bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ethanol on Oxygen Uptake and on Blood Glucose Concentration in Anesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Perman E. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn urethane‐anesthetized rabbits infusions of small doses of ethanol (0.2–0.4 g/kg) produced an immediate increase in oxygen uptake (10–15 per cent). There was also an increase in blood glucose. The increase in oxygen uptake was apparently not primarily due to increased skeletal muscle activity or to increased secretion from the adrenal medulla, and it is suggested that ethanol or one of its metabolites has a direct stimulating effect on the metabolism. The hyperglycemia was apparently due to increased secretion of adrenal medullary hormones. — It is emphasized that these ethanol effects were obtained in a low dose‐range.
Increase in Oxygen Uptake After Small Ethanol Doses in Man
Authors: Perman E. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt has generally been concluded from earlier work that ethanol has little or no effect on oxygen uptake in man. The present experiments were made on 7 healthy young men. Oxygen uptake was determined before and after intake of a small ethanol dose (0.3 g/kg) and in control experiments without ethanol. The oxygen uptake was moderately increased 20–50 min after intake of ethanol. No concomitant increases in respiratory rate, heart rate or general motor activity were seen.
Normal and Epileptic EEG Patterns Related to Cortical Oxygen Tension in the Cat
Authors: Ingvar David H. , Lübbers Dietrich W. , Siesjö Bo K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe oxygen tension of the cerebral cortex was measured in relative terms with a polaro‐graphic technique (membrane covered platinum electrode of the Clarktype; Lübbers1960) in lightly, or non‐anaesthetized cat preparations of theencéphaleorcerveau isolétype. In steady states with controlled systemic circulation and respiration, the cortical pO2measured was found to be stable. Only small changes in cortical pO2were seen during periods of slowly changing EEG patterns. Acute EEG changes, on the other hand, induced by electrical stimulation, or chemically, were accompanied by regular, reproducible changes in cortical pO2, indicating – under these conditions — a correlation between EEG pattern and cortical oxygen consumption. The arousal reaction of the EEG elicited by electrical stimulation of the meso‐diencephalic brain stem was studied especially. It was accompanied by a biphasic change in cortical pO2with a small initial decrease and a more constant subsequent large increase, proportional to stimulus strength and of duration about equal to the EEG change. The pO2change during arousal was interpreted as due to an acute increase of the cortical oxygen consumption, which was secondarily modified by concomitant local cortical vasomotor reactions. The results support the view that the cortical oxygen tension is stabilized by homeostatic mechanisms which adapt the blood flow to the functional demands. When the functional demands are greater than the supply, the pO2level falls. This was especially evident during epileptic seizures, when the pO2level fell markedly and pathologic patterns appeared in the EEG.
The Pause During Contraction in the Discharge of the Spindle Afferents from Primary End Organs in Gat Extensor Muscles
Authors: Granit Ragnar , Meulen J. P. van der 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecently much detailed information has become available about the structural design of the muscle spindles. It seems highly pertinent that the large spindle‐afferents from primary end organs possess two kinds of terminals, one set deriving from the nuclear bag of special ‘nuclear bag’‐fibres, another from purely muscular, short, so‐called ‘nuclear chain’‐fibres. Also spindles may vary in length over more than a tenfold range (cat). The pause in the discharge of the muscle spindles in isometric contraction has been studied and the findings evaluated from the point of view of spindle anatomy. The primary end organs were found to fall into two groups, long‐pause spindles and short‐pause spindles. This grouping is assumed to express their anatomical length. This may vary between 2 and 22 mm. The pause either ended with a phasic burst, often succeeded by a brief, secondary pause, or else the discharge was resumed in a tonic fashion. Thus spindles were ‘phasic’ or ‘tonic’ with respect to how they resumed firing after the ‘pause’. Nearly all the ‘tonic’ spindles were found among the long‐pause spindles. The hypothesis adopted to explain the phasic‐tonic differentiation is that phasic spindles are dominated by ‘nuclear bag’‐fibres, tonic ones by ‘nuclear chain’‐fibres. Spindles are also known to vary considerably with regard to the relative number of these two different fibre types.
Simultaneous Measurement of Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate and Urine Secretion in the Separate Kidneys of Anesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Berlin Maths 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method has been evolved for studies on anesthetized rabbits of the renal uptake, extraction and excretion of substances. Renal vasoconstriction, which frequently occurs in rabbits during surgical procedures, was partly prevented by premedication with reserpine. In 11 anesthetized rabbits, variations in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and extraction of diodrast were simultaneously studied. Stability of‐renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and urine flow could be maintained for several hours. By means of changes in the blood volume or the size of the extracellular fluid space, variations could readily be produced in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. These two variables showed strong correlation. Diodrast extraction showed no large variations. The right and the left kidney varied in the same way with respect to blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urine flow.
Plasma and Liver Lipids of Ethionine‐Treated Rāts
Authors: Olivecrona Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe changes in liver and plasma lipid concentrations caused by ethionine have been studied in the rat. A dose‐response curve was obtained for one time interval. For a constant dosage the time response curve was measured. The response of rats of different sex and nutritional state was also studied. Ethionine caused a rise in liver lipids, essentially confined to the glyceride fraction, a fall of plasma phospholipids, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol and glycerides and a rise of plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The liver lipids rose to a higher level in fasted female than in fasted male rats. Male rats also required a higher dose of ethionine for maximal response. Carbohydrate feeding to otherwise fasted female rats diminished, but did not abolish, the liver fat accumulation. The changes in plasma and liver lipid levels were maximal 24 hours after the ethionine administration. At 72 hours the liver lipids had fallen again almost to the zero time value. During the recovery phase the plasma glycerides rose above the zero time value and at 72 hours were 3 times higher.
Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma and Tissue Lipids of Normal and Ethionine‐Treated Rats
Authors: Arvidson Gösta , Olivecrona Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, adipose tissue and carcass NFFA, FFA and PLFA have been studied in normal and ethionine‐treated fasted female rats. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and carcass lipids and also that of plasma FFA were uninfluenced by ethionine‐treatment. Thus, there was no sign of any qualitative difference in the mobilization of fatty acids from the depots in the ethionine‐treated rats. The fatty acid composition of liver NFFA and PLFA and of plasma TGFA, CEFA and PLFA on the other hand were significantly changed by ethionine‐treatment. In the normal rats most of the ratios between the fatty acids were different in liver NFFA and adipose tissue NFFA. In the ethionine‐treated rats the ratios not containing linoleic acid were not significantly different in liver NFFA and adipose tissue NFFA. This agreement is taken as evidence for adipose tissue NFFA being the source of the increased liver NFFA. As linoleic acid cannot be synthesized in the rat, the linoleic acid, which was present in the accumulated liver NFFA in an even higher percentage than in adipose tissue NFFA, must also have derived from an extrahepatic tissue, most probably adipose tissue.
The Renal Excretion of Lipoid Soluble Substances as Exemplified by the Excretion of Ethanol
Authors: Crone Christian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present communication deals with the excretion pattern of ethanol, an organic substance for which the kidney is a very poor organ of excretion. The purpose of testing this substance was to see whether the general laws relating chemical constitution and ability to penetrate cellular membranes, as formulated by Collanderand Bärlund, are applicable to the renal tubular cells. The findings were in accordance with that general rule. Contrary to what is usually found for passively transferred substances with higher clearances, the U/P‐ratio's were found to be lowest at low rates or urine flow. The U/P‐ratio's varied between 0.9—1.1 over a wide range of rates of urine flow. Further, it was shown that for ethanol the renal papilla only very slowly attains equilibrium with the arterial plasma and as ethanol in the final urine is probably in equilibrium with the interstitial tissue of the papilla this fact stresses the absolute necessity of maintaining a constant concentration of ethanol in the arterial blood in experiments on the renal treatment of this substance. Where easily diffusible substances are concerned the renal papilla behaves to some extent as an autonomous part of the kidney.
Urine Oxygen Tension; Lack of Correlationto Some Renal Functions
Authors: Aukland Knut 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUrine oxygen tension (UpO2) can be varied independently of oxygen tension of renal venous blood and renal blood flow by means of vasoactive drugs. It is assumed that UpO2 is determined by pO2 in the renal papilla by equilibration across the walls of the collecting ducts. UpO2 might therefore be a function of the rate of blood flow to the medulla and papilla. To test this hypothesis 8 experiments were carried out in Nembutal‐anesthetized dogs. UpO2 was recorded polarographically, and was varied between 8 and 60 mm Hg by i. v. infusion of histamine, papaverine, adrenaline and nor‐adrenaline. UpO2 showed no consistent correlation to THc2O, EPAH or CUrea/CCr, functions which might be expected to depend on the rate of medullary blood flow. The experiments thus gave no support for the hypothesis that the variations in UpO2 were due to variations in medullary blood flow. No definite conclusion is permitted, however, because the dependency of these parameters on medullary blood flow has not been proved.
The Effects of Fusimotor Activity on the Static Responsiveness of Primary and Secondary Endings of Muscle Spindles in the Decerebrate Cat
Authors: Jansen J. K. S. , Matthews P. B. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of fusimotor activity on the static behaviour of soleus muscle spindle receptors in the decerebrate cat has been investigated by comparing their responses before and after ventral root section. The endings were classified as primary or secondary according to the conduction velocities of their afferent fibres. Their static behaviour was assessed by measuring their frequency of discharge at different lengths 0.5 sec after completion of a slow stretch at 3 mm/sec. Fusimotor activity increased the static responses of both kinds of ending; measured at physiological full extension, the average increase was slightly greater for primary than for secondary endings. The static responses of both kinds of ending tended to increase or decrease together when the level of fusimotor activity changed. The static sensitivity (slope of frequency‐extension relation) of both kinds of ending was commonly, but not invariably, increased by fusimotor activity. These findings, in conjunction with previous work, show that the behaviour of primary and of secondary endings is more alike under static than under dynamic conditions. This is discussed in relation to the possible functions of the secondary ending.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine in the Schultz‐Dale Reaction
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof , Westerholm Barbro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhen anaphylactic smooth muscle contraction (Schultz‐Dale reaction) was produced in ileum and uterus of the rat and guinea pig, it led to release of a substance which had contractile effect on guinea‐pig ileum but not on highly 5‐HT sensitive rat uterus. Following the Schultz‐Dale reaction, the tissues showed no significant changes in 5‐HT or histamine content when compared to controls from the same animals. However, the individual variation in amine content was high. Sensitized rat and guinea‐pig tissues, when incubated with antigen, exhibited no measurable release of 5‐HT. A decrease of the very low 5‐HT content of rat uterus was, however, noted when uteri from many animals were pooled and incubated. Histamine was liberated from uterus of both rat and guinea pig but not from ileum. It is concluded that 5‐HT is probably not involved in the Schultz‐Dale reaction in the guinea pig though it may be partly responsible for the anaphylactic contraction of rat uterus.
Autonomic Nervous Control of Uveal Blood Flow
Authors: Bill Anders 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA study was made of the influence of the autonomic nervous system and its transmitter substances on the vascular resistance UVR influencing the blood flow through the uvea in rabbits and cats. The results were analyzed and interpreted on the basis of an α‐, β‐and γ‐receptor concept. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetics produced considerable increments in UVR in both species, indicating α‐receptors. Isopropylnoradrenaline given intraarterially did not change UVR in any of the species. Neither did i. a. administration of adrenaline after pretreatment with dibenzyline. There was then no indication for β‐receptors. Acetylcholine given i. a. reduced UVR in both the species indicating γ‐receptors. These receptors could be activated neither by stimulation of the ciliary ganglion (experiments only in cats) nor by stimulation of the cervical sympathetics. The γ‐receptors therefore seem not to be innervated by any of these routes. Results indicate that the flow reactions in the choroid were about the same as those within the anterior uvea.
Effect of Phlorizin on the in Vitro Release of Histamine from Lung Tissue1
Authors: Diamant Bertil 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHistamine release was induced from sensitized guinea‐pig lung tissue by antigen, and from non‐sensitized rat lung tissue by compound 48/80. Phlorizin (10‐3M) had no apparent inhibitory effect on the histamine‐releasing reactions when elicited under nitrogen in the presence of 5.6 × 10‐3M glucose. When the glucose concentration was decreased to 7 × 10‐4M, phlorizin (10‐3M) inhibited histamine release under nitrogen in both reactions, to the same extent as did nitrogenation in the absence of glucose. Under nitrogen, the enhancing effect of glucose was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of phlorizin. In both reactions, its inhibitory effect decreased with rising glucose concentration. The results are interpreted to indicate that phlorizin inhibits histamine release mainly by inhibiting the transport of glucose.
The Removal of Dietary Chylomicrons and Artificial Fat Emulsions from the Circulation of Rats
Authors: Edgren B. , Meng H. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose with the investigation was to compare the removal of three different artificial intravenous fat emulsions from the blood of nonfasted rats with the removal from blood of washed chylomicrons collected from rats fed cottonseed oil. The injected dose of glycerides varied between 300 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight. The elimination pattern of the injected particulate fat was determined turbidimetrically. The chylomicrons as well as the different emulsions showed an exponential type of disappearance during the major part of the elimination process. Two of the tested emulsions contained vegetable oil stabilized with phospholipids. These emulsions showed an elimination rate very similar to that of chylomicrons. The third emulsion (“SR”), lacking phospholipids and containing vegetable oil stabilized with synthetic agents, disappeared from blood significantly faster than chylomicrons. With all the injected substrates the elimination rate decreased with increasing fat loads.
Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation in the Dog Kidney
Authors: Aukland K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBlood from the various zones of the intact kidney of anesthetized dogs was collected by puncture with glass capillaries, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage (% HbO2) determined spectrophotometrically. The mean values of 93 samples in 7 dogs from the renal cortex, outer and inner medullary zone, respectively, were: 68, 65 and 45% HbO2 during air respiration and 83, 71 and 47% HbO2 during oxygen respiration. The mean cortical % HbO2 was found to be 4% HbO2 lower than renal venous HbO2. The mean urine oxygen tension during air respiration was 23 mm Hg and during oxygen respiration 33 mm Hg. No correlation could be demonstrated between inner medullary HbO2 and corresponding urine pO2. It is concluded, however, that the low HbO2 in the inner medulla supports the hypothesis that urine pO2 is determined in the inner medulla by equilibration across the walls of the collecting ducts. The slight influence of oxygen respiration on inner medullary HbO2 may be due to a counter‐current effect of the vasa recta.
Blood Coagulation Studies in Hedgehogs, in a Hibernating and a Non‐Hibernating State, and in Dogs, Hypothermic and Normothermic
Authors: Biörgk Gunnar , Johansson Bengt W. , Nilsson Inga Marie 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDifferent coagulation factors were studied in hedgehogs during hibernation, and during the non‐hibernating state. The dog was chosen as a non‐hibernator. It was studied before cooling, at a body temperature of 30° G and 25° C during cooling, at 30° C during rewarming, just after rewarming and at different times after rewarming. The results are given in the tables. The hedgehogs showed a prolonged coagulation and recalcification time during hibernation compared with the values observed in non‐hibernating animals. The prothrombin two‐stage test and the prothrombin and factor VII determinations showed lower values in late August than in May—June. The anti‐thrombin activity was increased in the hibernating hedgehogs compared with the non‐hibernating animals. No circulating anticoagulant and no fibrinolysis were demonstrable in the hedgehogs. In the dogs the prothrombin and factor VII values decreased in the later phase of the rewarming and remained at a low level during the first few days after rewarming. The following days these factors increased to levels above the original ones. The antithrombin activity showed a marked rise after rewarming. In the rewarming phase there was in six dogs an increased fibrinolytic activity.
Electrophysiological Investigation of the Gustatory Effect of Various Biological Sugars
Authors: Andersen H. T. , Funakoshi M. , Zotterman Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe stimulation characteristics of various sugars found in biological material have been studied in the mongrel dog. Equimolar solutions of D‐fructose, L‐sorbose, D‐galac‐tose, D‐glucose, D‐mannose, sucrose, maltose and lactose were applied to the tongue of the experimental animal, and the electrical response in the whole chorda tympani or in functional single fibres of this nerve recorded and analyzed. The following order of decreasing stimulating ability have been established for the sugars tested using the electrical response recorded from the un‐split chorda tympani as a basis for comparison: D‐fructose > sucrose > L‐sorbose > D‐mannose > D‐glucose > maltose > D‐galactose > lactose. The information obtained from functional single fibres generally verified this order of the various sugars, with the exception that maltose in a few instances elicited an unusually large response. A comparison of the physical constants of the sugars revealed that large stimulating ability of a sugar appeared to be in some way related to high water solubility of the molecule. All of the fibres responding to the sugar solutions were tested with solutions of sodium chloride and quinine. Some fibres appeared specific for sweet stimuli whereas others responded to sodium chloride as well. Response to sugar and quinine was never observed in the same fibre. The results obtained by this direct method of study agree well with earlier psychophysiological investigations.
Erythropoietic Activity of Saline Washings of Blood Cells Subjected to Low Atmospheric Pressure in vitro
Authors: Hellens Yrsa v. , Hirsjärvi Eva , Nikiforow Rita 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to test the effect of initial hemolysis on the formation of erythropoietins in vitro, saline suspensions of partially hemolysed and non‐hemolysed washed blood cells were subjected to low atmospheric pressure, and the erythropoietic activity tested by injecting samples of the saline into test rabbits. The recipient animals in the“non‐hemolysed group reacted to the injection with an increase in the erythrocyte and reticulocyte count, while in the ”hemolysed group“ the injection was ineffective save for a transient reticulocytosis. It is concluded that the active agent or its precursor is lost from the blood during initial hemolysis.
Effect of Insulin on the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm By Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn experiments on isolated stomach muscle from rabbit in Krebs‐Henseleit bicarbonate buffer and on bovine mesenteric arteries in Tyrode solution, insulin stimulated the synthesis of glycogen but had no demonstrable effect on the lactic acid production.
Nervous and Local Chemical Control of Pre‐Capillary Sphincters in Skeletal Muscle as Measured by Changes in Filtration Coefficient
Authors: Cobbold By A. , Folkow B. , Kjellmer I. , Mellander S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe influence of nervous and local chemical factors on the pre‐capillary sphincter section of the muscle vascular bed has been studied in terms of changes in the filtration coefficient (CFC). The results suggest that the vasoconstrictor fibres, beside their powerful influence on the resistance and capacitance vessels, affect also the pre‐capillary sphincters, which determine the number of capillaries open to flow. However, the influence exerted by the centrally controlled vasoconstrictor fibres on the pre‐capillary sphincters in the skeletal muscles is rapidly overcome by ‘vasodilator metabolites’, accumulating when flow is reduced or metabolism is increased. Such local metabolic factors exert an especially powerful control of the sphincter section as compared with the neurogenic influence. Thus CFC in the skeletal muscles tends to rise at any decrease of blood flow/ tissue metabolism ratio e. g. from ‘resting’ values around 0.015 up to 0.04—0.05, during muscular exercise; an increase also occurs when flow is reduced. Flow reduction following mechanical arterial obstruction induces a relatively greater CFC increase than when flow is reduced by the constrictor fibres, which unmasks their weak but still significant influence on the pre‐capillary sphincter section.