bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors predisposing dairy and beef cows to grass tetany
Authors: HARRIS D. J. , LAMBELL R. G. , OLIVER C. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY In a study of dairy and beef herds on 120 farms in south‐western Victoria, losses attributed to grass tetany were shown to have been an important cause of economic loss during the cooler months of 1980.Thin dairy cows had a higher incidence of suspected grass tetany than dairy cows in moderate body condition, and both thin and fat beef cows had a higher incidence than beef cows in moderate body condition. A lower incidence was found among dairy cows when the available pasture or hay contained a high percentage of clover, when cows in moderate body condition had been grazed on pastures topdressed with low rates of potassium fertilisers, and when cows had been rotated onto fresh pasture at least daily rather than at 2 or 3 day intervals. The incidence among dairy cows was also associated with the length of available pasture, the correlation being positive for cows of moderate body condition, but negative for thin cows. Possible reasons for the associations are discussed.Only a small proportion of farmers adopted measures to prevent grass tetany, and those who did often applied them inefficiently. Practicable control measures are suggested on the basis of the survey results. Aust. vet. J. 60: 230–234
Comparison of different antigenic preparations for the detection of ovine serum antibodies against Brucella ovis by ELISA
Authors: CHIN J. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of antibodies against Brucella ovis using serum from control rams (Con‐S), naturally infected rams (Inf‐S), rams inoculated intravenously with B. ovis(IV‐S) and rams vaccinated intramuscularly (IM‐S). The serum was titrated by serial double dilutions from 1/25 to 1/25,600 against whole bacteria, B. ovis lipopolysaccharide and a detergent‐extracted component of the outer membrane complex of B. ovis as antigens immobilised on microtitre plates. Sheep antibodies bound to antigen were assayed with rabbit anti‐sheep gammaglobulin and alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein A. A high level of antibody activity against intact B. ovis cells was detected in Inf‐S and IM‐S. When lipopolysaccharide was the immobilised antigen, only IM‐S yielded significant antibody activity. The component from detergent extracts of the outer membrane complex of B. ovis reacted best with serum (up to 1/6,400) from field‐infected rams, while serum from vaccinated and intravenously inoculated rams registered significant titres up to a serum dilution of 1/800 and 1/200 respectively. These results indicate that ELISA is a very sensitive test but its value as a serodiagnostic procedure is dependent upon the choice of antigen used in the assay.
Eperythrozoon ovis and copper poisoning as causes of jaundice in lamb carcases
Authors: ARCHER J. F. , LITTLEJOHNS I. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA total of 126 lamb carcases, of which 80 were jaundiced and 46 were grossly normal at routine meat inspection, were examined. Two specific diseases were demonstrated to be associated with jaundiced carcases. Eperythrozoon infection was demonstrated in 65% of jaundiced, and 12% of non‐jaundiced carcases from jaundice‐affected lots, but not in 5 normal carcases from unaffected killing lots. Copper poisoning was demonstrated in 2 of the jaundiced carcases. Infection with Eperythrozoon ovis was therefore the condition most commonly associated with, and presumably the major cause of jaundice in these lamb carcases. Copper poisoning was a less common cause of jaundice.
Viruses and virus‐like particles in the faeces of dogs with and without diarrhoea
Authors: MARSHALL J. A. , HEALEY D. S. , STUDDERT M. J. , SCOTT P. C. , KENNETT M. L. , WARD B. K. , GUST I. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNegative staining electron microscopy was used to identify viruses in 157 normal and 29 diarrhoeal faecal samples collected from 156 dogs admitted to an animal shelter during an 8 month period (March to October) in 1982. Seven distinct viral types were detected: 21–26 nm parvovirus‐like particles, 28–31 nm astrovirus‐like particles, a previously undescribed 34–35 nm ‘round’ virus particle, coronavirus, coronavirus‐like particles (CVLP), rotavirus and papova‐like virus. Parvovirus‐like particles alone were detected in 14 diarrhoeal and 50 normal faeces, astrovirus‐like particles in 3 normal faeces, “round” viruses in 4 normal faeces, coronavirus in 2 diarhoeal and 5 normal faeces, CVLP in one diarrhoeal and one normal faeces, rotavirus in 2 normal faeces, papova‐like virus in one normal faeces, both parvovirus‐like particles and coronavirus in 2 diarrhoeal and 2 normal faeces, parvovirus‐like particles and rotavirus in one normal faeces and parvovirus‐like and papova‐like virus in one normal faeces. The significance of these findings in canine and human disease is discussed.
Duration of excretion of virulent Newcastle disease virus following challenge of chickens with different titres of serum antibody to the virus
Authors: WESTBURY H. A. , PARSONS G. , ALLAN W. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYVirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from susceptible and immune chickens following intra‐ocular challenge with the Essex 70 strain.Challenge virus was isolated from the trachea and cloaca of susceptible birds until they died 7 to 9 days after challenge. This virus was isolated from immunised chickens for up to 14 days after challenge. The duration of excretion was influenced by the pre‐challenge serum antibody titre to NDV. It persisted longest in chickens with titres of 23 to 27 and decreased in length and frequency from chickens with titres in the range 23 to 212. Chickens with pre‐challenge titres of 23 to 25 developed 2 to 3 fold increases in post‐challenge titres, whereas those with higher pre‐challenge titres had smaller proportional increases in titre. Excretion of virulent virus from immunised birds should be considered in the development of Newcastle disease control programs. Aust. vet. J.61: 44–46
Observations on the use of glyceryl guaiacolate as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in horses
Authors: KALHORO A. B. , REX M. A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐one horses undergoing clinical surgery and diagnostic procedures received 15% glyceryl guaiacolate followed by a rapid intravenous injection of a thiobarbiturate for induction of anaesthesia. Premedication was with atropine and acepromazine. Induction was smooth and free from problems apart from transient apnoea in some horses. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen and halothane administered by means of a closed circle system with soda‐lime absorber and with the vaporiser out of circuit. During the period immediately following induction, the heart rate increased and the respiratory rate fell. Blood gas estimations were carried out on 6 horses during anaesthesia. These horses showed respiratory acidosis. Arterial blood oxygen tension values were above those reported in conscious horses. Use of glyceryl guaiacolate in this way provides a safe induction and enables transition to a stable maintenance period which is followed by a quiet and uneventful recovery.
Primary polycythaemia in a dog
Authors: WATSON A. D. J. , YEATS J. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 7‐year‐old, crossbred, desexed bitch had a fluctuating illness of more than 6 months duration, with signs of inappetence, reduced exercise tolerance, restlessness, panting, black diarrhoea, and red eyes and ears. Haematological examination disclosed persistent polycythaemia, reticulocytosis, normoblastaemia, and normal total plasma protein concentration when not dehydrated. Splenomegaly was present, but there was no evidence of significant pulmonary, cardiac or renal disease on physical, radiographic or electrocardiographic examination. Further investigations revealed normal arterial Po2 and oxygen saturation, and increased total erythrocyte volume. Primary polycythaemia was diagnosed. The dog was rendered anaemic by bleeding, then treated with a single injection of radioactive phosphorus. The patient has had no recurrence of signs and remains well 50 months later.
Effects of feeding lupin seed naturally infected with Phomopsis leptostromiformis to sheep and pigs
Authors: ALLEN J. G. , DOLLING M. J. , ELLIS T. M. , MASTERS H. G. , PAYNE H. G. , SMITH G. , WOOD P. McR. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLupin seed, 10% of which was naturally infected with Phomopsis leptostromiformis was obtained from 2 different sources and stored either conventionally, or in a warm and humid environment, for 45 weeks. Only very low levels of toxicity were apparent during the storage period and in the warm, humid environment the level of infection of P. leptostromiformis was gradually reduced and eventually eliminated.The 2 batches of infected seed, and non‐infected lupin seed, were fed to sheep as sole rations for 40 weeks, or as part of feedlot rations for 10 weeks, and to baconer pigs as part of grower and finisher rations for 16 weeks. In the 40‐week feeding trial mild lupinosis developed in sheep fed from one batch of infected seed, but there was no evidence of lupinosis in sheep fed the feedlot rations, or pigs fed the grower and finisher rations.It is suggested that lupin seed with levels of Phomopsis‐infection of up to 10% could be safely fed to sheep and pigs under commercial conditions.
Gastric retention associated with a pyloric mass in two horses
Authors: McGILL C. A. , BOLTON J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPartial pyloric obstruction causing gastric retention is described in 2 young female horses. Gastric retention was confirmed by contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In both horses a large mass was palpated in the wall of the pyloric antrum at exploratory laparotomy. Post‐mortem examination of the first case confirmed that this mass was associated with chronic gastric ulceration. Gastric ulceration was not confirmed in the second case but this horse recovered after the pylorus and duodenum were bypassed by gastro‐jejunostomy.
Anthelmintic resistance and sheep management practices in south western Victoria
Authors: RIFFKIN G. G. , CALLINAN A. P. L. , FREEMANTLE A. M. , WESTCOTT J. M. , NAPTHINE D. V. , O'CONNOR A. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Twenty‐eight farms in 7 shires in south western Victoria were selected and tested for presence of benzimidazole‐resistant nematodes between November 1979 and June 1981. Mean faecal egg counts of sheep were <100 strongyloid eggs/g on 11 farms. Faecal egg count reduction tests were conducted on the remaining 17 farms and thiabendazole was <90% efficient in reducing egg counts in sheep from 5 (29%) of these farms. Thiabendazole‐resistant Teladorsagia circumcincta were identified at necropsy of experimentally infected treated sheep.In further studies a survey of 104 farms was conducted in the Mount Rouse and Dundas shires of western Victoria in 1981 and 1982 respectively to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in these shires.Mean faecal egg counts among weaner sheep in the winter‐spring of both years were <100 eggs/g which indicated low levels of parasitic nematode populations. A faecal egg count reduction test was conducted on 10 farms and thiabendazole was <90% efficient on 3; levamisole was >90% efficient in all 10 tests.Most of the surveyed farms carried Merino or Merino crossbred sheep at 10 to 15 dry sheep equivalents per ha and weaners were treated with anthelmintics 3 to 6 times per year. Management procedures based mainly on anthelmintic therapy were effective in controlling nematode populations in weaner sheep, although many producers alternated between different groups of anthelmintics within the same year contrary to current recommendations for long‐term preservation of anthelmintic efficacy. It was concluded that anthelmintic resistance was not of practical importance to the majority of sheep producers in the region.
Immunogenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae administered separately and in combination to lactating cows
Authors: OPDEBEECK J. P. , NORCROSS N. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryComposite bacterins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, or either bacterin alone, were administered systemically to groups of lactating cows. The response to each bacterin was unaffected by the simultaneous administration of the antigens when assessed by comparing the antibody levels in milk by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. There was no evidence of cross reactivity of the antigens studied, nor immunopotentiation by either bacteria.
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in dogs
Authors: MILLS J. N. , DAY M. J. , SHAW S. E. , PENHALE W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe clinical, haematological and immunological findings in 24 dogs with Coombs' positive haemolytic anaemia are described; 33% were Old English Sheepdogs. Dogs with intravascular haemolysis had a shorter history of illnesses, more severe clinical signs including vomiting, jaundice and fever, and had a poor survival rate compared to dogs with extravascular haemolysis. The anaemia was severe and regenerative in 18 dogs, and was characterised by spherocytosis and microscopic red cell agglutination, with leukocytosis.Serum IgG levels were elevated in 20 dogs, and changes in IgM, IgA, C3 and C4 were found. Antinuclear antibody was also demonstrated in 13 dogs, of which 7 were Old English Sheepdogs. It is suggested that a distinct multisystem autoimmune syndrome exists within the local Old English Sheepdog population.
A survey of ovine dermatophilosis in Western Australia
Authors: EDWARDS J. R. , GARDNER J. J. , NORRIS R. T. , LOVE R. A. , SPICER P. , BRYANT R. , GWYNN R. V. R. , HAWKINS C. D. , SWAN R. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A random sample of 200 Merino sheep owners was interviewed by telephone during April 1983 and asked questions relating to the prevalence of ovine dermatophilosis in their flocks, methods used for prevention and treatment of dermatophilosis, management strategies employed and the location and annual rainfall of each farm. The response rate was 99.5%.During the previous 12 months 62.3% of farmers had observed dermatophilosis in their flocks. The prevalence within flocks was highest in hoggets (mean 2.2%, range 0 to 75%) followed by lambs (mean 0.8%, range 0 to 25%), ewes (mean 0.6%, range 0 to 20%) and wethers (0.2%, range 0 to 20%). The mean weight of wool identified as affected by dermatophilosis was 58 kg (range 0 to 882 kg).Preventive measures were used on 57% of farms and the most common methods were changes in dipping practice (23.6%) and culling of affected sheep (21%). An average of 13.7 sheep per farm were culled for dermatophilosis and of these, 82% were sold and the remainder (18%) were killed on the farm. Antibiotics, of which most were combinations of penicillin and streptomycin were used to treat dermatophilosis on 8.5% of farms and treatments other than antibiotics were used on 10% of farms.The prevalence of dermatophilosis and its relationship to various environmental and management factors varied with the age and sex of sheep. Discriminant analysis indicated that of the factors studied, average annual rainfall, month of lambing, average fibre diameter and the month ewes were shorn were related to the prevalence of dermatophilosis in lambs. In hoggets the factors related to prevalence were average fibre diameter, average annual rainfall, frequency of jetting lambs, month of lambing, total number of sheep and area of farm. Ausf. vet. J. 62: 361–365
Epidemiological features of snail and slug bait poisoning in dogs and cats
Authors: STUDDERT V. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Snail and slug baits were the most common cause of poisoning in dogs and cats in a survey of 34 veterinary practices. During a 7‐month period, 280 dogs and 12 cats were poisoned by metaldehyde (57%) or methiocarb (43%) containing baits with case fatality rates of 8.1% and 9.1% in dogs and 16.7% and 50% in cats, respectively. The ages of poisoned dogs ranged from 2 months to 17 years and cats from 3 months to 5 years. There was no decrease in frequency of poisoning or case fatality rate demonstrated with increasing body size in dogs.Poisoning was most frequent in the month of October. Baits were eaten off the ground or obtained from storage areas, often despite a variety of preventive measures. It is suggested that these products should be reformulated to make them less attractive to domestic pets. Aust. vet. J. 62: 269–271
Immunodiagnosis of autoimmune skin disease in the dog, cat and horse
Authors: DAY M J , PENHALE W J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Skin biopsies from 47 dogs, 6 cats and 5 horses with suspected autoimmune skin disease were submitted for immunofluoresence from 1978 to 1985.These cases were predominantly Western Australian in origin, although a number were also referred from Queensland and Victoria. In 5 dogs, 2 cats and 2 horses immunoglobulin binding to intercellular cement substance and/or basement membrane was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. Antinuclear antibody was also demonstrated in several of these cases.Immunofluorescence was used in combination with histopathological examination to confirm the clinical diagnosis of autoimmune disease in 19/47 dogs, 4/6 cats and 2/5 horses.There was no age, breed or sex predisposition amongst the 19 positive dogs, however there was a higher incidence of antinuclear antibody (54%) than the normal canine population (10%) and other autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor) were sometimes present. Abnormalities in serum protein electrophoresis and serum complement C4 levels were also recorded in this group.
Causes of preweaning mortality on a large intensive piggery
Authors: SPICER E M , DRIESEN S J , FAHY V A , HORTON B J , SIMS L D , JONES R T , CUTLER R S , PRIME R W 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Causes of preweaning mortality were examined on a large intensive piggery. Diagnosis was made using comprehensive clinical histories combined with post‐mortem data. Two thousand four hundred and twenty‐six piglets were born in 238 litters. Preparturient and parturient losses were 2.9% and 5.4% of the total numbers of piglets born. Birth to weaning mortality was 11.3%. Among piglets born alive, overlaying was the most frequent cause of death (2.1%), followed by deaths due to diarrhoea (1.7%), anaemia (1.2%), savaging (1.1%) and losses of small weak piglets (0.9%). Most deaths, including stillbirths, were associated with below average birth weight, and two‐thirds of all deaths of ihrebom pigs occurred within 4 days of birth. Increased litter size resulted in decreased birth weights, an increased percentage of stillborn piglets and mummified foetuses, but duration of parturition was not affected. Stillborn piglets were born late in the litter and after a longer interval between pigs born (Interpig interval).Over 70% of deaths due to overlay were in previously healthy piglets, but some were associated with illness of the sow (18%) or both sow and piglet (3%). Savaging was confined mainly to first parity sows and was responsible for 20% of all deaths in these litters. Sixty‐two per cent of all piglets with a birth weight of less than 800g were stillborn or died before weaning compared with 18.7% mortality for all piglets. Anaemia in piglets was considered to be due to umbilical haemorrhage. Anaemic piglets had a 36% mortality to weaning compared with 10% for non‐anaemic piglets. The cause of this condition was not determined. Non‐haemolytic Escherichia coli was the predominant cause of early diarrhoea in piglets. Litters from first parity sows were affected more severely than those from higher parities. Splayleg occurred in 5.5% of all piglets born alive. The incidence of splayleg was related to the use of Landrace boars and was more prevalent in litters from higher parity sows. Twenty‐four per cent of splayleg pigs died.
Chemotherapy of paramphistomosis in cattle
Authors: ROLFE P F , BORAY J C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Controlled tests were used to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics against immature paramphistomes, predominantly Calicophoron calicophorum, in 127 calves which were exposed to contaminated pasture for 7 weeks, treated and slaughtered. When a combination product of oxyclozanide and levamisole was used, oxyclozanide at 18.7 mg/kg reduced parasite numbers in the small intestine, abomasum and rumen‐reticulum by 61 to 96.1%, 50.0 to 92.6% and 56.5 to 98.1%, respectively. When 2 doses were given 3 days apart, oxyclozanide was 99.9%, 100% and 100% effective, respectively, in the above organs, and produced improvement in clinically affected calves. This treatment elicited transient diarrhoea. Hexachiorophene at 20 mg/kg as a single dose was 99.5%, 100% and 100% effective against the fluke in the small intestine, abomasum and rumen respectively but severe neurological signs were seen in some calves. Niclosamide at 160 mg/kg given as single or 2 doses 3 days apart was 91.1% and 92.6% effective, respectively, against the parasites in the small intestine. No toxicity was noted. Closantel, at 7.5 mg/kg was not effective. Oxyclozanide and niclosamide when given as a single treatment had varying activity. Two doses of oxyclozanide and a single dose of hexachiorophene gave consistent results.Further tests based on reduction of faecal egg counts, 10 to 14 days after treatment were conducted with oxyclozanide and hexachiorophene against mature paramphistomes in 207 cattle. Oxyclozanide as a single dose or 2 doses 3 days apart at 12.8 to 18.7 mg/kg was 93.6 to 97.5% effective in reducing egg counts. Hexachiorophene at 20 mg/kg was 83.0% effective. The efficacy of anthelmintics which have been used against paramphistomes in cattle are reviewed and strategies for the control of paramphistomosis are discussed.
Ataxia due to lymphosarcoma in a young horse
Authors: KANNEGIETER N J , ALLEY M R 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 20‐month‐old, Standard‐bred colt was presented with an acute onset of hindlimb ataxia. Clinical and radiographic examination identified a compressive lesion affecting the spinal cord at the level of the 17th to 18th thoracic vertebrae. After euthanasia, post‐mortem examination revealed a tumour in the epidural space, diagnosed histologically as a lymphosarcoma. Neoplastic lymphoid cells were also present in the abdominal lymph nodes and brain. Because of the disseminated nature of lymphosarcoma in the horse, involvement of the central nervous system is likely to be more common than is presently recognised.
Bone sequestration in horses and cattle
Authors: FIRTH E C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe site of occurrence of 490 bone sequestra in horses and cattle was investigated. Most sequestra occurred in the proximal half of the third metatarsal bone and the third metacarpal bone. The most common clinical features included swelling, presence of a draining tract, impaired function and delayed wound healing. These diagnostic features, and the preferred time to confirm the diagnosis by radiological examination are discussed. The surgical treatment is relatively simple and the prognosis favourable in most cases. It is suggested that soft tissue injury and the presence of infection are of greater importance than cortical trauma and reduced peripheral cortical circulation in the pathogenesis of sequestration.