bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomics in human cancer research
Authors: Pastwa Elzbieta , Somiari Stella B. , Czyz Malgorzata , Somiari Richard Idem 
Published: December 2006

AbstractProteomics is now widely employed in the study of cancer. Many laboratories are applying the rapidly emerging technologies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms associated with cancer development, progression, and severity in addition to developing drugs and identifying patients who will benefit most from molecular targeted compounds. Various proteomic approaches are now available for protein separation and identification, and for characterization of the function and structure of candidate proteins. In spite of significant challenges that still exist, proteomics has rapidly expanded to include the discovery of novel biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis and prognostication (clinical application), and for the identification of novel drug targets (pharmaceutical application). To achieve these goals, several innovative technologies including 2‐D‐difference gel electrophoresis, SELDI, multidimensional protein identification technology, isotope‐coded affinity tag, solid‐state and suspension protein array technologies, X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and computational methods such as comparative and de novo structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulation have evolved, and are being used in different combinations. This review provides an overview of the field of proteomics and discusses the key proteomic technologies available to researchers. It also describes some of the important challenges and highlights the current pharmaceutical and clinical applications of proteomics in human cancer research.
A proteome analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human alcoholic patients
Authors: Alexander‐Kaufman Kimberley , Cordwell Stuart , Harper Clive , Matsumoto Izuru 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlcoholic patients commonly experience cognitive decline. It is postulated that cognitive dysfunction is caused by an alcohol‐induced region‐selective brain damage, particularly to the prefrontal region, and grey and white matter may be affected differently. We used a proteomics‐based approach to compare protein expression profiles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9 (BA9)) from human alcoholic and healthy control brains. Changes in the relative expression of 110 protein 'spots' were identified in the BA9 grey matter, of which 54 were identified as 44 different proteins. In our recent article, 60 protein spots were differentially expressed in the BA9 white matter and 18 of these were identified (Alexander‐Kaufman, K., James, G., Sheedy, D., Harper, C., Matsumoto, I., Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11, 56‐65). Additional BA9 white matter proteins are identified here and discussed in conjunction to our grey matter results. Thiamine‐dependent enzymes transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1β ubunit) were among the proteins identified. To our knowledge, this is the first time a disruption in thiamine‐dependent enzymes has been demonstrated in the brains of ‘neurologically uncomplicated’ alcoholics. By identifying protein expression changes in prefrontal grey and white matter separately, hypotheses may draw upon more mechanistic explanations as to how alcoholism causes the structural alterations associated with alcohol‐related brain damage and cognitive dysfunction.
Density functional theory study on the reactions of X− with CH3SY (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Gai Jing‐Gang , Ren Yi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGas‐phase anionic reactions X− + CH3SY (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I) have been investigated at the level of B3LYP/6‐311+G (2df,p). Results show that the potential energy surface (PES) of gas‐phase reactions X− + CH3SY (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) has a quadruple‐well structure, indicating an addition–elimination (A–E) pathway. The fluorine behaves differently in many respects from the other halogens and the reactions F− + CH3SY (Y = F, Cl, Br, I) correspond to deprotonation instead of substitution. The gas‐phase reactions X− + CH3SF (X = Cl, Br, I), however, follow an A–E pathway other than the last two out going steps (COM2 and PR) that proceeds via a deprotonation. The polarizable continuum model (PCM) has been used to evaluate the solvent effects on the energetics of the reactions X− + CH3SY (X, Y = Cl, Br, I). The PES is predicted to be unimodal in the solvents of high polarity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
H‐doped PbTiO3: Structure and electronic properties
Authors: Stashans Arvids , Rivera Richard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe geometry and electronic properties of the interstitial H atom in the tetragonal PbTiO3 crystal have been studied using an advanced quantum chemical computer code developed for the modeling of crystals. The inserted H atom was found to bind to one of the O atoms and to form the hydroxyl, OH group, with the inter‐atomic distance equal to 0.93 Å and 1.00 Å for the hydroxyls containing O atom in the dimerized and nondimerized TiOTi chains, respectively. Atomic displacements in the vicinity of OH complex are calculated and analyzed in relation to the H‐produced changes upon the atomic charges in defective region. The role of H impurity on the ferroelectric polarization in the tetragonal PbTiO3 is discussed in terms of the results obtained in our research and those presented in the other studies on this subject. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Geometries, vibrational frequencies, and electron affinities of X2Cl (X=C,Si,Ge) clusters
Authors: Hao Feng‐You , Zhao Yong‐Fang , Jing Xiao‐Gong , Li Xin‐Ying , Liu Feng‐Li 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAb initio quantum chemical calculations have been performed on X2Cl− and X2Cl (X = C, Si, Ge) clusters. The geometrical structures, vibrational frequencies, electronic properties and dissociation energies are investigated at the Hartree–Fock (HF), Møller–Plesset second‐ and fourth‐order (MP2, MP4), CCSD(T) level with the 6‐311+G(d) basis set. The X2Cl (X = C, Si, Ge) and X2Cl− (X = Si, Ge) take a bent shape obtained at the ground state, while C2Cl− has a linear structure. The impact on internal electron transfer between the X2Cl and the corresponding anional clusters is studied. The three different types of electron affinities (EAs) at the CCSD(T) are reported. The most reliable adiabatic electronic affinities, obtained at the CCSD(T)/cc‐pvqz level of theory, are predicted to be 3.30, 2.62, and 1.98 eV for C2Cl, Si2Cl, and Ge2Cl, respectively. The calculated EAs of C2Cl and Ge2Cl are in good agreement with theoretical results reported. The correlation effects and basis sets effects on the geometrical structures and dissociation energies are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Advances in Carbon‐Nanotube Assembly
Authors: Yan Yehai , Chan‐Park Mary B. , Zhang Qing 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIijima’s observation in 1991 of fullerene‐like materials by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy heralded the beginning of the carbon nanotube (CNT) era. A wealth of theoretical predictions and experimental verifications about CNTs have disclosed remarkable size‐ and structure‐dependent properties that are attractive for various potential applications, ranging from conducting wires in molecular devices to fillers in nanocomposites. Many of these applications require assembly (alignment and/or patterning) of CNTs into hierarchical arrays over large‐scale areas with controllable shape, location, orientation, and density of the nanotubes. Efforts from both the scientific and engineering points of view have been made to address this issue, beginning shortly after the discovery of CNTs. We review here the development of CNT‐assembly techniques under the two rubrics of synthetic assembly and post‐synthetic assembly, with emphasis given to the post‐synthetic approach. Preliminary to the survey of assembly techniques, we also discuss the characterization techniques that have been widely used for the challenging tasks of visualizing and quantifying CNT assembly.
A new proposal for measurement of the adjusted mean crowding through consideration of size variability in habitat units
Authors: Watanabe Naoshi 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe mean crowding has previously been measured under the assumption that all quadrats or habitat units have the same size, even though the actual habitat units such as seeds or leaves are generally variable in size. A new index, ‘adjusted mean crowding’, which is adjusted for this variability can be given as
urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0215:equation:pope0215-math-0002
where Q is the total number of habitat units in the whole area, xj the number of individuals in the jth habitat unit, and aj is defined as the ‘relative size’ of the jth habitat unit, i.e. ay=yy/(∑yj/Q) where yj is the actually measured size of the jth habitat unit.It is expected that and for the uniform distribution and the random distribution ‘per unit size’, respectively. The comparison between and regressions ( analysis) for the egg distribution pattern of Callosobruchus chinensis or C. maculatus proved that the regression is biased by a positive correlation between the egg number per seed and seed size rather than by a density‐dependent change in the ovipositional behavior.
Numerical prediction of a relation among growth, reproduction and mortality in iteroparous fish populations
Authors: Hiyama Yoshiaki , Kitahara Takeru , Tokai Tadashi 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAs a quantitative approach to the life history, the present paper numerically analyzed a relation among growth, reproduction and mortality for nine fish populations with a technique of optimal control theory, the discrete maximum principle. The analytical method used was derived on the postulate that natural selection maximized the net reproductive rate subject to a few constraints. A comparison between the theoretical and observed survival rate showed that the former was discernibly lower than the latter in all the populations except the three species. For the reasons mentioned below, however, the analyzed life history data should not be interpreted as a refutation of the adopted postulate and the method. First, it is generally very difficult to obtain a good estimate of the rate with traditional methods. Moreover, it is probable in most fish populations that the rate considerably changes with age even in the adult stage though it is usually estimated on the assumption that it is constant in a certain age range. Second, an intense fishing pressure possibly alters the life history characteristics of fish populations to some extent.
Prolonged mating in the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae): Competition for fertilization by sperm‐loading
Authors: Tsubaki Yoshitaka , Sokei Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMales of the melon fly Dacus cucurbitae mate with females for 10 hours or more, usually starting at dawn and terminating at dusk. We tested the sperm‐loading hypothesis (Dickinson, 1986) that males remaining with females for long periods of time benefit by numerically overwhelming the sperm of their competitors. The amount of sperm transferred to a female increased with time after mounting. The number of feamles which laid eggs at least once during experimental periods was positively correlated with mating duration. Oviposition rate was positively correlated with mating duration, as well. Egg hatchability was not influenced by mating duration. Mating duration was a major determinant of paternity when females were doubly mated with one male for 6 hours and another male for 2 hours. Females whose first matings were longer showed first male sperm predominance, while females whose second matings were longer showed last male sperm predominance. The adaptive significance of prolonged mating by male melon flies is discussed.
Social behavior of early emerging males of a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Kasuya Eiiti 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFive cases of the early emergence of males in a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis, in which male emerged together with the first group of workers, were described. In one case of the five where the queen disappeared before the emergence of male, worker(s) produced female offspring.The frequency of the nests where the early emergence of male was observed was 16.7% (5/30 nests). In two colonies, worker(s) and/or queen chased off males. But in an orphan nest where worker(s) produced female offspring, the dominance order among workers which was similar to that of colony without male was observed. The significance of the early emergence of male in the social evolution of wasps was discussed.
Mating aggregation of a stink bug, Megacopta punctissimum (Montandon) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae)
Authors: Hibino Yoshinori , Itô Yosiaki 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAdults of a stink bug, Megacopta punctissimum, form aggregations on stems of the bush‐clover, Lespedeza crytobotria, in spring. They do not oviposit there, but feed and mate within aggregations. Oviposition is made on other leguminous plants such as the kudzu‐vine, Pueraria lobata. Mean size of aggregations (groups of two or more individuals which sit on a stem at distance less than 3 cm from their nearest neighbors) consisted of 4.4 individuals. The sex ratios within aggregations were similar to overall sex ratio of the population including solitary individuals (0.58). More than 50% of females found in aggregations were copulating. Percentage of females in copula in larger aggregations was higher than that in smaller aggregations, and this difference was considered to be caused by the higher chance of sexual enconters in larger aggregations. It was suggested that the aggregation of this species on the bush‐clover is not a ‘harem’ (a male monopolizes a group of females reported in some other stink bugs) but is mating aggregation to raise the chance of mating.
Density‐related mortality of the flour beetle, Tribolium confusum duval
Authors: Daly P. J. , Ryan M. F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryLife tables were constructed to assess the relative importance of some factors causing mortality of Tribolium confusum and to gauge their response to increasing population density. Observations focussed on three population densities (100, 400 and 800 individual/8 g medium) from the egg to the adult stage. The medium was not renewed in order to maximize predatory interactions.Generation mortality at densities 100, 400 and 800 was 42%, 50% and 74% respectively, i. e. density‐dependent. Mortality in the first 10 days was also density‐dependent reaching a maximum of 27% at density 800: predation by small larvae on eggs seemed the principal causative factor. The overall pattern of larval mortality was density‐independent. Data on the mortality of pupae and callows were ultimately consistent with an inversely density‐dependent pattern. Apparently, only mortality occurring within the first 10 days was capable of population regulation.
Study of the Δ12‐desaturase system ofLipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Lomascolo Anne , Dubreucq Eric , Galzy Pierre 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe specific activity of the microsomal Δ12‐desaturase system, which transforms oleic acid into linoleic acid, was about 16 pmol/min/mg protein. However, most of the total activity was nonsedimentable even after a 200000×g centrifugation for 100 min. The study of various physicochemical parameters showed that this enzymatic complex, functioning optimally between pH 7 and 8, had low thermal stability. Ca2+, which may cause an aggregation of the microsomes, and Hg2+ completely inhibited the activity, whereas Mg2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ were activators. The Δ12‐desaturase system was relatively specific toward oleic acid, though isomers of this fatty acid also had an action, either as substrates or as competitive inhibitors, on the activity of the system. The study of the effect of the exogenous oleoyl‐CoA and elaidoyl‐CoA on the specific activity of the Δ12‐desaturase system showed a preference toward oleoyl‐CoA.
Stimulation of microsomal cholesterol ester hydrolase by glucagon, cyclic AMP analogues, and vasopressin in isolated rat hepatocytes
Authors: Hernández María L. , Martínez María J. , Ruiz José I. , Ochoa Begoño 
Published: December 2006

AbstractShort‐term activation of microsomal cholesterol ester hydrolase by glucagon, cAMP analogues, and vasopressin in isolated rat hepatocytes is described. Glucagon led to a dose‐and time‐dependent activation of cholesteryl oleate hydrolysis, but values returned to basal levels within 120 min. Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to 0.5 mM concentrations of dibutyryl‐cAMP or 8‐[4‐chlorophenylthio]‐cAMP, or 25 μM forskolin caused persistent activation of cholesterol ester hydrolase activity after a lag period of 30 min. The three agents resulted in early marked intracellular accumulation of cAMP that declined progressively, and moderate and sustained reductions in the diacylglycerol content. The actions of glucagon on hepatocytes were inhibited by pretreatment of cells with 10 nM [8‐arginine] vasopressin. Vasopressin elicited a consistent and sustained increase in cholesterol ester hydrolase activity and diacylglycerol without affecting cAMP while reducing the effect of glucagon on cAMP. Furthermore, the effects of glucagon and vasopressin on the activation of cholesterol ester hydrolase were not additive despite the similarity of their stimulation of diacylglycerol formation. Blockade of vasopressin‐mediated activation of cholesterol ester hydrolase and diacylglycerol content were induced by excess prazosin. These data suggest that stimulation of microsomal cholesterol ester hydrolase in isolated liver cells may involve at least two signal transduction systems.
Determination of positional distribution of butyryl groups in milkfat triacylglycerols, triacylglycerol mixtures, and isolated positional isomers of triacylglycerols by gas chromatography and1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Kalo Paavo , Kemppinen Asmo , Kilpeläinen Ilkka 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPositional isomers (1‐butyryl‐2X‐3Y‐rac‐glycerol and 2‐butyryl‐1X‐3Y‐rac‐glycerol;X,Y=long‐chain acyls) of saturated triacylglycerols (TAG) with 34 and 40 acyl carbons were shown to separate in two chromatographic peaks on immobilized phenyl(65%) methylsilicone column by gas‐liquid chromatography, and on reversed‐phase ODS‐1 column by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The analysis of 500‐MHz1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra showed distinct differences between 2‐butyryl‐1X‐3Y‐rac‐glycerol and 1‐butyryl‐2X‐3Y‐rac‐glycerol isomers in the resonance signals of methylene and methine protons of glycerol backbone, and carbon‐2 methylene of acyl groups, and methyl protons of butyryl group. The1H NMR spectra of three interesterified mixtures of three monoacid TAG containing saturated butyrate and caproate TAG and unsaturated butyrate TAG showed that triplets of methyl protons of butyryl groups atsn‐1(3)‐ andsn‐2‐positions in saturated and unsaturated TAG had similar chemical shifts and that the chemical shift of caproyl methyl protons was different from those of butyryl methyl protons. The positional distribution of butyryl groups in isolated positional isomers of butyrate TAG, interesterified TAG mixtures, and natural and interesterified butteroil can be determined by integration of these signals.
Reaction of lipids containing hydroxy groups with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide: Formation ofO‐methyl derivatives
Authors: Vosmann Klaus , Schulte Erhard , Klein Erika , Weber Nikolaus 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBase‐catalyzed transesterification of acyl lipids with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) is an easy and convenient method for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatography (GC) analyses. We have found, however, that lipids containing hydroxy groups are partially converted to the correspondingO‐methyl ether derivatives which may interfere with FAME in GC separations. For example, long‐chain alcohols are found to be converted to alkyl methyl ethers,rac‐1‐O‐alkylglycerols to the corresponding 2‐O‐and 3‐O‐monomethyl ethers, as well as 2,3‐di‐O‐methyl ethers, hydroxy fatty acids to methoxy FAME, and cholesterol to cholesteryl 3β‐methyl ether. From our results, it is obvious that TMSH derivatization method is not recommended without limitation for lipids containing hydroxy groups; it may be, however, of some diagnostic value for the analysis of such lipids by GC/mass spectrometry.
Colors and patterns of an intertidal snail, Thais lamellosa
Authors: Spight Tom M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryShell patterns and colors and the genetic complexity of the polymorphism of the marine snail, Thais lamellosa, are similar to those of several terrestrial pulmonates. Frequent parallel evolution of such complex polymorphisms must reflect a substantial selective advantage. To form a hypothesis to account for pattern evolution, morph compositions of several populations were quantified and compared with environmental qualities. All three primary colors were found at only two of five sites. Shells with many banding patterns were found; however, the most common pattern of one site was rare or absent at most other sites. Snails were fed monotonous diets of barnacles or mussels for 7 months to evaluate the importance of diet. Colors deposited in most shells were diluted progressively during the period and, like siblings in the field, most snails had white shells at the end of the experiment. No morph characteristics could be attributed to diet. Patterns are usually prominent only on juveniles, and may be obscured for much of the juvenile period, so the colors and patterns distinguish snails from each other for only a short portion of their lives. Morph differences from site to site are correlated with environmental differences. Environmental qualities could affect densities of the principal predator, Cancer productus, and thus predation intensity, or could affect the relative visible qualities of the morphs.
Population structural changes in single species of flour beetles with ozone as an environmental factor
Authors: Erdman Howard E. 
Published: December 2006

Summary
Although a 5 hour monthly exposure for 16 months to 45.0 ppm O3 at 0.3l/min. reduced the numbers of individuals in single‐species populations of T. confusum and T. castaneum, it did not result in elimination or a significant decrease in numbers which would be useful in a control program for these flour beetle species.
During the first 5 months of culture, ozone had a stimulating effect on productivity of T. confusum; a similar effect was not noted for T. castaneum.
Control of flour beetles by ozone in stored‐products seems unlikely; however, ozone in an integrated control program with ionizing radiation might prove beneficial.
Biological interpretations are offered to explain the responses of these species to ozone exposures.
Further research is warranted to define ozone modifications in pest control programs and on stored‐products per se.
On “intercolonial” cannibalism in Japanese paper wasps, Polistes chinensis antennalis Pérez and P. Jadwigae dalla torre (hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Kasuya Eiiti , Hibino Yoshinori , Itô Yosiaki 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFoundresses of two species of Japanese paper wasps, Polistes chinensis antennalis and P. jadwigae, attacked other colonies of the same species. A foundress of P. chinensis antennalis visited two nests of the same species, and ate larvae from them, while two foundresses of P. jadwigae each visited a nest of the same species, eating larvae and pupae even when the foundress of the attacked nest was on her nest. In addition, a foundress of P. jadwigae distributed flesh balls thus obtained among their larvae. Discussion was made on the adaptive significance of the inter‐colonial cannibalism. It was considered that, at first, it increases the foraging efficiency and secondly it plays a role in regulating population density.