bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canopy‐borne seed store in three Western Australian plant communities
Authors: BELLAIRS SEAN M. , BELL DAVID T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe canopy‐borne store of seed in the kwongan plant communities at Kulin and Eneabba, and in the forest understorey stratum at Jarrahdale, Western Australia was found to average 1121, 305 and 7 seeds m‐2, respectively. The bradysporous seed reserve of the plant communities increased with decreasing average annual rainfall. In comparisons between species of the same genus, obligatory reseeding bradysporous species tended to have greater numbers of seed per plant than resprouting species. The bradysporous species richness and the average seed content per plant within a species did not vary significantly with soil type, although the bradysporous species composition changed.
Effects of honey bees on colonies of Exoneura asimillima, an Australian native bee
Authors: SUGDEN EVAN A. , PYKE GRAHAM H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHoney bee hives were placed, during two consecutive summers, in an experimental site which contained natural and artificially placed colonies of Exoneura asimillima, a semi‐social, native bee. Two classes of colonies were studied: founders, and established colonies. Nests and contents were collected from an experimental site and three control sites following several months of exposure at the experimental site to the apiary honey bee population. Nest contents were analysed for differences among sites in colony population parameters which could have been caused by resource competition with introduced honey bees. Colony founding and overall colony survival were also considered.During the first season, the average number of large larvae plus prepupae per colony was significantly higher in the experimental site than in the control site. This difference could, however, have been the result of a two‐week gap in sampling all the sites. All nest parameters showed high variability and there were no other significant differences between the two kinds of site.In the experimental site during the second season there were, relative to the control sites, significantly fewer total numbers of adult males and females in established nests and in all nests combined, significantly more immatures of all stages in founder nests and significantly lower adult male:female ratio. Although preliminary in nature, the data suggest that, in the experimental plots, E. asimillima showed: (i) increased adult emigration, (ii) increased brood rearing success, and/or (iii) relatively later colony founding, compared to the three controls. The possibility of resource competiton with honey bees causing the observed changes is discussed, along with alternative explanations.
Effect of plant age on tolerance of two grasses to simulated trampling
Authors: SUN DAN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of plant age up to 85 days on the resistance to trampling and recovery of Cynodon dactylon and Lolium perenne was examined quantitatively in a glasshouse experiment. Simulated trampling treatments were initially applied to these plants at six different time intervals based upon age: 5, 15, 25, 45, 65 and 85 days after seed germination. Resistance of both species to trampling was found to increase with age. Overall, the recovery of C. dactylon also increased with age while L. perenne showed no significant difference in recovery as age increased. Resistance of L. perenne to trampling was higher than that of C. dactylon at all six ages while the recovery of C. dactylon from trampling was greater than that of L. perenne at all six ages. In conclusion, trampling can be considered as an important factor affecting the establishment of seedlings.
Plants, fungi and bettongs: A fire‐dependent co‐evolutionary relationship
Authors: TAYLOR ROBERT J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDigging activity by Bettongia gaimardi increased in small areas burnt by a low intensity fire at a site in northern Tasmania. A gap of several days occurred after the fire before digging began. Sporocarps of only one genus of mycorrhizal fungi (Mesophellia) were eaten by bettongs after the fire, in contrast to high numbers of species eaten in surrounding unburnt areas. It is hypothesized that the fire selectively stimulated the production of sporocarps by Mesophellia (a genus associated with eucalypts) rather than by simply making them more accessible or detectable. Stimulation of production of sporocarps by fire may ensure high infection rates and facilitate the uptake by eucalypts of nutrients released by the fire. These observations have important management implications.
Variation between Emex australis populations in seed dormancy/non‐dormancy cycles
Authors: PANETTA F. D. , RANDALL R. P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Seeds of four Western Australian accessions of Emex australis were stored outside and their germinability tested at 4–6 week intervals for 22 months. Accessions showed cyclical behaviour in germinability, with peaks in autumn/early winter and troughs in spring/summer. There was considerable variation between accessions in dormancy/non‐dormancy cycles, but when plants from accessions with contrasting cycles were grown in a common environment, the cycles shown by their seeds were virtually identical. Thus, the parameters of seed dormancy/non‐dormancy cycles in E. australis appear to be under environmental control.Only part of an E. australis seed population demonstrated cyclical changes in dormancy status, in contrast to many other annual species whose entire seed populations undergo such changes. Populations also contained individuals which were either continuously dormant or continuously non‐dormant following a period of after‐ripening. The latter seeds give E. australis the flexibility to recruit opportunistically after summer rainfall events in mediterranean‐climate environments.
Use of algae and other plants for monitoring rivers
Authors: WHITTON BRIAN A. , KELLY MARTYN G. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A brief account is given of the methods developed for use of algae, bryophytes and angiosperms to monitor rivers and streams. The methods fall broadly into those based on features of populations of representative species, those based on part or all of the whole photosynthetic community and those based on various types of bioassay and ecotoxicological test. The methodology for using bioaccumulation of heavy metals, insecticides and other organic molecules is well developed and has been applied widely in western Europe for practical purposes. Coarse filamentous algae and bryophytes are especially useful, but some angiosperms are suitable, provided general information about bioaccumulation in the particular species is available; it is difficult to use periphyton. Other methods based on species include measurement of genetic tolerance, physiological approaches (chlorophyll: phaeophytin ratio, tissue N: P ratio and surface phosphatase assays) and observations on cyanobacterial and eukaryotic algal morphology.Among community‐based methods for monitoring, measurement of biomass is used widely for phytoplankton, but seems of little use for benthos. The use of indices based on benthic communities, especially diatoms, has, however, been applied widely. The earlier indices based on diversity have been replaced almost entirely by ones integrating ecological information from component species. In addition, the authors have started to produce a diatom‐based parallel to the macroinvertebrate‐based RIVPACS by obtaining floristic data from ‘clean’ sites. Bioassays and ecological tests, mainly using algae or Lemna, are often carried out together with the other methods.
PRICE UNCERTAINTY, FACTOR SUBSTITUTION, AND THE LOCATIONAL BIAS OF BUSINESS TAXES*
Authors: Martinich Joseph S. , Hurter Arthur P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTConsideration of the integrated production‐location problem is extended to include several types of business taxes. Many of these taxes are technologically and spatially neutral under certainty, but are shown to be nonneutral when factor prices are stochastic and the firm is risk averse, even when the tax is spatially uniform. Consequently, even a nationally uniform tax can have regional biases and can encourage migration of plants. When factor prices are uncertain, the effects of taxes on output rates, input ratios, and plant location vary with the form of the tax imposed as well as the amount to be paid. Income taxes involve the taxing authority in sharing the risk with the firm and are shown to promote risk taking by the firm and induce the expansion of output. Locational incentives which are mutually beneficial to firms and the government are presented.
TESTING CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING LEADING REGIONS IN WAGE TRANSMISSION MODELS*
Authors: Lesage James P. , Reed J. David 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study, we use a vector autoregressive modeling framework to test the zero restrictions implied by alternative criteria for ranking regions into hierarchies in the wage‐transmission debate. This approach allows formal statistical tests to be carried out for competing criteria suggested for determining leading and following regions.The ability of the modeling technique proposed here to produce a set of nested hypothesis tests of alternative criteria is in stark contrast to the historical literature in this debate. Researchers have traditionally proposed a criterion for ranking regions into a hierarchy, and then argued for the merits of their particular criterion by demonstrating that an econometric model of wage formation produces statistically significant coefficient estimates when their criterion is used to rank the regions of their data sample.We apply the methods proposed here to a sample of eight midwestern cities in the U.S. in order to test the following criteria: Beaumont (1983), Hart and MacKay (1977), Reed and Hutchinson (1976), unemployment rate, and earnings level. The test is for consistency with the Granger‐causal structure of wage interactions inherent in the wage diffusion idea. We argue that the technique set forth here is a real step forward that should allow a resolution of this particular debate. The proposed procedures might also be applied to empirically test other regional science hypotheses concerning for example, intercity and interindustry causal structures.
COMPETITION AND CEMENT BASING POINTS: F.O.B. DESTINATION, DELIVERED FROM WHERE?*
Authors: Karlson Stephen H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSpatial price theory suggests that locations which become basing points do so in response to competitive forces. The paper presents a model that captures the effect of those forces. When the model is tested against a sample of cement mills, there is little support for the competitive hypothesis. There is some evidence that the large cement producers determined which locations became basing points.
HEDONIC PRICES, IDENTIFICATION, AND THE DEMAND FOR PUBLIC SAFETY*
Authors: Clark David E. , Cosgrove James C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we use a two‐stage intercity hedonic model to estimate household demand for public safety. This approach is shown to readily address the identification problem inherent in the hedonic model. Data from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample are used to estimate a willingness‐to‐pay function for the public‐safety good. Income is found to be the primary determinant of willingness to pay. Indeed, the influence of income outweighs the combined impact of family life‐cycle considerations.
LOCAL STATUS AND NATIONAL SOCIAL WELFARE
Authors: Persky Joseph , Tam Mo‐Yin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPerceptions of individual well‐being are influenced by local status, i.e., one's place in the income distribution of one's reference group. In general, reference groups are smaller than the entire nation. If national social welfare is an aggregate of individual's well‐being, then it is not symmetric with respect to all individuals. A geographical interpretation of reference groups means that the welfare of a family living in one region is only influenced by other families in that region. An empirical application, using states, shows that a Gini index modified to reflect local status showed much less improvement 1949‐1979 than did the standard Gini.
FORECASTING METROPOLITAN EMPLOYMENT USING AN EXPORT‐BASE ERROR‐CORBECTION MODEL
Authors: LeSage James P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper shows that a time‐series version of export‐based location quotients, which decompose area employment into export and local components are co‐integrated. Given the statistically established co‐integrating relation between the time series for export and local employment, the Granger Representation Theorem tells us that an error‐correction mechanism model is the appropriate time‐series model specification. A set of forecasting experiments is carried out, in order to test whether the error‐correction model produces better long‐run forecasts that hold together in economically meaningful ways. Given the computer hardware and software that currently exist, the model developed here represents a simple, low‐cost method for accurately forecasting local‐area employment in the tradition of past work on export‐base models.
DEFENSE SPENDING AND STATE ECONOMIC GROWTH*
Authors: Mehay Stephen L. , Solnick Loren M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLittle evidence is currently available on the regional growth effects of federal defense spending. In this study, econometric models for state personal income and manufacturing employment between 1976 and 1985 are specified and estimated. Pooled cross‐sectional time‐series data are used, and the estimation procedure corrects for serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and contemporaneous cross‐sectional correlation. The results indicate that aggregate defense spending has a positive effect on both growth measures. However, when defense expenditures are disaggregated, only investment‐type outlays appear to consistently affect state economic growth.
ON BERNOULLIAN UTILITY FOR GOODS AND MONEY
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA study is made of the hypothesis that the utility of a combination of goods is a weighted sum of Bernoullian Utilities for the separate goods. If the utility of money, at given prices for the goods, is defined as the maximum utility of goods attainable with it, it follows from this hypothesis that the utility of money also has Bernoullian form. Investigation is made of the admissibility of the hypothesis on given expediture data, and of the index‐number theory that can be founded on it. It is also considered how the utility of money under‐goes transformation as prices change.
A MODEL OF THE MATURITY PROFILE OF THE BALANCE SHEET (1)
Authors: Grove Myron A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the expected return‐variance of return hypothesis of investment behavior is applied to the problem ot the wealth‐holder's choice of the maturity distributions of his assets and liabilities. It is assumed that the only asset forms available to the wealth‐holder are bonds homogeneous in all respects except: the dates on which they promise with certainty to pay their face values plus interest in a single lump sum. Bonds are assumed to be available from a continuous spectrm of maturities in infinitely divisible denominations. The wealth‐holder is assuined, in addition, to make risky forecasts of the future level of interest rates.Under these assumptions, the wealth‐holder's networth is a random variable with given mean and variance. Expected net‐worth and its variance are shown to be functions of a set of moments describing the distributions by maturity date of the wealth‐holder assets and liabilities, i. e., the wealth‐holder views the maturity distributions of his assets and liabilities as statistical frequency functions capable of being described by a set of statistical moments. These moments are then treated as the wealth‐holder's decision variables to be adjusted to maximize a utility function over expected net‐worth and its variance. Optima 1 values of these moments then describe the optimal maturity profile of the wealth‐holder's balance sheet.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY AND AN ENVELOPE PROPERTY
Authors: Hsiao Frank S. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe first part of this paper shows in the Stolper‐Samuelson box diagram that (a) how the increased factor in the theorem will be absorbed and how the existing resources will be transferred between industries; (b) If both factors increase simultanously, there may or may not have transference of the existing resources; (c) Jone's magnification effect can be illustrated in the same box diagram. The second part of this paper relates the corollary. We have shown that (d) if diversification of production occurs, the corollary holds percentagewise only if less of the total supply of the increased factor is employed in the industry which uses this factor intensively. (e) Our proposition may also be explained by deriving the effect of factor expansion on the marginal rate of transformation; and lastly, (f) a type of envelope theorem for factor expansion may be established. The mathematical derivations are collected in the Appendix.
OPTIMAL ALLOCATION AND PRICING WHEN CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IS SUBOPTIMAL
Authors: Carey Malachy 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDue to imperfect information, consumer behaviour often deviates in a systematic quantifiable way from informed optimising behaviour. This paper seeks to take account of this in deriving optimal price and allocation rules. Using a partial equilibrium approach, Part I argues that it may be possible to reconstruct consumers ‘informed’ behaviour from their observed behaviour, and to derive from this their optimal demand levels. Optimal prices, that is the prices which will induce consumers to purchase the optimal quantities, can then be derived. This pricing strategy is illustrated by the analysis of example in Parts II and III.
CONSISTENT AGGREGATION OF LINEAR ECONOMIC MODELS
Authors: Paris Quirino 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a set of conditions for exact aggregation of linear models based on duality. Such conditions admit rather general structures and allow for parametric variation of the coefficient vectors in the objective function and constraints. They do require that the activities to be aggregated be characterized by a proportionality relation. The issue of « natural » versus unrestricted weights is discussed at some lenght and the advantage of using unrestricted operators is clearly pointed out.
RELIABILITY AND REGULATION IN PRICING PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICE
Authors: Uri Noel D. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYThe principal question addressed in this paper concerns the optimal price profile for a regulated public utility where demand is stochastic. Through the introduction of rationing costs and a rate‐of‐return constraint, marginal revenue will be approximately equated to the cost associated with satisfying the last unit of consumers’demand. This has significant implications for capacity expansion. Namely, capacity is added to keep the risk of failure minimal. As a result, to the extent that the associated costs are higher for the last unit of capacity, a higher marginal revenue and hence price will result. That is, if the marginal unit of capacity has a high operating and delivery cost and low capital cost with high reliability and consequent high total cost (e.g., an internal combustion peaking unit), the indicated result follows.Consequently, there is a direct trade off between the level of risk of failure and marginal revenue. This provides a rationalization for the existence of the price differential between firm and interruptible customers. Finally, if the firm is contrained to earn a fair return on its capital investment, it will set prices to favor the consumers generating the expansion in capacity.
FLUCTUATING GROWTH WITH INDUCED INNOVATIONS
Authors: Rampa G. , Rampa L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMany authors have demonstrated that stability is achieved when technical coefficient flexibility (induced by changes in factor prices) is introduced into a growth cycle model.Since in the real world induced technical change coexists with cycles and irregular growth, the purpose of this article is to prove that removing some of the more unconvincing assumptions in these models makes those phenomena quite plausible. More precisely, the classical extreme hypothesis about accumulation is abandoned in favour of an autonomous investment function. Secondly, myopic unit‐cost‐reduction maximisation is modified by introducing uncertainty and innovating firms’risk aversion.Bifurcation techniques are used to detect the existence of closed orbits (cycles) in the three‐dimensional differential system thus obtained. Journ. Ec. Lit. class. numb. 111, 131, 213, 621.
INTERSECTORAL TECHNOLOGY FLOWS. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Marengo L. , Sterlacchini A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a critical survey of the various methodologies dealing with intersectoral flows of technology.Firstly, we present the indirect methods based on the Input‐Output tables which are employed for the study of embodied technology transfer, with an application to Italy for the year 1982. Secondly, we sketch a formalization of Scherer's direct methodology. This is the most ambitious study of the intersectoral flows of innovations based upon an exstensive survey of the origin and use of patented innovations: strengths and weaknesses of such approach are outlined and the main empirical results are presented. Finally, we give some indications for merging the two methodologies in a more comprehensive approach, in accordance to the present understanding of the reality of the process of innovation diffusion.
TWO ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO FINANCIAL MODEL BUILDING
Authors: Panico Carlo 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper compares the long and the short period models presented by Tobin and those that can be derived from the writings of Kaldor. It presents a Kaldorian model where the government deficit is financed through bonds and money, where inflation can occur, financial assets are allocated through portfolio decisions, and Kaldor's characterization of monetary and fiscal policies are taken into account. The model clarifies under which conditions the “Cambridge Equation” holds and reconciles two different Post‐Keynesian views on income distribution, since distributive variables are made to depend both on the rate of growth and on the money rate of interest.
COMPLEX DYNAMICS IN A KEYNESIAN GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Jarsulic Marc 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a non‐linear differential‐delay model of the Keynesian system. The non‐linearities derive from a non‐linear relationship between capacity utilization and profitability, interacting with the effect of profitability on rates of investment. Local stability properties are established analytically, and numerical techniques indicate the possibility of chaotic behavior for some configurations of parameters. The results suggest that profitability and growth can interact to produce some of the apparently stochastic components of growth cycles.
INVESTMENT, EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES: A BARGAINING APPROACH
Authors: Mezzetti Claudio 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes a three stage game between a firm and its unionized workers. In the first period the firm decides the level of its capital stock. In the second period union and firm bargain over how many workers to hire and the wage rate, then production takes place. In the third stage new production occurs after union and firm have bargained over possible changes in the employment level and wage rate. The hiring of workers is associated with sunk training costs. The main result is that distortions in the use of labor due to sunk training costs induce distortions in the use of capital, even in the absence of sunk investment costs. Because of the strategic impact of investment on later stages of the game, the firm will not equate marginal revenue product and rental cost of capital. Underinvestment or overinvestment will result depending on whether the marginal revenue product of labor is an increasing or decreasing function of capital.