bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies of NiTi Self-expanding Stent Designs
Authors: Eaton-Evans J , Dulieu-Barton JM , Little EG , Brown IA 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Preliminary investigations to apply thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) to Nitinol self-expanding stents are described. Tests conducted at high resolution indicated that a viable thermoelastic signal can be obtained from the fine stent structure. It is shown that it is possible to digitally compensate for errors arising from motion at this high resolution. High variability in Nitinol's material properties with stress and temperature result in a complex thermoelastic response. Correction strategies are proposed to account for variation in material properties and to minimize errors due to thermal variations in order to derive calibration factors for the austenite and martensite material phases. The greatest challenge is identified as calibrating the thermoelastic response from the radially loaded stent structure where it is likely the material is highly inhomogeneous.
Measuring the Field Corrosion Activity of Bridge Decks Built with Bare and Epoxy Coated Steel
Authors: Ramniceanu A , Weyers RE , Anderson-Cook C , Brown MC 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Epoxy coated steel became the prevalent corrosion protection methods starting in the early 1980s. Since then, studies have shown that epoxy coating does not prevent corrosion, but instead will debond from the steel reinforcement in as little as four years, allowing instead a much more insidious form of corrosion to take place under the coating. Therefore, it is important to determine if nondestructive corrosion activity detection methods are applicable to epoxy coated reinforcing steel as well as institute guidelines for interpreting the results. Based on comparisons of measurements distributions, this study shows that there is an indication that these nondestructive test methods may be applicable to structures reinforced with epoxy coated steel.
Mechanical Impact Testing: Data Review and Analysis
Authors: Engel CD , Herald SD , Davis SE 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSince the 1950s, when first the Army and then NASA developed mechanical impact testing of materials, researchers have continued efforts to gain a better understanding of the chemical, mechanical, and thermodynamic nature of the phenomenon. The impact mechanism is a proven ignition mechanism, which must be considered and understood in the design of an oxygen system. The use of test data from this test method has been questioned because of the lack of a clear method of application of the data and variability found between tests, material batches, and facilities. This effort explores a large database, which has accumulated over a number of years, and its overall nature. Moreover, testing was performed to determine the statistical nature of the test procedure to help establish sample size guidelines for material characterization. The current practice of reporting reaction frequency data at dropped energy rather than energy the sample receives does not offer a way to compare data between facilities.
Using Nondestructive Testing Technologies to Assist in Selecting the Optimal Pavement Rehabilitation Strategy
Authors: Chen DH , Scullion T 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of pavement condition and an understanding of the underlying causes of pavement distress is vital in selecting the optimal rehabilitation strategy. Three projects were investigated in this study to demonstrate the application of nondestructive testing technologies in this selection process. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), and Dynamic Cone Penetrometers (DCP) were successfully used on these TxDOT projects. GPR was employed successfully to locate defects in the hot mix surface layer that were responsible for the chronic distress on US 69. This roadway was rehabilitated previously but the strategy used had not addressed the root cause of the pavement problem. FWD and DCP data were also used to determine the structural capacity or layer moduli of the pavement system that allows the designer to derive the overlay thickness. Coring and trenching were utilized to verify the defects detected in the GPR data. The advantage of nondestructive testing is that it provides a comprehensive evaluation of subsurface conditions throughout the entire project, not only at locations where coring and trenching are performed. Furthermore, GPR was employed to verify a rehab design of an old JCP pavement on SH 73. Originally, the plan called for pressure grouting to fill the subsurface voids. However, GPR found no voids under the JCP slab; this was validated in subsequent coring. Therefore the GPR results helped district personnel to eliminate the cost of the pressure grouting. For comparison purposes, GPR results from IH 45 and US 82 (where there were voids under JCP slabs) were utilized.
New Method for Testing Fiber-reinforced Polymer Rods Under Flexure
Authors: Zhang B , Masmoudi R , Benmokrane B 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
This paper provides a new test method to determine the flexural properties of FRP reinforcing rods for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. This test method specifies the requirements of four-point flexural tests on FRP rods used in place of steel reinforcement or prestressing tendon in concrete on the basis of the knowledge gained from research results. This test method follows the ASTM standard test methods with some modifications according to the intended purpose and easy realization of the tests. Furthermore, flexural verification tests have been conducted on six sizes of diameters of GFRP rods, from #3 to #8 and each having six specimens. The test results were discussed and compared with that obtained from the three-point flexural tests as specified by the ASTM standard test method for flexural properties of fiber reinforced pultruded plastic rods.
Risk measurement with equivalent utility principles
Authors: Denuit Michel , Dhaene Jan , Goovaerts Marc , Kaas Rob , Laeven Roger 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
Risk measures have been studied for several decades in the actuarial literature, where they appeared under the guise of premium calculation principles. Risk measures and properties that risk measures should satisfy have recently received considerable attention in the financial mathematics literature. Mathematically, a risk measure is a mapping from a class of random variables to the real line. Economically, a risk measure should capture the preferences of the decision-maker.
This paper complements the study initiated in Denuit, Dhaene & Van Wouwe (1999) and considers several theories for decision under uncertainty: the classical expected utility paradigm, Yaari's dual approach, maximin expected utility theory, Choquet expected utility theory and Quiggin's rank-dependent utility theory. Building on the actuarial equivalent utility pricing principle, broad classes of risk measures are generated, of which most classical risk measures appear to be particular cases. This approach shows that most risk measures studied recently in the financial mathematics literature disregard the utility concept (i.e., correspond to linear utilities), restricting their applicability. Some alternatives proposed in the literature are discussed.
Robust utility maximization in a stochastic factor model
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Daniel , Schied Alexander 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
We give an explicit PDE characterization for the solution of a robust utility maximization problem in an incomplete market model, whose volatility, interest rate process, and long-term trend are driven by an external stochastic factor process. The robust utility functional is defined in terms of a HARA utility function with negative risk aversion and a dynamically consistent coherent risk measure, which allows for model uncertainty in the distributions of both the asset price dynamics and the factor process. Our method combines two recent advances in the theory of optimal investments: the general duality theory for robust utility maximization and the stochastic control approach to the dual problem of determining optimal martingale measures.
Law invariant concave utility functions and optimization problems with monotonicity and comonotonicity constraints
Authors: Carlier Guillaume , Dana Rose-Anne 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
This paper considers a class of one dimensional calculus of variations problems with monotonicity and comonotonicity constraints arising in economic and financial models where law invariant concave criteria (or law invariant convex measures of risk) are used. Existence solutions, optimality conditions, sufficient conditions for the regularity of solutions are established. Applications to risk sharing with convex comonotone law invariant risk measures or with robust utilities are given.
On the optimal risk allocation problem
Authors: Burgert Christian , Rüschendorf Ludger 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
The optimal risk allocation problem or equivalently the problem of risk sharing is the problem to allocate a risk in an optimal way to n traders endowed with risk measures ϱ1, …, ϱ
n
. This problem has a long history in mathematical economics and insurance. In the first part of the paper we review some mathematical tools and discuss their applications to various problems on risk measures related to the allocation problem like to monotonicity properties of optimal allocations, to optimal investment problems or to an appropriate definition of the conditional value at risk. We then consider the risk allocation problem for convex risk measures ϱ
i
. In general the optimal risk allocation problem is well defined only under an equilibrium condition. This condition can be characterized by the existence of a common scenario measure. We formulate ameaningful modification of the optimal risk allocation problem also formarkets without assuming the equilibrium condition and characterize optimal solutions. The basic idea is to restrict the class of admissible allocations in a proper way.
Monetary utility over coherent risk ratios
Authors: Leitner Johannes 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
For a monetary utility functional U and a coherent risk measure ρ, both with compact scenario sets in L

q
, we optimize the ratio α(V): = U(V)/ρ(V) over an (arbitrage-free) linear sub-space V⊆Lp
, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, of attainable returns in an incomplete market model such that ρ > 0 on V \ {0}. If a solution Vˆ ∈ V with α(Vˆ) = α¯ V: = sup V∈Vα(V)∈[0,∞) exists, then the first order optimality condition allows to construct an absolutely continuous martingale measure for V as a convex combination Q¯+α¯V
Q/1+α¯V of two probability measures Q¯, Q from the respective scenario sets defining U and ρ. Conversely, if α¯V ∈ [0,∞), then α¯V equals the smallest a∈[0,∞) such that Q¯+a
Q/1+a is an absolutely continuous martingale measure for V for some probability measures Q¯, Q from the scenario sets defining U, ρ, and α¯V = ∞ holds iff such a convex combination does not exist.
Convex risk measures and the dynamics of their penalty functions
Authors: Föllmer Hans , Penner Irina 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
We study various properties of a dynamic convex risk measure for bounded random variables which describe the discounted terminal values of financial positions. In particular we characterize time-consistency by a joint supermartingale property of the risk measure and its penalty function. Moreover we discuss the limit behavior of the risk measure in terms of asymptotic safety and of asymptotic precision, a property which may be viewed as a non-linear analogue of martingale convergence. These results are illustrated by the entropic dynamic risk measure.
Law invariant convex risk measures for portfolio vectors
Authors: Rüschendorf Ludger 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
The class of all lawinvariant, convex risk measures for portfolio vectors is characterized. The building blocks of this class are shown to be formed by the maximal correlation risk measures. We further introduce some classes of multivariate distortion risk measures and relate them to multivariate quantile functionals and to an extension of the average value at risk measure.
Zebrafish Genomic Instability Mutants and Cancer Susceptibility
Authors: Moore Jessica L , Rush Lindsay M , Breneman Carol , Mohideen Manzoor-Ali P K , Cheng Keith C 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSomatic loss of tumor suppressor gene function comprising the second hit of Knudson's two-hit hypothesis is important in human cancer. A genetic screen was performed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to find mutations that cause genomic instability (gin), as scored by Streisinger's mosaic-eye assay that models this second hit. The assay, based on a visible test for loss of wild-type gene function at a single locus, golden, is representative of genomewide events. Twelve ENU-induced genomic instability (gin) mutations were isolated. Most mutations showed weak dominance in heterozygotes and all showed a stronger phenotype in homozygotes. Trans-heterozygosity for 7 of these mutations showed greatly enhanced instability. A variety of spontaneous tumors were found in heterozygous adults from all gin lines, consistent with the expectation that genomic instability (mutator) mutations can accelerate carcinogenesis. The incidence of spontaneous cancer at 30–34 months was increased 9.6-fold in heterozygotes for the mutant with the strongest phenotype, gin-10. Tumors were seen in skin, colon, kidney, liver, pancreas, ovary, testis, and neuronal tissues, with multiple tumors in some fish. The study of these mutants will add to our understanding of the mechanisms of somatic loss of gene function and how those mechanisms contribute to cancer susceptibility.
Bayesian Clustering Using Hidden Markov Random Fields in Spatial Population Genetics
Authors: François Olivier , Ancelet Sophie , Guillot Gilles 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe introduce a new Bayesian clustering algorithm for studying population structure using individually geo-referenced multilocus data sets. The algorithm is based on the concept of hidden Markov random field, which models the spatial dependencies at the cluster membership level. We argue that (i) a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure can implement the algorithm efficiently, (ii) it can detect significant geographical discontinuities in allele frequencies and regulate the number of clusters, (iii) it can check whether the clusters obtained without the use of spatial priors are robust to the hypothesis of discontinuous geographical variation in allele frequencies, and (iv) it can reduce the number of loci required to obtain accurate assignments. We illustrate and discuss the implementation issues with the Scandinavian brown bear and the human CEPH diversity panel data set.
Genetic and Environmental Effects on Complex Traits in Mice
Authors: Valdar William , Solberg Leah C , Gauguier Dominique , Cookson William O , Rawlins J Nicholas P , Mott Richard , Flint Jonathan 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The interaction between genotype and environment is recognized as an important source of experimental variation when complex traits are measured in the mouse, but the magnitude of that interaction has not often been measured. From a study of 2448 genetically heterogeneous mice, we report the heritability of 88 complex traits that include models of human disease (asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and anxiety) as well as immunological, biochemical, and hematological phenotypes. We show that environmental and physiological covariates are involved in an unexpectedly large number of significant interactions with genetic background. The 15 covariates we examined have a significant effect on behavioral and physiological tests, although they rarely explain &gt;10% of the variation. We found that interaction effects are more frequent and larger than the main effects: half of the interactions explained &gt;20% of the variance and in nine cases exceeded 50%. Our results indicate that assays of gene function using mouse models should take into account interactions between gene and environment.
Cumulative Effects of Spontaneous Mutations for Fitness in Caenorhabditis: Role of Genotype, Environment and Stress
Authors: Baer Charles F , Phillips Naomi , Ostrow Dejerianne , Avalos Arián , Blanton Dustin , Boggs Ashley , Keller Thomas , Levy Laura , Mezerhane Edward 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
It is often assumed that the mutation rate is an evolutionarily optimized property of a taxon. The relevant mutation rate is for mutations that affect fitness, U, but the strength of selection on the mutation rate depends on the average effect of a mutation. Determination of U is complicated by the possibility that mutational effects depend on the particular environmental context in which the organism exists. It has been suggested that the effects of deleterious mutations are typically magnified in stressful environments, but most studies confound genotype with environment, so it is unclear to what extent environmental specificity of mutations is specific to a particular starting genotype. We report a study designed to separate effects of species, genotype, and environment on the degradation of fitness resulting from new mutations. Mutations accumulated for &gt;200 generations at 20° in two strains of two species of nematodes that differ in thermal sensitivity. Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. elegans have similar demography at 20°, but C. elegans suffers markedly reduced fitness at 25°. We find little evidence that mutational properties differ depending on environmental conditions and mutational correlations between environments are close to those expected if effects were identical in both environments.
Problems of the Small College Band
Authors: Whear Paul W. 
Published: August 2006

THIS is the first of two articles on the small college band which have been written for the Music Educators Journal at the request of the Committee on Public Relations of the College Band Directors National Association, an Associated Organization of the Music Educators National Conference. Mr. Whear is director of instrumental music at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio. The second article will deal with the band in the small tax-supported college and will appear in an early issue. Chairman of the CBDNA committee on public relations is Arthur L. Williams, The Conservatory of Music, Oberlin College, Ohio.
Three Trends in the Teaching of Theory
Authors: Walton Charles W. 
Published: August 2006

OVER a period of years many leaders in music education have docried the acarlemic stuffiness of some of the approaches to theory instruction. Author Walton is one of the sensitive musicians whose observations and practices must be welcomed by students to whom knowledge about the structure and components of music involves something more than geometrical and mathematical analysis of its anatomy. One editorial reader of this article stated that: “Even the introdiction of a paper which has the word ‘theory’ in its title forebodes dry and dismal literary landscape! Why not change the Walton title to something of more concord with the author's thought when he says: “The current trend is for the theory course to be broader in its scope, and to assume a more vital role in the music curriculum. In this broader concept, the term ‘theory’ seems most inadequate and narrow, and the term ‘musicianship’ is much more appropriate, since the development of musicianship is becoming the chief concern and core of theoretic study.”
Music as a Source of Knowledge
Authors: Taylor Harold 
Published: August 2006

“The human being as he is put together, can, for the purposes of talking about him, be divided into two major parts: his intellect, and his sensibility. We are accustomed to thinking of persons as divided into segments, and I propose to speak abouthe person in his intellectual capacity and in his capacity for sensibility.” With these words, one of America's distinguished scholars, Harold Taylor, began his address at a general session of the MENC Philadelphia convention in March. In his speech, which begins as an article on the next page, he first commented about the point of view from which he spoke; second, he commented on current education; and third, he presented particular examples of what he means by …
The Bodra Smyana Choir
Authors: Wassell Albert W. 
Published: August 2006

A Bulgarian children's choir so enchanted delegates to the 1964 meeting of the International Society for Music Education in Budapest, that Karl Ernst called their performance “ the highlight of the event.” Mr. Ernst. a past-president of the MENC who was elected ISME president at the Budapest meeting. added that he had “ never heard children respond so artistically or with such a sense of dedication.” This praise, echoed by the several hundred music educators in Budapest. was directed to the Bodra Smyana Choir of Sofia. Bulgaria. Albert Wassell. a delegate from Trenton. New Jersey. was not content merely to praise: He wanted to know how these children were trained to such heights. To find out, he began an interview-by-mail with the choir's director. Bontcho Botchev. For many months questions went out from Trenton and answers came back from Sofia. Bontcho Bofchev, through his generosity to share his techniques with music educators in the United States, employed a translator to make the project practical. All quesaions were freely and fully answered. The questions and answers that follow are the result of that interview-by-mail. Answers are printed substantially as submitted in order to preserve the “flavor” of the translator's English. The Editorial Board of the Journal appreciates the resourcefulness of Mr. Wassell and the cooperation of Bontcho Botchev for providing this provocative material about one of the world's outstanding children's choirs.
David P. McAllester on Navajo Music
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: August 2006

Music teachers are increasingly interested in opening their classrooms and rehearsal rooms to music that originates from outside the Western European art tradition. This interest shows up in the pages of MENC journals, in the programming for MENC conferences, and in the National Standards, which refer to study of music “representing diverse genres and cultures.” The interest stems, in part, from mandates imposed on teachers by school districts, principals, and parents, as well as by the perceived needs of the communities or neighborhoods in which they are located. But the interest brings with it a series of questions: How does one maintain musical integrity when so many new musical traditions are begging for representation? What is the authentic repertoire of a given musical culture? What should be the context in which one teaches the music of a culture? In what ways can teachers come into the music of a given tradition? Are there resources that are more valid than others for use in the classroom? Ethnomusicology—the study of music in culture, or music as culture—can help teachers come to grips with these questions. Through this series of articles, some of the foremost scholars in that field offer their insights into the challenges of teaching world musics in the multicultural classrooms of today.