bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective determination of ionised bromide and organic bromides in Foodstuffs by gas‐liquid chromatography with special reference to fumigant residues
Authors: Heuser S. G. , Scudamore K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of methods in common use for determining amounts of bromine‐containing compounds occurring as residues in foodstuffs, primarily as a result of commodity or soil fumigation, do not distinguish between bromide ion and organically bound bromine. Although such compounds may differ widely in their toxicity, national and international schedules have included tolerances for total bromide determined as ‘inorganic bromide’.A method is described in which ionised bromide in foodstuffs is quantitatively converted to 2‐brompethanol (ethylene bromohydrin) by reaction with ethylene oxide in an acid medium. The 2‐bromoethanol produced is determined in processed extracts by gas‐liquid chromatography. Residual methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide (1,2‐dibromoethane), neither of which react with ethylene oxide under the conditions prescribed, are separated and determined concurrently.With foodstuffs which did not contain organo‐bromine compounds, good agreement was observed between results obtained by the gas chromatographic method and by total bromide determination involving alkali digestion, controlled ashing, extraction of ash and wet oxidation.In the light of the more specific methods of determination now available, some clarification in tolerance schedules for residual bromine compounds in foodstuffs is suggested.
Effects of soil moisture content on the availability of soil‐applied herbicides to plants
Authors: Walker A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicities of atrazine, simazine, linuron, lenacil and aziprotryne were increased as the moisture content of the soil increased. Results from studies with 14C‐labelled atrazine suggested that these differences could be related to differences in concentrations of herbicide accumulated by the plants. Total uptake of atrazine was directly proportional to water uptake, but a comparison of the amounts taken up with those supplied by mass‐flow in the transpiration stream suggested that some exclusion factor was operative. It was concluded that herbicide transport within the soil‐plant system was the main factor affecting phytotoxicity under the different soil moisture regimes. The significance of the results to herbicide behaviour under field conditions is discussed.
Diffusion of 1,3‐dichloropropene from a plane source in soil
Authors: Leistra M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe diffusion of cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene in soils following plough‐ and subsurface blade‐injection was studied at two experimental sites. At two points of time the concentrations at various depths were measured. The distribution of the fumigant was also calculated theoretically using a computer to obtain numerical solutions to the diffusion equations. Results from measurements and computations are compared for some representative cases and computed values of the concentration‐time integral are given.
Effect of chloroxuron on some microbial activities in soil
Authors: Odu C. T. I. , Horsfall Mildred A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of chloroxuron on some soil microbial activities, i.e. carbon dioxide evolution, mineralisation of nitrogen, dehydrogenase activity and on microbial colony counts, was assessed by applying different concentrations of the herbicide to soils incubated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Experimental results showed no adverse effects on microbial activities in the soils studied when chloroxuron was applied in concentrations up to 100 ppm. Mineralisation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide production were slightly enhanced by the herbicide.
Influence of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide on fermentation, and its residues in musts and wines
Authors: Trombetti G. , Maini P. , Caumo B. , Kovàcs A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField and laboratory trials with tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (Cy3SnOH) acaricide, were carried out on two varieties of grapevine, to examine the influence of residues on the must fermentation. Laboratory tests showed that Cy3SnOH inhibits fermentation, for a period up to 2‐5 days, only at very high concentrations (0.75‐6.75 ppm). After this time, fermentation always starts again, so that in field tests, no delay in fermentation resulted. Analytical values for tin residues, obtained spectrophotometrically by using the catechol violet complex, showed residues to be quite high in musts from grapes treated 6 days before vintage (0.50–0.98 ppm Sn  1.63–3.14 ppm Cy3SnOH), but very low in musts from grapes treated 30 days before vintage (0.04–0.07 ppm Sn  0.13‐0.25 ppm Cy3SnOH). It was also demonstrated that the acaricide and its degradation products go to the bottom with the lees during fermentation.
Disinsection of aircraft with pressure packs containing the pyrethroids, resmethrin and bioresmethrin
Authors: Brooke J. P. , Evans M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyrethrins and the pyrethroids, bioallethrin ((+) trans‐chrysanthemic acid ester of (±) allethrolone), resmethrin* (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis,trans‐chrysanthemate) and bioresmethrin† (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) were compared for insecticidal activity against free‐flying Aedes aegypti L. in a Peet‐Grady chamber using kerosene solutions and an aerosol particle size. The relative potency for kill of female mosquitoes was 1; 2.3; 6.8; 8.0 respectively. In further experiments, resmethrin and bioresmethrin were compared as aerosol formulations in a Comet 4C aircraft using caged and fed female A. aegypti. Both compounds at 0.1% (by wt.) in pressure packs and 35 g of formulation per 100 m3 provided 99% kill. It is suggested that pressure packs containing 0.5% (by wt.) of either compound should be adequate for disinsection of passenger aircraft. However, bioresmethrin would appear to be the compound of choice in view of its greater biological efficiency under laboratory conditions, and consequent probable greater margin of kill in practice.
Organophosphorus poisoning: A comparative study of the toxicity of chlorfenvinphos [2‐chloro‐1‐ (2′, 4′, ‐dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate] to the pigeon, the pheasant and the Japanese Quail
Authors: Bunyan P. J. , Jennings D. M. , Jones F. J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acute oral toxicity of chlorfenvinphos [2‐chloro‐1‐(2′, 4′‐dichlorophenyl)vinyl diethyl phosphate] was measured in pigeon (Columba livia), pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), and quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the compound was shown to be particularly toxic to pigeons. Additionally, all three species were fed chlorfenvinphos at 100 ppm in their diet for two or four weeks and esterase measurements were made by conventional and electrophoretic methods on extracts of liver, kidney and brain. The conventionally measured esterase inhibition correlated well with the acute oral toxicity figures. A more detailed study of the histochemically stained electrophoregams showed some discrepancies compared with conventional methods but offered a possible explanation of the inter‐species toxicity difference in that it revealed differential inhibition of some brain iso‐esterases in pigeon but not in pheasant or quail.
Evaluation of systemic fungicides for use in the glasshouse industry
Authors: Smith Pauline M. , Spencer D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe primary evaluation of ten fungicides for the control of cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), tomato leaf mould (Cladosporium fulvum) and tomato grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) indicated that nine of them were systemically active against one or more of the pathogens when applied as soil drenches. Benomyl, thiophanate, thiophanate‐methyl, thiabendazole and Cela W52A showed activity against all three diseases, but dimethirimol, triarimol and dodemorph were more specific and mainly active against cucumber powdery mildew. An in vitro bioassay generally indicated that fungitoxicity was not translocated from sprayed to unsprayed leaves, and though toxicity to B. cinerea, following soil drenches of benomyl, thiophanate and thiophanate‐methyl, was detected by bioassay in leaf sap and calyces it was not detected in fruit. Furthermore, extended evaluation of benomyl for the control of grey mould on cropping tomotoes showed that in the presence of abundant B. cinerea inoculum, benomyl soil drench treatment effectively controlled flower and leaf infection but not fruit ghost‐spotting.
Behaviour of commercial systemic fungicides in conventional (non‐systemic) tests
Authors: Koch W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiological screens specifically designed to detect systemic fungicides, besides being slow, labour‐intensive, wasteful of chemicals and very expensive, may be expected to bias the results in favour of types of activity already encountered. Evidence is presented to show that simple, non‐systemic tests are efficient in selecting active chemicals with systemic properties.
Transport of the systemic fungicide cela W 524 in barley plants (part I)
Authors: Ost W. , Bruchhausen V. V. , Drandarevski Ch. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDoses of 11–20 mg of the title compound in aqueous formulation were added to barley plants in pots. Radioactivity and biological activity against Puccinia coronata on eight different sections of the shoots as well as the inhibition of Cladosporium spore development on thin‐layer chromatograms from methanolic extracts were followed during the first 24 h. Transport velocities, distribution and useful doses are discussed.
The movement of paraquat as influenced by the partition coefficient of surfactants between water and leaf wax
Authors: Bland P. D. , Brian R. C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract“Lissapol” NX and “Lubrol” L, used to improve the uptake of paraquat into plants were found in earlier work to reduce its movement. Several series of surfactants with widely varying solubilities in water were partitioned between cabbage wax and water. A marked correlation was found between the effect of surfactants on the movement of paraquat and the amount of surfactant partitioning into the wax.It is concluded that although surfactants increase the uptake of paraquat into leaves, this increase is offset by reduced movement following penetration of surfactants into leaf tissue. Surfactant partition into wax reduces the degree of penetration, but there is no evidence how surfactants in leaf tissue reduce movement.
Bioassay evaluation of the systemic properties of carboxin in lemon seedlings
Authors: Solel Z. , Pinkas J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCarboxin was toxic to the fungus Deuterophoma tracheiphila. Uptake and translocation of carboxin (2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐5‐phenylcarbamoyl‐1,4‐oxathiin) in lemon seedlings were assessed in plant extracts by a bioassay technique. Root uptake and translocation to stem and leaves were demonstrated from both an aqueous solution and drenched soil. Leaf uptake was lower than root uptake, and could be enhanced by removing the epicuticular wax. Chromatographic tests suggested that the compound responsible for fungitoxicity within plant tissues may have been carboxin itself.
Estimation of dieldrin in cured tobacco
Authors: Thimm H. F. , Belcher R. S. , Briner G. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEstimation of dieldrin in cured tobacco using published methods of clean‐up followed by electron‐capture g.l.c., suffers from serious interferences. Such interference can be eliminated by Storherr sweep codistillation and t.l.c. on alumina. The limit of detection is 0.01 part/million.
Factors affecting the introduction of preservatives into wood
Authors: Banks W. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe various processes by which preservatives may be introduced into wood are discussed. Important variables affecting rate and depth of preservative penetration are considered. As well as process variables such as applied pressure and treatment time, it is shown how mass flow processes are affected by carrier fluid viscosity and surface properties. Because of anatomical variation, wood permeability varies greatly both within and between species. Hence it is necessary to select species carefully when treatment is required. The mechanism of diffusion treatment is discussed and it is shown that this process can provide an effective treatment method for otherwise refractory species.
Measurements of temperature and degradation of pyrethroids in two thermal fogging machines, the swingfog and TIFA
Authors: Rickett F. E. , Chadwick P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe losses of natural pyrethrins, bioallethrin, bioresmethrin and tetramethrin have been measured during thermal fogging using the Swingfog Model SN6 and the Lightweight TIFA. Fogs produced from kerosene solutions of the insecticides containing an internal standard were analysed by gas chromatography. Losses of natural pyrethrins, bioresmethrin and tetramethrin were less than the experimental error showing that these compounds did not degrade in either machine. Losses of bioallethrin were 3.1 and 5.5% in the Swingfog and TIFA respectively but these figures were possibly exaggerated slightly by inefficiencies in the fog sampling technique and it is doubtful if losses of this magnitude would be detected under field conditions.Whilst operating with odourless kerosene, the maximum temperatures recorded within the fogging heads were 120°C in the Swingfog with a flow rate of 351/h and 265°C in the TIFA with a flow rate of 951/h.
The toxicity of formetanate and chlorphenamidine to resistant fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
Authors: Cranham J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormetanate was found to be somewhat less effective on three strains of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) resistant to organophosphorus compounds (O.P.'s), and on two others multi‐resistant to O.P.'s and tetradifon, than on susceptible mites; the LC50's in tests on larvae or adult mites were two to three times greater. Chlorphenamidine was as effective on O.P.‐resistant mites as on susceptibles; but on the multi‐resistant strains it was more effective, the ratio of LC50's, R/S, in assays on larvae being ×0.37. However, it has not been shown that resistance to tetradifon confers true (pleiotropic) negative cross‐resistance to chlorphenamidine.
The role of translocation in selectivity of herbicides with reference to MCPA and MCPB
Authors: Kirkwood R. C. , Dalziel J. , Matlib A. , Somerville L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of 2.5 mM‐[14C]MCPAMCPA = (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid).
and [14C]MCPBMCPB = (4‐(2‐methyI‐4‐chlorophenoxy) butyric acid).
formulated as sodium salts with 0.05% tergitol, have been investigated when applied to an isolated leaf/agar block sink system of Vicia faba L. Results are presented which show the effect on absorption and translocation of method of application, age of treatment leaf, treatment period, pretreatment with 5 μM ATP and removal of cuticle wax by chloroform wipe treatment. Significant negative correlations between cuticle wax fixation/translocation and leaf tissue content/translocation were recorded for both compounds, particularly MCPB, suggesting the involvement of both physicochemical and metabolic components in the process of absorption and translocation. The nature of the mechanisms involved was further investigated using isolated cuticle/epidermal systems and tightly‐coupled mitochondria isolated from roots of V. faba L. The results suggest that non‐movement of MCPB in this species is largely due to its enhanced retention within the cuticle and to the fact that it is a more effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation than MCPA. The importance of these findings in terms of the relative efficiency of translocation of MCPA and MCPB when applied in vivo is discussed.
The influence of some growth retardants on the growth and mineral composition of plants
Authors: Mohsin M. , Smith M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of the growth retardants 3‐chlorobenzyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (B3), 4‐chlorobenzyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (B4), α‐naphthylmethyl‐tri‐n‐butylammonium bromide (α‐NMB) and the commercial products 2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat chloride) and N‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (aminozide) on the growth characteristics and chemical composition of plants growing in soil under glasshouse conditions has been studied. The height, fresh and dry weights and content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese of treated plants were compared with those of control plants. The chlorophyll content of certain leaves was also estimated.The retardants markedly altered the growth habit of plants and usually led to a decrease in fresh and dry weights. The percentage of plant nutrient elements in the dry matter was increased by treatment.
Determination of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in tomato plants and other commercial crops by microcoulometric gas chromatography
Authors: Munro H. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA residue method based on microcoulometric gas chromatography is described for 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T in tomato plants and other commercial crops. Intensive cleanup includes extractions with two different buffers and, after conversion of the free acids to the methyl esters, final cleanup is achieved with a Kontes Sweep Co‐distillation Apparatus.With a sample weight of 100 g of tomato plant, 0.5 μg can be determined with a recovery of 72 to 96% for 2,4‐D and 94 to 100% for 2,4,5‐T.
The analysis of crops and soils for the triazine herbicide cyanazine and some of its degradation products. I. Development of method
Authors: Beynon K. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRadiochemical techniques have been used to develop efficient procedures for the extraction of residues of cyanazine herbicide [‘BLADEX’,BLADEX and FORTROL are Shell registered Trade Marks.
a ‘FORTROL’,a 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine] and its metabolites 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbamoyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (II), 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (V) and 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbamoyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (VI) from crops and soils.Partition and column chromatographic techniques have been established for the purification of the extracts. The full analytical procedure is described and the final determination of all four compounds is by g.l.c. with electron capture detection with blank values for field samples generally 0.02 part/million and with good recoveries.
Residues of some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in milk and milk products after their addition to the feed of cows
Authors: Smart N. A. , Hill A. R. C. , Roughan P. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLactating cows fed 0.05 part/million aldrin, 0.2 part/million γ‐BHC and 2.0 parts/million pp'‐DDT in their concentrate ration gave detectable residues of dieldrin, γ‐BHC, pp'‐DDE, pp'‐TDE and pp'‐DDT in the milk and also aldrin in the butter and cheese. The levels found after 28 days of feeding were not significantly greater than those after 14 days. Subsequent increase of the pesticide content of the feed increased the residue content of the milk, butter and cheese. Only a small percentage of pesticide residue was found in the buttermilk, separated milk and the whey.
Fungitoxicity of bromo‐ and iodo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoates
Authors: Lehtonen K. , Summers L. A. , Carter G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEsters of 2‐bromo‐, 4‐bromo‐, 2‐iodo‐ and 4‐iodo‐ 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acids show considerable antifungal activity in spore germination tests against Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Septoria nodorum and Uromyces fabae. They act as protectant fungicides against Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia recondita and Septoria nodorum on wheat and Botrytis fabae on broad bean. The most active compounds are methyl and ethyl 4‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoates which give better control of wheat rust than oxycarboxin and methyl 4‐iodo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoate which is at least as effective as captan against Septoria leaf spot on wheat. Several of the esters are superior to captan in controlling chocolate spot on broad bean.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution XIX. The synthesis and activity of substituted cyclohexylphenols
Authors: Clifford D. R. , James Carolyn S. , Woodcock D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐two substituted 2‐ and 4‐cyclohexylphenols were synthesised and tested in the glasshouse against the powdery mildews of apple and marrow. Relative differences in fungicidal activity between the two series are discussed in relation to structural variations. High activity is associated with a nitro group in position 4 together with either a halogen or nitro‐group in position 2.
Dichlorvos residues in food arising from the domestic use of dichlorvos PVC strips
Authors: Elgar K. E. , Mathews B. L. , Bosio P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrials have been carried out with “VAPONA”“VAPONA” is a Shell trade mark.
Pest Strips under practical conditions in houses in the U.K. and France. The purpose of these trials was to determine the residues of dichlorvos that occur in food prepared in kitchens in which strips were placed. Samples, each of which consisted of the combined food and drink for an adult for a day, were taken at intervals during the trials. The food items were exposed and the meals prepared, including any cooking, in the way normal to the household.The analyses for dichlorvos were carried out by a g.l.c. method using flame photometric detection. The results show that the residue concentrations from all the individual samples were less than 0.1 part/million. In the U.K. trial, the mean dichlorvos levels in samples taken 7, 42 and 70 days after the strips were hung were 0.03, 0.03 and 0.02 part/million respectively. In the French trial, the mean concentrations were a little lower, being 0.02, 0.02 and less than 0.01 part/million at the same times.The items of food and the way in which they were processed varied widely from sample to sample and also between the two countries. However, the residue concentration in a sample did not appear to be correlated with the food items or with the manner of processing.No relationship was observed between the volume of the kitchens used, which varied from 14 to 45 m3, and the level of residues found in the samples.
Biological effects of combining carboxin, organomercury fungicides and insecticides as seed dressings for wheat, and the effect of these combinations on adherence of the pesticides to the seed
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Jeffs K. A. , Scott G. C. , Gair R. , Lester E. , Maskell F. E. , Williams J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen seeds of winter wheat were carefully dressed in the laboratory with combinations of fungicides (organomercury alone or organomercury plus the systemic fungicide carboxin) and insecticides (aldrin, carbophenothion or chlorfenvinphos as liquid formulations, or a γ‐BHC powder formulation) so as to ensure that nearly all the recommended amounts of the active ingredients stuck to them, the insecticides gave good insect control, but γ‐BHC with organomercury fungicide decreased the number of plants that germinated, and γ‐BHC with carboxin and organomercury was even more damaging.Commercially dressed seeds had only about 30 to 60% of the target dose of fungicides, but more than 80% of the target doses of the liquid insecticides aldrin, carbophenothion and chlorfenvinphos. With combinations of powder fungicide and liquid insecticide, greater amounts of pesticide on the seed were obtained if the insecticide was put on first.Because of unusually late sowings and little fungal infestation, neither laboratory nor commercially treated seeds provided good tests for control of smut.