bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE END OF THE MATTER
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extent of nuclear force and weak force. The perceived weakness of the force is linked to the large mass of its W and Z boson carriers, which then raises the question regarding forces transmitted by bosons whose masses are far bigger than present experiments can access. Some Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) predict that there are such forces acting over a distance that change quarks into leptons and then cause a proton to decay. The chapter then introduces the Standard Model as a summary of how matter and forces behave at the energies, while recognizing that the model s reach is limited. It also considers the quarks and leptons in SU5 Grand Unified Theory.
UNDERGROUND PHYSICS
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of underground physics. It explains that Grand Unified Theories uniting the electromagnetic and strong forces also unite the fundamental pieces of matter by relating quarks and leptons. Thus, the implications arose concerning quarks becoming leptons and protons decaying. The chapter also looks into mathematical schemes other than the SU5 GUT, such as the supersymmetry theory, before elaborating on the process of the experiments dedicated to proton decay. The grand unified theory operated on the early assumption that the present Universe fractured into two fundamental parts governing the electroweak force and leptons and the fracture giving rise to the strong force involving the quarks.
Macro Roots of Violence against Women: Rape Victims’ Struggle for Justice
Authors: Pathak Jharna , Sharma Rahul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Victims of sexual violence face daunting time negotiating the hurdles strewn in their path to justice by the investigative practices of the police. Time and again owing to the apathy and lackadaisical approach adopted by the officers, investigations are botched up resulting in perpetrators going scot-free and victims being robbed of their timely and fair compensation. In addition to such insensitive handling, the victims also have to face the ever prevalent societal shaming/castigation. The victims have an even more harrowing time if there is political pressure siding with the perpetrators. This article examines the case of gang rape of a woman in Naliya, Kachchh, Gujarat and the process of inquiry carried out by a judicial commission appointed specifically for the case in order to understand obstacles in the way of victims of rape in the path to justice. It reveals ways in which the police and the Inquiry Commission fail to take into account the ground realities of the engagement of the victims with justice system. Against the backdrop of the framework of patriarchy, this article exposes the lack of accountability of the police and the Inquiry Commission in providing justice to the victim. This article explains why post-rape support mechanisms and processes of investigation need to be made gender-sensitive. This piece illustrates how rather than following just a given set of procedures, the police and the Inquiry Commission could have achieved better social outcomes for rape victims had they carried their task out with responsibility and empathy.
Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
“Poetry puts intent into words; singing lengthens words”—this is one of the earliest Chinese comments on artistic expression. Poetic language extends the reach of a sentiment beyond the individual, and musicality extends the reach of poetic language, not only across a room, but across geography and generations. The “extended mind thesis” (EMT) views minds as extending beyond individual nervous systems to include material and social environments. The first English-language work to offer a comprehensive overview of the interwoven histories of traditional Chinese poetry and performing arts, Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance: The Voice Extended uses cognitive and quantitative methods, like EMT and a database of over six thousand traditional melodies, to fill in missing parts of cyclical, continuous interactions between social minds and material artifacts. From the ancient Canon of Poetry to the song-lyrics (ci) of the late medieval period and the dramatic arias of Kun and Beijing operas, Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance introduces the rhythms, melodies, pronunciation, and grammatical stylistics of the major Chinese verse and performance traditions in ways that explain not only the trajectory of Chinese arts, but also bigger phenomena, like vernacularization and improvisation.
Music without Composers
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on concepts of predictive coding/processing to introduce two major higher-order structural principles for Chinese verse and performance: qi-cheng-zhuan-he (open-receive-turn-close) and xu-po-ji (prelude-broaching-rushing, from Japanese jo-ha-kyu). Beginning with analysis of an ancient musical structure called luan (wrap-up), this chapter goes on to describe the functioning of mode-keys (gongdiao) in song-lyric (ci) melodies recorded by Southern Song Dynasty poet Jiang Kui, and in the complex suite structure of late-Ming polymath Xu Wei’s one-act variety drama, The Mad Drummer. The chapter ends with an analysis of repeating motifs within a complex “pastiche aria” crafted for the finale of one of the last great marvelous tales dramas, Hong Sheng’s Palace of Lasting Life. This chapter argues that Kun aria composition constituted a “palimpsest”-like process of connecting fixed melodic motifs with formulaic, tone-based melismas which, in their turn, had the potential for becoming fixed motifs in future compositions.
Rational and Non-rational Desires
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The difference between rational and non-rational desires is explained as follows. Rational desires are suitable to constitute a conception of the good because they respond to measurement and calculation. Non-rational desires do not respond to measurement because they are insatiable and too impulsive: insatiable desires defy comparison with competing desires and impulsive desires prompt action without waiting for reasoning. Thus, reason has to limit them and persuade them. This suggests that, for Aristotle, we can manage our desires with our rational faculties, but the strategies we employ with different desires will vary depending on whether the desire is rational or non-rational. In addition, non-rational desires are hard for reason to control.
Pleasant, Advantageous, and Fine
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, value cognition is analysed. The cognitive richness of the non-rational part allows Aristotle to argue that we can come in contact with evaluative features like goodness, advantageousness and fineness by means of faculties like perception and phantasia. The fact that the non-rational part can cognise these values matters for Aristotle’s account of character virtue as a non-rational listening excellence. This is because it shows that non-rational cognition can be persuaded to pursue the fine. The ability of the non-rational part to recognise the fine can be aided by musical education, which can support habituation.
The Cognitive Basis of Desire
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter analyses the links between cognition of value and desires. The evaluative cognitive states that can give rise to desires and actions in beings like us include perception, phantasia and thought. As a result of this richness, it is hard for humans to control and manage their desires by thinking and reasoning. In particular, Aristotle thinks that we cannot regulate our desires merely by discriminating between true and false appearances of goodness, fineness and pleasantness.
Conclusion
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarises the main theses defended in the book: that Aristotle endorses a form of qualified intellectualism in his ethics; that phronēsis is a persuasive rational excellence; that akrasia and enkrateia involve a failure of persuasion; that grasping the truth about the human good is insufficient to regulate desire and action; that non-rational cognition is sophisticated, yet unable to grasp universal explanatory accounts and engage in measuring by a single standard.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the book’s case that Britain owes reparations to the Caribbean. The case depends in the first place on an historical and a moral claim. The historical claim is that the exploitation of generations of the islands’ inhabitants under slavery and colonialism wronged those people while enriching Britain—and crucially, that as we are the inheritors of these riches, so present generations in the Caribbean are inheritors of relative poverty. The moral claim is that where such a moral wrong has been done, moral repair or reparations are due. Racism was the enabling doctrine for slavery and colonialism, and racism is a part of its history which Britain has failed to confront. There are familiar objections to the very idea of making reparations: ‘It was a long time ago’; ‘slavery was legal back then’, etc. There are also practical objections, especially to any monetary payment which may form part of reparations—who will pay what to whom? Taking as a starting point the £20m which the British government paid to slave owners at abolition, the book proposes a provisional sum as the starting point for negotiations with the Caribbean nations. And while the final settlement must be a matter between national governments, it is argued that other institutions, such as universities and churches, can advance the case for reparations by themselves understanding and addressing their own entanglements with enslavement and its enduring legacies.
Britain and the Caribbean
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Britain’s relationship to the Caribbean, throughout its history, was chiefly exploitative. This history can be thought of as being in three acts. Britain’s central involvement begins with the waning of Spanish power, the so-called sugar revolution, the founding of a colony in Barbados in 1625, and the acquisition of Jamaica in 1655. The plantation economy was based on the trade in enslaved people in which Britain was the leading player in the eighteenth century, and on the deployment of these workers on plantations, in a brutal work regime which tolerated high levels of mortality. The sugar revolution produced vast fortunes for individuals and nations, as sugar became the most valuable commodity in European trade. The abolition of slavery in the British colonies in 1834 marks the beginning of the second act of the history, but in fact abolition does not mark a radical new beginning, since the colonists found ways of maintaining the servitude of the former enslaved workers and the profitability of the plantations—emigration was one reaction to the continued racial discrimination and oppression which was maintained in the hundred years after abolition. The third act in the history takes the Caribbean islands from the beginning of the twentieth century to independence, but again, the continuities are striking—colonial power continued to be exercised in the interest of Britain, not of the peoples of the Caribbean, and at independence the islands were left underdeveloped, indebted, and poor.
When History Is Not Just History
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hurts, harms, and wrongdoings threaten breaches in our personal relationships and we overcome them through moral repair; in the same way, Britain owes moral repair, or reparations, to the peoples of the Caribbean. Apologizing, making amends, showing contrition, seeking forgiveness, and offering recompense, are some of the means we use to accomplish moral repair. These same tools can be used to repair relationships not only between individuals, but between societies and nations. In the case of Britain and the Caribbean, moral repair would require acknowledgment by Britain of past wrongs, attention to the suffering which this history still causes, a proper expression of apology, regret or sorrow, and a willingness to find appropriate recompense or reparation. And although the idea of reparations is often dismissed as ‘woke’, it is in fact an idea with a long history and central to our everyday moral concerns and practices.
Eleven (Mostly Not Very Good) Objections to Reparations
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically reviews some of the most familiar objections to the idea of reparations: ‘it’s a long time ago—time to move on’; ‘slavery was moral/legal back then, so there can be no question of making amends for it now’; ‘we weren’t the worst slavers or colonialists’; ‘what about the Vikings?—how will we get them to pay up?’; ‘rather than banging on about reparations, shouldn’t we be celebrating Britain’s leading role in the abolition of the slave trade and slavery?’—and so on. Though these objections are not, in fact, very weighty, they recur again and again whenever the case for reparations is put, and so they are answered here one by one. Longer consideration is given to three other objections: that in serious cases reparations are incommensurable with the harm done; that inter-generational reparations ‘visit the sins of the fathers on the children’; and that reparations across racial lines risk perpetuating the very racial divide which has led to reparations being demanded in the first place, and are thus backward looking. Addressing these issues clarifies issues of responsibility, guilt and shame, and the limits of moral repair.
From Principle to Practice
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
CARICOM (the intergovernmental body charged by Caribbean nations with pressing for reparations) has proposed a suite of reparative measures without specifying what monetary payments may be appropriate; this chapter seeks to answer the outstanding practical question typically posed at this point: ‘Who should pay what and to whom?’ In answer to ‘what?’ (or ‘how much?’) a starting point is provided by the sum of £20 million which the British government set aside as compensation to owners of enslaved persons. Using that £20 million as a basis, it is possible to arrive at a sum or range of sums for monetary reparations: £105–£250 billion. Such sums, though significant, need to be contextualized in relation to the UK’s national budget and wider finances, and as such are not wholly daunting. But who will pay? Whilst the bill, it is argued, should fall on the UK population as a whole (including recent immigrants), raising the sum via a one-off wealth tax would avoid the unfairness of the cost failing on the poor. And to the question to whom reparations should be paid, the answer is to the Caribbean nations, though perhaps to an institution with an international charter or status under the UN, to ensure that the money works for the good of those who most deserve it.
‘It Ain’t Gonna Happen…’
Authors: Banner Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The realist—or cynic—will be impatient with the arguments so far advanced: none of the colonial powers has shown any interest in taking up the question of reparations, so reparations will not happen any time soon. This chapter argues that this ‘realism’ is in fact overly pessimistic. The irony is that the realists of the 1770s scoffed at the notion that slavery and the slave trade would be abolished. The transatlantic trade was at the very height of its commercial success and economic significance at that time, and yet, though it was long in coming, abolition occurred within the lifetime of some of the early campaigners. The contemporary campaign for reparations is in its early stages. Yet there are things that can and should be done in particular by institutions below the level of national governments (such as universities and churches), to advance the case for reparations between governments—and taking Trinity College, Cambridge and the Church of England as examples, this chapter looks at how such institution have addressed the wrongs of the past, and may model to the UK government what a national programme of reparations would look like. There is no guarantee that any contemporary campaign will force the nation to face up to its responsibilities—but no more could those campaigners of two hundred and fifty years ago have been certain of achieving their objectives.
Image-Based Evidence in International Criminal Prosecutions
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Ranging from the Nuremberg trial to the ad hoc tribunals to the International Criminal Court (ICC), the use of image-based evidence has featured prominently in the search for the truth. Images can convey vital content more efficiently and effectively than words alone. They can be used as methods of substantive proof and didactic tools to teach scenes and events to the court. However, pictures do not speak for themselves. Digital images generally, and especially those found on social media and other open source sites, must be authenticated and interpreted to establish their reliability and meaning. Altered images, including deepfakes, are used to create disinformation and misinformation. This book addresses the need for visual literacy and offers practical and legal guidance and recommendations for the effective use of image-based evidence in international criminal prosecutions. It also examines the role of advanced visual representations such as virtual reality in the discovery of truth.
Introduction
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Prosecutions for atrocity crimes before international criminal tribunals and courts are among the most complex and high-profile criminal cases in the modern era. While viva voce and documentary evidence will always be part of prosecutions, a veritable treasure trove of valuable evidence resides in the image-based realm. Images often have technical and epistemic challenges associated with their authentication and interpretation. Image-based evidence plays an important role in virtually all international criminal prosecutions, yet there are few standards and guidelines governing its use and little uniformity in how it is presented and assessed by the court. This introduction sets out the importance of image-based evidence and the need to improve the visual literacy of counsel and the court. While the focus is on the International Criminal Court (ICC), these considerations apply to all tribunals and courts who rely upon image-based evidence.
Image-Based Evidence as a Didactic Tool
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the role that image-based evidence serves in achieving important goals of international criminal justice, the most important of which is truth discovery. International criminal prosecutions also rule upon evidence that forms part of the historical record of conflict. Visual evidence plays a significant role in ascertaining truth and documenting conflict because it provides a level of depth and detail that cannot necessarily be achieved solely through words. This chapter examines the use of image-based evidence as a didactic tool to aid the court in comprehending the probative value of tendered evidence. It discusses the use of timelines to provide a longitudinal chronology of a case; the use of terrestrial laser scanning to accurately measure crime scenes, areas of interest, and objects to create a 3D depiction; and computer generated visualizations in the form of animations and simulations for use as demonstrative evidence.
The Democratization of Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the pressing need in atrocity crime investigations for investigators to consider images obtained from members of civil society and others as investigative leads or as methods of proof. The democratization of evidence gathering is inevitable because investigators cannot be at all conflicts at all relevant times due to delay, government interference, and security concerns. Civilians frequently contribute highly relevant videos and photographs which form part of a rich diverse pool of image-based evidence that may be used by various tribunals and the International Criminal Court (ICC). While some of this digital evidence is provided to the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) directly or through an intermediary, most of it is uploaded to social media and other open source sites. This chapter examines the challenges involved in the democratization process including photographer risk, image manipulation, authentication concerns associated with open source digital evidence, and fair trial concerns with what is often anonymous evidence.
Questioning the Reliability of Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter notes that there is reason to be worried about unreliable photographic and video images being tendered as evidence in international criminal prosecutions, whether created through deepfake technology or other image modification techniques. This is particularly problematic given that viewers who lack visual literacy tend to believe that they intuitively know a genuine image when they see it and that they possess the ability to distinguish fair from fraudulent. Software programs utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning have created the facility for individuals to generate deepfake videos that appear genuine for the express purpose of creating a false narrative. This chapter posits that many images found on social media and other open source sites often lack reliability. It states that for all images, investigators and counsel must determine the presence of hallmarks of reliability using a spectrum approach before tendering images as evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This final chapter delineates the conceptual progression from the operative but transitional concept of the ‘White writer’ to the aesthetic practice of ‘White writing’ or ‘l’écrire-blanc’. An overview of the formal features, functions, and aesthetic dispositions through which race and colonialism are made manifest in White-authored literary works coalesces into a non-normative and replicable model of analysis based on seven aesthetic types that also account for the difference between artistic value and ethical worth. Seizing upon the significance of this political and artistic moment (Kairos) which sees highly visible White writers engaging with the postcolonial subject matter, Fictions of Race in Contemporary French Literature: French Writers, White Writing offers a kairetic reading that overcomes the divisions introduced in literary institutions by ideological assumptions and political hierarchies, marking an important step towards a common library of literature in French.