bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer intramolekular stickstoffstabilisierter Organoaluminium‐ und Organogalliumalkoxide
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Dechert Sebastian , Girgsdies Frank , Heymer Bernd , Hummert Markus , Hyeon Ji‐Young , Kaufmann Jens , Schutte Stefan , Wernik Sonja , Wassermann Birgit C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSynthesis and Characterization of New Intramolecularly Nitrogen‐stabilized Organoaluminium‐ and Organogallium AlkoxidesThe intramolecularly nitrogen stabilized organoaluminium alkoxides [Me2Al{μ‐O(CH2)3NMe2}]2 (1a), Me2AlOC6H2(CH2NMe2)3‐2,4,6 (2a), [(S)‐Me2Al{μ‐OCH2CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr}]2 (3a) and [(S)‐Me2Al{μ‐OCH2CH(i‐Pr)NHCH2Ph}]2 (4) are formed by reacting equimolar amounts of AlMe3 and Me2N(CH2)3OH, C6H2[(CH2NMe2)3‐2,4,6]OH, (S)‐i‐PrNHCH(i‐Pr)CH2OH, or (S)‐PhCH2NHCH(i‐Pr)CH2OH, respectively. An excess of AlMe3 reacts with Me2N(CH2)2OH, Me2N(CH2)3OH, C6H2[(CH2NMe2)3‐2,4,6]OH, and (S)‐i‐PrNHCH(i‐Pr)CH2OH producing the “pick‐a‐back” complexes [Me2AlO(CH2)2NMe2](AlMe3) (5), [Me2AlO(CH2)3NMe2](AlMe3) (1b), [Me2AlOC6H2(CH2NMe2)3‐2,4,6](AlMe3)2 (2b), and [(S)‐Me2AlOCH2CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr](AlMe3) (3b), respectively. The mixed alkyl‐ or alkenylchloroaluminium alkoxides [Me(Cl)Al{μ‐O(CH2)2NMe2}]2 (6) and [{CH2=C(CH3)}(Cl)Al{μ‐O(CH2)2NMe2}]2 (8) are to obtain from Me2AlCl and Me2N(CH2)2OH and from [Cl2Al{μ‐O(CH2)2NMe2}]2 (7) and CH2=C(CH3)MgBr, respectively. The analogous dimethylgallium alkoxides [Me2Ga{μ‐O(CH2)3NMe2}]2 (9), [(S)‐Me2Ga{μ‐OCH2CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr}]n (10), [(S)‐Me2Ga{μ‐OCH2CH(i‐Pr)NHCH2Ph}]n (11), [(S)‐Me2Ga{μ‐OCH2CH(i‐Pr)N(Me)CH2Ph}]n (12) and [(S)‐Me2Ga{μ‐OCH2(C4H7NHCH2Ph)}]n (13) result from the equimolar reactions of GaMe3 with the corresponding alcohols. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H‐, 13C‐ and 27Al‐NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the structures of 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 5, 6 and 8 were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Eine neue Synthese für Nitrosyl‐Salze mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen am Beispiel von NO[B(CF3)4]
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Finze M. , Willner Helge 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA New Synthesis for Nitrosyl Salts with Weakly Coordinating Anions Exemplified by NO[B(CF3)4]A new synthesis for nitrosyl salts of weakly coordinating anions is described, using the corresponding guanidinium salts as starting materials. The guanidinium salt [C(NH2)3][B(CF3)4] was obtained by a metathesis reaction of K[B(CF3)4] with [C(NH2)3]Cl. Treatment of the guanidinium salt with liquid NO2 resulted in analytical pure NO[B(CF3)4] in quantitative yield. The guanidinium and nitrosyl tetrakis(trifluormethyl)borates were characterized by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy as well as by DSC measurements.
Repetitive fishing, local depletion, and fishing efficiencies in the Kerguelen Islands fisheries
Authors: Bez N. , De Oliveira E. , Duhamel G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Commercial catch per unit effort (cpue) recorded by observers on board trawlers operating in the French EEZ around the Kerguelen Islands (south Indian Ocean) are used to analyse the impact of repetitive fishing on cpues and to estimate local fishing efficiencies. Series of cpues from the same fishing locations and no more than two days apart are first built, and then the mean depletion effect of repetitive fishing (between 4% and 10% for Patagonian toothfish and around 20% for icefish and marbled notothen) is quantified. Random fluctuations of cpues around an exponential decrease (i.e. the reference model when fishing efficiencies are constant) lead to modelling fishing efficiency as a random variable. Based on the observations of the ratio between two consecutive catches, a method is developed to estimate the probability density function of fishing efficiencies. The significant decrease of average fishing efficiency between the start of the fishery and its full exploitation phase is explained by a change in regulations (from global to individual quotas).
Action variety of planners: Cognitive load and requisite variety
Authors: Fransoo Jan C. , Wiers Vincent C.S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe complexity of planning tasks have increased over the past decade. There is relatively poor understanding what the implications are of increased task complexity in planning and scheduling operations. Previous work in the behavioral sciences have investigated the concept of cognitive load, addressing both task complexity and task workload or stress, and have concluded that decision makers tend to resort to routine action and reduce the variety in their actions with increasing complexity and workload. Alternatively, control theory suggests that a higher variety of actions is needed to deal with more complex problems. In this paper, we investigate the effects of task complexity in a chemical plant on the variety of actions deployed by the planners. The single work center resource structure and the availability of actual planning data from an MRP‐application database allows us to both use field data and study a situation which is simple enough to measure the main effect. Our results suggest that increased task complexity without time pressure does indeed lead to increased action variety deployed by the planners.
Influence of Glucose Control and Improvement of Insulin Resistance on Microvascular Blood Flow and Endothelial Function in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Authors: FORST THOMAS , LÜBBEN GEORG , HOHBERG CLOTHILDE , KANN PETER , SACHARA CHRISTIAN , GOTTSCHALL VOLKER , FRIEDRICH CHRISTIANE , ROßKOPF REINER , PFÜTZNER ANDREAS 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: The study was performed to investigate the effect of improving metabolic control with pioglitazone in comparison to glimepiride on microvascular function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.Methods: A total of 179 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to one treatment group. Metabolic control (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA index), and microvascular function (laser Doppler fluxmetry) were observed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months.Results: HbA1c improved in both treatment arms (pioglitazone: 7.52 ± 0.85% to 6.71 ± 0.89%, p < .0001; glimepiride: 7.44 ± 0.89% to 6.83 ± 0.85%, p < .0001). Insulin‐resistance decreased significantly in the pioglitazone group (6.15 ± 4.05 to 3.85 ± 1.92, p < .0001) and remained unchanged in the glimepiride group. The microvascular response to heat significantly improved in both treatment groups (pioglitazone 48.5 [15.2; 91.8] to 88.8 [57.6; 124.1] arbitrary units [AU], p < .0001; glimepiride 53.7 [14.1; 91.9] to 87.9 [52.9, 131.0] AU, p < .0001, median [lower and upper quartile]). Endothelial function as measured with the acetylcholine response improved in the pioglitazone group (38.5 [22.2; 68.0] to 60.2 [36.9; 82.8], p = .0427) and remained unchanged in the glimepiride group.Conclusions: Improving metabolic control has beneficial effects in microvascular function in type 2 diabetic patients. Treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with pioglitazone exerts additional effects on endothelial function beyond metabolic control.
Ischemia–Reperfusion Impairs Ascending Vasodilation in Feed Arteries of Hamster Skeletal Muscle
Authors: DE WITH MIRIAM C. J. , HAUG SARA J. , BRIGITTE VAN DER HEIJDEN E. P. A. , SEGAL STEVEN S. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: Vasodilation originating within the microcirculation ascends into proximal feed arteries during muscle contraction to attain peak levels of muscle blood flow. Ascending vasodilation (AVD) requires an intact endothelium, as does conducted vasodilation in response to acetylcholine (ACh). Whereas ischemia–reperfusion (I‐R) can affect endothelial cell function, the effect of I‐R on AVD is unknown. The authors tested the hypothesis that I‐R (1h–1h) would impair AVD.Methods: Using the retractor muscle of anesthetized hamsters, contractions were evoked using field stimulation (200 ms at 40 Hz every 2 s for 1 min) and ACh was delivered using microiontophoresis (1 μm tip, 500–4000 ms pulse at 800 nA). Feed artery responses were monitored 500–1500 μm upstream.Results: Neither resting (51 ± 4 μm) nor maximal diameter (81 ± 5 μm; 10 μm sodium nitroprusside) following I‐R (n = 8) were different from time‐matched controls (n = 10). With peak active tension of 23 ± 4 mN · mm−2, control AVD was 26 ± 2 μm. Following I‐R, active tension fell by 48% (p < .05) and AVD by 57% (p < .05). Stimulation at 70 Hz restored active tension but AVD remained depressed by nearly half (p < .05), as did local and conducted responses to ACh. Nevertheless, control responses to 500 ms ACh were restored by increasing stimulus duration to 4000 ms.Conclusions: Ischemia–reperfusion impairs the initiation of feed artery dilation with muscle contraction and with ACh while conduction along the vessel wall is preserved. Respective components of endothelial cell signaling events may differ in their susceptibility to I‐R.
Interleukin‐1β Reduces Transcellular Monocyte Diapedesis and Compromises Endothelial Adherens Junction Integrity
Authors: FERREIRA ALEXANDER M. , MCNEIL CEARA J. , STALLAERT KAREN M. , ROGERS KEM A. , SANDIG MARTIN 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: Diapedesis occurs through endothelial cell–cell junctions (paracellular) or through individual endothelial cells without disrupting junctions (transcellular). While in vitro studies have provided considerable insight into mechanisms controlling paracellular diapedesis, little is known about what regulates transcellular diapedesis. The authors investigated whether transcellular diapedesis is susceptible to IL‐1β exposure of the endothelium.Methods: Laser scanning confocal microscopy and biochemical analysis were used to determine the effect of IL‐1β pretreatment of the endothelium on adherens junctional morphology and monocyte transcellular diapedesis in cocultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and coronary artery endothelial cells.Results: IL‐1β pretreatment caused a 40% decrease in the number of migrating monocytes that used a transcellular route of diapedesis, and resulted in elongate endothelial cell morphology, a reorganization of the F‐actin cytoskeleton, and a significant decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance. In IL‐1β treated monolayers, VE‐cadherin and its associated catenins were distributed in a punctate pattern in comparison to the lacy pattern seen in control monolayers. Coimmunoprecipitation of VE‐cadherin molecular assemblies revealed that IL‐1β‐mediated changes in distribution were associated with a decrease in the presence of cadherin/catenin complexes in the detergent insoluble fraction.Conclusions: IL‐1β‐induced rearrangement of interendothelial adherens junctions facilitates paracellular diapedesis at the expense of transcellular diapedesis.
Audiovestibular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Colvin I. B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology. Audiovestibular involvement is rare but has been reported in a number of cases. The objective of this review is to provide an evidence‐based summary of the audiovestibular manifestations of sarcoidosis by collating the findings of these case reports.Study Design: Retrospective review of 48 published case reports and 2 cases recently encountered in audiovestibular medicine clinics.Methods: Case reports were identified using a key word search of Medline database. Clinical details, audiovestibular test results, and radiological findings were recorded for each patient when available.Results: When type of hearing loss (HL) was recorded, all losses were sensorineural, with only two patients found to have an additional conductive loss. The severity of HL ranged from mild to profound. Median thresholds were moderately raised. The HL was bilateral in 75% of patients and asymmetrical in 75% of these cases. Seventy percent of HLs demonstrated some recovery. Many of the patients with recovery were treated with corticosteroids, but no statistically significant association between treatment and HL outcome was observed. Symptoms of vestibular impairment were common. Vestibular testing was performed in 24 cases and was abnormal in 23. Eighty‐one percent of patients had additional features of neurosarcoidosis. Six patients had radiological evidence of a retrocochlear lesion.Conclusions: In taking into account the evidence from the clinical features, audiovestibular testing, radiological investigations, and postmortem findings, it is concluded that the audiovestibular manifestations of sarcoidosis are likely to be primarily a result of vestibulocochlear nerve neuropathy.
Effects of Vitamin E on Cigarette Smoke Induced Oxidative Damage in Larynx and Lung
Authors: Üneri Cüneyd , Sari Murat , Bağlam Tekin , Polat Şenol , Yüksel Meral 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives: Cigarette smoke (CS) contains a large variety of compounds, including many oxidants and free radicals (also known as reactive oxygen species), that are capable of initiating or promoting oxidative damage, which leads to various degenerative pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. Recent studies have established a strong relationship between CS and development of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to detect ROS levels in laryngeal and lung tissues of rats by measuring luminol‐amplified chemiluminescence and to determine the changes in ROS levels in lung and laryngeal tissues induced by exposure to CS, with and without concurrent treatment with vitamin E.Study Design: Prospective controlled animal study.Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each. The first group of rats was exposed to cigarette smoke. The second group of rats was exposed to cigarette smoke and concurrently treated with vitamin E. The third group was used as control. Animals were killed and chemiluminescence measurements were made for laryngeal and lung tissues.Results: Reactive oxygen species levels were significantly increased in the first group of rats compared to the levels measured in control animals. ROS levels were statistically significantly decreased in the second group as compared to the first group.Conclusion: Our results indicate that vitamin E decreases CS induced ROS levels in laryngeal and lung tissues.
Intrathyroid Hemorrhage and Acute Upper Airway Obstruction after Fine Needle Aspiration of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives: Although hematoma formation after fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the most commonly encountered complication, massive intrathyroid hemorrhage producing acute upper airway obstruction rarely occurs.Study Design: Case report.Methods: This case presented a 55‐year‐old woman with acute intrathyroid hemorrhage producing upper airway obstruction after diagnostic FNA of multiple thyroid nodules.Results: The patient underwent endotracheal intubation and subsequent total thyroidectomy because of rapid progression of airway symptoms. During operation, the thyroid gland showed a huge, edematous, firm swelling and intrathyroidal hemorrhage with no obvious actively bleeding vessels. Microscopic examination of the resected gland revealed bilateral multiple nodular hyperplasia and massive parenchymal hemorrhage with thin‐walled, aberrantly enlarged vessels.Conclusion: Acute intrathyroid hemorrhage causing upper airway obstruction can develop after FNA of the thyroid. Prompt and adequate interventions are needed for patients with rapid progression of acute thyroid hemorrhage.
Empiric Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux with Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Karkos Petros D. , Wilson Janet A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to define the outcome of empiric treatment of suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).Design: The authors conducted a systematic review of the English and foreign literature. Studies that used PPIs as an empiric treatment modality for suspected LPR, whether alone or in combination with other acid suppressants and/or placebo, were included. Studies that did not include PPIs as a treatment option were excluded.Main Outcome Measures: A lack of common outcome measures was evident in the uncontrolled studies. In the randomized, controlled trials, outcome measures included symptom questionnaires and videolaryngoscopy. Only one study used computerized voice analysis.Results: Fourteen uncontrolled studies together with one unblinded, nonrandomized study with a control group of healthy volunteers and six double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trials were identified from 1994 to 2004. Selection bias, blinding of the results, and lack of common outcome measures were some of the problems preventing a formal metaanalysis. Although uncontrolled series reported positive results, randomized, controlled trials demonstrated no statistically significant differences for changes in severity or frequency of symptoms associated with suspected reflux between PPIs and placebo.Conclusions: Recommendations for empiric treatment of suspected LPR with PPIs, by far the most common ear, nose and throat practice in the United Kingdom, are based on poor levels of evidence from uncontrolled studies. The few randomized, controlled trials have failed to demonstrate superiority of PPIs over placebo for treatment of suspected LPR.
Persistence and stability of macroinvertebrate communities in streams of Denali National Park, Alaska: implications for biological monitoring
Authors: MILNER ALEXANDER M. , CONN SARAH C. , BROWN LEE E. 
Published: January 2006

Summary1. Macroinvertebrate communities were studied from 1994 to 2001/2002 (except 1997) in six streams in Denali National Park, interior Alaska. All six streams were potential reference streams with no known impairment.2. Abundance of individual taxa varied markedly from year to year. Overall, abundance decreased over the study period, particularly with respect to mayflies. Stonefly taxa showed lower persistence and were sometimes absent from a stream in any particular year.3. Mean community persistence for the six streams, as measured by Jaccard's similarity coefficients between years, varied from 0.48 in the year pair 1999–2000 to 0.78 in 1998–99. Tattler Creek (a small stable stream) supported the most persistent macroinvertebrate community and Highway Pass Creek (a small, unstable creek) the least. Mean community persistence showed a significant relationship with mean winter snowfall (November to March) for the six streams.4. The highest community compositional stability was found in Tattler Creek and the lowest in Highway Pass Creek, but stability varied markedly over time for the six streams, peaking in 1994–95 and reaching a minimum in 2000–01. Compositional stability was significantly related to the Pfankuch Index of channel stability.5. The composition metrics % Chironomidae, % dominant taxa, %EPT, % Ephemeroptera and % Plecoptera, employed as part of the Alaska Stream Condition Index, varied over almost their entire range in these pristine streams across the 9 years of the study.6. This study demonstrates the wide range of natural variation that occurs in benthic macroinvertebrate communities in these pristine central Alaskan streams, potentially limiting the applicability of composition metrics for the biological monitoring of water quality in these systems.
Sero‐epidemiological study of kala‐azar in a village of Varanasi district, India
Authors: Kumar R. , Pai K. , Kumar P. , Pandey H. P. , Sundar S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryObjective  To evaluate five kala‐azar serological tests for field use.Method  Serological survey in Pandit Ka Purva village in Varanasi district, India, using Sia water test, aldehyde test, direct agglutination test (DAT), micro‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot‐ELISA.Results  The total population of the village was 518, 67 of whom showed typical clinical and parasitological features of kala‐azar, including seven who died. The age distribution of kala‐azar cases showed significant differences, being highest among the 45–54‐year age group. The disease was more prevalent among males. Serum samples were collected from 498 persons (96% of total population) including 67 kala‐azar cases and 40 disease controls (malaria, TB, leprosy, typhoid). Ten 10 serum samples from healthy controls living in endemic area were also collected. The test sensitivities were: Sia water test, 85.0%; aldehyde test, 62.7%; DAT, 94.0%; micro‐ELISA, 91.0% and dot‐ELISA, 97.0%. The test specificities were: Sia water test 92.5%, aldehyde test, 93.2%, DAT, 96.7; micro‐ELISA, 97.6% and dot‐ELISA, 98.4%.Conclusion  The dot‐ELISA is highly sensitive and specific, cheap, and easy to interpret with the naked eye, making it a powerful screening test for the surveillance and diagnosis of Indian kala‐azar at field level.
Treatment of vitiligo with broadband ultraviolet B and vitamins
Authors: Don Philip , Iuga Aurel , Dacko Anne , Hardick Kathleen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  While oral psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) remains the most popular therapeutic modality for vitiligo, recent reports have shown that narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) also induces significant repigmentation. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of broadband UVB on actively spreading, progressive vitiligo in patients who had been followed for many months (12 or more) in our practice, who continued to depigment despite treatment.Methods  Nine patients with actively spreading vitiligo were exposed to broadband UVB 2–3 times per week at a starting dose of 20–30 mJ/cm2. Radiation was increased by 10–20 mJ/cm2 per session with adjustments for symptomatic erythema or missed visits. In addition, patients took vitamin C 500 mg twice a day (BID), vitamin B12 1000 µg BID and folic acid 5 mg BID. The response to treatment and side‐effects were assessed at each visit. The patient's response to treatment and progress were assessed by photographs and by physician evaluation of body surface area (BSA) (using the Rule of 9s) involved at monthly intervals. Photographs were taken and estimations of BSA by physical examination made at the start and finish of the trial and then compared by the physicians involved in the study.Results  Broadband UVB halted the progression of vitiligo in all nine patients and in general induced repigmentation early after 8–12 treatments (6–8 weeks). After 2–8 months of treatment, nine of nine patients achieved good (51–75%) or excellent response (76–100%). The percentage of repigmentation varied with length of treatment and anatomic site.Conclusions  This study confirms the only published report that broadband UVB is effective on actively spreading vitiligo. Since it is more cost effective than narrowband UVB and has numerous advantages compared to oral PUVA, broadband UVB may offer an alternative for future treatment of vitiligo. The role of vitamins in this therapy remains to be determined.