bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaniada
Authors: Paz Menahem 
Published: July 2008

Modern physics has significant philosophical and social consequences. Vladimir Nabokov’s Ada is the first serious attempt by a postmodernist author to make use of twentieth‐century physics as a means of investigating the role of literature and language in the shaping of the human worldview.Van Veen, Ada’s main protagonist, seeks a world of absolute values in order to retain the experience of his memorable summer with Ada, his half‐sister and lover. Nabokov employs Hugh Everett’s “alternative universes” interpretation of quantum mechanics to examine whether such a world can exist in principle, and to estimate the artistic and personal cost of maintaining such a world. Van’s wish to overcome the human limitations of time and space drives him into a futile attempt to refute Einstein’s theory of relativity on aesthetic grounds.Using physical theories as metaphors, Nabokov stresses, at almost every stage of the novel, Van’s lack of social responsibility and his inability to make a humanly relevant redescription of his world. Finally, at the age of eighty‐seven, Van learns how to integrate physics and novel‐writing into a meaningful and rewarding worldview.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Analysis of Immunological Markers Associated with Pregnancy and HIV‐1 Infection: Relevance in Perinatal Transmission in HIV‐1‐Infected Pregnant Women with Low Plasma Viral Load
Authors: Sachdeva Naresh , Oshima Kyoko , Cotter Amanda , Ashman Margarita , Davila Leonardo , Okazaki Takayuki , Inaba Noriyuki , Asthana Deshratn 
Published: July 2008

Problem  In HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women with low plasma viral load, risk factors associated with perinatal HIV‐1 transmission are not clearly understood.Method of study  We analyzed distribution of peripheral CD8 T‐cell subsets, plasma cytokines and measured secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) and myeloid‐related protein (MRP)‐8 levels in whole‐blood and cervico‐vaginal fluid (CVF) specimens obtained from 35 HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women (group 1), 12 HIV‐1‐infected non‐pregnant women (group 2) and 15 HIV‐1 uninfected pregnant women (group 3).Results  The group 1 women had higher expression of CD38, human leukocyte antigen‐DR and CD95 on CD8 T‐cells and higher levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor‐α and epidermal growth factor. CVF‐SLPI levels were the highest in group‐3, while MRP‐8 levels were the highest in group 1 women in plasma and CVF (P < 0.01). Although there were no cases of perinatal HIV‐1 transmission, group 1 women undergoing HIV‐1‐indicated cesarean section had lower levels of CVF‐SLPI as compared with those undergoing normal vaginal delivery.Conclusion  Pregnancy contributes to the activation of peripheral CD8 T cells and increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Production of protective mucosal secretory factors such as SLPI is affected by HIV‐1 infection in pregnant women and down‐regulated SLPI levels may indirectly indicate a higher possibility of perinatal HIV‐1 transmission.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)
Authors: BOESSENKOOL S , KING T. M , SEDDON P. J , WATERS J. M 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwelve microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in the endangered yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) using enriched genomic libraries. Polymorphic loci revealed two to eight alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.21 to 0.77. These loci will be suitable for assessing current and historical patterns of genetic variability in yellow‐eyed penguins.
Twelve new polymorphic microsatellite loci and PCR multiplexing in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Authors: GAUTHIER N. , DALLEAU‐CLOUET C. , BOUVRET M‐E 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwelve new dinucleotide microsatellite loci of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, were obtained from enriched genomic libraries. Three polymerase chain reaction multiplex sets comprising three, five and four loci were optimized and characterized across 133 B. tabaci females from Israeli rearings and natural populations collected in four Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, France, Spain and Morocco). There were three to 24 alleles per locus and the observed heterozygosity was from 0.084 to 0.420. Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was detected at four loci associated with significant heterozygote deficiencies due to null alleles and presence of subpopulations that were mostly in the Tunisian sample. The 12 loci carried independent information.
Isolation and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: CANNAS RITA , BUCCOLI SIMONA , SACCO FLAVIO , MARCIAS SANDRO , SALVADORI SUSANNA , CAU ANGELO , DEIANA ANNAMARIA 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEighteen microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus Risso 1816, a commercially exploited marine crustacean widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic. Polymorphism was assessed in a population (n = 20) from the southwestern Sardinian seas; 14 loci resulted polymorphic and showed from three to 13 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.2 to 0.85. These microsatellites will be potentially useful for the study of A. antennatus population genetic structure.
Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan
Authors: Marchani Elizabeth E , Watkins W Scott , Bulayeva Kazima , Harpending Henry C , Jorde Lynn B 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundNear the junction of three major continents, the Caucasus region has been an important thoroughfare for human migration. While the Caucasus Mountains have diverted human traffic to the few lowland regions that provide a gateway from north to south between the Caspian and Black Seas, highland populations have been isolated by their remote geographic location and their practice of patrilocal endogamy. We investigate how these cultural and historical differences between highland and lowland populations have affected patterns of genetic diversity. We test 1) whether the highland practice of patrilocal endogamy has generated sex-specific population relationships, and 2) whether the history of migration and military conquest associated with the lowland populations has left Central Asian genes in the Caucasus, by comparing genetic diversity and pairwise population relationships between Daghestani populations and reference populations throughout Europe and Asia for autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal markers.ResultsWe found that the highland Daghestani populations had contrasting histories for the mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome data sets. Y-chromosomal haplogroup diversity was reduced among highland Daghestani populations when compared to other populations and to highland Daghestani mitochondrial DNA haplogroup diversity. Lowland Daghestani populations showed Turkish and Central Asian affinities for both mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data sets. Autosomal population histories are strongly correlated to the pattern observed for the mitochondrial DNA data set, while the correlation between the mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome distance matrices was weak and not significant.ConclusionThe reduced Y-chromosomal diversity exhibited by highland Daghestani populations is consistent with genetic drift caused by patrilocal endogamy. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal phylogeographic comparisons indicate a common Near Eastern origin of highland populations. Lowland Daghestani populations show varying influence from Near Eastern and Central Asian populations.
Association study of polymorphisms in the neutral amino acid transporter genes SLC1A4, SLC1A5 and the glycine transporter genes SLC6A5, SLC6A9with schizophrenia
Authors: Deng Xiangdong , Sagata Noriaki , Takeuchi Naoko , Tanaka Masami , Ninomiya Hideaki , Iwata Nakao , Ozaki Norio , Shibata Hiroki , Fukumaki Yasuyuki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundBased on the glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia pathogenesis, we have been performing systematic association studies of schizophrenia with the genes involved in glutametergic transmission. We report here association studies of schizophrenia withSLC1A4,SLC1A5encoding neutral amino acid transporters ASCT1, ASCT2, andSLC6A5,SLC6A9encoding glycine transporters GLYT2, GLYT1, respectively.MethodsWe initially tested the association of 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed in the four gene regions with schizophrenia using 100 Japanese cases-control pairs and examined allele, genotype and haplotype association with schizophrenia. The observed nominal significance were examined in the full-size samples (400 cases and 420 controls).ResultsWe observed nominally significant single-marker associations with schizophrenia in SNP2 (P= 0.021) and SNP3 (P= 0.029) ofSLC1A4, SNP1 (P= 0.009) and SNP2 (P= 0.022) ofSLC6A5. We also observed nominally significant haplotype associations with schizophrenia in the combinations of SNP2-SNP7 (P= 0.037) ofSLC1A4and SNP1-SNP4 (P= 0.043) ofSLC6A5. We examined all of the nominal significance in the Full-size Sample Set, except one haplotype with insufficient LD. The significant association of SNP1 ofSLC6A5with schizophrenia was confirmed in the Full-size Sample Set (P= 0.018).ConclusionWe concluded that at least one susceptibility locus for schizophrenia may be located within or nearbySLC6A5, whereasSLC1A4,SLC1A5andSLC6A9are unlikely to be major susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
The omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), prevents the damaging effects of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha during murine skeletal muscle cell differentiation
Authors: Magee Peter , Pearson Stephen , Allen Jeremy 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a ώ-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and anti-cachetic properties that may have potential benefits with regards to skeletal muscle atrophy conditions where inflammation is present. It is also reported that pathologic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α are associated with muscle wasting, exerted through inhibition of myogenic differentiation and enhanced apoptosis. These findings led us to hypothesize that EPA may have a protective effect against skeletal muscle damage induced by the actions of TNF-α.

Results
The deleterious effects of TNF-α on C2C12 myogenesis were completely inhibited by co-treatment with EPA. Thus, EPA prevented the TNF-mediated loss of MyHC expression and significantly increased myogenic fusion (p < 0.05) and myotube diameter (p < 0.05) indices back to control levels. EPA protective activity was associated with blocking cell death pathways as EPA completely attenuated TNF-mediated increases in caspase-8 activity (p < 0.05) and cellular necrosis (p < 0.05) back to their respective control levels. EPA alone significantly reduced spontaneous apoptosis and necrosis of differentiating myotubes (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). A 2 hour pre-treatment with EPA, prior to treatment with TNF alone, gave similar results.

Conclusion
In conclusion, EPA has a protective action against the damaging effects of TNF-α on C2C12 myogenesis. These findings support further investigations of EPA as a potential therapeutic agent during skeletal muscle regeneration following injury.
Population Screening for Reproductive Risk for Single Gene Disorders in Australia: Now and the Future
Authors: Delatycki Martin B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAs the results of the Human Genome Project are realized, it has become technically possible to identify carriers of numerous autosomal and X-linked recessive disorders. Couples at risk of having a child with one of these conditions have a number of reproductive options to avoid having a child with the condition should they wish. In Australia the haemoglobinopathies are the only group of conditions for which population screening is widely offered and which is government funded. In some Australian states there are also population screening programs for cystic fibrosis and autosomal recessive conditions more common in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals which are generally offered on a user pays basis. It is predicted that as consumer demand increases and testing becomes cheaper, that many people planning or in the early stages of pregnancy will have carrier screening for multiple genetic conditions. This will have significant implications for genetic counseling, laboratory and prenatal testing resources. In addition such screening raises a number of ethical issues including the value of lives of those born with genetic conditions for which screening is available.
Efficacy of dural tenting sutures
Authors: Winston Ken R. 
Published: July 2008

Object
The goal of this study was to assess the necessity for the prophylactic use of dural tenting sutures.

Methods
Data that had been prospectively collected from 369 consecutive cranial operations in adults were analyzed. In this series of patients, dural tenting sutures were used on a judicious "as needed" basis. They were never used to satisfy a procedural routine or for use as a prophylaxis against epidural hemorrhage that was not apparent. The sutures were used for the control of epidural bleeding in 33 patients (8.9%); no tenting was required in 336 patients (91.1%). Reoperation for postoperative epidural hematoma was not required in this series.

Conclusions
Dural tenting sutures continue to have an important role in neurosurgery; however, there is no compelling evidence to support their traditional prophylactic use in every intracranial operation.
Dorsoproximal proximal phalanx osteochondral fragmentation in 117 Warmblood horses
Authors: Martens A. , Maes D. , Boussauw B. , Forsyth R. , Boening K. J. , Declercq J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to determine clinical and arthroscopic characteristics associated with dorso-proximal proximal phalanx (P1) fragments in Warmblood horses, as well as to examine their histopathological appearance. One hundred sixty-eight fragments were removed from 150 fetlocks of 117 Warmblood horses. Details of signalment and results of clinical examination were collected prior to surgery. After arthroscopic fragment removal and joint evaluation for synovial and/or cartilage abnormalities, the fragments were measured and evaluated histopathologically. The vast majority of the fragments (95.2%) were found medially, without predilection for front or hind limbs. In 10% of the joints, more than one fragment was present. The mean size of the fragments was 6.8 ± 2.6 mm. Only eight horses presented fetlock-related lameness. Horses of seven years of age and older (OR=13.32; p=0.033) and the presence of more than one fragment (OR=11.12; p=0.016) were significantly associated with lameness. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed one or more abnormalities in 50.7% of the joints. On histopathology, osteochondral fragments presented as a bony center covered with smooth hyaline cartilage on one side and some fibrous tissue on the other side. No clear histopathological signs were indicating precisely their origin. In Warmblood horses with dorsoproximal P1 fragments, the age (seven years and older) and the presence of more than one fragment in a fetlock significantly increased the risk of lameness. The osteochondral dorsoproximal P1 fragments could be defined as a developmental orthopaedic disease.
Nature‐Inspired Boiling Enhancement by Novel Nanostructured Macroporous Surfaces
Authors: Li Shanghua , Furberg Richard , Toprak Muhammet S. , Palm Björn , Muhammed Mamoun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWorld energy crisis has triggered more attention to energy saving and energy conversion systems. Enhanced surfaces for boiling are among the applications of great interest since they can improve the energy efficiency of heat pumping equipment (i.e., air conditioners, heat pumps, refrigeration machines). Methods that are used to make the state‐of‐the‐art enhanced surfaces are often based on complicated mechanical machine tools, are quite material‐consuming and give limited enhancement of the boiling heat transfer. Here, we present a new approach to fabricate enhanced surfaces by using a simple electrodeposition method with in‐situ grown dynamic gas bubble templates. As a result, a well‐ordered 3D macro‐porous metallic surface layer with nanostructured porosity is obtained. Since the structure is built based on the dynamic bubbles, it is perfect for the bubble generation applications such as nucleate boiling. At heat flux of 1 W  cm‐2, the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced over 17 times compared to a plain reference surface. It's estimated that such an effective boiling surface would improve the energy efficiency of many heat pumping machines with 10–30%. The extraordinary boiling performance is explained based on the structure characteristics.
Fibrillar Constructs from Multilevel Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Discotic and Calamitic Supramolecular Motifs
Authors: Houbenov Nikolay , Nykänen Antti , Iatrou Hermis , Hadjichristidis Nikos , Ruokolainen Janne , Faul Charl F. J. , Ikkala Olli 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe here report on polymeric solid‐state self‐assembly leading to organization over six length scales, ranging from the molecular scale up to the macroscopic length scale. We combine several concepts, i.e., rod‐like helical and disc‐like liquid crystallinity, block copolymer self‐assembly, DNA‐like interactions to form an ionic polypeptide–nucleotide complex and packing frustration to construct mesoscale fibrils. Ionic complexation of anionic deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and triblock coil–rod–coil copolypeptides is used with cationic end blocks and a helical rod‐like midblock. The guanines undergo Hoogsteen pairing to form supramolecular discs, they π‐stack into columns that self‐assemble into hexagonal arrays that are controlled by the end blocks. Packing frustration between the helical rods from the block copolymer midblock and the discotic motif limits the lateral growth of the assembly thus affording mesoscale fibrils, which in turn, form an open fibrillar network. The concepts suggest new rational methodologies to construct structures on multiple length scales in order to tune polymer properties.
Carbon Nanotube Gas and Vapor Sensors
Authors: Kauffman Douglas R. , Star Alexander 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCarbon nanotubes have aroused great interest since their discovery in 1991. Because of the vast potential of these materials, researchers from diverse disciplines have come together to further develop our understanding of the fundamental properties governing their electronic structure and susceptibility towards chemical reaction. Carbon nanotubes show extreme sensitivity towards changes in their local chemical environment that stems from the susceptibility of their electronic structure to interacting molecules. This chemical sensitivity has made them ideal candidates for incorporation into the design of chemical sensors. Towards this end, carbon nanotubes have made impressive strides in sensitivity and chemical selectivity to a diverse array of chemical species. Despite the lengthy list of accomplishments, several key challenges must be addressed before carbon nanotubes are capable of competing with state‐of‐the‐art solid‐state sensor materials. The development of carbon nanotube based sensors is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into commercially viable sensors of unrivalled sensitivity and vanishingly small dimensions.
Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis as a powerful strategy for the quantification of low‐abundance biomarkers, drugs, and metabolites in biological matrices
Authors: Guzman Norberto A. , Blanc Timothy , Phillips Terry M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the last few years, there has been a greater appreciation by the scientific community of how separation science has contributed to the advancement of biomedical research. Despite past contributions in facilitating several biomedical breakthroughs, separation sciences still urgently need the development of improved methods for the separation and detection of biological and chemical substances. In particular, the challenging task of quantifying small molecules and biomolecules, found in low abundance in complex matrices (e.g., serum), is a particular area in need of new high‐efficiency techniques. The tandem or on‐line coupling of highly selective antibody capture agents with the high‐resolving power of CE is being recognized as a powerful analytical tool for the enrichment and quantification of ultra‐low abundance analytes in complex matrices. This development will have a significant impact on the identification and characterization of many putative biomarkers and on biomedical research in general. Immunoaffinity CE (IACE) technology is rapidly emerging as the most promising method for the analysis of low‐abundance biomarkers; its power comes from a three‐step procedure: (i) bioselective adsorption and (ii) subsequent recovery of compounds from an immobilized affinity ligand followed by (iii) separation of the enriched compounds. This technology is highly suited to automation and can be engineered to as a multiplex instrument capable of routinely performing hundreds of assays per day. Furthermore, a significant enhancement in sensitivity can be achieved for the purified and enriched affinity targeted analytes. Thus, a compound that exists in a complex biological matrix at a concentration far below its LOD is easily brought to well within its range of quantification. The present review summarizes several applications of IACE, as well as a chronological description of the improvements made in the fabrication of the analyte concentrator–microreactor device leading to the development of a multidimensional biomarker analyzer.
Survival of patients with neck recurrence following radical neck dissection: Utility of a second neck dissection?
Authors: Jones Andrew S. , Tandon Sankalap , Helliwell Timothy R. , Husband David J. , Jones Terence M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTreatment of neck recurrence following radical neck dissection is extremely difficult. Retrospective review of 699 radical neck dissections was performed. Recurrence rates, host, tumor, treatment factors, and survival were analyzed. One hundred nineteen patients who had undergone radical neck dissections had recurrence, 69 were considered candidates for salvage surgery. Factors that increased the risk of neck recurrence were neck node (N) status and no adjuvant radiotherapy. Factors associated with radical salvage treatment were young age, good general condition, and low recurrent N classification. Five‐year survival for salvage neck dissection was 31%. Young patients and low T and N classification did well. Low recurrent N classification and salvage surgery were associated with good prognosis for recurrence. In our study, radical neck dissection has a regional failure rate of 20%, a third of recurrence cases were offered curative treatment. Of these, 31% were cured with salvage surgery. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008