bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prebreeding moult, plumage and evidence for a presupplemental moult in the Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris
Authors: BATTLEY PHIL F. , ROGERS DANNY I. , HASSELL CHRIS J. 
Published: January 2006

We studied the prebreeding moult and resulting plumage in a long‐distance migrant sandpiper (Scolopacidae), the Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, on the non‐breeding grounds (northwest Australia), on arrival at the staging grounds after the first migratory flight (eastern China) and on or near the Russian breeding grounds (Russian data from museum specimens). We show that breeding plumage scores and breast blackness were affected not only by the increase in moulted feathers but also in the wearing down of overlaying pale tips of fresh feathers. Birds migrating from Australia and arriving in China had completed or suspended moult, but more moult must occur in Asia as Russian specimens had moulted more of their mantle and scapular feathers. Russian birds had significantly more red feathering on their upperparts than had birds in Australia or those arriving in China. The increase in reddish feathers cannot by accounted for simply by continuation of the prealternate moult. Instead, a third, presupplemental moult must occur, in which red‐marked feathers replace some scapular and especially mantle feathers that were acquired in a prealternate moult only 1–3 months earlier. Great Knot sexes show little size and plumage dimorphism, whereas two other sandpipers that have supplemental plumages (Ruff Philomachus pugnax and Bar‐tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica) are thought to be highly sexually selected. Bidirectional sexual selection may therefore be involved in the evolution of a supplemental plumage in Great Knots.
Adult Brünnich's Guillemots Uria lomvia balance body condition and investment in chick growth
Authors: GASTON ANTHONY J. , HIPFNER J. MARK 
Published: January 2006

To investigate the covariation of adult body condition and nestling growth, we weighed adult Brünnich's Guillemots Uria lomvia rearing chicks at Coats Island, Nunavut, Canada, each year between 1988 and 2002. We estimated chick mass at 14 days for a sample of chicks reared in the same years. Adult mass and chick mass at 14 days were highly correlated, suggesting that, as feeding conditions deteriorate, adults compromise by reducing their own body reserves, while at the same time delivering less food to their offspring. We compared the prediction of the least‐squares regression for the Coats Island data with observations made at Digges Island, a much larger colony about 300 km away, where birds are similar in linear body measurements to those at Coats Island and have a similar body mass while incubating. Adult mass at Digges Island averaged 11% less during chick‐rearing than during incubation, compared with only a 5% difference at Coats Island. Mean chick mass at 14 days at Digges Island was lower in all years than was observed for chicks at Coats Island in any year. The observed 14‐day chick masses at Digges Island in two years were close to values predicted by adult mass and somewhat lower in two other years (those when chick growth was slowest). At Digges Island, the distribution of mass for brooding adults was right skewed and suggested a lower threshold at 800–850 g, below which Brünnich's Guillemots terminate breeding. We conclude that the correlation between adult and chick mass represents a dynamic equilibrium in which adults simultaneously adjust their own energy reserves and their delivery rate to the chick. This compromise must be based on behavioural choices made by individual birds and is unlikely to be a passive consequence of fluctuating conditions.
Inter‐examiner reliability in the clinical examination of temporomandibular disorders: influence of age
Authors: Hassel Alexander J. , Rammelsberg Peter , Schmitter Marc 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the age of the subject on inter‐examiner reliability of the clinical signs of temporomandibular disorder (TMD).Methods:  Forty‐three elderly (ES) and 44 younger adults (YS) were selected. The female/male distribution was almost the same in the two groups. All participants underwent clinical examination according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD, performed successively by two clinicians.Results:  For metric measurements – with the exception of unassisted opening – the ES gave a significantly lower range of motion with both examiners and significantly worse percentage agreement between the examiners. A remarkable inter‐examiner disagreement in the elderly was found with laterotrusion and protrusion movements. The prevalence of joint sounds was rated inconsistently by the examiners. The reliability of detection was not different in the two groups. The prevalence of tender muscle sites was also inconsistent. The overall percentage agreement for subjects with at least one tender muscle point was not age dependent. Because of the very low prevalence in ES, further statistical assessment of reliability is not possible.Conclusions:  The age‐dependent lower range of motion and the inferior reliability of metric measurements in the elderly could lead to wrong diagnoses. The reliability of detecting joint sounds and tender muscles was not age dependent within the limitations of the study.
Dental Discomfort Questionnaire: assessment of dental discomfort and/or pain in very young children
Authors: Versloot Judith , Veerkamp Jaap S. J. , Hoogstraten Johan 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  To present and analyse the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire (DDQ) for very young children and to assess the possible differences in pain‐related behaviours displayed by children with or without reported toothache, and by children with or without decayed teeth.Methods:  Based on parental interviews of toddlers referred to a dental care practice 12 pain‐related behaviours were identified which formed the DDQ. The DDQ was filled out by parents on behalf of their children (n = 146; mean age 47 months). Two‐third (n = 94) of the children were referred to a special dental care centre and one‐third (n = 52) were controls from a day care centre.Results:  The results show that the 12 items of the DDQ seem to measure one dimension. However, four items do not correlate with the presence of reported toothache, when these items are removed the DDQ‐8 has a satisfactory reliability. All eight behaviours from the DDQ‐8 occur significantly more often in children with decayed teeth and toothache than in children without decayed teeth or toothache. Especially behaviours concerning eating or brushing teeth are found to be more often present in children with decayed teeth and toothache.Conclusions:  It seems useful to take the child behaviour into account in assessing toothache. The DDQ has shown to be a reliable instrument, which could be helpful in the future for both parents and dentists in identifying toothache in young children.
An empirically derived population‐response model of the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Nuttall N. M. , Slade G. D. , Sanders A. E. , Steele J. G. , Allen P. F. , Lahti S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  The aim of this paper was to model the consequences of dental conditions from an empirical basis and to test the model's ability to predict response combinations.Methods:  The model was derived from responses to the short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP14) obtained from a UK population sample of 5281 dentate adults. This model was then used to predict OHIP14 response combinations obtained from a sample of 3973 dentate and edentulous adults in Australia.Findings:  The empirically derived population‐response model accounted for over 98% of response combinations of Australian dentate adults.Conclusions:  The empirically derived model followed a similar hierarchical pattern to the base model underlying the long‐form version of the measure (thereby supporting the validity of the OHIP14 measure) and was strongly predictive of the pattern of responses obtained from Australian adults.
Predictive validity of ventilatory and lactate thresholds for cycling time trial performance
Authors: Amann Markus , Subudhi Andrew W. , Foster Carl 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To determine which laboratory measurement best predicts 40 km cycling time‐trial (TT) performance.Methods: Fifteen male cyclists performed lactate‐threshold (LT), ventilatory‐threshold (VT), 5 km and 40 km TT. Key variables of interest were Watts at thresholds. For VT determination we used: breakpoint of ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (VE/VO2); breakpoint of ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2); V‐slope; respiratory exchange ratio (RER)=1 and 0.95. For LT we used Stegmann's individual anaerobic threshold; the stage preceding the second 0.5 mmol L−1 increase (Baldari); 4 mmol L−1; 1 mmol L−1 increase in 3 min; the stage preceding the first 1 mmol L−1 increase as criterion methods (<1 mmol). Analyses also included peak power during the incremental threshold tests (MaxVTwatts, MaxLTwatts) and 5 km performance (5Kavgwatts).Results: Regression analyses between VT variables and 40Kavgwatts were significant for V‐slope (r2=0.63), VE/VO2 (r2=0.64), RER0.95 (r2=0.53), RER1 (r2=0.57), and MaxVTwatts (r2=0.65). Regressions between LT variables and 40Kavgwatts were significant for Baldari (r2=0.52), 4 mmol L−1 (r2=0.36), <1 mmol (r2=0.35), Keul (r2=0.34), and MaxLTwatts (r2=0.51). Regressions between 5K variables and 40Kavgwatts were significant for 5Kavgwatts (r2=0.58). Paired t‐tests between these variables and the 40Kavgwatts indicated that absolute power outputs at VE/VO2 (P=0.33), RER0.95 (P=0.93), and 4 mmol L−1 (P=0.39) were not significantly different from 40Kavgwatts.Conclusion: We conclude that VT‐based variables are generally superior to LT variables relative to predicting 40Kavgwatts, the simplest of several valid measures appears to be VE/VO2.
The COL5A1 gene and Achilles tendon pathology
Authors: Mokone G. G. , Schwellnus M. P. , Noakes T. D. , Collins M. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: There is an increase in the incidence of Achilles tendon injuries as a result of the participation in physical activity. It has been suggested that some individuals have a genetic predisposition to Achilles tendon pathology (ATP). The aim of this study was to determine whether the α 1 type V collagen (COL5A1) gene, which encodes for a tendon protein, is associated with the symptoms of ATP.Methods: One‐hundred and eleven Caucasian subjects diagnosed with ATP and 129 Caucasian control (CON) subjects were genotyped for the BstUI and DpnII restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the COL5A1 gene.Results: There was a significant difference in the allele frequencies of the COL5A1 BstUI RFLP between the ATP and CON subjects (P=0.006). The frequency of the A2 allele was significantly higher in the CON group (29.8%) than in the ATP group (18.0%) (odds ratio of 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–3.0; P=0.004). This allele had a stronger protective role when only the 72 patients diagnosed with chronic Achilles tendinopathy were analyzed (odds ratio of 2.6; 95% CI 1.5–4.5).Conclusions: The COL5A1 BstUI RFLP is associated with ATP and more specifically, chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Individuals with an A2 allele of this gene are less likely of developing symptoms of chronic Achilles tendinopathy.
Predictors of hamstring injury at the elite level of Australian football
Authors: Gabbe B. J. , Bennell K. L. , Finch C. F. , Wajswelner H. , Orchard J. W. 
Published: January 2006

Background: Hamstring injuries are the most common injury sustained by elite Australian football players and result in substantial costs because of missed training time, unavailability for matches and lost player payments. Evidence to support proposed risk factors for hamstring injury is generally lacking, limiting the development of appropriate prevention strategies.Aim: To identify intrinsic risk factors for hamstring injury at the elite level of Australian football.Methods: A prospective cohort of 222 players underwent baseline measurement in the form of a self‐report questionnaire and a musculo‐skeletal screen during the pre‐season period of the 2002 Australian football season. Injury surveillance and exposure data were collected for the full season. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of hamstring injury in this group of players.Results: Thirty‐one players sustained a hamstring injury. A past history (previous 12 months) of hamstring injury and increasing age were found to be independent predictors of hamstring injury.Conclusions: Older players and those with a previous history of hamstring injury are target groups for further research and implementation of injury prevention strategies. Restricted ankle dorsiflexion range of movement warrants consideration in the development of prevention programs for hamstring injury.
Energy balance in weight stable athletes with and without menstrual disorders
Authors: Tomten S. E. , Høstmark A. T. 
Published: January 2006

The energy balance and nutritional adequacy was assessed in a group of runners with irregular menstrual function (IR, n=10) and in a comparable group of runners with normal menstrual function (R, n=10).Based on computerized records of 3 days food intake, the mean content of energy and macronutrients were estimated. Excess energy expenditure (EEE) during training hours was estimated using HF monitoring and individual HF/VO2 nomograms. For the rest of a daily 24 h cycle, estimated values for basal metabolic rate (BMR) and sedentary metabolic rate were applied.Daily training‐related excess energy expenditure (2.1±0.3 vs 2.2±0.4) MJ (Mean±SEM) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (11.0±0.3 vs 11.2±0.4) MJ in R vs IR were not different in the two groups. Calculated daily energy intake (EI) was, however, significantly lower in IR (9.7±0.5 MJ) than in R (12.3±0.7 MJ), (P=0.007). Calculated EI and TEE were in balance in R athletes. When the same calculations were applied on IR athletes, a moderate but statistically significant negative energy balance was found (−1.5±0.6 MJ, P=0.03). The calculated energy deficit was supported by significantly lower levels of free thyroxine in IR athletes, and may indicate an adaptive lower BMR in IR athletes.Mean intakes of carbohydrates (7.0 g/kg in R and 5.7 g/kg in IR) and protein (1.71 g/kg in R and 1.49 g/kg in IR) were close to guidelines. Intakes were not significantly different in the two groups. The most important difference in macronutrient intake was found in dietary fat (1.70 g/kg in R and 1.04 g/kg in IR) that was significantly lower in the IR group than in the R group (P=0.007).The weight stable IR and R athletes seemed to meet the recommended intake of carbohydrates, protein and fat in their diet fairly well. However, according to the present calculations, a small energy deficit was observed in IR athletes but not in R athletes. Compared with the intake of the R athletes, this energy deficit seems primarily to be related to a lower intake of dietary fat in IR athletes.
Prebreeding Maternal Immunostimulation with Freund's Complete Adjuvant Reduces Placental Damage and Distal Limb Defects Caused by Methylnitrosourea
Authors: Renee Prater Mary , Zimmerman Kurt L. , Laudermilch Chelsea L. , Holladay Steven D. 
Published: January 2006

Problem  Immunostimulation reduces murine teratogen‐induced birth defects. It is unclear if placental improvement contributes to this outcome. The current study examined murine placental ultrastructure and fetal limb development following maternal methylnitrosourea (MNU) exposure, ±Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) immunostimulation.Method of study  Two murine strains (CD‐1, C57BL/6N) were administered MNU on gestation day 9 (GD9), FCA pre‐breeding, or FCA + MNU. Fetal limb and placental development were examined on GD14.Results  MNU decreased placental weight and reduced placental cellular viability; FCA reversed these effects. MNU shortened fetal limbs and increased digital defects in both strains. Placentas were less damaged in C57BL/6N versus CD‐1 mice, and distal limb malformations improved only in CD‐1 mice. FCA immunostimulation also increased pregnancy rate.Conclusion  Improved fetal outcome from immune‐stimulated mice may not be dependent on improved placental morphology. However, placental function and morphology in immune‐stimulated mice may not directly correlate, thus functional improvements should be examined for possible relationship to reduced birth defects.
In Vivo Correlation between IL‐1β Concentration in Uterine Fluid and Integrin Expression Pattern in Infertile Women
Authors: Mikolajczyk Mateusz , Wirstlein Przemyslaw , Szymanowski Krzysztof , Skrzypczak Jana 
Published: January 2006

Problem  To evaluate the possible correlation between interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β) and integrin expression.Method of study  Endometrium and uterine fluid from 77 infertile women and 24 fertile, healthy control were studied with immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of IL‐1β and integrin alphaVbeta3 and alpha4beta1 expression.Results  Highest expression of alphaVbeta3 was found in epithelium and glands in endometria from fertile women. There was no positive correlation between IL‐1β and integrin expression pattern.Conclusion  This study confirms the importance of alphaVbeta3 as molecular marker of receptive phase. Also supports the views that synchrony in development of endometrium is necessary for successful nidation. There was however, contrary to results of previous in vitro studies, no positive correlation between IL‐1β and endometrial integrin patter expression.
A case of amelogenesis imperfecta, cleft lip and palate and polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Suda N , Kitahara Y , Ohyama K 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Suda N, Kitahara Y, Ohyama KObjective –  Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by developmental abnormalities of tooth enamel. The AI is also seen as part of multi‐organ abnormalities, e.g. with cone‐rod dystrophy, hypothalamo‐hypophyseal insufficiency and renal failure. The present patient with AI and nephrocalcinosis exhibited a phenotype different from previous cases with renal failure. To highlight the characteristics of this rare case, extensive analysis that included histological, biochemical and genetic examinations was performed.Patient –  The present Japanese male patient exhibited dentition with AI and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Ground sections of his extracted tooth showed that it was hypomaturation‐type AI, unlike previous cases with nephrocalcinosis were hypoplastic‐type. He showed nephrocalcinosis and hematuria at 15 years of age but these symptoms appeared to be secondary to polycystic kidney disease. He showed skeletal Class II pattern with a retrognathic profile and retroclined incisors of both arches. A dolicofacial appearance was seen with an enlarged gonial angle. Biochemical makers including serum alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium, and phosphate, were all in the normal range. Sequence analysis of the genes encoding amelogenin and enamelin, which are known to be responsible for hypoplastic‐type AI, did not reveal any mutations. Since mouse null mutant of homeobox transcription factor, Msx2, exhibits a phenotype resembling AI, the human homolog of this gene, MSX2, was sequenced. There was a missense mutation of T447C that resulted in the conversion of methionine to threonine at 129.
Effects of low‐level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Limpanichkul W , Godfrey K , Srisuk N , Rattanayatikul C 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Limpanichkul W, Godfrey K, Srisuk N, Rattanayatikul CObjectives –  To test the hypothesis that mechanical forces combined with low‐level laser therapy stimulate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.Study design –  This study was a double blind, randomized placebo/control matched pairs clinical trial to test the efficacy of GaAlAs low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on 12 young adult patients who required retraction of maxillary canines into first premolar extraction spaces using tension coil springs with fixed edgewise appliance. LLLT was applied on the mucosa buccally, distally and palatally to the canine on the test side and using a pseudo‐application on the placebo side. Dental impressions and casts were made at the commencement of the trial and at the end of the first, second and third months after starting the trial. Measurement of tooth movements was made on each stage model using a stereo microscope.Results –  There was no significant difference of means of the canine distal movement between the LLLT side and the placebo side for any time periods (p‐value = 0.77).Conclusion –  The energy density of LLLT (GaAlAs) at the surface level in this study (25 J/cm2) was probably too low to express either stimulatory effect or inhibitory effect on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.
A new method for the 3D measurement of postoperative swelling following orthognathic surgery
Authors: Kau CH , Cronin A , Durning P , Zhurov AI , Sandham A , Richmond S 
Published: January 2006

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Kau CH, Cronin A, Durning P, Zhurov AI, Sandham A, Richmond SObjective –  To describe a new method for measuring facial swelling following orthognathic surgery using a 3D laser‐scanning device.Design –  Prospective clinical trial.Setting and Sample Population –  University Dental Hospital, Wales College of Medicine, Biology Life and Health Sciences. Three subjects requiring bi‐maxillary orthognathic surgery were recruited for the study.Experimental Variables –  Laser‐scanned images of the subjects were obtained under a reproducible and controlled environment with two Minolta Vivid 900 (Osaka, Japan) optical laser‐scanning devices assembled as a stereo‐pair. A set of left and right scanned images was taken for each subject and each scan took an average of 2.5 s. 3D laser scans were recorded over six time periods (T1 – pre‐surgical scan, postoperatively: T2 – 1 day, T3 – 1 week, T4 – 1 month, T5 – 3 months and T6 – 6 months).Outcome Measure –  Facial scans from different time periods were overlaid onto the baseline (T6) facial scan to determine the reduction and changes in swelling following orthognathic surgery.Results –  The results showed that swelling could be accurately quantified following surgery. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the amount of swelling 1 month postoperatively. Furthermore, the facial morphology returned to approximately 90% of the baseline facial scan at 3 months.Conclusion –  The 3D laser‐scanning device and the method described was a reliable and accurate measure of facial swelling following surgery.