bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress-Strain and Recovery Properties of Cross-Linked Rayon Yarns in the Wet and Dry States
Authors: Rebenfeld Ludwig , Oster Clinton V. , Klurfeld Laurence F. 
Published: March 2008

Continuous-filament rayon yarns were subjected to an acid-catalyzed cross-linking treatment using dihydroxydi methylol ethyleneurea under pad-dry-cure conditions to two levels of add-on. The stress-strain curves of these yarns were measured at a constant 40%/min rate of extension in the dry (65% RH and 70°F) and wet states and in an "anhy drous" condition. In the dry state, cross-linking increases the elastic modulus, the stress at the yield point, and the stress at break, and decreases the extension at break and the energy to break. In the wet state, there is a disappearance of the primary yield point and the deformation process is plastic-like from the onset without an initial Hookean elastic region. Furthermore, in the wet state, the untreated yarns are weaker and more extensible than under dry conditions, but cross- linking again increases strength and decreases extensibility. Cross-linking brings about the reappearance of the primary yield point even in the wet state. This is interpreted to reflect a protective effect of the hydrogen-bond network in the cellulose structure. The recovery properties were measured as a function of load, strain, and energy of deformation over the entire possible range of values. In uncross-linked state, dry yarns are more resilient than wet yarns, when measured from given loads of deformation, whereas wet yarns are more resilient than dry yarns, when measured from given strains, except for strains below the primary yield point. At low energies of deformation, uncross-linked dry yarns are more resilient, whereas at higher energies of deformation the reverse is the case. These data clearly indicate that, in comparing the recovery prop erties of yarns with different stress-strain curves, an entirely different view of this important yarn characteristic is obtained, depending on whether recovery is measured from given loads, strains, or energies of deformation. Cross-linking significantly increases resilience both in the wet and dry states, particularly from higher levels of deformation.
Pad-Bake Reactions
Authors: Cvculo J.A. 
Published: March 2008

A new reaction of aqueous amic acid-cellulose has been found. It has led to a fast, simple, pad-bake process for modify ing cellulose. The structure of the modified reaction product is postulated to be a cellulose half-acid ester. Some comments are made on the mechanism and generality of the reaction. Also mentioned is the possible value of the easily made cellulose half-acid ester derivative as a precursor for subsequent reactions to obtain cellulosic fabrics with improved properties. Specific examples noted are cellulose hemisuccinate, phthatate, maleate, and glutarate.
Effect of Spinning Draft Parameters on Cotton Drafting Efficiency
Authors: Graham John S. , Bragg Charles K. 
Published: March 2008

Studies of drafting force in the front drafting zone of the Saco-Lowell MagneCradle 17-B and Tru-Set drafting systems indicate that the MagneCradle 17-B, which uses higher roll pressure, has a greater tolerance for high roving twist, but this theory has not been tested in spinning. In both drafting systems, drafting force increases sharply in the high-force region where occasional hard ends begin to appear in the front roll delivery at a higher roving twist level in the Magne Cradle than in the Tru-Set system. Increasing break draft decreases drafting-force sensitivity to the effects of cradle opening and increases sensitivity to drafting failure, but drafting failure occurs at a higher roving twist level for the higher break draft. A series of yarn spinning studies with a wide range of yarn size shows that drafting force for minimum spinning end breakage decreases nonlinearly as yarn number is increased. Spinning tests show that increasing roving twist multiplier to 1.5 in medium-staple carded roving normally causes reduced spinning performance for the Tru-Set and MagneCradle 17-B systems, and the level of drafting force required to minimize the spinning end breakage is higher for the higher roving twist.
The Japanese Fiber Industry Seeks Its Future
Authors: Matsumoto T.K. 
Published: March 2008

The worldwide fiber and textile industries are approaching a high level of maturity, but the growth rate is gradually leveling off. This is particularly so in the developed countries, and Japan is no exception. Japanese fiber producers are not large and therefore do not receive the benefits of mass- scale production, particularly since their domestic market is limited. In addition, their raw material costs are comparatively very high. To overcome this, the Japanese producers are making serious efforts to maximize production efficiency for their medium-size operation and develop a series of sophisticated specialty products. The efforts are based upon the industry's capable foremen/super visors and its well-disciplined and loyal labor force with highly-honed technical skills and talents. The second half of this paper describes the trend of technical development of Japanese specialty yarns.
Studies on Bound Water of Cellulose by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Nakamura Kunio , Hatakeyama Tatsuko , Hatakeyama Hyoe 
Published: March 2008

The crystallization and melting of adsorbed water on cellulose samples such as cotton, kapok, linen, jute, various rayons, and wood cellulose have been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Two exothermic peaks of crystallization of adsorbed water on the cellulose samples are observed. One is a sharp peak (Peak I) observed at about 255 K in a DSC curve; the other is a broad peak (Peak II) observed at about 230-250 K. Judging from the amounts of water calculated from the results obtained by the DSC study, there seems to be some nonfreezing water which does not crystallize. Therefore, we have categorized water adsorbed on cellulose samples as one of three different kinds: free water (Peak I), freezing bound water (Peak II), and nonfreezing bound water. The bound water content is dependent on the degree of crystallinity of cellulose samples. The amounts of bound water estimated are from 1.0 to 2.2 moles per one glucose unit of cellulose. However, the amount of water bound to each glucose unit was 3.4 moles, if we took into consideration that water diffuses only into the amorphous region of each cellulose sample.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Cotton Dust Regulation
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Block Ira , Maness Debbie 
Published: March 2008

This study applied economic analysis to an evaluation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's standard. The costs and benefits attributable to the standard were identified, measured, and compared. A period of twenty years was used to estimate the costs of the standard to allow for the cumulative effect of cotton dust controls. For a similar reason, benefits were estimated for a forty-year period, since spillover benefits would continue after the expiration of the standard. Various degrees of standard effectiveness were used in view of existing uncertainty about the impact of the standard on byssinosis. The results of the study indicate that benefits are considerably lower than costs throughout the forty-year period. Even under the most optimistic assumptions, costs exceeded benefits by more than two and a half to one. In part, this result reflects the magnitude of costs incurred in the early years of the standard and the delay in accrual of benefits.
A TEM Study of the Causes of Failure in the Chlorine-Hercosett® Shrink-Resist Process
Authors: Tester D.H. , Makinson K. Rachel 
Published: March 2008

Examination by transmission electron microscopy of fibers drawn from two card slivers commercially treated by the chlorine-Hercosett® process showed the Hercosett film to be continuous over each fiber. One sliver had passed the Superwash test; almost all of the cuticular scales were flattened or sloping. Most of the fibers retained no steep scales, and none retained more than 20%. Previous work indicates that the modified scales would be much softer in water than unmodified scales. The Hercosett film on these fibers was at least 0.1 μm thick everywhere. The other sliver had failed the Superwash test, half the fibers resembled those in the first sliver, but among the other half a high proportion of the scales (from 30- 70% on different fibers) remained steep (and, correspondingly, relatively hard). On half of these the film thickness was 0. 1 μm or greater; on the other half it was less than 0.05 μm either all over or on the remaining steep scale faces. The character of these differences is such as to explain the failure of the process in the case of the second sliver. The difference in the scale shape indicates that the failure resulted from non-uniformity of chlorination. The resin considerably pene trated the cuticle.
Chemical Analyses of Washed, Bleached, and Scoured and Bleached Cotton Fiber
Authors: Domelsmith L.N. , Berni R.J. , Cocke J.B. 
Published: March 2008

The chemical compositions of four cottons from a 1982 washed cotton study (MQ- 111) conducted by the Industry/Government/Union Task Force for Byssinosis Pre vention were established by proximate and elemental analyses. The four cotton samples were an unwashed control grown in Mississippi and the corresponding washed, bleached, and scoured/bleached processed cottons. The proximate analyses consisted of serial solvent extractions that furnished data on moisture, water extractables, ethanol extractables, ethanolamine extractables, cellulose, and insoluble residue. Ash produc tion was also measured for the four cotton lint samples. Elemental analyses were performed by x-ray fluorescence for potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, phos phorus, and sulfur, and by Kjeldahl analysis for nitrogen. The analyses demonstrate that the water wash and the scouring procedure are responsible for substantially in creasing the purity of the cotton fiber. The level of water extractables was reduced by the water washing process, while the level of ethanolamine extractables was reduced by the scouring process. The washed cotton sample contained much smaller amounts of potassium and magnesium compounds than the unwashed control. Ash was reduced to approximately the same level by each of the washing processes. The nitrogen and calcium contents dropped steadily with increasing severity of processing conditions. The changes in chemical composition of cotton lint on pro cessing are related to the layered structured of the cotton fiber. The Cotton Quality Research Station, USDA, and the Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, NIOSH, have determined the effects that dusts from these cottons have on pulmonary function in a group of human volunteers through measurements of the change in forced ex piratory volume in one second (FEV1) on exposure to dust generated by carding the cotton samples. All three processed cottons were considerably less active than the unwashed control. Many of the chemical composition parameters showed a marked decrease with water washing alone.
Struggling against the 'Bandastan': an interview with Attati Mpakati
Authors: Searle Chris 
Published: March 2008

There is an almost total blackout of news on Malawi. What hard news we can get is mostly from exiles, ex-detainees who have fled the country. Foreign journalists and commentators are banned, as are many books and newspapers. The papers that are allowed to be sold are heavily censored - offending articles are simply inked out. After pressure from Callaghan, some foreign journalists were allowed in to report the 1978 elections (the first since 1962), but this was mere window-dressing. Documentation on Malawi is, therefore, extremely hard to come by - War on Want's report Tomorrow's Epidemic has a short section on Malawi's tobacco industry, and Amnesty International produced a briefing paper on Malawi in August 1976, with subsequent references to the situation in their annual reports. And there is of course Legson Kayira's The Detainee, a review of which appears belatedly in this issue, p.429. We publish the interview which follows as a rare opportunity to expose current conditions. Dr Mpakati is currently the National Chairman of the Socialist League of Malawi (LESOMA). A former leader of the militant anti- colonial Nyasaland National Congress (proscribed by Banda in 1959), he was himself detained, and subsequently left Malawi in 1961. Several attempts have been made to assassinate him. In February 1979 he was nearly killed in Maputo when his hands were blown off by a letter bomb. In an open letter to Banda after the assassination attempt, he told the self-proclaimed `President for Life' that it was a waste of time spending the country's resources trying to kill him. The people were going to oppose him whether he, Mpakati, lived or died, and dem ocracy, justice and socialism were now on the agenda for the future Malawi. Chris Searle: What happened in Malawi just after Independence, and since then?
The people's commentator: calypso and the Grenada revolution
Authors: Searle Chris 
Published: March 2008

Cecil Belfon, The Flying Turkey, is the most celebrated calypsonian in Grenada. He is also a soldier in the People's Revolutionary Army. As he says: 'In the context of our society now, I have been able to combine the two functions, soldier and calypsonian, because the objectives of both roles have come together and make one and the same thing. ' Belfon was a bank clerk in the Royal Bank of Canada until 13 March 1979, the morning of the Grenada Revolution. When he heard of the uprising, he left his bank counter and immediately went to help defend the radio station, which the revolutionaries had stormed and taken. He has been a soldier ever since then. His songs and records, in particular 'Innocent Blood' (written short ly after the June 1980 bomb attack on the leadership of the People's Revolutionary Government at a public rally, causing the death of three teenage girls), are very popular in Grenada, and show the clear and dynamic link between calypso and the revolutionary movement in the Caribbean. Belfon is now Manager of Television Free Grenada.
From Sidon to Tripoli
Authors: Schaar Stuart 
Published: March 2008

Born in Canada of Greek parents, Dr Giannou trained at the Universi ty of Algiers medical school and completed his medical degree at Cairo University, specialising in cancer surgery. There he became fluent in Arabic. He then joined the Egyptian National Cancer Institute as a resident and worked in its hospital. Being on call from 7 am to mid night, at times seven days a week, for three years was to be excellent preparation for war surgery with its demands of discipline, drudgery and improvisation. After the Israelis invaded southern Lebanon in June 1982, Dr Gian nou operated on the wounded while shells and bombs fell around the hospital in Sidon where he was then working. Arrested by the Israelis, he witnessed beatings of prisoners and testified before the Canadian Ministry of External Affairs and the US House Foreign Affairs sub committee on the Middle East during the summer of 1982. That sum mer and in the autumn he toured thirty US cities, speaking at colleges and before church and community groups about his experiences in Lebanon. Dr Giannou returned to the Middle East to set up a hospital in the Tripoli region where he worked for eight months. When thefighting in the ranks of the Palestine Liberation Organisation spread to Tripoli, he continued to work there. As a new member of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Red Crescent Society, he plans to return to the Middle East and practise surgery among Palestinians. He also will be responsible for helping to administer the extensive Palestine Red Crescent public health network. As a medical doctor he treated Arafat loyalists and dissidents alike. He came in contact with Israeli prisoners whom the PLO had earlier captured. In the course of his work he met with Arafat on a daily basis and participated in the difficult negotiations which led to the exchange of prisoners held by the Israelis and Palestinians. His eyewitness ac count provides one of the first insights we have into what transpired during the intense fighting in the Tripoli region prior to the evacuation of Palestinian forces in mid-December 1983. The events in Tripoli have caused him chagrin and deep anxiety, but he remains optimistic about the future, arguing that out of the Tripoli conflict will emerge new clarity and new political initiatives. These, he believes, will be based on the Arafat wing of the PLO accepting the principles of majority rule, rather than continuing to make decisions on the basis of difficult-to-achieve unanimity. He expects Franco- Egyptian peace initiatives to dominate the diplomatic stage in the mon ths ahead and he sees no alternative to Yasser Arafat's leadership of the PLO. He also expects Arafat to carry out changes while being sup ported by the majority of the Palestinian population living under Israeli occupation.
Break up of families: a case study in creeping transfer
Authors: Al-Batrawi Khaled , Rabbani Mouin 
Published: March 2008

In the Occupied Palestinian Territories, the enforced separation of families is a social problem greater in scope than unemployment or illiteracy in many other societies. While Israel orchestrated a massive campaign to foster Soviet Jewish emigration and unite the Jewish people in the former homes of Palestinian refugees, the systematic separation of Palestinian families passed without comment. Thousands of Palestinian families were torn apart by the expulsions of 1948, and additional thousands rent asunder by the forced exodus which accompanied the 1967 war. In subsequent years, Israel's deportation policy, applied with equal ferocity to political dissidents and unregistered residents, ensured that more Palestinian families were routinely separated without prior notice. Where those attempting to rejoin their loved ones were once shot on sight by border patrols, currently applications for family reunifica tion on humanitarian grounds are systematically refused on the grounds that they are not 'extraordinarily humanitarian'. Jackson Diehl's Washington Post article in late 1989 was perhaps the first attempt in the US mainstream media to examine the subject with the attention it deserves; his predecessor, Glenn Frankel, won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the Occupied Territories without once seriously addressing the subject, despite the fact that hardly a family in the West Bank or Gaza Strip remains unaffected. Khaled al-Batrawi, his wife Reema and their 1-year old daughter Beisan certainly don't look like a separated family, and the mere reality of them entering the door together seemed to defeat the purpose of this interview. As the conversation progressed, however, it became clear that their situation was not only insufferable, but could have been, and may yet become far worse. I asked Khaled, a 30-year-old resident of al-Bira, located in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, to relate the problems of a family denied the right of cohabitation not because his was a particularly severe case; as described below, he is more fortunate than most. Rather, his intimate knowledge of the subject, command of detail and the more typical involvement of a spouse as opposed to a sibling, child, or parent shed light on the situation confronting many Palestinian families.
Recommended Methodology for Measurements of PCDD and PCDF in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Jansson Bo , Bergvall Gunnar 
Published: March 2008

In April 1986 the Nordic Council of Ministers recommended that the Nordic countries use a specific method for measurements of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in flue gas emissions from waste combustion. The recommended protocol, which will be re-evaluated in a years time, includes the following. A one week registration period during which the plant is studied by continuous registration of a number of operating and emission parameters. The sampling period is included in this time. A sampling procedure based on a heated filter followed by a condenser, a bottle for the condensate and an adsorbent column. Before the sampling, at least two labelled PCDD are added to the filter. No specified analytical procedure. A labelled PCDF is added before the clean-up procedure and an injection standard before the final analysis. The laboratory is free to use any method that gives at least 25% recovery of the sampling standards and 50% recovery of the clean-up standard. Reporting requirements include homologue specific results for PCDD and PCDF containing four to eight chlorine atoms as well as isomer-specific results for the "dirty dozen". The results should be compensated for incomplete recoveries and the factors used should be reported.
Risk From Exposure To Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Emitted From Municipal Incinerators
Authors: Mukerjee Debdas , Cleverly David H. 
Published: March 2008

Incineration of wastes seems to be one of the major sources of PCDDs and PCDFs (dioxins). Their prevalence and extreme stability in the environment, bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the biota and human adipose tissues and breast milk are of much concern. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is one of the most toxic chemicals known and has been found to have teratogenic and carcinogenic activities in animals. Exposure to TCDD can result in chloracne, general weakness, drastic weight loss, hyperpigmentation of skin, hirsutism, porphyria cutanea tarda, liver damage, changes in activities of various liver enzymatic levels, abnormal lipid metabolism, abnormalities of the endocrine and immune systems, and possible teratogenic effects in humans. Moreover, chronic bioassay data indicate that TCDD is one of the most potent carcinogens known. It promotes liver and skin carcinogeneses, and is an initiator for various target organs in rodent test systems. There is only a limited number of human epi-studies on carcinogenic outcome as a result of exposure to TCDD in isolated population. According to the classification system of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the qualitative evidence for carcinogenicity of TCDD is considered to be "sufficient" in animals and "inadequate" in humans. Consequently, this chemical has been placed in IARC's 2B category. A modification of the multistage model is utilized for extrapolating high-dose, two-year animal cancer bioassay data to estimate human cancer risk for long-term, low-dose human exposure. The upper limit of incremental cancer risk is 3.3 x 10-5 for a continuous lifetime exposure to 1 pg m-3 of TCDD in ambient air. With the exception of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8- and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDDs, the chronic toxicity data on the rest of the 75 PCDD and 135 PCDF congeners are badly deficient. In the absence of chronic bioassay data on other PCDDs and PCDFs, several TCDD equivalent approaches have been proposed for risk assessment on other congeners or mixtures. This paper compares the various approaches.