bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of partial flower removal on the relation betwen root, shootand fruti growth in the indeterminate tomato
Authors: HURD R. G. , GAY A. P. , MOUNTIFIELD A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe root, vegetative shoot and fruit growth of November and January sown glasshouse tomato plants grown in flowing water culture was followed over 6–7 months. The relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth was examined after two‐thirds of the flowers were removed from half the experimental plants. This resulted in larger plants which had fewer, larger fruits and eventually a fruit yield almost as large as the controls.In the control plants, fruit growth increased steadily until it reached 90% of the total incremental fresh weight of the plant 50–60 days after first anthesis. Leaf growth was markedly depressed at this stage and root growth ceased 4 wk after anthesis. Some root death was observed from anthesis onwards. When fruit growth subsequently diminished, vegetative growth recovered but to a lower rate than before fruiting commenced. Following partial flower removal, only 64% or less of the total increment of fresh weight went into the fruit. Although vegetative growth at this stage was thus greater than in the control plants, both shoot and root growth followed the same qualitative pattern with time.The ratio of vegetative shoot to root fresh weight remained essentially constant throughout the fruiting phase in plants of both sowings whether flowers were removed or not. This suggests that the fruit grew in competition with the vegetative organs as a whole, although, for a short period at early fruiting, root growth was more seriously affected.The pattern and amount of fruiting in this indeterminate plant was influenced by the size of the vegetative organs at fruiting, and by the effect of the existing developing fruit on further vegetative and reproductive growth.
Cavity spot of carrots.
Authors: A PERRY D. , HARRISON J. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCavity spot is initiated anywhere on the carrot storage organ, when cells of the outermost layers of the secondary phloem collapse progressively, leading eventually to rupture of the periderm. A wound periderm forms around the lesion and suberin and lignin are deposited in the cell walls. Polyphenols accumulate in tissue around the lesion.Neither Ca or K concentrations in the soil or their ratios were related to cavity spot in surveys of crops in E. Scotland. Of the many characteristics recorded, only soil bulk density was related to the incidence of the disorder.No consistent responses to high concentrations of Ca or K were obtained in field and pot experiments. A response to Ca as gypsum was possibly due to its effect on soil structure.
Electrophoretic studies on populations of Myzus persicae in Scotland from October to December, 1976
Authors: BAKER J. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Myzus persicae populations in Scotland were sampled during the last three months of 1976 and the individuals collected were classified into clones or groups of clones by electrophoretic analysis at three polymorphic loci. Samples from rape or mustard had a different range of clone compositions from samples from swede, cabbage or calabrese. The data provide further evidence in support of the oligogeneous population structure of this species during the period of the investigation.
Phytotoxicity and fungitoxicity tests for tree wound paints
Authors: MERCER P. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTo assess quickly the wide range of potential treatments for pruning wounds phytotoxicity and fungitoxicity tests were devised. The phytotoxicity test was based on the growth of poplar callus and the fungitoxicity test on the inhibition of fungal growth on wood strips. Results of field tests were in broad agreement with the laboratory phytotoxicity tests.
Biological control of crown gall in cherry rootstock propagation
Authors: GARRETT CONSTANCE M. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYEnglish isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from cherry were sensitive to the bacteriocin produced by A. radiobacter strain 84 in vitro, and simultaneous inoculation of the two organisms into tomato stems or cherry leaf scars completely inhibited the gall formation that occurred in the absence of strain 84. However, attempts to achieve biological control of crown gall of cherry in the field were successful only when the antagonist was applied as a preplanting treatment to cuttings. Disease on infected cherry layers was not reduced even after three sprays of the antagonist. A. radiobacter strain 84 was also ineffective as a preplanting dip, or both preplanting and post‐harvest dips for symptomless, but latently infected, rootstocks harvested from an infected layer bed.
The occurrence and effects of red clover necrotic mosaic virus in red clover (Trifolium pratense)
Authors: BOWEN ROBERTA , PLUMB R. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn 1976, red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) was identified in red clover variety trials at the Scottish Colleges of Agriculture and at the trial centres of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB) in Northumberland, Dyfed, Devon and Cambridge. In 1977, RCNMV was also found in two commercial crops of red clover in South Wales. The only previous finding of this virus in Britain was in 1971.In red clover leaves RCNMV causes veinal chlorosis, often followed by severe necrosis and deformation; the plants become stunted. All cultivars tested were infected either in field or glasshouse experiments and three of the four most susceptible cultivars were tetraploids. Yield losses in cv. Hungaropoly averaged 57% over three cuts. RCNMV was transmitted manually but not through seed or by aphids {Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae) or weevils (Apion spp. and Sitona lineatus). Seedlings became infected when grown in pots containing RCNMV‐infected plants or soil from infected sites, and the roots of infected test seedlings contained an Olpidium sp. which may be the vector.White clover mosaic virus (WCMV), also common in red clover at some sites, was less damaging than RCNMV and in a glasshouse experiment decreased yield by only 22%. An unidentified seed‐borne virus with spherical particles c. 33 nm in diameter was the only virus detected in clover seedlings screened for RCNMV.
A technique for scoring midge blight of red raspberry, a disease complex caused by Resseliella theobaldi and associated fungi
Authors: WILLIAMSON B. , HARGREAVES A. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA scoring technique is described for assessing midge blight using maps representing vascular lesions beneath periderm damaged by second generation larvae of Resseliella theobaldi. Individual canes were scored and some components of yield examined. Yield was not affected until lesions covered more than 20% of the stele surface at the base of canes. Midge blight scores increased with cane girth, probably because splitting of the cortex was most extensive in stout canes.
Factors affecting the sporulation of Gloeosporium perennans and Gloeosporium fructigenum in vitro
Authors: SNEH B. , CORKE A. T. K. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAn ability to spore predictably and plentifully when grown in darkness at a constant temperature, is a highly desirable attribute for any organism used to test antisporulant chemicals in vitro. The extreme variability of isolates, and their rapid loss of vigour in culture, resulted in erratic sporulation by Gloeosporium perennans: although sporulation could be temporarily improved by various means, it remained too variable for assessing the antisporulant activity of chemicals in vitro. G. fructigenum, on the other hand, grew vigorously throughout a long series of transfers, and spored reliably and plentifully when grown under the same conditions.
Antisporulant activity of chemicals towards fungi causing cankers on apple branches
Authors: CORKE A. T. K. , SNEH B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSix antisporulant compounds, selected from 120 chemicals screened against Gloeosporium fructigenum in vitro, were applied to lesions on Cox apple shoots caused by Nectria galligena or G. perennans. In the following 11 months, 42 and 33% fewer spores were trapped from N. galligena cankers treated with 2,4,5,6‐tetrachlorophenol or benomyl respectively, and 87 and 71% fewer from G. perennans cankers treated with 8‐hydroxyquinoline or benomyl respectively, compared with those caught from untreated cankers. Miscible tar‐petroleum oil had an antisporulant effect equal to that of benomyl on both N. galligena and G. perennans.
The suppression of Phytophthora syringae in orchard soil by furalaxyl as a means of controlling fruit rot of apple and pear
Authors: HARRIS D. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYApple orchard soil treated with Aaterra (etridiazole), A5430 (furalaxyl), copper sulphate, LS 74–783 (aluminium tris(ethyl phosphonate)) or water in mid‐August 1977 was assayed for Phytophthora syringae by an apple fruit baiting method immediately after fungicide application and at weekly intervals for 8 wk. There was no infection of baits placed in the orchard and this was attributed to low rainfall. When wetted and baited, samples of surface soil caused from 0 to 85% fruit infection depending on the time of sampling and soil treatment. In control soil, fungus activity was low in the first 4 wk, high in the fifth wk and fluctuated widely thereafter. In samples from soils treated with Aaterra, copper sulphate or LS 74–783 activity was first apparent in the fifth wk and then fluctuated roughly in parallel with that of control soil although at generally lower levels. Changing levels of activity were apparently related to air temperature during baiting. No infection of fruits occurred in any samples from soil treated with furalaxyl. Further assays of this soil indicated a complete suppression of P. syringae to at least 10 cm soil depth. Furalaxyl is sufficiently active to be considered as a soil treatment for controlling Phytophthora fruit rot of apple and pear.
The effect of time of sowing on the incidence of subterranean clover red leaf virus infection in broad bean (Vicia faba)
Authors: JOHNSTONE G. R. , RAPLEY P. E. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYYield losses in broad beans due to subterranean clover red leaf virus (SCRLV) in 1972/73 were 21, 30, 61 and 8% in plots sown in May, July, September and November respectively. The variations in yield loss resulted from differing levels of virus infection during periods in which harvestable pods were set because further pod set virtually ceased after symptoms of infection became apparent. The increases in infection were paralleled by increases in the infestation of Aulacorthum solani the aphid vector of SCRLV. Yield losses were greatest in the September‐sown plots because the plants emerged at the commencement of the spring peak of aphid flight and were least in the November‐sown plots which emerged after the peak of aphid flight had declined. However, potential yields decreased with deferment of sowing time and recorded yields were greatest from May‐sown plots.Yield losses due to SCRLV in 1973/74 were 79 and 91% for plots sown in May and September respectively. These larger yield losses resulted from an earlier and more rapid colonisation of plants by A. solani than in the previous year.Choice of May as sowing date would not have controlled the disease satisfactorily in 1973/74 but would have been practical in the previous season when colonisation by A. solani was delayed so that little infection with SCRLV occurred before pod set had ceased.
Lack of correlation between the coat protein composition of tobacco mosaic virus isolates and their ability to infect resistant tomato plants
Authors: DAWSON J. R. O. , REES M. W. , SHORT MARGARET N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe differing responses of a wide range of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolates to various genes controlling resistance in tomato were not correlated with the amino acid composition of their coat proteins. Nor were they necessarily linked with ability to cause necrotic local lesions in White Burley tobacco, which is usually associated with the presence of methionine in the coat protein.
Screening for quantitative resistance to the white potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
Authors: FORREST J. M. S. , HOLLIDAY J. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe resistance to Globodera pallida of potatoes bred from Solanum uernei was assessed rapidly in pot tests by counting cysts on the exterior of the root ball. Assessments of resistance made in this way in three consecutive years were reproducible on a ranking basis. There was also a significant agreement in the ranked results of pot and field tests. A more accurate assessment of nematode multiplication rates in the field could be provided by laboratory tests in which temperature, moisture and initial nematode numbers were strictly controlled.
Some expression of heterosis in F1‐hybrid barley
Authors: DONE ANGELA C. , MACER R. C. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSmall and large scale trials of F1 barley hybrids were done in a glasshouse in the United Kingdom and in the field in the United Kingdom and Europe in 1970, 1971 and 1972. The results showed that there were few instances of significant positive heterosis in yield with either the small or field scale experiments. The hybrids studied were all derived from American varieties as male‐sterile parents and therefore the hybrids were not adapted to European countries, thus the case for or against F1‐hybrids cannot be assessed solely on this material.
The influence of soil temperatures as controlled by mulching on growth and development in maize
Authors: IREMIREN G. O. , MILBOURN G. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAn increase in soil temperature (at 5 cm) of between 1.5 and 4.0 d̀C occurred for 84 days after sowing maize with a surface mulch of clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet compared with a ground chalk mulch. This rise in soil temperature resulted in a 15 day advance in both emergence and the commencement of tassel primordia differentiation, with full tassel differentiation being 24 days earlier. The PVC mulch also led to 13 days earlier silking, with the spread in date of silking being reduced from 19 to 8 days, this effect being similar for both a double‐cross and a single‐cross hybrid. Dry matter yields of whole crop silage and of grain were increased by 11 and 39% respectively with PVC mulch due to the earlier development of a complete canopy with a longer grain fill period.
The effect of time of planting inoculated tubers on the incidence of potato blackleg and gangrene
Authors: LOGAN C. , COPELAND R. B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn a series of trials in the years of 1973‐76 inclusive, chitted seed tubers of potato cvs Ulster Sceptre, Majestic and Pentland Crown were immersed immediately before planting, on three dates in each year, in water, suspensions of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica, Phoma exigua var. foveata or a mixture of both. The development of blackleg was greatest in cv. Ulster Sceptre and most rapid after late planting. Its final incidence was not closely related to date of planting except in cv. Pentland Crown which was least affected when planted late.Combined inoculum of P. exigua var. foveata and E. carotovora var. atroseptica increased five‐fold the number of plants that failed to emerge and often retarded early growth of the remainder. Failure to emerge was more frequent the earlier seed tubers were planted. Yield was affected most by blanking and blackleg in the Erwinia‐inoculated plots and was also reduced by the pre‐plant dip in a P. exigua var. foveata suspension, especially after early planting.Seed dipped in the mixed suspensions yielded progeny that after wounding and cool storage developed a lower incidence of gangrene than progeny from seed dipped in P. exigua var. foveata alone. There was no evidence that planting time influenced the incidence of gangrene during storage.
A study of the effects of fungitoxic compounds on Phytophthora cinnamomi in water
Authors: SMITH PAULINE M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCopper and chlorine‐releasing compounds were the most fungitoxic of 13 compounds tested in water for inhibition of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mycelium was killed when immersed for 24 h in suspensions containing copper (13–45 mg/1) or a solution containing free residual chlorine (100 mg/1). Sub‐lethal concentrations of these compounds reduced the numbers of sporangia. Exposing zoospores of P. cinnamomi for 60 s to water containing 2 mg free residual chlorine/1 reduced subsequent colony production on agar plates by 96–100%.Prothiocarb, etridiazole ex. and furalaxyl killed mycelium immersed in solutions or suspensions for 3–6 days at 1500, 1000 and 600 mg a.i./l respectively and suppressed sporangium production at 1000, 500 and 300 mg/1.Mycelium survived 3 days' immersion in ethyl hydrogen phosphonate compounds at 4000 mg a.i./l but 1000 mg a.i./l suppressed sporangium formation.1‐(2‐Cyano‐2‐methoxyiminoacetyl)‐3‐ethyl urea and drazoxolon did not kill mycelium at 2000 and 1500 mg a.i./l respectively with a 6‐day exposure, but reduced numbers of sporangia produced.
The use of cultivar trials records in assessing the incidence of cereal disease in England and Wales. II. Erysiphe graminis in barley, wheat and oats
Authors: ROWE JANET 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCereals in cultivar trials at N.I.A.B. regional centres showed significant mildew levels at flowering in most years. Oats were more heavily infected than barley or wheat. Years of peak mildew infection usually coincided in all cereals, and were generally in agreement with the results of national surveys of mildew in commercial crops, although little association with weather conditions could be demonstrated. Regional variation in mildew occurrence was most marked in barley, but the pattern of distribution of mildew infection varied between years. Disease records from cultivar trials can provide useful information on the behaviour of mildew nationally.
The effect of 3,5‐diiodo‐4‐hydroxyphenylmethylsulphone (ioxysone) on Phaseolus vulgaris: absorption and translocation studies
Authors: SARMA R. , WHITFORD P. N. , FLOOD A. E. , WAIN R. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe herbicide 3,5‐diiodo‐4‐hydroxyphenylmethylsulphone (ioxysone) is shown to be absorbed by the roots of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and readily translocated. No evidence was obtained that iodide becomes released from the herbicide within the plant. This behaviour is discussed and contrasted with that of the corresponding nitrile (ioxynil), a widely used contact herbicide which is not readily translocated in the plant and whose mode of action is different from that of ioxysone.
Resistance to Leptosphaeria coniothyrium in the red raspberry and some related species
Authors: JENNINGS D. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYUseful resistance to Leptosphaeria coniothyrium was found in the red raspberry cv. Latham, but its effectiveness was affected by the stage of growth reached by the canes when they were inoculated and by the kind of inoculum used: it was effective when field‐grown canes were inoculated in mid‐August but less so when they were inoculated in early July, and more effective against a spore inoculum than against a mycelial one. Resistance was inherited as a dominant multigenic character, but there were interactions between parents and two very favourable combinations were found.The species Rubus pileatus, R. mesogaeus, R. coreanus and R. lasiocarpus showed resistance when inoculated in pot experiments, but F1 hybrids obtained by crossing them with the raspberry were largely susceptible. The problems of using these resistance sources in breeding are discussed.
The response of growth rate to temperature in seedlings of several Allium crop species
Authors: BREWSTER J. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYRelative growth rates (Rw), leaf area ratios (LAR), net assimilation rates (NAR), and leaf weight ratios (LWR) were estimated for seedlings of onion, leek, Japanese bunching onion and chives grown at constant temperatures of 10, 12, 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31 d̀C. Rw was greatest at 19 d̀C in Japanese bunching onion and chives, and at 27 d̀C in onions and leeks. Rw increased approximately linearly between 10 and 19 d̀C in all species; between 19 and 27 d̀C it either increased further, decreased or remained constant depending on species but at 31 d̀C Rw was lower than the maximum in all cases. LAR's were greatest at 27 d̀C in onions and leeks and at 23 d̀C in the other two species. Between 10 and 19 d̀C both LAR and NAR increased in all species. Between 19 and 27 d̀C increases in LAR were compensated for by decreases in NAR with the result that Rw showed little change with temperature. Averaging over all temperatures the species were ranked in order of decreasing Rw, NAR and LWR as onion, leek, Japanese bunching onion and chives. For LAR this ordering was reversed with respect to onions and leeks. Plant to plant variability increased in the order onion, leek, Japanese bunching onion then chives. Although onions were the fastest growing of the Alliums tested their Rw was lower than that of several other vegetable species for which Rw was similarly measured.
Some responses of cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae) to ally I isothiocyanate and other volatile constituents of crucifers
Authors: WALLBANK B. E. , WHEATLEY G. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYVapour components emanating from disrupted cauliflower, turnip, radish, wallflower and brown mustard tissue were assessed for their effects on the cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae). Of about 20 vapour components detected and separated by gas chromatography, six elicited sufficiently large electroantennal responses to warrant further testing, but of these only allyl isothiocyanate and hexyl acetate markedly affected the behaviour of gravid flies in an olfactometer. In wind‐tunnel tests at a wind speed of 1–2‐1‐7 m/s, the numbers of females caught was increased when allyl isothiocyanate vapour was released at 32–130 mg/h but decreased at higher evaporation rates. The only effect of hexyl acetate vapour released at 40–140 mg/h was a reduction in the numbers caught at the highest concentration.In a cabbage crop, yellow water traps fitted with allyl isothiocyanate sources, each evaporating 2–3 g/day, caught 11 times as many female and seven times as many male flies as unmodified traps during the early period of the third generation but the improvement in trap efficiency later diminished. Trap efficiency was slightly reduced when the rate of evaporation of allyl isothiocyanate from a trap was decreased from 2–3 to 0–51 g/day. On fallow ground, allyl isothiocyanate improved trap performance in catching female flies by about seven‐fold, but along a hedgerow adjacent to Brussels sprouts the improvement was barely two‐fold. Hexyl acetate did not improve the performance of traps in a cabbage crop.
Hirsutella thompsonii, a fungal pathogen of mites. I. Biology of the fungus in vitro
Authors: KENNETH R. , MUTTATH T. I. , GERSON U. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Hirsutella thompsonii, a moniliaceous fungus pathogenic to mites, grew and sporulated on sterilised wheat bran. The effects of environmental factors were studied on the fungus grown on potato‐dextrose‐agar (PDA). The fungus was mesothermophilic. Growth, sporulation and conidial germination were best at 25o‐30 oC. Conidia kept at 37 oC for 5 days on PDA died, but those held at 5 oC germinated upon a subsequent removal to 25 oC. Almost all conidial germ tubes survived an 8 h exposure to 3–5% r.h. and to 60% r.h., but subsequently the former grew poorly at 100% r.h. H. thompsonii sporulated equally well in continuous darkness or light, and produced typical chlorinous to light olive‐green mycelium and conidia under all conditions. A 2 h exposure of naked mycelium and conidia (which have melanised walls) to u.v. irradiation failed to kill the fungus.