bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro Translation Studies with cDNA Clones Corresponding to the RNA's of Barley Yellow Mosaic and Barley Mild Mosaic Viruses
Authors: Pröls Markus , Davidson Andrew , Schell Jeff , Steinbiss Hans‐Henning 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRNAs isolated from a mixture of barley yellow mosaic virus (Ba YMV‐NM) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV previously BaYMV‐M) were used as templates for cDNA synthesis. Southern blot hybridization analysis revealed that the cDNA library contained 4classes of non‐cross hybridizing cDNA clones. The largest cDNA clone of each class was used for hybridization to the viral RNAs of BaMMV and BaYMV. This resulted in the identification of 4 individual cDNA clones which cover approximately 80% of RNA 1 and 90% of RNA 2 for each virus. The cDNA clones plM7 (6.3 kb) and psM18 (3.5 kb) correspond respectively to RNA 1 and RNA 2 of BaMMV whilst plY29 (6.4 kb) and psY35 (3.7 kb) correspond to BaYMV RNA 1 and RNA 2. Restriction enzyme analysis suggested that th,e two viruses have genomes with a substantially different nucleotide sequence. In vitro transcripts were prepared from the cDNA clones and used for in vitro translation. Only one strand of each of the cDNA clones was found to code for protein products. The in vitro translation assays support the view that BaYMV and BaMMV are different viruses.
Symptomatological and Morphological Study of the Resistance of Wild Beet Species of the Patellares Section to Cercospora beticola Sacc.
Authors: Carels Mr. N. , Dekegel D. , Van Heule Mrs. G. , Lepoivre P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe reactions of Beta procumbens C. Sm. and Beta webbiana Moq. were compared to those of Beta vulgaris L. with regard to an infection by Cercospora beticola Sacc. The fleck reaction obsrved in B. webbiana may be interpreted as hypersensitivity based on symptomatological, light microscopical, fluorescent microscopical and electron microscopical data. The B. procumbens clone was found to show resistance characteristics similar to those of B. webbiana and B. vulgaris, as it reacted both by flecks (B. webbiana) and leaf spots (B. vulgaris) to a C. beticola infection.
Evaluation of the Single Tillers Method for Yield Loss Assessment in Wheat Under Israeli Conditions
Authors: Shtienberg D. , Dinoor Amos , Marani Avishalom 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA method for estimating disease induced yield losses by using single wheat tillers as experimental units was evaluated under commercial field conditions. Natural epidemics of Septoria tritici blotch, yellow rust and leaf rust which developed late in the season had no effect on the vegetative growth of the host, but caused only reduced kernels weight. The optimal sample size was determined experimentally to be 300 tillers. Losses were also estimated in the same experiments using field plots as experimental units. Yield loss estimates derved from using single tillers were significantly correlated with those derived from using field plots. The relationship between disease and yield varied significantly among fields, even in a given year, region and cultivar. Thus, it was concluded that this relationship has to be established empirically wherever yield losses are to be estimated, and that under Israeli conditions it may be done by using the single tillers method.
The Loss of Structural Integrity in Damaged Spruce Needles from Locations Exposed to Air Pollution I. Mesophyll and Central Cylinder
Authors: Hasemann Gudrun , Wild Aloysius 
Published: May 2008

Abstract In connection with the new type of forest damage, the individual disease situation of two‐year‐old spruce (Picea abies) needles was analyzed histopathologically in forest areas exposed to different levels of O3‐, SO2‐ and NO3‐ pollution.Early damage results from losses of chlorophyll in the mesophyll cells. The bleaching is more intensive towards the apex in severely damaged needles. The cytoplasm is aggregated at the cell wall and the chloroplasts show definite structural damage as well.The mesophyll cells below the epidermis, or the cells adjacent to the vascular bundle sheath, appear to be particularly susceptible. Collapsed cells (bone cells), which increase in number with damage, can lead to tissue death in certain needle areas, (brown tips, transverse bands).Necrotic spots are manifested as groups of dissociated cells in which hypertrophic and collapsed cells as well as abnormal proliferations can be observed.Hypertrophy and cell collapse appear in the central cylinder in addition to severe phenol deposits.Bone cells and chlorophyll losses can already be detected in the green needles of damaged trees, indicating latent damage, which becomes macroscopically visible only after more extensive damage.Our results indicate that no biotic stress factors take part in the damage of the spruce needles investigated here. Anthropogenic air pollutants in addition to abiotic stress factors must be regarded as a main cause of damage.
Ethylene Stimulation During the Hypersensitive Reaction of Soybean to Tobacco Necrosis Virus under Different Photoperiods
Authors: Pennazio S. , Roggero P. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The production of stress ethylene was increased in soybean leaves hypersensitively responding to tobacco necrosis virus, independently of photoperiod. However, only little increase occurred under continuous darkness, whereas most occurred under continuous darkness, whereas most occurred under continuous light. Ethylene stimulation paralleled accumulation of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic (ACC) and its conversion to ethylene. Continuous darkness substantially inhibited viral antigen accumulation but not lesion area in comparison to continuous light. Ethylene release, viral lesion area and antigen accumulation were substantially increased when darkened leaf tissues were fed with glucose, this suggesting that dark inhibition was due to energy and/or, metabolic depletion. Co2+ and aminoethoxyvinylglycine, which completely inhibited stress ethylene, and ACC, which conspicuously increased it, had no effect on both viral lesion and antigen accumulation.These results indicate that stress ethylene developing during a HR to virus does not affect the localizing mechanism operating during it.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Banana Bunchy Top Virus and Their Use in Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Wu R. Y. , Su H. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhen purified banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was used to immunize Balbc mice, all 480 wells from one fusion contained hybridomas and culture fluid from 92% of them showed a positive reaction to BBTV using plate trapped antigen (PTA) ELISA (also known as indirect ELISA). After a third screening, 84 hybridoma cell lines retained their ability to produce BBTV‐specific antibodies. Fitry‐eight monoclonal cell lines with the ability to produce BBTV‐specific antibodies. were obtained when these hybridomas were cloned by limiting dilution to single cells. The antibodies produced by these monoclonal hybridomas were mostly isotype IgG2a. The titres of antibody in culture supernatant and ascitie fluid of one clone were 104 and 104, respectively, while those of another clone were as high as 104 and 104. Hybridomas produced 40 to 62 times more anti‐BBTV specific antibodies in mouse ascites than in culture. The minimum active concentration of purified immunoglobulin produced by three hybridomas ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 μg/ml, while the minimum detectable concentration of BBTV antigen was 0.26 μg/ml with PTA ELISA. Antibody trapped antigen (ATA) ELISA (also known as direct ELISA) was 16 times more sensitive than PTA ELISA in detecting BBTV. Although PTA ELISA could not detect BBTV in crude extract of diseased tissues, ATA ELISA was able to detect the virus even when the extract was diluted 1/512.
The Effects of a Virus Inhibitor, NS‐83, Derived from Plants, on Virus Infection and Multiplication in Tobacco
Authors: Li H. F. , White R. E. , Antoniw J. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The virus inhibitor NS. 83. when spraved onto tobacco seedlings. was ettective against mechanical inoculation of TMV when applied to the inoculated surface and when mixed with the virus before inoculation. When aphids were ased to transmit potato virus before spraving inosulated seedlings immediately after the intection feed decreased the number intecteé with the virus.Like salicylic acid. when NS‐83 was injected into tobacco leaves lesion number, virus concen tration and lesion spread were decreased and pathogenesis related PR la protein associated with resisttance to plant pathogens was induced.Zusammenfassung Die Einflüsse eines aus Pflanzen gewonnenen Virusinhibitors. NS‐83, auf Virusinfektion und ‐verinehrung in Tabakpflanzen Nach einer Spritzhehandlung von Tabaksämängen war der Virusinhibitor NS‐83 wirksam gegen die schen mecbaniscb mit TMN inokulierte Oberfläche und auch. Wenn des Inhabitor mit dem Virus vor der laokulation gemischt wurde. Bei der Anwendung von Blattlausen. Um das Potato Virus Y zu übertragen, reduzierte eine Spritzbehandlung der Pllanzen mit NS‐83 unnittelbar nach der Futteruogsintektion die Anzabl von betallenen ptlanzen.Älmlich wie Saheylsaure bewirkre NS‐83 nach dem Inizieren in Tabakblättern eine Reduzierung der Lästonenzahi der Viruskonzemration sowie der Lastionenausbreitung außerdem wurde eine Induktion des mit der Pathogenese gehoppelten Prla‐Proteines, das mit der Resistenz gegeniber Pflanzenpathogenen assozuert ist. hervorgeruten.
ELISA – Nachweis von Pflanzenviren mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Reagenzstreifen
Authors: Reichenbächer D. , Reiss E. , Hans‐D. Hunger  , Richter J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Detection of plant viruses by ELISA using different reagent strips A simplified immunoassay for detection of plant viruses under field conditions was developed on the basis of the direct double antibody sandwich ELISA using dry reagent carriers immobilized on PVC‐supports which are arranged in a fan‐like manner. The fan consists of a first reagent carrier with antivirus IgG covalently bound to cyanuric chloride‐activated (CCA) paper while the second and third are filter papers impregnated with alkaline phosphatase labelled antivirus IgG and the fluorogenic subsrate, 4‐methylumbelliferylphosphate, respectively. Performing the test, the first carrier is contacted with a liquid sample containing the virus to be identified, the second and third carriers is contacted with a liquid sample containing the virus to be identified the second and third carriers are sequentially put one upon the other and the reactions carried out. The virus is detected by the reacted substrate fluorescing under a UV‐light. The applicability of the test is demonstrated with cucumber mosaic virus and potato virus X.
Untersuchungen über den Befall des Rübenzystennematoden (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) durch pilzliche Eiparasiten in zwei Zuckerrüben‐Getreide‐Fruchtfolgen
Authors: Steudel W. , Müller J. , Schlang J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Investigations on fungal egg parasites of the sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) in two sugar beet‐cereal‐rotations In two field trials with rotations of sugar beet‐cereals‐green manure the population dynamics of Heterodera schachtii was investigated as well as the frequency of its fungal egg parasites. During the rotation, highest rates of fungal parasitism (20–48%) were observed after years with sugar beet, independently of the nematode population density. In the interim parasitism decreased to about 10%. A highly significant correlation was found between nematode population density and the amount of parasitized eggs and larvae. The effect of resistant catch crops (oil radish‘Pegletta and white mustard‘Maxi’) on fungal egg parasites was not different from the effect of Phacelia or fallow. There are indications, however, that a high nematode multiplication on a susceptible catch crop promotes antagonistic fungi and, in consequence, a nematode population decrease may occur in the following sugar beet crop.
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Growth of Microorganisms Associated with Apple Replant Disease and on Apple Seedlings Grown in Soil Infested with these Microorganisms*
Authors: Utkhede R.S. , Smith E.M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe growth of fungi causing apple replant disease (ARD) was inhibited by the addition of N and P to the growing medium. The population of bacteria antagonistic to ARD‐causing fungi was significantly increased in the growing medium supplemented with N 400 P 400 mg/l or greater. The application of nitrogen alone or in combination with phosphorus to soil infested with fungi or bacteria that cause apple replant disease significantly increased seedling height. The addition of P alone to these infested soils did not have any effect on seedling height. Significant increases in seedling height occurred with N applications when seedlings were grown in soil to which bacteria that are antagonistic to fungi causing ARD had been added. These results suggest that the application of N, with or without P, to apple replant soils may suppress the growth of ARD‐causing fungi or bacteria and promote the growth of antagonistic bacteria.
Virulence and Vegetative Compatibility of Dutch and Italian Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii
Authors: Löffler H.J. M. , Rumine P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe virulence and vegetative compatibility of eight Dutch and four Italian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from lily were compared. The virulence was tested by determination of the specific interaction between the Fusarium isolates and eight lily cultivars. A specific interaction was not found, so the existence of races was not demonstrated. Six of the twelve isolates turned out to be non‐pathogenic for lily. The pathogenic isolates fell in four vegetative compatibility groups. No vegetative compatibility was found between isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii and those of f. sp. gladioli.
Resistance of Pepper Lines to the Movement of Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Authors: Nono‐Womdim R. , Marchoux G. , Pochard E. , Palloix A. , Gebre‐Selassie K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe multiplication and the migration of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were studied in greenhouse conditions in one susceptible ‘Yolo wonder’ and two resistant ‘Milord’ and ‘Vania’ pepper varieties. DAS‐ELISA tests have revealed that the virus is replicated in inoculated leaves of the resistant varieties as high as in the susceptible variety. In the susceptible variety ‘Yolo wonder’, CMV migrated from the leaf lamina to the petiole two days after inoculation and it became systemic three days later regardless the season. In ‘Milord’ the virus migrated from the leaf lamina to the petiole five days after inoculation and it became systemic during the winter 16 days after inoculation. Whereas plants of the same genotype were not infected systemically during the summer. In ‘Vania’, during the two seasons, CMV spread from the blade to the petiole five days after inoculation, but the virus was not detected beyond the inoculated leaf. These results show that ‘Milord’ and ‘Vania’ are resistant to CMV migration. Therefore, the resistance to CMV migration is affected by plant genotype and temperature. The study of effect of pepper plant phenology on infection has revealed that resistance to CMV migration is also affected by the development stage of the plants.
Histopathology of Wheat Seedling Roots Infected with Pythium arrhenomanes
Authors: Mojdehi H. , Singleton L. L. , Richardson P. E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo‐day‐old wheat seedlings were placed on the edge of a P. arrhenomanes culture for 3 h at 25°C, and transferred into test tubes (18 mm dia.) containing glass beads and 1 ml of sterile water. Roots were sampled every 6 or 12 h for 84 h, and observed with the scanning electron microscope, or serial sectioned for light microscopy. Roots were colonized extensively in the region of root hair formation near the tip within 30 h after inoculation. Extensive penetration occurred 0.1—2 mm behind the root tip, with hyphae breaching the endodermis and gaining entry into the stele. Behind this area, hyphae remained limited to the outer cortical cells, or did not penetrate at all. Hyphae grew intracellularly, and became irregularly inflated inside cells. In most cases, hyphae penetrated the roots directly through the epidermis with appressoria being formed, or through breaks on the surface. However, histological evidence suggested chemical action taking place both outside and inside the cells.
Soluble Proteins, Esterases and Superoxide Dismutase in Stem Tissue of Pepper Plants in Relation to Age‐related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Hwang ByungKook , Yoon Jae Young , Ibenthal W.‐D. , Heitefuss R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPatterns of soluble proteins and isoenzymes of esterase and superoxide dismutase were investigated in healthy and infected stems of two pepper cultivars resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora capsici. By the use of two‐dimensional SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was possible to compare precisely the cultivars Hanbyul and Kingkun susceptible or resistant to P. capsici with respect to their protein patterns. The two‐dimensional electrophoresis identified three proteins (25—27 kD) from the healthy stem extracts of Kingkun, which were absent in Hanbyul. Some particular proteins appeared in pepper stems of both cultivars at later developmental stage of plants, suggesting their role in the expression of age‐related resistance. Some proteins which were not detectable in the healthy stem extracts also existed in large amounts in the diseased ones. By contrast, other proteins present in the healthy stems disappeared from the diseased stems. Some esterase isoenzymes appeared in the two cultivars only at late developmental stage. Other esterase isoenzymes were produced only in the diseased stems. There were no differences in the patterns of superoxide dismutases between the cultivars and also between developmental stages. Large activities of several superoxide dismutases were detected in the diseased stems.
Karl Otto Müller (1897—1978) und die Entdeckungsgeschichte der Phytoalexine
Authors: Höxtermann Ekkehard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKarl Otto Müller was an outstanding scientist in applied botany who substantially promoted modern plant breeding and phytopathology. In 1928 he started his experimental studies about phytophthora resistance of potatoes enlightening on an up to that time unknown defensive reaction of higher plants, which led to the postulation of phytoalexins 50 years ago.
Isolation of Solanapyrones A, B and C from Culture Filture and Spore Germination Fluids of Ascochyta rabiei and Aspects of Phytotoxin Action
Authors: Höhl B. , Weidemann C. , Höhl U. , Barz W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNine isolates of the fungus Ascochyta rabiei have been assayed for their ability to produce solanapyrone toxins. All isolates formed solanapyrone A, B and C which were secreted into the culture medium. Pronounced production of the toxins only occurred after onset of sporulation. The identification of the fungal products was achieved by cochromatography (TLC, HPLC), 1H‐NMR (solanapyrone A and B) and mass spectrometry (solanapyrone B). Work with A. rabiei isolate X showed that cultivation in chickpea seed extract medium in a surface culture provided best conditions for maximal toxin production. The accumulation of solanapyrones over the growth cycle was monitored. Germinating spores produced solanapyrones C and B whereas solanapyrone A was formed from the 6th day of the culture period on.Application of a mixture of solanapyrones A, B and C to leaflets of intact plants from an A. rabiei resistant cultivar (ILC 3279) and a susceptible cultivar (ILC 1929) led to characteristic changes in leaf morphology which had earlier been obsevad in susceptible plants following infection with spores of A. rabiei. Attempts to demonstrate the occurrence of toxins in the infected leaf were unsuccessful. Application of solanapyrones to solanapyrones to chickpea cell suspension cultures (derived from both cultivars) led to pronounced losses in viability and to plasmolysis of cells.
Disease Development and Buildup of Resistance to Oxadixyl in Potato Crops Inoculated with Phytophthora infestans as Affected by Oxadixyl and Oxadixyl Mixtures: Experimental and Simulation Studies
Authors: Levy Y. , Cohen Y. , Benderly M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSimulator predictions for the effect of oxadixyl and oxadixyl mixtures on the control of late blight in potato crops inoculated with Phytophthora infestans and the buildup of fungal resistance to oxadixyl were compared with data obtained in field experiments. The simulator, which considered fungus, fungicides and crop variables, predicted accurately the effect of fungicide sprays (oxadixyl, oxadixyl mixed with mancozeb, and oxadixyl mixed with mancozeb and cymoxanil) on blight development. The model predicted accurately both resistance buildup and infection in non‐treated crops and in crops treated with oxadixyl alone or in a mixture with mancozeb (SAN 518F), but overestimated the control efficacy of the three‐way mixture Pulsan.
Effect of Heat‐killed Bacteria on the Interaction of Pea with Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi
Authors: Akpa A. D. , Archer S. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe effect of simultaneous treatment with heat‐killed and live bacteria on the responses of two pea cultivars, Early Onward and Hurst Green Shaft, to inoculation with two races, 1 and 2, of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi was investigated. Simultaneous application induced resistance in pea to the bacterial pathogen. The level of resistance response elicited in the host increased with increasing number of heat‐killed cells in the inoculum. Heat‐killed cells of neither race elicited the hypersensitive reaction. No symptoms were induced in plants of either cultivar from treatment of control plants with sterile distilled water or from treatment with heat‐killed bacterial cells only. Simultaneous treatment with heat‐killed and inoculation with live bacteria did not have any apparent effect on the trend of bacterial multiplication in vivo.
New Races of the Sunflower Downy Mildew Pathogen (Plasmopara halstedii) in Europe and North and South America
Authors: Gulya T. J. , Sackston W. E. , Viranyi F. , Masirevic S. , Rashid K. Y. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCollections of the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew (Plasmopara balstedii) (PH) from several European and North and South American countries were used to inoculate a series of sunflower inbred lines to differentiate races. Race 3 was identified from Argentina; race 4 from France, Hungary, and Bulgaria; race 6 from Canada and France; and race 7 from Argentina. This is the first report of race 3 in South America and of race 4 in Europe, and is the first identification of races 6 and 7. Reactions of USDA lines RHA‐274, RHA‐325, and DM‐2 differentiate races 2, 6, and 7, with RHA‐274 resistant to all three. Thirty‐three commercial hybrids from 11 countries were tested; 70 % were resistant to race 2, only 27 % had resistance to race 6, and none were resistant to race 4. Surveys to determine the relative proportions of the various races within each country are needed to assess their potential impact. The USDA lines HA‐335, HA‐336, HA‐337, HA‐338, HA‐339, RHA‐340, HA‐R4, and HA‐R5 are resistant to all seven mildew races and could be utilized for the production of PH resistant hybrids. For the short term, it appears that seed treatment with metalaxyl may be the most effective control.
Potato Virus X—a New Report from Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) in India
Authors: Samad Abdul , Naqvi Q. A. , Garg I. D. , Twhouvenel J.‐C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA virus isolated from turnip in Aligarh, India, which caused mild mosaic, mottling and curling of leaves followed by overall stunting of plants, was characterized as potato virus X (PVX) on the basis of its host range, biological and physical properties, particle morphology, ultrastructural studies, and serological relationship.