bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Versatile, Practical, and Inexpensive Reagent, Pyridine-3-carboxylic Anhydride (3-PCA), for Condensation Reactions
Authors: Funasaka Setsuo , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A highly useful method for the preparation of carboxylic esters and carboxamides from various carboxylic acids was established by using a novel condensing reagent, pyridine-3-carboxylic anhydride (3-PCA), in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as an activator. The reactions of various carboxylic acids with nucleophiles, such as alcohols or amines, afforded the corresponding carboxylic acids or carboxamides in good to high yields under mild conditions by using simple experimental procedure. In addition, it was confirmed that this protocol was applicable to a gram-scale synthesis and the by-products, including pyridine-3-carboxylic acid and pyridine-3-carboxylate (or pyridine-3-carboxamide) produced in situ, were easily removed by using a simple aqueous workup.
Efficient Oxidative Coupling of Thiols into Disulfides Using N-tert-Butyl-N-chlorocyanamide
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Kaushik Mahabir Parshad 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Reaction of aliphatic/aromatic/heterocyclic thiols with N-tert-butyl-N-chlorocyanamide in presence of sodium bromide is described. The reaction was very rapid and resulted in the formation of disulfides in excellent yields under mild conditions.
Isolable Iron(II)–Porphycene Derivative Stabilized by Introduction of Trifluoromethyl Groups on the Ligand Framework
Authors: Ito Kazuyuki , Matsuo Takashi , Aritome Isao , Hisaeda Yoshio , Hayashi Takashi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Two iron porphycene complexes having four trifluoromethyl groups, chloro-2,7,12,17-tetraethyl-3,6,13,16-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphycenatoiron(III) [FeIIIClEtio(CF3)4Pc] and its μ-oxo dimer [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)], were characterized. The μ-oxo dimer was easily converted into the monomeric iron(II) complex via the Fe–O bond cleavage in pyridine. This is the first study to obtain a stable iron(II) species in a series of porphycene iron complexes. The iron(II) species crystallized in the monoclinic system C2⁄m, and the Fe–Npyridyl (2.007 Å) and Fe–Npyrrolyl (1.958 Å) bonds were remarkably short distances among the bispyridine-coordinated iron(II) porphyrins and porphyrinoids. To evaluate the influences of the CF3 substituents and framework structure on the autoreduction, we compared the reactivity of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] in pyridine with the reference iron porphycene and porphyrins. Autoreduction of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] smoothly proceeded at 20 °C in pyridine, whereas the reaction of the μ-oxo-bis{2,7,12,17-tetraethyl-3,6,13,16-tetramethylporphycenatoiron(III)} [{FeIIIEtio(CH3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] was converted into the monomeric iron(III) complex, and the iron(II) species was not available. In contrast, the μ-oxo-bis{1,3,5,7-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-2,4,6,8-tetraethylporphyrinatoiron(III)}[{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Por}2(μ-O)] as a structural isomer of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] allowed the autoreduction, although the reaction was very slow and took over one month. These results indicate that the introduction of strong electron-withdrawing groups at the pyrrole β-carbons exhibits a unique reactivity of the iron complex.
Zwei Heilige zu einer Ikone vom Sinai in Kiev
Authors: Thümmel Hans Georg 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Im Jahre 1850 hat der russische Archimandrit Porfirij Uspenskij von einer Reise nach dem Sinai unter anderem vier Ikonen mitgebracht, die zu den ältesten ihrer Gattung gehören. Es handelt sich um eine Ikone mit der Darstellung der Gottesmutter, eine mit Johannes dem Vorläufer, eine Tafel mit der Darstellung zweier Heiliger, die durch spätere Inschriften als Sergios und Bakchos bezeichnet werden, und schließlich um eine weitere Ikone mit den Brustbildern zweier Heiliger. Nach dem Tode Uspenskijs kamen die Tafeln mit der übrigen Sammlung 1885 in das Kirchlich-archäologische Museum an der Geistlichen Akademie Kiev, später (1940) in das Staatliche Kiever Museum für westliche und östliche Kunst. Beschreibungen oder Listen der Ikonen hat Uspenskij nicht hinterlassen, und auch sein schriftlicher Nachlaß gab keine Auskünfte. Bereits 1886 hat Petrov einen Katalog erstellt, und auch schon die Ikonen zumeist in das 6./7. Jahrhundert datiert. Auf diesen Katalog ist er jedoch später nicht mehr zurückgekommen. J. Strzygowski sah die letztgenannte Ikone, als sie auf dem 7. archäologischen Kongreß in Moskau 1890 ausgestellt war, und er hat sich ausführlich mit ihr auseinandergesetzt. Freilich war der Publikation noch keine vollständige Photographie beigegeben. Dann sind die Sinai-Ikonen anscheinend in einem Museumsführer 1897 publiziert worden. Eine ausführliche Untersuchung widmete 1902 Ajnalov diesen Ikonen, 1912 folgte die Publikation durch Petrov im Inventarband des Museums, die sich an den betr. Stellen eng an Ajnalov anlehnt, ja dessen Text wörtlich übernimmt.
Theodorus II Ducas Lascaris. Opuscula rhetorica. Ed. A. TARTAGLIA
Authors: Bevegni Claudio 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
E' naturale che a pubblicare l'intero corpus degli opuscoli retorici di Teodoro II Duca Lascari (1221–1258; imperatore dal 1254 al 1258) sia Luigi Tartaglia [da ora in avanti = Tart.], giacché buona parte di tali testi avevano visto la luce per la prima volta proprio per opera sua; ed è altrettanto naturale che il livello di tale edizione integrale sia alto, data la competenza e la lunga militanza di Tart. nel campo della bizantinistica. Per la precisione, gli opuscoli costituenti il corpus sono in tutto dieci ed appartengono ai generi letterari pìù diversi (in questo quadro, il termine “retorici” con il quale sono designati i dieci opuscoli nel loro complesso rappresenta un'utile convenzione). Di tali opuscoli, due vengono qui editi per la prima volta (opp. 1 e 8); cinque sono ripubblicati, con ritocchi, dall'editor princeps di essi (opp. 2, 6, 7, 9 e 10); due erano già stati editi da altri studiosi, ma sulla base di un unico manoscritto e, dunque, in modo non scientifico (opp. 3 e 4); uno solo (op. 5) era stato pubblicato sulla scorta di tutti e quattro i manoscritti esistenti degli opuscoli stessi da A. Ph. Markopoulos nel 1968.
H. A. DRAKE, Constantine and the Bishops. The politics of intolerance
Authors: Rist Josef 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
“This is a book about politics.” (XV) Bereits der erste Satz des Vorwortes gibt die Zielrichtung vor. Der an der University of California in Santa Barbara lehrende Althistoriker Harold A. Drake (D.) hat es sich auf mehr als 600 Seiten – der Verfasser spricht bescheiden von “a sketch” (XVII) – zum Ziel gesetzt, die facettenreiche Gestalt des spätantiken römischen Kaisers Konstantin (306–337) und seine Religionspolitik primär aus der Perspektive des begabten, auf einen umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Konsens hinarbeitenden Politikers zu beschreiben.
R. W. BURGESS, Studies in Eusebian and Post-Eusebian Chronography
Authors: Rist Josef 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Die Monographie, die der in Ottawa lehrende Althistoriker Richard W. Burgess (B.) geschrieben hat, ist alles andere als eine leichte Lektüre. Dies ist ihrem Inhalt zuzuschreiben, geht es doch um nicht weniger als die Rekonstruktion und inhaltliche Auswertung von verlorenen spätantiken Chroniken, die nur mit großer Mühe aus meist späteren Quellen wiederhergestellt werden können.
A Citation Analysis of Research in Implicit Religion Published Outside the Journal Implicit Religion
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan 
Published: January 2008

Lewis (2005) provided a bibliometric analysis of the term ‘implicit religion’ within a selection of popular databases, and found that only a modest amount of articles actually cited the term (n = 77). He concluded the term ‘implicit religion’ has not yet gained widespread attention. Tangentially, Lewis questioned if the literature on ‘implicit religion’ was dominated by a small number of highly influential, and hence widely cited, articles. To test this, the present study empirically examined the frequency with which each of these 77 publications that cited the term ‘implicit religion’ had been subsequently cited. Each of these publications was entered into the Web of Science Citation Index database.
In total, the 77 publications had been collectively cited 98 times, and the frequency of citations ranged from 0 to 27, with a mean citation count of 1.28. Of the 77 publications entered into the database, only 19 publications were
cited. The five most highly cited publications were: Davie (1990; 27 citations), Bailey (1983; 17 citations), Bailey (1990c; 9 citations) and Allcock (1988; 8 citations). These data suggest that the implicit religion literature is dominated by a small number of publications that are published by a small number of authors. However, these publications are not widely cited themselves. Limitations of the present study are discussed.
A Literature Analysis of the WAG Injectivity Abnormalities in the CO2 Process
Authors: Rogers John D. , Grigg Reid B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
As a result of research in the 1950s and 1960s, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been implemented at the pilot and project stage in the petroleum industry since the early 1970s. A plethora of articles have been produced on the problems and successes of using CO2 as an enhanced oil recovery process. A number of the operational problems regarding full-scale implementation have been settled to some degree. The WAG (water alternating with gas) technique to improve mobility efficiency of the higher mobile CO2 gas over the lower mobile reservoir fluids was an evolutionary step in the technical and economic implementation of CO2 as a tertiary recovery process. This combination of two improved oil recovery processes (waterflooding and gas injection) resulted in a problem that has perplexed the industry since implementing the pilot studies in the early 1970s. A recent survey conducted by New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (NMPRRC) on CO2 flooding indicated that injectivity abnormalities during WAG cycles has been a crucial limiting factor in many projects. Additionally the WAG process has been expanded to include most gas injection processes of enhancing hydrocarbon recovery - immiscible and miscible processes.
Based on the fluid flow properties of CO2 and other IOR gases, one would intuitively expect that gas injectivity would be greater than the waterflood brine injectivity. However, in practice this behavior is not always observed. In addition, water injectivity may be higher or lower than the waterflood brine injectivity. What is more perplexing is that some reservoirs may lose injectivity and others may increase injectivity after the first slug of gas (CO2) is injected. In addition, this phenomenon may occur on a local scale. Injection wells in the same field and reservoir may have significantly different behavior. A number of researchers have studied and proposed reasons for this phenomenon over the past 20 years.
This paper summarizes the hypothesis and theories as to the causes and expectations of injectivity behavior in various CO2 and gas flooded reservoirs. The intent of the paper is to:
Provide a concise compendium to the current understanding of the WAG mechanism and predictability, Provide a comprehensive single source review of the causes and conditions of injectivity abnormalities in CO2/gas flood EOR projects, Aid in formulating the direction of research, and Help operators develop operational and design strategies for current and future projects as well as input parameters for simulating current and future projects.
Using Wellhead Sampling Data to Predict Reservoir Saturation Pressure
Authors: Yi Xiangyi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The PVT properties of reservoir fluids, which include saturation pressure, gas oil ratio, volume factor, viscosity, and compressibility, are keyparameters to a series of calculations such as reserve and production, in whichsaturation pressure is more important in oil field development. The main methodto determine the saturation pressure is from bottomhole sampling data.
This paper attempts to develop a method to predict the saturation pressurebased on the information from wellhead sampling. The method presented in thispaper is first to exploit the combination relation of the fluid specificgravity and gas-oil ratio, then calculate saturation pressure and plot therelationship curve. The accuracy of the saturation pressure predicted by themethod has been found very good.
The method introduced in the paper can solve some problems that saturationpressure can not be determined because samples are not available, it reducesthe possibility of production reduction because of sampling. It can reduce theamounts of samples from deep wells, which can lower costs.

Introduction
The PVT properties of reservoir fluids, which include saturation pressure, gasoil ratio, volume factor, viscosity, and compressibility, are key parameters toa series of calculations such as reserve and production, in which saturationpressure is more important in oil field development.
In oil field development, saturation pressure is a very important parameter.Typically, it is determined by subsurface sampling in laboratory. Though thismethod is direct and reliable, the drawbacks are also obvious:The sampled wells must be uniform distributed on a plane;Using a small choke controls production for a certain period of time toreach stabilization;Bad conditions or unacceptable samples alter the working system thatinfluences the normal production at some of sampled wells.
All of those will affect the normal production. For example, there are thirtysubsurface oil samples ever year in Kelamay Oil Filed in China, which requiresmore than fifty sampled wells. If the production is forty tons per well, whosechoke is 4 mm (the sampled wells are usually high-yield wells in reservoir).Sampling requires changing the choke size from 4 mm to 1.5 mm, therefore, theproduction will reduce 50%. Typically, one week is the shortest period ofcontrolling producing, then there are nearly 2,000 tons as production reductionfrom the fifty wells. Therefore, a number of petroleum engineers look for anindirect method that can get saturation pressure by exploiting plenty of datafrom laboratory. The many methods are recently introduced in literature1–3.However, those methods are good to some specific oil reservoirs, and they cannot ideally validated by case histories. Therefore, it is necessary to use theactual cases in Kelamay oil field to study this field.
New Concept in Well Testing: The Compact Cyclone Multiphase System
Authors: Scott Bentley N. , Kvamsdal Dag 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A compact cyclone multiphase meter (CCM meter) developed by Statoil and Kværner Process Systems utilizes a compact gas liquid cyclone to separate liquid and gas, before individual measurement of the two phases by conventional single phase instruments, followed by re-mixing downstream of the measurement section. The most unique feature of this cyclone is the simple control scheme which provides for large turn down ratios. The instrumentation has been implemented into the water cut analyzer electronics to provide for a complete stand alone system. Field test data will be presented along with its impact on reservoir management.
Integration of Conventional Fracturing, Coiled Tubing, and Retrievable Tool Technology
Authors: McConkey Stuart , Stromquist Marty 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a new method for accessing thin, gas-bearing sands in previously completed shallow wells in western Canada. Of the thousands of shallow gas wells completed in this large field, many contain gas zones that were never completed. Many of these zones were believed to be uneconomical or too thin to be completed with conventional limited-entry fracturing technology. As gas prices have increased, these previously bypassed gas zones have become more attractive to operators in the area. Now, an improved recompletion technique integrates conventional fracturing, coiled tubing, and retrievable downhole tool technology to access the previously bypassed gas zones.
Selective Chemical Water Shutoffs Utilizing Through-Tubing Inflatable Packer Technology
Authors: Plante Mark E. , Mackenzie Gordon R. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper will outline the history, and operation of a Through-Tubing selective injection tool used for the purpose of water shutoffs. This tool is an inflatable, re-settable, coiled tubing-conveyed straddle packer assembly designed to run through production tubing and isolate a portion of perforated, screened, slotted, or open hole allowing precise placement of water blocking chemicals, Acidizing, or chemical fluids.
The paper will include a description of 18 field runs of this tool used for water blocking chemicals from 1995 through October 1999 and will examine the 3 case histories listed below in more detail: Through-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job through casing perforations with a single packerThrough-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job of an intermediate zone in 4.5" casingThrough-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job of an intermediate zone in 3.5" screen liner
How To Approximate Effects of Geomechanics in Conventional Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Settari A. T. , Bachman R. C. , Walters D. A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Geomechanics is often represented in conventional reservoir simulators by pressure dependent treatment of porosity and/or permeability. The paper gives a systematic treatment of the subject and shows different methods for pressure-dependent approximations.
Although there is no single method that would provide the best approximation under all circumstances, reasonable approximations exist in several situations. For porosity coupling, the primary factor is the type of deformation. Accurate approximations are given for the cases of uniform depletion with different deformation assumptions. For permeability coupling, new methods have been developed and tested against coupled simulations.
The results show clearly that large errors can result from simple approaches, in estimating both reservoir pressure decline and well productivity/injectivity.
Predictors of Non-carious Loss of Cervical Tooth Tissues
Authors: Chan D. C. N. , Browning W. D. , Pohjola R. , Hackman S. , Myers M. L. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
In this sample of subjects, age, premolars and the presence of corrosive factors were found to be significantly associated with NLCTT. The long-term success of treating such a lesion is dependent on properly identifying and eliminating the etiologic factors.
Polymerization Efficiency of Different Photocuring Units Through Ceramic Discs
Authors: Jung H. , Friedl K. H. , Hiller K. A. , Furch H. , Bernhart S. , Schmalz G. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The ability of modern light curing units to photocure luting resin through ceramic restorations is dependent on the type of light source, ceramic thickness and use of a self-curing catalyst.
SEM Evaluation of a Non-rinse Conditioner and a Self-etching Adhesive Regarding Enamel Penetration
Authors: Miranda M. S. , Cal Neto J. O. A. P. , Barceleiro M. O. , Dias K. R. H. C. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
Although the use of self-etching systems has resulted in regular etch patterns, they have provided less demineralization, preserving enamel surfaces.
Influence of Curing Methods and Matrix Type on the Marginal Seal of Class II Resin-based Composite Restorations In Vitro
Authors: Hofmann N. , Hunecke A. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
Selection of photo-curing protocol (high intensity vs soft-start) and matrix type (transparent vs metal) did not influence the margin quality and marginal seal of Class II resin-based composite restorations.
Immediate Bonding to Bleached Enamel
Authors: El-din A. K. Nour , Miller B. H. , Griggs J. A. , Wakefield C. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
When immediate bonding to bleached enamel is to be implemented, organic-solvent based adhesives are not capable of eliminating or reducing the adverse effect of bleaching systems on bond strength.
Pulse-delay Curing: Influence of Initial Irradiance and Delay Time on Shrinkage Stress and Microhardness of Restorative Composites
Authors: Pfeifer C. S. C. , Braga R. R. , Ferracane J. L. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
New photoactivation protocols need to be tested before being recommended for clinical use. This study suggests that pulse-delay curing may be an efficient way to reduce polymerization shrinkage stress without compromising degree of conversion or polymer network structure.
Bond Strengths of a 1-Step Self-etching System to Caries-affected and Normal Dentin
Authors: Pereira P. N. R. , Nunes M. F. , Miguez P. A. , Swift E. J. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The 1-step self-etching adhesive had significantly higher mean bond strength to normal dentin than to caries-affected dentin. Although Single Bond had a similar tendency, bonds to normal dentin and caries-affected dentin were not significantly different.
Load Capability of Excessively Flared Teeth Restored with Fiber-reinforced Composite Posts and All-ceramic Crowns
Authors: Naumann M. , Preuss A. , Frankenberger R. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The fracture resistance of excessively flared endodontically-treated teeth (ETT) without ferrule preparation is not acceptable. Adhesively luted FRC posts with 2 mm ferrule are recommended.
Comparison of Temperature Changes in the Pulp Chamber Induced by Various Light Curing Units, In Vitro
Authors: Yazici A. R. , Müftü A. , Kugel G. , Perry R. D. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The thickness of the residual dentin is a critical factor in the reducing thermal transfer to pulp, and this transfer varies with the curing unit used.
Step-cure Polymerization: Effect of Initial Light Intensity on Resin/Dentin Bond Strength in Class I Cavities
Authors: Santos A. J. S. , Sarmento C. F. , Abuabara A. , Aguiar F. H. B. , Lovadino J. R. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
Step-cure polymerization using a combination of low initial light intensity (10 seconds at 200–250 mW/cm2) followed by final high intensity irradiation provides an increase in resin/dentin bond strength in box-shaped cavities.
Correlation Between the Amount of Linear Polymerization Shrinkage and Cuspal Deflection
Authors: Lee S-Y. , Park S-H. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
When restoring teeth with Class II cavities, the amount of polymerization shrinkage value of composites determines the amount of cuspal deflection of teeth. Thus, resin composites with low polymerization shrinkage should be used to reduce cuspal deflection.
Microleakage in Conventional and Bonded Amalgam Restorations: Influence of Cavity Volume
Authors: Silva A. F. , Piva E. , Demarco F. F. , Sobrinho L. Correr , Osinaga P. W. R. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
The volume of cavity preparations showed no influence on amalgam restoration microleakage. In most situations, bonded amalgam performed similarly to conventional amalgam restorations. It was also found that microleakage was higher in margins located in cementum-dentin.
Effect of Water Storage on the Bonding Effectiveness of 6 Adhesives to Class I Cavity Dentin
Authors: De Munck J. , Shirai K. , Yoshida Y. , Inoue S. , Van Landuyt K. L. , Lambrechts P. , Suzuki K. , Shintani H. , Van Meerbeek B. 
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance
Recently developed “user-friendly” adhesives do not perform as well as traditional 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesives in the long term.