bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normoxic ventilatory resuscitation following controlled cortical impact reduces peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration in the hippocampus
Authors: Ahn Edward S. , Robertson Courtney L. , Vereczki Viktoria , Hoffman Gloria E. , Fiskum Gary 
Published: January 2008

Object
Ventilatory resuscitation with 100% O2 after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) raises concerns about the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The product of peroxynitrite-meditated tyrosine residue nitration, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), is a marker for oxidative damage to proteins. The authors hypothesized that posttraumatic resuscitation with hyperoxia (100% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] concentration) results in increased ROS-induced damage to proteins compared with resuscitation using normoxia (21% FiO2 concentration).

Methods
Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury and resuscitation with either normoxic or hyperoxic ventilation for 1 hour (5 rats per group). Twenty-four hours after injury, rat hippocampi were evaluated using 3-NT immunostaining. In a second experiment, animals similarly underwent CCI injury and normoxic or hyperoxic ventilation for 1 hour (4 rats per group). One week after injury, neuronal counts were performed after neuronal nuclei immunostaining.

Results
The 3-NT staining was significantly increased in the hippocampi of the hyperoxic group. The normoxic group showed a 51.0% reduction of staining in the CA1 region compared with the hyperoxic group and a 50.8% reduction in the CA3 region (p < 0.05, both regions). There was no significant difference in staining between the injured normoxic group and sham-operated control groups. In the delayed analysis of neuronal survival (neuronal counts), there was no significant difference between the hyperoxic and normoxic groups.

Conclusions
In this clinically relevant model of TBI, normoxic resuscitation significantly reduced oxidative damage to proteins compared with hyperoxic resuscitation. Neuronal counts showed no benefit from hyperoxic resuscitation. These findings indicate that hyperoxic ventilation in the early stages after severe TBI may exacerbate oxidative damage to proteins.
Emergency decompressive craniectomy for fulminating infectious encephalitis
Authors: Adamo Matthew A. , Deshaies Eric M. 
Published: January 2008

✓In patients who develop fulminant cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressures, viral encephalitis can result in devastating neurological and cognitive sequelae despite antiviral therapy. The benefits of decompressive craniectomy, if any, in this group of patients are unclear. In this manuscript, the authors report their experience with 2 patients who presented with herpes simplex virus requiring surgical decompression resulting in excellent neurocognitive outcomes. They also review the literature on decompressive craniectomy in patients with fulminating infectious encephalitis.
Four published articles consisting of 13 patients were identified in which the authors had reported their experience with decompressive craniectomy for fulminant infectious encephalitis. Herpes simplex virus was confirmed in 6 cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 2, and an unidentified viral infection in 5 others. All patients developed clinical signs of brainstem dysfunction and underwent surgical decompression resulting in good (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] Score 4) or excellent (GOS Score 5) functional recoveries.
The authors conclude that infectious encephalitis is a neurosurgical disease in cases in which there is clinical and imaging evidence of brainstem compression. Surgical decompression results in excellent recovery of functional independence in both children and adults despite early clinical signs of brainstem dysfunction.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical introduction of intracranial ventricular shunts: a systematic review
Authors: Ratilal Bernardo , Costa João , Sampaio Cristina 
Published: January 2008

Object
Systemic antibiotics and antibiotic-impregnated shunt (AIS) systems are often used to prevent shunt infection. The authors conducted a systematic review to evaluate its effectiveness of antibiotics in patients who underwent placement of intracranial ventricular shunts.

Methods
The authors searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and the meeting proceedings from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and from the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies until June 2005. Randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing the use of prophylactic antibiotics (either systemic or AIS systems) in intracranial ventricular shunt procedures with placebo or no antibiotics were included in the review.

Results
Seventeen trials involving 2134 patients were included. Results from the metaanalysis showed that the use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis for internal shunts was associated with a decrease in shunt infection (odds ratio 0.51; 95% confidence interval 0.36–0.73). The authors found no significant differences between the subgroups evaluated in type of internal shunt (ventriculoperitoneal/ventriculoatrial), age, or duration of the administration of antibiotics.

Conclusions
The authors found a benefit of systemic prophylactic antibiotics in preventing shunt infection, regardless of the patient's age and the type of internal shunt used. The benefit of its use after the first 24 hours postoperatively remains uncertain. Future trials should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different regimens of systemic antibiotics rather than placebo, namely single preoperative dose versus multiple doses. It should also be mandatory to evaluate the effectiveness of systemic prophylactic antibiotics for external ventricular drains. Evidence suggests that antibiotic-impregnated catheters reduce the incidence of shunt infection, although more well-designed clinical trials are needed.
Treatment of a complex posterior fossa aneurysm in a child using side-to-side posterior inferior cerebellar artery–posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass
Authors: Chandela Sid , Alzate Juan , Sen Chandranath , Song Joon , Nimi Yasunari , Berenstein Alejandro , Langer David 
Published: January 2008

✓Endovascular and cerebral bypass therapies are rarely used in children. The authors describe the treatment of a partially coiled giant distal vertebral artery (VA)–posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm in a child. They performed a side-to-side PICA–PICA anastomosis followed by endovascular VA aneurysm deconstruction with PICA preservation.
A healthy 11-year-old boy developed progressive holocephalic headaches over the course of 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography revealed a large right PICA aneurysm causing brainstem compression. In November 2005, 2 Neuroform stents and Guglielmi detachable coils and Matrix were placed in the aneurysm at an outside institution. In 2006, angiography demonstrated aneurysm enlargement from which the PICA originated, coil compaction, and increased mass effect. The patient underwent a PICA–PICA bypass with intraoperative flow measurements followed by endovascular embolization of the aneurysm and parent VA. An angiogram obtained after the procedure demonstrated filling of the right PICA medullary branch through the bypass and obliteration of the aneurysm. The patient remained neurologically intact.
Giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation are rare but do occur in children. With the aid of combined surgical and endovascular strategies the authors were able to safely eliminate the aneurysm from circulation with good outcome. Cerebral bypass and endovascular deconstructive therapies can be used safely in children but should be reserved for cases in which direct treatment carries significant risk. Careful surgical and endovascular planning with intraoperative flow assessment is essential for good outcome.
Patient selection for lumbar arthroplasty and arthrodesis: the effect of revision surgery in a controlled, multicenter, randomized study
Authors: Geisler Fred H. , Guyer Richard D. , Blumenthal Scott L. , McAfee Paul C. , Cappuccino Andrew , Bitan Fabien , Regan John J. 
Published: January 2008

Object
Patient selection is perhaps the most important factor in successful lumbar surgery. In this study, the authors analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients enrolled in the CHARITÉ investigational device exemption (IDE) trial who underwent revision surgery after primary total disc replacement with CHARITÉ or an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with placement of a BAK cage and iliac crest autograft. This revision surgery was either a supplemental posterior lumbar fixation or a 360° fusion. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare clinical success in patients who underwent revision surgery with those who did not.

Methods
The patients enrolled in the CHARITÉ IDE study were divided into 6 groups according to treatment and repeated operation status, and their Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores at the 2-year follow-up and at baseline were compared. The patients had received the following treatments by group: A) ALIF without reoperation; B) ALIF with conversion to 360° fusion; C) arthroplasty (randomized) without repeated operation; D) arthroplasty with supplemental posterior lumbar fixation; E) arthroplasty (nonrandomized) without repeated operation; and F) arthroplasty (nonrandomized) with supplemental posterior lumbar fixation. Outcome scores in the groups of patients who required revision surgeries (Groups B, D, and F; 23 patients) were compared with the groups that did not require revision surgery (Groups A, C, and E; 299 patients).

Results
Patients who required revision surgery had a significantly lower level of clinical improvement than those who did not. The mean change in ODI score was −53.0% in Groups A, C, and E, but just −12.7% in Groups B, D, and F (p < 0.0001). The mean change in VAS score was −59.1% in Groups A, C, and E, compared to −23.4% in Groups B, D, and F (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were identified in analyzing absolute change in scores and the percentage change. A comparison of outcomes in patients who had undergone arthroplasty without reoperation (Groups C and E) with all patients who had undergone revision surgery (Groups B, D, and F) demonstrated similar results (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
The 7.1% of patients who underwent a secondary stabilization procedure had poor clinical improvement. This finding may indicate that if the alternative treatment had been the initial treatment, these patients would not have benefited, and further implies a 7.1% rate of imprecision in preoperative evaluation.
A long-term follow-up study of anterior tibial allografting and instrumentation in the management of thoracolumbar tuberculous spondylitis
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Halit , Kaya Ramazan Alper , Türkmenoğlu Osman Nuri , Tuncer Cengiz , Çolak İbrahim , Aydandinodot;n Yunus 
Published: January 2008

ObjectThe purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of anterior instrumentation following radical debridement and tibial allografting and its long-term progression in patients with multilevel spinal tuberculosis.MethodsThis prospective observational study was undertaken to analyze 22 patients with multilevel spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease) who underwent anterior radical debridement, decompression, and fusion using anterior spinal instrumentation and tibial allograft replacement between 1999 and 2001. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale and a visual analog scale (VAS). Preoperative and postoperative plain radiographs were obtained, and the focal kyphotic angle of the surgically treated spinal segments and the overall sagittal and coronal contours of the thoracic and lumbar spine were evaluated in all patients.ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 84 months (range 36–96 months). All patients demonstrated clinical healing of the tuberculosis infection. All patients showed evidence of successful bone fusion. The mean late postoperative kyphosis correction was 74% (range 63–91%). On average, 2° (range 0–5°) of loss of correction was noted in the local kyphotic angle postoperatively in late follow-up findings. Evaluation of the surgical effect on sagittal global contours showed a significant correction rate in thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar regions. The mean late postoperative coronal plane alignment correction was 99%. The ASIA Impairment Scale scores demonstrated significant improvement in late follow-up results in our series. Surgical decompression also resulted in a dramatic reduction of overall pain in all patients (late postoperative VAS score 1.61 ± 0.81).ConclusionsAnterior tibial allografting and instrumentation provide correction of the curvature, prevention of further deformation, improvement of sagittal and coronal balance, and restoration of neurological function in patients with spinal tuberculosis.
Biomechanics of unilateral compared with bilateral lumbar pedicle screw fixation for stabilization of unilateral vertebral disease
Authors: Yücesoy Kemal , Yüksel K. Zafer , Baek Seungwon , Sonntag Volker K. H. , Crawford Neil R. 
Published: January 2008

Object
An in vitro flexibility experiment was performed to compare the biomechanical stability of asymmetrical lumbar pedicle screw fixation (longer hardware attached ipsilaterally to a 1-sided lesion), short and long fixation, and fixation with and without interconnection to the involved vertebra.

Methods
Seven human cadaveric specimens (T12–S1) were studied intact; after simulated unilateral lesions were created at L2–3 and L3-4, the segments were stabilized by 1) L2–4 unilateral fixation (L-3 excluded), 2) L2–4 bilateral fixation (L-3 included contralaterally), 3) L2–5 unilateral fixation (L-3 excluded), 4) L2–5 fixation ipsilateral (L-3 excluded) and L2–4 fixation contralateral (L-3 included), 5) L2–5 bilateral fixation (L-3 included contralaterally), and 6) L2–5 bilateral fixation (L-3 excluded). The testing order varied among specimens. Angular range of motion (ROM) and lax zone were recorded optically while loading to 6.0 Nm was created with nonconstraining pure moments.

Results
Unilateral short fixation provided significantly worse stabilization than any other construct tested in all loading modes (p < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of variance). There was a mean 56% reduction in ROM across the lesion after adding 1 additional level rostrally and caudally. Asymmetrical long/short stabilization provided similar stability to symmetrical long stabilization. Minimal additional stability was gained by including L-3 in the long bilateral fixation construct.

Conclusions
Unilateral fixation is inadequate for stabilizing a 2-level unilateral lesion. Bilateral fixation, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, provides good stabilization for this injury. It is not important for stability to include the level of the lesion within the long construct contralaterally.
Delayed accumulation of activated macrophages and inhibition of remyelination after spinal cord injury in an adult rodent model
Authors: Imai Masaaki , Watanabe Masahiko , Suyama Kaori , Osada Takahiro , Sakai Daisuke , Kawada Hiroshi , Matsumae Mitsunori , Mochida Joji 
Published: January 2008

ObjectInhibition of remyelination is part of the complex problem of persistent dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI), and residual myelin debris may be a factor that inhibits remyelination. Phagocytosis by microglial cells and by macrophages that migrate from blood vessels plays a major role in the clearance of myelin debris. The object of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the failure of significant remyelination after SCI.MethodsThe authors investigated macrophage recruitment and related factors in rats by comparing a contusion model (representing contusive SCI with residual myelin debris and failure of remyelination) with a model consisting of chemical demyelination by lysophosphatidylcholine (representing multiple sclerosis with early clearance of myelin debris and remyelination).The origin of infiltrating macrophages was investigated using mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein–transfected mice. The changes in levels of residual myelin debris and the infiltration of activated macrophages in demyelinated lesions were investigated by immunostaining at 2, 4, and 7 days postinjury. To investigate various factors that might be involved, the authors also investigated gene expression of macrophage chemotactic factors and adhesion factors.ResultsActivated macrophages coexpressing green fluorescent protein constituted the major cell population in the lesions, indicating that the macrophages in both models were mainly derived from the bone marrow, and that very few were derived from the intrinsic microglia. Immunostaining showed that in the contusion model, myelin debris persisted for a long period, and the infiltration of macrophages was significantly delayed. Among the chemotactic factors, the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor were lower in the contusion model at 2 and 4 days postinjury.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the delayed infiltration of activated macrophages is related to persistence of myelin debris after contusive SCI, resulting in the inhibition of remyelination.
Synthesis of Peptide‐Oligonucleotide Conjugates by Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition in Water
Authors: Marchán Vicente , Grandas Anna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPeptide‐oligonucleotide conjugates incorporating all the nucleobases and trifunctional amino acids are obtained by Diels‐Alder reaction between diene‐modified oligonucleotides (2′‐deoxyribo‐ or ribo‐) and malemide‐derivatized peptides. Both reagents are easily synthesized by on‐column derivatization of the corresponding peptides and oligonucleotides. The cycloaddition reaction is carried out under mild conditions, in aqueous solution at 37°C, affording the desired peptide‐oligonucleotide conjugate with high purity and yield. The speed of the reaction depends on the size and composition of both reagents, but it is accelerated by the presence of positively charged amino acids in the peptide fragment. However, a small excess of maleimide‐derivatized peptide may be required in some cases to complete the reaction within 8 to 10 hr.Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 31:4.32.1‐4.32.31. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FACS‐array gene expression analysis during early development of mouse telencephalic interneurons
Authors: Marsh Eric D. , Minarcik Jennifer , Campbell Kenneth , Brooks‐Kayal Amy R. , Golden Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCortical interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in multiple human disorders including forms of epilepsy, mental retardation, and autism. Although significant advances have been made, understanding the biologic basis of these disorders will require a level of anatomic, molecular, and genetic detail of interneuron development that currently does not exist. To further delineate the pathways modulating interneuron development we performed fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACs) on genetically engineered mouse embryos that selectively express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in developing interneurons followed by whole genome microarray expression profiling on the isolated cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed expression of both predicted and unexpected genes in developing cortical interneurons. Two unanticipated pathways discovered to be up regulated prior to interneurons differentiating in the cortex were ion channels/neurotransmitters and synaptic/vesicular related genes. A significant association of neurological disease related genes to the population of developing interneurons was found. These results have defined new and potentially important data on gene expression changes during the development of cortical interneurons. In addition, these data can be mined to uncover numerous novel genes involved in the generation of interneurons and may suggest genes/pathways potentially involved in a number of human neurological disorders. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
Creating the UK emission trading scheme: motives and symbolic politics
Authors: Nye Michael , Owens Susan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the business‐led advocacy of the UK emission trading scheme with special focus on the symbolic benefits of emission trading for the business community. It traces the development of the UK Emissions Trading Group and links the group's preferences for emission trading to socio‐economic, operational and legislative contexts. The analysis reveals that, although business originally supported emission trading as an alternative to taxation, more socio‐symbolic motives shaped business interest in emission trading after announcement of the Climate Change Levy. This suggests that ‘symbolic politics’ can drive industry support for economic instruments such as emission trading, even when the economic rationale for doing so is diminished or constrained by existing policy frameworks or wider socio‐economic contexts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Syntheses, Structures, and Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties of Rectangular Heterobimetallic Clusters Based on Tricyanometallic Building Blocks
Authors: Wang Cai‐Feng , Liu Wei , Song You , Zhou Xin‐Hui , Zuo Jing‐Lin , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThree tricyanometalate precursors, (Bu4N)[(PhTp)Fe(CN)3]·H2O (1), (Bu4N)[(MeTp)Fe(CN)3] (2), and (Bu4N)[(iBuTp)Fe(CN)3] (3) [Bu4N+ = tetrabutylammonium cation; PhTp = tris(pyrazolyl)phenylborate; MeTp = methyltris(pyrazolyl)borate; iBuTp = 2‐methylpropyltris(pyrazolyl)borate], were successfully synthesized. By using 1–3 as building blocks, four rectangular clusters, [(PhTp)Fe(CN)3Cu(bpy)(H2O)(ClO4)]2·2H2O (4; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), [(PhTp)Fe(CN)3Ni(tren)]2(ClO4)2 [5; tren = tris(2‐amino)ethylamine], [(MeTp)Fe(CN)3Ni(tren)]2(ClO4)2·2H2O (6), and [(iBuTp)Fe(CN)3Ni(tren)]2(ClO4)2·2H2O·2CH3OH (7), were prepared in parallel and structurally characterized. All clusters show similar square structures, where FeIII and MII (M = CuII or NiII) ions are alternatively located on the rectangle corners. The cyclic voltammograms of FeIII2NiII2 clusters 5–7 reveal two quasireversible iron‐centered reduction processes and two quasireversible nickel‐centered oxidation processes. Magnetic studies show intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling and appreciable magnetic anisotropy in clusters 4–7. Complexes 5–7 show obvious frequency dependence in the alternating current magnetic susceptibility data, which indicates single‐molecule magnet behavior with preexponential factors of τ0 = 4.5 × 10–8 s (5), 6.1 × 10–8 s (6), and 5.0 × 10–8 s (7) and the effective spin‐reversal barriers of Ueff = 17.5 K (5), 20.6 K (6), and 20.8 K (7).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of a Galactosylated 4‐Hydroxylysine Building Block and Its Incorporation into a Collagen Immunodominant Glycopeptide
Authors: Marin Julien , Briand Jean‐Paul , Guichard Gilles 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn analogue of the immunodominant glycopeptide from type II collagen encompassing residues 256–270 has been prepared by substituting β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(2S,4R)‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐lysyl (Gal‐4‐Hyl) for β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(2S,5R)‐5‐hydroxy‐L‐lysyl (Gal‐5‐Hyl) at position 264. The synthesis of the 4‐hydroxylysine aglycon started from the known (2S,4S)‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐1,2‐piperidinedicarboxylate (3) and involved selective ring‐opening of 3, lactone formation, and N‐acylation of the lactone with glycyl esters. The resulting N‐Fmoc‐protected 4‐hydroxylysyl‐glycine dipeptide derivative was galactosylated in high yield to give a building block suitable for solid‐phase peptide synthesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)