bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Situating alcohol use and delinquency within developmental and societal context: The case of Korean youth
Authors: Lee Ji‐Min , Bell Nancy J. , Watson Wendy 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study involving self‐report questionnaire data from 955 tenth‐grade students in three locations within Korea, we address the meanings of alcohol use and delinquency for Korean youth. Findings (a) supported a facilitative role for alcohol, but not delinquency, with respect to perceived peer social competence; (b) indicated negative associations of both alcohol use and delinquency with parental relations, valuing academic achievement, and collectivistic values, and positive associations with friends’ risk behaviours; (c) showed no relationship of these behaviours with self‐esteem, coping, parental permissiveness or individualistic values; and (d) revealed that perceived benefits of alcohol use and delinquency include not only social facilitation but also exploration and assertion of independence, suggesting a potential connection, as in Western societies, between risk taking, and identity exploration.
Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Vaginitis
Authors: Mashburn Jane 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTWomen often seek medical care for vaginal complaints. Many times, the cause of the complaint is misdiagnosed by the woman and/or her provider. These vaginal complaints may be related to infections, which when misdiagnosed or mistreated, can lead to more severe problems. This article describes the three most common vaginal infections, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Appropriate diagnostic techniques and management therapies are reviewed.
Responses of developmental yield formation processes in oats to variety, nitrogen, seed rate and plant growth regulator and their relationship to quality
Authors: BROWNE R. A. , WHITE E. M. , BURKE J. I. 
Published: November 2006

Outcomes of developmental yield formation processes in oats, namely number of panicles/m2, number of grains/panicle, mean grain weight and incidences of aborted and tertiary grains, were measured in a series of experiments in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 1997/98 and 1998/99. Seed rate (200 and 300 seeds/m2), nitrogen (0–200 kg/ha) and plant growth regulator (chlormequat chloride) treatments were applied to the spring oat varieties Aberglen and Barra in one spring- and two autumn-sown experiments, and to the winter varieties Gerald and Image in one autumn-sown experiment. Large variation in number of panicles/m2 and grains/panicle was observed between the experiments and varieties and in response to seed rate, with number of grains/panicle generally being inversely related to number of panicles/m2. At the higher rates of nitrogen rate both number of panicles/m2 and grains per panicle increased. Mean grain weights were relatively constant and were largely determined by variety. Chlormequat chloride had relatively little effect on the yield components, the most consistent being small reductions in mean grain weight.Tertiary grains occurred rarely in the varieties and agronomic treatments used in the programme but were more frequent at higher rates of nitrogen in most of the experiments. Numbers of aborted grains were usually higher where grain numbers were higher although the effects of variety, seed rate and nitrogen on aborted grains were not consistent. Structure of the grain population, i.e. the relative proportions of primary and secondary grain, was stable despite the large differences in number of panicles/m2, spikelet numbers and mean grain weight.The greater yield and growth enhancing effects of nitrogen compared with seed rate and plant growth regulator were apparent in responses by developmental processes active later in the life cycle, namely production of tertiary grains and grain filling.Wide variation in number of panicles/m2 (c. 200–450) and number of grains/panicle (c. 55–145) produced in the crops grown under a very full expression of agro-ecological conditions in this programme was accompanied by small variation in mean grain weight (c. 38–47 mg/primary grain and c. 22–29 mg/secondary grain) and in numbers of tertiary (<2/panicle) and aborted grains (<10/panicle). Plasticity of development throughout the life cycle, manifested both as the established yield components and in numbers of tertiary and aborted grains, was largely effective in ensuring stability of mean grain weight and quality in oats.
Sternocleidomastoid Myofascial Flap for Reconstruction After Composite Resection of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tonsillar Region: Technique and Outcome
Authors: Laccourreye Ollivier , Ménard Madeleine , Behm Eva , Garcia Dominique , Cauchois Régis , Holsinger F Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: To present the surgical technique and determine the efficacy of sternocleidomastoid myofascial (SCMF) flap reconstruction after composite resection with intent to cure.Study Design: Retrospective review of 73 consecutive patients with a previously isolated and untreated moderately to well‐differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region and a minimum of 3 years follow‐up, managed at a tertiary referral care center during the years 1970 to 2002, with an ipsilateral superiorly based SCMF flap after composite resection.Methods: The surgical procedure is presented in detail. Potential technical pitfalls are highlighted. Survival, mortality, and morbidity are documented. Univariate analysis for potential correlation between the incidence for postoperative flap complications and various variables is also performed.Results: The 1, 3, and 5 year Kaplan‐Meier actuarial survival estimates were 82.2%, 64.4%, and 49.3%, respectively. Death never appeared to be related to the completion of the SCMF flap. Thirty‐three (45.2%) patients had some kind of significant postoperative surgical complication, and nine (12.3%) patients had some kind of significant postoperative medical complication. The most common significant postoperative complication was partial SCMF flap necrosis and pharyngocutaneous fistula noted in 30.1% and 10.9% of patients, respectively. Complete SCMF flap necrosis was never encountered. No patient developed carotid artery rupture or died as a result of the SCMF flap, and none required additional surgery. In univariate analysis, no significant statistical relation was noted between the significant postoperative surgical complications related to the use of the SCMF flap and the variables under analysis.Conclusions: The superiorly based SCMF flap appears to be simple to perform and useful for reconstruction of defects after composite resection.
Securing the Nasogastric Tube in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Leong Samuel Chee , Mahanta Vibhuti 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nasogastric tube (NGT) remains an important method of enteral feeding in head and neck cancer patients and those who are critically ill. The NGT is normally secured to the skin with adhesive tapes. This method carries a high risk of accidental dislodgement, either by the patient or during nursing care. Replacement of the tubes is costly, time and effort intensive, uncomfortable to the patient, and potentially dangerous. We present a technique that is effective and safe. This entails securing the NGT to a fine bore suction catheter looped around the nasal septum.Summary

The NGT is an important method of enteral feeding in the short and intermediate term.
Various methods of securing the NGT have been described, but the risk of accidental extubation is high.
We describe a simple method of securing the NGT to a fine bore suction catheter looped around the nasal septum.
This method should be considered for patients in the critical care setting or head and neck cancer patients, in whom accidental extubation and repeated re‐insertion of NGT may be hazardous.
Efficacy of Tonsillectomy in Treatment of Recurrent Group A β‐Hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Authors: Orvidas Laura J. , St. Sauver Jennifer L. , Weaver Amy L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to determine whether children with tonsillectomies experienced fewer recurrent group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections after surgery compared with children who did not receive tonsillectomies.Study Design/Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of 290 children 4 to <16 years who experienced three or more episodes of group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis at least 1 month apart in 12 months.Results: Children without tonsillectomy were 3.1 times (95% confidence interval, 1.9–4.9; P < .001) more likely to develop a subsequent group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis infection during follow up than children who underwent tonsillectomy after adjusting for the number of group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis infections per patient within the previous year and the presence of preexisting conditions. Among the children who developed a subsequent group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis infection, the children without a tonsillectomy developed a group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal infection sooner (median, 0.6 vs. 1.1 years).Conclusions: Tonsillectomy is associated with a decrease in the number of group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis infections in children with a history of recurrent groups A β‐hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis infection. Tonsillectomy also increased the amount of time before development of further GABHS pharyngitis.
Concurrent MPL515 and JAK2V617F mutations in myelofibrosis: chronology of clonal emergence and changes in mutant allele burden over time
Authors: Lasho Terra L. , Pardanani Animesh , McClure Rebecca F. , Mesa Ruben A. , Levine Ross L. , Gary Gilliland D. , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: November 2006

Summary MPLW515L/K and JAK2V617F can co‐exist in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM).The chronology of clonal emergence was studied in three such cases using serially stored bone marrow. At diagnosis, a major MPL515 mutant clone was accompanied by a minor JAK2V617F clone in all three instances. At 25 time points over a period of 4–8 years, allele burden fluctuated but remained high for MPLW515L/K and low for JAK2V617F. We conclude that MPLW515L/K and JAK2V617F are both early events in MMM and allele burden, rather than the mere presence of these mutations, might be relevant to phenotypic variation in myeloproliferative disorders.
Natural rubber latex and hymenoptera venoms share ImmunoglobinE‐epitopes accounting for cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants
Authors: Mahler V. , Gutgesell C. , Valenta R. , Fuchs T. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBackground
Epidemiological data on the prevalence and risk factors of latex sensitization have suggested a significant association between latex sensitization and the presence of one or more positive skin prick test responses to aeroallergens, food allergens and to one or more insect venoms. Xylose and core 3‐fucose are typical complex glycans in plants and are foreign to mammals. Plant N‐glycans and insect N‐glycans may cross‐react in humans.Objective
The aim of our study was to investigate whether there are cross‐reactive IgE‐binding structures in natural rubber latex (NRL) and hymenoptera venoms and to examine their nature.Methods
Hundred and twenty‐five consecutive patients with insect venom allergy were screened for coincidental latex‐specific IgE. IgE‐binding components in the venoms from Apis mellifera and/or vespula species and in NRL extracts were characterized by IgE‐immunoblotting to the natural allergen sources and determination of specific IgE to recombinant allergens. Cross‐reactive components were investigated by inhibition experiments. The involvement of carbohydrates in the constitution of cross‐reactive IgE‐epitopes was further examined by specific IgE‐binding to cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) in bromelain and horseradish peroxidase as well as by periodate treatment.Results
NRL glove extracts inhibited patients' serum IgE‐binding to venom allergens. Vice versa, the IgE‐binding to latex glove extracts could be inhibited by pre‐incubation with the insect venoms. Specific IgE‐binding to recombinant latex allergens was absent, whereas the cross‐reactive IgE‐epitopes were sensitive to periodate treatment and specific IgE to CCD (MMXF and MUXF type) could be detected.Conclusion
Insect venoms and NRL share IgE‐binding CCD that may be responsible for positive serological test results to NRL in patients with insect venom allergy. This copositivity occurs frequently (13.6%) among venom‐allergic individuals and did not elicit clinical symptoms upon contact to latex in the patients examined. In contrast, true cosensitization to insect venoms and NRL allergens can occur and may not be missed.
Do shrimp‐allergic individuals tolerate shrimp‐derived glucosamine?
Authors: Villacis J. , Rice T. R. , Bucci L. R. , El‐Dahr J. M. , Wild L. , DeMerell D. , Soteres D. , Lehrer S. B. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBackground
There is concern that shrimp‐allergic individuals may react to glucosamine‐containing products as shrimp shells are a major source of glucosamine used for human consumption.Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether shrimp‐allergic individuals can tolerate therapeutic doses of glucosamine.Methods
Subjects with a history of shrimp allergy were recruited and tested for both shrimp reactivity via a prick skin test and shrimp‐specific IgE by an ImmunoCAP assay. Fifteen subjects with positive skin tests to shrimp and an ImmunoCAP class level of two or greater were selected for a double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) using glucosamine‐chondroitin tablets containing 1500 mg of synthetically produced (control) or shrimp‐derived glucosamine. Immediate reactions, including changes in peak flow and blood pressure, and delayed reactions (up to 24 h post‐challenge) via questionnaire were noted and assessed.Results
All subjects tolerated 1500 mg of both shrimp‐derived or synthetic glucosamine without incident of an immediate hypersensitivity response. Peak flows and blood pressures remained constant, and no subject had symptoms of a delayed reaction 24 h later.Conclusion
This study demonstrates that glucosamine supplements from specific manufacturers do not contain clinically relevant levels of shrimp allergen and therefore appear to pose no threat to shrimp‐allergic individuals.
Regulation of the T cell response
Authors: Romagnani S. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe T cell branch of the immune system can respond to a virtually infinite variety of exogenous antigens, thus including the possibility of self‐antigen recognition and dangerous autoimmune reactions. Therefore, regulatory mechanisms operate both during ontogeny within the thymus and after birth in the periphery. The control of self‐reactive T cells occurs through a process of negative selection that results in apoptosis of T cells showing high affinity for self‐peptides expressed at the thymic level by means of promiscuous gene expression. Self‐reactive T cells escaped to negative selection are controlled in the periphery by other regulatory mechanisms, the most important being natural Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. Regulation is also required to control excessive effector T cell responses against exogenous antigens, when they become dangerous for the body. Three types of effector T cells have been recognized: T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which are protective against intracellular bacteria; Th2 cells, which play some role in the protection against nematodes, but are responsible for allergic reactions; Th17 cells, which are probably effective in the protection against extracellular bacteria, but also play a role in the amplification of autoimmune disorders. Abnormal or excessive Th effector responses are regulated by different mechanisms. Redirection or immune deviation of Th1‐ or Th2‐dominated responses is provided by cytokines [interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) vs. interleukin‐4 (IL‐4)] produced by the same cell types and by the CXCR3‐binding chemokines CXCL4 and CXCL10. Moreover, both Th1 and Th2 responses can be suppressed by adaptive Treg cells through contact‐dependent mechanisms and/or the production of IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). Finally, TGF‐β1 can promote the development of both Th17 effector and adaptive Treg cells, while the contemporaneous production of IL‐6 contributes to the development of Th17 cells, but inhibits Treg cells. The development of Th17 cells is also down‐regulated by IL‐4 produced by Th2 cells and by IFN‐γ produced by Th1 cells.
Nutrient availability constrains the hydraulic architecture and water relations of savannah trees
Authors: BUCCI SANDRA J. , SCHOLZ FABIAN G. , GOLDSTEIN GUILLERMO , MEINZER FREDERICK C. , FRANCO AUGUSTO C. , CAMPANELLO PAULA I. , VILLALOBOS‐VEGA RANDOL , BUSTAMANTE MERCEDES , MIRALLES‐WILHELM FERNANDO 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTLeaf and whole plant‐level functional traits were studied in five dominant woody savannah species from Central Brazil (Cerrado) to determine whether reduction of nutrient limitations in oligotrophic Cerrado soils affects carbon allocation, water relations and hydraulic architecture. Four treatments were used: control, N additions, P additions and N plus P additions. Fertilizers were applied twice yearly, from October 1998 to March 2004. Sixty‐three months after the first nutrient addition, the total leaf area increment was significantly greater across all species in the N‐ and the N + P‐fertilized plots than in the control and in the P‐fertilized plots. Nitrogen fertilization significantly altered several components of hydraulic architecture: specific conductivity of terminal stems increased with N additions, whereas leaf‐specific conductivity and wood density decreased in most cases. Average daily sap flow per individual was consistently higher with N and N + P additions compared to the control, but its relative increase was not as great as that of leaf area. Long‐term additions of N and N + P caused midday ΨL to decline significantly by a mean of 0.6 MPa across all species because N‐induced relative reductions in soil‐to‐leaf hydraulic conductance were greater than those of stomatal conductance and transpiration on a leaf area basis. Phosphorus‐fertilized trees did not exhibit significant changes in midday ΨL. Analysis of xylem vulnerability curves indicated that N‐fertilized trees were significantly less vulnerable to embolism than trees in control and P‐fertilized plots. Thus, N‐induced decreases in midday ΨL appeared to be almost entirely compensated by increases in resistance to embolism. Leaf tissue water relations characteristics also changed as a result of N‐induced declines in minimum ΨL: osmotic potential at full turgor decreased and symplastic solute content on a dry matter basis increased linearly with declining midday ΨL across species and treatments. Despite being adapted to chronic nutrient limitations, Cerrado woody species apparently have the capacity to exploit increases in nutrient availability by allocating resources to maximize carbon gain and enhance growth. The cost of increased allocation to leaf area relative to water transport capacity involved increased total water loss per plant and a decrease in minimum leaf water potentials. However, the risk of increased embolism and turgor loss was relatively low as xylem vulnerability to embolism and leaf osmotic characteristics changed in parallel with changes in plant water status induced by N fertilization.
Photosynthetic capacity is related to the cellular and subcellular partitioning of Na+, K+ and Cl‐ in salt‐affected barley and durum wheat
Authors: JAMES RICHARD A. , MUNNS RANA , VON CAEMMERER SUSANNE , TREJO CARLOS , MILLER CELIA , CONDON TONY (A.G.) 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe capacity of plants to tolerate high levels of salinity depends on the ability to exclude salt from the shoot, or to tolerate high concentrations of salt in the leaf (tissue tolerance). It is widely held that a major component of tissue tolerance is the capacity to compartmentalize salt into safe storage places such as vacuoles. This mechanism would avoid toxic effects of salt on photosynthesis and other key metabolic processes. To test this, the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and the cellular and subcellular distribution of Na+, K+ and Cl‐ was studied in salt‐sensitive durum wheat (cv. Wollaroi) and salt‐tolerant barley (cv. Franklin) seedlings grown in a range of salinity treatments. Photosynthetic capacity parameters (Vcmax, Jmax) of salt‐stressed Wollaroi decreased at a lower leaf Na+ concentration than in Franklin. Vacuolar concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl‐ in mesophyll and epidermal cells were measured using cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (SEM) X‐ray microanalysis. In both species, the vacuolar Na+ concentration was similar in mesophyll and epidermal cells, whereas K+ was at higher concentrations in the mesophyll, and Cl‐ higher in the epidermis. The calculated cytoplasmic Na+ concentration increased to higher concentrations with increasing bulk leaf Na+ concentration in Wollaroi compared to Franklin. Vacuolar K+ concentration was lower in the epidermal cells of Franklin than Wollaroi, resulting in higher cytoplasmic K+ concentrations and a higher K+ : Na+ ratio. This study indicated that the maintenance of photosynthetic capacity (and the resulting greater salt tolerance) at higher leaf Na+ levels of barley compared to durum wheat was associated with the maintenance of higher K+, lower Na+ and the resulting higher K+ : Na+ in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells of barley.
Declining hydraulic efficiency as transpiring leaves desiccate: two types of response*
Authors: BRODRIBB TIM J. , HOLBROOK N. MICHELE 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe conductance of transpiring leaves to liquid water (Kleaf) was measured across a range of steady‐state leaf water potentials (Ψleaf). Manipulating the transpiration rate in excised leaves enabled us to vary Ψleaf in the range −0.1 MPa to less than −1.5 MPa while using a flowmeter to monitor the transpiration stream. Employing this technique to measure how desiccation affects Kleaf in 19 species, including lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, we found two characteristic responses. Three of the six angiosperm species sampled maintained a steady maximum Kleaf while Ψleaf remained above −1.2 MPa, although desiccation of leaves beyond this point resulted in a rapid decline in Kleaf. In all other species measured, declining Ψleaf led to a proportional decrease in Kleaf, such that midday Ψleaf of unstressed plants in the field was sufficient to depress Kleaf by an average of 37%. It was found that maximum Kleaf was strongly correlated with maximum CO2 assimilation rate, while Kleaf = 0 occurred at a Ψleaf slightly less negative than at leaf turgor loss. A strong linear correlation across species between Ψleaf at turgor loss and Ψleaf at Kleaf = 0 raises the possibility that declining Kleaf was related to declining cell turgor in the leaf prior to the onset of vein cavitation. The vulnerability of leaves rehydrating after desiccation was compared with vulnerability of leaves during steady‐state evaporation, and differences between methods suggest that in many cases vein cavitation occurs only as Kleaf approaches zero.