bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reactions of NH(a1Δ) with Ethane, Propane, and Isobutane in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Tsunashima Shigeru , Hamada Jun-ichi , Hotta Mitsuhiro , Sato Shin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photolysis of HN3 was studied in liquid ethane, propane, and isobutane at the temperature of Dry Ice–methanol. In the reaction mixtures, quaternary ammonium salts were formed between the basic products and HN3. The products were analyzed after having been passed through a trap containing NaOH, in which the salts were decomposed. The main products observed were nitrogen and amines: ethylamine from ethane, propyl– and isopropylamine from propane, and i-butyl, and t-butylamine from an isobutane solution. Ammonia and hydrogen were also formed as minor products. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. It is suggested that about 80% of the singlet NH is inserted into the C–H bond of paraffin to form amine and that 20% of it is deactivated to the ground triplet state by the reactions with paraffin. The relative efficiencies of the insertion into primary, secondary, and tertiary C–H bonds were estimated to be 1.0, 1.9, and 2.3 respectively.
Some New Relationships between the Molecular Electron Densities and the Intensities of Electrons and X-Rays Scattered by Gases
Authors: Sasaki Yorihiko , Konaka Shigehiro , Kimura Masao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Some new relations connecting the molecular electron densities and the intensities of electrons and X-rays scattered by gases have been derived by integrating analytically the scattered intensities multiplied by some functions of the momentum transfer, s, over ds.
Observation of Intramolecular Excimer Emission of Benzyl Radical Pair Produced by Photolysis of [2.2]Paracyclophane
Authors: Ishikawa Shun-ichi , Nakamura Junko , Nagakura Saburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photochemistry of [2.2]paracyclophane in glassy solvents at 77 K was studied. With irradiation, a species in which two benzyl radicals are linked together with an ethylene bridge was produced. From the ESR study, the radicals were found to form the benzyl radical pair in harder solvents. The emission spectrum and the emission lifetime of the radical species showed remarkable dependence on the solvent viscosity. In harder solvents, a new broad emission was observed on the longer wavelength side of the structured emission of the benzyl radical. From the studies of the excitation spectrum and the emission lifetime, this broad band was concluded to be the intramolecular excimer fluorescence of the radical pair. The photo-reaction of [2.2]paracyclophane was found to be biphotonic, occurring from a higher triplet state excited via the lowest triplet state.
A New Synthesis of 1-Amino-4-butylaminoanthraquinone from 1-Aminoanthraquinone Promoted by Metal Ions
Authors: Yoshida Katsuhira , Matsuoka Masaru , Yamashita Yoshio , Kitao Teijiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the presence of some metal ions and atmospheric oxygen, 1-aminoanthraquinone(1) reacts readily with butylamine to give 1-amino-4-butylaminoanthraquinone(2a), along with a small amount of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone, which is produced by the dealkylation of 2a. The activity of the metal ions decreased in the following order: Co(II)&gt;&gt;Ni(II)&gt;Cu(II)&gt;Al(III). The reaction is remarkably affected by the substitution of an alkyl group into the amino group of 1, the addition of a chelating agent, the counter anion of metal ions, and the reaction temperature. By the use of cobalt(II) chloride, the reaction proceeds most smoothly at about 30 °C. Both anthraquinone and 2-aminoanthraquinone show no sign of the reaction under the same conditions. A possible mechanism involving the formation of a metal complex, followed by the nucleophilic attack of amine at the 4-position and the oxidative abstraction of the hydride anion by atmospheric oxygen is proposed.
Synthesis of Muramyl Dipeptide Analogs with Enhanced Adjuvant Activity
Authors: Kobayashi Shigeru , Fukuda Tsunehiko , Yukimasa Hidefumi , Fujino Masahiko , Azuma Ichiro , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
N-Acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP) and thirteen new analogs were synthesized by the conventional organic chemical procedure using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide as a coupling agent. Their ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity to N-acetyl-3-(4-arsonophenylazo)-l-tyrosine in guinea pigs was assayed. The results indicate that the presence of an α-amino acid adjacent to the lactic acid moiety in MDP is important for the high biological activity, the valine analog having the most favorable effect. The structure-activity relationship is discussed.
The Crystal Structure of Bis(acetylacetonato)platinum(II)
Authors: Onuma Shigeki , Horioka Keiji , Inoue Hironao , Shibata Shuzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of Pt(acac)2 has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The molecule is monomeric, the coordination geometry being squareplanar. The average Pt–O distance is 1.991(8) Å. The bond lengths and angles of the chelating ligands are almost the same as those for other acetylacetone complexes.
Improved Resonance Energies of Nonalternant Hydrocarbons. An ω-Technique Approach
Authors: Aihara Jun-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ω-technique of Wheland and Mann was introduced into the graph theory of aromaticity in order to improve the resonance energies of nonalternant hydrocarbons. For these compounds, the ω-technique resonance energy was more or less smaller than the resonance energy calculated on the basis of the simplest Hückel MO model. Especially, several compounds thus far considered to be aromatic were predicted to be substantially olefinic with much reduced resonance energies. They are calicene, sesquifulvalene, azulene, dibenzo[cd,gh]pentalene, and cyclohepta[def]fluorene. Many aspects of their chemistry were evidently consonant with the improved resonance energies. Possible limitation of the use of electrophilic substitution as a criterion of aromaticity was discussed. Resonance energies of alternant hydrocarbons are not modified by application of the ω-technique.
The rs Structures of Fluoromethyl, Chloromethyl Ethers, and Methyl 2-Propynyl Ether
Authors: Hayashi Michiro , Kato Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
18O enriched samples of chloromethyl methyl ether and chloromethyl ethyl ether were prepared and their microwave spectra were measured. The rS structures of fluoromethyl methyl ether, fluoromethyl ethyl ether, chloromethyl methyl ether, chloromethyl ethyl ether, and methyl 2-propynyl ether were re-evaluated from the observed rotational constants obtained under the common constraints and assumptions on the structures of the molecules. A comparison of the rS structures was made between the five molecules and between the molecules and their related molecules.
Complexes between Nucleotide Base and Amino Acid. IV. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Cytosine : N,N-Phthaloyl-Dl-glutamic Acid Complex Dihydrate
Authors: Takenaka Akio , Ohki Minoru , Sasada Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Crystals of cytosine: N,N-phthaloyl-Dl-glutamic acid complex dihydrate were obtained from an aqueous solution of the two components. The space group is P21/c with unit-cell dimensions of a=5.243(1), b=39.133(6), c=9.192(1) Å, β=93.66(1)°, and Z=4. The structure was solved by the direct method and its parameters were refined by a block-diagonal least-squares method. The complex is formed by the two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the ionized α-carboxyl group of glutamic acid and the nitrogen atoms, N(4) and protonated N(3), of cytosine. This binding mode is the same as that found in cytidine: N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid complex, but quite different from that of 5-bromocytosine: N-acylglutamic acid complexes. The substituted bromine atom at C(5) of cytosine is thought to prescribe the binding mode in complex formation. The binding mode between cytosine and glutamic acid, which might be a possible elementary pattern of protein: nucleic acid interactions, is discussed in terms of dissociation constant.
An On-line Automated Adiabatic Calorimeter in the 13–300 K. Heat Capacity of Cyclohexanol
Authors: Kishimoto K\={o}ji , Suga Hiroshi , Seki Syûzô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A computerized adiabatic calorimeter system operating in the temperature range 13–300 K is described. A digital voltmeter is used for energy measurement and the duration of energy input is determined by a program unit operated by 1 Hz pulse. Temperatures of the calorimeter are measured by a 25 Ω platinum resistance thermometer and an automated ac double bridge. The measured resistance is converted into temperature (IPTS-68) by a calibration table stored in a mini-computer. Criterion for the realization of thermal equilibration is that a temperature drift calculated from the latest six data becomes smaller than a preset value, usually 7×10−8 Ω s−1. The system is able to measure the heat capacity of solid and liquid in an intermittent heating mode and gives the computed results during measurement. Some examples of the test runs on cyclohexanol crystal are shown and the results are compared with those obtained by manual measurements by use of dc Müller bridge. A relaxational heat capacity anomaly observed in glassy crystalline state of cyclohexanol is discussed in correlation with a secondary relaxation observed by previous dielectric measurement.
Preparation of Methoxy-substituted Diaryl Ketone Anils via Phenyliminodimagnesium Intermediate
Authors: Okubo Masao , Ueda Sonoko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phenyliminodimagnesium reagent (PhN(MgBr)2) and its o- and p-methoxy derivatives, prepared in THF by treatment of anilines with EtMgBr, were found to be effective for condensation with benzophenones and fluorenone. The corresponding anils (N-(diarylmethylene)anilines) were prepared in good yields.
Kinetics of the Tungstate-catalyzed H2O2 Oxidation of Amines in Aqueous Methanol. Acidity Effect
Authors: Ogata Yoshiro , Tomizawa Kohtaro , Maeda Hirokazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline and benzylamine with H2O2 catalyzed by Na2WO4 has been kinetically studied in buffered 50% aqueous methanol at 25 °C. The rates with a catalytic amount of Na2WO4fit Eq.: v=k[amine]t[Na2WO4]t[H2O2]0 and the pH profile of rate constant shows no dissociation of peroxotungstate at pH 5–10. N,N-Dimethylaniline gives N-oxide (73%) and benzylamine gives benzaldehyde oxime (65%) under the present kinetic conditions.
Binuclear Metal Complexes. XXXIII. Synthesis, Structure, Spectra, and Magnetism of Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes with 2-[2-(Dialkylamino)ethylthio]ethanol
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Okawa Hisashi , Kida Sigeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Binuclear copper(II) complexes with 2-[2-(dialkylamino)ethylthio]ethanol, Cu{R2N(CH2)2S(CH2)2O}X (abbreviated as Cu(R-nso)X, where R=CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9; X=Br, Cl, NO3), were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibilities (80–300 K). They exhibit a band at 22–26×103 cm−1 characteristic of alkoxo-bridged structure. The magnetic data of Cu(n-C4H9-nso)Cl indicate that a strong antiferromagnetic interaction is operating between the copper ions. However, temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities of the other complexes do not obey the equation based on a binuclear structure. The crystal structure of Cu(CH3-nso)Br was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, a=10.133(2), b=7.858(2), c=14.893(3) Å, β=118.8(1)°, and Z=2. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares method to an R factor of 0.042. The structure consists of alkoxo-bridged binuclear units, Cu2(CH3-nso)2Br2. The coordination geometry of the copper ion is distorted square pyramid. Since the distances between the binuclear clusters are too long to give rise to an intercluster magnetic interaction, it is suggested that some structural change takes place at low temperature.
Synthesis of 3-(p-Hydroxycinnamoyl)-5-methylfilicinic Acid and Dehydro-3,3′-diacetyl-5,5′-methylenedifilicinic Acid
Authors: Obara Heitaro , Onodera Jun-ichi , Abe Satoshi , Saito Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In connection with studies on the structure of carthamin (1), two analogous compounds of 1, 3-(p-hydroxycinnamoyl)-5-methylfilicinic acid and dehydro3,3′-diacetyl-5,5′-methylenedifilicinic acid have been synthesized.
Total Synthesis of Furanoeremophilane and 14-Norfuranoeudesmane Derivatives by a Route Involving Alkylation of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-furoic Acid
Authors: Tada Masahiro , Sugimoto Yayoi , Takahashi Takeyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(±)-14-Norfuranoeudesmane-4,6-dione, (±)-furanoeremophilane-3,6-dione, and (±)-furanoeremophilan-14, 6α-olide were synthesized by a route involving alkylation of a dianion obtained from 2,4-dimethyl-3-furoic acid.
Isomerization of Cyclohexene Oxide over Solid Acids and Bases
Authors: Arata Kazushi , Tanabe Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of cyclohexene oxide over solid acids and bases at 108 °C gave five main products, 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1), cyclohexanone (2), cyclohexanol (3), 2-cyclohexen-1-one (4), and 2-cyclohexen-1-ol (5). SiO2–TiO2 and SiO2–TiO2–MgO were highly active for the isomerization, giving a large amount of 1. TiO2–ZrO2 mainly showed selectivity for the formation of 5, and other catalysts formed both 2 and 5. Of the alumina prepared in four different ways, two were highly active, giving 5 predominantly. The results were discussed in comparison with those for an oxide containing a methyl group on the oxide ring, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide. By the experiment using the deuterated epoxide, 1,2-epoxycyclohexane-3,3,6,6-d4, isotope effects for the formation of 2, 3, 4, and 5 over Al2O3’s, SiO2–TiO2 and solid H3PO4 were observed. It has been concluded that the epoxide is adsorbed on both acidic and basic sites, and that allyl alcohol is formed when both the opening of the epoxide ring and the hydrogen abstraction take place simultaneously, while ketone is formed when the former precedes the latter.
Halogenation of Alkyl p-Tolyl Sulfones with Carbon Tetrahalides. Application to the Synthesis of Aromatic Ketones
Authors: Kotake Hiroshi , Inomata Katsuhiko , Kinoshita Hideki , Sakamoto Yasuko , Kaneto Yoko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Carbanions of alkyl p-tolyL sulfones reacted with carbon tetrahalides to give the corresponding polyhalogenated products in good yields. Some chlorinated sulfones were converted to unsymmetrical ketones by treatment with silver perchlorate in trifluoroacetic acid.
Monoterpenoid Synthesis by Transition Metal Catalyzed Coupling of Enediylmagnesium with C5-Organic Halides
Authors: Kajihara Yasushi , Ishikawa Katsuhiro , Yasuda Hajime , Nakamura Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A series of isoprene coupling dimers bonded at 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, or 4-4 position was prepared by regiocontrolled catalysis of trasition metals or without catalysts in the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene-1,4-diylmagnesium or 3-methyl-2-butenylmagnesium chloride with C5-alkenyl halides.
CNDO and INDO Calculations of the Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Several Purine Derivatives
Authors: Kaito Akira , Hatano Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Calculations of the magnetic circular dichroism(MCD) of methylpurines and methyladenines were carried out not only by the CNDO/S-CI procedure, but also by the INDO/S-CI procedure. The CNDO/S-CI procedure correctly predicted the signs and magnitudes of the MCD spectra of 1-, 3-, and 7-methylpurines and of 9-methyladenine which cannot be improved by the parameter adjustment. On the other hand, the signs of the MCD spectra and transition energies of all these purine derivatives were clearly explained by the INDO/S-CI procedure.
The Kinetics of Oxygen-exchange Reaction between Chromate Ions and Water
Authors: Okumura Akiko , Kitani Mie , Toyomi Yuiko , Okazaki Nobukazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxygen-exchange reaction between chromate ions and water has been studied under the following conditions: 25 °C, pH=7–12, [Cr(VI)]=0.075 mol dm−3, I=0.2 and 1 mol dm−3. The rate law of the exchange reaction has been found to be:
R=k_1[CrO_4^2-]+k_2[HCrO_4^-]+k_3[H^+][HCrO_4^-]+k_4[HCrO_4^-][CrO_4^2-]+k_5[HCrO_4^-]^2.
The exchange rate has been analyzed in terms of this rate law to obtain the values of k1–k5. The presence of the third-order rate term in [Cr(VI)] has been suggested. The activation energy of the overall exchange reaction (I=1 mol dm−3) is (25.5±0.7) kJ/mol at pH 7.4 and (98.9±1.0) kJ/mol at pH 11.0. The salt effect is negative at pH&lt;10.5 and absent at pH&gt;10.5.
Ylide–Metal Complexes. IV. The Preparation and Properties of IIb-group Metel (Zn, Cd, Hg) Complexes of Alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihisa , Sugimoto Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ylide-IIb-group metal (Zn, Cd, Hg) complexes, bis(triphenylphosphonium alkylide)metal dichloride, (Remark: Graphics omitted.) (M: Zn, Cd, Hg), and chloro(triphenylphosphonium isobutylide)metal dichloride, (Remark: Graphics omitted.) (M: Zn, Cd), have been obtained from alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes, (C6H5)3P=CH–R (R: H, CH3 CH(CH3)2), and ZnCl2, CdCl2, or HgCl2. In these organometallic complexes, the alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes are attached to the IIb-group metals atom through the carbanionic donor atom. They are thermally stable.
The Regiospecific Mono Tosylation of Cyclodextrins
Authors: Onozuka Shigeharu , Kojima Masayoshi , Hattori Kenjiro , Toda Fujio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
α- and β-Cyclodextrins were tosylated with tosyl chloride in an alkaline solution. The products were confirmed to be monotosylated compounds, and the tosyl group was introduced at the C-3 position of one glucose unit of the cyclodextrin molecule. The 1:1 complex formation of cyclodextrin with tosyl chloride was observed spectrometrically.
The Synthesis of 2-Styrylazulene and Its Derivatives by the Condensation of 2-Methylazulene Derivatives with Benzaldehydes
Authors: Saito Motoyasu , Morita Tadayoshi , Takase Kahei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of 2-methylazulene derivatives, such as dimethyl 2-methylazulene-1,3-dicarboxylate, methyl 3-cyano-2-methylazulene-1-carboxylate, and 1-cyano- and 1-carbamoyl-2-methylazulenes, with benzaldehyde in the presence of alkoxide resulted in condensation to give 2-styrylazulene derivatives. 2-Styrylazulene, a parent hydrocarbon, and its p-nitro and p-dimethylamino derivatives were also synthesized.
Polar Effects in the Reactions of a Series of Substituted Diphenyldiazomethanes with Chloranil
Authors: Oshima Takumi , Nagai Toshikazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The kinetics and products of the reactions of fifteen meta- and para-substituted diphenyldiazomethanes with chloranil were investigated in tetrahydrofuran. The second-order rate constants, k, increased with the electron-donating ability of the substituents, and the values could be correlated with the Yukawa-Tsuno equation: logk⁄k0=−1.67(σ0+0.66Δ\barσR+)+0.009, (r=0.996). The ρ value, −1.67, indicates the large development of a positive charge at the diazo carbon in the transition state, while the R value, 0.66, confirms the considerable stabilization of the positive charge by the π-electronic contribution of the para substituents. The products of these reactions were the corresponding 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone poly(benzhydryl)ethers, but these polyethers were easily hydrolyzed into the corresponding benzophenones and tetrachlorohydroquinone(HQ). On the other hand, the initial presence of water or methanol as an additive changed the reaction features to give benzophenone or α,α-dimethoxydiphenylmethane, together with HQ. Reaction mechanisms which account for the results are discussed.
Substitution and Elimination Reactions via One Electron Transfer Process. A New Olefin Synthesis from β-Nitro Sulfones
Authors: Ono Noboru , Tamura Rui , Nakatsuka Tamon , Hayami Jun-ichi , Kaji Aritsune 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
gem-Bromonitro compounds or gem-dinitro compounds couple with carbanions derived from α-cyano sulfones or α-carbonyl sulfones to give β-nitro sulfones. The nitro and sulfonyl groups are eliminated from the coupling products on treatment with reductive one electron transfer reagents to give α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or nitriles.
Synthesis of 3-Mono- and 3,5-Difunctionalized Noriceanes (Tetracyclo[5.3.1.02,6.04,9]undecanes) via Oxymetallation of 3,5-Dehydronoriceane (Pentacyclot[5.3.1.02,6.03,5.04,9]undecane). Oxidation of Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane System by Mercury(II), Thallium(III), and Lead(IV) Acetates.
Authors: Katsushima Takeo , Yamaguchi Ryohei , Iemura Satoshi , Kawanisi Mituyosi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oxymercuration of 3,5-dehydronoriceane (1) followed by sodium borohydride reduction gives exclusively endo-3-noriceanol in 80% yield. The trans-1,3-addition organomercury intermediate is isolated as endo-3-acetoxy-exo-5-(chloromercurio)noriceane. Oxidation of 1 with thallium(III) acetate gives three diacetates, exo,exo- and endo,exo-3,5-diacetoxynoriceanes [(9) and (10)] and endo,exo-4,5-diacetoxytetracyclo[5.3.1.02,6.03,9]undecane (11) in a ratio of 6:61:27 in 68% combined yield. The analogous oxidation of 1 with lead(IV) acetate gives 9, 10, and 11 in a ratio of 50:25:25 in 80% combined yield. On the basis of the stereochemistry of the products as well as the products distribution, we propose that 1,3-bridged metal ion intervenes and plays an important role in the oxymetallation reaction of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane system.
Halogenation of 3,5-Dehydronoriceane (Pentacyclo[5.3.1.02,6.03,5.04,9]undecane. Front Side Attack on the Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane System by Halonium Ion and Corner Side Attack by Halogen Radical
Authors: Katsushima Takeo , Yamaguchi Ryohei , Iemura Satoshi , Kawanisi Mituyosi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Halogenations of 3,5-dehydronoriceane (1) in dichloromethane in the dark exclusively or predominantly give endo,exo-4,5-dihalotetracyclo[5.3.1.02,6.03,9]undecanes; these results provide a decisive evidence for the front side attack on the bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane system by halonium ion. On the other hand, the corner side attack on the bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane system by halogen radicals takes place in photohalogenations of 1, which give endo,endo- and endo,exo-3,5-dihalonoriceanes. In addition, the halogenation of 1 in the dark is found to be sensitive to the solvent polarity and the ionic nature of the halogen used. Bromination of 1 in nonpolar solvents in the dark likely proceeds through intervention of the 1,3-bridged bromonium ion.
An Investigation of the Power Characteristics in Heterogeneous Electrochemical Photovoltaic Cells for Solar-energy Utilization
Authors: Inoue Tooru , Weber Claude , Fujishima Akira , Honda Kenichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A heterogeneous electrochemical photovoltaic cell was constructed using the system of cadmium sulfide(CdS)/sulfides reducing agents//oxidizing agents/platinum. The output power characteristics were investigated focusing upon the redox potentials of the oxidizing agents in the cathodic half-cell and then discussed from the point of view of the solution-electrode junction. Though this type of cell intrinsically has a negative free energy for redox reactions of redox agents in an anodic and a cathodic compartment, it has a characteristic point that a larger open-circuit output than the intrinsical electromotive force determined by a redox couple was obtainable in operation under illumination. For example, in the CdS/S2−/S//Fe2+⁄3+/Pt system we found the open-circuit photovoltage of ca. 2.0 V, which is ca. 83% of a band gap (2.4 eV) of CdS. These measurements showed that a larger open-circuit photovoltage was obtained, though, of course, it was smaller than the band-gap energy of CdS, when the oxidizing agent of the more positive redox potential was dissolved in the cathodic compartment.