bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilisation of maleic anhydride and epoxidised soyabean oil as compatibilisers for NBR/EPDM blends reinforced with modified and unmodified polypropylene fibres
Authors: El‐Sabbagh S.H. , Hussain A.I. , Abd El‐Ghaffar M.A. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo evaluate the performance of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared on the NBR/EPDM blends compared with maleic anhydride and also to explore the effect of loading the compatibiliser NBR/EPDM rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve desirable rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend, various compositions were made by incorporating different doses of the compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid prepared and maleic anhydride to form NBR/EPDM blends. The effect of loading the compatibiliser rubber blend with unmodified and modified polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the blend was investigated.FindingsThe incorporation of epoxidised soyabean oil‐free fatty acid or maleic anhydride into NBR/EPDM blend greatly enhanced their compatibility improved the rheological, as well as physical properties of rubber blends. The addition of NBR to EPDM improved the motor oil swelling resistance of EPDM. Blending of the two individual rubbers without a compatibiliser generally exhibited a non‐synergistic effect with respect to the physical properties. The strain energy, tensile strength, Young's modulus and strain at yield varied linearly with composition in the presence of compatibiliser, but deviated from linearity in the absence of compatibiliser. Reinforcement of the NBR/EPDM blend with modified polypropylene fibres enhanced the physical properties more significantly than with the unmodified ones.Research limitations/implicationsThe compatibiliser of epoxidised soyabean oil was prepared by reacting in situ soyabean oil‐free fatty acid with per‐acetic acid.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of the NBR/EPDM rubber blend.Originality/valueThe method for enhancing rheological and physico‐mechanical properties of NBR/EPDM rubber blend loaded with modified polypropylene fibres was very important and showed a synergistic effect and could find numerous applications in the rubber and plastic industries.
Synthesis and characterisation of organotin phthalimide polymers
Authors: Khalil A.A. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo prepare and characterise organotin polymers via a new synthetic route by exchange reactions of poly‐N‐acryloyloxy‐ and poly‐N‐methacryloyloxy‐tetrabromophthalimide with hydroxy‐ and aminotri‐n‐butyltin benzoates.Design/methodology/approachPreparation of N‐acryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NATP) and N‐methacryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NMTP) by the reaction of N‐hydroxytetrabromo‐phthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride. The exchange reactions of the resulting polymers with amino and hydroxytri‐n‐butyltin benzoate were carried out. The structure of the resulting compounds was characterised.FindingsNATP and NMTP were prepared by the reaction of N‐hydroxy‐tetrabromophthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride in the presence of TEA. The monomers prepared were easily polymerised. The exchange reactions of poly‐NATP and poly‐NMTP with amino and hydroxytri‐n‐butyltin benzoate were studied. The structure of the polymers and copolymers prepared was confirmed by tin analysis, IR and 1HNR spectroscopy.Research limitations/implicationsThe new monomer described in the present investigation may be useful for the preparation of organotin polymers by a new synthetic route. Also, the organotin polymers prepared had good film properties and were suitable for film formation.Practical implicationsThe method for the preparation of monomer is simple and the exchange reactions provide a simple and practical solution for preparation of some classes of organotin polymers and copolymers.Originality/valueThe method of preparation of organotin polymers was novel and may be useful for preparation of other organotin polymers and copolymers.
Photochromic properties of (E)‐dicyclopropylmethylene‐(2,5‐dimethyl‐3‐furylethylidene)‐succinic anhydride doped in epoxy polymer film
Authors: Bahajaj A.A. , Asiri Abdullah M. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo evaluate the photochromic performance of photochromic compounds in polymer matrices.Design/methodology/approachThe epoxy resin doped with photochromic fulgide were prepared and the effect of UV irradiation were studied using spectrophotometer. The reversible reaction was effected using white light. The effect of heat was also determined.FindingsA film of fulgide 1‐E doped in epoxy polymer was irradiated with UV light (366 nm), the film turned pink. The later colour was switched back to the original colour when the film was irradiated with a white light. The photocoloration and photobleaching obeyed first order rate equations with rate constants being 4.19×10−3 s−1 and 2.86×10−2 s−1, respectively. It was found that the film showed a good fatigue resistance. Another film was preheated at 80°C for 1‐4 h. No change in the UV absorption spectra of the film was observed. Similarly, the photocoloration and photobleaching of the annealed film showed first order rate equations with rate constants being 8.77×10−3 s−1 and 4.02×10−2s−1, respectively. Interestingly, the photocoloration and photobleaching reactions of the annealed film were faster than those of the non‐annealed film.Research limitations/implicationsThe epoxy resin doped photochromic fulgides described in the present paper was prepared and studied. The principle of study established can be applied to any type of resin or to any type of photochromic compounds.Practical implicationsThe photochromic materials developed can be used for different applications, such as coatings and holography.Originality/valueThe method developed may be used to enhance the performance of photochromic materials.
The effect of starting materials and preparation process on the properties of magnesium ferrite pigment
Authors: Abdel‐Mohsen F.F. , Emira H.S. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo prepare of fine particle size magnesium ferrite pigments by sol‐gel method.Design/methodology/approachDifferent magnesium ferrite pigments with stoichiometric ratios were prepared by sol‐gel and dispersion methods. The characterisation of magnesium ferrite pigments were based on X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, particle size distribution, thermal and magnetometric analyses.FindingsThe type of polymer and the starting inorganic materials (oxides or salts) have a significant effect on the properties of the magnesium ferrite pigments prepared.Research limitations/implicationsThe magnesium ferrite pigments, prepared and used in the work reported here were synthesised from magnesium and iron oxides, oxalates and chlorides. Urea formaldehyde resin and acrylic polymer were used as the dispersing media. Various other materials, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose, ethoxy methyl cellulose, polyvinylalcohol and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and polyacrylamide can also be used to achieve similar effect.Practical implicationsThe sol‐gel method provided a fine particle size and different particle shapes. Therefore, the method of preparation could be used to produce fibres, films and monoliths.Originality/valueThe magnesium ferrite pigments prepared could be use in numerous paints for steel protection.
Inhibition of acid corrosion of mild steel by Telfaria occidentalis extract
Authors: Oguzie E.E. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo investigate the efficacy of Telfaria occidentalis extract as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 2 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4 solutions, respectively, and to assess the effect of temperature and halide additives on the inhibition efficiency.Design/methodology/approachCorrosion rate was monitored by careful volumetric measurement of the evolved hydrogen gas at fixed time intervals. Inhibition efficiency was determined by comparing the corrosion rates in the absence and presence of additive. Attempts were made to elucidate the inhibition mechanism from the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature. The adsorption mode of inhibiting species in the extract was assessed by considering the influence of both acid and halide ions on inhibition efficiency.FindingsTelfaria occidentalis extract inhibited mild steel corrosion in 2 M HCl and 1 M H2SO4 solutions. Inhibition efficiency increased with extract concentration but decreased with rise in temperature. Synergistic effects increased the efficiency of the extract in the presence of halide additives in the order KCl<KBr<KI. Protonated species in the extract composition played a vital role in the inhibiting action.Originality/valueThis paper provides new information on the inhibiting characteristics of Telfaria occidentalis extract under the specified conditions. This environmentally friendly inhibitor could find possible applications in metal surface anodising and surface coatings.
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Datura metel in acidic medium
Authors: Sethuraman M.G. , Bothi Raja P. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo evaluate the corrosion inhibition potential of Datura metel in acid medium on mild steel (MS) with a view to develop green corrosion inhibitors.Design/methodology/approachAcid extract of the D. metel was studied for its corrosion inhibitive effect by electrochemical and weight loss methods. Using weight loss measurement data, an attempt has been made to probe the mechanism of inhibitive action by fitting adsorption isotherms.FindingsD. metel has been found to show significant corrosion inhibitive effect in acid medium on MS. Inhibition is through adsorption of the phytoconstituents on MS following Tempkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The results of A.C. impedance and polarisation studies correlate well with the weight loss studies.Originality/valueThe plant has been investigated for the first time for its corrosion inhibitive effect. The effect has been studied by proven methods. This green inhibitor can find use in the inhibition of corrosion in industries where MS is used as a material of choice for the fabrication of machinery.
Heavy metal ions removal by chelating resin
Authors: Abd El‐Moniem N.M. , El‐Sourougy M.R. , Shaaban D.A.F. 
Published: January 2007

PurposePreparation of chelating resin to be used in the removal of heavy metal ions from solutions.Design/methodology/approachChelating resin based on poly (glycidyl‐methacrylate‐co‐N, N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide) containing ethylenediamine was synthesised and used in removal of heavy metals from solutions.FindingsThe optimal pH values for adsorption of different metal ions occur in the range 4.0‐10.0 depending on the metal ion used. The adsorption of metal ions increases with increasing treatment duration to reach to the equilibrium state. Also, the adsorption of metal ions depends on the degree of cross linking of the chelating resin, and a higher degree of cross linking results in a lower degree of metal ion adsorption. The chelating resin was highly effective for the collection of metal ions by batch and column methods. The metal ions adsorbed could be eluted with 2M HNO3 except Co2+ and the resin could be reused.Research limitations/implicationsThe different factors affecting the metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+) loading in resin such as pH, contact time and cross linking density were studied.Practical implicationsThe practical applicability of the chelating resin for final stage of waste water treatment is recommended for use as a polishing agent.Originality/valueThe resins prepared were used successfully in removing heavy metals from water.
Application of natural materials in marine paint formulations
Authors: Tadros A.B. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTrials to develop environmentally friendly marine paints based on natural materials as replacement for copper and tin compounds for fouling and marine corrosion control.Design/methodology/approachGreen algae, tubeworms in dead powder form and garlic were used as natural anti‐fouling components in the paints developed. Electrochemical technique was employed for testing the potential of both tubeworms and garlic in terms of inhibition of steel corrosion in seawater. Marine paint formulations containing each of the three selected natural materials were applied onto PVC and un‐primed steel surface, which were immersed in natural seawater for the assessment of their anti‐fouling and anti‐corrosion properties. The results of visual assessment and seawater analysis were also used for such an evaluation.FindingsTubeworms act as mixed type inhibitor while garlic affects the potential cathodic process of steel in seawater. Tubeworms‐based paint, with 25 per cent in the dry paint film, could protect steel surface from marine corrosion up to 7 months. The paints containing algae and garlic, and the corresponding algae/garlic free paints, resisted slime film formation. Steel and PVC coated surfaces with paint containing algae showed the best anti‐fouling potential within the prepared series.Research limitations\implicationsThe investigation only involved the application of the dead form of green algae and tubeworms as effective pigments in the developed paints. It is recommended that further research should focus on extracting and identifying the active components in each organism against fouling and marine corrosion.Practical implicationsThe paint formulations developed (containing 25 per cent by weight tubeworms in the paint film) could be used to protect un‐primed steel surface against fouling and marine corrosion for a reasonably long duration.Originality/valueThe application of one paint formulation on un‐primed steel surface for its protection from both fouling and marine corrosion is novel. The electrochemical studies of steel in natural seawater in presence of tubeworms and garlic are original.
Novel use of glycols in polyester coating compositions
Authors: Shenoy M.A. , Sabnis A. , D'Melo D.J. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo study the effect of addition of free diols and triols in the coating formulation on coating properties.Design/methodology/approachPolyester resins were synthesised from maleic anhydride, dimerised fatty acid, neopentyl glycol and tris (2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC). Then, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylol propane and THEIC were added as reactive components to the coating formulation. These coatings were then analysed for various coating properties and compared with those obtained with the base resins.FindingsThe coatings obtained with the addition of these reactive components were found to have improved properties compared with those of the base resins except in cases where the reactive component itself contributed to a reduction in performance, e.g. reduced alkali resistance with the addition of THEIC.Research limitations/implicationsThe addition of the free diols and triols required a corresponding increase in the amount of the curing agent to be added.Practical implicationsThis process would allow for the tailoring of coatings to suit requirements to a certain extent without modifying the base resin. The addition of low molecular weight components in the coating formulation, which is then incorporated in coatings, could reduce the solvent requirement.Originality/valueAlthough polyesters are an established polymeric system in coatings, the use of reactive diluents has not been investigated with the exception of unsaturated polyesters, whose curing chemistry is fundamentally different from that of polyesters focused on in this paper.
Adsorption and corrosion inhibitive properties of Azadirachta indica in acid solutions
Authors: Oguzie E.E. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo assess the protective effect and adsorption behaviour of Azadirachta indica extract in controlling mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 and 2 M HCl.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibitive effect of the plant extract was monitored using the gas‐volumetric technique. The inhibition mechanism was inferred by curve fitting of the experimental data to known adsorption isotherms and the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature.FindingsAzadirachta indica extract effectively inhibited steel corrosion in the acid media studied by virtue of adsorption. The inhibitor adsorption characteristics were approximated by Langmuir isotherm. The extract functioned as a mixed inhibitor, depending on its concentration. The prime effect at lower concentration was mitigation of the cathodic reaction by physical adsorption of protonated species in the extract and at higher concentration the anodic reaction was inhibited by chemisorption of molecular species.Originality/valueThis paper provides novel information on the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for steel in highly acidic environments as well as possible mechanisms of the inhibitive action.
Melt process and performance of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes reinforced LDPE composites
Authors: Zhao D. , Lei Q. , Qin C. , Bai X. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo develop a method for the preparation of multi‐walled carbon nanotube reinforced low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites (MWNTs/LDPE), based on ultrasonic vibration, solution casting and melt mixing.Design/methodology/approachThe preparation for MWNTs/LDPE composites was carried out by vibration of carbon nanotubes (CNT), solution casting and melt mixing for MWNTs and LDPE. The physical chemical properties of the composites were characterised using a variety of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, resistance and tensile measurement.FindingsIt was found that the preparation method reported had significantly improved the dispersion of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in LDPE matrix, resulting in the improvement of tensile strength of the composite. The percolation of MWNTs in LDPE matrix was between 10 and 15 wt% (1016‐108 Ω cm).Practical implicationsThe preparation method reported addressed a problem concerning the dispersion of CNT in polymer matrix. The method developed provided a practical and effective solution to such a problem.Originality/valueThe preparation method for MWNTs/LDPE composites involving vibration of CNT, solution casting and melt mixing for MWNTs and LDPE was novel. The method could be adapted for use in industrial scale.
Water‐soluble polymers as corrosion inhibitors
Authors: Umoren S.A. , Ebenso E.E. , Okafor P.C. , Ogbobe O. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo determine the inhibition efficiency and adsorption characteristics of two water soluble polymers namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethyleneglycol (PGE) as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in H2SO4.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibition efficiencies of PVA and PEG were evaluated using the weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques at 30‐60°C.FindingsThe inhibition efficiency (I per cent) of the inhibitors increased with increase in concentration and temperature. The inhibitors (PVA and PEG) were found to obey Temkin, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms from the fit of the experimental data at all concentrations and temperatures studied. The phenomenon of chemical adsorption is proposed from the activation parameters obtained. PEG was found to be a better inhibitor than PVA.Research limitations/implicationsThe mechanistic aspect of the corrosion inhibition can be better understood using electrochemical studies such as polarization and AC impedance spectra.Practical implicationsThe findings may be useful in cooling water systems in industries under simulated conditions.Originality/valueThis paper provides additional new information on the inhibiting characteristics of PVA and PEG as promising corrosion inhibitors.
Flow modified epoxy resin: the complete solution of aerosol in 2‐pack epoxy adhesive
Authors: Shukla V. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo reduce the cost of epoxy adhesive without affecting the properties of epoxy adhesive in two pack system.Design/methodology/approachFor effective toughening, adhesion, chemical resistance, etc. various compositions were made by incorporating flow modified solid epoxy resin. The impact, adhesive strengths and some other properties of the unmodified and modified epoxy networks were characterised.FindingsThe modification of epoxy resin using flow modified solid epoxy resin showed significant enhancement of impact and adhesive strengths and chemical resistance over the unmodified one. The optimum results were obtained at 13.66 parts per hundred parts of epoxy resin (phr) of modifier by replacing 4.33 phr of aerosil.Research limitations/implicationsThe modifier, 7004 FM, used in the present context was high molecular weight flow modified epoxy resin. Besides, these results could be obtained from other grades of flow modified high molecular weight epoxy resin. In addition, the efficiency of modification of epoxy resin using this could also be studied.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to removing the costly aerosil without affecting properties such as toughness, adhesive strength and chemical resistance of the cured epoxy.Originality/valueThe method for enhancing toughness, adhesive strength and chemical resistance of cured epoxy was novel and could find numerous applications in surface coating and adhesive.
Information sources for thrift shopping: is there a “thrift maven”?
Authors: Christiansen Tim , Snepenger David J. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThrift shopping (the buying of previously owned products) provides products and shopping pleasure for consumers of all economic levels, however, little is known about how information regarding thrift shopping is acquired by consumers. This research aims to investigate whether there may be a “thrift maven,” someone who could and does transmit information about the thrift market to other individuals.Design/methodology/approachA scale was developed from previous research to identify thrift mavens. Data were collected via survey to see if the scale could be used to segment the market and to assess differences in the mavens' demographics and shopping patterns.FindingsThe study found the scale valid and useful. Thrift mavens were found to have lower household incomes, but were as likely to be male as female. This finding was surprising since thrift shopping is a more difficult method of acquiring products, and males in the USA are notable for their dislike of the task of shopping. The study also found that thrift mavens both shop and purchase from thrift outlets more frequently than non‐mavens.Research limitations/implicationsThis was a single study in a single setting. Future research should examine whether this type of individual exists across a range of living conditions (e.g. rural, urban settings) as well as examining such areas as the type of behaviors mavens may engage in to assist fellow thrift shoppers.Originality/valueThe value of this paper is in identifying a segment of consumers who may be key informants for other consumers interested in thrift shopping. Thrift outlets typically have a limited promotional budget, at best, and thrift mavens would be a key resource to identify and encourage to shop at the outlet in order to pass on information.