bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF GAS INTO LIQUID
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) A theory of the rate of solution of gas into liquid was proposed, which is based upon the assumptions that among the molecules of gas, which collide with the interface, only those, whose components of velocities at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can enter into the liquid phase, and that among the molecules of gas in the liquid phase, only those which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0′, can escape the liquid phase.
(2) A short discussion of the theory in comparison with the old theories was described.
(3) Rate of oxidation of sodium sulphite solution, which will be difficult to be explained by the old theory, was interpreted by the new theory.
THE VELOCITY OF SPLITTING OFF OF CHLORINE FROM MONOCHLORACETATE
Authors: Matuura Sinnosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. Assumed as monomolecular reaction, the velocity of the decom-position of potassium monochloracetate in aqueous solutions is measured,
K_25°=0.837×10^-6 and K_30°=3.21×10^-62. The velocities of the following reactions are measured,
CH2CLCOOK+KOH = CH2OHCOOK+KCL K_20°=0.227×10^-4, K_25°=0.521×10^-4 and K_30°=1.23×10^-4 CH2CLCOONa+NaOH=CH2OHCOONa+NaCl
K_25°=0.381×10^-4, K_30°=0.704×10^-4 and K_35°=2.18×10^-4The velocity constant of potassium salt is larger than that of sodium salt.
3. The reaction velocity of potassium monochloracetate with potassium hydroxide is retarded by the presence of another salt (i.e. KNO3).
STUDIES ON PUTREFACTIVE PRODUCTS OF BEER YEAST
Authors: Nishida Kôtaro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The quantities of substances isolated from 9 kg. of the dried beer yeast by putrefaction were as follows:
Phenylethylamin (as hydrochloride).......7.20 gr.
Adenine (as nitrate)....................11.50 ,,
Hypoxanthine (as hydrochloride).........13.70 ,,
Histamine (as hydrochloride).............9.10 ,,
Tyramine (as hydrochloride).............12.40 ,,
Putrescine (as hydrochloride)............1.10 ,,
Cadaverine (as hydrochloride)............4.10 ,,
Leucine ...............................324.90 ,,
Ammonia................................128.74 ,,
FREEZING POINT CURVES OF BINARY MIXTURES: TiCl4-SiCl4, TiCL4-CCU4, TiCl4-SnCl4 AND TiCl4-SbCl5
Authors: Nasu Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Freezing point curves of binary mixtures, TiCl4-SiCl4, TiCl4-SnCl4, TiCl4-CCl4, and TiCl4-SbCl5 have been determined by the methods of both total and differential thermal analyses. In the system TiCl4-SiCl4 an eutectic point lies on the position almost 100% of SiCl4, and with the mixtures TiCl4-CCl4 and TiCl4-SbCl5 a simple eutectic system has been shown, while the mixture TiCl4-SnCl4 shows a simple solid solution.
WATER VAPOUR EQUILIBRIA ON VANADIUM AND ITS OXIDES
Authors: Kobayashi Masami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxidation-reduction equilibrium of vanadium has been investigated by the dynamical method of Wartenberg and Aoyama. By the experiment it has been suggested that the chemical changes take place in the two stages under the experimental conditions, and the reactions might be expressed by the following: V+H2O\ightleftarrowsVO+H2 and 2VO+H2O\ightleftarrowsV2O3+H2. Thermodynamic calculations have been made for the above reactions, and the result of the calculated heats of formation agreed fairly well with that of the determina-tions made by other investigators.
ON THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF ETHYLENE CHLORIDE, 1,1,2,2,-TETRACHLORETHANE AND OF THEIR MIXTURE AND THE MOLAR REFRACTIONS OF THESE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Hamai Senzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) Refractive indices of ethylene chloride, 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane and their binary mixture have been measured.
(2) Variation of the refractive index with respect to temperature and to the molar fractions at 25°C. have been studied.
(3) Linear dependence of the refractive index on the reciprocals of absolute temperature in each case was observed.
(4) Refractive index at round temperature for ethylene chloride and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane and refractive index at round molal fraction for the binary mixture at 25°C. have been tabulated.
(5) The molar refraction for both ethylene chloride and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane have been calculated as 20.82 and 31.23 respectively.
(6) The electric moment μ has been calculated for liquid ethylene chloride to be 1.375×10−18.
PAS VERHALTEN DES PYRIDINRINGES BEI DER ELEKTROCHEMISCHEN OXYDATION. IV. PIPERIDIN
Authors: Yokoyama Moriaki , Yamamoto Kadzuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) Bei der elektrochemischen Oxydation von Piperidin an der Bleidioxydanode in verdünnter Schwefelsäure wurden die folgenden Oxy-dationsprodukte erhalten: δ-Aminovaleriansäure, Bernsteinsäure, Ammonia, Glutarsäure, Ameisensäure, Kohlendioxyd und Kohlenoxyd. Auch die Existenz des δ-Aminovalerianaldehyds konnte wahrscheinlich gemacht werden.
(2) Während der Elektrolyse wurde der kinetische Verlauf der Gasabscheidung an der Anode analytisch verfolgt.
(3) Durch Messung der während der Elektrolyse unter geeigneten Bedingungen auftretenden PH-Aenderungen konnten weitere Anhalts-punkte für den Reaktionsverlauf gewonnen werden.
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF SOLID INTO LIQUID
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) A theory of the rate of solution of solid into liquid was proposed, which is based upon the assumptions that among the molecules, which compose the solid surface, only those, whose components of energies of vibration at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value ε0, can enter into the liquid phase, and that among the molecules in the liquid phase, only those, which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can condense on the solid surface.
According to this theory the rate of solution is expressed by
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
\oindentwhich can be transformed into the following equation.
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
(2) According to the present theory the solubility of solid is given by
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
\oindentor
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
(3) The experimental facts obtained by a number of writers have been interpreted in the light of the present theory.
ON THE COPPER AGE IN ANCIENT CHINA. III
Authors: D\={o}no Tsurumatsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
One spear-head and three halberds which are of the same types as those relics unearthed from Yin Site, were analysed, and it was proved that the spear-head and the two of three halberds must be called the copper implements, and the last one of the halberds contains a considerable amount of tin, therefore this specimen may be called properly a bronze one.
Considered from these results coupled with those described in the previous two papers, all of four spear-heads already studied were of almost pure copper, and four of the six halberds were also pure copper implements and some others were regarded as bronze implements.
Thus, by the present investigation of the author, the existences of the copper age and a transitional period to the bronze age in ancient China were further emphasized.
THE MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE OF ALTER-NATING CURRENT BY KERR CELL
Authors: Yamaguchi Yohei , Miyamoto Kunimoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The monochromatic light of about (λ=) 520μμ was passed through nitrobenzene which was put in crossed nicols and in an alternating electric field of 7,000–25,000 volts/cm., and the intensity of light from the analyser was measured.
(2) The potential of the electric field was calculated from the measured intensity of light by using the known Kerr constant.
(3) The calculated values of potentials are nearly equal to those obtained from the turn ratios of the transformer, but are generally less than the latter.
FUNGI (Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton violaceum, Epidermophyton inguinale, and Aspergillus oryzae) AND FUNGICIDES.
Authors: Harada Taichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effectiveness of various fungicides on Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton violaceum, Epidermophyton inguinale, and Aspergillus oryzae was studied, when added to Sabouroud’s culture medium, previously adjusted to pH 6.9 (±2) and containing 0.5 per cent, of sodium chloride.
The results are tabulated giving the concentrations which permitted, and those which prevented, growth. The pH values at the concentration which prevented growth are recorded.
ON THE HEATS OF FUSION OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, AND ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
Authors: Nasu Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The heats of fusion of TiCl4, CCl4, and SbCl5 were calculated from the data of the depression of freezing point in dilute solutions. The heats of fusion of TiCl4, CCl4 and SbCl5 were found 12.90, 4.40, and 6.40 cals. per gram respectively. These values were in a close agreement with those observed by previous investigators.
In conclusion the writer wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. K. Honda, the President of the Tôhoku Imperial University and to Prof. K. Iwasé for their kind guidances during the course of this work.
A MICRO-METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DISUL-PHIDE-AND SULFHYDRYL-COMPOUNDS. I
Authors: Toyoda Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new micro-method for the determination of R—S–S–R (Cystine) and R–SH (Cysteine) is described, based on the fact that dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride gives a distinct methylene blue colour with R—SH compounds when the proper concentration of acid and of ferric ammonium sulphate are used. The colour thus obtained is permanent.
The advantages of this method are ease in determination, lack of interfering substances under normal biological conditions, and relative equivalence of R—SH and R—S–S–R groups.
LIESEGANG’S STRATIFICATION DEVELOPED IN THE DIATOMACEOUS GYTTIA FROM LAKE HARUNA, AND PROBLEMS RELATED TO IT
Authors: Sugawara Ken 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) An example of Liesegang’s stratification of ferric hydroxide is given, which was formed half experimentally in the medium of diatomaceous gyttia from Lake Haruna.
(2) An evidence is given which strengthens the conviction that true Liesegang’s stratifications can be found in natural sedimentary rocks.
(3) It is pointed out that there are two kinds of ways possible, besides those hitherto established, in which stratifications are developed in lake deposits.
(4) The cycle of iron in a lake is dealt, and a reasoning is given, which supports the view that a considerable portion of the deposited iron is redissolved and is carried back to the main water.
SOME CHEMICAL CHANGES OF MUSCLE PROTEINS IN CANNING
Authors: Okuda Yuzuru , Yamafuji Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The muscle proteins of some hens, various fishes and certain animals were prepared as samples for the purpose of studying what changes take place in the muscle proteins at the time of canning meats under pressure and heating. The materials were sealed in glass-tubes and heated at 130–140°C. for one hour, and changes of materials were studied.
(2) The hydrogen ion concentration of all of the proteins showed a tendency to approach toward the neutral point.
(3) About 20 per cent. of the protein nitrogen was transformed by heating to peptone, peptide, and amino acid nitrogens. The formation of soluble nitrogen compounds, such as these, is considered to cause a speedy putrefaction of contents of an opened can.
(4) As the results of elementary analyses of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, it was found that the quantities of nitrogen and sulphur contained in the proteins generally decreased by heating, and the changes were more marked the higher the values of pH. There was no appreciable change in phosphorus when the solution was neutral, but its amount decreased when the solution was acidic or alkaline, and hence the percentage of carbon increased.
(5) The quantities of NH3 and H2S generated by heating were greater in proportion to the values of pH of the solutions. This result explains the fact that, when the tin of cans are bad and the pH of the contents is high, the contents of the can deteriorate more readily and the colour changes to black.
(6) As the results of the analyses of the proteins by the Van Slyke method, the decrease of the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and cystine nitrogen and the increase of melanine nitrogen were detected especially when the pH value increased. The quantities of cystine, arginine, histidine and lysine contained in the materials showed a tendency of decrease in all three cases and the same tendencies were very remarkable on cystine at the higher value of pH and on lysine at the lower.
(7) Tryptophane by the May-Rose method and tyrosine by the Folin-Denis method were quantitatively analyzed, and the decreases of these substances by heating were very insignificant.
(8)The test for proline was made by the Fisher-Bechner method, but no decomposition by heating was observed.
(9) Cysteine and cystine were analyzed quantitatively by the Okuda-Katai method, and it was found that a part of any one of these acids always changed to the other acid by heating. But the sum of the two always decreased, and the decomposition of both of these acids was remarkable at the higher value of pH, and the decomposition of cysteine was greater than that of cystine.
(10) A part of the protein-sulphur changed by heating to hydrogen sulphide, other sulphides, sulphuric acid and soluble organic sulphur, and the quantities of these substances generated were greater at the higher pH of the solutions, as in the case of the decompositions of cysteine and cystine.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccines
Authors: Schmiedeskamp Mia R , Kockler Denise R 
Published: July 2006

Objective: TO review the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacoeconomics of Cervarix and Gardasil, 2 human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Data Sources: English-language articles were obtained by MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) using the key words human papillomavirus vaccine, Cervarix, and Gardasil. Bibliographies of selected articles were used to identify additional sources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All available published articles or abstracts reporting the results of human studies of HPV vaccines were reviewed for inclusion in this article. Additional information about ongoing clinical trials was obtained from manufacturers' Web sites. Data Synthesis: Cervarix and Gardasil are recombinant vaccines against HPV. Cervarix targets HPV-16 and -18, which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also targets HPV-16 and -18, plus the HPV-6 and -11 types responsible for more than 80% of genital warts. Both vaccines have been effective in preventing persistent infection with targeted HPV types and in preventing cervical intraepithelial lesions, while Gardasil has also been effective in preventing vulvar and vaginal neoplasia and genital warts. Both vaccines have been well tolerated, with the most common adverse effects occurring at the injection site. Phase III trials are ongoing to further evaluate vaccine efficacy. Conclusions: Cervarix and Gardasil are effective for prevention of HPV infection and cervical lesions. Issues remaining to be addressed include duration of protection, efficacy for prevention of cervical cancer, optimal age for vaccination, feasibility of application to the developing world, the ideal combination of HPV subtypes, and the most efficient combination of vaccination and cervical cancer screening.
The Maize Ab10 Meiotic Drive System Maps to Supernumerary Sequences in a Large Complex Haplotype
Authors: Mroczek Rebecca J , Melo Juliana R , Luce Amy C , Hiatt Evelyn N , Dawe R Kelly 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The meiotic drive system on maize abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) is contained within a terminal domain of chromatin that extends the long arm of Ab10 to ∼1.3 times the size of normal chromosome 10L. Ab10 type I (Ab10-I) does not recombine with normal chromosome 10 (N10) over an ∼32-cM terminal region of the long arm. Comparative RFLP mapping demonstrates that multiple independent rearrangements are responsible for the current organization of Ab10-I, including a set of nested inversions and at least one long supernumerary segment at the end of the chromosome. Four major meiotic drive functions, i.e., the recombination effect, smd3, 180-bp neocentromere activity, and the distal tip function, all map to the distal supernumerary segment. TR-1-mediated neocentromere activity (the fifth known drive function) is nonessential in the type II variant of Ab10 and maps to a central region that may include a second supernumerary insertion. Both neocentromere activity and the recombination effect behave as dominant gain-of-function mutations, consistent with the view that meiotic drive involves new or alien gene products. These and other data suggest that the Ab10 meiotic drive system was initially acquired from a related species and that a complex haplotype evolved around it.
The Tribolium castaneum Ortholog of Sex combs reduced Controls Dorsal Ridge Development
Authors: Shippy Teresa D , Rogers Carmelle D , Beeman Richard W , Brown Susan J , Denell Robin E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In insects, the boundary between the embryonic head and thorax is formed by the dorsal ridge, a fused structure composed of portions of the maxillary and labial segments. However, the mechanisms that promote development of this unusual structure remain a mystery. In Drosophila, mutations in the Hox genes Sex combs reduced and Deformed have been reported to cause abnormal dorsal ridge formation, but the significance of these abnormalities is not clear. We have identified three mutant allele classes of Cephalothorax, the Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ortholog of Sex combs reduced, each of which has a different effect on dorsal ridge development. By using Engrailed expression to monitor dorsal ridge development in these mutants, we demonstrate that Cephalothorax promotes the fusion and subsequent dorsolateral extension of the maxillary and labial Engrailed stripes (posterior compartments) during dorsal ridge formation. Molecular and genetic analysis of these alleles indicates that the N terminus of Cephalothorax is important for the fusion step, but is dispensable for Engrailed stripe extension. Thus, we find that specific regions of Cephalothorax are required for discrete steps in dorsal ridge formation.
TheperiodGene Thr-Gly Polymorphism in Australian and AfricanDrosophila melanogasterPopulations: Implications for Selection
Authors: Sawyer Lesley A , Sandrelli Federica , Pasetto Carlo , Peixoto Alexandre A , Rosato Ezio , Costa Rodolfo , Kyriacou Charalambos P 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe period gene is a key regulator of biological rhythmicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The central part of the gene encodes a dipeptide Thr-Gly repeat that has been implicated in the evolution of both circadian and ultradian rhythms. We have previously observed that length variation in the repeat follows a latitudinal cline in Europe and North Africa, so we have sought to extend this observation to the southern hemisphere. We observe a parallel cline in Australia for one of the two major length variants and find higher levels of some Thr-Gly length variants, particularly at the tropical latitudes, that are extremely rare in Europe. In addition we examined &gt;40 haplotypes from sub-Saharan Africa and find a very different and far more variable profile of Thr-Gly sequences. Statistical analysis of the periodicity and codon content of the repeat from all three continents reveals a possible mechanism that may explain how the repeat initially arose in the ancestors of the D. melanogaster subgroup of species. Our results further reinforce the view that thermal selection may have contributed to shaping the continental patterns of Thr-Gly variability.
Regulation of DNA Replication Machinery by Mrc1 in Fission Yeast
Authors: Nitani Naoki , Nakamura Ken-ichi , Nakagawa Chie , Masukata Hisao , Nakagawa Takuro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Faithful replication of chromosomes is crucial to genome integrity. In yeast, the ORC binds replication origins throughout the cell cycle. However, Cdc45 binds these before S-phase, and, during replication, it moves along the DNA with MCM helicase. When replication progression is inhibited, checkpoint regulation is believed to stabilize the replication fork; the detailed mechanism, however, remains unclear. To examine the relationship between replication initiation and elongation defects and the response to replication elongation block, we used fission yeast mutants of Orc1 and Cdc45—orp1-4 and sna41-928, respectively—at their respective semipermissive temperatures with regard to BrdU incorporation. Both orp1 and sna41 cells exhibited HU hypersensitivity in the absence of Chk1, a DNA damage checkpoint kinase, and were defective in full activation of Cds1, a replication checkpoint kinase, indicating that normal replication is required for Cds1 activation. Mrc1 is required to activate Cds1 and prevent the replication machinery from uncoupling from DNA synthesis. We observed that, while either the orp1 or the sna41 mutation partially suppressed HU sensitivity of cds1 cells, sna41 specifically suppressed that of mrc1 cells. Interestingly, sna41 alleviated the defect in recovery from HU arrest without increasing Cds1 activity. In addition to sna41, specific mutations of MCM suppressed the HU sensitivity of mrc1 cells. Thus, during elongation, Mrc1 may negatively regulate Cdc45 and MCM helicase to render stalled forks capable of resuming replication.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐Stilbenes via Organozinc Reagents and Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Wang Jin‐Xian , Wang Kehu , Zhao Lianbiao , Li Hongxia , Fu Ying , Hu Yulai 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl2(PPh3)2 and a silylating agent, organozinc halides reacted with carbonyl compounds to give the corresponding (E)‐stilbenes in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. The reaction mechanism is briefly discussed.
The 3‐(3‐Pyridine)propionyl Anchor Group for Protease‐Catalyzed Resolutions: p‐Toluenesulfinamide and Sterically Hindered Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Savile Christopher K. , Kazlauskas Romas J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCompared to an acetyl acyl group, the 3‐(3‐pyridine)propionyl group increases substrate binding to many proteases and substrate solubility in water, thereby increasing the rates of protease‐catalyzed reactions. For example, proteases reacted up to six hundred‐fold faster with the 3‐(3‐pyridine)propionyl ester of 1‐phenylethanol than with the corresponding acetate ester. In addition, the 3‐(3‐pyridine)propionyl group enables a simple, mild acid extraction to separate the remaining starting material and product. To demonstrate the synthetic usefulness of this strategy, we resolved multi‐gram quantities of (R)‐ and (S)‐p‐toluenesulfinamide with α‐chymotrypsin and gram quantities of (R)‐ and (S)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopentanol with subtilisin Carlsberg. The 3‐(3‐pyridyl)propionyl group was better for these resolutions than the corresponding acetate or dihydrocinnamate because it decreased the reaction time due to increased reactivity, decreased the reaction volume due to increased substrate solubility and enabled purification without chromatography. Molecular modeling suggests the enantioselectivity of α‐chymotrypsin toward (R)‐p‐toluenesulfinamide is high (E=52) because of a favorable hydrophobic interaction between the p‐tolyl group of the fast‐reacting (R)‐enantiomer and leaving group pocket. The enantioselectivity of subtilisin Carlsberg toward (S)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopentanol is high (E=43) because the large substituent (the 2,2‐dimethyl quaternary carbon) of the slow‐reacting (R)‐enantiomer cannot fit in the S1′ leaving group pocket.