bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fcγ receptors are crucial for the expression of acquired resistance to virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vivo but are not required for the induction of humoral or T‐cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Menager Nathalie , Foster Gemma , Ugrinovic Sanja , Uppington Hazel , Verbeek Sjef , Mastroeni Pietro 
Published: January 2007

SummaryAntibodies play an important role in immunity to Salmonella enterica. Here we evaluated the requirement for Fcγ receptors in host resistance to S. enterica using an in vivo model of systemic infection. We show that mice lacking FcγRI, II and III can control and clear a primary infection with S. enterica micro‐organisms of low virulence, but are impaired in the expression of vaccine‐induced acquired immunity to oral challenge with virulent bacteria. We also show that, in vivo, FcγRI, II, III−/− mice were able to mount efficient T‐helper 1 type T‐cell responses and antibody responses specific for S. enterica. The work indicates that targeting S. enterica to FcγR is needed for the expression of vaccine‐induced acquired immunity, but is not essential for the engenderment of T‐ and B‐cell immunity to the bacterium in vivo.
Regulation of human T‐cell homing receptor expression in cutaneous bacterial infection
Authors: Sieling Peter A. , Legaspi Annaliza , Ochoa Maria Teresa , Rea Thomas H. , Modlin Robert L. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe investigated the regulation of T‐cell homing receptors in infectious disease by evaluating the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) in human leprosy. We found that CLA‐positive cells were enriched in the infectious lesions associated with restricting the growth of the pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, as assessed by the clinical course of infection. Moreover, CLA expression on T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of antigen‐responsive tuberculoid leprosy patients increased in the presence of M. leprae (2·4‐fold median increase; range 0·8–6·1, n = 17), but not in unresponsive lepromatous leprosy patients (1·0‐fold median increase; range 0·1–2·2, n = 10; P < 0·005). Mycobacterium leprae specifically up‐regulated the skin homing receptor, CLA, but not α4/β7, the intestinal homing receptor, which decreased on T cells of patients with tuberculoid leprosy after antigen stimulation (2·2‐fold median decrease; range 1·6–3·4, n = 3). Our data indicate that CLA expression is regulated during the course of leprosy infection and suggest that T‐cell responsiveness to a microbial antigen directs antigen‐specific T cells to the site of infection.
Texture of Glassy Corn Cakes as a Function of Moisture Content
Authors: LI Y. , KLOEPPEL K. M. , HSIEH F. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTGlass transition temperatures of yellow and white corn cakes were investigated within the moisture range of 2 to 32% (w/w) using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry. All measurements were conducted at 10°C/min heating rate, 30 sec equilibrium period, and 1°C amplitude. Effects of water plasticization on corn cakes were predicted by the Gordon‐Taylor's equation. Moisture sorption isotherms were established using BET and GAB equations. Relationships were found among glass transition temperature, moisture content and cake texture. The loss of crispness of corn cakes occurred within the glassy state. The initial loss of crispness occurred around monolayer moisture content, and the complete loss of crispness occurred at about 9% moisture with the highest hardness.
High Pressure Inactivation of Polyphenoloxidases
Authors: WEEMAES C. , LUDIKHUYZE L. , VAN DEN BROECK I. , HENDRICKX M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPressure stabilities of polyphenoloxidases (PPO) from apples, avocados, grapes, pears and plums were determined at pH 6‐7. These PPOs differed in pressure stability, but all were rather pressure‐stable. Inactivation of PPO from apple, grape, avocado and pear at room temperature (25°C) became noticeable at 600, 700, 800 and 900 MPa respectively, and followed first‐order kinetics. Plum PPO was not inactivated at room temperature by pressures up to 900 MPa. For the two most pressure‐stable PPOs, we investigated whether pressure stability would be reduced by the simultaneous application of mild heat. In case of plum PPO, activity reduction was detectable at 900 MPa and 50°C. Further temperature increase resulted in increase of the inactivation rate constant (Ea 63 kJ/mol). In case of pear PPO, temperature increase up to 35°C resulted in a 3‐fold reduction of the inactivation rate constant. Only at higher temperatures, increase of the inactivation rate constant with increasing temperature was noted (Ea 120 kJ/mol).
Sensory and Instrumental Properties of Smoked Sausage Made with Mechanically Separated Poultry (MSP) Meat and Wheat Protein
Authors: LI RONGRONG , CARPENTER JOHN A. , CHENEY ROBERT 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of wheat protein on the texture properties of mechanically separated poultry (MSP) smoked sausages were investigated by a partial 3*3*3 factorial design (water, wheat protein and method of protein preparation) with two blocking factors (3 time periods and 9 panelists). The methods of wheat protein preparation did not influence any measurement. Sensory data indicated that added water affected hardness, springiness, and juiciness (p<0.05) of samples, and added wheat protein affected hardness, cohesiveness of mass, juiciness, and wheat flavor (p<0.05). Instrumental data showed that Hardness, Springiness and Cohesiveness decreased with increasing water content. (p<0.05), and increasing wheat protein levels increased Hardness and Cohesiveness (p<0.05).
Alterations in fluid, electrolytes and other serum chemistry values and their relations with enteral tube feeding in acute brain infarction patients
Authors: Oh HyunSoo , Seo WhaSook 
Published: January 2007

Aims and objectives.  This study was performed to examine whether fluid and electrolyte levels are significantly altered after enteral tube feeding in acute brain infarction patients.Background.  Results on the water and electrolyte complications associated with enteral tube feeding are inconsistent and this is partly because of uncontrolled disease‐related variables.Design.  Non‐experimental design (retrospective study).Methods.  This study was conducted by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of 85 tube‐fed patients.Results.  Mean values of major serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) were not significantly altered by tube feeding. However, differences between fluid input and output were significantly increased after tube feeding. The incidence of dehydration reduced overall, while over‐hydration increased.Conclusion.  The enteral tube feeding of iso‐osmolar formulae appeared to be tolerated by most subjects in the present study in terms of electrolyte balance. However, fluid imbalance and over‐hydration incidences were significantly increased after tube feeding.Relevance to clinical practice.  Due to significant alterations in fluid balance after tube feeding, close attention to the recording of fluid balance, such as intake/output measurements, body weights and simple bedside assessments is needed to detect fluid imbalances and other serious complications at an early stage in enteral tube‐feeding patients.
Striving for balance in daily life: experiences of Swedish women and men shortly after a myocardial infarction
Authors: Kristofferzon Marja‐Leena , Löfmark Rurik , Carlsson Marianne 
Published: January 2007

Aim.  The aim is to describe experiences of daily life of women and men during the first four to six months after a myocardial infarction. The focus is on problems, managing problems and support from their network.Background.  A cardiac event is traumatic and may influence well‐being during a significant period of time. Few qualitative studies have investigated experiences of both women and men after a myocardial infarction and remarkably little research has been conducted on men's experiences.Design.  The study design was descriptive, retrospective and qualitative.Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 women and 19 men from January 2000 to November 2001. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  Three themes were generated from the analysis: ‘Threatening ordinary life’, ‘Struggling for control’ and ‘The ambiguous network’. Physical symptoms and emotional distress were the most commonly described problems during the first months after a myocardial infarction. The informants manage the problems by negotiating with themselves, relying on their own capabilities, changing attitudes and behaviours and taking their own decisions and actions. The network was generally supportive but rather often the informants also experienced communication problems when they interacted with their network.Conclusions.  Women and men strive for balance between problems and resources in daily life after a myocardial infarction. How well they succeeded depends on how secure they feel how well they communicate their needs to their network and how sensitive their network is to their spoken and unspoken needs.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings provide an insight into what kind of problems women and men may experience after myocardial infarction and how caregivers can aid them to increase security in their daily life. Some risk characteristics that may have increased their problems in daily life are suggested, for women and men respectively.
Relatives in end‐of‐life care – part 2: a theory for enabling safety
Authors: Öhlén Joakim , Andershed Birgitta , Berg Christina , Frid Ingvar , Palm Carl‐Axel , Ternestedt Britt‐Marie , Segesten Kerstin 
Published: January 2007

Aim.  To develop a goal‐oriented praxis theory for enabling safety for relatives when an adult or older patient is close to end‐of‐life.Background.  This is the second part of a project focusing on the situation and needs of relatives in end‐of‐life care. Our interpretation of the existing corpus of knowledge pertaining to the needs of close relatives in this situation showed the significance of relatives’ need for safety.Method.  The theory was developed step‐by‐step, through triangulation of critical review of empirical research in the field, our own clinical experiences from end‐of‐life care, renewed literature searches and theoretical reasoning.Theory.  The foundation for the theory is taken from the ethical intention of the philosopher Paul Ricoeur. From this, the theory focuses on relatives in the context of end‐of‐life care with the goal of enabling safety. This is proposed by four aphorisms functioning as safety enablers and these are directed towards the professional's approach and attitude, the relative's concern for the patient, the specific situation for the relative and the patient's end‐of‐life period as a period in the life of the relative.Relevance to clinical practice.  Implications for end‐of‐life practice are considered and include aspects for promotion of just institutions in end‐of‐life care, the significance of negotiated partnership in end‐of‐life care, enabling safety for relatives living in existential and practical uncertainty in connection with end‐of‐life care and diversity of relatives’ preferences as they live through this particular period.
Central venous access for haemodialysis: prospective evaluation of possible complications
Authors: De Andrade Denise , Ferreira Viviane 
Published: January 2007

Aims and objectives.  The combination of chronic renal insufficiency and haemodialysis represents a challenge for health professionals. Chronic renal insufficiency patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment through a temporary double‐lumen catheter were prospectively studied in order to identify the type and frequency of local and systemic complications.Methods.  A six‐month period was established with a view to the inclusion of new cases. Data were acquired through interviews, clinical assessment and patient records, and entered into a Microsoft Excel database through a double entry system and exported to the Statistical Package Social Sciences software. Sixty‐four patients were evaluated prospectively, of which thirty‐eight (59.4%) were men and 35 (54.7%) required catheter insertion for immediate treatment. During the study period, 145 catheters were inserted, ranging from 1 to 7 implants per patient, 29 (45.3%) were single insertions and 127 (87.6%) catheters were inserted into the jugular vein. The catheters were left in place for an average of 30 days.Results.  Forty‐one (64%) presented inadequate functioning, after about 26 days. A febrile state occurred in 24 (37.5%) patients after 34 days, secretion at the catheter entry site in 27 (42.2% after 26 days and bloodstream infection was encountered in 34(53%) after 34 days. Of the 61 blood culture samples, thirty (49%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus that was the microorganism most frequently isolated.Conclusion.  The findings indicate worrying aspects such as the catheters permanence time, exposing patients to different complications, including infection. Furthermore, inadequate catheter functioning leads to inefficient haemodialysis treatment.Relevance to clinical practice.  Knowledge about complications allows for systematic care planning, prevention and control actions.
A multidisciplinary approach to the management of individuals with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Alanay Y. , Ünal F. , Turanlı G. , Alikaşifoğlu M. , Alehan D. , Akyol U. , Belgin E. , Şener C. , Aktaş D. , Boduroğlu K. , Utine E. , Volkan‐Salancı B. , Özusta Ş. , Genç A. , Başar F. , Sevinç Ş. , Tunçbilek E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability. Since the identification of the responsible gene (FMR1) and its protein (FMRP), there has been enormous progress in both clinical and pathogenetic research on the neurobehavioural aspects of the condition. However, studies regarding other medical problems anticipated in individuals with FXS are limited. A multidisciplinary study evaluating various causes of morbidity in the same group has not been published yet.Methods  Twenty‐four boys with FXS full mutation were recruited out of a larger group of 103 diagnosed in one centre over the past 10 years. Ear nose and throat, eye and cardiac examinations were performed in addition to routine cognitive, behavioural, neurological and speech and language assessments.Results  The average IQ score was 49.8 ± 20 (range 25–90). There were four patients (18%) with IQ above 70. Using DSM‐IV, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed in five boys out of 22 examined (23%), while 32% were diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder. The seizure frequency was 17%. A psychiatric disorder was diagnosed in six out of eight boys with electroencephalogram abnormalities (75%). Minimal conductive hearing loss was found in five (5/22) patients. There was significant delay in both expressive and receptive language skills. Ocular findings were refractive errors (13%) and strabismus (4.4%). Mitral valve prolapsus (MVP) was observed in 3/22 (13.7%) patients and aortic annulus dilatation was present in 2/22 (9%) patients.Conclusions  Frequency of psychiatric diagnoses made with DSM‐IV were in parallel to those reported in the literature. Comorbidity of seizures and psychiatric disorders was noteworthy. The percentage of ‘high‐functioning’ full mutation males supports the previous observations. Ear nose and throat and eye examination revealed remarkably lower prevalence of abnormal findings than reported. MVP was slightly less frequent compared with the single study in the literature. Age at the time of examination had an effect on the outcome of cardiac evaluation. These findings will guide us in future management of the group of patients followed in our institution. The protocol applied provides an applicable outline for multidisciplinary institutional settings dealing with individuals with FXS.
BibA: a novel immunogenic bacterial adhesin contributing to group B Streptococcus survival in human blood
Authors: Santi Isabella , Scarselli Maria , Mariani Massimo , Pezzicoli Alfredo , Masignani Vega , Taddei Annarita , Grandi Guido , Telford John L. , Soriani Marco 
Published: January 2007

SummaryBy the analysis of the recently sequenced genomes of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) we have identified a novel immunogenic adhesin with anti‐phagocytic activity, named BibA. The bibA gene is present in 100% of the 24 GBS strains analysed. BibA‐specific IgG were found in human sera from normal healthy donors. The putative protein product is a polypeptide of 630 amino acids containing a helix‐rich N‐terminal domain, a proline‐rich region and a canonical LPXTG cell wall‐anchoring domain. BibA is expressed on the surface of several GBS strains, but is also recovered in GBS culture supernatants. BibA specifically binds to human C4‐binding protein, a regulator of the classic complement pathway. Deletion of the bibA gene severely reduced the capacity of GBS to survive in human blood and to resist opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. In addition, BibA expression increased the virulence of GBS in a mouse infection model. The role of BibA in GBS adhesion was demonstrated by the impaired ability of a bibA knockout mutant strain to adhere to both human cervical and lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, we calculated that recombinant BibA bound to human epithelial cells of distinct origin with an affinity constant of ∼10−8 M for cervical epithelial cells. Hence BibA is a novel multifunctional protein involved in both resistance to phagocytic killing and adhesion to host cells. The identification of this potential new virulence factor represents an important step in the development of strategies to combat GBS‐associated infections.
Growth in the first year of life and the risk of type 1 diabetes in a Danish population
Authors: Svensson Jannet , Carstensen Bendix , Mortensen Henrik B. , Borch‐Johnsen Knut ,   the Danish Study Group of Childhood Diabetes (DSBD)
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate whether growth parameters at birth and age 1 year were associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Danish population and to what extent this explains the increase in T1D incidence. The study is a population‐based case–control study; it compares 490 cases from the Danish diabetes register 1996–99 aged 0–14 years and 696 randomly selected controls (2 per case) from the population register matched for gender and date of birth. We found an increased risk of T1D during childhood in children with a body mass index (BMI) on or above two standard deviations at age 1 year (OR = 3.77 [95% CI 1.41, 10.1]). Children developing diabetes were significantly taller at age 1 year (OR = 1.04 [95% CI 1.00, 1.08]). Children born 1981–99 have significantly higher BMI and weight at birth and a significantly lower BMI and weight at age 1 year compared with children born 1966–74. Thus the increasing incidence of T1D could not be explained by changes in growth parameters at birth or at age 1 year.
Ecophysiological response and morphological adjustment of two Central Asian desert shrubs towards variation in summer precipitation
Authors: XU HAO , LI YAN , XU GUIQING , ZOU TING 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAs part of global climate change, variation in precipitation in arid ecosystems is leading to plant adaptation in water‐use strategies; significant interspecific differences in response will change the plant composition of desert communities. This integrated study on the ecophysiological and individual morphological scale investigated the response, acclimation and adaptation of two desert shrubs, with different water‐use strategies, to variations in water conditions. The experiments were carried out on two native dominant desert shrubs, Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron, under three precipitation treatments (natural, double and no precipitation, respectively), in their original habitats on the southern periphery of Gurbantonggut Desert, Central Asia, during the growing season in 2005. Changes in photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf water potential, water‐use efficiency, above‐ground biomass accumulation and root distribution of the two species were examined and compared under the contrasting precipitation treatments. There were significant interspecific differences in water‐use strategy and maintenance of photosynthesis under variation in precipitation. For the phreatophyte T. ramosissima, physiological activity and biomass accumulation rely on the stable groundwater, which shields it from fluctuation in the water status of the upper soil layers caused by precipitation. For the non‐phreatophyte H. ammodendron, efficient morphological adjustment, combined with strong stomatal control, contributes to its acclimation to variation in precipitation. On account of its positive responses to increased precipitation, H. ammodendron is predicted to succeed in interspecific competition in a future, moister habitat.
Metabolite profiling of plant carotenoids using the matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Fraser Paul D. , Enfissi Eugenia M. A. , Goodfellow Michael , Eguchi Tadashi , Bramley Peter M. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryAlthough modern MS has facilitated the advent of metabolomics, some natural products such as carotenoids are not readily compatible to detection by MS. In the present article, we describe how matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF‐MS) can be utilized to acquire mass spectra of carotenoids effectively. The procedure is sensitive (pmole range), reduces ‘spot to spot’ variation and provides high mass accuracy, thus aiding identification. The technique has been applied in vivo to the analysis of carotenoids in isolated plant cells and in vitro to three applications: (i) to show compatibility with purification methods such as LC, TLC and HPLC; (ii) for the rapid identification and quantification (by isotope dilution) of carotenoids present in crude extracts from plant tissues and whole cells; (iii) simultaneous semi‐quantitative determination of carotenoids metabolites (m/z values) in crude plant extracts. Multivariate analysis of the recorded m/z values shows the effectiveness of the procedure in distinguishing genotypes from each other. In addition, the utility of the technique has been demonstrated on two mutant tomato populations, to determine alterations in carotenoid content, and a comparison made with traditional HPLC‐photodiode array analysis. These data show that MALDI/TOF‐MS can be used to rapidly profile, identify and quantify plant carotenoids reproducibly, as well as detecting other metabolites (m/z) in complex biological systems.