bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abdominal Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Mid Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Zhou , Liu Xiang‐yan , Zhang Ming‐yue , Liu Fan‐ying 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundThere are few reports about abdominal lymph node metastasis of mid thoracic esophageal carcinoma. This study was designed to explore the pattern of abdominal lymph node metastasis in patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate the prognostic factors.MethodsThe complete data of 368 patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, who underwent modified Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy with two‐field lymphadenectomy from January 1998 to January 2003, were reviewed. Survival rate was calculated by Kaplan‐Meier method. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk prognostic factors.ResultsAbdominal lymph node metastasis occurred in 58 (15.8%) patients: 34.5% (20/58) of them were stage T1 and T2. Skipping abdominal node metastasis was recognized in 13.8% (8/58) patients: all were stage T1 and T2. The overall 5‐year survival rate of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis (10.3%) was lower than that of those with thoracic node metastasis (18.3%). The prognosis of patients with distant abdominal lymph node metastasis was poor, and no one could survive more than 5 years. Cox regression analysis showed that five or more positive nodes and distant abdominal node metastasis were independent risk factors of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis.ConclusionsAbdominal lymph node metastasis in patients with mid thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma occurred frequently, and the surgery favorable for extensive abdominal lymph node dissection should be selected. The prognosis of patients with abdominal lymph node metastasis was poor, especially those with more positive nodes and distant abdominal node metastasis.
Alternative food improves the combined effect of an omnivore and a predator on biological pest control. A case study in avocado orchards
Authors: González-Fernández J.J. , de la Peña F. , Hormaza J.I. , Boyero J.R. , Vela J.M. , Wong E. , Trigo M.M. , Montserrat M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEcological communities used in biological pest control are usually represented as three-trophic level food chains with top-down control. However, at least two factors complicate this simple way of characterizing agricultural communities. First, agro-ecosystems are composed of several interacting species forming complicated food webs. Second, the structure of agricultural communities may vary in time. Efficient pest management approaches need to integrate these two factors to generate better predictions for pest control. In this work, we identified the food web components of an avocado agro-ecosystem, and unravelled patterns of co-occurrence and interactions between these components through field and laboratory experiments. This allowed us to predict community changes that would improve the performance of the naturally occurring predators and to test these predictions in field population experiments. Field surveys revealed that the food-web structure and species composition of the avocado community changed in time. In spring, the community was characterized by a linear food chain ofEuseius stipulatus, an omnivorous mite, feeding on pollen. In the summer,E. stipulatusand a predatory mite,Neoseiulus californicus, shared a herbivorous mite prey. Laboratory experiments confirmed these trophic interactions and revealed thatN. californicuscan feed inside the prey nests, whereasE. stipulatuscannot, which may further reduce competition among predators. Finally, we artificially increased the coexistence of the two communities via addition of the non-herbivore food source (pollen) for the omnivore. This led to an increase in predator numbers and reduced populations of the herbivore. Therefore, the presence of pollen is expected to improve pest control in this system.
Trichome numbers in naked-oat cultivars
Authors: KIRKKARI A.-M. , PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , JAUHIAINEN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe oat kernel, caryopsis or groat, is generally covered with fine silky hairs termed trichomes. The trichomes of naked oat are partly lost during threshing and handling of grains when the lemma and palea are removed and the surface of the grain is exposed. Trichomes can cause itchiness and more serious reactions in those handling the grains. Trichomes also accumulate and form fine dust and can block up machinery. Trichomes are clearly problematic and growers of naked oat are eager to have oat cultivars with reduced numbers of trichomes. Experiments compared the differences in trichome numbers of naked-oat cultivars and threshing settings. The cultivars differed considerably in pubescence. Cultivars Lisbeth and NK 00117 had most trichomes and cv. Bullion the fewest. Completely bare or polished grains were not observed. Pubescence was not associated with grain weight or test weight. However, grains from the lowermost spikelets of the panicle had fewer trichomes than those from the uppermost spikelets. For cv. Bullion, some threshing settings, including increased cylinder speed, slightly increased grain polishing such that grains had some areas completely free of trichomes. Reduction of the concave clearance in the combine harvester had a similar effect. However, threshing settings did not affect the trichomes of cv. Lisbeth. Adjusting threshing machinery settings was generally not an efficient means of solving the problems associated with naked-oat trichomes, but cultivar differences existed and further efforts in breeding to reduce trichome numbers are required.
Influence of non-monochromaticity on zonal-flow generation by magnetized Rossby waves in the ionospheric E-layer
Authors: KALADZE T. D. , SHAH H. A. , MURTAZA G. , TSAMALASHVILI L. V. , SHAD M. , JANDIERI G. V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe influence of non-monochromaticity on low-frequency, large-scale zonal-flow nonlinear generation by small-scale magnetized Rossby (MR) waves in the Earth's ionospheric E-layer is considered. The modified parametric approach is used with an arbitrary spectrum of primary modes. It is shown that the broadening of the wave packet spectrum of pump MR waves leads to a resonant interaction with a growth rate of the order of the monochromatic case. In the case when zonal-flow generation by MR modes is prohibited by the Lighthill stability criterion, the so-called two-stream-like mechanism for the generation of sheared zonal flows by finite-amplitude MR waves in the ionospheric E-layer is possible. The growth rates of zonal-flow instabilities and the conditions for driving them are determined. The present theory can be used for the interpretation of the observations of Rossby-type waves in the Earth's ionosphere and in laboratory experiments.
Plato'sApologyas Tragedy
Authors: Howland Jacob 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this article, the work of the cultural historian Jean-Pierre Vernant and the philosophical anthropologist René Girard provides grounds for reflecting on Plato's adaptation of tragedy in theApology, and in particular on Plato's implicit comparison of Socrates with the character of Oedipus in Sophocles'Oedipus Tyrannos. TheApologyuses certain thematic and formal elements of tragedy – including systematic ambiguity, dramatic reversal and recognition, and the figure of a hero who is also a scapegoat – in order to expose the paradoxical combination of persuasion and compulsion at the heart of political life and of philosophical passion and aggression in the soul of the philosopher.
Constitutionalism, Conflict, and Consent: Jefferson on the Impeachment Power
Authors: Bailey Jeremy D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA problem within liberal constitutionalism is determining whether the majority actually consents to its government, and, in particular, to those extraordinary acts that take place in the silence of the law. This paper explores this problem in the U.S. context by presenting Thomas Jefferson's understanding of the impeachment power. Jefferson preferred a theory of impeachment that, like his theory of coordinate review, would allow each department to participate in the impeachment process, because he believed that executive participation would improve the law bringing its own character, or will, to it. As an alternative to the more common political understanding of impeachment, which leans toward legislative exclusivity, and the dominant legal understanding, which tends toward judicial finality, Jefferson's theory offers a way for the people to judge whether a particular act of lawlessness is in the public good.
“The lever must be applied in Ireland”: Marx, Engels, and the Irish Question
Authors: Rodden John 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article integrates economic and social history, biography, and political theory as it explores how the personal ties of Marx and Engels to Ireland stamped their thought. Marx and Engels struggled to integrate Ireland into their theory of revolution, conceptualizing it as a “special case” of capitalist accumulation, a formulation partly motivated by their human sympathies for the Irish (especially strong in the case of Engels and Marx's daughters). Extended attention in this essay is thus devoted to the special place of Ireland in Marxist theory and praxis, which is pursued on two interconnected research fronts: Ireland's anomalous role in Marx's revolutionary vision and the Irish people's prominent role in the lives of Marx and Engels. While Marx's primary aim was always to capture the citadels of capitalism such as Great Britain, he and Engels concluded in the late 1860s that the thrust could not be administered frontally: they would have to strike at England's soft underbelly – Ireland. Throughout the life of the First International (1864–72), Ireland's place in Marx's strategic vision moved to the center, transforming Ireland into the “lever” of a European-wide revolution. For a half decade in the late 1860s to the early 1870s, Marx and Engels invested the Irish peasantry with this decisive geopolitical role; soon thereafter, their conception of Ireland's theoretical significance altered and dissolved alongside their fading hopes for a European socialist revolution.
Barriers to adoption of sustainable agriculture practices: Change agent perspectives
Authors: Rodriguez Joysee M. , Molnar Joseph John , Fazio Robin A. , Sydnor Emily , Lowe Mecca J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractConventional agriculture systems of production often lead to environmental degradation, economic problems and even social conflict. The efficacy of agriculture systems conducive to the economic, environmental and social sustainability of farming operations has been demonstrated, yet the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is not widespread. This qualitative study is based on a web-based survey instrument designed to elicit the barriers to adoption of sustainable agriculture practices (SAP) perceived by a positional and network sample of 269 change agents working with farmers in the US South. The analysis examines the general proposition that reluctance to change to SAP is an overused rationale of change agents that tends to mask real barriers that we endeavor to elicit in the survey. It was found that despite having support from technical assistance providers, farmers are rarely adopting SAP. Change agents often are not well prepared to attend to farmers' needs regarding SAP, particularly the needs of specific farming situations. Thus, farmers often struggle to obtain accurate information about the benefits of SAP. Government support programs often fail to encourage adoption due to lack of funding, inappropriate design and ineffective targeting of incentives. Reluctance to change is frequently mentioned by change agents, but more as a way of blaming farmers for nonadoption than explaining the often tangible reasons for their behaviors. Social barriers, land tenure, infrastructure and incompatibility are other significant impediments to adoption. Strategies such as improved management of the existing information, careful design of economic support programs and extension efforts addressed to change agents themselves could help overcome some of the barriers identified by change agents.
Foodshed analysis and its relevance to sustainability
Authors: Peters Christian J. , Bills Nelson L. , Wilkins Jennifer L. , Fick Gary W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProviding a wholesome and adequate food supply is the most basic tenet of agricultural sustainability. However, sharp increases in global food prices have occurred in the past 2 years, bringing the real price of food to the highest level seen in 30 years (FAO, 2008). This dramatic shift is a fundamental concern. The role of ‘local food’ in contributing to the solution of underlying problems is currently being debated, and the debate raises a critical question: To what degree can society continue to rely on large-scale, long-distance transportation of food? Growing concerns about climate change, the longevity of fossil fuel supplies and attempts to produce energy from agriculture suggest that energy efficiency will be critical to adapting to resource constraints and mitigating climate impacts. Moreover, these problems are urgent because energy prices, biofuel production and weather-related crop failures are partially responsible for the current world food price situation. Tools are needed to determine how the environmental impact and vulnerability of the food system are related to where food is produced in relation to where it is consumed. To this end, analyses of foodsheds, the geographic areas that feed population centers, can provide useful and unique insights.
International Investment Arbitration
Authors: McLachlan Campbell , Shore Laurence , Weiniger Matthew 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles provides the first modern detailed analytical survey of the developing substantive principals of international law which are being applied to disputes by international investment tribunals. It considers the key questions that arise, and provides a clear description of the present state of the law as reflected in tribunal practice. The book is divided into three parts. In Part I (Overview) chapter 2 sets out the basic features of investment treaties and is designed to provide a route map to the book as a whole. Chapter 3 : Dispute Settlement looks in more detail at four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: dispute settlement provisions, transparency, the legal nature of the rights at issue and the interpretation of BITs. Part II (Ambit of Protection) is concerned with three major sets of issues related to the ambit of the protections afforded by investment treaties. It is divided into three chapters: Parallel Proceedings, Nationality and Investment. Part III (Substantive Rights) deals with the core substantive rights accorded to investors under an investment treaty. It is divided into three chapters: Treatment of Investors, Expropriation and Compensation.
Water retention properties of the clay in soils developed on clayey sediments: significance of parent material and soil history
Authors: Bruand A. , Tessier D. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe have investigated the water retention properties of clayey subsoil horizons according to the variation of clay characteristics. The horizons studied developed on a large range of age and facies of calcareous or calcium‐saturated clayey sediments. The water retention properties were studied from −10 hPa to −15 000 hPa water potential using small clods collected in winter when swelling is at a maximum and water content close to field capacity. The specific water content and volume of the clods at field conditions, their specific volume at −15 000 hPa water potential, the clay content, the organic carbon content, the cation exchange capacity, the N2‐BET surface area and calcareous content were measured. The clay fabric, which is the spatial distribution of the elementary clay particles, was quantified when the soil was close to field capacity and we could attribute the whole pore volume to the porosity of the clay fabric. Our results show that the water retention properties of the clay vary greatly from one soil to another with respect to the clay fabric. The variation of the latter depends on the cation exchange capacity, the size of elementary particles and hydric stress history of the clay. We show that the water retention properties of the studied clayey soils vary according to the clay content and fabric, the latter being related either to parent material fabric or to both the hydric history of the soil and size of the elementary clay particles.
Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter
Authors: Hongve D. , Van Hees P. A. W. , Lundström U. S. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryLeaves lying on the forest floor are a major source of dissolved organic substances in soil and surface waters, and these substances have important effects in those environments. We used zero‐tension lysimeters to study the chemical characteristics of water percolating through litter from various species of forest trees. The leaching rates were greatest in the autumn and declined rapidly thereafter, especially for deciduous litter. During an annual cycle, 2.5–17% of the initial contents of the carbon in the litter was recovered as dissolved organic carbon in percolates. Humus‐like substances, hydrophilic acids and hydrophilic neutral compounds constituted the major fractions of dissolved C. Leachates from deciduous leaf litter were only partly biodegradable, and those from spruce needles were scarcely biodegradable.Low molecular weight organic acids constituted 0–12% of the dissolved organic carbon in the percolates of the first autumn sampling and decreased over time. Acetic and formic acids were present at the largest concentrations, up to 30 μmol l−1 per g litter, and gluconic, pyruvic, fumaric, oxalic and citric acids were also frequent in significant concentrations. Among the aromatic acids, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid was identified in four out of five autumn samples. The organic components in litter leachates are important for the microbial activity in soil and surface waters. The organic acids enhance weathering and translocation of metals by their ability to form complexes. Litter is also a source of inorganic ions in soil solutions. The dominant cations in the percolates were K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and spruce litter also yielded large quantities of Al and Fe.
Characteristics of non‐allophanic Andisols derived from low‐activity clay regoliths in the Nilgiri Hills (Southern India)
Authors: Caner L. , Bourgeon G. , Toutain F. , Herbillon A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryLow‐activity clay soils on old planation surfaces of the tropics are generally considered as stable end points of soil formation. It is therefore surprising to find Andisols on them. We characterized the properties of six profiles representative of these soils in the western part of the Nilgiri Hills (2000–2500 m above mean sea level), Southern India, where the present climatic conditions are cool (mean annual temperature 15°C) and humid (mean annual rainfall 2500 mm). Thick (50–80 cm) dark‐reddish brown topsoil overlies strongly desilicated yellowish‐red materials. This horizon has andic properties to a sufficient depth and the carbon content requirement of the melanic epipedon to place these soils in the Andisol order. Our data as well as the history of the Nilgiri Hills suggest that the formation of these non‐allophanic Andisols resulted from the succession of two main steps. First, a ‘lateritic’ weathering cycle led to the relative accumulation of secondary Al and Fe oxides. Later, the accumulation of organic matter favoured by a more recent climatic change induced complexation by organic acids of Al and Fe oxides, and the production of enough metal–humus complexes to give rise to andic properties. Such soils, in which secondary Al and Fe oxides, generally considered as indicators of an advanced weathering stage, are involved in a new cycle of soil formation, are original Andisols.
Effect of root mucilage and modelled root exudates on soil structure
Authors: Traoré O. , Groleau‐Renaud V. , Plantureux S. , Tubeileh A. , Boeuf‐Tremblay V. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPlant roots release in the rhizosphere diverse organic materials which may have different effects on soil structure. We have evaluated the effect of natural and modelled root‐released materials on soil aggregates and the biodegradation of carbon from roots in the soil. The effects of root mucilage from maize and of a modelled soluble exudate were compared with those of simple compounds (glucose, polygalacturonic acid). For all treatments, soil was amended with 2 g C kg−1 soil and incubated for 30 days at 25°C. The biodegradation of mucilage was similar to that of polygalacturonic acid, and slower than the decomposition of modelled exudates and glucose. Addition of all substrates increased the stability of aggregates, but the duration of this effect depended on the chemical nature of the material. Compared with the control, the proportion of stable aggregates after 30 days of incubation was multiplied by 3.8 for root mucilage, by 4.2 for modelled soluble exudates, by 2.5 for polygalacturonic acid and by 2.0 for glucose. The different fractions of root exudates in the rhizosphere evidently affected the aggregate stability.
Chemical heterogeneity of humic substances: characterization of size fractions obtained by hollow‐fibre ultrafiltration
Authors: Christl I. , Knicker H. , Kögel‐Knabner I. , Kretzschmar R. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTo investigate the chemical heterogeneity of humic substances in relation to molecular size, fulvic and humic acids were extracted and purified from the surface horizon of a Humic Gleysol in northern Switzerland. A fractionation scheme using hollow‐fibre ultrafiltration cartridges was developed and used to obtain four size fractions of the humic acid with nominal molecular weight ranges > 300 kDa, 100–300 kDa, 30–100 kDa, and 10–30 kDa. The fulvic acid and all humic acid fractions were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, elemental analysis (C, H, N, S), as well as spectroscopic techniques including UV‐VIS, CP‐MAS 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy.Clear chemical differences between the humic acid size fractions were observed. Smaller size fractions of the soil humic acid contained more chargeable functional groups and a larger percentage of aromatic carbon than the larger size fractions. Conversely, the percentage of aliphatic carbon increased with increasing apparent molecular weight. The chemical composition of the smallest humic acid fraction differed clearly from the fulvic acid fraction, despite similar apparent molecular size and carboxyl carbon content. Small humic acids contained much more aromatic carbon and less aliphatic carbon than the fulvic acid fraction. Apparently, humic size fractions differ in their chemical composition, which can have important implications for their environmental behaviour.