bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations on a constructionist theme
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter briefly surveys various constructionist approaches, comparing and contrasting several closely related frameworks. In addition, certain mainstream generative grammar approaches that have also argued for relating semantics to formal structures are critiqued. It is argued that the generative proposals underestimate the necessity of item-specific meaning; a combination of morphologically specific and constructional generalizations are required to account for the richness and complexity of language.
Introduction: Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan
Authors: Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying contending perspectives in order to bring out the distinctive features of the conceptual approach developed in this book. The second section draws together the empirical findings of the individual chapters to sketch out a complex, multi-level comparative analysis of similarities and variations in post-war European and Japanese engagements with the American model across firms, sectors, and national economies. This stresses the creativity and reflexivity of local actors together with the resulting proliferation of hybrid forms and practices. The third and final section of the chapter considers the implications of the book's interpretation of post-war Americanization for current debates on the transfer and diffusion of foreign productive models across national borders, underlining the historical grounds for scepticism about the likelihood and desirability of international convergence around any single ‘best practice’ model of economic and technological efficiency, whether Japanese or Anglo-American.
The Explicit Economics of Knowledge Codification and Tacitness
Authors: Cowan Robin , David Paul A. , Foray Dominique 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempts to provide greater precision and clarity toward the understanding of the nature and economic significance of knowledge and its variegated forms by presenting the sceptical economist's guide to ‘tacit knowledge’. It critically reconsiders the way in which the concepts of tacitness and codification have come to be employed by economists, and develops a more coherent reconceptualization of these aspects of knowledge production and distribution activities. The chapter also shows that a proposed alternative framework for the study of knowledge codification activities offers a more useful guide for further research directed to informing public policies for science, technological innovation, and long-run economic growth.
Introduction: Comparative Perspectives on London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by describing London and Paris as the world's two leading financial centres in the 19th century. It goes on to discuss their diverging paths after the 1950s. The performances of London and Paris as financial centres are compared. An overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
The City of London and British Imperialism: New Light on an Old Question
Authors: Ferguson Niall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter seeks to reassert the importance of Britain's formal empire in the ‘unofficial mind’ of the late 19th-century City of London, suggesting that even if they did not initially see independent gold standard countries as more risky than colonies, investors learned through experience that they were. The reality was that membership of the British Empire was a more reliable ‘no default’ guarantee than adherence to the gold standard by itself. The political upheavals of the period before, during, and after the First World War revealed the limits of commitments to gold in the face of war and revolution. By the 1920s, bitter experience combined with a new regulatory environment to increase substantially the proportion of overseas investment going to the Empire.
French Banks and the Eurobonds Issue Market during the 1960s
Authors: Bussière Eric 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The first section of this chapter analyses the way the two banks fitted into the international market and managed, by putting their advantages and international alliances to good use, to win an enviable position in the Euroissues sector. The second section analyses the options open with regard to the positioning of French banks on that particular market once the initial leadership of the City banks had been challenged. The third second shows that the opening-up was embryonic and too short term. In the fourth section, however, it emerges that the activity of French banks on the international market was one of the means by which rivalry and competition were reintroduced, and that existing analyses of the role of the state in the liberalization of French banking and development of the French economy need some further thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGovernments around the world are investing resources and designing policies aimed at promoting competitiveness in new technology industries. This chapter summarizes key findings from the study, emphasizing the on-going importance of national institutional frameworks in structuring patterns of innovation within the economy. While evidence from the US, UK, Germany, and Sweden support comparative institutional approaches such as the varieties of capitalism theory, evidence from the study does show that public policy is an important complement to institutions, and can be used to enhance national competitiveness in new technology industries.
Corporate Governance in International Joint Ventures: Toward a Theory of Partner Preferences
Authors: Child John , Rodrigues Suzana B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter broadens current agency approaches by exploring CG in international joint ventures (IJVs) as investments that entail more pronounced risks than usual and ‘multiple agency’ problems. A typology of those risks is offered, and appropriate CG structures are made contingent to the relevance of different types of risk, under the assumption of partners' preference for risk reduction. The argument, substantiated by various examples of IJV in China and Brazil, leads to the identification of four main governance configurations, and draws out the implications of these solutions for economic development.
The Death of Government by Consensus, 1630–1648
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Christian IV's reign constituted an important precursor to the establishment of hereditary, absolute monarchy in Denmark. The political dysfunction of the period 1629-48 created the conditions that made the imposition of a new regime possible. Topics covered include war finance, foreign policy, constitutional conflict, and the end of the regime.
The Argument from Religious Experience
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Large numbers of people have religious experiences in the sense of experiences which seem to them to be experiences of God. It is a basic epistemological principle, the principle of credulity, that — in absence of counter-evidence — we should believe that things are as they seem to be. The only kind of counter-evidence which would tend to show a religious experience not to be veridical would be any evidence tending to show that there is no God. In the absence of any such evidence, any religious experience is evidence for the subject (and via his testimony, for others) of the existence of God.
2 Modern Liberalism and its Critics
Authors: WATERS BRENT 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter assesses the rise of modern liberalism by examining the works of selected theorists and their fellow liberal critics. The first section summarizes the origins and subsequent development of modern liberal thinking on the family by examining the works of Hugo Grotius and Johannes Althusius, followed by contractarian (Thomas Hobbes and John Locke) and Kantian revisions. The following two sections contrast the works of leading liberal theorists John Rawls and Susan Moller Okin with critics Peter and Brigitte Berger and Christopher Lasch.
Ussher and the Defence of Episcopacy
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In 1640, Ussher went to England for the first time in fourteen years. Though his ostensible reason was to present the subsidies of the Irish convocation to the King, it is clear that his visit was also a product of the new political environment in England, following the King's problems with Scotland and the resultant recall of parliament. Ussher soon fitted back in to his routine of study in Oxford and Cambridge, but he was also consulted by leading figures in London on important ecclesio-political issues. In particular, following the meeting of the Long Parliament, Ussher came increasingly to be seen as someone whose learning — particularly his study of the early church father, Ignatius — could offer a way out for those moderate protestants seeking to replace the Laudian episcopate with an alternative, without opting for presbyterianism. In 1641, Ussher produced for private circulation his Reduction of Episcopacy, a draft constitution for a new Church of England which sought to combine bishops with synods. In the end, the growing extremism meant that such a compromise had no hope of success.
Multinationals and National Business Systems: A ‘Power and Institutions’ Perspective
Authors: Ferner Anthony , Tempel Anne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a conceptual framework for understanding the cross-national transfer of human resource management and employment relations policies in US multinationals. The framework draws on institutionalist theory, arguing that multinationals’ embeddedness within the institutions of their parent-country business system influences how these firms operate abroad. However, weaknesses in current strands of institutionalism need to be addressed. In particular, existing theory has tended to neglect questions of power. The chapter considers how institutional and power perspectives may be integrated. It focuses on the interaction between power and institutions at multiple levels, notably at the organizational level of ‘micropolitics’ within multinationals, and at the macro-level of nation states. The cross-national transfer of HR policies and practices within multinationals is seen as the movement of practices across institutional domains by actors with divergent interests in the transfer, and with differential power resources with which to effect or inhibit it.
Theto-infinitive as goal-argument
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that some purpose adjuncts were reinterpreted as GOAL-arguments of conatives and verbs of persuading and urging. This involved a semantic change of the higher verb. Verbs meaning ‘exert oneself’ came to mean ‘exert oneself in order to’, hence ‘strive, try’, i.e., a conative, with the following to-infinitive, originally there as purpose adjunct, becoming a GOAL-argument of that verb. The GOAL-argument of verbs of persuading and urging underwent a similar change. That these to-infinitives are indeed arguments in Old English and no longer adjuncts is shown by syntactic tests. That the to-infinitive after these verbs started out as a purpose adjunct is clear from the fact that the other two expressions that are available to encode the GOAL-argument are the to-prepositional phrase and the subjunctive þæt-clause — both, like the to-infinitive, regularly used to encode purpose adjuncts.
The rise ofto-infinitival Exceptional Case-Marking
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the rise of to-infinitival Exceptional Case-Marking (ECM) constructions as in, He believes the results to be unscientific, in late Middle English. It argues that a distinction should be made between the construction after verbs like want (I want you to do it), which appears to arise out of a reanalysis of the to-infinitive as THEME with verbs of commanding and permitting, and the construction after verbs like believe (‘the verbs of thinking and declaring’). It is argued that emergence of ECMs with believe-verbs is connected with changes in information structure causes by the loss of verb-second. The register restriction on this type of ECM, as well as the restriction on embedded subjects (witness *They alleged the results to be unscientific), appears to suggest that the construction is still outside the core grammar of English and requires additional routines (viruses) that are acquired after the core grammar is in place.
Associating Local Strategies of Global Reach: Horsens, Lake Mills, Eastbourne, and APV
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the growth of the MNC using the example of four distinct firms, which after struggling for survival as more or less independent entities for over a century, came together in the 1970s and 1980s to form a single MNC. These independent firms each entered into the MNC for their own reasons, seeing this as the preferred alternative among several possibilities. In two out of three cases, the firms in question were already pursuing a multinational strategy of their own, whether individually or as part of a larger group. Since these efforts had failed or were about to, with their prospects looking bleak, each firm opted instead to become part of APV. But as their separate histories reveal, it was by no means predetermined that APV would become the firm that constituted the MNC headquarters and thereby end up seeing itself as acquiring the right to manage the others.
Pragmatic Solutions: From Procedural Justice to Learning by Monitoring
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The process of learning by monitoring may be initiated at many different levels within an MNC, but the key question is to what extent it spreads to involve all relevant parties. If learning by monitoring is to make full use of the tacit and informal knowledge available within the firm, employees and their representatives must be able to play an active part in shaping the discursive standards used in the mutual assessment of projects and performance. Without such involvement, what can be learned through monitoring may be restricted to certain positional strategies and routines whose effects depend on being balanced by other positional strategies that remain unrecognized. And without broad participation by the workforce and its representatives in the learning-by-monitoring process, it may prove difficult to overcome the organizational barriers to the development of pragmatic collaboration presented by managerial opportunism and traditional conceptions of ownership rights.
The Common Sense and the Related Capacities
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The conceptual division of the soul enables Aristotle not only to proceed systematically by explaining one capacity of the soul after another, but also to divide the soul along different joints , and thus to account for other, more complex, activities of animals. This is what Aristotle does in some treatises from the collection Parva Naturalia. In this chapter some crucial distinctions are drawn. First, there is the perceptual capacity of the soul which can operate not only as this or that individual sense, but also, on account of its unity, as a higher-order perceptual power which co-ordinates and monitors the senses. This power is known as the ‘common sense’ in the Aristotelian tradition, and it is the subject of the rest of this book. Second, there is the sensory capacity of the soul which comprises the perceptual capacity described above plus the imaginative capacity. This more general capacity can operate not only as perception or as imagination, but it can also combine their activities. It will be shown that this latter power is what Aristotle himself calls the ‘common sense’. Failure to observe these distinctions is the main source of problems surrounding Aristotle's notion of the common sense.
Overlooked Occurrences of the Phrase ‘Common Sense’
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
It has often been claimed that the phrase ‘common sense’ occurs only three or four times in the Aristotelian corpus. However, the phrase ‘common sense’ can also be found in Historia Animalium I.3 489 a 17 and Metaphysics I.1 981 b 14. This chapter examines the two overlooked occurrences to see what the phrase ‘common sense’ means there. In the overlooked occurrences the phrase ‘common sense’ refers to the individual senses, to the sense of touch in particular, or to the five individual senses indiscriminately. There the phrase is not a proper name for any particular perceptual capacity, but rather a description applicable to the individual senses in certain contexts. Aristotle describes the individual senses as ‘common’ to bring out the fact that they are shared by animals of different species.
Introduction: Setting the Scene
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the historians included in this book: Nicolaus, Memnon, Diodorus, Trogus, Posidonius, and the author of 1 Maccabees. They are, consciously or unconsciously, post-Polybian in their choice of subject matter and thematic approach. Although several of the historians in question wrote on diverse matters, even within their histories, their common element is a treatment of contemporary history from 146 BC onwards. Moreover, they all address the role of Rome in the wider Mediterranean.
The Power of the Intellectual: Leading Thinkers, Thinking Leaders
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe essential question of this chapter is the limitations on and sources of power available to the provincial intellectual. The type of power in question here is twofold, the ability to control one's own circumstances and the ability to control those of others. After a preliminary discussion of the nature of intellectual activity and its relationship to elite culture in the ancient world, the discussion will be divided into two overarching sections. The first explores constraints on an intellectual's ability to determine his own destiny, that is to say his lack of freedom to choose his geographical location, political allegiances, and the effects of restricted personal liberty through enslavement and manumission. The second section lays out those situations in which intellectuals achieved authority and influence over others, namely through association with political dynasts and by taking up magisterial roles within their local communities. The chapter concludes with two case studies, focusing on the career paths of Theophanes of Mytilene and Nicolaus of Damascus.
Theory and Method
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIt is not a new idea that in antiquity intellectual activity could have a political dimension, particularly among non-Romans during the Late Republic. However, the poor survival rate of the relevant texts has meant that little attention is given to the writings themselves. Most of the intellectuals of central political influence are known only through testimonia, instead of via their own words. These difficulties can be overcome partially by positing a certain degree of unity amongst the intellectual elite throughout the Mediterranean. This premise allows for a reconstruction of the range of representations of and responses to a particular stimulus, namely the development of Roman hegemony. Statements made by non-Romans regarding Roman engagements outside Italy are not just reflections of reality, but are also attempts to direct the perspective of the elite, both Roman and provincial, and thereby redirect their future interactions.
From the Outside Looking in: Roman Culture and Domestic Politics
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates the characterization of Rome particularly with reference to her domestic affairs. It also looks at the presentation of Rome's actions outside Italy and progresses from instances in which Rome treats the peoples and lands as separate sovereign bodies to those instances where Rome is the primary authority within the region in question. Of course, the distinction between these two sorts of case allows for much interpretation and many intermediary steps. Again, it is important to recall that the discussion is not concerned with ‘reality’ per se, but the authorial representations and evaluations of Roman actions.
The Romans Abroad: Force, Diplomacy, and the Management of Empire
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs the Romans expanded their hegemony over the Mediterranean basin and beyond, their methods of engagement varied to suit individual situations and shifting objectives. These methods moulded the impressions of the local elite and their attitudes to the new ruling power. In composing the contemporary historical record of Roman dominion, the core authors in this book had the greatest opportunity to express their views on the approach of the new ruling power and its representatives. All the events discussed in this chapter took place within the living memory of the authors and were decisive in shaping the world in which they lived. As members of the provincial elite, the core authors offer unusual perspectives on these events originating from the subjugated peoples.
Aspects of the ‘Great’ Persecution
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reprints Ste. Croix's 1954 Harvard Theological Review article on the ‘Great’ Persecution of the early 4th century, when Diocletian and his imperial colleagues issued four edicts of persecution between 303 and 304. The thrust of these edicts was to reverse a generation of toleration which the Church had enjoyed, but their enforcement was patchy and needs to be understood within the context of the operation of Roman imperial administration, which depended to an extent upon the preferences of individual governors for the implementation of imperial legislation. The contrasting implementation of the edicts between the eastern and western halves of the empire is investigated, with particular reference to the evidence from North Africa and Eusebius' account of the Palestinian martyrs.
Heresy, Schism, and Persecution in the Later Roman Empire
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. , Streeter Joseph 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses how the Church, after enduring persecution during its first three centuries, emerged as a triumphant and highly effective persecuting force during the next three centuries, with pagans, Jews, Manichees, and Christian heretics as its victims. In contrast to the pre-Christian Roman Empire, which was remarkably willing to accept most new religions, Christianity was a jealous religion and quickly used the privileges secured through Constantine's conversion to involve the Roman state in enforcing its wishes. The conflict in North Africa between Donatists and Catholics provided the trigger, but also demonstrated the problems of enforcing imperial wishes on groups whose earlier experience of persecution had stiffened their resolve. The evidence for the rigour of the Church's views on the persecution of heresy is analysed, before an editorial appendix considers the wider issue of religious toleration in classical antiquity and how the triumph of Christianity affected this.