bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of holoprosencephaly in the International Clearinghouse Birth Defects Surveillance Systems: Searching for population variations
Authors: Leoncini Emanuele , Baranello Giovanni , Orioli Iêda M. , Annerén Göran , Bakker Marian , Bianchi Fabrizio , Bower Carol , Canfield Mark A. , Castilla Eduardo E. , Cocchi Guido , Correa Adolfo , De Vigan Catherine , Doray Berenice , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Gatt Miriam , Irgens Lorentz M. , Lowry R. Brian , Maraschini Alice , Mc Donnell Robert , Morgan Margery , Mutchinick Osvaldo , Poetzsch Simone , Riley Merilyn , Ritvanen Annukka , Gnansia Elisabeth Robert , Scarano Gioacchino , Sipek Antonin , Tenconi Romano , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental field defect of the brain that results in incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres that includes less severe phenotypes, such as arhinencephaly and single median maxillary central incisor. Information on the epidemiology of HPE is limited, both because few population‐based studies have been reported, and because small studies must observe a greater number of years in order to accumulate sufficient numbers of births for a reliable estimate. METHODS: We collected data from 2000 through 2004 from 24 of the 46 Birth Defects Registry Members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. This study is based on more than 7 million births in various areas from North and South America, Europe, and Australia. RESULTS: A total of 963 HPE cases were registered, yielding an overall prevalence of 1.31 per 10,000 births. Because the estimate was heterogeneous, possible causes of variations among populations were analyzed: random variation, under‐reporting and over‐reporting bias, variation in proportion of termination of pregnancies among all registered cases and real differences among populations. CONCLUSIONS: The data do not suggest large differences in total prevalence of HPE among the studied populations that would be useful to generate etiological hypotheses. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior analyst use of and beliefs in treatments for people with autism
Authors: Schreck Kimberly A. , Mazur Alison 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWith the increase in the numbers of children diagnosed with autism and scientific support solely for Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) treatment, a proliferation of professionals have sought ABA training to provide services to this population. However, not all have been reportedly providing solely ABA services. This study surveyed Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs; N = 469) concerning their beliefs, endorsement, and use of a variety of scientifically supported and unsupported treatments for people with autism. Although not all endorsed using ABA, BCBA professionals most widely reported using ABA and ABA‐related treatments. Surprisingly, BCBAs endorsed and used all types of treatments, despite their beliefs that the treatments were difficult to implement, not cost effective, and not supported by research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in three‐dimensional multicellular spheroid culture for biomedical research
Authors: Lin Ruei‐Zhen , Chang Hwan‐You 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMany types of mammalian cells can aggregate and differentiate into 3‐D multicellular spheroids when cultured in suspension or a nonadhesive environment. Compared to conventional monolayer cultures, multicellular spheroids resemble real tissues better in terms of structural and functional properties. Multicellular spheroids formed by transformed cells are widely used as avascular tumor models for metastasis and invasion research and for therapeutic screening. Many primary or progenitor cells on the other hand, show significantly enhanced viability and functional performance when grown as spheroids. Multicellular spheroids in this aspect are ideal building units for tissue reconstruction. Here we review the current understanding of multicellular spheroid formation mechanisms, their biomedical applications, and recent advances in spheroid culture, manipulation, and analysis techniques.
Atomic Vapor Deposition of Titanium Nitride as Metal Electrodes for Gate‐last CMOS and MIM Devices
Authors: Lukosius Mindaugas , Wenger Christian , Pasko Sergej , Müssig Hans‐Joachim , Seitzinger Bernhard , Lohe Christoph 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPure and diluted Ti[N(Et)2]4 precursors are used to grow TiN layers at 400–600 °C by using atomic vapor deposition (AVD®). The composition, microstructure, and electrical properties of TiN films with various thicknesses are investigated. The determined work function of 4.7 eV indicates the possibility of using AVD®‐grown TiN as a metal gate electrode for PMOSFET and metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) devices. TiN/HfO2/SiO2 stacks are integrated into gate‐last PMOS transistors, and the extracted parameters are compared to poly‐Si/SiO2 reference transistors. The optimized films grown at 400 °C with a thickness of 20 nm exhibit a resistivity of 400 µΩ cm.
Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Arylphosphinimidic Isocyanates – Novel Approach to a 4a,8a‐Dihydro‐1,3,2λ5‐benzodiazaphosphinin‐4(3H)‐one System
Authors: Marchenko Anatoliy P. , Koydan Georgiy K. , Smaliy Radomyr V. , Chaykovskaya Aleksandra A. , Pinchuk Aleksandr M. , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Shishkin Oleg V. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA previously unknown type of 1,3,2λ5‐benzodiazaphosphinin‐4(3H)‐ones was obtained by intramolecular heterocyclization of novel N‐arylphosphinimidic isocyanates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Computation of time delay margin for power system small‐signal stability
Authors: Ayasun Saffet 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWith the extensive use of phasor measurement units (PMU) in the wide‐area measurement/monitoring systems (WAMS), time delays have become unavoidable in power systems. This paper presents a direct and exact method to compute the delay margin of power systems with single and commensurate time delays. The delay margin is the maximum amount of time delay that the system can tolerate before it becomes unstable for a given operating point. First, without using any approximation or substitution, the transcendental characteristic equation is converted into a polynomial without the transcendentality such that its real roots coincide with the imaginary roots of the characteristic equation exactly. The resulting polynomial also enables us to easily determine the delay dependency of the system stability and the sensitivities of crossing roots with respect to time delay. Then, an expression in terms of system parameters and imaginary root of the characteristic equation is derived for computing the delay margin. The proposed method is applied to a single‐machine‐infinite bus (SMIB) power system with an exciter. Delay margins are computed for a wide range of system parameters including generator mechanical power, damping and transient reactance, exciter gain, and transmission line reactance. The results indicate that the delay margin decreases as the mechanical power, exciter gain and line reactance increase while it increases with increasing generator transient reactance Additionally, the relationship between the delay margin and generator damping is found be relatively complex. Finally, the theoretical delay margin results are validated using the time‐domain simulations of Matlab. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there information contained within the sentence‐writing component of the mini mental state examination? A retrospective study of community dwelling older people
Authors: Shenkin Susan D. , Starr John M. , Dunn Joanne M. , Carter Samantha , Deary Ian J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between features of the MMSE written sentence and cognitive function, depression and disability.MethodsMMSE sentences from 191 community dwelling individuals without dementia from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (LBC1921) study were: (a) photocopied and (b) typed as written. Sentences were rated for objective criteria: word number and frequency, first person usage, time orientation, and letter case. Twenty healthy raters (50% male, age 20–26 years), blind to all other data, rated each handwritten and typed sentence for subjective criteria: legibility, ‘emotional’ tone (positive to negative), estimated age, health, and intelligence. As part of the LBC1921 volunteers had results available for cognitive ability tests (from which we extracted a general cognitive ability factor, g), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS), and Townsend disability scores.Results43.5% of subjects were male, mean age 78.6, SD 0.43 years. There was no significant association between the objective sentence criteria, legibility or tone and measured cognitive ability or physical disability. However, estimates of intelligence from the MMSE written sentence correlated significantly with current cognitive ability (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). There was a trend towards sentences with a negative tone being associated with a higher HADS‐depression score (rho = −0.12, p = 0.09).ConclusionIn community dwelling people aged around 80 years, despite no association between objectively rated features of the MMSE sentence and intelligence or disability, raters were able to make better‐than‐chance estimates of subjects' intelligence test scores. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis C virus–induced oxidative stress suppresses hepcidin expression through increased histone deacetylase activity
Authors: Miura Kouichi , Taura Kojiro , Kodama Yuzo , Schnabl Bernd , Brenner David A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by iron accumulation in the liver, and excessive iron is hepatotoxic. However, the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus (HCV) regulates iron metabolism is poorly understood. Hepcidin plays a pivotal role as a negative regulator of iron absorption. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the mechanisms that govern hepcidin expression by HCV. Huh 7 cells, Huh7.5 cells, full-length HCV replicon cells established from Huh7.5 cells, and adenoviruses expressing HCV-core or HCV nonstructural proteins 3 through 5 (NS3-5) were used. Hepcidin expression was significantly lower in HCV replicon cells and in HCV core–expressing Huh7 cells. The expression was inversely correlated with the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Anti-oxidants restored hepcidin expression in HCV replicon cells and Huh7 cells expressing HCV core. In HCV replicon cells, histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity was elevated at baseline and after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Anti-oxidants reduced HDAC activity in a dose-dependent manner. HDAC inhibition increased hepcidin expression without affecting ROS production in HCV replicon cells. HCV-induced ROS stabilized the expression of two negative hepcidin regulators, HIF1α and HIF2α, and its expression was decreased by a HDAC inhibitor or an anti-oxidant. HCV-induced ROS also caused hypoacetylation of histones and inhibited binding of two positive regulators, C/EBPα and STAT3, to the hepcidin promoter, whereas anti-oxidant treatment of cells recovered C/EBPα and STAT3 binding to the hepcidin promoter. In addition, an HDAC inhibitor restored their binding to the hepcidin promoter via acetylation of histones.

Conclusion:

HCV-induced oxidative stress suppresses hepcidin expression through increased HDAC activity. (Hepatology 2008.)
Does lowering the screening age for cervical cancer in The Netherlands make sense?
Authors: van der Aa Maaike A. , de Kok Inge M.C.M. , Siesling Sabine , van Ballegooijen Marjolein , Coebergh Jan Willem W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRecommendations for the age to initiate cervical cancer screening should be directed towards maximum detection of early cervical cancer. However, the screening programme should do more good than harm. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether the target age for cervical cancer screening should be lowered in view of apparent increases in new cases of invasive cancer below age 30 and in age group 30–44 years in The Netherlands. Therefore, all cervical cancer cases diagnosed between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 2003 were selected from the nationwide population‐based Netherlands Cancer Registry. For age group 25–39 years, incidence data were also available for 2004 and 2005. To describe trends, the estimated annual percentage of change and joinpoint analysis were used. Between ages 25 and 28 years, the absolute number of new cases of cervical cancer annually has varied between 0 and 9 per age. Significantly decreasing trends in incidence were observed for age groups 35–39 and 45–49 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively). The annual number of deaths fluctuated with a decreasing trend for age groups 30–34 and 35–39 years (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Because the incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer among women younger than 30 are low and not increasing, lowering the age for cervical cancer screening is not useful at this time. Although the number of years of life gained is high for every case of cervical cancer prevented, the disadvantages of lowering the screening age would be very large and even become disproportionate compared to the potential advantages. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and function of fatty acid amide hydrolase in prostate cancer
Authors: Endsley Michael P. , Thill Rebecca , Choudhry Iffat , Williams Carol L. , Kajdacsy‐Balla Andre , Campbell William B. , Nithipatikom Kasem 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe hydrolysis of endocannabinoids has profound effects on the function of the endocannabinoid signaling system in the regulation of prostate carcinoma cells. Prostate carcinoma cells exhibit a wide range of hydrolysis activity for 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), the major endocannabinoid. However, enzyme(s) responsible for 2‐AG hydrolysis and their functions in prostate cancer have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) was differentially expressed in normal and prostate carcinoma cells. In PC‐3 cells, overexpression of FAAH resulted in increased FAAH protein, 2‐AG hydrolysis, cell invasion and cell migration. Conversely, small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of FAAH in LNCaP cells decreased FAAH protein, 2‐AG hydrolysis and cell invasion. Furthermore, CAY10401, a FAAH inhibitor, decreased cell invasion and it enhanced the reduction of invasion in FAAH siRNA‐transfected LNCaP cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of commercial tissue microarrays (TMAs) demonstrated FAAH staining in 109 of 157 cores of prostate adenocarcinomas but weak staining in 1 of 8 cores of normal prostate tissues. These results suggest that FAAH regulates 2‐AG hydrolysis and invasion of prostate carcinoma cells and is potentially involved in prostate tumorigenesis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Joint effects of inflammation and androgen metabolism on prostate cancer severity
Authors: Rebbeck Timothy R. , Rennert Hanna , Walker Amy H. , Panossian Saarene , Tran Teo , Walker Kyle , Spangler Elaine , Patacsil‐Coomes Margerie , Sachdeva Rajeev , Wein Alan J. , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Zeigler‐Johnson Charnita 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMultiple pathways of prostate carcinogenesis have been proposed, including those involving androgen metabolism and inflammation. These pathways are not independent, and may act together in prostate cancer etiology: androgens promote both inflammatory processes and serve as mitogens in prostate tumor growth. To explore the possible joint effects of these pathways in prostate cancer severity, we studied 1,090 Caucasian prostate cancer cases to evaluate whether tumor severity is influenced by a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) interacting with genotypes involved in inflammation or androgen metabolism including MSR1, RNASEL, AR, CYP3A4, CYP3A43, CYP3A5 and SRD5A2. We observed a statistically significant interaction between a number of genotypes and BPH. After considering the potential for false positive associations, the only remaining significant associations involved CYP3A43 P340A genotypes and history of BPH on both Gleason grade (interaction p‐value = 0.026) and tumor stage (interaction p‐value = 0.017). These results suggest that androgen metabolism may act in concert with inflammatory phenotypes such as BPH in determining prostate cancer severity. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Knowledge network development in water resources and irrigation management: the case of CKNet‐INA in Indonesia
Authors: Keuls Carel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe national water reform in Indonesia requires capable individuals and institutions for water management at national, regional and local level, and an external environment that enables institutions and individuals to perform according to stakeholders' expectations. Universities, research and study centres, and other knowledge centres (capacity builders) can play a strategic role as national human resources development instruments in providing education, training, assistance and guidance to support the needed competences.In 2005, 10 universities in Indonesia from Java, Sulawesi and Sumatra founded CKNet‐INA, a knowledge network with the objective to collaborate as a sustainable academic and professional community in the area of infrastructure, water and environment. On the basis of a demand‐oriented approach, selected capacity is strengthened in the universities, and effective capacity‐building services are developed and delivered in support of decentralized water resources management.From the experiences and lessons learned it is argued that knowledge network development is a feasible approach to enhance sustainable capacity building if:

water sector knowledge needs are explicitly addressed with the sector;

a network development strategy includes the delivery of cost recovering services;

the management and governance of the network concentrate on building up trust while maintaining quality criteria. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons learned with an integrated approach for capacity development in agricultural land drainage
Authors: Ritzema Henk , Wolters Wouter , Van Scheltinga Catharien Terwisscha 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCapacity development plays an essential role in improving irrigation and drainage practices in existing agricultural areas. Capacity development is a knowledge‐creating process, in which the more concrete or explicit aspects such as training and institutional strengthening are linked to local or tacit knowledge and aspects of ownership. In this process, three elements, i.e. research, education and advisory services, have to be applied in an integrated manner. Research is required to link local knowledge with lessons learned elsewhere and serves to make knowledge explicit. Education is required to disseminate this explicit knowledge and, at the same time, to make the tacit knowledge of the students explicit. Advisory services are needed to assist with the application of the newly acquired knowledge, thus to complete the transformation from explicit to tacit knowledge. This approach is successful when those involved have the opportunity to go through the knowledge‐creating process several times. This will lead to mutual trust between the cooperating partners and it is much enhanced when there is long‐term partnership. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing capacity for agricultural water management: current practice and future directions
Authors: Franks Tom , Garcés‐Restrepo Carlos , Putuhena Ferry 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper defines concepts of capacity and capacity development for agricultural water management, and particularly the contributions made by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) in this area in the recent past. Working from a theoretical framework of overlapping domains of capacity development – the enabling environment, the organisational and the individual domains, with knowledge management as a cross‐cutting theme – the paper reviews previous work in the field and then summarises the range of case studies presented in this special edition which illuminate key aspects of these different domains.The paper notes the need to accommodate a rapidly changing context for agricultural water management to take account of the increasing demand for water resources in all sectors, and the consequent requirement for support of new approaches to capacity development. These new approaches emphasise the growing importance of authentic knowledge, internally generated learning and self‐development, whether at the level of the organisation or the individual. The paper also recognises the need for continuing and long‐term support of capacity development, particularly in processes of organisational and institutional change, where there is no single set of guidelines or practices which will fit every situation. Specific directions for future work are suggested, including increased attention to monitoring and evaluation of capacity development, and closer links to emerging work on water governance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is your IT structure obsolete?
Authors: Iijima Timothy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractToday's big companies rely on their IT systems and networks in a huge way—and that concentrates a substantial portion of a company's risk in the IT organization. Virtually no activity within a company can now happen without major help from IT. So IT organization structure can no longer function as an afterthought—because a poorly performing IT organization creates unacceptable risk for the company.The author takes a close look at today's critical functions and roles for IT, the organization structures used, and why older IT organization models are no longer adequate. Is your firm's IT organization obsolete in today's world? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The need for plain English disclosures
Authors: Raiborn Cecily , Payne Dinah , Pier Chuck 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe all learned to read and write plain English. And while a nonaccountant may never totally understand accounting, it's time financial disclosures are written in clear, plain English—not jargon. The authors call for an end to “Wall Street Weaselwords.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.