bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term olfactory loss post‐COVID‐19: Pathobiology and potential therapeutic strategies
Authors: Kim Sarah , Finlay John B. , Ko Tiffany , Goldstein Bradley J. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAn acute loss of smell emerged as a striking symptom present in roughly half of the people infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus in the early phases of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In most COVID‐19 patients, olfaction recovers over the course of a few weeks. However, a lasting partial or complete loss of smell, often associated with distorted olfactory perceptions termed parosmia, has emerged as a widespread problem impacting at least 5%–10% of those who experience anosmia due to COVID‐19. Our inability to offer effective therapies to this hyposmic or anosmic population, comprising millions of patients, highlights an enormous unmet need for the medical system. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the pathobiology causing acute olfactory loss due to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, focusing on how the virus interacts with the peripheral olfactory system, a major site of viral infection. We also explore the problem of long‐COVID olfactory dysfunction, which may accompany other persistent systemic disorders collectively termed postacute sequelae of COVID‐19. Specifically, we discuss an emerging model focused on unresolved immune cell activity driving ongoing dysfunction. Finally, we review current and future therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring olfactory function.
Correlation functions of huge operators in AdS3/CFT2: domes, doors and book pages
Authors: Abajian Jacob , Aprile Francesco , Myers Robert C. , Vieira Pedro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We describe solutions of asymptotically AdS3 Einstein gravity that are sourced by the insertion of operators in the boundary CFT2, whose dimension scales with the central charge of the theory. Previously, we found that the geometry corresponding to a black hole two-point function is simply related to an infinite covering of the Euclidean BTZ black hole [1]. However, here we find that the geometry sourced by the presence of a third black hole operator turns out to be a Euclidean wormhole with two asymptotic boundaries. We construct this new geometry as a quotient of empty AdS3 realized by domes and doors. The doors give access to the infinite covers that are needed to describe the insertion of the operators, while the domes describe the fundamental domains of the quotient on each cover. In particular, despite the standard fact that the Fefferman-Graham expansion is single-sided, the extended bulk geometry contains a wormhole that connects two asymptotic boundaries. We observe that the two-sided wormhole can be made single-sided by cutting off the wormhole and gluing on a “Lorentzian cap”. In this way, the geometry gives the holographic description of a three-point function, up to phases. By rewriting the metric in terms of a Liouville field, we compute the on-shell action and find that the result matches with the Heavy-Heavy-Heavy three-point function predicted by the modular bootstrap. Finally, we describe the geometric transition between doors and defects, that is, when one or more dual operators describe a conical defect insertion, rather than a black hole insertion.
cGAS-STING pathway mediates activation of dendritic cell sensing of immunogenic tumors
Authors: Li Guohao , Zhao Xiangqian , Zheng Zuda , Zhang Hucheng , Wu Yundi , Shen Yangkun , Chen Qi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractType I interferons (IFN-I) play pivotal roles in tumor therapy for three decades, underscoring the critical importance of maintaining the integrity of the IFN-1 signaling pathway in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the specific mechanism by which IFN-I contributes to these therapies, particularly in terms of activating dendritic cells (DCs), remains unclear. Based on recent studies, aberrant DNA in the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, which in turn produces IFN-I, which is essential for antiviral and anticancer immunity. Notably, STING can also enhance anticancer immunity by promoting autophagy, inflammation, and glycolysis in an IFN-I-independent manner. These research advancements contribute to our comprehension of the distinctions between IFN-I drugs and STING agonists in the context of oncology therapy and shed light on the challenges involved in developing STING agonist drugs. Thus, we aimed to summarize the novel mechanisms underlying cGAS-STING-IFN-I signal activation in DC-mediated antigen presentation and its role in the cancer immune cycle in this review.
Massive spinal epidural infantile hemangioma, image findings, and treatment: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Ghosn Youssef , Jabbour Yara , Zeid Farah Abou , Jurdi Nawaf , Khouzami Riad , Moukaddam Hicham 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSpinal involvement of infantile hemangiomas is rare with the predilection to involve the epidural space. A proper diagnosis might be challenging due to the atypical location and variable/inconsistent use of the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification by radiologists, pathologists, and clinicians. A proper diagnosis of epidural infantile hemangioma is key due to the different aggressiveness of the treatment options with inconstant literature regarding the best available treatment. Herein, we present a case of a massive epidural infantile hemangioma successfully treated with only beta-blocker. We discuss the clinical, MRI, CT, ultrasound, and histological features of this lesion as we review the literature with the objective of addressing some of the confusion surrounding the subject.
Quantitative MRI assessment of joint effusion using T2-relaxometry at 3 Tesla: a feasibility and reproducibility study
Authors: van Leeuwen Flora H. P. , Lena Beatrice , van Bergen Eline D. P. , van Klei Janoah J. , Timmer Merel A. , van Vulpen Lize F. D. , Fischer Kathelijn , de Jong Pim A. , Bos Clemens , Foppen Wouter 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective
T2-relaxometry could differentiate between physiological and haemorrhagic joint effusion (≥ 5% blood) in vitro. Are quantitative T2-relaxation time measurements of synovial fluid feasible and reproducible in vivo in clinically bleed-free joints of men with haemophilia?

Materials and methods
In this cross-sectional study, we measured T2-relaxation times of synovial fluid in clinically bleed-free ankles, knees or elbows of men with severe haemophilia A using a T2-mapping sequence (duration ≤ 7 min) at 3 Tesla MRI. Manual and circular regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the synovial fluid of each joint by two independent observers to measure T2-relaxation times. Measurement feasibility was expressed as the success rate of the measurements by both observers. The interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of the measurements were evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient of absolute agreement (ICC) and the limits of agreement (LoA) from Bland Altman analysis.

Results
We evaluated 39 clinically bleed-free joints (11 ankles, 12 knees, 16 elbows) of 39 men (median age, 24 years; range 17–33) with severe haemophilia A. The success rate of the T2-measurements was ≥ 90%. Interobserver reliability was good to excellent (manual ROI: ICC = 0.92, 95% CI 0.76–0.97; circular ROI: ICC = 0.82, 95% CI 0.66–0.91) and interobserver agreement was adequate (manual ROI: LoA = 71 ms; circular ROI: LoA = 146 ms). Intraobserver reliability was good to excellent (manual ROI: ICC = 0.78, 95% CI − 0.06–0.94; circular RO: ICC = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–0.99) and intraobserver agreement was good (manual ROI: LoA = 63 ms; circular ROI: LoA = 41 ms).

Conclusion
T2-relaxometry of synovial fluid in haemophilia patients is feasible with good interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility.
Physics informed neural networks for an inverse problem in peridynamic models
Authors: Difonzo Fabio V. , Lopez Luciano , Pellegrino Sabrina F. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDeep learning is a powerful tool for solving data driven differential problems and has come out to have successful applications in solving direct and inverse problems described by PDEs, even in presence of integral terms. In this paper, we propose to apply radial basis functions (RBFs) as activation functions in suitably designed Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to solve the inverse problem of computing the perydinamic kernel in the nonlocal formulation of classical wave equation, resulting in what we call RBF-iPINN. We show that the selection of an RBF is necessary to achieve meaningful solutions, that agree with the physical expectations carried by the data. We support our results with numerical examples and experiments, comparing the solution obtained with the proposed RBF-iPINN to the exact solutions.
CAS-ESM2.0 Dataset for the Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP)
Authors: Jin Jiangbo , Ji Duoying , Dong Xiao , Fei Kece , Guo Run , He Juanxiong , Yu Yi , Chai Zhaoyang , Zhang He , Zhang Dongling , Chen Kangjun , Zeng Qingcun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the response of the Earth system to varying concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) is critical for projecting possible future climate change and for providing insight into mitigation and adaptation strategies in the near future. In this study, we generate a dataset by conducting an experiment involving carbon dioxide removal (CDR)—a potential way to suppress global warming—using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2.0 (CAS-ESM2.0). A preliminary evaluation is provided. The model is integrated from 200–340 years as a 1% yr−1 CO2 concentration increase experiment, and then to ~478 years as a carbon dioxide removal experiment until CO2 returns to its original value. Finally, another 80 years is integrated in which CO2 is kept constant. Changes in the 2-m temperature, precipitation, sea surface temperature, ocean temperature, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and sea surface height are all analyzed. In the ramp-up period, the global mean 2-m temperature and precipitation both increase while the AMOC weakens. Values of all the above variables change in the opposite direction in the ramp-down period, with a delayed peak relative to the CO2 peak. After CO2 returns to its original value, the global mean 2-m temperature is still ~1 K higher than in the original state, and precipitation is ~0.07 mm d−1 higher. At the end of the simulation, there is a ~0.5°C increase in ocean temperature and a 1 Sv weakening of the AMOC. Our model simulation produces similar results to those of comparable experiments previously reported in the literature.
Describing future UK winter precipitation in terms of changes in local circulation patterns
Authors: Sexton David M. H. , McSweeney Carol F. , Bett Philip E. , Fung Fai , Thornton Hazel E. , Yamazaki Kuniko 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSocial scientists have argued that good communication around risks in climate hazards requires information to be presented in a user-relevant way, allowing people to better understand the factors controlling those risks. We present a potentially useful way of doing this by explaining future UK winter precipitation in terms of changes in the frequency, and associated average rainfall, of local pressure patterns that people are familiar with through their use in daily weather forecasts. We apply this approach to a perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) of coupled HadGEM3-GC3.05 simulations of the RCP8.5 emissions scenario, which formed part of the UK Climate Projections in 2018. The enhanced winter precipitation by 2050–99 is largely due to an increased tendency towards westerly and south-westerly conditions at the expense of northerly/easterly conditions. Daily precipitation is generally more intense, most notably for the south-westerlies. In turn, we show that the changes in the frequency of the pressure patterns are consistent with changes in larger scale drivers of winter circulation and our understanding of how they relate to each other; this should build user confidence in the projections. Across the PPE, these changes in pressure patterns are largely driven by changes in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex; for most members the vortex strengthens over the twenty-first century, some beyond the CMIP6 range. The PPE only explores a fraction of the CMIP6 range of tropical amplification, another key driver. These two factors explain why the PPE is skewed towards exploring the more westerly side of the CMIP6 range, so that the PPE’s description of UK winter precipitation changes does not provide a full picture.
Outcomes of Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) in Acute Severe Asthma: A Narrative Review
Authors: Ekechukwu Nneoma , Batra Sachin , Orsi Deborah , Rahmanian Marjan , Bangar Maneesha , Mohamed Amira 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
In this narrative review we aimed to explore outcomes of extracorporeal life support (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R)) as rescue therapy in patients with status asthmaticus requiring mechanical ventilation.

Methods
Multiple databases were searched for studies fulfilling inclusion criteria. Articles reporting mortality and complications of ECMO and ECCO2R in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma (ASA) were included. Pooled estimates of mortality and complications were obtained by fitting Poisson’s normal modeling.

Results
Six retrospective studies fulfilled inclusion criteria thus yielding a pooled mortality rate of 17% (13–20%), pooled risk of bleeding of 22% (7–37%), mechanical complications in 26% (21–31%), infection in 8% (0–21%) and pneumothorax rate 4% (2–6%).

Conclusion
Our review identified a variation between institutions in the initiation of ECMO and ECCO2R in patients with status asthmaticus and discrepancy in the severity of illness at the time of cannulation. Despite that, mortality in these studies was relatively low with some studies reporting no mortality which could be attributed to selection bias. While ECMO and ECCO2R use in severe asthma patients is associated with complication risks, further studies exploring the use of ECMO and ECCO2R with mechanical ventilation are required to identify patients with favorable risk benefit ratio.
Salmonella infections in Denmark from 2013–2022 with focus on serotype distribution, invasiveness, age, sex, and travel exposition
Authors: Aarø Nicholas Slinning , Torpdahl Mia , Rasmussen Torben , Jensen Martin , Nielsen Hans Linde ,   The Danish Study Group for Enteric Infection has the following members, Chen Ming , Engberg Jørgen , Holt Hanne Marie , Lemming Lars , Lützen Lisbeth , Nielsen Marc Trunjer Kusk , Olesen Bente Ruth Scharvik , Rubin Ingrid Maria Cecilia , Schønning Kristian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To analyze the nationwide incidence of Salmonella infections in Denmark from 2013 to 2022.

Methods
Confirmed cases of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were examined using the National Register of Enteric Pathogens during 2013–2022. Proportions, incidence rates (IR), relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess differences in serotypes, invasiveness, age, sex, and travel exposure.

Results
We identified 9,944 Danish Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cases, with an average annual incidence rate of 16.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, declining during the COVID-19 pandemic. Typhoidal cases totaled 206, with an average annual IR of 0.35 per 100,000 inhabitants. Enteric fever patients had a median age of 24 years (IQR:17–36). Leading non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) serotypes were S. Enteritidis (26.4%), monophasic S. Typhimurium (16.5%), and S. Typhimurium (13.5%). Median age for NTS cases was 42 (IQR: 18–62), with even sex distribution, and a third reported travel prior to onset of disease. The overall percentage of invasive NTS (iNTS) infection was 8.1% (CI: 7.6–8.7). Eleven serotypes were associated with higher invasiveness, with S. Dublin and S. Panama having the highest invasiveness with age and sex-adjusted RR of 7.31 (CI: 6.35–8.43) and 5.42 (CI: 3.42–8.60), respectively, compared to all other NTS serotypes. Increased age was associated with higher RR for iNTS infection.

Conclusion
During the decade, there was a limited number of typhoidal cases. The dominant NTS serotypes were S. Enteritidis and monophasic S. Typhimurium, whereas S. Dublin and S. Panama exhibited the highest invasive potential.
Are realistic details important for learning with visualizations or can depth cues provide sufficient guidance?
Authors: Skulmowski Alexander 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe optimal choice of the level of realism in instructional visualizations is a difficult task. Previous studies suggest that realism can overwhelm learners, but a growing body of research demonstrates that realistic details can enhance learning. In the first experiment (n = 107), it was assessed whether learning using realistic visualizations can be distracting and therefore particularly benefits from pre-training. Participants learned the anatomy of the parotid gland using labeled visualizations. While pre-training did not have an effect, a more realistic visualization enhanced learning compared to a schematic visualization. In the second experiment (n = 132), a schematic diagram was compared to a more realistic style featuring basic depth cues, and a highly realistic visualization containing a detailed surface. Regarding retention performance, no significant differences were found. However, an interesting pattern regarding subjective cognitive load ratings emerged: the schematic version received the highest cognitive load ratings, while the version featuring simplified shading was rated as least demanding. The version containing simplified depth cues also elicited lower cognitive load ratings than the detailed visualization. The two experiments demonstrate that fears concerning a detrimental effect of realistic details should not be over-generalized. While schematic visualizations may be easier to visually process in some cases, extracting depth information from contour drawings adds cognitive demands to a learning task. Thus, it is advisable that computer-generated visualizations contain at least simplified forms of shading, while the addition of details does not appear to have a strong positive effect.
AutoML-driven diagnostics of the feeder motor in fused filament fabrication machines from direct current signals
Authors: Rooney Sean , Pitz Emil , Pochiraju Kishore 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Part defects in additive manufacturing are more frequent compared to machining or molding. Failures can go unnoticed for hours, wasting resources and extending process cycle times. This paper describes a Machine Learning based method for automated sensing of onset failure in additive manufacturing machinery. Investigations are conducted on a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printer, and the same methods are then applied to a digital light processing 3D printer. The investigation focuses on signal-based analysis, specifically passive sensing of stepper motors relating DC current measurements to the torque on a stepper, as opposed to any active acoustic interrogation of the part. Passive methods are used to characterize the loading on a feeder stepper in an FFF machine, forming a model that can identify early signs of filament-based failure with 85.65% 10-fold cross-validation accuracy. Efforts show filament breakage can be detected minutes before material runout would cause a defect, allowing ample time to pause, correct, or control the print. The machine learning pipeline was not naively conceived but optimized through automated machine learning.
Nutrients and polyphenols-rich Sorghum bicolor genotypes as complementary therapy for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Abdulraheem Rasheed A. , Martins Ralph N. , Bharadwaj Prashant , Li Zhaoyu , Coorey Ranil , Johnson Stuart , Binosha Fernando W. M. A. D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and most common cause of dementia among older people. The main pathological hallmarks of AD are formation of insoluble amyloid beta senile plaques and paired helical filaments of neurofibrillary tangles. AD features gradual memory decline, mild to severe cognitive impairment, eventually total dependence of patients on caregivers. Currently available drugs have not been able to modify AD pathology. This has drawn increasing attention to plant food materials with high nutritional and bioactive constituents as potential complementary therapy for AD. Sorghum bicolor is a widely available cost-effective source of proteins, fats, crude fibres, biopeptides and polyphenols which are vital for human wellbeing. This review discussed the major mechanisms underlying AD pathology. The nutritional and bioactive constituents of Sorghum bicolor grains were extensively described. There is limited report on anti-AD activities of sorghum grains. Therefore, the pharmacological mechanisms of action including scavenging of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of oxidative stress, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and modulation of mitophagy were only speculated. This comprehensive update suggests more robust innovative studies that will provide critical theoretical details necessary to promote utilization of sorghum grains as functional food or source of bioactive molecules for AD therapy.
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Risk of Corruption
Authors: Silverio-Murillo Adan , Prudencio Daniel , Balmori-de-la-Miyar Jose Roberto 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis paper estimates the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on risk of corruption in Mexico. To calculate the pandemic’s impact on risk of corruption, this study uses monthly administrative data of 378,000 public acquisitions through 64 institutions from the Mexican Federal Government during the 2018–2020 period. These institutions account for approximately 75% of all allocations of public acquisitions made by the Mexican Federal Government. The risk of corruption is measured through the Discrete-Contracts-Value-to-Budget (DCVB) ratio, which represents the ratio of the value of contracts assigned through discretionary non-competitive mechanisms to the total value of contracts per institution. The empirical strategy consists of a difference-in-differences methodology and an event-study design. The analysis is conducted over all institutions as well as by healthcare and non-healthcare institutions. The results show the following: (1) the pandemic increased the DCVB ratio by 17%; (2) the DCVB ratio increased during six months and then it returned to pre-pandemic levels (inverted U-shape form); and (3) surprisingly, the rise in the risk of corruption is mainly driven by non-healthcare institutions. From a policy perspective, Mexico’s Government Accountability Office, although counterintuitive, should focus on non-healthcare institutions when conducting audits targeting public acquisitions made during the pandemic, even though much of the political debate remains centered around the risk of corruption in healthcare institutions.