bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supercritical water oxidation research and development update
Authors: Gloyna Earnest F. , Li Lixiong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a form of hydrothermal treatment. During the early research and development (R&D) period (early 1980s), it has been demonstrated that SCWO can be an effective alternative to the destruction of hazardous organic wastewaters and sludges. Because of this promising potential and growing interest in SCWO technology, R&D efforts have been intensified. As a result, the first SCWO commercial facility (1100 Liter/hour) developed by Eco Waste Technologies was commissioned in August 1994. Also, a number of demonstration SCWO facilities exist in various companies, national laboratories, and federal agencies.This recent development has shown that the SCWO process produces environmentally acceptable effluents (gas, liquid and solid), lends itself to resource recovery, and can be economically competitive. As such, the process can be used to serve as a pretreatment unit, an end‐of‐pipe facility or become an integral part of an industrial process.More recently, the SCWO&D program has been expanded. The research activities now include more detailed studies involving reaction kinetics, catalysis, salt solubility, corrosion, heavy metal speciation, solids separation, and resource/by‐product recovery. Technology development involves process and reactor design, materials evaluation, heat recovery, control systems, effluent handling, ash disposal, safety requirements, and process integration.
Fungal technologies for the treatment of hazardous waste
Authors: Haimann R. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFungi have been harnessed and utilized by humans for thousands of years for many diverse applications. In response to demand for innovative technologies to treat hazardous wastes and materials, fungi have been used to degrade hazardous organic waste. This paper presents a review of recent literature regarding the use of fungi for treating hazardous and other wastes.
Issues in facility‐level pollution prevention measurement
Authors: Malkin Melissa , Baskir Jesse N. , Spooner Jordan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIssues in developing measures of pollution prevention at the process‐level and facility‐level are reviewed, based on existing literature. Pollution prevention can be measured based on changes in waste or changes in materials use. The measurement can be further adjusted to account for changes in production or may be left as an absolute measure, but choosing an accurate index may be difficult. A range of data sources may be appropriate to support measurement of pollution prevention, including a full facility mass balance, reported TRI data and facility materials tracking systems. After process‐level pollution prevention measures are obtained, they can be aggregated across the facility to provide a facility‐wide measure of pollution prevention. Several schemes to account for the varying hazard potential of different chemicals are described, but more research in this area must be done.
Wastewater treatment enhanced by electrochemistry
Authors: Coin Richard J. , Niksa Marilyn J. , Elyanow David I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince the late 60's DIAMO, in the Czech Republic, has mined uranium via in‐situ acid leaching. Sulfuric acid is injected into underground uranium deposits, dissolving the ore. The solution is then pumped to the surface where the uranium is separated from the acid. The spent acid is injected into underground caverns. Over the years, this subterranean acid waste lake has grown and now threatens the local drinking water supply.Researchers at ELTECH Systems Corporation have developed an electrochemical process for Ionics Incorporated and their Resources Conservation Division as part of a system that will clean up 2.7 million gallons (10.2 × 103 M3/day) of sulfuric acid waste a day, recover 936 tons per day (850 mT/day) of ammonium aluum sulfate crystals and reclaim 2 million gallons a (7.6 × 103 m3/day) of water. The electrochemical portion of the process will convert Fe+3 in a solution of ammonium aluminum sulfate crystal to Fe+2, so pure ammonium alum can be crystallized.This paper discusses the engineering fundamentals used to develop the electrochemical iron reduction system for the DIAMO application. Initial work included cyclic voltammetry to characterize cathode candidates, identify significant reactions, and show feasibility. This followed by tests at the bench scale, the intermediate scale, and finally at the pilot scale using commercial size electrodes. The cell design evolved concurrently with the bench and pilot work, culminating in a commercial, skid‐mounted unit for the full size plant.
Design and economic aspects of activated carbon adsorption in relation to the effect of dissolved oxygen
Authors: Abuzaid Nabil S. , Nakhla Girgis F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhenol and o‐c resol adsorption isotherms and columns were run under anoxic and oxic conditions. Both tests indicated that the adsorptive capacities under oxic conditions were 80%–160% higher than under anoxic conditions with very close agreement between the column and isotherm capacities. Throughput waste volumes processed in oxic columns were 70–169% higher than in anoxic columns. The economics of this oxygen‐induced enhancement in sorptive capacities was addressed. Savings of 30% and 50% in operational treatment cost were estimated for o‐cresol and phenol for parallel adsorber and serial schemes under oxic conditions while no differences between these two schemes in terms of the economics of this phenomenon were observed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that 15% and 30% loss of savings are incurred upon increasing the cost of GAC three‐fold, for phenol and o‐cresol respectively. The overall cost of oxic treatment was insensitive to the cost of oxygenation, exhibiting only a 14% increase for quadrupling the cost of oxygen. Higher oxic sorptive capacities not only results in greater savings of operational treatment costs but also less sensitivity to fluctuations in GAC and oxygenation costs.
Innovative uses of speciality ion exchange resins provide new cost‐effective options for metals removal
Authors: Totura George 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIon exchange treatment of water for boiler and process systems is a documented, proven unit operation. The recent development of a group of novel resins has expanded the potential use of ion exchange processes to a new range of applications. By applying a different functional group onto the traditional styrene/divinyl‐benzene polymer backbone, ion exchange technology becomes a cost‐effective treatment option for metals removal from plant process that and waste streams. This paper will report on the use of a diphosphonic acid functional group ion exchange resin in a number of industrial applications. Key performance characteristics of the material include:

Superior Reactivity: The diphosphonic acid functional group incorporated into the resins reacts more completely with metal ions in solution, lowering effluent metals concentrations.
Selectivity: While reacting with metal ions, diphosphonic acid functionalized resin capacity is not consumed by common earth elements such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. By selectively applying capacity to target metals, the number of regenerations required is dramatically reduced, improving system cost‐effectiveness.
Kinetics: The diphosphonic acid functionalized resin also includes a second functional group, sulfonic acid, as is used in most industrial cation exchange resins. The inclusion of sulfonic acid groups improves ion access to the diphosphonic acid exchange sites, improving exchage kinetics over other specialty resin types. Suprior kinetics allows for a smaller resin bed, saving on both equipment and resin purchase costs.
Each industrial application cited applies these performance characteristics in such a way to allow for new or improved system performance.
SO2 oxidation in a periodically operated trickle bed: Comparison of activated carbon catalysts
Authors: Lee Joong Kee , Hudgins Robert R. , Silveston Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCatalytic activities of two different activated carbons, BPLTM and CentaurTM catalysts (Calgon Carbon Corp.), were compared in a periodically operated trickle‐bed reactor for SO2 oxidation by varying the cycle period and split. In an effort to characterize the carbon surface, differential thermogravimetric analysis and TPD were used to observe oxygen functional groups. The Centaur catalyst, which appears to have a more suitable density of oxygen functional groups, has the higher catalytic activity for SO2 oxidation.
Oxidation chemistry of chloric acid in NOx/SOx and air toxic metal removal from gas streams
Authors: Kaczur Jerry J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChloric acid, HClO3, is a new oxidizer which has recently been shown to be an effective agent in the simultaneous removal of NOx and/or SOx from combustion flue gases and various chemical processes, including nitrations and metal pickling. Aqueous chloric acid readily reacts with NO and SO2even in dilute solutions at ambient temperatures. Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, is formed as a chemical intermediate in the solution phase oxidation reactions. The oxidation by‐products of NO include NO2and nitric acid. The ClO2generated from the solution phase reactions also participates in gas phase oxidation reactions with NO and NO2. The combined solution phase and fast gas phase reaction chemistries provide the means for creating a new type of high performance NOx/SOx removal process. Wet scrubber based pilot plant tests have demonstrated up to 99% removal of NO.Additional recent research work has shown that chloric acid is an effective reagent for the removal of air toxic metals, such as elemental mercury, which are present in the waste gas output streams from incinerators, hydrogen from mercury cell chlor‐alkali plants, and flue gases of coal‐fired power plants. Work in this area is being conducted by Argonne National Laboratories and Olin.This paper discusses the oxidation chemistry of chloric acid and its unique solution and gas phase reactions with NO, SO2, and air toxics in wet scrubber type process equipment.
Adiabatic thin‐film evaporation of volatile organic compounds from industrial wastewater into a natural gas receiving stream
Authors: Phillips J. B. , Hindawi Mohamad A. , Carden S. Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis work develops and presents design parameters for a novel unit operation: adiabatic thin‐film evaporation. Liquid flowing downward in a thin film is contacted with gas flowing upward. For applications involving the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater, this unit operation is employed and the process design is conducted. In order to prevent crossmedia transfer of pollutants, the use of natural gas for the receiving stream is recommended. Subsequent use of the natural gas for fuel would result in destruction of the VOCs. Relative advantages and disadvantages of other technologies for this application are discussed in detail.
Modelling VOC emissions at wastewater drop structures
Authors: Burnham N. L. , Corsl R. L. , Stiver W. H. , Zytner R. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA mechanistic model was developed to predict VOC emissions at drop structures. The mass transfer mechanisms that have been incorporated into the model include the falling film (disintegrating jet), turbulent mixing in the area of jet impact, and bubbles in the tailwater resulting from air entrainment. Air entrainment appears to be the most significant mechanism affecting VOC emissions, following by the falling film. A sensitivity analysis was also performed using parameter values that are considered “typical” for wastewater drop structures and operating conditions. The largest variation in stripping was associated with air entrainment, liquid and air flow, Henry's law coefficient and degree of equilibrium for entrained bubbles.
Solid waste remediation in the metallurgical industry: Application and environmental impact
Authors: Zheng Guo‐Hui , Kozinsk Janusz A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes problems associated with the remediation of solid metallurgical wastes generated during primary manufacture of major metals (iron, copper, aluminum, zinc and lead). It focuses on three types of solid wastes: slags, dusts and sludges.It has been shown that solid waste remediation technologies, such as stabilization or solidification, incineration, and hydro‐chemical metal recovery, have been applied in the industry and new technologies such as plasma‐ and vitrification‐processing of solid wastes are under development. On the whole, however, solid residue remediation remains relatively uncommon. In addition, currently applied technologies are unable to solve the complex problems of metallurgical solid wastes (e.g., simultaneous destruction of toxins and extraction of multiple metals).A new thermal process applicable to direct ironmaking that would achieve significant utilization of zinc residues has been proposed. It has been suggested that the high‐temperature treatment of wastes in which metallurgical furnaces are used as remediation reactors holds great potential as an alternative disposal method.
Application of packed scrubbers for air emissions control in municipal wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Basu Somnath , Gu Zhong Chun (April) , Shilinsky Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe process air emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants primarily consist of hydrogen sulfide gas, along with other organo‐sulfur compounds, and some trace quantities of volatile organic compounds, and some trace quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Various Federal and/or State Regulations require monitoring, and control of these emissions down to some specified levels.At the Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Massacbusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), air containing hydrogen sulfide is collected and treated in several emission control systems. These systems consist of wet scrubbers which facilitate destruction of hydrogen sulfide gas and the related odor by continuously contacting the collected air counter‐currently with a strong oxidizing solution of sodium hypochlorite.This paper reviews the performance of a typical scrubber in light of the theory of absorption followed by chemical reaction. Based on an analysis of a set of test data, it has been concluded that when the concentration of hydrogen sulfide at a scrubber inlet exceeds 25 ppm, the scrubber becomes mass transfer limited. This can lead to the incomplete oxidation of hydrogen sulfide gas. Unreacted H2S eventually can exit the scrubber while partially oxidized H2S, in the form of elemental sulfur, can deposit on, and eventually foul, the packing media. Measures taken to overcome such a situation have also been reported.
Evaluation of lean NOx reduction catalysts for controlling emissions from diesel engines
Authors: Lindhjem Christian E. , Guerrieri David A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the efficacy of lean‐burn NOx reduction catalysts using hydrocarbon as the reductant. A system was constructed to deliver diesel fuel ahead of a monolith catalyst treating the exhaust from a late‐model diesel engine loaded with an engine dynamometer. One of the three prototype catalysts showed significant NOx reduction capability of about 15% during steady‐state and transient conditions. Another catalyst showed reduction only under steady‐state conditions, and the third catalyst showed no reduction under either condition. The system was not optimized so the observed 9 to 13% fuel economy penalty should be regarded as an upper limit.
A pilot plant to treat chromium‐contaminated groundwater
Authors: El‐Shoubary Youssef , Speizer Ned , Seth Subash , Savoia Holly 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe groundwater at a site in California is contaminated with Hexavalent Chromium. Different treatment options were tested. The options tested included: carbon adsorption, ion exchange, chemical treatment, reverse osmosis, and in‐place fixation.Electrochemical treatment was the treatment of choice. Treatment operations were designed with turn down flexibility to allow operation at variable flow rates. Metal reduction is the first treatment step after collection of the groundwater and lowering of the pH to 3 in an on‐line acid tank. Soluble ferrous ions are produced in an off‐line electrochemical cell using sacrificial electrodes, as represented by the following equation:
equation image
Using a slight excess of the stoichiometric 3.2 pounds of iron per pound of chromium, the ferrous ions are mixed with the contaminated groundwater. In the resulting redox reaction, Hexavalent Chromium is reduced to the insoluble trivalent state and divalent iron is oxidized to its insoluble trivalent state, as represented by the following equation:
equation image
As stated, a slight excess offerrous ions, adjusted pH, and sufficient residence time drive the reaction to completion. After the reaction is completed, the pH is adjusted to a slightly alkaline state (8) to allow precipitation of the metal ions in a pH adjustment tank. The stream is advanced to a clarifier where a polyelectrolyte polymer is added to promote coagulation of the reduced metal and consequently, settlement at the bottom of the clarifier. Solids are drawn from the bottom of the clarifier and allowed to settle in a gravity thickener followed by a plate and frame filter press. The treated groundwater is pH adjusted to below 8 and polished with multimedia filters and carbon, prior to reinjection to the aquifer.The water is continually checked for total dissolved solids and total chromium concentration. The chrome concentration is continuously kept below 30 PPB; however, the total dissolved solids (TDS) oscillate between 1200 to 2400 PPM, depending on the plant TDS influent concentration which ranges from 400–700 PPM and the chromium influent concentration which ranges between 25,000 PPB and 5000 PPB.
Gasification of sewage sludge and other biomass for hydrogen production in supercritical water
Authors: Xu Xiadong , Antal Michael Jerry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDigested sewage sludge and other biomass such as wood saw‐dust can be mixed with a corn starch gel to form a viscous paste. This paste can be delivered to a supercritical flow reactor by means of a cement pump. Different types of feedstocks are used in this work: sewage sludge (up to 7.69 wt%) mixed in the corn starch paste, poplar wood sawdust (up to 11.46 wt%) mixed in the corn starch paste. When rapidly heated in a flow reactor at pressures above the critical pressure of water (22 MPa) the paste vaporizes. A packed bed of carbon catalyst in the reactor operating at 650°C causes the tarry vapors to react with water, producing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and some methane with a trace of carbon monoxide. Thus we describe a practical method for the total, supercritical steam reforming of biomass to produce hydrogen at high pressure. The steam reforming process produces effectively no tar. Its only products are a hydrogen rich gas, and a clean water, which can be recycled.
An economic evaluation of catalytic supercritical water oxidation: Comparison with alternative waste treatment technologies
Authors: Aki Sudhir N. V. K. , Abraham Martin A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a relatively new technology that has been developed to treat aqueous waste streams. The addition of a heterogeneous catalyst can increase the overall efficiency of supercritical water oxidation. In particular, addition of Pt/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst increased the reaction rates compared to the homogeneous case. Complete conversion of pyridine was obtained at temperatures as low as 370°C. A power law rate expression was used to describe the effect of pyridine and oxygen concentration and temperature on the rate of pyridine oxidation. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous case, the main products from this reaction were carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrate ions. The reaction did not yield ammonia, nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. The economics of a waste treatment process based on SCWO were calculated based on these rate expressions, and used to compare CSCWO to other waste treatment technologies. These calculations reveal that CSCWO can be a cost effective treatment technology for the conversion of aqueous organic wastes.
Allergan‐isopropyl alcohol emissions removal using a unique biological system
Authors: Whaley Michael B. , Monroig Pedro , Villarubia Edil 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAllergan constructed and is operating a unique biological system designed to reduce emissions of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as well as acetone and heptane from intaocular lens manufacturing operations. The exhaust gases from the manufacturing facility are passed through a pair of wet scrubbers, in series, that allow mass transfer of the IPA from air to water. The original design called for packed towers to be used to partially biochemically oxidize the emissions. This design was changed after three months, due to fouling problems, to simply a water stripper mode of operation. Then, the water stream was passed through a fixed film bioreactor to reduce the final concentration of IPA and other emissions to less than 99% of the total inlet concentration. The inlet concentrations treated by the system ranged from 200 to 500 mg/m3 at a flow rate of 5000 cfm. On average, the system treated approximately 12 gallons per day of IPA and lesser amounts of acetone and heptane. The system is a closed system and only requires the addition of bacteria and nutrients on a periodic basis. Sludge is removed periodically.The system was started on May 18, 1997 and went through a startup validation which was completed in December of 1997. The operational data is presented along with the method of startup and methods to overcome adverse operating conditions.From two weeks after startup the system has maintained an IPA removal efficiency of greater than 99%. Nutrient loading and pH adjustment were fine tuned during the startup validation period. The system has proved to be as economical as first described in a previous paper as compared to other control devices such as catalytic thermal oxidation.
Waste treatment and optimal degree of pollution abatement
Authors: Romero‐hernandez O. , Pistikopoulos E. N. , Livingston A. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental impacts of industrial production processes are usually estimated by considering the emissions leaving the process. These emissions are often reduced using abatement processes, such as wastewater treatment technologies, in the belief that reducing emissions will reduce the environmental impact. Typical legislation focuses on reducing discharge levels, without considering the impact on the environment of the additional inputs required by the abatement process to achieve this reduction. This leads to the possibility that some waste streams may be over treated. In other words, industry might be devoting increased resources to reducing discharges and at the same time be worsening the environment. This paper presents a framework for the analysis of wastewater treatment technologies from an economic and environmental point of view. The work examines trade‐offs in abatement processes between higher inputs (energy consumption and raw material) and lower discharge quantities (pollutant flow). As a result, an optimal degree of pollution abatement (ODPA), at which environmental impact is minimized, is identified. This value could act as a guideline to legislators who are setting discharge limits and to chemical engineers with waste discharge responsibilities. Case studies on two different abatement technologies, steam stripping and pervaporation, are presented to illustrate this framework.