bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HPLC evaluation of the minor lipid components of by-products resulting from edible oil processing
Authors: EL-Mallah Mohamed Hassan , M.Hassanein Minar Mahmoud , EL-Shami Safinaz Mohamed M. 
Published: October 2008

An analytical evaluation of some by-products resulting from edible oil refining processing steps has been carried out. By-product samples were taken from four different local refineries that apply chemical refining technology. Pretreatment of the representative samples of the by-products were done prior to analysis followed by chromatographic isolation and derivatization of the minor components, namely, free and acylated sterol (FS and AS) as well as free and acylated sterylglycosides (FSG and ASG). However, tocopherols were directly determined in the pretreated samples. HPLC, using different detectors, was carried out for the determination of these minor components. Several authors have focused on the analysis of sterols and sterol esters, as well as tocopherols in the refining byproducts; however sterylglycosides, as biologically important components, have not been dealt with. This study throws light on the by – products enriched with certain minor components to be possibly utilized as sources for such components. Also, the role of the conditions of the refining steps followed in removing these valuable minor components from oils was discussed. It was found that soapstock samples contained various amounts of total tocopherols ranging from 80 to 230ppm; total FS and AS ranged from 240 to 4000 mg/100g while total FSG and ASG ranged from 1120 to 6375 mg/100g. In the case of deodorization distillate samples total tocopherols ranged from 960 to 7360ppm; total FS and AS ranged from 1020 to 4160 mg/100g and total FSG, ASG ranged from 395 to 880 mg/100g.
Fatty acid profile of the fat from three pepper varieties (Arnoia, Fresno de la Vega and Los Valles-Benavente). Effect of the ripening stage
Authors: Martínez S. , Curros A. , Bermúdez J. , Carballo J. , Franco I. 
Published: October 2008

Total fatty acids content was studied in three varieties of peppers (Arnoia, Fresno de la Vega and Los Valles-Benavente) in different commercial stages of ripening: green and red in the Arnoia variety and, green, breaker and red in the Fresno de la Vega and Los Valles-Benavente varieties. With ripening, an increase was observed in the lipid content in the peppers of all three varieties; the values showed are inside the range described in the literature for other varieties. At the end of maturation (red peppers), fat content allows for differentiating the three varieties under study. The fatty acid profiles were similar in the three varieties of peppers and in the three stages of ripening: the most abundant fatty acid was linoleic (C18:2) followed by linolenic (C18:3) and palmitic (C16); these fatty acids represent more than 80% of the total fatty acids and do not show important variations during ripening in the three varieties of peppers. Minor changes in the major and minor fatty acids during ripening were observed in the Los Valles-Benavente variety. Using discriminant analysis 100% of the green, breaker and red peppers were correctly classified and differentiated from their content (%) in individual fatty acids: C16, C16:1, C17, C18, C18:1Z,T, C18:2 y C18:3.
The traditional Spanish paprika processing in the Murcia Region and possible innovations
Authors: Fernández-Trujillo J. Pablo , Escarabajal David 
Published: October 2008

The traditional method of Spanish paprika processing in the Murcia Region is under the official category Denomination of Origin “Paprika of Murcia”. The process consists basically in manual harvesting the fruit in full ripe stage, drying, removing the peduncle and seeds, hammer and stone milling for crushing and grinding, transmission, mixing and granulating, sterilization, packaging and refrigerated storage. The details about the paprika processing operations are reported. In a second part the main control points of paprika processing, paprika quality traits and risks are also mentioned. The innovations proposed for paprika processing and unit operations in the literature include application of hygienic food processing design, paprika processing in a nitrogen flow, heat pretreatments before grinding or applied to shredded pepper, high hydrostatic pressure or high intensity electrical field pulse, irradiation, osmotic dehydration, lyophilization, mixing and coating, and modified atmosphere packaging. The traditional method of Spanish paprika processing in the Murcia Region is under the official category Denomination of Origin “Paprika of Murcia”. The process consists basically in manual harvesting the fruit in full ripe stage, drying, removing the peduncle and seeds, hammer and stone milling for crushing and grinding, transmission, mixing and granulating, sterilization, packaging and refrigerated storage. The details about the paprika processing operations are reported. In a second part the main control points of paprika processing, paprika quality traits and risks are also mentioned. The innovations proposed for paprika processing and unit operations in the literature include application of hygienic food processing design, paprika processing in a nitrogen flow, heat pretreatments before grinding or applied to shredded pepper, high hydrostatic pressure or high intensity electrical field pulse, irradiation, osmotic dehydration, lyophilization, mixing and coating, and modified atmosphere packaging.
Seed protein characterisation of eleven species of amaranthus
Authors: Juan R. , Pastor J. , Alaiz M. , Megías C. , Vioque J. 
Published: October 2008

The protein profile and the amino acid composition of eleven amaranth species have been studied. The following species were taken into account: A. viridis, A. powellii, A.muricatus, A. deflexus, A. graecizans, A. blitoides, A. retroflexus, A. blitum, A. albus, A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus. Seed samples were obtained from wild populations located in the southwest of Spain. The protein profile was studied by gel filtration chromatography and denaturing electrophoresis. Profiles were similar in all taxa, with small variations in the molecular weights and amounts of the main seed proteins. Thus, after gel filtration chromatography six main fractions of around 300 kDa, 180 kDa, 120 kDa, between 40 and 50 kDa, 20 and 30 kDa and below 10 kDa were observed. On the other hand, the electrophoretic analysis showed peptides grouped into three main fractions, between 50 and 64 kDa, 33 and 37 kDa and 18 and 25 kda. The most balanced amino acid compositions were observed in the wild taxa A. muricatus, A. blitum and A. powellii showed the most equilibrated amino acid composition. A. hypochondriacus and A. graecizans showed the most deficient amino acid composition with limitations in five essential amino acids. These results show the potential of wild amaranthus taxa for their introduction as crops or their use in the improvement by hybridization mechanisms of other crops such as A. hypochondriacus.
Outcome from abdominal aortic aneurysms in Scotland, 1991–2006
Authors: Mofidi R , Suttie S A , Howd A , Dawson A R W , Griffiths G D , Stonebridge P A 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
This study assessed the impact of sex, presentation and treatment on outcome from abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in Scotland.

Methods
All patients admitted from January 1991 to December 2006 with a primary diagnosis of AAA were identified. Patients were stratified by age, sex, admission diagnosis (ruptured versus intact) and procedure performed (endovascular versus open repair). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of mortality.

Results
Some 9779 men and 2927 women were admitted with a principal diagnosis of AAA. Women were significantly older than men (median (range) age 75 (35–97) versus 71 (17–96) years; P &lt; 0·001). A higher proportion of women presented with a ruptured AAA (29·5 versus 27·5 per cent; P = 0·043). Age (odds ratio (OR) 2·52 (95 per cent confidence interval 2·36 to 2·74); P &lt; 0·001), female sex (OR 1·63 (1·48 to 1·78); P &lt; 0·001) and admission diagnosis (OR 10·49 (9·53 to 11·54); P &lt; 0·001) were independent predictors of early death, whereas endovascular repair predicted survival (OR 0·67 (0·58 to 0·76); P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Women presenting with an AAA were older and more likely to be admitted with a ruptured aneurysm. Female sex was an independent risk factor for death from AAA.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of New Hydroxy‐3‐pyrazolyl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones and Their O‐Glucosides.
Authors: Hatzade K. M. , Taile V. S. , Gaidhane P. K. , Haldar A. G. M. , Ingle V. N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Monitoring of Airborne Mumps and Measles Viruses in a Hospital
Authors: Agranovski Igor E. , Safatov Alex S. , Agafonov Alex P. , Pyankov Oleg V. , Sergeev Alex N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA new personal bioaerosol sampler, which was found suitable for continuous long‐term (up to 8 h) monitoring of airborne bacteria, fungi, and viruses, was recently developed. A range of investigations under controlled laboratory conditions verified the performance of the device for both stress sensitive and robust viral particles. To decrease the detection time, the next step of the technique development was related to utilization of the sampler in combination with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology in the laboratory. The combined device was found to be fully feasible with the corresponding decrease of the detection time from a few days to 2.5 h. In addition, the results for targeted microorganisms were not affected by background biological particles and cross‐reaction was not observed. The current study is the first trial to use the new combined device, i. e., sampler‐conventional PCR device, for monitoring airborne viruses in the field. The monitoring procedures were performed in hospital infection wards with patients suffering from mumps and measles diseases to detect the corresponding disease causing viruses in the ambient air. The results for the existence of the airborne viruses were obtained for both strains. A simple procedure is also suggested for enumeration of microbial contamination in the ambient air.
Aspergillums Niger assisted crystal growth of calcium tartrate: an alternative method to grow crystals
Authors: Parekh B. B. , Joshi V. S. , Pawar V. , Thaker V. S. , Joshi M. J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel method of growing calcium tartrate single crystals was developed in which the crystals were hanging freely in solution assisted by fine filaments of fungi (Aspergillums niger). Spores of A. niger were inoculated and allowed to grow in the supernatant solution of calcium chloride and tartaric acid (1:1) on the silica hydro‐gel impregnated with orthophosphoric acid. Transparent, prismatic, calcium tartrate crystals were grown hanging in the filamentous network of the fungi after 10 days in the supernatant solution. This network of the mycelium facilitated and mimicked the gel. The grown crystals were identified as calcium tartrate trihydrate and characterized by powder XRD, FTIR and TGA. This technique provides an alternate and a novel technique to grow crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Essential differences in ligand presentation and T cell epitope recognition among HLA molecules of the HLA‐B44 supertype
Authors: Hillen Nina , Mester Gabor , Lemmel Claudia , Weinzierl Andreas O. , Müller Margret , Wernet Dorothee , Hennenlotter Jörg , Stenzl Arnulf , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Stevanović Stefan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigens (HLA) have long been grouped into supertypes to facilitate peptide‐based immunotherapy. Analysis of several hundreds of peptides presented by all nine antigens of the HLA‐B44 supertype (HLA‐B*18, B*37, B*40, B*41, B*44, B*45, B*47, B*49 and B*50) revealed unique peptide motifs for each of them. Taking all supertype members into consideration only 25 out of 670 natural ligands were found on more than one HLA molecule. Further direct comparisons by two mass spectrometric methods – isotope labeling as well as a label‐free approach – consistently demonstrated only minute overlaps of below 3% between the ligandomes of different HLA antigens. In addition, T cell reactions of healthy donors against immunodominant HLA‐B*44 and HLA‐B*40 epitopes from EBV lacked promiscuous T‐cell recognition within the HLA‐B44 supertype. Taken together, these results challenge the common paradigm of broadly presented epitopes within this supertype.
PVA‐based tunable buffering membranes for isoelectric trapping separations
Authors: Fleisher‐Craver Helen C. , Vigh Gyula 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPVA‐based buffering membranes with tunable pH values were prepared on a PVA substrate by reacting PVA, glycerol‐1,3‐diglycidyl ether, –NH2 group‐containing buffers and –NH2 group‐containing titrants in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The pH of the buffering membranes could be tuned in the 3<pH<10 range according to the Hendersson–Hasselbach equation while maintaining buffering capacities in excess of 100 mM. Detailed recipes for the preparation of six families of buffering membranes are tabulated and provided as Supporting Information. The buffering membranes were used to trap and desalt ampholyte solutions and separate proteins having a ΔpI as small as 0.1. The membranes were mechanically and hydrolytically stable and could be stored, even in 10<pH sodium hydroxide solutions, in excess of 6 months.
Stereochemical dependence of NMR geminal spin–spin coupling constants
Authors: Contreras Rubén H. , Provasi Patricio F. , dos Santos Francisco P. , Tormena Cláudio F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this work it was sought to explore the versatility of geminal spin–spin coupling constants, 2JXY SSCCs, as probes for stereochemical studies. A set of compounds, where their experimental 2JXY SSCCs through the X–C–Y molecular fragment are predicted to be sensitive to hyperconjugative interactions involving either bonding or antibonding orbitals containing the C carbon atom (‘coupling pathway’), were analyzed. SSCC calculations were performed for some selected examples using the second order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) method or within the DFT‐B3LYP framework. Hyperconjugative interactions were calculated within the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) approach. Results are condensed in two qualitative rules: Rule IM—hyperconjugative interactions transferring charge into the coupling pathway yield a positive increase to the Fermi contact (FC), contribution to 2KXY reduced spin–spin coupling constants (RSSCC), and Rule IIM—hyperconjugative interactions transferring charge from the coupling pathway yield a negative increase to the FC contribution to 2KXY RSSCC. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the layer structure of W/C multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering using x‐ray reflectivity
Authors: Deng Songwen , Qi Hongji , Shao Jianda 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA study on the layer structure of W/C multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering is reported. In the study, soft x‐ray resonant reflectivity and hard x‐ray grazing incidence reflectivity of the W/C multilayers were measured. The imperfections at the interface such as interdiffusion and formation of compounds were dealt with by two methods. On analyzing the experimental results, we found that the incorporation of an interlayer was a more suitable method than the traditional statistical method to describe the layer structure of a W/C system we fabricated. The optical constants of each layer at a wavelength of 4.48 nm were also obtained from the analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple indicator hidden Markov model with an application to medical utilization data
Authors: Wall Melanie M. , Li Ran 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMonthly counts of medical visits across several years for persons identified to have alcoholism problems are modeled using two‐state hidden Markov models (HMM) in order to describe the effect of alcoholism treatment on the likelihood of persons to be in a ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ state. The medical visits can be classified into different types leading to multivariate counts of medical visits each month. A multiple indicator HMM is introduced, which simultaneously fits the multivariate Poisson counts by assuming a shared hidden state underlying all of them. The multiple indicator HMM borrows information across different types of medical encounters. A univariate HMM based on the total count across types of medical visits each month is also considered. Comparisons between the multiple indicator HMM and the total count HMM are made, as well as comparisons with more traditional longitudinal models that directly model the counts. A Bayesian framework is used for the estimation of the HMM and implementation is in Winbugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur probabilistischen Sicherheitsanalyse von Stabtragwerken nach der Theorie 2. Ordnung
Authors: Biehounek Josef , Grolik Helmut , Herz Susanne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDas probabilistische Bemessungsverfahren für Stabtragwerke geht aus der Deformationsmethode nach der Theorie 2. Ordnung hervor und bewahrt die auf dem Gleichgewicht der Kräfte und Drehmomente beruhende Praxis. Die Approximation zufälliger Lasten durch Hermitesche Polynome normalverteilter Zufallsgrößen führt mittels Galerkin‐Projektion auf ein lineares Gleichungssystem. Es beruht auf der Elastizitätsgleichung der deterministischen Deformationsmethode und muss iterativ behandelt werden. Das Verfahren lässt sich formalisieren und liefert die Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit mit einem im Berufsalltag des Bauingenieurs vertretbaren Aufwand. An Hand des Querschnittsversagens wird gezeigt, in welcher Hinsicht die probabilistische Analyse das mit Beiwerten arbeitende Sicherheitskonzept erweitert.
Permanent Replacements and the End of Labor's “Only True Weapon”
Authors: Logan John 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article analyzes the origins and impact of one of the most powerful antiunion weapons used by American employers during the past four decades: the right to use and threaten to use permanent replacement workers during economic strikes. It examines the policy debate over replacements in the 1930s and 1940s, the increasing use of permanent replacements in the 1970s and 1980s, the growth of a powerful and sophisticated “strike management industry,” and the unsuccessful efforts of organized labor and its political allies to amend the National Labor Relations Act to outlaw permanent replacements. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between the “striker replacement doctrine” and declining strike levels in the postwar decades.
Regional variation in tropical forest tree species composition in the Central African Republic: an assessment based on inventories by forest companies
Authors: Réjou-Méchain Maxime , Pélissier Raphaël , Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie , Couteron Pierre , Nasi Robert , Thompson John D. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Understanding how species assemblages are structured in relation to environmental variation is a central issue in community ecology. However, factors that create regional variation in relative species abundances have been little studied due to the rarity of large-scale datasets. Here, we investigated a large dataset (30 180 0.5-ha plots spread over 1 600 000 ha) gathered from forest planning inventories in the semi-deciduous forest of the south western Central African Republic. We used Correspondence Analysis and Non-Symmetric Correspondence Analysis on Instrumental Variables to analyse variation in the abundance of 73 common tree species in relation to soil type, rainfall and proximity to villages. Together, environmental variables explained 10.3% of multi-species floristic variation among plots, and the regional spatial structure almost disappeared when the effects of these variables were removed. A Trend Surface Analysis using a third order polynomial function of the geographical coordinates of the plots explained 14.5% of the floristic variation and more than 75% of this variation was explained by environmental variables. Sandy soil was the most influential factor affecting floristic composition. Residual spatial variation not explained by the environmental variables probably reflects the natural and anthropogenic history of the vegetation.
Is Second Language Attrition the Reversal of Second Language Acquisition?
Authors: Olshtain Elite 
Published: November 2008

The study of language attrition, whether it is concerned with first or second languages, focuses on the effects resulting from an individual's reduced use of the attrited language. Such reduction in use can be due to a change in the linguistic environment or to the termination of an instructional program. In either case, some other language (or languages) is or becomes the dominant one.The present article reports on a series of studies, all focusing on individual attrition of English as a second language (ESL) in an environment where Hebrew is the dominant language. The predictor variables discussed are age, sociolinguistic features, input variables, and linguistic variables. The attrition process affecting English as a second language in a Hebrew dominant context seems to exhibit two major trends of change in language use: (a) a greater variability in the application of peripheral and highly marked structural rules, and (b) lower accessibility of specific lexical items. In each of these trends one can identify a limited reversal of the acquisition process, particularly with young children (5–8-year-olds) as well as a typological transfer process from the dominant language.
Fubini and martingale theorems in C* -algebras
Authors: Batty C. J. K. 
Published: November 2008

The basic integration theory of Radon measures on locally compact spaces, as described in (5), has been developed in various directions both in commutative and non-commutative analysis. Thus if Ω is a compact Hausdorff space, and C(Ω) denotes the space of continuous complex-valued functions on Ω, Kaplan (16) showed how topological measure theory can be performed in the second dual C(Ω)** of C(Ω). Here as usual C(Ω)* is identified with the space of Radon measures on Ω by associating with a measure μ the linear functional φμ whereThus if f is a bounded real-valued function on Ω, there is an affine function f* defined on the set P(Ω) of Radon probability measures μ on Ω, byand f* extends by linearity to a functional in C(Ω)**. Conversely any function x on P(Ω) determines a function x0 on Ω. bywehere εω is the unit point of mass at ω.
On Banach algebra elements of thin numerical range
Authors: Smith R. R. 
Published: November 2008

Among the elements of a complex unital Banach algebra the real subspace of hermitian elements deserves special attention. This forms the natural generalization of the set of self-adjoint elements in a C*-algebra and exhibits many of the same properties. Two equivalent definitions may be given: if W(h) ⊂ , where W(h) denotes the numerical range of h (7), or if ║eiλh║ = 1 for all λ ∈ . In this paper some related subsets are introduced and studied. For δ ≥ 0, an element is said to be a member of if the conditionis satisfied. These may be termed the elements of thin numerical range if δ is small.