bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review on the effectiveness of willow bark for musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Vlachojannis J. E. , Cameron M. , Chrubasik S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSince ancient times preparations from Salix species have been used to alleviate pain. The aim of this study was to update the evidence of the effectiveness of willow bark products in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. OVID(MEDLINE), PUBMED, Silverplatter, and CENTRAL and manual searches were used to identify clinical trials investigating Salix preparations. Authors SC and JEV extracted the data independently and discussed disagreements. Seven manuscripts were identified, reporting four trials with confirmatory and four with exploratory study designs. Three manuscripts presented the same trial data: repetitious reports were excluded. One confirmatory and two exploratory studies indicate a dose‐dependent analgesic effect not inferior to rofecoxib in patients with low back pain. In one exploratory and one confirmatory study conflicting results were achieved in participants with osteoarthritis. No significant effect was seen in a confirmatory study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but this study was grossly underpowered. All studies investigated ethanolic extracts with daily doses up to 240 mg salicin over periods of up to six weeks. Minor adverse events occurred during treatment. The review provides moderate evidence of effectiveness for the use of ethanolic willow bark extract in low back pain. Further studies are required to find out if treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis requires extract with higher doses than 240 mg salicin per day. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aircraft‐based observations of air–sea fluxes over Denmark Strait and the Irminger Sea during high wind speed conditions
Authors: Petersen G. N. , Renfrew I. A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDuring the Greenland Flow Distortion experiment (GFDex), aircraft‐based observations of air–sea fluxes were obtained over Denmark Strait and the Irminger Sea. High‐frequency observations of velocity, temperature and water vapour have been used to calculate turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture using the eddy covariance method. These are the first direct air–sea flux observations in this region, and add to the relatively small collection of direct air–sea flux observations made in high wind speed conditions. The aircraft‐based turbulence legs were flown at remarkably low levels, only 30–50 m above the sea‐surface and so within the atmospheric surface layer. Results are presented for 145 flux runs, each of 2 min (approximately 12 km), 131 over open water and 14 over sea ice and the marginal ice zone. The flux data were obtained in 10 m neutral wind speeds of up to 25 m s−1, with 80% of the flux data in the range 15–19 m s−1.Over open water, the wind stress varied from 0.2 to 1.9 N m−2 and the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes from 50 to 300 W m−2, resulting in total surface heat fluxes of up to 600 W m−2. The exchange coefficients are at the upper end of those previously observed. Mean values for the 15–19 m s−1 range are CDN = 2.04 × 10−3, CHN = 1.63 × 10−3 and CEN = 1.57 × 10−3 for momentum, heat and moisture, respectively. The value of the momentum exchange coefficient is in line with previous studies; however, both the heat and moisture exchange coefficients are higher than in previous studies. Values of CDN over sea ice and the marginal ice zone were in the range 1.67–6.29 × 10−3 and were, for these conditions, generally higher than CDN over adjacent open water areas. No significant spatial patterns in the exchange coefficients over open water have been detected, although there is some suggestion of higher exchange coefficients immediately downwind of the sea ice. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The impact of a mesoscale convective system cold pool on the northward propagation of the intertropical discontinuity over West Africa
Authors: Flamant C. , Knippertz P. , Parker D. J. , Chaboureau J.‐P. , Lavaysse C. , Agusti‐Panareda A. , Kergoat L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe interaction between a mesoscale convection system cold pool and the intertropical discontinuity (ITD) is investigated on two consecutive days (5 and 6 June 2006), in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period (SOP 1a). Satellite imagery and surface meteorological observations are used to track the movement of the ITD prior to and after its interaction with the cold pool. The impact of the northward propagating cold pool on the Sahelo‐Saharan planetary boundary layer (PBL) thermodynamics and aerosol vertical distribution is analyzed by means of airborne and ground‐based measurements over the two‐day period. Complementary European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses are also used. The influence of the cold pool persists as a coherent dynamic and thermodynamic structure over these two study days, influencing a front at least 1000 km long and approximately 200 km wide, spreading across southern Mali. Dropsonde measurements revealed that the cold pool was bringing moisture quite far north over the northern Sahel and to the southern fringes of the Sahara, as well as cooling the desert surface. As a result, the vertical development of the Sahelo‐Saharan PBL was found to be delayed on 6 June compared with 5 June. Further north, over the part of the Sahara not impacted by the propagating cold pool, the airborne measurements suggest that the large amounts of dust in the upper part of the Saharan aerosol layer, as observed by lidar, may also have had an impact on the Saharan PBL, by reducing the insolation in this region. The airborne observations were also used to assess the quality of the ECMWF analyses at 1200 UTC on 5 and 6 June, as well as + 36 h, + 24 h and + 12 h forecasts valid at 1200 UTC on 6 June. A quantitative improvement was seen in the 6 June forecast valid at 1200 UTC once information relevant to the propagation of the ITD was assimilated, i.e. for the + 24 h and + 12 h forecasts. The analyses were able to reproduce the northward surge of moisture associated with the cold pool, suggesting that ECMWF analyses may be used to analyze the role of propagating density currents on the so‐called monsoon onset mechanism. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectral characterization of metal‐humic binding
Authors: Stenson Alexandra C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe interaction between metals and naturally occurring humic substances and the thereby induced issues of bioavailability and hydrogeochemical turnover of metal ions in natural waters have been the subject of intense study for decades. Traditional bulk techniques to investigate metal‐humic binding (e.g. potentiometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS)) can provide quantitative results for the relative abundance and distribution of metal species in humic samples and/or overall binding constants. The shortcoming of these bulk techniques is the absence of structural detail. Ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry, currently the only technique demonstrated to resolve individual humic ions, is not generally employed to provide the missing qualitative information primarily because the identification of metal complexes within the already complex mixtures of humic substances is non‐trivial and time‐consuming to the extent of eliminating any possibility for real‐time manipulation of chelated analytes. Here, it is demonstrated that with tailored selection of the metal ion, it is possible to visually identify large numbers of metal‐humic complexes (∼500 for Be2+, ∼1100 for Mn2+, and ∼1500 for Cr3+) in real‐time as the spectra are being acquired. Metal ions are chosen so that they form primarily even‐m/z complexes with humic ions. These even‐m/z complexes stand out in the spectrum and can readily be characterized based on molecular formulae, which here revealed for example that Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) complexes encompassed primarily highly oxygenated fulvic acids of relatively low double‐bond equivalence. Facile, real‐time identification of even‐m/z metal‐humic complexes additionally allows for the specific selection of metal‐humic complexes for MSn analysis and in‐trap ion‐neutral reactions enabling investigation of metal‐humic complex structure. MS/MS data were collected to demonstrate the potential of the technique as well as highlight some of the remaining challenges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A recycling framework for the construction of Bonferroni‐based multiple tests
Authors: Burman C.‐F. , Sonesson C. , Guilbaud O. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper we describe Bonferroni‐based multiple testing procedures (MTPs) as strategies to split and recycle test mass. Here, ‘test mass’ refers to (parts of) the nominal level α at which the family‐wise error rate is controlled. Briefly, test mass is split between different null hypotheses, and whenever a null hypothesis is rejected, the part of α allocated to it may be recycled to the testing of other hypotheses. These recycling MTPs are closed testing procedures based on raw p‐values associated with testing the individual null hypotheses, and the class of such MTPs includes, for example, serial and parallel gatekeeping, fallback and Holm procedures. Graphical displays and a concise algebraic notation are provided for such MTPs. This recycling approach has pedagogical advantages and may facilitate the tailoring of MTPs for different purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexibility in internationalization: is it valuable during an economic crisis?
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hyun , Makhija Mona 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the value of the strategic flexibility provided by firms' international investments during an economic crisis, defined here as an unanticipated significant downturn in the economy. To avoid below‐par performance, firms need to adapt quickly to this significant change in their environment, making real options very valuable to them. Although firms' international investments can potentially provide such flexibility, this issue has not been empirically examined in a context of such dramatic negative change. We consider two types of international investments by firms in this regard, foreign direct investments and export‐related international investments, developing two measures that directly assess the flexibility derived from each that are new to the literature. Based on these measures, we find evidence that both types of international investments provided valuable flexibility for Korean firms during the economic crisis conditions. This study contributes to the literature by showing that firms with real options investments in place have a greater ability to flexibly adapt their overall operations in line with unforeseen negative environmental change, in contrast to firms without such investments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From crisis to opportunity: environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions, and firm performance
Authors: Wan William P. , Yiu Daphne W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study incorporates the external environmental context into the study of corporate acquisitions by examining the performance implications of corporate acquisitions during an environmental jolt that alters the levels of environmental munificence. We posit that compared to the periods before and after an environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions during a jolt would be positively related to firm performance. Furthermore, we suggest that organizational slack would improve firm performance and accentuate the positive relationship between corporate acquisitions and firm performance during an environmental jolt; however, it would have negative impact on firm performance and make the acquisition‐performance relationship more negative before and after a jolt. Using the Asian Economic Crisis as a natural experiment, we found general support for our core arguments based on a sample of firms from Hong Kong and Singapore. Our work demonstrates that firms can capitalize on the opportunities created by the changes in an environmental jolt. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single photon emission computed tomography experience with (S)‐5‐[123I]iodo‐3‐(2‐azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine in the living human brain of smokers and nonsmokers
Authors: Brašić James Robert , Zhou Yun , Musachio John L. , Hilton John , Fan Hong , Crabb Andrew , Endres Christopher J. , Reinhardt Melvin J. , Dogan Ahmet S. , Alexander Mohab , Rousset Olivier , Maris Marika A. , Galecki Jeffrey , Nandi Ayon , Wong Dean F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract(S)‐5‐[123I]iodo‐3‐(2‐azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5‐[123I]IA), a novel potent radioligand for high‐affinity α4β2* neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), provides a means to evaluate the density and the distribution of nAChRs in the living human brain. We sought in healthy adult smokers and nonsmokers to (1) evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 5‐[123I]IA in an open nonblind trial and (2) to estimate the density and the distribution of α4β2* nAChRs in the brain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed for 5 h after the i.v. administration of ∼0.001 μg/kg (∼10 mCi) 5‐[123I]IA. Blood pressure, heart rate, and neurobehavioral status were monitored before, during, and after the administration of 5‐[123I]IA to 12 healthy adults (8 men and 4 women) (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) ranging in age from 19 to 46 years (mean = 28.25, standard deviation = 8.20). High plasma‐nicotine level was significantly associated with low 5‐[123I]IA binding in: (1) the caudate head, the cerebellum, the cortex, and the putamen, utilizing both the Sign and Mann–Whitney U‐tests; (2) the fusiform gyrus, the hippocampus, the parahippocampus, and the pons utilizing the Mann–Whitney U‐test; and (3) the thalamus utilizing the Sign test. We conclude that 5‐[123I]IA is a safe, well‐tolerated, and effective pharmacologic agent for human subjects to estimate high‐affinity α4/β2 nAChRs in the living human brain. Synapse 63:339–358, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ferritin nanoparticles as magnetic resonance reporter gene
Authors: Cohen Batya , Ziv Keren , Plaks Vicki , Harmelin Alon , Neeman Michal 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDynamic imaging of gene expression in live animals is among the exciting challenges of molecular imaging. To achieve that, one of the approaches is to use reporter genes that encode for the synthesis of easily detectable products. Such reporter genes can be designed to be expressed under the control of the regulatory elements included in a promoter region of a gene of interest, thus allowing the use of the same reporter gene for the detection of multiple genes. The most commonly used reporter genes include the firefly light‐generating enzyme luciferase and the green fluorescent protein detectable by bioluminescence and fluorescence optical imaging, respectively. Over the last years a number of studies demonstrated the ability to use the iron‐binding protein ferritin as a reporter gene that allows the detection of gene expression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides high spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast for deep tissues along with a large arsenal of functional and anatomical contrast mechanisms that can be correlated with gene expression, and can potentially be translated into clinical use Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
In vivovisualization of macrophage infiltration and activity in inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Beckmann Nicolau , Cannet Catherine , Babin Anna Louise , Blé François‐Xavier , Zurbruegg Stefan , Kneuer Rainer , Dousset Vincent 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBecause macrophages play a key role on host defense, visualization of the migration of these cells is of high relevance for both diagnostic purposes and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. The present article addresses the use of iron oxide and gadolinium‐based particles for the noninvasivein vivodetection of macrophage infiltration into inflamed areas by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A general introduction on the functions and general characteristics of macrophages is followed by a discussion of some of the agents and acquisition schemes currently used to track the cellsin vivo. Attention is then devoted to preclinical and clinical applications in the following disease areas: atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, stroke, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and kidney transplantation Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Using nanoparticles to push the limits of detection
Authors: Wittenberg Nathan J. , Haynes Christy L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe size‐dependent chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles inspire the design of unique assays and the use of new detection schemes while also offering the opportunity to vastly improve the results achieved when using traditional signal transduction methods. Herein, the most commonly exploited nanoparticle amplification schemes are organized and reviewed on the basis of the detection methods used to monitor the nanoparticle property of interest. The topics covered include the improved signal photostability and brightness of semiconductor quantum dots, the increased extinction coefficient of noble metal nanoparticles, the advantages of having a magnetic label on individual target molecules to facilitate separation, the multiplexing that is enabled with ‘barcoded’ nanoparticles, and the greatly amplified signals that can be achieved on the basis of conductivity changes, generated current, or simply by adding a ‘massive’ nanoparticle onto a small molecule target. Common approaches emerge among different nanoparticle materials and detection schemes, and it is also clear that there is still significant opportunity to use nanoparticles in as‐yet‐unimagined ways to further improve assay and sensor limits of detection Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale
Occupational exposure to nanomedical applications
Authors: Murashov Vladimir 
Published: January 2009

AbstractApplications of nanotechnology in medicine such as cancer treatment drugs, imaging agents, and sensors promise to save people's lives and improve quality of life. Although only a limited number of nano‐enabled medical applications are commercially available at this time, many are in the final stages of approval by regulatory agencies overseeing medical applications. Workers' exposure to nano‐enabled medical applications in research and development laboratories and manufacturing facilities can already occur. This article reviews the information available on exposure to nano‐enabled medical applications in occupational settings such as manufacturing and health care facilities. First, this report reviews monitoring exposure to conventional medical applications. Next, it describes monitoring exposure to nanomaterials. And, finally, it summarizes monitoring exposure to nano‐enabled medical applications highlighting their unique aspects Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
In vivo fluorescence imaging: a personal perspective
Authors: Ghoroghchian P. Peter , Therien Michael J. , Hammer Daniel A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn vivo fluorescence imaging with near‐infrared (NIR) light holds enormous potential for a wide variety of molecular diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Because of its quantitative sensitivity, inherent biological safety, and relative ease of use (i.e., with respect to cost, time, mobility, and its familiarity to a diverse population of investigators), fluorescence‐based imaging techniques are being increasingly utilized in small‐animal research. Moreover, there is substantial interest in the translation of novel optical techniques into the clinic, where they will prospectively aid in noninvasive and quantitative screening, disease diagnosis, and post‐treatment monitoring of patients. Effective deep‐tissue fluorescence imaging requires the application of exogenous NIR‐emissive contrast agents. Currently, available probes fall into two major categories: organic and inorganic NIR fluorophores (NIRFs). In the studies reviewed herein, we utilized polymersomes (50 nm to 50 µm diameter polymer vesicles) for the incorporation and delivery of large numbers of highly emissive oligo (porphyrin)‐based, organic NIRFs Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Current status of nanotechnology approaches for cardiovascular disease: a personal perspective
Authors: Buxton Denis B 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNanotechnology is poised to have an increasing impact on cardiovascular health in coming years. Diagnostically, multiplexed point‐of‐care devices will enable rapid genotyping and biomarker measurement to optimize and tailor therapies for the individual patient. Nanoparticle‐based molecular imaging agents will take advantage of targeted agents to provide increased insight into disease pathways rather then simply providing structural and functional information. Drug delivery will be impacted by targeting of nanoparticle‐encapsulated drugs to the site of action, increasing the effective concentration and decreasing systemic dosage and side effects. Controlled and tailored release of drugs from polymers will improve control of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. The application of nanotechnology to tissue engineering will facilitate the fabrication of better tissue implants in vitro, and provide scaffolds to promote regeneration in vivo taking advantage of the body's own repair mechanisms. Medical devices will benefit from the development of nanostructured surfaces and coatings to provide better control of thrombogenicity and infection. Taken together, these new technologies have enormous potential for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Anti‐angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis
Authors: Caruthers Shelton D. , Cyrus Tillmann , Winter Patrick M. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractComplementary developments in nanotechnology, genomics, proteomics, molecular biology and imaging offer the potential for early, accurate diagnosis. Molecularly‐targeted diagnostic imaging agents will allow noninvasive phenotypic characterization of pathologies and, therefore, tailored treatment close to the onset. For atherosclerosis, this includes anti‐angiogenic therapy with specifically‐targeted drug delivery systems to arrest the development of plaques before they impinge upon the lumen. Additionally, monitoring the application and effects of this targeted therapy in a serial fashion will be important. This review covers the specific application of ανβ3‐targeted anti‐angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in (1) the detection of molecular markers for atherosclerosis, (2) the immediate verification of drug delivery with image‐based prediction of therapy outcomes, and (3) the serial, noninvasive observation of therapeutic efficacy Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease