bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARTICLE 59 AND NAMES OF PERFECT STATE TAXA IN IMPERFECT STATE GENERA
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryConsideration is given to the several possible ways of treating the names of perfect states placed in imperfect state genera when original descriptions included either both states or the perfect state alone. A proposal is presented to cover this situation by the addition of a further paragraph and examples to Art. 59. The need for some clarification of Articles 34 and 72 in relation to their bearings on Art. 59 are pointed out and two proposals made to resolve existing anomalies.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE ENTITIES SPECIES AND GENUS
Authors: Legendre Pierre , Vaillancourt Pierre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic entities called genus and species are, though very much in use, still vaguely defined. Through the study of different modern authors one can approximate their meaning to a sufficient degree of precision to allow the formulation of a mathematical model. The species will be defined as the set of all genetically similar individuals, barring differences that reside at the allele level. We will then consider the “species such as in nature” to be the union of certain vital neighborhoods in a multi‐dimensional space, the said intervals obviously being those that correspond to the given species. This concept will be used to define, with an evolutionary tree pattern, the genus. The genus will then be the set of species, linked by monophyletism, that form an evolutionary peak in the space of “conditions of life”.
THE TYPIFICATION OF MEDICAGO (LEGUM.)
Authors: Heyn C. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe generic name Medicago L. should by typified by M. radiata L. and not by M. sativa L. Acceptance of specimens in the Linnaean herbarium as types of certain Medicago species should not be ‘automatic’ but based on an analysis of each particular case showing that the specimen in question is indeed in accordance with the protologue and not a later addition to the herbarium.
GRASSLAND EVOLUTION IN EUROPE
Authors: Scholz Hildemar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis discussion deals primarily with the European secondary grassland, especially meadows and pastures. The principal constituents of this vegetation are about 20 species. Particular attention is paid to its evolution under the influence of man. In addition to the natives (members of natural vegetation cover) there are several species or races which are restricted to man‐made habitats. It is suggested that these latter are not native to the area of present distribution, but have immigrated under differentiation from abroad (the minor part) or evolved in situ (the major part). The significance of hybridization and introgression is stressed. It is contended that grassland evolution is still in progress, an important factor being the close interaction between cultivated grasses and their wild relatives in extra‐Mediterranean Europe, the center of diversity and origin of meadow and pasture grasses.
INTERGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Authors: Knobloch Irving W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe importance of hybridization in speciation is emphasized by listing most of the known intergeneric hybrids in flowering plants and including a figure (23,675) of all the known hybrids including interspecife ones. No claims are made that the list is complete or absolutely accurate. Some of the strong points regarding hybridization as a process are given. In addition, it is pointed out that hybrids, throughout the range, show both dominance and intermediacy, some possess normal meiosis and many are highly or partially fertile.
CYTOGEOGRAPHY OF NYMPHOIDES (MENYANTHACEAE)
Authors: Ornduff Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChromosome counts indicate that x = 9 in the aquatic genus Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae). New World species are tetraploid, but diploid species as well as tetraploid ones occur in the Old World. The pan‐tropical N. indica is tetraploid in the New World and diploid in the Old World, but no consistent morphological characters have been found that separate these chromosomal races. The Eurasian N. peltata is hexaploid. Self‐incompatible distyly, dioecism, and homostyly are present in the genus. The latter two breeding systems are believed to be derived from distyly. The Colombian N. flaccida seemingly occurs in the long‐styled form only and because of its self‐incompatibility may reproduce exclusively by vegetative means.
THE 19TH CENTURY HERBARIUM OF ISAAC C. MARTINDALE
Authors: Meyer Frederick G. , Elsasser Susanne 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAs the work of one man, the Martindale herbarium was a remarkable achievement. By the 1880's, Isaac C. Martindale (1842‐1893), the Quaker botanist, of Camden, New Jersey, had brought together a vast herbarium, reputed at the time to be one of the largest private herbaria amassed in this country during the 19th century. After he died, the Martindale herbarium was sold in 1894 to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. For the next 70 years the collection was largely forgotten and only rarely consulted.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE POLLEN ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARTHENICE MOLLIS GRAY (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Bolick M. R. , Skvarla J. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTransmission electron microscopy of the pollen of Parthenice mollis Gray reveals a helianthoid structural pattern. This pattern is characteristic of the subtribe Melampodinae, in which this species has been traditionally placed. Earlier reports of P. mollis pollen indicated an ultrastructural pattern which was characteristic of the Ambrosiinae (i.e., not typically helianthoid): herbarium material upon which this earlier work was based was incorrectly determined, the specimen concerned being Iva ambrosaefolia Gray.
CLADISTICS OF MELAMPODIUM (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genus Melampodium contains 37 species which are distributed throughout Mexico and Central America. Although several evolutionary studies already have been completed on the genus, none has synthesized detailed morphological relationships. A cladistic technique combining features of that of Whiffin and Bierner (1972) and Wagner (1961) is used to construct cladograms. To determine primitive states of 18 qualitative and quantitative characters, four assumptions have been used. A primitive character state: (1) is found in a majority of phenetic groups within the genus (a modification of the “common is primitive” criterion); (2) is found also in the related genus Acanthospermum (out‐group comparison); (3) represents a beginning condition of an evolutionary trend that has occurred frequently in parallel within the Compositae; and (4) is a common morphological condition for the family in which the contrasting state is very atypical and obviously derived. The cladograms indicate that numerous parallelisms in the evolution of morphological features have occurred in Melampodium. These trends correspond well with the known chromosomal lines of x = 9, 10, 11, and 12. Distributional data also reflect a pattern of parallel evolutionary development. Taxa of Melampodium are regarded as advanced distributionally if they: (1) are weedy (being defined as having the broadest distributions); (2) are found on the periphery of the range of the genus; and (3) are found in recently derived habitats, chiefly deserts. Species advanced on distributional grounds are found in all four of the chromosomal lines of the genus. Based on all data, section Melampodium (x = 10) is regarded as most primitive within the genus. Considerable evolutionary development also has occurred within this evolutionary line, however, leading to the highly advanced white‐rayed complex (series Leucantha).
THREE SPECIES CONCEPTS
Authors: Lewin Ralph A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn an evolutionary continuum there can be no discontinuities delimiting species. Geographical barriers may rise or fall, separating or rejoining specific populations. Members of “biological species” are self‐distinguishing. “Taxonomists' species” are distinguishable to experts according to their competence and preference. “Nominal species” are taxa named for our convenience.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE OIL DATA IN SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF AUSTRALIAN RAINFOREST TREES
Authors: Whiffin Trevor 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPreparatory to the use of volatile oils in systematic studies of Australian rainforest trees, a number of different techniques for handling volatile oil data are reviewed. Compared are two different schemes of character weighting (unweighted and F‐weighted), three different schemes of standardisation (unstandardised, standardisation by range, standardisation by standard deviation), and three different distance measures (Squared Euclidean Distance, Euclidean Distance, Manhattan Metric distance). It is determined empirically that, for volatile oil data, where weighting is both possible and valid, a combination of standardisation and weighting proves most effective; on the other hand, if weighting is not possible, standardisation should not be undertaken. Euclidean Distance and Manhattan Metric distance prove to be the best distance measures.
VARIATIONS WITHIN POPULATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION. II. PATTERNS OF VARIATION WITHIN ASCLEPIADACEAE AND UMBELLIFERAE
Authors: Gilmartin Amy Jean 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe very distinct families Umbelliferae and Asclepiadaceae are both represented in western North America. Local samples of the variability within populations and at several ranks in the classification hierarchy were similar in their ranges of variation. The Asclepiadaceae pattern of variability within populations, species, and genera which was revealed with this data base differed only slightly from that obtained previously with a much smaller data base. The quantifications of within‐group variability reveal differences and similarities in patterns of evolution, produce quantifiable models of classification for different families, and can help monographers with taxonomic decisions. A new method of displaying results of intrafamilial patterns of variation uses a log transformation of the CPV and MPD, the summary statistics of the dissimilarity matrices. A comparison of the Umbelliferae, Asclepiadaceae and Bromeliaceae shows the first two to be rather similar in their ranges of intragroup variation at the same ranks and markedly different from the third. The explanation for the similarity between the Asclepiadaceae and Umbelliferae is thought to lie in the coincidence of the general geographic areas where they were sampled and the similarities in their habits: herbaceous, insect pollinated and having umbelliferous inflorescences. The quantifications of infrafamilial patterns of variation clearly show that systematists have tended to mold whatever variation was inherent at the populational level to approximately the same amount of intrageneric variability. Genera in different families seem to encompass very similar amounts of overall variation in spite of differences at the populational level.
THE TYPIFICATION OF THE LINNAEAN NAMES ATRAGENE ALPINA AND A. SIBIRICA (RANUNCULACEAE)
Authors: Serov V. , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAtragene alpina L. is typified by the specimen in Herb. Burser XVII: 39 (UPS) and A. sibirica L. by 711.7 (LINN). The latter is shown to be a nomen ambiguum. However, current usage for both names in Clematis is maintained, the correct names in Clematis being C alpina (L.) Miller and C. sibirica Miller, respectively. In Atragene the correct names for these two species are A. alpina L. and A. speciosa Weinmann.
BROMELIACEAE: AN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT
Authors: Gilmartin A. J. , Brown Gregory K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn international cooperative project involving more than 16 resident botanists in tropical America was initiated in 1984 to attempt to resolve distributional, phylogenetic and classification problems in Bromeliaceae. The research project serves as a template for studies in other groups of organisms with tropical American distributions.
TYPIFICATION OF NAMES IN ZAMIA L. AND AULACOPHYLLUM REGEL (ZAMIACEAE)
Authors: Stevenson Dennis Wm. , Sabato Sergio 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAll valid combinations in the genera Zamia and Aulacophyllum are presented exclusive of those for West Indian species. The holotypes are identified, and, in those cases where no holotype has been found, a lectotype or neotype is designated.
SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS, PHLOEM PROTEIN, AND EVOLUTION OF FLOWERING PLANTS: III. MAGNOLIIDAE
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo hundred sixty‐three species of the Magnoliidae distributed over the main genera of all its families were investigated with the TEM for ultrastructural characters from their sieve elements. Details from sieve‐element plastids (overall diameter, as well as qualitative and quantitative measurements of their starch and protein contents) provided the main data set for a putative phylogenetic arrangement of the families of Magnoliiflorae. The recording of the presence or absence of non‐dispersive protein bodies and nacreous wall thickenings yielded additional information.Within the Magnoliiflorae sieve‐element plastids are proposed to have evolved from large‐sized S‐type plastids with high amount of starch to small‐sized, starch‐deficient P‐type or, at the other extreme, to So‐plastids. Along this line a basic group containing Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Chloranthaceae, Myristicaceae, and Winteraceae is distinguished from four parallel and slightly advanced groups, the Annona‐, Aristolochia‐, Magnolia‐, and Monimia‐groups.The Aristolochia‐group is held to represent one of the core groups of the Magnoliiflorae, incorporating the whole range of the different plastid forms from S‐type to So‐plastids or by several steps to form‐Pc and the monocotyledon form‐P2c plastids. Among the remaining five the Monimia‐group, only, shows a comparably broad range, while all other taxa are confined to one or two plastid forms (i.e., S‐type and/or form‐Psc resp. ‐Pcs plastids).
TERMINOLOGY FOR BRYOPHYTE SEXUALITY: TOWARD A UNIFIED SYSTEM
Authors: Wyatt Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThere is no general consensus among bryologists as to the best system for describing sexual expression in mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Existing schemes are not logically consistent: in some cases they emphasize functional considerations and in other cases, genetic considerations. Different authors, especially those working with mosses versus liverworts, use the same term to describe different sexual conditions. Lack of a set of terms collateral with those most widely used for other embryophytes has prevented cross‐comparisons to the detriment of understanding in both areas. This paper illustrates these problems and suggests an alternative system of terminology that is logical, consistent, and comprehensive and which coincides with usage for pteridophytes and seed plants.
ACCUMULATION OF NICKEL BY PSYCHOTRIA SPECIES FROM THE PACIFIC BASIN
Authors: Baker Alan J. M. , Brooks Robert R. , Kersten William J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThirty‐two Psychotria species from New Caledonia and 178 from other islands of the Pacific Basin were analyzed for nickel in order to identify hyperaccumulators (> 1000 μg/g dry mass) of nickel. P. douarrei was the only taxon which possessed this character and contained a mean concentration of 2.24% nickel in its leaves. This is higher than for any other known hyperaccumulator of nickel. Pot trials showed that P. douarrei can grow in substrates containing up to 1% plant‐available nickel. It is suggested that P. dourarrei is a neoendemic taxon possibly derived from P. baillonii which occupies complementary ecological niches on non‐nickeliferous soils adjacent to the ultramafic substrates supporting P. douarrei. Evolution may have proceeded via an intermediate nickel‐tolerant ecotype of P. baillonii which can still be found growing in association with P. douarrei.
MORPHOLOGY AND ALKALOID CHEMISTRY OF PAPAVER SETIGERUM DC. (PAPAVERACEAE)
Authors: Valva Vincenzo La , Sabato Sergio , Gigliano Gesualdo Siniscalco 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPapaver setigerum DC. populations from Mediterranean France and Campania, southern Italy, have been studied morphologically and phytochemically. Papaver setigerum, whose circumscription is reported to be substantially the same as P. somniferum L., revealed to be a species morphologically distinct from the latter. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine, the major alkaloids of P. somniferum, are lacking in capsules of P. setigerum. Their absence supports also at the chemotaxonomical level that P. setigerum is a distinct species from P. somniferum.
THE PHYLLOCLADACEAE KENG—A CRITIQUE
Authors: Quinn Christopher J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe interpretation of the phylloclade of Phyllocladus by Keng (1974) as an ancient link between lateral branch systems of progymnosperms and the simple leaves of modern conifers is critically examined in the light of patterns of vascularisation, and his erection of the monogeneric family Phyllocladaceae (Keng, 1973, 1978) is challenged.
A MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONARY CLOCK FOR ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Martin P. G. , Dowd J. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPairs of angiosperm species putatively separated by continental drift following the break‐up of Gondwanaland have been used to derive linear regressions relating macromolecular differences to time. Differences have been derived from N‐terminal amino acid sequences of the small subunit of rubisco from members of Proteaceae, Winteraceae, Nothofagus and Solarium. Alternative sets of times have been taken from the literature on plate tectonics and biogeography. Botanical criteria have been used to discriminate tentatively between the two regression lines. The rate of evolution corresponding to the preferred regression is one inferred nucleotide difference between two evolutionary lineages in seven million years. An estimate of the variance about the regression lines has been obtained and has allowed suggestions about which species disjunctions are likely to have originated more recently than the continental separations.
Saturated NaCI‐CTAB solution as a means of field preservation of leaves for DNA analyses
Authors: Rogstad Steven H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRogstad, S. H.: Saturated NaCI‐CTAB solution as a means of field preservation of leaves for DNA analyses. ‐ Taxon 41: 701‐708. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Details of a method for preserving leaves for subsequent DNA analyses using a solution that is saturated (obviating precise field weighing of chemicals) with both NaCl and CTAB are presented. Since the dry ingredients are easy to obtain and transport, the method can be utilized even at very remote sites. Results from fresh versus preserved leaves of Podophyllum, Polyalthia (3 spp.), and Taraxacum demonstrate that DNA suitable for restriction fragment analysis can be obtained from leaves that have been stored in the solution for up to one month at ambient temperatures and then frozen for over one year at ‐20°C (ultracold storage at ‐70°C is not necessary). Degradation of DNA with this new method appears to be less for some taxa than with previously proposed DNA extraction methods using dried leaves. Analyses of DNA from leaves collected at remote rain forest sites are demonstrated.
Nomenclatural notes on some Malvaceae species described by Cavanilles
Authors: Fuertes Javier , Fryxell Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFuertes, J. & Fryxell, P. A.: Nomenclatural notes on some Malvaceae species described by Cavanilles. – Taxon 42: 661–664. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Typifications or interpretations of ten of Cavanilles's new binomials in Malvaceae are presented, based on examination of original materials in the Madrid herbarium.
Ciadistics in taxonomic botany – master or servant?
Authors: Hedberg Olov 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHedberg, O.: Ciadistics in taxonomic botany – master or servant? – Taxon 44: 3‐11. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Cladistics, a nowadays often computerized methodology for taxonomic research, is claimed by its proponents to be more advanced and less subjective than traditional evolutionary systematics. It offers a convenient method of combining factual character state distribution with assumptions on directions of evolutionary change, and of constructing hypothetic evolutionary trees. But its usefulness in taxonomic botany is hampered by difficulties in outgroup selection, frequency of parallelisms and reversals, and wide variation within taxa. Prudently used, cladistics may certainly be a useful tool to botanical taxonomists, but if pursued as an independent computer game it may be harmful to taxonomy and to biology as a whole.
The reinstatement of the genus Xiphotheca (Fabaceae)
Authors: Schutte Anne Lise , Van Wyk Ben‐Erik 
Published: April 2006

SummarySchutte, A. L. & Van Wyk, B‐E.: The reinstatement of the genus Xiphotheca (Fabaceae). ‐Taxon 42: 43‐49. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The reinstatement of the genus Xiphotheca Eckl. & Zeyh. (Fabaceae, tribe Liparieae) is proposed. A study of the morphology and alkaloids of the genus Priestleya DC. has shown remarkable differences between its two sections, P. sect. Priestleya and sect. Aneisothea DC. (= Xiphotheca). The latter differs in its geminate flowers, the non‐intrusive calyx, the obtuse and pocketed keel petals, the uniform anthers, the shortly petiolate and pinnately veined leaves and the unique combination of alkaloids. A brief synopsis of the genus, including nomenclature, synonymy and typification, is presented.
Gender of generic names, particularly those ending in ‐ma, in the ‘Names in current use’ list
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: Gender of generic names, particularly those ending in ‐ma, in the ‘Names in current use’ list. – Taxon 43: 97‐107. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A historical review of the Code provisions concerning gender is given. Not all generic names ending in the letter “a” are feminine. Indeed, a majority of those ending in ‐ma are neuter. A general rule is that names ending with the same element have the same gender. Some guidelines are offered here and due consideration is given to generic names that break the pattern. Neither is it appropriate to blindly impose classical gender nor uncritically accept what the original author did. Major weight must be given to botanical usage. These principles have been applied to more than 1200 names appearing in the generic names in current use (NCU) list.
Typification of the names of Hawaiian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) published by Wilhelm Hillebrand or based upon his specimens
Authors: Lammers Thomas G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLammers, T. G.: Typification of the names of Hawaiian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) published by Wilhelm Hillebrand or based upon his specimens. – Taxon 43: 545‐572. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.In the treatment of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) for his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand described 21 new species and 13 new varieties, and proposed 15 new combinations (all but one at specific rank) plus one avowed substitute name (also at specific rank). In addition, Wawra described two new species and one new variety on the basis of specimens received from Hillebrand, and Rock described two species and 13 varieties on the basis of specimens in Hillebrand's herbarium. Thirty‐three lectotypes and two neotypes are designated for names that were inadequately typified. In each case, the typification effected supports current usage of the name in the literature.
First taxonomic assessment of George Forster's botanical artwork at Gotha (Thuringia, Germany)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: First taxonomic assessment of George Forster's botanical artwork at Gotha (Thuringia, Germany). – Taxon 47: 581‐592. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The three repositories of botanical art of G. Forster, artist and author of works underlying South Pacific botany, are reviewed. Identifications are given of the 6 paintings and 78 drawings held in Gotha.