bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogentic constraints, adaptive syndromes, and emergent properties: From individuals to population dynamics
Authors: Price Peter W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis is developed that there are causal linkages in evolved insect herbivore life histories and behaviors from phylogenetic constraints to adaptive syndromes to the emergent properties involving ecological interactions and population dynamics. Thus the argument is developed that the evolutionary biology of a species predetermines its current ecology.Phylogenetic Constraints refer to old characters in the phylogeny of a species and a group of species which set limits on the range of life history patterns and behaviors that can evolve. For example, a sawfly is commonly limited to oviposition in soft plant tissue, while plants are growing rapidly.Adaptive Syndromes are evolutionary responses to the phylogenetic constraints that minimize the limitations and maximize larval performance. Such syndromes commonly involve details of female ovipositional behavior and how individuals make choices for oviposition sites relative to plant quality variation which maximize larval survival. Syndromes also involve larval adaptations to the kinds of choices females make in oviposition. The evolutionary biology involved with phylogenetic constraints and adaptive syndromes commonly predetermines the ecological interactions of a species and its population dynamics. Therefore, these ecological interactions are calledEmergent Properties because they are natural consequences of evolved morphology, behavior, and physiology. They commonly strongly influence the three‐trophic‐level interactions among host plants, insect herbivores, and carnivores, and the relative forces of bottom‐up and top‐down influences in food webs. The arguments are supported using such examples as galling sawflies and other gallers, shoot‐boring moths and beetles, budworms, and forest Macrolepidoptera. The contrasts between outbreak or eruptive species and uncommon and rare species with latent population dynamics are emphasized.
Humid microenvironment prerequisite for the survival and growth of nymphs of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Isichaikul Somchai , Fujimura Koichi , Ichikawa Toshihide 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNymphs of Nilaparvata lugens were experimentally reared from the 2nd instar in a cage covering part of the leaf sheath of an individual rice plant grown in a Wagner pot. Plants were covered with the cage from the water surface of the pot to 10 cm above the surface (lower cage‐group) or from 10 cm to 20 cm above the surface (upper cage‐group). Temperatures measured at three different parts of the cage remained fairly constant in both groups at around 25°C (23.7–25.2°C in mean value). In the lower cage‐group, relative humidities measured at the three heights in the cage in (76.3–90.5% in mean value) markedly increased with the approach to the water surface. The nymphs of this group, particularly during the molting period, aggregated close to the surface. Eighty‐two percent of the released nymphs emerged in this group. Relative humidities measured at three heights of the upper cage‐group were 69.5–72.7% in mean value, and all the nymphs in this group died within 3 days after their release although half of them stayed on the rice plants within 6 h after their release. The role of relative humidity as a limiting factor on the range of the microhabitat and the population density of N. lugens in rice fields was discussed on the basis of the results.
An introduction experiment of an herbivorous lady beetle: Characteristics of the adult population
Authors: Sawada Hiroichi , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn May 1971, 45 adults of an herbivorous lady beetle Epilachna niponica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Asiu Experimental Forest were introduced into a botanical garden of Kyoto University, where is 10 km south of the southern limits of its distribution with being 3–5°C warmer than the original site. The introduced population of the lady beetle was thus investigated from 1975 to 1981. Mark‐release‐recapture experiments were applied to individual adult beetles, to estimate population size and daily survival rate. Overwintering adults emerged from hibernation around early April, reaching peak numbers in late April to early May, then gradually declined to late June. No adults remained at the end of June. Adult survival was maintained at a high level to early May, and declined consistently until late in the reproductive season. New adults began to emerge in late June and quickly reached a peak in early July; thereafter they decreased in number and had entered hibernation by late October. In spite of seasonally deteriorating food resources and heat stress in summer, new adults showed moderately high survival during the inimical period. New adults which emerged later in the season tended to be smaller in body size than those that emerged early. The proportion of females in the new adult population gradually increased throughout the pre‐hibernating period, suggesting that male‐biased mortality occurred during this period. When compared to the source population, the introduced population had a higher rate of population growth. Coupled with the improved population growth, heavy leaf damage during the larval period suggested that intensive intraspecific competition was most likely to occur among larvae in the introduced population.
Habitat stability and the larval mosquito community in treeholes and other containers on a temperate Island
Authors: Sota T. , Mogi M. , Hayamizu E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe temporal fluctuation of water levels and the presence of mosquito larvae were investigated for four types of small container habitats (treeholes, bamboo stumps, cemetery stone vases, and cemetery stone vessels) on Kabeshima Island in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The probability that containers held water was positively correlated with the quantity of the preceding rainfall and with the depth and volume of the containers. It was estimated that dehydration occurred more regularly in autumn and winter than in summer. The probability that mosquito larvae were present in each type of container was positively correlated with habitat stability in terms of the probability of the existence of standing water and the coefficient of variation of the water level. Twelve species of mosquito larvae, including two rare predators, were found. Species composition differed between the different types of container. Although 4 to 10 species used each type of container, the median number of species per container was two for treeholes and bamboo stumps, and one for the others. The dominant species was Tripteroides bambusa in treeholes and bamboo stumps, Aedes albopictus in stone vases, and A. japonicus in stone vessels. The larval mosquito community, which lacked major predators, possessed the following features that may facilitate the coexistence of many species: (1) niche segregation amongst species in terms of their selection of container types; (2) an aggregated distribution of the individual species among containers of the same type; (3) high intraspecific mean crowding (and hence probably intense intraspecific competition) in the dominant species in each type of container; (4) independent species associations within the same type of container; and (5) low interspecific mean crowding (and hence probably not intense interspecific competition) between species in the same type of container.
Seasonal life cycle and autogeny in the mosquitoAedes togoiin northern Kyushu, Japan, with experimental analysis of the effects of temperature, photoperiod and food on life‐history traits
Authors: Sota Teiji , Mogi Motoyoshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe studied seasonal changes in the larval population structure, adult size, and autogeny (egg production without a bloodmeal) of the mosquitoAedes togoion the seacoast of northern Kyushu, Japan. The effects of temperature, photoperiod and food conditions on larval development, adult size and autogeny were studied in the laboratory.Aedes togoioverwintered in both the egg and larval stages and was multivoltine. Adult size was greater in spring and autumn and smaller in summer. Autogeny occurred in spring and autumn but not in summer. Autogenous females were larger than anautogenous females, and larger autogenous females produced more eggs. Laboratory experiments showed that autogeny was promoted under low temperature and short‐day conditions which corresponded with spring/autumn conditions in the field. Experimental food limitation in the larval stage greatly reduced adult size and autogenous egg production. In the field, large inter‐pool variations in adult size and autogeny rate probably resulted from variations in nutrient and crowding conditions. Seasonal autogeny ofAedes togoiwas discussed in terms of life‐history strategy under fluctuating environmental conditions where relative advantages of autogenous and anautogenous reproduction alternate seasonally.
Genetic estimations for body size characters, development period and development rate in a coccinelid beetle, Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Ueno Hideki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHeritabilities and genetic correlations for body size characters and development period in a coccinellid beetle, Harmonia axyridis were estimated by a sib‐analysis experiment. Positive genetic correlations were detected between size characters and development rate. If this is upheld in the field, genetic variation would be eliminated, as the loci affecting the characters are supposed to be fixed. However, the results indicated moderate heritabilities for all characters. Possible explanations for the results are discussed.
A multiple regression method for analysing stage‐frequency data
Authors: Manly Bryan F. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA linear regression method that allows survival rates to vary from stage to stage is described for the analysis of stage‐frequency data. It has advantages over previously suggested methods since the calculations are not iterative, and it is not necessary to have independent estimates of stage durations, numbers entering stages, or the rate of entry to stage 1. Simulation is proposed to determine standard errors for estimates of population parameters, and to assess the goodness of fit of models.
Factors affecting body size variation within a population of an herbivorous lady beetle, Henosepilachna niponica (Lewis)
Authors: Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: October 2006

SummarySize variation in newly‐emerged adults was examined in two different local populations of an herbivorous lady beetle, Henosepilachna niponica, for 1976–80. Mean adult size of both sexes changed rather synchronously in the two populations over 5 years. Body size of adult beetles apparently decreased with increasing leaf damage of the plants on which they developed. Adult beetles which emerged late in the season, associated with increasing food deterioration, were smaller than those which emerged early. Ecological consequences of adult size variation is discussed in terms of oviposition site selection.
Female size and age‐specific fecundity in the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Kimura Kazuhiko , Tsubaki Yoshitaka 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIndividual differences in several reproductive parameters of female Pieris rapae were investigated in a controlled laboratory condition. Lifetime and age‐specific fecundity showed considerable variability between individuals. Larger females began oviposition at an earlier age than smaller ones, and larger females were more fecund than smaller ones. Larger females laid a larger proportion of their eggs in the early stages of their reproductive lifetime, whilst smaller females laid the larger proportion of their eggs later in their reproductive lifetime. The significance of the variance in age‐specific fecundity associated with female size is discussed with respect to the seasonal change in size and habitat utilization of this species.
Evaluation of statistical precision and design of efficient sampling for the population estimation based on frequency of occurrence
Authors: Kuno Eizi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe binomial sampling to estimate population density of an organism based simply upon the frequency of its occurrence among sampled quadrats is a labour‐saving technique which is potentially useful for small animals like insects and has actually been applied occasionally to studies of their populations. The present study provides a theoretical basis for this convenient technique, which makes it statistically reliable and tolerable for consistent use in intensive as well as preliminary population censuses. Firs, the magnitude of sampling error in relation to sample size is formulated mathematically for the estimate to be obtained by this indirect method of census, using either of the two popular models relating frequency of occurrence (p) to mean density (m), i.e. the negative binomial model, p=1−(1+m/k)−k, and the empirical model, p=1−exp(−amb). Then, the equations to calculate sample size and census cost that are necessary to attain a given desired level of precision in the estimation are derived for both models. A notable feature of the relationship of necessary sample size (or census cost) to mean density in the frequency method, in constrast to that in the ordinary census, is that it shows a concave curve which tends to rise sharply not only towards lower but also towards higher levels of density. These theoretical results make it also possible to design sequential estimation procedures based on this convenient census technique, which may enable us with the least necessary cost to get a series of population estimates with the desired precision level. Examples are presented to explain how to apply these programs to acutal censuses in the field.
Niche modification and stability of competitive systems. III. Simulation model analysis
Authors: Shimada Masakazu , Fujii Koichi 
Published: October 2006

SummarySimulation model for niche shift in ecological time scale was constructed on the basis of the optimal foraging theory. In accordance with the previous experimental study (Shimada andFujii, 1985), the model competitive system consisted of 2 parasitoid wasp species utilizing 4 host stages. Wasps were assumed to choose host stages in the manner that they realized the maximal gain/cost values, where gain was represented by body weight of a wasp progeny emerging from each host stage and cost was expressed by time required to search for and detect an unparasitized host. The number of parasitized hosts in each host stage was calculated numerically by usingArditt's (1983) model for avoidance of superparasitism.The model simulated well the experimental results ofShimada andFujii (1985) andShimada (1985). Sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the experimentally derived criterion for competitive coexistence (different second‐best host stages between competing species even with the common best) was not necessarily the indispensable condition for niche shift and separation, but that if the criterion was not satisfied, stable competitive coexistence occurred only in the narrow range of the parametric values. Further, niche shift in ecological time scale made the competitive coexistence more stable than fixed niche on which the current niche theory stands.
Adult population parameters and life tables of an epilachnine beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on bitter cucumber in Sumatra
Authors: Abbas Idrus , Nakamura Koji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe population dynamics of an epilachnine beetle, which is closely related toEpilachna sparsaDieke(henceforth called “sp. C”) and feeds on bitter cucumberMomordica charantia, was studied by mark‐recapture of adults and the construction of life tables. The study was repeated three times, i.e., March–May, July–September and October–December in 1982, in Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. After the establishment of the host plants, adults of “sp. C” soon colonized, and each study period ended in the death of the plants due to defoliation by the larvae and adults. The estimated mean length of residence of adults ranged from 6–11 days, but this was probably much shorter than the actual longevity, because the adults were so active that they flew away, or dropped off the plants, when they were approached or slightly disturbed. Life tables indicated that egg mortality ranged from 17.8–53.9%, and a parasitic waspTetrastichussp. B made up 41.1–64.2% of egg mortality. Two wasps,Tetrastichussp. C andPediobius foveolatuskilled 1.2–19.4% (7.6–100%)*of 4th instars and only the latter species attacked the pupae, killing 24.6–59.1% (45.1–72.4%). Parasitism and starvation by overcrowding contributed most to the total mortality from egg to adult emergence, which ranged from 89.4–99.5%. “Sp. C” had a higher diversity and level of parasitism than the Japanese species,E. vigintioctopunctata. The high dispersal power of “sp. C”, coupled with the prolongedlx−mxschedules shown under laboratory conditions, was advantageous for exploiting the food plant which was available throughout the year, but was rather patchily distributed in space.
Colony development and social structure in a subtropical paper wasp, Ropalidia fasciata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Itô Yosiaki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMore than 50% of nests of Ropalidia fasciata were founded by association of foundresses (multifemale nests). The multifemale nests were generally initiated earlier and grew faster than the single‐female nests. The survival rate of the multifemale nests was significantly higher than that of single‐female nests, and the productivity as measured by the number of cells produced per foundress had a peak at a foundress‐group size from 6 to 10. The number of marked foundresses which were seen on their original nest decreased as the colony cycle proceeded, but some of them continued to coexist on the original nests after emergency of many female progeny. Except in the case where a large number of foundresses attended a young nest so that some foundresses could not sit on the nest, the dominance interactions among cofoundresses were mild. More than twothirds (71.4%) of nests (including those at the post‐emergence stage) had multiple egg‐layers. The foundress association in this species is considered to be beneficial for every foundress because it raises ability to avoid predation or to reconstruct their nests when the nests are destroyed by typhoons.
Limitation of reproduction by feeding condition in a carabid beetle, Carabus yaconinus
Authors: Sota Teiji 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Effects of the amount of food consumed on reproduction of the carabid beetle, Carabus yaconinus B., were studied in the laboratory by rearing beetles at different food levels, and the feeding and oviposition rates in the field were estimated on the basis of the relationships between the amount of food consumed, body weight and egg production obtained in the experiment.
The maximum amount of food consumed was 150 mg of minced beef per day. The number of eggs laid per day and the mean body weight increased with an increase in the amount of food consumed. High mortality occurred only when the beetles consumed less than 25 mg of minced beef per day.
The ratio of current body weight to the minimum one just before death by starvation, W/Wmin, was used for the estimation of the rates of food consumption and egg production. The relationships between mean W/Wmin ratio, the amount of food consumed and the number of eggs laid per day were clarified.
The relationships between ovary states (ovary weight and the number of mature eggs in the ovary) and W/Wmin ratio were examined for the females caught in the field. Females with higher values of W/Wmin ratio had more mature eggs.
The amount of food consumed by females in the field during the reproductive period was estimated to be 50–70% of the maximum value attained in the experiment and the estimated rate of oviposition was 45–59% of the maximum rate attained in the experiment.
Oviposition site selection and avoidance of additional mating by females of the dragonfly, Cordulia aenea amurensis Selys (Corduliidae)
Authors: Ubukata Hidenori 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFemales of an odonate species in which oviposition sites overlap with mating sites may adopt one or more of the following strategies when they lay eggs except when they ‘trade’ mating for access to suitable oviposition sites or for services (guarding, etc.) provided by males: (1) ovipositing at hidden places; (2) ovipositing at a time when males are neither patrolling nor watching; (3) indicating non‐receptivity by a behavioral display. The density of ovipositing females of the dragonfly, Cordulia aenea amurensisSelys which was studied between 1970 and 1983 at a pond (Hôrai‐numa, Sapporo, Hokkaido) had a high negative correlation with the distance from ‘entrance’ (a part of shore at which the arrival of most adults seems to have occurred). On the other hand, oviposition was rarely observed at a sector being distant from entrance in spite of the inference that larval survivorship was probably high at this sector. Most females oviposited among emergent vegetation in which approach of males to them was difficult, and they scarcely traveled across the open water in search of oviposition sites. Therefore, most females of the population studied were considered to adopt the first strategy. The second and third strategy were not adopted by the population studied. Finally, the influences of some environmental factors and traits possessed by a species on the adoption of these tactics or on the execution of the ‘trades’ were discussed.
Population dynamics of houseflies, Musca domestica, on experimentally accumulated refuse
Authors: Imai Chobei 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe population dynamics of the housefly, Musca domestica, on patchy and unstable habitats consisting of refuse was investigated at a waste disposal site by using sticky flypaper and mark‐release‐recapture technique (Jolly‐Seber's method). The newly disposed garbage was favorable for breeding of the flies for about one month after being disposed, while a mixture of garbage and ash from incinerated refuse was less favorable. On the garbage under favorable conditions, the rates of population increase was 1.25–2.82 per day, and approximately 1300–1500 flies were produced per square meter within the available period of one month. The rapid decrease in the fly density was observed just after the appearance of high density peaks. The mark‐release‐recapture study suggested that this rapid decrease would be mainly due to the density‐dependent emigration of adult flies from the patchy habitats. The emigration was also activated when the time after garbage disposition became long.
Population dynamics of Luehdorfia japonica Leech (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuma 
Published: October 2006

Summary
An adult population of a papilionid butterfly, Luehdorfia japonicaLeech, was studied by marking, release and recapture procedures in a hilly region in the suburbs of Kanazawa City, Japan.
Age of butterflies was estimated from the wing wear conditions, rated as winage categories 0 to 6.
Jolly (1965) andSeber's (1973) method was applied to the marking‐recapture results for estimating the population parameters (sampling ratio, population size and survival rate).
Sampling ratio of males was consistently higher (around 50%) than that of females.
Newly emerged females were especially inactive, so that few of them were captured. From day 6.5 to day 10.0 they began to oviposit and became more active and more catchable.
An approximate sex ratio of 1∶1 was confirmed from the specimens collected in the field and by rearing experiments.
Daily survival rate was about 0.75–0.80 and mean longevity was about 4 days for both sexes. The maximum longevity observed was 17 days, for males and 21 days for females.
Dispersal by both sexes of the butterfly was more than 1 km.