bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection of non‐obese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes by Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin B subunit
Authors: Ola Thomas O. , Williams Neil A. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryAutoimmune diabetes in the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is associated with development of inflammation around the islets at around 4–5 weeks of age, which may be prolonged until frank diabetes begins to occur around 12 weeks of age. Although many interventions can halt disease progression if administration coincides with the beginning of the anti‐β cell response, very few are able to prevent diabetes development once insulitis is established. Here we describe a strategy which blocks cellular infiltration of islets and prevents diabetes. Intranasal treatment with the B‐subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (EtxB), a protein that binds GM1 ganglioside (as well as GD1b, asialo‐GM1 and lactosylceramide with lower affinities), protected NOD mice from developing diabetes in a receptor‐binding dependent manner. Protection was associated with a significant reduction in the number of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, B cells, major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells infiltrating the islets. Despite this, treated mice showed increased number of interleukin‐10+ cells in the pancreas, and a decrease in both T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production in the pancreatic lymph node. Disease protection was also transferred with CD4+ splenocytes from treated mice. Taken together, these results demonstrated that EtxB is a potent immune modulator capable of blocking diabetes.
An unusual complication of mandibular distraction
Authors: PARASHAR S. Y. , ANDERSON P. J. , DAVID D. J. 
Published: December 2005

Summary. Background. The authors present an unusual complication of mandibular distraction in a child with the curious condition of multiple pterygium syndrome is presented.Case report. The patient was a Caucasian male with severe pterygia in his neck. As a result of his limited mouth opening and restricted upper airway leading to obstruction, he underwent lengthening of his mandible by distraction, which significantly improved his breathing. During his follow‐up, it was observed that an unusually elongated permanent molar was present in an abnormal position.Conclusion. This case highlights the need to carefully plan the sites for osteotomy and the potential for damage to the developing permanent dentition in young children.
An oral health education programme based on the National Curriculum
Authors: CHAPMAN A. , COPESTAKE S. J. , DUNCAN K. 
Published: December 2005

Summary.  Aim. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a teaching programme based on the national curriculum for use in a primary school setting.Design. National Curriculum guidelines were combined with oral health education messages to draw up lesson plans for teachers to deliver. A questionnaire was used to demonstrate children's oral health knowledge prior to the teaching programme, and at 1 and 7 weeks following the programme.The study took place in inner‐city, state‐run primary schools in Manchester and North London, UK.The subjects were children between the ages of 7 and 8 years from Manchester (n = 58) and North London (n = 30).The main outcome measure was change in knowledge attributable to a newly developed teaching programme.Results. The children in Manchester had a higher level of knowledge prior to the teaching programme. Following the teaching programme, children in both schools showed a significant improvement in dental health knowledge (P < 0·001). Seven weeks later, the Manchester children showed no significant loss of knowledge (P < 0·001).Conclusions. The aims of the National Curriculum were easily integrated with oral health messages. A more widely available teaching resource, such as the one described in this study, would be useful to encourage the teaching profession to take on oral health education without more costly input from dental professionals.
The frequency of repeat general anaesthesia for teeth extractions in children
Authors: ALBADRI S. S. , JARAD F. D. , LEE G. T. , MACKIE I. C. 
Published: December 2005

Summary.  Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of repeat extractions under general anaesthesia (GA) in children.Methods. The dental hospital records of patients attending for outpatient GA extractions at Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, UK, between January and March 2003 were examined retrospectively. A data collection form was used to record the relevant information.Results. A total of 278 patients with a mean age of 6·5 years (SD = 2·2 years) were seen for GA extractions. Of those, 33 patients (11·9%) with a mean age of 4·9 years (SD = 2 years) at the time of their initial GA had had a previous or would undergo a subsequent episode of GA extraction. The mean interval between repeat GA was 2·3 years (SD = 1·6 years). Fifteen cases (45·5%) had the repeat GA within 2 years. Radiographs were available as part of the assessment process for 84 (34·3%) of the 245 patients who had had a single episode of GA. However, of the 33 patients who had had a repeat GA, only seven (21·2%) had radiographs available at the time of the initial GA. Regarding the number of teeth extracted, a significant difference (P < 0·01) was found between the number of teeth extracted in patients who had had a single GA (mean = 4·6, SD = 2·5), compared with those extracted at the initial GA for the repeat GA group (mean = 3·2, SD = 2).Conclusion. The frequency of repeat GA is relatively low, but there is a need for appropriate treatment planning incorporating the use of radiographs to reduce this even further.
Clinical performance of resin‐bonded composite strip crowns in primary incisors: a retrospective study
Authors: RAM D. , FUKS A. B. 
Published: December 2005

Summary.  Aim. The purpose of this study was to assess retrospectively the longevity of resin‐bonded composite strip crowns placed in primary maxillary incisors.Design. Records for 200 out of 387 children, aged 22–48 months, treated in a private paediatric dental practice and who presented for follow‐up after at least 24 months were included in the study. The parameters recorded at baseline and/or at follow‐up were: habits, the number and location of the decayed surfaces, colour, texture, and chipping of the restoration. Radiographic evaluation of the restorations, the quality of the margins, and the presence of pulpal and/or periapical pathoses were recorded.Results. More than 80% of the restorations were judged to be successful at the final follow‐up examination. Only the number of carious surfaces of the tooth at baseline influenced the treatment outcome. The failure rate was higher in central incisors with four affected surfaces (P = 0·005), and in lateral incisors with four carious surfaces (P = 0·0003), than in those presenting one or two carious surfaces in both central and lateral incisors (P = 0·002).Conclusion. The high success rate of resin‐bonded composite strip crowns with a 2‐year follow‐up seen in this study suggests that this treatment modality is an aesthetic and satisfactory means of restoring carious primary incisors in young children. The retention rate is lower in teeth with decay in three or more surfaces, particularly in children with a high caries risk.
Immunocytochemical investigation of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp
Authors: RODD H. D. , BOISSONADE F. M. 
Published: December 2005

Summary. Aim.  The aim of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in the number and distribution of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp, both in health and disease.Design.  The research took the form of a quantitative immunocytochemical study.One hundred and twenty‐four mandibular first permanent molars and second primary molars were obtained from children requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Following exodontia, 10‐µm‐thick frozen pulp sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence. Triple‐labelling regimes were employed using combinations of the following: (1) protein gene product 9·5, a general neuronal marker; (2) leucocyte common antigen (LCA); and (3) Ulex europaeus I lectin, a marker of vascular endothelium. Image analysis was then used to determine the percentage area of immunostaining for LCA.Results.  Leucocytes were significantly more abundant in the pulp horn and mid‐coronal region of intact and carious primary teeth, as compared to permanent teeth (P < 0·05, anova). Both dentitions demonstrated the presence of well‐localized inflammatory cell infiltrates and marked aborization of pulpal nerves in areas of dense leucocyte accumulation.Conclusions.  Primary and permanent tooth pulps appear to have a similar potential to mount inflammatory responses to gross caries The management of the compromised primary tooth pulp needs to be reappraised in the light of these findings.
An analysis of oral and maxillofacial pathology found in children over a 30‐year period
Authors: JONES A. V. , FRANKLIN C. D. 
Published: December 2005

Summary. Aim. The vast majority of oral diseases are confined to oral tissues, but numerous underlying systemic conditions may present with signs and symptoms within the oral cavity. Since the epidemiology of diseases is variable between regions, the authors carried out Europe's first paediatric‐based survey of oral and maxillofacial pathology specimens submitted for diagnosis.Design. All entries for specimens from children between the ages of 0 and 16 years during the 30‐year period from 1973 to 2002 were retrieved and compiled into 12 diagnostic categories.Results. During the study period, 4406 (8·2%) specimens came from children between the ages of 0 and 16 years, with a male to female ratio of 1·01. The diagnostic category with the largest number of specimens was tooth pathology (22·1%), followed by salivary gland disease (19·1%) and mucosal pathology (12·1%). In all, there were 114 benign tumours of nonodontogenic origin, 43 odontogenic tumours and 31 malignant tumours. The most frequently diagnosed lesions were mucous extravasation cysts, which accounted for over 16% of cases. Periapical pathology in the form of a radicular cyst, residual cyst or chronic periapical granuloma formed almost 13% of all cases.Conclusions. This survey shows that, while nearly 10% of specimens submitted to the authors’ laboratory are from children under 16 years of age, the majority of lesions are of a benign nature, requiring minimal intervention; less than 1% of cases comprise malignant lesions. Odontogenic tumours are relatively rare in this age group; however, certain lesions such as adenomatoid odontogenic tumour and ameloblastic fibroma occur predominantly in children and, therefore, remain an important diagnostic consideration.
Early symptoms of mania and the role of parental risk
Authors: Findling Robert L , Youngstrom Eric A , McNamara Nora K , Stansbrey Robert J , Demeter Christine A , Bedoya Denise , Kahana Shoshana Y , Calabrese Joseph R 
Published: December 2005

Objectives:  The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe the phenomenology of youths diagnosed with subsyndromal bipolar disorders; (ii) describe the phenomenology of youngsters who are the children of bipolar parents, who are also experiencing subsyndromal symptoms of bipolar disorder (patients with ‘cyclotaxia’); and (iii) explore which symptoms may be most useful in identifying youths with cyclotaxia.Methods:  Four hundred outpatients between the ages of 5 and 17 years received a diagnostic assessment and psychometric questionnaires pertaining to mood symptomatology and psychosocial functioning. Parental diagnostic information was also obtained. Children and adolescents were assigned to one of three diagnostic groups: a ‘syndromal bipolar disorder (BP)’ group (n = 118), a ‘sub‐syndromal bipolar (SUB‐BP)’ group (n = 75), or a ‘non‐bipolar (NON‐BP)’ group (n = 207). In addition, based on parental diagnoses, youths were assigned to either a high genetic risk group (n = 167) or a low genetic risk group (n = 233).Results:  Youths with subsyndromal bipolar disorders were found to have intermediate degrees of manic symptoms than youths with bipolar disorder and youths without a bipolar diagnosis. Offspring of parents having a bipolar disorder were more likely to show symptoms of hypomania and mania than youths without a bipolar parent. Youths at genetic risk for developing a bipolar disorder were not found to be at higher risk for having a diagnosis of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder or a disruptive behavior disorder. Finally, results suggest that elevated mood with irritability and rapid mood fluctuations are the key distinguishing characteristics of ‘cyclotaxia’.Conclusions:  There exists a group of youngsters who are the offspring of a parent/parents with a bipolar disorder who do not suffer from BP 1 or BP 2, yet have elevated mood symptoms and psychosocial dysfunction. As a result of these observations, treatment studies are needed for youths with ‘cyclotaxia’.
Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology
Authors: Soutullo César A , Chang Kiki D , Díez‐Suárez Azucena , Figueroa‐Quintana Ana , Escamilla‐Canales Inmaculada , Rapado‐Castro Marta , Ortuño Felipe 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  There is considerable skepticism outside the US over the prevalence of pediatric bipolar disorder (BD). We wished to evaluate the epidemiology of BD in children and adolescents in non‐US samples.Method:  We reviewed studies on the prevalence of BD in children and adolescents in international samples. We also describe our sample of 27 children with BD at the University of Navarra.Results:  There are important and frequently overlooked differences in the definition of BD between the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD‐10) and DSM‐IV and methodological differences in epidemiological studies that may partially explain international differences in prevalence of pediatric BD. The prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in young adults in Switzerland is 11%. In Holland the 6‐month prevalence of mania in adolescents was 1.9% and of hypomania 0.9%. Only 1.2% of hospitalized youth (<15 years) in Denmark and 1.7% of adolescents in Finland had BD. In our clinic, the prevalence of DSM‐IV BD in children 5–18 years old is 4%, and of any mood disorders 27%. There are also data from Brazil, India and Turkey with varying results.Conclusion:  Relative lack of data, ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV differences in diagnostic criteria, different levels of recognition of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry as a true specialty in Europe, clinician bias against BD, an overdiagnosis of the disorder in USA and/or a true higher prevalence of pediatric BD in USA may explain these results. US–International differences may be a methodological artifact and research is needed in this field.
Declarative memory impairment in pediatric bipolar disorder
Authors: Glahn David C , Bearden Carrie E , Caetano Sheila , Fonseca Manoela , Najt Pablo , Hunter Kristina , Pliszka Steve R , Olvera Rene L , Soares Jair C 
Published: December 2005

Objectives:  Impaired verbal declarative memory has been proposed as a trait marker for adult bipolar disorder. However, similar impairments in juvenile‐onset bipolar disorder have not been yet documented. Here, we assessed declarative memory in a large sample of clinically well‐characterized children with bipolar disorder.Methods:  Forty‐one children and adolescents with bipolar disorder [21 bipolar I disorder (BP‐I), 10 bipolar II disorder (BP‐II), and 10 bipolar disorder, not otherwise specified (BP‐NOS)] and 17 demographically matched healthy participants completed a standardized learning and memory test.Results:  BP‐I children recalled and recognized significantly fewer words than healthy subjects, whereas children with BP‐II and BP‐NOS did not differ from controls. However, individuals with BP‐NOS made more perseverative errors and intrusions than the other groups. Severity of mood symptomatology was not associated with memory performance in any bipolar subtype.Conclusions:  Findings suggest that declarative memory impairments in juvenile BP‐I are similar to those seen in the adult form of the illness. These impairments do not appear to be secondary to clinical state; rather, they may reflect trait‐related impairments. Distinct performance patterns in BP‐I, BP‐II, and BP‐NOS suggest that the broadly defined phenotype is significantly heterogeneous, and may not be informative for pathogenetic investigations of bipolar disorder.
Population size, female fecundity, and sex ratio variation in gynodioecious Plantago maritima
Authors: Nilsson Emil , Ågren Jon 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Theory predicts that the sex ratio of gynodioecious populations (in which hermaphrodites and females coexist) will be affected by the relative female fitness of females and hermaphrodites, and by founder events and genetic drift in small populations. We documented the sex ratio and size of 104 populations of the gynodioecious, perennial herb Plantago maritima in four archipelagos in eastern Sweden and western Finland (from latitude 53 to 64 °N). The sex ratio varied significantly both among and within archipelagos (range 0–70% females, median 6.3% females). The frequency of females was highest in the northernmost archipelago and lowest in the southernmost archipelago. As predicted, females were more frequently missing from small than from large populations, and the variance in sex ratio increased with decreasing population size. The relative fecundity of female plants (mean seed output per female/mean seed output per hermaphrodite) ranged from 0.43 to 2.16 (median 1.01, n = 12 populations). Among the 12 populations sampled for seed production (four in each of three archipelagos), the frequency of females was positively related to relative fecundity of females and negatively related to population size. The results suggest that the local sex ratio is influenced both by the relative fecundity of females and hermaphrodites and by stochastic processes in small populations.
Ornament evolution in dragon lizards: multiple gains and widespread losses reveal a complex history of evolutionary change
Authors: Ord T. J. , Stuart-fox D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The expression in females of ornaments thought to be the target of sexual selection in males is a long-standing puzzle. Two main hypotheses are proposed to account for the existence of conspicuous ornaments in both sexes (mutual ornamentation): genetic correlation between the sexes and sexual selection on females as well as males. We examined the pattern of ornament gains and losses in 240 species of dragon lizards (Agamidae) in order to elucidate the relative contribution of these two factors in the evolution of mutual ornamentation. In addition, we tested whether the type of shelter used by lizards to avoid predators predicts the evolutionary loss or constraint of ornament expression. We found evidence that the origin of female ornaments is broadly consistent with the predictions of the genetic correlation hypothesis. Ornaments appear congruently in both sexes with some lineages subsequently evolving male biased sexual dimorphism, apparently through the process of natural selection for reduced ornamentation in females. Nevertheless, ornaments have also frequently evolved in both sexes independently. This suggests that genetic correlations are potentially weak for several lineages and sexual selection on females is responsible for at least some evolutionary change in this group. Unexpectedly, we found that the evolutionary loss of some ornaments is concentrated more in males than females and this trend cannot be fully explained by our measures of natural selection.
No sympatric speciation here: multiple data sources show that the antMyrmica microrubrais not a separate species but an alternate reproductive morph ofMyrmica rubra
Authors: Steiner F. M. , Schlick-steiner B. C. , Konrad H. , Moder K. , Christian E. , Seifert B. , Crozier R. H. , Stauffer C. , Buschinger A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNo aspect of speciation is as controversial as the view that new species can evolve sympatrically, among populations in close physical contact. Social parasitism has been suggested to yield necessary disruptive selection for sympatric speciation. Recently, mitochondrial DNA phylogeography has shown that the ant Myrmica microrubra is closely related to its host, Myrmica rubra, leading to the suggestion that sympatric speciation has occurred. We investigated the relationships between the two ant forms using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite genotyping and morphometrics. Molecular phylogenetic and population structure analyses showed that M. microrubra does not evolve separately to its host but rather shares a gene pool with it. Probability analysis showed that mitochondrial DNA data previously adduced in favour of sympatric speciation do not in fact do so. Morphometrically, M. microrubra is most readily interpreted as a miniature queen form of M. rubra, not a separate species. Myrmica microrubra is not an example of speciation. The large (typical M. rubra) and small (M. microrubra) queen forms are alternative reproductive strategies of the same species. Myrmica microrubraSeifert 1993 is consequently synonymized here with M. rubra Linnaeus, 1758.
Polychaete distribution patterns revisited: an historical explanation
Authors: Glasby Christopher J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBrooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA) was used to determine the patterns of relationships among areas (and their polychaete species), and whether or not they were caused by vicariance events. Ten clades representing 195 species and 24 global marine areas of endemism were analysed. Phylogenetic and distributional data were sourced from the literature. BPA yielded two minimal‐length area cladograms differing only in the placement of the South‐west Atlantic. Both area cladograms indicated three large‐scale area groups (=realms) related as follows: (Austral, (Boreal, Pantropical)), which correspond to the same three realms, albeit differently related, for terrestrial taxa. Within the Pantropical realm areas were grouped into east and west Tethyan subrealms and within the Boreal realm Atlantic and Pacific subrealms were found. This result is largely concordant with earth history under Plate Tectonics theory and indicates that vicariance has been influential in shaping the present‐day distribution of polychaetes. A model describing the hypothesised sequence of major vicariance events since the Late Jurassic (150 Ma) is illustrated. The existence of three marine biogeographic realms suggests that, for shallow water polychaetes at least, systematic studies would be more effectively conducted at the realm scale rather than global or regional scales.