bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids from natural sources as their methyl esters by adsorption and distillation techniques
Authors: Herb S. F. , Witnauer Lee P. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: August 2007

Summary and ConclusionsMethyl eicosapentaenoate and docosapentaenoate were isolated by adsorption and distillation techniques from the highly unsaturated esters of beef adrenal lipids. Specific extinction coefficients were determined under two different conditions of alkali isomerization.
Butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant for animal fats
Authors: Kraybill H. R. , Dugan L. R. , Beadle B. W. , Vibrans F. C. , Swartz VeNona , Rezabek Helen 
Published: August 2007

SummaryButylated hydroxyanisole has been developed as a new and very effective antioxidant for animal fats. It is readily soluble in fats, and practically insoluble in water. It exhibits synergism with acids, hydroquinone, methionine, lecithin, and thiodipropionic acid. It is very effective in protecting foods made with lard against rancidity.In combination with small quantities of hydroquinone or propyl gallate and an acid synergist, it imparts to animal fats high AOM stability and shelf life and is very effective in protecting foods made with lard (crackers, pastry, etc.) against rancidity.Extensive pilot plant and commercial tests have demonstrated the practical usefulness of the antioxidant.Extensive toxicological tests with rats have failed to demonstrate any physiological effects when the antioxidant is used daily in food, even in amounts several hundred times the maximum amount permitted by the regulations of the Meat Inspection Division.
Component fatty acids of some cruciferae oils
Authors: Kapur S. L. , Daubert B. F. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe oils from yellow mustard seed (Brassica alba), black mustard seed (Brassica nigra) of Indian origin, and rapeseed (Brassica Compestris) of unknown origin have been analyzed for their fatty acid composition without preliminary resolution of fatty acids by lead‐salt‐alcohol or fractional crystallization methods. The results compare very favorably with those determined by other recently developed methods. It may be concluded therefore that this method can be favorably employed for the determination of fatty acid composition of fats containing higher unsaturated acids.Confirmatory evidence has been obtained for the presence of eicosenoic acid in rapeseed oil.The nature and amount of fatty acids of yellow mustard seed oil of Indian origin do not differ in any significant manner from those of other cruciferous seed oils.The present analysis of black mustard seed oil reveals a higher amount of linolenic acid, and the presence of a C20 monoethenoid acid, not heretofore reported.
Evaluation of antioxidants by a rapid polarographic method
Authors: Hamilton J. W. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid, precise, and reproducible method and an adaptable apparatus for polarographic measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity is described. This method measures antioxidant activity within a few min time as compared to the hours or days needed for several widely used methods. Peroxidation rates were measured for different lipids as a function of amount of lipid, and amount of biocatalyst. The method is applicable to the detection and measurement of the antioxidant effects exhibited by weak antioxidants and has been satisfactorily used for the measurement of the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of powerful antioxidants.
The analysis of alkyl aryl sulfonates by micro desulfonation and gas chromatography
Authors: Setzkorn E. A. , Carel A. B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe structural analysis of micro quantities of alkyl aryl sulfonates by presently known chemical and spectroscopic techniques has been an exceedingly difficult task. The formidable nature of such analyses is due largely to the essential nonvolatility of the sulfonates, a fact which precludes the application of gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric techniques.The present paper describes an approach wherein gas chromatography is made applicable to analysis of micro quantities of sulfonates. The key to the approach is a microchemical desulfonation procedure. This process yields the parent hydrocarbon, which is volatile and hence amenable to analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
A method for the structural analysis of triglycerides and lecithins
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe structural analysis of lecithins and triglycerides is described. The procedure is carried out on 2舑5 mg of sample by a combination of reductive ozonolysis and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). The ozonides as well as the aldehyde 舠cores舡 derived from reduction of the ozonides are separated by TLC and analyzed quantitatively by densitometry. The constituent saturated fatty acids of the separated aldehyde 舠cores舡 are methylated and analyzed by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). The scope of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of several synthetic and natural triglycerides and several lecithins isolated from natural sources.
A study of the biodegradation of anionic synthetic detergents a new laboratory test
Authors: Borstlap C. , Kooijman P. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe biodegradation of anionic synthetic detergents is studied by means of a new laboratory test. The bacterial source used in this test is activated sludge from the Sewage Works at Amsterdam. Important differences in biological 舠softness舡 were found between various detergents with this test, which gives results similar to those found in pilot plant experiments.
Procedure and apparatus for plasticizing fats in the laboratory
Authors: Steffen A. H. , Vander Wal R. J. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA procedure for plasticizing fats in the laboratory, using a Hobart Kitchen Aid Mixer (Model K‐4‐B), has been described. The data indicate that this procedure is applicable to the common types of baking shortening for determining their pound‐cake volume value and gives results in agreement with those obtained on plant‐plasticized samples. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive and easy to assemble and operate. The procedure is fast and simple and has proven to be a helpful research tool in evaluating experimental shortenings.
Recent advances in in‐situ epoxidation reactions with resin catalysts
Authors: Gall Ralph J. , Greenspan Frank P. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTwo new resin catalyst systems forin‐situ epoxidation have been described. One technique features the continuous circulation of the reaction mixture through a fixed resin catalyst bed. The other, a simple, practical and economical process, employs expendable amounts of resin catalyst.Yields of 75–85% epoxy ester with very little residual unsaturation were readily obtained.
Analytical test methods for organic detergents
Authors: Spangler W. G. 
Published: August 2007

ConclusionTo date the conditions regarding the analysis of organic detergents and mixtures containing them can be summarized as follows:

Methods for complete analysis and identification of the many surface‐active agents available are very limited.

Absorption spectrophotometry (ultraviolet and infrared) shows great promise as a means of identifying and characterizing these surface‐active agents after some preliminary separation.

Chromatographic procedures will probably become an ideal way to bring about separations and might well compete against present titration methods for quantitative results.

Reference compounds for standardization are badly needed.
Betula platyphylla var.japonica Seed Oil: A rich source of linoleic acid
Authors: Ihara Shogo , Tanaka Tatsuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractComponent fatty acids of the oil extracted fromBetula platypbylla Sukatchev var.japonica Hara (Betulaceae) seeds were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid (87%), and together with oleic and linolenic acids the 18‐carbon unsaturated acids amounted to 97% of the total acids.
A simulation study of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenation reactors
Authors: Chakravarty T. , Bhatia S. , Saraf D. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed to predict the course of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenation reactors. The model assumes that the reaction is mass‐transfer‐controlled. Suitable empirical equations have been used to describe rate of hydrogenation in preference over a mechanistic approach. The agreement between theoretical predictions from the model and plant data is generally satisfactory. Temperature, pressure and agitation intensity have strong effect on the kinetics of the reaction and on selectivity ratio under conditions of industrial reactors. The product quality is determined by overall selectivity which is governed by operating conditions, as well as the catalyst selectivity.
New esterification method for resin acids
Authors: Arimoto K. , Zinkel D. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reaction of tetraalkylammonium salts of resin acids using dehydroabietic acid as the model with various alkyl polychlorides was studied as a method for preparing new ester derivatives of rosins. Of the alkyl halides investigated, methylene chloride, 1,1‐dichloroethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, trichloroethylene and 1,2,3‐trichloropropane reacted with tetrabutylammonium dehydroabietate at moderate temperatures in short reaction times. A number of new esters were identified by NMR, IR and CI‐MS. Although many of the primary products were the anticipated monoesters and diesters, some dehydrochlorinated esters were also obtained. The reaction with trichloroethylene resulted in appreciable amounts of dehydroabietic acid anhydride.
Evidence of two β’ phases in tristearin
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Hagemann J. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractData from Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and features of the preparative method are all consistent with the existence of 2 intermediate β’ phases for tristearin; the first, a lower melting phase, β’2, transforms at 61 C into the second, β’1 , which in turn changes at 64 C into β‐tristearin. Raman spectral evidence indicates that the 2 mesophases occur in an orthorhombic packing environment and that the β’2 to β’1 transition results from a change in lateral packing of the hydrocarbon chains.
Preparation of surfactants by condensation of fatty acid esters with hydrolyzed proteins
Authors: Muscio O. J. , Cole B. , McCarty T. , Sandu V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractProducts with good surface‐active properties can be easily prepared by condensation of fatty‐acid methyl esters with polypeptides derived from collagen proteins by hydrolysis. The condensation is done at moderate reaction temperatures (ca. 155 C) in dimethylsulfoxide solvent, and is promoted by sodium hydroxide or other alkaline reagents. The method works best with unsaturated esters, such as methyl oleate, which are more soluble in the reaction mixture, and which yield more soluble products, but also works well with the mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters in methyl tallowate. The reaction appears to be a transamidation reaction in which incorporation of the fatty acid moiety results in partial cleavage of the polypeptide chain and in formation of methyl alcohol. Other solvents which can dissolve both fatty acid esters and collagen‐derived proteins, such as ethylene glycol, can be used to advantage in this reaction.
Improving the Management and Delivery of Bedside Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation
Authors: John Tracey , Colvin Roslyn , Ferrall Brit 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSOME SURGICAL PROCEDURES can be performed more safely outside the OR. One procedure commonly performed within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation.STAFF MEMBERS at one tertiary care facility assessed current management and delivery of bedside PDA ligation surgery and identified several problem areas, including communication issues regarding patient and unit readiness, design of instrument sets, and organization and transportation of surgical supplies.IMPLEMENTING SOLUTIONS to these problems resulted in a decrease in the amount of time the surgical team spent in the NICU and more efficient surgical procedures. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 231‐238. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Rationales for Developing a Perioperative Web‐Based Resource: Informatics in Action
Authors: Smithers Jim 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES rapidly develop, perioperative nurses have the opportunity to take advantage of these advancements.USING EXISTING infrastructure, web‐based resources can bring valuable information directly to the OR that otherwise might be unavailable.THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES the advantages of using nursing informatics to shape existing infrastructure into a teaching and orientation tool for perioperative nurses, with the goal of developing web‐based applications that can positively influence perioperative nursing and patient safety. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 239‐248. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
The Not‐So‐Hidden Costs of Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Barnett Todd E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS (SSIs) adversely affect approximately 500,000 patients annually, causing immense human suffering and taking a huge financial toll on patients, hospitals, insurance companies, and the government.NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS have made recommendations for reducing SSIs, and many advances have been made in evidence‐based practice recommendations that result in fewer SSIs.REUSABLE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) lead wires can be a significant source of infection. One medical center near Richmond, VA, began using a disposable ECG lead wire set and wireless transceiver system and subsequently experienced a 40% decrease in SSIs. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 249‐258. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Wrist Arthroscopy
Authors: Ricks Elizabeth 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTARTHROSCOPIC SURGERY, a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure, is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of most disorders of the wrist. It offers direct visualization of the structures of the joint anatomy and existing disease processes while causing minimal damage to surrounding soft tissue.OTHER BENEFITS of arthroscopic treatment compared to traditional open procedures include less postoperative pain, shorter recovery times, and fewer surgical complications. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 181‐188. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
THE INCREASE IN TESTICULAR VASCULAR PERMEABILTY INDUCED BY HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN INVOLVES 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND POSSIBLY OESTROGENS, BUT NOT TESTOSTERONE, PROSTAGLANDINS, HISTAMINE OR BRADYKININ
Authors: Sowerbutts SF , Jarvis LG , Setchell BP 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPossible intermediates in the response of the rat testicular vasculature to human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) have been investigated. Ketanserin, an antagonist of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, significantly reduced the increase in 1‐h albumin space seen 20 h after hCG, as did one aromatase inhibitor (1,4,6‐androstatriene‐3, 17‐dione), but the effect of another (testolactone) did not reach significance. Aminoglutethimide, which inhibits overall steroid synthesis as well as aromatase, reduced the albumin space in both control and hCG‐injected rats but the hCG response, as judged by the ratio between treated and control rats, was unaffected. Inhibitors of overall steroid synthesis (WIN 32,729), prostaglandin synthesis (meclofenamic acid or indomethacin) and angiotensin converting enzyme (captopril) and blockers of H1 and H2 histamine receptors (mepyramine, cimetidine or ranitidine) were without effect. The time course of the vascular response to hCG is quite different from the response in testosterone secretion by the testis. Considerable numbers of mast cells were found in the vicinity of the testicular artery in the testicular capsule, and these may be a source of 5‐hydroxytryptamine.
THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYL RADICAL BY HUMAN NEUTROPHILS STIMULATED BY ARACHIDONIC ACID – MEASUREMENTS BY ESR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Cheung Kee , Lark Jennifer , Robinson Michael F , Pomery Peter J , Hunter S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHuman neutrophils incubated with sodium arachidonate generated hydroxyl radicals. The radical formed an adduct with the spin trap 5′, 5‐dimethyl‐l‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) and was subsequently detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The ESR signal was inhibited by mannitol and superoxide dismutase but not by catalase. Removal of glucose from the reaction mixture or the presence of glucose metabolic inhibitors including 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose did not affect the production of hydroxyl radical by the neutrophils. The ESR signal was, however, inhibited by the lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and N‐ethylmaleimide.The involvement of lipoxygenase in the production of hydroxyl radical was demonstrated by the trapping of the radical with DMPO in a reaction mixture of soybean lipoxygenase and arachidonic acid (AA). These findings support our previous postulation that the metabolism of AA via the lipoxygenase pathway is a source of hydroxyl radical in stimulated neutrophils.
A COMPARISON OF PORTAL VERSUS SYSTEMIC VENOUS DRAINAGE IN MURINE FOETAL PANCREATIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Cuthbertson RA , Mandel TE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe have compared the efficiency of foetal islet graft growth and function in renal subcapsular (systemic drainage) and splenic (portal drainage) sites. Age‐matched female BALB/c streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic mice were grafted either under the left renal capsule or on to the hilar surface of the spleen with one half of a syngeneic 17‐day gestation foetal pancreas which had been in organ culture for 2 weeks. Gain in body weight, return to normoglycaemia and to normal glycosylated haemoglobin levels were not significantly different between the two groups. However, when an intraperitoneal arginine challenge was performed the portally grafted mice showed more normal responses than the systemically grafted mice. Although still not normal after the arginine challenge, mean blood glucose values were lower and serum insulin values higher in the spleen grafted animals than in the renal subcapsular graft group. The total amount of insulin was assayed by extraction of both the graft and the pancreas of each animal. The amount of insulin in the grafts from the spleen was not significantly different from those in the renal subcapsular site. We conclude that the efficiency of a graft draining into the portal circulation is greater than an equivalent sized graft draining systemically when a maximal challenge is applied.
THE ROLE OF GUT‐ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES IN THE GENERATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐BEARING LYMPHOCYTES IN SHEEP
Authors: Gerber HA , Morris Bede , Trevella Wendy 
Published: August 2007

SummaryExperiments were designed to examine the relative contributions of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes to the population of circulating immunoglobulin‐bearing lymphocytes in sheep. The ileum, with more than 90% of the total Peyer's patches, the mesenteric lymph nodes, or both, were removed from lambs at different stages of development and the composition of the cell populations in lymph from different sources and in the blood was examined. Lambs which had had the ileum removed before or within a few days of birth were deficient in small lymphocytes bearing membrane immunoglobulin. This deficit remained for at least the first year of the animals' lives. Neither the removal of mesenteric lymph nodes nor removal of the ileum had any statistically significant effect on the total output of cells or on the population of IgA‐producing cells in lymph draining from the gut.
ASPECTS OF PATHOGENESIS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF INFECTION BY CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Batey RG 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new medium, nutrient tween 80 broth (NTB) was utilised to achieve improved cultivation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Twenty four hour NTB cultures were used for cutaneous and intraperitoneal infection of mice. The intraperitoneal administration of heterologous protein, liquid paraffin or thioglycollate prior to intraperitoneal challenge caused enhanced multiplication of the organism although this could be prevented by modifying host response. Pretreatment of skin with thioglycollate enabled cutaneous infection to be consistently achieved. The progress of lesions in skin and viscera is described. Immunisation of the mice was effected by both intraperitoneal and cutaneous routes of inoculation, the latter being particularly useful because it did no t lead to residual lesions of viscera. Immunity was expressed by a failure of organisms to localise at secondary sites although infection of primary sites in skin or peritoneal cavity occurred, apparently at a reduced level. The relevance of these findings to the natural disease of sheep is discussed.
HUMAN ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS ALONG THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Vale TG , Carter IW , McPhie KA , James GS , Cloonan MJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe prevalence of antibodies in human sera from the south coast of New South Wales to four arboviruses, isolated from mosquitoes collected along the south coast, was determined in an attempt to estimate the importance of these viruses in human infection. Only two viruses, Barmah Forest and Gan Gan, were considered to be of any significance.
EPIDERMAL CELL POPULATIONS AND ANTIGEN EXPRESSION IN CULTURES OF HUMAN NEONATAL EPIDERMIS
Authors: Thompson CH , Rose BR , Cossart YE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe persistence of Langerhans cells, melanocytes and ABH red cell antigens in human epidermal cell cultures derived from neonatal foreskin explants has been investigated. Langerhans cells were recognised via the detection of ATPase activity and by immunohistochemical staining for T6 and HLA‐DR antigens. Melanocytes were detected by the dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) technique; whilst the presence of red cell antigens was confirmed by immunohistochemical tests using monoclonal anti‐A, anti‐B, and anti‐H antibodies.Langerhans cells were not detected in the cultured epidermis, and few melanocytes were found more than 0.2 mm from the periphery of the explants. However, both Langerhans cells and melanocytes were found to persist for up to 4 weeks in the explants themselves. Red cell antigens, consistent with the blood group of the donor infant, were consistently detected on the surface of the differentiating keratinocytes throughout their in vitro lifespan. The significance of these findings is discussed.
CONJUGATIVE, STAPHYLOCOCCAL PLASMIDS CARRYING HITCH‐HIKING TRANSPOSONS SIMILAR TO Tn554: INTRA‐AND INTERSPECIES DISSEMINATION OF ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE
Authors: Townsend DE , Bolton S , Ashdown N , Annear DI , Grubb WB 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTwo staphylococcal plasmids, pWG4 and pWG25, encode production of a diffusible pigment and resistance to erythromycin and spectinomycin. The former was found occurring naturally in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and the latter in S. epidermidis. Both plasmids are conjugative, capable of high‐frequency, interspecies transfer, only isolated in the open‐circular form and identical in molecular weight and pattern of restriction‐endonuclease fragments. The only difference between the plasmids is in the expression of resistance, pWG4 encoding inducible and pWG25 constitutive erythromycin resistance. The resistance determinants of both plasmids behave as hitch‐hiking transposons in cultural conditions that favour phage‐mediated or phage‐independent conjugation, always inserting a copy of themselves into the recipient's chromosome, except in S. epidermidis in which the chromosomal insertion site may be absent. The resistance determinants have been cloned and located on a 4 7 kbp Eco Rl/Hind III restriction fragment which has a restriction map similar to that of the right arm of Tn554 (Murphy and Lofdahl, 1984). The hitch‐hiking transposon of plasmid pWG25 has been designated Tn3853.