bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence that viral abundance across oceans and lakes is driven by different biological factors
Authors: CLASEN JESSICA L. , BRIGDEN SEAN M. , PAYET JÉRÔME P. , SUTTLE CURTIS A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary1. Samples from 16 lakes in central (n = 145) and western (n = 12) North America, the coastal northeast Pacific (n = 302) and the western Canadian Arctic Oceans (n = 142) were collected and analysed for viral, bacterial and cyanobacterial abundances and chlorophyll‐a concentration.2. Viral abundance was significantly different among the environments. It was highest in the coastal Pacific Ocean and lowest in the coastal Arctic Ocean. The abundances of bacteria and cyanobacteria as well as chlorophyll‐a concentrations also differed significantly among the environments, with both bacterial abundance and chlorophyll‐a concentration highest in lakes. As a consequence, the association of these variables with viral abundance varied among the environments.3. Discriminant analyses with the abundance data indicated that the marine and freshwater environments were predictably different from each other. Multiple‐regression analysis included bacterial and cyanobacterial abundances, and chlorophyll‐a concentration as significant variables in explaining viral abundance in lakes. In regression models for the coastal Pacific Ocean, bacterial and cyanobacterial abundances were significant variables, and for the coastal Arctic Ocean viral abundance was predicted by bacterial abundance and chlorophyll‐a concentration.4. The relationship of viral and bacterial abundance differed between the investigated freshwater and marine environments, probably because of differences in viral production and loss rates. However, freshwaters had fewer viruses compared to bacteria, despite previously documented higher burst sizes and frequencies of infected cells, suggesting that loss rates may be more important in lakes.5. Together, these findings suggest that there are different drivers of viral abundance in different aquatic environments, including lakes and oceans.
The effect of altered dietary carbohydrate content on the metabolic responses to physical exercise in insulin‐dependent diabetic subjects
Authors: Torrance A. D. , Sharpe G. R. , Cooper B. G. , Alberti K. G. M. M. 
Published: April 2008

The effects of two isoenergetic 8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) diets containing 40% and 65% of total energy from carbohydrate, respectively, were studied in six insulindependent diabetics in relation to the metabolic responses to physical exercise. Each subject followed both diets in turn for one week. Additionally, the effects of a pre‐exercise supplement of either 50 g carbohydrate (as glucose polymer) or placebo were measured.Exercise induced a marked fall in blood glucose levels of similar magnitude on both diets (P < 0.05) in the absence of supplementary carbohydrate and a significant increase (P < 0.01) when the supplement was provided. Insulin concentrations were virtually unaltered on either diet or supplement when compared before and after exercise (P < 0.5).Blood levels of the gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol) were significantly increased after exercise in the case of both diets with or without supplementary carbohydrate (0.02 < P < 0.05).Basal and post‐exercise levels of glucagon, cortisol, 3‐hydroxybutyrate, catecholamines and free fatty acids (FFA) were generally similar and not significantly different in any of the treatment conditions.These data demonstrate that the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise is similar in insulin‐dependent diabetics receiving conventional injection therapy on standard diets (40% carbohydrate) and high carbohydrate containing diets (65% carbohydrate).
The eating and snacking patterns of young people in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Dugdale A. E. , Townsend Beris , Rigsby Barbara 
Published: April 2008

The frequencies of intakes of food and drink have been found in 591 subjects in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia who ranged in age from 11 to 25 years and came from upper‐ and lower‐class suburbs. The younger subjects were at primary and high schools, while the older subjects were either at technical college, university, employed as apprentices or unemployed.Most subjects ate at the time of the traditional three meals but also had additional snacks so that most ate/drank 5–6 times a day. Confectionery was eaten more often by young boys than young girls, but the biggest difference was between employed women who ate sweets very often and unemployed women who ate them much less frequently. By contrast, ‘finger snacks' and soft drinks were consumed with similar frequencies by the employed and unemployed. More children consumed these products frequently in lower‐class suburbs than in the upper‐class suburbs.These results suggest that soft drinks and ‘finger snacks' are regarded as part of the normal daily intake to be consumed regardless of income, but that sweets are seen as a discretionery pleasure to be indulged when money is available.
Predictable and unpredictable evolution of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Courvalin P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Evolution of bacteria towards antibiotic resistance is unavoidable as it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution of bacteria. Thus, at the very best, the only hope we can have in the field of resistance is to delay dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes. Resistance to antibiotics in bacteria can result from mutations in resident structural or regulatory genes or from horizontal acquisition of foreign genetic information. In this review, we will consider the predictable future of the relationship between bacteria and antibiotics.
Cystic fibrosis in the United Kingdom, 1968–1988: incidence, population and survival
Authors: Dodge J.A. , Morison S. , Lewist P.A. , Coles E.C. , Geddes D. , Russell G. , Jackson A.D. , Bentley B. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. A thorough survey was conducted of patients with cystic fibrosis living in the UK from 1977 onwards. This was supplemented with death certificate data back to 1968. There was one case identified for each 2475 births. The total number of cases in the UK rose linearly from 4086 in 1977 to 5426 in 1988 and is estimated to be 6000 in 1992.The probability of survival improved in the period under study for all age groups and in both sexes. It was worst in the first year of life, dropped sharply thereafter but then increased steadily with age. There has been a very marked improvement over the years in survival in the first year of life, but a lesser one in older age groups.Male mortality was greater than that in females in the first year of life, but less in subsequent years giving, overall, worse survival for females. A set of cohort and ‘current’ survival graphs for the two sexes are given.
Symptoms and health problems in pregnancy: their association with social factors, smoking, alcohol, caffeine and attitude to pregnancy
Authors: Meyer Lesley C. , Peacock Janet L. , Bland J. Martin , Anderson H. Ross 
Published: April 2008

Summary. This paper describes the prevalence and correlates of symptoms and health problems in pregnancy using data from a prospective population study in London. Data on the prevalence of 11 symptoms and 12 health problems were obtained at three points in pregnancy from a consecutive sample of 1513 white women. Relationships were examined between these symptoms and a range of psychosocial factors including social class, education, marital status, income, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, attitude to pregnancy and whether the pregnancy was planned.Most women reported nausea and breast tenderness in early pregnancy. Heartburn, backache, constipation and headaches were also common. The prevalence of symptoms tended to increase with gestation except for nausea and vomiting. Women with manual occupations, minimum education, low income, single marital status and unplanned pregnancy reported more of most symptoms except nausea which was associated with higher social status. A negative attitude to pregnancy was associated with more headaches but was unrelated to nausea. Women who smoked reported more ‘nerves and depression’ but less nausea. In general, nausea and vomiting showed a different pattern of associations from all other symptoms.
Survival of infants with neural tube defects in Western Australia 1966–1990
Authors: Kalucy Megan , Bower Carol , Stanley Fiona , Burton Paul 
Published: April 2008

Summary. To investigate the survival of infants with neural tube defects in Western Australia from 1966 to 1990, cases of neural tube defects were ascertained from multiple sources. Survival of infants with anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocoele was examined separately, and four birth cohorts were compared: 1966–1972 (when most surviving infants were actively treated), 1973–1979 (a period of stringent application of selection criteria for treatment), 1980–1985 (some relaxation of selection criteria), and 1986–1990 (further relaxation of selection criteria).There was an increase in terminations of pregnancies affected with anencephaly over the study period, and a fall in the proportion of both liveborn and stillborn infants with anencephaly. Most liveborn infants (76.4%) died in the first 24 hours, and none survived longer than 5 days. Most infants with encephalocoele (76.4%) were liveborn, and survival was poorest in the 1973–1979 cohort, although the difference in survival across cohorts just failed to attain a formal level of significance. For spina bifida, there was an increase in terminations of affected pregnancies over the study period. Survival of liveborn infants with spina bifida was poorest in the 1973–1979 cohort, and greatest in the most recent cohort. These improvements in survival are likely to be the result of relaxation of selection criteria for treatment, improvements in treatment and, to a lesser extent, selective termination of affected pregnancies.
Complication rates of ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy: A nation‐wide survey in Japan
Authors: Kakehi Yoshiyuki , Naito Seiji ,   Japanese Urological Association
Published: April 2008

Objective:  To assess the morbidity secondary to ultrasound‐guided systematic prostate biopsy in Japan.Methods:  Five hundred and forty‐eight principal urological training institutions certified by the Japanese Urological Association participated in the survey. A retrospective analysis of complications after prostate biopsy was conducted.Results:  Medical records of 212 065 procedures carried out between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed. Seventy‐six percent of procedures had been carried out transrectally, and 23% transperineally. Hematuria, rectal bleeding and hematospermia occurred in 12%, 5.9% and 1.2% of cases, respectively. Voiding symptoms were reported after biopsy in 1.9% of cases and urinary retention in 1.1%. Fever (>38°C) was observed in 1.1% and sepsis occurred in 0.07%. Hospitalization was required in 0.69% of cases for the treatment of biopsy‐related complications.Conclusions:  Overall, contemporary ultrasound‐guided systematic prostate biopsy is safely carried out in Japan. However, minor complications are not infrequent, whereas major ones remain very rare but life‐threatening if they occur. Thus, adequate information should be provided to patients undergoing prostate biopsy.
The effect of a preoperative education programme on perioperative anxiety in children: an observational study
Authors: RICE MARIAM , GLASPER ALAN , KEETON DIANA , SPARGO PAUL 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe distress of children at the induction of anesthesia (DAI) is unpleasant for all involved and potentially harmful. Many strategies such as premedication or parental presence at induction have been described to minimize it. A preoperative education programme [the ‘Saturday Morning Club’ or (SMC)] has been in existence in our institution for a number of years and an observational study of children undergoing day case surgery was undertaken to assess the influence of attendance at the SMC on DAI. Ninety‐four children aged between 2 and 16 years of age were included in the study; 21 attended the SMC and 73 did not. Patient anxiety using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale was measured by blinded observers on the day ward, in the preoperative waiting room and at induction of anesthesia. Parental anxiety at the same locations was self reported using a visual analogue scale. Attendance at the SMC had a favorable effect on patient anxiety levels in all three locations but only reached statistical significance in the waiting room (P = 0.007, Mann–Whitney U‐test). At present there is little evidence to support the use of preoperative education programmes in the UK and further studies are required to determine their benefit.
Hepatic tolerance of repeated intravenous paracetamol administration in neonates
Authors: ALLEGAERT KAREL , RAYYAN MAISSA , DE RIJDT THOMAS , VAN BEEK FRANK , NAULAERS GUNNAR 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIntroduction:  An intravenous (i.v.) formulation of paracetamol is available, but reports on its hepatic tolerance in neonates are limited. We therefore assessed hepatic tolerance of i.v. paracetamol in neonates.Methods:  In a single centre retrospective study, clinical data and hepatic enzyme profiles (ALT, AST, γGT) were collected in neonates treated with i.v. paracetamol between January 1, 2006 and October 1, 2007. Hepatic enzyme profiles were retrieved from 2 days before until 2 days after i.v. paracetamol administration. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to compare hepatic enzymes before, during, and after i.v. treatment. Correlations (Spearman rank) of hepatic enzymes with duration of treatment during i.v. administration were investigated.Results:  In 189 cases, 2360 administrations {postmenstrual age 38 (range 30–55) weeks, postnatal age 5 (1–182) days} were documented and 1132 hepatic enzyme observations were available in 149/189 cases. There was no significant increase in ALT, AST, or γGT when pretreatment observations (n = 310) were compared with observations during (n = 649) or during with after (n = 173) treatment, nor was there a significant increase during administration.Conclusions:  This retrospective study on hepatic tolerance provides evidence on safety aspects of i.v. paracetamol in neonates. Future studies should focus on dose‐findings and pharmacodynamics of this formulation in neonates.
Presence of residual basal cell carcinoma in re‐excised specimens is more probable when deep and lateral margins were positive
Authors: Fernandes JD , De Lorenzo Messina MC , De Almeida Pimentel ER , Castro LGM 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to quantify presence of residual BCC in patients with histologic positive margins after the first excison and to correlate the presence of residual tumor in re‐excised lesions with the location of the positive margin on the first excision, a retrospective evaluation of 2053 surgically treated BCC was performed. Only 38.3% of the re‐excised lesions showed residual tumor. In the group of re‐excised lesions where residual BCC was found, 13% had lateral positive margin in the first excision, 39% had deep positive margin and 48% had both lateral and deep positive margins. In the group of re‐excised lesions where no residual BCC was found, 49% of the primary excised lesions had lateral positive margin, 32% had deep positive margin and 19% had both deep and lateral positive margins. The association between residual tumor and positive margins was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Our findings confirm that presence of residual tumour is more likely when both lateral and deep margins are compromised.
A study on serum IgE and clinical symptomatology of atopy in patients suffering from the lysosomal storage disorder Fabry disease
Authors: Möhrenschlager M , Ollert M , Ring J 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground  Lysosomal storage disorders may impair intracellular lysosomal processing of antigen with consequences for antibody production [e.g. immunoglobulin E (IgE)] and atopic disease status.Aims  Serum concentration of total IgE as well as clinical symptoms of atopic disorders as an indirect consequence of lysosomal impairment of antigen processing were studied in male and female Fabry disease (FD) patients with and without replacement of the missing lysosomal enzyme, α‐galactosidase A (α‐Gal A).Methods  Observational study in 31 adult FD patients with measurements of total serum IgE concentration. Questionnaire‐derived data were obtained for atopic eczema (AE) skin lesions, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (RCA) and allergic asthma (AA) at present or in the past.Results  Among 12 FD males under enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), 2 showed total IgE concentrations above 100 kU/L. Clinical symptoms for AA were found in 2, RCA and AE in 1, respectively. Among 10 FD females under ERT, 4 showed total IgE concentrations above 100 kU/L. Clinical symptoms for AA were found in 4, RCA in 2 and AE in 2. Among 9 females without ERT, 2 showed total IgE concentrations above 100 kU/L. Clinical symptoms for AA were found in 2, RCA in 2 and AE in none.Conclusions  FD patients may demonstrate an increased total serum IgE concentration and may show symptoms of atopic disorders (AA, RCA, AE) in a prevalence rate comparable to international experience for individuals without FD. There was no difference between patients with and without ERT. Lack of detection of AE in females without ERT is suggested to be caused by the small sample size. FD patients without any α‐Gal A activity prior to initiation of ERT should be in the focus of future studies.
Opposed bilateral transposition flap: a simple and effective way to close large defects, especially of the limbs
Authors: Verdolini R , Dhoat S , Bugatti L , Filosa G 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground  Excision of large tumours, particularly of the limbs, can be challenging because of problems related to wound repair. This is especially true of the lower legs, where skin is often tight and difficult to mobilize. Closure by flap, which would represent the first choice for defects usually between 12–15 mm to 38–40 mm diameter, is at risk of developing complications, such as end‐flap necrosis or dehiscence due to skin tension. For larger defects, usually more than 40 to 45 mm diameter, grafting still remains the only realistic option in the majority of cases, with all the various problems associated with this procedure, such as lengthy healing times and the risk of developing leg ulcers, above all in elderly patients with impaired blood circulation. Second intention healing implies extraordinarily long healing times with often unacceptable delays in normal ambulation and activity.Objective  To find an alternative to the usual repair techniques and to try to reduce the risk of complications.Conclusions  We developed a relatively simple but effective technique for the closure of large wounds resulting from the excision of tumours. Our technique consists of two longitudinal, parallel, transposition flaps obtained from two opposite sides of the wound, with major axes orientated in the cephalic‐caudal direction. The two flaps are then rotated around two fulcra placed at two extremes of the wound by approximately 90°. This relatively simple technique has never caused any of the ordinarily associated problems in terms of necrosis or ulcer development. In addition, dehiscence of sutures never occurred, given the fact that suture tension is minimal. Quick healing has resulted in the majority of cases, avoiding all the problems associated with grafting or other traditional flap techniques.
Reconstructing phylogenies and phenotypes: a molecular view of human evolution
Authors: Bradley Brenda J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis review broadly summarizes how molecular biology has contributed to our understanding of human evolution. Molecular anthropology began in the 1960s with immunological comparisons indicating that African apes and humans were closely related and, indeed, shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 million years ago. Although initially dismissed, this finding has proven robust and numerous lines of molecular evidence now firmly place the human‐ape divergence at 4–8 Ma. Resolving the trichotomy among humans, chimpanzees and gorillas took a few more decades. Despite the readily apparent physical similarities shared by African apes to the exclusion of modern humans (body hair, knuckle‐walking, thin tooth enamel), the molecular support for a human–chimpanzee clade is now overwhelming. More recently, whole genome sequencing and gene mapping have shifted the focus of molecular anthropology from phylogenetic analyses to phenotypic reconstruction and functional genomics. We are starting to identify the genetic basis of the morphological, physiological and behavioural traits that distinguish modern humans from apes and apes from other primates. Most notably, recent comparative genomic analyses strongly indicate that the marked differences between modern humans and chimpanzees are likely due more to changes in gene regulation than to modifications of the genes themselves, an idea first proposed over 30 years ago. Almost weekly, press releases describe newly identified genes and regulatory elements that seem to have undergone strong positive selection along the human lineage. Loci involved in speech (e.g. FOXP2), brain development (e.g. ASPM), and skull musculature (e.g. MYH16) have been of particular interest, but some surprising candidate loci (e.g. those involved in auditory capabilities) have emerged as well. Exciting new research avenues, such as the Neanderthal Genome Project, promise that molecular analyses will continue to provide novel insights about our evolution. Ultimately, however, these molecular findings can only be understood in light of data from field sites, morphology labs, and museum collections. Indeed, molecular anthropology depends on these sources for calibrating molecular clocks and placing genetic data within the context of key morphological and ecological transitions in human evolution.
A natural history of the human mind: tracing evolutionary changes in brain and cognition
Authors: Sherwood Chet C. , Subiaul Francys , Zawidzki Tadeusz W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSince the last common ancestor shared by modern humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, the lineage leading toHomo sapienshas undergone a substantial change in brain size and organization. As a result, modern humans display striking differences from the living apes in the realm of cognition and linguistic expression. In this article, we review the evolutionary changes that occurred in the descent ofHomo sapiensby reconstructing the neural and cognitive traits that would have characterized the last common ancestor and comparing these with the modern human condition. The last common ancestor can be reconstructed to have had a brain of approximately 300–400 g that displayed several unique phylogenetic specializations of development, anatomical organization, and biochemical function. These neuroanatomical substrates contributed to the enhancement of behavioral flexibility and social cognition. With this evolutionary history as precursor, the modern human mind may be conceived as a mosaic of traits inherited from a common ancestry with our close relatives, along with the addition of evolutionary specializations within particular domains. These modern human‐specific cognitive and linguistic adaptations appear to be correlated with enlargement of the neocortex and related structures. Accompanying this general neocortical expansion, certain higher‐order unimodal and multimodal cortical areas have grown disproportionately relative to primary cortical areas. Anatomical and molecular changes have also been identified that might relate to the greater metabolic demand and enhanced synaptic plasticity of modern human brain's. Finally, the unique brain growth trajectory of modern humans has made a significant contribution to our species’ cognitive and linguistic abilities.