bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean Carbon Cycling and Climate Impacts on Marine Ecosystems: Third Annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Summer Science Workshop 2008; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 21–24 July 2008
Authors: Benway Heather M. , Doney Scott 
Published: December 2008

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program is a coordinating body for the U.S. research community that focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology to advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The third annual OCB summer science workshop, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, took place at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, convening 147 participants.Daily plenary and poster sessions focused on three interdisciplinary themes: (1) climate sensitivity of ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles, (2) carbon uptake and storage, and (3) temporal trends in ecosystem variability.
Bioturbation From Square Millimeter to Global Scales: Bioturbation: An Update on Darwin's Last Idea; Renesse, Netherlands, 23–27 August 2008
Authors: Meysman Filip , Middleburg Jack 
Published: December 2008

Marine sediments occupy about 70% of the Earth's surface and represent one of the most important interfaces in the Earth system because they regulate the transfer of carbon from the biosphere to the geosphere. A crucial control on carbon processing is exerted by the animals inhabiting the ocean floor, which extensively rework and oxygenate sediments while feeding and moving, a process referred to as bioturbation.The significance of bioturbation was first realized by Charles Darwin, who devoted his final book to the subject. Recently, the second international meeting on bioturbation was organized in the Netherlands, following upon the success of the first meeting, in France (Marseille), in 2004. The purpose of this meeting was to provide a multidisciplinary update on the importance of bioturbation in sediment biogeochemistry, ecosystem functioning, and global biogeochemical cycles. Sixty scientists from 16 countries came together to address the physics, chemistry, geology, and biology of bioturbation in sediments and soils, in both the present and the past.
Behavioral Genetics and Equality
Authors: Brock Dan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractI will explore the implications of findings in behavioral genetics for two conceptions of equality: equality of opportunity and the equal moral worth of persons. New findings in behavioral genetics showing that behavioral traits, and the variance in behavioral traits, have some genetic underpinnings would not seem in themselves to threaten either of these notions of equality—we have long known that there is significant variation in these traits across persons and have assumed that some significant portion of that variation has genetic sources. I believe it is the uncertain and probably distant prospect of genetic interventions to enhance some behavioral traits, which could greatly increase the range and inequality of those traits in humans, that may seem to threaten these two notions of equality. I will argue that significant capacities to enhance behavioral traits could indeed threaten and erode equality of opportunity, but that it should not undermine the equal moral worth of persons.To watch my presentation, please see the "Google Video posting":http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7235940965176250693&hl=en.
Phenotypes, Social Constructionism and the Spurious Finding
Authors: Press Nancy 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDr. Press discussed behavioral genetics through the lens of social constructionism. She also discussed the phenomenon of medicalization, focusing on the example of smoking as a behavior.To watch Dr. Press's presentation, please see the "Google Video posting":http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=522910112497476586&hl=en.
Neuropsychological Consequences of Cancer and Cancer Treatment
Authors: Kean Jacob , Locke Dona E. C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Purpose
: This review paper was written to facilitate greater understanding of functional cognitive deficits associated with cancer and cancer treatment. Rehabilitation of patients with cancer also has been considered in this review to raise awareness of this potentially underserved population.

Method
: A review of the literature pertaining to cognitive effects of cancer and cancer therapy was conducted.

Results and Conclusions
: A growing literature suggests the phenomenon popularly called “chemo brain” results from dysfunction of frontal-subcortical networks and manifests as deficits of executive functioning (e.g., reasoning, decision-making, resource allocation), processing speed, inhibition, and goal-oriented behaviors. Further research is needed, however, to attribute clearly these broad cognitive side effects to the disease process and each of several treatments and to establish the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for patients with cancer.
Cognitive and Communicative Consequences of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Murray Laura L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Purpose
: A growing literature has documented that cardiovascular disease (CVD), even prior to causing strokes and other neurological disorders, can negatively affect cognitive and communicative functioning in children and adults. The purpose of this paper is to summarize current findings pertaining to the clinical management of cognitive and communicative changes associated with CVD by (a) reviewing common conditions, risk factors, and cognitive-communicative symptoms associated with CVD and (b) identifying strategies for assessing and treating the cognitive-communicative consequences of CVD.

Method
: The current empirical literature was critically reviewed to provide a brief overview of CVD conditions, risk factors, and occurrence statistics, followed by a summary of cognitive-communicative changes associated with CVD and management techniques that speech-language pathologists might utilize with this patient population.

Results and Conclusions
: Given the burgeoning prevalence of CVD, there is growing need for clinical understanding of CVD-related cognitive-communicative changes and the procedures appropriate for identifying and managing these changes in the diverse CVD population. Several lines of investigation, however, must be pursued to assure that the diagnostic and management suggestions provided in the current review are appropriate and to delineate further the role speech-language pathology can play in maximizing functional outcomes in individuals with CVD.
Microcirculation and the Physiome Projects
Authors: BASSINGTHWAIGHTE JAMES B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Physiome projects comprise a loosely knit worldwide effort to define the Physiome through databases and theoretical models, with the goal of better understanding the integrative functions of cells, organs, and organisms. The projects involve developing and archiving models, providing centralized databases, and linking experimental information and models from many laboratories into self‐consistent frameworks. Increasingly accurate and complete models that embody quantitative biological hypotheses, adhere to high standards, and are publicly available and reproducible, together with refined and curated data, will enable biological scientists to advance integrative, analytical, and predictive approaches to the study of medicine and physiology. This review discusses the rationale and history of the Physiome projects, the role of theoretical models in the development of the Physiome, and the current status of efforts in this area addressing the microcirculation.
Unpasteurized Milk: A Continued Public Health Threat
Authors: LeJeune Jeffrey T. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Although milk and dairy products are important components of a healthy diet, if consumed unpasteurized, they also can present a health hazard due to possible contamination with pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria can originate even from clinically healthy animals from which milk is derived or from environmental contamination occurring during collection and storage of milk. The decreased frequency of bovine carriage of certain zoonotic pathogens and improved milking hygiene have contributed considerably to decreased contamination of milk but have not, and cannot, fully eliminate the risk of milkborne disease. Pasteurization is the most effective method of enhancing the microbiological safety of milk. The consumption of milk that is not pasteurized increases the risk of contracting disease from a foodstuff that is otherwise very nutritious and healthy. Despite concerns to the contrary, pasteurization does not change the nutritional value of milk. Understanding the science behind this controversial and highly debated topic will provide public health care workers the information needed to discern fact from fiction and will provide a tool to enhance communication with clients in an effort to reduce the incidence of infections associated with the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products.
Current reversals as determinants of intertidal recruitment on the central Oregon coast
Authors: Dudas Sarah E. , Grantham Brian A. , Kirincich Anthony R. , Menge Bruce A. , Lubchenco Jane , Barth John A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDudas, S. E., Grantham, B. A., Kirincich, A. R., Menge, B. A., Lubchenco, J., and Barth, J. A. 2009. Current reversals as determinants of intertidal recruitment on the central Oregon coast. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 396–407. The influence of current reversals on intertidal invertebrate recruitment was investigated using two seasons of nearshore physical and intertidal biological observations along the central Oregon coast, an intermittent upwelling system. In 1998, upwelling periods were punctuated by infrequent wind reversals and widespread increases in nearshore temperature, whereas 1999 was characterized by frequent, shorter wind reversals. In 1998, barnacle recruitment was best at the site experiencing more frequent reversals of the predominantly equatorward currents, higher poleward velocities, and coincident temperature increases. In 1999, barnacle recruitment peaked at the site with greater poleward current velocities, and maximum mussel recruitment at the site with consistent deep (10 m) onshore currents. Barnacle recruitment generally increased with onshore surface currents and temperature; mussel recruitment showed variable, weaker correlations. The data indicate that substantial decreases or complete reversals of upwelling-driven alongshore currents may be important for barnacle recruitment, but topographically driven differences in the response of currents to wind changes may generate local recruitment differences. This suggests that even relatively straight coastlines may have enhanced recruitment zones attributable to the variable local oceanography. Further, the interannual differences observed in current reversals and recruitment patterns highlight the potential importance of upwelling variation for onshore communities.
Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters
Authors: Pedersen Søren Anker , Fock Heino , Krause Jochen , Pusch Christian , Sell Anne L. , Böttcher Uwe , Rogers Stuart I. , Sköld Mattias , Skov Henrik , Podolska Magdalena , Piet Gerjan J. , Rice Jake C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Pedersen, S. A., Fock, H., Krause, J., Pusch, C., Sell, A. L., Böttcher, U., Rogers, S. I., Sköld, M., Skov, H., Podolska, M., Piet, G. J., and Rice, J. C. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters.–ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 155–169. The principal objective of sites selected as part of Natura 2000 is to achieve or maintain a favourable conservation status of habitats and species named in the EU Birds and Habitats directives. In the German exclusive economic zone, the habitat types protected by this legislation are sandbanks and reefs; protected species include marine mammals, seabirds, and specific migratory fish species. The ICES project Environmentally Sound Fishery Management in Protected Areas (EMPAS) aims to answer two questions: (i) To what extent do specific fishing activities significantly threaten attainment of the conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 sites? (ii) What management measures would reduce these conflicts and how effective would they be at helping to ensure the favourable condition of these sites? Assessments of fishing impacts on Natura 2000 sites require basic data on the conservation status of individual habitats and species, as well as data for fine-scale distributions of ongoing fishing activities. This paper describes and discusses the process used by the EMPAS project in developing fishery-management plans for each Natura 2000 site in German offshore waters.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand induces osteoclast formation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells via augmented production of macrophage–colony‐stimulating factor
Authors: Islam Shamima , Hassan Ferdaus , Tumurkhuu Gantsetseg , Dagvadorj Jargalsaikhan , Koide Naoki , Naiki Yoshikazu , Yoshida Tomoaki , Yokochi Takashi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTRAW 264.7 macrophage cells differentiate into osteoclast‐like cells in the presence of RANKL. Participation of M‐CSF in RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation of RAW 264.7 cells was examined. TRAP‐positive osteoclast‐like cells appeared in RAW 264.7 cells cultured in the presence of RANKL. RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation was markedly inhibited by anti‐M‐CSF antibody. RANKL augmented M‐CSF mRNA expression and M‐CSF production in RAW 264.7 cells. Further, anti‐M‐CSF antibody inhibited the expression of RANK, c‐fms, c‐fos and TRAP mRNA in RANKL‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. However, anti‐M‐CSF antibody did not affect the expression of DC‐STAMP in the stimulated cells. Therefore, RANKL was suggested to induce osteoclast formation in RAW 264.7 cells via augmented production of M‐CSF. The putative role of M‐CSF in RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation of RAW 264.7 cells is discussed.
Postdischarge pain, functional limitations and impact on caregivers of children with sickle cell disease treated for painful events
Authors: Brandow Amanda M. , Brousseau David C. , Panepinto Julie A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis study aimed to describe the outcomes of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) after discharge from medical care for vaso‐occlusive painful events and to test the hypothesis that older age, longer length of hospital stay, and a history of frequent vaso‐occlusive painful events will be associated with poor outcomes. Children aged 2–18 years with SCD treated in the emergency department or inpatient unit for a painful event were contacted after discharge to assess: days of pain, days of functional limitations for the child, and days of work/school absenteeism for the caregiver. Descriptive statistics were applied and multivariate logistic regression examined the association between the predictors and outcomes. Fifty‐eight children were enrolled (mean age 10·8 ± 4·8 years, 53·5% female). Postdischarge, 46·5% of children reported three or more days of pain, 54·3% had two or more days of functional limitations, and 24·3% of caregivers missed two or more days of work/school. Children with three or more prior painful events had increased odds of a poor outcome postdischarge (OR 1·79; 95% CI = 1·026, 3·096). In conclusion, acute vaso‐occlusive painful events impact the lives of children with SCD and their caregivers, even after discharge to home.
When should genetic testing be obtained in a patient with phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma?
Authors: Erlic Zoran , Neumann Hartmut P. H. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAbout 30% of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma patients harbour a germline mutation in one of the known susceptibility genes and in more than one‐third of these patients there is no family history for these tumours. The genetic classification, risk assessment and specific management of the patients and at risk family members play an important role in preventive medicine. Distinct diagnostic or therapeutic approaches related to the genetic testing results are and will be even more relevant in the future for the detection of mutation carriers. In addition to a positive family history, other clinical features such as young age at time of manifestation, multifocal tumours and specific tumour location are highly associated with the presence of a germline mutation – genetic testing in these cases should be mandatory. Since several genes are involved in the genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma, prioritizing which gene(s) to be tested first by using simple clinical information can reduce the efforts and costs of this analysis. The clinicians offering and performing the genetic testing should provide or make available adequate counselling as well as access to preventive and surveillance options to patients. Collaboration with referral centres and research groups in this field can help to coordinate the management of these patients.
Hormonal activity of adrenal incidentalomas: results from a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Vassilatou E. , Vryonidou A. , Michalopoulou S. , Manolis J. , Caratzas J. , Phenekos C. , Tzavara I. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObjective  To investigate the natural course of apparently benign adrenal incidentalomas with no overt hyperfunction at diagnosis, as their clinical significance and appropriate management are still controversial.Design  Prospective long‐term follow‐up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas with periodic hormonal and morphological evaluation.Patients and methods  A total of 77 patients with incidental adrenal masses, diameter 1·0–6·0 cm (median 2·5 cm), were submitted to a hormonal assessment of adrenal function at diagnosis. This was repeated, together with an adrenal CT scan, 12 months later and then every 12–24 months, for a period of 12–154 months (mean 62·7 ± 31·9, median 60·0).Results  At diagnosis, 57 patients had normal adrenal function and 20 had subclinical Cushing's syndrome. During follow‐up, adrenal function remained normal in 49 patients, subclinical Cushing's syndrome was confirmed in 12, whilst intermittent subclinical autonomous cortisol hypersecretion was found in 12 patients. Overt endocrine disease was diagnosed in 4 patients (Cushing's syndrome in 2 and phaeochromocytoma in 2). A change in mass size (≥ 0·5 cm) was observed in 26 patients (enlargement in 20 – including patients who developed overt hyperfunction – with no signs of malignancy and reduction in size in 6).Conclusions  Subclinical autonomous cortisol hypersecretion is the most frequent hormonal abnormality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas, and may be intermittent in a significant percentage of cases. Few patients develop overt endocrine disease. A growth tendency is observed in some adrenal incidentalomas without evidence of malignant transformation and occasionally can be related to development of overt hyperfunction. These findings indicate the need for periodic hormonal and morphological evaluation for several years.
Elevated VEGF‐plasma levels in young patients with mild essential hypertension
Authors: Stumpf C. , Jukic J. , Yilmaz A. , Raaz D. , Schmieder R. E. , Daniel W. G. , Garlichs C. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground  Growing evidence shows that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension (EH). Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is currently discussed as a possible mediator of inflammation. To investigate the hypothesis that VEGF plays a role as an inflammatory mediator in EH we performed the present pilot study of young patients in a very early stage of EH.Materials and methods  15 young patients with mild EH [33·8 ± 7·3 years, systolic blood pressure (SBP): 143·8 ± 10·5 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 88·2 ± 11·1 mmHg, mean arterial pressure (MAP) 106·6 ± 10·4 mmHg] and 15 healthy controls (31·7 ± 10·6 years) were examined. Blood was drawn from a peripheral vein and serum levels of VEGF, monocyte‐chemoattractant‐protein (MCP)‐1, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)‐6, and tumour‐necrosis‐factor (TNF)‐α were measured via commercially available enzyme‐linked immunoassays.Results  Hypertensives showed increased plasma levels of VEGF (P < 0·05) and MCP‐1 (P < 0·05). VEGF positively correlated with MAP (r = 0·46, P < 0·05) and MCP‐1 (r = 0·63, P < 0·01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated VEGF to be an independent predictor of MCP‐1 levels. Furthermore, hypertensives had higher levels of hsCRP (P < 0·01), IL‐6 (P < 0·001) and TNF‐α (P < 0·05). IL‐6 levels correlated with SBP (r = 0·59, P < 0·001), DBP (r = 0·67, P < 0·001) and MAP (r = 0·46, P < 0·001). A significant positive correlation was also found between hsCRP levels and SBP (r = 0·39, P < 0·05).Conclusions  This pilot study demonstrates that in an early state of EH, inflammatory pathways have already been activated. Besides classical pro‐inflammatory cytokines, VEGF serum levels are significantly elevated. The positive correlation of VEGF with MCP‐1 is suggestive for the already described induction of MCP‐1 via VEGF.
The serum sodium to urinary sodium to (serum potassium)2 to urinary potassium (SUSPPUP) ratio in patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Willenberg H. S. , Kolentini C. , Quinkler M. , Cupisti K. , Krausch M. , Schott M. , Scherbaum W. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground  The aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR) is an established diagnostic tool in the screening for primary aldosteronism (PA). However, hormonal determinations are time consuming and expensive. Therefore, we studied the effectiveness of the serum sodium to urinary sodium to (serum potassium)2 to urinary potassium (SUSPPUP) ratio in the diagnosis of PA.Design  This study included 35 patients with PA, 71 patients with essential hypertension to whom this diagnosis could be excluded, 23 normal subjects without hypertension, and 22 patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. We compared the SUSPPUP ratios with the ARR in these patient groups.Results  We show that the ARR distinguished PA from essential hypertension with a sensitivity of 94·2% and a specificity of 92·1% at a cutoff of 33 (ng L−1: ng L−1). It correlated well with the SUSPPUP ratio. The sensitivity and specificity of SUSPPUP was 88·6% and 85·9% at a cutoff of 5.3 (mmol L−1)−1, respectively, and thus not as good as the ARR.Conclusions  The ARR is a good parameter in the screening for PA. The SUSPPUP ratio is a cheap and rapid tool to assess the extent of mineralocorticoid excess and, therefore, can be offered to more patients. In addition, the application of the SUSPPUP ratio can be extended to patients who suffer from other forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension (e.g. with low aldosterone levels).