bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEGITIMIZING THE SHAMEFUL: END‐OF‐LIFE ETHICS AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEATH
Authors: EPSTEIN MIRAN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper explores one of the most politically sensitive and intellectually neglected issues in bioethics – the interface between the history of contemporary end‐of‐life ethics and the economics of life and death. It suggests that contrary to general belief, economic impulses have increasingly become part of the conditions in which contemporary end‐of‐life ethics continues to evolve. Although this conclusion does not refute the philosophical justifications provided by the ethics for itself, it may cast new light upon its social role.
Studies of selection in vitro for novel resistance to phytotoxic products of Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. in secondary embryogenic lines of Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk., winter oilseed rape
Authors: NEWSHOLME DOROTHY M. , MACDONALD MARY V. , INGRAM D. S. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYCulture filtrates of Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. inhibited the germination of seeds of Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk., winter oilseed rape. The toxicity of filtrates was broadly correlated with the pathogen icily of the isolates of L. maculans from which they were obtained, and the sensitivity of seeds of different cultivars was broadly correlated with the known resistances ot those cultivars to the fungus. Culture filtrates of B. maculans, when incorporated into culture media, were also toxic to secondary embryoids of B. napus ssp. oleifera, as also was Sirodesmin P.L., a putative pathotoxin of L. maculans. Variation for the ability to grow in culture in the presence of toxic levels of culture filtrate and Sirodesmin P. L. was detected among populations of secondary embryoids, and the proportion of resistant embryoids present in the population was increased by successive rounds of re‐selection on toxic, selective media. However, when embryoids were removed to non‐selective media, resistance to toxic culture filtrates and to Sirodesmin P.L. was rapidly lost. Plants regenerated from secondary embryogenic lines selected for resistance to toxic culture filtrate or Sirodesmin P.L. were no more resistant to infection by L. maculans then were plants regenerated from unselected, control secondary embryoids, and were consistently more susceptible than were plants grown from seed. It was concluded, firstly, that the rate of stable, heritable somatic variation may be insufficiently high in the secondary embryogenic lines to he of value in attempts to select in vitro for novel resistance to L. maculans secondly, that although the seed germination tests indicated that toxic culture filtrates may have potential as screening agents for detecting novel resistance to L. maculans in vitro, no evidence in support of this view was obtained in the experiments with secondary embryoids; and, finally, that because a relatively high level of resistance to L. maculans already exists in cultivars of H. napus ssp. oleifera, any novel variation m disease reaction that does occur m secondary embryogenic lines is likely to be towards greater susceptibility rather than increased resistance.
Interactions between hosts and non‐hosts of Pinus spp. and Matsucoccus josephi: anatomical responses of stem to infestation
Authors: LIPHSCHITZ NILI , MENDEL ZVI 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYArtificial infestation of seven pine species revealed that Matsucoccus josephi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) completes its development on Pinus brutia, P. eldarica and P. halepersis, whereas only a small number of the scale larvae infesting P. cunariensis and P. pined reached the second instar and none developed to the adult stage. M. josephi crawlers died while trying to feed on P. radiata and P. pinaster. Histological examination of the infested plant sections indicated that necrosis in shoot and stem barks of P. eldarica and P. halepensis occurs just before or after the scale completes its development. Injury reached the cambium, and traumatic resin ducts; parenchyma cells instead of tracheids and curved tracheids were formed. In P. brutia wound periderm was observed in the stem section but not in the shoot cortex following scale development. Wound periderm was also formed in the stem cortex of P. canariensis and P. pinena whereas no pathological changes were detected in the infested cortex of P. pinaster and P. radiata.Mechanical lesions caused by needle punctures resulted in the production of parenchyma cells instead of tracheids in all four pine species investigated. The response of the pine cortex was non‐specific; however several similarities in the response to scale infestation, such as the formation of resin ducts, were observed. We hypothesize that the response of the pine tissue to the scale saliva is a hypersensitive reaction. It is suggested that the development of Matsucoccus species on particular pine species is related to the scale's inability to trigger the defence system of the host while the larvae are feeding.
Sequential response of whole plant water relations to prolonged soil drying and the involvement of xylem sap ABA in the regulation of stomatal behaviour of sunflower plants
Authors: ZHANG JIANHUA , DAVIES W. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYSunflower plants (Helianihus animus cv. Tall Single Yellow} were grown in the greenhouse in drain pipes (100 mm inside diameter and 1 m long) rilled with John Innes No. 2 compost. When the fifth leaf had emerged, half of the plants were left unwatered for 6 days, rewatered for 2 days and then not watered for another 12 days. Measurements of water relations and abaxial stomatal conductance were made at each leaf position at regular intervals during the experimental period. Estimates were also made of soil water potentials along the soil profile and of ABA concentrations in xylem sap and leaves.Soil drying led to some reduction in stomatal conductance alter only 3 days but leaf turgors were not reduced until day 13 (6 days after rewatering). When the water relations of leaves did change, older leases became substantially dehydrated while high turgors were recorded in younger leaves. Leaf ABA content measured on the third youngest leaf hardly changed over the first 13 days of the experiment, despite substantial soil drying, while xylem ABA concentrations changed very significantly and dynamically as soil water status varied, even when there was no effect of soil drying on leaf water relations. We argue that the highest ABA concentrations in the xylem, found as a result of substantial soil drying, arise from synthesis in both the roots and the older leaves, and act to delay the development of water deficit in younger leases.In other experiments ABA solutions were watered on to the root systems of sunflower plants to increase ABA concentrations in xylem sap. The stomatal response to applied ABA was quantitatively very similar to that to ABA generated as a result of soil drying. There was a log‐linear relationship between the reduction of leaf conductance and the increase of ABA concentration m xylem sap.
The mechanics of anchorage in seedlings of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.
Authors: ENNOS A. ROLAND 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYForces applied to plants will subject many of the roots to tension, which must be transferred to the soil via shear if uprooting is to be prevented. The stress distribution will depend on the relative stiffnesses of the earth and root, and the mode of failure will depend on the relative strength of the soil and of the root soil bond. This study of the anchorage of sunflower radicles combined uprooting tests performed by a tensile testing machine with mechanical tests on the roots and soil.The maximum extraction force increased with length to an asymptotic value and was reached at a very low displacement. Root hairs and soil particles covered the tapered top 20 mm of extracted root, but the lower cylindrical region was bare. The soil was stiffer than the root, so shear stress was initially concentrated at the top of the root, soil strength over the top 20 mm resisting uprooting. Lower regions of the root were stressed later, their sparser root hairs being sheared off, and resist uprooting only by friction. In a further lest upper and lower regions of radicles were uprooted separately. As predicted, the upper region generated much greater resistance to uprooting per unit length, and at much lower displacements than the lower region.The top of the radicle is well adapted for anchorage, the profuse root hairs and mucigel it produces glueing the root to the soil. The lower regions are thus protected from damage.
The effects of culture medium rigidity on adventitious bud production and tissue vitrification in needle cultures of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]
Authors: SELBY C. , LEE R. , HARVEY B. M. R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAdventitious bud formation on Sitka spruce [Picca sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] needle explants was strongly dependent upon the rigidity of the culture medium. In general, of organogenesis was greatest on weak gels and poorest on more rigid gels resulting from increased medium pH or agar strength. There was a significant interaction between agar strength and pH, with the optimum pH for organogenesis declining with increasing agar strength. Poor organogenesis at high agar concentrations was not due to toxic impurities since increased adventitious bud production could be stimulated by decreasing the medium pH whilst maintaining a high agar strength and an agar washing treatment had no significant effect. Although high levels of organogenesis could be sustained on weak gels the resultant adventitious shoots often showed severe vitrification. The frequency of shoots showing vitrification could be reduced by growing the tissues on harder media but this resulted in reduced shoot elongation. Vitrification of needle tissues did not stimulate the formation of adventitious buds in the absence of cytokinins.
The effects of aluminium and Paxillus involutus Fr. on the growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]
Authors: WILKINS D. A. , HODSON M. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYNorway spruce [Picea aides (L.) Karst.] seed lots were obtained from populations growing on an acid soil in the Black Forest, West Germany (acid), and a calcareous soil in the Schwabische Alb, West Germany (calc). Seedlings were grown in sterile perlite culture containing 0–6 mM aluminium. Hypocotyl extension was inhibited by aluminium in the calcareous seedlings, hut not in the acidic seedlings. In a longer term experiment acidic and calcareous plants were grown for 10 weeks in perlite. Some of the tubes were inoculated with the fungus Paxillus involutus Fr. (designated F +) and some were not (F ‐). Aluminium sulphate solutions were then added to the tubes to raise the aluminium concentrations to 0–6 mM. Plants were harvested after a further 10 weeks. Fungus was associated with the roots in F+ plants, but mycorrhizas did not form. Growth of acid(F ‐) was somewhat stimulated by aluminium treatment, but that of calc(F ‐) was greatly reduced, and the plants were chlorotic. The presence of a rhizospherie fungus (F +) enhanced the growth of the calcareous plants, but had little effect on the acidic plants. Shoot analyses suggested that the greater aluminium sensitivity of the calcareous plants involves an inability to exclude aluminium or to maintain normal levels of calcium and magnesium uptake in its presence. The presence of rhizospheric fungi reduced the effects of aluminium.
DEVELOPMENTAL PROFILES OF GANGLIOSIDES IN HUMAN AND RAT BRAIN
Authors: Vanier M. T. , Holm M. , ÖHman R. , Svennerholm L. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The developmental profiles of individual gangliosides of human brain were compared with those of rat brain. Interest was focused mainly on the pre‐ and early postnatal development. Human frontal lobe cortex covering the period from 10 foetal weeks to adult age and the cerebrum of rat from birth to 21 days were analysed. Lipid‐NANA and lipid‐P were followed; in the rat, also protein and brain weight. A limited number of samples of human cerebral white matter and cerebellar cortex were also studied. The following major results were obtained:

The ganglioside concentration increased approximately three‐fold within a short period: in rat cerebrum, from birth to the 17th day; in human cerebral cortex, from the 15th foetal week to the age of about 6 months. The largest increase in the rat brain occurred by the 11th to the 13th day; in human brain by term. The relative increase of gangliosides during this period was more rapid than that of phospholipids.
A hitherto unknown distinct early period of ganglioside and phospholipid formation in rat occurred by the second to fourth day.
The changes in brain ganglioside pattern, characteristic of the developmental stages of the rat, were found to be equally pronounced in the human brain.
Regional developmental differences in the ganglioside pattern were demonstrated in human brain. A characteristic white matter pattern, rich in monosialogangliosides, had developed by the age of 1 year. The increase in ganglioside concentration and the formation of the definitive ganglioside pattern of cerebellar cortex occurred later than in cerebral cortex. This cerebellar pattern was characterized by a very large trisialoganglioside fraction.
The two periods of rapid ganglioside metabolism in rat brain preceded the two periods of rapid protein biosynthesis.
THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, AGE DEPENDENT VARIATION AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES OF BRAIN ARYLSULPHATASES
Authors: Farooqui A. A. , Bachhawat B. K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The relative proportions of arylsulphatase A and B were determined by the method of Baum, Dodgson and Spencer (1959) in brains of various animal species and it was found that there was a considerable variation in the concentration of these two enzymes.Arylsulphatase A and B of various animal species including rat, man, monkey, sheep and chicken were partially separated using zinc acetate fractionation procedure and gel electrophoresis. The chicken brain arylsulphatase A had a similar electrophoretic mobility to that of arylsulphatase B of other species. Further, chicken brain arylsulphatase A precipitated at a zinc acetate concentration of 0005 M, a condition under which arylsulphatase B from the brain of other species precipitated.Kinetic properties such as Km value and inhibitory effect of sulphite and phosphate ions indicated that chicken brain arylsulphatase A was similar to arylsulphatase A of other species.The results on regional distribution of arylsulphatase A and B activities in monkey brain and in developing rat brain suggest a relationship between arylsulphatase A and sulphatides and arylsulphatase B and mucopolysaccharides.
NEUROCHEMISTRY OF THE SPINAL CORD IN EXPERIMENTAL BORDER DISEASE (HYPOMYELINOGENESIS CONGENITA) OF LAMBS
Authors: Patterson D. S. P. , Terlecki S. , Done J. T. , Sweasey D. , Hebert C. Nancy 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The total lipid, cholesterol (free and esterified), cerebroside, phospholipid and fat‐free dry matter contents were estimated in spinal cords of lambs affected with experimentally produced Border Disease. Comparisons were made with a healthy control group and with a group of lambs obtained from vaccinated ewes.Clinically affected lambs showing tremors ('shaking’), a‘hairy’birthcoat or both were found to possess one or two myelin lipid abnormalities. These were a generalised deficiency of myelin lipids (notably cerebroside) and the presence of abnormal quantities of esterified cholesterol. The former was particularly associated with the birthcoat defect and the latter with the neurological signs.Previous exposure of the ewes to the infective agent (vaccination 28 days before mating) appeared to give considerable protection against the degenerative lipid changes and against 'shaking’but less against myelin dysgenesis and‘hairiness’.
STANDARDIZATION OF A RADIOCHEMICAL ASSAY OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE AND A STUDY OF THE ACTIVATION OF THE ENZYME IN RABBIT BRAIN
Authors: Bull G. , Oderfeld‐Nowak Barbara 
Published: December 2006

Abstract—

The standardization of a radiochemical assay of choline acetyltransferase (acetyl‐CoA: choline‐O‐acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6. [ChAc]) is described. The method depends upon the use of [l‐C14]acetyl‐CoA as substrate and has been modified from the procedure originally published by MCCAMAN and HUNT (1965).
The modified method gave results which were comparable with two methods depending on bioassay as the end step, which had previously given the highest recorded values for rabbit brain ChAc.
Methods of extraction and activation of the enzyme were also investigated. The results showed that ether‐treated sucrose homogenates and cysteine‐saline extracts of acetone‐dried brain have comparable enzyme activities; both procedures give higher values than are obtained with untreated water homogenates, or sucrose homogenates treated with Nonex 501 or Triton X‐100.
STUDIES IN VIVO ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRAIN TRYPTOPHAN, BRAIN 5‐HT SYNTHESIS AND HYPERACTIVITY IN RATS TREATED WITH A MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR AND L‐TRYPTOPHAN
Authors: Grahame‐Smith D. G. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The effect of l‐tryptophan loading upon the amount of 5‐HT accumulating in the brains of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor was studied. The amount of brain 5‐HT accumulated increased with increasing tryptophan dosages and brain tryptophan concentrations up to a tryptophan dose of 120 mg/kg body wt. and a brain tryptophan of about 70 μg/g brain. Above this dose and concentration no further increase in brain 5‐HT accumulation occurred. After monoamine oxidase inhibition and tryptophan loading gross hyperactivity and hyperpyrexia occurred. Monoamine oxidase inhibition, tryptophan administration and intact aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity were all collectively essential for the production of hyperactivity and hyperpyrexia. DL‐Parachlorophenyl‐alanine prevented both the occurrence of hyperactivity and the increased accumulation of, brain 5‐HT. Indices of hyperactivity correlated with the amount of brain 5‐HT accumulating in 1 h after tryptophan loading but not with the overall concentration of brain 5‐HT, suggesting that hyperactivity was dependent upon the rate of 5‐HT synthesis. Reserpine and tetra‐benazine pretreatment speeded the onset and rate of development of the hyperactive state without altering the synthesis of brain 5‐HT. It is suggested that when monoamine oxidase is inhibited and the rate of 5‐HT synthesis is increased, granular uptake and storage of 5‐HT and other rate‐limiting mechanisms for 5‐HT inactivation are unable to prevent 5‐HT 'spilling over’to produce hyperactivity.The crucial dependence of 5‐HT synthesis upon brain tryptophan concentration and the ability of intraneuronal metabolism, when monoamine oxidase activity is intact, to cope with increased 5‐HT synthesis and prevent ‘spillover’, raise the possibility that brain 5‐HT synthesis is normally in excess of functional needs, and suggest that intraneuronal metabolism and the intraneuronal organization of 5‐HT pools are of more importance than synthesis in regulating the amount of 5‐HT available for functional activity.
ENZYMES OF ENERGY‐CONVERTING SYSTEMS IN INDIVIDUAL MAMMALIAN NERVE CELL BODIES1
Authors: Kato T. , Lowry O. H. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The activities of 7 enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose‐6‐P dehydrogenase, 6‐P‐gluconic dehydrogenase, NADP linked isocitric dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase) were measured in individual nerve cell bodies of 8 different neuronal types: pyramidal cells from cerebral cortex and Amnion's horn, Purkinje cells, giant cells in the reticular formation, Deiters’nucleus cells, facial nucleus cells, anterior horn cells and dorsal root ganglion cells. Samples of similar size were analysed from the molecular layer of cerebellum.The cell bodies were dissected from frozen‐dried tissue sections and weighed on quartz fibre balances. The weights ranged from 0–2 ng for the smallest pyramidal cells to 9 ng for the largest giant cells. The specific enzymatic reactions were carried out in small volumes (0–01–5 μl) under mineral oil (‘oil‐well technique’). The NADPH2 or NAD formed was amplified by‘enzymatic cycling’and measured fluorometrically. A new cycling method was used for measuring the NAD formed in three of the enzymatic methods. Double cycling was used to measure glucose‐6‐P and 6‐P‐gluconate dehydrogenases in the smallest cell bodies.Each type of neuron exhibited a unique enzyme pattern, but four general patterns could be distinguished. The most variable of the enzymes was glucose‐6‐P dehydrogenase which was nearly 10‐fold higher in anterior horn cells than in pyramidal cells from the cerebral cortex. Malic dehydrogenase was the most constant, with a 3‐fold range from the highest (Purkinje cells) to the lowest (dorsal root ganglion cells).
GLYCOSIDASES IN NORMAL AND SCRAPIE MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Millson G. C. , Bountiff Lynne 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The pH optima of ten glycosidases have been determined in normal and scrapie‐affected mouse brain. The enzymes α‐mannosidase, α‐glucosidase and β‐glucosidase displayed two peaks of enzyme activity over the pH range examined.There is a significant increase in the activity of the enzymes α‐mannosidase, β‐glucuronidase, N‐acetyl β‐D‐glucosaminidase, N‐acetyl β‐galactosaminidase, β‐glucosidase (pH 4.1), α‐fucosidase and β‐xylosidase in the brains of mice clinically affected with scrapie, whilst only α‐mannosidase (pH 4.1), β‐glucuronidase, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosinidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐gaiactosaminidase are elevated before mice exhibit signs of the disease.