bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nasopharyngeal cancer incidence and survival in Scotland, 1975–2001
Authors: Anandan C. , Elton R. , Hitchings A. , Brewster D.H. 
Published: February 2008

Objectives: To investigate trends in the incidence of, and survival from, nasopharyngeal cancer in Scotland during the period 1975–2001.Design: Descriptive epidemiological study.Setting: Scotland.Participants: The anonymised records of 556 patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer (ICD‐9 147; ICD‐10 C11) in Scotland between 1975 and 2001, and held on the Scottish Cancer Registry.Main outcome measures: Incidence rates, and relative survival at 1, 3 and 5 years for defined age groups and time periods.Results: There was no clear trend in age‐standardised incidence rates of nasopharyngeal cancer throughout the study period, although age‐specific incidence rates do suggest a downward trend among older age groups, especially in men. The trend in incidence with deprivation was significant for both males (P = 0.011) and females (P = 0.004). Survival from nasopharyngeal cancer has improved for all age groups over time, although survival still decreases with age. In the 15–44 age group, 5 year relative survival was 84% in patients diagnosed during 1995–2001 compared to 46% in those diagnosed during 1975–1979. Survival was higher among patients from the most affluent quintile (P = 0.004).Conclusions: In Scotland, age‐standardised incidence rates of nasopharyngeal cancer have remained relatively stable over the last 25 years. Survival has improved across all age groups in recent years, but is higher in younger patients, and in residents of the most affluent socio‐ economic areas.
Turner syndrome and the evolution of human sexual dimorphism
Authors: Crespi Bernard 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTurner syndrome is caused by loss of all or part of an X chromosome in females. A series of recent studies has characterized phenotypic differences between Turner females retaining the intact maternally inherited versus paternally inherited X chromosome, which have been interpreted as evidence for effects of X‐linked imprinted genes. In this study I demonstrate that the differences between Turner females with a maternal X and a paternal X broadly parallel the differences between males and normal females for a large suite of traits, including lipid profile and visceral fat, response to growth hormone, sensorineural hearing loss, congenital heart and kidney malformations, neuroanatomy (sizes of the cerebellum, hippocampus, caudate nuclei and superior temporal gyrus), and aspects of cognition. This pattern indicates that diverse aspects of human sex differences are mediated in part by X‐linked genes, via genomic imprinting of such genes, higher rates of mosaicism in Turner females with an intact X chromosome of paternal origin, karyotypic differences between Turner females with a maternal versus paternal X chromosome, or some combination of these phenomena. Determining the relative contributions of genomic imprinting, karyotype and mosaicism to variation in Turner syndrome phenotypes has important implications for both clinical treatment of individuals with this syndrome, and hypotheses for the evolution and development of human sexual dimorphism.
Asthmatics able to step down from inhaled corticosteroid treatment without loss of asthma control have low serum eotaxin/CCL11
Authors: Hoffmann Hans Jürgen , Nielsen Lars Peter , Harving Henrik , Heinig John H. , Dahl Ronald 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  The addition of a long‐acting β2 agonist (LABA) to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) may control asthma better than ICS alone. Eosinophil markers may predict symptom severity in asthma.Objectives:  The effect of combination treatment on moderate to severe asthmatics not selected to respond rapidly to steroid deprivation was compared with monotherapy. The ability of serum markers to predict symptom severity was assessed.Methods:  Asthmatics treated adequately with ICS (750–1000 mcg ICS daily) were randomised to receive ICS (fluticasone propionate) + LABA (salmeterol) (500 mcg/50 mcg bd) or ICS alone (500 mcg bd). If asthma was controlled at clinic visits every 6 weeks, ICS dose was tapered until asthma exacerbated (hospitalisation, ICS above study medication, peak flow variation, decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s and/or use of rescue medication), or placebo was maintained for 6 weeks. Efficacy of the treatments was compared. Serum cytokines and chemokines were compared among the groups reporting severe, mild or no symptoms.Results:  There was no difference between the treatment arms in the clinical analysis. Nine patients could be maintained on placebo for 6 weeks, 36 developed mild symptoms and 16 developed severe symptoms. Patients on placebo for 6 weeks had significantly lower serum eotaxin at baseline than patients with symptoms. Patients with mild symptoms had intermediate serum eotaxin concentrations.Conclusion:  Patients with asthma controlled on ICS respond heterogeneously to ICS tapering. Serum eotaxin/CCL11 may be useful in predicting the severity of symptoms patients develop during steroid tapering and should be evaluated in guiding asthma treatment.Please cite this paper as: Hoffmann HJ, Nielsen LP, Harving H, Heinig JH and Dahl R. Asthmatics able to step down from inhaled corticosteroid treatment without loss of asthma control have low serum eotaxin/CCL11. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 149–157.
ENDOMORPHISMS OF RELATIVELY HYPERBOLIC GROUPS
Authors: BELEGRADEK IGOR , SZCZEPAŃSKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: February 2008

We generalize some results of Paulin and Rips-Sela on endomorphisms of hyperbolic groups to relatively hyperbolic groups, and in particular prove the following. • If G is a nonelementary relatively hyperbolic group with slender parabolic subgroups, and either G is not co-Hopfian or Out (G) is infinite, then G splits over a slender group. • If H is a nonparabolic subgroup of a relatively hyperbolic group, and if any isometric H-action on an ℝ-tree is trivial, then H is Hopfian. • If G is a nonelementary relatively hyperbolic group whose peripheral subgroups are finitely generated, then G has a nonelementary relatively hyperbolic quotient that is Hopfian. • Any finitely presented group is isomorphic to a finite index subgroup of Out (H) for some group H with Kazhdan property (T). (This sharpens a result of Ollivier–Wise).
ALGORITHMIC PROBLEMS ON INVERSE MONOIDS OVER VIRTUALLY FREE GROUPS
Authors: DIEKERT VOLKER , ONDRUSCH NICOLE , LOHREY MARKUS 
Published: February 2008

Let G be a finitely generated virtually-free group. We consider the Birget–Rhodes expansion of G, which yields an inverse monoid and which is denoted by IM (G) in the following. We show that for a finite idempotent presentation P, the word problem of a quotient monoid IM (G)/P can be solved in linear time on a RAM. The uniform word problem, where G and the presentation P are also part of the input, is EXPTIME-complete. With IM (G)/P we associate a relational structure, which contains for every rational subset L of IM (G)/P a binary relation, consisting of all pairs (x,y) such that y can be obtained from x by right multiplication with an element from L. We prove that the first-order theory of this structure is decidable. This result implies that the emptiness problem for Boolean combinations of rational subsets of IM (G)/P is decidable, which, in turn implies the decidability of the submonoid membership problem of IM (G)/P. These results were known previously for free groups, only. Moreover, we provide a new algorithmic approach for these problems, which seems to be of independent interest even for free groups. We also show that one cannot expect decidability results in much larger frameworks than virtually-free groups because the subgroup membership problem of a subgroup H in an arbitrary group G can be reduced to a word problem of some IM (G)/P, where P depends only on H. A consequence is that there is a hyperbolic group G and a finite idempotent presentation P such that the word problem is undecidable for some finitely generated submonoid of IM (G)/P. In particular, the word problem of IM (G)/P is undecidable.
ELECTRON ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT EXPERIMENT WITH SLOW ATOMS
Authors: GOULD HARVEY 
Published: February 2008

Discovering an electron electric dipole moment (e-EDM) would uncover new physics requiring an extension of the Standard Model. e-EDMs, large enough to be discovered by new experiments are now common predictions in extensions of the Standard Model, including extensions that describe baryogenesis, dark matter, and neutrino mass. A cesium slow-atom e-EDM experiment (which is similar to an atomic clock) can improve the sensitivity to the e-EDM. And, as with an atomic clock, it could be more sensitive in microgravity than on Earth. As a first step an Earth-based demonstration Cs fountain e-EDM experiment has been carried out at LBNL.
CNGA2 Channels Mediate Adenosine-Induced Ca2+Influx in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Cheng Kwong-Tai , Leung Yuk-Ki , Shen Bing , Kwok Yuk-Chi , Wong Ching-On , Kwan Hiu-Yee , Man Yu-Bun , Ma Xin , Huang Yu , Yao Xiaoqiang 
Published: February 2008

Objectives—Adenosine is a cAMP-elevating vasodilator that induces both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation. An increase in cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]i) is a crucial early signal in the endothelium-dependent relaxation elicited by adenosine. This study explored the molecular identity of channels that mediate adenosine-induced Ca2+influx in vascular endothelial cells.Methods and Results—Adenosine-induced Ca2+influx was markedly reduced by L-cis-diltiazem and LY-83583, two selective inhibitors for cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, in H5V endothelial cells and primary cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). The Ca2+influx was also inhibited by 2 adenylyl cyclase inhibitors MDL-12330A and SQ-22536, and by 2 A2Breceptor inhibitors MRS-1754 and 8-SPT, but not by an A2Areceptor inhibitor SCH-58261 or a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ. Patch clamp experiments recorded an adenosine-induced current that could be inhibited by L-cis-diltiazem and LY-83583. A CNGA2-specific siRNA markedly decreased the Ca2+influx and the cation current in H5V cells. Furthermore, L-cis-diltiazem inhibited the endothelial Ca2+influx in mouse aortic strips, and it also reduced 5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, an A2adenosine receptor agonist)-induced vasorelaxation.Conclusion—CNGA2 channels play a key role in adenosine-induced endothelial Ca2+influx and vasorelaxation. It is likely that adenosine acts through A2Breceptors and adenylyl cyclases to stimulate CNGA2.
Marie De France's Eliduc: the Play of Aventure
Authors: Whittaker Eve M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis work proposes that for Eliduc, the culminating statement of her Lais, Marie de France selected a metaphor which was then new to Christianity: the game of chess. Eliduc is a "chess morality," marking the transition between the Muslim game and its varieties in western Europe. Like its Muslim ancestor, but explicating a central Christian text, it teaches philosophical consideration of human life in this world. This paper demonstrates the correspondences between the story of Eliduc and the twelfth century game of chess-its ancestry, objectives, strategies, and equipment, and then describes the game, as it proceeds, of the adult lives of three people.
King Alfonso and the Wild West: Medieval Hispanic Law On the U.S. Frontier
Authors: Burns Robert I. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract"Medieval Encounters" include not only interaction between cultures, but also within cultures between widely separated time periods, and even influence by a medieval past upon a present culture or subculture. This can take the form of an evolution from past technologies or mentalities into the present, or even the development of merely analogous modern patterns quite different from the medieval to surface observation. One such artifact was the massive thirteenth-century Romanized law code of Alfonso X the Learned of Castile, called the Siete partidas, that survived within and alongside later Romanized codes throughout the Spanish empire, to acquire "the widest territorial force ever enjoyed by any law book." The medieval Partidas also became a living and formative presence even within the contrasting system of Common Law prevailing in U.S. jurisprudence, particularly in large regions like California, Texas, and Louisiana. This medieval artifact has variously manifested itself during the past century and still emerges in surprising ways in our courts, a relatively invisible ghost from the ancient past inviting study by both medievalists and Americanists, with implications for environmentalism, women's rights, and resource control.
With Heart, Tongue, and Limbs: Ibn Hazm On the Essence of Faith
Authors: Coope Jessica A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the Kitāb al-īmān or Book of Faith, a section from Ibn Hazm of Córdoba's major treatise on religions and heresies entitled Al-fasl fi al-milal wa al-ahwā' wa al-nihal, the author uses the exegetic techniques of Zāhirism to lay out what he believes are the essential characteristics that make one a Muslim. Those characteristics fall into three categories: belief held in the heart (tasdīq bi al-qalb), profession of belief with the tongue (iqrār bi al-lisān), and pious work of the body (amal al-jawārih). His intent in the Kitāb al-īmān is to attack the concept of religious tolerance and to reaffirm that being a Muslim means being different from Jews and Christians in thought, word, and deed. His use of Zāhirism as a guide to reading scripture directly supports his attack on Christianity and Judaism.
Observed and WRF-Simulated Low-Level Winds in a High-Ozone Episode during the Central California Ozone Study
Authors: Bao J-W. , Michelson S. A. , Persson P. O. G. , Djalalova I. V. , Wilczak J. M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A case study is carried out for the 29 July–3 August 2000 episode of the Central California Ozone Study (CCOS), a typical summertime high-ozone event in the Central Valley of California. The focus of the study is on the low-level winds that control the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the Central Valley. An analysis of surface and wind profiler observations from the CCOS field experiment indicates a number of important low-level flows in the Central Valley: 1) the incoming low-level marine airflow through the Carquinez Strait into the Sacramento River delta, 2) the diurnal cycle of upslope–downslope flows, 3) the up- and down-valley flow in the Sacramento Valley, 4) the nocturnal low-level jet in the San Joaquin Valley, and 5) the orographically induced mesoscale eddies (the Fresno and Schultz eddies). A numerical simulation using the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) reproduces the overall pattern of the observed low-level flows. The physical reasons behind the quantitative differences between the observed and simulated low-level winds are also analyzed and discussed, although not enough observations are available to diagnose thoroughly the model-error sources. In particular, hodograph analysis is applied to provide physical insight into the impact of the large-scale, upper-level winds on the locally forced low-level winds. It is found that the diurnal rotation of the observed and simulated hodographs of the local winds varies spatially in the Central Valley, resulting from the combining effect of topographically induced local forcing and the interaction between the upper-level winds and the aforementioned low-level flows. The trajectory analysis not only further confirms that WRF reproduces the observed low-level transport processes reasonably well but also shows that the simulated upper-level winds have noticeable errors. The results from this study strongly suggest that the errors in the WRF-simulated low-level winds are related not only to the errors in the model’s surface conditions and atmospheric boundary layer physics but also to the errors in the upper-level forcing mostly prescribed in the model’s lateral boundary conditions.
Regression-Based Methods for Finding Coupled Patterns
Authors: Tippett Michael K. , DelSole Timothy , Mason Simon J. , Barnston Anthony G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThere are a variety of multivariate statistical methods for analyzing the relations between two datasets. Two commonly used methods are canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and maximum covariance analysis (MCA), which find the projections of the data onto coupled patterns with maximum correlation and covariance, respectively. These projections are often used in linear prediction models. Redundancy analysis and principal predictor analysis construct projections that maximize the explained variance and the sum of squared correlations of regression models. This paper shows that the above pattern methods are equivalent to different diagonalizations of the regression between the two datasets. The different diagonalizations are computed using the singular value decomposition of the regression matrix developed using data that are suitably transformed for each method. This common framework for the pattern methods permits easy comparison of their properties. Principal component regression is shown to be a special case of CCA-based regression. A commonly used linear prediction model constructed from MCA patterns does not give a least squares estimate since correlations among MCA predictors are neglected. A variation, denoted least squares estimate (LSE)-MCA, is suggested that uses the same patterns but minimizes squared error. Since the different pattern methods correspond to diagonalizations of the same regression matrix, they all produce the same regression model when a complete set of patterns is used. Different prediction models are obtained when an incomplete set of patterns is used, with each method optimizing different properties of the regression. Some key points are illustrated in two idealized examples, and the methods are applied to statistical downscaling of rainfall over the northeast of Brazil.
Comments on “Decadal Changes in the North Atlantic and Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Flux”
Authors: Saunders Peter M. , Cunningham Stuart A. , de Cuevas Beverly A. , Coward Andrew C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
It is demonstrated that current level models, both with and without assimilation, generate too shallow an overturning in the North Atlantic (just like their predecessors) because they do not reproduce the descent of plumes of cold water from the Greenland and Norwegian Seas. Consequently, the prediction of decadal change from one such model reported by C. Wunsch and P. Heimbach is queried.
First Results of Experimental Tests of the Newly Developed NARL Phased-Array Doppler Sodar
Authors: Anandan V. K. , Kumar M. Shravan , Rao I. Srinivasa 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A multifrequency phased-array Doppler sodar system has been installed recently at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) for the continuous observation of the lower atmosphere from near ground to the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The NARL sodar, developed in technical collaboration with the Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research (SAMEER), was built using piezoceramic tweeters, which are capable of generating 100-W acoustic power. In favorable atmospheric conditions, the sodar gives wind profiles up to 1 km. The performance evaluation is one of the most important aspects for quality assurance of sodar operations. This paper presents the first results of experimental observations of the NARL sodar system and its scientific validation. The NARL sodar has been validated using the simultaneous observation of another sodar system (Scintec model MFAS64). Various physical parameters of the atmosphere are derived using the results obtained from both of the systems. Comparison of simultaneous measurements by both of the sodars, located about 100 m apart, shows good agreement on wind speed, wind direction, and vertical wind variance. The correlation coefficient of more than 0.80 in wind speed and direction between the sodars shows the usefulness of the system for observing the atmosphere and deriving physical parameters below the ABL.
Calculating the Ocean’s Mean Dynamic Topography from a Mean Sea Surface and a Geoid
Authors: Bingham Rory J. , Haines Keith , Hughes Chris W. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In principle the global mean geostrophic surface circulation of the ocean can be diagnosed by subtracting a geoid from a mean sea surface (MSS). However, because the resulting mean dynamic topography (MDT) is approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than either of the constituent surfaces, and because the geoid is most naturally expressed as a spectral model while the MSS is a gridded product, in practice complications arise. Two algorithms for combining MSS and satellite-derived geoid data to determine the ocean’s mean dynamic topography (MDT) are considered in this paper: a pointwise approach, whereby the gridded geoid height field is subtracted from the gridded MSS; and a spectral approach, whereby the spherical harmonic coefficients of the geoid are subtracted from an equivalent set of coefficients representing the MSS, from which the gridded MDT is then obtained. The essential difference is that with the latter approach the MSS is truncated, a form of filtering, just as with the geoid. This ensures that errors of omission resulting from the truncation of the geoid, which are small in comparison to the geoid but large in comparison to the MDT, are matched, and therefore negated, by similar errors of omission in the MSS. The MDTs produced by both methods require additional filtering. However, the spectral MDT requires less filtering to remove noise, and therefore it retains more oceanographic information than its pointwise equivalent. The spectral method also results in a more realistic MDT at coastlines.
Calculated Height Tendencies in Two Southern Hemisphere Blocking and Cyclone Events: The Contribution of Diabatic Heating to Block Intensification
Authors: Tilly Douglas E. , Lupo Anthony R. , Melick Christopher J. , Market Patrick S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Zwack–Okossi vorticity tendency equation was used to calculate 500-hPa height tendencies in two intensifying Southern Hemisphere blocking events. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research gridded reanalyses were used to make each of these calculations. The block intensification period for each event was associated with a deepening surface cyclone during a 48-h period beginning at 1200 UTC 28 July and 1200 UTC 8 August 1986, respectively. These results demonstrate that the diabatic heating forces height rises through the sensible and latent heating terms in these two Southern Hemisphere blocking events. The sensible heating was the larger contributor, second only to (about the same as) the vorticity advection term in the first (second) event. The vorticity advection term has been shown by several studies to be associated with block intensification.