bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thyroid metastasis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma: case report and review of literature
Authors: Liang Hung-Hua , Wu Chih-Hsiung , Tam Ka-Wai , Chai Chiah-Yang , Lin Sey-En , Chen Soul-Chin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Despite the apparent low incidence of cancer metastatic to the thyroid, autopsy and clinical series suggest it is more common than generally. Although lung, renal, and breast cancer are probably the most common primary sites, a number of cancers have been reported to metastasize to the thyroid synchronously with diagnosis of primary tumor or years after apparently curative treatment.

Case presentation
We report a rare case of a hepatocellular carcinoma metasatic to the thyroid. The patient presented seven months after original diagnosis and treatment with hepatic lobectomy with multiple neck lesions producing a mass effect on the trachea and bilateral lymphadenopathy. Fine-needle aspiration revealed highly anaplastic carcinoma, and immunohistochemistry confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient received total thyroidectomy as palliative therapy because of the presence of multiple recurrent lesions in the liver.

Conclusion
Clinicians should consider the possibility of metastatic cancer in each patient who presents with a new thyroid mass, especially those with a history of cancer, however remote. In cases where cytology or histology is not diagnostic, immunohistochemistry may be definitive in making the diagnosis.
Activation of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor by Substance P Triggers the Release of Substance P from Cultured Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons
Authors: Tang He-Bin , Li Yu-Sang , Arihiro Koji , Nakata Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2007

Background: Although substance P (SP) is an important primary afferent modulator in nociceptive processes, it is unclear whether SP regulates its own release from primary sensory neurons. Results: Using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for SP, we have demonstrated that the activation of neurokinin-1 receptor by SP or GR73632 (a potent neurokinin-1 receptor agonist) triggered an increase of SP release from cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons depending on the dose and exposure time within 60 min, and thereafter, the SP release level gradually decreased over 360 min. Accompanying the SP release, a significant reduction in the percentage of neurons expressing neurokinin-1 receptor on their membranes during exposure to SP (200 pg/dish) occurred time dependently (56 ± 5% and 32 ± 2% at 180 and 360 min, respectively). The GR73632-evoked (10 nM, 60 min) SP release was attenuated by several inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), protein kinase C (PKC), respectively. In contrast, a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor increased the GR73632-evoked SP release. Conclusion: These results indicate that the neurokinin-1 receptor activation by its agonists regulates the SP release process involving the activation of MAP kinases, PKCs and COX-2 from cultured DRG neurons.
Detection and identification of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae O139 using oligonucleotide microarray
Authors: Jin Da-Zhi , Xu Xiao-Jing , Chen Su-Hong , Wen Si-Yuan , Ma Xue-En , Zhang Zheng , Lin Feng , Wang Sheng-Qi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
The rapid and accurate detection and identification of the new subtype of the pathogens is crucial for diagnosis, treatment and control of the contagious disease outbreak. Here, in this study, an approach to detect and identify Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae O139 was established using oligonucleotide microarray. We coupled multiplex PCR with oligonucleotide microarray to construct an assay suitable for simultaneous identification of two subtypes of the pathogens.

Results
The stx 1, stx 2 gene and uid A gene having the specific mutant spot were chosen as the targets for Escherichia coli O157:H7, and meanwhile the ctx A, tcp A, and LPSgt gene for Vibrio cholerae O139. The oligonucleotide microarray was composed of eight probes including negative control and positive control from 16S rDNA gene. The six primers were designed to amplify target fragments in two triplex PCR, and then hybridized with oligonucleotide microarray. An internal control would be to run a PCR reaction in parallel. Multiplex PCR did not produce any non-specific amplicons when 149 related species or genera of standard bacteria were tested (100% specificity). In addition, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Escherichia coli O157:non-H7, Vibrio cholerae O139 and Vibrio cholerae O1 had been discriminated respectively. Using recombinant plasmid and target pathogens, we were able to detect positive hybridization signals with 102 copies/μL and 103 cfu/mL per reaction.

Conclusion
The DNA microarray assay reported here could detect and identify Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae O139, and furthermore the subtype was distinguished. This assay was a specific and sensitive tool for simultaneous detection and identification of the new subtype of two pathogens causing diarrhea in human.
Regulation of CD28 expression on CD8+ T cells by CTLA-4
Authors: Berg Martina , Zavazava Nicholas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCD28 and CTLA-4 are the critical costimulatory receptors that predominantly determine the outcome of T cell stimulation, with CD28 promoting positive costimulation and CTLA-4 inducing inhibitory signals. Blockage of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway leads to transplantation tolerance. However, the exact mechanism of the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 remains elusive. Here, we investigated the influence of CTLA-4 expression on CD28 using CTLA-4-transfected Jurkat T cells as well as primary T cells. Up-regulation of CTLA-4 induced abrogation of IL-2 production, indicating an anergic phenotype of CTLA-4high T cells. Besides the negative signaling function of CTLA-4, we show for the first time that CTLA-4 expression promotes the down-regulation of CD28 on the T cell surface as a result of enhanced internalization and degradation of CD28. These data suggest that apart from the established competition for B7.1 and B7.2 by CTLA-4, inhibition of T cells by CTLA-4 might be additionally explained by reduction of CD28 on the cell surface, which might impede T cell response to stimulation. Our data provide a previously unrecognized mechanism for T cell regulation.
Increased Uptake ofBRCA1/2Genetic Testing Among African American Women With a Recent Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Susswein Lisa R. , Skrzynia Cécile , Lange Leslie A. , Booker Jessica K. , Graham Mark L. , Evans James P. 
Published: December 2007

PurposeStudies suggest that African American women are less likely to pursue BRCA1/2 genetic testing than white women. However, such studies are often confounded by unequal access to care.MethodsData from 132 African American and 636 white women, obtained from a clinical database at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, NC) between 1998 and 2005, were analyzed to assess BRCA1/2 genetic testing uptake. Importantly, the clinical setting minimized barriers of both cost and access. Race and time of new breast cancer diagnosis (recent v > 1 year before genetic evaluation) were assessed for association with BRCA1/2 testing uptake using multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsBoth race (P = .0082) and a recent diagnosis of breast cancer (P = .014) were independently associated with testing uptake. African American women had a lower estimated odds of pursuing testing than white women (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95%CI, 0.34 to 0.85), and women with a recent diagnosis had a higher OR than those with a remote diagnosis (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.29). In a race-stratified analysis, there was no statistical evidence for association between recent status and testing uptake in the larger white stratum (OR, 1.38, P = .13) while there was for the smaller African American sample (OR, 2.77, P = .018). The test of interaction between race and remote status was not significant (P = .15).ConclusionAfrican American race was associated with an overall decreased uptake of BRCA1/2 genetic testing, even when barriers of ascertainment and cost were minimized. However, among African American women, a recent diagnosis of breast cancer was associated with substantially increased uptake of testing.
Lymph Node Density Is Superior to TNM Nodal Status in Predicting Disease-Specific Survival After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: Analysis of Pooled Data From MDACC and MSKCC
Authors: Kassouf Wassim , Agarwal Piyush K. , Herr Harry W. , Munsell Mark F. , Spiess Philippe E. , Brown Gordon A. , Pisters Louis , Grossman H. Barton , Dinney Colin P. , Kamat Ashish M. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose To compare the utility of lymph node density (LND) with TNM nodal status in predicting disease-specific survival (DSS) after radical cystectomy. Patients and Methods We identified 248 patients with nodal metastasis after radical cystectomy (without neoadjuvant chemotherapy): 162 patients from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and 86 patients from M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). We assessed the effect of several variables on DSS. Results After a median follow-up duration of 24 months, 134 patients died of their disease. The median DSS was 36 months, and the 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year DSS rates were 83.7%, 57.4%, and 36.6%, respectively. The median LND was 20%. The 5-year DSS rate was 54.6% for patients with LND ≤ 20% v 15.3% for patients with LND higher than 20% (P < .01). Pathologic nodal (pN) status in patients was 78 for pN1 (32%), 127 for pN2 (51%), and 43 for pN3 (17%). On univariate analysis, pN status and LND were significant predictors of DSS (P < .01). However, when pN status and LND were considered jointly in a multivariate model, only LND higher than 20% predicted decreased DSS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.75; P < .01). In addition, while nonorgan-confined (ie, > pT2) primary tumor (HR, 2.40; P < .01) and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR, 0.47; P < .01) were predictors of DSS, LND remained a predictor of DSS even after accounting for adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion LND is superior to TNM nodal status in predicting DSS for patients with lymph node–positive disease after radical cystectomy, even in the context of adjuvant chemotherapy.
The implications of low-speed fixed-wing aerofoil measurements on the analysis and performance of flapping bird wings
Authors: Spedding G. R. , Hedenström A. H. , McArthur J. , Rosén M. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBird flight occurs over a range of Reynolds numbers (Re;104⩽Re⩽105, where Re is a measure of the relative importance of inertia and viscosity) that includes regimes where standard aerofoil performance is difficult to predict, compute or measure, with large performance jumps in response to small changes in geometry or environmental conditions. A comparison of measurements of fixed wing performance as a function of Re, combined with quantitative flow visualisation techniques, shows that, surprisingly, wakes of flapping bird wings at moderate flight speeds admit to certain simplifications where their basic properties can be understood through quasi-steady analysis. Indeed, a commonly cited measure of the relative flapping frequency, or wake unsteadiness, the Strouhal number, is seen to be approximately constant in accordance with a simple requirement for maintaining a moderate local angle of attack on the wing. Together, the measurements imply a fine control of boundary layer separation on the wings, with implications for control strategies and wing shape selection by natural and artificial fliers.
Escaping Flatland: three-dimensional kinematics and hydrodynamics of median fins in fishes
Authors: Tytell Eric D. , Standen Emily M. , Lauder George V. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFish swimming has often been simplified into the motions of a two-dimensional slice through the horizontal midline, as though fishes live in a flat world devoid of a third dimension. While fish bodies do undulate primarily horizontally, this motion has important three-dimensional components, and fish fins can move in a complex three-dimensional manner. Recent results suggest that an understanding of the three-dimensional body shape and fin motions is vital for explaining the mechanics of swimming, and that two-dimensional representations of fish locomotion are misleading. In this study, we first examine axial swimming from the two-dimensional viewpoint, detailing the limitations of this view. Then we present data on the kinematics and hydrodynamics of the dorsal fin, the anal fin and the caudal fin during steady swimming and maneuvering in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens. These fishes actively move the dorsal and anal fins during swimming, resulting in curvature along both anterio-posterior and dorso-ventral axes. The momentum imparted to the fluid by these fins comprises a substantial portion of total swimming force, adding to thrust and contributing to roll stability. While swimming, the caudal fin also actively curves dorso-ventrally, producing vortices separately from both its upper and lower lobes. This functional separation of the lobes may allow additional control of three-dimensional orientation, but probably reduces swimming efficiency. In contrast, fish may boost the caudal fin's efficiency by taking advantage of the flow from the dorsal and anal fins as it interacts with the flow around the caudal fin itself. During maneuvering, fish readily use their fins outside of the normal planes of motion. For example, the dorsal fin can flick laterally, orienting its surface perpendicular to the body, to help in turning and braking. These data demonstrate that, while fish do move primarily in the horizontal plane, neither their bodies nor their motions can accurately be simplified in a two-dimensional representation. To begin to appreciate the functional consequences of the diversity of fish body shapes and locomotor strategies, one must escape Flatland to examine all three dimensions.
New experimental approaches to the biology of flight control systems
Authors: Taylor Graham K. , Bacic Marko , Bomphrey Richard J. , Carruthers Anna C. , Gillies James , Walker Simon M. , Thomas Adrian L. R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYHere we consider how new experimental approaches in biomechanics can be used to attain a systems-level understanding of the dynamics of animal flight control. Our aim in this paper is not to provide detailed results and analysis, but rather to tackle several conceptual and methodological issues that have stood in the way of experimentalists in achieving this goal, and to offer tools for overcoming these. We begin by discussing the interplay between analytical and empirical methods, emphasizing that the structure of the models we use to analyse flight control dictates the empirical measurements we must make in order to parameterize them. We then provide a conceptual overview of tethered-flight paradigms, comparing classical `open-loop' and `closed-loop'setups, and describe a flight simulator that we have recently developed for making flight dynamics measurements on tethered insects. Next, we provide a conceptual overview of free-flight paradigms, focusing on the need to use system identification techniques in order to analyse the data they provide,and describe two new techniques that we have developed for making flight dynamics measurements on freely flying birds. First, we describe a technique for obtaining inertial measurements of the orientation, angular velocity and acceleration of a steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis in wide-ranging free flight, together with synchronized measurements of wing and tail kinematics using onboard instrumentation and video cameras. Second, we describe a photogrammetric method to measure the 3D wing kinematics of the eagle during take-off and landing. In each case, we provide demonstration data to illustrate the kinds of information available from each method. We conclude by discussing the prospects for systems-level analyses of flight control using these techniques and others like them.
Propulsive performance of biologically inspired flapping foils at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Techet Alexandra H. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Propulsion and maneuvering underwater by flapping foil motion, optimized through years of evolution, is ubiquitous in nature, yet marine propulsors inspired by examples of highly maneuverable marine life or aquatic birds are not widely implemented in engineering. Performance data from flapping foils,moving in a rolling and pitching motion, are presented at high Reynolds numbers, Re=Uc/ν, or O(104), where U is the relative inflow velocity, c is the chord length of the foil, and νis the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, from water tunnel experiments using a foil actuator module designed after an aquatic penguin or turtle fin. The average thrust coefficients and efficiency measurements are recorded over a range of kinematic flapping amplitudes and frequencies. Results reveal a maximum thrust coefficient of 2.09, and for low values of angle of attack the thrust generally increases with Strouhal number, without much penalty to efficiency. Strouhal number is defined as St=2h0f/U, where f is the frequency of flapping, and 2h0 is the peak-to-peak amplitude of flapping. The thrust and efficiency contour plots also present a useful performance trend where, at low angles of attack, high thrust and efficiency can be gained at sufficiently high Strouhal numbers. Understanding the motion of aquatic penguins and turtle wings and emulating these motions mechanically can yield insight into the hydrodynamics of how these animals swim and also improve performance of biologically inspired propulsive devices.
Aerodynamic efficiency of flapping flight: analysis of a two-stroke model
Authors: Wang Z. Jane 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
To seek the simplest efficient flapping wing motions and understand their relation to steady flight, a two-stroke model in the quasi-steady limit was analyzed. It was found that a family of two-stroke flapping motions have aerodynamic efficiency close to, but slightly lower than, the optimal steady flight. These two-stroke motions share two common features: the downstroke is a gliding motion and the upstroke has an angle of attack close to the optimal of the steady flight of the same wing. With the reduced number of parameters,the aerodynamic cost function in the parameter space can be visualized. This was examined for wings of different lift and drag characteristics at Reynolds numbers between 102 and 106. The iso-surfaces of the cost function have a tube-like structure, implying that the solution is insensitive to a specific direction in the parameter space. Related questions in insect flight that motivated this work are discussed.
Making Stable Radicals of Heavy Elements of Groups 14 and 13: The Might of Silyl Substitution
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya , Nakamoto Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent developments in the field of stable free radicals centered on the heavy elements of groups 14 and 13, neutral and charged, are covered in this review. The diagnostic geometrical characteristics and bonding features of the title species are presented. The thermodynamic and kinetic factors, affecting the stability and electronic configuration of radicals, are also discussed, with particular emphasis being given to the stabilizing influence of the bulky silyl substituents.
DNA Photoligation in Two-color Detection of DNA Point Mutation
Authors: Ami Takehiro , Ozaki Genki , Yoshimura Yoshinaga , Fujimoto Kenzo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We report a method for the rapid differentiation of nucleic acid sequences with 5-carboxyvinyl-2′-deoxyuridine that allows the simultaneous observation of two colors and facilitates the SNP typing of a heterozygous sample.
White-light-emission Afterglow Phosphor CaZnGe2O6:Dy3+
Authors: Che Guangbo , Liu Chunbo , Wang Qingwei , Xu Zhanlin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A novel phosphor, CaZnGe2O6:Dy3+, which emits white long-lasting phosphorescence (LLP) upon UV excitation, is prepared by a conventional high-temperature solid-state method, and its luminescent properties are systematically reported in this letter. These phosphors are well crystallized by calcination at 1150 °C for 3 h and possess excellent performance. After irradiation under 240-nm UV light, CaZnGe2O6:2% Dy3+ emits intense white emission with color coordinate values of x=0.36, y=0.39, and its afterglow can be seen with the naked eye in the dark clearly for more than 3 h after removal of the excitation source.
Z-scheme Overall Water Splitting on Modified-TaON Photocatalysts under Visible Light (λ&lt;500 nm)
Authors: Higashi Masanobu , Abe Ryu , Ishikawa Akio , Takata Tsuyoshi , Ohtani Bunsho , Domen Kazunari 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Overall water splitting was accomplished using a RuO2–TaON and Pt–TaON mixture with IO3−/I− redox couple under visible light (λ&lt;500 nm). This is the first example of overall water splitting based on an oxynitride photocatalyst including a transition-metal element with d0-electronic configuration.
Preparation of Highly Ordered Mesoporous TiO2 Materials with Crystalline Framework from Different Mesostructured Silica Templates via Nanoreplication
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Lee Hyung Ik , Shon Jeong Kuk , Hur Jae Young , Kang Min Suk , Park Sang Soo , Kong Soo Sung , Yu Ji Ae , Seo Miran , Li Donghao , Thakur Santosh Singh , Kim Ji Man 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Highly ordered mesoporous TiO2 materials, exhibiting crystalline frameworks and various mesostructures, have been successfully obtained via nanoreplication using various kinds of mesoporous silicas as the rigid templates.
Cycle and Rate Properties of Mesoporous Tin Anode for Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries
Authors: Nara Hiroki , Fukuhara Yoshiki , Takai Azusa , Komatsu Masaki , Mukaibo Hitomi , Yamauchi Yusuke , Momma Toshiyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A mesoporous Sn anode was electrodeposited in the presence of lyotropic liquid crystals made of nonionic surfactants. The introduction of mesoporous structure was effective for the accommodation of volume change of Sn during charge and discharge cycling of Li ions. The discharge capacity of the mesoporous Sn anode at 1 C rate was as high as 425 mA h g−1 at the 100th cycle, and that was as high as 320 mA h g−1 at the 100th cycle even though at 5 C rate.
Imatinib
Authors: de Kogel Christine E. , Schellens Jan H. M. 
Published: December 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the current indications for imatinib.Describe the pharmacokinetics of imatinib.Discuss the mechanisms involved in imatinib resistance.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Proautophagic Drugs: A Novel Means to Combat Apoptosis-Resistant Cancers, with a Special Emphasis on Glioblastomas
Authors: Lefranc Florence , Facchini Vincenzo , Kiss Robert 
Published: December 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the pathways involved in the natural resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic insults including radio-/chemotherapy.Explain autophagic cell death as a potent alternative tumor-suppressing mechanism.Identify the common targets in apoptosis and autophagy resistance pathways and the surrogate markers that could be used in clinical practice for proautophagic therapy.Discuss the rationale for incorporating endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors as adjuvant chemotherapies against apoptosis-resistant cancers.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com