bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative proteomic analysis to study molecular events during gonad development in mice
Authors: Wilhelm Dagmar , Huang Eugene , Svingen Terje , Stanfield Scott , Dinnis Diane , Koopman Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSex determination represents a critical bifurcation in the road of embryonic development. It is based on a finely regulated network of gene activity, as well as protein–protein interactions and activation or silencing of signaling pathways. Despite the identification of a number of critical genes, many aspects of the molecular cascade that drives the differentiation of the embryonic gonad into either a testis or an ovary remain poorly understood. To identify new proteins involved in this cascade, we employed two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to compare the protein expression profiles of fetal mouse testes and ovaries. Three proteins, hnRPA1, TRA1, and HSC71, were found to be expressed in a male‐specific manner and this expression was confirmed by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization. Moreover, HSC71 was found to be hyperphosphorylated in male compared to female gonads, emphasizing the advantage of the proteomic approach in allowing the detection of posttranslational modifications. genesis 44:168–176, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of a mouse with conditionally activated signaling through the BMP receptor, ALK2
Authors: Fukuda Tomokazu , Scott Gregory , Komatsu Yoshihiro , Araya Runa , Kawano Masako , Ray Manas K. , Yamada Masahisa , Mishina Yuji 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBMP signaling plays pleiotropic roles in various tissues. Transgenic mouse lines that overexpress BMP signaling in a tissue‐specific manner would be beneficial; however, production of each tissue‐specific transgenic mouse line is labor‐intensive. Here, using a Cre‐loxP system, we generated a conditionally overexpressing mouse line for BMP signaling through the type I receptor ALK2 (alternatively known as AVCRI, ActRI, or ActRIA). By mating this line with Cre‐expression mouse lines, Cre‐mediated recombination removes an intervening floxed lacZ expression cassette and thereby permits the expression of a constitutively active form of Alk2 (caAlk2) driven by a ubiquitous promoter, CAG. Tissue specificity of Cre recombination was monitored by a bicistronically expressed EGFP following Alk2 cDNA. Increased BMP signaling was confirmed by ectopic phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 in the areas where Cre recombination had occurred. The conditional overexpression system described here provides versatility in investigating gene functions in a tissue‐specific manner without having to generate independent tissue‐specific transgenic lines. genesis 44:159–167, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo imaging and differential localization of lipid‐modified GFP‐variant fusions in embryonic stem cells and mice
Authors: Rhee Jerry M. , Pirity Melinda K. , Lackan Chantal S. , Long Jonathan Z. , Kondoh Gen , Takeda Junji , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe visualization of live cell behaviors operating in situ combined with the power of mouse genetics represents a major step toward understanding the mechanisms regulating embryonic development, homeostasis, and disease progression in mammals. The availability of genetically encoded fluorescent protein reporters, combined with improved optical imaging modalities, have led to advances in our ability to examine cells in vivo. We developed a series of lipid‐modified fluorescent protein fusions that are targeted to and label the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane, and that are amenable for use in mice. Here we report the generation of two strains of mice, each expressing a spectrally distinct lipid‐modified GFP‐variant fluorescent protein fusion. The CAG::GFP‐GPI strain exhibited widespread expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, while the CAG::myr‐Venus strain exhibited widespread expression of a myristoyl‐Venus yellow fluorescent protein fusion. Imaging of live transgenic embryonic stem (ES) cells, either live or fixed embryos and postnatal tissues demonstrated that glycosylphosphatidyl inositol‐ and myristoyl‐tagged GFP‐variant fusion proteins are targeted to and serve as markers of the plasma membrane. Moreover, our data suggest that these two lipid‐modified protein fusions are dynamically targeted both to overlapping as well as distinct lipid‐enriched compartments within cells. These transgenic strains not only represent high‐contrast reporters of cell morphology and plasma membrane dynamics, but also may be used as in vivo sensors of lipid localization. Furthermore, combining these reporters with the study of mouse mutants will be a step forward in understanding the inter‐ and intracellular behaviors underlying morphogenesis in both normal and mutant contexts. genesis 44:202–218, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiwet scrubbing: Design and operational experience of a state‐of‐the‐art unit
Authors: Spooren Tom , Raveel Ann , Adams Bart , Du Toit Gerrit , Waller Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSemiwet scrubbers are used for the removal of acid components from flue gases in a variety of thermal processes. The focus of this study is application of the technology in the recently commissioned municipal waste incinerator of the Isle of Man, characterized by considerable variations in the pollutant concentrations and the gas flow rate. The concept and principles, the design procedure, and the performance of the scrubber are discussed. The latter is illustrated by means of detailed operational data over extended periods. Special design features include adjustable guiding vanes in the diffuser, advanced temperature control for optimum removal efficiency, and advanced lime‐dosing control for minimal reagent consumption.Long‐term results indicate that the scrubber allows continuous operation below the current EU emission limit values for acid gas components (averages of 8 mg HCl per Nm3 and 14 mg SO2 per Nm3). Furthermore, operation and maintenance experience indicates optimal spray pattern control, illustrated by low moisture content of the residues (average of 2%), no handling or transport problems, and the total absence of lime caking on the reactor walls. Finally, the influence of operational parameters such as the reaction temperature and the inlet pollutant level are shown by means of industrial‐scale measurements in the reference plant. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Essential oil composition of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. from the Northern Himalayan region of India
Authors: Khan Merajuddin , Verma S. C. , Srivastava S. K. , Shawl A. S. , Syamsundar K. V. , Khanuja S. P. S. , Kumar Tej 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe leaves of Indian yew Taxus wallichiana, growing in Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir, on hydrodistillation, gave 0.025% oil on a fresh weight basis. GC and GC‐MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 62 constituents, representing 93.3% of the oil. The main constituents identified in the leaf oil were (E)‐2‐octen‐1‐ol (14.5%), n‐pentacosane (8.1%), caryophyllene oxide (7.1%), 1‐octanol (6.5%), hexanoic acid (5.5%) and (Z)‐3‐hexenol (4.1%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of essential oils of Hoslundia opposita Vahl. from Ivory Coast.
Authors: Tonzibo Z. F. , Coffy A. Ahibo , Chalachat J. C. , N'guessan Y. T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHoslundia opposita Vahl. was collected in different locations on the Ivory Coast. Samples of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed variability in the chemical composition of the oils. Four chemotypes of H. opposita were identified: the essential oil from Dabou (south) was rich in germacrene D (31.1%); the oil from Guiglo (west) contained a combination of β‐caryophyllene (13.3%), germacrene D (24.1%) and benzyl benzoate (30.1%); in the essential oil from Agboville (southeast) the major constituents were menthol (10.9%), thymol (13.9%), β‐caryopyllene (20.5%) and germacrene D (10.7%). The oil from Bouake (centre) was characterized by β‐caryophyllene (24.8%) and germacrene D (24.1%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil composition of devil's club, Oplopanax horridus J. E. Smith Miq.
Authors: Garneau Francois‐X. , Collin Guy , Gagnon Hélène , Jean France‐I. , Strobl Herbert , Pichette André 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oil of the stems and the roots of Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus J.E. Smith Miq.) growing wild in British Columbia, Canada, was investigated. The oils were analysed by GC and GC/MS and (E)‐nerolidol was found to be the major constituent in both the stems (54.5%) and the roots (54.6%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of perfume compounds in shampoo using solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Chen Yong , Frédéric Begnaud  , Chaintreau Alain , Pawliszyn Janusz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMethods for the quantitative analysis of perfume compounds in shampoo were developed using SPME (solid‐phase microextraction). The method development started with the extraction of the perfume compounds from water, and subsequently from shampoo aqueous dispersion. It was observed that the addition of salts decreased the extraction efficiencies with the concentration of shampoo in water as low as 0.1% in contrast to the effect of the salt in water. Step‐by‐step optimization to increase extraction efficiency and minimize matrix effect was investigated. Dilution of shampoo with water was found to be an efficient method for quantification. It decreased the viscosity of the shampoo and increased the concentration of free analytes. Largely diluted shampoos enabled an efficient SPME extraction and allowed the use of a unified calibration applicable to different types of shampoo. The exhaustive SPME extraction of small amounts of sample, e.g. 50 µl, provided another fast quantitative method. This unprecedented work presents quantitative methods for the analysis of perfume compounds in shampoo. This research extends the knowledge of perception and reconstitution of perfume compounds in shampoo, and facilitates development of new detergent products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescence imaging after HSV amplicon vector delivery into brain
Authors: Pike Lisa , Petravicz Jeremy , Wang Samuel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundFirefly luciferase (Fluc) has routinely been used to quantitate and analyze gene expression in vitro by measuring the photons emitted after the addition of ATP and luciferin to a test sample. It is now possible to replace luminometer‐based analysis of luciferase activity and measure luciferase activity delivered by viral vectors directly in live animals over time using digital imaging techniques.MethodsAn HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc cDNA from an inducible promoter was delivered to cells in culture and into the mouse brain. In culture, expression of Fluc was measured after induction in a dose‐dependent manner by a biochemical assay, and then confirmed by Western blot analysis and digital imaging. The vectors were then stereotactically injected into the mouse brain and Fluc expression measured non‐invasively using bioluminescence imaging.ResultsRapamycin‐mediated induction of Fluc from an HSV amplicon vector in culture resulted in dose‐dependent expression of Fluc when measured using a luminometer and by digital analysis. In mouse cortex, a single injection of an HSV amplicon vector (2 µl, 1 × 108 transducing units (t.u.)/ml) expressing Fluc from a viral promoter (CMV) was sufficient to detect robust luciferase activity for at least 1 week. Similarly, an HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc under an inducible promoter was also detectable in the mouse cortex after a single dose (2 µl, 1 × 108 t.u./ml) for up to 5 days, with no detectable signal in the uninduced state.ConclusionsThis HSV amplicon vector‐based system allows for fast, non‐invasive, semi‐quantitative analysis of gene expression in the brain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of CID spectra of singly charged polypeptide antibiotic precursor ions obtained by positive‐ion vacuum MALDI IT/RTOF and TOF/RTOF, AP‐MALDI‐IT and ESI‐IT mass spectrometry
Authors: Pittenauer Ernst , Zehl Martin , Belgacem Omar , Raptakis Emmanuel , Mistrik Robert , Allmaier Günter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVarious classes of polypeptide antibiotics, including blocked linear peptides (gramicidin D), side‐chain‐cyclized peptides (bacitracin, viomycin, capreomycin), side‐chain‐cyclized depsipeptides (virginiamycin S), real cyclic peptides (tyrocidin, gramcidin S) and side‐chain‐cyclized lipopeptides (polymyxin B and E, amfomycin), were investigated by low‐energy collision induced dissociation (LE‐CID) as well as high‐energy CID (HE‐CID). Ion trap (IT) based instruments with different desorption/ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP‐MALDI) and vacuum MALDI (vMALDI) as well as a vMALDI‐time‐of‐flight (TOF)/curved field‐reflectron instrument fitted with a gas collision cell were used. For optimum comparability of data from different IT instruments, the CID conditions were standardized and only singly charged precursor ions were considered. Additionally, HE‐CID data obtained from the TOF‐based instrument were acquired and compared with LE‐CID data from ITs. Major differences between trap‐based and TOF‐based CID data are that the latter data set lacks abundant additional loss of small neutrals (e.g. ammonia, water) but contains product ions down to the immonium‐ion‐type region, thereby allowing the detection of even single amino‐acid (even unusual amino acids) substitutions. For several polypeptide antibiotics, mass spectrometric as well as tandem mass spectrometric data are shown and discussed for the first time, and some yet undescribed minor components are also reported. De novo sequencing of unusually linked minor components of (e.g. cyclic) polypeptides is practically impossible without knowledge of the exact structure and fragmentation behavior of the major components. Finally, the described standardized CID condition constitutes a basic prerequisite for creating a searchable, annotated MSn‐database of bioactive compounds. The applied desorption/ionization techniques showed no significant influence on the type of product ions (neglecting relative abundances of product ions formed) observed, and therefore the type of analyzer connected with the CID process mainly determines the type of fragment ions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A (4R)‐Hydroxy‐L‐proline‐derived chiral scaffold and its oligomers as chiral selectors in liquid chromatography chiral stationary phases for enantioseparation
Authors: Sancho Raquel , Pérez Anna M. , Minguillón Cristina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe chromatographic behaviour of a poly‐L‐proline‐derived chiral stationary phase (CSP) is compared to the corresponding single proline‐derived CSP. Structurally diverse racemic test compounds and mobile phases, including normal‐ and RP conditions, were used. Although the application domain of the poly‐L‐proline‐derived CSP (CSP‐3) was considerably restricted, this CSP showed a higher retention and a slightly broader application domain than the monomeric analogue (CSP‐1) when heptane/2‐PrOH was used as mobile phase. The presence of an alcohol in the mobile phase was essential for enantioseparation in the poly‐L‐proline‐derived CSP when normal‐phase conditions were applied.
Time‐resolved fluorescence studies of energy migration in acenaphthylene‐containing polymers
Authors: Smith Trevor A , Ghiggino Kenneth P 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe rate and efficiency of energy migration in a series of polymers containing the acenaphthylene chromophore were investigated. Both poly(acenaphthylene) homopolymer [P(ACE)] and an acenaphthylene/maleic anhydride copolymer [P(ACE/MA)] were studied by time‐resolved fluorescence methods. Magic‐angle fluorescence decays and time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements on these polymers were carried out in low‐temperature glasses and analysed in terms of rapid energy migration occurring between the ACE chromophores. In the case of P(ACE) the rate of complete fluorescence depolarisation was found to be greater than 2 × 1010 s−1, suggesting extremely rapid excitation energy migration. The rate of energy migration was slowed significantly to ∼3.8 × 109 s−1 in the case of P(ACE/MA). These findings are supported by analysis of the magic‐angle fluorescence decays analysed using the model developed by Fredrickson and Frank. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Shell‐like structure of valence band orbitals of silicon nanocrystals in silica glass
Authors: Kroll Peter , Schulte Hendrik J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractQuasi‐spherical Si nanocrystals with diameters from 0.8 to 1.6 nm are embedded into amorphous SiO2 networks and further optimized using density functional methods. After relaxation the nanocrystals exhibit a smooth interface without defects to the glass matrix. Tensile strain is observed within the nanocrystalline core, with a maximum strain for sub‐surface Si atoms close to the suboxide interface. We find the highest occupied states of the valence band being located at Si–Si bonds close to the interface forming a shell‐like structure around the central core of the nanocrystal. The lowest unoccupied states are centered within the nanocrystal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Doped Face‐Centered Cubic Fe Nanoparticles
Authors: Wei Bingqing , Shima Mutsuhiro , Pati Ranjit , Nayak Saroj K. , Singh David J. , Ma Renzhi , Li Yubao , Bando Yoshio , Nasu Saburo , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe magnetism of Fe and its alloys has been at the center of scientific and technological interest for decades. Along with the ferromagnetic nature of body‐centered cubic Fe, the magnetic properties of face‐centered cubic (fcc) Fe have attracted much attention. It is well known that fcc Fe is thermodynamically unstable at ambient conditions and not ferromagnetic. Contrary to what is known, we report that elongated nanoparticles of fcc Fe, grown within graphitic nanotubes, remain structurally stable and appear ferromagnetic at room temperature. The magnetic moment (2±0.5 μB) in these nanoparticles and the hyperfine fields for two different components of 57Fe (33 and 21 T), measured by Mössbauer spectroscopy, are explained by carbon interstitials in the expanded fcc Fe lattice, that is, FeCx where x≈0.10, which result in the formation of a dominant Fe4C stoichiometry. First‐principles calculations suggest that the ferromagnetism observed in the fcc Fe is related to both lattice expansion and charge transfer between iron and carbon. The understanding of strain‐ and dopant‐induced ferromagnetism in the fcc Fe could lead to the development of new fcc Fe‐based alloys for magnetic applications.
Crystallographic Order in Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized in the Presence of Nitrogen
Authors: Ducati Caterina , Koziol Krzystof , Friedrichs Steffi , Yates Timothy J. V. , Shaffer Milo S. , Midgley Paul A. , Windle Alan H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMulti‐walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition from pure toluene and toluene/diazine mixtures using ferrocene as a catalyst precursor at 760 °C. As recently announced,[1] characterization of the resulting nanotube films showed that, unlike pure carbon nanotubes, those grown in the presence of nitrogen have an extremely high degree of internal order, both in terms of the uniform chirality in the nanotube walls and of the crystallographic register between them. Here, the structure, defects, and morphology of the nanotubes were analyzed in depth using advanced electron microscopy techniques, and compared with existing models and observations. Nitrogen, which seems to be responsible for the dramatic structural order, was found to segregate preferentially within the core of the nanotubes.
Beitrag zur Geschichte plastischer Berechnungsmethoden im Stahlbau
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen , Huerta Santiago 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJacques Heyman (Bild 1b) leistete einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Baustatik im 20. Jahrhundert. Nach seinem Studium trat er dem berühmten Team unter der Leitung von John Fleetwood Baker (1901–1985) (Bild 1a) in Cambridge bei, das die Grundlagen für die Berechnung von Stahlskelettkonstruktionen nach der Plastizitätstheorie entwickelte. Baker hatte zwischen 1928 und 1936 für das Steel Structures Research Committee (SSRC) an der Entwicklung einer rationellen Methode für die Schnittkraftberechnung von Rahmenkonstruktionen nach der Elastizitätstheorie gearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeiten konnten erstmals Versuche an ausgeführten Bauwerken durchgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse waren überraschend, denn entgegen der vorherrschenden Meinung stellte sich heraus, daß die Schnittkraftberechnung nach der Elastizitätstheorie nicht geeignet war, den tatsächlichen Zustand von Stahlkonstruktionen vorherzusagen. Diese Einsicht veranlaßten Baker , eine andere Forschungsrichtung einzuschlagen. 1936 reiste Baker zur IVBH‐Konferenz nach Deutschland, wo er Verbindung mit einer Reihe von Wissenschaftlern aus Mitteleuropa knüpfte, die sich bereits seit über zwei Jahrzehnten mit der Erforschung des elastoplastischen Verhaltens von Stahlträgern befaßt hatten. Nach seiner Rückkehr setzte er seine Forschungsarbeiten in diesem Bereich an der Universität von Bristol fort. Er wiederholte die Versuche von Hermann Maier‐Leibnitz (1885–1962) und führte eine eigene Versuchsreihe an Rahmenkonstruktionen durch. Diese Arbeiten wurden durch den 2. Weltkrieg unterbrochen, konnten aber nach Kriegsende in Cambridge fortgesetzt werden und wurden durch die Bücher “The steel skeleton” [1], [2] sowie “Plastic design of portal frames” [3] gekrönt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bridging generations: Applying “adult” leadership theories to youth leadership development
Authors: MacNeil Carole A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe vast literature related to adult leadership has very little to say about youth leadership. Adult leadership literature tends to focus on issues of authority (voice, influence, and decision‐making power). In contrast, youth leadership literature tends to focus on issues of ability (skills, knowledge, and talents). The author explores the difference and attempts to bridge the gap.
Exploring youth leadership in theory and practice
Authors: Klau Max 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe author of this chapter draws on adult leadership literature by presenting the adaptive leadership model. He then presents case studies of three existing youth leadership education programs, viewed through the lens of the adaptive leadership model. The analysis explores the conceptions of leadership that inform each program, the pedagogies employed by each program to teach leadership, and the alignment that exists between theory and practice. The study concludes with a grounded theory exploration of the theories and pedagogies employed in youth leadership education in the field today.
Phytosociology of subalpine coniferous forests in Korea I. Syntaxonomical interpretation
Authors: Song Jong Suk 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn phytosociological studies of Korean subalpine confierous forests of the class Vaccinio‐Piceetea Br.‐Bl. 1939, new two alliances are described. They are Abieti nephrolepidis‐Piceion jezoensis of the Korean Peninsula and Abietion koreanae on Mt. Halla, Cheju Island. The former contains three associations: (1) Taxo‐Pinetum pumilae song et Nakanishi 1985, (2) Thujo‐Abietetum nephrolepidis assoc. nov. and (3) Abieti koreanae‐Piceetum jezoensis assoc. nov. The latter contains two associations: (1) Saso‐Abietelum koreanae Song et Nakanishi 1985 with two subassociations and (2) Betulo saitoanae‐Abietetum koreanae Song et Nakanishi 1985 em. The ecological and phytogeographical relationships of the vegetation units are described and discussed.