bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uremic hyperhomocysteinemia: A randomized trial of folate treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular events
Authors: VIANNA Areuza C. A. , MOCELIN Altair J. , MATSUO Tiemi , MORAIS‐FILHO Domingos , LARGURA Alvaro , DELFINO Vinicius A. , SOARES Abel E. , MATNI Anuar M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHomocysteine is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in the general population, and serum homocysteine levels are almost universally elevated in chronic renal failure patients. When such patients are treated with dialysis, cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 50% of their mortality, which, in some proportion, may be pathophysiologically related to the elevated serum homocysteine levels. From April 2003 to March 2005, we conducted a 2‐year, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of 186 patients with end‐stage kidney disease due to any cause, who were older than 18 years and stable on hemodialysis. Patients were assigned to receive either oral folic acid 10 mg 3 times a week immediately after every dialysis session under nurse supervision or an identical‐appearing placebo for the entire study. On admission, plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels were above 13.9 μmol/L in 96.7% of patients (median 25.0 μmol/L, range 9.3–104.0 μmol/L). In the placebo group, tHcy levels remained elevated at 6, 12, and 24 months, while oral folate significantly decreased tHcy to a median value of 10.5 (2.8–20.3) μmol/L, (p<0.01). During the study, 38 patients (folic acid group 17 vs. placebo group 21; p=0.47) died from cardiovascular disease. Kaplan–Meier life table analysis dealing with the incidence of cardiovascular events, both fatal and nonfatal (myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident), showed that 2 years of folic acid treatment and the lowering of the homocysteine blood levels had no effect on cardiovascular events (p=0.41; hazard ratio 1.24, 95% CI 0.74–2.10). However, the carotid artery intima‐media wall thickness measured in a blinded fashion decreased from 1.94 ± 0.59 mm to 1.67 ± 0.38 mm (p<0.01) after 2 years of folate therapy. In this short‐term study of uremic patients, 2 years of folic acid supplementation normalized the tHcy blood levels in 92.3% of patients but did not change the incidence of cardiovascular events compared with the control group. However, ultrasonography of the common carotid arteries performed at entry and 24 months later showed a significant decrease in intima‐media thickness with folate supplementation. This suggests that early folate supplementation may benefit patients with chronic renal failure by preventing cardiovascular deterioration.
Functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients with high ferritin
Authors: KOPELMAN Robert C. , SMITH Lorelei , PEOPLES Leonard , BIESECKER Ronna , RIZKALA Adel R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough functional iron deficiency (FID) may be present in hemodialysis (HD) patients with high serum ferritin levels (>800 ng/mL), current protocols often preclude the use of intravenous (IV) iron in these patients. However, it has not been demonstrated that iron supplementation during erythropoietin therapy is ineffective or unsafe in increasing hemoglobin (Hb) levels in patients with high serum ferritin. This report describes the hematologic efficacy and safety of ferric gluconate (FG) therapy in patients with serum ferritin >800 ng/mL. A retrospective analysis was performed on HD patients at a single California dialysis center from January 1 to December 31, 2003. Patients classified as having high ferritin levels (serum ferritin >800 ng/mL on at least 66% of routine monthly measurements and transferrin saturation [TSAT] <25% on at least 1 occasion) were stratified as follows: patients in Group I were suspected of having FID and received FG ≥250 mg IV over a 3‐month period when Hb was <11 g/dL, and patients in Group II were thought not to have FID and received <250 mg FG over a 3‐month period. Both groups received standard recombinant human erythropoietin therapy as per the unit's protocol. Of 496 patients, 95 exhibited high ferritin and of these, 39 patients had sufficient data for analysis. Group I patients (n=14) showed a significant increase in Hb levels compared with Group II (n=25). There was no increase in ferritin levels in response to iron administration. No significant differences in hospitalizations or infections were observed between groups. Hemodialysis patients with high ferritin levels may have FID, and IV iron therapy safely improves FID in some patients. A larger randomized trial examining the optimal management of iron administration in HD patients with high ferritin levels is warranted.
‘Paper Frames’: Lucy Hutchinson's Elegies and the Seventeenth‐Century Country House Poem
Authors: Scott‐Baumann Elizabeth 
Published: April 2007

Abstract This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. The last three decades have witnessed rich discoveries in early modern women's writing, especially manuscript poetry. Lucy Hutchinson was a seventeenth‐century Puritan and republican whose corpus is now believed to include a translation of Lucretius's De Rerum Natura, an unfinished Biblical epic Order and Disorder, a parody of Waller, her Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson and twenty‐four Elegies. These Elegies (written in manuscript and now edited by David Norbrook) mourn both the death of Hutchinson's husband in prison in 1664 and the couple's hopes for a Godly republic. Hutchinson reverses certain conventions of the country house or estate poem genre; hospitality, social harmony and the fertility of the natural world are replaced with political isolation, republican disillusion and a Biblical rhetoric of grief and shame. This article compares Hutchinson's poems with two country house poems, Ben Jonson's ‘To Penshurst’ and Aemilia Lanyer's ‘Description of Cooke‐ham’, and also shows the diversity of allusions, including to John Donne's ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’ and Sidney Godolphin's translation of Dido's passion for Aeneas. The Elegies reveal Hutchinson as a Puritan Parliamentarian influenced by royalist literary traditions, and an educated and talented woman poet transforming genres in subtly allusive and politically radical ways.
The Forgotten Greek Books of Elizabethan England1
Authors: Milne Kirsty 
Published: April 2007

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. The well‐founded view that the Elizabethans were not distinguished for Greek scholarship has spawned the mistaken presumption that no Greek books were printed in England between 1543 and 1610. In fact a variety of texts, mostly classical, were produced in London, Oxford and Cambridge during the latter half of Elizabeth's reign. Their survival raises the question of why domestic printers should have ventured into a market dominated by Continental printing‐houses, and suggests a need to reassess the place of Greek in the intellectual and cultural life of the late sixteenth century.
Noli Me Tangere: Revealing New Approaches to Early Drama
Authors: Normington Katie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article analyses new approaches to early drama through investigating the mystery play pageant concerning Christ's appearance as a gardener to Mary Magdalene. In particular the article draws on approaches from iconographical studies, feminist readings, modern‐day restagings and dance theory to argue that the gestures of the past can find a voice in the present.
Morfotipos y Germinación de Semillas del Maitin, Ficus maitin (Moraceae)
Authors: Chaves Luis Fernando , Bianchi Guillermo , Skwierinski Y Roberto 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTStrangler figs (Ficus spp) are among the most diverse and abundant species in the tropics. In the present work we describe and quantify two seed (achene) morphotypes of F. maitin, ovoid and non‐ovoid, we quantify seed predation by pollinators, and study the effects of temperature and light on the germination of these morphotypes. We found that both types of seed have reduced germination rates at low temperatures, and that ovoid seeds are photosensitive. In the discussion we present the possible implications of the findings for the understanding of the life history strategy of this species.
Microhabitat Selection in Diet and Trophic Ecology of a Spiny‐Tailed IguanaCtenosaura hemilopha
Authors: Blázquez Ma Carmen , Rodríguez‐Estrella Ricardo 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAnnual variation in the diet of adult spiny‐tailed iguanas was studied by analyzing feces collected at 38 known iguana refuges in the desert of the southern Baja California peninsula. Iguanas consumed mostly plants, a small percentage of arthropods, their own skin, and remains from conspecifics. They consumed at least 22 of 83 plant species known to be present in the area. Leaves of three perennial Leguminosae species formed the year‐round basis of their diet. Iguanas ate flowers and fruit when available. We propose that iguanas could be efficient seed dispersers for Cactaceae, but that they crush many of the seeds of leafy tree species. No significant differences in food consumption pattern were found between dry and rainy seasons. Iguanas apparently moved to neighboring trees only when searching for food. We propose that predation risk could have more influence than the nutritional value of plants on the species' foraging behavior and microhabitat selection in this area.
Driver Ants Invading a Termite Nest: Why Do the Most Catholic Predators of All Seldom Take This Abundant Prey?
Authors: Schöning Caspar , Moffett Mark W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTDriver ants (i.e., epigaeic species in the army ant genus Dorylus, subgenus Anomma) are among the most extreme polyphagous predators, but termites appear to be conspicuously absent from their prey spectrum and attacks by driver ants on termite nests have not yet been described. Here, we report a Dorylus (Anomma) rubellus attack on a colony of the fungus‐growing termite Macrotermes subhyalinus that was observed during the dry season in a savannah habitat in Nigeria's Gashaka National Park. It was estimated that several hundred thousand termites (probably more than 2.4 kg dry mass) were retrieved. The apparent rarity of driver ant predation on Macrotermes nests may be explained by different habitat requirements, by the fact that these ants mostly forage aboveground, by efficient termite defense behavior and nest architecture that make entry into the nest difficult, and finally by driver ant worker morphology, which differs remarkably from that of subterranean Dorylus species that regularly invade and destroy termite colonies.
Habitat Characteristics of the Endangered Hoolock Gibbons of Bangladesh: The Role of Plant Species Richness
Authors: Muzaffar Sabir Bin , Islam M. Anwarul , Feeroz Mostafa M. , Kabir Mofizul , Begum Sajeda , Mahmud M. Shahriar , Chakma Suprio , Hasan M. Kamrul 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTHoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) are endangered small apes occurring in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and south China. All known populations have undergone declines primarily due to habitat destruction or alteration. We examined the influence of area of natural forests, area of plantations, area of agricultural land and edible plant species richness on the hoolock gibbon numbers from 22 sites in Bangladesh using multiple regression analysis. Area of natural forests and plantations were not linked to hoolock gibbon numbers, whereas area of agricultural land and edible plant species richness were both significantly linked. Higher edible plant species richness was directly related to hoolock gibbon numbers, while the area of agricultural land was inversely related. This is the first quantitative study illustrating the importance of these two variables with hoolock gibbon numbers. We also analyzed the existing habitat characteristics in two of the largest hoolock gibbon populations in Bangladesh: Lawachara (42 individuals) and Kaptai (84 individuals). Trees in Lawachara were generally smaller compared to those in Kaptai.Artocarpus,Tectona, andDipterocarpuswere the three most important genera in both sites, althoughArtocarpuswas more important in Lawachara. Each site also had an abundant variety of tree species utilized by hoolock gibbons for food. We discuss the current context of primate conservation in Bangladesh and suggest that the current conservation priority for gibbons in the country should be protection and improvement of habitat.
Effects of Vegetation Traits on Habitat Preferences of Frugivorous Birds in Atlantic Rain Forest
Authors: Hasui Érica , Gomes Verônica Souza da Mota , Silva Wesley Rodrigues 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTStructural and floristic components of vegetation and fruit production were examined to evaluate the relative importance of each vegetation aspect on patterns of habitat use and to determine whether differences in degree of frugivory would affect sensitivity of birds to vegetation components. Abundances of 12 bird species were quantified in four different habitat types in the Southeastern Atlantic rain forest of Brazil using captures with mist nets. Structural and floristic traits and fruit production were sampled within plots along the mist net lines. Best explanations for the variation in species abundance were obtained by different combinations of the vegetation components (generalized linear models, Akaike information criterion; R2 mean values = 0.48, Δ AICc= 0). Although each species had a particular preference for some vegetation variables, floristic components stood out in those relationships, generating models with a stronger explanatory capacity (R2 > 0.40) and higher levels of empirical support (Δ AICc= minimum values). The variation in bird sensitivities to the floristic component was associated with bird dependence on a fruit diet: there was a correlation between the explanatory capacity of models built with only floristic composition and a species' degree of frugivory (Spearman rank correlation, r= 0.66, P= 0.04), indicating that floristics had a higher effect in more frugivorous birds. For the other vegetation components, there was no clear pattern with statistical support. These results indicate that sensitivities of bird species to vegetation aspects are associated with their dependence on a fruit diet.
Large Eddy Simulation
of Transitional Boundary Layers at High Free-Stream Turbulence Intensity and Implications for RANS
Modeling
Authors: Lardeau Sylvain , Li Ning , Leschziner Michael
A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Large-eddy simulations of transitional flows over a flat plate have been performed for different sets of free-stream-turbulence conditions. Interest focuses, in particular, on the unsteady processes in the boundary layer before transition occurs and as it evolves, the practical context being the flow over low-pressure turbine blades. These considerations are motivated by the wish to study the realism of a RANS-type model designed to return the laminar fluctuation energy observed well upstream of the location at which transition sets in. The assumptions underlying the model are discussed in the light of turbulence-energy budgets deduced from the simulations. It is shown that the pretransitional field is characterized by elongated streaky structures which, notwithstanding their very different structural properties relative to fully established turbulence, lead to the amplification of fluctuations by conventional shear-stress/shear-strain interaction, rather than by pressure diffusion, the latter being the process underpinning the RANS-type transitional model being investigated.
Modeling of Film
Cooling—Part II: Model for Use in Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid
Dynamics
Authors: Burdet André , Abhari Reza S. , Rose Martin G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has recently been used for the simulation of the aerothermodynamics of film cooling. The direct calculation of a single cooling hole requires substantial computational resources. A parametric study, for the optimization of the cooling system in real engines, is much too time consuming due to the large number of grid nodes required to cover all injection holes and plenum chambers. For these reasons, a hybrid approach is proposed, based on the modeling of the near film-cooling hole flow, tuned using experimental data, while computing directly the flow field in the blade-to-blade passage. A new injection film-cooling model is established, which can be embedded in a CFD code, to lower the central processing unit (CPU) cost and to reduce the simulation turnover time. The goal is to be able to simulate film-cooled turbine blades without having to explicitly mesh inside the holes and the plenum chamber. The stability, low CPU overhead level (1%) and accuracy of the proposed CFD-embedded film-cooling model are demonstrated in the ETHZ steady film-cooled flat-plate experiment presented in Part I (Bernsdorf, Rose, and Abhari, 2006, ASME J. Turbomach., 128, pp. 141–149) of this two-part paper. The prediction of film-cooling effectiveness using the CFD-embedded model is evaluated.
E-MODELLING: FOUNDATIONS AND CASES FOR APPLYING AI TO LIFE SCIENCES
Authors: GINI GIUSEPPINA , BENFENATI EMILIO 
Published: April 2007

Life sciences, and biology in particular, are heavily impacted by the development of methods for data collection and data analysis. Taking advantage of the availability of data, modeling biological effects is becoming more and more popular and relevant in life sciences, due to the diffuse and wide use of information technology (IT) tools. IT is increasing the availability of models, the horizon and complexity of modeling activities, reaching new targets, and boosting "virtuality". Modeling, as any inductive activity, originates from two needs: to predict future outcomes using previous experience, and to explain observations, or in other terms to infer knowledge. In this paper we analyze criteria, problems, possibilities and advancements which indicate that the time for e-modeling in biology and other life sciences is ripe. To do this, we take as example a particular field of biological sciences, the computational toxicity (CT) of chemicals, and its usual QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships) approach. The open possibilities are evaluated, including a reshaping of the interface between toxicology, chemistry and computer science. The epistemological problem about "what models are" is approached in a pragmatic sense.
UN Sanctions and Judicial Review
Authors: Lavranos Nikolaos 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article analyses the way UN sanctions are implemented in the European legal order. As a basis for the analysis, the European Court of First Instance's (CFI) rulings in the Yusuf/Kadi/Ayadi 1 cases and the European Court of Human Rights's (ECrtHR) judgment in the Bosphorus 2 case are applied. The main critique of the author is that the CFI misconstrued the hierarchy of norms within the Community legal order when it argued that the EC/EU (European Community/European Union) is bound by UN Security Council resolutions in the same way as the Member States. Moreover, the conclusion drawn from this by the CFI that UN law enjoys supremacy over primary EC law is also rejected by the author. Finally, it appears that European courts are unwilling to provide judicial review against UN sanctions, which results in a lacuna concerning fundamental rights protection for affected individuals and organisations.
Third State Obligations under the ICESCR: A Case Study of EU Sugar Policy
Authors: Vandenhole Wouter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObligations incumbent on other states than the domestic state party under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are contested. By way of case study, the third state obligation to respect under the ICESCR is identified and clarified through a human rights assessment of the EU sugar regime. It is submitted that the European Union (EU) member states, all of which are states parties to the ICESCR, are in violation of their third state obligation to respect the right to an adequate standard of living of small sugar producers in the South by support for or condonation of the regime of sugar subsidies for surplus production and export dumping to the South.
Phase III Study of Erlotinib in Combination With Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The Tarceva Lung Cancer Investigation Trial
Authors: Gatzemeier Ulrich , Pluzanska Anna , Szczesna Aleksandra , Kaukel Eckhard , Roubec Jaromir , De Rosa Flavio , Milanowski Janusz , Karnicka-Mlodkowski Hanna , Pesek Milos , Serwatowski Piotr , Ramlau Rodryg , Janaskova Terezie , Vansteenkiste Johan , Strausz Janos , Manikhas Georgy Moiseevich , Von Pawel Joachim 
Published: April 2007

PurposeErlotinib is a potent inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, with single-agent antitumor activity. Preclinically, erlotinib enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy. This phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and MethodsPatients received erlotinib (150 mg/d) or placebo, combined with up to six 21-day cycles of chemotherapy (gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80 mg/m2on day 1). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included time to disease progression (TTP), response rate (RR), duration of response, and quality of life (QoL).ResultsA total of 1,172 patients were enrolled. Baseline demographic and disease characteristics were well balanced. There were no differences in OS (hazard ratio, 1.06; median, 43 v 44.1 weeks for erlotinib and placebo groups, respectively), TTP, RR, or QoL between treatment arms. In a small group of patients who had never smoked, OS and progression-free survival were increased in the erlotinib group; no other subgroups were found more likely to benefit. Erlotinib with chemotherapy was generally well tolerated; incidence of adverse events was similar between arms, except for an increase in rash and diarrhea with erlotinib (generally mild).ConclusionErlotinib with concurrent cisplatin and gemcitabine showed no survival benefit compared with chemotherapy alone in patients with chemotherapy-naïve advanced NSCLC.