bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery
Authors: Jónsson Már 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Moriscos were nominally Christian after enforced conversions at the beginning of the sixteenth century, but they mainly clung to their Islamic ancestral faith, and they were expelled from Spain in 1609–14. This was a huge operation, as 300,000 Moriscos were expelled, most of them in the space of a few months. For it to succeed, the Spanish authorities deemed it necessary to resort to lies and subterfuges. Not many Moriscos resisted expulsion, even though few of them wanted to leave. The majority settled in North Africa, adapted quickly to new circumstances, and did not attempt to avenge their expulsion, for instance by resorting to corsair activities. Despite its scale, the event did not have major immediate political consequences, but it can now be seen as a tragic tale of mistaken assumptions and enmity on the Spanish side, an unexpected socio-economic opportunity for North Africa, and an enduring element in Christian-Muslim perceptions of each other’s faiths.
The Ferghana Valley at the crossroads of world history: the rise of Khoqand, 1709–1822
Authors: Levi Scott C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Khanate of Khoqand emerged, flourished and collapsed during the era of Chinese and Russian imperial expansion into Central Asia. While eighteenth-century Central Asia has long been considered to have been an unimportant backwater ‘on the margins of world history’, this essay juxtaposes focused research in local primary sources with a world historical perspective in an effort to illuminate some of the ways in which the region remained interactively engaged with its neighbours and, through them, with historical processes unfolding across the globe. The essay argues that these interactions were substantial, and that they contributed to Khoqand’s emergence as a significant regional power and centre of Islamic cultural activity in pre-colonial Central Asia.
The bounds of identity: the Goldsmid mission and the delineation of the Perso–Afghan border in the nineteenth century
Authors: Hopkins B. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines boundary disputes between Qajar Persia and the emerging state of Afghanistan in the nineteenth century. It argues that disputes between these two Islamic polities were central to the creation of modern states through the territorialization of political identity, in the form of border delineation. The demarcation of territorial boundaries represented the ‘indigenization’ of Western norms of statehood. Indigenous political actors increasingly understood and envisaged their political communities in terms of territorial states, reinterpreting and redeploying European political concepts in indigenous spaces. The Perso-Afghan case exemplifies the assimilation of ideas of political territoriality, central to the construction of a modern state-based international order, in Muslim regions outside direct colonial control.
High diversity of bacterial mercuric reductase genes from surface and sub-surface floodplain soil (Oak Ridge, USA)
Authors: Oregaard Gunnar , Sørensen Søren J 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
DNA was extracted from different depth soils (0–5, 45–55 and 90–100 cm below surface) sampled at Lower East Fork Poplar Creek floodplain (LEFPCF), Oak Ridge (TN, USA). The presence of merA genes, encoding the mercuric reductase, the key enzyme in detoxification of mercury in bacteria, was examined by PCR targeting Actinobacteria, Firmicutes or β/γ-Proteobacteria. β/γ-Proteobacteria merA genes were successfully amplified from all soils, whereas Actinobacteria were amplified only from surface soil. merA clone libraries were constructed and sequenced. β/γ-Proteobacteria sequences revealed high diversity in all soils, but limited vertical similarity. Less than 20% of the operational taxonomic units (OTU) (DNA sequences ⩾95% identical) were shared between the different soils. Only one of the 62 OTU was ⩾95% identical to a GenBank sequence, highlighting that cultivated bacteria are not representative of what is found in nature. Fewer merA sequences were obtained from the Actinobacteria, but these were also diverse, and all were different from GenBank sequences. A single clone was most closely related to merA of α-Proteobacteria. An alignment of putative merA genes of genome sequenced mainly marine α-Proteobacteria was used for design of merA primers. PCR amplification of soil α-Proteobacteria isolates and sequencing revealed that they were very different from the genome-sequenced bacteria (only 62%–66% identical at the amino-acid level), although internally similar. In light of the high functional diversity of mercury resistance genes and the limited vertical distribution of shared OTU, we discuss the role of horizontal gene transfer as a mechanism of bacterial adaptation to mercury.
Helicoverpa zea Trends from the Northeast: Suggestions Towards Collaborative Mapping of Migration and Pyrethroid Susceptibility
Authors: Fleischer Shelby , Payne Greg , Kuhar Thomas , Herbert Ames , Malone Sean , Whalen Joanne , Dively Galen , Johnson David , Hebberger Jo Anna , Ingerson-Mahar Joe , Holmstrom Kristian , Miller Doug 
Published: July 2007

In the northeastern US, sweet corn is attacked by three lepidopterans, two of which are primarily migrants from the south. Knowledge about when and where these immigrants arrive can dramatically reduce insecticide inputs. We discuss progress on monitoring for pyrethroid resistance in one of the migrants, Helicoverpa zea, and in developing interactive cartography for regional monitoring of migratory lepidopterans in the northeastern US. Accepted for publication 14 November 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Mucin Gene Expression in Human Middle Ear Epithelium
Authors: Kerschner Joseph Edward 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the expression of recently identified human mucin genes in human middle ear epithelial (MEE) specimens from in vivo middle ear (ME) tissue and to compare this mucin gene expression with mucin gene expression in an immortalized cell culture in vitro source of human MEE.Methods: Human MEE was harvested as in vivo specimens, and human MEE cell cultures were established for in vitro experimentation. RNA was extracted from MEE and primers designed for reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction to assess for mucin gene MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUC8, MUC9, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC18, MUC19, and MUC20 expression. Mucin gene expression in the in vivo and in vitro ME tissue was compared against tissues with known expression of the mucin genes in question.Results: Mucin genes MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC7, MUC8, MUC9, MUC11, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC18, MUC19, and MUC20 were identified and expressed in both the in vivo and in vitro samples of MEE. Mucin genes MUC6, MUC12, and MUC17 were not identified in either tissue samples.Conclusion: Many of the mucin genes that have been recently identified are expressed in human MEE. These genes are expressed in a similar manner in both in vivo and in vitro models. Understanding the mechanisms in which these genes regulate the physiology and pathophysiology of MEE will provide a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanics of the MEE and disease conditions such as otitis media.
Bilateral Neck Node Metastasis: A Predictor of Isolated Distant Metastasis in Patients With Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Primary Curative Surgery
Authors: Lim Young Chang , Koo Bon Seok , Choi Eun Chang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The presence of distant metastasis after the initial treatment of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC) is often associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the frequency of isolated distant metastasis (IDM) that occurred without any local or regional failure, and to identify its predictive factors in patients who were surgically treated.Study Design: Retrospective chart review.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 230 OOSCC patients who underwent surgical treatment of the primary lesion along with a simultaneous neck dissection between May 1992 and August 2004. We evaluated the frequency of IDMs without local or regional recurrences and the influence of different variables in their appearance.Results: The frequency of IDMs was 6%. Patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma had higher isolated distant failure compared with patients with oral cavity carcinoma (P < .05). In univariate analysis, the following conditions were significant predictors of IDM in patients with OOSCC: advanced local stage; clinical or pathologic positive neck node; the presence of more than two pathologic neck nodes; more than two bilateral pathologic nodal metastases; use of adjuvant radiotherapy; and advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage. However, in multivariate analysis, only the presence of pathologic positive lymph node, especially bilateral neck metastases, was an independent risk factor for the appearance of IDMs.Conclusions: The incidence of IDMs in patients with OOSCC is relatively low. These events were significantly associated with bilateral neck node metastases.
Sentinel Node Biopsy for Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Stoeckli Sandro J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectives: The aims were to assess the technical feasibility of sentinel node biopsy (SNB), to validate SNB against elective neck dissection, and to report the results of the clinical application of the SNB concept for early oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Study Design: Prospective consecutive cohort analysis.Methods: Between 2000 and 2006, a total of 79 patients were included. Lymphatic mapping consisted of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative use of a hand‐held gammaprobe. Twenty‐eight patients were assessed for feasibility and validation; the SNB was done in context with an elective neck dissection. Fifty‐one patients were evaluated in an observational trial; elective neck dissection was performed only in case of positive SNB.Results: Validation revealed a sentinel node detection rate by lymphoscintigraphy of 93%, with the gammaprobe of 100%. The negative predictive value of a negative SNB was 100%. During the observational trial 40% of the patients were upstaged as a result of a positive SNB. Intraoperative frozen section analysis showed a negative predictive value of 83%. Two patients (6%) with negative SNB experienced a neck recurrence, the negative predictive value of SNB was therefore 94%. Patients with positive SNB were treated successfully with elective neck dissection.Conclusions: SNB is technically feasible and reproducible with a high sentinel node detection rate. Validation against elective neck dissection revealed a negative predictive value of 100%. Application of the SNB concept in clinical practice was very successful. The recurrence rate within the neck was very low and the morbidity and cost of an elective neck dissection could be spared to 60% of the patients.
Quality of Life Instruments in Ménière's Disease
Authors: Green J Douglas , Verrall Aimee , Gates George A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: Evaluate the sensitivity of quality of life (QoL) instruments over time in patients with Ménière's disease using general, symptom‐specific, and disease‐specific QoL instruments.Study Design: Prospective study using QoL instruments administered serially over 4 months in patients undergoing treatment for Ménière's disease.Methods: Sixty‐one people aged 33 to 71 years with active, unilateral, cochleovestibular Ménière's disease refractory to medical management completed two general QoL instruments, Sense of Coherence (SOC) and World Health Organization Quality of Life–Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL‐BREF), one symptom‐specific QoL instrument, Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS), and one disease‐specific QoL instrument, Ménière's Disease Patient Oriented Severity Index (MDPOSI). All measures were administered at baseline and again 2 and 4 months later.Results: Disease‐ and symptom‐specific instruments including the MDPOSI and VSS were positively correlated with vertigo control category (Pearson's R = 0.345, MDPOSI; 0.279, VSS), indicating sensitivity to the frequency of vertigo spells. These instruments were also sensitive to changes in vertigo over time. Standardized response means showed greatest responsiveness to change on the MDPOSI (0.80) and the VSS (0.79). Standardized response means for SOC and WHOQOL‐BREF were 0.03, and 0.32, respectively, suggesting poor responsiveness to change of symptoms. The VSS and MDPOSI were highly correlated (Pearson's r coefficient 0.744; P < .001).Conclusions: A disease‐specific QoL instrument such as the MDPOSI and a symptom‐specific instrument such as the VSS more accurately reflect changes in control of vertigo in people with Ménière's disease over time than do general QoL instruments. These instruments can be used to determine the life impact of Ménière's disease and how aggressive therapy should be for the patient.
Spatial Hearing Disability After Acoustic Neuroma Removal
Authors: Douglas Susan A. , Yeung Phil , Daudia Anurag , Gatehouse Stuart , O'Donoghue Gerard M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Previous studies on hearing loss (HL) after acoustic neuroma removal concentrate mainly on pure‐tone hearing results rather than hearing disability. Our objectives were to use the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing scale (SSQ), a comprehensively validated questionnaire, to characterize and quantify the auditory disabilities that patients experience with a profound unilateral HL after acoustic neuroma removal.Study Design: Forty‐four patients with profound unilateral HL after acoustic neuroma surgery completed the SSQ. Their findings were compared with those of a control population sample matched for age, sex, and hearing level in the better hearing ear.Results: In comparison with controls, with use of analysis of variance, acoustic neuroma patients scored poorly on all items except for the identification of sounds and objects (P = .123). The greatest difficulties involved speech in the presence of noise, situations of multiple speech‐streams and switching (such as listening to someone speaking and the television at the same time), the location of unseen objects, and increased listening effort (P < .05).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, compared with a control population, these patients experience a significant range of auditory disabilities. It is important that clinicians be aware of the impact of such a profound unilateral HL and its potential to affect daily life. Patient counseling prior to surgery is essential, especially in patients whose loss of binaural hearing could constitute a major disability.
Activation of both nuclear factor of activated T cells and inhibitor of nuclear factor‐κB kinase β‐subunit‐/nuclear factor‐κB is critical for cyclooxygenase‐2 induction by benzo[a]pyrene in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Ding Jin , Wu Kangjian , Zhang Dongyun , Luo Wenjing , Li Jingxia , Ouyang Weiming , Song Lun , Huang Chuanshu 
Published: July 2007

The carcinogenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), presenting mainly in cigarette smoke and air pollution, has been well demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still not well understood how B[a]P facilitates pulmonary carcinogenesis. To explore this, we investigated the effect of B[a]P on the induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), a critical enzyme implicated in inflammation and cancer development, as well as upstream signaling pathways leading to its expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas‐2B). We found that exposure of Beas‐2B to B[a]P caused significant COX‐2 induction at both the transcriptional and protein levels. B[a]P also switched on the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways. B[a]P‐induced COX‐2 expression was significantly blocked by inhibition of the NFAT pathway, and impairment of the NF‐κB signaling pathway by ectopic expression of an inhibitor of nuclear factor‐κB kinase β‐subunit (IKKβ) kinase inactive mutant (IKKβ‐KM) also dramatically inhibited COX‐2 induction. The IKKβ/NF‐κB‐dependent COX‐2 induction was further confirmed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts with IKKβ deficiency (IKKβ−/–) and in those that expressed reconstituted IKKβ. However, activation of the NFAT and NF‐κB signaling pathways by B[a]P were independent of each other, as blocking one signaling pathway didn't interrupt the activation of the other one. Mutation of either NFAT or NF‐κB binding sites significantly blocked COX‐2 promoter induction by B[a]P. Taken together, these data indicate that exposure of Beas‐2B to B[a]P can upregulate COX‐2 expression by increasing its transcription, which requires activation of both the NFAT and NF‐κB signaling pathways. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1323–1329)
Inhibition of GSK‐3β activity attenuates proliferation of human colon cancer cells in rodents
Authors: Shakoori Abbas , Mai Wei , Miyashita Katsuyoshi , Yasumoto Kazuo , Takahashi Yutaka , Ooi Akishi , Kawakami Kazuyuki , Minamoto Toshinari 
Published: July 2007

The authors’ recent discovery that glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) participates in colon cancer cells’ survival and proliferation prompted us to investigate whether GSK‐3β inhibition alters proliferation of colon cancer cells in vivo. Groups of four or five athymic mice (Balb/c, nu/nu) with subcutaneous xenografts of SW480 human colon cancer cells were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or different doses (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg body weight) of either small‐molecule GSK‐3β inhibitor (SB‐216763 and AR‐A014418) by intraperitoneal injection three times per week for 5 weeks. Compared with DMSO (a diluent of the GSK‐3β inhibitors) as a control, either GSK‐3β inhibitor significantly inhibited proliferation of cancer cell xenografts in the rodents in a dose‐dependent manner. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of tumor xenografts demonstrated a significant, dose‐dependent decrease in fractions of proliferating cells and an increase in the incidence of apoptosis of cancer cells in mice treated with either GSK‐3β inhibitor. No adverse events or effects were observed in the rodents during the course of treatment, except for rare lethal accidents due to intraperitoneal injection. Morphological examination showed no apparent pathologic changes in major organs including the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, spleen and large bowel of rodents treated with DMSO and the GSK‐3β inhibitors. The results indicate that the GSK‐3β inhibitors would be a novel class of therapeutic agent for colon cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1388–1393)
Sipholenol A, a marine‐derived sipholane triterpene, potently reverses P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1)‐mediated multidrug resistance in cancer cells
Authors: Shi Zhi , Jain Sandeep , Kim In‐Wha , Peng Xing‐Xiang , Abraham Ioana , Youssef Diaa T.A. , Fu Li‐Wu , El Sayed Khalid , Ambudkar Suresh V. , Chen Zhe‐Sheng 
Published: July 2007

Through extensive screening of marine sponge compounds, the authors have found that sipholenol A, a sipholane triterpene isolated from the Red Sea sponge, Callyspongia siphonella, potently reversed multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells that overexpressed P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). In experiments, sipholenol A potentiated the cytotoxicity of several P‐gp substrate anticancer drugs, including colchicine, vinblastine, and paclitaxel, but not the non‐P‐gp substrate cisplatin, and significantly reversed the MDR of cancer cells KB‐C2 and KB‐V1 in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, sipholenol A had no effect on the response to cytotoxic agents in cells lacking P‐gp expression or expressing MDR protein 1 or breast cancer resistance protein. Sipholenol A (IC50 > 50 µM) is not toxic to all the cell lines that were used, regardless of their membrane transporter status. Accumulation and efflux studies with the P‐gp substrate [3H]‐paclitaxel demonstrated that sipholenol A time‐dependently increased the intracellular accumulation of [3H]‐paclitaxel by directly inhibiting P‐gp‐mediated drug efflux. In addition, sipholenol A did not alter the expression of P‐gp after treating KB‐C2 and KB‐V1 cells for 36 h and 72 h. However, it efficaciously stimulated the activity of ATPase of P‐gp and inhibited the photolabeling of this transporter with its transport substrate [125I]‐iodoarylazidoprazosin. Overall, the present results indicate that sipholenol A efficiently inhibits the function of P‐gp through direct interactions, and sipholane triterpenes are a new class of potential reversing agents for treatment of MDR in P‐gp‐overexpressing tumors. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1373–1380)
Phase II study of chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9004
Authors: Tobinai Kensei , Takeyama Kunihiko , Arima Fumito , Aikawa Keiko , Kobayashi Tohru , Hanada Shuichi , Kasai Masaharu , Ogura Michinori , Sueoka Eisaburo , Mukai Kiyoshi , Tajima Kinuko , Fukuda Haruhiko , Shirakawa Shigeru , Hotta Tomomitsu , Masanori Shimoyama ,   members of the Lymphoma Study Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group
Published: July 2007

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐supported, post‐remission chemotherapy (Cx) for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) was evaluated. One hundred and forty‐three eligible patients (median age, 41 years) including 126 ALL and 17 LBL receiving induction Cx (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisolone [PSL], doxorubicin, L‐asparaginase, intrathecal‐methotrexate [IT‐MTX]) were analyzed. For patients achieving complete response (CR), two courses of post‐remission Cx (course A of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, vindesine, PSL plus IT‐MTX; course B of mitoxantrone, etoposide, vincristine, PSL plus IT‐MTX) with the use of G‐CSF were repeated alternately; thereafter, maintenance Cx including MTX and 6‐mercaptopurine was given for 2 years. One hundred and nineteen (83%) patients achieved CR, while 14 (10%) died during induction. Among the 119 patients achieving CR, five died in remission, 76 relapsed, and the remaining 38 were alive without disease. The median survival time of the 143 eligible patients was 26 months (95% confidence interval, 19–34). At a median follow‐up time of 9 years, the 5‐year survival rate was 32% and the 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 26%. The 5‐year survival rate of 36 patients who underwent autologous (n = 20) or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT; n = 16) in the first CR group was 58%. Compared with the authors’ previous trials, survival and PFS were markedly improved. In conclusion, G‐CSF‐supported, intensive post‐remission Cx and subsequent SCT are worthy of further investigation for the treatment of adult ALL and LBL. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1350–1357)