bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CURATIVE TREATMENT OF BLEEDING ESOPHAGEAL VARICES SECONDARY TO A SPLENIC ARTERIO‐VENOUS FISTULA
Authors: CURRAN D. H. , McCAUGHAN G. , WAUGH R. , STEPHEN M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A 59 year old female, who presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and ascites, developed major bleeding from esophageal varices. Celiac angiography demonstrated a splenic arterio‐venous fistula with early filling of an enlarged splenic vein and esophageal varices (pre‐sinusoidal extra hepatic portal hypertension). The patient underwent splenectomy and resection of the fistula with resultant disappearance of the varices and presenting symptoms.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE “GTRIOLEIN BREATH TEST: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: BUTLER R. N. , GEHLING N. J. , LAWSON M. J. , GRANT A. KERR 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Twenty‐two hospital patients without gastrointestinal symptoms and fourteen patients with clinically suspected fat malabsorption were studied using the 14C‐Triolein Breath Test and three day fecal fat estimation. The 14C‐Triolein Breath Test was 100% sensitive and 86% specific for fat malabsorption. Three day fecal fat estimations were 86% sensitive and 91% specific. These data confirm the high sensitivity and specificity obtained using the 14C‐Triolein Breath Test. The speed and convenience of the 14C‐Triolein Breath Test plus acceptable sensitivity and specificity make this a practical screening test to detect fat malabsorption.
THE PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE
Authors: McLENNAN G. , DeYOUNG N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) occupies a unique environment, with exposure to both the atmosphere and the blood stream. This position enables the PAM to perform its primary role of protecting the lung from inhaled, potentially damaging, agents. The effects of long term cigarette smoking on the human PAM appear to be functionally minimal when the cells are studied as a group, but the marked recruitment of PAM's which occurs in smokers leads to a greater potential for PAM helpful and/or damaging activity within the lung. The traditional role of phagocytosis is not a global function of the unstimulated human PAM. Of increasing importance for the understanding of pulmonary disease is the ability of the PAM to modulate lymphocyte, polymorphonuclear leukocyte and fibroblast activity. These functions are primarily for the defence of the lung but often produce temporary or permanent lung damage. Subclassification of the human PAM based upon functional heterogeneity may lead to a better understanding of the role of this cell.
ALVEOLAR TYPE I AND TYPE II CELLS
Authors: WARD H. E. , NICHOLAS T. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The alveolar epithelium comprises two main cell types: the alveolar type I and alveolar type II cell. The type I cell is a complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates that are greatly attenuated and relatively devoid of organelles; these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus. On the other hand, the type II cell acts as the “caretaker” of the alveolar compartment. It responds to damage of the vulnerable type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells. In addition, it synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar hypophase, where it acts to optimise conditions for gas exchange.
THE MORPHOGENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES: A CLINCCOPATHOLOGICAL APPROACH, BASED ON TISSUE REACTION PATTERNS
Authors: HENDERSON D. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This account gives a clinicopathological overview and classification of diffuse interstitial lung diseases, emphasising the interstitial pneumonias. The morphogenesis and progression of fibrosing alveolitis are discussed in relation to the normal cellular and extracellular components of the pulmonary interstitium, with the alveolar macrophage playing a pivotal role. So‐called desquamative interstitial pneumonia is considered to represent an early steroid‐responsive cellular exudative phase of fibrosing alveolitis, most of the intra‐alveolar cells being macrophages rather than type II pneumocytes. The distinction between fibrosing alveolitis and diffuse alveolar damage, and their possible pathogenetic relationships to each other, are also discussed. Throughout this presentation it is stressed that inflammatory interstitial disorders such as the “desquamative” alveolopathies constitute stereotyped patterns of tissue reaction to a variety of injurious agents, which should always be taken into account in reaching a definitive clinicopathological diagnosis, especially in fibreoptic biopsies where histomorphological discriminants may not be present because of the small amount of tissue sampled.
PULMONARY ASBESTOSIS — AN EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE
Authors: MUSK A. W. , HENDERSON D. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This account reviews the clinical and pathological features of asbestosis, with a brief comment on the incidence of asbestosis in workers exposed occupationally to Western Australian crocidolite at Wittenoom Gorge. In keeping with common usage, the term “asbestosis” is restricted to pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis — with or without associated visceral pleural fibrosis — related to inhalation of asbestos fibres, thereby excluding parietal pleural fibrous plaques. The mechanisms underlying the development of the interstitial fibrosis are incompletely understood, but they appear to involve complex interactions of asbestos with alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and the complement system.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG IN DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
Authors: FINUCANE K. E. , PRICHARD M. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:To define the mechanical properties of the lungs in diffuse interstitial lung disease (DILD) the static deflation volume‐pressure (VP) and maximum expiratory flow‐volume characteristics were measured in 18 patients with DILD including 14 with biopsy confirmation.Elastic recoil, defined by the position of the VP curve, was increased in 12, normal in four and decreased in two patients. The distensibility of inflatable lung, defined by the constant K of a single exponential fitted to the VP data, was decreased in 10 of the 12 with increased recoil and increased in the two with decreased recoil. Those with a normal or increased pulmonary distensibility smoked more than those with decreased distensibility (p<0.05).Maximum expiratory flow rates (MEFR) were decreased at any elastic recoil pressuce in 12 patients; when corrected for lung size MEFR were decreased in seven patients, six of whom were smokers.These results show that in DILD a decreased pulmonary distensibility is common but not invariable, that an increased elastic recoil reflects both loss of lung units and decreased distensibility of inflatable units and that an increased flow resistance is common. Co‐existent emphysema could explain a normal or increased pulmonary distensibility in DILD. The increased flow resistance is due in part to fibrosis and loss of lung units with functional loss of the attendant airways. Decreased MEFR, despite correction for lung size, in seven subjects suggests that structural narrowing of airways, due to cigarette smoking andlor bronchiolar involvement by the disease, also contributes to an increased flow resistance in some patients with DILD.
SERUM PANCREATIC ISOAMYLASE ESTIMATION BY THE INHIBITOR METHOD AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: TAIT A. D. , MANOLIOS K. , DUNCOMBE V. M. , DAVIS A. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is often difficult to establish and may involve invasive diagnostic procedures. Serum pancreatic isoamylase has been estimated by the inhibitor method in controls and in 38 patients with known chronic pancreatitis in order to evaluate its use as a diagnostic test. The mean pancreatic isoamylase in those with chronic pancreatitis (68 ± 77 IU/l) was significantly lower (p <0.005) than in controls (113 ± 60 IU/I). The diagnostic sensitivity of pancreatic isoamylase was 50% (compared to total amylase 9%) and had a specificity of 95%. Stimulation tests with cholecystokinin and secretin failed to increase the sensitivity of the test. A low value of pancreatic isoamylase strongly supports a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and may obviate the need for further investigation.
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS
Authors: ROCCA J. M. , PIETERSE A. S. , ROWLAND R. , HECKER R. , RICH G. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:We reviewed all rectal biopsies performed on patients with proven C. difficile infection between 1977 and 1982 (36 patients). All patients were symptomatic and all had received antibiotic treatment recently, the commonest antibiotic treatment being ampicillin or amoxycillin. There was poor correlation between the histological appearances and the severity of symptoms.A range of histological appearances was observed: normal (8%), congestion and edema (8%), nonspecific colitis (3%), infective colitis (28%) and pseudomembranous colitis (53%) (PMC). Most cases of PMC showed ‘early’ features, involving predominantly the surface epithelium, where attenuation and inflammation, intraepithelial microabscesses, and small eruptive lesions were seen. Recognition of these features, in the context of an acute infective‐type colitis, may lead to early diagnosis of C. difficile colitis.
THE MOLECULAR AND HEMATOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF ALPHA THALASSEMIA
Authors: TRENT R. J. , YAKAS J. , BROCK P. E. , KRONENBERG H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A study of genotypes in ? thalassemia and their corresponding hematological phenotypes has shown that α+ thalassemia is the most frequent type encountered in a Sydney population. Phenotypes of heterozygous α+ thalassemia (αα/−α) in adults or children differ little from normal and so the disorder is difficult to identify. In contrast, Hb Bart's (γ4) is a useful marker for αα/−α in cord blood samples. Abnormal phenotypes are present in homozygous α+ thalassemia (−α/−α), heterozyous α° thalassemia (αα/–) and non‐deletional α thalassemia. Therefore, detection by routine hematological studies should be possible. A less severe phenotype in‐α/‐α compared to αα/—was found which is interesting since 2 α globin genes are lost in both instances.
REVERSIBLE PARASYMPATHETIC DYSAUTONOMIA FOLLOWING STINGING ATTRIBUTED TO THE BOX JELLY FISH (CHIRONEX FLECKERI)
Authors: CHAND R. PRATAP , SELLIAH K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Following a box jelly fish sting, a 52 year old Chinese fisherman developed acute abdominal distension, inability to pass urine and failure of erection.Examination revealed gaseous abdominal distension and a distended urinary bladder. Absence of lachrimation and absence of changes in the R‐R interval in the ECG during breathing and carotid sinus massage gave further evidence of parasympathetic dysautonomia. The patient made a complete recovery. The case highlights the occurrence of reversible parasympathetic dysautonomia following box jelly fish sting.
ABORIGINAL HEALTH—CURRENT STATUS
Authors: THOMSON N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:An analysis of the limited available data confirms that the health status of Australia's Aborigines remains much worse than that of non‐Aboriginal Australians.Despite significant improvements over the past decade Aboriginal fetal and infant mortality is still approximately three times that of non‐Aborigines. Aboriginal life expectancy remains at least twenty years less than that of the total Australian population.Levels of Aboriginal hospitalisation have declined markedly, but remain well in excess of overall levels, particularly for infants and children.For Aborigines, the reduced overall impact of the communicable diseases has been balanced by a worsening of the “lifestyle” diseases, particularly hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Alcohol abuse plays an important role in these diseases, and in the level of accidents and violence amongst Aborigines.The current patterns require a reassessment of Aboriginal health priorities, with more attention being directed at the health problems of Aboriginal adults. Special Aboriginal health programs need to be expanded, and integrated with broad wide‐ranging programs aimed at alleviating Aboriginal social inequality.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS REVISITED†
Authors: SHERLOCK S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: :Hepatitis A is an acute fecal‐spread disease without chronicity. Gamma immunoglobulin is preventative. Eventually a vaccine will be used for those in developed countries, who have not acquired antibody in childhood.Hepatitis B is a blood‐borne disease which can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It is carried worldwide by many millions, especially in South‐East Asia, the Pacific, Africa, and Southern Europe. Australian Aboriginals have a very high carrier rate. It also affects drug abusers, many partner homosexuals, and hospital workers in contact with blood. A safe vaccine is effective and particularly valuable for babies born to carrier mothers. Treatment of chronic hepatitis depends on whether the patient is in the replicative (‘e’ antigen positive) stage, where anti‐viral therapy might be considered, or in the integrated (‘e’ antibody positive) stage where a trial of corticosteroids may be justifiable.Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. There is no diagnostic test and no proven therapy. There are probably at least four types, parenteral short and long incubation and enteric sporadic and epidemic.
OPIOID BIOLOGY: THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS
Authors: COPOLOV D. L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: :A range of biologically different opioid peptides are synthesised as components of three distinct precursors, pro‐opiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. They interact with a number of receptors which have so far been characterised as mu, delta, kappa, sigma, and epsilon. It is unclear which ligands bind to which receptors under physiological circumstances, but preferential in vitro interactions include enkephalins with delta receptors, dynorphin with kappa receptors, and /?‐endorphin with epsilon receptors. Post‐translational processing determines which of several opioid products are produced from each precursor, but the identity of the enzymes involved and regulation of processing is unknown.Opioid involvement in the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems is reviewed. Naloxone‐sensitive opioid mechanisms are implicated in the control of gonadotrophin and adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion and in the hypotension of various types of shock. The investigation of possible dynorphin involvement in neurohypophysial function is taking place because vasopressin and dynorphin A (1–8) have been shown to coexist in the neurosecretory vesicles of magnocellular neurons.
PLASMA OSTEOCALCIN IN MAN
Authors: MELICK R. A. , FARRUGIA W. , QUELCH K. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A radioimmunoassay for bovine osteocalcin has been developed. Human osteocalcin reacted identically with the bovine standard, allowing the use of this assay to measure human plasma osteocalcin. Levels were determined in 212 healthy subjects (124 men, 88 women) with an age range of 20 to 66 years. The distribution of these was skewed to the right, with the mean being 14.7 ng/ml (range 4 to 40) and the geometric mean 12.2 ng/ml. There was no alteration with age and no difference between males and females. High levels were found in chronic renal failure, Paget's disease of bone, and in primary hyperparathyroidism with severe bone disease, and there was a significant positive correlation of osteocalcin with plasma alkaline phosphatase. Low levels were found in pregnancy. Evidence is presented which suggests that the high levels measured probably reflect intact osteocalcin and not immunoreactive fragments.Our data are compared with those reported by others. Areas of disagreement are noted and discussed.
NEEDLE MUSCLE BIOPSY: WILL IT MAKE OPEN BIOPSY OBSOLETE?
Authors: PAMPHLETT R. , HARPER C. , TAN N. , KAKULAS B. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Seventy‐five needle muscle biopsies have been performed in this department over the past two years. Adequate biopsies were obtained in 69 cases. In 40 cases a variety of neuromuscular conditions was seen, broadly categorised as necrotizing myopathy (10), neurogenic atrophy (7), metabolic myopathy (5), vasculitis (2), normal muscle (7), and non‐specific changes (9). Twenty‐nine cases were for muscular dystrophy carrier detection. There were no complications associated with the procedure.The technique is simple and quick, and can be performed on outpatients or in the ward. Needle biopsy is the method of choice for sampling skeletal muscle in most patients, although open biopsy is still indicated for certain conditions.
LONG‐TERM MONOTHERAPY OF ANGINA PECTORIS WITH DILTIAZEM
Authors: HOSSACK K. F. , POOL P. E. , SEAGREN S. C. , DAY B. , BRUCE R. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Eighteen patients with exertional angina were treated with diltiazem (360 mg/day). Serial exercise testing was performed and the results were compared to evaluations when patients were receiving placebo at the initiation and termination of the study. Serial exercise tests indicated significant improvement in duration of exercise (+ 18%, p < 0.001), time to 1 mm ST depression (+ 32%, p < 0.005), and time to angina (+ 46%, p<0.001) when patients were receiving diltiazem. During diltiazem treatment, there was a significant reduction in myocardial oxygen demand as indicated by the change in submaximal pressure rate product. This may contribute to the beneficial effect of diltiazem in patients with exertional angina. The reduction in pressure rate product was due primarily to a change in heart rate. This study provides evidence that diltiazem is an effective long‐term monotherapy for angina; no evidence of drug tachyphylaxis was apparent after a total of 16 months treatment with diltiazem.
SAFETY OF THRICE‐WEEKLY RIFAMPICIN FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN SOUTH‐EAST ASIAN REFUGEES
Authors: MUKERJEE C. M. , MCKENZIE D. K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The incidence and types of adverse reactions to rifampicin (in combination with isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) have been studied in 86 South‐East Asian refugees treated for tuberculosis in Australia. Most patients received daily therapy initially (mean 3.5 months) followed by supervised thrice‐weekly treatment (mean 4.6 months). Minor adverse reactions occurred with similar frequencies during daily (5%) and intermittent (5%) treatment but in no case was modification of rifampicin dosage required. Withdrawal of pyrazinamide was necessary in two patients (2.3%) with clinical hepatitis.
ROLE OF CARBON MONOXIDE DIFFUSING CAPACITY IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF MAJOR BLEOMYCIN‐INDUCED PULMONARY TOXICITY
Authors: BELL M. R. , MEREDITH D. J. , GILL P. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Fifteen patients with malignant teratoma and twelve with squamous cancer of the head and neck received treatment with bleomycin. Routine measurements of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL00) were performed. Both groups showed a gradual fall of similar magnitude in their DL00 measurements during treatment. No patient in the group with squamous cancer developed clinical or radiological evidence of major pulmonary toxicity.Two of the teratoma patients suffered fatal pulmonary toxicity and their DLCO measurements before any signs of major pulmonary toxicity were no different from the measurements of those patients who remained free of major clinical toxicity.The two patients who died both showed a sustained reduction in renal function during chemotherapy which may have been a major risk factor in the development of severe clinical toxicity.The magnitude of the decline in DLCO in this series was not a useful predictor of those patients who developed severe and radiological toxicity.
GOLD‐INDUCED BONE MARROW APLASIA: SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN
Authors: McGIRR E. E. , MANOHARAN A. , WEGMAN E. , EDMONDS J. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A patient receiving gold treatment for rheumatoid arthritis developed sudden severe pancytopenia secondary to bone marrow aplasia. She required extensive hematological support but was unsuitable for bone marrow transplantation.Although early use of large doses of a chelating agent did not change the hematological parameters, subsequent use of antithymocyte globulin has been associated with substantial hematological improvement.
A REPORT OF THREE CASES OF YERSINIA REACTIVE ARTHRITIS
Authors: HAZELTON R. A. , SEYMOUR G. J. , CROSS S. M. , COPE J. , DOUGLAS W. A. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Three cases of reactive arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica bowel infection are reported. In one case Y. enterocolitica was cultured from stools while all three exhibited a significant increase in serum antibody titres to Y. enterocolitica. These are believed to be the first reports of Yersinia reactive arthritis in Australia. Synovial membrane biopsy in one case revealed a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate the appearance of which was quite dissimilar to that of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood, but not the synovial fluid from another patient had reduced functional activity compared to RA patients as determined by response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation and allogeneic responses. Large numbers of HLA‐DR and acid phosphatase positive macrophages were also found in the synovial fluid of this patient. The reason for joint involvement in Y. enterocolitica reactive arthritis is unknown and further work is necessary. (Aust NZ J Med 1985; 15: 331–335.)
ACUTE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO INGESTED PROCESSED POLLEN
Authors: PRICHARD M. , TURNER K. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Ingestion of commercially processed honeybee‐collected pollen produced potentially fatal consequences in a 19 year old asthmatic male. Symptoms of sore throat, facial itch and swelling, difficulty in breathing and stridor lasted for approximately two hours and was followed by clinical respiratory distress with widespread wheeze on auscultation of his chest. RAST and skin test data suggest that these complications appear to be mediated by IgE antibodies directed against the processed pollen, but not bee venom. Consumption of processed pollen by atopic individuals is, therefore, a potentially hazardous procedure with little therapeutic benefit. (Aust NZ J Med 1985; 15: 346–347.)