bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Object-Oriented Approach to Simulator Postprocessing
Authors: Leach B. F. , Scherer P. W. , Starley G. P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An interactive, graphical software package provides the ability to view production well data generated by reservoir simulation. The program (KEYPLOT-X) includes several novel concepts, such as use of object-oriented technology for graphical software and a direct-access database structure. The entire application is constructed from a library of elemental objects. Inheritance of properties between objects produces extremely modular code, which greatly enhances maintenance and extendibility. The database has a direct-access hierarchical structure that is object-oriented, simplifying the data access protocol to provide rapid interactivity between the database, applications, and user interface. The overall approach has provided a high degree of functionality and flexibility to engineering applications and a manageable software structure for maintenance and development.
An Interactive 3D Mesh Builder for Fluid Flow Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Guérillot D. R. , Swaby P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An original 3D-mesh builder designed to allow users to construct meshes interactively for fluid-flow simulation from a high-resolution geologic model is described. Most available packages use a series of horizontal and vertical 2D sections to build these meshes. Then, 3D visualizations sometimes are created to check the consistency. Our software incorporates a new approach to this problem by making better use of the geologic description, constructing the mesh directly in 3D, and introducing more flexibility in the individual cell geometry.
A Practical Artificial Intelligence Application in EOR Projects
Authors: Elemo R. O. , Elmtalab J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Two knowledge-based expert systems and a FORTRAN computer program were developed to aid the reservoir engineer in selecting appropriate EOR method(s), determining the quantity(ies) of recoverable oil, and evaluating economic feasibility of the selected method(s) for candidate reservoirs. Testing and sensitivity analyses showed that the developed expert systems are reliable and consistent with human experts' opinions. The expert systems were designed to accommodate new knowledge and technology that may emerge and become available in the future.
Nodal Systems Analysis Using Object-Oriented Programming Techniques
Authors: Takács Gabor , Turzo Zoltan 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Efficient design of a flowing or artificially lifted well requires analysis of its components in conjunction with the entire system. These analyses customarily are called nodal systems analyses. Development of computer programs for nodal systems analysis is a complex and time-consuming task, mainly because of the complexity of the system. A recently emerging programming technique, object-oriented programming (OOP) can give programmers an excellent means for solving such difficult problems. The aim of this paper is to show the use of OOP programming techniques in the development of a computer program for nodal systems analysis. The program described here was written in TURBO PASCAL 6.0, and its menu system was created using Turbo Vision.
Improving Computer Simulation Through Use of a Graphical User Interface
Authors: Fife Leslie D. , Henry Stephen R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Historically, simulation has been performed on large mainframe and minicomputers. These computers were limited in number, expensive, and controlled by a small group of professionals highly trained in the use of these resources. These resources were often difficult to access and use; they were not "user friendly." The appearance of high-speed, high-capacity desktop computers allowed an increasing number of engineers and scientists access to computers and simulators. Because these new resources were often difficult to use and the users were not highly trained, however, many of the problems associated with difficulty of use remained.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI's) have helped solve many of the usage problems. GUI's provide additional capabilities that increase the ability of scientists and engineers to use their computer resources. These capabilities increase the value of simulators by extending usage through increased functionality. The consistency of a well-designed family of simulator GUI's can enhance training effectiveness by increasing familiarity with basic operations, assisting in the validation of data, and improving "help" facilities available to the user.
Concept of Gravity Drainage in Layered Porous Media
Authors: Corrêa Antonio Cláudio F. , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gas-oil gravity drainage in layered porous media is, under certain conditions, an unstable process. Even for two layers, gas could finger through a less permeable top layer to reach a more permeable bottom layer.
This paper provides a criterion for instantaneous gas fingering towards the more permeable layer. A non-linear form of the diffusivity equation is used to study gas-oil drainage in layered systems. Numerical examples show that recovery performance of layered systems, unlike homogeneous media, is sensitive to capillary pressure.
A Comparison of Several Methods for Automated Well Test Analysis
Authors: Vieira P. M. F. , Rosa A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of several nonlinear parameter estimation methods for automated well test analysis. Methods based on either the L2-norm or the Li-norm were considered The techniques based on the minimization of the L2-norm were the least squares (LS) and the singular value decomposition (SVD) methods. The nunimizauon of the Li-norm included the least absolute values (LAV), the modified least absolute values (MLAV) and the combination MLAV-LAV. Important characteristics of these methods were discussed such as: constrained optimization, statistical analysis of the estimation results and error probability distributions. A new approach to constrain the optimization process was proposed An analysis of the use of pressure data, pressure derivative data and pressure and pressure derivative data as model functions was performed.
Void Fraction in Bubbly and Slug Flow in Downward Vertical and Inclined Systems
Authors: Hasan A. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Much work has been done in the area of two-phase upflow, while the flow of gas and liquid in the downward direction has not received much attention. This paper presents a model for estimating void fraction in downward flow for vertical and inclined systems for the two dominant flow regimes, bubbly flow and slug flow. We use the drift-flux approach to determine slip between the phases and the transition between the flow regimes. The flowing mixture densities calculated from the model are useful for pressure gradient estimation.
Extensive data are used to validate the model. The data show that for both bubbly and slug flow the effect of buoyancy, expressed by the terminal bubble-rise velocity, has the same magnitude as that for the case of upflow. In addition, the flow distribution parameter in bubbly flow appears to have the same value of 1.2 as in upflow. For slug flow, however, the flow parameter is represented by a somewhat lower value (1.12) than for upflow.
Hydrate Inhibition Design for Deepwater Completions
Authors: Davalath J. , Barker J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper will review the design considerations for gas hydrate prevention in deepwater well completions. The influence of seafloor temperature, wellbore pressure, water production rate and composition of gas on hydrate inhibition system design will be discussed. The impact of various inhibitors will be discussed in relationship to the design of the system and potential handling problems. Examples will review design considerations for sizing of subsea inhibitor lines, selection of injection depth below the seafloor and hardware requirements. Case histories of inhibitor injection systems used in deepwater completions and during testing of deepwater exploration wells will be reviewed. The benefits of insulated tubing to enhance inhibition design will be discussed. Also, a method will be introduced that can be used to estimate the maximum inhibitor injection rate to avoid salt precipitation from completion fluid or produced water.
Practical Automation for Mature Producing Areas
Authors: Luppens J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Successful installation and operation of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems on two U.S. gulf coast platforms, prompted the installation of the first SCADA, or automation, system in Oklahoma in 1989. The initial installation consisted of four remote terminal units (RTU's) at four beam-pumped leases and a PC-based control system communicating by means of a 900-MHz data repeater. This first installation was a building block for additional wells tobe automated, and then additional systems, consisting of RTU's, a PC, and a data repeater, were installed. By the end of 1992 there were 98 RTU's operating on five separate systems (Fig. 1), and additional RTU's are being installed on a regular basis.
The tangible and intangible savings generated by these automation systems have exceeded expectations in all cases. Downtime has been reduced by up to 83%, surface maintenance costs on beam- pumped wells have been reduced by an average of 40%, and the cost of well workovers for rod, tubing, and/or pump repairs has been reduced by 17% to 44%, depending on field conditions. These improvements have led to production increases of up to 30%. Additionally, spills have been significantly reduced and early detection of leaks, when they occur, has reduced the impact of these spills, enhancing the environmental compatibility of operations.
This paper outlines the logical development of automation systems on properties in Oklahoma operated by Phillips Petroleum Co. Those factors critical to the success of the effort are (1) designing data-gathering and control capability in conjunction with the field operations staff to meet and not exceed their needs; (2) selection of a computer operating system and automation software package; (3) selection of computer, RTU, and end-device hardware; and (4) continuous involvement of the field operations staff in the installation, operation, and maintenance of the systems. Additionally, specific tangible and intangible results are discussed.
An Evaluation of Prudhoe Bay Horizontal and High-Angle Wells After 5 Years of Production
Authors: Pucknell J.K. , Broman W.H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Based on 5 years of production history on 14 horizontal and high-angle wells, this paper reviews the performance of these wells compared with conventional offsets, discusses how shales influence GOR's, describes production log and well test interpretation, gives evidence that only parts of the horizontal section actually produce, and describes the success of coiled-tubing workovers.

Introduction
The Prudhoe Bay field is the largest Alaskan oil field. BP Exploration operates the western half, which is the subject of this paper. Production is from the Ivishak sand stone, a layered reservoir of variable properties, including high-permeability fluvial conglomerates and lower-permeability sand stones. The average sand/shale ratio is 0.9, and the shales are a major factor controlling well performance.
The first horizontal well in the western area of the Prudhoe Bay field was drilled in Nov. 1985. Since then, BP has drilled a number of horizontal and high-angle wells. This paper discusses the first 14 of these wells. They have been on production for an average of about 5 years. These wells, with deviations greater than 82, are called non conventional wells (NCW's) and are listed in Table 1.
The wells can be split into two groups: 10 wells located below the original gas cap in the gravity-drainage area, where high GOR's cause problems, and 4 wells in the peripheral and west end areas (see Fig. 1), where water cuts can be significant.
By 1992, a large amount of information had been accumulated. This paper is the result of a review of that information-production histories, production logs, pressure-buildup tests and coiled-tubing workovers. Drilling and reservoir simulation are not covered.
Cumulative Oil Produced by NCW's Compared With Offsets. To establish the benefits of NCW's, the cumulative oil produced by NCW's was compared with that produced by offset conventional wells (0 to 60). Offset wells chosen as analogs were completed in the same zone at a similar time and had no known mechanical problems (e.g., cement channels). Table 2 gives the results. These comparisons show that overall the NCW program has been a considerable success, recovering an extra 21 million STB of oil. Although some of this oil may have been produced at the expense of offset wells, it is still a large incremental volume. How ever, 5 of the 14 wells do not currently show any benefit in terms of additional oil produced compared with analogous conventional wells. Efforts were made to establish why some wells were more successful than others.
Critical Gas Saturation and Supersaturation in Low-Permeability Rocks
Authors: Kamath Jairam , Boyer R. E. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The laboratory methodology for determining critical gas saturation, Sgc, in field depletion processes is still uncertain. Through measurements on low-permeability rocks, we explore some of the key issues affecting laboratory determination of Sgc. Differences between laboratory depletion and external gasdrive experiments are measured and analyzed. We also investigate the relationship between average Sgc from material balance and true Sgc, source of supersaturation, gas nucleation conditions, and dynamics of gas bubble growth in depletion drive experiments. We assess the use of low-bubblepoint oils to reduce experiment time. Finally, we suggest some improvements to laboratory procedures.
The Instrumentation of the Conductor of a Subsea Well in the North Sea To Measure the Installed Conditions and Behavior Under Load
Authors: King G. W. , Soloman I. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The conductor design for subsea wells has not been studied to the same extent as the design of the subsequent casing strings. Models have been developed that incorporate riser and pile foundation analysis techniques to overcome this shortcoming. However, the models are dependent on a number of assumptions about the installed conditions, applied load, and resultant behavior, which have not all been fully validated. There have also been cases where the structural failure of the conductor has resulted in the loss of a well.
To enhance the understanding of conductor design, we initiated a project to install sufficient instrumentation on the conductor of a subsea well, and a data-acquisition system to enable the recording of the significant conductor parameters for comparison with model predictions. This paper describes the objectives of the measurement program, the design and testing of the instrumentation systems, the offshore installation and operation, the results obtained, and how the results have been interpreted.
Volume Requirements for Aerated Mud Drilling
Authors: Guo Boyun , Rajtar J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Aerated mud drilling has been recognized as having many advantages over conventional mud drilling, such as higher penetration rate, less formation damage, minimized lost circulation, and lower drilling cost. In some areas, the use of aerated mud as a circulating medium for drilling oil and gas wells is becoming an attractive practice. Maintaining an optimum combination of liquid and air flow rates is important in aerated drilling operations. However, most drilling operators are unclear on what constitutes the "optimum combination of the liquid and air flow rates." Guo et al. presented a mathematical approach to determining the flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP) for aerated mud drilling. This paper addresses the use of Guo et al.'s mathematical model to determine liquid and air volume requirements considering wellbore stability, pipe sticking, and formation damage as well as the cuttings-carrying capacity of the aerated mud. From a formation-damage-prevention point of view, the liquid fraction in the fluid stream should be as low as possible. However, a sufficient mud flow rate is always required to make the hole stable and to maintain the cuttings-carrying capacity of the aerated mud without injecting much air volume. This paper provides a simple approach to determining the liquid and air volume requirements for aerated mud drilling.
Development and Implementation of an HSE Management System in Exploration and Production Companies
Authors: Bentley P.D. , Mundhenk D.L. , Jones M.G. , de Jong Geert 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the experience to date with safety management systems (SMS's) and describes their implementation after the Piper Alpha disaster and Lord Cullen's report. It also shows the gradual expansion of these systems toward fully integrated health, safety, and environment (HSE) management systems. Our company policy, which was clearly stated before publication of Lord Cullen's report, is that work should not start until the appropriate controls are in place. Work based on this policy and on objective-setting SMS's within Shell IntI. Petroleum Mij. (SIPM) E&P coordination started in earnest soon after the publication of the report in Nov. 1990 and has continued without interruption since that time. Objective-setting systems may be defined as systems where the company management sets its own objectives or goals on the basis of functional rather than prescriptive requirements and then goes on to demonstrate how such goals have been, or are being, met. The paper ends with a projection of what may be expected in the future.

Introduction
Following the Piper Alpha disaster and the in-depth public inquiry led by Lord Cullen, the recommendation was made that all offshore installations on the U.K. continental shelf should have safety cases similar to those already required under the U.K. Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations. This recommendation was given effect by means of the safety-case regulation within the U.K. with a Nov. 1993 deadline for the submission of safety cases. Shell Expro, as a major operator in the U.K. sector of the North Sea, had already begun work on its safety cases before publication of the Cullen report and was one of the companies that contributed to the so called "voluntary" safety cases before this date.
It was apparent to E&P management within SIPM that the SMS and the safety case provided better assurance of safe operation and were of real value to Shell operations worldwide. (In this paper, Shell is sometimes used for E&P companies of the Royal Dutch/ Shell group in general, and Shell E&P is used if experience was gained through technical service agreements supported by SIPM E&P). It was also clear that a worldwide move toward such systems would take place. Thus, application of these systems was both good business and appropriate for all Shell E&P operating companies. As a direct consequence, an integrated project team (both project engineering and operations) was set up to implement SMS and safety cases throughout Shell upstream operations worldwide.
The Differentiation Method in Rheology: II. Characteristic Derivatives of Ideal Models in Poiseuille Flow
Authors: Savins J.G. , Wallick G.C. , Foster W.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Inasmuch as the differentiation and integration methods represent different modes of rheological analyses, a dual scheme of analysis using both methods should lead to a generalized method of data analysis. A dual differentiation. integration method of analysis is applied here to the Poiseuille flow of a variety of ideal Generalized Newtonian and viscoplastic models. Using machine processing techniques, the result is a spectrum of response patterns which are expressed in terms of certain derivative functions. It is shown that these characteristic functions form the basis of a highly-sensitive analytic technique for optimizing the selection of the most appropriate functional relationship between shear rate and shearing stress.

Introduction
In the first paper of this series, Savins, Wallick and Foster presented an historical review of the salient features of the differentiation method of rheological analysis in Poiseuille flow, and also indicated how the method could be applied to problems involving plane Poiseuille flow. It was shown that the differentiation and integration methods, although basically not incompatible, do represent different modes of rheological analysis. This suggests that valuable background information regarding the probable response characteristics of real data obtained with the differentiation method can be obtained from an integration method-differentiation method analysis of the response of a variety of ideal rheological models. The present paper describes how this dual method of analysis has been applied to suites of idealized models representing a wide variety of Generalized Newtonian and viscoplastic behavior which have received attention at various places in the literature.

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

NEWTONIAN LIQUID
For a liquid of constant viscosity
.............................(1)
By substituting Eq. 1 in Eq. 9 of Ref. 1 and integrating, it is easily shown that for Poiseuille flow
.......................(2)
and, hence,
....................(3)
...........................(4)

GENERALIZED NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS

Odd Power
This model is of the form
......................(5a)
Note that it represents a Maclaurin-type series expansion, based on the Newtonian model, which is restricted to the odd powers of the stress.
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