bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melissus And His Opponents: The Argument of DK 30 B 8
Authors: Makin Stephen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper I offer a new interpretation of Melissus' argument at DK 30 B8.In this passage Melissus uses an Eleatic argument against change to challenge an opponent who appeals to the authority of perception in order to support the view that there are a plurality of items in the world. I identify an orthodox type of approach to this passage, but argue that it cannot give a charitable interpretation of Melissus' strategy. In order to assess Melissus' overall argument we have to identify the opponent at whom it is aimed. The orthodox interpretation of the argument faces a dilemma: Melissus' argument is either a poor argument against a plausible opponent or a good argument against an implausible opponent.My interpretation turns on identifying a new target for Melissus' argument. I explain the position I call Bluff Realism (contrasting it with two other views: the Pig Headed and the Fully Engaged). These are positions concerning the dialectical relation between perception on the one hand, and arguments to counter-perceptual conclusions on the other. I argue that Bluff Realism represents a serious threat from an Eleatic point of view, and is prima facie an attractive position in its own right.I then give a charitable interpretation of Melissus' argument in DK 30 B8, showing how he produces a strong and incisive argument against the Bluff Realist position I have identified. Melissus emerges as an innovative and astute philosopher.
Zahlensymbolik in Kirchenliedern Paul Gerhardts
Authors: Körber Esther-Beate 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis essay is the first attempt to demonstrate the numerical symbolism of Paul Gerhardt's hymns. In his hymns for morning and evening, the number of each verse has a symbolic meaning also expressed in the contents of the verse. Gerhardt presumably used numerical symbolism to convey the harmony of God's creation.
Jugendbewegung und Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Niemeyer Christian 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWerner Kindt's sourcebook exemplifies the obvious interest of German-speaking pedagogy in reflexive denial. This reflexive denial had its beginnings in the affected generation, which after 1945 became appalled by the authors it had admired in its youth. This generation simply began to deny that these authors as well as the resulting literary works (in the youth movement) had ever existed as they were.
History Undone. The Appropriation of Thucydides
Authors: Aiken David Wyatt 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMany of the classic texts of the west have ,,disappeared" beneath the weight of interpretative tradition. In this essay I argue that in the evolution of the western rationalist tradition of 'History', the historical texts of Thucydides have now become effectively absent from the hermeneutical equation. As a result, there is at present a disjunction between the historical Thucydides as he is present in his writings, and the interpretative assumptions about the writings of Thucydides that have grown up in the critical literature.
Retrieval of Model Grid-Scale Heat Capacity Using Geostationary Satellite Products. Part I: First Case-Study Application
Authors: McNider Richard T. , Lapenta William M. , Biazar Arastoo P. , Jedlovec Gary J. , Suggs Ronnie J. , Pleim Jonathan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In weather forecast and general circulation models the behavior of the atmospheric boundary layer, especially the nocturnal boundary layer, can be critically dependent on the magnitude of the effective model grid-scale bulk heat capacity. Yet, this model parameter is uncertain both in its value and in its conceptual meaning for a model grid in heterogeneous conditions. Current methods for estimating the grid-scale heat capacity involve the areal/volume weighting of heat capacity (resistance) of various, often ill-defined, components. This can lead to errors in model performance in certain parameter spaces. Here, a technique is proposed and tested for recovering bulk heat capacity using time tendencies in satellite-retrieved surface skin temperature (SST). The technique builds upon sensitivity studies that show that surface temperature is most sensitive to thermal inertia in the early evening hours. The retrievals are made within the context of a surface energy budget in a regional-scale model [the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)]. The retrieved heat capacities are used in the forecast model, and it is shown that the model predictions of temperature are improved in the nighttime during the forecast periods.
Improved Radar Ice Water Content Retrieval Algorithms Using Coincident Microphysical and Radar Measurements
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Wang Zhien , Matrosov Sergey 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Airborne radar reflectivity measurements at frequencies of 9.6 and 94 GHz, with collocated, in situ particle size distribution and ice water content measurements from the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) in Florida in July 2002, offer one of the first opportunities to evaluate and improve algorithms for retrieving ice water content from single-wavelength spaceborne radar measurements. Both ice water content and radar reflectivity depend on the distribution of particle mass with size. It is demonstrated that single, power-law, mass dimensional relationships are unable to adequately account for the dominating contribution of small particles at lower reflectivities and large particles at higher reflectivities. To circumvent the need for multiple, or complex, mass dimensional relationships, analytic expressions that use particle ensemble mean ice particle densities that are derived from the coincident microphysical and radar observations are developed. These expressions, together with more than 5000 CRYSTAL FACE size distributions, are used to develop radar reflectivity–ice water content relationships for the two radar wavelengths that appear to provide improvements over earlier relationships, at least for convectively generated stratiform ice clouds.
Urban Modifications in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model and the Effects on Near-Surface Variables in an Arid Metropolitan Region
Authors: Grossman-Clarke Susanne , Zehnder Joseph A. , Stefanov William L. , Liu Yubao , Zoldak Michael A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A refined land cover classification for the arid Phoenix (Arizona) metropolitan area and some simple modifications to the surface energetics were introduced in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The single urban category in the existing 24-category U.S. Geological Survey land cover classification used in MM5 was divided into three classes to account for heterogeneity of urban land cover. Updated land cover data were derived from 1998 Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. The composition of the urban land use classes in terms of typical fractions of vegetation and anthropogenic surfaces was determined from ground-truth information, allowing a variety of moisture availability for evaporation by land cover class. Bulk approaches for characteristics of the urban surface energy budget, such as heat storage, the production of anthropogenic heat, and radiation trapping, were introduced in MM5’s Medium Range Forecast boundary layer scheme and slab land surface model. A 72-h simulation was performed with MM5 on a 2 km × 2 km grid during June 1998. The new land cover classification had a significant impact on the turbulent heat fluxes and the evolution of the boundary layer and improved the capability of MM5 to simulate the daytime part of the diurnal temperature cycle in the urban area. The nighttime near-surface air temperatures were improved significantly by adding radiation trapping, heat storage, and anthropogenic heating to the model.
Statistical distributions of optimal global alignment scores of random protein sequences
Authors: Pang Hongxia , Tang Jiaowei , Chen Su-Shing , Tao Shiheng 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Background
The inference of homology from statistically significant sequence similarity is a central issue in sequence alignments. So far the statistical distribution function underlying the optimal global alignments has not been completely determined.

Results
In this study, random and real but unrelated sequences prepared in six different ways were selected as reference datasets to obtain their respective statistical distributions of global alignment scores. All alignments were carried out with the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm and optimal scores were fitted to the Gumbel, normal and gamma distributions respectively. The three-parameter gamma distribution performs the best as the theoretical distribution function of global alignment scores, as it agrees perfectly well with the distribution of alignment scores. The normal distribution also agrees well with the score distribution frequencies when the shape parameter of the gamma distribution is sufficiently large, for this is the scenario when the normal distribution can be viewed as an approximation of the gamma distribution.

Conclusion
We have shown that the optimal global alignment scores of random protein sequences fit the three-parameter gamma distribution function. This would be useful for the inference of homology between sequences whose relationship is unknown, through the evaluation of gamma distribution significance between sequences.
Characterization of a likelihood based method and effects of markers informativeness in evaluation of admixture and population group assignment
Authors: Yang Bao-Zhu , Zhao Hongyu , Kranzler Henry R , Gelernter Joel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Detection and evaluation of population stratification are crucial issues in the conduct of genetic association studies. Statistical approaches useful for understanding these issues have been proposed; these methods rely on information gained from genotyping sets of markers that reflect population ancestry. Before using these methods, a set of markers informative for differentiating population genetic substructure (PGS) is necessary. We have previously evaluated the performance of a Bayesian clustering method implemented in the software STRUCTURE in detecting PGS with a particular informative marker set. In this study, we implemented a likelihood based method (LBM) in evaluating the informativeness of the same selected marker panel, with respect to assessing potential for stratification in samples of European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs), that are known to be admixed. LBM calculates the probability of a set of genotypes based on observations in a reference population with known specific allele frequencies for each marker, assuming Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each marker and linkage equilibrium among markers.

Results
In EAs, the assignment accuracy by LBM exceeded 99% using the most efficient marker FY, and reached perfect assignment accuracy using the 10 most efficient markers excluding FY. In AAs, the assignment accuracy reached 96.4% using FY, and >95% when using at least the 9 most efficient markers. The comparison of the observed and reference allele frequencies (which were derived from previous publications and public databases) shows that allele frequencies observed in EAs matched the reference group more accurately than allele frequencies observed in AAs. As a result, the LBM performed better in EAs than AAs, as might be expected given the dependence of LBMs on prior knowledge of allele frequencies. Performance was not dependent on sample size.

Conclusion
The performance of the LBM depends on the efficiency and number of markers, and depends greatly on how representative the available reference allele frequencies are for those of the population being assigned. This method is of value when the parental population is known and relevant allele frequencies are available.
A New Route to the Synthesis of Indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles
Authors: Banerji Avijit , Bandyopadhyay Debasish , Basak Bidyut , Biswas Pizush Kanti , Banerji Julie , Chatterjee Asima 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A straightforward, easy and smooth process of synthesizing indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles, which can frequently serve as a nucleus of several natural products is reported. The process involves only two steps viz. single electron transfer reaction and subsequent reductive cyclization with hydrazine.
Haterumadienone: A New Puupehenone Congener from an Okinawan Marine Sponge, Dysidea sp.
Authors: Ueda Katsuhiro , Ueta Tomoyuki , Siwu Eric Richard Oktavianus , Kita Masaki , Uemura Daisuke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Haterumadienone (1), a ring-contracted derivative of puupehenone (2), was isolated from a sponge Dysidea sp., along with the artificial acetone adducts 3 and 4 of a trione hydrate 5 which could be detected in the sponge. The structures of 1 and the acetone adducts 3 and 4 were successfully determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis. These compounds showed the ability to inhibit the division of fertilized sea urchin eggs.
Carbophosphinylation of Arynes with Cyanomethyldiphenylphosphine Oxide
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Watanabe Masahiko , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A methylene–phosphorus σ-bond of cyanomethyldiphenylphosphine oxide was found to add across a carbon–carbon triple bond of arynes, leading to the simultaneous introduction of cyanomethyl and diphenylphosphinyl moieties into 1,2-positions of the aromatic skeletons.
Highly Selective Oxidation of Diphenylmethane to Benzophenone over Co/MCM-41
Authors: Chang Fang , Li Wanyi , Xia Fei , Yan Zhiyin , Xiong Jie , Wang Jiaqiang 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Highly selective formation of benzophenone (99.1%) from diphenylmethane is reported for the first time using H2O2 (30%) as an oxidant and Co/MCM-41 as the catalyst.
Preparation of Fluorous DMF Solvents and Their Use for Some Pd-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions
Authors: Matsubara Hiroshi , Maeda Louis , Ryu Ilhyong 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide derivatives 1a (Rf6-DMF) and 1b (Rf8-DMF) with a C6 or C8 fluorous ponytail, respectively, have been synthesized and examined for some physical properties. Rf6-DMF was tested as a solvent for Mizoroki–Heck arylation of butyl acrylate and Sonogashira coupling reaction of iodobenzene with phenylacetylene. Both reactions proceeded as smoothly as in DMF to give the products in high yield. Fluorous DMF derivative 1a can be recovered easily from the reaction mixture by a fluorous/organic biphasic workup and recycled.
Self-assembly of Mixed-valent Ruthenium(II,III) Pivalate and Octacyanotungstate(V) Building Blocks
Authors: Matoga Dariusz , Mikuriya Masahiro , Handa Makoto , Szklarzewicz Janusz 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
One-dimensional coordination polymer of [Ru2(piv)4(μ-CN)W(CN)7]n2n− (Hpiv = pivalic acid) has been synthesized in the presence of PPh4+. The X-ray crystal structure reveals an alternating arrangement of ruthenium(II,III) dimers and [W(CN)8]3− ions in a 1-D chain. The magnetic susceptibility data (4.5–300 K) shows a ferrimagnetic behavior of this complex.
An Unnatural Amino Acid Bearing Bipyridyl Backbone: Selective Formation of mer-Isomers for Iron(II) Tris-chelate Complexes
Authors: Kyakuno Masato , Oishi Shigero , Ishida Hitoshi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The fac/mer-ratios of the iron(II) complexes with the derivatives of an unnatural amino acid, 5′-N-acetylamino-2,2′-bipyridine-5-carboxylic acid, were investigated. It was found that the amide derivatives with secondary amines selectively yielded the mer-isomers independently of the ligand structures. On the other hand, for the amides with primary amines, the ratios of the fac- and mer-complexes increased and decreased, respectively, with the increasing sizes of the substituents, suggesting stabilization of the fac-isomers by electrostatic interaction (or hydrogen bondings) between the ligands.
Conversion of Glycerin into Lactic Acid by Alkaline Hydrothermal Reaction
Authors: Kishida Hisanori , Jin Fangming , Zhou Zhouyu , Moriya Takehiko , Enomoto Heiji 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Hydrothermal decomposition experiments of glycerin with an alkali showed that glycerin could be converted into lactic acid with a high yield of about 90 mol % based on glycerin used. Discussion on the pathway for the conversion of glycerin to lactic acid suggests that glycerin is first decomposed to pyruvaldehyde with elimination of hydrogen by a H− shift to the adjacent hydrogen. Pyruvaldehyde formed is then converted into lactic acid ion by the benzilic acid rearrangement.
Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Heart Failure Risk in Women Aged 63 to 99 Years
Authors: LaMonte Michael J. , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Nguyen Steve , Evenson Kelly R. , Di Chongzhi , Stefanick Marcia L. , Hyde Eric T. , Anuskiewicz Blake , Eaton Charles B. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceHeart failure (HF) prevention is paramount to public health in the 21st century.ObjectiveTo examine incident HF and its subtypes with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and reduced EF (HFrEF) according to accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a prospective cohort study, the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) in Older Women study, conducted from March 2012 to April 2014. Included in the analysis were women aged 63 to 99 years without known HF, who completed hip-worn triaxial accelerometry for 7 consecutive days. Follow-up for incident HF occurred through February 2022. Data were analyzed from March to December 2023.ExposureDaily PA (total, light, moderate to vigorous PA [MVPA], steps) and sedentary (total, mean bout duration) behavior.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAdjudicated incident HF, HFpEF, and HFrEF.ResultsA total of 5951 women (mean [SD] age, 78.6 [6.8] years) without known HF were included in this analysis. Women self-identified with the following race and ethnicity categories: 2004 non-Hispanic Black (33.7%), 1022 Hispanic (17.2%), and 2925 non-Hispanic White (49.2%). There were 407 HF cases (257 HFpEF; 110 HFrEF) identified through a mean (SD) of 7.5 (2.6) years (range, 0.01-9.9 years) of follow-up. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall HF, HFpEF, and HFrEF associated with a 1-SD increment were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75-0.95), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.91), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.81-1.28) for minutes per day total PA; 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.88), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.57-0.88), and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.62-1.12) for steps per day; and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.04-1.33), 1.29 (95% CI, 1.10-1.51), and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.75-1.18) for minutes per day total sedentary. Cubic spline curves for overall HF and HFpEF were significant inverse for total PA and steps per day and positive for total sedentary. Light PA and MVPA were inversely associated with overall HF (HR per 1 SD: 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98 and 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97) and HFpEF (0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.93 and 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.01) but not HFrEF. Associations did not meaningfully differ when stratified by age, race and ethnicity, body mass index, physical function, or comorbidity score. Results for sedentary bout duration were inconsistent.Conclusions and RelevanceHigher accelerometer-measured PA (MVPA, light PA, steps per day) was associated with lower risk (and greater total sedentary time with higher risk) of overall HF and HFpEF in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of older women. Increasing PA and reducing sedentary time for primary HFpEF prevention may have relevant implications for cardiovascular resilience and healthy aging in later life.
Site of Ambulance Origination and Billing for Out-of-Network Services
Authors: Gong Jung Ho , Azad Chao Long , Zhang Gongliang , Means Kenneth R. , Aliu Oluseyi , Giladi Aviram M. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceThe No Surprises Act implemented in 2022 aims to protect patients from surprise out-of-network (OON) bills, but it does not include ground ambulance services. Understanding ground ambulance OON and balance billing patterns from previous years could guide legislation aimed to protect patients following ground ambulance use.ObjectiveTo characterize OON billing from ground ambulance services by evaluating whether OON billing risk differs by the site of ambulance origination (home, hospital, nonhospital medical facility, or scene of incident).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional study of the Merative MarketScan dataset between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, using claims-based data from employer-based private health insurance plans in the US. Participants included patients who utilized ground ambulances during the study period. Data were analyzed from June to December 2023.ExposureMedical encounter requiring ground ambulance transportation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresGround ambulance OON billing prevalence was calcuated. Linear probability models adjusted for state-level mixed effects were fit to evaluate OON billing probability across ambulance origins. Secondary outcomes included the allowed payment, patient cost-sharing amounts, and potential balance bills for OON ambulances.ResultsAmong 2 031 937 ground ambulance services (1 375 977 unique patients) meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1 072 791 (52.8%) rides transported men, and the mean (SD) patient age was 41 (18) years. Of all services, 1 113 676 (54.8%) were billed OON. OON billing probabilities for ambulances originating from home or scene were higher by 12.0 percentage points (PP) (95% CI, 11.8-12.2 PP; P &amp;lt; .001 for home; 95% CI, 11.7-12.2 PP; P &amp;lt; .001 for scene) vs those originating from hospitals. Mean (SD) total financial burden, including cost-sharing and potential balance bills per ambulance service, was $434.70 ($415.99) per service billed OON vs $132.21 ($244.92) per service billed in-network.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of over 2 million ground ambulance services, ambulances originating from home, the scene of an incident, and nonhospital medical facilities were more likely to result in OON bills. Legislation is needed to protect patients from surprise billing following use of ground ambulances, more than half of which resulted in OON billing. Future legislation should at minimum offer protections for these subsets of patients often calling for an ambulance in urgent or emergent situations.
Near‐Unity Quantum Yield ZnSeTe Quantum Dots Enabled by Controlling Shell Growth for Efficient Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cheng Chunyan , Yu Binbin , Huang Fei , Gao Lei , Cao Kequan , Zang Panpan , Zheng Kaibo , Tian Jianjun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCore–shell structural ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) have attracted great attention for advanced illumination and displays because of their environmentally friendly composition, but still suffering from poor photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) performance due to severe non‐radiative charge recombination. Herein, a stepwise injection shell growth process to manipulate the monomer concentration and ensure adequate growth interval is devised, which enables the controllable uniform epitaxial growth of ZnSe and ZnS shells on the ZnSeTe core, thus relieving the lattice distortion and defects to greatly suppress the non‐radiative charge recombination. The ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS QDs presented deep‐blue emission at 448 nm with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM, 23 nm), and near‐unity PL quantum yield (PLQY, ≈100%) The light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the QDs exhibited a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.9%, a maximum brightness of 10240 cd cm−2, and a high current efficiency of 7.9 cd A−1, demonstrating a good performance for deep blue QDs LEDs (QLEDs) This shell growth strategy will be an effective approach to achieving efficient QDs and QLEDs.