bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Amount of Suspended Sediment in the Tigris River using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Hamidi Nizamettin , Kayaalp Necati 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe amount of sediment should be taken into consideration in the planning of water structures for efficient use of limited water resources. It is important to estimate the amount of sediment for the successful operation of these structures in their future performances. Such estimations can be achieved by Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) with low error percentages as seen in many other disciplines. These networks also enable the modeling of nonlinear relationships between the parameters affecting the event. The purpose of this research is to establish models for sediment amounts in the Tigris River at the Diyarbakir measurement station in Turkey. Rainfall, temperature and discharge are taken as independent variables in the models, whereas sediment is taken as the dependent variable. Fourteen different models are generated using ANNs and Regression Analysis (RA). The results are compared with each other and with the observed data. The relative error and determination coefficient are used as comparison criteria. It is concluded that due to their nonlinear modeling capability, ANNs give better results than RA.
Treatment of Refractory Organics Contained in Actual Agro‐Industrial Wastewaters by UV/H2O2
Authors: Bedoui Ahmed , Sindi Kaiis , Bensalah Nasr 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this work, the treatment of actual agro‐industrial wastewaters (IWW) by a UV/H2O2 process has been investigated. The aqueous wastes were received from industrial olive oil mills and then treated by laboratory scale physicochemical methods, i. e., coagulation using ferrous and aluminum sulfate, decantation, filtration and adsorption on activated carbon. These wastes are brown colored effluents and have a residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the range of 1800 to 3500 mgO2 L–1, which cannot be further eliminated with physicochemical processes. The UV/H2O2 treatments were carried out under monochromatic irradiation at 254 nm using a thermostated reactor equipped with a mercury vapor lamp located in an axial position. The effects of initial H2O2 concentration, initial COD, pH and temperature have been studied in order to determine the optimum conditions for maximum color and COD removals. The experimental results reveal the suitability of the UV/H2O2 process for both removal of high levels of COD and effectively decolorizing the solution. In particular, 95% of color removal and 90% of COD removal were obtained under conditions of pH = 5 and 32°C using 2.75 g H2O2 g–1 COD L–1 during 6 h of UV‐irradiation. The treatment is unaffected by pH over the range 2 to 9. In addition, the COD removal is improved by increasing the temperature, whereas the color removal has not been affected by this parameter. The results show that the hydroxyl radicals generated from the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 by UV‐irradiation of the solution could be successfully used to mineralize the organics contained in IWW. The mineralization of the organics seems to occur in three main sequential steps: the first is the rapid decomposition of tannins leading to aromatic compounds, which are confirmed by the decolorization of the IWW; the second step corresponds to the oxidation of aromatics leading to aliphatic intermediates, which occurs by the cleavage of an aromatic ring, and is established by the removal of aromatics, and the final step is the slow oxidation of the aliphatic intermediates, which is measured by the COD removal.
Sustainable Chemical Technologies in Production of Clean Fuels from Fossil Fuels
Authors: Taniewski Marian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSome aspects of the present and the possible future role of sustainable chemical technologies in the production of clean liquid and gaseous fuels from fossil fuels are discussed. The state‐of‐the‐art and the vision of possible sources and alternative routes which may lead to clean fuels from fossil fuels due to the progress in crude oil, natural gas and coal processing are briefly presented. The possible future role of the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis, methanol synthesis, dimethylether synthesis, and a group of methanol transformation processes is also discussed.
Conformationally Restricted Hydantoin‐Based Peptidomimetics as Inhibitors of Caspase‐3 with Basic Groups Allowed at the S3 Enzyme Subsite
Authors: Vázquez Jesús , García‐Jareño Alicia , Mondragón Laura , Rubio‐Martinez Jaime , Pérez‐Payá Enrique , Albericio Fernando 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBy using a combination of molecular modeling, combinatorial chemistry, and biological essays, novel scaffold molecules for the inhibition of caspase‐3 have been developed. These compounds have an overall attenuated negative charge and show similar IC50 values for both recombinant and human endogenous caspase‐3. This might provide the basis for a novel strategy for the discovery of potent and more druglike inhibitors of caspase‐3.
Development of enteric and vagal innervation of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) gut
Authors: Olsson Catharina , Holmberg Anna , Holmgren Susanne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe autonomic nervous system develops following migration and differentiation of precursor cells originating in the neural crest. Using immunohistochemistry on intact zebrafish embryos and larvae we followed the development of the intrinsic enteric and extrinsic vagal innervation of the gut. At 3 days postfertilization (dpf), enteric nerve cell bodies and fibers were seen mainly in the middle and distal intestine, while the innervation of the proximal intestine was scarcer. The number of fibers and cell bodies gradually increased, although a large intraindividual variation was seen in the timing (but not the order) of development. At 11–13 dpf most of the proximal intestine received a similar degree of innervation as the rest of the gut. The main intestinal branches of the vagus were similarly often already well developed at 3 dpf, entering the gut at the transition between the proximal and middle intestine and projecting posteriorly along the length of the gut. Subsequently, fibers branching off the vagus innervated all regions of the gut. The presence of several putative enteric neurotransmitters was suggested by using markers for neurokinin A (NKA), pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), nitric oxide, serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT), and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). The present results corroborate the belief that the enteric innervation is well developed before the onset of feeding (normally occurring around 5–6 dpf). Further, the more detailed picture of how development proceeds at stages previously not examined suggests a correlation between increasing innervation and more regular and elaborated motility patterns. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:756–770, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of early deprivation and maternal separation on pup‐directed behavior and HPA axis measures in the juvenile female rat
Authors: Rees Stephanie L. , Akbari Emis , Steiner Meir , Fleming Alison S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractJuvenile female rats show maternal‐like behavior toward pups. The purpose of the following experiment was to investigate whether the HPA axis, through the use of early separation manipulations that alter HPA functioning in rats, plays a role in the juvenile response to foster pups. Female rats were early deprived or maternally separated for 5 hours daily from PND 2 to 14 and compared to animal facility‐reared rats. Deprivation or separation increased CRH‐R1 IR in the juvenile PVN, but had no other effects on other HPA measures or on maternal behavior. Pup‐exposure during the juvenile period blunted corticosterone levels after acute and repeated pup‐exposures when compared to exposure to novelty and conspecifics respectively. Repeated exposures to pups also increased CRH‐R1 IR relative to isolation during the juvenile period. Overall, the data suggest that although pup‐exposure affects corticosterone levels, the HPA axis does not relate to juvenile maternal behavior in the present experiments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 315–321, 2008.
Isolation and the timing of mammary gland development, gonadarche, and ovarian senescence: Implications for mammary tumor burden
Authors: Hermes Gretchen L. , McClintock Martha K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this study of Norway rats, we hypothesized that lifelong psychosocial experiences, social isolation or group living, trigger different developmental trajectories in the ovarian system, contributing to predisease pathways for spontaneous mammary tumors. Epidemiological studies indicate that early puberty and delayed menopause are risk factors for breast cancer. To that end, we took a cross‐sectional, prospective approach and examined the ovarian system at two developmental points, young adulthood and middle age. We assessed ovarian function at both points, as well as mammary gland development at puberty and mammary tumor burden in middle age. Social isolation dissociated two components of puberty; it accelerated maturation of ovarian function while it simultaneously delayed mammary tissue development thereby increasing the exposure of developing breast parenchyma to high levels of estrogen. By mid‐life, socially isolated rats had greater tumor burden despite having entered estropause prematurely, demonstrating that isolation did not increase tumorigenesis by prolonging ovarian function. These findings are discussed in the context of facultative lifespan strategies for rats born at different times of year and those living in isolation or in a large burrow community. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 353–360, 2008.
Surrogate mobility and orientation affect the early neurobehavioral development of infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Dettmer Amanda M. , Ruggiero Angela M. , Novak Melinda A. , Meyer Jerrold S. , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA biological mother's movement appears necessary for optimal development in infant monkeys. However, nursery‐reared monkeys are typically provided with inanimate surrogate mothers that move very little. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel, highly mobile surrogate mother on motor development, exploration, and reactions to novelty. Six infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were reared on mobile hanging surrogates (MS) and compared to six infants reared on standard stationary rocking surrogates (RS) and to 9–15 infants reared with their biological mothers (MR) for early developmental outcome. We predicted that MS infants would develop more similarly to MR infants than RS infants. In neonatal assessments conducted at Day 30, both MS and MR infants showed more highly developed motor activity than RS infants on measures of grasping (p = .009), coordination (p = .038), spontaneous crawl (p = .009), and balance (p = .003). At 2–3 months of age, both MS and MR infants displayed higher levels of exploration in the home cage than RS infants (p = .016). In a novel situation in which only MS and RS infants were tested, MS infants spent less time near their surrogates in the first five minutes of the test session than RS infants (p = .05), indicating a higher level of comfort. Collectively, these results suggest that when nursery‐rearing of infant monkeys is necessary, a mobile hanging surrogate may encourage more normative development of gross motor skills and exploratory behavior and may serve as a useful alternative to stationary or rocking surrogates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 418–422, 2008.
No stable arm preference during the pre‐reaching period: A comparison of right and left hand kinematics with and without a toy present
Authors: Lynch A. , Lee H. M. , Bhat A. , Galloway J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdult hand preference emerges from complex developmental changes in arm and hand use during childhood. Recent reports have highlighted the importance of understanding arm and hand use during the first year of life including the period before reach onset. This longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that significant right–left differences exist in pre‐reaching arm movements. We examined right and left hand kinematics from 13 healthy infants during trials with and without a toy present from 8 weeks of age through the week of reach onset. Significant right–left differences were found, however there was no clear pattern within a condition or across conditions. Without a toy present, the right hand moved faster, yet ended further from midline, and displayed more movements during the Late phase compared to other phases. With a toy present, the right hand moved longer lengths, yet ended movements further away from the toy. When left and right hand kinematics were combined, previous findings of right hand kinematics alone were supported. Although infants begin adapting their pre‐reaching kinematics many weeks before reach onset, we did not find evidence of a systematic right–left difference before reach onset in movements with or without a toy present. Our results, coupled with other reports, suggest hand asymmetries begin to emerge over the year following reach onset amid developmental changes both within the infant, and the physical and social environment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 390–398, 2008.
A prospective study of diurnal cortisol responses to the social experience of school transition in four‐year‐old children: Anticipation, exposure, and adaptation
Authors: Turner‐Cobb Julie M. , Rixon Lorna , Jessop David S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined psychosocial influences on hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity in 105 4‐year‐old children transitioning to primary school. Measuring before, during, and after school transition over a period of up to12 months, salivary cortisol was assessed on awakening and early evening. Parents reported child temperament and teachers recorded adaptive behavior. Whilst cortisol at awakening and early evening increased from baseline to school transition, effects were not significant. A significant decrease occurred between transition and follow‐up and from baseline to follow‐up for both awakening and evening cortisol. Poorer effortful control was associated with high morning and steeper diurnal slope of cortisol at transition whilst surgency/extroversion was associated individually with greater morning and evening cortisol at transition and adaptation. Greater increase in internalizing social isolation during the first 6 months of school in more surgent/extrovert children predicted higher morning and evening cortisol at follow‐up. This study is the first to explore these adaptive relationships over a 12‐month period and supports social isolation over time as a key element in developmental endocrine activation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 377–389, 2008.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic responses to the strange situation in infants and mothers from avoidant and securely attached dyads
Authors: Hill‐Soderlund Ashley L. , Mills‐Koonce W. Roger , Propper Cathi , Calkins Susan D. , Granger Douglas A. , Moore Ginger A. , Gariepy Jean‐Louis , Cox Martha J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVagal reactivity and salivary α‐amylase (sAA) were assessed in infants (M age = 13.55 months) and their mothers during the Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP) to investigate differences in physiological responses in a sample of insecure‐avoidant and securely‐attached dyads (N = 132). Infants classified as insecure‐avoidant had significantly higher vagal withdrawal during the SSP and higher sAA overall, suggesting that the avoidant attachment pattern is associated with a greater allostatic load. During separation episodes of the SSP, all mothers showed significant vagal withdrawal, suggesting greater attempts at regulation. During the last reunion, typically the most stressful episode for infants, mothers of secure infants showed greater vagal withdrawal than mothers of insecure‐avoidant infants, suggesting greater attempts by these mothers at interactive repair. Results for mothers and infants supported the allostatic load theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 361–376, 2008.
Social play in crested and japanese macaques: Testing the covariation hypothesis
Authors: Petit O. , Bertrand F. , Thierry B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost studies about social play have focused on its function in aiding socialization. It is not known whether play patterns vary by species according to specific adult social relationships. To test whether there is covariation between the form of play interactions and adult relationships, we studied social play in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and crested macaques (Macaca nigra). Comparative studies have shown that whereas low levels of tolerance and strict hierarchies characterize Japanese macaques, crested macaques display greater tolerance and relaxed dominance. The results showed that the former prefer less risky games, with minimal physical contact, ease of escape and a small number of play partners. The play bouts of the latter species involve closer contact and more partners. We conclude that play patterns covary with specific social style. Play patterns could have been selected for to introduce youngsters to their future social environment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 399–407, 2008.
Morphallactic regeneration as revealed by region‐specific gene expression in the digestive tract of Enchytraeus japonensis (Oligochaeta, Annelida)
Authors: Takeo Makoto , Yoshida‐Noro Chikako , Tochinai Shin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEnchytraeus japonensis is a small oligochaete, which primarily reproduces asexually by fragmentation and regeneration. For precise analysis of the pattern formation during regeneration, we isolated three region‐specific genes (EjTuba, mino, and horu) expressed in the digestive tract. In growing worms, the expression of EjTuba in the head and mino in the trunk region just posterior to the head were observed in defined body segments, while the expression areas of EjTuba in the trunk and horu were proportional to the total number of body segments. In the regeneration process, expression of these genes disappeared once and recovered to their original pattern by day 7. In abnormal regeneration such as a bipolar head, mino was still expressed in the region next to both the normal and the ectopic heads. These results suggest that there is morphallactic as well as epimorphic or inductive regulation of the body patterning during regeneration of E. japonensis. Developmental Dynamics 237:1284‐1294, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid induces prostatic bud formation
Authors: Vezina Chad M. , Allgeier Sarah H. , Fritz Wayne A. , Moore Robert W. , Strerath Michael , Bushman Wade , Peterson Richard E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFormation of prostatic buds from the urogenital sinus (UGS) to initiate prostate development requires localized action of several morphogenetic factors. This report reveals all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) to be a powerful inducer of mouse prostatic budding that is associated with reciprocal changes in expression of two regulators of budding: sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). Localization of retinoid signaling and expression of RA synthesis, metabolism, and receptor genes in the UGS on embryonic days 14.5–17.5 implicate RA in the mechanism of bud initiation. In UGS organ culture, RA increased prostatic budding, increased Shh expression, and decreased Bmp4. Prostatic budding was stimulated in the absence of RA by recombinant SHH, by blocking BMP4 signaling with NOGGIN, or by combined treatment with SHH and NOGGIN in UGS organ culture media. These observations suggest that reciprocal changes in hedgehog and BMP signaling by RA may regulate bud initiation. Developmental Dynamics 237:1321‐1333, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mice with an anterior cleft of the palate survive neonatal lethality
Authors: Gu Shuping , Wei Na , Yu Xueyan , Jiang Yiping , Fei Jian , Chen YiPing 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMany genes are known to function in a region‐specific manner in the developing secondary palate. We have previously shown that Shox2‐deficient embryos die at mid‐gestation stage and develop an anterior clefting phenotype. Here, we show that mice carrying a conditional inactivation of Shox2 in the palatal mesenchyme survive the embryonic and neonatal lethality, but develop a wasting syndrome. Phenotypic analyses indicate a delayed closure of the secondary palate at the anterior end, leading to a failed fusion of the primary and secondary palates. Consistent with a role proposed for Shox2 in skeletogenesis, Shox2 inactivation causes a significantly reduced bone formation in the hard palate, probably due to a down‐regulation of Runx2 and Osterix. We conclude that the secondary palatal shelves are capable of fusion with each other, but fail to fuse with the primary palate in a developmentally delayed manner. Mice carrying an anterior cleft can survive neonatal lethality. Developmental Dynamics 237:1509‐1516, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, X‐ray Structure and Reactivity of a Sterically Protected Azobisphenol Ligand: On the Quest for New Multifunctional Active Ligands
Authors: Evangelio Emi , Saiz‐Poseu Javier , Maspoch Daniel , Wurst Klaus , Busque Felix , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDifferent synthetic routes have been explored for the synthesis of the sterically protected 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐4,3,4,3′‐tetra‐tert‐butylazobenzene ligand (2), which is an excellent candidate for the development of valence tautomeric complexes. As expected, such a ligand exhibits good reactivity with transition‐metal ions, as shown by the synthesis and characterization of the new cobalt complex [Co(22–)(H2O)3]Cl·2.5EtOH·H2O (8). This fact together with the reversible deprotonation/protonation of the phenol groups has been used to create a chromophoric array of three states with significantly different colours, which can interconvert reversibly between them. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis and Reactivity of Oxametallacyclic Niobium Compounds by Using α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Ligands
Authors: Arteaga‐Müller Rocío A. , Sánchez‐Nieves Javier , Royo Pascual , Mosquera Marta E. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReduction of mono(cyclopentadienyl)niobium complexes [NbCpRCl4] [CpR = C5Me4H (1), C5H4SiMe2Cl (2), C5H4SiMe3 (3)] with Na/Hg in the presence of methyl methacrylate [MMA, CH2=C(Me)C(O)OMe (a)], methyl acrylate [MA, CH2=CHC(O)OMe (b)] and mesityl oxide [MO, CMe2=CHC(O)Me (c)] afforded the corresponding derivatives [NbCpRCl2(LL)] [CpR = C5Me4H, LL = MMA (1a); CpR = C5H4SiMe2Cl, LL = MMA (2a), MA (2b), MO (2c); CpR = C5H4SiMe3, LL = MMA (3a), MA (3b)] in variable yields depending on both the cyclopentadienyl and the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reactivity of these complexes was studied toward protic and Lewis acids. Addition of triflic acid TfOH (Tf = CF3SO2) to 3b gave the triflate complex [NbCpRCl2{(CH2)2C(O)OMe}(OTf)] [CpR = C5H4SiMe3 (4)]. The Lewis acids E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) reacted with complexes 2b and 3b to give the three‐membered metallacyclic (or η2‐enone) compounds [NbCpRCl2{η2‐CH2=CHC(OMe){O·E(C6F5)3}}] [CpR = C5H4SiMe2Cl, E = B (5), Al (6); CpR = C5H4SiMe3, E = B (7), Al (8)], which decomposed to the corresponding adducts MA·E(C6F5)3. The same reaction with the 2a and 3a derivatives only allowed the observation of the corresponding adducts MMA·E(C6F5)3. Complexes 2a,b and 3a,b reacted with CO with elimination of the acrylate compounds, MA and MMA, respectively, to give the carbonylniobium(III) compounds [NbCpRCl2(CO)2]2 [CpR = C5H4SiMe2Cl (9), C5H4SiMe3 (10)]. Analogous reactions with CNAr showed the elimination of the free MA and MMA compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)