bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barter system for researchers: A proposal
Authors: Tebbutt Arthur V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis proposal arose from the author's difficulty in finding colleagues with similar research interests. The proposal took shape from the collective thoughts of many who have expressed dissatisfaction with the traditional means of information exchange among researchers.At its most concrete level, the barter system for researchers consists of two parts: a list linking various research areas with researchers willing to entertain collegial inquiries thereto, and a clerk to note the number of hours that participants give and receive in the informational exchange.The essence of the system is hardly more than these parts; thus, much of the discussion focuses on applications and refinements. In particular, adaptation to the varying needs of researchers receives much attention. For example, participation of researchers can range from informal, unrecorded exchanges to formal, monetary transactions—depending always on the mutual agreement of prospective inquirers and responders.As a proposal, the paper's methods were limited to ad hoc argumentation and related commentaries. Therefore, results and conclusions were substantively nonempirical and speculative.
Predicting performance of information specialists
Authors: Cravens David W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLimited research findings are available on the information‐processing behavior of users of scientific and technical information. Moreover, the information specialist who functions as intermediary between information sources and users has been the subject of even less empirical inquiry. Recognizing the potential usefulness of research findings in this area, empirical data obtained from an exploratory study of the task‐oriented information‐processing behavior of information specialists were analyzed in seeking to identify useful predictors of job performance. Forty tasks assigned to 18 subjects were analyzed, and a multiple discriminate function was developed using four categories of predictor variables: individual, task, individual‐task interaction, and information processing. The multiple correlation coefficient for the discriminate relationship consisting of 16 predictor variables and one criterion variable (job performance) was 0.869. The function correctly classified all 40 tasks into low and high performance categories. The five most important variables in the relationship were: (1) evaluation time for rejected information elements, (2) image state for task, (3) task result rating, (4) number of elements processed, and (5) intelligence. Implications of the study relative to selection, training, and supervision are discussed, and suggestions for further research are indicated.
Error evaluation for stemming algorithms as clustering algorithms
Authors: Lovins Julie B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents mathematical evaluation measures to characterize the effect of known erroneous performance by stemming routines, and generalizes these procedures to other types of nonstatistical clustering algorithms. When clusters, or groups of intrinsically related elements, are split into smaller groups (by under‐matching the elements), there is a loss in recall in information retrieval; larger groups (caused by over‐matching) induce a loss in precision or relevance. The magnitude of error is taken to be a function of frequencies of cluster elements. When these are words in a subject‐term index generated by a stemming algorithm, retrieval capability is also affected by the strength of the algorithm, the size and content of the stemmed index, and the number of words in a query. The present Project Intrex stemming algorithm has estimated stemming‐error losses of 4% in recall and 1% in relevance on one‐word queries; the former could be reduced to almost zero by straightforward corrections of known errors in the algorithm. An expanded probabilistic model is introduced to handle a more general case in which any element need not belong unambiguously to a single cluster. Error evaluation in document classification and thesauri also is discussed in broad terms.
The preparation of international author indexes, with particular reference to the problems of transliteration, prefixes, and compound family names
Authors: Blanken Robert R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on a review of variations in national usage, the practices followed by 19 English‐language abstracting and indexing services, and typical problems encountered by an indexer in the entry of foreign personal names, it is concluded that the entry of all prefixes regardless of nationality may be the wisest procedure for the average author index. A strong plea is made for increased standardization in the transliteration of Slavic, Greek, and Oriental names and for “correction” of the transliterated names of authors publishing in languages other than their own. The determination of the correct entry element for the compound sur‐names found in many nationalities is felt to be an almost insoluble problem unless the authors and publishers cooperate in indicating the desired indexing format. A general consideration of these problems and of indexing theory, as well as of the principles of transliteration and transcription, is followed by guidelines designed to help the practicing indexer improve the consistency of personal name entries; these guidelines are arranged by language family on the basis of whether the author's native language and the language of the article are written in Roman script.
Human factors in the design of an interactive library system
Authors: McAllister Caryl , Bell John M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractELMS (Experimental Library Management System) is an experimental system for total library management, operating on‐line with an IBM 360 through IBM 2260 and 2741 terminals. The system is designed to handle large amounts of highly variable information which it processes on command, giving on‐line computer service for all library operations. At the same time, it must accommodate the different needs and skills of a broad range of library users, from new patrons to well‐trained librarians.Such a system presents programming problems that will be typical of large, interactive computer systems in the seventies. This paper discusses ELMS features that facilitate user interaction, and may prove useful in similar systems: techniques for tutoring the user (display format, one‐question, one‐answer displays, and KWIC indexing); adaptability for the experienced user (command chains and a standard set of four‐letter mnemonic codes for higher‐level control); minimization of keying (line numbers, one‐character mnemonic codes used with procedures, and use of default conditions); performance of clerical tasks by exception notification; and collection of operational statistics to help improve the system.
Random time sampling with self‐observation for library cost studies: Unit costs of interlibrary loans and photocopies at a regional medical library
Authors: Spencer Carol C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple general method for determining labor costs, random time sampling with self‐observation, is described. Unit costs of providing interlibrary loans and photocopies were determined by this method. The working time of all appropriate library personnel was sampled using Random Alarm Mechanisms and a structured checklist of mutually exclusive tasks. The workers' actual wage rates were applied to the resulting percentages. The total lender's unit cost per request received, including direct labor, materials, fringe benefits, and overhead, was $1.526 for originals mailed postpaid by lender and $1.534 for photocopies mailed. Corresponding unit costs per request filled were: originals $1.932 and photocopies $1.763. Labor costs included the costs of verifying, paging, copying, packaging & mailing, record keeping, and reshelving, based on wage rates in effect February 1969. This practical, objective method of work sampling causes minimal interference with service operations, and does not distort the data being collected. Acceptable reliability can be achieved at low cost. Under comparable conditions, the cost of providing a photocopy did not exceed the cost of lending an original document.
Robert A. Fairthorne—A biographical sketch
Authors: Wallace L. , Schultz Claire K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis is a sketch of the man, Robert A. Fairthorne, rather than of particular ideas. The attempt has been made to recreate some small part of the fun and ferment which this 1967 “Award of Merit” winner has provoked, and to document his writings for those who wish to seriously pursue his contribution to the many areas mentioned.
What makes an automatic keyword classification effective?
Authors: Jones K. Sparck , Barber E. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThough the idea of constructing a keyword classification for retrieval purposes automatically is not a new one, comparatively few systematic experiments have been carried out in this area; and while many suggestions have been put forward, not enough is known about the behaviour of automatic keyword classifications, and hence about the properties such classifications should have and the ways they should be used. In previous experiments we showed that some forms of classification could give good results, and this paper describes a further series of tests designed to examine this sort of classification in more detail, with a view to establishing the optimum forms of classification and procedures for using them in different retrieval situations. These tests demonstrate that further improvements in performance over that for unclassified keywords can be obtained, and that definite conclusions can be drawn about the correct approach to classification for collections like the test one: the best results are given when grouping is confined to strongly connected, non‐frequent keywords, when the classification is used to provide additional rather than alternative indexing terms, particularly for requests, and when matching is controlled by keyword collection frequency.
Comparative evaluation of two indexing methods using judges
Authors: Rosenberg Victor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA methodolgy is presented for evaluating indexing resulting from two different indexing procedures. The evaluation is accomplished by asking a panel of judges to rate the indexing for a given document on a five point scale. The ratings are made on the basis of (1) the appropriateness of the terms to the documents and (2) the usefulness of the terms as access points for the documents. Results of an experiment using this evaluation method are also presented.
Automatic abstracting and indexing. II. Production of indicative abstracts by application of contextual inference and syntactic coherence criteria
Authors: Rush J. E. , Salvador R. , Zamora A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTogether with the increasing shortage of qualified abstractors, the factors of time, cost and value have lent impetus to a trend toward the automatic generation of abstracts and indexes. This trend has caused increased emphasis to be placed on the abstract as the locus of data for automatic retrieval systems. This necessitates the creation of high quality abstracts. It is the purpose of this paper to report on the development of techniques for the automatic production of high quality abstracts from the full text of the original document. It is necessary to analyze the conditions under which various methods of sentence selection are successful, in order to develop criteria for selecting sentences to form an abstract. But clearly, an abstract can also be produced by rejecting sentences of the original which are irrelevant to the abstract. As will be seen, it is this point which is perhaps the most significant contribution of this paper. Methods of sentence selection and rejection are discussed. These include contextual inference, intersentence reference, frequency criteria, and coherency considerations. The automatic abstracting system we have developed consists basically of a dictionary, called the Word Control List, and of a set of rules for implementing certain functions specified for each WCL entry. The abstracts we have obtained so far are of sufficiently good quality to indicate that large‐scale testing of the methods of the automatic abstracting system is warranted. This abstract was produced by the system described in this paper.
Written representation of topics and the production of query terms
Authors: Tagliacozzo Renata , Semmel Dorothy , Kochen Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe set of different terms used to search a directory for information on a given topic varies considerably from one searcher to another. If the topic is represented by a written text, the characteristics of the text are among the variables which influence the formulation of search terms. The results of an experiment simulating a library catalog search indicated that a relation exists between the lexical content load of the text, used to define the search topic, and the number of query terms generated by a group of experimental subjects (college students). No connection was found between the content load of the text and the commonality of query term choices.Some of the properties of “popular” as opposed to “unique,” query terms were examined. Only short terms enjoyed a high level of popularity. The repeated appearance of a term in the text favored the selection of that term by a large number of searchers.
The use of extracts in information services
Authors: Helmuth Nancy A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is the purpose of this paper to explore the use of extracts by reporting the results of a survey of the current acceptability and use of extracts, by a literature review and by suggesting guidelines for selecting extract material. The survey shows that extracts are currently being used in information services, especially for current awareness. Most consider extracting a time‐saver. The methods for selecting material from a document are not well defined. A search of the literature produced only thirteen documents which deal with manually produced extracts. As reported in the literature, materials extracted include the author summaries, first and/or last paragraphs, selected sentences, the first page, and material selected by subject specialists from the entire text. The value of extracts as measured by whether they lead the user to relevant documents was experimentally demonstrated. The purpose of the guidelines is to help the librarian and information specialist produce an informative extract. There was no substantial evidence that extracting is less costly than abstracting. The main criteria considers whether to spend the money to resay what the author has said or get a better understanding of the paper and use the author's words to describe it.
Overlap in the lists of journals monitored by Biosis, CAS, and EI
Authors: Wood James L. , Flanagan Carolyn , Kennedy H. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn April 1970, the BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, the Chemical Abstracts Service, and Engineering Index, Inc. began a five‐part study to determine the relationships between and the overlap in coverage in their printed publications and computer‐readable services. This study was designed to provide information needed by these three accessing services for planning future cooperative programs and for reconciling differences in policies and practices so as to make their publications and services more useful to their user communities.This paper is based on the first part of the study, which compared listings of the journals each service was routinely monitoring as of 1 May 1970. Of the 14,592 different journals monitored, 1 % were monitored by all three of the services, 27% were monitored by two of the three services, and 72 % were monitored by only one of the three services. Subsequent phases of the study will determine the extent to which the services cover the same articles within the journals.
Development of the U. S. geological survey bibliographic system using gipsy
Authors: Moody D. W. , Kays Olaf 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Geological Survey's extensive bibliographic contributions to the earth sciences began in 1887 with the publication of the Bibliography of North American Geology. The back‐of‐the‐book indexing system for this and other serials is a partially controlled, 3‐level hierarchical scheme of subject headings. Beginning in 1962 computer compatible electronic typesetting equipment was used for bibliographic and abstracts publications with an eye to eventual automated storage and retrieval. A search for an existing retrieval system that could be integrated with the existing publishing program without re‐indexing and would also meet the myriad operational and hardware constraints of the Survey's computer center resulted, in 1968, in the adoption of GIPSY (Generalized Information Processing System) developed by the University of Oklahoma. A particularly noteworthy feature of GIPSY is the ability to search variable‐field, variable‐length records for words, word stems, and prefixes or suffixes. Moreover, retrieved records may be printed in pre‐defined formats or formatted as fixed‐field, fixed‐length records for direct input to other programs, which facilitates exchange of data with other systems. Initial user resistance to automated literature searching was partially overcome by reducing the unwieldy printout to conventional page size and presenting the output in a bibliographic format very similar to the published bibliographies. It was generally felt by the users that more than 10 years of coverage are needed in order for earth scientists to consider that their searches have a reasonable chance of being useful because of the relatively long half‐life of geologic literature. Searches of abstracts provided better recall of relevant documents than search of index terms alone.
Who cited what? a citation analysis of the four basic cataloging texts
Authors: Lehnus Donald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to help cataloging instructors evaluate texts for beginning cataloging courses, analyses of the contents and citations are used to point out the different approaches and features used by 4 authors. An attempt is made to correlate the percentage of citations in each area of cataloging with the percentage of pages devoted to that same aspect. Three of the 4 texts were published from 1967 to 1969 and a comparison of the citations reveals that the 3 texts only have 5 citations in common. An age analysis of the citations shows that in 3 texts the age of the citations are similar, while the fourth text cites materials considerably older. The citations used by the 3 recent texts are divided into 10 topics and the 3 authors' citations are listed together according to the topic in order to show the differences in the sources used by the authors.
An experiment in index term frequency
Authors: Svenonius Elaine 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of index‐term frequency as a factor in retrieval performance. The frequency of an index term, or its “breadth” as it is called here, is the number of postings made to the term in a given collection. The question is asked: Of index terms assigned to documents, which function most effectively in retrieval, the most used or popular terms, or those which are used relatively infrequently? The experiment is a retrieval experiment and uses the Cran‐field‐Salton data. Breadth of indexing is varied by nonrandomly deleting terms from documents. Retrieval output is evaluated using the Expected Search Length measure of retrieval effectiveness as well as the usual precision and recall. The Wilcoxen Test is used to determine the statistical significance of the different indexings. The results show that the “optimal” breadth of indexing is a variable, depending on user needs: if a few documents are wanted or high precision is desired, then narrow terms are more effective than broad ones; if, on the other hand, all or most relevant documents are wanted, then broad terms are better. An argument, however, can be made for the quality of narrow terms, since when these terms are deleted precision never improves, whereas deleting broad terms always results in higher precision. A corollary experiment is carried out to compare two indexings of the same average breadth where one indexing consists of semantically appropriate terms—terms taken from the document title—and the other consists of merely “reasonable” index terms. The results suggest that title‐term indexing is qualifiedly superior.
The development of a semantic differential to assess users' attitudes towards an on‐line interactive reference retrieval system
Authors: Katzer Jeffrey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA semantic differential (SD) is a commonly used instrument which can be used to reliably measure attitudes toward a variety of objects or concepts. Each SD consists of a series of bipolar adjective scales on which a respondent reacts, in relation to the object or concept of interest. To interpret completed SDs, it simplifies the procedures and aids in the development of theory if the adjective scales are grouped into one or more independent clusters. The primary purpose of this study was to identify those clusters (or dimensions) applied by a user of an on‐line user‐oriented reference retrieval system when he reacts toward such a system.Seventy‐one who used or were familiar with a working on‐line reference retrieval system completed a packet of 20 SDs, each consisting of the same 19 adjective scales. The correlations among the scales were factor analyzed. Three independent dimensions were identified. Factor I was labeled “evaluative‐specific” and accounted for over 23% of the total variance. Factor II was called “desirability”; it accounted for over 17% of the total variance. And, Factor III, entitled “enormity” accounted for over 10% of the total variance. Another analysis showed the factor structure to be highly reliable. Therefore, if the derived three dimensional structure underlies users' attitudes toward a more general class of retrieval systems, then undimensional or unstructured system evaluations of users' attitudes will be simplistic and possibly misleading.In order to construct a working semantic differential, 10 adjective scales were identified which best represented the three dimensions. Brief instructions are included which outline how to use this SD. The discussion is mainly concerned with the obtained factor structure and the need for a predictive replication of the study.
Technical information centers: Specialized services to science and technology. An overview
Authors: Douville Judith A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe term “technical information center” can be used to describe any service which retrieves any type of data or information, but is generally used to refer to science information and its retrieval. For the purposes of this study, a “technical information center” will describe any service or library which makes information available to the scientific and technological community.This short study will attempt to describe the purposes, establishment, practices, and problems of such an information center, and to focus attention on the unique relationships that do or could exist between the “traditional” special or company library and the “modern” technical information center.