bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A colorimetric version of the CIPAC method for measuring dilute emulsion stability
Authors: Hill Alistair C. , Twort Anthony R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe characterisation of emulsions at dilution rates greater than the 1:20 used in most international specifications for agrochemical formulations is becoming increasingly important. The internationally‐agreed CIPAC MT 36.2 test depends upon the determination of the shift in bulk concentration between the upper and lower halves of an emulsion after a period of standing. An analytical method specific to the active ingredient is stipulated. This paper reports an investigation of the use of CIPAC MT 36.2 with an emulsifiable concentrate (EC)‐soluble dye which allows a colorimetric finish. This new method should be applicable to almost all ECs, and uses less costly instrumentation than the standard method. It could therefore allow more convenient use of CIPAC MT 36.2 for formulation development purposes. The limitations and range of applicability of the new method are discussed. For ECs of poor spontaneity it is shown that emulsion stability is strongly influenced by the emulsification technique used. Techniques within the frame of CIPAC MT 36.2 have been discovered which give repeatable results for such ECs.
Fenvalerate residues on cattle hair coat from impregnated ear tags
Authors: Yeung Jupita M. , Colwell Douglas D. , Shemanchuk Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple small‐scale method for the determination of fenvalerate residues on cattle hair by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was developed and applied to the determination of fenvalerate residues from BovaidR ear tags. Recoveries were found to be 96–104% at 10–100 μg g−1 levels of fenvalerate. The minimum detection limit of this method was 1 pg g−1. With one ear tag, fenvalerate was adequately distributed over the entire body and persisted for at least 80 days on the hair of cattle.
Fate of carbofuran in model rice/fish ecosystems
Authors: Jinhe Sun , Jianying Gan , Ziyuan Chen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution and fate of [14C]carbofuran were studied in model earlyseason rice/fish and late‐season rice/fish ecosystems after its application by respectively soil incorporation and broadcasting. The differences observed in the behaviour of the insecticide in these two rice/fish ecosystems indicated the important effect of the different application methods on the fate of the chemical in the environment. The radioactive residues in the paddy water, rice plants and fish were much lower when the pesticide was incorporated into the soil surface layer. An obvious vertical movement of carbofuran residues occurred in the paddy soil profile. Bound residues constituted the majority of the residues in the paddy soil, rice plants and fish tissues. 3‐Hydroxy‐ and 3‐ketocarbofuran and carbofuran phenol were tentatively identified as the main degradation products in the paddy water, paddy soil, rice plants and fish.
Off‐target deposition and drift of aerially applied agricultural sprays
Authors: Riley Christopher M. , Wiesner Charles J. , Ernst William R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOff‐target drift and deposition of aerially applied deltamethrin sprays in an agricultural situation were determined using stainless steel (20 × 40 cm) ground deposit samplers and ‘Rotorods’. Off‐target spray deposition decreased exponentially with distance in situations where applications were made in winds with speeds equal to, or just above, maximum label limits for aerial application (8 km h−1). The results are compared with those of previous studies. The effectiveness of a 100‐m ‘no spray’ buffer zone in reducing off‐target deposit is evaluated.
Photolysis of quinalphos in ethanolic solution
Authors: Pusino Alba , Gessa Carlo , Frigerio Alberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhotolysis of quinalphos, O,O‐diethyl O‐(quinoxalin‐2‐yl) phosphorothioate (I), in ethanolic solutions yields two products, O,O‐diethyl O‐(3‐ethoxy‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl) phosphorothioate (II) and O,O‐diethyl O‐(3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl) phosphorothioate (III). Both products derive from the reaction of photo‐excited quinalphos molecule with the solvent. The reactions follow first‐order kinetics. A mechanism that accounts for the formation of the above mentioned products is proposed.
Fungicidal activity of a series of phenyl pyridyl ketoximes and their O‐acetyl derivatives
Authors: Massolini Gabriella , Kitsos Mikes , Gandini Carlo , Caccialanza Gabriele 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe free oximes and acetyl derivatives of a series of 4‐substituted phenyl pyridyl ketones were prepared and tested in vitro and in vivo against fungal plant pathogens of different taxonomic classes.All compounds exhibited an interesting activity against some or all of the test fungi. The best results were given by the acetyl derivatives.
Synthesis and toxicological properties of some alkyl and aryl 3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl N,N′‐thio‐bis‐N‐methylcarbamates
Authors: Wallace Guillermo C. , Zerba Eduardo N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of asymmetrical thio‐bis‐N‐methylcarbamate derivatives were synthesised by combining 3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl N‐methylcarbamate with different N‐methylcarbamates. Some of these derivatives combined good insecticidal activity against the housefly with reduced acute oral toxicity to mice.The thio‐bis‐N‐methylcarbamates obtained exhibited a lower anti‐cholinesterase activity than the more toxic of the two carbamate moieties contained in each combination. The weak synergism of piperonyl butoxide on the insecticidal activity of the derivatives suggests the possibility of a self synergism phenomenon caused by the 3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl group.
Effect of environment on efficacy of seed‐treatment fungicides for control of common bunt in spring and winter wheat
Authors: Gaudet Denis A. , Puchalski Byron J. , Entz Toby 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effectiveness of protectant and systemic seed‐treatment fungicides for control of common bunt caused by Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. and T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro. in spring and winter wheats was evaluated at different locations from 1981 to 1987. The fungicides, tested at two rates (I and II), were of three types: (1) fungicides which were effective in all years and locations at levels approaching 100%; (2) fungicides which provided uniform bunt control in all years and locations at levels less than 100%, and (3) fungicides which were sensitive to environmental conditions within years and locations. Fungicides which were effective in all years and locations at levels approaching 100% were triadimenol II, myclobutanil I and II, diniconazole I and II, and flutriafol II, on spring wheat, and etaconazole and furmecyclox in the seed‐(SD), and seed‐ and soil‐ (SS) inoculation treatments, and triadimenol in the SD‐inoculation treatment on winter wheat. Fungicides which provided uniform bunt control in all years and locations at levels less than 100% included flutriafol I and triadimenol I in spring wheat, applied at rates below optimal, and carboxin dust and nuarimol on winter wheat, in SS‐ and SD‐inoculation treatments. Fungicides which were sensitive to environmental conditions within years and location included maneb, carboxin I and II on spring wheat, and carboxin solution and dust in the SD‐ and SS‐inoculation treatments on winter wheat. Comparisons of bunt levels in fungicide treatments with those in the infested controls revealed that some fungicides did not perform consistently across years and locations. Variation in efficacy of fungicides was classified into three types: (1) random environmental variation which occurred with all fungicide treatments tested; (2) non‐random environmental variation which occurred with maneb and carboxin fungicides, and (3) variation attributed to increasing bunt severity which occurred with the SS and SD carboxin fungicides used to control bunt in winter wheat. The implications of inadequate protection from currently registered seed‐treatment fungicides on wheat varieties that are highly susceptible to bunt are discussed.
Kinetics of the reaction of the first metabolite of fenitropan with some low molecular weight thiols
Authors: Gullner Gabor , Josepovits Gyula , Mikite Gyula 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐Nitro‐I‐phenylpropen‐3‐yl acetate (NPPA), the first metabolite of the fungicide fenitropan, reacted readily with glutathione in aqueous ethanol solutions at room temperature, producing at least two products. The first reaction step, which is believed to be a bimolecular nucleophilic (Michael) addition, had a strongly pH‐dependent reaction rate.Second‐order rate constants were calculated for the reactions of NPPA at pH 4 with glutathione and with some other low molecular weight thiols. Nucleophilic reactivity of the reacting thiolate anions is linearly related to the pKa values of the thiols. However, as the concentration of thiolate anion is also determined by the thiol pKa, there is no simple relationship between second‐order rate constants and thiol pKa. Thus the blocking rate of the various essential sulphydryl groups in fungi by NPPA is determined by the sulphydryl pKa values and the ambient pH value.
Design of new melanin biosynthesis inhibitors
Authors: Omata Kenzo , Tomita Hirofumi , Nakajima Tetsuo , Natsume Bunji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructural requirements for melanin biosynthesis inhibition were analysed by comparing known melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBIs) and an intermediate of melanin biosynthesis (1,3,8‐trihydroxynaphthalene (1,3,8‐THN)), on the assumption that the enzymatic inhibition by MBIs occurs competitively with the biosynthetic intermediate. On this basis, new chemicals in the form of phthalazine derivatives were designed.In biological tests, the synthesised phthalazine derivatives showed high activity against rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. These compounds also inhibited the melanisation of this fungus at a low concentration, which suggested that they are similar to other MBIs in their mode of action.
Insect resistance to insecticides
Authors: Metcalf Robert L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe past 40 years have seen insect resistance to insecticides develop from a scientific curiosity to an immense practical problem that threatens man's ability to control not only the insect pests of agriculture but also the insect vectors that transmit major human and animal diseases. The spread of genes for cross and multiple resistance among insect pests has rendered most of our present insecticides obsolescent and very few novel insecticides are under development as substitutes. The most feasible strategy to maintain adequate control of insect pests is integrated pest management or I P M, in which insecticide management is a useful component. However, much of our present planning for the future of insect control is carried out in ignorance of past failures. We must learn from the past if we are to retain the use of chemical insecticides as a viable component of IPM.
Synthesis and in‐vitro antifungal activity of 6‐trifluoromethyipyrazolo[3,4‐6d]pyrimidin‐4(5H)‐thiones
Authors: Vicentini Chiara B. , Poli Tiziana , Veronese Augusto C. , Brandolini Vincenzo , Manfrini Maurizio , Guarneri Mario , Giori Paolo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwelve 6‐trifluoromethylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4(5H)‐thiones were prepared by the reaction between 4‐thiocarbamoyl‐5‐aminopyrazoles and trifluoroacetic anhydride. They were tested in vitro for antifungal activity against a series of phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. The EC50 and MIC values of four compounds were comparable or inferior to those of reference commercial fungicides in controlling Sclerotinia minor, Corticium solani and Phytium ultimum.
The discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents
Authors: Roberts Stanley M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe strategy and tactics behind the discovery of salbutamol (treatment of asthma), β‐blockers (anti‐hypertensives), clavulanic acid (used in antibacterial preparations), buprenorphine (pain‐killer), cimetidine and ranitidine (anti‐ulcer agents) are described in brief.
Use of Bacillus subtilis and Related Organisms as Biofungicides
Authors: Pusey P. Lawrence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUse of a strain of Bacillus subtilis (designated B‐3) as a biological control agent is reviewed, with emphasis on the post‐harvest application to stone fruit for control of brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola. Included are studies on the antifungal peptides (identified as Iturin antibiotics) produced by B‐3, laboratory tests to determine compatibility of the organism with current commercial procedures, and a pilot test on simulated and commercial peach‐packing lines. In the pilot test, B‐3 (2 × 108 to 7 × 108 colony‐forming units kg−1 fruit) in commercial wax was equal to benomyl (1‐2 mg kg−1 fruit) in controlling brown rot. The bacterium was screened for use against other fungal pathogens of stored plant products. In‐vivo activity against fungi was shown for apple rots caused by M. fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, and Glomerella cingulata, and for grey mould of grapes caused by B. cinerea.
Potential of biological control organisms as a source of antifungal compounds for agrochemical and pharmaceutical product development
Authors: Rodgers Paul B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn many cases, the mode of action of micro‐organisms with biological control activity has been found to be the production of metabolites with biocidal activity. Thus, such organisms offer great potential as a source of novel lead compounds for agrochemical and pharmaceutical product development. A range of biological control agents is being developed and out of this research has come several natural products which have been considered for further development. Two examples discussed in some detail are a novel pyridone with fungicidal activity produced by Trichoderma harzianum and a novel metabolite of Bacillus subtilis which has a high level of broad‐spectrum fungicidal activity.
Secondary plant metabolites as targets for genetic modification of crop plants for pest resistance
Authors: Dawson Glenn W. , Hallahan David L. , Mudd Alan , Patel Madhavji M. , Pickett John A. , Wadhams Lester J. , Wallsgrove Roger M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree genetic manipulation strategies are described for enhancing the effectiveness of secondary metabolites of crop plants in reducing pest and disease damage. Targets for gene transfer studies are secondary metabolites of oilseed rape, lepidopteran sex pheromones and drimane anti‐feedants. Initial work towards isolation of genes for the biosynthesis of drimane anti‐feedants is described.
A note on the mosquito oviposition pheromone
Authors: Dawson Glenn W. , Laurence Brian R. , Pickett John A. , Pile Mary M. , Wadhams Lester J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMosquitoes of the genus Culex, e.g. Culex quinquefasciatus, release a volatile pheromone from their eggs that induces gravid females to oviposit around the pheromone source. Enantioselective synthesis by the Sharpless epoxidation method and chiral gas chromatography showed the major pheromone component to be (−)‐(5R,6S)‐6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide. Shortening the alkyl chain resulted in a loss of behavioural activity, whereas perfluorination of the alkyl chain or substitution of the acetoxy groups with the trifluoroacetoxy group gave active analogues. A simple large scale synthesis was devised to provide material for a fìeld trial. The pheromone, formulated in effervescent tablets, was used to concentrate oviposition in specific breeding sites where the larvae were controlled with a juvenoid‐type insecticide.
Understanding the site of action of photosystem II inhibitors
Authors: Judson Philip N. , Rowson Graham P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is believed that the different classes of compound which interfere with photosynthesis system II (PS 11) must act by binding at different sites, because they appear to be structurally so dissimilar. However, it can be argued that some of the classes of compound of diverse structural type share very similar external surface features. Now that details about the binding oj PSII inhibitors are becoming available, it will be possible to see how many of the different compound classes actually bind similarly. In future, increasingly detailed knowledge of the structures of potential sites of action will be available. QSAR methods will need to be used together with molecular modelling to be effective tools for agrochemical design.
Insecticide resistance management: Relationship to integrated pest management
Authors: Phillips J. R. , Graves J. B. , Luttrell R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsecticide resistance management (IRM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM) that has the goal of forestalling resistance development to all insecticides. Since the advent of the organochlorine insecticides in the 1940s, an average of about one class of insecticide has been lost every 10 years because of resistance. Effective insecticides are necessary for optimum IPM and are too important and too expensive a resource to be lost so rapidly. By adhering to the principles of IPM and utilizing other IPM components such as biological and cultural control, IRM has the potential of conserving the susceptibility of pests to insecticides. Although initial attempts of IRM appear to be successful, it is imperative that research to undergird IRM be greatly accelerated.
Mode of action of the fungicide flusilazole in ustilago maydis
Authors: Henry Matthew J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlusilazole is a potent inhibitor of Ustilago maydis sporidial growth (I50= 20 μg liter−1). Incorporation of [14C]acetate into ergosterol of growing sporidia is inhibited 50% by 0.5 μg liter−1of the fungicide. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis is concomitant with the accumulation of the precursors eburicol, obtusifoliol and 14α‐methylfecosterol. A novel cell‐free assay has been developed to measure the 14α‐demethylation of [3H]dihydrolanosterol. Flusilazole inhibits the cell‐free demethylation with an I50of 15 μg liter−1. These data provide strong evidence that the mode of action of flusilazole is by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis through direct inhibition of the 14α‐demethylation of ergosterol precursors.
Conformational and intramolecular hydrogen bonding effects on post‐emergence and pre‐emergence selectivities of herbicidal pyrrole dicarboxylates
Authors: Andrea Tariq A. , Stranz David D. , Yang Alex , Kleier Daniel A. , Patel Kanu M. , Powell James E. , Price Thomas P. , Marynick Dennis S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDimethyl 2‐methyl‐5‐(chloropyridin‐2‐yl)pyrrole‐3,4‐dicarboxylates in which the chlorine atom is substituted at different positions of the pyridine ring have widely varying biological properties. The 3‐chloro analog (I) is a post‐emergence and pre‐emergence herbicide, the 4‐ and 5‐chloro analogs (II, III) are post‐emergence herbicides but not pre‐emergence, and the 6‐chloro analog (IV) is inactive. Computer graphic and molecular mechanics analyses of their molecular conformations showed that the 4‐ and 5‐chloro analogs adopt a coplanar, intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformation whereas the 3‐chloro analog does not. High‐level quantum mechanical calculations of the conformational preferences of related model systems were in agreement with these results. Based on this, II and III were predicted to have higher octanol/water partition coefficients relative to I, leading to higher soil binding and weaker xylem transport, hence their observed weaker pre‐emergence activities. Experimental measurements of octanol/water partition coefficients, soil binding, and infrared hydrogen bonding studies verified these predictions. Molecular modeling techniques are usually used for designing compounds to fit enzyme active sites and designing putative receptor models. This study demonstrates the usefulness of these techniques for dealing with transport problems.
Effects of metaldehyde and acetaldehyde on feeding responses and neuronal activity in the snail, lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Mills Janette D. , McCrohan Catherine R. , Bailey Stuart E. R. , Wedgwood Marilyn A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was fed on maize pellets containing metaldehyde. With increasing concentration of metaldehyde there was a decrease in the meal length, number of bites per meal and amount of pellet eaten. The irregularity of biting and the amount of time spent pausing during the meal increased.Meals on maize pellets in the presence of acetaldehyde (one of the metabolites of metaldehyde) were shorter than control meals on maize pellets alone.The symptoms of poisoning after ingestion of metaldehyde or in the presence of acetaldehyde were similar. There was an increase in mucus secretion. Animals showed muscular spasms, undirected mouthing movements and uncoordinated locomotion. This was followed by a period of immobility.The isolated central nervous system of L. stagnalis was used to study the effects of metaldehyde and acetaldehyde on the neural activity underlying feeding. Application of metaldehyde or acetaldehyde led to an increase in firing activity and development of paroxysmal depolarising shifts in buccal motoneurons. It is argued that this type of activity could explain some of the symptoms of poisoning seen in the whole animal after ingestion of metaldehyde, and that acetaldehyde may be responsible for some of the toxic effects of metaldehyde.These results suggest that the CNS of L. stagnalis provides a useful model for screening molluscicides for their effects on a functional neuronal network.
The origins of selectivity and performance of a new pre‐emergence bleaching herbicide, WL 110547. Part I: Factors affecting uptake
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Webb James D. , Deveson Malcolm R. , Blackman Peter G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel compound, 1‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5‐phenoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazole (WL 110547) is a pre‐emergence bleaching herbicide with selectivities in certain crops. These selectivities and the weed‐control spectrum are derived, in part, from features which influence the uptake of WL 110547 into sensitive tissue. WL 110547 is strongly adsorbed to soil with measured Koc values in the range 1500‐2500 and, following application, is confined to the surface layers of soil, especially when the organic matter content is high. Some plant species have anatomical features which protect their developing leaf tissue from contact with the soil during emergence and thus escape direct contact with these treated layers. Furthermore, some of these plants are deeply rooted and thus there is little opportunity for sufficient uptake of WL 110547 to cause a phytotoxic effect.However some weeds, especially annual dicotyledons, germinate only from shallow depths and, during emergence, their cotyledons or leaves are in contact with the soil. In soils treated with WL 110547 they can thus absorb phytotoxic concentrations of herbicide directly into their cotyledons or leaves. Additional uptake may also occur through roots near the surface and allow WL 110547 to be translocated via the transpiration stream to the site of action in cotyledons and leaves and enhance phytotoxicity.Knowledge of the features controlling uptake, combined with a knowledge of intrinsic susceptibility, have allowed an understanding of the spectrum of weed control and the selectivities between weeds and crops.