bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nine‐year follow‐up study of a plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine in a rural African setting
Authors: Tabor Edward , Cairns James , Gerety Robert J. , Bayley Anne C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred and one of 255 recipients of a plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated in 1990, 9 years after the first vaccine dose in a study in Zambia to evaluate the efficacy of one, two, or three doses. In 1983, 2 years after the first vaccine dose, antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) had been detectable in 90 of these 101 participants (89%). In 1990, anti‐HBs was still detectable in 72 of 101 (71%), and was present at a protective level ( ≥ 10 mlU ml) in 68 of 101 (67%). Although the original vaccine study elicited a protective level of antibody in a greater percentage of children and adolescents than in adults, there were no significant differences among the three groups at 9 years. (In 1990, anti‐HBs was still detectable in 52 of 70 [74%] who had had no serologic markers of the hepatitis B virus in 1981, and a protective level was detected in 47 of 70 [67%].) A protective level of anti‐HBs was detected in 1990 in 26 of 36 (72%) recipients of three doses and in 23 of 31 (74%) recipients of two doses; the slightly lower prevalence among recipients of one dose (19 of 34 [56%]) was not statistically significant. However, between the years 1983–1990, hepatitis B virus infections had occurred in one of 36 (3%) of those who had been vaccinated with three doses, one of 31 (3%) vaccinated with two doses, and eight of 34 (24%) of those vaccinated with one dose (P < .02 for either two or three doses compared with one dose). These data support the long‐term immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a two‐ or three‐dose regimen of the hepatitis B vaccine in a rural African setting. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective activity of lipid A analogue GLA‐60 against murine cytomegalovirus infection in mice
Authors: Ikeda Satoru , Neyts Johan , Matsuura Motohiro , Kiso Makoto , Hasegawa Akira , Nishimura Chiaki , De Clercq Erik 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA chemically synthesized lipid A subunit analogue, GLA‐60 (2‐deoxy‐4–0‐phosphono‐2‐[(3R)‐3‐hydroxytetradecanamido] ‐ 3 ‐ 0‐ [(3R) ‐ 3 ‐tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]‐D‐glucose), has many of the activities of endotoxins but little, if any, toxicity. We investigated the protective activity of GLA‐60 against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in NMRI mice. Intraperitoneal administration of GLA‐60 at 1 day before MCMV infection at doses of 1, 10, or 100 μg per mouse significantly reduced mortality. GLA‐60 stimulated peritoneal natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activities, and these activities were abolished by in vitro treatment with anti‐asialo GM1 antibody and anti‐Mac1 antibody, respectively. GLA‐60 proved also protective against MCMV infection in mice in which either NK cells or macrophages were depleted by in vivo treatment with anti‐asialo GM1 or anti‐Mac1 antibody. The anti‐MCMV activity of GLA‐60 can at least be partially attributed to activation of NK cells and macrophages. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in saliva using antibody capture radioimmunoassay
Authors: Perry Keith R. , Brown David W. G. , Parry John V. , Panday Sohrab , Pipkin Christopher , Richards Alison 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibody capture radioimmunoassays were developed for detecting virus specific IgM (MAC‐RIA) and IgG (GACRIA) to measles, mumps, and rubella and used to investigate saliva as an alternative specimen to serum for diagnosis.Saliva was collected from 63 patients with measles, 19 with mumps, and 150 with rubella, which were all clinically diagnosed and serologically confirmed. Virus specific IgM was detected in 92% of measles, 75% of mumps, and 100% of rubella saliva samples collected during the first week of illness. Between 1 and 5 weeks after onset virus specific IgM was detected in 100% of saliva specimens. After the 5th week the proportion of reactive specimens declined.The specificity of the MACRIA tests was established by testing saliva samples collected from blood donors for measles (88), mumps (88), and rubella IgM (91). All of the saliva specimens tested for measles and rubella specific IgM were unreactive, 1/88 specimens tested for mumps specific IgM contained significant reactivity. Saliva specimens collected from acute cases of MMR were tested in all 3 MACRIAs. A small proportion of saliva samples contained detectable IgM of more than one virus infection.Rubella and measles specific IgG was detected in the saliva of all cases from the 4th or 5th day of illness, respectively. Detection of mumps specific IgG was less successful.We have demonstrated that virus specific IgM can be reliably detected in saliva samples collected from acute cases of measles, mumps, and rubella and identified 1–5 weeks after onset of illness as the optimum time for collection of samples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infection of human fetal dorsal root neurons with wild type varicella virus and the Oka strain varicella vaccine
Authors: Somekh Eli , Levin Myron J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative ability of a varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) clinical isolate and a live attenuated VZV vaccine strain (Oka) to infect human neurons was determined in vitro. VZV infection of neurons prepared in culture from dorsal root ganglia of fetuses was assessed using an infectious center assay. Cultures were infected with 50–5,000 pfu of either VZV and assayed at either 24 or 48 hours post‐VZV infection. Cultures infected with the clinical VZV isolate had seven‐fold more infected neurons than cultures infected with the vaccine strain VZV. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the human nervous system
Authors: Ravi V. , Desai Anita S. , Shenoy Poornima K. , Satishchandra P. , Chandramuki A. , Gourie‐Devi M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunological and virological evidence for persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the human nervous system is described in 16/323 (5%) laboratory‐confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis. In 9/16 patients, JEV specific IgM antibodies were detected in the CSF even at 50–180 days after the onset of symptoms. Similarly, in 7/16 patients, apart from IgM antibodies, viral antigen was also present in the CSF beyond the third week of illness and in one patient it could be detected even at 117 days. Infectious virus could be isolated from the CSF beyond the third week of illness in 3/16 patients. In one patient, JEV was isolated from the CSF on three consecutive occasions at 90, 110, and 117 days after onset of clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that JEV persists in the nervous system of a small proportion of patients. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of IgA class antibody to hepatitis E virus in serum samples from patients with hepatitis E virus infection
Authors: Chau Kurt H. , Dawson George J. , Bile Khalif M. , Magnius Lars O. , Sjogren Maria H. , Mushahwar Isa K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA newly developed assay for IgA class antibody to hepatitis E virus (IgA anti‐HEV) was used to study 145 serum samples collected during an outbreak of an enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in 3 villages in the lower Shebeli region of Southern Somalia between January, 1988 and November, 1989. A total of 52.4% of the afflicted patients were found positive for IgA anti‐HEV, and 73.1% of these were also positive for IgM. Both antibodies disappeared during the convalescence period. Similar results were also seen in serum obtained from sporadic cases of acute waterborne hepatitis in Pakistan. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic typing of BK virus in clinical specimens by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products
Authors: Jin Li , Gibson Patricia E. , Booth James C. , Clewley Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo hundred and twelve urine specimens, from several clinical groups, were examined for BK virus (BKV) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the VP1 region of BKV DNA. Positive results were obtained on 14 specimens from 44 post‐transplant patients (31.8%), 10 specimens from 39 pregnant women (25.6%), and 5 specimens from 100 children (5%) but not on any specimens from 29 laboratory staff. Twentyeight of the amplified BKV genomes, 19 from urine specimens, eight from culture fluid of inoculated tissue, and also one from a throat washing were directly sequenced from single‐stranded templates immobilized via a biotinylated primer; it was possible to assign all to one of the four subtypes of BKV which had previously been identified on the basis of variation in nucleotide sequence of the VP1 region. Serological subgroup classification correlated with the genomic subtyping results in 21 of the isolates. The distribution of the BKV subtypes and the clinical status of the infected individuals are discussed.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 genes in human mononuclear cells and affecting cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Kuo Yuh‐Chi , Liu Wu‐Tse , Lin Ching‐Yuang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo evaluate whether herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) replicates in freshly isolated human mononuclear cells (HMNC) and results in cellmediated immunity, HMNC purified from the peripheral blood of a healthy HSV‐1‐seronegative individual were infected with HSV‐1 (KOS strain). The kinetic data indicated that HSV‐1 particles were detected in HMNC at 9 hr postinfection, and the highest HSV‐1 titer was obtained at 24 hr postinfection. It was found that the newly synthesized HSV‐1 DNA increased in HMNC corresponding to the duration of time postinfection. The HSV‐1 tk mRNA was detected in HSV‐1‐infected HMNC by Northern blot analysis. The Western blot analysis indicated that the HSV‐1 infected HMNC could express the viral proteins. These results suggest that HSV‐1 replicates in freshly isolated HMNC and expresses its DNA, RNA, and proteins. Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production and cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) were also determined in HSV‐1‐infected HMNC but were lower than those found in uninfected HMNC. On the other hand, HSV‐1 DNA was detectable in HMNC of patients suffering from recurrent HSV‐1 infection. The results show that, in the recrudescent phase, the patients'; HMNC contain more HSV‐1 DNA than in the convalescent phase. We conclude that the impairments of immune responses are related to the infection of HMNC by HSV‐1.
Activity of the keggin polyoxotungstate pm‐19 against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in immunosuppressed mice: Role of peritoneal macrophage activation
Authors: Ikeda Satoru , Nishiya Shigeki , Yamamoto Akihiro , Yamase Toshihiro , Nishimura Chiaki , Clercq Erik De 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe in vivo antiviral activity of the Keggin polyoxotungstate PM‐19 [K7(PTi2W10O40) · 6H2O] against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) was investigated in mice immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide (CY). When PM‐19 was administered intraperitoneally to immunosuppressed mice for 3 days (once daily) starting at the time of infection, it prevented death due to HSV‐2 encephalitis in a dose‐dependent manner (10–25 mg/kg). The in vivo anti‐HSV‐2 activity of PM‐19 was superior to that of acyclovir. Intraperitoneal administration of PM‐19 to the immunosuppressed mice significantly increased the number of peritoneal cells, especially macrophages. PM‐19 did not stimulate interferon‐inducing activity or natural killer cell activity, but markedly enhanced peritoneal macrophage functions: (1) phagocytic activity as assessed by measuring the amount of51Cr‐labeled sheep red blood cells taken into the macrophages, and (2) extrinsic antiviral activity as monitored by reduction in the numbers of plaque formed upon cocultivation of HSV‐2‐infected HEL cells with the macrophages. These results point to the role of peritoneal macrophage activation in the activity of PM‐19 against HSV‐2 infection in immunosuppressed mice.
Slow maturation of IgG1 avidity and persistence of specific IgM in congenital rubella: Implications for diagnosis and immunopathology
Authors: Thomas H. I. Janet , Morgan‐Capner Peter , Cradock‐Watson John E. , Enders Gisela , Best Jennifer M. , O'shea Siobhan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWithout appropriately timed specimens, serological confirmation of congenital rubella infection may be a problem. We have compared the persistence of specific IgM and low avidity specific IgG1 in 141 sera from 120 cases of serologically confirmed congenital rubella infection with the known time scales for postnatal primary rubella. The results demonstrate that the maturation of the immune response to the rubella virus is abnormally slow in congenital rubella cases both in terms of the isotype switch and especially the development of high avidity specific IgG1. Thus avidity studies may permit serological confirmation of congenital rubella for longer than is possible with tests currently in use. The pathological implications of prolonged low avidity antibody proudction are discussed.
Serologic markers of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and D in patients with hemophilia
Authors: Kumar Ashir , Kulkarni Roshni , Murray Dennis L. , Gera Renuka , Scott‐Emuakpor Ajovi B. , Bosma Kathy , Penner John A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty‐one patients with hemophilia A were studied for the prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C (non‐A and non‐B hepatitis), and delta hepatitis (hepatitis D). Ten of 41 (24.4%) patients demonstrated hepatitis A antibody and 31 of 41 (75.6%) patients had a serologic marker for previous hepatitis B infection; four of these 31 patients (13%) also demonstrated antibody to delta agent (hepatitis D). Thirty‐seven of 41 (90.2%) patients demonstrated antibody for hepatitis C. Nine of 31 (29%) patients with a hepatitis B marker (no hepatitis B vaccinees) were negative for anti‐HBc but positive for anti‐HBs; all of these nine patients were HIV antibody positive, although they had no overt immunodeficiency. Twenty‐six of 41 (63.5%) patients were HIV antibody positive. Of HIV antibody positive patients, 27%, 88%, and 100% demonstrated evidence of a previous hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, respectively. Of HIV antibody negative patients; 20%, 53%, and 73% of the patients demonstrated evidence of a previous hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C infections, respectively. The difference between HIV antibody positive and HIV antibody negative groups was not significant for hepatitis A but was significant for hepatitis B (P < 0.001) and hepatitis C (P < .001). Of the 31 patients with a hepatitis B serologic marker, all had antibody to hepatitis C. Of 10 patients, without a hepatitis B serologic marker, only 6 (60%) had antibody to hepatitis C. Clinically, none of our patients demonstrated any evidence of liver disease; however, 10 patients reported a previous history of hepatitis. These data suggest that patients with hemophilia in the United States, particularly those with HIV antibody, have high prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections.
Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic liver disease in northwest China
Authors: Li Xing , Hayashi Norio , Yuki Nobukazu , Katayama Kazuhiro , Kasahara Akinori , Fusamoto Hideyuki , Zhang Shulin , Kamada Takenobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in northwest China, 179 chronic liver disease patients in this area were examined for antibody to hepatitis C virus core protein (anti‐HCVcore). This antibody was found in only 5 (14 percent) of 37 chronic non‐A, non‐B liver disease patients, in 11 (16%) of 67 asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers, and in 20 (27%) of 75 chronic hepatitis B patients. High titers of anti‐HCVcore (cut off index >2) were observed in 3 (60%), 5 (45%), and 9 (45%) of the anti‐HCVcore‐positive cases of these groups, respectively. We further investigated the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B virus in the 37 chronic non‐A, non‐B liver disease patients. All 5 anti‐HCVcore‐positive cases were positive for a hepatitis B virus marker, with only 44% (14/32) of the anti‐HCVcore‐negative patients (P< 0.05). Based on these findings, it is concluded that the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in chronic non‐A, non‐B liver disease is unexpectedly low in northwest China and that hepatitis B and C viruses seem to have a similar mode of infection in that area.
Small round virus excretion in long‐stay geriatric patients
Authors: Davidson Marilyn M. , Sood Vijay P. , Ho‐Yen Darrel O 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of small round viruses (SRVs) in gastroenteritis has not been evaluated. We undertook a study to evaluate SRV excretion in 40 elderly patients over 12 months in long‐stay, geriatric wards. The 40 patients (11 male, 29 female) had an age range of 73–99 years. Samples were received monthly as long as the patients were alive. Samples were available from 30 patients (75%) for 6 months or more, and 20 (50%) patients completed the study. Ten grams of feces were collected and prepared as 10–20% suspensions, and then concentrated and examined by electron microscopy. Of 348 samples examined, 116 (33%) contained SRVs. Only 5 of 40 patients did not excrete virus. However, in 103/116 (89%) positive samples, virus was present in small amounts. These results show that excretion of SRVs in asymptomatic patients was very common. Therefore, the detection of SRVs in small amounts during an outbreak of gastroenteritis suggest that they do not have a causal role.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reactivation from latency by a tat transdominant negative mutant
Authors: Balboni P. G. , Bozzini R. , Zucchini S. , Marconi P. C. , Grossi M. P. , Caputo A. , Manservigi R. , Barbanti‐Brodano G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA BK virus (BKV) expression vector, specific for human cells, was engineered to express antisense human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) tat cDNA (tat‐AS) or a tat mutant in cysteine 22 (tat22). Cysteine residues in the cysteine‐rich domain of tat are necessary for tat transactivation of the HIV‐1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Both the AS tat and the tat mutant significantly inhibited transactivation by tat when assayed in cells cotransfected with an expression vector where the reporter gene for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase was driven by the HIV‐1 LTR. Infection of Jurkat cell clones stably expressing tat22 (Jurkat/tat22) or tat‐AS (Jurkat/tat‐AS) with HIV‐1 did not show differences in virus titer in comparsion to HIV‐1‐infected control cells. However, in two Jurkat/tat22 cell clones, entrance of HIV‐1 into latency was accelerated significantly and reactivation of HIV‐1 from latency induced by tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or tat was blocked. These results suggest that, in a combined and integrated approach to the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), anti‐tat genetic therapy could be successfully applied to maintain virus in latency, thereby extending the duration of the asymptomatic phase preceding full‐blown AIDS.
Detection of enteric adenoviruses with synthetic oligonucleotide probes
Authors: Scott‐Taylor Tim H. , Ahluwalia Gurmuk , Dawood Magdy , Hammond Gregory W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe abilities of hybridization probes to detect all human adenovirus types and to identify enteric adenovirus types were evaluated. The efficiency of hybridization was compared to other tests currently in routine laboratory use on clinical specimens from young children with gastroenteritis, Probes were derived from various regions of the adenovirus types 2 and 41 genomes, and were evaluated by hybridization with a series of DNA quantities from 1 μg to 10 pg of one adenovirus type from each human subgenus, lambda phage, and HEp 2 cells. The sensitivity of hybridization with the HPII probe (92.7%), containing the conserved hexon gene, compared well with EM (54.6%), culture and neutralization (45.5%), and enzyme immunoassay (61.8%). The sensitivity of detection of enteric adenovirus isolates by the cloned Bg/II D fragment probe (92.9%) and by a synthetic probe (85.7%), manufactured from type‐specific sequences of the Ad41 hexon gene were comparable to Ad40/Ad41 specific enzyme immunoassay (84.6%). Hybridization was found to be a sensitive method of adenovirus detection in comparison to traditional methods of laboratory diagnosis. Synthetic oligonucleotides enable specific detection of individual enteric adenovirus types. Hybridization had additional advantages over other tests in identifying cases of infection with more than one adenovirus type and in allowing an estimate of the concentration of adenovirus in the specimen.
Cytomegalovirus/herpesvirus and carotid atherosclerosis: The aric study
Authors: Sorlie Paul D. , Adam Ervin , Melnick Sandra L. , Folsom Aaron , Skelton Thomas , Chambless Lloyd E. , Barnes Ralph , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUbiquitous viruses such as members of the human herpes virus group, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), have been proposed to be clinically important agents in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Antibodies to CMV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) were determined in 340 matched case‐control pairs from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cases were defined by B‐mode ultrasonography as persons with thickened carotid artery walls consistent with early atherosclerosis but without a history of cardiovascular disease. Controls were defined as persons without thickened walls or history of cardiovascular disease. The case‐control odds ratio for CMV antibodies was 1.55 (P = 0.03), for HSV 1.41 (P = 0.07), and for HSV2 0.91 (P = .63). When adjustment was made for potential con‐founders, the odds ratios were 1.36 for CMV (P=.24), 1.21 for HSV1 (P = .45), and 0.61 (P = .05) for HSV2. These results suggest a modest association between CMV and asymptomatic carotid wall thickening consistent with early atherosclerosis. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Polymerase chain reaction can resolve some undefined cases of Hepatitis B virus antigenic subtyping
Authors: Echevarría Juan E. , Tenorio A. , Couroucé A. M. , León P. , Echevarría J. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBsAg subtypes were defined by means of adsorbed polyclonal antisera; however, HBsAg subtyping is currently usually carried out with monoclonal antibodies (Mab). We developed a complementary subtyping method based on the polymerase chain reaction. Reference samples belonging to all known HBsAg subtypes could be detected and grouped into four different categories (ayw1/ayw4/ayr, ayw2/ayw3, adw2/adrq+/adrq‐, adw4). Thirteen HBsAg‐positive serum samples previously subtyped as ad by means of monoclonal antibodies fell into the adw2/adrq+/adrq‐ group, as well as 13 ay samples into the ayw2/ayw3 group. These results could be confirmed by means of reference polyclonal antisera in nine ad cases (all adw2) and in seven ay cases (all ayw3); the remaining seven were below the detection limit of the polyclonal assay. Four samples which were not recognized by any of the d/y subtype‐specific Mab were shown to contain ayw2/ayw3 sequences. Only one contained sufficient HBsAg to be confirmed as ayw3 by means of reference antisera. Three of five sera showing simultaneous reactivity both for d and y‐specific Mab were classified as adw4 by PCR, as was one by reference polyclonal antisera. The y‐specific monoclonal antibody cross‐reacted with the adw4 subtype. Single adw2 sequences were amplified in one of the remaining two cases, as well as single ayw2/ayw3 sequences in the other, suggesting that they showed true coexistence of two strains of different subtype, only one of which was in active replication state. It is concluded that the method described is useful in the solution of some undefined cases obtained with the monoclonal‐based assays. © 1994 W iley‐Liss, Inc.