bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Oinoanda 1997: the new Epicurean texts
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson 
Published: January 2007

Oinoanda's most famous and, many would say, most precious possession is the massive Greek inscription, which, probably in the first half of the second century AD, was set up by a citizen named Diogenes, who must have been both wealthy and influential. ‘Having reached the sunset of life’, he used the wall of a stoa to advertise the moral benefits of Epicurean philosophy not only to his fellow-citizens, but also to foreign visitors, and not only to his contemporaries, but also to future generations. In fulfilment of his philanthropic mission he expounded Epicurus' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics in writings which may have occupied 260m2 of wall-space and contained 25,000 words. The work, as well as being remarkable as an epigraphic colossus, is a valuable source of information about one of the most important philosophies in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.Eighty-eight fragments of Diogenes' inscription were found by French and Austrian epigraphists between 1884 and 1895. I took up the search in 1968–73, discovering 38 new fragments and rediscovering most of the 19th-century finds. My work led on to the topographical and epigraphical survey, sponsored by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (BIAA) and directed by the late Alan S Hall in 1974–75–76–77–81–83 — a survey which not only revealed more of Diogenes' work, but also yielded other epigraphical finds and, thanks above all to the work of James J. Coulton, significantly increased our knowledge of Oinoanda's history and buildings.
İkiztepe in the Late Iron Age
Authors: Bilgi Önder 
Published: January 2007

Following a three year survey in the Samsun region between 1971 and 1973, excavations started at İkiztepe, situated on the outskirts of İkiztepe village near Bafra town, in 1974. The results obtained from the excavations since 1993 demonstrate that the Bafra region was also settled during the Late Iron Age (Bilgi 1995: 142; 1996: 157; 1997: 145).Intensive survey and subsequent excavations located no settlements at İkiztepe after the first quarter of the second millennium BC. A monumental tomb from the Hellenistic period, however, was found at Tepe I (fig 1. Alkım et al 1988: 85-7). In addition to this tomb, comprising a dromos and two chambers built of cut stone blocks, traces of a settlement with pottery (figs 23, 27:3-6, 27:13-14) and small metal objects (figs 2-4) were found during excavations on the northern slope of Tepe I (Bilgi 1985: 55-6, pls 12-15).
Synthesis of [3H,33P]‐phosphoramide and ‐isophosphoramide mustards and metabolites [3H]‐chloroethylaziridine and ‐aziridine for studies of DNA alkylation
Authors: Springer James B. , Michael Colvin O. , Ludeman Susan M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReduction of diethyliminodiacetate with [3H]‐LiAlH4 and then reaction with SOCl2 gave bis(2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethyl)amine hydrochloride. This compound, together with [33P]‐phosphorus oxychloride, provided for the synthesis of [3H,33P]‐phosphoramide mustard (as its cyclohexylammonium salt) in three steps over 2 days. Similarly, 2‐[3H]‐ethanolamine was reacted with SOCl2 to give 2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethylamine hydrochloride which, along with [33P]‐POCl3, was used to synthesize [3H,33P]‐isophosphoramide mustard in two steps over 1 day. 1H NMR studies were carried out to determine optimal times for in situ formation and storage of chloroethylaziridine and aziridine. A solution of 10 mM bis(2‐chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride in 0.1 M phosphate/D2O, pD 7.9 at 37°C for 3 h gave chloroethylaziridine without contamination by starting material or hydrolysis products. For aziridine, the disappearance of 0.2 M 2‐chloroethylamine hydrochloride in 2 M NaOD/D2O at pD 14, 37°C, gave k = 0.00455 min−1 (R2 = 1.000) and τ1/2 = 2.55 h; no hydrolysis product was observed over the course of the NMR experiment (4 h). It was concluded that ∼13 h (5 half‐lives) of reaction time would yield a solution of aziridine which was relatively free of contaminants. Using these reaction conditions, 3H‐labeled chloroethylamines were used to synthesize 1‐(2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethyl)‐2‐[3H]‐aziridine and 2‐[3H]‐aziridine in situ. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social networks at Sempra Energy's IT division are key to building strategic capabilities
Authors: Chen Chris 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHow does an IT division, faced with new and challenging strategic goals, get technical people to understand and appreciate the impact of human relationships on individual and organizational performance? It turns to social network analysis (SNA)—a nifty tool for quantifying and visualizing the number and strength of connections between people. Taking advantage of a large menu of SNA's analytical options, this organization learned how it could better identify succession candidates, build social capital, lessen dependence on the senior leadership team, and improve interdepartmental collaboration and communication—in short, move to the next level of organization effectiveness. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing financial risk and uncertainty: The case of venture capital and buy‐out funds
Authors: Kut Can , Pramborg Bengt , Smolarski Jan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo be successful in the private equity industry, funds must manage the many aspects of risk that are associated with venture capital and buy‐out investing. This study provides survey evidence of a wide range of risk management practices among 142 European funds in the private equity industry. The authors classify funds based on whether they are primarily involved in early‐stage financing (venture capital funds) or primarily later‐stage financing (buy‐out funds), and then analyze the effects of fund type along several dimensions of risk. The results show differences in how venture and buy‐out funds manage risk, which is most developed when evaluating new investments. Post‐investment risk practices are less developed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical analysis of 3D vortical cavity flow
Authors: Ishii Katsuya , Adachi Shizuko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe vortical flows of an incompressible fluid in a rectangular three‐dimensional container with a large spanwise aspect ratio driven by a moving solid lid are studied using a combined compact finite difference (CCD) scheme with high accuracy and high resolution. The study focuses on the change of the steady flow structures in the cavity with Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 850. The results of the flow in the cavity with a spanwise aspect ratio 6.55 show that several stable closed streamlines localized near the symmetric plane are found at Re ≥500, while a closed stable streamline is found near the side wall at Re ≤300. The change of the flow pattern present in this system affects the diffusion properties in the flow but seems to have no qualitative effect on the global flow properties which include energy dissipation in the cavity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of a dielectric coating on field electron emission from micro‐point electron sources
Authors: Mousa Marwan S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractField electron (FE) emitters may be prepared by coating a metallic emitter or a carbon‐fibre emitter with a layer of dielectric material. Such ‘composite’ emitters are of interest for both fundamental and technological reasons, and can also be used to simulate low‐macroscopic‐field emission from flat thin‐film emitters. This paper reviews the long‐standing work aimed at characterizing and optimizing emitters of this kind, which are sometimes called ‘M–I–V’ or ‘C–D–V’ emitters.The coating materials investigated include several types of epoxylite resins, hydrocarbons, alumina, lacomit, plastics, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium carbide and tetracyanoethylene. High‐resolution electron microscopy was used to monitor the profile of the tip and to measure the coating thickness. The FE emission properties of these composite emitters were studied using both conventional field electron microscope (FEM) techniques and high‐resolution FE spectroscopy techniques based on the use of a retarding potential energy analyser.There are common themes to the behaviour of these composite emitters. Characteristic emission properties include: an initial switch‐on effect at threshold barrier fields of order 109 V/m; a subsequent I–V characteristic that gives linear Fowler–Nordheim (FN) plots at low fields of < 108 V/m, but saturates at higher fields and may exhibit hysteresis; and an energy distribution with a width and shift that are field‐dependent. The coatings can give rise to single‐spot emission images, attributed to the formation of a conducting channel in the dielectric. In general, the emission stability is improved, as compared with an uncoated cathode.In the case of carbon‐fibre cathodes, an optimum coating thickness of 0.2–0.3 µm has been found. Current‐dependent peak shifts of up to 1 eV have been observed in the energy spectra. Surprisingly, these peak shifts are comparable with those found for uncoated carbon fibres and also for the resin‐coated tungsten emitters. Their origin is not clear, but it seems that resistive drop cannot provide the whole explanation. These peak shifts may be related to the dynamics of surface‐state occupation at the material/vacuum interface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of Perceptual and Cognitive Factors in Radiographic Interpretation
Authors: Carmody Dennis P , Nodine Calvin F , Kundel Harold L 
Published: January 2007

Detection of small tumors in chest x-ray films was studied under tachistoscopic viewing conditions designed to simulate single fixations varying in dwell time, found in free search. Two questions were asked: How much dwell time is required to detect a nodule (experiment 1)? How effective are peripheral inputs in the detection of a nodule (experiment 2)? Our findings indicate that a dwell time of 300 ms was sufficient to detect 85% of the nodules when they were viewed directly. Detection accuracy was reduced by one-half when the tumor was located 5° from the axis of gaze. Taken together with data from eye movement experiments, these results provide useful estimates of perceptual and cognitive parameters of visual search.
Perturbing Line Pictures for Identification of Visual Features and Their Syntax
Authors: Eijkman Eg G J 
Published: January 2007

Experiments are reported in which line pictures were perturbed by omission or displacement of a combination of single pixels, fragments of lines, contours, and whole figures. Different effects of perturbation were expected by selectively violating visual syntactic rules or by impeding the contribution of certain feature detectors. The deterioration of the perturbed picture was measured according to standard psychophysical methods by rating on a 5-point scale. Multivariate methods were used to single out the relative effects of perturbation by, respectively, a set of single pixels, line fragments, contours and whole figures. Lines, as opposed to loose pixels, are clearly powerful descriptors of the pictures; contours or whole figures do not add significantly to what lines already describe. Different effects were observed if perturbations were dislocations rather than removals. Then contours and whole figures showed a typical disrupting effect compared to line fragments. These results have consequences for the development of a syntax of visual form perception. The perturbation method seems appropriate for identifying features or syntactic rules, although the results are dependent on a number of environmental and contextual factors.
A Psychophysical Measure of Visual and Kinaesthetic Spatial Discriminative Abilities of Adults and Children
Authors: Manyam Victor J 
Published: January 2007

Quantitative estimates of the spatial discriminative capacities of the visual and kinaesthetic systems in adults and children were obtained. Intersensory integration was investigated by including spatial discriminations based on congruent visual plus kinaesthetic reafference. The psychophysical method of adjustment was used with simultaneous comparisons of a fixed and a variable stimulus. The subject's task was to estimate when the variable stimulus (ellipse) was identical to the standard one (circle), under one of three modality conditions: vision, kinaesthesis, and vision plus kinaesthesis. After a pilot study with adults, children (aged 8, 10, and 12 years) and adults were both tested. Subjects from each age group were randomly allocated to each of the three experimental conditions. Results show that the visual and kinaesthetic estimates of the 8- and 10-year-old subjects did not differ significantly, but the visual responses of the adults and 12 year olds were significantly more accurate than corresponding kinaesthetic estimates. Bisensory estimates were significantly more accurate than visual responses only for the 8- and 10-year-old age groups. Intramodal comparisons showed the kinaesthetic estimates of the 8, 10, and 12 year olds to be significantly more accurate than the corresponding adult performance. Adult visual estimates were significantly more accurate than those made by 8 year olds, but were not significantly different from the visual responses of 10 and 12 year olds. Estimates based on bisensory reafference did not differ from each other across the four age groups. It is concluded that modality adeptness and dominance are task dependent and empirically determined rather than being innate properties of sensory systems. The data indicate that intersensory differentiation rather than integration occurs with maturity.
Pattern Orientation, Not Motion, Determines the Two-Dimensional Tilt Illusion
Authors: Johnstone Syren , Wenderoth Peter 
Published: January 2007

In the usual tilt illusion (TI) configuration, an inducing stimulus which has a single orientation is used psychophysically to explore orientation analysis in the human visual system. Recently, this approach has been extended to the use of inducing stimuli which have two orientations. Such a two-dimensional (2-D) stimulus permits investigation of the low-level analysis of visual patterns. Prior experimentation has left it unclear whether it is the spatial or the motion properties of a moving crossed-grating plaid which determine two-dimensional tilt illusions (2-D TIs) because these two parameters previously were perfectly correlated. In the present experiments pattern orientation and motion were decoupled. It is shown that 2-D TIs are determined by the spatial properties of an inducing annulus and not by its motion properties. The results also support the existence of a mechanism which extracts axes of symmetry, and which is difficult to account for in terms of local cross-orientation domain inhibition.
Serial Search for Targets Defined by Divergence or Deformation of Optic Flow
Authors: Braddick Oliver J , Holliday Ian E 
Published: January 2007

The optic flow field can be described in terms of the local differential measures, divergence, deformation, and rotation, which are informative about observer motion and the 3-D structure of the environment. Does an explicit representation of these measures exist in human visual processing in the form of a feature map? Triesman's criteria were used to investigate this; ie is there ‘pop-out’ for a target defined as different in local divergence or deformation from surrounding elements, or is a serial search necessary? The stimulus arrays contained 3, 5, or 9 square or rectangular elements, which each underwent repeated cycles of expansion, contraction, or deformation. The time required to detect a target undergoing the opposite transformation increased steeply with the number of elements, implying very slow serial search. (The mean time was 210 ms per element for divergence targets and 542 ms per element for deformation.) The process was clearly still serial when the density and number of elements was increased up to 48 in an array 2.16 deg × 2.16 deg. In contrast, a single line element undergoing the opposite direction of translation motion to the rest of the display did show pop-out. It is concluded that no parallel processes seem to exist which are sensitive to the spatial uniformity of divergence and of deformation of optic flow. These differential properties may be derived as conjunctions of signals from a primary process which extracts local velocity. This result contrasts with our findings for targets defined by stereo disparity gradient, which show parallel processing in analogous experiments.
Shape from Shading. I: Surface Curvature and Orientation
Authors: Johnston Alan , Passmore Peter J 
Published: January 2007

The human visual system makes effective use of shading alone in recovering the shape of objects. Pictures of sculptures are readily interpreted—a situation where shading provides virtually the sole cue to shape. However, shading has been considered a poor cue to depth in comparison with retinal disparity and kinetic cues. Curvature discrimination thresholds were measured with the use of a surface-alignment task for a range of surface curvatures from 0.16 cm−1 to 1.06 cm−1. Weber fractions were around 0.1, demonstrating considerable precision in this task. Weber fractions did not vary substantially as a function of surface curvature. Rotation of the light source around the line of sight had no effect on curvature discrimination but rotation towards the viewer increased discrimination thresholds. In contrast, slant discrimination declined with rotation of the light-source vector towards the viewpoint. When a band-limited random grey-level texture was mapped onto the sphere, curvature discrimination thresholds increased gradually as a function of texture contrast, even though texture and shading provided consistent cues to depth. Adding texture also increased slant discrimination thresholds, demonstrating that texture can act as a source of noise in shape-from-shading tasks. The psychophysical findings have been used to evaluate whether current algorithms for shape from shading in computer vision could serve as models of human three-dimensional shape analysis and to highlight low-level intramodular interactions between depth cues. It is demonstrated that, in the case of surfaces defined by shading, curvature descriptions are primary and do not depend upon the prior encoding of surface orientation, and Koenderink's local-shape index is suggested as an alternative intermediate representation of surface shape in the human visual system.
Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Age Estimates of Unfamiliar Faces
Authors: George Patricia A , Hole Graham J 
Published: January 2007

Factors affecting the accuracy with which adults could assess the age of unfamiliar male faces aged between 5 and 70 years were examined. In the first experiment twenty-five ‘young’ adult subjects, aged 16–25, and twenty-five ‘old’ adults, aged 51–60, were used. Each subject saw five versions of three different faces: these consisted of an original version of each face and four manipulated versions of it. The manipulations consisted of mirror reversal, pseudo-cardioidal strain, thresholding, and elimination of all but the internal features of the face. The second experiment was similar except that a between-subjects design was used: each subject saw three faces for each age category of target face, but was exposed to only a single type of manipulation (plus a set of ‘original’ faces which were identical for all groups, so that the comparability of the different groups in age estimation could be checked). Results from both experiments were similar. Age estimates for unmanipulated ‘original’ faces were highly accurate, although subjects were most accurate with target faces that were within their own age range. Results for the manipulated faces implied that the importance of cardioidal strain as a necessary and sufficient cue to age may have been overestimated in previous reports: subjects' age estimates were accurate when cardioidal strain was absent from the stimulus, and poor when cardioidal strain was the only cue available.
Response to the Critical Note “Correcting Some Misperceptions of Time-To-Collision” by James R Tresilian
Authors: Stewart Douglas L , Cudworth Christopher J , Lishman J R 
Published: January 2007

In an earlier paper, “Misperception of time-to-collision by drivers in pedestrian accidents”, it was proposed that time-to-collision is derived from the angular speed and angular acceleration of an approaching object, with the use of the algorithm 2θ̇/θ̈, rather than from θ/θ̇. This response to the critical paper by Tresilian is intended to support that conclusion, which was based on four main arguments: (1) the focus of expansion could not provide a reliable datum for judging θ; (2) the need to judge θ is removed by using 2θ̇/θ̈ instead of θ/θ̇; (3) 2θ̇/θ̈ should provide time-to-collision more rapidly and accurately than θ/θ̇; (4) 2θ̇/θ̈ overcomes the inadequacy of θ/θ̇ with accelerating objects.
Cystic lesions of the head and neck: cytohistological correlation in 63 cases
Authors: Firat P. , Ersoz C. , Uguz A. , Önder S. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To investigate the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of cystic masses of the head and neck (H&N), excluding thyroid lesions.Methods:  A total of 198 cases, 63 of whom had consequent surgical specimens, were retrieved from the files of two university hospitals and reviewed.Results:  FNAC correctly diagnosed 25 of 36 neoplasms with a cystic component. Five Warthin's tumours, two squamous cell carcinomas, two mucoepidermoid carcinomas and two schwannomas yielded non‐representative aspirates. Four of the missed Warthin's tumours and two mucoepidermoid carcinomas which were misdiagnosed as benign cysts were aspirated by their clinician. One branchial cleft cyst was cytologically interpreted as highly suspicious for carcinoma.Conclusions:  Disparate entities may present with similar cytological findings in the H&N region. A detailed description of differential diagnosis should be given in the cytology report in suspicious cases. Repeated aspirations from different sites of the lesion may reduce the false‐negative rate.