bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeology of Desert Basinsa
Authors: Maxey George B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHydrologic systems in arid lands normally include a recharge area in mountains and a discharge area in lowlands often with an intermediate area of lateral flow between recharge and discharge areas. This system is often modified by local geologic, climatic, and physiographic factors. Most water‐supply, contamination and disposal problems arise from a combination of features superimposed on this system by concentration of population and agricultural activity in the discharge areas. Also most of our data on the system comes from the lowlands and little data is available from the recharge areas.In the Great Basin two general categories of ground‐water flow systems are recognized: (1) local flow systems where drainage areas are usually small, flow paths are relatively short, interbasin flow is uncommon, springs have large fluctuations in discharge, water temperature is low, and concentration of Na, K, Cl, and SO4 is low, and (2) regional flow systems, where drainage areas are large, flow paths long, interbasin flow common, springs have large discharge, and the water is characteristically of higher temperature and contains higher concentrations of K, Na, Cl, and SO4. Hydrologic approaches used, in addition to conventional methods, include hydrologic budget, water‐potential, and water‐chemistry studies. Although detailed delineation of most flow systems in Nevada has not been accomplished, integration of hydrologic, geologic, and chemical methods allow approximate portrayal of many systems, both local and regional.Adequate methods upon which to base planning for optimum development of water resources in desert basins are now available. A conceptual model of optimal ground‐water reservoir development illustrates how to determine optimum use of storage and perennial yield provided the use to which the water is to be put and the time of withdrawal are known.
Geophysical Surveys in the Vicinity of Sanitary Landfills in Northeastern Illinoisa
Authors: Cartwright Keros , McComas Murray R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTElectrical earth resistivity and soil temperature surveys have been conducted in the vicinity of four sanitary landfills in northeastern Illinois to test the possibility of detecting and tracing any chemical or temperature alteration of ground water by leachates from buried refuse. Reference data on water quality, levels, and movement were provided by a system of monitor wells drilled for a hydrogeologic study of the landfills.The resistivity survey, which was in homogeneous silty sand outwash, traced mineralized water from the landfill for a distance of more than 1000 feet. Apparent resistivity values were one fourth those obtained from unaffected areas. Interpretations of direction of ground‐water flow and location of discharge boundaries from the geophysical data agree vith interpretations based on the monitor well data.The soil temperature survey indicated the presence of a halo of higher temperatures around the landfill and indicated areas of surface recharge.The geophysical surveys show, in general, that chemically altered water is traceable in uniform earth materials where the depth of the water table is constant.
Statistical Evaluation of Salinity and Nitrate Content and Trends Beneath Urban and Agricultural Areas — Fresno, California
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe salinity and nitrate content of well water for an urban zone (Fresno‐Clovis, California) and the immediate surrounding irrigated agricultural zone were compared using data for 1950 through 1967. Time trends in these water chemical properties were evaluated statistically by dividing the 18‐year period into three 6‐year periods. Salinity of the urban zone ground water has increased with time, whereas that of the agricultural zone has fluctuated considerably. Possible reasons for changes are discussed. The nitrate content of well water from both zones has increased with time, with water from the agricultural zone showing the greatest increase. Key words; ground‐water degradation; salinity; nitrate.
On the Design and Construction of Infiltration Galleries
Authors: Bennett Truman W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReliable prediction of the yield of infiltration galleries can be made only on the basis of careful field testing combined with evaluation of surface flow‐duration data. While extensive pump testing is often relatively expensive the information obtained indicates the long‐term utility of the system. Pump test procedures and methods of analysis are outlined.With proper design much wider utilization can be made of infiltration galleries than is presently done. The long life and low maintenance requirements are particularly favorable for small systems. Design and maintenance suggestions are made for successful operations.
The Significance of Percolation Water in Limestone Catchments
Authors: Drew David P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStudies of limestone hydrology have largely ignored the possible significance of water not flowing in major conduits. This component is designated “percolation water.” The importance of percolation water in an area is probably a function of rock type, structure and hydrologic characteristics. Experiments undertaken in England and Jamaica tracing percolation water with the dyestuff Pyranine Conc. suggest longer flow‐through times than for water sinking at discrete points on the surface (allogenic water). The soil cover in an area may be in part responsible for this delay. Results from percolation water traces may be used to compile isochronal maps of limestone catchments.
Field Study of Subsurface Spent Sulfite Liquor Movement Using Earth Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Hackbarth Douglas A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new method is presented for supplementing data from piezometers to monitor waste disposal sites. This method involves examination of a time sequence of resistivity measurements at fixed points in a disposal area.Spent sulfite liquor moving away from a seepage pit was traced by examining a grid of earth resistivity measurements made before and after dumping had taken place. The method appears to provide results which correlate with specific conductivity of water samples from piezometers provided the following conditions are met:

Highly conductive contaminant moving at shallow depth.
Water table close to surface.
Uniform soil and vegetative conditions.
Proper selection of electrode spacings.
Practical Corrosion and Incrustation Guide Lines for Water Wells
Authors: Mogg Joe L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTCorrosion and incrustation of water wells is defined and classified into groups which fit most field problems. Case histories with concomitant water analyses are described. A readily determined index for the magnitude of corrosion is presented along with recommended materials to correspond with the indices. The theory for the most common well incrustants is presented. Recommendations are made for minimizing the rate of incrustation in wells supplying water known to be incrusting and thus eventually clogging well screens. Treatments for incrusted wells are described including iron bacteria. A ten‐year case history of iron bacteria fouling is presented. Nonmetallics are discussed.Descriptors: Well failures, corrosion of well components, incrustation of screens, water analyses, index, guide lines, nonmetallics, iron bacteria.Identifiers: Corrosion and incrustation problems in wells.
Theory of Ground‐Water Recharge for a Strip Basin
Authors: Amar Abnish C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFormulation and solution of one‐dimensional analytical and computational models, linear as well as nonlinear, pertaining to a typical ground‐water recharge pattern are presented. The objective of this investigation is to direct attention toward an evaluation and correlation of the various theoretical models based on the Dupuit‐Forchheimer (D‐F) approximations for the unsteady hydrodynamic behavior of the proposed recharge system under saturated flow conditions. Comparisons with the pertinent experimental data, presented in the form of dimensionless graphs, indicate that the linear D‐F theory is valid for relatively small water‐table rises but for large rises it predicts substantially greater rises than actually occur, particularly beneath and in the vicinity of the recharge basin. The range of validity is considerably improved between theory and experiments for relatively large rises using the nonlinear theory.
Step‐Drawdown Test Analysis by Computer
Authors: Labadie John W. , Helweg Otto J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMany geohydrologists believe that the step‐drawdown test is useful in determining many important characteristics of a well, whereas others altogether question its utility. In addition to this controversy, its application is hindered because the graphical analysis of data is unwieldy. A computer code is presented for step‐drawdown test analysis which is efficient and simple to use; moreover, it is an example of how optimization can be used in a practical way. A listing of the FORTRAN code is included along with some example calculations.
Ground‐Water Turbidity Resulting from Artificial Recharge
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTurbid ground water is rarely observed in domestic or public supply aquifers. At the Leaky Acres Recharge Facility at Fresno, California, water of low salinity (<50 μmhos/cm) and turbidity (<5 FTU, Formazin turbidity units) is recharged in the spreading basins. Six months after the start of the third (1973) recharge period, the ground‐water salinity was decreased to about 100 μhos/cm from the initial mean of 147 μhos/cm and the ground water became visibly turbid (>5 FTU). Two months later, some peripheral domestic wells also began to become turbid. After two more recharge periods (1974 and 1975), turbidity at 10 observation wells beneath Leaky Acres averaged 18 FTU and salinity averaged 74/μmhos/cm. By this time, ground‐water turbidity in peripheral wells near Leaky Acres had decreased to <0.5 FTU. This turbidity was traced to poorly‐crystallized and extremely fine colloids, which have leached from the surface soils because of the low salinity of the recharge water. Laboratory and field studies showed that gypsum application will reverse the phenomena, but such treatment is uneconomical. This phenomenon is a transient one, and now turbidity outside the recharge area is insignificant from a water quality viewpoint. However, the magnitude of the mass of material in transit through the profile if stabilized through flocculation or sieving in soil pore space, could greatly change the water transmission and so recharge project performance. However, we have not yet noted this effect at Leaky Acres.
INTERNATIONAL LESSONS FOR THE PROPERTY PRICE BOOM IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Funke Norbert , Kißmer Friedrich , Wagner Helmut 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSouth Africa appears to share some of the characteristics (property price boom, easing of monetary policy, strong domestic demand growth) of asset price booms in industrial countries that were followed by a period of weak growth. The international experience suggests that a number of practical obstacles need to be overcome before a more proactive role for monetary policy is warranted. However, a larger variety of available mortgage contracts, including longer‐term fixed‐rate contracts, should allow for a more efficient allocation of interest rate risks. Also, a more systematic nationwide collection of property price data, including data on commercial property price developments, would provide a more representative basis for analysis.
Bicalutamide 50 mg monotherapy in patients with isolated high-grade PIN: findings in repeat biopsies at 6 months
Authors: Bono Aldo V , Mazzucchelli Roberta , Ferrari Ilaria , Lopez-Beltran Antonio , Galosi Andrea B , Cheng Liang , Montironi Rodolfo 
Published: July 2006

Objectives:To evaluate morphological findings in repeat biopsies in patients with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) after a 6-month course of bicalutamide (Casodex) 50 mg/day.Methods:20 consecutive patients with isolated HGPIN in prostate biopsies were treated for 6 months with bicalutamide 50 mg/day. After treatment, the patients were resubmitted to prostate biopsy mapping. The control group included 22 untreated consecutive patients with isolated high-grade PIN with repeat biopsies taken 6 months after the initial biopsies.Results:In the initial biopsies of the treated group, HGPIN was monofocal in 12 patients and plurifocal in 8. In the repeat biopsies HGPIN was present in 2 patients, monofocal in both, whereas prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) was discovered in one. In the control group, HGPIN was monofocal in 15 and plurifocal in 7. In the repeat biopsies HGPIN was present in six patients, being monofocal in three and plurifocal in the other three. PCa was present in one.Conclusions:There was a lower incidence of HGPIN (treated group vs control: 10% vs 27.2%) after 6 months of bicalutamide. Reduction in its extent was also observed (treated group vs control: monofocal 100% vs 50%). Treatment did not affect the incidence of cancer (treated vs control: 5% vs 4.5%).
Treatment of inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Cordeiro A C , Isenberg D A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, notably polymyositis and dermatomyositis are comparatively uncommon diseases and few randomised, double blind placebo controlled trials have been done. Final validation of measures to assess outcome and response to treatment is awaited. Corticosteroids are an effective initial treatment, although rarely tested in randomised controlled trials. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to them and many develop undesirable side effects. There is thus a need for second line agents notably immunosuppressives or intravenous immunoglobulin. There are no defined guidelines or best treatment protocols agreed internationally and so the medical approach must be individualised, based on the severity of clinical presentation, disease duration, presence of extramuscular features, and prior therapy and contraindications to particular agents. There is still a significant percentage of non-responders (around 25%) and clinical relapses. Novel therapeutic approaches are now directed towards cytokine modulation and the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting B and T cells.
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: evidence based clinical and public health perspectives
Authors: Reilly J J 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A global epidemic of paediatric obesity occurred in recent years, and prevalence of obesity is continuing to rise. In the developed world obesity is now the most common disease of childhood and adolescence. Paediatric obesity is not a cosmetic issue, being associated with a significant burden of ill health both for obese children and for adults who were obese as children. Health professionals tend to underestimate the impact of paediatric obesity, and lack the skills, knowledge, and time to treat it effectively. This short review aims to summarise recent systematic reviews on the origins, consequences, prevention, and treatment of paediatric obesity.
Inhibition of Pulmonary and Skeletal Metastasis by a Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Abhik , Agyin Joseph K. , Wang Long , Tang Yuping , Lei Xiufen , Story Beryl M. , Cornell John E. , Pollock Bradley H. , Mundy Gregory R. , Sun Lu-Zhe 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has been shown to promote invasion and metastasis in various models of human cancers. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a TGF-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor (TβRI-I) to limit early systemic metastases in an orthotopic xenograft model of lung metastasis and in an intracardiac injection model of experimental bone and lung metastasis using human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435-F-L cells, a highly metastatic variant of human breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells, expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Treatment of the cells with the TβRI-I had no effect on their growth but blocked TGF-β-stimulated expression of integrin αvβ3 and cell migration in vitro. Systemic administration of the TβRI-I via i.p. injection effectively reduced the number and size of the lung metastasis in both orthotopic xenograft and experimental metastasis models with no effects on primary tumor growth rate compared with controls. TβRI-I treatment also reduced the incidence of widespread early skeletal metastases in the femur, tibia, mandible, and spine detected by whole-body EGFP fluorescence imaging. Tumor burden in femora and tibiae was also reduced after TβRI-I treatment as detected by histomorphometry analysis compared with the placebo controls. Our results indicate for the first time that abrogation of TGF-β signaling by systemic administration of the TβRI-I can inhibit both early lung and bone metastasis in animal model systems and suggest antimetastatic therapeutic potential of the TβRI-I.(Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6714-21)
Overexpression of Cox-2 in Human Osteosarcoma Cells Decreases Proliferation and Increases Apoptosis
Authors: Xu Zheng , Choudhary Shilpa , Voznesensky Olga , Mehrotra Meenal , Woodard Monica , Hansen Marc , Herschman Harvey , Pilbeam Carol 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is generally considered to promote tumorigenesis. To investigate a potential role of COX-2 in osteosarcoma, we overexpressed COX-2 in human osteosarcoma cells. Saos-2 cells deficient in COX-2 expression were retrovirally transduced or stably transfected with murine COX-2 cDNA. Functional expression of COX-2 was confirmed by Northern and Western analyses and prostaglandin production. Overexpression of COX-2 reduced cell numbers by 50% to 70% compared with controls. Decreased proliferation in COX-2-overexpressing cells was associated with cell cycle prolongation in G2-M. Apoptosis, measured by both Annexin V binding assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, was increased in cells overexpressing COX-2, and the increase was not reversed by treatment with NS-398, indicating that the effects were not mediated by prostaglandins. Retroviral COX-2 overexpression in two other human osteosarcoma cell lines, U2OS and TE85, also decreased cell viability. However, in the human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cell line, which is deficient in COX-2, retroviral overexpression of COX-2, at similar efficiency as in Saos-2 cells, increased resistance to apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), measured by flow cytometry, were increased by COX-2 overexpression in Saos-2 cells but not in HCT-116 cells. Inhibition of peroxidase activity, but not of COX activity, blocked the ROS increase. Antioxidants blocked the increase in ROS and the increase in apoptosis due to COX-2 overexpression in Saos-2 cells. Our results suggest that (a) COX-2 overexpression in osteosarcoma cells may increase resistance to tumorigenesis by increasing ROS to levels that decrease cell viability and (b) the effects of COX-2 overexpression are cell type/tissue dependent.(Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6657-64)
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Triggers Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells Made Resistant by the Overexpression of Bcl-2
Authors: Thomson Susan J. , Brown Kristin K. , Pullar Juliet M. , Hampton Mark B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Isothiocyanates are a class of naturally occuring chemopreventive agents known to be effective at triggering apoptosis. In this study, we show that whereas overexpression of the oncoprotein Bcl-2 renders Jurkat T-lymphoma cells resistant to a range of cytotoxic agents, phenethyl isothiocyanate is able to overcome the inhibitory action of Bcl-2 and trigger apoptosis. A 50-fold increase in Bcl-2 expression shifted the dose-response curve, with an increase in the phenethyl isothiocyanate LD50 from 7 to 15 μmol/L, but there was still a complete loss in cell viability at doses in excess of 20 μmol/L. At these concentrations, cytotoxicity was strongly associated with caspase activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and morphologic changes characteristic of apoptosis. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by treatment of the cells with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor. A structure-activity analysis showed that the phenethyl and benzyl isothiocyanates were most effective at triggering apoptosis in cells overexpressing Bcl-2 whereas phenyl isothiocyanate and benzyl thiocyanate had no proapoptotic activity. Allyl isothiocyanate also had limited efficacy despite its ability to trigger apoptosis in the parental Jurkat cell line. From this information, we propose that isothiocyanates modify a key cysteine residue in an apoptosis regulatory protein and that the aromatic side chain facilitates access to the target site. An in-depth investigation of the cellular targets of the aromatic isothiocyanates is warranted.(Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6772-7)
Genome-Wide Analysis of Epigenetic Silencing Identifies BEX1 and BEX2 as Candidate Tumor Suppressor Genes in Malignant Glioma
Authors: Foltz Greg , Ryu Gi-Yung , Yoon Jae-Geun , Nelson Timothy , Fahey Jessica , Frakes Amanda , Lee Hwahyung , Field Lorie , Zander Kaitlin , Sibenaller Zita , Ryken Timothy C. , Vibhakar Rajeev , Hood Leroy , Madan Anup 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation are common epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. We treated two immortalized glioma cell lines, T98 and U87, and 10 patient-derived primary glioma cell lines with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, or 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, to comprehensively identify the cohort of genes reactivated through the pharmacologic reversal of these distinct but related epigenetic processes. Whole-genome microarray analysis identified genes induced by TSA (653) or 5-AzaC treatment (170). We selected a subset of reactivated genes that were markedly induced (greater than two-fold) after treatment with either TSA or 5-AzaC in a majority of glioma cell lines but not in cultured normal astrocytes. We then characterized the degree of promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing of selected genes in histologically confirmed human tumor and nontumor brain specimens. We identified two novel brain expressed genes, BEX1 and BEX2, which were silenced in all tumor specimens and exhibited extensive promoter hypermethylation. Viral-mediated reexpression of either BEX1 or BEX2 led to increased sensitivity to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and potent tumor suppressor effects in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Using an integrated approach, we have established a novel platform for the genome-wide screening of epigenetically silenced genes in malignant glioma. This experimental paradigm provides a powerful new method for the identification of epigenetically silenced genes with potential function as tumor suppressors, biomarkers for disease diagnosis and detection, and therapeutically reversible modulators of critical regulatory pathways important in glioma pathogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6665-74)