bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalization, the Developmental State and the Politics of Urban Growth in Korea: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: BAE YOOIL , SELLERS JEFFEREY M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article explores the politics of urban growth in a transitional society. Korea, which is experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization and democratic transition exemplifies a set of conditions that may seem to favor the emergence of an urban growth politics and business‐led growth coalition much like that found in urban areas at the time of industrialization, and still prevalent in much of the US and other western democracies today. Yet our multilevel case analyses show that the transformations in Korea as a late industrializer, late democratizer and late adopter of urban policy have helped to consolidate more restricted policies toward urban growth than in the US or much of Europe. Multilevel analysis that highlights dynamics at global and national as well as local levels illuminates why the growth politics of a transitional society like Korea resembles as well as differs from that of older industrialized democracies.RésuméCet article étudie la politique d'expansion urbaine dans une société en transition. La Corée, dont la période de transition actuelle connaît une évolution industrielle, urbaine et démocratique rapide, illustre un ensemble de conditions qui favorise apparemment l'émergence d'une coalition entre politique d'expansion urbaine et croissance par les entreprises—semblable à celle qui existait dans les zones urbaines à l'époque de l'industrialisation et subsiste encore dans la majorité des États‐Unis et autres démocraties occidentales. Pourtant, nos analyses de cas à plusieurs niveaux montrent que, dans une Corée en phase tardive d'industrialisation, de démocratisation et d'adoption d'une politique publique urbaine, les transformations ont contribuéà combiner des politiques d'expansion urbaine plus limitées qu'aux États‐Unis ou que dans une grande partie de l'Europe. Une analyse à plusieurs niveaux mettant en lumière une dynamique aux plans mondial et national, mais aussi local, explique pourquoi la politique d'expansion d'une société en transition comme la Corée présente à la fois ressemblances et différences par rapport aux anciennes démocraties industrialisées.
A derivative of the plasma protease inhibitor α2‐macroglobulin regulates the response to peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Arandjelovic Sanja , Dragojlovic Nikola , Li Xiaoqing , Myers Robert R. , Campana W. Marie , Gonias Steven L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury induces endoneural inflammation, controlled by diverse cytokines and extracellular mediators. Although inflammation is coupled to axonal regeneration, fulminant inflammation may increase nerve damage and neuropathic pain. α2‐Macroglobulin (α2M) is a plasma protease inhibitor, cytokine carrier, and ligand for cell‐signaling receptors, which exists in two well‐characterized conformations and in less well‐characterized intermediate states. Previously, we generated an α2M derivative (α2‐macroglobulin activated for cytokine binding; MAC) similar in structure to α2M conformational intermediates, which binds tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and inhibits endotoxin toxicity. In this study, we report that the continuum of cytokines that bind to MAC includes IL‐6 and IL‐18. MAC inhibited TNF‐α‐induced p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and cell death in cultured Schwann cells. When administered by i.p. injection to mice with sciatic nerve crush injury, MAC decreased inflammation and preserved axons. Macrophage infiltration and TNF‐α expression also are decreased. MAC inhibited TNF‐α expression in the chronic constriction injury model of nerve injury. When MAC was prepared using a mutated recombinant α2M, which does not bind to the α2M receptor, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1, activity in the chronic constriction injury model was blocked. These studies demonstrate that an α2M derivative is capable of regulating the response to peripheral nerve injury by a mechanism that requires low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1.
Astrocyte activation in vivo during graded photic stimulation
Authors: Dienel Gerald A. , Schmidt Kathleen C. , Cruz Nancy F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAstrocytes have important roles in control of extracellular environment, de novo synthesis of neurotransmitters, and regulation of neurotransmission and blood flow. All of these functions require energy, suggesting that astrocytic metabolism should rise and fall with changes in neuronal activity and that brain imaging can be used to visualize and quantify astrocytic activation in vivo. A unilateral photic stimulation paradigm was used to test the hypothesis that graded sensory stimuli cause progressive increases in the uptake coefficient of [2‐14C]acetate, a substrate preferentially oxidized by astrocytes. The acetate uptake coefficient fell in deafferented visual structures and it rose in intact tissue during photic stimulation of conscious rats; the increase was highest in structures with monosynaptic input from the eye and was much smaller in magnitude than the change in glucose utilization (CMRglc) by all cells. The acetate uptake coefficient was not proportional to stimulus rate and did not correlate with CMRglc in resting or activated structures. Simulation studies support the conclusions that acetate uptake coefficients represent mainly metabolism and respond to changes in metabolism rate, with a lower response at high rates. A model portraying regulation of acetate oxidation illustrates complex relationships among functional activation, cation levels, and astrocytic metabolism.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF KILL SITES
Authors: TAMERS M. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSAge determinations of kill sites, where charcoal is generally absent, has usually depended on radiocarbon analyses of bone material. However, it has been seen with known‐age samples that these dates are often in error due to contamination by plant products or ground water carbonates. The use of soil samples from strata both above and below, as well as the level containing the artifacts, offers important advantages. The soil profiles present sequences of dates, whereas the bones are only individual samples. The distribution of the soil date values can indicate upper and lower limits for the age of the kill site.The Taima‐taima paleo‐indian site in the state of Falcón, Venezuela is presented as an illustration of the application of radiocarbon dating of soil to archaeological problems. A total of 22 samples were processed. It is seen that soils from two profiles indicate a dating of 13 000 years for the kill. Taking into account reasonable extents of error, uncertainties of ± 2000 years can be estimated. The non‐carbonate fraction dates are in agreement with the earth samples, but this is probably due to the organic matter extracted from these materials being mostly soil contamination in the porous bone matrix.Fluorine measurements on the bones confirm the Pleistocene origin.
THE FORMATION OF PATINA ON FLINT
Authors: ROTTLÄNDER R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSAll known factors influencing the rate and character of flint patination have been investigated. They include the pH of the surrounding solution and the presence in it of sodium ions and chemicals of organic origin. After each treatment the flints were studied with a scanning electron microscope to determine the nature of the surface. The correct assessment of the above factors is essential for the derivation of reliable archaeological information from flint patinas.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE RADIOISOTOPE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF OLD SILVER COINS
Authors: FLORKOWSKI T. , STÓS Z. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe paper presents the results of a feasibility study of the application of X‐ray fluorescence analysis to nondestructive analysis of coins. Radioisotope sources 55Fe, 241Am, 109Cd and 238Pu were used for excitation and a Si/Li detector with a multichannel analyser for the measurement of characteristic X‐ray lines. Silver and copper in Polish renaissance coins have been analysed. Analysis using Ag K and Ag L lines allows one to distinguish between blanched and unblanched coins. The accuracy of the silver determination using Ag K X‐rays is claimed to be ± 0.5% Ag for homogenous coins and ± 1.0% Ag for blanched but well‐preserved uncorroded coins.
CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS OF MARBLES FROM SOME ANCIENT QUARRIES OF WESTERN ANATOLIA AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: MANFRA L. , MASI U. , TURI B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios have been measured for 42 marbles from the main quarry localities of archaeological interest of Western Anatolia (Marmara, Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Denizli and Afyon) in order to test the possibility of isotopically characterizing ancient marbles from this region. The various groups of samples are not clearly distinguishable on a δ13C‐δ18O diagram. However, if only white or slightly coloured samples are considered, the isotopic method appears to be much more selective.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL DATA: APPLIED COMPARISONS FAVOUR STANDARD PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OVER AITCHISON'S LOGLINEAR CONTRAST METHOD
Authors: TANGRI D. , WRIGHT R. V. S. 
Published: August 2007

There has been debate about whether standard principal components analysis is appropriate for the multivariate analysis of compositional data (e.g. oxide composition of glass), Loglinear transformation has been recommended by Aitchison as a prerequisite. This paper argues that previous comparisons of methodological merits have tended to circularity of argument by making assumptions about the form of a good multivariate result. To break the circularity of argument the authors have introduced randomized variables into five data sets. A good result must recognize these randomized variables as noise and place them near the centroid of the principal components scattergram of variable loadings. Standard principal components analysis is found to perform better than loglinear transformation in its ability to recognize the randomized variables. It is concluded that loglinear transformation tends to introduce spurious structure into a table of compositional data.This paper is followed by a comment by M. J. Baxter.
Welfare Effects of Banning Genetic Information in the Life Insurance Market: The Case of BRCA1/2 Genes
Authors: Hoy Michael , Witt Julia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe investigate whether regulations that ban insurance companies from access to individuals' genetic tests are likely to lead to substantial adverse selection costs for the specific example of the so‐called breast cancer (BRCA1/2) genes. Using a data set including economic, demographic, and relevant family background information to simulate the market for 10‐year term life insurance, we find generally only modest adverse selection costs associated with such a regulatory ban. However, for family background groups that are at high risk for carrying one of these genes, the efficiency cost of adverse selection may be significant should the test become widely adopted.
Analysis of Participating Life Insurance Contracts: A Unification Approach
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Kling Alexander 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFair pricing of embedded options in life insurance contracts is usually conducted by using risk‐neutral valuation. This pricing framework assumes a perfect hedging strategy, which insurance companies can hardly pursue in practice. In this article, we extend the risk‐neutral valuation concept with a risk measurement approach. We accomplish this by first calibrating contract parameters that lead to the same market value using risk‐neutral valuation. We then measure the resulting risk assuming that insurers do not follow perfect hedging strategies. As the relevant risk measure, we use lower partial moments, comparing shortfall probability, expected shortfall, and downside variance. We show that even when contracts have the same market value, the insurance company's risk can vary widely, a finding that allows us to identify key risk drivers for participating life insurance contracts.
Myocardial Inflammatory Cell Infiltrates in Cases of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Light Microscopic, Immunohisto‐chemical, and Virological Analyses of Myocardium Specimens obtained by Partial Left Ventriculectomy
Authors: Terasaki Fumio , Okabe Makoto , Hayashi Tetsuya , Fujioka Shigekazu , Suwa Michihiro , Hirota Yuzo , Kitaura Yasushi , Kawamura Keishiro , Isomura Tadashi , Suma Hisayoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Objective: Partial left ventriculectomy was introduced for the treatment of refractory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). To determine the presence and degree of inflammatory cell infiltrates in DCM and the correlation between the underlying myocardial injury and early clinical outcomes after the operation, we performed histopathological, immunohistochemical, and virological studies of the resected myocardium. Methods: Posterolateral walls of the left ventricle from 13 idio‐pathic DCM patients (9 males and 4 females; mean age = 53 ± 14 years) were examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the interstitial fibrosis and of the infiltrating inflammatory cells were conducted. For the immunohistochemistry, leukocyte surface markers and antibodies to adhesion molecules and cytokines were used. The histopathological findings were compared with the clinical results, including outcome within 1 year, and pre‐ and postoperative hemodynamic data. Genomic analysis of the myocardium with polymerase chain reaction was performed for en‐terovirus, mumps, influenza A, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus. Results: (1) The three patients who died of cardiac insufficiency after surgery had a higher count of infiltrating inflammatory cells than the eight survivors (32.1 ± 10.4 vs 16.3 ± 11.9 cells/mm2, p = 0.07). The severity of interstitial fibrosis (percent fibrosis) did not differ significantly between these two groups (28.3 f 15.0 vs 24.0 ± 11.7%). (2) In patients who died of myocardial dysfunction, focal accumulations of lymphocytes were common, in which cytotoxic/suppressor T cells and helper/inducer T cells were observed. (3) Enterovirus genome was detected in the myocardium of two patients, both of them died after surgery. Conclusions: Inflammatory cell infiltrates or active myocarditis appear in some cases to play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of clinically diagnosed DCM. There is a possibility that those patients with a more severe or ongoing inflammatory process might have poor outcomes after partial left ventriculectomy.
Minimally lnvasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: One‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Verkkala Kalervo , Voutilainen Sari , Jarvinen Antero , Keto Pekka , Voutilainen Petri , Salmenpera Markku 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Use of the minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) technique has been associated with excellent primary results, and sparing of resources has been assumed. There is, however, a limited amount of information available concerning the results of mid‐term follow‐up. The purpose of this study was to present 1‐year follow‐up results of our first 130 consecutive MIDCAB patients. Methods: MIDCAB operations, defined as no sternotomy, no cardiopulmonary bypass, and no aortic manipulation were started in our clinic in February 1996. One hundred thirty patients requiring invasive treatment of coronary artery disease who were not suitable for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty were included in this series. The main outcome measures were mortality, the need for subsequent invasive treatment, and 1‐year NYHA classification. Results: There was one hospital death, but during the first‐year follow‐up, four additional deaths occurred and three patients were reoperated on with conventional techniques. Five percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCAs) had to be performed, two because of anastomosic stenosis. Additionally, cardiac‐ or operation‐related symptoms caused a total of 27 hospital visits among 23 patients during the first‐year follow‐up. Angiographic left internal thoracic artery (LITA)‐left anterior descending artery (LAD) patency was 97.4% (37/38) (confidence interval [CI] ranged from 86.2% to 99.9%) at 3 months. After 1 year, 86.9% (113/130) of the patients were without symptoms. A clear improvement of the follow‐up results was observed to be associated with increased experience during the study period. Conclusions MIDCAB operations, after some experience, can be performed with relatively good outcome. However, special attention should be directed to determination of correct anastomosic site and to avoiding anastomosic stenosis. We also recommend extended mobilization of the ITA and use of specific stabilizers.
Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Tamponade
Authors: SAGAR KIRAN B. , WANN L. SAMUEL , KLOPEFENSTEIN H. SIDNEY 
Published: August 2007

SummaryM‐mode echocardiography has a limited role in the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. Right ventricular diastolic collapse observed on the two‐dimensional echocardiogram is both sensitive and specific for cardiac tamponade in the absence of pressure overload of the right ventricle. Right atrial collapse is a highly sensitive but less specific sign for cardiac tamponade. Both of these signs should be used with caution, however, taking into consideration the intravascular status and the state of the left Ventricular volume.
Congestive Cardiomyopathy: Doppler Echocardiographic Assessment of Structure and Function
Authors: LOUIE ERIC K. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryChanging strategies in the treatment of congestive cardiomyopathies including new pharmacological agents, “physiological” dual‐chamber pacing, and cardiac transplantation have provided the impetus for finding diagnostic techniques that can better characterize and quantify the structure and function relationships in these diseases. Two‐dimensional echocardiography provides us with an excellent noninvasive tool for demonstrating the dilated hypocontractile left ventricle of congestive cardiomyopathy and contrasting it against other primary and secondary diseases of the left ventricle. Doppler echocardiographic quantitation of intracardiac blood flow‐velocities offers the potential to complement these anatomical studies with physiological information about disordered systolic and diastolic function in the congestive cardiomyopathies. The synthesis of these techniques should allow more precise prognostication and stratification of this varied and complex group of patients, which will have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of congestive cardiomyopathies.
Natural History of Carotid Artery Disease as Assessed by Ultrasonic Techniques
Authors: LANGLOIS YVES , ROEDERER GHISLAINE O. , STRANDNESS D. EUGENE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryContinued surveillance of asymptomatic patients with carotid artery disease is now feasible using accurate noninvasive tests that are safe and easily repeatable. A better understanding of the natural history of carotid artery disease will permit a more enlightened management of disease in these patients. It will be feasible to identify subsets of patients who will benefit from closer surveillance or prophylactic treatments. Our data support that it is sate to observe asymptomatic patients with noninvasive tests until disease has progressed beyond 80% diameter reduction or until the appearance of TIAs. As underlined in other studies, the high occurrence of cardiac events also supports the fact that we should adopt a more global approach in the care of these patients.
Application of Doppler Color Flow Mapping in the Assessment and the Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: RITTER SAMUEL B. 
Published: August 2007

Summary and Future DirectionsDoppler color flow mapping has proven to be a most valuable addition in the armamentarium of noninvasive cardiovascular technology. For the first time real‐time two‐dimensional imaging of morphology with spontaneous display of flow is provided for the cardiologist. It enhances both qualitative and quantitive observations and is seen as an invaluable adjunct in the complete noninvasive examination. Continued application and investigation of quantitative and semiquantitative aspects of Doppler color flow mapping as well as investigations in the new areas of fetal and intraoperative color flow will continue to grow and add to our information of cardiac morphology and physiology and a more complete understanding of the dynamics of congential heart disease.
Real‐Time, Automated Echocardiographic Measures of Ventricular Area and Area Change:
Authors: MARTIN GERARD R. , SEIBEL NITA L. , MAJD MASSOUD 
Published: August 2007

Echocardiography now permits tracking of the blood‐endocardial border and automatic measurement of ventricular area throughout the cardiac cycle. To determine the accuracy of this technique, we compared echocardiographic measurements of area with similar measurements made by radionuclide technique in 19 children, ages 4–24 years (mean 13 years). The blood‐endocardial border was tracked from the apical two‐chamber view and radionuclide measurements were made from the left anterior oblique view. We measured echocardiographic end‐diastolic area, end‐systolic area, and fractional area change from the average of five cardiac cycles. The radionuclide area measurements were made from a gated blood pool study incorporating 700–1200 cardiac cycles. Results were compared by bias analysis. The mean differences (± 1 SJD.) between left ventricular area measurements were: end‐diastole 1.13 ± 2.3 cm2, end‐systole –0.90 ± 1.33 cm2, and fractional area change 7.4 ± 9.3 (%). Differences between the measurements were within the limit of agreement (mean ±2 S.D.) in 55 of 57 measurements. The area measurements were not free from bias; the mean differences of area measurements were significantly different from zero for end‐diastolic area (P ≤ 0.05), end‐systolic area (P ≤ 0.01), and fractional area change (P ≤ 0.002). Echocardiography tended to underestimate end‐diastolic area and fractional area change and it tended to overestimate end‐systolic area. Realtime tracking of the blood‐endocardial border is possible and allows accurate measurement of ventricular area.echocardiography, radionuclide, tissue characterization