bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Policies in Europe
Authors: Cleutinx Christian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Christian CLEUTINX is principal administrator with the Commission of the European Communities. He is presently based in Washington, D. C. where he is responsible for energy, industrial policy and environment affairs. He joined the Commission in 1975 and has successively been in charge of European coal investment policy and energy analysis and forecasts. Before that he held responsibilities in the fields of marketing and production planning with Petrofina and Raychem Corporation. He holds a degree in Economics and Finance and a Master's degree in Business Administration.
Thank you Mr. Chairman. May I also immediately thank the Society of Petroleum Engineers for giving me the opportunity to participate in such a prestigeous symposium. As an official of the Commission of the European Communities my presentation will concentrate on energy policies as developed within the European Communities.
As an introduction, it might be useful to review briefly the functioning of what is generally known as the European Common Market. The Community traces its origins to the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, to create a European Coal and Steel Community. The idea behind this Treaty was that the pooling of coal and steel production would immediately provide for the establishment of common bases for economic development as a first step in the Federation of Europe. The six founding Member States – Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands – decided that this experiment, which proved a significant success, should be deepened and extended to embrace their entire economies. In 1957, they signed the Treaty of Rome setting up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). Over the years, six other countries – Denmark, Greece, Ireland, The United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal – joined. This enlarged Community which accounts for 2 0 percent of world trade has a population of 320 million people and a GNP slightly larger than that of the US.
Oil in the Soviet Union and China: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Ebel R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The production of crude oil in the Soviet Union fell dramatically in 1985, for reasons unrelated to the world market. Major deficiencies confront the industry, most importantly, the absence of large new discoveries to offset production declines at the older fields. Authorities have scheduled production increases through 1990, but these increases appear to be beyond reach.
For the People's Republic of China, crude oil output has been demonstrating modest growth in recent years. Plans for 1990, however, call for a major increase in production during the coming five years. Prospects for meeting the plan goal are uncertain, against the background of disappointing offshore developments.
General guidelines for the planned development of energy supply for both the Soviet Union and China are presented, and the probable role of both as exporters of crude oil in future years is discussed.
A series of tables presents actual, estimated and planned levels of activity for the petroleum industry of both countries, through the end of the Century.
Impact of Petroleum Industry Recapitalization Upon Integral Material Suppliers
Authors: Foster J. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The monumental impact of mergers, acquisitions, divestitures and recapitalization within the oil and gas industry has dealt far reaching trauma well outside itself. This calculated rush over the past five years to substitute debt for equity and use cash to reduce shares outstanding has gotten a significant portion of its capital from one of the industry's mainstays--drilling and exploration. One can directly relate this as being a primary component to the free fall in the national rig count and all its ensuing ramifications within an already ailing segment of the big picture: manufacturers of downhole tubulars and oilfield related service companies.
Cogeneration Financing Issues
Authors: Dalnoky J. J. , David A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Cogeneration is not new to the chemical and petroleum industries, which have been traditional heavy users of both steam and electricity. The enactment of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) permitted private unregulated production and sale of electrical power and required the purchase of that power by the electric utility which serves the area in which the facility resides. This law has created a renewed interest in the chemical, refining, enhanced oil recovery and other industries as a means of reducing overall costs in a very competitive environment. The purchase price of the power under PURPA is established by the law to be the avoided cost of the purchasing utility for the next unit of power. The exact method of determining this "avoided cost" has been hotly debated by cogenerators, utilities and public utility commissions throughout the country.
With the current declining prices of various forms of energy, utilities' "avoided costs" have also declined. Decreases in residential and industrial use of electric power and an increase of industrial production of power have slowed the rate of growth in electrical energy demand. This has resulted in utilities being faced with dismissing plans for new generating facilities and cutting back production from existing higher cost facilities. These factors have a negative effect on the economics and development of new cogeneration facilities.
The economics of cogeneration vary with the input fuel, the capital cost, the operating cost, the fuel structure of the purchasing utility, and many other factors inherent to such facilities. Therefore, the financing of cogeneration facilities may be accomplished by many different financing structures. Several structures, which have been used to date, are construction and term financings which include leveraged leasing and off-balance sheet joint venture partnerships. Various factors for financing such as guarantees, tax issues, clawbacks, escrow funds, and other mechanisms are addressed and explained. Sensitivities of fuel prices on gas-fueled projects are explored.
Financing Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Sobotka S. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will discuss some of the developments that led to the surge in mergers, acquisitions, and restructurings that began a few years ago. It will conclude that forces affecting oil companies made some companies more valuable to others than standing alone. Mergers were useful because they brought about a desirable balancing of risks. Consequently, financing was available. The paper will also conclude that the incentives for mergers did not create profit opportunities in takeovers. Finally, we shall suggest that the incentives for mergers were greater in the first part of this decade than earlier and probably have largely disappeared, or at least substantially decreased in the last year.
Mergers were not events peculiar to the petroleum industry. But the magnitudes and characteristics of the assets involved in these events in the petroleum industry suggest that this industry was particularly impacted by the changes in economic conditions or views of economic conditions that brought on the mergers, acquisitions, and restructurings that took place or were attempted in several industries. So we need first to look for developments in industry generally and in the entire economy that might help explain what happened.
During the period of inflation that began in the 1960s and ended in the early 1980s, real interest rates (quoted rates minus inflation) were very low by historical standards. That made it appear unusually attractive to hold assets for long-term appreciation because interest rates were so low that there had to be rather little appreciation in real terms to make the holding of assets worthwhile. Oil in the ground, other natural resources (renewable and not renewable), and even developed and undeveloped land, all were relatively inexpensive to hold. Indeed, during a part of that period, realized real interest rates were negative. Thus, even the holding of assets that were subject to considerable price risk or whose prices were declining slowly appeared attractive. Companies in many industries as well as individuals reacted to these incentives by greatly increasing their holdings of assets. This does not mean that petroleum companies necessarily increased the volume of their reserve holdings. But the values of these holdings relative to the values of other assets rose greatly in the case of a good many companies.
The Economic Impact of Take-or-Pay Settlements
Authors: Yurkevicz G. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The following paper examines the economic impact of recent take-or-pay settlements on the stock prices of Panhandle Eastern Corporation (Panhandle) and Columbia Gas System, Inc. (Columbia). The analysis indicates that each company's stock price was positively affected by settlement of its take-or-pay claims. Each company outperformed both the market and a comparison panel of its industry peers during trading periods surrounding the announcement date of each settlement. The data suggest that by eliminating these financial claims, both companies positively altered their competitive position in the gas transmission industry.
Avoiding International Double Taxation in the Petroleum Industry Since 1969
Authors: McCarthy J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
All industrialized countries recognize the principle that the country in which a business activity is conducted has the first right to tax the income from that activity. At the same time, international double taxation of those earnings is recognized as an evil to be avoided if the business activities of a given country's citizens are to remain competitive.
As Professor Peggy Musgrave, a longtime student of these matters, recently observed:
Overlapping taxation … is universally condemned on economic grounds. I believe that every economist who has thought at all seriously about the matter recognizes that overlapping taxation discriminates against multi-jurisdictional firms in favor of purely local firms, hampers the free flow of capital to areas where it could be employed most effectively, and impairs economic efficiency. I "know of no scholarly argument against the proposition that overlapping taxation should be avoided.
Stimulating Carbonate Formations Using a Closed Fracture Acidizing Technique
Authors: Fredrickson S. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Many carbonate formations cannot be successfully fracture acidized at pressures above the formation fracture pressure using standard fracture acidizing techniques. This situation exists because standard techniques rely on acid etched, uneven removal of the fracture face to produce fracture flow channels or fracture conductivity. Many times the etched fracture face is either too smooth, softens with acid, or the formation strength itself is insufficient to prevent closure due to overburden pressure, as in chalk formations.
The "closed" fracture acidizing technique is designed to allow acid to flow through existing "closed" fractures below fracturing pressure in a channelling manner. Wide grooves or channels in the fracture face are then formed as acid is pumped at low rates and allowed to dissolve large flow channels. These grooves tend to remain open with good flow capacities under severe closure conditions and also allow fines or emulsions to be more easily produced. The initial fractured system can be natural fractures, previously created fractures, or fractures created and etched just prior to the "closed" treatment.
Laboratory test results on formation cores and field results verify this technique.
A Case History of Refracs in the Oak Hill (Cotton Valley) Field
Authors: Hunter J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Under certain circumstances, restimulation of tight gas sand wells may provide an excellent investment opportunity. Graham-McCormick Operating Partnership conducted a refracturing program within the confines of the Oak Hill (Cotton Valley) Field which may provide insights for other operators contemplating similar work.
This paper explores the criteria used to identify refrac candidates and examines the important considerations in the design process. A well-by—well discussion describes implementation of the treatments and evaluates post—frac performance. Refrac economics are reviewed in the closing section
Polymer Flood Operations: East Texas Field
Authors: Miglicco T. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The W.H. Siler Lease is located at the southernmost end of the East Texas Field where solution gas drive is the predominant source of energy. In this paper, the overall polymer augmented waterflood performance will be briefly discussed and aspects of the equipment and fluid design will be addressed; however, the primary interest will concern the operational problems and facility design modifications during the course of the project.
Unique problems were encountered with designing the polymer skid and overall system. A method of mixing and injecting the polymer and monitoring the polymer injection facility had to be devised. Special fittings, valves and piping were required to minimize corrosion and polymer crosslinking. Polymer storage tanks and a circulation system were required and designed to prevent water condensation, settling of the polymer, and to provide a means of measuring tank levels. Other operational problems occurred such as quality control on deliveries, transfer pump failures, mixing problems in the storage tanks, and voltage fluctuation problems. Also, various attempts to clear the formation sandface of polymer utilizing sodium hypochlorite and nitrogen jetting will be discussed.
A Novel Approach for Developing Drilling Fluids Systems
Authors: Greene K. E. , Wang M. K. , Cannon N. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate methodology in choosing a drilling fluid system when certain formation characteristics are known. Formation analyses of several shales have been completed and are the basis for this paper. These formations are located along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast, providing some of the most reactive shales to their drilling fluid environment.
Composition of the Travis Peak Formation and analyses of fluid systems to drill this formation will also be advanced. The procedures for testing the drilling fluids environments will be presented. Several companies have used these techniques in selecting drilling fluids programs with much success. Principles of shale stability will be reviewed.
Drilling Technology Application: 15,000-Ft Water Depth
Authors: Hammett D. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces new technology which extends the capability of drilling in 15,000 ft. water depth for the purpose of gathering Earth Science data. The application of the petroleum industry experience to drill in these water depths has lead to a successful first year of operation of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The program has commenced coring the ocean floor to learn more about the earth. The program will be conducted worldwide during the next 14 years utilizing the drillship SEDCO/BP 471. Several modifications were performed in order that the ship could effectively use all available technology. A re-entry system is utilized so that the ship can core into the earth's crust approximately 8,000 feet. Several types of new scientific and drilling equipment will be utilized in this program.
The major thrust of ODP is to gain scientific knowledge of the earth's crust and ocean floor. For the first time, hardware and technology developments have been mandated in the mission. ODP will develop new tools and technology for deep ocean exploration and drilling. These tools and techniques will include: Small diameter downhole motors, coring devices, long drill string design, re-entry devices, and bits. The ODP is administrated and supervised by Texas A&M University.
The technology exchange between the scientists and drilling industry is a key part of the 14 year program. In addition to Earth Science this program will provide data for future energy sources. The ODP has the potential to provide more useful data for mankind's life on Earth than the Space Program has produced.
Triaxial Casing Design for Burst
Authors: Kastor R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A closed form Triaxial Design procedure has been developed based upon the von Mises' criteria using the Lame' equations. This contrasts with the conventional biaxial procedure using Barlow's equation. The results of using the new procedure are compared which demonstrate the importance of incorporating the radial stress.
It is concluded the Triaxial Design procedure should be used when surface pressures exceed ±12,000 psi. This is based on comparing a series of designs for surface pressures ranging from 3,300 to psi. By first designing these strings using the Biaxial/Barlow approximation and then checking them with the Triaxial/Lame' procedure, it is noted that the Biaxial/Barlow design is in considerable error above ±12,000 psi and may be unsafe above ±15,000 psi.
It is also concluded that equivalent safety requires different values of Design Factor for Biaxial vs. Triaxial procedures.
Submudline Drivepipe Whipstock: A Cost Effective Method of Reclaiming Platform Slots
Authors: Provance S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
On an offshore platform, once a wellbore has been junked or a reservoir depleted, reclaiming that slot for future drilling work can be costly and time consuming. A Submudline Drivepipe Whipstock (SDW) allows an old wellbore to be plugged and abandoned, and new drive pipe driven, making the slot available for the drilling of a new well in an expedient and cost effective manner. Using the SDW eliminates the slow process of washing over and pulling existing casing strings to obtain a window suitable for kicking off below existing drive pipe. Although the first SDW used by ARCO Oil and Gas Company required two attempts to be installed properly, five have been successfully used since that time. The purpose of this paper is to describe the SDW, the process used to install it and to illustrate the reduced time and cost effectiveness of reclaiming a platform slot in this manner.
Drilling With a Parasite Aerating String in the Disturbed Belt, Gallatin County, Montana
Authors: Westermark R. V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Drilling for oil and gas in the Overthrust and Disturbed belts of the Rocky Mountains has received considerable attention in recent years. Zones having low pressure gradients are frequently encountered, when drilling in the mountains. Operating companies and drilling contractors have learned to respect lost circulation problems.
This paper discusses Phillips Petroleum Company's approach for controlling this problem in a well drilled in Gallatin County, Montana. Using compressed air down the drill pipe to lighten the drilling mud's hydrostatic pressure is an accepted method of combating lost circulation. A parasite aerating string is a tubing string attached to the outside of the surface or intermediate casing and is used to inject air into the casing-drill pipe annul us. Reduction in hydrostatic pressure to effective mud weights of 6 ppg (719 kg/m2) or less can be obtained with the proper air/mud ratios and the correct setting depth of the air injection point.
A parasite aerating string offers several advantages over using an air-mud mixture down the drill pipe:
Ease of operation, no special procedure needed for making connections or trips. No changes in downhole equipment are required. Conventional bit hydraulics can be used. Air does not contact the open hole. Corrosion is limited to the coolest section of the hole and only above the injection point.
Addressing Choke Control Deficiencies Through Computer-Based Electronics
Authors: Thompson S. , Harbour D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The scope of this paper will be to review the technology used in contemporary choke control systems, and in particular, to examine the deficiencies of these systems. A well-control system recently developed by TOTCO will be used as an example of how computer-based electronics can successfully address many of these problems.
Evolution and Differences of Directional and High-Performance Downhole Motors
Authors: Makohl F. , Jurgens R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The introduction of downhole motors to the drilling industry has helped to reduce costs and to develop new drilling technologies.
The idea of using a downhole motor directly on top of the bit instead of turning the whole drill string is not new. The first commercial downhole motor was a turbine, but it turned too fast for most existing bits and applications, especially directional drilling. So other ideas were tried.
An electric downhole motor was experimented with, but it failed because of power transmission problems. Finally, the positive displacement motor (PDM) was developed. Like the turbine, the PDM converts the hydraulic power of the mud flow into mechanical power at the bit. But it turns slower, and thus has become the preferred downhole motor for most operations.
Liner Cementing Techniques and Case Histories Offshore Western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hebert R. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Liner cementing success in Tenneco Oil Company's Western Gulf of Mexico Division increased from 44% between 1979-1982 to near 80% for the period of 1983-1985. The improvement in cementing success can be partially attributed to implementation of a planned liner top squeeze after the bottom of the liner has been cemented conventionally. This is accomplished by running a retrievable squeeze packer above the liner run-in tool. This method of liner cementing was pioneered and had been used successfully for over ten years by Superior Oil Company. It was studied and adapted by Tenneco with the emphasis placed on improving liner cementing success through the designation of a liner cementing specialist. Twenty-three liners have been run using this technique. Case histories with successes and failures will be reviewed in this paper.
One-Piece, Forged, Heavy Wall Drillpipe: Built Stronger for Tougher Drilling
Authors: Schock W. H. , Santucci R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Rotary-forged, heavy wall drill pipe is composed of a homogeneous one-piece forging of AISI 4145 Modified low alloy steel. This integral forging eliminates the weld at the tool joint, has high strength steel pipe and has a center upset the same diameter as the connection upsets. Continuous-line heat treating increases the depth of hardening to enhance the mechanical properties of the integrally forged material. Whether used in compression, in tension or at the neutral point for drilling vertical or directional holes, this new drill string member will increase fatigue life and reduce stress corrosion-cracking tendencies over commonly used lower strength welded pipe.
Personnel Safety While Handling High-Density Brines
Authors: Krause D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Specific safety apparel, handling techniques, and safety planning are needed to assure safe effective working conditions on any rig site where high density brines are used. Pre-spud safety meetings and on the rig training should be given to all personnel directly involved with the project.
High density brines have different properties than do drilling muds, and consequently, should be handled differently for safety reasons. Brine properties that differ from those of drilling muds are discussed and the affected safety procedures are expanded upon.
Personal wearing apparel is of utmost importance when handling brines. Chemical splash goggles, rubber gloves, and rubber boots should be mandatory when handling brines. Rubber aprons, slicker suits and dust/mist respirators should be added for specific conditions.
Eye wash fountains and drench showers should be installed on the rig near high splash risk areas.