bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Physics of Fine-Particle Movement Through Permeable Aquifers
Authors: Champlin Jerry B.F. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The movement of fine particles through porous, permeable materials is closely interwoven with the migration of soluble ions. Since either the particles orthe ions can represent an economic mineral accumulation as a consequence ofgeochemical concentration, it is of great importance to mineral explorationefforts to be able to establish the parameters that influence particulatemigration through aquifers. Not only are economically interesting depositsformed by such migration, but they also may be ruined, as in the case of manyoil fields where standard secondary recovery methods have caused plugging ofthe productive formations.
Recent experimental work has shown close alliance between the relative movement of both trace ions and particles and the over-all concentration of common salts dissolved in ground water. Most importantly, the spacial stability of fineparticles such as the sesquioxides and the clays in formations is dependent onthe nature of the anionic portion of the dominant salt in solution.
These results have great potential, applied in exploration or exploitation programs for minerals. Not only do they provide answers for particulate migration problems in the oil fields and ore concentration mechanisms in the uranium deposits, but also they explain the untoward migration of certain radioisotopes from waste storage ponds or cribs at the national reactor-fuel reprocessing plants. By careful development and engineering practice, fine particles tagged with almost any radioactive or activatable ions may become one of the most useful tools in tracing subsurface movement of fluids.

Introduction
Considerable concern has been expressed by several industries during the past several decades about the effects of fine-particulate matter suspended in water passing through permeable rock. An early concern of the petroleum industry included the problem of subsurface reservoir plugging by fine particles during secondary production operations. More recently, the atomic energy industry has been concerned with particulate migration because of the movement of radioactive ions. Even the interest in applications of nuclear explosions underground has included concern over the effects of the fine-particulate matter that makes up large portions of the rubble produced by the explosion.
Some Applications of Transient Flow Simulation To Promote Understanding the Performance of Gas Pipeline Systems
Authors: Rachford H.H. , Dupont Todd 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A recently developed model of gas transmission in the transient state wasapplied to provide insight into the process. A simple two-pipe transmissionsystem with a compressor station was modeled to reveal the consequences ofcompressor upset. The resulting disturbances produce oscillatory response akinto that in an organ pipe. Such disturbances propagate over long distances intransmission lines, and the propagated wave form depends upon accuratelyspecifying as data the time scale upon which the disturbance is generated.

Introduction
Steady flow in piping systems is a simple process with few surprises forthose who deal with it quantitatively. Since, moreover, optimization of boththe design and operation of steady-flow pipeline systems is a tractableproblem, usually with well defined solutions, steady state has tended to becomethe goal of the industry, and certainly to be the framework for any intuitiveconsideration of pipeline response.
By contrast, although considerable effort has been devoted to itssimulation, the transient state often tends to be largely ignored inquantitative design considerations, and if discussed at all is often discussedin the framework of a "succession of steady states." But real pipelinesrarely attain the goal of steady state, being repeatedly upset by changes indemand, loss or addition of equipment, addition of supply, and the like. Thetransient situation in pipe line systems is often rich in surprises and, thus, often somewhat misunderstood. It is the purpose of this paper to apply thetransient model presented in a companion paper to a few situations in whichtransient states are important, and by so doing to study the consequences oftransients and thereby promote understanding of the underlying process.
The Permeability of Coal to Gas and Water
Authors: Dabbous M.K. , Reznik A.A. , Taber J.J. , Fulton P.F. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Air and water permeabilities of a large number of samples from the Pittsburghand Pocahontas coals were measured at various overburden and mean flowpressures. A wide variation (&lt; 0.0 1 to &gt; 100 md) in the air and waterpermeabilities was obtained for each type of coal, and flow was primarilythrough microfractures. Overburden pressure has the most significant effect onthe single-phase permeability. Considerable hysteresis was observed for bothair and water permeabilities. Gas permeabilities are affected to a lesserdegree by mean flow pressure above atmospheric. However, at subatmospheric meanpressures, appreciable increase in permeability occurs for low-permeabilitysamples.
This was attributed to gaseous molecules desorbed at pore necks. At highoverburden pressure (~&gt; 400 psig) water permeabilities are smaller than orequal to air permeabilities measured at the same pressures.

Introduction
The permeability of coal to gas and water is of interest to engineers in boththe mining and the petroleum industries. Much of the interest of the miningengineer stems from concern for the health and safety of the coal miner becausethe flow of methane into coal mines is one of the major causes of mine disasters in thiscountry. Some deep mines produce 10 to 15 MMscf/D of methane and require thecirculation of as much as 10 to 15 tons of air per ton of coal mined in orderto clear the gas from the mine. If this little-known source of natural gascould be produced from the coal before the coal is mined, it would help relievethe gas shortage as we11 as protect the safety of the coal miner.
In recent years a number of petroleum companies have shown an interest in coalas a primary energy material that can be converted into electrical energy orinto gaseous and liquid products. Both above- and below-ground processes arebeing studied intensively. Knowledge of the basic permeability and relativepermeability of coal to gas and water should be very useful to petroleumengineers contemplating these new processes for the conversion of coal intoenergy forms suitable for the consumer.
Although some studies of the permeability of coal to gas and to water have beenconducted, no gas/water relative permeability studies have been reported eventhough the presence of significant quantities of water is known to have amarked effect on the flow of methane from the coal seam. In this and a relatedpaper, we present the results of gas/water relative permeability studies onPittsburgh and Pocahontas coal samples.
Air-Water Relative Permeability Studies of Pittsburgh and Pocahontas Coals
Authors: Reznik A.A. , Dabbous M.K. , Fulton P.F. , Taber J.J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Air and water relative permeabilities have been measured for numerous samplesof Pittsburgh and Pocahontas coals. Tests were performed under steady&lt;stateconditions for both drainage and imbibition cycles. Results indicate that theflow of gas is greatly reduced during the latter process, whereas duringdrainage it is largely undiminished over a wide water-saturation range. It isalso shown that imbibition saturation distributions obtained from liquid-waterimbibition as opposed to water-vapor adsorption produce gas permeability curvesof radically different character. The effective permeabilities to both gas andwater were significantly reduced with the application of overburden pressuresin the range of 0 to 1,000 psig, but the general shapes of the relativepermeability curves remained the same.

Introduction
Past studies of the spatial and dynamic properties of coal have been limited tosingle-phase flow. The present energy shortage has created renewed interest inthe in-situ combustion of coal to low-Btu gas. The infusion of water into coalseams appears to be effective in abating methane emissions from coal mines.Both these processes require a detailed understanding of two-phase (liquid andgas) flow behavior in coal beds.
The purpose of this paper is to extend the work of Dabbous et al. to includethe two-phase flow data on Pittsburgh and Pocahontas coals for air-watersystems. The present data consist of air and water permeabilities measured asfunctions of saturation, saturation history, and overburden pressure.
The experimental apparatus and cutting and mounting techniques employed in thisstudy are identical with those described in the first paper. We note, however, that the structural integrity of the samples was maintained during tests thatin some cases extended intermittently over a 6-month period.

Measurement of Relative Permeabilities
Almost all the effective and relative permeabilities to air and water weremeasured under approximately steady-state conditions by the stationary-phasemethod in which one of the fluids is immobilized within the sample by capillaryforces. However, in a series of runs conducted on a sample of Pittsburgh coal, gas and water relative permeabilities were determined by the Penn State method- that is, the fluids were flowed simultaneously until steady-state equilibriumwas established.
Non-Darcy-Flow Studies in Anisotropie Porous Media
Authors: Cooper J. W. , Wang Xiuli , Mohanty K. K. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
The velocity-pressure drop relationship in the near-wellbore region of high capacity gas and condensate reservoirs often deviates from Darcy's law. Furthermore, many naturally occurring porous media are anisotropic and often layered. This study is directed at combining these facts in developing a mechanistic understanding of non-Darcy gas flow in anisotropic porous media. Non-Darcy flow coefficients, permeabilities, and electrical tortuosities are measured in cores with layers both in the parallel and perpendicular directions to flow and in nonlayered, anisotropic cores. The presence of a connate water saturation decreases permeability in all cores but increases the non-Darcy coefficient significantly only in the perpendicular core. Both a macroscopic and a pore-scale network (microscopic) model of anisotropy are proposed. The product of permeability and non-Darcy coefficient is shown to be less anisotropic than either the permeability or the non-Darcy coefficient tensors in both experiments and simulations. In the microscopic model, the non-Darcy term has been found to be tensorial and proportional to the square of the superficial velocity at the macroscopic scale. As the pore-scale anisotropic parameter increases, the non-Darcy coefficient and tortuosity increase, but permeability decreases. Models show order of magnitude agreement with experimental data.
Thirty‐two component finite element models of a horse and donkey digit
Authors: Collins S. N. , Murray R. C. , Kneissl S. , Stanek C. , Hinterhofer C. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: The finite element (FE) method is the most powerful modelling technique available to explicate the biomechanics of the digit. It has already proved to be of high value in human podiatry. However, accurate models of the complex anatomy of the horse and donkey digit are currently lacking. Objectives: To develop FE models of the horse and donkey digit from computed tomography data, including all functionally relevant anatomy, and to perform simulations to replicate prestrain in the flexor tendons and quasistatic weightbearing. Methods: Computed tomography data of the front right digits were obtained under general anaesthesia. The anatomy was rationalised into 32 functional components. The FE models were generated using a forward engineering technique. Linear or nonlinear material properties were applied according to published data. Prestraining of the flexor tendons was achieved by z‐direction displacement, and loading by the application of 1 × body mass. Results: The resultant FE models comprised over 106 elements. Z‐direction displacement of the digital flexor tendons to compensate for general anaesthesia relaxation gave von Mises stress levels up to 1.34 MPa for the deep and 0.56 MPa for the superficial in the horse and 0.78 MPa and 0.27 MPa in the donkey, respectively. Weightbearing resulted in capsular deformation patterns consistent with in vivo observations, and maximum stress levels of 1.46 MPa for the horse and 0.89 MPa for the donkey. Conclusion: These high resolution FE models could give new insight into the biomechanics of the equid digit and provide new data regarding stress and strain levels within the tissues of the digit that are unobtainable by other means. Potential relevance: Application of the FE modelling technique could enable investigation of the biomechanics of orthopaedic problems and may provide a mechanistic basis for enhanced preventative and remedial management and treatment.
Subscapular lymph node abscessation as a result of metastatic Streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection: An atypical presentation of bastard strangles in a mare
Authors: Whelchel D. D. , Arnold C. E. , Chaffin M. K. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe case reported here represents an atypical presentation of bastard strangles in an 18‐year‐old Arab mare. The horse initially presented for progressive neck pain characterised by reluctance to lateral and ventroflexion of the neck. Subsequent diagnostics revealed a subscapular abscess and aspirates of the mass cultured positive for Streptococcus equi ssp. equi. Surgical drainage and debridement of the abscess was performed under general anaesthesia. Six months post surgery, the mare had made a complete recovery.
Simulation Study on Optimization of Injection Molding Process for Thin-shell Plastic Parts via the Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Chuang M.-T. , Yang Y.-K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with the application computer-aided engineering integrated with statistical techniques to reduce warpage variation due to injection molding process parameters during the production of thin-shell plastic components. For this purpose, Moldflow simulation runs are carried out by utilizing the combination of process parameters based on a three-level L18 orthogonal array table. An optimal parameter combination of the injection molding process is obtained via grey relational analysis (GRA). By analyzing the grey relational grade matrix, the degree of influence for each controllable process factor onto warpage can be found. Additionally, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied to identify the most significant factor; the melt temperature and the packing pressure are found to be the most significant factors in the simulation process for an injection molding process of thin-shell plastic parts.
Competence and Certification of Registered Nurses and Safety of Patients in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Kendall-Gallagher Deborah , Blegen Mary A. 
Published: February 2009

Background Adverse events that place patients at risk for harm are common in intensive care units. Clinicians’ level of knowledge and judgment appear to play a role in the prevention, mitigation, and creation of adverse advents. Research suggests a possible association between nurses’ specialty certification and clinical expertise. The relationship between specialty certification and clinical competence of registered nurses and safety of patients is a relatively new area of inquiry in nursing.
Objective To explore the relationship between the proportion of certified staff nurses in a unit and risk of harm to patients.
Methods Hierarchical linear modeling was used in a secondary data analysis of 48 intensive care units from a random sample of 29 hospitals to examine the relationships between unit certification rates, organizational nursing characteristics (magnet status, staffing, education, and experience), and rates of medication administration errors, falls, skin breakdown, and 3 types of nosocomial infections. Medicare case mix index was used to adjust for patient risk.
Results Unit proportion of certified staff registered nurses was inversely related to rate of falls, and total hours of nursing care was positively related to medication administration errors. The mean number of years of experience of registered nurses in the unit was inversely related to frequency of urinary tract infections; however, the small sample size requires that caution be exercised when interpreting results.
Conclusions Specialty certification and competence of registered nurses are related to patients’ safety. Further research on this relationship is needed.
Differences in Glucose Values Obtained From Point-of-Care Glucose Meters and Laboratory Analysis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Cook Anjannette , Laughlin Delyla , Moore Margery , North Doreen , Wilkins Kathleen , Wong Gay , Wallace-Scroggs Allyson , Halvorsen Lisa 
Published: February 2009

Background Blood for glucose analysis is often obtained interchangeably from indwelling catheters and fingersticks.Objectives To determine the level of agreement between glucose values obtained by laboratory analysis and with a point-of-care device for blood from 2 different sources: fingerstick and a central venous catheter.Methods A method-comparison design was used. Point-of-care values for blood from fingersticks and catheters were compared with laboratory values for blood from catheters in a convenience sample of 67 critically ill patients. The effects of hematocrit level and finger edema on differences in glucose values between the 2 methods were also evaluated. A t test was used to determine differences in glucose values obtained via the 2 methods. Differences and limits of agreement were also calculated.Results Laboratory glucose values for blood from a catheter differed significantly from point-of-care values for blood from the catheter (t1,66 = −9.18; P &lt; .001) and from a fingerstick (t1,66 = 6.53; P &lt; .001). Glucose values for the 2 methods differed by 20 mg/dL or more for 1 of 6 patients (15%) for catheter samples and for 1 of 5 (21%) for fingerstick samples. Point-of-care glucose values for fingerstick and catheter samples did not differ (P = .98). Hematocrit level significantly explained the difference in glucose values between the 2 methods for both catheter (R2 = 0.288; P &lt; .001) and fingerstick (R2 = 0.280; P = .02) samples.Conclusions Use of a commonly used point-of-care device when precise glucose values are needed may lead to faulty treatment decisions.
Patients’ Bath Basins as Potential Sources of Infection: A Multicenter Sampling Study
Authors: Johnson Debra , Lineweaver Lauri , Maze Lenora M. 
Published: February 2009

Background Nosocomial infections are a marked burden on the US health care system and are linked to a high number of patient deaths.
Objective To identify and quantify bacteria in patients’ bath basins and evaluate the basins as a possible reservoir for bacterial colonization and a risk factor for subsequent hospital-acquired infection.
Methods In a prospective study at 3 acute care hospitals, 92 bath basins, including basins from 3 intensive care units, were evaluated. Sterile culture sponges were used to obtain samples from the basins. The culture sponges were sent to an outside laboratory, and qualitative and quantitative microbial tests were conducted and the results reported.
Results Some form of bacteria grew in 98% of the samples (90 sponges), either by plating or on enrichment (95% confidence interval, 92%–99.7%). The organisms with the highest positive rates of growth on enrichment were enterococci (54%), gram-negative organisms (32%), Staphylococcus aureus (23%), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (13%), methicillin-resistant S aureus (8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Candida albicans (3%), and Escherichia coli (2%). Mean plate counts, in colony-forming units, were 10 187 for gram-negative organisms, 99 for E coli, 30 for P aeruginosa, 86 for S aureus, 207 for enterococci, and 31 for vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Conclusions Bath basins are a reservoir for bacteria and may be a source of transmission of hospital-acquired infections. Increased awareness of bath basins as a possible source of transmission of hospital-acquired infections is needed, particularly for high-risk patients.
Mycobacterium fortuitum abdominal wall abscesses following liposuction
Authors: Al Soub Hussam , Al-Maslamani Eman , Al-Maslamani Mona 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe here a case of abdominal abscesses due to Mycobacterium fortuitum following liposuction. The abscesses developed three months after the procedure and diagnosis was delayed for five months. The clues for diagnosis were persistent pus discharge in spite of broad spectrum antibiotics and failure to grow any organisms on routine culture. This condition has been rarely reported; however, the increasing number of liposuction procedures done and awareness among physicians will probably result in the identification of more cases. Combination antibiotic therapy with surgical drainage in more extensive diseases is essential for cure.
Retinoblastoma: A spectrum of manifestations in three cases on B-scan
Authors: Aironi V. D. , Chougule Sonesh , Khetarpal Suneet , Bhati Gopalsingh 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRetinoblastoma is a primary intraocular neoplasm of childhood, presenting with leukocoria.We present a spectrum of three cases. First two cases are of bilateral retinoblastoma and last case is a retinoblastoma of right eye. All cases are confirmed to be retinoblastoma on operation and consequent histopathological study.
Evaluation of coronary artery disease by computed tomography angiography and calcium scoring on a 16-slice MDCT scanner in diabetic and nondiabetic patients
Authors: Agarwal Vikrant , Kundu Bijon , Sharma Surendra 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objectives : To evaluate the coronary arteries by CT angiography (CTA) and calcium scoring (CS) with 16-slice MDCT for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) by plaque detection, plaque characterization as well as quantifying luminal narrowing and to correlate the incidence and severity of CAD in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five patients (76 men, 29 women) aged 26-89 years underwent MDCT angiography with CS. Significant luminal stenosis was defined as a reduction in lumen diameter greater than or equal to 50%. The presence of calcification was determined by using the Agatston method. Incidence and severity of CAD were noted in diabetic (DM) and nondiabetic (nonDM) patients. Results : On comparing the CS in patients with DM and nonDM, there was a marked increase in the CS in diabetic patients. Seventy six per cent of diabetic patients showed calcific plaques whereas only 37% of nonDM patients showed calcific plaques. Conclusion: DM patients show significantly more CS than nonDM patients. Calcific plaques are more common in DM than nonDM patients. Double and triple vessel involvement is more common in DM than the nonDM patients.