bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ENAMELS1
Authors: Danielson R. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEnamels, in common with other types of glasses, are more or less soluble in water, depending on their compositions. The nature and quantity of salts dissolved from the enamel glass during milling have a very definite bearing on the suspension, work ability, and other properties of the enamel, such as pitting and crawling.Those enamels which produce mill liquors which are excessively alkaline have very poor floating qualities. The ratio of free alkali to boric oxide dissolved from the enamel frit is an important factor in the flotation properties of the enamel.The poor floating powers of certain enamels can be corrected by the addition of suitable electrolytes. The kind and quantity of salts dissolved from the frit will determine the selection of the proper electrolyte. Enamel compositions having minimum solubility for good suspension and other properties are given.The value of an enamel clay cannot be determined by floating the clay in water. Tests must be made with the clay in the type of enamel with which it is to be used.Any studies on the effect of aging of enamels on their working properties must give consideration to the constitution and quantity of the individual salts dissolved from the enamel frit, and to the action of carbon dioxide in neutralizing part of the free alkali.
SCRATCH HARDNESS TESTS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThree sets of standards were prepared: (1) a set of minerals according to Mohs'Scale, (2) a set of steel samples, and (3) a set of Carboloy (tungsten carbide alloy) samples. The sets of standards were compared with each other according to their scratch hardness. Specimens of ceramic materials were then measured for scratch hardness with each set of standards. The results are compared.
A TUNNEL KILN REFRACTORIES PLANT1
Authors: Whitesell B. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description of the Salina Plant of the Kier Fire Brick Company, where all the ware is fired in two hand‐fired, car‐tunnel kilns. Some of the steps taken in changing the old plant to the new, the present plant layout, the method and procedure in the manufacture of the different shapes, capacities of the machines, etc., are described.
A COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC DECORATING TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Jans John T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA continuous decorating kiln is described which is completely automatic in temperature control and ware movement. This paper deals chiefly with the automatic ware movement, which is achieved by mechanical operation of the two four‐way valves, through which oil is supplied to ten hydraulic cylinders which open and close the doors, move the transfer cars on each end of the kiln, and move the ware cars through the kiln and down the loading track. An electric repeating contact clock determines the schedule upon which the kiln operates.
A STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION OF TWO EARTHENWARE BODIES AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO CRAZING IN THE STEAM TEST1
Authors: Wright E. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn ivory and a white earthenware body fired in different positions of periodic and tunnel kilns and maturing to various absorptions were subjected to autoclave steam treatments at the pressures of 100 and 150 lbs. per sq. inch. The ivory body resisted the crazing induced by this test for absorptions from 7 to 8% in the 100‐1b. pressure treatment. The white body withstood the destructive effect up to an absorption of 8.5%. Within a narrow range, thorough glost firing had some effect in increasing the resistance. In the 150‐1b. test, the critical resisting absorption was lowered to 6% for each body.
THE SERVICE OF REFRACTORY BLOCKS IN A SMALL EXPERIMENTAL GLASS TANK1
Authors: Pendergast W. L. , Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTests to determine the relative resistance of various types of refractories to the action of flowing molten glass were made in a small laboratory glass‐melting furnace similar in shape and in operation to commercial scale, continuous glass tanks. The results of tests made in nine runs of the furnace, each run continuing for approximately 30 days, are given. The resistance of the refractories to glass attack apparently does not depend entirely upon chemical composition and porosity of the refractories, but is probably related also to (1) the size of pores, (2) the relative composition of grog and bond, and (3) the degree of adherence between particles in the refractory.
DENSITY FACTORS FOR SODA‐LIME GLASSES1
Authors: Scholes S. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDensity factors based on oxides are criticized. A series of glasses are analyzed, compositions calculated in terms of Na2O·2SiO2, CaO·SiO2, MgO·SiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3. Factors for the three assumed compounds are calculated from three of the glasses, factors for SiO2 and Al2O3 as given by other investigators adopted, and the factors applied to the calculation of densities for the series of glasses. The results show close agreement with measured densities for six glasses analyzed and one described in the literature.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN CLAY AND CLAY‐LIME MIXTURES ON FIRING1
Authors: Frankforter C. J. , Detrick J. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe results of the experiments indicate that lime added to a clay, of the type studied here, combined chemically with certain of the various constituents of the clay when the mixture was fired at 1000°C. There is also an indication of reactions between iron oxide and silica. The exact nature and extent of these several possible reactions cannot be determined from the data of this limited experimental work.It would be of great value for work of this kind if more information was available relative to the chemical action of various reagents upon the several constituents of clay. Obviously it would be necessary to use pure substances representing these constituents rather than any mixture of them.Work was undertaken to obtain indication of the chemical changes which occur on firing a low lime clay and the same clay with calcium‐carbonate additions.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ADDITION AGENTS AND TREATMENTS ON THE GREEN STRENGTH OF MISSOURI REFRACTORY CLAYS1
Authors: Paul A. J. , Holmbs M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTests were made with the plastic and semiflint fire clays of north central Missouri and the burley diaspore of south central Missouri. Aging plastic fire clay ten days produces about a 38% increase in modulus of rupture. Na2CO3 treatment produces about a 50% increase. Tannic acid which flocculates the colloids improved the modulus a good deal; an acid treatment after an alkali treatment, however, produced no added effect of importance. The effect of developing bacterial growth was marked, especially if aged for a considerable time. The addition of bentonite Collotone R increased the modulus almost 3 times. The maximum is reached with about 8% bentonite. The additive effect of dextrine in combination with bentonite is positive but of negligible consequence. Tennessee ball clay is without important positive effect in amounts up to 8%.Sodium silicate additions up to 8% gave negative results.With as little as 4% bentonite the modulus of rupture of flint clay is tripled. Aging of flint clay has an important positive effect. Effect of the bentonite can be obtained in the dry‐press, stiff‐mud, or soft‐mud bodies, but it is greatest in the stiff‐mud.Burley clay is less self‐bonding than the flint and the effect of the bentonite was more marked even than in the case of flint. Four per cent bentonite increased the modulus of rupture to about 4 1/2 times its original modulus of rupture.The modulus of rupture of flintclay‐bentonite mixtures might approach that of plastic fireclay‐bentonite mixtures at high contents of bentonite, leading to the indication that in the case of these two clays the total colloidal content is the determining factor.With 3% bentonite the modulus of rupture of the flint is made equal to that of the plastic and straight, a result applicable to problems where the dissolving out of the bonding material in the refractory is a determining factor in service. The P.C.E. of the plastic fire clay drops 1 cone for 3% and 2 cones for 6% of bentonite addition.
THE SOLUBILITY OF QUARTZ AND CLAY IN FELDSPAR1
Authors: Parmelee C.W. , Amberg C.R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature on the subject is completely reviewed. The method used involved the addition of increasing amounts of kaolin to fixed amounts of feldspar and the addition of increasing amounts of quartz to fixed amounts of feldspar. All compositions were examined microscopically and the presence of undissolved kaolin was shown by the appearance of mullite needles, while the presence of undissolved quartz was shown by the presence of cristobalite. Soda feldspar is a better solvent for both quartz and clay than potash feldspar. The solution of quartz in soda feldspar starts at about 1350°C and increases with the temperature until at 1425°C. 32 parts of quartz per 100 of feldspar are dissolved. The solution of quartz in high potash feldspar does not start until 1400°C and only 4 parts are soluble at 1425°C to every 100 parts of feldspar. The solution of clay in soda feldspar starts at 1225°C and increases with the temperature until at 1425°C thirty‐six parts are soluble. The solution of clay in high potash feldspar starts at 1250°C and at 1425°C the solubility is 20.5 parts per 100 of feldspar. The solution of quartz in porcelain bodies starts at the same temperature as it does in the pure feldspar which the body contains. The amount of solution per unit of feldspar is much greater. The general trend of one of the boundary lines in the ternary system K2O‐A12O3‐SiO2 has been found.
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF CHINAWARE USING TWO FORMS OF TESTING MACHINES1
Authors: Wray G. W. , Brand C. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo forms of impact testing machines, designed to determine the resistance of chinaware to chipping and impact, and their use in testing chinaware are described. The results of testing 33 brands of domestic and foreign‐made ware with these machines are given. In addition, the weight, dimensions, and percentage of water absorption of the ware are given.
A PORCELAIN AT CONE 31
Authors: Hodgdon Frank B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA body of the composition: clay 60%, frit 30%. and flint 10%. was mixed and ground until it passed a 200‐mesh. It was cast, dried in the open air, biscuited to cone 08, glazed, and finished at cone 3. An excellent translucency and color resulted.
A STUDY OF CHROME AND DIASPORE MIXES1
Authors: Jones Harlow G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history, development, and properties of chrome and diaspore brick are discussed. The plan for this investigation was the determination of (1) softening points of various mixes, all of which withstood cones 33 to 34, (2) workability of mixtures, wherein it was found that bars of soft mud were workable with difficulty while no trouble was experienced with dry‐press, (3) porosity and shrinkage on reheating; slag action and spalling. Increasing the proportion of diaspore increased the shrinkage while the absorption remained about the same in all cases. Various slags from different sources were used in the investigation, and it was found that a small per cent of finely‐ground chrome ore cut down slag action on diaspore while the addition of diaspore to chrome increased its resistance to spalling action; conversely, the addition of finely‐ground chrome to diaspore increased its resistance to spalling action.
STUDIES OF BAO·Al2O3· SiO2 AND ZNO·Al2O3SiO2 SEPARATELY WITH EUTECTICS, KNaO FELDSPAR EUTECTIC, AND CaO‐MgO. Al2O3SiO2 EUTECTIC1
Authors: Zimmer David C. , Neff John M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBecause of the lack of a means for graphically representing more than four variables it was deemed best to study groups of eutectics, the uncertainties of this type of investigation being taken into consideration. The purpose of the study was to determine the deformation of certain eutectics and the effect of variations of alumina and silica on these eutectics when applied to glazes.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALUMINA AND SILICA ON THE (K2O‐Na2O) Al2O3 SiO2 EUTECTIC1
Authors: Butterworth W. N. , Kates Paul 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA series of eight studies was made on the influence of Al2O3 SiO2 and (K2 Na2O) Al2O3‐SiO2 eutectic. It was concluded that the reduction of silica lowers the deformation temperature of the KNaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 eutectic. The reduction of Al2O3 makes little change. The problem must be studied as a three‐component series consisting of definite end members.
THE EFFECT OF CORES IN BRICK DIES ON POWER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Ogden D. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTRecording wattmeter determinations of power, moisture content and production rates were secured on an individually motor driven auger machine for each of two standard brick dies, with and without cores. Variation in these factors was recorded. Use of cores causes a great increase in power consumption per thousand brick. Moisture content variation ranged from 17.7 to 20.1%.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TWENTY‐ONE SASKATCHEWAN BALL CLAYS1
Authors: Worcester W. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one Saskatchewan ball clays have been investigated; the study covers in a general way their chemical, raw, and fired properties. The information presented will no doubt prove of immediate interest to the ball clay trade and especially to the Saskatchewan shippers and exporters.In general, the more outstanding properties of the clays studied are raw strength, fired color, craze resistance, and rate of vitrification.Their raw strength is remarkably high, greater than that of any similar clay on the market at the present time. One clay developed the exceptional raw strength, though diluted with 50% potters’ flint, of over 1000 lbs. per square inch, a second one 938 lbs., while the average of the eleven highest is 812.8 lbs.; clays of such high strength should prove of interest to the trade where it is desirable to reduce losses in the raw and bisque state.A number of the clays tested are outstanding as ball clays in that they fire white or nearly so up to and including cone 12, the purity of whiteness being equal to that of white firing china clays.The porosity and fired volume shrinkage of the Saskatchewan clays correspond more nearly to those of the English ball clays than do the Tennessee‐Kentucky clays as studied by Sortwell.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS. V. Preparation of Experimental Sagger Bodies According to Fundamental Properties1
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Mong L. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a Fifth Progress Report giving the results obtained in a preliminary study of sagger bodies, which is a continuation of an extensive investigation of sagger clays for the purpose of determining the properties of clays and bodies best suited for sagger purposes. The report contains data on the modulus of elasticity, transverse breaking strength, plastic flow, thermal expansion, and resistance to failure due to heat shock of 55 sagger mixes representing 39 different bodies fired at either 1230°C or 1270°C. The 16 bodies prepared in duplicate were tested both after firing at 1230°C and 1270°C. All of these bodies were compounded with two clays whose properties are given in earlier progress reports, and a mixture of graded grog. The grog was graded into sizes so as to result in two types of bodies, those having (1) a coarse and open‐grained structure and (2) a dense and fine‐grained structure. The data on the fired bodies show that those containing the fine sizes of grog have the higher modulus of elasticity, transverse strength, and in the majority of cases, thermal expansion. Very little difference in total porosity of the two types of bodies is indicated although the rate of absorption shows large differences. The data obtained in this preliminary study indicate that those bodies having (1) a porosity of less than 25% (2) a low modulus of elasticity, (3) as high transverse strength as is compatible with the low modulus of elasticity, and (4) low thermal expansion below 250°C are the most desirable for sagger purposes.
THE INCRUSTATION OF CERAMIC WARE1
Authors: Lencaner Theodore 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history and evolution of the application of gold and other precious metals over acid‐etched designs on glass, china, and enamel ware is discussed. Details involving the preparation of the plate and transferring of the design to the article are briefly outlined and also the acid treatment of the article. The application of the metals, and finally a resume of the incrustation as a decoration is given.
NOTES ON TERRA COTTA GLAZE CONSISTENCY1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome of the difficulties encountered in applying glaze to terra cotta are discussed. The use of a hydrometer to test glazes is misleading as a hydrometer supplies gravity indication only in true solutions and glazes are not true solutions; furthermore the viscosity of a glaze may obscure the real specific gravity. It is suggested that in order to Control a glaze it should first be made to a desirable specific gravity and then the desired viscosity at that gravity be ascertained by experiment. A viscosimeter and specific gravity bottle are suggested for this purpose. The effect of change of alkalinity and of bacteria together with the control of glaze wastage are also discussed.
THE DEVITRIFICATION OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES1
Authors: Morey George W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe isotherms and boundary curves in that portion of the ternary system Na2O‐SiO2–CaO.SiO2–SiO2 of direct application to glass technology, namely, from 64 to 78% SiO2, 0 to 20% CaO, including the whole of the field of the compound Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2, and portions of the adjoining fields of Na2O.2SiO2, Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2, CaO.SiO2, tridymite, and quartz, have been determined with greater precision than in a previous study2 by greatly increasing the number of mixtures studied, and thereby decreasing the interpolation necessary in the interpretation. An extended discussion is given of the devitrification of glass, in which it is shown that the liquidus temperature is the only datum point which is solely a function of glass composition, and is unaffected by the past history of the glass or by fortuitous circumstances at the time devitrification is taking place. At the liquidus the first trace of crystalline phase is in equilibrium with the glass; above the liquidus the glass will dissolve any such crystals which may have been formed at some previous time, but new crystals cannot form; while only below the liquidus is there a tendency for crystals to separate. The driving force causing this reaction is derived from the difference in free energy between the unstable glass and the stable aggregation of crystalline phases, and this force is opposed by a resistance of the nature of a viscosity. The dissociation in the liquid phase of the compounds which separate on devitrification diminishes the rate at which the devitrification equilibrium is reached, and increasing the complexity of the glass will have a similar effect. The excess in surface energy at the interface glass‐crystal may have an influence at the instant of formation of the first infinitesimal crystal, hut after the crystal has grown to a dimension appreciably greater than the sphere of molecular action the excess energy at this interface ceases to be of importance. The only surface tension measurements which have been made on glass refer to the interface glass‐air, and the excess energy at this interface has no necessary correlation with the devitrification process.
FIRE CLAYS. SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis report gives the results obtained in the second phase of an extensive investigation of fireclay refractories. It is limited to the twenty‐six representative clays included in that investigation. The geologic formation, chemical analyses, and pyrometric cone equivalents are given together with such properties of the clays fired at two widely different temperatures, as porosity, shrinkage, thermal expansion, moduli of elasticity and rupture, and plastic flow. Data are given to show the conversion of aluminous fire clays into mullite and cristobalite by firing at certain temperatures. At higher temperatures the cristobalite is converted to glass.
VARIOUS METHODS OF TOOLING CONTINUOUS ENAMELING FURNACES1
Authors: Blackburn Paul V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of adequate firing tools for handling the various shapes which are enameled in continuous furnaces is discussed. The maximum efficiency of a continuous furnace can only be realized when the conveyer chain is equipped with tools which permit uniform loading throughout its entire length with enough ware to utilize fully the heating capacity of the furnace.Materials and principles of design are considered and specific tools and racks suitable for various sheet‐iron and cast‐iron parts are illustrated.
FORMING PRESSURE OF DRY‐PRESSED REFRACTORIES. II. THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS ON FIRED PROPERTIES1
Authors: Birch Raymond E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLaboratory tests of the dry‐pressed fire brick revealt hat fired porosity varies inversely with the forming pressure. The change, however, is less marked at high pressures. The resistance to thermal spalling is considerably lowered by increased pressure. The course of spalling is traced for brick of various pressure and density. The relative importance of the various factors affecting spalling loss is discussed. In regard to the load test, increased pressure results in marked improvement with the highly plastic mixtures and more indifferent results when much flint clay is present. In general, firing shrinkage is increased by increased forming pressure, the phenomenon being explained as due to improved continuity of the material tending to further the pyrochemical reactions. The comparatively low pressures of mechanical presses are reaffirmed by a study of fired properties. A summary of the data indicates that by utilizing higher pressures, brick of greater density may be obtained which are greatly improved in appearance, in resistance to abrasion, and in load‐carrying capacity, but with diminished resistance to thermal shock. It is indicated that higher forming pressures would partially obviate the necessity of firing ware to the present high temperatures.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF UNFIRED CLAYS1
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , Cartwright Vance 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is thought that knowledge of the tensile strengths of unfired clays is valuable and in view of this fact the present unsatisfactory method for its determination has been improved upon. A new apparatus and method for tensile strength determinations is described, in which the cast or pressed cylindrical test piece has a collar of low‐melting alloy cast around each end, thus eliminating gripping difficulties and greatly increasing the accuracy. The apparatus is also adaptable to determinations of bond and transverse strengths of clays.
ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE IN CAST‐IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Cormly Alan L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAluminium fluoride was used in cast‐iron enamels, replacing cryolite. The fluxes were increased, when substituting aluminium fluoride for cryolite, to care for the extra alumina introduced by the fluoride. The costs of an enamel containing cryolite and one containing aluminium fluoride are compared.
THE USE OF THE AUTOCLAVE IN TESTING CERAMIC PRODUCTS FOR RESISTANCE TO CRAZING1
Authors: Mills R. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA report is presented of preliminary tests in an investigation to determine the effects of various factors in the manipulation of the autoclave for testing wall tile. The effect of porosity. pressure, duration of test, slow versus rapid release of pressure, and the number of repetitions of the test have been investigated.