bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological convergence as a consequence of extreme functional demands: examples from the feeding system of natricine snakes
Authors: HERREL A. , VINCENT S. E. , ALFARO M. E. , VAN WASSENBERGH S. , VANHOOYDONCK B. , IRSCHICK D. J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite repeated acquisitions of aquatic or semi‐aquatic lifestyles revolving around piscivory, snakes have not evolved suction feeding. Instead, snakes use frontally or laterally directed strikes to capture prey under water. If the aquatic medium constrains strike performance because of its physical properties, we predict morphological and functional convergence in snakes that use similar strike behaviours. Here we use natricine snakes to test for such patterns of convergence in morphology and function. Our data show that frontal strikers have converged on a similar morphology characterized by narrow elongate heads with a reduced projected frontal surface area. Moreover, simple computational fluid dynamics models show that the observed morphological differences are likely biologically relevant as they affect the flow of water around the head. In general, our data suggest that the direction of evolution may be predictable if constraints are strong and evolutionary solutions limited.
Adaptation to the most abundant host genotype in an agricultural plant–pathogen system – potato late blight
Authors: MONTARRY J. , GLAIS I. , CORBIERE R. , ANDRIVON D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study investigated local adaptation ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations, the causal agent of potato late blight, to two susceptible potato cultivars, each grown for a number of years and over large areas in separate French regions. We measured aggressiveness (quantitative pathogenicity) of each pathogen population to sympatric and allopatric hosts in a reciprocal cross‐inoculation experiment. There was no evidence for specific host adaptation in this pathosystem. At both local and regional scales, the distribution of aggressiveness fits a pattern of adaptation to the most common host genotype. Our observations support the theoretical predictions that large pathogen dispersal rates and genetic drift, revealed by the comparisons of the genotypic structures of the populations tested, can lead to a local adaptation pattern detectable only at a large spatial scale. The unravelling of adaptive patterns at different spatial scales can be used for a more efficient management of the disease.
Indirect mate choice, direct mate choice and species recognition in a bower‐building cichlid fish lek
Authors: GENNER M. J. , YOUNG K. A. , HAESLER M. P. , JOYCE D. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSexual selection arising through female mate choice typically favours males with larger, brighter and louder signals. A critical challenge in sexual selection research is to determine the degree to which this pattern results from direct mate choice, where females select individual males based on variation in signalling traits, or indirect mate choice, where male competition governs access to reproductively active females. We investigated female mate choice in a lekking Lake Malawi cichlid fish, Hemitilapia oxyrhynchus, in which males build and aggressively defend sand ‘bowers’. Similar to previous studies, we found that male reproductive success was positively associated with bower height and centrality on the lek. However, this pattern resulted from males holding these territories encountering more females, and thus their greater success was due to indirect mate choice. Following initial male courtship, an increase in the relative mating success of some males was observed, but this relative increase was unrelated to bower size or position. Crucially, experimentally manipulating bowers to resemble those of a co‐occurring species had no appreciable effect on direct choice by females or male spawning success. Together, these results suggest indirect mate choice is the dominant force determining male‐mating success in this species, and that bowers are not signals used in direct mate choice by females. We propose that, in this species, bowers have a primary function in intraspecific male competition, with the most competitive males maintaining larger and more central bowers that are favoured by sexual selection due to higher female encounter rates.
The inheritance of the red colour character in European pear (Pyrus communis) and its map position in the mutated cultivar ‘Max Red Bartlett’
Authors: Dondini L. , Pierantoni L. , Ancarani V. , D’Angelo M. , Cho K.‐H. , Shin I.‐S. , Musacchi S. , Kang S.‐J. , Sansavini S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe inheritance of the red colour character in European pear (Pyrus communis L.) was studied over 3 years in seven progeny obtained by using the cultivars ‘Max Red Bartlett’, ‘Cascade’ and ‘California’ as red‐skinned fruit parental lines. One of these progeny (derived from the cross ‘Abbé Fétel’ × ‘Max Red Bartlett’, a red mutation of ‘Bartlett’) was already used to construct two linkage maps and, being ‘red colour’ a monogenic dominant trait, it was possible to locate it as morphological marker in the linkage group 4 of ‘Max Red Bartlett’. For the first time, this trait has been mapped out of linkage group 9 in a species belonging to the Maloideae subfamily moreover in a mutated sport. An improved knowledge of the genetic basis of production and accumulation of red pigments in the fruit skin will better support the pear breeding programmes aimed to select new cultivars carrying this appealing trait.
Remifentanil for percutaneous intravenous central catheter placement in preterm infant: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: LAGO PAOLA , TIOZZO CATERINA , BOCCUZZO GIOVANNA , ALLEGRO ANTONELLA , ZACCHELLO FRANCO 
Published: June 2008

SummaryBackground:  There is limited evidence on the analgesic efficacy of opioids during percutaneous intravenous central catheter (PICC) insertion in preterm infants.Aim:  To assess the analgesic and procedural efficacy of low‐dose remifentanil infusion during PICC in preterm infants.Methods:  Fifty‐four neonates [mean gestational age (±sd) 28 ± 2 weeks; birth weight 1126 ± 337 g] were randomly assigned to remifentanil infusion at 0.03 mcg·kg−1·min−1 (R) or placebo (C) in addition to 0.3 ml of 12% sucrose per os and non‐nutritive sucking.Results:  Validated pain scales [Neonatal Infants Pain Scale (NIPS) and Premature Infants Pain Profile (PIPP)] administered at the baseline T0, skin preparation T1, needle insertion T2, and recovery T3, revealed differences in mean NIPS scores (C 5.3 ± 1.3 vs R 4.2 ± 1.4 at T1 and C 5.0 ± 1.3 vs R 3.4 ± 1.3 at T2) and PIPP scores (C 9.3 ± 1.6 vs R 7.1 ± 1.5 at T1 and C 8.6 ± 1.7 vs R 6.1 ± 1.4 at T2); P < 0.05. Cardiovascular and respiratory response, and body movements during PICC suggested better pain and distress control with remifentanil (P < 0.05), but the time to complete the maneuver and the number of attempts needed remained the same in the two groups.Conclusions:  Low‐dose remifentanil has a measurable, synergic analgesic effect in combination with 12% sucrose and non‐nutritive sucking, but does not make PICC easier or quicker.
Comparison of sevoflurane and ketamine for anesthetic induction in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: SUNGUR ULKE ZERRIN , KARTAL UMUT , ORHAN SUNGUR MUKADDER , CAMCI EMRE , TUGRUL MEHMET 
Published: June 2008

SummaryBackground:  Sevoflurane is widely used in pediatric anesthesia for induction. Ketamine has been preferred in pediatric cardiovascular anesthesia. Aim of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects and the speed of ketamine and sevoflurane for anesthesia induction in children with congenital heart disease.Materials and methods:  Children with congenital heart disease undergoing corrective surgery were included in the study. After oral premedication with midazolam (0.5 mg·kg−1), anesthesia induction was started with 5 mg·kg−1 intramuscular ketamine (group K). In the second group, induction was achieved with sevoflurane (group S); the first concentration was 3% and increased after every three breaths. Intravenous access time and intubation times were enrolled for each child. Hemodynamic data and oxygen saturation were recorded every 2 min and any event during induction period was also noted.Results:  Forty‐seven children were included in the study; 23 in group K and 24 in group S. Heart rates and oxygen saturation values were similar between groups during the study. No difference was found between intravenous access time and intubation times. However, blood pressure levels were significantly lower in group S after recording baseline values till the intubation time (at 4, 6, and 8 min). Respiratory complications observed during the study were mild and were less frequent in group K than in group S (4 vs 13).Conclusion:  Ketamine appears a good alternative for induction in patients with congenital heart disease. It permits preservation of hemodynamic stability with minimal side effects.
Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined
Authors: Williams Suzanne T. , Karube Satoshi , Ozawa Tomowo 
Published: June 2008

Trochoidea are a large superfamily of morphologically and ecologically diverse marine gastropods. We present here an appraisal of the composition and relationships amongtrochoideanfamilies based on molecular data, with an especial focus on the family Trochidae. Bayesian analyses of sequences from three genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI) including data from 162 vetigastropod species show that the gastropod family Trochidae (sensu Hickman & McLean (1990),Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Science Series,35, 1–169) is not monophyletic. Recognition of Chilodontidae, Solariellidae and Calliostomatidae at the family level is supported. Our new, more limited, definition of Trochidae includes the subfamilies Stomatellinae, Lirulariinae and Umboniinae and redefined Trochinae, Cantharidinae and Monodontinae. Halistylinae are provisionally retained in the Trochidae based on previous morphological studies. As redefined, Trochidae are a predominantly shallow‐water radiation in the tropics and subtropics. Some subfamilies and genera previously included in Trochidae have been moved to an enlarged family Turbinidae. The family Turbinidae has been redefined to include Turbininae, Skeneinae, Margaritinae, Tegulinae, Prisogasterinae and most surprisingly the commercially important genusTectusMontfort, 1810. The new definition of Turbinidae means that the family includes both predominantly shallow and deep‐water clades as well as genera that are distributed across the globe from the poles to the tropics. A greater range of habitat is now seen in Turbinidae than in Trochidae. The redefined Trochidae and Turbinidae, together with Solariellidae, Calliostomatidae and Liotiidae, make up the superfamily Trochoidea. Phasianellidae and Colloniidae are recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Phasianelloidea, andAngariaRöding, 1798 is recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Angarioidea. Placement of Areneidae into a superfamily awaits further work.
Allen Forte in Music Analysis
Authors: Whittall Arnold 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article explores the engagement of an American music theorist with a British journal. Music Analysis excludes the word ‘theory’ from its title to avoid confusion with American journals. But many American theorists have welcomed the alternative it represents, and of these Allen Forte is pre‐eminent. His contributions began with Vol. 2/iii (October 1983) and have continued through to the present issue. As this survey suggests, those contributions which are transcripts of spoken presentations emphasise that analysis is not just abstraction but ‘a human thing’. Yet, whether Forte is writing primarily about a topic such as pitch‐class set theory or about admired composers – Musorgsky, Debussy, Messiaen – he offers a distinctive blend of general and particular, placing compositional specifics within wider perspectives which invariably stimulate the reader not just to think but to listen, and re‐listen.
Bird's‐Eye Views of the Musical Surface: Methods for Systematic Pitch‐Class Set Analysis
Authors: Huovinen Erkki , Tenkanen Atte 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis study presents a series of methods for the analysis of the average characteristics of pitch‐class material on the surface level of musical works. The methods rely on so‐called tail segmentation, the partitioning of a musical work into a large number of overlapping pitch‐class sets of equal cardinality. The resulting data can be used as a means of scanning a piece of music in order to detect changes in the local prevalence of some chosen pitch class–related feature. For example, scanning the musical surface for each individual interval class in turn results in a ‘stretched interval‐class vector’ represented by six curves. In another application termed ‘comparison set analysis’, similarity measures for set classes are used to detect similarities with respect to some chosen set class. One may thus measure local changes in, for example, the relative degree of ‘diatonicism’ within a piece of music. Alternatively, one may compare whole corpuses of compositions in terms of their overall surface similarity with respect to a chosen comparison set. In such methods of systematic pitch‐class set analysis, the focus is shifted from identifying structurally important pitch sets or pitch‐class sets to measuring selected properties within the set of all locally available pitch‐class sets.
The Structuring of Tonal Space in Webern's Six Bagatelles for String Quartet, Op. 9
Authors: Davies Benjamin K. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTFor reasons of chronology and style, Webern's Six Bagatelles for String Quartet, Op. 9 are generally understood to have been composed in an unsystematic, intuitive fashion. The present study seeks to question this assumption, suggesting that these short pieces in fact employ a specific approach to pitch grammar involving the consistent deployment of chromatic wedge structures. This technique, termed the structuring of tonal space, serves to explain note‐to‐note processes as well as aspects of larger‐scale formal design.
Impact of Training on Cognitive Representation of Challenging Behaviour in Staff Working with Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Campbell Martin , Hogg James 
Published: June 2008

Background  Cognitive representations of challenging behaviour among staff may influence therapeutic outcomes. This study looked at how cognitive dimensions of Identity, Cause, Consequences, Emotional Reaction and Treatment/Control are affected by training.Materials and Methods  A theoretically derived questionnaire was used to measure the impact of an accredited training course. There were two experimental designs: a longitudinal design using participants as their own controls for repeated measures, and a comparative subjects design. All participants were staff working in statutory and voluntary care services.Results  The experimental group outperformed the two control groups by more than would be expected, on the basis of pre‐testing, on two of the five dimension measures, Cause and Treatment/Control.Conclusions  It is important to evaluate outcomes of staff training that seeks to improve staff interactions in line with evidence‐based practice. Changes in staff cognitive representation of challenging behaviour, as a result of training may be multi‐dimensional.
Single‐Point Assessment of Warfarin Use and Risk of Osteoporosis in Elderly Men
Authors: Woo Claudine , Chang Linda L. , Ewing Susan K. , Bauer Douglas C. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether warfarin use, assessed at a single point in time, is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), rates of bone loss, and fracture risk in older men.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study.SETTING: Six U.S. clinical centers.PARTICIPANTS: Five thousand five hundred thirty‐three community‐dwelling, ambulatory men aged 65 and older with baseline warfarin use data.MEASUREMENTS: Warfarin use was assessed as current use of warfarin at baseline using an electronic medication coding dictionary. BMD was measured at the hip and spine at baseline, and hip BMD was repeated at a follow‐up visit 3.4 years later. Self‐reported nonspine fractures were centrally adjudicated.RESULTS: At baseline, the average age of the participants was 73.6 ± 5.9, and 321 (5.8%) were taking warfarin. Warfarin users had similar baseline BMD as nonusers (n=5,212) at the hip and spine (total hip 0.966 ± 0.008 vs 0.959 ± 0.002 g/cm2, P=.37; total spine 1.079 ± 0.010 vs 1.074 ± 0.003 g/cm2, P=.64). Of subjects with BMD at both visits, warfarin users (n=150) also had similar annualized bone loss at the total hip as nonusers (n=2,683) (−0.509 ± 0.082 vs −0.421 ± 0.019%/year, P=.29). During a mean follow‐up of 5.1 years, the risk of nonspine fracture was similar in warfarin users and nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio=1.06, 95% confidence interval=0.68–1.65).CONCLUSION: In this cohort of elderly men, current warfarin use was not associated with lower BMD, accelerated bone loss, or higher nonspine fracture risk.
Changes in Prealbumin, Nutrient Intake, and Systemic Inflammation in Elderly Recuperative Care Patients
Authors: Dennis Richard A. , Johnson Larry E. , Roberson Paula K. , Heif Muhannad , Bopp Melinda M. , Cook Judy , Sullivan Dennis H. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between prealbumin, nutrient intake, and indicators of inflammation for recuperative and rehabilitative care patients.DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: Recuperative Care Unit within a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eleven men (100 white; mean age 80, range 64–93).MEASUREMENTS: Prealbumin and seven markers of inflammation (C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and their soluble receptors) were measured at admission and discharge (median length of stay 23 days, interquartile range 15–40 days). Detailed calorie counts were performed daily, and intake was expressed as a percentage of estimated requirements for protein (1.5 g/kg body weight per day) and energy (Harris‐Benedict equation). The study objective was examined using least‐squares regression analysis.RESULTS: Discharge prealbumin and the change in prealbumin were positively correlated with protein and energy intake and inversely correlated with markers of inflammation, particularly CRP and IL‐6. When all covariates were included in a multivariable regression analysis, the markers of inflammation predominantly accounted for the variance in prealbumin change (56%), whereas discharge protein intake accounted for 6%.CONCLUSION: For older recuperative care patients, prealbumin and its change during hospitalization are positively associated with protein intake, but inflammation or changes in inflammation appear to exert a much more‐powerful influence on prealbumin concentration. Given the potential confounding effects of inflammation, monitoring the change in prealbumin is not an adequate substitute for a more‐detailed nutritional assessment in this population.
Effect of Polishing Technique and Brushing on Surface Roughness of Acrylic Resins
Authors: Oliveira Luciana Valadares , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Henriques Guilherme Elias Pessanha , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Fragoso Wagner Sotero 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the abrasion resistance of acrylic resin to routine dental brushing procedures using different dentifrices after the resin surface had been chemically or mechanically polished. Materials and Methods: Eighty specimens were prepared using heat‐polymerizing (HP) and autopolymerizing (AP) acrylic resin, and immediately submitted to grinding with abrasive stones and disks. The specimens were divided into two groups: the first group was mechanically polished (MP) using pumice slurry, and the second group was chemically polished (CP) using heated monomer. After polishing, the specimens were submitted to 30,000 brushing cycles. Surface roughness was measured after polishing and brushing procedures, using a Surfcorder SE 1700 rugosimeter. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA (α= 0.05). Results: There were significant differences in surface roughness between polishing with MP and CP (p < 0.05). Significant differences in surface roughness were also found between brushing with MFP dentifrice and Tartar Control dentifrice (p < 0.05). Conclusion: MP produced smoother surfaces than CP, and surface roughness as a result of polishing technique was not influenced by acrylic resin type. Even though MP resulted in smoother surfaces initially, subjecting the acrylic resin to dentifrice brushing negated this advantage.
Flexural Strength, Elastic Modulus, and pH Profile of Self‐etch Resin Luting Cements
Authors: Saskalauskaite Egle , Tam Laura E. , McComb Dorothy 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Purpose: To determine the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and 24‐hour pH profile of three self‐etching resin luting cements and to obtain comparative data for representative conventional resin and resin‐modified glass ionomer luting cements. Materials and Methods: Three self‐etching resin luting cements [RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE), Maxcem (Kerr), Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent)] were tested and compared with two conventional resin cements [RelyX ARC (3M ESPE), Linkmax (GC)] plus two resin‐modified glass ionomer luting cements [Fuji Plus (GC), RelyX Luting Plus (3M ESPE)]. Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were determined using bar‐shaped specimens (2 × 2 × 25 mm3) at 24 hours, using an Instron universal testing machine. Setting pH was measured using a flat‐surface pH electrode at 0, 2, 5, 15, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after mixing. Testing was performed under both dual‐cured and self‐cured conditions for all dual‐cure cements. Data analysis included ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: The self‐etching cements showed similar flexural strength to the conventional resin cements, except for Embrace Wetbond self‐cured, which was considerably lower. Modulus of elasticity results were both higher and lower than for conventional resin cements. All photopolymerized conventional and self‐etch dual‐cure cements showed markedly higher flexural strength and modulus than when solely self‐cured. The resin‐modified glass ionomer cements were characterized by lower flexural strength and elastic modulus. Self‐etching resin cements showed lower initial pH (2.0 to 2.4) than conventional resin cements (4.8 to 5.2) and a wide range of final pH values (3.9 to 7.3) at 24 hours. One self‐etching cement (Unicem) revealed a unique pH profile characterized by a more rapid rise in pH to neutrality both when dual‐cured (15 minutes) and when auto‐cured (1 hour). Conclusions: The self‐etching resin cements evaluated in this study displayed disparate properties and cannot be considered a homogeneous group. Flexural strength properties were most uniform and were similar to those of the conventional resin cements, whereas moduli of elasticity showed greater variation. Setting pH profiles differed, depending on the brand and mode of cure, even within the same category of luting cement. All cements with dual‐cure capability, both conventional and self‐etch, showed significantly superior properties when photopolymerized.