bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sur l'Utilisation des Integrales de Contour dans les Problemes de Stocks et de Delais d'Attente
Authors: Ventura E. 
Published: November 2008

The goal of the article is to show how sometimes the use of contour integrals can help in solving problems of inventory and queueing theories by enabling the target function to be uniquely represented in the analytical form min(0, X). The use of those integrals allows us to rewrite some well-known formulas from queueing theory in a larger setting that enables generalizations. That is our goal in the first part of the paper. In the second part, this idea is applied to a particular problem to determine the inventory that is changing ten months in a year by regular reduction for use in production and by supplies arriving by ships, randomly distributed following the Poisson distribution. Penalties imposed are proportional to the waiting time for a ship to arrive. The mathematical problem that enables to determine the optimum between the costs of waiting for a ship to arrive and the costs of maintaining the inventory is expressed as the residue of a contour integral. An asymptotic formula useful for numerical calculation is derived.
A Note on Accelerated Dollar Averaging
Authors: Wilson George W. 
Published: November 2008

The policy of accelerated dollar averaging as discussed by William T. Morris is an excellent contribution (Morris, W. T. 1959. Some analysis of purchasing policy. Management Sci. 5 (4, July).) is essentially correct. The analysis, however, merits extension beyond the rather abbreviated treatment given in the article cited. Dollar averaging is a type of procurement policy whereby a given amount of money is spent at each purchasing opportunity. The amount actually bought at each period is then a function of the price prevailing at that time.
Remarks on Anatol Rapoport's Paper
Authors: Wood Marshall K. 
Published: November 2008

Professor Rapoport's article in this issue (Rapoport, A. 1961. Three modes of conflict. Management Sci. 7 (3) 210–218.), and his recent book on the same subject, “Fights, Games and Debates,” provide mush valuable insight into the problems of conflict resolution. I am in agreement with this principles for the resolution of conflicts among individuals, whenever his basic assumptions are applicable. The application of these principles is difficult even in individual debate under favorable circumstances, as is evidenced by the wide discrepancy between Professor Rapoport's precepts and his practice as displayed in his comments on my paper in this issue. These principles are incomparably more difficult to apply in disputes between nations, in which the protagonists are not free agents, but must each answer to a constituency some part of which, at least will criticize his every move. Further, I question the applicability of Professor Rapoport's basic assumptions in the case of the present East-West conflict. Professor Rapoport assumes implicitly that both parties to a conflict wish to resolve it; and he assumes explicitly that both parties have a similar psyche. I do not believe that either of these assumptions is valid as applied to the current conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Optimal Inventory Depletion Policies
Authors: Bomberger Earl E. 
Published: November 2008

Consider a stockpile of items whose field life is a non-negative function of the age of the item upon being issued. Assume that only one item is in use at a time and that a demand occurs only when the item in use is completely exhausted. Six theorems are given which extend the class of field life functions such that either LIFO or FIFO are optimal issue policies.
Mathematical Methods in Economics
Authors: Dadayan V. , Chernyak Yu. 
Published: November 2008

During April, 1960, a meeting was held at the USSR Academy of Science, to discuss the use of mathematical methods in economic research and planning. Fifty six reports were circulated beforehand, in the following categories: Mathematical Analysis of Expansion of Productivity. Interdepartmental Balances. Linear Programming and Dynamic Programming. Transportation Models. Other Models. Mathematical Statistics. In addition, a discussion of the use of electronic computers was given, with estimates of cost savings. The conclusion of the conference was that despite some opposition, the use of these methods was to be encouraged. There would be unified guidance of the field in an Interdepartmental Scientific Council. Education in the field should be encouraged. Publications would be made.
Concepts in Operational Support Research
Authors: Bovaird R. L. , Goldman A. S. , Slattery T. B. 
Published: November 2008

Based upon actual studies on current complex military systems, an attempt is made to gather into a cohesive form those concepts characterizing the operational support field (defined as the process having the objective of keeping system availability at acceptable levels). The concepts have evolved from integrated studies on reliability, maintainability and logistics problems and have proven to be productive in the solution of varied types of support problems. The elements making up the conceptual framework of operational support are defined and discussed. The interrelationships among such characteristics as reliability, maintainability and supply are considered insofar as they must be taken into account by design personnel relative to the mission of the equipment or weapon system. The aims and context of the field of operational support are discussed from the point of view of the ex ante (before the fact) designer and ex post (after the fact) operating personnel. By defining the subject area of operational support in terms of two major areas, reliability and maintainability, all other characteristics of a support system and all related functions may be classified under these two major groupings. The concepts developed lead to a description in the form of a pulse train model which provides the analysis of the operation of the piece of equipment or weapon system. Distributions of system availability are derived from distributions of time to failure and time to return to service of the units making up the equipment or system. Although systems management is not specifically discussed, the concepts structured not only give quantitative meaning to the engineering aspects of systems development but also extend to systems management. The concepts thereby become basic to management organization and to control and communication from the data processing point of view.
An Algorithm for the Construction and Evaluation of Feasible Schedules
Authors: Heller Jack , Logemann George 
Published: November 2008

An algorithm for the generation of feasible schedules and the computation of the completion times of the job operations of feasible schedule is presented. Using this algorithm, the distribution of schedule times over the set of feasible schedule—or a subset of feasible schedules—was determined for technological orderings that could occur in a general machine shop. These distributions are found to be approximately normal. Biasing techniques corresponding to “first come first serve,” random choice of jobs ready at each machine and combinations of these two extremes were used to compute distributions of schedule times. In all the experiments “first come first serve” appears the best in the sense that convergence to the minimum is fastest and the smallest. The work presented in this paper is supported by the AEC Computing and Applied Mathematics Center, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, under Contract AT(30-l)-1480 with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Estimation of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts by Markov Chains
Authors: Cyert R. M. , Davidson H. J. , Thompson G. L. 
Published: November 2008

Investigation of more accurate and efficient methods of estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts was begun in the early 1950's by R. M. Cyert and R. M. Trueblood [Cyert, R. M., R. M. Trueblood. 1957. Statistical sampling techniques in the aging of accounts receivable in a department store. Management Sci. 3 (2, January) 185–195.]. At this time, studies were confined primarily to investigation of more efficient methods of performing the first step in the estimation procedure: determining the age distribution of accounts. In particular, the applicability of statistical sampling techniques was evaluated. A number of retail establishments now use scientific sampling methods to perform the first step in the estimation of the allowance for doubtful accounts. As a continuation of research, the second phase of the allowance estimation problem was a logical area for investigation. While it did not seem likely that all of the judgment factors involved in the setting of loss expectancy rates could be eliminated, it did appear feasible to develop a scientific approach to determining these rates. Accordingly, research into this problem was initiated. This paper discusses a method which has been developed. In addition, some of the managerial implications of the method are discussed.
Judgment and Decision-Making Activities of Government Executives as Described by Superiors and Co-Workers
Authors: Forehand Garlie A. , Guetzkow Harold 
Published: November 2008

Concepts which may be useful in research on executive performance stem from a variety of sources and are expressed in a variety of vocabularies. Administrators themselves have developed a complex jargon which is likely to be as mystifying to the social scientists as is the latter's to them. Administrative theorists often formulate variables in the language of psychology [10] in order to pose problems and suggest hypotheses for study. The translation of ideas from practitioner's lore or administrative theory into behavioral terms amenable to measurement, however, raises a host of conceptual and methodological questions. Some of these questions are confronted in the present study. It is one of a series of papers intended to develop a general theory of “executive judgment” and to permit study of its susceptibility to educational modification. An a priori analysis of the concept of executive judgment which provides the rationale of these studies is presented elsewhere [Guetzkow, H., G. A. Forehand. 1961. A research strategy for partial knowledge useful in the selection of executives. R. Tagiuri, ed. Research Needs in Executive Selection. Harvard Business School, Boston.].
Marketing Expansion—A Statistical Analysis
Authors: King William R. 
Published: November 2008

The problem of introducing a consumer product into the market is considered as one of “testing” the product in some restricted group of marketing areas and utilizing the information thereby gained in drawing inference to potential new market areas. A decision rule is developed for classifying proposed expansion areas as potentially penetrable or impenetrable for the product using minimization of the expected cost of error as the optimality criterion. A significance test for the classification is considered along with the problems of ranking areas within the two categories, classifying groups of areas, and analyzing the sensitivity of the solution.
Some New Statistical Techniques Applicable to Operations Research
Authors: Ackoff Russell L. 
Published: November 2008

The task of describing new statistical methods which have potential use in operations research is not an easy one; many of you have attained a level of statistical knowledge to which I cannot pretend, and the field of statistics is expanding so rapidly that one could not hope to do justice to the topic in a short time. Consequently, rather than attempt to list the many developments which might be of interest, I will describe three methods which I have found of particular interest and usefulness. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Monte Carlo Method as a Natural Mode of Expression in Operations Research
Authors: King Gilbert W. 
Published: November 2008

Operations research is meaningless unless it gets results quickly. Every group has its own preferences, and possibly other methods are better, but the fact remains that almost all the real problems we have solved have been solved by the Monte Carlo method, which gave acceptable results in a reasonable time. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Optimum Distribution of Effort
Authors: Koopman Bernard O. 
Published: November 2008

When a limited amount of effort is available for the performance of two related tasks, the practical of how it is to be divided between them in order to obtain the best over-all result is one which constantly arises in operations research. The object of the present paper is to show how the question can often be put in quantitative form, and then to give it a simple mathematical solution in illustrative cases, interpreting the results in the language of recommended procedures. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Mathematical Note on Sub-Optimization
Authors: Marshall A. W. 
Published: November 2008

Of the several points discussed in the previous paper [Hitch, C. J. 1953. Jour. Op. Res. Soc. America 1 87.], perhaps only one requires any mathematical restatement or explication. This one is the so-called “Golden Rule” for the allocation of scarce resources. Here we present, for a simple case, the proof of the theorem on which it is based [For a discussion of a more general case readers are referred to K. J. Arrow's paper, “An Extension of the Basic Theorem of Classical Welfare Economics,” Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1951, pp. 507–532.]. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Theory of Value and the Science of Decision a Summary
Authors: Smith Nicholas M. , Walters Stanley S. , Brooks Franklin C. , Blackwell David H. 
Published: November 2008

Operations research is defined as “the science of decision.” It is necessary, therefore, to understand the rationale and operation of the decision process. Decision is primarily based upon two quantities: (1) the probability with which certain immediate outcomes may result if a given course of action is taken; and (2) the value or worth of these outcomes. The product of probability times value summed over all the possible outcomes is the expected value, or simply the expectation. The course of action which leads to the highest expectation is the indicated choice of the decision. Decision means preference, and preference can be expressed only between like quantities. Thus, the problem in establishing a set of values is to establish a numerical function which will enable the ranking of preference of states or conditions. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Linear Programming and Profit Preference Scheduling for a Manufacturing Firm
Authors: Charnes A. , Cooper W. W. , Farr Donald 
Published: November 2008

Many business, economic, and engineering problems involve devising means of achieving optimal results in the face of a series of restrictions. These restrictions may assume a variety of forms. Plant or machine capacities, labor requirements, market restrictions, procedural and policy conditions, financial limitations, etc., are examples common to many kinds of business. Other examples may be specialized to more narrow groups of firms. It is, therefore, desirable to develop modes of attacking such problems which will provide a general and economical method of (1) determining best or optimal solutions within the stipulated limitations and (2) assessing the economic cost of the restrictions and, therefore, the worthwhileness of altering them. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Failure of Complex Equipment
Authors: Shellard Gordon D. 
Published: November 2008

This paper had its origin in consideration of the work reported on by D. M. Boodman [Boodman, D. M. 1953. The reliability of airborne radar equipment. Jour. Op. Res. Soc. America 1 (February) 39–45.]. The purpose is to examine some of the implications arising from the assumption that a piece of complex equipment fails when, and only when, one of its component parts fails. The equipment is assumed made up of many individual parts, each of which is liable to prime failure independent of all other parts. Two different initial conditions are assumed at the beginning of observation or operation: (a) all components are new; (b) the equipment has been operating for a long time, components that have failed having been replaced by new ones at the time of failure. We consider the probability of failure of the equipment as a function of time and of the survival curve of individual components, and the possible improvement of reliability of equipment by replacement of components at a given age. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Operations Research and the Management Consultant
Authors: Pocock J. W. 
Published: November 2008

The genesis of management consulting is somewhat obscured in the mists of time. However, the profession's written history begins with the work of Frederick W. Taylor, Henry L. Gantt, Emerson, and other pioneers of scientific management, who began their work around 1885. At that time they formulated the doctrine that scientific methods of analysis and measurement could and should be used in matters of production, and that wherever possible, business decisions should be based on facts rather than on somebody's intuition or emotional reaction. The original emphasis was on work in the production area, since here facts could be readily accumulated, experiments executed and results followed within a limited area of observation. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Sub-Optimization in Operations Problems
Authors: Hitch Charles 
Published: November 2008

The validity and therefore the usefulness of operations research depend upon the skill with which projects are designed and particularly upon the shrewdness with which criteria (“payoffs,” “objectives functions”) are selected. The criterion problem has been relatively neglected in operations research literature, and has apparently usually been “solved” in practice by assuming the first plausible payoff function which springs to mind; or if several spring to mind, by trying all and compromising (or letting a commander compromise) among the results of alternative computations. The problem is much too important for such casual treatment. Calculating quantitative solutions using the wrong criteria is equivalent to answering the wrong questions. Unless operations research develops methods of evaluating criteria and choosing good ones, its quantitative methods may prove worse than useless to its clients in its new applications in government and industry. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Trends in Operations Research
Authors: Morse Philip M. 
Published: November 2008

The field of operations research has been rapidly growing this past year. The Operations Research Society of America has been founded and now has about 500 members. More and more large companies—aircraft and electrical manufacturers, railroads and oil companies, insurance companies and department stores—are forming their own operations-research groups or are buying consulting services in operations research. It will not be long before more positions will be open in industrial than in military operations research. We should no longer have trouble explaining the scope and methods of operations research to the layman. We already can say: Operations research is the activity carried on by members of the Operations Research Society; its methods are those reported in our Journal. Very soon this definition will be more instructive and convincing than any number of special explanatory articles and talks. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Operational Research as a Science
Authors: Goodeve Charles 
Published: November 2008

We hear a lot these days about a type of research in which the objects studied, instead of being either materials or machines or people, are the activities of all these together—research into “operations.” To many, operational research conjures up a vision of a busy executive seated at his desk faced with the almost unending problem of making decisions. Everything depends on the speed and correctness with which he makes these decisions, and these in turn depend on the way the facts and factors are presented to him and on his judgment or his ability to weigh them up. Someone tells him about a new tool to help him—the “scientific method.” Finding this tool rather heavy and intricate, he employs specialists to help him, people trained in the scientific method, i.e., scientists. Thus is born an operational research section such as is now to be found in numerous organizations and industries in Britain and the United States. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Development of Planning Procedures at Air Proving Ground Command
Authors: Debeau David E. , Porter Robert A. 
Published: November 2008

Sophisticated models and complex mathematical formulations are not always necessary for the development of successful planning techniques. Often rather simple and straightforward algebraic statements will serve management's purposes very well. Since planning is in essence prediction, precision of prediction is desirable. Although a relatively simple and direct planning method may lose in precision, it has certain major advantages: (1) timeliness through quick development and application; (2) ease of application; and (3) an understanding of the model on the part of management, who must take action on the basis of the predictions. Often these advantages far outweigh the disadvantages of loss of precision. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Analogue Computations of Business Decisions
Authors: Fair William R. 
Published: November 2008

The role of modern computing machinery is a rapidly expanding one with interest being shown in a wide variety of fields. In a sense this arrival of the era of mechanized computation has had a twofold effect. Not only has it meant a release from mathematical drudgery, but it has opened the way for the careful formulation of problems heretofore dealt with in only a qualitative manner or by only the grossest approximation to quantitative reasoning. This paper represents one of the growing number of efforts that start with the assumption that computational ability is not the serious limiting condition that it has been. From there it proceeds to try to answer two questions: How should rational business decisions be made? What kind of computer will be necessary to put the computational problem within reach? Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.