bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of fetal intracranial anatomy by static and real‐time ultrasound
Authors: Johnson Michael L. , Dunne Morgan G. , Mack Lawrence A. , Rashbaum Carol L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImprovements in ultrasound technology have now made possible detailed visualization of fetal intracranial anatomy. Structures such as the midbrain, thalami, and lateral ventricles can be routinely imaged. Measurements of the ratio between lateral ventricular width and cerebral hemispheric width demonstrate a steady decrease from a mean of 56% at 15 wk gestation to 28% at term reflecting the relatively more rapid growth of the cerebral hemispheres as compared with the cerebral ventricles. Application of this new ultrasound data greatly facilitates accurate and consistent biparietal diameter estimations and early diagnosis of fetal hydrocephalus and other fetal cranial anomalies. This article describes the axial fetal cranial anatomy as demonstrated sonically and includes a table for normal fetal ventricular size at various gestational ages, based on evaluation of 196 normal fetuses. Some of the more common fetal cranial anomalies amenable to ultrasound diagnosis in utero are discussed.
Predictive value of the echocardiographic left atrial dimension in isolated ventricular septal defect
Authors: Fuhrman Bradley P. , Epstein Michael L. , Bass John L. , Moller James H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEchocardiographic left atrial dimension has been reported to correlate with left‐to‐right shunt (Qp/Qs) in children with isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In 17 children with isolated VSD, we prospectively compared Qp/Qs with the ratio of echocardiographic left atrial dimension to aortic root diameter (LAD/Ao) and with the left atrial dimension corrected for body surface area (LAD/M2). The correlation between LAD/Ao and Qp/Qs was not statistically significant (r = 0.49, p > 0.05). The LAD/M2 correlated significantly with Qp/Qs (r = 0.66, p < 0.01); however, prediction intervals were excessively wide. Our findings indicate that it is inappropriate to predict Qp/Qs in these patients from echocardiographic LAD.
A simple ultrasonic method for assessing renal size
Authors: Lewis Errol , Ritchie William G. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relation between renal length (L) and the distance between the first four lumbar transverse processes, (4TP) as measured by sonography and intravenous urography, has been studied in 20 adults with normal urograms. The ratio of L/4TP (Mean ± 2.S.D.) was 1.04 ± 0.22 for sonograms and 1.25 ± 0.26 for urograms. The possible reasons for these differences are discussed. It is suggested that measurement of the distance between the 4TP is a simple method for estimating expected normal renal size in patients referred for renal ultrasonography.
Small‐organ dynamic imaging system
Authors: Susal Alan L. , Walker J. Terry , Meindl James D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDynamic ultrasonic imaging of superficial body organs adds a new dimension to clinical sonographic examinations in that it enables the real‐time evaluation of tissue motion and vascular pulsations. A high‐frequency (7.2 MHz) linear‐array system has been newly developed that generates simultaneous A‐ and B‐mode displays at 60 frames/sec. The instrument produces real‐time scan‐converted images in standard television format for direct viewing on television (TV) monitors or clinical recording through videotape equipment. Clinical application of this dynamic imaging system has increased the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound in ophthalmology, radiology, and pediatrics.
Ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreatic duct
Authors: Parulekar Suhas G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a prospective ultrasound study of 253 patients, the lumen of the normal pancreatic duct of Wirsung could be demonstrated in 82% of the patients. The mean diameter of the normal pancreatic duct (of Wirsung) was 1.3 mm. The duct of Santorini occasionally could be demonstrated. A duct of Wirsung greater than 2 mm in diameter should be considered dilated. The pancreatic duct is dilated in most patients with acute pancreatitis, in some patients with chronic pancreatitis, and in some patients with pancreatic tumor.
Involution of the postpartum uterus: An ultrasonic study
Authors: VanRees Douglas , Bernstine Richard L. , Crawford William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe involution of the uterus was studied between 1 and 40 days postpartum utilizing serial ultrasonic scans. All pregnancies and postpartum periods were uncomplicated. The decrease in uterine size was related to a diminution in uterine length. No difference was observed between nullipara and primipara or breast‐ or bottle‐feeding mothers.
Estimation of gestational age during the first trimester by real‐time measurement of fetal crown‐rump length and biparietal diameter
Authors: Bovicelli Luciano , Orsini Luigi F. , Rizzo Nicola , Calderoni Patrizio , Pazzaglia Francesco L. , Michelacci Laura 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of 237 patients in the first trimester of pregnancy were examined to derive normal growth curves for fetal crown‐rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) using sector scanner real‐time ultrasound equipment. Conventional B‐scan CRL measurements were obtained from 50 of these patients: In 41 (82%), the values fell within a range ± 5 mm of those of real‐time. Another group of 97 patients between 7 and 13 wk of gestation was then examined in a blind trial to confirm the accuracy of real‐time measurements in estimating gestational age. An estimate was made in 95% of cases to within 4.6 days with CRL and to within 5 days with BPD. A similar comparison was made with both of these dimensions using a comparative nomogram, giving a prediction within 3.9 days in 957percnt; of cases. This method is now used routinely.
Intravenous carbon dioxide as an echocardiographic contrast agent
Authors: Meltzer Richard S. , Serruys Patrick W. , Hugenholtz Paul G. , Roelandt Jos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntravenous carbon dioxide (CO2) was employed to cause echocardiographic contrast in 40 patients. One to 3 cc of medically pure CO2 were agitated with 5 to 8 cc of 5% dextrose in water and rapidly injected into an upper extremity vein. Contrast was obtained in all patients. In 33 patients contrast density from 5% dextrose was compared with that from 5% dextrose‐CO2 injections. Six of these patients had no contrast on the initial 5% dextrose injection and definite contrast with the subsequent injection containing CO2. Of the 33, 12 patients had initial contrast with 5% dextrose injections and greater contrast density when CO2 was added; 15 showed no definite difference; and none had less contrast with intravenous CO2‐5% dextrose than with 5% dextrose alone. Intravenous CO2‐5% dextrose is a useful method of increasing contrast in those patients who fail to demonstrate echocardiographic contrast when routine techniques are employed. It is also safe, provided precautions emphasized in this paper are observed.
The use of β‐Thromboglobulin to detect platelet damage by therapeutic ultrasound in vivo
Authors: Williams Alun R. , Chater Bernard V. , Allen Kenneth A. , Sanderson Joel H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree sequential blood samples were drawn from arms of adult human volunteers by means of a cannula technique, and the plasma levels of β‐thromboglobulin (β‐TG, an index of platelet damage) were measured. Ultrasound (0.75 MHz, continuous wave; spatially averaged intensity 0.34 to 0.5 W/cm–2) was applied to the blood vessels while the second sample of each series was being taken. No elevation of β‐TG was detected, indicating that under these conditions ultrasonic irradiation had not damaged an appreciable number of platelets. There was, however, an indication of decreased platelet sensitivity following insonation; and it is postulated that this may be the result of either increased production or secretion of the potent endothelial platelet inhibitor, prostacyclin, or both.
Renal agenesis: Spectrum of in utero findings
Authors: Dubbins Paul A. , Kurtz Alfred B. , Wapner Ronald J. , Goldberg Barry B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree cases of renal agenesis are presented, representing the spectrum of abnormality seen in utero. Severe oligohydramnios was seen in all three cases. In two cases ultrasound demonstrated fetal paraspinal structures resembling kidneys, while in the third no renal shapes were identified. The urinary bladder could not be imaged in any of the cases. Autopsy findings demonstrated that the reniform structures represented only fetal adrenal glands of varying sizes. It is suggested that the examination of the renal tract in severe oligohydramnios should be directed toward the fetal urinary bladder, because the identification of reniform outlines can be misleading.
Ultrasound in the evaluation and management of the isoimmunized pregnancy
Authors: Weiner Stuart , Bolognese Ronald J. , Librizzi Ronald J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReal‐time ultrasound was a valuable adjunct in the management of 57 consecutive isoimmunized pregnancies. The pathophysiology of hydrops fetalis as it affects the sonographic anatomy of the fetus and placenta is discussed. Real‐time ultrasound was slightly more accurate than amniotic fluid bilirubin analysis in predicting moderate to severe erythroblastosis fetalis. The most useful finding was a disproportionate growth of the fetal abdominal circumference in relationship to the biparietal diameter. Ultrasound proved invaluable in several difficult situations, such as contaminated amniotic fluid, ruptured membranes, and twins. Suggestions for the further quantitation of this diagnostic test are explored.
Ultrasonic detection of renal calculi: Accuracy tested in an in vitro porcine kidney model
Authors: Stafford Stephen J. , Jenkins Joseph M. , Staab Edward V. , Boyce Irving , Fried Floyd A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPorcine kidneys containing human calculi of known size and composition were used to study the ability of ultrasound to localize intrarenal calculi. The study conducted in a blind fashion demonstrated that stones as small as 2 mm could be detected. The chemical composition was not related to the ability to detect the stone. Early trials in the operating room have been encouraging. The porcine kidney model is useful for training purposes.
Ultrasound gray‐scale pattern and guided aspiration puncture of abdominal abscesses
Authors: Schwerk Wolf B. , Dü Hans K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVarious ultrasound gray‐scale patterns of 45 consecutive abscesses were studied in 43 surgical and medical patients. Eleven abscess formations were unsuspected clinically, 27 had developed as a postoperative complication; 25 collections (55.6%) presented with an anechoic appearance, and 15 (33.3%) showed a mainly fluid pattern but contained a few nonreverberatory echoes. Five abscesses (11.1%) appeared with a complex solid‐like pattern with large amounts of internal echoes. A total of 28 ultrasound guided diagnostic fine‐needle aspirations of abscesses were performed on 26 patients without serious complications. All the aspirated samples yielded material sufficient for cytological or bacteriological examinations. Percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration guided by sonography is recommended as a safe and useful diagnostic measure to confirm the nature of an ultrasonically displayed abdominal lesion suspected to be an abscess. Results from both sonography and confirmatory aspiration provide detailed topographic and diagnostic information for the choice of surgical or nonoperative management of abdominal abscess.
Evaluation of portal hypertension in cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis using ultrasound
Authors: Abdel‐Latif Zakaria , Abdel‐Wahab M. Farid , El‐Kady Nabil M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPatients with hepatic schistosomiasis develop high degrees of portal hypertension. Various invasive techniques have been used to evaluate this degree of portal hypertension. In this work sonography was used as a safe, noninvasive technique to study the relationship between the degree of portal hypertension, as measured by percutaneous splenic manometry, and the diameters of the portal and splenic veins. A total of 25 patients were included in this study. A positive correlation was found between the degree of portal hypertension and the increase in the diameters of the portal and splenic veins.
Fetal elevation: A new technique for placental localization in the diagnosis of previa
Authors: Lee Timothy G. , Knochel John Q. , Melendez Michael G. , Henderson Sidney C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe diagnosis of previa is made with ultrasound when the placenta is seen to cover the internal os. The technique of fetal elevation is a simple procedure that facilitates visualization of the internal os and its relation to the placenta. The safety of this technique is demonstrated in a large series of patients.
Utilization of diagnostic ultrasound in a controlled setting
Authors: Barer Morris L. , Cooperberg Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo appreciate the number of ultrasound studies of different types done within a population consisting of both rural and urban persons, a questionnaire was sent to all ultrasound facilities within the Canadian Province of British Columbia. All of the questionnaires were returned, providing complete data for 1978, 1979, and 1980. In addition to data on numbers of ultrasound studies (broken into various categories), the number of sonographers and sonologists were also analyzed. The results show an 87% increase from 1978 to 1980 in the number of studies, and, in 1980, a rate of 37 ultrasound procedures per thousand population per year (52 per thousand in the largest urban area in the province). The complete data and a discussion of the unique features of the British Columbia experience are presented.
Initial diastolic indentation of the mitral valve in aortic insufficiency
Authors: Rowe Dennis W. , Pechacek Leonard W. , Decastro Carlos M. , Garcia Effrain , Hall Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn abnormal diastolic indentation of the mitral valve has been noted on short‐axis two‐dimensional echocardiograms in patients with aortic insufficiency. In order to assess the clinical usefulness of this finding, we reviewed the echocardiograms of 18 patients with this lesion who had undergone cineaortography. Results were compared with those of a control group of 100 patients. Initial diastolic indentation of the anterior mitral leaflet occurred in 8 of 12 patients with 3+ to 4+ aortic insufficiency. None of the patients with lesser regurgitation and no patients from the control group demonstrated this pattern. The presence of this abnormality appears to be a specific indicator of critical aortic insufficiency.
Sonography of the segmental human pancreatic transplant
Authors: Crass Jeffrey R. , Sutherland David E. R. , Feinberg Samuel B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractForty‐three ultrasound examinations have been done on 17 segmental pancreatic transplants performed for juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. The pelvic transplant was readily studied by both real‐time and articulated‐arm techniques. Transplants of normal sonographic appearance had normal endocrine function. The most common finding was peripancreatic fluid ranging from a slight halo above the transplant to tense pancreatic ascites—the result of the functional exocrine pancreas' normal function.
Ultrasonically determined menstrual age as an indicator of fetal lung maturity
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carollo Bert R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe usefulness of ultrasonically determined menstrual age as a predictor of fetal lung maturity has been evaluated in patients without fetal or maternal disease undergoing repeat cesarean section. The menstrual age of each fetus was determined at 18–32 wk using biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements and previously established BPD growth curves. Lung maturity prior to delivery was assessed by measuring the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) in amniotic fluid. The menstrual age at the time of the amniocentesis was derived by extrapolation from the results of the first scan. When the Sabbagha Composite BPD growth curve was used for menstrual age determinations, the L/S was <2.0 in all cases before 34 wk, both <2.0 and ≥2.0 between 34 and 38 wk, and ≥2.0 in all but one case after 38 wk. This one case represents 1.2% of fetuses studied. These results suggest that in the absence of fetal and maternal disease, a menstrual age of 38 wk or older, based on an early BPD measurement and use of the Sabbagha Composite BPD growth curve, is indicative of lung maturity in most cases.
B‐mode sonography of blood clots
Authors: Coelho Julio C. U. , Sigel Bernard , Ryva James C. , Machi Junji , Renigers Sigrida A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSystematic evaluation of blood clot echogenicity was performed with five different transducer frequencies in two experiments. In the first experiment, blood clots were insonified at five different time periods; from immediately after clotting up to 96 hours after clotting. In the second experiment, blood clots of four different hematocrits (48 to 20%) and clots of hemolysed blood were insonified. The clots, with normal hematocrits, were highly echogenic when imaged with 5, 7.5 and 10‐MHz transducers immediately and 24 hours after clotting. The echo intensity decreased over the following days until it almost disappeared at 96 hours after clotting. Clot echogenicity was not observed with 2.25 and 3.5‐MHz transducers, except at the interface between retracted clot and serum. Clot echogenicity decreased in proportion with the hematocrit. Hemolysed blood clots were not echogenic. It is concluded from this study that fresh blood clots are echogenic soon after thrombosis with high resolution imaging and this echogenicity diminishes with time. Ultimately, with organization and lamination, echogenicity will recur.
Placental location in pregnancies following Cesarean section
Authors: Hisley John C. , Mangum Caroline 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltrasonic placentography1–4 was used to compare placental location in patients who had undergone previous Cesarean sections with those who had had vaginal deliveries. Results indicated that: (1) placental location was not influenced by existing uterine scars; (2) anterior uterine wall implantations occur with sufficient frequency (35%) to warrant ultrasonic placentography prior to third trimester amniocentesis for fetal maturity studies; and (3) lower anterior uterine segment implantations occur with sufficient frequency (8%) to warrant ultrasonic placentography prior to surgical entry of the lower uterine segment.
Ultrasonic signs of imminent ovulation
Authors: Picker Fracog Richard H. , Fracog David H. Smith , Mrcog Malcolm H. Tucker , Saunders Douglas M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo consistent signs of imminent ovulation in the Graafian follicle have been identified using ultrasound. These signs are a line of decreased reflectivity around the follicle and a crenation pattern within the follicle. The signs may be useful in programs such as in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination, in which timing of ovulation is critical.
Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasound
Authors: Jordaan Harold V. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBirth weight (BW) and log10 birth weight (LBW) are expressed as linear, multilinear, parabolic, and polynomial regression functions of the abdominal circumference (AC), and combinations of fetal index measurements, namely, AC and head circumference (HC); biparietal diameter (BPD) and AC; and BPD, HC, and AC. The relationship of somatic weight and log10 somatic weight to AC was similarly determined. The analysis generated 20 equations whose accuracy in providing BW estimates is compared. Several equations provide BW estimates whose mean percentage deviations from measured BWs do not differ significantly. The deviations, however, have the smallest variance when BW is estimated from the HC and AC either by using a multilinear regression equation or by deriving separate estimates of brain and somatic weights from these index measurements. The role of individual and population differences in fetal anthropometry as causes of error in estimating BW by different methods is discussed. Because HC is a function of both BPD and occipito‐frontal diameter (OFD), it is a better brain‐size modulus than the commonly used BPD and avoids the errors of underestimation which occur when the BPD is unusually small in cases of dolichocephaly. A comparison of ponderal growth in American and South African fetal populations shows differences throughout most of the gestational range (26–40 wk) analyzed in this study.
The use of ultrasound in evaluating problems and complications of genetic amniocentesis
Authors: McArdle Colin R. , Cohen Wayne , Nickerson Carl , Hann Lucy E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA prospective study of 460 midtrimester amniocenteses performed with ultrasonic guidance was made to determine the problems that occur during amniocentesis and the causes of dry or bloody taps. In 27 instances the needle was seen piercing the fetus. Thickening of the uterine wall, tenting of the membranes, and blocking of flow by the fetus were also observed. The dangers of advancing the needle blindly when no fluid is obtained at the predetermined depth is stressed. The use of active real‐time ultrasonic guidance during amniocentesis is advocated.
Detection of early atherosclerotic lesions by duplex scanning of the carotid artery
Authors: Hennerici Michael , Reifschneider Gerd , Trockel Ursula , Aulich Albrecht 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA high‐resolution ultrasound B‐mode imaging system combined with a 16‐sequential range‐gated pulsed Doppler flow measuring device was used for the evaluation of nonstenotic extracranial carotid artery disease. Various types of atherosclerotic lesions were differentiated by Duplex system examinations in 54 carotid arteries examined in vitro in a postmortem study and in 51 carotid arteries examined in vivo from patients with angiographically proven cerebrovascular disease. In addition, the multigated Doppler system allowed the analysis of flow velocity profiles throughout the carotid arteries, the distinction between intraarterial flow and recent thrombus, and in particular the estimation of local flow alterations, which are diagnostic in the presence of sonolucent and shadowed plaques behind echo‐dense lesions. A number of difficulties, which at present limit the application of Duplex system examination as a noninvasive „stand alone”︁ method for detecting carotid disease, are discussed.
Ultrasonography of the rotator cuff: Surgical correlation
Authors: Crass Jeffrey R. , Craig Edward V. , Thompson Roby C. , Feinberg Samuel B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRotator cuff tears are a common orthopedic problem. The portions of the cuff most commonly torn are accessible to sonographic examination with appropriate positioning of the shoulder. This study was undertaken to correlate the sonographic appearance of the pathologic rotator cuff with findings at the time of surgical repair. Rotator cuff tears are readily seen with high‐resolution real‐time sonography. Sonography can demonstrate tears not demonstrated arthrographically. In the appropriate clinical setting arthrography may not be necessary if the sonogram demonstrates characteristic findings.