bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and Identification of Equine Leukocyte Populations and Subpopulations
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Bumgardner M. K. , Scott J. C. , Myrup A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Various methods of separation and identification of major equine leukocyte populations and subpopulations were used. The purity of T and B lymphocytes separated in Sephadex anti-equine F(ab')2 columns was 87% to 99% and 83% to 97%, respectively. The purity of T lymphocytes separated in nylon-wool columns was 89% to 98%. Preparations of B lymphocytes separated in glass-bead columns were 68% to 79% pure. The presence (or absence) of surface immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence was the most consistent and reliable method for the identification of B or T lymphocytes, respectively. However, the erythrocyte-antibody-complement-rosette method for the identification of B cells and the erythrocyte-rosette method for the identification of T cells were not suitable. Monocytes were separated by the adherence method, and the purity, as identified by the latex particle ingestion procedure, was 70% to 78%. Electron microscopy of monocytes stained by peroxidase activity did not identify these cells. The purity of neutrophils obtained by the Ficoll-Hypaque separation method was 95% to 97%. The merits and usefulness of these methods were discussed.
Effects of Naturally Acquired Mixed Helminth Parasitism in Yearling Dairy Calves
Authors: Smith S. B. , Gibbs H. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of Strongyle parasitism were studied in yearling calves. One group (4 calves) was a noninfected control, and 2 groups (4 calves each) were infected by exposure on pasture to the same type and degree of parasitism. One of the 2 infected groups were given coumafos at 4-week intervals and the other was not treated. Few significant differences were found between the control and infected groups in hematologic and serum glucose and urea nitrogen values. The control group gained an average of 2.2 kg/week, as compared with 1.0 kg/week for the treated group. The parasitized-untreated group lost 0.2 kg/week. Overall, the control group gained 26.8 kg for the 12-week period, which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from an 11.4-kg gain by the parasitized-treated group and a 2.3 kg loss for the parasitized-untreated group. In the face of constant pasture challenge exposure, most adult worms were eliminated from the drug-treated animals, but the adverse effects of parasitism were not reversed.
Allogeneic Antibody Response in Cattle
Authors: Newman M.J. , Brandon M.R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibody responses following immunization with allogeneic bovine lymphocytes, goose red blood cells (grbc), and ovalbumin (given iv) were studied in 20 heifers. Antibody to grbc was detectable by 4 to 9 days in all heifers and followed the characteristic pattern of a low-titer primary response which was predominantly immunoglobulin (Ig) M, whereas a high titer IgG secondary response was observed. The dose of ovalbumin used failed to elicit a detectable antibody response.
An immune response to allogeneic lymphocytes was observed, but it differed from the grbc response. Cytotoxic antibody directed against lymphocytes was detectable by day 14 in 5 of the heifers. Five others responded by days 17 to 24 after secondary immunization. The responses were of low titer and predominantly IgM, after both primary and secondary immunizations. The time of antibody appearance and titers varied between heifers and was not dependent on differences at the major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) between heifers and immunizing lymphocytes. Cytotoxic antibody reacted with both B and T lymphocytes and appeared to recognize the serologically defined BoLA antigens. Noncytotoxic alloantibody was detected in the serum of 1 heifer and appeared to be directed against a subpopulation of lymphocytes, possibly those bearing Ia-like antigens
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Intravenously and Orally Administered Quinidine in Horses
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A pharmacokinetic study was made, using 7 healthy adult horses (weighing between 400 and 560 kg) given quinidine gluconate iv and quinidine sulfate orally. The apparent volume of distribution of quinidine base was 3.10 ± 0.79 L/kg, total body clearance was 5.49 ± 2.40 ml/minute/kg, and plasma half-life was 6.65 ± 3.00 hours. The systemic availability of quinidine sulfate after oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose was 48.5 ± 20.4%. Oral administrations of quinidine sulfate in doses of 10 mg/kg and 10 g produced peak plasma concentrations of 0.79 μg/ml at 146 minutes and 1.47/μg/ml at 131 minutes, respectively. In 4 horses given 4 oral doses of 10 mg of quinidine sulfate/kg, each dose separated by 2 hours, maximal plasma concentrations of quinidine averaged 13% higher than the preceding minimal plasma concentration. The application of these pharmacokinetic determinations to the clinical use of quinidine in the horse is discussed.
Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia on Young Pigs Experimentally Infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Drummond J. G. , Curtis S. E. , Meyer R. C. , Simon J. , Norton H. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of atmospheric ammonia on performance and respiratory tract health of young pigs experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica were studied. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) Bordetella inoculation (approx 109 bacteria/naris) alone, (3) Bordetella inoculation plus exposure to atmospheric ammonia at 34.7 mg/m3 (50 ppm), and (4) Bordetella inoculation plus exposure to atmospheric ammonia at 69.4 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Pigs weighted 8.01 kg (av) at start of treatment. Body weight and feed disappearance were measured weekly. After 4 weeks, all pigs were killed and examined grossly, and appropriate specimens were obtained for histopathologic examination. Regression models were fitted to growth, feed disappearance, and gain-to-feed data.
The growth model indicated that Bordetella-inoculated pigs gained 26% less body weight than did controls, regardless of atmospheric ammonia concentration. Bordetella inoculation, regardless of ammonia exposure, reduced feed disappearance 12% below the control rate. Treatment difference was not noted in gain/feed data. Shrunken turbinates were observed in Bordetella-inoculated pigs. Shrinkage also appeared to be related directly to ammonia concentration. Rhinitis was confirmed histopathologically, and its severity was related with atmospheric ammonia concentration, but no difference was seen in the osseous core of the turbinates.
Experimentally Induced Thiamine Deficiency in Beagle Dogs: Clinical Observations
Authors: Read Deryck H. , Harrington Daniel D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-three 2- to 5-month-old Beagle dogs were fed a purified thiamine-deficient ration (2 to 3 μg of thiamine/100 g of ration) at a rate of 40 to 70 g/kg of body weight/day depending on age. Eleven dogs were used as principals, 6 as pair-fed controls, and 6 as ad libitum-fed controls. Controls were treated once a week with an im dose of 300 μg of thiamine hydrochloride/kg of body weight. Three stages of clinical disease occurred in the principals: (i) an initial short (18.0 ± 7.9 days) stage of induction, during which the dogs usually grew suboptimally, but were otherwise healthy, (ii) an intermediate stage of preliminary clinical signs of deficiency, characterized by a variable period (58.6 ± 37.0 days) of progressive inappetance, failure to grow, loss of body weight, and coprophagia, and (iii) a terminal stage, which, in most dogs, was abrupt in onset and short (7.6 ± 6.0 days) and consisted of either a neurologic syndrome or sudden unexpected death syndrome. Eight of the principals developed the neurologic syndrome characterized by anorexia, emesis, cns depression, paraparesis, sensory ataxia, torticollis, circling, exophthalmos, tonic-clonic convulsions, profound muscular weakness, recumbency, and then died. Common reflex abnormalities included exaggerated patella reflex, proprioceptive and supporting reflex deficits, induced torticollis and ventroflexion of head, and absent eye menace (blink) reflex. Three other principals developed the sudden unexpected death syndrome. Common signs of deficiency were inappetance and paresis. Two were found dead and 1, with severe ecg abnormalities (including elevation of ST segment and tall or deeply inverted T waves), was killed.
Combined Pharmacologic and Surgical Treatments for Acute Spinal Cord Trauma
Authors: Rucker Nolan C. , Lumb William V. , Scott Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute spinal cord trauma was induced by the Allen method at T12 in 48 dogs. Six groups of 7 dogs each were treated with combinations of pharmacologic and surgical treatments; a 7th group of 6 dogs remained as traumatized nontreated controls. Results indicate an additive therapeutic effect in those patients treated with myelotomy and dimethyl sulfoxide. Dexamethasone, reserpine, and perfusion with hypertonic dextrose solution were of no benefit.
Efficacy of Fenbendazole Against Five Genera of Swine Parasites
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Marti O. G. , Hale O. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-three pigs were sequentially infected with Oesophagostomum spp, Metastrongylus spp, and Trichuris suis while being maintained in lots contaminated with Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, and other parasites. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of weight (6.8 to 25.9 kg), sex, and litter. Pigs in the 1st group were used as nontreated controls; pigs in the 2nd and 3rd groups were given fenbendazole in the feed at doses of 3 and 5 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, on 3 successive days. Pigs were necropsied either on the 4th or 5th day after completion of treatment, and worms were recovered and counted. Based on the mean numbers of worms in the control group, drug efficacies at 3 and 5 mg/kg were, respectively, 100% against A suum; 59% and 81% against S ransomi; 97% and 99.9% against Metastrongylus spp; 94% and 99.7% against T suis; and 99.9% against Oesophagostomum spp.
Effects of Aflatoxin Consumption on the Clinical Course of Swine Dysentery
Authors: Joens L. A. , Pier A. C. , Cutlip R. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Specific-pathogen-free pigs were examined for susceptibility to swine dysentery after daily treatment with aflatoxin B1 (0.07 to 0.14 mg/kg). In the pigs (group II) given both aflatoxin and Treponema hyodysenteriae, the incubation period before the onset of swine dysentery was shorter than that in pigs (group III) given T hyodysenteriae alone. Also, the number of days in which infected pigs showed signs of diarrhea and dysentery was greater in the group given aflatoxin and T hyodysenteriae than in the group given T hyodysenteriae alone. Four of 8 pigs given aflatoxin and T hyodysenteriae died during the experiment, whereas only 1 of 8 infected pigs in the other group died.
Pigs in both groups, convalescent from swine dysentery, were immune to rechallenge exposure. Subclinical effects of aflatoxin consumption were evident at necropsy, but clinical signs and lesions of swine dysentery were not observed in group III pigs (given aflatoxin only).
Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy: Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Alterations of Turkey Heart Tissue
Authors: Gough Alec W. , Pinn Stephen , Hulland Thomas J. , Thomson Reginald G. , de la Iglesia Felix 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve turkey poults, 4 to 5 weeks of age, were selected from a farm chosen for the study of spontaneous cardiomyopathy (sc) because of repeated outbreaks in successive flocks. An augmented myocardial mass accompanied the characteristic gross features of cardiomegaly and biventricular dilatation in sc-affected birds. Histologic alterations in myocardium were attributed to artifacts, resulting from unopposed cardiac muscle contraction prior to formalin fixation; specific pathologic lesions were not detected. Ultrastructural artifacts were minimized by perfusion fixation. Salient ultrastructural changes were mild when compared with the changes in the myocardium of nonaffected poults and consisted mainly of Z-band abnormalities. Virus-like particles were identified within sarcoplasmic reticulum of 2 sc-affected birds. The pathogenesis of sc, including acquired and inherited etiologic factors, is discussed.
Sequential Morphologic and Clinicopathologic Alterations in Dogs with Experimentally Induced Glucocorticoid Hepatopathy
Authors: Badylak Stephen F. , Van Vleet John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Glucocorticoid hepatopathy was induced in 6 Beagle dogs by daily im injections of prednisone (4.4 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. Sequential blood samples and percutaneous hepatic biopsy tissues were obtained during this 14 day period and for an additional 42 days. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased by day 2, reached maximum (64-fold increase) by day 20, and decreased gradually to 8-fold above the base-line value by day 56; alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly increased by day 3, reached maximum (10-fold increase) by day 12, and gradually decreased to 3-fold above the base-line value on day 56; and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was significantly increased by day 6, reached maximum (23-fold increase) by day 29, and slowly decreased to 7-fold above the base-line value by the end of the study. Serum leucine aminopeptidase activity and sulfobromophthalein retention remained within the reference interval (for 30 healthy dogs) throughout the study. Serum glucocorticoid concentration reached maximum by day 2 in the treated dogs and slowly decreased throughout the study.
Histopathologic evaluation revealed that vacuolar change in hepatocytes was present by day 2, progressed to maximum severity between days 5 and 14, and gradually decreased in severity, but remained present throughout the study. The hepatocellular vacuolation changed from a diffuse distribution to centrilobular as the study progressed. Glycogen content of hepatocytes steadily increased during the period of prednisone administration, reached maximum amount on day 15, and slowly decreased, but was still increased at the end of the study. The distribution of glycogen accumulation progressed from diffuse to periportal during the study.
Clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome developed by day 7 and included decreased hair growth, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, mild lethargy, and semisolid feces. Necropsies on day 56 revealed slightly swollen, pale, and friable liver in 2 of 5 treated dogs (1 dog had died on day 14) and catarrhal enteritis in the 6 treated dogs. Atrophy of the adrenal gland zona fasciculata was observed microscopically in treated dogs. Gross and microscopic alterations were absent in other organs.
This study demonstrates the rapid appearance and prolonged persistence of clinical, morphologic, and clinicopathologic alterations in dogs with experimentally induced glucocorticoid hepatopathy. The findings will be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of naturally occurring glucocorticoid hepatopathy and chemotherapeutic hepatopathy.
Development and Characterization of Feline Ovarian Antiserum
Authors: Chan S. Y. W. , Wildt D. E. , Chakraborty P. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of producing feline ovarian antiserum (foa) in the rabbit and to characterize the antigenic composition of the feline ovary. Adult male rabbits were immunized by injecting an ovarian homogenate prepared from feline ovaries that had corpora lutea (cl) macroscopically removed. Using the agar-gel double diffusion (agdd) and the immunoelectrophoretic (ie) techniques, 5 feline ovarian antigens were detected when feline ovarian extract was reacted with purified foa (γ-globulin fraction solution; protein content 24 mg/ml). The foa reacted with 4 other feline reproductive organs tested, including the follicle, cl, oviduct, and uterus, to form 5 precipitin bands. The purified foa also cross-reacted with feline serum and plasma and 10 other feline nonreproductive organ extracts tested to give 2 to 5 precipitin bands. Species cross-reactivity was also observed with foa reacting with the rat ovary and the canine ovary, cl, and uterus, to form 1 to 2 precipitin bands. Immunoabsorption of the purified foa by feline liver, kidney, or small intestine extract removed antibodies reacting with feline ovarian antigens. Precipitin bands failed to develop when such absorbed foa were tested against the feline ovarian extract. Within the sensitivity limits of the agdd and ie tests, organ-specific antigens of the feline ovary could not be detected. Feline ovarian antigens were located in isolated feline ovarian cells by the immunofluorescence technique.
Fertility-regulating effects of the developed foa were studied. One female cat given foa during late gestation [gestation day (gd) 49 to 51] aborted 1 dead premature fetus on day 52 and delivered 3 live offspring on gd 64. Another queen was given foa during midgestation (gd 36 to 40) and apparently resorbed 1 of 2 conceptuses. The foa produced in the rabbit was not organ and species specific and may cause abortion or influence fetal development in the pregnant cats.
Brain Cholinesterase Activity in Healthy Cattle, Swine, and Sheep and in Cattle and Sheep Exposed to Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides
Authors: Mount Michael E. , Oehme Frederick W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cholinesterase activity of the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum was measured in cattle, swine, and sheep. Mean activities of the individual brain parts were expressed as micromoles of acetylthiocholine iodide hydrolyzed per minute per gram of brain. Cerebrum values were 3.01, 3.88, and 3.32; brain stem values were 3.42, 4.48, and 3.93; and cerebellum values were 2.36, 2.89, and 6.77 for cattle, swine, and sheep, respectively. The average activity of the 3 brain portions from cattle, swine, and sheep was 2.93, 3.75, and 4.67, respectively. Cholinesterase activity was stable for several days at 25 C and under refrigeration or freezing conditions for longer periods. Cattle and sheep poisoned with organophosphate or carbamate insecticides had cholinesterase depression ranging from near 50% to 80%,
Total and Differential Somatic Cell Counts in Secretions from Noninfected Bovine Mammary Glands: The Early Nonlactating Period
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Anderson A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total somatic cells in secretions of nonlactating bovine mammary glands remained < 5 × 105 cells/ml for the first 3 days after the last milking. Macrophages predominated the 1st day, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils were most common during the 2nd and 3rd day.
The total somatic cell count was highest about 10 days after lactation ceased, and counts of 2 to 3 × 106 cells/ml were common. Equal numbers of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils were observed. Total cell populations gradually decreased during the period from 10 to 25 days of the nonlactating period.
Evidence for Suppression or Incomplete Maturation of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Neonatal Calves as Determined by Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Responses
Authors: Rossi C. R. , Kiesel G. K. , Hudson R. S. , Powe T. A. , Fisher L. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen bovine fetuses were inoculated in utero 20 to 123 days before birth with a mixture of killed Mycobacterium bovis, tetanus toxoid, and ferritin in Freund's complete adjuvant. On the day of birth (day 0) and when the calves were 21 days of age, the calves were skin-tested to each of the antigens for delayed-type hypersensitivity. Nine delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the various antigens were obtained at the 0-day test, whereas 28 responses were obtained at the 21-day test. Of those responses that were positive, the mean differences in the double skin-fold thickness before testing and 48 hours later were 5.4 mm for the 0-day and 21-day test and 9.4 mm for the 21-day test. Six control calves that were not inoculated in utero were skin tested on days 0 and 21 and did not exhibit any positive reactions. There was no indication that the interval between immunization and birth had any effect on the immune response. Cellular characteristics of the reactions at 0 and 21 days were the same.
Effects of (DTrp6-Des Gly10-ProNH29)-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Ethylamide on the Estrous Cycle, Weight Gain, and Feed Efficiency in Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Herschler R. C. , Vickery B. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subcutaneous implantation of pelleted (DTrp6-Des Gly10-ProNH29)-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormonea in 3 heifers (at a total dose of approx 5 μg/0.45 kg of body weight) shortly after ovulation did not affect the ongoing luteal phase, but prevented the next expected estrus and ovulation. The effect was reversible and estrus was reestablished 16 and 19 days after pellet removal. The subsequent luteal phase concentrations of plasma progesterone appeared to be below normal concentrations. In a 2nd study, 25 heifers were implanted subcutaneously twice, 56 days apart, at random stages of the cycle. The mean number of estrous episodes over the 112 days of observation was decreased from 5.56 in controls (n = 25) to 1.12 in treated (n = 25) heifers. This suppression of estrus was not associated with change in live weight gain or food intake.
Diagnosis of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis by Immunofluorescent Staining of Brain Tissue
Authors: Monath T. P. , McLean R. G. , Cropp C. B. , Parham G. L. , Lazuick J. S. , Calisher C. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Brain tissues were obtained from 5 horses with clinical encephalomyelitis during an epizootic in southwestern Michigan in August-September 1980. These tissues were tested for virus by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice and by examination of frozen sections and impression smears by the indirect fluorescent antibody (fa) technique. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was isolated and detected by fa technique in brains of 3 horses which died or were euthanatized within approximately 24 hours of onset of the disease but not from 2 horses at 2 and 3 days after onset. The latter 2 animals had serum-neutralizing antibodies at the time of death. Seven areas of the brain of 1 horse were tested. The proportion of fluorescing cells in frozen sections correlated with infectivity titers. Impression smears were negative. Viral titers ranged from 105.7 to 1010.0 suckling mouse intracerebral median lethal doses/g; highest titers and most intense fluorescence were present in the thalamus and pons, emphasizing the need to obtain selective samples of central brain structures for diagnostic examination. The fa technique appears useful for the rapid diagnosis of fatal eastern equine encephalomyelitis and may be applicable in laboratories not equipped for isolation of viruses.
Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Middle and Inner Ear Infections in Swine
Authors: Olson L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In all infected middle ears from 36 swine, there was purulent material in the tympanic cavity and tympanic bulla. Frequently, there were lysis of the tympanic membrane and ossicles and purulent material in the external ear canal. Sometimes, there were desquamation of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the tympanic cavity, and osteolysis of the underlying osseous wall with subsequent fibrosis. In those swine with inner ear infections, there were infiltration of neutrophils and fibrin in the cochlea and vestibule. The predominant isolation from the infected middle ears was non-groupable β-hemolytic streptococci, although isolations of streptococcic groups C, E, and G, Pasteurella multocida, and Corynebacterium pyogenes were made.