bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies
Authors: Achen Christopher H. , Snidal Duncan 
Published: July 2006

Several recent books have argued that comparative case studies of crises demonstrate the failure of rational-deterrence theory; they have offered certain empirical generalizations as substitutes. This paper shows that such contentions are unwarranted. First, the empirical generalizations are impressive as historical insights, but they do not meet the standards for theory set out by the most sophisticated case-study analysts themselves. Second, the “tests” of rational deterrence used in the case studies violate standard principles of inference, and the ensuing procedures are so biased as to be useless. Rational deterrence, then, is a more successful theory than portrayed in this literature, and it remains the only intellectually powerful alternative available.Case studies are essential to theory building: more efficiently than any other methods, they find suitable variables, suggest middle-range generalizations for theory to explain, and provide the prior knowledge that statistical tests require. Their loose constraints on admissible propositions and suitable evidence are appropriate and even necessary for these tasks. These same characteristics, however, inevitably undermine all attempts to construe case-study generalizations as bodies of theory or tests of hypotheses.
East Asia's Economic Success: Conflicting Perspectives, Partial Insights, Shaky Evidence
Authors: Wade Robert 
Published: July 2006

Neoliberal economists say that growth is easy, provided the state does not obstruct the natural growth-inducing processes of a capitalist economy. They point to the success of South Korea and Taiwan as evidence that this proposition also holds for quite poor economies. Using chapters of Helen Hughes's edited volume by way of illustration, this article shows that the neoliberals ignore so much contrary evidence as to suggest that the neoliberal paradigm has entered a degenerative stage, like classical economics in the years before Keynes's breakthrough and like much Marxist writing of the 1970s.Two recent books about East Asia offer ways forward. The one by Alice Amsden argues that Korea has done better than other developing countries because it has created a more powerful synergy between a state that aggressively steers market competition and large, diversified business groups whose firms focus strategically on production processes at the shop floor. In conditions of “late development” this synergy is the key to success. Stephan Haggard's book accepts the core economic mechanism of the neoliberals but argues that the choice between sensible export-oriented policies, as in East Asia, or unsensible secondary import-substitution policies, as in Latin America, is determined by a complex conjunction of international pressures, domestic coalitions, political institutions, and ideas.Both books make important contributions to the debate. But they are weakened by not situating the experience of their case studies within an account of trends in the world system and by not addressing the question of what prevented massive “government failure” in market interventions in the East Asian cases. The last part of this paper takes a short step in this direction.
High Politics is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security Policy, 1967–1977
Authors: Barnett Michael 
Published: July 2006

The literature on international political economy explains foreign economic policies by integrating systemic, state, and societal features. Theoretical approaches to national security, however, have tended to extract the state from its societal context. An adequate conceptualization of security policy must integrate both systemic forces and the domestic political economy.One way of integrating these concerns is by examining the state's strategies for mobilizing those financial, productive, and human resources considered necessary for national security.This article examines the political economy of the state's mobilization of resources for national security, called “war preparation,” and proposes a framework for investigation that consists of three elements: (i) the objectives of state managers, (2) the constraints on the state, and (3) the policies of the state for mobilizing its required resources. Based upon these considerations, some tendencies in the government's war preparation strategies are suggested. The utility of this framework is explored through an empirical examination of Israel between 1967 and 1977. The study demonstrates how Israel's war preparation strategies were shaped by the state's domestic and security objectives, the domestic political economy, and systemic constraints and opportunities.
International Theories of Cooperation Among Nations: Strengths and Weaknesses
Authors: Milner Helen 
Published: July 2006

Cooperation among nations has become the focus of a wide range of studies in the past decade. The recent international relations literature about cooperation has adopted a distinct approach. It has tended to focus on the systemic level of analysis. It has also used game theory as its central tool of analysis. This review evaluates this literature, arguing that these methodological choices have contributed to both the greatest strengths and the greatest weaknesses of the literature in explaining cooperation among nations.The recent literature on international cooperation has made two general contributions. First, it has developed a concept of cooperation, which can help distinguish what behavior counts as cooperation and which has been adopted widely in thefield.Second, the literature ha* tried to illuminate the conditions under which cooperation is likely to emerge. Using game theory to model relations at the systemic level parsimoniously, scholars have developed at least six hypotheses about the circumstances that promote cooperative behavior.The recent literature also suffers from at least two serious problems. The first problem flows from the assumptions used to generate the relatively parsimonious hypotheses. In particular, the way in which the assumption of anarchy is used causes problems. Second, and relatedly, the literature shows a remarkable neglect of domestic politics. As will be argued, this poses a serious limitation for understanding cooperation. Systemic theory simply cannot take us far enough. The international-level hypotheses depend on implicit theories about internal politics. Hypotheses about domestic influences on cooperation among states are not well developed. Although systemic theory has been touted for a variety of reasons, the biggest gains in understanding international cooperation in the future are likely to come from domestic-level theories.
“Less Filling, Tastes Great”: The Realist-Neoliberal Debate
Authors: S. Niou Emerson M. , Ordeshook Peter C. 
Published: July 2006

This essay examines and reformulates the realist-neoliberal debate. It focuses initially on the issue of the attribution of instrumental goals to states—the goals they pursue as a function of the environment they confront—and argues not only that such goals are epiphenomena of other things but also that their specification constitutes a mere redescription of the alternative equilibria that states can achieve in anarchic systems. The world orders that realists and neoliberals envision are but alternative equilibria to a more general game. In that game cooperation, regardless of its form, must be endogenously enforced, and a debate over instrumental goals (whether it is best to model states as relative or absolute resource maximizers) is not central to the development of a theory that explains and predicts world orders.Instead, the realist-neoliberal debate should be recast. The central research agenda should be to develop models that illuminate the following: how the equilibrium to a game in which states structure international affairs influences the types of issue-specific subgames states play, how countries coordinate to equilibria of different types; how the coordination problems associated with different equilibria can be characterized; how institutions emerge endogenously to sustain different equilibria; how states can enhance the attractiveness of an equilibrium; and how states can signal commitments to the strategies that are part of that equilibrium.
Information, Bureaucracy, and Economic Reforms in China and the Soviet Union
Authors: Huang Yasheng 
Published: July 2006

The argument in this essay can be reduced to the following form: the better a planning system is in terms of central planning techniques, the less likely it is to depart from central planning. The author proposes an information approach to explain why China launched economic reforms at a relatively earlier stage of development than did the Soviet Union. The claim is twofold regarding the connections between initiation of reform and information flows in China and in the Soviet Union. First, all else being equal, a bureaucracy better informed about economic conditions is more likely to pursue realistic economic objectives and its policies are less likely to induce macroeconomic instability. To the extent that macroeconomic instability activates a search for alternatives to the status quo, including reforms, a bureaucracy with better information-collection capabilities is less likely to initiate such a search and therefore less likely to initiate reforms.Second, policymakers choose between reforms and the strengthening of central planning as alternative solutions to the status quo. The choice of one solution over another depends on their relative costs. Again, all else being equal, the higher the costs of strengthening central planning (or reform), the more likely is reform (or strengthening of central planning) to be chosen. This essay focuses on one aspect of these costs—the costs of information provision.
Organizational Politics and Change in Soviet Military Policy
Authors: Kaufman Stuart J. 
Published: July 2006

This article uses two puzzles from the Brezhnev period to test competing models of Soviet military policy and of innovation in military “doctrine.” An organizational model of Soviet military policy offers the best explanation of both cases: why the Soviet Union's Brezhnevera military strategy contradicted the Politburo's priorities (to prevent any war from escalating to nuclear use) and why the Soviet Union agreed to the ABM treaty. The ABM case shows that civilian leaders can force change in military “doctrine” when they have a policy handle–a way of redefining the issue to remove it from the military's exclusive area of competence. When civilians lack a policy handle, as in the military strategy case, they are unable to force innovation if the military is unwilling.The Russian government now faces the task of finding effective policy handles that will institutionalize civilian control of military policy. The fate of Russia's reforms may depend on it.
Residual Stress Generation during Laser Cladding of Steel with a Particulate Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Plati A. , Tan J. C. , Golosnoy I. O. , Persoons R. , van Acker K. , Clyne T. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLaser cladding is used to coat and repair the surface of various components. A significant issue relating to optimisation of the process is the generation of residual stresses. These are affected by the high thermal gradients inherent in the process, and associated differential thermal contraction. These stresses can lead to various types of distortion. A customised 3‐D finite element model has been developed, incorporating these effects, based on simulation of conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer, and assuming elastic‐perfectly plastic deformation behaviour. Creep effects have been neglected and the cladding (particulate metal matrix composite) has been treated as a continuum. Comparisons are presented between measured and simulated thermal fields and specimen deflection histories. The results indicate that the main features of residual stress generation in this type of system have been captured in the model. Implications for process optimization and control are briefly discussed.
A new class of coherent risk measures based on p‐norms and their applications
Authors: Chen Zhiping , Wang Yi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo exercise better control on the lower tail of the loss distribution and to easily describe the investor's risk attitude, a new class of coherent risk measures is proposed in this paper by taking the minimization of p‐norms of lower losses with respect to some reference point. We demonstrate that the new risk measure has satisfactory mathematical properties such as convexity, continuity with respect to parameters included in its definition, the relations between two new risk measures are also examined. The application of the new risk measures for optimal portfolio selection is illustrated by using trade data from the Chinese stock markets. Empirical results not only support our theoretical conclusions, but also show the practicability of the portfolio selection model with our new risk measures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbohydrates for fermentation
Authors: Peters Dietmar 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBiomass accumulated by the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide is the only renewable carbon source, and hence, the only renewable raw material for the chemical industry. Carbohydrates are the main constituents of biomass and occur as cell wall and storage carbohydrates, transportation carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and starch in particular as well as pectin, inulin and saccharose to a smaller extent are the most abundant carbohydrates. Glucose is the most important monosaccharide and monomer of polysaccharides in natural carbohydrates. Thus, it is the most abundant organic compound on earth. Production of pulp from wood cellulose, applications of starch for paper making as well as uses of glucose and saccharose for fermentation are the most important chemical and technical uses of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates used as fermentation feedstock are essential for the chemical industry. Their importance is steadily growing due to the increasing implementation of biotechnological processes.
Topping up or watering down? Sustainable development in the privatized UK water industry
Authors: Cashman Adrian , Lewis Linda 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIncreasingly in the UK regulators and industries are taking on duties towards sustainable development. Governance procedures, which include regulation, are evolving to accommodate this in a manner that is reflexive of existing institutional structures. Governance provides an organizing framework for ordered rule and collective action, not reliant on coercive sanction. It is characterized by a web of actors from across government, industry and civil society with both intentions and outcomes being negotiated and reinterpreted. With respect to sustainable development this can be seen at work within the regulation of the water sector. This paper, based on a series of interviews situated from within the water industry, investigates whether the formal regulation of the industry helps or hinders the adoption and implementation of sustainable practices. The regulatory structure encourages an approach that mediates relationships through the redefinition of sustainability in econocentric terms, thus losing the richness of the concept. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate environmentalism strategy in the Spanish consumer product sector: a typology of firms
Authors: Buil‐Carrasco Isabel , Fraj‐Andrés Elena , Matute‐Vallejo Jorge 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn recent years, the protection of the environment has gained a growing importance. Accordingly, small and large firms have become aware of their responsibility and begun to develop environmental strategies as an enterprising challenge. In such a situation, this study describes firms' environmental orientation and its impact on the design of corporate and marketing strategies in the Spanish consumer product sector. The purpose of this paper is to identify different groups of firms according to their environmental behaviour.The information was obtained through 81 personal interviews with firms in the final consumer product sector. With the data obtained we have conducted several exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and a cluster analysis. Findings have proved that there is a specific firm type characterized by certain variables: influence of external forces; environmental orientation; corporative and marketing strategies; size; macro‐sector and, if existing, the environment department. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Real or blarney? A cross‐cultural investigation of the perceived authenticity of Irish pubs
Authors: Muñoz Caroline L. , Wood Natalie T. , Solomon Michael R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In recent years, themed Irish pubs have grown in popularity. Marketers often strive to create the perception of authenticity when creating these themed environments. This study seeks to understand the importance of authenticity, tangible and intangible elements that constitute authenticity, and consumers' ability to delineate the ‘real’ from simulacra. We employed an online cross‐cultural methodology that compared perceptions of Irish pubs among respondents in Australia, Ireland, and the United States. The results of this study support our contention that perceived authenticity is a construct that is dependent on both marketers and consumers. Findings revealed, among other things, that the role of patrons and employees was deemed an equal, if not more important, atmospheric component than tangible interior design elements in the creation of a ‘true’ Irish pub experience. Marketing and research implications of this study are provided.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Evaluation of a Kinetic Model for RecA‐Mediated DNA‐strand exchange: The Importance of Nucleic Acid Dynamics and Entropy During Homologous Genetic Recombination
Authors: Xiao Jie , Lee Andrew M. , Singleton Scott F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Escherichia coli RecA protein is the prototype of a class of proteins that play central roles in genomic repair and recombination in all organisms. The unresolved mechanistic strategy by which RecA aligns a single strand of DNA with a duplex DNA and mediates a DNA strand switch is central to understanding homologous recombination. We explored the mechanism of RecA‐mediated DNA‐strand exchange using oligonucleotide substrates with the intrinsic fluorophore 6‐methylisoxanthopterin. Pre‐steady‐state spectrofluorometric analysis elucidated the earliest transient intermediates formed during recombination and delineated the mechanistic strategy by which RecA facilitates this process. The structural features of the first detectable intermediate and the energetic characteristics of its formation were consistent with interactions between a few bases of the single‐stranded DNA and the minor groove of a locally melted or stretched duplex DNA. Further analysis revealed RecA to be an unusual enzyme in that entropic rather than enthalpic contributions dominate its catalytic function, and no unambiguously active role for the protein was detected in the earliest molecular events of recombination. The data best support the conclusion that the mechanistic strategy of RecA likely relies on intrinsic DNA dynamics.
The influence of increasing age on the deliverability and toxicity of fludarabine‐based combination chemotherapy regimens in patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Polizzotto Mark N. , Tam Constantine S. , Milner Alvin , Januszewicz E. Henry , Prince H. Miles , Westerman David , Wolf Max M. , Seymour John F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Fludarabine‐based combination chemotherapy regimens are highly effective in the treatment of patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders. Despite the prevalence of such disorders in older patients, the effect of increasing age on the deliverability of these regimes has not been assessed.METHODS.The authors analyzed the effect of increasing age on the deliverability and toxicity of 3 fludarabine‐based regimens, all using fludarabine 25 mg/m2 per day for 3 days intravenously every 28 days, in 180 patients who were stratified into 2 age groups (age <60 years and age ≥60 years), with multivariate analysis to control for other differences between groups. The authors also explored the impact of age ≥70 years within the older cohort.RESULTS.Older patients were more likely to experience an episode of nonsevere hematologic or infectious toxicity, but there was no difference in the rate of severe toxicity. Toxicity rates per cycle did not differ between age groups. The rates of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC], <1.0 × 109/L) and severe neutropenia (ANC, 0.5 × 109/L) were 22% and 13%, respectively, in older patients versus 20% and 11%, respectively, in younger patients (P>.1 for both). The rates of thrombocytopenia (platelet count, <100 × 109/L) and severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count, <50 × 109/L) were 21% and 5%, respectively, in older patients and 16% and 5%, respectively, in younger patients (each P value >.1). The rate of infection was 18% per cycle in older patients and 15% per cycle in younger patients (P = .2), with no difference noted in severity. Other organ toxicities were uncommon and showed no difference between age groups. The treatment‐related mortality rate was <1% in both cohorts (P>.5). In multivariate analysis, increasing age and performance status influenced the incidence of hematologic toxicity, whereas only performance status influenced the rate of infection and severe infection.CONCLUSIONS.Fludarabine‐based combination chemotherapy regimens were well tolerated and can be delivered safely to older patients who have a good performance status with modestly increased myelosuppression but no increase in severe infectious complications or treatment‐related mortality. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Advances and surgical decision‐making for breast reconstruction
Authors: Kronowitz Steven J. , Kuerer Henry M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn patients who undergo breast reconstruction after mastectomy, choosing the appropriate timing and the best method of reconstruction are essential to optimize outcomes and to minimize the potential for postoperative complications. At The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, the clinicopathologic factors that are used in the surgical decision‐making for breast reconstruction after mastectomy include the breast cancer stage, status of axillary sentinel lymph node, smoking status, body habitus, preexisting scars, prior radiation therapy, and planned or previous chemotherapy. Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy is preferable for patients who have a low risk of requiring postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) (Stage I breast cancer). Delayed reconstruction may be preferable in patients who are deemed preoperatively to require PMRT (Stage III breast cancer) to avoid difficulties associated with radiation delivery after an immediate breast reconstruction. In patients who are deemed preoperatively to be at an increased risk of requiring PMRT (Stage II breast cancer), delayed‐immediate breast reconstruction may provide an additional option. The approach to breast reconstruction will need to be adapted to maintain an appropriate balance between minimizing the risk of recurrence and providing the best possible aesthetic outcomes as the indications for PMRT and other treatment modalities continue to change. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American cancer Society.