bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inhibition spectrum of solar urticaria suppresses the wheal–flare response following intradermal injection with photo‐activated autologous serum but not with compound 48/80
Authors: Fukunaga A. , Horikawa T. , Yamamoto A. , Yamada Y. , Nishigori C. 
Published: May 2006

Background: The inhibition spectrum (IS) in solar urticaria was identified mainly in Japanese patients with solar urticaria, although the mechanism of action of the IS has not been elucidated.Methods: Because an intradermal injection of action spectrum (AS)‐irradiated serum in a case of solar urticaria induced a wheal response, we studied the responsiveness of the intradermal injection after an IS irradiation.Results: An AS in this patient was composed of visible light shorter than 500 nm, while an IS was composed of visible light longer than 530 nm. When the IS was exposed immediately after the AS irradiation, the wheal response was inhibited. However, when the IS was exposed before the AS irradiation, the wheal response was not inhibited. An intradermal injection of her serum produced no reaction, whereas an intradermal injection of her serum pre‐irradiated with visible light induced a wheal flare response. Further examination revealed that the in vivo wheal‐inducing activity of her serum irradiated with visible light could be attenuated by post‐IS irradiation at the injection site, while the wheal‐inducing activity of her visible light‐irradiated serum was not inhibited by irradiation of the activated serum with the IS. The wheal–flare response induced by compound 48/80 and histamine was not altered by IS irradiation at the site of skin tests.Conclusion: These findings indicate that photoallergens in the patient's serum that are activated by visible light irradiation are responsible for the development of her symptoms and that the IS may suppress the wheal response by inhibiting the binding of the photoallergens to mast cells, not by inactivating the photoallergens and stabilizing mast cells.
Effects of some emollients on the transmission of ultraviolet
Authors: Fetil Emel , Akarsu Sevgi , Ilknur Turna , Kuşku Ergün , Güneş Ali Tahsin 
Published: May 2006

Background/purpose: Various topical agents which can be used in combination with phototherapy may have blocking or enhancing effects. In this in vivo study, the effects of topical petrolatum, basis cream, glycerine and olive oil on the transmission of ultraviolet B (UVB) were investigated.Methods: A phototest was performed to determine the minimal erythema dose (MED) on 32 volunteers and the test was repeated with white petrolatum, basis cream, glycerine, olive oil and sunscreen (0.3 cm3/25 cm2). The effects of each agent on MED was determined after 24 h.Results: MEDs were increased with the application of white petrolatum and basis cream. However, MEDs were not changed with the application of glycerine and olive oil.Conclusion: The application of white petrolatum and basis cream, which have blocking effects, immediately before UVB therapy is not recommended. However, glycerine and olive oil, which does not have any effect, can be used before phototherapy.
In vivo persistent pigment darkening method: a demonstration of the reproducibility of the UVA protection factors results at several testing laboratories
Authors: Moyal Dominique , Wichrowski Karine , Tricaud Caroline 
Published: May 2006

Background/Purpose: The aims of the present studies were to check that persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method can produce accurate and reproducible results for high UVA protection factors (UVAPF) and to provide data on the variability between laboratories and on the influence of skin types.Methods: The Japanese Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) PPD method was used to determine the UVAPF in different laboratories of different sunscreen formulations with increasing UVAPF. Two formulations were tested at seven independent laboratories and five products within two laboratories. The influence of skin types on the UVAPF of two products was tested within one laboratory on two panels of volunteers. All laboratories complied with the JCIA method specifications.Results: Reproducible results have been obtained between the different labs and a low and satisfactory variability was achieved with a panel size of 10 subjects. Furthermore, skin type was demonstrated to have no influence within the defined selection criteria.Conclusions: From this multiple center testing, the PPD method has been shown to be appropriate for testing sunscreen formulations with UVAPFs above 20. It is reasonable to expect that test results will be consistent if an identical protocol is used between laboratories.
Current situation of dermatologic surgery in Germany
Authors: Hensen Peter , Müller Marcel L. , Petres Johannes , Luger Thomas A. , Gollnick Harald 
Published: May 2006

Summary Background: Dermatologic surgery has become an increasingly important issue in dermatology in recent years. At present, no current epidemiologic or care‐related data on cutaneous surgery procedures in dermatology are available. Methods: To determine the extent of cutaneous surgery procedures in dermatological hospitals, a national survey was performed. Both the procedure codes for 2004 based on the OPS‐classification and the DRG figures grouped to the major diagnostic category 09 of G‐DRG version 2004 were considered in detail. Methods of descriptive statistics were applied. Results: The submitted data reveal that the contributing hospitals provided 164487 cutaneous surgery procedures in the investigation period. The vast majority is represented by extensive procedures and plastic‐reconstructive operations, as opposed to less complex surgeries such as simple excisions. Analysis of DRG assignment indicates that surgical procedures account for 44.2% of inpatient cases. Conclusions: The present survey demonstrates that in Germany cutaneous surgery procedures are widely performed by dermatological hospitals and dermatologists. The increasing incidence of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer including precursor lesions will increase the need for dermatologists to perform cutaneous surgery in the future.
The -M relationship in pre-main sequence stars
Authors: Clarke C. J. , Pringle J. E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We examine the recent data and analysis of Natta et al. concerning the accretion rate on to young stars as a function of stellar mass, and conclude that the apparently steep dependence of accretion rate on mass is strongly driven by selection/detection thresholds. We argue that a convincing demonstration of a physical relationship between accretion and stellar mass requires further studies which, as is the case for Natta et al., include information on upper limits, and which quantify the possible incompleteness of the sample, at both low and high accretion rates. We point out that the distribution of detections in the (M, )-plane can in principle be used to test conventional accretion disc evolutionary models, and that higher sensitivity observations might be able to test the hypothesis of accelerated disc clearing at late times.
Sub-GeV flashes in γ-ray burst afterglows as probes of underlying bright far-ultraviolet flares
Authors: Fan Yizhong , Piran Tsvi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Bright optical and X-ray flares have been observed in many γ-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. These flares have been attributed to late activity of the central engine. In most cases the peak energy is not known and it is possible and even likely that there is a significant far-ultraviolet component. These far-ultraviolet photons escape our detection because they are absorbed by the neutral hydrogen before reaching Earth. However, these photons cross the blast wave produced by the ejecta that has powered the initial GRB. They can be inverse Compton upscattered by hot electrons within this blast wave. This process will produce a strong sub-GeV flare that follows the high-energy (soft X-ray) tail of the far-ultraviolet flare but lasts much longer and can be detected by the upcoming Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) satellite. This signature can be used to probe the spectrum of the underlying far-ultraviolet flare. The extra cooling produced by this inverse Compton process can lower the X-ray emissivity of the forward shock and explain the unexpected low, early X-ray flux seen in many GRBs.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED MODIFICATION OF BLACK CURRANT OIL
Authors: KADAM M. , BHOWMICK D.N. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Black currant seed oil was modified with capric acid using a 1,3‐specific lipase, Lipozyme IM. Acidolysis reactions were carried out in the presence of organic solvents. A typical acidolysis reaction was carried out with 1:5 mole ratio of black currant oil (BCO) to capric acid in isooctane at 60C with Lipozyme IM. Effects of reaction temperature, mole ratio of reactants, enzyme load and reaction medium on the incorporation of capric acid were studied. About 42.16 mol % of capric acid was incorporated into BCO after 15 h of reaction. Modified BCO is expected to have beneficial effects on health.
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYLACTIC ACID/WHEAT GLUTEN BLENDS
Authors: MOHAMED ABDELLATIF A. , GORDON SHERALD H. , CARRIERE CRAIG J. , KIM SANGHOON 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The interaction between polylactic acid (PLA) and wheat gluten (gluten) has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and phase contrast microscope. The primary DSC thermogram of gluten showed one glass transition (Tg) at 63C. Neat (pure) PLA also showed a Tg around the same temperature range followed by crystallization (Cry) and a melting (Mel) transition. Different PLA : gluten blends (20:80, 50:50, 80:20) showed a Tg followed by PLA Cry and immediate Mel transitions. However, subsequent heating‐cooling cycling of the blend demonstrated a decrease in PLA Cry and Mel transitions and the appearance of a second Tg. The presence of gluten reduced the number of cycles needed to change PLA Cry structure to mostly amorphous. The low PLA Cry indicates an interaction between the two polymers. The TGA data showed slower PLA degradation compared with gluten, where 10% was degraded at 316C while 10% of the gluten degraded at 254C. Solid‐state FTIR showed that amide I and II peaks significantly decreased signifying gluten‐heat degradation. A strong peak, corresponding to ester formation between gluten and hydrolyzed gluten molecules, appeared at 1750/cm. The esterification increased in the presence of PLA. The phase contrast microscope demonstrated that the melting of PLA starts at 150C, which means that the continuous phase between 150 and 250C was the melted PLA. At 220C, gluten formed a thin layer; and at about 245C, it aggregated.
Regulation of the cell swelling‐activated chloride conductance by cholesterol‐rich membrane domains
Authors: Lim C. H. , Schoonderwoerd K. , Kleijer W. J. , De Jonge H. R. , Tilly B. C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  The role of high cholesterol‐containing microdomains in the signal transduction cascade leading to the activation of volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs) was studied.Methods:  Osmotic cell swelling‐induced efflux of 125I− was determined in human epithelial Intestine 407 cells and in skin fibroblasts obtained from healthy controls or Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) patients. Cellular cholesterol content was modulated by pre‐incubation with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin in the presence of acceptor lipid vesicles.Results:  Osmotic cell swelling of human Intestine 407 cells leads to the rapid activation of a compensatory anion conductance. Treatment of the cells with cyclodextrin enhanced the response to submaximal hypotonic stimulation by approx. twofold, but did not further increase the efflux elicited by a saturating stimulus. In contrast, the volume‐sensitive anion efflux was markedly inhibited when cholesterol‐loaded cyclodextrin was used. Potentiation of the response by cholesterol depletion was maintained in caveolin‐1 deficient Caco‐2 colonocytes as well as in sphingomyelinase‐treated Intestine 407 cells, indicating that cholesterol‐rich microdomains are not crucially involved. However, treatment of the cells with progesterone, an inhibitor of NPC1‐dependent endosomal cholesterol trafficking, not only markedly reduced the hypotonicity‐provoked anion efflux, but also prevented its potentiation by cyclodextrin. In addition, the volume‐sensitive anion efflux from human NPC skin fibroblasts was significantly smaller when compared with control fibroblasts.Conclusions:  The results support a model of regulatory volume decrease involving recruitment of volume‐sensitive anion channels from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane.
Osmotic stress and the cytoskeleton: the R(h)ole of Rho GTPases
Authors: Di Ciano‐Oliveira C. , Thirone A. C. P. , Szászi K. , Kapus A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHyperosmotic stress initiates a variety of compensatory and adaptive responses, which either serve to restore near‐normal volume or remodel and reinforce the cell structure to withstand the physical challenge. The latter response is brought about by the reorganization of the cytoskeleton; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent research has provided major breakthroughs in our knowledge about the link between message and structure, i.e. between signalling and cytoskeletal remodelling, predominantly in the context of cell migration. The major components of this progress are the in‐depth characterization of Rho family small GTPases, master regulators of the cytoskeleton, and the discovery of the actin‐related protein 2/3 complex, a signalling‐sensitive structural element of the actin polymerization machinery. The primary aim of this review is to find the place of these novel and crucial players in osmotically induced (volume‐dependent) remodelling of the cytoskeleton. We aim to address three questions: (1) What are the major structural changes in the cytoskeleton under hyperosmotic conditions? (2) Are the Rho family small GTPases (Rho, Rac and Cdc42) regulated by osmotic stress, and if so, by what mechanisms? (3) Are Rho GTPases involved, as mediators, in major adaptive responses, including cytoskeleton rearrangement, changes in ion transport and genetic reprogramming? Our answers will show how fragmentary our current knowledge is in these areas. Therefore, this overview has been written with the hardly disguised intention that it might foster further research in this field by highlighting some intriguing questions.
Hyperosmotic activation of the CD95 death receptor system
Authors: Reinehr R. , Häussinger D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractApoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. These features distinguish apoptosis from other types of cell death, such as necrosis. Whereas some signs of apoptosis, such as externalization of phosphatidylserine, altered mitochondrial function or activation of caspases are cell type‐ and death signal‐dependent, apoptotic cell volume decrease (AVD) is an early and ubiquitous event and little is known about the signalling events, which are localized upstream of the plasma membrane transport steps leading to AVD and the proapoptotic events, which are induced by osmolyte loss and cell shrinkage. In hepatocytes hyperosmotic shrinkage sensitizes the cells towards CD95 ligand‐induced apoptosis by activating the CD95 system. This complex process with a NADPH oxidase‐derived reactive oxygen species signal as an important upstream event, allows via Yes, JNK and epidermal growth factor‐receptor activation for CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation as a prerequisite for CD95 targeting to the plasma membrane and formation of the death inducing signalling complex. Other covalent modifications such as CD95‐tyrosine‐nitration or CD95‐serine/threonine‐phosphorylation can interfere with the CD95 activation process. The findings not only provide a mechanistic explanation for the high susceptibility of dehydrated cells for apoptosis, but also give insight into the role of AVD.
The hepatocyte integrin system and cell volume sensing
Authors: Häussinger D. , Reinehr R. , Schliess F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlterations of cell volume induced by either aniso‐osmotic environments or under the influence of hormones, concentrative amino acid uptake and oxidative stress were recognized as an independent signal contributing to the regulation of metabolism and gene expression. The regulation of cell function by hydration changes requires structures, which register fluctuations of cell hydration (osmosensing) and thereby activate intracellular signalling pathways towards effector sites (osmosignalling). Meanwhile, it is well established that osmosensing and signalling integrate into the overall context of hormone‐ and nutrient‐induced signal transduction. Recent evidence suggests integrins to play a major role in osmosensing and signalling due to hepatocyte swelling. This review focuses on the role of integrins in sensing of hepatocyte swelling as triggered by hypo‐osmolarity, glutamine and insulin and the relevance of integrin‐dependent osmosignalling for inhibition of autophagic proteolysis, stimulation of canalicular bile acid excretion and regulatory volume decrease.
Swelling‐activated chloride channels in aqueous humour formation: on the one side and the other
Authors: Do C. W. , Civan M. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAqueous humour is secreted by the ciliary epithelium comprising pigmented and non‐pigmented cell layers facing the stroma and aqueous humour respectively. Net chloride secretion likely limits the rate of aqueous humour formation and proceeds in three steps: stromal chloride entry into pigmented cells, diffusion through gap junctions and final non‐pigmented cell secretion. Swelling‐activated chloride channels function on both epithelial surfaces. At the stromal surface, swelling‐ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐activated maxi‐chloride channels can recycle chloride, reducing net chloride secretion. At the aqueous‐humour surface, swelling‐ and A3 adenosine receptor‐activated chloride channels subserve chloride release into the aqueous humour. The similar macroscopic properties of the two non‐pigmented cell chloride currents suggest that both flow through a common conduit. In addition, measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) in living wild‐type and mutant mice have confirmed that A3 adenosine receptor‐activated agonists and antagonists increase and lower IOP respectively. Isolated ciliary epithelial cells are commonly perfused with hypotonic solution to probe and characterize chloride channels, but the physiological role of swelling‐activated channels has been unclear without knowing their epithelial distribution. Recently, hypotonic challenge has been found to stimulate the chloride‐sensitive short‐circuit current across the intact bovine ciliary epithelium, suggesting that the net effect of the swelling‐activated chloride currents is oriented to enhance aqueous humour formation. Taken together, the results suggest that swelling‐activated chloride channels are predominantly oriented to enhance aqueous humour secretion, and these chloride channels at the aqueous surface may be identical with adenosine receptor‐activated chloride channels which likely modulate aqueous inflow and IOP in the living mouse.
How tonicity regulates genes: story of TonEBP transcriptional activator
Authors: Jeon U. S. , Kim J.‐A. , Sheen M. R. , Kwon H. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTonEBP stimulates genes whose products drive cellular accumulation of organic osmolytes and HSP70, which protect cells from the deleterious effects of hypertonicity and urea, respectively. Mice deficient in the TonEBP gene display severe atrophy of the renal medulla because cells failed to adapt to the hyperosmolality. Emerging data suggest that TonEBP plays a key role in the urinary concentrating mechanism by stimulating the UT‐A urea transporters and possibly AQP2 water channel. Thus, TonEBP is an essential regulator in the urinary concentrating mechanism. Studies on structural basis of TonEBP function have revealed the structure of the DNA binding domain, and defined the transactivation domains. Molecular mechanisms underlying the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, transactivation, and phosphorylation in response to changes in tonicity need to be understood in molecular detail. Such knowledge is needed for the identification of the sensor that detects changes in ambient tonicity and signals to TonEBP.
The role of the neutral amino acid transporter SNAT2 in cell volume regulation
Authors: Franchi‐Gazzola R. , Dall'Asta V. , Sala R. , Visigalli R. , Bevilacqua E. , Gaccioli F. , Gazzola G. C. , Bussolati O. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSodium‐dependent neutral amino acid transporter‐2 (SNAT2), the ubiquitous member of SLC38 family, accounts for the activity of transport system A for neutral amino acids in most mammalian tissues. As the transport process performed by SNAT2 is highly energized, system A substrates, such as glutamine, glycine, proline and alanine, reach high transmembrane gradients and constitute major components of the intracellular amino acid pool. Moreover, through a complex array of exchange fluxes, involving other amino acid transporters, and of metabolic reactions, such as the synthesis of glutamate from glutamine, SNAT2 activity influences the cell content of most amino acids, thus determining the overall size and the composition of the intracellular amino acid pool. As amino acids represent a large fraction of cell organic osmolytes, changes of SNAT2 activity are followed by modifications in both cell amino acids and cell volume. This mechanism is utilized by many cell types to perform an effective regulatory volume increase (RVI) upon hypertonic exposure. Under these conditions, the expression of SNAT2 gene is induced and newly synthesized SNAT2 proteins are preferentially targeted to the cell membrane, leading to a significant increase of system A transport Vmax. In cultured human fibroblasts incubated under hypertonic conditions, the specific silencing of SNAT2 expression, obtained with anti‐SNAT2 siRNAs, prevents the increase in system A transport activity, hinders the expansion of intracellular amino acid pool, and significantly delays cell volume recovery. These results demonstrate the pivotal role played by SNAT2 induction in the short‐term hypertonic RVI and suggest that neutral amino acids behave as compatible osmolytes in hypertonically stressed cells.
Tyrosine kinases and osmolyte fluxes during hyposmotic swelling
Authors: Pasantes‐Morales H. , Lezama R. A. , Ramos‐Mandujano G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRecent evidence documents the involvement of protein tyrosine kinases (TK) in the signalling network activated by hyposmotic swelling and regulatory volume decrease. Both receptor type and cytosolic TK participate as signalling elements in the variety of cell adaptive responses to volume changes, which include adhesion reactions, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, temporal deformation/remodelling of the membrane and stress‐detecting mechanisms. The present review refers to the influence of TK on the activation/operation of the osmolyte efflux pathways, ultimately leading to cell volume recovery, i.e. the osmosensitive Cl− channel (Cl), the K+ channels activated by swelling in the different cell types and the taurine efflux pathway as representative of the organic osmolyte pathway.