bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in 28‐Year‐Old Land Uses in Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils of Ohio
Authors: Shrestha Raj K. , Lal Rattan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCarbon (C) and nitrogen (N) play an important role in the restoration of ecosystem functions of reclaimed mine soils (RMSs). Postreclamation land use in RMSs affects soil C and N pools and fluxes. We compared the effects of 28‐yr‐old postreclamation land uses (forest, hay, and pasture) on selected chemical properties of soil, and C and N pools in reference to undisturbed forest and moderately disturbed agricultural land use in southeastern Ohio. The electrical conductivity was higher in RMSs under hay than that in pasture and forest land uses. The RMSs under pasture, hay, and forest had moderately acidic, neutral to slightly alkaline, and slightly alkaline pH, respectively. In the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil depth, soil organic C (SOC) was higher in RMSs under pasture by 99% and under hay by 52% over that under forest. Similarly, total nitrogen (TN) was higher in RMSs under pasture by 98% and under hay by 43% over that under forest. Aggregate‐associated SOC concentration in the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth decreased in the order of RMSs under hay > RMSs under pasture > RMSs under forest. The SOC pools in the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth decreased in the order of RMSs under hay = RMSs under pasture > RMSs under forest = undisturbed forest = agriculture land use. Nitrogen pools followed a similar trend. Hay land use has a better potential for improving soil quality in RMSs by enhancing chemical properties and SOC and TN pools than forest or pasture land uses.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Co‐Composting of Calf Mortalities with Manure
Authors: Xu Shanwei , Hao Xiying , Stanford Kim , McAllister Tim A. , Larney Francis J. , Wang Jingguo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractComposting may be a viable on‐farm option for disposal of cattle carcasses. This study investigated greenhouse gas emissions during co‐composting of calf mortalities with manure. Windrows were constructed that contained manure + straw (control compost [CK]) or manure + straw + calf mortalities (CM) using two technologies: a tractor‐mounted front‐end loader or a shredder bucket. Composting lasted 289 d. The windrows were turned twice (on Days 72 and 190), using the same technology used in their creation. Turning technology had no effect on greenhouse gas emissions or the properties of the final compost. The CO2 (75.2 g d−1 m−2), CH4 (2.503 g d−1 m−2), and N2O (0.370 g d−1 m−2) emissions were higher (p < 0.05) in CM than in CK (25.7, 0.094, and 0.076 g d−1 m−2 for CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively), which reflected differences in materials used to construct the compost windrows and therefore their total C and total N contents. The final CM compost had higher (p < 0.05) total N, total C, and mineral N content (NO3− + NO2− + NH4+) than did CK compost and therefore has greater agronomic value as a fertilizer.
The Myth of Nitrogen Fertilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Khan S. A. , Mulvaney R. L. , Ellsworth T. R. , Boast C. W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntensive use of N fertilizers in modern agriculture is motivated by the economic value of high grain yields and is generally perceived to sequester soil organic C by increasing the input of crop residues. This perception is at odds with a century of soil organic C data reported herein for the Morrow Plots, the world's oldest experimental site under continuous corn (Zea maysL.). After 40 to 50 yr of synthetic fertilization that exceeded grain N removal by 60 to 190%, a net decline occurred in soil C despite increasingly massive residue C incorporation, the decline being more extensive for a corn–soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.) or corn–oats (Avena sativaL.)–hay rotation than for continuous corn and of greater intensity for the profile (0–46 cm) than the surface soil. These findings implicate fertilizer N in promoting the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and are consistent with data from numerous cropping experiments involving synthetic N fertilization in the USA Corn Belt and elsewhere, although not with the interpretation usually provided. There are important implications for soil C sequestration because the yield‐based input of fertilizer N has commonly exceeded grain N removal for corn production on fertile soils since the 1960s. To mitigate the ongoing consequences of soil deterioration, atmospheric CO2enrichment, and NO3−pollution of ground and surface waters, N fertilization should be managed by site‐specific assessment of soil N availability. Current fertilizer N management practices, if combined with corn stover removal for bioenergy production, exacerbate soil C loss.
Incidence and Persistence of Zoonotic Bacterial and Protozoan Pathogens in a Beef Cattle Feedlot Runoff Control–Vegetative Treatment System
Authors: Berry Elaine D. , Woodbury Bryan L. , Nienaber John A. , Eigenberg Roger A. , Thurston Jeanette A. , Wells James E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDetermining the survival of zoonotic pathogens in livestock manure and runoff is critical for understanding the environmental and public health risks associated with these wastes. The occurrence and persistence of the bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter spp. in a passive beef cattle feedlot runoff control–vegetative treatment system were examined over a 26‐mo period. Incidence of the protozoans Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. was also assessed. The control system utilizes a shallow basin to collect liquid runoff and accumulate eroded solids from the pen surfaces; when an adequate liquid volume is attained, the liquid is discharged from the basin onto a 4.5‐ha vegetative treatment area (VTA) of bromegrass which is harvested as hay. Basin discharge transported E. coli O157, Campylobacter spp., and generic E. coli into the VTA soil, but without additional discharge from the basin, the pathogen prevalences decreased over time. Similarly, the VTA soil concentrations of generic E. coli initially decreased rapidly, but lower residual populations persisted. Isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from VTA samples was infrequent, indicating differences in sedimentation and/or transport in comparison to bacteria. Isolation of generic E. coli from freshly cut hay from VTA regions that received basin discharge (12 of 30 vs. 1 of 30 control samples) provided evidence for the risk of contamination; however, neither E. coli O157 or Campylobacter spp. were recovered from the hay following baling. This work indicates that the runoff control system is effective for reducing environmental risk by containing and removing pathogens from feedlot runoff.
Low Birth Weight and Zygosity Status Is Associated With Defective Muscle Glycogen and Glycogen Synthase Regulation in Elderly Twins
Authors: Poulsen Pernille , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F.P. , Richter Erik A. , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Vaag Allan 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE— An adverse intrauterine environment indicated by both low birth weight and monozygosity is associated with an age- or time-dependent reduction in glucose disposal and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in twins, suggesting impaired regulation of muscle glycogen synthesis.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We measured the activities of glycogen synthase (GS), GS kinase (GSK)3α, GS phosphorylation, and glycogen levels in muscle biopsies obtained from 184 young and elderly twins before and after a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.
RESULTS— Elderly monozygotic twins had significantly lower fractional GS activity amidst higher glycogen and GS protein levels compared with dizygotic twins. In addition, we demonstrated strong nongenetic associations between birth weight and defect muscle glycogen metabolism in elderly—but not in younger—twins. Thus, for every 100 g increase in birth weight within pairs, GS fractional activity, GS protein level, and glycogen content was increased by 4.2, 8.7, and 4.5%, respectively, in elderly twins. Similarly, for every 100 g increase in birth weight, GSK3α activity and GS phosphorylation at the sites 2, 2+2a, and 3a+3b were decreased by 3.1, 9.0, 10.1, and 9.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS— The age- or time-dependent nongenetic impact of birth weight on insulin action in twins may partly be explained by reduced insulin activation of muscle GS, mediated through increased GSK3α activity and GS phosphorylation. Reduced GS activity and negative feedback inhibition of glycogen metabolism by glycogen per se may contribute to the insulin resistance in elderly monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins.
Lower Somatostatin Expression Is an Early Event in Diabetic Retinopathy and Is Associated With Retinal Neurodegeneration
Authors: Carrasco Esther , Hernández Cristina , Miralles Adela , Huguet Pere , Farrés Jaume , Simó Rafael 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To test the hypothesis that a reduction of somatostatin (SST) in the retina exists in patients without clinically detectable diabetic retinopathy and that it is associated with retinal neurodegeneration.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Human diabetic postmortem eyes (n = 10) without clinically detectable retinopathy were compared with eyes (n = 10) from nondiabetic donors. SST mRNA (RT-PCR) and SST-28 immunoreactivity (confocal laser) were measured separately in neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In addition, SST-28 (radioimmunoassay) was measured in the vitreous fluid. Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Apoptotic cells were quantified using transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling.
RESULTS—A higher expression of SST was detected in RPE than neuroretina in both groups. SST mRNA levels and SST-28 immunoreactivity were significantly lower in both RPE and the neuroretina from diabetic donors compared with nondiabetic donors. These results were in agreement with those obtained by measuring SST-28 in the vitreous fluid of the same donors. Increased GFAP and a higher degree of apoptosis were observed in diabetic retinas compared with nondiabetic retinas. These changes were most evident in patients with the higher deficit of SST.
CONCLUSIONS—Underproduction of SST is an early event in the eyes of diabetic patients and is associated with glial activation and neural death. In addition, our results suggest that RPE is an important source of SST in the human eye. The possible role of the lower production of SST in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy requires further investigation.
Changes in the Glycemic Profiles of Women With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes During Pregnancy
Authors: Murphy Helen R. , Rayman Gerry , Duffield Katherine , Lewis Karen S. , Kelly Susan , Johal Balroop , Fowler Duncan , Temple Rosemary C. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE— To examine the changes in glycemic excursions that occur during pregnancy using continuous glucose monitoring and to compare patterns of glycemia in pregnant women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— An observational data analysis was performed from a prospective randomized study of continuous glucose monitoring in 57 women with pregestational type 1 (n = 40) or type 2 (n = 17) diabetes with 7-day continuous glucose monitoring system profiles during each trimester. Serial glucose measurements were divided into periods of euglycemia (70–140 mg/dl), hyperglycemia (&gt;140 mg/dl), and hypoglycemia (&lt;70 mg/dl). Generalized linear mixed effects models were fitted to the repeated measures data to determine how these glycemic characteristics varied during gestation and by diabetes type.
RESULTS— A total of 180 continuous glucose profiles were examined (140 type 1 diabetes, 40 type 2 diabetes), providing 20,433 h of data for analysis (16,117 h type 1 diabetes, 4,316 type 2 diabetes). Women with type 2 diabetes spend ∼33% less time hyperglycemic throughout pregnancy than women with type 1 diabetes (P = 0.005), with a significantly more rapid reduction in time spent hyperglycemic in early pregnancy (P = 0.02). Although women with type 2 diabetes spend less overall time hypoglycemic (P = 0.04), their risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia is equivalent to that of women with type 1 diabetes (blood glucose level &lt;70 mg/dl, P = 0.9; blood glucose level &lt;50 mg/dl, P = 0.2).
CONCLUSIONS— Continuous glucose monitoring reveals clear differences in the level of glycemic control that exist in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. These data will guide therapeutic interventions aimed at optimizing glycemic control and improving the pregnancy outcomes of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Pramlintide Improved Glycemic Control and Reduced Weight in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Basal Insulin
Authors: Riddle Matthew , Frias Juan , Zhang Bei , Maier Holly , Brown Carl , Lutz Karen , Kolterman Orville 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE— To assess the efficacy and safety of pramlintide in patients with type 2 diabetes suboptimally controlled with basal insulin.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— In a 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 212 patients using insulin glargine with or without oral antidiabetes agents (OAs) were randomized to addition of pramlintide (60 or 120 μg b.i.d./t.i.d.) or placebo. Insulin glargine was adjusted to target a fasting plasma glucose concentration of 70–100 mg/dl. One coprimary end point was the change in A1C at week 16. The other coprimary end point was a composite measure of overall diabetes control comprising A1C ≤7.0% or reduction ≥0.5%, mean daily postprandial glucose (PPG) increments ≤40 mg/dl, no increase in body weight, and no severe hypoglycemia. Patients meeting all four conditions at week 16 achieved this end point.
RESULTS—More pramlintide- than placebo-treated patients achieved the composite end point (25 vs. 7%; P &lt; 0.001). Reductions (means ± SE) in A1C (−0.70 ± 0.11% vs. −0.36 ± 0.08%; P &lt; 0.05) and PPG increments (−24.4 ± 3.6 mg/dl vs. −0.4 ± 3.0 mg/dl; P &lt; 0.0001) were greater in pramlintide- versus placebo-treated patients, respectively. Glycemic improvements were accompanied by progressive weight loss with pramlintide and weight gain with placebo (−1.6 ± 0.3 kg vs. +0.7 ± 0.3 kg; P &lt; 0.0001). No treatment-related severe hypoglycemia occurred.
CONCLUSIONS— Pramlintide improved multiple glycemic parameters and reduced weight with no increase in hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes who were not achieving glycemic targets with basal insulin with or without OAs.
Pioglitazone Use and Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Erdmann Erland , Charbonnel Bernard , Wilcox Robert G. , Skene Allan M. , Massi-Benedetti Massimo , Yates John , Tan Meng , Spanheimer Robert , Standl Eberhard , Dormandy John A. ,   On behalf of the PROactive investigators
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE— PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events (PROactive) enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease. These patients were at high risk for heart failure, so any therapeutic benefit could potentially be offset by risk of associated heart failure mortality. We analyzed the heart failure cases to assess the effects of treatment on morbidity and mortality after reports of serious heart failure.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— PROactive was an outcome study in 5,238 patients randomized to pioglitazone or placebo. Patients with New York Heart Association Class II–IV heart failure at screening were excluded. A serious adverse event of heart failure was defined as heart failure that required hospitalization or prolonged a hospitalization stay, was fatal or life threatening, or resulted in persistent significant disability or incapacity. Heart failure risk was evaluated by multivariate regression.
RESULTS— More pioglitazone (5.7%) than placebo patients (4.1%) had a serious heart failure event during the study (P = 0.007). However, mortality due to heart failure was similar (25 of 2,605 [0.96%] for pioglitazone vs. 22 of 2,633 [0.84%] for placebo; P = 0.639). Among patients with a serious heart failure event, subsequent all-cause mortality was proportionately lower with pioglitazone (40 of 149 [26.8%] vs. 37 of 108 [34.3%] with placebo; P = 0.1338). Proportionately fewer pioglitazone patients with serious heart failure went on to have an event in the primary (47.7% with pioglitazone vs. 57.4% with placebo; P = 0.0593) or main secondary end point (34.9% with pioglitazone vs. 47.2% with placebo; P = 0.025).
CONCLUSIONS— Although the incidence of serious heart failure was increased with pioglitazone versus placebo in the total PROactive population of patients with type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease, subsequent mortality or morbidity was not increased in patients with serious heart failure.
Effect of Weight Loss on LDL and HDL Kinetics in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Ng Theodore W.K. , Watts Gerald F. , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Rye Kerry-Anne , Chan Dick C. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of weight loss on LDL and HDL kinetics and plasma retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and adiponectin levels in men with the metabolic syndrome.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—LDL apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 and HDL apoA-I kinetics were studied in 35 obese men with the metabolic syndrome at the start and end of a 16-week intervention trial of a hypocaloric, low-fat diet (n = 20) versus a weight maintenance diet (n = 15) using a stable isotope technique and multicompartmental modeling.
RESULTS—Consumption of the low-fat diet produced significant reductions (P &lt; 0.01) in BMI, abdominal fat compartments, and homeostasis model assessment score compared with weight maintenance. These were associated with a significant increase in adiponectin and a fall in plasma RBP-4, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and LDL apoB-100 concentration (P &lt; 0.05). Weight loss significantly increased the catabolism of LDL apoB-100 (+27%, P &lt; 0.05) but did not affect production; it also decreased both the catabolic (−13%) and production (−13%) rates of HDL apoA-I (P &lt; 0.05), thereby not altering plasma HDL apoA-I or HDL cholesterol concentrations. VLDL apoB-100 production fell significantly with weight loss (P &lt; 0.05). The increase in LDL catabolism was inversely correlated with the fall in RBP-4 (r = −0.54, P &lt; 0.05) and the decrease in HDL catabolism with the rise in adiponectin (r = −0.56, P &lt; 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS—In obese men with metabolic syndrome, weight loss with a low-fat diet decreases the plasma LDL apoB-100 concentration by increasing the catabolism of LDL apoB-100; weight loss also delays the catabolism of HDL apoA-I with a concomitant reduction in the secretion of HDL apoA-I. These effects of weight loss could partly involve changes in RBP-4 and adiponectin levels.
Skeletal Muscle Deoxygenation After the Onset of Moderate Exercise Suggests Slowed Microvascular Blood Flow Kinetics in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bauer Timothy A. , Reusch Jane E.B. , Levi Moshe , Regensteiner Judith G. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—People with type 2 diabetes have impaired exercise responses even in the absence of cardiovascular complications. One key factor associated with the exercise intolerance is abnormally slowed oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics during submaximal exercise. The mechanisms of this delayed adaptation during exercise are unclear but probably relate to impairments in skeletal muscle blood flow. This study was conducted to compare skeletal muscle deoxygenation (deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin [HHb]) responses and estimated microvascular blood flow (Qm) kinetics in type 2 diabetic and healthy subjects after the onset of moderate exercise.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Pulmonary V̇o2 kinetics and [HHb] (using near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured in 11 type 2 diabetic and 11 healthy subjects during exercise transitions from unloaded to moderate cycling exercise. Qm responses were calculated using V̇o2 kinetics and [HHb] responses via rearrangement of the Fick principle.
RESULTS—V̇o2 kinetics were slowed in type 2 diabetic compared with control subjects (43.8 ± 9.6 vs. 34.2 ± 8.2 s, P &lt; 0.05), and the initial [HHb] response after the onset of exercise exceeded the steady-state level of oxygen extraction in type 2 diabetic compared with control subjects. The mean response time of the estimated Qm increase was prolonged in type 2 diabetic compared with healthy subjects (47.7 ± 14.3 vs. 35.8 ± 10.7 s, P &lt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle demonstrates a transient imbalance of muscle O2 delivery relative to O2 uptake after onset of exercise, suggesting a slowed Qm increase in type 2 diabetic muscle. Impaired vasodilatation due to vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes during exercise may contribute to this observation. Further study of the mechanisms leading to impaired muscle oxygen delivery may help explain the abnormal exercise responses in type 2 diabetes.
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Pre-Diabetes Among Overweight and Obese U.S. Adults
Authors: Hoerger Thomas J. , Hicks Katherine A. , Sorensen Stephen W. , Herman William H. , Ratner Robert E. , Ackermann Ronald T. , Zhang Ping , Engelgau Michael M. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To estimate the cost-effectiveness of screening overweight and obese individuals for pre-diabetes and then modifying their lifestyle based on the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A Markov simulation model was used to estimate disease progression, costs, and quality of life. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from a health care system perspective. We considered two screening/treatment strategies for pre-diabetes. Strategy 1 included screening overweight subjects and giving them the lifestyle intervention included in the DPP if they were diagnosed with both impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Strategy 2 included screening followed by lifestyle intervention for subjects diagnosed with either IGT or IFG or both. Each strategy was compared with a program of no screening.
RESULTS—Screening for pre-diabetes and treating those identified as having both IGT and IFG with the DPP lifestyle intervention had a cost-effectiveness ratio of $8,181 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) relative to no screening. If treatment was also provided to subjects with only IGT or only IFG (strategy 2), the cost-effectiveness ratio increased to $9,511 per QALY. Changes in screening-related parameters had small effects on the cost-effectiveness ratios; the results were more sensitive to changes in intervention-related parameters.
CONCLUSIONS—Screening for pre-diabetes in the overweight and obese U.S. population followed by the DPP lifestyle intervention has a relatively attractive cost-effectiveness ratio.