bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 Setting the stage
Authors: del Castillo Graciana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.
12 Basic institutional framework
Authors: del Castillo Graciana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The book provides plenty of evidence that many of the problems in implementing effective post-conflict economic reconstruction have to do with poor institutional arrangements and weak institutions. Policymakers cannot be effective without an appropriate institutional framework to support their policies and programs. Designing and staffing the appropriate institutions is particularly difficult in the post-conflict context where governments have to carry out ‘extra activities’, in the presence of a larger and more diverse group of actors. This chapter discusses the basic institutions and the coordination mechanisms that are essential for effective reconstruction. Some countries will need to build institutions from scratch but most will need to modernize and adapt existing ones. Many countries coming out of statist policies and over-regulated systems may want to move towards ‘market-based policymaking’ and will need institutions to support this change. Heavy doses of training and capacity building will be necessary to provide the institutions with capable professionals.
Microeconomic policymaking
Authors: del Castillo Graciana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In designing the strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction, policymakers will need to keep in mind that good macroeconomic management is necessary but not sufficient for the reactivation of investment, trade, and employment. Adequate microeconomic policies to improve the business climate and to minimize distortions so that markets and industries can perform better are also necessary. A virtuous circle of sustainable growth and social inclusion can only be created through increased investment, higher productivity, and international competitiveness; and employment policies that do not neglect the most vulnerable. To ignore the political, social, and security constraints under which post-conflict countries operate by adopting drastic or untimely policies, may jeopardize the transition to peace. Arguing that lack of employment has been the most serious deterrent to effective reconstruction, this chapter distinguishes among four types of investment and proposes a five-pronged employment promotion strategy that post-conflict countries could adopt with the support of donors.
Concluding remarks: Putting reconstruction on track
Authors: del Castillo Graciana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The book concludes that because post-conflict economic reconstruction takes place amid the political, security, and social transitions it is fundamentally different from “development as usual”; that without the creation of dynamism and social inclusion in the economy peace will be elusive; and that the high chance countries have of reverting to war makes reconstruction a significant risk-high reward investment for the international community and the respective countries. Case studies presented in this book and elsewhere provide ample evidence that economic reconstruction is a critical but neglected aspect of transition to peace. A development as usual approach; the failure to develop a realistic comprehensive strategy for reconstruction; the lack of effective aid and technical assistance mechanisms; and the inexistence of appropriate and specific institutional arrangements to deal with reconstruction at the international and national levels have failed to help countries to stand on their own feet in peacetime.
Credit on the doorstep: the tallymen
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter outlines the transformation of tallymen from Victorian itinerant pedlars to late 20th-century moneylenders, the controversies that dogged them, and the scale and scope of the sector. At the heart of critiques was the belief that tallymen used high pressure sales to dupe working-class wives into costly credit deals behind their husbands' backs. Attempts by tallymen to re-brand themselves as credit drapers, and then credit traders, are explained. Their business methods are outlined, stressing the importance of their relationship with customers. They engendered much loyalty. Customers appreciated weekly collections and the discipline this imposed on tight budgets did not focus on the system's high costs. There was a great deal of intergenerational use of tallymen by customers and the sector initially did better than expected in the affluent society. However, it began losing the ‘cream’ of its customers in the 1960s to less costly forms of credit.
The rise of the Provident system: check trading
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter utilizes Provident Financial's archives to chart the history, scale, and scope of check trading. By the 1930s, Provident alone had one million customers. Checks (which were used in shops that accepted them) were sold to customers by agents, who then collected weekly payments. The system was criticized as costly, and for the allegedly poor quality goods that retailers sold to customers. However, it proved popular, not least because a Provident check could be used in numerous shops. The government were less happy with check trading and subjected it to controls during World War Two. Check traders marketed higher value vouchers during the 1960s, which were used to evade government restrictions on hire purchase. This boosted check traders and they planned more upmarket financial products. However, retailers abandoned the system from the 1970s, preferring store and credit cards, leaving check traders to turn to moneylending and the financially excluded.
Formal and informal co‐operative credit
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter first examines co-operative retailers. Co-operative ideologues viewed credit as unthrifty, putting a brake on its provision. However, mutuality clubs (which resembled check trading) operated between 1923 and 1968 and equalled the Provident's turnover in the 1950s. But many consumers preferred the Provident check's portability. Less successful were the co-operative movement's post-war experiments with mail order. Though championed by critics of Provident, the co-operative movement's credit policies were socially exclusive. Members had to have funds in their co-operative society before accessing instalment facilities. A cocktail of altruistic and instrumental motives led to unauthorized lending of co-operative books between neighbours. Working-class agency was also evident in credit rotation societies (ROSCAs). Their gendered use in ‘traditional’ working-class communities is narrated, as it that in Afro-Caribbean and Asian immigrants (where they were frequently a response to financial exclusion). Social connectedness within ROSCAs proved powerful, but they too were socially exclusive.
Hume's Morality
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis book interprets the moral philosophy of David Hume, focusing on two areas: his metaethics and the artificial virtues. The book first reinterprets Hume's claim that moral distinctions are not derived from reason and explains why he makes it. It finds that Hume did not actually hold three ‘Humean’ claims: firstly that beliefs alone cannot move us to act, secondly that evaluative propositions cannot be validly inferred from purely factual propositions, or thirdly that moral judgments lack truth value. According to Hume, human beings discern moral virtues and vices by means of feeling or emotion in a way rather like sensing; but this also gives the moral judge a truth-apt idea of a virtue or vice as a felt property. The book then turns to looking at the artificial virtues. Hume says that although many virtues are refinements of natural human tendencies, others (such as honesty) are constructed by social convention to make cooperation possible; and some of these generate paradoxes. The book argues that Hume sees these traits as prosthetic virtues that compensate for deficiencies in human nature. However, their true status clashes with our common-sense conception of a virtue, and so has been concealed, giving rise to the paradoxes.
Our Common Reading of Hume's Metaethics
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter sketches a shared understanding of Hume's metaethics that most philosophers today have absorbed in their training on that subject, parts of which have been elaborated and defended by a number of scholarly interpreters. This is called the common reading of Hume's metaethics, because it is our default understanding, one that has shaped the way in which most readers of Hume who have a philosophical education read his text. It is argued that if we accept the common reading, we must concede that there are a great many puzzles and also errors and contradictions in Hume's ethical writings. The problems for the common reading may not be insurmountable, but they certainly provide good reasons to develop a different interpretation that can make better sense of the moral psychology of the Treatise.
The Difficulty with the Virtue of Honesty
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the problem of circularity that Hume claims to find when he attempts to analyze the character trait of honesty with respect to property. It offers an explanation of the paradox Hume identifies and of his solution that sheds light on his entire theory of the artificial virtues, showing it to be rather radical at its foundations, though not in its consequences. One of the questions to answer is in what sense honesty is artificial and in what sense it is a virtue. It is argued that it is artificial in the sense that the attitudes and behavior that embody it are socially invented and this manufacture is then concealed, so that once the trait is widely internalized, it provides a prosthesis that lets human beings overcome their natural deficiencies. It is a virtue in Hume's own sense, but not according to the natural conception of virtue.
The Nature of the State: Democracy, Globalization, and Privatization
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter rejects the argument that positive duties are inconsistent with democracy. A democratic system which aspires to full and equal participation requires positive input from the State to ensure both equality and genuine participation. Drawing on Habermas's work, it is demonstrated that this is true both in respect of fair interest bargaining and for deliberative democracy. Nor is it accepted that it is utopian to consider placing positive duties on the State in an era in which globalization and privatization are undermining the power of the State. It is argued that globalization is a means to advancing the human rights of citizens, and should not be seen as an end in itself. Globalization has itself created strong international structures, placing a series of duties on the State. These should include and ultimately be subordinate to human rights duties.
Justiciability and the Role of Courts
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter assesses the view that to permit courts to adjudicate positive duties would allow courts to intrude illegitimately into the democratic process. It argues that positive duties should be justiciable to the extent that they promote participative democracy. Courts should not dictate choices to policy-makers. But they should require political decision-makers to justify publicly their choices in respect of implementation of human rights. Added to this duty of accountability is a judicial role in giving a voice to those who are necessarily marginalized in the political process, in ensuring that the material and social preconditions exist for full and equal participation, and ultimately in functioning as a catalyst for deliberative democracy.
Restructuring the Courts: Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Courts
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Even if courts can play a legitimate democratic role through positive human rights adjudication, they remain limited by their institutional structure, and particularly, the adversarial, passive, and retrospective nature of the litigation process. However, there is no reason why the process cannot be adapted. The most sophisticated set of adaptations has been undertaken by the Indian Supreme Court. By recognizing the inherent inequalities in the adversarial court system, the Court has adapted its processes so that the voices of the poor and disadvantaged can be heard. This entails a series of radical adaptations: widening standing to anyone litigating in the public interest; instituting court-initiated fact finding; issuing mandatory orders which give the Court ongoing supervisory powers, and monitoring the implementation of those orders. The chapter critically assesses the Court's role with a view to establishing a model for adapting the competences of courts to address socio-economic rights.
Descartes's first philosophy
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSecond Philosophy is introduced as the theorizing of a particular sort of naturalistic inquirer, the Second Philosopher. Unlike other naturalists, she doesn't reject Descartes's Method of Doubt as ‘unscientific’; she takes him at his word that it will provide a way of improving and correcting her understanding of the world. Her disagreement comes in the implementation, where she thinks he hasn't provided good reasons for his claims.
Quine's naturalism
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe closest ancestor of Second Philosophy is Quine's naturalism. This chapter details the Second Philosopher's departures from Quinean orthodoxy: the Quinean chooses naturalism in response to the failures of first philosophy, the Second Philosopher simply begins in her characteristic ways; she doesn't share his empiricism leanings, e.g., in her modified approach to epistemology naturalized; her reactions to radical skepticism differ from his; and perhaps most dramatically, she rejects his holism. These differences ramify into the philosophy of logic, mathematics, and natural science in subsequent chapters.
Disquotation
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractReturning to the debate itself, does a full account of how humans use language require a correspondence theory of truth and reference? This chapter argues that disquotationalism is fully up to the job of explaining how our language use succeeds in guiding our worldly actions — because our beliefs are good indicators of the facts (often not because they are true) — and also what happens when language is vague or non-factual or indeterminate. Indeed the second-philosophical disquotationalist's analysis of well-trod cases like Priestley's talk of ‘dephlogisticated air’ involve careful analyses of indications relations that run parallel to the detailed work of causal theorists of reference. Word-world relations are as central to her account of language use as they are to correspondence theories; it's just that she doesn't share the belief that, e.g., the facts about Priestley and the world determine whether or not a given one of his utterances refers to oxygen. For her, this is a matter of how we interpret him into our current language, and that may vary with the context and goals of the interpretation.
Correlation
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn his Wandering Significance, Wilson presents a complex and subtle account of how our concept words function in relation to the world, an account that can be seen as elaborating and extending the simple idea of an indication relation. The second-philosophical disquotationalist happily absorbs all this into her account of word-world correlations. Along the way, Wilson is hostile to disquotationalism in general, but his objections are to those who would use disquotationalism to avoid or denounce concrete word-world connections, not to the second-philosophical disquotationalist.
The logical structure of cognition
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter draws heavily on recent work in developmental psychology to argue that humans infants, without instruction, given ordinary maturation in an normal environment, come to perceive a world of so-called Spelke objects (discrete, spatiotemoporally continuous items that undergo continuous motion) that enjoy properties, stand in relations, and exhibit ground-consequent dependencies. There is considerable evidence that humans enjoy these cognitive abilities due to evolutionary pressures. Thus, the Second Philosopher fine-tunes the last two components of her account to read: humans believe rudimentary logic because their cognitive apparatus allows them to detect KF-structures in the world, and humans are so-configured because they live in a largely KF-world and interact almost exclusively with its KF-features.
From rudimentary to classical logic
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRudimentary logic falls short of classical logic in a number of ways. To bridge the gap, the Second Philosopher follows Frege and imposes a number of restrictions and idealizations: she treats only well-functioning language, where terms refer and paradoxical predicates don't arise; vagueness is idealized away with the assumption that all properties and relations have sharp boundaries; complex ground-consequent dependencies are replaced by a material conditional. Many deviant logics (free logic, logics of vagueness, relevance logic) are then straightforwardly understood as rejections of one or another of these simplifications. As with any scientific modeling, the question is whether or not those simplifications are effective and benign in a given application; these are the proper terms of debate between these deviant logicians and the classicist. Other deviant logics (intuitionism, quantum logic, dialetheism) go deeper, rejecting elements of rudimentary logic itself. The Second Philosopher finds no evidence that any of these are viable candidates for the underlying logic of the world.
Caveats
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the many empirical theories and methods involved in this second-philosophical account of logical truth: the KF-structuring of (much of) the world, the experimental paradigms underlying the research on infant and animal cognition, the treatment of mental representation, etc. All science is fallible, and any of these components might fail. This would be disheartening to a philosopher in search of certainty, but it is only to be expected by the Second Philosopher, who doesn't undertake to philosophize from a point of view more secure than that of science.
The Technologies of the 21st Century: Regulatory Challenge and Regulatory Opportunity
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the three elements that give the book its title: the sense of a ‘ technological revolution’; the idea of regulation (which will take us again to the contrast between technology as a regulatory target and as a regulatory tool); and the notion of rights (and, by implication, the threat to rights presented by the development of new technologies). An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.
The Challenge of Regulatory Legitimacy II
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins by sketching how consent is viewed from a utilitarian, a human rights, and a dignitarian ethical perspective. Consent is then placed squarely within the rights perspective, and some of its more problematic aspects as they would be debated within a community of rights are considered. The justificatory force of consent and the issue of third-party authorization are reviewed. The relationship between inducements and consent, and the vexed question of ensuring that consent is properly informed are examined.
The Challenge of Regulatory Legitimacy III
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the harm principle and the precautionary principle as candidate unproblematic regulative standards for pluralistic communities. It then considers how the ideas of harm and precaution might be interpreted in a community of rights (leading to the thought that, in such a community, it might come to be accepted that the state legitimately exercises a precautionary stewardship). Nanotechnology is used as a test-bed for the community's approach to risk (assessment and management) and to precautionary regulation. Finally, the chapter considers return to proceduralism — how it might function in a community of rights and then noting its limits where regulators face a divided ethical plurality.
The Challenge of Regulatory Connection
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the problem of disconnection (and the process of re-connection). It introduces three key distinctions: one between ‘descriptive’ and ‘normative’ disconnection, a second between ‘productive’ and ‘unproductive’ disconnection, and a third between ‘intelligent’ and ‘unintelligent’ purposive re-connection. It then reviews the way in which the English courts have recently responded to disconnection — with particular reference to the rapidly developing technologies of cell nuclear replacement (CNR), pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and pre-implantation tissue-typing (PTT) — by seeking to reconnect the regulatory framework (namely, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990). It is argued that where interpreters face a case that is not straightforwardly one of unproductive descriptive disconnection, there is a danger that reconnection effected through purposive interpretation might not only fall foul of the principle of congruence but also hinder the need for a reconsideration of the law.
Code and the Corrosion of Moral Community
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines how and why the availability of choice matters for an aspirant moral community. Part One rehearses the contrast drawn in the previous chapter between a regime of total control (the West Coast) and a standard criminal justice regime (the East Coast). Part Two considers the temptation to move some way to the West, to make use of regulating technologies. Part Three considers a revised contrast in which the West Coast model is compared not with the typically ineffective East Coast model, but an East Coast community that fulfils the chaplain's aspirations, citizens doing the right thing for the right reason. The chapter then raises the question of whether the chaplain's view is compatible, first, with an East Coast commitment to human rights and individual freedom — a commitment that rejects the kind of cultural conservatism that is often articulated in the name of respect for human dignity — and, secondly, with scientific developments that cast doubt on the very idea of anyone having a ‘real choice’.