bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Useful principles for adopting a market development approach for enterprise development organizations
Authors: Lusby Frank 
Published: September 2006

PurposeTo provide a practitioner focused discussion for enterprise development organizations (EDOs) who are seeking to incorporate principles of sustainability into their strategies.Design/methodology/approachPresents general principles that can be useful to EDOs who are trying to take on a more market development (sustainable) approach to enterprise development.FindingsThe principles can be applied to economic development projects that target small, medium or large enterprises. They apply to programs promoting agricultural, manufacturing, and services – and also have application in other sectors such as health, conservation, and education.Originality/valueProvides leading insights into EDO strategies.
Portrayals of F.W. Taylor across textbooks
Authors: Payne Stephanie C. , Youngcourt Satoris S. , Watrous Kristen M. 
Published: September 2006

PurposeTo conduct a content analysis of the portrayal of Frederick W. Taylor in management and psychology textbooks to reveal differences both within and across disciplines.Design/methodology/approachForty‐four textbooks from six sub‐disciplines within management and psychology were content analyzed for the amount and accuracy of the material presented about Taylor and the extent to which key terms were included in these descriptions.FindingsThe data show that more information is provided in the management texts and the majority of the information conveyed across disciplines appears accurate.Research limitations/implicationsNot all textbooks were examined within all sub‐disciplines within management or psychology or all sub‐disciplines to which Taylor ostensibly contributed. Future research is needed to determine why Taylor is portrayed differently across texts.Practical implicationsResults have important teaching implications as they reveal how accurately textbooks portray one controversial historical figure and what students are learning. Students might be encouraged to consult original sources and information beyond the text. Textbook authors should be held accountable for the accuracy of the information in their texts and may find the comparison information informative. Instructors may find the results useful when selecting a new text.Originality/valueThis paper depicts variability in how historical figures are depicted in textbooks, which is an important part of management history education.
Transfer of Taylorist ideas to China, 1910‐1930s
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. 
Published: September 2006

PurposeManagement is a “hot field” in China, yet little has been written in English about the history of management in China. Contrary to contemporary management literature, the paper aims to show that Chinese entrepreneurs and managers were exposed to modern management ideas from the early twentieth century. The paper is an initial exploration of the transfer of managerial knowledge to China, especially Scientific Management, during the interwar period.Design/methodology/approachDraws on Chinese journal articles and books from 1910‐1930s, supplemented with archive materials and secondary sources in Chinese and English.FindingsChinese industrialists, officials and academics were attracted to Taylor's ideas of scientific management during the 1920s and 1930s, which were experimented with on a wider scale than is commonly realized. The interest in “new” management extended beyond industrialists and industry officials to reportage in the popular press.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should consider first how new ideas about management and organization were implemented on the shopfloor in individual Chinese enterprises, and second examine the role of social networks constituted by native place, industry ties and professional association membership in the diffusion of managerial ideas among the Chinese business elite of the period.Originality/valueThe paper shows that the transfer to China of modern management as an ideas system was not a recent phenomenon, but part of a century‐long process of transfer and adaptation of western management theory and practice.
Evaluating management accounting change according to the institutional theory approach
Authors: Guerreiro Reinaldo , Pereira Carlos Alberto , Frezatti Fábio 
Published: September 2006

PurposeThe objective of this case study is to evaluate the change process, under the old institutional economics (OIE) approach, that had occurred within the management‐accounting system of Brazilian bank. The present study examines the efficacy of the change process in management accounting, from the perspective of system users, seven years after its beginning.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a case study. The study presents a literature review of institutional theory and a case study of Banco do Brasil – a large Brazilian bank that has implemented profound changes in its management‐accounting system.FindingsThe results indicate that new concepts have been effectively institutionalised and converted into new values, habits, and routines inside the organisation. The study provides new insights into management‐accounting change.Research limitations/implicationsA single case study does not allow the results to be generalised to other organisations.Originality/valueThe study offers a conceptual structure and operational guidelines to evaluate institutionalisation of management‐accounting change processes. The main contribution of this study is to offer new operational insights on management‐ accounting institutionalisation using the conceptual framework proposed by Burns and Scapens.
Spreadsheets and the financial planning process: a case study of resistance to change
Authors: Howcroft Douglas 
Published: September 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the barriers that prevented the case study organisation, a UK manufacturing and R&D subsidiary of a European transnational company, from improving its spreadsheet‐based financial planning process.Design/methodology/approachThis is an insider action research case study, using qualitative semi‐structured interviews to ask accountants their opinions on budgeting and whether the present spreadsheet‐based budgeting system could be improved. In addition, a quantitative questionnaire was used to ask managers their views on whether budgeting was a help or a hindrance.FindingsChanges to the existing financial planning process were not implemented because they threatened to alter the existing distribution of power within the finance organisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe research project could not have proceeded into an implementation of change cycle due to financial constraints and because the manufacturing sites where the study took place were closed down. Further research into the organisational politics and culture of the case study organisation would have been an interesting challenge.Practical implicationsConsistent with previous research that existing power distribution and organisation cultures may stifle creativity and be the cause of resistance, preventing changes to accounting systems being implemented.Originality/valueWhy management systems are resistant to change has occupied researchers in recent times. However, there has been a dearth of action research on budgeting and financial planning, particularly insider action research. This paper contributes to the developing body of action research literature on management accounting systems.
The crystal structure of the E. coli stress protein YciF
Authors: Hindupur Aditya , Liu Deqian , Zhao Yonghong , Bellamy Henry D. , White Mark A. , Fox Robert O. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractYciF is a protein that is up‐regulated when bacteria experience stress conditions, and is highly conserved in a range of bacterial species. YciF has no known structure or biochemical function. To learn more about its potential molecular function and its role in the bacterial stress response, we solved the crystal structure of YciF at 2.0 Å resolution by the multiple wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) technique. YciF is a dimer in solution, and forms a homodimer in the crystal asymmetric unit. The two monomers form a dimer with a molecular twofold axis, with a significant burial of solvent‐accessible surface area. The protein is an all‐alpha protein composed of five helices: a four‐helix bundle, and a short additional helix at the dimer interface. The protein is structurally similar to portions of the diiron‐containing proteins, rubrerythrin and the Bacillus anthracis Dlp‐2.
Stabilization of a binary protein complex by intein‐mediated cyclization
Authors: Jeffries Cy M. , Graham Stephen C. , Stokes Philippa H. , Collyer Charles A. , Guss J. Mitchell , Matthews Jacqueline M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe study of protein–protein interactions can be hampered by the instability of one or more of the protein complex components. In this study, we showed that intein‐mediated cyclization can be used to engineer an artificial intramolecular cyclic protein complex between two interacting proteins: the largely unstable LIM‐only protein 4 (LMO4) and an unstructured domain of LIM domain binding protein 1 (ldb1). The X‐ray structure of the cyclic complex is identical to noncyclized versions of the complex. Chemical and thermal denaturation assays using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and dynamic light scattering were used to compare the relative stabilities of the cyclized complex, the intermolecular (or free) complex, and two linear versions of the intramolecular complex (in which the interacting domains of LMO4 and ldb1 were fused, via a flexible linker, in either orientation). In terms of resistance to denaturation, the cyclic complex is the most stable variant and the intermolecular complex is the least stable; however, the two linear intramolecular variants show significant differences in stability. These differences appear to be related to the relative contact order (the average distance in sequence between residues that make contacts within a structure) of key binding residues at the interface of the two proteins. Thus, the restriction of the more stable component of a complex may enhance stability to a greater extent than restraining less stable components.
Prediction of residues in discontinuous B‐cell epitopes using protein 3D structures
Authors: Haste Andersen Pernille , Nielsen Morten , Lund Ole 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDiscovery of discontinuous B‐cell epitopes is a major challenge in vaccine design. Previous epitope prediction methods have mostly been based on protein sequences and are not very effective. Here, we present DiscoTope, a novel method for discontinuous epitope prediction that uses protein three‐dimensional structural data. The method is based on amino acid statistics, spatial information, and surface accessibility in a compiled data set of discontinuous epitopes determined by X‐ray crystallography of antibody/antigen protein complexes. DiscoTope is the first method to focus explicitly on discontinuous epitopes. We show that the new structure‐based method has a better performance for predicting residues of discontinuous epitopes than methods based solely on sequence information, and that it can successfully predict epitope residues that have been identified by different techniques. DiscoTope detects 15.5% of residues located in discontinuous epitopes with a specificity of 95%. At this level of specificity, the conventional Parker hydrophilicity scale for predicting linear B‐cell epitopes identifies only 11.0% of residues located in discontinuous epitopes. Predictions by the DiscoTope method can guide experimental epitope mapping in both rational vaccine design and development of diagnostic tools, and may lead to more efficient epitope identification.
A fast method for the determination of fractional contributions to solvation in proteins
Authors: Talavera David , Morreale Antonio , Meyer Tim , Hospital Adam , Ferrer‐Costa Carles , Gelpi Josep Lluis , de la Cruz Xavier , Soliva Robert , Luque F. Javier , Orozco Modesto 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA fast method for the calculation of residue contributions to protein solvation is presented. The approach uses the exposed polar and apolar surface of protein residues and has been parametrized from the fractional contributions to solvation determined from linear response theory coupled to molecular dynamics simulations. Application of the method to a large subset of proteins taken from the Protein Data Bank allowed us to compute the expected fractional solvation of residues. This information is used to discuss when a residue or a group of residues presents an uncommon solvation profile.
Crystal structures of the DNA‐binding domain of Escherichia coli proline utilization A flavoprotein and analysis of the role of Lys9 in DNA recognition
Authors: Larson John D. , Jenkins Jermaine L. , Schuermann Jonathan P. , Zhou Yuzhen , Becker Donald F. , Tanner John J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPutA (proline utilization A) from Escherichia coli is a 1320‐amino‐acid residue protein that is both a bifunctional proline catabolic enzyme and an autogenous transcriptional repressor. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a PutA DNA‐binding domain along with functional analysis of a mutant PutA defective in DNA binding. Crystals were grown using a polypeptide corresponding to residues 1–52 of E. coli PutA (PutA52). The 2.1 Å resolution structure of PutA52 mutant Lys9Met was determined using Se‐Met MAD phasing, and the structure of native PutA52 was solved at 1.9 Å resolution using molecular replacement. Residues 3–46 form a ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) substructure, thus establishing PutA as the largest protein to contain an RHH domain. The PutA RHH domain forms the intertwined dimer with tightly packed hydrophobic core that is characteristic of the RHH family. The structures were used to examine the three‐dimensional context of residues conserved in PutA RHH domains. Homology modeling suggests that Lys9 and Thr5 contact DNA bases through the major groove, while Arg15, Thr28, and His30 may interact with the phosphate backbone. Lys9 is shown to be essential for specific recognition of put control DNA using gel shift analysis of the Lys9Met mutant of full‐length PutA. Lys9 is disordered in the PutA52 structure, which implies an induced‐fit binding mechanism in which the side chain of Lys9 becomes ordered through interaction with DNA. These results provide new insights into the structural basis of DNA recognition by PutA and reveal three‐dimensional structural details of the PutA dimer interface.
Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta‐analysis
Authors: De GRAAFF MARIE‐ANNE , Van GROENIGEN KEES‐JAN , SIX JOHAN , HUNGATE BRUCE , Van KESSEL CHRIS 
Published: September 2006

Abstractfree air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and open top chamber (OTC) studies are valuable tools for evaluating the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Using meta‐analytic techniques, we summarized the results of 117 studies on plant biomass production, soil organic matter dynamics and biological N2 fixation in FACE and OTC experiments. The objective of the analysis was to determine whether elevated CO2 alters nutrient cycling between plants and soil and if so, what the implications are for soil carbon (C) sequestration. Elevated CO2 stimulated gross N immobilization by 22%, whereas gross and net N mineralization rates remained unaffected. In addition, the soil C : N ratio and microbial N contents increased under elevated CO2 by 3.8% and 5.8%, respectively. Microbial C contents and soil respiration increased by 7.1% and 17.7%, respectively. Despite the stimulation of microbial activity, soil C input still caused soil C contents to increase by 1.2% yr−1. Namely, elevated CO2 stimulated overall above‐ and belowground plant biomass by 21.5% and 28.3%, respectively, thereby outweighing the increase in CO2 respiration. In addition, when comparing experiments under both low and high N availability, soil C contents (+2.2% yr−1) and above‐ and belowground plant growth (+20.1% and+33.7%) only increased under elevated CO2 in experiments receiving the high N treatments. Under low N availability, above‐ and belowground plant growth increased by only 8.8% and 14.6%, and soil C contents did not increase. Nitrogen fixation was stimulated by elevated CO2 only when additional nutrients were supplied. These results suggest that the main driver of soil C sequestration is soil C input through plant growth, which is strongly controlled by nutrient availability. In unfertilized ecosystems, microbial N immobilization enhances acclimation of plant growth to elevated CO2 in the long‐term. Therefore, increased soil C input and soil C sequestration under elevated CO2 can only be sustained in the long‐term when additional nutrients are supplied.
Levels of expression of complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 on resting and activated human peripheral blood leucocytes
Authors: Christmas Stephen E. , De La Mata Espinosa Claudia T. , Halliday Deborah , Buxton Cheryl A. , Cummerson Joanne A. , Johnson Peter M. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryThe cell surface complement regulatory (CReg) proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 are widely expressed on human lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cells. This study aimed to compare systematically levels of CReg expression by different leucocyte subsets and to determine whether levels were increased following activation in vitro. Levels of each CReg protein were similar on freshly isolated monocytes and all major lymphocyte subsets, except that CD4+ cells expressed significantly less CD46 than CD8+ cells (P < 0·05) while the reverse was observed for CD55 (P < 0·02). CD56+ cells, predominantly natural killer cells, expressed significantly lower levels of CD59 than T cells (P < 0·02). CD45RO+ cells had higher levels of surface CD46 and CD59, but lower levels of CD55, than CD45RO– cells (P < 0·02); CD25+ cells also expressed significantly less CD55 than CD25– cells (P < 0·002). Neutrophils expressed higher levels of CD59, but lower levels of CD55, than monocytes. Following activation with phytohaemagglutinin, CD46 was up‐regulated on all leucocyte subsets with the exception of CD56+ cells. Both CD55 and CD59 were also markedly up‐regulated on monocytes, and CD55 expression was greater on CD8+ than CD4+ cells following activation (P < 0·02). Lipopolysaccharide treatment did not significantly alter B‐cell expression of CReg proteins whereas CD55 and CD59, but not CD46, were significantly up‐regulated on monocytes (P < 0·02). These observations that CReg proteins are up‐regulated on certain activated leucocyte subsets indicate that levels would be increased following immune responses in vivo. This could enhance both protection against local complement activation at inflammatory sites and also the immunoregulatory properties of these leucocytes.
Leakage along apical root fillings with and without smear layer using two different leakage models: a two‐month longitudinal ex vivo study
Authors: Shemesh H. , Wu M.‐K. , Wesselink P. R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim  To compare two different experimental models when measuring leakage along root fillings with or without smear layer.Methodology  One hundred and twenty single‐rooted teeth were prepared to size 50 and allocated to two groups: fluid transport model (n = 60) and glucose penetration model (n = 60). The roots in each group were divided into three subgroups of 20 teeth each. Smear layer was left in place in group 1 but removed in groups 2 and 3. In groups 1 and 2 canals were filled with laterally compacted gutta‐percha cones and AH 26. Group 3 was laterally compacted with Resilon cones and Epiphany sealer. The coronal portion of the filling was removed to assure only 4 mm of filling remained in the canal. Leakage of glucose was evaluated by measuring its concentration once a week for a total period of 56 days using a glucose penetration model. Fluid transport was evaluated by measuring the movement of an air‐bubble using a fluid transport model, 1 and 8 weeks after canal filling. Differences between the groups in glucose concentrations and fluid transport were statistically analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis and the Mann–Whitney tests. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05.Results  Glucose penetration was significantly different between the three groups after the first 8 days (P < 0.05). Resilon leaked the most throughout the experiment period. No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed between the two gutta‐percha groups at all time intervals (Mann–Whitney test). In the fluid transportation model, no statistically significant differences were observed between all three experimental groups (P > 0.05) at either 1 or 8 weeks after filling (Kruskal–Wallis test).Conclusions  Under the conditions of this study, the glucose penetration model was more sensitive in detecting leakage along root fillings. Removing the smear layer before filling did not improve the sealing of the apical 4 mm of filling. Resilon allowed more glucose penetration but the same amount of fluid transport as the gutta‐percha root fillings.
Haemodynamic and metabolic effects of resuscitation with Ringer’s ethyl pyruvate in the acute phase of porcine endotoxaemic shock
Authors: Andersson A. , Fenhammar J. , Frithiof R. , Sollevi A. , Hjelmqvist H. 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Ethyl pyruvate has been shown to possess anti‐inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. However, the haemodynamic effects of ethyl pyruvate have not been studied in detail. We investigated the systemic, regional and microcirculatory haemodynamic and metabolic effects of resuscitation with Ringer’s ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS) vs. Ringer’s acetate (RA) in an acute model of porcine endotoxaemic shock.Methods:  Fourteen anaesthetized pigs received an infusion of endotoxin that was increased stepwise over 30 min to a rate of 2.5 μg/kg/h. After 60 min of endotoxaemia, the animals were resuscitated with either ethyl pyruvate 40 mg/kg, given as REPS, or the equivalent volume of RA, administered over 10 min. Thereafter, an infusion of either ethyl pyruvate 40 mg/kg/h, given as REPS, or the equivalent volume of RA, was started, and the maintenance fluid was reduced so that the total amount of fluid given was kept constant. The experiment was terminated after 300 min of endotoxaemia.Results:  Endotoxin infusion led to a hypodynamic state that was reversed by fluid resuscitation after 60 min. Progressive deterioration ensued and, after 300 min, all animals were again hypodynamic. No differences in response to treatment were found between the groups with regard to systemic haemodynamics, renal artery or portal vein flow or microcirculatory flow in the liver, kidney, ileal serosa or mucosa. Metabolic acidosis and increased arterial blood lactate developed in both groups, but, in the REPS group, the base excess was significantly lower from 150 min and the anion gap was significantly higher at 150 and 210 min.Conclusion:  We could not demonstrate any difference between REPS and RA for resuscitation in this model of acute porcine endotoxaemic shock.