bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant death, child care and the state: the baby-farming scandal and the first infant life protection legislation of 1872
Authors: Arnot Margaret L. 
Published: November 2008

En Angleterre, à la fin de l'époque victorienne, on désigne communément comme ‘fermage infantile’ le systàme de nourrissage mercenaire des petits enfants, lorsqu'ils étaient confies contre payement à une gardienne ou nourrice. Un scandale public éclata en 1870, lorsque Margaret Waters et Sarah Ellis furent jugées pour l'assassinat de petits enfants dont elles avaient accepté la charge. Waters fut pendue. A la suite de l'enquête officielle qui suivit, une première loi fut promulgée en 1872, sur la protection de la vie infantile. Ce scandale est un bon exemple des doutes qu'avaient alors certains éléments de la classe moyenne quant à l'aptitude des femmes du peuple à soigner convenablement les enfants qu'on leur confiait. Les débats font ressortir des préoccupations touchant la sexualité, le niveau social, la nationalité des personnes impliquées et les rapports à instaurer entre la responsabilité de l'Etat et celle des parents à l'egard des enfants.Cet article passe en revue quatre types d'attitudes rencontrées à l'égard de la législation: 1. les paternalistes qui font de la famille un domaine inviolable; 2. les medecins qui, dans leur propre intérêt professionnel, proposent que leur soient confiées toutes mesures pour la protection des enfants; 3. les femmes philanthropes qui aperçoivent le bien-fondé d'une plus grande intervention de l'Etat; 4. le groupe des féministes qui, au contraire, s'oppose à l'intrusion de l'Etat dans un domaine clé de la responsabilité féminine.C'est le corps médical qui donne alors l'impulsion décisive à la mise en place de cette législation, défendant le bien-être de l'enfance, mais, dans ce début des années 1870, les objections de leurs adversaires réussissent à réduire l'efficacité des mesures nouvelles.
Prediction of translation initiation site for microbial genomes with TriTISA
Authors: Hu Gang-Qing , Zheng Xiaobin , Zhu Huai-Qiu , She Zhen-Su 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Summary: We report a new and simple method, TriTISA, for accurate prediction of translation initiation site (TIS) of microbial genomes. TriTISA classifies all candidate TISs into three categories based on evolutionary properties, and characterizes them in terms of Markov models. Then, it employs a Bayesian methodology for the selection of true TIS with a non-supervised, iterative procedure. Assessment on experimentally verified TIS data shows that TriTISA is overall better than all other methods of the state-of-the-art for microbial genome TIS prediction. In particular, TriTISA is shown to have a robust accuracy independent of the quality of initial annotation.
Availability: The C++ source code is freely available under the GNU GPL license viahttp://mech.ctb.pku.edu.cn/protisa/TriTISA.
Contact: she@pku.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Full documentation of the program, containing installation instructions and other operational details, is available on our website. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The thermohaline expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep‐sea octopuses
Authors: Strugnell Jan M. , Rogers Alex D. , Prodöhl Paulo A. , Collins Martin A. , Allcock A. Louise 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUnderstanding how environmental forcing has generated and maintained large‐scale patterns of biodiversity is a key goal of evolutionary research and critical to predicting the impacts of global climate change. We suggest that the initiation of the global thermohaline circulation provided a mechanism for the radiation of Southern Ocean fauna into the deep sea. We test this hypothesis using a relaxed phylogenetic approach to coestimate phylogeny and divergence times for a lineage of octopuses with Antarctic and deep‐sea representatives. We show that the deep‐sea lineage had their evolutionary origins in Antarctica, and estimate that this lineage diverged around 33 million years ago (Ma) and subsequently radiated at 15 Ma. Both of these dates are critical in development of the thermohaline circulation and we suggest that this has acted as an evolutionary driver enabling the Southern Ocean to become a centre of origin for deep‐sea fauna. This is the first unequivocal molecular evidence that deep‐sea fauna from other ocean basins originated from Southern Ocean taxa and this is the first evidence to be dated. © The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Randomised double‐blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non‐elective Caesarean section*
Authors: Ngan Kee W. D. , Khaw K. S. , Lau T. K. , Ng F. F. , Chui K. , Ng K. L. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn a randomised, double‐blinded study, we compared boluses of phenylephrine 100 μg with ephedrine 10 mg for treating hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg) in 204 patients having non‐elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Umbilical arterial (UA) and venous (UV) pH and base excess were similar between groups. In the ephedrine group, UA lactate concentration was higher (median 2.6 [interquartile range 2.3–3.3] vs 2.4 [1.9–3.0] mmol.l−1, p = 0.002) and UV lactate concentration was higher (2.5 [2.2–3.2] vs 2.3 [1.9–2.8] mmol.l−1, p = 0.016) and more patients had nausea or vomiting (12.7% vs 3.9%, p = 0.02). Clinical neonatal outcome was similar. Of the protocol‐compliant patients (n = 148), UA Po2 and UV Po2 were lower in the phenylephrine group although oxygen content was similar. We conclude that phenylephrine and ephedrine are both suitable vasopressors for use in non‐elective Caesarean sections.
Comparison of the Glidescope®, the McGrath®, the Airtraq® and the Macintosh laryngoscopes in simulated difficult airways*
Authors: Savoldelli G. L. , Schiffer E. , Abegg C. , Baeriswyl V. , Clergue F. , Waeber J. L. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySeveral indirect laryngoscopes have recently been developed, but relatively few have been formally compared. In this study we evaluated the efficacy and the usability of the Macintosh, the Glidescope®, the McGrath® and the Airtraq® laryngoscopes. Sixty anaesthesia providers (20 staff, 20 residents, and 20 nurses) were enrolled into this study. The volunteers intubated the trachea of a Laerdal SimMan® manikin in three simulated difficult airway scenarios. In all scenarios, indirect laryngoscopes provided better laryngeal exposure than the Macintosh blade and appeared to produce less dental trauma. In the most difficult scenario (tongue oedema), the Macintosh blade was associated with a high rate of failure and prolonged intubation times whereas indirect laryngoscopes improved intubation time and rarely failed. Indirect laryngoscopes were judged easier to use than the Macintosh. Differences existed between indirect devices. The Airtraq® consistently provided the most rapid intubation. Laryngeal grade views were superior with the Airtraq® and McGrath® than with the Glidescope®.
Mitochondrial DNA D‐loop sequences suggest a Southeast Asian and Indian origin of Zimbabwean village chickens
Authors: Muchadeyi F. C. , Eding H. , Simianer H. , Wollny C. B. A. , Groeneveld E. , Weigend S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis study sought to assess mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and phylogeographic structure of chickens from five agro‐ecological zones of Zimbabwe. Furthermore, chickens from Zimbabwe were compared with populations from other geographical regions (Malawi, Sudan and Germany) and other management systems (broiler and layer purebred lines). Finally, haplotypes of these animals were aligned to chicken sequences, taken from GenBank, that reflected populations of presumed centres of domestication. A 455‐bp fragment of the mtDNA D‐loop region was sequenced in 283 chickens of 14 populations. Thirty‐two variable sites that defined 34 haplotypes were observed. In Zimbabwean chickens, diversity within ecotypes accounted for 96.8% of the variation, indicating little differentiation between ecotypes. The 34 haplotypes clustered into three clades that corresponded to (i) Zimbabwean and Malawian chickens, (ii) broiler and layer purebred lines and Northwest European chickens, and (iii) a mixture of chickens from Zimbabwe, Sudan, Northwest Europe and the purebred lines. Diversity among clades explained more than 80% of the total variation. Results indicated the existence of two distinct maternal lineages evenly distributed among the five Zimbabwean chicken ecotypes. For one of these lineages, chickens from Zimbabwe and Malawi shared major haplotypes with chicken populations that have a Southeast Asian background. The second maternal lineage, probably from the Indian subcontinent, was common to the five Zimbabwean chicken ecotypes, Sudanese and Northwest European chickens as well as purebred broiler and layer chicken lines. A third maternal lineage excluded Zimbabwean and other African chickens and clustered with haplotypes presumably originating from South China.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci for clinical–chemical traits in swine
Authors: Reiner G. , Clemens N. , Fischer R. , Köhler F. , Berge T. , Hepp S. , Willems H. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryClinical–chemical traits are diagnostic parameters essential for characterization of health and disease in veterinary practice. The traits show significant variability and are under genetic control, but little is known about the fundamental genetic architecture of this variability, especially in swine. We have identified QTL for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate (LAC), bilirubin (BIL), creatinine (CRE) and ionized sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca++) from the serum of 139 F2 pigs from a Meishan/Pietrain family before and after challenge with Sarcocystis miescheriana, a protozoan parasite of muscle. After infection, the pigs passed through three stages representing acute disease, subclinical disease and chronic disease. Forty‐two QTL influencing clinical–chemical traits during these different stages were identified on 15 chromosomes. Eleven of the QTL were significant on a genome‐wide level; 31 QTL were chromosome‐wide significant. QTL showed specific health/disease patterns with respect to the baseline values of the traits as well as the values obtained through the different stages of disease. QTL influencing different traits at different times were found primarily on chromosomes 1, 3, 7 and 14. The most prominent QTL for the investigated clinical–chemical traits mapped to SSC3 and 7. Baseline traits of ALP, LAC, BIL, Ca++ and K+ were influenced by QTL regions on SSC3, 6, 7, 8 and 13. Single QTL explained up to 21.7% of F2 phenotypic variance. Our analysis confirms that variation of clinical–chemical traits is associated with multiple chromosomal regions.
Remission induction therapy containing rituximab markedly improved the outcome of untreated mature B cell lymphoma
Authors: Nagai Hirokazu , Yano Takahiro , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Uike Naokuni , Okamura Seiichi , Hanada Shuichi , Kawano Fumio , Sunami Kazutaka , Inoue Nobumasa , Sawamura Morio , Nishiura Tetsuo , Hotta Tomomitsu , Horibe Keizo 
Published: November 2008

SummaryMany controlled clinical trials have proven that rituximab improves the clinical outcome of patients with mature B cell lymphoma. This study was conducted to assess the contribution of rituximab in the actual clinical practice. Patients with newly diagnosed mature B cell lymphoma treated at 20 National Hospital Organization hospitals from January 2000 to December 2004 were consecutively registered. Rituximab was approved in September 2002 for indolent B cell lymphoma and in September 2003 for aggressive B cell lymphoma in Japan. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they received induction therapy containing rituximab. The endpoint was to evaluate the rituximab benefit based on 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and 2‐year overall survival (OS). A total 1126 patients received chemotherapies. Of these, 762 were diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and 215 as follicular lymphoma (FL). PFS and OS were markedly improved in the rituximab group compared with the non‐rituximab group in patients with DLBCL (both P < 0·001) and in patients with FL (P < 0·001 and P = 0·003 respectively). Rituximab, when used for remission induction therapy, significantly improved the clinical outcome of the mature B cell lymphoma patient in actual clinical practice.
The danger within: endogenous danger signals, atopy and asthma
Authors: Willart M. A. M. , Lambrecht B. N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn allergic asthmatics, airway inflammation is triggered by specific (inhalation of allergen such as house dust mite allergen and pollen spores) or non‐specific triggers (such as air pollutants and viral infection). Most of these inhaled particles are immunologically inert. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for priming and T helper‐2 differentiation of naïve T cells towards aeroallergens. Contamination of antigens with pattern‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is required to activate DCs to mount an immune response. Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as uric acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), also contribute to the induction of inflammation by activation and recruitment of various inflammatory cells. Compelling evidence suggests that a tight collaboration between PAMPs and DAMPs is needed to start an immune response to allergens. Several studies have recently demonstrated an important role of endogenous danger signals at the inception and maintenance phase of allergic disease. Further research into this area should focus on the possible role of these factors in maintenance of chronic disease and induction of airway remodelling.
Identification et distribution des virus responsables de mosaiques chez les cucurbitacées en Tunisie
Authors: Mnari‐Hattab M. , Jebari H. , Zouba A. 
Published: November 2008

Les cucurbitacées sont économiquement importantes en Tunisie, elles sont sujettes à plusieurs maladies virales qui ont des effets néfastes sur les rendements et la valeur marchande de la production. Des symptômes de mosaïques sévères sur les feuilles ont été observés dans toutes les cultures de cucurbitacées de plein champ et sous abris. Des prospections (2000–2001, 2002–2003) ont été réalisées afin de tenter d’identifier les virus responsables de ces symptômes. Les échantillons symptomatiques ont été collectés dans les régions majeures de production des cucurbitacées et testés par DAS‐ELISA pour la présence des virus suivants: ZYMV, WMV, MWMV, PRSV‐W, ZYFV CMV, SqMV et MNSV.Cette étude a confirmé la présence de six virus (WMV, CMV, PRSV‐W, ZYMV, ZYFV et SqMV) déjà décrits avec une évolution très remarquable de la fréquence du ZYMV dans toutes les régions prospectées et sur toutes les espèces testées. Le pourcentage d’infection a atteint les 34% durant les prospections (2002–2003). Par contre le MWMV s’est révélé absent au niveau de tous les échantillons testés.Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois la présence du MNSV dans plus de 9% des échantillons testés et ce sur melon de plein champ et sous abris, sur courge et sur pastèque. En outre, nous rapportons pour la première fois l’infection d’une cucurbitacée sauvage, Ecballium elaterium, par le CMV, PRSV‐W et WMV.Les résultats ont montré aussi qu’un pourcentage d’échantillons montrant des symptômes de mosaïques n’a pas été expliqué par la présence de l’un ou l’autre des virus étudiés. Ceci pourrait s’expliquer par l’existence d’autres virus ou de facteurs abiotiques qui restent à identifier.
Ex vivo antimicrobial activity of several bleaching agents used during the walking bleach technique
Authors: Oliveira D. P. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Zaia A. A. , Souza‐Filho F. J. , Ferraz C. C. R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim  To investigate ex vivo the antimicrobial activity of a paste of sodium perborate associated with various vehicles comparing it with 37% carbamide peroxide and 35% hydrogen peroxide.Methodology  The antimicrobial activity of these agents was evaluated against three microorganisms: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. One millilitre of each tested substance was placed on the bottom of wells of 24‐well cell culture plates. Six wells were used for each time period and group. Two millilitres of the microbial suspension was ultrasonically mixed for 10 s with the bleaching pastes and placed in contact with them for 10, 30, 45 s; 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 min; and 1 and 2 h. After each period of time, 1 mL from each well was transferred to tubes containing 2 mL of freshly prepared brain heart infusion agar + neutralizers. Agar plates were inoculated in appropriate gaseous conditions. Data were analysed statistically by the Kruskal–Wallis test with the level of significance set at P < 0.05.Results  In all groups containing chlorhexidine (groups 3, 5 and 7), the antimicrobial activity of the bleaching paste was significantly increased when compared with groups with other kinds of vehicle (groups 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8). For all tested groups, the most resistant microorganism was E. faecalis.Conclusions  Chlorhexidine when used as a vehicle for sodium perborate enhanced its antimicrobial activity.
Dens invaginatus. Part 2: clinical, radiographic features and management options
Authors: Bishop K. , Alani A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim  To describe the possible clinical and radiographic features of this developmental anomaly, review previous treatment recommendations and suggest management options based on the classification of the problem.Summary  This paper describes the clinical and radiographic features related to the different types of dens invaginatus and highlights those features which may indicate the presence of a previously undetected invagination. Aids to clinical diagnosis are described together with a description of the possible radiographic features, which may suggest the presence of an invagination. Previous treatment suggestions are described and suggestions as to possible management options, based on current endodontic knowledge and the classification of the problems are described.Key learning points • Thorough clinical and radiographic examination is required to diagnose and successfully treat minor to severe invaginations.• Modern clinical techniques may facilitate the management of invaginations once considered untreatable.
Efficacy of rotary instruments with greater taper in preparing oval root canals
Authors: ElAyouti A. , Chu A. ‐L. , Kimionis I. , Klein C. , Weiger R. , Löst C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim  To compare the preparation quality of two rotary systems and NiTi‐hand files in oval root canals, and to evaluate the effect of canal dimensions on the preparation.Methodology  Ninety roots with oval root canals were selected. The middle third was cross sectioned at two levels and photographed. The maximum and minimum diameters of the root and canal were recorded. Teeth were distributed in three groups (n = 30) using stratified randomization, and prepared under simulated clinical conditions with Mtwo, ProTaper, or NiTi‐hand files. The pre‐ and post‐preparation photographs were traced and superimposed, the thickness of dentine removed was measured and the ratio of prepared canal outline was calculated. The impact of preparation system and canal dimensions on the quality of the preparation was evaluated using regression analysis.Results  With regards to the ratio of prepared canal outline, no statistical significant difference was found between Mtwo (0.75 [95%CI: 0.69; 0.81]) and ProTaper (0.75 [95%CI: 0.69; 0.80]), but both systems performed significantly better than NiTi‐hand files (0.65 [95%CI: 0.60; 0.71]). In six root canals in Mtwo‐group (20%), and eight root canals in ProTaper‐group (27%), the minimal thickness of dentine‐wall after preparation was less than 0.5 mm. In contrast to the maximum diameter of the root canal, the minimum diameter influenced the quality of the preparation (P = 0.0006).Conclusions  No instrumentation technique was able to circumferentially prepare the oval outline of root canals. Nevertheless, instruments with greater taper (ProTaper and Mtwo) were more efficient than NiTi‐ hand files, but this was, in some cases, at the expense of remaining dentine‐wall thickness.
The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of children in a highly polluted urban region and a windfarm‐green energy island
Authors: KUSCU OZGUR ONDER , ÇAGLAR ESBER , ASLAN SEDA , DURMUSOGLU ERTAN , KARADEMIR AYKAN , SANDALLI NUKET 
Published: November 2008

Backround.  Children's developing teeth may be sensitive to environmental pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. The term molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) was introduced to describe the clinical appearance of enamel hypomineralization of systemic origin affecting one or more permanent first molars (PFMs) that are associated frequently with affected incisors.Aim.  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalance of MIH in children from the most industrialized and polluted region and the most green‐energy island of Turkey.Design.  In September 2007, a retrospective study was initiated in two elementary schools: one, a group of children (N = 153) who fitted the criteria from Tavsancil, Kocaeli (N = 109) and the other from Bozcaada island, Canakkale (N = 44). The soil samples were collected from selected regions in order to determine the contamination levels in a heavily industrialized area and a non‐industrialized area.Results.  Prevalance of MIH in children in Bozcaada island was 9.1%, while prevalance of MIH was 9.2% in Tavsancil. The PCDD/F levels in soil samples collected from Bozcaada and Tavsancil were determined as 1,12 and 8,4 I‐TEQ ng/kg dry soil, respectively (P < 0.001).Conclusions.  In this preliminary study with a small study population, prevalence of MIH did not seem to be associated with the levels of PCDD/Fs in the environment.
Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review
Authors: McAuliffe Linda , Nay Rhonda , O’Donnell Megan , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTitle.  Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review. Aim.  This paper is a report of a literature review conducted to identify barriers to successful pain assessment in older adults with dementia and possible strategies to overcome such barriers.Background.  Pain is frequently undetected, misinterpreted, or inaccurately assessed in older adults with cognitive impairment. These people are often unable to articulate or convey how they feel and are often perceived as incapable of experiencing or recalling pain.Data sources.  Searches were conducted of CINAHL, Medline and other databases for the period 1993–2007 using the search terms pain, dementia, assess*, barrier* and obstacle*.Methods.  Studies were critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted using instruments specifically developed for the review. Studies were categorized according to levels of evidence defined by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Joanna Briggs Institute.Results.  Perceived barriers to successful pain assessment in people with dementia included lack of recognition of pain, lack of sufficient education and/or training, misdiagnosis or late diagnosis, and non‐use of assessment tools. Barriers related to people with dementia included insufficient evidence, the possibility of a ‘no pain’ subset of people with dementia, type of pain, and stoical attitudes. Strategies proposed as means of overcoming these barriers included knowing the person, knowing by diversity/intuitive perception, education and training, and use of adequate tools.Conclusion.  More extensive education and training about the relationship between pain and dementia are urgently needed, as is the development and implementation of an effective pain assessment tool specifically designed to detect and measure pain in older adults with all stages of dementia.