bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival
Authors: Fulford Laura G , Reis-Filho Jorge S , Ryder Ken , Jones Chris , Gillett Cheryl E , Hanby Andrew , Easton Douglas , Lakhani Sunil R 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Cytokeratin (CK) 14, one of several markers expressed in normal myoepithelial/basal cells, is also expressed in a proportion of breast carcinomas. Previous studies have suggested that expression of such 'basal' markers predicts different biological behaviour, with more frequent lung and brain metastases and poorer prognosis than other carcinomas.

Methods
We performed CK14 immunohistochemistry on 443 grade III invasive ductal carcinomas with extended clinical follow-up (mean 116 months), and we correlated CK14 immunopositivity (basal-like phenotype) with clinicopathological criteria.

Results
Eighty-eight of 443 (20%) tumours showed CK14 expression. CK14-positive tumours were more likely to be oestrogen receptor-negative (p < 0.0001) and axillary node-negative (p = 0.001) than were CK14-negative cases. CK14-positive cases developed less bone and liver metastases (hazard ratio [HR] 0.49, p = 0.01, and HR 0.53, p = 0.035, respectively) but more frequent brain metastases (HR 1.92, p = 0.051). In patients without metastatic disease, disease-free survival in CK14-positive cases was significantly better than in CK14-negative cases (HR 0.65, p = 0.005). In patients with metastatic disease, however, CK14 positivity was associated with a poorer prognosis (HR 1.84, p = 0.001). The overall survival in CK14-positive and -negative patients was similar at 5 years (60% and 59%, respectively), but the long-term survival was better in CK14-positive patients (HR 0.69, p = 0.02).

Conclusion
These results demonstrate that basal-like tumours differ in their biological behaviour from other tumours, with a distinct pattern of metastatic spread. Compared to other grade III tumours, basal-like tumours appear to have a relatively good long-term survival but survival after metastases is poor.
Adsorption of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by an Andosol
Authors: Hiradate Syuntaro , Furubayashi Akihiro , Uchida Natsuyo , Fujii Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTTo identify the important soil components involved in 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) adsorption on Andosols, 2,4‐D adsorption on a surface horizon of an Andosol was compared with that on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐treated (soil organic matter [SOM] was removed), acid‐oxalate (OX)‐treated (active metal hydroxides and SOM were removed), and dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB)‐treated (free and active metal [hydr]oxides and SOM were removed) soil samples at equilibrium pHs ranging from 4 to 8. Although the untreated soil contained a large amount of organic C (71.9 g kg−1), removal of SOM had little effect on 2,4‐D adsorption. Active surface hydroxyls, which were attached to the active and free metal (hydr)oxides and metal SOM complexes, were identified as the most important soil functional group for 2,4‐D adsorption. The dominant mechanism of the 2,4‐D adsorption was a ligand exchange reaction in which the carboxylic group of 2,4‐D displaced the active surface hydroxyl associated with metals and formed a strong coordination bond between the 2,4‐D molecule and soil solid phase. The ligand exchange reaction reasonably accounted for the selective adsorption of 2,4‐D over Cl−, competitive adsorption of phosphate over 2,4‐D, reduction in plant‐growth‐inhibitory activity of soil‐adsorbed 2,4‐D, and the high 2,4‐D adsorption ability of Andosols. Although a humic acid purified from the soil did not adsorb 2,4‐D, the presence of the humic acid increased 2,4‐D adsorption on Al and Fe, probably by inhibiting the hydrolysis and polymerization of Al and Fe resulting in the preservation of available adsorption sites on these metals. The adsorption behavior of 2,4‐D on soils could be a good index for predicting the adsorption behavior of other organic acids in soils.
Risk Assessment of Unsuitable Winter Conditions for Manure and Nutrient Application across Ontario
Authors: Fallow D. J. , Brown D. M. , Lauzon J. D. , Parkin G. W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPractical guidelines addressing the timing of manure and nutrient application must consider the concerns of the farm operators while ensuring the protection of the environment. An approach was developed and analyzed through case studies to determine the first recommended day in the spring, and the last in the fall, for manure and nutrient application based on probability analysis. Since most manure and nutrient application guidelines recommend avoiding adverse conditions, the three criteria established to perform a risk assessment were: (i) a frost depth greater than 0.05 m; (ii) a snow accumulation of greater than 0.05 m; and (iii) a soil volumetric water content greater than or equal to that of the plastic limit for the soil. Climatic data and typical soil information for seven locations in Ontario were used to model volumetric soil water contents, frost depths, and snow accumulation from the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model for a 48‐yr period (1954–2001). Applying the three criteria to the modeled output, the average range between the least limiting probability (0.1, or one in ten year occurrence) and the greatest limiting probability (0.001, or one in one thousand year occurrence) analyzed among the locations was 16 d in the spring as compared to 29 d in the fall. Although geographical location affected the predicted spring start and fall end recommended manure and nutrient application dates, local climate and soil hydraulic properties also played an important part in the determination of these days. Overall the prediction method developed performed reasonably well and provided insight into the environmental factors influencing manure and nutrient application timing.
Long‐Term Effects of Poultry Litter, Alum‐Treated Litter, and Ammonium Nitrate on Phosphorus Availability in Soils
Authors: Moore P. A. , Edwards D. R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAlum (Al2(SO4)3·14H2O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH3) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long‐term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of poultry litter, alum‐treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on P availability in soils and P runoff. Two studies were initiated in 1995: a small plot (1.5 × 3.0 m) study and a paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In the small plot study 13 treatments (control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum‐treated litter, and four rates of NH4NO3) were applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) plots. Results show that after 7 yr water‐extractable P (WEP) in surface soil samples was greater with normal litter, but Mehlich III P was greater in surface soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. When soil samples were taken at depth intervals to 50 cm in Year 7, Mehlich III P was only greater in the surface 5 cm for soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. At lower depths Mehlich III P was greater with normal litter, and WEP was up to 288% greater when normal litter was used, indicating that alum significantly reduced P leaching. Uptake of P by fescue was not affected by alum. Results from the paired watershed study showed P loss in runoff was 340% greater for normal litter than for alum‐treated litter. This research, combined with earlier work that shows alum use improves air and soil quality, supports the use of alum as a long‐term solution to reducing P runoff and leaching.
Substrate Organic Matter to Improve Nitrate Removal in Surface‐Flow Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Burchell Michael R. , Skaggs R. Wayne , Lee Charles R. , Broome Steven , Chescheir George M. , Osborne Jason 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTA wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern North Carolina to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils used for in‐stream constructed wetlands would increase NO3−–N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Four batch studies, with initial NO3−–N concentrations ranging from 30 to 120 mg L−1, were conducted in 2002 in 21 surface‐flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the OM content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg−1 (5% dry wt.) to 110 g kg−1 (11% dry wt.) enhanced NO3−–N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg−1 (16% dry wt.) OM did not. Wetlands constructed with dredged material from the USACE Eagle Island Confined Disposal Facility in Wilmington, NC, with initial OM of 120 g kg−1 (12% dry wt.), showed no improvement in NO3−–N treatment efficiency when increased to 180 g kg−1 (18% dry wt.), but did show increased NO3−–N treatment efficiency in all batch studies when increased to 220 g kg−1 (22% dry wt.). Increased OM addition and biosolids to the Cape Fear loam and dredged material blends significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season when compared to no OM addition. Results of this research indicate that increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for in‐stream constructed wetlands to treat drainage water in humid regions. It also serves as a demonstration of how dredged material can be used successfully in constructed wetlands, as an alternative to costly storage by the USACE.
Plant Availability of Zinc and Copper in Soil after Contamination with Brass Foundry Filter Dust
Authors: Hilber Isabel , Voegelin Andreas , Barmettler Kurt , Kretzschmar Ruben 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated the effect of 4 yr of aging of a noncalcareous soil contaminated with filter dust from a brass foundry (80% w/w ZnO, 15% w/w Cu0.6Zn0.4) on the chemical extractability of Zn and Cu and their uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Pot experiments were conducted with the freshly contaminated soil (2250 mg kg−1 Zn; 503 mg kg−1 Cu), with the contaminated soil aged for 4 yr in the field (1811 mg kg−1 Zn; 385 mg kg−1 Cu), and with the uncontaminated control soil (136 mg kg−1 Zn; 32 mg kg−1 Cu). In comparison with the uncontaminated soil, the growth of barley and pea was clearly reduced in both contaminated soils, while toxicity symptoms did not systematically vary from the freshly contaminated to the 4 yr aged soil. The sunflower did not grow in the contaminated soils. The slow oxidative dissolution of the brass platelets led to an increase in the solubility and the plant uptake of Cu from the freshly contaminated to the 4 yr aged soil. In an earlier study, we found that the fine‐grained ZnO dissolved in the field soil within 9 mo and that about half of the released Zn was incorporated into a layered double hydroxide phase and about half was adsorbed to the soil matrix. These changes in Zn speciation did not lead to a reduction of the Zn contents in the shoots and roots of barley and pea grown in the aged soil as compared with the freshly contaminated soil.
Evaluation of Zeolite for Control of Odorants Emissions from Simulated Poultry Manure Storage
Authors: Cai Lingshuang , Koziel Jacek A. , Liang Yi , Nguyen Anh Thu , Xin Hongwei 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPoultry operations are associated with emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odor, and the magnitude of emissions is influenced by manure management practices. As a manure treatment additive, zeolites have been shown to have the potential to control NH3 Because of their properties it is also expected that zeolites could effectively adsorb VOCs and odor. The effectiveness of zeolite in controlling odor and VOCs was qualitatively evaluated in this controlled laboratory study involving simulated poultry manure storage. In the first two trials, zeolite was topically applied on nearly fresh laying hen manure at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (by weight). In the third trial, zeolite was topically applied at 5% with each addition of fresh manure into the storage vessel. Headspace samples from the emission vessels were collected with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed on a multidimensional‐gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (MDGC‐MS‐O) system for identification and prioritization of poultry manure odorants. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, indole, and skatole were consistently controlled in the headspace, with the reduction rate being proportional to the zeolite application rate. Dimethyl trisulfide and phenol were consistently generated, and with a few exceptions, the rate of generation was proportional to the application rate. Average reduction of the odor caused by all odorants evaluated with SPME‐GC‐O was 67% (± 12%) and 51% (± 26%) for the two topical applications, respectively, while no significant reduction of VOCs and odor was detected for the layered application.
Accidental Organochlorine Pesticide Contamination of Soil in Porriño, Spain
Authors: Vega F. A. , Covelo E. F. , Andrade M. L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIn the 1960s at Porriño, Spain, soil from a pesticide factory dump was placed in an uncontrolled land infill during demolition. Since then, organochlorine pesticides have degraded and migrated from their original location. Concentrations of lindane, DDT, dicofol, and related side products or degradation products were determined at depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 60 and 60 to 100 cm along a 300‐m transect running between the land infill and a nearby river. Depthwise nonmonotonicities (lowest concentrations of DDT and dicofol were found in the 20‐ to 60‐cm layer) were attributed to the occurrence of several successive spill episodes; in general, concentrations were highest or near‐highest in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. At the dump site, the analyte contents of the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer were as follows: α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (α‐HCH), 25 mg kg−1; β‐HCH, 15 mg kg−1; γ‐HCH (lindane), 1.3 mg kg−1; δ‐HCH, 0.5 mg kg−1; DDT, 2.5 mg kg−1; dicofol, 0.05 mg kg−1; DDD + DDE, 2.2 mg kg−1 The α‐HCH/γ‐HCH ratio was higher than in commercial products, and the DDT/(DDD + DDE) ratio lower, suggesting the degradation of lindane and DDT with time. In general, the concentrations of HCH isomers, DDT, and dicofol fell with increasing distance from the dump site; in particular, the rapid fall in HCH concentrations illustrates the marked immobility of these species in the soil. By contrast, the combined concentration of the DDT degradation products DDD and DDE rose with distance from the dump site, which is attributed to their higher mobility.
Transformation of a Landfill Covering Amended with Municipal Waste Compost, Perugia, Italy
Authors: Businelli Mario , Calandra Rolando , Pagliai Marcello , Businelli Daniela , Gigliotti Giovanni , Grasselli Olga , Said‐Pullicino Daniel , Leccese Angelo 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis research deals with the transformation of an anthropomorphous landfill covering composed of a fill soil mixed with mechanically separated municipal waste compost. The study site was a municipal landfill near Perugia, Italy. Throughout the years, waste disposal in the landfill was performed by burial in horizontal layers, each one representing a yearly disposal. The external front of the landfill thus represented the yearly disposal over a 10‐yr period starting in 1993. Temporal changes in the anthropomorphous soil over this period were studied by examining and describing soil profiles, and by collecting and analyzing soil samples from the 1993, 1994, 1997, and 2001 disposals. The samples were subjected to a series of physical, chemical, and biochemical analyses. The results obtained suggest that over a 10‐yr period the top layer gained a pedological structure (subangular blocky and/or crumb) giving rise to an A horizon. Improved soil structure was confirmed by an increase in macroporosity, particularly for pores larger than 50 μm, measured by image analysis of soil thin sections. Total extractable carbon showed an increase in the content of humic substances, evidenced by parameters of humification. Enzymatic activities in the A and C1 horizons were also indicative of soil evolution and may serve as a valid indicator for monitoring the evolution of anthropogenic soils containing municipal waste compost.
Phytoremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)‐Contaminated Sediment
Authors: Smith K. E. , Schwab A. P. , Banks M. K. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTContaminated sediments dredged from navigable waterways often are placed in confined disposal facilities to prevent further spread of the pollutants. Reducing contaminants to acceptable levels would allow for disposal of the sediments and further dredging activity. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate plant treatments and the addition of an organic amendment to decrease the concentration of PCB congeners found in Arochlor 1260. Sediment treated with the amendment and either low transpiring plants or no plants had the greatest removal of the PCB congeners. High‐transpiring plants apparently prevented the highly reducing conditions required for reductive dechlorination of highly chlorinated PCBs. Most likely, the amendment provided labile carbon that initiated the reducing conditions needed for dechlorination. The sediment moisture content and moisture‐related plant parameters were significant predictors of the PCB loss. Carex aquatalis and Spartina pectinata are predicted to be the most effective plant treatments for phytoremediation of PCBs.
Phosphorus Movement and Speciation in a Sandy Soil Profile after Long‐Term Animal Manure Applications
Authors: Koopmans G. F. , Chardon W. J. , McDowell R. W. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTLong‐term application of phosphorus (P) with animal manure in amounts exceeding removal with crops leads to buildup of P in soil and to increasing risk of P loss to surface water and eutrophication. In most manures, the majority of P is held within inorganic forms, but in soil leachates organic P forms often dominate. We investigated the mobility of both inorganic and organic P in profile samples from a noncalcareous sandy soil treated for 11 yr with excessive amounts of pig slurry, poultry manure, or poultry manure mixed with litter. Solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize NaOH‐EDTA‐extractable forms of P, corresponding to 64 to 93% of the total P concentration in soil. Orthophosphate and orthophosphate monoesters were the main P forms detected in the NaOH‐EDTA extracts. A strong accumulation of orthophosphate monoesters was found in the upper layers of the manure‐treated soils. For orthophosphate, however, increased concentrations were found down to the 40‐ to 50‐cm soil layers, indicating a strong downward movement of this P form. This was ascribed to the strong retention of orthophosphate monoesters by the solid phase of the soil, preventing orthophosphate sorption and facilitating downward movement of orthophosphate. Alternatively, mineralization of organic P in the upper layers of the manure‐treated soils may have generated orthophosphate, which could have contributed to the downward movement of the latter. Leaching of inorganic P should thus be considered for the assessment and the future management of the long‐term risk of P loss from soils receiving large amounts of manure.
Vertical Distribution and Speciation of Trace Metals in Weathering Flotation Residues of a Zinc/Lead Sulfide Mine
Authors: Schuwirth Nele , Voegelin Andreas , Kretzschmar Ruben , Hofmann Thilo 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTSulfide‐bearing mine tailings are a serious environmental problem around the world. In this study, the vertical distribution and speciation of Zn and Pb in the fine‐grained flotation residues of a former sulfide ore mine in Germany were investigated to assess the inorganic weathering processes that effect the environmental risk arising from this site. Total metal contents were determined by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Mobilizable fractions of Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn were quantified by sequential chemical extractions (SCE). Furthermore, the speciation of Zn was analyzed by Zn K‐edge extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) to identify the residual Zn species. The variations in pH and inorganic C content show an acidification of the topsoil to pH 5.5. EXAFS results confirm that Zn is mainly bound in sphalerite in the subsoil and weathering reactions lead to a redistribution of Zn in the topsoil. A loss of 35% Zn and S from the topsoil compared with the parent material with 10 g kg−1 Zn and neutral pH has been observed. If acidification proceeds it will lead to a significant release of Zn, S, and Pb to the ground water. In contrast to Zn, Pb is enriched in the mobile fraction of the topsoil by more than a factor of two compared with the subsoil which contains a total of 2 g kg−1 Pb. Thus, the high bioavailability of Pb and the potential for Pb uptake by plants and animals currently represent the most severe threat for environmental health.
Field History and Dissipation of Atrazine and Metolachlor in Colorado
Authors: Shaner Dale L. , Henry W. Brien 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTFarmers in eastern Colorado have commented that atrazine does not provide the length of weed control that they expected in fields that have received multiple applications of the herbicide. Multiple laboratory studies suggest that atrazine dissipates more rapidly in soils with a history of atrazine use compared with soils that had not been treated with the herbicide and this could be related to the above observation. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the rate of dissipation of atrazine and metolachlor in fields in Colorado. The published half‐lives of atrazine and metolachlor are 60 and 56 d, respectively. In the field studies, the half‐lives of atrazine and metolachlor in the top 15 cm of the soil ranged between 3.5 and 7.2 d and 17.9 and 18.8 d, respectively. In laboratory studies, the half‐life of atrazine varied from 1.4 to 19.8 d with the shortest half‐life occurring in soils which had been treated with atrazine for at least 5 yr. The longest half‐life was in a soil that had never received atrazine. The half‐life of metolachlor in these same soils varied from 10.6 to 28.2 d. There was no apparent relationship between the half‐life of metolachlor and the half‐life of atrazine in the laboratory studies. These results confirm farmers' observation of the shorter residual activity of atrazine in Colorado fields receiving atrazine over multiple years.