bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Salt Bridge Based on the Hydrophobic Room-Temperature Molten Salt
Authors: Kakiuchi Takashi , Yoshimatsu Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A conceptually new salt bridge based on a hydrophobic room-temperature molten salt (ionic liquid) has been demonstrated to be a promising alternative to traditional salt bridges based on a concentrated aqueous KCl phase. 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C8mimC1C1N), which is immiscible with water and forms a liquid–liquid two-phase system, exhibits a stable phase-boundary potential when sandwiched by two aqueous electrolyte solutions. The phase-boundary potential between the interface is determined by the partition of C8mim+ and C1C1N− ions in the aqueous phase (W) and is little affected by the type of electrolytes and their concentrations in W, provided that ions dissolved in W are hydrophilic enough. The gelation of the molten salt phase does not affect the phase-boundary potential. The new salt bridge is free from most of the problems inherent to KCl-based salt bridges.
A Polynomial Lag Formulation of Milk Production Response
Authors: Chen Dean , Courtney Richard , Schmitz Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor much of agricultural production, output response to some given price change is hypothesized to increase first through time and then decline. To detect this type of response, a polynomial price lag model is estimated for milk production. For comparison purposes, a geometrically declining price lag model is also estimated. Although the estimates of long‐run supply elasticities do not critically depend on the type of model used, the response for each period of time and for various short‐run intervals does.
An Open Econometric Model of the Canadian Beef Cattle Sector
Authors: Kulshreshtha S. N. , Wilson A. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLimited information is available concerning the relationships existing among demand, supply, and price within the Canadian beef cattle sector. Since the sector is very dependent on exports to the U.S.A., an open econometric model is developed to estimate the simultaneous relationships prevailing among the demand, supply and price, and export variables. The two‐stage least squares procedure is adopted to obtain a solution. It was estimated that by 1975 both Canadian domestic demand for beef and farm prices of beef will increase, but exports of live cattle will decline. The model also revealed that the price and production levels of feed grains are important factors in accommodating the expansion of demand.
Linear Programming Approximation of Least‐Cost Feed Mixes with Probability Restrictions
Authors: Rahman Sabir A. , Bender F. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article presents a method for solving linear programming problems in which elements of the tableau are stochastic. Using least‐cost poultry rations as an example, the authors demonstrate the procedure developed. Sufficiently accurate results are obtained with less time and complexity than required by alternative methods. The authors conclude that the largest obstacle to examining related problems is in the limitations imposed by lack of data, in this case with regard to biological minima.
Personality Characteristics and Successful Use of Credit by Farm Families
Authors: Krause Kenneth R. , Williams Paul L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFarm financial management and the use of credit are becoming more important; resource suppliers, including lenders, are seeking ways to better identify and appraise farm operators' and entrepreneurs' potential to successfully use farming resources and credit. A behavioral model that included motivation, ability, and biographic variables was tested on a group of South Dakota farm borrowers and their wives. The selected behavioral‐personality variables are described and were related to change in financial position. The strongest results were obtained by including personality measures of both husbands and wives and suggest that personality variables can be developed for use in evaluation of farm credit applications.
An Empirical Application and Evaluation of Discrete Stochastic Programming in Farm Management
Authors: Rae Allan N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDiscrete stochastic programming has been suggested as a means of solving sequential decision problems under uncertainty, but as yet little or no empirical evidence of the capabilities of this technique in solving such problems has appeared. This paper presents in some detail an empirical application of discrete stochastic programming, including a discussion of data requirements, matrix construction, and solution interpretation. Based on this empirical evidence, the problem‐solving potential of the technique is evaluated.
Returns to Scale and Input Elasticities for Sugarcane: The Case of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Alcantara Reinaldo , Prato Anthony A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReturns to scale and input elasticities are estimated from cost functions based on standard and generalized Cobb‐Douglas production functions. Returns to scale increased up to 161 thousand tons and decreased thereafter. Elasticities were. 340 for labor, .285 for land, .351 for fertilizer, .113 for pesticides, and —.089 for machinery and equipment.
Hedging and Income Stability: Concepts, Implications, and an Example
Authors: Peck Anne E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe variability in prices often of concern to producers is that which occurs after a production decision has been made but before the commodity can be marketed. A portfolio‐type analysis is used to formalize this problem and describe the role futures markets can perform in facilitating the management of this risk. Data from the egg market are used to illustrate hedging opportunities for an egg producer. The results show that hedging a substantial percentage of expected production can significantly reduce a producer's exposure to the risk. Additionally, a total hedging scheme performed nearly as well as an optimal scheme.
External Costs of Land Subsidence Houston‐Baytown Area
Authors: Warren John P. , Jones Lonnie L. , Lacewell Ronald D. , Griffin Wade L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGroundwater withdrawal from underground aquifers in excess of natural recharge is causing land surface subsidence along the Texas coast. External costs of subsidence are estimated from a survey of damages and losses in property value in the Houston‐Baytown area of Texas. Estimates of total costs, primarily in fresh‐ and saltwater flooding, are used in a break‐even analysis to compare areal costs of groundwater to costs of water from surface sources. Substitution of surface water for all groundwater that results in subsidence is suggested as a means of minimizing total water costs to the area.
Price Support versus Input Subsidy for Food Self‐Sufficiency in Developing Countries
Authors: Barker Randolph , Hayami Yujiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSelf‐sufficiency in food grains has been a publicized goal of government policy in many developing countries. Among various alternatives to achieve this goal, two policy options, output price support and input subsidy, both characterized by the government intervention into market pricing, are evaluated by applying a simple demand‐supply model to the Philippine rice economy. The results demonstrate a possibility that a subsidy applied to modern inputs, such as fertilizer, that are being used below optimum can be more beneficial than supporting product prices.
A Spatial Equilibrium Analysis of Electrical Energy Pricing and Allocation
Authors: Uri Noel D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBased upon a spatial equilibrium model, this study argues that society can gain with increased regional coordination of generation and transmission activities of the U.S. electrical energy industry. In 1973 society suffered a loss in welfare because of minimal regional coordination, reflecting that consumers in regions where relatively inexpensive electrical energy was available were permitted to consume more and pay less than what would have been optimal at the expense of consumers in less efficient producing regions. The policy implications suggest that regional coordination be more actively pursued, involving the use of legislated authority by the Federal Power Commission.
The Journal as a Reference Source—1959–1968
Authors: Finley Robert M. , Barger Richard B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractJournal references were examined for the period 1959 to 1968. The extent that certain articles and authors were cited was a major consideration. Particularly interesting were comparisons of articles and references in the regular issues and the December issue; the 38 authors most frequently cited; and AAEA “Prize Winners” as references.
Technological Change and Relative Factor Shares in Indian Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Srivastava Uma K. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDistribution of sectoral gains between labor and nonlabor input factors attains importance in view of the growing concern about rural poverty and unemployment despite recent increases in output and total revenue in Indian agriculture. Using cross section data, this study aims at measuring changes in the relative factor share.
Estimation of Demand Parameters under Consumer Budgeting: An Application to Argentina
Authors: De Janvry A. , Bieri J. , Nuñez A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study assumes that consumer expenditures occur in a stepwise fashion in which income is fist allocated to budget categories and then to optimum quantities within each category. With this assumption, a model was developed to estimate the price and icome elasticities of demand of all items in one budget category—like food—and the cross‐price elasticities of these items with all others. The approach permits one to specify the changes in expenditure levels on budget categories from cross‐section information and the flexibility of money. The model was empirically applied to Argentine consumption data.
Strategies for the Creation and Transfer of the Farm Estate
Authors: Boehlje Michael D. , Eisgruber Ludwig M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article develops an estate management model that considers interrelationships between estate creation and transfer, as well as the uncertainty of the parent's(s') death. The estate management problem is conceptualized as an adaptive sequential decision problem and the simulation model used in the empirical analysis is briefly reviewed. Empirical results suggest that high growth rate creation and transfer plans which include substantial lifetime gifts are essential elements of high response estate management strategies. Implications for business organization and coordination of the entry and exit processes of farmers are briefly discussed.
The Von Thuenen Paradigm, the Industrial‐Urban Hypothesis, and the Spatial Structure of Agriculture
Authors: Katzman Martin T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe industrial‐urban hypothesis has stimulated considerable empirical research on the spatial structure of agriculture. The alternative paradigm of von Thuenen has had almost no such impact on agricultural research, but has been the mainstay of urban economic analysis. The two models are compared as scientific theories of agricultural land use in an attempt to identify their similarities and contradictions. After reinterpreting several industrial‐urban studies from a von Thuenen viewpoint, an empirical discrimination between the two models is attempted with Brazilian data. A synthesis of the two paradigms provides a better explanation of agricultural structure than either alone.
Unemployment Insurance, Estimated Cost Rates, Benefits, and Tax Burden by Type of Farm
Authors: Elterich Joachim G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnemployment insurance cost rates for newly covered employers and the corresponding tax burden under two sets of tax structures by type of farm are estimated by state. Livestock, dairy, and poultry farmers generally more than support the benefits their workers receive, which is not the case for fruit and vegetable farms. Under experience rating livestock and dairy farms tend to pay the minimum rate in half the states, while the maximum rate applies for fruit and vegetable farms in many states. Benefits received by workers vary also by type of farm and state and tend to be related to the cost rate.
Determinants of Supply Elasticity in Interdependent Markets
Authors: Gardner Bruce L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper draws out the implications of equilibrium in a two‐product, two‐factor model for elasticity of product supply, which is found to depend upon input supply elasticities, alternative product demand elasticity, elasticity of substitution between production inputs, relative factor intensity of the product, and relative importance of the product in its use of resources. These factors interact in a complex manner to determine supply elasticity. The author discusses related approaches of Buse, Muth, and Powell and Gruen, and considers several simplified examples in an attempt to provide an intuitive grasp of the workings of the model.
The Effects of Changing Input Costs on Food Prices
Authors: Lamm R. McFall , Westcott Paul C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe relationships between changes in food sector input costs and retail food prices are examined. Results indicate that increases in factor prices pass quickly to consumers, within two quarters for most foods. In addition, rising farm‐level prices and substantial increases in nonfarm resource prices appear to explain why food prices rose more rapidly than nonfood prices in the 1970s. The analysis is based on a twenty‐equation econometric model of the food‐price determination process, specified following Popkin's “stage of processing” approach. Causality and validation test statistics for the model are presented.
Beekeeping, Pollination, and Externalities in California Agriculture
Authors: Siebert John W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPesticide‐induced beekills cost California beekeepers almost $@@‐@@1 million in 1975. California almond growers depend on bees for crop pollination and thus lost approximately $@@‐@@200,000 from beekills during this same year. A partial equilibrium framework is employed to calculate the marginal revenue product of a bee colony to the beekeeper and the marginal value product of a bee colony employed by an almond grower. The issue of bee protection is addressed in the context of the Tulare County citrus nectary. It is found that substantial net gains in total income were realized from the establishment ofa bee protection area.
Optimal Pesticide Application for Controlling the Boll Weevil on Cotton
Authors: Talpaz H. , Curry G. L. , Sharpe P. J. H. , DeMichele D. W. , Frisbie R. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simulation model of interaction between the boll weevil insect subsystem and the cotton plant subsystem is presented. Field experiments provide the basis for validation of the model. Pesticide control scheme is introduced, and optimal control is achieved by using a numerical nonlinear dynamic optimization technique. Results of sensitivity analysis with respect to price changes are provided. Optimal policy for a single producer calls for three applications. Timing is robust, but dosage levels are sensitive to price changes.
Determinants of Milk Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Thompson Stanley R. , Eiler Doyle A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn analysis of the net returns to dairy farmers from generic fluid milk advertising is made in terms of the ability of advertising to increase the blend price of milk in excess of the cost of advertising. The evaluation of the economic effectiveness of generic fluid milk advertising programs extends beyond the measurement of the direct sales response to advertising. Specifically, the class I‐class II price differential and the class I utilization rate are found to be extremely important factors influencing the effectiveness of generic milk advertising programs, while the impact of the price elasticity of supply is relatively minor.
On Two Strategies for Choosing Principal Components in Regression Analysis
Authors: Mittelhammer Ron C. , Baritelle John L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo traditional methods used to form principal components (PC) regression estimates are reviewed, and small sample properties of the estimates are compared with OLS estimates. A Monte Carlo experiment is used to facilitate comparisons. Theoretical considerations and empirical observation indicate that the PC techniques tend to produce estimates lower in mean square error (MSE) than OLS estimates under conditions of high multicollinearity, low R2, and small sample size. Although under these conditions the PC techniques may be preferred to OLS in the relative MSE sense, MSE in the absolute sense may still render the PC estimates useless in applications.
The Impact of Technical Change on Income Distribution: The Case of Rice in Colombia
Authors: Scobie Grant M. , T. Rafael Posada 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA national rice research program adapted and developed modern rice varieties for irrigated culture. Their rapid and widespread adoption led to substantial increases in production, and a concomitant fall in the price of rice. This paper examines the incidence of both the gross benefits and the costs of the research program, by income level. As rice is a principal foodstuff, the net benefits, both absolute and relative, accrued disproportionately to the poorest households.
Attitudes Toward Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India
Authors: Binswanger Hans P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAttitudes toward risk were measured in 240 households using two methods: an interview method eliciting certainty equivalents and an experimental gambling approach with real payoffs which, at their maximum, exceeded monthly incomes of unskilled laborers. The interview method is subject to interviewer bias and its results were totally inconsistent with the experimental measures of risk aversion. Experimental measures indicate that, at high payoff levels, virtually all individuals are moderately risk‐averse with little variation according to personal characteristics. Wealth tends to reduce risk aversion slightly, but its effect is not statistically significant.
Economics of Electrical Energy from Crop Residue Combustion with High Sulfur Coal
Authors: Hitzhusen F. J. , Abdallah Mohammed 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economic feasibility of utilizing corn stover as a coal supplement in small to medium‐sized, coal‐burning steam‐electric plants appears promising, particularly when the low sulfur emission value of corn stover is considered. Two case steam‐electric power plants located in Ames, Iowa, and Peru, Indiana, are analyzed utilizing three harvest and collection systems and alternative values for several key technical and economic parameters. These results combined with data from a sample of steam‐electric plants in the north central United States are used to assess the potential for this renewable low sulfur energy source.
Valuing Increments and Decrements in Natural Resource Service Flows
Authors: Brookshire David S. , Randall Alan , Stoll John R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA general model for valuation of changes in natural resource service flows, entirely consistent with Hicksian concepts of consumer surplus, is developed. It is a total value model, applicable to all classes of goods: divisible and indivisible in production, divisible and indivisible in consumption, exclusive and nonexclusive. The standard result of partial equilibrium microeconomics—price is equal to value at the margin‐may be derived as a special case from this model. An empirical application involving the valuation of changes in the provision of wildlife‐related amenities is presented.
Economic and Policy Implications of the 160‐Acre Limitation in Federal Reclamation Law
Authors: Seckler David , Young Robert A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractProposals for strict enforcement and, conversely, for relaxation or elimination of acreage limitations in federal irrigation projects have arisen in response to recent court decisions regarding two large California irrigation districts. These proposals are examined against criteria including distributive justice, allocative efficiency, and administrative workability. Empirical evidence is offered which shows that proposed regulations would permit overly generous family incomes in the two areas and brings into question the existence of significant economies associated with larger size farms. An alternative policy instrument, based on control of the water supply, rather than of the land, is proposed so as to reconcile more effectively conflicting policy objectives.
Modeling the Decision to Produce Vegetables at Home
Authors: Blaylock James R. , Gallo Anthony E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe household decision to produce vegetables at home was found to be influenced significantly by the area of household residence, homeownership, race, source of income, the number and ages of adults in the household, and the potential for saving money. It was estimated that an average gardening household saved approximately $‐40 per year on vegetables. This is approximately twenty percent of the average amount spent on vegetables in 1977 by nongardening households. A simultaneous equation model was estimated to derive these results.
Testing Asset Fixity for U.S. Agriculture
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Vasavada Utpal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe asset fixity hypothesis is formulated in terms of a putty‐clay technology. Statistical tests for asset fixity based on an estimated cost function are performed. All forms of fixity considered are rejected statistically. Estimated cost function parameters are used to investigate substitution and technical change in U.S. agriculture. Inputs are generally substitutes and technical change is cost reducing. Implications for the investigation of agricultural investment are discussed.
Income Distribution in Agriculture: A Unified Approach
Authors: Quizon Jaime B. , Binswanger Hans P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper develops a class of partial equilibrium models capable of analyzing in a unified way a number of market‐transmitted distributional consequences of a variety of exogenous shocks in agriculture. The shocks include technical change (neutral or biased), changes in the supply of agricultural inputs or in the demand for agricultural outputs, and government interventions. The models accommodate more than two primary factors of production and more than one region with or without constraints on factor mobility.
Forecasting Short‐Run Fed Beef Supplies with Estimated Data
Authors: Trapp James N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnknown aggregate data series for the placement weight, growth rate, and sex composition of cattle placed on feed are estimated. The estimates are made by treating the unknown data as time‐varying parameters of a cattle‐on‐feed growth and inventory stimulation model. A nonlinear optimization algorithm is used to estimate the unknown parameter series that optimize the model's simulation accuracy. Incorporation of the estimated series into a traditional econometric fed‐beef‐supply forecast model improved the model's forecast accuracy. The methodology used provides a general procedure for estimating unknown aggregate data using simulation models based upon microrelationships.
The Supply and Demand of Marketing Contracts under Risk
Authors: Buccola Steven T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBernoullian decision theory is used to characterize a firm's willingness to purchase or sell a good under contract. Contract supply and demand functions are then specified in which willingness to contract is related to contract‐pricing provisions, to decision maker risk aversion, to open market opportunities, and to other factors. On the basis of these relations, a theory of exchange is proposed which incorporates decision making under risk. Implications of the analysis differ by contract type; cost‐plus and fixed‐price forward deliverable contracts are emphasized.