bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Live primates and dental replication: New problems and new techniques
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Oyen Ordean J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental microwear analyses are beginning to provide new insights into the intricacies of jaw movement and tooth use in modern and extinct mammals. However, these analyses are also raising new questions that are best answered through studies of live animals with known diets. The process of taking dental impressions from live animals is a difficult one that presents problems different from those encountered in working with museum material. This report presents a review of some of those problems together with solutions that have been developed in the course of laboratory work with nonhuman primates. It also summarizes recent developments in dental casting.
Fluorochrome labelling in roman period skeletons from dakhleh oasis, Egypt
Authors: Cook Megan , Molto El , Anderson C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA histological aging study of femoral midshafts in a late Roman period sample from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, showed discrete fluorochrome labelling. The fluorochome is yellow‐green in colour and fluoresces at a wavelength of 525 nm. The labelling occurs at the mineralization fronts and is so distinct that several histomorphometric measurements were made. The percent labelled surface values ranged from 6.03% to 59.34%, and the mean distance between labels ranged from 13.57 to 20.63 μm. Teeth from several individuals were also labelled within the enamel matrix. Comparisons were made between the patterns of fluorescent labelling from this population and from patients treated with interval and continuous dosages of tetracycline. The results collectively indicate that the fluorochrome is most likely tetracycline that made its way into the bone (in vivo) via stored grain contaminated by Streptomycetes. The labelling was differential, much like that of the patient on interval doses of tetracycline, so it is argued that the tetracycline was ingested occasionally, probably on a seasonal basis. The lack of bone infection in the adults (n = 29) suggests that the tetracycline may have provided some antibiotic protection in this population.
Time of fusion of the human sternebrae with one another in northwest India
Authors: Jit Indar , Kaur Harbir 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe time of fusion of the sternebrae with one another was studied in sterna obtained from cadavers of 806 male and 212 female adults and 66 male and 29 female children, on whom medicolegal postmortem examinations had been conducted by the senior author. Sterna of 31 neonates were also studied. The bones were X‐rayed in an anteroposterior view and later macerated, cleaned, and dried. The sternebrae fused with one another from below upwards. In both sexes, the third and fourth sternebrae showed partial or commencement of fusion in a majority of specimens in the 0–5 years age group. Although the earliest complete fusion was seen in the 6–10 years age group, 100% specimens exhibited complete fusion in the 15–17 years age group. The earliest complete fusion between second and third sternebrae was observed in the 11–14 years age group in both sexes; it was seen in 100% of specimens in males over 25 years and in females over 30 years. The first and second segments showed earliest complete fusion in a boy of 16 years and in a girl of 18 years; 100% of specimens showed complete fusion in the males over 60 years and in the females over 30 years. A mesosternum showing complete fusion of all the sternebrae must be from a subject over 16 years of age if male and over 18 years if female. These observations are at variance with those of workers in Western countries. There has been no other report from India on this subject.
Spatial patterns of human gene frequencies in Europe
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Harding Rosalind M. , Oden Neal L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aims of this study of spatial patterns of human gene frequencies in Europe are twofold. One is to present new methodology developed for the analysis of such data. The other is to report on the diversity of spatial patterns observed in Europe and their interpretation as evidence of population processes. Spatial variation in 59 allele and haplotype frequencies (26 genetic systems) for polymorphisms in blood antigens, enzymes, and proteins is analyzed for an aggregate of 3,384 localities, using homogeneity tests, one‐dimensional and directional spatial correlograms, and SYMAP interpolated surfaces. The data matrices are reduced to reveal the principal patterns by clustering techniques.The findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) There is significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among the localities for all but one genetic system. 2) There are significant spatial patterns for most allele frequencies. 3) There is a substantial minority of clinal patterns in these populations. Clinal trends are found more frequently in HLA alleles than for other variables. North‐south and northwest‐southwest gradients predominate. 4) There is a strong decline in overall genetic similarity with geographic distance for most variables. 5) There are few, if any, appreciable correlations in pairs of allele frequencies over the continent, and there is little interesting correlation structure in the resulting correlation matrix. 6) Few spatial correlograms are markedly similar to each other, yet they form well‐defined clusters. Spatial variation patterns, therefore, differ among allele frequencies.Patterns of human gene frequencies in modern Europe are diverse and complex. No single model suffices for interpretation of the observed genetic structure. Some clinal patterns reported here support the Neolithic demicexpansion hypothesis, others suggest latitudinal selection. Most of the clinal patterns are in HLA alleles, but there is also evidence from ABO for east‐west migration diffusion. The majority of patterns are patchy, consistent with hypotheses of isolation by distance or of settlement of genetically differing, subsequently expanding ethnic groups. While undoubtedly there has been an ongoing stochastic process of differentiation consistent with the isolationby‐distance model, this has not obscured the directional patterns caused by migration (demic diffusion), and has perhaps only reinforced the contribution from settlement of ethnic units to patterns of genetic variation. However, the impact of the latter is most difficult to discern and requires further methodological developments.
Maxillary canine microwear in Dryopithecus from Spain
Authors: Puech Pierre‐Francois , Cianfarani Francois , Ribot I Trafi Francesc 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe three functional domains of the upper canines of Dryopithecus from Spain are analysed through microscopic examination. Evidence is presented that shows a food choice in concordance with open woodland habitat.
Cranial injuries as evidence of violence in prehistoric southern California
Authors: Walker Phillip L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCrania from the Channel Island area of southern California were examined for evidence of traumatic injuries. Well‐healed depressed fractures in the outer table of the cranial vault are common in skeletal remains from the northern Channel Islands (18.56% n = 598) but rare in those from the mainland coast (7.5% n = 146). This prevalence of traumatic injuries among the islanders may be a result of intense competition over resources in a geographically circumscribed environment. The frequency of cranial injuries increases significantly between the early and late prehistoric periods on the Channel Islands. This temporal variation appears to reflect changes in patterns of violence associated with population growth and environmental instability.
Food transport through the anterior oral cavity in macaques
Authors: German R. Z. , Saxe S. A. , Crompton A. W. , Hiiemae K. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntraoral transport, the movement of food or liquid through the oral cavity and oropharynx, is a major component of feeding behavior. Stage I transport, transport through the oral cavity prior to mastication, has been described for several mammals (Franks et al.: Arch. Oral Biol. 30:539, 1985; Hiiemae and Crompton: Hildebrand et al. (eds.): Functional Vertebrate Morphology, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 1985). Previous work (Franks et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 65:275, 1984) indicated that this was not a significant behavior in macaques in a laboratory setting, because food was ingested directly to the region of the cheek teeth. Although relatively infrequent in a captive situation, stage I transport does occur in long‐tailed macaques through a mechanism similar to other mammals, but also subject to unique aspects of primate anatomy. Transport takes several cycles during which the food moves back and forth in an anterior/posterior direction, due to tongue movements. Because anthropoid primates lack the pronounced rugae that in other mammals prevent the anterior displacement of a bolus, stage I transport uses the rounded arch of the upper, anterior dentition to hold the food during the forward movement of the tongue. During the final cycle of transport, a pronounced twisting of the tongue, along a midline anteroposterior axis helps funnel the food item toward the postcanine teeth for subsequent mastication. This twisting, which was described in humans by Abd‐El‐Malek (J. Anat. 100:215, 1955) but not within the context of jaw movement, occurs prior to the closing phase of the jaw cycle.
Sacral curvature and supine posture
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSacral curvature (SC), represented by the angle between the first and the last sacral vertebrae, is a feature that differentiates the human pelvis from that of other animals. The sacral curvature was measured and studied in 14 cebids, 31 cercopithecids, 17 hylobatids, 85 pongids, 23 normal human children, 15 children with orthopedic handicaps, 49 normal adult human males, and 64 normal adult human females. Sacral curvature was minimal to nil in monkeys (mean 11.5 ± 6 SD degrees), and moderate in apes (hylobatids, mean 16 ± 10 SD degrees; pongids, mean 27.2 ± 16 SD degrees). In human newborns SC is minimal, increasing progressively until adolescence, reaching a mean of 64.7 ± 29 SD degrees in adult humans. This study investigates the different factors contributing to the formation of the sacral curvature. These factors include 1) the effect of erect posture, which tilts the upper part of the sacrum dorsally and the lower part of the sacrum ventrally, and 2) the influence of supine posture, which affects the development of the lower part of the sacrum. In addition to supine posture the levator ani, which is well developed in Homo sapiens, also affects the lower part of the sacrum and coccyx and influences its ventral orientation. Variation in SC can result from differences in onset and frequency of supine posture. This is the first time that supine posture has been shown to play a role in shaping the human pelvis, although it is as characteristic of H. sapiens as is erect posture.
Olduvai hominid 7 trapezial metacarpal 1 articular morphology: Contrasts with recent humans
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA consideration of the metacarpal 1 articulation of the Olduvai Hominid 7 trapezium shows that, although it is generally similar to those of recent humans, it is considerably flatter radioulnarly and dorsopalmarly than those of modern humans and similar in its degree of dorsopalmar flattening to those of Upper Pleistocene late archaic humans. Even though this flattening may have slightly limited flexion‐extension at the pollical carpometacarpal joint, it is most likely related to the apparently elevated levels of axial joint reaction force through the thumbs of archaic members of the genus Homo. It also documents the continuation of human carpometacarpal articular evolution through the Pleistocene.
In vivo and in vitro turnover in dental microwear
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Oyen Ordean J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGiven the potential usefulness of dental microwear analyses in interpretations of archaeological and paleontological material, it is surprising how little we know about changes in individual microwear features through time. The purpose of this study was to document the turnover in primate dental microwear through in vivo dental studies of monkeys raised on different diets, and through in vitro studies of the abrasive effects of monkey chow biscuits on isolated monkey teeth. As in previous studies, epoxy replicas were prepared from dental impressions and examined under a scanning electron microscope.Results indicate that, under certain conditions, the turnover in primate dental microwear can be on the order of days, hours, or even minutes. Individual microscopic wear features can be obliterated within 24 hours on the molars of laboratory monkeys, and monkey chow biscuits can easily scratch the enamel of isolated monkey teeth. Monkeys raised on a hard diet showed more rapid turnover in dental microwear than monkeys raised on a soft diet. However, paired‐sample tests revealed that, for all animals, the molar shearing facets were being abraded at a significantly slower rate than molar crushing/grinding facets.In light of these results, investigators should make every effort to use large samples in interspecific comparisons of dental microwear involving species with variable diets. Another implication of these results is that changes in dental microwear might be useful indicators of changes in oral behavior over relatively short periods of time.
Inbreeding effects on fetal growth in Beirut, Lebanon
Authors: Khlat Myriam 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEffects of consanguineous marriages on offspring's gestational age and anthropometrics at birth were investigated in Beirut through a hospital‐based survey of 1,252 newborns. Twenty‐five percent of all newborns were inbred, and the mean inbreeding coefficient was 1.25%. Neither prematurity rate nor weight, length, head circumference, and chest circumference (considered individually, or as a whole) showed a significant pattern by type of parental consanguinity. Failure to demonstrate significant inbreeding effects is reported in several other studies and generally interpreted as the long‐term result of continued inbreeding practices.
Meaning of biodistance statistics: A test case using adult monozygotic twins
Authors: Jamison Paul L. , Meier Robert J. , Thompson‐Jacob Dona 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropometry, historically one of the primary research techniques in physical anthropology, has been widely utilized in biodistance studies. The complex genetic and environmental interaction that governs the expression of anthropometric dimensions, together with concerns over measurement error, have sometimes clouded the interpretation of biodistances based upon anthropometry. In this study, 51 pairs of adult monozygotic twins were analysed using discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis' generalized distance. Both male and female twins, grouped by first‐ versus second‐born, displayed very small, statistically insignificant distances between groups. When literature estimates of intra‐observer measurement errors were used as a frame of reference, the average absolute differences between the twin pairs were approximately twice the size of the measurement error estimates. The results of this study suggest that, first, the environmental effect upon the genetically influenced traits measured by anthropometry is not large enough to bring about significant multivariate differences between identical twin pairs; and, second, biodistance studies based upon anthropometry can be reliable so long as measurement error is minimized.
Skeletal biological distance studies in American Physical Anthropology: Recent trends
Authors: Buikstra Jane E. , Frankenberg Susan R. , Konigsberg Lyle W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological distance analysis, the dominant type of skeletal biological research during the 19th century, has become less visible in recent years. Although the proportion of American Journal of Physical Anthropology articles and published abstracts focusing on biodistance has remained fairly constant over the three decades between 1955 and 1985, the proportion of biodistance contributions relative to other skeletal biology studies has decreased. Emphasis in skeletal biology has shifted from the analysis of biological variation to investigations of health and diet, and within biodistance studies methodological issues have assumed prominence over purely analytical approaches. This paper investigates trends in biological distance analysis through a survey of articles and meetings abstracts published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology from 1955 to 1985. The survey provides the historical context for five symposium papers on skeletal biological distance presented at the 1986 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois
Authors: Conner Michael D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes nonmetric trait variation in 11 late Late Woodland (ca. AD 700–1000) and one Mississippian (AD 1000–1300) skeletal samples from west‐central Illinois from a population‐structure perspective. Most of the sites are of the Bluff phase of Late Woodland in the lower Illinois River valley; others are from a nearby, contemporary archaeological phase. Late Woodland as a whole era (ca. AD 250–1000) was a period of marked population growth and expansion into new regional environments, trends that accompanied horticultural intensification in the area. Overall variation between sites was low, but males, females, and the total sample exhibitied a significant geographic component to variation due to interregional morphological differences. The Bluff sites tended to group together relative to the non‐Bluff sites. However, there was no significant geographic component to variation among the Bluff sites. The results are only partially consistent with archaeological data suggesting population growth and expansion through fissioning. Previous studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity for nonmetric trait frequencies among Middle Woodland (ca. 100 BC to AD 250) sites, suggesting a Middle to Late Woodland change in population structure that lowered levels of morphological variation. This supports a model of increased intra‐ and interregional interaction from Middle to Late Woodland times developed from ceramic data by Braun and by Braun and Plog.
Mylohyoid and jugular foramen bridging in pre‐columbian chileans
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Gianfortune Vincent , Kiely Michael L. , Allison Marvin J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of mylohyoid groove bridging and jugular foramen bridging was determined in a population of adult Pre‐Columbian Chileans. Two hundred forty‐one crania (110 males, 131 females) were examined for jugular foramen bridging and 464 mandibles (252 males and 212 females) were observed for mylohyoid groove bridging. The overall incidence of jugular foramen bridging was 14.94%, with females showing a higher occurrence (18.32%) than males (10.91%); however, no statistical significance was found between the sexes. The right side showed a greater incidence than the left, but again no statistical difference was noted and the occurrence of this trait was found to be associated between the sides. This frequency of jugular foramen bridging is higher than that found in other studies and approaches that reported in North American Eskimo populations. In the case of mylohyoid groove bridging, the incidence was 4.09% with no difference found between the sexes. This frequency of occurrence is less than the values reported previously for the other American populations of Mongoloid ancestry including the Pre‐Columbian Peruvian population. The importance of nonmetric skeletal traits for defining population groups and their usefulness as anthropological tools is discussed. It is concluded that hard tissue variations such as bony bridging may be reliable markers to aid in discretely identifying population groups, but their importance can be significantly enhanced by coupling as many traits as possible in future studies.
Relationships of epidermal ridge patterns with body measurements and their possible evolutionary significance
Authors: Loesch Danuta Z. , Lafranchi Maureen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is commonly believed that in humans epidermal ridge patterns are in regression relative to nonhuman primates, and they play no role in adaptive processes. In contrast with this we have found relationships between anthropometric and dermatoglyphic measurements in a sample of 61 normal males. Anthropometric variables included limb, trunk, head, and face measures. Dermatoglyphic variables included finger ridge counts and pattern intensities and ridge breadth in the palmar interdigital area II. The strongest relationship is between the type and size of pattern on the thumb and the breadth of ridges, and wrist width, which accounts for nearly 30% of the total variance in these traits. These findings identify previously unknown sources of variation in dermatoglyphic patterns and indicate that the dermatoglyphic–anthropometric relationships might have resulted from selection pressures in evolution of modern man.
Sources of variation in interbirth intervals among captive bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemale fitness is a function of variation in the length of females' reproductive careers, the viability of their offspring, and the frequency with which they give birth. Infant loss shortens interbirth intervals in most primate species, but we know considerably less about other factors that contribute to variation in the length of interbirth intervals within groups. In one large captive group of bonnet macaques, maternal parity, age, experience, family size, and recent reproductive history are all associated with variation in the length of intervals that follow the birth of surviving infants. Primiparous females have the longest interbirth intervals, while multiparous females who have produced surviving infants in the past and have raised their last infant successfully have the shortest interbirth intervals. Infant sex and maternal rank have no direct effect upon the length of interbirth intervals. One of the underlying causes of variation in the length of interbirth intervals after surviving births seems to be variation in the timing of conceptions among females. Females who conceive early in the mating season tend to have shorter interbirth intervals than other females. However, females who are multiparous, experienced, and have recently raised infants have late conceptions and short interbirth intervals.
Concepts of occlusion: Australian evidence
Authors: Brown T. , Townsend G. C. , Richards L. C. , Burgess V. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal studies of aboriginal children over a 20‐year period have drawn attention to the wide variation in morphological features of the dentition and the way in which occlusal relationships develop. This paper summarizes some important determinants of optimal occlusal development, namely, tooth size relationships within and between dentitions, the patterns of alveolar growth, and tooth migrations during the transition from primary to permanent teeth and the nature of growth changes in the dental arches. Dental occlusion constantly changes throughout life in response to changing functional requirements. Observations limited to cross‐sectional material provide an incomplete, and sometimes misleading, concept of dental occlusion and masticatory function.