bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Level Approach to the Study of Center-Periphery Systems and Socio-Economic Change
Authors: Naustdalslid Jon 
Published: March 2007

Models of center and periphery based on theories of dependence, dominance, and imperialism have shown themselves fruitful for understanding the dynamics of underdevelopment and regional inequalities on the global level. Our analysis attempts to demonstrate the applica bility of similar approaches to the study of intranational regional problems as well. A partial test of Johan Galtung's center-periphery model, as presented in his 'Structural Theory of Imperialism', by means of data relating to Norwegian regional inequalities supports the empirical tenability of this perspective. A critical examination of the effects of regional development policies leads us to the conclusion that a purely relational center-periphery model is insufficient as a conceptual tool for understanding the historical dynamics of center-periphery dominance. The relational properties of center-periphery systems should be viewed not only as independent variables. These properties should be understood also as dependent variables generated from and formed by internal conditions in center and periphery societies. This perspective is further elaborated by proposing a typology of center-periphery systems according to the mode of production dominating the social units constituting the system.
Police and Military in Ulster: Peacekeeping or Peace-subverting Forces?
Authors: Enloe Cynthia H. 
Published: March 2007

While police and military typically are dealt with separately, even by separate specialists, in actual practice the role of the police is shaped by the role of the military. The reverse is also true: the role of the military is shaped by that assigned to the police. This is most clearly apparent in situations of domestic disorder. But it is not enough to trace the relations between the police and the military themselves. One must examine the anxieties and strategies of the central state elites, for their policies will determine what formula of police-military division of labor will be used to enhance state security. The history of Ireland and, more recently, of Ulster sheds light on this more general phenomenon. The very origins of the police in the United Kingdom can be found in the central government's desire to relieve the army of the burden (and risk) of internal order- keeping. But the police models created for Britain and Ireland were quite different. The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the predecessor of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, was designed to be a paramilitary force; that is, it was a police force intended to maintain the political order, not simply to protect citizen security. Since 1962, the division of labor between police and military once again has been reversed. The central state security planners were compelled to bring in the military when the RUC no longer could maintain that political order, due not only to escalating communal conflict, but also to weaknesses inherent in the RUC, especially its overwhelmingly Protestant com position. Today, however, London is trying to restore the security division of labor that it deems optimal. A key to that restoration is 'primacy of the police'. Whether citizen security will be thus enhanced, or merely state security bolstered by such a policy, is problematic at best.
Agreement and Breakdown in Negotiation: Report on a State Department Training Simulation
Authors: Winham Gilbert R. , Bovis H. Eugene 
Published: March 2007

For the past six years the Foreign Service Institute of the US Department of State has used a simulation to train officers in negotiation techniques. This simulation models a negotiation between two fictitious countries over six issues, and the scenario realistically incorporates bureaucratic politics by building in internal disagreement on the issues. The simulation has been conducted 41 times, of which 24 exercises (59 %) have concluded in general agreement. This research examines the reasons for agreement and breakdown in this simulation, and draws analogies to real-world practices. The findings suggest that the process of negotiation is important in its own right in predis posing negotiators to accept a settlement, particularly where uncertainty or controversy exists over negotiating objectives. Elements in the negotiation process that tend to facilitate agreement are: (1) the establishment of trade-offs, priorities, and structure in the material being negotiated, which is difficult to accomplish when negotiators represent governments that are internally divided; (2) the achievement of efficiency in the bargaining interaction, especially in the early agenda setting phase of a negotiation; and (3) the movement from a negotiating mentality to a decision-making mentality, which requires negotiators to reorient their perspectives on the negotiation, and especially, to maintain effective communication between negotiating teams and their home governments. Breakdowns in the simulation are largely attributable to the failure of negotiators to set priorities and to define a quid pro quo relationship, with the result that the negotiating teams fail to establish leadership or managerial control of the process. The entire simulation is reproduced in the Appendix. It is suitable for practical training, as well as for conducting further research on negotiation.
Evaluation of Alternative Functional Designs in an Emergency Department by Means of Simulation
Authors: López-Valcárcel Beatriz González , Barber Pérez Patricia 
Published: March 2007

We evaluate the efficiency of different functional structures, reorganization patterns and alternative allocation of eventual new resources in a hospital emergency department. This department was simulated as a queue system in a process approach with SIMSCRIPT II.5. The data adjustment to statistical distributions of probability was made with UNIFIT II. The network containing the intermediate service circuit of the patients, from their arrival to their leaving, was modelled through nine interconnected queue systems. Actual operations as well as eight different alternative scenarios were simulated and compared. Changes in human resources, arrival rates and service times of auxiliary diagnostics equipment were simulated. We conclude that the medical classifying service should not be potentiated at the expense of the second level (general emergency doctors). Monitoring arrival times is also suggested. Collapses and saturation levels would occur if the arrival time were 12 patients per hour, being now almost 11 at some fixed times of the day. Expenditure in additional human resources would be more efficient socially than investment in auxiliary services equipment (Laboratory or X-Ray).
THE GENI MODEL: The Interconnection of Global Power Resources to Obtain an Optimal Global Sustainable Energy Solution
Authors: Dekker Paul-Michael , Meisen Peter , Bruton Amy B. 
Published: March 2007

The Global Energy Network International (GENI) model quantifies the economic, environmental, and social benefits of developing remote renewable energy sources and linking them to population centers via long distance electrical transmission lines. The model investigates an optimal sustainable global energy solution by comparing the GENI alternative to those alternatives presented by the World Energy Council (WEC) and others. This paper describes the work in progress accomplished by the GENI organization. The correlation between electricity and quality of life indicators is presented. Abbreviated problem and project definitions are presented.
Catholic minorities and social integration
Authors: Goddijn Walter 
Published: March 2007

La coexistence de plusieurs groupes religieux est le fait de la majorité des pays dans lesquels le catholicisme est implanté. Il est important aujourd'hui d'étudier dans une perspective œcuménique, non seulement les ques tions théologiques impliquées dans les relations entre les divers groupes religieux, mais aussi leurs aspects sociologiques et socio-psychologiques. Le concept de minorité peut s'exprimer en termes numériques. Les types de minorités catholiques sont divers, selon qu'il s'agit d'un « reste » ou au contraire d'immigrants. Il y a aussi le concept sociologique de minorité, c'est-à-dire, groupe considéré comme plus ou moins marginal à la société globale. Les deux concepts ne se recouvrent pas nécessairement. On peut distinguer, par rapport aux minorités (mis à part les régimes dictatoriaux), les minorités pluralis tes, avec existence à droits égaux et les minorités s'as similant, c'est-à-dire, se mélangeant avec le groupe dominant (ex. : U.S.A.). La discrimination provoque souvent un développement d'énergie dans certains domaines de la vie du groupe minoritaire (compensation) mais aussi risque d'amener un état de pauvreté spiriturelle. De toute façon un état de tension existe entre les deux groupes. L'application de ces concepts peut être faite aux mino rités religieuses, catholiques et protestantes, par exem ple aux Pays-Bas et aux U.S.A. L'émancipation des catholiques a créé de fortes réactions chez les protes tants dans les deux pays. Le fait de vivre dans un milieu religieusement hétérogène a souvent comme résultat de renforcer la communauté religieuse, si l'équipement pastoral est suffisant. Un exemple frap pant est la Frise néerlandaise. Les conditions dans lesquelles une telle cohésion est réalisée dépendent du processus de socialisation du groupe (famille, école, paroisse) et du contrôle social (conformité des attitudes). On note aussi une organisa tion très poussée de tous les secteurs de la vie sociale, sur une base confessionnelle. Il en résulte une attitude de non-participation aux objectifs profanes (société, culture), et un certain isolationisme.
Sixty years of psychology of religion
Authors: Tufari P. 
Published: March 2007

Le récent ouvrage de M. Argyle, « Religious Beha viour » (le comportement religieux), vise à systéma tiser et à évaluer les acquisitions de la psychologie de la religion au cours des soixante dernières années. La méthode mise en oeuvre, à cet effet, par M. Argyle s'avère insuffisante. Il met trop exclusivement l'accent sur l'investigation statistique, excluant délibérément les études de cas. Les indices utilisés pour mesurer la religiosité ne sont pas soumis à une analyse critique. La « religion » dont il est question tout au long du livre n'est définie nulle part. On n'y trouve pas davantage de critères valables des motivations indi viduelles au plan religieux. Le rassemblement des faits se voit attribuer une priorité chronologique indue sur la recherche théorique. Enfin, la notion de norma lités, mise en oeuvre par M. Argyle, étant purement statistique, le sentiment religieux tend à être conçu comme d'autant plus « anormal » qu'il est plus élevé. Toute investigation dans le domaine qui nous occupe devrait être régie par les principes suivants : 1. L'étude empirique de la religion doit tenir compte à la fois des données relatives à la personnalité des sujets, au contexte social et aux modèles culturels. 2. L'interaction de ces différents facteurs doit être étudiée en tenant comtpe de leur organisation dyna mique dans les individus. 3. Le premier problème à résoudre = que veut-on mesurer ? D'où importance primordiale de l'étude préalable de « cas » pour mettre en relief les structu rations diverses de la personnalité religieuse. 4. L'analyse théorique doit nécessairement précéder la récolte des faits. 5. La définition préalable de la « religion » soumise à l'investigation psychologique postule la collaboration entre théologiens et psychologues.
Christian teacher training institutions in the developing countries since World War I: The second level
Authors: Spencer A.E.C.W. 
Published: March 2007

En 1964-65, les écoles normales rattachées aux Eglises chrétiennes en Afrique étaient au nombre de 654, ce qui représentait 40% du total de ces institutions au niveau secondaire, 22% étant catholiques et 18% protestantes ou anglicanes. Dans la partie de l'Asie qui n'est pas sous régime communiste, il y en avait 214, soit 6% du total de ces institutions: 4% étant catholiques et 2% protestantes. En Océanie, on en comptait 20, ce qui constituait 27% de l'ensemble: 19% étaient catholiques et 8% protestantes. Pour l'Amérique latine les chiffres sont très peu certains et incomplets; il paraît cependant qu'en 1964-65 il y avait à peu près 1350 institutions, soit 27% du total de ces institutions au niveau secon daire : 26% seraient catholiques, tandis que les institutions protestantes n'atteindraient qu'1 %. Entre 1922 et 1964-65, le nombre d'étudiants des écoles normales protestantes africaines a augmenté dans une proportion de 393%, passant d'environ 6000 unités à 29.500; cette augmentation s'est produite dans sa quasi totalité après la deuxième guerre mondiale. La croissance est beaucoup moindre en Asie: 11% seulement. Ceci est partiellement dû à la perte totale des missions chinoises ainsi qu'au passage des institu tions de niveau secondaire au niveau supérieur. En Océanie le nombre d'étudiants a diminué: il a passé de 600 à 200. En Amérique latine il a augmenté d'environ 750%, les étudiants passant, après la seconde guerre mondiale, de 700 à environ 6000. Entre 1927 et 1964-65, le nombre d'étudiants des institutions catho liques africaines a fort augmenté: il est passé de 1900 à 37.000, soit une augmentation d'à peu près 1850%. Malgré la perte des missions de Chine, il y a eu en Asie (hormis les Philippines) une augmentation d'environ 140%: le nombre d'étudiants a passé de 5.250 à quelques 12.600. En Océanie cet accroissement a été de l'ordre de 540%, soit en chiffres absolus une augmentation allant de 80 unités à environ 500. En ce qui concerne l'Amérique latine, les données dont on dispose se limitent aux territoires de mission. Au niveau supérieur (universités et autres institutions d'enseignement supérieur), on dénombrait en Afrique environ 900 écoles normales chré tiennes, soit 5% du total de ce continent. En Asie, elles constituaient apparemment 40% du total des écoles (108.500 en chiffres absolus), mais il est possible que les données concernant le Japon (41.250, soit 61% du total national) soient inexactes. On ne peut rien affirmer de manière précise en ce qui concerne l'Amérique latine.
Quelques problemes posés par le dialogue entre Sociologie et Théologie pastorale
Authors: Dhooghe Jos 
Published: March 2007

This article deals with a concrete attempt to make socio logy relevant to pastoral action through dialogue with pastoral theology, without falling into the errors of former pastoral sociology. Four problem areas are identified: the normative character of theology, the fact that theology contains an implicit sociolo gical description of reality, the problems related to the fact that when theologians identify the « essence » of things, they state at the same time what reality « is » and « should be » whereas sociology is not interested in the « essence » and finally the problems related to the fact that theology pre tends to interpret aspects of reality in a prespective of « to tality ».
Religion in ,Britain : the Need for New Research Strategies (*)
Authors: Robertson. Roland , Campbell Colin 
Published: March 2007

En Grande-Bretagne, la sociologie de la religion ne réussit pas à pénétrer sous la « surface » des phénoménes religieux et à rendre compte de l'ensemble des variations et déviations que connaissent dans la culture les formes religieuses. On constate donc un profond décalage entre les objectifs de la recherche courante et l'insistance mise par les spéculations théoriques sur le caractère fondamental de la dimension reli gieuse. Aussi est-il nécessaire d'inventer de nouvelles stra~ tégies de recherche, qui relient la théorie et la recherche empirique. A la méthodologie habituelle du « coup par coup », on pour~ rait préférer une stratégie d'« éclectisme concerté », où se~ raient utilisées de manière coordonnée, dans des domaines historiques ou contemporains, des techniques réactives et non~ réactives. L'analyse historique est trop peu utilisée pour com~ prendre la dynamique du changement culturel. dans le reli~ gieux. Dans cette perspective, deux procédures semblent pleines de promesses : 1°) des monographies sur un choix de « sites culturels », 2°) des recherches explicites qui vont dans. le sens de l'étude des paliers « profonds » du champ religieux global. Il est cependant essentiel que ces recherches histori~ ques soient menées de pair avec des études de type ethno~ logique et soient centrées sur l'analyse des 'interactions qui lient les orientations générales des phénomènes et les formes concrètes des catégories culturelles inculquées. Ce n'est qu'à condition d'entreprendre des recherçhes où des stratégies com plémentaires seront coordonnées,, que l'on pourra analyser avec succès les bases fondamentales de la religion.
Chronique FERES Chronicle
Authors: Dubach Alfred Th. 
Published: March 2007

Uncertainty, of their-,role is, according to Swiss priests, the main reason why men leave the priesthood (This is leaving aside any question of their desire to have the right to marry). This article, based on research conducted in Switzerland during recent years on the professional situation of the priest, is an attempt to find out the root causes of the present role problem. In order to create a new professional role for the priest it is necessary to take the whole picture of modern society into account. It will only be possible to create this role if the church thinks of itself as a modern institution which provides services and can meet contemporary society on equal terms and on familiar ground. It follows that the priest must bè regarded, as with other professions, in terms directly related to the modern world of work and that comparable professional conditions must be created for him. In the con~ text of modern society, the priest will only achieve authority and status if he can offer special talents and is capable of benefiting from the experience of modern management.
The Secular Practice and the Spirit of Religion
Authors: Goodridge R. Martin 
Published: March 2007

Argumentant à partir du fait que des « pratiques séculières » en parfait accord avec l'esprit du capitalisme se sont déve loppées parmi certaines élites européennes bien avant le XVI e siècle, l'auteur réexamine les thèses de Max Weber concernant l'éthique protestante. Il présente une typologie des attitudes et des actions pro fanes indicatrices de ces « pratiques séculières ». Il en fait une analyse quantitative et qualitative parmi les élites urbai nes à partir du XIe siècle. C'est au sein de ces élites qu'un dissentiment religieux se manifeste le plus tôt : dès le Moyen Age. Ceux qui mani festent ces « pratiques séculières » étaient les plus disposés à participer aux mouvements dissidents du XVIe siècle. L'auteur exprime enfin le souhait que, dans l'analyse socio logique, l'explication historique soit menée tant en termes subjectifs qu'en termes objectifs, assumant ainsi la dialectique qui existe entre, d'une part les attitudes et les pratiques quoti diennes et, d'autre part, les cadres institutionnels.
Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Textiles
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Harrist Milton 
Published: March 2007

One factor influencing the suitabilty of fabrics for clothing is resistance to the passage of water vapor. Measurement of the low resistances of woven fabrics requires a different technique from that for the high resistances of waterproofing and packaging materials, since the resistances are close to that of air itself, which may be used as a convenient comparison standard. The resistance of a woven fabric depends on the kind of fiber, the thickness, and its tightness of weaving. With glass and vinyon, the resistance increases rapidly with density, showing that the main pathway through these materials is the air spaces. With cotton, viscose rayon, and wool, the tightest weaving produces resistances only four to eight times that of air, whereas those of ordinary fabrics range from two to four times that of air. This indicates that significant amounts of water vapor travel through the substance of the fibers themselves, which is confirmed by ex periments on viscose film (cellophane). Nylon and cellulose acetate are intermediate. The effects of resistant fibers are seen when the fraction of the volume occupied by fiber exceeds 40 percent; below this level all fabrics are closely similar, since the low-resistance pathway through the air spaces is sufficiently available.
Wool Shrinkproofing Studies
Authors: Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2007

The influence of inorganic salts on reaction and clearing rates for treatment of wool in neutral solution with potassium permanganate has been studied. In addition to the manganese dioxide deposited on the fiber, reaction in distilled water produces a manganese dioxide sol, which makes qualitative observation of per manganate exhaustion difficult. No sol forms in salt solutions. Permanganate exhaustion is fastest at low salt concentration and slowest in zero and saturated salt solutions. Above 1 molar added salt concentration, the permanganate exhaustion rates are in the order: NaNO3 > NaCl > Na2SO4. The nature of the salt has no effect on exhaustion rates below 1 molar. The variation in reaction rate with salt concentration may be explained in terms of either fiber or solution properties. However, activation energy for the reaction is in the range 5,500 to 8,000 cal/mole, which suggests that the rate-controlling step is diffusion through surface solution rather than diffusion through the fiber. Rates of bisulfite clearing of manganese dioxide deposited on the fiber increase for permanganate treatments in increasing salt concentrations and reflect the depth of deposition of manganese dioxide. This is confirmed by optical microscopy. Treatment of wool with aqueous permanganate, followed by bisulfite clearing, results in a wool weight decrease, which is greatest for treatments in saturated salt solutions.
The Stress Relaxation and Set of Wool Fibers with Particular Reference to Their Structure and Mechanical Properties-
Authors: Munakata Hideaki 
Published: March 2007

The stress-strain relationship of wool fibers subjected to setting treatment has been investigated using a universal tensile tester. The amount of stress relaxation of wool fibers held strained in a setting medium varies in accordance with fiber stram, but these stresses reach a constant value with respect to fiber strain at the same duration of setting, and this stress value is almost constant over a wide range of setting conditions. The stress-relaxation process may be divided by this value into two stages : the first rapid relaxation of stress may be attributable to the noncrystalline regions of wool fibers, and the second stage to the crystalline regions. It is only at the second stage that the fiber begins to acquire a set. The significance of the constant stress value is discussed in terms of a model of wool fiber and Flory's theory of elastic mechanisms in fibrous proteins. An attempt is made to explain the stress-strain curves and the setting mechanism of wool fibers using this model and the concept of helix-random coil equilibrium of α-helices in microfibrils.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Freeston W. Denney , Platt Milton M. 
Published: March 2007

Theoretical analyses of the effects of fiber diameter, fiber tensile and torsional stiff ness, fiber distribution and fabric density on the bending rigidity of nonwoven fabrics are presented. The fibers are assumed to exhibit linear tensile and shear stress-strain behavior. The two extreme cases of complete freedom and no freedom of relative fiber motion are analyzed. A comparison is made between the predicted and experimentally observed bending rigidities of a waterlaid, nonwoven fabric composed of short, straight viscose rayon fibers.