bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EQUATIONS AND QUADRANT CHARTS FOR DETERMINING HEAT BALANCES OF KILNS USING SOLID OR LIQUID FUELS*
Authors: Skinner Kenneth G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEquations are derived for determining heat balances of kilns using solid and liquid fuels, and quadrant charts are given for graphic solutions. Charts and equations are also given for determining the weight of air supplied, theoretical weight of air required for combustion, percentage of excess air, volume of moist air, weight of refuse, percentage of hydrogen and oxygen from the moisture‐ and ash‐free basis to the as‐fired basis, and heat content of fuel oils of different specific gravities.
SPALLING OF SILICA BRICK DURING HEATING AND COOLING OF FURNACES*
Authors: Mckinley J. M. , Phelps S. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study of the sapling of silica brick in service has shown that a cobblestone shape of fracture usually occurs. Inasmuch as this fracture was not secured in laboratory tests, a study was made of the influence of the various heating and cooling treatments to bring about this type of fracture. Several procedures which gave this result are recorded.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ALUMINATE ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF REFRACTORY CLAY BODIES*
Authors: Morgan W. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAdditions of 2% sodium aluminates to highly siliceous clay‐flint bodies fired at cones 13 to 14 appreciably decreased but did not eliminate the cristobalite expansion. A second firing at the same temperature increased the cristobalite expansion, compared with that produced in the first firing, but the expansion in both cases was less than that of the body without the addition of sodium aluminates. A similar addition made to Missouri semiflint clay increased the cristobalite expansion after one firing but decreased it after a second firing, compared, in both cases, with the expansion of the body to which no sodium aluminate had been added.
ZINC‐VAPOR GLAZING OF CLAYS: I*
Authors: Lampman C. Major , Schurecht H. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study was made of the influence of the iron‐oxide and alkali contents and absorptions of clay bodies on their ability to take a zinc‐green vapor glaze. Although greens may be obtained on bodies with a wide range of compositions and with absorptions up to 8.4% under exacting conditions, the range of bodies which take a green glaze under less favorable circumstances is comparatively small. The probability of obtaining good greens was greatest with those bodies whose absorptions were below 2% and which contained 8 to 18% iron oxide and more than 6% alkalis. Firing to higher temperature and cooling rapidly improved the tendency to produce greens. Desirable tans, browns, brick reds, and grays were obtained by firing to low temperatures and cooling slowly.
INFLUENCE OF FLUIDITY, HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND SOLVENT ACTION OF SLAG ON THE DESTRUCTION OF REFRACTORIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Endell K. , Fehling R. , Kley R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo methods for determining viscosity in the range 0.1 to 105 c.g.s. units (poises) at temperatures up to 1650°C are described, and some results on slags and glasses are given. Attack on any given refractory at a given temperature increases markedly with the fluidity of the slag. Researches with hydrodynamic models show that the velocity of flow and film thickness depends more on the viscosity of the slag than on the angle of inclination of the path of flow. A new interpretation of the solvent action of slags on refractoriness, together with thermodynamic considerations and measurements of viscosity, permits a general mathematical treatment of the complicated changes occurring during slagging. Slag attack may be effectively lessened by choosing a refractory of low solubility and by cooling the wall to a temperature of less than 50°C above the melting point of the slag.
REACTIONS OF SLAG WITH REFRACTORIES: I, SURFACE REACTIONS*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral new methods of studying the surface reactions of slags, glass, and Portland cement clinker with refractories were compared. The penetration of the slag into refractories and the slump of slag spheres disclosed considerable information regarding surface reactions which other tests failed to show. For the more refractory slags, such as Portland cement clinker, acid open‐hearth, copper reverberatory, and basic open‐hearth slags, these reactions were governed largely by the relative acidity or basicity of the slags and the refractories, i.e., basic slags showed the greatest reaction with acid refractories and vice versa. For the more fusible materials, such as glass, lead blastfurnace slag, and coal ash, the relative acidity or basicity of the slag and refractory is less important. With these slags, the low porosity of the refractory, which prevents the penetration of the very fluid slags, probably is more important.
SOLUBILITY OF COLORED GLAZES IN ORGANIC ACIDS*
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine primarily which, if any, of the glazes tested constituted a health hazard because of lead or other toxic oxides which might be dissolved from them; and, secondarily, to develop suitable test procedures for future control work.A conference of representatives of the U. S. Potters Association, the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Agriculture, and the National Bureau of Standards was held, and a series of accelerated and simulative service tests was outlined. These tests were made on specimens from six cooperating manufacturers.It was shown that the lead extracted by pouring either hot, distilled vinegar (5% acetic acid) or an 0.5% solution of citric acid in a cup and leaving it to cool in contact with the glaze for 1/2 hr. would be as much, or more, than the lead normally extracted by jams and fruit juices. With the same or a similar test procedure, a citric‐acid solution of 10% strength may be required to indicate how much lead might be taken up by lemonade or vinegar.The results also indicate that glazes of one color only, among those tested, constitute a probable health hazard. Two other glazes from one manufacturer, however, were found to be marginal, and a third may cause trouble if indicated corrective measures, such as a preliminary acid wash, should be neglected by the manufacturer.
WORKABILITY OF CLAYS*
Authors: Graham Robert P. , Sullivan John D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStress‐strain relationships were established in a torsion machine on 6 clays with varying water content in the workable stiff‐mud range. Torsion tests gave the following measurements: (1) yield point, (2) maximum torque, (3) angle of deformation at maximum torque, and (4) angle of deformation at ultimate failure. Lawrence clay exhibited the highest angle at maximum torque and angle at ultimate failure of the plastic clays studied. Georgia kaolin had a low yield point, maximum torque, and angle at maximum torque. Workability in the stiff‐mud range is not necessarily a measure of workability of the same bodies with different moisture contents.
A UNIQUE CLAY FROM THE GOOSE LAKE, ILLINOIS, AREA*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Bradley W. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA deposit of nonbentonitic clay has been found in the Goose Lake area of Illinois. The clay has unique properties and composition, and it is marketed under the trade name “Grundite.” Its chief constituent was first thought to be beidellite, but further detailed microscopic, X‐ray, and chemical studies have shown that it is composed of a distinctive mica‐clay mineral of the illite group. The clay possesses properties of plasticity, strength, and gel formation which have caused wide usage, in a variety of fields. The occurrence, constitution, and properties are discussed.
THE SEMIDIRECT DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM OXIDE IN FELDSPARS*
Authors: Koenig E. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for the evaluation of potassium oxide in feldspars, without the necessity of first removing the constituents which usually interfere with this determination, is described. The procedure is based upon a decomposition with HF‐HClO4, followed by the separation of potassium as the double salt ((K, Na)3Co(NO2)6·xH2O), with a final conversion to KClO4 in the usual manner. Analytical data are given to indicate the relative precision and accuracy of the method compared with procedures in use at the present time. The application of the proposed method to the analyses of other silicates is mentioned briefly.
EFFECT OF BORON OXIDE, PHOSPHOROUS PENTOXIDE, AND FERRIC OXIDE ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF A FLORIDA KAOLIN‐QUARTZ MIXTURE*
Authors: Thompson C. L. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of small additions of B2O3, P2O5 (as aluminum phosphate), and Fe2O3 on the thermal expansion of a body composed of 40% quartz and 60% Florida kaolin after single and repeated firings was studied. The boron oxide gave marked reduction in the thermal expansion of the mixture after repeated firings (ranging up to cone 16) in that portion of the specimen from which it had not been volatilized. In all other cases, it had little effect. The iron oxide caused small but distinct reductions in the thermal expansion of the mixture. The effect of the phosphorous pentoxide was only slight.
MECHANISM OF MILL‐ADDED OPACITY IN PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , King Burnham W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe microscopic appearance of sheet‐iron, white cover enamels indicates that mill‐added opacifiers function principally as layers between the frit particles and do not diffuse well into the enamel. This explains the reasons why (1) mill‐added opacifiers do not continue to increase reflectance when added in large quantities, (2) increased fineness of milling aids reflectance, (3) extreme fineness of opacifiers is necessary, and (4) transparent glassy frits appear mottled with mill‐added opacifiers. From these observations it is evident that increased reflectance of enamels originates in the frit or is brought about either by finer milling or by better diffusion of mill‐added opacifiers.
SAG‐RESISTING PROPERTIES OF ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Porter Frank R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is given to determine the sag‐resisting properties and the effect of the composition of enameling iron, its gauge, and the temperature on sag values. A theoretical consideration of the deflection of beams is also given. Two types of test strips, one 12 inches long supported near the ends and the other 5.55 inches long and supported at one end, were used. Both types have merit, but the 12‐inch strip seemed to give better results. The composition of the iron seemed to affect the sag values, e.g., mild steel, with more carbon and manganese, showed higher sag values than enameling iron. The heavier gauge values decreased the amount of sag. Sag values increased with increase of temperature, particularly above 1500°F.
FINAL PROGRESS REPORT ON PLASTIC PRIMARY NORTH CAROLINA KAOLINS, METHODS OF THEIR USE, DEVELOPMENT OF VITREOUS BODIES, AND EXPERIMENTS WITH A CONTINUOUS, HIGH‐TEMPERATURE, ELECTRIC TUNNEL KILN: PARTS I–VII*
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hbdquist A. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractData are presented covering twelve months of tests on the commercially refined plastic North Carolina kaolins. Both days had constant physical properties. Chemical analyses and ceramic laboratory tests show that the commercially refined kaolins are more plastic, stronger, and better than those which were refined in the laboratory and previously recorded. Treatment in a vacuum pug mill was necessary to develop the maximum strength and plasticity of the kaolins. The modulus of rupture, both dry and fired, is quite high for a primary kaolin, and the fired color is good.
II, FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A TRUE PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS CHINA DINNERWARE BODY USING NORTH CAROLINA KAOLIN AS THE CHIEF PLASTIC CONSTITUENT
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hedquist A. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA body with the composition of clay substance 41, feldspar 16.6, quartz 40.4, and dolomite 2 was tested on a pilot‐plant scale for twelve months and results were recorded. The body was varied in the two different types of commercially refined North Carolina kaolin, which formed the main plastic ingredient, and in the pegmatites, which were substituted for the feldspar and part of the quartz. Ball clay was not used because it is harmful to translucency; 12.7% Florida kaolin was added to attain the necessary plasticity and dry strength.Special emphasis was placed on the working properties to determine whether this body could be worked as fast and as safely as semivitreous or hotel china bodies. It was possible to hold the average dry strength constant to 350 lb. per sq. in., and this modulus of rupture seems to be sufficient for mass‐production methods. The plasticity was greatly increased by vacuum pug‐mill treatment and by aging two or three days.One N, C. kaolin may be substituted for the other if proper attention is paid to the chemical analyses and to the adjustment of body shrinkage and absorption requirements. The fired color is white under reducing conditions and light ivory under oxidizing conditions. The translucency is sufficient to enable the ware to compete easily with that imported from Europe.
Ill, NOTES ON CASTING ALL‐KAOLIN BODIES
Authors: Hedquist A. J. , Wilson E. , Gould R. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe bodies recorded in Part II were tested to see whether casting could be done quickly and easily and kept under close control. Two deflocculants were used which previously had been found best for bodies made from all‐American kaolin, viz., sodium gallate and the commercially prepared No. 2 clay deflocculant. Both dispersing agents were successful, with the No. 2 clay deflocculant slightly better.One hundred and twenty‐five 1/4‐ton batches were processed. It was possible to control the casting properties within extremely close limits if the viscosity, specific gravity, and temperature were held at specified values thought to be easily attainable. It was important to have the clay properly prepared before making it into casting slip, and it was especially necessary to have it pugged from the filter press, aged 2 or 3 days, and repugged under vacuum. The casting appeared to be much better than that of the average semivitreous or hotel china bodies commonly found in production. With these dispersing agents, the mold life was much longer than with sodium carbonate and sodium silicate.
IV, NOTES ON LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLATWARE
Authors: Gould R. E. , Fichter G. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFurther experiments are reported on the bisque firing of plates with mechanical braces to hold them straight. By bracing the rim and bottom of the plate, the force exerted is more than the internal strains in the plate tending toward deformation, and the plates so fired come to the desired degree of straightness, provided the dimensions are correct. The permissible variations in the dimensions are not more than = 0.001 inch. This dimension is attained by trimming the feet and rings in the leather‐hard state to the prescribed measurements. A new method of making flatware cheaply by casting the plate and overcasting the foot is described. This method is successful if the mechanical bracing in the firing process is used.
OXIDE FILM BETWEEN FIRED GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS AND IRON*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study of the oxide film between enamel and iron was made by sticking together specimens of fired ground coat in a furnace and tearing them apart when cold so that the oxide film was separated from one of the iron surfaces. The chemical behavior of this film indicates that FeO is present. Microscopic examinations reveal a typical iron‐scale structure. Chemical and X‐ray analyses show that the film is composed principally of Fe, FeO, and Fe3O4.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF ADHERENCE‐PROMOTING OXIDES IN GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFive enamels were smelted which contained (a) no adherence‐promoting oxides, (b) 0.5% Co3O4, (c) 0.5% NiO, (d) 1.0% MnO2, and (e) all three oxides. A study was made of the effect of these oxides in the enamel upon (1) the adherence to sheet iron, (2) the iron oxides formed between the enamel and iron base, and (3) the ability of the enamel to carry or transmit oxygen from the air to the iron base. The results obtained show that cobalt oxide promotes adherence, allows heavy films of iron oxide to form at the surface of the iron, and accelerates penetration of aerial oxygen through the molten enamel layer. Nickel oxide behaves like cobalt oxide, but it is much weaker. The results show that manganese oxide does not promote adherence, allows no iron‐oxide films to form, and has a slight effect only upon the penetration of aerial oxygen through the molten enamel layer.
EFFECT OF FURNACE GASES ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WET‐PROCESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELS*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLead‐bearing and leadless cast‐iron enamels, applied directly on the iron, and leadless enamels, applied over a ground coat, were fired in normal, low oxygen‐high nitrogen, high carbon dioxide, and high water‐vapor atmospheres, and the effect upon the surface and physical properties in relation to impact and thermal resistance was determined. The enamels in some cases were applied over graphited castings, fired in the several atmospheres, and tested. The behavior of different types of enamel fired in various atmospheres differs, the leadless enamel applied over ground coat showing the least effect. High water‐vapor content appears generally to be more deleterious than the other atmospheric conditions.
THE SERIES IRON OXIDES‐SILICA*
Authors: Crook Welton J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review is presented of the previous work by the writer on the general series FeO‐Fe2Os‐SiO2‐CaO (MgO) as related to steelmaking slags, in which 12 quasi‐quaternary mineral systems are formed. A “plane of partition” of the iron oxides (FeO and Fe2O3) is also shown to exist. A method is explained by which, having a partial analysis of a slag, the position of the slag in the representative tetrahedron may be found and the series of minerals formed may be determined.The present paper is a study of the system iron oxides‐silica under conditions of formation with and without the presence of metallic iron. In the former case, two distinct eutectiferous series are formed, viz., (a) wustite‐fayalite and (b) fayalite‐tridy‐mite. The reducing power of metallic iron is so great that substantially the same proportions of FeO and Fe2O3 are obtained when melting is conducted either under strongly oxidizing conditions or in a neutral atmosphere. A “eutectoid” between magnetite and tridymite contains equal molecular proportions of SiO2 and Fe3O4. When iron oxide and silica are heated at 1600°C or higher in siliceous crucibles, the resulting melts consist essentially of tridymite and magnetite, forming an entirely different series than that obtained by melting in the presence of metallic iron. In connection with both series of melts, ferric oxide exhibits a much greater affinity for ferrous oxide than for silica.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LOAD TEST FOR REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethods and equipment are described for making long‐time load tests on refractories similar to creep tests for metals. A uniform flow rate is not established until approximately 100 hours have elapsed and shorter tests give load values considerably lower than can be used safely in design work. It is suggested that a long test of this type would be a more satisfactory standard than the short test now used.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SLAGGING OF SOME GLASS FURNACE CHECKERS*
Authors: Fabianic W. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo brands of super‐duty fireclay brick with similar physical and chemical properties were selected. These two brands were put into opposite regenerators of the same commercial furnace melting a soda‐lime glass. One brand failed before the furnace compaign was completed and the other did not. Investigation showed that one of the main differences between the two brands was the amount of microscopically visible mullite crystals present.
THERMOCHEMISTRY OF NORTH CAROLINA OLIVINE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FORSTERITE REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Stone Robert L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review of the properties of forsterite refractories is presented, and the causes of their failure are discussed. The main cause of failure is incomplete conversion of the impurities as shown by photomicrographs. The figures also show the several stages of breakdown of the crude olivine and the stages of conversion to forsterite as dependent upon temperature. The relation of the thermochemistry of the olivine to the manufacture of high‐grade forsterite refractories is given.
SOME SHEET‐IRON ENAMEL DEFECTS TRACEABLE TO THE BASE METAL OR METAL FORMING OPERATION*
Authors: Howe E. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCross sections through defects that were encountered in different plants were studied for the possible causes of the trouble. The defects that were traceable to some faulty condition in the iron are reported. It was found that hairlines, depressed lines, and blisters in the enamel may originate from some unusual condition in the metal before enameling.
APPLICATION AND USE OF THE IRWIN CONSISTOMETER IN ENAMEL SLIP CONTROL*
Authors: Frost L. J. , Hunt J. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Irwin consistometer is used to determine the effect of various clays, electrolytes, opacifiers, finenesses of grinding, time of aging, percentage of water addition, and increase of Epsom salts additions and temperatures on ground‐coat, cover‐coat, and acid‐resisting enamel slips. All results are represented in curve form on consistency graphs, which determine the relative yield value and mobility of the respective slips.
VANADIUM AS A GLASS COLORANT*
Authors: Weyl W. A. , Pincus A. G. , Badger A. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVanadium, as a glass colorant, acts much like chromium. Ordinarily it leads to green tints which are due to the superposition of the green of trivalent vanadium and the yellow of pentavalent vanadium. Large excess of alkali leads to the formation of colorless vanadates. Under special conditions, solarization may be used to develop the lavender color of bivalent vanadium. The effect of melting conditions and changes in the base glass composition on the colors is discussed.
A STUDY OF DRY‐PROCESS CAST‐IRON GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Koenigt J. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis investigation covers a study of varying firing treatment of ground coats for cast iron and the resulting effect on the quality of adherence and the tendency to blister of dry‐process enamels. Five ground coats have been used, composed of one and two frits and with varying clay and flint additions at the mill. Data on the impact resistance of the enameled specimens obtained with a pendulum‐type impact tester are included. Conclusions are noted on some of the factors affecting firing range, and plans for further studies are outlined.