bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR imaging methods for assessing fetal brain development
Authors: Rutherford Mary , Jiang Shuzhou , Allsop Joanna , Perkins Lucinda , Srinivasan Latha , Hayat Tayyib , Kumar Sailesh , Hajnal Jo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFetal magnetic resonance imaging provides an ideal tool for investigating growth and development of the brain in vivo. Current imaging methods have been hampered by fetal motion but recent advances in image acquisition can produce high signal to noise, high resolution 3‐dimensional datasets suitable for objective quantification by state of the art post acquisition computer programs. Continuing development of imaging techniques will allow a unique insight into the developing brain, more specifically process of cell migration, axonal pathway formation, and cortical maturation. Accurate quantification of these developmental processes in the normal fetus will allow us to identify subtle deviations from normal during the second and third trimester of pregnancy either in the compromised fetus or in infants born prematurely. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Optical imaging of infants' neurocognitive development: Recent advances and perspectives
Authors: Minagawa‐Kawai Yasuyo , Mori Koichi , Hebden Jeremy C. , Dupoux Emmanuel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNear‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a unique method of monitoring infant brain function by measuring the changes in the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. During the past 10 years, NIRS measurement of the developing brain has rapidly expanded. In this article, a brief discussion of the general principles of NIRS, including its technical advantages and limitations, is followed by a detailed review of the role played so far by NIRS in the study of infant perception and cognition, including language, and visual and auditory functions. Results have highlighted, in particular, the developmental changes of cerebral asymmetry associated with speech acquisition. Finally, suggestions for future studies of neurocognitive development using NIRS are presented. Although NIRS studies of the infant brain have yet to fulfill their potential, a review of the work done so far indicates that NIRS is likely to provide many unique insights in the field of developmental neuroscience. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Using voltage‐sensitive dye recording to image the functional development of neuronal circuits in vertebrate embryos
Authors: Glover Joel C. , Sato Katsushige , Sato Yoko‐Momose 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecent developments in the design of voltage‐sensitive dyes and of recording apparatuses for detecting voltage‐dependent changes in the optical properties of such dyes have established voltage‐sensitive dye recording as an important technique for assessing the functional development of neuronal circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Here we discuss general technical issues regarding the recording of voltage‐sensitive dye signals and describe studies that have utilized this approach to follow the development of sensory and sensorimotor circuits in the embryonic brain stem. Functional imaging through voltage‐sensitive dye recording permits a noninvasive analysis of synaptic development and function at submillisecond temporal resolution in widely distributed circuits. These advantages are particularly valuable in assessing sensorimotor circuit development at early stages when neurons are small and synapses are fragile. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Two‐photon imaging of dendritic spine development in the mouse cortex
Authors: Pan Feng , Gan Wen‐Biao 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. With the advent of two‐photon microscopy and transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins, dendritic spines can now be imaged in the living cerebral cortex over time scales ranging from seconds to years. Recent studies with this in vivo imaging approach have begun to provide important insights into the development and plasticity of dendritic spines in the intact brain. Here, we review these studies and discuss technical requirements for image acquisition. We envision that intravital two‐photon imaging at the level of individual synapses will greatly expand our current understandings of how neuronal networks are assembled and modified throughout life. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Cystic lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck cancer: An HPV‐associated phenomenon
Authors: Goldenberg David , Begum Shahnaz , Westra William H. , Khan Zubair , Sciubba James , Pai Sara I. , Califano Joseph A. , Tufano Ralph P. , Koch Wayne M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground.Cystic lymph node metastases have been associated with tonsil cancer. A subset of oropharyngeal cancers contain human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. The clinical and virologic associations of cystic nodal metastasis in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) were investigated.Methods.A retrospective review of patients undergoing neck dissection between 2002 and 2004 identified patients with cystic lymph node metastases. Clinical and pathologic information was recorded. The presence of HPV DNA was analyzed using in situ hybridization in a subset of patients.Results.One hundred neck dissections were reviewed and 20 had cystic nodes. Seventeen of these patients had primary tumors arising in the palatine or lingual tonsil. Three were “unknown primary.” HPV DNA was present in 11 of 13 patients with cystic metastases with tissue available for analysis (87%). No HPV DNA was identified in tumor from 21 patients with solid nodal metastasis (p <.0001).Conclusion.Cystic cervical lymph node metastasis is strongly associated with HPV‐related tonsillar HNSCC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Osteosarcoma of the head and neck region: Lessons learned from a single‐institution experience of 50 patients
Authors: Laskar Siddhartha , Basu Ayan , Muckaden Mary Ann , D'Cruz Anil , Pai Suresh , Jambhekar Nirmala , Tike Pramod , Shrivastava Shyam K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground.Osteosarcoma of the head and neck region is a rare tumor and is a therapeutic challenge because of its aggressive nature and complex anatomical location. Standard management guidelines are lacking due to paucity of published data.Methods.Fifty patients with head and neck osteosarcoma treated at our institute from 1995 to 2004 were reviewed.Results.There were 32 men and 18 women (median, 30 years). Mandible (56%) was the most common site. Chondroblastic (46%) was the most common histopathological variant. Treatment comprised multimodality approach using surgery (100%), radiotherapy (36%), and chemotherapy (58%). After a median follow‐up of 16.6 months, 46% were alive and disease free. Median overall survival was 45.7 months, and progression‐free survival was 13.7 months. Mandible and maxilla were favorable sites. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy improved local control in patients with adverse prognostic factors.Conclusions.Surgery remains the mainstay of the treatment of head and neck osteosarcoma. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves outcome in patients with adverse factors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Antineuronal antibodies in Parkinson's disease
Authors: van de Warrenburg Bart P.C. , Church Andrew J. , Martino Davide , Candler Paul M. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Giovannoni Gavin , Quinn Niall P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAntineuronal antibodies (ANAs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of postinfectious movement disorders, such as Sydenham's chorea. However, their relevance in other movement disorders—in the absence of infectious triggers—remains much disputed. We sought to assess the frequency of ANAs in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and to explore whether a specific phenotype is associated with the presence of ANAs. For this purpose, we recruited 76 IPD patients, 9 patients with genetic parkinsonism, and 10 with one of the parkinson‐plus syndromes. They were all subjected to a comprehensive clinical review. In addition, 50 patients with non‐extrapyramidal neurological disease and 30 healthy blood donors served as control populations. Blood samples were tested for the presence of ANAs with Western blotting, using recombinant proteins of the three putative antigens (aldolase C, neuron‐specific enolase, and pyruvate kinase M1). We found these antibodies in 11.8% of the 76 IPD patients, which differed significantly from healthy controls (0%, P = 0.043), but nonsignificantly from patients with genetic parkinsonism (11.1%), with a parkinson‐plus syndrome (10%), or from neurological disease controls (4%). With respect to relevant disease characteristics, IPD patients with or without ANAs were indistinguishable, except for atypical disease features (mainly early falls or freezing and marked Pisa syndrome), which were more frequent in the ANA‐positive IPD group. We conclude that ANAs do not play a role in the majority of patients with IPD, but might be relevant in the pathogenesis of IPD with atypical features. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Evidence of increased odds of essential tremor in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tan Eng‐King , Lee Seng‐Swim , S. Fook‐Chong , Lum Sau‐Ying 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a case control study using a standardized protocol, 600 subjects were evaluated for essential tremor (ET). We demonstrated that ET was significantly more frequent in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (12/204, 5.9%) compared to diseased controls (2/206, 1%) and healthy controls (1/190, 0.5%). A regression analysis with ET as outcome and group (either PD or healthy controls or diseased controls) as independent variable (adjusting for age and sex) revealed that PD had higher odds of having ET than diseased controls (OR = 5.43, 95% CI = 1.16, 25.39, P < 0.001) and healthy controls (OR = 10.87, 95% CI = 1.39, 85.15, P < 0.001). The low frequency of ET in our controls was further confirmed in a follow‐up study in a group of age and gender matched general medical patients who attended an outpatient clinic (0% frequency). Eight of 204 PD (3.9%) compared to none of diseased (0%) (P = 0.004) and healthy controls (0%) (P = 0.008) had a prior diagnosis of ET. The duration of ET symptoms in patients with PD was 25.1 ± 19.6 (range 3–60) years. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that a lower dose of levodopa (OR = 0.993, 95%CI for OR = 0.988, 0.997, P < 0.001) and a higher age of onset of disease (OR = 1.108, 95%CI for OR = 1.035, 1.187, P < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of PD with ET, compared to patients with PD without ET. In our Asian population, patients with PD were 5 to 10 times more likely to have ET compared to diseased and healthy controls, suggesting that the association of ET and PD is unlikely to be ethnicity‐specific. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Provocation of Parkinsonian tremor
Authors: Raethjen Jan , Austermann Kristina , Witt Karsten , Zeuner Kirsten E. , Papengut Frank , Deuschl Günther 
Published: March 2008

AbstractClassical Parkinsonian rest tremor typically fluctuates over time and can be provoked by stressful situations. We quantified and compared the influence of different provocation methods on classical rest tremor severity. The effect of counting backwards from 100, tapping of the contralateral foot and a Stroop test on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III rest tremor scores and the accelerometrically measured tremor amplitudes (total power) were analyzed in 18 patients with Parkinson's disease and a Type I tremor. Each of the three provocation methods increased the UPDRS III rest tremor score by 1–2 and the total power by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared with baseline (P < 0.001). The maximal effect was reached on average after 2–3 minutes of provocation. The effects were not significantly different. Provocations clearly influence the result of clinical rest tremor ratings, with the kind of provocation being of minor importance. We therefore suggest that each assessment of Parkinsonian rest tremor should include a systematic provocation and this should be formally included in future versions of the UPDRS. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Atypical Parkinsonism in distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles
Authors: Ishihara Tomohiko , Ozawa Tetsutaro , Igarashi Shuichi , Kitsukawa Yuko , Takagi Masahito , Hirose Masaki , Tokutake Takayoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Nishizawa Masatoyo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA patient with distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV) exhibited Parkinsonism with a severe writing tremor that responded poorly to levodopa. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that the patient had the D176V/V572L compound heterozygous mutation in the UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase/N‐acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene. Histopathological examination of a biopsied muscle specimen yielded findings compatible with those of DMRV, which is characterized by the presence of rimmed vacuoles without inflammatory cell infiltration in muscle fibers. The finding of normal cardiac meta‐iodobenzylguanide uptake makes the possibility of incidental Parkinson's disease in this patient unlikely. These observations raise the possibility that atypical Parkinsonism is a rare complication of DMRV associated with GNE mutation. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Scaling turbulent atmospheric stratification. I: Turbulence and waves
Authors: Lovejoy S. , Schertzer D. , Lilley M. , Strawbridge K. B. , Radkevich A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this first of a three‐part series, we argue that the dynamics of turbulence in a stratified atmosphere should depend on the buoyancy over a wide range of vertical scales and on energy flux over a wide range of horizontal scales; it should be scaling, but anisotropic, not isotropic. We compare the leading statistical theories of atmospheric stratification which are conveniently distinguished by the elliptical dimension Ds which quantifies their degree of spatial stratification. This includes the mainstream isotropic 2‐D (large scales), isotropic 3‐D (small scales) theory but also the more recent linear gravity wave theories (Ds = 7/3) and the classical fractionally integrated flux (FIF) 23/9‐D unified scaling model. In the latter, the horizontal wind has a k−5/3 spectrum as a function of horizontal wavenumber determined by the energy flux and a k−11/5 energy spectrum as a function of vertical wavenumber determined by the buoyancy force variance flux. In this model, the physically important notion of scale is determined by the turbulent dynamics, it is not given a priori (i.e. the by usual Euclidean distance). The 23/9‐D FIF model is the most physically and empirically satisfying, being based on turbulent (spectral) fluxes. The FIF model as originally proposed by Schertzer and Lovejoy is actually a vast family of scaling models broadly compatible with turbulent phenomenology and with the classical turbulent laws of Kolmogorov, Corrsin and Obukov. However, until now it has mostly been developed on the basis of structures localized in space–time. In this paper, we show how to construct extreme FIF models with wave‐like structures which are localized in space but unlocalized in space–time, as well as a continuous family of intermediate models which are akin to Lumley–Shur models in which some part of the localized turbulent energy ‘leaks’ into unlocalized waves.The key point is that the FIF requires two propagators (space–time Green's functions) which can be somewhat different. The first determines the space–time structure of the cascade of fluxes; this must be localized in space–time in order to satisfy the usual turbulence phenomenology. In contrast, the second propagator relates the turbulent fluxes to the observables; although the spatial part of the propagator is localized as before, in space–time it can be unlocalized. (It is still localized in space, now in wave packets.) We display numerical simulations which demonstrate the requisite (anisotropic, multifractal) statistical properties as well as wave‐like phenomenologies. In parts II and III we will examine the empirical evidence for the spatial and temporal parts, respectively, of the model using state‐of‐the‐art lidar data of aerosol backscatter ratios (which we use as a surrogate for passive scalar concentration). Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Nitric Oxide Triggers Phosphatidic Acid Accumulation via Phospholipase D during Auxin-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Cucumber
Authors: Lanteri María Luciana , Laxalt Ana María , Lamattina Lorenzo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAuxin and nitric oxide (NO) play fundamental roles throughout plant life. NO is a second messenger in auxin signal transduction leading to root developmental processes. The mechanisms triggered by auxin and NO that direct adventitious root (AR) formation are beginning to be unraveled. The goal of this work was to study phospholipid (PL) signaling during the auxin- and NO-induced AR formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) explants. Explants were labeled with 32P-inorganic phosphate and treated with the auxins indole-3-acetic acid or 1-naphthylacetic acid, or the NO donor S-nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine, in the presence or absence of the specific NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. PLs were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified. We report that the signaling PLs phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulated within 1 min after auxin or NO treatment. Both auxin and NO evoked similar and transient time course responses, since signaling PLs returned to control levels after 20 or 30 min of treatment. The results indicate that auxin relies on NO in inducing PA, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that auxin and NO trigger PA formation via phospholipase D (PLD) activity. Explants treated for 10 min with auxin or NO displayed a 200% increase in AR number compared with control explants. In addition, PLD activity was required for the auxin- and NO-induced AR formation. Finally, exogenously applied PA increased up to 300% the number of ARs. Altogether, our data support the idea that PLD-derived PA is an early signaling event during AR formation induced by auxin and NO in cucumber explants.
The Pea DELLA Proteins LA and CRY Are Important Regulators of Gibberellin Synthesis and Root Growth
Authors: Weston Diana E. , Elliott Robert C. , Lester Diane R. , Rameau Catherine , Reid James B. , Murfet Ian C. , Ross John J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The theory that bioactive gibberellins (GAs) act as inhibitors of inhibitors of plant growth was based originally on the slender pea (Pisum sativum) mutant (genotype la cry-s), but the molecular nature of this mutant has remained obscure. Here we show that the genes LA and CRY encode DELLA proteins, previously characterized in other species (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana] and several grasses) as repressors of growth, which are destabilized by GAs. Mutations la and cry-s encode nonfunctional proteins, accounting for the fact that la cry-s plants are extremely elongated, or slender. We use the la and cry-s mutations to show that in roots, DELLA proteins effectively promote the expression of GA synthesis genes, as well as inhibit elongation. We show also that one of the DELLA-regulated genes is a second member of the pea GA 3-oxidase family, and that this gene appears to play a major role in pea roots.
Disruption of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock Is Responsible for Extensive Variation in the Cold-Responsive Transcriptome
Authors: Bieniawska Zuzanna , Espinoza Carmen , Schlereth Armin , Sulpice Ronan , Hincha Dirk K. , Hannah Matthew A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn plants, low temperature causes massive transcriptional changes, many of which are presumed to be involved in the process of cold acclimation. Given the diversity of developmental and environmental factors between experiments, it is surprising that their influence on the identification of cold-responsive genes is largely unknown. A systematic investigation of genes responding to 1 d of cold treatment revealed that diurnal- and circadian-regulated genes are responsible for the majority of the substantial variation between experiments. This is contrary to the widespread assumption that these effects are eliminated using paired diurnal controls. To identify the molecular basis for this variation, we performed targeted expression analyses of diurnal and circadian time courses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that, after a short initial cold response, in diurnal conditions cold reduces the amplitude of cycles for clock components and dampens or disrupts the cycles of output genes, while in continuous light all cycles become arrhythmic. This means that genes identified as cold-responsive are dependent on the time of day the experiment was performed and that a control at normal temperature will not correct for this effect, as was postulated up to now. Time of day also affects the number and strength of expression changes for a large number of transcription factors, and this likely further contributes to experimental differences. This reveals that interactions between cold and diurnal regulation are major factors in shaping the cold-responsive transcriptome and thus will be an important consideration in future experiments to dissect transcriptional regulatory networks controlling cold acclimation. In addition, our data revealed differential effects of cold on circadian output genes and a unique regulation of an oscillator component, suggesting that cold treatment could also be an important tool to probe circadian and diurnal regulatory mechanisms.
ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1 Dynamically RegulatesFLOWERING LOCUS CActivation via Histone 3 Lysine 4 Trimethylation
Authors: Pien Stéphane , Fleury Delphine , Mylne Joshua S. , Crevillen Pedro , Inzé Dirk , Avramova Zoya , Dean Caroline , Grossniklaus Ueli 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTrithorax function is essential for epigenetic maintenance of gene expression in animals, but little is known about trithorax homologs in plants. ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1 (ATX1) was shown to be required for the expression of homeotic genes involved in flower organogenesis. Here, we report a novel function of ATX1, namely, the epigenetic regulation of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Downregulation of FLC accelerates the transition from vegetative to reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the atx1 mutant, FLC levels are reduced and the FLC chromatin is depleted of trimethylated, but not dimethylated, histone 3 lysine 4, suggesting a specific trimethylation function of ATX1. In addition, we found that ATX1 directly binds the active FLC locus before flowering and that this interaction is released upon the transition to flowering. This dynamic process stands in contrast with the stable maintenance of homeotic gene expression mediated by trithorax group proteins in animals but resembles the dynamics of plant Polycomb group function.