bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematicidal activity of anion transport blockers against Meloidogyne incognita, Caenorhabditis elegans and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Authors: Boina Dhana Raj , Lewis Edwin E , Bloomquist Jeffrey R 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Because methyl bromide has been phased out as a soil sterilant, new nematicides are urgently needed. Four different chemical classes of organic acids acting as anion transport (AT) blockers were tested against a free‐living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, a plant‐parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, and an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, in toxicity bioassays. The materials tested were DIDS (4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid), 9‐AC (anthracene‐9‐carboxylic acid), NPPB [5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid] and IAA‐94 (indanyloxyacetic acid).RESULTS: All the compounds showed slowly developing nematicidal activity against second‐stage juveniles of M. incognita and adults of C. elegans, but not against H. bacteriophora infective‐stage juveniles. The LC50 values of these compounds were < 50 mg L−1 after 48 and 72 h incubation, while at 168 h incubation the LC50 values were < 10 mg L−1 for both sensitive species. Across both species and time, the LC50 values generally differed no more than twofold among the four compounds tested in this study. In contrast, none of the compounds (200 mg L−1) caused more than control mortality to H. bacteriophora, even after 168 h of incubation.CONCLUSION: These compounds are potential leads for commercial nematicides. The insensitivity to H. bacteriophora is consistent with the natural exposure of this nematode to DST (3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐isopropylstilbene), a stilbene produced by its symbiotic bacterium. Based on the known activity of the compounds used in this study, it is suggested that anion transporters form the probable target sites for DIDS, 9‐AC, NPPB and IAA‐94 in nematodes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanistic studies of amide bond scission during acidolytic deprotection of Pip containing peptide
Authors: Rubini Chiara , Osler Alessio , Calderan Andrea , Guiotto Andrea , Ruzza Paolo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnusual TFA catalyzed cleavage reaction is reported for peptide containing pipecolic acid residues. Although the use of TFA under standard cleavage conditions is sufficiently mild to prevent degradation of the desired products, the amide bond between consecutive pipecolic acid residues is unexpectedly hydrolyzed by standard TFA treatment. The hydrolysis is proposed to proceed via an oxazolinium ion intermediate. This mechanism is supported by H/D exchange as observed by ESI‐MS and NMR experiments. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence intervals for ratios of AUCs in the case of serial sampling: a comparison of seven methods
Authors: Jaki Thomas , Wolfsegger Martin J. , Ploner Meinhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPharmacokinetic studies are commonly performed using the two‐stage approach. The first stage involves estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) for each analysis subject separately, and the second stage uses the individual parameter estimates for statistical inference. This two‐stage approach is not applicable in sparse sampling situations where only one sample is available per analysis subject similar to that in non‐clinical in vivo studies. In a serial sampling design, only one sample is taken from each analysis subject. A simulation study was carried out to assess coverage, power and type I error of seven methods to construct two‐sided 90% confidence intervals for ratios of two AUCs assessed in a serial sampling design, which can be used to assess bioequivalence in this parameter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of MesoHABSIM and target fish community approaches to restoration of the Quinebaug River, Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Parasiewicz Piotr 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe study of the Quinebaug River in Massachusetts and Connecticut, USA was the first application of the Target Fish Community (TFC) and Mesohabitat simulation (MesoHABSIM) approaches to determine a river's biophysical conditions, habitat deficits and potential improvement measures. These approaches were created in concert with assessment of hydromorphology, fish and invertebrate fauna composition, as well as hydrology and water temperature. This paper presents how both approaches created a framework for comprehensive and quantitative analysis of human‐induced alterations and helped to identify a list of effective restoration measures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habitat time series analysis to define flow augmentation strategy for the Quinebaug River, Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Parasiewicz Piotr 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe developed a habitat augmentation strategy for the Quinebaug River (Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA) in order to reduce impacts on fish habitat, water temperature and pollutant concentrations attributable to consistently low water flows. Using the MesoHABSIM approach and a uniform continuous under‐threshold (UCUT) analysis of simulated habitat time series, we determined allowable periods of low‐flow conditions that follow natural patterns. The amount of water necessary to achieve the required habitat levels was calculated for various river restoration scenarios. We also created a set of detailed rules for a habitat augmentation release that applies short ‘pulses’ of water to increase habitat availability and mitigate the effects of persistent drought conditions. A set of flow chart templates was developed to guide the planning of an augmentation scheme by utilizing flow releases from reservoirs. To test our augmentation procedures, we performed evaluation tests by applying the rules to flows that occurred in 1994 (a drought year). The test showed that the number of flow interventions necessary was limited, underlining the feasibility of a pulse‐based approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast response of lake plankton and nutrients to river inundations on floodplain lakes
Authors: Roozen Frank C. J. M. , Peeters Edwin T. H. M. , Roijackers Rudi , Wyngaert Isabelle V. D. , Wolters Henk , de Coninck Harm , Ibelings Bas W. , Buijse Anthonie D. , Scheffer Marten 
Published: April 2008

AbstractKey variables in ecosystems tend to operate on widely different time‐scales. These time‐scales become relevant when a disturbance rocks the ecosystem. Here we try to explain the fast dynamics of plankton and nutrients in the water column of floodplain lakes after disturbances (inundations). We take advantage of natural experiments, that is occasional massive overflow of floodplain lakes with river water. We sampled 10 lakes in two floodplains along the Dutch river Waal monthly for 3 years, capturing the impact of three inundation events. The inundations reset the plankton as well as chemical composition of most lakes to largely the same state. While biologically inert macro‐ion data reflected a large and long lasting impact of the river water, dynamics of nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities between lakes diverged in a few weeks to regimes characteristic for the different lakes. While one spring inundation synchronized plankton dynamics to let the subsequent clear water phase occur at the same moment in different lakes, winter inundations did not have the same effect and apparently dynamics quickly diverged. Our results showed that effects of inundations and other processes that affect the state of the ecosystem should be studied considering the level of the slow components such as the sediment nutrient pool, fish stock and macrophyte communities. Plankton communities and lake water nutrient status give a practically instantaneous reflection of the condition of these slow components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field and laboratory performance characteristics of a new protocol for sampling riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: Blocksom Karen A. , Flotemersch Joseph E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMeasurement and estimation of performance characteristics (i.e. precision, bias, performance range, interferences and sensitivity) are often neglected in the development and use of biological sampling methods. However, knowledge of this information is critical in enabling potential users to assess data quality and make comparisons among different sampling methods. In this study, the performance characteristics were evaluated for both the field and laboratory components of a new large river macroinvertebrate bioassessment protocol (mLR‐BP) for non‐wadeable streams. We sampled 19 sites across two depth classes, collecting three replicate samples at each site and sorting three 300‐organism subsamples from each sample. The replicate samples provided data for estimates of precision in the laboratory and field, and abiotic variables allowed for measurements of overall sensitivity. Precision and performance range differed between shallow and deep sites, particularly for the field component. As compared with precision measured in other studies of bioassessment methods, the field component of the mLR‐BP performed similarly, particularly in shallow sites. Based on the measures of combined field and laboratory sensitivity, this protocol should be able to detect differences of approximately 20–25% in the metrics evaluated in this study, if used for bioassessment in similar types of rivers. With all sites and the field and laboratory components combined, metrics were most responsive to a gradient of urban land cover but also showed some relationship with agricultural land cover. However, metric responsiveness does not necessarily correlate with precision, and metric selection can influence the performance characteristics of the method. Overall, the sampling protocol shows great utility for bioassessment and monitoring of non‐wadeable rivers, as well as for measuring the success of restoration efforts. In addition, the design of this study provides a template for estimating performance characteristics in other non‐wadeable systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the conservativeness of the confidence interval approach for the selection of non‐inferiority margin in the two‐arm active‐control trial
Authors: Sankoh Abdul J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCompared with placebo‐control clinical trials, the interpretation of efficacy results from active‐control trials requires more caution. This is because efficacy results from such trials cannot be reliably interpreted without a thorough understanding of the efficacy evidence that formed the basis for the approval of the active control, especially when such drug efficacy is to be established on the basis of clinical evidence from the traditional two‐arm active‐control clinical equivalence studies as opposed to the multi‐arm active control. This is because in addition to over‐reliance on the quantification of a clinically irrelevant acceptable margin of inferiority from historical data, such interpretation also depends on cross‐trial inference for demonstration of experimental drug effect. We provide a brief overview of some design issues with the traditional two‐arm active‐control clinical trial and discuss regulators' concern regarding Type I error rate control (with the two most popular methods for the quantification of the non‐inferiority margin) in cross‐trial demonstration of experimental drug effect. Simulation results are presented to show that the point estimate method provides adequate control of the Type I error rate with ⩾75 per cent retention of known active‐control effect and that the confidence interval approach is uniformly ultra‐conservative. We also report (via a numerical example from real clinical trial data) a couple of potentially less stringent alternative approaches for establishing the non‐inferiority of a test drug over a control, which have been used in the past to provide additional efficacy evidence in NDA submission. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation‐based comparison of techniques to correct for measurement error in matched case–control studies
Authors: Guolo A. , Brazzale A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe presence of measurement errors affecting the covariates in regression models is a relevant topic in many scientific areas, as, for example, in epidemiology. An example is given by an epidemiological population‐based matched case–control study on the aetiology of childhood malignancies, which is currently under completion in Italy. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of childhood exposure to extremely low electromagnetic fields on the risk of disease occurrence by taking into account the possibility of erroneous measures of the exposure. Within this framework, we focus on the application of likelihood methods to correct for measurement error. This approach, which has received less attention in literature with respect to alternatives, is compared with commonly used methods such as regression calibration and SIMEX. The comparison is performed by simulation, under a broad range of measurement error structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial clustering of the failure to geocode and its implications for the detection of disease clustering
Authors: Zimmerman Dale L. , Fang Xiangming , Mazumdar Soumya 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGeocoding a study population as completely as possible is an important data assimilation component of many spatial epidemiologic studies. Unfortunately, complete geocoding is rare in practice. The failure of a substantial proportion of study subjects' addresses to geocode has consequences for spatial analyses, some of which are not yet fully understood. This article explicitly demonstrates that the failure to geocode can be spatially clustered, and it investigates the implications of this for the detection of disease clustering. A data set of more than 9000 ground‐truthed addresses from Carroll County, Iowa, which was geocoded via a standard address matching and street interpolation algorithm, is used for this purpose. Through simulation of disease processes at these addresses, the authors show that spatial clustering of geocoding failure has no effect on the marginal power to detect spatial disease clustering if the likelihood of disease is independent of the failure to geocode, but that power is substantially reduced if disease likelihood and geocoding failure are positively associated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generalized F distribution: An umbrella for parametric survival analysis
Authors: Cox Christopher 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a recent tutorial my colleagues and I advocated the generalized gamma (GG) distribution as a platform for parametric survival analysis. The GG family includes all four of the common types of hazard functions, making it particularly useful for estimating individual hazard functions as well as both relative hazards and relative times. In addition, the GG includes most of the commonly used parametric survival distributions. Survival analysis based on the GG distribution is practical since regression models are available in commonly used statistical packages. It is well known that the GG is contained in an even larger family, the generalized F (GF) distribution, which also includes the log logistic. The GF thus provides additional flexibility for parametric modeling. In this paper we discuss the GF family from this perspective. We provide a characterization of the hazard functions of the GF, showing that, except for the GG, the available hazard functions are limited to decreasing and arc‐shaped hazards and, in particular, that the hazard function can be decreasing but not monotone. We also discuss fitting the GF with an alternative parameterization using standard statistical software and refine a description of the hazard functions for death after a diagnosis of clinical AIDS in four different eras of HIV therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple diseases in carrier probability estimation: Accounting for surviving all cancers other than breast and ovary in BRCAPRO
Authors: Katki Hormuzd A. , Blackford Amanda , Chen Sining , Parmigiani Giovanni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMendelian models can predict who carries an inherited deleterious mutation of known disease genes based on family history. For example, the BRCAPRO model is commonly used to identify families who carry mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2, based on familial breast and ovarian cancers. These models incorporate the age of diagnosis of diseases in relatives and current age or age of death. We develop a rigorous foundation for handling multiple diseases with censoring. We prove that any disease unrelated to mutations can be excluded from the model, unless it is sufficiently common and dependent on a mutation‐related disease time. Furthermore, if a family member has a disease with higher probability density among mutation carriers, but the model does not account for it, then the carrier probability is deflated. However, even if a family only has diseases the model accounts for, if the model excludes a mutation‐related disease, then the carrier probability will be inflated. In light of these results, we extend BRCAPRO to account for surviving all non‐breast/ovary cancers as a single outcome. The extension also enables BRCAPRO to extract more useful information from male relatives. Using 1500 families from the Cancer Genetics Network, accounting for surviving other cancers improves BRCAPRO's concordance index from 0.758 to 0.762 (p=0.046), improves its positive predictive value from 35 to 39 per cent (p<10−6) without impacting its negative predictive value, and improves its overall calibration, although calibration slightly worsens for those with carrier probability <10 per cent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socio-demographic influences on trends of fish consumption during later adult life in the Whitehall II study
Authors: Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Brunner Eric J. 
Published: April 2008

Our aim was to investigate how socio-demographic factors influence trends and age-related trajectories of fish consumption. We examined consumption of total, fried and recommended fish (white and oily fish, and shellfish) in the Whitehall II study over 11 years in participants aged 39–59 years at phase 3. The cohort included 8358 British civil servants who completed a FFQ at phase 3 (1991–3), phase 5 (1997–9,n5430) and phase 7 (2002–4,n5692). Occupational grade, ethnicity, marital and retirement status were collected at each phase. To analyse changes in age-related trends of fish intake over time according to socio-demographic characteristics, we applied a random mixed-effect model. Over the follow-up a significant increase in consumption of ‘recommended’ (mean: 1·85 to 2·22 portions/week) and total fish (mean: 2·32 to 2·65 portions/week) and a decreasing trend in fried-fish intake (mean: 0·47 to 0·43 portions/week) was observed. Recommended, fried and total fish consumption differed by occupational status, ethnicity, marital status and sex. The trend of age-related fish intake diverged significantly by ethnicity. In South Asian participants (n432), slope of recommended-fish consumption was significantly higher compared with white participants (0·077v.0·025 portions/week per year). For black participants (n275) slope of fried-fish intake was significantly higher compared with white participants (0·0052v.− 0·0025 portions/week per year). In terms of public health, our descriptive and analytical work allows detailed understanding of the impact of socio-demographic factors on fish intake and its age-related trends. Such information is valuable for food policies that seek to promote health equity.
How We Trust One Another
Authors: Hanfling Oswald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHow is the possibility of promising to be explained without circularity? Appeal is made to the role of natural inclinations in linguistic behaviour, which presupposes truth telling and promise keeping, and also to the social functions of human language which go beyond signalling and transmitting information and which are prior to any explicit conventions. Although promises are broken and lies told, we all have the right to feel resentment when these things happen.
Knowledge of Necessity: Logical Positivism and Kripkean Essentialism
Authors: McLeod Stephen K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBy the lights of a central logical positivist thesis in modal epistemology, for every necessary truth that we know, we know it a priori and for every contingent truth that we know, we know it a posteriori. Kripke attacks on both flanks, arguing that we know necessary a posteriori truths and that we probably know contingent a priori truths. In a reflection of Kripke's confidence in his own arguments, the first of these Kripkean claims is far more widely accepted than the second. Contrary to received opinion, the paper argues, the considerations Kripke adduces concerning truths purported to be necessary a posteriori do not disprove the logical positivist thesis that necessary truth and a priori truth are co-extensive.
False Emotions
Authors: Milligan Tony 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article sets out an account of false emotions and focuses upon the example of false grief. Widespread but short-lived mourning for well known public figures involves false grief on the part of at least some mourners. What is false about such grief is not any straightforward pretence but rather the inappropriate antecendents of the state in question and/or the desires that the relevant state involves. False grief, for example, often involves a desire for the experience itself, and this can be satisfied. By contrast, real grief is utterly without hope. (We cannot have the deceased back again.) However, because false emotions involve some desire, they can be motivating and may lead us to engage in actions and efforts of discernment that can result in the emergence of the real emotion that they mimic. For this reason, they are not always unwelcome.
The variable expression of future tense in Peninsular Spanish: The present (and future) of inflectional forms in the Spanish spoken in a bilingual region
Authors: Arroyo José Luis Blas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn line with trends observed in other Spanish and Romance-speaking regions, the morphological future tense MF (cantaré) is declining in the Castellón speech community (Spain) in favor of the periphrastic variant PF (voy a cantar) for the expression of future events. The multivariate analysis shows the relevance of some linguistic factors in this process, mainly the degree of proximity of the act of speech, the sentence and epistemic modality, the degree of adverbial specification, the class of verbs and, to a lesser extent, the semantic category of the subject (agency), and the types of clause and text. All in all, MF still enjoys a substantial vitality in this Spanish region unknown in other Hispanic areas and that can be related to a convergence process with Catalan, the other language of the region which shares a single variant for expressing the future, namely, the morphological form. Some additional data obtained from 191 interviews of theSociolinguistic Corpus of Castellón(CSCS) point out the relevance of social factors related with the density of the bilingual population in the speech community, both at the collective and individual levels. The vernacular profile of this MF, favored and retained for the most autochthones elements of society, also clashes with the sociolinguistic profile of this variant in other Spanish-speaking areas where the process of substitution has been described in many cases as a change for below. In sum, language contact can slow down and alter some linguistic change much more advanced in monolingual communities.