bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Electroencephalographic Study on the Tolerance of Psychiatric and Neurologic Patients to the Hypnotic Effect of Diphenhydramine
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Kawahara Ryuzo , Umezawa Yoichi , Kashiwagi Tooru 
Published: March 2008

Summary1) The tolerance to the hypnotic effect of the diphenhydramine (Dph), one of anti‐histaminics, of normal subjects and psychiatric and neurologic patients was investigated on EEG data obtained in the routine EEG examination including Dph activation on 392 patients and 69 adult normal controls. EEG was recorded for 30 min following intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg body weight of Dph, and the time occupied by the stage of wakefulness and by each sleep stage were measured. The percent time waking EEG (% W‐EEG) was used as an index of the tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph.2) The mean with standard deviation (SD) of % W‐EEG of the 69 controls was 35.6±29.0%, with no differences in age and sex. The cyclothymic and immodithy‐mic normals showed higher % W‐EEG than those with the other types of personality.3) The means with SD of % W‐EEG following intravenous injection of Dph in various psychiatric and neurologic patient groups were as follows: 62.4±33.1% in 93 schizophrenics, 55.4±34.7% in 44 manic‐depressives, 71.1±31.4% in 143 psycho‐neurotics, 50.0±35.6% in 92 epileptics and 81.3±22.6% in 20 patients with organic brain diseases. They were all significantly higher than the % W‐EEG of normal controls. In the following pairs of groups, the former % W‐EEG was higher than the latter (P<0.05): between the patients with organic brain diseases and each of schizophrenics, manic‐depressives and epileptics; between schizophrenics and epileptics. No significant difference was found among the other groups.4) No significant difference was found between the % W‐EEG's of the following two different stages and cases in both schizophrenics and manic‐depressives: the aggravated stage with active mental symptoms and improved stage; cases showing favorable response to pharmacotherapy and those without satisfactory effect. In psychoneurotics, the % W‐EEG's were higher in hysteria, hypochondriasis, anxiety neurosis, obsessive‐compulsive neurosis in this order. Significant differences in % W‐EEG were found between either of hysteria or hypochondriasis and obsessive‐compulsive neurosis (P<0.05), but not between cases received EEG examinations in aggravated and improved stages. Among epileptics, the % W‐EEG of cases with psychomotor seizure was lower than that of cases with generalized convulsion, and the value was close to that of normal controls.5) From the finding mentioned above, it was demonstrated that some of the neuropsychiatric patients have higher tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph than normals. The higher tolerance was considered to be due not only to the clinical state of the patients but also to the predisposing factors or biological changes underlying the illness. The problems on the tolerance to Dph were discussed from various viewpoints.
Time Relationship Between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Activity and Eye Movement in the Unanesthetized and Reserpinized Cat
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Nakao Takehisa , Kishimoto Akira , Matsushima Yoshihiko , Yamaguchi Eiji 
Published: March 2008

Summary1) The time relation between the eye movement (EM) and the wave activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN activity) of the cat was investigated during the alert state, REM period of sleep (REMP) and under reserpinization.2) In an experiment on the alert light‐adapted cat, the EM preceded the LGN activity by 42.1 ±13.1 msec and, in the darkness, delay between the EM and the LGN activity became longer, i.e., 114.8 ±127.8 msec. In the dark‐adapted cat, the delay became much shorter during the period with gross body movements com pared with that of the resting state.3) During the REMP, about 50% of the LGN activity preceded the EM, 30% followed the EM and 20% occurred with out delay. In the reserpinized cat, during the resting state, about 50% of the LGN activity preceded the EM, about 40% fol lowed the EM and 10% occurred without delay. During the period with gross body movements in the reserpinized cat, how ever, over 80% of the LGN activity be came preceded by the EM. Thus, the time relation between the LGN activity and the EM in the reserpinized cat was similar in the resting state to that of the REMP, whereas it resembled that of the alert animal during the period with gross body movements.4) The neural mechanisms underlying the so‐called eye movement potential (EMP) as well as the PGO activities during the REMP and under reserpinization were discussed.
A Long‐Term Clinical Course of Psychomotor Epilepsy (I)
Authors: Kamiya Shigenori , Minami Katsumasa , Eta Shigetomo , Okamoto Shigekazu 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA comparative study of clinical features and outcome was undertaken in 21 epileptic patients, five suffering from isolated psy‐chomotor seizure without generalized convulsion (Group A), seven suffering from psychomotor seizure combined with generalized convulsion, from which complication they have been freed for over five years (Group B), and nine suffering from psychomotor seizure combined with continued generalized convulsion (Group C). These patients were over 10 years old at onset and have been followed up for 10 to 19 years at the Department of Neuropsychiatry of the Kansai Medical University Hospital. The seizure components in the long‐term courses of these three groups were classified as they are under the heading of “partial seizures with complex symptomatology” in the “Clinical and Electroencephalographid Classification of Epileptic Seizures” proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy.

The nature of the seizures is monotonous and little varied in Group A and quite varied in Groups B and C. It seems to be a significant difference between isolated group and combined one regarding partial seizures with cognitive symptomatology. Partial seizures with dysmnesic disturbances seem to be closely related to the presence of generalized convulsion.
The contents of forced thinking tend to remain the same from one seizure to another in the isolated group, while they differ considerably in the combined one. In the strict sense, forced thinking differs from obsessive idea and is rather similar to autochthonous idea.
Episodic moodiness during seizure intervals is more clearly seen in the isolated group than in the combined one, but this tendency is also obvious in Group B.
Episodic psychotic state appears much more frequently in the combined groups than in the isolated one, and it appears on an average of 14 years of the course.
Deterioration in basic EEG rhythm is seen in a majority of cases, most of which belong to the combined group. Change in basic EEG rhythm is not seen in patients freed from generalized convulsion particularly in whom it has disappeared early.
In long‐term clinical courses lasting more than 10 years, the disappearance of generalized convulsion leads to the disappearance or diminution of automatisms, but it also leads to the appearance or augmentation of autonomic seizure and affective seizure. Forced thinking tends to be perceptive and to develop to hallucinatory delusional experience through its repeated appearance over a long period of time.
As to outcome, all the isolated psychomotor cases improved, while half the combined cases showed no change or became worse. The prognosis for cases with continuous generalized convulsion is bad.

These findings suggest that many of the symptoms in patients with psychomotor seizures are closely connected with the presence of generalized convulsion.
A Retrospective Study on the Prognosis of Aged Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Morikawa Tateki , Ishihara Osamu , Kakegawa Norio , Seino Masakazu , Wada Toyoji 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA retromective follow‐up study on the prognosis of 90 patients with epilepsy above 40 vears of age has resulted in:

In the aged patients, the duration of epilepsv (mean: 23 years) was longer than the period of treatment they underwent (mean: 14 vears). The delayed commencement and/or interrupted medication alons with the patients' incompliance of taking drugs accounted for the main reasons for at least 70% of the patients.
The :partial epilepsy (80%) especially with complex symptomatology (55%) were predominating in the aged, group. And also, that the tonic‐clonic seizures were liable to convert to the complex partial seizures in their thirties and forties, was found in this study.
Although almost all the patients (97%) had more or less clinical attacks even at the time of survey, 75% or more decrease in seizure frequency have been exerted for one and a half year, regardless of the seizure types in the majority of the patients (81%). This seems to offer an explanation that an appropriate socio medical strategy is necessitated for patients with long‐standing epilepsies.
The Studies of the Attacks of Abnormal Eye Movement in a Case of Infantile Spasms
Authors: Horita Hideki , Hoashi Eiichi , Okuyama Yuko , Kumagai Koumei , Endo Shiro 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe observed the attacks of nystagmus in a case of infantile spasms and carried out overnight sleep polygraphy. The following findings were obtained:

Awake time was prolonged to 56% of TIB, while sleep time was markedly shortened to 44% of TIB. Also REM sleep time was reduced to 20% of SPT and deep slow sleep (stage N3) was absent.
Attacks of nystagmus were observed only during wakefulness. At first, fast wave bursts appeared in the right occipital area, and were followed by left‐upward deviations of eyeballs, and then the attacks of counterclockwise right‐downward rotatory nystagmus. Also the fast wave bursts were succeeded by spreading of fast waves to adjacent areas. At the same time, EMG exhibited elevated muscle action potentials of mentalis and biceps fernoris. During the attacks of nystagmus, there was alteration of respiratory movements.

In NREM sleep, both fast wave bursts and the attacks of nystagmus were not observed.In REM sleep, the fast wave bursts and eye movements were observed but the attacks of nystagmus did not appear. During the fast wave bursts, alteration of respiratory movements were observed.From the results of this study, it was presumed that the brain lesions of this case were extended with severe degree of damage in the great parts of brain containing Cerebral cortex and brain stem.
Incomplete Projection, a New Defense Mechanism –An Experience in Japan–
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Through my clinical experiences, the symptom which is explained as a defense mechanism, projection, seems to be divided into complete (Freud) and incomplete one. One is the patient who accepts the symptom which is quite unfamiliar (Projection) and the other, as I tried to explain in this paper, accepts the symptom as rather familiar. The patient who shows the incomplete projection could not project his own inner anxiety completely into the outside world, which results as a guilty feeling even having projective symptoms.The idea of incomplete projection is a useful way to understand clinically the patient and also I found that the patient who shows the symptom of projection sometimes has the incomplete type of projection through the course of psychotherapy.
Aging in the Neuropil of Cerebral Cortex– A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Ikari Koichi , Hayashi Michihiko 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Six age groups, each composed of four animals from each of the following ages, were used to assess age‐related ultrastructural changes in the neuropil of the III layer of the frontal cortex in rats: 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months old. Random samplings within the neuropil were taken to produce 40 electron micrographs in each rat (totaling 960). The profiles of axon terminals, dendrites and astroglial processes in the neuropil of each micrograph were traced. Then the percentage of their areas for the area of neuropil (relative volume fraction) was examined using the image analyzer system.The relative volume fractions of both the axon terminals and dendrites for the neuropil were found to have decreased in the aged rats. On the contrary, the relative volume fraction of astroglial processes for the neuropil had progressively increased with aging.
Plasma Free Tryptophan Concentration in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Ohno Yoshinori , Yamamoto Toshiaki , Kaneko Motohisa , Kumashiro Hisashi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to examine the serotonin metabolism in children with attention deficit disorder (ADD), plasma tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin, was measured in 10 children with ADD and 12 normal children.

The mean plasma total tryptophan level in the children with ADD was not significantly different from that of the normal children.
The mean plasma free tryptophan level in the children with ADD was significantly higher than that in the normal children. There tended to be a positive correlation between the plasma free tryptophan level and the Werry‐Weiss‐Peters Activity Scale in children with ADD. In other words, the more severe the hyperactivity of ADD, the higher the plasma free tryptophan level.
The mean ratio of plasma free to total tryptophan levels in the children with ADD was significantly higher than that in the normal children, which means that the children with ADD showed a high amount of free tryptophan in the total tryptophan level.

These results suggest that there might be some disturbance in the tryptophan‐serotonin metabolism in the brain of a child with ADD.
EEG Abnormalities in Nonepileptic Patients
Authors: Iida Norihiko , Okada Shigeko , Tsuboi Takayuki 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A total of 202 nonepileptic patients (120 males and 82 females) who exhibited spike abnormalities at least twice in their EEG examinations were studied. The incidence of spike abnormalities among nonepileptic patients was 8.1% (847/10,473). The majority (90%) were under age 19. Headache, dizziness and vomiting, and abdominal pain were more frequently observed compared with controls. Mild paroxysmal EEG abnormalities such as diffuse irregular slow wave bursts with spike (27%), positive spikes (25%) or small spike (8.4%) were commonly detected.In three patients who developed epileptic seizures during the follow‐up period, more specific EEG abnormalities were often exhibited. Other factors like the age at onset before 9, characteristic clinical symptoms or a positive family history of seizures were confirmed to be necessary for the manifestation of clinical seizures.
Prevalence of Epilepsy in Okayama Prefecture: A Neuroepidemiologic Study
Authors: Ishida Sumio 
Published: March 2008

Summary

On the prevalence day, 2,378 epileptic children were identified. Therefore, the prevalence rate for epilepsy was 8.2 per 1,000. The lowest prevalence rate was 1.2 in children under one year of age, and the highest was 11.0 at five years of age. The rate was higher for males than females.
The annual incidence rate for epilepsy was estimated at 145.0 per 100,000 for 1975.
The onset of seizures was high in the first three years, totaling 1,795 cases (77.7%), and this decreased after four years of age.
Primary generalized epilepsy was found in 577 cases (31.7%), secondary generalized epilepsy in 167 (9.2%), partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology in 205 (11.3%), with complex symptomatology in 61 (3.3%) and partial seizures secondarily generalized in 801 (44.5%).
The study on such a number of cases had hitherto never been reported in the world.
Expectancy‐Related Cerebral Potentials Associated with Voluntary Time Estimation and Omitted Stimulus
Authors: Takasaka Yoichiro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Expectancy‐related and nonexpectancy‐related cerebral potentials associated with stimuli and omitted stimuli were recorded in 7 normal subjects. The stimuli were constantly delivered to the right median nerve and the inter‐stimulus interval was set at 7 seconds.When the subject counted to estimate the interstimulus interval correctly, a slow negative deflection appeared about one second prior to both the stimuli and the omitted stimuli. In the case of the omitted stimulus, this expectancy‐related negative potential (ENP) returned to the base line after several hundred msec. When the stimuli were delivered, the amplitude of the P300 was much higher when the subject was paying attention to the stimuli than when he was not.The scalp distribution of the ENP was rather anterior to the P300. No ENP appeared when the subject was not paying attention to the stimuli or the omitted stimuli, or when the stimuli were delivered at a random rate.
On Latent School Refusal in Junior High School
Authors: Shimizu Masayuki , Yasuda Yoshihiro , Tanaka Tetsunori 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: School refusal is a grave social problem for adolescents, their families, schools andsociety in Japan today as well as other developed countries. We researched the mentality of junior high school pupils about their feelings or moods toward school attendance with a set of questionnaires in order to know how much they were oppressed by daily schoolattendance.From such a viewpoint, we tried the questionnaire program at seven public junior highschools in a small city in the suburbs that developed rapidly and located not far away from a big city. We selected our subjects at random from one class out of each grade of each junior high school. The number of the subject pupils was 838: 429 boys and 409 girls. We postulated that the latent school refusals were those who answered all “yes” to three items which was always the case by school refusals in our climical experience. We found 117 latent school refusals out of the 838: 65 boys and 52 girls.We considered three factors–problems concerning school, family and other daily activities.From our research, we recognize that there are many pupils attending school with the possibility of them becoming dropouts (14.0%). Their mentality is characteristic of school refusal itself while they attend school almost everyday. We clinicians should be aware of the social structure and make every effort to secure the healthy development of adolescents.
Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Authors: Yamane Kiyomi , Osawa Mikio , Kobayashi Itsuro , Maruyama Shoichi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Despite the efforts of many workers, the cause and therapy has not been clarified. We carried out the therapeutic trial of thyrotropin releasing hormon (TRH) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from January, 1979 to January, 1983. There were 16 subjects. The patients were given a low dose (0.5‐2 mg) of TRH intravenously or intramusculary.Mild to moderate improvement was found in 9 (56%) of 16 patients.TRH has been reported to have the activating effects on the pyramidal tract, brainstem motor nuclei, and motoneuron in the spinal cord as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. We thought such action of TRH to be useful to the therapy of ALS.
Neurochemical Findings in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Schizophrenic Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia and Neuroleptic‐Induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Saito Toshikazu , Ishizawa Hideaki , Tsuchiya Fumiaki , Ozawa Hiroki , Takahata Naohiko 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Monoamine and their acid metabolites were determined in the CSF of 18 drug‐treated chronic schizophrenic patients with the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic‐induced Parkinsonism (Parkinsonism). Six healthy volunteers were used as the control group.The norepinephrine (NE) levels were found to be significantly higher in the patients with tardive dyskinesia than in the controls. Furthermore, elevated CSF NE levels were also observed in the patients with Parkinsonism. Epinephrine (E) and Dopamine (DA) were not present in the CSF of the control group, whereas measurable levels of DA could be detected in 4 out of 9 and E was found in 8 out of 9 patients with tardive dyskinesia. The mean concentration of HVA was slightly but not significantly elevated in the patients with tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. The mean values of CSF 5‐HIAA were all within the normal range in both patient groups. From the above results, it was suggested that abnormal adrenergic activity rather than abnormal dopaminergic activity may play an important role as a mechanism in the etiopathogenesis of extrapyramidal disorders. Furthermore, in the patients with Parkinsonism, CSF neurochemical observations were similar to those of the patients with tardive dyskinesia in this study. It may help to explain the clinical coexistence of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic‐induced Parkinsonism.
A Trial of Discontinuation of Barbiturates in Patients with Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The vast majority of patients with secondary generalized epilepsy (SGE) were under polytherapy including barbiturates. We were able to completely withdraw barbiturates in 17 cases with a refractory course of SGE.Valproic acid (VPA) is considered as one of the best drugs for SGE. Barbiturates decrease the serum level of VPA and this may lead to a reduced efficacy of VPA. The dosage of VPA was adjusted to attain the level of 100‐150 ju.g/ml. Barbiturates were then gradually decreased and finally discontinued. After six months of follow‐up, 13 patients (76%) showed a reduced seizure frequency. Also, the physical and psychological conditions improved in a good number of cases. Barbiturates are not necessarily required in pharmacotherapy of SGE and may be safely withdrawn.
Individual Differences in Psychophysiological Responses after Alcohol Ingestion
Authors: Tanaka Takamichi , Mukasa Hirokazu , Yamada Shigeto , Hashimoto Masahiko , Inanaga Kazutoyo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have conducted a study on the individual differences in psychophysiological responses to alcohol. The subjects were 12 flushers and 12 non‐flushers. In the flushers, significant increases in the blood acetaldehyde (AcH) level, skin temperature and pulse rate were found. In the non‐flushers, on the contrary, no significant increase was observed. There was no difference between the flushers and the non‐flushers concerning the change in the blood ethanol (EtOH) level nor the change of P1 and P2 latencies in photopalpebral reflex (PPR). Also, no difference was found in the change of the state anxiety level.From these results, we concluded that there exists an obvious discrepancy between the central inhibitory response (elicited by EtOH) and the autonomic response (elicited by AcH) of the human subjects to a small amount of alcohol.
Essai ďAnalyse Phénoménologico‐destinale
Authors: Bouderlique Joël 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The following article attempts to introduce a coupled analytical method simultaneously based on “Daseinsanalyse” and “Schicksalsanalyse” that we call “phe‐menological analysis of fate.”One instance of its use is presented here concerning a young French woman who has been hospitalized for a month in a private Japanese hospital before being repatriated to France. During her hospitalization she went through three different phases that we analyse, first according to Schicksalsanalyse, then to Daseinsanalyse and finally from the point of view of the combined approach. Before doing so we present the foundaments of the “phenomenological analysis of fate” showing how it can complement the above methods used separately.We conclude the article by pointing out that this analytical method is mainly descriptive and that its insight can allow a more specifically adapted therapeutic help.