bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: Effects of forest, habitat and species
Authors: OSUNKOYA OLUSEGUN O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDiaspore (seed and/or fruit) survivorship of 12 species of North Queensland rainforest trees was monitored over a 4 week period in two rainforests on the Atherton Tableland, north Queensland, Australia, with replicated sites in forest interiors, canopy gaps, forest edges and adjacent pastures. General linear modelling was used to estimate the relative importance of forest site, habitat, species and diaspore type on survival.The probability of survival varied significantly among species, between habitat, forest and diaspore types. Survival averaged 41.2% at day 28, was greater in one forest (Curtain Fig, 56.1%) than the other (Lamins Hill, 25.3%) and was apparently inversely related to the abundance of rodents. In both forests, survival declined in the order: pasture ≥ forest edge ≥ forest interior = canopy gap. A lack of significant difference between the forest interior and canopy gap is consistent with findings in other rainforest sites within Australia, but contrasts with most results from other continents. The study also indicated that diaspore weight was an important intrinsic variable affecting survival, the predators (mostly rodents) taking small to moderately large diaspores rather than the very large ones.
Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: Inter‐fire interval and time‐since‐fire
Authors: MORRISON DAVID A. , CARY GEOFFREY J. , PENGELLY STUART M. , ROSS DAVID G. , MULLINS BRUCE J. , THOMAS COLLETTE R. , ANDERSON TIMOTHY S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Fire frequency is the number of fires experienced by a particular community within a given time period. This concept can potentially be resolved into a number of interacting variables, including: time since the most recent fire, the length of the inter‐fire intervals, and the variability of the length of the inter‐fire intervals. We estimated the effects of these three variables on the floristic composition of 65 samples from dry sclerophyll vegetation with different fire histories in Brisbane Water, Ku‐ring‐gai Chase and Royal National Parks near Sydney.Our analyses suggest that fire frequency may account for about 60% of the floristic variation among our samples. They confirm the hypothesis that the recent (<30 years) fire frequency produces effects on floristic composition of fire‐prone communities that can recognizably be attributed both to the time since the most recent fire and to the length of the intervals between fires. These effects are equal in magnitude but are different in the nature of the floristic variation they are associated with. Increasing time‐since‐fire is associated with a decline in the evenness of fire‐tolerant species, indicating that fewer of these species come to dominate the community in the prolonged absence of fire. Herbs and small shrubs decrease in abundance, while larger shrubs increase in abundance. Inter‐fire intervals of decreasing length are associated with a decrease in the evenness of the fire‐sensitive species, particularly those large Proteaceae shrubs that often dominate the community biomass in dry sclerophyll shrublands of southeastern Australia.Furthermore, the variation associated with inter‐fire intervals is not necessarily solely related to the shortest inter‐fire interval, but is related to combinations of inter‐fire intervals through time. Thus, increasing variability of the length of the inter‐fire intervals is associated with an increase in the species richness of both fire‐sensitive and fire‐tolerant species, implying that it may be variation of the inter‐fire intervals through time that is primarily responsible for maintaining the presence of a wide variety of plant species in a particular community. Our results also suggest that the floristic variation associated with different inter‐fire intervals decreases with increasing time‐since‐fire.
THE VARIATION OF REGIONAL POPULATION IN JAPAN*
Authors: Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: July 2006

CONCLUSIONIn this paper, firstly a model of the variation of regional population was constructed, based on the work of Klaassen and the wage and job opportunity theories. Secondly, the reduced form of the model was made and fitted to the data of Japan for 1965 and the time period 1960–1965. The model was successfully fitted to the data.It was therefore concluded that in Japan, the mechanism of determination of a regional population could be shown by the model proposed in this paper, and the population in a region was determined by the natural increase of population and the economic activity of the region.Moreover, the fact that the densely populated region in Japan has higher population growth as the region has higher economic activity and higher natural increase ratio of population was found.
A RESIDENTIAL ENERGY MARKET MODEL: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS*
Authors: Wang Young‐Doo , Tannian Francis X. , Solano Paul L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a multisector residential energy policy model. This model hypothesizes that household energy behavior is affected by conditions in the housing, the mortgage finance, and the energy markets. The relationships encompassed by the model are specified with 32 single and simultaneous equations and tested with quarterly data drawn from behavior in Delaware. After the testing and evaluation of the model for its statistical performance, thereafter, three energy policies are simulated a 5 percent residential energy consumption tax, a set of conventional insulation requirements for all new housing, and a passive solar‐installation requirement for all new housing. These policy choices are evaluated in terms of their impact on energy consumption, prices, demand and size of different types of housing permits, and mortgage financing. Finally, the economic and social implications of these policy impacts are discussed.
THE ROLE OF ERROR STRUCTURE IN SIMULATIONS ON REGIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT ANALYSIS*
Authors: Garhart Robert 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPrevious simulation experiments on regional input‐output analysis have concluded that regional purchase coefficients are more important than technical coefficients in contributing to multiplier accuracy. This paper shows that the multiplicative error structure used in those experiments may have biased the results. A new error structure, combining a multiplicative and an additive component is introduced, and simulations are conducted on randomly generated models. The analysis shows that the results are sensitive to the relative magnitudes of the two error components, as well as to the closure of the model.
THE NET FISCAL IMPACT OF SELECTED FEDERAL BLOCK GRANT PROGRAMS*
Authors: Strauss Robert P. , Harkins Peter B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the net fiscal benefits of various federal grants and taxes paid to finance them. Net, effective tax rates are calculated for all county areas in the U.S. for seven measured grant programs, and the distributions of such tax rates are examined in conjunction with the median family incomes of the county areas. Inferences about the progressivity (or regressivity) of the grant programs are made, as well as inferences about the horizontal equity of the grant programs through the use of a new class of index numbers. It was found that more progressive grant formulas, which provide greater rates of subsidy to areas with lower median family incomes, also tend to be less horizontally equitable.
THE MINIMAX‐MIN LOCATION PROBLEM*
Authors: Drezner Z. , Thisse J.‐F. , Wesolowsky G. O. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWe consider a new objective function for the placement of a public facility with reference to variations in accessibility : the minimization of the range between the maximal and the minimal distances to users. Some properties of the solution are given; algorithms for the Euclidean and rectilinear distance cases are presented.
PARAMETER ESTIMATION WITH AUTOCORRELATED DISTURBANCES
Authors: Bennett James T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAvailable methods for dealing with autocorrelated disturbanecs are unsatisfactory. They are computationally cumbersome and lead to estimators that have only weak asymptotic properties. Maximum likelihood estimation of all parameters is theoretically preferable, but has been unpopular due to the practical difficulties of numerical optimization in a multidimensional space. In this paper it is shown that the computational aspect of maximum likelihood estimation can be greatly simplified. The numerical search is confined to the interval (— 1, 1) of the autocorrelation parameter. The method is applicable to a single static equation as well as to autoregressive models with one or more equations. Some sampling experiments demonstrate the superiority of the maximum likelihood estimator over ordinary least squares, generalized least squares, and one other estimator in small samples.
NON‐HOMOTHETIC COMMUNITY PREFERENCES AND THE N‐FACTOR THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Authors: Horiba Y. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHoriba, Y.,‘Non‐Homothetic Community Preferences and the N‐Factor Theory of International Trace'.Andress: Department of Economics, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 70118 U.S.A.The Heckscher‐Ohlin theorem is formulated in this paper in terms of the factoral composition of trade under the general structure of demand admitting non‐unitary income elasticities. The relationship that exists among the factor proportions of production, consumption, and trade under non‐homothetic demand is clarified in the two‐factor, many‐commodity context. The analysis is then extended to the many‐factor endowments by means of a set of appropriately transformed production coefficients that are weighted by the proportions of commodity consumption on the demand side. A set of conditions under which the theorem continues to hold in general is investigated.
DISCRETE VARIATIONS ACROSS SUBSETS OF PARAMETERS IN SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS MODELS
Authors: Rausser Gordon C. , Johnson S. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDummy variables have proven to be an analytically convenient and empirically productive means of handling econometric problems relating to seasonality, structural change and time series and cross section data pooling. Despite the advantageous of the approach there are few results regarding its use in simultaneous equation estimation. In this paper the problem of discrete parameter variations in simultaneous equation estimation is systematically investigated. The estimation procedures proposed are based on extensions of existing methods for seemingly unrelated regressions and two and three‐strage least squares. In addition to obtaining the desired estimators and their properties a number of convenient advantages resulting from the use of dummy variables to treat parameter variations across subsets of simultaneous equations are indicated.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY FUNCTION
Authors: Cheng Juei Ming 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYAggregate economic activity is determined by the point of intersection between the aggregate demand function and the aggregate supply function. Recently, economists pay little attention to the determinants of aggregate supply function. Therefore, a gap remains between the quite well‐advanced theories of the aggregate supply. In this paper I construct a model that describes the supply side of a macroeconomy. Within the framework of the Keynesian system and the classical system, the relationship between technological change and aggregate supply function is examined. It is shown that technological change will shift the aggregate supply function to the right.
AGRLCULTURE VERSUS INDUSTRY IN A DUAL ECONOMY: A FIVE SECTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Haessel Walter 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn optimizing model of a dual economy involving five sectors (subsistence or traditional agriculture, commercial agriculture, manufacturing goods, capital goods, and government) is used to investigate three questions. Firstly, under what conditions should LDC's emphasize the development of traditional agriculture rather than commercial agriculture. Secondly, what type of considerations are relevant in the allocation of capital goods among agricultural mechanization, manufacturing, and reinvestment in the capital goods industry. Finally, the interrelationships between industry and agriculture have been explored. This study differs from earlier dual economy studies since the agricultural sectors require manufactured inputs and capital goods from the non‐agricultural sectors.
A TRANSCENDENTAL LOGARITHMIC COST FUNCTION: AN EMPIRICAL CASE
Authors: Apostolakis Bobby 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a first attempt to study the way imports interact with the primary factors in the Italian technology. We use a two‐output, three‐input transcendental cost function specification and reject the traditional functions as being inappropriate in explaining the production process. We conclude that value‐added is not produced exclusively by capital and labor and, also, that all inputs are substitutes for each other. The model justifies the incorporation of imports as a factor input.
A SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS APPROACH TO MODELING INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: Coate Malcom B. , Uri Noel D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a simultaneous equations model of profitability, concentration, advertising expenditures, and research and developed outiays. The data are subjected to regression diagnostics in an effort to ascertain the importance to the estimation of a subset of the data than can have a disproportional influence. The estimation results, especially for the advertising expenditures relationship and the research and development outlays equation, do change when a truncated data sample (based on the omission of the outliers) is used. This serves as a partial explanation of why there is disagreement in the literature on market structure and economic performance.
ASSET DEMANDS AND SLUTSKY EQUATIONS WHEN ALL ASSETS ARE RISKY
Authors: Dalal Ardeshir J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper exploits the properties of the indirect expected utility function to explore the testable implications of a portfolio model in which all assets are risky. An uncertainty analogue of Roy's Identity and extremely simple derivations of Slutsky equations for risk and return are used in the analysis. Substitutability/complementarity relations between asset pairs are also explored. The one‐riskless‐asset case emerges as a special case of the present model, and it is shown that (since inflation uncertainty makes all real returns uncertain) the inclusion of a riskless asset would lead to misleading over‐simplifications.
MICROECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE POST‐KEYNESIAN APPROACH
Authors: Agliardi E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore further some issues within the ⇐ mark‐up ⇒ models. Among the numerous alternative formulations which have been put forward in the literature, two of them are particularly analysed in this paper. Kalecki's microanalysis, and especially the price determination as from the Theory of Economic Dynamics, is discussed in section II. Eichner's approach to the determination of the ⇐ mark‐up ⇒ in oligopoly is examined in section III. These two different models yield different dynamic implications: section IV and section V contain a comparison between these different approaches in terms of the relation between the mark‐up and the growth rate especially. Finally, in section V, we suggest a direction of research to provide a theoretical justification of price setting according to the ⇐ mark‐up ⇒. Indeed, we show that under certain assumptions, this pricing behaviour can arise from a process of learning.
A MARSHALLIAN PERSPECTIVE OF KEYNES' GENERAL THEORY*
Authors: Caspari Volker 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis article originates from a perceived contradiction between modern interpretations of Keynes' General Theory and the origin of his theory. There can be no doubt that the discussion of the microeconomic foundations of Keynes' theory is dominated by neo‐Walrasian approaches, while, in the perspective of the history of economic analysis, Keynes' theoretical origin was Marshallian, rather than Walrasian.Recent contributions on the microfoundations of Keynes' aggregate supply and demand analysis stress the Marshallian prospect by tracing out how Keynes' analytical apparatus can be reconstructed on the basis of Marshall's theory of the competitive firm (cf. C. Casarosa [1981], S. Parrinello [1983], A. Asimakopulos [1984]).This article will support the Marshallian perspective from a macroeconomic point of view. Instead of a reconstruction, a «backtracking device» will be pursued: How would Marshall have formulated a macroeconomic model which might have been Keynes' referential framework from which he moved away when he realized the restrictions and defects of this model? This backtracking device seems to be suitable because Marshall's writings offer a good deal of theoretical elements which can be used in connection with a general equilibrium perspective, although Marshall himself« (.) never felt the need to model the workings of the economic system as a whole» (R. Clower [1975], p. 4).The first part of the article explores Marshall's writings in order to furnish the modelling of the macroeconomic perspective with a conceptual framework. The second part studies the working of the macroeconomic model and in the last part it will be argued that the consumption function, taken by itself, was not an entirely new idea. In addition, it will be substantiated that the consumption function gained conceptual significance in connection with Keynes' changing the theory of profit determination.
LABOR VALUES AND THE IMPUTATION OF LABOR CONTENTS*
Authors: Duménil Gérard , Lévy Dominique 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn a recent article (Econometrica 1983), Peter Flaschel presented an empirical procedure for the calculation of labor values in joint production. This procedure was based on a disaggregation of production processes. The concept of «market value» (average value) was then used to determine values on the basis of the single technology which resulted from the disaggregation. In the first part, the formalism of market value is directly applied to the case of joint production, and the conditions for the existence of positive solutions are discussed. We demonstrate that these conditions are quite general, and are not related to conditions concerning the existence of any equilibrium. In this analysis, we substitute the concept of « nonreductivity » for the traditional notion of productivity of the technology. The second part of the article considers the problems involved in procedures of disaggregation. In the third part we discuss the main results obtained, stressing the importance of the difference between values and prices.
TECHNICAL CHANGE IN PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF THE SEQUENTIAL INTERINDUSTRY MODEL
Authors: Romanoff Eliahu , Levine Stephen H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTransient processes important to understanding technical change are modeled using a time‐varying version of the Sequential Interindustry Model, SIM. A simple process of technical change is explored, where a new production technique replaces an old one for one of an industry's production processes. Using several measures internal and external to the industry the model can help in understanding the complex processes of technical change, point to difficulties in their analysis, and suggest guidance to further examinations.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Eighth International Conference on Input‐Output Techniques, Sapporo, Japan, July 1986.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Authors: Meissner Werner 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEnvironmental policy is now part of the EC. Harmonization is a fine principle but it should not obstruct above‐average environmental ambitions. The environment directorate in Brussels is greener than the Commission, the Commission greener than the Council of Ministers. But it can learn if the voters want it to. It is still a widely accepted idea, une idée recue, that environmental policy runs against growth and employment. But these ideas can change and so can the policy.
TAKING EFFORT SERIOUSLY
Authors: Currie Martin , Steedman Ian 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the typical treatment of “effort” by both efficiency‐wage theorists and principal‐agent theorists. These theorists do not justify regarding effort as a cardinal variable. Yet, if effort is an ordinal variable, certain assumptions which are routinely invoked are literally devoid of meaning.Indeed, the precise expression of a complicated truth cannot possibly take a simple form, however precise‐looking the simple formula might be. A formal expression can be extremely precise without being at all a precise representation of the underlying concept to be captured.
WICKSELL'S INFLATIONARY CREDIT CYCLE
Authors: Gootzeit Michael J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe credit cycle implicit in Wicksell's upward cumulative process (UCP) is described. UCP may be interpreted as a stable cycle with two phases and an upper turning point corresponding to the maximum 2‐rate‐differential. The volume of credit and the rate of inflation is shown to expand in phase 1 and to contract in phase 2. The role of velocity increasing in causing a higher inflation rate is also described. This cycle has not been noticed in the literature becauseLectures(2)was unclear about how long it would take to reach an upper turning point. But,Interest and Pricesemphasized that the continuous return of the inflation rate to zero equilibrium would begin after a relatively short period.
HOMEOSTATIC VERSUS ACTIVE POLICIES IN A NONLINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM
Authors: Sacco Pier Luigi 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPerfect foresight dynamics require local determinateness and, consequently, sensitivity to initial conditions. If such dynamics have to be computable, exact integration is needed. We study a non‐linear optimal control problem which cannot be integrated exactly; we also introduce some simpler, implementable policy rules and compare their relative performance. Our results make out a case against perfect foresight as a positive theory of expectations formation and as a useful modelling tool.
COMPETITIVE MONEY CREATION IN CHINA AND IN THE SOVIET UNION
Authors: Liew Leong H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWith economic reforms, the control of financial resources becomes important as a means of securing property rights. Both China and the former Soviet Union, in their transition from a centrally‐planned economy, have faced problems of a weakened center which, either completely or on occasions, has lost control of the money creation process. This paper analyses the attempts of provinces and republics to vary the money supply with the objective of acquiring physical resources at the cost of the other provinces (republics), while balancing the costs of potential inflation. Equilibrium outcomes are found to depend on the provinces' (republics') preferences about the growth in real absorption and the rate of inflation, on the growth of national output, and on the relative size of their economies.
ORGANIZATIONS AS COORDINATING DEVICES
Authors: Ménard Claude 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to offer a complex view of organizations as coordinating devices. In Section I, I briefly discuss the contractual interpretation, and I point out the inadequacy of contracts alone to coordinate organizational activities. In Section II, I explore the nature and characteristics of coordination through command, and I suggest making a distinction between authority and hierarchy. In Section III, I compare these two forms of coordination and show how they both operate. I conclude that it is the capacity of organizations to combine contract and command that determines their efficiency.