bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early parental depression and child language development
Authors: Paulson James F. , Keefe Heather A. , Leiferman Jenn A. 
Published: March 2009

Objective:  To examine the effects of early maternal and paternal depression on child expressive language at age 24 months and the role that parent‐to‐child reading may play in this pathway.Participants and methods:  The 9‐month and 24‐month waves from a national prospective study of children and their families, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort (ECLS‐B), provided data on 4,109 two‐parent families. Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). Parents reported on positive parent–infant interactions, child expressive vocabulary, and demographic and health information at child age 9 and 24 months. Linear regression was used to estimate associations between depression, parenting, and child vocabulary. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that parent reading behavior mediates the parent depression to child vocabulary pathway. These models were adjusted for demographic indicators.Results:  As previously reported from this national sample, 14% of mothers and 10% of fathers exhibited elevated levels of depressive symptoms at 9 months. For both mothers and fathers, depression at 9 months was negatively associated with contemporaneous parent‐to‐child reading. Only for fathers, however, was earlier depression associated with later reading to child and related child expressive vocabulary development. A model describing this pathway demonstrated a significant indirect pathway from depression to vocabulary via parent reading to child.Conclusions:  Depression is a significant problem among both mothers and fathers of young children, but has a more marked impact on the father’s reading to his child and, subsequently, the child’s language development.
The relationship of cerebral palsy subtype and functional motor impairment: a population‐based study
Authors: SHEVELL MICHAEL I , DAGENAIS LYNN , HALL NICHOLAS ,   THE REPACQ CONSORTIUM
Published: March 2009

Aim Traditionally, cerebral palsy (CP) had been classified according to the distribution and quality of motor impairment. A standardized functional classification of gross motor skills has recently been validated – the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The relationship between the neurological subtype of CP and GMFCS level remains undefined in CP.Method The Quebec Cerebral Palsy Registry (Registre de la paralysie cérébrale au Québec [REPACQ]) over a 4‐year birth interval (1999–2002 inclusive) identified 301 children with CP. Information on both CP subtype and GMFCS level was available for 243 children (138 males, 105 females) with final data extraction at a mean age of 44 months (SD 14mo, range 24–79mo). Proportions of children with a particular CP subtype at GMFCS levels I to III versus levels IV to V were determined and compared.Results CP subtype versus GMFCS levels I to III or IV to V was distributed proportionally as follows: spastic diplegic, 51/52 (98%) versus 1/52 (2%); spastic quadriparetic, 20/85 (24%) versus 65/85 (76%); spastic hemiplegic, 76/77 (99%) versus 1/77 (1%); dyskinetic, 4/16 (25%) versus 12/16 (75%); other (triplegic or ataxic–hypotonic), 10/13 (77%) versus 3/13 (23%). These distributions (proportions) all yielded significant (p<0.001) Pearson χ2values.InterpretationNeurological subtype is a powerful predictor of functional status related to ambulation. This has implications for counseling families.
First‐trimester increase in oxidative stress and risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetus
Authors: Potdar N , Singh R , Mistry V , Evans MD , Farmer PB , Konje JC , Cooke MS 
Published: March 2009

Objective  Investigation of increased oxidative stress in early pregnancy and association with an increased risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetus.Design  Longitudinal case–control study.Setting  University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.Population  Low‐risk pregnant women with no current or pre‐existing medical illness were recruited at a large teaching hospital from 2004 to 2006.Methods  Recruitment performed at the time of the dating ultrasound scan (12 ± 2 weeks of gestation). Spot urine samples collected at 12 ± 2 and 28 ± 2 weeks of gestation were analysed for 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). SGA was defined as birthweight <10th centile based on customised centile calculator (www.gestation.net). This identified the cases (n= 55), whereas controls (n= 55) were mothers whose babies were appropriate for gestational age (AGA, birthweight 10th–90th centile). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v.5. The relationship between maternal urinary 8‐oxodG at different gestations and customised SGA was investigated by nonparametric tests.Main outcome measures  Customised SGA and AGA pregnancies.Results  Urinary 8‐oxodG concentrations were significantly increased in pregnancies with subsequent SGA compared with concentrations in normal pregnancies; 12 weeks: 2.8 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.96–3.67) versus 2.2 (IQR 1.26–3.28) pmol 8‐oxodG/μmol creatinine (P= 0.0007); 28 weeks: 2.21 (IQR 1.67–3.14) versus 1.68 (IQR 1.16–2.82) pmol 8‐oxodG/μmol creatinine (P < 0.0002). Concentrations decreased significantly between week 12 and 28 (P= 0.04 and P= 0.02 for controls and cases).Conclusions  In this study, urinary 8‐oxodG at 12 and 28 weeks were elevated in SGA compared with AGA pregnancies. This may reflect early placental changes predating clinical features of SGA.
Longitudinal monocyte Human leukocyte antigen‐DR expression is a prognostic marker in critically ill patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: Berres Marie‐Luise , Schnyder Barbara , Yagmur Eray , Inglis Brett , Stanzel Sven , Tischendorf Jens J. W. , Koch Alexander , Winograd Ron , Trautwein Christian , Wasmuth Hermann E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground: Critical illness in cirrhotic patients is associated with a poor prognosis and increased susceptibility to infections. Monocyte HLA‐DR expression is decreased in cirrhotic patients, but its prognostic value has not been investigated prospectively.Methods: Thirty‐eight critically ill patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were included in this prospective study. On admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), inflammatory parameters (C‐reactive protein, procalcitonin and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein), interleukin (IL)‐10, interferon (IFN)‐γ serum levels, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐αex vivo stimulation (whole blood assay) and HLA‐DR expression on monocytes (FACS analysis) were determined. Immune parameters were furthermore measured every third day until discharge from the ICU or death of the patients.Results: Intensive care unit mortality of the cirrhotic patients was 34.2%. During admission, TNF ex vivo, IFN‐γ and HLA‐DR expression were lower in non‐survivors (all P<0.05), while IL‐10 levels were increased in non‐survivors compared with survivors (P=0.001). However, individual values clearly overlapped between groups. Prospective analysis revealed that monocyte HLA‐DR expression remained stable or increased in survivors, but decreased in non‐survivors (P=0.002). A decrease in HLA‐DR expression between admission and day 3 was strongly associated with decreased IFN‐γ levels and increased ICU mortality (hazard ratio 3.36, P=0.008), mostly owing to late sepsis. This association was independent of the sequential organ failure assessment and model for end‐stage liver disease score.Conclusions: Here we establish the relative HLA‐DR expression (admission/day 3) as a prognostic marker for ICU mortality in critically ill cirrhotic patients. These results may guide the evaluation of immune‐modulating therapies in these patients.
High‐risk Population for Gastric Cancer Development Based on Serum Pepsinogen Status and Lifestyle Factors
Authors: Yamaji Yutaka , Watabe Hirotsugu , Yoshida Haruhiko , Kawabe Takao , Wada Ryoichi , Mitsushima Toru , Omata Masao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground: Gastric atrophy is a major risk factor for non‐cardiac gastric cancer. Serum pepsinogen status could identify people at high‐risk for gastric cancer development during our previous cohort study. However, lifestyle‐related factors may additionally affect this risk.Materials and methods: A total of 6983 Japanese were followed up by annual endoscopy in the previous study, and 43 cases of gastric cancer including two cardiac cancers developed. In most subjects, the body length and weight were measured and a questionnaire was applied to gather information regarding life habits. The risk of non‐cardiac gastric cancer development during surveillance was re‐analyzed based on serum pepsinogen, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol, and smoking habit.Results: A total of 6158 subjects with 37 non‐cardiac gastric cancer development (male/female = 4259/1899, mean age = 49.0, mean follow‐up period = 4.79 years) were entered into analysis. In a multivariate analysis, old age (by 10 years; (odds ratio) OR, 2.8; p < .001), alcohol (weekly; OR, 2.4; p = .03), smoking (current; OR, 5.6; p = .006 and past; OR, 3.9; p = .04), and pepsinogen status (“atrophic”; OR, 6.2; p < .001) were independent risk factors, whereas BMI was not. The annual incidence of gastric cancer was 1.2% in the older subjects aged ≥ 60 years with “atrophic” pepsinogen status. Moreover, it was as high as 2.9% when they had both alcohol and current smoking habits.Conclusions: Old age, alcohol, and smoking habits additionally promoted the risk for gastric cancer in subjects with gastric atrophy.
The Dimensionality of DSM‐IV Alcohol Use Disorders Among Adolescent and Adult Drinkers and Symptom Patterns by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Harford Thomas C. , Yi Hsiao‐ye , Faden Vivian B. , Chen Chiung M. 
Published: March 2009

Background:  There is limited information on the validity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) alcohol use disorders (AUD) symptom criteria among adolescents in the general population. The purpose of this study is to assess the DSM‐IV AUD symptom criteria as reported by adolescent and adult drinkers in a single representative sample of the U.S. population aged 12 years and older. This design avoids potential confounding due to differences in survey methodology when comparing adolescents and adults from different surveys.Methods:  A total of 133,231 current drinkers (had at least 1 drink in the past year) aged 12 years and older were drawn from respondents to the 2002 to 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. DSM‐IV AUD criteria were assessed by questions related to specific symptoms occurring during the past 12 months. Factor analytic and item response theory models were applied to the 11 AUD symptom criteria to assess the probabilities of symptom item endorsements across different values of the underlying trait.Results:  A 1‐factor model provided an adequate and parsimonious interpretation for the 11 AUD criteria for the total sample and for each of the gender–age groups. The MIMIC model exhibited significant indication for item bias among some criteria by gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Symptom criteria for “tolerance,”“time spent,” and “hazardous use” had lower item thresholds (i.e., lower severity) and low item discrimination, and they were well separated from the other symptoms, especially in the 2 younger age groups (12 to 17 and 18 to 25). “Larger amounts,”“cut down,”“withdrawal,” and “legal problems” had higher item thresholds but generally lower item discrimination, and they tend to exhibit greater dispersion at higher AUD severity, particularly in the youngest age group (12 to 17).Conclusions:  Findings from the present study do not provide support for the 2 separate DSM‐IV diagnoses of alcohol abuse and dependence among either adolescents or adults. Variations in criteria severity for both abuse and dependence offer support for a dimensional approach to diagnosis which should be considered in the ongoing development of DSM‐V.
National Institutions and the Globalized Political Economy of Technological Change: An Introduction
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the last three decades research across the social sciences has made great advances in the political economy of technological change. Nonetheless, many of these insights are solely tied to national, sometimes regional, explanations of industrial R&D and innovation rates. Meanwhile, the impacts of the international system, and of the actions of individual countries, on technological changes across many countries, are increasingly more pronounced. It is therefore imperative that we expand our theoretical conceptualizations. For these reasons we have gathered, in this special issue, economists, political scientists, geographers, and sociologists to explore in a comparative way what we view as some of the critical areas for research at two different level of analysis—business and nations. This introduction will outline their major research themes and provide a brief history of the debate.
Achieving symptomatic remission in out‐patients with schizophrenia – a naturalistic study with quetiapine
Authors: Wobrock T. , Köhler J. , Klein P. , Falkai P. 
Published: March 2009

Objective:  Symptomatic remission was defined as a score of mild or less on each of eight key schizophrenia symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS‐8). To evaluate the symptomatic remission criterion in clinical practice and to determine predictors for achieving symptomatic remission, a 12‐week non‐interventional study (NIS) with quetiapine was conducted in Germany.Method:  For the comparison of patients with and without symptomatic remission, sociodemographic and clinical variables of 693 patients were analyzed by logistic regression for their predictive value to achieve remission.Results:  Four hundred and four patients (58.3%) achieved symptomatic remission after 12 weeks’ treatment with quetiapine. Remission was significantly predicted by a low degree of PANSS‐8 total score, PANSS single items blunted affect (N1), social withdrawal (N4), lack of spontaneity (N6), mannerism and posturing (G5), and low disease severity (CGI‐S) at baseline. Predictors of non‐remission were older age, diagnosis of schizophrenic residuum, multiple previous episodes, longer duration of current episode, presence of concomitant diseases, and alcohol abuse.Conclusion:  This study demonstrated that the majority of schizophrenia out‐patients achieved symptomatic remission after 12 weeks treatment and confirms the importance of managing negative symptoms in order to achieve disease remission.
Bone response to free form‐fabricated hydroxyapatite and zirconia scaffolds: a histological study in the human maxilla
Authors: Malmström Johan , Slotte Christer , Adolfsson Erik , Norderyd Ola , Thomsen Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: Synthetic and biological materials are increasingly used to provide temporary or permanent scaffolds for bone regeneration. This study evaluated the effect of material chemistry and microporosity on bone ingrowth and osseointegration of zirconia (ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds in the human maxilla.Material and methods: Twelve patients subjected to dental implant placement were enrolled in the study. Scaffolds of ZrO2 and HA were placed in the maxilla of each subject, using a randomization protocol. After 3 months of healing, biopsies were harvested comprising the scaffolds and surrounding bone tissue. The biopsies were processed for histological evaluation and morphometric analysis (bone ingrowth and bone‐to‐scaffold contact).Results: Healing was uneventful in all cases. All scaffolds demonstrated a measurable bone response using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microporous HA scaffolds revealed four times larger bone ingrowth and seven times larger bone contact as compared with ZrO2 scaffolds.Conclusion: The results show that chemistry and microporosity of HA promote bone ingrowth and bone contact of ceramic scaffolds in human maxilla.
Spontaneous progression of ligatured induced peri‐implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics. An experimental study in dogs II: histological observations
Authors: Albouy Jean‐Pierre , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Persson Leif G. , Berglundh Tord 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to analyze tissue reactions to plaque formation following ligature removal in experimental peri‐implantitis at commercially available implants in dogs.Material and methods: Mandibular premolars and the three anterior premolars in both sides of the maxilla were extracted in six Labrador dogs. After 3 months, four implants representing four different implant systems – groups A (turned), B (TiOblast), C (SLA), D (TiUnite) – were placed in a randomized order in the right side of the mandible. Three months after implant installation, experimental peri‐implantitis was initiated by placement of ligatures and plaque formation. The ligatures were removed when about 40–50% of the supporting bone was lost. After the subsequent 24‐week period of continued plaque accumulation, block biopsies containing implants and their surrounding tissues were obtained and prepared for histological analysis.Results: All types of implants exhibited extensive inflammatory cell infiltrates and large associated crater‐formed osseous defects. The lesions were consistently characterized by insufficient encapsulation of pus and biofilm layers and the inflammatory cell infiltrates extended apical of the pocket epithelium. The presence of numerous osteoclasts indicated active tissue destruction. The vertical dimension and the overall surface area of the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) were larger at implants of group D than at other implant types.Conclusion: It is suggested that spontaneous progression of peri‐implantitis is associated with severe inflammation and tissue destruction.
Stability change of chemically modified sandblasted/acid‐etched titanium palatal implants. A randomized‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Schätzle Marc , Männchen Roland , Balbach Ulrike , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Toutenburg Helge , Jung Ronald E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of this randomized‐controlled clinical study was to examine stability changes of palatal implants with chemically modified sandblasted/acid‐etched (modSLA) titanium surface compared with a standard SLA surface, during the early stages of bone healing.Materials and methods: Forty adult volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to the test group (modSLA surface) and to the control group (SLA surface). The test and control implants had the same microscopic and macroscopic topography, but differed in surface chemistry. To document implant stability changes resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed at implant insertion, at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 70 and 84 days thereafter. RFA values were expressed as an implant stability quotient (ISQ).Results: Immediately after implant installation, the ISQ values for both surfaces tested were not significantly different and yielded mean values of 73.8±5 for the control and 72.7±3.9 for the test surface. In the first 2 weeks after implant installation, both groups showed only small changes and thereafter a decreasing trend in the mean ISQ levels. In the test group, after 28 days a tendency towards increasing ISQ values was observed and 42 days after surgery the ISQ values corresponded to those after implant insertion. For the SLA‐control group, the trend changed after 35 days and yielded ISQ values corresponding to the baseline after 63 days. After 12 weeks of observation, the test surface yielded significantly higher stability values of 77.8±1.9 compared with the control implants of 74.5±3.9, respectively.Conclusion: The results support the potential for chemical modification of the SLA surface to positively influence the biologic process of osseointegration and to decrease the healing time.
Physiological Effects of a Novel Immune Stimulator Drug, (1,4)‐α‐d‐Glucan, in Rats
Authors: Koppada Ravishankar , Norozian Faraz M. , Torbati Dan , Kalomiris Sophia , Ramachandran Cheppail , Totapally Balagangadhar R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  The (1,4)‐α‐d‐glucan (α‐d‐glucan), derived from medicinal plant, Tinospora cordifolia, activates human lymphocytes with downstream synthesis of the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, in vitro. We investigated physiological and immunological effects of a low and a high dose of α‐d‐glucan (0.5 and 10 mg/kg), in vivo, testing the hypothesis that intravenous administration of α‐d‐glucan does not affect haemodynamic, respiratory, haematological, and immune responses in normal rats. Male rats (300–400 g) were anaesthetized, tracheostomized, and catheterized in one femoral artery and vein. The mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded. The baselines for gas exchange, differential blood cell count, and plasma concentration of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ were determined. Rats were then randomly assigned to controls (n = 7), a low dose (0.5 mg/kg; n = 10), and a high dose (10 mg/kg; n = 7) of α‐d‐glucan for a six 6 hr study period. Gas exchange, differential cell count, plasma concentration of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ, and mean arterial blood pressure values remained within physiological range. Intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg α‐d‐glucan created tachycardia, associated with hyperventilation, and significant reductions in the blood haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations. We suggest that these in vivo effects of α‐d‐glucan should be considered for future clinical and/or experimental trials.