bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Conservative World of Mr. Justice Sutherland, 1883–1910
Authors: Mason Alpheus Thomas 
Published: May 2006

The Supreme Court of the United States was dominated for almost two decades by the philosophy of Mr. Justice Sutherland. Even prior to becoming an Associate Justice, October 2, 1922, he had been a figure of national prominence for over twenty years, serving one term as congressman, 1898–1900, and two terms as senator, 1905–1917. His retirement, January 16 of this year, closes the more active phases of a long career in public service. Throughout he has shown himself a man of firm convictions and pronounced views, whether expressed on the floors of Congress, in public addresses, or in Supreme Court opinions. Yet little, almost nothing, has been published on his life, thought, and work, as was contemporaneously done with respect to Justices Holmes and Brandeis.This neglect of judicial biography has been noticed by Dean Charles E. Clarke of the Yale Law School. Writing in the Nation of June 12, 1937, he observed: “Many of the books which needed to be written on judicial supremacy have now been completed.
Ten Years of the Supreme Court: 1937–1947: IV. Due Process of Law
Authors: Harris Robert J. 
Published: May 2006

The disintegration of due process of law was somewhat advanced prior to October, 1937, as a result of judicial reversals of opinions on price-fixing and minimum wage legislation. As the process of transformation continued, it took four major forms. They were: (1) the withdrawal of substantive due process as a limitation on social legislation, taxation, rate-making, and regulatory action generally; (2) an expansion of substantive due process in cases involving freedom of expression, assembly, and religion, including rights of labor through the application of new concepts of freedom of speech; (3) the curtailment of procedural due process as a limit on administrative action except in cases involving the deportation of aliens; and (4) the use of procedural due process in such a way as to provide greater protection on the whole to persons accused of crime. This transformation has been accompanied by changed assumptions which accommodate governmental activity.Thus, on the assumption that so long as one is free to possess the fruits of agricultural production there is no denial of due process of law, the Court has sustained rigid restrictions on the marketing of agricultural products even when retroactively imposed and when the quotas were so applied as to include the wheat produced by a farmer for his domestic consumption. On a further assumption that since Congress has the power to decide the issue of the advantages and disadvantages of holding companies, the Court not only sustained the Public Utility Holding Company Act, but in so doing asserted that the judiciary could not question the propriety of Congress' decision.
The Idea of a “Safety Belt”
Authors: Brecht Arnold 
Published: May 2006

After the North Atlantic Treaty. The North Atlantic treaty, with its incorporation of the principle that attack on any one of the signatory powers will be considered an attack on all, has done more than any previous measure to strengthen the morale of Western Europe. No longer need any of the participating European countries, whether big or small, be afraid that it might be left alone in the hour of attack. Against that hour, if it should have to come, all will prepare in common.On the other hand, it is obvious that this firm expression of the “will to defend” has gravely accentuated the dividing line between East and West. More definitely than ever, outside of the two World Wars, Europe has now realigned herself in two antagonistic camps, both heavily armed. This fact will receive further emphasis in the process of implementing the treaty. Each one of the many particular measures that will now be taken to organize and strengthen the common defense, and the concomitant increase in expenditures for armament—much more noticeable in democracies with their public discussion of all military and budgetary issues than in the silent realms of dictatorial censorship—will have the effect of a showing of teeth and rattling of sabers.
Moeller van den Bruck: Inventor of the “Third Reich”
Authors: Krebs Gerhard 
Published: May 2006

In December, 1922, a resident of Berlin finished the manuscript of a book which, although far from becoming a best-seller, was destined to make history, if only through its title. The book was Das Dritte Reich, and its author, Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, was a German intellectual, then in his forties, who had a theory purporting to explain Germany's downfall as well as a vision of her recovery and return to a leading position in the world.One may well be uncertain as to whether Moeller, had he lived, would have found himself altogether in agreement with the policies and methods of the régime for which he accidentally furnished so attractive a label, or whether he would have found himself among the dead on the morrow of June 30, 1934; but there can be little doubt that the author of Das Dritte Reich belongs among the contributors to the creed in the name of which Germany is ruled today.Moeller van den Bruck was born in 1876 in the Rhineland, the son of a middle-class architect and Prussian official whose family went back to Lutheran pastor stock in Saxony. From his mother's side he inherited Dutch-Spanish blood and, from her Dutch maiden name, the more romantic-sounding portion of his pen name. His formal education was never completed after he was expelled from the Gymnasium at Düsseldorf as penalty for his indifference in class, resulting from his preoccupation with modern German literature (social lyrics) and philosophy (Nietzsche), which to the lad of sixteen seemed of vastly greater “social significance” than what his teachers had to offer.
Democracy and Socialism in New Zealand
Authors: Lipson Leslie 
Published: May 2006

The swing to the left, discernible at present in many countries, has given a new urgency to the old problem of hyphenating the politics of democracy to the economics of socialism. What was in the past mainly a matter of theoretical discussion and parliamentary rhetoric has shifted to the stage of legislative enactment and executive application. It is worth while, therefore, to pay attention to some of the world's smaller states whose experiments over a number of decades are pointers along the path now trodden by larger nations like Britain. One of these smaller communities which has persistently moved in a socialist direction by piecemeal and peaceable methods is New Zealand.The history of New Zealand as a state organized along Western European lines can count but a little over a hundred years. Just because of its youth, however, this nineteenth-century colony and twentieth-century Dominion has provided from its birth a fertile field for governmental activity. The discovery of New Zealand by Tasman and Cook, and to a large extent the early colonization and settlement by white immigrants, were due to public enterprise. The extension of state functions was facilitated from the beginning by the vesting of large tracts of land in the Crown, and was necessitated by the inadequacy of available private capital.
The Struggle for Electoral Reform in France
Authors: Neumann Robert G. 
Published: May 2006

The French Constitution does not regulate the precise mode of election to its principal legislative chamber, the National Assembly, beyond stipulating (Art. 3) that it shall be elected on a territorial basis through direct and universal suffrage. This general provision was until recently implemented by a law which established a proportional list system based in general on the principal unit of French local government, the département.The Assembly which enacted these electoral laws was completely dominated by the three big parties of the Left, the Communists, the Socialists, and the Popular Republican Movement (MRP). These groups favored proportional representation for a variety of reasons. First of all, devotion to proportionalism was part and parcel of left doctrine—an important point in a country in which political battles are carried out to a very large extent on the plane of ideas and doctrines. The Communists thought that PR would assure them a large representation in the dominant branch of goverment, i.e., the Assembly, while the MRP, an essentially new party without local organizations and experience with precinct work, considered it more favorable to its interests than a system in which its largely unknown candidates would have been hard-pressed in a struggle of personalities against older, and therefore better-known, men of such traditional parties as, for instance, the Radicals.
Die neue Neckarbrücke Mannheim – Bauwerksgestaltung und deren Umsetzung
Authors: Osieja Martin , Habersbrunner Sybille 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEs wird über den Neubau der Neckarbrücke Mannheim im Zuge der Bundesautobahn A6 berichtet. Beim Bauwerksentwurf wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die Gestaltung gerichtet. Zur Ausführung kam eine 6feldrige bereichsweise gevoutete Spannbetonbrücke mit zwei Überbauten, bestehend aus einem verhältnismäßig schmalen Hohlkasten und einer weit auskragenden, auf Streben ruhenden Fahrbahnplatte. Insbesondere werden konstruktive und statische Aspekte bei der Umsetzung des Entwurfs beleuchtet. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma gene expression profiles
Authors: Martinez‐Delgado B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractExpression profiling using DNA microarrays has been very helpful to improve our knowledge of the pathobiology of many tumour types, including lymphomas. Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) constitute an heterogeneous group of tumours with different morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical characteristics. Their complexity and their low frequency in the western countries have made difficult the identification of molecular events responsible of the development of these tumours. The first studies on expression profiling of PTCL have also revealed heterogeneity at this level, mainly regarding the PTCL NOS subgroup. Different molecular subgroups within PTCL unspecified have been identified associated to different expression profiles. However, the clinical significance of this molecular sub‐classification remains to be probed in studies involving larger number of samples. In addition, the expression level of NF‐kB pathway genes allowed to differentiate two PTCL subgroups, and this difference could have clinical interest. In general, PTCL expression profiles are difficult to interpret due to the significant proportion of other infiltrating cells accompanying the tumour. However, microarrays are being a helpful tool in the initial task of dissecting the PTCL expression profile. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface integrity and removal mechanism in simulated dental finishing of a feldspathic porcelain
Authors: Yin Ling , Song X. F. , Qu S. F. , Han Y. G. , Wang H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDental abrasive finishing of a fine‐grained feldspathic porcelain was performed on a computer‐assisted apparatus for simulation of a 2‐degrees‐of‐freedom restorative operation with a dental handpiece and a coarse diamond bur of grit size of 106–125 μm. Finishing forces, surface roughness, and morphology were investigated as functions of finishing conditions. The tangential and normal forces were measured using a piezoelectric dynamometer and a data processing system. The results indicated that these forces increased with either the depth of cut or with the feed rate, in the ranges of 0.12–0.31 N and 0.45–1.09 N, respectively. However, an increase in either depth of cut or feed rate affected neither the surface roughness measured using a stylus profilometer nor the morphology observed under a scanning electron microscope. The finished porcelain surfaces were found to consist of the microfracture and chipping areas, ductile removal areas, smeared areas, and debris. Irregular fracture and chipping resulted from the extension of lateral/median cracks; ductile micromachining was attributed to the plastic deformation accompanied by distributed microcracks. It was determined that a combination of the microfracture and ductile micromachining was the primary mechanism for material removal. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data of Desulfovibrio vulgaris: zero-inflated Poisson regression models to predict abundance of undetected proteins
Authors: Nie Lei , Wu Gang , Brockman Fred J. , Zhang Weiwen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Integrated analysis of global scale transcriptomic and proteomic data can provide important insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying complex biological systems. However, because the relationship between protein abundance and mRNA expression level is complicated by many cellular and physical processes, sophisticated statistical models need to be developed to capture their relationship.
Results: In this study, we describe a novel data-driven statistical model to integrate whole-genome microarray and proteomic data collected from Desulfovibrio vulgaris grown under three different conditions. Based on the Poisson distribution pattern of proteomic data and the fact that a large number of proteins were undetected (excess zeros), zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP)-based models were proposed to define the correlation pattern between mRNA and protein abundance. In addition, by assuming that there is a probability mass at zero representing unexpressed genes and expressed proteins that were undetected owing to technical limitations, a Potential ZIP model was established. Two significant improvements introduced by this approach are (1) the predicted protein abundance level values for experimentally detected proteins are corrected by considering their mRNA levels and (2) protein abundance values can be predicted for undetected proteins (in the case of this study, ∼83% of the proteins in the D.vulgaris genome) for better biological interpretation. We demonstrated the use of these statistical models by comparatively analyzing proteomic and microarray results from D.vulgaris grown on lactate-based versus formate-based media. These models correctly predicted increased expression of Ech hydrogenase and decreased expression of Coo hydrogenase for D.vulgaris grown on formate.
Contact: Weiwen.Zhang@pnl.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Model predicting dynamics of biomass, structure and digestibility of herbage in managed permanent pastures. 1. Model description
Authors: Jouven M. , Carrère P. , Baumont R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo investigate seasonal and annual interactions between management and grassland dynamics, a simple mechanistic model of the dynamics of production, structure and digestibility in permanent pastures was constructed. The model is designed to respond to various defoliation regimes, perform multiple‐year simulations and produce simple outputs that are easy to use as inputs for a model of ruminant livestock production. Grassland communities are described using a set of average functional traits of their constituent grass groups. The sward is subdivided into four structural compartments: green leaves and sheath, dead leaves and sheath, green stems and flowers, and dead stems and flowers. Each compartment is characterized by its biomass, age and digestibility. Only above‐ground growth is modelled, using a light‐utilization efficiency approach modulated by a seasonal pattern of storage and mobilization of reserves. Ageing of plant parts is driven by cumulative thermal time from 1 January and by biomass flows. Age affects senescence, abscission and digestibility of green compartments and, therefore, the quality of green leaves and stems can increase or decrease over time in relation to net growth and defoliation dynamics. The functional traits having the greatest impact on model outputs are seasonal effects, period of reproductive growth and effects of temperature on photosynthetic efficiency.The functional traits of the grass groups were parameterized for temperate pastures of the Auvergne region in France. The other model inputs are few: proportion of functional groups, basic weather data (incident photosynthetically active radiation, mean daily temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) and site characteristics (nitrogen nutrition index, soil water‐holding capacity). In the context of a whole‐farm simulator, the model can be applied at a field scale.
Model predicting dynamics of biomass, structure and digestibility of herbage in managed permanent pastures. 2. Model evaluation
Authors: Jouven M. , Carrère P. , Baumont R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA mechanistic model, simulating the dynamics of production, structure and digestibility of managed permanent pastures, was developed. Its evaluation consisted of (i) studying model response to a range of grassland communities, cutting frequencies and site characteristics, and (ii) testing the model against experimental data, focusing on biomass accumulation and digestibility during three different cutting cycles, herbage production under a frequent cutting regime, and sward dynamics during the winter. The model realistically predicted the dynamics of biomass, structure and digestibility of herbage for various communities of permanent pastures, in different sites and under different management conditions for upland areas of the Auvergne region in France. The predicted responses to environmental conditions and cutting regimes were close to field observations and experimental results. Although the model successfully predicted the dynamics of average herbage production, it lacked precision in predicting the low biomass production observed in relation to the weather conditions found in a few specific years. The model was able to predict the dynamics of the sward during winter and is, therefore, fit for producing multiple‐year simulations. To improve the prediction of variability of biomass production and to predict the medium‐ to long‐term dynamics of permanent pastures, the model could be refined by adding seasonal and multiple‐year variation in nitrogen availability and in the proportion of grass functional groups in the grassland community.
Use of amino terminal type III procollagen peptide (P3NP) assay in methotrexate therapy for psoriasis
Authors: Khan S , Subedi D , Chowdhury M M U 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis continues to be a risk in patients receiving methotrexate for psoriasis. Measurement of amino terminal levels of type III procollagen (P3NP) has been advocated as an effective non-invasive test for ongoing hepatic fibrogenesis that could avoid liver biopsies. An audit was conducted to assess the practice of P3NP monitoring using guidelines produced by Manchester and whether the agreed levels correlate with histological severity. Sixty five patients with 174 P3NP assays and 30 liver biopsies were reviewed between the years 1999 and 2003. Total number of patient-methotrexate years was 278.9 and the mean cumulative dose of methotrexate received was 2000 (SD 1838) mg. A higher cumulative dose of methotrexate correlated significantly with high mean and maximum P3NP levels. Of the 30 liver biopsies, 26 (86.6%) showed normal histology or mild to moderate steatosis, three had focal fibrosis, and one had early cirrhosis. A median P3NP value of 5.8 μg/l or higher had a stronger correlation with histological severity. It is concluded that P3NP assay is a valuable adjunct to the clinical management of patients receiving long term methotrexate that can avoid or reduce unnecessary liver biopsies.
The Federal Constitution and the Defects of the Confederation
Authors: Farrand Max 
Published: May 2006

While it has frequently been stated that in framing the Constitution of the United States the federal convention of 1787 was engaged in a very practical piece of work, it never seems to have been realized how completely the members of that convention were dependent upon their own experience. With the Declaration of Independence the colonies organized themselves as States, framing and adopting constitutions. In the course of the Revolution, those States united under the Articles of Confederation. When this latter instrument of government proved to be inadequate, a fresh essay was made and our present Constitution was the result. That the Constitution was framed because of defects in the Articles of Confederation is universally accepted, but it does not seem to be recognized that experience had shown certain specific defects to exist, that the convention was called for the purpose of correcting those specific defects, and that the Constitution embodied in itself little more than the remedies for those defects.In order to appreciate this point of view, which it is believed is the true historical interpretation of the action of the federal convention in framing our Constitution, it is necessary to divest oneself of preconceived ideas and prejudices due to modern misinterpretation.
The First State Constitutional Conventions, 1776-1783
Authors: Dodd W. F. 
Published: May 2006

The distinction between constitutions and statutes is a fundamental one in American constitutional law, but it is a matter of surprise that no one has yet attempted to discuss this distinction in its historical origins. Brinton Coxe in his Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation has traced the development of the doctrine that statutes in conflict with the constitution may be declared invalid by the courts. Judge J. A. Jameson in his Treatise on Constitutional Conventions has given a brief account of the adoption of the first State constitutions; but no one has yet studied the adoption of these constitutions in order to find what were the theories of their framers as to the distinction between constitutions and statutes.By the term constitution, as used both in England and America before the Revolution, was understood the general and more permanent principles upon which government is based. The term was used on both sides of the Atlantic to signify something superior to legislative enactments, and the principles of the constitution were appealed to as beyond the control of the British parliament.
The Initiative, The Referendum, and The Recall: Recent Legislation in the United States
Authors: Schaffner Margaret A. 
Published: May 2006

To make representative government more representative is the problem of today. The gradual process of social evolution has changed the industrial basis upon which our political institutions rest, and the increased complexity of our social organization has made the expression of the popular will more difficult. As readjustment to changing conditions is the requisite for any advancing type of life, so political progress becomes impossible unless new agencies are developed to be retained or discarded as experience may warrant.Among the agencies for political expression, few have made more remarkable progress in the history of recent legislation than the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. State wide referendums for the adoption of State constitutional, and local referendums for local affairs, are familiar institutions in the United States, but it is only within recent years that our States have begun to adopt the initiative and the referendum for State legislation.