bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canoeists' disorientation following cold immersion
Authors: Baker S. , Atha J. 
Published: December 2008

As an initial step to a broader study of the disorientating effects of cold water immersions on top class competitive canoeists a survey was made of the incidence of hazardous immersions amongst a majority sample of the better canoeists in the country. Virtually the entire entry to one of the most important national competitive meets was canvassed. A total of 288 canoeists in the 1st and 2nd divisions were identified and asked to participate. Replies were received from 247 (86%).All those responding had had extensive experience of canoeing in winter spate and were capable of fast and efficient first-time canoe rolls in cases of capsize. Particular interest was focussed on the 85 (34%) who had experienced at least one capsize in cold water during training or competition in mid-winter.Respondents viewed the winter capsize seriously. Despite their familiarity with the conditions in which they trained all 85, recalling their capsize experiences, reported being concerned, most (79%) only modestly so, but a significant proportion (21%) confessed to feelings of extreme alarm.A number of marked physical symptoms that regularly attend on a capsize were widely reported, the most usual of which was severe pain in the forehead (89%) and breathing and speaking difficulties when afloat (64%). Additionally 62% reported sensory problems including visual difficulties, dizziness and disorientation. Five canoeists admitted fainting.Despite these hazards few preventive measures were taken and clothing with negligible thermal insulation properties was commonly worn. It is concluded that transient cold immersions can be disturbing, and can disorientate the canoeist, but that although conscious of this and to his own potentially high cost, he takes little notice of it in his desire to compete successfully.
Effect of passive stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness and range of motion of the ankle joint
Authors: McNair Peter J , Stanley Stephen N 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of stretching and jogging on the series elastic muscle stiffness of the plantar flexors and on the range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint.Methods24 healthy subjects participated in this study. Each subject undertook all of the following protocols, in random order: (1) stretching protocol: five 30 s static stretches with 30 s rest between stretches; (2) aerobic jogging protocol: subjects ran on a treadmill for 10 min at 60% of their maximum age predicted heart rate; (3) combined protocol: subjects ran first and then stretched. A damped oscillation technique was used to measure the series elastic stiffness of the plantar flexors. Dorsiflexion of the ankle was assessed with a weights and pulley system that moved the ankle joint from a neutral position into dorsiflexion passively. Electromyography was used to monitor the activity of the plantar and dorsiflexors during these procedures. The statistical analysis of these data involved an analysis of covarianceResultsFor decreasing series elastic muscle stiffness running was more effective than stretching (P<0.05). In contrast, the results for range of motion showed that the combination protocol and the stretching only protocol were more effective than the running only protocol (P < 0.05) for increasing dorsiflexion range of motion at the ankle.ConclusionsBoth jogging and static stretching exercises appear to be beneficial to individuals participating in sporting activities.
Hyperfunctional affections of the stato-kinetic apparatus specific to sportsmen of high performance
Authors: Nicolae S. 
Published: December 2008

The statistical analysis of the traumatic affections treated by the author during 1967 in the traumatic service of the Centre of Sports Medicine, Bucharest shows the fact that traumatic affections amount to 34.1% whereas hyperfunctional lesions to 22.9%.The author does not agree with the denomination of “sportive microtraumatisms” given to these affections because of the aetio-pathogeny and the sportive specificity of this kind of lesions. Relying on clinical history and examination; on physiopathological and especially on biochemical and histological and histochemical date, he proposes the name of hyper-functional localized affections. Among the arguments put forward by the author the following are to be retained: parallelism between biochemical data (increase of syalic acid and generally of blood mucoproteins) and histochemical aspects of tissue mucopolysaccharides of lesions (proved by microscopic sections which underwent enzymatic extractions).The author considers these affections to be expressions of some forms of overtraining, localized in the stato-kinetic apparatus, admitting as an aetio-pathogenic mechanism, the imbalance between biochemical stresses of the training effort “technopathy” and physiochemical dismetabolic and functional properties of the respective tissue, expressed by imbalance of tissue enzymes within the complex limits of the changes of overtraining.
POSTURAL TRAINING IN ATHLETES
Authors: Tucker W. E. 
Published: December 2008

The prevention of athletic injuries and their recurrences should be an essential part of athletic training. In the comprehensive treatment of athletic injuries, treatment by a team of experts is essential. Each member should be so well trained in his particular branch, that the athlete should receive first-class treatment at every stage. There must be efficient first-aid treatment. After an exact diagnosis using all the available ancillary methods, the surgeon details his recommendations. Operation may be necessary. The nature of his injury is explained to the athlete, and it must be stressed to him that he can contribute greatly to his recovery by conscientious and regular self-treatment at home. The physiotherapist is called in to help almost immediately. In due course, the injured athlete is referred to the trainer with exact instructions.Many athletic injuries occur and recur because the athlete has not been taught the essentials of body mechanics.The individual, however, can decide whether the way he carries himself in the upright position is one of Active Alerted, Balanced Posture; or the opposite, an inactive unbalanced slumping one. Posture therefore in the upright position is entirely an individual attitude of mind.A failure to appreciate the importance of correct posture allows a gravity strain on the lower fixed parts — and may predispose towards fibrosity, myalgia, joint strain progressing to arthritis, metatarsalgia, subluxation of the hip, prolonged intavertebral disc, abdominal herniae and cervical spondylosis.
Children affected by earthquakes and their immediate emotional needs
Authors: Doostgharin Taghi 
Published: December 2008

English The article explores the way in which Iranian children were affected by grief after being uprooted and having experienced the loss of family members, their homes and communities. Lack of access to information about what had happened to their immediate family members and uncertainty concerning the future were the most important expressed worries. French Cette étude examine la façon dont les enfants iraniens ont immédiatement été affectés par la douleur après s’être vus déracinés et avoir vécu la perte des membres de leur famille, de leur maison, de leur communauté. Les deux principales détresses exprimées sont le manque d’information concernant le sort des membres de leur proche famille et l’incertitude quant à leur avenir. Spanish El artículo explora la manera en que los niños iraníes fueron afectados, en forma inmediata, por pena después de haber sido desarraigados y de haber experimentado la pérdida de miembros familiares, sus hogares y comunidades. La carencia de acceso a información sobre lo que ocurrió a los miembros de sus familias inmediatas y la incertidumbre sobre el futuro, fueron las preocupaciones más importantes expresadas.
Decolonizing the pedagogy and practice of international social work
Authors: Razack Narda 
Published: December 2008

English This article examines the complexities inherent in a diverse classroom when teaching international issues by exploring decolonizing pedagogy, which includes theories and understandings from postcolonial studies, spatial and criti cal race theory. Student stories are included, to engage in a discourse on pedagogy and provide theoretical constructs to examine and critique the reactions to these stories. French Cet article examine les complexités inhérentes à une classe multiculturelle lors de l’enseignement des questions internationales en explorant la pédagogie de la décolonisation, qui comprend des théories et des apports conceptuels venant des études postcoloniales ainsi que de la théorie critique de la race. Y inclus sont des histoires d’étudiants afin d’engager une discussion sur la pédagogie et de proposer des constructions théoriques pour examiner et critiquer les réactions à ces histoires. Spanish Este ensayo examina las complejidades inherentes a enseñar asuntos internacionales a un salón de clase diverso mediante la exploración de una pedagogía descolonizante que incluye teorías y entendimientos provenientes de estudios postcoloniales y teorías de raza críticas y espaciales. Yo incluyo teorías de estudiantes para comprometernos en un discurso de pedagogía y proveer construcciones teóricas para examinar y criticar las reacciones a estas historias.
Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe
Authors: Oberthür T. , Weiser T. W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGold mineralization at the Viceroy Mine is hosted in extensional veins in steep shear zones that transect metabasalts of the Archaean Arcturus Formation. The gold mineralization is generally made up of banded or massive quartz carrying abundant coarse arsenopyrite. However, most striking is a distinct suite of Au-Bi-Te-S minerals, namely joseite-A (Bi4TeS2), joseite-B (Bi4Te2S), hedleyite (Bi7Te3), ikunolite (Bi4S3), ‘protojoseite’ (Bi3TeS), an unnamed mineral (Bi6Te2S), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), native Bi, native gold, maldonite (Au2Bi), and jonassonite (AuBi5S4). The majority of the Bi-Te-S phases is characterized by Bi/(Se+Te) ratios of >1. Accordingly, this assemblage formed at reduced conditions at relatively low fS2 and fTe2. Fluid-inclusion thermometry indicates depositional temperatures of the main stage of mineralization of up to 342°C, in the normal range of mesothermal, orogenic gold deposits worldwide. However, melting temperatures of Au-Bi-Te phases down to at least 235°C (assemblage (Au2Bi + Bi + Bi7Te3)) imply that the Au-Bi-Te phases have been present as liquids or melt droplets. Furthermore, the close association of native gold, native bismuth and other Bi-Te-S phases suggests that gold was scavenged from the hydrothermal fluids by Bi-Te-S liquids or melts. It is concluded that a liquid/melt-collecting mechanism was probably active at Viceroy Mine, where the distinct Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage either formed late as part of the main, arsenopyrite-dominated mineralization, or it represents a different mineralization event, related to rejuvenation of the shear system. In either case, some of the gold may have been extracted from pre-existing, gold-bearing arsenopyrite by Bi-Te-S melts, thus leading to an upgrade of the gold ores at Viceroy. The Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage represents an epithermal-style mineralization overprinted on an otherwise mesothermal (orogenic) gold mineralization.
High-throughput sequencing screen reveals novel, transforming RAS mutations in myeloid leukemia patients
Authors: Tyner Jeffrey W. , Erickson Heidi , Deininger Michael W. N. , Willis Stephanie G. , Eide Christopher A. , Levine Ross L. , Heinrich Michael C. , Gattermann Norbert , Gilliland D. Gary , Druker Brian J. , Loriaux Marc M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransforming mutations in NRAS and KRAS are thought to play a causative role in the development of numerous cancers, including myeloid malignancies. Although mutations at amino acids 12, 13, or 61 account for the majority of oncogenic Ras variants, we hypothesized that less frequent mutations at alternate residues may account for disease in some patients with cancer of unexplained genetic etiology. To search for additional, novel RAS mutations, we sequenced all coding exons in NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS in 329 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, 32 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) patients, and 96 healthy individuals. We detected 4 “noncanonical” point mutations in 7 patients: N-RasG60E, K-RasV14I, K-RasT74P, and K-RasA146T. All 4 Ras mutants exhibited oncogenic properties in comparison with wild-type Ras in biochemical and functional assays. The presence of transforming RAS mutations outside of positions 12, 13, and 61 reveals that alternate mechanisms of transformation by RAS may be overlooked in screens designed to detect only the most common RAS mutations. Our results suggest that RAS mutations may play a greater role in leukemogenesis than currently believed and indicate that high-throughput screening for mutant RAS alleles in cancer should include analysis of the entire RAS coding region.
New insights into the biology and origin of mature aggressive B-cell lymphomas by combined epigenomic, genomic, and transcriptional profiling
Authors: Martín-Subero José I. , Kreuz Markus , Bibikova Marina , Bentink Stefan , Ammerpohl Ole , Wickham-Garcia Eliza , Rosolowski Maciej , Richter Julia , Lopez-Serra Lidia , Ballestar Esteban , Berger Hilmar , Agirre Xabier , Bernd Heinz-Wolfram , Calvanese Vincenzo , Cogliatti Sergio B. , Drexler Hans G. , Fan Jian-Bing , Fraga Mario F. , Hansmann Martin L. , Hummel Michael , Klapper Wolfram , Korn Bernhard , Küppers Ralf , MacLeod Roderick A. F. , Möller Peter , Ott German , Pott Christiane , Prosper Felipe , Rosenwald Andreas , Schwaenen Carsten , Schübeler Dirk , Seifert Marc , Stürzenhofecker Benjamin , Weber Michael , Wessendorf Swen , Loeffler Markus , Trümper Lorenz , Stein Harald , Spang Rainer , Esteller Manel , Barker David , Hasenclever Dirk ,   for the Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphomas Network Project of the Deutsche Krebshilfe, Siebert Reiner 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Lymphomas are assumed to originate at different stages of lymphocyte development through chromosomal aberrations. Thus, different lymphomas resemble lymphocytes at distinct differentiation stages and show characteristic morphologic, genetic, and transcriptional features. Here, we have performed a microarray-based DNA methylation profiling of 83 mature aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (maB-NHLs) characterized for their morphologic, genetic, and transcriptional features, including molecular Burkitt lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Hierarchic clustering indicated that methylation patterns in maB-NHLs were not strictly associated with morphologic, genetic, or transcriptional features. By supervised analyses, we identified 56 genes de novo methylated in all lymphoma subtypes studied and 22 methylated in a lymphoma subtype–specific manner. Remarkably, the group of genes de novo methylated in all lymphoma subtypes was significantly enriched for polycomb targets in embryonic stem cells. De novo methylated genes in all maB-NHLs studied were expressed at low levels in lymphomas and normal hematopoietic tissues but not in nonhematopoietic tissues. These findings, especially the enrichment for polycomb targets in stem cells, indicate that maB-NHLs with different morphologic, genetic, and transcriptional background share a similar stem cell–like epigenetic pattern. This suggests that maB-NHLs originate from cells with stem cell features or that stemness was acquired during lymphomagenesis by epigenetic remodeling.
Fibrinogen variant BβD432A has normal polymerization but does not bind knob “B”
Authors: Bowley Sheryl R. , Lord Susan T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFibrinogen residue Bβ432Asp is part of hole “b” that interacts with knob “B,” whose sequence starts with Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide (GHRP). Because previous studies showed BβD432A has normal polymerization, we hypothesized that Bβ432Asp is not critical for knob “B” binding and that new knob-hole interactions would compensate for the loss of this Asp residue. To test this hypothesis, we solved the crystal structure of fragment D from BβD432A. Surprisingly, the structure (rfD-BβD432A+GH) showed the peptide GHRP was not bound to hole “b.” We then re-evaluated the polymerization of this variant by examining clot turbidity, clot structure, and the rate of FXIIIa cross-linking. The turbidity and the rate of γ-γ dimer formation for BβD432A were indistinguishable compared with normal fibrinogen. Scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences between the clots of BβD432A and normal, but the thrombin-derived clots had thicker fibers than clots obtained from batroxobin, suggesting that cleavage of FpB is more important than “B:b” interactions. We conclude that hole “b” and “B:b” knob-hole binding per se have no influence on fibrin polymerization.
Smad gene expression in pulmonary fibroblasts: indications for defective ECM repair in COPD
Authors: Zandvoort Andre , Postma Dirkje S , Jonker Marnix R , Noordhoek Jacobien A , Vos Johannes TWM , Timens Wim 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by defective extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover as a result of prolonged cigarette smoking. Fibroblasts have a central role in ECM turnover. The TGFβ induced Smad pathway provides intracellular signals to regulate ECM production. We address the following hypothesis: fibroblasts have abnormal expression of genes in the Smad pathway in COPD, resulting in abnormal proteoglycan modulation, the ground substance of ECM.

Methods
We compared gene expression of the Smad pathway at different time points after stimulation with TGFβ, TNF or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in pulmonary fibroblasts of GOLD stage II and IV COPD patients, and controls.

Results
Without stimulation, all genes were similarly expressed in control and COPD fibroblasts. TGFβ stimulation: downregulation of Smad3 and upregulation of Smad7 occurred in COPD and control fibroblasts, indicating a negative feedback loop upon TGFβ stimulation. CSE hardly influenced gene expression of the TGFβ-Smad pathway in control fibroblasts, whereas it reduced Smad3 and enhanced Smad7 gene expression in COPD fibroblasts. Furthermore, decorin gene expression decreased by all stimulations in COPD but not in control fibroblasts.

Conclusion
Fibroblasts of COPD patients and controls differ in their regulation of the Smad pathway, the contrast being most pronounced under CSE exposure. This aberrant responsiveness of COPD fibroblasts to CSE might result in an impaired tissue repair capability and is likely important with regard to the question why only a subset of smokers demonstrates an excess ECM destruction under influence of cigarette smoking.
GeNESiS: gene network evolution simulation software
Authors: Kratz Anton , Tomita Masaru , Krishnan Arun 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
There has been a lot of interest in recent years focusing on the modeling and simulation of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs). However, the evolutionary mechanisms that give rise to GRNs in the first place are still largely unknown. In an earlier work, we developed a framework to analyze the effect of objective functions, input types and starting populations on the evolution of GRNs with a specific emphasis on the robustness of evolved GRNs.

Results
In this work, we present a parallel software package, GeNESiS for the modeling and simulation of the evolution of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). The software models the process of gene regulation through a combination of finite-state and stochastic models. The evolution of GRNs is then simulated by means of a genetic algorithm with the network connections represented as binary strings. The software allows users to simulate the evolution under varying selective pressures and starting conditions. We believe that the software provides a way for researchers to understand the evolutionary behavior of populations of GRNs.

Conclusion
We believe that GeNESiS will serve as a useful tool for scientists interested in understanding the evolution of gene regulatory networks under a range of different conditions and selective pressures. Such modeling efforts can lead to a greater understanding of the network characteristics of GRNs.
Loss of Notch signalling induced by Dll4 causes arterial calibre reduction by increasing endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli
Authors: Benedito Rui , Trindade Alexandre , Hirashima Masanori , Henrique Domingos , da Costa Luis Lopes , Rossant Janet , Gill Parkash S , Duarte António 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundIn the vascular system, Notch receptors and ligands are expressed mainly on arteries, with Delta-like 4 (Dll4) being the only ligand known to be expressed early during the development of arterial endothelial cells and capillaries.Dll4null embryos die very early in development with severely reduced arterial calibre and lumen and loss of arterial cell identity.ResultsThe current detailed analysis of these mutants shows that the arterial defect precedes the initiation of blood flow and that the arterialDll4-/-endothelial cells proliferate and migrate more actively.Dll4-/-mutants reveal a defective basement membrane around the forming aorta and increased endothelial cell migration from the dorsal aorta to peripheral regions, which constitute the main causes of arterial lumen reduction in these embryos. The increased proliferation and migration ofDll4-/-endothelial cells was found to coincide with increased expression of the receptors VEGFR-2 and Robo4 and with downregulation of the TGF-β accessory receptor Endoglin.ConclusionTogether, these results strongly suggest that Notch signalling can increase arterial stability and calibre by decreasing the response of arterial endothelial cells to local gradients of pro-angiogenic factors like VEGF.