bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The microglial "activation" continuum: from innate to adaptive responses
Authors: Town Terrence , Nikolic Veljko , Tan Jun 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Microglia are innate immune cells of myeloid origin that take up residence in the central nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis. While classically regarded as macrophage-like cells, it is becoming increasingly clear that reactive microglia play more diverse roles in the CNS. Microglial "activation" is often used to refer to a single phenotype; however, in this review we consider that a continuum of microglial activation exists, with phagocytic response (innate activation) at one end and antigen presenting cell function (adaptive activation) at the other. Where activated microglia fall in this spectrum seems to be highly dependent on the type of stimulation provided. We begin by addressing the classical roles of peripheral innate immune cells including macrophages and dendritic cells, which seem to define the edges of this continuum. We then discuss various types of microglial stimulation, including Toll-like receptor engagement by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, microglial challenge with myelin epitopes or Alzheimer's β-amyloid in the presence or absence of CD40L co-stimulation, and Alzheimer disease "immunotherapy". Based on the wide spectrum of stimulus-specific microglial responses, we interpret these cells as immune cells that demonstrate remarkable plasticity following activation. This interpretation has relevance for neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases where reactive microglia play an etiological role; in particular viral/bacterial encephalitis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease.
Determination of Cerium in Ferrous Alloys
Authors: Steinberg Ralph H. 
Published: November 2005

The method is applicable to the determination of cerium in cast iron, carbon and stainless steel. The cerium is co-precipitated with barium as fluorides in an hydrochloric-perchloric acid solution. The ignited precipitate is analyzed spectrographically using the D.C. arc. The lowest detectable amount is of the order of .003% cerium for stainless and somewhat lower for iron and steel. Synthetic standards for comparison are made by the addition of a standardized cerium solution to a cerium-free alloy similar to the unknown and then carried through the procedure simultaneously.
Spectrographic Analysis of Potassium in Urine and Feces Using the Copper Electrodes
Authors: Honma M. , O'Connor J. D. 
Published: November 2005

A spectrographic method for the determination of various elements in urine and feces has been developed using the copper spark method. This study is concerned with the rapid determination of potassium whose analysis is carried out simultaneously with several elements. Since most of the sensitive lines of the various elements occur in the ultra violet region, the analysis of potassium had to be done in this region. The copper spark method eliminates the troublesome cyanogen spectra in the ultra violet thus enabling the use of the 4047.2 Å line of potassium for analysis. Reproducibility data are presented and the spectrographic method is compared to the conventional gravimetric perchlorate method. The results indicate fairly close correlation. The solution method has been used throughout this work and modified techniques in the handling of standard and analysis solution are described. This procedure is well adapted for the use in routine analysis of potassium in ashed urine and feces samples.
Infrared Method for the Determination of Alpha (2-4-6), Beta (2-3-4), Gamma (2-4-5) Trinitrotoluene and 2–4 Dinitrotoluene in Admixtures Such as Found in TNT Exudates
Authors: Pristera Frank 
Published: November 2005

An infrared method has been developed for the determination of alpha, beta, gamma Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2–4 Dinitrotoluene (DNT) in admixture. The method has been applied to synthetic mixtures where the alpha TNT ranged from 70 to 94% and the beta TNT, gamma TNT and 2–4 DNT each ranged from 2 to 10%. The average differences between the values found and the true values were as follows: Alpha TNT — 1.24% Beta TNT — 0.23% Gama TNT — 0.19%; 2–4 DNT — 0.08%. The method involves making absorbance measurements of a 25% solution of the sample in benzene at the peaks of the 9.23, 9.36, 11.57 and 12.44 micron bands which are respectively those of alpha TNT, 2–4 DNT, gamma TNT and beta TNT. The measured absorbances, after being corrected for solvent and cell absorbance, were calculated to percent of alpha, beta, gamma TNT and 2–4 DNT by the method of successive approximations.
Applicability of Controlled Atmosphere Excitation to Spectrographic Methods of Analysis of Aluminum Alloys from Compacted Chips
Authors: Goldspiel S. , Bernstein F. 
Published: November 2005

For further improvement of reproducibility of intensity ratios of constituent vs. aluminum lines, noted when argon atmospheres were used in the spark excitation of aluminum alloy (Alcoa 24S) chip compacts,1 a study was made of the effects of the following factors: chip size, carbon bonding, shape of pellet, sample pellet to sample pellet and to carbon electrode forms. The results show that unbonded, flat tipped pellets to carbon counter-electrodes produce the most desirable combination. Chip size does not have a significant influence on the results. Analytical working curves for Mn, Mg, and Si covering the percentage ranges found in Alcoa types 14S, 17S, A17S and 24S were obtained for flat pellet versus pellet and versus carbon electrode forms. The slopes of all curves for the latter combinations are essentially the same as those for working curves obtained by the use of the conventional solid aluminum disc vs. carbon counter-electrode in air. Lateral shifts of curves for pellets in argon are in a direction indicating a decrease in energies available to neutral atom transitions. Standard errors of estimate, except for Mn, are nearly twice those for the conventional technique indicating need of additional improvement in the pellet form and size for more reproducible sample material.
The Application of Infrared Spectrophotometry to Quantitative Measurements: Statistical Studies of Absorption Intensity Reproducibility
Authors: Bowman Harry M. , Tarpley William B. 
Published: November 2005

Because of its imporatnce in quantitative measurements, the degree of reproducibility of infrared absorption intensity measurements during one day, from day to day, and over an extended time interval of several months, has been studied. Polystyrene films and wire screens were proved to have satisfactory stability for use as standard samples in this study. Absorbance values used in this study were collected on a custom built double beam instrument as well as on two Perkin-Elmer double beam instruments. The data have been treated statistically. Comparable absorbance reproducibility was obtained with all three instruments but absorbance level shifts were observed. Instrumental, operational and sample variables which contribute to lack of absorbance reproducibility have been considered. Recommendations are included which should interest instrument users as well as instrument producers.
Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectrophotometric Analysis of an Insect Repellent Mixture
Authors: Sassaman Warren A. , Cohen S. P. 
Published: November 2005

A spectrophotometric procedure employing measurements in both the ultraviolet and infrared regions was developed to determine the concentrations of N-butyl acetanilide, benzyl benzoate, 2-ethyl, 2-butyl propanediol-1,3 and Tween 80, in a mixture containing only these four components. The first two components have relatively strong absorptivities in the ultraviolet at 227.5 and 280.3 millimicrons, while the latter two have absorption bands at the infrared wavelengths, 8.99 and 9.60 microns. By substituting the absorptivities at these wavelengths in a set of four simultaneous equations, the percentage of each component in an insect repellent mixture is calculated.
X-Ray Spectroscopic Determination of Columbium and Tantalum in Rare-Earth Ores
Authors: Mortimore D. M. , Romans P. A. , Tews J. L. 
Published: November 2005

A method is presented in this paper for the analysis of columbium and tantalum in monazite or similar ores. This method involves the use of x-ray spectroscopic techniques employing the latest instrumentation. The intensity of the columbium and tantalum spectra is calculated and related to corresponding zirconium and hafnium spectra as internal standards. These intensity ratios are then converted to concentrations by the use of typical working curves. The lower concentration limit is 0.05 percent for columbium and 0.2 percent for tantalum, and the standard deviation is approximately 5 percent at concentrations of 2 percent of either element. Single determinations can be made in 40 minutes.
The Spectrochemical Analysis of Beryllium in Ore, Air and Solutions
Authors: Kehres Paul W. , Poehlman Wm. J. 
Published: November 2005

A spectrographic method is described for the determination of beryllium oxide in. beryl ore in the range of 6–12%. The sample is mixed with iron oxide, lithium carbonate and graphite, briquetted, and excited in the A.C. spark. The amount of beryllium is determined by comparing the density of Be 3321.343 to Fe 3021.073. In addition, the method of Cholak and Hubbard for the determination of beryllium has been extended to a wide variety of industrial solutions and its sensitivity increased quantitatively to 0.00025-micrograms of Be per milliliter of solution.
Neuronal Computation of Disparity in V1 Limits Temporal Resolution for Detecting Disparity Modulation
Authors: Nienborg Hendrikje , Bridge Holly , Parker Andrew J. , Cumming Bruce G. 
Published: November 2005

The human ability to detect modulation of binocular disparity over time is poor compared with detection of luminance modulation. We examined the physiological origin of this limitation by analyzing neuronal responses to temporal modulation of binocular disparity in striate cortex of awake monkeys.When neurons were presented with random-dot stereograms in which disparity varied sinusoidally over time, their responses modulated at the stimulus temporal frequency, with little change in mean firing rate. We calculated modulation amplitude as a function of temporal frequency and compared this with the psychophysical performance of four human observers. Neuronal and psychophysical functions showed similar peak frequencies (2 Hz) and comparable high-cut frequencies (10 and 5.5 Hz, respectively). Thus, V1 (primary visual cortex) neurons appear to limit psychophysical performance.The temporal resolution of the same neurons for contrast modulation was ∼2.5 times greater, which parallels the superior psychophysical performance for contrast. There is a simple mathematical explanation for this difference: it results from calculating cross-correlation between temporally broadband monocular images that are bandpass filtered before measuring correlation.The limit on temporal resolution is a direct consequence of the binocular energy model that adds to the list of properties of human stereoscopic performance that are explained by this simple model of disparity encoding in V1: the same neurons can account for the performance of psychophysical tasks that result in either high (contrast) or low (disparity) temporal resolution. Because this principle holds whenever a broadband input is bandpass filtered before computing correlation, it may limit the resolution of other neuronal systems.
A Population-Based Study to Determine the Performance of the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale to Predict the Mental Developmental Index at 18 Months on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Vincer Michael J. , Cake Heather , Graven Michael , Dodds Linda , McHugh Shelly , Fraboni Theresa 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. To determine optimal ages to perform the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) and optimal “cutoff” score of the CAT/CLAMS to screen very preterm infants (&lt;31 weeks) for severe cognitive-adaptive delay and to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios using optimal cutoff scores compared with the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II.
Methods. A population-based cohort of very preterm infants who were born to mothers who resided in Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, and 18 months’ corrected gestational age, which included a CAT/CLAMS by a physician. At 18 months’ corrected gestational age, each child was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, the “gold standard” for developmental delay in young infants. The results of each CAT/CLAMS was compared with the 18-month MDI to identify significant developmental delay (MDI &lt;70).
Results. Optimal scores on the CAT/CLAMS to identify correctly MDI &lt;70 were determined by using the κ statistic for chance independent agreement. Sensitivities and specificities for optimal cutoff scores were as follows: 4-month score &lt;109 (88% and 37%), 8-month score &lt;98 (75% and 82%), 12-month score &lt;81 (63% and 99%), and 18-month score &lt;83 (88% and 98%).
Conclusion. Sensitivity and specificity of the CAT/CLAMS are high in very preterm infants at identifying major developmental delay at 12 and 18 months. For follow-up programs without psychology services, the CAT/CLAMS at 12 and 18 months is a reasonable screening tool to determine which children need expedited psychology referral for cognitive delay.
Relevance for browsing, relevance for searching
Authors: Bodoff David 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe concept of relevance has received a great deal of theoretical attention. Separately, the relationship between focused search and browsing has also received extensive theoretical attention. This article aims to integrate these two literatures with a model and an empirical study that relate relevance in focused searching to relevance in browsing. Some factors affect both kinds of relevance in the same direction; others affect them in different ways. In our empirical study, we find that the latter factors dominate, so that there is actually a negative correlation between the probability of a document's relevance to a browsing user and its probability of relevance to a focused searcher.
On a versatile second‐order multivariate calibration method based on partial least‐squares and residual bilinearization: Second‐order advantage and precision properties
Authors: Olivieri Alejandro C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe successful combination of unfolded partial least‐squares (U‐PLS) and residual bilinearization (RBL) constitutes a second‐order multivariate calibration method capable of achieving the second‐order advantage. RBL is performed by varying the test sample scores in order to minimize the residues of a combined U‐PLS/singular value decomposition model (SVD), using a Gauss–Newton (GN) procedure. The sample scores are then employed to predict the analyte concentration, with regression coefficients taken from the calibration step. The technique is able to handle calibration information when only certain analyte concentrations or reference properties are known, as is customary for PLS models. It has been successfully applied to model systems showing linear dependency due to pH equilibria or reaction kinetics, and experimental data aimed at the quantitation of analytes in complex samples. The predictive ability has been compared to those of parallel factor analysis and bilinear least‐squares (BLLS). The precision properties of the U‐PLS/GN‐RBL model have been investigated with the aid of Monte Carlo noise addition, and also by a new theoretical approach to sensitivity calculations. The results show good agreement between theory and simulations, and indicate that the precision and sensitivity of the U‐PLS/GN‐RBL method are comparable to other second‐order multivariate algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reactions Activated by ZnF2 Chiral Diamine in Aqueous Media
Authors: Hamada Tomoaki , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric Mannich‐type reactions of an α‐hydrazono ester with silicon enolates in aqueous media have been developed by using ZnF2 and chiral diamines as catalysts. In these reactions, both Zn2+ and a fluoride anion were necessary to achieve high yields and enantioselectivities, suggesting a double activation mechanism, in which Zn2+ activates the α‐hydrazono ester and the fluoride anion simultaneously activates the silicon enolate. When chiral diamine ligands bearing methoxy‐substituted aromatic rings were employed, the reactions in aqueous THF were markedly accelerated. Furthermore, the use of these diamines facilitated the asymmetric Mannich‐type reactions in water without any organic cosolvents. It is noteworthy that either syn or anti adducts were stereospecifically obtained from (E)‐ or (Z)‐silicon enolates, respectively. Interestingly, these reactions proceeded smoothly only in the presence of water. On the basis of several experimental results, it can be concluded that the reaction mechanism is likely to be a fluoride‐catalyzed one, in which the ZnF2 chiral diamine complex is regenerated from the Me3SiF formed during the reaction.
Bright White Light Through Up‐Conversion of a Single NIR Source from Sol—Gel Derived Thin Film Made with Ln3+‐Doped LaF3 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Sivakumar Sri , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. , Raudsepp Mati 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lanthanide Oxotantalates of Formula LnTaO4 (Ln: La—Nd, Sm—Lu).
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Lissner Falk , Nikelski Tanja , Meier Steffen F. , Mueller‐Bunz Helge , Schleid Thomas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amine‐Templated Uranyl Selenates with Layered Structures. Part 1. Structural Diversity of Sheets with a U:Se Ratio of 1:2.
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. , Kahlenberg Volker , Tananaev Ivan G. , Myasoedov Boris F. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,2,3‐Triazole as a Safer and Practical Substitute for Cyanide in the Bruylants Reaction for the Synthesis of Tertiary Amines Containing Tertiary Alkyl or Aryl Groups.
Authors: Prashad Mahavir , Liu Yugang , Har Denis , Repic Oljan , Blacklock Thomas J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of Orthoesters with Alcohols in the Presence of Acidic Catalysts: A Study.
Authors: Kumar H. M. Sampath , Joyasawal Sipak , Reddy B. V. S. , Chakravarthy P. Pawan , Krishna A. D. , Yadav J. S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
P(i‐BuNCH2CH2)3N: An Efficient Promoter for the Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction of Aryl Fluorides with Aryl TBDMS (or TMS) Ethers.
Authors: Urgaonkar Sameer , Verkade John G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ortho‐Lithiation of S‐tert‐Butyl‐S‐phenylsulfoximines. New Route to Enantiopure Sulfinamides via a De‐tert‐Butylation Reaction.
Authors: Gaillard Stephane , Papamicael Cyril , Dupas Georges , Marsais Francis , Levacher Vincent 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 3‐Methyl‐4‐oxo‐6‐phenyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzofuran‐2‐carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester Derivatives as Potent Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Hayakawa Ichiro , Shioya Rieko , Agatsuma Toshinori , Sugano Yuichi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphinoselenothioic Acids and Their Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reaction with Electrophiles.
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Murai Toshiaki , Miwa Akihiro , Kurachi Daisuke , Yoshikawa Haruhisa , Kato Shinzi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Anodic Cyanation of (‐)‐N‐Phenyl‐2‐methylpiperidine: A Short Synthesis of (+)‐Solenopsin A and (+)‐Isosolenopsin A.
Authors: Girard Nicolas , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Toupet Loic , Moinet Claude 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Production of Carbon Nanofibers in High Yields Using a Sodium Chloride Support.
Authors: Geng Junfeng , Kinloch Ian A. , Singh Charanjeet , Golovko Vladimir B. , Johnson Brian F. G. , Shaffer Milo S. P. , Li Yali , Windle Alan H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemiluminescence in the Reactions of Uranium and Lanthanides
Authors: Kazakov V. P. , Ostakhov S. S. , Kazakov D. V. , Mamikin A. V. , Antipin V. A. , Klimina S. N. , Khazimullina L. N. , Kochneva O. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymorphism Driven by π–π Stacking and van der Waals Interactions: Preparation and Characterization of Polymorphic Vanadium Crystals of [VVO(Hacshz)(OEt)] and [VIV(Hacshz)2]
Authors: Jin Yinshi , Lah Myoung Soo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPolymorphic mono‐oxo mono‐alkoxo square‐pyramidal [VVO(Hacshz)(OEt)] (where Hacshz2– is a doubly deprotonated dianionic acetylacetosalicylhydrazone; thick plate‐shaped dark‐greenish‐brown crystals for 1a and block‐shaped dark‐reddish‐brown crystals for 1b) and mononuclear trigonal‐prismatic [VIV(Hacshz)2] (block‐shaped dark‐bluish‐brown crystals for 2a and triangular‐shaped dark‐violet crystals for 2b) were synthesized and characterized. The crystals were prepared by simple addition of vanadium(III) acetylacetonate to an ethanol solution of salicylhydrazide (H3shz). Depending on the ratio of the ligand to the metal ion, the extent of exposure to molecular oxygen, and the filtration of the intermediate, various polymorphs could be obtained as both mixtures and pure forms. A common π–π stacked dimeric species was observed in both polymorphs 1a and 1b. The dimeric species behaves as a common repeating motif, but in different interaction modes. A second type of π–π interaction, in addition to van der Waals interactions, was observed in crystals of 1a, while only van der Waals interactions were observed in crystal 1b. Another type of π–π‐stacked dimeric vanadium(IV) species again behaves as a repeating motif in crystals of 2a and 2b, but in different interaction modes. The thermal properties, such as the decomposition behavior and melting points, of the two different polymorphs of the same vanadium complexes are very similar but not identical. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Nucleobases with Arylboronic Acids: An Efficient Access to N‐Arylnucleobases
Authors: Yue Yang , Zheng Zhang‐Guo , Wu Bo , Xia Chuan‐Qin , Yu Xiao‐Qi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn efficient avenue for the direct N‐arylation of nucleobases with arylboronic acids that is catalyzed by simple copper salts was discovered. The N‐arylnucleobases were obtained in excellent yields at room temperature within 45 min when methanol and water were used as a mixed solvent. Under these conditions, the coupling reaction tolerates both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents at the o‐, m‐, or p‐positions of phenylboronic acid and gives the corresponding coupling products in moderate to excellent yields. Experimental results show that this route is the most efficient, facile, and mild method for the synthesis of N‐arylnucleobases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)