bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipopolysaccharide administration to the allergic nose contributes to lower airway inflammation
Authors: Bachar O. , Gustafsson J. , Jansson L. , Adner M. , Cardell L. O. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryBackground
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory reaction not confined to a single local compartment, but rather involving the whole airway system. Allergens known to induce AR are not always the sole trigger of the inflammatory reaction as infections and organic dust might also cause exacerbations of rhinitis and associated conditions.Objective
To examine the effects of intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, as a surrogate for upper airway bacterial infections, in patients with symptomatic AR.Methods
Fourteen patients with a history of moderate to severe pollen‐induced AR were challenged intranasally with LPS. After 3–6 weeks, the same patients were challenged again, first with allergen and 24 h later with LPS. Nasal symptom scores, nasal lavage leucocyte counts and nasal airway resistance were assessed at 6–24 h after each provocation along with measurements of nitric oxide (NO) levels in the nose and lung.Results
Six hours after the LPS challenge, an increased level of leucocytes could be obtained in the lavage fluid, but no symptoms were experienced and no increase in nasal resistance could be recorded. The NO production in the upper and lower airways was similar before and 6 h after the provocation. In contrast, in patients exposed to pollen before the LPS challenge, both the nasal and the pulmonary NO levels were enhanced. This was accompanied by an increase in leucocytes.Conclusion
The present study demonstrates a priming effect of allergen on the nasal response to LPS as well as the presence of a systemic link between airway mucosal sites in the upper and lower airways. This suggests that exogenously derived signals, like upper airway infections, can interfere with the initiation, maintenance and progression of asthma.
Effects of 4 months of smoking in mice with ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation
Authors: Melgert B. N. , Timens W. , Kerstjens H. A. , Geerlings M. , Luinge M. A. , Schouten J. P. , Postma D. S. , Hylkema M. N. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryBackground
The effects of smoking on asthma pathogenesis are complex and not well studied. We have shown recently that 3 weeks of smoking attenuates ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced airway inflammation in mice and that 4–6 months of smoking induces emphysema in mice without airway inflammation. Effects of combined long‐term smoking and OVA exposure have not been investigated so far.Objective
To study whether long‐term smoking affects progression of allergic airway inflammation and/or enhances the development of emphysema in mice.Methods
Mice were sensitized to OVA and challenged with saline or OVA aerosols for 6 months. From 2 months onwards, mice were also exposed to air or smoke. Lung tissue was analysed for extent of inflammation, emphysema, remodelling and for cytokine levels, and serum for OVA‐specific IgE levels.Results
Chronic OVA exposure of 6 months resulted in a T helper type 2 (Th2)‐type inflammation with increased levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and infiltration of eosinophils, CD4+ T cells, macrophages and plasma cells. Smoking induced a Th17‐type of airway inflammation, characterized by neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and increased levels of IL‐17, IL‐6, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. Concomittant smoking and OVA exposure resulted in inflammation similar to OVA exposure alone. OVA exposure increased IgE levels compared with saline exposure, and smoking did not further increase these levels.Conclusion
We did not find evidence for increased inflammation, IgE levels or emphysema in mice with allergic airway inflammation after 4 months of smoking compared with non‐smoking. However, a 4‐month exposure to smoke alone did enhance neutrophilic airway inflammation characterized by high pulmonary IL‐17 levels. A Th2 inflammatory environment due to OVA exposure may be one explanation as to why no further detrimental effects of smoking on allergic airway inflammation were found.
Neurokinin‐1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species and epithelial damage in allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Springer J. , Groneberg D. A. , Dinh Q. T. , Quarcoo D. , Hamelmann E. , Braun‐Dullaeus R. C. , Geppetti P. , Anker S. D. , Fischer A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryBackground
An induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is characteristic for inflammation but the exact pathways have not been identified for allergic airway diseases so far.Objective
The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the tachykinin NK‐1 receptor on ROS production during allergen challenge and subsequent inflammation and remodelling.Methods
Precision‐cut lung slices of ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized mice were cultivated and ROS‐generation in response to OVA challenge (10 μg/mL) was examined by the 2′,7′‐dichloroflourescein‐diacetate method. Long‐term ROS effects on epithelial proliferation were investigated by 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation (72 h). In vivo, the results were validated in OVA‐sensitized animals which were treated intra‐nasally with either placebo, the tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK‐1) receptor antagonist SR 140333 or the anti‐oxidant N‐acetylcystein (NAC) before allergen challenge. Inflammatory infiltration and remodelling were assessed 48 h after allergen challenge.Results
ROS generation was increased by 3.7‐fold, which was inhibited by SR 140333. [Sar9,Met11(O2)]‐Substance P (5 nm) caused a tachykinin NK‐1 receptor‐dependent fourfold increase in ROS generation. Epithelial proliferation was decreased by 68% by incubation with [Sar9,Met11(O2)]‐SP over 72 h. In‐vivo, treatment with SR 140333 and NAC reduced epithelial damage (91.4% and 76.8% vs. placebo, respectively, P<0.01) and goblet cell hyperplasia (67.4% and 50.1% vs. placebo, respectively, P<0.05), and decreased inflammatory cell influx (65.3% and 45.3% vs. placebo, respectively, P<0.01).Conclusion
Allergen challenge induces ROS in a tachykinin NK‐1 receptor‐dependent manner. Inhibition of the tachykinin NK‐1 receptor reduces epithelial damage and subsequent remodelling in vivo. Therefore, patients may possibly benefit from treatment regime that includes radical scavengers or tachykinin NK‐1 receptor antagonists.
Increased long‐term cardiovascular morbidity among patients treated with radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism
Authors: Metso Saara , Auvinen Anssi , Salmi Jorma , Huhtala Heini , Jaatinen Pia 
Published: October 2007

SummaryObjective  Previous studies suggest that hyperthyroid patients remain at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity after restoring euthyroidism. The aim of this study was to compare the rate and causes of hospitalization of hyperthyroid patients treated with radioactive iodine (RAI) with those of an age‐ and gender‐matched reference population in a long‐term follow‐up study.Patients and measurements  A population‐based cohort study with a median follow‐up time of 9 years was conducted among 2611 hyperthyroid patients treated with RAI between 1969 and 2002 in Tampere University Hospital, and among 2611 reference subjects. Information on hospitalizations was obtained from the nationwide Hospital Discharge Registry. New events were analysed as the main outcome, including only the first hospitalization due to a given indication.Results  The rate of hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) was higher among patients with hyperthyroidism than among the control population [637·1 vs. 476·4 per 10 000 person‐years, rate ratio (RR) 1·12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·03–1·21]. The risk remained elevated up to 35 years after the RAI treatment. Hospitalizations due to atrial fibrillation (RR 1·35), cerebrovascular disease (RR 1·31), diseases of other arteries and veins (RR 1·22), hypertension (RR 1·20) and heart failure (RR 1·48) were more frequent in the patients than controls, while no such difference was found for coronary artery disease. Hospitalizations due to cancer, infectious and gastrointestinal diseases, and fractures were also more common in patients than in controls.Conclusions  Hyperthyroidism increases hospitalizations due to CVDs. The excess risk is sustained decades after treatment. Patients treated for hyperthyroidism constitute a high‐risk group for CVD and may benefit from preventive interventions.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: urine cytology findings
Authors: Kumar P. V. , Salami K. , Tadayyon A. R. 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:  To describe the urine cytology findings before and after stone therapy with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and discuss its importance.Methods:  The study consisted of 100 patients with a urinary tract stone (79 renal pelvic stones and 21 upper ureteric stones), 74 were male and 26 were female. The ages ranged 30–55 years. The average duration of symptoms was 3–8 years. The size of the stones varied from case to case ranging from 10.2 to 40 mm. Urine samples were obtained on three consecutive days before and after lithotripsy. The smears were stained by the Papanicolaou method.Results:  The smears before lithotripsy revealed a few red blood cells, inflammatory cells, epithelial cells and crystals (calcium oxalate, uric acid and triple phosphate). Atypical malignant looking cells and epithelial cell clusters were not noticed. After lithotripsy, the urine samples were examined at different periods, 24 hours, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months. The smears revealed papillary clusters in all 100 patients within 24 hours and were always associated with inflammation. Atypical malignant looking cells appeared later, within 1–2 months in 21 patients, and were associated with inflammation (19 patients), RBC, crystals and papillary clusters. Most of the papillary clusters and atypical malignant looking cells disappeared before 3 months.Conclusion:  The epithelial cell clusters and atypical cells were seen in urine smears after ESWL. Without knowing the previous history these findings can be confused with urothelial neoplasms.
Ultrasonographically and stereotactically guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of non‐palpable breast lesions: cyto‐histological correlation
Authors: Pogačnik A. , Strojan Fležar M. , Rener M. 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographically (US) and stereotactically guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for the diagnosis of non‐palpable breast lesions.Patients and methods:  From January 2002 to December 2004, 470 women with 478 mammographically detected non‐palpable breast lesions had US or stereotactically guided FNAC of the breast lesion. Subsequent histological evaluation of the same lesion was performed at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Slovenia. The correlation between the original cytological and histological diagnosis was assessed and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated.Results:  Among US‐guided FNACs, 144 (53.5%) were histologically verified benign lesions and 125 (46.5%) were carcinomas. Cytological diagnoses were: true positive (TP) in 63 cases (50.4%), suspicious in 35 (28%), false negative (FN) in eight (6.4%), and in 19 (15.2%) cases, the material was inadequate for diagnosis. In the stereotactically guided FNAC group, there were 209 women with 209 lesions, with 95 (45%) histologically proven carcinomas and 114 (55%) benign lesions. Cytological diagnoses were TP in 49 (51.6%) cases, true suspicious in 21 (22.1%), FN in nine (9.5%), and in 16 (16.8%) cases, the material was not adequate for the diagnosis.Conclusion:  The sensitivity of 88.7% and specificity of 98.6% for US‐guided FNAC and 84.5% and 100% for stereotactically guided FNAC, respectively, suggest that clinicians can rely upon cytological diagnosis for planning further management of women with non‐palpable breast lesions.
Decrease in numbers of glandular cell groups in post‐LLETZ liquid‐based cytology preparations
Authors: Maguire A. , Turner L. , Magee D. , Gibbons D. 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) has become standard of care in the management of cervical squamous neoplasia and with cone biopsy glandular intraepithelial neoplasia. Controversy remains about the long‐term effects of this traumatic procedure. The aim of this study was to count and compare the number of endocervical glandular cell groups in pre‐ and post‐LLETZ cervical preparations using liquid‐based cytology to establish a cyto‐morphological correlate of destruction of the transformation zone.Methods:  The cytology/histology correlation audit records of the Cytopathology Department of St Luke’s Hospital in 2003 and early 2004 were used to select patients with a cytological diagnosis of high grade dyskaryosis followed by LLETZ. Only those cases with post‐LLETZ cytological follow‐up were selected. Cases using conventional smears were excluded. One hundred and twenty slides (60 pairs of slides) in total were retrieved. The cases underwent review and all groups of >3 glandular cells in each slide were counted by AM while blinded as to whether smears were pre‐ or post‐LLETZ. Medians were compared using a Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results:  The median number of groups of endocervical glandular cells of the pre‐treatment group was 5.5 and of the post‐treatment group was 2.0. There were significantly fewer endocervical glandular cell groups in the post‐LLETZ population (P = 0.03).Conclusions:  The number of endocervical glandular groups in cervical cytological preparations decreases significantly following LLETZ procedure. This suggests that cytological follow‐up may not be as useful in glandular neoplasia cases. Few or absent glandular cell groups in post‐LLETZ preparations may have implications for adequacy assessment.
Fish as sources and sinks of nutrients in lakes
Authors: SEREDA JEFF M. , HUDSON JEFF J. , TAYLOR WILLIAM D. , DEMERS ERIC 
Published: October 2007

Summary1. The release of total phosphorus (TP) and nitrogen (N in ammonium) was measured for the five most abundant fish species (>85% of biomass) in Mouse and Ranger Lakes, two biomanipulated, oligotrophic lakes in Ontario.2. The specific release rate of both nutrients was significantly related to fish mass; log10 TP release rate (μg h−1) = 0.793 (±0.109) [log10 wet mass (g)] + 0.7817 (±0.145), and log10 N release rate (μg h−1) = 0.6946 (±0.079) [log10wet mass (g)] + 1.7481 (±0.108).3. When fish nutrient release was standardized for abundance (all populations, 1993–95) and epilimnetic volume, fish were estimated to contribute 0.083 (±0.061) μg TP L−1 day−1, and 0.41 (±0.17) μg N L−1 day−1 in Mouse L., and 0.062 (±0.020) μg TP L−1 day−1 and 0.31 (±0.08) μg N L−1 day−1 in Ranger L.4. In comparison, concurrent rates of total planktonic P regeneration were 1.02 (±0.45) μg L−1 day−1 (Mouse L.) and 0.85 (±0.19) μg L−1 day−1 (Ranger L.). Fish represented 8% of planktonic P release in Mouse L. and 7% in Ranger L.5. Fish dry mass had mean elemental body compositions of 39.3% carbon, 10.9% nitrogen, and 4.0% phosphorus (all fish combined), with a mean molar C : N : P ratio of 27 : 6 : 1. This comprised about 55% and 23% of the total epilimnetic particulate P and N respectively.6. Turnover times of P and N in fish were approximately 103 and 48 days respectively. In comparison, planktonic turnover times of particulate P in Mouse and Ranger Lakes were 4.3 and 4.4 days respectively. Given their high P content and low turnover rates, fish appear to be important P sinks in lakes.
CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database
Authors: LUYSSAERT S. , INGLIMA I. , JUNG M. , RICHARDSON A. D. , REICHSTEIN M. , PAPALE D. , PIAO S. L. , SCHULZE E. ‐D. , WINGATE L. , MATTEUCCI G. , ARAGAO L. , AUBINET M. , BEER C. , BERNHOFER C. , BLACK K. G. , BONAL D. , BONNEFOND J. ‐M. , CHAMBERS J. , CIAIS P. , COOK B. , DAVIS K. J. , DOLMAN A. J. , GIELEN B. , GOULDEN M. , GRACE J. , GRANIER A. , GRELLE A. , GRIFFIS T. , GRÜNWALD T. , GUIDOLOTTI G. , HANSON P. J. , HARDING R. , HOLLINGER D. Y. , HUTYRA L. R. , KOLARI P. , KRUIJT B. , KUTSCH W. , LAGERGREN F. , LAURILA T. , LAW B. E. , LE MAIRE G. , LINDROTH A. , LOUSTAU D. , MALHI Y. , MATEUS J. , MIGLIAVACCA M. , MISSON L. , MONTAGNANI L. , MONCRIEFF J. , MOORS E. , MUNGER J. W. , NIKINMAA E. , OLLINGER S. V. , PITA G. , REBMANN C. , ROUPSARD O. , SAIGUSA N. , SANZ M. J. , SEUFERT G. , SIERRA C. , SMITH M. ‐L. , TANG J. , VALENTINI R. , VESALA T. , JANSSENS I. A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome‐specific carbon budgets; to re‐examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 °C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome‐specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non‐CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for.
The effect of soil warming on bulk soil vs. rhizosphere respiration
Authors: HARTLEY IAIN P. , HEINEMEYER ANDREAS , EVANS SAM P. , INESON PHIL 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThere has been considerable debate on whether root/rhizosphere respiration or bulk soil respiration is more sensitive to long‐term temperature changes. We investigated the response of belowground respiration to soil warming by 3 °C above ambient in bare soil plots and plots planted with wheat and maize. Initially, belowground respiration responded more to the soil warming in bare soil plots than in planted plots. However, as the growing season progressed, a greater soil‐warming response developed in the planted plots as the contribution of root/rhizosphere respiration to belowground respiration declined. A negative correlation was observed between the contribution of root/rhizosphere respiration to total belowground respiration and the magnitude of the soil‐warming response indicating that bulk soil respiration is more temperature sensitive than root/rhizosphere respiration. The dependence of root/rhizosphere respiration on substrate provision from photosynthesis is the most probable explanation for the observed lower temperature sensitivity of root/rhizosphere respiration. At harvest in late September, final crop biomass did not differ between the two soil temperature treatments in either the maize or wheat plots. Postharvest, flux measurements during the winter months indicated that the response of belowground respiration to the soil‐warming treatment increased in magnitude (response equated to a Q10 value of 5.7 compared with ∼2.3 during the growing season). However, it appeared that this response was partly caused by a strong indirect effect of soil warming. When measurements were made at a common temperature, belowground respiration remained higher in the warmed subplots suggesting soil warming had maintained a more active microbial community through the winter months. It is proposed that any changes in winter temperatures, resulting from global warming, could alter the sink strength of terrestrial ecosystems considerably.
Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: McCARTHY HEATHER R. , OREN RAM , FINZI ADRIEN C. , ELLSWORTH DAVID S. , KIM HYUN‐SEOK , JOHNSEN KURT H. , MILLAR BONNIE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIncreased canopy leaf area (L) may lead to higher forest productivity and alter processes such as species dynamics and ecosystem mass and energy fluxes. Few CO2enrichment studies have been conducted in closed canopy forests and none have shown a sustained enhancement ofL. We reconstructed 8 years (1996–2003) ofLat Duke's Free Air CO2Enrichment experiment to determine the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2concentration ([CO2]) onLbefore and after canopy closure in a pine forest with a hardwood component, focusing on interactions withtemporalvariation in water availability andspatialvariation in nitrogen (N) supply. The dynamics ofLwere reconstructed using data on leaf litterfall mass and specific leaf area for hardwoods, and needle litterfall mass and specific leaf area combined with needle elongation rates, and fascicle and shoot counts for pines. The dynamics of pineLproduction and senescence were unaffected by elevated [CO2], althoughLsenescence for hardwoods was slowed. Elevated [CO2] enhanced pineLand the total canopyL(combined pine and hardwood species;P<0.050); on average, enhancement following canopy closure was ∼16% and 14% respectively. However, variation in pineLand its response to elevated [CO2] was not random. Each year pineLunder ambient and elevated [CO2] wasspatiallycorrelated to the variability in site nitrogen availability (e.g.r2=0.94 and 0.87 in 2001, whenLwas highest before declining due to droughts and storms), with the [CO2]‐induced enhancement increasing with N (P=0.061). Incorporating data on N beyond the range of native fertility, achieved through N fertilization, indicated that pineLhad reached the site maximum under elevated [CO2] where native N was highest. Thus closed canopy pine forests may be able to increase leaf area under elevated [CO2] in moderate fertility sites, but are unable to respond to [CO2] in both infertile sites (insufficient resources) and sites having high levels of fertility (maximum utilization of resources). The total canopyL, representing the combinedLof pine and hardwood species, was constant across the N gradient under both ambient and elevated [CO2], generating a constant enhancement of canopyL. Thus, in mixed species stands,Lof canopy hardwoods which developed on lower fertility sites (∼3 g N inputs m−2 yr−1) may be sufficiently enhanced under elevated [CO2] to compensate for the lack of response in pineL, and generate an appreciable response of total canopyL(∼14%).