bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonism of xylazine and ketamine anesthesia by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in geldings
Authors: Kitzman Joseph V. , Wilson Robert C. , Hatch Roger C. , Booth Nicholas H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-six fasted, mixed horse breed geldings (6 groups of 6 animals each) were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, and when maximally sedated, were given 1 of the following antagonists: saline solution, 4-aminopyridine (4-ap), small-dose yohimbine, large-dose yohimbine, 4-ap plus low-dose yohimbine, or 4-ap plus high-dose yohimbine. Measured data included mean standing time (mst), heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and mean total recovery time (mtrt). Emergence phenomena were also observed and recorded as smooth, fairly smooth, fairly rough, or rough.
Groups given 4-ap alone, small-dose yohimbine alone, or large-dose yohimbine alone produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mst (9.9 ± 1.6 minutes, 11.3 ± 1.7 minutes, and 10.6 ± 2.3 minutes, respectively) compared with that in the saline control group (24.3 ± 9.2 minutes). The mtrt were not significantly P > 0.05) different (47.2 ± 10 minutes, 90.4 ± 15.1 minutes, and 83.2 ± 23 minutes, respectively) from control values (66.2 ± 13.4 minutes). When the antagonists were combined, 4-ap plus small-dose yohimbine and 4-ap plus large-dose yohimbine produced significant (P < 0.05) decreases (10.3 ± 2 minutes and 8.3 ± 2.6 minutes, respectively) in mst compared with that of saline controls. The mtrt was significantly longer in the combined antagonist group (4-ap + samall-dose yohimbine—131.8 ± 28.9 minutes; 4-ap + large-dose yohimbine—131.3 ± 19.4 minutes) compared with that of control or any antagonist alone. Emergence phenomena were recorded as follows: saline control—smooth; 4-ap alone—fairly smooth; small-dose yohimbine alone—fairly rough; large-dose yohimbine alone—rough; 4-ap plus small-dose yohimbine—fairly rough; and 4-ap plus large-dose yohimbine—rough.
All antagonists and antagonist combinations tested significantiy reduced mst in geldings anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, 4-Aminopyridine alone was judged the best antagonist overall because it provided rapid, safe, and permanent reversal of anesthesia with the fewest undesirable emergence phenomena. Either 4-ap alone or in combination with other anesthetic antagonists may prove useful in reversing xylazine/ketamine anesthesia in horses.
Maximum-distention retrograde urethrocystography in healthy male dogs: Occurrence and radiographic appearance of urethroprostatic reflux
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R. , Osborne Carl A. , Tomlinson Michael J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Urethroprostatic reflux was found during retrograde urethrocystography in 21 of 24 mature healthy Beagles. Minimal parenchymal-positive contrast “blushes” near the urethra were identified, but no massive accumulations of contrast medium within the prostate were found.
A particulate contrast medium, sterilized barium sulfate, was used in 12 of the dogs. After retrograde urethrocystography, the barium particles were found in the secretory (acinar) portion of the prostatic parenchyma, confirming that urethroprostatic reflux extended beyond the prostatic duct system that directly empties into the urethral lumen.
Confirmation of Pseudorabies virus infection, using virus recrudescence by dexamethasone treatment and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation
Authors: Thawley David G. , Solorzano Robert F. , Johnson Michael E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A corticosteroid treatment regimen, together with peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation and virus isolation, were used as epizootiologic tools to study pigs seropositive to pseudorabies (pr) virus, but of unknown pr viral infection status. After treatment with 160 mg of dexamethasone daily for 5 days, pr virus was isolated from 2 of 3 adult littermate boars that carried antibodies to pr virus. These pigs also transferred infection to a specific-pathogen-free sentinel penmate.
After dexamethasone treatment, increased lymphocyte stimulation indices were detected in all pr virus seropositive pigs. Pseudorabies virus was not isolated from a seronegative littermate gilt of the seropositive boars. The gilt also remained pr virus seronegative and negative for lymphocyte transformation.
Before dexamethasone treatment, the 3 boars and 1 gilt were seronegative to the pr viral serum neutralization (sn) test at 11 weeks of age. At 13 weeks of age while still sn negative, these pigs were moved to a building and randomly penned with 76 other sn-negative pigs. At 18 weeks of age, all pigs in the building were pr virus seronegative, but at 25 weeks of age, the 3 boars were seropositive and the gilt was seronegative. There were no other pigs in the building that had antibodies to pr virus before the addition or after the removal of these pigs. Seemingly, the 3 boars were infected with pr virus before 13 weeks of age indicating that pr virus infection of swine may occur in the absence of detectable sn antibodies.
Support of an anephric dog for 54 days with ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and a newly designed peritoneal catheter
Authors: Thornhill J. A. , Hartman J. , Boon G. D. , Riviere J. E. , Jacobs D. , Ash S. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A bilaterally nephrectomized dog was successfully supported with peritoneal dialysis for 54 days, using a radically new design of access catheter and a human dialysis schedule designated as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The dog remained active and alert with a stabilized blood urea nitrogen of 30 to 40 mg/dl and a serum creatinine concentration of 4 to 6.5 mg/dl. Problems encountered with the peritoneal dialysis included the propensity for developing peritonitis, anorexia, and a significant plasma protein loss in the dialysate fluid as result of leakage across the peritoneum. Protein loss coupled with anorexia produced a catabolic state, and the animal was euthanatized because of this, at postnephrectomy day 54.
The development of a new catheter design alleviated the drainage problems of the straight tube Tenckhoff catheter. Its use coupled with the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis schedule and detailed management techniques allowed using the anephric dog as a model of uremia. In addition, peritoneal dialysis could be a viable treatment for animals presenting with acute reversible anuric or oliguric renal failure where conservative medical management with fluids and diuretics has failed to give clinical improvement.
Immunofluorescence studies of renal basement membranes in dogs with spontaneous diabetes
Authors: Jeraj K. , Basgen J. , Hardy R. M. , Osborne C. A. , Michael A. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Renal tissue from 12 dogs with spontaneous diabetes and 16 control dogs were studied by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopies. Significant linear staining for immunoglobulin G and albumin were observed in the glomerular and tubular basement membranes of dogs with spontaneous diabetes—similar to that observed in human diabetes. On immunohistochemical grounds, it would appear that the dog with spontaneous diabetes is an appropriate model of diabetes in persons.
Immediate postnatal inoculation of a microbial barrier to prevent neonatal diarrhea induced by Clostridium difficile in young conventional and gnotobiotic hares
Authors: Dubos Françoise , Martinet Lise , Dabard J. , Ducluzeau R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cecal content of a healthy young hare (a 10-fold dilution prepared in anaerobiosis) was transferred into gnotobiotic recipient mice. The fecal flora of recipient mice was inoculated into 49 conventional young hares (kept in a closed building) immediately after birth. All the inoculated hares survived until weaning whereas 35% of 48 non-treated conventional hares died of diarrhea. Clostridium difficile and C perfringens were present in all the diarrheal noninoculated hares, whereas these species were present only in 50% of healthy inoculated or noninoculated hares at low concentrations (< 106/g of feces). A microbial barrier effect against challenge-exposure strains of C difficile and C perfringens was evidenced in the intestinal tract of recipient gnotobiotic mice and young hares. Seemingly, the protective effect of the microbial inoculum was due to antagonisms exerted against C difficile and C perfringens in the intestinal tract of inoculated conventional hares.
Preliminary study of the ultrasonographic diagnosis of pregnancy and fetal development in the dog
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Rowles Terri 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 18 dogs were examined by ultrasound during their gestation period. At gestational day 7, a uterus indicative of possible pregnancy was observed. At gestational day 10, the embryo was observed. Fetal and cardiac activities appeared at 28 days. Rapid increases of the crown-rump length and biparietal diameter occurred between the 5th and the 6th weeks of gestation and of the body diameter between the 4th and 5th weeks and again between the 6th and the 7th weeks of gestation.
Effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response of pigs to Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf
Authors: Griffith Ronald W. , Kramer Theodore T. , McRill Connie 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (cy) on the immune response of pigs given im challenge inoculations of a moderately virulent strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were examined. Five groups of Yorkshire-cross pigs (approx 6 kg) were given Salmonella, cy, or both at various times after the 1st of a series of doses of cy was given. The drug was administered subcutaneously in 3 doses, 2 days between doses, at a rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. Cyclophosphamide was observed to produce significant numerical decrease of circulating leukocytes, especially the polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Circulating lymphocyte numbers were reduced to 40% to 60% of base-line values. Pigs (group 4) given 3 × 106 S cholerae-suis im at the time the initial cy dose was given were clinically ill during days 6 to 12; 2 of the 5 pigs died. In contrast, pigs (group 5) given 3 × 106 S cholerae-suis at the time of the 3rd dosing with cy did not become clinically ill until 10 days later. A significant increase in antibody titer to S cholerae-suis was delayed in this latter group beyond that of the groups of pigs (group 4) inoculated on the 1st dosing with cy and of pigs (group 6) not given cy. A significant and prolonged increase in mean rectal temperature was observed in those pigs challenge inoculated at the time of the initial cy dose. Pigs also were sensitized to Mycobacterium avium 2 weeks before cy administration. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were depressed in pigs treated with cy at the time of testing.
African swine fever convalescent sows: Subsequent pregnancy and the effect of colostral antibody on challenge inoculation of their pigs
Authors: Schlafer Donald H. , McVicar John W. , Mebus Charles A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of African swine fever (asf) virus infection on reproductive performance of recovered sows and their pigs was investigated. Six sows were inoculated with a 1979 asf isolate from the Dominican Republic. One sow was bred on postinoculation day (pid) 58 and killed on pid 148. Four sows were bred between pid 368 and 419 and were allowed to farrow. One sow did not conceive. Samples collected during pregnancy, at farrowing, and during lactation were tested for virus by tissue culture and animal inoculations to determine whether asf virus recrudesced during these natural stresses. Virus was recovered only from tissues of the sow killed on pid 148. Virus was not detected in tissue samples from the 4 other sows or from any fetus or neonate.
Sow and neonatal pig sera, colostral whey, and milk whey were assayed for antibodies against asf viral antigens, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody values in sows' sera did not change appreciably during pregnancy, farrowing, or lactation.
One litter of pigs was raised with their sow. Weekly serum samples were tested for passively acquired antibodies. At 7 weeks of age, the litter was challenge inoculated with the same virus as that used initially to infect their dam. Viremia titers, duration of viremias, and clinical course were reduced. One young pig did not develop fever, viremia, clinical disease, or antibody response to virus challenge exposure. The altered course of infection was attributed to protective effect of passively acquired antibodies.
Effects of social stress on response to ketamine anesthesia in chickens
Authors: McGrath C. J. , Gross W. B. , Lee J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were housed in low, high, and optimal social stress environments for 16 weeks before they were given ketamine iv. The sleep time was significantly (P < 0.01) longer in the groups exposed to the low (n = 14) and high (n = 30) social stress environments than in the group exposed to optimal-stress environment (n = 12) or controls (n = 12). Birds (n = 12) removed from optimal-stress environment and exposed to high-stress environment for 48 hours did not exhibit longer sleep time than the group in the optimal-stress environment. Long-term exposure to different social stress environments markedly altered ketamine-induced sleep time in chickens.
Morphology of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in nymphal Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Yellin Theodora N. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of nymphal Dermacentor andersoni Stiles that had become infected by feeding on splenectomized calves with anaplasmosis. Colonies of A marginale were not observed in nymphal ticks killed during the 6-day feeding period, but were present in sections of midgut epithelial cells of ticks killed as early as 5 days after repletion. Colonies of A marginale also were present in ticks examined throughout development to the adult stage. Two distinct morphologic types of colonies were observed and categorized by light microscopy as nymphal types 1 and 2. Colonies that were morphologically indistinct with characteristics common in both types were termed transitional nymphal (TsN) colonies. Nymphal type 1 (Ny1) colonies were observed at 5 days after repletion and nymphal type 2 (Ny2) colonies were first observed at 20 days after feeding.
Representatives of each colony type were selected by light microscopy and were sectioned for electron microscopy. The Ny1 contained small particles and large, round reticulated forms, some of which appeared to be dividing by binary fission. The Ny2 also contained reticulated organisms, but they were rod-like in shape, and there was no morphologic evidence of binary fission. Organisms within Ny2 appeared to be surrounded by 2 double-layered membranes. Electron-dense forms, commonly observed in adult ticks, were not seen in colonies (Ny1, Ny2, or TsN) from nymphal ticks.
In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents with EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus vulgaris of a canine origin
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Jones M. S. , Gilbert J. P. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, or a combination of sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, and sulfathiazole) were tested for synergistic activities against Proteus vulgaris of canine origin. Three in vitro tests were used, including minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs, a 2-dimensional microtiter checkerboard technique, and bacterial inhibition studies. A synergistic inhibitory action was observed with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus penicillin, oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, polymyxin-B, or sulfamethazine-sulfapyridine-sulfathiazole by at least one test system. A synergistic effect was not recorded with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and streptomycin. Poor correlation between data from the 3 test systems was noticed, despite the fact that each monitors bacteriostatic end points.
Quantitative aspects of the transmission of African swine fever
Authors: McVicar John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The contagiousness of pigs during different stages of infection with African swine fever virus was assessed by measuring the amount of virus excreted and the amounts of virus in the blood and other tissues, as well as determining the infectious dose of the virus by various routes. The virus was present in substantial amounts in secretions and excretions of acutely infected pigs for only 7 to 10 days after the onset of fever and was present in the greatest amount in the feces. Virus persisted in the blood of some recovered and clinically normal pigs for 8 weeks and in the lymphoid tissues for at least 12 weeks. The intranasal/oral id50, and the iv/im id50 of a moderately virulent isolate of African swine fever virus were determined to be 18,500 and 0.13, 50% headsorbing units, respectively. A highly virulent isolate required approximately 10-fold more virus to cause infection by the intranasal/oral route.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of equine infectious anemia antibody to purified P26 viral protein
Authors: Shen D. T. , Gorham J. R. , McGuire T. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of equine infectious anemia (eia) antibody in horse sera. Purified P26 viral protein was the antigen; alkaline phosphatase linked to rabbit anti-horse immunoglobulin G was the conjugate. The elisa detected eia antibodies in horse sera as early as 11 to 14 days after experimental inoculations. There was full agreement between the results of elisa and the agar-gel immunodiffusion tests on eia proficiency test sera. The elisa readily detected eia antibody in horse sera that had weak positive reactions on agar-gel immunodiffusion.
Effect of ophthalmic prednisolone acetate on the canine adrenal gland and hepatic function
Authors: Roberts Steven M. , Lavach J. D. , Macy Dennis W. , Severin Glenn A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Iatrogenic hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis suppression occurred in 5 small dogs as a result of ophthalmic instillation of 1% prednisolone acetate. An ophthalmic suspension was applied 4 times a day to each eye, such that 4 mg/day was delivered for 2 weeks followed by 2.67 mg/day for 2 weeks. After treatment week 2, serum Cortisol decreased from base-line mean values of 17.66 ng/ml (before ACTH) and 139.16 ng/ml (60 minutes after ACTH) to 3.22 ng/ml (before ACTH) and 13.58 ng/ml (60 minutes after ACTH). After treatment week 4, serum Cortisol values decreased to a mean of 1.76 ng/ml (before ACTH) and 4.82 ng/ml (60 minutes after ACTH). Before ACTH Cortisol values returned to base line 2 weeks after discontinuing treatment. Values after ACTH administration remained 26% lower than base line (P = 0.0132), although within a normal response range.
Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was altered, allowing marked glycogen accumulation. Marked increases in the blood glucose values after glucagon stimulation testing occurred at 3, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after glucagon administration. The greatest increase corresponded to the 30-minute sample with a mean glucose increase of 112.40mg/dl from base-line values (P = 0.0022) as a result of the ophthalmic corticosteroid applied.
Seemingly, topical ophthalmic corticosteroids have the potential for causing adrenocortical suppression and hepatic metabolic changes. The dosage level of treatment was low enough to avoid major hematologic changes. The exaggerated response to the glucagon tolerance test indicated that this test can be used in detecting hyperglucocorticism.
Comparison of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody, and virus isolation for the detection of bovine and porcine rotavirus
Authors: Benfield David A. , Stotz Ivan J. , Nelson Eric A. , Groon Kathy S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose in this study was to compare the sensitivity of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with electron microscopy (em), fluorescent antibody (fa), and virus isolation (vi) for the detection of bovine and porcine rotavirus (rv). Seventy-three bovine and 116 porcine accessions were evaluated by 1 or all 4 diagnostic tests, where suitable specimens were available. For the bovine samples, agreement was 33% between fa and em, 33% between fa and elisa, and 92% between em and elisa. For the porcine samples, agreement was 79% between em and fa, 72% between em and elisa, and 82% between elisa and fa. Virus was isolated from 68% and 41% of the bovine and porcine fecal samples, respectively. Commercial elisa was as sensitive as em, but was more sensitive than fa or vi for the detection of rv in bovine feces. Electron microscopy was more sensitive than fa, elisa, or vi for detection of rv in porcine feces. The elisa was an advantageous alternative to the conventional methods of em, fa, and vi for the diagnosis of rv in calf feces, but not for porcine feces.
Radioimmunoassay of conjugated bile acids in canine and feline sera
Authors: Bunch S. E. , Center S. A. , Baldwin B. H. , Reimers T. J. , Balazs T. , Tennant B. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of total conjugated bile acids was validated for use in dogs and cats. The method used an 125I-labeled iodoglycocholate tracer and polypropylene assay tubes coated with rabbit antiserum against the major conjugated bile acids. Standard solutions of sodium taurocholate provided with the kit and serial dilutions of canine and feline sera containing low, medium, and high endogenous bile acid concentrations inhibited binding of the [125I]iodoglycocholate tracer to the antibody in a parallel manner; this inhibition indicated specificity of the assay for bile acids in the serum of dogs and cats. Increased serum bile acid concentrations in animals with liver disease confirmed the biologic specificity of the assay in dogs and cats. Accuracy was shown by quantitative recovery of purified sodium taurocholate from canine and feline sera, Intra-assay precision was 7.2% to 17.3% for dogs and 8.5% to 18.5% for cats. Interassay precision was 4.8% to 17.2% for dogs and 3.5% to 11.2% for cats. The sensitivity of the assay in dogs and cats was 0.4 μmol/L. Solid-phase radioimmunoassay is a valid method for the direct measurement of total conjugated bile acids in the dog and cat, and is of value in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in these species.
Chlamydia psittaci experimental abortion in goats
Authors: Rodolakis Annie , Boullet C. , Souriau A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To study abortive cblamydiosis in goats, 11 pregnant goats were inoculated intradermally at the 3rd month of pregnancy with 2 × 107 or 2 × 106 plaque-forming units of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally occurring abortions in goats. The 11 inoculated does aborted 24 to 56 days after they were inoculated and shed Chlamydia. This shedding began at least 9 days before abortion (1 goat) and persisted 12 days after abortion (1 goat). Retained placenta or metritis were observed in 4 of the goats.