bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Partition Coefficients of Tracers
Authors: Thal Alfred E. , Knox Robert C. , Sabatini David A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProper characterization of subsurface nonaqueous phase liquids is essential for effective remediation efforts. Since tracers are increasingly being used for characterization efforts, it would be helpful if a correlation concerning the distribution of a tracer between water and organic solvents existed such that researchers could estimate partition coefficients. Dwarakanath and Pope (1998) reported a bilinear relationship between tracer partition coefficients and the equivalent alkane carbon numbers of both the contaminant and the alcohol. Since further work by other researchers has not been found in the literature, a similar study was conducted to contribute additional insight. The resulting bilinear relationship was consistent for hydrocarbons and chlorocarbons, linear and branched alcohol tracers, neat compounds, and mixtures. The ability to estimate partition coefficients, when coupled with modeling efforts, enables the researcher to focus on tracers possessing partitioning characteristics most suitable for a given site during the design of tracer tests.
Evaluation and Mitigation of Landfill Gas Impacts on Cadmium Leaching from Native Soils
Authors: McGrath A.E. , Upson G.L. , Caldwell M.D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the potential impact of carbon dioxide contained in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill gas on the release of cadmium from uncontaminated native soils. The study was initiated to evaluate the potential sources of elevated cadmium concentrations detected in monitoring wells downgradient of the landfill but not in landfill leachate or monitoring wells upgradient. The study included field data evaluation, soil leaching experiments, and geochemical modeling using MINEQL+ and Visual MINTEQ chemical speciation software. Bench‐scale leaching experiments were conducted using uncontaminated soils with natural cadmium concentrations ranging from less than 0.10 to 2.6 mg/kg. Carbon dioxide gas was equilibrated with uncontaminated soil samples and ground water from the site to simulate field conditions. Carbon dioxide concentrations were varied from 10% to 100%. Dissolved cadmium concentrations measured over this range of carbon dioxide concentration increased from less than 0.0001 to 0.0047 mg/L, which is equivalent to the maximum contaminant level of 0.005 mg/L for cadmium (U.S. EPA). Geochemical equilibrium modeling using Visual MINTEQ demonstrated that cadmium carbonate, or otavite, is the primary cadmium mineral controlling cadmium solubility. Predicted dissolved cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.0221 to 0.664 mg/L, with carbon dioxide concentrations of 0.0316% (atmospheric concentration) to 100%. MINEQL+ sorption modeling using a surrogate soil system predicted that dissolved cadmium concentrations would increase from 0.00603 to 0.0737 mg/L, which is in the range of cadmium concentrations observed in field samples. In response to these findings, the landfill operator initiated soil vapor extraction (SVE) in the vadose zone around the impacted wells. Since startup of the SVE system, dissolved cadmium concentrations in the formerly impacted wells have decreased to below the method detection limits.
Permanganate Treatment of an Emplaced DNAPL Source
Authors: Thomson Neil R. , Hood Eric D. , Farquhar Grahame J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using permanganate is one of the few promising technologies that have recently appeared with the capability of aggressively removing mass from nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zones. While NAPL mass in regions of the treatment zone where delivery is dominated by advection can be removed rather quickly, the rate of mass removal from stagnant zones is diffusion controlled. This gives rise to partial mass removal and a concomitant reduction in the NAPL mass, downgradient ground water concentrations, and the dissolution rate associated with the source zone. Therefore, monitoring the performance of a permanganate ISCO treatment system is important to maintain the desired efficiency and to establish a treatment end point. In this paper, we illustrate the use of various monitoring approaches to assess the performance of a pilot‐scale investigation that involved treatment of a multicomponent NAPL residual source zone with permanganate using a ground water recirculation system for 485 d. Ongoing treatment performance was assessed using permanganate and chloride concentration data obtained from extraction wells, 98 piezometers located approximately 1 m downgradient from the source, and ground water profiling. At the completion of treatment, 23 intact soil cores were extracted from the source zone and used to determine the remaining NAPL mass and manganese deposition. Based on the data collected, more than 99% of the initial NAPL mass was removed during treatment; however, remnant NAPL was sufficient to generate a small but measurable dissolved phase trichloroethene (TCE) and perchloroethene (PCE) plume. As a result of treatment, the ambient‐gradient discharge rates were reduced by 99% for TCE and 89% for PCE relative to baseline conditions. The lack of complete source zone oxidation was presumed to be the result of dissolution fingers, which channeled the permanganate solution through the source zone preventing direct contact with the NAPL and giving rise to diffusion‐limited mass removal.
Radon as a Complementary Well‐Purging Indicator for Sampling Volatile Organic Compounds in a Petroleum‐Contaminated Aquifer
Authors: Han Y.L. , Tom Kuo M.C. , Fan K.C. , Lin C.Y. , Chuang W.J. , Yao J.Y. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGround water sampling protocols generally require that a well be purged prior to sampling. At present, the stability of conventional field measurements such as electrical conductivity, water temperature, and pH is used as a criterion to determine whether a well has been purged sufficiently to yield “representative” water quality samples. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the validity of using the stability of conventional field measurements as a well‐purging criterion for sampling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an aquifer region contaminated with free‐phase gasoline and (2) to investigate the possibility of using radon‐222 as a complementary well‐purging indicator. Monitoring wells in a refinery were sampled at locations both upstream and inside an area contaminated with free‐phase gasoline. The variation of conventional field measurements, VOCs, and radon‐222 was evaluated with time and the number of casing volumes flushed. The results indicated that the number of casing volumes required for purging prior to sampling for VOCs is significantly larger in the gasoline‐impacted area than in the uncontaminated aquifer. In addition, the stability of conventional field measurements alone was not sufficient to determine if a well had been purged sufficiently to yield representative VOC water quality samples. Radon‐222 concentrations appeared to follow the temporal variation of dissolved VOCs in the gasoline‐contaminated region of the aquifer, suggesting that radon‐222 might be a complementary well‐purging indicator if a field method were available for rapid assessment of dissolved radon concentrations.
The Effect of Concentrated Electron Donors on the Solubility of Trichloroethene
Authors: Hood Eric , Major David , Driedger Greg 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe use of enhanced in situ bioremediation to remove chlorinated ethenes in sources areas is an emerging application of this remediation technology. Contaminant mass removal likely involves a number of different physicochemical processes; however, recent vendor claims suggest that the addition of highly concentrated electron donor solutions to increase the aqueous solubility of trichloroethene (TCE) is a significant mechanism of contaminant mass removal. To assess the validity of these claims, experimental measurements of the solubility of TCE in aqueous solution with eight typical electron donors at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 25% are presented. The results of these measurements, in accordance with the theoretical understanding of solubility, indicate that the salts of carboxylic acids, including common electron donors (e.g., sodium lactate), depress the solubility of TCE in accordance with the theoretical predictions of the Setschenow equation. Three of the electron donors tested (ethanol, acetic acid, and lactic acid) increased the solubility of TCE. The largest increase in solubility resulted from ethanol addition, with only a fourfold increase at an ethanol concentration of 25%. These results suggest that salting‐out effects are yet another consideration, along with stoichiometric electron donor requirements, adverse geochemical impacts, utilization by dechlorinating organisms, and electron donor longevity, for electron donor selection.
Material Value‐Ethics: Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann
Authors: Kelly Eugene 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAlthough Max Scheler (1874–1928) and Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950) were contemporaries and wrote under the influence of the phenomenological movement, the large differences between their initiatives and achievements in philosophy resulted in scholars rarely reading them together. However, they shared one major concept in ethics, that of material value ethics. This ethics is (1) non‐formal, and involves a profound criticism of Kantian ethical formalism, and (2) is founded in a phenomenology of the values themselves, that its, the content, available in intuition, of such values as trust, utility, friendship, or even the Aristotelian virtues. The present article seeks to uncover a latent harmony and consistency in the two men's material value ethics, and considers the possibility of its recovery for contemporary virtue ethics.
What is Phenomenology?
Authors: Glendinning Simon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhenomenology is widely credited with being one of the major movements in twentieth‐century philosophy. This article attempts to explain the ongoing strength of phenomenology as a force within the contemporary philosophy. It has two parts. The first part outlines the distinctive outlook of phenomenological philosophy. The second part explores a number of key theses that summarily characterise phenomenological inquiries as such. The aim is to provide a clear overview of what it means to explore questions or approach philosophical problems phenomenologically.
Science and Religion: Philosophical Issues
Authors: Padgett Alan G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn overview of several philosophical issues that arise from the recent growth of interest in the relationships between science (especially natural science) and theology (especially Christian thought). The interactions between theology and science are complex, and often highly contextual in nature. This makes simple typologies of their interaction rather dubious. There are some similarities between religion and science, including the difficulty of defining them. Concerns about the use and meaning of language, and issues of realism and anti‐realism, are found in both areas of thought. Epistemology is important to both areas, and there is increasing acceptance of differing epistemologies not only in religion and science, but also within the various scientific disciplines. One central issue is the question of legitimate influence between science and theology given their aims and methods. Another issue surrounds the question of naturalism in natural science. Also important to note is the variety of god‐concepts at work in the current dialogue between science and theology.
Older peoples’ personal care needs: an analysis of care provision: care provision and the roles of key healthcare personnel
Authors: Hooks Rachel , Roberts Julia 
Published: November 2007

Aims and Objectives.  The study aimed to investigate and evaluate the provision of personal care for older patients within the acute care setting. Specific objectives included: (i) exploration of older peoples’ perceptions of personal care provision; (ii) evaluation of nursing documentation related to personal cleansing and dressing care; (iii) identification of personnel responsible for personal cleansing and dressing care; (iv) identification of personal cleansing and dressing ward facilities; (v) development of a tool for use in the assessment and planning of personal hygiene and dressing care.Background.  The maintenance of individual hygiene and dressing needs are key activities of living and constitute important aspects of personal care. This is an area of care which to date has attracted limited empirical enquiry. This paper reports on the findings from an evaluation study which sought to examine key aspects of personal care provision.Design.  A quantitative multi‐method research design was adopted.Methods.  The methods used included patient interviews (n = 20), documentary analysis (n = 100) and a review of ward facilities (n = 5). Data were analysed using descriptive and non‐parametric statistics.Results.  Data suggest little patient involvement in decision‐making regarding the provision of personal care. Documentary analysis highlighted limited assessment and care planning related to this key aspect of care. The key role of healthcare assistants in meeting personal care needs was highlighted and results indicated diversity in the availability of ward facilities.Conclusion.  Inadequacies in the provision of personal care for older patients in the acute care setting are highlighted. While state‐of‐the‐art ward facilities are desirable, they are not the determining factor in quality personal care. The key role of healthcare assistants in personal care provision is emphasized. A more structured approach to the assessment and planning of personal care is recommended.Relevance to clinical practice.  A more individualized and person‐centered approach to personal care is required. To facilitate this, a systematic assessment of personal hygiene and dressing needs is recommended using a structured format (Personal Hygiene and Dressing Chart) in order to address older peoples’ needs related to this key activity during hospital stay.
The theory of gerotranscendence in practice: guidelines for nursing – Part II
Authors: Wadensten Barbro , Carlsson Marianne 
Published: November 2007

Aim. The aims of this article were to describe both how guidelines were derived from the theory of gerotranscendence and the actual guidelines. It also discusses the relevance of guidelines to practice.Background. This article describes how guidelines were derived from the theory of gerotranscendence as well as the content of the guidelines and how they could be used. The view of ageing introduced by the theory may have several consequences for nursing staff members’ attitudes and treatment of older people, as it offers a new understanding of living in old age.Resultant guidelines. Concrete guidelines at three levels – focusing on the individual, activity and organization – were derived using focus groups. The guidelines describe different ways to support older people in their process towards gerotranscendence.Conclusion. The theory of gerotranscendence and the guidelines could help support nursing staff in their attitude towards older people and could be used as a supplement to enrich the present care.
Emergency hospital admissions for ill‐defined conditions amongst older people: a review of the literature
Authors: Walsh Bronagh , Roberts Helen , Hopkinson Jane 
Published: November 2007

Objective.  To conduct a review of the literature on frequency and characteristics of emergency hospital admissions of older people for ill‐defined conditions.Background.  Emergency hospital admissions for ill‐defined conditions are increasing for older people. Despite concern about this trend little is known about the frequency or characteristics of such admissions in emergency medical settings.Method.  Relevant papers were identified by searching Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and other databases. Papers that met inclusion criteria were selected. A descriptive analysis approach was taken.Results.  Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the review, all descriptive, survey or cohort studies. None directly investigated the patient group. Some relevant data were available, particularly in relation to frequency of admissions for ill‐defined conditions.Conclusions.  There is a paucity of research on the patient group, but the evidence available suggests the incidence of these admissions is high in emergency settings and in many countries. Future research on incidence in specific settings, appropriateness of admissions and patient characteristics is urgently required.Relevance to clinical practice.  As the population ages increased numbers of older people will be admitted to hospital for ill‐defined conditions. Nursing interventions may contribute to future management of these patients.
‘Dead of Night’ in Anatolia: Hittite Night Rituals
Authors: Mouton Alice 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article investigates Hittite night rituals. Its main aim is to try to determine the reason(s) why rituals might take place during the night. In other words, it tries to define the ‘magical’ power of the night according to the point of view of the ancient Anatolians.
Dynamic Social Impact: A Theory of the Origins and Evolution of Culture
Authors: Harton Helen C. , Bullock Melinda 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDynamic social impact theory suggests that culture is created and shaped by local social influence as defined by four phenomena: (i) clustering, or regional differences in cultural elements; (ii) correlation, or emergent associations between elements; (iii) consolidation, or a reduction in variance; and (iv) continuing diversity. This article describes dynamic social impact theory and its propositions and reviews research supporting its predictions using a variety of methodologies and several types of cultural elements. This research suggests that cultures can be created and changed from the bottom‐up through everyday communication with neighbors, friends, and coworkers. Attributes that are more important, observable, and demonstrable and less heritable may be more likely to spread and differentiate cultures than others.
Health‐Related Risk Perception and Decision‐Making: Lessons from the Study of Motives in Social Psychology
Authors: Klein William M. P. , Cerully Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMuch research in the decision sciences has shown that risk perception and decision‐making are influenced not only by cognitive processes – such as the use of statistical ‘rules of thumb’– but also by motives such as loss aversion, ambiguity aversion, and regret aversion. The field of social psychology has long been interested in a variety of motives that influence self‐judgment, social perception, and interpersonal relations. These include, among others, self‐enhancement, social comparison, predictability/control, favorable self‐presentation, effective resource management, preparedness for bad news, goal attainment, and existential meaning. We suggest that more attention to these motives would greatly strengthen our understanding of how people think about risk and how they make decisions. In this article, we consider the influence of motives on risk perception and decision‐making in the context of health outcomes. We argue that theories relating to these various motives (e.g., social comparison theory) can be greatly enhanced by testing them in the context of health‐related risk perception and decision‐making.
Attitude Certainty: A Review of Past Findings and Emerging Perspectives
Authors: Tormala Zakary L. , Rucker Derek D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAttitude certainty, or the sense of conviction with which one holds one's attitude, has been the subject of considerable research attention. This article provides an overview of past, present, and future research on this topic. First, we review past work on attitude certainty, focusing on what has been learned about the antecedents and consequences of feeling certain or uncertain of one's attitude. Following this review, we examine emerging perspectives on attitude certainty. In particular, we describe recent work exploring the metacognitive appraisals that shape attitude certainty, the different meanings attitude certainty can have, and the dynamic effects of attitude certainty on attitude strength. Along the way, we also highlight important questions that have yet be answered about the certainty construct.
Psychological Similarities and Differences between Women and Men across Cultures
Authors: Guimond Serge 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMost research looking at psychological similarities and differences between women and men has been carried out in North America and Western Europe. In this paper, I review a body of cross‐cultural evidence showing that it is precisely in these Western countries that women and men differ the most in terms of personality, self‐construal, values, or emotions. Much less‐pronounced gender differences are observed, if at all, in Asian and African countries. These findings are unexpected from the perspectives of the two most influential frameworks applied to sex differences coming from evolutionary psychology and social role theory. However, recent research related to social comparison and self‐categorization theories suggests a promising approach to explain why more egalitarian societies can paradoxically create greater psychological differences between women and men.
Where the Motivation Resides and Self‐Deception Hides: How Motivated Cognition Accomplishes Self‐Deception
Authors: Balcetis Emily 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHow do people remain blind to the motives underlying their flattering self‐construals, attitudes, and social judgments? This paper explores how motivated cognition accomplishes the goal of self‐deception. It proposes that self‐serving conclusions are produced although the influence of such distortions remains hidden from conscious awareness because of the ubiquitous presence and specialized nature of motivated cognition. I will discuss how motivations infiltrate four stages of cognitive processing, including information gathering and the creation of filters, the deployment of attention, information processing, and memory. In doing so, I will suggest that perhaps it is precisely because of this multicomponent system of checks and balances, the efficiency of motivational biases, and the specialized neural pathways used by motivated cognition that self‐deception is successful.
The Equivalence between "Equation missing" -Stabilities of The Krasnoselskij and The Mann Iterations
Authors: Şoltuz Ştefan M 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe prove the equivalence between the "Equation missing"-stabilities of the Krasnoselskij and the Mann iterations; a consequence is the equivalence with the "Equation missing"-stability of the Picard-Banach iteration.
Induction of an inhibitor antibody to factor XI in a patient with severe inherited factor XI deficiency by Rh immune globulin
Authors: Zucker Michal , Zivelin Ariella , Teitel Jerome , Seligsohn Uri 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we report an inhibitor antibody to factor XI (FXI) in a woman with severe inherited FXI deficiency, induced by FXI present in an Rh immune globulin preparation. The patient is homozygous for the Glu117Stop mutation, associated with a FXI level of less than 1 U/dL. Unlike all previously described patients with severe FXI deficiency and an inhibitor, the patient had never been exposed to blood products. Following 3 injections of Rh immune globulin during pregnancy, she developed an inhibitor to FXI (8 Bethesda units) that was shown to bind specifically to FXI and inhibit factor IX cleavage by purified FXIa. The administered Rh immune globulin and 2 other similar products were shown to contain FXI. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for immunization of severely FXI-deficient patients by FXI present in Rh immune globulin preparations.