bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed Protein Electrophoresis for Varietal Identification in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Yupsanis T. , Moustakas M. , Karakoli S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlbumins, prolamins and globulins were extracted from milled rice of long, medium and short grain varieties Japonica type and analyzed by native PAGE and SDS‐PAGE. A computer aided analysis of protein patterns was employed in order to estimate the best electrophoresis method to differentiate between rice varieties. The patterns of SDS‐electrophoresis of albumins and globulins showed the biggest differences in all types of rice grains and allowed the identification of the rice varieties examined, since for each variety the pattern was different. Therefore, the technique of SDS‐electrophoresis of albumins and globulins is recommended as more suitable to distinguish among closely related varieties and can be used by rice breeders in order to characterize various varieties and pick the most diverse for breeding purposes.
Leaf Area, Grain Yield and Yield Components Following Forage Removal in Triticale
Authors: García del Moral L. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTriticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal that can be simultaneously used for forage and for grain, but this dual purpose is currently limited by a lack of information concerning the effects of forage removal on grain production. Thus, the effect of one or two successive cuttings (simulated grazing) on grain yield, yield components in the main stem and tillers, leaf area and biomass development were studied in four hexaploid triticales grown under irrigation and with high soil fertility. Forage removal reduced grain yield and grain weight per plant in proportion to the number of cuttings, mainly by reducing the number of tillers with spikes at harvest. Whereas foliage reduction did not affect the number of spikelets per spike, kernels per spike, or floral fertility in the main‐stem spike, these yield components were drastically reduced in the spikes of tillers. Forage removal affected mean weight per kernel to approximately the same extent in the main stem as in the tillers. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) at anthesis showed significant loss due to cutting, mainly because of a decrease in the number of leaves per plant and in the green area per leaf. This caused similar decreases in the Leaf Area Duration (LAD) from anthesis to maturity. A strong inverse relationship was found between the percent of loss in LAI at anthesis and the final grain yield, suggesting that grain yield was largely dependent upon the ability of the crops to produce new leaf tissue rapidly in the time between cutting and anthesis.
Root Morphology of Maize and Its Relationship to Root Lodging
Authors: Stamp P. , Kiel C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCrown root traits of maize (Zea mays L.) such as number and diameter are the most easily accessible root traits. Their impact on root lodging resistance is little documented. We evaluated 28 flint x dent hybrids at one location for 2 years for crown root traits and for lengths of internodes. Plants were grown at normal and at supraoptimal density. A maximum number of crown roots was observed at the fifth and sixth nodes, above ground internodes 8‐10 had maximum lengths. After a cool wet year maximum internode length or numbers of roots per node were found at higher tiers. A supraoptimal plant density caused an increase in lengths and a decrease in root numbers at upper internode and node levels. Crown root morphology and histology were studied at normal plant density in one growing season. From the lowest to the highest node level, root diameters increased steadily, whereas the number of late (large) metaxylem vessels in crown roots showed a strong increase at upper nodes. The diameters of metaxylem vessels increased already strongly at lower node tiers. All data were correlated with the root lodging counts from 42 hybrid tests in northern and southern Germany. In the warm year, at normal plant density, length of internodes 6 and 8 were correlated significantly positively with root lodging in about 25 % of all cases. Number of metaxylem vessels in roots at node 6 were significantly negatively correlated with root lodging in more than 20 % of all cases. Specific morphological and histological traits seem to indicate root lodging. However, their expression depends to a great extent on environment which lessens their value for selection.
Plant Growth Regulators Influence 14CO2 Assimilation and Translocation of Assimilates in Indian Mustard
Authors: Subrahmanyam D. , Rathore V. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of plant growth regulators Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Kinetin on 14CO2 assimilation, partitioning of 14C into major biochemical fractions and translocation of assimilates was studied in different parts of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) at late ripening stage. Leaves, stem and pod walls are photosynthetically active and are important sources for seed filling. NAA and kinetin increased the 14CO2 assimilation rate in all the three photosynthetically active parts. All the three growth regulators increased the export of 14assimilates out of source organs and increased the movement of assimilates into the reproductive parts (pods). The increased movement of photoassimilates into the developing pods may be due to the stimulation of sink activity by the growth regulators which resulted in the higher demand for photoassimilates. It was suggested that growth regulators may increase yield by altering distribution of assimilates in the mustard plants.
The Effect of Moisture Stress on the Yield and Yield Components of Several Wheat Cultivars and their F1 Hybrids
Authors: Labuschagne M. T. , van Deventer C. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of moisture stress on yield and yield components of five winter wheats and their F1, hybrids were investigated by maintaining the material at 80 % and 50 % field capacity respectively. Yield, kernel number, and kernel mass of the secondary tillers were affected severely by moisture stress. Kernel number and kernel mass of both primary and secondary tillers were correlated to yield significantly (r > 0.75) at both moisture levels. The rankings of the characters most significantly correlated to yield remained much the same at moisture levels despite a significant cultivar X moisture level interaction.
Reduced Tillering Spring Wheats for Heavy Textured Soils in a Semi‐arid Mediterranean Environment
Authors: Yunusa I. A. M. , Sedgley R. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLow tillering lines of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), were evaluated for their ability to conform to a high yielding ideotype in a dryland environment with spring drought. The ideotype was based on a concept of saving water as a result of reduced canopy development before anthesis; this should improve moisture supply for grain filling, thus reducing the effect of drought.Five genotypes were compared under two nitrogen (N) levels, and at similar plant densities, at a site in the drier wheatbelt area of southwestern Australia. The genotypes formed three tillering groups based on the maximum number of culms produced: a free tillering group (G1), which included the standard cultivar Gamenya, with 4.3 culms per plant, an intermediate tillering group (G2) with 3.2 culms per plant, and a low ullenng group (G3) with 2.4 culms per plant.Leaf area indices (LAI) were strongly affected by N but this was not reflected in total water use and biological yield. However, water was prematurely depleted before anthesis as a result of rapid early leaf development in response to N, and this reduced grain yield. Reduced tillering produced no significant increase in gram yield over the controls; fewer tillers per plant failed to suppress LAI development and water‐use before anthesis because of a compensating increase in LAI; this resulted from a greater leaf size in the reduced tillering lines. Hence the low tillering lines did not fully conform to the requirements of the ideotype.The development of low tillering lines is seen as a significant advance towards the ideotype; with yields comparable to commercial cultivars grown in the region, their performance indicates a potential for substantially higher yields if compensating increases in leaf development can be suppressed.
Allometric Relationships of Growth Components in Maize (Zen mays L.) Cultivars
Authors: Ramachandra Prasad T. V. , Krishnamurthy K. , Kailasam C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAllometric relationship (W1=αW2β, where α and β are the parameters) was fitted among growth components in two maize cultivars viz., Decani hybrid and Deccan 101 in order to obtain estimates of other components of the plant system which are time consuming measurements. The results of the agronomic field trial conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore were used. This model's predictability was compared with linear regression model. In both the cultivars, allometric model using leaf area (LA ‐ W2.) and leaf dry matter (LDM ‐ W2) simulated total dry matter production (DMP ‐ W2) by 79 to 98 % of actual values. Further allometric model fitted well to predict stem dry matter by 91 to 93 % using LDM and LA 89 to 92 % using LDW. Whereas linear regression model estimated total DMP by 95 to 96 % using cob dry matter. In case of LDM ‐ LA association, linear regression model was found to be the best than other model. The leaf area decreased after silking in both the cultivars and the ratio of growth rates of DMP – LA (β2) was negative. Between cultivars, cv. Deccan 101 had higher R2 values in most of the relationships than cv. Deccan hybrid indicating the varietal difference.
Smut Incidence and Yield Losses of Corn Cultivars under Different Plant Population Densities
Authors: Kostandi S. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSix corn cultivars were grown, under field conditions, at two population densities of 14285 and 22875 plants/ acre. All were subjected to an artificial infection at 6‐leaf growth stage to determine their reactions to smut disease and yield losses. Changes in plant chemical composition, including K and N contents of ear‐leaf, were performed at silking stage. The results showed that corn cultivars imposed wide variations to smut reaction. Susceptibility to smut disease was less prevalent on D.H 204 and 3‐way cross 310 and more abundant on D.H 215, Iskandria 11 and El‐Kabera 1. The corn cultivar Giza 2 appeared an intermediate reaction. Smut incidence at high population density was markedly depressed by 6.6 % below the comparable level at low population rate. Differences in yield losses between low and high plant population densities were actually limited for smut resistant cultivars, while the opposite was true for the more susceptible ones. On average, the yield losses at the low population density varied from 2.5 % for D.H 204 to 14.4 % for Iskandria 11. The calculated losses of the respective cultivars declined to 2.3 and 9.2 % at the thicker stand. The overall effect of increasing smut infection on yield losses, as revealed from the regression coefficients of the response curves, was clearly pronounced at the higher plant population, whereas the yield was substantially improved by 9.7 %. Varietal response to smut performance was explained on the basis of vigor growth and K/N ratio of ear‐leaf.
Effect of Inoculant Rate on Nodulation and Various Agronomic Traits of Soybean
Authors: Papakosta D. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a soil lacking indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum, soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodulation depends upon the number of rhizobia applied with the inoculum. This field study reports the effect of different rates of applied rhizobia on nodulation, dry matter and nitrogen content in soybean in a Mediterranean soil lacking B. japonicum.Treatments included six rates of B. japonicum, ranging from 2.5 × 104 to 6.075 × 106 rhizobia cells per seed applied to the seed as peat inoculant at planting, 100 kg N ha−1 and an uninoculated control. The experiment was conducted in an Entisol soil. Regression analysis showed linear relationship between the rate of applied rhizobia and the number of the nodules per plant or the dry weight per nodule. In early stages of development (32 and 68 days after planting) plant dry weight was not affected by inoculation rate. At harvest a rate of 7.5 × 104 rhizobia cells per seed was necessary for maximum total and stover dry weight. A higher rate, 6.75 × 105 rhizobia cells per seed, was required to obtain maximum grain yield, total N content in plant tops and grain N content. Grain percentage N was increased up to 2.025 × 106 rhizobia cells per seed. Nitrogen application increased grain yield, total N content and grain N content at the same level as the lower inoculation rate.
Effects of Two Underseed Species, Medicago polymorpha L. and Scorpiurus muricatus L., on the Yield of Main Crop (Durum Wheat) and Subsequent Crop (Teff) Under Humid Moisture Regimes in Ethiopia
Authors: Pülschen L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMixed cropping of leguminous underseed species and cereal crops may increase productivity and serve some additional purposes. Two leguminous weed species which are widely distributed in annual crops of the Ethiopian highlands have been studied with varying coverage in greenhouse trials in Ethiopia with regard to their suitability as underseeds and with wheat (Triticum turgidum [L.] Thell. var. durum [Desf.] MacKey) as a main crop. The competitive effects of Scorpiurus muricatus L. on the grain yield of wheat were smaller than those of Medicago polymorpha L. (‐14.1 % and ‐23.6 % respectively, compared with the underseed free control) which is mainly ascribed to differences in their speed of development and shoot height. The residual effects of the underseed's root masses on the grain yield of the successive teff crop (Eragrostis tef [Zucc] Trotter) were significantly higher with Scorpiurus muricatus (+99.3 %) than with Medicago polymorpha (+63.6 %). The results are discussed with regard to the specific site conditions in the cereal‐dominated cropping systems of the Ethiopian highlands.
N‐Aufnahme und ‐Verwertung verschiedener N‐Düngerformen durch Winterweizen – Gefäßversuche mit 15N
Authors: Müller S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractN‐uptake and N utilization of different fertilizer types by winter wheat – pot experiments with 15NThe efficiency of top dressing urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate fertilizers on winter wheat grown on loamy sand and loessial black soil was studied. At a rate of 0.5 g N per pot on the loamy sand 20 % volatilization losses of NH3 occurred with urea and 10 % on the loessial black soil with urea resp. ammonium sulphate.The grain yields an N removal correspond to these results. At an amount of 1.6 g N per pot the N‐uptake of 15N ranged from 0.589 g (urea) on sandy soils to 1.279 g (ammonium nitrate) which agrees with 76 % an 91 % of the total N uptake. On black soil 0.675 g (urea) and 1.038 g (ammonium nitrate) or 44 % and 51 % of the total uptake are found.
Endosperm Development in Maize and Related to Photosynthate Supply
Authors: El Sayed H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMaize (Zea mays, L. Sweet Corn) plants were given shaded, partially shaded and control light treatments during 10 days or 20 days periods around the time of pollination. Glucose, sucrose, starch and dry matter (DM) contents were measured at intervals in composite samples of pericarp/nucellus (PN), and in endosperms taken from developing kernels. Total kernel DM per ear at maturity was higher in the partially shaded treatment than control and shaded treatments due to higher kernel set in apical regions of ears. In PN at 11 days after pollination (DAP), DM and sucrose contents were slightly greater in partially shaded than control and shaded plants. Glucose contents were substantially greater than controls in PN of partially shaded plants and were less than control in shaded plants. In endosperms from apical kernels at 5 to 10 DAP (during cell division), DM, glucose and sucrose contents were substantially less in shaded than control and partially shaded plants, sucrose contents were greater in endosperms of partially shaded than control plants. Sugar contents in endosperms from basal kernels were nearly the same in the three light treatments. At 10 DAP, apical and basal endosperms in shaded plants had fewer nuclei than those of the other light treatments. The light treatments appeared to effect apical kernel growth by influencing the extent of cell division.
Ammonia Metabolism in the Leaves and Ears of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) During Growth and Development
Authors: Maheswari M. , Nair T. V. R. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe pattern of free NH4+ accumulation and its metabolism was studied during the growth and development of field‐grown wheat cv. HD 2204 at two applied N levels viz. 30 and 120 kg ha−1. The study was confined to the 3rd, 5th and flag leaf blades and the developing ears, borne on the main shoot, during their ontogeny. The NH4+ levels were considerably lower in young leaves and increased sharply as the leaves senesced when the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) declined. In contrast to GS, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) remained active even during senescence. Concentrations of protein, free amino acid and total reduced N declined with age in the leaves. An assessment of free NH4+ pool, free amino acid content and the activity of GS and GDH in the floral parts revealed that glumes, awns and grains also were active sites of NH4+ turnover. Higher applied N level not only increased leaf and grain N concentration but also led to higher free NH4+ levels in leaves and in developing ears. Presence of NH4+ in the entrapped transpirate revealed that NH4+ is released from both leaves and ears during senescence.
Yield and Agronomic Characters of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars under Different Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Weerathaworn P. , Thiraporn R. , Soldati A. , Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDrought spells are unpredictable under tropical conditions and can occur at every growth stage of the maize plants. Little is known about the reactions of tropical maize cultivars to water shortage. A set of Thai cultivars was examined in the field during the dry season. Three stress situations were imposed: prolonged stress throughout the growing season, pre‐ and post‐anthesis stress. Pre‐anthesis water stress delayed flowering and especially the data of silking. Thus, the anthesis‐silking interval was wider. Prolonged water stress decreased grain yield mainly due to a low number of kernels and/or thousand kernel weight (TKW). Post‐anthesis stress mainly reduced TKW grain set per ear. Relief from pre‐anthesis stress increased grain yield by a grater number of kernels and higher TKW as compared to prolonged stress. Genotypic differences were high for the anthesis‐silking interval following pre‐anthesis stress. Low yielding, early but generally drought‐stable cultivars existed as well as cultivars which were generally high yielding even under water stress because of a good residual yield. Some cultivars were resistant to pre‐anthesis stress but not to post‐anthesis stress and vice versa. It can be concluded that ample genotypic variability exists for adaptation to varying situations of pre‐and post‐anthesis stress within tropical maize cultivars.
Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Efficiency in Winter Wheat Fertilized with Increasing N Levels at Different Times
Authors: Miceli F. , Martin M. , Zerbi G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractParticular problems in N fertilization of winter wheat are found in areas characterized by excessive drainage and rainy springs. A two yearly experiment was carried out in such an environment (Udine, northern Italy) with the objective of testing the effect of increasing levels of total N supply (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg ha−1) and of different times of late N side‐dressing (at stem elongation, booting or flowering) on yield, quality traits and on N use efficiency of the wheat cv. Saliente.The results obtained indicated that yields of about 5 t ha1 can be obtained if the N supply permits a crop recovery of 130‐140 kg ha−1. Supplying the last N fraction at booting increased the fertility of the spike, the overall quality of the product and the efficiency of the fertilization. N supply can be delayed to flowering time in case of high total N, with further positive effects on the quality of the product. The nitrogen use efficiency was inversely and linearly related to total N supply.
Maize‐Soybean Intercropping: Effect of Different Variety and Sowing Density of the Legume on Forage Yield and Silage Quality
Authors: Andrighetto I. , Mosca G. , Cozzi G. , Berzaghi P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of different agronomic solutions on the quanti‐qualitative yield of maize‐soybean intercropping for silage production.In the first year the research compared the use of two hybrids of the cereal (Lorena and Luana) as control and in association wirh soybean varieties of different maturity group [Futura (I) and King (II)]. In the following growing season the two sowing densities of the soybean (20 vs 40 p/m2) were analyzed.In both trials the intercropping gave a production similar to that obtained from the cereals control while its protein content was significantly higher.The maturity group of soybean did not modify yield and chemical composition of the intercropping. This could have been arisen from the unfavourable climatic conditions of the first growing season. In the same trial it appeared the possibility of altering the intercropping yield and composition by choosing the maize hybrid.The suitable water availability for the cereal recorded in the second study, increased the maize yield reducing the difference in composition between pure crop and mixed forage.The sowing density of the soybean did not affect the productive response of the intercropping.Maize‐soybean intercropping did not show any detrimental effect during ensiling and ensiling losses were similar to those of the maize silage.
Effect of Seed Coating on Yield Attributes and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Jeyabal A. , Kuppuswamy G. , Lakshmanan Ar. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInvestigations were carried out during March to June 1991 to evaluate the effect of seed coating with organic, inorganic nutrients and biofertilizers on yield attributes and yield of soybean under three environments with different soil types viz., clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Seed coating with bio‐digested slurry 50 per cent, superphosphate 2 per cent, Bradyrhizobium 2 per cent, and Phosphobacteria 2 per cent (w/w of seed) increased the number of filled pods and grain yield by 29.6 and 37.2 per cent, respectively over the uncoated. There was a significant increase in the test weight of grains due to seed coating with Phosphobacteria. Environment with clay loam soil was found to be highly responsive to seed coatings.
14CO2 Assimilation and Translocation of 14C‐Photosynthates by Different Parts of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Subrahmanyam D. , Rathore V. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe role of leaves, stem and reproductive parts in 14CO2 fixation and subsequent photosynthate translocation was studied in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) at three growth stages. The data indicated that leaves, stem and pods are important sources of photosynthates for seed filling. At bud emergence stage leaves are the principle site of 14CO2, fixation. The contribution of leaves declines at subsequent stages, where as the contribution of pod walls increased from bud emergence stage to ripening stage. The contribution of the stem remains more or less constant at all three growth stages studied. Although stem can fix 14CO2, at bud emergence and flowering stages it imported 14C‐photosynthates from leaves. However, stem exported photosynthates during subsequent growth stages.