bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroless plating of moisture‐curable polyurethane undercoating films
Authors: Sipaut C. S. , Ibrahim M. N. Mohamad , Izat M. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe compatibility of using moisture‐curable polyurethane (MCPU) system as a thin undercoating layer with electroless plating process was evaluated. The characteristics of the MCPU before and after chemical etching treatment were analyzed using atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electrode microscope (SEM), contact‐angle measurements, and (Fourier‐Transform Infrared) FTIR spectroscopy. We found that surface morphology and roughness of the MCPU is affected by curing period and etching times. A proper combination of curing period and etching times are critical for obtaining a fully metallized surface. All MCPU samples that were etched for 15 min show poor plating performance due to surface damage caused by mild etching treatment. A standard pull‐off testing method (ASTM 4541) was used to evaluate the adhesion strength of nickel–MCPU. Only samples that were postcured for 4 days show influence of surface roughness on adhesion strength. On average, samples that were postcured for 7 days before electroless plating showed better adhesion of nickel–MCPU compared with samples that were postcured for 2 or 4 days. The results show that MCPU system can be used as a thin undercoating layer for electroless plating. It also offers smooth metal–polymer interface and therefore has the potential to be exploited for use in many electroless plating applications including in the decorative such as ornaments and display items and also in electronic industries. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1554–1565, 2007
Effect of oleyl amine on SBR compounds filled with silane modified silica
Authors: Valentín J. L. , Mora‐Barrantes I. , Rodríguez A. , Ibarra L. , Gonzalez L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of oleyl amine on processing and physical properties of SBR compounds filled with silane–silica particles has been evaluated. Two different types of silane molecules have been used as coupling agents to minimize the silica–silica interactions and reduce the formation of secondary structures of silica, in addition with an increment in the filler–rubber interactions. Significant differences between those compounds have been found according with the silane structure. However, in both cases, the dynamic, rheological, and mechanical properties of the filled rubber compounds were improved after the incorporation of oleyl amine molecules. This fact could be related with the capacity of the amine molecules to interact with the free silanol groups of silane‐modified silica forming an amine‐modified silica complex, which reduces the hydrophilic nature of the silica surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1806–1814, 2007
Distribution of acrylic acid grafted chains introduced into polyethylene film by simultaneous radiation grafting with water and ethanol as solvents
Authors: Hou Zhengchi , Chen Shuang , Sheng Kanglong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto low‐density polyethylene films by simultaneous γ‐ray irradiation was carried out. The effect of water and ethanol as grafting solvents on the distribution of grafted poly (acrylic acid) in the low‐density polyethylene films was studied with optical microscopy observations of dyed and sliced samples and attenuated total reflection/Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis. When no vigorous homopolymerization occurred, both polyethylene and poly(acrylic acid) existed in the grafted layer, and the thickness of the grafted layer and the poly(acrylic acid) concentration in the grafted layer increased with an increasing degree of grafting, regardless of the grafting conditions, the former increasing faster than the latter. In comparison with water as the solvent, in the absence of the inhibitor, homopolymerization could be suppressed to a certain degree in the ethanol solvent system, whereas in the presence of the inhibitor, obvious homopolymerization occurred at a lower monomer concentration, and both the degree of grafting and the thickness of the grafted layer were lower. Such differences could be explained by the chain transfer and the relatively low solubility of poly(acrylic acid) in ethanol. In addition, an experimental scheme using optical microscopy to observe the dyed and sliced polymers was optimized. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1570–1577, 2007
Characterization of polyurethane foam prepared by using starch as polyol
Authors: Kwon Oh‐Jin , Yang Seong‐Ryul , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Park Jong‐Shin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyurethane foams were prepared using starch as a main component of polyols and their structural, mechanical, and absorbing properties for organic solvents were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that urethane linkage was formed by the reactions between NCO of diisocyanates and OH of polyols. When polyurethane foams were prepared at high molar ratio of NCO/OH, the unreacted NCO groups were detected. Also, urea linkage was formed by the reaction between diisocyanate and water, which was used as the foaming agent. The micrographs showed that the polyurethane foams had closed‐cell structure, of which the cell size increased with NCO/OH molar ratio. The density of polyurethane foams increased with molecular weight of polyethylene glycol. The compressive moduli of polyurethane foams increased with NCO/OH molar ratio. Polyurethane foams prepared using toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate as diisocyanate had the highest modulus, while those prepared using hexamethylene diisocyanate had the lowest modulus. In case of the absorbency for the organic solvents, the polyurethane foams prepared at NCO/OH molar ratio of 0.8 had the maximum absorbency. Among several organic solvents, the absorbency for dimethyl sulfoxide was the highest, while the absorbency for tetrahydrofuran was the lowest. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1544–1553, 2007
Growth and characterization of LiF single crystal fibers
Authors: Alshourbagy M. , Parisi D. , Toncelli A. , Tonelli M. , Marchetti F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSingle crystal LiF fibers have been grown by the micro‐pulling‐down (µ‐PD) technique. The fibers are 0.6 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length and of good optical quality. We describe the experimental apparatus for growth and analyze the sample structure and its spectroscopic characteristics. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of substrate temperature on microcrystalline structure and optical properties of ZnTe thin films
Authors: Amutha R. , Subbarayan A. , Sathyamoorthy R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZnTe thin films were deposited onto well‐cleaned glass substrates kept at different temperatures (Ts = 303, 373 and 423 K), by vacuum evaporation method under the pressure of 10–5 Torr. The thickness of the film was measured by quartz crystal monitor and verified by the multiple beam interferometer method. The structural characterization was made using X‐ray diffractometer with filtered CuKα radiation. The grain sizes of the microcrystallines in films increases with increase in substrate temperature. The strain (ε), grain size (D) and dislocation density (δ) was calculated and results are discussed based on substrate temperature. Optical behaviour of the film was analyzed from transmittance spectra in the visible region (400–800 nm). The optical transition in ZnTe films is direct and allowed type. The optical band gap energy shows an inverse dependence on substrate temperature and thickness. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of substrate temperature and oxygen/argon flow ratio on the electrical and optical properties of Ga‐doped ZnO thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kim Sookjoo , Jeon Jinho , Kim Hyoun Woo , Lee Jae Gab , Lee Chongmu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of substrate temperature and atmosphere on the electrical and optical properties of Ga‐doped ZnO thin films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering were investigated. The electrical resistivity of Ga‐doped ZnO (GZO) films decreases as the substrate temperature increases from room temperature to 300°C. A minimum resistivity of 3.3 × 10–4 Ω cm is obtained at 300°C and then the resistivity increases with a further increase in the substrate temperature to 400°C. This change in resistivity with the substrate temperature is related to the crystallinity of the GZO film. The resistivity nearly does not change with the O2/Ar flow ratio, R for R < 0.25 but increases rapidly with R for R > 0.25. This change in resistivity with R is also related to crystallinity. The crystallinity is enhanced as R increases, but if the oxygen partial pressure is higher than a certain level (R = 0.25 ± 0.10) gallium oxides precipitate at grain boundaries, which decrease both carrier concentration and mobility. Optical transmittance increases as R increases for R < 0.75. This change in transmittance with R is related to changes in oxygen vacancy concentration and surface roughness with R. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of semiorganic NLO crystals of LAHClBr
Authors: Thomas P. C. , Aruna S. , Anuradha A. , Packiam Julius J. , Arul Pragasam A. Joseph , Sagayaraj P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSingle crystals of non‐linear optical (NLO) LAHClBr were grown by slow evaporation technique from its aqueous solution. Good optical quality crystals having dimensions up to 12 × 9 × 7 mm3 were obtained. The lattice parameters and morphology for the grown crystals were determined using single crystal XRD. The crystals were characterized by FT‐Raman, optical absorption, thermal (DTA and TGA) and dielectric studies. LAHClBr was found to be thermally stable up to 124.3°C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Refinement, comparisonal study and EPR measurements on the molecular structure of NN‐diethyldithiocarbamate of Zn(II) and Cd(II)
Authors: Pokhrel S. , Nagaraja K. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe accidental formation of Zn(II) bis(N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate) (1) and Cd(II) bis(N,N diethyldithiocarbamate) (2) during the synthesis of the target heterobinuclear Mo‐Cd‐dithiocarbamate or Mo‐Zn‐dithiocarbamtes were crystallized and the molecular structures were determined. As the dispute over the presence of Mo with Zn‐dithiocarbamate existed, single crystal EPR measurement was performed. Interestingly the doublet EPR signals of 63Cu and 65Cu patterns were observed. Single crystals of Zn2(Et2dtc)4 containing approximately 2% of Cu2+ in the host lattice showed the doublet spectral characteristic of the Cu2+ ions (S = 1/2, I = 3/2). Both the molecular structures 1 and 2 were identical dimers. The cell parameters of the crystals were refined with low residual factor compared to those of the reported structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coulometry on the Voltammetric Timescale: Microdisk Potential‐Step Chronoamperometry in Aprotic Solvents Reliably Measures the Number of Electrons Transferred in an Electrode Process Simultaneously with the Diffusion Coefficients of the Electroactive Species
Authors: Paddon Christopher A. , Silvester Debbie S. , Bhatti Farrah L. , Donohoe Timothy J. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicrodisk, single potential‐step chronoamperometry, is applied to a range of organic substrates in the aprotic solvents tetrahydrofuran, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile and the room temperature ionic liquid [C4dmim][N(Tf)2]. Fitting of the chronoamperometric transients was achieved using the Shoup and Szabo method [3]. Accurate values for the diffusion coefficients, D, and the number of electron(s) transferred, n, in the electrode process have been simultaneously and consistently obtained. This method is shown to be generally applicable and reliable for the determination of the number of electrons transferred in faradaic processes uncomplicated by relatively slow coupled homogeneous kinetics. Since the experiment is conducted essentially on typical voltammetric timescales it can be commended as a complementary technique for classical coulometry which is only possible on much longer timescales. The chronoamperometric method is therefore likely to be of greater relevance to the interpretation of voltammetric data.
Simplified seismic analysis of one‐way asymmetric elastic systems with supplemental damping
Authors: Lin Jui‐Liang , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the effectiveness of the modal analysis using two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2DOF) modal stick to deal with the seismic analysis of one‐way asymmetric elastic systems with supplemental damping. The 2DOF modal stick possessing the non‐proportional damping property enables the modal translation and rotation to not be proportional even at elastic state. The analytical results of one‐storey and three‐storey buildings obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by direct integration of the equation of motion and conventional approximate method, which neglects the off‐diagonal elements in the transformed damping matrix. It is found that the proposed simplified method, compared to conventional approximate methods, can significantly improve the accuracy of the analytical results and, at the same time, without obviously increasing computational efforts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy functions for FACTS devices with an energy‐storage system
Authors: Azbe V. , Mihalic R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn energy‐storage system (ESS) can provide additional capabilities for FACTS devices in dynamic power‐flow control, and in this way improve electric‐power system stability. In order to assess their influence on the system's dynamic behavior or to determinate the device's control strategy using direct methods, proper energy functions for these devices are needed. In this paper the energy functions for the whole spectrum of FACTS devices with an ESS have been developed. For each of the devices various energy functions were proposed according to the control strategy applied. The energy functions were constructed as additional terms that can be added to any existing structure‐preserving energy function (SPEF). Tests within a single‐machine infinite‐bus system proved the correctness of the proposed energy functions. The application of new energy functions was demonstrated on the problem of transient‐stability assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression analysis of TFII‐I modulated genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Chimge Nyam‐Osor , Mungunsukh Ognoon , Ruddle Frank , Bayarsaihan Dashzeveg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTFII‐I is a founding member of a family of helix–loop–helix transcription factors involved in modulation of genes through interaction with various nuclear factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. Recent studies indicate that TFII‐I performs important function in cell physiology and mouse embryogenesis. In order to understand its molecular role, TFII‐I was overexpressed in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and alterations in gene expression were monitored with a mouse 16 K oligonucleotide microarray. These studies allowed us to identify genes that lie downstream of TFII‐I‐dependent pathways. Among the modulated candidates were genes involved in the immunity response, catalytic activity, signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation. Expression of several candidates including those for the interferon‐stimulated protein (G1p2), small inducible cytokine A7 (Ccl7), ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme 8 (Ube2l6), cysteine‐rich protein (Csrp2) and Drosophila delta‐like 1 homolog (Dlk1) were confirmed by real‐time PCR. The obtained results suggest that TFII‐I participates in multiple signaling and regulatory pathways in MEFs. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:225–235, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microreactor Array Assembly, Designed for Diversity Oriented Synthesis Using a Multiple Core Structure Library on Solid Support
Authors: Groß G. Alexander , Wurziger Hanns , Schlingloff Gregor , Schober Andreas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe application of spatially encoded principles in solid phase combinatorial synthesis requires no chemical or physical coding strategies. The resulting products are encoded by their position inside the array and their synthesis history. The advantages of microreactor arrays for solid phase synthesis as one of the embodiments in the field of microreaction technology are discussed. Here, we review the reactor design, necessary process steps, and a strategy for the diversity oriented array synthesis. In particular, the glass‐made microreactor and its assembly for 1563 parallel solid phase reactions, which can be performed at temperatures up to 120 °C, are described. Bead loading and liquid handling steps were adapted to this array. The production of large libraries demands suitable synthesis protocols and building blocks. The optimization of appropriate synthesis conditions is a time‐consuming process. A multiple core structure library approach for the efficient synthesis of diverse heterocyclic libraries is described. The aim of this work was to prove the feasibility of the glass‐microreaction array for massive parallel library synthesis.
Temporal/spatial structure and the dynamical property of laboratory host‐parasitoid systems
Authors: Tuda Midori 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of spatial structure in terms of local capacity, or the maximum number of larvae surviving competition at resource patches, and temporal structure in terms of the period vulnerable to parasitoid attack in host populations on the persistence of host‐parasitoid systems were quantitatively evaluated by laboratory experiments and well‐parameterized model analyses. One of two bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus and C. phaseoli, were used as a host with Heterospilus prosopidis used as the parasitoid. C. maculatus, in which few larvae survive competition to become adults in each bean, and C. phaseoli, in which many larvae become adults in each bean, along with two kinds of beans, the mung and the azuki, were combined to construct four (2×2) resource‐herbivorous host‐parasitoid systems that differed in local capacity and vulnerable period. The mung‐C. maculatus system with the parasitoid was the most persistent, i.e., took the longest time for extinction of either the host or parasitoid to occur. Since this resource‐herbivorous host combination exhibited the lowest local capacity and the shortest vulnerable period, these two conditions possibly promoted the persistence of the system. A model incorporating the host population structure supported the observed persistence. Furthermore, the possible contribution of the timing of density‐dependent competition of the host on the host‐parasitoid persistence is predicted.
Evolution and population dynamics in stochastic environments
Authors: Yoshimura Jin , Jansen Vincent A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInter‐generational temporal variability of the environment is important in the evolution and adaptation of phenotypic traits. We discuss a population‐dynamic approach which plays a central role in the analysis of evolutionary processes. The basic principle is that the phenotypes with the greatest long‐term average growth rate will dominate the entire population. The calculation of longterm average growth rates for populations under temporal stochasticity can be highly cumbersome. However, for a discrete non‐overlapping population, it is identical to the geometric mean of the growth rates (geometric mean fitness), which is usually different from the simple arithmetic mean of growth rates. Evolutionary outcomes based on geometric mean fitness are often very different from the predictions based on the usual arithmetic mean fitness. In this paper we illustrate the concept of geometric mean fitness in a few simple models. We discuss its implications for the adaptive evolution of phenotypes, e.g. foraging under predation risks and clutch size. Next, we present an application: the risk‐spreading egg‐laying behaviour of the cabbage white butterfly, and develop a two‐patch population dynamic model to show how the optimal solution diverges from the ssual arithmetic mean approach. The dynamics of these stochastic models cannot be predicted from the dynamics of simple deterministic models. Thus the inclusion of stochastic factors in the analyses of populations is essential to the understanding of not only population dynamics, but also their evolutionary dynamics.
Male mating behavior in relation to spermatophore transfer in the white cabbage butterfly
Authors: Kandori Ikuo , Ohsaki Naota 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lifetime mating frequency of female butterflies is believed tobe dependent on the reproductive status of the males which they have mated. This report assesses those status using Pieris rapae L. Multiple mating females mated males with a short time interval after the last mating or males with many mating records. Such males, like small ones, produced small spermatophores during copulation, which may have resulted in high mating frequency of those females. The males with short time interval after the last mating or those with many mating records also showed a long mating duration. Alternative interpretations of the adaptive significance of this behavior for males are discussed.
Mathematical model allowing the coexistence of closely related competitors at the initial stage of evolution
Authors: Yomo Tetsuya , Xu Wei‐Zhong , Urabe Itaru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mathematical model presented here aims to elucidate the essential mechanisms of coexistence of species, especially those of closely related forms, as a result of competition in the same environment. It describes a system where the fate of the competitors or mutants is observed at the initial stage of evolution. The model encompasses both the external variables and the internal state of the competitors, which differ only in one of the metabolic rate constants. Results of simulations, even with the simplified form of the model, show that stable coexistence of closely related forms in a uniform environment is possible. In addition, the model allows the analysis of the limitations on the level of differences and similarities among the competitors for achieving a state of coexistence. The essential mechanisms for the coexistence of closely related competitors are proposed to be the involvement of the metabolic network in allowing the same growth rate of competitors which have different internal states, and the interplay between the internal states of the competitors and the external variables of their environment.