bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Loss in Alcoholics and Narcotic Addicts
Authors: TENNANT CHRIS , BERNARDI ELSA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryParental loss in childhood is more common in alcoholics and narcotic addicts than normal controls. These differences are not confounded by demographic variables or depression. The loss is by separation from parents rather than by parental death. The type of separation usually implicated is the result of family or marital disturbance. In the case of alcoholics, separations from mother or both parents are important but separation from father alone is not. In narcotic addicts the above pattern was also observed but in addition, paternal separations due to marital dysharmony may be involved. These results are discussed in the light of family related theories of drug dependence.
Alcoholic Hallucinosis: a psychiatric enigma–2. Follow‐up Studies
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the contribution of natural history and genetic studies to the understanding of the syndrome called alcoholic, hallucinosis. Critical analysis of research methodology demonstrates that the diversity of fundamental definitions and assessment techniques challenge the interpretations derived from the data. Important questions for future research are outlined.
Interactions Among DUI Offender Characteristics and Traditional Intervention Modalities: a long‐term recidivism follow‐up
Authors: WELLS‐PARKER ELISABETH , ANDERSON BRADLEY J. , McMILLEN DAVID L. , LANDRUM JAMES W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUsing long‐term DUI (Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol) arrest recidivism data from a controlled study of DUI intervention effectiveness, interactions among DUI interventions, age, race, education, and alcohol severity were estimated using logit analysis. Data were collected in a 9‐year follow‐up study of the Mississippi DUI Probation Project. The effects of short‐term interventions (alcohol education schools for low alcohol severity offenders and structured group interventions for high alcohol severity offenders) were specified by educational level. Short‐term rehabilitation was modestly effective for those with less than 12 years of education, but less effective or detrimental for the more highly educated. The effects of probation were specified by age and education, being more effective for those under 30 years and 55 years or older than for the middle aged group. Probation was most effective for well‐educated older (55 +) offenders. An analysis of the under 30 years group also suggested that probation was especially effective for young well‐educated Minority offenders.
The Homogeneity of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: a factorial analysis of the SADD questionnaire
Authors: DAVIDSON ROBIN , BUNTING BRENDAN , RAISTRICK DUNCAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Severity of Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) questionnaire was administered under different conditions to three groups of patients in Leeds, Deny and Omagh. The results were then factor analysed using both exploratory and confirmatory procedures. There was a consistent and strong first factor which suggests that with some small modifications the SADD is a unidimensional scale. The results are interpreted as providing further evidence for the homogeneity of the alcohol dependence syndrome.
Psychological Concomitants of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Young Australian Adults
Authors: WINEFIELD H. R. , WINEFIELD A. H. , TIGGEMANN M. , GOLDNEY R. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNineteen‐year‐old subjects in an Australian community sample (N= 1028) reported their tobacco and alcohol use of the previous week, and 598 of them gave similar information 3 years later. The paper examines the demographic (sex, ethnic background, and occupational status) and psychological characteristics (hopelessness, self‐esteem, locus of control, and social alienation) of tobacco and alcohol users and nonusers at the ages of 19 and of 22, and also of subjects who started or stopped consumption of these drugs over the three year period. Smoking at 22, and particularly having started to smoke between 19 and 22, seems to be associated with feelings of demoralization and social alienation, as is relatively heavy drinking. Moderate drinking of alcohol is however normative for the well‐adjusted and socially well‐integrated young adult in this culture. The findings imply a need for rather different health‐promotion messages related to tobacco and to alcohol.
A Multidisciplinary and Team Approach
Authors: SPRATLEY T. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper outlines the context in which I work, and then expresses my beliefs about treatment. The value placed on day care and multi‐disciplinary teamwork is stressed. My treatment philosophy is explained and reference made to the ways we control the therapeutic setting. I argue for some of the more controversial aspects of our therapeutic activities and describe the roles of psychiatrist and psychotherapists in our work. It is hoped that these opinions which are candidly expressed will provoke a constructive debate on how we can all best help these challenging people.
Alcoholism and the ‘New Genetics”
Authors: MULLAN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMolecular biology is transforming our view of psychiatry. For the first time methods are becoming available to detect directly the genetic abnormalities leading to psychiatric illness. This article examines the ways in which the new marker technology might bridge the gap between classical genetic knowledge of alcoholism and the precise identification and localization of specific genes implicated in its aetiology.
Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: SAN LUIS , CAMÍ JORDI , PERI JOSÉ M. , MATA ROSA , PORTA MIQUEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe efficacy of clonidine, methadone, and guanfacine in rapid detoxification of heroin inpatients was assessed in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Signs and symptoms of abstinence and of side effects were analysed in 90 heroin addicts successfully completing a 12–day inpatient trial, all patients fit DSM‐III criteria for opioid dependence, the age range being 18 to 36 years. All three drugs were effective in controlling abstinence; however, the course of abstinence was different in the methadone group as compared to the adrenergic agonists, the latter showing limitations in their ability to suppress withdrawal manifestations. While mean number of withdrawal signs and symptoms was significantly tower during days 2 to 5 in the methadone group (p < 0.01), adrenergic agonists were slightly more effective at the end of the trial. Incidence of side effects was closely related to the dose administered. Hypotensive action of adrenergic agonists was more marked in orthostatic position. The present results suggest that methadone is superior to adrenergic agonists. Between these drugs clonidine appears to be less effective than guanfacine in controlling some withdrawal manifestations, and causes more side effects, mainly of cardiovascular nature.
The effect of a needle and syringe exchange on a methadone maintenance unit
Authors: WOLK JAEL , WODAK ALEX , GUINAN JAMES J. , MACASKILL PETRA , SIMPSON JUDY M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn November 1986, a pilot needle and syringe exchange was established in Sydney adjacent to a methadone maintenance unit. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the availability of sterile needles and syringes on the treatment outcome of the methadone maintenance unit. In this study, an increase in availability of sterile needles and syringes was not found to be associated with an increase in the presence of illicit injectable drugs in the urine specimens of clients of the methadone programme compared to a control methadone unit where there was no known change in needle and syringe availability. This study suggests that an increase in the availability of sterile needles and syringes does not appear to lead to an increase in the frequency of intravenous drug use. The possibility of drug and alcohol treatment centres acting as needle and syringe exchange or distribution outlets therefore requires consideration.
Offspring of parents with drinking problems: drinking and drug‐taking as young adults
Authors: ORFORD JIM , VELLEMAN RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and seventy 16 to 35 year‐old offspring of parents with drinking problems and 80 comparison young adults were recruited from a variety of clinical and community sources. Each was interviewed at length using a semi‐structured interview and 86% were re‐interviewed one year later. No between‐group differences were found in current quantity of alcohol consumption nor in percentages who had ever used or were currently using illicit or prescribed drugs. However, larger numbers of offspring had commenced alcohol use in their early teens and had used other drugs in their later teens, and more offspring than comparisons were currently using alcohol in a risky way, more were using illicit drugs more than occasionally, and more were heavy smokers. These differences were not great, and gender and source of recruitment (clinical versus community) were equally important predictor variables. Analyses conducted within the offspring group offered no support for hypotheses linking adulthood risk with years of exposure, severity of childhood effects and experiences, maternal as opposed to paternal problems, or problems in the same sex parent. However, some support was found for the importance of having had two parents with drinking problems and having had a drinking parent who often drank at home.
Neurophysiological aspects of smoking behaviour: a neuroelectric perspective
Authors: KNOTT VERNER J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMany of the current neurobiological hypotheses of tobacco smoking concern relationships between nicotine‐induced neurotransmitter alterations‐events at the level of the individual neuron‐and mental behavioural states. Since non‐invasive physiological variables may reflect neural activity more directly than overt indices, neurobiological studies are suggested to be particularly helpful in understanding the intermediate steps between the neuronal effects of smoke/nicotine and behavioural change. The intent of this paper is to offer direction and suggestion regarding electroencephalographic (EEG) and event‐related brain potential (ERP) research into smoke/nicotine effects on mood and performance. Suggested directions revolve around multi‐component measurement strategies and the employment of study designs and test paradigms which may offer a more dynamic and detailed neurobiological view of smoke/nicotine effects on these processes.
Drug testing of athletes
Authors: UZYCH LEO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrug testing policies have been enacted affecting a large number of athletes. Complex, wide‐ranging technical questions are raised by drug testing programs designed for athletes. Issues are also raised concerning the structural elements commonly included in a substance abuse policy affecting athletes. The selection of particular athletes for testing, random drug testing, consent forms, constructing a list of banned substances, the handling, collecting and transporting of testing samples, and selected flaws and limitations affecting the drug testing process are among the topics covered in this article.
Sex, HIV and the injecting drug user
Authors: DONOGHOE MARTIN C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that drug injectors are reducing their HIV risk, but changes in syringe sharing behaviour have been greater than those in sexual risk behaviour. This paper reviews the literature on sexual risk behaviour in injecting drug users. It focuses on the major areas of concern: HIV prevalence among drug injectors; sexual risk behaviour; the potential for heterosexual transmission; condom use; sexual risk and women; pregnancy; male homosexual activity and drug use; the effect of drugs on sexual behaviour and prostitution. The paper also considers some of the difficulties in changing sexual risk behaviour and suggests some ways forward for intervention and prevention.
Hypercortisolism after opioid discontinuation in rapid detoxification of heroin addicts
Authors: CAMÍ J. , GILABERT M. , SAN L. , DE LA TORRE R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Long‐term opioid consumption can induce hypoadrenalism through impairment of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Results of the present study showed that, in heroin addicts, saliva cortisol concentrations varied according to the amount of recently consumed heroin and the time elapsed since the last self‐administration. Hypercortisolism was observed either after abrupt withdrawal of heroin or the last dose of methadone. Post‐detoxification hypercortisolism was still present on day 16 after the last opioid consumption, whereas it was not observed in abstinent addicts for a mean period of 4 months. During detoxification treatment, mean AUC8–24 cortisol in saliva of clonidine or guanfacine‐treated patients was significantly higher than that in methadone‐ treated patients. It may be hypothesized that elevated cortisol levels may account for untoward effects of adrenergic agonist therapy which, in turn, may represent an added risk factor for relapse during detoxification. Further studies are necessary to correlate the severity of withdrawal symptoms to cortisol levels in opioid addicts detoxified with α2‐adrenergic agonist substitution.
Who should receive methadone maintenance?
Authors: BELL JAMES , DIGIUSTO EROL , BYTH KAREN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the assessment policies of a regional unit established to process requests for entry to several long‐term methadone maintenance programmes. The factors which led staff to reject an applicants request for methadone maintenance were retrospectively analysed from assessment records. Analysis indicated that the decision to reject applicants had been based on the judgement that they were not physically dependent on opioids; other factors favouring rejection included less involvement in crime, youth, and short duration of drug use. Eighty‐four applicants who had either been rejected (n= 58) or failed to complete the assessment (n= 26) were followed. At follow‐up, more than half of the subjects had entered methadone programmes, usually after a long delay. Four subjects had achieved a degree of stable abstinence. The remainder were continuing to use illicit drugs, or were in treatment or prison. Four subjects had died. We conclude that: (I) our criteria for excluding people from treatment were based on the perceived need to keep non‐addicted people from maintenance treatment; and (2) such a policy in practice served to prolong the applicants' illicit drug use and delay their entry to treatment.
Benzodiazepine use and anxiolytic abuse and dependence in treated alcoholics
Authors: ROSS HELEN E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use and anxiolytic abuse and dependence are examined in a sample of 427 patients in Toronto, Canada, who met lifetime DSM‐III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. The patients were evaluated with the NIMH‐DIS and other standard psychiatric and substance abuse rating scales. Forty per cent were recent users of benzodiazepines and 20% had abused or been dependent upon anxiolytics, including benzodiazepines, during their lifetime. Patients with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) were at higher risk for an anxiolytic disorder as were women and the unemployed. Recent users of benzodiazepines showed more current psychological distress, depressive symptomatology and more severe substance abuse problems than other patients and were more likely to have a lifetime DSM‐III anxiety disorder. Patients with anxiolytic disorders, even if ASPD was controlled for, showed more psychiatric impairment and drug abuse problems than the remaining patients. Of those with a positive urine screen, 46% did not report using benzodiazepines in the previous week. Nineteen per cent of the patients who did not report benzodiazepine use in the previous week had a positive urine screen and were more likely to be found in the detoxification unit.
A theory‐driven approach to the evaluation of professional training in alcohol abuse
Authors: GORMAN D. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper begins by observing that, to date, evaluations of brief training courses in alcohol abuse for non‐specialist professionals indicate that they have little influence on attitudes and behaviour. The reasons why this is so have not been studied in detail, and such training courses continue to be widely used despite their minimal effects. It is argued that the failure of this field of inquiry to develop beyond this point is due to the fact that, with only a very few exceptions, it has not been informed by theoretical concerns. The research in this area is discussed in terms of the types of models tested and the research designs typically used in evaluations. This is followed by a detailed description of the‘theory driven approach’ to evaluation. It is proposed that the use of such an approach by those concerned with the development and evaluation of training in alcohol abuse for non‐specialists would increase the likelihood of identifying the real effects of such programmes and the processes that mediate their successful implementation. This would result in a more purposeful use of educators’ and evaluators' energies and skills.
Stability and prevalence of drinking among young adults
Authors: HARFORD THOMAS C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis data note draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth beginning at ages 17–24 to describe the stability and prevalence of alcohol use over a 6‐year period up to ages 23–30. Approximately 70% of men and 58% of women maintained their drinking status throughout the study. The onset of current and heavier drinking decreased with increasing age while the offset of current and heavier drinking increased with increasing age. The absence of current drinking was unrelated to age for both men and women as was the presence of heavier drinking among men.
Cigarette smoking cessation and alcohol treatment
Authors: BOBO JANET KAY , DAVIS CAROLE M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCigarette smoking is common among problem drinkers and recovering alcoholics but most cessation research has not addressed this special population of smokers. Confidential survey data were collected from over 700 alcoholism counselors and medical personnel in residential and outpatient chemical dependency units (CDUs) in Nebraska to identify the quit smoking methods these experts recommend and to assess their personal experiences with smoking cessation. A total of 334 respondents (45% of the group) self‐identified as a recovering alcoholic, 51 (7%) as a problem drinker, and 350 (48%) as having no history of alcohol problems. Over 63% of all respondents were former or current smokers. The most frequently recommended quitting methods for people still in treatment for alcohol problems were relying on a support group (69%), adhering to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) principles (64%), and quitting “cold turkey” (45%). In an adjusted logistic regression model, quitting “cold turkey” and relying on the principles of AA significantly increased a respondent's odds of personally becoming a successful tobacco quitter. We conclude that many recovering alcoholics and problem drinkers can successfully quit smoking and should be encouraged to use abstinence coping skills learned in alcohol treatment.
Subjective predictions of outcome among alcoholics
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , SMITH TOM L. , IRWIN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study examines the importance of Subjective Staff Ratings as predictors of the 3‐ and 12‐ month outcomes in 375 male primary alcoholic inpatients. For short–term outcome, while combinations of more usual predictors including two aspects of the pretreatment drinking history, evidence of a stable personal relationship, prior alcoholic hospitalizations, employment status, and posttreatment recovery home placement explained up to 5% of the variance on three measures of short‐term outcome, Subjective Ratings alone explained up to 6%. The combination of Subjective Ratings and objective historical data explained up to 9% of the variance. The data indicate that it is difficult to accurately predict short term outcome among primary alcoholics, that the Subjective Ratings of prognosis by the treatment staff are important predictors of short–term outcome which do not overlap greatly with more traditional predictors, but that these ratings appear to add little to the longer term outcome prediction.
Causal attributions in the explanation of alcohol‐related accidents
Authors: PERNANEN KAI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses issues related to the cognitive and communicational activity of ascribing a causal role to alcohol use in accidents. It is argued that in addition to the empirical relationships to be explained causal attribution is limited by two other types of empirical contingencies: the cognitive processing of information available for causal attribution, and the representation of this information in language (encoding and decoding as pan of communication). Only the latter two types of restrictions in causal attribution are discussed, since its logical requirements are covered by well known methodological principles. On the linguistic and communicative side, limitations and biases in causal ascription are introduced by (1) the three central concepts (‘alcohol’, ‘cause’, ‘accidents’) due to properties inherent in language; (2) the (often implicit) selection of boundary conditions; (3) heuristic inference rules; and (4) the tendency towards thematic closure in describing and explaining phenomena. It is suggested that social, psychological and interactional causal processes have been overlooked in attributing causal links between alcohol use, hazardous behaviour and accidents.
Alcohol and accidents in Switzerland‐a critical review
Authors: FAHRENKRUG HERMANN , KLINGEMANN HARALD K.‐H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe analysis of alcohol‐related traffic accidents points to a negative relationship between the average amount of alcohol consumed and the percentage of alcohol‐related accidents. The data show that the officially registered problem‐rates among drivers under the influence of alcohol depend primarily neither on consumption trends nor on general preventive factors, but, rather on the capacity for accident detection, the recording practices of the authorities and a less tolerant public opinion. Regional differences in the willingness to enforce control measures are related to varying cultural drinking contexts. The under‐reporting of occupational accidents reflects an undue emphasis in insurance statistics which are based on a guilt/moral concept which is used to justify sanctions, such as cuts in insurance benefits. It is clear from the empirical evidence, that the broad press coverage on ‘alcohol‐related’ ski accidents proves to be a typical case of problem amplification.