bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom of information rights may result in the FSA's views about regulated firms becoming public
Authors: Conceicao Carlos , Gray Rosalind 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the implications of recent decisions by the UK Information Commissioner under the Freedom of Information Act 2000, ordering the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA), over its objections, to disclose details of certain investigations.Design/methodology/approachExplains the details of two recent decisions by the Information Commissioner that have called into question whether the FSA can refuse to disclose the names of firms it investigates or censures privately or informally.FindingsIf the Information Commissioner's view is upheld over the FSA's appeals, the FSA could no longer conduct mystery shopping exercises and other types of informal thematic investigations without the risk of the details of those exercises having to be disclosed, and the Information Commissioner's reasoning could possibly be extended to require the disclosure of the FSA's views about firms expressed in reports prepared by supervisors, such as Arrow reports, and private warnings.Originality/valuePractical interpretation of FSA policy by expert securities lawyers.
Exploring strategy‐misaligned performance measurement
Authors: Pongatichat Panupak , Johnston Robert 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to explore the possibility that some degree of misalignment between performance measures and strategy, far from being counterproductive, could indeed have some benefits. The research question underpinning this paper is what the benefits are of misalignment between performance measurement and strategy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on the results of a four‐year empirical study into performance management. The four research sites were central government agencies that should be adept at managing realignment of performance measures, as government strategy is often the subject of frequent change. Data were collected from 30 semi‐structured interviews and from documentation.FindingsIt could be contended that alignment deterioration, in both private and public organisations, is a natural phenomenon resulting from either continuous changes in the external environment and/or frequent, or at least occasional, changes in the internal environment. It could further be suggested that in some cases these misalignments might not be accidental but understood and created by the managers. All the senior managers interviewed understood that their measures ought to align with strategy.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has several limitations including the limited number of organisations studied and the number of interviews conducted. The paper raises several questions for further research.Practical implicationsSeveral questions are posed for managers as to how they might deal with opportunities from the misalignment of performance measures and strategy.Originality/valueA substantial body of knowledge has developed over the last 20 years on performance measurement and management in both the private and public sectors, though the majority of material is concerned with private sector applications. This review of the performance management literature has identified over 400 papers and texts, just under a quarter of which (92/425) are set in a public sector context.
The employment of female nationals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Authors: Gallant Monica , Pounder James S. 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the reasons why the employment of Emirati females in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is not currently realizing its potential.Design/methodology/approachA literature‐based study that employs a framework adapted to predict the incidence of the employment of female nationals in the UAE. This gives rise to an analysis of reasons why this employment is not achieving the predicted level.FindingsThe study indicates that cultural factors are largely responsible for inhibiting the level of employment of Emirati females in the UAE.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper presents a focused literature study and does not contain the first‐hand accounts of Emirati females both employed and not employed. It does, however, provide the basis for obtaining such first‐hand accounts in future studies.Practical implicationsThe study indicates that in a rapidly developing economy such as that of the UAE, cultural mores may take some time to catch up with the speed of economic development. Government leaders need to be aware of the need for cultural adaptation to take place before their plans for development can be fully realized using nationals as the driving force for these plans.Originality/valueThe paper is one of the few attempting to assess the effects of culture of the incidence of employment of female nationals in the UAE.
Globalisation and China's iron and steel industry
Authors: Hu Xiaoling , Ping Hua , Xie Charlene , Hu Xiaoju 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate China's import‐demand function for steel products within the context of globalisation.Design/methodology/approachThe research used the monthly data for the period 1996‐2004 and a cointegration procedure is applied in the estimation.FindingsThe results show that the price and income elasticities of China's import demand for steel are no different from those of other countries investigated by other researches. Specifically, the results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that China's import of steel products is strongly correlated with its economic activities and the fluctuation of its real exchange rate.Practical implicationsThe empirical results obtained are important both for government policy and for employment. On the one hand, the magnitude of imports may adversely affect employment in China's steel industry. On the other hand, any changes in China's domestic macroeconomic activity and its exchange rate will generate great uncertainty in the world steel market.Originality/valueThis paper may be the first of its kind to apply the cointegration technique in estimating China's import‐demand function for steel products. It is important, given China's dominant position as both the biggest producer and the biggest consumer of steel products.
Appointing a general manager in Sino‐US joint ventures
Authors: Lin Xiaohua 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine performance implications of general manager appointment in Sino‐US joint ventures, specifically whether there is a difference in outcomes when the appointment is made by the Chinese or American partner.Design/methodology/approachUsing a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 94 managers representing US and Chinese partners in 67 international joint ventures (IJVs) based in China.FindingsThe results show that, when the general manager is Chinese rather than American, there is heightened conflict on daily personnel management issues, but not on strategic and contract issues, and the overall levels of partner satisfaction and relationship commitment decrease as well.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was based on small sample size and cross‐sectional design.Originality/valueThis article focuses on the general manager appointment as a control mechanism and explores its link to IJV performance. It identifies daily/personnel issues as a source of conflicts that are associated with the right to appoint the IJV general manager.
Haemostatic Activity of Crude Cephalin Components
Authors: Cruz W. O. , Magalhães J. R. , Dietrich C. P. 
Published: March 2008

An extensive literature is available on the role of lipids on blood clotting in vitro, but attempts to investigate the influence of lipids upon haemostasis itself, that is the arrest of bleeding, have been few. The only papers found in literature were those by Hirschfelder (1915), Hanzlik (1918a, b) and Hanzlik and Weidenthal (1919), where it was shown that crude cephalin when applied to the wound has some effect on the control of skin bleeding.Through the use of dog hind‐leg preparation, adapted for studies on haemostasis in vivo, Cruz and Oliveira (1958) have provided experimental evidence to support the view that coagulation is not necessary for the arrest of bleeding in skin cuts, showing that normal bleeding times were obtained during perfusion with a noncoagulable blood sample (citrated arterial blood). In such preparations only arterial blood stops bleeding, whereas venous blood has no effect (Cruz, Oliveira and Magalhaes, 1958). We have used the inability of venous blood to arrest bleeding to demonstrate the haemostatic properties of various substances (Cruz, Oliveira and Magalhaes, 1959; Cruz, Magalhaes and Oliveira, 19600), which, when added to venous blood, converted it into haemostatic blood.It has been shown that crude cephalin was the active component of several organ extracts able to convert the non‐haemostatic venous blood into haemostatic blood (Cruz et al, 1959). As a first attempt to identify the active substance of crude cephalin, Folch's fractionation method (Folch, 1942) was used, and the haemostatic capacity of fractions I, HI and V tested. The results, showing that most of the activity of crude cephalin is to be found in fraction V (Fy), are presented in this paper.
The Incidence of β‐Thalassaemia in Greek and Italian Migrants in Australia and its Effects in Pregnancy
Authors: Ibbotson R. N. , Crompton Beverly A. 
Published: March 2008

Considerable interest and attention has been manifested during the last decade in the distribution and incidence of the various types of abnormal haemoglobins and a large body of evidence relating to the haemoglobins S, C, D and E has been accumulated. The difficulty in establishing a definite diagnosis of the thalassaemia trait has, however, largely excluded this condition from the statistical studies.In our investigation into the incidence of thalassaemia in the Greek and Italian population of South Australia we have used two approaches to the problem. Firstly, we estimated the haemoglobin A2 levels in the pregnant population at a maternity hospital on the assumption from previous work of our own and other workers (Josephson, Masri, Singer, Dworkin and Singer, 1958) that raised haemoglobin A2 levels are found only in thalassaemia of the β type, in some patients with megaloblastic anaemia and in congenital spherocytic anaemia. These two latter conditions are relatively easy to differentiate on routine haematological grounds. Secondly, the bloods of all pregnant women with haemoglobin values of less than 11.O g. per 100 ml. were surveyed in an attempt to find any cases of thalassaemia with normal haemoglobin A2 values on the grounds of microcytic anaemias with normal serumiron levels and showing no response to iron therapy.Apart from selected case reports there are few factual data available in the literature on the overall effects of pregnancy on the haematological status of the patient with thalassaemia. This aspect has been investigated in conjunction with the studies of the incidence of the β type of thalassaemia trait.
Antituberculous Drugs and Sideroblastic Anaemia
Authors: Verwilghen R. , Reybrouck G. , Callens L. , Cosemans J. 
Published: March 2008

One of the remarkable features of sideroblastic anaemia is that the anaemia of patients with either the acquired or the hereditary form of the disease may respond to treatment with pyridoxine. However, in spite of the response, the characteristic morphological abnormalities remain and the doses of pyridoxine required to produce benefit are often large. The relationship between pyridoxine deficiency and the ringed sideroblast phenomenon is therefore still obscure.We have observed five cases of anaemia in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation and treated with, among other drugs, isoniazid and cycloserine or pyrazinamide, drugs known to act as pyridoxine antagonists. In these patients there was an erythroid hyperplasia and an accumulation of basophilic and poorly haemoglobinized erythroblasts. Slight megaloblastoid changes were observed in some patients. Numerous ringed sideroblasts were present. The peripheral blood showed a moderate hypochromasia with a dimorphic picture. The leucocyte and platelet counts were normal. The scrum‐iron level was normal in three patients and markedly increased in two. The anaemia and the haematological abnormalities disappeared entirely when the treatment with cycloserine or pyrazinamide was interrupted, even though isoniazid and the other antituberculous drugs were continued.
Studies on the Purification and Stability of Human Antihaemophilic Factor (Factor VIII)
Authors: Kekwick R. A. , Walton P. L. 
Published: March 2008

In 1957, Kekwick and Wolf described the preparation and preliminary clinical testing of a concentrate of human antihaemophilic factor (Factor VIII), which was obtained from fresh normal human plasma by a modification of the fractionation scheme devised by Kekwick and Mackay (1954). Almost simultaneously a similar preparation was obtained by a modification of the Cohn fractionation procedure (Blombäck and Blombäck, 1956) and was tested clinically (Blombäck and Nilson, 1958).The development of an assay of greater precision than that used by Kekwick and Wolf (Pool and Robinson, 1959; Kekwick and Walton, 1964) has made it possible to examine factors affecting the stability of Factor VIII, to define more critically the conditions leading to an optimal recovery of Factor VIII from human plasma, and to explore steps for its further purification.The primary object of the work was to obtain preparations of greater potency for clinical use by procedures leading to a high recovery of activity and readily adaptable to fractionation on a large scale under aseptic conditions.
Some Observations on the Changes Preceding the Development of Megaloblastic Anaemia in Pregnancy with Particular Reference to the Neutrophil Leucocytes
Authors: Chanarin I. , Rothman D. , Ardeman S. , Berry V. 
Published: March 2008

There is considerable difference of opinion about the criteria for the diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia during pregnancy and about the value of laboratory tests both as an aid in diagnosis and as an indication of the nature of the ‘deficiency’. The urinary excretion of form‐iminoglutamic acid as a test for folic acid function in megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy has been found to be of great value by Hibbard (1964) and of little value by others (Chanarin, Rothman and Watson‐Williams, 1963; Hansen, 1964; Chisholm and Sharp, 1964). Megaloblastic anaemia in pregnancy may be found at a time when the serum L. casei (Folate) level is within the normal range (Waters and Mollin, 1961; Chanarin, 1964; Spray, 1964) but Ball and Giles (1964) find the estimation of the so‐called ‘labile’ serum L. casei activity of value. The data published by Izak, Rachmilewitz, Sadovsky, Bercovici, Aronowitch and Grossowicz (1961) indicate that assay of whole blood folic acid does not permit a distinction in pregnancy between iron deficiency anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia; however, Hansen (1964) found that whole blood folate was abnormally low in those patients with clinically significant folate deficiency in pregnancy.Recently we have studied the effect of various dietary supplements on the results of tests of folic acid function in pregnancy. These tests were carried out at regular intervals throughout pregnancy. Bone marrow samples were obtained in the last few weeks of pregnancy in 43 women in this study. Haemopoiesis was megaloblastic in 15 of these women and was normo‐blastic in the remaining 28. It is the purpose of this paper to compare the observations throughout pregnancy in the group who developed megaloblastic anaemia with those in women in whom haemopoiesis remained normoblastic.
Folate Deficiency in Polycythaemia Rubra Vera
Authors: Kremenchuzky S. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

The occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia and polycythaemia rubra vera in the same patient is a rare, but nevertheless well‐recognized association and a number of patients with both conditions have been described since Freund's first report (1919). In the great majority of these patients Addisonian pernicious anaemia was the cause of the megaloblastic anaemia and the association of vitamin B12 deficiency and polycythaemia vera has recently been reviewed several times (Engel and Stickney, 1962; Klipstein, 1962; Douglas and Rifkind, 1964).The association of folate deficiency and polycythaemia vera has not been adequately investigated, though increased folate clearance is known to occur in the myeloproliferative disorders (Chanarin, Mollin and Anderson, 1958a). The main purpose of the present communication is to describe the incidence and severity of folate deficiency in a group of patients with uncomplicated polycythaemia rubra vera. None of these 69 patients suffered from megaloblastic anaemia. One patient with polycythaemia vera who developed megaloblastic anaemia was studied during the same period. However, unlike the patients in the survey, he was not suffering from uncomplicated polycythaemia vera but had undergone partial gastrectomy 14 years previously and, for this reason, his findings are not included with those of the other patients. Details of the history of this patient are also given separately.
The Effect of Splenic Extract on the Reaction of Cells to Phytohaemagglutinin
Authors: Pegrum G. D. 
Published: March 2008

Bain, Vas and Lowenstein (1963, 1964) reported a reaction between peripheral blood leucocytes from different healthy donors, grown together in mixed culture. Cells were mixed in equal numbers in their own plasma following separation from red cells by centrifugation. Control cultures of the cells from each donor were grown separately. Cultures were examined at 5 days. Smears from the mixed cultures showed that some of the cells had undergone blastic transformation and occasional mitoses were observed. Autoradiographs after exposure to 3H‐thymidine revealed a striking increase in cells synthesizing desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) compared with the controls. Other elements of the blood, red cells, platelets, and plasma did not have this effect on homologous leucocytes. Hirschhorn, Bach, Kolodny, Firschein and Hashem (1963) observed a similar reaction with both viable and frozen‐thawed lymphocytes. Skin extracts either from a biopsy specimen, or long‐term cultures of human skin fibroblasts, also produced mitosis when added to lymphocytes of an unrelated individual. Hashem and Rosen (1964) fractionated extracts from human lymphocytes and found that fractions containing ribose nucleic acid (RNA) were mitogenic to homologous lymphocytes. This action was inhibited by RNA‐ase.Craddock (1960) and his co‐workers had noticed that intact or homogenized human granulocytes inhibited DNA synthesis by dog thoracic duct lymphocytes. A later paper from one of his collaborators and a colleague (Perry and Marsh, 1964) indicated that this same effect could be observed with human leucocytes in cultures. When cells from a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia were grown for a few hours in vitro, normal granulocytes or homogenates of normal or leukaemic cells inhibited DNA synthesis. In contrast to this, ‘incubation supernates’ from chronic myeloid leukaemic cells increased DNA synthesis.These findings with cellular material suggested it would be interesting to observe the effect of extracts from the reticulo‐endothelial system. Extracts of healthy human spleen were obtained and the effect on cells growing in tissue culture observed. Normal peripheral blood leucocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and then 24 hours later splenic extract added. In some cases, the extract was added first and the phytohaemagglutinin after 24 hours. Activity in the cultures was assessed by the number of cells taking up 3H‐thymidine.
Seasonal Fluctuation in Adhesive Platelets during Long‐Term Anticoagulant Therapy*
Authors: Eastham R. D. , Avis P. R. D. 
Published: March 2008

A mono‐amine oxidase inhibitor (Nialamide) has been shown to reduce the extent of induced thrombosis in experimental animals, and to enhance the anticoagulant effects of both phenindione and warfarin (Shimamoto, Yamazaki, Tsuchihashi and Sunaga, 1961; Shimamoto, Ishioka and Jujita, 1962), but these effects were apparent for only a few hours after administration of the drug. Maschouf, Robinson and LeBeau (1964) were able to demonstrate a rapid reduction in platelet adhesiveness in human subjects following a single dose of 75–100 mg., but long‐term treatment of patients with Nialamide alone in doses of 75–200 mg. daily, or in doses of 75 mg. daily in combination with phenindione, had no obvious effect on the total platelet count, or on the adhesive or non‐adhesive platelet count (Eastham, 1964b; Maschouf et al., 1964).Control platelet counts taken from male patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy with phenindione alone appeared to show some seasonal fluctuation. These results have therefore been examined in detail over a 14‐month period.
Adrenaline and Experimental Thrombosis*
Authors: Rowsell H. C. , Hegardt B. , Downie H. G. , Mustard J. F. , Murphy E. A. 
Published: March 2008

The acceleration of blood coagulation in vivo by adrenaline was first demonstrated by Vosburgh and Richards in 1903. They showed in man that adrenaline in doses of 7 μg. per kg. body weight shortened the coagulation time by about 50 per cent. Subsequent studies led to conflicting conclusions until the experiments of Cannon and Gray in 1914, who showed that small doses of adrenaline promoted coagulation, but that larger doses inhibited it. This was confirmed by later investigators (Waldron, 1951; Forwell and Ingram, 1957) but, so far as we know, the effect in normal animals of adrenaline on thrombus formation, as distinct from coagulation, has not been explored. More recently, evidence has been presented that adrenaline increases Factor‐VIII activity (Ingram, 1961), shortens platelet survival and increases platelet turnover (Adelson, Rheingold, Parker, Buenaventura and Crosby, 1961; Özge and Mustard, 1964). Recently, Mitchell and Sharp (1964) and O'Brien (1963) have shown that adrenaline promotes platelet aggregation in vitro.In the present study we have directed our attention to the effect of this drug on blood coagulation, platelets and thrombus formation. Quantitative study of thrombus formation has been made possible by the development of a standard extracorporeal circulation which allows precise measurement (Downie, Murphy, Rowsell and Mustard, 1963). In view of the findings of earlier investigators studying coagulation, it seemed important to determine how dosage levels affect the results.
The Effect of Acute Haemorrhage and Haemolysis on Folate Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Izak G. , Rachmilewitz M. , Chirasiri L. , Grossowicz N. 
Published: March 2008

It has been reported by several investigators that increased blood production accompanying haemolytic disease is usually associated with folate deficiency (Chanarin, Dacie and Mollin, 1959). In many such instances the bone marrow shows megaloblastic transformation which reverts to normal following treatment with folic acid (Chanarin et al., 1959). It therefore seemed of interest to study the effect of experimentally induced bone marrow proliferation on the requirement and distribution of various folate metabolites in the blood, serum, bone marrow and liver tissue.The present study deals with the results of such investigations in the rat following repeated massive bleeding and phenylhydrazine injections.