bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Stemphylium botryosum Causing Leaf Blight of Kiwi in the Province Imathia, Northern Greece
Authors: Thomidis T. , Michailides T. J. 
Published: March 2008

In Greece, kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) is mostly found in the northern part of the country where approximately 440,000 ha are grown. In the summer of 2006, a Stemphylium sp. was frequently isolated from leaves of kiwi (cv. Hayward) grown in the province of Imathia. Symptomatic leaves were covered with irregular, necrotic, brown areas. Lesions had a distinct margin that, in some cases, covered a wide part of the diseased leaves. Intense symptoms were frequently observed and associated with defoliation. This Stemphylium sp. was consistently isolated from diseased leaves onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) after surface sterilization with 0.1% chlorine solution. On the basis of morphological characteristics of mycelia, dimensions (length 20 to 29 μm and width 14 to 21 μm) and mean length/width ratio (1.42 μm) of conidia, and width and apical cell width of condiophores, the fungus was identified as Stemphylium botryosum (Wallr.) (2,3) Koch's postulates were completed in the laboratory by inoculating leaves of kiwi (cv. Hayward) with an isolate of S. botryosum originated from a symptomatic leaf of a Hayward kiwi. Twenty leaves were surface sterilized by dipping them into 0.1% chlorine solution for 2 to 3 min, washing in sterile distilled water, and allowing them to dry in a laminar flow hood. A leaf was then placed into a petri plate containing a wet, sterilized paper towel. Inoculation was made by transferring a 5-mm-diameter mycelial disc from the margins of a 7-day-old culture onto the center of each leaf surface. Petri plates were closed and incubated at 25°C with 12 h of light for 6 days. Koch's postulates were satisfied when the same S. botryosum was reisolated from 100% of inoculated leaves that developed symptoms similar to those observed in the vineyards. Leaves inoculated with a PDA plug alone (with no S. botryosum) did not develop any symptoms. Previously, Alternaria alternata was reported as the causal agent of a leaf spot pathogen of kiwi (1,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of S. botryosum causing leaf blight of kiwi in Greece and worldwide. This pathogen can cause a high level of defoliation in diseased plants. References: (1) L. Corazza et al. Plant Dis. 83:487, 1999. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Mycology Institute. London, England, 1971. (3) E. G. Simmons. Mycologia 61:1, 1969. (4) C. Tsahouridou and C. C. Thanassoulopoulos. Plant Dis. 84:371, 2000
First Report of Leaf Smut on Fescue (Festuca rubra) Caused by Urocystis agropyri in Interior Alaska
Authors: McBeath J. H. , Cheng M. , Gay P. A. , Yokogi T. 
Published: March 2008

In June and early July of 2003 and July of 2007, a smut disease was found on fescue (Festuca rubra L.) at the Fairbanks Golf and Country Club and vicinities, Interior Alaska. Diseased plants were pale green-to-slightly yellow and stunted. The lesions were long, narrow, yellowish green streaks parallel to the veins of leaves and sheaths. At a later stage, sori developed under the epidermis and the leaves and sheaths turned silvery gray. Rupture of the epidermis resulted in the release of masses of black spores that covered the leaves, especially along and within infected sheaths. Microscopic observation showed spore balls consisting of one-to-four, dark reddish brown teliospores surrounded by small, hyaline-to-light brown sterile cells. The spore balls were globose to elongate and 16 to 32 × 18 to 38 μm. The teliospores were globose, dark reddish brown, and 7.5 to 20 μm in diameter. Urocystis agropyri is recognized by R. W. Smiley et al. (2) and J. D. Smith et al. (3) as occurring on turf grasses; K. Vánky (4) restricts this species to Elymus spp. and recognizes U. ulei as the valid species infecting Festuca spp, including F. rubra. On the basis of host symptoms and morphology of spores, the smut found on F. rubra in Alaska fits better with published descriptions of U. agropyri (Preuss) Schrot (2,3), however, it likely is not conspecific with flag smut of wheat. For molecular verification of this identification, DNA was isolated from teliospores with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Primers were designed for amplification of the large subunit ribosomal gene based on the only two published sequences of U. ranunculi (Lib.) Moesz (GenBank Accession No. AF009879) and U. colchici (Schltdl.) Rabenh (GenBank Accession No. AF009878) (1). A 400-bp PCR product was amplified by the forward primer 3′-GCATTGTAAACTCAGAAGTGTTATCCG-5′ and reverse primer 5′-TTCCCTAAACCTATATCCGGCG-3′. Nucleotide sequence of the PCR product (GenBank Accession No. AY547283) shared 97.7% homology with U. ranunculi and 98.2% with U. colchici. Comparison of nucleotide sequences will be more meaningful in the identification of species of Urocystis when additional sequences are published. To our knowledge, this is the first report of U. agropyri from turfgrass in Alaska. References: (1) D. Begerow et al. Can. J. Bot. 75:2045, 1997. (2) R. W. Smiley et al. Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 2005. (3) J. D. Smith et al. Page 189 in: Fungal Diseases of Amenity Turf Grassess. E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1989. (4) K. Vánky. Page 308 in: European Smut Fungi. Gustav Fischer Verlag, NY. 1994.
First Report of Purple Coneflower Phyllody Associated with a 16SrI-B Phytoplasma in Maryland
Authors: Lee I.-M. , Bottner K. D. , Dally E. L. , Davis R. E. 
Published: March 2008

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a flowering perennial plant native to North America and is widely grown as an ornamental flower. It is also grown commercially to make herbal teas and extracts purported to help strengthen the immune system. Propagation is by seed or root cuttings. Aster yellows phytoplasmas (strains belonging to group 16SrI) have been reported to be associated with purple coneflower exhibiting virescence and phyllody symptoms in the northern United States and Canada. A subgroup 16SrI-A phytoplasma was identified to be associated with symptomatic purple coneflower in Wisconsin (2). During the summers of 1994 and 2007, purple coneflower plants in Maryland sporadically exhibited symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasma infection. Symptoms included stunting, virescence, phyllody, and abnormal flower bud proliferation from the cone. Samples from four symptomatic and two asymptomatic purple coneflower plants were collected. Total nucleic acid was extracted from leaf tissue. To assess the etiology of the disease, nested PCR with universal phytoplasma primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 was employed for the detection of phytoplasmas (1). An amplicon of approximately 1.2 kb was amplified from all four symptomatic purple coneflower plants but not from the two asymptomatic plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of 16S rDNA digested singly with restriction enzymes AluI, KpnI, HpaI, MseI, HhaI, and RsaI indicated that affected purple coneflower plants were infected by a phytoplasma belonging to aster yellows group 16SrI (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’-related strains), subgroup 16SrI-B (1). Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned 16S rDNA (GenBank Accession Nos. EU333394 and EU333395) confirmed the results from RFLP analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a 16SrI-B phytoplasma infecting an Echinacea sp. in Maryland. References: (1) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (2) G. R. Stanosz et al. Plant Dis. 81:424, 1997.
First Report of Cercospora concors Causing Cercospora Leaf Blotch of Potato in Inner Mongolia, North China
Authors: Tian S. M. , Ma P. , Liu D. Q. , Zou M. Q. 
Published: March 2008

Cercospora leaf blotch disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by Cercospora concors (Casp.) Sacc (synonym Mycovellosiella concors (Casp.) Deighton) occurs worldwide but mainly has been reported in the cool and temperate climates of Europe, Asia, North America, and eastern Africa. Cercospora leaf blotch is usually a minor disease and may go unnoticed since it commonly occurs simultaneously with other potato leaf diseases such as late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (caused by Alternaria solani) (2). Symptoms of Cercospora leaf blotch first appear on lower leaves as small, yellowish green, irregular blotches and later may appear on middle and upper leaves. As the leaves expand, the blotches enlarge and become purplish brown or black. Conidiophores and conidia form on the underside of the lesions, giving the lesions a mildewed appearance similar to late blight. Necrotic lesions are distinguished from those caused by the early blight pathogen A. solani by the lack of concentric rings (1). In more severe epidemics of Cercospora leaf blotch, potato leaves may be killed, stem lesions become dark and entire plants die, but no resulting yield loss from the disease has been documented. Potato tubers are not infected. From August to September of 2005, yellow-brown lesions appeared on the upper side of potato leaves (cv. Zihuabai, certified virus free) and gray mildew developed on the underside of leaves in potato field trials conducted in Jining County, 41°N, 113°E of Inner Mongolia, North China. The infections were observed mostly on lower and middle leaves of plants; 20 to 30% of plants were infected. In the laboratory, the mildew was scraped with a sterile scalpel and examined microscopically. The conidiophores were irregular in width, grayish, and highly branched. The conidia were numerous, light to dark, straight or slightly bent, cylindrical or obclavate, with conspicuous scars, and zero to six septa. The mature spores were from 16 to 59 μm long and 4 to 6 μm wide. The teleomorph of the fungus was not found. On the basis of the morphological characters, the causal agent was identified as C. concors. C. concors has been previously identified from potato leaves in the Engshi District of Hubei Province, China (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the fungus causing Cercospora leaf blotch of potato in Inner Mongolia, North China. References: (1) G. D. Franc and B. I. Christ. Page 22 in: Compendium of Potato Diseases. 2nd ed. W. R. Stevenson et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (2) E. R. French. Page 19 in: Compendium of Potato Diseases. 2nd ed. W. R. Stevenson et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (3) S. M. Tian et al. China Potato J. 1:13, 1997.
Fusarium Wilt of Gerbera Caused by a Fusarium sp. in Brazil
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Uchimura M. Shiniti , Gullino M. L. 
Published: March 2008

In 2006, gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) plants, cvs. Basic, Xena, and Olimpia grown for cut flower production in two greenhouse farms in the region of Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil, exhibited symptoms of a wilt disease. Affected plants (approximately 20, 60, and 50% on cvs. Basic, Xena, and Olimpia, respectively) were stunted and developed yellow leaves unilaterally with initially brown and eventually black streaks in the vascular system. The first symptoms occurred 2 months after transplanting during the hottest period of the summer with an average air temperature of 27°C. Vascular streaks in the yellow leaves were continuous with a brown discoloration in the vascular system of the crown and upper taproot. Occasionally, the leaves of affected plants turned red. A Fusarium sp. was consistently and readily isolated onto a Fusarium-selective medium from symptomatic vascular tissue sampled from the crown of infected plants. Colonies were identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of colony and conidia morphology (1) after subculturing on potato dextrose agar. Since F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi has been previously reported on Chrysanthemum morifolium, Argyranthemum frutescens, and gerbera (4), pathogenicity tests were carried out by using one monoconidial isolate obtained from wilted plants and one Italian isolate (F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi MASS 6). The isolates of F. oxysporum were grown in casein hydrolysate in shake culture (90 rpm) for 10 days at 25°C with 12 h of fluorescent light per day. Healthy rooted plants of 30-, 20-, and 45-day-old C. morifolium (cv. Captiva), A. frutescens (cv. Stella 2000), and gerbera (cvs. Jaska, Dalma, and Excellence), respectively, were inoculated by separately dipping roots into a conidial suspension (5 × 107 conidia/ml) of the two isolates of F. oxysporum. Plants were transplanted (one plant per pot) into pots (3.5 liter vol). Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Plants (15 per treatment) were grown in a glasshouse at an average day temperature of 32°C and night temperature of 23°C (minimum 21°C and maximum 43°C). Wilt symptoms and discoloration of the vascular system in roots, crown, and petioles developed within 29 days on C. morifolium, 26 days on A. frutescens, and 14 days on gerbera. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. Gerbera wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi was recently reported in Italy (2) and Spain (3). Currently, the wilt of gerbera in the area of Paraná is limited to two farms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Brazil as well as in South America. References: (1) C. Booth. Fusarium. CMI, Kew, UK, 1977. (2) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 88:311, 2004. (3) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 91:638, 2007. (4) A. Minuto et al. J. Phytopathol. 155:373, 2007.
First Report of Orobanche crenata Parasitism on Ornamental Anemone (Anemone coronaria) in Israel
Authors: Dor E. , Eizenberg H. , Joel D. M. , Levitin E. , Hershenhorn J. 
Published: March 2008

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are obligatory parasitic weeds that infect roots of vegetables and field crops worldwide, resulting in severe damage. Orobanche crenata Forsk is common in agricultural fields in the Mediterranean Basin, Southern Europe, and the Middle East and is known as an important scourge of grain and forage legumes and of some Apiaceous crops such as carrot (Daucus carota L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) (3,4). To our knowledge, in this note, we report for the first time on Anemone coronaria L. (Ranunculaceae) as a new host for O. crenata and this is also the first report of Orobanche parasitism on a geophytic crop. Anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) is a high-value ornamental crop, which is commercially grown for cut flowers. Four anemone cultivars (Meron Red, Galil White, Jerusalem Blue, and Jerusalem Pink) were planted in September 2006 in a 2-ha field in Israel. The previous crop, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), was heavily infected during 2005 by O. crenata. In February 2007, O. crenata parasitized the anemone plants and developed numerous fertile flowering stalks throughout the field. The four anemone cultivars were equally infected by the parasite. Additional flowering stalks were still emerging on anemone plants during July 2007. Washing the root system clearly verified direct connection between the parasite and anemone roots. The parasite species was identified morphologically after Flora Europea (1) and Flora Palaestina (2). In addition, the stem had the fragrance typical of O. crenata. Neither symptoms nor visible qualitative or quantitative damage could be detected on infected anemone plants compared with noninfected plants. However, anemone appears to be an alternate host on which O. crenata can produce additional seed for the parasite seed bank. References: (1) A. O. Chater and D. A. Webb. Orobanche. Page 285 in: Flora Europaea. T. G. Tutin et al., eds. Vol. 3. University Press, Cambridge, 1972. (2) N. Feinbrun-Dothan. Page 210 in: Flora Palaestina. Vol. 3. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 1978. (3) D. M. Joel et al. Hortic. Rev. 33:267, 2007. (4) C. Parker and C. R. Riches. Page 111 in: Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, Great Britain, 1993.
Combining Non-Linear Regressions that have Unequal Error Variances and Some Parameters in Common
Authors: Hamilton David C. , Knop O. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY
Methods of estimation and inference are presented for the situation where two non-linear regression models with unequal error variances contain some parameters in common. Such a situation arises in structural chemistry, when bond lengths are available for three nearly collinear atoms in crystals and a model is required to quantify the extent and form of the relationship between the longer and the shorter bond. Some atomic triples are symmetric and require a different model and error variance from those required by the asymmetric triples. The profile likelihood for the regression parameters is a weighted sum of the logarithms of the sums-of-squares functions from each model, and the estimates can be obtained by using a simple modification to a standard non-linear least squares program. A likelihood ratio test for assessing whether the parameters in common are equal is described. When these techniques are applied to two data sets consisting of bond lengths for bromine–tellurium–bromine and sulphur–tellurium–sulphur triples, there is no evidence against the equality hypothesis. An extension to the model to allow for a non-constant variance is required for proper analysis of the sulphur–tellurium–sulphur data.
Grouped Data Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts
Authors: Steiner Stefan H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY
In the manufacture of metal fasteners in a progressive die operation, and other industrial situations, important quality dimensions cannot be measured on a continuous scale, and manufactured parts are classified into groups by using a step gauge. This paper proposes a version of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts that are applicable to monitoring the grouped data for process shifts. The run length properties of this new grouped data EWMA chart are compared with similar results previously obtained for EWMA charts for variables data and with those for cumulative sum (CUSUM) schemes based on grouped data. Grouped data EWMA charts are shown to be nearly as efficient as variables-based EWMA charts and are thus an attractive alternative when the collection of variables data is not feasible. In addition, grouped data EWMA charts are less affected by the discreteness that is inherent in grouped data than are grouped data CUSUM charts. In the metal fasteners application, grouped data EWMA charts were simple to implement and allowed the rapid detection of undesirable process shifts.
Variation of phenolic content in coconut oil extracted by two conventional methods
Authors: Seneviratne Kapila N. , Sudarshana Dissanayake Dissanayake M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPhenolic compounds present in the nonsaponifiable fraction of coconut oil were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with florescence detection. Mass spectra of the phenolic compounds were also obtained separately by LC–MS to confirm the presence of the phenolic compounds. Caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid and (+/−) catechin were observed in coconut oil. Phenolic acid fraction of the coconut oil prepared by boiling coconut milk (traditional coconut oil) was more complex compared with that of coconut oil prepared by pressing copra (commercial coconut oil). Total phenol content of traditional coconut oil was nearly seven times higher than that of commercial coconut oil (618 ± 46 vs. 91 ± 11 mg kg−1), suggesting that the phenol content varies with the extraction method.
Chemical compositions and functional properties of gelatin from pre‐cooked tuna fin
Authors: Aewsiri Tanong , Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop , Tanaka Munehiko 
Published: March 2008

SummaryGelatin was extracted from pre‐cooked tuna caudal fin with the yield of 1.99%. Tuna fin gelatin (TFG) contained high protein content (89.54%) with hydroxyproline content of 14.12 mg g−1. TFG comprised a lower content of high‐molecular‐weight cross‐links and hydroxyproline content than porcine skin gelatin (PSG). However, proline content in TFG was twofold higher than that of PSG. The highest bloom strength and turbidity of TFG were observed at pH 6, while the lowest solubility was noticeable at the same pH. The bloom strength of TFG gel was lower than that of PSG gel at all pHs. TFG exhibited the lower emulsifying activity but greater emulsifying stability than PSG (P < 0.05). TFG showed poor foaming properties than PSG. The tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapour permeability of film from PSG was greater than those of TFG (P < 0.05). The study revealed that gelatin of good quality can be prepared from tuna processing discards.
Effect of heat treatment on antinutrients and precaecal crude protein digestibility in broilers of four tropical crop seeds
Authors: Iyayi Eustace A. , Kluth Holger , Rodehutscord Markus 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFour tropical crop seeds, namely Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea), Mucuna pruriens, Manihot esculenta and Centrosema pubescens were thermally processed for 1 h at 100 °C and analysed for their antinutritional factors (ANF). Four hundred and forty‐eight 1‐day‐old broilers were used to determine the effect of heating the seeds on their precaecal crude protein (CP) digestibility. Total phenols, protein precipitable tannins and l‐dopa were higher in the mucuna and centrosema seeds and diets than in the vigna and manihot seeds and diets. Phytic acid was of similar occurrence in all the raw seeds. Heat treatment resulted in reduction in all the ANF in the seeds. Precaecal CP digestibility, feed intake and growth rate were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the heat‐treated mucuna and centrosema diets. There was no significant effect on the digestibility of CP, feed intake and growth rate in birds on the vigna and manihot diets owing to heat treatment of the seeds. The results showed that heating improved the nutritive quality of mucuna and centrosema seeds but was not of significant advantage with vigna and manihot seeds when used at levels of up to 150 g kg−1 in diets.
Determination of clenbuterol in UHT milk in Turkey
Authors: Unusan Nurhan 
Published: March 2008

SummaryClenbuterol use is linked to its ability to induce weight gain and a greater proportion of muscle to fat. Clenbuterol residues can affect lung and heart function in persons who have eaten liver or meat of animals which were given the drug. Any residue of clenbuterol is regarded unacceptable in the EU. The purpose of the study was to determine the occurrence of clenbuterol in UHT milk samples in Turkey. The occurrence of hormone residues in Ultra Heat Treatment (UHT) milk samples was investigated by semi‐quantitative enzyme‐linked immunoassay technique. There was a high incidence rate of clenbuterol, with forty‐one (68.3%) milk samples being contaminated. 21.7% of the samples were over the permissible level for clenbuterol as accepted by the EU. Clenbuterol levels in the samples purchased in Central Anatolia Region appear to be serious public health problem at the moment.