bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Factors in Childhood IDDM: A population-based, case-control study
Authors: Verge Charles F , Howard Neville J , Irwig Les , Simpson Judy M , Mackerras Dorothy , Silink Martin 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To identify environmental factors involved in the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An estimated 90% of all incident cases of IDDM in patients 0–14 years of age in New South Wales, Australia, were ascertained over 18 months. For each IDDM patient, two age- and sex-matched control subjects were randomly selected from the population. Past environmental exposures were determined with a questionnaire completed by the parents. Response rates were 92% for the IDDM patients (217 of 235) and 55% for the control subjects (258 of 470). The relative risk associated with each exposure was estimated with the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for confounding factors using multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS
The introduction of cow's milk-based infant formula into the diet before 3 months of age was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–2.24). Exclusive breast-feeding for ≥3 months was associated with a protective effect (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45–0.97). High dietary intake of cow's milk protein in the 12 months before the onset of diabetic symptoms was also associated with an increased risk (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.12–3.00). A recent infection (during the 3 months before onset of diabetic symptoms) was more common in the patients than the control subjects (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.96–4.35), as was day care attendance before the age of 3 (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.00–3.00). When two age-groups, defined by the median age at onset of diabetes, were compared, the associations with early infant-feeding were stronger among the younger group (&lt;9.2 years), and associations with recent diet and recent infection were stronger among the older group (≥9.2 years).

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate an increased risk of IDDM associated with early dietary exposure to cow's milk-containing formula, short duration of exclusive breast-feeding, high intake of cow's milk protein in the recent diet, recent infection, and early attendance at day care.
Hypoglycemia Unawareness in IDDM
Authors: Mokan Marian , Mitrakou Asimina , Veneman Thiemo , Ryan Christopher , Korytkowski Mary , Cryer Philip , Gerich John 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the characteristics of patients with hypoglycemia unawareness (development of neuroglycopenia without appropriate prior autonomic warning symptoms) and its predisposing factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 43 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients who were objectively categorized as having or not having hypoglycemia using the stepped hypoglycemic clamp technique in which plasma glucose was clamped at plateaus of 4.3, 3.6, 3.0, and 2.3 mmol/l and a statistical criterion (onset of autonomic warning symptoms at a plasma glucose concentration 2 SD below normal) and examined their clinical characteristics and hormonal, symptomatic, and cognitive responses.

RESULTS
Eleven (26%) of the patients were classified as having hypoglycemia unawareness. Compared with the other patients, unaware patients had a lower HbA1c level (P &lt; 0.01), a longer duration of diabetes (P &lt; 0.01), and a history of more severe hypoglycemia (P &lt; 0.003). During experimental hypoglycemia, counterregulatory hormone responses, neuroglycopenic symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction all began at lower plasma glucose concentrations in unaware patients (P &lt; 0.01, 0.03, and 0.01, respectively). Moreover, although the magnitudes of their plasma catecholamine responses and autonomic symptoms were reduced (both, P &lt; 0.01), the plasma catecholamine levels at which autonomic symptoms began was not altered. Finally, as seen from glucose infusion rates necessary to maintain identical plasma glucose levels, patients with hypoglycemia unawareness had increased sensitivity to insulin (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results confirm an association between hypoglycemia unawareness and duration of diabetes, glycemic control, and occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, and in addition provide evidence that both autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms are affected and that insulin sensitivity is increased, but β-adrenergic sensitivity is not diminished.
The Prevalence of NIDDM and Associated Coronary Risk Factors in Mexico City
Authors: Posadas-Romero Carlos , Yamamoto-Kimura Liria , Lerman-Garber Israel , Zamora-Gonzalez José , Fajardo-Gutierrez Arturo , Velazquez Leora , Cardoso-Saldaña Guillermo 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and associated coronary risk factors in the Mexico City population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A sample of 805 adults was selected from Mexico City. The participants, 20–90 years of age and living in the city, were selected by the method of multistage cluster sampling with proportional allocation. Diabetes was diagnosed by previous history or if fasting blood glucose was ≥ 7.8 mmol/l (≥ 140 mg/dl).

RESULTS
The crude rate prevalence of NIDDM was 8.7%, with an age-adjusted rate of 10.6% for women and 6.0% for men. Age strongly influenced diabetes prevalence, with a χ2 of risk tendency of 39.1 (P &lt; 0.00005). A significant proportion (5.9%) of younger individuals (35–44 years of age) was affected by the disease. Diabetes was associated with advanced age, had a greater impact in the low-income group, and showed increased odds ratio for hypertension, dyslipidemias, and myocardial infarction in men and women and for obesity only in women.

CONCLUSION
There is a high prevalence of NIDDM in Mexico City that also strikes a significant group of younger individuals. Associated coronary risk factors are also common and more prevalent in diabetic individuals. Current epidemiological data in Mexico and Mexican-Americans in the U.S. suggest that we may be on the ascending limb for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is a critical need for resources to be allocated to programs for primary and secondary prevention, which must be well structured and organized so that proper standards of care are followed to prevent progression of the disease.
Comparative Efficacy of a Once-Daily Controlled-Release Formulation of Glipizide and Immediate-Release Glipizide in Patients With NIDDM
Authors: Berelowitz Michael , Fischette Christine , Cefalu William , Schade David S , Sutfin Tamara , Kourides Ione A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy and safety of controlled-release glipizide (glipizide-GITS [gastrointestinal therapeutic system]) and immediate-release glipizide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a multicenter, open-label, randomized, two-way crossover study, 132 patients with NIDDM received daily doses of 5, 20, or 40 mg of either glipizide-GITS or immediate-release glipizide for 8 weeks followed by 8 weeks of the alternate formulation. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, C-peptide, and plasma glipizide levels were measured at fasting and post-Sustacal challenge at the end of 1 and 8 weeks of each treatment phase. HbA1c was measured at the end of weeks 7 and 8 of each treatment phase.

RESULTS
Both formulations of glipizide yielded similar mean HbA1c values. However, mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were significantly lower with glipizide-GITS treatment than with immediate-release glipizide at the end of week 1 (11.0 vs. 11.6 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.01) and at the end of the 8-week treatment phase (10.9 vs. 11.7 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.001). Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels were lower after 5 mg glipizide-GITS vs. immediate-release glipizide. Glucose responses to Sustacal were similar after both formulations of glipizide; however, serum insulin (P &lt; 0.01) and C-peptide responses (P &lt; 0.05) were lower with glipizide-GITS than with immediate-release glipizide treatment at the end of the 8-week treatment phase. Mean plasma glipizide concentrations were stable by the end of week 1, and the concentrations increased proportionately with dose. Once-daily Glipizide-GITS provided effective mean glipizide concentrations (&gt; 50 ng/ml) 24 h after dosing, even at the lowest (5 mg) dose level. Both formulations were well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS
Glipizide-GITS was significantly more effective than immediate-release glipizide in reducing FPG levels. Both formulations reduced postprandial plasma glucose levels equally; however, glipizide-GITS exerted its control in the presence of lower plasma glipizide concentrations in addition to significantly lower insulin and C-peptide levels. This suggests that glipizide-GITS improves insulin sensitivity.
The High—Monounsaturated Fat Diet as a Practical Alternative for NIPPM
Authors: Campbell Lesley V , Marmot Priscilla E , Dyer Jenny A , Borkman Mark , Storlien Len H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the dietary preferences of and metabolic effects in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) of a home-prepared high-monounsamrated fat (HM) diet compared with the recommended high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ten men with mild NIDDM prepared HM and high-CHO diets at home alternately and in random order for 2 weeks each with a minimum 1-week washout. Before and after each diet, 24-h urine glucose, fasting lipids, fructosamine, and 6-h profiles of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were measured. Dietary preferences were assessed by questionnaire.

RESULTS
In the HM diet, patients consumed 40% of energy intake as CHO and 38% as fat (21% monounsaturated) compared with 52 and 24%, respectively, in the high-CHO diet, with equal dietary fiber content. Body weight and total energy intake were similar in both. The HM diet resulted in significantly lower 24-h urinary glucose excretion, fasting triglyceride, and mean profile glucose levels. The fructosamine levels, the fasting total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the prandial triglyceride concentrations did not differ significantly as a result of the diets. The two diets did not differ in ratings for overall acceptance, taste, cost, ease of preparation, variety, or satiety.

CONCLUSIONS
Prepared at home, the HM diet was, in the short-term, metabolically better in some aspects than the currently recommended diet for NIDDM. It also provided a palatable alternative.
Treatment With an Oral Proteinase Inhibitor Slows Gastric Emptying and Acutely Reduces Glucose and Insulin Levels After a Liquid Meal in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Schwartz Joyce G , Guan Difu , Green Gary M , Phillips William T 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether an oral trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, POT II, will delay the rate of gastric emptying in recently diagnosed type II diabetic patients and improve their postprandial metabolic parameters.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two gastric emptying studies were performedon each of six type II diabetic patients. During one study, the patient ingested a glucose/protein solution, and during the other study, the patientingested the same glucose/protein solution with the addition of 1.5 g ofPOT II, a putative stimulant of cholecystokinin (CCK) release. Each patient served as their own control subject. Each of the two oral solutions were administered to the patients in a counterbalanced order separated by at least 1 week.

RESULTS
Serum insulin, plasma glucose, plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) values, and the rate of gastric emptying were all significantly (P &lt;0.05) decreased over the 2-h testing period when POT II was added tothe oral glucose/protein meal. The area under the curve above baseline for glucose with POT II was 75% of the glucose value without POT II. The areaunder the curve above baseline for insulin with POT II was 68% of the value without POT II. Plasma CCK was significantly increased by POT II 15 min postprandially.

CONCLUSIONS
A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, POT II, can delay therate of gastric emptying, and decrease postprandial plasma glucose levels, GIP levels, and serum insulin levels in type II diabetic patients diagnosed recently. Delay of gastric emptying in diabetic patients may provide a uniqueor adjunctive approach to the treatment of type II diabetes.
Effect of a High-Monounsaturated Fat Diet Enriched With Avocado in NIDDM Patients
Authors: Lerman-Garber Israel , Ichazo-Cerro Sagrario , Zamora-González José , Cardoso-Saldaña Guillermo , Posadas-Romero Carlos 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of two controlled diets, one rich in oleic acid obtained from avocado and olive oil and the other rich in complex carbohydrates, on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and glycemic control in 12 women with NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized crossover study was designed. During a 4-week baseline period, all patients received the isocaloric diets recommended by the American Diabetes Association. After this period the patients were randomly assigned to receive the two study diets alternately during two 4-week periods. One diet was high in monounsaturated fatty acids (HMUFA) and the other was high in complex carbohydrates (high-CHO). There also was a 4-week washout period in between the two 4-week periods during which the patients followed the American Diabetes Association's isocaloric diet. Blood samples were obtained before and after each dietary period.

RESULTS
Both diets had a minor hypocholesterolemic effect with no major changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The HMUFA diet was associated with a greater decrement in plasma triglycerides (20 vs. 7% in the high-CHO diet). Glycemic control was similar with both diets.

CONCLUSIONS
Partial replacement of complex digestible carbohydrates with monounsaturated fatty acids (avocado as one of its main sources) in the diet of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus improves the lipid profile favorably, mantains an adequate glycemic control, and offers a good management alternative.
A Case-Control Investigation of Perinatal Risk Factors for Childhood IDDM in Northern Ireland and Scotland
Authors: Patterson Christopher C , Carson Dennis J , Hadden David R , Waugh Norman R , Cole Susan K 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To identify perinatal risk factors for childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and determine if they differ between early-onset and lateonset disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We selected 258 diabetic children in Northern Ireland and 271 diabetic children in Scotland from population-based registers. For each diabetic child, five matched control subjects were drawn from the same population. All perinatal data were recorded routinely at birth. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for parental age, social class, breast-feeding, deprivation measures, and other perinatal variables.

RESULTS
Scottish data indicated an increased risk among children born to older mothers (OR = 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49–3.97 for mothers &gt;35 years of age relative to those &lt;25 years of age). Northern Ireland data showed no such effect. Only Northern Ireland data showed an excess risk in children of professional or managerial families (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.11–2.04). A small but nonsignificant reduction in risk among breast-fed children was observed only after adjustment for social class (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.54–1.07). Deprivation measures were associated with reductions in risk. Children delivered by cesarean section were at increased risk in both Northern Ireland (OR = 1.66,95% CI 1.10–2.50) and Scottish (OR = 1.70,95% CI 1.12–2.59) data. In Northern Ireland data only, children of first pregnancies were at increased risk (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.03–1.93). Both data sets indicated that a first pregnancy was a more important risk factor for early-onset disease than for late-onset disease.

CONCLUSIONS
Many reported risk factors are weak and show inconsistencies between studies. They may be secondary to more direct, as-yet-undiscovered risk factors. Although irrelevant in the majority of cases, the increased risk associated with delivery by cesarean section deserves further study.
Clinical Characteristics of Type II Diabetic Subjects Consuming High Versus Low Carbohydrate Diets in Mexico City and San Antonio, Texas
Authors: Gonzélez Clicerio , Stern Michael P , Mitchell Braxton D , Valdez Rodolfo A , Haffner Steven M , Pérez Beatriz Arredondo 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the clinical status of type II diabetic subjects identified in two population-based surveys, one performed in Mexico City, Mexico and the other in San Antonio, Texas.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a low income area of Mexico City, 3,517 age-eligible (35–64 years of age) individuals were randomly selected of whom 3,319 were interviewed at home and 2,198 were examined in a clinic (response rates 62.5%). In San Antonio, 2,357 similarly aged low-income Mexican Americans were randomly selected of whom 2,076 were interviewed at home and 1,511 were examined (response rate 64.1%). Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at both sites and diabetes was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. In Mexico City, 288 type II diabetic individuals were identified, and 255 were identified in San Antonio. The following variables were measured: height, weight, subscapular and triceps skinfolds, waist-to-hip circumference ratios (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (random 0 sphygmomanometer), fasting and 2-h postglucose load glucose and insulin concentrations, and fasting total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels. A food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate total calories and the percentage of calories derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Only type II diabetic patients were included in the analyses. Age-adjustment was performed by analysis of covariance for continuous variables and by the Mantel-Haenszel procedure for discrete variables.

RESULTS
The mean age, the percentage newly diagnosed cases, and the percentage of males were similar in both sites. The percentage of diabetic patients treated with oral agents was significantly higher in Mexico City (56.9 vs. 72.7% in San Antonio and Mexico City, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), whereas the percentage treated with insulin was significantly higher in San Antonio (18.8 vs. 2.1% for San Antonio and Mexico City, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). A significant difference was observed in the percentage of calories derived from carbohydrate (61.7–63.2 vs. 47.1–47.5% for Mexico City and San Antonio, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) and fat (18.4–20.0 and 30.1–33.0% for Mexico City and San Antonio, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Body mass index (BMI)
NIDDM in Mexican-American Families: Heterogeneity by age of onset
Authors: Mitchell Braxton D , Kammerer Candace M , Reinhart Laurie J , Stern Michael P 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Heredity has long been known as a risk factor for non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but the mode of inheritance of NIDDM remains unclear. We examined the distribution of diabetes in 29 Mexican-American families ascertained on a diabetic proband.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Probands represented a random sample of diabetic Mexican Americans residing in low-income neighborhoods from San Antonio, TX. A total of 375 family members of these diabetic probands were examined, and diabetes was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization lasma glucose criteria.

RESULTS
The prevalence of diabetes decreased from 28.2% in first-degree relatives of the probands to 13.3% in second-degree relatives to 11.1% in third-degree relatives. When compared with Mexican Americans with no parental history of diabetes, this represents an excess of diabetes of 2.0-, 1.3-, and 1.1-fold in first-, second-, and thirddegree relatives, respectively. Five of the 29 probands (17%) had an age of diabetes onset &lt;40 years. In the first-degree relatives of these early-onset probands, diabetes prevalence was 47.0% (16 of 34) compared with only 24.1% (34 of 141) in the first-degree relatives of the 24 late-onset probands. After adjustment for age, this excess represented a fivefold increase in the odds of diabetes among relatives of the early-onset probands compared with relatives of the late-onset probands (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the 16 affected family member of the early-onset probands had a mean age of diabetes onset of 42.7 years compared with 49.9 years for the 34 affected members of the late-onset probands, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.13).

CONCLUSIONS
NIDDM may be genetically heterogeneous in this Mexican- American population, with family members of early-onset diabetes patients being at higher risk for NIDDM than family members of late-onset diabetes patients.
Plasma Endothelin in NIDDM Patients With and Without Complications
Authors: Bertello Plerdomenico , Veglio Franco , Pinna Giuliano , Gurioli Lorenzo , Molino Paola , Alban Sandra , Chiandussi Livio 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To measure plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1) levels in uncomplicated non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and investigate whether ET levels may be related to angiopathy, blood pressure, metabolic control, or duration of illness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Plasma levels of ET-1 were measured in 44 NIDDM patients, of whom 24 had uncomplicated diabetes, 20 had angiopathy, and 10 had hypertension. In 21 patients, the duration of illness was &gt; 10 years, and in 23 the duration of illness was &lt;10 years. Serum creatinine levels, microalbuminuria, and HbA1c were determined simultaneously. Thirty normotensive healthy (nondiabetic) individuals (20 men and 10 women) served as control subjects.

RESULTS
No significant statistical differences in plasma ET-1 levels were found among all diabetic patients, diabetic patients with and without angiopathy, diabetic patients with different durations of diabetes, and normal subjects. No significant correlation of plasma ET-1 with blood pressure, age, serum creatinine level, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, or diabetic complications was found.

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma ET-1 levels are similar in patients with NIDDM and healthy subjects and do not seem to act as a marker of diabetic complications.