bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phytochemical composition of medicinal plants in Indonesia and their potential as antibacterial agents against Salmonella typhi ATCC 13311
Authors: Maharani A A , Puspawati N , Rukmana R M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Several Indonesian medicinal plants are commonly utilized as antibacterial agents, namely moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk.), green tea (Camellia sinensis), binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis), and green meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). This investigation aimed to identify the chemical compounds found in plants and their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. The simplicia was extracted by the maceration technique with a solvent of 70% ethanol. Chemical compounds are identified using various chemical reagents. The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the diffusion method. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The phytochemical analysis of plant samples revealed the presence of many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and phenolics. The antibacterial activity of plant samples against Salmonella typhi has been shown. The average values of the inhibition zones for moringa leaf extract, green tea, binahong, and green meniran were determined to be 20.33 mm, 18.33 mm, 22.67 mm, and 27.00 mm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of green meniran leaf extract is significantly more potent against Salmonella typhi than other plant.
The palm oil-based chlorophyll removal and the evaluation of antiaging properties on Centella asiatica ethanolic extract
Authors: Haryanti S , Budiarti M , Farida S , Dewi A P K , Supriyati N , Jokopriyambodo W , Wahyono S , Widowati L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Centella asiatica is an essential medicinal herb in numerous traditions. The high chlorophyll concentration of C. asiatica makes dosage form formulation challenging. On the other hand, palm oil is feasible to eliminate the chlorophyll from plant-based products. This research aim to analysis the phytochemical profile and in vitro anti-aging effects on chlorophyll removal of C. asiatica extract. The extract was soxhletated in 70% ethanol. The extract was partitioned with 50% ethanol and palm oil to create a dechlorophyllation extract. Asiaticoside was analyzed using TLC-densitometry. The cytoprotective effect of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Vero cells was assessed using MTT assays. Flow cytometer analysis was used for quantifying the intracellular ROS. The senescence-associated-β-galactosidase assay was used to identify senescent cells. The efficiency of chlorophyll removal by palm oil was 90.94±0.62%. The dechlorophyllation extract (DE) showed a concentration of 1.58±0.02% for asiaticoside, but it was not found in the original extract (OE). DE significantly reduced H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in Vero cells compared to OE. Both DE and OE reduced intracellular ROS and senescent cells. Palm oil-based chlorophyll removal improved the phytochemical content and anti-aging effects of C. asiatica in ethanolic extract.
Early detection of sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) and scab diseases (Sphaceloma batatas) outbreak based on android application
Authors: Bayu M S Y I , Prayogo Y , Indiati S W , Sumartini  , Indriyani F C , Susanto G W A , Yuniar E , Trizelia  
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Sweet potato weevil and scab disease are major pests and diseases that become obstacles for increasing sweet potato production in Indonesia. Recently, the incidence of both pest and disease attacks can be detected earlier by using an android-based mobile application. This study aims to assemble an android-based mobile application for early detection of the outbreak of sweet potato weevil and scab disease. This research was conducted in in Malang Regency, East Java, from September to December 2022. Research was carried out by survey, observation, literature studies, and interview with the leaders of farmer association, sweet potato farmers, and local agricultural extension staff. All basic data and supporting data as a trigger for the occurrence of the weevil and scab disease have been collected from the several sample areas. The information was arranged in clusters according to the priority of each variable then was entered into the android studio. The user must enter the supporting data based on the application program to find out the percentage of sweet potato weevil and scab disease. Understanding the predictive value of the incidence of major pests and diseases is required, so farmers can anticipate earlier and prepare appropriate, effective and efficient control technology. An-android mobile application version 1 for early detection of pest and disease which was successfully assembled was expected to be greatly assist sweet potato farmers for maintain their cultivation from yield losses due to C. formicarius and scab which can reduce the quantity and quality by up to 100%.
Analysis of chemical-mineralogical content of brick waste as a pozzolan substitute material in blended cement
Authors: Aini S A , Amalia S , Muiz A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bricks are building materials that contain compounds that can increase the compressive strength of a building. This research utilized waste bricks as a substitute for pozzolan for cement manufacture. Testing of waste bricks using the reactivity index test method, characterization with XRD and XRF. Cement powder was tested chemically, and determined the value of its compressive strength on the mortar test object. The results of the characterization of XRF instruments are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 with minor compounds including CaO, ZnO, TiO2, K2O, P2O5, CuO, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO, SrO, Eu2O3, and Re2O7. Meanwhile, BaO is owned only by the first and third bricks, while PbO is owned by the first. The number of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 compounds has met the quality requirements as pozzolanic materials (>70%), namely 84.20% of the first sample, 83.70% of the second sample, and 84.30% of the third sample. The reactivity index test also met the target (>75%), namely 75.60% of the first sample, 75.00% of the second sample, and 77.90% of the third sample. The higher the content and the reactiveness of an oxide compound in the waste bricks are directly proportional to the quality of the cement
Molecular docking of selected steroid compounds from Hydrilla Verticillata on human Ros1 kinase receptor
Authors: Fasya A G , Warsito  , Masruri  , Rollando  , Megawati D S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Hydrilla verticillata, an aquatic plant, contains various steroids like stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, fucosterol, cholesterol, and campesterol with potential antioxidant properties. Antioxidants protect cells and tissues from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-induced damage by impeding oxidation reactions and ROS elimination. This study aimed to investigate the molecular docking results of selected steroid compounds from H. verticillata with the human ROS1 kinase receptor. Five selected steroid compounds, collected from the PubChem database. The human ROS1 kinase receptor, PDB ID 3ZBF, was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Molecular docking of these selected steroid compounds to human ROS1 Kinase was performed, comparing their binding affinities to crizotinib (native ligand) and ascorbic acid. The docking utilized the PyRx Virtual Screening Tool and visualization via BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results indicated that stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, fucosterol, cholesterol, and campesterol had binding affinities of -8.1, -8.2, -8.6, -8.4, and -8.5 kcal/mol, respectively, to the 3ZBF human ROS1 kinase receptor. While, crizotinib and ascorbic acid exhibited binding affinities of -8.4 kcal/mol and -4.7 kcal/mol. Some H. verticillata steroid compounds displayed stronger binding affinities than crizotinib and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, these compounds complied with Lipinski’s and Veber’s rules and achieved bioavailability score of 0.55, suggesting their potential as antioxidants and anticancers.
Identification of acetic acid levels in ecoenzyme from organic materials of orange peel with acid-base titration method
Authors: Farma S A , Islami A , Putri I L E , Handayani D , Putri D H , Anhar A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the comparison of the levels of acetic acid and the pH of the ecoenzymes from organic matter variations of sweet and sour orange peels. The acetic acid is an organic compound containing a carboxylic acid group which is also widely applied in the health and industrial fields. Preparation of acetic acid from substrate products containing ethanol which can be obtained from fruit ingredients including oranges. One of the uses and management of organic waste, including vegetables and fruit, is by making ecoenzymes from fruit peels with a mixture of water and sugar. Fruit peels that can be used as organic ecoenzyme ingredients vary widely, so the content in ecoenzymes becomes very diverse and tends to be unstable. This type of research is descriptive. This study consisted of three stages, namely the manufacture of ecoenzymes from pasaman orange peel, gunung omeh, kaffir lime and lime in 7 variations (for 100 days), measurement of acetic acid levels and pH in the ecoenyzme samples for 14 days and 100 days. Acetic acid levels were determined using the acid-base titration method. The results of this study showed that the highest levels of acetic acid ecoenzyme in the 100-day fermentation were 5.53% in the sour orange group, while the lowest in the mixed ecoenzyme was 3.32%. The most acidic ecoenzyme pH was at 100 days of fermentation (pH ±3.5).
Anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity of fermented apple peels kombucha and their chemical content
Authors: Fitriasari P D , Zahrotunisya D T 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The production of kombucha using local apple peels is expected to reduce the production of apple peel waste while increasing the nutritional and functional value of kombucha products. This study aimed to determine the active compounds and antibacterial activity of kombucha apple peels against MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). This research was carried out experimentally in a completely randomised design with two factors: the apple varieties (Anna, Manalagi, and Romebeauty) and the concentration of the apple peel substrate (2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5%). The analyses comprised phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity testing, both qualitative and quantitative. The results showed that the kombucha apple peel contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and organic acids. The average total phenolic, total acid, and antibacterial activities of Kombucha apple peels were significantly (α≤0.05) differently affected by apple cultivar and substrate concentration. Antimicrobial activity against MRSA showed a range of weak to moderate inhibition, with the highest inhibition zone diameter value of 6.58 ± 0.52 mm in the Anna variety treatment at 12.5% substrate concentration. The MIC of the best treated kombucha was found at a concentration of 85%, while the MBC could not be determined.
Influence of meridional circulation on extreme high temperature and weakened rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley in August 2022
Authors: Cang Chen , Liew Juneng , Cheng Jianbo , Zhao Yuheng , Xu Zhihang , Chen Honghui , Feng Guolin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Yangtze River Valley (YRV) experienced record-breaking extreme high temperature and weakened rainfall events in August 2022, which resulted in severe disasters and large socioeconomic losses. The importance of the intensification and westward movement of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) with abnormal subsidence has been emphasized in previous studies. However, the source of the abnormal subsidence remains unknown. This study investigates the source of the abnormal subsidence over the YRV and discusses its possible causes by adopting the three-pattern decomposition of the atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC). Meridional circulation (MC) was the main contributor to the abnormal vertical velocity (114%), while the contribution of zonal circulation (ZC) was negative (–14%). Additionally, the negative rainfall anomaly over the YRV can be explained mainly by the MC. The anomalous MC was characterized as a ‘negative-positive-negative-positive-negative’ quintuple distribution with sinking motion over the YRV. Anomalous MC is closely related to the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the three oceans. The negative phase of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and La Niña SSTA leads to an anomalous rising motion of the ZC over the Maritime Continent, favoring the existence of the rising motion of the MC by the coupling effect. The positive phase of the North Atlantic triple (NAT) SSTA results in an anomalous Rossby wave train, which further leads to a sinking motion over the YRV.
Mechanical and morphological analysis of cellulose extracted from sisal fibers and their effect on bio-based composites mechanical properties
Authors: Zidi Samir , Miraoui Imed 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the viability of untreated sisal fibers (N.F.), NaOH-treated sisal fibers (NaOH.F.) and cellulose extracted from sisal (CELL.F.) as an alternative to synthetic materials to produce biocomposites. The main objective was to conduct an in-depth study of the properties of these fibers whose aim is to limit matrix/fiber slippage and improve adhesion by modifying reinforcement surfaces, and to improve the efficiency of sisal fibers as reinforcements for composite materials using various analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the study aimed to produce a composite material by reinforcing plaster with the aforementioned fibers and then compare the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting material. The results showed that cellulose fibers exhibited higher mechanical strength and better compatibility with the plaster-matrix compared to sisal fibers by an increse of 324% in their tensil strength compared to natural sial fibers. In particular, the flexural strength showed a significant increase of 35% in the cellulose fiber reinforced composite. The reinforced composite material exhibited improved properties such as better flexural strength, increased absorption by 12.8% and descres the density by 21.3%, highlighting the promising prospects of cellulose fibers in advancing biocomposite technology.
Comparative analysis of cement-based bricks in India: a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment
Authors: Sravani Tata , Ramani Prasanna Venkatesan , Anbu Madhumathi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The main aim of this study is to quantify the environmental impact caused by different types of bricks used in the Indian construction field. This study considered four brick types: Autoclave Aerated Concrete, Fly ash, and Cellular Foam bricks. The prime objectives of the investigation are to evaluate and compare the embodied energy and resource depletion by modelling the environmental impact of the bricks by Global Warming Potential (GWP) with the LCA software SimaPro. The study’s use of a cradle-to-gate approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the environmental implications associated with four types of bricks. Moreover, the analysis conducted using SimaPro 8.1 software with the life cycle ReCiPe 2016 v1.1 and IMPACT 2002 + v2.15 demonstrates the rigour and accuracy of the findings. The results indicate that cement bricks have the lowest Global Warming Potential, specific heat, and cost, making them a more environmentally and economically friendly option than other bricks. Furthermore, weight, water absorption, density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength were also analyzed and showed other better-performing bricks.
Effect of source and drain electrode positions on the performance of bottom gate organic thin film transistor
Authors: Rathod Arun Pratap Singh , Dubey V P , Gowri R , Juneja P K 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In recent years several novel technologies have emerged on commercial level. Organic electronics is one such technology that has created new avenues for the development of flexible, robust, and cost-effective electronic devices. Transistor developed using organic materials are called organic thin film transistors (OTFT). Transistor is elementary component of any electronic device, any variation in the size or performance of the transistors reflects directly on the overall performance of the electronic devices. Bottom gate bottom contact (BGBC) OTFT is commonly employed single gate organic transistor owing to its simple architecture and easy fabrications. Since in organic semiconductor material carrier mobility of charges is lower, hence its overall performance declines. As a result, its application in electronic circuits becomes limited. Therefore, to enhance the performance of BGBC OTFT and facilitate the optimal charge mobilisation inside organic semiconductor layer i.e., OSC, improvement in the architecture of BGBC is deemed necessary. In this research article the performance of BGBC OTFT is analysed for different positions of electrodes viz. source and drain embedded inside the OSC layer. The study signifies the effect of electrode positions on performance optimization of BGBC OTFT without changing the materials, dimensions, or the operating voltage regime. It has been found that for 30 nm thick OSC layer, the electrodes should ideally be placed between 5 nm to 10 nm above the junction of OSC and dielectric layer inside OSC layer for optimal results.
Actively learning costly reward functions for reinforcement learning
Authors: Eberhard André , Metni Houssam , Fahland Georg , Stroh Alexander , Friederich Pascal 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Transfer of recent advances in deep reinforcement learning to real-world applications is hindered by high data demands and thus low efficiency and scalability. Through independent improvements of components such as replay buffers or more stable learning algorithms, and through massively distributed systems, training time could be reduced from several days to several hours for standard benchmark tasks. However, while rewards in simulated environments are well-defined and easy to compute, reward evaluation becomes the bottleneck in many real-world environments, e.g. in molecular optimization tasks, where computationally demanding simulations or even experiments are required to evaluate states and to quantify rewards. When ground-truth evaluations become orders of magnitude more expensive than in research scenarios, direct transfer of recent advances would require massive amounts of scale, just for evaluating rewards rather than training the models. We propose to alleviate this problem by replacing costly ground-truth rewards with rewards modeled by neural networks, counteracting non-stationarity of state and reward distributions during training with an active learning component. We demonstrate that using our proposed method, it is possible to train agents in complex real-world environments orders of magnitudes faster than would be possible when using ground-truth rewards. By enabling the application of RL methods to new domains, we show that we can find interesting and non-trivial solutions to real-world optimization problems in chemistry, materials science and engineering. We demonstrate speed-up factors of 50–3000 when applying our approach to challenges of molecular design and airfoil optimization.
Effects of extreme temperatures and recovery potential of Gongolaria barbata from a coastal lagoon in the northern Adriatic Sea: an ex situ approach
Authors: Bilajac Andrea , Gljušćić Edi , Smith Shannen , Najdek Mirjana , Iveša Ljiljana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Globally, rising seawater temperatures contribute to the regression of marine macroalgal forests. Along the Istrian coastline (northern Adriatic), an isolated population of Gongolaria barbata persists in a coastal lagoon, representing one of the last marine macroalgal forests in the region. Our objective was to examine the impact of extreme temperatures on the morphology and physiology of G. barbata and test its potential for recovery after simulating marine heatwave (MHW) conditions.

Methods
We explored the occurrence of marine heatwaves in southern Istria, adjacent to the study area, in addition to extreme temperatures inside the area itself. Subsequently, we performed a thermotolerance experiment, consisting of a stress and recovery phase, in which we exposed G. barbata thalli to four extreme (28, 30, 32 and 34 °C) and one favourable (18 °C) temperature. We monitored morphological and physiological responses.

Key Results
Our findings indicate a significant rise in frequency, duration and intensity of MHWs over decades on the southern Istrian coast. Experimental results show that G. barbata demonstrates potential for both morphological and physiological recovery after exposure to temperatures as high as 32 °C. However, exposure to 34 °C led to thallus decay, with limited ability to regenerate.

Conclusions
Our results show that G. barbata has a remarkable resilience to long-term exposure to extreme temperatures ≤32 °C and suggest that short-term exposure to temperatures beyond this, as currently recorded inside the lagoon, do not notably affect the physiology or morphology of local G. barbata. With more MHWs expected in the future, such an adapted population might represent an important donor suitable for future restoration activities along the Istrian coast. These results emphasize the resilience of this unique population, but also warn of the vulnerability of marine macroalgal forests to rising seawater temperatures in rapidly changing climatic conditions.
The use of technology in case management in international investment arbitration: a realistic approach
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet Cemil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Investment arbitration, with its unique demands for transparency due to the public interest, is an especially promising arena for AI technologies. This transparency push and the judicialization of processes make investment arbitration increasingly amenable to technological innovations. However, the full potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in streamlining international investment arbitration case management remains largely untapped. The key to unlocking this potential lies in digitalization of data and procedures, and inter-institutional collaboration to share data. The literature regarding the use of technology in international arbitration mainly focuses on AI and its potential use in international arbitration in the future. While much of this literature speculates about the future, a holistic understanding of the present state of technology in international investment arbitration is crucial. This article spotlights the advancements achievable in case management in international investment arbitration using today’s available technologies. The current state of AI technology is primed for handling straightforward procedural tasks. Yet, these modest tasks occupy significant bandwidth in the agendas of arbitral institutions and tribunals. Once comprehensive digitalization is achieved, and AI technologies are integrated into international investment arbitration case management adeptly, that will be a significant step towards more expeditious and cost-effective arbitration procedures.