bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remarkably High Regioselectivity in the Reaction of Carboxybenzaldehydes with a Crowned Thiazolium Ion in the Presence of Alkali Metal in Chloroform-Acetonitrile
Authors: Takaki Akiko , Takano Masanori , Ohshima Shunji , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Yano Yumihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The rate of the reaction of o-carboxybenzaldehyde with a crowned thiazolium ion was found to be remarkably accelerated by addition of Na+ (180-fold) in chloroform-acetonitrile (9 : 1 v/v) containing a base, whereas no rate-acceleration was observed for m- and p-carboxybenzaldehydes under the same conditions.
Evidence for the Change of the Electric Field Gradient in the 59Co NMR Relaxations of Δ-Tris(trans-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)cobalt (III) Cations by the Ion Pairing with Oxyanions
Authors: Iida Masayasu , Nakamori Toshie , Mizuno Yuri , Masuda Yuichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
59Co and 1H NMR relaxation studies for the Δ-[Co(chxn)3]3+(chxn ≡ trans-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) ion revealed that the decrease in the 59Co NMR relaxation rates with an addition of multivalent anions such as sulfate and phosphate can be attributed to an appreciable decrease in the electric field gradient at 59Co nucleus by the ion pairing.
Intramolecular Dehydration of β-Hydroxyalkylphosphonic Acid Monoesters. A Novel Type of Olefin Formation
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki , Nakamura Mio , Nakajo Akira , Inamoto Naoki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title reaction using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) gave stereospecifically the corresponding olefins in good yields via tetracoordinate 1,2-oxaphosphetanes. Use of more than one equivalent of DCC afforded better yields of the olefin.
A Novel “Reading-Out” System for Amino Acid Chirality with Induced Chirality in Water-soluble Calix[n]arenes
Authors: Morozumi Tatsuya , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Water-soluble calix[n]arenes (1n) bind amino acid methyl esters strongly into their cavities and give the induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectra specific to the chirality and shape of included amino acid methyl esters. The absolute configuration of amino acid methyl esters can be conveniently read out using an exciton coupling sign of 1n.
Preparation of PTFE Composite-plated Hydrophobic β-PbO2 Electrodes
Authors: Yoshiyama Akiko , Nonaka Tsutomu , Sekimoto Masao , Nishiki Yoshinori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A technique for anodic composite-plating was developed. By this technique, PTFE composite-plated hydrophobic β-PbO2 electrodes were prepared, and their electrochemical properties as anodes were preliminarily examined.
Deoxygenation of Some Arylnitrones Induced by Photosensitized Electron Transfer
Authors: Kawamura Yasuhiko , Iwano Yasunori , Shimizu Yoshihiko , Tokai Yumi , Horie Tokunaru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Deoxygenation of arylnitrones occurred to give imines in variable yields along with the ketonic product formation under photosensitized electron-transfer conditions.
Abnormal Catabolites of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by In Vitro Reaction of Crude Enzyme from Infected Higher Plants
Authors: Kato Tadahiro , Morioka Akiko , Yano Masakuni , Hirukawa Toshifumi , Namai Tsuneo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The reaction of α-linolenic acid with crude enzyme (lipoxygenase) obtained from infected pumpkins led to the formation of 8Z, 11Z, 14Z-heptadecatrienal (noraldehyde) and its acid (noracid) in addition to 13S-hydroperoxy linolenic acid. Since the noraldehyde and its acid were also isolated from the crude enzyme reaction of other infected plants, their formation seems to be related with the pathogen-infection of higher plants.
Synthesis of Diaryl Diselenides Having Chiral Pyrrolidine Rings with C2 Symmetry. Their Application to the Asymmetric Methoxyselenenylation of trans-β-Methylstyrenes
Authors: Fujita Ken-ichi , Iwaoka Michio , Tomoda Shuji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Optically active diaryl diselenides carrying C2 symmetrical chiral pyrrolidines are synthesized by the condensation between 2,2′-diselenobis(benzyl chloride) derivatives and chiral pyrrolidines and are applied to methoxyselenenylation of trans-olefins. The observed diastereomeric excess (d.e.) is up to 60%.
The First Synthesis of Bisgermylene and Bisstannylene with Acyclic Structure
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Cao Shaokui 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A bisgermylene and a bisstannylene with acyclic structure were synthesized for the first time by one-pot, two-step ligand substitution reactions from the corresponding germanium and tin dichlorides. The products were easily isolated by crystallization from diethyl ether and are stable at ambient temperatures under argon. Oxidative addition of the bisgermylene or bisstannylene to organic halides was examined.
A Regioselective Synthesis of 6-Deoxyanthracyclinone Intermediate
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Yoshioka Takeo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new route for synthesis of 6-deoxyanthracyclinone has been developed. Preparation of the key intermediate 2-ethylenedioxy-9-pivaloyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene-5,8-dione was achieved by chemoselective reduction of the adduct of naphthazarin monopivalate with 1-methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxybutadiene, and successive dehydration of the resulting alcohol.
Performance of Drug–Drug Interaction Software for Personal Digital Assistants
Authors: Perkins Natalie A , Murphy John E , Malone Daniel C , Armstrong Edward P 
Published: April 2006

Background: Personal digital assistants (PDAs) allow healthcare professionals to check for potential drug–drug interactions (DDIs) at the point of care, reducing the need to consult traditional references. However, PDAs can only be as effective as the software programs they use. Objective: To examine the ability of DDI software programs manufactured for Palm OS-compatible PDAs in detecting clinically important DDIs. Methods: Eight PDA software programs were assessed for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for 16 well-documented DDIs contained within 6 simulated patient profiles. Results: Sensitivity of the software programs ranged from 0.81 to 1.0, specificity ranged from 0.52 to 1.0, positive predictive values ranged from 0.62 to 1.0, and negative predictive values ranged from 0.88 to 1.0. Five programs scored perfect sensitivity scores: Druglx, ePocrates Rx, ePocrates Rx Pro, Lexi-Interact, and the Tarascon pocket Pharmacopoeia. Of these, the ePocrates programs scored the highest in specificity (0.9), while Lexi-Interact and the Tarascon pocket Pharmacopoeia scored considerably lower (0.52). Mosbylx was the only program to score a 1.0 in specificity; however, its sensitivity was just 0.81. Conclusions: ePocrates Rx and ePocrates Rx Pro scored greater than or equal to 90% in regard to both sensitivity and specificity, making them the most reliable in detecting the clinically relevant interactions studied without the distraction of detecting those of no clinical significance. In addition, ePocrates Rx is updated regularly and is easily accessible on the Internet at no cost.
Formation Damage vs. Solid Particles Deposition Profile During Laboratory-Simulated Produced-Water Reinjection
Authors: Al-Abduwani F. A. H. , Shirzadi A. , van den Broek W. M. G. T. , Currie P. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe importance of produced water reinjection (PWRI) is unquestionable. It is in many cases the cheapest and most environmentally friendly solution for wastewater disposal. It is also a feasible method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as a waterflooding mechanism.PWRI, however, suffers from a major limitation, which is the current inability in accurately predicting the lifespan and performance of its injection wells. This is because of the multitude of parameters that affect it. Current models1,2 that incorporate the thermal effects3 of PWRI leading to fracture growth exist. However, the leakoff pattern of this injection differs from that of clean water (seawater) injection because of the damage caused by the produced water to the formation, especially to the fracture faces. Thus, static filtration experiments with refined post-mortem analysis have been conducted to obtain quantitative deposition profiles along the core. This allows for the testing and verification of existing models.4–8The post-mortem analysis introduced in this paper will be used for future dynamic filtration experiments as well as experiments specifically devised to simulate the fracture tip area. A unified model that will accurately reproduce the permeability decline and deposition profile for all three sets of experiments will follow, thus advancing the predictability of injectivity decline associated with PWRI.The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the post-mortem analysis, while rigorous testing of the existing heuristic models (for instance, Wennberg and Sharma6 and Bedrikovedski et al.7) will be published in the near future.9
Assessment of Total Skin Factor in Perforated Wells
Authors: Yildiz Turhan 
Published: April 2006

Summary
In this study, the available methods and software to predict the well productivity and total skin factor in fully perforated vertical wells have been reviewed. The methods have been compared against the experimental data obtained on an electrolytic apparatus, and their accuracy has been investigated. It has been observed that the 3D semianalytical model, SPAN 6.0 software, and the simple hybrid model described in this paper replicate the experimental results very well. On the other hand, the results estimated from the McLeod method and the Karakas-Tariq method substantially deviate from the experimental data; hence, these models/methods should be used with caution.
The literature hosts many equations to predict the total skin factor in partially perforated vertical wells. Some of the available models have been tested against the results from the 3D semianalytical model. It has been shown that total skin-factor equations based on the summation of individual components do not work.
The 3D semianalytical model has been modified to build an approximate model for fully and partially perforated inclined wells in isotropic formations. Additionally, a simple hybrid model to compute total skin factor in perforated inclined wells has been presented. The hybrid model for perforated inclined wells agrees well with the approximate 3D model. Some of the available models to calculate total skin factor in perforated inclined wells have been compared to the approximate 3D model, and their accuracy has been discussed.
Finally, a simple model to predict total skin factors in perforated horizontal wells has been developed. The application using the simple model has demonstrated that a combination of long wellbore length and perforations bypassing the damaged zone could overcome the destructive effect of severe formation damage around the wellbore.
An Investigation of the Effect of Oil Composition on Heavy-Oil Solution Gas Drive
Authors: Tang G.-Q. , Leung T. , Castanier L. M. , Sahni A. , Gadelle F. , Kumar M. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study probes experimentally the mechanisms of heavy-oil solution gas drive through a series of depletion experiments employing two heavy crude oils and two viscous mineral oils. Mineral oils were chosen with viscosity similar to crude oil at reservoir temperature. A specially designed aluminum coreholder allows visualization of gas phase evolution during depletion using X-ray computed tomography (CT). In addition, a visualization cell was installed at the outlet of the sandpack to monitor the flowing-gas-bubble behavior vs. pressure. Bubble behavior observed at the outlet corroborates CT measurements of in-situ gas saturation vs. pressure. Both depletion rate and oil composition affect the size of mobile bubbles. At a high depletion rate (0.035 PV/hr), a foam-like flow of relatively small pore-sized bubbles dominates the gas and oil production of both crude oils. Conversely, at a low depletion rate (0.0030 PV/hr), foam-like flow is not observed in the less viscous crude oil; however, foam-like flow behavior is still found for the more viscous crude oil. No foam-like flow is observed for the mineral oils. In-situ imaging shows that the gas saturation distribution along the sandpack is not uniform. As the pattern of produced gas switches from dispersed bubbles to free gas flow, the distribution of gas saturation becomes even more heterogeneous. This indicates that a combination of pore restrictions and gravity forces significantly affects free gas flow. Additionally, results show that solution-gas drive is effective even at reservoir temperatures as great as 80°C. Oil recovery ranges from 12 to 30% OOIP; the higher the depletion rate, the greater the recovery rate.
Dan and Mende masks: a structural comparison
Authors: Jȩdrej M. C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe masks and associated traditions of the people of the central Guinea coast of West Africa are among the most obvious and well-known features of the contemporary cultural landscape of the region. For some time social anthropologists have described the functions of the masks as social control mechanisms (Horton, 1976). Recently anthropologists have been elucidating these cultural items in terms of symbolic or structural analyses (Fischer and Himmelheber, 1976; Jdrej, 1976; MacCormack, 1980; Phillips, 1978). So far the studies concerned with symbolism, where they have not been explicitly general and theoretical (Jdrej, 1980; Tonkin, 1979), have confined themselves to a particular culture or a particular mask or subset of masks.
Network building and political power in northwestern Sierra Leone, 1800–65
Authors: Howard Allen M. , Skinner David E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe study of social, economic and political networks provides a new perspective on the history of northwestern Sierra Leone and neighbouring parts of Guinea during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article concerns the men and women of wealth, rank and power who built and maintained local and extensive networks focused on towns in northwestern Sierra Leone, Port Loko and Kambia, at two time periods,c.1800 andc.1865. These activities involved the production and exchange of resources; the migration, settlement and intermarriage of families; and the creation, expansion and fission of households, alliances and other groups. Network analysis illuminates major historical changes, such as the development of towns, kingdoms and interregional trade systems. Furthermore, it reveals the shifting nature of ethnic identities, particularly among the Mande. And finally, it helps to show how society in the northwest became more class differentiated as internal and external commerce expanded.
Mafias in Africa: the rise of drinking companies and vigilante groups in Bugisu District, Uganda
Authors: Heald Suzette 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper describes the emergence during the 1960s of two forms of neighbourhood organisation, drinking companies and vigilante groups, in Bugisu District in eastern Uganda. The main interest of these groups is that they were both explicit responses to a perceived state of anarchy and lawlessness. The drinking companies evolved to control the most popular, and the most dangerous, social activity: the drinking of beer. They were essentially voluntary associations which developed into forms of rotating credit association. The vigilantes, as a self-appointed police force, tackled the problem of community security in a different way and, patrolling their areas at night, were dedicated to the eradication of thieves and witches. Evolving at the same time and often in consort, both movements were united in their aim to provide a distinctive ‘Gisu Government’.
Ikpe migrant cocoa farmers of south-western Cameroon
Authors: Ekpenyong Stephen 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe causes of migration are a major theoretical issue in migration studies. Some writers, such as Udo, see migration as involving a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. It is usually considered to be a rational, that is an economic, man's reaction to economic differentials between regions (Udo, 1978: 124). Hill adds that in rural West Africa the propensity to migrate does not necessarily correlate at all closely with population density as demographers and economists so often assume; it may be the result of lack of lucrative non-farming occupations, because farming is not regarded as ‘work’ by some West Africans (Hill, 1978: 25–6).
The evolution of the ‘wheat trap’: the Nigerian wheat boom
Authors: Kimmage Kevin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the 1970s large-scale irrigation in Nigeria failed to produce the import-substituting wheat which was to a large extent itsraison d'être.Nigerian determination to achieve wheat self-sufficiency has continued through the medium of the recently expanded ADP schemes. After outlining the conjunction of events which led to the formation of the original ‘wheat trap’ envisaged by Andrae and Beckman (1985), this article goes on to demonstrate how the ADP scheme established in Kano State has led to significant changes in agricultural practices and patterns of production within the state. It is argued that, in the longer term, the socio-economic, agronomic, ecological and pedological consequences of the federal government's present wheat import substitution policies could be disastrous for food production in northern Nigeria.
The Sefwi Wiawso Riot of 1935: the deposition of an Omanhene in the Gold Coast
Authors: Roberts P. A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOn 15 November 193 5 a riot took place in Wiawso, the capital town of Sefwi Wiawso district in the then Western Province of the Gold Coast. It followed weeks of struggle to bring destoolment charges against the omanhene, Nana Kwame Tano II. Four people died of gun-shot wounds, forty were injured and the omanhene was assaulted. On 2 December the State Council completed its hearing of fifteen charges against the omanhene and brought in a majority verdict in favour of destoolment, which in due course was confirmed by the Governor.Studies of the deposition of chiefs in the Gold Coast have tended to focus on the changing reasons for and, particularly, the increased frequency of destoolment (Busia 1968: passim; Owusu 1970: 63ff.). Arhin especially has looked at the effect of the cash economy upon the relationships between chiefs and their subjects (Arhin 1976). Others have described the increasing complexity of the politico-jural structures surrounding the office and functions of chieftaincy as revealed in destoolment cases (Dunn and Robertson, 1973; Robertson 1976).
Dynamics of herd structures and herding strategies in West Africa: a study of market integration and ecological adaptation
Authors: Amanor Kojo Sebastian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study is an attempt to find variables in the technical, economic and anthropological literature on pastoralism that can be used to gain an overview of cattle herding strategies in West Africa and the nature of their integration into a wider regional market in which ecological differentiation plays an important role. It is largely concerned with the implications of this economic integration for the analysis of herding strategies and it attempts to identify variables which cattle herders manipulate to achieve herd management objectives and adaptation to specific constraints and market opportunities. It focuses on the extent to which herd structures reflect herd management practices and integration into markets. This is a significant variable, and not so abstract as it may seem, since the original image of pastoralists as substantivists who were more concerned with cattle as social wealth than with economic efficiency originated from the observations of high numbers of male cattle among African herds.
Administrators, anthropologists and ‘traditionalists’ in colonial Swaziland: the case of the ‘amaBhaca’ fines
Authors: Macmillan Hugh 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article seeks to explain why social anthropologists working in southern Africa in the 1930s were so ill equipped to distinguish between real and invented traditions or old and revived customs. The core of the article is a contemporary account of the history of an aspect of custom. The custom in question relates to the control within the age grade or regimental system of the age at marriage of men in Swazi society. The article examines the motives of the Swazi authorities, under the leadership of the Paramount Chief, Sobhuza II, in attempting to revive in the late 1920s and early 1930s the custom of fining men who married before their regiment, or age grade, had been given permission for them to do so. It also considers the attitude of members of the colonial administration towards the revival of this custom and the part played by members of the administration, especially A. G. Marwick, in the formulation of the ‘traditionalist’ agenda. It also examines the way in which social anthropologists, including Winifred Hoernlé, Isaac Schapera, Bronislaw Malinowski and Hilda Kuper, were recruited in support of Sobhuza II's ‘traditionalist’ programme. It notes the failure of these anthropologists to comment on the fact that custom was being revived and seeks to explain their emphasis on continuity. It seeks, in essence, to show what it was in the environment of Swaziland in the 1930s which led so many intelligent observers either to describe what they did not see or not to describe what they did see. It suggests some links between the ideas of administrators, anthropologists and ‘traditionalists’.
Creating ‘Union Ibo’: Missionaries and the Igbo language
Authors: van den Bersselaar Dmitri 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe literature of ethnicity in Africa indicates a major role for Christian missionaries in the creation of languages in Africa. It has been argued that certain African ethnic groups owe their existence to the ‘invention’ of their language by missionaries who created a written dialect—based on one or more vernacular(s)—into which they translated the Bible. This language came to be used for education in mission schools and later also in government schools. The Bible dialect consequently became the accepted standard language of the ethnic group and acquired the function of one of the group's prime identity markers.In the case of the Igbo language, the history of the CMS missionaries' efforts at creating a written standard Igbo shows that the process was not always straightforward. The article describes the problematic process of creating a written language. The missionaries undertook continual attempts on the basis of several dialects, but it was half a century before they produced the first translation of the Bible. They complicated matters by working in different dialects, but eventually created a standard dialect which they named Union Ibo, a mixture based on several Igbo dialects.The missionaries were also confronted with resistance from at least part of the Igbo population, who contested their choice of dialect. However, it appears that the majority of the Igbo were simply not interested. The Igbo population were far more interested in education in English, and although the CMS missionaries forced some vernacular education upon the people, actual interest remained limited. It is thus not surprising that the Bible language did not become the accepted standard language of the Igbo ethnic group. The spoken Igbo language does nevertheless function as one of the prime identity markers of the group. The article argues that the importance of the Igbo language to Igbo identity is partly the result of the missionary activity.
An Upper Mississippi Colander from Northwestern Indiana
Authors: Faulkner Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavation of the Griesmer site in northwestern Indiana has revealed an Upper Mississippi campsite where riverine food resources were intensively utilized. The discovery of 14 sherds from drilled colanders in Oneota cooking pits suggests relationship to colanders found on some Fort Ancient sites or the conversion of ordinary cooking vessels to meet specific food-preparation needs on a site of this type.