bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Description of Interdecadal Time-Scale Propagating North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies and Their Effect on Winter European Climate, 1948–2002
Authors: Sinha Bablu , Topliss Brenda 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Eastward-propagating interdecadal time-scale sea surface temperature (SST) winter anomalies have been shown to exist at the North Atlantic subpolar/subtropical gyre boundary. Heat flux and surface air temperature signatures of these anomalies are investigated using satellite- and ship-based SST observations and atmospheric reanalysis. Using bandpass filter analysis, retaining periods between 9 and 25 yr, a succession of coherent propagating SST anomalies is identified. The size, speed, propagation path, and decay characteristics of propagating anomalies detected during the period 1948–2002 are documented. The behavior of the propagations changes between the periods 1948–70 and 1970–2002. In the former period, SST anomalies propagated from the east coast of North America to the British Isles in ∼10 yr. The anomalies displayed a well-defined life cycle, growing in the western basin (west of 40°W) and decaying in the eastern basin. During the period 1970–2002, SST anomalies did not propagate deep into the eastern basin, but grew in the western basin and then ceased propagating. Oceanic anomalies have a comparable marked signature in surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and in surface air temperature. Winter surface heat flux anomalies act to amplify SST anomalies during the middle of their lifetimes, normally in the west-central Atlantic. At other times, heat flux anomalies are associated with decay of anomalies. Surface heat fluxes do not always act to cause propagation, and it is likely that other processes such as advection play a role in the propagation mechanism. North European winter surface air temperatures are raised or lowered by up to ±0.5°C over decadal time scales (∼1/3 of the total variation over the United Kingdom) when an SST anomaly reaches the eastern boundary. A variety of processes can cause SST variation on decadal time scales at the eastern boundary, but in the 1950s and 1960s the variability at these periods was the signature of features that had propagated across the Atlantic from the North American coast.
The New Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadGEM1): Evaluation of Coupled Simulations
Authors: Johns T. C. , Durman C. F. , Banks H. T. , Roberts M. J. , McLaren A. J. , Ridley J. K. , Senior C. A. , Williams K. D. , Jones A. , Rickard G. J. , Cusack S. , Ingram W. J. , Crucifix M. , Sexton D. M. H. , Joshi M. M. , Dong B.-W. , Spencer H. , Hill R. S. R. , Gregory J. M. , Keen A. B. , Pardaens A. K. , Lowe J. A. , Bodas-Salcedo A. , Stark S. , Searl Y. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new coupled general circulation climate model developed at the Met Office's Hadley Centre is presented, and aspects of its performance in climate simulations run for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) documented with reference to previous models. The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1) is built around a new atmospheric dynamical core; uses higher resolution than the previous Hadley Centre model, HadCM3; and contains several improvements in its formulation including interactive atmospheric aerosols (sulphate, black carbon, biomass burning, and sea salt) plus their direct and indirect effects. The ocean component also has higher resolution and incorporates a sea ice component more advanced than HadCM3 in terms of both dynamics and thermodynamics. HadGEM1 thus permits experiments including some interactive processes not feasible with HadCM3. The simulation of present-day mean climate in HadGEM1 is significantly better overall in comparison to HadCM3, although some deficiencies exist in the simulation of tropical climate and El Niño variability. We quantify the overall improvement using a quasi-objective climate index encompassing a range of atmospheric, oceanic, and sea ice variables. It arises partly from higher resolution but also from greater fidelity in modeling dynamical and physical processes, for example, in the representation of clouds and sea ice. HadGEM1 has a similar effective climate sensitivity (2.8 K) to a CO2 doubling as HadCM3 (3.1 K), although there are significant regional differences in their response patterns, especially in the Tropics. HadGEM1 is anticipated to be used as the basis both for higher-resolution and higher-complexity Earth System studies in the near future.
The Physical Properties of the Atmosphere in the New Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part II: Aspects of Variability and Regional Climate
Authors: Ringer M. A. , Martin G. M. , Greeves C. Z. , Hinton T. J. , James P. M. , Pope V. D. , Scaife A. A. , Stratton R. A. , Inness P. M. , Slingo J. M. , Yang G.-Y. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The performance of the atmospheric component of the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1) is assessed in terms of its ability to represent a selection of key aspects of variability in the Tropics and extratropics. These include midlatitude storm tracks and blocking activity, synoptic variability over Europe, and the North Atlantic Oscillation together with tropical convection, the Madden–Julian oscillation, and the Asian summer monsoon.
Comparisons with the previous model, the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3), demonstrate that there has been a considerable increase in the transient eddy kinetic energy (EKE), bringing HadGEM1 into closer agreement with current reanalyses. This increase in EKE results from the increased horizontal resolution and, in combination with the improved physical parameterizations, leads to improvements in the representation of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks and blocking. The simulation of synoptic weather regimes over Europe is also greatly improved compared to HadCM3, again due to both increased resolution and other model developments.
The variability of convection in the equatorial region is generally stronger and closer to observations than in HadCM3. There is, however, still limited convective variance coincident with several of the observed equatorial wave modes. Simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation is improved in HadGEM1: both the activity and interannual variability are increased and the eastward propagation, although slower than observed, is much better simulated. While some aspects of the climatology of the Asian summer monsoon are improved in HadGEM1, the upper-level winds are too weak and the simulation of precipitation deteriorates. The dominant modes of monsoon interannual variability are similar in the two models, although in HadCM3 this is linked to SST forcing, while in HadGEM1 internal variability dominates.
Overall, analysis of the phenomena considered here indicates that HadGEM1 performs well and, in many important respects, improves upon HadCM3. Together with the improved representation of the mean climate, this improvement in the simulation of atmospheric variability suggests that HadGEM1 provides a sound basis for future studies of climate and climate change.
Examination of Convection-Allowing Configurations of the WRF Model for the Prediction of Severe Convective Weather: The SPC/NSSL Spring Program 2004
Authors: Kain John S. , Weiss S. J. , Levit J. J. , Baldwin M. E. , Bright D. R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Convection-allowing configurations of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model were evaluated during the 2004 Storm Prediction Center–National Severe Storms Laboratory Spring Program in a simulated severe weather forecasting environment. The utility of the WRF forecasts was assessed in two different ways. First, WRF output was used in the preparation of daily experimental human forecasts for severe weather. These forecasts were compared with corresponding predictions made without access to WRF data to provide a measure of the impact of the experimental data on the human decision-making process. Second, WRF output was compared directly with output from current operational forecast models. Results indicate that human forecasts showed a small, but measurable, improvement when forecasters had access to the high-resolution WRF output and, in the mean, the WRF output received higher ratings than the operational Eta Model on subjective performance measures related to convective initiation, evolution, and mode. The results suggest that convection-allowing models have the potential to provide a value-added benefit to the traditional guidance package used by severe weather forecasters.
Talar Dome Access for Osteochondral Lesions
Authors: Muir Dawson , Saltzman Charles L. , Tochigi Yuki , Amendola Ned 
Published: April 2006

Background Recently, osteochondral grafting has become a popular procedure for treating challenging talar dome lesions. However, no guidelines exist for selection of the surgical approach to obtain perpendicular access to the talar dome. Hypothesis The majority of the talar dome can be accessed for perpendicular resurfacing procedures without need for osteotomy. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Nine human cadaveric ankles were dissected in a standard fashion to expose the talar dome. Seven approaches were used, including 4 arthrotomies (anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral) and 3 osteotomies (anterolateral [Chaput], distal fibula, and medial malleolar). The area available for perpendicular access to the dome was determined for each approach. Results On average, 17% (range, 10%-24%) of the medial talar dome and 20% (range, 16%-25%) of the lateral talar dome could not be accessed without osteotomy. On the lateral aspect of the superior talar dome surface, an anterolateral osteotomy adds a mean of 22% to sagittal plane exposure. Malleolar osteotomies, when performed using the method described, provide access to the entire medial and lateral sides; however, there remains a mean residual 15% (range, 11%-38%) of the central talar dome that cannot be accessed in a perpendicular manner with any approach. Conclusion Most of the talar dome can be accessed perpendicularly for resurfacing without malleolar osteotomy. Osteotomies substantially increase the access and are needed for extensive lesions. Part of the central portion of the talar dome is inaccessible to perpendicular resurfacing techniques with any standard approach. Clinical Relevance This study generated clear clinical guidelines to help decision making regarding the surgical approach to resurface the talar dome with osteochondral techniques. The majority of the talar dome can be accessed without osteotomy.
Retrograde Drilling for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talar Dome
Authors: Kono Michihaya , Takao Masato , Naito Kohei , Uchio Yuji , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: April 2006

Background For the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome without detachment of the cartilage, there is little information on whether transmalleolar drilling or retrograde drilling is more effective in terms of clinical and morphologic evaluations. Hypothesis Retrograde drilling may be more effective than transmalleolar drilling for lesions without cartilage detachment. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Subjects were 30 patients with lesions on 1 foot of grade 0 or I, determined according to a modified Pritsch classification system. Nineteen patients underwent transmalleolar drilling (TMD group), and 11 patients underwent retrograde drilling (RD group). Ankle arthroscopy was performed 1 year postoperatively to evaluate cartilage conditions. Results Arthroscopic findings revealed that in the TMD group, 11 lesions (57.9%) were unchanged (grade I), and 8 lesions (42.1%) had deteriorated from grade 0 to I; in the RD group, 3 lesions (27.2%) had improved from grade I to 0, and 8 (72.8%) were unchanged (2 grade 0 lesions and 6 grade I lesions). There was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the distribution of cases that had improved, were unchanged, or had deteriorated (P < .0001). Conclusions This study showed that compared with transmalleolar drilling, retrograde drilling for osteochondral lesions of the talar dome can improve the arthroscopic assessment of the lesions.
Mcl-1L cleavage is involved in TRAIL-R1– and TRAIL-R2–mediated apoptosis induced by HGS-ETR1 and HGS-ETR2 human mAbs in myeloma cells
Authors: Menoret Emmanuelle , Gomez-Bougie Patricia , Geffroy-Luseau Alexandrine , Daniels Sylvanne , Moreau Philippe , Le Gouill Steven , Harousseau Jean-Luc , Bataille Regis , Amiot Martine , Pellat-Deceunynck Catherine 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We evaluated the ability of 2 human mAbs directed against TRAILR1 (HGS-ETR1) and TRAILR2 (HGS-ETR2) to kill human myeloma cells. HGS-ETR1 and HGS-ETR2 mAbs killed 15 and 9 human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs; n = 22), respectively. IL-6, the major survival and growth factor for these HMCLs, did not prevent their killing. Killing induced by either HGS-ETR1 or HGS-ETR2 was correlated with the cleavage of Mcl-1L, a major molecule for myeloma survival. Mcl-1L cleavage and anti-TRAILR HMCL killing were dependent on caspase activation. Kinetic studies showed that Mcl-1L cleavage occurred very early (less than 1 hour) and became drastic once caspase 3 was activated. Our data showed that both the extrinsic (caspase 8, Bid) and the intrinsic (caspase 9) pathways are activated by anti–TRAIL mAb. Finally, we showed that the HGS-ETR1 and, to a lesser extent, the HGS-ETR2 mAbs were able to induce the killing of primary myeloma cells. Of note, HGS-ETR1 mAb was able to induce the death of medullary and extramedullary myeloma cells collected from patients at relapse. Taken together, our data clearly encourage clinical trials of anti–TRAILR1 mAb in multiple myeloma, especially for patients whose disease is in relapse, at the time of drug resistance.
Differential expression of selected histone modifier genes in human solid cancers
Authors: Özdağ Hilal , Teschendorff Andrew E , Ahmed Ahmed Ashour , Hyland Sarah J , Blenkiron Cherie , Bobrow Linda , Veerakumarasivam Abhi , Burtt Glynn , Subkhankulova Tanya , Arends Mark J , Collins V Peter , Bowtell David , Kouzarides Tony , Brenton James D , Caldas Carlos 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundPost-translational modification of histones resulting in chromatin remodelling plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. Here we report characteristic patterns of expression of 12 members of 3 classes of chromatin modifier genes in 6 different cancer types: histone acetyltransferases (HATs)-EP300, CREBBP, andPCAF; histone deacetylases (HDACs)-HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7A, andSIRT1; and histone methyltransferases (HMTs)-SUV39H1andSUV39H2. Expression of each gene in 225 samples (135 primary tumours, 47 cancer cell lines, and 43 normal tissues) was analysedby QRT-PCR, normalized with 8 housekeeping genes, and given as a ratio by comparison with a universal reference RNA.ResultsThis involved a total of 13,000 PCR assays allowing for rigorous analysis by fitting a linear regression model to the data. Mutation analysis ofHDAC1, HDAC2, SUV39H1, andSUV39H2revealed only two out of 181 cancer samples (both cell lines) with significant coding-sequence alterations. Supervised analysis and Independent Component Analysis showed that expression of many of these genes was able to discriminate tumour samples from their normal counterparts. Clustering based on the normalized expression ratios of the 12 genes also showed that most samples were grouped according to tissue type. Using a linear discriminant classifier and internal cross-validation revealed that with as few as 5 of the 12 genes,SIRT1, CREBBP, HDAC7A, HDAC5andPCAF, most samples were correctly assigned.ConclusionThe expression patterns of HATs, HDACs, and HMTs suggest these genes are important in neoplastic transformation and have characteristic patterns of expression depending on tissue of origin, with implications for potential clinical application.
Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing
Authors: Arricau-Bouvery Nathalie , Hauck Yolande , Bejaoui Awatef , Frangoulidis Dimitrios , Bodier Christelle C , Souriau Armel , Meyer Hermann , Neubauer Heinrich , Rodolakis Annie , Vergnaud Gilles 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundCoxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, has a wide host range. Few epidemiological tools are available, and they are often expensive or not easily standardized across laboratories. In this work,C. burnetiiisolates from livestock and ticks were typed using infrequent restriction site-PCR (IRS-PCR) and multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA).ResultsBy applying IRS-PCR, 14C. burnetiiisolates could be divided into six groups containing up to five different isolates. Clustering as deduced from MLVA typing with 17 markers provided an increased resolution with an excellent agreement to IRS-PCR, and with the plasmid type of each strain. MLVA was then applied to 28 additionalC. burnetiiisolates of different origin and 36 different genotypes were identified among the 42 isolates investigated. The clustering obtained is in agreement with published Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) data. Two panels of markers are proposed, panel 1 which can be confidently typed on agarose gel at a lower cost and in any laboratory setting (10 minisatellite markers with a repeat unit larger than 9 bp), and panel 2 which comprises 7 microsatellites and provides a higher discriminatory power.ConclusionOur analyses demonstrate that MLVA is a powerful and promising molecular typing tool with a high resolution and of low costs. The consistency of the results with independent methods suggests that MLVA can be applied for epidemiological studies. The resulting data can be queried on a dedicated MLVA genotyping Web service.
Comparison and evaluation of experimental mediastinitis models: precolonized foreign body implants and bacterial suspension inoculation seems promising
Authors: Ersoz Gulden , Aytacoglu Barlas Naim , Sucu Nehir , Tamer Lulufer , Bayindir Ismet , Kose Necmi , Kaya Ali , Dikmengil Murat 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Post-sternotomy mediastinitis (PSM) is a devastating surgical complication affecting 1–3% of patients that undergo cardiac surgery. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly encountered bacterial pathogen cultured from mediastinal samples obtained from patients with PSM. A component of the membrane of the gram positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid, stimulates the blood monocytes and macrophages to secrete cytokines, radicals and nitrogen species leading to oxido-inflammatory damage. This seems to be responsible for the high mortality rate in PSM. For the evaluation of the pathogenesis of infection or for the investigation of alternative treatment models in infection, no standard model of mediastinitis seems to be available. In this study, we evaluated four mediastinitis models in rats.

Methods
The rats were divided into four groups to form different infection models. Group A: A suspension of 1 × 107 colony-forming units Staphylococcus aureus in 0,5 mL was inoculated from the right second intercostal space into the mediastinum. Group B: A hole was created in the right second intercostal space and a piece of stainless-steel implant with a length of 0.5 cm was inserted into the mediastinum and a suspension of 1 × 107 cfu bacteria in 0,5 mL was administered via the tail vein. Group C: Precolonized stainless-steel implant was inserted into the mediastinum. Group D: Precolonized stainless-steel implant was inserted into the mediastinum and the bacteria suspension was also injected into the mediastinum. On the 10th day, rats were sacrificed and the extension of infection in the mediastenae was evaluated by quantitative cultures. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the sera to evaluate the neutrophil activation and assess the inflammatory oxidation.

Results
The degree of infection in group C and D were 83.3% and 100% respectively (P < 0.001). MDA levels were significantly higher in these two groups than the others (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Infected implants and high bacterial concentration administration were the two important components that played a significant role in the outcome of a successful infection in mediastinum in a rat model.
Scaling up health interventions in resource-poor countries: what role does research in stated-preference framework play?
Authors: Pokhrel Subhash 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Despite improved supply of health care services in low-income countries in the recent past, their uptake continues to be lower than anticipated. This has made it difficult to scale-up those interventions which are not only cost-effective from supply perspectives but that might have substantial impacts on improving the health status of these countries. Understanding demand-side barriers is therefore critically important. With the help of a case study from Nepal, this commentary argues that more research on demand-side barriers needs to be carried out and that the stated-preference (SP) approach to such research might be helpful. Since SP techniques place service users' preferences at the centre of the analysis, and because preferences reflect individual or social welfare, SP techniques are likely to be helpful in devising policies to increase social welfare (e.g. improved service coverage). Moreover, the SP data are collected in a controlled environment which allows straightforward identification of effects (e.g. that of process attributes of care) and large quantities of relevant data can be collected at moderate cost. In addition to providing insights into current preferences, SP data also provide insights into how preferences are likely to respond to a proposed change in resource allocation (e.g. changing service delivery strategy). Finally, the SP-based techniques have been used widely in resource-rich countries and their experience can be valuable in conducting scaling-up research in low-income countries.
Assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex: chimeric constructs derived from the cytosolic components as tools for exploring structure-function relationships
Authors: Mizrahi Ariel , Berdichevsky Yevgeny , Ugolev Yelena , Molshanski-Mor Shahar , Nakash Yael , Dahan Iris , Alloul Nathalie , Gorzalczany Yara , Sarfstein Rive , Hirshberg Miriam , Pick Edgar 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Phagocytes generate superoxide (O2.−) by an enzyme complex known as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Its catalytic component, responsible for the NADPH-driven reduction of oxygen to O2.−, is flavocytochrome b559, located in the membrane and consisting of gp91phox and p22phox subunits. NADPH oxidase activation is initiated by the translocation to the membrane of the cytosolic components p47phox, p67phox, and the GTPase Rac. Cytochrome b559 is converted to an active form by the interaction of gp91phox with p67phox, leading to a conformational change in gp91phox and the induction of electron flow. We designed a new family of NADPH oxidase activators, represented by chimeras comprising various segments of p67phox and Rac1. The prototype chimera p67phox (1–212)-Rac1 (1–192) is a potent activator in a cell-free system, also containing membrane p47phox and an anionic amphiphile. Chimeras behave like bona fide GTPases and can be prenylated, and prenylated (p67phox-Rac1) chimeras activate the oxidase in the absence of p47phox and amphiphile. Experiments involving truncations, mutagenesis, and supplementation with Rac1 demonstrated that the presence of intrachimeric bonds between the p67phox and Rac1 moieties is an absolute requirement for the ability to activate the oxidase. The presence or absence of intrachimeric bonds has a major impact on the conformation of the chimeras, as demonstrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, small angle X-ray scattering, and gel filtration. Based on this, a “propagated wave” model of NADPH oxidase activation is proposed in which a conformational change initiated in Rac is propagated to p67phox and from p67phox to gp91phox.