bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontal observations in twins
Authors: Ciancio S. G. , Hazen S. P. , Cunat J. J. 
Published: July 2006

Twenty‐six groups of twins, with ages ranging from 12–17 years, were examined in this study. Seven sets of twins were monozygous and nineteen sets were dyzygous. The following observations were made on each set using a modification of the Ramfjord Periodontal Index:1. Gingival recession was measured with a Williams‐Fox probe. 2. Crevicular depth was measured using a Williams‐Fox probe. Six measurements were made for each tooth on the mesial, distal, facial and lingual aspects. 3. Gingival health around each of six teeth (as outlined by Ramfjord) was scored on the basis of the degree of inflammation. 4. Supragingival calculus was scored on the basis of the amount of deposit. 5. Dental plaque was scored on the basis of amount of stainable plaque. The determination as to whether the twins were monozygous or dyzygous was based on an examination of blood factors. If any difference was noted, the set was considered to be dyzygous.The results of this study can be summarized as follows:(a) No evidence was found to support the concept that gingival recession or gingival crevice depth is an inherited characteristic.(b) No significant difference was found between both groups for the gingival score, calculus score, and plaque score.
The effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on the gingiva
Authors: Bay I. , Møller I. J. 
Published: July 2006

Prior to the start of the present investigation, 578 children in the 10–12 year age‐group in Ballerup‐Måløv municipality (a suburban area near Copenhagen) had participated in a 30‐months investigation of the caries‐inhibiting effect of a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate. At the end of this 30‐month study, a group of 172 children, selected at random, were examined for incidence of plaque and gingivitis. At this point the supervised toothbrushing at school ceased, as did the supplying of dentifrice to the families. One year later (i.e. 42 months after the start of the basic experiment), the children were re‐examined.The results of the investigation led to the following conclusions: 1. The incidence of plaque and gingivitis was identical in the fluoride group and the control group at both first and second examination. This suggests that using a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate ‐ up to three times a day ‐ for 30 months does not increase the incidence of plaque or gingivitis in children. 2. At the time of the second examination (1 year later) a significant increase in Plaque Index and Gingival Index scores occurred (P<0.05), presumable because the children now no longer brushed their teeth under supervision.
Immunity and inflammation as synergistic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease
Authors: Dick H. M. , Trott J. R. 
Published: July 2006

The local immune response to challenge antigen injection in sensitized mice was investigated. Challenge injection was administered through the maxillary labial mucosa.The influence of non‐specific inflammation on the challenge response was studied when both were present simultaneously in a local oral tissue site. The results indicate that inflamed tissues react more violently to the presence of horse ferritin‐anti horse ferritin complexes than do non‐inflamed tissues. Although the challenge reaction in non‐inflamed tissues incited an acute inflammatory lesion, this same reaction occurring in inflamed tissue induced an Arthus reaction.
Mucosal changes at erupting molars in germfree rats
Authors: Magnusson B. 
Published: July 2006

An accumulation of inflammatory cells in the tissue adjacent to the newly established dentogingival junction of erupting teeth has been reported by several investigators. In order to elucidate the role played by bacteria in the induction of this presumed defence reaction against irritants from the oral cavity, the first and second molars were studied in seven germfree rats aged 14 to 20 days and in age‐matched control animals. After previous demineralisation and embedding in paraffin the molars on one side were serially sectioned sagittally.Inspection of the molar areas revealed no differences in the stage of eruption between the two groups. Also, the general histologic picture was almost identical in the two groups. Before fusion of the dental and oral epithelia, only the ordinary cells of loose connective tissue were present. As soon as the molar appeared in the oral cavity, both germfree and control animals regularly showed some accumulation of inflammatory cells in the vicinity of the epithelial confluence.The greatest number of cells as well as an absolute dominance of leucocytes was noted at the onset of the reaction. Later, lymphocytes became frequent, but then the total number of inflammatory cells, and the proportion of lymphocytes, was smaller in the germfree animals than in the controls. At this stage the numbers of inflammatory cells also varied considerably in different areas around each molar.
The effects on the gingivae of chewing fibrous foods
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Wicén Per‐Olof 
Published: July 2006

The present investigation was undertaken to study the changes in the gingivae of a group of human subjects whose only active effort at oral cleanliness was to chew raw carrots. Eighteen male dental students 20–24 years of age, were studied using the Gingival Index system (GI) of Löe and Silness (1963), the Plaque Index system (P1I) of Silness and Löe (1964) and gingival exudates measurements according to Egelberg (1964). The participants were told not to use any active oral hygiene measures for a period of eighteen days. During this time, nine of the students were given three raw carrots three times a day. These were carefully chewed for two to three minutes under supervision.That the regular chewing of raw carrots had no influence on the degree of plaque formation, is proved by the fact that at no examination was the difference between the Plaque Index scores of the experimental and the control groups statistically significant. Thus, the active mastication of the raw carrots appeared to have no significant toothcleansing effect.This investigation has also demonstrated that, when all active tooth cleansing is discontinued, healthy gingivae will develop chronic inflammation and pre‐existing gingivitis will gradually become aggravated. The Gingival Index scores and exudate measurements clearly indicate a gradual deterioration of the gingivae of all the subjects throughout the eighteen days of experiment.The increases in the GI‐values and in the gingival exudation were of the same magnitude in both the experimental and the control groups. This shows that the chewing of fibrous food had no influence on the rate of deterioration of the gingivae when no tooth‐cleansing was practiced.
The effects of inanition on the periodontal tissues of the rat
Authors: Fava‐de‐Moraes F. , Villa Nelson 
Published: July 2006

The changes in the periodontal tissues of the rat, when submitted to inanition, were studied at body weight losses of 4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40 per cent. Histological and histochemical methods were used to investigate the effects.It was possible to establish that the tissue changes started in the middle portion of the periodontal membrane, migrating in the beginning towards the alveolar bone and only in a later stage towards the cementum. There were no structural changes in the gingival mucosa. The results obtained are discussed in the light of the varying known metabolic rates of the various zones.
The effect of divalent cations on cell adhesion
Authors: Attramadal Audun 
Published: July 2006

The effect of several divalent cations on cell adhesion was estimated in monolayer cell cultures. The exclusion of the divalent cations (Ca and Mg) from Hanks' balanced salt solution resulted in rapid cell detachment from the glass substratum. Detached cells would reattach when these divalent cations again were introduced into the medium.Other divalent cations were found to have effects similar to those of calcium or magnesium on cell detachment and reattachment, with the exception of strontium which showed no interference with cell contact abilities.
The effects of freezing human dentin and cementum before implantation in the subcutaneous tissues of the rat
Authors: Morris M. L. 
Published: July 2006

Twenty‐two sections of human roots including cementum and dentin were preserved by freezing at ‐5 degrees centigrade for an average of 27 days and then implanted into the subcutaneous tissues of the rat for periods up to one year.The reactions of the host connective tissues were compared with those previously noted around implants from freshly extracted teeth.Freezing caused quantitative rather than qualitative differences. Tissue reactions were seen earlier and to a greater degree than with fresh implants. It was concluded that freezing is a suitable method for preserving roots to be used for experimental heteroptic implantation in rats.The results also suggested that root resorption may consist of alternate decalcification and cellular digestion.
Epithelial mitotic activity after gingivectomy
Authors: Henning F. R. 
Published: July 2006

Healing of gingivectomy wounds at the palatal surfaces of rat molars was stadied after administration of tritiated thymidine and subsequent radioautography. The objective was to determine levels of epithelial mitotic activity in relation to the previously ascertained timing of reattachment.It was concluded that the return of mitotic activity to normal levels coincides with reattachment of epithelium to the tooth surface. Possible reasons for the lag between epithelial closure of the wound and reattachment to the tooth are discussed.
Antibodies in humans to an isolated antigen from oral fusobacteria
Authors: Kristoffersen Tore , Hofstad Tor 
Published: July 2006

Sera from 31 individuals (19 females, 12 males, 23–58 years) were tested for antibodies agglutinating tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with two different preparations of Precipitinogen 2 from Fusobacterium. At 1:8 dilution positive reactions were found in 23 sera (74%). There appeared to be no correlation between titre levels of hemagglutinating antibody and the severity of perio‐dontal disease as measured by the Periodontal Index (Russell 1956).In 5 out of 8 rabbits given 160 mg human γ‐globulin (Kabi) intravenously, intradermal injections 20–45 min later of 0.1 to 0.4 mg of Precipitinogen 2 produced Arthus‐like reactions, reaching a maximum after 4–8 hours. Intradermal injections in 6 rabbits of the same quantities of Precipitinogen 2 without previous injection of γ‐globulin gave inflammation, sometimes slowly progressive and reaching a maximum after approximately 20 hours. Intravenous injection of 250 μg of endotoxin from Fusobacterium 24 hours after local injection of Precipitinogen 2 produced no change in the appearance of the lesions.
A study of the effect of age and season on the incidence of ulcerative gingivitis
Authors: ŠKach M. , Zábrodský S. , Mrklas L. 
Published: July 2006

A total of 1,179 patients, comprising 737 males and 442 females, with acute ulcerative gingivitis presented at the Stomatological Clinic in Prague during the decade 1958–1967.The relationship between age and season and the incidence of acute ulcerative gingivitis was studied in these subjects. The highest incidence was in females between 16 and 17 years of age and in males 17 to 22 years of age. The incidence in all subjects 15 to 19 years of age was equivalent to 8.3 persons per10,000 inhabitants. The corresponding figures for the age ranges 20–24 and 25–29 were 4.8 and 2.1 respectively.There were three seasonal peaks in incidence. The highest occurred in September and October, the next highest in December and January and the third was in June. The disease was often associated with the common cold.
In vitro experiments on gingival exudate mesurements
Authors: Leirskar Jakob 
Published: July 2006

A laboratory technique for measuring the mobility of solution on filter paper has been presented. Various exudates exhibited different mobilities on filter paper; this also applied to exudates of the Same origin (Pleura punctates.) When diluted, the exudates exhibited increased mobility, indicating that the concentrations of various exudate components were of importance. The addition of cells (5 × 106 and 25 × 106 P 388 D cells/ml exudate) did not significantly change the mobility, whereas the mobility of protein fractions (human albumin and gamma globulin) was inversely related to the concentration of the solutons.These finding may be of significance to the reliability of present methods used for the quantitation of gingival exudation.
A biophysical approach to the adhesion of human gingival epithelial cells to tooth and glass surfaces
Authors: Weiss L. , Neiders Mirdza E. 
Published: July 2006

Isolated gingival cells and tooth particles carry a net negative charge as determined by particle electrophoresis in RPMI1630 medium with 10% calf serum. By use of colloid theory, computations of the average interaction forces between epithelial cells of human gingjva and tooth and glass surfaces were made, using the experimentally determined electrokinetic data.An experimental check for our computations was made by attempting to centrifuge cells through the computed “barriers” due to repulsion forces, which were equivalent to 1800 g for spherical cells. Relative centrifugal forces of 3,000 g were insufficient to bring the cells into close contact with glass or enamel surfaces, indicating that the computations underestimated the repulsive interactions between the cells and various surfaces, and that cells must exhibit some “escape” mechanism to adhere to these surfaces.The relevance of the in vitro system to the in vivo situation was discussed.
Histometric evalution of periodontal bone loss in rats
Authors: Carranza F. A. , Simes R. J. , Mayo I. , Cabrini R. L. 
Published: July 2006

The effect of marginal irritation, trauma from occlusion and total body X‐irradiation on interradicular bone of Wistar rat molars, was studied after an experimental period of two weeks. Histologic findings and slatistical evaluation of histometric results indicate that:

the only single factor capable of reducing the height of interradicular bone was marginal irritation,
the only additional factor that was capable of increasing this reduction in height was total body X‐irradiation,
marginal irritation, either alone or in combination with trauma from occlusion increased bone density in the submarginal areat
total body X‐irradiation inhibited the osteogenic reaction induced in the submarginal area by marginal irritation.
trauma from occlusion did not have any effect on the parameters measured.
The Relationship between periodontal disease and blood groups and secretor status
Authors: Pradhan A. C. , Chawla T. N. , Samuel K. C. , Pradhan Mrs. S. 
Published: July 2006

The purpose of present study was to determine the relationship between periodontal disease and blood groups with special reference to secretor status. 600 medical students constituted the study group and three sets of control were taken in parallel. First set was of 6000 blood donors for normal distribution of blood groups. Second set consisted of 200 cases selected on random basis from patients attending the Dental Out‐patient Department for blood groups and secretor status. Third set comprised of 100 cases with grade 0 periodontal involvement selected from the study group. The periodontal scoring was done in each case by Ramfjord's technique and the study group cases were divided into four grades ‐ 0, 1, II, and III. Blood grouping was done by slide and tube method and secretor status was tested by haemagglutination method of Weiner as modified by Roy and Chatterji. Statistically significant relationship was found between periodontal disease and blood groups but none with secretor status. This relationship points towards a possible genetic basis for etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease which should be explored further by conducting extensive studies.It is a pleasure to acknowledge Dr. K. K. Kapoor, Reader, Division of Periodontics, Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, for his valuable guidance and fruitful discussions in the planning and accomplishment of the present work. Our grateful appreciation is also due to Dr. Mrs. V. L. Lahiri, Reader in Pathology. G. S. V. M. Medical College. Kanpur, for her valuable suggestions and constructive criticism during the elaboration of the manuscript.
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of gingival enlargement during the administration of diphenylhydantoin sodium in cats
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Cooper Steven H. 
Published: July 2006

In order to determine the role of gingival inflammation in the pathogenesis of the gingival enlargment seen in individuals taking diphenylhydantoin sodium (DPH), thirteen female and ten male adult mongrel cats were subjected to a coarse diet, irritating plastic bands around selected teeth, and a daily tooth brushing routine. Fourteen days after initiating the diet, bands, and brushing, 12 of the cats were randomly selected to receive a daily intramuscular injection, 10 mg/kg body weight, of DPH. The remaining cats received the equivalent amount of inert solvent.The maxillary quadrants containing banded teeth were not brushed whilst the maxillary quadrants containing no banded teeth were brushed daily. This combination produced grossly inflamed (banded) and non‐inflamed (non‐banded) maxillary quadrants in two groups of animals; one group receiving DPH, the other receiving vehicle only. The mandibular gingiva were not used in this study.It was possible to reproduce the clinical and histological appearance of DPH gingival enlargement in 11 of the 12 cats receiving DPH and whose gingiva were subjected to local irritation and no oral hygiene. Animals receiving DPH and oral hygiene care, but with no bands on adjacent teeth and thus no local irritation, showed no overt gingival enlargement.Analysis of the results reveals that in the presence of local irritants, producing inflammation, gingival enlargement develops after DPH administration. In the absence of irritants no enlargement occurs.
The effect on intrusive tooth mobility of noradrenaline injected locally in monkeys
Authors: Slatter Janet M. , Picton D. C. A. 
Published: July 2006

The experiments were carried out on four adult monkeys (Macaca irus) under pentobarbitone sodium anaesthesia in order to find the effect produced by a local injection of 1:10,000 noradrenaline on intrusive movements of the incisor teeth. This intrusive mobility was measured with a transducer, incorporating silicon strain gauges, while a strain gauge dynamometer was used to apply manual force approximately parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The mobility was assessed periodically by giving five thrusts preceded by intervals of 10 seconds. After two initial series of thrusts a submucous injection of 1:10,000 noradrenaline was given labially and lingually. The mobility was then assessed periodically for several hours. Seven control teeth were studied by injecting 1 ml. of physiological saline.It was found that with injections of noradrenaline the mobility decreased over a period of 1 to 1½ hours and then returned towards its original mobility, whereas no comparable alteration in the intrusive mobility was detected when physiological saline was injected. It is concluded from force‐movement curves that the reduction in the vascular supply to the periodontium which may be presumed to occur substantially reduced the initial movement due to loads below 100 gf (0.981 N) and caused a progressively greater reduction as the load increased to 250 gf (2.451 N).
Experimental periodontitis in the Beagle dog
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Hamp Sven‐Erik , Löe Harald 
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the sequential stages in the development of a periodontal lesion starting from a healthy periodontium. Twenty inbred Beagle dogs 10 months of age and weighing 10–12 kilos were used. The animals were equally divided into one experimental and one control group. Throughout the experiment all dogs were given a diet containing 400 gm pellets and 25 gm soya flower. From day zero the teeth (in the left jaws) of the control dogs were twice dally subjected to a careful but gentle brushing with tooth brush and dentifrice. The teeth of the experimental group animals were not cleaned. The dogs were examined at regular intervals during an 18 month period.The results show that it is possible in young dogs to induce gingivitis which gradually develops into periodontitis simply by allowing plaque to accumulate on teeth. The cleaned teeth did not show signs of gingivitis or periodontitis during the entire experiment. It is proposed that in the Beagle dog the progression of the lesion during an 18 month period may occur in three stages: I) subclinical gingivitis, II) clinical gingivitis and III) periodontal breakdown. Subclinical gingivitis was characterized by a rapidly increasing gingival exudation and migration of crevicular leukocytes, i. e. signs off acute inflammation. Clinical gingivitis was characterized by changes in gingival colour, texture and bleeding tendency but only minor alterations of the number of crevicular leukocytes. Periodontal breakdown, characterized by loss of subgingival fiber attachment, occurred only in areas of clinical gingivitis.
Biochemical aspects of calculus formation
Authors: Mandel I. D. 
Published: July 2006

As a means of elucidating the mechanisms involved In the formation of salivary calculus and to delineate the factors responsible for individual variation, comparative studies were conducted on developing deposits in heavy calculus formers and light formers.Three‐day deposits from a) lingual surfaces of lower anterior teeth and b) facial surfaces of maxillary teeth were analysed for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, protein, hexose, methylpentose, hexosamine and fructose. The lingual deposits from heavy formers contained much higher levels of calcium (9 vs. 5.5 %) and phosphorus (5 vs. 1.4 %) and lower levels of potassium, methylpentose and hexosamine than light formers. In the maxillary deposits calcium and phosphorus levels were much lower than in the lower lingual. The differences between heavy and light formers were in. the same direction as in lingual deposits but not nearly as pronounced. When the plaques were extracted with water and the soluble (about 30 %) and insoluble fractions (about 70 %) were analysed separately, the insoluble fraction reflected the differences in calcium, phosphorus, potassium and carbohydrate noted for the total plaque. In the soluble fraction heavy formers exhibited more calcium, magnesium and sodium (not phosphorus) and less potassium and carbohydrate. Mineralization of plaque appears no be associated with loss of carbohydrate.
Effect of decomplementation by carragheenan on the emigration of neutrophils and monocytes into dog gingival crevices
Authors: Attström Rolf , Larsson Ulf 
Published: July 2006

The role of complement in the emigration of blood neutrophils and monocytes into gingival crevices has been studied in dogs by experimental decomplementation.Blood neutrophils and monocytes were labelled by intravenously injected colloidal carbon. At various time intervals after labelling and decomplementation by carragheenan cellular samples were taken from the gingival crevices. Labelled neutrophils and monocytes were found in both healthy and inflamed gingival crevices indicating a continuous migration of these cells in spite of decomplementation.For comparison the migration of leukocytes into skin window lesions was studied. Early leukocyte emigration was found to be inhibited in the decomplemented animals, but could be initiated by the application of dental plaque to the lesions.The results suggest that complement activation by immune complexes is not necessary for the continuous migration of leukocytes into gingival crevices. Other factors such as chemotactic substances present in dental plaque may be responsible for the continuous migration of leukocytes into gingival crevices.