bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) from Pinus brutia in Turkey
Authors: Akbulut Süleyman , Braasch Helen , Baysal İsmail , Brandstetter Martin , Burgermeister Wolfgang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. isolated from wilted Turkish pine (Pinus
brutia Ten.) wood is described. The new species shares several characters
with the hofmanni-group sensu Braasch (2001). It is characterised by a body
length of 633 (540-749) μm and 744 (638-867) μm for males and females,
respectively, stout body (a = 29 in male and 27 in female), stylet 14 μm
long in both males and females, lateral field with three lines, length of
postuterine branch one-third to one-half of the vulva to anus distance,
conoid female tail (c′ = 3.4) with a finely rounded or pointed terminus,
very delicate and relatively straight spicules 10 (9-11) μm long with
compact capitulum, broad, not distinctly offset condylus and strong rostrum
with a more or less rounded tip lacking a cucullus, shovel-shaped bursa and
the presence of seven caudal papillae. Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n.
differs from other species of the hofmanni-group mainly by having smaller,
unusually shaped spicules, shorter condylus and no cucullus. The new species
can be differentiated from other Bursaphelenchus species morphologically and
by means of ITS-RFLP patterns, particularly by digestion of the PCR product
with RsaI, HaeIII, MspI, HinfI and AluI.
Bursaphelenchus clavicauda n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) isolated from Cryphalus sp. emerged from a dead Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky var. sieboldii (Makino) Nakai in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Maehara Noritoshi , Masuya Hayato 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBursaphelenchus clavicauda n. sp. is described and figured. The new species was isolated from Cryphalus sp., a species of bark beetle emerging from a dead log of Castanopsis cuspidata, and reared on Botrytis cinerea. Type specimens were collected from a 2- and 4-week-old culture on Botrytis cinerea. The new species has a body length of ca 665 μm (male) and 770 μm (female), medium (ca 30-50 for males and ca 30-45 for females) a values, b values of ca 9-13 (male) and 10-13 (female), c values of ca 20-28 (male) and 20-27 (female), c′ values of ca 2 (male) and ca 3-5 (female), ca 9-13 μm long stylet, three lines in the lateral field, relatively small (ca 14 μm) and strongly arcuate spicule with recurved and pointed condylus, seven (1 + 2 + 2 + 2) male caudal papillae and club-like female tail with rounded terminus and with or without various shapes of mucro. The new species is close to B. eremus, B. uncispicularis, B. yongensis and several other species possessing a large, recurved and pointed spicular condylus and is distinguished from these species mainly by male spicule, male caudal papillae and female tail morphologies, number of lateral lines and several morphometric values of females and males. Cultured nematodes were used for sequencing the partial (ca 1.6 kbps) small subunit, ITS regions and large subunit of ribosomal DNA for comparisons with those deposited at GenBank. The DNA sequences of the B. clavicauda n. sp. were close to those of B. eggersi, B. eremus, B. tusciae and B. yongensis.
Characteristics of the emergence of Monochamus alternatus, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), from Pinus thunbergii logs in Nanjing, China, and of the transmission of the nematodes through feeding wounds
Authors: Li Hongmei , Shen Peiyin , Fu Peng , Lin Maosong , Moens Maurice 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which in China and
East Asia is vectored by Monochamus alternatus, is the causal agent of pine
wilt disease of Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. The vector emergence
and the transmission of nematodes through vector feeding on pine twigs were
monitored during 2004 and 2005 in Nanjing, China. The emergence started from
late April to the end of June and peaked from late May to early June. There
were 438 and 927 adults collected in 2004 and 2005, respectively, and
approximately 70% of the beetles emerged during the peak period. Visual
estimation of the nematode burden on vectors by observation of the atrium of
the first abdominal spiracle gave unreliable information. The percentage of
beetles carrying PWN of the total number of emerged beetles was between 20
and 30%. Seventy percent of the nematodes were released from beetle cadavers
after 3 days of extraction. The sex and longevity of the beetle had no
significant relationship with the number of nematodes that remained in
cadavers. Transmission of nematodes into pine twigs through beetle feeding
started 10 days after emergence of the vector. The period of nematode
transmission could last for up to 79 days after beetle emergence. Two types
of nematode-transmission curve were found by measuring the number of
nematodes transmitted into pine twigs per day. The unimodal pattern peaked
between 3 and 6 weeks after adult emergence; the bimodal pattern had two
transmission peaks: one between 2 and 3 weeks, and another between 5 to 7
weeks after beetle emergence.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Romania. The genus Thonus Thorne, 1974. Part I
Authors: Ciobanu Marcel , Popovici Iuliana , Abolafia Joaquín , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTwo known and two new species belonging to the genus Thonus, namely T. angulosus sp. n., T. circulifer, T. cylindricus and T. diversus sp. n., collected from several locations in Romania, are described. Thonus angulosus sp. n. is characterised by body 1.53-1.75 mm long, lip region cap-like (i.e., with its inner perioral area elevated) and 12.5 μm diam., odontostyle 13-16 μm long or slightly longer (ca 1.2 times) than lip region diam., neck 335-385 μm long, pharyngeal expansion ca two-fifths of total neck length, female genital system amphidelphic, uterus 1.1-1.7 body diam. long, pars refringens vaginae with two widely separated triangular pieces, vulva a post-equatorial (V = 54-60) longitudinal slit, glands present near the vagina-vulva junction, female tail rounded to convex conoid (30-35 μm, c= 48-56, c′ = 0.8-1.0), and males unknown. Thonus diversus sp. n. is characterised by body 1.41-1.78 mm long in females and 1.33-1.96 mm in males, lip region offset by depression or weak constriction and 15-17.5 μm diam., odontostyle 15-17 μm long and 5.5-6.8 as long as wide, neck 350-410 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 40-48% of total neck length, a ring-like structure surrounding the pharyngeal base-cardia junction, uterus 1.5-3.6 body diam. long, pars refringens vaginae with two closely arranged pieces, vulva a post-equatorial (V = 54-57) transverse slit, gland cells present near the vagina-vulva junction, tail rounded-conoid to rounded (18-23 μm, c = 68-87, c′ = 0.6-0.8 in females; 18-24 μm, c = 58-89, c′ = 0.6-0.8 in males) with abundant saccate bodies and with inner cuticle layer separated from outer layer, spicules 46.5-54 μm long and 4-7 separated ventromedian supplements. Thonus cylindricus is reported for the first time in Europe and T. circulifer is new record for the Romanian nematode fauna. Descriptions, measurements, illustrations, including SEM pictures of T. diversus sp. n. and distribution data of the species are provided.
Bursaphelenchus debrae n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), an associate of the bee Halictus brunnescens in Turkey
Authors: Hazir Canan , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Keskin Nevin , Ye Weimin , Kanzaki Natsumi , Center Barbara J. , Hazir Selçuk , Kaya Harry K. , Thomas W. Kelley 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus debrae n. sp. was cultured from dauer juveniles recovered
from the poison sac of a female sweat bee, Halictus brunnescens from Ankara,
Turkey, in June 2004. The new species appears to be most similar to B.
kevini and B. anatolius based upon the synapomorphies of their associations
with soil-dwelling halictid bees, morphological features such as four
lateral incisures, male caudal papillae arrangement, spicule morphology,
female tail shape and ratio a, and molecular analysis of sequences of the
D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA and partial
mitochondrial DNA COI (mtCOI). In addition to significant molecular sequence
differences in LSU and COI consistent with separate species status, B.
debrae n. sp. can be differentiated from both B. kevini and B. anatolius by
differences in the host halictid bee species with which they are
phoretically associated, rostrum shape and size, and presence of a unique
protuberance on the ventral aspect of the spicules. The nematode is
mycophagous and can be cultured in the laboratory at 23°C on Monilinia
fructicola growing on lactic acid-treated, 5% glycerin-supplemented potato
dextrose agar (LGPDA).
Distribution and diversity of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) associated with Ammophila arenaria in coastal dunes of Western Europe
Authors: Moens Maurice , de la Peña Eduardo , Karssen Gerrit 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The distribution and diversity of Pratylenchus species associated with
Ammophila arenaria was investigated in its natural range of distribution.
Twelve localities with vigorous stands of A. arenaria along the European
Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts were sampled. The populations were
identified based on morphology and morphometrics, and further characterised
based on sequences of the rDNA D2D3 region. Pratylenchus spp. were present
in all of the sampled sites. A total of 19 populations were detected
belonging to Pratylenchus dunensis, P. brzeskii, P. pratensis or P.
penetrans. Pratylenchus dunensis was widely distributed from Blakeney Point
(UK) to Comporta (Portugal). Pratylenchus brzeskii was found in South
European localities along the Atlantic coast and also in the Mediterranean
region. Pratylenchus pratensis was found associated with A. arenaria for the
first time and occurred at different locations along the Atlantic coast.
Pratylenchus penetrans was only detected in Biarritz (France). The P.
dunensis populations from the south west Iberian Peninsula differed from the
original P. dunensis description and showed two incisures on the lip region
instead of one. Pratylenchus brzeskii populations did not vary
morphologically from the original descriptions; however, the range of their
morphometrical characters was wider than that of the type population. The
D2D3 rDNA region revealed large interspecific and low intraspecific
variation, supporting the morphological identification. The phylogenetic
relationships of the populations with respect to other species of the genus
were inferred from partial sequences of the rDNA and positioned P. dunensis
within the same group as P. convallariae, P. penetrans and P. fallax.
Poly-G/poly-C tracts in the genomes of Caenorhabditis
Authors: Zhao Yang , O'Neil Nigel J , Rose Ann M 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn the genome ofCaenorhabditis elegans, homopolymeric poly-G/poly-C tracts (G/C tracts) exist at high frequency and are maintained by the activity of the DOG-1 protein. The frequency and distribution of G/C tracts in the genomes ofC. elegansand the related nematode,C. briggsaewere analyzed to investigate possible biological roles for G/C tracts.ResultsInC. elegans, G/C tracts are distributed along every chromosome in a non-random pattern. Most G/C tracts are within introns or are close to genes. Analysis of SAGE data showed that G/C tracts correlate with the levels of regional gene expression inC. elegans. G/C tracts are over-represented and dispersed across all chromosomes in anotherCaenorhabditisspecies,C. briggsae. However, the positions and distribution of G/C tracts inC. briggsaediffer from those inC. elegans. Furthermore, theC. briggsae dog-1ortholog CBG19723 can rescue the mutator phenotype ofC. elegans dog-1mutants.ConclusionThe abundance and genomic distribution of G/C tracts inC. elegans, the effect of G/C tracts on regional transcription levels, and the lack of positional conservation of G/C tracts inC. briggsaesuggest a role for G/C tracts in chromatin structure but not in the transcriptional regulation of specific genes.
Catecholamine Regulation of Local Lactate Production in Vivo in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue: Role of β-Adrenoreceptor Subtypes
Authors: Qvisth Veronica , Hagström-Toft Eva , Enoksson Staffan , Bolinder Jan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: The regulation of lactate production in skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) is not fully elucidated.
Objective: Our objective was to investigate the catecholamine-mediated regulation of lactate production and blood flow in SM and AT in healthy, normal-weight subjects by using microdialysis.
Methods: First, lactate levels in SM and AT were measured during an iv norepinephrine infusion (n = 11). Local blood flow was determined with the 133Xe-clearance technique. Second, muscle lactate was measured during hypoglycemia and endogenous epinephrine stimulation (n = 12). Third, SM was perfused with selective β1–3-adrenoreceptor agonists in situ (n = 8). Local blood flow was measured with the ethanol perfusion technique.
Results: In response to iv norepinephrine, the fractional release of lactate (difference between tissue and arterial lactate) increased by 40% in SM (P = 0.001), whereas remaining unchanged in AT. Blood flow decreased by 40% in SM (P &lt; 0.005) and increased by 50% in AT (P &lt; 0.05). In response to hypoglycemia, epinephrine increased 10-fold, and the fractional release of lactate in SM doubled (P &lt; 0.0001). The blood flow remained unchanged. The β2-agonist, terbutaline, caused a marked concentration-dependent increase of muscle lactate and blood flow (P &lt; 0.0001). The β1-agonist, dobutamine, induced a discrete increase of muscle lactate (P &lt; 0.0001), and the blood flow remained unchanged. The β3-agonist, CPG 12177, did not affect muscle lactate or blood flow.
Conclusions: Catecholamines stimulate lactate production in SM, but not in AT. In SM, the β2-adrenoreceptor is the most important β-adrenergic receptor subtype in the regulation of lactate production.
Assessing the performance, practices and roles of drug sellers/dispensers and mothers'/guardians' behaviour for common childhood conditions in Kibaha district, Tanzania
Authors: Nsimba S E D 
Published: October 2007

In most third world countries, self-medication is common and pharmacies, drug stores and drug shops are important providers of health advice and inexpensive medicines. We used exit interviews to assess drug sellers'/dispensers' roles and consumers' behaviour in Kibaha district, Coast region, Tanzania. Exit interviews with mothers/guardians reported the following childhood conditions treated with or without prescriptions at drug shops: respiratory infections (34%), fever (21%), a combination of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever (14%), diarrhoea alone (13%) and other conditions (17%). The majority of drug sellers/dispensers prescribed or dispensed branded drugs (85%) for most mothers/guardians who visited these drug shops. In addition, antibiotics in total were prescribed for 31% of the mothers/guardians. Of the antibiotics dispensed, 38% were not prescribed by clinicians. In total, oral rehydration salts (ORSs) (3%), antimalarials (sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) (24%) and antipyretics (11%), were prescribed in 20% but were bought by only 9%; multivitamins (6%), cough mixtures (4%) and other drugs (2%) (antihelminthics, benzylbenzoate emulsions, ear and eye drops) were also purchased from these facilities. Of the diarrhoea case histories presented by simulated clients at the drug shops, only 35% of the bloody diarrhoea scenarios were accurately diagnosed for getting antibiotics as compared with 44% for watery diarrhoea for which the use of antibiotics were wrongly advised ( P<0.01). Furthermore, drug sellers/dispensers in these drug shops recommended use of ORS less frequently (3%) for a combination of diarrhoea, ARI and fever, and 2% for ARI alone than for watery (29%) and bloody diarrhoea (32%), respectively, for children under five years of age ( P<0.001). Antimicrobial agents were advised for ARI (38%), watery diarrhoea (44%) and bloody diarrhoea (35%), respectively, with no significant difference among the three common childhood conditions. Antipyretics were advised in almost all childhood conditions but were least in watery (2%) and bloody diarrhoea (4%). This study demonstrates that antibiotics are overused in both the urban and rural settings of Kibaha district and that this is due to both clinicians'and drug sellers'prescribing practices in public and private facilities. The use of branded drugs was more common than that of generic drugs in private pharmacies, drug stores and ordinary shops. It is hereby proposed that any intervention should focus on training both facilities in the district on selectively prescribing and rational use of antibiotics for ARI and diarrhoea, and also to prescribe and dispense generic drugs so that it costs patients less when they buy drugs in shops. There is a need to increase awareness in recommending the use of ORS for clients to manage watery and bloody diarrhoea, and ARI in children under five years of age.
Brand Effects on Choice and Choice Set Formation Under Uncertainty
Authors: Swait Joffre , Erdem Tülin 
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the effects of brand credibility, a central concept in information economics–based approaches to brand effects and brand equity, on consumer choice and choice set formation. We investigate the mechanisms through which credibility effects materialize, namely, through perceived quality, perceived risk, and information costs saved. The credibility of a brand as a signal is defined as the believability of the product position information contained in a brand, which depends on consumer perceptions of the willingness and ability of firms to deliver what they have promised. The choice set is defined as the collection of brands that have a nonzero probability of being chosen among those actually available for choice in a given context. Furthermore, we study the impact of brand credibility on the variance of the stochastic component of utility. Not only do choice model parameters capture the impact of systematic utility differences on choice probabilities, but also the magnitude of this systematic impact is moderated by the relative importance of the stochastic utility component in preference. We term this moderation phenomenon preference discrimination, which we conceptualize as the decision makers' capacity to effectively discriminate between products' utilities in choice situations. We estimate a discrete choice model of brand choice set formation and preference discrimination on experimental data in two categories—juice and personal computers—and find strong evidence for brand credibility effects and differential mechanisms through which brand credibility's impact materializes on brand choice conditional on choice set, choice set formation, and preference discrimination.
Politics, Locality and Resources: negotiating a community care scheme
Authors: Meethan Kevin , Thompson Catherine 
Published: October 2007

This paper is concerned with the establishment of a pilot community care scheme in York, the Scarcroft Project. Based largely on the principles outlined in the Griffiths Report, the project was established by North Yorkshire Social Services Department to develop and coordinate services for elderly people in an area of York. The initiative is multi-disciplinary in its approach and also involves York Health Authority, York City Council and Age Concern, York.
Drawing on recent sociological analyses concerned with conceptualising localities this paper will show that the decision to close an elderly persons’ home and reinvest the revenue in community care was the result of a process of compromise and negotiation between service providers and politicians concerned with the allocation of resources at local level. This in turn is discussed in terms of the implications for consumer involvement in community care.
Spoken Reminiscences of Political Agents in Northern Nigeria I
Authors: Afeadie Philip Atsu 
Published: October 2007

British imperial administration in Africa and Asia has originally been characterized as “indirect rule,” but the concept of “indirect rule” has been faulted for several shortcomings, including its inadequacy in explaining relations between the limited number of European officials and the predominance of indigenous personnel in government. Recent research has rather identified political clientage as a suitable model for examining the structures and dynamics of British rule in the non-European world from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. Clientage denotes a mutually beneficial relationship and solidarity between individuals or groups of unequal status and influence in society. It is characterized by dependency between a client and a patron, with varying command over resources and values. This system of cultivating relations of personal loyalty developed as a principle of political activity in many social formations.Clientage operation necessarily involved brokerage. As a medium for political interaction, clientage in indigenous hierarchies embodied agency and linkage between ruling élites and subjects. Accordingly, clientage involved political mediation, which required brokerage or intermediary service. Similarly, clientage in the colonial context essentially involved interaction between hierarchies of imperial rulers and those of the subordinate indigenous government. Mediation and brokerage between governing officials and indigenous rulers also constituted a vital element in imperial governance and administration.
On Updating J.D. Fage's Guide to Precolonial Sources for Western Africa
Authors: Alpern Stanley B. 
Published: October 2007

In the 1992 volume of History in Africa, John D. Fage asked readers for possible additions to his landmark 1987 Guide to Original Sources for Precolonial Western Africa Published in European Languages, as he was preparing a second edition. I responded with a list of suggested additions and corrections that I had been storing up. This started a fruitful correspondence that continued beyond the appearance of the second edition in 1994, in which he generously acknowledged my help. In my last letter I told him I was already keeping notes on my computer for a third edition of the Guide. On 2 October 1994 he replied that “[a]s things stand at the moment, I doubt whether I shall want to do a third edition. The effort required to try and keep abreast with the literature seems to be continually increasing! … But then I don't see why—in due course—you shouldn't blossom forth yourself as the author of an ‘Additions and Corrections to Fage's Guide’. Indeed, this might be the more proper course.”One can imagine the effect this confidence expressed by a grand old man of African historiography had on the novice to the field that I was. For a dozen years (extending beyond Fage's death in 2002) I haphazardly gathered information suitable for a supplement to the second edition. I then approached David Henige about it, and he encouraged me to complete the project systematically. This took 18 more months.