bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A more objective staging of advanced prostate cancer—routine recognition of malignant endocrine structures: The assessment of serum TPS, PSA, and NSE values
Authors: Tarle Marko , Kovačić Ksenija , Frković‐Grazio Snježana , Kraljić Ivo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBone scans, serum tissue‐specific polypeptide antigen (TPS), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and neuronspecific enolase (NSE) were assessed in a total of 80 hormonally treated prostate cancer patients. Thirty‐nine patients were free of osseous lesions; in 8 subjects, 3 or fewer scintigraphic hot spots were found; in 29 patients, more then 3 bone lesions were recorded. In 3 patients, a partial contribution of endocrine cell cancer structures was found, while in one patient, a homogenous small cell carcinoma was detected at autopsy. Measurement of the serum PSA test showed a clear‐cut rise from stage DO subjects to stage D2 patients, with a small number of bone lesions (≥3). However, a relative decrease in the mean PSA level was measured with further progression in a number of hot spots in bone (>3). Androgen threshold that is critical for the induction of the PSA (and PAP) expression seems to differ markedly in various cell subpopulations that arise during adenocarcinoma dedifferentiation. This fact explains not only the rise in serum PSA in the majority of progressive and previously castrated subjects after an initial period of hormonal responsiveness, but also a relative decline of androgen‐dependent PSA expression with further tumor progression. Localized disease was accompanied with normal or just slightly elevated TPS concentration. In metastatic tumors, serum TPS values revealed a steady increase with the progression in bone. These data seem to reflect not only an increase in tumor proliferation rate with progressively transformed genome, but also the rise in the number of proliferating cells. The presence of nonepithelial transformed tumor structures, such as small cell cancer within a bulk of adenocarcinoma, reduces or normalizes numerical serotests values of both TPS and PSA even during tumor progression. The extent of such decline depends upon the bulk of the endocrine component. The assessment of the above parameters, especially when associated with elevated plasma NSE concentrations, may help in distinguishing an advanced adenocarcinoma with and without elements of malignant neuroendocrine structures. The proposed approach, modified by applying corresponding organ‐specific markers, may be checked for its possible general use in staging protocols of various heterogeneous tumors. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretion of transforming growth factor‐β by the immature rat prostate
Authors: Atfi Azeddine , Samperez Suzanne , Jouan Pierre 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmature rat ventral prostate was used to identify a potent cell growth inhibitory factor in normal prostate. Both conditioned media and peptide extracts derived from ventral prostates inhibit the cellular growth and DNA synthesis in metastatic androgen‐independent human prostate carcinoma cell line (PC3). The prostatic inhibitory factor was partially purified using an hydrophobic HPLC column (C18). Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (SDS‐PAGE) of partially purified material revealed a major 25‐kDa band. Immunoblot analysis showed similarity of the inhibitory factor to the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). Furthermore, the proliferation inhibiting activity of the prostatic factor was completely abolished by anti‐TGF‐β antibodies. These data indicate that normal prostate produces a TGF‐β‐like protein under non‐physiological conditions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of transrectal hyperthermia, transurethral thermotherapy, urolume wallstent, and prostatic spiral for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients at poor operative risk
Authors: Montorsi Francesco , Guazzoni Giorgio , Bergamaschi Franco , Consonni Paolo , Rigatti Patrizio , Galli Laura 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransrectal hyperthermia, transurethral thermotherapy, prostatic stent, and prostatic spiral were used to treat 120 poor operative risk patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. The preoperative subjective and objective conditions of the four groups (each of 30 patients) were comparable. None of the patients had an indwelling catheter, but according to flow nomograms, all were obstructed. The greatest increase in peak flow rate was observed after stent placement, while the greatest decrease of residual urine volume was seen after the insertion of the stent and transrectal hyperthermia. According to maximum flow nomograms, only the placement of the stent resolved bladder outlet obstruction. The greatest improvement in subjective symptoms was the result of stent insertion, but the heating procedures also caused a significant reduction of symptom scores. The spiral produced satisfactory results only in the short term. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of DUI45 human prostate cancer cell proliferation by insulin‐like growth factors and its interaction with the epidermal growth factor autocrine loop
Authors: Connolly Jeanne M. , Rose David P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe DU145 human prostate cancer cell line was shown to possess type I insulin‐like growth factor receptors (IGFR). The addition of either IGF‐I or IGF‐II, but not insulin, to serum‐free culture medium increases the rate of thymidine incorporation by the cells, a response which is suppressed by specific blockade of the previously described epidermal growth factor (EGF) autocrine growth regulatory loop. The DU145 cells secrete into conditional medium a specific IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP) precipitated by an antibody to IGFBP‐1, and whose secretion is also suppressed by interruption of the EGF autocrine loop. This IGFBP may modulate the bioactivity of IGFs arising from endocrine or paracrine sources in vivo. After removal of IGFBPs from the conditioned medium, no secretion of either IGF‐I or IGF‐II by this prostate cancer cell line is detected by radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay, respectively. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiandrogens inhibit human androgen receptor‐dependent gene transcription activation in the human prostate cancer cells LNCaP
Authors: Warriar Nalini , Pagé Nathalie , Govindan Manjapra V. , Koutsilieris Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman androgen receptor (hAR) is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor that mediates androgen‐induced actions on target tissues. Transfection studies in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP examine the ability of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), hydroxyflutamide (HO‐FLU), cyproterone acetate (Cypro.A), and RU 23908‐10 to stimulate or to inhibit the transcription activation of mouse mammary tumor virus‐bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (MMTV‐CAT). DHT stimulated transcription activation of MMTV‐CAT gene in LNCaP cells in a dose‐dependent manner. HO‐FLU, Cypro.A, and RU 23908‐10, though only partially, also stimulated the transcription activation of MMTV‐CAT. Despite this, 100‐ to 1,000‐fold molar excess of all antiandrogens inhibited the agonistic activity of 10 nM DHT in this system. Receptor binding assays confirmed that HO‐FLU, Cypro.A, and RU 23908‐10 competed with DHT for AR binding in LNCaP cells. Western blot analysis using AR antipeptide antibodies raised in rabbits revealed the presence of two AR protein bands in LNCaP cells, following treatment with antiandrogens. Increasing doses of HO‐FLU stimulated the expression of the 114‐kDa AR by 2.5‐fold, but did not affect the 108‐kDa AR. Increasing doses of Cypr0.A and RU 23908‐10 decreased the levels of both the 114‐kDa and the 108‐kDa AR. Although the exact nature of 108‐kDa and 114‐kDa AR in LNCaP cells is still unknown, these data suggest that the regulatory actions of each individual antiandrogen on AR expression in LNCaP cells may be different. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of 5‐α‐reductase inhibition and dexamethasone administration on the growth characteristics and intratumor androgen levels of the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3
Authors: Tuttle R. M. , Jones R. E. , Meikle A. W. , Loop S. , Ostenson R. C. , Plymate S. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe endocrine treatment of metastatic prostate cancer includes castration which reliably lowers the serum testosterone (T); however, the effect on intratumor levels of T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is less predictable. In vitro work demonstrated that the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 had significant 5‐a‐reductase activity that could be inhibited with 17b‐N, N‐diethylcarbamoyl‐4‐aza‐5a‐androstan‐3‐one (4MA). In this study, we examined the effect of 5‐a‐reductase inhibition with 4MA and androgen suppression with dexamethasone on the growth characteristics and intratumor androgen levels in the PC‐3 cell line in male athymic nude mice (Balb/c). The mice were randomized into six treatment groups: 1) noncastrate vehicle control, 2) 4MA, 0.25 mg/day, 3) 4MA, 1 mg/day, 4) dexamethasone, 25 μg/day, 5) 4MA, 1 mg/day, and dexamethasone, 25 μg/day, and 6) castrate control group. After 21 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed, serum collected, and tumors harvested.Each treatment produced intratumor DHT levels equivalent to the castrate group. Only the low dose 4MA caused a reduction in intratumor DHT without producing castrate levels of circulating T. The combination of dexamethasone and 4MA was less effective in lowering the intratumor DHT/T ratio than 4MA alone. No significant differences in tumor growth parameters were noted between intact control animals and any of the treatment arms. Serum T levels correlated poorly with intratumor androgen levels.Five‐a‐reductase inhibition produced castrate levels of intratumor DHT in the nonandrogen‐dependent prostate cancer cell line PC‐3. The combination of dexamethasone and 5‐a‐reductase inhibition with 4MA appears to be less effective in lowering intratumor androgen levels than either therapy alone. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic analysis of focal hypoechoic lesion in the prostate treated by castration
Authors: Okihara Koji , Watanabe Makoto , Saitoh Masahito , Ohe Hiroshi , Watanabe Hiroki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDynamic changes in the focal hypoehoic lesion (FHL) in the prostate, visualized by transrectal sonography (TRS), were determined in five patients with prostatic cancer (PC) after treatment by castration. In all cases, the volume of FHL, as well as the volume of the whole prostate, decreased exponentially after castration. In four out of five cases, the volume (not including the FHL, which might suggest the volume of the normal tissues) increased slightly in the early postoperative weeks, and decreased thereafter. In the remaining one case, it decreased consecutively. According to the formula established in our previous study, the reduction time (τ) of the volume of the whole prostate and of the volume of the FHL was calculated, indicating that the τ of the FHL was remarkably shorter than that of the volume not indicating the FHL. This evidence suggested that not only the cancerous tissues but also the normal prostatic tissues might reduce in volume after castration. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal changes in the canine prostate after transurethral balloon laser prostatectomy
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Kurokawa Kohei , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Suzuki Keiji 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe histological changes by transurethral balloon laserthermia were examined on 23 canine prostates. Immediately after treatment, three zones were observed; the coagulative zone treated over 60°C for 20 min formed an inner layer, the degenerative zone treated between 60 to 46.1°C surrounded the coagulative zone, and the intact zone treated below 46.1°C formed the outer layer. Coagulative necrosis of the gland, swelling of collagen fibers, and thrombus of the vessels occurred in the coagulative zone, shedding and vacuolation around the nuclei of the epithelial cells and stromal edema were observed in the degenerative zone, while thermal changes were minimal in the intact zone. Both coagulative and degenerative zones developed necrosis and started to slough off within 1 week, forming a cavity in the central portion of the prostate. Reepithelialization of the cavity was complete at 4 weeks and the ducts of the prostate gland opened to the surface of the cavity. This treatment preserved the excretory tract of the prostate gland. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in rat prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Batra Satish , Alenfall Jan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing PK 11195, a high affinity ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBZr), binding sites in isolated mitochondrial (m‐fraction) and microsomal fractions (p‐fraction) from R‐3327 Dunning AT‐1 tumors, ventral and dorsolateral prostate were studied. Binding of PK 11195 in both m‐ and p‐fractions from AT‐1 tumors, but only in m‐fraction from ventral and dorsolateral prostate, was specific, saturable, and of high affinity. The PBZr density in m‐fraction from AT‐1 tumors was 6‐fold and 20‐fold higher than that in ventral and dorsolateral prostate, respectively. The receptor density in p‐fraction from AT‐1 tumors was approximately 25% of that found in the m‐fraction. Clear differences were observed in the competition by both diazepam and flunitrazepam for binding sites in m‐ and p‐fractions from tumors. These data indicate that the receptors were not only localized to the mitochondria, but were also present in considerable amounts in the microsomal fractions. The unusually high amounts of receptors in the fast growing anaplastic prostatic tumor suggest their involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation and possibly in tumorigenesis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immediate vasoactive effect of citral on the adolescent rat ventral prostate
Authors: Scolnik M. , Konichezky M. , Tykochinsky G. , Servadio C. , Abramovici A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe vasoactive effect of a fragrance compound, citral, on rat ventral prostate is presented. A combined method of Indian‐ink perfusion and postfixation transparency was used. One single dose of citral applied on the back skin of the rat induced an immediate triple response‐like effect on the prostatic vascular bed. A slight vasodilatation appeared already after 2 1/2 min, followed by a marked vasoconstriction process after 5‐min postcitral administration. Toward the period of 10 min, a second vasodilatation process was noted which persisted for the following 24 hr of observation.This study has demonstrated that changes in the microvascularization of the rat prostate can be estimated by counting the number of carbon‐stained blood vessels. The results obtained by this technique are closely related with the findings in the vascular network profile of the macroangiographic observations.The mechanism of action of citral on the microvascularization of the rat ventral prostate is yet unknown. Based on the present findings, we suggest that the neoplastic capacity of citral upon the prostatic epithelia is activated via a nonspecific inflammatory reaction modulated either by local release of neurotransmitters or throughout a direct effect of citral on the endothelial cells. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of apoptosis in androgen‐independent human prostate cancer cells undergoing thymineless death
Authors: Kyprianou Natasha , Bains Arvinder K. , Jacobs Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that androgen responsive human prostate cancer cells can be induced to undergo programmed cell death after androgen ablation. By contrast, androgen‐independent human prostate cancer cells do not activate this apoptotic pathway in response to androgen ablation. In the present study, two androgen‐independent human prostatic cell lines, PC‐3 and DU‐145, were used as in vitro model systems to investigate the possibility of induction of programmed cell death in response to non‐androgen ablative cytotoxic drugs. Treatment of these cells with the fluorinated pyrimidines, 5‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyuridine or trifluorothymidine, resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability, over a period of 96 hr of exposure to the drugs, as determined by the trypan blue exclusion assay. The characteristic DNA fragmentation into a nucleosomal ladder and induction of expression of specific apoptosis‐related genes, such as TRPM‐2/SGP‐2, and TGF‐β1, but not the growth‐related genes, c‐myc, c‐fos, and p53, temporally correlated with activation of apoptotic cell death in both systems. Simultaneous treatment with exogenous thymidine completely abrogated the fluoropyrimidine‐induced cytotoxic effect in both cell lines, as well as the nucleosomal fragmentation of DMA, indicating that this apoptotic process is due to the induction of “thymineless” state. These results suggest that androgen‐independent human prostate cancer cells retain the ability to activate the apoptotic cascade, after treatment with cytotoxic drugs that induce a “thymineless” state. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smooth muscle contractility in prostatic hyperplasia: Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Authors: Drescher P. , Eckert R. E. , Madsen P. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of cyclic 3′‐5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on α1‐adreno‐ceptor (α1‐receptor) induced smooth muscle contractions in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was investigated. Application of the selective α1‐receptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) induced fully reversible contractions in a dose‐dependent fashion. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors blocking the degradation of cAMP suppressed the PE induced contractions as follows: theophylline (1 mM), 91.1 ± 1.4%; papaverine (0.5 mM), 822.8 ± 3.2%; milrinone (0.5 mM), 68.2 ± 0.6%. Forskolin (50 μM), which elevates cAMP through direct activation of adenylatecyclase (AC), inhibited the PE induced contractions by 82.4 ± 3.6%. To further increase the intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i), the membrane permeable cAMP analogue N6‐2′‐O‐dibutyryladenosine derivative (dBcAMP; 1 mM) was applied and reduced the PE evoked contractions by 69.8 ± 2.3%. We conclude that elevation of [cAMP]i is an important step in inducing smooth muscle relaxation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen ablation induces tenascin expression in the rat prostate
Authors: Vollmer Günter , Michna Horst , Ebert Kirsten , Knuppen Rudolf 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTenascin is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix of mesenchymal derived tissue compartments. Although the DNA sequences that code for tenascin production are known and the protein structure is well characterized, little is known about regulation of tenascin expression. Therefore, we are interested in hormonal aspects of tenascin expression. In this study, we addressed the question if androgen deprivation and prostatic involution would influence tenascin expression in the prostate. Methodologically, in two series of experiments, intact and orchiectomized testosterone propionate substituted male rats were subjected to one of the following hormonal treatments: a) flutamide, b) the antiandrogen casodex, and c) cyproterone acetate (CPA). As controls in each series, we used untreated controls and orchiectomized rats. After a period of 14 days of treatment, prostates were removed. Tenascin immunostaining of the sectioned specimen from the control and the hormonally treated animals demonstrated the following: 1) Little, if any tenascin immunoreactivity was detectable in prostates of untreated animals. 2) Androgen deprivation with either treatment resulted in tenascin expression in the stroma of the prostates. 3) Tenascin expression appeared to be variable both semiquantitatively and in the staining pattern detectable except in prostates treated with CPA, in which we observed the most uniform and most widespread staining pattern. From these results, we conclude that androgen deprivation induces tenascin expression in the stroma of the involuting prostate. Remodelling of the extracellular matrix of the stroma, known to appear in the process of prostate involution by androgen ablation, represents a process which has not been discussed with tenascin expression so far. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of prostate cancer in males with prostatism
Authors: Lepor Herbert , Owens R. Scott , Rogenes Vince , Kuhn Evelyn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study was designed to compare the prostate cancer detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) in a consecutive cohort of males presenting to a single institution with clinically significant prostatism. The study population was comprised of 224 consecutive males with clinically significant prostatism referred to the Prostate Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin between June 1990 and December 1991. Subjects were considered to have clinically significant prostatism if they elected to pursue medical or surgical therapy following exclusion of carcinoma of the prostate.The initial examination consisted of a Boyarsky symptom score assessment, DRE, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual determination, serum PSA level, and transrectal prostatic ultrasonography. Subjects with an abnormality on DRE or serum PSA > 4 ng/dl were advised to undergo transrectal prostatic biopsy. Of the 224 subjects, 40 (17.9%) had an abnormal DRE and 57 (25.4%) had an elevated serum PSA > 4 ng/dl. The overall detection rate of prostate cancer in the study population was 6.7%. The prostate cancer detection rates for PSA alone and DRE alone were 5.8% and 5.3%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of PSA alone were 86.7%, 80.9%, and 25.0% and of DRE alone 80.0%, 86.3%, and 30.0%, respectively.Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for the entire study population in order to compare the screening measures serum PSA and PSA density. The area under the curves was 0.88 for both tests, indicating that these screening tests for prostate cancer were not significantly different. The present study demonstrated that males with clinically significant prostatism represent a high risk cohort for detecting prostate cancer. DRE and PSA are equally effective measures for detecting prostate cancer. PSA density does not offer any advantage over serum PSA in screening for prostate cancer, except in the subset of patients with a normal DRE and serum PSA levels between 4.0 and 9.9 ng/dl. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of prostate cancer metastasis to the vertebral column
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Shimizu Toshihiro , Kurokawa Kohei , Jimbo Hiroyuki , Sato Jin , Yamanaka Hidetoshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined 34 thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in eight patients with prostate cancer to elucidate the pattern of metastasis to the vertebral column. Computed tomography of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae was performed before treatment for the prostate cancer. Metastatic lesions were confirmed both by the recognition of osteoblastic and/or osteolytic lesions on CT and by histological identification at autopsy. Localized metastatic lesions were observed mostly in the peripheral rather than the central part of the vertebral body. There were no differences in distribution of lesions between the anterior and posterior parts of the vertebral body. There was no primary involvement of tumor in the spinous and transverse processes. These findings indicated that the major metastatic pathway to the vertebral column is via the vertebral venous system, and it appears that prostate cancer cells first metastasize to the vertebral body and then spread secondarily to the processes or other vertebrae. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.