bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli‐Induced Acute Necrotizing Pneumonia in Cats
Authors: Sura R. , Van Kruiningen H. J. , DebRoy C. , Hinckley L. S. , Greenberg K. J. , Gordon Z. , French R. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryExtraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are pathogens involved in several disease conditions, ranging from urinary tract infection to meningitis in humans and animals. They comprise epidemiologically and phylogenetically distinct strains, affecting most species and involving any organ or anatomical site. Here, we report fatal cases of necrotizing pneumonia in cats. Over a 1‐week period, 13 cats from an animal shelter in Stamford, Connecticut were presented for necropsy. All had a clinical history of acute respiratory disease. The gross and microscopic findings for all the cats were consistent. Escherichia coli was uniformly isolated from the lungs of all the tested cats. All the isolates were haemolytic, genetically related as determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR, and harboured genes encoding for cytotoxic necrotizing factor‐1 and fimbriae and adhesions that are characteristic of ExPEC, implying a point source clonal outbreak. As cats are common household pets, this report raises concerns regarding zoonotic potential (in either direction) for these ExPEC strains.
In Vitro Quantification of Guidewire Flow-Obstruction Effect in Model Coronary Stenoses for Interventional Diagnostic Procedure
Authors: Ashtekar Koustubh D. , Back Lloyd H. , Khoury Saeb F. , Banerjee Rupak K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe objective is to quantify the guidewire (diameter of 0.35mm) flow-obstruction effect in the in vitro model coronary stenoses in relation to trans-stenotic pressure drop, Δp, fractional flow reserve (gFFR; “g” represents FFR measurement with guidewire insertion) and coronary flow reserve (gCFR) for steady and pulsatile physiological flows. The sensor tipped pressure or flow measuring guidewire insertion through stenotic lumen increases the trans-stenotic pressure drop or reduces the pharmacologically induced hyperemic flow in the coronary arteries with plaques. These hemodynamic changes may cause error in true FFR and CFR measurements, especially for intermediate coronary stenosis. To quantify guidewire flow-obstruction effect, simultaneous measurements of trans-stenotic pressures and flow were performed by two methods: (a) guidewire based measurements (gCFR and gFFR by inserting sensor tipped guidewire) and (b) true physiological measurements (CFR by in-line Doppler flow cuff and FFR by the radially drilled pressure ports in three epicardial coronary stenotic test sections, postangioplasty, intermediate, and preangioplasty). The diagnostic parameters measured before guidewire insertion (CFR and FFR) and during guidewire insertion (gCFR and gFFR) were validated numerically and correlated with the new diagnostic parameter “lesion flow coefficient (LFC).” There was significant flow reduction with increased trans-stenotic pressure drop due to guidewire insertion. The FFR-gFFR and CFR-gCFR correlations were FFR=0.92×gFFR+0.097(R2=0.99) and CFR=0.91×gCFR+0.44(R2=0.99), respectively, where gCFR is reported from clinical pressure-flow data. Similar highly regressed (R2&gt;0.9) correlations were obtained for LFC and gLFC with flow ratios and pressure ratios. There was significant difference between steady and pulsatile pressure drops for the same mean flow with and without guidewire insertion. The trans-stenotic hemodynamics was altered due to guidewire insertion. The true FFR and CFR were underestimated because of guidewire insertion. Hence, the FFR-gFFR and CFR-gCFR correlations can be used to find out true FFR and CFR from clinically measured values (i.e., gFFR and gCFR). In addition, the gLFC-gCFR and gLFC-gFFR were correlated significantly for post- and preangioplasty conditions.
The roles of nitrogen dissimilation and assimilation in biological nitrogen removal treating low, mid, and high strength wastewater
Authors: Li Baikun , Irvin Shannon 
Published: September 2007

Nitrogen dissimilation (nitrification and denitrification) and assimilation (uptake by cell growth) under different operational conditions (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO)) were evaluated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Nitrogen dissimilation played an important role for nitrogen removal at low to mid CODs, while nitrogen assimilation became more significant with biomass concentration steadily increasing at high COD. Specific denitrification rate increased at low to mid COD (C:N < 15), but decreased at high COD (C:N > 20). Both COD and C:N ratio should be kept in proper ranges to obtain sufficient biomass concentration for nitrogen assimilation in treatment systems. With alkalinity being consumed in nitrification and produced in denitrification, effluent alkalinity indicated the corresponding nitrogen concentrations under different COD loadings. ΔAlk between influent and effluent was also well correlated with assimilation and dissimilation. The discrepancy between ΔAlkTheory and ΔAlkExperi was less than 15 mg/L when dissimilation played a predominant role in nitrogen removal, while the discrepancy increased to 30 mg/L when assimilation became dominant.
Performance of a diatomite-based sorbent in removing mercury from aqueous and oil matrices
Authors: Wang Bo , Smith Timothy R. 
Published: September 2007

Performance of diatomite based mercury sorbent (Chromosorb® QSR) powder and pellets was studied. Test results indicated that this sorbent was highly effective in removing various mercury species from aqueous and oil matrices. More than 99% removal was achieved after 30 min treatment with the diatomite sorbent powder at 1 g/L sorbent loading for an initial ionic mercury concentration of 9700 ppb. The diatomite sorbent was also stable when stored at oxidizing condition or at high temperature up to 200 °C. For continuous mercury removal process, the diatomite sorbent powder can be used as filter aid in pressure filters and the diatomite sorbent pellets can be used in fixed bed columns. A number of case studies presented on actual industrial wastewater and crude oil samples further indicate that this new mercury sorbent could provide a practical solution to mercury contamination problems in many industries.
Thermochemical oxidation of phenolic-laden liquid effluent models
Authors: Benali M. , Guy C. 
Published: September 2007

The paper presents a novel atmospheric free-radical thermochemical oxidation (TCO) process in an aqueous phase for decontamination of industrial liquid effluents from organic toxic substances, in particular the refractory organic pollutants such as phenols. Its original concept is based on a direct contact between a contaminated liquid stream and the flame of a gas-fired burner containing free radicals such as OH·, H·, CH3·, and CHO·. Despite a direct contact of the contaminated liquid with the flame, the evaporation was less than 6% at the separator outlet where liquid temperatures ranged from 60 to 70 °C. A prototype of the 50 kW reactor operated in a continuous mode with the phenol concentration ranging from 200 to 20 000 mg/L was proven to process from 200 to 300 L/h of the contaminated model liquid. Experimental results show a final destruction efficiency of over 98%. Kinetics of phenol oxidation in TCO shows that the induction period can be avoided by injection of a small amount of hydrogen peroxide in the contaminated effluent feeding tank.
Decontamination of water polluted with oil through the use of tanned solid wastes
Authors: Gammoun Amal , Tahiri Soufiane , Albizane Abderrahman , Azzi Mohammed , de la Guardia Miguel 
Published: September 2007

Sorption by natural organic substrates, inorganic materials or synthetic fibers is one of the most popular methods used for the separation of oily wastes from contaminated water. In this work, the ability of chrome shavings (CS) and of buffing dusts of crust leather (BDCL) to remove motor oils and oily wastes from demineralised water and natural seawater has been studied. Tannery solid wastes are formed mainly by proteins and have a highly organized structure in the form of fibers (ΦΦ: 100 nm). These wastes have a high oil sorption capacity. Tanned solid wastes are capable of absorbing many times their weight in oil (6.5–7.6 and 12.8–14.5 g/g dry substrate, respectively, for ground CS and BDCL). The sorption capacity depends strongly of sorbent nature. The removal of oils from the water surface is a quasi-instantaneous process. After use, the saturated waste floats and can be removed in an efficient and easy manner. The results look fairly promising as to possibilities of using tanned wastes to remove oils from industrial effluents and from contaminated coastal areas.
A review of the effectiveness of current time–temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting
Authors: Wichuk Kristine M. , McCartney Daryl 
Published: September 2007

Pathogenic organisms can be present in all types of compost feedstocks. Since the infective dose for many of these organisms is very low, it is generally accepted that pathogens should be reduced to non-detectable levels. According to North American regulatory bodies (United States Environmental Protection Agency and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), pathogen inactivation is expected to occur if all particles of compost maintain temperatures greater than 55 °C for at least 3 days. A literature review was conducted to examine whether compliance with these time–temperature conditions consistently resulted in production of pathogen-free compost products. Survival of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and helminths occurred in a significant number of studies, despite the prescribed time–temperature conditions apparently being met. It was hypothesized that this could either be the result of inadequate time–temperature requirements or of difficulties in ensuring that the time–temperature criteria are met by all compost particles.
Biological denitrification of reverse osmosis brine concentrates: I. Batch reactor and chemostat studies
Authors: Ersever Ilknur , Ravindran Varadarajan , Pirbazari Massoud 
Published: September 2007

A major technological concern with reverse osmosis in water purification, wastewater treatment, and water reclamation or recycling is the production of brine concentrates high in ammonia or nitrogen. This project addresses biological denitrification of reverse osmosis brine concentrates in a bioactive fluidized bed adsorber reactor (FBAR), accomplished in four stages. The first three stages are described in this paper, while the final stage is addressed in the companion paper (Ersever et al. 2007). The first stage optimized an FBAR to produce nitrified brine for subsequent denitrification studies. The second stage employed batch reactors to evaluate denitrification parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The specific denitrification rate was maximum at a temperature of 35 °C, pH of 8.0, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 1.8. The third stage involved chemostats to determine Monod parameters under nitrate-, nitrite-, and carbon-limiting conditions. A biokinetic model was employed to simulate chemostat dynamics and to estimate the biological parameters. The final stage entailed FBAR denitrification experiments under different hydraulic retention times, nitrate concentrations, and packing media; simultaneous denitrification and sulfate reduction were addressed. A second FBAR used in series with the first achieved an overall sulfate reduction of 99%, and a biofilter effectively removed the hydrogen sulfide generated.
SOME RESULTS AND PROBLEMS RELATED TO UNIVERSAL ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY
Authors: PLOTKIN BORIS 
Published: September 2007

In universal algebraic geometry (UAG), some primary notions of classical algebraic geometry are applied to an arbitrary variety of algebras Θ and an arbitrary algebra H ∈ Θ. We consider an algebraic geometry in Θ over the distinguished algebra H and we also analyze H from the point of view of its geometric properties. This insight leads to a system of new notions and stimulates a number of new problems. They are new with respect to algebra, algebraic geometry and even with respect to the classical algebraic geometry. In our approach, there are two main aspects: the first one is a study of the algebra H and its geometric properties, while the second is focused on studying algebraic sets and algebraic varieties over a "good", particular algebra H. Considering the subject from the second standpoint, the main goal is to get forward as far as possible in a classification of algebraic sets over the given H. The first approach does not require such a classification which is itself an independent and extremely difficult task. We also consider some geometric relations between different H1 and H2 in Θ. The present paper should be viewed as a brief review of what has been done in universal algebraic geometry. We also give a list of unsolved problems for future work.
AUTOMORPHIC EQUIVALENCE OF ALGEBRAS
Authors: TSURKOV A. 
Published: September 2007

This paper is adjacent to [5] and motivated by the following question arising in universal algebraic geometry: when do two algebras have the same geometry? This question requires considering algebras in a variety Θ and the category Θ0of all finitely generated free algebras in Θ. The notions of geometrically equivalent algebras and weakly geometrically equivalent algebras (cf. [2]) are intimately related to the above problem (the latter notion being related to automorphisms of the category Θ0is replaced in the present paper by a more natural one: "automorphic equivalence").Two algebras are said to have the same algebraic geometry if they are automorphically equivalent. If an automorphic equivalence of algebras is provided by an inner automorphism of Θ0, then this equivalence coincides with the geometric equivalence. However, not all automorphisms of Θ0are inner (see [5, Theorem 2]). In this paper we study the situation when the automorphic equivalence of algebras is provided by a non-inner automorphism.Assuming Θ to be an IBM variety of one-sorted algebras we prove that two algebras H1and H2are automorphically equivalent in Θ if and only if H1is geometrically equivalent to [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the algebra with the same domain as H2and with the new operations induced by some system of words W = {wω(x)|ω ∈ Ω, Ω is the signature of algebras in Θ. Thus, the notion of automorphic equivalence is reduced to a more simple one of geometric equivalence.
Discovering Earth’s future in its past: palaeohydrology and global environmental change
Authors: Baker V. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Palaeohydrology is the study of various past aspects of the hydrological cycle. It is accomplished by interpreting indices of past hydrological processes. By its focus on the effects of
realized
processes, palaeohydrology provides a critical scientific complement to studies that
idealize
hydrological systems in order to predict future change. Future habitability of the planet will surely require the guidance of scientific concepts, but it will also require a basis in the perception of change that compels people to act. Human perception is grounded in the concrete particulars of reality, not in the abstract idealizations of theoretical science. While we scientists may wish otherwise, say for a more enlightened public and political sector, it is pragmatic not to expect such on the short time scale of potential detrimental changes for Earth’s habitability to humankind.

The greatest repository of scientific knowledge for stimulating human perception is the geological past. This experience of the Earth is the only real evidence of global environmental change available. It can function scientifically as a source of data with which to test models of change, confirming or falsifying theoretical extrapolations to past states (retrodictions). However, its more important role is as a source of discovery. In the geological record the scientist can discover previously unanticipated realizations of hydrological processes that will require new or revised models (hypotheses) for their explanation. It is our challenge as scientists to devote as much effort to exploring this real world of Earth experience as we currently apply to idealizing the abstract world of Earth systems.
Climate change and flood sensitivity in Spain
Authors: Benito G. , Machado M. J. , Pérez-González A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The temporal and spatial distribution of more than 2500 records of historical floods in Spain, gathered within a database, were analyzed. Our results suggest that the last millennium can be divided into periods with similar flood frequency, magnitude and distribution. This flood variability seems to correspond to changes of the prevailing atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the Iberian Peninsula. The present climatic flood-generating conditions were used in order to identify those changes for each period. In the Atlantic river basins, large floods between
AD
1400–1500 and
AD
1850–1910 resulted from intense, widespread rainfalls associated with Atlantic west and northwest frontal systems transported by the westerlies. In fact, both periods seem to experience a high hydrological variance, corresponding to a transition between different climatic conditions. Between
AD
1150 and 1400 two hydroclimatic periods were distinguished: the first (
AD
1150–1290) was characterized by a high flood frequency, especially over the Atlantic basins, some of these floods affecting more than one drainage basins. The flood distribution pattern for the second phase between
AD
1290 and 1400, was characterized by a decrease in the number of floods in the Atlantic basins and a relative increase of flooding in the Ebro and J%ucar basins. Finally, the
AD
1500–1850 interval was characterized by a higher flood frequency, especially in the south and southeastern basins, due to cold pool conditions, as well as by a high irregularity of large floods associated with a high temperature contrast between winter and summer.
A preliminary palaeohydraulic model applied to late Quaternary gravel dunes: Altai Mountains, Siberia
Authors: Carling Paul A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The morphology and granulometry of large ‘fossil’ late-Quaternary gravel dunes at Kuray in Siberia are used to estimate the hydraulic conditions associated with dune building and stabilization. To accomplish this, an algorithm is tested which provided reasonable predictions of the flow characteristics measured above small gravel dunes in the Toutle River, Washington State. Palaeoflow depths and velocities above the ‘fossil’ dunes as the bedforms finally stabilized are estimated using a simple force balance for initial motion and the partitioning of the flow resistance between the drag owing to the duneform and grain resistance. Flow parameters for peak discharge conditions when dunes actively developed are assessed with respect to the dune-upper plane bed transition and the entrainment of over-passing blocks. These data, coupled with an assessment of the lateral extent of the flood, provide estimates of the discharge magnitude of the glacial out-break flood which was responsible for the dunefield. Sensitivity analyses indicate the stability of the estimates and demonstrate that the dunes were initiated and finally stabilized when the flood was of the order of 5 × 10
4
m
3
s
−1
and 2 × 10
4
m
3
s
−1
respectively. The flood peak need not have exceeded 750 000 m
3
s
−1
with a maximum depth of a few tens of metres.
River response to the last neoglacial (the ‘Little Ice Age’) in northern, western and central Europe
Authors: Rumsby Barbara T. , Macklin Mark G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Climate changes since AD 1200 have been of high magnitude. Significant lowering of temperatures occurred during the neoglacial (‘Little Ice Age’), between AD 1200–1400 and AD 1600–1800 with maximum cooling in the mid-late eighteenth century. At this time many European valley/cirque glaciers reached their maximum extent since the late Pleistocene. Neoglaciation was followed by an overall warming trend, although with significant reversals superimposed. Alongside these temperature changes were variations in the nature and amount of precipitation, and in consequence, river basins in north, west and central Europe experienced enhanced fluvial activity between 1250 and 1550 and particularly between 1750 and 1900. These phases coincide with periods of climatic transition; cooling after the Medieval optimum and warming during the latter stages of the Little Ice Age respectively. In contrast, the intervening period (1550–1750), which corresponds with the most severe phases of the last neoglacial, was associated with lower rates of fluvial activity.
Drawing a line in the sand: identifying and characterizing boundaries in the geological record
Authors: Beaudoin Alwynne B. , Head Martin J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The identification and characterization of boundaries is a fundamental activity in geoscience. Spatial and temporal boundaries are rarely sharp but are more usually zones of transition, which may have variable characteristics. The examination of palynological and micropalaeontological data is often crucial for the delineation of geological boundaries, especially for the definition of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs). The sixteen papers in this volume highlight many productive methodological approaches to boundary identification. This essay reviews the theoretical background to boundary identification in geology, and provides the contextual perspective for the subsequent papers.
Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician conodont communities from platform and slope facies, western Newfoundland: a statistical approach
Authors: Zhang Shunxin , Barnes Christopher R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Twelve conodont communities and assemblages in the Cambrian-Ordovician interval of western Newfoundland are recognized by four cluster analyses, which include 18 468 identifiable conodont specimens recovered from 230 conodont-bearing samples from four stratigraphic sections. Each section represents a different facies: platform, upper proximal slope, lower proximal slope, and distal slope. The 12 conodont communities and assemblages were differentiated into pelagic and nektobenthic communities as well as both the assemblages with a mixture of pelagic and nektobenthic communities and transported assemblage. The distribution of conodont communities along the platform-to-slope environmental gradient shows some gradational relationships. Relative sea-level curves derived in part from the distribution pattern of conodont communities reveal a major sea-level drop in the latest
Cordylodus proavus
Zone time, and two major sea-level rises in the early
Iapetognathus fluctivagus
Zone time and early
Cordylodus angulatus
Zone time, respectively.