bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additive structures in sumsets
Authors: SANDERS TOM 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSuppose that A and A′ are subsets of ℤ/Nℤ. We write A+A′ for the set {a+a′:a ∈ A and a′ ∈ A′} and call it the sumset of A and A′. In this paper we address the following question. Suppose that A1,. . .,Am are subsets of ℤ/Nℤ. Does A1+· · ·+Am contain a long arithmetic progression?The situation for m=2 is rather different from that for m ≥ 3. In the former case we provide a new proof of a result due to Green. He proved that A1+A2 contains an arithmetic progression of length roughly $\exp (c\sqrt{\alpha_1\alpha_2 \log N})$ where α1 and α2 are the respective densities of A1 and A2. In the latter case we improve the existing estimates. For example we show that if A ⊂ ℤ/Nℤ has density $\alpha \gg \sqrt{\log \log N/\log N}$ then A+A+A contains an arithmetic progression of length Ncα. This compares with the previous best of Ncα2+ϵ.Two main ingredients have gone into the paper. The first is the observation that one can apply the iterative method to these problems using some machinery of Bourgain. The second is that we can localize a result due to Chang regarding the large spectrum of L2-functions. This localization seems to be of interest in its own right and has already found one application elsewhere.
The multifractal nature of heterogeneous sums of Dirac masses
Authors: BARRAL JULIEN , SEURET STÉPHANE 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the natural problem of performing the multifractal analysis of heterogeneous sums of Dirac masses

where (xn)n≥0 is a sequence of points in [0, 1]d and (wn)n≥0 is a positive sequence of weights such that Σn≥0wn < ∞. We consider the case where the points xn are roughly uniformly distributed in [0, 1]d, and the weights wn depend on a random self-similar measure μ, a parameter ρ ∈ (0, 1], and a sequence of positive radii (λn)n≥1 converging to 0 in the following way

The measure ν has a rich multiscale structure. The computation of its multifractal spectrum is related to heterogeneous ubiquity properties of the system {(xn,λn)n with respect to μ.
Evolutionary loss of the rdar morphotype in Salmonella as a result of high mutation rates during laboratory passage
Authors: Davidson Carla J , White Aaron P , Surette Michael G 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Rapid evolution of microbes under laboratory conditions can lead to domestication of environmental or clinical strains. In this work, we show that domestication due to laboratory passage in rich medium is extremely rapid. Passaging of wild-type Salmonella in rich medium led to diversification of genotypes contributing to the loss of a spatial phenotype, called the rdar morphotype, within days. Gene expression analysis of the rdar regulatory network demonstrated that mutations were primarily within rpoS, indicating that the selection pressure for scavenging during stationary phase had the secondary effect of impairing this highly conserved phenotype. If stationary phase was omitted from the experiment, radiation of genotypes and loss of the rdar morphotype was also demonstrated, but due to mutations within the cellulose biosynthesis pathway and also in an unknown upstream regulator. Thus regardless of the selection pressure, rapid regulatory changes can be observed on laboratory timescales. The speed of accumulation of rpoS mutations during daily passaging could not be explained by measured fitness and mutation rates. A model of mutation accumulation suggests that to generate the observed accumulation of σ38 mutations, this locus must experience a mutation rate of approximately 10−4 mutations/gene/generation. Sequencing and gene expression of population isolates indicated that there were a wide variety of σ38 phenotypes within each population. This suggests that the rpoS locus is highly mutable by an unknown pathway, and that these mutations accumulate rapidly under common laboratory conditions.
Protein kinase and protein phosphatase expression in the central nervous system of G93A mSOD over‐expressing mice
Authors: Hu Jie Hong , Chernoff Ken , Pelech Steven , Krieger Charles 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe expressions of 78 protein kinases, 24 protein phosphatases and 31 phosphoproteins were investigated by Kinetworks™ analysis in brain and spinal cord tissue of transgenic mice over‐expressing G93A mutant superoxide dismutase (mSOD), a murine model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the brains of affected mSOD mice, we observed increased expression of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA, 111% increase compared with control), and protein phosphatase 2B Aα‐catalytic subunit (calcineurin, 109% increase), and reductions in the levels of PAK3 (76% decrease) and protein phosphatase 2C Cβ‐subunit (32% decrease). Increased Ser259 phosphorylation of Raf1 (126% increase) in mSOD mice correlated with higher expression of p73 Raf1 (147% increase). There was also increased p73 Raf1 (69% increase) and Ser259 phosphorylation (45% increase) in the spinal cords of mSOD mice. While adducin underwent enhanced phosphorylation (αS724, 90% increase; γS662, 290% increase) in mSOD brain, its phosphorylation was lower in the mSOD spinal cord (αS724, 53% decrease; γS662, 46% decrease). In spinal cords of affected mSOD mice, we also observed elevated expression of casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ, 157% increase), JAK2 (84% increase), PKA (183% increase), protein kinase C (PKC) δ (123% increase), p124 PKCµ (142% increase), and RhoA kinase (221% increase), and enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinases 1 (ERK1, T202/Y204, 90% increase), and 2 (ERK2, T185/Y187, 73% increase), p38 MAP kinase (T180/Y182, 1570% increase), and PKBα (T308, 154% increase; S473, 61% increase). There was also reduced phosphorylation of RB (S780, 45% decrease; S807/S811, 65% decrease), Src (Y418, 63% decrease) and p40 SAPK/JNKβ (T183/Y185, 43% decrease). Variability in the expression of kinases, phosphatases and phosphorylation of their substrates was observed even in mutant animals having a similar phenotype. The expression and phosphorylation differences between mSOD and control mice were dissimilar to those between ALS patients and controls. This finding indicates that the activation of protein kinases and phosphoproteins is different with neuron loss in the mSOD mouse compared with that seen in patients with the sporadic form of ALS.
Quantitative on‐line monitoring of hippocampus glucose and lactate metabolism in organotypic cultures using biosensor technology
Authors: Gramsbergen Jan Bert , Leegsma‐Vogt Gea , Venema Kor , Noraberg Jens , Korf Jakob 
Published: February 2008

AbstractQuantitative glucose and lactate metabolism was assessed in continuously perfused organotypic hippocampal slices under control conditions and during exposure to glutamate and drugs that interfere with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. On‐line detection was possible with a system based on slow perfusion rates, a half‐open (medium/air interface) tissue chamber and a flow injection analytic system equipped with biosensors for glucose and lactate. Under basal conditions about 50% of consumed glucose was converted to lactate in hippocampal slice cultures. Using medium containing lactate (5 mm) instead of glucose (5 mm) significant lactate uptake was observed, but this uptake was less than the net uptake of lactate equivalents in glucose‐containing medium. Glucose deprivation experiments suggested lactate efflux from glycogen stores. The effects of drugs compromising or stimulating energy metabolism, i.e. 2‐deoxyglucose, 3‐nitropropionic acid, α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate, l‐glutamate, d‐asparate, ouabain and monensin, were tested in this flow system. The data show that maintaining Na+ and K+ gradients consumed much of the energy but do not support the hypothesis that l‐glutamate stimulates glycolysis in hippocampal slice cultures.
Taipoxin induces F‐actin fragmentation and enhances release of catecholamines in bovine chromaffin cells
Authors: Ñeco Patricia , Rossetto Ornella , Gil Anabel , Montecucco Cesare , Gutiérrez Luis M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAdrenomedullary bovine chromaffin cells were used to study the uptake and cellular effects of the phospholipase type A2 (PLA2) neurotoxin taipoxin in a neuroendocrine model. This toxin entered rapidly inside cultured cells. Within 1 h, taipoxin accumulated on the plasma membrane, independently of calcium presence, and caused fragmentation of the F‐actin cytoskeleton. Toxin‐induced cell death occurred after 24 h of incubation with the appearance of toxin containing large vesicles. Secretory experiments performed in cell populations showed an increased exocytosis in taipoxin‐treated cells stimulated by depolarization or by incubation with the calcium‐ionophore A23187. Like F‐actin fragmentation, this effect is abolished by replacement of Ca2+ with Sr2+ during toxin incubation. The effect of taipoxin on exocytosis is not enhanced by latrunculin A, a F‐actin disassembling drug altering secretion. Secretory studies in single taipoxin‐treated cells using amperometry, showed an increase in the number of released vesicles without modification of the kinetic parameters of individual vesicle fusions. Taken together, these results suggest that taipoxin causes F‐actin fragmentation and enhances secretion by redistribution of vesicles among secretory pools.
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity by the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor protein and hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors
Authors: Schnell Phillip O. , Ignacak Monika L. , Bauer Amy L. , Striet Justin B. , Paulding Waltke R. , Czyzyk‐Krzeska Maria F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is induced by hypoxia in oxygen‐sensitive cells of the carotid body and pheochromocytoma‐derived PC12 cells. TH is also regulated by the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). Here, we report that induction of TH gene expression involves activation of the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors (HIFs) that interact with a specific hypoxia‐responsive element (HRE) in the proximal region of the TH promoter. We also show that some of the effects of pVHL on activity of the TH promoter are mediated through HIFs. Low levels of pVHL are associated with decreased HIFα ubiquitination, increased accumulation of HIFα proteins, increased binding of HIFs to the HRE within the TH promoter, and increased activity of a TH promoter–reporter construct. In contrast, high levels of pVHL repress HIF accumulation and inhibit its activity in hypoxic cells. These results indicate that HIFs may play an important role in regulation of TH gene expression in oxygen‐sensitive cells and also in the development of hypercatecholaminemia in pheochromocytoma tumors.
Inhibition of glutamine transport depletes glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter pools: further evidence for metabolic compartmentation
Authors: Rae Caroline , Hare Nathan , Bubb William A. , McEwan Sally R. , Bröer Angelika , McQuillan James A. , Balcar Vladimir J. , Conigrave Arthur D. , Bröer Stefan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe role of glutamine and alanine transport in the recycling of neurotransmitter glutamate was investigated in Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slices and prisms, and in cultured neuroblastoma and astrocyte cell lines. The ability of exogenous (2 mm) glutamine to displace13C label supplied as [3‐13C]pyruvate, [2‐13C]acetate,l‐[3‐13C]lactate, ord‐[1‐13C]glucose was investigated using NMR spectroscopy. Glutamine transport was inhibited in slices under quiescent or depolarising conditions using histidine, which shares most transport routes with glutamine, or 2‐(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), a specific inhibitor of the neuronal system A. Glutamine mainly entered a large, slow turnover pool, probably located in neurons, which did not interact with the glutamate/glutamine neurotransmitter cycle. This uptake was inhibited by MeAIB. When [1‐13C]glucose was used as substrate, glutamate/glutamine cycle turnover was inhibited by histidine but not MeAIB, suggesting that neuronal system A may not play a prominent role in neurotransmitter cycling. When transport was blocked by histidine under depolarising conditions, neurotransmitter pools were depleted, showing that glutamine transport is essential for maintenance of glutamate, GABA and alanine pools. Alanine labelling and release were decreased by histidine, showing that alanine was released from neurons and returned to astrocytes. The resultant implications for metabolic compartmentation and regulation of metabolism by transport processes are discussed.
THE ALCOHOLIC AS SEEN IN COURT.
Authors: ANDERSON VICTOR V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn the study of one hundred alcoholics who were found to have been repeatedly arrested for drunkenness, and who repre‐ sented fairly well the typical “old rounders,” so‐called, who have spent much of their time in and out of penal institutions, and whose conduct seemed little modified by such treatment, it was found: (1) That not more than one‐half were capable of supporting themselves out in society; (2) that 56 per cent. Had the mental level of children below the age of twelve years; and (3) that they were all suffering from conditions in general re‐ garded as medical problems.For purposes of treatment they, in general, fall into two classes (this must be taken in the very broadest sense) : (a) The steady drinker, whose mentality is either defective to begin with, or is so deteriorated from the insidious effects of alcohol as to require that he be confined for prolonged hospital care and treatment; and (b) the periodic drinker, who, though in many in‐ stances may require short periods of detention, as well as hospital treatment, is in general to be handled on probation and incorporated into societys scheme of living by means of well‐ directed medical, psychological, and social service methods of treatment‐methods that take full account of his peculiar mental make‐up, his character defects and temperamental difficulties.
THE ENGLISH DRINK PROBLEM: ITS RISE AND DECLINE THROUGH THE AGES
Authors: GLATT M. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFor many centuries the “loathsome and odious sin of drunkenness” held this country in a firm grip tightening it even closer on a number of occasions. Numerous unco‐ordinated efforts made by social reformers, the Churches, Legislators and at times also by doctors to loosen the tight hold were of no lasting avail until fairly recently. It was chiefly the campaign against drunkenness during the 1914‐18 War which extricated the country from its grip, and since then a number of factors acting in combination have prevented drunkenness from becoming a menace once more. But even if nowadays drunken people are not sprawling on the streets any more, there is still need for research, vigilance and public education in the complex phenomenon of alcoholism.
THE USE AND ABUSE OF TRANQUILLIZERS IN ALCOHOLICS*
Authors: GLATT M. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe tranquillizers are valuable adjuncts in the treatment of alcoholism especially in the acute phases. However, one should remember that the attitude of a great many alcoholics towards drugs seems to be influenced by a feeling that if one pill does you some good, twice as much benefit would be derived from taking two pills. Therefore, whilst the doctor need not practise total abstinence from prescribing tranquillizers in the alcoholic's rehabilitation period he certainly should handle them with care and great moderation.I am much indebted to Miss I. Lumb, Chief Pharmacist of W.P.H., and to the nursing staff of wards H1 and A1, W.P.H. (especially Charge Nurse G. Thomas), for their help with the drug trials; and to Pharmaceutical Specialities (May and Baker) Ltd., Ciba Laboratories Ltd., and John Wyeth & Brother Ltd., for their supply of the inert control tablets.
ZUR PROBLEMATIK DER ZUSAMMENARBEIT VON JURISTEN UND ARZTEN IM KAMPF GEGEN DEN ALKOHOLISMUS*
Authors: NEUMANN H. 
Published: February 2008

Zusammenfassung— Unter Schilderung von typischen Fällen aus der eigenen forensisch‐psychiatrischen Praxis wird versucht, die tieferen Ursachen für die Schwierigkeiten bei der Zusammenarbeit von Juristen und Arzten bei der Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus darzustellen. Es wird anfangs gezeigt, wie von geschickten Straftätern Juristen and Arzte gegeneinander ausgespielt werden können, wie meist auch mehrfache Bestrafung wegen Alkoholdelikten mit Führerscheinentzug keine Anderung der Trinksitten bringt. Leider gehen die Ansichten des Richters und des medizinischen Sachverständigen über Ausmaβ des Alkoholismus, die Notwendigkeit einer gerichtlich anzuordnenden Entziehungskur und die Erteilung von Auflagen bei der Verurteilung von straffällig gewordenen Alkoholikern erheblich auseinander. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Einrichtung pon Bezirksgerichten zur Diskussion gestellt. Diese Gerichte müβten mit Richtern besetzt sein, die in ausreichendem Maβe mit der Alkoholproblematik vertraut sind. Schlieβlich wird dargelegt, welche Möglichkeiten dem Richter in die Hand gegeben sind, urn einen chronischen Alkoholiker bzw. einen Trunksüchtigen der ärztlichen Behandlung and fürsorgerischen Betreuung zuzuführen. Die Wiedererteilung der Fahrerlaubnis könnte zum Beispiel von der Durchführung einer Entziehungskur and vom Anschluβ an eine Abstinenzbewegung abhängig gemacht werden. Die Verurteilung eines Trinkers zu Haftstrafen allein bedeutet nur ein Aussetzen, aber keine Anderung der Trinkgewohnheiten. Wenn man einen alkoholkranken Straftäter nach Verbüβung der Haftstrafe seinem Schicksal überläβt, wird er in den meisten Fällen wieder zur Flasche greifen. Die Verurteilung zu einer Haftstrafe kann aus diesem Grunde in der Regel als nicht sinnvoll and ausreichend angesehen werden.
Alcohol Dependence‐its Development and Complications
Authors: LUNDQUIST GUNNAR A. R. 
Published: February 2008

Résumé Dans beaucoup de pays, les gens parlent de l'alcoolisme, de psychoses alcooliques et de la cirrhose alcoolique du foie, comme des maladies différentes développées après un abus excessif d'alcool, et nous savons tous des cas de buveurs qui sont un problème et des cas d'intoxication avec alcool. Cet article relate sur l'alcool, comme étant probablement l'agent pharmacologique le plus utilisé comme tranquillisant, comme moyen d'ajustement à la frustration et comme facteur toxique derrière différentes catégories de maladies, et décrit aussi comment les gens peuvent devenir dépendants de l'alcool.ZusammenfassungEs wird in vielen Ländern über Alkoholismus und Alkoholpsychosen sowie Alkohlzirrhosis der Leber als verschiedene gesprochen, welche nach übermässigem Alkoholtrinken auftreten, und wir alle kennen das Problem der Trinker und der Alkoholtrunksucht. Diese Abhandlung beschäftigt sich mit Alkohol, dem wahrscheinlich am häufigsten verwendeten pharmakologischen Mittel; mit Alkohol als Beruhigungsmittel und Massnahme zur Anpassung an Gehemmtheit; und mit Alkohol als toxischer Faktor hinter vielen, verschiedenen Krankheitsarten, und auf welche Weise der Mensch in Abhängigkeit vom Alkohol geraten kann.
Desensitization and the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction
Authors: KRAFT TOM , AL‐ISSA IHSAN 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis is study of two male patients addicted to alcohol, who were successfully treated by systematic desensitization. The hierarchy consists of large number of situations involving conversation with friends and strangers.It has been demonstrated in this study that the patients lose their addiction to alcohol, and may still continue socially drinking small quantities of alcohol, without developing the desire to drink to excess.The suggestion has been put forward that systematic desensitization may be preferable to aversive conditioning in the treatment of alcoholism. Some theoretical considerations are briefly discussed.Résumé —Ceci est un rapport concernant deux malades mâles, intoxiqués avec de l'alcool, qui furent traités avec succès par désensibilisation systématique. La hiérarchie consiste dans un grand nombre de situations impliquant des conversations avec des amis et des personnes étrangères. Il été démontré dans ce rapport que les malades perdent leur penchant pour l'alcool, et néanmoins peuvent continuer à boire socialement, des petites quantités d'alcool, sans développer le désir de boire excessivement. La suggéstion été avancée que la désensibilisation systématique pourrait être préférable au conditionnement répugnant du traitement de l'alcoolisme. Quelques considérations théoriques sont discutées brièvement.Zusammenfassung—Es handelt sich um einen Bericht über zwei männliche Patienten, beide alkoholsüchtig, die erfolgreich durch systematische Desensibilisierung behandelt wurden. Die Hierarchie besteht aus einer großen Anzahl von Situationen, zu denen Gespräche mit Freunden und Fremden gehören. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird gezeigt, daß die Patienten ihre Alkoholsüchtzgkeit verlieren und auch weiter noch bei geselligen Anlässen kleine Mengen Alkohol trinken können, ohne das Verlangen nach übermäßigem Trinken zu entwickeln. Es wurde darauf hingewiesen, daß systematische Desensibilisierung in der Behandlung des Alkoholismus' der Aversionskonditionierung vorzuziehen ist. Einige theoretische Erwägungen werden kurz besprochen.
Basic Concepts and Use of Cyclazocine in the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction
Authors: FREEDMAN ALFRED M. , FINK MAX 
Published: February 2008

Résumé— Des développements récents dans le champ des intoxications avec des narcotiques ont étabil les nécessités préalables pour un accès rationnel à ces intoxications. Ceci ne dénote pas qu'un procédé définitif a étéétabli; cependant, une méthode qui peut conduire à une variété de modalités significatives en rapport avec ces différents types, peut être mis en pratique et évaluée. Puisque la structure de la société contribue elle‐même à la genèse et au maintien de l'intoxication, la résolution finale peut nécessiter des changements sociaux. La stratégie doit être une telle dans laquelle un début est fait le long de lignes qui sont practicables pour qu'on puisse procéder ainsi systématiquement au traitement et finalement empêcher les types variés d'intoxications. Les types non justiciable de techniques courantes, seront traités par le développement de nouvelles méthodes.Zusammenfassung— Kürzliche Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiete der Rauschsuchtergebenheit haben die Voraussetzung für eine rationelle Inangriffsnahme dieses Übels an den Tag gebracht. Das soil nicht besagen, dass ein definites Vorgehen festgelegt wurde sondern, dass eine Methode, die zu einer Reihe von bedeutungsvollen Ausführungsarten führen kann, welche ihrerseits für die verschiedenen Typen belangvoll sind, praktisch eingesetzt und eingeschätzt werden kann. Da unsere Gesellschaftsstruktur aus sich selbst zum Entstehen und Weiterbestehen derartiger Suchtergebenheiten beiträgt, könnte eine endgültige Schlussfolgerung zur Notwendigkeit von sozialen Umwandlungen gelangen. Die Taktik müsste so gestaltet sein, dass als Anfang, durchführbare Bahnen eingeschlagen werden, damit wir systematisch zur Behanglung und schliesslich Verhütung der verschiedenen Arten von Rauschsucht fortschreiten können. Gewisse Arten, bei denen die derzeitigen Methoden undurchführbar sind, werden durch Entwicklung neuer Verfahren behandelt werden können.