bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Eignung des Kornguts unterschiedlich stickstoffgedüngter Getreidebestände als Rohstoff für die Bioethanolproduktion
Authors: Aufhammer M , Pieper H. J. , Kásser J. , Scháfhr V. , Senn T. , Kübler E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The Suitability of Grains from Cereal Crops with Different N Supply for Bioethanol Production The properties of grains of different small grain cereals, produced under increasing N‐supply levels, for conversion into bioerhanol were investigated. Grain material of winterwheat, ‐rye and ‐triticale, two cultivars each, was used At two locations, field experiments comprising several N‐fertilization levels between 0 and 180 kg N/ha were conducted. The main parameters analysed were the bioethanol output (1 bioethanol/dt grain dry matter) and the bioethanol yield (1 bioethanol/ha), both under addition and without addition of technical enzymes. Furthermore, the falling numbers, the protein content and die autoamylolytic quotient (AAQ) were determined. AAQ means the autoamylolytic bioethanol output related to die output under addition of technical enzymes. With a rising N‐supply, yields/ha and die protein contents of grain increased differently. Combined with increasing protein contents, decreasing bioethanol outputs were measured, particularly with wheat, to a smaller extent with triticale, and to an even lesser extent with rye. Only with wheat were die AAQ‐values significantly reduced as a consequence of rising N‐supply levels. In interaction with growing conditions, cultivars and N‐levels, the bioethanol yields/ha of rye and triticale equalled or even surpassed the yields of wheat, particularly under autoamylolytic‐conversion processing conditions.
Seed Yield and Yield Contributing Characters as Influenced by N Supply in Rapeseed‐mustard
Authors: Pattl B. R , Lakkineni K. C. , Bhargava S. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Brasisca Juncea, cv. Pusa Bold, and B. campestris, cv. Pusa Kalyani, were raised under field conditions with varying levels of N supply from 0–120 kg ha‐1. The production profile of branches and pods thereon was measured, per unit area basis, throughout the crop ontogeny. At maturity, data on the yield contributing characters, viz. pod dry weight, pod number, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed wall ratio and seed yield in different order branches, was recorded.The branching pattern and the number of pods produced on different order branches, in the two species, was favourably modified by the increasing levels of N supply. Primary and secondary branches contributed to the seed yield to an extent of 80 % of the total yield. Nitrogen treatment had no significant effect on 1000 seed weight. B. juncea exhibited significantly higher yield over B. campestris. N supply up to 120 kg ha ‐1 linearly increased seed yield in both the species. However, it exerted a negative effect too partitioning of assimilates from pod wall to seed. The study indicated that rapeseed‐mustard, grown under short winter‐season environment with adequate soil moisture, has the potential for higher N‐fertilizer optima exceeding 120 kg ha ‐1.
Response of Rainfed Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to Nitrogen Rates and Plant Population in the Semi‐arid Savanna Region of Nigeria
Authors: Tenebe V. A. , Pal U. R. , Okonkwo C. A. C. , Auwalu B. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1991,1992 and 1993 at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Farm, Bauchi (10 ° 22‘N, 09 ° 47‘E) to study the response of sunflower (Helianthus annaus L.) to N rates and plant population under rainfed conditions. Four N rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha ‐1) and four plant populations (40000,80000,120000 and 160000 plants ha‐1) were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Leaf area index, shoot dry weight and seed yield (kg ha‐1) increased significantly with increasing N rates from 0 to 100 kg N ha‐1. The growth and yield parameters per plant decreased significantly with increasing plant populations from 40000 to 160000 plants ha‐1, but the seed yield (kg ha‐1) obtained at 80000 plants ha‐1 was significantly higher than all the other plant populations. The interactions of N x plant population confounded the main effect of each factor on the growth and yield of sunflower. The seed yield (3425 kg ha‐1) obtained from the use of 100 kg N ha‐1 at 80000 plants ha‐1 was significantly higher than those obtained from all other combinations of N x population and out‐yielded the main effects of 100 kg N ha‐1 and 80000 plants ha‐1 by 18 % and 25 %, respectively. The use of 100 kg N ha‐1 at 80000 plants ha‐1 is therefore recommended for maximum yield of sunflower in Bauchi.
Grain Yields and Grain Nitrogen Concentration of Corn as Influenced by Fertilizer Nitrogen Rate
Authors: Liang B. C. , MacKenzie A. F. , Zhang T. Q. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractKnowledge of optimum fertilization for com production is required to increase crop yields while minimizing fertilizer costs. Field experiments were carried out from 1988 to 1993 to study the effects of fertilizer N rates on yield and N concentration of corn (Zea mays L.) grain on a clay soil in Quebec. Grain yields and grain N concentrations generally followed a exponential relationship with increasing N fertilizer rates. The critical grain N concentration, defined as that associated with the highest grain yield, occurred at 285 kg N ha‐1 for all years except 1969 when it occurred at 170 kg N ha‐1. The critical grain N concentrations and grain yields over the years were found to be linearly related. The relationship between the critical grain N concentration and grain yield could serve as a diagnostic tool for N applications.
Broomrape Control in a Cropping System Containing Bidi Tobacco
Authors: Dhanapal G. N. , Struik P. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Orobanche cernua Loefl. is a serious problem in tobacco growing in India. Including a trap crop in the rotation may help to reduce the problem. Two field experiments at die Agricultural Research Station, Nipani were conducted during 1993–94 and 1994–95 to identify potential trap crops for utilization in a cropping system with bidi tobacco. Trip crops reduced the population of broomrape; especially sunhemp and greengram proved to be effective. Broomrape reduced economic yield of tobacco by 42 % in the fallow treatment but was much less detrimental in the treatments with a trap crop. There was a close negative correlation between above‐ground crop yield and the broomrape yield; broomrapes reduced the yields of their hosts much more than they invested in their own above‐pound pans. Trap crops also had a positive effect on tobacco yield by other mechanisms than above‐ground broomrape control, because yield increases were also observed on apparently non‐infested plants. There was no systematic difference between the leguminous trap crops and the non‐leguminous ones.Sunhemp and greengram are promising trap crops in a cropping system containing bidi tobacco in the areas where tobacco is grown in a long growing season during the late kharif/rabi seasons.
Screening for Drought Resistance: Evaluation of Drought Susceptibility Index of Legume Plants under Natural Growth Conditions
Authors: Grzesiak S. , Filek W. , Pienkowski S. , Nizioł B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEighteen cultivars of legume species (field bean, soybean, field pea, lupine) were screened for drought tolerance in 3 year‐long field experiments. The aim of the investigations was to evaluate the generic variation of drought susceptibility of the tested varieties. The experimental plots were equipped with an installation which enabled the limitation of the water content in soil and soil irrigation. The applied drought susceptibility index (DSI) considered the relations between seed yield of plants under drought conditions (YD) and that under conditions of good soil watering (YIR) as well as their dependence on the drought severity index (DS). The use of the index divided the cultivars into two groups of different drought tolerances. The group of drought resistant cultivars characterized by mean values of the DSI index < 0.31 comprised field bean cultivars Bourdon, Gobo and Nadwislanski, soybean cultivars Aldana, Polan and Progres, field pea cultivars Miko and Solara and lupine cultivars Popiel and Bac. To the drought sensitive cultivars with DSI > 0.44 belonged Victor and Bronto of field bean species, Bareness and Mige of field pea species and Emir of lupine species. In general, the resistant cultivars when compared with the susceptible ones were characterized by lesser yield of seeds, which, however, was more stable both under conditions of drought and moistured plots. Any dependence of the degree of drought tolerance on the duration of the particular periods of plant growth was not observed in the experiments, however, both in’ drought susceptible and drought resistant cultivars there appeared the tendency to shorten the development phases under drought and to prolong them under artificial irrigation.In general, based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that legume plants belong to the species sensitive to water supply. The observed decrease of plant seed yield under moderate natural soil dryness in the year 1993 differed only a little from that found in experiments in the years 1994 and 1995, when soil dryness was much more severe.
Screening for Drought Tolerance: Evaluation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth for Drought Resistance in Legume Plants
Authors: Grzesiak S. , Filek W. , Skrudlik G. , Niziol B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments were performed to evaluate seed germination and seedling growth in simulated drought as screening techniques for drought tolerance raring. Several laboratory screening tests were evaluated for ability to estimate drought resistance in 18 cultivars of legume plants (field bean, soybean, field pea, lupine). Drought was simulated by a water solution of mannitol of chemical water potential ψ= ‐0.3 and ‐0.6 MPa. Both solutions significantly affected seed germination (final germination and promptness index) and seedling growth parameters (seedling height, dry matter of shoot and root as well as leaf injury by drought and high temperature). The tested cultivars could be grouped as drought resistant and drought susceptible plants. Drought tolerance ratings of legume plants in the laboratory tests were, on the whole, consistent with the ratings based on estimation of direct effects of soil drought on seed yield in field experiments. Measurements of electroconductivity of leaf diffusate to evaluate invisible injury caused by drought or high temperature were found to be an adequate criterion for drought tolerance rating. It is concluded that tolerance to drought stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using mannitol containing nutrient solution. According to the results collected in this research, varieties differences in seed germination, seedling growth and leaf injury affected by drought or heat temperature were evident, however, not all treatments appeared to be equally useful for screening of legume species cultivars.
Non‐destructive Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Four Crop Species1
Authors: Castelli F. , Contillo R. , Miceli F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA recent non‐destructive technique allows estimation of leaf chlorophyll content using the portable SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter. Measurements were taken on four species (winter wheat, maize, soyabean and tobacco) subjected to different nitrogen regimes or senescence status and the: non‐destructive readings were compared with analytical results obtained by solvent extraction. In general, the relationship between the SPAD measurement and the analytical result was not linear and species was a factor in three out of four crops. Linear, quadratic and exponential curve fitting are presented; only die interpolation with a polynomial exponential function adequately descries the whole data set. The presence of statistically non‐significant differences between the estimated values of wheat and maize on the one hand and significant: points of difference between those of tobacco and soyabean on the other suggests distinct behaviour patterns far monocots and cicots. This type of response maybe explained by differences, in the optical properties of pigments with differing sparial distributions (sieve effect) and therefore by in vivo and in vitro different procedures and the structural diversity of leaves belonging to the two subclasses.
Likening Between the Effect of Drought and Terminal Water‐stress Simulated by a Senescing Agent in Triticale
Authors: Royo C. , Abaza M. , Canteró C. , Caldero A. , Ramos J. M. , del Moral L. F. García 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn 1994 four field experiments were conducted at two sites (northern and southern Spain), and in two environments at each site (irrigated and dryland conditions) in order to compare the effect of drought with the stress caused by chemical treatment with a senescing agent (potassium iodide, KI). A concentration of 0.3 % of KI was applied 10 days after anthesis on triticale Trujillo (X Tnticosecale Wittmack), and four nearisogenic lines derived from it.The effect of the senescing agent on grain yield was higher in irrigated conditions than in dryland. The reduction in grain yield due to drought was higher than that caused by KI treatment, but both responses were correlated.Drought and KI treatment had a different effect on yield components since water stress previous to anthesis markedly reduced the number of spikes per m2. The effect of the chemical on the number of grains per spike was similar and correlated significantly with the reduction caused by drought. Dry matter accumulation of the grains decreased rapidly following chemical spray due to an important effect of KI on the grain filling rate. No association was found between the reduction in grain weight caused by drought and by KI treatment.
The Effect of Detopping the Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and Lack of the Pod Setting on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria
Authors: Filek W. , Dubert F. , Kaminski M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe plants of field bean var. Nadwiślaνski were detopped after about 1 month since the beginning of flowering and after that all flower buds were removed from some plants. The effect of a change in the trophic balance on the setting and subsequent growth of root nodules was studied.The removal of pods had the greater effect on the increase in the weight of the remaining organs than the detopping of plants. Detopping retarded the ageing of the plants and delayed the phase of the greatest reduction of the number of pods. The detopping of plants revealed their considerable compensative possibilities in terms of production of the pod weight and the potential of leaves for biomass production. The data obtained indicate that plant detopping may disturb the root–bacteria exchange of signals, necessary to initiate the nodule development, while the further growth of nodules depends, above all, on the amount of available photosynthates.A very high correlation between the dry weight of the whole plant to the dry weight of leaves ratio and the weight of nodules was observed. It proves the importance of the trophic balance of the plant for the root nodule weight production.
Transfer of Grain Legume Nitrogen within a Crop Rotation Containing Winter Wheat and Winter Barley
Authors: Maidl F. X. , Haunz F. X. , Panse A. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a crop rotation trial, conducted from 1985 to 1988 at TU‐Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the transfer of grain legume nitrogen was evaluated in crop rotations containing fababeans and dry peas as well as oats (reference crop) and winter wheat and winter barley as following crops. The results obtained can be summarized as follows:Dinitrogen fixation by fababeans ranged from 165 to 240 kg N ha1, whereas N2‐fixation by peas amounted from 215 to 246 kg N ha−1. In all seasons the calculated N‐balance where only grain was removed was positive, with a net gain being on average 106 (peas) and 84 (fababeans) kg N ha−1.After the harvest of peas 202 kg N ha−1 remained on the field on average over seasons (158 kg N ha−1 in the above ground biomass and 44 kg N ha−1 as NO3‐N in 0–90 cm depth). As compared to peas, fababeans left 41 kg N ha−1 less due to smaller amounts of nitrogen in the straw. After oats very small amounts of residual nitrogen (33 kg N ha−1) were detected.After the harvest of grain legumes always a very high nitrogen mineralization was observed during autumn especially after peas due to a close C/N‐relationship and higher amounts of nitrogen in the straw as compared to fababeans. In comparison with fababeans, N‐mineralization after the cultivation of oats remained lower by more than 50%.During winter, seepage water regularly led to a considerable decrease of soil NO3‐N content. The N‐leaching losses were especially high after cultivation of peas (80 kg N ha −1) and considerably lower after fababeans (50 kg N ha−1) and oats (20 kg N ha−1).As compared to oats, a higher NO3‐N content in soil was determined at the beginning of the growing period after preceding grain legumes. Therefore, winter wheat yielded highest after preceding peas (68 dt ha−1) and fababeans (60 dt ha−1) and lowest after preceding oats (42 dt ha−1). The cultivation of grain legumes had no measurable effect on yield formation of the third crop winter barley in either of the growing seasons.
Relationship Among the Phytic Acid and Protein Content During Maize Grain Maturation
Authors: Horvatic M. , Balint L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe accumulation of phytic acid with relation to the deposition of the protein component in grain during maturation of three maize varieties grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions over 2 crop years was investigated.Phytic acid was determined by the spectrophotometric method of Mohamed et al. (1986).Phytic acid content increased significantly (P = 0.05) up until the late stage of dough grain maturity. Afterwards, until full grain maturity, no significant changes of phytic acid content have been obtained. At the same time, changes of phytic acid content expressed on a dry matter basis correlate highly significantly (P = 0.001) and negatively with total nitrogen in both vegetation years (r = ‐0.848 and r = ‐0.845) and alpha‐aminonitrogen content (r=‐0.799 and r = ‐0.792), but highly significantly (P = 0.001) and positively with prolamine content (r = 0.823 and 0.654). Grain maturation under conditions of increased moisture and lower temperature resulted in lower phytic acid level.
Seed Size Variation and its Effects on Germination and Seedling Vigour in Rice
Authors: Roy S. K. S. , Hamid A. , Miah M. Giashuddin , Hashem A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe extent of seed size variations within a rice variety and its effect on germination and seedling vigour were investigated. Seed size was determined by weighing individual grains of randomly selected one hundred panicles. Grains were sorted into four size classes: 11–15, 16–20, 21–25 and 25–30 mg. There was nearly a three‐fold variation between the smallest and the largest seeds, which ranged from 11 to 30 mg. Germination rate and seedling vigour index values increased with the increase of seed size suggesting the selection of larger seeds for good stand establishment.
Responses of Some Newly Developed Salt‐tolerant Genotypes of Spring Wheat to Salt Stress: 1. Yield Components and Ion Distribution
Authors: Ashraf M. , O'leary J. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe degree of salt tolerance of two newly developed genotypes of spring wheat, S24 and S36 was assessed with respect to their parents, LU26S (from Pakistan) and Kharchia (from India). These four lines along with a salt‐tolerant genotype SARC‐1 and two salt‐sensitive cvs Potohar and Yecora Rojo were subjected to salinized sand culture containing 0, 125 or 250 mol m−3 NaCl in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution.S24 produced significantly greater grain yield and had greater 1000 seed weight and number of tillers per plant than those of the other cultivars /lines. S36 was not significantly different from its parents in seed yield and yield components. SARC‐1 was the second highest in grain yield of all cultivars/lines, but it did not differ significantly from LU26S and Kharchia in 1000 seed weight and number of tillers per plant.The greater degree of salt tolerance of S24 could be related to its lower accumulation of Na+ in the leaves and maintenance of higher leaf K/Na ratios and K versus Na selectivity as compared to its parents. S36, which was as good as its parents in growth, also had lower Na+ and higher K/Na ratios and K versus Na selectivity in the leaves at the highest salt level than those in its parents. SARC‐1 did not differ from LU26S and Kharchia in ionic content or K/Na ratios and K versus Na selectivities of both leaves and roots. Both the salt‐sensitive cultivars, Potohar and Yecora Rojo, had significantly greater leaf Na+ and Cl− concentrations and lower leaf K/Na ratios and K versus Na selectivities than all the salt‐tolerant lines examined in this study.From this study it is evident that improvement in salt tolerance of spring wheat is possible through selection and breeding, and pattern of ion accumulation is not consistent among the salt‐tolerant genotypes in relation to their degree of salt tolerance.
Biochemical Analysis of Developing Wheat Grains
Authors: Chanda S. V. , Singh Y. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDeveloping wheat grain was analysed for its fresh and dry weights, water content and some enzymes of the respiratory pathway. Grain dry weight data was fitted to a polynomial equation and biphasic linear regression analysis. Based on biphasic regression analysis and data of water content, the entire wheat grain development is divided into four phases: (i) cell division; (ii) cell elongation; (iii) dry matter accumulation; and (iv) maturation. Various enzymes of glycolysis, Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and Tricarboxylic acid cycle have been estimated during entire wheat grain development, which recorded higher activities during cell elongation phase and maintained higher levels during dry matter accumulation phase. The role of these enzymes in the generation of NADPH and provision of carbon skeleton for starch and nucleic acid synthesis is discussed.
Effect of Mepiquat Chloride on Certain Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jeyakumar P. , Thangaraj M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudies were carried out to understand the effect of mepiquat chloride (1,1–dimethyl piperidinium chloride) on some important physiological and yield characteristics of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mepiquat chloride was sprayed at the concentration of 100, 125 and 150 ppm on 25 DAS (days after sowing), 35 DAS and 45 DAS respectively and compared with CCC (2–Chloro ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) which was sprayed at 100 ppm on 45 DAS. Response of the crop for both chemicals was almost similar but varying in magnitude. Among the treatments application of mepiquat chloride at 125 ppm on 35 DAS was found to be the best which reduced the shoot length and Leaf Area Index (LAI) and enhanced the root length and Crop Growth Rate (CGR). Yield characteristics such as Total Dry Matter Production (TDMP), number of flowers, and pod yield were also increased by the application of mepiquat chloride at 125 ppm on 35 DAS. This treatment recorded the maximum pod yield of 2611 Kg per hectare accounting for 24 % increase over CCC which is currently recommended to improve the yield of groundnut. The results of the present investigation indicated that foliar spray of mepiquat chloride at 125 ppm concentration on 35 DAS was optimum and improved the physiological efficiency of groundnut leading to higher yield.