bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facial Electromyography: A Measure of Affective Processes During Sexual Arousal
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.L. , Brender William 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty female volunteers participated in a study to investigate whether facial EMGs could be used as measures of affect during sexual arousal. Audiotaped narratives were used to induce the following affect‐sexual states: 1) pleasant affect + sexual arousal, 2) unpleasant affect + sexual arousal, 3) pleasant affect + no sexual arousal, and 4) unpleasant affect + no sexual arousal. EMG activity was recorded bilaterally from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions. Corrugator muscle activity was significantly greater in response to the unpleasant stimulus conditions. This relationship held for both the non‐sexual and sexual conditions, suggesting that corrugator muscle activity may provide a reliable index of negative affect during sexual arousal. Zygomatic activity was significantly greater during the sexual as compared to the non‐sexual stimuli, but did not increase as a function of pleasant affect. Greater left than right corrugator muscle activity was observed in response to the sexual stimuli. Left muscle superiority was also noted for zygomatic muscle activity, in response to the sexual unpleasant stimulus. Issues related to the interpretation of lateralized muscle activity are discussed.
Fear Imagery and Text Processing
Authors: Vrana Scott R. , Cuthbert Bruce N. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effect of three variables held to influence heart rate response during imagery‐related text processing: mode of processing, content of text, and inclusion of response information in the text. Sixty‐four undergraduates imagined and silently repeated fearful and neutral sentences in a paradigm designed to allow for self‐initiation of sentence processing. Fear sentences either included or did not include information about bodily responses in the image. Heart rate accelerated more during fear imagery than during neutral imagery or silent repetition of either type of sentence. Inclusion of response information in fear material did not increase heart rate response to imagery, but did affect self‐report in the predicted direction. Heart rate waveform prior to the sentence tasks indicated pre‐processing of fearful material. The results were discussed in relation to a bio‐informational theory of imagery, which asserts that emotional imagery accesses the same centrally‐mediated response program as is evoked in the target reality context, and thus occasions measurable activity in the appropriate effectors.
The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Behavioral and Exercise Stress
Authors: Stoney Catherine M. , Langer Alan W. , Gelling Paul D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to compare the differential cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic responses of Type A and B women to an exercise and a psychological stressor. In addition, the effects of menstrual cycle phase on the resting and response levels of a wide range of physiological variables were explored. Thirty‐two women participated in a progressive exercise stress test and a threat of shock video game during both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Half of these subjects expressed the coronary‐prone behavior pattern referred to as Type A, as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey. The remaining women were relatively free of these behaviors (Type B). Heart rate, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, and end‐tidal carbon dioxide were monitored and recorded on a breath‐by‐breath basis. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures were taken at 2‐min intervals.Results indicated similar baseline, exercise, and behavioral stress responses among Type A and B women. The stress responses were also the same between the follicular and luteal phases for all measured physiological variables. However, resting levels of heart rate, metabolism, and ventilation were all elevated at rest during the luteal phase. A regression analysis based on the exercise heart rate and oxygen consumption data demonstrated that a majority of subjects exhibited heart rate responses in excess of that expected during the psychological stressor. These data are discussed with special reference to possible mechanisms of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
Circadian Temperature Rhythm Power Spectra: Is Equal Sampling Necessary?
Authors: Monk Timothy H. , Fookson Jeffrey E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the rectal temperature data from 7 free‐running experiments (132 subject‐days), and 3 forced desynchronization experiments (109 subject‐days) to address the question of whether equal spacing of data points is truly needed in order to estimate the “power spectra’ of circadian rhythmicity in that measure, and thus tau, the best fitting period. In particular, it compares a standard periodogram analysis of minute‐by‐minute temperatures, with a cosinor‐based analysis using only about six readings per day, collected at irregular intervals, limited to the time of wakefulness of the subject. In each case “power spectra’ were created for periods between 22.0h and 27.0h in steps of 0.1h. The results suggested that if there is a sufficiently large number of cycles (>14), and if interest is restricted to the “power spectrum’ and/or tau, then equal spacing is probably not required. In 9 out of the 10 subjects, the two techniques produced almost identical “power spectra’ and estimates of best‐fitting period, with the correlation coefficient between the two “power spectra’ exceeding .8, and the difference between the two estimates of tau never exceeding 18 min.
Bidirectional Voluntary Heart Rate Control During Static Muscular Exercise: Metabolic and Respiratory Correlates
Authors: Moses Jennifer , Clemens William J. , Brener Jasper 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFollowing three sessions of instructed HR control with exteroceptive HR feedback (Group IFB) or without feedback (Group IC), subjects were required, on a fourth session, to increase and decrease HR whilst engaging in isometric arm exercises at 10%, 30%, and 50% of their maximal voluntary contractions. Significant increases and decreases from resting levels in HR were recorded during the first three sessions in which no exercise demands were made. When required to control HR whilst exercising, significant increases in HR above exercise‐only baselines were recorded but subjects were unable to decrease HR significantly below exercise‐only baselines. The extent of “voluntary’ HR control was inversely related to the concurrent level of isometric exercise and was unaffected by the provision of exteroceptive HR feedback. Since all significant variations in HR were accompanied by significant parallel variations in oxygen consumption and breathing patterns, it is concluded that subjects were unable to modulate the HR response to exercise.
Psychophysiological Response Patterns to Single, Double, and Triple Stressors
Authors: Myrtek Michael , Spital Susanne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSynergistic activation elicited by multiple stressors as compared to single stressors has received little attention in the literature. In the present study, mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and physical exercise tasks were administered to 54 male subjects alone and in all possible simultaneous combinations. The dependent variables measured were heart rate, cardiac output, RZ‐time, blood pressure, respiration rate, tidal volume, respiratory minute volume, oxygen uptake, oxygen equivalent, self‐report data of psychological and somatic tension, pain ratings during the cold pressor test, and performance on mental arithmetic. Results for physiological variables indicate synergistic effects for stressor combinations as compared to single stressors, depending on the respective combination or variable. Contrary to this finding, psychological variables revealed ceiling and depressor effects. Response patterns to the different stressors showed only moderate similarity and exhibited stimulus‐specific effects. Heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and respiration rate were most appropriate in describing various response patterns.
Cardiovascular Effects of Caffeine and Stress in Regular Coffee Drinkers
Authors: Lane James D. , Williams Redford B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of caffeine on cardiovascular activity at rest and in response to psychological stress were studied in a group of 30 healthy males who were regular coffee drinkers to replicate caffeine‐stress interactions found previously in caffeine‐naive subjects. Measures of heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow were recorded at rest and during the performance of a stressful mental task in two separate sessions. Caffeine (250 mg) or placebo was administered double‐blind in a within‐subject design. Relative to placebo, caffeine had a pressor effect at rest which persisted during stress and recovery such that blood pressure during stress was higher if caffeine had been consumed. Caffeine also magnified the forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance responses to stress, suggestive of a synergistic interaction of caffeine and stress. Analysis of individual difference variables suggested that caffeine effects on the forearm vascular variables were greatest in subjects who were Type B and had a positive family history of hypertension. Results suggest that regular caffeine use does not necessarily lead to tolerance for caffeine‐stress interactions and that certain characteristics may be associated with greater sensitivity to caffeine's effects.
Shock Threat and Sexual Arousal: The Role of Selective Attention, Thought Content, and Affective States
Authors: Beck J. Gayle , Barlow David H. , Sakheim David K. , Abrahamson Daniel J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to detail cognitive processes during anxiety and sexual arousal, 16 heterosexual males were presented with brief erotic audiotapes simultaneous with four levels of shock threat (no shock, half tolerance, tolerance, and twice tolerance threat). Subjects were instructed to pay close attention to the audiotapes, following which a sentence recognition task was administered to assess stimulus‐focused attention. Additionally at these times, they were given a thought‐listing task and completed a series of affect ratings. Tumescence and subjective arousal were monitored continuously during the erotic stimuli. Results revealed that tolerance shock threat decreased tumescence (p<.05). In contrast, recognition memory was greatest during tolerance shock threat and diminished during twice tolerance shock threat, which also produced increased reports of emotional stales. Issues regarding the relation between cognition and sexual arousal are discussed, including implications for understanding sexual dysfunction.
Contingent Negative Variation, P3 Evoked Potentials, and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Raine Adrian , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhile initial investigations have found significantly lower contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitudes in adult, institutionalised antisocial groups, others have found either no group differences or significantly higher amplitudes. This study attempts to circumvent some methodological and conceptual problems in previous stud its by assessing CNV in a classical forewarned reaction time experiment in two samples of non‐institutionalised normal adolescents where behavioral ratings and self‐report measures were used to define Antisocial and Pro social groups. A trend toward higher P3 amplitudes to the warning stimulus (SI) observed in a previous study was also investigated by recording evoked potentials to SI. Results indicated no significant group differences in CNV and Nl amplitudes, but a significantly larger P3 amplitude in the Antisocial group in both subject samples. This latter result was viewed as consistent with Jutai and Hare's (1983) finding that psychopathic anti socials have a heightened capacity to attend to events of immediate interest.
Slow Wave Sleep Deficiency Insomnia: A Problem in Thermo‐Downregulation at Sleep Onset
Authors: Sewitch Deborah E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe following review article attempts to develop the argument that a regulated, rapid drop in rectal, core‐body temperature following sleep onset is a necessary prerequisite to the presence of sustained slow wave sleep (NREM Stage 4). Based upon this premise, a theory1 is presented to suggest that the slow wave sleep deficiency so commonly associated with chronic, primary insomnia (Gaillard, 1976, 1978) is the result of a failure in the thermoregulatory system to show a regulated, rapid decrease in body temperature with sleep onset which persists for the first 1–2 hrs into the sleep period.
Parameters of the Orcadian Temperature Rhythm Using Sparse and Irregular Sampling
Authors: Monk Timothy H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the question of whether reliable estimates of phase, level, and size of oscillation of the human dread inn temperature rhythm can be obtained using a “sparse and irregular” sampling strategy (every two hours, but limited to normal wakefulness (08W‐2200)) and a method of analysis based upon fitted sinusoids. The data set comprised continuously monitored rectal temperature collected for between 4 and 6 days from a heterogeneous group of 13 healthy subjects (4 female, age range 37–81) entrained to their habitual sleep/wake cycle under conditions of temporal isolation. The first analysis used only sinusoid‐based parameters (acrophase, mesor, and amplitude) comparing “frequent and regular” (every 30 min around (the clock) with “sparse and irregular” sampling strategies. Significant positive correlations were obtained (r >.78, p < .001 in all cases) between the two strategies, indicating that at least half of the variance could be explained by a linear relationship between the two. The second analysis compared sinusoid‐based sparse sampling parameters of phase, level, and size of oscillation, with equivalent measures obtained by an analysis that made no assumptions about the sinusoidality of the data. Again, significant positive correlations were obtained (r > .70, p < .005) confirming the possible value of sparse and irregular sampling strategies.
The Effects of a Psychological Stressor on Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Behavioral and Physiological Responses
Authors: Pomerleau Cynthia S. , Pomerleau Ovide F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStressful stimuli have been reported to trigger increased smoking. The present experiment involved induction of differing levels of performance anxiety in 10 male smokers. In the high anxiety condition, subjects performed mental arithmetic with competitive pressure; in the low anxiety control condition, no competitive pressure was applied. Both sessions included smoking and sham smoking trials. Scores on the Profile of Mood States showed significantly more anxiety on the day of the high anxiety session than on the day of the low anxiety session, confirming the effectiveness of anxiety‐induction procedures. Nicotine intake as inferred from topographical measures was significantly greater under conditions of high anxiety. Greater post‐smoking decreases in anxiety in the high‐anxiety condition, as compared to the low‐anxiety condition and the two sham‐smoking conditions, were also observed. Both smoking and anxiety level significantly increased heart rate; lack of statistical interaction suggests additive rather than potentiating effects. Peripheral skin temperature rose in response to mental arithmetic, a trend counteracted by smoking. No significant smoking‐related changes in performance were found.
The Effects of Spatial Selective Attention on the Somatosensory Event‐Related Potential
Authors: Michie Patricia T. , Bearparic Helen M. , Crawford June M. , Glue Len C.T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a selective attention task involving weak or strong electrical stimuli delivered to the index fingers of the left and right hands. In an attend weak condition, subjects were asked to count the number of weak stimuli (targets) interspersed amongst strong stimuli (standards) delivered to a designated hand, whilst ignoring a similar set of stimuli delivered to the other hand. In an attend strong condition, subjects were asked to count the number of strong targets interspersed amongst weak stimuli. In both conditions, targets and standards occurred with probabilities of .10 and .40 respectively on each hand. Counting weak targets was found to be more difficult than counting strong targets. The latency of the earliest significant effect of selective attention on ERPs to standards was dependent on stimulus intensity: N80 in the case of weak standards, P105 for strong standards. There was no evidence of a later prolonged negative shift in attended standard ERPs. Rather, an enhanced N150 component post‐centrally was followed by a prolonged positive shift of attended standard ERPs. This Late positive shift had a similar scalp distribution to the late positive component elicited by attended target stimuli.
Hemispheric Asymmetry and Human Classical Conditioning to Verbal and Non‐Verbal Visual CSs
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , Kvale Gerd , Nordby Helge , Overmier J. Bruce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new paradigm called “the dichoplic acquisition paradigm” was developed to study Ihc effects of hemispheric asymmetry on classical etcctrodcrmal conditioning. The paradigm involves three phases: 1) A habituation phase where two different color‐words written in two incongruent colors are tachistoscopically displayed bilaterally to the visual half‐fields left and right of center fixation; 2) An acquisition phase, wherein the display is followed by a 105dB white noise on each trial; and 3) An extinction phase, where each of the four CS cues (two color‐words and two colors) are separately presented bilaterally for simultaneous input to both hemispheres. Here the color‐words are now presented in grey against a black background, and the colors as color‐bars against the same background. A control group had no UCS presentations. Bilateral skin conductance responses (SCRs) of right‐handed males were used to evaluate conditioning. Conditioning to the CS color‐word previously presented in the right half‐field (i.e. initial left‐hemisphere input) during acquisition led to larger SCRs during extinction, than the color‐word previously presented in the left half‐held (i.e. initial right‐hemisphere input). In contrast, the CS color cue previously presented in the left half‐field during acquisition resulted in larger SCRs during the first extinction trial, than the CS color cue previously presented in the right half‐field. Thus, the present experiment revealed effects of hemispheric asymmetry on human electrodermal conditioning.
Combined Use of Microreflexes and Event‐Related Brain Potentials as Measures of Auditory Selective Attention
Authors: Hackley Steven A. , Woldorff Marty , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo versions of a selective listening experiment were conducted in an attempt to specify the level of the nervous system at which selective attention first influences auditory information processing. Post‐auricular reflexes (PARs), preputse inhibition of reflexes, and the N1 component of the event‐related potential (ERP) were measured concurrently to assess auditory processing in the hindbrain. midbrain. and forebrain. respectively. Sequences of intense, reflex‐eliciting tones were presented to the two ears in random order and at a rapid rate as subjects listened to a designated ear to detect rare tones of slightly lower intensity. The ERPs showed the typical enhancement of early and late negativity (Nd) to attended car tunes, with the early Nd overlapping the evoked N1 component. Although there was an overall effect of attention direction on the efferent limb of the post‐auricular reflex, no effect of selective attention on the afferent limb was observed. A selective sensory attentional effect was found for prepulse inhibition of the post‐auricular reflex: Inhibition of PAR amplitude was enhanced when the immediately preceding tone was in the attended ear relative to when it was in the unattended ear. These results, together with findings from prior studies of reflexes and ERPs. indicate that evoked auditorv activity in the lower brainstem is obligatory and invariant with attention, whereas later activity mediated in the upper brainstem can be modulated by attention.
The Influence of Aerobic Exercise on Physiological Stress Responsivity
Authors: Plante Thomas G. , Karpowitz Dennis 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the relationship between aerobic exercise participation and physiological stress responsivity to psychosocial stressors. Male subjects (N = 107) who were either intense aerobic exercisers, moderate aerobic exercisers, or nonexereisers completed a telephone interview, a personality assessment battery, a life stress questionnaire, and a physical exercise and hobby questionnaire. Subjects then participated in a stressful laboratory procedure where they faced two stressors: an electric shock procedure, and a difficult “intelligence test.” Pulse rate, finger pulse volume, and skin resistance were assessed during the entire laboratory procedure.Although results demonstrated consistent significant cardiovascular (i.e., pulse rate and pulse volume) differences among the exercise groups during the entire laboratory procedure in that exercisers were less physiologically reactive to the stressors and the recovery periods, most of these results failed to reach significance when statistically controlling for the baseline/anticipation‐of‐stressors physiological measures. The implications of this study for further research are discussed.
Acceleration of the Menstrual Cycle by Intercourse
Authors: Stanislaw Harold , Rice Frank J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHazard statistics were applied to an extensive set of prospective data to test for an acceleration of the menstrual cycle by intercourse. Intercourse appeared to accelerate both the basal body temperature (BBT) shift and the onset of menses. Menses was accelerated more by a combination of follicular and luteal intercourse than by luteal intercourse alone (using the BBT shift as an ovulation indicator). The accelerator effects of intercourse therefore appear to cumulate across the menstrual cycle.
Effects of Auditory Stimulation on Respiration
Authors: Harver Andrew , Kotses Harry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEach of 40 college students received 6 presentations of white noise at an intensity of either SO or 110 dB during either inspiration or expiration. Changes in tidal volume, inspiratory period, and expiratory period elicited by that stimulation were studied. Auditory stimulation produced respiratory changes which could be regarded conveniently as two phasic responses. We labeled these responses the initial phasic response and the delayed phasic response. The initial response was limited to the respiratory period during which stimulation was delivered, it consisted of a brief inspiratory movement which increased the speed of inspiratory periods during which it occurred but decreased the speed of expiratory periods during which it occurred. In either case, the initial phasic response increased ventilation. The delayed phasic response was an increase both in speed and tidal volume of respiratory cycles subsequent to the period during which stimulation was delivered. Like the initial response, the delayed response increased ventilation. The effects of the delayed response were more widespread when stimulation was delivered during expiration rather than during inspiration. Stimulus intensity and stimulus repetition respectively potentiated and attenuated both the initial and the delayed phasic response. The findings are compared with those of earlier research on respiratory changes elicited by auditory stimulation.