bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of metabolic drugs and fish oil in HIV‐positive patients with metabolic complications and associations with dyslipidaemia and treatment targets
Authors: Normén L , Yip B , Montaner J , Harris M , Frohlich J , Bondy G , Hogg RS 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors (PI) is successful in suppressing viral replication, but may lead to a range of metabolic abnormalities associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).ObjectivesThe first objective of the study was to compare baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between PI users and non‐PI users referred to a specialized metabolic clinic during 1999–2003. The second objective was to assess the associations of prescription drugs and fish oil with dyslipidaemia and to determine whether or not patients achieved treatment targets during 6 months of treatment.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using two sets of charts based on standardized forms with entries for personal data, drug treatment and clinical history. Anonymous linkage with the British Columbia HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program and the hospital laboratory was performed to gather information about HAART prescriptions and blood work.ResultsIn total, 237 patients were included in the study. There were few differences in any demographic or clinical factors between PI users and non‐PI users. Compared with controls not taking lipid‐lowering drugs or fish oil (n=48), statins appeared to be the only agent that was significantly associated with a reduced total cholesterol concentration (−15.6%; P=0.009). Fibrate treatment was associated with the largest reduction of triglyceride concentration (−37.4%; P=0.012), closely followed by fish oil (n=18;−32%; P=0.027). Six‐month treatment success rates ranged between 17 and 43% of patients for total cholesterol (<5.2 mmol/L) and between 15 and 44% of patients for triglycerides (<2.3 mmol/L).ConclusionsDespite the apparent lowering of blood lipids with drug and fish oil treatments, a majority of patients in these treatment groups (56.5–83.3%) still had elevated concentrations after 6 months.
Nevirapine‐associated toxicity in HIV‐infected Thai men and women, including pregnant women
Authors: Phanuphak N , Apornpong T , Teeratakulpisarn S , Chaithongwongwatthana S , Taweepolcharoen C , Mangclaviraj S , Limpongsanurak S , Jadwattanakul T , Eiamapichart P , Luesomboon W , Apisarnthanarak A , Kamudhamas A , Tangsathapornpong A , Vitavasiri C , Singhakowinta N , Attakornwattana V , Kriengsinyot R , Methajittiphun P , Chunloy K , Preetiyathorn W , Aumchantr T , Toro P , Abrams EJ , El‐Sadr W , Phanuphak P 
Published: July 2007

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, nevirapine (NVP)‐associated hepatotoxicity and rash in HIV‐infected Thai men and women, including pregnant women, receiving NVP‐containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).MethodsNVP‐containing HAART was prescribed to eligible men and women enrolled in the Prevention of Mother‐To‐Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and MTCT‐Plus programmes. All pregnant women received zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/NVP from >14 weeks of gestational age if their CD4 cell count was ≤200 cells/μL or from >28 weeks if their CD4 cell count was >200 cells/μL. Patients followed for at least 8 weeks after starting HAART or until delivery were included in the analyses.ResultsOf 409 patients, 244 were pregnant women, 87 were nonpregnant women and 78 were men. Hepatotoxicity occurred in 15.6% of all patients. Men had a significantly higher rate of asymptomatic hepatotoxicity (P=0.021). Pregnant women receiving HAART for PMTCT (92% had CD4 cell counts >250 cells/μL) had a significantly higher rate of symptomatic hepatotoxicity (P=0.0003) than pregnant women receiving HAART for therapy. Rash occurred in 16.1% of all patients. The patients' sex and baseline CD4 cell count were not associated with the risk of hepatotoxicity or rash. NVP was discontinued in 4.2% and 6.8% of patients because of hepatotoxicity and rash, respectively.ConclusionsThe incidence of NVP‐related hepatotoxicity and rash in Thai adults is similar to incidences reported for other populations. While larger studies are needed, our data support continued use of NVP‐containing regimens as first‐line treatment in developing countries for HIV‐infected patients, including pregnant women. Pregnant women with high CD4 cell counts may experience higher rates of symptomatic hepatotoxicity and thus require careful clinical and laboratory monitoring.
Ferritin levels during structured treatment interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Boom J , Kösters E , Duncombe C , Kerr S , Hirschel B , Ruxrungtham K , De Mast Q , Kosalaraksa P , Ulbolyam S , Jupimai T , Ananworanich J ,   the Staccato Study Group
Published: July 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on iron status and, conversely, the influence of iron status on the response to HAART.MethodsFerritin levels were retrospectively determined in stored plasma from 138 HAART‐naïve, moderately immunosuppressed HIV‐infected Thai patients participating in a structured treatment interruption trial. Ferritin levels were determined at three predefined time‐points: (1) HAART initiation; (2) HAART discontinuation; and (3) HAART resumption.ResultsAt baseline, 31% and 16% of the HIV‐infected patients included in the study had high (>200 ng/mL) and low (<30 ng/mL) ferritin levels, respectively. Ninety‐five per cent of patients with low ferritin levels were female. Ferritin decreased significantly during the interruption phase of HAART (−8.8 ng/mL; P=0.0005) but remained elevated in 62% of the patients with high baseline levels. A low baseline ferritin level was associated with a shorter time (P=0.041) to reach the CD4 cell target for HAART interruption (350 cells/μL), compared with a normal or high baseline ferritin level. Moreover, in a multivariate model, the relative risk (RR) of arriving at this CD4 cell target was significantly higher [RR 1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–3.14] in patients with low baseline ferritin. It is unlikely that inflammation affected ferritin in our patients, as mean levels of C‐reactive protein were not elevated in patients with either high or low ferritin levels.ConclusionsBoth high and low ferritin levels were highly prevalent in moderately immunosuppressed HIV‐positive Thai patients. Structured treatment interruption of HAART resulted in a significant decrease in overall ferritin levels. Furthermore, subjects with low baseline ferritin levels had a faster and greater CD4 response to HAART, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of iron deficiency on immunological recovery after initiation of HAART.
No differences in caspase‐3 and Bax expression in atrophic‐erosive vs. reticular oral lichen planus
Authors: Bascones‐Ilundain C , González‐Moles MÁ , Campo‐Trapero J , Gil‐Montoya JA , Esparza‐Gómez GC , Cano‐Sánchez J , Bascones‐Martínez A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  Caspase‐3 (CPP32) and Bax expression levels in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions are considered reliable markers of apoptosis. The malignant transformation of OLP remains a very controversial matter. The objective of this study was to compare histological and apoptotic phenomena between atrophic‐erosive and reticular forms of OLP.Methods  Analysis was conducted of biopsy samples from 18 patients with reticular and 14 with atrophic‐erosive OLP. Conventional histology techniques were used to quantify histological markers of OLP and peroxidase/anti‐peroxidase techniques to determine apoptosis markers caspase‐3 (CPP32) and Bax.Results  More Civatte bodies and lymphocyte exocytosis were observed in atrophic‐erosive than reticular OLP samples, without any statistical difference. No statistical significant differences in caspase‐3 expression were found between these OLP forms in suprabasal layer (58.3% vs. 43.8%), basal layer (83.3% vs. 68.8%) or infiltrate (69.2% vs. 46.6%). Bax expression was relatively infrequent, and no differences were observed between atrophic‐erosive and reticular forms.Conclusions  The low frequency of apoptotic phenomena (caspase‐3 and Bax) in epithelial cells of OLP may create a favourable substrate for malignant transformation. However, there does not seem to be an association with the clinical form (atrophic‐erosive or reticular).
HOME ECONOMICS AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM
Authors: WHYTE JUDITH 
Published: July 2007

In the debate about the case for a common curriculum in secondary education, home economics has perhaps been somewhat later than other subject areas to put forward a rationale for the inclusion of home economics. There is considerable uncertainty about the best strategy to be adopted: ‘…home economists in education will need to be vigilant in order to ensure that the subject is given its rightful place in any major revision of the middle school curriculum…’ (A. R. Mathieson).This paper is an attempt to define potential strategies for home economics as a secondary school subject, particularly in the light of recent interest in sex differentiation and sex typing in the secondary curriculum.
CLOTHING PRACTICES OF KOREAN FEMALE IMMIGRANTS IN CHICAGO
Authors: KWON YOON‐HEE 
Published: July 2007

The relationship between the process of cultural assimilation reflected in the clothing practices of Korean female immigrants and their pre‐immigration and post‐immigration factors were investigated. This was done by examining the relationships between frequency of wearing western dress over Korean traditional dress, the rate of transition from Korean made dress to American dress, and Korean female immigrants’ pre‐immigration and post‐immigration factors. The data were collected from 219 Korean female immigrants in Chicago during the summer of 1978. The regression analysis revealed that the frequency of usage of western dress over Korean traditional dress was more significantly related to the pre‐immigration factors than the post‐immigration factors. The transition from Korean made dress to American dress was found to be more significantly related to the post‐immigration factors than the pre‐immigration factors. This finding suggests that the sudden change of cultural environment has a definite impact on the abandonment of Korean traditional dress and transition from Korean made western dress to American dress.The finding also leads to the conclusion that the usage of traditional dress is more affected by the nature of occasions, special versus non‐special, than the difference of social contacts between Korean and American.
An application of the learning process to student use of microcomputers
Authors: KEAN RITA C. 
Published: July 2007

Persons in the manufacturing and retail professions will continue to increase utilization of computer technology to assist in merchandising and management operations, and students need to be familiar with the use of technology as a tool.Attention needs to be directed at the underlying objectives for using microcomputers in the learning process. This paper focuses on the intergration of selected cognitive principles of instruction for developing a course in which students use the microcomputer as an analytical and evaluative tool.
Consumer understanding of food irradiation
Authors: FORD NORMA J. , RENNIE DENISE M. 
Published: July 2007

The Government commissioned the Advisory Committee on Irradiated and Novel Foods (ACINF) to review the available data on the wholesomeness and safety of irradiated food. In 1986 the committee concluded that irradiation of food was safe and recommended that the process be legalized.This research attempted to discover whether the public were willing to buy irradiated food, and the reasons for their views. It also focused upon people's understanding of food irradiation and the terminology currently used to describe other food processes.There was an overwhelming reluctance on the part of respondents to say they would be willing to purchase irradiated food that was clearly linked in many cases to concerns about health risks. Generally people knew very little about the food irradiation process, but this was also found to be true for many commonly used food terms.If food irradiation is to be a commercial success, the attitudes of the public to the process must be overcome. A public education programme that conveyed the advantages and potential disadvantages of the process would be a useful starting point. Nevertheless, it must be borne in mind that the underlying suspicion of irradiation may be deep rooted and have a continuing adverse effect.
Analysis of tenure choice and housing expenditure patterns
Authors: HUANG CHUNG L. , RAUNIKAR ROBERT 
Published: July 2007

This study employs a selectivity model to account for the simultaneity existing between determinations of tenure status and level of spending. Important socio‐economic characteristics affecting housing tenure were identified. Results indicate that income had a more important effect on the housing expenditures of renters than owners at a lower household income level. The race of the household head had a significant effect on variations in housing expenditures for owners but not for renters, suggesting that race may be a more important factor in owner‐occupant than in renter‐occupant housing.While household size may be an important factor in a family's decision‐making in terms of buying a home, it is suggested that once tenure status is selected family size had no significant impacts on housing expenditures. Similarly, married couples were most likely to own their own homes than were other household types; however, married households did not spend more or less than other types of households on either owned or rented accommodation. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that in assessing empirical results, attention should be given to meaningful interpretation of estimated selectivity effects as well as to testing for occurrence of selectivity bias.
Influence of apparel quality knowledge, purchase attitudes and demographics on patronage preferences of rural and urban women
Authors: SUMMERS TERESA A. , WOZNIAK PATRICIA J. 
Published: July 2007

The influence of extrinsic cues (price, quality, store image), intrinsic cues (apparel quality knowledge) and demograpics on the store‐patronage preferences of rural and urban consumers was determined. Multiple linear regression was used to generate three predictor models of store patronage (P < 0.05) for 192 rural and 149 urban women responding to a mail survey on attitudes toward discount stores. No differences were noted in attitudes of rural and urban consumers. Attitudes toward apparel price, quality and store image in discount and non‐discount stores were much better predictors of store‐patronage preferences than were apparel quality knowledge and demographic characteristics.The results of this study may help retailers in defining and reaching their target markets and help educators in assisting students to understand consumer‐purchase attitudes and patronage preferences.
Assessing nutritional adequacy of Americans based on individual food intake patterns
Authors: HUANG CHUNG L. , MISRA SUKANT K. 
Published: July 2007

The study assumes that different food patterns are the major attributes that contribute and affect the adequacy of an individual's diet and nutritional status. Analysis of dietary patterns provides a means for generalization of the diversity of diets among individuals. It also provides a basis for assessing the nutritional adequacy of such diets. The study uses individual food intake data obtained from the 1977–1978 USDA Nationwide Household Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) to classify individuals into groups of similar food consumption patterns. Nutritional profiles associated with each identified food pattern were evaluated to determine the nutritional adequacy of such diets.To analyse nutritional adequacy, the study identifies four major dietary patterns based on cluster analysis. The concepts of nutrient density and index of nutritional quality were then used to assess the adequacy of each food pattern and to identify groups of individuals that may be at risk for malnutrition and other health concerns. Furthermore, regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between individuals' socioeconomic characteristics and selected nutrient density of their diets.
Spatial behaviour of rural consumer households in highly developed economies. Survey results for Western Germany
Authors: CÉCORA J. 
Published: July 2007

This contribution attempts to identify effects of residential location of rural family households on their economic behaviour. Economic behaviour is understood to be reflected in the total spectrum of income and allocation of household resources. A holistic approach must go beyond activity on the labour and consumer markets and include non‐market (‘informal’) activities of household members, taking into account domestic production of goods and services, interaction within social networks, the use of public commercial infrastructure, etc.The cost of living depends, among other things, on patterns of consumption, on regional price levels for consumer breadbaskets, as well as on costs involved in reaching public and commercial points of distribution. These factors result themselves from the interplay of economic forces giving rise to identifiable ‘economic territories’ and ‘market areas’ and ultimately to observable consumptive behaviour and ‘activity spaces’ of individual private households.Since data was available only for our rural survey households, comparative analysis of locational aspects was limited to consumption expenditures for which data could be found in administrative statistics for households in urban and periurban areas. The rural survey sample was found to have a higher average level and a different structure of expenditures when compared with their non‐rural counterparts. At the same time, a preliminary effort was made in our own rural survey sample to determine the importance of non‐market consumption for rural households. This included household consumption of domestic self‐services (‘housework’), the utility value of owner‐occupied dwellings, do‐it‐yourself production of substitutes for commercial goods and services, and exchanges within social networks. Results of this initial investigation of non‐market elements of the household economy indicated that they were very important for the household's level‐of‐living and that they had a potential for compensating inequalities due to different degrees of access to market resources. Household strategies for optimizing their resource allocation to both market and non‐market consumption were also examined.In general, ‘objective’ criteria and ‘subjective’ assessments by the survey households with respect to living conditions in rural Western Germany were found to give a positive image of rural life; however, differences in resource allocation strategies for market consumption between urban and rural households having been confirmed above, the question remains for future research about possible locational differences in household acquisition and use of non‐market resources.
Study of food preferences of an elderly population receiving meals on wheels in Nottinghamshire
Authors: TILSTON COLIN H. , NEALE ROGER J. , GREGSON KEITH , PRICE ALISON 
Published: July 2007

A survey of 900 meals on wheels (MOW) recipients (20% total client sample) in all areas of the county of Nottinghamshire (East Midlands of England with a population approximately one million) aimed to evaluate consumer food preferences in the existing MOW provision of both main and sweet courses. A self‐completed questionnaire was administered by Nottinghamshire County Council Social Services Department in November 1992. A response rate of 52% allowed calculations of preference rating on a scale of 1 to 5 (poor to excellent) to be made for the seven districts and two city areas of the county.Overall for the whole county there was a distinctive pattern of main course preference, the most popular being the sliced meat courses but in different areas of the county and city of Nottingham there was a very big range in preference rating for various types of main meal provision. In a similar manner the sweet courses provided an overall distinctive preference pattern across the county with apple pie and ‘Blackwell’ tart achieving the highest grades. Across the various districts and areas of Nottingham, however, these preference ratings were very variable with some areas giving almost all dishes scores above average while others gave nearly all dishes scores below average.The reasons for these variations in food preference are not known in the various areas but if poor preference rating leads to low food intake then these elderly people are very likely to be at nutritional risk.
Media portrayal of foods during Saturday morning television programming and in children's magazines
Authors: WARNKE MICHELE R. , ALBRECHT JULIE A. 
Published: July 2007

Eating habits are established in childhood and media portrayal of foods may affect food choices of children. To determine how foods are portrayed by the media, the contents of Saturday morning television programmes and commercials and three children's magazines were analysed.Foods portrayed during Saturday morning television programmes and commercials and in children's magazines were categorized as normal ‘food use’ (97.1% and 86.0%, respectively). Foods on television (91.3%) and in magazines (77.4%) were portrayed in a positive context. Foods were more often portrayed neutrally in magazines (206%) than on television (64%). The number of fruits and vegetables mentioned or shown on television did not statistically differ from the number of breads or cereals (P ≥ 0–05). In contrast, when combined as one group. fruits and vegetables that were included in magazines appeared more often than bread or cereals (P ≤ 0.05). Eighty per cent of all foods mentioned/shown on Saturday morning television were part of commercials, whereas only 12% of all foods in magazines were located in advertisements.Results indicate that opportunities exist in print and electronic media to convey positive nutritional messages about foods to children.
Future trends in professional cleaning
Authors: AULANKO MARJA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to outline how cleaning work will be perceived some 5‐10 years from now by people performing cleaning work in practice. No significant innovations are expected regarding cleaning agents, equipment and machinery. It is apparent that the job description of cleaners will undergo repeated changes in the future. Cleaning will require more planning. Persons performing cleaning work will be acting as marketing agents of their own work. Professional training in the field must be made attractive and training courses eligible. Adding the environmental aspect to cleaning might improve the common image of the profession.