bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Knowledge about Risks and Benefits of Breast Cancer Treatment: Does It Matter Where You Go?
Authors: Hawley Sarah T. , Fagerlin Angela , Janz Nancy K. , Katz Steven J. 
Published: April 2008

Objective. To evaluate the association between provider characteristics and treatment location and racial/ethnic minority patients' knowledge of breast cancer treatment risks and benefits.Data Sources/Data Collection. Survey responses and clinical data from breast cancer patients of Detroit and Los Angeles SEER registries were merged with surgeon survey responses (N=1,132 patients, 277 surgeons).Study Design. Cross‐sectional survey. Multivariable regression was used to identify associations between patient, surgeon, and treatment setting factors and accurate knowledge of the survival benefit and recurrence risk related to mastectomy and breast conserving surgery with radiation.Principal Findings. Half (51 percent) of respondents had survival knowledge, while close to half (47.6 percent) were uncertain regarding recurrence knowledge. Minority patients and those with lower education were less likely to have adequate survival knowledge and more likely to be uncertain regarding recurrence risk than their counterparts (p<.001). Neither surgeon characteristics nor treatment location attenuated racial/ethnic knowledge disparities. Patient–physician communication was significantly (p<.001) associated with both types of knowledge, but did not influence racial/ethnic differences in knowledge.Conclusions. Interventions to improve patient understanding of the benefits and risks of breast cancer treatments are needed across surgeons and treatment setting, particularly for racial/ethnic minority women with breast cancer.
Cognitive, Functional, and Quality‐of‐Life Outcomes of Patients Aged 80 and Older Who Survived at Least 1 Year After Planned or Unplanned Surgery or Medical Intensive Care Treatment
Authors: De Rooij Sophia E. J. A. , Govers Annerike C. , Korevaar Johanna C. , Giesbers Arja W. , Levi Marcel , De Jonge Evert 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES: To investigate long‐term cognitive, functional, and quality‐of‐life outcomes in very elderly survivors at least 1 year after planned or unplanned surgery or medical intensive care treatment.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: General, 1,024‐bed, tertiary university teaching hospital in the Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred four survivors of a cohort of 578 patients admitted to the medical–surgical intensive care unit (ICU) between January 1997 and December 2002 and alive in December 2003. The majority of survivors underwent elective surgery.MEASUREMENTS: From December 2003 until February 2004, data were collected from 190 patients and 169 relatives. The measures were: Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline short form (IQCODE‐SF) (cognition), modified Katz index of activities of daily living (ADLs) (functional status), and EuroQol (EQ‐5D) (health‐related quality of life). The patients themselves completed the modified Katz ADL index and EQ‐5D forms; their caregivers completed the ADL caregiver version and IQCODE‐SF.RESULTS: The mean age at admission±standard deviation was 81.7±2.4, and the median time after discharge was 3.7 years (range 1–5.9 years). Of the ICU patients who had planned surgery, 57% survived, compared with 11% of the unplanned surgical admissions and 10% of the medical patients. Three‐quarters (74.3%) of the patients who lived at home before ICU admission remained at home at follow‐up. Eighty‐three percent had no severe cognitive impairment, and 76% had no severe physical limitations (33% had moderate, 40% had mild, and 3% had no limitations). The perceived quality of life was similar to that of an age‐matched general population.CONCLUSION: Long‐term survivors of ICU treatment received at the age of 80 and older showed fair‐to‐good cognitive and physical functioning and quality of life, although few patients who underwent unplanned surgery or who were admitted to the ICU for medical reasons survived.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Decline in Two Large Cohorts of Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Okereke Olivia I. , Kang Jae H. , Cook Nancy R. , Gaziano J. Michael , Manson JoAnn E. , Buring Julie E. , Grodstein Francine 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES: To relate diabetes mellitus (DM) status and duration to late‐life cognitive impairment and decline in men and women.DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: Community.PARTICIPANTS: Five thousand nine hundred seven men in the Physicians' Health Study II and 6,326 women in the Women's Health Study (mean age 74.1 and 71.9, respectively, at baseline cognitive assessment); 553 men and 405 women had DM.MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were general cognition (the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) and a global score averaging five tests) and verbal memory. All participants had second assessments approximately 2 years later; women had third assessments an average of 4 years later.RESULTS: In adjusted linear regression models, participants with DM had significantly lower baseline scores for all outcomes, and longer duration of DM was associated with lower scores (P‐trends <.001). Men with DM had significantly greater 2‐year cognitive decline than men without DM, and longer duration of DM was associated with worse decline (P‐trends ≤.01). In repeated‐measures analyses of response profiles, women with DM had significantly greater 4‐year cognitive decline in all outcomes than women without DM. In women, as in men, there was generally greater cognitive decline with longer duration of DM (e.g., the adjusted mean difference in decline on the TICS associated with duration of ≥5 years was −0.74 (95% confidence interval=−1.05 to −0.43) points (P‐trend <.001). There were no significant sex–DM interactions.CONCLUSION: Type 2 DM and longer duration of DM are similarly related to cognitive impairment and decline in men and women.
Empirical Evidence of Risk Shifting in Financially Distressed Firms
Authors: EISDORFER ASSAF 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper provides evidence of risk‐shifting behavior in the investment decisions of financially distressed firms. Using a real options framework, I show that shareholders' risk‐shifting incentives can reverse the expected negative relation between volatility and investment. I test two hypotheses that are consistent with risk‐shifting behavior: (i) volatility has a positive effect on distressed firms' investment; (ii) investments of distressed firms generate less value during times of high uncertainty. Empirical evidence using 40 years of data supports both hypotheses. I further evaluate the effect of various firm characteristics on risk shifting, and estimate the costs of the investment distortion.
Information Sales and Insider Trading with Long‐Lived Information
Authors: CESPA GIOVANNI 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFundamental information resembles in many respects a durable good. Hence, the effects of its incorporation into stock prices depend on who is the agent controlling its flow. Like a durable goods monopolist, a monopolistic analyst selling information intertemporally competes against herself. This forces her to partially relinquish control over the information flow to traders. Conversely, an insider solves the intertemporal competition problem through vertical integration, thus exerting tighter control over the information flow. Comparing market patterns I show that a dynamic market where information is provided by an analyst is thicker and more informative than one where an insider trades.
The Industry Life Cycle, Acquisitions and Investment: Does Firm Organization Matter?
Authors: MAKSIMOVIC VOJISLAV , PHILLIPS GORDON 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTWe examine the effect of industry life‐cycle stages on within‐industry acquisitions and capital expenditures by conglomerates and single‐segment firms controlling for endogeneity of organizational form. We find greater differences in acquisitions than in capital expenditures, which are similar across organizational types. In particular, 36% of the growth recorded by conglomerate segments in growth industries comes from acquisitions, versus 9% for single‐segment firms. In growth industries, the effect of financial dependence on acquisitions and plant openings is mitigated for conglomerate firms. Plants acquired by conglomerate firms increase in productivity. The results suggest that organizational forms' comparative advantages differ across industry conditions.
Capital Gains Taxes and Asset Prices: Capitalization or Lock‐in?
Authors: DAI ZHONGLAN , MAYDEW EDWARD , SHACKELFORD DOUGLAS A. , ZHANG HAROLD H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates that the equilibrium impact of capital gains taxes reflects both the capitalization effect (i.e., capital gains taxes decrease demand) and the lock‐in effect (i.e., capital gains taxes decrease supply). Depending on time periods and stock characteristics, either effect may dominate. Using the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 as our event, we find evidence supporting a dominant capitalization effect in the week following news that sharply increased the probability of a reduction in the capital gains tax rate and a dominant lock‐in effect in the week after the rate reduction became effective.
The Term Structure of Real Rates and Expected Inflation
Authors: ANG ANDREW , BEKAERT GEERT , WEI MIN 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTChanges in nominal interest rates must be due to either movements in real interest rates, expected inflation, or the inflation risk premium. We develop a term structure model with regime switches, time‐varying prices of risk, and inflation to identify these components of the nominal yield curve. We find that the unconditional real rate curve in the United States is fairly flat around 1.3%. In one real rate regime, the real term structure is steeply downward sloping. An inflation risk premium that increases with maturity fully accounts for the generally upward sloping nominal term structure.
Share Issuance and Cross‐sectional Returns
Authors: PONTIFF JEFFREY , WOODGATE ARTEMIZA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPost‐1970, share issuance exhibits a strong cross‐sectional ability to predict stock returns. This predictive ability is more statistically significant than the individual predictive ability of size, book‐to‐market, or momentum. Our finding is related to research that finds that long‐run returns are associated with share repurchase announcements, seasoned equity offerings, and stock mergers, although our results remain strong even after exclusion of the data used in these studies. We estimate the issuance relation pre‐1970 and find no statistically significant predictive ability for most holding periods.
The effect of direct and indirect defenses in two wild brassicaceous plant species on a specialist herbivore and its gregarious endoparasitoid
Authors: Gols Rieta , Witjes Leontien M. A. , Van Loon Joop J. A. , Posthumus Maarten A. , Dicke Marcel , Harvey Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost studies on plant defenses against insect herbivores investigate direct and indirect plant defenses independently. However, these defenses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Plant metabolites can be transmitted through the food chain and can also affect the herbivore's natural enemies. A conflict may arise when a natural enemy is attracted to a plant that is suboptimal in terms of its own fitness. In addition, plant defenses are often studied in cultivated plant species in which artificial selection may have resulted in reduced resistance against insect herbivores. In this study, we investigated both direct and indirect plant defenses in two closely related wild brassicaceous plant species, Brassica nigra L. and Sinapis arvensis L. The herbivore Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), which is specialized on brassicaceous plant species, developed faster and attained higher pupal mass when reared on B. nigra than on S. arvensis. In contrast, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which is a gregarious endoparasitoid of P. brassicae caterpillars, developed equally well on P. brassicae irrespective of the food plant on which its host had been reared. The feeding strategy of the parasitoid larvae, that is, selectively feeding on hemolymph and fat body, is likely to allow for a much wider host‐size range without affecting the size or development time of the emerging parasitoids. In flight chamber experiments, C. glomerata, which had an oviposition experience in a host that fed on Brussels sprout, exhibited significant preference for host‐damaged B. nigra over host‐damaged S. arvensis plants. Headspace analysis revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions between the two plant species. This parasitoid species may use a range of cues associated with the host and the host's food plant in order to recognize the different plant species on which the host can feed. These results show that there is no conflict between direct and indirect plant defenses for this plant–host–parasitoid complex.
Implant Treatment of Patients with Edentulous Jaws: A 20‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Åstrand Per , Ahlqvist Jan , Gunne Johan , Nilson Hans 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: Implant‐supported prostheses are today often used in rehabilitation of partially or totally edentulous patients. Both patients and the dental profession often regard implant treatment as successful in a life perspective. Therefore, studies with a long‐term follow‐up are important.Purpose: The aim was to investigate the outcome of implant treatment with fixed prostheses in edentulous jaws after 20 years, with special reference to survival rate of implants and prostheses and frequency of peri‐implantitis.Materials and Methods: The patient material was a group of patients treated in the early 1980s. The original patient group comprised the first 48 consecutive patients treated with implant‐supported prostheses at Umeå University. All patients were edentulous in one or two jaws. The patients had a mean age at the implant insertion of 54.3 years (range 40–74). At the planning of this study 20 years after treatment, 19 of the 48 patients were found to be deceased. Of the 29 patients still alive, 21 patients with altogether 23 implant‐supported prostheses could be examined clinically and radiographically. All patients were treated ad modum Brånemark® (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) with a two‐stage surgical procedure. The implants had a turned surface. Abutment connections were performed 3 to 4 months after fixture insertion in the mandible, and after a minimum of 6 months in the maxilla. The prostheses were fabricated with a framework of gold alloy and acrylic artificial teeth.Results: The 21 patients (with 23 implant prostheses) examined had at the time of treatment got 123 implants (27 in the upper jaw and 96 in the lower jaw) inserted. Only one of these implants had been lost (about 2 years after loading) giving a survival rate of 99.2%. Very small changes occurred in the marginal bone level. Between the 1 and 20‐year examinations, the mean bone loss was 0.53 mm and the mean bone level at the final examination was 2.33 mm below the reference point.Conclusions: This follow‐up over two decades of implant‐supported prostheses demonstrates a very good prognosis for the treatment performed. The frequencies of peri‐implantitis, implant failures, or other complications were very small, and the original treatment concept with a two‐stage surgery and a turned surface of the implants will obviously give very good results.
Clinical and Microbiological Determinants of Ailing Dental Implants
Authors: Tabanella Giorgio , Nowzari Hessam , Slots Jorgen 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: The failure of the host tissue to establish or maintain osseointegration around dental implants is due to either occlusal or parafunctional forces, premature loading, ill‐directed stress, or microbial infection. The long‐term failure rate of dental implants is generally 5–10%. Although a variety of etiologies of early peri‐implant bone loss (from implant placement to 1‐year post‐loading) have been proposed, factors associated with late implant failures are less well understood but are probably related to both the peri‐implant microbial environment and host factors. Discriminating between causes of implant failure is of importance for instituting a successful implant therapy.Purpose: The objective of this cross‐sectional split‐mouth study was to identify clinical, radiographic, and bacterial characteristics of peri‐implant disease sites.Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with bilateral implants (Brånemark®, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden; and 3i™ implant systems, Implant Innovations Inc., Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA) participated in the study. Sites with peri‐implantitis (radiographic bone loss beyond the third implant thread) and peri‐implant healthy tissues (radiographic bone level above the first implant thread) were identified in periapical radiographs using a long‐cone paralleling projection technique. Microbiological identification was carried out using established anaerobic culture techniques. A descriptive statistics based on means and standard deviations was reported.Results: Peri‐implant bone loss was associated with the absence of radiographic crestal lamina dura, peri‐implant pocket depth, pain on chewing, and the submucosal presence of the putative periodontopathogens Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter species, and Peptostreptococcus micros. Pain was associated with P. micros, Fusobacterium species, and Eubacterium species.Discussion and Conclusion: The absence of radiographic crestal lamina dura and the presence of suspected major periodontal pathogens seem to be associated to peri‐implantitis.
Effect of Hydroxyapatite and Titania Nanostructures on Early In Vivo Bone Response
Authors: Meirelles Luiz , Melin Lory , Peltola Timo , Kjellin Per , Kangasniemi Ilkka , Currie Fredrik , Andersson Martin , Albrektsson Tomas , Wennerberg Ann 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose: Hydroxyapatite (HA) or titania nanostructures were applied on smooth titanium implant cylinders. The aim was to investigate whether nano‐HA may result in enhanced osseointegration compared to nano‐titania structures.Materials and Methods: Surface topography evaluation included detailed characterization of nano‐size structures present at the implant surface combined with surface roughness parameters at the micro‐ and nanometer level of resolution. Microstructures were removed from the surface to ensure that bone response observed was dependent only on the nanotopography and/or chemistry of the surface. Early in vivo histological analyses of the bone response (4 weeks) were investigated in a rabbit model.Results: In the present study, nano‐titania‐coated implants showed an increased coverage area and feature density, forming a homogenous layer compared to nano‐HA implants. Bone contact values of the nano‐titania implants showed a tendency to have a higher percentage as compared to the nano‐HA implants (p = .1).Conclusion: Thus, no evidence of enhanced bone formation to nano‐HA‐modified implants was observed compared to nano‐titania‐modified implants. The presence of specific nanostructures dependent on the surface modification exhibiting different size and distribution did modulate in vivo bone response.
Immediate Rehabilitation of the Mandible with Fixed Full Prosthesis Supported by Axial and Tilted Implants: Interim Results of a Single Cohort Prospective Study
Authors: Francetti Luca , Agliardi Enrico , Testori Tiziano , Romeo Davide , Taschieri Silvio , Fabbro Massimo Del 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aims of this prospective study were to assess the treatment outcome of immediately loaded full‐arch fixed bridges anchored to both tilted and axially placed implants for the rehabilitation of the mandible and to compare the outcome of axial versus tilted implants.Materials and Methods: Sixty‐two patients (34 women and 28 men) were included in the study. Each patient received a full‐arch fixed bridge supported by two axial implants and two distal tilted implants (All‐on‐Four®, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden). Loading was applied within 48 hours of surgery. Patients were scheduled for follow‐up at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, and annually up to 5 years. At each follow‐up, plaque level and bleeding scores were assessed; moreover, patient's satisfaction for aesthetics and function was evaluated by a questionnaire. Radiographic evaluation of marginal bone level change was performed at 1 year.Results: The overall follow‐up range was 6 to 43 months (mean 22.4 months). Forty‐four patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. No implant failures were recorded to date, leading to a cumulative implant survival and prosthesis success rate of 100%. Plaque level and bleeding scores showed progressive decrease over time, parallel to increase of satisfaction for both aesthetics and function. No significant difference in marginal bone loss was found between tilted and axial implants at 1‐year evaluation.Conclusion: The present preliminary data suggest that immediate loading associated with tilted implants could be considered a viable treatment modality for the mandible.
Chronological Changes in the Ultrastructure of Titanium‐Bone Interfaces: Analysis by Light Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Micro‐Computed Tomography
Authors: Morinaga Kenzo , Kido Hirofumi , Sato Atsuko , Watazu Akira , Matsuura Masaro 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPurposes: The objectives of this study were to chronologically examine the titanium‐bone interfaces and to clarify the process of osseointegration using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro‐computed tomography (CT).Materials and Methods: Experimental implants (Ti‐coating plastic implants) were placed into tibiae of 8‐week‐old rats. Animals were sacrificed at 1 to 28 days after implant placement and prepared tissue specimens for a light microscope, a TEM, and micro‐CT.Results: New bone formation began 5 days after implant placement, and osseointegration was obtained by 14 days after implant placement. Osseointegration was well developed by 28 days after implant placement.Discussion: TEM and quantitative computer tomography (QCT) results indicated that bone formation in osseointegration of titanium implants did not occur from the surfaces of the implant or preexisting bone, but it was likely that bone formation progressed at a site a small distance away from the surface. The bone formation took place in a scattered manner. Small bone fragments adhered to each other and transformed into reticular‐shaped bone, and finally these bones became lamellar bone.Conclusion: Comparative analysis of the titanium‐bone interfaces using light microscopy, TEM, and QCT by micro‐CT revealed the precise process of osseointegration.