bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Experiment to Determine the Feasibility of Reconstituting Tested Irradiated Charpy V Specimens
Authors: Burch PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The role of the Charpy V impact test specimen is well established in irradiation studies of reactor pressure vessel materials and forms the basis for the safety justification of light-water reactor pressure vessels throughout their service life. This report details the experimental work carried out towards determining the feasibility of reconstituting further Charpy V specimens from previously tested Charpy V specimens. In this pilot study each broken half of an A533(B) (Unified Numbering System [UNS] K12539) type plate and a submerged are weld metal Charpy V specimen was electron beam welded between two extension pieces of compatible material (A533(B) plate) with matching cross section. After minimal machining each reconstituted Charpy V specimen was impact tested. To validate this technique, broken halves of three high and three low energy Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center (AMMRC) standardized calibration Charpy V specimens were also reconstituted. In addition, a simple photoelastic study was carried out on a replica Charpy V specimen made from birefringent material. This was an attempt to assess the minimum size of test material that could be reconstituted into a Charpy V specimen. In all instances the results were extremely encouraging, especially in the case of the reconstituted AMMRC specimens, and indicated both the feasibility and validity of reconstituting tested Charpy V specimens of low alloy steel reactor pressure vessel type materials. In addition, it is apparent that as small as a 10-mm “insert” of test material could be successfully reconstituted. The results are discussed and speculation made as to the potential use of this technique with respect to irradiated material.
Piston Ring Deposits When Using Vegetable Oil as a Fuel
Authors: Pestes MN , Stanislao J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper documents the presence of piston ring deposits responsible for sticking piston rings in the diesel engine when using a vegetable oil-diesel fuel blend. It was found that piston ring immobilization is caused by carbon buildup on the combustion chamber side of the rings and in the annular space behind the rings. The carbon buildup is postulated to be the result of a polymerization growth process on preferred metallic surfaces. Most of the growth takes place on the relatively more stationary piston groove rather than on the ring. Carbon buildup preference was found for aluminum rather than cast iron at a common junction of the two metals. Possible solutions to these major problems are summarized.
Fitting of Fatigue Curves with Nonconstant Standard Deviation to Data with Runouts
Authors: Nelson W 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents maximum likelihood methods and a computer program for fitting fatigue curves with nonconstant standard deviation to data with runouts. The methods yield estimates and confidence limits for curve coefficients and percentiles of the life distribution at any stress level. Also presented are (1) the likelihood ratio test for comparing the fit to data of different types of fatigue curves and (2) graphical analyses of residuals to check the assumed fatigue life distribution, to assess fit of a curve, and to spot peculiar data.
Measurement of Organic Halide Content of Aqueous and Solid Waste Samples
Authors: Riggin RM , Lucas SV , Jungclaus GA , Billets S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a series of studies involving the use of “surrogate” methods for the determination of total organic halides, purgeable organic halides, and solvent-extractable organic halides in wastewater and solid wastes. A pyrolysis/microcoulometric system was used as the analytical detection device for all studies. Method performance data are presented for the various surrogate methods. The results obtained with the surrogate methods were compared to those obtained with compound-specific methods based on gas chromatography or combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The advantages and limitations of using the surrogate methods in place of more sophisticated procedures are discussed.
Current Research into the Potential for Utilization of Mine Waste
Authors: Bloomfield RA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The disposal of mining waste material in a structurally and environmentally safe manner has become an increasingly important problem. Whenever possible, potential use or reuse methods should be considered. This paper describes current research on four potential waste utilization techniques, namely (1) high-volume end uses for phosphogypsum waste, (2) underground backfilling with tailings or coal refuse, (3) use of mill tailings as a surface backfill, and (4) recovery of energy from controlled burnout of abandoned coal mine fires or coal refuse banks.
Progress in Inductively Coupled Plasma Analytical Spectroscopy
Authors: Barnes RM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Although substantial progress has been achieved in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy placing it among the principle spectroscopy tools in analytical research and applications laboratories, some limitations exist especially for the analysis of ultratrace concentration levels in minute samples. The application of chemical and instrumental techniques to enhance the concentration levels of analytes is practical but complicated by the requirements of maintaining the multielement nature of ICP spectroscopy. Various approaches are described to extend the use and reduce the limitations of ICP atomic emission spectroscopy.
Principles on Analysis by Spark Sampling and Plasma Excitation as Applied to Super Alloys
Authors: Beaty JS , Belmore RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
During the last two years, a new concept of metal spectrochemical analysis has emerged. Fundamental to the concept is separating the process of sampling a material from the process of causing the eroded material to emit light. During the analysis sequence, a spark source samples a metal rapidly and precisely. The atom clusters eroded from the sample are introduced into an inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) source. The ICAP atomizes the clusters and excites the atoms with minimal matrix effects. It causes the resultant atoms and ions to emit light linearly over four to five orders of magnitude in concentration. Secondary to the evolution of this method of analysis is the identification, quantitation and control of four parameters: (1) the amount of sample eroded per unit time (sample uptake), (2) the influence of an interfering species on the signal measured at the detector of another species (interelement effect), (3) contamination from the residue of a previous sample (sample cross talk), and (4) change in the amount of sample eroded by spark sampling over time (sampling time dependence). It is important to the method that the following assumptions prove to be correct: (1) the atom clusters erode from the sample and have the same composition as the sample itself and (2) all of the elements in the sample are determined during the analysis. The analytical method that results from the separation of sampling and excitation, the control of the four parameters, and the validity of the two assumptions are capable of minimizing matrix effects in optical emission metals analysis. By using the method, an analyst can calibrate or standardize with one kind of material, such as low alloy steel, and analyze another, such as Waspaloy. The utility of this form of metals analysis, separate sampling and excitation analysis (SSEA), will be demonstrated by examining the methodology and results of low alloy steel, Waspaloy, and Rene analysis.
Quantitation of Carbon in Oil Shale Process Wastewaters: Coulometry Coupled with Ultraviolet-Peroxydisulfate and High-Temperature Oxidation
Authors: Langlois GW , Jones BM , Sakaji RH , Daughton CG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Wastewaters from the production of synfuels, in particular oil shale retort waters, present several major problems to various instrument configurations designed for carbon analysis. A carbon analyzer was fabricated from commercially available oxidation and detection units. Carbon oxidation occurred in an ultraviolet (UV) photochemical reactor using acid peroxydisulfate; quantitation of the evolved carbon dioxide was accomplished with an automatic coulometric titrator. This new design eliminated the problems of (1) instrument downtime caused by fouling of high-temperature combustion catalysts and corrosion of furnace combustion tubes, (2) limited linear dynamic range and upper detection limit (namely, infrared detection), and (3) frequent detector calibration (namely, infrared and flame ionization detection).
The UV-persulfate/coulometric titration carbon analyzer was compared statistically with a high-temperature combustion system that is suitable for use with an ASTM method on the basis of (1) the accuracy and precision of recovery of total dissolved carbon (TDC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for nitrogen heterocycles, which were of primary interest because of their preponderance in oil shale process waters and their reported resistance to certain oxidation methods, and (2) the precision of TDC and DOC determinations for nine oil shale process wastewaters. Several qualitative considerations are discussed for both analyzers, including ease of operation, instrument downtime, and maintenance costs.
Use of a Portable Vapor Analyzer in Groundwater Contamination Studies
Authors: Petros JK , Beckett JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A portable organic vapor analyzer was evaluated and subsequently used to locate pockets of volatile organics underground. Methods for laying out sampling grinds in the field are described, and the sensitivity of two different analyzers to various volatile organics are compared. Field data are discussed and methods of verifying the analytical results (for example, digging backhoe pits in “clean” and “contaminated” areas) are described. Precautions to be taken when using this type of instrument in the field also are discussed.
Comparison of Nailed Joint Test Methods
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Bodig J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Six different test configurations were studied to evaluate the effect of test methods on the load-slip behavior of nailed joints. The apparati considered are those used by five researchers in addition to that described in ASTM Method for Testing Mechanical Fasteners in Wood (D 1761). The load-slip parameters evaluated were: first and second cycle secant slip moduli at design load, loads at 0.38- (0.015-) and 2.54-mm (0.100-in.) slip, ultimate load, and slip at ultimate load. These parameters were evaluated for joints nailed with 6d and 8d nails in single shear and interlayer (connector) gaps of zero and 0.51 mm (0.02 in.). Douglas fir lumber and plywood were used as main and side members, respectively. The results indicate that first and second cycle slip moduli are highly sensitive to the test apparatus used. Sensitivity decreases as parameters are taken further along the load-slip record. Beyond 2.54-mm (0.100-in.) slip, no statistically significant differences were found as a result of the methods used. The profound effect of interlayer gap on slip modulus is apparent, while the influence of number of nails used in a specimen is insignificant. Finally, the need for accurate slip measurement and three-point support foundation for test specimens loaded in compression is emphasized.
Insulated Masonry Construction Using Knockout Web Concrete Block
Authors: Crandall JS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents details, experimental data, and evaluation of the performance of single-wythe concrete block wall construction incorporating nearly continuous insulation and thermal breaks between the faceshells and webs of two-core lightweight concrete masonry units. The results of lateral-load tests as well as dynamic heat exchange studies are discussed. Analysis of behavior under load indicates no difference in capacity or failure mode for the insulated block units when compared with conventional concrete masonry construction of comparable weight, thickness, and material properties. Overall conductance of insulated units is reduced 10 to 86%, depending on the dynamics of the heat exchange cycle, when compared to conventional units. Proposed refinements in the design of insulated units may achieve thermal performance comparable to “super insulated” construction in other materials.
Rheology of Cold-Recycled Pavement Materials Using Creep Test
Authors: Mamlouk MS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The recycling technique of asphalt pavement materials has been used in the past decade, however, unsolved problems still exist such as rutting or instability. The slow reaction of the softening agents or the new binders or both may be responsible for this phenomenon. The viscosity of the binder in the cold-recycled pavement materials mixed with emulsified asphalts is experimentally analyzed by evaluating certain rheological characteristics of the mixture using the creep test at three temperatures. The properties of the recycled mixture are determined at both early and accelerated long-term aging and the results are compared with the properties of virgin materials. Master creep curves are developed using the time-temperature superposition technique. The creep behavior of the recycled asphalt mixture used in this study does not support the hypothesis of the long-term reaction between the emulsified asphalt and the reclaimed materials. In addition, the bulk specific gravity and the retained moisture in the compacted recycled mixture were evaluated at various ages.
Deep-Drawing of Anisotropic Work-Hardening Sheet Metals Into a High-Pressure Medium
Authors: Bayoumi MR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Theoretical studies for the pressure-assisted deep-drawing operation have been conducted to determine the largest cup that could be drawn for different materials. Theoretical results for materials characterized by material constant n values and normal anisotropy R values were obtained considering the coefficient of friction μ as 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 values. Tensile instability is shown to be the most appropriate condition in controlling the limiting drawing ratio for the pressure process. Smooth and rough, hemispherical and conical headed punches were used to obtain practical limiting drawing ratios using different materials and different lubricants. Sheet metals used in this work were annealed 70/30 brass, mild steel, and annealed aluminum. Sheet metals were characterized by the relation effective stress σ = Aεn where A is a material constant and ε is strain. The anisotropy of the sheet metal was measured by R value for the rolling direction, 45° to the rolling direction and perpendicular to the rolling direction. A test rig, with a specially designed relief valve that controlled pressure in a range from zero up to 100 MPa and a specially designed strain gauge load cell, were constructed to carry out the experimental work. The pressure-assisted deep-drawing has been experimentally proven to be successful in obtaining higher limiting drawing ratios when deep-drawing with hemispherical and conical headed punches. Comparison between theoretical results and experimental results and the experiments of previous research workers has demonstrated the importance of taking friction into account in the theoretical analysis.
Computer Identification of Machined Surfaces
Authors: Shetty D , Imbert C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper highlights a new noncontact technique to assess the differences in surface characteristics of components machined by shaping, milling, turning, and grinding processes. The method suggested here is a laboratory analysis based on the process of intensity Fourier transformation taking place on the surface under testing. The measurements are made on the spatial frequency spectrum of the ground surface as an example, using lasers, rather than on the image of the surface. The results are analyzed by using an in-process microprocessor system to evaluate the surface characteristics immediately.
Evaluation of the Ultrasonic Method for Solubilizing Dapnia magna Before Liquid Scintillation Counting
Authors: Dauble DD , Hanf RW , Carlile DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Adult Daphnia magna were exposed to 14C-labeled phenol and tissues analyzed for 14C uptake by three methods: (1) tissue solubilizer, (2) tissue solubilizer plus sonication, and (3) sonication alone. Analysis by liquid scintillation counting revealed that measurements of total activity among treatments were not significantly different (α ≤ 0.10) at two count levels. Sonicated samples showed less variation than tissue samples that were solubilized.
Processibility Testing of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber 1500
Authors: Karg RF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Studies of the rheological behavior upon milling and compounding of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) polymers having different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution using the Monsanto processibility tester show that polymers having a high molecular weight fraction have higher stress-relaxation time values, because of the higher degree of polymer entanglements. As temperature is increased, the high molecular friction has less effect on the stress-relaxation time. Polymers not having high molecular weight fractions show viscosity to be directly proportional to stress relaxation values tested on specimens before and after being submitted to polymer breakdown on a lab mill. Experiments measure the degree of high molecular weight breakdown and the chain extension and contraction that occurs during milling and time conditioning. Increasing test temperature shows a decrease in stress relaxation time. Compound viscosity values of polymers having high molecular weight fraction decrease less upon increasing temperatures than polymers having no high molecular weight fraction. The processibility tester can be used to characterize the rheological properties of an elastomer or its compounds. This information can be used to duplicate a “good” processing compound or to detect a “bad” one based on the particular processing requirements.
Deckboard Bending Theory for Three-Stringer Wood Pallets in Drive-In Racks
Authors: Urbanik TJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Wood pallets are increasingly being used in drive-in racks and are often positioned for easy access with supports parallel to the outer stringers. The performance of these pallets is governed by the bending behavior of the deckboards as affected by the distribution of the load and the rigidity of the nailed joints. This report gives design formulas for calculating the short-term constant environmental condition bending stiffness and bending strength of three-stringer pallets used in racks. The formulas treat an arbitrary rigidity of the nailed joints and an arbitrary area of the top deck covered by a uniformly distributed, symmetric, and centrally applied load.
Task Group Report: Results of the Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine Percent Shear of Dynamic Tear Test Specimens
Authors: Lazaridis NA , Heberling TG , Harris ES , Lange EA , Wilson AD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM Task Group E24.03.02 on Dynamic Tear Testing evaluated the various procedures used for determining the percent shear fracture surface appearance of dynamic tear (DT) test specimens. The entire gage range of standard DT specimens was investigated. The techniques used ranged from direct visual inspection of the fracture surface to various cleavage area measurement methods using fracture surface photographs. Results based on 35 DT specimens indicated that very consistent and reproducible data can be obtained regardless of the method used. In most cases, either the original or the final specimen cross section can be used as reference, the percent shear results differing by only 5 to 10% between the two areas. Careful visual rating by a trained individual can give results very similar to the more time-consuming methods and is acceptable in most cases. Based on these results a set of recommended procedures was appended to ASTM Test Method for Dynamic Tear Energy of Metallic Materials (E 604) under the title, Determination of Percent Shear Fracture Appearance.
Analysis of Hot Tension Test Data To Obtain Stress-Strain Curves to High Strains
Authors: Plaut RL , Sellars CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
High strain rate hot tension tests have been carried out on AISI 1020 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] G10200) steel using a Gleeble® testing machine. Tests have been terminated at a series of strains and the specimen geometries measured. From these measurements, local areas, strains, and strain rates are derived and are used to obtain the local true stress-true strain curves. These are corrected for the change in strain rate with strain using an equation of state. The corrected curves are in good agreement with published curves on similar steels determined by compression or torsion testing. Under the present testing conditions, the maximum strain to which correction can be applied is ∼ 1.5. This is imposed by the onset of rapid local deformation heating. Up to this strain, no stress correction of the Bridgmann type for necking appears to be necessary.
A Comprehensive Viscoelasto-Plastic Characterization of Sand-Asphalt Compressive and Tensile Cyclic Loading
Authors: Sides A , Uzan J , Perl M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comprehensive constitutive law for a sand-asphalt mixture subjected to either compressive or tensile cyclic loading is developed. The elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic strain components are incorporated into the model as they are found to be simultaneously present during the loading process. The various parameters of the model are extracted from a series of repeated uniaxial creep and creep-recovery experiments performed under either compressive or tensile constant stress. The experiments are conducted at constant temperature and at various stress levels, time periods, and number of cycles. The material law presentation is followed by a parametric study that is intended to illustrate the relative quantitative influence of various parameters on the resilient and residual strain components.
Evaluation of In-Situ Pavement Moduli from Deflection Measurements
Authors: Mamlouk MS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
At present, there is no direct solution that provides the pavement in-situ layer moduli from deflection measurements. Current methods evaluate the pavement layer moduli from deflection measurements using either empirical approaches or layered elastic computer programs with iterative solutions. In this study mechanistically based typical curves are developed to evaluate the moduli of the pavement layers: surface, base, subbase, and subgrade from surface deflection measurements. The curves are developed using the Chevron N-layer computer program with a large number of typical combinations of layer thicknesses and material moduli. The load is assumed to be uniformly applied on a single circular plate with a 304.8-mm (12-in.) diameter, a typical condition of the falling weight deflectometer and the road rater with a single circular plate. Twenty-four sets of curves are developed representing a wide range of layer thicknesses and deflection basin shapes. Therefore, if the layer thicknesses are known and the surface deflection measurements are determined, the four moduli of the pavement layers can be evaluated. The developed curves are simple to use without the need for previous empirical relationships or computer analysis. The curves developed here are based on static analysis.