bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaebacterial Lipids: Stable Anionic Membranes from 1,2-Bis(dihydrophytyl)glycero-3-phosphate
Authors: Yamauchi Kiyoshi , Togawa Katsuya , Kinoshita Masayoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
1,2-Bis(dihydrophytyl)glycero-3-phosphate (DPhyPA) was synthesized as an analog of archaebacterial lipids. Upon sonicating in amine-containing buffers like 0.05 M Tris–HCl (pH 7.8), the lipid gave rise to the stable liposomal assemblies, which could store 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein at high temperature as high as 70 °C in the interior. The assembly also had a large negative zeta-potential and showed an absence of gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition from −20 to 80 °C. A Langmuir monolayer at an air/water interface suggested that the maximum molecular area of the lipid was 0.9—1.0 nm2. These properties were compared with the assemblies prepared from conventional 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
Crystal Structure and Conformation of N-(t-Butoxycarbonyl)-l-valine N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester
Authors: Sukumar N , Ponnuswamy M N , Jayakumar R 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
An X-ray crystal structure analysis of the title compound (C14H22N2O6) was carried out. There are two molecules (A & B) in the asymmetric unit. In both molecules valine side chains exist in a staggered conformation. The molecules in the crystalline state are stabilized by N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonding.
Enantioselective Esterification of Cyclic Dicarboxylic Anhydrides Using Chiral Amino Alcohols as Auxiliaries
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Matsukawa Kohzoh , Fujisawa Tamotsu 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Cyclic dicarboxylic anhydrides were enantioselectively esterified with the complex formed from cinchonidine, diethylzinc, and methanol, and the half-esters obtained were readily transformed into lactones via reduction and dehydration.
Liquid-Phase Hydration of Acrylonitrile on Skeletal Copper Catalysts Prepared from Cu–Ti and Cu–Zr Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Funabiki Takuzo , Yamashita Hiromi , Yase Makoto , Omatsu Toshihiro , Yoshida Satohiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Liquid-phase hydration of acrylonitrile has been carried out on the skeletal copper catalysts which were prepared by treating pulverized amorphous Cu–Ti and Cu–Zr alloys with an HF solution. The catalysts from amorphous alloys were more effective to produce acrylamide selectively than those from crystalline alloys. This high activity was brought about by the highly homogeneous structure of the amorphous alloys.
Synthesis of Formaldehyde Acetals by Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Wang Maw-Ling , Chang Shahng-Wern 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
By employing phase transfer catalysis, formaldehyde acetals were synthesized from the reaction of alcohols and dibromomethane at moderate temperatures. Using a high alkaline concentration, the reaction could be improved to obtain a 100% yield by reacting dibromomethane and 1-alcohol employing tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst. Six kinds of alcohols with various structures, four sorts of solvents with various dielectric constants and seven types of catalysts were examined to test their reactivities to the reactions. Only one unique product with two alkoxides substituents was observed which indicated the presence of a rather fast reaction rate during the second reaction of the organic phase. The reaction was dramatically enhanced by adding a small amount of quaternary ammonium salt (QX) to obtain a 100% yield utilizing the alcohols with nonbonding electron pairs within a short period of reaction time. The conversion was also observed to be strongly dependent upon the structure of the quaternary ammonium salts. The reaction rate and the product yield were satisfactorily accounted for the chemical reaction equilibrium of alcohols and KOH in the aqueous phase, the hydration of the active catalyst (QOR) in the organic phase and the distribution of QOR between two phases.
The β-Type Structures of Very Simple N-Octanoyl-l-glutamic Acid Oligomers (Residue Number, N = 2—6) and Their β1→β2-Type Transition
Authors: Uehara Toshiyuki , Okabayashi Hirofumi , Taga Keijiro , Yoshida Tadayoshi , Kojima Hiroshi , Nishio Etuso 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
N-Octanoyl-l-glutamic acid oligomers (residue number, N = 2—6) have been synthesized in order to study their molecular conformations in the solid state. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns and vibrational spectra of these oligomers have been investigated and compared with those of the α-helical and β-sheet conformations of poly-l-glutamic acid. For fresh samples of these oligomers, the tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer take up a conformation similar to the β1-form of poly-l-glutamic acid. However, the β1-type conformation of these oligomers is rapidly transformed to a β2-type conformation with time at room temperature, indicating that a transition similar to the β1→β2 transition of poly-l-glutamic acid occurs, even in the tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer. For fresh samples of the dimer and trimer, these molecules take up the β2-type structure. This means that the critical size of the oligomer for the formation of the β1→β2-type transition is the tetramer.
Vibrational Spectra of N-Octanoyl-l-glutamic Acid Oligomer Barium Salts and Their Conformations
Authors: Uehara Toshiyuki , Okabayashi Hirofumi , Taga Keijiro , Yoshida Tadayoshi , Kojima Hiroshi , Nishio Etsuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Barium salts of N-octanoyl-l-glutamic acid oligomers (oct-oligomer salts, residue number, N = 2—6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22) have been prepared. The vibrational spectra of these molecules were measured and compared with those of β-Ca-poly(l-glutamic acid). For the vibrational spectra of these oligomer salts, the very broad amide I bands at 1644—1655 cm−1 (IR), amide III bands at 1240—1256 cm−1 (Raman) and at 1240—1250 cm−1 (IR) are due to a disordered structure. The Raman bands at 840—855 cm−1 and their counter part at 835—848 cm−1 in the IR spectra may also come from disordered structures. In the CαC stretching-mode region, which strongly reflects the skeletal backbone structure, the Raman bands at 941—944 cm−1 were observed in common for those oligomer salts having residue numbers of N = 4—22, and correspond well to the 943 cm−1 band characteristic of the extended helical conformation of charged poly(l-glutamic acid). We may conclude that the oligomer salts (N = 2—22) have disordered structures. However, the oligomer chains having at least residue numbers above N = 4 are locally relatively regular and may take up an extended helical structure.
Optical Resolution on Regioselectively Carbamoylated Cellulose and Amylose with 3,5-Dimethylphenyl and 3,5-Dichlorophenyl Isocyanates
Authors: Kaida Yuriko , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The optical resolving ability of two types of regioselectively carbamoylated cellulose and amylose with 3,5-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-dichlorophenyl isocyanates was evaluated. One had 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate groups at the 2 and 3 positions and a 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate group at the 6 position; the other had 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate groups at the 2 and 3 positions and a 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate group at the 6 position. In cellulose derivatives, the side chains at the 2,3, and 6 positions seem to interact complicatedly with racemates. On the other hand, in the amylose derivatives, the side chains at the 2 and 3 positions may mainly influence the chiral recognition ability. The optical resolving abilities of the cellulose and amylose derivatives having irregularly either 3,5-dimethylphenyl- or 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate groups at the 2,3, and 6 positions were also examined.
Role of 3-Morpholino-1-propanesulfonic Acid as Energy Transferor in Chemiluminescence Reaction of Fluorescein Catalyzed by Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Segawa Tadashi , Kamidate Tamio , Watanabe Hiroto 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of fluorescein (FL) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was carried out in aqueous media buffered by citrate, phosphate, imidazole, and 3-morpholino-1-propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) at pH 7.0. When the H2O2 concentration was below 2 × 10−5 M, one peak was observed in a CL response curve in each buffer component tested. In contrast, only MOPS gave two peaks in the response curve at a concentration higher than 2 × 10−5 M H2O2. The CL emission of the second peak was attributable to formation from an excited FL dianion. The total photon amounts of CL emission of the second peak were dependent on the MOPS concentration. Dissolved oxygen was consumed during the occurence of the second peak. These results could be explained by taking into account the role of MOPS as an energy transferor. That is, MOPS reacted successively with the FL radical, produced from the catalytic cycle of HRP, and the dissolved oxygen to form an excited MOPS compound. An energy transfer occurred from the excited MOPS compound to the FL dianion, resulting in the emission of light.
C-2 Epimerization of Aldoses by Calcium Ion in Basic Solutions. A Simple System to Transform d-Glucose and d-Xylose into d-Mannose and d-Lyxose
Authors: Yanagihara Ryoji , Soeda Kaori , Shiina Sumito , Osanai Shuichi , Yoshikawa Sadao 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Aldoses were epimerized at C-2 by Ca2+ in aqueous or alcoholic basic solutions through a stereospecific [1-2] rearrangement of the carbon skeletons of the aldose. The skeletal rearrangement was confirmed by 13C NMR analysis of the reaction products. The reaction of [1-13C]- and [2-13C]-d-glucose afforded [2-13C]- and [1-13C]-d-mannose, respectively, as major products. The effects of metal ions, bases, and solvents were examined, and it was found that a high concentration of Ca2+ and a base (&gt;pH 12.3) were especially effective for the present rearrangement. Separation of the reaction products was also effected by using Ca2+ cation-exchange chromatography. Thus, under the optimized conditions, d-mannose and d-lyxose, which are rare in nature and expensive, were easily obtained in high isolated yields from d-glucose and d-xylose, respectively.
Ring-Enlarged Dibenzo-Crown-6 Ethers. Cation Binding and X-Ray Crystal Structure of Dibenzo-22-Crown-6
Authors: Ouchi Mikio , Araki Takashi , Hakushi Tadao , Sobhia M Elizabeth , Chacko Kizakkekoikkal K , Skobridis Konstantinos , Weber Edwin 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The cation binding of dibenzo-20-crown-6 (2) and dibenzo-22-crown-6 (3) are determined by quantitative solvent extraction study. Compound 3 shows high Tl+/K+ and Tl+/Rb+ selectivity. The crystal structure of 3 is reported. Crystal data: monoclinic (P21/c), a = 7.328(1), b = 17.395(4), c = 8.939(1) Å, β = 102.78(1)°, Z = 2, R = 0.049 for 2122 reflections. The macrocycle shows a crystallographic center of symmetry with elliptical arrangement of the heteroatoms stabilized by possible C–H···O dipolar attractions.
Effect of Potassium-Treated Zirconia on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Shimodan Kazuaki , Ookubo Akira , Shigemoto Naoya , Hayashi Hiromu , Moffat John B 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Various zirconia were prepared from ZrOCl2·8H2O by the addition of aqueous ammonia and potassium hydroxide; the effect of the catalyst preparation on the oxidative coupling of methane over zirconia was studied. The selectivity to such C2 compounds as ethylene and ethane was strongly influenced by the pH of the preparative solution of ZrOCl2·8H2O, NH3 aq, and KOH, as well as the sequence of the addition of each hydroxide during the preparation of the catalyst.
Further Study on Trapping Sites of Hydrogen Atoms in Solid Hydrogen at 4.2 K Analyzed by the ESR Linewidths
Authors: Miyazaki Tetsuo , Morikita Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The ESR linewidths of H(D) atoms, produced in γ-irradiated solid hydrogen, depend significantly upon the matrices of the hydrogen isotopes. The ESR linewidth has been calculated by considering the dipole interactions of the electron spin magnetic moments of a trapped hydrogen atom with the nuclear magnetic moments of the surrounding hydrogen nuclei in addition to the Fermi interactions. It is concluded from a comparison of the experimental ESR linewidths with the theoretical ones that the H atoms in solid H2 are trapped at substitutional sites, while the H(D) atoms in solid HD and D2 are trapped at interstitial octahedral sites.
Organic Synthesis Using Sodium Bromate. II. A Facile Synthesis of N-Bromo Imides and Amides Using Sodium Bromate and Hydrobromic Acid (or Sodium Bromide) in the Presence of Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Fujisaki Shizuo , Hamura Satoshi , Eguchi Hisao , Nishida Akiko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reaction of imides and amides in water (or aqueous acetic acid) with sodium bromate and hydrobromic acid (or sodium bromide) in the presence of sulfuric acid under mild conditions gave the corresponding N-bromides in high yields.
Effect of Temperature on the Color Developed by Near Ultraviolet Light for 4,4′-Bipyridinium Salts (Viologens) Embedded in Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Matrix
Authors: Kamogawa Hiroyoshi , Nanasawa Masato 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Thermal stability of the colors developed by UV light for 4,4′-bipyridinium salts (viologens) embedded in the glass-sandwiched poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) is dominated by the kind of counter anion. Temperature increase resulted in either no or slight changes of the colors developed for the major viologens, whereas it resulted in bleaching for some viologen sulfonates.
Ni(0)-Triphenylphosphine Complex-Catalyzed Homo-Coupling of 1-Alkenyl Halides with Zinc Powder
Authors: Sasaki Ken , Nakao Kikuji , Kobayashi Yoshihiko , Sakai Mutsuji , Uchino Norito , Sakakibara Yasumasa , Takagi Kentaro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The homo-coupling of 1-alkenyl halides was examined in the presence of NiBr2(PPh3)2, PPh3, and excess zinc. The reactions proceed under very mild conditions to give high yields of conjugated dienes. The addition of KI or thiourea was unnecessary for a successful reaction, in contrast with systems without an external phosphine ligand.
Sintered-Tantalum Electrode Modified with Polypyrrole by Electropolymerization
Authors: Park Young-Seo , Ohta Tomoyuki , Takeoka Shinji , Yamamoto Kimihisa , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) formation in the interior of a porous electrode by electropolymerization was considered to be impossible. When a concentrated pyrrole solution was soaked into a sintered-Ta electrode and electrolyzed in a pyrrole-free solution, PPy was formed in the interior. PPy occupied 70% of the inner space, and no defect was observed by SEM.
Synthesis of Pentafluoroethyl Trifluoroacetate by Low-Temperature Direct Fluorination
Authors: Arimura Takashi , Shibakami Motonari , Tamura Masanori , Kurosawa Shigeru , Sekiya Akira 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Ethyl acetate was perfluorinated by direct fluorination in the presence of cesium fluoride, affording pentafluoroethyl trifluoroacetate in excellent yield. In the reaction pathway, the dimerization of trifluoroacetyl fluoride with cesium fluoride gives pentafluoroethyl trifluoroacetate.
Effects of alcohol on the processing of social threat‐related stimuli in socially phobic women
Authors: Gerlach Alexander L. , Schiller Anke , Wild Cornelia , Rist Fred 
Published: August 2006

Background. Social phobics are at a higher risk of developing alcohol problems. The mechanism promoting this association is not clear. According to Sayette (1993b), alcohol attenuates anxiety responses by disrupting initial appraisal of threatening stimuli. We used the emotional Stroop test and an implicit memory test to investigate whether alcohol hinders appraisal of social threat words in patients diagnosed with social phobia.Procedure. Thirty‐two women with social phobia (DSM‐IV) and 32 female controls performed an emotional Stroop test either after drinking alcohol resulting in a blood alcohol levels (BAL) of 0.6‰ or after drinking a non‐alcoholic beverage. The emotional Stroop test contained social anxiety‐related and neutral stimuli. Implicit memory for the words presented was tested with a word‐stem completion test.Results. Without alcohol, both controls and socially‐phobic participants took longer to name the colour of socially‐threatening stimuli than of neutral stimuli. Alcohol levelled response latencies to the two stimulus categories only in controls. Socially‐phobic participants responded more slowly to social anxiety‐related stimuli than to neutral stimuli, irrespective of their BAL. In contrast to controls, social phobics showed an implicit memory bias for social threat words. This bias was attenuated by alcohol.Discussion. Alcohol disrupts appraisal of social anxiety‐related stimuli in controls but not in social phobics; in these it hinders the consolidation of memory. This also suggests that social phobics experience similar anxiety with and without alcohol, but remember this experienced anxiety less precisely. This effect might act as a reinforcer for the use of alcohol for the purpose of self‐medication in future situations.
Father‐daughter relationship and eating psychopathology: The mediating role of core beliefs
Authors: Jones Ceri J. , Leung Newman , Harris Gillian 
Published: August 2006

Objective. The study aimed to establish the relationships between recalled paternal rearing behaviours, core beliefs and eating symptomatology and to test whether core beliefs play a mediating role between the father‐daughter relationship and eating psychopathology.Design. Associations between eating psychopathology, core beliefs and recalled parental rearing behaviours were examined in women with and without eating disorders. Regression analyses were used to test whether core beliefs played a mediating role in the relationship between paternal rearing behaviours and eating psychopathology.Method. Sixty‐six eating‐disordered women and fifty female controls completed three self‐report questionnaires measuring parental rearing behaviours, core beliefs and eating psychopathology.Results. In eating‐disordered women, paternal rejection and overprotection were found to predict aspects of eating psychopathology via the mediating role of abandonment, defectiveness/shame and vulnerability to harm core beliefs.Discussion. Core beliefs relating to feelings of abandonment and inherent defectiveness appear to be important in the relationship between unhealthy father‐daughter relationships and eating disorder symptoms.
Written emotional disclosure following first‐episode psychosis: Effects on symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bernard Mark , Jackson Chris , Jones Chris 
Published: August 2006

Objective.This paper examined whether written emotional disclosure reduces psychosis‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a small clinical sample recovering from a first episode of psychosis.Method.Approximately 2.5 years after their first episode of psychosis, 22 people completed measures of traumatic symptoms, recovery style, insight, anxiety and depression. Participants then wrote about the most stressful aspects of their illness (N=12) or about emotionally neutral topics (N=10) for 15 minutes on three separate occasions. Approximately 5 weeks later, participants re‐completed the same dependent measures.Results.Participants who wrote about their psychotic experiences showed less overall severity and avoidance of traumatic symptoms compared with participants who did not write about their psychotic experiences. There were no effects on the other dependent measures.Conclusions.Preliminary evidence with a small clinical sample suggests that providing people who are recovering from a psychotic episode with an opportunity to disclose the most stressful aspects of their illness and treatment may lessen the traumatic impact of these experiences. However, this finding requires replication with a larger sample.
The role of knowledge and motivation in symptom identification accuracy among schizophrenic patients: Application of signal detection theory
Authors: Wong Agatha W. S. , Chiu Chi‐yue , Mok Jessica W. Y. , Wong Josephine G. W. S. , Chen Eric Y. H. 
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveMany people with schizophrenia have poor awareness of their symptoms, a problem that may result from lack of knowledge about their illness and/or unwillingness to acknowledge it. The present study assessed the joint influence of lack of knowledge and motivated denial in schizophrenic patients' low symptom awareness.MethodSchizophrenic patients (N=85) and normal control participants (N=35) identified psychotic symptoms and general stress symptoms in a symptom checklist. The signal detection theory was applied to assess levels of sensitivity (which would be knowledge‐mediated) and judgment biases (which would probably be motivated).ResultsCompared with normal control participants, schizophrenic patients had lower sensitivity and greater aversion to classify a symptom as a psychotic symptom.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that both lack of knowledge and motivated denial are involved in schizophrenic patients' low symptom awareness.
Disease risk analysis: a tool for primate conservation planning and decision making
Authors: Travis D.A. , Hungerford L. , Engel G.A. , Jones‐Engel L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConcern about emerging and re‐emerging diseases plays an increasing role in conservation and management of both captive and free‐ranging nonhuman primates (NHPs). Managers and policy makers must formulate conservation plans in an arena plagued by uncertainty, complexity, emotion, and politics. The risk analysis paradigm provides a framework that brings together scientists and policy experts to make better decisions for both people and animals. Risk analysis is a multidisciplinary, science‐based process that provides an organized and logical approach for incorporating scientific information into policy development in the real world. By blending four specific goal‐oriented stages–hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication–one can logically assess the probability that an adverse event, such as the introduction of an emerging disease into a naïve population, will occur. The following is a review of this process as it pertains to NHP conservation and risks associated with infectious diseases. Am. J. Primatol. 68:855–867, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human culture and monkey behavior: assessing the contexts of potential pathogen transmission between macaques and humans
Authors: Fuentes Agustín 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn in‐depth understanding of the contexts and patterns of human–macaque interactions can play an important role in assessing and managing the potential for pathogen transmission. The Padangtegal Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia, and the Upper Rock Nature Reserve in Gibraltar are two sites that have been relatively well studied in regard to human–macaque interactions. This article presents an overview of interaction patterns between humans and macaques at these sites along with a description of the cultural, demographic, and contextual differences between local and nonlocal humans at the sites. Differences in these two sites' interaction patterns included bite rates, the role of food in aggressive interactions, and the context in which the interactions took place. Similarities included overrepresentation by adult male macaques in interactions and a substantial impact by local cultural and demographic factors. These similarities and differences are interpreted as resulting from differences in macaque species and behaviors, and human demography, culture, and behavioral patterns. Am. J. Primatol. 68:880–896, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.