bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of an on‐line chemical dictionary (CHEMLINE)
Authors: Schultheisz Robert J. , Walker Donald F. , Kannan Kay L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCHEMLINE, the chemical nomenclature adjunct file to TOXLINE, was designed and implemented through a three‐step process. The file was first available for on‐line interactive searching in January 1974 as the TOXLINE Chemical Dictionary using the STIMS/RECON software system. The second version was available from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) using the ELHILL2 software system. The third version is currently available from the NLM using the ELHILL3 software system. The file content was determined by the availability of data and the needs of the TOXLINE users. The data in CHEMLINE is obtained from the CAS Registry system files. The organization of the file was based on the requirements of the three search and retrieval systems. Changes in file structures required evaluation of the data and the development of new specifications prior to creating the file in each software system. Techniques for creating inverted file terms for search purposes from chemical names, molecular formula, ring information, and Wis‐wesser Line Notations are described.
On types of search and the allocation of library resources
Authors: Buckland Michael K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the different types of searches made in libraries in two ways. In Part I a review of some examples of searches leads to the conclusion that the traditional dichotomy of “known item” and “subject search” is inadequate. A more satisfactory method would be to regard every search as being for both (more or less) specified documents and (more or less) specified “subjects.” Part II considers the allocation of library resources in relation to patterns of searches. The literature of user studies reveals significant variations in the nature of searches in different groups of users. Alternative allocations of library resources and choices concerning library technology vary considerably with respect to the cost effectiveness of the resulting service in meeting demands upon it. Viewing libraries from this perspective provides an explanation and rationalization of the distinctive features of different types of library: public, academic, and special.
Structure of the psychological literature
Authors: Pinski Gabriel , Narin Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe structure and interrelations of the psychological journal literature are investigated as a preparatory step for studies of psychological research activity. Newly developed techniques of bibliographic citation analysis are used to construct influence measures for individual journals and for the subfields of psychology into which the journals have been classified. Hierarchical influence diagrams are presented to display the influence and interrelations of the psychological subfields and of the individual journals themselves.
An information approach to examining developments in an energy technology: Coal gasification
Authors: Frame J. Davidson , Baum John J. , Card Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDevelopments in coal gasification research are investigated by examining the coal gasification literature, which is broadly defined to include journal articles, research reports, engineering proceedings, and patents. A substantial number of items were found for 1974, 1975, and the early part of 1976 (N = 1461). The coal gasification literature has experienced explosive growth in recent years, trebling in size between 1972 and 1974. While some of this growth may be associated with the recent “energy crisis,” in large measure it appears to be associated with the establishment of bench‐scale and pilot plant coal gasification operations in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Most published coal gasification research is produced by the U.S. private sector (38.7%), followed by the U.S. government (24.0%), foreign researchers (20.5%), universities (8.5%), and “unknown” (8.5%). This study suggests that technologies which are government supported and reported in the public domain are—like most scientific areas—good candidates for bibliometric inquiries. These inquiries allow for relatively economic, efficient, and reliable examinations of national research activity in given scientific and technological areas.
Information search tactics
Authors: Bates Marcia J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs part of the study of human information search strategy, the concept of the search tactic, or move made to further a search, is introduced. Twenty‐nine tactics are named, defined, and discussed in four categories: monitoring, file structure, search formulation, and term. Implications of the search tactics for research in search strategy are considered. The search tactics are intended to be practically useful in information searching. This approach to searching is designed to be general, yet nontrivial; it is applicable to both bibliographic and reference searches and in both manual and on‐line systems.
Comparison of peer and citation assessment of the influence of scientific journals
Authors: McAllister Paul R. , Anderson Richard C. , Narin Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA survey was undertaken to ascertain the extent of agreement between scientists' subjective assessment of the average influence per article for articles in 58 different scientific journals, when compared with corresponding citation influence ratings for articles in the same journals. The scientists' assessments were derived from questionnaires sent to faculty at 97 American universities covering journals in ten different research fields. A strong positive relationship was found to exist between the scientists' assessment of journal influence and the citation influence ratings, with product‐moment and Spearman rank correlations in the 0.7–0.9 range for seven of the ten fields.
Medline: An introduction to on‐line searching
Authors: McCarn Davis B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMEDLINE is presented as a prototype for on‐line bibliographic search systems. Creation of the data base, indexing language, and file organization are reviewed. On accessing the files, search logic is illustrated with a sample MEDLINE search. NLM's development of a document delivery system to complement its bibliographic retrieval system is discussed.
Measurement in information science: Objective and subjective metrical space
Authors: Brookes Bertram C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is argued that in information science we have to distinguish physical, objective, or document space from perspective, subjective, or information space. These two spaces are like maps and landscapes: each is a systematic distortion of the other. However, transformations can be easily made once the two spaces are distinguished. If the transformations are omitted we only get unhelpful physical solutions to information problems.
Performance testing of a book and its index as an information retrieval system
Authors: Bennion Bruce C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe retrieval performance of book indexes can be measured in terms of their ability to direct a user selectively to text material whose identity but not location is known. The method requires human searchers to base their searching strategies on actual passages from the book rather than on test queries, natural or contrived. It circumvents the need for relevance judgment, but still yields performance indicators that correspond approximately to the recall and precision ratios of large document retrieval system evaluation. A preliminary application of the method to the subject indexing of two major encyclopedias showed one encyclopedia apparently superior in both the finding and discrimination abilities of retrieval performance. The method is presently best suited for comparative testing since its ability to yield absolute or reproducible measures is as yet not established.
Searching biases in large interactive document retrieval systems
Authors: Blair David C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe way that individuals construct and modify search queries on a large interactive document retrieval system is subject to systematic biases similar to those that have been demonstrated in experiments on judgments under uncertainty. These biases are shared by both naive and sophisticated subjects and cause the inquirer searching for documents on a large interactive system to construct and modify queries inefficiently. A searching algorithm is suggested that helps the inquirer to avoid the effect of these biases.
Online searching: Measures that discriminate among users with different types of experiences
Authors: Fenichel Carol Hansen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe primary goal of this research was to discover those behaviors associated with the process of online bibliographic searching that are correlated with success. In the assumption that more experienced searchers are more successful, the research objectives were to identify (1) the differences among the searches of users of online systems who have different amounts of overall experience and (2) the differences between the searches of persons with and without experience on the database being searched. Five groups of searchers with varied overall and ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) database experience performed preselected searches on the DIALOG system using ONTAP, the 1975 subset of the ERIC database. Analysis of the search transcripts showed that differences among the groups were not large. Compared to the experienced subjects, beginning searchers performed surprisingly well. The group with the greatest overall experience and the greatest ERIC database experience achieved the highest recall and had the highest values of a set of search process variables designated “search effort” variables (e.g., number of commands and descriptors, connect time) suggesting a possible relationship between search effort and recall.
A general formulation of bradford's distribution: The graph‐oriented approach
Authors: Asai Isao 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrom the detailed analysis of eight previously published mathematical models, a general formulation of Bradford's distribution can be deduced as follows: y = a log(x + c) + b, where y is the ratio of the cumulative frequency of articles to the total number of articles and x is the ratio of the rank of journal to the total number of journals. The parameters a, b, and c are the slope, the intercept, and the shift in a straight line to log rank, respectively. Each of the eight models is a special case of the general formulation and is one of five types of formulation. In order to estimate three unknown parameters, a statistical method using root‐weighted square error is proposed. A comparative experiment using 11 databases suggests that the fifth type of formulation with three unknown parameters is the best fit to the observed data. A further experiment shows that the deletion of the droop data leads to a more accurate value of parameters and less error.
Information storage and display
Authors: Burns Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis perspective on information storage and display reviews the latest technologies and then, taking a broader view, discusses the current understanding of access schemes and cognitive processing to argue the thesis that over the next decade information science will concentrate less on the new tools and more on how they can or should be used for “storage and display.” Teletext, viewdata, interactive graphics, video disc, audio synthesis, and holography are discussed. Visual mnemonics, tree structures, indexing, and scanning are considered as technology‐independent access schemes. The limits on comprehension of variables and symbol processing as well as the functions of the bicameral brain are discussed generally in order to demonstrate that, while information storage capacities expand at a logarithmic rate, the capacities of the ultimate user remain biologically fixed. Storage and display is the man/machine interface; it has not kept pace with technology, and continued inattention to this area will present real and significant risks.
FAMULUS revisited: Ten years of personal information systems
Authors: Burton Hilary D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article examines the development and current status of research on personal information systems, i.e., those systems where an individual collects, annotates, and stores bibliographic information according to his own (idiosyncratic) needs and preferences. Effects of computer‐based dissemination services on the growth and management of these systems are discussed. Recently announced and more traditional computerized services to support such systems are reviewed and the benefits to be gained from effectively supporting personal systems are enumerated.
Document representation in probabilistic models of information retrieval
Authors: Croft W. Bruce 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProbabilistic models of retrieval have provided insights into the document retrieval process and contain the basis for very effective search strategies. A major limitation of these models is that they assume that documents are represented by binary index terms. In many cases the index terms will be assigned weights, such as within‐document frequency weights, which are derived from the content of the documents by the indexing process. These weights, which are referred to here as term significance weights, indicate the relative importance of the terms in individual documents. This article describes how retrieval models which use either independence or dependence assumptions can be extended to include document representatives containing term significance weights. Comparison with other research indicates that search strategies based on models modified in this way can further improve the effectiveness of document retrieval systems.
The systems movement: An overview for information scientists
Authors: Mansfield Una 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe focus of information research in any given discipline depends on the meaning of the word “information” for scientists in that discipline. This article lists some of the “disciplines of information,” including several with a strong systems orientation, and identifies those information scientists for whom a knowledge of systems methodology is important. This is followed by a broad‐brush treatment of the modern systems movement: its role in the changing worldview of science, some disciplines (e.g., cybernetics and operations research) that have contributed to its development, and the distinction that can be drawn between General Systems Theory (GST) and other approaches to the study of systems—a theme developed by Mattessich in the article that follows.
Towards a theory of document learning
Authors: Parker Lorraine M. Purgailis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a bibliographic information system the database consists of a set of document representatives. Part of each document representative is a list of index terms whose function is to identify the content of the document represented. These index terms can be derived using an automated process. It is argued that automatic methods do not result in the best set of index terms being assigned to a document representative. A mathematical model is proposed which describes an information system which includes a method, document learning, of improving the set of index terms assigned to a document representative.
Characterization of the research papers of U.S. medical schools
Authors: McAllister Paul R. , Narin Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn investigation of the relationship between National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding and the quantity and nature of biomedical publications is reported for 120 U.S. medical school complexes. A correlation of 0.95 was found between the amount of NIH funds received and the number of biomedical publications from the medical schools. Medical school ranks based on bibliometric measures were found to correlate at the 0.80–0.90 level with ranks based on peer assessments of the schools. The characteristics of the medical school papers varied with the type of school. The average citation influence per paper increased with the publication size of the schools. This was true even when factors such as public versus private control, geographic region, average research level (from basic to clinical), and subject emphasis were controlled. The positive relationship between number of papers from a school and its citation influence holds within individual research levels and within subfields.
Bibliometric indicators versus expert opinion in assessing research performance
Authors: Koenig Michael E. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study compares bibliometric indicators versus expert judgment as indicators of the research performance of major pharmaceutical companies, a context which may be uniquely capable of permitting such a comparison. For each company, a refined composite research output score was calculated based on that company's drug output (1965–1976). These research production scores, normalized by research budget as an indicator of research organizational size, produced an indicator of research productivity, an output/input ratio. The best and most consistent predictors of drug research success in general were the number of clinical articles, and in particular highly cited clinical articles—both their absolute value and their proportionate occurrence among publications. In general, there was a slight but consistent tendency for bibliometric indicators to perform better than expert judgments in predicting research performance as measured by a third and independent indicator of research output. This consistent trend was composed of three aspects. First, the subject‐specific bibliometric indicators correlated more highly with the drug output performance measures than did general bibliometric measures or the expert judgments. Second, when the drug output measures were subjected to a regression analysis, the expert judgment variables were conspicuous by their absence, even in secondary or tertiary positions. Third, the expert judgment variables appeared to be very predictable from the bibliometric measures, while no such converse relationship existed.
Factors affecting online bibliographic retrieval: A conceptual framework for research
Authors: Fidel Raya , Soergel Dagobert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article presents a conceptual framework for the organization of factors (independent variables) affecting online bibliographic retrieval; the variables were collected from major sources. The first part describes the various roles that variables play in a research study. The second part gives the conceptual framework for the factors with examples of individual variables for illustration. We consider the following elements of the total retrieval situation: the setting, the user, the request, the database, the search system, the searcher, the search process, and the search outcome. For each of these elements (excluding search outcome) a detailed list of variables is given in the Appendix. The variables are organized in a table according to themes that are applicable across elements.
Modern algebra and information science
Authors: Diodato Virgil 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMathematical concepts used in modern algebra are useful for modeling aspects of information systems. One such aspect is the syndetic structure employed in information retrieval systems. The equivalence classes of modern algebra can represent the See Also components of traditional library catalogs, while partial orderings and mappings assist in modeling syndetics in more sophisticated systems, such as thesauri. Utilizing the full strength of algebraic techniques should provide improvements to the models suggested in this article.
User adaptation in interactive information retrieval
Authors: Meadow Charles T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study was conducted of users of an interactive database search system in order to obsenre and measure how they adapted to the system, which was new to them. Subjects were selected from three categories of prior computer experience and each was assigned to use one of three search languages which varied in complexity or logical power. All searched the same database of newspaper clippings. User performance appears to be a function of how well suited the language is to the user and the problem being addressed, rather than either language complexity or user experience, alone. A major conclusion is that languages should be designed to suit recognizable classes of users, rather than all users as a whole.
The correlation between pertinence and rate of citation duplication in multidatabase searches
Authors: Neway Julie M. , Lancaster F. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe rate of citation duplication was examined In three databases: MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION. Duplicate citations were found to be more pertinent than unique citations. The duplicate citations came from a highly compact literature, whlle those from a single database were very widely scattered. The pertinent duplicated citatlons were more likely to be retrieved in searches that had more terms overall, had a higher percentage of thesaurus terms, and had terms which appeared in both title and abstract. These results suggest that the rate of duplication of citations in multidatabase searches may be used to rank output according to probable pertinence.
The ALA filing rules: Flowcharts illustrating their application, with a critique and suggestions for improvement
Authors: Wellisch Hans H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPartI. Flowcharts of the Filling OperationsThe new ALA filing Rules are displayed in the form of flowcharts, and the operations of filing are analyzed and exemplified. It is found that, contrary to claims made in the work, the rules are not entirely applicable to computerized filing because several rules and exceptions to them are not programmable and need human intervention at input or output, especially if character strings are not edited according to the MARC format. Suggestions for further streamlining and simplification of the filing rules are made, omissions are pointed out, and a number of mistakes are corrected.
A cluster analysis of retrieval patterns among bibliogrpahic databases
Authors: Yerkey A Neil 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSearchers of bibliographical databases are faced with a multitude of choices, but very few clues, in developing precise searchy strategies. this sutdy attemps to discover subject patterns and clusters among databases in order to provide clues about differences and similarities among them. Descriptors were taken at random from sev en subject categories in the ERIC thesaurus and used as search terms on Bibliographic Retrieval. Services' CROSS database. The resulting 1,830,312 postings from 54 databases were analyzed in two ways: (1) an Expectation Ratio was computed which allowed ranking databases in order of their relative responses to the subject searches; (2) a cluster analysis was conducted to discover possible subject relationships among databases. The results show five large cclusters: Technology, Life Sciences, Bibliography, Business and Industry, and Education; and 12 well‐defined subclusters. It also shows several dimensions which cut across clusters, such as Research and Social and Economic Enterprise, and Indicates that there are nonobvious similarities and differences among databases which may provide clues to more effective search strategy development.
A note on “scholarliness” and “impact”
Authors: Peritz Bluma C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA moderate bu tconsistent positive correlation was found between the number of citations in a paper and the number of times it is cited. This result refers to a collection of papers published in the American Sociology in 1972 and 1973. The followign variables were controlled: journal, year of publicatiions, subject category of paper, number of authors, and seniority of author. Several explanations of this finding are suggested.