bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ‘DOWNER’ CONDITION IN DAIRY COWS AT ABATTOIRS
Authors: Warnock J. P. , Caple I. W. , Halpin C. G. , McQueen C. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Culled dairy cows were studied during starvation prior to slaughter to determine the metabolic changes related to the development of the ‘downer’ condition. Of 200 apparently normal cows, 23% had hypocalcaemia, 33.5% had hypomagnesemia and 12.5% had both on arrival at the abattoir. Cows which became ‘downers’ had significantly lower serum calcium concentrations, were in better body condition, were at a later stage of pregnancy, and their carcases had a significantly higher ultimate pH of M. longissimus dorsi than ambulant cows.In cows more than 6 months pregnant serum calcium concentration decreased markedly during the 2 days after arrival at the abattoir, but then increased and was similar to that of non‐pregnant cows and cows less than 6 months pregnant after 3 days. Some cows were unable to make this adjustment and usually became ‘downers’ within 3 days of arrival at the abattoir. Measurements of the ultimate pH of samples of M. longissimus dorsi of carcases of cows starved for 7 days before slaughter showed that cows more than 6 months pregnant had significantly higher values than non‐pregnant cows.It was concluded that the metabolic changes could be minimised and the incidence of ‘downers’ reduced by avoiding prolonged periods of starvation. Losses may be reduced by preferential slaughter of cows late in pregnancy, and by parenteral treatment of affected cows in the initial stages of the ‘downer’ condition.
THE EFFECT OF ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT OF MAIDEN EWES IN THE PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD ON PASTURE CONTAMINATION AND PRODUCTION OF PRIME LAMBS
Authors: Darvill F. M. , Arundel J. H. , Brown P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A replicated experiment using first cross Border Leicester/Merino maiden ewes set stocked at the rate of 9.9 per hectare was conducted to examine the effects of treatment of the ewes in the periparturient period (PPP) and treatment of lambs at about 12 weeks of age on the production of prime lambs. All treatments given were thiabendazole.Four groups each of 100 ewes (4 replicates × 25) were treated either pre‐lambing, 2 weeks before lambing commenced and again post‐lambing, 8 weeks later when lambing was almost complete (DD), pre‐lambing only (DO), post‐lambing only (OD) or not treated during the lambing period (OO). Lambing commenced 24 July 1972 with the bulk of lambing (98%) occuring within the first 4 weeks of a 6 weeks lambing period.The effectiveness of the drenching regimes was judged by observing bodyweight gains per day during four overlapping intervals between birth and 18 weeks of age. The bodyweight gain of lambs up to 18 weeks and the number of lambs exceeding a target weight of 33 kg at 18 weeks of age were considered to be critical measurements of production efficiency. Significant bodyweight differences were observed within 30 days from birth, favouring DD and DO over OD and OO lambs (p < 0.01). These differences continued until 12 weeks of age at a reduced level of significance (p < 0.05). By 18 weeks of age the results favoured DD over DO (p <0.05) over both OD and OO lambs (p < 0.05). Further differences were created by the treatment of lambs at 12 weeks of age (p < 0.01). At no time during the entire experiment were any significant differences observed between OD and OO lambs.The periparturient rise (PPR) in faecal nematode egg output was monitored throughout the experiment. Anthelmintic treatment of the ewes in the PPP did not eliminate the PPR but did affect the onset, magnitude and duration of the PPR which was either delayed by the prelambing treatment or truncated by the post‐lambing treatment; treatments both before and after lambing delayed and depressed the PPR and reduced total pasture contamination by 29%.An effect on bodyweight of ewes was also observed with ewes being treated pre‐lambing (Groups DD, DO) being significantly heavier at 18 weeks post‐lambing than OD and OO ewes (p < 0.05).The observed effects on lamb production have been attributed in the main to an apparent, though not specifically measured, effect on lactation in those ewes being treated pre‐lambing. The effect of delayed (Groups DD, DO) and/or reduced (Group DD) pasture contamination was considered to be additive to the earlier lactation response. Treatment of lambs at 12 weeks did not obscure these responses.
A CELL CULTURE VACCINE AGAINST BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER
Authors: Tzipori S. , Spradbrow P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A vaccine was prepared from cell culture fluids harvested from the twelfth passage of the 919 strain of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus in Vero cell cultures. Cattle were vaccinated subcutaneously with various combinations of strain 919 virus and adjuvants. Neutralising antibodies were assayed at various times after vaccination and some cattle were challenged by intravenous inoculation with the virulent 417WBC strain of BEF virus.Strain 919 virus of the third and twelfth passage levels in Vero cells produced neither fever, clinical illness nor detectable viraemia in 5 calves inoculated intravenously. Nor could viraemia be detected in 5 heifers receiving vaccine subcutaneously.When the vaccine was administered mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, the production of neutralising antibodies increased with an increase in the volume of vaccine from 2.5 ml to 10 ml and the response to 2 injections was significantly better than the response to a single injection. The neutralising antibody response was decreased when vaccine was diluted in phosphate buffered saline.The neutralising antibody response following 2 subcutaneous vaccinations with strain 919 virus mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant was higher than that following intravenous inoculation with virulent virus. The vaccine‐induced antibodies persisted for at least 12 months, and revaccination at this time led to an increase in the titre of neutralising antibody.Antibodies induced by a single subcutaneous administration of strain 919 virus mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant persisted for at least 40 weeks; those induced by vaccine containing Freund's incomplete adjuvant had virtually disappeared within 16 weeks. All these calves responded to vaccination with aluminium hydroxide‐containing vaccine with increases in levels of neutralising antibodies.Of 26 vaccinated calves challenged with virulent BEF virus, 24 remained clinically normal. Two developed brief periods of pyrexia on the seventh day after challenge, but no other clinical signs. One of these calves had a viraemia that was demonstrated only by intravenous inoculation of a susceptible calf. The remaining calf had no detectable viraemia. All of 7 unvaccinated calves developed severe clinical BEF within 5 days of challenge.No disease attributable to the 919 virus occurred in 24 vaccinated pregnant heifers or their newborn calves.
BREED DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSE OF YOUNG BEEF BULLS TO ELECTRO‐EJACULATION
Authors: Chenoweth P. J. , Osborne H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A total of 702 electro‐ejaculation attempts are recorded on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross 100, Africander cross 93, Shorthorn cross 109, Brahman 81, Africander 89, and Hereford 230. Four hundred and forty of these attempts were conducted on bulls of the first 5 of these breeds which had been reared under similar conditions on the same property. The machine employed was a Watson Transtimulator, powered by a 12‐volt automobile battery, and connected to a 6.25 cm diameter bipolar ring electrode probe, 37.5 cm in length.The voltages at which the sperm free (sample A) and sperm rich (sample B) samples were initiated were 4.8 ± .2 and 7.7 ± .2 volts respectively. No breed differences occurred. Breed differences occurred in the proportion of bulls showing a severe reaction to the electricity (P < 0.001) with the Africander (32.6% P < 0.001) and Ax (28.0% P < 0.01) having the highest proportions of severe reactions. These 2 breed groups also had the highest proportions of electro‐ejaculation failures (respectively, 23.6% P < 0.05 and 19.4% n.s.). Overall, bulls of Bos indicus derivation did not differ from those of Bos taurus derivation in electro‐ejaculation failures.During stimulation, erection was achieved by 19.8% of bulls and failure to collect an assessable ejaculate occurred in 15%. No breed differences occurred in either category. Collapse during stimulation occurred in 5.3% of electro‐ejaculation attempts (overall P < 0.05) with the SH breed group having highest representation (12.8% P < 0.001).
GRANULOMATOUS AND NEOPLASTIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN OF HORSES
Authors: Murray Denise R. , Ladds P. W. , Campbell R. S. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Lesions encountered in a clinicopathological study of cutaneous lesions resembling ‘swamp cancer’ from horses in North Queensland included 37 cases of subcutaneous phycomycosis, 5 of which were also infected with Habronema sp larvae. In addition 9 cases of primary cutaneous habronemiasis, 58 sarcoids, 12 fibromas, 8 fibrosarcomas, 10 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 haemangiomas, 3 melanomas, 1 papilloma, 1 palpebral adenocarcinoma and 7 cases of simple granulation were diagnosed.Subcutaneous phycomycosis resulted in the most extensive lesions. These were rapidly growing and provided the poorest prognosis of all conditions studied. The incidence of phycomycosis in north Queensland was high in comparison to more temperate areas and appeared to be related to the wetter seasons. Young horses were more commonly affected.A fungus isolated from 3 phycomycotic lesions was tentatively identified as Hyphomyces destruens as no sporulation was observed.
GUTTURAL POUCH MYCOSIS IN TWO HORSES
Authors: Rawlinson R. J. , Jones R. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The history and clinical findings of 2 horses with guttural pouch mycosis referred to us are described.The salient features of the history and clinical signs common to both cases were profuse spontaneous nasal haemorrhage, partial pharyngeal paralysis; subsequently bilateral nasal discharge containing food material, inability to drink and parotid pain became evident.One case made a gradual recovery with conservative medical treatment while the second case was destroyed and submitted for post‐mortem, histopathological and microbiological examination. This examination failed to establish the initiating cause of the lesion but later stages were clearly associated with an invasive septate fungus morphologically resembling Aspergillus.
SEROLOGICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN HISTOPHILUS OVIS, ACTINOBACILLUS SEMINIS AND BRUCELLA OVIS
Authors: Rahaley R. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The serological relationships between 4 strains of Histophilus ovis, the neotype strain of Actinobacillus seminis and Brucella ovis were examined using a cross‐absorption complement‐fixation technique.It was found that the 4 strains of H. ovis were serologically homologous and that an incomplete relationship existed between these organisms and A. seminis. Anteriserums prepared against one strain of H. ovis and the strain of A. seminis gave a weak, apparently nonspecific cross‐reaction with Br. ovis antigen.The practical significance of these results is discussed.
NEONATAL LAMB LOSSES DUE TO FERAL PIG PREDATION
Authors: Plant J. W. , Marchant R. , Mitchell T. D. , Giles J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An investigation into causes of low lamb marking percentages was made on a property in north‐west New South Wales from 1971 to 1975. Investigations revealed that from 11 to 70% of the ewes in lamb were losing all their lambs. Observations suggested that feral pig predation was a factor in the perinatal loss.In 1975, 2 groups of ewes were placed in adjoining paddocks prior to lambing. Feral pigs were excluded from one paddock for most of lambing by means of an electric fence. In this paddock, 117% of lambs were marked compared with 80% in the adjoining paddock. It was estimated that in 1975 over 600 lambs were killed by feral pigs from 1,422 ewes lambing in paddocks with feral pigs.The problems involved in the diagnosis of feral pig predation are discussed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND GROSS PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OFONCHOCERCA GIBSONIINFECTION IN CATTLE
Authors: Ladds P.W. , Nitisuwirjo S. , Goddard M.E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA total of 5712 cattle from 62 properties or localities in northern, central and eastern Australia were examined at abattoirs, and the presence ofOnchocerca gibsoniinfection was related to region, season when slaughtered, and breed, sex and age of slaughtered cattle. Additionally, these features were also related to nodule characteristics determined from macroscopic examination of all nodules in single (left or right) briskets from 1287 infected cattle selected at random from those examined in abattoirs.Infection rate was 86% and number of nodules per brisket was 3.7 ± 4.1 (Mean ± Standard Deviation). When adjusted for other variables infection rates varied from 18% in central New South Wales to a maximum of 96% in north western Queensland. Number of nodules per brisket in cattle from north western Queensland was 9 times greater than in cattle from central New South Wales.Most nodules (70%) were 1–2 cm in diameter and weighed less than 2 g. The occurrence of changes such as calcification and caseation indicated that 20–30% of nodules studied were undergoing advanced degeneration or resolution.More nodules were detected in autumn than during winter or spring and the proportions of nodules which were hard on palpation, or had thick capsules, both increased during the autumn‐spring interval.Although inconclusive, breed differences observed suggested thatBos indicusandB. indicuscrossbreds had slightly greater resistance toO. gibsoniinfection than cattle of British breed.Infection rate and number of nodules per brisket were greater in bulls than in cows or steers but weight of nodules in steers was greater than in other groups.Percentage of animals infected, and nodule prevalence both increased with increasing age but annual increase in nodule prevalence was less in cattle over 5 years than in younger ones, suggesting development of some immunity in mature cattle.
BRUCELLA SUIS INFECTION IN PREGNANT CATTLE
Authors: Norton J. H. , Thomas Annette D. 
Published: March 2008

Six pregnant, Bos taurus cows with stages of gestation ranging from 11 to 33 weeks were each inoculated into the right conjunctival sac with 0.2 ml of a smooth culture of Brucella suis type I containing 27 times 106 viable organisms. The 6 cows produced 7 calves of which one single calf and one twin calf were stillborn, the cause of which was not determined. Br. suis was not isolated from any of the cows or calves using either special media or guinea pig inoculation. No abnormality was found in any of the cows or calves at autopsy. Microscopic examination of placentas and tissues from stillborn calves revealed no abnormality. Serologically, 2 weeks after inoculation all 6 cows had positive reactions to the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and serum agglutination (SAT) titres of 25 iu to 116 iu. However, these reactions disappeared within 11 weeks. Only 2 cows had a complement fixation (CFT) titre which lasted a maximum of 5 weeks and reached a titre of 4/4.Following the anamnestic use of Br. abortus strain 45/20 vaccine on 3 of the cows, positive RBT reactions, SAT titres of 33 iu, 29 iu and 58 iu and CFT titres of 4/16, 1/8 and 3/8 respectively were recorded 6 weeks after vaccination.
EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY OF METHIDATHION APPLIED AS A POUR‐ON SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE FOR CONTROL OF CATTLE LICE
Authors: Hart R. J. , Cavey W. A. , Moore B. , Strong M. B. 
Published: March 2008

Methidathion applied to cattle as a pour‐on insecticide for control of lice (predominantly Linognathus vituli, but also Haematopinus eurysternus and Damalinia bovis) caused a reduction in the lice population of approximately 98% to 99% in laboratory trials at the minimum recommended dose of 4 mg/kg and a 98.8% to 100% efficiency was achieved in field trials.In a comparative efficiency trial in the laboratory methidathion at 3.5 to 5 mg/kg reduced the lice population by 97.8% to 99%, fenthion by 98.5% at 4.5 mg/kg and famphur by 99.7% at 16.5 mg/kg.Methidathion was tolerated by calves aged 15 to 20 weeks at dose rates up to 40 mg/kg indicating an approximate 7 fold safety margin, but 1 of 4 calves treated at 50 mg/kg died following treatment.Treatment with fenthion at 50 mg/kg, 7.4 times the average recommended rate, famphur at 75 mg/kg, 3 times the average rate and chlorpyrifos at 85 mg/kg, 5 times average rate, caused reductions in whole blood cholinesterase activity of 52%, 27% and 47% respectively which were similar to the reductions in cholinesterase activity found in calves treated with methidathion at similar levels above the recommended commercial dose rates. It was found that 2 day old calves were more sensitive to treatment with methidathion than calves 9 or 16 days old.A further 11,900 cattle of varying age, breed and sex were treated with methidathion under field conditions at the recommended rate of 4 to 8 mg/kg, and 534 cattle were treated at 24 mg/kg without any signs of toxicity.
SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION OF MEAT AND BONE MEAL
Authors: Bensink J. C. 
Published: March 2008

The production of meat and bone meal from 8 rendering plants was examined for the presence of salmonellas.Of 164 samples of final product 114 (69.5%) were contaminated with salmonellas. Of 65 samples, collected at various points from the production line 35 (53.8%), and of 95 samples collected from the processing environment 79 (83.1%) were found to be contaminated with salmonellas. A total of 41 serotypes were found with S. havana, S. eimsbuettel, S. ohio and S. singapore being the most frequently isolated.Pre‐enrichment of 25g samples in buffered peptone water, followed by enrichment in mannitol selenite cystine broth at 42°C and Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth at 37°C and plating on Bismuth Sulphite Agar was found to yield 98.5% of the salmonella‐positive samples.
HYDATIDS IN AUSTRALIA — THE PRESENT POSITION IN MAN
Authors: Beard T. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In the mainland States the numbers at risk are small relative to the whole population — even the whole rural population — and studies are needed of regional incidence based on the patient's address at the time of admission.Traditionally the States most affected have been Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. The disease seems to have shown a spontaneous decline in Victoria, and has been reduced by a control program in Tasmania, but in New South Wales there is still an unacceptably high incidence amongst Australian‐born residents of the Northern, Central and Southern Tablelands and Canberra District. The prevalence in the South‐Eastern Statistical Division and the Australian Capital Territory in fact matches that of Tasmania in 1941–50.An unexpected and important effect of the Tasmanian control program was a simultaneous and substantial drop in incidence in all age‐groups. This means control measures elsewhere can be justified by the expectation of early benefit to the whole rural community, including even the elderly.
EFFECT OF BIRTH WEIGHT ON EFFICIENCY OF BEEF PRODUCTION*
Authors: Dowling D. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The large ‘lean beef’ breeds are vulnerable to calving difficulties and losses. Dystocia is related to high birth weight. Data recorded from evaluation experiments show that the birth weight of the ‘lean beef’taurus crossbreeds was high (39 ± 2.1 kg). Indicus beef genotypes were selected with the birth weight (29 ± 1.9 kg) significantly lower (P < 0.01) without a depression in the final yield of beef.To increase efficiency of beef production the lower birth weight factor needs be incorporated into genotypes for high viability and growth. Profitability depends on output per dam, in relation to inputs, on a herd basis. Hence, progress may depend on the application of such changes of genotype.
A TRANSMISSIBLE CHICKEN TUMOUR ASSOCIATED WITH RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Ratnamohan N. , Grimes T. M. , Bagust T. J. , Spradbrow P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Histiocytic lymphosarcomas of the intestine, liver, spleen and sciatic nerve were found at necropsy in a 36‐week‐old laying hen that was culled from a flock of 1800 birds because of emaciation. Type C particles were observed in ultrathin sections of liver and spleen. The serum of the hen contained reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) antigen, and antibody against REV, but lacked antibodies reactive with Marek's disease virus or subgroups A and B of Rous sarcoma virus.The tumour was transmitted to chickens using a suspension of the initial tumours. These experimental tumours were then transmitted to further chickens, using cultured spleen cells, viable spleen cells that had been stored frozen, and disrupted spleen cells. The tumours, which developed after incubation periods as short as 2 weeks, were histologically similar to those in the original hen. A few chickens also developed feather abnormalities. The chickens with experimentally transmitted tumours developed antibody against REV and REV antigen was demonstrated in cultured cells from these chickens. The chickens failed to develop antibody against Rous sarcoma virus and only 1 of 29 developed antibody against Marek' disease virus.
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO VACCINATION OF PREGNANT BEEF COWS AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH RATE OF PROGENY
Authors: Holroyd R. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Five experiments with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccine were carried out over a 6‐year period in pregnant Brahman‐cross and Sahiwal‐cross cows in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. The numbers ranged from 127 breeders aged 2 to 5 years in 1972 to 344 breeders aged 2 to 9 years in 1977. Half of the cows were vaccinated twice in midpregnancy except for 1977, when they were vaccinated once. In 1975–1977 inclusive, half of the heifers were given an additional dose of vaccine at commencement of mating.Vaccination caused a significant (P<0.01) reduction of prenatal loss but not of perinatal or postnatal losses. Growth rates of calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dams were similar.
PLASMA ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AS A SCREENING TEST FOR LOW ZINC STATUS IN BROILER HYBRID CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH ‘CLUBBED DOWN’
Authors: Schuster N. H. , Hindmarsh M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Broiler chickens affected by clubbed down on a number of Victorian farms had low liver zinc concentrations and low plasma alkaline phosphatase activities.The results indicated that the zinc status of affected flocks should be considered in future studies and that measurement of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity may be a useful means of screening large numbers of samples. Nutritional and genetic factors may be involved in the aetiology of clubbed down.
THE EFFECT OF CALFHOOD VACCINATION WITH STRAIN 19 ON THE SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND ERADICATION OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS
Authors: Koh S. H. , Morley F. H. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYData from 42,224 cattle from 694 herds collected during the brucellosis eradication campaign were used to examine the effects of calfhood strain 19 vaccination.The prevalence of infection in vaccinated herds was 1.8% compared with 9.1% in non‐vaccinated herds (p< 0.005). The mean titre in the former group was lower (p< 0.001). Vaccinated herds required 3.3 herd tests to achieve a provisionally free status compared with 4.8 in non‐vaccinated herds (0.001 < p < 0.005). Vaccination did not significantly reduce the number of herd tests in herds with less than 100 breeding females. In tests after the initial herd test only 0.5% reactors were found in vaccinated herds compared with 6.9% in non‐vaccinated herds (p< 0.005).There were 0.9% false positive to the Rose Bengal plate test in non‐vaccinated and 2.1% in vaccinated animals (p< 0.005) in non‐infected herds. In infected herds this percentage was 3.0% and 4.2% respectively by (p< 0.05).In the non‐infected herds there were 0.04% false positives to the complement fixation test out of 10,506 non‐vaccinated cattle tested and 0.2% out of 24,734 vaccinated cattle.