bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depressive Symptoms and AIDS-Related Mortality Among a Multisite Cohort of HIV-Positive Women
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Grey Dennis , Burke Jane , Cohen Mardge H. , Gurtman Alejandra C. , Richardson Jean L. , Wilson Tracey E. , Young Mary A. , Hessol Nancy A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined associations between depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality after controlling for antiretroviral therapy use, mental health treatment, medication adherence, substance abuse, clinical indicators, and demographic factors. Methods. One thousand seven hundred sixteen HIV-seropositive women completed semiannual visits from 1994 through 2001 to clinics at 6 sites. Multivariate Cox and logistic regression analyses estimated time to AIDS-related death and depressive symptom severity. Results. After we controlled for all other factors, AIDS-related deaths were more likely among women with chronic depressive symptoms, and symptoms were more severe among women in the terminal phase of their illness. Mental health service use was associated with reduced mortality. Conclusions. Treatment for depression is a critically important component of comprehensive care for HIV-seropositive women, especially those with end-stage disease.
Latinas and HIV/AIDS Risk Factors: Implications for Harm Reduction Strategies
Authors: Zambrana Ruth E. , Cornelius Llewllyn J. , Boykin Stephanie Sims , Lopez Debbie Salas 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined risk factors for HIV infection among Puerto Rican and Mexican American women aged 15 through 44 years. Methods. We used data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Analyses focused on the relation between sex role attitudes, sex education, anxiety, and consistent condom use. Results. Nearly 60% of Puerto Rican and Mexican American women received no sex education from parents. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican and 38.3% of Mexican American women reported no sex education in schools. Women with some sex education in school, less than 13 years of education, or higher sex role attitude scores were more likely than other women to have partners who consistently used condoms. Conclusions. Harm reduction interventions must be designed to reach multiple Latino audiences by age, gender, and subgroup
HIV Risk Behaviors Among Male-to-Female Transgender Persons of Color in San Francisco
Authors: Nemoto Tooru , Operario Don , Keatley JoAnne , Han Lei , Soma Toho 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. The authors examined HIV risk behaviors among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander (API), and Latina male-to-female (MTF) transgender persons in order to improve HIV prevention programs.Methods. Individual survey interviews with MTF transgender persons of color (n = 332; 112 African Americans, 110 Latinas, and 110 APIs) were conducted.Results. Prevalence and correlates of receptive anal sex and unprotected receptive anal sex (URAS) varied by type of partner (primary, casual, or commercial sex partners). URAS with primary partners was associated with drug use before sex; URAS with casual partners was associated with HIV-positive status and drug use before sex; and URAS with commercial sex partners was associated with African American ethnicity and low income.Conclusions. Findings on current risk behaviors among MTF transgender persons provided meaningful implications for HIV prevention interventions.
Adolescent Smoking and Exposure to Tobacco Marketing Under a Tobacco Advertising Ban: Findings From 2 Norwegian National Samples
Authors: Braverman Marc T. , Aarø Leif Edvard 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the extent to which adolescents in Norway have been exposed to tobacco marketing despite an existing ban, and whether exposure is related to their current smoking or expectations they will smoke in the future.Methods. Questionnaires were administered to nationally representative systematic samples of Norwegian youths aged 13 to 15 years in 1990 (n = 4282) and 1995 (n = 4065).Results. About half in each cohort reported exposure to marketing. Youths reporting exposure were significantly more likely to be current smokers and to expect to be smokers at 20 years of age, after control for important social influence predictors.Conclusions. Adolescents’ current smoking and future smoking expectations are linked to marketing exposure even in limited settings, suggesting the need for comprehensive controls to eliminate the function of marketing in promoting adolescent smoking.
Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation?
Authors: Distefan Janet M. , Pierce John P. , Gilpin Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether adolescents whose favorite movie stars smoke on-screen are at increased risk of tobacco use. Methods. During interviews, adolescent never smokers taking part in the California Tobacco Survey nominated their favorite stars. We reviewed popular films released during 1994 through 1996 to determine whether stars smoked on-screen in at least 2 films. Results. One third of never smokers nominated a star who smoked on-screen, which independently predicted later smoking risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 1.82). The effect was strong among girls (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.26, 2.73). Among boys, there was no independent effect after control for receptivity to tobacco industry promotions. Conclusions. Public health efforts to reduce adolescent smoking must confront smoking in films as a tobacco marketing strategy.
The Decline in Maternal Mortality in Sweden
Authors: Högberg Ulf 
Published: December 2008

The maternal mortality rate in Sweden in the early 20th century was one third that in the United States. This rate was recognized by American visitors as an achievement of Swedish maternity care, in which highly competent midwives attend home deliveries. The 19th century decline in maternal mortality was largely caused by improvements in obstetric care, but was also helped along by the national health strategy of giving midwives and doctors complementary roles in maternity care, as well as equal involvement in setting public health policy. The 20th century decline in maternal mortality, seen in all Western countries, was made possible by the emergence of modern medicine. However, the contribution of the mobilization of human resources should not be underestimated, nor should key developments in public health policy.
Quality of Care for Women Undergoing a Hysterectomy: Effects of Insurance and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Hakim Rosemarie B. , Benedict M. Beth , Merrick Nancy J. 
Published: December 2008

Objective. We assessed the quality of hospital care for women who underwent a hysterectomy to compare Medicaid-covered women with privately insured women and minority women with White women. Methods. We evaluated medical decisions, inpatient care, quality of inpatient care, and outcomes. Results. Quality of hospital care was equivalent for Medicaid-covered women compared with privately insured women and for non-Hispanic Black women compared with White women. Medicaid-covered women (40%) and Black women (68%) were more likely to have a complication compared with privately insured women and White women, respectively. Conclusions. Increased complications after hysterectomy may result in increased economic burdens to Medicaid. Further studies of the racial/ethnic and sociodemographic issues are needed so that disparities may be adequately addressed.
Gender Differences in Substance Use Treatment Entry and Retention Among Prisoners With Substance Use Histories
Authors: Pelissier Bernadette 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined gender similarities and differences in the predictors of substance use treatment entry and of the combination of treatment entry and completion. Methods. The sample consisted of 2219 male and female program participants. Maximum likelihood probit estimation was used to identify background and attitudinal characteristics predictive of substance use treatment entry and retention. Results. We observed gender similarities and differences in predictors of treatment entry and the combination of treatment entry and completion. Many of the factors that attract individuals to treatment are the same ones that keep individuals in treatment. Conclusions. Attitudinal predictors—namely, motivation to change—showed the greatest consistency between genders and between predictors of treatment entry and predictors of treatment entry and completion.
Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and the Risk of Decline in Overall Health and Physical Functioning in Late Middle Age
Authors: He Xiaoxing Z. , Baker David W. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the relation between body mass index, exercise, overall health, and physical functioning. Methods. We studied 7867 adults aged 51 to 61 years in 1992 to 1996. Adjusted relative risks for health decline and new physical difficulties were determined with logistic regression. Results. Overweight and obesity were independently associated with health decline (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 1.29 and 1.36) and development of a new physical difficulty (ARR = 1.27 and 1.45). Regular exercise significantly reduced the risk of health decline and development of a new physical difficulty, even among obese individuals. Conclusions. Maintaining ideal body weight is important in preventing decline in overall health and physical functioning. However, regular exercise can reduce the risk of health decline even among individuals who cannot achieve ideal weight.
New Classification of Crown Forms and Gingival Characteristics in Taiwanese
Authors: Chou Yu-Hsiang , Tsai Chi-Cheng , Wang Jen-Chyan , Ho Ya-Ping , Ho Kun-Yen , Tseng Chuen-Chyi 
Published: December 2008

Objectives:The aim of the investigation was to examine the forms of the crowns in the maxillary anterior tooth segment and corresponding gingival characteristics among healthy Taiwanese subjects.Materials and Methods:The crown width at the apical third (CW), length (CL), gingival angle (GA) and the interdental papilla height were assessed from the diagnostic stone model using a calibrated periodontal caliper. A CW/CL-ratio was calculated for each tooth and averaged for each tooth region. Gingival thickness (GT) and width of keratinized gingiva (WG) were measured clinically.Results:The cluster analysis revealed 3 classifications of crown forms: narrow (N), compound (C) and square (S) types. There was a significant difference among the 3 classifications with respect to CW/CL-ratio, GT, and WG (p < 0.0001).Conclusions:The results demonstrated varied crown forms and corresponding gingival characteristics in Caucasian and Taiwanese. The new classifications hinted that there was a polymorphism in different races and could be a valuable esthetic guideline and reference for anterior tooth rehabilitation, including various periodontal and restorative treatments and anterior implant placement procedures in Taiwanese.
Anaesthesia and Stress Response to Surgery
Authors: Golubovska Iveta , Vanags Indulis 
Published: December 2008

Anaesthesia and Stress Response to SurgeryThe body reaction to surgery ranges from minor to massive both locally and generally. General response is in the form of widespread endocrinal, metabolic and biochemical reactions throughout the body. Neuro-endocrinal hormone system and inflammation mediators are involved and this process is called "stress response". The response has a compensatory mechanism and provides a maximum chance of survival because of increased cardio-vascular functions, fluid preservation and supply of increased demands for energy generating substrates. If the stress response is prolonged, it may result in exhaustion of essential components of the body, fatigue, decreased resistance, delayed ambulation and increased morbidity and mortality. Suppression of immune defense mechanisms has been demonstrated in the postoperative period. Such immune compromise can affect the postoperative infection rate, healing process, and the rate and size of tumour metastases disseminated during surgery. The mechanism of immunosuppression in the postoperative period is not fully understood. The known mediators of immune depression are neuroendocrine response as well as intravenous opioids and inhalational agents, which have shown to increase the susceptibility to infection through a significant cautions in choosing anaesthetic agents, to minimise harm to the patients. In this paper we review the data about the influence of different anaesthetic agents on neuroendocrine, immune and inflammatory response to surgical stress.
Association of Interleukin 6 Promoter Polymorphism (-174G/C) with IL-6 Level and Outcome in Severe Sepsis
Authors: Sabeļnikovs Oļegs , Ñikitina-Zaķe Liene , Vanags Indulis 
Published: December 2008

Association of Interleukin 6 Promoter Polymorphism (-174G/C) with IL-6 Level and Outcome in Severe SepsisInterleukin (IL-6) is a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis. The importance of a regulatory polymorphism within the IL-6 promoter remains unclear in these patients. The aim of the study was to determine if IL-6 (-174 G/C) promoter polymorphism has an effect on IL-6 plasma level and outcome of severe sepsis. The study was conducted in general ICU of Stradiñš Clinical University Hospital. A total of 103 critically ill patients with confirmed severe sepsis were prospectively included. Association analysis of the IL-6 (-174C) allele with serum level and clinical outcome was performed. We found no differences in genotype distribution between survivors and nonsurvivors. The serum IL-6 level was significantly higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. We found an association of genotype with the IL-6 level in nonsurvivors, but not in survivors. Our findings show a functional significance of IL-6 promoter polymorphisms in nonsurviving severe sepsis patients.
Translaminar screw fixation in the subaxial pediatric cervical spine
Authors: Jea Andrew , Johnson Keyne K. , Whitehead William E. , Luerssen Thomas G. 
Published: December 2008

The use of spinal instrumentation to stabilize the occipitocervical junction in pediatric patients has increased and evolved in recent years. Wiring techniques have now given way to screw-rod or screw-plate techniques with or without postoperative external immobilization. Although C-2 translaminar screws have been used in these constructs, subaxial translaminar screws have not, to date, been described in either the pediatric or adult patient populations.
The authors describe the feasibility of translaminar screw placement in the C-3 lamina. Rigid fixation with translaminar screws offers an alternative to subaxial fixation with lateral mass screws, allowing for formation of biomechanically sound spinal constructs and minimizing potential neurovascular morbidity. Their use requires careful analysis of preoperative imaging studies, intact posterior elements, and avoidance of violation of the inner laminar wall.
Intradural inclusion cysts following in utero closure of myelomeningocele: clinical implications and follow-up findings
Authors: Danzer Enrico , Adzick N. Scott , Rintoul Natalie E. , Zarnow Deborah M. , Schwartz Erin S. , Melchionni Jeanne , Ernst Linda M. , Flake Alan W. , Sutton Leslie N. , Johnson Mark P. 
Published: December 2008

Object
The goal in this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical implications of the development of cutaneously derived intradural inclusion cysts (ICs) following fetal myelomeningocele (fMMC) closure.

Methods
Retrospective databases and responses to a parental questionnaire were reviewed to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes of fMMCs in children in whom ICs developed at follow-up.

Results
Prior to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), 54 patients underwent fMMC closure at the authors' institution. Sixteen (30%) presented with symptomatic tethered cord syndrome (TCS) at a median age of 27 months (range 4–93 months). Ten (63%) of the 16 (19% of the total) developed TCS in association with an intradural IC. In 9 (90%) of 10 patients, the IC was seen on preoperative MR imaging, and in 1 it was found during surgery. Four additional children (7% of the total) with evidence of an IC on surveillance MR imaging are currently asymptomatic at 94, 84, 60, and 60 months of age, respectively. All but 1 (an L-3 level lesion) IC developed in infants with L-4 and L-5 defects. After cyst removal, 6 children are asymptomatic at a median follow-up of 36 months (range 12–63 months). Following IC removal, 4 children lost normal bladder function and now require clean intermittent catheterization, and 1 lost normal leg function and now requires a walking aid for ambulation. Histologically, 8 lesions were dermoid, 1 was an epidermoid, and 1 was a mixed dermoid-epidermoid IC. Three patients developed another IC and required its removal at 24, 39, and 51 months, respectively. One required another tethered cord release within 57 months after IC removal.

Conclusions
Cutaneously derived intradural ICs can develop following fMMC surgery. Deterioration of bladder function, risk of recurrence, and loss of lower-extremity function appear to be the most important long-term complications of IC in children with fMMCs. The ongoing NIH-sponsored MOMS may help determine whether children with fMMC are at increased risk of IC development compared with children treated with postnatal MMC closure. Parents seeking fMMC closure should be informed about the possibility of IC formation and the potential clinical consequences.
Role of external ventriculostomy in the management of fever after hemispherectomy
Authors: Sood Sandeep , Asano Eishi , Chugani Harry T. 
Published: December 2008

Object
Fever is a common occurrence after cerebral hemispherectomy in children and prolongs the hospital stay. The authors determined whether an external ventriculostomy might reduce the incidence of fever following a hemispherectomy.

Methods
The postoperative courses of 27 patients who had undergone cerebral hemispherectomy for intractable seizures were retrospectively analyzed.

Results
Thirteen children underwent an external ventriculostomy, and only 1 had an elevated axillary body temperature of ≥ 39°C during the postoperative period. Among 14 patients who did not undergo an external ventriculostomy, 7 had a posthemispherectomy fever of ≥ 39°C. Patients who underwent an external ventriculostomy had a lower risk of postoperative fever compared with those who did not undergo the procedure (8 vs 50%, respectively; p = 0.03, Fisher exact test). None of the patients had an infection accounting for the cause of the fever. The hospital stay for patients who had undergone postoperative external ventriculostomy was significantly shorter than for those who had not (7.2 ± 2 vs 11.3 ± 5 days, respectively; p = 0.01, Student t-test).

Conclusions
The use of external ventriculostomy following hemispherectomy for intractable epilepsy in children reduces the incidence of postoperative fever due to infection.
Preparation of Protamine–Titania Microcapsules Through Synergy Between Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly and Biomimetic Mineralization
Authors: Jiang Yanjun , Yang Dong , Zhang Lei , Sun Qianyun , Sun Xiaohui , Li Jian , Jiang Zhongyi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA novel approach combining layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly with biomimetic mineralization is proposed to prepare protamine–titiania hybrid microcapsules. More specifically, these microcapsules are fabricated by alternative deposition of positively charged protamine layers and negatively charged titania layers on the surface of CaCO3 microparticles, followed by dissolution of the CaCO3 microparticles using EDTA. During the deposition process, the protamine layer induces the hydrolysis and condensation of a titania precursor, to form the titania layer. Thereafter, the negatively charged titania layer allows a new cycle of deposition step of the protamine layer, which ensures a continuous LbL process. The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of the microcapsules are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, these protamine–titania hybrid microcapsules are first employed as the carrier for the immobilization of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH), and the encapsulated YADH displays enhanced recycling stability. This approach may open a facile, general, and efficient way to prepare organic–inorganic hybrid materials with different compositions and shapes.
Advances in Bioapplications of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lu Fushen , Gu Lingrong , Meziani Mohammed J. , Wang Xin , Luo Pengju G. , Veca Lucia Monica , Cao Li , Sun Ya‐Ping 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis progress report provides an overview on recent advances in bioapplications of carbon nanotubes including the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes, targeting specifically their covalent and noncovalent conjugations with a variety of biological and bioactive species (proteins and peptides, DNAs/RNAs, and carbohydrates). Furthermore, the significant recent development and progress in the use of carbon nanotubes for biosensors, drug and other delivery systems, bioimaging, etc. and in the understanding of in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of carbon nanotubes are reported.
Successful cell‐mediated cytokine‐activated immunotherapy for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gesundheit Benjamin , Shapira Michael Y. , Resnick Igor B. , Amar Avraham , Kristt Don , Dray Lilianne , Budowski Einat , Or Reuven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an extremely aggressive disease with a high relapse rate even after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report the successful outcome of cell‐mediated cytokine‐activated immunotherapy in a high‐risk pediatric AML patient who relapsed shortly after allogeneic HSCT. Donor lymphocyte infusion along with interferon induced a graft‐versus‐leukemia effect, presenting as a reversible episode of graft‐versus‐host disease, which led to stable complete donor chimerism and total eradication of AML for over 24 months, at the time of this report. The curative potential of immunotherapy in hematological malignancies is discussed. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.