bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does obstetric brachial plexus injury influence speech dominance?
Authors: Auer Tibor , Pinter Sandor , Kovacs Norbert , Kalmar Zsuzsanna , Nagy Ferenc , Horvath Reka A. , Koszo Balazs , Kotek Gyula , Perlaki Gabor , Koves Maria , Kalman Bernadette , Komoly Samuel , Schwarcz Attila , Woermann Friedrich G. , Janszky Jozsef 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveRight‐handedness and left‐sided language lateralization is an unresolved mystery with unknown cause/effect relations. Most studies suggest that the language lateralization is related to a fundamental brain asymmetry: right‐handedness may be secondary. We analyzed the possibility of an opposite cause/effect relation: whether asymmetric hand usage (as a cause) can influence language lateralization (as a consequence).MethodsWe determined language lateralization by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 15 subjects whose upper limb (UL) had been injured at birth because of unilateral damage of the brachial plexus. These subjects were able to use only one (the noninjured) UL perfectly.ResultsWe found correlation between the severity of right‐sided UL injuries and hand usage dysfunction and the degree of left‐to‐right shift of language lateralization. There was, however, not a complete switch of language lateralization.InterpretationRight‐sided UL injury can induce a left‐to‐right shift in language lateralization, suggesting that hand usage can influence language lateralization. These findings may contradict the broadly accepted theory that right‐handedness is a secondary phenomenon caused by left‐sided hemispheric language lateralization. However, the cause/effect problem between asymmetric hand usage and language lateralization is not resolved in this study. Our findings may support the theory that gestures had a crucial role in human language evolution and is a part of the language system even today. Ann Neurol 2009;65:57–66
Wireless Activation of Neurons in Brain Slices Using Nanostructured Semiconductor Photoelectrodes
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Larimer Philip , Pressler Richard T. , Strowbridge Ben W. , Burda Clemens 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLicht statt elektrischem Strom: Die Innen‐ und Außenoberflächen von Glasmikropipetten wurden mit Nanopartikeln eines Halbleiters mit enger Bandlücke beschichtet. Bei Anregung mit sichtbarem Licht oder Nah‐Infrarotlicht können diese Mikropipetten (PE‐Stim im Bild) in der Nähe befindliche Neuronen in Gehirngewebe aktivieren (* im Bild), wobei eine Beschädigung vermieden wird, wie sie bei der Stimulierung mit elektrischem Strom vorkommt.magnified image
Covalent Capture: Merging Covalent and Noncovalent Synthesis
Authors: Prins Leonard J. , Scrimin Paolo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractComing together: The act of bringing the right molecules together is enough to induce irreversible or reversible formation of a covalent bond. The covalent capture strategy, in which a supramolecular interaction leads to the formation of a covalent bond (see scheme), can be utilized in very different biological and synthetic systems and can be used for numerous applications.magnified imageThis Review is concerned with the search of molecules to find a suitable partner with whom to form a bond. Whether an initial encounter results in a fixed bond depends on many critical issues, such as reciprocal compatibility in terms of size and shape, complementary reactivity, proper alignment of reactive groups, and medium effects. The chemist acts as the master of ceremony and finds a high reward in the case of a successful marriage. Giotto's painting “The Wedding of Mary and Joseph” illustrates the principles of supramolecular chemistry involved.
Highly Sensitive Determination of microRNA Using Target‐Primed and Branched Rolling‐Circle Amplification
Authors: Cheng Yongqiang , Zhang Xian , Li Zhengping , Jiao Xiaoxia , Wang Yucong , Zhang Yali 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOne‐nucleotide differences in microRNAs (miRNAs) can be discriminated in an assay based on a branched rolling‐circle amplification (BRCA) reaction and fluorescence quantification. With the proposed method miRNA can be detected at concentrations as low as 10 fM, and the miRNA in a total RNA sample of a few nanograms can be determined.magnified image
Effect of a plasticizer on the structure of biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposites: Thermal, water‐sorption, and oxygen‐barrier properties
Authors: Zeppa C. , Gouanvé F. , Espuche E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this study, we investigated nanocomposites based on a plasticized natural biodegradable matrix. The polymer used was a natural potato starch, and the plasticizers were glycerol and a urea/ethanolamine mixture. A natural and an organically modified montmorillonite were studied. Two series of films containing 6 wt % nanoclays were prepared by a solution/cast process: the first series was based on neat starch, and the second one was based on 20 wt % plasticized starch. For all matrices, a mixture of intercalated and exfoliated structures was formed by the addition of pristine montmorillonite, whereas an aggregate structure was obtained with organoclay. The thermal stability was not significantly influenced by the addition of clays. Water sorption was examined as a function of the matrix and clay hydrophilicity. The significant reduction of oxygen permeability obtained with natural montmorillonite was related to the high dispersion state of this clay. For urea–ethanolamine composites, specific compatibilizer/clay interactions led to an improvement again in the barrier properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of reverse osmosis composite membrane with high flux by interfacial polymerization of MPD and TMC
Authors: Qiu Shi , Wu Liguang , Zhang Lin , Chen Huanlin , Gao Congjie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this study, reverse osmosis (RO) composite membrane with extra‐thin separation layer was prepared by the interfacial polymerization (IP) of metaphenylene diamine (MPD) with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on the surface of polysulfone (PS) support membrane. The properties and structures of skin layer of RO composite membranes were characterized by FTIR and SEM, it was found that IP had occurred and the separation layer was formed. The effects of the monomer concentration on membrane flux and salt rejection were investigated, and the optimum concentration of MPD and TMC were 2 and 0.3% (w/v), respectively. To improve flux, the phase‐transfer catalyst was added to the water phase, and the effects were remarkable when the concentration of MPD was low, in which both salt rejection and flux increased by 20% than initial results. When some of the hydrophilic additives such as alcohols and phenols were added into water phase, the flux of the prepared membrane increased from 13.03 to 33.42 L/(m2 h) without loss in salt rejection. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of a novel liquid crystalline star‐shaped polymer based on α‐CD core via ATRP
Authors: He Tao , Hu Tianhui , Zhang Xuefei , Zhong Guanqun , Zhang Hailiang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWell‐defined side‐chain liquid crystalline star‐shaped polymers were synthesized with a combination of the “core‐first” method and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Firstly, the functionalized macroinitiator based on the α‐Cyclodextrins (α‐CD) bearing functional bromide groups was synthesized, confirmed by 1H‐NMR, MALDI‐TOF, and FTIR analysis. Secondly, the side‐chain liquid crystalline arms poly[6‐(4‐methoxy‐4‐oxy‐azobenzene) hexyl methacrylate] (PMMAzo) were prepared by ATRP. The characterization of the star polymers were performed with 1H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal polarized optical microscopy (POM). It was found that the liquid crystalline behavior of the star polymer α‐CD‐PMMAzon was similar to that of the linear homopolymer. The phase‐transition temperatures from the smectic to nematic phase and from the nematic to isotropic phase increased as the molecular weight increased for most of these samples. All star‐shaped polymers show photoresponsive isomerization under the irradiation with Ultraviolet light. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Kinetics of degradation of PVC‐containing novel neem oil as stabilizer
Authors: Gamage Padmasiri K. , Farid Ahmed S. , Karunanayake L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of adding epoxidized neem oil (ENO) in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to enhance heat stability was investigated. Neem oil, of vegetable extract, was characterized for its fatty acid profile and other properties. The virgin oil was epoxidized at 60°C with peroxymethanoic acid (performic acid) generated in situ in the reaction mixture by reacting hydrogen peroxide and methanoic acid. ENO was characterized by FTIR and NMR studies, and the degree of epoxidation was measured with iodine value and oxirane oxygen content. Solubility parameters of neem oil and ENO were estimated. Thermal degradation of PVC‐containing ENO was studied using the static heat stability test and artificial aging at temperatures of 100, 110, 120, and 130°C. Results were compared with the samples prepared with conventional heat stabilizers systems used in PVC, such as Ca/Zn stearates and mixtures of both Ca/Zn stearates and ENO. The changes in elastic modulus of the ENO/PVC combination and the conventionally stabilized Ca/Zn system during aging were kinetically modeled, and the rate constants for the degradative influence of modulus were determined. The activation energies and preexponential factors for the degradative process were obtained from Arrhenius plots and their relationship through a compensation effect was found. In general, ENO was found to be an effective retarder of the degradation of PVC; use of 10 phr level of ENO showed the least degradation with the highest activation energy. A synergistic effect of ENO and Ca/Zn stearate system was also observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Noncatalytic polymerization of ethylene glycol and epoxy molecules for rigid polyurethane foam applications
Authors: Lubguban Arnold A. , Tu Yuan‐Chan , Lozada Zuleica R. , Hsieh Fu‐Hung , Suppes Galen J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe study investigated an approach to incorporate modified epoxidized soy‐based vegetable oil polyol as a replacement for petroleum‐based polyether polyol and to substantially reduce the isocyanate loading in the rigid foam formulation. Noncatalytic polymerization of epoxidized bodied soybean oil and ethylene glycol (EG) was carried out in a closed batch reaction. Cleavage of the oxirane rings and hydroxyl group attachment at optimum conditions provided the desired polyol products. The polyols were characterized based on its hydroxyl numbers, acidity, viscosity, iodine number, and Gardner color index for quality purposes. Reactions of oxirane ring and EG were verified by spectroscopic FTIR. Crosslinking performance was evaluated by extractability analysis on the polyurethane (PU) elastomer wafers. Rigid foaming performed at 50 and 75% petroleum‐based polyether polyol replacements have shown excellent thermoinsulating and mechanical properties compared with epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) alone or petroleum‐based polyether polyol alone. A reduction of up to 8% of the polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate was achieved using the synthesized ESBO‐EG‐based polyols. A higher average functionality polyol is key component to the reduction of isocyanate in PU synthesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Adsorption and recognition properties of ionic imprinted polyamine IIP‐PEI/SiO2 towards Pb2+ ion
Authors: An Fuqiang , Gao Baojiao , Feng Xiaoqin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article, an ionic imprinted polyamine (IIP) grafted on the surface of silica gel was prepared through a new surface imprinting approach. The adsorption and recognition properties of IIP‐PEI/SiO2 for Pb2+ ion were studied in detail using batch rebinding studies. The experimental results showed that the IIP‐PEI/SiO2 had high affinity, specificity, and selectivity for the template ion. The isothermal adsorption data was fit using the Langmuir equation. The adsorption was typical of chemisorption of a monolayer. The selectivity coefficients relative to Zn2+ and Cr3+ were 32.43 and 68.36, respectively. pH and temperature were found to have a strong influence on the adsorption properties. The adsorption amount increases with rising of temperature and the value of ΔH is plus. The adsorption of Pb2+ by IIP‐PEI/SiO2 was spontaneous and endothermic. At pH = 7, the adsorption capacity of the polymers was the highest. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of porous electro‐spun UPM fibers via photocrosslinking
Authors: Jun Liu , Zhang Yu , Hao Yu , Cheng Long , J. J. Zhang. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this study, a new method of preparing porous ultra‐fine fibers via photocrosslinking was developed. Ultra‐fine unsaturated polyester macromonomor (UPM)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (UPM/ PHBV) blend fibers were electrospun and then the UPM was photocrosslinked by UV irradiation. Different ratios between UPM, PHBV and solvent were tested and the relationship between weight percentage of solutions and diameter of fibers was discussed. Through the test of Tg and Tm we found that UPM and PHBV were immiscible and the phase separation proceeded during the electrospinning. The photocrosslinking time was controlled strictly and the best reaction time can't exceed more than 10 min. After photocrosslinking of UPM, PHBV was extracted from the blend fibers with chloroform. The morphology of the fiber was observed through SEM and fibers were not collapsed during the extracted processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A method for applying fluvial geomorphology in support of catchment‐scale river restoration planning
Authors: Sear David , Newson Malcolm , Hill Christopher , Old Jo , Branson Julia 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reports on an extension to the use of Fluvial Audit survey to include a subjective and adaptive multi‐criteria assessment (MCA) process that integrates scientific literature and observational data to develop three reach‐scale indices of: (a) channel modification; (b) channel function (sediment store or source); and (c) naturalness. These indices are nested within an overall conceptual model of channel evolution and used to underpin catchment scale river restoration.
The approach is described and applied to a small groundwater dominated river in the UK. The results show that over 48% of the total main river was in a degraded state relative to a conceptual model of a natural reference state. Only 23% of the river was in a near‐natural state.
MCA classifications were translated into a set of management actions necessary to return each reach to a near‐natural condition. These are described.
The method offers a transparent decision support for stakeholders that can incorporate differing scientific evidence. The use of MCA enables flexibility in terms of the relative importance of scores and weights placed upon factors in the final classification. This makes the approach amenable to stakeholder and public consultation.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarimetric observations of a sample of Compact Steep‐Spectrum sources
Authors: Mantovani F. , Mack K.‐H. , Montenegro‐Montes F. M. , Rossetti A. , Kraus A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMeasurements of the polarised emission from Compact Steep‐Spectrum (CSS) sources can give important information about the physical conditions inside and around the region of radio emission, essentially on the Narrow Line Region. We have observed the sample of CSS sources constructed by Fanti et al. (1990) with the Effelsberg 100‐m radio telescope at four frequencies between 2.7 GHz and 10.4 GHz in order to measure the polarisation parameters. Results from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (Condon et al. 1998) at 1.4 GHz were combined with our measurements for the full sample. The sample is considered statistically complete and allows comprehensive statistical analysis. Some of our conclusions are in disagreement with previous results obtained by polarimetric observations of other samples, for example the B3‐VLA sample (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High frequency peakers
Authors: Orienti M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHigh Frequency Peaker (HFP) radio sources are an extreme class of active galactic nuclei whose nature has not been fully understood yet. They are compact objects with a simple convex radio spectrum which turns over at frequencies well above a few GHz. In the context of evolutionary models such sources are likely to represent the earliest stage in individual radio source evolution, with typical ages of a few hundred years. However, the selection tools used to identify a source as an HFP are based on the spectral shape and can introduce a contamination by beamed blazar objects. The study of their radio properties provides us with important information on their nature and on the ambient medium in which they are evolving (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Does equipartition hold in HFPs?
Authors: Dallacasa D. , Orienti M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEquipartition of energy between relativistic particles and magnetic field is known to be consistent with observations in most of the large size (hundreds of kpc) radio galaxies. Here we discuss whether such a property holds in the smallest and youngest radio sources, the High Frequency Peakers (HFPs). A few sources have small components with a turnover frequency occurring at a few GHz and therefore a direct measure of the magnetic field intensity can be derived from the spectral peak assuming the spectral turnover is originated by synchrotron self‐absorption. The field strengths computed in this way are generally in excellent agreement with the equipartition fields. However, a few exceptions have been found, in sources with an extra deficit of photons in the optically thick part of the spectrum as a consequence of free‐free absorption (FFA) (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Samples and statistics of CSS and GPS sources
Authors: Giroletti M. , Polatidis A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeveral samples have been proposed in the last years in order to study the properties of intrinsically small sources. In this paper, we review the properties of the main samples that are currently available, both selected on the basis of spectral index and of morphology. As a result of the work in this area, large numbers of intrinsically small sources have been found. We summarize the present status of hot spot advance measurements, listing 18 sources with available VLBI data. The mean hot spot separation velocity is vsep = (0.19 ± 0.11) h–1c, and the kinematic ages span the range from 20 to 3000 years. Finally, we present a brief outlook on the use of future instrumentation in order to improve our understanding of radio source evolution. Prospects for VSOP2, e‐VLA, e‐MERLIN, LOFAR, ALMA, and Fermi are suggested (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A sample of GHz‐peaked spectrum sources selected at RATAN‐600: Spectral and variability properties
Authors: Sokolovsky K.V. , Kovalev Y.Y. , Kovalev Yu.A. , Nizhelskiy N.A. , Zhekanis G.V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe a new sample of 226 GPS (GHz‐Peaked Spectrum) source candidates selected using simultaneous 1–22 GHz multi‐frequency observations with the RATAN‐600 radio telescope. Sixty objects in our sample are identified as GPS source candidates for the first time. The candidates were selected on the basis of their broad‐band radio spectra only We. discuss the spectral and variability properties of selected objects of different optical classes (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identifying Compact Symmetric Objects from the VLBA Imaging and Polarization Survey
Authors: Tremblay S.E. , Taylor G.B. , Helmboldt J.F. , Fassnacht C.D. , Romani R.W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCompact Symmetric Objects (CSOs) are small (less than 1 kpc) radio sources which have symmetric double lobes or jets. The dominant theory for the small size of these objects is that they are young radio sources which could grow into larger radio galaxies, but the currently small population of known CSOs makes it difficult to definitively determine whether or not this is the case. While a greater number of Gigahertz peaked sources can be identified by sifting through spectral surveys, this yields none of the dynamics of the sources, and also brings Quasars into the sample, which although interesting are peaked around 1 Gigahertz for very different reasons. We have used the 5 GHz VLBA Imaging and Polarization Survey (VIPS) to identify 103 CSO candidates morphologically, and are following up on these sources with multifrequency VLBA observations to confirm CSO identifications and to study their dynamics. The identification of candidates from within the survey will be discussed, as well as preliminary results from the follow‐up observations (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Further evidence for synchrotron self‐absorption from the CORALZ sample of young radio‐loud AGN
Authors: Vries N. de , Snellen I.A.G. , Schilizzi R.T. , Mack K.‐H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractYoung radio‐loud active galactic nuclei form an important tool to investigate the evolution of extragalactic radio sources. In this paper we present a summary of our recent work on the CORALZ sample of young radio sources at low redshift. We have found strong evidence that the radio spectral turnovers in GPS and CSS sources are caused by synchrotron selfabsorption (SSA): the CORALZ sources follow the well established relation between radio spectral peak frequency and largest angular size, but with significantly smaller sizes at any particular peak frequency, compared to more powerful and more distant GPS/CSS sources, as expected from SSA theory combined with simple self‐similar evolution models. Current models that invoke free‐free absorption (FFA) to explain the spectral turnovers in GPS and CSS sources can not easily explain the relatively small angular sizes found for the CORALZ sources. We therefore conclude that, although FFA may play a role in some sources, the radio spectral turnovers in GPS and CSS radio sources are generally caused by SSA (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The host galaxies of Compact Steep Spectrum and Gigahertz‐Peaked Spectrum radio sources
Authors: Holt J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractI will review some of the developments in studies of the host galaxy properties of Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) and Gigahertz‐Peaked Spectrum (GPS) radio sources. In contrast to previous reviews structured around observational technique, I will discuss the host galaxy properties in terms of morphology, stellar content and warm gas properties and discuss how compact, young radio‐loud AGN are key objects for understanding galaxy evolution (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)