bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsporidian Parasites of Trematode Larvae from Aquatic Snails in West Malaysia
Authors: CANNING ELIZABETH U. , FOON LAI PENG , JOE LIE KIAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISIn a survey of microsporidian parasites of trematode larvae of Malaysian fresh‐water snails, species of Nose‐matidae were found 7 times in rediae from 425 Lymnaea rubiginosa, 6 times in rediae from 97 Indoplanorbis exustus and not at all in other snails. There were 3 species of Microsporida in all: one, found in Echinoparyphium dunni, Echinostoma hystricosum and Echinostoma malayanum was identified as Nosema eurytremae Canning; another, which was found in E. dunni and Echinostoma audyi, had paired nuclei (diplokaryon form) in sporogony only and was named a new species, Nosema vasicola sp.n.; the 3rd, from E. hystricosum, lacked diplokaryon nuclei throughout development, was considered to belong to a new genus and was named Unikaryon piriformis gen.n., sp.n. Nosema eurytremae was transmitted experimentally to Fasciola hepatica rediae in Lymnaea truncatula.
Khawkinea quartana, a Colorless Euglenoid Flagellate. I. Ultrastructure
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK L. , HERSHENOV BETTY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISKhawkinea quartana, a naturally occurring colorless homologue of Euglena, was examined with the electron microscope. The organism is biflagellate though only one of the 2 flagella emerges from the anterior reservoir. The pellicular strips covering the body of the organism are supported by microtubules which are continuous in part with microtubules bordering the reservoir. Additional rows of microtubules are found associated with the kinetosomes. An eyespot is located in the wall of the reservoir and, adjacent to it, the contractile vacuole.The nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi complexes are similar to those described in other euglenoid flagellates. The food reserve is paramylon.The study supports the phylogenetic origin of Khawkinea from pigmented Euglena through the loss of chloroplasts.
The Differentiation of Herpetomonas megaseliae: Ultrastructural Observations*
Authors: JANOVY J. , LEE K. W. , BRUMBAUGH J. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISUltrastructure of both undifferentiated (promastigote and paramastigote) and differentiated (opisthomastigote) forms of Herpetomonas megaseliae is described. There is a posterior migration of the kinetoplast at the end of the exponential growth phase. The posterior extension of the flagellar pocket precedes migration of the kinetoplast. Opisthomastigotes have an electron‐translucent mitochondrial matrix in comparison with undifferentiated forms. The Golgi body changes from a stack of flattened sacs to an aggregation of vesicles. Several structures previously reported from Trypanosomatidae, e.g. subpellicular organelles, pellicular microtubules, membrane whorls, stored metabolic products, surface blebs, and an intraflagellar body are also present in H. megaseliae.
Ultrastructure et Evolution Nucléaire des Trophozoïtes d'une Grégarine d'Ephéméroptère: Enterocystis fungoides M. Codreanu
Authors: DESPORTES ISABELLE 
Published: May 2007

RESUMELa structure fine du trophozoïte d'Enterocystis fungoides est voisine de celle décrite chez d'autres Grégarines (Gregarinidae, Stylocephalidae): l'épicyte, la structure fibrillaire de l'ectocyte, les organites cellulaires et les enclaves (amylopectine, mucopolysaccharides) leur sont comparables.Les caractères plus spécifiques sont: (A) l'involution de l'épicyte entre les trophozoïtes associés, due, semble‐t‐il, à l'appariement très précoce de ces trophozoïtes. (B) les évaginations de l'enveloppe nucléaire. Ce bourgeonnement nucléaire semble en rapport avec l'anabolisme de la jeune Grégarine, cellule en croissance semblable à l'ovocyte par maints caractères: augmentation considérable des dimensions du noyau et du nucléole, accumulation de ribosomes et de substances de réserve dans le cytoplasme.SYNOPSISThe fine structure of the trophont of Enterocystis fungoides does not differ widely from the ultrastructural organization described in other Gregarines (Gregarinidae, Stylocephalidae). The epicyte, the fibrillar structure of the ectocyte, the cell organelles and inclusions (paraglycogen = amylopectin, mucopolysaccharides) are similar.Its specific peculiar features are the following: (A) The involution of the epicyte between the biassociative trophonts, due to their early pairing. (B) The evaginations of the nuclear envelope. It seems advisable to connect this nuclear budding with the anabolic activity of the young gregarine, a developing cell similar in many features to an ovocyte: increasing of the size of nucleus and nucleolus, accumulation of ribosomes and reserve substances in the cytoplasm.
Galvanic Stimulation of Volvox globator I. Electroosmotic Patterns Associated with the Ion Exchange Properties.
Authors: WIRT NATHANIEL S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISApplication of direct electric potentials across immobilized Volvox globator colonies produced patterns in the ambient solution that were observable by dark field microscopy by the use of polystyrene spheres in the medium. Two large elliptical swirls occurred immediately adjacent to the colony nearest the anode. A clear area developed outwards from the cathodal side of the colony. Since similar patterns were obtained with live, dead, and deflagellated colonies, it was assumed that the phenomena were purely physical. The electric potential induced an electroosmosis in the glass stimulation chamber. Live or dead colonies, immobilized by being secured with a glass coverslip, experienced an anodal movement of water and associated polystyrene spheres. The electroosmosis gave rise to solution patterns which were shown not to be the result of hydrostatic pressure (turbulence) or thermal convection currents. When anion‐exchange beads were substituted for colonies in the stimulation chamber, application of the electric potential produced a smooth laminar flow around the positively charged beads. Cation‐exchange beads, on the other hand, produced 2 large anodal swirl patterns. Clearly, the colony surface behaved like a weakly charged cation exchanger. Other investigators have determined that the cell walls of pond water plants and algae are negatively charged and have ion‐exchange abilities. The negatively charged Volvox cell wall caused an electroosmosis in the colony, in the cathodal direction. Previous explanations for the galvanotaxis of Volvox are not adequate because they do not take into account the negatively charged cell wall.
Galvanic Stimulation of Volvox globator II. Mechanism of Galvanic Response, an Effect of Calcium Displacement
Authors: WIRT NATHANIEL S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISSlight increases or decreases in calcium ions in solutions which supported the growth of Volvox globator colonies caused the colonies to fall to the bottoms of their containers. High speed cinematography (600 frames/sec) showed that the flagella beat normally (21/sec) in balanced electrolyte solutions which have calcium concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0 mM. When colonies were placed in 10.0 or 0.0 mM CaCl2 solutions, flagellar beating disappeared within 1 hr. The cessation of flagellar beating was reversible when colonies were replaced in the balanced solution.The Volvox cell wall has been shown to be a fairly good cation‐exchanger with calcium ions acting as the counterion to the fixed negative change. Colonies that were photopositive and gave a cathodal galvanotaxis responded to DC electrical potentials by producing solution patterns that were indicators of colony electronegativity. Colony resistance to electroosmotic flow was compared in potassium and calcium solutions. When colonies were placed in darkness for 24 hr and stimulated by DC electrical potentials, their cation‐exchange properties became reduced and the cell walls appeared thinner. Application of a high DC electrical potential to dark‐adapted colonies caused the colonies to shrink on their anode sides (anodal contraction).Other workers have found that the flagella on the anodal sides of dark‐adapted colonies ceased beating during DC electrical stimulation. It is hypothesized that the electric current caused an increase of calcium ions on the anodal side of the colony that inhibited the flagellar mechanism of beating on that side.It is also hypothesized that the galvanotaxis associated with light‐adapted (photopositive) colonies was due to calcium displacements in the colony cell walls that affected the flagellar beating on both sides of the colony.
Analysis of the Antigenic Relationships Among Trichomonas, Histomonas, Dientamoeba and Entamoeba III. Immunoelectrophoresis Technics*
Authors: DWYER DENNIS M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISAntigens prepared from Trichomonas gallinae, Histomonas meleagridis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba invodens and Entamoeba histolytica were separated by electrophoresis in agar gels and reacted with antisera prepared in rabbits against each of the 5 species. The most numerous and strongest precipitin lines were obtained from reactions between the homologous antigens and antisera. Direct and cross‐absorption reaction methods were employed with each antiserum and the various antigens to ascertain quantitatively the immunologic relationships among the several organisms. Trichomonas shared many common antigens with Histomonas, fewer with Dientamoeba and none with either species of Entamoeba. Histomonas was more closely related antigenically to Dientamoeba than to Trichomonas. The histomonad had only a few weakly cross‐reacting antigens in common with the 2 Entamoeba species. Dientamoeba shared the most common antigens with Histomonas, fewer with Trichomonas and the fewest with Entamoeba. Somewhat stronger cross‐reactivity was obtained with anti‐Dientamoeba serum and E. invadens than between this immune serum and E. histolytica. The 2 species of Entamoeba shared the largest number of common antigens with each other, and to a much lesser extent both species cross reacted with Dientamoeba. Anti‐Entamoeba sera had only a few weak cross‐reacting precipitins with Histomonas. No antigenic relationship was found between either species of Entamoeba and Trichomonas.
Biosynthesis of Choline and Ethanolamine Phospholipids in Crithidia fasciculata*
Authors: PALMER F. B. ST. C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe incorporation of radioactivity from [1,2‐34C]choline, [1,2‐34C]ethanolamine, [3‐14C]serine and [methyl‐14C]methionine into lipids was studied in growing cultures of Crithidia fasciculata. Lecithin was formed both from choline and by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. Mono‐ and dimethylphosphatidylethanolamines were present in no more than trace amounts. Growth of the protozoa in media containing choline (1 mM) did not decrease synthesis by the methylation pathway. Phosphatidylethanolamine was formed from ethanolamine. Radioactivity from serine also was present in both phosphatidylethanolamine and lecithin; however, the presumed intermediate, phosphatidylserine, could not be detected.
The Mitochondria of Pre‐Erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei
Authors: TERZAKIS J. A. , VANDERBERG J. P. , HUTTER R. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISConsiderable sectioning was required to demonstrate the mitochondrial cristae of pre‐erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei in rat liver. The cristae vary from thin, budding tubules to dilated cisternae and most are obliquely and tangentially sectioned. These factors give the impression of an unusually small number of cristae. Numerous variations of fixation protocols failed to alter significantly the appearance of pre‐erythrocytic parasite membranes. The data confirm previous suppositions that certain cytoplasmic bodies noted in pre‐erythrocytic mammalian malarial parasites are indeed mitochondria. The term “acristate mitochondria” should be used with great caution in that it raises a serious semantic problem.
The Structure and Origin of Mastigonemes in Ochromonas minute and Monas sp.*
Authors: HILL F. G. , OUTKA D. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISStructure, function, and development of mastigonemes (flagellar hairs) of 2 chrysophycean flagellates were examined with light and electron microscopy in whole mount and sectioned preparations. Mastigonemes of both organisms are identical, consisting of a tapered base 0.25–0.3 μm long, maximum width of 0.03 μm; a hollow shaft 0.85 μm × 23 nm; and 2 types of laterally projecting filaments. Two rows of mastigonemes are attached to the long flagellum, one on each side in the same plane as the central pair of microtubules. One row is composed of single mastigonemes while the other bears them in “tufts.” The primary mastigonemal attachment is on the flagellar membrane. Developmental sequences as supported by electron micrographs and kinetic studies demonstrate the intracellular location of promastigonemes during reflagellation, colchicine‐inhibited reflagellation, and release from inhibition. The promastigonemes first appear in the peri‐nuclear space in association with the outer nuclear membrane and several dozen may accumulate there. These may pinch off as bundles and move into the cytoplasm, or if mastigonemes are being utilized rapidly by the cell, the promastigonemes are channeled a few at a time from the perinuclear space into the Golgi apparatus where some structural modifications are made. The mastigonemes are then transported in Golgi‐derived secretory‐type vesicles to the cell surface near the base of the growing flagellum where the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane and the mastigonemes become extracellular, although the membrane association is retained. The origin of the asymmetric arrangement of mastigonemes on the flagellum is discussed.
An Infectious Agent Associated with Amebas of the Genus Naegleria*
Authors: DUNNEBACKE T. H. , SCHUSTER F. L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA study of amebas of the genera Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, Polysphondylium, and Didymium shows that a cytopathogenic agent that is filterable and passageable is present only in the strains of the Naegleria whether they are obtained free‐living from soil samples (N. gruberi) or as pathogens from humans (N. fowleri). The agents obtained from the different Naegleria strains are similar in amount and in their cytopathogenic interaction with chick cultures. The agent has characteristics that distinguish it from the known viruses.
Phosphorus Regeneration in Fresh‐Water Paramecia*
Authors: BUECHLER D. G. , DILLON R. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTurnover rates of soluble phosphorus (P) by Paramecium multimicronucleatum were compared under 3 temperature regimes. Phosphorus uptake by this heterotroph was almost completely dependent on consumption of bacteria rather than direct uptake of soluble 32PO4. Phosphorus uptake rates by P. bursaria when in its autotrophic state (a symbiotic relationship with zoochlorellae) and when in its heterotrophic (bacteria feeding) state were also compared. Paramecium bursaria showed a much higher uptake of P when large numbers of labeled bacteria were present than when they were absent. Phosphorus turnover rates by P. bursaria were determined and compared with those of P. multimicronucleatum. These ciliates showed remarkably rapid turnover rates for soluble P. In each case turnover rates were universely related to biomass. Ciliates, although small, have very high metabolic rates and therefore may be important for nutrient regeneration in our fresh‐water lakes, streams, and ponds.
Induction of Temperature Sensitivity in Paramecium aurelia by Nitrosoguanidine*
Authors: HIPKE HUBERTUS , HANSON EARL D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISParamecium aurelia cells were exposed to N‐methyl‐N‐nitroso‐N′‐nitroguanidine for periods of 15–30 min. The lethality in homozygous clones derived from treated cells depends on the time of treatment within the cell cycle. Exposures at interfission ages 0.04, 0.40, and 0.80 were tested yielding lethalities of 12.5, 44 and 2%, respectively. These results correlate with the period of DNA synthesis in the micronuclei. A temperature sensitive mutant has been found which cannot live at 31 C but divides at ∼1 fission per day at 19 and 25 C. The rise in temperature from 19–25 C does not significantly change the fission rate whereas in normal cells it would be doubled. Genetic analysis shows that this mutation is caused by a single recessive gene.
Mutations Affecting the Trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia. I. Morphology and Description of the Mutants*
Authors: POLLACK SIDNEY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISSix types of genic mutants have been isolated. Their phenotypes range from animals with no trichocysts (trichless), to animals with morphologically abnormal trichocysts (football, stubby, pointless, screwy‐cigar), to animals which are incapable of extruding otherwise normal looking trichocysts (nondischarge). The football mutant possesses football‐shaped trichocysts, which, unlike wild‐type trichocysts, do not attach at the cortex. The stubby mutant possesses shorter trichocysts which have a very highly variable morphology. The screwy‐cigar animals have thinner and usually longer trichocysts than those found in wild‐type cells. The trichocysts of the pointless mutant have all the components of the wild‐type organelles but not in their proper relationship. Electron microscopic studies of the mutants have demonstrated that although the morphology of the various mutant trichocysts may differ, their ultrastructure and early developmental stages are comparable to those of trichocysts found in wild type. The mutations are usually pleiotropic, affecting other systems besides trichocysts. The existence of these mutants, particularly trichless, poses some interesting questions regarding the function of trichocysts, and also gives insight into the development of trichocysts.
The Molecular Biology of Euglena gracilis IX. Amino Acid Pool Composition
Authors: KEMPNER E. S. , MILLER J. H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe amino acid composition of the acid soluble fraction of Euglena gracilis was determined from cells grown in 4 different culture media. Glutamic acid is the major free amino acid. Hydrolysis of this fraction increases the amount of free amino groups, the major amino acids found are then glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and arginine. The pattern of amino acid distribution is similar in all 4 culture media.L‐arginyl‐L‐glutamine was isolated and identified in extracts from all 4 culture conditions. It was shown to be a metabolic intermediate by radioactivity chase experiments.
Thymidylic Acid Synthesis in Eimeria tenella (Coccidia) Cultured In Vitro*
Authors: OUELLETTE CAROL A. , STROUT RICHARD G. , McDOUGALD LARRY R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe source of thymidylic acid for DNA synthesis in 1st generation stages of Eimeria tenella cultured in vitro was investigated using 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, a thymidine analog, and 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine, an inhibitor of de novo thymidylic acid synthesis. Results show that the parasite is unable to utilize either exogenous thymidine or 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine but is dependent upon the methylation of deoxyuridylic acid via the thymidylate synthetase reaction to supply thymidine for DNA synthesis.
Dihydrofolate Reductase in Plasmodium lophurae and Duckling Erythrocytes*
Authors: PLATZER EDWARD G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISDihydrofolate reductase activity in duckling erythrocytes was found to be low, while activity in erythrocytes heavily infected with small uninucleate trophozoites was like that of uninfected erythrocytes. Activity of the enzyme in erythrocytes infected with large multinucleate parasites, however, was greatly increased. This activity was 5 times higher in erythrocyte‐free large trophozoites than in small ones. The dihydrofolate reductase of P. lophurae differed from the host enzyme in: greater molecular weight; higher sensitivity to pyrimethamine inhibition; pH optimum; substrate and cofactor specificity; and stimulation by salts. The parasite enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation.
Systematics of the Eimerian Parasites from North American Snakes of the Family Colubridae, and their Prevalence in the Colubrids of Iowa*
Authors: WACHA RICHARD S. , CHRISTIANSEN JAMES L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA survey of 117 Iowa snakes, representing 18 species within 12 genera, revealed the presence of 6 species of Eimeria, 5 of which are described as new and 1 of which (E. zamenis) is redescribed. Those species found, the average length‐width dimensions of their oocysts (in micrometers), and the respective hosts from which they were isolated were as follows: E. attenuata sp. n., 22.2 × 12.6, from 1 of 25 red‐sided garter snakes [Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say)] and 1 of 14 northern water snakes [Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus)]; E. iowaensis sp. n., 17.8 × 14.5, from 1 of 25 redsided garter snakes; E. hydrophis sp. n., 15.4 × 10.9, from 5 of 14 northern water snakes and 1 of 1 diamond‐backed water snake [N. rhombifera rhombifera (Hallowell)]; E. helmisophis sp. n., 13.8 × 10.6, from 1 of 5 western worm snakes [Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicott)]; E. collanuli sp. n., 33.1 × 18.3, from 1 of 14 prairie ring‐neck snakes (Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott), and E. zamenis, 31.0 × 17.0, from 1 of 6 eastern yellow‐bellied racers (Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say) and 1 of 1 eastern milk snake [Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacépède)]. The overall infection rate for the 117 snakes examined was 9.2%; these data are tabulated. In addition, the possible synonymy of E. lampropeltis with E. zamenis is considered, and the probable status of E. attenuata, E. hydrophis, E. zamenis, and E. annea, as parasites of multiple host species, is reviewed with regard to the phylogenetic relationships of the respective hosts from which they have been reported.
Blood Protozoa of Wild Turkeys in Florida*
Authors: FORRESTER DONALD J. , HON L. T. , WILLIAMS LOVETT E. , AUSTIN DAVID H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISFrom 1969 through 1972, 605 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus) from 10 localities in Florida were examined for blood protozoans. The prevalence in turkeys more than a month old was 84% for Haemoproteus meleagridis Levine, 1961 and 72% for Leucocytozoon smithi Laveran and Lucet, 1905. Sixty‐three percent of the birds were infected by both parasites. Infections were most prevalent in juveniles 8–12 months of age. No infection of H. meleagridis or L. smithi was found in 111 poults younger than 35 days. Prevalences were similar in both sexes. Haemoproteus meleagridis was more prevalent (87%) in the southern part of the state; L. smithi was more prevalent (75%) in the north. The prevalence of H. meleagridis did not change during the 4 year period, but L. smithi decreased markedly in 1971, a year of low rainfall. None of the 605 blood films was positive for Plasmodium, but 24 (75%) of 32 blood samples were found by subinoculation technics to be positive for a species of Plasmodium morphologically similar to P. durae Herman, 1941. No trypanosomes were seen on the 605 blood films or in bone marrow cultures (saline‐neopeptone‐blood) made from 11 turkeys.