bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family psychiatric history evidence on the nosological relations of DSM‐IV ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes: new data and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stawicki Julie Ann , Nigg Joel T. , Von Eye Alexander 
Published: April 2006

Background:  A key issue in the nosology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has concerned whether the DSM‐IV combined (ADHD‐C) and primarily inattentive (ADHD‐PI) subtypes are in fact distinct disorders, or instead are fairly closely related, perhaps differing only in severity. Pertinent to this question, but in short supply, are data on family psychiatric history.Method:  We present new data followed by a meta‐analysis. For the new data 210 children were well‐characterized via structured interview and multi‐informant ratings as ADHD‐C or ADHD‐PI. Three hundred and thirty‐five parents completed structured diagnostic interviews to determine whether they had ADHD‐C or ADHD‐PI. Comorbid disorders were also assessed. For the meta‐analysis, 6 existing family‐history data sets using DSM‐IV subtypes were pooled and analyzed (total N = 4120).Results:  The new family study found support for subtype‐specific transmission, but the effect was small. Girls with ADHD‐C had more severe family psychiatric histories (non‐ADHD disorders in parents) than girls with ADHD‐I, but this subtype effect did not occur for boys. The meta‐analysis of 6 data sets implemented a model‐fitting methodology. Despite inconsistent results across individual studies, the pooled data consistently suggested that (1) some degree of subtype specific transmission is occurring, (2) the effect is small, (3) non‐specific (gradient) transmission also occurs, specifically in families of children with ADHD‐C.Conclusion:  The much‐debated relation between these two most prevalent ADHD subtypes is best modeled via two processes transmitting in families. One process is distinct for the two syndromes, and the other is shared. We briefly suggest neuropsychological models that would account for this state of affairs and suggest future research to refine the nosology with these findings in mind.
Phase determination from direct sequencing of length‐variable DNA regions
Authors: FLOT JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , TILLIER ANNIE , SAMADI SARAH , TILLIER SIMON 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor diploid organisms, haplotype determination usually requires sequencing cloned polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products or comparing the genotypes of several individuals. We found out that phase could be reconstructed from direct sequencing of mixed PCR products by combining for each individual the complementary information contained in its forward and reverse chromatograms, provided these products had different lengths. When applied to the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from corals of the genus Pocillopora, this new method allowed us to identify two dominant sequence types in some specimens; however, sequencing cloned PCR products from the same specimens yielded more variants, including possible PCR‐generated recombination artifacts.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus
Authors: CARVALHO‐COSTA LUIS F. , HATANAKA TERUMI , GALETTI PEDRO M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe isolated six polymorphic microsatellite loci in the migratory freshwater fish Prochilodus costatus, which is an endemic species and important fisheries resource from São Francisco river basin, Brazil. We have evaluated the applicability of these loci to study genetic variation in wild population of this fish. Thus, based on the genotypes of 32–48 individuals, we detected two to 21 alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.19 to 0.89 and from 0.17 to 0.92, respectively. These polymorphic markers should provide efficient tools to study population genetic structure of this fish.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: HAMARSHEH OMAR , PRESBER WOLFGANG , ABDEEN ZIAD , SAWALHA SAMER , AL‐LAHEM AHMAD , SCHOENIAN GABRIELE 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Phlebotomus papatasi is a proven vector of Leishmania major which is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. Although it has a wide geographical range, its population structure is not yet well understood. In an effort to better understand the population dynamics of this vector, we developed a panel of di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite markers, using a magnetic bead hybridization enrichment protocol. These microsatellite loci showed three to seven alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.702 and 0.876. The level of polymorphisms found in this study suggests that these microsatellite loci can be used for population analysis of P. papatasi.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite markers from Hymeniacidon sinapium (Porifera: Demospongiae: Halichondrida)
Authors: HOSHINO SAYUMI , FUJITA TOSHIHIKO 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEight dinucleotide microsatellite markers were developed on Hymeniacidon sinapium (Porifera: Demospongiae), common littoral sponge around Japan, to investigate population genetic structure. Two to 10 alleles were identified in an analysis of 24 individuals of H. sinapium, with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.04 to 0.83. All loci did not deviate from the Hardy–Weinberg expectations; however, significant linkage disequilibrium between Sinp126 and Sinp142 was found.
COSTS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS AND INTEREST COVERAGE RATIOS
Authors: Dothan Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCreditors routinely impose on a borrowing firm a minimum interest coverage ratio that the firm has to maintain. I show that nonlinear costs of financial distress provide a possible explanation of why firms find it optimal to have an interest coverage ratio covenant in their debt indenture, even in the absence of information asymmetries or agency costs.
INVESTOR OVERREACTION DURING MARKET DECLINES: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1997 ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS
Authors: Michayluk David , Neuhauser Karyn L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnlike the 1987 stock market crash, the 1997 stock market decline was clearly preceded by new information that affected fundamental values of U.S. firms. We provide a detailed description of U.S. stock returns surrounding the Asian financial crisis. Consistent with the overreaction hypothesis, we find strong evidence of a magnitude effect in short‐term return reversals. Additionally, we find evidence of short‐term return predictability in the aftermath. Our results are robust to controls for size, price, risk, and bid‐ask bounce effects. Overall, the results are indicative of investor overreaction in times of market crisis.
MARKET EXPECTATIONS AND THE VALUATION EFFECTS OF EQUITY ISSUANCE
Authors: Akhigbe Aigbe , Newman Melinda , Safieddine Assem 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe examine how the wealth effects of equity offers are influenced by investors' expectation of the equity type (public or private) to be issued. Firms deviating to the public market may be issuing when information asymmetry or agency costs are high, and their wealth effects are more negative than for firms that are anticipated to issue equity publicly. Firms deviating to the private market, however, may signal firm undervaluation or monitoring benefits and experience more positive wealth effects than firms that are expected to issue equity privately. For the private issues, public market accessibility appears to influence the wealth effects.
THE EFFECTS OF BANK CONSOLIDATION ON RISK CAPITAL ALLOCATION AND MARKET LIQUIDITY
Authors: D'Souza Chris , Lai Alexandra 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe investigate the effects of financial market consolidation on the allocation of risk capital in a financial institution and the implications for market liquidity in dealership markets. An increase in financial market consolidation can increase liquidity in foreign exchange and government securities markets. We assume that financial institutions use risk‐management tools in the allocation of risk capital and that capital is determined at the firm level and allocated among separate business lines or divisions. The ability of market makers to supply liquidity is influenced by their risk‐bearing capacity, which is directly related to the amount of risk capital allocated to this activity.
English and British National Identity
Authors: Kumar Krishan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNational identities in the British Isles have been a neglected subject of study for a long time, though interest has been growing recently. Why the neglect, and why the new interest? This article proposes that much of the puzzle has to do with the peculiar, and dominating, position of England historically within the United Kingdom. This has led to a relative indifference to questions of national identity on the part of the English, and, by a defensive reaction, a corresponding increase, over time, with such questions on the part of the Scots, Welsh and Irish. The English developed a largely ‘non‐national’ conception of themselves, preoccupied as they were with the management of the United Kingdom and the British Empire; the ‘Celtic’ nations followed a more familiar pattern of developing national consciousness, as shown elsewhere in Europe. With the loss of the British Empire, large‐scale immigration, the call of Europe, and renewed nationalist movements that threaten the ‘break‐up’ of Britain, it is the English who find themselves most acutely faced with questions of national identity. Hence the new interest in national identity, especially among the English but also generally throughout the United Kingdom as other groups seek to imagine alternative futures for themselves.
Trickster Shakespeare? Canada and the Bard
Authors: Knutson Susan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia places Shakespeare’s ‘works . . . at the foundation of theatre in this country’, noting that the plays are ‘performed in all styles at virtually all the major theatres, in French and in English, across the nation’. This article surveys some of this Shakespearean activity, noting that Shakespeare is central and significant both to the more commercial and conservative Canadian theatrical institutions (especially the Stratford Festival of Canada) and to the most radical, decolonizing and critical theatre practices within the First Nations, English Canada and Quebec. Shakespearean adaptation is an important cultural phenomenon, and the subject of a major research initiative, the Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project (CASP), at the University of Guelph. ‘Shakespeare’ and ‘Canada’ are in dynamic relation; as CASP Director, Daniel Fischlin, puts it, Shakespeare is one of the sites around which the ‘we’ (that thinks itself Canadian) engages in the struggle to authenticate and transform the dialogues and interpretations that make us who ‘we’ are.
Oral Communication Capabilities of Purchasing Managers: Measurement and Typology
Authors: Large Rudolf O. , Giménez Cristina 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYAs supply chain management (SCM) becomes increasingly important, the sharing of information and oral communication has also increased in significance. This has resulted in the need for an instrument to measure managers' oral communication capabilities. The main objectives of this paper are to identify the dimensions of the oral communication capability and to develop an instrument to measure this capability. To achieve these goals, a survey was conducted among German and Spanish buyers and supply managers. The results indicate that the oral communication capability construct has a second‐order structure with three dimensions: the ability to pass on information, the ability to persuade and the ability to listen and understand. Based on these results, the Oral Communication Capability Self‐test (OCCS) was developed. This study also investigates the typology of purchasing managers based on their oral communication capabilities.
UNDER THE BARRED UMBRELLA: IS THERE ROOM FOR A WOMEN‐CENTERED SELF‐INJURY POLICY IN CANADIAN CORRECTIONS?
Authors: KILTY JENNIFER M. 
Published: April 2006

Research Summary:This article examines a chain of policy directives concerning self‐injury inside federal correctional facilities in Canada. Specific attention is paid to the impact of these policies on federally sentenced women. I argue that the Correctional Service of Canada's focus on risk assessment fails to address the needs of the women they confine. Instead, women's needs are reconceptualized as institutional risk factors.Policy Implications:Women who self‐injure are still routinely disciplined for their behaviour in Federal Canadian prisons through admittance to administrative segregation. This policy challenges two sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (s. 7 and s. 15) and must be changed. In this article, I will recommend a new women‐centered approach to replace current practice.
Management of Cervical Arterial Dissection
Authors: Norris John W. , Brandt Tobias 
Published: April 2006

Background Clinical, pathological and radiological advances in recent years have considerably advanced our understanding of the incidence and underlying mechanisms producing dissection of the cervical arteries, which should have implications for medical and, surgical therapy in the near future. This review is a summary of progress to date. Summary of review Numerous published studies, primarily over the last decade, have generated a rapidly evolving data base especially in the areas of etiology, neuroimaging and more recently, arterial pathology and its genetic basis. Conclusion Dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries, both intracranially and extracranially, is a major and frequently underdiagnosed cause of stroke, especially in the young. These advances in clinical epidemiological observations, and new radiological and pathological data, are gradually providing an evidence-based rationale for future trials of therapeutic interventions, using both drugs and devices.
Happy to Unite, or Not?
Authors: Abramson Kate 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt several key moments in his works, Hume draws our attention to the differences between two conceptions of philosophy. Deploying what were already then well‐worn metaphors, he calls these two “species” of philosophy “anatomy” and “painting.” Hume’s remarks about philosophical anatomy and painting have recently given rise to a number of scholarly debates. I focus here on just one of these debates: did Hume intend to combine anatomy and painting in some of his later works? Through an examination of the evidence that has to date been adduced, I argue that we have at least one very good reason to think that such were Hume’s intentions, and no good reason to suppose otherwise.
Divinity, Incarnation and Intersubjectivity: On Ethical Formation and Spiritual Practice
Authors: Anderson Pamela Sue 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn what sense, if any, does the dominant conception of the traditional theistic God as disembodied inform our embodied experiences? Feminist philosophers of religion have been either explicitly or implicitly preoccupied by a philosophical failure to address such questions concerning embodiment and its relationship to the divine. To redress this failure, certain feminist philosophers have sought to appropriate Luce Irigaray’s argument that embodied divinity depends upon women themselves becoming divine. This article assesses weaknesses in the Irigarayan position, notably the problematic move from a woman’s subjectivity to divinity. In the light of these weaknesses the author looks for a better alternative. Drawing on the work of feminist and non‐feminist philosophers, a feminist‐friendly conception of theism is sketched in terms of incarnation and intersubjectivity. Philosophical accounts of the ethical formation of gendered subjects by way of bodily practices offer new concepts for confronting and transforming the discursive tradition of philosophy of religion. With these concepts, the formation of women’s collective historical experience within a tradition mediated by philosophical texts takes on new significance for feminist philosophy of religion.
Legal validity and decided cases
Authors: Simmonds N. E. 
Published: April 2006

This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section I examine the central role played by the concept of ‘legal validity’ in positivist theories of law. I suggest that this concept is capable of varying interpretations, of which some are wholly inapplicable to case law, while others are inappropriate, suggesting a misleading model of case law reasoning.In the second section, I examine Hart's account of legal validity and the rule of recognition. I suggest that Hart's theory is inadequate because it fails to perceive the special nature of binding practices. I argue that the notion of a binding practice provides the most fruitful basis for an understanding of the common law, and explains the status of case law independently of Hart's account in terms of ‘legal validity’ and the rule of recognition.
‘Intention and recklessness again’ – a response
Authors: McEwan Jenny , Robilliard John 
Published: April 2006

The reply of Professor Williams to our article ‘Recklessness: the House of Lords and the criminal law’ is interesting and vigorous. We continue, however, to adhere to our original view, and attempt below to summarise our objections to what appear to be his main arguments on the law. On the moral issue, we do not consider that Professor Williams has answered the arguments for ‘Caldwell - recklessness’ put forward by Duff. We find the Professor's philosophical position somewhat confusing. Why is it acceptable to convict those who fail to appreciate an obvious risk because of ‘blind rage’ or self-iduced intoxication, but not those whose failure to appreciate it arises from total indifference to the well-being of others?We should like to make the following points in reply to those charges against us which seem the gravest.
Offences and defences
Authors: Williams Glanville 
Published: April 2006

What, if any, is the distinction between offences and exculpatory defences, between definitional elements and defence elements, between rules and exceptions? In recent years the courts have shown a tendency to attach legal importance to this distinction, even as a matter of substantive law. But ought it to have this importance, and anyway is it usable?On their face, exculpatory defences often relate to the same kind of question as the inculpation provisions of the criminal law. The offence-creating provision states what must or must not, in general, be done; the exculpatory provision states the limits of the prohibition in particular circumstances. As Professor Paul Robinson expresses it, in a long and learned article on defences, defences ‘refine the wording of the offence’; they ‘provide a more sophisticated account, when needed, of the harm or evil sought to be prohibited’. But the refinements may be expressed in the provision itself, as well as in the defences.
Refusal of medical treatment
Authors: Hudson A. H. 
Published: April 2006

It is a commonplace of the law of mitigation and remoteness in tort that if a plaintiff who has suffered tortiously inflicted personal injuries unreasonably refuses medical treatment he will be regarded as having failed to mitigate. Tersely stated this may seem almost self-evident though case law here and in Australia shows that it involves a number of difficult issues.Workmen's Compensation supplied a prologue to the present law. Though the statutes nowhere required an injured workman to mitigate by undergoing treatment, the courts held that any incapacity which could be regarded as resulting from a workman's unreasonable refusal of treatment was not proximately caused by the accident on which the claim was based and hence did not qualify for compensation.
Ignorance of the law is no excuse?
Authors: Matthews Paul 
Published: April 2006

‘Ignorance is not innocence, but sin.’– Browning, The Inn AlbumThe maxim ‘ignorance of the law is no excuse” has much to answer for. Defendants arguing that they did not know or misunderstood the law have been told that their ignorance or mistake made no difference to their liability. The institutional writers have laid down as much. The courts have repeatedly emphasised it.However, it is here submitted that this blanket approach, characterised by the very existence of such a general maxim, is misconceived. No such general principle exists, nor should it. Although the judges have spoken in general terms, their remarks really depend on the context of the particular offences in question, where no knowledge of the law has been necessary, and liability has been (in this respect at least) ‘strict’.
Contributory negligence as a defence to battery
Authors: Hudson A. H. 
Published: April 2006

At one time it would have been possible to say with firm confidence that contributory negligence was never a defence to battery except, perhaps when the conduct of the plaintiff was so clearly the cause of the harm that had befallen him that it could be treated as contributory intent.In more recent years, however, a number of qualifications to any such terse summary have appeared and somewhat surprising conflicts of opinion between various common law jurisdictions have arisen, both on the principal question and a number of associated problems.
Setting the limits of fundamental rights and freedoms in the Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: Merieux Margaret De 
Published: April 2006

The countries collectively described in this article as the Commonwealth Caribbean, comprise those former British possessions, the islands of the Caribbean archipelago and the mainland states of Belize and Guyana, which now enjoy the status of independent states.In a major deviation from the Constitution and law obtaining in the United Kingdom and its colonial territories, these states have written constitutions which set up a regime of fundamental rights and freedoms as part of the law of the constitution.
The wilder permutations of section 1 (f) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: April 2006

As Sir Richard Eggleston has justly observed, ‘The whole subject of character evidence in criminal cases is complex and difficult and much has been written about it. Although this rings true for section l(f) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898, the remoter areas of that provision still remain comparatively unexplored. This paper will concentrate upon the abnormal operation of sub-provisos (ii) and (iii).Section 1 (f) provides that, if he elects to give evidence, an accused shall neither beasked nor required to answer ‘any question tending to show that he has committed or been convicted of or been charged with any offence other than that wherewith he is then charged, or is of bad character.’ The effect of this general prohibition is, in Cardozo CJ’s words, that ‘in a very real sense a defendant starts his life afresh when he stands before a jury.
Murder under duress and judicial decision-making in the House of Lords
Authors: Walters Lynden 
Published: April 2006

While finding fault with House of Lords’ decisions in the field ofcriminal law is by no means a new academic sport, the present decade is proving particularly fruitful for the critic. The precise ramifications of Caldwelll and Lawrence are still being thrashed out. seymour, on manslaughter, was unforgiveably ambiguous. Moloney and Hancock and Shankland left the mental element in murder hopelessly opaque. In impossible attempts Anderton v Ryan revealed a degree of ineptitude which even the House of Lords had to recognise in overruling itselfonly a year later in Shivpuri.It is not simply a questionofacademics taking issue with the outcomeof a particular decision. The further, and in some respects even more worrying, aspect of many of these decisions is the quality of the legal reasoning they embody.