bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiplatelet ‘resistance’ and ‘non‐responders’: what do these terms really mean?
Authors: Serebruany Victor L. , Eisert Christian , Atar Dan , Ferguson James J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe term ‘resistance’ should be restricted to very specialized physiologic circumstances, if not abandoned altogether. The term ‘non‐responder’ needs to be placed in the context of the question: ‘Non‐responder to what?’ Even if we would somehow magically know what an optimal response to antiplatelet therapy was, it will still be challenging to demonstrate an ‘inadequate’ response to antiplatelet therapy. At present there are two alternatives – give more drug or give additional drugs. Both strategies may work in further inhibiting platelet function, but both strategies can also be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. The trick, for the future, much as with our antihypertensive and lipid‐lowering armamentaria, will be to know in whom to do what with which drug, and why. Single isolated measurements are not useful – if you don't know where you started, how we would know that antiplatelet drug is producing an ‘adequate’ clinical effect? There is no evidence of any sort of absolute ‘threshold’ that must be exceeded for treatment to be effective, and in the absence of this, if we are to evaluate the effect of a given drug, we have to have baseline values (off drug), therapeutic values (on drug), and some sort of assessment of both resting (unstimulated) and agonist‐provoked (stimulated) platelet function. Moreover, given all of the different things that platelets do, the ideal assessment of platelet function and drug responsiveness will need to incorporate more than one agonist and some sort of assessment of both platelet activation and platelet aggregation. No one man (or test) tells us everything; it is the totality of the information that gives us the most complete picture. And, ultimately, we need to more firmly establish how the variability in platelet function and drug‐associated changes in that function correlates with long‐term, hard‐endpoint clinical events.
Effects of four tillage systems on soil structure and soil microbial biomass in organic farming
Authors: Vian J. F. , Peigne J. , Chaussod R. , Roger‐Estrade J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTillage modifies soil structure and crop residue distribution and in turn affects the ability of soil micro‐organisms to degrade soil organic matter and release nutrients for crop growth. In organic farming, soil microbiological activity is of primary importance as nutrient supply is mainly dependent on the degradation of soil organic matter by soil micro‐organisms. The aim of this work was therefore to study, in organic farming, the effects of four tillage systems [mouldboard ploughing (MP), shallow mouldboard ploughing (SMP), reduced tillage (RT) and shallow soil tillage (ST)] on soil structure, soil microbial biomass (SMB) and its potential activity (Cmin) during the first year following the treatments. To study simultaneously the effects of soil structure modifications and crop residue distribution on SMB and Cmin, we adopted a sampling scheme based on a morphological description of soil profiles. We distinguished and sampled compacted and non‐compacted clods (Δ and Γ clods) at three depths (0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm). This method enabled us to have a precise estimation of the effects of tillage treatments on SMB and Cmin. MP reduced compacted zones and limited unfavourable conditions for microbial growth and enabled a homogenous distribution of SMB in the soil profile. At the opposite, the ST increased compacted zones in the soil profile and limited SMB development below the top few centimetres. The SMP and the RT systems appeared as intermediate techniques. RT seemed to be a conservation tillage technique which could be used in organic farming.
Effect of different management strategies on soil quality of citrus orchards in Southern Italy
Authors: Canali S. , Di Bartolomeo E. , Trinchera A. , Nisini L. , Tittarelli F. , Intrigliolo F. , Roccuzzo G. , Calabretta M. L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwenty‐six soil samples were collected from 13 paired orchards (organically vs. conventionally managed) homogeneous for age, rootstock and cultivars, belonging to the Eastern Sicily Organic Citrus farm Network. The soil quality was evaluated by chemical and biochemical indicators. The total organic C, humification parameters and isoelectric focusing of extracted organic matter were measured to quantify the size of relevant soil C pools. In addition, C turnover was evaluated by determining microbial C mineralization, C microbial biomass and by calculating the mineralization and metabolic quotient (qCO2). The results obtained demonstrated that organic citrus soils were characterized by a general increase in all the organic matter pools, which means a greater C supply for soil metabolic processes. This observed trend did not directly influence the organic matter turnover, indicating that the organic approach could act as a soil C‐sink. The soil microflora of organically managed soils showed an improved efficiency in use of energy and organic resources, corresponding to an increased ability of soils under organic management to sustain biological productivity in the long term.
Participatory soil survey: experience in working with a Mesoamerican indigenous community
Authors: Barrera‐Bassols N. , Zinck J. A. , Van Ranst E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn traditional rural societies that still represent the majority of small farmers worldwide, the use of conventional soil survey information frequently fails because it does not take into account or underestimates soil knowledge and experience of local people. Innovative approaches have been proposed to utilize the soil knowledge of rural communities through the participation of local farmers. This paper reports experience of participatory soil survey in the Purhépecha community of San Francisco Pichátaro in the volcanic highlands of central Mexico. Ethnographic and ethnopedologic techniques were applied to acquire soil and land data. Local soil knowledge was incorporated through plenary workshops designed to produce a participatory soil map based on a Purhépecha soil classification. This soil map reflects farmers’ soil–landscape understanding and correlates fairly well with a scientific soil map of the same area because in both approaches terrain plays a key role in the delineation of soil units. Participatory soil mapping promoted cooperation between local and external participants and formed the basis for an agreed land‐use plan.
Inositol trisphosphate‐dependent Ca2+ stores and mitochondria modulate slow wave activity arising from the smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig prostate gland
Authors: Exintaris Betty , Nguyen Dan‐Thanh T , Lam Michelle , Lang Richard J 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  Changes in smooth muscle tone of the prostate gland are involved in aetiology of symptomatic prostatic hyperplasia, however the control mechanisms of prostatic smooth muscle are not well understood. Here, we have examined the role of internal Ca2+ compartments in regulating slow wave activity in the guinea pig prostate.Experimental approach:  Standard intracellular membrane potential recording techniques were used.Key results:  The majority (89%) of impaled cells displayed ‘slow wave’ activity. Cyclopiazonic acid (10 µmol·L−1) transiently depolarized (3–9 mV) the membrane potential of the prostatic stroma and transiently increased slow wave frequency. Thereafter, slow wave frequency slowly decreased over 20–30 min. Ryanodine transiently increased slow wave frequency, although after 30 min exposure slow wave frequency and time course returned to near control values. Caffeine (1 mmol·L−1) reduced slow wave frequency, accompanied by membrane depolarization of about 8 mV. Blockade of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)‐mediated Ca2+ release with 2‐aminoethoxy‐diphenylborate (60 µmol·L−1) or Xestospongin C (3 µmol·L−1) or inhibiting phospholipase C and IP3 formation using U73122 (5 µmol·L−1) or neomycin (1 and 4 mmol·L−1) reduced slow wave frequency, amplitude and duration. The mitochondrial uncouplers, p‐trifluoromethoxy carbonyl cyanide phenyl hydrazone (1–10 µmol·L−1), carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (1–3 µmol·L−1) or rotenone (10 µmol·L−1), depolarized the membrane (8–10 mV) before abolishing electrical activity.Conclusion and implications:  These results suggest that slow wave activity was dependent on the cyclical release of Ca2+ from IP3‐controlled internal stores and mitochondria. This implies that intracellular compartments were essential in the initiation and/or maintenance of the regenerative contractile activity in the guinea pig prostate gland.
Acute Confusional Migraine May Be a Presenting Feature of CADASIL
Authors: Sathe Swati , DePeralta Edgar , Pastores Gregory , Kolodny Edwin H. 
Published: February 2009

Objective.— Characterize the phenomenon of acute confusional migraine (ACM) among Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) patients and emphasize the possibility of CADASIL in adults with ACM.Background.— ACM, well described in children, has rarely been reported in adults. Although 30‐60% of CADASIL patients have migraine, acute confusional state during migraine has not been described. We describe 7 patients with ACM that complicated up to 50% of the migraine episodes.Design/Methods.— Detailed neurologic evaluation was performed in 20 CADASIL patients; International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd edition criteria were used to diagnose migraine.Results.— The mean age was 51 years. Fourteen patients reported headache and 11 met the criteria for migraine (mean age of onset 25). Seven patients experienced concomitant confusion, within 3 years of migraine onset. Confusion occurred either abruptly or insidiously, at the onset of aura or headache, lasting for 2‐48 hours, and ending abruptly. These episodes were stereotypic, characterized by disorientation with agitation, and retrograde amnesia for the episodes. Patients reported disorientation to time and place, inability to recognize friends and relatives, difficulty with finding directions home, fear of getting lost, inability to analyze traffic lights or tell time. Patients reliably predicted the episodes and felt the need to seek a safe place for protection. Severity of the episodes progressed, but a striking improvement occurred after the first stroke.Conclusion.— ACM may be a presenting feature and important clue, enabling CADASIL to be recognized up to a decade or earlier than at present. Therefore, a brain MRI and/or testing for Notch3 mutations should be considered in adult patients with ACM.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Migraine
Authors: Peterlin B. Lee , Tietjen Gretchen E. , Brandes Jan L. , Rubin Susan M. , Drexler Ellen , Lidicker Jeffrey R. , Meng Sarah 
Published: February 2009

Objective.— To evaluate the relative frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in episodic migraine (EM) and chronic daily headache (CDH) sufferers and the impact on headache‐related disability.Background.— Approximately 8% of the population is estimated to have PTSD. Recent studies suggest a higher frequency of PTSD in headache disorders. The association of PTSD and headache‐related disability has not been examined.Methods.— A prospective study was conducted at 6 headache centers. PTSD was assessed using the life events checklist and PTSD checklist, civilian version (PCL‐C). We compared data from EM to CDH, and migraine with PTSD to migraine without PTSD. The PHQ‐9 was used to assess depression, and headache impact test (HIT‐6) to assess disability.Results.— Of 767 participants, 593 fulfilled criteria for EM or CDH and were used in this analysis. The mean age was 42.2 years and 92% were women. The frequency of PTSD was greater in CDH than in EM (30.3% vs 22.4%, P = .043), but not after adjusting for demographics and depression (P = .87). However, participants with major depression and PTSD were more likely to have CDH than EM (24.6% vs 15.79%, P < .002). Disability was greater in migraineurs with PTSD, even after adjustments (65.2 vs 61.7, P = .002).Conclusion.— The frequency of PTSD in migraineurs, whether episodic or chronic, is higher than the historically reported prevalence of PTSD in the general population. In addition, in the subset of migraineurs with depression, PTSD frequency is greater in CDH sufferers than in episodic migraineurs. Finally, the presence of PTSD is independently associated with greater headache‐related disability in migraineurs.
Economic Burden of Transformed Migraine: Results From the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study
Authors: Munakata Julie , Hazard Elisabeth , Serrano Daniel , Klingman David , Rupnow Marcia F.T. , Tierce Jonothan , Reed Michael , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: February 2009

Objective.— To evaluate the impact of incident transformed migraine on health care resource utilization, medication use, and productivity loss. In addition, the study estimates the total direct and indirect costs associated with transformed migraine.Background.— Emerging evidence indicates that migraine may be a chronic progressive disorder characterized by escalating frequency of headache attacks, often termed transformed migraine. Little is known about the economic impact of transformed migraine.Methods.— AMPP is a 5‐year, national, longitudinal survey study of headache in the US. The study utilized data from the 2006 follow‐up survey based on an initial sample of 14,544 adults identified as having migraine in either the 2004 screening or 2005 baseline survey. A diagnosis of migraine was assigned based on criteria proposed by the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition. Participants completed self‐administered, validated questionnaires on headache features, frequency, impairment, resource use, medication use, and productivity loss. Direct and indirect headache‐related costs were estimated using unit cost assumptions from the PharMetrics Patient‐Centric database, wholesale acquisition costs (Red Book), and wage data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Those who developed transformed migraine were compared with those who did not develop transformed migraine in the 1‐2 year interval between screening/baseline and follow‐up.Results.— A total of 7796 (54%) identified migraine cases completed the 2006 follow‐up survey. Of those cases, 359 (4.6%) developed transformed migraine. Participants who developed transformed migraine reported significantly more primary care visits, neurologist or headache specialist visits, pain clinic visits, and emergency room visits compared with participants whose migraine remained episodic. Hospital nights and urgent care visits did not reach statistical significance. Transformed migraine participants reported significantly more time missed at work or school because of headaches and more time where work or school productivity was reduced by >50% in the previous 3 months because of headaches. Average per‐person annual total costs, including direct and indirect costs, were 4.4‐fold greater for those who developed transformed migraine ($7750) compared with those who remained episodic ($1757).Conclusion.— Transformed migraine exacts a significantly higher economic toll on patients and health care systems compared with other forms of migraine. Our findings support the need to prevent migraine progression and to provide appropriate management and treatment of transformed migraine.
Defining Refractory Migraine: Results of the RHSIS Survey of American Headache Society Members
Authors: Schulman Elliott A. , Lee Peterlin B. , Lake Alvin E. , Lipton Richard B. , Hanlon Alexandra , Siegel Sherry , Levin Morris , Goadsby Peter J. , Markley Herbert G. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives.— To gauge consensus regarding a proposed definition for refractory migraine proposed by Refractory Headache Special Interest Section, and where its use would be most appropriate.Background.— Headache experts have long recognized that a subgroup of headache sufferers remains refractory to treatment. Although different groups have proposed criteria to define refractory migraine, the definition remains controversial. The Refractory Headache Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society developed a definition through a consensus process, assisted by a literature review and initial membership survey.Design.— A 12‐item questionnaire was distributed at the American Headache Society meeting in 2007 during a platform session and at the Refractory Headache Special Interest Section symposium. The same questionnaire was subsequently sent to all American Headache Society members via e‐mail. A total of 151 responses from AHS members form the basis of this report. The survey instrument was designed using Survey Monkey. Frequencies and percentages of the survey were used to describe survey responses.Results.— American Headache Society members agreed that a definition for refractory migraine is needed (91%) that it should be added to the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐2 (86%), and that refractory forms of non‐migraine headache disorders should be defined (87%). Responders believed a refractory migraine definition would be of greatest value in selecting patients for clinical drug trials. The current refractory migraine definition requires a diagnosis of migraine, interference with function or quality of life despite modification of lifestyle factors, and adequate trials of acute and preventive medicines with established efficacy. The proposed criteria for the refractory migraine definition require failing 2 preventive medications to meet the threshold for failure. Although 42% of respondents agreed with the working definition of refractory migraine, 43% favored increasing the number to 3 (50%) or 4 (26%) preventive treatment failures. When respondents were asked if they felt that the proposed definition was appropriate to select patients for invasive procedures (patent foramen ovale repair or stimulators) only 44% agreed.Conclusions.— There is a consensus for a need for a definition for refractory migraine and that it should be added to the International Classification of Headache Disorder‐2. There was also general agreement by the responders that refractory forms of non‐migraine headache disorders should be defined.
D variants at the RhD vestibule in the weak D type 4 and Eurasian D clusters
Authors: Flegel Willy A. , Von Zabern Inge , Doescher Andrea , Wagner Franz F. , Strathmann Klaus P. , Geisen Christof , Palfi Miodrag , Písačka Martin , Poole Joyce , Polin Helene , Gabriel Christian , Avent Neil D. 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:One branch of theRHDphylogenetic tree is represented by theweak D type 4cluster of alleles with F223V as the primordial amino acid substitution. F223V as well as a large number of further substitutions causing D variants are located at the extracellular RhD protein vestibule, which represents the entrance to the transmembraneous channel of the RhD protein.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:RHDandRHCEnucleotide sequences were determined from genomic DNA and cDNA. D epitope patterns were established with commercial monoclonal anti‐D panels.RESULTS:TheRHDallelesDOL‐1andDOL‐2had the two amino acid substitutions M170T (509T>C) and F223V (667T>G) in common.DOL‐2harbored the additional substitution L378V (1132C>G). Both alleles were observed in Africans and are probably evolutionary related.DMIcarried M170I (510G>A), which differed from the DOL‐typical substitution. DFW and DFL harbored the substitutions H166P (497A>C) and Y165C (494A>G). The antigen densities of DOL‐1, DFL, and DFW were only moderately reduced.CONCLUSION:DOL‐1andDOL‐2belong to theweak D type 4cluster ofRHDalleles. Together withDMI,DFL, andDFWthey represent D variants with amino acid substitutions located at extracellular loops 3 or 4 lining the RhD protein vestibule. These substitutions were of minor influence on antigen density while adjacent substitutions in the transmembraneous section caused weak D antigen expression. All these D variants were partial D and alloanti‐D immunizations have been observed in DOL‐1, DMI, and DFL carriers. The substitution at position 170 causes partial D although located deep in the vestibule.
Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (rhBMP‐7) on the viability, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast‐like cells cultured on a chemically modified titanium surface
Authors: Togashi Adriane Y. , Cirano Fabiano R. , Marques Marcia M. , Pustiglioni Francisco E. , Lang Niklaus P. , Lima Luiz A. P. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of the chemical characteristics and roughness of titanium surfaces on the viability, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast‐like cells cultured in a medium supplemented with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (rhBMP‐7).Material and methods: Osteo‐1 cells were grown on titanium disks presenting with the following surfaces: (1) machined, (2) coarse grit‐blasted and acid‐attacked (SLA) and (3) chemically modified SLA (SLAmod) in the absence or presence of 20 ng/ml rhBMP‐7 in culture medium. The viability and number of osteo‐1 cells were evaluated after 24 h. Analyses of total protein content (TP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity at 7, 14 and 21 days, collagen content at 7 and 21 days and mineralized matrix formation at 21 days were performed.Results: Cell viability (P=0.5516), cell number (P=0.3485), collagen content (P=0.1165) and mineralized matrix formation (P=0.5319) were not affected by the different surface configurations or by the addition of rhBMP‐7 to the medium. Osteo‐1 cells cultured on SLA surfaces showed a significant increase in TP at 21 days. The ALPase/TP ratio (P=0.00001) was affected by treatment and time.Conclusion: The results suggest that the addition of rhBMP‐7 to the culture medium did not exert any effect on the viability, proliferation or differentiation of osteoblast‐like cells grown on the different surfaces tested. All titanium surfaces analyzed allowed the complete expression of the osteoblast phenotype such as matrix mineralization by osteo‐1 cells.
Influence of etched microgrooves of uniform dimension on in vitro responses of human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Lee Suk‐Won , Kim Su‐Yeon , Lee Myung‐Hyun , Lee Keun‐Woo , Leesungbok Richard , Oh Namsik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of titanium (Ti) substrata with etched surface microgrooves on in vitro responses of human gingival fibroblasts.Material and methods: Commercially pure Ti discs with surface microgrooves 15, 30, and 60 μm in width were fabricated using photolithography. Microgrooves 15 μm in widths were designed to be 3.5 μm in depth, whereas microgrooves 30 and 60 μm in width varied between 5 and 10 μm in depth. The entire surface of the microgrooved Ti substrata was further acid etched and used as the five experimental groups in this study (E15/3.5, E30/5, E30/10, E60/5, and E60/10), whereas the smooth and acid‐etched Ti discs were both used as the control (NE0 and E0). Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on all groups of substrata on successive timelines. Fibroblast adhesion and morphology was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cell adhesion and proliferation were analyzed and compared using crystal violet staining and sulforhodamine B protein staining assays, respectively.Results: In CLSM, the cells in E30/10 and E60/10 were observed to be able to readily descend into and form focal adhesions inside the microgrooves, whereas the cells in E15/3.5 were mostly found on the ridge tops. Cell adhesion was significantly increased in E60/10 compared with that in NE0 or E0 at 4‐h incubation. Cell proliferation was significantly increased in E60/10 and E15/3.5 compared with NE0 or E0 after 72 and 96 h of culture.Conclusion: This study indicates that Ti substrata with etched microgrooves 60 μm in width and 10 μm in depth significantly enhance human gingival fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.