bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Over‐expression of LeNCED1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with the rbcS3C promoter allows recovery of lines that accumulate very high levels of abscisic acid and exhibit severe phenotypes
Authors: TUNG SWEE ANG , SMEETON RACHEL , WHITE CHARLOTTE A. , BLACK COLIN R. , TAYLOR IAN B. , HILTON HOWARD W. , THOMPSON ANDREW J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTPrevious work where 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) was over‐expressed using the constitutive Gelvin Superpromoter resulted in mild increases in abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, accompanied by stomatal closure and increased water‐use efficiency (WUE), but with apparently little impact on long‐term biomass production. However, one of the negative effects of the over‐expression of NCED using constitutive promoters in tomato was increased seed dormancy. Here we report the use of the rbcS3C promoter, from a gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), to drive LeNCED1 transgene expression in tomato in a light‐responsive and circadian manner. In comparison to the constitutive promoter, the rbcS3C promoter allowed the generation of transgenic plants with much higher levels of ABA accumulation in leaves and sap, but the effect on seed dormancy was diminished. These plants displayed the expected reductions in stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, but they also exhibited a severe set of symptoms that included perturbed cotyledon release from the testa, increased photobleaching in young seedlings, substantially reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content, interveinal leaf flooding, and greatly reduced growth. These symptoms illustrate adverse consequences of long‐term, very high ABA accumulation. Only more moderate increases in ABA biosynthesis are likely to be useful in the context of agriculture. Implications are discussed for the design of transgenic ‘high ABA’ plants that exhibit increased WUE but have minimal negative phenotypic effects.
Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on celery
Authors: Vovlas N. , Lucarelli G. , Sasanelli N. , Troccoli A. , Papajova I. , Palomares‐Rius J. E. , Castillo P. 
Published: March 2008

Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships in root‐knot disease of celery (Apium graveolens ) caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Naturally and artificially infected celery cv. D’elne plants showed severe yellowing and stunting, with heavily deformed and damaged root systems. Nematode‐induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and commonly contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm of giant cells was aggregated along their thickened cell walls and consequently the vascular tissues within galls appeared disrupted and disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density (Pi) and growth of celery plants was tested in glasshouse experiments with inoculum levels that varied from 0 to 512 eggs and second‐stage juveniles (J2) mL−1 soil. Seinhorst's model y = m + (1 – m)zP–T was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. The tolerance limit with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of celery to M. incognita race 1 was estimated as 0·15 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil. The minimum relative values (m) for plant height and top fresh weight were 0·37 and 0·35, respectively, at Pi ≥ 16 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf/Pi) was 407·6 at an initial population density (Pi) of 4 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil.
Identification of molecular markers linked to a gene conferring resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) in Coffea arabica
Authors: Gichuru E. K. , Agwanda C. O. , Combes M. C. , Mutitu E. W. , Ngugi E. C. K. , Bertrand B. , Lashermes P. 
Published: March 2008

Coffee berry disease (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae is a major constraint to Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) production in Africa. One source of resistance to the disease is a natural interspecific hybrid between C. arabica and C. canephora and its derivatives. This study is aimed at deciphering the genetic basis of the host resistance and identification of molecular markers associated with it. CBD is a mature stage disease and in the absence of a mature mapping population, early detection of disease reaction phenotypes of mapping individuals is required. Two F2 populations from crosses of cv. Catimor (resistant) and cv. SL28 (susceptible) were screened for resistance by a two step procedure. First, half of each population was screened 6 weeks after germination by inoculating hypocotyls with the pathogen. The surviving seedlings (G1) were considered to be resistant and were raised in a nursery together with the other unscreened halves (G2). Secondly, after one year, all the seedlings (G1 + G2) were screened by inoculation. Analysis of 57 microsatellites and 31 AFLP markers in 56 and 95 seedlings from G1 and G2, respectively, were performed. Eight AFLP and two microsatellites markers linked tightly to the resistant phenotype were identified and mapped to one unique chromosomal fragment introgressed from C. canephora. The gene conferring the resistance was localized within an 11 cM segment. It is concluded that the locus carries a major resistance gene designated Ck‐1, which is likely to be synonymous to the T gene described in previous studies.
Sediment transport in analogue flume models compared with real‐world sedimentary systems: a new look at scaling evolution of sedimentary systems in a flume
Authors: POSTMA G. , KLEINHANS M. G. , MEIJER P. TH. , EGGENHUISEN J. T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEvolution of sedimentary systems at large temporal and spatial scales cannot be scaled down to laboratory dimensions by conventional hydraulic Froude scaling. Therefore, many researchers question the validity of experiments aiming to simulate this evolution. Yet, it has been shown that laboratory experiments yield stratigraphic responses to allocyclic forcing that are remarkably similar to those in real‐world prototypes, hinting at scale independency with strong dependence on boundary conditions but weak dependence on the actual sediment transport dynamics. This paper addresses the dilemma by contrasting sediment transport rules that apply in the laboratory with those that apply in real‐world geological systems. It is demonstrated that the generation of two‐dimensional stratigraphy in a flume can be simulated numerically by the non‐linear diffusion equation. Sediment transport theory is used to demonstrate that only suspension‐dominated meandering rivers should be simulated with linear diffusion. With increasing grain‐size (coarse sand to gravel) and shallowness of river systems, the prediction of long‐term transport must be simulated by non‐linear, slope‐dependent diffusion to allow for increasing transport rates and thus change in stratigraphic style. To point out these differences in stratigraphic style, three stages in infill of accommodation have been defined here: (i) a start‐up stage, when the system is prograding to base level (e.g. the shelf edge) with no sediment flux beyond the base‐level point; (ii) a fill‐up stage, when the system is further aggrading while progressively more sediment is bypassing base level with the progression of the infill; and (iii) a keep‐up stage, when more than 90% of the input is bypassing the base level and less than 10% is used for filling the accommodation. By plotting the rate of change in flux for various degrees of non‐linearity (varying the exponent in the diffusion equation) it was found that the error between model and real‐world prototype is largest for the suspension‐dominated prototypes, although never more than 30% and only at the beginning of the fill‐up stage. The error reduces to only 10% for the non‐linear sandy‐gravelly and gravelly systems. These results are very encouraging and open up ways to calibrate numerical models of sedimentary system evolution by such experiments.
Dedolomitization and calcite cementation in the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis Formation in Central Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: FU QILONG , QING HAIRUO , BERGMAN KATHERINE M. , YANG CHAO 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLimestone consisting of finely to medium crystalline calcite mosaics is present in the upper part of the Winnipegosis Formation on the east‐central margin of the Elk Point Basin where the overlying Prairie Evaporite deposits have been removed. This type of crystalline limestone is interpreted as dedolomite, based on petrographic observations. The δ18O and δ13C values of the Winnipegosis dedolomite vary from −12·8‰ to −11·9‰ VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) and from −0·5‰ to +1·7‰ VPDB, respectively; both values are significantly lower than those for the corresponding dolomite. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the dedolomite are significantly higher, between 0·7082 and 0·7087. The spatial distribution and geochemical data of the Winnipegosis dedolomite suggest that dedolomitization was related to an influx of fresh groundwater and dissolution of the Prairie Evaporite anhydrite during the latest Mississippian to the Early Cretaceous when the basin was subjected to uplift and erosion. The Winnipegosis dedolomite displays a series of replacement fabrics showing progressive calcitization of dolomite, including the occurrence of dedolomite restricted along fractures and adjacent areas, dolomite patches ‘floating’ in the dedolomite masses and massive dedolomite with sparsely scattered dolomite relicts. However, the characteristic fabrics resulting from dedolomitization documented in the literature have not been observed in the Winnipegosis dedolomite. Coarsely to very coarsely crystalline, subhedral to euhedral calcite cement is restricted in the dedolomite. The petrographic features, isotopic compositions and homogenization temperatures, coupled with the burial history of the Winnipegosis Formation, constrain the precipitation of the calcite cement from a mixing of basinal brines and fresh groundwater during Late Cretaceous to Neogene time. The more negative C‐isotopic signatures of the calcite cement (−5·3‰ to −2·3‰ VPDB) probably reflect a hydrocarbon‐derived carbon.
REPORT OF THE THOMAS BAKER MEMORIAL FELLOW FOR 1959 TO THE COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGISTS OF AUSTRALASIA
Authors: BRADLEY J. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe use of high oxygen pressures during radiotherapy should be investigated on a much wider scale than at present. Investigation of different fractionation regimes, e.g. single initial large dose, with or without oxygen, followed by fractionated therapy after an interval, forms in my opinion the most promising direction of clinical investigation. Radiotherapists should keep abreast of advances in radiation biology and be prepared to apply them to clinical situations. I found that amongst the most interesting institutions were those where radiobiologists worked closely with radiotherapists.There does not yet appear to be sufficient justification for the wide scale use of bone marrow infusions, but investigation of this interesting procedure must be continued. Intra‐arterial use of chemotherapeutic agents is, in my opinion, a distinct advance in cancer treatment and should be generally available.Electron beam therapy also has many promising features, but in view of the somewhat specialized equipment required it may be better to await the results of overseas experiences.
RADIOTHERAPEUTIC PROBLEMS IN CANCER OF THE CERVIX
Authors: NELSON ALAN J. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY

The megavoltage age demands an overhaul of principles of treatment in cancer of the cervix.
The use of megavoltage is advocated as the main treatment of the regional nodes rather than an ancillary to radium. Supplementary opposed lateral fields are recommended.
The use of a standard applicator is desirable in planning, and with the present combined technique the need to widely separate radium sources is no longer necessary.
Any applicator must be adaptable to the axis of the uterine body.
Theoretically the parametrial dose should equal that at Point B, and this is achieved by placing a wedge in each parametrial X‐ray beam designed to suit the uterovaginal radium ratio.
In describing a radiotherapeutic treatment it is considered that the dosage should be specified as “minimum and maximum parametrial dose and overall time”.
A personal preference for an optimum dose is expressed and also for a dosage rate and uterovaginal source ratio considered optimal.
The adoption of these principles is considered to favour a reduction of high dose effects of the pelvis and vagina.
Complications of Cerebral Angiography
Authors: Perrett Lance V. , Caldicott W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe total neurological complication rate in 783 consecutive carotid angiograms was 2.3% (2.7 % per patient). The permanent complication rate, including death, was 1.5% (1–8% per patient).With one exception, the patients in the permanent neurological complication group were over the age of 50.Of the patients experiencing neurological complications, 55.5% had received an intramural injection of contrast medium into the common carotid artery.The use of polaroid film to check the position of the needle is advocated to minimize intramural injection of contrast medium.Toxic side effects of the contrast medium was a less common cause for complications, but was considered potentially harmful in those patients with occlusive cerebro‐vascular disease.General anaesthesia should be kept to a minimum, particularly in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, as the complication rate is two to three times higher than when angiography is carried out under local anaesthetic.
The Lower Oesophageal Ring
Authors: Wiggins C. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAll of the radiographs of lower oesophageal rings collected personally during the last three years have been studied. It is proposed that any annular narrowing of the lower oesophagus which can be identified as the inferior oesophageal sphincter should not be classified as a lower oesophageal ring. Of the various hypotheses concerning the nature of the ring, the plication theory which postulates the formation of an accordeon‐like pleat or fold, whether at or above the squamo‐columnar junction, is the most attractive. Such a fold indicates abnormal laxity and abnormal sliding in a caudo‐cranial axis, which is a sign of hiatal herniation.In 500 consecutive barium meals hiatal hernia was diagnosed in 31%. As a sign of hiatal hernia, a lower oesophageal ring was the basis of the diagnosis in one‐tenth of these. The incidence of lower oesophageal rings in the entire series of 500 was 3%. No rings or hernias were found in 40 medical student controls.
Urinary Diversion in Meningomyelocele
Authors: Robertson Angus 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe pre‐operative and post‐operative urinary and skeletal findings in 23 cases of meningomyelocele requiring urinary diversion were reviewed by the author. Radiologically, postoperative renal function improved in 50% and deterioration was arrested, in some cases for at least 36 months, in another 40%, 10% showed some deterioration–none showed gross loss of renal function, and no deaths occurred.Subsequent development of hyperchloraemic acidosis appears to be due to distal nephron disease and can be adequately controlled by oral alkali. Control of the acidosis caused regression of the bone changes.The optimum age for performing the urinary diversion is thought to be two to three years– hopefully before any serious renal damage has occurred, and also allowing the child to‐commence any possible schooling free of urinary incontinence.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Madigan J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOccasionally, surgery is needed for particular complications in Stages I1 (B) and I11 GLWS. Splenectomy may become the only method for control of some cases of secondary hypersplenism (Grace and Mittieman, 1966). Intestinal obstruction, bowel perforation or haemorrhage or progressive spinal cord compression can demand an urgent operation. Resides surgical disorders, not related to Hodgkin's disease, will occur a t times.
Experiences with Selective Renal Arteriography in the Diagnosis of Space‐occupying Lesions of the Kidney
Authors: Hoy R. J. , Sorby W. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOur experience to date suggests that selective renal angiography used in conjunction with the injection of adrenaline offers a means of identifying malignant (and benign) renal tumours, and of distinguishing these from simple cysts and from renal nodules arising in the pyelonephritic kidney. Limitations are imposed in some instances of renal carcinoma by a dearth of stromal vessels within the tumour, although the presence of enlarged extrahilar arteries may then be of assistance. Transitional cell carcinoma, papillary cystadenoma, and two massive solid clear cell carcinomas are examples of malignant renal tumours encountered in which no intrinsic arterial abnormality could be demonstrated.
A Plan for a Radioisotope Department for a Large General Hospital
Authors: Clarke K. H. , Milne Jean 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe basic plan given in this paper occupies a working area of 4,500 square feet and is designed to cope with a full range of in‐vivo and in‐vitro radioisotope applications. The department is designed as a full service unit to the hospital and does not preclude peripheral use of radioisotopes where such demand is. reasonable.
Paediatric Hepatic Arteriography
Authors: Hiller H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe substance of this article was read at the Annual Meeting of the College of Radiologists of Australasia in 1965. It presents the findings up to that time of selective hepatic arteriography in children. The cases fell into the three groups of malignancy, vascular anomalies and suspected hydatid cysts, and the excellent correlation of the radiographic findings with the underlying pathology is demonstrated.
Post‐operative Bile Peritonitis: Its Radiological Diagnosis
Authors: Weston W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThree cases of bile peritonitis following cholecystedomy have been presented. They all recovered following drainage of the collection of bile.This complication can be diagnosed on radiographic grounds by demonstrating the rapid change of shape of the flank stripe, and in some cases reversal of this stripe by a soft tissue mass in the post‐operative phase. This mass is due to the collection of bile‐stained fluid in the right paracolic gutter.If upper abdominal pain, tachycardia and signs of local peritonitis appear within twelve hours of removal of the plastic T‐tube, and the above radiographic signs are elicited, then the diagnosis of post‐operative bile peritonitis is certain.To my knowledge this is a new radiographic sign that is specific for this complication.
Chondro‐Angiopathia Calcarea Seu Punctata
Authors: Robertson Angus 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThree cases of chondro‐angiopathia calcarea seu punctata, diagnosed in infancy, are presented, the two surviving cases being followed for 13 and 14 1/2 years respectively. The radiological features are reviewed.The question of thyroid dysfunction is raised and in those cases showing progressive general debilitation the question of treatment directed at the thyroid is raised (Kremens et al.). Further studies of thyroid function and serum chemistry axe needed in this condition.The associated features offer a chance of clinical diagnosis, but the diagnosis is primarily radiological. The disease appears to be self‐limiting and the skeletal prognosis seems excellent.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Jameson J. B. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThirty‐one cases of operatively verified patent ductus arteriosus have been analysed. The commonest plain film findings in children were cardiac enlargement and a large main pulmonary artery with or without plethora. Prominence of the aorta was not a feature in children, but was common in adults (Figure 2).
The Surgery of Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Transposition of the Great Vessels
Authors: Barratt‐Boyes B. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe surgery of tetralogy of Fallot is, in experienced hands, most satisfactory. Palliation can be successfully applied even in tiny infants, using a right pulmonary artery to ascending aorta anastomosis. Corrective surgery is possible in almost all patients and carries a mortality of no more than 5%, with an 80% to 90% chance of a good long‐term result.Corrective surgery is also possible in some patients with pulmonary atresia (pseudotruncus), and ventricular septal defect, although the large bronchial collateral blood flow to the lungs may produce serious post‐operative difficulties.In transposition of the great vessels, palliative surgery is most successful in Group I patients with poor intracardiac mixing and when operation is performed within one week of birth in this group the current mortality is 8%. However, the total picture of transposition surgery leaves little room for complacency.If all groups of patients are considered, only about half will survive palliative surgery for two years or longer, and in a significant percentage, particularly Groups II and III patients, later corrective surgery carries an excessive mortality. The greatest hope lies with patients having only an atrial communication, and here the risk of a Mustard repair is acceptable and can be expected to improve with increasing experience.
The Two Roles of the Scan in the Diagnosis of Cerebral Tumours
Authors: Sephton R. G. , Morley J. Barrie 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe cerebral scan has a clearly established role as a routine, or screening, investigation procedure in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours.In addition, it often provides significant assistance in special diagnostic problems, sometimes in which neuroradiology has not been helpful. This latter point, we believe, should be adequately weighted in the overall assessment of the role of cerebral scanning.
A Technique of Double Contrast Barium Enema Examination Using Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose as an Additive
Authors: Kotzmann Ronald R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA brief description of double contrast techniques that have been used is given. Their disadvantages are discussed. Attempts at improving a routine, single stage. Double contrast technique by the addition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are described. This technique. used in conjunction with an adequately supervised preparatory technique, is compared retrospectively in 50 consecutive personal cases with 50 consecutive cases where only barium was used in the suspension. Advantages of the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose technique are a reduction in the time spent on the examination, and because of better adhesion of the suspension to the colon a better demonstration of the mucosa.
The Extrarenal Excretion of Urographic Contrast Medium in Renal Failure
Authors: Tucker W. G. , Clarkson A. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case has been presented which shows contrast medium in the gut and gall‐bladder following drip infusion pyelography. This case therefore appears to confirm that biliary excretion provides an alternative extrarenal route of excretion of contrast medium in patients with severe chronic renal failure.