bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RE‐READING INSCRIPTIONS IN CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING: THE ELEVENTH TO THE FOURTEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: HONGXING ZHANG 
Published: December 2005

Art historians often regard Chinese art as the classic example of the unity between word and image. Such a view is predicated on the uncritical acceptance of canonical Chinese art theory and on mistaken notions about a changeless China and ideographic Chinese writing. Those misconceptions have prevented an understanding of the historical specificity of the relationship between the two graphic systems. In applying Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of the three fundamental types of sign (icon, index, symbol) to Chinese writing, scholars tend to conclude that it is not a symbolic‐indexic system, but primarily an iconic one.Taking as the point of departure an antinomy between word and image, I demonstrate that the introduction of inscriptions into Chinese scroll painting was a long and uneven process. Between the eleventh and the fourteenth centuries, inscriptions initially entered pictorial space timidly; gradually growing in size and type, they eventually became separated from the pictorial elements, bringing about a fundamental change to the relations between word and image. In the age of the advent of codex and the invention of printing, inscriptions, through their intrusions into and encounters with painting, served to rescue the scroll from oblivion and to transform it into the major bearer of pictorial culture.
Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases
Authors: Chapple I. L. C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper aims to review the role of free radical‐induced tissue damage and antioxidant defence mechanisms in inflammatory diseases that involve pathogenic processes similar to the periodontal diseases. There is a clearly defined and substantial role for free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontitis. but little research has been performed in this area. This paper reviews the considerable data available relating ROS activity and antioxidant deference to inflammatory diseases and attempts to draw parallels with periodontitis. in an effort to stimulate more periodontal research in this important area. The recent discovery of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) is reviewed and several potential pathways for cytokine‐induced periodontal tissue damage, mediated by NF‐κB, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on cytokines that have been studied in periodontitis. principally TNF‐α IL‐I, IL‐6. IL‐8 and β‐interferon. The link between cellular production of such important mediators of inflammation and the antioxidant (AO) thiols. cysteine and reduced glutathione (GSH), is discussed and it is hypothesised that NF‐κB antagonists may offer important therapeutic benefits.
Marginal bone level buccal to mandibular molars in digital radiographs from charge‐coupled device and storage phosphor systems
Authors: Borg Eva , Gröndahl Kerstin , Gröndahl Hans‐Göran 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aim of this in vitro study was to compare bone loss measurements in the furcation area of mandibular molars in digital radiographs from a CCD‐(Sens‐A‐Ray®) and a storage phosphor (Digora®) system. 10 1st and 7 2nd mandibular molars, with intact lingual but reduced buccal bone with furcation involvements, were used. Radiographs were first taken with lead markers at the most apical part of the buccal bone and at the cemento‐enamel junction. These radiographs were used to establish a radiographically true distance between the CEJ and the buccal bone level. The lead marker at the CEJ served as a reference point for the observers' subsequent estimates of the extent of bone removed, which were made in radiographs without lead markers at the bone level. 1 exposure (400 ms) for the CCD‐ and 5 (160 ms, 200 ms, 250 ms, 320 ms, 400 ms) for the storage phosphor system were used. Measurements were made in unprocessed (original) and processed images (contrast enhanced and/or high pass filtered). The results showed underestimation of bone loss, but smaller than previously reported for film radiographs. No significant difference was found between the 2 systems when compared at the same exposure. Nor were any significant differences found between unprocessed and processed images or between storage phosphor images from different exposures. We conclude that digital radiographs are comparable to film based radiographs for measurement of buccal bone loss but that lower exposures can be used, especially with the storage phosphor system.
Self‐concept and dental health behaviours in adolescents
Authors: Macgregor I. D. M. , Regis D. , Balding J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to examine the relation between some dental health behaviours and 2 measures of self‐concept in adolescents. Data from a survey of 41142, 12–16–year‐old children from 244 secondary schools though out England were analysed to obtain information about their frequencies of toothbrushing. use of dental floss and dental attendance, and whether they recalled advice about toothbrushing. in relation to self‐esteem and health locus of control (HLOC). Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in school class. The results showed a significant positive correlation (Spearman) between the frequencies of flossing and toothbrushing, in both sexes, and between social group and toothbrushing frequency, where brushing frequency increased as socio‐ economic status improved. Some association between use of floss and social group emerged, but this was smaller and less consistent than that observed with toothbrushing brushing frequency. Self‐esteem was positively correlated with toothbrushing frequency at ages 12–15 years, while HLOC showed correlations at some ages but not others. Use of dental floss showed no relation to self‐concept. Subjects with more favourable self‐concept were more likely to make more frequent dental visits than those with a poorer self‐view. There was a strong and consistent correlation between recalled advice about toothbrushing and lower self‐ esteem and external locus of control. The results are in agreement with our earlier reports and suggest that self‐concept may play a significant role in mediating changes in dental health behaviour.
Long‐Term Performance of In Situ Reactive Barriers for Nitrate Remediation
Authors: Robertson W.D. , Blowes D.W. , Ptacek C.J. , Cherry J.A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNitrate is now recognized as a widespread ground water contaminant, which has led to increased efforts to control and mitigate its impacts. This study reports on the long‐term performance of four pilot‐scale field trials in which reactive porous barriers were used to provide passive in situ treatment of nitrate in ground water. At two of the sites (Killarney and Borden), the reactive barriers were installed as horizontal layers underneath septic system infiltration beds; at a third site (Long Point), a barrier was installed as a vertical wall intercepting a horizontally migrating septic system plume; and at the fourth site (North Campus), a barrier was installed as a containerized subsurface reactor treating farm field drainage water. The reactive media consisted of 15% to 100% by volume of waste cellulose solids (wood mulch, sawdust, leaf compost), which provided a carbon source for heterotrophic denitrification. The field trials have been in semicontinuous operation for six to seven years at hydraulic loading rates ranging from six to 2000 L/day. Trials have been successful in attenuating influent NO3‐ (or NO3‐+ NH4+ at Borden) concentrations averaging from 4.8 mg/L N at North Campus to 57 mg/L N at Killarney, by amounts averaging 80% at Killarney, 74% at Borden, 91 % at Long Point, and 58% at North Campus. Nitrate consumption rates were temperature dependent and ranged from 0.7 to 32 mg L N/day, but did not deteriorate over the monitoring period. Furthermore, mass‐balance calculations indicate that carbon consumption by heterotrophic denitrification has so far used only about 2% to 3% of the initial carbon mass in each case. Results suggest that such barriers should be capable of providing NO3‐ treatment for at least a decade or longer without carbon replenishment.Reactive barriers have now been used to treat nitrate contamination from a variety of sources including septic systems, agricultural runoff, landfill leachate, and industrial operations. This demonstration of successful long‐term operation should allow this technology to become more widely considered for nitrate remediation, particularly at sites where passive treatment requiring a minimum of maintenance is desired.
LNAPL Thickness Interpretation Based on Bail‐Down Tests
Authors: Aral Mustafa M. , Liao Boshu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this paper we describe governing equations for fluid recovery processes in a monitoring well. The proposed formulation is based on volumetric equilibrium and multiphase Darcy flow assumptions and may be used in the analysis of bail‐down tests. Through the numerical solution of the mathematical model, we demonstrate that the measurements made at the inflection point of the recovery curve, at which the water/LNAPL interface in the monitoring well changes from a rising level to a falling level, may depend on several parameters. Thus, present methods that use only the LNAPL thickness in the monitoring well at the inflection point to estimate the LNAPL thickness in the aquifer may not yield adequate estimates. Based on our analysis, we propose a new approach to estimate the LNAPL thickness in the aquifer, which relies on information on the LNAPL recovery rate in a monitoring well. In addition to the measurement of the rate of fluid recovery in a monitoring well, the proposed approach also requires information on monitoring well parameters.
Integrating Borehole Logs and Aquifer Tests in Aquifer Characterization
Authors: Paillet Frederick L. , Reese Ronald S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIntegration of lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and hydraulic tests is critical in characterizing heterogeneous aquifers. Typically only a limited number of aquifer tests can be performed, and these need to be designed to provide hydraulic properties for the principle aquifers in the system. This study describes the integration of logs and aquifer tests in the development of a hydrostratigraphic model for the surficial aquifer system in and around Big Cypress National Preserve in eastern Collier County, Florida. Borehole flowmeter tests provide qualitative permeability profiles in most of 26 boreholes drilled in the study area. Flow logs indicate the depth of transmissive units, which are correlated across the study area. Comparison to published studies in adjacent areas indicates that the main limestone aquifer of the Tamiami Formation in the study area corresponds with the gray limestone aquifer in western Dade County and the water table and lower Tamiami Aquifer in western Collier County. Four strategically located, multiwell aquifer tests are used to quantify the qualitative permeability profiles provided by the flowmeter log analysis. The hydrostratigraphic model based on these results defines the main aquifer in the central part of the study area as unconfined to semiconfined with a transmissivity as high as 30,000 m2/day. The aquifer decreases in transmissivity to less than 10,000 m2/day in some parts of western Collier County, and becomes confined to the east and northeast of the study area, where transmissivity decreases to below 5000 m2/day.
Assessing an Open‐Well Aquifer Test in Fractured Crystalline Rock
Authors: Tiedeman Claire R. , Hsieh Paul A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUse of open wells to conduct aquifer tests in fractured crystalline rock aquifers is potentially problematic, because open wells can hydraulically connect highly permeable fracture zones at different depths within the rock. Because of this effect, it is questionable whether estimates of the hydraulic properties of the rock obtained from analysis of an open‐well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock are representative of the true rock properties. To address this issue, rock properties estimated from such a test are compared with rock properties estimated from an aquifer test at the same location in which packers were installed in wells to restrict vertical fluid movement along the wellbores. Results indicate that when the open‐hole test is analyzed with a numerical model that accurately represents the three‐dimensional heterogeneity structure in the wellfield, the open‐hole test estimates of the rock hydraulic properties are similar to the packer‐isolated test estimates. When the open‐well test is analyzed using a model having an oversimplified representation of the rock heterogeneity, the estimates of rock transmissivity are similar to the transmissivity estimates from the packer‐isolated test, but the storativity estimates are larger than the storativity estimates from the packer‐isolated test. These results indicate the importance of accurately representing the rock heterogeneity structure when analyzing an open‐hole aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock.
An Analytical Solution for Stream Depletion by Cyclic Pumping of Wells Near Streams with Semipervious Beds
Authors: Darama Yakup 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA study was made of the rate of stream depletion produced by cyclic pumping of wells located in a semi‐infinite phreatic aquifer bounded by a partially penetrating stream with semipervious bed. Analytical solutions were developed by applying superposition principles to the solutions for a continuous pumping well near a stream whose bed is semipervious and partially penetrates the aquifer (i.e., Hantush's 1965 solution). A relationship developed by Spalding and Khaleel (1991) was incorporated into the solutions in order to include the effects of the effective pumping distance and stream‐bed clogging layer, which represent the degree of stream penetration and stream‐bed resistance, respectively. A dimensionless plot based on these equations has been developed for the dimensionless volume of stream depletion over a pumping cycle. Analysis of this figure showed that effective resistance of the semipermeable stream bed is the dominant parameter for the determination of equilibrium time. Also a dimensionless plot has been developed to determine the magnitudes of error in the maximum rate of stream depletion at the time at which a practical state of dynamic equilibrium is achieved, when partial penetration of the stream and stream‐bed clogging layer is neglected. Analysis of this figure also showed that neglecting the effects of both the partial penetration of the stream and the resistance of the semipermeable layer of the stream bed produces a substantial amount of error in the maximum stream depletion rates com‐ puted by the methods developed by Wallace et al. (1990) and Darama (1991).
A Strategy For Modeling Ground Water Rebound In Abandoned Deep Mine Systems
Authors: Adams R. , Younger P.L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDischarges of polluted water from abandoned mines are a major cause of degradation of water resources worldwide. Pollution arises after abandoned workings flood up to surface level, by the process termed ground water rebound. As flow in large, open mine voids is often turbulent, standard techniques for modeling ground water flow (which assume laminar flow) are inappropriate for predicting ground water rebound. More physically realistic models are therefore desirable, yet these are often expensive to apply to all but the smallest of systems. An overall strategy for ground water rebound modeling is proposed, with models of decreasing complexity applied as the temporal and spatial scales of the systems under analysis increase. For relatively modest systems (area < 200 km2), a physically based modeling approach has been developed, in which 3‐D pipe networks (representing major mine roadways, etc.) are routed through a variably saturated, 3‐D porous medium (representing the country rock). For systems extending more than 100 to 3000 km2, a semidistributed model (GRAM) has been developed, which conceptualizes extensively interconnected volumes of workings as ponds, which are connected to other ponds only at discrete overflow points, such as major inter‐mine roadways, through which flow can be efficiently modeled using the Prandtl‐Nikuradse pipe‐flow formulation. At the very largest scales, simple water‐balance calculations are probably as useful as any other approach, and a variety of proprietary codes may be used for the purpose.
Assessing Herbicide Concentrations In the Saturated and Unsaturated Zone of a Chalk Aquifer in Southern England
Authors: Gooddy D.C. , Bloomfield J.P. , Chilton P.J. , Johnson A.C. , Williams R.J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe behavior of the herbicides isoproturon (IPU) and chlortoluron (CTU) in ground water and shallow unsaturated zone sediments were evaluated at a site situated on the Chalk in southern England. Concentrations of IPU in ground water samples varied from <0.05 to 0.23 μg/L over a five‐year period of monitoring, and were found to correlate with application of the pesticide. Concentrations of pesticides in ground water samples collected during periods of rising water table were significantly higher than pumped samples and suggest that rapidly infiltrating recharge water contains higher herbicide concentrations than the native ground water. Significant variations in herbicide concentrations were observed over a three‐month period in ground water samples collected by an automated system, with concentrations of IPU ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 μg/L, and concentrations of a recent application of CTU ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 μg/L. Different extraction methods were used to assess pore water concentrations of herbicides in the unsaturated zone, and samples were analyzed by standard HPLC analysis and immunoassay (ELISA) methods. These data indicated highly variable concentrations of herbicide ranging from 4 to 200 g/ha for HPLC and 0.01 to 0.04 g/ha for ELISA, but indicate a general pattern of decreasing concentrations with depth. The results of this study indicate that transport of IPU and CTU through the unsaturated zone to shallow ground water occurs and that this transport Increases immediately following herbicide application. Measured concentrations of herbicides are generally lower than specified by the European Union Drinking Water Directive, but are observed to spike above this limit. These results imply that, while delivery of pesticides to ground water can occur as a result of normal agricultural practices, the Impact on potable supplies Is likely to be negligible due to the potential for degradation during the relatively long travel time through the unsaturated zone and high degree of dilution that occurs within the aquifer. As a result of the wide variation in concentrations detected by different techniques, it is suggested that for future site Investigations more than one sampling strategy be employed to characterize the occurrence of pesticide residues and elucidate the transport mechanisms.
A Comparison of Solute‐Transport Solution Techniques and Their Effect on Sensitivity Analysis and Inverse Modeling Results
Authors: Mehl Steffen , Hill Mary C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFive common numerical techniques for solving the advection‐dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer‐test experiment through a heterogeneous, two‐dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic‐conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results—simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values—change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity‐analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.
A Modification to the Bouwer and Rice Method of Slug‐Test Analysis for Large‐Diameter, Hand‐Dug Wells
Authors: Rupp David E. , Selker John S. , Šimunek Jirka 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Bouwer and Rice method of estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from slug‐test data was evaluated for geometries typical of hand‐dug wells. A two‐dimensional, radially symmetric and variably saturated, ground water transport model was used to simulate well recovery given a range of well and aquifer geometries and unsaturated soil properties, the latter in terms of the van Genuchten parameters. The standard Bouwer and Rice method, when applied to the modeled recharge rates, underestimated Ks by factors ranging from 1.3 to 5.6, depending on the well geometry and the soil type. The Bouwer and Rice analytical solution was modified to better explain the recovery rates as predicted by the numerical model, which revealed a significant dependence on the unsaturated soil for the shallow and wide geometries that are typical of traditional wells. The modification introduces a new parameter to the Bouwer and Rice analysis that is a measure of soil capillarity which improves the accuracy of Ks estimates by tenfold for the geometries tested.