bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE GLASSY PHASE IN A CERAMIC BODY*
Authors: Johnson Arnold G. , Underhill Donald B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of the amount of glassy bond present in a typical whiteware body after various heat‐treatments. Petrographic methods, with polished sections and powder mounts, were used for these determinations.The results obtained by both methods and by independent observers agreed very well. With the higher firing temperatures, the amount of glass increased and the number of crystals decreased. Pore space diminished as the temperature was raised to the maturing temperature; above that point the pore volume increased.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEGREE OF HOMOGENEITY OF GLASS*
Authors: Tooley F. V. , Tiede R. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rate of homogenizing of soda‐lime‐silica glass under conditions of minimum convection mixing and in the absence of refractory materials was measured by the centrifuge density spread technique developed by Turnbull and Ghering. Measurements on melts prepared in pure platinum containers at 2550°F. showed that the density spread decreases rapidly during the first 16 hours of melting following which further decrease occurs at a much slower rate. The portion of glass responsible for the major part of the density spread was a light fraction, which tended to form or accumulate at the surface of the melt.
EFFECT OF GLASS ON ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS STORED IN BOTTLES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE FOR THREE YEARS*
Authors: Herman A. , Shay H. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe actual change caused by storing neutral grain spirits, gins, and various whiskies in glass bottles supplied by nine manufacturers and in Pyrex‐brand glass at room temperature for three years was determined. The effect of commercial glass on the hydrogen‐ion concentration of neutral grain spirits is greater than on gins, blended whiskies, and whisky, respectively. The hydrogen‐ion concentration of these products continues to increase proportionately with the time they are stored in the commercial glass bottles. Neutral grain spirits and gin that were stored in Pyrex‐brand glass remained constant for one year and increased slightly in hydrogen‐ion concentration during the time studied. The hydrogen‐ion concentration of blended whiskies and whisky remained constant when they were stored in Pyrex‐brand glass. Neutral grain spirits and gins that were stored in commercial glass bottles showed dissolved silica, magnesium, and aluminum under spectrographic tests.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN ENAMEL MILL LIQUORS *
Authors: Blanchard M. K. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper is a summary of the present basic information concerning the individual chemical, physical, and pyrochemical characteristics of the possible, more common soluble constituents present in porcelain enamel slips. The data were chosen with particular regard to their importance in the study of the nature and effect of the various soluble salts on properties of enamel slips and on their drying behavior.
PROPERTIES OF SOME VYCOR‐BRAND GLASSES *
Authors: Nordberg Martin E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhysical and chemical properties are discussed for Vycor‐brand 96% silica glasses prepared from glasses of lower silica content by a leaching process, and a brief résumé of this process is given. The intermediate porous glass and a translucent or white opaque form of the final 96% silica glass made by the Multiform process are briefly described. Ultraviolet and infrared transmission characteristics of glasses No. 790 and No. 791 are given.SummaryVycor‐brand glass No. 790 containing 96% silica is produced without the use of excessive melting temperatures by a process in which a relatively soft borosilicate glass is melted and shaped, the fluxes are removed by leaching, and the residual porous high‐silica structure is consolidated by heating. The outstanding properties of this glass are its very low coefficient of expansion and correspondingly high resistance to heat shock, its high softening point, low power factor, and high chemical durability, which make it useful for varied applications in the industrial and electrical fields as well as in the laboratory. The glass can be used continuously at temperatures up to 900°C. or for limited service at much higher temperatures provided it is not in contact with materials which react with or cause devitrification of silica. It can be lamp worked by methods similar to those used for fused silica.Porous glass is formed as an intermediate product in the process. It is characterized by pores of very small and relatively uniform radius, the average of which is in the order of 20 a.u.A translucent or opaque white glass is made by the Multiform process, which enables the production of massive ware and a variety of shapes that cannot be made directly in the clear form. Aside from transparency, the properties in general are the same as those of the clear glass.Vycor‐brand glass No. 791 is highly transparent to ultraviolet light at wave lengths down to 254 mμ or less, and glasses have been made with an appreciable transmission even at 185 mμ. Glasses No. 790 and No. 991 are highly transparent to the near infrared.
EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF DIOPSIDE ON PROPERTIES OF WALL‐TILE BODY *
Authors: Amberg C. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiopside was substituted for both talc and feldspar in a typical wall‐tile body. It was found to lower the fusion temperature and to lower thermal expansion when compared with talc and to raise thermal expansion when compared with feldspar. Its effects on firing shrinkage, fired absorption, and moisture expansion were somewhat similar to those of talc.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XVI, INFLUENCE OF MANGANESE DIOXIDE ON METAL PRECIPITATION AT GROUND COAT‐IRON INTERFACE *
Authors: King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe influence of manganese oxide alone and in combination with cobalt and nickel oxides on metal precipitation in ground coats has been studied. The previously developed electrical‐resistance method was used. Manganese dioxide present alone was not effective in precipitating metal. The results on the indirect influence of manganese dioxide in combination with cobalt and nickel oxides are not significant.
CONE 01 GLAZES FOR LOW‐TEMPERATURE VITREOUS WARE*
Authors: Marquis John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe production of two‐fired vitreous ware using a nepheline syenite body biscuited at cone 4 requires a glaze of low expansion maturing at cone 01 or below. Such a glaze can be produced using not more than 0.05 KNaO and up to 0.19 MgO in the empirical formula if 70 to 80% of the glaze batch is fritted. Such glazed ware showed good resistance to crazing, and modulus of rupture and scratch‐hardness values were equal to commercial hotel china.
CASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAYS: I, IMPROVED METHODS FOR DETERMINATION*
Authors: Russell R. , Mohr W. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPart I of this investigation covers the development of reliable laboratory tests to indicate the relative properties of different clays with the primary consideration of their casting behavior. Methods are given for the determination of casting rate, permeability, water retention, fluidity, thixotropy, organic content, shrinkage, and dry strength. By determining the effect of varying increments of electrolyte on the foregoing properties, it is possible to select clays which have desirable casting characteristics for commercial use. Samples of fast‐ and slow‐casting kaolins and ball clays were used to indicate the utility of the methods employed; results are also given for two composite bodies. In developing the test procedures using the Büchner funnel (vacuum), the effect of the following factors was determined: mixing procedure, ratio of clay to flint, feldspar vs. flint as the nonplastic, electrolyte content, quantity of slip used, specific gravity of slip, slip temperature, aging, and vacuum pressure; The optimum procedure for testing clays was then evolved. Part II and Part III of this series of studies are in preparation for publication.
CATAPHORESIS OF PURIFIED, FRACTIONATED KAOLINITE PARTICLES*
Authors: Coughanour W. L. , Utter J. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe cataphoretic velocity of three purified, monodisperse fractions of Florida kaolin was determined by the ultramicroscope method. The effect of particle size, kaolinite concentration, and electrolyte concentration on the migration velocity of the particles was observed. Calculations of zeta potential, charge density, and total charge were made for the various systems. It is shown that the zeta potential decreases with increasing particle size and increasing clay concentration. The plots of migration velocity versus electrolyte concentration follow the usual form for such curves, rising rapidly with the first electrolyte additions and flattening out as equilibrium is reached.
III, ADDITIONAL GLAZES AND IMPROVED TECHNIQUE AND APPARATUS*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Johnson H. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdditional types of glazes were studied and improvements in technique and apparatus are described. The correlation between glaze consistency, body receptivity, and thickness of deposition is represented by a simple first‐order equation having two constants, P=K(R/100) (C− 0.001), wherein P= pickup, K= deposition constant, R= receptivity, and C= coherence value.
IV, PRACTICAL USES FOR COHERENCE VALUE AND RECEPTIVITY MEASUREMENTS*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Johnson H. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCoherence‐value and receptivity measurements may be used as (1) a check on incoming raw materials, (2) a basis for selection of certain raw materials, (3) a control test for slip consistency, (4) a control test at various steps in the manufacturing process, and (5) a basis for blending clays and other raw materials. These methods also hold promise of general application in fields other than glaze control.
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTING MgO FOR CaO ON PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL SODA‐LIME GLASSES*
Authors:   Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn base glasses containing (a) Na2O 16, CaO 10, and SiO2 74% and (b) Na2O14, CaO 12, and SiO2 74%, MgO was substituted in steps of 2% for CaO. The effects of the substitution on liquidus temperature, viscosity, fiber softening point, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and to distilled water are described.
STRONTIA AND ITS PROPERTIES IN GLAZES*
Authors: McCutchen Earl S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStrontia has proved to be a strong flux and a desirable glaze ingredient when it is used to replace PbO, ZnO, and CaO in a typical dinnerware glaze. By including it in the frit, the fluidity of the glaze was increased to a marked degree when it was substituted for ZnO and CaO and it also lowered the deformation temperature in the replacement of the latter oxide. Thermal‐expansion tests indicate that strontia has practically the same effect as lime on glaze expansion. Glazes of excellent visual and physical properties were obtained in a series of low‐lead and leadless compositions containing strontia.
LIGHTWEIGHT SUPERDUTY KYANITE‐TOPAZ REFRACTORY*
Authors: Galbreath W. W. , McVay T. N. , Allen Dan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStandard‐size 9‐in. brick with a weight of 5 lb. were successfully processed. Some of these brick had linear shrinkages of less than 1% in the A.S.T.M. load test at 1450°C. and less than 2% volume shrinkage in the 1600°C. A.S.T.M. reheat test. The pyrometric cone equivalent was 37 or above.
PROPERTIES AND DIAGNOSIS OF CORDS IN PRESSED AND BLOWN GLASSWARE*
Authors: Ghering L. G. , Knight M. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCords are characterized by more or less abrupt changes in physical and chemical properties in localized areas of the glass. The available methods for determining the properties and practical aspects of cords that occur in pressed and blown glassware are described. The properties of cords are considered in relation to the determination of their sources and causes. The manner in which cords affect the physical properties of glassware and the procedures for evaluating these effects are discussed.
GLOST KILN REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Schramm Edward 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSaggers for glost placing must give good life and avoid harmful secondary effects on the ware. Low thermal expansion is the most necessary property but, if carried too far, may cause the fault known as pin chipping. This defect, however, is compensated by low expansion in the pin itself. The system sagger‐pin‐ware should be adjusted to minimize tensile stresses in cooling.
QUALITATIVE SPOT TESTS FOR COMMON CONSTITUENTS IN GLASS*
Authors: Zerfoss S. , Hess R. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA procedure is outlined for routine qualitative analysis of certain common constituents of glass by means of spot tests using organic reagents according to the technique of Feigl. Sampling of the glass has been accomplished previously by using the powdered glass or by attacking the glass surface. A technique is discussed for the nondestructive testing of fabricated samples. Using this technique, a sample may be obtained by scratching the glass against a quartz plate. The method shows promise as a practical laboratory and plant tool.
DETERIORATION OF GLASS IN TROPICAL USE*
Authors: Jones Frank L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlass deteriorates rapidly in tropical regions with a high relative humidity. Transparency decreases due to the growth of deposits of corrosion products, chemical decomposition of the surface layer to produce pits or holes, or contamination of the surface by organic material. The processes involved in tropical deterioration are similar to the chemical reactions of glass and water in other environments.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABBE VALUE FOR BINARY SYSTEMS*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Huggins Maurice L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA procedure is outlined for deriving the relationship between nD and v for binary glass systems, using constants previously published by Huggins and Sun.1 As an example, the Na2O‐SiO2 system is discussed and the results are plotted in two ways. An equation is deduced for the slope of the nD versus v curve at any composition, and initial values of this slope, at the SiO2 end, are tabulated for various MmOn‐SiO2 systems.
NICKEL FLASHING AND ITS RELATION TO ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Wainer Eugene , Baldwin W. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNickel flashing as applied to enameling stock is shown to be primarily metallic nickel. The role of nickel in developing enamel adherence is apparently bound up with the retardation of oxidation which the nickel flash imparts in the enameling cycle. The problem of adherence may be considered to be a corrosion phenomenon of the base iron developed by the action of gases and other agents which may be present at enameling temperatures. As such, the degree of adherence is a function of oxygen pressure at the interface when the glass is fused. The equilibria developed are strongly affected by the presence of nickel.Using cover coats directly on iron, the amount of nickel required will vary with each particular enamel composition. Şome evidence as to the nature of the adherence‐promoting oxide is presented.
OLIVINE, A SUGGESTED SOURCE OF MAGNESIA*
Authors: Pawel George W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe status of olivine as a source of magnesian materials is briefly reviewed and a convenient cyclic process for extracting its values by use of hydrochloric acid is recommended. Magnesia for refractories, cements, insulation, and fertilizers is proposed as the end product instead of the customary magnesium chloride for use in electrolytic cells. Economic reasons justifying this recommendation are given.
RAW LEADLESS WH1TEWARE GLAZES*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Swept Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of the effect of composition changes on the appearance of raw, leadless, boron‐free glazes. The approximate limits of composition for the most fusible glazes of this type were found after varying the CaO, BaO, SrO, ZnO, MgO, and KNaO contents. Alumina and silica variations were made for some of the more promising glazes. Some general remarks concerning raw leadless glazes are included.
INFLUENCE OF VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF NEW YORK TALC, FLINT, AND CALCINED CLAY ON SERVICEABILITY OF GLAZÉD COOKING‐WARE BODIES*
Authors: Burnham Forrest , Tuttle Milton A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of composition on the ability of glazed dishes to withstand thermal‐shock treatments ordinarily received in cooking was studied. Bodies which gave best results contained approximately 10% of New York talc and also a small amount of calcined clay substituted for potters' flint. Bodies which had sufficiently high thermal expansion to throw the glaze into moderate or strong compression gave the best results. A terra sigillata finish applied to talc‐free bodies was found to withstand autoclave treatment without crazing, and ware so made stood up very well in service tests.
MOLYBDENUM IN ENAMELS: IV, WHITE MOLYBDENUM ENAMELS*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCompositions and characteristics of white enamels containing molybdenum in the frit are reported. The white enamels studied are the following types: (1) regular white ground coats, (2) acid‐resisting white ground coats, (3) regular white finish coats for direct application to metal base, (4) acid‐resisting white finish coats for direct application to the metal, and (5) acid‐resisting white cover coats.
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS *
Authors: Willis James B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe application of the process of electrostatic spraying to the porcelain enamel industry is described. The equipment which is used and the method of using it are discussed in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the preparation of enamel for electrostatic spraying and on theoretical considerations which have a direct bearing on the spraying process. The applicability and limitations on the use of the equipment in the porcelain enamel industry are considered.
ENERGY ADDITIVITY IN GLASSES *
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan‐Han 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEnergies of dissociation into the component ions have been computed for many simple and complex oxides. From these, 51 energy constants have been obtained, which may be used to compute approximate ionic dissociation energies in crystals and glasses in which each “metallic” atom is surrounded by oxygens. The relation of these constants to the Periodic Table is shown and briefly discussed. Slight deviations from additivity in silicates and phosphates are related to the dependence of the energy on the number of oxygens in SiO4and PO4 groups which are shared with other & or P atoms.
METHOD FOR THE CREATION OF GEOMETRIC DESIGNS BASED ON STRUCTURE *
Authors: Blake† Edwin M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe method described is based on a study to discover, collect, and classify the geometrical figures and ideas of value to artists and designers in the field of geometric or abstract art. The program includes modeling and sculpture and drawing and painting, with their applications to pottery design and decoration, and also abstract “movies.” The basis of the method is the concept of structure introduced into geometry in 1847. This geometrical structure is similar to the anatomical structure of the human hand in that one structure is capable of assuming a great variety of forms. In making a surface design, for example, the designer selects a line structure that seems to be suitable. This consists of a definite number of lines connected in definite ways but is otherwise free to take any form. The designer endeavors to throw the selected structure into a satisfactory form. To assist him are types of curves and angles suggestive of what is possible. Having a given number of lines and their connections, specific form, to be determined by the designer, is stimulative of creative activity. If variations of color over domains (areas) are to be employed, they can be designed as accurately as any other feature.
ALUNITE AS SOURCE OF SCUMMING ON STONEWARE BODY *
Authors: Knizek Jan O. , Fetter H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA heavy, disagreeable scumming developed on a surface of stoneware articles. This scum, having the appearance of a wrinkled skin, prevented the body from taking the salt glaze on account of its refractory character. It consisted almost entirely of the mineral anorthite, and its formation is attributed to the aluaite content of the clay.SummaryThe scum coating which appeared on a stoneware body on firing proved to be composed essentially of the mineral anorthite as determined by chemical analysis and microscopic examination.The substance to be blamed for the scum formation seems to be the alunite, which has been found in the clay in exceedingly large quantities. Although the alunite content of the clay remained at 15%, no troubles have been observed from its presence. The explanation for the scum‐formation mechanism is that the potassium sulfate, which remains as the only soluble and readily fusible compound after the decomposition of the alunite, dissolves the calcium sulfate, alumina, and silica and migrates to the surface at temperatures closely approaching that of the clay vitrifying point. The anorthite may easily crystallize out of the melt of the potassium sulfate, which is volatilized and disappears completely.
ELECTRIC‐FURNACE ALUMINA CEMENT FOR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE CONCRETE
Authors: Pole G. R. , Moore D. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA comparison was made between a commercial alumina cement and a calcium aluminate cement prepared in an experimental electric furnace on the basis of chemical and physical tests. The experimental product, a relatively pure tricalcium penta‐aluminate (3CaO.5Al2O3), showed refractory properties superior to the commercial product; for example, in a sagging test, a refractory mixture made with the experimental cement and grog showed greater resistance to deformation at 1400° and 1450°C. than a mixture made with the commercial cement and a resistance comparable to that representative of a cone 30 firebrick. The experimental product shows promise as an electrical insulating cement for Chromel‐wound furnaces. An alumina‐type cement was also found to give satisfactory service when used with fire‐clay grog to form a monolithic roof over an electric‐phosphate reduction furnace.
EFFECT OF STEELWORK ON HEAT LOSS THROUGH GLASS TANK BOTTOMS
Authors: Smyth Harold T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn approximate mathematical method is worked out for determining the effect of steel supporting members underneath a glass tank on the heat loss from the glass tank and the surface temperature of the refractories. A series of charts has also been prepared for the rapid calculation of heat loss and surface temperature, if the thickness and thermal conductivity of the refractories and the details of the steelwork are known.