bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Paneth cells in colorectal adenomas of Japanese descendants in Hawaii
Authors: WADA RYO , KUWABARA NORIYUKI , SUDA KOUICHI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the incidence of Paneth cells in colorectal tubular adenomas of Japanese descendants in Hawaii. Paneth cells were found in 73 of 322 adenomas (22.7%) of Japanese descendants in Hawaii. The incidence of Paneth cells in adenomas located from the caecum to the transverse colon was significantly higher than that of adenomas from the descending colon to the rectum. The same trend of a higher incidence of Paneth cells in adenomas from the caecum to the transverse colon was observed in Japanese descendants and Caucasian residents in Hawaii and in native Japanese. The incidence of Paneth cells in adenomas of Japanese descendants in Hawaii was higher than that of native Japanese, and also that of Caucasian residents was higher than that of native Japanese.
Figure connection test: A universal test for assessment of mental state
Authors: DHIMAN RADHA KRISHAN , SARASWAT VIVEK A. , VERMA MEERA , NAIK SUBHASH R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The number connection test (NCT), which assesses the extent of organic brain damage, has been used extensively to evaluate mental state in portasystemic encephalopathy, but has certain inherent limitations. It cannot be performed by illiterates and those unfamiliar with Roman alphanumeric notations. We, therefore, devised a figure connection test (FCT) based on the subject's identification of figures rather than alphabets or numerals. Four variations each of FCT‐A (A1‐A4) and FCT‐B (B1‐B4) employing different motifs were developed and compared with four variations each of NCT‐A (A1‐A4) and NCT‐B (B1‐B4) in groups of healthy volunteers with differing educational status. These volunteer groups were as follows: postgraduates 64; graduates 66; subgraduates 75; and illiterates 45. Significant differences in mean scores of various tests were observed between these normal groups. Control values of the tests for these groups have been standardized and can serve as nomograms. The effect of educational attainments on performance of FCT and other psychometric tests was analysed and trail‐making tests were validated for serial use.The FCT was then prospectively validated on 70 patients (classified for comparison with controls according to educational status as follows: postgraduates 7; graduates 21; subgraduates 32; and illiterates 10) with cirrhosis of liver without overt encephalopathy, to detect subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. NCT‐A was abnormal in 31.7%, NCT‐B in 38.3%, FCT‐A in 42.9% and FCT‐B in 28.6% of patients. Taken together these tests diagnosed subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in 34 (48.5%) patients. We conclude that FCT is as useful as NCT in detecting psychomotor performance defects in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly: Analysis of pre‐operative risk factors and postoperative complications
Authors: IDO KENICHI , SUZUKI TAKANORI , KIMURA KEN , TANIGUCHI YUSHI , KAWAMOTO CHIAKI , ISODA NORIO , NAGAMINE NOBUHIKO , IOKA TATSUYA , KUMAGAI MACHIO 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA retrospective study was conducted of two groups of patients over (group 1, n= 57) and under (group 2, n= 655) the age of 70 years who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The pre‐operative physical status and systemic complications, operation time, postoperative complications, postoperative hospital stay and other clinical features of the two groups were compared. The incidence of pre‐operative complications in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P < 0.05). Postoperatively no severe complication was found in any patient. Group 1 showed significantly prolonged operation time and postoperative hospital stay compared with group 2 (P < 0.05). The difference between the groups in the intra‐operative treatment time and postoperative treatment is attributed to the greater prevalence of common bile duct stone in group 1 as there was little difference between the groups in the postoperative recovery after exclusion of these patients. No pulmonary complications, which are associated with LC, were observed; the postprocedure pain was slight and the period of bedrest was short. If complications associated with pneumoperitoneum can be prevented, this surgery is an excellent measure to improve the quality of life of even elderly patients with cholecystolithiasis.
The importance of the pylorus as a regulator of solid and liquid emptying from the stomach
Authors: TREACY PJ , JAMIESON GG , DENT J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe role of the pylorus in the control of gastric emptying of liquids and digestible solids was investigated in the present study by pylorus excision in six pigs. The pylorus was left intact in another six pigs. Antro‐pyloro‐duodenal motility was recorded by a sleeve sensor and side holes. Liquid emptying was significantly more rapid in pylorus excised than in pylorus intact animals, during intraduodenal infusion of isosmolar dextrose (712 mL vs 107 mL), fatty acid (402 mL vs 46 mL), amino acids (752 mL vs 112 mL), 25% dextrose (392 mL vs 51 mL) and 3 normal saline (705 mL vs 157 mL). In pylorus excised animals, in contrast to pylorus intact animals, the manometric pattern of isolated pyloric pressure waves at the distal stomach was rarely seen (P < 0.05). In a second series of experiments, pylorus excised animals emptied significantly more (P < 0.04) meat over 120 min (181 g) than pylorus intact animals (80 g), but the proportion of particle sizes emptied was unaltered. In the pig, localized pyloric contractions are important for retardation of gastric emptying when nutrient or hyperosmolar solutions enter the duodenum. By contrast, the pylorus is unimportant in determining the size of solid particles emptied from the stomach.
Granulomatous hepatitis associated with scrub typhus
Authors: CHIEN RONG‐NAN , LIU NAI‐JEN , LIN PAUL Y , LIAW YUN‐FAN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 56 year old patient with scrub typhus infection having unusual presentation of hepatic injury resembling acute hepatitis is described. The clinical features of fever, headache, eschar, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis and high Rickettsia tsutsugamushi immunofluorescence titres confirmed the diagnosis of scrub typhus. Acute hepatitis was proven by hepatic biochemical tests and liver biopsy. The patient had a complete recovery soon after antibiotic treatment. The presentation of this case suggests that scrub typhus infection should be included in the list of differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis or granulomatous hepatitis, at least in the Asian Pacific region where scrub typhus still prevails.
Role of endotoxin in the hepatic microvascular inflammatory response to ethanol
Authors: MCCUSKEY RS , NISHIDA J , EGUCHI H , MCDONNELL D , BAKER GL , EKATAKSIN W , KRASOVICH MA , RUDI V , SEITZ HK , URBASCHEK B , URBASCHEK R 
Published: March 2008

AbstractKupffer cells (KC) and gut‐derived bacterial endotoxin have been implicated in the aetiology of alcoholic liver disease. Using in vivo microscopic methods, we have shown that ethanol ingestion in mice causes a dose dependent increase in leucocyte adhesion and endothelial cell swelling in hepatic sinusoids. Activation of KC is elicited at low doses while depression occurs at high doses and with chronic exposure. The responses are exacerbated in the presence of endotoxaemia or sepsis and are not seen in endotoxin‐resistant animals, implicating a role for endotoxin in the ethanol‐induced inflammatory response. In addition, the responses are abolished with anti‐TNFα suggesting that TNFα is a primary mediator of these events. Nitric oxide (NO) initially appears to play an important role in these events by stabilizing the TNFα ‐mediated hepatic microvascular inflammatory response to acute ethanol ingestion, thereby helping to protect the liver from ischaemia and leucocyte induced oxidative injury. Finally, an ongoing clinical study has confirmed a mild systemic endotoxaemia in patients hospitalized for alcoholic liver disease. All of these results support important roles for endotoxin, cytokines, nitric oxide and sinusoidal lining cells in the pathophysiology of liver injury resulting from ethanol alone or in combination with infection.
Control of iron absorption
Authors: ANDERSON GREGORY J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIntestinal iron absorption plays an essential role in body iron homeostasis, although the mechansim by which iron moves across the cells of the intestinal epithelium and the way in which this process is regulated are poorly understood. Signals to alter iron absorption are received from the body by cells of the intestinal crypt and these signals are translated into an absortion response after the cells have migrated up the villus and differentiated into mature absorptive enterocytes. The intracellular iron concentration of the crypt cell may play an important role in the regulation of this process. Biochemical investigations on the mechanism of iron absorption have met with only limited success and a molecular understanding of this mechanism appears most likely to come from the identification of the genes affected in various inherited disturbances of iron absorption in several mammalian species.
Studies on the hypomethylation of c‐myc, c‐Ha‐ras oncogenes and histopathological changes in human gastric carcinoma
Authors: FANG JING‐YUAN , ZHU SHUN‐SHI , XIAO SHU‐DONG , JIANG SHAO‐JI , SHI YAO , CHEN XIAO‐YU , ZHOU XIAO‐MEI , QIAN LIAN‐FANG 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn order to study the status of DNA methylation of specific oncogenes and the relationship between them and the pathological changes in gastric carcinoma, we analysed the methylated status of c‐myc, c‐Ha‐ras oncogenes by Southern blot hybridization. Genomic DNA from cancerous, paracancerous and non‐cancerous areas of surgically resected specimens were examined in 22 cases of advanced human gastric carcinoma. Specimens were digested by the restriction endonucleases MspI/HpaII, which are able to cleave between methylated and non‐methylated cytosine at their nucleotide recognition site the DNA 5′‐CCGG sequence, and were hybridized with c‐myc, c‐Ha‐ras oncogene probes. Moreover, the corresponding pathological changes in gastric carcinoma were observed. The results showed that c‐myc, c‐Ha‐ras oncogenes from cancerous (10/22, 5/10) and paracancerous areas (13/22, 4/10) were hypomethylated and that there was no significant relationship between them and the histopathological changes.
Risk factors of peptic ulcer disease: Different impact of Helicobacter pylori in Dutch and Japanese populations?
Authors: SCHLEMPER RONALD J. , VAN DER WERF SJOERD DJ , VANDENBROUCKE JAN P. , BIEMOND IZÄK , LAMERS CORNELIS BHW 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Helicobacter pylori, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, family history, blood group O, hyperpepsinogenaemia A, alcohol and smoking have been reported to be risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. The strength of causal risk factors may differ in different populations. In 215 Japanese and 493 Dutch employees of similar age, gender and type of occupation, a structured history was obtained using a questionnaire and fasting serum samples were analysed for IgG antibodies to H. pylori and pepsinogen A all in the same laboratory. A past ulcer history was verified through case notes. We found that H. pylori seropositivity, a high serum pepsinogen A and a family history of ulcer disease were significant and independent risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. For H. pylori seropositivity there was a 20‐fold increased risk among the Dutch and an eight‐fold increased risk among the Japanese. The seroprevalence of H. pylori was 90% in 20 Dutch subjects with a verified ulcer history and 95% in 41 Japanese ulcer subjects; it was 29% in Dutch non‐ulcer subjects and 70% in Japanese non‐ulcer subjects. The cumulative difference in risk to develop peptic ulcer disease at the age of 48 years between H. pylor‐infected and ‐uninfected subjects was 24.5–3.0 = 21.5% for the Japanese and 11.8–0.5 = 11.3% for the Dutch. Duodenal ulcer disease was associated with a high coffee consumption only among the Japanese population, where this habit was much less prevalent than among the Dutch. In conclusion, the characterization of peptic ulcer risk factors as weak or strong has no universal basis: the present study shows that from a diagnostic point of view H. pylori appears to be a weaker risk factor for peptic ulcer disease in a society with a higher seroprevalence. However, from an aetiological point of view, H. pylori has an even greater impact on ulcer morbidity in the Japanese than in the Dutch population.
Frequency and factors influencing portal hypertensive gastropathy and duodenopathy in cirrhotic portal hypertension
Authors: GUPTA R , SARASWAT VA , KUMAR M , NAIK SR , PANDEY R 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTPortal hypertensive gastropathy and duodenopathy are distinct clinical and endoscopic entities. Data on factors influencing the development of these lesions are still emerging. Data on portal hypertensive duodenopathy are scarce. We prospectively studied 230 patients with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices attending the liver clinic of the Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences. One hundred and forty‐two patients had no history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, while the remainder had bled in the past. Endoscopic appearances were recorded before starting patients on a sclerotherapy programme. Forty‐four patients were re‐evaluated after variceal eradication. The frequency of portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and duodenopathy (PHD) was 61 and 14%, respectively. Mild PHG was present in 85% and was severe in the rest. Portal hypertensive duodenopathy was mild in 50%, while in the other half it was severe. There was no relationship of PHG and PHD to: (i) a history of upper gastrointestinal bleed; (ii) size of oesophageal varices; (iii) aetiology of liver cirrhosis; or (iv) liver function status as assessed by Child Pugh's scores (P=NS for all). The prevalence of PHG was higher in those patients with oesophagogastric varices (74 of 107; 69%) compared with patients with oesophageal varices alone (68 of 123; 55%; P<0.05). However, no such increase in frequency of PHD was noted in patients with oesophagogastric varices. Sclerotherapy increased the frequency of PHG. Twenty‐four patients had PHG before starting sclerotherapy, while it was noted in 33 patients 1–3 months after variceal eradication (P< 0.05). In contrast, there was no increase in the prevalence of portal hypertensive duodenopathy after sclerotherapy (P=NS). There was no correlation between endoscopic and histological changes of PHG and PHD. In conclusion, PHG is quite frequent in patients with cirrhosis and its frequency increases with the presence of oesophagogastric varices and after sclerotherapy. However, the frequency of PHD is low and is not affected by the factors studied.
Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma after interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C: Clinical study of 26 cases
Authors: SUGIURA NOBUYUKI , SAKAI YUZOH , EBARA MASAAKI , FUKUDA HIROYUKI , YOSHIKAWA MASAHARU , SAISHO HIROMITSU , OHTO MASAO , KONDO FUKUO 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe clinical findings in 26 patients in whom hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was detected after the start of interferon (IFN) therapy for chronic hepatitis C were analysed. Histological study before IFN therapy showed that 34.6% of patients were categorized as stage 3 (septal fibrosis with architectural distortion; the 0–4 scale) and 80.8% demonstrated at least some evidence of septal fibrosis or more advanced features. The AFP levels examined before IFN therapy were more than 20 ng/mL in 13 patients (84.6% of those studied). One of 26 patients had a complete response to IFN therapy, while six of 26 patients had only a partial response. HCC was detected within 1 year after the start of IFN therapy in 76.9% of patients. Thus, the possibility of the early occurrence of HCC or its existence at the time of therapy should be seriously considered when IFN therapy is contemplated. Patients with stage 3 or 3–4 histology may already have a small undetectable HCC before IFN therapy. Thus, for this reason, every patient treated with IFN should be examined at short regular intervals for the development of HCC during and after IFN therapy.
Prognostic factor analysis of fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure in an area endemic for hepatitis B
Authors: HUO TEH‐IA , WU JAW‐CHING , SHENG WEN‐YUNG , CHAN CHO‐YU , HWANG SHINN‐JANG , CHEN TRONG‐ZONG , LEE SHOU‐DONG 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn order to determine the criteria in selecting candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), we assessed the aetiology and prognostic indicators in 61 patients with fulminant or subfulminant hepatitis during the past 13 years. Several previously reported models of high risk predictors were not suitable for a large portion of our patients with different aetiological and ethnic backgrounds. In the present study, serological markers of various hepatitis viruses were tested and clinical parameters were compared between survivors and non‐survivors. Multiple virus infection and multifactorial causes were important in the pathogenesis (48%) of acute liver failure. Among the 13 clinical parameters, six were considered significant on univariate analysis: prothrombin time prolongation (P< 0.001), total bilirubin, creatinine and α‐fetoprotein (P< 0.01), age and cholesterol (P< 0.05). With stepwise logistic regression using most discriminatory cut‐off values, an age of > 43 years (P= 0.0001), total bilirubin levels of > 23 mg/dL (P< 0.005) and prothrombin time prolongation > 19 s (P< 0.0001) were independent predictors of non‐survival. When applied to determine the index of poor prognosis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and predictive accuracy were 100, 67, 95, 100 and 95%, respectively, in the presence of any one of these prognostic factors. We conclude that these indicators may be useful for selecting patients with acute liver failure indicated for OLT.
Review Article: New insights into the mechanisms of hepatic transport and bile secretion
Authors: ERLINGER SERGE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe transport processes responsible for bile flow are reviewed. Canalicular bile acid‐dependent flow is the result of active transport of bile acids by the hepatocyte into bile canaliculi. Bile acids are taken up by at least two transport systems whose mRNA have been expressed in Xenopus oocytes: (i) a Na+‐dependent system, named NTCP, and (ii) a Na+‐independent system, named OATP. Bile acids are then secreted into bile by two other transport systems, an ATP‐dependent system and an ‘electrogenic’ voltage‐dependent system. It is not known whether these two systems are mediated by the same protein or by two different proteins. Canalicular bile acid‐independent flow is mainly the result of the secretion of glutathione into bile. The canalicular membrane also contains several proteins of the multi drug resistance (MDR) family. MDR1 is responsible for biliary secretion of cationic drugs. MDR3 (mdr 2 in mice) plays a major role in the secretion of phospholipids. A third MDR‐related protein has been shown recently to be the canalicular carrier of organic anions, such as bilirubin and dyes (the canalicular multiple organic anion transporter, or cMOAT). Biliary epithelial cells secrete a bicarbonate‐rich solution, mostly in response to secretin. This secretion depends upon the presence, on the apical membrane of these cells of the CFTR, a chloride channel activated by cAMP and of a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger. Knowledge of these transport systems should allow a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cholestasis.
Review:Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Problems and recommendations
Authors: HUANG JIA‐QING , HUNT RICHARD H 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe successful isolation ofHelicobacter pylorifrom the stomachs of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer has revolutionized our concepts of the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric B cell lymphoma. Eradication ofH. pyloriheals gastritis andH. pylori‐related peptic ulcer. After a successful cure ofH. pyloriinfection, virtually no recurrence of duodenal ulcer is seen. However, treatment to cure the infection has proved difficult. Numerous clinical trials have been attempted, but as yet no ideal regimen has been identified. Monotherapies have many drawbacks and should be avoided. Dual therapies combining a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and an antimicrobial agent provide higher eradication rates than those involving two antimicrobial agents. Bismuth‐based triple therapies are more effective than dual therapies in eradicatingH. pyloriinfection. However, poor compliance and frequent adverse effects have made these combinations less favourable in clinical practice. Proton pump inhibitor‐based triple therapies have shown more consistent and higher eradication rates with a short duration of treatment, good patient compliance, fewer side effects, prompt symptom relief and fast ulcer healing. Results from PPI‐based quadruple therapies are promising; however, large multicentre clinical trials are needed to confirm the effect and the complex regimen again may compromise compliance outside of the clinical trial setting. Eradication ofH. pyloriinfection is cost‐effective in the long‐term management of peptic ulcer disease compared with maintenance therapy with antisecretory drugs.
AN AETIOLOGICAL STUDY OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE IN A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL*
Authors: DANKS D. M. , CAMPBELL P. E. , CONNELLY J. F. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISSeventy‐six newborn infants with significant jaundice, caused by other than foetomaternal blood group incompatibility, have been studied by simple but systematic methods. Bacterial infection emerged as the most common cause. Blood culture and microscopy of urine proved to be the most rewarding routine tests and these are advocated in all newborn babies in whom jaundice gives rise to concern. ‘Neonatal hepatitis’ and biliary atresia were the main causes of jaundice which persisted for more than one month, and investigation of their aetiology is briefly reported.
OBSERVATIONS UPON ACID BASE REGULATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCAL LUNG DISEASE IN INFANCY
Authors: STEVENS L. H. , WILLIAMS H. E. , FREEMAN MAVIS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe acid‐base disturbances in 9 babies with a staphylococcal pulmonary infection are described.The disturbances are particularly related to mechanical complications such as obstruction of the airway, empyema, and tension pneumothorax, which occurred during the course of the illness.The need for early recognition and prompt and adequate treatment of these complications is stressed.
URINARY AND SERUM AMINO‐ACID STUDIES IN PREMATURE AND FULL TERM NEONATES
Authors: THOMPSON ELIZABETH , LINDOP ROSEMARY , JONES G. TASMAN , HOWIE R. N. , TROUGHTON W. D. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISUrinary and serum amino‐acid patterns were studied in 56 premature and full‐term babies by a new technique of combined electrophoresis and chromatography. A changing pattern of urinary amino‐acid excretion with increasing maturity was found, particularly with the basic amino acid lysine and with cystine. We have confirmed previous reports of high excretion of proline and hydroxyproline in infants. High levels of tyrosine in the blood and urine in 4 of the 37 premature babies were possibly due to a combination of high protein intake and late maturation of the enzyme tyrosinase in these infants.The excretion of glutamine was surprisingly low. Possible explanations for this are discussed.Homocitrulline was found in blood and urine of all infants fed with sterilized milk, including breast milk. This is thought to be related to the heating of the milk.Apart from tyrosine and homocitrulline, the pattern of serum amino acids did not differ significantly from that seen in normal adults.Infants malnourished in utero showed amino‐acid patterns which resembled those of babies of similar birthweight rather than similar maturity.