bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on the Bryozoan Pustulopora (Diaperoecia) intricaria Busk, 1875
Authors: Brood Krister 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBrood, K. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐10405 Stockholm, Sweden). Note on the Bryozoan Pustulopora (Diaperoecia) intricaria Busk, 1875. Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 231–233, 1976. —Investigations of primary types of the Recent bryozoan Pustulopora intricaria Busk, designated as the type species for the genus Diaperoecia Canu, 1918, show that a gonozooecium is not known in this species. The description of the gonozooecium in P. intricaria by Canu is based on illustrations of material collected on the Siboga expedition and erroneously identified as P. intricaria by Harmer in 1915. As both Diaperoecia and the family Diaperoecidae Canu were erected on the basis of the ovicellar shape it is here suggested that they should be rejected.
The Indian Economy
Authors: Lipton Michael 
Published: May 2008

To Feed This World: The Challenge and the Strategy. By Sterling Wortman and Ralph J. Cummings, Jr.World Industry Since 1960: Progress and Prospects. Special Issue of the Industrial Development Survey for the Third General Conference of UNIDO. The Economies of the Arab World (Volume 1) and The Determinants of Arab Economic Development (Volume 2). By Yusif A. Sayigh. The Role of Tariff Quotas in Commercial Policy. By Michael Rom. Food A id and the Developing World. By Christopher Stevens. The Inequality of Nations. By Robert W. Tucker. Disarmament and World Development. Ed. by Richard Jolly. The Politics of International Economic Relations. By Joan Edelman Spero. Global Dialogue: The New International Order. By Bhaskar P. Menon. Trade Liberalisation, Protectionism and Interdependence. By R. Blackhurst, N. Marian, and J. Tumlir.
Water, Land and Conflict Management
Authors: Bottrall Anthony , SHAW TIMOTHY M. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article: Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the Social Sciences. Edited by E. Walter Coward, Jr.…and the Desert Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth and Justice in Arid Environments. By Arthur Maass and Raymond L. Anderson. Water and Tribal Settlement in South‐East Arabia a Study of the Afläj of Oman. By J.C. Wilkinson. Water Conflicts and Research Priorities. Edited by Carl Widstrand. America and the Third World, Revolution and Intervention. By John L. S. Girling. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. The United States and World Development, Agenda 1980. By John W. Sewell and the Staff of the Overseas Development Council. New York: Praeger, 1980. Pukhtun Economy and Society. Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society. By Akbar S. Ahmed. Socio‐Economic Groups and Income Distribution in Mexico. By Wouter van Ginneken. The Politics of the Caribbean Community 1961‐79. By A.J. Payne. A Framework for Development: The EEC and the ACP. By Carol Cosgrove Twitchett.
Towards a New International Economic Order? Progress Report and Prognosis
Authors: Bird Garham 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Gerald K. Helleiner –International Economic Disorder: Essays in North‐South Relations.Frances Stewart and Arjun Sengupta –International Financial Cooperation: A Framework for Change.David Newbery and J. Stiglitz –The Theory of Commodity Price Stabilization. A Study in the Economics of Risk. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis for Agricultural Policies. By Robert H. Bates. International Institutions in Trade and Finance. By A.I. MacBean and P.N. Snowden. EEC and the Third World: Survey 2. Hunger in the World. Edited by Christopher Stevens. Short‐Term Macroeconomic Policy in Latin America. Edited by Jere Behrman and James A. Hanson.First things First: meeting the basic needs of the people of Nigeria. Nigeria since 1970: a political and economic outline. By Anthony Kirk‐Greene and Douglas Rimmer. Nigeria: economic prospects to 1985. After the oil glut. By Christopher Stevens. Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries: Resources, Potential and Problems. By I. Arnon. Land Concentration and Rural Poverty. (Second Edn.) By Keith Griffin. Aid and Influence: The Case of Bangladesh. Edited by Just Faaland with contributions bv Just Faaland, Nurul Islam and Jack Parkinson. Food Development and Politics in the Middle East. By H Weinbaum. Women, Work, and Property in North‐West India. By Ursula Sharma. The Challenge of Development in the Eighties: Our Response. Edited by Anthony Jennings and Thomas G. Weiss. The Contradictions of Foreign Aid. By Desmond McNeill. Development Perspectives. By Paul Streeten.
Population and Development
Authors: Shepherd Gill 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Fertility and Mortality: Theory, Methodology and Empirical Issues. Edited by K. Mahadevan with P.J. Reddy and D.A. NaiduSex Roles, Population and Development in West Africa. Edited by Christine OppongPopulation and Development Projects in Africa. Edited by John I. Clarke, Mustafa Khogali and Leszek A. Kosinski for International Geographical Union, Commission on Population Geography
Requirements for Efficiency and Responsiveness in Government Services
Authors: Tiffen Mary 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Managing Organizations in Developing Countries: An Operational and Strategic Perspective. By Moses N. KiggunduAdministering Management Development Institutions in Africa. By Kami RwegasiraTransforming a Bureaucracy: The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration. Edited by Frances F. Korten and Robert Y. Siy, Jr.Local Organizations for Social Development: Concepts and Cases of Irrigation Organization. By David M. Freeman with Vrinda Bhandarkar, Edwin Shinn, John Wilkins‐Wells, and Patricia Wilkins‐WellsLocal Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook with Cases. By Norman Uphoff
Progress and Pitfalls in Popularising Trade
Authors: Hewitt Adrian P. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:A Raw Deal: Trade and the World's Poor. By Peter MaddenTrade and the Poor: The Impact of International Trade on Developing Countries. By John MadeleyFixing the Rules: North—South Issues in International Trade and the GATT Uruguay Round. By Kevin WatkinsTaming Commodity Markets: The Integrated Programme and the Common Fund in UNCTAD. By Gamani CoreaCommodities in Crisis: The Commodity Crisis of the 1980s and the Political Economy of International Commodity Policies. By Alfred Maizels
Population and Sustainable Agricultural Development
Authors: Upton Martin 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:More People, Less Erosion: Envirnmental Recovery in Kenya. By Mary Tiffen, Michael Mortimore and Francis GichukiPopulation Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa. Edited by B.L. Tuner II, Goran Hyden and Robert KatesAgricultural Change, Environment and Economy: Essays in Honour of WB, Morgan. Edited by Keith Hoggart
The Structural Adjustment Experiment
Authors: Duncan Alex 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Stabilization and Structural Adjustment: Macro‐economic Frameworks for Analysing the Crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa. By Finn TarpStructural Adjustment and Beyond in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Research and Policy Issues. Edited by Rolph van der Hoeven and Fred van der KraaijHemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. Edited by Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill
Moving the Indigenous Knowledge Debate Forward?
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Edited by Michael D. Warren, L. Jan Slikkerveer and David BrokenshaFarmer Participatory Research: Rhetoric and Reality. By Christine Okali, James Sumberg and John FarringtonPower and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice. Edited by Nici Nelson and Susan WrightRethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Edited by David Booth
Connotations and cognitive conflict: A comment on the Kuhlman, Miller and Gungor results
Authors: BREHMER BERNDT 
Published: May 2008

In a recent study, Kuhlman et al. (1973) investigated the effects of differences in connotations on cognitive conflict in an experiment following Hammond's (1965) “lens model” interpersonal conflict (IPC) paradigm. The conflict task was a political decisions task which required the subjects to infer the future level of democratic institutions in a country from two cues: (1) The amount of state control over the individual (2) and the extent to which government was determined by elections. The subjects rated the concepts of “state control” and “elections” on four evaluative scales of the semantic differential. From these ratings, connotatively different pairs and connotatively similar pairs were created. In addition, the degree of denotative differences was varied in the experiment. Denotatively different pairs were created by training one of the subjects in each pair to use only the state‐control cue and the other subject to use only the elections cue. Denotatively similar pairs were created by training the subjects in each pair to use the same cue.After the training, the subjects in each pair went through 20 conflict trials. On each of these trials, they were given a card depicting the level of state control and the level of elections for a country. The subjects (I) studied this card, (2) announced their individual judgments of the criterion, (3) discussed the case until they could reach a joint judgment, acceptable to both of them, after which (4) they were informed of the correct answer and went on to the next trial. For further details on the procedure, the reader is referred to the original paper by Kuhl‐man et al. (1973).
Sex role concepts in eight‐ and twelve‐year olds
Authors: FALKENBERG SUSANNE , RAHM TOMAS , WAERN YVONNE 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Children's perception of sex roles was sought, taking Piaget's cognitive developmental theory and the role theory of Sarbin as points of departure. It was proposed that sex role perception could be described on two levels. The first level entailed a sex role enactment based upon superficial understanding, whereas the second level involved a sex role taking based upon a deeper understanding.The measuring device consisted of a standardized interview of 20 narratives, 10 covering the first level 10 the second level. Each narrative described the objectively observable behavior (level 1) or the supposedly constant personality characteristics (level 2) of a typical boy or girl. The subjects, 8‐ and 12‐year olds, listened to each story and then were asked whether a typical boy, girl, or both would have performed the behavior or expressed the personality quality. The results suggest that both 8‐and 12‐year‐old children understand the superficial as well as the deep aspects of sex roles. However, the younger children accept the sex role differences, whereas the older children are starting to question them. There was also evidence of a developmental difference in experiencing sex roles between boys and girls. The 8‐year‐old girls in the study most strongly recognized the sex role differences and therefore were the most rigid in their sex role conceptions. The 12‐year‐old girls were the most liberal group in their approach to sex roles. The boys fell in‐between, with small developmental differences.
The influence of verbal and imagery strategies on processing figurative language
Authors: HELSTRUP TORE 
Published: May 2008

Four experiments on metaphor functions were designed to test a functionally orientated problem‐solving approach, where act, content, and experience are treated as three aspects of cognition. Two experiments showed imagery strategies to be superior to verbal strategies as regards comprehension and production of metaphors. However, the results of the two other experiments showed no differences between imagery and verbal strategies.Metaphor performance was uncorrelated with performance on general intelligence tests. The intercorrelations between different metaphor tasks were also generally low. The highest positive correlation was found with a measure of imagery control under imagery processing conditions. Aptness ratings of metaphors were unrelated to level of metaphor memory. However, comprehension of metaphors was observed to correlate positively with metaphor memory.The results show that attitude factors are important for comprehension and production of metaphors, and that alternative memorization strategies may work equally well. In order to explain the observations a multi‐level coding model was suggested.
The Holte Sleeping Technique: An experimental study
Authors: HOLTE ARNE 
Published: May 2008

The Holte Sleeping Technique is an alternative to medication to facilitate sleep onset in situations of normal stress. The technique is based on a combination of conditioning within the theory of learning, simulation of natural bodily processes, and manipulation of naturally available sleep‐releasing stimuli. The author describes the technique and reports an experimental testing of its efficacy.Fifty‐six female subjects were selected according to criteria based on questionnaires and sleep logs. The subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group, a placebo group, and a no‐treatment group. A pre‐test‐post‐test design was used. The author questions the generalizability of findings from modern electronic sleep laboratories to the bedrooms of everyday life. In order to optimize the combination of normal stress, objective criteria and generalizability, sleep onset was measured by behavioural criteria based on the “fog‐horn procedure” developed by the author. At post‐test 67% of the treatment group fell asleep, while only 17% of the placebo group and 25% of the no‐treatment group fell asleep. The differences were significant. It is concluded that the Holte Sleeping Technique is highly effective. In a discussion of placebo trials the author argues that traditional medical trials do not take into consideration the differentiating psychological attribution effects occurring by giving the same experimental instruction under different experimental conditions. As a consequence the active treatment is given better conditions than the placebo in traditional clinical trials.
Facts and meaning: An examination of their role in psychological research from a phenomenological perspective
Authors: KARLSSON GUNNAR 
Published: May 2008

It is argued that mainstream psychological research has prioritized observable facts over meaning. The theoretical foundation in psychology, according to mainstream psychology, is such that meaningful experience is considered to be less primordial than natural scientific constructions about the world. The methodological procedure of mainstream psychology entails a prioritization of facts over meaning. However, in this article it is argued that subjective meaning is already in play in psychological discussions of “facts”.An epistemological examination of the notions of “facts” and “meaning” from a phenomenological perspective leads to a prioritization of meaning over facts. Implications of such an analysis for psychological research are discussed. One implication is that psychological research must give up its aim to establish causa! laws. A phenomenological approach to studies of meaning is presented.
Teacher rated problems and school ability tests in relation to preschool problems and parents’ health information at school start. A study of first‐graders
Authors: RYDELL ANN‐MARGRET , BONDESTAM MARGARETA , HAGELIN ELISABET , WESTERLUND MONICA 
Published: May 2008

The reliability of assessments at four and six years of age in identifying teacher rated problems in behaviour, concentration, motor skill and school achievement was investigated in a study of first‐graders. Relationships between preschool data and school ability tests, and between parents’ information at school start and teacher ratings were also studied.Problems noted in preschool and school were often present in more than one area. Multiple problems at four and six years were strong predictors of later school problems, but preschool assessments of separate areas could not in general predict problems in corresponding areas in school. However, cross situational concentration deficits at the age of six did reliably identify concentration problems in the first grade, at the age of seven.
Coping behavior of Finnish adolescents: Remarks on a cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: SEIFFGE‐KRENKE INGE 
Published: May 2008

As part of a larger cross‐cultural project, the present study analyses the coping styles of Finnish adolescents. A sample of 548 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years was investigated. Coping styles were defined by a matrix of 20 coping strategies applied across eight different developmental areas. Factor analysis revealed a three‐dimensional structure of coping styles. The first dimension involves activities such as seeking support or taking advice (Active Coping), the second emphasizes the adolescent's appraisal of the situation and the search for a compromise (Internal Coping/Compromising) and the third includes defenses like denial and withdrawal (Withdrawal) and may be regarded as dysfunctional. The Finnish adolescents most frequently employed functional forms of coping like Active Coping and Internal Coping/Compromising: dysfunctional coping style such as Withdrawal was used less often. In addition, significant main effects for age and gender were found. Girls favored more Active Coping and support seeking behavior, as compared to boys. Both functional coping modes showed an increase with age. A comparison of coping styles across eight different problem areas revealed situation specific influences, too.The discussion compares the coping styles of Finnish adolescents with results of two parallel studies focussing on German and Israeli adolescents, using the same instrument. In spite of the considerable impact of environmental and historical conditions in the three countries, the similarities in coping behavior were impressive.
The long‐lasting now: Disorganization in subjective time in long‐standing pain
Authors: HELLSTRÖM CHRISTINA , CARLSSON SVEN G. 
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a phenomenological‐hermeneutical case study on long‐standing pain (LP), a public health problem of great importance. Although there has been intensive research interest in this phenomenon, most studies have been based on traditional medical and cognitive‐behavioral approaches. Our thesis is that new frames of reference can provide additional heuristic insights.The phenomenon of LP shows a strong association with existential factors. Our case study focuses on the meaning‐structure of lived temporality, a fundamental existential constituent in the lifeworld of the pain patient. A series of in‐depth interviews with four subjects showed that lived temporality is disrupted in pain experience, causing a disorganization of the patient's being in the world. The results generate several hypotheses about implications for time estimation in pain experience.
Trust and Welfare State Reform: The Example of the NHS
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article discusses the impact of New Public Management on public trust in welfare state institutions, using the example of NHS reform. Discussion of trust in public institutions across political science, psychology and sociology indicates that it is based on both rational/objective considerations (competence and capacity to deliver the service) and affectual/subjective factors (shared values, belief that the trustee shares the trustor's interests). The New Public Management foregrounds individual responsibility and incentives for both suppliers and users of services, in the NHS example in quasi‐markets, management by target and patient choice. These accord with an individualized market rational‐actor model rather than with affective considerations. Analysis of attitude survey data on the NHS confirms that rational/objective and affectual/subjective factors contribute to public trust in this field. However, a comparison between perceptions in England, where the internal market has been vigorously pursued, and Scotland, where the purchaser/provider split was discarded after devolution, indicate that the market does not offer a royal road to perceptions of superior quality in the objective factors. Conversely, the more market‐centred system can make progress in relation to the more subjective affectual factors.
Motivation and Commissioning: Perceived and Expressed Motivations of Care Home Providers
Authors: Matosevic Tihana , Knapp Martin , Le Grand Julian 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Commissioning of social care for older people has seen major changes since the early 1990s. Considerable responsibility now rests with local authority staff, whose views of care home providers’ motivations, their perceived strengths and weaknesses as service providers, will have a bearing on commissioning decisions. We examine commissioners’ views of provider motivations in eight English local authorities and compare their perceived motivations with providers’ expressed motives. Data were collected through semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews with commissioners and care home providers. Providers are generally perceived by commissioners as highly altruistic, but also relatively financially motivated individuals. Further analysis revealed significantly different views towards profit‐maximizing, which commissioners perceive as very important, while providers consider it to be of little motivational value. Private sector providers are described by commissioners as significantly more motivated by personal income. Associations are found between commissioners’ perceptions of motivations and the nature of their relationships with providers. Perceptions of providers’ motivations appear important within the commissioning framework.
Rank tests and random blocking of classified data
Authors: Engel J. 
Published: May 2008

From the literature on nonparametric rank tests, limiting distributions of Wilcoxon's test tor symmetry and ot Friedman's test for treatment effect are known for observations that are classified in blocks. It is assumed that there is no interaction between blocks and treatments. In the case of fixed blocks this assumption is quite reasonable, in the case of random blocks it is not, as the presence of a random interaction does not make testing for treatment effect superfluous. For classified, categorical data in random blocks the limiting distribution will be derived in this paper of Wilcoxon's rank test in a model which includes a random interaction between blocks and treatments.An illustration is given by some data from a judgement comparison experiment for the image quality of Video Long Play discs.