bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution ultrasonography in evaluating peripheral nerve entrapment and trauma
Authors: Koenig Ralph W. , Pedro Maria T. , Heinen Christian P. G. , Schmidt Thomas , Richter Hans-Peter , Antoniadis Gregor , Kretschmer Thomas 
Published: January 2009

High-resolution ultrasonography is a noninvasive, readily applicable imaging modality, capable of depicting real-time static and dynamic morphological information concerning the peripheral nerves and their surrounding tissues. Continuous progress in ultrasonographic technology results in highly improved spatial and contrast resolution. Therefore, nerve imaging is possible to a fascicular level, and most peripheral nerves can now be depicted along their entire anatomical course. An increasing number of publications have evaluated the role of high-resolution ultrasonography in peripheral nerve diseases, especially in peripheral nerve entrapment.
Ultrasonography has been shown to be a precious complementary tool for assessing peripheral nerve lesions with respect to their exact location, course, continuity, and extent in traumatic nerve lesions, and for assessing nerve entrapment and tumors. In this article, the authors discuss the basic technical considerations for using ultrasoniography in peripheral nerve assessment, and some of the clinical applications are illustrated.
Transplantation of autologous Schwann cells for the repair of segmental peripheral nerve defects
Authors: Hood Brian , Levene Howard B. , Levi Allan D. 
Published: January 2009

Peripheral nerve injuries are a source of chronic disability. Incomplete recovery from such injuries results in motor and sensory dysfunction and the potential for the development of chronic pain. The repair of human peripheral nerve injuries with traditional surgical techniques has limited success, particularly when a damaged nerve segment needs to be replaced. An injury to a long segment of peripheral nerve is often repaired using autologous grafting of “noncritical” sensory nerve. Although extensive axonal regeneration can be observed extending into these grafts, recovery of function may be absent or incomplete if the axons fail to reach their intended target. The goal of this review was to summarize the progress that has occurred in developing an artificial neural prosthesis consisting of autologous Schwann cells (SCs), and to detail future directions required in translating this promising therapy to the clinic.
In the authors' laboratory, methods are being explored to combine autologous SCs isolated using cell culture techniques with axon guidance channel (AGC) technology to develop the potential to repair critical gap length lesions within the peripheral nervous system. To test the clinical efficacy of such constructs, it is critically important to characterize the fate of the transplanted SCs with regard to cell survival, migration, differentiation, and myelin production. The authors sought to determine whether the use of SC-filled channels is superior or equivalent to strategies that are currently used clinically (for example, autologous nerve grafts). Finally, although many nerve repair paradigms demonstrate evidence of regeneration within the AGC, the authors further sought to determine if the regeneration observed was physiologically relevant by including electrophysiological, behavioral, and pain assessments. If successful, the development of this reparative approach will bring together techniques that are readily available for clinical use and should rapidly accelerate the process of bringing an effective nerve repair strategy to patients with peripheral nerve injury prior to the development of pain and chronic disability.
Phototherapy in peripheral nerve regeneration: From basic science to clinical study
Authors: Rochkind Shimon 
Published: January 2009

Object
This review summarizes the continuous study of low-power laser radiation treatment of a severely injured peripheral nerve. Laser phototherapy was applied as a supportive factor for accelerating and enhancing axonal growth and regeneration after injury or a reconstructive peripheral nerve procedure. In nerve cell cultures, laser phototherapy was used to stimulate activation of nerve cells.

Methods
Low-power laser radiation was used for treatment of peripheral nerve injury using a rat sciatic nerve model after crush injury, neurorrhaphy, or neurotube reconstruction. Nerve cell growth and axonal sprouting were investigated using laser phototherapy on embryonic rat brain cultures. The outcome in animal studies facilitated a clinical double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study that measured the effectiveness of 780-nm laser phototherapy on patients suffering from incomplete peripheral nerve injuries for 6 months to several years.

Results
Animal studies showed that laser phototherapy has an immediate protective effect, maintains functional activity of the injured nerve, decreases scar tissue formation at the injury site, decreases degeneration in corresponding motor neurons of the spinal cord, and significantly increases axonal growth and myelinization. In cell cultures, laser irradiation accelerates migration, nerve cell growth, and fiber sprouting. A pilot clinical double-blind, placebocontrolled, randomized study showed that in patients with incomplete long-term peripheral nerve injury, 780-nm laser radiation can progressively improve peripheral nerve function, which leads to significant functional recovery.

Conclusions
Using 780-nm laser phototherapy accelerates and enhances axonal growth and regeneration after injury or a reconstructive peripheral nerve procedure. Laser activation of nerve cells, their growth, and axonal sprouting can be considered as potential treatment of neuronal injury. Animal and clinical studies show the promoting action of phototherapy on peripheral nerve regeneration, making it possible to suggest that the time for broader clinical trials has arrived.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura among the children attending at two teaching hospitals
Authors: Hafiz Md. Golam , Mannan M.A. , Amin Syed Khairul , Islam Afiqul , Rahman Fazlur 
Published: January 2009

The presenting features, diagnostic evaluation, seasonal variation and management performed in 110 children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) attending at two tertiary level hospitals were evaluated. A peak incidence of children with ITP was observed during the month of June, July and the first step was found in May and lowest in the month of October to December. Mean initial platelet count was 65.5 x 109/L.Â 35 patients with ITP did not require any treatment who were kept under observation and the rest 75 children who were admitted to hospital given platelet count enhancing treatment- intravenous immunoglobulin in 9, corticosteroids in 60 or both in 6 children with ITP. Intracranial hemorrhages were noticed in two children with ITP. So, this study suggests that ITP had special predilection during summer season and the least in winter along with variable approaches to management of these children.Keywords: Bangladesh; children; Immune thrombocytopenic purpura; teaching hospital;Online 29-1-2009DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i3.1859Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 94-98
Protective effect of tomato against adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Parvin Roksana , Akhter Nargis 
Published: January 2009

Lycopene, a carotenoid rich in tomato fruit (ripe), is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. In this study n-hexane extract of tomato was evaluated for its protective action against oxidative stress in experimental myocardial infarction induced by administration of adrenaline in rats. Adrenaline produced significant elevation of malondialdehyde content of heart, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, with a significant rise in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level and different grades of necrotic changes in myocardium. Rats were treated with two doses of n-hexane extract of tomato, intragastrically daily for one month prior to administration of adrenaline on the 31st and 32nd day. Pretreatment of tomato extract (1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg) and vitamin E (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced the malondialdehyde concentration in heart and significantly lowered the serum AST level in adrenaline treated rats. Myocardial necrosis was significantly prevented by pretreatment. These results suggest that n-hexane extract of tomato possesses antioxidative property that may protect heart against catecholamine induced myocardial infarction.Â Â Â Â Â Â Keywords: Adrenaline; Myocardial infarction; Rat; TomatoOnline: 29-1-2009DOI:Â 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i3.1974Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 104-108.
Pattern Discovery in Expression Profiling Data
Authors: Katagiri Fumiaki , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn expression profiling studies, it is often necessary to identify groups of genes with similar expression profiles in a variety of samples, and/or groups of samples with similar expression profiles. Each profile can be expressed as a single data point in a space with the same number of dimensions as there are parameters in the profiles. In this way, pattern discovery among expression profiles is translated into pattern discovery in the spatial distribution of data points: the similarity between profiles is defined by the distance between the corresponding data points. Various multivariate analysis methods, such as clustering and dimensionality reduction methods, are used to summarize the data point distribution to help the investigator recognize major trends. As different methods may identify different features of the distribution, it is important to analyze a particular data set with multiple methods. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 85:22.5.1‐22.5.15. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recombineering‐Based Procedure for Creating Cre/loxP Conditional Knockouts in the Mouse
Authors: Bouvier Jason , Cheng Jr‐Gang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGene targeting in the mouse is an essential tool for studying gene function and creating models of human disease. The method described in this unit takes advantage of bacterial artificial chromosomes, Cre/loxP and FLPe/FRT systems, and recently evolved recombineering approaches to simplify the preparation of targeting constructs for generation of conditional knockout (CKO) animals. This method has been used to generate >30 CKO constructs, most of them successfully used to target mouse ES cells and establish mutant mice. Design and preparation of the CKO construct, as well as step‐wise troubleshooting guidelines, are described in detail. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 85:23.13.1‐23.13.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of Supercomplex Crude Oil Mixtures: What Is Really in There?
Authors: Panda Saroj K. , Andersson Jan T. , Schrader Wolfgang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInhaltsangabe: Eine große Hürde für eine optimale Energiegewinnung aus Erdöl ist die Komplexität und Vielfalt der darin enthaltenen Verbindungen. Eine Untersuchung verschiedener Ionisierungsmethoden für die Massenspektrometrie ergibt, dass das Massenspektrum einer Erdölprobe stark von der jeweils verwendeten Methode abhängt.magnified image
Wasserspaltung durch Licht mit Osmocen als Photokatalysator
Authors: Kunkely Horst , Vogler Arnd 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDas Wichtigste zum Schluss: Ein einfaches molekulares Redoxsystem spaltet Wasser photochemisch in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff. Dabei ergänzen sich zwei getrennte Photolysen zu einem Kreisprozess (siehe Schema). Als Photokatalysator dient Osmocen ([Cp2OsII]; Cp−=C5H5−).magnified image
Total Synthesis of Azithromycin
Authors: Kim Hyoung Cheul , Kang Sung Ho 
Published: January 2009

AbstractQuartär ist nicht schwer: Azithromycin (1) hat ein besseres pharmakologisches Profil als die Erythromycine. Die Verbindung ist mithilfe einer enantioselektiven Synthese zugänglich, bei der alle quartären Kohlenstoffstereozentren durch Desymmetrisierung 2‐substituierter Glycerinderivate mit CuCl2 und einem chiralen Imin als Katalysator eingeführt wurden.magnified image
Die Verknüpfung von Boran mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen: effektive Wasserstoffdonoren für Radikalreaktionen
Authors: Walton John C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGünstiger Einfluss: N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHCs) schwächen die starken B‐H‐Bindungen von Boran in überraschend hohem Maße durch Bildung von NHC‐BH3‐Komplexen. Diese Eigenschaft wurde zur Entwicklung einer Reihe von NHC‐Boran‐Komplexen für die Reduktion von Xanthaten in radikalischen Barton‐McCombie‐Desoxygenierungen genutzt (siehe Schema; AIBN = Azobisisobutyronitril, Bn = Benzyl).magnified image
Near‐IR Remote Release from Assemblies of Liposomes and Nanoparticles
Authors: Volodkin Dmitry V. , Skirtach Andre G. , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLaserlicht im Nahinfrarot(NIR)‐Bereich löst die Freisetzung eines Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs aus Liposom‐Goldnanopartikel‐Aggregaten aus (siehe Fluoreszenzbilder). Komplexe mit bestimmter Größe eignen sich zur Verwendung als neue vesikelbasierte Wirkstofftransportsysteme, die durch bioverträgliche NIR‐Strahlung manipuliert werden können.magnified image
An Ugi Reaction in the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Dysibetaine
Authors: Isaacson Jerry , Kobayashi Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEinen einfachen Zugang zu (−)‐Dysibetain bietet eine elfstufige Reaktion ausgehend von L‐Äpfelsäure (siehe Schema). Der Schlüsselschritt ist eine einzigartige Vier‐Zentren‐drei‐Komponenten‐Ugi‐Cyclisierung, bei der eine Estereinheit als Carbonsäurekomponente fungiert. Mit 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexamethyldisilazan als Ammoniakäquivalent und einem maßgeschneiderten Isocyanid gelingt die rasche Synthese.magnified image
Thallium(I) as a Coordination Site Protection Agent: Preparation of an Isolable Zero‐Valent Nickel Tris‐Isocyanide
Authors: Fox Brian J. , Millard Matthew D. , DiPasquale Antonio G. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Figueroa Joshua S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAbgeschirmt: Niedervalente Nickelzentren binden leicht und synthetisch reversibel Thallium(I)‐Ionen, die wiederum die Koordinationsstellen des Nickelzentrums vor angreifenden Lewis‐basischen Liganden schützen. Diese Synthesesequenz ermöglicht die Isolierung eines reaktiven, nullwertigen Nickel‐ Tris(isocyanid)‐Komplexes.magnified image
Innentitelbild: Self‐Assembly of One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Hemoprotein Systems by Polymerization through Heme–Heme Pocket Interactions (Angew. Chem. 7/2009)
Authors: Kitagishi Hiroaki , Kakikura Yasuaki , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Oohora Koji , Harada Akira , Hayashi Takashi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSupramolekulare Proteinpolymere aus Cytochrom‐b562‐Monomeren, die Häm kovalent an die Proteinoberfläche gebunden haben, werden von T. Hayashi et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 1297 ff. vorgestellt. Es wurden zum einen eindimensionale submikrometerlange Hämoproteinfasern hergestellt, zum anderen bildeten sich in Gegenwart einer Hämtriade als Gelenkmolekül zweidimensionale Proteinnetzwerke von mehr als 100 Quadratmikrometern.magnified image
Water Splitting by Light with Osmocene as Photocatalyst
Authors: Kunkely Horst , Vogler Arnd 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLast but not least: A simple molecular redox system is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen photochemically. Two separate photolyses are combined to a cyclic process (see scheme). Osmocene ([Cp2OsII] with Cp−=C5H5−) serves as photocatalyst.magnified image
Reversible σ‐Borane‐to‐Borylene Transformation: A Little Something For Everyone
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA reaction with many facets: The facile dehydrogenative synthesis of a borylene complex (left in scheme) from a dihydroborane (right), proceeds reversibly at room‐temperature. The implications of this reaction for the fields of inorganic, main‐group, and hydrogen‐storage chemistry are covered in this Highlight.magnified image
Near‐IR Remote Release from Assemblies of Liposomes and Nanoparticles
Authors: Volodkin Dmitry V. , Skirtach Andre G. , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSet free by light: Near‐IR (NIR) laser‐initiated remote release of fluorescent dye from complexes of liposome–gold‐nanoparticle aggregates is demonstrated (see fluorescence images). Complexes of the desired size are shown to be a viable approach to the construction of vesicle‐based drug‐delivery systems with light‐triggered remote release characteristics. This opens up a new method to manipulate liposome‐based drug‐delivery systems in a biocompatible way by using the near‐IR spectral range.magnified image
Physicochemical processes involved in migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate
Authors: Mercea P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResults of experiments, conducted by different polycarbonate (PC) producing companies, on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from PC into different liquids, were supplied to the author for compilation, review, and discussion. The observed BPA migration levels were found to be nearly independent of the concentration of residual BPA in the PC resins. Hydrolysis of PC is the dominant mechanism responsible for the release of BPA from the polymer surface into the contacting aqueous liquid. Experiments with PC spiked with deuterated BPA revealed that diffusion‐controlled migration play a minor role in the overall release of BPA from PC. The influence of a number of experimental parameters on the migration of BPA into aqueous liquids was studied. Factors found to be of importance included the temperature, pH, and ozone concentration of the liquids, as well as the surface ageing of the PC. All of the BPA migration levels obtained from experiments performed under standard conditions as given in the EU legislation and its associated guidance documents were found to be well below the EU specific migration limit of 600 μg/kg food which applies to plastics in contact with foodstuffs (EU Directive 2002/72/EC as amended). Migration is lower in oil than in the aqueous food‐simulants water, 3% acetic acid, and 10 or 50% ethanol. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A simple one‐step chemical route to gold/polymer core/shell composites and polymer hollow spheres
Authors: Han Jie , Liu Yan , Guo Rong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAu/poly(o‐toluidine) (POT) core/shell composite spheres have been successfully fabricated by chemical polymerization route in aqueous solution without the aid of surfactant or functional acids using HAuCl4 as the oxidant. By altering the concentration of oxidant, the amount of Au nanoparticles inside each POT sphere can be tuned from tens to one. Moreover, uniform POT hollow spheres with one opening in each polymer surface can be obtained under extremely low concentration of oxidant. The chemical structures of Au/POT composites were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV‐vis, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopies. Moreover, the formation mechanisms of Au/POT core/shell composites and POT hollow spheres were also discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of different clays and compatibilizers on their morphology
Authors: Palza Humberto , Vergara Rodrigo , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad , Quijada Raúl 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA set of organically modified clays (OLS) were mixed with different compatibilizers to alter their interactions with either homopolymer or heterophasic polypropylenes when they were melt‐mixed, and the relation between the OLS/compatibilizer system and the composite morphology was studied. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed that depending on the specific OLS/compatibilizer system, it is possible to obtain several morphologies in the composites. In particular, some samples prepared with compatibilizers based on itaconic acid and OLSs, which had the highest cation exchange capacity and were organically modified with a set of quaternary ammonium salts, presented longer clay interlayer distances than the original OLSs, whereas other composites showed a clay collapse associated with shorter interlayer distances. Moreover, some composites presented both kinds of morphologies together. By means of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, it was possible to show that the OLSs were stable under the operating conditions, so the decrease in the interlayer distance found in some samples was not related to degradation processes. On the other hand, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) showed that collapsed clays were formed by tactoid and immiscible structures with poor dispersion in the polymer matrix. However, samples with intercalate state from XRD presented very well dispersed multilayer stacks about 10 nm thick. Finally, those samples with both collapsed and intercalate morphologies presented tactoid and immiscible structures together with well dispersed multilayer stacks in the corresponding HR‐TEM images. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Increased endothelial cell adhesion on plasma modified nanostructured polymeric and metallic surfaces for vascular stent applications
Authors: Pareta Rajesh A. , Reising Alexander B. , Miller Tiffany , Storey Dan , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTechniques to regenerate the vasculature have risen considerably over the last few decades due to the increased clinical diagnosis of artery narrowing and blood vessel blockage. Although initially re‐establishing blood flow, current small diameter vascular regenerative materials often eventually cause thrombosis and restenosis due to a lack of initial endothelial cell coverage on such materials. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate commonly used vascular materials (specifically, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, nylon, commercially pure titanium, and a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V)) modified using an ionic plasma deposition (IPD) process and a nitrogen ion implantation plasma deposition (NIIPD) process. Such surface modifications have been previously shown to create nanostructured surface features which mimic the natural nanostructured surface features of blood vessels. The modified and unmodified surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and surface energy measurements. Furthermore, in vitro endothelial cell adhesion tests (a key first step for vascular material endothelialization) demonstrated increased endothelial cell adhesion on many modified (with IPD and NIIPD + IPD) compared to unmodified samples. In general, endothelial cell adhesion increased with nanoroughness and surface energy but demonstrated a decreased endothelial cell adhesion trend after an optimal coating surface energy value was reached. Thus, results from this study provided materials and a versatile surface modification process that can potentially increase endothelialization faster than current unmodified (conventional) polymer and metallic vascular materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 459–471. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.