bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Aspects of Regional Integration in MERCOSUR
Authors: Virasoro Carmen Longa 
Published: August 2006

SummaryMERCOSUR ‐ Mercado Comun del Sur or Southern Cone Common Market ‐ is a customs union formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It covers a population of 180 million and a geographical area of 17 million km2. In terms of economic influence, it ranks fourth after the European Union (EU), NAFTA and Japan. Its goals ‐ which must be attained with the preservation of the environment in mind ‐are: the free circulation of goods, services and other productive factors; the establishment of a common external tariff; the adoption of a common commercial policy towards other states; the co‐ordination of macro‐economic and sectoral policies; and, the harmonization of national legislation.The environmental policy of MERCOSUR – outlined recently in‘Basic Guidelines of Environmental Policy’– deals with the following needs: inclusion of environmental costs in cost analysis; adoption of adequate practices and sustainable management of natural resources; control of potential adverse activities; adoption of minimization and treatment practices; cleaner technologies and recycling; monitoring of shared ecosystems; co‐ordination of international acts; and, institutional strengthening and environmental management of tourism. Further, the recent Interregional Agreement between MERCOSUR and the EU (preparatory to an Interregional Association) has set, on its yet early agenda, the need to commit to environmental protection for a broader and more promising future.
THE TROPICS: ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN IMPACTS UNDERSTOOD AND REINTERPRETED
Authors: Douglas Ian 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTIn the 1950s, few people had travelled widely through different parts of the tropics and interpretations on tropical landforms, soils, vegetation and climate largely rested on impressions gained from residence or long sojourns in particular tropical countries. Most academic geography on the tropics was then written by expatriates and lacked the perspective gained from long experience of tropical regions. Particular problems of understanding arose as people attempted to extrapolate from one part of the tropics to another. Since then, understanding has advanced enormously, largely through the efforts of tropical scientists working in their own institutions and through the greater technological ability to study tropical lands both remotely and through easier field access. The establishment of a number of field stations, aimed primarily at the biological sciences, but also facilitating the work of geographers, has been a major stimulus to this effort. Concerns over practical issues, particularly local development and global climatic change have prompted new avenues of research, many of which have been assisted by the great increase in data collection in tropical countries. For the future, South‐South dialogue between tropical physical geographers is needed to improve their ability to ask meaningful questions so that they can contribute to teach the rest of their discipline more about serious applied and applicable geography.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF POST‐COLONIAL AFRICA: SPACE, PLACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA (1960–93)1
Authors: Watts Michael 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis overview of human geographic studies of sub Saharan Africa begins with the contributions made by West European geographers to the colonial service, and the growing interest in post‐war ‘development’ and to the anti‐imperial movements in the late colonial period (1945–60). The paper provides an intellectual map of the contributions by European and African geographers to the broad array of development problems which emerged after 1960. North American geographers made significant contributions to the debate somewhat later, particularly in association with the growing involvement of U.S. development agencies in the 1970s. Particular emphasis is given to geographic studies in fields such as agrarian change, ecological degradation, industrialization, human mobility and patterns of urbanization and settlement.
CONTRIBUTIONS ON THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TROPICAL AFRICA
Authors: Jeje L.K. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTOf the various aspects of physical geography on tropical Africa, geomorphology appears to have received the greatest attention both in depth and spread of research efforts. Several themes have been developed, among which are individual landform studies with emphasis on the description and explanation of the origin of several landforms, the most important being inselbergs. Applied geomorphology with emphasis on accelerated soil erosion is also an important theme. Up to the 1960s research was generally descriptive and speculative, but with the advances in soil erosion studies in the USA and South Africa, researchers have embarked on programmes involving the measurement of runoff, soil loss, and the determination of several indices of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility. Coastal studies have also received considerable attention. While earlier studies were largely descriptive, recent studies involve the application of sedimentological principles. Wave parameters and beach profiles are being quantified to facilitate the quantitative study of coastal processes. Palaeogeomorphology was largely focused on the study of the morphology of old sand dunes in the current Sahel zone, on past lake levels and on the formation of stonelines. However, current efforts have moved on to the significance of palaeo deposits for purposes of mineral exploitation. Possibly the most significant new theme relates to hydrology and fluvial studies. Current research efforts in these areas include detailed morphometric analyses of small drainage basins, instrumentation and measurement of stream and sediment discharge, and detailed studies of basin topographic attributes. The paper concludes that future efforts should focus more on empirical studies so that physical geographers can make a fundamental impact on the development of the discipline in tropical Africa.
THE HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: AN ANALYSIS OF POST‐WAR DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Savage Victor R. , Kong Lily , Yeoh Brenda S.A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the directional shifts in human geographical research on Southeast Asia from 1945 to the present. It first begins with an overview of the identity of the region as conceived in various cultural traditions, such as the Greek, Arabic and Indian traditions. This is followed by an evaluation of regional geographies of Southeast Asia in the post‐war period, highlighting the pre‐eminence of the geostrategic definition of the region and the failure to come to grips with its rich cultural‐historical identity. The paper then goes on to show that, arising from the changes in conceptual developments and methodologies in geography, the early regional emphasis then shifted to systematic concerns, with a movement away from ‘encyclopaedic’ to ‘adjectival’ geography (economic, urban, population, political, cultural and historical) and a greater emphasis on issues concerning national development. Since the 1980s, there have also been fewer regional works on Southeast Asia and though there are now many more indigenous geographers within the region, much of their research is based on their own national or provincial areas. However, this may shift again, given that rapid economic growth has now given the region prominence. Certainly, there is renewed multi‐disciplinary interest in Southeast Asia.
SMALL STATES, BIG ISSUES? HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Overton John 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe Pacific Islands present a different context for the study of human geography in the Third World. Though marked by much diversity in terms of culture, environment and history, there are key features which distinguish the region. Compared to elsewhere and with the notable exception of Papua New Guinea, they are small in terms of population, land area and resource base, yet many have attained independent nationhood. Island states are frequently fragmented so that small islands with small populations may be spread over vast expanses of ocean, creating particular problems of communication and integration. Moreover, the region is isolated. Although major trade routes cut across the Pacific, in practice, local economies are not well linked and outlying islands face high transport costs and infrequent services. Such features, largely peculiar to the Pacific, together with more universal themes of economic, cultural, political and social transformation have occupied the attention of human geographers in the past 40 years. Most early work was done by researchers from Australia, New Zealand and France but in the past two decades, the growth of regional tertiary institutions has led to a major growth of more locally‐based work, much by Pacific Islanders themselves. Such a change has mirrored some major paradigmatic shifts, particularly from modernization theory through neo‐Marxism to present interests in development from below and sustainability. Thus, despite the relative smallness of Pacific Island states, they have attracted much attention, both contributing to wider debates and adding new issues and perspectives on the processes of transformation of the geography of the Third World.
INSTITUTIONAL OBSTACLES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BALI, INDONESIA
Authors: Mitchell Bruce 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTDeveloping and implementing sustainable development strategies involve overcoming many obstacles. The experience in Bali, Indonesia, illustrates some key institutional challenges which most countries must handle to achieve sustainable development, such as realising cross‐sectoral integration, combining top‐down and bottom‐up planning, and creating credibility for a new policy initiative. Indonesia in general and Bali in particular has, in theory, considerable capability to implement sustainable development. However, as in most countries, effective practice does not always follow from theoretical potential. Strengths and weaknesses related to institutional challenges are identified and assessed, and their general implications are considered. Some key implications are the need to develop sustainable development strategies which reflect the conditions and needs specific to the targetted region, and to address different national and regional perspectives.
MONITORING GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY IN COMMERCIALLY LOGGED TROPICAL FOREST, SABAH, EAST MALAYSIA, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
Authors: Greer Tony , Douglas Ian , Bidin Kawi , Shun Waidi , Suhaimi Jadda 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTResource development in the form of cyclical commercial logging activities results in a short period of often severe land disturbance followed by a prolonged phase of recovery. The monitoring of catchment sediment yield gives some indication of the gross erosion processes within the catchment as a result of the disturbance and may also effectively measure any ameliorative processes. Studies in Ulu Segama, Sabah, East Malaysia, recorded significant increases in stream suspended sediment loads as a result of logging. Stream loads were derived from a combination of daily sample measurements and storm event sampling using automated liquid samplers. Measured loads were then compared to computed loads from sediment discharge rating sets derived from the actual samples. Application of these ratings in the disturbed catchment initially underestimated sediment loads; however, a progressive overestimation of loads occurred as the catchment vegetation recovered. When using sediment rating curves as a tool to measure catchment erosion rates in disturbed environments, considerable caution has to be used. Vegetation recovery is reflected in the rapid recovery of stream water quality, making it necessary to continually review the rating.
THE THEME OF “RELEVANCE” IN THIRD WORLD HUMAN SCIENCES
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe fact that the humanities and social sciences in developing societies generally originated in the West has raised the issue of the relevance of these arts and sciences to the needs and problems of Third World societies. This questioning of relevance has led, in turn, to the call for the indigenisation of knowledge in developing societies. While there has been a great deal of discussion on indigenisation, there has been little practice of indigenised humanities and social science. As a result, there are few examples of what indigenous knowledge constitutes from theoretical, methodological and empirical points of view. This paper is directed towards arriving at some conception of what indigenised knowledge is, the various forms that it takes, and its rationale.
RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL THEORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: CASE STUDY OF A TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME IN TRANSKEI, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Yirenkyi‐Boateng S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1983, the former government of Transkei, South Africa established the Transkei Appropriate Technology Unit (TATU) to develop a rural technology transformation programme. The programme sought to build on existing indigenous technologies to achieve improvements in various income generating and non‐income generating projects. This paper attempts to study the TATU programme in terms of how the social improvement processes are structured and how they can be restructured for the better. Towards this end, this paper draws from structuration theory and critical theory to illuminate the theoretical and methodological problems in the development process associated with the TATU programme. It is highlighted in the paper that structuration theory provides a useful framework for understanding the existing state of affairs in the adoption of technologies whilst critical theory complements structuration theory in revealing problems and constraints as well as providing useful insights for positive change.
THE NOTION OF PLACE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HISTORY, NOSTALGIA AND HERITAGE IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Yeoh Brenda , Kong Lily 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we investigate the links between place and time, and the intersections between the geographical imagination and the historical mind. These issues are explored in the context of Singapore by looking at the links between place and three concepts usually associated with the temporal sense — history, nostalgia and heritage. We argue that the two imaginations can be simultaneously engaged by means of a focus on the concept of place. The making of a place is closely intertwined with individual biographies and collective histories; at the same time, place does not record history in an unproblematic way. We next argue that a sense of nostalgia is a yearning to return to a lost period and place and why memory is often best served by anchoring it in the materiality of place. This is precisely the case in the inscription of heritage into the concrete elements of specific sites as a state strategy to codify and naturalise its own version of heritage as part of the the everyday, visible world. In concluding, we reflect on the salience of place. While it lends itself to ideological uses by the powerful, a sense of place is also equally significant in the experiences and aspirations of a people.
THE SPACES OF COPING: WOMEN AND “POVERTY” IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Davidson Gillian M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the relationship between space, gender and poverty in the dynamic Pacific Asian economy of Singapore. It argues for the use of coping strategies as an analytical tool for investigating these relationships, highlighting how women construct strategies from confined spaces. Drawing on spatial stories and real life accounts, it examines the ways in which women use the labour market, the family and community services as strategies against poverty. The paper concludes that women struggle to negotiate the constraints of inadequate childcare provision and traditional attitudes, choosing instead to remain in the home or enter “liminal” spaces in the form of Family Service Centres.
WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC DRINKING PLACE: A CASE STUDY OF ADO‐EKITI, NIGERIA
Authors: Hathaway James T. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the bars of Ado‐Ekiti as a site to explore the use of urban space by women and men. Ado‐Ekiti is a Yoruba city of 150,000 people in southwestern Nigeria. Feminist and political economy perspectives are used in developing the three‐part theme of the way that gender intersects with the relations between bars and production, bars and reproduction, and bars and consumption. A look at the history of alcohol in Nigeria and of Yoruba women as traders and their cultural role provides context. Survey results and personal observations connect empirical findings to the tripartite theme. Women own and run three fourths of Ado‐Ekiti's two hundred plus bars, but men control the upscale bars. Many of Ado's female bar owners are on the receiving end of an exploitative relationship with the global economy via the brewing industry, in a patriarchal society that assigns them a heavy reproductive burden.
THE NEGOTIATION OF SPACE AMONG SEX WORKERS IN CEBU CITY, THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: McIlwaine Cathy 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper examines the experiences of space among sex workers in Cebu City, a major service and commercial centre in the Visayan region of the Philippines. It explores the issue of space from a number of perspectives and scales: first, at the national level in terms of migration patterns among sex workers; second, at the local level in relation to how sex workers experience and construct urban spaces through residence and working patterns; and finally, from a community perspective, the nature of domestic spaces among these women. The underlying theme of the paper centres around the contradictory ways in which social opprobrium is often reflected in spatial seclusion among sex workers. On the one hand, they are constrained in their experiences of space. On the other, the construction of their own particular spaces reflects a high degree of resourcefulness and resistance. This is corroborated further by the fact that involvement in the sex industry creates a different set of spatial aspirations and awareness among sex workers compared with those of the wider population.
NEGOTIATING DUALISMS: WOMEN, LOCALITY AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN OAXACA CITY, MEXICO
Authors: Willis Katie D. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the validity of the public/private and reproductive/productive dichotomies commonly adopted in the analysis of gender and employment. It considers three aspects of the dualisms: spatial division, activity patterns and the construction of identities. The discussion is based on fieldwork undertaken in three districts of Oaxaca City, Mexico, between 1992 and 1995. While recognising the usefulness of spatial dualisms within Mexican cities, the paper seeks to identify the ways in which class and location within the urban space affect the construction of the boundary between “public” and “private”, women's “employment” experiences, and women's identities.
EVOLUTION, TAXONOMY AND ANTITROPICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE PORPOISES (PHOCOENIDAE, MAMMALIA)
Authors: Barnes Lawrence G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTrue porpoises are a morphologically distinctive and evolutionarily old group of odontocete cetaceans classified as the family Phocoenidae. They are distinct from members of the family Delphinidae, with which they have sometimes been classified. Re‐examination of all living and fossil species of phocoenids yields new information on the evolution of the family and indicates the need for significant taxonomic changes. Two separate lines of descent within the group are classified as the subfamilies Phocoeninae and Phocoenoidinae. The living southern hemisphere spectacled porpoise, Phocoena dioptrica, is actually more closely related to the North Pacific Dali's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, than to other species of Phocoena. It therefore belongs in the subfamily Phocoenoidinae with Phocoenoides but represents a separate genus, Australophocaena (new genus). The earliest unquestioned fossil phocoenids have been found only in rocks around the Pacific basin. They include latest Miocene and Pliocene species of Piscolithax and the Late Miocene Salumiphocaena stocktoni (new genus) in the Phocoenoidinae, and an undescribed latest Miocene species in the Phocoeninae. World climate has influenced past and present distributions of phocoenids, and Australopbocaena dioptrica is possibly the antitropical counterpart of Phocoenoides dalli. All species of living phocoenids show similarities caused by convergent evolution, resulting in part from the phenomenon of paedomorphosis.
PHYSIOLOGY WITHOUT RESTRAINT IN DIVING MAMMALS
Authors: Kooyman Gerald L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractForced submersions and natural dives are compared with regard to heart rate, blood distribution and O2 consumption. Heart rate has been used as a primary indicator of blood distribution. However, often the dive heart rate has been compared to inappropriate surface conditions, and it is suggested that it should be compared to resting apneusis in the arrhythmic breathing animal. Furthermore, natural dives are frequently short relative to the breathhold capacity of a diver, and often during these dives there is little change in heart rate or apparent kidney function from the resting state. Calculations are made to determine the breathhold limit without O2 conservation measures. Further calculations are made to estimate the expected metabolism and metabolite production during an exceptionally long dive in a seal when O2 conservation must be invoked. These results are compared to known values obtained from a Weddell seal that made a 61 min dive. Based on the results of these observations and calculations, three possible models of blood distribution during natural dives are discussed. This discussion shows the limitation of present data and the type of data needed to resolve the question of how aquatic vertebrates manage O2 stores during dives of varying durations.
RADIOTAGGING STUDIES OF BELUKHA WHALES (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) IN BRISTOL BAY, ALASKA
Authors: Frost Kathryn J. , Lowry Lloyd F. , Nelson Robert R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractResearch was conducted in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to determine the applicability of radiotagging to studies of behavior, distribution and movements of belukha whales. Backpack‐style VHF transmitters were attached to two belukhas by pinning through the dorsal ridge. Both packages were shed after about 2 wk due to migration of the pin through the tissue. Movements of radio‐tagged whales were essentially local within Kvichak Bay. Three basic respiration patterns were identified: surfacings that were grouped into breathing periods separated by longer dives; surfacings that did not occur during restricted breathing periods; and long‐to‐very‐long surfacings separated by short‐to‐very‐short dives. These patterns were interpreted as representing traveling, feeding and feeding or resting in very shallow water. Surface and dive interval data were used to calculate a correction factor of 2.75, which could then be applied to aerial survey counts to estimate the total number of belukha whales in the study area. Modifications to radio packages are necessary in order to increase retention time.
FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT OF THE CAUDAL MUSCLES IN THE SHORTFIN PILOT WHALE
Authors: Arkowitz Robert , Rommel Sentiel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractControversy has existed about the power stroke of cetacean locomotion. We therefore measured cross‐sectional areas of the appropriate muscles of the tail and computed possible forces and bending moments. The muscle areas are approximately equal in size and a similar relationship holds for the caudal tendons. It appears that the hypoaxial and epiaxial muscles are capable of generating forces that are approximately equal. Thrust delivered in the upstroke and downstroke may therefore be equal.