bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Development, Its Thought, Public Praxis and the Crisis of Intersubjectivity Refocusing Religious and Theological Thought in Africa
Authors: Bongmba Elias M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this essay I briefly discuss three texts on religion, theology and the public role of the church in Africa, arguing that these texts provide an understanding of spiritual development, religious and theological thought, and the public praxis of the church in selected African countries. I further posit that these texts demonstrate that spiritual resources are available to address the socio-economic problems in Africa, which I call a crisis of intersubjectivity. In the second part of the essay, I argue that to address these problems, religious thought and theology should continue to focus on relationality and community. I suggest ideas that should be considered so that religious and theological thought will continue to contribute to impact positively on the lives of people who live on the margins of society.
The Body, Rhetoric and Postcolonial Criticism
Authors: Snyman Gerrie F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe paper concentrates on the Western presence in Africa in the midst of accusations of racism. Using a postcolonial framework posited by two books written/edited by R. S Sugirtharajah (1998. Asian Biblical Hermeneutics and Postcolonialism. Contesting the Interpretations, and The Postcolonial Bible) the paper follows recent events and public debates in South Africa regarding racism and AIDS in which President Thabo Mbeki played an important role. It argues that the representation of the 'white person' in this debate is that of the perpetrator of racism, a position from which there is no escape. The position of Western bodily presence is described in terms of the ambiguity of being the coloniser, yet, simultaneously, experiencing internal colonisation. The physical location and the physical features of the body remain important for a South African postcolonial condition. Bearing in mind Levinas' warning of the totalisation of the 'Other', the paper argues that the colonial binary oppositions are not yet overcome. The plurality claimed by postcolonial critics is denied for Western thinking, which is reduced to one grand narrative of exploitation. Although the paper acknowledges the need to lay bare the powerful structures and ideologies of the dominant forces in the global society, it questions the postcolonial project's imperialistic tendency of imposing its own.
The Meaning of Domus Dei
Authors: Maré Estelle A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo medieval sacred places are discussed, one Romanesque (St Pierre, Moissac) and the other late Gothic (the Mosteiro da Santa Maria da Vittoria, Batalha), focussing in both instances on the paradox of turning God's dwellings into contexts for artistic creativity which served religious as well as secular purposes.
An Inductive Approach To the Concept of God. Biblical Faith in the Light of the Theories of Entropy and Evolution-an Experiment in Experiential Theology
Authors: Nurnberger Klaus 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe essay assumes that (a) the method of modern science is inductive, (b) that the scientific theories of emergence, evolution and chaos currently provide the most inclusive interpretative framework for all dimensions of reality and (c) that these theories have to be seen in the context of the second thermodynamic law, the law of entropy. These assumptions pose the following problems to theology: (a) The biblical doctrine of creation can be interpreted in terms of modern scientific insight provided the concept of God, defined as the ultimate source of reality, is presupposed. However, (b) the assumption that this source of reality is a personal God creates difficulties, as does (c) the doctrine of a pending redemptive transformation of reality. The paper argues (a) that personhood is defined by communicative competence which cannot be restricted to symbolic interaction, (b) that evolution produced a human mind which cannot help but transcend experienced reality towards what ought to be, which again implies an ultimate authority, and (c) that eschatology is a protest statement against experienced reality in favour of what ought to be in the name of this ultimate authority. None of these assumptions are irrational in terms of scientific insights.
Cloud and Precipitation Parameterizations in Modeling and Variational Data Assimilation: A Review
Authors: Lopez Philippe 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper first reviews the current status, issues, and limitations of the parameterizations of atmospheric large-scale and convective moist processes that are used in numerical weather prediction and climate general circulation models. Both large-scale (resolved) and convective (subgrid scale) moist processes are dealt with.
Then, the general question of the inclusion of diabatic processes in variational data assimilation systems is addressed. The focus is put on linearity and resolution issues, the specification of model and observation error statistics, the formulation of the control vector, and the problems specific to the assimilation of observations directly affected by clouds and precipitation.
Issues Regarding the Assimilation of Cloud and Precipitation Data
Authors: Errico Ronald M. , Bauer Peter , Mahfouf Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe assimilation of observations indicative of quantitative cloud and precipitation characteristics is desirable for improving weather forecasts. For many fundamental reasons, it is a more difficult problem than the assimilation of conventional or clear-sky satellite radiance data. These reasons include concerns regarding nonlinearity of the required observation operators (forward models), nonnormality and large variances of representativeness, retrieval, or observation–operator errors, validation using new measures, dynamic and thermodynamic balances, and possibly limited predictability. Some operational weather prediction systems already assimilate precipitation observations, but much more research and development remains. The apparently critical, fundamental, and peculiar nature of many issues regarding cloud and precipitation assimilation implies that their more careful examination will be required for accelerating progress.
SHDOMPPDA: A Radiative Transfer Model for Cloudy Sky Data Assimilation
Authors: Evans K. Franklin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for plane-parallel data assimilation (SHDOMPPDA) model is an unpolarized plane-parallel radiative transfer forward model, with corresponding tangent linear and adjoint models, suitable for use in assimilating cloudy sky visible and infrared radiances. It is derived from the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method plane-parallel (SHDOMPP, also described in this article) version of the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method (SHDOM) model for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer. The inputs to the SHDOMPPDA forward model are profiles of pressure, temperature, water vapor, and mass mixing ratio and number concentration for a number of hydrometeor species. Hydrometeor optical properties, including detailed phase functions, are determined from lookup tables as a function of mass mean radius. The SHDOMPP and SHDOMPPDA algorithms and construction of the tangent-linear and adjoint models are described. The SHDOMPPDA forward model is validated against the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Model (DISORT) by comparing upwelling radiances in multiple directions from 100 cloud model columns at visible and midinfrared wavelengths. For this test in optically thick clouds the computational time for SHDOMPPDA is comparable to DISORT for visible reflection, and roughly 5 times faster for thermal emission. The tangent linear and adjoint models are validated by comparison to finite differencing of the forward model.
Energy Accumulation in Easterly Circumpolar Jets Generated by Two-Dimensional Barotropic Decaying Turbulence on a Rapidly Rotating Sphere
Authors: Takehiro Shin , Yamada Michio , Hayashi Yoshi-Yuki 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A series of numerical experiments on two-dimensional decaying turbulence is performed for a barotropic fluid on a rotating sphere. Numerical calculations have confirmed two important asymptotic features: emergence of the banded structure of zonal flows and their extreme latitudinal inhomogeneities in which kinetic energy is accumulated into the easterly circumpolar jets. The banded structure of zonal flows is established relatively early on in the initial stage. Later, after extended periods of time integration, only the circumpolar jets are intensified gradually, while there is no further evolution in the banded structure in the low and midlatitudes. Wave activity flux analysis illustrates that the initial vortices in the low and midlatitudes propagate poleward as Rossby waves and converge to produce easterly circumpolar flows. In association with this convergence, accumulation of the mean zonal component of kinetic energy proceeds. The tendency for the accumulation becomes strong as the rotation rate is increased, and nearly all of the kinetic energy is concentrated to the circumpolar flows in cases of rapid rotation.
A theoretical model is constructed under the assumption that a circumpolar jet emerges around the latitude where the local Rhines scale is equal to the distance from the Pole, and that initial vortices at the lower latitudes contribute to the generation of the jets. The model describes the mean zonal component of kinetic energy and the averaged speed and width of the circumpolar jets as functions of the rotation rate, which agree satisfactorily with the numerical results.
The Origin of Nonlinear Signatures of Planetary Wave Dynamics: Mean Phase Space Tendencies and Contributions from Non-Gaussianity
Authors: Franzke Christian , Majda Andrew J. , Branstator Grant 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMean phase space tendencies are investigated to systematically identify the origin of nonlinear signatures and the dynamical significance of small deviations from Gaussianity of planetary low-frequency waves. A general framework for the systematic investigation of mean phase space tendencies in complex geophysical systems is derived. In the special case of purely Gaussian statistics, this theory predicts that the interactions among the planetary waves themselves are the source of the nonlinear signatures in phase space, whereas the unresolved waves contribute only an amplitude-independent forcing, and cannot contribute to any nonlinear signature.The predictions of the general framework are studied for a simple stochastic climate model. This toy model has statistics that are very close to being Gaussian and a strong nonlinear signature in the form of a double swirl in the mean phase space tendencies of its low-frequency variables, much like recently identified signatures of nonlinear planetary wave dynamics in prototype and comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). As predicted by the general framework for the Gaussian case, the double swirl results from nonlinear interactions of the low-frequency variables. Mean phase space tendencies in a reduced space of a prototype atmospheric GCM are also investigated. Analysis of the dynamics producing nonlinear signatures in these mean tendencies shows a complex interplay between waves resolved in the subspace and unresolved waves. The interactions among the resolved planetary waves themselves do not produce the nonlinear signature. It is the interaction with the unresolved waves that is responsible for the nonlinear dynamics. Comparing this result with the predictions of the general framework for the Gaussian case shows that the impact of the unresolved waves is due to their small deviations from Gaussianity. This suggests that the observed deviations from Gaussianity, even though small, are dynamically relevant.
Advances in Radiative Transfer Modeling in Support of Satellite Data Assimilation
Authors: Weng Fuzhong 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDevelopment of fast and accurate radiative transfer models for clear atmospheric conditions has enabled direct assimilation of clear-sky radiances from satellites in numerical weather prediction models. In this article, fast radiative transfer schemes and their components critical for satellite data assimilation are summarized and discussed for their potential applications in operational global data assimilation systems. The major impediments to the fast radiative transfer schemes are highlighted and a call is made for broader community efforts to develop advanced radiative transfer components that can better handle the scattering from atmospheric constituents (e.g., aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) and surface materials (e.g., snow, sea ice, deserts).
Greenland’s Pressure Drag and the Atlantic Storm Track
Authors: Jung Thomas , Rhines Peter B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Some effects of Greenland on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation are discussed. Inviscid pressure drag on Greenland’s slopes, calculated from reanalysis data, is related to circulation patterns. Greenland lies north of the core of the tropospheric westerly winds. Yet strong standing waves, which extend well into the stratosphere, produce a trough/ridge system with jet stream lying close to Greenland, mean Icelandic low in its wake, and storm track that interacts strongly with its topography. In the lower troposphere, dynamic height anomalies associated with strongly easterly pressure drag on the atmosphere are quite localized in space and relatively short-lived compared to upper levels, yet they involve a hemispheric-scale dislocation of the stratospheric polar vortex. It is a two-scale problem, however; the high-pass time-filtered part of the height field, responsible for 73% of the pressure drag, is quite different, and expresses propagating cyclonic development in the Atlantic storm track. Eliassen–Palm flux (EP flux) analysis shows that the atmospheric response is (counterintuitively) an acceleration of the westerly winds. The hemispheric influence is consistent with the model results of Junge et al. suggesting that Greenland affects the stationary waves in winter.
This discussion shows that Greenland is not a simple “stirring rod” in the westerly circulation, yet involvement of Greenland’s topography with the shape, form, and intensity of the storm track is strong. Interaction of traveling storms, the jet stream, and the orographic wake frequently leads to increase of the lateral scale such that cyclonic system expands to the size of Greenland itself (∼2500 km). Using the global ECMWF general circulation model, the authors explore the effect of model resolution on these circulations. Statistically, in two case studies, and in higher-resolution global models at TL255 to TL799 resolution, intense tip jet, hydraulic downslope jet, and gravity wave radiation appear in strong flow events, in accord with the work of Doyle and Shapiro. Three-dimensional particle trajectories and vorticity maps show the nature and intensity of the summit-gap flow. Cyclonic systems in the lee of Greenland are strongly affected by the downslope jet. Penetration of the Arctic Basin by cyclonic systems arises from this source region, and the amplitude of the pressure drag is enhanced at high resolution. At the higher resolutions, storm-track analysis verifies the splitting of the storm track by Greenland with a substantial minority of storms moving northward through Baffin Bay. Finally, analysis of 20 winters of 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reforecasts shows little evidence that negative pressure-drag events are followed by anomalously large forecast errors over Europe, throughout the forecast. Forecast skill for the pressure drag is surprisingly good, with a correlation of 0.65 at 144 h.
The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1–2 February 2001. Part III: Sensitivity of a Mesoscale Model Simulation to the Representation of Snow Particle Types and Testing of a Bulk Microphysical Scheme with Snow Habit Prediction
Authors: Woods Christopher P. , Stoelinga Mark T. , Locatelli John D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A mesoscale model simulation of a wide cold-frontal rainband observed in the Pacific Northwest during the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-1) field study was used to test the sensitivity of the model-produced precipitation to varied representations of snow particles in a bulk microphysical scheme. Tests of sensitivity to snow habit type, by using empirical relationships for mass and velocity versus diameter, demonstrated the defectiveness of the conventional assumption of snow particles as constant density spheres. More realistic empirical mass–diameter relationships result in increased numbers of particles and shift the snow size distribution toward larger particles, leading to increased depositional growth of snow and decreased cloud water production. Use of realistic empirical mass–diameter relationships generally increased precipitation at the surface as the rainband interacted with the orography, with more limited increases occurring offshore. Changes in both the mass–diameter and velocity–diameter relationships significantly redistributed precipitation either windward or leeward when the rainband interacted with the mountain barrier.
A method of predicting snow particle habit in a bulk microphysical scheme, and using predicted habit to dynamically determine snow properties in the scheme, was developed and tested. The scheme performed well at predicting the habits present (or not present) in aircraft observations of the rainband. Use of the scheme resulted in little change in the precipitation rate at the ground for the rainband offshore, but significantly increased precipitation when the rainband interacted with the windward slope of the Olympic Mountains. The study demonstrates the promise of the habit prediction approach to treating snow in bulk microphysical schemes.
Is There a Diurnal Cycle in the Summer Cloud-Capped Arctic Boundary Layer?
Authors: Tjernström Michael 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Data from the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are used to study the vertical structure and diurnal cycle of the summertime central Arctic cloud-capped boundary layer. Mean conditions show a shallow stratocumulus-capped boundary layer, with a nearly moist neutrally stratified cloud layer, although cloud tops often penetrated into the stable inversion. The subcloud layer was more often stably stratified. Conditions near the surface were relatively steady, with a strong control on temperature and moisture by the melting ice surface.
A statistically significant diurnal cycle was found in many parameters, although weak in near-surface temperature and moisture. Near-surface wind speed and direction and friction velocity had a pronounced cycle, while turbulent kinetic energy showed no significant diurnal variability. The cloud layer had the most pronounced diurnal variability, with lowest cloud-base height midday followed by enhanced drizzle and temporarily higher cloud-top heights in the afternoon. This is opposite to the cycle found in midlatitude or subtropical marine stratocumulus. The cloud layer was warmest (coolest) and more (less) stably stratified midafternoon (midmorning), coinciding with the coolest (warmest) but least (most) stably stratified capping inversion layer.
It is speculated that drizzle is important in regulating the diurnal variability in the cloud layer, facilitated by enhanced midday mixing due to a differential diurnal variability in cloud and subcloud layer stability. Changing the Arctic aerosol climate could change these clouds to a more typical “marine stratocumulus structure,” which could act as a negative feedback on Arctic warming.
A New Parameterization of an Asymmetry Factor of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models
Authors: Fu Qiang 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The aspect ratio (AR) of a nonspherical ice particle is identified as the key microphysical parameter to determine its asymmetry factor for solar radiation. The mean effective AR is defined for cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. A new parameterization of the asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds in terms of AR and mean effective size, Dge, is developed for solar radiation. It is based on geometric ray-tracing calculations for hexagonal ice crystals with a simple representation of particle surface roughness. The present parameterization well reproduces the asymmetry factors of complicated ice particles such as bullet rosettes, aggregates with rough surfaces, and fractal crystals and agrees well with observations. It thus can be properly applied to cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. The asymmetry factor from this parameterization in the visible spectrum ranges from about 0.73 to more than 0.85.
Radiative transfer calculations show that for a cirrus cloud with an optical depth of 4 and a solar zenith angle of 60°, changes in AR from 1.0 to 0.5 or from 1.0 to 0.1 result in differences in reflected solar fluxes of about −30 or −70 W m−2, respectively. For the same cloudy conditions, the effect of ice particle surface roughness on the reflected solar flux is found to be about 20 W m−2.
A Finite-Volume Solution with a Bidirectional Upwind Difference Scheme for the Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Equation
Authors: Ishida Haruma , Asano Shoji 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A new calculation scheme is proposed for the explicitly discretized solution of the three-dimensional (3D) radiation transfer equation (RTE) for inhomogeneous atmospheres. To separate the independent variables involved in the 3D RTE approach, the spherical harmonic series expansion was used to discretize the terms, depending on the direction of the radiance, and the finite-volume method was applied to discretize the terms, depending on the spatial coordinates. A bidirectional upwind difference scheme, which is a specialized scheme for the discretization of the partial differential terms in the spherical harmonic-transformed RTE, was developed to make the equation determinate. The 3D RTE can be formulated as a simultaneous linear equation, which is expressed in the form of a vector–matrix equation with a sparse matrix. The successive overrelaxation method was applied to solve this equation. Radiative transfer calculations of the solar radiation in two-dimensional cloud models have shown that this method can properly simulate the radiation field in inhomogeneous clouds. A comparison of the results obtained using this method with those using the Monte Carlo method shows reasonable agreement for the upward flux, the total downward flux, and the intensities of radiance.