bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erythroblastosis Foetalis. A Survey of 491 Consecutive Cases of Rh‐Immunization in Pregnancy: Part I. Stillbirths due to Erythroblastosis Foetalis
Authors: SUNDAL ALFRED 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn a survey of consecutive cases of offspring with haemolytic disease born of Rhimmunized women, presumably comprising all cases in 1951–1961 in a region of West Norway, there were 491 children with haemolytic disease; 31 (6.3%) were stillborn and 460 (93.7 %) liveborn.Thirty‐one stillbirths occurred in 25 women, 20 with one stillbirth (and one with twins) and five with two stillbirths due to haemolytic disease. Tables show the outcome of all pregnancies in each woman with stillbirths, especially details concerning haemolytic disease in the offspring.The low number of stillbirths in our survey (6.3 %) seen in relation to 16 % in English and American statistics, is thought partly to be due to the low number of pregnancies after the last Rh‐immunization ending in stillbirth, but also due to effective induction of labour in Rh‐immunized women with bad obstetrical histories in previous pregnancies.In figures details of the incomplete antibody titre in pregnancy, week of gestation of intrauterine death, and the interval between intrauterine death and birth is given in the stillbirths due to e.f. The findings in the stillborn affected with haemolytic disease are also shown, comprising birth weight and length, weight of placenta, hydrops in the stillbirths and post mortem findings.After discussing the observations and referring to the literature, the author suggests a guide to the criteria for inducing labour in Rh‐immunized pregnancies.
Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: FRIIS‐HANSEN BENT , SKADHAUGE ERIK , ZETTERSTROM ROLF 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe body fluid volumes have been followed in two infants with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Without treatment both patients had a low extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and a normal to low‐normal total body water (TBW). Following thiazide therapy (Case 1) and during a fluid deprivation test (Case 2) a further reduction of ECV and TBW was found. Untreated both patients revealed a severe hypernatriemia without any increase in the urinary aldosterone excretion.The first patient had a cerebral atrophy and a rightsided hydronephrosis, a higher diuresis and a lower concentration capacity was found on this side. The patient was treated continuously with thiazide. When an ordinary house diet was given this drug could only maintain normal electrolytemia in combination with spirolactone. A considerable increase in height and psychic development took place during this combined treatment.It is noted, that nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may be present in infants with unexplained fever and vomiting in the absence of polydipsia and polyuria. The urine may even be hypertonic.
Pseudocroup‐A 30‐Year Series from Lund
Authors: LINDBERG TOR 
Published: January 2008

SummaryEight hundred and fifteen cases of pseudocroup seen partly at the Department of Paediatrics during a 30 year period and partly at the Department of Otolaryngology, Lund, during a 10 year period, are described. The material was divided chronologically into 4 groups, one group per decade, and one group consisting of cases from the Department of Otolaryngology. The cases were studied regarding frequency, prognosis, heredity, allergy, number of hospital days, duration of fever, ESR and number of leucocytes on admission. It was found that the frequency of the disease had increased and that the mortality had fallen from 6 % to about 1 %‐total mortality 1.7 %. Five point six per cent of the series had acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 13 of the 14 patients, who had died, had had laryngotracheobronchitis. The percentage of patients with a normal ESR had increased during the three decades, but still more striking was the increase in the percentage of patients with a normal number of leucocytes on admission (from 29 % to 74 %). The aetiology is discussed and it is stressed that the change in the number of leucocytes during the periods covered by the investigation may be a sign of an increasing importance of virus as a contributory cause of pseudocroup.
Immunological Studies in Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: PALMGREN BERTIL , LINDBERG TOR 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (a disease transmitted by a sex‐linked recessive gene and characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema and reduced resistance to infection) was studied immunologically. The gammarM fraction was found to be low, isoagglutinins were reduced or missing, the formation of antibodies to virus infections (mumps and measles) as well as to administered bacterial antigens (typhoid and paratyphoid B 0‐ and IE‐antigen) was missing. The relation between the syndrome and other kinds of immuno‐paresis is discussed.
The Effect of Different Amounts of Vitamin D on Growth and Serum Levels of Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus and Alkaline Phosphatase in Premature Infants
Authors: SYDOW GERT VON , HEDVALL GUNNEL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA series of 162 premature babies, weighing between 1510 and 2000 g at birth, were nursed on breast milk with a small cow's milk supplement. They were divided into three groups, given 450, 2,250, and 10,000 I.U. of vitamin D daily from the 8th day of life. No difference could be found between the groups concerning weight increase and the serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase during the first month of life.
21. Antibiotic Therapy of Prematures
Authors: RANTASALO I. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryInfections of prematures are chiefly nosocomial infections.The causative agents of infection are often resistant to G‐penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline.It appears from these premiminary studies that it might be possible to achieve better results with combined meticillin‐colimycin therapy than with the traditional antibiotics.
Venous and Capillary Hematocrit in Newborn Infants and Placental Transfusion
Authors: OH WILLIAM , LIND JOHN 
Published: January 2008

Summary and ConclusionHematocrit values were measured on one hundred and eleven sets of capillary (from unwarmed and warmed heels) and venous blood samples obtained simultaneously during the first 5 days of life from 60 full term newborn infants, 40 of which the umbilical cords were clamped late, and 20 clamped early a t the time of birth.In the late clamped infants, the capillary hematocrits showed an initial rise during the first 6 hours of life seemingly due to fluid transudation in the capillary beds, followed by a fall a t 12 to 24 hours of age due to a subsequent fluid reabsorption into the vascular space in response to increasing circulatory demands in the visceral organs. In the early clamped infants, the capillary hematocrits remained stable during the first 6 hours, but a slight decline was observed a t 12 to 24 hours of age. The simultaneously measured venous hematocrits of both late and early clamped infants plotted against age revealed a strikingly similar pattern of alterations.A marked capillary venous hematocrit difference was observed in the late clamped infants and to a much lesser extent in the early clamped infants during the first 5 days of life, with the venous being lower than the capillary values. Warming the heels prior to capillary sampling improves the capillary venous hematocrit correlations in the late clamped infants and the improvement achieved by this procedure increases as the infant becomes older. In the early clamped infants heel warming produces relatively less effects because there was less capillary venous hematocrit discrepancy initially.In infants over 12 hours of age where venipuncture is difficult or inadvisable, capillary blood samples obtained from warmed heels could be used for hematocrit measurements. However, the hematoples do not exactly correspond with the venous values and the approximate venous reading could be estimated by using the regression lines derived from our samples, and their 95% confidence limit could be calculated from the appropriate formulas.
Suicidal Attempts Made by Children
Authors: OTTO ULF 
Published: January 2008

SummaryOf a series covering 1727 children and adolescents under 21 years, from the whole of Sweden, who during the five‐year period 1955‐1959 had attempted suicide, the 42 cases who were under 14 years have been explored more thoroughly. The youngest case is a 10‐year‐old boy. A more even sex distribution prevails in the younger ages, contrary to what is true of the older ages, where there is a marked preponderance of girls. In the large material love problems, followed by home and parental problems, are the primary causes. Among the younger children home and parental problems, followed by school problems, are the most common causes. Contrary t o the findings of other writers, passive methods predominate in the present material among the younger clientele who attempt suicide.
CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF AN ATYPICAL FORM OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS
Authors: LOEB H. , TONDEUR M. , TOPPET M. , CREMER N. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTwo children, brother and sister, presenting a clinically peculiar form of mucopolysaccharidosis are reported. There exists a discrepancy between clinical and radiological data and biochemical findings. Enzyme study of the liver discloses a striking hyperactivity of the acid /J‐galactosidase. Hepatic ultrastructure differs from that of other previous descriptions of mucopolysaccharidoses, demonstrating a complex storage of lipids and mucopolysaccharides within swollen lysosomes.
MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE
Authors: DICKINSON J. P. , HOLTON J. B. , LEWIS G. M. , LITTLEWOOD J. M. , STEEL A. E. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn infant with Maple Syrup Urine Disease was treated from six weeks of age with a synthetic diet containing carefully restricted quantities of branched chain aminoacids. There was a marked immediate improvement. At twelve weeks, gross vitamin deficiency developed and was corrected. The patient is now more than four‐and‐a‐half years old, and although in reasonable general health is quite severely retarded, both mentally and physically.The problems of diagnosis, the biochemical basis of dietary treatment and the laboratory requirements for control are discussed in relation to the 55 previously published cases.
LOCALIZATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN KIDNEYS OF CHILDREN WITH DIFFUSE NEPHROPATHIES, STUDIED BY AN INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENT TECHNIQUE
Authors: BRENTJENS J. R. H. , FELTKAMP‐VROOM THEA M. , TIDDENS H. A. W. M. , KUYTEN R. H. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryPreliminary report of the results obtained with an indirect immunofluorescent technique applied to the study of renal biopsy specimens.Depositions of IgG, IgA, IgM, complement, fibrinogen and albumin were investigated in glomeruli of children with diffuse nephropathies and in adult controls. The localization of the protein precipitates was confirmed by comparing the immunofluorescent picture with the results of the P.A.S.M./ H.E. staining of the same sections.
TRISOMY 17–18
Authors: BENADY S. G. , HARRIS R. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThree cases of trisomy 17–18 associated with oesophageal atresia and tracheo‐oesophageal fistula are described, and the clinical features of two other cases of trisomy 17–18 are summarised. It is concluded that the association between the two conditions is not so rare as previous reports suggest.
PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE DE LANGE SYNDROME
Authors: FRANCE N. E. , CROME L. , ABRAHAM J. M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTwo girls with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, dying at the age of 4 weeks and 9 months respectively, are described.Published examples where necropsy was performed are reviewed and the congenital anomalies of internal organs are summarised.Although some neuropathological features probably result from arrest or retardation of maturation, there was evidence in the younger infant of associated breakdown of myelin.Morphological changes of pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, are frequent but no link with hypothalamic lesions has been found.
PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES TO E. COLI O ANTIGENS: A SUGGESTED DIFFERENCE IN THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH FIRST AND RECURRENT ATTACKS OF PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: HANSON LARS A. , HOLMGREN JAN , JODAL ULF , WINBERG JAN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe presence of precipitating antibodies toE. coliO antigens in consecutive serum samples from infants and children with pyelonephritis without obstructions in the urinary tract was studied using an immunodiffusion method. Precipitating antibodies were found in only five of 20 patients clinically diagnosed as having their first attack of pyelonephritis, but in all of 13 patients with a recurrent infection. Such antibodies were not found in any of 93 controls without symptoms or signs of urinary tract infection.The reason for the appearance of IgG precipitins toE. colimainly in patients with recurrent pyelonephritis is discussed with regard to three possibilities: a secondary antibody response induced by the recurrent infection, an adjuvant effect of endotoxin remaining from an earlier infection and finally more severe infections causing stronger antigenic stimuli in patients with tendency toward recurrencies.The detection of precipitating antibodies toE. coliO antigens might be useful for early recognition of patients with recurrent pyelonephritis, who are at risk to develop progressive renal scarring.
Combined use of clinical pre-test probability and D-dimer test in the diagnosis of preoperative deep venous thrombosis in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Frøkjær Jens , Nielsen Tina , Larsen Torben , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Elbrønd Henrik , Thorlacius-Ussing Ole , Stender Mogens 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe preoperative prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with colorectal cancer may be as high as 8%. In order to minimize the risk of pulmonary embolism, it is important to rule out preoperative DVT. A large study has confirmed that a negative D-dimer test in combination with a low clinical pre-test probability (PTP) can be safely used to rule out the tentative diagnosis of DVT in cancer patients. However, the accuracy in colorectal cancer patients is uncertain. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a quantitative D-dimer assay in combination with the PTP score in ruling out preoperative DVT in colorectal cancer patients admitted for surgery. Preoperative D-dimer test and compression ultrasonography for DVT were performed in 193 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer. Diagnostic accuracy indices of the D-dimer test were assessed according to the PTP score. The negative predictive value, positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity were 99% (95% confidence interval (CI), 95–100%), 17% (95% CI, 9–26), 93% (95% CI, 68–100%) and 61% (95% CI, 53–68%), respectively. In conclusion, the combined use of pre-test probability and D-dimer test may be useful in ruling out preoperative DVT in colorectal cancer patients admitted for surgery.
On-line Assessment of Statistical Learning by Event-related Potentials
Authors: Abla Dilshat , Katahira Kentaro , Okanoya Kazuo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We investigated the neural processes involved in on-line statistical learning and word segmentation. Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants were exposed to continuous, nonlinguistic auditory sequences, the elements of which were organized into “tritone words” that were sequenced in random order, with no silent spaces between them. After listening to three 6.6-min sessions of sequences, the participants performed a behavioral choice test, in which they were instructed to indicate the most familiar tone sequence in each test trial by pressing buttons. The participants were divided into three groups (high, middle, and low learners) based on their behavioral performance. The overall mean performance was 74.4%, indicating that the tone sequence was segmented and that the participants learned the tone words statistically. Grand-averaged ERPs showed that word onset (initial tone) elicited the largest N100 and N400 in the early learning session of high learners, but in middle learners, the word-onset effect was elicited in a later session, and there was no effect in low learners. The N400 amplitudes significantly differed between the three learning sessions in the high- and middle-learner groups. The results suggest that the N400 effect indicates not only on-line word segmentation but also the degree of statistical learning. This study provides insight into the neural mechanisms underlying on-line statistical learning processes.
Are Attractive People Rewarding? Sex Differences in the Neural Substrates of Facial Attractiveness
Authors: Cloutier Jasmin , Heatherton Todd F. , Whalen Paul J. , Kelley William M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The current study examined the neural substrates of facial attractiveness judgments. Based on the extant behavioral literature, it was hypothesized that brain regions involved in identifying the potential reward value of a stimulus would be more active when men viewed attractive women than when women viewed attractive men. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment during which participants provided explicit attractiveness judgments for faces of the opposite sex. These individual ratings were subsequently used to perform analyses aimed at identifying the brain regions preferentially responsive to attractive faces for both sex groups. The results revealed that brain regions comprising the putative reward circuitry (e.g., nucleus accumbens [NAcc], orbito-frontal cortex [OFC]) showed a linear increase in activation with increased judgments of attractiveness. However, further analysis also revealed sex differences in the recruitment of OFC, which distinguished attractive and unattractive faces only for male participants.
Induced Electroencephalogram Oscillations during Source Memory: Familiarity is Reflected in the Gamma Band, Recollection in the Theta Band
Authors: Gruber Thomas , Tsivilis Dimitris , Giabbiconi Claire-Marie , Müller Matthias M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Modulations of oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in the induced gamma and theta frequency ranges (induced gamma and theta band responses; iGBRs: &gt;30 Hz; iTBRs: ∼6 Hz) have been associated with retrieval of information from long-term memory. However, the specific functional role of these two forms of oscillatory activity remains unclear. The present study examines theta- and gamma-oscillations within a dual-process framework, which defines “familiarity” and “recollection” as the two component processes of recognition memory. During encoding, participants were instructed to make “bigger/smaller than a shoebox” or “living/nonliving” decisions for different object pictures. During retrieval “old/new” recognition was followed (for items judged old) by a source discrimination task regarding the decision made for each item at encoding. iGBRs (35–80 Hz; 210–330 msec) were higher for correctly identified “old” relative to “new” objects. Importantly, they did not distinguish between successful and unsuccessful source judgments. In contrast, iTBRs (4–7.5 Hz; 600–1200 msec) were sensitive to source discrimination. We propose that iGBRs mirror early associative processes linked to familiarity-related retrieval processes, whereas iTBRs reflect later onsetting, episodic, recollection-related mechanisms.
Cryptococcus neoformans induces IL-8 secretion and CXCL1 expression by human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Guillot Loïc , Carroll Scott F , Badawy Mohamed , Qureshi Salman T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundCryptococcus neoformans(C. neoformans) is a globally distributed fungal pathogen with the potential to cause serious disease, particularly among immune compromised hosts. Exposure to this organism is believed to occur by inhalation and may result in pneumonia and/or disseminated infection of the brain as well as other organs. Little is known about the role of airway epithelial cells in cryptococcal recognition or their ability to induce an inflammatory response.MethodsImmortalized BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and primary normal human bronchial epithelium (NHBE) were stimulatedin vitrowith encapsulated or acapsularC. neoformanscultivated at room temperature or 37°C. Activation of bronchial epithelial cells was characterized by analysis of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, transcription factor activation, fungal-host cell association, and host cell damage.ResultsViableC. neoformansis a strong activator of BEAS-2B cells, resulting in the production of the neutrophil chemokine Interleukin (IL)-8 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. IL-8 production was observed only in response to acapsularC. neoformansthat was grown at 37°C.C. neoformanswas also able to induce the expression of the chemokine CXCL1 and the transcription factor CAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBP/β) in BEAS-2B cells. NHBE was highly responsive to stimulation withC. neoformans; in addition to transcriptional up regulation of CXCL1, these primary cells exhibited the greatest IL-8 secretion and cell damage in response to stimulation with an acapsular strain ofC. neoformans.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that human bronchial epithelial cells mediate an acute inflammatory response toC. neoformansand are susceptible to damage by this fungal pathogen. The presence of capsular polysaccharide andin vitrofungal culture conditions modulate the host inflammatory response toC. neoformans. Human bronchial epithelial cells are likely to contribute to the initial stages of pulmonary host defensein vivo.
Evolution of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter of the C4 species Flaveria trinervia: the role of the proximal promoter region
Authors: Engelmann Sascha , Zogel Corinna , Koczor Maria , Schlue Ute , Streubel Monika , Westhoff Peter 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
The key enzymes of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C4 plants have evolved independently several times from C3 isoforms that were present in the C3 ancestral species. The C4 isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), the primary CO2-fixing enzyme of the C4 cycle, is specifically expressed at high levels in mesophyll cells of the leaves of C4 species. We are interested in understanding the molecular changes that are responsible for the evolution of this C4-characteristic PEPC expression pattern, and we are using the genus Flaveria (Asteraceae) as a model system. It is known that cis-regulatory sequences for mesophyll-specific expression of the ppcA1 gene of F. trinervia (C4) are located within a distal promoter region (DR).

Results
In this study we focus on the proximal region (PR) of the ppcA1 promoter of F. trinervia and present an analysis of its function in establishing a C4-specific expression pattern. We demonstrate that the PR harbours cis-regulatory determinants which account for high levels of PEPC expression in the leaf. Our results further suggest that an intron in the 5' untranslated leader region of the PR is not essential for the control of ppcA1 gene expression.

Conclusion
The allocation of cis-regulatory elements for enhanced expression levels to the proximal region of the ppcA1 promoter provides further insight into the regulation of PEPC expression in C4 leaves.