bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centrifuge Consolidation Study for Purposes of Plasticity Theory Validation
Authors: Shen CK , Sohn J , Mish K , Kaliakin VN , Herrmann LR 
Published: December 2008

The experimental phase of the research described in the paper involves a centrifuge model study of consolidation and surface settlement of a storage tank located on a soft soil foundation during a filling-storage-emptying cycle. The tank is placed on a thin layer of sandfill over a weak and compressible deposit of clay soil. The clay deposit is formed by consolidating a kaolin slurry in a 40.6-cm-diameter circular mold which is subsequently moved to the centrifuge for further consolidation and “field stress” initiation. The combined processes of consolidation cause the clay deposit to form an overconsolidated layer in the upper portion and a normally consolidated layer below. This situation simulates conditions often encountered in nature. Pore water pressure transducers are embedded in the clay deposit to monitor the rise and dissipation of water pressure as a result of loading and unloading. Furthermore, the surface settlement profile of the tank bottom is measured using a number of optical-electrical displacement transducers.
The second phase of the study involved a comparison of finite-element predictions with the experimentally measured quantities. These comparisons are part of a validation study for the recently developed bounding surface plasticity model for cohesive soils. The model is calibrated using the results of standard laboratory triaxial tests for the soil in question. A system of Fortran subroutines to numerically evaluate the model has been developed and incorporated into 2-D and 3-D finite-element consolidation programs. In this study the 2-D program is used to predict the soil response for comparison with experimental results. The predicted pore water pressures and surface displacements are presented and compared with the measured values. The agreement between the pore pressure values is very good while for the displacement it is adequate.
Bond Thickness Effect in Adhesive Joints and Its Significance for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture of Composites
Authors: Chai H 
Published: December 2008

The effect of constraining the crack-tip damage zone on the Mode I fracture of a toughened epoxy resin (BP-907) was studied systematically using the double-cantilever-beam (DCB) adhesive joint specimen and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). While a broad bond thickness range was employed (5 &lt; t &lt; 875 µm), particular attention was given to the lower bond spectrum and to the applicability of the results to interlaminar fracture of toughened composites.
Depending on t, interesting fracture characteristics were found including continuous, unstable, and a combination of both types of growth. For t &gt; 33 µm the fracture energy exhibited dramatic variations with t that were shown to follow from the variations in size of a certain dimple-like morphological feature. In constrast, the arrest energy was fixed, in consistency with the unchanging morphology. The fracture behavior for t &lt; 33 µm was equally interesting, now though because GIC was fixed while GICa varied with t. These changes in failure conditions were accompanied by morphological changes; as t decreased from 33 µm, the failure locus shifted from the bond center to the metal/matrix interface, and the failure itself occurred by shear yielding.
Similarities were found in the failure conditions of butt joint and DCB adhesive specimens, on the one hand, and in that of the latter and composite interlaminar fracture, on the other hand, which suggest an interrelationship among these three failure phenomena.
Evaluation of the Performance of Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash When Blended or Mixed with Portland Cement
Authors: Mills RH 
Published: December 2008

Partial substitution of portland cement (PC) with materials such as blast-furnace slag (BFS) or fly ash (FA) affects: workability or water demand; characteristic strength at a given age; and the maturity needed to attain a given strength.
Assuming constant workability, the efficiency of the substitute material may be stated in terms of the ratio of the mass of BFS plus FA to the mass of PC which is substituted.
For equal workability and strength, the efficiency factor varies with blend proportions and the characteristic strength. In the present investigation, the efficiency factor diminished for all strength levels as the proportion of BFS increased from 25 to 75%. The maturity efficiency factor is given by the ratio of log (maturity) values for the cements being considered. In this case the mass ratio water/binder is constant. Maturity efficiency factors reduced with increase in BFS but did not vary with age.
Performance of Blended Cements Made with Controlled Particle Size Distributions
Authors: Helmuth RA , Whiting DA , Dubovoy VS , Tang FJ , Love H 
Published: December 2008

Blended cements were prepared from two controlled particle size distribution (CPSD) cements (95% finer than 31 or 23 μm) and one normally ground cement (345 m2/kg Blaine), using the same clinker and gypsum. Pastes made with these cements blended with Class F or Class C fly ashes or ground granulated slag, and lesser amounts of ground limestone or silica fume, were tested for flow, strength development, and drying shrinkage. Three CPSD blended cements (two with Class F fly ash and one with slag, all with ground limestone) were selected for mortar and concrete tests along with two normally ground blended cements as controls. All five of these cements yielded mortars at 0.485 water/cement (W/C) with equal flow (121 ± 2%). Mortar strengths were higher at all ages with the CPSD blends than the controls.
The CPSD fly ash blended cement concretes prepared at 0.50 W/C required higher cement contents for 50 to 100 mm slump than did concretes prepared with normally ground blended cement. CPSD blended cements had slightly better compressive and flexural strengths and sulfate resistance than did their normally ground counterparts. Drying shrinkage of the concretes was lower when paste contents were lower, as with the CPSD slag blended cement.
Manual on Test Sieving Methods
Authors: Mahlig WC , Reed AE , Mahlig WC , Smith RH , Ward CW 
Published: December 2008

Description
This manual on test sieving methods is intended for use as a supplement to and not a substitute for the many published ASTM standards relating to the sieve analysis of materials. There has been a need for a manual that would bring together from many sources proved methods for making reliable sieve analyses to serve as a guide for the novice and a reference for the more advanced. Some of the material in both the text and the tables is published here for the first time.
Atmospheric Corrosion Investigation of Aluminum-Coated, Zinc-Coated, and Copper-Bearing Steel Wire and Wire Products: A Twenty-Year Report
Authors: Occasione JF , Britton TC , Collins RC 
Published: December 2008

Description
Committee A-5 on Metallic-Coated Iron and Steel Products was organized in 1907, to investigate the corrosion of iron and steel. In 1908, the Committee sponsored its first atmospheric exposure of metallic-coated wires to evaluate their corrosion resistance. Since this date, there have been a considerable number of test programs involving wire, sheet, and hardware. Of particular interest is the program initiated in 1936 and reported on in ASTM Special Technical Publication 290 entitled "Twenty-Year Atmospheric Corrosion Investigation of Zinc-Coated and Uncoated Wire and Wire Products" by Fred M. Reinhart.
Fracture Mechanics: Seventeenth Volume
Authors: Underwood JH , Chait R , Smith CW , Wilhem DP , Andrews WR , Newman JC 
Published: December 2008

Description
A practical book containing background information and research results of particular interest to materials engineers who design structures subject to possibility of failure by fracture. Categories: ductile fracture, test methods development, surface cracks and crack shape effects, and high temperature and loading rate effects.
Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture
Authors: Thomas Hahn H 
Published: December 2008

Description
The symposium on Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture was held in Dallas, Texas, 24-25 October 1984. ASTM Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites sponsored the symposium. H. Thomas Hahn, Washington University, presided as symposium chairman and editor of this publication.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Fifth Volume
Authors: Spicer LD , Kaneko TM 
Published: December 2008

Description
Fifth in the series, STP 915 is divided into two sections: General Topics and Use of Spray Drop Size Analyzers. Eight papers in the latter section focus on ruby laser in-situ instruments, discussing use, limitations, and advantages as well as presenting data on results of specific atomization.
Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing and Disposal: Sixth Volume
Authors: Lorenzen D , Conway RA , Jackson LP , Hamza A , Perket CL 
Published: December 2008

Description
Divided into 7 sections: Contaminate and Leaching Assessments; Ground Water and Contaminant Migration Assessment; Incineration of Hazardous Waste; Liner Assessments; Site Monitoring and Assessment; Waste Treatment Alternatives; and ASTM Test Method Development.
Unwetter und die Folgen. Lüttich 11941198Meteorological disasters and their consequences. Liège 11941198
Authors: Kölzer Theo 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die Annalen des Mönchs Reiner von St. Jakob in Lüttich, bereits 1859 ediert (MGH SS 16, 651680), aber bislang wenig beachtet, sind nicht nur von Bedeutung für die lokale und regionale Geschichte sowie für Haupt- und Staatsaktionen, sondern erweisen sich jetzt als wertvolle Quelle für sehr moderne Fragestellungen. Die kontinuierlichen Beobachtungen des Zeitzeugen zur Entwicklung des Wetters und der Ernten sind über Jahre hinweg verknüpft mit der präzisen Angabe schwankender Getreidepreise. Die Analyse dieser Wechselwirkungen läßt sich durchaus vergleichen mit Beobachtungen zu Wirtschafts- und Teuerungszyklen, die bislang anhand spätmittelalterlicher oder frühneuzeitlicher Quellen untersucht wurden. Beschrieben und erklärt wird das Krisengeschehen vornehmlich der Jahre 11951197, die in eine reichsweite Hungernot eingebettet waren.
A long-term, multitrophic level study to assess pulp and paper mill effluent effects on aquatic communities in four us receiving waters: Background and status
Authors: Hall Timothy J , Fisher Robert P , Rodgers John H , Minshall G Wayne , Landis Wayne G , Kovacs Tibor G , Firth Barry K , Dubé Monique G , Deardorff Thomas L , Borton Dennis L 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
An industry-funded, long-term, receiving water study was initiated in 1998/1999 to address questions about the potential effects of pulp and paper mill effluent discharges on US receiving waters. Although the study continues, the knowledge gained to date provides an opportunity to reflect on the study development process, its progress, and its outcomes. As a backdrop to a series of articles in this special issue describing study results, this article describes the process by which study information objectives were identified as well as the process by which the experimental design was developed. A review of past literature and research identified gaps in long-term population/community data about effluent effects and that, consequently, emerged as a primary information objective. The selected streams for study included 1) Codorus Creek (Pennsylvania, USA), 2) Leaf River (Mississippi, USA), 3) McKenzie River (Oregon, USA), and 4) Willamette River (Oregon) represent a blend of mill process types, coldwater and warmwater stream types, and a range of effluent concentrations. Measurements included numbers of periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities; the assessment of water and effluent quality; laboratory bioassays; and fish full-life-cycle assays. Information objectives included addressing natural variability and, consequently, the study included long-term temporal (&gt;10 y) and watershed-scale spatial frameworks. Regional-scale ecological risk assessments were performed for each site that aided in placing each site in an ecological and regulatory context. An adaptive-management process is described that allowed for modifications over time as a result of lessons learned as the study progressed. Results from the initial 7 to 8 y of monitoring, as described in the series of articles in this special issue, provide a unique data set with respect to addressing point-source pulp and paper mill effluent discharge concerns and may serve as a template for others to use in developing monitoring or management programs to assess or address water quality conditions or concerns.
Voluntary Demand for Internal and External Auditing by Family Businesses
Authors: Carey Peter , Simnett Roger , Tanewski George 
Published: December 2008

This study investigates voluntary demand for auditing by family businesses, a significant but relatively unexplored segment of the economy. The paper considers demand for both internal and external auditing by using survey data to investigate the impact of firm characteristics linked to the cost vs. benefit of engaging an auditor. Variables examined are firm size, debt, and two agency proxies that measure separation of ownership and control, namely, the proportion of nonfamily management in the firm, and the proportion of nonfamily representation on the board of directors. The paper also considers the association between internal and external auditing.
Descriptive results on voluntary demand for auditing by 186 family businesses revealed that internal audit was more prevalent than external audit, and outsourcing was a common method for providing internal audit. Results from logistic regression analyses provide support for the hypothesized impact of the two agency proxies and firm debt on demand for external audit, but do not explain the demand for internal audit. For firms that voluntarily engaged an auditor (internal and/or external audit), the negative and significant correlation between internal and external audit suggest that in the family business environment they are more commonly viewed as substitute rather than complementary responses.
Assurance on Sustainability Reporting: An Auditor's View
Authors: Wallage Philip 
Published: December 2008

This article discusses initial experiences with a new assurance service: the verification of sustainability reports providing assertions regarding financial, environmental, and social issues. For illustration purposes, references to the verification of The Shell Report 2000 are made. Because of the new content and format of sustainability reports, established standards for reporting and verification are not yet available. Therefore, applying specifically developed criteria is inevitable.
In this article, examples and characteristics of criteria that are needed to evaluate management assertions regarding sustainability are described. Furthermore, verification procedures that can be used and the content and design of a conclusion on a sustainabilty audit are described. It can be concluded that the verification of sustainability reports is a very challenging assurance service for financial auditors. Academics should be challenged as well, because of the need for further research in this area.
Why Do Auditors Over-Rely on Weak Analytical Procedures? The Role of Outcome and Precision
Authors: Glover Steven M. , Prawitt Douglas F. , Wilks T. Jeffrey 
Published: December 2008

Recent evidence from highly publicized frauds and from the Public Oversight Board's Panel on Audit Effectiveness (2000) indicates that auditors sometimes over-rely on evidence provided by weak substantive analytical procedures. In Experiment 1 we examine whether auditors' assessments of evidence quality are affected by a “favorable outcome” bias, manifested when an analytical procedure indicates that the balance under examination is fairly stated. In Experiment 2 we examine whether an explicit ex ante prompt can activate knowledge that will sensitize auditors to the weaknesses of an unreliable substantive analytical procedure.
The first experiment provides evidence that auditors attribute more strength to a weak, aggregate-level analytical procedure that produces an expectation that is not significantly different from the unaudited numbers (i.e., a “favorable” outcome), than to the same analytical procedure that produces an expectation that is significantly different from the unaudited numbers. Further, auditors in the “favorable outcome” condition adjust their initial assessments down to a level very similar to that of auditors in the “unfavorable outcome” condition after seeing a more precise analytical procedure, while auditors in the unfavorable outcome condition do not change from their initial assessment after seeing the more precise procedure. Taken together, our results suggest that when a low-quality analytical procedure yields no significant difference, auditors tend to overestimate the strength of the evidence provided. Results from the second experiment indicate that the explicit consideration of potential weaknesses associated with the highly aggregated analytical procedure reduces auditors' assessments of the strength of evidence obtained from the aggregate procedure. Subjects' explanations suggest that the prompt activated their knowledge of the factors contributing to the quality of the analytical procedure.
Structural and magnetic characterisation of the perovskite oxides La0.7Ca0.3−x
NaxMnO3
Authors: Tozri Anowar , Bejar Moez , Dhahri Essebti , Hlil EL 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements were performed in order to investigate the effect of Na+ ion substitution for Ca2+ ions on the crystallographic structure, the character of magnetic ordering, and the effect of transition temperature in La0.7Ca0.3−x
NaxMnO3 manganites series (0 ⩽ × ⩽ 0.2). All samples crystallise in an orthorhombic structure with the Pnma space group. We have found a strong dependence of structural and magnetic properties on the cation-size disorder parameter σ
2. The temperature dependence of magnetization of all samples obeys the Bloch T
3/2 law. The values of the spin wave constant at low temperature B increase with the increase of x and the Curie temperature decreases. It is concluded that the substitution of Ca by Na+ ions causes a decrease in total exchange integral Aof the samples.
Combustion synthesis and luminescent properties of green-emitting phosphor (Sr, Zn) Al2O4: Eu2+, B3+ for white light emitting diodes (WLED)
Authors: Yao Shan-Shan , Li Yuan-Yuan , Chen Dong-Hua , Tang Wan-Jun , Peng Yu-Hua 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In this study, the phosphors (Sr1−x
, Znx)0.9(Al2−y
, By)O4 doped 10 mol % Eu2+, were prepared by combustion method as the fluorescent material for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs), performing as a light source. The luminescent properties were investigated by changing the combustion temperature, the boron concentration, and the ratio of Sr to Zn. The luminescence, crystallinity and particle morphology were investigated by using a luminescence spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The highest intensity of Sr0.9(Al2−y
, By)O4: Eu0.12+ phosphor was achieved when the combustion temperature was 600° and the concentration of B3+ was 8 mol % of the aluminate. A new blue emission was observed when the high Zn concentration (x ⩾ 0.8), and this blue emission disappeared with the Zn concentration became lower than 0.8. The combustion method synthesized phosphor (Sr0.6, Zn0.4)0.9(Al1.92, B0.08)O4: Eu0.12+ showed 3.3 times improved emission intensity compared with that of the Sr0.9(Al1.92, B0.08)O4:Eu0.12+ phosphor under λex = 390 nm.
Role of Carboxyl Groups in the Secondary Structure and Function of Sturgeon Gonadotropin
Authors: Zenkevičs Henriks , Vosekalna Ilze , Vose Vija 
Published: December 2008

Role of Carboxyl Groups in the Secondary Structure and Function of Sturgeon Gonadotropin
Free negatively charged carboxyl groups were selectively modified (neutralised) in sturgeon (Acipenser güldenstädti Br.) gonadotropic hormone (GTH) α and β subunits. Eleven free carboxyl groups, three in the α and eight in the β subunit, were neutralised by reaction with glycine ethyl ester. Investigation of reassociated α-β dimers (recombinants) comprising one or both modified subunits showed that specific hormonal activity was completely lost while immunoreactivity was lowered in comparison with that of the standard α-β dimer. CD-spectroscopy of the modified subunits did not indicate any considerable changes in their spatial structure. A conclusion was made that free COOH groups of GTH were important as bearers of the negative charge necessary for the hormone activity on the level of the hormone-specific membrane receptors.
Implementation of Trophic Status Index in Brackish Water Quality Assessment of Baltic Coastal Waters
Authors: Boikova Elmīra , Botva Uldis , Līcīte Vita 
Published: December 2008

Implementation of Trophic Status Index in Brackish Water Quality Assessment of Baltic Coastal Waters
The assessment of the trophic state of marine coastal waters is one of the leading initiatives declared in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed ecosystem which consists of subregions with wide salinity and seasonality gradients. Anthropogenic impact results in eutrophication processes on different scales. Efficient eutrophication control and environmental management in the Baltic Sea, according to WFD, requires a prerequisite of common and sensitive indicators for the European coastal waters including the Baltic Sea. In this article the Trophic Status Index TRIX, recently succcesfully implemented in Mediterranean and Northern European sea coastal waters as a holistic approach indicator, was implemented for the Gulf of Rīga and Latvian Baltic Sea coastal water quality assessment between 1999 and 2005.
Anaesthesiological Maintenance of Patients with Obesity
Authors: Vyzhigina Margarita , Titov Viktor , Zhukova Svetlana , Kurilova Oksana 
Published: December 2008

Anaesthesiological Maintenance of Patients with Obesity
Pathophysiological features of morbid obesity and the associated functional-anatomical changes in an organism demand the special approach to anaesthesiological maintenance. Methods of anaesthesiological protection and maintenance of effective gas exchange in morbide obesity patients have been proved. Anaesthesias for 110 patients have been analysed. Multicomponent anesthesia with traditional and combined artificial lung ventilation (ALV) (IPPV+HFJV) (intermittent positive pressure ventilation and high frequency jet ventilation) was used. Since 2000, morbid obesity patients receive intubation only with fibrobronchoscope with self breathing under local anesthesia. In IPPV for morbid obesity patients high peak pressure in airways, low V/Q, and low PaO2 occurs. Technology of combined ALV (IPPV+HFJV) has led to pressure decrease in airways and to effective arterial oxygenation improvement, intrapulmonary shunt has decreased. Retrospective analysis of anesthesia components revealed that the applied anaesthetic doses correspond to calculations on ideal body weight, and not true weight. Thus, anaesthesiological maintenance of operated patients with morbid obesity requires trachea intubation with fibroscope under local anaesthesia with self-breathing; high efficiency of ALV methods, allowing lower pressure in airways and high oxygenation (IPPV+HFJV), which provides effective gas exchange; doses correction of intravenous anaesthetics for due body weight is required.