bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elektrotechnik ‐ Entstehung einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin1
Authors: König Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe scientific institutionalization of electrical engineering took place in the 1880's; however, the science of electricity did not yet furnish proof of its practical efficiency. The founding of chairs in electrical engineering at this time was connected with the rise of heavy current industry, whereas weak current developments, as for instance telegraphy and telephony, played virtually no role. The principal connections of the discipline of electrical engineering shifted in the following years from physics to mechanical engineering, before electrical engineering became an independent discipline. The author gives an account of this development and presents theses for it, as well as shows a research program of the history of electrical engineering between 1880 and the First World War.
Die Zeitschrift The English Historical Review und die Entwicklung der Geschichtswissenschaft in England
Authors: Kleinschmidt Harald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Journal The English Historical Review and the Development of historical science in England. ‐ The organisational aspect of the history of historical writing and of historical scholarship has, for its largest part, been a neglected field of study, the history of history having essentially been the history of ideas. This study, by making use of the concept of professionalisation as developed by Felix Gilbert (1965) and Doris Goldstein (1982) for the description and explanation of the foundation and the early history of the English Historical Review, is designed to reveal organsational features in the history of historical scholarschip in late 19th century Britain. Because of the lack of institutional affiliation of British historical studies in the Victorian age, the editorial board of the English Historical Review formed the base from which scholarly done historical research and teaching ‐ following the models provided in France and Germany ‐ could emerge.
„Siege der Freiheit, welche die Menschen durch die Erforschung des Grundes der Dinge errangen”︁ Wandlungen im politischen Selbstverständnis deutscher Naturwissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Bayertz Kurt 
Published: October 2006

Abstract“Victories of Freedom which Humans Achieved by Research in the Foundation of Things”. ‐ This article analyzes the political self‐conception of leading representatives of the natural sciences in 19th century Germany. It is argued that the main feature of this self‐conception which remained constant over the time consisted in a strong “rationalization‐imperative”, i.e. the postulate that state and society have to be reshaped on the basis of natural science. On the other hand, this imperative was put forward in very different forms and with different political content: it shifted from revolutionary aspirations in the period of 1848 to moderate and sometimes even reactionary positions in the last decades of the century.
Synthesis of 14c‐labeled 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid
Authors: Tanaka F. S. , Wien R. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA widely used herbicide, 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), was synthesized with 14C‐labeling in the C‐1 or C‐2 positions. The carboxyl labeled material was prepared in 55% yield by carbonation of 1,1‐dichloro‐ethyllithium at approximately −104°. Starting with trichloroacetic acid, the C‐2 labeled product was prepared in an overall yield of 39% by means of a 4‐step reaction sequence which involved the removal of a chlorine atom and the addition of a methyl group.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Acetic‐1‐13C,‐2‐13C,‐13C2, and ‐12C2 acids
Authors: Ott Donald G. , Kerr Vernon N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRhodium‐catalyzed carbonylation of methanol at mild temperature and pressure has been developed for small‐ and large‐scale preparations of the carbon isotope isomers of acetic acid.
Labelled polypeptides. v. synthesis of α‐melanotropin labelled with tritium on the tyrosine residue, via the dibromo intermediate
Authors: Nikolics K. , Teplán I. , Medzihradszky K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel synthesis of α‐melanotropin labelled with tritium on the tyrosine residue ([Tyr‐3, 5‐3H2] ‐α‐melanotropin) is described. First, a precursor peptide, containing 3,5‐di‐bromotyrosine in position 2 ([Dbt2]‐α‐melanotropin) is prepared, which can be converted into the labelled hormone by catalytic tritiation in the last step of the synthesis. By this procedure the tedious work with highly active labelled intermediates, and the storage of the tritiated compound. usually accompanied by significant autoradiolysis, can be avoided.
Thermal transcarboxylation reactions VIII. A study on the process of anomalous carboxyl group – CO2 exchange
Authors: Szammer J. , Szabolcs A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe anomalous course of 14CO2 incorporation observed in the thermal transformation of disodium adipate was studied. It has been established that the thermal transformation of butane‐1,1,4‐tricarboxylic acid trisodium salt is accompanied by intramolecular 1‐4 transfer of carboxyl groups. The results of 14C incorporation and carboxyl group exchange suggest that disodium adipate α‐carbanion is present and participates in the reaction in cyclic form.
Tritium nuclear magnetic resonance. Part V.1 distribution of tritium in labelled polycyclic hydrocarbons
Authors: Al‐Rawi Jasim M. A. , Bloxsidge James P. , Elvidge John A. , Jones John R. , Chambers Victor M. A. , Evans E. Anthony 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe positions and extent of tritium labelling in carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons are rapidly and conveniently revealed by 3H n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Synthesis of [γ‐14C]‐γ‐oxo‐2‐dibenzofuranbutanoic acid (furobufen) and 2‐dibenzofuranacetic[carboxy‐14C] acid
Authors: Ferdinandi E. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe syntheses of [γ‐14C]‐γ‐oxo‐2‐dibenzofuranbutanoic acid (furobufen) 7 and 2‐dibenzofuranacetic[carboxy‐14C] acid 3b, a major metabolite of furobufen, are described. A by‐product, the dialkylated malonate 6 obtained in the synthesis of 7, was isolated and characterized.
The preparation of [14C]‐labelled 16‐aryloxy prostaglandin f2α analogues. [I.C.I. 81,008 and I.C.I. 80,996]
Authors: White D. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe preparations of [14C]‐labelled racemic (95,11R,15R)‐9, 11,15‐trihydroxy‐16‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor‐5‐cis,13‐trans‐prostadienoic acid [I.C.I. 81,008] from chloro[1‐14C]acetic acid and potassium[14C]cyanide, and [14C]‐labelled racemic (95,11R,15R)‐16‐(3‐chlorophenoxy)‐9,11,15‐trihydroxy‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor‐5‐cis,13‐trans‐prostadienoic acid [I.C.I. 80,996] from chloro[1‐14C]acetic acid and potassium[14C] cyanide are described.
The synthesis of two 14C‐labelled hypoglycemic benzenesulphonylurea derivatives
Authors: Elsom L. F. , Hawkins D. R. , Christensen H. , Grønvald F. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of two carbon‐14 labelled oral hypoglycemic benzo(b)furansulphonylureas is deseribed. The starting materials 2,3 ‐dihydrobenzo (b)furan ‐7 ‐carboxylic acid and 5 methyl–2, 3‐dihydrobenzo (b)furan‐7‐14C‐carboxylic acid were prepared in high yield by carbonation of appropriate Grignard reagents. The final products were obtained with specific activities of 49 and 44 mCi/mmole and radiochemical purities of greater than 99%.
Synthesis of multilabeled histidine
Authors: Soohoo Caroline , Lawson John A. , Degraw Joseph I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of tetralabeled histidine 15 described. Glycine‐15N was converted essentially by literature procedures to 4‐chloromethylimidazole‐3‐15N‐2,5‐2H2. Alkylation of ethyl acetamidocyanoacetate‐2‐13C, followed by acid hydrolysis and decarboxylation yielded DL‐histidine‐α‐ 13C‐3‐15N‐2,5‐2H2. The compound is useful as a mass spectrometric standard for the measurement of histidine and metabolites in biological media.
Preparation of high specific activity all trans‐α‐retinyl‐11‐3H acetate
Authors: Hale Ronnie L. , Burger Walter , Perry Clark W. , Liebman Arnold A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLithium borotritide reduction of α‐ionylidene‐acetaldehyde (5) followed by manganese dioxide oxidation provided the tritiated aldehyde (9) which retainad over 95% of the label. On treatment with the ylide derived from ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐methylcrotonate, ethyl α‐retinoate‐11‐3H (14) was obtained which, after purification, was hydrolyzed to α‐retinoic‐11‐3H acid (15). Conversion to the methyl ester (16) followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction yielded all trans‐ α‐retinol (17) which was isolated as the acetate derivative (18).
Synthesis of cysteine‐35S‐sulfate
Authors: Misra Chandra H. , Olney John W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA short and very convenient method is described for the preparation of cysteine‐35S‐sulfate using unlabeled cysteine ‐S‐sulfate and L‐cysteine‐35S. This method provides an 80% yield and can be used for microquantity synthesis.
The synthesis of N‐deuteromethylated desipramine and imipramine
Authors: Shaw G. J. , Markey S. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDesipramine‐d3 (5‐[3‐(methyl‐d3‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine), imipramine‐d3(5‐[3‐methylmethyl‐d3‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine and imipramine‐d6 (5‐[3‐(dimethyl‐d6‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f] azepine)have been synthesised for use as internal standards in mass spectrometric determinations. The mass spectra of these compounds is reported.
Synthese de Δ8 et Δ9 ‐ tetrahydrocannabinol deuteries et trities
Authors: Hoellinger Henri , Nam Nguyen‐Hoang , Decauchereux Jean‐François , Pichat Louis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCross‐coupling of 3,5‐dimethoxybenzyl bromide and 4‐buten‐magnesium bromide in presence of Li2CuCl4 afforded 1‐(3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4pentene. Demethylation of the latter by methylmagnesium iodide in xylene gave rise to 4′,5′‐dehydro‐olivetol. The latter, condensed with trans‐p‐mentha‐2,8‐dien‐1‐ol in the presence of either boron trifluoride etherate or p‐toluenesulfonic acid, gave 4′,5′‐dehydro‐Δ9‐ and Δ8‐THC respectively. 4′,5′‐dehydro‐Δ8‐THC was also obtained by isomerization of 4′,5′‐dehydro‐Δ9‐THC. Catalytic selective reduction of these precursors with deuterium or tritium, in the presence of tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium chloride, afforded Δ9‐THC‐4′,5′,‐2H or Δ9‐THC‐4′,5′‐3H (50 Ci/mMole) and Δ8‐THC‐4′,5′‐2H or Δ8‐THC‐4′,5′‐3H (56 Ci/mMole).
Indium labeled particles for lung imaging: Homogeneous and heterogeneous phase reactions
Authors: Moore David H. , Shani Jashovam , Wolf Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe labeling of microspheres with In, intended as potential lung and capillary‐bed imaging agents, was studied using an EDTA‐exochelator to specifically bind indium. Incubation of the azo‐phenyl‐EDTA‐microsphere with indium, resulted in an unstable preparation which primarily localized in the liver and spleen. When, however, 111In was reacted with the diazo‐phenyl‐EDTA in solution, and this complex then coupled to the microspheres, excellent binding resulted. Similarly, complexing of In to azo‐phenyl‐EDTA‐albumin in solution followed by aggregation, also yielded radiolabeled particles which were resistant to washing and localized over 90% in the lung, immediately upon injection to rats. These results have been rationalized by proposing a mechanism where the kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous phase reactions account for the nature of the different products formed. The present study, while it leads to better indium microspheres and aggregates than recorded in the literature, above all points out to the need of a better understanding of reaction kinetics in the preparaation of such radiopharmaceuticals.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled drugs, of abuse for use as internal standards in, quantification by selected ion monitoring. II. Deuterium‐labelled benzodiazepines: Chlordiazepoxide, demethyldiazepam, diazepam, and oxazepam
Authors: Fentiman Allison F. , Foltz Rodger L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour deuterium‐labelled benzodiazepines were prepared for use as internal standards in the quantification of chlordiazepoxide, demethyldiazepam, diazepam, and oxazepam at low levels in body fluids by selected ion monitoring. The method described provides a way to introduce cleanly and in high isotopic purity five deuterium atoms into each drug.
Acetylation with acetic‐1–13‐C pivalic anhydride
Authors: Horton Walter J. , Adams Steven P. , Niermeyer Mary W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn situ formation of acetic‐1–13‐C pivalic anhydride constitutes a convenient and economical means of preparing C‐13 containing acetanilides in excellent yield. Similarly, in situ formation of pivalic anhydride yields pivanilides. An elegant synthesis of p‐acetylaminobenzaldehyde from p‐nitro‐benzaldehyde via the acetal is described.
Synthesis of tritium‐labelled 7α‐hydroxy and 7β‐hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone
Authors: Couch R. A. F. , Skinner S. J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTritium labelled 7α‐hydroxy and 7β‐hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone were synthesised by the allylic acyloxylation of [1,2‐3H(n)] dehydroepiandrosterone‐3β‐acetate with t‐butylperbenzoate. The 7α epimer was of comparable specific activity to the substrate.
A convenient method for synthesis of 14C‐carbonyl methylcarbamates
Authors: Hurst Harrell E. , Dorough H. Wyman 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhile [14C‐carbonyl]‐methyl isocyanate has been used widely for the preparation of radioactive insecticidal methylcarbamates, yields are often low, and in some cases reactions completely unsuccessful, because of the sensitivity of the isocyanate to moisture. This paper described a process whereby the [14C]‐methyl isocyanate, in its break‐seal container as received from the supplier, is reacted with the appropriate oxime or phenolic intermediate without exposing the isocyanate to atmospheric moisture. Results are presented for the insecticides carbaryl, carbofuran, aldicarb and methomyl demonstrating consistent yields of 85 to 95% using a procedure of uncommon simplicity.
Synthesis of 14‐14C‐adriamycin
Authors: Vishnuvajjala Babu R. , Kataoka Tadashi , Cazer Frederick D. , Witiak Donald T. , Malspeis Louis 
Published: October 2006

Abstract14‐14C‐Adriamycin HCI has been prepared from unlabeled adriamycin. The 14C‐Diazald served as the source of the label. This synthesis does not require protection of the phenolic hydroxyl groups.
Labelling of neuroleptic butyrophenones. 1. syntheses of haloperidol‐14C and trifluperidol‐14C
Authors: Nakatsuka Iwao , Kawahara Kazuo , Kamada Takeshi , Yoshitake Akira 
Published: October 2006

Abstract4‐[4‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐4‐hydroxypiperidino]‐4′‐fluorobutyrophenone (haloperidol) (I) and 4′‐fluoro‐4‐[4‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl) piperidino] butyrophenone (trifluperidol) (II), neuroleptic drugs, were labelled at the carbonyl position with carbon‐14 for the use of metabolic studies. The syntheses were achieved according to the reaction scheme shown in Fig. 1. Cyclopropionic‐1‐14C acid (IV) was prepared from cyclopropyl bromide (III) by Grignard reaction with carbon‐14C dioxide. Condensation of IV with fluorobenzene, followed by ring‐opening with hydrogen chloride, gave 4‐chloro‐4′‐fluorobutyrophenone‐1‐14C (VI). After ketalization of VI, the ketal (VII) was condensed with corresponding piperidine derivatives (VIIIa and VIIIb) and subsequently hydrolized with hydrochloric acid to give haloperidol‐1‐14C (I) and trifluperidol‐1‐14C (II), respectively. The overall radiochemical yields of I and II from barium carbonate‐14C were 31 and 27%, respectively.
Labeled 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose analogs. 18F‐labeled 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose, 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐mannose and 14C‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose
Authors: Ido T. , Wan C‐N. , Casella V. , Fowler J. S. , Wolf A. P. , Reivich M. , Kuhl D. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA convenient method for the synthesis of 18F‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose (4) and 18F‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐mannose (8) by the direct fluorination of 3,4,6‐tri‐0‐acetyl‐D‐glucal with 18F‐F2 is described. 14C‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose has been synthesized from 14C‐3,4,6‐tri‐0‐acetyl‐D‐glucal (from D‐[14c(U)]‐glucose) by fluorination with F2 (Method 1) and CF3OF (Method 2). These labeled analogs of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose were required for the study of local cerebral glucose metabolism.
Preparation of [1‐14C] and 35S‐labelled alkyl sulphonates
Authors: Taylor Andrew J. , Olavesen Anthony H. , James Colin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUndecyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl sulphonates were prepared with 14C‐label in the 1‐position. The syntheses require the formation of a Grignard intermediate from the appropriate n‐1 alkyl bromide followed by carboxylation of the Grignard with 14CO2 and subsequent esterification with diazomethane. Reduction of the ester with lithium aluminium hydride and conversion to the corresponding alkyl bromide provides a suitable 1‐14C labelled derivative for conversion to the required thiol which is readily oxidised to the corresponding sulphonate with retention of the label in the 1‐position. The synthetic route provides an acceptable overall yield (18–24%) of specifically labelled alkyl sulphonates of high purity. By using [35S]thiourea in the sequence 35S‐labelled dodecyl sulphonate was readily obtained. The identity and purity of the products was confirmed by mass spectrometry, infra‐red spectroscopy, t.l.c. and reverse‐isotope dilution.
A novel surface for high specific activity tritium labelling using microwave discharge activation of tritium gas
Authors: Ehrenkaufer Richard Lee E. , Wolf Alfred P. , Hembree Wylie C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA 10 to 300 fold increase in specific activity has been realized in the microwave discharge activation (MDA) of tritium gas labeling of a variety of compounds, up to the Ci/mmol range by the use of a cellulose Millipore filter (CMF) as the labeling surface. New reaction systems have also been developed to accommodate these and other large samples as well as multiple samples.
Synthesis of 14C‐labeled inosine 5′‐phosphate
Authors: Sakata Shinji , Ikegami Shiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract14C‐Labeled inosine 5′‐phosphate was synthesized by direct phosphorylation of inosine‐8‐14C with phosphoryl chloride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphorodichloridate. Isolation and recrystallization of its disodium salt afforded pure material in 66.8% overall chemical yield.
Synthesis of 14C‐endosulfan from 2,3 14C‐maleic anhydride
Authors: Huhtanen K. L. , Dorough H. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe insecticide endosulfan (5a,9a‐ 14C 6,7,8,9,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a hexahydro‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzodioxathiepin‐3‐oxide) was prepared from 2,3 14C‐maleic anhydride. The Diels‐Alder reaction of maleic anhydride with hexachloro‐cyclopentadiene yielded 1,4,5,6,7,7‐hexachlorobi‐cyclo [2.2.1] hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride. This anhydride was reduced to the corresponding carboxylic acid γ lactone with sodium boro‐hydride which was further reduced to the diol (1,4,5,6,7,7‐hexachloro‐2,3‐bis‐(hydroxymethyl) bicyclo [2. 2. 1] hept‐5‐ene) with lithium aluminum hydride. The later compound was reacted with thionyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride to give endosulfan.
A modified synthesis of tritium labelled amides from labelled carboxylic acids and amines using EEDQ as a reagent
Authors: Soudijn W. , van Wijngaarden I. , Knaeps A. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reaction conditions for the preparation of amides from labelled carboxylic acids and amines using EEDQ (2‐ethoxy‐1 (2H)‐quinolinecarboxylic acid, ethyl ester) as a reagent were modified for the synthesis of the tritium labelled benzamide Halopemide (N‐{2‐[4‐(5‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐ lH‐benzimidazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐piperidinyl] ethyl} −4‐fluorobenzamide), as EEDQ, reacted in an unexpected way, resulting in a 1:1 mixture of the benzamide and the N‐carbethoxy derivative of the starting amine and of “unreacted” carboxylic acid.The basicity of the starting amine influenced the yield of the benzamide. By optimalizing the reaction conditions, it was possible to convert the labelled benzoic acid quantitatively into the benzamide.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled acetaminophen (4‐hydroxyphenylacetamide, carbonyl‐14C)
Authors: Stavchansky S. , Wu P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple and convenient method for the condensation of paminophenol (I) with 14C‐acetic anhydride (II) yields up to 76% of 14C‐labelled 4‐hydroxyphenylacetamide (carbonyl‐14C) (III). Typical synthesis time is 60 minutes. Radioactive yield is 51%, and specific activity is 0.22 μCi/mg.
Synthesis of some 2,3‐14C‐quinoxaline derivatives
Authors: Saari Walfred S. , Lumma William C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract6‐Chloro‐lH‐quinoxalin‐2‐one‐2,3‐14C was prepared by the novel condensation of 4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine with glyoxylic acid‐14C (U). The labelled quinoxalinone was transformed further into 2,6‐dichloroquinoxaline‐2,3‐14C and 6‐chloro‐2‐(1′‐piperazinyl)‐quinoxaline‐2,3‐14C.
Synthesis of an intrinsically radiolabeled enkephalin analog: [p‐tritio‐phenylalanyl]4‐norleucyl5‐enkephalin
Authors: Day Alan R. , Freer Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a previous study methionine‐enkephalin (H‐Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe‐Met‐OH) and four analogs and homologs were synthesized and compared to morphine with respect to their ability to inhibit electrically evoked contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. The compounds were: Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe‐Leu (Leu5‐enkephalin), Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe (des‐Met5‐enkephalin), Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe‐Nle (Nle5‐enkephalin) and Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐[p‐chloro‐Phe]‐Nle ([p‐chloro‐Phe]4‐Nle5‐enkephalin). The IC50 concentrations on the guinea pig ileum assay were 3.0 × 10−7 M, 4.0 × 10−5 M, 1.1 × 10−7 M and 1.6 × 10−7 M respectively. The IC50 for Met5‐enkephalin was 5.0 × 10−8 M and for morphine 2.0 × 10−7 M. These data indicate that the methionine residue is important for biological activity and that norleucine is a more acceptable substitution at this position than is leucine. Therefore, the [p‐chloro‐Phe]4‐[Nle]5‐enkephalin was synthesized, dehalogenated by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of 3H2 to yield the intrinsically labeled [p‐tritio‐Phe]4‐Nle5‐enkephalin. The labeled peptide (9 Ci/mmole) was completely stable for at least 9 months at −20°C in 50% aqueous acetic acid.
A synthesis of 1‐(1‐14C‐ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline [14C‐EEDQ]
Authors: Robinson W. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA three step in situ micro synthesis is described for 1‐(1‐14C‐ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐ethoxy‐1, 2‐dihydroquinoline [14C‐EEDQ]. Ethylchloroformate made from 1‐14C‐ethanol and phosgene is allowed to react with quinoline and subsequently ethanol in the presence of Na2CO3 to form 14C‐EEDQ.
A simple electrolytic method of labeling human fibrinogen, immune gamma globulin and serum albumin with 99mTc‐pertechnetate at pH 7.4
Authors: Wong Dennis W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn improved electrolytic labeling technique has been developed for tagging human plasma proteins at physiologic pH condition. The basic principle involves the addition of protein after electrolysis and pH adjustment, thus avoiding harsh treatment of the protein and preserving its biological properties. High binding efficiency has been obtained for human fibrinogen, immune gamma globulin and serum albumin with an average of 77%, 86% and 87% respectively as assayed by paper radiochromatography. The labeling mechanism is not known. Data from protein electrophoresis demonstrate the existance of chemically active 99mTc‐complex species with high protein binding capacity. The entire labeling process requires less than 1 hour. Since plasma proteins are labeled at pH 7.4, the problem of protein denaturation has been significantly reduced.
A high yield synthesis of 2‐14C‐methimazole
Authors: Lee Philip W. , Gudzinowicz Michael J. , Neal Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract2‐14C‐Methimazole was prepared in a condensation reaction between methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and potassium 14C‐thiocyanate in acidic medium. The yield of final product was 86.3% of theoretical with a radio purity of greater than 99.5%.