bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Metabolic Activity of Filamentous Fungi Using a Colorimetric XTT Assay
Authors: Moss Bill J. , Kim Yonghyun , Nandakumar M. P. , Marten Mark R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe filamentous nature and robust cell walls of many fungi render traditional measurements of active biomass (e.g., turbidity, dry cell weight) ineffective for most fungal bioprocesses. To overcome this challenge, an assay for quantification of overall metabolic activity is developed using 2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenly)‐5‐[(phenylamino) carbonyl]‐2 H‐tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT), which in the presence of active mitochondria is converted to a water‐soluble formazan derivative that absorbs light in the visible spectrum (430‐490 nm). Tests on the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans show that in actively growing cultures XTT absorbance is linearly related to dry cell weight below 0.2 g/kg broth. Validation through growth rate testing shows the developed XTT assay is able to accurately quantify reductions in culture metabolism during damaging physical treatment (heat, high shear, microwaving). Experiments in batch culture demonstrate that the developed XTT assay is capable of reporting on metabolic activity where dry cell weight is not. The developed assay is inexpensive, relatively rapid, and easy to conduct, making it ideally suited for assessment of fungal processes in the biotechnology industry.
UniProtJAPI: a remote API for accessing UniProt data
Authors: Patient Samuel , Wieser Daniela , Kleen Michael , Kretschmann Ernst , Jesus Martin Maria , Apweiler Rolf 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Summary: Programmatic access to the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is essential for many bioinformatics applications dealing with protein data. We have created a Java library named UniProtJAPI, which facilitates the integration of UniProt data into Java-based software applications. The library supports queries and similarity searches that return UniProtKB entries in the form of Java objects. These objects contain functional annotations or sequence information associated with a UniProt entry. Here, we briefly describe the UniProtJAPI and demonstrate its usage.
Availability: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/remotingAPI
Contact: spatient@ebi.ac.uk
Moving and union dissolution
Authors: Boyle Paul J. , Kulu Hill , Cooke Thomas , Gayle Vernon , Mulder Clara H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of migration and residential mobility on union dissolution among married and cohabiting couples. Moving is a stressful life event, and a large, multidisciplinary literature has shown that family migration often benefits one partner (usually the man) more than the other. Even so, no study to date has examined the possible impact of within-nation geographical mobility on union dissolution. We base our longitudinal analysis on retrospective event-history data from Austria. Our results show that couples who move frequently have a significantly higher risk of union dissolution, and we suggest a variety of mechanisms that may explain this.
Cohort estimates of nonmarital fertility for U.S. Women
Authors: Wu Lawrence L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Historical trends in U.S. nonmarital fertility have been compiled almost exclusively from vital statistics on births. This paper complements this historical record by providing cohort estimates of nonmarital fertility for cohorts of U.S. women spanning approximately 50 years of cohort experience. Life table estimates using retrospective marital and fertility histories in the June 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995 Current Population Surveys reveal nonnegligible levels of nonmarital fertility historically. For women born between 1925 and 1929, nearly 1 in 10 had at least one nonmarital birth by age 30. For women born between 1965 and 1969, more than 1 of 4 had one or more nonmarital births by age 30, with roughly 1 of 5 white, 3 of 5 black, and 1 in 3 Hispanic women having at least one nonmarital birth by age 30. Life table estimates reveal a twofold increase between ages 20 and 30 in the percentage of women with at least one child outside of formal marriage for all cohorts of white and Hispanic women, and an increase of roughly two-thirds for all cohorts of black women. I also document qualitative differences in nonmarital fertility by race/ethnicity, with the percentage of nonmarital births following a divorce or marital separation for white women approximately twice that for black or Hispanic women. Finally, I introduce a new measure, the cohort nonmarital fertility ratio (CNMFR), which provides a cohort complement to the standard period nonmarital fertility ratio. Conservative estimates reveal a roughly threefold increase in the CNMFR for women born from 1925-1929 to 1950-1954 for both whites and blacks, despite substantially higher levels of nonmarital fertility among black women. Overall, these findings reveal surprisingly high levels of nonmarital fertility for women born since the 1920s and confirm that nonmarital fertility has become an increasingly substantial component of overall U.S. fertility
Maternal work hours and adolescents’ School outcomes among low-income families in four urban counties
Authors: Gennetian Lisa A. , Lopoo Leonard M. , London Andrew S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We examine how changes in maternal work hours affect adolescent children’s school participation and performance outcomes using data from interviews in 1998 and 2001 with approximately 1,700 women who, in May 1995, were welfare-reliant, single mothers of adolescents living in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty in Cuyahoga (Cleveland), Los Angeles, Miami-Dade, and Philadelphia counties. Analyses control for a broad array of mothers’ characteristics, including their psychological and physical health, experiences with domestic violence and substance abuse, as well as unobserved time-invariant characteristics. In fixed-effects models, we find unfavorable effects of increased maternal work hours on three of six outcomes: skipping school, performing above average, and parental contact about behavior problems. Adolescent-aged sons seem to be particularly sensitive to changes in mothers’ hours of work.
The quality of retrospective data on Cohabitation
Authors: Hayford Sarah R. , Morgan S. Philip 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We assess the quality of retrospective data on cohabitation by comparing data collected in four major U.S. family surveys: the National Survey of Families and Households and three rounds of the National Survey of Family Growth. We use event-history analysis to analyze rates of entry into cohabitation in age-period-cohort segments captured by multiple surveys. We find consistent discrepancies among the four surveys. The pattern of differences suggests that cohabitation histories underestimate cohabitation rates in distant periods relative to rates estimated closer to the date of survey. We conclude with cautions regarding the use of retrospective data on cohabitation.
The quantity-Quality trade-Off of children In a developing country: Identification using chinese twins
Authors: Li Hongbin , Zhang Junsen , Zhu Yi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTesting the trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. Using data from the Chinese Population Census, we examine the effect of family size on child educational attainment in China. We find a negative correlation between family size and child outcome, even after we control for the birth order effect. We then instrument family size by the exogenous variation that is induced by a twin birth and find a negative effect of family size on children’s education. We also find that the effect of family size is more evident in rural China, where the public education system is poor. Given that our estimates of the effect of having twins on nontwins at least provide the lower bound of the true effect of family size, these findings suggest a quantity-quality trade-off for children in developing countries.
Retrospective information on health status and its application for population health measures
Authors: Molla Michael T. , Lubitz James 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Healthy life expectancies are almost always calculated by using health data from cross-sectional surveys. This type of calculation is done partly because data from longitudinal surveys are not always available, and when they are available, they are collected at intervals that are longer than one year. In such cases, collecting health information retrospectively for the years skipped by the survey is useful. The main purpose of this paper is to show how retrospective health information can be used to estimate life expectancies in different health states. Healthy life expectancies are estimated with and without using data on retrospective health information, and the corresponding estimates are compared. The two sets of estimates are similar. We conclude that retrospectively assessed health information based on a one-year recall period can be used to estimate years of life in various health states and that estimates based on such information will closely approximate estimates based on concurrent health information.
Immigrant residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1990–2000
Authors: Iceland John , Scopilliti Melissa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the extent of spatial assimilation among immigrants of different racial and ethnic origins. We use restricted data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to calculate the levels of dissimilarity by race and Hispanic origin, nativity, and year of entry, and then run multivariate models to examine these relationships. The findings provide broad support for spatial assimilation theory. Foreign-born Hispanics, Asians, and blacks are more segregated from native-born non-Hispanic whites than are the U.S.-born of these groups. The patterns for Hispanics and Asians can be explained by the average characteristics of the foreign-born that are generally associated with higher levels of segregation, such as lower levels of income, English language ability, and homeownership. We also find that immigrants who have been in the United States for longer periods are generally less segregated than new arrivals, and once again, much of this difference can be attributed to the characteristics of immigrants. However, patterns also vary across groups. Levels of segregation are much higher for black immigrants than for Asian, Hispanic, and white immigrants. In addition, because black immigrants are, on average, of higher socioeconomic status than native-born blacks, such characteristics do not help explain their very high levels of segregation.
Using subjective expectations to forecast longevity: do survey respondents know something we don’t know?
Authors: Perozek Maria 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Old-age mortality is notoriously dif cult to predict because it requires not only an understanding of the process of senescence—which is influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors—but also a prediction of how these factors will evolve. In this paper, I argue that individuals are uniquely qualified to predict their own mortality based on their own genetic background, as well as environmental and behavioral risk factors that are often known only to the individual. Given this private information, individuals form expectations about survival probabilities that may provide additional information to demographers and policymakers in their challenge to predict mortality. From expectations data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I construct subjective, cohort life tables that are shown to predict the unusual direction of revisions to U.S. life expectancy by gender between 1992 and 2004: that is, for these cohorts, the Social Security Actuary (SSA) raised male life expectancy in 2004 and at the same lowered female life expectancy, narrowing the gender gap in longevity by 25% over this period. Further, although the subjective life expectancies for men appear to be roughly in line with the 2004 life tables, the subjective expectations of women suggest that female life expectancies estimated by the SSA might still be on the high side.
The neighborhood context of racial and ethnic disparities in arrest
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study assesses the role of social context in explaining racial and ethnic disparities in arrest, with a focus on how distinct neighborhood contexts in which different racial and ethnic groups reside explain variations in criminal outcomes. To do so, I utilize a multilevel, longitudinal research design, combining individual-level data with contextual data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). Findings reveal that black youths face multiple layers of disadvantage relative to other racial and ethnic groups, and these layers work to create differences in arrest. At the family level, results show that disadvantages in the form of unstable family structures explain much of the disparities in arrest across race and ethnicity. At the neighborhood level, black youths tend to reside in areas with both significantly higher levels of concentrated poverty than other youths as well as lower levels of collective efficacy than white youths. Variations in neighborhood tolerance of deviance across groups explain little of the arrest disparities, yet tolerance of deviance does influence the frequency with which a crime ultimately ends in an arrest. Even after accounting for relevant demographic, family, and neighborhood-level predictors, substantial residual arrest differences remain between black youths and youths of other racial and ethnic groups.
Neighborhood selection and the social reproduction of concentrated racial inequality
Authors: Sampson Robert J. , Sharkey Patrick 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In this paper, we consider neighborhood selection as a social process central to the reproduction of racial inequality in neighborhood attainment. We formulate a multilevel model that decomposes multiple sources of stability and change in longitudinal trajectories of achieved neighborhood income among nearly 4,000 Chicago families followed for up to seven years wherever they moved in the United States. Even after we adjust for a comprehensive set of fixed and time-varying covariates, racial inequality in neighborhood attainment is replicated by movers and stayers alike. We also study the emergent consequences of mobility pathways for neighborhood-level structure. The temporal sorting by individuals of different racial and ethnic groups combines to yield a structural pattern of flows between neighborhoods that generates virtually nonoverlapping income distributions and little exchange between minority and white areas. Selection and racially shaped hierarchies are thus mutually constituted and account for an apparent equilibrium of neighborhood inequality.
The multistate life table method: An application to contraceptive switching behavior
Authors: Kuo Tzy-Mey , Suchindran C. M. , Koo Helen P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In many demographic behaviors (e.g., those relating to marriage, contraception, migration, and health), people change among multiple statuses through time, sometimes leaving and then returning to the same status. Data on such behaviors are often collected in surveys as censored event histories. The multistate life table (MSLT) can be used to properly describe, in a single analysis, these complex transitions among multiple states measured in such data, but MSLT is rarely applied in the demographic literature because practical guidance is lacking on how to compute MSLTS with such data. We provide methods for computing MSLT quantities using censored event-history data: namely, transition intensities and probabilities, “state occupancy” probabilities and standard errors, average time spent in specified states, and average number of visits to specified states. Applying these methods to contraceptive use, we find high levels of switching back and forth, particularly between barrier methods and non-use, resulting in high rates of unintended pregnancy.
Citizen of Which Republic? Foreigners and the Construction of National Citizenship in Central America, 1823-1845
Authors: Dym Jordana 
Published: April 2008

The law of the South American states with reference to nationality of origin remains to be noticed.Sir Alexander Cockburn,Nationality: or, The law relating to subjects and aliens, considered with a view to future legislation(London, W. Ridgway, 1869), 17.In December 1841, voters in Sonsonate (El Salvador) elected Frenchman and long-time resident, Luis Bertrand Save, as theiralcalde, or municipal judge, for 1842. The governor insisted that Save accept the office. However, Save convinced El Salvador's president that he should not serve since he was not a citizen of the country, citing French and Salvadoran laws to back up his argument. French law mattered because Save could lose hisqualité de français, or “Frenchness,” by holding office in a foreign government, and Salvadoran laws limited office-holding to its own citizens. In 1843, Save was again elected alcalde and again protested because “the law requires for these positions that it is indispensable that the elected be a citizen of the country. While I am avecino(for I live in Sonsonate), I am not aciudadano(citizen), and as a foreigner, have neither a letter of naturalization, nor am I naturalized de facto.” That is, Save acknowledged the importance of local citizenship and accepted the status of a Sonsonatevecino, or community member, but pointed out that he lacked national membership because his domicile did not make a “foreigner” a citizen, and he lacked the institutional change of status, naturalization, to overcome that foreignness.
“Traditional” exegeses of 4:34
Authors: Bauer Karen 
Published: April 2008

The beginning of Qur’an 4:34 (Men are qaww?m?n over women, with what God has preferred some over others, and with what they spend of their wealth) is often taken to legislate men’s authority over women. But many questions remain about the history of interpretations of this verse. In what ways have interpretations developed through time? Do pre-modern interpretations of this verse resemble modern interpretations, and what do such resemblances say about the attitudes of the exegetes? And what are the methods that pre-modern and modern exegetes use to arrive at their interpretations?
One way of empirically examining the variety in the pre-modern heritage, the methods of the exegetes, and the use of the pre-modern heritage in modern discourse is through the genre of Qur’?n commentaries (tafs?r al-Qur’?n). This verse has always been a source of controversy: pre-modern exegeses of it are varied. In the first part of this paper, I explore some of the variations in the content and methods of pre-modern interpretation, focusing on the ways in which content and method developed through time. I argue that some of the variations in content between the earliest and later pre-modern exegeses may be due to development in the exegetes’ methods of writing exegesis.
The Problems of Conscience and Hermeneutics: A Few Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Chaudhry Ayesha Siddiqua 
Published: April 2008

This paper surveys the contemporary approaches to the problems of
conscience raised by the verse, exploring modes of resolving the issues
that arise when believing Muslims approach the verse and find its
apparent meaning to violate their pre-existing notions of justice,
notions which are partly informed the by the Qur'anic text itself. It
finds that the prescription of 'hitting' one's wife, as the last of
three mitigating directives when dealing with a woman who embodies the
quality of "nushuz", creates a moment of interruption in the
relationship between the believer and text. Contemporary scholars engage
both text and historical precedent in the present context when
(re)interpreting Qur'an 4:34 and the relative weight given to text and
precedent determines the conclusions of individual arguments.
Being bop
Authors: Turner Thomas 
Published: April 2008

As the 1940s turned into the 1950s the popular image of the jazz musician shifted. The patriotic soldier jazzmen and wholesome mass entertainers of the war years were replaced by a new conception of the jazz musician as a radical who stood apart from conventional tastes, a non-conformist, a deviant. Focusing on Down Beat and Metronome, this essay examines how this image was created in the popular jazz press of the late 1940s. The way these publications responded to the music and words of the young black musicians at the forefront of bebop helped shape an image of the bebop musician as one who stood outside conventional musical and social norms, and which stood in contrast to the more respectable elements of 1940s swing. Carried to others through the press, bebop’s style and image served as a model antidote to the conformity of the early years of the Cold War, and as bebop was entrenched as the basis of post-war jazz, what had been associated with just one section of the jazz community soon became associated with its whole. In this way, the styles the press had associated with bebop ceased to define a subculture of black musicians but came to embody and express a certain discontent with mainstream American society.
Personal exposure to mobile phone frequencies and well‐being in adults: A cross‐sectional study based on dosimetry
Authors: Thomas Silke , Kühnlein Anja , Heinrich Sabine , Praml Georg , Nowak Dennis , von Kries Rüdiger , Radon Katja 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe use of mobile phone telecommunication has increased in recent years. In parallel, there is growing concern about possible adverse health effects of cellular phone networks. We used personal dosimetry to investigate the association between exposure to mobile phone frequencies and well‐being in adults. A random population‐based sample of 329 adults living in four different Bavarian towns was assembled for the study. Using a dosimeter (ESM‐140 Maschek Electronics), we obtained an exposure profile over 24 h for three mobile phone frequency ranges (measurement interval 1 s, limit of determination 0.05 V/m). Exposure levels over waking hours were totalled and expressed as mean percentage of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference level. Each participant reported acute symptoms in a day‐long diary. Data on five groups of chronic symptoms and potential confounders were assessed during an interview. The overall exposure to high‐frequency electromagnetic fields was markedly below the ICNIRP reference level. We did not find any statistically significant association between the exposure and chronic symptoms or between the exposure and acute symptoms. Larger studies using mobile phone dosimetry are warranted to confirm these findings. Bioelectromagnetics 29:463–470, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.