bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of the camera perspective bias in authentic videotaped interrogations: Implications for emerging reform in the criminal justice system
Authors: Lassiter G. Daniel , Ware Lezlee J. , Ratcliff Jennifer J. , Irvin Clinton R. 
Published: February 2008

Objective. Numerous previous experiments have established the existence of a camera perspective bias in evaluations of videotaped interrogations/confessions: videotapes that make the suspect more visually conspicuous than the interrogator(s) by virtue of focusing the camera on the suspect yield assessments of voluntariness and judgments of guilt that are greater than those found when alternative presentation formats are used. One limitation of this body of research is that all the interrogations/confessions used to date were simulations; therefore, no evidence currently demonstrates that the camera perspective bias importantly generalizes to authentic videotapes recorded by police and depicting actual suspects and interrogators. Two experiments addressed this issue.Methods. Experiment 1 compared judgments of voluntariness based on viewing two authentic videotaped confessions – one recorded with the camera focused on the suspect, the other with the camera focused equally on the suspect and interrogator – with those based on listening only to the audio or reading only a transcript. Experiment 2 compared judgments of voluntariness and guilt of an originally equal‐focus videotaped confession that was edited to produce suspect‐focus and interrogator‐focus versions.Results. In Experiment 1, participants judged the videotape version of the confession to be more voluntary than either the audio only or transcript versions, but only for the suspect‐focus videotape. In Experiment 2, participants viewing the suspect‐focus version of the confession (relative to the interrogator‐focus version) judged it to be more voluntary and the suspect more likely to be guilty.Conclusion. The present research further strengthens the policy implications of the literature on camera perspective bias by providing evidence that the bias manifests with authentic interrogations/confessions as well as with simulations.
Human rights and forensic psychology
Authors: Ward Tony 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. Human rights serve to orientate practitioners to the necessary conditions for a minimally worthwhile life for service users, the prerequisites for a life of dignity and a chance at happiness, and the opportunity to incorporate into their life plans cherished values and goals. In this introduction to the special section paper, I discuss the basic concept of human rights and outline their relevance for clinical practice with offenders.Method. I explore the core values associated with human rights and suggest that one of their primary functions is to protect the internal and external conditions of individuals' agency and their pursuit of better lives.Conclusion. I briefly outline the three articles comprising this special section of LCP on human rights that address issues of risk, therapeutic jurisprudence, and the rights of detained persons.
Molecular Actions of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Genes Involved in Calcium Homeostasis
Authors: Pike J Wesley , Zella Lee A , Meyer Mark B , Fretz Jackie A , Kim Sungtae 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] functions in vertebrate organisms as a primary regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, an activity that is achieved through direct actions on gene expression in intestine, kidney, and bone. Recent studies have identified novel genes such as TRPV5, TRPV6, and RANKL whose products are integral to the maintenance of extracellular calcium. The objective of this progress report/review is to describe our recent results that identify the mechanisms of 1,25(OH)2D3 action on the expression of TRPV6 and RANKL. A series of molecular, cellular, and in vivo studies have been conducted to define the molecular mechanisms that control the expression of TRPV6 and RANKL. Cell culture–based assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) methods, and a series of molecular techniques were used to identify and characterize upstream regions of mouse and human TRPV6 and RANKL genes. We discovered that these genes were regulated by at least five separate enhancer regions. In the TRPV6 gene, these enhancers were all located within 5 kb of the transcriptional start site (TSS), and each contained one or more vitamin D regulatory elements (VDREs). In the RANKL gene, these regulatory regions span over 80 kb of upstream sequence, the most distal 76 kb from the TSS. This regulatory region is central to the regulation of RANKL expression in vitro and in vivo. Our studies identified key regulatory regions within the TRPV6 and RANKL genes that are essential for their individual expression in the intestine and bone, respectively.
Vitamin D and Skin Physiology: A D-Lightful Story
Authors: Holick Michael F , Chen Tai C , Lu Zhiren , Sauter Edward 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Throughout evolution, exposure to sunlight and the photosynthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin has been critically important for the evolution of land vertebrates. During exposure to sunlight, the solar UVB photons with energies 290–315 nm are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and converted to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 undergoes a rapid transformation within the plasma membrane to vitamin D3. Excessive exposure to sunlight will not result in vitamin D intoxication because both previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 are photolyzed to several noncalcemic photoproducts. During the winter at latitudes above ∼35°, there is minimal, if any, previtamin D3 production in the skin. Altitude also has a significant effect on vitamin D3 production. At 27° N in November, very little (∼0.5%) previtamin D3 synthesis was detected in Agra (169 m) and Katmandu (1400 m). There was an ∼2- and 4-fold increase in previtamin D3 production at ∼3400 m and at Everest base camp (5300 m), respectively. Increased skin pigmentation, application of a sunscreen, aging, and clothing have a dramatic effect on previtamin D3 production in the skin. It is estimated that exposure in a bathing suit to 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) is equivalent to ingesting between 10,000 and 25,000 IU of vitamin D2. The importance of sunlight for providing most humans with their vitamin D requirement is well documented by the seasonal variation in circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Vitamin D deficiency [i.e., 25(OH)D &lt; 20 ng/ml] is common in both children and adults worldwide. Exposure to lamps that produce UVB radiation is an excellent source for producing vitamin D3 in the skin and is especially efficacious in patients with fat malabsorption syndromes. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency globally is an underappreciation of sunlight's role in providing humans with their vitamin D3 requirement. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and those that do have a very variable vitamin D content. Recently it was observed that wild caught salmon had between 75% and 90% more vitamin D3 compared with farmed salmon. The associations regarding increased risk of common deadly cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease with living at higher latitudes and being prone to vitamin D deficiency should alert all health care professionals about the importance of vitamin D for overall health and well being.
Substrate and Enzyme Trafficking as a Means of Regulating 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Synthesis and Action: The Human Innate Immune Response
Authors: Adams John S , Chen Hong , Chun Rene , Ren Songyang , Wu Shaoxing , Gacad Mercedes , Nguyen Lisa , Ride Jonathan , Liu Philip , Modlin Robert , Hewison Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Tissue availability of the active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is dependent on expression of the activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27b1) and its catabolic counterpart 24-hydroxylase (CYP24). The activity of these two enzymes is in turn controlled by factors including affinity of the serum vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]; the availability of enzyme cofactors; and the relative amount of hydroxylase gene product expressed. In recent years, it has become clear that directed trafficking of substrate and enzyme is also a pivotal component of the regulated process of hormone synthesis by both renal and extrarenal tissues expressing the CYP27b1 and CYP24 genes. Extracellular regulatory trafficking events are defined by the quantity of substrate 25(OH)D entering the circulatory pool. Entry into some target cells in vivo, such as the macrophage and proximal renal tubular epithelial cells, requires 25(OH)D binding to serum DBP, followed by recognition, internalization, and intracellular release. The “released” intracellular substrate is moved to specific intracellular destinations (i.e., the mitochondrial CYP enzymes and the vitamin D receptor [VDR]) by the hsc70 family of chaperone proteins. Synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D is also regulated by CYP24 and its metabolically inactive splice variant CYP24-SV. Finally, initiation of transcription of 1,25(OH)2D-regulated genes, such as the CYP24, requires movement of the CYP27b1 product, 1,25(OH)2D, to the VDR in the same cell for intracrine action or export to another cell for paracrine action. In either case, the 1,25(OH)2D ligand is required for the VDR to heterodimerize with the retinoid x receptor and compete away the dominant-negative acting, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-related, vitamin D response element–binding proteins that inhibit hormone-directed transactivation of genes. In this review, we use vitamin D–directed events in the human innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a physiologically relevant model system in which to highlight the importance of these intracellular traffic patterns.
Vitamin D Requirement During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Hollis Bruce W 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe current recommended dietary requirement for vitamin D intake (200 IU/d) during pregnancy and lactation is based on little, if any, scientific evidence, and as a result is clinically irrelevant with respect to maintaining nutritional vitamin D status during these demanding human conditions. Current research has shown that the actual dietary requirement during pregnancy and lactation may actually be as high as 6000 IU/d. Current data on which these new recommendations could be based are presented.
Vitamin D Toxicity, Policy, and Science
Authors: Vieth Reinhold 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration that is the threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established. Hypercalcemia is the hazard criterion for vitamin D. Past policy of the Institute of Medicine has set the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D at 50 μg (2000 IU)/d, defining this as “the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.” However, because sunshine can provide an adult with vitamin D in an amount equivalent to daily oral consumption of 250 μg (10,000 IU)/d, this is intuitively a safe dose. The incremental consumption of 1 μg (40 IU)/day of vitamin D3 raises serum 25(OH)D by ∼1 nM (0.4 ng/ml). Therefore, if sun-deprived adults are to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations &gt;75 nM (30 ng/ml), they will require an intake of more than the UL for vitamin D. The mechanisms that limit vitamin D safety are the capacity of circulating vitamin D–binding protein and the ability to suppress 25(OH)D-1-α-hydroxylase. Vitamin D causes hypercalcemia when the “free” concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is inappropriately high. This displacement of 1,25(OH)2D becomes excessive as plasma 25(OH)D concentrations become higher than at least 600 nM (240 ng/ml). Plasma concentrations of unmetabolized vitamin D during the first days after an acute, large dose of vitamin D can reach the micromolar range and cause acute symptoms. The clinical trial evidence shows that a prolonged intake of 250 μg (10,000 IU)/d of vitamin D3 is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects in almost all individuals in the general population; this meets the criteria for a tolerable upper intake level.
An Eleventh Century Illuminated Manuscript on Amorgos
Authors: Spatharakis Ioannis , Bartholf Gale 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Lectionary, no. 15, is to be found in the Monastery of the Panagia Chozoviotissa on Amorgos, one of the Cycladic Islands. The lectionary is half-covered with a wooden plate and is made up of 341 folia of parchment, numbered on both sides with page numbers and sewn together with three unnumbered inserted bifolia illustrated with full-page miniatures. The last six folia show considerable damage below at the right due to bookworm. The folia measure approximately 29.5×22 cm. and the miniatures 19.7×15.6 cm. There is no colophon in the manuscript. However, it can be dated in the middle of the eleventh century on the basis of stylistic and palaeographic evidence. The miniatures, all against a gold background, show a Deësis, St. John dictating to Prochoros, St. Luke writing, St. Gregory of Nazianzus standing, St. Mark reading and St. Athanasios standing. The portrait of St. Matthew is missing.
Michel Balard, Croisades et Orient latin XIe-XIVe siècles
Authors: Favreau-Lilie Marie-Luise 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In diesem für den Unterricht an französischen Universitäten konzipierten, reichhaltig mit Karten, Stadtplänen und Grundrissen ausgestatteten Studienbuch gibt der Autor, ein ausgewiesener Kenner der italienischen und insbesondere der genuesischen Seehandels- und Kolonialpolitik im östlichen Mittelmeer und im Schwarzmeergebiet nach 1204/1261 (La Romanie génoise. 2 Bde. [BEFAR 235], Roma 1978), dem wir bereits eine kleine Kreuzzugsgeschichte verdanken (Les Croisades, Paris, MA Editions, 1988), nicht nur einen elementaren Überblick über die Geschichte der Kreuzzüge, sondern zugleich einen Einblick in die Entwicklung der im Vorderen Orient entstandenen Kreuzfahrerstaaten, wobei er gelegentlich auch auf die Quellenlage zu Spezialproblemen und auf den aktuellen Forschungsstand hinweist.
Leslie Brubaker / John Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca 680-850): The Sources. An Annotated Survey
Authors: Mango Cyril 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The title led me to expect a somewhat different kind of book. What we are offered is not so much a dossier on Iconoclasm, like André Grabar's, as a dossier on the Dark Age of Byzantium. It falls into two parts: the first and more original is devoted to material culture, while the second is a checklist of written sources, largely overlapping the Prolegomena volume of PmbZ. Aimed at university students, this is essentially a work of reference. A further volume of synthesis is promised.
Axinia Džurova, L 'enluminure du palimpseste cyrillique du Vatican Vat. Gr. 2502
Authors: Pavlikianov Kyrill 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The recent detailed study of Prof. Axinia Džurova deals, from a codicological point of view, with a palimpsest codex kept in the Vatican Library, Vat. gr. 2502. Known to the scholarly community since 1981, this rather common minuscule Greek evangeliary (Gospel lectionary) of the 12th or 13th century has been written over the text of an earlier Slavic evangeliary followed by an accompanying Synaxarion. The book is bilingual, in French and Bulgarian, and is devoted exclusively to the ornamentation of the partially effaced Slavic text.
Epistularum Byzantinarum Initia, conscripsit Michael Grünbart
Authors: Fatouros Georgios 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Durch die Veröffentlichung des vorliegenden Bandes wird ein Desideratum der Briefliteratur verwirklicht, auf welches bereits S. Lampros im Jahr 1915 hingewiesen hat. Es handelt sich um ein alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Anfänge aller in griechischer Sprache geschriebener Briefe aus dem Zeitraum von etwa 300 n.Chr. bis ca. 1500, das über 15.000 Briefexordia von etwa 260 spätgriechischen und byzantinischen Briefschreibern umfaßt und sich auf die jeweils neuesten Editionen von Briefsammlungen stützt, wobei an die 890 Eintragungen von unedierten Briefen stammen. Treffliche Emendationen werden bei den aufgenommenen Exordia berücksichtigt sowie auch wichtige Handschriftenvarianten, die evtl. die Autorenhand wiederzugeben beanspruchen. Briefanfänge, die ein Zitat darstellen, werden durch Kursivschrift gekennzeichnet, darunter auch viele, die nicht von den Herausgebern selbst, sondern erst vom Autor des vorliegenden Bandes erkannt worden sind. Bei welchem Wort das zu aufnehmende Exordium unterbrochen werden muss, ist eine delikate Sache, die im Verzeichnis in der Weise geregelt wird, dass der Eintrag nach Möglichkeit eine Sinneinheit bildet, weswegen auch die aufgenommenen Exordia von unterschiedlicher Länge sind. Urkundenschreiben werden in der Regel nicht berücksichtigt, in Fällen jedoch, in welchen sie sich von Briefen nicht einwandfrei unterscheiden lassen, sind sie in das Verzeichnis aufgenommen worden.
Miroslav Marcovich (ed.), Eustathius Macrembolites De Hysmine et Hysminiae amoribus libri XI
Authors: Cupane Carolina 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Der Roman Hysmine und Hysminias des Eumathios Makrembolites ist zweifellos einer der meistgelesenen Texte dieser Gattung; die handschriftliche Überlieferung, die über vierzig, sich vom 13. bis ins 18. Jahrhundert erstreckenden Träger zählt, zeugt davon. Auch die moderne Forschung hat diesem Umstand Rechnung getragen: Als einziger der byzantinischen Erzähltexte wurde Hysmine und Hysminias Gegenstand mehrerer eingehender literarischer Analysen. Trotzdem verfügte man bis jetzt über keine moderne Ausgabe dieses Bestsellers der erotischen Literatur. Mit der vorliegenden Edition setzte sich also der bekannte klassische Philologe M. M(arcovich), der sich bereits mit Rhodanthe und Dosikles des Theodoros Prodromos an dem byzantinischen Roman herangewagt hatte, das Ziel, ein dringendes Desideratum der Byzantinistik zu erfüllen.
Stefano Parenti, Liturgia delle ore italo-byzantina (Rito Grottaferrata). Introduzione e traduzione
Authors: Winkler Gabriele 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Der bekannte Liturgiewissenschaftler, der nicht nur in der Abtei Grottaferrata, sondern auch als Dozent für Liturgiewissenschaft am Pont. Ateneo «Anselmianum» in Rom tätig und mit dem byzantinischen Ritus und den Handschriften Grottaferratas bestens vertraut ist, hat nun diese schöne Einführung in das Offizium Grottaferratas vorgelegt, die der italienischen Übersetzung vorangestellt wurde.
Robert W. Thomson, The Armenian Adaptation of the Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
Authors: Winkelmann Friedhelm 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In Armenien stand von den Fortsetzungen des Eusebianischen Geschichtswerkes, die die Zeit von Konstantin I. bis in die erste Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts behandelten, also einen Zeitabschnitt, der für die Herausbildung der armenischen christlichen Theologie grundlegend war, nur die Kirchengeschichte des Sokrates Scholastikos in hohem Ansehen, da man glaubte, sie sei der armenischen christologischen Position am nächsten. So ist sie uns in zwei armenischen Übersetzungen überliefert, einer wortgetreuen, ausführlichen Version, die aus der sogenannten hellenisierenden Übersetzerschule stammt, und einer in einem verständlichen zeitgenössischen Armenisch verfaßten Kurzversion. Die als erstes genannte Übersetzung ist für die Konstituierung des griechischen Textes des Werkes des Sokrates von großer Bedeutung, wie es Günther Christian Hansen in dessen Edition ausführlich belegt (Sokrates Scholastikos, Kirchengeschichte, Berlin 1995 [GCS], S. XXVIIff.]). Sie hat aber wegen ihrer engen Orientierung an der griechischen Sprache in Armenien nur einen kleinen Kreis von griechisch Gebildeten erreichen können. Die Kurzversion dagegen fand weite Verbreitung. Bei ihrer in der Forschung umstrittenen Datierung schließt sich Thomson der Auffassung an, daß das Kolophon in einer der Handschriften, das eine Datierung enthält und den Übersetzer nennt, auf die Kurzversion zu beziehen ist (S. 9ff. mit allen notwendigen Literaturangaben). Sie sei also auf das Jahr 695/6 zu datieren. Und es handele sich nicht um eine Übersetzung aus dem Original, sondern lediglich um eine Überarbeitung der älteren langen Version (S. 11f.). Ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Forschung ist auch das Bemühen, den Übersetzer P'ilon Tirakac'i und den Auftraggeber der Übersetzung Nerseh Kamsarakan zu verifizieren (S. 36-40).
La Biblioteca Palatina di Heidelberg e una lettera dimenticata di Leone Allacci
Authors: Canfora Luciano 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Il prelievo della Biblioteca Palatina fu, nel 1623, ad un secolo circa dall'inizio della Riforma, l'atto non solo simbolico con cui si cercò di vulnerare alla radice la cultura protestante asportando la Biblioteca di Heidelberg, vanto dell'intellettualità riformata e stimata superiore perfino alla Vaticana. In una lettera del 14 luglio 1608 a Janus Gruter, bibliotecario della Palatina, Scaligero era molto esplicito nella comparazione tra le due biblioteche, simbolo delle rispettive confessioni: «Indicem bibliothecae vestrae legi. Locupletior est, et meliorum librorum quam Vaticana» (Lib. VI, Ep. 434). La concreta operazione di prelievo e trasporto dei libri fino a Roma, via Monaco, affidata a Leone Allacci, andò incontro ad una serie di difficoltà, a cominciare dalla imprevista totale indisponibilità di mezzi di trasporto: i «carri» di cui ampiamente si parla nel documento che qui di seguito pubblichiamo. Che fosse così arduo reperirli, ovvero trovare qualcuno che li mettesse a disposizione, era in realtà solo un aspetto - e certo non irrilevante - della più generale ostilità che circondò l'operazione. Ostilità che Allacci stesso bene avverte («Quando passo [per le strade] - scrive - li sento sospirare e dolere intrinsecamente, se bene all'esteriore bisogna che stiano savij»), e che sarà sedata solo dal deciso intervento del conte di Tilly (su di lui ved. oltre), intervenuto direttamente a Heidelberg il 14 gennaio 1623, al fine appunto di sbloccare la situazione. Ma veniamo al documento ed alla sua esemplare vicenda.
Imagination and Documentation: Eagle Silks in Byzantium, the Latin West and ‘Abbāsid Baghdad
Authors: Cutler Anthony 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In the course of his closing remarks at the Copenhagen Congress, the then President of the Association International des Études Byzantines reminded those who worried about the state of our field of “the rule that science may begin with imagination but … rests on factual documentation rather than conjecture”. As one who was (and is) less troubled about the way things were (and are) going, an art historian may be permitted to point to an example in which a document can be shown to corroborate educated guesswork, and consequently to demonstrate one way in which peace between the two camps can (at least on this occasion) be achieved. The result may not be the absolute certainty demanded by our ancien président, but it comes as close to proof as anything available in a domain notorious for its lack of “factual documentation”. The method in question is triangulation—a third datum brought to bear on two previously known bodies of evidence—and the example that of the Middle Byzantine silks that display images of eagles. At issue is the belief that surviving examples were originally gifts offered to foreigners who in turn presented them to institutions or individuals of the Latin church.