bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GEOMETRIC TRANSITIONS
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGopakumar and Vafa demonstrated in an important paper (1999) that there is a closed string theory leading to the resummations (2.179) and (2.181). The intuition behind the result of Gopakumar and Vafa is that open/closed string dualities are related to geometric transitions in the background geometry. Since Chern-Simons theory is an open topological string on the deformed conifold geometry with N topological D-branes wrapping the three-sphere, it is natural to conjecture that at large N the D-branes induce a conifold transition in the background geometry. This yields the resolved conifold and no D-branes. But in the absence of D-branes that enforce boundary conditions, a theory of closed topological strings remains. Following this reasoning, Gopakumar and Vafa conjectured that Chern-Simons theory on S3 is equivalent to closed topological string theory on the resolved conifold. This chapter analyzes geometric transitions for Chern-Simons theory and type-A topological strings as well as matrix models and type-B topological strings.
BASIC EXAMPLES
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents five interesting categories of solutions that will play a role in the development of the theory of the book: separate-variables solutions, traveling waves, source-type solutions, blow-up solutions, and constant-height solutions. Other solutions, such as dipoles and general fronts, will be used to complete the picture. Important concepts for the sequel are introduced, such as scaling, limit solutions, finite propagation, free boundaries, existence under optimal conditions, blow-up, limited regularity, and initial traces.
AGGREGATION OF MOLECULES TO SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aggregation of molecules to solid and liquids. Topics covered include matter in various states of aggregation, vapour-pressure formula, general rules of phase equilibrium, the Boltzmann potential energy relation, kinetic considerations of equilibrium between different phases of matter, melting point lowering, vapour pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure.
ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN MOLECULES AND IN SPACE
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses electrical phenomena in space and molecules. Topics covered include molecular dipoles, absorption and emission by molecules, Raman effect, electronic transitions in molecules, Morse curves, the Franck-Codon principle, the electromagnetic theory of light, refraction and dispersion, optical activity, and a selection rules for transitions between states.
Danger in the City: Danger in the Countryside
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the early and mid-19th-century concerns about those described as the criminal or dangerous classes. It emphasizes that while many of the concerns were directed at expanding cities and towns, in some areas — particularly southern Europe — there were continuing anxieties about criminality in the countryside. At the same time, there was a distinct gender distinction with the prostitute considered as the female companion of the criminal, who was perceived to be predominantly male. The interplay between social commentators, the writers of fiction, and ‘experts’ in crime and the criminal justice system (both police officers, like Vidocq, and offenders, like Lacenaire) is described, which resulted in media representations that often blurred the edges and understanding of the reality of crime and criminals.
Superfast FDE
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of extending the theory and estimates of the FDE to cover the singular range m ≤ 0, that has only been partially considered in previous chapters. This completes the scope of the investigation about decay, smoothing effects, and best constants. But the range offers the possibility of learning about a novel and quite interesting dynamical issue: instantaneous extinction, which is tied to boundary layers at the initial time. The second part of the chapter discusses the question of local estimates improving on the results of previous sections. Finally an open problem is presented.
2 Stesichoros, Geryoneis, SLG 11
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Here W. S. Barrett seeks to clarify some disagreements with Sir Denys Page regarding the fragment SLG 11 in Geryoneis. Three things are emphasized: firstly Barrett's personal debt to Page and his scholarship ever since Barrett became one of his earliest pupils in 1932; secondly Barrett's knowledge that Page would have welcomed any criticism of his views that might have brought them nearer to the truth; and thirdly Barrett's regret that neither him nor others could have benefited from Page's criticism of Barrett.
21 The Epitome of Euripides' Phoinissai: Ancient and Medieval Versions
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the epitome of Phoinissai. The part of this published in P. Oxy. 2455, fr. 17, amounts to fifteen lines of the papyrus text, covering the last two-fifths of the epitome; it contains nineteen discrepancies from the medieval vulgate. The three versions of the epitome is first transcribed in three columns. The problems raised by their comparison are then discussed.
22 The Epitome of Euripides' Auge
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This fragment (P. Colon. 1, inv. 264), with the beginning of the epitome of Auge, was first published by L. Koenen in ZPE 4 (1969), 7-18 with Tafel iii(a) and iv, under the title ‘Eine Hypothesis zur Auge des Euripides und tegeatische Plynterien’. This chapter presents a reconstruction of the text of the epitome, and discusses the implications of Euripides' version of the legend for ritual practices at Tegea. It begins by transcribing the papyrus text. The transcript is placed side-by-side with Koenen's reconstruction, so that it may be seen (a) what the author is differing from, (b) what borrowings he is making.
Introduction: On the Very Notion of a Historical Turn in Philosophy
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the steady growth of interest in historical development, in particular the historical dimension of philosophy. It then discusses the four different kinds of phenomena that played a significant role in late-18th-century German thought, the influence of Karl Leonhard Reinhold, and some preconditions of the historical turn in philosophy. An overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
The Critique of Metaphysics: The Structure and Fate of Kant's Dialectic
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter combines an analysis of the structure of Kant's critique of earlier metaphysics with a historical account of how this critique could have had as its fate the remarkable rise of a new kind of metaphysics in the era of German Idealism. It begins with the general observation that the Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason does not attempt, let alone accomplish, the kind of complete destruction of metaphysics that many of its readers have supposed. Many traditional transcendent metaphysical ideas are allowed to be not only coherent but also assertable, once the demands of regulative and practical reason are allowed to supplement the thoughts of constitutive theoretical reason. Moreover, the Critique's stress on notions such as idealism, things in themselves, and the ‘unconditioned’ created (as William Hamilton noted) a ‘spectre’ that ‘haunted’ and stimulated German Idealism's new metaphysics of the ‘absolute’. Although Kant offers a radical critique of all earlier systems of a spiritualist or materialist kind, he also believes that something metaphysical should be affirmed beyond the spatiotemporal features of our experience. It is argued that for both Kant and German Idealism, this metaphysics is at least not any kind of subjectivism, and it need not present a special threat to most of our common realist beliefs.
The Key Role of Selbstgefühl in Philosophy's Aesthetic and Historical Turns
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores Manfred Frank's work, especially his recent study Selbstgefühl. With its very careful systematic and historical focus on the peculiar phenomenon of immediate self-awareness, this work is a paradigm of the kind of detailed reconstruction of early phases of the Idealist era for which Frank is especially well known. The phenomenon of this kind of awareness suddenly became a main topic in the late 18th century, and now it has become a center of attention throughout continental philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy as well.
8 The Violence of an Urban and Rural Aristocracy
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on conflicts in the lesser towns and cities that lent crucial weight to the forces that were tearing Catalonia apart. The example of Girona illustrates the condition of these smaller urban centres. Girona was in a state of violent social unrest orchestrated by factions (bandols) for whom control of the municipality represented both an object and an instrument of their rivalry.
7 From the Court to the National: The Theatrical Legacy of Gilbert Murray's Bacchae
Authors: Macintosh Fiona 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews Murray's involvement with the theatre. It situates his translations in the performance traditions of early 20th-century England and also in a wider context, including that of the Salvation Army and the influence of Nietzsche. The chapter ends by exploring the influence of Murray's translations on the reworking of Greek tragic plots by the Nigerian writer, Wole Soyinka.
‘That Living Voice’: Gilbert Murray at the BBC
Authors: Morris Mick 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores Murray's long involvement with the medium of radio. His broadcasts ranged from classical drama to current affairs to memories of his youth; from translations to lectures to the Brains Trust, a programme which cemented his status as a public intellectual. The chapter includes a comprehensive listings of Murray's broadcasts, and of the subsequent publications in the Radio Times and Listener. His translations were broadcast on the Light and Home Services, and in the late 1940s, the new Third Programme added selections in the original Greek.
Endowment Asset Management
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere is a profound linkage between the quality of a university and its financial resources. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge rank among the world's finest educational institutions, and are able to draw on invested assets that are large by any standards. This book explores how the colleges that comprise these two universities make their investment decisions. Oxford and Cambridge are collegiate institutions, each consisting of a federal university and over thirty constituent colleges. While the colleges may have ostensibly similar missions, they are governed independently. Since they interpret their investment objectives differently, this gives rise to some remarkably dissimilar approaches to investment, which the book explores. It analyses the objectives, investment philosophy, asset management, and governance of over sixty college and university endowment funds. Drawing on research and discussions with Oxford and Cambridge investment bursars, the book investigate issues such as asset allocation and spending policy, which have a major influence on the institutions' financial health. This study reveals the colleges' individualism and diversity, and carefully analyses their strategies, which range from the traditional to cutting edge.
Multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents a view of the state of the art in multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations, with a particular emphasis on problems in which modern tools of analysis have proved useful. Ordered in sections of gradually increasing degrees of difficulty, the text first covers linear Cauchy problems and linear initial boundary value problems, before moving on to nonlinear problems, including shock waves. The book finishes with a discussion of the application of hyperbolic PDEs to gas dynamics, culminating with the shock wave analysis for real fluids.
THE HOMOGENEOUS IBVP
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
When the boundary condition is homogeneous, one may think that there is no data at the boundary and that there is no need of boundary estimates in the maximal estimates. This is reminiscent of the case of weakly dissipative symmetric IBVP, and is compatible with the failure of the K.-L. condition at some elliptic boundary frequencies. This chapter constructs a weakly dissipative symmetrizer under appropriate assumptions. This context is the realm of surface waves of finite energy. A paradigm is the Rayleigh waves in linear elasticity.
PERSISTENCE OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SHOCKS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is partly influenced by Majda's work. Viewing shock fronts as free boundaries, it addresses their stability and existence by fixing front locations through a solution-dependent change of variable. This leads to non-standard hyperbolic IBVPs, in that boundary conditions are also PDEs. The stability of a shock front and the well-posedness of the corresponding non-standard hyperbolic IBVP are strongly related, and depend on a generalized uniform K.-L. condition. When this condition holds true for a constantly hyperbolic system and a given shock front, the chapter adapts the method of Chapter 11 to prove the existence of nearby shock-front solutions. Similar to standard mixed problems, compatibility conditions are needed between the initial data on either side of the initial front.
SHOCK STABILITY IN GAS DYNAMICS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter applies the notions developed in Chapters 12 and 14 to characterize the stable shock waves for gas dynamics. In an ideal gas, all shocks are uniformly stable. In an isentropic gas, shocks are either weakly or strongly stable. In real gases, shocks may be strongly unstable.
Vibration Isolation
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses vibration isolation of STM and AFM. First, the basic concepts of vibration isolation are illustrated by a one-dimensional system using elementary mechanics. The source of vibration, the environmental vibration, its characteristics, and methods of measurement are presented. The importance of vibration isolation at the laboratory foundation level and the proper mechanical design of STM and AFM are then discussed. The focus of this chapter in on the most important vibration isolation system: two-stage suspension spring with eddy-current damping. A detailed analysis of the two-stage spring system as well as aspects of practical design is presented. The principles and design charts for eddy-current damping system are discussed. Finally, the commercial pneumatic vibration isolation system is briefly discussed.
Tip Treatment
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses various methods for tip treatment. First, a general discussion about the experimental facts of STM and AFM tips is presented, which points to the subtleties and significance of the last few atoms at the tip apex. The standard method of making an STM tip is the electrochemical etching of a tungsten wire. The experimental procedure is described in detail. The study of the tip using field-ion microscopy is outlined. The tungsten tips freshly made from electrochemical etching often do not provide atomic resolution. Ex-situ and in-situ tip treatments are necessary. Several ex-situ tip treatment methods are described, inducing annealing, field evaporation, annealing with a field, and field-assisted reaction with nitrogen. In-situ tip treatment method such as high-field treatment and controlled collision are described. Finally, special tip treatment methods for spin-polarized STM are described.
7 Brutus
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Brutus, Cicero's late dialogue on the history of rhetoric. Rather than presenting a teleology for Cicero's own achievements, the work reinforces the difficulty of interpreting rhetoric as the cornerstone of Rome's political history. Details of the work demonstrate Cicero's ironic attitude to such teleology, and sometimes that irony is inflected with a grim humour. Cicero's self-presentation is explored. The chapter concludes that this work represents clearly the problematic quality of Cicero's exploration of Rome's history. As a record of political process, as an arena for exercising rhetorical skill, and as a validation for Cicero's own career, Rome's history provides little comfort at the point where the Republic is collapsing.
Revelation
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is divided into three parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1 to 4) investigates how truth can be conveyed in allegory, parable, or myth by analogy and metaphor, within false presuppositions about science and history. Part 2 (Chapters 5 to 6) considers what is shown when some book or creed constitutes a revelation from God. Its content needs to be intrinsically plausible and also to be confirmed by miracle. Part 3 (Chapters 7 to 12) assesses the claim that Christian doctrinal and moral teaching and the Christian Bible constitute revealed truth. It sets out the criteria for a society descended from the society of the apostles being the Church founded by Jesus Christ, and shown by his miraculous Resurrection to be a source of revealed truth. It argues that the authority of its teaching and of the Bible depends on their being authenticated by that church. It analyses the extent of analogy and metaphor in the Church's teaching, claims that the moral teaching is intrinsically plausible, and that the Bible is to be interpreted in the light of the Church's teaching and of our knowledge of science and history.
Terminology
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the philosophical issues related to terminology. The statement that a token declarative sentence expresses is a function of the meaning or meanings of the type sentence (the propositions it expresses) and the context of the token sentence. The meaning or meanings of a type sentence are a function of the senses of its component words and the way in which they are combined. Words have one (or more) literal sense or senses, senses which they are presumed to have independently of context, which generate a normal meaning (or meanings) for a type sentence which contains them.
The Original Revelation
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The original Christian revelation was the teaching of Jesus about the broad outlines of which we can obtain moderately accurate information from the New Testament, treated as an ordinary historical document. This evidence indicates that he taught that he was divine and made atonement for our sins, and gave teachings about morality and the nature and plans of God. All of this teaching is intrinsically plausible. There is good historical evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus, and that shows that God has authenticated the teaching of Jesus and the church that he founded. This evidence is far better evidence for the truth of the Christian revelation than is any evidence that Jesus ‘fulfilled’ Old Testament prophecies, or the supposed ‘self-evidence’ of the Bible.
Christ as Mediator
Authors: Robertson Jon M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents a detailed study of the theological concept (divine mediation) that was central to the Christological controversy of the early 4th century. The subject of this study is the access to God provided through the divine Word, as seen in the theologies of Eusebius of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and Athanasius of Alexandria during the early years of the ‘Arian’ controversy. By analysing the views of three participants at the Council of Nicaea (325), this book demonstrates the variety of perspectives in a way that questions popular approaches to the period that see the controversy as having only two sides. This analysis constitutes a new approach to the early Arian controversy, as well as showing the theological backdrop of Athanasius' insight on Christ as mediator. It further demonstrates the contemporary relevance of the issue by giving an Athanasian critique of the modern Christology of Roger Haight.
Introduction
Authors: Robertson Jon M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter explores the perplexity of scholarly approaches to the early Arian controversy. It identifies recent approaches to the period that are inadequate due to erroneous presuppositions or the imposition of later concepts. The term ‘Arianism’, for example, is often used without thought of any clear theological content from the 4th-century movement. Much of the confusion in approach to the post-Nicene debate also stems from a predilection on the part of many to treat theological terminology wihtout considering their original context. Terms and phrases such as ‘essence’, ‘hypostasis’, ‘consubstantial’, and ‘godhead’ can only be fruitfully understood within their theological situ. Related to this is a third problem of the inadequate categorization of the various groups of the early controversy. Classifications built upon the mere occurrence of terms, based on geographical distinctions, or imposed by later decisions of orthodoxy conceal more than they reveal.
5 Conclusion
Authors: Robertson Jon M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes this study and argues that 4th-century ‘deictic’ views of mediation have much in common with the recent ‘symbolic’ theology of Roger Haight. This is evident especially in the latter's view that the historical Jesus as the ‘symbol’ of God is not to be identified completely with God, but rather it indirectly shows us how God acts and relates to the world. Given this basic similarity, the criticisms of Athanasius are applied to Haight's theology. Through this critique, it is shown that Haight's symbolic Christology does not effectively accomplish any mediation of the knowledge of God. To the contrary, it actually tends to make God less, rather than more, accessible; and posits an unnecessary mediatorial gap between God and his creation.
7 Conducting Worship
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the clergy's core task of leading worship in their parishes. It explores the evidence about Sunday services, about how frequently they were held, the manner in which they were conducted, the conscientiousness or not of the clergy, the frequency of weekday services, and the frequency and manner of celebrating Holy Communion. The extent of the participation of lay people in conducting worship is examined, especially in terms of music, in choirs, and the attitude of the clergy to this. The observation of Church fasts and festivals is examined, as well as the involvement of clergy in communal celebrations, such as fairs and friendly societies. The role of the clergy in churchings, baptisms, and weddings, including ‘clandestine marriage’, involving more or less serious legal irregularities in conducting a marriage, is investigated.