bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Acetamiprid on Asparagus Beetle
Authors: Kuhar Thomas P. , Doughty Helene B. , Hitchner Erin M. , Chapman Anna V. 
Published: May 2008

The asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi L., is a major pest of asparagus in the United States. Commercial growers typically apply a foliar insecticide in the spring to kill adults before they can oviposit on asparagus spears. However, very few new insecticides have been registered on the crop in the last twenty years, and many chemicals have lost their registrations due to enactment of the Food Quality Protection Act. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, acetamiprid, to control all life stages of the asparagus beetle. Laboratory toxicity assays revealed that acetamiprid is highly toxic to asparagus beetle eggs and larvae. LC50 levels were 8.95 mg ai/liter for eggs and 0.012 mg ai/liter for larvae. Field efficacy trials in Virginia showed that acetamiprid applied at 0.112 kg ai/ha significantly reduced the numbers of asparagus beetle adults, eggs, and larvae on asparagus equal to or greater than that of the insecticide standard, methomyl. Acetamiprid also provided excellent control of aphids on spears, equal to or greater than that of methomyl. Accepted for publication 3 May 2006. Published 18 August 2006.
Post-hurricane Analysis of Citrus Canker Spread and Progress towards the Development of a Predictive Model to Estimate Disease Spread Due to Catastrophic Weather Events
Authors: Irey Michael , Gottwald Tim R. , Graham James H. , Riley Tim D. , Carlton Greg 
Published: May 2008

Many factors have been involved in the spread of citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri); however, the 2004 hurricane season appears to have been one of the major factors leading to the widespread and numerous citrus canker infections discovered in late 2004 and 2005. Geospatially referenced citrus canker infection data from infections that were discovered after the 2004 hurricanes were examined in relation to wind and rain conditions experienced during the hurricanes and used to develop a predictive model to explain storm-related spread of citrus canker. The model incorporates a “threshold” concept for wind and rains that, in-effect, incorporates only biologically significant weather parameters in the calculations. When applied to three distinct areas of the state, the predictive model accounted for approximately 80% of the hurricane related and subsequent secondary spread of citrus canker over the next 14 months. Therefore, the use of the predictive model shows great promise a tool to predict disease spread as a result of extreme weather events and as a means of targeting resources for citrus canker survey and detection activities. Accepted for publication 11 May 2006. Published 22 August 2006.
Occurrence of Foliar Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Dry Bean in North Dakota
Authors: Harikrishnan R. , del Río L. E. , Lamppa R. S. , Padilla R. , Zabala F. , Gregoire M. , Bradley C. A. 
Published: May 2008

An extensive field survey was undertaken during the 2003 to 2005 growing seasons to assess the prevalence and incidence of foliar fungal and bacterial diseases affecting dry bean in North Dakota. A total of 250 fields were inspected during the three years of survey. The most prevalent diseases were common bacterial blight, white mold, and bacterial brown spot. Common bacterial blight was prevalent in nearly 100% of the fields inspected in all three years, with a mean incidence of 54%. White mold was observed in 75% of the fields scouted, with a mean incidence of 16%. Bacterial brown spot and halo blight affected 31% and 1% of the fields surveyed, respectively. Rust and anthracnose were observed only in 2003 and 2005, affecting 15% and 5% of the fields inspected across both years, respectively. This survey information on the occurrence and severity of diseases affecting dry bean should help prioritize future research needs and breeding programs. Accepted for publication 7 June 2006. Published 15 September 2006.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Management of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle on Wine Grapes Near Harvest
Authors: Galvan T. L. , Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: May 2008

As one component of an Integrated Pest Management program for Midwestern wine grapes, we examined the efficacy of several insecticides on adults of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). For field trials, percentages of clusters with at least one H. axyridis were recorded for each plot before treatment and on the day of harvest. We also examined the efficacy of insecticides under laboratory conditions via two routes of exposure, topical application and insecticide residues. In the 2004 field trials, the percentage of clusters infested with H. axyridis adults at harvest was statistically lower in plots treated with bifenthrin applied 7 days before harvest (DBH), carbaryl 10 DBH, and in plots covered with floating row cover compared to the untreated plots. In 2005, the percentage of clusters infested with H. axyridis adults at harvest in plots treated with zeta-cypermethrin 7 DBH, bifenthrin 22 and 7 DBH, and imidacloprid 1 DBH was statistically lower than beetle infestation in the untreated plots. In the laboratory, bifenthrin, carbaryl, and thiamethoxam were lethal to H. axyridis adults 7 days after treatment. Based on the efficacy results, labeled insecticides, pre-harvest intervals, and the late-season influx of H. axyridis infestations, chemical control is currently limited to carbaryl, malathion, and/or imidacloprid. Accepted for publication 13 June 2006. Published 3 October 2006.
A Comparative Analysis of Detection Techniques Used in US Regulatory Programs to Determine Presence of Phytophthora ramorum in Camellia japonica ‘Nucio's Gem’ in an Infested Nursery in Southern California
Authors: Bulluck Russ , Shiel Pat , Berger Phil , Kaplan David , Parra Greg , Li Wenbin , Levy Laurene , Keller John , Sharma Nawal , Dennis Michelle , Stack Jim , Pierzynski Joy , O'Mara Judy , Webb Craig , Finley Ledare , Lamour Kurt , McKemy John , Palm Mary 
Published: May 2008

Phytophthora ramorum (Pram) is a pathogen of regulatory concern in the USA, and accurate diagnostics is a key component in the response to potential pathogen outbreaks. Although the molecular diagnostic protocols used in regulatory programs have been evaluated using regulatory samples, to date, no direct comparison of these methods has been analyzed within a nursery setting. A block of 300 camellia plants within a California nursery known to be infested with Pram was simultaneously assayed for visual symptoms, growth medium pH, and moss presence as well as culture isolation and molecular analysis prior to plant destruction. Disease symptoms such as foliar lesions and leaf drop were recorded for each plant prior to foliar and growth medium sampling. All diagnostic assays were highly correlated with one another and disease symptoms, with nested PCR having the best correlation with symptoms, followed by Real-Time PCR then culture. No correlation with disease or diagnostic assays was observed with moss presence or medium pH. Analysis of results allowed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assays to be determined and the performance of each method for diagnosis of Phytophthora spp. or Phytophthora ramorum in camellia tissues and associated potting medium could be compared. Accepted for publication 12 July 2006. Published 16 October 2006.
Host Range of Itersonilia perplexans and Management of Itersonilia Petal Blight of China Aster
Authors: McGovern R. J. , Horita H. , Stiles C. M. , Seijo T. E. 
Published: May 2008

Isolates of Itersonilia perplexans were tested for pathogenicity on 14 different plant species. Isolates from China aster and sunflower were each pathogenic to the other host and both isolates were pathogenic to chrysanthemum and gerbera, causing moderate to high incidences of flower or seedling blight in these hosts. China aster and sunflower isolates were not pathogenic to burdock, but an isolate from burdock was pathogenic to florists' chrysanthemum and gerbera. In a survey of weed species near a cut-flower production facility in southwest Florida, I. perplexans was found in only one weed species, Emilia fosbergii. However, two isolates from this weed host produced severe petal blight symptoms when inoculated onto China aster. Myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate, and propiconazole were highly effective in reducing disease severity of petal blight in China aster, while azoxystrobin reduced disease moderately in fungicide evaluation trials. Accepted for publication 28 July 2006. Published 18 October 2006.
Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Manage Cucumber Beetles on Seedling Zucchini
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: May 2008

The use of neonicotinoid insecticides applied into soil at planting and when zucchini [Cucurbita pepo var melopepo (L.) Alef.] plants had two true leaves was effective against both the spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Berber) and the striped [Acalymma vittata (Fabricius)] cucumber beetles. At 17 days after planting, significant increases in mean numbers of dead cucumber beetles were detected in all plots receiving insecticides at planting when compared to non-treated plots. All insecticides applied at planting resulted in significant reductions in feeding damage ratings. The duration of residual toxicity was long with the insecticide applied at planting. Dead beetles were detected in treated plots on each sample date throughout the 56-day test. When seeds were dipped in either a 0.043 or 0.086% a.i. imidacloprid mixture, emerging zucchini seedlings were effectively protected from cucumber beetle feeding. Accepted for publication 3 August 2006. Published 20 October 2006.
Effect of Row Covers on Suppression of Bacterial Wilt of Muskmelon in Iowa
Authors: Mueller Daren S. , Gleason Mark L. , Sisson Adam J. , Massman Jon M. 
Published: May 2008

Spun polyester row covers, alone and in combination with insecticides, were evaluated for management of bacterial wilt of muskmelon at three locations in Iowa during 2003 and 2004. Following removal of row covers at bloom, more spotted cucumber beetles were counted in the plots with row covers than in the non-covered plots. Row covers delayed the onset of bacterial wilt symptoms and reduced bacterial wilt incidence. In both years, row covers increased both number and yield of marketable melons. There were no significant differences in beetle counts or melon yield among insecticide treatments in 2003. In 2004, however, each of the insecticide treatments had more marketable melons than the non-treated control. Row covers may enable cucurbit growers to reduce reliance on insecticides for managing bacterial wilt. Accepted for publication 31 July 2006. Published 20 October 2006.
Predictive Accuracy of a Fusarium Head Blight Epidemic Risk Forecasting System Deployed in Minnesota
Authors: Hollingsworth Charla R. , Mewes John J. , Motteberg Christopher D. , Thompson W. Galen 
Published: May 2008

Minnesota small grains production sustained an estimated $1.8 billion in crop losses from Fusarium head blight (FHB) between 1993 and 2001. Crop losses continue to increase with another $86 million added during 2005. A forecasting model, designed to predict the risk that FHB epidemics may or may not occur, is deployed statewide. Users of the online system are made aware when local weather conditions promote or reduce the likelihood that a FHB epidemic will occur. The model serves as a decision-making tool prior to fungicide application. During 2004-2005, disease index data were collected from a total of 8 experiment sites and 5 spring wheat cultivars. In 2004, index means were low, ranging from 0.8% to 6.8%. However, the system predicted low and high risks for FHB epidemics. During 2005, index means ranged from 2.6% to 13.9%. Epidemic risk predictions were estimated as low and moderate. The system predicted non-epidemics with 60% and 66% accuracies in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Epidemics were predicted 50% of the time during 2005. Increased predictive accuracy is expected during 2006 as information on spring wheat cultivar resistance levels have been added to the model. Accepted for publication 16 August 2006. Published 31 October 2006.
Biology and Distribution of Pryeria sinica, a New Pest of Euonymus Found in Virginia and Maryland
Authors: Schultz Peter B. , Day Eric R. , Bordas Adria , Bean Richard 
Published: May 2008

Pryeria sinica is a newly discovered foliar feeding insect previously known only from Asia that feeds on Euonymus and Celastrus. It is univoltine in Maryland and Virginia with egg hatch occurring in mid-March. Larvae initially feed as leaf skeletonizers, then later as leaf notchers. Accepted for publication 7 August 2006. Published 27 November 2006.
Dual Effects of miR156-TargetedSPLGenes andCYP78A5/KLUHon Plastochron Length and Organ Size inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Jia-Wei , Schwab Rebecca , Czech Benjamin , Mica Erica , Weigel Detlef 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLeaves of flowering plants are produced from the shoot apical meristem at regular intervals, with the time that elapses between the formation of two successive leaf primordia defining the plastochron. We have identified two genetic axes affecting plastochron length in Arabidopsis thaliana. One involves microRNA156 (miR156), which targets a series of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes. In situ hybridization studies and misexpression experiments demonstrate that miR156 is a quantitative, rather than spatial, modulator of SPL expression in leaf primordia and that SPL activity nonautonomously inhibits initiation of new leaves at the shoot apical meristem. The second axis is exemplified by a redundantly acting pair of cytochrome P450 genes, CYP78A5/KLUH and CYP78A7, which are likely orthologs of PLASTOCHRON1 of rice (Oryza sativa). Inactivation of CYP78A5, which is expressed at the periphery of the shoot apical meristem, accelerates the leaf initiation rate, whereas cyp78a5 cyp78a7 double mutants often die as embryos with supernumerary cotyledon primordia. The effects of both miR156-targeted SPL genes and CYP78A5 on organ size are correlated with changes in plastochron length, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism that links the rate at which leaves are produced to final leaf size.
An Exocyst Complex Functions in Plant Cell Growth inArabidopsisand Tobacco
Authors: Hála Michal , Cole Rex , Synek Lukáš , Drdová Edita , Pečenková Tamara , Nordheim Alfred , Lamkemeyer Tobias , Madlung Johannes , Hochholdinger Frank , Fowler John E. , Žárský Viktor 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe exocyst, an octameric tethering complex and effector of Rho and Rab GTPases, facilitates polarized secretion in yeast and animals. Recent evidence implicates three plant homologs of exocyst subunits (SEC3, SEC8, and EXO70A1) in plant cell morphogenesis. Here, we provide genetic, cell biological, and biochemical evidence that these and other predicted subunits function together in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double mutants in exocyst subunits (sec5 exo70A1 and sec8 exo70A1) show a synergistic defect in etiolated hypocotyl elongation. Mutants in exocyst subunits SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, and SEC15a show defective pollen germination and pollen tube growth phenotypes. Using antibodies directed against SEC6, SEC8, and EXO70A1, we demonstrate colocalization of these proteins at the apex of growing tobacco pollen tubes. The SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, SEC15a, and EXO70 subunits copurify in a high molecular mass fraction of 900 kD after chromatographic fractionation of an Arabidopsis cell suspension extract. Blue native electrophoresis confirmed the presence of SEC3, SEC6, SEC8, and EXO70 in high molecular mass complexes. Finally, use of the yeast two-hybrid system revealed interaction of Arabidopsis SEC3a with EXO70A1, SEC10 with SEC15b, and SEC6 with SEC8. We conclude that the exocyst functions as a complex in plant cells, where it plays important roles in morphogenesis.
What is the role of the second “structural” NADP+‐binding site in human glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase?
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Tao , Chan Ting Fai , Lam Veronica M.S. , Engel Paul C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHuman glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, purified after overexpression in E. coli, was shown to contain one molecule/subunit of acid‐extractable “structural” NADP+ and no NADPH. This tightly bound NADP+ was reduced by G6P, presumably following migration to the catalytic site. Gel‐filtration yielded apoenzyme, devoid of bound NADP+ but, surprisingly, still fully active. Mr of the main component of “stripped” enzyme by gel filtration was ∼100,000, suggesting a dimeric apoenzyme (subunit Mr = 59,000). Holoenzyme also contained tetramer molecules and, at high protein concentration, a dynamic equilibrium gave an apparent intermediate Mr of 150 kDa. Fluorescence titration of the stripped enzyme gave the K d for structural NADP+ as 37 nM, 200‐fold lower than for “catalytic” NADP+. Structural NADP+ quenches 91% of protein fluorescence. At 37°C, stripped enzyme, much less stable than holoenzyme, inactivated irreversibly within 2 d. Inactivation at 4°C was partially reversed at room temperature, especially with added NADP+. Apoenzyme was immediately active, without any visible lag, in rapid‐reaction studies. Human G6PD thus forms active dimer without structural NADP+. Apparently, the true role of the second, tightly bound NADP+ is to secure long‐term stability. This fits the clinical pattern, G6PD deficiency affecting the long‐lived non‐nucleate erythrocyte. The K d values for two class I mutants, G488S and G488V, were 273 nM and 480 nM, respectively (seven‐ and 13‐fold elevated), matching the structural prediction of weakened structural NADP+ binding, which would explain decreased stability and consequent disease. Preparation of native apoenzyme and measurement of K d constant for structural NADP+ will now allow quantitative assessment of this defect in clinical G6PD mutations.
How predictable are reptile responses to wildfire?
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Wood Jeff T. , MacGregor Christopher , Michael Damian R. , Cunningham Ross B. , Crane Mason , Montague‐Drake Rebecca , Brown Darren , Muntz Rachel , Driscoll Don A. 
Published: May 2008

Natural disturbances are key processes in the vast majority of ecosystems and a range of ecological theories have been developed in an attempt to predict biotic responses to them. However, empirical support for these theories has been inconsistent and considerable additional work remains to be done to better understand the response of biodiversity to natural disturbance. We tested predictions from the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and the habitat accommodation model of succession for reptile responses to fire history and a single major fire event. We focused our work on a broad range of vegetation types spanning sedgeland to temperate rainforest located within a national park in south‐eastern Australia. We found no significant relationships between reptile species richness and the number of fires over the past 35 years, the time since the last fire, or the severity of a major fire in 2003. Thus, we found no strong evidence to support the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.A correspondence analysis of reptile assemblages revealed a gradient in species responses to fire history. However, we found limited evidence for an ordered succession of reptiles. Nor could the responses of individual species be readily predicted from life history attributes. Thus, our findings were generally not consistent with predictions from the habitat accommodation model of succession. A possible explanation for the absence of a predictable sequence of recovery following disturbance might be the rapidity of post‐fire recovery of many components of native vegetation cover that were found to be important for reptiles (e.g. the extent of grass cover). This would have limited the time for early successional conditions to prevail and limited opportunities for species associated with such conditions. We found that most reptile species responses were much more strongly linked to vegetation type than fire variables, emphasizing a need to understand relationships with vegetation before being able to understand possible fire effects (if and where they exist). We found the disturbance concepts we examined were limited in their ability to accurately predict reptile responses to past fire history or the impacts of a single major fire in 2003. Practical management might be best guided not by disturbance theory, but by carefully setting objectives to meet conservation goals for particular individual species of reptiles.
Comparison of information content for microsatellites and SNPs in poultry and cattle
Authors: Schopen G. C. B. , Bovenhuis H. , Visker M. H. P. W. , Van Arendonk J. A. M. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryData were available for 12 poultry microsatellites and 29 poultry single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and for 34 cattle microsatellites and 36 cattle SNPs. Stochastic permutation was used to determine the number of SNPs needed to obtain the same average information content as a given number of microsatellites. For poultry, the information content averaged 0.71 for the 12 microsatellites compared to 0.72 for the 29 SNPs. For cattle, the information content averaged 0.92 for the 34 microsatellites compared with 0.79 for the 36 SNPs. This study shows that, for each microsatellite, three SNPs are needed to obtain the same average information content.
Isolation and imprinting analysis of the porcine DLX5 gene and its association with carcass traits
Authors: Cheng H. C. , Zhang F. W. , Jiang C. D. , Li F. E. , Xiong Y. Z. , Deng C. Y. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryImprinted genes play important roles in mammalian growth and development. However, reports on imprinted genes are limited in livestock. In this study, the complete ORF containing 289 amino acids of the porcine DLX5 gene was obtained. A C‐to‐T SNP mutation in exon 1 of the DLX5 gene was used to detect imprinting status with an RT‐PCR/RFLP test (using HhaI) in eight heterozygous pigs from a population of Large White × Meishan F1 hybrids. Imprinting analysis showed that the porcine DLX5 gene was maternally expressed in skeletal muscle, fat, lung, spleen, stomach and small intestine, but not imprinted in heart, liver, kidney, uterus, ovary, testicle or pituitary. A PCR–RFLP test was also used to detect the polymorphism in 310 pigs of a Large White × Meishan F2 resource population. The statistical results showed significant association (P < 0.01) of the genotypes and fat meat percentage, carcass length, bone percentage, 6–7 rib fat thickness, average backfat thickness, thorax‐waist fat thickness and buttock fat thickness.