bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction and Optimization of Rate of Penetration By Simulation, Case Study from Kuwait Fields
Authors: Alajmi Ali , Aladwani Faisal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Drilling expenses are a persistent concern for the majority of oil exploration and production companies. Despite declining oil prices, drilling costs continue to rise over time due to inflation and industry demands for more complex unconventional and deeper wells to meet production needs. From the inception of the oil industry, penetration rate has been considered a crucial element in cutting down drilling expenses. Oil companies endeavor to enhance rate of penetration through various strategies, including the implementation of new drilling technologies, optimization of drilling fluids, underbalanced drilling and managed pressure drilling, as well as trajectory and parameter optimization. However, due to the complexity in predicting rate of penetration directly, evaluating these methods successfully without field trials within similar geological formations poses a significant challenge. This introduces additional cost risks without guaranteeing success. Therefore, conducting field trials becomes essential for selecting an optimal scenario and driller will perform various drill-off tests by varying multiple sets of parameters. The process itself is resource-intensive and time-consuming, and the driller needs to have prior experience within the same field. Therefore, a more practical approach to predicting and optimizing rate of penetration while minimizing additional costs and risks without guaranteed success is necessary. This research evaluates a modern rate of penetration simulator for prediction and optimization using a case study of a horizontal well in Kuwait. The development plan for the targeted reservoir is to drill similar horizontal parallel wells, hence there is a valuable opportunity for rate of penetration optimization, due to the homogenous lithology and properties from nearby wells. A successful model was obtained that provided very close results to the real case results with only 0.1% cumulative rate of penetration absolute percentage error, 17.9% rate of penetration mean absolute percentage error, 15.4% weighted mean absolute percentage error, 0.93 drilling time coefficient of correlation and 0.87 drilling time coefficient of determination. Various methods were evaluated to determine the optimum rate of penetration. Final results indicate an opportunity to increase rate of penetration by 33% and prove that there is a chance of achieving an optimum rate of penetration that tends to reduce drilling costs by 18%.
Revolutionizing Drilling Efficiency in Hard and Abrasive Formations Through Innovative Cutter Development and Design Optimization
Authors: Suleiman A. , Bailey M. J. , Qahtani Ali Mutlaq , Alhassan Yousef Mohammed , Hashim Ahmed Omar , Centala P. , Roberts S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Hard and abrasive formations are commonly found in challenging Middle East reservoir sections. These sections are often drilled with up to 10 bits, driving up drilling costs. Low rate of penetration (ROP) and accelerated cutter wear are the primary failure mechanisms encountered. Conventional drill bits have proven unsuitable and uneconomical. This paper presents the development of a Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter grade housed in a rotating mechanism that has resulted in ground-breaking drilling efficiencies in these formations.
A comprehensive study investigated the cutter-rock interaction and identified the underlying causes behind the accelerated cutter wear in these hard abrasive formations. Following this, laboratory tests were conducted to replicate the failure modes encountered in the field. Five new PDC cutter grades were developed and tested against the field results. In parallel, critical drill bit design levers such as cutter size, blade count, backrake, and cutter chamfer were field tested to determine the most effective configuration. Finally, the optimal cutter grade and bit design levers were integrated into a rotating cutter mechanism and field tested.
The results of this paper focus on validating the development process of the cutter grades, design levers, and the rotating mechanism, both individually and when all three are integrated into an optimal product. Among the three cutter grades laboratory tested, cutter grade C scored the highest, demonstrating a 35% increase in abrasive strength compared to the baseline cutter grade. Field test results against the baseline design with cutter grade C demonstrated a 156% increase in interval drilled.
The optimal design levers combine a 16-mm cutter size with high backrake. The high backrake maximizes the PDC cutter diamond volume in contact with the formation, while the larger cutter size increases the point loading on the formation, minimizing drilling efficiency loss. A 5.875-in. bit that incorporated the design levers and cutter grade C housed in a rotating mechanism was then field tested. The bit demonstrated a 10% increase in interval drilled compared to the best offset run.
The cumulative impact of these individual enhancements led to a step change in drilling efficiency, reducing bit trips and drilling costs.
A reimagination of a classic drill bit design combined with a unique approach to PDC technology has allowed for a paradigm shift in drill bit durability in hard and abrasive rocks. Several bespoke analyses combined with novel drill bit technologies were developed, deployed, and validated in a new modeling environment. A modern and adaptable design philosophy was validated in challenging reservoir environments across the Arabian Gulf.
Development of High Temperature Resistant Soft Metal Sealing Components in Downhole Tools
Authors: Guo Huijuan , Li Jianghao , Song Xiping , Zhan Guodong, David , Wang Baodong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The sealing components plays the role of sealing and pressure resistance of downhole tools, which is a key component that determines the safe and reliable operation of downhole tools. With the development of oil and gas exploitation towards deep and ultra-deep wells, the performance requirements of sealing components for downhole tools are gradually improved. Rubber materials are prone to aging and deterioration in downhole high temperature and corrosive environment, resulting in sealing failure and difficulty in maintaining good sealing for a long time. Soft metal materials have the characteristics of high temperature resistance, high sealing pressure and corrosion resistance. The application of high temperature resistant soft metal materials in petroleum engineering sealing components can better solve the problem of aging failure of rubber sealing components, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of downhole sealing.
Based on the introduction of the application of soft metal materials in petroleum engineering, this paper studies the refining method of copper-based soft metal materials, and determines the formula of soft metal materials with excellent performance by analyzing the microstructure of soft metal materials. Based on the developed soft metal material, the high temperature tensile mechanical properties test, high temperature elastic modulus test were carried out. The feasibility of using copper-based soft metal as sealing element in petroleum engineering was analyzed, and the soft metal sealing element for expansion pipe sealing was designed.
The research results show that: (1) Metal material seals have been widely studied at home and abroad, and some products have been maturely applied in the market, with good mechanical properties and sealing performance. (2) By adding Ga, Rh, Si and other alloying elements to copper metal, the metal wettability, temperature resistance and elastic properties of the material can be improved, and the sealing function can be realized. (3) The CuRh alloy soft metal material has good deformation ability and high temperature mechanical properties stability. The expansion tube sealing element designed with soft metal material has better sealing performance than rubber material.
The soft metal material sealing element can solve the aging failure problem of common rubber materials in high temperature and corrosive environment. It has good high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, and can be widely used in the sealing of downhole tools in the development of deep and ultra-deep wells with corrosive media.
Improving Drilling Efficiency Through Carbonates Using Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutter Geometries
Authors: Alvarez O. , Alalsayednassir A. G. , Othman M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review the lab and field testing of Non-Planar shaped (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) PDC cutters in challenging applications across diverse Oil & Gas wells, and to demonstrate the tangible benefits in terms of efficiency and cost savings in several fields with high content of carbonates.
Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutters from three different companies were selected and tested in both laboratory and field settings. Lab tests were conducted to validate the cutters' efficiency, and the best match for the application was determined prior to field testing. Drilling efficiency tests were conducted at both single cutter and full-scale drill bit levels, and field test wells were selected to set a solid benchmark and perform further evaluation.
The Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutter demonstrated an average of 20% reduction in vertical force required to achieve a given depth of cut, when compared to a legacy cylindrical cutter, in single cutter laboratory tests. In the majority of the cases, the Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutter's face shapes created a fluid channel behind the cutting ribbon, which decreased frictional losses and promoted cuttings evacuation. The stress in the weight on bit direction was increased, thereby improving fracture propagation.
In field trials, the Non-Planar PDC Cutter demonstrated an ROP improvement of between 15 and 30%, with the highest efficiency gains recorded in carbonates. Cutter durability was assessed by comparing the interval drilled and dull condition, which demonstrated parity compared to conventional round cutters. It can be concluded that the Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutter Geometries bring tangible drilling efficiency gains that directly translate to reduction in drilling costs.
This paper demonstrates the importance of exploring different geometric PDC cutter designs. It shows that using non-planar cutters improves drilling efficiency at the micro – single cutter level that can be effectively translated to the macro – full PDC drill bit efficiency level. Field testing highlights that these new geometries can deliver tangible ROP performance without compromise to drill bit durability or reparability.
Extraction of Halophytic Oil and its Application in the Formulation Of Oil-Based Mud System
Authors: Khan Munira Akhtar , _ Ayesha , Siddiqui Rida , Lalji Shaine Mohammadali , Ali Syed Imran , Haneef Javed , Abbas Muhammad Adeem 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Drilling fluid plays a vital role in the complete drilling operations through hydrostatic pressure, cutting transportation, lubrication of conduits, shale swelling inhibition etc. All of these objectives are fulfilled indirectly by managing the drilling fluid properties like rheological properties, filtration properties, thermal stability (for high temperature wells), inhibition properties etc. Oil based Drilling Fluids are more valuable because they are denser than WBM and have more optimized properties too. It is useful to induce very good shale swelling inhibition. But due to environmental concerns, OBM is not recommended to use but this can be controlled by using the greener additives like Halophytic Oil that is being extracted from plants. This study is mainly about the possible use of salt-resistant, non-edible halophytic plants in the oil and gas industry as an eco-friendly replacement. There are different types of halophyte species but in this study we utilized the halophytic specie of Argania Spinosa (Argan). The extraction of Argan oil has done by using cold pressing method. A sample of oil base mud was prepared by adding 158ml of Argan oil as a base fluid. The mud sample underwent pH and stability tests, followed by rheological properties tests, including Gel Strength, Viscosity, Shear Stress, Dynamic Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point and Apparent Viscosity. Filtration test was performed to determine filtrate volume loss and mud filtrate cake morphology. To integrate halophytic Argan oil effectively into OBM systems, our experiments also assessed its compatibility with other OBM additives, including emulsifiers and rheology modifiers. While some adjustments may be necessary to optimize the formulation, our findings suggest that such integration is feasible. This abstract delves into the laboratory experiments that investigate the potential use of halophytic argan oil as a renewable and environmentally friendly component in OBM systems. Halophytic Argan oil, derived from the Argan tree (Argania spinosa), which predominantly thrives in arid and semi-arid regions, presents a compelling option for OBM systems operating in high-temperature, high-pressure, and saline conditions. Its outstanding thermal stability, high antioxidant content, and low toxicity profile make it a suitable candidate for replacing or complementing conventional OBM additives. Halophytic argan oil is a valuable resource with numerous industrial applications. This manuscript explores the extraction of argan oil from halophytic plants, highlighting its unique properties and the challenges associated with its extraction. It also delves into the formulation of an oil-based mud system using halophytic argan oil, a sustainable alternative for the oil and gas drilling industry. This innovative approach aims to reduce environmental impact and improve drilling efficiency.
Enhancing Production Forecasting in Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs Using a Hybrid ARIMA-EMD-LSTM Approach
Authors: You Junyu , Huang Xiaoliang , Li Yonghao , Yu Qiulong , Ampomah William 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study presents a robust machine-learning protocol for predicting production from fractured shale gas reservoirs. The field data of an active shale gas reservoir in Sichuan Basin was utilized to construct and validate the proposed method. The main objective is to establish a framework to rapidly and accurately forecast the production, which aides in assessments of economic viability for shale gas reservoir developments.
This study utilized field production data from a representative shale gas reservoir. Statistical analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted to characterize the input-output data structure. To train the prediction model, a novel hybrid approach was proposed, combining the Long Short-Term Memory network (LSTM) with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD).Shale gas production is influenced by numerous factors, leading to historical production sequences that exhibit significant nonlinearity and abrupt fluctuations. Consequently, precise prediction using conventional approaches becomes challenging. By applying the proposed workflow, the ARIMA model was applied to filter both linear and nonlinear features from the original production data. ARIMA was utilized to fit and predict the linear components, while the nonlinear components were passed through EMD. EMD was employed to extract Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), which represent local characteristic signals at different time scales within the nonlinear components. Multiple Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models were then trained to predict the various IMFs. The hyperparameters of the LSTM models were optimized to enhance performance. The LSTM predictions were combined with the ARIMA results, resulting in a comprehensive production forecasting model. To validate the proposed hybrid method, a comparison was made with an existing approach LSTM. The superiority and feasibility of the ARIMA-EMD-LSTM model were confirmed, as it demonstrated strong generalization ability and increased prediction accuracy by effectively capturing the input-output relationship. It was proved that this framework can enable rapid and accurate forecasting of shale gas production.
This study introduces a novel hybrid ARIMA-EMD-LSTM model, which represents the first application of this approach to fractured shale gas production. The ARIMA effectively separates the linear and nonlinear components of the original data, while the EMD decomposes the nonlinear parts into IMFs. The proposed workflow could enhance the prediction accuracy and intensively extend its feasibility to gas production forecasting in fractured shale reservoirs.
Enhancing the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) of Sucker Rod Strings for PCP Systems Running in Harsh Environment
Authors: Vora J. , Jadhav A. , Chauhan Sh. , Kumar Sh. , Jha A. , Chandak R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to depict the innovative actions taken for the improvement of mean time between failures (MTBF) of sucker rod strings used for progressive cavity pump (PCP) systems deployed in harsh operating conditions in Bhagyam field operated by Cairn Oil and Gas (Vedanta) characterized by high hole deviation, high dogleg severity (DLS), higher pump displacement and high pump torque requirements. The Scope of this paper includes the presentation of challenges faced in smooth operation of PCP systems in harsh environments, detailed root cause analysis (RCA) done for the Sucker rod string failures, actions taken for mitigation of the failures and the resultant improvement in MTBF of Sucker rod strings.
The methodology employed in this study involves creating a deep understanding of the reasons for frequent failure of Sucker rod strings through RCA, design Simulations in PC Pump Software by C-Fer and actions taken to improve the sucker rod string performance and mitigate failures. Following were the prominent types of failures that were observed in the Sucker rod strings:- 1. Sucker rod Snap in plain / guided rods 2. Sucker rod thread wash 3. Sucker rod Coupling Snap.
To increase the MTBF of sucker rods PCP systems, various initiatives and actions have been successfully implemented in the field, including the following: 1. Analysis and improvement of sucker rod handling practices. 2. Optimization of rod guide strategy and rod guide material selection. 3. Analysis of the optimal combination of rod size, tubing size, and pump to minimize rod Tubing friction and pressure loss 4. Evaluation of the historical failure trends of rods to enable pre-emptive rod changeout. 5. Collaboration with vendors to develop on-site rod guide molding. 6. Revising the Sucker rod design philosophy to increase the number of guides per rod 7. Periodically conducting coupling shifting jobs in PCP wells 8. Standardization of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) trip Settings
By implementation of the above actions, we successfully minimized the stress and fatigue experienced by the rods during operation, leading to improved reliability and extended service life. By enhancing the MTBF of sucker rods, the reliability and overall efficiency of PCP systems were increased, resulting in reduced downtime, improved production efficiency, and decreased maintenance costs. Notably, the MTBF of the Sucker rod String for Bhagyam PCP Wells increased about 3 times in 1 year of operation.
By achieving a remarkable 80% reduction in rod failures year on year, this research contributes valuable insights into enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of PCP systems deployed in complex oil field environments.
Reuse of Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells and Reservoirs for Geothermal Energy
Authors: Nassan T. , Baganz D. , Alkan H. , Amro M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Drilling costs account for the majority of geothermal project costs. Therefore, it makes sense to reuse abandoned gas and oil wells supported by in-situ heat flux. This study examines the extent to which abandoned hydrocarbon wells as well as depleted reservoirs can be used for geothermal heat recovery and/or power generation using different circulation fluids, the retrofit opportunities and challenges to make them suitable for geothermal energy and assess both based on preliminary economical comparison.
We numerically investigated open and closed geothermal systems using the characteristics of depleted German oil and gas reservoirs as examples. We generated the heat and material balances of a depleted gas reservoir with a 3D reservoir simulator with abandoned wells for injection and production. For selected wells, we also calculated heat transfer in a closed-loop geothermal system for different system configurations. In each case, we evaluated the timely performance of heat extraction. The calculated data were used for a preliminary economic evaluation that included the cost of retrofitting the wells and monitoring the critical process parameters.
Our calculations confirmed the advantage of using depleted gas reservoirs as open geothermal systems, provided that the thermal capacity of the reservoir is sufficient. Another obvious advantage is that injection and production wells can be retrofitted at relatively low cost; only the production wells must be isolated. Wellbore flow containing impurities from the reservoir appears to be one of the potential hurdles. In case of lower permeability petrophysics, the connection between injection and production wells should/could be made either by hydraulic fracturing or by hydro-shearing of existing fractures in the rock, which could increase the capital cost. In closed loop systems the heat transfer from the formations is limited. Even in the case of appropriate retrofit of the wells for coaxial design for using as heat exchanger, the sustainability of heat extraction is limited allowing for direct heating applications rather than economic power generation. The economic and energy analysis were performed to assess and compare the thermo-economic performances of both systems.