bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological effects shown by normal adult speakers learning new words: Implications for phonological development
Authors: Smith Bruce L. , Macaluso Cynthia , Brown-Sweeney Sharon 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPhonological processes have been used to describe children’s speech for a number of years, but the causes of most processes remain unexplained. In a study investigating possible sources of processes in children’s speech, Aitchison and Chiat (1981) suggested that many developmental phonological processes may be a result of problems in lexical storage and retrieval. One limitation of their study, however, was that they had no adult control group, whose results might have helped clarify their findings. The present research with adults was similar to Aitchison and Chiat’s investigation with children and was intended to provide additional information about whether children’s typical phonological processes generally involve lexical storage and recall difficulties. Caution is advised in assuming that children’s spontaneous phonological processes are generally a result of lexical storage and recall factors.
The influences of number of syllables and wordlikeness on children’s repetition of nonwords
Authors: Gathercole Susan E. , Willis Cath , Emslie Hazel , Baddeley Alan D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIt has recently been suggested that the developmental association between nonword repetition performance and vocabulary knowledge reflects the contribution of phonological memory processes to vocabulary acquisition (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1989). An alternative account of the association is that the child uses existing vocabulary knowledge to support memory for nonwords. The present article tests between these two alternative accounts by evaluating the role of phonological memory and linguistic factors in nonword repetition. In a longitudinal database, repetition accuracy in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds was found to be sensitive to two independent factors: a phonological memory factor, nonword length, and a linguistic factor, wordlikeness. To explain these combined influences, it is suggested that repeating nonwords involves temporary phonological memory storage which may be supported by either a specific lexical analogy or by an appropriate abstract phonological frame generated from structurally similar vocabulary items.
English and Japanese interlanguage comprehension strategies: An analysis based on the competition model
Authors: Sasaki Yoshinori 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn an experiment based on the competition model, 12 native Japanese speakers (J1 group) and 12 native English speakers studying Japanese (JFL group) were requested to report sentence subjects after listening to Japanese word strings which consisted of one verb and two nouns each. Similarly, 12 native English speakers (E1 group) and 12 native Japanese speakers studying English (EFL group) reported the sentence subjects of English word strings. In each word string, syntactic (word order) cues and lexical-semantic (animacy/inanimacy) cues converged or diverged as to the assignment of the sentence subjects. The results show that JFL-Ss (experimental subjects) closely approximated the response patterns of J1-Ss, while EFL-Ss showed evidence of transfer from their first language, Japanese. The results are consistent with the developmental precedence of a meaning-based comprehension strategy over a grammar-based one.
Phonology and grammatical morphology in specific language impairment: Accounting for individual variation in English and Italian
Authors: Bortolini Umberta , Leonard Laurence B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) often show more limited use of grammatical morphology than younger, normally developing children matched according to mean length of utterance (MLU). However, within groups of children with SLI, individual differences are seen in grammatical morpheme use. In this study, we examined the role of weak syllable use in explaining some of these differences. Employing two different languages – English and Italian - children with SLI were placed into pairs. The children in each pair showed similar MLUs; however, one member of the pair showed a greater use of particular function words. In each of the pairs examined in both languages, the children with the greater use of function words also showed a greater use of weak syllables that did not immediately follow strong syllables. The weak syllable productions of children showing a more limited use of function words in each pair seemed to be dependent on a strong syllable-weak syllable production sequence. This sequence appeared to be operative across several prosodic levels, as defined within the framework of prosodic phonology. Because weak syllables that follow strong syllables usually have longer durations than those that precede strong syllables, the findings might have a perceptual basis. However, the results raise the possibility that limitations in prosody can restrict the degree of grammatical morpheme use by children with SLI.
Relation of cognitive style to metaphor interpretation and second language proficiency
Authors: Johnson Janice , Rosano Teresa 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examined relationships among measures of language proficiency, cognitive style, and metaphor comprehension. Subjects were university students who were native English speakers or who were enrolled in a course on English as a second language (ESL). Consistent with predictions, native English speakers scored better than ESL students on academic measures of English proficiency, but there were no group differences on level of cognitive sophistication in English metaphor interpretation or on a measure of metaphor fluency (number of metaphor interpretations produced). For ESL students, metaphor fluency was positively related to a measure of English communicative proficiency, whereas a measure of field independence was negatively related with both metaphor fluency and communicative proficiency. These findings on cognitive style are consistent with theoretical predictions that have heretofore found little empirical support in the second language literature.
The acquisition of conditionals in American Sign Language: Grammaticized facial expressions
Authors: Reilly Judy Snitzer , Mcintire Marina , Bellugi Ursula 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAn unusual facet of American Sign Language (ASL) is its use of grammaticized facial expression. In this study, we examine the acquisition of conditional sentences in ASL by 14 deaf children (ages 3;3–8;4) of deaf parents. Conditional sentences were chosen because they entail the use of both manual signs and grammaticized non-manual facial expressions. The results indicate that the children first acquire manual conditional signs, e.g., SUPPOSE, before they use the obligatory grammaticized conditional facial expression. Moreover, the children acquire the constellation of obligatory non-manual behaviors component by component, rather than holistically.
Metaphor in using and understanding euphemism and dysphemism
Authors: Pfaff Kerry L. , Gibbs Raymond W. , Johnson Michael D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTSix experiments examined the role of metaphorical knowledge in people's use and understanding of euphemisms and offensive expressions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that familiar euphemisms and dysphemisms are viewed as more appropriate and are easier to comprehend when there is a conceptual match between them and the context. The data from Experiments 3 and 4 showed a similar pattern for novel euphemisms and offensive phrases. Experiments 5 and 6 ruled out the hypothesis that the previous results were due to semantic priming. The findings from these experiments indicate that people's metaphorical conceptualization of a certain topic can influence the processing time and appropriate use of euphemistic and dysphemistic expressions.
Bilingual word recognition in English and Greek
Authors: Chitiri Helena-Fivi , Willows Dale M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe word recognition processes of proficient bilinguals were examined in their mother tongue (Greek) and in English in relation to the linguistic and syntactic characteristics along which the two languages differ. Their processes were then compared with those of monolingual readers.The following issues were addressed: the nature of bilingual functioning, whether it is language specific, and the factors that affect second language reading development. These issues were examined within the context of a letter cancellation paradigm. The results indicated that bilingual readers performed differently in each of their two languages, conforming more the monolingual patterns in their mother tongue than to those in their second language. This discrepancy was interpreted as a lack of coordination of different word recognition skills in the second language.
Relationships between narrative and syntactic competencies in school-aged, hearing-impaired children
Authors: Weiss Amy L. , Johnson Cynthia J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTSchool-aged, hearing-impaired children's propensity for incorporating complex syntax into the narratives and conversations they produced was investigated. Language samples containing both conversations and narratives in the form of story retellings were collected from seven subjects with moderate-to-severe hearing losses. Both portions of the samples were analyzed for a set of basic and complex syntax features discussed in the developmental literature. In addition, the narrative portions of the samples were analyzed for the subjects' use of the components of story grammar, appropriate use of cohesion, and episode integrity.
Word awareness in hearing-impaired children
Authors: Gartner Gloria M. , Trehub Sandra E. , Soroka Sherri Mackay 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTNormally hearing children (aged 4–10) and hearing-impaired children (aged 6–14) were tested on word awareness skills, such as the distinction between words and their referents, and their ability to provide explicit definitions of word. Older children performed significantly better than younger children, and normally hearing children performed significantly better than hearing-impaired children. However, orally educated children with mild or moderate hearing losses did not perform better than children with severe or profound losses. Instead, hearingimpaired children exhibited marked metalinguistic deficits, regardless of their degree of hearing loss. Finally, bimodally educated children performed significantly worse than orally educated children on the metalinguistic tasks of the present study. The implications of these findings for educational instruction are discussed.
Processing of center-embedded and right-branching relative clause sentences by normal elderly individuals
Authors: Baum Shari R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to explore processing of relative clause structures by normal elderly adults. Four groups of subjects (aged 20–29 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and 80–89 years) participated in a lexical decision task and a sentence repetition task. Results of the lexical decision task revealed longer reaction times and somewhat different patterns of performance for the older subjects as compared to the young subjects; on the repetition task, the oldest subjects performed more poorly overall. Findings are suggestive of a reduction in computational capacity in the elderly subjects, which may account for observed decrements in syntactic processing as compared to young adults.
Articulation and phoneme awareness of 3-year-old children
Authors: Thomas Eleanor M. , Sénéchal Monique 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis report presents findings from the first phase of a longitudinal study examining the development of articulation quality and specific phoneme awareness during the fourth year of life. Articulation and phoneme awareness of /r/ and a control phoneme were assessed for 80 3-year-old children. Children whose articulation of /r/ was accurate for all items were contrasted with those who were accurate on none. The groups differed in their awareness of /r/, after controlling for awareness of the control phoneme on two of the three phoneme awareness tasks and after controlling for relevant cognitive variables. These findings support the hypothesis that accuracy of articulation is related to quality of phoneme awareness in young children.
Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasentential code-switching
Authors: Azuma Shoji , Meier Richard P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOne of the most striking facts about exchange errors in speech is that open class items are exchanged, but closed class items are not. This article argues that a pattern analogous to that in speech errors also appears in intrasentential code-switching. Intrasentential code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in a sentence by bilinguals. Studies of the spontaneous conversation of bilinguals have supported the claim that open class items may be codeswitched, but closed class items may not. This claim was tested by two sentence repetition experiments, one with Japanese/English bilinguals and the other with Spanish/English bilinguals. The results show that the switching of closed class items caused significantly longer response times and more errors than the switching of open class items.
Poor readers are not easy to fool: Comprehension of adjectives with exceptional control properties
Authors: Macaruso Paul , Shankweiler Donald , Byrne Brian , Crain Stephen 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAn earlier experiment by Byrne (1981) found that young, poor readers tend to act out sentences containing adjectives with object control, like easy, as though they were adjectives with subject control, like eager. Byrne interpreted this result as evidence that poor readers lag in the acquisition of syntactic knowledge underlying this distinction. However, the possibility that a processing limitation could have contributed to the poor readers' difficulties with objectcontrol adjectives had not been fully explored. In an effort to tease apart these alternatives, we tested comprehension of object-control adjectives in second grade good and poor readers, using both an act-out task and a sentence-picture matching task. Contrary to Byrne's (1981) results, we did not find significant group differences in interpreting object-control adjectives with either task. Reasons for the discrepancy are suggested, and remedies for the pitfalls in designing experiments to assess syntactic knowledge in young children are proposed.
Skilled performance, practice, and the differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: Evidence from second language word recognition
Authors: Segalowitz Norman S. , Segalowitz Sidney J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPractice on cognitive tasks, in general, and word recognition tasks, in particular, will usually lead to faster and more stable responding. We present an analysis of the relationship between observed reductions in performance latency and latency variability with respect to whether processing has merely become faster across the board or whether a qualitative change, such as automatization, has taken place. The coefficient of variability (CV) - the standard deviation of response time divided by the mean latency - is shown to be useful for this purpose. A cognitive interpretation of the CV is given that relates it to issues of skill development.Data from second language learners' word recognition performance and from a simple detection task are presented which confirm predictions drawn from this interpretation of the cognitive significance of the CV. Initial improvement in a second language word recognition task was interpreted as involving more efficient controlled processing, which later gave way to automatization. The implications of this index of skill are discussed in relation to second language development and the general issue of automaticity of processing components in cognitive skills.
Babbling of twins in a bilingual environment
Authors: Zlatić Larisa , Macneilage Peter F. , Matyear Christine L. , Davis Barbara L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTTranscriptions of 17 hours of recordings of babbling by fraternal twins in an English/Serbian language environment (1,454 utterances) were analyzed for basic aspects of articulatory organization, effects of the “twin situation,” and effects of the two ambient languages, English and Serbian. Predictions that babbling would be dominated by a “frame” provided by rhythmic mandibular oscillation were, for the most part, confirmed in the form of consonant-vowel co-occurrence constraints showing little active intersegmental tongue movement (one subject) and a predominance of “vertical” (mandible-induced) intersyllabic variegation (both subjects). A possible effect of the twin situation was observed in the form of unusually high frequencies of the consonants and vowels most frequent in babbling. The only prominent ambient language effect was a relatively high frequency of palatal glides (palatals are common in Serbian).
Developmental word-finding difficulties and phonological processing: The case of the missing handcuffs
Authors: Constable Alison , Stackhouse Joy , Wells Bill 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe case of a 7-year-old boy (Michael) with severe word-finding difficulties is presented. In an attempt to investigate the cause of these difficulties, a series of theoretically motivated questions was used as a framework for psycholinguistic investigation. A range of tasks was administered, including word association, semantic knowledge, auditory discrimination, auditory lexical decision, naming, and real word and nonword repetition. Michael's performance on the tasks was compared with that of controls matched in terms of chronological and vocabulary age. Results revealed significant differences between Michael's performance and that of the control groups. Although he showed no apparent semantic deficit, he did show pervasive deficits in phonological processing.
Modal representation in polyphonic offertories
Authors: Powers Harold S. 
Published: December 2008

In 1957 Nino Pirrotta expressed his view of Palestrina's music and the Tridentine reforms as follows:The composers were directed to avoid too open an intrusion of secular elements, and to preserve the comprehensibility of the text so far as possible. That the latter would have been attainable through the avoidance of canons and other developed contrapuntal procedures (Animuccia, preface to Laude, Libro ii, 1570) is only in part true, if the noteworthy complexity of Palestrina's polyphonic composition is taken into account. In fact the problem had to be solved more from the spiritual than from the purely technical side. The true contribution of Palestrina and some of his contemporaries (e.g. de Kerle and Animuccia) to its solution — dramatised in anecdotes which do not withstand historical criticism — consists in the deep and inner religiosity which his works unquestionably express. This religiosity, joined to the responsibility for interpreting the official attitude of the Church, influenced the style in that it led to extreme circumspection in taking up the new means of emphasis and expression, be it because they had arisen from secular music (above all after the rise of the madrigal) or because they seemed incompatible with the restraint becoming to the divine service (since they tended towards the description and expression of personal feelings).
Computerizing the Bay Area German Project
Authors: Rauch Irmengard , Schiffman Byron , Trauth Gregory 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTWith an IBM-AT with 30 megabyte hard disk and eight-color plotter, significant configurations were uncovered among an ensemble of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors immediately accountable for the variable weak/strong inflection in a given set of contemporary German verbs. A spreadsheet produced matrices which show, in nine figures, the intersection of linguistic data with demographic data such as length of Bay Area residency, occupation, education, sex, geographic origin, as well as differential results based on two distinct methods of fieldwork data elicitation. Twenty-six native speakers of German residing in the San Francisco Bay Area served as informants.
Noun Modifier Inflection in German: A Morphological System in Flux
Authors: Fichtner Edward G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTTraditionally, noun modifiers in German fall into two classes, the so-called der- and ein-words, and descriptive or attributive adjectives. In the noun phrase, members of these word classes are inflected by the addition of one or another of two sets of endings, i.e., the primary, strong, or pronominal endings, or the secondary, weak, or nominal endings, in highly predictable combinations. In the data collected by Ljungerud (1955), however, sequences of endings in noun phrases containing nine modifiers occur with noticeable departures from the norm, i.e., folgend, sämtlich, ander-, einig-, viel-, manch-, welch-, irgendwelch-, and solch-. It is concluded that the anomalous sequences of endings in phrases containing these modifers are motivated by the growing association of certain sequences of endings with the feature +/-Generality as a component of the meaning of the noun phrase as a whole.
The development of the directional adverb hin in an Alemannic dialect: From sociolinguistic marker to stereotype
Authors: Lippi-Green Rosina 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn a small community of approximately 760 High Alemannic speakers, four reflexes of the MHG directional particle anhin co-occur: (aje), (ae), (ahe) and (ane) in a case of active variation leading to change. The distribution patterns indicate that the most active variants, (aje) and (ane), are evaluated differently by different segments of the community. In the adult population we find speakers for whom the variation is still active and subconscious as well as those for whom the change is complete or otherwise inactive. In contrast, the children and adolescents use the conservative variant as a sociolinguistic stereotype. This pattern suggests that the classical sociolinguistic definition of speech community may be inadequate.
The Heidelberg version of a textual portion otherwise lost from the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
Authors: Zitzelsberger Otto J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTNineteenth-century editors of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle regarded the now lost Riga MS (= R) as primary, asserting that the only other extant MS for the chronicle, Cpg. 367 (= H), though actually a sister-manuscript, was an ortho-graphically debased copy ofthe former. Obliged because of a large lacuna in R to resort to H (207va, 37–215va, 15) for textual continuity, they proceeded, in line with then established practice for MHG, to normalize these lines, thereby sweeping away various details that would have shed light on the dialectal features of H. On the basis of an examination of such details taken from the manuscript portion in question it is argued that the dialect area in which H was written is East Central German.