the humid air environment suggesting that the hydrogen generated by the oxidation of iron at the crack tip does not strongly affect the cyclic properties for this material U was identical and constant for the two environments for crack growth rates greater than ∼ 100 A/cycle. Below da/dN∼ 100 A/cycle U decreased rapidly with decreasing δK in the humid air environment It was concluded from these two observations that the main effect of hydrogen on crack growth in this alloy was to lower the atomic surface energy, γ, thereby lowering the local fracture stress.
THE GROWTH OF SHORT CRACKS UNDER CYCLIC COMPRESSION
Authors: Pippan R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe fatigue crack growth behaviour, the length of the arrested cracks and the shape of the crack front were investigated for cyclic compression. Specimens with deep sharp notches were used. The experiments were performed for different load amplitudes and load ratios under conditions of small scale yielding. The material used was ARMCO‐iron. The growth rate and length of the arrested cracks were estimated and compared with the experimental results. The crack growth rate of very short cracks is determined by the stress intensity and is independent of the stress ratio. The length of the arrested cracks depends on the stress ratio and is bounded by the size of the cyclic and the monotonic plastic zones.
THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY IN ENVIRONMENTAL FATIGUE TESTS
Authors: Gabetta G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The complex dependence of environmental fatigue crack growth rate on loading variables, has been studied for a pressure vessel steel in a pure water environment. Attention has been focused on the frequency effect, which has been interpreted by using a superposition model. With this approach, the maximum expected crack growth rate can be quantitatively estimated as a function of frequency; critical ΔK values for the onset of stress corrosion fatigue can be calculated as a function of crack tip strain rate, which depends on applied load, load rise time and crack length.The approach has been verified by a comparison with experimental data from two laboratories. The agreement of data with the prediction is quite good.
STANDARDIZED LOAD SEQUENCE FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES–WASH 1
Authors: Schütz W. , Klätschke H. , Hück M. , Sonsino C. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWASH 1 is composed of a defined series of six seastates for a yearly return period; the two lowests seastates 1 and 2 being eliminated, because they do not influence the fatigue life of offshore structures, and the three highest seastates 8, 9 and 10 were combined. The sequence and the duration of the resultant six seastates correspond also to long term observations in the North Sea. A generated load history with the power spectrum of the strain measuremnts used as a basis, is the result for each seastate. The return period of the standardized load history WASH 1 decided upon is 5 × 105 cycles coresponding to one year of wave loads. It is fixed sequence of peaks recorded on tape. Testing frequency and signal shape are optional. The basis for the derivation of standardized load histories is always formed by strain histories measured in operation. WASH 1 was derived on the basis of strain measurements on the FRIGG DP2 platform of IFREMER, Brest, supplemented by measurements of Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg, on the Research Platform NORDSEE. As even comprehensive measurements can only be samples over a limited period of time, the strain measuremments were supported by the results of long‐term observations of seastates in the North Sea.
SMALL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN A LOW CARBON STEEL UNDER TENSION–COMPRESSION AND PULSATING‐TENSION LOADING
Authors: Tokaji Keiro , Ogawa Takeshi , Aoki Tetsuya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe growth behaviour of small fatigue cracks has been investigated in a low carbon steel under axial loading at the stress ratios R of –1 (tension‐compression) and 0 (pulsating‐tension). Crack closure was measured to evaluate the effects of stress ratio and stress level on small crack growth. Except for the accelerated growth at stress levels close to the yield stress of the material, at R=–1 small cracks grow faster than large cracks below a certain crack length, but at R= 0 the crack growth rates for small cracks are coincident with those for large cracks in the whole region of crack length investigated. The critical crack length, 2cc, above which the growth behaviour of small cracks is similar to that of large cracks depends on stress ratio, being 1–2 mm at R=–1 and smaller than 0.7 mm at R=0. The 2cc value at R=–1 agrees with that obtained under rotating bending (R=–1). The small crack data are closely correlated with large crack growth rates in terms of the effective stress intensity range, ΔKeff; thus ΔKeff is found to be a characterizing parameter for small crack growth including the growth at the higher stress levels.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BOLT FATIGUE LIMITS
Authors: Patterson E. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe approach to predicting fatigue limits from calculated stress concentration factors, using thread load distributions obtained from analytical theories is examined. In particular combinations of the methods of Shigley, Otaki, Heywood, Birger, Bluhm and Flanagan, Sopwith and a modification to Sopwith's theory are assessed against fatigue test data and photoelastic results for a range of bolt and nut geometries. The Snow‐Langer‐Cook, the Goodman and the Gerber methods of allowing for the effect of mean stress were also examined. It was concluded that mean stress effects are significant, that none of the theories are sufficiently sensitive to changes in geometry, and that they seriously overestimate the fatigue limit when the geometry is more severe than the standard. The use of Sopwith's theory of load distribution combined with Heywood's method and the Snow‐Langer‐Cook technique was found to be the safest for design purposes, but not the most accurate.