bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature in Arms: German Philhellenism, its Literature, and the Greek War of Independence
Authors: Güthenke Constanze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOne of the guiding questions of this study is whether a change took place in the representation of the Greek land with the emergence of the Greek nation state. This chapter looks at the strategies that politicize Greek nature and make it relevant to a German context after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Greece was declared different from other national movements, and, according to the Romantic correspondence with nature, it was not the Greeks but Greek nature that liberated itself, enhancing its special position. The same imagery allowed for reflection on the German poetic voice and its standpoint in a politically conservative climate. One of the most prominent textual strategies is the use and notion of folk song. The main textual body is the popular poetry of Wilhelm Müller, supplemented with material from political pamphlets and geographical accounts.
Beyond Modality
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA final problem left over from the previous chapter is that of substantive necessity. How are we to distinguish substantively necessary sentences from analytic ones? This problem arises because we have attempted to characterise analyticity in modal terms. This chapter proposes a more fine-grained ‘metaphysical picture’ of analyticity to underlie the rougher modal approximation developed in Chapter 2.
Institutionalization of different governmental patterns: separation and fusion of powers in America and Europe
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the institutionalization of different governmental patterns in America and the European nation-states, the former based on separation, the latter on the fusion of powers (institutional order). Topics discussed include the logic of separation and fusion of governmental powers, the institutionalization of the American separated system, and the institutionalization of the European fusion of power systems.
Compound democracy in America and Europe: comparing the USA and the EU
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter compares the institutional structures and political processes of America and the EU. It is argued that the institutional structures and the political processes of the EU are quite different from those of its member-states, they are not so different from the institutional structures and political processes of America. Both the EU and America have institutional and functional properties proper to polities which need to take decisions but nevertheless lack a centralized decision-making process. This absence affects their foreign policy-making process, which is a crucial policy area in polities as large and powerful as America and the EU. Both have a pluralistic decision making structure which inevitably generates incongruent and contradictory outcomes.
9 The constitutionalization of the US and the EU compound democracies
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of the constitutionalization of the EU. It shows that similarities and dissimilarities between the constitutionalism of the EU and that of America, along three levels of analysis. It discusses in detail the features of the CT signed in Rome in October 2004, stressing its coherence with the compound nature of the EU. Finally, the chapter deals with the contested process of its ratification.
13 Does the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Endanger Food Security in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Gayi Samuel K. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the state of food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on analysis of a selection of indicators of food security and nutritional well-being during the period 1990-2002 within the context of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. It argues that it may be advisable for those SSA countries with both static and dynamic comparative advantage in agriculture to pursue policies towards ‘food self-sufficiency’ as a means to attain food security, considering their large rural farming population, at least until such time that international trade in agriculture is fully integrated into the WTO disciplines. This is particularly relevant in view of the fact that high agricultural protectionism in the north currently distorts price signals and thus the opportunity costs of allocating factors of production in these economies. The SSA countries that lack comparative advantage in agriculture may want to aim for a ‘food self-reliance’ strategy to attain food security.
Chronicle of Failures Foretold: Britain and Bulgar–Yugoslav Relations, 1939–1943
Authors: Livanios Dimitris 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses two ‘failures’ of British foreign policy: the first concerns British attempts to construct a ‘neutral bloc’ in the Balkans, and bring about a rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. These efforts failed for many reasons, including Bulgarian irredentism, the mutual distrust between Sofia and Belgrade, and the role of Turkey. The British insistence on not offering Macedonia to the Bulgarians played little role in this, as King Boris thought that only Russia and Germany would seal the fate of his country. The second British failure was their grandiose wartime plans about the future of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, which centred around the construction of a Balkan federation with the two countries (and Macedonia) as federal units. These plans reflected British wishful thinking rather than Balkan realities, and were abandoned after Russian opposition.
Introduction
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis introduction begins with a discussion of the principal claim of the book, which is that reference and truth have an explanatory role to play in the nature of understanding and concept-possession, an explanatory role that is deeper and more extensive than is commonly envisaged — either by opponents of truth-conditional theories, or even by some of their supporters. Part I of the book attempts to extract a general model of understanding from examples and defend it by its explanatory powers. Part II applies the general model outlined in Part I to various mental concepts. These include the concept of a subject of conscious states, and the concepts of perception and action, both bodily and mental. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Conceiving of Conscious States
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFor a wide range of concepts, a thinker's understanding of what it is for a thing to fall under the concept plausibly involves knowledge of an identity. It involves knowledge that the thing has to have the same property as is exemplified in instantiation of the concept in some distinguished, basic instance. This chapter addresses the question: can we apply this general model of the role of identity in understanding to the case of subjective, conscious states? In particular, can we explain our understanding of what it is for someone else to be in a particular conscious state in terms of our knowledge of the relation of identity which that state bears to some of our own states?
Coptic Christology in Practice
Authors: Davis Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book is a study of ancient and medieval Christology. Employing a range of interdisciplinary methods derived from the fields of social history, discourse theory, ritual studies, and the visual arts, the book demonstrates how Christian identity in Egypt was shaped by a set of replicable ‘christological practices’. It traces the fascinating lines of the Coptic church's theological and cultural transition from late antiquity to Dar al-Islam. The book includes translations of Coptic and Arabic texts which allow non-specialists access to these important documents for the first time.
1 Incarnation and Ritual Practice in the Fifth‐Century Writings of Shenoute of Atripe
Authors: Davis Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The mid-5th-century writings of the Upper Egyptian monk, Shenoute of Atripe (c.347–465 ce), provide a unique glimpse into the early reception of Alexandrian Greek Christology in a Coptic monastic setting. Shenoute spent a long period of his life as a monk, and over eighty years as the spiritual father of a federation of three monasteries in Upper Egypt, near the modern town of Sohag. This chapter analyzes Shenoute's doctrine of the Incarnation in its controversial, interpretative, and ritual-liturgical contexts.
Dumb Beasts and Dead Philosophers
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe book is about three things. First, how Ancient thinkers perceived humans as like or unlike other animals; second about the justification for taking a humane attitude towards natural things; and third about how moral claims count as true, and how they can be discovered or acquired. Was Aristotle was right to see continuity in the psychological functions of animal and human souls? The question cannot be settled without taking a moral stance. As we can either focus on continuity or on discontinuities, how should natural science draw the boundaries? Moral agents act and react in a world that they see under a certain description, and there is no value free science that can settle what is the correct description. This book asks us to think about where moral justification could come from, and suggests that the supposed ‘moral status’ of the object cannot provide the answer. For the moral status of the object is a product of our own imagination, and once we see that, we also see that there remains the question where we ought to have the will to see it. Furthermore, since the perception of moral truth involves the development of imagination and will, the means to attain it will be better served by engagement with poetry and literature than with enquiries that seek to exclude the engagement of the imagination, or any appeal to the beauty of nature or the love of one's fellow creatures.
Introduction: On William Blake, Nature, and Mortality
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter presents a discussion of Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence’ and ‘The Fly’, and of an extract from Shakespeare's Henry IV Part One. It illustrates the claim that not all philosophical persuasion takes the form of academic argument; that literature can be more effective in this role; that moral understanding involves having one's sensibilities aligned with genuine value, so as to be able to see it right; and that science cannot tell us what to value, or how to construct a moral taxonomy. The chapter compares the appreciation of value in nature with the appreciation of value in art, and questions the idea that human life is of supreme value, just in virtue of being human.
On the Transmigration of Souls: Reincarnation Into Animal Bodies in Pythagoras, Empedocles, and Plato
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers what is involved in the claim that some species are ‘similar to’ or ‘different from’ ourselves, and what role such claims play in moral discourse. Examples are taken from the reincarnation theories of Pythagoreans, Empedocles, and Plato, which suggest that animal souls are in some way the same as human souls. Texts discussed include Xenophanes (on Pythagoras and the puppy), Empedocles (on animal sacrifice), and Plato's Timaeus (on the creation of all animals as human animals in the first generation). The chapter argues that moral philosophy is not grounded in biology, but rather that the psychological and biological agenda is motivated by prior commitment to the truth of a certain moral outlook.
On Language, Concepts, and Automata: Rational and Irrational Animals in Aristotle and Descartes
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers whether language or concepts are necessary for intelligent purposive agency, and argues that neither humans nor animals require propositional thought or concepts for normal decisions and purposive behaviour. The idea that second order reflection on reasons and intentions is additionally available to humans is shown to be irrelevant to first order intention. Descartes' mechanistic account of human and animal behaviour is inspired by Aristotle's discussion in De motu animalium, but deliberately rejects ‘imagination’ (phantasia), which served for Aristotle to secure intelligent agency by means of stored perceptions, without mental concepts or complex propositions. Aristotle's account (including Posterior Analytics B19) is compared to Plato's notion of recollection (anamnesis) as a source of concepts in humans and animals, with a view to illustrating the similarity of the two models, and the relative merits of the Platonic one.
On the Vice of Sentimentality: Androcles and the Lion and Some Extraordinary Adventures in the Desert Fathers
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter investigates the notion of sentimentality and the vice of excessive sentimental attachment. It reviews a number of fables from the classical tradition and from the stories of the desert fathers, to explore the limits of realism and sentimentality and to consider what purpose is served by such fabulous tales in which the beasts are portrayed as more intelligent and morally superior to the human subjects. It suggests that the tales are designed to engineer a change in moral outlook on the part of the readers, and to open their eyes to the moral corruption of human society, and to present an image of heaven (an ideal society in which human corruption is absent).
On the Notion of Natural Rights: Defending the Voiceless and Oppressed in the Tragedies of Sophocles
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter asks about the idea of animal rights and seeks to show that talk of ‘natural rights’ in general, where it is coherent at all, is designed to express moral outrage on the part of a third party against the abuse of the vulnerable and voiceless. This being so, it cannot be the case that to have a natural right one must have a voice or language. Quite the reverse is the case. The chapter also shows that the appeal to moral absolutes on behalf of the oppressed in respect of their most basic needs, for which ‘natural rights’ talk is currently the favoured discourse, is a longstanding part of traditional moral thinking and can be traced in the tragedies of Sophocles.
Man's Wars
Authors: Donagan Barbara 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on English views about war. Despite its absence from English soil, war was present in English minds through stories about political and military operations, and the horrors and atrocities committed in the continental war. English knowledge of the continental war formed expectations as to the nature of war and contributed to the anxiety and nervousness of civilians as war approached home. Sensational news from Germany may have conditioned the English public to a heightened response to reports of cruelty, sexual outrage, and broken taboos, and contributed to the violence of the reaction to the Irish rebellion of 1641, which in turn cast a long shadow over the civil war years.
Colchesters Teares: Fire, Hunger, and Atrocity
Authors: Donagan Barbara 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the outcome of the siege of the city of Colchester. The siege of Colchester was uncommonly harsh in the suffering it brought to soldiers and civilians. Much in the military management and the treatment accorded civilians at Colchester was nonetheless the ordinary stuff of sieges, but much was also exceptional and was seen to be so by contemporaries. Some claimed not only that European levels of starvation and destruction had been introduced into England, but that the codes of war had been abandoned. Each side accused the other of being the instigator of civilian suffering and at the same time legalistically justified its draconian interpretation of the laws of war.
Conclusion
Authors: Donagan Barbara 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters have attempted to convey something of the actuality of the civil war, and the responses of soldiers and civilians to its professional, moral, and material demands. Study of the war reveals, alongside occasional atrocities, frequent cruelties, and vituperative narratives, the attempt to restrain conduct within bounds that would make it possible to preserve a recognizable — and, structurally, a fundamentally unchanged — English society.
The world outside thepolis
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the expression of time in non-polis historiography in order to highlight distinctive features of city-histories. In particular, it examines the synthetic temporal frameworks and strategies of Olympiadic dating and synchronism which were developed by universal historians, such as Ephorus, Timaeus, Polybius, and Diodorus, to overcome the fact that different poleis had different calendars and different histories. It takes Strabo as an example of an author whose presentation of the past spans both local and universal frameworks. It also looks at the way in which time is configured by Greek authors writing about the non-Greek world in order to discern trends and recurring themes in the treatment of time, which throw into relief the Greek city-histories.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter stresses the significance of time not only to professional chronographers and historians, but also to the polis. Articulating and expressing time effectively and plausibly, particularly in local history, mattered. The historian, the orator, or the artist used the same frameworks as the chronographers but to serve the polis; he linked the formal manipulation of time and the life of the city. Tragic and comic dramatists, orators, native and visiting historians, rhapsodes, exegetae, and statesmen all offered versions of the past for the polis to reject or to accept.
4 Consonant Epenthesis: Natural and Unnatural Histories
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that there are clear natural and unnatural histories for patterns of consonant insertion which make no reference to syllable onset or segmental markedness. It offers new ways of understanding the typology of C-epenthesis. Within the realm of natural history, glide epenthesis and laryngeal epenthesis are two distinct subtypes with different phonetic and phonological profiles. In the domain of unnatural histories, significant correlations are observed between consonants subject to coda weakening and those involved in epenthesis. This finding follows from our understanding of rule inversion as part of phonological acquisition. Finally, a mix of natural and unnatural history characterizes the analysis of Oceanic j-accretion and Ritwan l-sandhi.
Dispersal in Plants
Authors: Cousens Roger , Dytham Calvin , Law Richard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEcologists, both practical and theoretical, now appreciate that to understand biological systems they must consider the spatial dimension. Consequently, dispersal has become one of the hottest topics in plant ecology. However, in the midst of so much research output on dispersal, there is a need for a stock-take to determine the needs of future research: what has been achieved to date, where do current studies fit in, and what still needs to be determined? What are the implications of dispersal for those engaged in managing plant populations and communities? This is the first book for many years to present a synthesis of research on dispersal and its implications for plant population dynamics. The book consists of three sections: Section A reviews information on the biological and environmental processes that determine the path of an individual dispersing propagule, usually a seed, and the theory that has been developed to predict these trajectories; Section B discusses the distributions of seeds resulting from dispersal from an entire plant, theoretical research predicting the shapes of these distributions and design issues for future dispersal studies; Section C explores the implications of dispersal for expansion of populations, structure within existing populations and communities, and the evolution of dispersal traits.
5 The International Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Regional Upgrading in India and China
Authors: Saxenian AnnaLee 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBy 2000, over one-third of Silicon Valley's high-skilled workers were foreign-born, and overwhelmingly from Asia. These US-educated engineers are transforming developmental opportunities for formerly peripheral regions as they build professional and business connections to their home countries. In a process more akin to ‘brain circulation’ than ‘brain drain’, these engineers and entrepreneurs, aided by the lowered transaction costs associated with digitization, are transferring technical and institutional know-how between distant regional economies faster and more flexibly than most large corporations. This chapter examines how Chinese and Indian-born engineers are contributing to highly localized processes of entrepreneurial experimentation in their home countries, while maintaining close ties to the technology and markets in Silicon Valley.
10 International Organizations as a Profession: Professional Mobility and Power Distribution
Authors: Coicaud Jean‐Marc 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe role of international organizations grows with the acceleration of globalization and the increasing importance of global governance. However, thus far, only limited and rather narrow research has been generated on the subject. It is a state of affairs that reflects on international studies, as well as on the power realities of the world. By assessing international organizations through the career prospects that they offer to skilled professionals, this chapter is an attempt to remedy this situation. As such it unveils some of the internal dynamics of international organizations and explores their external consequences in terms of the relations between international organizations, the people employed by these, and the power play (economic, social, political, and even cultural) at the national and international level.
5 Practical Politics
Authors: Black Antony 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Muslim Advices-to-Kings took into account Realpolitik in a way that European political writings did not, until Machiavelli. They were handbooks of political management and social psychology with a prudential, utilitarian approach. Muslims saw ruthless force applied for the right ends as legitimate. The idea of ‘the circle of power’ embodied an Iranian view of the relationship between power and justice. Ibn Khaldun saw the caliphate and 'umma as subject to the same universal pattern as other states, in which tribal groups, nurtured in the wilderness and inspired by collective loyalty ('asabiyya), take over civilization and then themselves become decadent. His thought partly anticipated the sociological theories of Hegel and Marx.