bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inexhaustible Meaning, Inextinguishable Voices: Levinas and the Holocaust
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks in detail at the work of Emmanuel Levinas. It argues that although he does not often discuss the Holocaust explicitly, it is central to Levinas's thought and to postmodern thought more generally defined. The chapter outlines the historical role of the Holocaust in Levinas's thought, and its change over time. It then shows how the thought of the Holocaust saturates Levinas's work, from the smallest sentences, to his larger organizing concepts, to his stands on issues such as aesthetics and war, to the overall aims of his philosophy. It then offers a view on Levinas as a philosopher of ambivalence, and argues that, as a result of the Holocaust, he takes up original positions in relation to reason, truth, and the task of philosophy, which in turn shape our response to the Holocaust.
The Limits of Understanding: Perpetrator Philosophy and Philosophical Histories
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBeginning with an encounter described by Primo Levi, this chapter looks at philosophical attempts to explain why the perpetrators did as they did. It begins by analysing a debate over the very possibility of explanation, countering beliefs that no explanation is possible and that philosophers have no role in this process. It then turns to the philosophical problems involved in ‘refuting’ Nazism, using the work of Hilary Putnam. It then argues that Levinas understanding of ethics as first philosophy is very illuminating and resolves some of these philosophical difficulties, and is an effective response to some concerns of Adorno.
How generalizations are constrained
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChildren are not strictly conservative, producing only what they have heard, and yet they are not reliably corrected when they produce overgeneralizations. How can children retreat from or avoid overgeneralizations? As many have noted, the most obvious possible explanations, including a reliance on overt corrections or corrective repetitions, are not viable. Two factors are argued to play a central role: statistical preemption or repeatedly witnessing a word in a competing pattern, and a pattern's degree of openness: the variability of the items that occur in a given pattern.
Cross-linguistic generalizations in argument realization
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers several concrete proposals for universal linking generalizations. It is shown that the ‘universals’ are only tendencies, and each tendency is argued to be a result of general cognitive, pragmatic, or processing attributes of human cognition. Actors and Undergoers tend to be expressed in prominent syntactic positions because they are highly salient, in the sense that they are closely attended to in non-linguistic tasks. The number of semantic arguments tends to align with the number of overt complements because rational communicators express as much as and not more than is necessary. It is natural to express the meaning of transfer with a ditransitive form because of simultaneous parallels between recipients and patient-objects on the one hand, and possessor-subjects on the other. Predictable, recoverable, or highly frequent information tends to be reduced to make expression more economical. Languages tend to develop fixed word order or case marking in order to avoid rampant ambiguity. Moreover, languages tend to have stable head orders due to diachronic processes and processing preferences. Therefore, given that argument structure constructions are demonstrably learnable, and given that the cross-linguistic generalizations that do exist are not exceptionless, and motivated by non-linguistic generalizations, the chapter concludes that generalizations about the linking between form and function provide no evidence for a biological ‘universal grammar’ related to argument structure generalizations.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief summary of preceding chapters, observing that the constructionist approach directly undermines the need for biologically determined knowledge that is specific to language (universal grammar). Generalizations are best described by analysing surface structure instead of positing an underlying level of representation (Chapter 2). The generalizations of language, like generalizations in other cognitive domains, are formed on the basis of instance-based knowledge that is retained (Chapter 3). Children are able to learn certain kinds of generalizations quite quickly, with skewed input like that commonly found in natural language playing a facilitory role (Chapter 4). Generalizations can be constrained by the indirect negative evidence children receive involving statistical preemption of non-occurring patterns (Chapter 5). Generalizations at the level of argument structure are made because they are useful, both in predicting meaning and in on-line production (Chapter 6). Classic island and scope phenomena can be accounted for by recognizing the discourse function of the constructions involved (Chapter 7). Generalizations that appear to be purely syntactic are at least sometimes better analysed in terms of constructions insofar as a patterns' distribution is typically conditioned by its functional role (Chapter 8). Cross-linguistic generalizations can be accounted for by appealing to pragmatic, cognitive, and processing facts that are independently required, without any stipulations that are specific to language (Chapter 9).
The Long Shadow of Americanization: The German Rubber Industry and the Radial Tyre Revolution
Authors: Erker Paul 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces various areas and phases of influence in German industry, using the example of the tyre industry — which more than almost any other industry was influenced macroeconomically by the economic developments in the United States, as well as microeconomically by American companies. The processes of Americanization are examined by comparing two competing companies: Phoenix-Gummiwerke AG (Hamburg-Harburg), and Continental-Gummiwerke AG (Hanover). Two Americanization models emerge, not only with respect to the ways and means of the American influence but also with respect to the perception of the German companies. The results obtained are then put into context — first by looking back at the 1920s and 1930s, and then by means of a ‘preview’ of the 1970s and 1980s — in order to specify assessment criteria for the degree of ‘Americanization’, as well as the degree of ambivalence resulting from the basis of success and secondary damage.
Historicizing Fertility
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter traces the construction in the 18th-19th centuries of the belief that fertility cult was the earliest form of religion. It developed in Enlightenment Neoplatonism (Payne Knight) and also appealed to the Romantics; particular attention is paid to Hamann and Creuzer. In 19th-century classical studies, it was marginalized as primitive (Bachofen), superstitious (Jahn), or pre-Greek (Preller). Nevertheless, the assumption that it was primordial came to seem self-evident. It is argued that historicist narrative still has a useful function in revealing that such apparently self-evident facts are comparatively recent constructions.
A Financial Phoenix: The City of London in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Michie Ranald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
During the 20th century the City of London survived the impact of two world wars, a worldwide economic collapse, growing restrictions on international trade and finance imposed by governments, and the decline of Britain as an economic and imperial power. All these were major blows to its standing as a financial centre, and after 1945 it did appear that it had finally lost its dominant position in the world to New York. Meanwhile, in addition, its role in Europe was threatened by Zurich. The fact that the City was able to both reclaim its international importance, and repel European competition, was testimony to the inherent strengths it possessed at the beginning of the century, its ability to transform itself in response to opportunities and challenges, and the failure of alternative centres to capitalize on London's weaknesses and so replace it.
London Banks and International Finance, 1890–1914
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The differences between the City of London's position as the world's leading financial centre in 2000 and in 1900 can be understood by considering the actors who occupied centre stage during the late 19th century. These actors, more precisely, those involved in the City's international financial operations, form the subject of this chapter. The chapter is limited to a few reflections upon these actors' experiences in the light of the changes that were to happen within the City as a result of further globalization during the late 20th century. After establishing who the main actors were in international banking, these reflections are concerned with three broad themes: first, the question of entry and exit; second, the level of competition; and, third, strategic options.
London as an International Financial Centre, 1980–2000: Global Powerhouse or Wimbledon EC2?
Authors: Roberts Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The prosperity of the international financial services industry in the 1980s and 1990s stimulated other financial centres to try to boost, or just retain, their share of activity. Challenges were mounted by Frankfurt and Paris, taking advantage of the opportunity offered by the UK's non-participation in the launch of the European single currency. There were also internal challenges that threatened to erode the City's competitive standing, notably congested local transport, creeping taxation, and increasingly bureaucratic regulation. This chapter considers the seriousness of these challenges and the City's outlook for the 21st century.
Introduction
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHow easily can governments alter the industrial structure of economies? This introductory chapter explores competing perspectives on the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries, such as biotechnology and software. A first approach, widely shared by governments, is that policy can orchestrate the allocation of resources into new technology sectors needed to promote competitiveness. A second approach, widely endorsed by recent academic research, is that enduring national institutional frameworks strongly impact the governance of new technology firms. A popular strand of institutional research known as the “varieties of capitalism” approach makes particularly strong claims linking institutions to innovation. According to this perspective, most European economies have “organized” institutional frameworks that impede competitiveness in new technology industries. This chapter explores this debate, and sets the agenda used by the book to evaluate the extent to which institutional frameworks impact the ability of governments to promote competitiveness within new technology industries.
Regional strategies to sustain radical innovation: Internet software
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The varieties of capitalism approach focuses on explaining variation in industry specialization at the national level. However, much evidence from the field of economic geography suggests that industries tend to cluster within regional economies, and empirical evidence suggests that there are regions within coordinated market economies that have sustained clusters of radically innovative companies. Focusing on the successful wireless Internet and software cluster in Stockholm, Sweden, this chapter explores mechanisms by which alternative patterns of economic coordination may develop. The analysis focuses on the role of large companies, particularly in industries in which technical interdependencies between firms is strong in creating patterns of economic coordination that run counter to national models.
The Benefit of Doubt: Shadow Norms and Governance in Trust-based Organizations
Authors: Lampel Joseph 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter enquires into the cognitive foundations of governance and points out that common features of modern economic activities, such as uncertainty and knowledge intensity, undermine the efficiency of hierarchical and contractual governance mechanisms. These call for ‘soft’ governance means, such as implicit agreements and social norms. On the other hand, this chapter acknowledges the pitfalls of these means in the face of unforeseen contingencies and required flexibility. Hence, it engages in a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of social control which yields a distinction between types of norms. This shows how ‘shadow norms’ (procedural heuristics helping in making sense of what behaviours can be considered violations of norms) and ‘meta-norms’ (procedural norms about what behaviours should be followed in the face of norm violation) possess relatively flexible coordination mechanisms, helping bystanders to exert effective social control.
Explaining Western Securities Markets
Authors: Roe Mark J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter questions the power of law in solving CG problems and maintains that there are societal and political forces that are likely to shape governance structures irrespective of any regulation. In particular, the most common configuration of those forces around the world tends to reinforce concentrated ownership no matter what laws are adopted to protect minority shareholders. The chapter presents a new regression analysis of a wide database on political indicators and ownership concentration in sixteen major countries, which supports the conjecture that political variables, in particular the degree of employment protection and trade union strength, are strong inverse correlates of ownership separation and the diffusion of public companies.
From Colleague to Employee: Determinants of Changing Career Governance Structures in Elite Law Firms
Authors: Lancaster Ryon , Uzzi Brian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how some structural and background factors, as well as some often-neglected factors such as demography and labour market structures, are able to affect governance solutions. Through an empirical longitudinal study on the CG models adopted by elite law firms in the US over ten years, the chapter uncovers the effects of factors such as the incidence of female and ethnic minority professionals, the rate of turnover and human capital mobility, the rate of firm growth and the specialization and differentiation of internal organization structure, on the likelihood of adoption of a non-partnership governance arrangement. The chapter's conclusions address the performance implications of the observed shifts from partnership to non-partnership governance, and possible improvements from hybridization.
Simpler Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book offers a perspective on the structure of human language. The fundamental issue it addresses is the proper balance between syntax and semantics, between structure and derivation, and between rule systems and lexicon. It argues that the balance struck by mainstream generative grammar is wrong. It puts forward a new basis for syntactic theory, drawing on a wide range of frameworks, and charts new directions for research. In the past four decades, theories of syntactic structure have become more abstract and syntactic derivations have become more complex. The book traces this development through the history of contemporary syntactic theory, showing how much it has been driven by theory-internal rather than empirical considerations. It develops an alternative that is responsive to linguistic, cognitive, computational, and biological concerns. At the core of this alternative is the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis: the most explanatory syntactic theory is one that imputes the minimum structure necessary to mediate between phonology and meaning. A consequence of this hypothesis is a richer mapping between syntax and semantics than is generally assumed. Through analyses of grammatical phenomena, some old and some new, the book demonstrates the empirical and conceptual superiority of the Simpler Syntax approach.
Later History of Mainstream Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins by exploring the consequences of a particular instantiation of Uniformity called UTAH (Uniform Theta-role Assignment Hypothesis). Repeated application of UTAH drives the development of MGG from Government/Binding Theory to later Principles and Parameters Theory. The Minimalist Program is considered in light of this development, and aspects of MP shared with earlier theories are highlighted. It is shown how the application of Uniformity in the development of mainstream generative grammar (MGG) has made the Minimalist Program indistinguishable in its essential architecture from Generative Semantics, long discredited. Finally, the chapter outlines the architectures of a theory that are motivated principally by Uniformity rather than empirical considerations, and which moreover introduce an arguably unacceptable cost in terms of theoretical complexity elsewhere in the grammar.
Mme Tussaud Meets the Binding Theory
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on some phenomena concerning the coding of coreference relations with reflexive pronouns. The issue is the choice between the two following positions: syntactic binding where coreference relations are coded by coindexation in syntax (redundantly with the semantics, where coreference is necessarily theory and semantic + interface theory, where coreference relations are coded in semantics alone) and where the possibility of binding is conditioned by some combination of semantic and syntactic structural conditions (the latter including the Grammatical Function tier). It is argued that the latter approach is correct.
The Semantic Basis of Control in English
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines a phenomenon which has been absolutely central to mainstream theory for forty years: control. The problem of control concerns how to determine the understood subject of infinitival or gerundive VPs that lack an overt local subject. It is shown that most of the factors involved in solving the control problem are semantic rather than syntactic. One factor has proven clearly syntactic: the choice of selection between InfC, InfP, GerC, and GerP. On the other hand, this does not correlate precisely with semantic selection; and it is semantic selection, not syntactic position, that determines whether a predicate governs free, nearly free, or unique control.
The Intrinsic Probability of Theism
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The major a priori factor determining the prior probability of a hypothesis is its simplicity, and for a hypothesis as wide-ranging as theism a priori factors alone determine prior probability. The hypothesis of theism is a very simple hypothesis. It postulates one personal being, God, essentially omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly free and eternal. Having powers, beliefs, and intentions are essential for being a person at all; theism postulates a person of such a kind that there are no limits to his powers, true beliefs, choice of intention, and temporal existence, except those of logic. God's perfect goodness follows from the other properties.
The Cosmological Argument
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The cosmological argument is the argument to God from the existence of a complex physical universe. God can create such a universe (by keeping it in existence as long as it exists — whether for a finite or infinite time) and has good reason to do so because it is necessary for the existence of humanly free persons. But it is a far less simple beginning of things than is God, and so a priori not to be expected but for the action of God.
Arguments from Consciousness and Morality
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Humans are conscious beings; they have mental events — sensations, thoughts, and intentions, which consist in properties possessed by souls. Science might one day produce a list of correlations between mental events and brain events; but it is immensely improbable that science would ever be able to explain why there are souls and why particular brain events are correlated with particular mental events. Theism can explain this in terms of God having good reasons to bring about certain kinds of mental life. Moral truths being in essence necessary truths provide no grounds for a good argument to God; but human awareness of moral truths does provide an argument to God of moderate strength.
The Argument from Providence
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
It is good that there should be a world in which agents have the opportunity to choose freely to benefit or harm each other, especially in respect of their power, knowledge, and character. It is good too that in more limited ways animals should help and harm each other, although not as a result of a free choice. Our world is in this way providential, and that provides a further argument for God; if there is a God, we have reason to expect all this, but otherwise not. Death is not as such as evil, but merely the end of a good state.
The Problem of Evil
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
It is a good thing that humans should have the opportunity to choose freely between good and evil; and so it is also good that there should be natural evil — to give us the knowledge of how to bring about good and evil events ourselves, and to give us the opportunity to react to suffering with courage and sympathy. God has a limited right to bring about evil for a good purpose. In order to give us greater freedom, he has good reason to remain ‘hidden’ for a limited time. The existence of moral and natural evil, and divine ‘hiddeness’ do not therefore provide arguments of much strength against the existence of God.
4 Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: WATERS BRENT 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the analyses and criticisms of the preceding chapters, and identifies the key themes to be developed in the following chapters. The chief argument to be developed in subsequent chapters is that the failure of late liberalism to adequately preserve the nature of the familial association is the result of an inadequate theoretical account of social and political ordering. To correct this inadequacy, the following chapters develop a theological and teleological account of the family, and its normative implications for the tasks of social and political ordering.
Controversy and Religious Identity in Sixteenth‐Century Ireland
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the background to the reformation in Ireland, exploring in particular the reaction of the Anglo-Irish community in Dublin, showing how by the end of the 16th century the community had split decisively into a Catholic majority and a small protestant minority. In response, a new protestant seminary, Trinity College, Dublin, was founded. The chapter then traces the development of government policy towards those Catholics — recusants — who refused to attend the established church and ends with an account of the young James Ussher's intervention into this debate firmly on the side of those who insisted that the secular authorities use all their powers to make Catholics attend protestant services.