bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYUrea was added to the rumen of three merino sheep at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 gm. daily to increase the overall nitrogen intakes from 10.7 gm. in the basal ration to 13·0, 15·4 and 20·0 gm. per day.A marked increase in the total amount of nitrogen secreted in parotid saliva was found to occur as the nitrogen intake of the sheep rose. A similar high correlation was found between the level of nitrogen intake and the amount of urea nitrogen secreted in the saliva daily.Between the highest and the lowest levels of nitrogen intake the magnitude of the increases were 0·26 gm. of total nitrogen and 0·18 gm. of urea nitrogen per gland per day.The concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood increased with the level of nitrogen intake of the sheep, but fluctuations in the level of blood urea could not be accounted for by nitrogen intake alone.A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of urea nitrogen in the blood and in the saliva. This offered a partial explanation of the higher concentrations of salivary urea resulting from the increased nitrogen intakes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYDifferential responses occurred in the amount of urea nitrogen and total nitrogen secreted in the parotid saliva, according to the nitrogen status of the sheep, when 1·4 gm. of urea nitrogen was injected into the blood daily. Of this amount of nitrogen, 0·1 gm. could be recovered in the secretion from one parotid gland daily when the sheep were in positive nitrogen balance, and 0·3 gm. when the sheep were in negative nitrogen balance.The urinary excretion accounted for 1·0 gm. of the 1·4 gm. of urea nitrogen injected daily when the sheep were in positive nitrogen balance, but only 0·3 gm. per day at the lower nitrogen status.The implications of these findings were discussed in relation to a urea conservation mechanism in sheep.
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY EOSINOPHILS FOLLOWING ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VITRO
Authors: Archer GT , Bosworth Nola 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYPhagocytosis by human and rat eosinophils was studied by means of an in vitro system consisting of red cells as antigen, immune serum and white cells. Erythrophagocytosis by the white cells, including eosinophils, occurred following the reaction between red cell antigens and fresh immune sera at room temperature. A high percentage of the eosinophils showed phagocytosis. The part played by complement in phagocytosis was investigated by means of immune serum inactivated by heat, hydrazine, zymosan and diethyl other. It was concluded that the first component is the only component of complement required for phagocytosis.
THE EOSINOPHIL CONTENT OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF THE RAT
Authors: Bosworth Nola , Archer GT 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe eosinophil content of the peritoneal cavity was studied in normal rats and in rats which had received injections into the peritoneal cavity of a number of substances. A non‐specific increase in eosinophils occurred following the injection of physiological saline, histamine, serotonin and phenergan. There was a specific increase in eosinophils following a challenge injection of human red cells into animals previously sensitised to this antigen. Large numbers of eosinophils, with greatly reduced numbers of mast cells, were obtained simply by repeatedly irrigating the peritoneal cavity with large volumes of saline.
THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN SHAPE OF THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL ON THE IONIC CONDUCTANCES
Authors: Johnson Edward A , Tille J , Wilson Lesley 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYRabbit ventricular muscle was stimulated at a low constant rate and an extra stimulus was interposed shortly after every fourth action potential. Pairs of differently shaped action potentials were obtained in this way.The magnitude and time course of polarisation resistance have been determined throughout these action potential pairs. The increase in polarisation resistance during the repolarisation phase was more prolonged and somewhat greater in the action potential of longer duration and area.Changes in membrane conductance to sodium and potassium ions throughout the action potentials have been computed. Throughout the whole of the repolarisation phase the computed potassium conductance is lower and the computed sodium conductance is higher than in the resting state.
THE DYNAMIC RED CELL STORAGE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN SHEEP
Authors: Hodgetts V Elizabeth 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIn the sheep the spleen has been shown to act as a dynamic reservoir of highly concentrated blood. As the number of red cells retained in the spleen is dependant upon the emotional state of the animal at the time, the values of the jugular haematocrit and of the F cells ratio are subject to wide variations. The extent to which such variations can affect the calculated values of blood volume (BV) and red cell volume (RCV) from plasma volume (PV) and jugular haematocrit has been demonstrated. Separate determination of RCV by labelled‐cell techniques, such as 51Cr‐labelling, may also be fallacious, because a considerable proportion of the total red cells (of the order of 10 p.c.) was found to be withheld from free “mixing” in some sheep; but this was readily overcome by the intravenous administration of adrenaline. Little error could result, and considerable saving of time could be made, by basing estimates of RCV and PV on a single sample taken 10 minutes after administration of labelled cells and T‐1824 together with adrenaline to contract the spleen and thereby promote rapid and complete “mixing”. More simply, after injection of only T‐1824 plus adrenaline, BVpl could be calculated from the formula PV/(100 – H × F cells) where H is the haematocrit determined after 2–3 minutes, PV is based on a single plasma sample at 10 minutes and F cells after adrenaline is taken to be 0·81.The mean PV of 21 determinations on 13 Merino sheep, as determined by the T‐1824 method, was 44·6 ml./kg. (S.D., 3·1 ml./kg.). The mean BV, RCV and PV of 5 sheep, as determined by 51Cr‐labelled cells and T‐1824, were 66·4, 19·7 and 46·7 ml./kg. respectively (S.D., 5·4, 2·8 and 3·6 ml./kg, respectively).
GENETIC STUDIES ON LYSOGENY IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Egan JB , Holloway BW 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMutants of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate phage D3 have been isolated which are characterised by a clear plaque, and a reduced frequency of lysogenisation. They have horn classified into three groups on their ability to co‐operate in mixed infection to give a lysogenisation frequency characteristic of the wild type. Genetic recombination has been demonstrated for phage D3 and a preliminary linkage map constructed. Crosses between representatives of the three groups of clear plaque mutants confirm the genetic diversity indicated by the co‐operation test.
THE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROPHORESIS PATTERNS: A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS WITH THE AID OF RAYLEIGH INTERFERENCE OPTICS
Authors: Curtain CC 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTwo methods of serum electrophoresis pattern resolution have been investigated:(a) the method of Kabat and Tiselius (1939) in which the components are delimited by dropping perpendiculars from minima in the gradient curve;(b) the method of Svedberg and Pedersen (1940) in which the pattern is resolved into Gaussian curves, the sum of whose ordinates at any given point is equal to the ordinate of the gradient curve at that point.It was found that the latter method was the less influenced by the degree of separation of the components but it is inconvenient to use with interferometric optical systems because it is necessary to plot the entire gradient curve.It was found possible to use nearly all the cell height of the Perkin‐Elmer model 38A electrophoresis instrument if the plateholder were modified to ensure reproducible location of the plate at each exposure. This made it possible to carry out electrophoresis for a time which gave sufficient separation of the components to enable the method of Kabat and Tiselius to be used.
THE QUANTITATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS OF SERUM PROTEINS IN THE PRESENCE OF HAEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Curtain CC 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method for correcting serum electrophoresis patterns for the presence of haemoglobin is described. The electrophoresis pattern of the serum is photographed first in red light at 690 mμ, then the cylindrical lens of the instrument is removed and the direct image of the cell is photographed la green light at 546 mμ. The distribution of haemoglobin along the cell is determined by densitometry of the direct image negative which gives the integral of that part of the serum gradient curve due to haemoglobin. Two points of inflection occur in the densitometric curve, the first due to free haemoglobin, migrating approximately with the β globulin, the second due to haptoglobin‐bound haemoglobin migrating with the α2 globulin.
ERRORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Brown WD 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYWithin the limits of the present study, the accuracy of determinations of cholesterol in human sera depends more on the purification of the cholesterol than on the colorimetric reaction used. The application of a variety of colorimetric reactions to an extract of non‐saponifiable material from serum gives values as accurate as the more complicated digitonide procedures. The accuracy of the principal methods for serum cholesterol determination are discussed in detail. In methods for preparation of the non‐saponifiable extract based on that of Abell, Levy, Brodie and Kendall (1952) simplicity of operation may be combined with accuracy.It is suggested the following points be established during standardization of methods omitting saponification. Since determination of cholesteryl stearate seems to be complicated by its insolubility in some colorimetric reagents for cholesterol, and in view of the colour developed with some of these reagents and polyunsaturated acids, identical molecular extinction coefficients should be obtained for cholesterol, cholesteryl stearate and the mixed cholesteryl esters of serum before the method can be judged accurate. The absence of effect of other serum constituents should then be verified by comparison of values obtained by the method and by application of the colorimetric reagent to the non‐saponifiable matter of serum. Internal standards should be prepared with methods using saponification. Cholesteryl acetate should not be used in the standardization of methods for serum cholesterol determination as its behaviour in many methods is not typical of the cholesteryl esters of serum.
A FILTRATION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SERUM CHOLESTEROL WITH DIGITONIN
Authors: Brown WD 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA precise and accurate method was developed for the determination of cholesterol with Liebermann‐Burchard reagent after its isolation as the digitonide. The cholesteryl digitonide was isolated by filtration instead of by the usual procedure of repeated centrifugation and decantation of wash fluids. The method is as precise as methods in which colorimetric reactions are applied to the non‐saponifiable extract and in which accuracy is obtained with the preparation of internal standards. Parameters are given for the maximum amounts of cholesteryl esters which may be saponified at 37° C. over a 30‐minute period. The difficulties of saponifying cholesteryl stearate due to its insolubility are discussed. It is shown that a protracted period of saponification at 65° C. need not affect the accuracy of determination of cholesterol with digitonin.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY CORTI‐COSTEROIDS ON THE GROWTH OF THE CHICK EMBRYO AND THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SIMONSEN PHENOMENON
Authors: Warner NL , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYWhen a suitable dose of prednisolone is given to the 12‐day chick embryo two hours prior to the CAM inoculation of adult fowl leucocytes the focal count produced is significantly reduced. Inoculation of prednisolone 12 hours after leucocytes has no significant effect.In vitro treatment of leucocytes with prednisolone in dosages effective in the egg has no cytotoxic effect on the leucocytes.Much larger doses of prednisolone are needed to inhibit the splenic enlargement caused by intravenous inoculation of adult leucocytes.When 12‐day embryos are treated with prednisolone given by the natural air space, growth is inhibited and with larger doses oedema and retardation of feather growth are seen. Intravenous inoculation of the drug inhibits growth, but the pathological changes do not occur.A wide range of anti‐inflammatory steroids has been tested for their action in reducing focal counts on the CAM and in inhibiting embryo growth.The activities found differ significantly from the results obtained in experimental mammals and from clinical experience. The unduly high activity of 11 β hydroxy derivatives is noted and discussed.
THE EFFECT OF COLLOIDAL SILICA ON BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Margolis J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYColloidal silica accelerates blood coagulation by adsorption and partial denaturation of a specific plasma protein, the Hageman factor. Quantitative measurements show that the activity of the silica depends on the particle diameter. It is suggested that geometrical relations between the silica and the protein molecules account for these differences in activity. The implications of certain anomalies of this reaction are considered.
RESISTANCE VALUES IN A SYNCYTIUM
Authors: George EP 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYCable theory has been extended to include the case where the cable divides into two after a distance 1, the two branches again dividing and so on indefinitely. This is referred to as the open syncytium. The electrical behaviour is dependent on the ratio 1/λ: for 1/λ ≫ 1, R ∝ rm0.5 where λ is the attenuation length, R is the input resistance and rm the membrane resistance; for 1/λ ≪ 1 it is found that R is constant. For intermediate values of 1/λ the dependence of R on rm lies between these two limits.The case has also been considered where some of the branches loop back into parental branches. This has been called the closed syncytium. An extreme example of the closed syncytium is where the loops form a close‐packed hexagonal array. In this case, for 1/λ ≫ 1, R ∝ rm0.5 as for the open syncytium. However, for 1/λ ≪ 1, there is a significant difference between the two structures and now R is not constant but R ∝ rm0.25 approx.
SOLUTIONS OF THE HODGKIN‐HUXLEY EQUATIONS FOR SQUID AXON TREATED WITH TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM AND IN POTASSIUM‐RICH MEDIA
Authors: George EP , Johnson EA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSolutions to the Hodgkin‐Huxley (H‐H) equations have been obtained using the fast digital computer SILLIAC. In these theoretical calculations the parameters were adjusted to correspond to the experimental conditions prevailing in a series of experiments reported by Tasaki and his collaborators, namely, (a) normal axon in potassium‐enriched sea water, or (b) tetraethylammonium (TEA) treated axon in normal sea water. Under conditions (a) the theoretical solutions demonstrated a response to hyperpolarising currents, the threshold of which was dependent on the value of the outside potassium concentration. The resulting theoretical waveforms and resistance variations were similar to those observed experimentally. The effect of TEA was simulated by reducing by a factor, k, the rate of change with time of those terms in the Hodgkin‐Huxley equations governing the potassium permeability. It was found that for k < 22·5, the action potentials were prolonged but were not modified significantly in shape. For k > 22·5, however, a plateau reminiscent of some cardiac waveforms appeared after the initial spike. The effect of hyper‐ and depolarising currents, of abolition pulses, and of the response to successive stimuli, was investigated. The theoretical results were found to correspond closely with the experimental observations. It is concluded that the prolonged action potential under TEA and some features of the hyperpolarising response in potassium‐rich sea water can be satisfactorily accounted for within the existing framework of the Hodgkin‐Huxley equations.
A DEGENERATION STUDY OF THE SOMAESTHETIC AFFERENT SYSTEMS IN THE MARSUPIAL PHALANGER, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Clezy JKA , Dennis Barbara J , Kerr DIB 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYDegenerating fibres in the medial lemniscus and anterolateral columns of the phalanger have been traced using the Marchi technique. The medial lemniscus, arising from a lesion in the dorsal column nuclei, decussates in the lower medulla and fallows a contralateral pathway, except in its most caudal extent where some degeneration on the ipsilateral side at inferior olivary levels is suggestive of a small component of uncrossed fibres. This ipsilateral representation soon fading, the pathway thereafter is completely crossed. It remains in a ventromedial situation throughout the midbrain, and penetrates the subthalamus to terminate in n. ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus.Anterolateral column lesions in the cervical cord result in ascending degeneration which can be traced into the medulla as an ipsilateral compact anterolateral marginal band (Gower's tract), together with a scatter of degeneration medially into the reticular formation up to the level of the superior olives. At upper pontine levels, fibres of the ventral spinocerebellar tract arch dorsally and turn back to reach the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle. No myelinated spinotectal fibres are to be found, and there is no direct passage of myelinated fibres to the thalamus.
SOME FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI
Authors: Dawbarn Mary C , Forsyth Heather , Kilpatrick Diana 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA study has been made of the growth response of Lactobaciltus casei to graded amounts of folic acid, riboflavin and Ca pantothenate in an assay medium designed for the measurement of folic acid and in modifications of that medium.Growth was measured as titratable acidity after 72 hours' incubation and as turbidity after 18, 24 or 48 hours' incubation. The following conclusions were drawn from titration experiments.Asparagine (720 mg./litre) increased the growth response to folic acid but reduced the growth response to riboflavin. The response to the lower concentrations of Ca pantothenate was reduced and to the higher concentrations was increased by asparagine.In the folic acid assay (+asparagine) and the riboflavin assay (–asparagine) the effect of reducing the concentration of purines and pyrimidines was to reduce the growth response. In the pantothenate assay, on the other hand, the response to the lower standard levels of Ca pantothenate was markedly increased by reducing the purine and pyrimidine concentration.In the folic acid assay increasing the folic acid concentration from 0.4 mμg./ml. to 20 mμg./ml. had no effect on growth. In the riboflavin assay, however, growth was less with 20 mμg./ml. folic acid than with 0.4 mμg./ml. whether asparagine was present or not. In the pantothenate assay growth in the medium containing asparagine was less with 20 than with 0.4 mμg./ml. of folic acid (or equivalent concentrations of Ca leucovorin).The response of L. casei to coenzyme A treated with alkaline phosphatase and pigeon liver enzyme or with phosphatase alone was compared with the response to Ca pantothenate. In the medium containing the highest concentration of purines and pyrimidines all the growth curves showed the characteristic S‐shape. On reducing the concentration of purines and pyrimidines to one‐eighth there was a marked increase in the response to all the lower dose levels.
THE INTERACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXIN AND GANGLIOSIDE
Authors: Doery Hazel M , North EA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYEvidence is presented that staphylococcal toxin and serum proteins form firm combinations with ganglioside.Ganglioside from which up to 62 p.c. of the sialic acid is removed by either heat or neuraminidase still strongly inactivates staphylococcal toxin.Sedimentation data are presented for unheated and heated aqueous solutions of ganglioside. These data, together with inactivation studies, support the idea that heated aqueous solutions form smaller or unfolded aggregates with more active sites available for interaction with toxins.Mechanisms of combination between gangliosides and proteins are discussed.
THE INTERCONVERSION OF OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL‐17β BY HUMAN AND RAT BLOOD
Authors: Brown BT , Golder WS , Wright SE 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe interconversion of oestrone and oestradiol‐17β occurs in human and rat blood cells and to a lesser extent in plasma. Reduction of oestrone produces only oestradiol‐17β which has been identified by preparation of its pipsylate. This can be separated from the pipsylate of oestradiol‐17α by paper chromatography. Oestrone and oestradiot‐17β also yield polar substances when incubated with blood preparations.The preparation and constants of a number of oestrogen pipsylates are described.
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIOXIDANTS, BUTYLATED HYDROXY ANISOLE, BUTYLATED HYDROXY TOLUENE AND PROPYL GALLATE ON GROWTH, LIVER AND SERUM LIPIDS AND SERUM SODIUM LEVELS OF THE RAT
Authors: Johnson AR , Hewgill FR 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYConfirmation of our previous finding that there are greater hazards in the use of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) than in that of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) as antioxidants for use in human foodstuffs was obtained. BHA and propyl gallate (PG) met one of the requirements for safety as a food additive. A sex difference in the effect of BHT was noted; BHT increased the relative weight of the male adrenal and had a greater deleterious effect on the growth rate of the male than of the female rat. A straight line relationship existed between the dietary level of BHT and the serum cholesterol level. When fed at the level of 0·1 p.c. of the diet, BHA increased the level of total serum cholesterol but no further elevations occurred at higher dosages. There was a relatively greater increase in the amount of serum free cholesterol than of ester cholesterol when BHA or BHT were fed. PG had no effect on the serum cholesterol levels. BHT increased both free and esterified adrenal cholesterol, a greater increase being noted in the latter. Although BHA and BHT produced increases in the size of the male adrenal none of the marked histological changes recorded by other workers using lethal doses of these antioxidants in the rabbit were apparent. The antioxidants had no effect on the concentration in the liver of the total and esterified cholesterol, total lipid or on the composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, as the liver weight was increased by BHA or BHT the absolute lipid content of the liver was increased.
IRON STORAGE AND TRANSPORT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF VIABLE ERYTHROCYTES TO THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Morgan EH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYViable rat erythrocytes were administered intraperitoneally in two dosage levels to male albino rats. The changes in blood haemoglobin, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity (T.I.B.C.) and liver and spleen storage iron were followed for 180 days after giving the erythrocytes. Polycythaemia persisted for at least 20 days and was accompanied by elevation of the plasma iron concentration and depression of the T.I.B.C. During the first 20–60 days liver and spleen storage iron values increased markedly, but thereafter gradually declined. The increase in storage iron concentration was greater in the spleen than in the liver, and in the spleen relatively less iron was found in the ferritin fraction than in the haemosiderin fraction when compared with the values for control rats.