bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binding and localization of recombinant lubricin to articular cartilage surfaces
Authors: Jones Aled R.C. , Gleghorn Jason P. , Hughes Clare E. , Fitz Lori J. , Zollner Richard , Wainwright Shane D. , Caterson Bruce , Morris Elisabeth A. , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Flannery Carl R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLubricin is a secreted, cytoprotective glycoprotein that contributes to the essential boundary lubrication mechanisms necessary for maintaining low friction levels at articular cartilage surfaces. Diminishment of lubricin function is thereby implicated as an adverse contributing factor in degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. Lubricin occurs as a soluble component of synovial fluid, and is synthesized and localized in the superficial layer of articular cartilage (and thus has also been described as “superficial zone protein”, or SZP); however, defined interactions responsible for lubricin retention at this site are not well characterized. In the current studies, we identified molecular determinants that enable lubricin to effectively bind to articular cartilage surfaces. Efficient and specific binding to the superficial zone was observed for synovial lubricin, as well as for recombinant full‐length lubricin and a protein construct comprising the lubricin C‐terminal (hemopexin‐like) domain (LUB‐C, encoded by exons 7–12). A construct representing the N‐terminal region of lubricin (LUB‐N, encoded by exons 2–5) exhibited no appreciable cartilage‐binding ability, but displayed the capacity to dimerize, and thus potentially influence lubricin aggregation. Disulfide bond disruption significantly attenuated recombinant lubricin and LUB‐C binding to cartilage surfaces, demonstrating a requirement for protein secondary structure in facilitating the appropriate localization of lubricin at relevant tissue interfaces. These findings help identify additional key attributes contributing to lubricin functionality, which would be expected to be instrumental in maintaining joint homeostasis. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Physico‐chemical and functional properties of proteins from green mussel (Perna viridis) during ice storage
Authors: Binsi PK , Shamasundar BA , Dileep AO 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of ice storage on the properties of proteins from green mussel (Perna viridis) has been investigated. Ice storage of green mussel for a period of 19 days revealed a marginal increase in moisture and decrease in total nitrogen content. There was significant reduction (P < 0.05) in non‐protein nitrogen content and calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activity. The solubility of the total proteins in high ionic strength buffer decreased marginally. The ice storage of green mussel had a significant effect on association‐dissociation/denaturation phenomenon of proteins as revealed by gel filtration profile, reduced viscosity values and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) pattern. The dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of green mussel meat in the temperature range of 30–90 °C revealed higher storage modulus (G′) values at a later part of ice storage. The emulsion capacity of green mussel did not show significant variation (P < 0.05) during ice storage. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Importance of instrumental and sensory analysis in the assessment of oxidative deterioration of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid‐rich foods
Authors: Kolanowski Wojciech , Jaworska Danuta , Weißbrodt Jenny 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOmega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) positively influence human health. Their main dietary source is fish, especially fish oil. Owing to low fish consumption in many Western countries the average intake of omega‐3 LC PUFA is below the recommended level. This raises interest in diet supplementation and food enrichment with fish oil. However, due to a high degree of unsaturation fish oil is extremely susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation of fish oil increases when added to food products, which may be enhanced by some antioxidants, under certain conditions. For quality control of omega‐3 LC PUFA‐containing foods adequate and combined methods of oxidation assessment should be used, beginning from the raw material and continuing during processing, storage and distribution. To achieve this goal correlation of instrumental and sensory methods with multivariate data analysis may give the best results. In this paper problems of oxidation of fish oil and fish oil‐containing foods, as well as methods for its assessment, are reviewed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Segmenting voters online: the youth vote
Authors: Chicksand Lorna , Carrigan Marylyn 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

This paper will build on previous work that has examined the impact of the Internet on political processes, such as the work of Gibson and Ward (1998, 2003) and Dermody and Wring (2001). Most of this work has focused on developing frameworks with which to analyse the ‘effectiveness’ of these websites. Our approach complements this earlier work by utilizing an interpretive methodology (Thompson, 1996) to gain a deeper insight into end‐users perceptions of political parties' websites. This paper will discuss the activities of young people on the Net and outline some of the reasons why political parties' websites are failing to attract a younger audience. A consideration of the technical factors that make a ‘good’ website will be followed by in‐depth interviews with young people to elicit their views and experiences of political parties' websites. At a time when voter apathy is at an all time low, this study is especially relevant.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engaging the media in diabetes prevention in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunathilake W , Kulasinghe Rajendra , Siriwardana A , Hettiarchchi K , Thomson GA , Fernando DJS 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReaching entire populations with information relevant to the prevention of diabetes and its complications is a challenge wherever it is faced. However, given the complex issues of literacy, multi‐ethnic communities, language differences and cultural variations, these problems are compounded in developing nations. In this article we describe a campaign co‐funded by the World Diabetes Foundation, the Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Trust of Sri Lanka, and the charitable Sri Lanka Education Fund held in Trust at Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Trust. This campaign has sought to reach a large part of the population of Sri Lanka with education intended to reduce the present explosion of diabetes and its complications in this developing nation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Training people to live healthier lives and teach others to do the same
Authors: Guthreau C , Castañeda A , Alen MC 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiabetes education is the cornerstone of effective self‐care. People with diabetes must understand the physiology of their disease, as well as the interrelated components of self‐management in order to achieve optimum control and reduce the risk of acute and chronic complications. Unfortunately, health workers often do not have the time nor the training to provide diabetes education in a format that is accessible to all — including the elderly and those with limited literacy.Poor patient education has contributed to making diabetes the leading cause of death in Mexico. In response, Project HOPE (an international organisation specialising in health education) developed a 24‐hour course in a game‐based, interactive format for people diagnosed with diabetes and for those at risk. Grounded in the philosophy of empowerment, the ‘5 Steps to Self‐Care’ course is imparted over 12 weeks, with weekly homework assignments that reinforce learning as participants share what they learn about diabetes with family and friends. With promising quantitative (A1c) and qualitative (‘well‐being’) indicators, the ‘5 Steps’ course has been transferred via a ‘training of trainers’ model to multidisciplinary teams of health workers in 16 primary care clinics and three community groups serving a region of two million inhabitants outside Mexico City. In addition, the project has spurred a grass‐roots ‘peer education’ initiative, with course graduates serving as role models and educating others in how to prevent, detect and better manage diabetes at the community level. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Fibrillar structure of self‐assemblies formed from heterocomplementary monomers linked through sextuple hydrogen‐bonding arrays
Authors: Buhler E. , Candau S. J. , Schmidt J. , Talmon Y. , Kolomiets E. , Lehn J.‐M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nanostructure of the fibrillar supramolecular aggregates generated in decane solutions of homoditopic heterocomplementary monomers forming sextuple hydrogen‐bond‐mediated self‐assemblies was investigated by small‐angle neutron scattering and cryogenic‐temperature transmission electron microscopy. The persistence length (Lp) of the fibrillar aggregates was found to be ∼18 nm, as inferred from combined measurements of the radius of gyration and of the contour length. The values of both the weight‐average molecular weight and the mass per unit length of the fibers suggest that the latter consist of few aggregated monomolecular wires. At T = 25 °C, the formation of branched aggregates occurs around the crossover concentration, C*, between the dilute and semidilute regimes, whereas the classical behavior of equilibrium polymers is observed at T = 65 °C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 103–115, 2007
Crystallization and crystal structure of poly(ester amide)s derived from L‐tartaric acid
Authors: Regaño Celia , Marín Romina , Alla Abdelilah , Iribarren José I. , De Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure and crystallization behavior of a series of poly(ester amide)s derived from L‐tartaric acid, 1,6‐hexanediamine, and 6‐amino‐1‐hexanol were examined. The study included aregic polymers containing 5, 10, and 20% of ester groups in addition to the syndioregic polymer containing equal amounts of amide and ester groups. X‐ray diffraction data revealed that all the aregic poly(ester amide)s adopt the same crystal structure as the parent polyamide made of L‐tartaric acid, and 1,6‐hexanediamine. In this structure, chains are slightly compressed and arranged as in the α‐form of nylon 66. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that ester groups are excluded from the crystal phase except for the case of the syndioregic polymer. Isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed according to the Avrami theory. Crystallization rates were found to decrease regularly with increasing contents in ester groups and with increasing crystallization temperature. Avrami exponent values close to 2 were found whereas spherulitic morphologies were observed by optical microscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 116–125, 2007
Polymer electrolyte membranes by in situ polymerization of poly(ethylene carbonate‐co‐ethylene oxide) macromonomers in blends with poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)
Authors: Elmér Anette Munch , Jannasch Patric 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSalt‐containing membranes based on polymethacrylates having poly(ethylene carbonate‐co‐ethylene oxide) side chains, as well as their blends with poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP), have been studied. Self‐supportive ion conductive membranes were prepared by casting films of methacrylate functional poly(ethylene carbonate‐co‐ethylene oxide) macromonomers containing lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, followed by irradiation with UV‐light to polymerize the methacrylate units in situ. Homogenous electrolyte membranes based on the polymerized macromonomers showed a conductivity of 6.3 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 20 °C. The preparation of polymer blends, by the addition of PVDF‐HFP to the electrolytes, was found to greatly improve the mechanical properties. However, the addition led to an increase of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ion conductive phase by ∼5 °C. The conductivity of the blend membranes was thus lower in relation to the corresponding homogeneous polymer electrolytes, and 2.5 × 10−6 S cm−1 was recorded for a membrane containing 10 wt % PVDF‐HFP at 20 °C. Increasing the salt concentration in the blend membranes was found to increase the Tg of the ion conductive component and decrease the propensity for the crystallization of the PVDF‐HFP component. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 79–90, 2007
Photophysical and electroluminescent properties of fluorene‐based binary and ternary donor–acceptor polymer blends
Authors: Wu Wen‐Chung , Lee Wen‐Ya , Pai Chia‐Ling , Chen Wen‐Chang , Tuan Chih‐Shen , Lin Jen‐Lien 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photophysical and electroluminescent properties of fluorene‐based polymer blend systems were studied, including blue‐emitting poly[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)] (PF), green‐emitting poly[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)‐alt‐5,8‐quinoxaline] (PFQ), yellow‐emitting poly[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PFBT), and red‐emitting poly[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)‐alt‐5,7‐(thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine)] (PFTP). The binary polymer blends, based on PF blended with 5–25 wt % PFQ or PFBT, were studied to rationalize the effects of the chemical structures and compositions on the intermolecular energy transfer and quantum efficiency. A significant enhancement of quantum efficiency was observed by the blending of a relatively small amount of PFQ or PFBT. Ternary blends composed of PF, PFQ (or PFBT), and PFTP were also studied for potential white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). The precise composition control of the polymer blends resulted in incomplete Förster energy transfer and emissions from all the components simultaneously. White‐emitting electroluminescence was achieved by the blending of PF with relatively small amounts of the PFQ (or PFBT) and PFTP. The luminance yield and maximum external quantum efficiency of the WLED with the ternary blend FBTTP1 (PF/PFBT/PFTP = 99.65:0.05:0.30 w/w/w) as the emissive layer were 1.89 cd/A and 0.47%, respectively. The electron‐acceptor characteristics, Förster energy transfer, and emissive colors govern the design of WLEDs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 67–78, 2007
Genome‐based identification and characterization of a putative mucin‐binding protein from the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Bumbaca Daniela , Littlejohn James E. , Nayakanti Hannah , Lucas Alexander H. , Rigden Daniel J. , Galperin Michael Y. , Jedrzejas Mark J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae open reading frame SP1492 encodes a surface protein that contains a novel conserved domain similar to the repeated fragments of mucin‐binding proteins from lactobacilli and lactococci. To investigate the functional role(s) of this protein and its potential adhesive properties, the surface‐exposed region of SP1492 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and partially characterized by biophysical and immunological methods. Circular dichroism and sedimentation measurements confirmed that SP1492 is an all‐β protein that exists in solution as a monomer. The SP1492 protein has been shown to be expressed by S. pneumoniae and was experimentally localized to its surface. The protein functional domain binds to mucins II and III from porcine stomach and to purified submaxillary bovine gland mucin. It appears to be one of the very few unambiguous pneumococcal adhesin molecules known to date. A hypothetical model constructed by ab initio techniques predicts a novel β‐sandwich protein structure. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular dynamics studies of hexamers of amyloid‐β peptide (16–35) and its mutants: Influence of charge states on amyloid formation
Authors: Han Wei , Wu Yun‐Dong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo study the early stage of amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) aggregation, hexamers of the wild‐type (WT) Aβ16–35 and its mutants with amyloid‐like conformations have been studied by molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water for a total time of 1.7 μs. We found that the amyloid‐like structures in the WT oligomers are destabilized by the solvation of ionic D23/K28 residues, which are buried in the fibrils. This means that the desolvation of D23/K28 residues may contribute to the kinetic barrier of aggregation in the early stage. In the E22Q/D23N, D23N/K28Q, and E22Q/D23N/K28Q mutants, hydration becomes much less significant because the mutated residues have neutral amide side‐chains. These amide side‐chains can form linear cross‐strand hydrogen bond chains, or “polar zippers”, if dehydrated. These “polar zippers” increase the stability of the amyloid‐like conformation, reducing the barrier for the early‐stage oligomerization. This is in accord with experimental observations that both the D23/K28 lactamization and the E22Q/D23N mutation promote aggregation. We also found that the E22Q/D23N mutant prefers an amyloid‐like conformation that differs from the one found for WT Aβ. This suggests that different amyloid structures may be formed under different conditions. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two module factoring techniques
Authors: Calliss F. W. , Cornelius B. J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract‘Module factoring’ is the process by which a module can be split into smaller modules each of which performs a distinct task. Two techniques are presented for determining which entities are to be grouped together. The first technique involves analysing a module with respect to its type‐families, while the second technique involves analysing a module's entities with respect to the modules importing the entities. Such techniques have proved useful in the maintenance of large programs.
Harmonizing the development, maintenance and enhancement of application systems
Authors: Ricketts J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRenovation is the computer‐aided rejuvenation of existing application systems according to sound engineering principles. It differs from traditional maintenance in that it bridges the gap between ageing and contemporary systems by making both amenable to engineering. For systems that were not engineered originally or that have deteriorated over time, it makes maintenance and enhancement far more tractable.Information systems engineering is conducted in four ways, three of which renovate existing systems so that the fourth can be conducted with less regard for system age or original technology:re‐engineering—transformation of bad code into good code, and bad data into good data,reverse‐engineering—derivation of specifications from good code and data,transverse‐engineering—transformation of derived specs into designed specs,forward‐engineering—creation of working systems from designed specs.The renovation approach to information systems evolution preserves much of the sizeable investment that organizations have in their systems while removing constraints imposed by old technologies. Development, maintenance and enhancement then proceed in harmony because systems are compatible and their definitions are flexible. Renovation should be considered during the formation of information systems architectures and project plans.
Dynamic change management and Ada
Authors: Burns A. , Wellings A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany large real‐time systems are expected to have a long, non‐stop operational life. It cannot, however, be assumed that the code that initially started executing will remain appropriate for the complete lifetime of the system. Indeed it will more likely be the case that the system will be subject to evolutionary change. This can reflect bug fixes, the addition of new functionality, or redeployment of the original code. We introduce in this paper the term Dynamic change management to represent the process of controlling the modification of executing software.The Ada language will increasingly be used to program non‐stop systems. Unfortunately dynamic modifications to Ada programs appear to be invalid in terms of the Ada Language Reference Manual. This paper discusses dynamic change management within the context of distributed Ada execution. Our intention is not to provide a methodology within which such changes can take place; we believe this to be too difficult at the current time. Rather we wish to provide a focus for discussion of this important future problem area. However, we do offer a useful classification of software components, and suggest how change can be effected—the approach to be taken depending upon the structure of the component being replaced. The flexibility of dynamic change management depends upon the initial granularity of distribution and deployment. We also attempt to define rules for legally changing running Ada programs.Although this paper focuses on the Ada language, many of the issues are of general concern.
An approach for developing an integrated modelling environment: A case investigation
Authors: Rine David C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent research on software development environments (SDE) and computer‐aided software engineering (CASE) have not addressed the issue of multiple environments. This paper presents an approach for developing an integrated modelling environment (IME) that supports the maintenance of software environment models in software engineering. The approach uses the notion of a composite software development environment maintaining multiple software development environments. The composite is specified by analysing and identifying common features from other environments. These other environments include various government‐supported efforts. The idea of a common software development environment may be supported in part by several different international standards or technical approaches (e.g. CAIS, CAIS‐A, PCTE, ALMA/metasystems, object‐oriented systems, and so forth). Some of these ways are outlined in the paper. An analysis of them in case study form is presented.
Towards a model of programmers' cognitive processes in software maintenance: A structural learning theory approach for debugging
Authors: Hale David P. , Haworth Dwight A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNo comprehensive model of programmers' cognitive processes in software maintenance exists. As a first step in formulating such a model, a cognitive processes model for application debugging is developed. The new model is grounded on structural learning theory, which integrates both declarative models, such as Brooks's (1983) programmer comprehension model, and procedural knowledge such as Gould's (1975) process model and Vessey's (1986) functional model as components.The theoretical foundation of structural learning theory as a reference discipline for exploring software maintenance is provided. Not only are the benefits of the theory examined, but criticisms that have been levied are addressed. Based upon these consequences, the use of structural learning theory as applied to software maintenance is instantiated for the software debugging domain—the result is an approach that unites declarative and procedural knowledge. The practical and research implications of the new approach is then discussed.
Window user interfaces and software maintenance
Authors: Yip Stephen W. L. , Robson David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUser interfaces are assuming an increasing importance within the design of a software product. This paper examines the various levels and components of window user interfaces and exposes their impact on software maintenance. It covers window systems, user interface toolkits, user interface management systems (UIMSs), dialogue separation and other user interface development concepts that will lead to more maintainable software. It also examines the research work on the testing of user interface software that is being pursued at the University of Durham.