bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability analysis for wind turbines
Authors: Tavner P. J. , Xiang J. , Spinato F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractModern wind turbines are complex aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical machines incorporating sophisticated control systems. Wind turbines have been erected in increasing numbers in Europe, the USA and elsewhere. In Europe, Germany and Denmark have played a particularly prominent part in developing the technology, and both countries have installed large numbers of turbines. This article is concerned with understanding the historic reliability of modern wind turbines. The prime objective of the work is to extract information from existing data so that the reliability of large wind turbines can be predicted, particularly when installed offshore in the future. The article uses data collected from the Windstats survey to analyse the reliability of wind turbine components from historic German and Danish data. Windstats data have characteristics common to practical reliability surveys; for example, the number of failures is collected for each interval but the number of turbines varies in each interval. In this article, the authors use reliability analysis methods which are not only applicable to wind turbines but relate to any repairable system. Particular care is taken to compare results from the two populations to consider the validity of the data. The main purpose of the article is to discuss the practical methods of predicting large‐wind‐turbine reliability using grouped survey data from Windstats and to show how turbine design, turbine configuration, time, weather and possibly maintenance can affect the extracted results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial complex I: Structure, function and pathology
Authors: Janssen Rolf J. R. J. , Nijtmans Leo G. , Heuvel Lambert P. van den , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has a prominent role in energy metabolism of the cell. Being under bigenomic control, correct biogenesis and functioning of the OXPHOS system is dependent on the finely tuned interaction between the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. This suggests that disturbances of the system can be caused by numerous genetic defects and can result in a variety of metabolic and biochemical alterations. Consequently, OXPHOS deficiencies manifest as a broad clinical spectrum. Complex I, the biggest and most complicated enzyme complex of the OXPHOS system, has been subjected to thorough investigation in recent years. Significant progress has been made in the field of structure, composition, assembly, and pathology. Important gains in the understanding of the Goliath of the OXPHOS system are: exposing the electron transfer mechanism and solving the crystal structure of the peripheral arm, characterization of almost all subunits and some of their functions, and creating models to elucidate the assembly process with concomitant identification of assembly chaperones. Unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying the functioning of this membrane‐bound enzyme complex in health and disease will pave the way for developing adequate diagnostic procedures and advanced therapeutic treatment strategies.
Oncologists’ perceptions of cancer pain management in Spain: The real and the ideal
Authors: Torrent Joan Carulla , Sánchez Carlos Jara , Ortiz Jaime Sanz , López Norberto Batista , Herrero Carlos Camps , Espinosa Javier Cassinello , Giner José Lizón , Salcedo Joaquín Montalar , Warner Kathryn Fitch , Montoya Milena Gobbo , García Eduardo Díaz‐Rubio ,   On behalf of the ALGOS Group
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim: Studies in some countries suggest that cancer pain is often not adequately controlled, but little is known about the situation in Spain. The objective of this study was to identify medical oncologists’ perceptions about pain management in their patients.Methods: Two‐round Delphi survey of 24 medical oncologists from 22 large, geographically diverse hospitals in Spain. Physicians rated each of 150 statements on a Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). The mean, standard deviation and frequency of replies in three agreement categories were calculated for each item. Statements allowing comparison of oncologists’ perceptions of how pain is managed in routine clinical practice with how it should be managed were grouped together and analyzed.Results: The most notable discrepancies between the real and the ideal occurred in the failure to provide written information or to confirm that patients understand what they are told, the lack of comprehensive and systematic evaluation of pain, and the lack of use of non‐pharmacological treatments (NPTs) for cancer pain.Conclusions: Medical oncologists need to improve their communication skills, providing patients with both written and verbal information about their disease and the plan for pain management. Pain should be evaluated at each patient visit using validated scales, and greater attention should be paid to the possible use of NPTs.
Generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low‐back pain
Authors: O'Neill Søren , Manniche Claus , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome chronic painful conditions including e.g. fibromyalgia, whiplash associated disorders, endometriosis, and irritable bowel syndrome are associated with generalized musculoskeletal hyperalgesia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia could be demonstrated in a group of patients with chronic low‐back pain with intervertebral disc herniation. Twelve patients with MRI confirmed lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and 12 age and sex matched controls were included. Subjects were exposed to quantitative nociceptive stimuli to the infraspinatus and anterior tibialis muscles. Mechanical pressure (thresholds and supra‐threshold) and injection of hypertonic saline (pain intensity, duration, distribution) were used. Pain intensity to experimental stimuli was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients demonstrated significantly higher pain intensity (VAS), duration, and larger areas of pain referral following saline injection in both infraspinatus and tibialis anterior. The patients rated significantly higher pain intensity to supra‐threshold mechanical pressure stimulation in both muscles. In patients, the pressure pain‐threshold was lower in the anterior tibialis muscle compared to controls. In conclusion, generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia was demonstrated in chronic low‐back pain patients with radiating pain and MRI confirmed intervertebral disc herniation, suggesting that this central sensitization should also be addressed in the pain management regimes.
Set shifting deficits in melancholic vs. non-melancholic depression: preliminary findings
Authors: Michopoulos I. , Zervas I.M. , Papakosta V.M. , Tsaltas E. , Papageorgiou C. , Manessi T. , Papakostas Y.G. , Lykouras L. , Soldatos C.R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwenty-two patients with major depressive disorder, 11 of them with melancholic features, and 11 controls were investigated with CANTAB subtests focusing in visual memory/learning and executive functions. Melancholic patients performed worse than the other groups in all tasks and manifested a significant impairment in set shifting. The results are discussed in association with prefrontal dysfunction.
Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish
Authors: Jonsson Bror , Jonsson Nina 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhen cultured Atlantic salmon are released into nature, they compete with wild fish for food, space, and breeding partners. As a result of morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural changes that occur in hatcheries, their comp etitive ability often differs from that of wild fish. These changes are partly phenotypic and partly genetic. Cultured juveniles' faster growth rate influences age and size at smolting and maturity, reproductive output, and longevity. Fast-growing parr tend to smolt younger, produce more but smaller eggs, attain maturity earlier, and die younger. Juvenile learning influences a number of behavioural traits, and differences in early experience appear to affect feeding and spawning success, migratory behaviour, and homing ability. Genetic change in hatcheries is chiefly the result of natural selection, with differential mortality among genotypes and broodstock selection based on production traits such as high adult body mass and fast growth rate. Experimental evidence has revealed that cultured parr's greater aggression often allows them to dominate wild parr, although smaller cultured parr can be subordinated if they co-occur in fast-flowing water and if wild smolts have established prior residence. During spawning, the fitness of wild salmon is superior to that of cultured conspecifics. Cultured males are inferior to wild males in intra-sexual competition, courting, and spawning; cultured females have greater egg retention, construct fewer nests, and are less efficient at covering their eggs in the substratum than their wild counterparts. In rivers, the early survival of cultured offspring is lower than that of their wild counterparts. The lifetime reproductive success of farmed fish has been estimated at 17% that of similar-sized wild salmon. As a result of ecological interaction and through density-dependent mechanisms, cultured fish may displace wild conspecifics to some extent, increase their mortality, and decrease their growth rate, adult size, reproductive output, biomass, and production.
Migration and survival of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) released from two Norwegian fish farms
Authors: Hansen Lars P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Many salmon escape from fish farms during autumn and winter, making the migratory pattern and survival to sexual maturity of these fish an interesting topic of study. This study aimed to assess the migration and survival of large farmed salmon released from fish farms at different times during autumn and winter. Farmed salmon were individually tagged with external tags and released from two fish farms, one in southern Norway and the other in northern Norway. Salmon released in autumn one year before attaining sexual maturity appeared to survive poorly to sexual maturation, whereas salmon escaping later in winter showed greater survival. The released salmon appeared to move with the current and appeared to have a very weak homing instinct, if any. Based on the results of the tagging experiments, the direction and speed of ocean currents, and information about the abundance of fish farm escapees in salmon fisheries and stocks in several countries in the Northeast Atlantic, two hypotheses are advanced: first, salmon that escape during early autumn the year before they become sexually mature are transported with the currents to Arctic areas and subsequently do not survive the winter; second, large salmon escaping from fish farms in Ireland, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, and Norway during winter and spring move with the current and, during the following summer or autumn, may enter homewater fisheries and spawning populations far away from the site of escape, when they become sexually mature.
Universal reporting of maternal mortality: An achievable goal?
Authors: Graham W.J. , Hussein J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper aims to highlight the importance of aspiring to achieve universal reporting of maternal deaths as a part of taking responsibility for these avoidable tragedies. The paper first discusses the reasons for reporting maternal deaths, distinguishing between individual case notification and aggregate statistics. This is followed by a summary of the status of reporting at national and international levels, as well as major barriers and facilitators to this process. A new framework is then proposed — the REPORT framework, designed to highlight six factors essential to universal reporting. Malaysia is used to illustrate the relevance of these factors. Finally, the paper makes a Call to Action by FIGO to promote REPORT and to encourage health professionals to play their part in improving the quality of reporting on all maternal deaths — not just those directly in their care.
The right to a healthy newborn
Authors: Tinker A.G. , Paul V.K. , Ruben J.D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA woman's right to health includes her right to a healthy childbirth and newborn, and the baby possesses his or her own right to life as well. While overall child mortality has declined, 4 million newborns still die each year, primarily in the first days of life. Most could be prevented through existing, cost‐effective interventions.Field trials and programs show that low‐cost, home‐ or community‐based neonatal care can quickly lead to dramatic decline in neonatal mortality. Newborn health should be integrated with maternal and child health–and these programs should be strengthened and expanded–in order to achieve both the child and maternal survival Millennium Development Goals. Policies and programs should include participatory household and community‐based care, with links to the formal health system.Despite recent attention to newborn health, much remains to be done to achieve sustained, high coverage of effective interventions, especially in poor communities where most newborns are born and die, mostly in the first week of life.
Is antisocial personality disorder continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis
Authors: MARCUS DAVID K. , LILIENFELD SCOTT O. , EDENS JOHN F. , POYTHRESS NORMAN G. 
Published: July 2006

Background. Although the DSM-IV-TR is organized into discrete disorders, the question of whether a given disorder possesses a dimensional or a categorical latent structure is an empirical one that can be examined using taxometric methods. The objective of this study was to ascertain the latent structure of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Method. Participants were 1146 male offenders incarcerated in state prisons (n=569), or court-ordered to residential drug treatment (n=577). Participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) to assess ASPD symptoms; they also completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4) ASPD scale. Taxometric analyses were performed to examine whether ASPD is underpinned by a discrete category or a dimensional construct.Results. Multiple taxometric procedures using two different sets of indicators provided no evidence that ASPD has a taxonic latent structure. Instead, the results were far more consistent with the proposition that ASPD exists on a continuum, regardless of whether it is assessed using a structured interview or a self-report measure.Conclusions. Evidence that ASPD is dimensional suggests that it is best studied using continuous measures and that dichotomizing individuals into ASPD versus non-ASPD groups will typically result in decreased statistical power. The findings are also consistent with a multifactorial etiology for ASPD and with recent attempts to conceptualize ASPD within the framework of extant dimensional models of personality.
Indicators of fetal growth and bipolar disorder: a Danish national register-based study
Authors: ØGENDAHL BETTINA KIRK , AGERBO ESBEN , BYRNE MAJELLA , LICHT RASMUS W. , EATON W. W. , MORTENSEN PREBEN BO 
Published: July 2006

Background. Several studies have found an association between indicators of fetal growth and/or obstetric complications and schizophrenia but only a few studies have investigated the possible association between these factors and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the results of these studies have been contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk of bipolar disorder is associated with exposure to indicators of fetal growth.Method. A national population nested case-control study based on Danish longitudinal register databases was carried out. Conditional logistic regression was used, controlling for potential confounding factors such as parental age at birth, socio-economic indicators and psychiatric history. We identified 196 cases, and each case was time-, age- and sex-matched with 25 normal population-based controls. All cases were between the ages of 12 and 26 years at the time of diagnosis, were born between 1973 and 1983 and were admitted and diagnosed between 1987 and 1999.Results. During the study period 1973–1983, none of the individual variables available for analyses (birthweight, birth length, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies in the mother) was associated with receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.Conclusions. None of the indicators of fetal growth under study could be identified as risk factors for bipolar disorder, suggesting that the etiologies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, at least in part, are different.
Alcohol dependence in relation to burnout among the Finnish working population
Authors: Ahola Kirsi , Honkonen Teija , Pirkola Sami , Isometsä Erkki , Kalimo Raija , Nykyri Erkki , Aromaa Arpo , Lönnqvist Jouko 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the relationship of burnout to alcohol dependence and high alcohol consumption.Design  A cross‐sectional population‐based multi‐disciplinary ‘Health 2000 Study’. The analyses were performed separately for the women and the men and adjusted for socio‐demographic factors.Setting and participants  In Finland, 3276 active employees (1637 women and 1639 men), aged 30–64 years, from a representative population sample.Measurements  The diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version IV (DSM‐IV) alcohol dependence was based on the standardized Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M‐CIDI). The assessment of high alcohol consumption was based on self‐reported alcohol use. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (MBI‐GS).Findings  The 12‐month prevalence of alcohol dependence was associated with burnout among both men and women. Each one‐point increase in burnout score was associated with an 80% increase in the incidence for alcohol dependence among women and a 51% increase among men. These associations persisted when socio‐demographic factors were adjusted. The associations between burnout and high alcohol consumption were not statistically significant.Conclusions  There is an association between burnout and alcohol dependence among both genders. Among both women and men, attention to alcohol‐related behaviour is warranted in the clinical context when burnout and other problems related to work are encountered. Interventions which include assessment of work conditions and management of work‐related stress should be targeted at employees with alcohol dependence in addition to traditional treatment.
Smoking reduction and biomarkers in two longitudinal studies
Authors: Godtfredsen Nina S. , Prescott Eva , Vestbo Jørgen , Osler Merete 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To measure reduction in exposure to smoke in two population‐based studies of self‐reported smoking reduction not using nicotine replacement.Design  Cross‐sectional analyses of biomarkers and smoking.Setting  Data from two time‐points in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS), 1981/83 and 1991/94, and the Copenhagen Male Study (CMS) in 1976 and 1985/86, respectively.Participants  There were 3026 adults who were smokers at both time‐points in the CCHS and 1319 men smoking at both time‐points in the CMS.Measurements  Smoking status and tobacco consumption were assessed by self‐completion questionnaire. Measurements of biomarkers of smoke intake were taken at the second time‐point in the two studies: expired‐air carbon monoxide (CO) in the CCHS and serum cotinine in the CMS. Biomarker levels in medium (15–29 g tobacco/day) and heavy (> 30 g/day) smokers at the first time‐point who later reported a reduction in cigarettes per day of 50% or more without quitting were compared with continuing medium, heavy and light smokers (1–14 g/day) using linear regression. Sex (CCHS only), age, self‐reported inhalation of smoke, duration of smoking, type of tobacco and amount smoked were included as covariates in multivariate models.Findings  Heavy smokers who reduced did not show lower levels of biomarkers at follow‐up. Medium smokers who reduced showed a reduction in cotinine but not CO. The reduction in cotinine was not commensurate with the reported reduction in consumption.Conclusions  Long‐term reductions in self‐reported tobacco smoking are probably associated with, at best, modest reductions in smoke exposure.
Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug users in Australia
Authors: Maher Lisa , Jalaludin Bin , Chant Kerry G. , Jayasuriya Rohan , Sladden Tim , Kaldor John M. , Sargent Penny L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAims To determine the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and identify risk factors for seroconversion.Design Prospective cohort study. Participants were recruited through direct approaches, street‐based outreach, methadone and sexual health clinics and needle and syringe programmes.Setting Urban, regional and rural settings in New South Wales, Australia.Participants Injecting drug users (IDUs) (n = 584) were screened and tested for exposure to HCV. Between 1999 and 2002 antibody HCV negative IDUs (n = 368) were enrolled and followed‐up every 3–6 months until seroconversion or study completion.Measurements Interviewer‐administered baseline and follow‐up questionnaires consisted of 131 items and included demographics, drug use and risk behaviour. Approximately 10 cc of whole blood was drawn at each visit. Specimens were stored at −70C and serology performed using one or two third‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and polymerase chain reaction testing.Findings Sixty‐eight seroconversions were observed and incidence was 30.8 per 100 person‐years, with incidence in IDUs injecting < 1 year, 133 per 100 person‐years. Independent predictors of seroconversion were female gender, duration of injecting, injecting cocaine, shared use of filters and recruitment strategy.Conclusions Women, new initiates and IDUs recruited via outreach appear to be at increased risk of infection. Results confirm the significance of cocaine injection as a risk factor and provide the first evidence outside North America of the link between shared use of drug preparation equipment and incident HCV infection. Prevention efforts should attempt to raise awareness of the risks associated with drug sharing and, in particular, the role of potentially contaminated syringes in HCV infection.