bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of local anaesthesia on the quality of class II glass ionomer restorations
Authors: VAN DE HOEF NANDA , VAN AMERONGEN EVERT 
Published: March 2007

Objective.  To investigate the influence of local anaesthesia on the quality of class II glass ionomer restorations with discomfort as cofactor.Material and methods.  The study population consisted of 6‐ to 7‐year‐old schoolchildren in Paramaribo and its environs. To be included, each child needed to have a proximally situated cavity in a primary molar that was accessible to hand instruments and where no pulp exposure was expected. They were randomly divided into four treatment groups: conventional method with and without local anaesthesia and atraumatic restorative treatment method (ART) with and without local anaesthesia. The restoration quality was scored using the evaluation criteria for ART restorations (successful if restoration is correct or has a minor defect and fails if defects are larger than 0.5 mm, if secondary caries is observed, if the restoration is fractured, partly or totally lost or if the pulp is involved) at 6 and 30 months after treatment. The extent of discomfort was registered by assessing the behaviour (modified Venham score) and observing the heart rate during treatment.Results.  For this study 153 children were treated with hand instruments (ART) and 146 children with rotary instruments (conventional method). A total of 198 restorations were evaluated during follow‐up periods. There were no significant differences in patient discomfort between the ART and the conventional group and between the anaesthesia and the non‐anaesthesia group. The conventional restorations demonstrated significantly higher success rates than ART restorations after 6 (P = 0.001) and 30 months (P = 0.032). There were no significant differences in success rate between the anaesthesia and the non‐anaesthesia group.Conclusion.  Local anaesthesia has no influence on discomfort during treatment. Furthermore, discomfort during treatment does not affect the success rate of restorations.
Predictors, costs and characteristics of out of area placement for people with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour
Authors: Allen D. G. , Lowe K. , Moore K. , Brophy S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground  Out of area placements for people with challenging behaviour represent an expensive and often ineffective strategy for meeting the needs of this service user group.Methods  More than 800 agencies and service settings in a large area of South Wales were screened to identify children and adults with challenging behaviour against a number of defined operational criteria. Detailed data on identified individuals and the services they received were collected by interviewing key informants. Univariate and multivariate statistics were employed to identify predictors of out of area placement.Results  In total, 1458 people were identified. Full data were available for 901 participants, 97 of whom were placed out of area. Predictors of out of area placement included behaviours resulting in physical injury and exclusion from service settings, a history of formal detention under the mental health act, the presence of mental health problems, a diagnosis of autism and higher total score on the Adaptive Behaviour Scale. Out of area placements were typically of high cost, and associated with only limited evidence of improved service quality.Conclusions  Identifying predictors for out of area placement can be used to highlight deficiencies in local services and individuals at increased risk of exclusion from local services.
Mortality in adults with moderate to profound intellectual disability: a population‐based study
Authors: Tyrer F. , Smith L. K. , McGrother C. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground People with intellectual disability (ID) experience a variety of health inequalities compared with the general population including higher mortality rates. This is the first UK population‐based study to measure the extent of excess mortality in people with ID compared with the general population.Method Indirectly standardized all‐cause and disease mortality ratios (SMRs) and exact Poisson confidence intervals were calculated by age and sex for all adults, aged 20 years or over, with moderate to profound ID living in Leicestershire and Rutland, UK, between 1993 and 2005. The general population of Leicestershire and Rutland, which has a population of approximately 700 000 individuals in this age range, was used for comparison. To explore differences within the study population, overall SMRs were also calculated by presence of Down syndrome and last place of residence (city or county).Results Of 2436 adults identified, 409 (17%) died during 23 000 person‐years of follow‐up. Both all‐cause and disease‐specific mortality were around three times higher than the general population but varied considerably with age. The largest differences were observed in people in their twenties, where all‐cause mortality was almost nine times higher in men (SMR = 883; 95% CI = 560–1325) and more than 17 times higher in women (SMR = 1722; 95% CI = 964–2840). At a particular disadvantage were people with Down syndrome and women with ID living in the city.Conclusions The relatively high SMRs observed in young people and in women, particularly those living in inner city areas and with Down syndrome, deserve further investigation for possible explanations, including socio‐economic factors.
Interaction between Chromaffin and Sustentacular Cells in Adrenal Medulla of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus)
Authors: Rodriguez H. , Filippa V. , Mohamed F. , Dominguez S. , Scardapane L. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryNew evidence provides valuable information about the participation of sustentacular cells in chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion. In this process, calcium ions play an important role. It has been shown that there is an intense ionic traffic between both types of cells. Moreover, sustentacular cells take an active part in calcium metabolism, regulating levels of the ion and indirectly, the synthesis and release of catecholamines. This background information encouraged us to study the sustentacular population ofLagostomusadrenal medulla and its morphologic relationship with the chromaffin population. The animals were captured, transported to the animal facilities, anaesthetized and killed. The adrenal gland was processed by immunohistochemistry using antiserum against S‐100 (subunitαandβ), a specific marker. Through the morphological and immunohistochemical study, it was found that there are sustentacular cells in deferent regions of adrenal medulla, mainly in the basal zone of chromaffin cells, which constitute the glomerular structure around blood capillaries. Cytoplasmic extentions of sustentacular cells penetrate into chromaffin cells and make contact with the basal membrane of the capillary endothelium. The relationship among chromaffin cells, capillaries and sustentacular cells suggests that they may intervene actively in the adrenal medulla metabolism.
The Distribution and Chemical Coding of Intramural Neurons Supplying the Porcine Stomach – the Study on Normal Pigs and on Animals Suffering from Swine Dysentery
Authors: Kaleczyc J. , Klimczuk M. , Franke‐Radowiecka A. , Sienkiewicz W. , Majewski M. , Łakomy M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe present study was designed to investigate the expression of biologically active substances by intramural neurons supplying the stomach in normal (control) pigs and in pigs suffering from dysentery. Eight juvenile female pigs were used. Both dysenteric (n = 4; inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) and control (n = 4) animals were deeply anaesthetized, transcardially perfused with buffered paraformalehyde, and tissue samples comprising all layers of the wall of the ventricular fundus were collected. The cryostat sections were processed for double‐labelling immunofluorescence to study the distribution of the intramural nerve structures (visualized with antibodies against protein gene‐product 9.5) and their chemical coding using antibodies against vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) transporter (VAChT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), Leu5‐enkephalin (LENK), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). In both inner and outer submucosal plexuses of the control pigs, the majority of neurons were SP (55% and 58%, respectively)‐ or VAChT (54%)‐positive. Many neurons stained also for CGRP (43 and 45%) or GAL (20% and 18%) and solitary perikarya were NOS‐, SOM‐ or VIP‐positive. The myenteric plexus neurons stained for NOS (20%), VAChT (15%), GAL (10%), VIP (7%), SP (6%) or CGRP (solitary neurons), but they were SOM‐negative. No intramural neurons immunoreactive to LENK were found. The most remarkable difference in the chemical coding of enteric neurons between the control and dysenteric pigs was a very increased number of GAL‐ and VAChT‐positive nerve cells (up to 61% and 85%, respectively) in submucosal plexuses of the infected animals. The present results suggest that GAL and ACh have a specific role in local neural circuits of the inflamed porcine stomach in the course of swine dysentery.
Heavy Metal Contents of Vegetables Grown in Soil, Irrigated with Mixtures of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge in Pakistan, using Ultrasonic‐Assisted Pseudo‐digestion
Authors: Jamali M. K. , Kazi T. G. , Arain M. B. , Afridi H. I. , Jalbani N. , Memon A. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe success of risk assessment of metal‐contaminated soils depends on how precisely one can predict the bio‐availability of trace and toxic metals in soil and transfer to the human food chain. A field experiment was carried out from 2004 to 2005 to evaluate the long‐term effect of sewage sludge application in agricultural lands where mostly vegetables are grown. The aim of this study was to predict the uptake of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn by different vegetables grown on agricultural soil irrigated for long period with untreated domestic waste water and sewage sludge (SIDWS) as test samples and for comparative purposes, same vegetables grown on agricultural soil irrigated with fresh canal water (SIFW), collected as control samples. A sample preparation method based on ultrasound‐assisted pseudo‐digestion (UASD) of soil, sewage sludge and vegetable samples in ultrasonic bath was developed. A conventional wet acid digestion method was used for comparison purposes. The EDTA‐extractable metal in SIFW and SIDWS was also studied. The extracts and digests were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS/ETAAS). Analytical results for six metals and metalloid by UASD in bath and conventional wet digestion methods showed a good agreement, thus indicating the possibility of using low mass and minimum quantity of digesting acid mixture in less time when compared with the conventional digestion method (CDM). The validation of the proposed UASD method was assessed by using certified reference materials BCR 483 and (whole meal flour) BCR 189. Recoveries ranging from 95.5 % to 102.3 % for understudied metals were obtained for different samples (soils and vegetables). The average relative standard deviation of UASD method varied between 2.3 % and 7.9 % for N = 12, depending on the analyte. The vegetables grown in SIDWS showed high level of heavy metals when compared with control samples. This investigation highlights the increased danger of growing vegetables in the agricultural land, continuously irrigated and dressed with waste water and solid sewage sludge.
Application of an Electrometric Method for Measurement of Blood Cholinesterase Activities in Sheep, Goats and Cattle Treated with Organophosphate Insecticides
Authors: Mohammad F. K. , Alias A. S. , Faris G. A.‐M. , Al‐Baggou B. Kh. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryA modified electrometric cholinesterase method has been described for use in ruminants exposed to organophosphate insecticides. The method was used to measure cholinesterase activities in the plasma and erythrocytes of sheep, goats and cattle treated with organophosphate insecticides under field conditions. The animals were treated topically to control ectoparasites with malathion (0.05%) or diazinon (0.06%). The treated animals did not suffer from adverse effects related to cholinesterase inhibition. However, 2 h after treatments, plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities significantly decreased in sheep by 20% and 39% and in goats by 18% and 30%, respectively, when compared with respective untreated control values. Diazinon did not significantly affect plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities in the cattle. The results suggest that the described electrometric method could be efficiently used for detecting cholinesterase inhibition in ruminants exposed to organophosphate insecticides.
Effect of Supplementation with Agro‐industrial By‐products and Khat (Catha edulis) Leftovers on Testicular Growth and Sperm Production in Ogaden Bucks
Authors: Mekasha Y. , Tegegne A. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to characterize growth and sperm production parameters in Ogaden bucks fed a basal diet of hay and supplemented with agro‐industrial by‐products and Khat leftovers in Ethiopia. Thirty‐five bucks with a mean (±SD) initial live body weight (BW) of 15.5 ± 1.5 kg were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments for a period of 13 weeks. Treatments consisted of native hay fed ad libitum (control; C), native hay supplemented with a 1% of BW agro‐industrial by‐products (treatment 1; T1), native hay supplemented with Khat (Catha edulis) leftovers at a rate of 1% of BW (treatment 2; T2) and Khat leftovers fed ad libitum (treatment 3; T3). Bucks fed on T1–T3 had higher BW, body condition score, scrotal circumference (SC), testicular width and testicular length, compared to controls (P < 0.05). Also, bucks in T1–T3 had higher sperm progressive motility, sperm concentration per ml and total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate compared to controls (P < 0.05). Between treatments, bucks in T3 recorded the highest BW (17.2 ± 0.16) and testicular size (21.1 ± 0.17 cm). Both testicular and epididymal weight and dimensions were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by supplementation compared to controls. Testicular size was positively correlated to live BW (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). SC was positively correlated with ejaculate volume (r = 0.37, P < 0.001), sperm mass activity (r = 0.65, P < 0.001) and individual sperm progressive motility (r = 0.40; P < 0.001). Supplementation with Khat leftovers induced the highest improvement in live BW, testicular size, semen production and sperm motility in Ogaden bucks and can possibly be considered as a feed supplement to enhance goat production under smallholder livestock farming system in Ethiopia.
A Contribution for the Definition of Serum Chemistry Values in Captive Adults Antillean Manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Silva F. M. O. , Vergara‐Parente J. E. , Gomes J. K. N. , Teixeira M. N. , Lima R. P. 
Published: March 2007

SummarySerum chemistry analyses represents a fundamental tool for the diagnosis and understanding of diseases in marine mammals. Although several studies are being conducted within the field of clinical pathology, haematological and serum chemistry data for Antillean manatees are deficient. The purpose of this study was to determine serum chemistry values for captive Antillean manatees within the CMA/Ibama facility in Brazil. Serum samples were obtained from five captive adult Antillean manatees fed with seagrass and analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, phosphate, chloride, calcium and uric acid. Blood chemistry parameters were determined using a semi‐automatic analyzer. Maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviations were calculated for each serum chemistry parameter. Differences on the values of males and females were verified using an unpaired Student's t‐test. All the parameters analysed were similar between sexes, with exception of AP, which was higher in females (191.43 ± 31.86 U/l). Alanine aminotransferase and uric acid values for Trichechus manatus manatus are reported for the first time in this paper. This study is the first to report serum chemistry parameter values for long‐term captive male and female Antillean manatees. Therefore, the lower values of albumin, phosphate, chloride, cholesterol and triglycerides obtained here highlight the importance of clinical pathology during health monitoring of captive marine mammals.
The Possible Protective effect of L‐carnitine on Tilmicosin‐induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice
Authors: Kart A. , Yapar K. , Karapehlivan M. , Citil M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe protective effect of l‐carnitine was investigated against tilmicosin‐induced cardiotoxic effects including blood creatine kinase (CK), CK‐MB, total sialic acid as well as the alterations in glutathione and malondialdehyde concentrations in mice. Thirty‐two Balb/C mice were divided into four groups including group 1 (control), group 2 (l‐carnitine, s.c., 500 mg/kg for 5 days), group 3 (tilmicosin, s.c., single dose of 75 mg/kg) and group 4 (l‐carnitine plus tilmicosin). Serum CK, CK‐MB and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group 3 compared with those of other groups. Total sialic acid level in group 3 was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in groups 1 and 2, as well. Contrary to these results, glutathione level in group 3 was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in groups 1 and 2. In group 4, serum CK, CK‐MB, MDA and total sialic acid levels were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those in group 3. These results suggest that tilmicosin is cardiotoxic in mice as evidenced by higher total sialic acid, CK and CK‐MB. In addition, tilmicosin caused the decrease in glutathione and increase in MDA levels. However, administration of l‐carnitine could ameliorate these adverse toxic effects of tilmicosin in mice.
Clinical Pathological Findings in an Owl (Athene noctua) with Microfilaraemia in Italy
Authors: Bedin M. , Petterino C. , Gallo E. , Selleri P. , Morgante M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryWe report the first case of microfilaria infection in a free‐flying owl Athene noctua in Italy. A macroparasite, about 10.1‐mm long, was observed in the right chamber of the heart. On microscopic examination microfilariae were seen in liver, kidney, myocardium and lungs, although no cellular reaction was present in association with the parasites in any of these tissues. Because of the low pathogenicity of this parasite, infection with microfilaria may be not harmful in wild owls.
Selenium, Vitamin E and Vitamin A Status in Dairy Sheep Reared Under Different Feeding Systems in Greece
Authors: Panousis N. , Giadinis N. , Roubies N. , Fytianou A. , Kalaitzakis E. , Pourliotis K. , Polizopoulou Z. , Karatzias H. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe main purpose of the study was to investigate whether the feeding system applied has any effect on the status of blood selenium (Se) and vitamins A and E in dairy sheep. In total 200 dairy sheep from 10 flocks were used in the study (20 animals per flock). Group A consisted of 100 sheep (five flocks) reared under the intensive feeding system and group B of 100 sheep (five flocks) reared under the semi‐intensive feeding system. The 100 sheep of each group consisted of 25 lambs aged 3–6 months, 25 ewes 1–3 years, 25 ewes more than 3 years and 25 non‐lactating ewes in late gestation. Another purpose was to evaluate the potential effect of the age and the reproductive stage of the animals on these parameters. To determine the effect of age, 150 of these animals were divided into three subgroups: 50 lambs, 50 non‐pregnant lactating ewes aged 1–3 years and 50 non‐pregnant lactating ewes aged more than 3 years. For the evaluation of the effect of the reproductive stage the 50 non‐lactating ewes in late gestation and the 100 non‐pregnant lactating ewes were used. Blood samplings were performed once, between December and January for non‐lactating ewes in late gestation and March to May for lambs and lactating ewes. Whole blood Se and vitamin E and A serum concentrations were determined. The main conclusion is that the feeding system significantly affects Se and serum vitamin A concentration, as they were higher in the intensive one. It was secondly concluded that age affects the serum concentrations of vitamin A.
Renal Pathology and Urinary Protein Excretion in a 14‐Month‐Old Bernese Mountain Dog with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Raila J. , Aupperle H. , Raila G. , Schoon H. ‐A. , Schweigert F. J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe renal pathology and urinary protein pattern of a 14‐month‐old female Bernese mountain dog with chronic renal failure was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis and subsequent Western blot analysis of urine showed the presence of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin, transferrin, albumin, vitamin D‐binding protein, transthyretin and retinol‐binding protein (RBP), but no excretion of Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP). Histopathological examinations of the kidneys revealed severe membranous glomerulonephritis accompanied by tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The renal expression of megalin, the main endocytic receptor for the re‐uptake of proteins in proximal tubules, RBP and THP was reduced or completely absent, indicating severe tubular dysfunction. The identified urinary proteins may be of interest as additional markers for the diagnosis of juvenile nephropathy in Bernese mountain dogs.
Experimental Transmission of Pasteurella multocida 6:B in Goats
Authors: Shafarin M. S. , Zamri‐Saad M. , Jamil S. M. , Siti Khairani B. , Saharee A. A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryHaemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida 6:B. Outbreaks of the disease have been closely associated with carrier animals that transmit the organism to susceptible animals during stressful condition. This study was conducted to determine whether goats exposed intranasally to P. multocida 6:B can transmit the organism to contact goats. Thirty‐six healthy local Katjang goats were divided into four groups and goats of groups 1 and 3 were each inoculated intranasally with a 1‐ml inoculum that contained 1 × 109 CFU/ml of live P. multocida 6:B. Following the exposure, all goats of groups 3 and 4 were injected with dexamethasone at the rate of 1 mg/kg for three consecutive days. At the end of the dexamethasone treatment, goats of groups 1 and 2 were commingled but kept separate from goats of groups 3 and 4, which were commingled in another pen. Three surviving goats from each group were killed on days 7, 14 and 21 post‐exposure for postmortem examination. Naso‐pharyngeal mucus and heart blood were collected on swabs. Tissues from lungs, lymph nodes and tonsils were collected for bacteriological isolation and identification. Only one goat of group 3 died 6 days post‐exposure showing clinical signs and lesions typical of HS. Other goats showed mild signs of upper respiratory tract infection. Goats of all groups developed acute mild pneumonic lesions, however, those treated with dexamethasone had significantly (P < 0.05) more extensive lesion scoring based on the lesion scoring system. P. multocida 6:B was isolated from the nasal mucosa and lung lesions of exposed and contact goats not treated with dexamethasone. Exposed and contact goats treated with dexamethasone carried the organism for 21 days. P. multocida isolation from heart blood was made only from exposed and contact goats treated with dexamethasone. P. multocida was isolated from the lymph node of the goat that died during the experiment.