bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH EPIDIDYMAL OBSTRUCTION UPON THE LEYDIG CELL VOLUME OF THE RAT TESTIS
Authors: HARRISON R. G. , MACMILLAN E. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A quantitative estimation of the total interstitial cell content of experimental and control testes was undertaken in nine mature albino rats killed at periods ranging from 7 to 342 days, following experimental interruption of arteries supplying the right caput epididymidis. In each animal testicular atrophy was substantial, and histological examination confirmed that the vasa efferentia and initial segment of the caput epididymidis were impervious to the passage of spermatozoa. The left testis was used as a control and remained in situ until the time of autopsy.
2. An increase in the total volume of the interstitial cells was recorded at 28 and 189 days after operation, by 24% in the former and 45% in the latter. The increase in total volume apparent at 28 days is almost certainly associated with the disposal of large quantities of shed germinal epithelium. The absolute increase at 189 days appears to be associated with the occurrence of a patchy necrosis of the seminiferous tubules.
3. The results recorded compare favourably with the experimental evidence assembled by Slotopolsky & Schinz [1925], and accord with other evidence which fails to substantiate Steinach's claim that the interstitial cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy when the vasa efferentia are ligated.
THE RELATIVE ACTIVITIES OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE
Authors: TOMICH E. G. , WOOLLETT E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The biological activity of 3: 5: 3′-l-triiodothyronine (TIT) has been compared with that of l-thyroxine (THX) by three different methods.
1. The first compared increases in oxygen consumption rate in rats and showed that TIT had 3·7 and 7·5 times the activity of THX when administered subcutaneously and orally. Although the onset of action appeared to be more rapid with TIT, the overall effects of the two compounds on oxygen consumption in intact rats were qualitatively similar.
2. The second, a mouse anoxia method involving subcutaneous injection, gave a ratio of 4·5 in favour of TIT.
3. In the third, the effects of the two compounds in preventing goitre formation were studied in rats given thiouracil. The relative activity of TIT established by this method was 7·4 times that of THX.
THE DETERMINATION OF OESTROGENS IN BODY FLUIDS
Authors: BRAUNSBERG HANNELORE , OSBORN S. B. , STERN MARGARET I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The estimation of oestrogens by means of their fluorescence in phosphoric acid has been investigated in some detail.
2. A highly sensitive fluorimeter is described; with suitable filters it was possible to measure accurately 0·01 μg of oestradiol, 0·02 μg of oestrone and 0·05 μg of oestriol.
3. Several light sources and filter combinations have been studied. The most satisfactory light source is a bright tungsten lamp, and for maximal sensitivity a primary filter consisting of a Wratten 49 and an Ilford 809 together with a secondary filter combination of Ilford 404 and 110 are used.
4. Interference with fluorescence is discussed. This arises from insufficiently pure reagents and incomplete purification of the oestrogens when extracted from body fluids. Two tests for the presence of quenching are suggested; they can also be applied quantitatively to correct for such interference, although their validity is not yet proved.
IMMATURE RAT OVARIES GRAFTED AFTER FREEZING AND THAWING
Authors: DEANESLY RUTH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovaries from rats about 7 days old were cut into halves, soaked in glycerol-saline, frozen to − 79° C, thawed and implanted subcutaneously in adult ovariectomized females. Part of the implanted tissue decayed, but the rest, including some of the follicles and ova, recovered rapidly and formed functional grafts.
GROWTH OF THE MAMMARY DUCT SYSTEM IN INTACT AND OVARIECTOMIZED MICE OF THE CHI STRAIN
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The changes in the rate of growth in area and in arborescence of the duct system of intact and ovariectomized female mice of the CHI strain have been measured by objective means.
The duct system of intact mice grows in area at a rate isometric with (body weight)⅔ until the mice are about 24 days old, when the rate of growth becomes positively allometric. The number of junctions in the duct system is almost constant before the phase of rapid growth in area begins, but increases rapidly for a time, then more slowly until the mice are between 56 and 84 days old when little further increase is seen. These changes do not occur in ovariectomized mice less than 84 days old, but by 1 year such mice showed evidence of stimulation of the mammary glands (mammae) and uteri, the source of the stimulating factor being presumably hyperplastic tissue in the adrenal cortices.
The duct system of ovariectomized mice 42 days old, given 0·055 μg oestrone daily in 0·1 ml. arachis oil, did not differ significantly from that of intact controls, either in area or arborescence, and increasing the dose of oestrone to 0·1 μg daily caused no further change in area or arborescence. Ovariectomized mice given 0·01 μg oestrone daily showed duct systems which were double the area of those of ovariectomized controls, but considerably smaller than those of intact controls.
Weaning at 15 instead of the normal 21 days did not affect either normal or oestrone-induced growth of the mammae. The mammae of intact, suckling mice between 10 and 15 days old did not respond to oestrone or progesterone, but showed a slight growth in response to unfractionated anterior-pituitary suspension and a greater response when this suspension and oestrone (0·01 μg daily) were given together. A combination of anterior-pituitary suspension and progesterone caused a great increase in duct branching, but little if any increase in area of the duct systems. There was no response in area or branching when these mice were given oestrone and progesterone together, but a slight thickening of the ducts was observed, although this was less than in mice given unfractionated anterior-pituitary extract.
CRITERIA OF THE VAGINAL RESPONSE TO OESTROGENS
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
By means of discriminant analysis the validity of a fourfold qualitative classification of vaginal smears has been examined in two inbred lines of mice and their reciprocal crosses.
For both the intravaginal and subcutaneous routes of administration with oestradiol-3:17β the vaginal response is shown to be truly quantal, no graded classification of responses being necessary.
It is shown that prooestrous smears should be classified as positive and also that the presence or absence of leucocytes is the best criterion for classification.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE LEVELS OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: WEIL-MALHERBE H. , BONE A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of insulin on the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma and erythrocyte extracts were investigated with the aid of a fluorimetric method of estimation. The following results were obtained:
1. The intramuscular injection of insulin, in doses sufficient to induce hypoglycaemic coma, led to an immediate fall of the adrenaline concentration in plasma. The lowest value was usually found within 0·5 hr of the injection. Subsequent samples may show a slight rise, but the values remained well below the normal level of concentration. Termination of coma was followed by a return of the adrenaline concentration to the starting level or above. The concentration of noradrenaline in plasma and erythrocytes was not affected significantly. The concentration of adrenaline in erythrocytes showed a tendency to decrease.
2. The intravenous injection of insulin (0·1 unit/kg) produced a fall of the level of adrenaline in the plasma which reached its maximum within about 5 min. This was followed by a spontaneous return of the adrenaline concentration to the initial level. The noradrenaline level did not change significantly with the exception of a slight decrease after 90 min.
The concentration of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in erythrocytes tended to decrease, but the changes, except for one value, were not statistically significant.
3. The initial change in the concentration of adrenaline in the plasma was independent of the amount of insulin injected, but the higher the dose, the longer the delay in the spontaneous return to the normal level.
4. The termination of hypoglycaemic coma by an intravenous injection of glucose was accompanied by a rapid rise in the concentration of adrenaline in the plasma to a peak value which was reached after 5 min. Later the concentration of adrenaline became stabilized at an intermediate level. The concentration of noradrenaline in the plasma tended to rise, but the change was significant only in a group of samples taken 60 min after the injection of glucose. The termination of coma by a nasal glucose feed produced similar changes, but they were smaller and developed more gradually.
5. An intravenous injection of insulin (0·1 unit/kg) produced a fall in the concentration of adrenaline in venous blood which preceded a similar effect in arterial blood. There was thus a transitory increase in the arterio-venous difference in the concentration of adrenaline.
6. The results are discussed, and it is suggested that they can be explained by assuming that insulin increases the utilization of circulating adrenaline in the phosphorylase reaction.
THE ROLE OF THE THYROID IN THE PRODUCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL CHANGES BY METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL
Authors: SALGADO E. , SELYE H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Earlier experiments have shown that treatment with methylandrostenediol (MAD) results in the accumulation of hyalin granules in the adrenocortical cells. This is accompanied by the development of nephrosclerosis, periarteritis nodosa, myocarditis and other changes characteristic of an intoxication with mineralo-corticoids such as desoxycorticosterone. It had also been found that adrenalectomy prevents all these effects of MAD. The present experiments on rats show that, in the absence of the thyroid, the production by this steroid of hyalin granules in the adrenals is diminished but not abolished. At the same time there occurs a dissociation in the other actions of MAD in so far as nephrosclerosis, myocarditis and hypertension are largely inhibited; polyuria, thymus involution and the effects typical of all androgens are uninfluenced; while the severity of mesenteric periarteritis nodosa is actually aggravated by thyroidectomy. The significance of this dissociation is discussed in relation to the effects produced by excessive amounts of androgenic or mineralo-corticoid compounds.
THE EFFECT OF A HISTAMINASE-INHIBITOR (AMINOGUANIDINE) ON PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: ROBERTS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Aminoguanidine sulphate can inhibit in vitro the histaminase of rat placental extracts; given subcutaneously, it can also inhibit in vivo the placental and uterine histaminase of pregnant rats.
2. Aminoguanidine sulphate given subcutaneously to pregnant rats in doses producing more than about 50% inhibition of the maternal placental histaminase leads to a general disturbance of the course of pregnancy. The foetuses are more sensitive than the mother.
3. The results provide evidence that the great increase of placental and uterine histaminase during rat pregnancy plays an important part in maintaining pregnancy and bringing it to a successful conclusion.
THE SENSITIVITY OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TO GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The sensitivity of adrenalectomized, control-operated and unoperated rats to pregnant mare serum (PMS) and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) has been studied. A total of 638 mature and immature female rats was used.
The ovaries of adrenalectomized rats were found to contain fewer large follicles and corpora lutea than those of control-operated litter-mates, and the slight ovarian hypertrophy which occurs after surgical trauma was found to be due to an increase in the number of Graafian follicles and corpora lutea.
Further experiment showed that, as judged by the weight of the ovaries, adrenalectomy reduces the ovarian reaction to injected PMS (10 i.u./day) in both adult and immature rats. Replacement therapy with DCA (1 mg/day) failed to re-establish the normal response in adults. Treatment with cortisone (1 mg/day) restored the normal reaction in both adult and immature adrenalectomized rats.
Adrenalectomized adult rats responded to injected CG (10 i.u./day) as vigorously as their operated and unoperated litter-mates. On the other hand, immature adrenalectomized animals did not respond fully to CG. Treatment with cortisone again fully restored the normal reaction.
REDUCED MAINTENANCE OF FROGS USED FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS BY ENFORCED HIBERNATION
Authors: ALLISON RHODA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for reducing the maintenance of frogs used for the diagnosis of pregnancy by enforced hibernation.
Fifty males (Rana esculenta) were stored in a domestic refrigerator; twenty were removed at the end of 5 months, and thirty at the end of 7 months, and all survived and were healthy.
Examination of the frogs' urine after injection of 1 ml. of untreated pregnancy urine, known to contain between 8 and 16 i.u. of chorionic gonadotrophin, showed that all fifty animals shed uncountable numbers of sperm.
It is suggested that in addition to the use of these animals for pregnancy work, they are always available for dissection and physiological experiments.
THE VALUE OF SOME STEROIDS IN REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN ADRENALECTOMIZED AND ADRENALECTOMIZED-OVARIECTOMIZED LACTATING RATS
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A number of 11-deoxysteroid compounds were tested at low and differing dose levels for their lactation-maintaining effect in adrenalectomized rats, the compounds being implanted subcutaneously in tablet form. Reichstein's compound S acetate was active, but Reichstein's compound L, 21-acetoxy pregnenolone, Δ5-pregnenolone acetate, Δ16-progesterone, 17-vinyltestosterone, 17-hydroxy-21-acetoxy Δ1-allopregnene-3, 20-dione, 3-(β)-21-diacetoxy allopregnane-20-one and allopregnane-21-ol-3, 20-dione acetate were inactive.
The ovaries of adrenalectomized lactating rats were found to exert a lactation-maintaining effect equivalent to that of about 3·1 mg progesterone daily. Progesterone showed a high threshold in its effect on lactation in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats.
In adrenalectomized-ovariectomized lactating rats Reichstein's compound S acetate maintained lactation as effectively as deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) or cortisone. When used together in such rats DCA and cortisone acted synergistically. This synergism was not shown by cortisone and compound S acetate, but may have been shown to a lesser extent by DCA and compound S acetate. Lactational performance was not improved when the dose of DCA used daily with 1·1 mg cortisone was increased to above 0·43 mg daily, nor did the addition of 0·55 mg compound S acetate daily to this level of DCA and cortisone have a significant effect.
Adrenalectomized-ovariectomized lactating rats given DCA and compound S acetate increased in body weight, whereas those given cortisone lost weight.
There was a very high correlation between the mean food intakes and the mean litter-growth indices for treatment groups in all experiments.
EFFECT OF TRANSECTION OF ONE HORN OF THE GUINEA-PIG'S UTERUS ON FOETAL GROWTH IN THE OTHER HORN
Authors: ECKSTEIN P. , McKEOWN THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Observations are recorded on 65-day guinea-pig foetuses removed from twenty-nine experimental animals in which impregnation was limited to one horn of the uterus by transection of the other horn, and from twenty-nine unoperated control animals. The data are used to show that:
(1) As litter size increases, mean foetal weight and length decrease and total litter weight increases.
(2) Mean foetal weight and length decrease as the number of foetuses in the same horn increases, and as the number of foetuses in the other horn increases.
(3) In litters of less than four, association between rate of foetal growth and litter size is independent of distribution of foetuses between the two horns. In litters of four or more there is evidence of a local effect determined by the contiguity of foetuses within the same horn.
These observations suggest that the influence of litter size on rate of foetal growth is due partly to a local effect, determined by the number of foetuses within the same horn of the uterus, and partly to a general effect, determined by the total number of foetuses in the uterus, and independent of their distribution between the horns.
As the number of foetuses in one horn increases, mean number of foetuses in the other horn decreases. This result appears to be determined by a negative correlation between numbers of ova released from the two ovaries. It cannot be ascribed to differences in the proportion of corpora lutea represented by foetuses on the two sides.
THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL AGE, PARITY AND WEIGHT ON LITTER SIZE IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: ECKSTEIN P. , McKEOWN THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In twenty-nine guinea-pigs examined on the 65th day of their first pregnancy, litter size was positively correlated with maternal weight at conception. This association was independent of maternal age; there was no significant correlation between size and age after correction for weight. Similar results were obtained in 113 animals reported by Ibsen 1928]: a substantial positive correlation between litter size and weight (0·43) was independent of both age and parity, but there was only a trivial correlation with age (0·07), and a negative correlation with parity (−0·16) after correction for weight.
Correlations between number of corpora lutea and weight (0·32, after correction for age) and between number of corpora and age (−0·17, after correction for weight) in twenty-eight of the twenty-nine animals, suggest that the association between litter size and weight is determined mainly by a positive correlation between weight and the number of ova produced.
A MODIFIED ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TECHNIQUE FOR THE BIOASSAY OF ACTH
Authors: HODGES J. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intravenous injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) caused adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in rats in which the mobilization of endogenous ACTH had been prevented by pretreatment with large doses of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA). The fall in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration was dependent upon the dose of ACTH administered. This observation has been developed to give a sensitive method for the bioassay of ACTH in which the need for hypophysectomy is obviated.
VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROTEIN MASS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE CHACMA BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: COHEN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Considerable fluctuations in plasma volume and protein mass occur in rhythm with the baboon's menstrual cycle.
2. During the follicular phase the mass of circulating albumin and globulin falls, while the fibrinogen mass increases. In the spayed female baboon oestrogen therapy leads to a similar reduction of albumin and globulin, but following ablation of the sexual skin this effect is greatly diminished.
3. During the initial 2–3 days of the luteal phase the circulating protein mass increases abruptly; the mass of protein simultaneously lost from the perineal swelling exceeds that which appears in the plasma.
4. Displacements in plasma protein of comparable extent have not previously been described in any animal maintained under physiological conditions. The available evidence indicates that these unusual fluctuations in the baboon are related to perineal hypertrophy and involution; the nature of this relationship is discussed.
UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE THYROID OF THE INFANTILE RAT AFTER PROLONGED IN VITRO CULTIVATION
Authors: PAVLOVIĆ MIROSLAVA R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The thyroid glands of infantile rats cultivated in vitro for up to 2 months retain their capacity to concentrate radioactive iodine selectively. It is established autoradiographically that the 131I taken up by the cultivated gland is localized both in the epithelial cells and colloid of healthy thyroid follicles.
THE RESPONSE OF 5′-NUCLEOTIDASE IN THE BRAIN TO OESTROGEN ADMINISTRATION IN THE GROWING RAT
Authors: NAIDOO D. , REY H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After preliminary experiments to determine the minimum dose and optimum age at which invariable oestrogen-induced nucleotidase activity could be induced, six female rats aged 5 days were injected subcutaneously with 0·25 mg oestradiol monobenzoate for 10 days. Six female litter-mates injected with a similar quantity of normal saline were used as controls.
The brains of these animals were examined histologically for 5′-nucleotidase activity. It was found that the activity of 5′-nucleotidase was increased considerably, the nerve fibres in the brains of the experimental animals being in this respect indistinguishable from the nerve fibres of normal 30-day-old animals, while the control animals showed no change from the normal. Further, nuclei which show poor 5′-nucleotidase activity in the normal 30-day-old rat were strongly active in the brains of 15-day-old experimental animals. In this respect there was no difference between the oestrogen-treated rats and controls of the same age.
The significance of the results is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PLANT PREPARATIONS ON THE FERTILITY OF LABORATORY MAMMALS
Authors: EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Dry powdered seeds of the legume Psoralea corylifolia L. proved to be oestrogenic when included in the normal diet of adult female mice at levels calculated to give an intake of 0·35 g or 0·175 g seed/day. Both spayed and intact females exhibited intense vaginal cornification during treatment, but the effect was reversible.
The fertility of adult females was impaired by consumption of 0·35 g Psoralea seed for 37–77 days, and an abnormal proportion of matings made with treated or normal partners was infertile, resulting in pseudopregnancies. The animals recovered within 1 week of transfer to a normal diet. The fertility of male mice was not impaired by treatment for 46 days.
Consumption of 0·25 g Psoralea seed daily precipitated vaginal opening in immature female mice.
The oestrogenic potency of the plant material was low and psoralen(e) (furo-2:3:7:6-coumarin), known to occur in the kernel of Psoralea corylifolia, was not the active constituent.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PLANT PREPARATIONS ON THE FERTILITY OF LABORATORY MAMMALS
Authors: EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Capsella bursa pastoris ('Shepherd's Purse'), dried and ground, was added at rates of 20 and 40% to the stock diet of male and female mice. Diets similarly diluted with grass meal were used for comparison.
At the 40% level, both materials impeded ovulation and produced temporary infertility in males and females. 20% Capsella did not affect female fertility, and previous experiments had shown that an equivalent amount of grass meal was harmless.
Neither substance affected the establishment of vaginal patency in immature female mice or produced signs of oestrogenization in spayed animals.
The infertility produced was probably due to the high degree of dilution of the diet rather than to specific anti-fertility activity, but the latter possibility has not been excluded entirely.