bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing, segmental status and aspiration in icelandic
Authors: Lodge Ken 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper questions the a priori assumption of the segment in phonology by considering the issues surrounding the relative timing of articulatory movements and its relationship with phonological structure. The specific focus of the paper is on pre‐ and postaspiration in Icelandic, with a question as to why the former is normally treated as segmental while the latter is not. An alternative analysis is offered which does not assume cross‐parametric slicing into segments, which is declarative rather than derivational, and which is polysytemic as opposed to monosystemic. Timing is located in the phonetic implementation component of the phonology, which is language‐specific rather than universal.
The identity of SENCos: insights through images
Authors: Pearson Sue , Ralph Sue 
Published: February 2007

Stimulated by special educational needs co‐ordinators’ (SENCos) reactions to a published image, the researchers used photovoice methodology to explore SENCos’ images of themselves in relation to the perceptions of three groups of their colleagues: senior management team, teachers and teaching assistants. The analysis of the images involved the application of Activity Theory, which has the capacity to illuminate and explore the social context.The results demonstrate the complexity of the role of the SENCo and the need to negotiate different perceptions. The authors argue the case for policies and procedure to fully take into account these differences. The adoption of this methodology helped to provide a deeper understanding of these issues.
Contribution of Pseudomonas mendocina and Glomus intraradices to aggregate stabilization and promotion of biological fertility in rhizosphere soil of lettuce plants under field conditions
Authors: Kohler J. , Caravaca F. , Carrasco L. , Roldán A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA field‐plot experiment was undertaken to compare the effect of inorganic fertilizer with that of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, or with a plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas mendocina, alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, on plant growth and nutrient uptake by lettuce. The influence of the microbial inoculation treatments on soil physical, biochemical and biological properties was also assessed. Two months after planting, fertilizer and inoculation with G. intraradices or P. mendocina had significantly increased shoot and root biomass and foliar nutrient contents (P, Fe). The inoculation with G. intraradices or P. mendocina both increased the soil water‐soluble carbohydrates and the percentage of stable aggregates. In this study, we provide the first evidence of the beneficial effect of a plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacterium on soil aggregate stabilization under field conditions. Only inoculation with P. mendocina had a significant effect on the dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities, 21 and 89%, respectively, compared with the control. Inorganic fertilization alone did not increase aggregate stability or enzyme activities in soil, even though this treatment produced the largest increases in mass of lettuce.
Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland
Authors: Rodhe L. , Pell M. , Yamulki S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn Sweden, 90% of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere originate from agriculture, predominantly from animal manure handling. It is well known that incorporation of manure into soil can reduce NH3 emissions after spreading. However, there is a risk of increased nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions caused by bacterial activity and limited oxygen availability under these conditions. A full‐scale injector was developed and evaluated in a field experiment on grassland. Cattle slurry was either injected in closed slots 5 cm below ground or band spread on the soil surface above the crop canopy at a rate of 25 t ha−1. In a control treatment, no slurry was applied. During a 5‐day period after application, NH3 emissions were measured using an equilibrium concentration method. Gas samples for estimating CH4 and N2O emissions were also collected during 7 weeks following slurry application. Injection in closed slots resulted in no detectable NH3 emissions. After band spreading, however, NH3 emissions corresponded to nearly 40% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen in the applied slurry. The injection of slurry gave rise to a broad peak of N2O emissions during the first 3 weeks after application. In total, for the measuring period, N2O emissions corresponded to 0.75 kg N ha−1. Band spreading resulted in only a very small N2O release of about 0.2 kg N ha−1 during the same period. Except for the first sampling occasion, the soil was predominantly a sink for CH4 in all the treatments. The use of the injector without slurry application reduced grass yield during unfavourable growing conditions. In conclusion, shallow injection in closed slots seems to be a promising technique to reduce negative environmental impacts from NH3 emissions with a limited release of N2O and CH4.
Observations on the economic manufacture quantity model with learning and forgetting
Authors: Jaber Mohamad Y. , Guiffrida Alfred L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe economic order (manufacture) quantity model with learning and forgetting has attracted the attention of researchers since the 1960s. All the models developed have limitations, of which two will be addressed in this article. First, the models found in the literature do not address the problem of when the learning exponent b approaches or exceeds the value 1, where these models are mathematically invalid for the special cases of b=1 and 2, and not investigated for the cases 1<b<2 and b>2. Second, the models found in the literature assume that the holding cost per unit is fixed even though the unit production cost is decreasing because of learning. This limitation would suggest producing in smaller lot‐sizes than their optimal values. Mathematical models are developed, and existing learning models are revised to overcome these limitations. Numerical examples are presented with results discussed.
Determination of cutoff time for express courier services: a genetic algorithm approach
Authors: Ko Chang Seong , Min Hokey , Ko Hyun Jeung 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs the result of an explosive growth in e‐tailing, telemarketing, and television home‐shopping industries, the demand for the direct shipment of purchased goods by express couriers has increased over the last several years. The success of an express courier service often depends heavily on the direct marketing firm's ability to extend its cutoff time (deadline) for direct home deliveries coordinated by service centers near customers. Such an extension of cutoff time, however, may prolong consolidation holding time at the consolidation terminal and subsequently disrupt the timely delivery of products to customers. To make a trade‐off between cutoff time extension and delivery delays, we propose an integer programming model and its genetic algorithm solution procedure that allows express couriers, such as UPS, FedEx, and DHL, to maximize their profit generated by direct home deliveries. To demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the proposed model and solution procedure, we conducted a case study involving an express courier in Korea.
NAFTA supply chains: facilities location and logistics
Authors: Robinson Anne G. , Bookbinder James H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free‐trade agreement between Canada, Mexico and the United States, has caused North American companies to consider inclusion of Mexico in their supply chain. The lower Mexican wages may offset the additional transportation costs; capital‐intensive operations are preferably still done in the United States or Canada. With a consumer base focused in the United States, can an organisation leverage the benefits of NAFTA to their individual advantage? This paper aims to show how, through a real‐world example, overall supply chain costs (total system costs of inventory, transportation and facilities) can be minimised under those circumstances.We formulate and solve a mixed‐integer programming model to find the optimal supply chain for Tectrol Inc., a manufacturer of power supplies. In the first case, components produced in Canada undergo final assembly in the United States, followed by distribution there. The second case is a ‘NAFTA’ supply chain: the Canadian components are converted to sub‐assemblies in Mexico, processed in finishing plants across the US border, then shipped through distribution centres to the final customer.Model solutions indicate in each instance where to locate finishing plants and distribution centres, and how many of each there should be. Results provide Tectrol (hence other manufacturers) some general guidelines on distribution and supply chain decisions in the NAFTA context.
Willingness to Communicate Organ Donation Intention
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Ferreri Ruth , Jin Carol , Mendez Anthea , Smail Julie , Balcom Patricia , Shoemaker Sheila , Kamuzora Paul Lwekaza , Durham Rebecca , Dibble Jaqueline 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: The study tested an intervention exposing people who planned to donate organs to written information about communicating with family their intention to donate organs.Design: A pretest posttest double‐blind experiment compared participants given written information about communicating with family and basic organ donation information, with participants given written information about only basic organ donation information.Sample: Participants included 109 adults who had not yet communicated their plans with family.Measures: Participants first responded to previous experience with organ donation, thoughts about organ donation, willingness to communicate with family about organ donation, and knowledge about organ donation. After reading the respective pamphlet, participants again responded to thoughts about communicating with their family and willingness to communicate with family.Results: Both groups responded with the same high willingness to communicate before the intervention and a small but significant increase in willingness to communicate afterwards.Conclusions: Participants expressed a high degree of willingness to communicate about their organ donation intentions even though they had thus far not communicated their intentions. Factors in addition to willingness to communicate need to be identified in order to encourage better communication about organ donation intentions.
The Effect of Dowel Space on the Bond Strengths of Fiber Posts
Authors: Perdigão Jorge , Gomes George , Augusto Vitor 
Published: February 2007

Purpose
: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the degree of mismatch between post space and post diameters on the bond strength of a fiber‐reinforced resin post.
Materials and Methods
: Thirty‐two extracted human maxillary central incisors and canines were endodontically treated and assigned to four groups: Group 1 ‐ Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #1 drill (control); Group 2 ‐ Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #2 drill; Group 3 ‐ Canal prepared with a D.T. Light Post #3 drill; Group 4 ‐ Canal prepared with a Gates Glidden #6 drill. A D.T. Light Post size 1 was then luted into the canal using One‐Step Adhesive and Post Cement Hi‐X. A push‐out test was performed on three sections of each root to measure push‐out bond strengths. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni's test at p < 0.05. Two extra teeth for each group were restored in the same fashion and processed for SEM observation.
Results
: (in MPa): Group 1: 15.7 ± 6.9; Group 2: 14.7 ± 6.5; Group 3: 14.0 ± 5.0; Group 4: 14.0 ± 5.1. The variable “post space” resulted in no statistically significant difference in mean bond strengths (p > 0.05). For the variable “root region,” the coronal third (17.5 ± 6.0) resulted in statistically greater mean bond strengths than the apical third (12.3 ± 6.0) at p < 0.008. The middle third (14.0 ± 5.3) resulted in no statistically significant different mean bond strengths from the coronal third at p > 0.119 and from the apical third at p > 0.999. Under the SEM, some areas of the canal system still displayed residual gutta‐percha, which resulted in debonding of the interface between the resin cement and dentin. Areas with incomplete dentin hybridization were observed in localized areas of all groups.
Conclusions
: The diameter of the post space did not affect the push‐out bond strengths. Bonding at the coronal level of the root canal is more reliable than bonding at the apical level. The presence of residual gutta‐percha and the deficient dentin hybridization may result in deficient seal of the resin–dentin interface.
Treatment of an Edentulous Patient with CAD/CAM Technology: A Clinical Report
Authors: Drago Carl J. , Peterson Thomas 
Published: February 2007

CAD/CAM (computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing) technology with large‐scale industrial applications has been developed and used over the last 3 decades. Implant Innovations, Inc. (Palm Beach Gardens, FL), has recently introduced a version of this technology for use in implant restorative dentistry. Different software programs were written to design and machine individual implant abutments and bar‐type frameworks.This report provides a literature review of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry and describes the treatment of one edentulous patient restored with individual implant abutments and conventional cemented fixed partial dentures in the edentulous maxilla and a fixed, screw‐retained prosthesis that replaced the missing mandibular teeth. The abutments were made using The Encode™ Restorative System; the mandibular framework was made with a CAM StructSURE™ Precision Milled Bar.The benefits and limitations of this technology are also discussed. Additional clinical and laboratory studies are needed to further validate this technology.
An Investigation of Tooth/Implant‐Supported Fixed Prosthesis Designs with Two Different Stress Analysis Methods: An in vitro Study
Authors: Özçelik Tuncer Burak , Ersoy Ahmet Ersan 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: Tooth/implant‐supported fixed prostheses (TIFPs) present biomechanical design problems, because the implant is rigidly anchored within the alveolus, and the tooth is attached by the periodontal ligament that allows movement. While TIFP designs with rigid connectors (RCs) are preferred by many clinicians, the designs containing non‐rigid connectors (NRCs) are suggested as a method to compensate for these mobility differences. However, studies have failed to show the advantage of one design over the other. This study examined stresses formed around the implant and natural tooth abutments under occlusal forces, using two dimensional finite element (2D‐FEM) and photoelastic stress analysis methods (PSAM).
Materials and Methods: Connection of TIFP designs were investigated in distal extension situations using stress analysis interpreted with the 2D‐FEM and PSAM. Three TIFP (screw type implant, 3.75 mm × 13 mm) models with various connection designs (i.e., rigidly connected to an abutment tooth, connected to an abutment tooth with an NRC, connected to an abutment implant with an NRC) were studied. The stress values of the three models loaded with vertical forces (250 N) were analyzed.
Results: The highest level of stresses around the implant abutment was noted on the TIFPs with the RC. On the other hand, NRCs incorporated into prostheses at the site of the implant abutment reduced the level of stresses in bone.
Conclusion: It could be suggested that if tooth and implant abutments are to be used together as fixed prostheses supports, NRCs should be placed on the implant abutment‐supported site.
Principles of disability glare measurement: an ophthalmological perspective
Authors: Aslam Tariq M. , Haider David , Murray Ian J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.Disability glare describes the loss of retinal image contrast as a result of intraocular light scatter, or straylight. It has increasingly important modern implications such as with cataract and refractive surgery or high‐intensity lighting. However, its measurement has proven difficult despite many varying approaches. This article aims to explain the principles and problems associated with glare testing that are important for assessment and use of glare measures. After defining disability glare, this article discusses the importance of its measurement to current clinical practice. It explains the principles and mechanisms that underlie disability glare and its measurement. Finally, some examples of available glare tests are described to illustrate the principles discussed.
Reliability of personality disorder diagnosis during depression: the contribution of collateral informant reports
Authors: Case B. G. , Biel M. G. , Peselow E. D. , Guardino M. 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  Research has found low concordance of personality disorder diagnoses made during depression versus after remission and made using patient versus collateral informants, but little is known about the reliability of personality disorder (PD) diagnoses made during depression using patient and collateral reports.Method:  A total of 168 patients were evaluated for PDs during depression and following response using patient and close informant reports. κ coefficients of inter‐informant and test–retest reliability were calculated.Results:  After depression response, the proportion diagnosed with cluster A and C PDs fell by both patient and close informant report, and overall inter‐informant reliability declined. Overall test–retest reliability did not differ between patients and informants.Conclusion:  Collateral informants do not improve the reliability of PD diagnoses made during depressive episodes.
Treatment of a Chromate‐Contaminated Soil Site by in situ Gaseous Reduction
Authors: Thornton E.C , Gilmore T.J. , Olsen K.B. , Giblin J.T. , Phelan J.M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA proof‐of‐concept field test for the treatment of hexavalent chromium in the vadose zone using in situ gaseous reduction was successfully completed by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Defense in a joint demonstration conducted at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The test involved injecting hydrogen sulfide, diluted in air, into contaminated vadose zone sediment to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The gaseous mixture was injected directly into the contaminated sediment through a central injection well and vacuum extracted through the flow field with six boreholes at the site periphery over a 76‐d period. Comparison of soil samples taken before and after the test indicated 70% of the total mass of hexavalent chromium originally present at the site was reduced and immobilized. The zone of highest contamination was nearly completely treated, with average Cr(VI) concentrations decreasing in this interval from an average of 8.1 mg/kg before treatment to 1.1 mg/kg after treatment. Treatment was best in higher permeability clean gypsum sands and less effective in zones containing greater amounts of silt and clay and a slightly higher iron content. All hexavalent chromium concentrations measured in the posttest samples, however, were well below the remedial goal and regulatory limit of 30 mg/kg. In addition, the field test demonstrated that vadose zone treatment of contamination can be safely conducted using diluted hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures. Ongoing development of the technology is being directed toward addressing the limitations of gaseous treatment arising from variations in sediment permeability and iron content and assessing the relationship between hydrogen sulfide consumption and reaction kinetics.
Monitoring Subsurface Contamination Using Tree Branches
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Gayathri , Negri M. Cristina , Minsker Barbara S. , Werth Charles J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of assessing the distribution of chlorinated solvents in soil and ground water using tree branches. Sampling branches is a potentially more cost‐effective and easier method than sampling tree cores, with less risk of damage to the tree. This approach was tested at Argonne National Laboratory, where phytoremediation is being used to remove tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) from soil and ground water. The phytoremediation system consists of shallow‐rooted willows planted in an area with contaminated soil and deep‐rooted poplars planted in an area with clean soil and contaminated ground water. Branch samples were collected from 126 willows and 120 poplars. Contaminant concentrations from 31 soil borings and six monitoring wells were compared to those from branches of adjacent trees. Regression equations with correlation coefficients of at least 0.89 were obtained, which were found to be chemical specific. Kriged profiles of TCE concentration based on soil and willow branch data were developed and showed good agreement. Profiles based on ground water data could not be developed due to lack of sufficient monitoring wells for a meaningful statistical analysis. An analytical model was used to simulate TCE concentrations in tree branches from soil concentrations; the diffusion coefficient for TCE in the tree was used as the fitting parameter and the best‐fit value was two orders of magnitude greater than literature values. This work indicates that tree branch sampling is a useful approach to assess contaminant distribution and potentially to determine where to locate monitoring wells or perform detailed soil analysis. Further research is necessary prior to using this method as a quantitative monitoring tool for soil and ground water.
Multivariate Analysis of Ground Water and Soil Data from a Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Mumford Kevin G. , MacGregor John F. , Dickson Sarah E. , Frappa Richard H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental site investigations often involve the collection and analysis of hundreds of samples producing data sets that contain thousands of data points, which are difficult and time consuming to analyze. Consequently, investigators often focus on key surrogate parameters for site characterization and remedial action planning and assessment, which results in a large portion of the data collected remaining unused. This study presents the application of principal component analysis (PCA) as an efficient statistical technique to examine large environmental data sets through highlighting patterns in a reduced‐variable space. In this work, PCA was applied to ground water and soil data collected from a National Priorities List Superfund site. Analysis of the soil sample data identified several samples with contaminant parameters that were more closely related to those of the waste material than the background samples, and provided both a measure and delineation of the overall soil contamination. Analysis of the ground water data identified elevated metal concentrations due to the corrosion of a carbon steel well screen, a potential hydraulic connection between upper and lower water bearing zones at one well location, and two potentially impacted well locations. These results demonstrate that PCA facilitates the efficient analysis of large environmental data sets, providing a measure of contamination based on multiple sample parameters and aiding in the definition of a remediation boundary. These advantages can expedite data interpretation, guide additional sampling efforts, and define more accurate remediation boundaries, ultimately reducing the total cost of site investigation.