bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica refining of palm oil
Authors: Siew Wai‐Lin , Tan Yew‐Ai , Tang Thin‐Sue 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe amount of bleaching earth required in the physical refining process of palm oil depends on the activity of the earth, quality of the oil and final color specification of the refined products. The use of silica (Trisyl) in combination with bleaching clay in palm oil refining has been investigated. The optimum conditions required for Trisyl and bleaching clay are 95–105°C for a period of 30–40 min. Improvements in color performance for palm oil products are noted with the addition of small quantities of Trisyl (0.06–0.24%) to the bleaching clay. Addition of 0.12% Trisyl to 0.4% bleaching clay improved the color of the refined oil by as much as 1.7 Red Lovibond units. Lower phosphorus levels (18.4 and 16.9 ppm) were obtained in the refined oils with an addition of 0.12 and 0.24% Trisyl, respectively, as compared to a level of 36.2 ppm of phosphorus when no silica was added to the earth. Better color stability was also obtained with oils treated with Trisyl. An additional advantage was the reduction in filtration time, leading to possible higher throughput in refining.
Sphingomyelin from milk‐characterization of liquid crystalline, liposome and emulsion properties
Authors: Malmsten Martin , Bergenståhl Björn , Nyberg Lena , Odham Göran 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe properties of sphingomyelin obtained from bovine milk were investigated. In particular, the properties of liposomes and emulsions prepared from the spingomyelin, as well as the liquid crystalline behavior, were investigated and compared to those of related phosphatidylcholine systems. Like sphingomyelins from other sources, sphingomyelin from milk contains a large fraction of long and saturated acyl groups, which results in a high gel‐to‐liquid crystal transition temperature (Tc 35–82°C, depending on the lipid concentration). At high sphingomyelin concentrations, a lamellar phase forms above Tc, while a swollen gel phase is obtained below Tc. The gel phase swells to about 20 wt% water, whereas the swelling continues to about 40 wt% water above Tc. The limiting areas per molecule are 51 and 68 Å2 below and above Tc, respectively. Sphingomyelin from milk forms liposomes readily in the presence of cholesterol. The liposomes formed have a diameter of about 100 nm and are stable, even at 0.1 M NaCl or HCl. Materials entrapped in the liposomes are released rather slowly (typically 40% over 5 h). A comparison shows that the sphingomyelin liposomes behave similarly to those formed by phosphatidylcholine systems. Furthermore, sphingomyelin from milk forms stable oil‐in‐water emulsions with soybean oil. The size of the emulsion droplets obtained was about 200 nm. Both the size of the emulsion droplets and its dependence on electrolyte addition correlate closely with those of emulsions formed by the corresponding phosphatidylcholine system. Therefore, it is possible to use sphingomyelin as an alternative for saturated phosphatidylcholines, which may be advantageous for oral and dermal pharmaceutical applications, as well as in cosmetics.
Homogeneous hydrogenation of dienes with rhodium complexes
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDifferent Rh complex catalysts were compared for the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and linoleate in the absence of solvents. At 100 C and 1 atm H2 the following complexes, RhCl(Ph3 P)3 (Ph= phenyl), [RhClNBD]2 (NBD=norbornadiene) and RhH(CO)(Ph3P)3, produced mainly methyltrans‐2‐hexenoate (34 to 56%). Their diene selectivity was not particularly high as they produced 14 to 41% methyl hexanoate. With RhCl(Ph3 P)3 constant ratios between rates of methyl sorbate disappearance and formation of methyltrans‐2‐ andtrans‐3‐hexenoate indicate approximately the same activation energy for 1,2‐addition of H2 on the Δ4 double bond of methyl sorbate and for 1,4‐addition to this substrate. In the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate with RhCl(Ph3 P)3, the kinetic curves were simulated by a scheme in which 1,2‐reduction was more than twice as important as 1,4‐addition of H2 via conjugated diene intermediates. Although the complexes RhCl(CO)(Ph3 P)3 and [Rh(NBD)(diphos)]+PF6 (diphos=diphosphine) were inactive in the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate, they catalyzed the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate at 100 C and 1 atm. Catalyst inhibition apparently was caused by stronger complex formation with methyl sorbate than with the conjugated dienes formed from methyl linoleate.
Protease inhibitors and in vitro protein digestibility of defatted seed cakes of akashmoni and karanja
Authors: Mandal B. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Maity C. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTrypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of defatted seed meals of akashmoni (Acacia auriculaeformis) and karanja (Pongamia glabra) were studied before and after detoxification. Protease inhibitor activities were significantly higher in the unprocessed seed meals when compared with the processed seed meals. Detoxification also improved the in vitro protein digestibilities of these seed meals significantly. Processed meals of these legume seeds, with lower protease inhibitor activities and higher protein digestibilities, could readily be used as animal feed.
Interactions between LAS and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Borys Nelson F. , Matson Ted P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhysicochemical interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and various linear alcohol nonionics (NI) have been investigated. The effect of adding nonionic to LAS on critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface tension, water hardness sensitivity and detergency performance depends on both hydrophobe and hydrophile structure. The addition of low levels of a lauryl range‐high EO nonionic surfactant significantly lowers cmc and causes the formation of micelles containing predominantly nonionic molecules. These mixed micelles improve hard water performance by acting as a sink for LAS and free calcium. Nonionic surfactant enhances LAS hard water performance by preventing the loss of LAS via Ca(LAS)2 precipitation, not by its own soil removal capabilities. Nonionic surfactant acts as a micelle promotion agent, while LAS remains responsible for surface and interfacial properties.
The estimation of the composition of edible oil mixtures
Authors: Van Niekerk Pieter J. , Burger Anna E. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol contents of edible oils were used to determine the composition of oil mixtures by means of a weighted least squares estimator with backwards elimination. The model was tested on 93 samples containing known amounts of sunflowerseed oil, groundnut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, maize oil, olive oil and palm oil. Of these samples 75 were binary mixtures, seven were ternary mixtures, one contained seven oils and 10 were pure oils.Satisfactory results were obtained with 79 of the 93 samples (85%). The differences between the actual and estimated concentrations of the main components were greater than 2.7 times the standard error for six samples; the mean of the absolute differences was 4.7% for all 93 samples. The use of this model is considered superior to the matching of a fatty acid composition, but the model still needs a lot of development.
Color stability of glandless cottonseed oil
Authors: Chamkasem N. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe color stability of oil extracted from glandless cottonseed contaminated with various levels of glanded cottonseed was studied. The rate of darkening in bleached color of cottonseed oil during storage was proportional to the original glanded cottonseed or gossypol content in the oil and to time and temperature of storage. Glandless cottonseed with 0–10% glanded seed contamination, as might be expected in commercial production of glandless cotton, yielded oil with equivalent or better color when conventionally refined and bleached after 30 days storage at 25 to 40 C than miscella refined oil from glanded cottonseed. This indicates that new oil mills for extracting glandless cottonseed need not invest in miscella‐refining units in order to produce high quality oil.
Heavily brominated and highly unsaturated derivatives of jojoba oil
Authors: Shani Arnon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo hexabromojojoba isomers were prepared by bromine addition to bromo‐olefinic and bromoallylic derivatives, and an octabromojojoba derivative was prepared from jojobatetraene. Bis‐allylic bromination of jojoba wax or monoallylic bromination of jojobatetraene, both followed by HBr elimination, yielded jojobahexaene, which has two conjugated triene units on both parts of the ester. Bromine addition to jojobahexaene yielded dodecabromojojoba, which was unstable toward hydrolysis in water‐decalin mixture at 120C., This is in contrast to the relative stability of the octabromojojoba under these conditions.
Polycarboxylates in soda ash detergents
Authors: Hudson Alice P. , Woodward Fred E. , McGrew George T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCalcium carbonate deposition on cotton fabric from soda ash‐based detergents containing polycarboxylates is measured and related to polymer composition and molecular weight, under varying conditions of temperature, water hardness and detergent composition. Deposition effects on fabric are compared with threshold inhibition effects and calcium binding capacities of the polymers.Polyacrylic acids with molecular weights of 2000–5000 are most effective in preventing calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. A 1.5:1 acrylic acid:maleic acid copolymer is more effective than polyacrylic acid. Detergents with LAS left somewhat higher calcium carbonate deposits than detergents with a nonionic surfactant.Prevention of visible calcium carbonate precipitation in the absence of fabric (“threshold effects”) appears at polymer levels considerably lower than those necessary to prevent calcium carbonate deposition on fabric. Deposition on fabric can be prevented at levels of polymer much less than that necessary to bind most of the calcium ions, as determined by the calcium binding capacity.
Formation of short chain volatile organic acids in the automated AOM method
Authors: deMan J. M. , Tie Fan , deMan L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe end point in the automated AOM stability test for fats is related to the rapid production of volatile acids at the end of the induction period and usually measured by conductivity of an aqueous solution of the exit gases. It has been postulated that the reaction involves the transitory presence of a diperoxide which decomposes into two aldehydes and formic acid. The volatile acids produced by several oils were composed mainly of formic acid and significant amounts of acetic acid. In addition, acids with three or more carbon atoms, including propionic, butyric and caproic, were detected. It was found that the temperature of the water in the receiving jars was important in relation to retention of the formic acid. At temperatures above 20 C significant losses may occur. The relationships between peroxide value of the oils, the conductivity of the exit gas solutions and the organic acid content was investigated for the following fats and oils: sunflower, canola, olive, corn, peanut and soybean oil, triolein, lard and butterfat.
Relationships between measurements of fat deterioration during heating and frying in RBD olein
Authors: Augustin M. A. , Asap Telingai , Heng L. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe relationships between measurements of fat deterioration during static heating and heating with intermittent frying of potato crisps in RBD olein in the presence and absence of TBHQ were evaluated. Significant linear relationships were found between iodine value, C18:2/C16:0 ratio, polar components and dielectric constant. Nonlinear relationships were found between smoke point, acid value and polar components. The relationships between polymer content and polar components, E1 cm1% at 232 nm and wavelength (λ) for which E1 cm10%=1 also were found to be nonlinear.
Reduction of phytic acid concentration in protein isolates by acylation techniques
Authors: Thompson Lilian U. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe interaction of phytic acid (PA) with proteins is dependent on the charges and conformation of the proteins and the ionic strength of the solution. Hence, changes in these parameters brought about by acylation could change the extractability, precipitation and interactions of PA with protein and minerals and consequently the PA concentration of protein isolates from phytate‐containing foods. This paper summarizes studies in rapeseed and navy bean flours which demonstrate that a high degree of succinylation or acetylation can be used to separate the proteins from the PA and to prepare low phytate protein isolates of good functional properties. The separation of PA from the protein in rapeseed flour occurred during the extraction stage, while that in navy bean flour occurred at the isoelectric precipitation stage.
Foaming of nonionic surfactant solutions: Effect of surfactant concentration and temperature
Authors: Schott Hans 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFoaming of solutions of the nonionic surfactant, octoxynol 9, was investigated in the concentration range of 0.010 to 5.00% and in the temperature range of 7–37 C, well below the cloud point of 65 C, by measuring the height and stability of foams generated by pouring thin streams of surfactant solutions into a glass column. All foams were fast‐thinning. Their height increased monotonically with surfactant concentration. The rate of change of foam height with log surfactant concentration underwent no change at the CMC of 0.018%, but was four times lower above 0.146% than below 0.146%. Foams at lower temperatures generally thinned somewhat more slowly and were stronger or more cohesive and more stable than foams generated at higher temperatures by surfactant solutions of comparable concentrations. Oxidative degradation reduced foam height somewhat. Octoxynol 9 and sodium lauryl sulfate, rated as a good foamer, produced foams of comparable volume and stability.
Acoustic behavior of calcium soap solutions
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Upadhyaya S. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe results of ultrasonic velocity for calcium soap solutions show that the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and solvation number decrease while the specific acoustic impedence, apparent molal compressibility, apparent molal volume and molar sound velocity increase with increasing soap concentration. The ultrasonic results are in agreement with the conductance measurements and confirm that calcium soaps behave as weak electrolytes in solutions.
Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Lack of toxin formation following aspergillus flavus inoculation at sutures
Authors: Lee Louise S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAflatoxin assays were conducted on seeds from cotton bolls inoculated withAspergillus flavus in commercial fields in Arizona. Inoculations were at sutures at the initiation of boll opening either in the morning or evening in August over a three‐year period. One morning inoculation was followed by a water treatment that simulated rain. Fully fluffed bolls were harvested after two or four weeks, and lint and seed linters were examined for bright‐green‐yellow‐fluorescence (BGYF). Ginned seed were assayed for aflatoxin. While BGYF of lint was detected, no seed linters exhibited BGYF and no seeds from the 140 bolls examined contained aflatoxin. Results imply that boll infection byA. flavus occurs before the initiation of boll opening, an observation that is in agreement with recent reports ofA. flavus infection but contrary to conclusions made in earlier reports.
The “basic” fatty acid composition of atlantic fish oils: Potential similarities useful for enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids by urea complexation
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Olsson B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt is known that the 20:1 and 22:1 fatty acids of fish oils from temperate and northern latitudes are of exogenous origin. By discounting these two fatty acids, calculation shows that the remaining fatty acids are a “basic” composition for these fish oils, with similar totals for saturated (14:0, 16:0), monounsaturated (16:1, 18:1) and polyunsaturated (primarily n‐3) fatty acids. Thus, any of these oils are potential raw materials for urea complexing of acids or esters to give concentrates enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids.
Argentation supercritical fluid chromatography for quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols
Authors: Blomberg Lars G. , Demirbüker Mustafa , Andersson Per E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for quantitative analysis of neutral lipids has been developed. Four different techniques have been combined for this purpose—supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), silver ion chromatography, packed microcolumns and miniaturized evaporative light‐scattering detection (ELSD). The development and optimization of the method are discussed. The separation of a series of vegetable, fish and hydrogenated oils was demonstrated. Application of eluent composition programming resulted in excellent separation of complex samples. Packed microcolumn argentation SFC provides at least as high a separation power as corresponding high‐performance liquid chromatography methods. The combination of packed microcolumn SFC and miniaturized ELSD constitutes a powerful analytical system for the quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols.
Enzymatic synthesis of trierucin from high‐erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: Trani Michael , Lortie Robert , Ergan Françoise 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lipase fromCandida rugosa has been shown to discriminate against erucic acid. Advantage of this property has been taken to produce trierucin from high‐erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil. A method has been developed for extracting erucic acid from the oil as dierucin and subsequently enzymatically converting it to trierucin. Unrefined HEAR oil was hydrolyzed with lipase fromC. rugosa to produce a mixture of free fatty acids and dierucin. Precipitation and filtration from cold ethanol gave 73% pure dierucin, free of fatty acids. This dierucin was treated in two ways to produce trierucin. First, in the presence of an immobilized lipase and a known amount of water, some trierucin is produced by interesterification. Second, a more efficient route to trierucin utilizedRhizopus arrhizus lipase to completely hydrolyze dierucin to erucic acid, which was then combined with an appropriate amount of dierucin in the presence of an immobilized lipase to produce trierucin in a quantitative yield.
Micro method for stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerols by chiral‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Takagi Toru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure for micro stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TGs) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral column is presented. TGs were partially hydrolyzed with ethyl magnesium bromide, and total products were immediately converted to 3,5‐dinitro‐phenylurethane derivatives. Each of the 1‐ and 2‐monoacylglycerol (MG) derivatives was isolated by HPLC on a silica column. The 1‐MGs were resolved intosn‐1 andsn‐3 MG fractions by HPLC on a Sumichiral OA‐4100 column (Sumitomo Chemical, Osaka, Japan). Fatty acid methyl esters obtained from thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 MG fractions were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography on a capillary column. Analyses of standard TGs showed that, even with 1 mg of sample, accuracy was comparable to that obtained with 100‐mg samples. Applying this procedure to the stereospecific analysis of 5 mg of jujube pulp, TGs revealed the positional distribution of the (n‐5) series of monounsaturated fatty acids they contained.
Head‐ and tail‐end dehulling of soybeans
Authors: Fetzer W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHead‐end and tail‐end dehulling systems are compared, including yield, investment costs, and energy consumption. A comparison of the European and US methods of using head‐end and tail‐end dehulling is provided. A combination of front‐end and tail‐end dehulling systems is shown, including the results in yield. Power consumption and investment costs are presented in comparison to front‐end dehulling.
Degumming, dewaxing and refining
Authors: Haraldsson G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDegumming, dewaxing and refining are aimed at removing certain fat‐soluble impurities. The different operations can be done separately or in various combinations depending on, e.g., the type of feedstock and the desired refining result. State‐of‐the‐art of water degumming and chemical (alkali) refining are discussed with special emphasis on quality and yield of products and byproducts. Dewaxing, which is of special interest for some oils such as sunflower oil, maize oil and ricebran oil, can be performed either by a filtration process or by centrifugal separation in connection with water degumming or alkali refining.
Quality of byproducts from chemical and physical refining of palm oil and other oils
Authors: Hong Wong Mong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBeing byproducts, palm soapstock, palm acid oil and palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) have a wide range of quality and composition. They also consist of many impurities and minor components. Due to development of refining techniques. PFAD have largely replaced palm acid oil, especially in the producing countries. Although both palm acid oil and PFAD can be used for making low‐quality laundry soap directly, they are often subjected to further treatment. They have found many industrial applications, especially in the feed and fatty acid industries. Quality of recovered oil from spent earth can be as good as bulk of the bleached stock if proper solvent such as hexane is used for extraction. Spent earth can also be used for incineration to produce energy, cattlefeed and landfill.
Perspectives on processing methods, equipment and procedures
Authors: Mounts T. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWorld population growth and increasing per capita consumption will place significant demands on the food oils industry in the coming years to maimize efficiency of raw material use and to optimize processing operations. Other demands on the processor of food oils center on resolving issues that are already impacting on the industry, i.e., energy conservation, pollution abatement, and diminishing reserve of petroleum‐based resources. Research now in progress in the laboratory may form the basis for the industry response to these challenges. Innovative methods of raw material preparation will be needed to obtain a higher quality oil. Alternative solvent processing could use alcohol or aqueous extraction or supercritical fluids. Each of the processing techniques used to produce a finished edible oil from crude oils, from degumming through alkali refining and bleaching to deodorization, is subject to change, and the form of these changes can be perceived from the directions of current research. Formulation of solid fats from liquid oils may see a shift from metal‐catalyzed reactions to the use of immobilized enzymes. Implementation of many of the process changes will depend on equipment development and application of advanced engineering concepts to assure their assimilation into the food oil industry. By projecting the successful integration of the chemical, process design and engineering sciences, a realistic picture of the year 2000 can be formulated.