bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mark–recapture by genetic tagging reveals restricted movements by bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Peakall R. , Ebert D. , Cunningham R. , Lindenmayer D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe applied genetic tagging (the identification of individuals by genetic markers) as part of a demographic and genetic analysis of a manipulative study of bush rats Rattus fuscipes in a fragmented landscape in south‐eastern Australia. Our study comprised bush rat populations from 30 remnant patches embedded within an extensive exotic pine plantation. Genetic tagging was applied at 12 sites where eight or more animals were encountered in the initial census. Out of a total of 701 DNA samples, we determined (by genetic analysis at 11 microsatellite loci) that 588 bush rat individuals were sampled. Genetic tagging proved to be highly effective, with 97% of animals uniquely identified with three loci, and all animals identified by six loci. Mark–recapture distances moved by genetically tagged animals from the control sites and post‐perturbation treatment samples were highly restricted, with a mean of 35 m (35.3±4.5, mean±se, max. 280 m, n=109). This mean distance moved appears to be lower than for other comparable studies of the species. Fragmentation and above‐average densities of animals may partially explain this result. An analysis of the factors affecting mark–recapture distance indicated that there was a significant effect of trap layout on the maximum movement detected, but no significant difference in mark–recapture distance between the sexes. We have demonstrated that genetic tagging can facilitate traditional capture–mark–recapture studies in bush rats and pave the way for subsequent population genetic analyses that can offer additional insights not available from ecology alone.
Implications of ‘cyclical’ population dynamics for the conservation of Irish hares (Lepus timidus hibernicus)
Authors: Reynolds J. C. , O'Mahony D. , Aebischer N. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus is of priority conservation concern in Northern Ireland, based on a perceived decline in abundance during the 20th century and on two surveys in 1994–1996 and 2002 that suggested low densities. We reanalysed a 10‐year time series [Northern Ireland Rabbit Survey (NIRS)] that has been key evidence of decline, to derive an annual index of abundance during 1986–1995. This showed a rise to a double peak followed by a trough. We compared these Northern Ireland data with two datasets for Lepus timidus scoticus. A 40‐year annual index derived from hare bags on Scottish shooting estates [National Game‐Bag Census (NGC)] showed strong fluctuations, each lasting several years. Autocorrelation analysis of the NGC data showed elements of cyclical behaviour, with distinct phases and a 16‐year period. A previously published 30‐year survey of introduced L. t. scoticus in northern England also showed large multi‐year fluctuations and phasic behaviour, albeit on a shorter time scale. The NIRS index was strongly correlated with NGC data for the same years, suggesting that it too reflected part of a natural population dynamic. The Species Action Plan for L. t. hibernicus in Northern Ireland includes the aims of maintaining the existing range and demonstrating increase by 2005, and of doubling the population by 2010. We suggest that these aims and the supporting monitoring strategy are inappropriate for a species that shows multi‐annual fluctuations in abundance throughout its geographical range. It is important to distinguish self‐correcting population processes from trends requiring remedial conservation action.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Suppresses the Interleukin 23 Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Happel Kyle I. , Odden Anthony R. , Zhang Ping , Shellito Judd E. , Bagby Gregory J. , Nelson Steve 
Published: June 2006

Background: Bacterial pneumonia is a widely recognized infection in the alcohol‐abusing patient. Interleukin 23 (IL‐23) is a recently described cytokine critical for IL‐17 induction and host survival during Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, a pulmonary pathogen commonly seen in alcoholics. We investigated the effect of acute alcohol intoxication on the IL‐23 response to this infection.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3.0 g/kg) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) 30 minutes before infection. Alveolar macrophages (AM) were cultured with bacteria in ethanol (0, 50, and 100 mM) to determine alcohol's effect on AM IL‐23 expression, the bioactivity of which was determined by splenocyte IL‐17 inducing activity. The role of IL‐10 in alcohol‐mediated suppression of AM IL‐23 p19 mRNA expression was assessed using wild‐type (WT) and IL‐10 knock‐out (KO) mice. Efficacy of AM pretreatment with interferon γ (IFN‐γ) on IL‐23 expression before ethanol exposure and infection was evaluated.Results: In vivo, acute intoxication suppresses the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage cell IL‐23 response to pathogen. This effect was confirmed in vitro as ethanol dose‐dependently inhibits AM IL‐23 during infection. Acute intoxication increases lung and BAL cell IL‐10 mRNA expression 2 hours after in vivo infection and, in vitro, recombinant IL‐10 inhibits AM IL‐23 expression. However, alcohol impairs IL‐23 similarly in AM harvested from both WT and IL‐10 KO mice. Interferon γ pretreatment strongly inhibits AM IL‐23 production in both the presence and absence of alcohol.Conclusions: Acute alcohol intoxication inhibits the pulmonary IL‐23 response to K. pneumoniae infection both in vivo and in vitro, an effect independent of IL‐10 induction. Interferon γ priming antagonizes IL‐23 and is, therefore, not likely to be a useful adjuvant therapy in restoring IL‐23/IL‐17 responses during infection and intoxication.
Longitudinal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Alcohol‐Preferring Rat. Part II: Effects of Voluntary Chronic Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Pfefferbaum Adolf , Adalsteinsson Elfar , Sood Rohit , Mayer Dirk , Bell Richard , McBride William , Li Ting‐Kai , Sullivan Edith V. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Tracking the dynamic course of human alcoholism brain pathology can be accomplished only through naturalistic study and without opportunity for experimental manipulation. Development of an animal model of alcohol‐induced brain damage, in which animals consume large amounts of alcohol following cycles of alcohol access and deprivation and are examined regularly with neuroimaging methods, would enable hypothesis testing focused on the degree, nature, and factors resulting in alcohol‐induced brain damage and the prospects for recovery or relapse.Methods: We report the results of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the effects of free‐choice chronic alcohol intake on the brains of 2 cohorts of selectively bred alcohol‐preferring (P) rats. In the companion paper, we described the MRI acquisition and analysis methods, delineation of brain regions, and growth patterns in total brain and selective structures of the control rats in the present study. Both cohorts were studied as adults for about 1 year and consumed high doses of alcohol for most of the study duration. The paradigm involved a 3‐bottle choice with 0, 15 (or 20%), and 30% (or 40%) alcohol available in several different exposure schemes: continuous exposure, cycles of 2 weeks on followed by 2 weeks off alcohol, and binge drinking in the dark.Results: Brain structures of the adult P rats in both the alcohol‐exposed and the water control conditions showed significant growth, which was attenuated in a few measures in the alcohol‐exposed groups. The region with the greatest demonstrable effect was the corpus callosum, measured on midsagittal images.Conclusion: The P rats showed an age–alcohol interaction different from humans, in that normal growth in selective brain regions that continues in adult rats was retarded.
Processing–Property Relations in Grain‐Oriented Lead Metaniobate Ceramics Fabricated by Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Hagh Nader Marandian , Nonaka Kazuhiro , Allahverdi Mehdi , Safari Ahmad 
Published: June 2006

Highly grain‐oriented lead metaniobate (PbNb2O6; PN) ceramics were prepared by a layered manufacturing (LM) process. This process has enabled us to obtain a net‐shaped piezoelectric ceramic component with grain orientation of f∼89%, and improvement in electromechanical properties. The LM feedstock (filament) includes equiaxed (matrix; 90 vol%) and anisometric PN templates (10 vol%), both dispersed uniformly in a thermoplastic binder. The needle‐like PN templates were synthesized by molten salt synthesis technique, while the equiaxed PN powder was prepared by conventional ceramic processing methods. The processing conditions were studied and optimized to obtain orthorhombic phase fine powder and anisometric templates. Samples were obtained through layer‐by‐layer deposition of the filament through a small diameter (500 μm) nozzle. After binder removal, the PN samples were sintered in a temperature range of 1150°–1300°C for 1 h. SEM observation revealed strong grain orientation perpendicular to the deposition direction. Relative permittivity at the Curie point (Tc: 560°C) was 18 100 and 14 600 for the LM and random polycrystalline samples, respectively. Improved properties in piezoelectric figure of merit by 71%, d33 by 23%, and g33 by 31% were observed in the grain‐oriented samples. Remnant polarization also showed about 80% improvement, increasing from 4.5 to 8.1 μC/cm2 for the grain‐oriented LM samples.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES
Authors: AL‐HOLY MURAD A. , LIN MENGSHI , AL‐QADIRI HAMZAH , CAVINATO ANNA G. , RASCO BARBARA A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used to classify various foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Listeria spp.) at the genus and strain level by pattern recognition techniques. Spectra were obtained on bacterial suspensions in 0.9% NaCl on Anodisc (aluminum oxide) filters (105–106 cfu/mm2) (Whatman Inc., Clifton, NJ). Species and strain‐specific FT‐IR vibrational combination bands were present at wave numbers between 1700 and 700 cm−1. Clear segregations between different genera, species and strains of bacteria were observed by principal component analysis. Results of soft independent modeling of class analogy demonstrated that the tested foodborne bacterial strains could be correctly classified (>94%), confirming that FT‐IR can detect biochemical differences between bacterial cells. FT‐IR is a promising technique for the identification of foodborne pathogens and could provide rapid identification and classification of bacteria.
ULTRAMETRIC RANDOM FIELD
Authors: YU. KHRENNIKOV A. , KOZYREV S. V. 
Published: June 2006

Gaussian random field on general ultrametric space is introduced as a solution of pseudodifferential stochastic equation. Covariation of the introduced random field is computed with the help of wavelet analysis on ultrametric spaces. Notion of ultrametric Markovianity, which describes independence of contributions to random field from different ultrametric balls is introduced. We show that the random field under investigation satisfies this property.
Progress in Chemoprevention Drug Development: The Promise of Molecular Biomarkers for Prevention of Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cancer—A Plan to Move Forward
Authors: Kelloff Gary J. , Lippman Scott M. , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Sigman Caroline C. , Pearce Homer L. , Reid Brian J. , Szabo Eva , Jordan V. Craig , Spitz Margaret R. , Mills Gordon B. , Papadimitrakopoulou Vali A. , Lotan Reuben , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Bresalier Robert S. , Kim Jeri , Arun Banu , Lu Karen H. , Thomas Melanie E. , Rhodes Helen E. , Brewer Molly A. , Follen Michele , Shin Dong M. , Parnes Howard L. , Siegfried Jill M. , Evans Alison A. , Blot William J. , Chow Wong-Ho , Blount Patricia L. , Maley Carlo C. , Wang Kenneth K. , Lam Stephen , Lee J. Jack , Dubinett Steven M. , Engstrom Paul F. , Meyskens Frank L. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce , Hawk Ernest T. , Levin Bernard , Nelson William G. , Hong Waun Ki ,   for the AACR Task Force on Cancer Prevention
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article reviews progress in chemopreventive drug development, especially data and concepts that are new since the 2002 AACR report on treatment and prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia. Molecular biomarker expressions involved in mechanisms of carcinogenesis and genetic progression models of intraepithelial neoplasia are discussed and analyzed for how they can inform mechanism-based, molecularly targeted drug development as well as risk stratification, cohort selection, and end-point selection for clinical trials. We outline the concept of augmenting the risk, mechanistic, and disease data from histopathologic intraepithelial neoplasia assessments with molecular biomarker data. Updates of work in 10 clinical target organ sites include new data on molecular progression, significant completed trials, new agents of interest, and promising directions for future clinical studies. This overview concludes with strategies for accelerating chemopreventive drug development, such as integrating the best science into chemopreventive strategies and regulatory policy, providing incentives for industry to accelerate preventive drugs, fostering multisector cooperation in sharing clinical samples and data, and creating public-private partnerships to foster new regulatory policies and public education.
Pattern of cause-specific childhood mortality in a malaria endemic area of Burkina Faso
Authors: Hammer Gaël P , Somé Florent , Müller Olaf , Kynast-Wolf Gisela , Kouyaté Bocar , Becher Heiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Reliable mortality data are a prerequisite for planning health interventions, yet such data are often not available in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Demographic surveillance systems (DSS) implementing the verbal autopsy (VA) method are the only possibility to observe cause-specific mortality of a population on a longitudinal basis in many countries.

Methods
This paper reports all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates in children under the age of five years from 1999 until 2003 in a malaria holoendemic area of north-western Burkina Faso. The DSS of the Nouna Health Research Centre, in which VA data were analysed, covers a rural population of about 30,000 (41 villages) and an urban population of about 25,000 (Nouna town).

Results
A total of 1,544 deaths were analysed, 87 (6%), 225 (14%), 317 (21%) and 915 (59%) of which occurred in the periods < 1 month, 1–5 months, 6–11 months and 1–4 years respectively. All cause mortality rates of children under five years were higher in the rural than the urban area (34 vs 24 per 1,000 person-years) and in the rainy than the dry season (35 vs 29 per 1,000 person-years). Malaria was the most frequent diagnosis (42%) with peak mortality rates in infants aged 6–11 months.

Conclusion
Malaria is the most important cause of death in this remote area of SSA, even considering the low specificity of malaria diagnosis in young children. Strengthening the existing malaria control tools is of prime importance to reduce the high childhood mortality in the endemic areas of SSA.
Early expression of the Helicase-Like Transcription Factor (HLTF/SMARCA3) in an experimental model of estrogen-induced renal carcinogenesis
Authors: Debauve Gaël , Nonclercq Denis , Ribaucour Fabrice , Wiedig Murielle , Gerbaux Cécile , Leo Oberdan , Laurent Guy , Journé Fabrice , Belayew Alexandra , Toubeau Gérard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe Helicase-Like Transcription Factor (HLTF/SMARCA3) belongs to the family of SWI/SNF proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to remodel chromatin in a variety of cellular processes. Several SWI/SNF genes are disrupted in cancer, suggesting a role of tumor suppressor. Similarly, the HLTF gene was recently found to be inactivated by hypermethylation in a number of advanced colon and gastric tumors. However, other evidences indicated a 20-fold HLTF overexpression in cell lines derived from various neoplasms (ovary, breast, cervix, kidney...).ResultsIn the present study, we investigated HLTF expression by immunohistochemistry in a model of kidney tumors induced by continuous administration of diethylstilbestrol to male Syrian golden hamsters. A strong labeling was already detected in small tumor buds, making HLTF an early cancer marker in this model. Although every cell stained for HLTF at this early stage, the number of HLTF-positive cells decreased to 10% with cancer progression, and these positive cells were dispersed in the tumor mass. HLTF expression was conserved in the HKT-1097 cell line established from kidney tumors, but again only 10% of positive cells were found in xenografts produced by HKT-1097 cells in nude mice.ConclusionIn conclusion, our data suggest thatHLTFgene activation is linked to initial steps of carcinogenesis in this model and should be investigated in early stages of other neoplasms.
Comparison of paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from different anatomical regions as sampling methods for detection of Leishmaniainfection in dogs using histological, immunohistochemical and PCR methods
Authors: Xavier Sílvio Coura , de Andrade Hélida Monteiro , Monte Semíramis Jamil Hadad , Chiarelli Ingrid Maria , Lima Wanderson Geraldo , Michalick Marilene Suzan Marques , Tafuri Washington Luiz , Tafuri Wagner Luiz 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
We compared skin biopsy samples from different anatomical regions for detecting Leishmania in dogs, using histological (HE), immunohistochemical (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.

Results
The sensitivity was 82.8 percent for PCR, 62.1 percent for IHC and 44.8 percent for HE. These methods do not appear to depend on the clinical status of the animal or the anatomical source of the skin sample; there is no "best region" for any method. However, PCR was more effective than IHC and HE for ear and nose skin samples whereas IHC was better than HE for nose samples. There was weak agreement between PCR and HE for all tissue samples; good agreement between PCR and IHC for ear and abdomen samples, and weak agreement for nose; and optimal agreement between IHC and HE for ear and abdomen and good agreement for nose samples.

Conclusion
The PCR on ear skin could be the best procedure for diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis. The good agreement between PCR and IHC indicates that IHC can be used as an alternative method. Finally, tissue samples from ears, nose and abdomen, particularly ears and nose, are potentially useful for diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis independently of the animal's clinical status.
Variation in the RAD51 gene and familial breast cancer
Authors: Lose Felicity , Lovelock Paul , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Mann Graham J , Pupo Gulietta M , Spurdle Amanda B ,   the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Human RAD51 is a homologue of the Escherichia coli RecA protein and is known to function in recombinational repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. Mutations in the lower eukaryotic homologues of RAD51 result in a deficiency in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. Loss of RAD51 function would therefore be expected to result in an elevated mutation rate, leading to accumulation of DNA damage and, hence, to increased cancer risk. RAD51 interacts directly or indirectly with a number of proteins implicated in breast cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Similar to BRCA1 mice, RAD51-/- mice are embryonic lethal. The RAD51 gene region has been shown to exhibit loss of heterozygosity in breast tumours, and deregulated RAD51 expression in breast cancer patients has also been reported. Few studies have investigated the role of coding region variation in the RAD51 gene in familial breast cancer, with only one coding region variant – exon 6 c.449G>A (p.R150Q) – reported to date.

Methods
All nine coding exons of the RAD51 gene were analysed for variation in 46 well-characterised, BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer families using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Genotyping of the exon 6 p.R150Q variant was performed in an additional 66 families. Additionally, lymphoblastoid cell lines from breast cancer patients were subjected to single nucleotide primer extension analysis to assess RAD51 expression.

Results
No coding region variation was found, and all intronic variation detected was either found in unaffected controls or was unlikely to have functional consequences. Single nucleotide primer extension analysis did not reveal any allele-specific changes in RAD51 expression in all lymphoblastoid cell lines tested.

Conclusion
Our study indicates that RAD51 is not a major familial breast cancer predisposition gene.
Superpave and the Aggregate Industry
Authors: Buchanan MS , Marek CR , Powell JD 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement (Superpave) mix design system was developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program, which was completed in 1993. Superpave consists of new methodologies for evaluation and selection of hot mix asphalt (HMA) material constituents along with new laboratory compaction protocols. During Superpave development, significant research focused on the performance grade asphalt binder system and gyratory compaction development. In contrast, very little research was performed to determine those aggregate properties and specification requirements most closely related to HMA mix performance. In 2000, the aggregate industry prepared a white paper for, and at the request of, the Transportation Research Board Expert Task Group on Superpave Mixtures and Aggregates. The paper focused on discussion of aggregate related issues that presented challenges to the implementation and use of Superpave. Since the white paper was written, Superpave has undergone modifications (specifications and general use or practice) based on completed research and general knowledge obtained. Many Superpave modifications were addressed in varying degrees in the white paper, and it is now important to discuss the impact of these modifications on HMA performance and the aggregate industry. In addition, other aggregate related issues are presented and discussed, including inconsistent fine aggregate definition, influence of minus 0.075 mm sieve material on fine aggregate specific gravity determination, aggregate production and particle shape, and the influence of aggregate on dynamic modulus.
Particle Clogging in Radial Flow: Microscale Mechanisms
Authors: Valdes Julio R. , Santamarina J. Carlos 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Fluid-flow-driven particle migration through porous networks reflects the interplay between various particle-level forces, the relative size between migrating particles and pore constrictions, and the spatial variability of the velocity field. Experimental evidence shows that particle migration in radial fluid flow results in self-stabilizing annular clogging patterns when the particle size approaches the constriction size. Conversely, flow localization and flushing instability are observed when the particle size is significantly smaller than the pore-throat size.
On A Model for the Claim Number Process
Authors: Ruohonen Matti 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA model for the claim number process is considered. The claim number process is assumed to be a weighted Poisson process with a three-parameter gamma distribution as the structure function. Fitting of this model to several data encountered in the literature is considered, and the model is compared with the two-parameter gamma model giving the negative binomial distribution. Some credibility theory formulae are also presented.