bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Traditional Enslin-Neff Method and the Modified Dieng Method for Measuring Water-Uptake Capacity
Authors: Kaufhold Stephan , Dohrmann Reiner 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA method for the determination of the water-uptake capacity of powders which is said to be applicable to viscose silk, specific celluloses, soap, paint, glue, gelatine, adhesives based on starch, biological samples, and soils, was proposed by Enslin in 1933 and has been improved several times since then. Today in Germany, the so-called Enslin-Neff method is used by the clay industry, in civil engineering, and in soil science. Many authors have identified the influence of evaporation on the results obtained using this method and the latest modification of the Enslin-Neff method was introduced by Dieng in 2005 where a balance was used instead of a burette to record the water-uptake capacity. It is proved here that the Dieng method actually operates correctly, independent of relative humidity. Therefore, a significantly improved reproducibility of the Dieng method compared to the traditional method was expected. However, it was found that the Dieng apparatus has specific sources of error (e.g. constance of the balance over 24 h) and varying the relative humidity no longer has a systematic affect on the results.The reproducibility of the traditional Enslin-Neff method is strongly influenced by variations in ambient conditions in the laboratory (particularly temperature and relative humidity). Application of the Dieng method in different laboratories with varying ambient conditions will lead to improved reproducibility and comparability of results. In addition, results from the Dieng apparatus can be collected using a connected computer and this represents an important advance also.
Clay Mineralogy of the Central North Sea Upper Cretaceous—Tertiary Chalk and the Formation of Clay-Rich Layers
Authors: Lindgreen Holger , Drits Victor A. , Jakobsen Finn C. , Sakharov Boris A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUpper Cretaceous—Danian chalk and interbedded clay-rich layers from wells of the South Arne Field and adjacent wells in the North Sea and from Stevns in Zealand have been investigated to determine the clay mineralogy in the chalk and the origin of the interbedded clay-rich layers. The mineralogy, with emphasis on clay mineralogy, was determined after removal of the calcite by dissolution at pH 4.5–5 in order to preserve the other minerals. Generally, mixed-layer minerals are the dominant clay minerals, except for two wells, Rigs-1 and Rigs-2, where a 3D ordered kaolinite prevails. A detailed structural characterization of the mixed-layer minerals was carried out by modeling of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. In most of the samples dominated by mixed-layer minerals, two mixed-layer phases, a high-smectite illite-smectite (I-S) and a low-smectite illite-smectite-chlorite (I-S-Ch), prevail, irrespective of depth or location of the samples. However, some samples contain I-S-Ch and ordered S-Ch, and others a chlorite-serpentine (Ch-Sr) phase, and these samples probably formed during diagenesis at higher temperatures. The clay-rich layers and the adjacent chalk have the same or quite similar clay mineralogy, both with respect to kaolinite vs. mixed-layer minerals and with respect to their detailed structure. In conclusion, the kaolinite is detrital and the I-S minerals formed in the chalk from volcanic ash. The main conclusion is that the clay-rich layers in the North Sea chalk formed by dissolution of the calcite in the chalk and that this dissolution took place at burial depths of >1 km, probably through migration of solutions through permeable chalk layers.
Clay Minerals in Basalt-Hawaiite Rocks From Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia). I. Mineralogy
Authors: Mas Antoine , Meunier Alain , Beaufort Daniel , Patrier Patricia , Dudoignon Patrick 
Published: February 2009

AbstractClay minerals in chilled or brecciated margins (altered glass) and massive inner crystalline parts (mesostasis) of three basalt-hawaiite bodies from Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia) have been studied in order to compare their chemical and mineralogical compositions. Polyphase assemblages comprise di- and trioctahedral phases, both of which consist of non-expandable layers (chlorite, celadonite) and two types of expandable layers (saponite and Fe-rich smectite or ‘nontronite-like’ material). The presence of the Fe-rich clays is supported by the presence of the X-ray diffraction 060 peak at 1.51–1.52 Å and of the infrared absorption bands at 875 and 822 cm−1 (Fe3+-Al-OH and Fe3+-Fe3+-OH groups, respectively). The chemical composition of the Fe-rich smectites does not fit with the theoretical nontronite field. The layer charge averages 1 per Si4O10 making these Fe-rich smectites close to ‘celadonite-type’ clays. This could explain the presence of mixed-layer celadonite-smectite. Plotted in an M+/4Si vs. Fe/sum octahedral cations diagram, the chemical compositions of clay minerals in the mesostasis form a continuous field limited by the celadonite-high-charge nontronite-like smectite and chlorite end-members. The clay assemblages are different from those formed in hydrothermal systems or low-grade metamorphic conditions which are characterized by the sequence: saponite → randomly ordered chlorite-smectite mixed-layered minerals (MLMs) → corrensite → chlorite. The systematic presence of Fe-rich clays either in the altered chilled margins or in the massive inner parts of the basalt-hawaiite bodies (high-charge nontronite-like smectite and mixed-layer nontronite-celadonite) makes the Mururoa sea-mount a potential terrestrial analogue for Mars surface exploration.
Clay Minerals in Basalt-Hawaiite Rocks From Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia). II. Petrography and Geochemistry
Authors: Meunier Alain , Mas Antoine , Beaufort Daniel , Patrier Patricia , Dudoignon Patrick 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe clay minerals formed in chilled margins and massive crystallized inner parts of three basalt-hawaiite bodies of Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia) exhibit contrasting textures. Glass alteration textures are observed around fractures crosscutting the quenched margins: Fe-rich clays grow inward into the glass (retreating surface) while Mg-rich clays grow outward (open space). The textures of clay deposits filling the diktytaxitic voids (mesostasis) in the massive inner parts of the three volcanic bodies are different: unoriented clay matrix with embedded euhedral apatite and pyroxene microcrysts (submarine flow); pallisadic clays coating the void walls and the crystal surfaces of apatite and K-feldspar microcrysts (subaerial flow); and clay muffs covering all the apatite needles, with the central part of the void remaining empty (dike). The unoriented texture could result from the alteration of a glass precursor concomitant with the olivine phenocrysts (clay pseudomorphs). However, such an alteration implies important chemical transfers which are not observed. The pallisadic and muff textures form through heterogeneous nucleation on the solid surfaces and crystal growth from a saline solution. No glass precursor existed. As the center of the diktytaxitic voids in the dike is empty, the residual liquid was probably boiling. The amounts of light rare earth elements (LREE), Sr, and the most incompatible elements are greater in clays from diktytaxitic voids relative to the amounts formed in the altered glass of the chilled margins. Thus, diktytaxitic clays formed from a residual liquid which gave either an evolved glass or a saline solution after cooling (fractionation process). The δ18O variation vs. loss on ignition (LOI) indicates that sea water was involved either in rock alteration or magma contamination. This is confirmed by the 87Rb/86Sr ratio of bulk rocks and clay fractions from the quenched and massive inner parts of the three volcanic bodies which do not fit with the 11.5 Ma isochron indicating that the Rb-Sr system was not closed at any stage during the magmatic history.
A Novel Setup for Testing of Ship Deck Stiffened Panels under Axial and Lateral Loads
Authors: Kumar M. Suneel , Alagusundaramoorthy P. , Sundaravadivelu R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A novel setup for testing of stiffened panels in ship decks subjected to axial and lateral loads is developed in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITMadras. The entire setup consists of self-straining test rig, imperfection measuring device, displacement controlled hydraulic jacks, rigid grillage, inflatable air balloon with and without opening, and a data acquisition system. The fabricated deformable test rig replicates similar boundary conditions along the loaded and unloaded edges of stiffened panels in between transverse stiffeners of a ship deck. An imperfection measuring device located on the test rig is designed and fabricated to measure geometrical initial imperfections on the plate and stiffener. A unique displacement controlled twin hydraulic jack system is developed to apply axial load on the panel. A rigid grillage connected to the bottom of the test rig to act as reactive support for the application of lateral load on the panel is fabricated by performing static nonlinear analysis using ANSYS. An inflatable air balloon with and without opening is fabricated to simulate constant cargo (lateral) load acting on the panels. The applied axial load and produced axial deformation measured by load cells and LVDT, respectively, is plotted simultaneously while testing using an integrated data acquisition system. Nonlinear finite element analysis of tested specimens is performed using ANSYS to compare the ultimate load obtained from experiments. A close agreement between the experimental data and finite element analysis results indicates realistic simulation of truly combined axial and lateral loads with deformable supports acting on stiffened panels as in ship decks achieved in the laboratory and numerically.
Effluent from bulk drug production is toxic to aquatic vertebrates
Authors: Carlsson Gunnar , Örn Stefan , Larsson D. G. Joakim 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Very high levels of a range of pharmaceuticals have been reported recently in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant near Hyderabad, India. The plant serves approximately 90 manufacturers of bulk drugs that primarily are exported to the world market. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found at levels that are highly toxic to various microorganisms. Even though milligram-perliter levels of drugs targeting human proteins also have been found, it is difficult to conclude whether these levels are sufficiently high to adversely affect fish or amphibians due to the lack of relevant chronic toxicity data for most human pharmaceuticals. To assess potential effects on aquatic vertebrates, tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis were exposed to three dilutions of effluent (0.2, 0.6, and 2%) over 14 d, starting at developmental stage 51. Additionally, newly fertilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to diluted effluent in 96-well plates for up to 144 h postfertilization (hpf). The tadpoles' body lengths, weights, and developmental stages were recorded, whereas a larger number of sublethal and lethal endpoints were studied in the zebrafish. A 40% reduced growth of the exposed tadpoles was demonstrated at the lowest tested effluent concentration (0.2%), indicating potent constituents in the effluent that can adversely affect aquatic vertebrates. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for zebrafish at 144 hpf was between 2.7 and 8.1% in different experiments. Reduced spontaneous movements, pigmentation, and heart rate were recorded within 48 hpf at 8 and 16% effluent concentrations. Treated effluent from a plant that serves as an important link in the global supply chain for bulk drugs is thus shown to cause adverse effects to aquatic vertebrates even at very high dilutions.
Results From the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) Study: A Pilot Multicentered, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Study Effects of Periodontal Therapy in a Secondary Prevention Model of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Offenbacher Steven , Beck James D. , Moss Kevin , Mendoza Luisito , Paquette David W. , Barrow David A. , Couper David J. , Stewart Dawn D. , Falkner Karen L. , Graham Susan P. , Grossi Sara , Gunsolley John C. , Madden Theresa , Maupome Gerardo , Trevisan Maurizio , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: February 2009

Background: In the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) pilot study, periodontal therapy was provided as an intervention in a secondary cardiac event prevention model through five coordinated cardiac–dental centers.Methods: Subjects were randomized to either community care or protocol provided scaling and root planing to evaluate effects on periodontal status and systemic levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP).Results: After 6 months, there was a significant reduction in mean probing depth and extent of 4‐ or 5‐mm pockets. However, there were no significant differences in attachment levels, bleeding upon probing, or extent of subgingival calculus comparing subjects assigned to protocol therapy (n = 151) to those assigned to community care (n = 152). Using intent‐to‐treat analyses, there was no significant effect on serum hs‐CRP levels at 6 months. However, 48% of the subjects randomized to community care received preventive or periodontal treatments. Secondary analyses demonstrated that consideration of any preventive or periodontal care (i.e., any treatment) compared to no treatment showed a significant reduction in the percentage of people with elevated hs‐CRP (values >3 mg/l) at 6 months. However, obesity nullified the periodontal treatment effects on hs‐CRP reduction. The adjusted odds ratio for hs‐CRP levels >3 mg/l at 6 months for any treatment versus no treatment among non‐obese individuals was 0.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.72), adjusting for smoking, marital status, and gender.Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated the critical role of considering obesity as well as rigorous preventive and periodontal care in trials designed to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Periodontal Status in Subjects With Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Fentoğlu Özlem , Öz Gül , Taşdelen Pelin , Uskun Ersin , Aykaç Yaşar , Bozkurt F. Yeşim 
Published: February 2009

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent reports showed a possible association between periodontal disease and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hyperlipidemia has any influence on periodontal status.Methods: Fifty‐one subjects with hyperlipidemia and 47 normolipidemic subjects participated in this study. Biochemical parameters, including plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels, and periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP [%]), were evaluated.Results: The mean values of PI, PD, CAL, and BOP (%) for the hyperlipidemic group were significantly higher than those for the control group. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL‐C levels were significantly and positively associated with PI, PD, BOP (%), and CAL. HDL‐C was significantly, but negatively, associated with CAL. Plasma triglyceride level was significantly associated with PD and BOP (%) after further analyses.Conclusions: The results of our study showed that patients with mild or moderate hyperlipidemia manifested higher values of periodontal parameters compared to normolipidemic individuals. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of hyperlipidemia on periodontal disease.
Metronidazole‐Loaded Bioabsorbable Films as Local Antibacterial Treatment of Infected Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Shifrovitch Yael , Binderman Itzhak , Bahar Hila , Berdicevsky Israela , Zilberman Meital 
Published: February 2009

Background: Periodontal disease is infectious in nature and leads to an inflammatory response. It arises from the accumulation of subgingival bacterial plaque and leads to the loss of attachment, increased probing depth, and bone loss. It is one of the world's most prevalent chronic diseases. In this study we developed and studied metronidazole‐loaded 50/50 poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PDLGA), 75/25 PDLGA, and poly(DL‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) films. These films are designed to be inserted into the periodontal pocket and treat infections with controlled‐release metronidazole for ≥1 month.Methods: The structured films were prepared using the solution‐casting technique. Concentrated solutions and high solvent‐evaporation rates were used to get most of the drug located in the bulk, i.e., in whole film's volume. The effects of copolymer composition and drug content on the release profile, cell growth, and bacterial inhibition were investigated.Results: The PDLLA and 75/25 PDLGA films generally exhibited a low‐ or medium‐burst release followed by a moderate release at an approximately constant rate, whereas the 50/50 PDLGA films exhibited a biphasic release profile. The drug released from films loaded with 10% weight/weight metronidazole resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial viability within several days. When exposed to human gingival fibroblasts in cell culture conditions, these films maintained their normal fibroblastic features.Conclusions: This study enabled the understanding of metronidazole‐release kinetics from bioabsorbable polymeric films. The developed systems demonstrated good biocompatibility and the ability to inhibit Bacteroides fragilis growth; therefore, they may be useful in the treatment of periodontal diseases.
Enamel Matrix Derivative Versus Bioactive Ceramic Filler in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects: 12‐Month Results
Authors: Leknes Knut N. , Andersen Kari‐Mette , Bøe Olav E. , Skavland Ragnfrid J. , Albandar Jasim M. 
Published: February 2009

Background: This study examined the clinical efficacy of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and bioactive ceramic filler (BCF) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects and evaluated factors influencing the treatment outcome.Methods: Thirteen chronic periodontitis patients, 41 to 74 years of age, who had two proximal intrabony defects in different jaw quadrants with ≥3 mm vertical radiographic bone loss were selected for this study. After initial therapy, the sites in each patient were randomly assigned to EMD or BCF treatment. Clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), tooth mobility (TM), gingival recession (GR), bleeding on probing, and dental plaque were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. At surgery, the intrabony component was characterized by recording the number of bony walls, distance in millimeters from the buccal crest (BC) to the most apical point of the defect, distance from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the BC, and the mesio‐distal width of the defect at the level of the bony crest.Results: BCF treatment resulted in a significant gain in proximal CAL (P = 0.005) and a reduction in proximal PD at 6 months (P <0.001), but there was no further improvement from 6 to 12 months. Paired comparisons by time for the EMD group revealed a significant reduction in proximal PD at 12 months (P = 0.001), whereas the gain in proximal CAL approached significance (P = 0.056). Mean GR increased significantly from baseline to 6 months in both groups (P = 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that within the EMD group, smoking and TM negatively influenced the gain of attachment, whereas within the BCF group, gingival recession increased with age, increasing CEJ to BC distance, and increasing mesial‐distal width of the defect.Conclusions: The gain in proximal attachment after treating intrabony defects by flap surgery with BCF was significant (P = 0.004) and twice that following treatment with EMD (P = 0.056). Patient and site variables affected the clinical outcome differently.
Minimally Invasive Flapless Implant Placement: Follow‐Up Results From a Multicenter Study
Authors: Becker William , Goldstein Moshe , Becker Burton E. , Sennerby Lars , Kois Dean , Hujoel Philippe 
Published: February 2009

Background: The placement of implants using a minimally invasive flapless approach has the potential to reduce operative bleeding and postoperative discomfort and minimize crestal bone loss. This article presents follow‐up data on a prospective clinical study of implants placed using a flapless procedure.Methods: The original study reported on 57 patients (33 female patients with an age range of 24 to 86 years; 24 male patients with an age range of 27 to 81 years) recruited from three clinical centers (Tucson, Arizona; Gothenburg, Sweden; and Tel Aviv, Israel) who received 79 implants. After an average of 3 years and 8 months, the patients were contacted and invited to return to their respective clinics for reexamination. Thirty‐seven patients with 52 implants returned for a follow‐up examination; the remaining 20 patients (27 implants) were not available for reexamination and were considered study drop‐outs.Results: The cumulative survival rate at the 3‐ to 4‐year follow‐up examination remains at 98.7%, reflecting the loss of one implant. The mean probing depth at abutment connection was 2.2 mm, as reported in the initial study (examination 2 at ∼2 years postplacement); it was 2.4 mm at the 3‐ to 4‐year second follow‐up examination. This change was not clinically or statistically significant. Bleeding score changes also were not significant between the two intervals. The average crestal bone level was −0.7 mm at examination 2 and −0.8 mm at examination 3, a change that approached significance (P <0.06).Conclusions: Minimally invasive flapless surgery offers patients the possibility of high implant predictability with clinically insignificant crestal bone loss for up to 4 years. Proper diagnosis and treatment planning are key factors in achieving predictable outcomes.