bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Situational, Patterned Behaviour, and Conventional Structured Interviews in Minimising In‐group Favouritism of Canadian Francophone Managers
Authors: Latham Gary P. , Skarlicki Daniel P. 
Published: January 2008

On a étudié, chez 68 cadres canadiens francophones du Québec, la résistance au favoritisme touchant son propre groupe à travers des entretiens structurés conventionnels (CSI), des entretiens de situation (SI) et des entretiens de description modèlisée du comportement (PBDI). Les caractéristiques des interviewés ont été tenues constantes à l'exception de la langue parlée, à savoir le français ou l'anglais. Aucun biais ne fut mis en évidence chez les cadres qui utilisaient le SI ou le PBDI. Confrontés à un francophone et à un anglophone également compétents, sents aux faisant appel au CSI notérent le francophone de façon significativement plus favorable.The resistance of situational (SI), patterned behaviour description (PBDI), and conventional structured interviews (CSI) to in‐group favouritism was investigated among 68 Canadian francophone managers in Quebec. The stimuli characteristics of the interviewee were held constant except for the language spoken, namely, English or French. Managers who used either the SI or the PBDI did not exhibit a bias. Only the CSI resulted in managers rating a francophone significantly higher than an anglophone of equal ability.
Towards a New Agenda for Work and Personality: Traits, Self‐identity, “Strong” Interactionism, and Change Guest Editor's Introduction
Authors: Nicholson Nigel 
Published: January 2008

Les mesures et les concepts relatifs à la personnalité suscitent un regain d'intérêt. Cet article passe en revue quelques thèmes actuels de première importance et ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour les théories et les recherches, en s'attachant en particulier à leur pertinence pour la psychologie du travail. Historiquement, trois thèmes ont été développés dans ce domaine: la recherche d'universaux prétendant décrire et prédire la personnalité, la recherche de la perfectibilitéà travers les concepts d'apprentissage et de changement, et la recherche de Solutions intéractionnistes ménageant un compromis entre ces orientations. Toutefois, plus d'un soit‐disant intéractionnisme semble bâti sur un terrain mouvant, et Ton ressent le besoin d'un nouvel intéractionnisme “fort” qui reconnaisse d'une part la puissance et la relative stabilité des structures profondes de la personnalité et d'autre part l'importance des contraintes de Situation, on peut reformuler ces relations avec une meilleure identification des différents statuts et fonctions des concepts de personnalité et d'identité. Ceci conduit également à de nouvelles façons de penser les notions clés de l'adaptation personne‐environnement, par exemple les significations envisageables des types de personnalité“déterminants”‐“non determinants” ou encore les differences interindividuelles dans la propension au changement ou à la stabilité de la personnalité.Personality concepts and measurements are showing a sustained revival of interest, and this paper aims to review some major current themes, as well as suggesting new directions for theory and research, considering in particular their relevance for work psychology. Historically the field has developed along three themes: the search for universals in personality description and prediction; the search for perfectibility through concepts of learning and change; and the search for interactionist alternatives to steer a course between these positions. However, much so‐called interactionism seems to occupy shifting ground, and a need for new “strong” interactionism is argued, which recognises the relative immutability and power of deep personality structures, as well as the importance of situational constraint. One way of reconceptualising these relationships is by a clearer recognition of the different status and functioning of personality and self‐identity constructs. This also leads to some new ways of thinking about the key issues of person‐environment fit, such as the possible significance of “determinant” vs. “indeterminant” personality types, and about individual differences in propensity for stability and change in personality.
Configural Frequency Analysis in Applied Psychological Research
Authors: von Eye Alexander , Spiel Christiane , Wood Phillip K. 
Published: January 2008

L'Analyse de Fréquence des Configurations (AFC) est une méthode de recherche des classes et anticlasses dans les classifications croisées de catégories de variables. Les classes sont des modèles de catégories de variables qui apparaissent plus souvent que le hasard ne le laisse supposes. Les anticlasses sont des modèles de catégorie de variables qui apparaissent moins souvent que le hasard ne le laisse supposes. On présente quatre applications d'AFC: l'AFC de premier ordre, l'AFC prédictive, l'AFC de symétrie axiale, et un modèle d'AFC longitudinale. On examine les caractéristiques de l'AFC en insistant sur les contraintes et l'applicabilité. On compare aussi l'AFC avec d'autres méthodes permettant l'analyse multivariée de catégories de données, en particulier la modèlisation log‐linéaire. Des sorties informatiques sont traitées.Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA) is a method for the search for types and antitypes in cross‐classifications of categorical variables. Types are patterns of variable categories that occur more often than expected from chance. Antitypes are patterns of variable categories that occur less often than expected from chance. Four applications of CFA are reviewed: the First Order CFA, the Prediction CFA, Axial Symmetry CFA, and one model of Longitudinal CFA. Characteristics of CFA are discussed, focusing on constraints posed and applicability. Comparisons are made of CFA with other methods for multivariate analysis of categorical data, in particular, log‐linear modelling. Computational issues are discussed.
Le changement des attitudes à l'endroit des femmes cadres: modèles différentiels en fonction du sexe
Authors: Rinfret Natalie , Lortie‐Lussier Monique 
Published: January 2008

Une hypothèse avancée par Kanter (1977) veut que les femmes cadres des grandes entreprises feraient l'objet d'attitudes plus favorables si leur nombre augmentait jusqu'à atteindre la masse critique, soit 35% de l'effectif cadre. L'hypothèse a été en partie appuyée par une étude menée auprès de 354 cadres de la fonction publique du Canada, appelés à exprimer leurs opinions en fonction des proportions réellies (9% et 20%) ou hypothétiques (35% et 50%) des femmes cadres dans leur ministère. Indépendamment du nombre, les attitudes des femmes (N = 158) se sont avérées plus favorables que celles des hommes (N = 160). Cependant, l'évaluation du statut des femmes cadres, la perception de leur apport à la culture d'entreprise et les attributions sur leur compte en fonction des quatre pourcentages ne concordaient pas avec ces attitudes. Les différences de sexe et le manque de cohérence entre ces différentes mesures ont donné lieu à un examen plus approfondi de leurs relations les unes avec les autres, au moyen de l'analyse des structures de causalité. Effectuées séparément pour les deux sexes, les analyses ont révélé des agencements différents des variables pour les hommes et les femmes. Les attitudes de ces dernières sont directement liées aux attributions faites sur leur compte, celles de hommes à la force numérique. La discussion suggère que la force numérique représenterait une condition nécessaire mais non suffisante au changement des attitudes vis‐à‐vis des femmes cadres.According to Kanter (1977), attitudes towards female managers will likely become more favourable as their numbers increase until a critical mass of 35% is reached. This hypothesis was partially supported by the results of a study conducted in Canada. The attitudes of 354 managers of the Federal public service were measured as a function of actual (9% and 20%) or fictitious (35% and 50%) proportions of female to male managers in their departments. The results indicated that attitudes towards female managers were more positive amongst women (N = 158) than amongst men (N = 160), regardless of the ratios. The respondents' evaluations of the female managers' status and of their contribution to the culture of the organization were not consistent with expressed attitudes nor were the attributions for their managerial behaviour. In order to assess the relations amongst these variables, the present study included them in a theoretical model that was tested using Path Analysis for each gender group. Results showed that attributions are directly related with women's attitudes, while ratios are related directly with those of men. These findings suggested that an increase in the ratio of female to male managers is a necessary but insufficient condition to change attitudes towards female managers.
International Replication Note Decision Type, Organisational Control, and Acceptance of Change: An Integrative Approach to Participative Decision Making
Authors: Sagie Abraham , Koslowsky Meni 
Published: January 2008

On a développé un modèle intégrateur de la relation existant entre la participation à la prise de décision à 1'occasion d'un changement dans 1'organisation et les attitudes professionnelles (implication, satisfaction et sentiment d'efficacité). Le modèle présente une variable indépendante, la décision, stratégique ou tactique, concernant le changement et deux variables intermédiaires, la somme des contrôles exercés dans 1'organisation et 1'acceptation du changement. Grâce à un échantillon de 232 fonctionnaires, on a pu montrer que le modèle “Participation à la prise de décision tactique somme des contrôles acceptation du changement attitudes professionnelles” rendait mieux compte des données que les modèles concurrents. Diverses questions théoriques et pratiques sont discutées et les limites de la recherche soulignées.An integrative model of the relationship between participation in decision making (PDM) during an organisational change and work attitudes (organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and sense of effectiveness) was developed. The model contains one antecedent variable, type of change decision (i. e. strategic or tactical), and two mediators, total organisational control and change acceptance. A sample of 232 government workers provided evidence that the proposed model, PDM in tactical decisions total control → change acceptance → work attitudes, fits the data better than competing models. Theoretical and practical considerations are discussed and limitations for the study outlined.
Briefing Paper Import Penetration in the United Kingdom
Authors: BEENSTOCK MICHAEL , WARBURTON PETER 
Published: January 2008

There is widespread concern about the growth of imports in the United Kingdom. British industry is said to be ‘bleeding to death’ as a result of foreign competition and calls are heard for protective measures such as import controls to save the economy.There are three elements in the case for protection. The first is that trends in Britain's foreign trade in manufactured goods have been extremely adverse and that there are no good grounds for believing that they will change spontaneously. The second is that the growth of the economy is constrained by the balance of payments and that consequently a serious and growing depression will develop throughout the 1980s which could reach catastrophic proportions towards the end of the decade when North Sea oil production declines. The third is that import controls are an effective way of coping with the problem. It is recognised that the second two elements are controversial. As it happens we disagree with both of them. However, it is generally assumed that the first element ‐ the view that increasing import penetration will destroy British industry ‐ is common ground and that no‐one disagrees with it. Our aim in this Briefing Paper is to challenge this view.There is no doubt that import penetration (which we measure as the share of imports in GDP) has growth rapidly, especially over the past two decades. In 1960 imports amounted to 25 per cent of GDP. By 1970 this proportion had risen to 28 per cent and in 1979 it had risen to 35 per cent. However, we shall argue that the economic processes that have been responsible for this development have on the whole been poorly understood. We reject the popular view that Britain is structurally unable to compete in world markets. Instead we propose an alternative interpretation of import penetration which explains UK trade performance in terms of the broader pattern of the world trade order. In the light of this theory we argue that import penetration in the UK is not an inexorable trend reflecting the relative weakness of the UK in international trade. On the contrary, UK import penetration has been adjusting to a new world trading environment and now that this process of adjustment is nearing completion the rate of increase of import penetration seems likely to abate. Moreover, the British people have benefited from this greater degree of free trade and any protective measures designed to inhibit the economic forces that we describe below would damage the economic welfare of the British public as a whole.
Monetary Targets and the World Economy: A Progress Report
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY 
Published: January 2008

The recent changes in the value of the dollar and the talk of an interest rate ‘war’ demonstrate again that the world finds it difficult to cope with rapid exchange rate movements. In some ways the experience ‐ and the reactions to it ‐ are similar to the events of 1978. As now, the world was in a recession (though on a milder scale) and there were fears that exchange rate problems would obstruct economic recovery. The main difference is that in 1978 it was the strength of the Deutschmark which caused concern whereas this time the problems are associated with the rise in the value of the dollar. In a Briefing Paper in Economic Outlook, February 1978, ‘Monetary Targets and the World Economy’ we suggested that the problem arose from inconsistencies between national monetary policies and exchange rate objectives. In general, countries dislike exchange rate changes ‐ in either direction ‐ and there were problems because countries would not accept the exchange rate consequences of their own or other countries' monetary policies. We estimated the required monetary policies for stable exchange rates and suggested specific national monetary targets for 1978 which would at least move the world economy towards consistent monetary policies. In this Economic Viewpoint we return to those ideas. We consider what happened in 1978 and we also revise the underlying monetary rules. More recent experience suggests that although there has been some progress towards the convergence of monetary policies there will continue to be trend changes in exchange rates. It is also clear that there will be short‐term fluctuations around these trends. We believe that greater convergence of monetary policies would be desirable but failing that it is important that countries should avoid abrupt changes in monetary policy. It is also important that countries should become accustomed to exchange rate changes. They should direct monetary policy towards their objectives for inflation and should not be diverted from it by temporary or permanent changes in their exchange rates.
Tightening the Fiscal and Monetary Controls
Authors: BUDD ALAN , BEENSTOCK MICHAEL 
Published: January 2008

The Medium‐Term Financial Strategy (MTFS) is a new departure in post‐war policy‐making. As David Smith's Briefing Paper shows the ideas behind it are well rooted in historical experience, but nevertheless it was inevitable that there would be a major element of trial and error in the early years of its use. The experience of 1980‐81 however has produced some alarming results. The monetary limits have been drastically exceeded and the PSBR is likely to be far above the original target. There are two possible explanations. Either the control system is gravely defective or the government has deliberately followed the kind of short‐term discretionary policies (and has indulged in the kind of ad hoc interventionism) which the strategy was expressly designed to avoid. We believe that both explanations are true. It is also probable that they reinforced each other. The first year of the strategy was likely to be the year of greatest strain. It involved a highly ambitious attempt to reduce inflation at a time when cost pressures from wages and higher energy prices were particularly strong. The strains rapidly revealed the defects in the control system. Since the government was alarmed at the short‐term consequences of its policies, it chose to make a virtue of necessity and in effect suspended its commitment to the control of sterling M3.It is possible to look back at 1980 and to say that, in the event, the government's loss of control over its policies was justified as statesmanlike flexibility. But there always appear to be good reasons for sacrificing long‐term objectives for short‐term expediency. The MTFS was intended to avoid the chronic tendency to accept the easy option. It is essential that in 1981 the commitment to the MTFS should be re‐established and that it should be reinforced, as appears to be necessary, by a system of indicators and controls to ensure that the errors of 1980 are not repeated. Otherwise there is a serious risk that the hard‐won gains in the fight against inflation will be lost in the economic upturn.In the first part of this Viewpoint we examine what happened to fiscal and monetary policy in 1980 and discuss the general lines that policy should follow in 1981‐82. We conclude that in order to get fiscal policy back on course the authorities should aim for a PSBR of £10 bn in 1981‐82. In the second part we discuss in more detail the reasons why monetary policy went so badly astray in 1980, focusing particularly on the role of the Bank of England. We argue that just as ‘dirty floating’ (i.e. the pursuit of exchange rate objectives) may threaten the monetary targets, so ‘dirty monetarism’ (i.e. the pursuit of interest rate objectives) may prove an even greater threat. We conclude that the discretionary activities of the Bank of England contributed to the excessive monetary growth in 1980, and that it is necessary to ensure that in future the Bank should conduct its policy on a non‐discretionary basis.
Forecasting Errors: the Track Record
Authors: ROBINSON BILL 
Published: January 2008

This Briefing Paper is the last of a series of three about forecasting. In this one we examine our forecasting record; it complements the February paper in which we analysed the properties of our forecasting model in terms of the error bands attached to the central forecast.There are many ways of measuring forecasting errors, and in the first part of this Briefing Paper we describe briefing how we have tackled the problem. (A more detailed analysis can be found in the Appendix.) In Part II we report and comment upon the errors in our forecasts of annual growth rates and show how our forecasting performance has improved over the years. In Part III we focus on quarterly forecasts up to 8 quarters ahead, and compare our forecasting errors with measurement errors in the oficial statistics; with the estimation errors built into our forecast equations; and with the stochastic model errors we reported last February. A brief summary of the main conclusions is given below.
Savings, Personal Wealth and Risk
Authors: ROBINSON BILL , DAVIES KATY , MARKOSE SHERI 
Published: January 2008

In this Briefing Paper we examine the underlying determinants of personal savings behaviour to substantiate our view that the recent fall in savings rates does not imply that it must in future bounce back to some more normal level. On the contrary there are good reasons for believing that savings are more likely to go on falling than to rise.We argue that consumer behaviour should be related explicitly to personal wealth as well as to disposable income. Personal wealth has risen substantially since 1982: the fall in inflation and long‐term interest rates has pushed up gilts' prices; the recovery of profits has sparked off a stock market boom; and the value of the housing stock, which is by far the most important asset held by the personal sector, has started to rise again in real terms. This rise in asset values means that, despite a rise in consumption financed by borrowing, the personal sector balance sheet still in a healthy state, particularly when account is taken of the personal savings now held indirectly via pension funds. These have risen rapidly recently, reducing the need for other long‐term savings.The rise in total wealth has increased savers' tolerance of a fall in net liquid assets (bank and building society deposits etc less borrowing). The willingness to hold a smaller (precautionary) stock of net liquid assets may also reflect a perceived reduction in risk. Financial markets have been much more stable over the period since 1975 than over the preceding eight years, and may now be signalling that the period of adjustment to the shocks and disturbances of the 1970s is drawing to an end. The fall in savings is a worldwide phenomenon. As in the UK it is linked to the fall in inflation and may also be connected with the recovery of the world's major stock markets.
Briefing Paper
Authors: BUDD ALAN , LEVINE PAUL , SMITH PETER 
Published: January 2008

Between the end of 1979 and the end of 1981 unemployment rose by 1.4 million. After that exceptional period unemployment continued to rise rather less rapidly to its current level of 3.2 million, Of this 3.2 million, about 1.3 million have been unemployed for more than a year. In this Briefing Paper we describe and attempt to explain the processes by which long‐term unemployment rose to its current level.We also discuss two related questions; the first concerns the relationship between unemployment and vacancies and the second concerns the relationship between long‐term unemployment and inflation. The final sections consider the policy implications of these findings.
Productivity and Inflation: a Paradox
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY , ROBERTS MELANIE 
Published: January 2008

In his Budget speech, Mr. Lawson drew attention to the greatly improved record of productivity growth in UK manufacturing:“During the 1960s, and again in the 1970s, growth in manufacturing productivity in the UK was the lowest of all the seven major industrial countries in the world. During the 1980s, our annual rate of growth of output per head in manufacturing has been the highest of all the seven major industrial countries.”Ironically this success in regard to productivity may cause a problem in regard to inflation if the UK moves to a fixed exchange rate policy within the EMS. In this Viewpoint we report the consequence of such a move and also describe the possible required rise in the exchange rate if price stability is to be attained. We show that price stability requires the exchange rate to rise (i) to offset world inflation and (ii) to compensate for the productivity gap between the traded and non‐traded sectors.