bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the importance of fishing impacts on Hawaiian coral reef fish assemblages along regional-scale human population gradients
Authors: WILLIAMS I. D. , WALSH W. J. , SCHROEDER R. E. , FRIEDLANDER A. M. , RICHARDS B. L. , STAMOULIS K. A. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYHumans can impact coral reef fishes directly by fishing, or indirectly through anthropogenic degradation of habitat. Uncertainty about the relative importance of those can make it difficult to develop and build consensus for appropriate remedial management. Relationships between fish assemblages and human population density were assessed using data from 18 locations widely spread throughout the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) to evaluate the significance of fishing as a factor potentially driving fish trends on a regional scale. Fish biomass in several groups was negatively correlated with local human population density and a number of lines of evidence indicate that fishing was the prime driver of those trends. First, declines were consistently evident among fish groups targeted by fishers, but not among lightly fished or non-target groupings, which indicates that declines in target groups were not simply indicative of a general decline in habitat quality along human population gradients. Second, proximity to high human populations was not associated with low fish biomass where shoreline structure prevented ready access by fishers. Relatively remote and inaccessible locations within the MHI had 2.1–4.2 times the biomass of target fishes compared to accessible and populous locations, and may therefore function as partial refugia. However, stocks in those areas were clearly far from pristine, as biomass of large predators was more than an order of magnitude lower than at more intact ecosystems elsewhere in the Pacific.
REAL ZEROS OF ALGEBRAIC POLYNOMIALS WITH STABLE RANDOM COEFFICIENTS
Authors: FARAHMAND K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe consider a random algebraic polynomial of the form Pn,θ,α(t)=θ0ξ0+θ1ξ1t+⋯+θnξntn, where ξk, k=0,1,2,…,n have identical symmetric stable distribution with index α, 0<α≤2. First, for a general form of θk,α≡θk we derive the expected number of real zeros of Pn,θ,α(t). We then show that our results can be used for special choices of θk. In particular, we obtain the above expected number of zeros when $\theta _k={n\choose k}^{1/2}$. The latter generate a polynomial with binomial elements which has recently been of significant interest and has previously been studied only for Gaussian distributed coefficients. We see the effect of α on increasing the expected number of zeros compared with the special case of Gaussian coefficients.
Methods to calculate normal tissue complication and tumour control probabilities for fractionated inhomogeneous dose distribution of intensity-modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Kehwar T.S. , Bhardwaj Anup K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives: This study is designed to present and evaluate radiobiological-based dose–volume histogram (DVH) reduction schemes to calculate normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumour control probability (TCP) for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).Methods: The proposed DVH reduction schemes were derived for 2 Gy per fraction and prescribed dose per fraction for critical organs and tumours, respectively. Sample computed tomography scans were used to generate two IMRT plans to deliver 54 Gy to PTV1 and 24 Gy to PTV2 via sequential IMRT boost (SqIB) and simultaneous integrated IMRT boost (SIB) plans. Differential DVHs were used to calculate effective volumes using published values of related parameters of critical organs and prostate.Results: NTCP values for bladder were almost zero for both IMRT plans. The plots between k and NTCP for rectum and femurs (k = 0.1–1.0) show higher NTCP for SqIB than that for SIB. The TCP decreases with increasing clonogenic cell density and is higher for SIB than that for SqIB for all clonogenic cell densities. The value of α proposed by Brenner and Hall shows very low radio sensitivity of clonogens of the prostate, which gives very low TCP for conventional doses of 70–80 Gy delivered in 7–8 weeks, even for very low clonogenic cell density in the prostate.Conclusion: The presented DVH reduction schemes have radiobiological bearing and therefore seem to be effective in calculating fairly accurate NTCP and TCP.
Open Notebook Science - Falcipain-2 Preliminary Results
Authors: Bradley Jean-Claude , Rosenthal Philip , Guha Rajarshi , Mirza Khalid , Gut Jiri 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis talk was presented by Jean-Claude Bradley at the American Chemical Society meeting in Philadelphia on August 20, 2008. An introduction to Open Notebook Science is presented followed by an illustration of how ONS can be used in drug discovery. New data relating to the anti-malarial activity of Ugi products on 2 falcipain-2 docking sites is detailed. The docking calculations were provided by Rajarshi Guha and the enzyme and in vitro assays on Plasmodium falciparum were provided by Phil Rosenthal and Jiri Gut. Most of the syntheses were carried out by Khalid Mirza in the Bradley group.Screencast available at: "http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3251406956070376532&hl=en":http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3251406956070376532&hl=en
Salt-stress-induced association of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with clathrin-coated vesicles in plants
Authors: König Sabine , Ischebeck Till , Lerche Jennifer , Stenzel Irene , Heilmann Ingo 
Published: August 2008

Plants exposed to hyperosmotic stress undergo changes in membrane dynamics and lipid composition to maintain cellular integrity and avoid membrane leakage. Various plant species respond to hyperosmotic stress with transient increases in PtdIns(4,5)P2; however, the physiological role of such increases is unresolved. The plasma membrane represents the outermost barrier between the symplast of plant cells and its apoplastic surroundings. In the present study, the spatio-temporal dynamics of stress-induced changes in phosphoinositides were analysed in subcellular fractions of Arabidopsis leaves to delineate possible physiological roles. Unlabelled lipids were separated by TLC and quantified by gas-chromatographic detection of associated fatty acids. Transient PtdIns(4,5)P2 increases upon exposure to hyperosmotic stress were detected first in enriched plasmamembrane fractions, however, at later time points, PtdIns(4,5)P2 was increased in the endomembrane fractions of the corresponding two-phase systems. When major endomembranes were enriched from rosette leaves prior to hyperosmotic stress and during stimulation for 60 min, no stress-induced increases in the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P2 were found in fractions enriched for endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei or plastidial membranes. Instead, increased PtdIns(4,5)P2 was found in CCVs (clathrin-coated vesicles), which proliferated several-fold in mass within 60 min of hyperosmotic stress, according to the abundance of CCV-associated proteins and lipids. Monitoring the subcellular distribution of fluorescence-tagged reporters for clathrin and PtdIns(4,5)P2 during transient co-expression in onion epidermal cells indicates rapid stress-induced co-localization of clathrin with PtdIns(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane. The results indicate that PtdIns(4,5)P2 may act in stress-induced formation of CCVs in plant cells, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of the phosphoinositide system between organismic kingdoms.
Genetically modified adenoviral vector with the protein transduction domain of Tat improves gene transfer to CAR-deficient cells
Authors: Liu Shihai , Mao Qinwen , Zhang Weifeng , Zheng Xiaojing , Bian Ye , Wang Dongyang , Li Huijin , Chai Lihong , Zhao Junli , Xia Haibin 
Published: August 2008

The transduction efficiency of Ad (adenovirus) depends, to some extent, on the expression level of CAR (coxsackievirus and Ad receptor) of a target cell. The low level of CAR on the cell surface is a potential barrier to efficient gene transfer. To overcome this problem, PTD.AdeGFP (where eGFP is enhanced green fluorescent protein) was constructed by modifying the HI loop of Ad5 (Ad type 5) fibre with the Tat (trans-activating) PTD (protein transduction domain) derived from HIV. The present study showed that PTD.AdeGFP significantly improved gene transfer to multiple cell types deficient in expression of CAR. The improvement in gene transfer was not the result of charge-directed binding between the virus and the cell surface. Although PTD.AdeGFP formed aggregates, it infected target cells in a manner different from AdeGFP aggregates precipitated by calcium phosphate. In addition, PTD.AdeGFP was able to transduce target cells in a dynamin-independent pathway. The results provide some new clues as to how PTD.AdeGFP infects target cells. This new vector would be valuable in gene-function analysis and for gene therapy in cancer.
Case Studies in Effective Treatment of Central Auditory Processing Disorders
Authors: Ferre Jeanane M. , Wickman Fotini M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The behavioral characteristics of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) are similar to those of other neurocognitive and communicative disorders. Differential diagnosis is used to “tease out” the auditory specific deficit. Differential intervention combines specific management strategies with specific rehabilitative procedures to minimize the impact of the CAPD and improve skills. A compelling body of research supports the use of specific types of therapeutic rehabilitation for listeners with CAPD; however, additional research is needed regarding treatment outcomes for specific auditory deficits. Single-subject case studies can provide evidence of treatment effectiveness in a clinical setting. This paper presents two cases that provide evidence that the inclusion of deficit specific auditory treatment into the overall intervention plan of students with specific central auditory processing disorder can reduce the deficit and minimize its impact in a relatively short period of time.
Toward Evidence-Based Practice in the Auditory Processing Disorder Clinic
Authors: Johnstone Patti M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAudiologists are seeking evidence to guide clinical decision-making regarding the tests used to diagnose auditory processing disorder (APD) in children. Novel research paradigms using a population health framework hold promise in helping clinicians understand the prevalence, profile, and social underpinnings of APD in the general pediatric population. In addition, tests employing novel stimuli like speech-evoked auditory potentials or spatial and vocal cues may lead the way toward a new and more reliable APD test battery.
Structural evidence for substrate‐induced synergism and half‐sites reactivity in biotin carboxylase
Authors: Mochalkin Igor , Miller J. Richard , Evdokimov Artem , Lightle Sandra , Yan Chunhong , Stover Charles Ken , Waldrop Grover L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBacterial acetyl‐CoA carboxylase is a multifunctional biotin‐dependent enzyme that consists of three separate proteins: biotin carboxylase (BC), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and carboxyltransferase (CT). Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase is a potentially attractive target for novel antibiotics because it catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis. In the first half‐reaction, BC catalyzes the ATP‐dependent carboxylation of BCCP. In the second half‐reaction, the carboxyl group is transferred from carboxybiotinylated BCCP to acetyl‐CoA to produce malonyl‐CoA. A series of structures of BC from several bacteria crystallized in the presence of various ATP analogs is described that addresses three major questions concerning the catalytic mechanism. The structure of BC bound to AMPPNP and the two catalytically essential magnesium ions resolves inconsistencies between the kinetics of active‐site BC mutants and previously reported BC structures. Another structure of AMPPNP bound to BC shows the polyphosphate chain folded back on itself, and not in the correct (i.e., extended) conformation for catalysis. This provides the first structural evidence for the hypothesis of substrate‐induced synergism, which posits that ATP binds nonproductively to BC in the absence of biotin. The BC homodimer has been proposed to exhibit half‐sites reactivity where the active sites alternate or “flip‐flop” their catalytic cycles. A crystal structure of BC showed the ATP analog AMPPCF2P bound to one subunit while the other subunit was unliganded. The liganded subunit was in the closed or catalytic conformation while the unliganded subunit was in the open conformation. This provides the first structural evidence for half‐sites reactivity in BC.
Crystal structure of the human receptor activity‐modifying protein 1 extracellular domain
Authors: Kusano Seisuke , Kukimoto‐Niino Mutsuko , Akasaka Ryogo , Toyama Mitsutoshi , Terada Takaho , Shirouzu Mikako , Shindo Takayuki , Yokoyama Shigeyuki 
Published: August 2008

AbstractReceptor activity‐modifying protein (RAMP) 1 forms a heterodimer with calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CRLR) and regulates its transport to the cell surface. The CRLR·RAMP1 heterodimer functions as a specific receptor for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). Here, we report the crystal structure of the human RAMP1 extracellular domain. The RAMP1 structure is a three‐helix bundle that is stabilized by three disulfide bonds. The RAMP1 residues important for cell‐surface expression of the CRLR·RAMP1 heterodimer are clustered to form a hydrophobic patch on the molecular surface. The hydrophobic patch is located near the tryptophan residue essential for binding of the CGRP antagonist, BIBN4096BS. These results suggest that the hydrophobic patch participates in the interaction with CRLR and the formation of the ligand‐binding pocket when it forms the CRLR·RAMP1 heterodimer.
Prion protein gene polymorphisms in sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Sotomaior C. S. , Sotomaior V. S. , Madeira H. M. F. , Thomaz‐Soccol V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo determine the polymorphisms of the prion protein gene in sheep from the state of Paraná, Brazil, 323 animals of meat breeds (Suffolk, Hampshire Down, Texel, Ile de France, Dorper, Dorset, Santa Inês and crossbreds) were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The most frequent allele was ARQ, with a frequency of 0.61, followed by ARR (0.30). VRQ and AHQ alleles were present at very low frequencies (0.13 and 0.05 respectively), and the ARH allele was not found. Seven genotypes were identified (ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, ARR/VRQ, ARR/AHQ, ARQ/VRQ and ARQ/AHQ), of which ARQ/ARQ was the most frequent (0.41). The Santa Inês breed and crossbred animals showed the highest genotypic variability.
IMPACT OF MULTIPLE GENE MUTATIONS IN DETERMINING THE SEVERITY OF CARDIOMYOPATHY AND HEART FAILURE
Authors: Tsoutsman Tatiana , Bagnall Richard D , Semsarian Christopher 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARY

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a primary cardiac disorder characterized by myocardial hypertrophy that demonstrates substantial diversity in both genetic causes and clinical manifestations.
Clinical heterogeneity can be explained by the causative gene (at least 13 have been identified to date), the position of the amino acid residue affected by a mutation within the protein (over 450 mutations have been reported to date) and modifying genetic and environmental factors.
Multiple mutations are found in up to 5% of human FHC cases, who typically present with a more severe phenotype compared with single‐mutation carriers (i.e. earlier onset of disease, greater left ventricular hypertrophy and a higher incidence of sudden cardiac death events).
Multiple mutations usually involve MYH7, MYBPC3 and, to a lesser extent, TNNI2, reflecting the higher contribution of mutations in these genes to FHC.
Multiple‐mutation mouse models appear to mimic the human multiple‐mutation phenotype and, thus, will help improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis. The models provide a tool for future studies of disease mechanisms and signalling pathways in FHC and its sequelae (i.e. heart failure and sudden death), thereby allowing identification of novel targets for potential therapies and disease prevention strategies.
Transiently increased colocalization of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 at single axon terminals during postnatal development of mouse neocortex: a quantitative analysis with correlation coefficient
Authors: Nakamura Kouichi , Watakabe Akiya , Hioki Hiroyuki , Fujiyama Fumino , Tanaka Yasuyo , Yamamori Tetsuo , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: August 2008

In the published paper of Nakamura et al. (2007), the double primes referred to in Figs 1, 2, 7 and 8 were corrupted throughout the text and legends at an early conversion stage of production. We apologise for any inconvenience caused and, for clarity, reproduce the whole paper again here on pages 1033–1046.ReferenceNakamura, K.,
Watakabe, A.,
Hioki, H.,
Fujiyama, F.,
Tanaka, Y.,
Yamamori, T. &
Kaneko, T. (2007) .
Eur. J. Neurosci., 26, 3054–3067.
AbstractVesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and VGLUT2 show complementary distribution in neocortex; VGLUT1 is expressed mainly in axon terminals of neocortical neurons, whereas VGLUT2 is located chiefly in thalamocortical axon terminals. However, we recently reported a frequent colocalization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 at a subset of axon terminals in postnatal developing neocortex. We here quantified the frequency of colocalization between VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunoreactivities at single axon terminals by using the correlation coefficient (CC) as an indicator in order to determine the time course and spatial extent of the colocalization during postnatal development of mouse neocortex. The colocalization was more frequent in the primary somatosensory (S1) area than in both the primary visual (V1) and the motor areas; of area S1 cortical layers, colocalization was most evident in layer IV barrels at postnatal day (P) 7 and in adulthood. CC in layer IV showed a peak at P7 in area S1, and at P10 in area V1 though the latter peak was much smaller than the former. These results suggest that thalamocortical axon terminals contained not only VGLUT2 but also VGLUT1, especially at P7–10. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed coexpression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs at P7 in the somatosensory thalamic nuclei and later in the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. As VGLUT1 is often used in axon terminals that show synaptic plasticity in adult brain, the present findings suggest that VGLUT1 is used in thalamocortical axons transiently during the postnatal period when plasticity is required.
DIONYSIUS IN HANS URS VON BALTHASAR AND JEAN‐LUC MARION
Authors: JONES TAMSIN 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article evaluates Jean‐Luc Marion's retrieval of Dionysius against the backdrop of the debate in recent continental philosophy over the identity and meaning of “negative theology”. Marion's interpretation and use of Dionysius draws heavily on that of Hans Urs von Balthasar, both in his manner of approaching Dionysius and with the central elements of the Corpus Dionysiacum upon which he focuses. Through this comparison, it is clear that different polemical and apologetic interests shape their similar but distinct retrievals. Marion, like Balthasar before him, is translating Dionysius for a new audience. With this translation, I argue that Marion provides a richer and more complex confrontation with Dionysius than has previously been offered within the contemporary discussions of “negative theology”.
Novel exon 1 progranulin gene variant in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Cortini F. , Fenoglio C. , Guidi I. , Venturelli E. , Pomati S. , Marcone A. , Scalabrini D. , Villa C. , Clerici F. , Dalla Valle E. , Mariani C. , Cappa S. , Bresolin N. , Scarpini E. , Galimberti D. 
Published: August 2008

Background and purpose:  Progranulin (PGRN) expression is increased in activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, suggesting a potential role in this pathology.Methods:  A mutation scanning of exons and flanking regions of PGRN was carried out in 120 patients with sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration and 145 with sporadic AD.Results:  Amongst variants not yet deposited, a novel allelic variant was identified in Exon 1 (g100169G > A). It leads to an amino acidic change (p.Gly35Arg) and was observed in a patient with late onset AD. In silico analysis predicted that this mutation is possibly damaging. A second variant (g.100165C > T), resulting in a silent mutation (pAsp33Asp), was found in a patient with semantic dementia and in another with early onset AD. Both variants were absent in 226 controls. In addition, two rare non‐pathogenic variants lying very close to PGRN splice‐site regions (IVS2 + 7→G > A and IVS7 + 7→G > A) were observed. Transcriptional analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients demonstrated they do not affect exon splicing.Conclusions:  A novel putative PGRN mutation leading to an amino acidic substitution was identified in a patient with clinical AD.
Migration and Transnational Families in Fiji: Comparing Two Ethnic Groups
Authors: Voigt‐Graf Carmen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the past two decades, international migration patterns out of Fiji have undergone changes with important implications for the formation of transnational families. The focus of this paper is on a comparison between the formation of Indo‐Fijian transnational extended families and indigenous Fijian transnational nuclear families. These are discussed within the framework of “transnational corporations of kin.”For several decades, Indo‐Fijians have permanently migrated to the Pacific Rim as a consequence of the economic and political situation in Fiji. They have resettled in complete nuclear family units and have subsequently attempted to sponsor the migration of their extended family members. Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of indigenous Fijians migrating temporarily for work. In contrast to Indo‐Fijians, indigenous Fijian migrate as individuals, leaving their spouses and children behind in Fiji. Women migrate autonomously as caregivers and nurses while men find employment as soldiers and security officers. The main purpose of their mostly temporary migration is to send remittances. However, these economic benefits have to be contrasted with the social and psychological costs associated with the separation of nuclear families. The paper also discusses policy implications arising from the comparative analysis, especially in the light of the current situation in Fiji which is characterised by a lack of policies addressing the implications of migration.