bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic Coagulation Control at Water‐Treatment Plants in the North‐West Region of England
Authors: CRITCHLEY R. F. , SMITH E. O. , PETTIT P. 
Published: July 2007

North West Water has evaluated several automatic coagulation control systems covering a range of raw waters and treatment facilities.The experiences have shown that streaming‐current type systems are effective in controlling coagulant dose automatically, provided that appropriate plant conditions exist. In particular, rapid fluctuations in flow or poor mixing of chemicals can lead to unstable signals. Recent investigations indicate that for some waters streaming‐current voltage is sensitive to small changes in pH, and precise control of pH is therefore necessary.The main observed benefits have been treated water of a more consistent high quality, together with improved security of service, as the systems will respond reliably and effectively over long periods. Significant savings in coagulant usage can be obtained in certain cases.
Particulate Lead in Water Supplies
Authors: HULSMANN ADRIANA D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes research in areas where the occasional failure to meet the EC standard for lead in drinking water is due to the presence of particulate lead. A method is described to disinguish between soluble, particulate and colloidal lead in tap water, and characteristics are given of water sources which are most likely to suffer from this form of lead problem. At least two types of particulate (insoluble) lead in tap water have been identified, and some factors are discussed which cause the occurrence of both types. Interim results of trials are presented, with remedial actions.
Performance of Fabric‐Protected Slow Sand Filters Treating a Lowland Surface Water
Authors: MBWETTE T. S. A. , STEITIEH M. A. R. , GRAHAM N. J. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe performance of slow sand nitration can be; substantially improved by the application of a non‐woven synthetic fabric layer to the surface of the sand. By means of pilot‐scale experiments, using the i River Thames as the source water and pretreatment by sludge blanket clarifiers, the comparative performance of fabric‐protected slow sand filters has been evaluated over an eight‐month period. Under conditions designed to simulate poorly‐controlled pretreatment, a correctly‐specified fabric type, configuration and thickness can extend filter run times by a factor of 3–5 compared to a conventional slow sand filter. Furthermore, this can be achieved, together with the avoidance of any significant change in the hydraulic behaviour of the underlying sand, thereby avoiding the need to remove and clean sand. Fabric washing is relatively simple and efficient.
Rivmer Basin Management: Developing the Tools
Authors: FIDDES D. , CLIFFORDE I. T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA coordinated research and implementation programme (the River Basin Management programme) involving a number of funding organizations is described, which sets out to bridge the gap between academic research and practical application of the findings in upgrading sewerage systems. The key to success is seen to be involving the end user as soon as possible in field trials, to assist the researchers in proving and enhancing the methodology. Using these tools, an integrated approach to receiving‐water quality standards achievement is possible, which is seen to give substantial environmental benefits and capital cost savings when compared to the rigid application of best available technology.
Abbeystead Outfall Works: Background to Repairs and Modifications – and Lessons Learned
Authors: ORR W. E. , WOOD SIR ALAN MUIR , BEAVER J. L. , IRELAND R. J. , BEAGLEY D. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe explosion at the Abbeystead valve house in May 1984, with its attendant loss of life and injury, forcibly drew the attention of the public to the dangers of methane and other natural gases. It also reaffirmed to the water industry and engineering professions the pervasive nature of the gas and the need to take appropriate measures in the construction, design and operation of any scheme which involves a possible methane presence. The investigations into the source and mechanism of the methane gas ingress, and the design of the permanent repairs and modifications to the scheme, have illustrated many of the risks and problems associated with methane and the measures for dealing with them.The paper describes the essential repairs and modifications which had to be carried out, the main lessons learned, and the recommendations which are felt to be applicable to new and existing water schemes where methane may be present.
Liquid Effluents: New Solutions to Old Problems
Authors: PhD E. K. MACDONALD 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffluent discharges from industrial processes will come under increasingly close scrutiny in the future, as legislation reduces the limits for discharges. Existing processes will, in many cases, be unable to meet the more stringent controls. Therefore a new generation of processes, capable of removing chemical pollutants from waste streams to nanogram levels, needs to be developed. Already the nuclear industry has extensive experience of applying some of these emerging technologies to control radioactive discharges, and is developing these processes further through the collaborative forum of AEA Technology's Effluent Processing Club so that they may be economically applied in the non‐nuclear process and manufacturing industries.
Fenay Beck Flood‐Alleviation Scheme
Authors: WINDERS J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes flood detention and channel improvement schemes which have been designed to alleviate the flooding of domestic and industrial properties to a 50‐year standard of protection. Landscape architects were incorporated into the design teams to cover environmental aspects.The flood‐detention dam would have been constructed mainly of colliery waste, and the design of the concrete horseshoe spillway and stilling basin was checked using a 1 : 40 physical model. River regulation would be by an automatic vertical gate activated by downstream water levels.Following planning refusal, a channel‐improvement scheme was adopted, which is presently under construction. Reduction in valley storage increased downstream flows, necessitating the enlargement of an old brick and concrete culvert within the ICI works to ensure that there were no detrimental effects within their boundary. An increased benefit/cost ratio of 3.46, as compared with 2.55 obtained for the detention scheme, was partly due to the application of new standards.
Reservoir Storage/Yield Analysis Using the Annual Failure Method
Authors: BROWN R. P. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ‘annual failure method’is presented as a new method for estimating the relationship between reservoir storage, yield, and frequency of failure. It is based on ‘semi‐infinite storage analysis’to determine critical storage volumes from the flow record for the given yield. ‘Behaviour analysis’performed on these storages allows estimation of the frequency of annual failure by counting the number of years in which a storage volume is exceeded. The method has been developed using data from flow records in northern and western Europe.
Mechanisms of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticides
Authors: FOSTER S. S. D. , CHILTON P. J. , STUART MARIANNE E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn increasing number of pesticide compounds are being detected in groundwater supplies worldwide. There has, nevertheless, been little research into the mechanisms by which such pollution occurs and the routes via which pesticides move from the land surface into aquifers. In view of the potential time‐lag in the response of groundwater systems to pollution inputs, such knowledge is essential if the current situation is to be appraised adequately and if any necessary controls on pesticide use are to be introduced.From basic data on the physicochemical properties of pesticide compounds and on groundwater flow and pollutant transport in the principal British aquifers, some useful observations can be made about the relative significance of different mechanisms of potential groundwater pollution. These mechanisms and their implications for field research on pesticide pollution of groundwater are discussed. This problem is compared and contrasted to that of nitrate pollution from agricultural land‐use practices.
Design and Construction Quality Assurance
Authors: CLAPHAM G. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes the development, introduction and operation of quality assurance, with specific application to the design and construction industry and the consequential benefits which can be derived from the adoption of formalized quality assurance supported by third‐party certification.The main objectives of formalized third‐party quality‐assurance certification are in respect of: (i) quality‐management systems of firms who provide a service to the industry and who meet the requirements of BS 57501, EN 290002, ISO 90003; and (ii) product conformity to firms who show compliance with a national or other approved specification and who operate a BS5750 quality‐management system.
The Procurement and Testing of Process Plant for the Water Industry
Authors: CLAPHAM G. S. , LOWE P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes contractual procedures necessary when performance guarantees are required for process plant. It shows how the Institution of Chemical Engineers Model Form of Conditions of Contract for Process Plants (Red Book) can be suitably modified to meet the needs of the water industry.Particular attention is given to devising suitable testing regimes to meet the contract stages – construction, completion, take‐over, and performance tests. The principles underlying the proposed testing procedures are stated.
Design and Construction of an Ion‐Exchange Denitrification Plant in South Staffordshire
Authors: FLETCHER I. J. , Woodward A. J. , HENWOOD N. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIncreasing concern about rising levels of nitrate in groundwater supplies and their subsequent removal to comply with EC drinking water standards has led to the construction of the first full‐scale ion‐exchange nitrate‐removal plant in the UK by the South Staffordshire Waterworks Company.This paper describes the development of the project from concept, through pilot‐plant studies to final design, installation and commissioning. It explains the role of ion‐exchange technologies, the use of recently developed nitrate‐selective resins and the development of a novel dual regeneration system. The initial performance of the full‐scale plant is discussed.
Ultra‐Violet Disinfection of Sewage Effluents: A Pilot Study at Bellozanne, Jersey
Authors: GROSS T. S. C. , DAVIS M. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn March 1990 a pilot ultra‐violet disinfection plant was installed at the sewage‐treatment works in Bellozanne, Jersey. The pilot plant was set up to test the ability of the process to meet certain defined objectives and, ultimately, to enable the island authorities to satisfy stringent water quality objectives in the receiving waters of St Aubins Bay.The pilot study simulated an open channel installation using medium pressure ultra‐violet lamps parallel to the direction of flow. The pilot plant was supplied by Trojan Technologies Inc.The pilot study met its objectives and confirmed the design parameters for a full‐scale plant installation to follow.
Measurements of Head Variations within Observation Boreholes and their Implications for Groundwater Monitoring
Authors: BRASSINGTON F. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAs part of several groundwater investigations of the Permo‐Triassic Sandstone aquifers in north west England, a detailed measurement of piezometric heads and groundwater flow within observation boreholes was made which showed that vertical differences of groundwater heads persist within aquifers. A number of case histories of these studies are presented, which are used to consider the impact of head variations on typical groundwater level and groundwater quality measurements taken in observation boreholes, with a view to recommending design criteria for observation boreholes and groundwater monitoring programmes.
Examples of Recent Models in Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: WHITEHEAD P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTModels are being used extensively to study the impact on the environment of a wide range of man‐made influences. These include land‐use change (e.g. afforestation), effluent discharges, flood‐relief channels, reservoir developments, atmospheric pollution and the impacts of agrochemicals. In this paper several models are described which are being used by the Institute of Hydrology for environmental impact assessment. These models include MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments), QUASAR (Quality Simulation Along Rivers) and a nitrogen simulation model for investigating the behaviour of nitrate in reservoirs.
Paying for Water: Policy Options and their Practical Implications
Authors: THACKRAY J. E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTPaying for water supply, wastewater and surface water sewerage and treatment, and river basin management, is considered against the four strategic options of using taxation, charges to users, accepting environmental damage, and charitable funding. The different social consequences of each are addressed. A fundamental appraisal of issues of cost analysis is provided, and often overlooked factors are identified. The merits of (a) alternative tariff forms including rising and falling blocks, (b) seasonal and time‐of‐day tariffs, and (c) cover/fixed charge approaches are analysed, together with the often more cost‐effective use of tariffs without meters for households. The important role of the engineering elasticity of demand is set alongside the more often discussed concept of economic elasticity.
Japanese Sewage Sludge Treatment, Utilization and Disposal – Report on IWEM/JSWA Technology Exchange Programme, November 1991
Authors: TEBBUTT T. H. Y. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe report describes visits made as part of a mission to Japan which included, under the IWEM/JSWA Technology Exchange Programme, a Technical Workshop on sewage sludge technology held in Tokyo on 11–18 November 1991.
Asset Appraisal of Trunk Mains
Authors: AIKMAN D. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver the past decade, much attention has been paid to the assessment of water distribution networks. Attention now is turning towards the larger diameter trunk mains. The increased scale and cost of investigative work means that a change of approach is needed and, in some cases, new investigative techniques.This paper discusses the general approach to the appraisal of trunk mains (and aqueducts) and, based on practical experience, considers solutions to a number of problems associated with inspection work.A case study is presented, based upon a preliminary appraisal of the Vyrnwy Aqueduct, which was carried out in 1988–89. The aqueduct was first commissioned in 1891, and now contains some 325 km of large diameter pipes, in both cast iron and steel.
Financial and Economic Measurement of Environmental Factors
Authors: B. BODDINGTON M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes how financial and economic aspects can be analysed and quantified in environmental assessment, and how this can be related to the losses or gains in any given project. Projects which require environmental assessment often have the image of being harmful to the environment ‐ as is the case of new roads, railways or developments which either take land out of agriculture or attract an environmentally damaging image. Many projects involve resources which are not traded and which are not always valued in financial or economic terms. Nonetheless, they are capable of being valued in this way, and their evaluation leads to greater understanding in decision‐making. The study, undertaken to assess the costs and benefits of drainage for the middle and south level barrier banks on the Ouse Washes, demonstrates how (a) financial and economic analysis of the cost, and (b) the gains of a project, can guide the allocation of public resources to the benefit of the environment.
The Effect of Leakage Control and Domestic Metering on Water Consumption in the Isle of Wight
Authors: DOVEY W. J. , ROGERS D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper presents a brief background to the national metering trial on the Isle of Wight, for which installation was completed in early 1991. Various aspects of the meter installation policy are relevant in terms of their effect on leakage. The main part of the paper describes some early indications of the impact of domestic metering on leakage and consumption in the Isle of Wight Division of Southern Water Services Ltd.
Environmental Management of Landfill Sites
Authors: V. CAMPBELL D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper reviews various options adopted in the UK for engineered protection measures aimed at preventing pollution to the environs of landfill sites. The advantages and limitations of both natural and synthetic lining materials are discussed, recognizing the constraints posed by the geometry and geology of prospective landfill sites. Particular attention is given to the Environmental Safety Centre experience with techniques designed to minimize both leachate and gaseous emissions, and hence prevent pollution of ground and surface waters, and reduce hazards to nearby property. Options for operational practices and restoration procedures are discussed in relation to the control of degradation processes and polluting potential. Included in these options are design and operation of leachate and gas collection/treatment systems, phasing of landfilling operations, and progressive restoration of sites. Monitoring requirements are emphasized as a vital measure of the success or failure of site designs and operational practices in ensuring that appropriate environmental protection is achieved and maintained.
Design Water Levels in Tidal River Systems under the Influence of Typhoons
Authors: WEBSTER P. , WARDLAW R. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWater levels in tidal rivers are subject to the influence of both fluvial and tidal factors. The interaction between these factors is rendered more complex in regions affected by typhoons, which typically result in the combined occurrence of heavy rainfall and high sea levels.Previous studies have outlined an analytical approach for calculating design water levels based on dividing the fluvial and tidal series into a typhoon and a non‐typhoon component. This paper illustrates the steps involved in the analytical approach and describes its application to drainage basins in Hong Kong.The approach provides a practical means for calculating design water levels, and is recommended for final design purposes. The results of using the full analysis may be approximated by using a sub‐set of analytical results, and should prove satisfactory for the purposes of outline design.
King's Lynn Sewer Improvements
Authors: THOMPSON J. L. , MARTIN P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKing's Lynn is a typical English port and market town, located at the edge of the very flat fenland area in East Anglia. The town doubled in size to its present population of 40000 from the end of the Second World War. Although the sewerage system expanded with the growth of the town, the prevailing flat gradients gave rise to much sedimentation and loss of capacity, while tide‐locked outfalls restricted freedom of flow from the storm‐overflow facilities. The result was widespread flooding in many areas of the town during relatively minor storms. This paper describes the studies which were carried out using computer simulation methods to identify the weaknesses and deficiencies of the complex sewerage system, and the innovative tunnelling solution which was adopted to overcome the problems. An indication is also given of the benefits of good public relations when working across the urban environment.
Possible Environmental Impact of the Closure of Two Collieries in County Durham
Authors: YOUNGER P. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn County Durham the forthcoming closure of two coastal collieries is, in effect, the final closure of a large hydraulically interconnected coalfield which has been progressively dewatered over three centuries. Groundwater will gradually rise through the previously worked strata after the cessation of coalfield dewatering. Past experience shows that the rising groundwater will develop high acidity and heavy metal loadings as oxidized pyrite remnants are dissolved. Conceptual modelling suggests that this acidic groundwater will ultimately discharge into the River Wear and its tributaries, with serious consequences for the aquatic ecology and human use of the River Wear system. Further environmental impacts may include (a) groundwater pollution in the adjacent Basal Permian Sands aquifer, (b) leaching from landfills intersected by the rising water table, (c) compromised integrity of foundations, (d) increased flows in old sewers below the new rest water level (leading to problems at sewagetreatment works and combined sewer overflows), (e) corrosion of other buried services, (f) surface gas emissions, and (g) long‐term subsidence risk from old workings. The prevention of these impacts would involve long‐term maintenance of regional dewatering, although local mitigation of most effects could be arranged – albeit at considerable cost. Current legislation fails to place responsibility for the prevention of such environmental impacts in the hands of any one organization; this ‘vacuum of responsibility’needs to be addressed urgently if a pragmatic, consensual approach to environmental protection in abandoned coalfields is to be pursued.
Drinking Water: Future Quality Requirements
Authors: PACKHAM R. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRegulations governing the quality of drinking water within the European Community must be based on Directive 80/778/EC, although Member States may impose tighter or additional limits if they so wish. The Directive is substantially derived from standards set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1970. Revised ‘Guidelines Values’for water contaminants were issued by WHO in 1984, and a further revision will be published in 1993. Modest changes in the guidelines set by WHO for microbiological parameters since 1970 have been accompanied by a large increase in the number of limits set for chemical parameters. This is particularly marked for organic compounds including pesticides and disinfection byproducts. The new WHO guidelines will inevitably have an impact on water supplies in the UK, but the timescale for a significant change in the outmoded EC Directive is uncertain.
Contaminated Land and Aquifer Protection
Authors: PATRICIA HENTON M. , YOUNG P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the definition of contaminated land, its legislative controls, how it is identified and how a hazard ranking exercise may be carried out on a property portfolio in order to deal constructively with the problem of contaminated land. Such land is important because it can have substantial financial penalties attached to its investigation and remediation. The potential liabilities now arising from environmental impairment are such that anyone involved in the acquisition, ownership or disposal of land has to take an interest in it. The legislative background and environmental policy considerations which affect contaminated land are described, as well as the role of the National Rivers Authority in dealing with the subject. The principal types and sources of contaminated land are identified and current guidelines and standards for dealing with it are discussed. A technique developed for Scottish Enterprise whereby a property portfolio can be ranked in order of its potential hazard by combining the sensitivity of a site with its contamination potential in order to define environmental risk is described, and the necessity to seek professional and experienced advice in evaluating the consequences of contaminated land is highlighted.