bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemicalcin, a new toxin from the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus which is active on ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels
Authors: Shahbazzadeh Delavar , Srairi-Abid Najet , Feng Wei , Ram Narendra , Borchani Lamia , Ronjat Michel , Akbari Abolfazl , Pessah Isaac N. , De Waard Michel , El Ayeb Mohamed 
Published: April 2007

In the present work, we purified and characterized a novel toxin named hemicalcin from the venom of the Iranian chactoid scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus where it represents 0.6% of the total protein content. It is a 33-mer basic peptide reticulated by three disulfide bridges, and that shares between 85 and 91% sequence identity with four other toxins, all known or supposed to be active on ryanodine-sensitive calcium channels. Hemicalcin differs from these other toxins by seven amino acids at positions 9 (leucine/arginine), 12 (alanine/glutamic acid), 13 (aspartic acid/asparagine), 14 (lysine/asparagine), 18 (serine/glycine), 26 (threonine/alanine) and 28 (proline/isoleucine/alanine). In spite of these differences, hemicalcin remains active on ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels, since it increases [3H]ryanodine binding on RyR1 (ryanodine receptor type 1) and triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic vesicles. Bilayer lipid membrane experiments, in which the RyR1 channel is reconstituted and its gating properties are analysed, indicate that hemicalcin promotes an increase in the opening probability at intermediate concentration and induces a long-lasting subconductance level of 38% of the original amplitude at higher concentrations. Mice intracerebroventricular inoculation of 300 ng of hemicalcin induces neurotoxic symptoms in vivo, followed by death. Overall, these data identify a new biologically active toxin that belongs to a family of peptides active on the ryanodine-sensitive channel.
Phylogenetic and specificity studies of two-domain GNA-related lectins: generation of multispecificity through domain duplication and divergent evolution
Authors: Van Damme Els J. M. , Nakamura-Tsuruta Sachiko , Smith David F. , Ongenaert Maté , Winter Harry C. , Rougé Pierre , Goldstein Irwin J. , Mo Hanqing , Kominami Junko , Culerrier Raphaël , Barre Annick , Hirabayashi Jun , Peumans Willy J. 
Published: April 2007

A re-investigation of the occurrence and taxonomic distribution of proteins built up of protomers consisting of two tandem arrayed domains equivalent to the GNA [Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) agglutinin] revealed that these are widespread among monotyledonous plants. Phylogenetic analysis of the available sequences indicated that these proteins do not represent a monophylogenetic group but most probably result from multiple independent domain duplication/in tandem insertion events. To corroborate the relationship between inter-domain sequence divergence and the widening of specificity range, a detailed comparative analysis was made of the sequences and specificity of a set of two-domain GNA-related lectins. Glycan microarray analyses, frontal affinity chromatography and surface plasmon resonance measurements demonstrated that the two-domain GNA-related lectins acquired a marked diversity in carbohydrate-binding specificity that strikingly contrasts the canonical exclusive specificity of their single domain counterparts towards mannose. Moreover, it appears that most two-domain GNA-related lectins interact with both high mannose and complex N-glycans and that this dual specificity relies on the simultaneous presence of at least two different independently acting binding sites. The combined phylogenetic, specificity and structural data strongly suggest that plants used domain duplication followed by divergent evolution as a mechanism to generate multispecific lectins from a single mannose-binding domain. Taking into account that the shift in specificity of some binding sites from high mannose to complex type N-glycans implies that the two-domain GNA-related lectins are primarily directed against typical animal glycans, it is tempting to speculate that plants developed two-domain GNA-related lectins for defence purposes.
Mapping the return on investment (ROI) of QTL: a progress report on animal genomics.
Authors: Schook L. B. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
After more than 20 years of targeted investment, genomics is now on the verge of widespread adoption across many animal industries. Public-financed genome sequencing projects and the development of related technologies to lower the costs of genotyping continue to stimulate adoption of genomics by the animal industries and companion animal health providers. Early adoption in the livestock industry has initially involved improving existing breeding and traceability systems. The virtual or literal vertically integrated dairy, pig and chicken industries are well positioned to be early adopters. The integrated structures provide the business model to capture value generated by the incorporation of genomic information and technologies into their production systems. The major challenges will continue to be the costs of sample collection, processing and reporting, and how to integrate information into a real-time management system. Underpinning future research will be the availability of sequenced genomes for each of the production species (cattle, pigs and chickens) and large-scale DNA-arrays or 'single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips' to perform low-cost genome scans. Such emerging technologies permit the identification and mapping of allelic variants affecting animal performance in existing commercial populations. The utility of markers to predict performance and genetic worth will expand from specialized tests for specific traits to 'whole genome selection', where segments of DNA are tracked and sold based on predicted genetic merit (for a specific management scheme). The implications are positive both for producers and consumers. Producers can address lower production costs associated with feed efficiencies and diseases, whereas consumers will witness the emergence of branded products that are safer with increased nutritional value, reduced environmental impacts and greater animal welfare. Finally, the application of genomics for companion animals (cats, dogs and horses) will focus on developing new nutritional approaches to improving health and wellness. Companion animal health and nutrition companies will use genomic information to develop specific diets for specific breeds and ages of animals. They have also developed diagnostic tests for parentage and breeding to eliminate genetic diseases in specific breeds. In conclusion, genomic information and related technologies are already providing 'quantitative' returns on research investments to livestock and healthcare industries and further promise to make 'qualitative' impacts on the nutritional value of foods, their safety, the wellness of our animals while decreasing environmental impacts. The future waits for further validation studies demonstrating the utility of genetic markers identified in experimental crosses in commercial operations. The creation of SNP haplomaps will also permit the use of SNPs across animal populations overcoming the current limitation of genetic marker utilization within families.
Selenium supplementation in heat-stressed poultry.
Authors: Sahin k. , Kucuk O. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Stress evoked by high ambient temperature results in economic loss through reducing feed intake while decreasing nutrient utilization, growth rate, egg production, egg quality and feed efficiency. Moreover, environmental stress leads to oxidative stress and reduces the antioxidant status of the bird
in vivo
, resulting in increased oxidative damage and lowered plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E) and minerals (zinc and selenium). Selenium is an essential trace element for animals and humans because of its role in the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase which protects cell membranes from damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Selenium deficiency causes several disorders in animal species and severe health problems in humans. Selenium supplementation has been found to eliminate selenium deficiency problems. Selenium is also used in the diets of heat-stressed poultry because of its reported benefits. This review deals with the effects of dietary selenium supplementation in poultry maintained at a high ambient temperature.
The potential of
Lysobacter
spp. as bacterial biological control agents for plant diseases.
Authors: Kobayashi D. Y. , Yuen G. Y. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The genus
Lysobacter
was established in the late 1970s to encompass strains of gliding bacteria that are morphologically and genetically distinct from other groups of myxobacteria. Strains were known to produce an impressive array of extracellular lytic enzymes and novel antibiotics that were associated with antagonistic activity towards a broad range of micro-organisms including fungi, nematodes and other bacteria. Characterization of these features was the subject of early research with
Lysobacter
strains, with the primary objective of identifying novel pharmaceuticals. Over the past decade, however, increased recognition of microbial antagonism displayed by
Lysobacter
spp. has led to investigations into their use as biological control agents of plant diseases. As a result,
Lysobacter
spp. are seen as valuable resources for biorationale approaches to plant disease control. In this review, we discuss: (i) the historical background of the
Lysobacter
group; (ii) the characterization of mechanisms contributing to microbial antagonism displayed by its members; (iii) our current knowledge of biocontrol by specific strains, including their ecological and biological behaviours; and (iv) the relationship of various mechanisms to biocontrol activity.
Regulation of the intestinal immune system by commensal microbiota in avian and ruminant species.
Authors: Brisbin J. T. , Haghighi H. R. , Kulkarni R. , Sharif S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Maintenance of intestinal immune system homeostasis requires the host to distinguish commensal bacteria, which are members of the gut microbiota, from pathogenic micro-organisms and respond accordingly. Although the mechanisms that maintain this homeostasis are not completely understood, evidence, particularly from studies of rodents and humans, has enabled the unravelling of the finely tuned balance that exists between the host and its microbiota. Commensal bacteria, which are in close contact with cells of the intestinal immune system, have been shown to play an important role in regulation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The anatomy of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in avian and ruminant species differs from that of monogastric animal species. However, many of the mechanisms that are used to identify and respond to commensal bacteria are highly conserved among species and are, therefore, thought to function similarly. In recent years, interest in the area of gut microbiota interactions with the host immune system has significantly increased. This is partly because of the implications of these interactions for the development of novel strategies for improving gut health in animals.
Temperate forage legumes for adverse conditions.
Authors: Frame J. , Laidlaw A. S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The suitability of temperate forage legumes for adverse physical conditions is considered. The ability of the major forage legumes i.e. lucerne, white and red clover and birdsfoot trefoil and the 'minor' species, many originating from Mediterranean-type climatic zones, to withstand soil acidity, alkalinity and salinity and drought, waterlogging and extreme temperatures is compared. As many of the references cited involve direct comparison between species in response to a given adverse environmental factor, species are ranked for tolerance to that factor in some instances. Both annual and perennial species are included in the review. Conclusions from comparisons are conditioned by cultivars or ecotypes chosen to represent the species and the method of evaluation. Nevertheless, species at either end of the tolerance spectrum to a specific adverse factor are generally clearly identified. There is no definite rule in deciding whether the most appropriate approach to improving tolerance in the legume component of a forage or pasture is either to search and replace the existing species with another or improve the existing species. In the latter case, molecular and transformation technology is becoming increasingly important. Increasing emphasis on international cooperation is urged as marginal areas are not restricted to any one country. The economic case for reliance on legumes, especially in marginal areas where response to nitrogenous fertilizer is poorest, remains strong.
Host resistance to infectious disease: immunogenetics of Mareks disease in chickens.
Authors: Sarson A. J. , Abdul-Careem M. F. , Parvizi P. , Sharif S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
It has been known for centuries that in epidemics of infectious diseases, some species, strains, families, and individuals are more resistant or susceptible than others. Since these early observations, the role of the inherent parameters in determining an individual's relative resistance to infectious diseases has been speculated upon. In the past few decades, with improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, as well as successful national and international eradication programmes, the incidence rate of infectious diseases in human and domestic animal populations has dropped drastically. However, the process of controlling infectious diseases remains hampered by the cost of eradication programmes, the need for an intimate collaboration between national and international organizations, lack of knowledge regarding the genetic interplay between the host and parasite, constant evolution of parasites and the risk of resurgence of old pathogens or even those presumed to be eradicated. In the case of domestic animals, genetically based approaches for enhancement of disease resistance may provide a complementary or an alternative approach to the currently available strategies for control of disease, such as vaccination and the use of antimicrobials. This review describes the current status of research in the area of genetic regulation of host response and disease resistance in domestic animals. Various approaches for dissecting out genetics of host response and disease resistance, including phenotypic selection, genetic markers, candidate genes and gene expression profiling will be discussed. Finally, genetics of resistance and susceptibility to Marek's disease in chickens will be explored in detail.
Risk assessment for plant-made pharmaceuticals.
Authors: Wolt J. D. , Karaman S. , Wang Kan Wang Kan 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) offer great promise as efficacious and cost-effective products for the treatment of human and animal disease. The benefits of this technology must be balanced against potential health and environmental risks that may be associated with its use. Risks associated with human and animal health and environmental impacts of PMPs can be minimized through adoption of production confinement and product channelling processes that have stringencies consistent with the degree of hazard or uncertainty associated with a specific product. Risk assessment considers the probability for harm to occur as a consequence of exposure in the production, processing, and use of a given PMP. Risk assessment focused on the intended uses of PMPs involves manufacturing and medicinal use scenarios that consider workers and consumers of the PMP; whereas the risk assessment for unintended occurrence in food or feeds considers a differing nature of exposure (in terms of the route, intensity, frequency and duration of exposure). The consequences of intended and unintended use both must be considered and managed for comprehensive understanding of risk. Regardless, because PMPs presently have no provision for regulatory tolerances, their inadvertent occurrence in foods or feeds remains an important economic consideration, even when the health and environmental risks are low. Various production options may be utilized to account for uncertainties in order to mitigate the risks of PMPs.
The use of computer-based decision support systems in horticulture.
Authors: Collier R. H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The horticulture industry is highly dependent on the weather, which affects not only crop yields, but also maturity times, nutrient supply and the onset of pest and disease problems. The ready availability of computers has led to the development of computer-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) for horticulture. DSS are systems designed to help users make more effective decisions by providing the information in a way which actively supports the decision process. Many horticultural DSS use weather data as a major input and for these, the frequency of data collection and the level of recording accuracy required depend on the process modelled. Potential sources of weather data range from weather stations run as part of national networks to automatic weather stations recording climatic conditions within individual crops. Computer-based DSS and their output are distributed to users in several ways. Some DSS can be run directly on the web or downloaded from the web. However, managed services are popular with growers because they are often accompanied by an interpretation from an expert. Output may be distributed by fax, email, the Internet or mobile phone. The uptake of DSS has, in general, been slower than might have been expected at the outset and can be attributed, at least in part, to the failure of scientists to understand and identify the 'market' sufficiently. Barriers to uptake include the gap between the processing power and capability of users' hardware and that expected by the software, and access to, and the cost of, up-to-date data, particularly weather data. There is also a perceived threat to the livelihood of agronomists and consultants. However, they are likely to be the main users of DSS rather than growers.
Equine influenza in India.
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Virmani N. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In the year 1987, India experienced a severe epizootic of equine influenza in which more than 83 000 equids were involved. The virus was isolated from various parts of the country and A/Equi-2 was confirmed to be the main causative agent, while A/Equi-1 was reported only in a few cases. By adopting adequate preventive and management practices, the disease was put under control. Although the incidence of respiratory disease causing problems 'similar to influenza' was reported in 1965 on the basis of haemagglutination titre and clinical symptoms, systematic studies (including the isolation of the virus and its characterization) were carried out only after the outbreak of 1987. Most of the characterization work and vaccine preparation was done with A/Equi-2 isolate of influenza virus (A/Equi-2/Ludhiana/87), as it was involved in majority of the affected equines. Nucleotide sequencing of haemagglutinin-1 (HA1), neuraminidase (NA) and nonstructural gene-1 (NS1) genes revealed that the Indian isolate had co-linearity with circulating isolates at that time. However, another isolate, A/Equi-2/Bhiwani/87 (H3N8), was observed to be a vaccine strain. Monoclonal antibodies, along with a number of diagnostic tests, namely single radial haemolysis (SRH), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RNA:DNA-hybridization-based DNA probes, were developed for detection of this virus. A low-cost equine influenza vaccine was also developed indigenously which contained 20 mg HA protein in the killed whole-virus vaccine. The efficacy and immunogenicity of this vaccine have already been tested successfully. Though no major equine influenza outbreak has been reported after 1987, the country should remain fully prepared to combat any such unforeseen situation in future, with up-to-date facilities for virus isolation, its characterization and development of new vaccine with emerging isolates, if any, at a very short notice.
Folate and health.
Authors: Picciano M. F. , Yetley E. A. , Coates P. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The B vitamin, folate, functions as a coenzyme in single-carbon transfer reactions. Dietary sources include a family of derivatives found naturally in foods and the synthetic form (folic acid) used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. The role of folate in treating and preventing the megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy has long been recognized. Recent documentation of its beneficial role in preventing pregnancies affected by neural tube defects provided the basis for recommendations that women of child-bearing age take a dietary supplement containing 400 mg folic acid daily and, in some countries, for implementation of national folic acid fortification programmes. Relatively new hypotheses for a possible role of folate status in several health outcomes (e.g. cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognitive function and osteoporosis) and related research activities are described. Discussions of the tools and challenges in assessing and monitoring folate status are included. The US experience is used to illustrate the issues in designing and monitoring a national folic acid fortification programme. Future research and monitoring needs are identified.
Practical recommendations on the control of helminth parasites in organic sheep production systems.
Authors: Cabaret J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Helminth infections are one of the major preoccupations in organic sheep farming. The present control strategy is two-fold; aiming to reduce intake of parasites by using proper grazing management or adult parasite load in the lambs. Uninfected pastures (following grazing, pasture newly sown or grazed previously by cattle) are often available and should be dedicated to lambs, which are more susceptible than ewes. The grazing of certain leguminous forages and herbs may reduce parasitic infestation in sheep but further studies are required prior to large-scale utilization in organic farms. The recommended treatments of lambs and/or ewes are based on phytotherapy and homeopathy. At present, claims of efficacy are not backed with hard facts, although the approaches are widely used in organic sheep farms. Shepherds also rely on synthetic chemical drugs, since several anthelmintic drenches are compatible with organic production. The use of different categories of products may prove costly in poorly managed farms. A targeted selective treatment (e.g. selection of animals or groups to be treated) is a proposal that will attract organic farmers, provided that they are given indicators for treatment decisions. At present, several indicators are available (laboratory analyses, pathophysiological indicators (anaemia or diarrhoea), and production traits (weight gains)) but they are costly or time-consuming and there is a need for their optimization. Their acceptance by farmers is also a prerequisite for their promotion.