bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Cell‐suspension‐derived Small‐cell Colonies of Lolium perenne (L.)
Authors: Altepeter F. , Posselt U. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA defined method for the rapid establishment of cell suspensions releasing small‐cell colonies and their regeneration to fertile plants is described. Cell suspensions were obtained from 10 mature, lengthwise‐divided embryos. Five of the 10 suspensions regenerated green plants. Filtration of suspensions through a 150 μm mesh followed by regeneration was carried out 28 days after initiation of the suspensions, to demonstrate a rapid release of regenerable small cell colonies from cell suspensions using the protocol described. Two of the 10 filtered suspensions regenerated green plants from small cell colonies.
Strawberry‐cultivar Identification using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers
Authors: Gidoni D. , Rom M. , Kunik T. , Zur M. , Izsak E. , Izhar S. , Firon N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAccurate and rapid cultivar identification is important for breeders'‐rights protection, especially for vegetatively propagated plants. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of developing cultivar‐specific RAPD markers in commercial strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Dutch). Efforts were focused on distinguishing between two newly developed Volcani cultivars, ‘Ofra’ and ‘Dorit’, and six other cultivars, ‘Douglas’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Oso Grande’, ‘Dover’, ‘Nurit’ and ‘Parker’. Reproducible RAPD fingerprints were generated, each containing at least one polymorphic DNA product. A combination of 10 polymorphic DNA products exhibited cultivar‐specific patterns enabling the distinction between closely related varieties, such as ‘Ofra’ (which is the progeny of ‘Dorit’ and ‘Parker’) and ‘Dorit’ (which is the progeny of ‘Nurit’ and ‘Dover’). This study shows that RAPD markers can help in the protection of breeders’ rights to strawberry cultivars.
Interspecific reproductive barriers and genomic similarity among the rough‐seeded Lupinus species
Authors: Gupta S. , Buirchell B. J. , Cowling W. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nature of reproductive barriers and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes were studied in interspecific hybrids among the six rough‐seeded Lupinus species. Out of 30 different interspecific crosses attempted in all possible combinations, eight produced viable F, seeds. These successful crosses involved L. cosentinii, L. digitatus, L. atlanticus and L. pilosus. Crosses of L. princei with other species resulted in shrivelled F, seed in all combinations. In contrast to previous reports, crosses of L. palaestinus with all other rough‐seeded lupins were incompatible as no F1 hybrids were obtained. Barriers to interspecific reproduction were identified as nucleo‐cytoplasmic and embryo‐endosperm incompatibility in unsuccessful crosses, and chromosomal imbalances in F1 hybrids. Gene transfer is possible among L. cosentinii, L. digitatus and L. atlanticus, which produced F2 seed. Patterns of chromosome configurations in F1 meiotic cells suggested that these species have at least two genomes partially in common, but include inversions and translocations. The genome of L. atlanticus is closer to L. digitatus than to L. cosentinii, and that of L. pilosus is closer to L. atlanticus than to L. cosentinii. L. princei appears to have an isolated genome within the rough‐seeded Lupinus species.
Performance of pearl millet isonuclear hybrids involving different cytoplasmic male‐sterility systems
Authors: Yadav O. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe performance of pearl millet hybrids involving four sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), including the most‐exploited A1 source, was compared to evaluate the effects of cytoplasm on grain yield. The mean grain yield of hybrids possessing A2, A3 and A4 cytoplasms was either similar to or significantly higher than that of their counterpart hybrids with A1 cytoplasm. Hybrids based on A3 and A4 cytoplasms produced, on average, 8% more grain compared with those based on A1 cytoplasm. This suggested that these CMS sources could be used as alternatives to A1 cytoplasm to widen the cytoplasmic base of hybrids. The results indicated that most of the variation in hybrids was accounted for by pollinator and cytoplasm × pollinator interactions, suggesting the use of genetically diverse pollinators in pearl millet hybrid breeding.
Influence of casting surfaces on fatigue strength of ductile cast iron
Authors: YAMABE J. , KOBAYASHI M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTQuantitatively evaluating the fatigue strength of ductile iron (DI) with casting surfaces involves several complicated factors such as surface roughness, transition of microstructures from surface to interior, several types of defects and residual stresses. Tension–compression fatigue tests have been performed using DI having casting surfaces composed of a ferritic structure, a ferrite‐pearlitic structure and a pearlitic structure. Residual stresses were relieved by annealing in order to separately evaluate each factor. The parameter model was applied for quantitative evaluation of fatigue strength. Surface roughness was considered to be mechanically equivalent to a defect, and the effective defect size due to the interaction between the surface roughness and a defect was defined. The present study proposes a method of evaluating the maximum defect size using statistics of extremes and the lower bound of the scatter of fatigue strength, for practical design.
Nurses at the forefront of innovation
Authors: Hughes F. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  This paper is based on a presentation given by the author at the 23rd Quadrennial ICN Congress and 7th International Regulation Congress in Taipei in May 2005.Aim:  Nurses worldwide are engaged in innovative practice on a daily basis. In most health systems across the world, nurses provide up to 80% of primary health care and are therefore well positioned to provide critically needed innovative solutions to many global health challenges. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness of the importance and value of innovations in nursing; provide an improved understanding of the contribution nurses make to innovation in health care; and increase understanding of the importance of creating environments that inspire innovation and help shape practice in new and improved ways.Design:  This paper explores the concept of innovation, the inherent set of characteristics that need to be present in order for innovations to succeed, and the barriers that impede innovation from occurring.Conclusion:  There are numerous examples of successful innovations worldwide that are developed and implemented by nurses, some of which are described in this paper. The paper concludes that organizations need to have a support climate that encourages creativity and innovation to occur.
The past, present and future of nurse education in Poland: stages, conditions and activities
Authors: Sztembis B. 
Published: April 2006

Aim:  This paper describes the multidirectional activities recently completed to adapt nurse education in Poland to European standards.Background:  The Polish system transformation and the changes that have taken place in health care since the 1980s required intensive effort and change in the nursing care and education systems of nurses and midwives.Outcomes:  Changes accomplished include: (1) preparation and implementation of a nurse education model complying with European standards; (2) discontinuance of the previous system of nurse education taught at the secondary school level; and (3) adjusting the organization and post‐basic curricula of nurses and midwives to the actual needs of the society as well as for the nurses themselves.The goal of a uniform nurse education system in Poland that met European requirements motivated the Polish change agents. This change ensures the integration of Polish nurses with the nurses from Europe and other countries in their common endeavours to improve nursing care and health outcomes.Conclusions:  The adopted changes in the system of nurse education resulted in uniformity of education and acceptance of bachelor’s level education, which complies with European standards as well as adjusting the post‐basic education to actual needs. Describing the substance and process of our work may be helpful to nurses in other countries who are working on their own models of nursing and healthcare restructuring.
Smoking among Greek nurses and their readiness to quit
Authors: Beletsioti‐Stika P. , Scriven A. 
Published: April 2006

Aim and rationale:  The preventable nature of smoking‐associated diseases places a responsibility on health professionals for smoking‐related health promotion. This paper disseminates information from a survey of qualified Greek nurses, comparing smoking attitudes, influences on smoking behaviours and desire to quit with their motivation to act as health promoters with patients and other health professionals who smoke.Method and sample:  A random sample (n = 402) of qualified nurses employed by hospitals in Athens was surveyed with a self‐administered questionnaire in a cross‐sectional survey which had a 73% response rate. Following quality control measures, a final sample of 308 was achieved.Results:  Results showed that almost half of the nurses in the sample were current smokers, almost a quarter were former smokers, with just less than a third non‐smokers. Using the Stages of Change model as a measure, the survey reported that 11% of the smokers in the sample expressed a desire to stop within the next month, another 12% in the coming 6 months and 23% of current smokers were still in the pre‐contemplation stage. The main reasons given for continuing to smoke included using tobacco for enjoyment and as a coping mechanism for stress. Organizational problems were identified as the main source of stress. Finally, the majority of respondents confirmed the important part that they can play as role models in promoting health behaviours in their patients.Conclusions:  Findings suggest that smoking prevalence among qualified Greek nurses is greater than that reported in the general Greek population. Implications and recommendations for nursing practice, education and research include the early provision of smoking education in nurse training. Interventions should be directed at nurses who smoke to assist them to stop and to maintain cessation according to their stages of change.
Attitudes and action: The effects of behavioral intent and perceived effectiveness of acts
Authors: Rosen Benson , Komorita S. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBased on the assumption that an individual's behavioral intentions mediate the relationship between his attitudes and behaviors, an attempt was made to obtain a direct assessment of (a) subjects' intentions with regard to a series of acts varying in behavioral thresholds and (b) the perceived instrumentality of these acts for achieving one's goals After the reliability of the Intentions Scale was established, it was combined multiplicatively with ratings of perceived effectiveness to form a combined Action Potential Index (AP) The index resulted in significantly greater predictive validity than a conventional attitude assessment instrument.A second study was undertaken to determine the consistency of the AP‐index across issues. The high correlations obtained for the AP‐index across three issues suggested the operation of an “activism” personality dimension
Anticipated compatibility as a function of attitude or status similarity1
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Ksionzky Sheldon 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo experiments explored the effects of self‐other discrepancies in attitude or status on judgments of another's desirability as a companion It was found that increasing discrepancy in status or attitudes led to lower judgments of compatibility and liking In one experiment, similarity of attitudes of another was found to correlate with liking him, desire to befriend him, do favors for him, and possibly conform to him. The contribution of some personality measures to the relationship between similarity and anticipated compatibility was a major focus of the study The inhibitory effect of a target's status discrepancy was more pronounced for subjects who were more sensitive to rejection Also, between targets of equally discrepant status, there was a general preference to affiliate with the one whose status was higher than the one whose status was lower–an effect which was even more pronounced for subjects who were sensitive to rejection More anxious subjects judged themselves as generally less acceptable to others, particularly to others of higher status. When predicting attitudes on the basis of limited information, females showed a greater tendency than males to see others as similar to themselves Finally, persons holding different attitudes from one's own were judged as more harmful socially, a bias which was more pronounced in females than in males.
Productivity and uniqueness in continued word association as a function of subject creativity and stimulus properties
Authors: Piers Ellen V. , Kirchner Elizabeth P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNinety‐six male and 44 female college students gave written continued associations for 2 minutes to each of 24 stimulus words and then completed the Remote Associates Test and the Revised Art Scale No significant relationship was found between the creativity measures for either sex Few relationships, differing for males and females, were found between the creativity measures and associative productivity or uniqueness Productivity and uniqueness were found to be substantially related, and common responses occurred earlier in time than unique responses The properties of the stimulus words (frequency, form class, and slope of associative hierarchy) had marked effects on response productivity and uniquenessThe study confirms the strong impact of stimulus properties on associative productivity and demonstrates similar effects on uniqueness The creativity data, yielding weaker and less consistent relationships, are in keeping with a specificity theory but lend only limited support to Mednick's associative hypotheses.
Cognitive dissonance as a function of self‐esteem and logical inconsistency1
Authors: Cooper Joel , Duncan Birt L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn experiment was conducted to test the importance of self‐esteem in the arousal of cognitive dissonance. Recently, Aronson (1969) suggested that the reason an attitude‐discrepant speech can arouse dissonance is that it is an indecent act committed by an individual who likes to think of himself as a good and decent person. Looking at counterattitudinal behavior as a discrepancy with one's self‐concept rather than as a logical discrepancy between behavioral and attitudinal cognitions differs from Festinger and Carlsnuth's (1959) original notion In the experiment reported, subjects volunteered to take a personality inventory and received either neutral, very favorable, or very unfavorable feedback In this way, subjects' level of self‐esteem was raised or lowered Following this procedure, subjects were induced to record a speech that was known to be discrepant with their private beliefs. They were offered either a small or a large inducement for their statements. It was predicted that, regardless of their level of self‐esteem, subjects would manifest the inverse relationship between incentive magnitude and attitude change predicted by dissonance theory The major analysis of the results, and the concomitant internal analysis, generally supported the prediction With one qualification, the results were held to be consistent with Festinger and Carlsmith's version of dissonance arousal and inconsistent with the self‐esteem analysis
Linking sexual and aggressive motives: Contributions of “irrelevant” arousals1
Authors: Barclay Andrew M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOne hundred thirty‐two male and female college undergraduates were randomly assigned to three different arousal conditions‐sex, anxiety, laughter‐and a nonaroused control, as a test of the hypothesis that aggressive and sexual imagery would appear only under conditions of sexual arousal. The subjects wrote four TAT stories, two to male‐dominant pictures and two to female‐dominant As predicted, the sexually aroused subjects wrote stories higher in sexual and aggressive imagery than did those in the other two arousal conditions, and the scores of those in the anxiety and laughter conditions were not significantly different from the controls'.The results are discussed in terms of a connection between sex and aggression. Hull's theory of drive level and Schachter and Singer's nonspecific arousal are rejected as explanations for the results. Support is also given to earlier findings in the area.
Who volunteers for companionship with mental patients? A study of attitude‐belief‐intention relationships1
Authors: Fischer Edward H. 
Published: April 2006

Summary329 students were asked to join a companionship program for mental hospital patients. It was expected that the relationship between humanitarian attitudes and intention to participate would be stronger for subjects with benign beliefs than for subjects with unfavorable beliefs about patients The findings were (a) subjects’ intentions corresponded to their later joining (p<.001), and were unrelated to social desirability, (b) general helping and social‐responsibility attitudes correlated higher than did specific beliefs about patients, with willingness to become a companion, (c) attitude‐intention correlations were greatest for subjects with neutral beliefs, and weakest for subjects with benign beliefs (upsetting the main hypothesis), (d) the same pattern of correlations obtained in subgroups trichotomized on the basis of another scale (ostensibly unrelated to volunteering for companionship) which had an authoritarian component. Result (d) suggests that a personality factor, not beliefs about patients, moderated variations in the attitude‐intention relationship
Interpersonal aggression as a function of subject's sex, subject's sex role identification, opponent's sex, and degree of provocation1
Authors: Hoppe Christiane M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNinety‐five undergraduates served as subjects in an experiment where they could administer electric shock to an opponent and receive the same from an opponent. The independent variables were subject's sex, subject's sex role identification (as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory), opponent's sex, as well as degree of provocation from the opponent. Aggression was defined as level of shock chosen by the subject for the opponent. The results indicated that masculine subjects facing a male opponent were more aggressive than individuals of other sex role identifications whether or not they were provoked. It was also found that masculine males were more aggressive than other males or any of the females. Furthermore, opponent's sex influenced the males' aggressiveness but had no effect on the degree of aggression in females. Finally, aggression increased in all subjects following increases in provocation. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for psychological androgyny.
Autonomic arousal as a cognitive cue in stressful situations1
Authors: Gerdes Eugenia Proctor 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe need for further investigation and integration in a real world situation is demonstrated in a critical review of the literature on autonomic feedback and attribution of arousal in stressful situations. In the present study, actual autonomic arousal, arbitrary feedback of arousal, and attributions for arousal were manipulated in a dental clinic where the subjects were awaiting oral surgery. The main prediction was that cognized arousal (due either to perception of actual arousal or to arbitrary feedback about arousal level) in the absence of a nonemotional attribution for that cognized arousal would lead to higher subjective report of anxiety and to greater avoidance than would be found with either of these conditions unmet. The results on the subjective report measure generally supported this hypothesis. In addition, arbitrary feedback about arousal level did not interact with the actual arousal manipulation; nor did it produce changes in pulse rate or blood pressure, further supporting a cognitive interpretation of the effects of autonomic arousal on subjective report. However, the study illustrates difficulties in inducing beneficial beliefs in the real world. And the manipulations generally did not affect the behavioral measure, probably due to the expected consequences of that behavior.
Posed and spontaneous communication of emotion via facial and vocal cues1
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Larrance Deborah T. , Hall Judith A. , DeFrank Richard S. , Rosenthal Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSubjects' facial expressions were videotaped without their knowledge while they watched two pleasant and two unpleasant videotaped scenes (spontaneous facial encoding). Later, subjects' voices were audiotaped while describing their reactions to the scenes (vocal encoding). Finally, subjects were videotaped with their knowledge while they posed appropriate facial expressions to the scenes (posed facial encoding). The videotaped expressions were presented for decoding to the same subjects. The vocal material, both the original version and an electronically filtered version, was rated by judges other than the original senders. Results were as follows: (a) accuracy of vocal encoding (measured by ratings of both the filtered and unfiltered versions) was positively related to accuracy of facial encoding; (b) posing increased the accuracy of facial communication, particularly for more pleasant affects and less intense affects; (c) encoding of posed cues was correlated with encoding of spontaneous cues and decoding of posed cues was correlated with decoding of spontaneous cues; (d) correlations, within encoding and decoding, of similar scenes were positive while those among dissimilar scenes were low or negative; (e) while correlations between total encoding and total decoding were positive and low, correlations between encoding and decoding of the same scene were negative; (f) there were sex differences in decoding ability and in the relationships of personality variables with encoding and decoding of facial cues.
Implicit personality theory: Is it illusory?1
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Chan David W. , Stricker Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeveral studies have found a substantial association between subjects' judgments about the co‐occurrence of personality items and the items' actual co‐occurrence, lending support to the validity of implicit personality theory. This work has recently been called into question by an investigation of Mirels (1976) that reported a nonsignificant relationship between judged probabilities of item pairs and the pairs' empirical coendorsement probabilities (actually calculated conditional probabilities) derived from self‐report responses. Using Mirels' data as well as new data, an appreciable and highly significant association between judgments of behavioral co‐occurrence and empirical coendorsement was found, when the latter was measured by correlational‐type indexes instead of conditional probability. This outcome indicates that the divergent results in the Mirels investigation were due to its use of the conditional probability index as a measure of empirical coendorsement. These findings add to the accumulating body of evidence pointing to the validity of implicit personality theory.