bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sand Management Solutions for High-Rate Gas Wells, Sawan Field, Pakistan
Authors: McPhee C. A. , Enzendorfer C. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Formation damage, sand production and a HP/HT sour gas environment are major challenges in the field development of the Sawan gas reservoir in Pakistan. Meeting individual well productivity targets (average of 80 MMscfd) requires minimal-restriction (large bore or monobore) completions, minimizing formation damage via under-balance perforation and maintaining sand production below tolerable limits.
The reservoir sands are extremely heterogeneous with many thin, weak layers. Sand control completion concepts are based either on internal gravel packs (IGP) or, if the weaker layers are less extensive, on selective perforation. To avoid having to kill the wells (which can lead to significant formation damage) the completions are run prior to perforating. This meant that the sand control decision for each development well had to be made in 3 to 4 days - between logging the well at TD and running the completion.
The key elements of this "real time" sand management strategy were: the application of Fuzzy Logic computing techniques to correlate wireline log responses with core measurements, which enabled a field-calibrated, continuous sand failure prediction tool throughout the reservoir intervals;coupled well performance and geomechanical models to evaluate if selective perforation could safeguard well deliverability yet ensure sand-free production, standardization of critical completion equipment and simplified nipple-less completion design which provided the necessary operational flexibility, lowered overall completion cost, and reduced the risk of equipment failure.under-balanced through-tubing perforation with coiled tubing to minimize formation damage.
This integrated completion and sand management strategy has delivered well production rates in excess of 100 MMscfd with sand production significantly below tolerable limits. It has also has created substantial cost savings and reduced completion failure risks compared to conventional cased-hole sand exclusion completions.
Predicting Critical Drawdown for the Onset of Sand Production
Authors: Yi X. , Valkó P. P. , Russell J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Sanding onset prediction models are used to forecast the production condition, e.g. pressure drawdown or flow rate, at which sand production occurs. A sanding onset prediction model is critical for sand control decision-making in answering the questions whether or not sand control should be used, or when to use sand control. There are a variety of numerical and analytical sanding onset prediction models available in the literature. However most of those models either need one or another rock mechanics input parameter which is rarely available in field practice or demand extensive computations (e.g. Finite Element models) that is not practical in cases when quick sand control decision is needed. As a result, the usage of those models in field practice is limited.
In this paper, simple and easy-to-use analytical sanding onset prediction models are derived based on theory of poroelastoplasticity assuming shear failure or tensile stress induced sanding from open hole well or from the perforations of a cased well. To use those models, the only rock mechanics parameters needed are Biot's constant, Poisson's ratio, Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), and in-situ stresses. With those data, a critical drawdown pressure for a well can be obtained for any given average reservoir pressure.
Using those models, published and field reported sanding problems are studied. Through this study, sanding mechanisms for those cases are explained and good agreement is reached between predicted and field measured critical drawdown pressure.
An Integrated Approach to Impact Assessment
Authors: Macklin Stephen , Hartog Jan J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Impact Assessment is continuously developing both in process and in application. Increasingly society expects that business should make a broader contribution to it. This has translated in impact assessment to spending more effort on enhancing benefits as well as mitigating the negative impact of our activities. Society is also expecting more openness and transparency, with greater communication and engagement on issues throughout the impact assessment process.
New developments in impact assessment include increasing attention to social, health and biodiversity impacts, and integrating environmental, social and health aspects. Increasingly attention is being given to integrating impact assessment within the project/business processes and integrating the results of the impact assessment into project/business execution. Furthermore, impact assessments are being applied to an increasing range of projects, as well as to earlier phases of decision-making such as country entry. Also, Strategic Environmental Assessment is emerging as a new regulatory requirement in some areas of the world.
The paper will outline the recent developments within and key challenges faced by Shell EP, and the key features of its new integrated impact assessment approach. Of particular note will be how biodiversity and health are addressed in the impact assessment process.
ESIA - More than a Tick in the Box?
Authors: Finney Robert , Witchalls Ben , Davies Gareth , Rogers Liz 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Integrated environmental and social assessment is increasingly becoming part of national regulatory approval processes, to estimate and manage the impacts of oilfield developments upon the natural and human environment. Even at pre-project stages, the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) can form part of the company decision-making for country entry. Effective integration of the ESIA process and findings into the engineering design process can deliver benefits in impact mitigation and environmental management across all stages of the development. The ESIA should not therefore be viewed simply as a regulatory "tick-in-the-box".
The international community is demanding increasingly rigorous environmental and social assessments of planned developments by international operators and reputation can be strongly influenced by the consistency and quality of the assessment process and the extent to which ESIA commitments are delivered. It is recognised by the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) that sharing of experience through "lessons-learned" would provide a means to achieve consistency in delivery of high quality environmental and social impact management.
The OGP ESIA in Projects Taskforce has been formed to develop industry guidance, which will be applicable to development projects in any geographical area. This will facilitate the attainment of a consistently high standard by all operators, to align themselves with international expectations. The aim is both to add technical value and to facilitate interactions with stakeholders and third parties. Given the diversity of project specifics, company internal processes, local environmental sensitivities etc., the approach must offer a high degree of flexibility in its application. "Building-blocks" based on agreed "good practice" to be assembled as appropriate, are viewed to offer greater potential than a more rigid process. In addition to direct application to oil and gas developments, extrapolation to downstream projects is possible.
The Green and Red Roadmap to a Safety Culture Where "Nobody Gets Hurt"
Authors: Gillette Ken , Haaland Dag K. , Steinsvik Dagfinn , Jensen Kjell Edgar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This concept is based on a "no blame" reporting system and the understanding of two different types of barriers. These include the traditional barriers which are described in safety manuals and the non-physical barriers which are embedded in the attitudes of a person. (Figure 2) A good safety culture is created by sharing with our colleagues what are observed to be potentially dangerous acts or procedures.
Green and Red hazard reporting takes place during the work process. A Green report is written on everything that has a potential danger, including your own mistakes. This becomes the book of learning that can deliver an accident-free workplace. Red reports are delivered concerning incidents where something undesirable has occurred. This reporting system is meant to catch those hazards that slip through the traditional barriers like Formal Risk Assessments, Work Management Systems, Procedures, Safe Job Analyses, and Personal Planning & Behavioral Tools.
The road to an accident-free work place has its last barrier in you and me; our eyes, ears and commitment to care for each other's safety. This proactive reporting system depends on each person's ability to spot safety hazards, intervene and share the lessons learned.
This ability is enhanced through: Visualisation of the hazard traps set by Mr. Incident (A character created to personify the dangers we face at Work.)Commitment to a safety contract: "I am your safety and you are my safety.""Safe Communication Analyses (SCA) by confirming conversations and securing two way dialogs.Role modelling of contributions needed along the road to 0 accidents (using the feedback and intervention skills).Developing a "healthy fear" for the job through personal insight and understanding of the potentially devastating consequences of accidents not only for yourself, but also for your work mates, the families involved, and the company you work for.
Improving Energy Efficiency in E&P Operations
Authors: Edwards John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
BP has been striving to minimise the greenhouse gas emissions from its operations for several years. Since most emissions come from the combustion of fuel in processing operations, improving energy efficiency is the key to better emissions performance. The paper describes the tools and processes that have been developed to improve energy management and shares lessons from practical experiences of performance improvement in new projects and existing E&P operations. In all cases, improving energy efficiency has delivered significant business benefits.
Health Impact Assessment in co-operation with health community leaders and stakeholders - Breaking new ground in Russia
Authors: Boelens Paul R. M. , DeBello Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An Health Impact Assessment (HIA) for the Sakhalin II, Phase 2 project was conducted by Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), with the support and participation of the Sakhalin Island health community. The HIA addresses the impact on the health of the island population during the construction and operation phases of the Project. Sakhalin Energy's objective is to ensure the health of its workforce as well as promoting improvements in the health of the community. The HIA sought to predict the impact on health of the Project before implementation, so that any negative effects could be reduced or avoided and positive effects enhanced. The HIA focuses on non-occupational health issues - i.e. it does not address occupational exposures for the workforce such as exposure to noise. Occupational exposures are identified and assessed in the Health Risk Assessments (HRA's) for each location.
Understanding Safe and Unsafe Behaviours: A Scientific Approach
Authors: Flin Rhona 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The proximal causes of a significant percentage of oil and gas industry accidents relate to human error and unsafe behaviour at the worksite. In order to maximize safe behaviours and reduce unsafe behaviours, supervisors and managers need to understand the factors influencing them before introducing behavioural safety interventions. This paper argues that the same level of scientific expertise should be applied to the diagnosis, design and evaluation of behavioural safety interventions as is devoted to engineering interventions.
A New, Improved JSA Process Gets Enthusiastic Approval from Field Personnel
Authors: Veley Carl , Ritchie Norman , Coats E. Alan , Disatell Joel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many oilfield companies require field crews to systematically analyze safety aspects of their activities before starting to work. Commonly, this process is called a Job Safety Analysis, or JSA, but other labels are also used.
Recent developments in measuring safety performance have changed the JSA process by redefining its objective. This change is definitely for the better, and it is rapidly gaining acceptance throughout the Gulf of Mexico petroleum industry.
A survey of Gulf of Mexico offshore production facilities and drilling rigs showed that JSAs tend to be a tedious formality that crews comply with only because they are required to do so. For a typical jack-up drilling rig, adopting this new JSA process and standard can reduce total time spent in JSA meetings from approximately 30 man-hours per day to less than four man-hours per day. Not only does the new style of JSA provide significant time savings, but it is considerably more effective in reducing the likelihood of accidents, meets with enthusiastic approval of work crews, and provides a powerful tool for onsite management.
Management Visibility
Authors: Arias Daniel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nowadays, companies performance is measured from different approaches, among them, through the areas of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE).
There are many examples illustrating that weak performance in some of these areas may result in great economic losses or, even worse, in business collapse.
Senior management must generate and increase prevention awareness that must be adopted as an integral part of business management. Therefore, it is essential to define how HSEMS expectations will be met.
Managing Health for Field Operations in Oil and Gas Activities
Authors: Martin Alison 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This new set of OGP guidelines aims to help oil and gas companies achieve and maintain high standards of health management for everyone associated with field operations.
The guidelines supersede three previous OGP documents produced in the mid 1990s and are designed to complement national and international standards and regulatory requirements as well as individual corporate health guidelines.
The paper will give an outline of the document covering topics ranging from health impact assessment through medical evacuations to food and water hygiene standards.
It will highlight the practical guidance within each chapter and will discuss the relevance of the advice to the populations the document serves.
Application of ‘Life Cycle’ Concept for Asset Risk Management
Authors: Dreher L. G. , Jarman M. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Risks arise at all stages through the life cycle of a project. For the optimum outcome, risk management approaches need to be applied considering the entire duration of the project. This paper discusses the application of these approaches, and provides examples to illustrate the benefits available to operators who implement risk management throughout the entire life cycle of an asset.
Drug Testing in the Workplace: A Case for Mandatory Random Testing
Authors: Ajayi P A , Faleyimu B L , Babalola R O 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Substance abuse has clearly become a concern of the workplace and the business community and remains a major safety and health hazard.
The associated socio-economic and health burden is staggering and on the increase. The response to this problem has been the implementation of comprehensive workplace substance abuse prevention programs which include written policies, employee education, employee assistance programs (EAP) and drug testing. Of these components of workplace substance abuse programs, drug testing is the most sensitive and most contentious.
Most employers drug test employees in safety sensitive and security sensitive positions. Other indications include random testing, pre-employment, for course, reasonable suspicion, post accident and post rehabilitation.
Several studies have shown that the most effective deterrent to drug and alcohol use is random testing. Yet is it the most sensitive and contentious of all the test indications. This paper reviews random drug and alcohol testing in the workplace and suggests strategies for its effective use.
North Caspian Project - Challenges and Successes
Authors: Sarybekova Lyazzat 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil & gas projects operating under extremely challenging circumstances or in the world&#39;s most sensitive environments are not a rarity. There are many examples where industry has successfully addressed such issues as unfavourable reservoir properties, lack of infrastructure, limited access, cold or hot climate, demanding regulatory requirements and unsympathetic public. Over the recent years industry aggressively developed and improved technologies and techniques that allow companies to significantly minimise the environmental impact of their operations and, thus, carry out projects in many areas with sensitive, vitally important or highly protected ecosystems. However, there are not many projects where most of the above mentioned challenges are present all at once.
The development of Kashagan field in Kazakhstan sector of North Caspian Sea is one of the biggest and the most challenging development projects worldwide, uniqueness of which lies in the complexity and rarity of a blend of issues requiring consideration. It starts with the properties of the field such as geology, pressure, temperature, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S content. Then there is a number of physical conditions within the area of operations such as shallow waters, sea level changes, extreme temperatures in winter and summer seasons, and ice. Shallow waters and wetlands of North Caspian support important number of bird and fish species, including rare and internationally protected, and Kazakhstan enforces high environmental standards to ensure adequate protection for the area.
Agip Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company (Agip KCO), an Eni company operating on behalf of six international co-venturers, has the luxury and opportunity to draw on experience and resources that its founders acquired internationally. This paper describes some engineering solutions and operating methods as well as other protection measures employed by the Company to ensure maximum safety of its operations to the environment. Successes and lessons from this project may prove to be valuable throughout a wide sector of industry.
Environmental Significance of Mercury in Drilling Discharges
Authors: Parker M. E. , Smith J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental studies of offshore drilling activities, conducted over a period of more than two decades, have shown that the mercury present at trace levels in drilling fluid barite has very limited bioavailability to marine organisms. However, media reports during 2002 about the presence of mercury in fish raised the level of interest in the potential for drilling discharges to contribute to mercury levels in fisheries resources.
The exploration and production industry responded to this interest by preparing a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the fate and effects of mercury in the marine environment, updating information on the quantities of barite (the main source of the low levels of mercury in drilling wastes) discharged during drilling, and collecting new data on the potential for inorganic mercury in drilling discharges to be converted to methylmercury once discharged into a marine environment. The literature review indicated that the presence of low levels of inorganic mercury in drilling discharges poses minimal environmental risk. A review of data on discharge volumes showed that modern drilling technology has reduced the amount of barite used per well by 50 - 80%. New field data showed that marine sediments close to drill sites did not have higher methylmercury concentrations than did sediments from more distant sites. This indicated that there is low potential for the conversion of inorganic mercury in drilling discharges to the more readily bioavailable organic methylmercury form. The overall results of this effort support the conclusion that the low level of inorganic mercury in drilling discharges does not contribute to organic mercury levels in fish.
This paper provides a general review of mercury in the environment, its fate and effects, and identifies the most significant sources. Against this background, the relative contribution and behavior of inorganic mercury from drilling discharges is presented. Industry research efforts over the years evaluating the fate and effects of mercury in the environment are reviewed with an emphasis on studies of mercury concentrations in drill site sediments, the chemical forms of inorganic mercury in drilling fluid discharges, and recent studies of the potential for conversion of inorganic mercury in barite to the more bioavailable organic methylmercury form.
Degradation and Ecotoxicity of C14 Linear Alpha Olefin Drill Cuttings in the Laboratory and the Field
Authors: Visser S. , Lee B. , Fleece T. , Sparkes D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Laboratory and field studies were conducted on C14 linear alpha olefin (LAO) mud drill cuttings. In the laboratory, LAO drill cuttings applied to a loam soil at a total extractable hydrocarbon (TEH) concentration of 4.8% (wt:wt) degraded by 92% to a TEH residual of 0.38% after 3 months. This residual was nontoxic to plants, earthworms, springtails and Microtox™ bacteria based on both acute and chronic toxicity bioassays. Earthworm growth and reproduction after 2 months exposure to soil with remediated LAO cuttings were greater than in the untreated soil. In the field, LAO cuttings were spread over a silty loam soil in southern Alberta at an inital concentration of 3.1% (wt:wt) during the fall. The following spring the field was tilled, fertilized and planted with barley. The LAO in the soil degraded by 68% to a 1% LAO level by harvest (11 months treatment), and was further reduced to 0.25% after 23 months of landfarming treatment. At 1% LAO, barley growth was not significantly reduced in the laboratory or the field. In contrast, 1% LAO significantly inhibited earthworm growth and reproduction, and killed the springtails. The Microtox™ bioassay revealed no toxicity in water extracts of the soil. Co-composting studies in northern British Columbia involved mixing LAO cuttings with wood fibre at a ratio of 1:3 and applying fertilizer. After 22 months treatment, the TEH at two separate sites had decreased by 95%, from initial concentrations of 8.1 and 15.2% to final concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6%, respectively. Results to date indicate that C14 LAO drill cuttings degrade readily under both laboratory and field conditions, and that both landfarming and co-composting are effective means for eliminating and detoxifying C14 LAOs.