bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute myeloid leukemia with the 8q22;21q22 translocation: secondary mutational events and alternative t(8;21) transcripts
Authors: Peterson Luke F. , Boyapati Anita , Ahn Eun-Young , Biggs Joseph R. , Okumura Akiko Joo , Lo Miao-Chia , Yan Ming , Zhang Dong-Er 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Nonrandom and somatically acquired chromosomal translocations can be identified in nearly 50% of human acute myeloid leukemias. One common chromosomal translocation in this disease is the 8q22;21q22 translocation. It involves the AML1 (RUNX1) gene on chromosome 21 and the ETO (MTG8, RUNX1T1) gene on chromosome 8 generating the AML1-ETO fusion proteins. In this review, we survey recent advances made involving secondary mutational events and alternative t(8;21) transcripts in relation to understanding AML1-ETO leukemogenesis.
Improving the geometry and quality of a micro-hole fuel injection nozzle by means of hydroerosive grinding
Authors: Diver C , Atkinson J , Befrui B , Helml H J , Li L 
Published: April 2007

Hydroerosive grinding of small orifice components often creates a feature known, for the purposes of this paper, as a keyhole. The keyhole is created by undesirable erosion close to the entry of a hole, which results in an asymmetrical geometrical form and poor quality. This paper details how the keyhole problem can be eliminated and applied to diesel fuel injection nozzle manufacture. The hydroerosive grinding process consists of a low viscosity fluid, similar to the viscosity of diesel fuel, containing abrasive particles such as silicon carbide and boron carbide. A fuel injection nozzle tends to have five to seven injection holes ranging in diameter from 100 μm to 200 μm. This fluid is passed through the injection holes in a fuel injection nozzle to calibrate the nozzle flowrate, improve surface finish, pre-age the nozzle radius and micro-deburr the hole edge at the fuel inlet, and to improve the flow efficiency of the hole. The paper addresses problems associated with hydroerosive grinding, such as the keyhole feature and asymmetrical holes, and describes a solution to eliminate the keyhole effect and to increase the flowrate of the nozzle without resulting in poor hole geometry. The paper contains a study on the process development, understanding of the two-phase flow characteristics, and practical implementation of the technique.
Predicting the life of steel rails
Authors: Garnham J E , Franklin F J , Fletcher D I , Kapoor A , Davis C L 
Published: April 2007

A model of plastic strain accumulation, wear, and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) crack initiation in rail steel has been developed. Local to the contact zone, material is subject to severe cyclic stresses taking it beyond yield and leading to incremental accumulation of plastic deformation (ratcheting). This model is based on a ratcheting law derived from twin-disc, rolling-sliding contact experiments and can simulate thousands of ratcheting cycles with corresponding strain hardening. The model is being further refined to account for detailed microstructural changes. Sections of worn and fatigued rail, removed from service, have been metallurgically analysed. To obtain further data on rail-steel deformation and RCF crack initiation, twin-disc tests have been performed using discs cut from across a railhead and wheel rim. Two heat treatments were applied to some rail discs to investigate the effect of pro-eutectoid ferrite phase distributions and volume fractions. Tests were run to failure (defined by an eddy current crack-detection system) and to percentages of fatigue lives. Micro- and nano-hardness tests, and microstructural observations, have been used to suggest a micromechanism of fatigue crack initiation for the model. Application of this model will contribute to reduced maintenance costs and an improved understanding of RCF development.
Multi-body modelling and analysis into the non-linear behaviour of modern motorcycles
Authors: Meijaard J P , Popov A A 
Published: April 2007

The stationary and periodic motion of a motorcycle under typical and extreme running conditions on a straight road and during cornering is investigated. The motorcycle model consists of six rigid bodies: a rear frame, a steering head with handlebar and the suspended part of the front fork, the unsuspended part of the front fork, a rear swing arm, and two wheels. The tyre force model deals effectively with large camber angles and combined longitudinal and lateral slips plus normal spin rate. The equations of motion are generated in a symbolic form by the multi-body dynamics program AutoSim. For analysing solutions of the equations of motion, the numerical continuation program AUTO 97 is employed. Bifurcation diagrams for a motorcycle running straight ahead or in a circle are presented and discussed. The motorcycle can have three basic modes of instability: capsize, wobble, and weave mode. The results indicate that aerodynamic drag has a tendency to make the wobble mode more damped and the weave mode less damped. The emerging bifurcating periodic solutions are mostly of the subcritical kind for the weave and of the supercritical kind for the wobble.
Quantitative reliability and availability analysis for design evaluation of generic pod propulsion systems
Authors: Aksu S , Aksu S. K. , Turan O 
Published: April 2007

Application of pod propulsion on a variety of vessels such as cruise ships, ropax, and tanker vessels has increased significantly over the last two decades owing to the benefits offered by pods. Despite the clear benefits, operators are still reluctant to have this innovation on board because of unknown overall reliability. Many of the published research efforts in the area of pod propulsion have been concentrated on hydrodynamics and manoeuvring aspects with little in the area of quantitative pod reliability assessment. In this paper, the applicability and appropriateness of various quantitative fault tree solution techniques (exact and approximate) for the reliability assessment of a generic pod propulsion system are investigated. Also, the paper demonstrates that the proposed quantitative reliability assessment methodology can be used to make design changes by identifying critical components in system functionality and modifying the system with improvements, where needed.
Enhanced Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption Characteristic of Ta2O5-coated Pt Electrode Prepared by Electrodeposition of Ta and the Subsequent Calcination
Authors: Sata Shunsuke , Okajima Takeyoshi , Kitamura Fusao , Kaneda Kazuhiro , Ohsaka Takeo 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Ta2O5-coated Pt electrodes prepared by electrodeposition of Ta and the subsequent calcination were found to possess a remarkably enhanced adsorption/desorption characteristic of hydrogen atoms in sulfuric acid solutions compared with bare Pt electrodes. This enhancement can be explained by a spillover–reverse spillover of hydrogen atoms adsorbed at Pt sites over the Ta2O5 surface.
Effect of Solvent on the Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Poly(octanedioladipate-co-octanediolmalate)
Authors: Yao Dahu , Li Guangji , Zong Minhua 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Terpolymer of 1,8-octanediol, adipic acid, and l-malic acid was synthesized via a lipase-catalyzed direct polycondensation in different organic solvents. The results of GPC show that an organic solvent possessing low polarity is a better organic medium for the lipase-catalyzed polymerization. The 1H NMR spectra of the obtained copolymer samples indicate that hydroxy groups of l-malic acid do not take part in the polymerization reaction.
Evaluation of a New Pooling Strategy Based on Leukocyte Count for Rapid Quantification of Allele Frequencies
Authors: Rossmann Heidi , Büchler Elena , Wenzel Jürgen J , Neukirch Carolin , du Prel Jean-Baptist , Lackner Karl J 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Background: Allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be quantified from DNA pools. The conventional preparation of DNA pools requires DNA isolation and quantification for each blood sample. We hypothesized that pooling of whole blood samples according to their leukocyte count, which determines DNA content, would be as reliable as the conventional pooling method but much less tedious to perform.
Methods: We collected 100 whole blood samples and measured the leukocyte count. Samples were frozen until further use. After thawing, pools were generated by combining aliquots containing an equal number of leukocytes. In parallel, DNA was extracted from another aliquot, DNA concentration was measured, and DNA concentration-based pools were assembled. All original samples were genotyped directly using 4 different SNP assays to obtain the exact allele frequencies in the pool. In addition, samples of known genotypes were mixed according to the DNA concentration or the leukocyte count to generate artificial samples of known allele frequencies. We analyzed pools and mixes in triplicate by pyrosequencing and calculated allelic frequencies.
Results: Leukocyte and DNA pooling provided equally accurate and precise SNP frequencies comparable to published data.
Conclusion: DNA and leukocyte pooling are both suitable strategies to determine allele frequencies in frozen samples. The leukocyte pooling approach is much less tedious, quicker, and less expensive. It should be always considered if leukocyte counts are available.
Biomass and leaf dynamics of Cymodocea nodosa in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Portugal
Authors: Cunha Alexandra H. , Duarte Carlos M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
We describe shoot density, aboveground and belowground biomass, form and leaf production per shoot over a one-year cycle for Cymodocea nodosa meadows in the Ria Formosa lagoon (South Portugal). Habitat conditions in Ria Formosa allow the development of lush meadows (up to 1752 shoots m-2), supporting high shoot biomass (up to 945 g DW m-2), high leaf productivity (up to 14 g DW m-2 d-1) and large shoots (up to 113 cm leaf length) despite being located at the northern limit of the distributional range in the Atlantic Ocean. Biomass in the meadows examined is higher than other Atlantic sites with C. nodosa, and comparable to the most productive seagrass meadows yet reported. Shoot morphometry and biomass distribution were variable within Ria Formosa, with the stands growing in muddy sediments having a lower ratio of belowground/aboveground biomass than those in sandy sites. C. nodosa had a clear unimodal growth cycle, reaching maximum leaf development in summer. Mean leaf length and number of leaves per shoot, the rate of appearance of new leaves and the rate of leaf fall, average leaf growth and leaf turnover rates (P/B) were minimal in February and March, and maximal in July and September. The high production of the meadows examined may be related to the high nutrient availability in Ria Formosa, evidenced by the high leaf nutrient content (3.4% of DW and 0.38% of DW for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively).
Mortality of shoots of Posidonia oceanica following meadow invasion by the red alga Lophocladia lallemandii
Authors: Ballesteros Enric , Cebrian Emma , Alcoverro Teresa 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Lophocladia lallemandii, an Indo-Pacific alga that is currently invading several Mediterranean areas, is especially aggressive when colonizing meadows of Posidonia oceanica in Formentera (Balearic Islands). L. lallemandii settles on rhizomes and old leaves situated mainly at meadow edges and in low density Posidonia patches, growing rapidly, producing disc-like holdfasts along the thalli that allow formation of a mat of the red algal filaments intermingled with P. oceanica leaves. This mat can get so thick and dense that new leaves become confined inside the web of red algal filaments. The seagrass leaves display chlorosis and sometimes die. Invasion by L. lallemandii significantly reduces seagrass shoot size, leaf biomass, and percentage of living shoots. A lower content of sucrose in shoots from invaded plots points to a reduction of photosynthetic activity. However, other causes such as enhanced sediment trapping, organic and nutrient enrichment inside the algal carpet, and increased oxygen consumption may jointly or individually contribute to observed seagrass shoot demise.
Check-list of seaweeds recorded in the last 20 years in Venice lagoon, and a comparison with the previous records
Authors: Sfriso Adriano , Curiel Daniele 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
We present a check-list of the seaweeds for Venice lagoon, based on literature and recent records. At present the total number of taxa is 277, including 71 Chlorophyceae s.l. (25.6%), 148 Rhodophyceae (53.4%), 56 Phaeophyceae (20.2%) and 2 Chrysophyceae (0.7%). Using present day taxonomy, the number of taxa is about double that in previous lists. Since 1983, there have been 92 (ca. 33%) new records for Venice littoral zone. Of these, 19 (ca. 21%) are first records for the Mediterranean Sea, and many are alien taxa that seriously compete with the growth of indigenous species. The number of taxa that have disappeared from the lagoon, or have not been found in the recent years, is 96.
Concentrations of iodide and total iodine in edible seaweeds harvested on the Galician coast (Northwest Spain)
Authors: Moreda-Piñeiro Antonio , Bermejo-Barrera Adela , Bermejo-Barrera Pilar 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
We developed a rapid and feasible method to determine total iodine and iodide in edible seaweeds by an inexpensive analytical technique, catalytic spectrophotometry. Seaweed samples were solubilized by applying a microwave-assisted alkaline digestion with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The percentage of iodide was measured directly in the alkaline digests by observing the catalytic effect of iodide on the oxidation of As(III) by Ce(IV) in H2SO4/HCl medium. In order to determine total iodine, a microwave-assisted sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) reduction was optimized. After this treatment, all iodine species present in the alkaline digests were reduced to iodide. Microwave-assisted alkaline digestion was performed using 7.5 ml of TMAH and irradiating samples at 670 W for two 5.5 min steps. Microwave-assisted NaBH4 reduction was carried out using 2.5 ml of the alkaline digest, 3.0 ml of a 10% (m/v) NaBH4 solution and 2.0 ml of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid, at a microwave power of 360 W for 3.5 min. The linear calibration ranges were 0.30–20.0 and 0.43–20.0 μg l-1 for iodide determination and total iodine determination, respectively. The limit of detection was 9.2 μg g-1 for iodide and 54.0 μg g-1 for total iodine. Repeatability of the overall procedures, expressed as RSD for eleven determinations, was 10.4% (microwave-assisted alkaline digestion followed by microwave-assisted NaBH4 reduction for the determination of total iodine). Accuracy of the method was assessed by analyzing the NIES-09 (Sargasso) certified reference material. Edible seaweed analysis has shown that most of the iodine is present as iodide in brown seaweed samples (90% of the total iodine), while red seaweeds have iodide percentages lower than 30% and green seaweeds lower than 80%.
Temporal Dynamics and Linkage Disequilibrium in NaturalCaenorhabditis elegansPopulations
Authors: Barrière Antoine , Félix Marie-Anne 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCaenorhabditis elegans is a major laboratory model system yet a newcomer to the field of population genetics, and relatively little is known of its biology in the wild. Recent studies of natural populations at a single time point revealed strong spatial population structure and suggested that these populations may be very dynamic. We have therefore studied several natural C. elegans populations over time and genotyped them at polymorphic microsatellite loci. While some populations appear to be genetically stable over the course of observation, others seem to go extinct, with full replacement of multilocus genotypes upon regrowth. The frequency of heterozygotes indicates that outcrossing occurs at a mean frequency of 1.7% and is variable between populations. However, in genetically stable populations, linkage disequilibrium between different chromosomes can be maintained over several years at a level much higher than expected from the heterozygote frequency. C. elegans seems to follow metapopulation dynamics, and the maintenance of linkage disequilibrium despite a low yet significant level of outcrossing suggests that selection may act against the progeny of outcrossings.
An Exact Nonparametric Method for Inferring Mosaic Structure in Sequence Triplets
Authors: Boni Maciej F , Posada David , Feldman Marcus W 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStatistical tests for detecting mosaic structure or recombination among nucleotide sequences usually rely on identifying a pattern or a signal that would be unlikely to appear under clonal reproduction. Dozens of such tests have been described, but many are hampered by long running times, confounding of selection and recombination, and/or inability to isolate the mosaic-producing event. We introduce a test that is exact, nonparametric, rapidly computable, free of the infinite-sites assumption, able to distinguish between recombination and variation in mutation/fixation rates, and able to identify the breakpoints and sequences involved in the mosaic-producing event. Our test considers three sequences at a time: two parent sequences that may have recombined, with one or two breakpoints, to form the third sequence (the child sequence). Excess similarity of the child sequence to a candidate recombinant of the parents is a sign of recombination; we take the maximum value of this excess similarity as our test statistic Δm,n,b. We present a method for rapidly calculating the distribution of Δm,n,b and demonstrate that it has comparable power to and a much improved running time over previous methods, especially in detecting recombination in large data sets.
Genetic Improvement of Traits Affected by Interactions Among Individuals: Sib Selection Schemes
Authors: Ellen Esther D , Muir William M , Teuscher Friedrich , Bijma Piter 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Livestock populations are usually kept in groups. As a consequence, social interactions among individuals affect productivity, health, and welfare. Current selection methods (individual selection), however, ignore those interactions and yield suboptimal or in some cases even negative responses. In principle, selection between groups instead of individuals offers a solution, but has rarely been adopted in practice for two reasons. First, the relationship between group selection theory and common animal breeding concepts, such as the accuracy of selection, is unclear. Second, application of group selection requires keeping selection candidates in groups, which is often undesirable in practice. This work has two objectives. First, we derive expressions for the accuracy of individual and group selection, which provides a measurement of quality for those methods. Second, we investigate the opportunity to improve traits affected by interactions by using information on relatives kept in family groups, while keeping selection candidates individually. The accuracy of selection based on relatives is shown to be an analogy of the classical expression for traits not affected by interactions. Our results show that selection based on relatives offers good opportunities for effective genetic improvement of traits affected by interactions.
The Biologically Relevant Targets and Binding Affinity Requirements for the Function of the Yeast Actin-Binding Protein 1 Src-Homology 3 Domain Vary With Genetic Context
Authors: Haynes Jennifer , Garcia Bianca , Stollar Elliott J , Rath Arianna , Andrews Brenda J , Davidson Alan R 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Many protein–protein interaction domains bind to multiple targets. However, little is known about how the interactions of a single domain with many proteins are controlled and modulated under varying cellular conditions. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effects of Abp1p SH3 domain mutants that incrementally reduce target-binding affinity in four different yeast mutant backgrounds in which Abp1p activity is essential for growth. Although the severity of the phenotypic defects observed generally increased as binding affinity was reduced, some genetic backgrounds (prk1Δ and sla1Δ) tolerated large affinity reductions while others (sac6Δ and sla2Δ) were much more sensitive to these reductions. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations, we determined that Ark1p is the most important Abp1p SH3 domain interactor in prk1Δ cells, but that interactions with multiple targets, including Ark1p and Scp1p, are required in the sac6Δ background. We establish that the Abp1p SH3 domain makes different, functionally important interactions under different genetic conditions, and these changes in function are reflected by changes in the binding affinity requirement of the domain. These data provide the first evidence of biological relevance for any Abp1p SH3 domain-mediated interaction. We also find that considerable reductions in binding affinity are tolerated by the cell with little effect on growth rate, even when the actin cytoskeletal morphology is significantly perturbed.
toutvelu, a Regulator of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Biosynthesis, Controls Guidance Cues for Germ-Cell Migration
Authors: Deshpande Girish , Sethi Nilay , Schedl Paul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe primitive embryonic gonad in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of germ cells and somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs). The assembly of a functional gonad involves a complex series of germ-cell migration events, which are thought to be guided by attractive and repulsive cues. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for toutvelu (ttv), a regulator of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis during this process. Germline clonal analysis suggests that maternal deposition of ttv is required for proper germ-cell migration. Conversely, ectopic expression of ttv in early embryos results in severe germ-cell migration defects and inappropriate spreading of Hh protein. Moreover, overexpression of ttv in only the receiving cells, rather than in the sending cells, leads to phenotypic consequences. Finally, supporting the claim that the signaling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) may function as a chemoattractant to guide germ cells, errant germ cells are found localized near pockets containing high concentrations of Hh protein.
Divergent Regulatory OsMADS2 Functions Control Size, Shape and Differentiation of the Highly Derived Rice Floret Second-Whorl Organ
Authors: Yadav Shri Ram , Prasad Kalika , Vijayraghavan Usha 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Functional diversification of duplicated genes can contribute to the emergence of new organ morphologies. Model eudicot plants like Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus have a single PI/GLO gene that together with AP3/DEF regulate petal and stamen formation. Lodicules of grass flowers are morphologically distinct reduced organs occupying the position of petals in other flowers. They serve a distinct function in partial and transient flower opening to allow stamen emergence and cross-pollination. Grasses have duplicated PI/GLO-like genes and in rice (Oryza sativa) one these genes, OsMADS2, controls lodicule formation without affecting stamen development. In this study, we investigate the mechanistic roles played by OsMADS2. We ascribe a function for OsMADS2 in controlling cell division and differentiation along the proximal–distal axis. OsMADS2 is required to trigger parenchymatous and lodicule-specific vascular development while maintaining a small organ size. Our data implicate the developmentally late spatially restricted accumulation of OsMADS2 transcripts in the differentiating lodicule to control growth of these regions. The global architecture of transcripts regulated by OsMADS2 gives insights into the regulation of cell division and vascular differentiation that together can form this highly modified grass organ with important functions in floret opening and stamen emergence independent of the paralogous gene OsMADS4.