bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The process of creative construction: knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and economic growth
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree , Audretsch David , Sarkar M. B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestioning the underlying assumptions of the process of creative destruction, we conceptualize an alternative process of creative construction that may characterize the dynamics between entrants and incumbents. We discuss the underlying mechanism of knowledge spillover strategic entrepreneurship whereby knowledge investments by existing organizations, when coupled with entrepreneurial action by individuals embedded in their context, results in new venture creation, heterogeneity in performance, and subsequent growth in industries, regions, and economies. The framework has implications for future research in entrepreneurship, strategy, and economic growth. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Association of different obesity indices with blood pressure and blood lipids in children and adolescents
Authors: Plachta-Danielzik Sandra , Landsberg Beate , Johannsen Maike , Lange Dominique , Müller Manfred James 
Published: March 2008

The aim of the present study was to compare individual associations of BMI, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC) and percentage fat mass (%FM) with blood pressure (BP) and blood lipids in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional data on BMI, TSF, WC, %FM as well as on BP, TAG and HDL were analysed in 4220 (BP) and 729 (lipids) 9–11-year-old children and 3174 (BP) and 536 (lipids) 13–16-year-old adolescents as part of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study. All obesity indices were similarly associated with BP and blood lipids. In girls, WC had closer correlations to BP than BMI (systolic BP: 0·27 and 0·24 for BMI, 0·34 and 0·28 for WC in 9–11- and 13–16-year-olds). Subjects with an obesity index ≥ 90th percentile had higher prevalences of elevated BP and blood lipids than subjects with a normal index. In children with normal BMI or WC, an additionally elevated second obesity index was associated with a 2·5–7·4-fold higher prevalence of high BP when compared with children with normal indices. In adolescents, an elevated WC plus an elevated second obesity index was associated with a 2·6–8·2-fold higher prevalence of high BP when compared with adolescents with an elevated WC plus a normal second index. We conclude that (i) both BMI and WC are appropriate to estimate CVD risk, (ii) the use of a second obesity index is recommended in children with normal BMI or normal WC as well as in adolescents with elevated WC and (iii) all obesity indices seemed to be appropriate for risk assessment.
Validity and reliability of body composition analysers in children and adults
Authors: Jensky-Squires Nicole E. , Dieli-Conwright Christina M. , Rossuello Amerigo , Erceg David N. , McCauley Scott , Schroeder E. Todd 
Published: March 2008

We tested the validity and reliability of the BioSpace InBody 320, Omron and Bod-eComm body composition devices in men and women (n 254; 21–80 years) and boys and girls (n 117; 10–17 years). We analysed percentage body fat (%BF) and compared the results with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in adults and compared the results of the InBody with underwater weighing (UW) in children. All body composition devices were correlated (r 0·54–0·97; P ≤ 0·010) to DEXA except the Bod-eComm in women aged 71–80 years (r 0·54; P = 0·106). In girls, the InBody %BF was correlated with UW (r 0·79; P ≤ 0·010); however, a more moderate correlation (r 0·69; P ≤ 0·010) existed in boys. Bland–Altman plots indicated that all body composition devices underestimated %BF in adults (1·0–4·8 %) and overestimated %BF in children (0·3–2·3 %). Lastly, independent t tests revealed that the mean %BF assessed by the Bod-eComm in women (aged 51–60 and 71–80 years) and in the Omron (age 18–35 years) were significantly different compared with DEXA (P ≤ 0·010). In men, the Omron (aged 18–35 years), and the InBody (aged 36–50 years) were significantly different compared with DEXA (P = 0·025; P = 0·040 respectively). In addition, independent t tests indicated that the InBody mean %BF in girls aged 10–17 years was significantly different from UW (P = 0·001). Pearson's correlation analyses demonstrated that the Bod-eComm (men and women) and Omron (women) had significant mean differences compared with the reference criterion; therefore, the %BF output from these two devices should be interpreted with caution. The repeatability of each body composition device was supported by small CV ( < 3·0 %).
MODERNIZATION OR CULTURAL MAINTENANCE: THE PRACTICE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN IRAN
Authors: JALAL ABBASI-SHAVAZI MOHAMMAD , MCDONALD PETER , HOSSEINI-CHAVOSHI MEIMANAT 
Published: March 2008

SummaryConsanguineous marriage has been the culturally preferred form of marriage in Iran. This paper examines the extent to which education, urbanization and changes in modes of economic production have affected the incidence of consanguineous marriage and attitudes towards consanguineous marriages. The 2002 Iran Fertility Transition Survey conducted in the four provinces of Gilan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Yazd and West Azarbaijan provides information on the degree of relationship of marriage partners from around 6550 ever-married women aged 15–49. Attitudinal data were also obtained. Overall, the level of marriage to biological relatives ranged from 23% in Gilan to 78% in Sistan and Baluchistan. The paper finds that the practice of marriage to biological relatives has remained surprisingly resilient in the face of modernizing influences and that ethnicity, province and area of residence remain important determinants. On the other hand, attitudes have shifted towards marriage with a non-relative. Anthropological research would illuminate the processes of consanguineous marriage in Iran.
Atoms in Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: HORA HEINRICH 
Published: March 2008

Atoms in Electromagnetic Fields, Second Edition, by C.
Cohen-Tannoudji, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 752
pages, US $128.00, ISBN: 9812389423The publisher has the merit to convince the author first against his
reluctance to prepare this compendium of reprints but it is a rare case
where this was so successful that a second extended edition was necessary.
It contains the most outstanding work which led to the Nobel Price for the
author who started from the work of one of the pioneers on spectroscopy
for the laser, Nobel Lauerate Alfred Kastler.
A bilateral teleoperation controller considering the transition between the free space motion and the constrained motion
Authors: Wang Heng , Low K. H. , Wang Michael Yu 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA two-channel bilateral controller is proposed for teleoperation systems. The controller takes into account both the free space motion and the constrained motion. Specifically, the force-position (F-P) architecture is applied during the constrained motion, while the position-position (P-P) architecture is applied during the free space motion. Theoretically, perfect transparency can be achieved. In addition, it does not need to switch the control modes of the master and the slave controllers during the transition between the free space motion and the constrained motion. Experiments are conducted to validate the analysis, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed bilateral controller. The limitations of the proposed controller are also discussed.
Dynamic context management for pervasive applications
Authors: EUZENAT JÉRÔME , PIERSON JÉRÔME , RAMPARANY FANO 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPervasive computing aims at providing services for human beings that interact with their environment (encompassing objects and people who reside in it). Pervasive computing applications must be able to take into account the context in which users evolve, for example, physical location, social or hierarchical position, current tasks as well as related information. These applications have to deal with the dynamic integration in the environment of new, and sometimes unexpected, elements (users or devices). In turn, the environment has to provide context information to newly designed applications. This requires a framework which is open, dynamic and minimal. We describe an architecture in which context information is distributed in the environment and context managers use semantic Web technologies in order to identify and characterize available resources. The components in the environment maintain their own context expressed in RDF (Resource Description Framework) and described through OWL ontologies. They may communicate this information to other components, obeying a simple protocol for identifying them and determining the information they can provide. We show how this architecture allows introducing new devices and new applications without interrupting what is working. In particular, the openness of ontology description languages makes possible the extension of context descriptions and ontology matching helps dealing with independently developed ontologies.
Personalized information retrieval based on context and ontological knowledge
Authors: MYLONAS PH. , VALLET D. , CASTELLS P. , FERNÁNDEZ M. , AVRITHIS Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractContext modeling has long been acknowledged as a key aspect in a wide variety of problem domains. In this paper we focus on the combination of contextualization and personalization methods to improve the performance of personalized information retrieval. The key aspects in our proposed approach are (1) the explicit distinction between historic user context and live user context, (2) the use of ontology-driven representations of the domain of discourse, as a common, enriched representational ground for content meaning, user interests, and contextual conditions, enabling the definition of effective means to relate the three of them, and (3) the introduction of fuzzy representations as an instrument to properly handle the uncertainty and imprecision involved in the automatic interpretation of meanings, user attention, and user wishes. Based on a formal grounding at the representational level, we propose methods for the automatic extraction of persistent semantic user preferences, and live, ad-hoc user interests, which are combined in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of personalization for retrieval.
Situational reasoning for task-oriented mobile service recommendation
Authors: LUTHER MARKO , FUKAZAWA YUSUKE , WAGNER MATTHIAS , KURAKAKE SHOJI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe study the case of integrating situational reasoning into a mobile service recommendation system. Since mobile Internet services are rapidly proliferating, finding and using appropriate services require profound service descriptions. As a consequence, for average mobile users it is nowadays virtually impossible to find the most appropriate service among the many offered. To overcome these difficulties, task navigation systems have been proposed to guide users towards best-fitting services. Our goal is to improve the user experience of such task navigation systems making them context-aware (i.e. to optimize service navigation by taking the user's situation into account). We propose the integration of a situational reasoning engine that applies classification-based inference to qualitative context elements, gathered from multiple sources and represented using ontologies. The extended task navigator enables the delivery of situation-aware recommendations in a proactive way. Initial experiments with the extended system indicate a considerable improvement of the navigator's usability.
Spatial distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast)
Authors: Noblezada Mary Mar P. , Campos Wilfredo L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNoblezada, M. M. P., and Campos, W. L. 2008. Spatial distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 484–494. The composition, abundance, and distribution of chaetognaths off the northern Bicol Shelf, Philippines (Pacific coast), from 31 stations along transects perpendicular to the coast were analysed. Samples were collected in April, 2001. In all, 26 species belonging to 14 genera were identified. Flaccisagitta enflata was the most abundant and frequently captured species at all stations, and constituted 41.9% of the total specimens. Most of the smallest diversity values were observed from areas affected by upwelling, although the greatest densities were observed at stations located within the upwelling zones. The occurrence of mesopelagic and bathypelagic species (Decipisagitta decipiens, Caecosagitta macrocephala, and Eukrohnia fowleri), in samples collected from upper water layers, could be explained by vertical transport caused by upwelling.
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM WITH HYPERTENSION DUE TO A 17α‐HYDROXYLATION DEFICIENCY
Authors: TOURNIAIRE JACQUES , AUDI‐PARERA LAURA , LORAS BERNADETTE , BLUM JACQUES , CASTELNOVO PAUL , FOREST MAGUELONE G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case of male pseudohermaphroditism aged 48 years with systemic hypertension and hypokalaemic alkalosis is described. Results of metabolic studies point to a 17α‐hydroxylase deficiency deficiency demonstrated by low cortisol (0.56 mg/24 h), high corticosterone (270 mg/24 h) and 11‐deoxycorticosterone (5 mg/24 h) secretion rates. Adrenocorticotrophin and gonadotrophin levels were markedly raised but plasma androstenedione (3 ng/ dl), testosterone (17 ng/dl), oestrone (3 ng/dl) and oestradiol (1.8 ng/dl) were all low.Plasma aldosterone levels and secretion rates in urine were low and were surprisingly unaffected by dexamethasone therapy although low renin levels rose with a marked return of the erect posture effect. Therapeutic levels of dexamethasone were, however, followed by incipient renal failure.
CALCIUM ION AS SECOND MESSENGER
Authors: RASMUSSEN HOWARD , JENSEN PAMELA , LAKE WILLIAM , GOODMAN DAVID B. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe role of calcium as an intracellular messenger in the activation of eukaryotic cells is discussed. Particular emphasis is devoted to: (1) the interrelationship between cell activation by chemical stimuli and alterations in intracellular calicum metabolism, and (2) the interrelated roles of calcium and the cyclic nucleotides, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, in achieving the final intergrated, co‐ordinated cellular response.
MODES OF INACTIVATION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES: SIGNIFICANCE OF PLASMA DISAPPEARANCE RATE FOR THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Authors: PLIŜKA VLADIMIR , RUDINGER JOSEF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAnalogues of oxytocin and deaminooxytocin with 4‐glutamine replaced by 4‐glutamic acid methyl ester readily lose their uterotonic activity when incubated with rat serum, presumably by hydrolysis to the much less active 4‐glutamic acid derivatives. On the other hand, inactivation of the deaminooxytocin analogue in the rat uterus, as demonstrated by the ‘oil‐bath’technique, is only slightly more rapid than that of deaminooxytocin and distinctly slower than that of oxytocin. Its in situ/in vitro ratio of uterotonic activity is less than 0.1 whereas that for deaminooxytocin is about 3 and also the persistence of the uterotonic effect in situ is slightly less than that of deaminooxytocin. The results with these ‘rapidly inactivated’analogues can be used as proof of some predictions of the three‐compartment model for tissue distribution of neurohypophysial hormones and its influence upon the time course of a biological response published earlier. The potential use of analogues of neurohypophysial hormones as probes for inactivation mechanisms and the results thus far obtained are discussed.
THE ASSAY OF 1α, 25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3: PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC MODULATION OF CIRCULATING HORMONE LEVELS
Authors: HAUSSLER M. R. , BAYKLINK D. J. , HUGHES M. R. , BRUMBAUGH P. F. , WERGEDAL J. E. , SHEN F. H. , NIELSEN R. L. , COUNTS S. J. , BURSAC K. M. , McCAIN T. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA sensitive radioreceptor assay for 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25‐(OH)2D3) is utilized to quantitate the circulating concentration of this sterol in experimental animals and humans. When weanling rats are grown for 2 weeks on low calcium or low phosphate diets, limited availability of either ion elicits a five‐fold increase in the plasma level of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3. The enhancement of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 in calcium deficiency is dependent upon the presence of the parathyroid and/or thyroid glands, which is consistent with parathyroid hormone (PTH) mediation of this effect. In contrast, the response to phosphate deficiency is independent of these glands and may result from a direct action of low phosphate on the renal synthesis of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3. Studies in humans indicate that the normal level of 1α,25‐(OH)2D is 2.1‐4.5 ng/100 ml plasma. Patients with chronic renal failure have markedly lower circulating 1α,25‐(OH)2D and this kidney hormone is undectectable in anephirc subjects, but returns to normal within 1 day after successful renal transplantation. Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparatghyroidism are associated with reduced plasma 1α,25‐(OH)2D while patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have significantly elevated sterol hormone levels. Thus, from measurements in rats and humans, it appears that circulating 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 is regulated by PTH and/or phosphate and that abnormal plasma 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 is a part of the pathophysiology of renal osteodystrophy and parathyroid disorders.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON INTESTINAL HORMONAL POLYPEPTIDES
Authors: MUTT VIKTOR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAttempts are described to identify additional polypeptides of hormonal nature in a concentrate of intestinal polypeptides shown previously to contain secretin, cholecystokinin‐pancreozymin (CCK), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enteroglucagon and chymodenin. The probable amino acid sequence of a variant form of CCK is discolsed. The possibility of using characteristic fragments of polypeptides for the quantitation of the polypeptides themselves in crude preparations is briefly discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR SECRETION OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE BY TUMOURS OF PANCREAS, ADRENAL MEDULLA, THYROID AND LUNG: SUPPORT FOR THE UNIFYING APUD CONCEPT
Authors: SAID SAMI I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLevels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma or tissue from thirty‐five patients with watery diarrhoea, and in plasma of twenty‐five normal controls. Plasma levels were between 0.6 and 11.0 ng/ml in thirty‐one of the thirty‐three patients in whom it was measured and too low to measure (<200 pg/ml) in the other two. Peptide levels were <200 pg/ml in twenty‐three of the controls, but higher in the remaining two. All tissues from patients were ‘rich’in VIP (10 ng to 35 μg per g). The aetiologic diagnoses included pancreatic islet‐cell adenoma or adenocarcinoma, islet‐cell hyperplasia, bronchogenic carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and retroperitoneal histocytoma. The findings support the conclusions that: (1) VIP is a likely mediator of the watery‐diarrhoea syndrome; (2) the syndrome may result from a variety of tumours; (3) this or a related peptide hormone may be secreted by these tumours; and (4) these tumours may have a common embryonic origin.
GUT ENDOCRINOLOGY: CORRELATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY
Authors: POLAK J. M. , BLOOM S. R. , PEARSE A. G. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe gastrointestinal tract is a large and complex endocrine organ. Elucidation of its nature, and the actions of its individual hormonal components, has advanced in recent years following the purification and sequencing of six probable hormones and the subsequent development of radioimmunoassay techniques for their measurement and immunocytochemistry for the determination of their cellular origin. Immunoassay and immunocytochemistry are clearly complimentary to each other in providing a fuller understanding of the dynamics of endocrine function at the cellular level. This is illustrated in the examples described in this paper.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF α‐AZAPEPTIDES: α‐AZA‐ANALOGUES OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE
Authors: DUTTA A. S. , FURR B. J. A. , GILES M. B. , MORLEY J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe term ‘α‐azapeptides’is applied to analogues derived by change of one or more of the α‐CHs of amino‐acid residues in peptides by N; in such analogues the overall polarity of the molecule and the spacing of side‐chain residues is preserved, but stability towards peptidases may be increased because of the changed conformational situation at the residue or residues involved in the change. Three α‐aza‐analogues of LHRH, i.e. azaglycine6‐, azalanine10‐LHRH, and two α‐aza‐analogues of des‐His‐LHRH, i.e. azalglycine6‐and azalanine 6‐des‐His‐LHRH in inducing ovulation in androgen‐sterilized, constant‐oestrus rats, but less potent than LHRH in causing LH release in immature male rats. Evidence of increased duration of action was not obtained. The two aza‐analogues of des‐His‐LHRH were neither agonists nor antagonists in these two test systems.
CHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: POTTS, Jr JOHN T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMany recent studies, only a few of which are reviewed here (see Habener & Pots, 1976, for a detailed summary) have led to considerable clarification concerning critical features of the chemistry, biosynthesis, secretion and mode of action of parathyroid hormone. Certain of the confusion recently experienced in measurements of parathyroid hormone in blood is clearly explained by the heterogeneity arising from various forms of parathyroid hormone arising during biosynthesis and metabolism. Ultimately, as critical featrues of biosynthesis and metabolism of PTH as well as chemical definition of various molecular forms are achieved, considerable refinement in immunoassays should result. These advances in turn should provide better insights into the role of parathyroid dysfunction in various disorders of calcium and skeletal metabolism. From the physiological viewpoint, a clearer appreciation of the homeostatic role of parathyroid hormone in calcium metabolism is emerging as the essential features of biosynthesis, release, metabolism and action of the hormone are uncovered.