bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Polyethylene Pipes Gas Distribution Network in France: Choice of a System Already of Long Standing, but the Right Choice
Authors: Fallou J. , Bardin J-C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Following research in its laboratories and implementation on experimental sites, GAZ DE FRANCE authorized polyethylene service pipes to be used in 1974 and polyethylene pipelines to be used on its network in 1979. At the same time, it was decided to authorize electrofusion as the only assembly method, with the intention to develop the corresponding technique gradually as the possibilities and need evolved in accordance with GAZ DE FRANCE specifications. In recent years, most new extensions and renovations of the GAZ DE FRANCE network have applied a coherent "Electrowelded Polyethylene System" (E.P.S.), thus gradually converting the distribution network to polyethylene.
After describing the main characteristics and advantages of this "Electrowelded Polyethylene System" gas technique, the authors emphasize two salient features of the system: –automatic welding,–use of very long pipes (several hundred meters) both for renovation and new extensions of the network.
The drum-wound polyethylene tubes can be laid by a trencher at a speed of up to 300 meters per hour for laying network extensions. For renovations, lengths of 80, 100 or more meters can be inserted in the former low pressure pipeline requiring only minimum excavation work.
It should be noted that the "Electrowelded Polyethylene System" comprises all the necessary tools: tube cutters, positioners, scrapers, welding set, drums, road-trailers, drum-carriers, trenchers, winches and pulling accessories. It also includes all the accessories of the network and the repair and build-up techniques and equipment.
Implementation of the E.P.S. gas technology is of direct assistance in converting the GAZ DE FRANCE former low pressure gas distribution network to the "medium pressure B" 4 bar distribution pressure enabling the customers to be supplied both more reliably and at lower cost.
Computerized Engine Monitoring
Authors: Peterson K. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Low cost personal computers have been successfully applied to the task of monitoring and recording data points from gas compressor engines in a gas processing plant. The resultant benefits have included: *Enhanced engine monitoring,*Removal of the operator from the engine room environment without a loss in the productivity of the operation,*Reduced maintenance efforts in diagnosing and trouble shooting, and*Reduced operator man power and man hours.
Utilizing a remotely mounted personal computer and terminal, an operator can access and monitor one or more points on an engine or retrieve data stored on a particular engine up to and including the previous thirty (30) days. Displays at the operator's terminal are custom tailored to specific operating demands and include both real time (updated on 10 second intervals) and calculated values. Operating trends and performance are graphed so that developing problems can be predicted and compressor downtime scheduled.
Field Results of Pulse Tests in a Highly Anisotropic Dual-Porosity Gas Reservoir
Authors: Grabowski M. A. , Locke C. D , Saradji B. , Feiler J. , Yost A. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Results of a highly-instrumented multiple well field test to characterize a dual-porosity gas reservoir are presented. The field test consisted of two pulse tests between four wells drilled into a naturally fractured, highly anisotropic gas reservoir. The test procedure utilized constant flow rate pulses in the production wells and bottomhole shut-off techniques in the observation wells to minimize well bore storage distortion of the pressure responses.
Field test results were analyzed using conventional pulse test analysis techniques. Coring and geophysical logging data were used to further characterize the reservoir within the test area and to provide porosity and permeability data for the analysis. The tests confirmed the continuity of the reservoir, provided estimates of permeability and porosity, and provided Insight into requirements for conducting pulse tests in reservoirs having similar characteristics.
Distributed Computing for the Technical Professional
Authors: Elliott M. L. , Bassett R. M. , Lamb J. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Microcomputer technology for working geologists and reservoir engineers is being deployed in the district production offices of Sun Exploration and Production Company. Two workstations have been placed in each of the ten districts, and are linked to the Dallas mainframes and supercomputer via existing communications. These workstations are being used by novice and expert users, and are based around the IBM PS/2 Model 80 microcomputer. Differences in peripherals and software depend upon whether the primary user is a geologist or a reservoir engineer.
The basic strategy is to provide a computing environment for the technical professional "casual" user, with the emphasis on interactive use of "fingertip" computing power to mechanize current operational activities. Wherever possible, interactive rapid on-screen response is provided so that the technical professional can test sensitivities and determine the consequences of actions and changes in parameters. The expected result of this computing environment is a) higher quality professional output, b) improved technical capability, and c) increased productivity. It is stressed throughout that evaluation of the input, and the interpretations and resultant decisions are the responsibility of the technical professional.
The workstation is a modest cost, self-contained computing environment readily available to the technical professional, with mainframe access to data and supercomputer access for computations requiring that capability. The configurations include digitizers, plotters, and storage devices, along with a fully configured CPU.
Commercially available software is provided with each workstation, and it is intended to use "mass market" software in this computing environment to the greatest extent possible. Only a minimum amount of internal software was developed, primarily to integrate the packages and the utilities. All workstations include contouring and volumetrics software. For the Reservoir Engineer's workstation, software for conducting reservoir simulation problems on a supercomputer was also provided.
While the overall program has spanned three years, pilot testing of the workstation and software began in earnest in 1986. As experience was gained, certain hardware and software decisions were made, and field testing was begun in early 1987. The resultant configuration was determined and frozen, and deployment of the workstations in the district offices was begun in November 1987. Before distribution, a one week initial training program on the actual system was held for about 40 engineers and geologists. Response from the technical professionals, including many novice users, has been favorable. The program will be evaluated at year-end and further recommendations will be made.
Successful Application of Microcomputers To Analyze Sucker Rod Pumps
Authors: Svinos J. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A microcomputer based system for design and diagnostic analysis of sucker rod pumping systems has been developed at Chevron Oil Field Research. The system is currently being applied in 34 field locations that cover over 95% of Chevron's rod pump wells.
System hardware consists of a portable dynamometer for field data collection and an office based microcomputer for data processing. Field dynamometer data are entered with a digitizing tablet, telephone modem or direct RS-232 cable connection.
The system's unique software incorporates state-of-the-art technology in an easy to use package. Since the majority of the users are non-degreed field personnel, the programs provide extensive user help, error trapping and error recovery features. The software perform two main functions: diagnostic analysis and system design. Algorithms used include wave equation modeling, an exact pumping unit kinematic model, and an ability to include inertia effects in pumping unit torque analysis. An in-house developed expert advisor program assists in interpretation and implementation of results. This program consists of a pattern recognition scheme and rules based on company expertise in rod pump system troubleshooting.
Software design was aimed at reducing the time and effort involved in collecting, processing and applying data. As a result, the system has been accepted by field personnel and is used daily as a tool to detect and correct problems. This has resulted is significant revenue increases documented in several field studies.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Model Input Program
Authors: Schroeder A. K. , Kritikos W. P. , Corley M. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An interactive data input program has been developed in the C language to aid creation of data files for five enhanced oil recovery predictive models. The program is designed to run on an IBM PC or compatible microcomputer with transfer of the files to a mainframe for use. It contains several features to assist the end user and speed up data entry including menus, windowing, context-sensitive help, choice lists for variables, and data validity checks.
How to Solve Lost Circulation Problems
Authors: Vidick B. , Yearwood J. A. , Perthuis H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During drilling or cementing, lost circulation may be encountered due to the presence of highly permeable formations, e.g. high natural permeability in a sandstone, or large natural fractures and vugs as found in limestones. This problem is critical as it increases the drilling costs due to wasted time, plus the possibility of stuck pipe and even losing the well. In most cases, viscous mud pills with lost circulation material, gel, etc, allow to temporarily reduce the losses but do not guarantee a durable plugging of the formation. Cement plugs can be used but their placement and the time necessary to drill through them make their use relatively costly.
The use of an internally activated silicate solution allows to obtain a solid free Newtonian solution with a very low initial viscosity. After a given period of time, which depends on the fluid design and the temperature, the viscosity of the solution increases rapidly to form a gel. This gel is coherent, strong, and does not develop free water as a function of time. The very low initial viscosity of this solid free fluid allows it to be pumped directly through the bottom hole drilling assembly, therefore saving time, and provides deep penetration of the final gel.
A high pressure experimental set up was used to plug various cores of different permeabilities and with different saturation fluids. Results are presented on the extrusion resistance obtained after one hour and after one week. This gel is shown to withstand differential pressures greater than 1500 psi per foot of plugged formation. Some results on the long term stability of this gel to aggressive brines, organic compounds and oil are included.
A case study of a job performed in Europe is also presented.
Application of Production Seismics in Shengli Oil Field
Authors: Xiaomeng Li , Xingli Wang , Fengying Chen , Yigen Yang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the recent development of seismic exploration, prospecting for structure m the exploration stage has evolved into prospecting for lithology in the development stage. Seismic information of large amount, better quality and wider variety will be required. Prospecting for lithology bears a close relationship with other related disciplines. Development seismics has become a comprehensive system approach in petroleum exploration and development.
Single Pulse method of Multiwell Testing with Elimination of Unknown Pressure Trends
Authors: Min Dong Ying , Licheng Ren , Dakuang Han 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
False-testing is an useful technique that has attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, it requires that the wells should be opened and shut-in alternately for several times. A new technique of single pulse-testing is developed in this paper. The advantage of single pulse-testing lies in that only one cycle of openning and shut-in of a well is required so that the tine required for a well testing operation is about 1/3 of that for a multiple pulse-testing, and thus both the loss of oil production and trouble caused by alternately openning and shut-in the well can be reduced greatly.
In the single pulse-testing technique, the unknown pressure trend and other background "noise" from adjacent wells or from the well itself can be eliminated by methods of parallel or arbitrary straight line pairs. The later technique is a generalization of the former and is more flexible in field application.
Factors affecting Residual Oil Saturation and its Distribution in a Water Wetted Tight Reservoir During Waterflooding
Authors: Shengzong Zhang , Chaoyu Wu , Zixian Zhao , Janguo Hu , Maochang Zhang 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
For a low permeability, water-wet reservoir under water flooding development quite a large amount of oil remains in the rocks as residual oil while the oil recovered is only 20-30%. The amount of residual oil is far larger than that in the high permeability reservoirs. Research in this article has identified two major causes of this situation. One is due to the lithology of the reservoir. Such influence on residual oil comes from 1) the content of medium to fine sand and silt 2) the granular sizes; 3) the reservoir pore throat sizes; and 4) the effective fluwable pore volume. The four parameters are interdependent, each reflecting one aspect of their relationship to the residual oil. The other is the capillary "entrapping force" in the low permeability reservoir on the residual oil. It is indicated through theoretical calculation that the residual oil saturation rises up as the permeability goes down.
Study of Reservoir Rock with image Processing Technique and Ellipsoidal Pore Model
Authors: Chaochen Zhang , Fangming Li 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A ellipsoidal pore model for calculating the true pore size distribution of reservoir rock by use of pore-cast thin-section image analysis is developed in the light of stereology. The equation for calculating the shape function in the ellipsoidal pore model is derived and its numerical solution is realized. Combination of the core-cast thin section image analysis with the ellipsoidal pore model constitutes a quantitative analysis system. The comparative analysis of calculation results shows that the ellipsoidal pore model has more practical application than the spherical pore model. The lithologic parameters such as porosity and specific surface more aproached to practical case can be obtained from the pore size distribution calculated with the ellipsoidal pore model.
Design Study for Optimization of Tubing String Producing Gas with Water from Wells
Authors: Chuandong Yang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper gives the equations for the calculation of critical volocity. critical flow rate, reduced flow rate and reduced velocity necessary for a continuous lift of bottom hole liquids by gas flow in a gas well under various flow string structures and various down hole flow parameters based on general equations including equation of state of the natural gas and those related to particle mechanics and liquid drop breaking mechanics. It is demonstrated that when the down hole reduced parameter is less than unity, the diameter of the flow string should be optimized again. Mathematical model of the optimization of the flow string size for continuous liquid lifting has been established and is programmed on a microcomputer. Nomograms are developed and prepared. These results are used as a guide to the design of optimization of the tubing structure in the gas production with unloading water, and obvious economic benefits have been obtained.
Well Casing Leaks History and Corrosion Monitoring Study, Wafra Field
Authors: Bazzari J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the history of well completions, casing leaks occurence and corrosion trends in Wafra Field are reviewed. The main factors that influenced corrosion in the casing strings were identified, mainly the highly corrosive downhole environment, inadequate primary well cementation and the partial application of cathodic protection (CP.). Collectively, these factors initiated and enhanced electrochemical cells on the outer walls of the casings resulting in metal loss and subsequently holes and internal corrosion. Tests made concluded that an integrated CP., system may overcome the electrochemical cells, and mitigate corrosion. At present, one third of the wells drilled in the field have developed casing leaks and if the corrosion problem is not rectified all remaining wells may develop leaks within the next 15 years.
Problems Encountered in Simulating Large Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Assadoor A. Y. , Fawakhiri A. Y. , Taresh S. H. , Abed A. F. A. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Simulation of large strongly layered heterogeneous reservoirs requires detailed reservoir description data together with a good understanding of the simulator solution methods and options. This paper presents typical problems that are encountered in simulating such reservoirs together with their solutions, using an established simulation model of a real reservoir.
The majority of the problems are related to the high level of detail that is required in the input data in order to secure a good representation of the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir. These are solved by applying physically sound procedures that maintain data consistency without compromising on detail. Typical areas where problems are encountered cover the design and optimization of the areal and vertical grids, the simulation of multiple fluid contacts and transition zones, and the derivation of the saturation and PVT functions.
The initialization phase problems include the re-production by the simulator of the reservoir description data and the maintenance of a stable equilibration.
The history matching problems include the simultaneous matching of pressure and saturation, the grid block effects on eccentric well locations, and matching the performance of wells that exhibit behind wellbore communication and/or bottomhole cross flow among the completed layers.
The predictions problems are mainly related to the availability of sufficient control levels in the simulator in order to meet the detailed long term development plans and constraints.
The presented problems and their solutions are based on established in-house procedures that are being used successfully in simulating strongly layered heterogeneous reservoirs1.
Design and Field Application of Chemical Gels for Water Control in Oil Wells Producing From Naturally Fractured Carbonated Reservoirs
Authors: Senol N. N. , Gülümser R. , Tekayak N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During primary production life of naturally fractured reservoirs with active bottom water drive, the water-oil ratio may increase rapidly. To overcome this problem which is common in oilfields in southeastern Turkey; a project covering utilization of two different chemical gels (polyacrylamide-chromium gel and silica gel) was performed by Turkish Petroleum Corp. (TPAO) in 1987.
This paper reviews laboratory studies, design and field application of the treatments and the results obtained from ten wells. Although in some of the wells no increase in net oil production was observed, some treatments have resulted in significant additional oil recovery.
SXE/N2 Matrix Acidizing
Authors: Guidry G. S. , Ruiz G. A. , Saxon A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with the development and application of a novel technique for matrix acidizing of the soft, low permeability oil bearing Shuaiba Limestone formation encountered in Northern Oman. It describes laboratory development and testing of a new acid system and a well management technique that have provided improved stimulation results from the Shuaiba payzone. Results of several applications are documented.
While the Shuaiba normally responds to matrix acid stimulation, a new technique was required to improve production from these wells. Laboratory investigation indicated that adding Nitrogen to an emulsified acid system resulted in a substantial decrease in the acid-rock reaction rate. Microscopic investigation revealed that the nitrification created a three phase emulsion: when properly introduced, the nitrogen did not dissolve in the oil or acid, but remained as a discrete phase. The continuous oil outer phase surrounded a dual inner phase comprised of both acid droplets and nitrogen bubbles. This combination internal phase creates a situation where nitrogen bubbles compete with acid droplets for release from the emulsion interfaces to make contact with the formation. The higher energy level of the nitrogen bubbles provides them with an advantage in the competition. The result is an improved barrier to acid-rock interaction that allows live acid to penetrate much deeper into the formation.
In combination with this improved acid system, pre-stimulation formation drawdown has also been applied to permit higher than normal injection rates. The matrix treatments have been pumped at rates far above the formation's calculated matrix flow capacity with good evidence that no fracturing has occured.
Results documented in the paper show dramatic improvements in stimulated production that have traditionally been expected only from hydraulic fracturing. Transient analysis results indicate permeability enhancement to depths exceeding 20 feet from the wellbore.
Case History: Application of a Three-Dimensional Carbonate Reservoir Simulation Model
Authors: Dreiman W. T. , Perkins J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A three dimensional (3D) ‘Black Oil’ reservoir simulation model was built and history matched to make long term predictions for a multi-zonal carbonate reservoir experiencing strong edge water encroachment and differential pressure depletion. This study examines the importance of integrating reliable and comprehensive field data with sound modelling techniques to prepare a dependable model for predicting results of varying production strategies.
The reservoir being studied was discovered in 1963. After commencing production in 1966, the average reservoir pressure declined rapidly before stabilizing at approximately 90% of the original pressure when aquifer encroachment was strong enough to match reservoir withdrawals. The natural water influx has remained strong to match increased rates of reservoir withdrawals over the 22 years of production history and the reservoir pressure as a result has remained stable for the current production target. However, new producers are drilled periodically to maintain well potential to meet target off-take requirements as productivity declines in producers that start to produce water.
The aggressiveness and the amount of attention spent on the acquisition of reliable field data increased significantly in the late 1970's and early 1980's after some wells started to produce at significant water-cuts and the level of oil production target was increased. The data acquisition program, to develop reservoir management policy, consisted of increased monitoring of existing producers and the acquiring of as much new data as possible from the drilling of new producers and delineation wells. From new RFT* (Repeat Formation Tester) pressure surveys, openhole and production logs, crude samples, production tests and core data that were obtained; a better appreciation and understanding of the fluid properties and water encroachment mechanism into the reservoir has been gained.