bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake of rotary NiTi technology within Australia
Authors: Parashos P. , Messer HH 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Rotary NiTi technology was introduced into Australia approximately 10 years ago. Little information is available in the dental literature to explain the adoption of new technology in dentistry. The aim of this paper is to identify and describe demographic features in the uptake of rotary NiTi technology within Australia. Methods: In 2001, a questionnaire survey was mailed to a stratified systematic sample of general dentists and endodontists in Australia. The numbers of dentists in each state adopting the new technology were recorded and the results tabulated and graphed. Results: The response rate for the survey was 87 per cent. Overall, 26 per cent of responders used rotary NiTi instruments with a significantly higher proportion of endodontists (64 per cent) than general dentists (22 per cent). A significantly lower proportion of South Australian metropolitan general dentists used rotary NiTi compared with metropolitan dentists in all other states combined. The rate of uptake by South Australian dentists was lower than the other states. A significantly higher proportion of Queensland endodontists were using rotary NiTi compared with endodontists in New South Wales. A significantly greater proportion of rural dentists had tried and abandoned the new technology than metropolitan dentists. Conclusions: The adoption of rotary NiTi in Australia appears to conform to diffusion of innovation theory and has reached a critical mass making it self‐sustaining.
The ability of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel to inhibit simulated endogenous erosion in tooth roots
Authors: Saunders JGC , McIntyre JM 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Endogenous dental erosion is that produced by contact of gastric acids with tooth structure. It may affect exposed root cementum/ dentine as well as coronal enamel, causing marked loss of mineral. The aim of this study was to determine whether 1.23 per cent acidulated phosphate fluoride gel, if applied to the surface cementum at certain intervals during an erosive acid challenge, could provide any protection against demineralization. Materials and methods: Roots of preserved extracted human teeth were painted with a water and acid resistant varnish, leaving two windows (3times1mm) of exposed dentine. These were placed in a solution containing 0.06MHCl and 2.2mMCaHPO4, which has been shown to simulate gastric acid when it meets the tooth surface. The roots were placed in the erosive solution unprotected (controls), or subject to APF application for four minutes prior to and every 10, 30 or 120 minutes during the erosive challenge. Roots were removed at either 6 or 12 hours, washed thoroughly and cut into 120μm thick sections. Depths of demineralization were measured using an optical graticule under polarized light microscopy. Results: A high level of protection was provided when the roots were coated with APF gel every 10 or 30 minutes. Conclusions: APF gel will partially inhibit endogenous erosion of roots for up to 30 minutes if applied, for example, the night before a morning reflux episode. This should be considered along with other erosion control or reduction procedures for patients suffering from the effects of endogenous erosion.
A concise review of the basic biology and pharmacology of local analgesia
Authors: Subramaniam S. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLocal analgesics are the most commonly used group drugs in dental practice. However, due to their frequent use and high margin of safety, often dental practitioners neglect to properly understand the biology and pharmacology of these drugs. This article reviews the basic concepts of pain, pain pathways, the mode of action of local analgesics and factors which affect their usage. Specific details and properties of some currently available solutions are also outlined. A greater understanding of the biology and pharmacology of local anaesthetics will ultimately lead to safer and more effective use in everyday clinical practice.
Dental fear in Australia: who's afraid of the dentist?
Authors: Armfield JM , Spencer AJ , Stewart JF 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This study aimed to describe both the prevalence of dental fear in Australia and to explore the relationship between dental fear and a number of demographic, socio‐economic, oral health, insurance and service usage variables. Methods: A telephone interview survey of a random sample of 7312 Australian residents, aged five years and over, from all states and territories. Results: The prevalence of high dental fear in the entire sample was 16.1 per cent. A higher percentage of females than males reported high fear (HF). Adults aged 40–64 years old had the highest prevalence of high dental fear with those adults aged 80+ years old having the least. There were also differences between low fear (LF) and HF groups in relation to socio‐economic status (SES), with people from higher SES groups generally having less fear. People with HF were more likely to be dentate, have more missing teeth, be covered by dental insurance and have a longer time since their last visit to a dentist. Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of dental fear within a contemporary Australian population with numerous differences between individuals with HF and LF in terms of socio‐economic, socio‐demographic and self‐reported oral health status characteristics.
Failure to obtain adequate anaesthesia associated with a bifid mandibular canal: a case report
Authors: Lew K. , Townsend G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block is the most common method for obtaining mandibular anaesthesia in dental practice but it is estimated to have a success rate of only 80 to 85 per cent. Causes of failure include problems with operator technique and anatomical variation between individuals. This case report involves a patient who received IAN blocks on two separate occasions that resulted in only partial anaesthesia of the ipsilateral side of the mandible. Radiographic assessment disclosed the presence of bifid mandibular canals that were present bilaterally and that may have affected the outcomes of the local anaesthetic procedures. Previous studies of bifid mandibular canals are reviewed and suggestions provided that should enable clinicians to differentially diagnose, and then manage, cases where IAN blocks result in inadequate mandibular anaesthesia.
Fluoride content of still bottled water in Australia
Authors: Cochrane NJ , Saranathan S. , Morgan MV , Dashper SG 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Recently there has been a considerable increase in the consumption of bottled water in Australia. Overseas studies have found the fluoride levels in many bottled waters are well below levels considered optimal for preventing dental caries. This raises the concern that if bottled water is regularly consumed an effective means of preventing dental caries is unavailable. The aim of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration in 10 popular brands of still bottled water currently sold in Australia. Methods: The fluoride content of water samples were determined using an ion analyser and compared to a fluoride standard. Results: The fluoride concentration of all bottled waters was less than 0.08ppm. Only three of the 10 brands indicated the fluoride content on their labels. Melbourne reticulated water was found to be fluoridated at 1.02ppm. Conclusions: All bottled waters tested contained negligible fluoride which justifies the concern that regular consumption of bottled water may reduce the benefits gained from water fluoridation. It is recommended that all bottled water companies should consider stating their fluoride content on their labels. This will inform consumers and dental care providers of the levels of fluoride in bottled water and allow an informed decision regarding consumption of fluoridated versus non‐ fluoridated drinking water.
Comparison of microshear bond strengths of four self‐etching bonding systems to enamel using two test methods
Authors: Foong J. , Lee K. , Nguyen C. , Tang G. , Austin D. , Ch'ng C. , Burrow MF , Thomas DL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Recent advances in enamel and dentine adhesive technology have resulted in the emergence of many new adhesive systems. Self‐etching bonding systems do not require a separate etching step and the newest systems are the “all‐in‐one” systems which combine etching, priming and bonding into a single application. This study reports laboratory enamel microshear bond strengths of a self‐etching priming and three all‐in‐one systems and also evaluates two different microshear bond test methods. Methods: One hundred and nineteen enamel specimens were bonded (0.8mm diameter) with either Clearfil Protect Bond (Kuraray), Xeno III (Dentsply), G Bond (GC) or One‐Up Bond F (Tokuyama) using Palfique Estelite resin composite and stored in 37°C water for seven days. The microshear bond test method used either a blade or wire to apply the shear stress. Results were analysed with one‐way ANOVA and post hoc (Tukey) multiple comparison analysis. Results: Clearfil Protect Bond demonstrated higher and more consistent bond strengths than Xeno III, G Bond or One‐Up Bond F. The wire method showed much greater reliability in results, with a coefficient of variation half that of the blade method. Conclusions: All‐in‐one adhesives seem to be less reliable than the two‐step self‐etching priming adhesive when bonding to enamel. Test method can significantly affect results in the microshear bond test method.
Discrimination or discretion? Exploring dentists' views on treating patients with hepatitis C
Authors: Temple‐Smith M. , Jenkinson K. , Lavery J. , Gifford SM , Morgan M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: People with hepatitis C (over 259 000 Australians) experience stigma and discrimination, whether perceived or actual, in health care settings. They are less likely to access health care, presenting a major barrier to preventive care and treatment. This study aims to identify factors contributing to such discrimination, barriers to optimal care and strategies to overcome these. Methods: A purposive sample of 25 Victorian dentists took part in semi‐structured interviews to investigate their experiences and attitudes in providing care to people with hepatitis C. Interviews were taped, transcribed and coded for thematic analysis. Results: All dentists interviewed were aware of Standard Precautions. However, there were some who changed practices when seeing a client with hepatitis C, suggesting that they lack confidence in Standard Precautions. When prompted, these dentists were concerned that patients may perceive these actions as discriminatory. All participants, including a small minority who expressed negative views about injecting drug users, felt a professional obligation to treat all patients. Conclusions: Most dentists have appropriate attitudes regarding patients with blood‐borne viruses. However, it is important for dentists to understand how their actions may be interpreted by those who feel sensitive about their status. Dentists need to feel genuinely confident about Standard Precautions and have a realistic view of the infection risk posed by patients with blood‐borne viruses.
An Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander oral health curriculum framework: development experiences in Western Australia
Authors: Bazen J. , Paul D. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIndigenous oral health is widely acknowledged as paralleling the significant issues faced in general health. It is recognized that as part of the process of addressing these issues, practitioners need to be aware of the complex nature of working in an Indigenous social and cultural context, including issues beyond direct health care services. It is against this backdrop that collaborators from The University of Western Australia's (UWA) Centre for Rural and Remote Oral Health (CRROH) and Centre for Aboriginal Medical and Dental Health (CAMDH) developed a comprehensive, integrated Indigenous Oral Health Curriculum Framework for the Bachelor of Dental Science (BDSc) course. This development was based on the existing framework developed by the Committee of Deans of Australian Medical Schools (CDAMS) for medical education but was tailored to the specific issues and needs of oral health.Additional consultation with the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia (OHCWA), the School of Indigenous Studies (SIS) as well as Indigenous Australian groups occurred to ensure the development process was inclusive. The inclusion of an Indigenous Oral Health Curriculum Framework in the BDSc will enable UWA dental graduates to practise dentistry in a culturally appropriate manner. The framework provides the structure for students to develop and demonstrate an understanding of Indigenous histories, cultures and social experiences and how these impact on Indigenous peoples' health. It is anticipated that this will foster more positive and culturally secure patient‐practitioner interactions between UWA dental graduates and Indigenous Australians, thereby making it more likely for Indigenous Australians to present for treatment. The increased awareness of Indigenous oral health issues will hopefully encourage more graduates to become involved in the treatment of Indigenous peoples. The combination of these factors could lead to an improvement in oral health outcomes for Australia's Indigenous peoples and a concomitant positive impact on the general health of Indigenous Australians.
Laser‐activated fluoride treatment of enamel against an artificial caries challenge: comparison of five wavelengths
Authors: Vlacic J. , Meyers IA , Kim J. , Walsh LJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Laser‐activated fluoride (LAF) therapy with 488nm laser energy has been shown previously to increase the resistance of human enamel and dentine to acid dissolution in laboratory models of dental caries. The aims of this study were to examine whether LAF therapy, conducted using a range of wavelengths in the visible and near infrared regions, can protect human dental enamel from an artificial cariogenic challenge.
Materials and methods
: Buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted sound, molar and premolar teeth were used to prepare matched pairs of enamel slabs (N=10 per group). After application of neutral sodium fluoride gel (12300ppm F ion), slab surfaces were lased (energy density 15 J/cm2; spot size 5mm, wavelength 532, 633, 670, 830 or 1064nm), then exposed to an artificial cariogenic challenge for a period of seven days. The Vicker's hardness number (VHN) was recorded before and after laser treatment and again following the cariogenic challenge. Negative controls did not receive laser exposure.
Results
: All wavelengths of laser light examined provided an effective LAF effect, compared with the unlased negative control surfaces.
Conclusion
: Using this in vitro model, we conclude that the action spectrum of the LAF effect extends across the visible and near‐infrared regions of the spectrum.
Profile of the oral health among ambulant older Greek and Italian migrants living in Melbourne
Authors: Mariño R. , Calache H. , Wright C. , Morgan M. , Schofield M. , Minichiello V. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Over the last 50 years an increasing number of migrants have settled in Australia. These immigrants now constitute a large proportion of the Australian population, and some research suggests that they may be at high‐risk for oral diseases. Methods: This paper presents data on the oral health status of a convenience sample of 721 ambulant Greek‐ (n=367) and Italian‐born (n=354) adults aged 55 years or older. The volunteer participants were recruited through ethnic social clubs located in Melbourne, Australia. Results: The sample was largely a dentate one (83.6 per cent); with a mean DMFS score of 67.5 (s.d. 37.4). Dentate participants had 13 per cent of their restorative care unmet, and 57.3 per cent needed oral hygiene instruction plus removal of stain and hard deposits on their teeth. Almost 8 per cent required complex periodontal therapy and 30 per cent of those fully edentulous were in need of full dentures. Conclusions: Comparing these findings with existing data on oral health of older adults in Australia, the participants in this study appear to have lower DMFS scores and a higher prevalence of gingivitis, but less need for complex periodontal treatment. Inequalities were apparent in the proportion of unmet restorative and prosthetics needs.
Palatal anaesthesia for the removal of maxillary third molars as practised by oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Badcock ME , McCullough MJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Injections of local anaesthetic to the palate are well known to be poorly tolerated. The absolute requirement of a palatal injection for the removal of maxillary third molars has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to document the current practice of palatal anaesthesia for extraction of these teeth with local anaesthesia as practised by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Methods: A postal survey was sent via the ANZAOMS office to all oral and maxillofacial surgeons who were members of the Australian and New Zealand Association, a total of 131. A response rate of 64 per cent (n=84) was achieved. The frequency of administration and the factors that determined the decision to administer a palatal injection were assessed, as well as the methods employed for reducing the injection discomfort. Results: The majority (77 of the 84) “always” gave a palatal injection for the removal of maxillary third molars, four respondents administered an injection “most of the time”, and two respondents “occasionally”. Significantly, one respondent “never” gave a palatal injection. The majority (76 per cent) utilized at least one adjunct in order to reduce the discomfort of the injection. Conclusions: The results of this survey suggest that for removal of maxillary third molars the requirement of the poorly tolerated palatal injection may not be absolute as conventionally taught and demonstrates the need for further investigation.
Management of tooth resorption
Authors: Heithersay GS 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA correct diagnosis and an understanding of the aetiology and dynamics of the processes involved in tooth resorption is critical to effective management. Tooth resorptions can be classified as: (1) trauma induced; (2) infection induced; or (3) hyperplastic invasive. Some transient trauma induced resorptions require no treatment but must be carefully monitored to check that there are no complicating issues such as infection. In cases of trauma induced replacement resorption, a multidisciplinary approach is usually necessary to ensure an optimal long‐term solution. Infection induced tooth resorptions require the removal of the invading micro‐organisms by endodontic therapy including intra‐canal medication which can also facilitate repair of the resorbed tooth structure. The hyperplastic invasive tooth resorptions pose considerable challenges in management due to the complexity and aggressive nature of the resorptive process. With careful case selection and complete inactivation of resorptive tissue successful management can be achieved.
The endodontic management of traumatized permanent anterior teeth: a review
Authors: Moule AJ , Moule CA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDespite the many journal articles and reviews that have been published regarding the treatment of trauma to teeth, the endodontic management of these injuries is often still not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to establish clear and up‐to‐date guidelines for practitioners who are faced with treating dental injuries on a day‐to‐day basis, based on an assessment of current available scientific information relating to the endodontic management of these injuries.Treatment is discussed under the headings: infractions, uncomplicated crown fractures, complicated crown fractures, crown‐root fractures, root fractures, luxation injuries, avulsion, root resorption, pulp canal obliteration and open‐apex teeth. Emphasis is placed on the treatment of traumatized immature teeth where maintenance of pulp blood supply is important to encourage continued development of the root system. Only the treatment of traumatized permanent anterior teeth is reviewed.Information contained in this article is based on a review of the literature on dental trauma which involved a MEDLINE search using the key words “dental trauma” and the individual topics listed above. The guidelines produced by the International Association of Dental Traumatology, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and the American Association of Endodontists were also reviewed and the recommendations contained in this paper are in concert with the major recommendations of these bodies.
An overview of the dental pulp: its functions and responses to injury
Authors: Yu C. , Abbott PV 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe dental pulp is a unique tissue and its importance in the long‐term prognosis of the tooth is often ignored by clinicians. It is unique in that it resides in a rigid chamber which provides strong mechanical support and protection from the microbial rich oral environment. If this rigid shell loses its structural integrity, the pulp is under the threat of the adverse stimuli from the mouth, such as caries, cracks, fractures and open restoration margins, all of which provide pathways for micro‐organisms and their toxins to enter the pulp. The pulp initially responds to irritation by becoming inflamed and, if left untreated, this will progress to pulp necrosis and infection. The inflammation will also spread to the surrounding alveolar bone and cause periapical pathosis. The magnitude of pulp‐related problems should not be underestimated since their most serious consequence is oral sepsis, which can be life threatening, and hence correct diagnosis and management are essential. Clinicians must have a thorough understanding of the physiological and pathological features of the dental pulp as well as the biological consequences of treatment interventions.
The principles of techniques for cleaning root canals
Authors: Young GR , Parashos P. , Messer HH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemomechanical preparation of the root canal includes both mechanical instrumentation and antibacterial irrigation, and is principally directed toward the elimination of micro‐organisms from the root canal system. A variety of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment. Since their introduction in 1988, nickel‐titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments have become a mainstay in clinical endodontics because of their exceptional ability to shape root canals with potentially fewer procedural complications. Safe clinical usage of NiTi instruments requires an understanding of basic metallurgy of the alloy including fracture mechanisms and their correlation to canal anatomy. This paper reviews the biologic principles of preparing root canals with an emphasis on correct use of current rotary NiTi instrumentation techniques and systems. The role and properties of contemporary root canal irrigants is also discussed.