bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature on biology and life table parameters of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: LIU YING HONG , TSAI JAMES H 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe development, survivorship, longevity, reproduction, and life table parameters of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama were evaluated at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 28°C, 30°C and 33°C. The populations reared at 10°C and 33°C failed to develop. Between 15°C and 30°C, mean developmental period from egg to adult varied from 49.3 days at 15°C to 14.1 days at 28°C. The low‐temperature developmental thresholds for 1st through 5th instars were estimated at 11.7°C, 10.7°C, 10.1°C, 10.5°C and 10.9°C, respectively. A modified Logan model was used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature. The survival of the 3rd through 5th nymphal instars at 15–28°C was essentially the same. The mean longevity of females increased with decreasing temperature within 15–30°C. The maximal longevity of individual females was recorded 117, 60, 56, 52 and 51 days at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 28°C and 30°C, respectively. The average number of eggs produced per female significantly increased with increasing temperature and reached a maximum of 748.3 eggs at 28°C (P<0.001). The population reared at 28°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increased (0.199) and net reproductive rate (292.2); and the shortest population doubling time (3.5 days) and mean generation time (28.6 days) compared with populations reared at 15–25°C. The optimum range of temperatures for D. citri population growth was 25–28°C.
Fluctuations in concentration of two potyviruses in garlic during the growing period and sampling conditions for reliable detection by ELISA
Authors: DOVAS C I , MAMOLOS A P , KATIS N I 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTo optimise sampling conditions for the detection by ELISA of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), the most important viral pathogens of garlic worldwide, relative virus concentrations were determined during the growing period and in different leaf parts by DAS‐ELISA. Both viruses were found to have uneven distributions in garlic plants, with the tips of the two latest fully developed leaves showing the highest concentrations and the oldest leaves the lowest concentrations. The tips of the youngest leaves were found to have higher virus concentrations than their middle and basal sections. In the older leaves, viruses were distributed more uniformly in the three leaf sections. In the oldest leaves virus levels in the leaf tips were significantly decreased. The concentrations of OYDV and LYSV increased until March, whereas later on they decreased. During storage of leaf samples at 6°C for 15 days, a loss was found of both virus antigens of more than 80%, and during 109 days of storage at −30°C a loss of more than 90% was found.
Stimulation of Armillaria mellea by phenolic fungicides
Authors: WEST JONATHAN S , FOX ROLAND T V 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPhenolic fungicides, which were initially fungicidal to mycelium of Armillaria mellea on the surface of well‐colonised wood billets, eventually stimulated the growth of A. mellea. An extensive growth of rhizomorphs was produced from A. mellea inoculum, which had been exposed to phenolic chemicals for 3 months, compared to few or no rhizomorphs produced from inoculum exposed to water or a suspension of a non‐phenolic fungicide, fenpropidin. Inoculated privet plants grown either in pots or under field conditions were treated with a range of fungicides; fenpropidin, phenyl phenol, cresylic acid or water (control) was applied every 6 months over 21/2 yr. Fenpropidin caused a slightly (but significantly) lower incidence of infection than occurred in untreated plants, but the phenolic fungicides, cresylic acid and phenyl phenol, did not reduce the incidence of infection. The severity of infection (% root circumference colonised at 5 cm depth) was greater following cresylic acid treatments than the other fungicides or water‐treated controls. Use of phenolic fungicides such as cresylic acid for the control of A. mellea may therefore be counter‐productive.
Life history and phenology of the eucalyptus psyllid, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in Ireland
Authors: PURVIS GORDON , CHAUZAT MARIE‐PIERRE , SEGONDS‐PICHON ANNE , DUNNE RICHARD 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDuring the early 1990s, the eucalyptus psyllid, Ctenarytaina eucalypti Maskell, was accidentally introduced into Ireland and began to threaten economically a newly developing ornamental foliage production industry based in the south west. The life cycle of the psyllid was studied at three field sites in Co. Kerry. The psyllid exhibited a complex seasonal population dynamic suggesting that two, largely overlapping population cohorts over‐winter as eggs and nymphs, respectively, in a state of reduced development or temporary dormancy. The duration of this dormancy is short. Evidence of a resumption of activity was monitored at all sites in early February with increasing adult numbers and renewed egg laying being seen before any significant rise in temperatures. This strongly suggests that retarded development, and resumption of psyllid activity in early spring, are at least partially consequences of the changing nutritional quality of the food plant, probably mediated by changing day length. As a consequence of seasonally inhibited development, individual egg and nymphal over‐wintering cohorts probably alternate in the completion of two or three generations per growing season. Analysis of psyllid numbers on shoot samples showed that greater population densities were found on shoots at the top of the food plant compared with lower‐placed shoots. Evidence was also found that the distribution of nymphal instars changed seasonally, probably in response to population density and increased competition for preferred feeding sites. Overall psyllid abundance, and the finer details of seasonal population dynamics, varied between plantations. In the absence of effective predation or parasitism by indigenous natural enemies, these differences were also likely to be due to variation in nutritional quality of the host plant and may be influenced by crop husbandry factors such as the timing and severity of crop pruning.
Physiological effects of peracetic acid on hydroponic tomato plants
Authors: VINES J R L , JENKINS P D , FOYER C H , FRENCH M S , SCOTT I M 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPeracetic acid (PAA) has potential as a disinfectant of low environmental impact for glasshouse hydroponic systems and other horticultural applications, but can have phytotoxic effects. This study examined the physiological effects of PAA when applied hydroponically to tomato plants. Plants treated with 0.5–5 μg ml−1 PAA over several weeks exhibited a reduction in size of all vegetative organs. During the first 2 h of PAA treatment, plants also exhibited a transient wilting, with increased stomatal resistance, and reductions in transpiration and CO2 assimilation. The toxicity of PAA to roots was apparent from increased leakage of root electrolytes, reduced oxygen consumption, death of root tips, and collapse of the internal tissues. The shrivelling of PAA‐treated roots resulted from loss of water to the shoot in the transpiration stream, as the effect could be eliminated by removal of the shoot and sealing of the cut stump. HgCl2, a reagent known to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of root systems, caused the same root shrivelling effects as PAA. Long‐term growth of PAA‐treated plants was dependent upon the replacement of taproot systems by adventitious roots, which, initially at least, displayed greater tolerance of PAA. In aqueous solution, PAA exists in equilibrium with H2O2 and acetic acid, both of which were individually toxic, but acetic acid exhibited a syndrome of effects distinct from those of PAA, while the effects of H2O2 paralleled those of PAA more closely, suggesting that oxidative rather than acidic mechanisms were primarily responsible for the phytotoxicity of PAA solutions.
Electronic nose evaluation of onion headspace volatiles and bulb quality as affected by nitrogen, sulphur and soil type
Authors: ABBEY L , JOYCE D C , AKED J , SMITH B , MARSHALL C 
Published: July 2006

SummaryEdaphic factors affect the quality of onions (Allium cepa). Two experiments were carried out in the field and glasshouse to investigate the effects of N (field: 0,120 kg ha−1; glasshouse: 0,108 kg ha−1), S (field: 0, 20 kg ha−1; glasshouse: 0, 4.35 kg ha−1) and soil type (clay, sandy loam) on onion quality. A conducting polymer sensor electronic nose (E‐nose) was used to classify onion headspace volatiles. Relative changes in the E‐nose sensor resistance ratio (%dR/R) were reduced following N and S fertilisation. A 2D Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the E‐nose data sets accounted for c. 100% of the variations in onion headspace volatiles in both experiments. For the field experiment, E‐nose data set clusters for headspace volatiles for no N‐added onions overlapped (D2= 1.0) irrespective of S treatment. Headspace volatiles of N‐fertilised onions for the glasshouse sandy loam also overlapped (D2=1.1) irrespective of S treatment as compared with distinct separations among clusters for the clay soil. N fertilisation significantly (P < 0.01) reduced onion bulb pyruvic acid concentration (flavour) in both experiments. S fertilisation increased pyruvic acid concentration significantly (P < 0.01) in the glasshouse experiment, especially for the clay soil, but had no effect on pyruvic acid concentration in the field. N and S fertilisation significantly (P < 0.01) increased lachrymatory potency (pungency), but reduced total soluble solids (TSS) content in the field experiment. In the glasshouse experiment, N and S had no effect on TSS. TSS content was increased on the clay by 1.2‐fold as compared with the sandy loam. Onion tissue N: water‐soluble SO42− ratios of between five and eight were associated with greater %dR/R and pyruvic acid concentration values. N did not affect inner bulb tissue microbial load. In contrast, S fertilisation reduced inner bulb tissue microbial load by 80% in the field experiment and between 27% (sandy loam) and 92% (clay) in the glasshouse experiment. Overall, onion bulb quality discriminated by the E‐nose responded to N, S and soil type treatments, and reflected their interactions. However, the conventional analytical and sensory measures of onion quality did not correlate with %dR/R.
Resistance of potatoes transgenic for a cry1Ac9 gene, to Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) over field seasons and between plant organs
Authors: DAVIDSON M M , BUTLER R C , WRATTEN S D , CONNER A J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStable performance of insect‐resistant transgenic plants across field seasons and between plant organs damaged by the insect pest is critical for management of this resistance in the field. To evaluate this, potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines transgenic for a cry1Ac9 gene with resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) were established in the field during the southern hemisphere summers of 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/00 as small field plots, each of 10 plants. Replicate plots of the non‐transgenic parent cultivars (at least one for every three independently derived transgenic lines) were planted randomly throughout the trials. Field‐grown foliage was challenged with larvae in the laboratory and a growth index (GI) was calculated for recovered larvae from each transgenic and non‐transgenic potato line. Larval growth on young and mature leaves, and on newly harvested or stored tubers was also measured in the laboratory. Foliage from the transgenic lines inhibited larval growth in all seasons tested. For both control and transgenic lines, larvae had slightly lower GIs when reared on mature leaves compared with young leaves, although the correlation between mean GI for young and mature transgenic leaves was high (r = 0.97). The correlation between the mean GIs of larvae on newly harvested tubers and on those stored for 5 months was also high (r = 1.0). However, the GIs of larvae on newly harvested transgenic tubers were larger than on transgenic tubers stored for 5 months. The relative growth indices (RGI = mean GI/number days before final weighing) of larvae reared on newly harvested tubers from transgenic lines were generally higher than those from young transgenic foliage, while the RGIs of larvae reared on non‐transgenic tubers were slightly lower than those fed non‐transgenic foliage. The correlation between mean RGIs of larvae fed tubers or foliage was 0.62. The transgenic potato lines exhibited stable resistance to larvae across field seasons, between affected plant organs, and between plant organs of different ages.
Take‐all and grain yields in sequences of winter wheat crops testing fluquinconazole seed treatment applied in different combinations of years
Authors: BATEMAN G L , GUTTERIDGE R J , JENKYN J F 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA seed treatment containing fluquinconazole as the only active ingredient was tested in sequences of up to six consecutive crops of winter wheat. It was applied or not applied in each year, and was tested in all possible combinations with treatments applied in previous years. Take‐all was controlled effectively, and grain yield usually increased, when the disease intensity was moderate or severe in non‐treated crops, but control of the most severe take‐all did not result in acceptable yields or grain quality. Treatment of a first wheat or second wheat with little take‐all did not usually benefit the subsequent crop. Non‐treatment of a crop grown after a treated, diseased crop usually resulted in a marked increase in disease, indicating that treatment had delayed progress of the epidemic. Take‐all was controlled by treatment of a crop grown after a treated, diseased crop but the amount of control and of increased yield was often less than that in a treated crop grown after a non‐treated crop in the same crop sequence. Similar effects of seed treatment were apparent in crops grown on a site with take‐all decline. The alternative fungicide, silthiofam, applied as a seed treatment in the later years of some experiments, was usually as effective as fluquinconazole. From these experiments, it is recommended that: a) fluquinconazole seed treatment should be applied to a second or third wheat crop, grown after a first wheat crop that was managed to avoid rapid take‐all development (e.g. by avoiding very early sowing); b) a break crop should follow the treated crop; c) the seed treatment should not normally be used in longer sequences of wheat or on take‐all decline soil unless it is planned to follow the treated crop with a non‐cereal break.
SU‐FF‐I‐15: Effects, Detection and Removal of Zingers From Scattered X‐Rays in CCD Based Cone Beam CT
Authors: Meng Y , Shaw C , Liu X , Lai C , Tu S , Altunbas M , Chen L , Wang T 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: Zingers are tiny spurious white dots that appear randomly in CCD images. In order to improve the quality of CCD based cone beam CT technique, a new technique for the detection and removal of zingers is described and evaluated. Method and Materials: A bench top CCD based cone beam CT system was used to measure and investigate the presence of zingers. The cause and effects of zingers were studied. A new technique was developed to detect and correct the zingers. With this technique, the statistical behavior of pixel values in a projection image was first analyzed to identify candidates for zingers. Pixel values at the detected zinger locations were then compared in two consecutive projection views to eliminate false detections. To investigate and evaluate this technique, zingers were simulated by increasing the pixel values at randomly selected locations in projection data computed for a modified Shepp‐Logan phantom. The simulated data were then detected and corrected for zingers and used for reconstruction. The resulting reconstructed image was compared with the image reconstructed from zinger free data and with images reconstructed from data corrected using three other zinger removal techniques. Results: Our measurement indicated that zingers may have resulted from scattered x‐rays. They were found to generate visible artifacts and degrade the quality of reconstructed images. It was shown that zingers detection by comparing two identically acquired projections could be highly effective but impractical in CT imaging. Detection by comparing two consecutive projection views was equally effective but may be subject image blurring. Detection by analyzing signal fluctuations could result in a large number of faulty detections. The proposed new detection technique was found to be practical and effective without resulting in image blurring or faulty detections.This work was supported in part by a research grant CA104759 from NIHNCI.
MO‐D‐ValB‐01: Characterization of Cardiac Motion in the Lung Using a Novel Electromagnetic System in An Animal Model
Authors: Lechleiter K , Parikh P , Chaudhari A , Malinowski K , Hubenschmidt J , Dimmer S , Bradley J , Mayse M , Low D 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: Previous studies have examined the accuracy of the use of three internal AC electromagnetic transponders and wireless tracking system (Calypso® Medical) for tumor localization in prostate cancer. This study focuses on the use of the system to investigate and characterize cardiac induced lung tissue motion to better predict three‐dimensional lung tumor position in real‐time. Method and Materials: Under an institutional approved animal study, three 1.8 mm AC electromagnetic transponders are bronchoscopically implanted in the periphery of the lungs of five hounds. The transponders are positioned in a triangle, each spaced 1–3 cm apart. The transponder positions are sequentially measured every 50 ms at five time points. During each measurement, the subject is stressed with several respiratory patterns. Signal processing of the data involves the design and application of a Butterworth highpass filter to obtain the component of transponder movement due to cardiac motion. Results: The data for the 1st three time points of the first animal are presented. FFT spectrum analysis indicated signal frequency components of 13.05 and 123.8 cycles/minute, due to respiration and cardiac motion respectively. Cardiac‐induced lung tissue motion was detected in vivo, ranging from 0.0007cm – 0.3592cm, by applying the highpass filter to the data. The motion was smaller on the implant day compared with the other two time points. Moreover, transponder position and distance from the heart had an effect on calculated motion. Finally, breathing patterns also affected the observed motion at a statistically significant 0.1% level. Conclusion: Cardiac contractions cause quantifiable motion in surrounding lung tissues that cannot be measured with existing onboard imaging capabilities. The motion varies depending on transponder position, distance from the heart, breathing pattern, and day of measurement. Though the motion maximum was 3.6mm, this motion could cause imaging artifacts when using respiratory correlates.Research sponsored by Calypso® Medical Technologies.
TU‐B‐224A‐01: Shielding II:Linac Radiation Monitoring and Surveys: Instruments and Methods
Authors: Ipe N E 
Published: July 2006

Regulatory agencies typically require shielding integrity radiation surveys during commissioning of radiation therapy linear accelerators (linacs). While concrete barriers that provide adequate shielding for photons also provide adequate shielding for neutrons, facilities operating at energies above 10 MV shall be checked for neutrons at the door, maze entrance, and any other openings through the shielding. Laminated barriers shall be monitored for neutrons beyond the shielding.For the primary barrier measurements, the maximum field size is utilized without a phantom in the beam. Gantry angles of 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees as well oblique angles depending upon the shielding configuration are commonly used. Secondary barriers are surveyed with the maximum field size and a phantom in place.Photon surveys outside the barriers are performed typically with a calibrated ionization chamber which has both rate and integrate modes, at 30 cm from the barrier. Head leakage in the linac room can be established with the use of film wrapped around the linac head and integrating dosimeters.In this lecture neutron monitoring will be emphasized. Neutron measurements inside the treatment room are fraught with difficulties because of photon interference from the primary and leakage photon beam and the fact that neutron detection is spread over many decades of energy. Thus no single neutron detector can accurately measure neutron fluence or dose equivalent over the entire energy ranges. Additionally neutron detectors can have photon‐induced reactions when used in the primary photon beam. Further because therapy linacs are operated in a pulsed mode, the intense photon pulse overwhelms any active detector that detects particles electronically. Thus active detectors such as such as neutron rem‐meters, fluence meters and spectrometers neutron cannot be used inside the treatment rooms except at or near the maze entrance. They can be used outside the shielded treatment room.Passive monitors with high neutron sensitivity such as moderated activation foils (gold and indium) and threshold activation detectors (phosphorous) can be typically used inside the treatment room and inside the primary beam. Moderated activation foils can also be used inside the treatment room and outside the primary beam. Solid state neutron detectors (SSNTDs) such as CR‐39 ® and bubble detectors can be used inside the treatment room, but outside the primary beam. Bubble detectors can also be used for radiation surveys outside the shielded treatment room.Educational Objectives:1. Understand how to perform shielding integrity radiation surveys.2. Understand the various neutron monitoring methods and instruments.3. Understand under which conditions these monitors can be used.
TU‐C‐330A‐05: Optimization of Outer Volume Suppression for Improved Prostate MR Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Venugopal Niranjan , McCurdy Boyd , Ryner Lawrence 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: To adapt a new MR Spectroscopy (MRS) technique employing non‐cuboidal voxels, called conformal voxel MRS (CV‐MRS), for use in prostate spectroscopic imaging in order to reduce contamination of spectra by lipid signal surrounding the prostate.Method and Materials: CV‐MRS uses twenty or more spatial saturation (SS) pulses, placed around the prostate, to reduce the lipid signal affecting the spectra within the prostate. A water/oil phantom was designed to simulate the prostate and surrounding lipid signal. Use of the new CV‐MRS technique reduced the lipid signal contamination by 84% as compared to standard cuboidal voxel MRS. To further reduce the lipid contamination, the routinely used 90 degree flip angle used for each SS pulse was modified to take into account the regrowth of lipid signal with its short T1 relaxation time. Results: Contrary to our expectations, resulting spectra from the optimized approach actually showed an increase in lipid contamination by 10%. We tracked the problem down to overlapping SS pulses. Using a simulated 3D model, we found that 68% of the volume we were trying to saturate experienced multiple overlapping SS pulses, with some regions being saturated 7 or more times. Regions of the volume experiencing an even number of SS pulses were found to increase the lipid contamination signal by 88% to 200%. Conversely, regions experiencing an odd number of SS pulses had a reduction in lipid contamination of 55%. Conclusion: Changing the ordering of the SS pulses, such that the overlapping pulses occur later in the train of 20 SS pulses reduced the problem of lipid signal from those overlapping volumes. In summary, we have developed an improved outer volume saturation technique which reduces lipid contamination problems in prostate MR spectroscopic imaging.