bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Predictive Validity of a Study Habits Inventory for First Semester Undergraduates
Authors: Houston Lawrence N. 
Published: March 2007

In an effort to provide additional information concerning the relationship between study habits and college grade-point average (GPA), the College Adjustment and Study Skills Inventory (CASSI), high school rank (HSR), and the Verbal as well as the Mathematics scores on the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-V and SAT-M) were intercorrelated. Three stepwise multiple regression analyses were computed, with GPA as the criterion measure. One multiple regression equation used as predictors six subscales of the CASSI; another employed HSR, SAT-V and SAT-M; and the third, used a combination of HSR and the Time Distribution scale of the CASSI. Also, differences between means of males and females on all measures were calculated. Results showed that all the academic variables and all but one of the CASSI variables were correlated significantly with GPA; females were significantly higher than males on HSR and GPA; and males were significantly higher than females on SAT-M. The combination of SAT-V, SAT-M, HSR, and Time Distribution yielded a coefficient of multiple determination (R2) that was 16% higher than that obtained from HSR alone.
Discharges of Patients from Public Psychiatric Hospitals in Italy between 1994 and 2000
Authors: D'Avanzo Barbara , Barbato Angelo , Barbui Corrado , Battino R. Nadia , Civenti Graziella , Frattura Lucilla 
Published: March 2007

Background: Psychiatric hospitals in Italy had to be closed under a law dated 1994. Aims: To investigate the discharge of patients from public psychiatric hospitals. Methods: A total of 4492 patients from 22 psychiatric hospitals were described at recruitment and followed during the period 1994-2000. Their characteristics were investigated as determinants of discharge to community residential facilities for psychiatric patients versus other settings. Results: All 22 psychiatric hospitals closed between 1994 and 2000; 678 patients had died, and the remainder were discharged. Of these, 39% went to nursing homes, 29% to community residential facilities for psychiatric patients, 2% joined their family, less than 1% were settled in private independent accommodation, and 29% remained in the psychiatric hospital, although defined as discharged. Ten patients were recorded as missing when still in the psychiatric hospitals, none after discharge. Younger, more educated patients and patients from two of the four regions studied were more likely to be discharged to community residential facilities. Conclusions: The majority of patients were discharged to highly supervised settings. The potential risk of abandonment due to deinstitutionalization was not observed in this population. The wide use of highly supervised settings can be explained by the patients' old age, but different local policies may have affected the discharge process.
Ghana's Non-Alignment Under Kwame Nkrumah
Authors: Das Gupta Anirudha , Shahid A.S. 
Published: March 2007

This policy of non-alignment we have interpreted to imply that the Government would act as it sees best on any issue in the light of the country's obligations to the UN Charter, our position in relation to the African continent and the Commonwealth, our adherence to the principles enunciated at the Bandung and Accra conferences, and our determination to safeguard our independence and sovereignty. 1 I will even be bold to offer the proposal that all uncommitted non-nuclear countries of the world, particularly of Africa and Asia, should summon themselves into a conference with a view to forming a non-nuclear third force—a war-preventing force between the two blocs of the so-called East and West.2 The world struggle, and the cause of world tension, has to be seen not in the old political context of the Cold War, that is, of nation states and Power blocs, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary peoples.... If we are to achieve revolutionary Socialism, then we must avoid any suggestion that will imply that there is any separation between the Socialist world and a "Third World".3
Non Hookean Behaviour in the Fibre Direction of Carbon-Fibre Composites and the Influence of Fibre Waviness on the Tensile Properties
Authors: Van Dreumel Wim H.M. , Kamp John L.M. 
Published: March 2007

In the literature the tensile behaviour in the fibre direction of unidirec tional carbon fibre reinforced plastic (c.f.r.p.) is assumed to be linearly elastic up to failure. Some authors distinguish a primary and a secondary part in the stress- strain curve each showing Hookean behaviour. The experimental results of this paper show that Young's modulus of laminates increases proportionally with the tensile stress, as found in Ref. [1] for single non-impregnated fibres. An empirical relation between Young's modulus and the tensile stress is derived and the influence of fibre misalignment on this relation is exam ined. In addition, the influence of fibre misalignment on the tensile strength and Poisson's ratio is discussed.
On Dynamical Description of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Tolf Göran 
Published: March 2007

In the attempts to describe the dynamical behaviour of fiber reinforced com posites, various models have been proposed. Most of these make the assump tion that on the microlevel either the fibers can be regarded as rigid or the displacements vary in a prescribed way, mostly linear, so that the composite on the macrolevel can be described by fields that represent rigid translations and rotations of the midpoint of the fiber. Here a model of quadratic, linearly elastic fibers in a quadratic array of a linearly elastic matrix is proposed to find out when these assumptions are made legitimate. Comparison is made to the models mentioned above. It is found that the difference in stiffness can be rather small for these assumptions to be valid, but the dispersion in the lowest mode, i.e., the transla tional mode of the fiber, is due not to coupling with a rotational mode but to a deformation of the fiber. Also, as seen in the models assuming rigid fibers, it is found that the constants in the power expansion of the dispersion relation, de pend linearly on the stiffness ratio between fiber and matrix.
Beliefs, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Mysticism
Authors: Decker Larry R. 
Published: March 2007

This article examines three related approaches to understanding Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The idea that trauma disrupts belief systems is a current widely accepted theoretical perspective on PTSD. However, it may be that beliefs founded on the inner realizations are less disrupted by trauma than are beliefs formed from interaction with the environment. Some of the psychological attempts to interweave spiritual understanding with psychological thought are examined in relationship to traumatic experience. Finally, the mystical perspective is recommended not only as a way of understanding internally based beliefs but as an important process for all therapists working with the traumatized. "Since you are properly a clod, you will not rise into the air; you will rise into the air if you break and become dust." "I was snow and I melted, so that the earth drank me, till I became a mist of soul that I might climb to the sky." -Unknown Turkish dervish Hazrat Mevlana Jellal Ud Din Rumi's Urs Marin, California, 1989
The Response of Adults to Delinquency Prevention Programs: The Race Factor
Authors: Hackler James C. , Linden Eric 
Published: March 2007

Delinquency prevention programs usually attempt to modify a selected number of boys who either share individual character istics or who live in a specific area. Rarely is it asked if such programs have an impact on the parents or on other adults who come into contact with these boys. The Opportunities for Youth Project in Seattle seemed to have little impact on the boys who participated in the employment program in terms of traditional instruments used to evaluate such experiments. However, the positive attitudes of the boys toward the project caused suspicion that the program did, in fact, make an impact on the residents. This paper questions the assumption that people living in lower class areas are apathetic and unresponsive to experimental programs in urban central areas. The data suggests that Negro residents and parents were more supportive of the youth employ ment program than white residents. These differences might be explained by "differential perceived mobility;" that is, Negroes in certain Northern cities may see themselves as upwardly mobile (at least in terms of opportunities for their children), while whites in central areas may view themselves as downwardly mobile. If policy decisions are made on the assumption that minority groups in urban central areas are apathetic, talent and energy that could be utilized more effectively might be ignored.
The ''Religious Factor" and Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Rhodes Albert Lewis , Reiss Albert J. 
Published: March 2007

A multivariate model that assumes the effects of religious orientation and attendance for adolescents and their families, the occupational status of the family, and the age and family structure of adolescents are additive is employed to test the effect of religion on delinquent and truant behavior. The test shows that the life chances of being a delinquent or truant depend upon the religious orientation and participation of adolescents and their families. Jews and nonfundamental Protestants have the lowest delinquency rates while subjects with no church affili ation have the highest rates. A higher than expected rate for male Roman Catholics, however, remains unexplained. A test for the additive properties of the model was limited to examining the rates of court recorded delinquency for white males. While several tests indicate that the effects of the inde pendent variables on delinquency are not altogether additive, the model gives a first approximation to the actual measures of religious orientation and delinquency or truancy. Further work on the relationship of religious factors to deviant behavior is discouraged unless more refined measures of religious orientation and of the quality of religious commitment and participation are secured.
Conflict Resolution in Criminal Justice
Authors: O'Leary Vincent , Newman Donald J. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on treating police, courts, and corrections as part of a unified system of criminal justice. While this total system concept has important values, it can oversimplify a complex structure of persons and agencies in interaction with one another. And in the process of that interaction, conflicts arise. Although conflicts can serve positive ends, many of those in criminal justice tend to defeat the achievement of goals of the total system and of its parts. In order to better understand such conflicts, a conference was held at the School of Criminal Justice at Albany in which probation and police officials were asked to identify types of conflict existing between their agencies. The four types studied were: (1) conflict based on dissensus reflecting differences in values among groups within a system; (2) conflict arising from status and esteem differentials between indivi duals ; (3) operational conflict which is centered in the differences which occur when interrelated agencies seek to serve their own organi zational requirements; and (4) perceptual conflict, the result of distor tions which prevent a clear image of the duties, functions, and purposes of others in the system from being transmitted effectively. A variety, of resolution techniques are suggested which are specific to kinds of conflict. Alternative methods of a conflict resolution which might be pursued in criminal justice are discussed.
The Preston Typology Study An Experiment With Differential Treatment In An Institution 1
Authors: Jesness Carl F. 
Published: March 2007

The Interpersonal Maturity Level (I-level) classification system subdivides delinquents into types hypothesized as having clear-cut implications for the kinds of treatment intervention strategies required. The present study investigated the feasibility and effec tiveness of applying the system in an institutional setting. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. Experi mental subjects of a particular subtype were assigned to one of six living halls where unique treatment programs were developed. Immediate effects on institution operation were noted, includ ing a significant reduction in management problems in the experi mental units. Evaluation of pre- and post-psychological and be havioral measures also showed that significantly greater gains were made by the experimental subjects. Parole data, however, revealed no significant differences in the violation rates of experimental and control subjects. The fact that after two years of possible exposure to parole more than three out of five (62 percent) of the 1,607 wards had violated parole and been returned to an institution suggests that whatever rehabilitation is accomplished in an insti tution must be complemented by supportive community services.
Crime: Accident or Disease: An Exploration Using Probability Models for the Generation of Macro-Criminological Data
Authors: Carr-Hill Roy A. , Payne Clive D. 
Published: March 2007

One approach in practical criminology, which some call social work, is based on a disease model for most crimes. We have adopted another approach: for certain classes of crime, we have likened the occurrence of an offense to an accident or random event. Thus, we have drawn heavily on studies of the occurrence of accidents and of accident proneness, which have used probabilistic models to account for these phenomena. In this way we should be able to investigate different accounts of the processes of crime and social control which generate criminological data. Although aggregate information on offenders and their offenses is usually sparse, we have attempted to test various theories using these data. Without such an attempt, we cannot evaluate the general applicability of conclusions drawn from the more usual research conducted on easily accessible samples which may be a collection of extreme cases. We find, however, that the different theories are inadequately specified, and that the collection of aggregate data is not normally designed to test them. Unless there are improvements in both theory and data, we shall not be able to distinguish between the various theories of crime and its social control.
Explaining Delinquent Involvement: a Consideration of Suppressor Effects
Authors: Lipton Wendy L. , Smith M. Dwayne 
Published: March 2007

Delinquency research is characterized by empirical models which generally afford low degrees of explanatory power. While the small R2s which characterize the discipline may be attributed, in part, to methodological and theoretical problems, part of the explanation for the insufficiency of our models may lie in a failure to consider the statistical issue of suppression. Utilizing data from the first two waves of the Youth in Transition study, an empirical example is offered in an attempt to demonstrate the importance of considering suppressor effects in delinquency research. Beginning with a bivariate correlation between social class and delinquency that is effectively zero, multivariate analyses are conducted in order to determine whether attachment to school serves as a suppressor in this relationship. The results of the analyses reveal that social class is, in fact, related to delinquent involvement but that the relationship is apparent only when controlling for the attachment variables. Ramifications of this finding are discussed and an explanation of how to recognize suppressor effects is offered.
Gender, Academic Major, and Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Chinese Efl Learners
Authors: Gu Yongqi 
Published: March 2007

Gender and academic major are often seen as amongst the major factors that influence language learning. However, empirical studies on these two factors have produced inconsistent results. This paper bases itself upon the contention that specific tasks and contexts of learning may confound the relationship among gender, academic major, learning strategies and learning outcomes. A large-scale survey was conducted amongst a group of adult Chinese EFL learners on their vocabulary learning strategies. Female students significantly outperformed their male counterparts in both a vocabulary size test and a general proficiency test. Females also reported significantly more use of almost all vocabulary learning strategies that were found to be correlated with success in EFL learning. Academic major, on the other hand, was found to be a less potent background factor. Science students slightly outperformed arts students (though insignificantly) in vocabulary size, but arts students significantly outperformed science students on the general proficiency test. Strategy differences were also found between arts and science majors, but differences on most strategy categories were less clear-cut than were those between male and female participants. Interpretation of these results and pedagogical implications are presented.
A Genre Description of the Argumentative Essay
Authors: Hyland Ken 
Published: March 2007

The difficulties faced by EFL/ESL students when asked to pro duce a piece of writing are often due to an inadequate understanding of how texts are organized. To facilitate effective writing therefore, teachers have to familiarize students with the rhetorical structures which are an important part of the meanings of texts. This article focuses on an important type of written discourse, the argumentive essay, and proposes a preliminary descriptive frame work of its rhetorical structure. Presenting research results, the author shows that a "categories analysis" can clarify the structure of written texts and provide pedagogically useful materials. A case is argued for the importance of explicit linguistic knowledge in deve loping writing skills and some implications for teaching strategies are drawn.
Teacher Input in Singapore English Classrooms
Authors: Saravanan Vanithamani , Gupta Renu 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the English used by teacher trainees, both in their classroom pedagogy and in their written journals. We compared our trainees' language with what they had to say about their own pupils' work. At the same time, we looked at the trainees' language from the viewpoint of exonormative standards expected of them, that is, in Singapore, Standard British English is used as the norm. The purpose was to see how far these forms have become established. The analysis shows that the teachers consistently and systematically used language displaying syntactic features that differ from an exonormative standard. A comparison of the trainees' language with their comments on their pupils' work shows that there is partial awareness of an exonormative standard. The analysis indicates that a subset of syntactic constructions is likely to become established in Singapore. Further, some of these features are being explicitly taught in the English language classroom. Teachers' use of these forms in the classroom could be considered as a trend toward their establishment. It may be argued that with more extensive use, there is potential for the spread of these forms. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Second International Conference on World Enalishes held in Nagoya, Japan, May 25-29, 1995. We would like to thank Robert Hvitfeldt for his invaluable comments.
An « Anatomy » of the Buddhist Renaissance in Ceylon in the Work of K.N. Jayatilleke
Authors: Wilson Howard A. 
Published: March 2007

La renaissance bouddhiste s'amorça au XIXe siècle comme une réaction aux quatre siècles de colonisation et de domi nation occidentale. Aujourd'hui, le bouddhisme ceylanais est pris dans l'ensemble des courants qui luttent en vue de dé finir une identité nationale. L'anatomie de la renaissance bouddhiste à Ceylan que pré sente l'auteur est réalisée à partir d'une analyse de l'œuvre de K.N. Jayatilleke, qui fut directeur du département de phi losophie à l'Université de Ceylan jusqu'à sa mort en 1969. L'œuvre de Jayatilleke est une apologie de la tradition Theravada, largement conçue en termes occidentaux et écrite en anglais. Jayatilleke est un artisan typique de la renaissance bouddhiste : éduqé selon les normes de l'élite occidentalisée, il appartient à deux mondes et à aucun des deux. Son apologie du bouddhisme contient une conception scientifique de l'uni vers, une conception empirique du savoir. une conception de la personnalité comparable à celle de la psychologie moderne et un intérêt pour la vie de l'homme en société. Il croit en la nécessité de réformer la société en vue du bien-être humain le plus grand. La renaissance bouddhiste dans l'œuvre de Jayatilleke est encore captive de la mentalité coloniale qui rejette la civilisation occidentale tout en cheichant à se jus tifier dans des termes occidentaux. Une telle justification est inauthentique et dénie le génie non occidental de la vérité bouddhiste.
Charisme, sacerdoce, fondation
Authors: Séguy Jean 
Published: March 2007

Can Weber's theory of charisma be of use in the study of reli gious orders, of the founders themselves and the foundation pro cess more especially? In that perspective, the present paper raises the question whether the founder, when he is a priest, can enjoy personal charisma, and if so, with what consequences, particu larly in the case of quasi prophetic charisma. The problem is here approached both in theorical and histori cal perspective, around the case of St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673-1716), the founder of the Missionaries of the Society of Mary (Montfortian Fathers) and the Daughters of Wis dom.
Sainte-Anne de Beaupré et ses pèlerins: vivre en lien avec une personne de l'au-delà
Authors: DORAN-JACQUES Anne 
Published: March 2007

This article concentrates on the Sainte Anne de Beaupré pilgrimage which takes place in the Canadian Province of Quebec. This sanctuary, which receives more than a million visitors every year, was founded when the Beaupré coast was opened up to the first European settlers. The legendary aspect of its origins overlaps with the life experience of the first settlers: the discovery of a new land, which seems like a gift after all the dangers of the sea-crossing, and a sign of salvation from the Heavens. The holy potential of these new lands is confirmed by legends about their origins, and this new universe is heavily influenced by the importance given to religion. The article attempts to convey those characteristic elements of the worship of Sainte Anne which relate to practice at the sanctuary of Sainte-Anne de Beaupré— e.g. the earth giving out water as a sign of salvation. Descriptions are based on study of the prayers, interviews with and letters of real pilgrims. The significance of links with the living are stressed; as are membership of the family and the community of mankind; the maternal nature of the mother of Christ; and the connections this makes with the environment of the family. The ability to live through time in a positive way and with trust opens up the route to experiencing the everyday reality of salvation as a fore-runner to its full accomplishment in the hereafter.
Hobbes, Romance, and the Contract of Mimesis
Authors: KAHN VICTORIA 
Published: March 2007

It is worthy the observing that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death.... Revenge triumphs over death, love slights it, honour aspireth to it, grief flieth to it, fear preoccupateth it. Francis Bacon, “Of Death” This fight being the more cruel, since both Love and Hatred conspired to sharpen their humours, that hard it was to say whether Love with one trumpet, or Hatred with another, gave the louder alarum to their courages. Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia