bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Thyroglobulin Epitopes in Patients with Autoimmune and Non-Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases Using Recombinant Human Monoclonal Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies
Authors: Latrofa Francesco , Ricci Debora , Grasso Lucia , Vitti Paolo , Masserini Lucio , Basolo Fulvio , Ugolini Clara , Mascia Giovanni , Lucacchini Antonio , Pinchera Aldo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractContext: Thyroglobulin (Tg) epitopes of serum Tg autoantibodies (TgAb) have been characterized using inhibition of Tg binding by human monoclonal TgAb in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) [Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD)] but not in non-AITD [nontoxic multinodular goiter (NTMG) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)].Objective: Our objective was to compare Tg epitopes of serum TgAb from patients with AITD, non-AITD, and PTC associated with histological thyroiditis (PTC-T) using inhibition of Tg binding by four recombinant human TgAb-Fab (epitopic regions A–D).Design: Inhibition of Tg binding of 24 HT, 25 GD, 19 NTMG, 15 PTC, and 25 PTC-T TgAb-positive sera by each TgAb-Fab was evaluated in ELISA. Inhibition by the pool of the four TgAb-Fab was evaluated using labeled Tg.Results: Levels of inhibition were different for TgAb-Fab regions A (P = 0.001), B (0.007), and D (0.011). Inhibition by region A TgAb-Fab was significantly higher in HT, GD, and PTC-T than in NTMG and PTC patients. Inhibition levels by region B TgAb-Fab were significantly higher in HT compared with NTMG and PTC patients and in GD compared with NTMG patients. Inhibition by D region TgAb-Fab was significantly lower in NTMG than in the other groups. Inhibition by the pool ranged from 44% (NTMG) to 72% (GD).Conclusions: The pattern of Tg recognition is similar when HT patients are compared to GD and NTMG to PTC patients and differs when AITD are compared with non-AITD patients. In PTC-T patients, it is similar to that of AITD patients.
Assessment of the Magnitude of Growth Hormone Hypersecretion in Active Acromegaly: Reliability of Different Sampling Models
Authors: Bajuk Studen Katica , Barkan Ariel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: The pulsatility of GH secretion in acromegaly poses difficulty in ascertaining true daily GH milieu in patients with this disease. Intensive GH sampling [every 10–20 (Q10–20) min for 24 h] is not practical in clinical practice.
Objective: Our objective was to ascertain reliability of abbreviated sampling protocols to reflect true 24-h mean GH concentrations in patients with acromegaly.
Design: An analysis of previously obtained plasma GH profiles was performed.
Setting: The analysis was performed at the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Michigan.
Patients: A total of 115 GH profiles obtained in 94 patients with active acromegaly were examined.
Intervention: Frequent blood sampling, i.e. Q10–20 min for 24 h, was performed.
Main Outcome Measures: Concordance of 24-h mean GH concentrations derived from Q10- to 20-min samplings with abbreviated GH sampling schedules was performed. The study was planned after data collection.
Results: All abbreviated schedules of GH sampling correlated well with the true 24-h plasma GH means (i.e. Q10- to 20-min sampling) (R = 0.93–0.98; P &lt; 0.0001 for all). In the GH range more than 20 μg/liter, only 5 and 9-h means had R values more than 0.9. Single GH concentrations less than 1 μg/liter had a positive predictive value of only 0.29, and those with less than 2.5 μg/liter had a positive predictive value of 0.67 vs. their corresponding 24-h mean GH values of the same magnitude.
Conclusions: The intensity of GH sampling in patients with acromegaly may vary depending on the nature of the required information. Investigators and clinicians should be aware of the limitations of the abbreviated GH sampling protocols in acromegaly.
Supported gold nanoparticles for aerobic, solventless oxidation of allylic alcohols
Authors: Abad Alberto , Corma Avelino , García Hermenegildo 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
After giving some general considerations about the specific properties of nanoparticles below 20 nm, procedures for size stabilization, and the importance of developing green alcohol oxidation reactions, catalytic data are presented showing that gold nanoparticles (3-7 nm) supported on nanoparticulated ceria (4 nm) are far more chemoselective than related palladium catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols. Using palladium catalysts, in addition to minor oxidation of the alcohol functional group, we have also observed polymerization, 1-2 hydrogen shift, and hydrogenation. In contrast, ceria-supported gold nanoparticles exhibit a remarkable chemoselectivity (in many cases, almost complete) to the alcohol oxidation.
Green approaches to highly selective processes: Reactions of dimethyl carbonate over both zeolites and base catalysts
Authors: Selva Maurizio 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Nowadays available by clean industrial processes, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) possesses properties of nontoxicity and biodegradability which make it a true green reagent/solvent to devise syntheses that prevent pollution at the source. In particular, the versatile reactivity of DMC allows both methylation and carboxymethylation protocols that can replace conventional and highly noxious reagents such as methyl halides (and dimethyl sulfate, DMS) and phosgene. In the field of DMC-mediated methylations, representative examples are the reactions of DMC with CH2-active compounds and primary aromatic amines. In the presence of organic/inorganic bases or zeolites (faujasites) catalysts, these processes proceed with unprecedented selectivity (up to 99 %, at complete conversion) toward the corresponding mono-C- and mono-N-methyl derivatives, a result hitherto not possible with conventional alkylation reagents. In the case of ambident amines (e.g., aminophenols, aminobenzyl alcohols, aminobenzoic acids, and aminobenzamides), the unique combination of DMC and zeolites allows not only a very high mono-N-methyl selectivity, but also a complete chemoselectivity toward the amino group. The other nucleophilic functionalities (OH, CO2H, CH2OH, CONH2) are fully preserved from alkylation and/or transesterification reactions, usually observed over basic catalysts.
Organic solvent-free synthesis of phosphorus-containing polymers
Authors: Iliescu Smaranda , Ilia Gheorghe , Pascariu Aurelia , Popa Adriana , Plesu Nicoleta 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Direct, efficient, organic solvent- and catalyst-free synthesis of a series of polyphosphates was accomplished. The reaction involved a gas-liquid interfacial polycondensation between arylphosphoric dichlorides and bisphenol A. The polyphosphates were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, inherent viscosity, thermal analysis, and molar mass. Yields in the range 70-90 % and inherent viscosities in the range 0.30-0.40 dl/g were obtained. The thermal stability of the polyphosphates was investigated by using thermogravimetry.
Heterogeneous catalysts and process for reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated hydrocarbons
Authors: Lokteva Ekaterina S. , Golubina Elena V. , Kachevsky Stanislav A. , Turakulova Anara O. , Lunin Valery V. , Tundo Pietro 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The utilization and decomposition of chlorinated wastes without formation of dioxins are challenges of great environmental importance. In this work, the catalytic reductive methods of chlorinated organics processing are described, focusing on catalyst development. Pd-containing catalysts are improved by modification of supports [use of ultra dispersed diamond (UDD) or double oxides] or by dilution of Pd by not-noble metals (Fe, Ni, Cu). Both ways are effective for the processing of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB) as a model of polychlorinated organics. The reasons for improvement of catalysts are discussed. The best catalysts were effectively used for hydrodechlorination (HDC) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB).
Photocatalysis and solar hydrogen production
Authors: Kudo Akihiko 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting is a challenging reaction because it is an ultimate solution to energy and environmental issues. Recently, many new powdered photocatalysts for water splitting have been developed. For example, a NiO (0.2 wt %)/NaTaO3:La (2 %) photocatalyst with a 4.1-eV band gap showed high activity for water splitting into H2 and O2 with an apparent quantum yield of 56 % at 270 nm. Overall water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by construction of a Z-scheme photocatalysis system employing visible-light-driven photocatalysts, Ru/SrTiO3:Rh and BiVO4 for H2 and O2 evolution, and an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron relay. Moreover, highly efficient sulfide photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production in the presence of electron donors were developed by making solid solutions of ZnS with AgInS2 and CuInS2 of narrow band gap semiconductors. Thus, the database of powdered photocatalysts for water splitting has become plentiful.
Photochemistry in synthesis: Where, when, and why
Authors: Protti Stefano , Dondi Daniele , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A series of photochemical reactions are assessed under the environmental aspect by using Eissen and Metzger's EATOS (environmental assessment tool for organic syntheses) method and are compared with strictly analogous thermal processes. These include C-C bond-forming reactions (arylation and alkylation) and selective oxidation and reduction reactions. In most cases, the photochemical method is experimentally simpler and less expensive than the thermal alternative. A disadvantage is that photochemical reactions are carried out in rather dilute solution, and this factor gives by far the main contribution to the assessment. However, if the solvent is recovered, the photochemical reaction is more environment-friendly.
Recent progress on photoreactions in microreactors
Authors: Matsushita Yoshihisa , Ichimura Teijiro , Ohba Nobuko , Kumada Shinji , Sakeda Kosaku , Suzuki Tadashi , Tanibata Hideki , Murata Toshiaki 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A microreaction system for organic photoreactions was developed, and the processes of diastereo-differentiating photosensitized reaction, photocatalytic oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, and amine N-alkylation were examined in microspace. These model reactions proceeded very rapidly with considerably large photonic efficiencies because of some distinct properties of microreactors for photoreactions, such as higher spatial illumination homogeneity and better light penetration through the entire reactor depth, and large surface-to-volume ratio in comparison with large-scale batch reactors. These results suggest feasibility of microreaction systems on organic photoreactions.
Industrial development and application of biobased oleochemicals
Authors: Hill Karlheinz 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In concepts for new products, performance, product safety, and product economy criteria are equally important. They are taken into account already when the raw materials base for a new industrial product development is defined. Here, renewable resources gain-again after the earlier "green trend" in the 1980s-increasing attention as an alternative raw materials source compared to fossil feedstock. The industrial use of carbohydrates, proteins, and vegetable oils aligns perfectly with the principles of Responsible Care and is an important part of green chemistry and sustainability in general. Since the 1950s, oleochemistry has grown to a major research and technology area in several institutions and industries. A large variety of products based on fats and oils have been developed since then for different uses, such as specialties for polymer applications, biodegradable mineral oil replacements for lubricants, and surfactants and emulsifiers for the home and personal-care industries. However, at present it seems that the use of renewable resources, especially vegetable oils, has to compete more and more with the increasing demand for bioenergy, which could cause an unbalanced supply and demand in the future or even a threat for the increasing demand for food in certain areas of the world.
Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide by group 3 metal complexes
Authors: Amgoune Abderramane , Thomas Christophe M. , Carpentier Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In this review, attention is focused on the use of group 3 metal complexes for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide to give polylactides (PLAs). Synthesis of PLAs has been studied intensively due to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties and their potential applications in medical and agricultural fields. ROP of lactide, a cyclic diester of lactic acid, provides PLA. This review includes our recent research results and implications in developing new amino-bis(phenolate) group 3 initiators for the synthesis of polyesters.
Extraction of novel sulfated polysaccharides from Aphanothece sacrum (Sur.) Okada, and its spectroscopic characterization
Authors: Okajima-Kaneko Maiko , Ono Masateru , Kabata Kiyotaka , Kaneko Tatsuo 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We extracted polysaccharides (PS) from Aphanothece sacrum using a hot alkaline solution which degraded other biopolymers such as proteins and nucleotides. The spectroscopy and elemental analyses indicated the PS contain carboxyls and sulfate groups. The degree of sulfation was estimated as about 10 mol %. 1H NMR studies demonstrated that the PS of A. sacrum had a dimethylated fucose unit. The combination of sulfate group and fucose in the prokaryotic PS was first evidenced by the direct spectroscopic studies. The PS showed efficient gelation behavior, binding to metal ions abundant in soil, and the swelling volume of the gel was approximately 250 times the dry volume. These results imply that PS of A. sacrum, which has been mass cultivated in Japan for a long time, may have potential as an environmentally benign water absorbent.
Acylation of different amino derivatives with fatty acids on UL-MFI-type catalysts
Authors: Musteata Mariana , Musteata Vasile , Dinu Alina , Florea Mihaela , Hoang Vinh-Thang , Trong-On Do , Kaliaguine Serge , Pârvulescu Vasile I. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Acylation of different amino derivatives (ethanol amine, diethanol amine, N-aminoethylpiperazine) was carried out under green conditions with oleic acid or tail oil fatty acids. The experiments were carried out using as heterogeneous catalysts mesoporous Al-Meso and UL-ZSM-5 with Si/Al ratios between 100 and 20, in the range of the temperatures 80-180 °C without any solvent or in octane or water. The efficiency of the catalysts for the acylation of the investigated substrates appeared to be directly dependent on the Si/Al ratio and the size of the pores. The selectivity toward esters or amides was firstly controlled by temperature, and then by the Si/Al ratios. Additionally, both the conversion and selectivity were controlled by the solvent in which the reaction was carried out. The use of water led mostly to a mixture of esters and amides.
Diesel fuels from biomass
Authors: Casanave Dominique , Duplan Jean-Luc , Freund Edouard 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The demand for transportation fuels - gasoline (for cars), diesel (for trucks and cars), and kerosene (for aircraft) - is predicted to increase. The fastest growth will be observed for kerosene, in competition with diesel, inducing constraints on diesel. At the same time, all of these fuels are derived mainly from oil (more than 95 %), thus generating growing, uncontrolled CO2 emissions. Therefore, production of diesel derived from biomass (the so-called biodiesel) appears as a major objective. In this paper, we describe the existing industrial processes, discuss the possible improvements, and present the new routes (the "second-generation" processes) under development that will allow biodiesel to gain a significant percentage of the diesel (and maybe of middle distillates) pool.
Health Care Providers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-efficacy for Working With Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Who Have Diverse Sexual Orientations
Authors: Burch Annlee 
Published: November 2007

Background and PurposeThis study, using an evaluative, cross-sectional design, explored the self-efficacy, knowledge, and attitudes of health care providers who treat people with spinal cord injury (SCI) who may be gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (GLBT). The study also designed and implemented a diversity training program and measured its effect on participants’ perceptions of their ability to change their knowledge levels, attitudes, and self-efficacy with regard to sexual orientation diversity.Subjects and MethodsHealth care professionals (N=402) participated in a diversity training program that included a pre-briefing questionnaire, a videotape, a post-briefing questionnaire, and discussion. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were performed on all variables of interest.ResultsThe majority of the participants reported low levels of knowledge, attitudes of tolerance versus respect, and 0% to 20% confidence levels for providing culturally sensitive services for patients with diverse sexual orientations. Three hundred seventeen participants strongly agreed that watching the videotape increased their confidence levels in providing services for people who may be GLBT.Discussion and ConclusionHealth care providers who treat people with SCI self-report low levels of knowledge, tolerance versus respect, and low levels of self-efficacy with regard to sexual orientation diversity. If a health care provider has a low level of knowledge, tolerance versus respect, and a low level of diversity self-efficacy toward others, there may be direct physical and mental health consequences for the patient. A limitation of the study was that social desirability bias may have increased the number of participants who reported increased levels of self-efficacy following the videotape. Further research is recommended (1) to determine whether current diversity training for health care professionals includes diversity of sexual orientation and (2) to examine the knowledge levels, attitudes, and self-efficacy of health care professionals with regard to sexual orientation diversity while attempting to control for social desirability bias in participants’ responses.
In‐Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Microtomography Studies of Microstructure and Damage Evolution in Engineering Materials
Authors: Beckmann F. , Grupp R. , Haibel A. , Huppmann M. , Nöthe M. , Pyzalla A. , Reimers W. , Schreyer A. , Zettler R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn materials science X‐ray microtomography has evolved as an increasingly utilized technique for characterizing the 3D microstructure of materials. The fundamentals of X‐ray microtomography experimental methods and the reconstruction and data evaluation processes are briefly described. A review of in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray microtomography studies in literature is given. Examples of recent work include in‐situ microtomography investiagtions of metallic foams, in‐situ studies of the sintering of copper particles, and in‐situ investigations of creep damage evolution in composites. Future perspectives of in‐situ X‐ray microtomography studies in materials science are outlined.
Palladium Pincer Complex‐Catalyzed Condensation of Sulfonimines and Isocyanoacetate to Imidazoline Derivatives. Dependence of the Stereoselectivity on the Ligand Effects
Authors: Aydin Juhanes , Kumar K. Senthil , Eriksson Lars , Szabó Kálmán J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed condensation reactions of sulfonimines with isocyanoacetate were performed using various PCP, SCS, SeCSe and NCN pincer complexes as catalysts. The reactions proceeded rapidly (2 h) at room temperature using only 1 mol % pincer complex catalyst without any additives. The electron‐deficient and relatively bulky PCP complex provides imidazoline derivatives with a very high syn diastereoselectivity. The applied PCP catalyst proved to be very robust under the applied reaction conditions, as it could be recovered without any decomposition after the completed catalytic process. The stereoselectivity of the condensation reactions is reversed by employing the electron‐rich SeCSe type of complexes. Simple palladium salts, such as palladium acetate, Pd(OAc)2, catalyze the reaction with a poor stereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity of the PCP complex‐catalyzed process does not depend significantly on the steric bulk of the sulfonimine component. Mechanistic studies revealed that the PCP complex‐catalyzed reaction proceeds via an η1‐coordinated palladium isocyanoacetate pincer intermediate. This intermediate could also be isolated and its structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray structure of this reaction intermediate indicates a surprisingly strong carbon‐metal bond between the palladium atom and the coordinated isocyanoacetate molecule. Our mechanistic studies show that the pincer complex catalyst does not undergo redox reactions and, thus it retains a +2 oxidation state under the catalytic process.
Microwave‐Assisted Simple and Efficient Ligand Free Copper Nanoparticle Catalyzed Aryl‐Sulfur Bond Formation
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Saha Amit , Jana Ranjan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new protocol for the coupling of aryl iodides with thiophenols and alkanethiols catalyzed by copper nanoparticles under ligand‐free condition has been developed. A variety of functionalized aryl sulfides are prepared in excellent yields under microwave irradiation for 5–7 min. A plausible radical mechanism has been suggested.
Arylation of Allyl Alcohols in Organic and Aqueous Media Catalyzed by Oxime‐Derived Palladacycles: Synthesis of β‐Arylated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Nájera Carmen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 4‐hydroxyacetophenone oxime‐derived palladacycle catalyzes the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of allyl alcohols with aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides in aqueous and organic solvents. The reaction takes place in the presence of dicyclohexylmethylamine or cesium carbonate as bases, the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive for aryl bromides and chlorides being necessary. Under these reaction conditions, β‐arylated aldehydes and ketones are mainly obtained using a rather low loading of palladium (0.1–1 mol %). Similar catalytic activity is shown by a Kaiser oxime resin‐derived palladacycle, which allows one to perform recycling and reusing experiments with low Pd leaching. The high regio‐ and chemoselectivity observed supported that these palladacycles, working as a source of Pd(0) species, operates mainly through a neutral mechanism. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of important β‐arylated carbonyl compounds, such as 4‐phenylbutan‐2‐one, 4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)butan‐2‐one, dihydrochalcones, the anti‐inflamatory nabumetone, and the fragance β‐lilial®. γ‐Arylation is observed in the reactions of allyl alcohol and but‐3‐en‐2‐ol with 2‐iodoaniline giving mainly the corresponding quinolines. The same tendency is observed in the case of 1,1‐dimethylallyl alcohol affording either γ‐arylated alcohols or (E)‐1‐arylisoprenes.