bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Priesthood II: Sir Ronald on Scientific Inference*
Authors: van Dantzig D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPartly as a critical review of Sir Ronald Fisher's latest book, partly as an essay, Fisher's theory of likelihood and fiducial inference is carefully considered. As to the latter, it is found that in the form presented it contains errors, but that an interpretation is possible which seems to be in agreement with Fisher's views and which admits of a mathematically correct treatment. This necessitates a clear distinction, also formally, between random variables and numbers. The definition given here of random variables possessing Fisher's fiducial distributions might perhaps provide a common platform on which adherents and opponents of Fisher's view could meet and maybe understand each other. Part of the method and its results can also be justified, and in this light fiducial inference appears as an elimination method for unknown parameters. As such it has indubitable merits, but a rather limited domain of applicability. In these cases the same results can also be obtained by other methods, in particular the theory of confidence domains. In other applications, however, not covered by the Neyman ‐ Pearson theory, in particular in the Behrens‐Fisher test, the confusion between random and constant quantities has caused irreparable errors. Notwithstanding a strenuous and prolonged effort to interpret Fisher's often obscure statements in agreement with his philosophical ideas, no justification for these applications could be found. Since the criticism by previous authors remains valid, or comes back in other places, there can no longer be any doubt that these applications are erroneous1).
Voetbalprognoses
Authors: Jochems D. B. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryFootball poolsA main point in the discussions of whether the Dutch football pools are in defiance of the law is the problem of skill in prediction. It is said that experts on football have a greater chance to win prices in the pool than other participants and in this respect the pool differs from a lottery. The author makes an analysis of the scores of the prognoses of football journalists, under the assumption that these journalists are experts in predicting the results of football matches. He finds that journalists, if participating, would never have won a price in a pool and that mechanically applied non‐expert methods of forecasting yield predictions which are not much worse than the scores of the supposed experts.
Opleiding en intelligentie volgens de legerkeuringen *
Authors: Sandee J. , Ruiter R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryEducation and intelligence according to tests of conscripts.All Netherlands conscripts are subjected to five psychological tests. The test results for a sample of approx. 2000 conscripts have been split up according to school education received, and first and second moments were calculated.While different levels of education are accompanied by significantly different average test results, the variance within each group is still very large.Principal component analysis indicated a preponderant “general level” factor and a small “technical bias” factor. No single school type produces boys of modest “general level” but good “technical bias”.
Bepaling van stuwende en verzorgende bedrijfstakken door middel van statistische methoden
Authors: Venekamp P. E. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryDetermination of basic and non‐basic enterprises by means of statistical methods.In this article a sketch is given of the various methods used to obtain a clear insight into the meaning of the non‐basic enterprises and the enterprises which because of their basic character belong to the factors determining the development of the population. Special attention has been paid to the method which puts the whole problem of the definition of basic and non‐basic industries in the framework of a system of equations. This system has been built up from regional social accounts that have been developed for Amsterdam.
De bloedproef statistisch bezien
Authors: Rumke L. , Bloemena A. R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryStatistical aspects of the Widmark procedure for determining alcohol.From data given in the literature the standard deviation of the alcohol content of the blood of persons involved in accidents and suspected of being under the influence of alcohol is evaluated. This standard deviation has been found to depend on the number of samples used, on the number of analysts involved in the procedure, on the time interval between the accident and the sampling of the blood and on the standard deviation of the factor β (the decrease of the alcohol content of the blood during one hour without additional consumption of alcohol).
Statistische proefopzetten: bewijs en detectie*
Authors: Hemelrijk J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryStatistics: proof and detectionThe validity of the conclusions drawn from a statistical analysis depends to a great extent on its historical development. If the experiment has been designed carefully in order to find the answer to questions specified in advance by means of experimental and statistical methods agreed upon before the observations are available, the validity of the conclusions is only restricted by the level(s) of significance used. If, on the other hand, the observations have given rise to new questions, which are then investigated on the basis of these observations themselves or if, during the analysis the statistical methods are changed in order to adap them to the observations, the validity of the conclusions may be impaired. In statistical practice the latter situation seems to be the rule and the former the exception; mixtures of both also occur very often.In this paper the importance of distinguishing between these two methods of using statistics is stressed. Whereas in the first case one might speak of a “statistical pro of”, the second method — however useful it may be — has the character of “statistical detection” and should strictly speaking always be followed by a corroborative experiment which meets the conditions of a statistical proof. When writing a statistical report one should provide the reader with sufficient historical data to enable him to judge the validity of the results for himself.
Toepassing van statistiek bij experimenter! in een farmacologisch laboratorium*
Authors: Rumke L 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe application of statistical methods on experiments in a pharmacological laboratory.Statistical analysis of various laboratory data demonstrated: (1) the necessity of the application of randomisation procedures in experiments in which mice or rats of different weights are used, (2) the fact that the technical aspects of a chemical determination can be of importance for the experimental design, (3) a case of spurious correlation.
Statistiek en experiment rondom het poliomyelitis vaccin*
Authors: van Strik R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryStatistics and experiment about the poliomyelitis vaccineAdequate controls to ensure unbiased conclusions form an essential part of clinical experiments.The field trials of S a I k's poliomyelitis vaccine carried out in the U.S. in 1954 are discussed as an example of the need for such controls and the errors that may be introduced when they are omitted or incorrectly devised.
Een geval van statistische detectie*
Authors: Hemelrijk J. , van Herk C. G. G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA case study of statistical detectionIn a medical investigation the data proved to be of insufficient accuracy to arrive at definite conclusions. No control observations were available to estimate the accuracy. However, speculations of a reasonable character aiming at the elimination of the least accurate observations led to a clear issue. This may serve as an example of the use of statistics as a mean of detection, to be followed eventually by a well designed new experiment for proof.
De recente ontwikkeling in proefopzetten met kwantitatieve facto ren*
Authors: Hamaker H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryRecent developments in experimental designs for dealing with quantitative factors.This paper reviews some recent developments in experimental designs for dealing with quantitative factors.Successively discussed are:Rotatable designs (Box),Evolutionary operation (Box),Experiments with mixtures (Scheffe),Experiments with 10 to 100 factors (Satterthwaite),Random vector experiments,The use of electronic computers in fitting non‐linear models,Research Strategy (McArthur).
Design for decision in het clinische experiment*
Authors: de Jongh D. K. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryDesign for decision in the clinical trial.Whereas an engineer would refuse to undertake the construction of an impossible bridge, the doctor is often compelled to act without a sufficient theoretical basis. Although it is common practice to describe this type of activity as the art of medicine, it should never be forgotten that this so‐called art is not a desirable state but a deplorable necessity. The ideal is medical activity derived entirely from scientific knowledge. It is the object of scientific medicine to reduce the necessity of using „impressions” as premises in medical reasoning. The only valid type of reasoning in medicine is the statistical reasoning. The nature of statistical reasoning is described in non‐technical language.The author stresses the extreme difficulty of obtaining certain knowledge in the field of therapy. The main reasons for this are (1) the variability of the material, which is irreducible, because no two individuals are exactly alike, (2) the uncertainty of our knowledge, which prevents us from exactly defining classes, (3) the placebo effect of any medical intervention, and (4) the limitation of experimentation by ethical considerations. These difficulties are analyzed and illustrated with examples. The development and limitations of modern medical statistical methods are described.
Een steekproef ter vaststelling van de verdeling van de hoenderstapel
Authors: Vos J. W. E. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA sample estimate of the poultry distributionIn 1954 a sample survey was carried out of the returns of the agricultural census, May 1954, in order to establish the distribution of the number of holdings and the number of poultry, by size‐group of arable land and by size‐group of number of poultry. A simple 10 per cent, sample was planned and the expected variances of the numbers of poultry in each size‐group were estimated beforehand. The method of estimation is indicated in this paper. This resulted in comparatively high relative errors in the size‐groups above 500 hens and also in the size‐groups of arable land. Therefore holdings with 500 hens and over were enumerated completely. Some tests were performed with the sample results and finally the efficiency of the stratification is discussed.
Verhoging van de arbeidsproduktiviteit in de bosbouw door rationalisatieonderroek
Authors: Bol M. , Gerritsen A. G. , van Soest J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe paper contains a description of field experiments on the use of various implements and of certain working‐methods in the planting of pine forests. The fact that there are two important criteria, i.e. time‐saving and quality of the work, led to a complicated factorial experiment, which was analysed in two different ways, each referring to a part of the data.
Produktiviteitsverhoging bij accountantscontrole door toepassing van gelaagde steekproeven
Authors: de Wolff P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe auditor's productivity: application of stratified sampling to an auditing problem.In this paper it is shown that the use of stratified sampling can lead to a considerable saving of costs in auditing operations and thus increases the auditor's productivity.The sampling method to be described will render it possible to say that the total value of the transactions will not differ more than a fraction ϕ, given in advance, from the correct total value, apart from a probability not surpassing a preassigned level e, on condition that a certain acceptance criterion is fulfilled. Taking into account the auditing costs, the author gives an optimal sampling design and calculates the savings obtained.Finally the theoretical results are applied to a population of clerical transactions, with an exponential and a logarithmico‐normal distribution respectively.
Optimale hoeveelheid machinegereedschap
Authors: van Hees R. N. , van den Meerendonk H. W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn this article the following problem is discussed: a machine is working continuously, while the shops repairing its tools, work only for a certain time of the week.The chance of stopping, owing to shortage of tools ready for use, is determined as a function of the total number of tools present. Concluding, the stopping costs of the machine are balanced against the carrying costs of the tools.
Efficiency in de Statistiek*
Authors: Wiggers B. G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryEfficiency in Statistics.A survey is given of the concept efficiency, as used in various sectors of mathematical statistics.Fisher has been the first to formulate some exact criteria for comparing the efficiency of estimation methods; essentially it is a matter of the number of observations in relation to the precision of the estimate. However, so called quick and dirty estimates, although less efficient according to Fisher, are very useful in practice.A comparison of distribution‐free and corresponding classic testingmethods is possible with the aid of the concept (local) relative efficiency, as developed by Pitman. It is possible to extend the concept efficiency by the introduction of the element of costs, as shown by various models in the field of social and industrial sampling investigations. However, even then not all efficiency problems have been solved. Finally it is possible to give considerations about efficiency in the case of the design of experiments.It is clear that efficiency in statistics is possible only to a certain extend and further that efficiency i n statistics in itself is quite a problem.Efficiency b y statistics depends as well on the right choice of the statistical model, in dependence on numerous influences of the concrete situation.
Een symbool voor I so moor*
Authors: Kuiper N. H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA symbol for Isomorous.Following D. van Dantzig, we call two random variables or vectors isomorous, if they have the same cumulative distributionfunctions. In this paper we introduce the symbol ≅ (x ≅ y) for this equivalence relation, and we demonstrate that the use of this symbol simplifies the formulation of many statistical problems, statements and theorems.
Wachttijden van patienten*
Authors: Fortuin G. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryWaiting‐times of patients.In Philips Health Centre all patients were expected to be present at the beginning of the consulting hour. Consequently the waiting‐times of the patients were very long. Usually these patients work normally.A new system was worked out, whereby the patients appear at the centre with certain intervals. This interval was determined in such a way that the waitingtime of the patients is minimal subject to a waiting‐time which is acceptable for the physician. By that the avarage waiting‐time of the patients was decreased from 44 minutes to 11 minutes per patient.
Onderlinge omzetvergelijking*
Authors: ten Have O. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMutual comparison of turnover.The owners of industrial enterprises have an inclination to compare their turnover with that of enterprises which work under approximately the same conditions e.g. with regard to locality, assortment and size of the turnover. However, it is very well possible that the trend of the turnover of these approximately similar undertakings diverges from the development of the turnover of the entire line of business. A comparison of enterprises with regard to the development of the turnover will therefore always have to comprise both a comparison with the corresponding group and with the entire line of business.
Normalisatie als beslissingsprobleem*
Authors: Sittig J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryNormalisation as a decision problem.Mass production is the base of the enormous increase of prosperity in the western countries. Normalisation, which means a restriction of the number of types, quality etc. of a certain commodity, is an essential part of this development. However, normalisation has one disadvantage: no account can be taken of the wishes of the individual consumer. Consequently a loss‐function belongs to every imaginable set of types of a given commodity. The set of types must be chosen in such a way that the loss has its minimum value.
Attributenkeuring in theorie en praktijk*
Authors: Hamaker H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTheory and practice of sampling by attributes.This paper brings a survey of present day theory and practice of sampling by attributes. In section 2 the main points in the theory of OC‐curves are recapitulated. Section 3 lists the various features which people have attempted to incorporate in sampling tables, and the various factors which influence our choice of a sampling plan. Subsequent sections discuss economic theories, the importance of the distribution of the precentage of defective items over the inspection lots, the relation between sample size and lot size, and some of the existing sampling tables. In a final section the possibilities for further improvements in existing sampling practices is considered. One conclusion is that in many situations a constant sample size regardless of lot size would have very definite advantages.
Internationale Statistieken*
Authors: Goudswaard G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryInternational statistics.Report of a lecture by Professor G. Goudswaard on international statistics. The speaker stressed the difficulties of comparing national statistics, as a result of differences in definitions, scope and classification of the statistics, peculiarities of language and structural and legal idiosyncrasies of the countries concerned. He sketched the activities of the international organisations in this field, especially by producing standard classifications for causes of death, international trade, economic activities and occupations. He ended by indicating their limitations.
De invloed van een prioriteitsregeling op de gemiddelde wachttijd*
Authors: Steutel F. W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe effect of priorities on the average waitingtime.A waitingtime process is described in terms of customers arriving at a single counter. In the first part of the article the formulae of A. C obham [1] and [2] for the case of two priorities are applied to the following situation: customers arrive in such a way that the interarrival timessare mutually independent and exponentially distributed with mean λ‐1. Servicetimessare mutually independent and independent of the interarrival times. The distributionfunction ofsis indicated by B (s), the mean ofsby μ. The customers are divided in two groups, group 1 consisting of the customers having servicetimes cμ, group 2 of those having servicetimes > cμ, c being a positive number. Servicing takes place as follows: priority is given to customers of group 1 i.e. service of a customer of group 2 starts only if no customers of group 1 are present, customers of the same group are served in the order of their arrival, servicing of a customer is not interrupted.Keeping λμ < 1 the mean waitingtime εω* for an arbitrary customer is then calculated by means of Cobham's formulae and compared with the mean waitingtime εω, in case that no priorities are given. Under hypothesis of differentiability of B (s>is the (unique) value of c which minimizes εω*. It is shown that always c*> 1.In the second part a situation is considered which has been treated by T. E. Phipps [7]. In this situation the customer having the smallest servicetime of all customers present when the counter becomes free is served first. The mean waitingtime εω** in this case is compared with εω and εω*.Some examples and graphs are given.
Afleiding van kwartaalcijfers uit jaartotalen
Authors: DOORNBOS R. , LISMAN J. H. C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  Quarterly figures may be required when only a sequence of annual totals is available. This article presents two reasonable methods for “interpolating” quarterly figures by means of appropriate minimizing procedures.The first method relates to minimizing the sum of squared second differences of the quarterly figures, the other one is a linear programming procedure which refers to the absolute second differences. Both methods are illustrated by a numerical example, the first one giving somewhat better results.
Een berekeningsmethode voor de logistische curve
Authors: ERKELENS J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  “Simple estimation of the parameters of the logistic curve.”By means of an appropriate transformation of the dependent variable Yt into a simple function of Yt, which depends only linearly on time, one of the parameters can be estimated in the usual way. A second transformation leads to the estimation of the two remaining parameters. As a numerical illustration two examples are presented.
Een Monte‐Carlo‐bepaling van overschrijdingskansen, in verband met een keuzetest
Authors: Nass C. A. G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA Monte‐Carlo method for a test of significance, applied to points on a lattice, in connection with a vocational preference test, by C. A. G, Nass.Appendix by Constance van Eeden.A periodical rectangular lattice, with a period of k.m, is considered. Thus there are N = k.m points on the lattice, repeated in the two perpendicular directions. Two points are said to be “connected” if they are adjacent in a straight or diagonal way. Thus, if k and m 3, every point is connected with 8 other pooints. Out of the N points of the lattice, n points are selected and the total number of connections x, of all possible pairs of those n points is considered for a vocational preference test with k = m = 9, N = 81, n = 10. The problem is to test whether the sum y = x1+…+ x*** from a sample of h values of x, is significantly small, under the hypothesis that in the h cases the n points are selected at random with equal chance. A Monte‐Carlo sample of 100 values ofxwas taken, using random numbers. For h = 1, the problem was solved by the determination of P(yx1), assuming that y is taken at random from the 101 values of x, supplied by the Monte‐Carlo sample and x1for fixed values of x1. For h ‐ 2, a similar solution is given. For greater values of h, Student's two‐sample test, with correction for continuity is suggested. For h = 2 the results of Student's test are compared with those of the solution mentioned above.In the appendix a summary is given of results found by P.A.P Moran and P. V. Krishna Iyer for some closely related problems. Further some results concerning exact distributions, moments and asymptotic distributions for C. A. G. Nass' problem are given. The proofs of these results may be found in a paper by C. van Eeden and A. R. Bloemena(1959).
Een mathematisch model voor een reserveringsprobleem
Authors: Kosten L 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA mathematical model for a booking problemAir companies have several problems in connection with booking. Clients may book for a certain flight some time in advance and are also allowed to cancel their bookings.As a result of this it is possible that an airplane leaves with some places empty or that the company, expecting some clients to cancel their booking, has sold to many places.In both cases losses are the result. In this paper a booking policy that minimizes the expected losses is developed.
Conditional limit‐distributions for the entries in a 2 times 2‐table*
Authors: van Eeden Constance , Runnenburg J. Th. 
Published: April 2008

SamenvattingVoorwaardelijke limietverdelingen voor de stochastische grootheden in een 2X2‐table.In dit artikel worden de voorwaardelijke limietverdelingen van de stochastische grootheden in een 2X2‐table beschouwd. Tevens wordt aangegeven heo deze limietsellingen gebruikt kunnen worden om overschrijdingskansen bij een 2X2‐table te benaderen.