bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change of Numeraire
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses numeraire changes. It considers a pricing problem for a contingent claim χ, in a model with a stochastic short rate r. In most concrete cases, r and χ are not independent under the risk neutral martingale measure Q. This is because under Q, the stock will have r as its local rate of return, thus introducing a Q-dependence. A general pricing formula with a forward neutral measure QT is presented. Practice exercises are included.
Development Economics
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive, coherent, and optimistic overview on development economics, with an emphasis on East Asia. It is a fully revised and updated third edition, building on the strengths of the previous editions and providing up to date analyses of several recent changes and newly emerged problems relevant to the global economy. These include coverage of crises in Latin America; the recovery of East Asia from the 1997-98 financial crisis; the development of the 'Post-Washington Consensus' and the Millennium Development Goals; and the stalemate around the Kyoto Protocol.
Introduction
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe main issues of the book are discussed. The main focus is the development of low-income economies towards catching up with high-income economies, which includes discussion on the major cultural and social changes involved, the choice of economic system – discussing the optimum combination of market, state and community and issues such as the role of technology borrowing as a major means for low-income economies to catch up with advanced ones and identifying the possible means to facilitate this process. While special focus is placed on low-income economies, ‘developing economies’ at various stages of development are covered in broad terms.
A Theoretical Framework for Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAs a basic framework of this book, development of the social system is considered a process of interactions between the economic subsystem and the cultural-institutional subsystem. The former consists of activities combining economic resources (labour, capital, and natural resources) through technology to produce goods and services useful for human living. These economic activities are coordinated and controlled by the latter, which consists of institutions (the rules of society) and culture (people's value system). A model is developed to conceptualize how technological and institutional changes interact with each other, how they respond to changes in resource endowments, and how such responses are governed by cultural traditions.
A Comparative Perspective on Developing Economies
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAims to develop a bird's eye view on current status and growth potential of developing economies by means of highly condensed international comparative statistics in order to postulate broad hypotheses for the analyses in the subsequent chapters. The data suggest that wide differences in economic growth performance among developing countries are due little to differences in natural resource endowments, but may instead be explained by investment in both physical and human capital. Such broadly defined capital formation depends not so much on the level of per capita income as it does on institutions and policies.
Population Growth and the Constraint of Natural Resources
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe causes of 'population explosion' in developing economies today are identified in the light of demographic histories in both developed and developing economies in order to make future predictions. Further, the development theories of classical economists such as Malthus and Ricardo to modern theorists, who tried to incorporate population as an endogenous variable in the economic system, are examined.
Breaking the Natural Resource Constraint
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe world has so far avoided dismal predictions by Malthus and Ricardo on the inexorable consequences of population growth with the application of science to the development of technology geared towards maximizing the intensity of land use for agricultural production. The mechanism by which this 'science-based agriculture' has been transferred from developed to developing economies and how this process can further be strengthened are investigated.
Capital Accumulation in Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReviews theoretical justifications and economic consequences of a development strategy adopted, commonly by newly independent developing countries in a few decades after the Second World War, which advocated maximizing capital accumulation in the industrial sector by means of government planning and command. The general failure of this strategy, which had become evident by the 1980s, produced a conviction that accumulated capital cannot be an effective basis for economic development unless it is combined with appropriate technology and manpower under appropriate institutions.
Patterns and Sources of Technological Progress
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe institutional conditions by which appropriate technology and human resources are effectively combined with capital accumulation for promoting industrial development are examined in this chapter. Accumulation of intangible capital created by the government’s investment in scientific research and school education is critically important in the initial phrase of industrialization. Still it is a necessary but not the sufficient condition. Sustained industrial development requires the organization of competitive markets that facilitate innovations by Schumpeterian entrepreneurs.
Income Distribution, Poverty, and Environmental Problems
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGrowing inequality and environmental degradation are two serious problems that developing economies will have to face in their economic growth processes geared for reducing absolute poverty. These problems are closely interrelated. For example, the importation of labour-saving industrial technologies from high-income countries tends to increase returns to capital relative to labour, thereby increasing the incomes of the property-owning rich relative to the poor owning no other productive means other than their own labour. Such technologies are adopted often without accompanying adequate investment in pollution control, resulting in horrible environmental pollution. Institutional innovations are needed to prevent income inequality and environmental degradation from rising, while sustaining the growth of developing economies.
Market and State
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe question of what kind of institutional set-up would be appropriate for promoting economic development is approached in terms of combination between market and state. The traditional debates on the choice of development strategy between free trade and infant industry protection is examined with reference to the historical experiences of developed economies as well as recent confrontations between import substitution industrialization and the IMF-World Bank structural adjustment policies. The nature and significance of market failures versus government failures are illustrated in terms of comparisons between the Latin American Debt Crisis in the 1880s and the Asian Financial Crisis in the 1990s. The choice of the market versus the state, as well as growth versus equity, is discussed in reference to the changing paradigms in the IMF-World Bank.
The Role of Community in Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe community is considered the third pillar of the economic system in addition to the market and the state. The market is an organization coordinating competition among people seeking profits by impersonal means of prices, and the state intervenes in matters of resource allocations through the use of coercive power. In contrast, the community organizes collective actions based on mutual trust within a small group characterized by intensive interactions. The community's role in conserving and improving common-property resources is well known. In addition, its role in supporting market development by its power to enforce trade contracts among transacting parties belonging to the community network is emphasized. This role is especially important in the early development stage.
Tradition and Modernization: A Concluding Remark
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Godo Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWhat should be the right combination of community, market, and state? It depends not only on the stage of economic development but also on the cultural tradition. Under the different value systems in different societies, different combinations of the three organizations are chosen as the mechanisms to control resource allocations. Evolution of different economic systems under different cultural traditions is illustrated through comparisons between Western and Asian countries, especially Japan, in its modernization process. The book concludes with the argument that if developing economies today are to catch up with developed economies, they must develop effective economic systems each suitable to their unique cultural and social traditions.
Psalmody and Prayer in the Writings of Evagrius Ponticus
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This book explores the writings of Evagrius Ponticus. It seeks a connection between the seemingly disparate aspects of Evagrius’ mystical theology by approaching the relationship between psalmody and prayer from three perspectives. First, Evagrius’ life, works, and spiritual doctrine are presented, followed by a description of the monastic discipline of psalmody as practised by Evagrius and his contemporaries; Evagrius texts on the interrelationship between psalmody and prayer are then considered. Second, Evagrius’ recommendations on the usefulness of psalmody in healing of the passions are discussed. Finally, the biblical scholia are studied, which facilitate what Evagrius called ‘undistracted psalmody’, that is, contemplation by means of the words used in psalmody of the person of Christ and of Christ’s salvific work within creation.
Introduction
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion on the debates surrounding the influence of Evagrius Ponticus’ writings in the Christian East and West. The main thesis of this volume is then described, namely, the analysis of Evagrius’ practice of the discipline of psalmody. A connection between the seemingly disparate aspects of Evagrius’ mystical theory is sought by approaching the relationship between psalmody and prayer from three perspectives: Evagrius’ life, works, and spiritual doctrine; his recommendations concerning the usefulness of psalmody in the healing of the passions; and Evagrius’ ‘undisclosed psalmody’.
The Monastic Discipline of Psalmody
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In the fourth century, the Book of Psalms gradually displaced other biblical texts used in so-called ‘canonical prayers’. Among the monks, psalmody was one of the exterior ascetical practices which, together with fasting, keeping vigil, and restraint of speech, were recommended by almost all the desert fathers of the late fourth century. John Cassian was one of the most important witnesses to the practice and spirituality of psalmody. The practice and spirit of psalmody are discussed.
Evagrius on Exegesis and Psalmody
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Psalmody and the recitation of other biblical texts served as the gateway to gnostike, the perception of the inner purposes of God beneath the letter of the text. Evagrius believed that the art of biblical exegesis, which is part of the gnostike, has its own methodology, just as the progressive vigilant study of the soul, which pertains to the praktike, has its proper methodology. This chapter discusses the five texts in which Evagrius reflects on the purpose and the goal of psalmody. These are De oratione 82, 83, 85, and 87; and Praktikos.
Psalmody as Spiritual Remedy
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In De oratione 83, Evagrius presents his belief that psalmody serves as a spiritual remedy, a means by which the passions are calmed and the body’s disharmony is rectified. The basis of his faith in the efficacy of psalmody as spiritual remedy is his conviction that it is above all Christ who is encountered in the psalter. This chapter explores Evagrius’ understanding of the therapeutic power of psalmody, particularly its efficacy with regards to the healing of thumos, in light of his regular use of medical imagery, theory, and the title ‘Christ the physician’. Because of their significance as sources for Evagrius’ spiritual doctrine, the use of these categories by Origen and the Cappadocian fathers is emphasized.
The Psalter as Spiritual Weapon
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Evagrius believed that the spiritual benefits of chanting the psalms went beyond the calming effect of psalmody on the passions. The soul is in continuous warfare against demons that employ logismoi (tempting thoughts) to prevent humans from praying or perceiving God. The Book of Psalms is a valuable weapon that provides models of spiritual progress, as well as a means by which prayer and contemplation may be attained. Evagrius recommends the practice of psalmody in the Praktikos, Antirrhetikos, and De oratione. Psalms in the Antirrhetikos and antirrhetic texts in the Scholia on Psalms are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter presents a synthesis of the writings of Evagrius Ponticus discussions in this volume. It argues that the monastic discipline of psalmody reflects the Evagrius’ vision of the spiritual life. The underlying rhythm of spiritual progress consists of the movement between poles of praktike, physike, and theologike; that is, progress from concern with moral and spiritual improvement to perception of God in and beyond creation.
The European Voter
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this book is to describe and explain the changes in electoral behaviour that occurred in six West-European countries in the second half of the twentieth century. Two alternative theoretical approaches are systematically tested in an attempt to explain these changes. The first approach is deduced from modernisation theory. Modernisation theory implies that over time, the explanatory power for electoral behaviour of more or less stable structural variables such as social class and religion will yield to more short-term factors. The second and alternative theoretical approach predicts that changes and variations in patterns of voting behaviour are not due to secular processes in voting behaviour, but to variations in the political-institutional context, both between countries and within countries between different elections. In contrast to much of the authoritative literature, chapter after chapter of this book shows that there is little empirical evidence supporting modernization theory. Electoral behaviour is primarily political behaviour that is shaped by the political context of elections as much as by autonomous processes in society. In this respect, not much has changed during the period covered. The political context was never irrelevant for voting behaviour. No matter how divided a society is in terms of religion and/or social class, as long as these differences are not politicised, voters cannot be mobilised on this basis. Also, if voters do not see the policy differences between the political parties competing for their votes — as was increasingly the case in the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s in some of the countries in this study — one should not be surprised to find low correlations between voters’ policy preferences and their party choice.
Political Parties and Party Systems
Authors: Klingemann Hans‐Dieter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter offers a historical description of the development of the national party systems of the countries represented in the book. First, it provides an overview of the political parties in the various countries and classifies them by party family. Second, it deals with three aspects of inter-party competition which have been singled out as important by previous research efforts: (1) the number of political parties (fragmentation), (2) the ideological distance between parties (polarization), and (3) the degree of electoral change (volatility). Measures of these characteristics allow a basic description of the structure and dynamics of party systems.
3 Electoral Turnout1
Authors: Aarts Kees , Wessels Bernhard 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAccording to modernisation theory, electoral participation should become less important in modern democracies. “Modern” citizens feel more capable of handling their own political affairs, thus they will decide for themselves when and how to get involved in political action, and consequentially will not automatically cast their vote. This view has in recent years often been rephrased into the expectation that electoral turnout in Western societies will decrease. However, this expectation is at odds with current knowledge about the development of the most important individual characteristic associated with electoral participation — i.e. the level of education — thus giving rise to a “puzzle of turnout”. This chapter addresses the turnout puzzle and provides an alternative explanation of varying turnout figures: the political context of the election. The political context (polarisation, degree of alienation and of indifference) is shown to account for trends and fluctuations in turnout in the six European democracies for up to 40 years.
Social Structure and Party Choice1
Authors: Oskarson Maria 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the explanatory power of the social cleavage model presented by Lipset and Rokkan in the 1960s. According to most of the dominant literature, the explanatory power of this model has declined over time. This trend is confirmed in this chapter. However, the findings in this chapter also show that social cleavage voting must be seen as the result of an interaction between groups in society on the one hand, and the political parties on the other. Changes in party appeal or party strategies are important factors to consider to understand the evolution of social cleavage voting.
5 Party Identification and Party Choice
Authors: Berglund Frode , Holmberg Sören , Schmitt Hermann , Thomassen Jacques 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter tests the validity of two alternative theoretical perspectives on the evolution of party identification. According to the first perspective, which is based on the theory of modernization, one should expect a secular decline of the level of party identification. The reason is that modern, well educated citizens do not need the cue of party identification anymore. The second perspective focuses on political rather than social correlates of party identification, and predicts less linear developments. Adversary politics is supposed to be favourable for the development of partisanship, while a broad political consensus across the major parties is expected to suppress the development of party identification. Whereas the first perspective predicts a linear decline of partisanship, the second one does not. The empirical evidence with regard to the first perspective is mixed. Although party identifiers have become less numerous over time, this development is anything but monotonous in most countries. Moreover, the micro-theory underlying the theory of modernisation is not corroborated. Contrary to expectations, cognitive mobilisation does not lead to a lower level of party identification. However, the evidence supporting the second perspective is equally ambivalent. The political correlates of the development of party identification are modest at best, and cannot fully explain what is going on in the six West European countries under study.
Value Orientations and Party Choice
Authors: Knutsen Oddbjørn , Kumlin Staffan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe general hypothesis of the book is that the power of long-term factors to explain party choice has gradually become weaker. Since value orientations can be considered as long-term factors, one should expect the explanatory power of value orientations to decline over time. However, the empirical evidence in this chapter suggests that the impact of values is regulated by the political context. This contextual factor includes the extent to which citizens learn to make use of ideological labels and concepts, the extent to which they receive ideological cues in order to choose on the basis of values, as well as the affective strength with which values are endorsed. The apparent decrease in perceived party polarisation in the 1990s led to a decline of the extent to which extremely economic left-right values matter for party choice.
7 Left–Right Orientations and Party Choice
Authors: van der Eijk Cees , Schmitt Hermann , Binder Tanja 
Published: October 2005

AbstractJust like in the case of value orientations, one might expect a gradual decrease of the power of left-right orientations to explain party choice. However, no such monotonic decline can be observed. Voters’ left/right positions still are strongly related to party choice, but the strength of this association varies between countries and over time, without any particular kind of clearly discernable trend. The over-time variation in this association is strongly correlated with the degree of party polarization on the left/right continuum.
8 Issue Voting
Authors: Aardal Bernt , van Wijnen Pieter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe main research question in this chapter is to what extent and how voters’ perceptions of important issues affect the outcome of the election. The analyses clearly demonstrate that issue voting matters. If a voter thinks that a certain issue is salient, this has a considerable positive effect on the probability that he or she will vote for the party that is regarded as the ‘owner’ of the issue. Despite thelimitations of the measurements and data used, it is argued that issues do matter in modern elections. However, contrary to expectations based on modernisation theory, no secular increase in issue voting over time was found. The notion that policy preferences — or issues — have “replaced” social background as prime determinants of voting tends to overlook the fact that even the traditional models of voting behaviour were not devoid of political context. In this perspective, the analysis in this chapter confirms that election campaigns are still fought over issues that both politicians and voters perceive as important. If a party owns an issue, it has far better chances in an upcoming election, only if the voters — and the media — agree with the party that this particular issue deserves particular attention.