bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in clinical status in bipolar disorder: a prospective study in 1000 STEP‐BD patients
Authors: Friedman E. , Gyulai L. , Bhargava M. , Landen M. , Wisniewski S. , Foris J. , Ostacher M. , Medina R. , Thase M. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To investigate seasonal and regional effects on bipolar I and II patients.Method:  The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP‐BD) patients were prospectively examined for monthly change in prevalence rates of depressed and recovered clinical status over the year. General Estimating Equation modeling was used to assess the effect of season on prevalence rates. Additionally, patients were stratified by bipolar subtype and by region.Results:  A significantly higher prevalence rate of depression is observed in the northern sites, a significant prevalence by month effect is found only in the bipolar II patients.Conclusion:  The prevalence of depression is greater in patients from the northern vs. southern STEP‐BD sites. Seasonal peak prevalence rates of depression differ by region. Bipolar II patients were more ill year‐round and demonstrated greater monthly fluctuation in prevalence rates of being ill than did bipolar I patients. We conclude that seasonal effects upon bipolar patients vary by region and bipolar subtype.
Self‐help treatments for disorders of recurrent binge eating: a systematic review
Authors: Stefano S. C. , Bacaltchuk J. , Blay S. L. , Hay P. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To evaluate self‐help interventions for patients with binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN), tested in randomized controlled trials, and compared with waiting list or any other type of control group.Methods:  A systematic review including quality appraisal was conducted of randomized controlled trials, using self‐help techniques in patients with BED and/or BN. Six databases were searched during the period between January 1994 and June 2004.Results:  A total of 2686 articles were identified, 1701 abstracts were evaluated in detail and, nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies indicated that patients treated with active interventions had a reduced number of binge eating episodes at end of treatment.Conclusion:  The results support self‐help interventions but shall be interpreted with caution. Because of the small number of studies using self‐help techniques for BED and BN, further larger randomized, multi‐center controlled studies that apply standardized inclusion criteria, evaluation instruments and self‐help materials, are needed.
The effects of implant surface roughness and surgical technique on implant fixation in an in vitro model
Authors: Shalabi Manal M. , Wolke Johannes G. C. , Jansen John A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between implant surface parameters, surgical approach and initial implant fixation.Material and methods: Sixty tapered, conical, screw‐shaped implants with machined or etched surface topography were implanted into the explanted femoral condyle of goats. The implant sites were prepared either by a conventional technique, by undersized preparation, or by the osteotome technique. Peak insertion & removal torque, bone‐to‐implant contacts (BIC) and morphological bone appearance were assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro‐computer tomography. (micro‐CT).Results: Insertion and removal torque values were significantly higher for etched implants inserted with the undersized technique (115.2±31.1, 102.9±36.4 N cm) respectively. Also, the average BIC value was higher for the etched implants placed with the undersized technique (87.5±5.6), which was statistically significant compared with machined and etched implants inserted by conventional technique.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that the surgical technique has a decisive effect on implant fixation (represented in this study by installation torque value/removal torque value and histomorphometric evaluation) in trabecular bone. Nevertheless, additional in vivo studies have to be done to prove the importance of surgical protocol for the final implant–bone response.
Structural and radiological parameters for the characterization of jawbone
Authors: Stoppie Nele , Pattijn Veerle , Van Cleynenbreugel Tim , Wevers Martine , Sloten Jos Vander , Ignace Naert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the Hounsfield values of selected bone sites on a computed tomography (CT) scan of the jaw and to investigate the relationship between this radiological parameter and structural parameters.Materials and methods: A selection of 24 bone samples out of eight cadaver human jaws was made. The following parameters were measured: Hounsfield value in the jaw (HU1) determined by a first CT scan, Hounsfield value of the excised bone specimen (HU2) by a second CT scan, bone mineral density (BMD) by a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan, bone volume (BV/TV) by the microfocus CT scan, first peak transmission time (TUS‐1) and first zero crossing transmission time (TUS‐2) by an ultrasound measurement and Young's modulus (EMECH) by a compression test.Results: Thirteen specimens were composed of a mix of trabecular and a small amount of cortical bone, while another 11 specimens were composed of trabecular bone only. A good correlation was found between the HU value of the specimen (HU2) and BMD (ρ=0.99), BV/TV (ρ=0.97), TUS‐1 (ρ=−0.83), TUS‐2 (ρ=−0.87) and EMECH (ρ=0.83). For the pure trabecular bone specimens, the HU value of the excised bone specimen (HU2) was highly correlated (ρ=0.95) with the HU value of the total jaw scan (HU1). For mixed trabecular–cortical bone specimens, this relationship was weak (ρ=0.57).Conclusion: With the current CT scan technology, predictions of the mechanical properties of trabecular jaw bone based on Hounsfield values were only valid for jaws with a thin layer of cortical bone. For jaws with a thicker cortical layer, the prediction of the mechanical properties decreased significantly.
Radiofrequency haemorrhoid surgery: An alternative to newer treatment of haemorrhoids
Authors: Gupta Pravin J. 
Published: January 2006

Background:  The author describes his experience of treatment of advanced haemorrhoidal disease using a technique called radiofrequency ablation and plication of haemorrhoids.Patients and Methods:  Both male and female patients presenting with prolapsing haemorrhoids with indications for surgery were enrolled for the study. An Ellman radiofrequency generator was used for ablation of haemorrhoids. The surgical technique and clinical follow up of patients operated by this technique is presented. Patients were initially called at 7, 14 and 30 postoperative days and then at least 2 years after the procedure. Results in terms of mean hospital stay, postoperative pain, postoperative complications, period of incapacity for work and effectiveness of the procedure are presented.Results:  1260 patients operated with this technique were assessed. The average duration of operation was 7 min (range 5–9 min). Mean hospital stay was 11 h (range 6–23 h). The immediate postoperative complication included secondary bleeding, retention of urine and perianal thrombosis. The mean period of incapacity for work was 8 days (range 6–14 days). The mean analgesic requirement was 20 tablets of Tramadol (range 14–33). At the last follow up, 2% of patients had recurrence of bleeding and 6% developed anal skin tags.Conclusion:  The procedure of radiofrequency ablation and plication of haemorrhoids shows promising results in patients with advanced haemorrhoidal disease. Being safe, effective, and a swift technique, it can be proposed as an alternative to conventional surgical procedures.
Comparison of computerized tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography in ruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery
Authors: Poon Tak‐Lap , Ho Wai‐Shing , Pang Kai‐Yuen , Wong Chi‐Keung 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to review the efficacy of 16‐row multislice computerized tomography angiography (CTA) in ruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery by comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA).Methods:  A systemic review of patients suffering from ruptured cerebral aneurysm was performed. We report the results obtained during the 19‐month period from April 2003 to October 2004. In total, 32 patients had undergone aneurysm surgeries, in which 11 patients had both DSA and CTA performed.Results:  Among the 11 patients with both DSA and CTA performed, two aneurysms were missed in DSA in two patients. The sensitivity and specificity of CTA were 100%. The correlation of CTA with DSA in operative findings was 100%. Our CTA could detect the aneurysm size down to 2 mm in diameter.Conclusion:  The diagnostic accuracy of 16‐row multislice CTA is promising and it compares well with DSA for detection and evaluation of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. It is safe and effective to establish treatment decision on the basis of CTA alone in the majority of cases.
Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of Serine Proteinase AhSub and Cysteine Proteinase AhCP of
Acanthamoeba healyi
Authors: Moon E.-K. , Lee S.-T. , Chung D.-I. , Kong H.-H. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Proteinases have been proposed to play important roles in pathogenesis and various biologic actions in
Acanthamoeba
. Although genetic characteristics of several proteases of
Acanthamoeba
have been reported, the intracellular localization and trafficking of these enzymes has yet to be studied. In the present study, we analyzed the intracellular localization and trafficking of two proteinases, AhSub and AhCP, of
Acanthamoeba healyi
by transient transfection. Full-length AhSub-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein was found in intracellular vesicle-like structures of transfected amoebae. Time-lapse photographs confirmed the secretion of the fluorescent material of the vesicle toward the extracellular space. The mutated AhSub, of which the pre or prepro region was deleted, was found to localize diffusely throughout the cytoplasm of the amoeba rather than concentrated in the secretory vesicle. Transfection of the construct containing the pre region only showed the same localization and trafficking of the full-length AhSub. A cysteine proteinase AhCP-EGFP fusion protein showed similar localization in the vesicle-like structure in the amoeba. However, using Lyso Tracker analysis, these vesicular structures of AhCP were confirmed to be lysosomes rather than secretory vesicles. The AhCP construct with a deletion of the prepro region showed a dispersed distribution of fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the cells. These results indicated that AhSub and AhCP would play different roles in
Acanthameoba
biology and that the pre region of AhSub and pro region of AhCP are important for proper intracellular localization and trafficking of each proteinase.
Deletion of
RTS1
, Encoding a Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A, Results in Constitutive Amino Acid Signaling via Increased Stp1p Processing
Authors: Eckert-Boulet Nadine , Larsson Katrin , Wu Boqian , Poulsen Peter , Regenberg Birgitte , Nielsen Jens , Kielland-Brandt Morten C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, extracellular amino acids are sensed at the plasma membrane by the SPS sensor, consisting of the transporter homologue Ssy1p, Ptr3p, and the endoprotease Ssy5p. Amino acid sensing results in proteolytic truncation of the transcription factors Stp1p and Stp2p, followed by their relocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they activate transcription of amino acid permease genes. We screened a transposon mutant library for constitutively signaling mutants, with the aim of identifying down-regulating components of the SPS-mediated pathway. Three isolated mutants were carrying a transposon in the
RTS1
gene, which encodes a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. We investigated the basal activity of the
AGP1
and
BAP2
promoters in
rts1Δ
cells and found increased transcription from these promoters, as well as increased Stp1p processing, even in the absence of amino acids. Based on our findings we propose that the phosphatase complex containing Rts1p keeps the SPS-mediated pathway down-regulated in the absence of extracellular amino acids by dephosphorylating a component of the pathway.
Developmentally Regulated DNA Methylation in
Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Katoh Mariko , Curk Tomaz , Xu Qikai , Zupan Blaz , Kuspa Adam , Shaulsky Gad 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA plays a critical role in the silencing of gene expression, organization of chromatin structure, and cellular differentiation of eukaryotes. Previous studies failed to detect 5-methylcytosine in
Dictyostelium
genomic DNA, but the recent sequencing of the
Dictyostelium
genome revealed a candidate DNA methyltransferase gene (
dnmA
). The genome sequence also uncovered an unusual distribution of potential methylation sites, CpG islands, throughout the genome. DnmA belongs to the Dnmt2 subfamily and contains all the catalytic motifs necessary for cytosine methyltransferases. Dnmt2 activity is typically weak in
Drosophila melanogaster
, mouse, and human cells and the gene function in these systems is unknown. We have investigated the methylation status of
Dictyostelium
genomic DNA with antibodies raised against 5-methylcytosine and detected low levels of the modified nucleotide. We also found that DNA methylation increased during development. We searched the genome for potential methylation sites and found them in retrotransposable elements and in several other genes. Using Southern blot analysis with methylation-sensitive and -insensitive restriction endonucleases, we found that the DIRS retrotransposon and the
guaB
gene were indeed methylated. We then mutated the
dnmA
gene and found that DNA methylation was reduced to about 50% of the wild-type level. The mutant cells exhibited morphological defects in late development, indicating that DNA methylation has a regulatory role in
Dictyostelium
development. Our findings establish a role for a Dnmt2 methyltransferase in eukaryotic development.
Heterologous Expression of an
Entamoeba histolytica
Chitin Synthase in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Van Dellen Katrina L. , Bulik Dorota A. , Specht Charles A. , Robbins Phillips W. , Samuelson John C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Chitin in the cyst wall of
Entamoeba histolytica
is made by two chitin synthases (Chs), one of which is unique (EhCHS-1) and one of which resembles those of insects and nematodes (EhCHS-2). EhCHS-1 is deposited chitin in the lateral wall of transformed
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Chs mutants, independent of accessory proteins (Chs4p to Chs7p) required by yeast Chs3p.
The
akuB
KU80
Mutant Deficient for Nonhomologous End Joining Is a Powerful Tool for Analyzing Pathogenicity in
Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: da Silva Ferreira Márcia Eliana , Kress Marcia R. V. Z. , Savoldi Marcela , Goldman Maria Helena S. , Härtl Albert , Heinekamp Thorsten , Brakhage Axel A. , Goldman Gustavo H. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

To increase the frequency of homologous recombination, we inactivated the
KU80
homologue in
Aspergillus fumigatus
(named
akuB
KU80
). Homologous integration reached about 80% for both calcineurin A (
calA
) and polyketide synthase
pksP (alb1
) genes in the
akuB
KU80
mutant to 3 and 5%, respectively, when using a wild-type
A. fumigatus
strain. Deletion of
akuB
KU80
had no influence on pathogenicity in a low-dose murine infection model.
Gene Targeting in
Aspergillus fumigatus
by Homologous Recombination Is Facilitated in a Nonhomologous End- Joining-Deficient Genetic Background
Authors: Krappmann Sven , Sasse Christoph , Braus Gerhard H. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

The
akuA
gene encoding the Ku70 component of the nonhomologous end-joining machinery was deleted in the opportunistic pathogen
Aspergillus fumigatus
. No obvious phenotype could be assessed for the corresponding mutant strain but relative frequencies of homologous recombination were increased as deduced from targeting the laccase-encoding
abr2
gene.
Genome-Based Approaches to Understanding Phosphorus Deprivation Responses and PSR1 Control inChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Moseley Jeffrey L. , Chang Chiung-Wen , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTTheChlamydomonas reinhardtiitranscription factor PSR1 is required for the control of activities involved in scavenging phosphate from the environment during periods of phosphorus limitation. Increased scavenging activity reflects the development of high-affinity phosphate transport and the expression of extracellular phosphatases that can cleave phosphate from organic compounds in the environment. A comparison of gene expression patterns using microarray analyses and quantitative PCRs with wild-type andpsr1mutant cells deprived of phosphorus has revealed that PSR1 also controls genes encoding proteins with potential “electron valve” functions—these proteins can serve as alternative electron acceptors that help prevent photodamage caused by overexcitation of the photosynthetic electron transport system. In accordance with this finding, phosphorus-starvedpsr1mutants die when subjected to elevated light intensities; at these intensities, the wild-type cells still exhibit rapid growth. Acclimation to phosphorus deprivation also involves a reduction in the levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis and both cytoplasmic and chloroplast translation as well as an increase in the levels of transcripts encoding stress-associated chaperones and proteases. Surprisingly, phosphorus-deficientpsr1cells (but not wild-type cells) also display expression patterns associated with specific responses to sulfur deprivation, suggesting a hitherto unsuspected link between the signal transduction pathways involved in controlling phosphorus and sulfur starvation responses. Together, these results demonstrate that PSR1 is critical for the survival of cells under conditions of suboptimal phosphorus availability and that it plays a key role in controlling both scavenging responses and the ability of the cell to manage excess absorbed excitation energy.
Pair of Unusual GCN5 Histone Acetyltransferases and ADA2 Homologues in the Protozoan ParasiteToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Bhatti Micah M. , Livingston Meredith , Mullapudi Nandita , Sullivan William J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTGCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) essential for development in mammals and critical to stress responses in yeast. The protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondiiis a serious opportunistic pathogen. The study of epigenetics and gene expression in this ancient eukaryote has pharmacological relevance and may facilitate the understanding of these processes in higher eukaryotes. Here we show that the disruption ofT. gondiiGCN5 yields viable parasites, which were subsequently employed in a proteomics study to identify gene products affected by its loss. Promoter analysis of these TgGCN5-dependent genes, which were mostly parasite specific, reveals a conserved T-rich element. The loss of TgGCN5 does not attenuate virulence in an in vivo mouse model. We also discovered thatT. gondiiis the only invertebrate reported to date possessing a second GCN5 (TgGCN5-B). TgGCN5-B harbors a strikingly divergent N-terminal domain required for nuclear localization. Despite high homology between the HAT domains, the two TgGCN5s exhibit differing substrate specificities. In contrast to TgGCN5-A, which exclusively targets lysine 18 of H3, TgGCN5-B acetylates multiple lysines in the H3 tail. We also identify two ADA2 homologues that interact differently with the TgGCN5s. TgGCN5-B has the potential to compensate for TgGCN5-A, which probably arose from a gene duplication unique toT. gondii. Our work reveals an unexpected complexity in the GCN5 machinery of this primitive eukaryote.
Dissociation of Cytokinesis Initiation from Mitotic Control in a Eukaryote
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Wang C. C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Cytokinesis is initiated only after mitotic exit in eukaryotes. However, in the insect (procyclic) form of an ancient protist,
Trypanosoma brucei
, a blockade at the G
2
/M checkpoint results in an enrichment of anucleate cells (zoids), suggesting separated regulations between mitosis and cytokinesis (X. Tu and C. C. Wang, J. Biol. Chem.
279:
20519-20528, 2004). Polo-like kinases (Plks) are known to play critical roles in controlling both mitosis and cytokinesis. A single
Plk
homologue in
T. brucei
, Tb
PLK
, was found to be capable of complementing the Plk (Cdc5) functions in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, thus raising the question of how it may function in the trypanosome with cytokinesis dissociated from mitosis. Depletion of TbPLK in the procyclic form of
T. brucei
by RNA interference resulted in growth arrest with accumulation of multiple nuclei, kinetoplasts, basal bodies, and flagella in approximately equal numbers among individual cells. There were, however, few zoids detectable, indicating inhibited cytokinesis with unblocked mitosis and kinetoplast segregation. TbPLK is thus apparently involved only in initiating cytokinesis in
T. brucei
. Overexpression of TbPLK in the trypanosome did not affect cell growth, but 13% of the resulting population was in the zoid form, suggesting runaway cytokinesis. An immunofluorescence assay indicated that TbPLK was localized in a chain of likely flagellum attachment zones in the cytoskeleton. In a dividing cell, a new line of such zones appeared closely paralleling the existing one, which could constitute the cleavage furrow. An exposed region of TbPLK at the anterior tip of the cell may provide the trigger of cytokinesis. Taken together, our results revealed a novel mechanism of cytokinesis initiation in the trypanosome that may serve as a useful model for further in-depth investigations.
Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Control: An Integrative Model of Stroop Task Performance and fMRI Data
Authors: Herd Seth A. , Banich Marie T. , O'Reilly Randall C. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We address the connection between conceptual knowledge and cognitive control using a neural network model. This model extends a widely held theory of cognitive control [Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., & McClelland, J. L. On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing model of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97, 332-361, 1990] so that it can explain new empirical findings. Leveraging other computational modeling work, we hypothesize that representations used for task control are recruited from preexisting representations for categories, such as the concept of color relevant to the Stroop task we model here. This hypothesis allows the model to account for otherwise puzzling fMRI results, such as increased activity in brain regions processing to-be-ignored information. In addition, biologically motivated changes in the model's pattern of connectivity show how global competition can arise when inhibition is strictly local, as it seems to be in the cortex. We also discuss the potential for this theory to unify models of task control with other forms of attention.