bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An extended comparative study of language support for generic programming
Authors: GARCIA RONALD , JARVI JAAKKO , LUMSDAINE ANDREW , SIEK JEREMY , WILLCOCK JEREMIAH 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMany modern programming languages support basic generics, sufficient to implement type-safe polymorphic containers. Some languages have moved beyond this basic support, and in doing so have enabled a broader, more powerful form of generic programming. This paper reports on a comprehensive comparison of facilities for generic programming in eight programming languages: C++, Standard ML, Objective Caml, Haskell, Eiffel, Java, C# (with its proposed generics extension), and Cecil. By implementing a substantial example in each of these languages, we illustrate how the basic roles of generic programming can be represented in each language. We also identify eight language properties that support this broader view of generic programming: support for multi-type concepts, multiple constraints on type parameters, convenient associated type access, constraints on associated types, retroactive modeling, type aliases, separate compilation of algorithms and data structures, and implicit argument type deduction for generic algorithms. We find that these features are necessary to avoid awkward designs, poor maintainability, and painfully verbose code. As languages increasingly support generics, it is important that language designers understand the features necessary to enable the effective use of generics and that their absence can cause difficulties for programmers.
Bochner-Riesz means with respect to a rough distance function
Authors: Taylor Paul 
Published: December 2006

The generalized Bochner-Riesz operator

S

R
,
λ

S^{R,\lambda }

may be defined as

S

R
,
λ

f
(
x
)
=

F

−
1

[

(
1
−

ρ
R

)

+

λ

f
^

]

(
x
)

\begin{equation*} S^{R,\lambda }f(x) = \mathcal {F}^{-1}\left [\left (1-\frac {\rho }{R}\right )^{\lambda }_+ \widehat {f}\right ](x) \end{equation*}

where

ρ
\rho

is an appropriate distance function and

F

−
1

\mathcal F^{-1}

is the inverse Fourier transform. The behavior of

S

R
,
λ

S^{R,\lambda }

on

L
p

(

R

d

×

R

)

L^p(\mathbf {R}^d\times \mathbf {R})

is described for

ρ
(

ξ
′

,

ξ

d
+
1

)
=
max
{

|

ξ
′

|

,

|

ξ

d
+
1

|

}

\rho (\xi ’,\xi _{d+1})=\max \{|\xi ’|,|\xi _{d+1}|\}

, a rough distance function. We conjecture that this operator is bounded on

R

d

×

R

\mathbf {R}^{d}\times \mathbf {R}

when

λ
>
max
{
d
(

1
2

−

1
p

)
−

1
2

,
0
}

\lambda >\max \{d(\frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{p})-\frac {1}{2},0\}

and

p
>
2
+

6

d
−
3

p>2+\frac {6}{d-3}

, and unbounded when

p

≥

2

+

6

d
−
3

p \!\geq \!2\!+\!\frac {6}{d-3}

. This conjecture is verified for large ranges of

p
p

.
Values of Gauss maps of complete minimal surfaces in ℝ^{𝕞} on annular ends
Authors: Jin Lu , Ru Min 
Published: December 2006

Let

M
M

be a complete minimal surface in

R

m

{\mathbb {R}}^{m}

and let

A
A

be an annular end of

M
M

which is conformal to

{
z

|

0
>
1

/

r
>

|

z

|

>
r
}

\{z~|~ 0 > 1/r>|z|>r\}

, where

z
z

is the conformal coordinate. Let

G
G

be the generalized Gauss map of

M
M

. We show that

G
(
A
)

G(A)

must intersect every hyperplane in

P

m
−
1

(

C

)

{\mathbb {P}}^{m-1}({\mathbb {C}})

, with the possible exception of

m
(
m
+
1
)

/

2

m(m+1)/2

hyperplanes in general position.
Jacques-Louis Lions. 2 May 1928 – 17 May 2001
Authors: Ciarlet Philippe G. 
Published: December 2006

Jacques-Louis Lions was born in the heart of Provence in the charming city of Grasse, much renowned for its perfume industry and its historical centre.
In spite of his young age, he had the courage and determination to join the French Résistance at the end of 1943, as a soldier in the FFI (French Forces of the Interior). There he met Andrée, his wife and lifelong companion.
Their son Pierre-Louis, who was born in 1956, would also be distinguished by mathematical talent. This gift earned him the highest mathematical distinction, the Fields Medal, awarded to him during the 1994 International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich. His parents had the great joy of being present for this unique occasion.
Sir Harry Work Melville, K.C.B. 27 April 1908 – 14 June 2000
Authors: Bevington John C. , Gowenlock Brian G. 
Published: December 2006

Sir Harry Melville was a physical chemist with an international reputation for his studies of gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions, polymerizations and polymer properties; much of this work was characterized by the development of analytical techniques that exploited a very wide range of physical properties. His career changed direction at the age of 48 from immediate personal involvement in the direction of research to the development of national research strategies, followed later by academic administration as a university Principal. His interests in chemical research remained active throughout his long life.
For J.C.B., acquaintance with Melville began during a study of phosphorus as an incendiary agent and reading some of his published papers; there was later (in 1948) appointment to the staff at the University of Birmingham and membership of the High Polymer Research Group. B.G.G. heard him lecture at a scientific meeting in 1945, met him as external PhD examiner in 1949 and joined his department at Birmingham in 1955.
Robert Hanbury Brown. 31 August 1916 – 16 January 2002 Elected FRS 1960
Authors: Davis John , Lovell Bernard 
Published: December 2006

Robert Hanbury Brown was born on 31 August 1916 in Aruvankadu, Nilgiri Hills, South India; he was the son of an Officer in the Indian Army, Col. Basil Hanbury Brown, and of Joyce Blaker. From the age of 3 years Hanbury was educated in England, initially at a School in Bexhill and then from the ages of 8 to 14 years at the Cottesmore Preparatory School in Hove, Sussex. In 1930 he entered Tonbridge School as a Judde scholar in classics. Hanbury's interests turned to science and technology, particularly electrical engineering, and after two years he decided that he would seek more appropriate education in a technical college. His decision was accelerated by the fact that after the divorce of his parents his mother had married Jack Lloyd, a wealthy stockbroker, who in 1932 vanished with all his money and thus Hanbury felt he should seek a career that would lead to his financial independence. For these reasons Hanbury decided to take an engineering course at Brighton Technical College studying for an external degree in the University of London. At the age of 19 he graduated with a first-class honours BSc, taking advanced electrical engineering and telegraphy and telephony. He then obtained a grant from East Sussex and in 1935 joined the postgraduate department at the City & Guilds, Imperial College. In 1936 he obtained the Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) for a thesis on oscillators
He intended to continue his course for a PhD but a major turning point in his career occurred when he was interviewed during his first postgraduate year by Sir Henry Tizard FRS, Rector of Imperial College. Hanbury explained to Tizard that he was following up some original work by Van der Pol on oscillator circuits without inductance and hoped, ultimately, to combine an interest in radio with flying. In fact, Tizard had already challenged him about the amount of time he spent flying with the University of London Air Squadron.
Tizard told Hanbury to see him again in a year's time and that he might then have a job for him. In fact, within three months Tizard accosted Hanbury and said he had an interesting research project in the Air Ministry for him. After an interview by R.A. (later Sir Robert) Watson-Watt (FRS 1941), Hanbury was offered a post at the Radio Research Board in Slough. His visit to Slough was brief; he was soon told to report to Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk, which he did on 15 August 1936. Thereby, unaware of what Tizard had in mind for him, Hanbury's career as one of the pioneers of radar began.
Inhibition of
Plasmodium falciparum
Oocyst Production by Membrane-Permeant Cysteine Protease Inhibitor E64d
Authors: Eksi S. , Czesny B. , van Gemert G.-J. , Sauerwein R. W. , Eling W. , Williamson K. C. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

During asexual intraerythrocytic growth,
Plasmodium falciparum
utilizes hemoglobin obtained from the host red blood cell (RBC) as a nutrient source. Papain-like cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3, have been reported to be involved in hemoglobin digestion and are targets of current antimalarial drug development efforts. However, their expression during gametocytogenesis, which is required for malaria parasite transmission, has not been studied. Many of the available antimalarials do not inhibit development of sexual stage parasites, and therefore, the persistence of gametocytes after drug treatment allows continued transmission of the disease. In the work reported here, incubation of stage V gametocytes with membrane-permeant cysteine protease inhibitor E64d significantly inhibited oocyst production (80 to 100%). The same conditions inhibited processing of gametocyte-surface antigen Pfs230 during gametogenesis but did not alter the morphology of the food vacuole in gametocytes, inhibit emergence, or block male exflagellation. E64d reduced the level of oocyst production more effectively than that reported previously for falcipain 1-knockout parasites, suggesting that falcipains 2 and 3 may also be involved in malaria parasite transmission. However, in this study only falcipain 3 and not falcipain 2 was found to be expressed in stage V gametocytes. Interestingly, during gametocytogenesis falcipain 3 was transported into the red blood cell and by stage V was localized in vesicles along the RBC surface, consistent with a role during gamete emergence. The ability of a membrane-permeant cysteine protease inhibitor to significantly reduce malaria parasite transmission suggests that future drug design should include evaluation of gametogenesis and sporogonic development.
Expression of Immunomodulatory Genes in Human Monocytes Induced by Voriconazole in the Presence ofAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Simitsopoulou M. , Roilides E. , Likartsis C. , Ioannidis J. , Orfanou A. , Paliogianni F. , Walsh T. J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe assessed the effect of voriconazole (VRC) on the expression and release of selected cytokines and chemokines in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line in response toAspergillus fumigatushyphal fragments (HF) by cDNA microarray analysis, reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stimulation of THP-1 cells by HF alone caused a significant up-regulation ofCCL4(MIP1B) andCCL16, whileCCL2(MCP1) was down-regulated. By comparison, in the presence of VRC, a large number of genes such asCCL3(MIP1A),CCL4(MIP1B),CCL5(RANTES),CCL7(MCP3),CCL11(EOTAXIN),CCL15(MIP1Δ),CXCL6, andCXCL13were strongly up-regulated in THP-1 cells challenged by HF, whereasCCL20(MIP3A) andCCL21(MIP2) were down-regulated. Among five genes differentially expressed in THP-1 cells,IL12A,IL12B, andIL-16were down-regulated whereasIL-11andTGFB1were significantly up-regulated in the presence of VRC. The inflammation-related genesIFNγ,IL1R1, andTNFAwere also up-regulated in THP-1 cells exposed to HF only in the presence of VRC. RT-PCR of four selected genes validated the results of microarrays. The release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-12 was significantly increased from monocytes stimulated either by HF alone (P< 0.05) or in the presence of VRC (P< 0.01 andP< 0.05, respectively). In contrast, tumor necrosis factor alpha release from monocytes was enhanced only in the presence of VRC (P< 0.01). The chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β were decreased under both conditions (P< 0.01). These results demonstrate that in the presence of VRC, HF induces a more pronounced profile of gene expression in THP-1 cells than HF alone, potentially leading to more-efficient host resistance toA. fumigatus.
Assessment of the Effect of Mefloquine on Artesunate Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Davis Timothy M. E. , England Michelle , Dunlop Anne-Marie , Page-Sharp Madhu , Cambon Nathalie , Keller Thomas G. , Heidecker János L. , Ilett Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The effect of mefloquine on artesunate pharmacokinetics was assessed in 20 volunteers given artesunate for 3 days, followed ≥21 days later by combination therapy for 3 days. The areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity for dihydroartemisinin, the active metabolite of artesunate, were similar on day 3 of the two dosing periods (
P
= 0.12), implying no interaction.
Role of RpoS in Fine-Tuning the Synthesis of Vi Capsular Polysaccharide inSalmonella entericaSerotype Typhi
Authors: Santander Javier , Wanda Soo-Young , Nickerson Cheryl A. , Curtiss Roy 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTRegulation of the synthesis of Vi polysaccharide, a major virulence determinant inSalmonella entericaserotype Typhi, is under the control of two regulatory systems,ompR-envZandrscB-rscC, which respond to changes in osmolarity. Some serotype Typhi strains exhibit overexpression of Vi polysaccharide, which masks clinical detection of lipopolysaccharide O antigen. This variation in Vi polysaccharide and O antigen display (VW variation) has been observed since the initial studies of serotype Typhi. In this study, we report thatrpoSplays a role in this increased expression in Vi polysaccharide. We constructed a variety of isogenic serotype Typhi mutants that differed in their expression levels of RpoS and examined the role of therpoSproduct in synthesis of Vi polysaccharide under different osmolarity conditions. Vi polysaccharide synthesis was also examined in serotype Typhi mutants in which the native promoter of therpoSwas replaced by anaraCPBADcassette, so that the expression ofrpoSwas arabinose dependent. The RpoS−strains showed increased syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, which at low and medium osmolarities masked O antigen detection. In contrast, RpoS+strains showed lower syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, and an increased detection of O antigen was observed. During exponential growth, whenrpoSis unstable or present at low levels, serotype Typhi RpoS+strains overexpress the Vi polysaccharide at levels comparable to those for RpoS−strains. Our results show that RpoS is another regulator of Vi polysaccharide synthesis and contributes to VW variation in serotype Typhi, which has implications for the development of recombinant attenuatedSalmonellavaccines in humans.
Aspergillus fumigatusDoes Not Require Fatty Acid Metabolism via Isocitrate Lyase for Development of Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Schöbel Felicitas , Ibrahim-Granet Oumaïma , Avé Patrick , Latgé Jean-Paul , Brakhage Axel A. , Brock Matthias 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most prevalent airborne filamentous fungus causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Only a limited number of determinants directly associated with virulence are known, and the metabolic requirements of the fungus to grow inside a host have not yet been investigated. Previous studies on pathogenic microorganisms, i.e., the bacteriumMycobacterium tuberculosisand the yeastCandida albicans, have revealed an essential role for isocitrate lyase in pathogenicity. In this study, we generated an isocitrate lyase deletion strain to test whether this strain shows attenuation in virulence. Results have revealed that isocitrate lyase fromA. fumigatusis not required for the development of invasive aspergillosis. In a murine model of invasive aspergillosis, the wild-type strain, an isocitrate lyase deletion strain, and a complemented mutant strain were similarly effective in killing mice. Moreover, thin sections demonstrated invasive growth of all strains. Additionally, thin sections of lung tissue from patients with invasive aspergillosis stained with anti-isocitrate lyase antibodies remained negative. From these results, we cannot exclude the use of lipids or fatty acids as a carbon source forA. fumigatusduring invasive growth. Nevertheless, test results do imply that the glyoxylate cycle fromA. fumigatusis not required for the anaplerotic synthesis of oxaloacetate under infectious conditions. Therefore, an antifungal drug inhibiting fungal isocitrate lyases, postulated to act againstCandidainfections, is assumed to be ineffective againstA. fumigatus.
Induction of Host Chemotactic Response byEncephalitozoonspp
Authors: Fischer Jeffrey , West Jeffrey , Agochukwu Nnenaya , Suire Colby , Hale-Donze Hollie 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMicrosporidians are a group of emerging pathogens typically associated with chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. The number of reports of infections with these organisms and the disseminated pathology is growing as diagnostic tools become more readily available. However, little is known about the innate immune response induced by and generated against these parasites. Using a coculture chemotaxis system, primary human macrophages were infected withEncephalitozoon cuniculiorEncephalitozoon intestinalis, and the recruitment of naïve monocytes was monitored.Encephalitozoonspp. induced an average threefold increase in migration of naïve cells 48 h postinfection, which corresponded to optimal infection of monocyte-derived-macrophages. A limited microarray analysis of infected macrophages revealed several chemokines involved in the inflammatory responses whose expression was upregulated, including CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL7, CCL15, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, and CXCL8. The levels of 6 of 11 chemokines also present in the microarray were confirmed to be elevated by protein profiling. Kinetic studies confirmed that secreted CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 were expressed as early as 6 h postinfection, with peak expression at 12 to 24 h and expression remaining until 48 h postinfection. Neutralization of these chemokines, specifically CCL4, significantly reduced the number of migrating cells in vitro, indicating their role in the induction of monocyte migration. This mechanism of recruitment not only supports the evidence that in vivo cellular infiltration occurs but also provides new hosts for the parasites, which escape macrophages by rupturing the host cell. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation that chemokine production is induced by microsporidian infections in human macrophages.
Selection for Simple Major Surface Protein 2 Variants during
Anaplasma marginale
Transmission to Immunologically Naïve Animals
Authors: Palmer Guy H. , Futse James E. , Leverich Christina K. , Knowles Donald P. , Rurangirwa Fred R. , Brayton Kelly A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Anaplasma marginale
, a rickettsial pathogen, evades clearance in the animal host by antigenic variation. Under immune selection,
A. marginale
expresses complex major surface protein 2 mosaics, derived from multiple donor sequences. However, these mosaics have a selective advantage only in the presence of adaptive immunity and are rapidly replaced by simple variants following transmission.
Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescence: ethnic and socioeconomic differences
Authors: Brodersen Naomi Henning , Steptoe Andrew , Boniface David R , Wardle Jane 
Published: December 2006

Objective:To assess developmental trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British adolescents in relation to sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES).Design:A 5-year longitudinal study of a diverse cohort of students aged 11–12 years at baseline in 1999.Setting:36 London schools sampled using a stratified random sampling procedure.Participants:A total of 5863 students categorised as white, black or Asian, and stratified for SES using the Townsend Index.Main outcome measures:Number of days per week of vigorous activity leading to sweating and breathing hard. Hours of sedentary behaviour, including watching television and playing video games. Data were analysed using multilevel, linear, mixed models.Results:Marked reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour were noticed between ages 11–12 and 15–16 years. Boys were more active than girls, and the decline in physical activity was greater in girls (46% reduction) than in boys (23%). Asian students were less active than whites, and this was also true of black girls but not boys. Black students were more sedentary than white students. Levels of sedentary behaviour were greater in respondents from lower SES. Most differences between ethnic and SES groups were present at age 11 years, and did not evolve over the teenage years.Conclusions:Physical activity declines and sedentary behaviour becomes more common during adolescence. Ethnic and SES differences are observed in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British youth that anticipate adult variations in adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk. These are largely established by age 11–12 years, so reversing these patterns requires earlier intervention.
I.—Note upon a portion of Basalt from Mid-Atlantic
Authors: Hall Marshall 
Published: December 2006

In the year 1874 the steamship Faraday whilst engaged in grappling for the broken telegraph cable, caught the strong claws of the grapple in a rock, which resisted with the strain of about 27.5 tons, to which any but a rope of marvellously perfect manufacture would have yielded. As it was, the rock gave way, and a lump of black basalt came up weighing 21 lbs. This mass shewed signs of having been torn off. The fragment, and the section made from it for the microscope which accompanies this memorandum, were submitted to Mr. J. Clifton Ward, who has kindly examined the specimen, and drawn up the report enclosed herewith.I cannot find in any charts indications of the habitual voyage of icebergs so far eastwards in the same latitude as the spot in question, and I have consulted Dr. John Rae as to the question of the rock being from an ice-borne mass. He says in reply, that he is not aware of icebergs having been seen about that spot, but that such an occurrence is not impossible. He thinks it more likely that, as I had suggested, the fragment was wrenched off some submarine peak or summit or ridge.
II.—On the occurrence of Celestine in the Keuper marls, and its influence on the composition of plants
Authors: Stoddart W. W. 
Published: December 2006

The origin of the large deposits of Celestine that abound in certain beds of Triassic age has long been a puzzle to Geologists. At Bristol, Celestine is found only on the lowest beds of the Keuper marls resting on the solid red sandstone rock, and may be collected by the ton.It occurs in large masses, in veins and in geodes, accompanied by Selenite. In many of the concretions the crystals are long and acicular, radiating from the centre. In other places they seem to be a simple aggregation of crystals so loosely bound together that they may be easily rubbed asunder by the slightest pressure of the fingers. The most beautiful forms, however, are those in the interior of the geodes. They are very large tabular prisms with the angles, edges and planes clearly defined. Their colour is white with a delicate bluish tint, and tolerably transparent, having a diameter frequently as much as an inch.