bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Production Using Microprocessors and Tracking Plunger-Lift Velocity
Authors: Morrow S. J. , Rogers J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The increasing recognition of Plunger-Lift as a viable method for producing many wells, has brought a number of changes to the technology involved. The importance of proper plungerlift performance criteria (as reported in an earlier SPE paper) has been recognized and steps taken to incorporate this information into modern day control systems.
This paper discusses the usage of plunger velocity in establishing operating cycles for gas wells and for oil wells. When used in conjunction with state of the art electronic microprocessors. the results are increased production, extended economic limits. less down-time, and many others. This has been proven to be the case in both conventional and slim-hole wells.
Primary areas of discussion are:Relativity of plunger velocity insofar as efficiency is concerned.Standard approach historically taken to achieve maximum production.New software design that automates cycle changes while increasing production and reducing both man-hours and down time.Test results and case histories.
Results, Observations and Conclusions:
Significant production increases have been realized in the vast majority of wells produced via this method. Modest increases were realized on the remainder of wells tested. Optimization, by using plunger travel velocity has proven to be highly successful. Increases in excess of 100% realized on many gas wells. Reducing down-time, saving man-hours, increasing production rates, handling line pressure changes and generally eliminating the most common problems associated with plunger-lift are the result of this approach.
Applications:Gas well dewatering, even for marginal producers. For both conventional and slim-hole wells.High GLR wells.Wells with high or fluctuating sales line pressures.
Comprehensive Processor-Based System for Liquid Removal From the Wellbore and Formation of Loading Gas Wells
Authors: Gregg D. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the current systems that are being developed and used in the petroleum production industry with processors and electronics that are currently available to the designer for production controls. It highlights the transition from mechanical to the initial attempt at electronics through the discreet systems of operation to the current designs that are providing a complete integrated overview of the well and its requirements to produce.
This paper discusses the ability of various operating and production philosophies to now be developed into actual working systems of specified formats and yet yield varied results due to those concepts that are applied. The truly innovative approach has now a means of becoming a reality in the processor based system. The overview of the current concepts is evaluated to show its current merit in today's need for efficient and truly effective stand-alone production systems.
Determination of the Maximum Water-Free Production Rate of a Horizontal Well with Water/Oil/lnterface Cresting
Authors: Guo Boyun , Lee R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The number of horizontal oil wells has been increasing rapidly in the past few years because of several advantages of their application. However, further improvement of oil production rate of horizontal wells is limited by the encroachment of the water crest when bottom water exists. This paper focuses on the theoretical and numerical analysis of water-oil-interface cresting behavior in horizontal wells. The objectives of this investigation include: (1) to find a simple approach to determination of the maximum water-free production rate of horizontal wells with water-oil-interface cresting, and (2) to determine the location of the water-oil-interface under critical condition.
The maximum water-free oil production rate (critical rate), which is defined as the oil producing rate at which the unstable water crest forms, is determined analytically for horizontal oil wells using conformal mapping theory. The resulting solution shows that the critical oil production rate is proportional to the conductivity and thickness of the oil reservoir, and water-oil density contrast. This critical oil rate is also a function of the critical crest height and wellbore location in the oil bearing formation.
The lateral extension of the water crest under critical condition is also determined analytically. This solution indicates that the water-oil-interface cresting is a local phenomena in an oil reservoir. The water crest extends laterally within one thickness of the oil reservoir.
Example calculations are confirmed by a numerical reservoir simulator which has matched field data. This solution provides a new approach to evaluating performance of horizontal wells.
Dolphin Field: A Successful Miscible Gas Flood in a Small Volatile Oil Reservoir
Authors: Stright D. H. , Fallin W. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Dolphin Field was discovered in October, 1986. The reservoir initially contained 6.3 MMSTB of an undersaturated volatile oil which is miscible with hydrocarbon gas at 4000 psi. Gas injection was initiated in October, 1988 with recovery to date of 31% of the original oil-in-place (OOIP). The ultimate recovery is expected to be 51% of the OOIP, which is 2.7 times the estimated recovery without gas cycling.
This case history paper outlines field development and engineering analysis leading up to initiation of gas injection, and performance review of the project. The Dolphin Field project demonstrates (1) how hydrocarbon recovery from a relatively small oil reservoir can be significantly increased with miscible gas injection and (2) how early reservoir characterization prevented production below the bubble point pressure, which would have eliminated the chance for the additional oil recovery.
Acid Fracturing with New Fluid-Loss Control Mechanisms Increases Production, Little Knife Field, North Dakota
Authors: Sanford B. D. , Dacar C. R. , Sears S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Acid fluid loss due to wormholes is extremely difficult to control. It is generally considered to be the major factor limiting the effectiveness of acid fracturing treatments in carbonate formations. A new acid fracturing fluid has been developed to control fluid loss. With unique characteristics, this new fluid loss system is highly efficient and allows the acid to penetrate deeply into the fracture, resulting in superior stimulation.
This paper discusses the technical design and results obtained utilizing this new acid stimulation fluid in the Little Knife Field, Williston Basin, in North Dakota. Production comparisons show a substantial improvement in well performance from these wells following acid fracturing treatments. This new acid stimulation system improves live acid penetration in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir, thus sustaining greater and longer production increases than prior stimulation treatments.
A Reservoir Analysis of the Dakota ‘A’ Sands, Cole Creek Field, Wyoming
Authors: Towler B. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Cole Creek field is located in the western margins of the Powder River Basin about 15 miles north east of Casper in T 35 N and R 77 W. Discovered in 1935 it has produced from the Cretaceous horizons, the Shannon, Frontier, Muddy, Lakota and Dakota sandstones. This paper discusses the potential remaining in the Dakota Channel sands running across the south eastern nose of the structure. The Dakota has only been produced from two areas in the reservoir, the first being the poorer quality sands on the crest of the structure and the second being the so called channel sands on the southern nose which was partly developed because the productivity of the Dakota wells was higher in that area. It was not clear whether these channel sands are in communication with the crestal sands or whether there are several separate Dakota reservoirs around the structure. The Cole Creek field is principally a structural trap but to understand the reservoir it is important to determine to what extent stratigraphy and hydrodynamics plays a part in the Dakota trapping mechanisms. In this paper i examine the geology, production trends, pressure, rock and fluid data in order to determine the initial oil in place, recovery factors, drive mechanism, and ares of bypassed oil, all of which will shed light on the future potential of the reservoir. It is hoped that all of this data will then be used in a reservoir simulation study to quantify the development potential of the reservoir.
An Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture and Mineback Data for a Treatment in the German Creek Coal Seam
Authors: Jeffrey R. G. , Brynes R. P. , Lynch P. J. , Ling D. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A hydraulic fracture treatment in well ECC90 of the German Creek coal seam was carried out in March, 1989, at the German Creek Mine Central Colliery located in the Bowen Basin of east central Queensland to assess hydraulic fracturing of coal seams in vertical boreholes as a means of stimulating drainage of methane from the seam in advance of mining. The main goals of the project were to measure the size and geometry of the fracture formed and to test the effect that such a full-scale treatment might have on later mining operations. The plan also included dewatering the coal and producing methane from the well after stimulation. In ECC90, the German Creek seam is located 722 feet [220 m] below the surface and has a thickness of 8.3 feet [2.5 m].
During the stimulation, 80,200 U.S. gallons [303,000 1] of crosslinked gel containing about 80,500 pounds [36,590 kg] of sand were injected into the coal seam at an average rate of 30 barrels per minute [4,763 1pm]. The surface treating pressure averaged about 900 psi [6.2 MPa] and decreased slowly during the treatment except near the end of the job when it increased sharply (because of a screenout).
The fracture, exposed by mining, had a large horizontal component overlying a less extensive vertical fracture. The propped width varied from zero to 7.9 inches [200 mm]. No fracture penetration into over- or underlying rock layers was observed and the mining operations were not significantly affected by the presence of the hydraulic fracture.
Measurement of Fluid Velocities During Water Injection Into Natural Porous Rocks
Authors: Robinson M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to measure flow velocities in Casper sandstone and San Andres dolomite. The cores are initially saturated with water, and the flow velocities are monitored during water injection. Such results are useful in determining how much of a core is contacted during a coreflood experiment.
Pressure Transient Testing of Horizontal Wells in Coalbed Reservoirs
Authors: Engler T. W. , Rajtar J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Coalbed methane gas resources have become a significant part of the total United States gas reserves. Recently, many completions in coalbed reservoirs are horizontal. Coal is an anisotropic, naturally fractured medium, comprised of a low permeability matrix surrounded by a high permeability fracture "cleat" system. The anisotropy makes a coalbed reservoir a good candidate for horizontal completions in order to intercept more fracture areas. This paper addresses horizontal well testing in coalbed reservoirs.
The majority of the gas in coalbed reservoirs is stored in an adsorbed state on the coal grain surfaces. To mobilize this gas requires a pressure drawdown across the matrix boundary, which is created by the depletion of the cleat system.
The paper presents the drawdown and buildup solutions for a horizontal well in a coalbed methane gas reservoir. Pseudosteady state gas desorption and uniform pressure distribution along the well is assumed. A solution is obtained for anisotropic, semi-infinite reservoir with constant rate production at the well. Successive Laplace and Fourier integral transforms are applied with numerical Laplace inverse transform. The match of analytical solution with numerical simulation data is presented.
Investigations into the effects of the diffusion coefficient D, and sorption parameter θ, are presented.
Pressure Buildup Analysis of Low-Rate Pumping Wells in the Haas Field, North Dakota
Authors: Ohaeri C. U. , McCarrel D. A. , Koliba R. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper documents a procedure used to analyze acoustic pressure buildup data from low flow rate pumping wells in the Haas field North Dakota. Because of excessive wβllbore storage on these tests, the analysis method uses pressure rate deconvolution to eliminate or minimize the wellbore storage effect This results In tests which are economic to run. Furthermore, analysis of the deconvolved data yields results comparable to those obtained from longer duration test Even though we compute the flow rate and pressure from acoustic fluid level measurements, nevertheless, our analysis procedure is general in nature and is applicable to pressure buildup tests for which afterflow rate and pressure data are available.
Performance Characteristics of Vinylsulfonate-Based Cement Fluid-Loss Additives
Authors: Mueller D. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Vinylsulfonate fluid loss additives, based on the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS™) monomer, are in common use in field cementing operations. The eopolymerization of AMPS™ with conjugate monomers yields a fluid loss agent whose properties include: (1) minimal retardation; (2) salt tolerance; (3) high efficiency; (4) thermal stability; and (5) excellent solids support.
The performance characteristics of AMPS™ based fluid loss additives (ABFLA) are primarily dependent on two factors: the temperature state of the system and the physical parameters affecting polymer hydration. At temperatures below 200°F (93°C) ABFLA exhibit a "threshold" response between fluid loss control and polymer concentration. This distinct transition in fluid loss efficiency takes place at a specific ABFLA loading known as the critical polymer concentration (CPC). Below 200°F (93°C) ABFLA also possess an interrelationship between rheological character and fluid loss control. When the CPC for a particular slurry is reached, the yield value as measured by the 6 and 3 RPM Fann readings will fall dramatically from "neat" values, and good fluid loss control will ensue. As the temperature condition rises above 200°F (93°C), the response of fluid loss control to polymer concentration becomes more linear in nature. Additionally, fluid loss efficiency becomes increasingly influenced by factors such as polymer hydration time and the pressure and salinity environment under which hydration takes place.
ABFLA are powerful implements for the cement technologist. Knowledge of the unique performance characteristics of ABFLA is necessary for proper slurry design, test data interpretation, and recommended job procedures, all significant factors in the success of a field cementing operation.
Use of an Active Object-Oriented Process To Isolate Workstation Applications From Data Models and Underlying Databases
Authors: Aronstam P. S. , Middleton J. P. , Theriot J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Among the greatest problems facing the petrotechnical software developer today is the rapid evolution of database technology and data model issues. In order to be commercially successful, applications must coexist with a wide range of existing database implementations, and in many cases, multiple different databases feeding a single application. With the increasing cost of re-engineering on increasing numbers of applications, it is essential to adopt a single strategy which can bridge existing data systems as well as the inevitable future evolution in database technologies.
This paper discusses the design of an object-oriented process for petrophysical applications, which provides isolation from data model and access technology, optimization of data available at run time to the application, and supports concurrent use of data by multiple clients in a single session.
In operation, all data requests from clients are sent via interprocess comriiunication to the object manager. Objects are dynamically created as required. The code to load data from the underlying database into memory in optimized form are isolated within the objects. Through inheritance of the object class structure, the necessary changes to accommodate varied data access systems is minimized. Pointers to data are returned through the object manager to the requesting client. Memory management, including anticipation of next client requests, are handled by the object manager.
Additionally, this scheme permits multiple client processes to attach to the same data object allowing a dynamic link between processes to update calculations on shared data.
An Improved Steamflood Analytical Modeling Tool: Updating Old Methodologies With New Approaches To Increase Engineering Productivity
Authors: Harrigal R. L. , Wilcox G. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the past 30+ years of steamflood application, significant advances have been made in understanding the complex displacement mechanism of heavy oil by steam. The mathematical simplification of the many complexities of the process into analytical expressions has contributed greatly to the speed with which the typical Engineer gains knowledge concerning the probable performance of a project.
While some steamflood analytical models can provide performance predictions of acceptable accuracy, they usually do so by assuming that the displacement process is either completely horizontal, so called piston-like, or completely vertical, so called gravity override dominated. Since the performance estimates that result are very different for the two types of displacements, this assumption has proved quite limiting. Not only can it lead to the misapplication of the models, it virtually eliminates the connection between process dynamics and performance estimation.
A personal computer based tool has been developed such that reliable performance estimates are obtained regardless of the direction of oil displacement by steam, and provides a strong tie between process dynamics and performance prediction. While the tool provides significant enhancements, the time efficiency of a very simple tool is preserved. This paper describes the analytical methodology utilized, its software and hardware platforms, and illustrates its application.
Development and Application of an Integrated Petroleum Engineering and Geologic Information System in the Giddings Austin Chalk Field
Authors: McGowen H. E. , Krauhs John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper relates the success of applying microcomputers to quickly and accurately analyze a large mature field. The objective of this study was to combine historical and ongoing activity with geologic information to locate restimulation, recompletion and horizontal drilling potential in the Giddings Austin Chalk field. The project was divided into four segments: system design, software development, data analysis and project implementation. The end product was a custom analysis system which allowed the operator to economically add reserves through restimulation and recompletion projects.
Computer Enhancement of Borehole Television Imaging
Authors: Walbe K. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Borehole Television Camera has been utilized successfully in the Appalachian Basin for the identification of natural fracturing and associated hydrocarbon production within the wellbore.
Many of the images recorded on the videotape at the time of logging are of less than optimum quality due to borehole conditions and camera lighting imbalances.
The on-board enhancement capability during logging is unfortunately limited to adjustments in light source intensity and the making of multiple passes over the zones of interest in order to get a better picture.
However, with the utilization of post logging computer processing, many of the downhole images can be enhanced visually, while at the same time, calibrated measurements can be made.
An image analysis and enhancement system consists of five components : the image source (which in this case is commonly a video cassette recorder (VCR); a video raster screen (RGB monitor); a video adapter board (frame-grabber); a computer with monitor (a coprocessed, 386-based machine with lots of memory); and, finally, a utile software package.
Having captured the image (using the frame-grabber board), the image is then processed and enhanced. The degree of resolution possible in an image is in part determined by the fineness of the pixel grid.
The image processing that can be performed includes the removal of artifacts and noise, contrast enhancement for easier viewing, object boundary determination so that objects may be counted and measured, and finally, image subtraction that can remove disruptive background shades.
Practical applications of the measurement techniques are in the estimation of: extent of corrosive pitting in casing, size of perforations after fracing, relative oil production from individual perforations based on oil globule size, and natural fracture width and fracture area measurements.
Economic Justification for LAN Installation in an Oilfield Equipment Manufacturing Operation
Authors: Frishmuth R. E. , Gariepy J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil field equipment manufacturing business, like any other business working in a world wide environment, is becoming interested in reducing the amount of time required to take a product from initial concept to the market place. The most recent concept being employed to achieve this goal is concurrent engineering.
This paper discusses the use of local area networks connecting personal computers to facilitate both traditional engineering and manufacturing organizations and concurrent engineering concepts. The key to making either type of organizational structure work well is communication. As companies have moved away from large mainframe computers toward individual, stand alone, personal computers, communications as well as various databases have been difficult to maintain. The authors attempt to show how a LAN would help to solve problems with data integrity, communication and speed of product development. These ideas are combined with discussion of anticipated cost savings as well as LAN installation cost. The authors show that the initial cost of LAN installation can easily be justified by the costs saved in product development.
An Assessment of Natural Fracturing in the Umm Shaif Thamama Field by Reservoir Surveillance
Authors: Gibson A. P. , Al Kaioumi Q. M. , El-Amin A. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The presence of natural fracturing in the Umm Shaif Thamama Field was postulated following its discovery in 1958. The performance of this reservoir was poorly understood being based on information gathered from a small number of well tests executed during the 1960's and 70's. An up to date assessment of this reservoir was sought utilising the latest reservoir monitoring technology. The objective was to confirm the existence, magnitude and orientation of any fracturing in the Thamama reservoir. A further objective was to evaluate their distribution within the zones of the Thamama reservoir. The surveillance programme included multi-well interference testing, pressure build-up testing, production logging and water saturation monitoring. The conclusions from this study were an unusually high kv/kh and strongly anisotropic reservoir transmissibility arising from the presence of fractures.