bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Image After Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: McGaughey Amy 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTBilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) can reduce a woman's risk for breast cancer by 80%. Thus, women who are at high risk for familial breast cancer are increasingly opting for BPM as a preventative option. Research indicates that there are psychological benefits to BPM, including a reduction in anxiety about developing breast cancer. The purpose of this integrative review is to summarize the research that has examined the effect of prophylactic mastectomy on women's subsequent body image. Thirteen studies were reviewed. The majority of women were satisfied with their decision. However, the majority of studies indicate that up to one‐half of the women suffer a negative effect on body image and changes in sexuality. Knowledge of these findings can improve the practitioner's ability to counsel women regarding this radical decision. Further research, particularly prospective studies, are needed to examine women's body image prior to BPM so that the impact of prophylactic mastectomy can be examined more thoroughly.
Student-selected components: bringing more ENT into the undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Newbegin R M , Rhodes J C , Flood L M , Richardson H C 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExposure to otolaryngology is currently minimal in the UK undergraduate medical curriculum. This may lead to difficulties in attracting graduates into higher ENT surgical training and in ensuring a reasonable standard of ENT knowledge amongst primary care practitioners.A recent innovation, of which many ENT units may be unaware, is the introduction to the undergraduate curriculum of ‘student-selected components’. Like the traditional elective, this allows students to undertake an attachment to a speciality and department of their choice. Units which do not regularly teach medical students but which have a welcoming and enthusiastic approach to undergraduate training may well be ideal hosts.This paper introduces the concepts underlying student-selected components, outlines the preparation required and offers a template for such an attachment, for which ENT is ideally suited.
A historical review of head and neck cancer in celebrities
Authors: Folz B J , Ferlito A , Weir N , Pratt L W , Rinaldo A , Werner J A 
Published: November 2006

Introduction: The illnesses of celebrity patients always receive more attention from the general public than those of ordinary patients. With regard to cancer, this fact has helped to spread information about the four major malignancies: breast cancer, prostatic cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Head and neck cancer, on the other hand, is still not well recognised by the lay public, although the risk factors are similar to those of lung cancer. It was the objective of this analysis to identify cases of celebrity patients, the description of which could help to increase awareness of head and neck cancer, its symptoms and risk factors.Methods: The Internet and medical literature databases were searched for celebrity patients who had suffered from head and neck cancer.Results: The search revealed numerous famous head and neck cancer patients. However, only seven cases were documented well in the medical literature. Among the identified persons were one emperor, two United States presidents, a legendary composer, a world-renowned medical doctor, an outstanding athlete and an extraordinary entertainer. In spite of their exclusive position in society, these patients did not have a better prognosis compared with ordinary patients of their time. Only two of the group experienced long term survival and only one was cured. None of these influential figures used their influence to fund research or to promote knowledge about their respective diseases.Conclusion: The identified cases could help increase public awareness of head and neck cancer. Similar to activities in other oncologic fields, current celebrity head and neck cancer patients should be encouraged to discuss their diseases openly, which could have a positive effect on public health.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction With the Use of Preserved Umbilical Cord in Sensorineural Hearing Loss Children
Authors: Ogawa Hiroshi , Baba Yoko , Suzutani Tatsuo , Inoue Naoki , Fukushima Eiko , Omori Koichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is estimated to account for 30% of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) cases. Differences in clinical characteristics between CMV‐related and unrelated SNHL cases were scrutinized.Methods: Using dried umbilical cord, we have recently developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay for the retrospective detection of congenital CMV infection. Medical records of 7 CMV‐related patients identified from 31 SNHL patients by the assay were evaluated for the following: type and degree of hearing impairment, computed tomographic scan results, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, and other multiple disorders.Results: Clinical characteristics of the seven CMV‐related SNHL cases were as follows: 1) six of the seven exhibited severe bilateral SNHL, whereas one had severe unilateral SNHL in the right ear. Although the hearing levels of CMV‐related patients were more greatly impaired than those of CMV‐negative patients, there was no hearing impairment pattern specific to the CMV‐related patients; 2) five patients had mental retardation, which was more frequent than in CMV‐negative patients; 3) birth weights of the CMV‐positive cases were relatively lower.Discussion: Although CMV‐positive cases are clinically indistinguishable from CMV‐negative cases, our PCR system allowed the retrospective diagnosis of CMV‐related SNHL.Conclusion: CMV‐related SNHL tends to accompany mental retardation and low birth weight more frequently than does CMV‐negative SNHL.
Positional Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: A 6‐Month Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Oksenberg Arie , Silverberg Donald , Offenbach Dalia , Arons Elena 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Approximately half of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are positional (i.e., the majority of their breathing abnormalities during sleep appear in the supine posture). Little information exists as to whether avoiding the supine posture during sleep (positional therapy) is a valuable form of therapy for these patients.Aim: To assess the use of positional therapy (by the tennis ball technique [TBT]) during a 6 month period in 78 consecutive positional OSA patients.Methods: Demographic, polysomnographic, and self‐reported questionnaire data on the use of the TBT were analyzed.Results: Of the 50 patients who returned the questionnaire, 19 (38%) (group A) said they were still using the TBT, and 12 (24%) (group B) said they used it initially and stopped using it within a few months but were still avoiding the supine position during sleep. Nineteen patients (38%) (group C) stopped using the TBT within a few months but did not learn how to avoid the sleep supine posture. Patients still using the TBT showed a significant improvement in their self‐reported sleep quality (P < .005) and daytime alertness (P < .046) and a decrease in snoring loudness (P < .001). Patients of groups A and B were older than patients who did not comply with this therapy (P < .001). The main reason for patients stopping the use of the TBT in group C was that using it was uncomfortable.Conclusions: Positional therapy appears to be a valuable form of therapy mainly for some older aged positional OSA patients.
The Effects of Debridement After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Bugten Vegard , Nordgård Ståle , Steinsvåg Sverre 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this randomized, partly blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of debridement 6 and 12 days after endoscopic sinus surgery.Methods: Sixty patients (male/female = 26/34; mean age, 43.5 years; age range, 23–73 years) with chronic or acute recurrent rhinosinusitis were included. The patients were randomized to postoperative debridement or not. Primary outcome variables were adhesions between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall 10 to 14 weeks after surgery judged by blinded evaluation of endoscopic video recordings. Secondary outcome variables were crusts in the nasal cavity 12 days after surgery and pain caused by debridement.Results: We found a significant reduction in adhesions in the group that underwent debridement (P < .001). At 12 weeks, bilateral adhesions were observed in nine control patients but in only one debridement patient. Unilateral adhesions were found in 11 control patients and in nine debridement patients. Twelve days after surgery, we found significantly less severe crusts in the debridement group (P < .01). Patients with severe crusts in the middle meatus 12 days after surgery had more adhesions 12 weeks postoperatively. The debridement group used more analgesics the days after the first debridement (3.7 days [standard deviation 2.3] vs. 2.3 days [standard deviation 2.6] in the control group, P < .041).Conclusions: Crusts in the middle meatus after sinus surgery is associated with postoperative adhesions. Debridement of the nasal cavity reduces crusts and postoperative adhesions significantly compared with saline irrigation only. However, the procedure induces more postoperative nasal pain.
A review of inherited platelet disorders with guidelines for their management on behalf of the UKHCDO
Authors: Bolton‐Maggs Paula H. B. , Chalmers Elizabeth A. , Collins Peter W. , Harrison Paul , Kitchen Stephen , Liesner Ri J. , Minford Adrian , Mumford Andrew D. , Parapia Liakat A. , Perry David J. , Watson Steve P. , Wilde Jonathan T. , Williams Michael D. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe inherited platelet disorders are an uncommon cause of symptomatic bleeding. They may be difficult to diagnose (and are likely to be under‐diagnosed) and pose problems in management. This review discusses the inherited platelet disorders summarising the current state of the art with respect to investigation and diagnosis and suggests how to manage bleeding manifestations with particular attention to surgical interventions and the management of pregnancy.
Globin gene expression in Hb Lepore‐BAC transgenic mice
Authors: Sloane‐Stanley Jackie , Roberts Nigel A. , Olivieri Nancy , Weatherall David J. , Wood William G. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWe generated five lines of transgenic mice carrying 1–3 copies of the Hb Lepore δβ fusion gene, in the context of a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome containing the whole human β globin gene cluster. Normal developmental regulation of human genes occurred at levels approximating to those of endogenous genes. δβ transgene expression became detectable during fetal life and rose to a mean level of 13·0% in adults, similar to that of humans. Low levels of human γ chains were detectable as F cells in adult mice, but numbers did not increase after treatment with drugs that raise F cells in human subjects, even on a thalassaemic background.
CD2 identifies a monocyte subpopulation with immunoglobulin E‐dependent, high‐level expression of FcɛRI
Authors: Cheng Y. X. , Foster B. , Holland S. M. , Klion A. D. , Nutman T. B. , Casale T. B. , Metcalfe D. D. , Prussin C. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBackground
FcɛRI expression by monocytes can affect monocyte function via multiple mechanisms, thereby potentially influencing the generation of allergic inflammation. Previous studies on the in vivo regulation of monocyte FcɛRI expression by ambient IgE have yielded conflicting results.Objective
We hypothesized that monocyte FcɛRI expression is limited to a specific monocyte subset, and that within that subset FcɛRI surface expression is correlated to serum IgE.Methods
Study 1: Blood was obtained from non‐allergic subjects (n=14) and subjects with allergic asthma (n=18), hypereosinophilic syndrome (n=2), hyper‐IgE syndrome (n=6), and helminth infection (n=4). Study 2: Blood was obtained from allergic subjects in a clinical trial of omalizumab before and during study drug treatment. Monocyte surface FcɛRI expression was measured using flow cytometry.Results
FcɛRI expression was significantly greater in the CD2high vs. CD2low monocyte subsets (31% vs. 1.9% median FcɛRI+, respectively). In asthmatic and non‐atopic healthy control subjects, CD2low monocytes expressed little or undetectable FcɛRI. In study 1, FcɛRI expression was highly correlated to serum IgE in the CD2high, but not in the CD2low monocyte subpopulation (R values of 0.67 and 0.41, respectively). In study 2, omalizumab, but not placebo, caused a significant and sustained decline in FcɛRI expression within the CD2high monocyte subset.Conclusions
CD2 defines a monocyte subset with high FcɛRI expression, whose magnitude is highly correlated to serum IgE. As such, this new description of CD2high monocytes as FcɛRI‐bearing cells suggests that they may be potential targets of anti‐IgE immunomodulatory therapies.
The international migration of Indian nurses
Authors: Thomas P. 
Published: November 2006

Aim:  To identify the factors responsible for the international migration of Indian nurses.Methods:  The paper is based on the responses of 448 nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse administrators to a questionnaire administered to them in December 2004–January 2005. Key factors were identified by the analysis of contingency tables.Discussion:  Apart from economic factors, dissatisfaction with working conditions and unhappiness with prevalent social attitudes towards nurses were identified as being of crucial importance for the international migration of Indian nurses. It was found that nurses working in the private sector and from some linguistic and religious groups were particularly prone to migration. Nurses working in the government sector seemed to be more worried about being unable to adjust to working conditions abroad, and therefore less keen to migrate. The fact that they enjoyed better pay scales, a more relaxed work atmosphere and more facilities may have also played a part here. What seemed to be vital to the decision to migrate for a large number of government sector nurses belonging to the so‐called ‘Forward’ and ‘Middle’ Castes was that they were being crowded out of promotional avenues as a result of the government’s policy of Reservations in Promotions for Scheduled Castes and Tribes.Conclusion:  Health policy‐makers in India need to take a serious look at the growing migration of nurses to foreign countries. While such migration leads to inflow of foreign exchange, it also implies the loss of medical personnel vital for the fulfilment of national goals.
Nursing in the United Arab Emirates: an historical background*
Authors: El‐Haddad M. 
Published: November 2006

Aim:  To gain a better understanding of some of the factors that may be contributing to the shortage of national nurses in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Background:  Approximately 3% of the UAE nursing workforce are currently nationals, which explains the UAE dependency on transient expatriate nurses. Even though Emirati women have been recently empowered to join the national workforce, not many have joined the nursing profession. Several factors may be contributing, in varying degrees, to this predicament.Method:  The socio‐economic factors as well as the cultural and religious customs that have shaped the country and its people are examined. Hence, the historical background to the establishment of the UAE, women in Islam, the first nurse in Islam, the development of nursing in the UAE and the Emirates Nursing Association are considered.Conclusion:  Factors contributing to the limited number of UAE nationals in the nursing profession include, but are not limited to: the low status of nursing in the UAE; the variations in basic nursing programmes in the country; the lack of Arabic educational resources; the affluent life style of UAE nationals as well as the strict cultural norms and religious values by which they live. As the need to nationalize the nursing workforce in the UAE is paramount, these issues and other perceived barriers from the perspective of Emirati nurses need to be explored and addressed.
Integration, Fragmentation and the Geography of Welfare
Authors: Dluhosch Barbara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe welfare effects of trade integration with endogenous production technology are examined in a monopolistic competition framework. In addition to explaining industry location, trade patterns and accompanying effects on local welfare, the analysis highlights the endogenous change in the costs of supervising fragmented production when economies open up to trade. By regarding fragmentation as a skill‐intensive activity, factor proportions (rather than size) strongly affect the international distribution of gains from trade. Nevertheless, albeit not generally, for a wide range of parameter values, even a skill‐poor country can participate in the gains—despite loss of industry.
Private Passions, the Public Good and Public Service Reform
Authors: Hoggett Paul , Mayo Marjorie , Miller Chris 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere has been considerable recent discussion of the impact of public service reforms on the work ethics and motivations of public service workers. In this article we draw upon recent research on the ethical dilemmas facing regeneration workers in order to look more closely at the role of values in the working lives of public service professionals. Focusing on the commitment to social justice, we argue that such values find expression in two interlinked ways, as something workers have and as a process of giving value to different goods. Our research reveals that while both aspects of values are rooted in people's life experiences the second dimension is more contingent and relational. While public service reforms appear to have less impact upon workers’ pregiven values, they can and do have an impact on the way in which these values find expression in attachment to different goods. To understand the effect of such reform processes on workers’ motivations we therefore need a more complex conceptual framework than that provided by either simple public sector ethos/private sector ethos distinctions or by models of economic individualism offered by writers such as Julian Le Grand.
HISTORY AND RELIGION IN THE MODERN AGE
Authors: FASOLT CONSTANTIN 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThis essay seeks to clarify the relationship between history and religion in the modern age. It proceeds in three steps. First, it draws attention to the radical asymmetry between first‐person and third‐person statements that Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations rescued from the metaphysical exile to which it had been condemned by Descartes's definition of the self as a thing. Second, it argues that religion is designed to alleviate the peculiarly human kind of suffering arising from this asymmetry. Third, it maintains that history relies on the same means as religion in order to achieve the same results. The turn to historical evidence performed by historians and their readers is more than just a path to knowledge. It is a religious ritual designed to make participants at home in their natural and social environments. Quite like the ritual representation of the death and resurrection of Christ in the Mass, the historical representation of the past underwrites the faith in human liberty and the hope in redemption from suffering. It helps human beings to find their bearings in the modern age without having to go to pre‐industrial churches and pray in old agrarian ways. History does not conflict with the historical religions merely because it reveals them to have been founded on beliefs that cannot be supported by the evidence. History conflicts with the historical religions because it is a rival religion.
Randomised controlled trial of a parenting intervention in the voluntary sector for reducing child conduct problems: outcomes and mechanisms of change
Authors: Gardner Frances , Burton Jennifer , Klimes Ivana 
Published: November 2006

Background:  To test effectiveness of a parenting intervention, delivered in a community‐based voluntary‐sector organisation, for reducing conduct problems in clinically‐referred children.Methods:  Randomised controlled trial, follow‐up at 6, 18 months, assessors blind to treatment status. Participants −76 children referred for conduct problems, aged 2–9, primarily low‐income families, randomised to treatment vs. 6‐month wait‐list group. Retention was 93% at 6 months, 90% at 18 months. Interventions – Webster‐Stratton Incredible Years video‐based 14‐week group programme, teaches cognitive‐behavioural principles for managing behaviour, using a collaborative, practical, problem‐solving approach. Primary outcomes – child problem behaviour by parent‐report (Eyberg) and home‐based direct observation; secondary outcomes – observed positive and negative parenting; parent‐reported parenting skill, confidence and depression.Results:  Post‐treatment improvements were found in child problem behaviour, by parent‐report (effect size (ES) .48, p = .05) and direct observation (ES .78, p = .02); child independent play (ES .77, p = .003); observed negative (ES .74, p = .003) and positive (ES .38, p = .04) parenting; parent‐reported confidence (ES .40, p = .03) and skill (ES .65, p =.01), using ANCOVA to control for baseline scores. Maternal depression did not change. Consumer satisfaction was high. At 18‐month follow‐up, although no randomised comparison was possible, changes appeared to maintain, with no significant change toward baseline level on any measure. Change in observed positive parenting appeared to mediate change in child problem behaviour (p < .025).Conclusions:  Findings suggest that a group‐based cognitive‐behavioural parenting programme, delivered by well‐trained and supervised staff, can be effective in a community voluntary‐sector setting, for reducing conduct problems and enhancing parenting skills. Change in parenting skill appears to be a key mechanism for change in child behaviour. Findings have implications for feasibility of translating evidence‐based programmes, even for clinically‐referred conduct problems, into less specialised community settings, likely to have lower costs and be more accessible for families.
Uncoupling of pathways that promote postmitotic life span and apoptosis from replicative immortality of Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells
Authors: Ahmed Shawn 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA dichotomy exists between germ and somatic cells in most organisms, such that somatic cell lineages proliferate for a single generation, whereas the germ cell lineage has the capacity to proliferate from one generation to the next, indefinitely. Several theories have been proposed to explain the unlimited replicative life span of germ cells, including the elimination of damaged germ cells by apoptosis or expression of high levels of gene products that prevent aging in somatic cells. These theories were tested in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by examining the consequences of eliminating either apoptosis or the daf‐16, daf‐18 or sir‐2.1 genes that promote longevity of postmitotic somatic cells. However, germ cells of strains deficient for these activities displayed an unlimited proliferative capacity. Thus, C. elegans germ cells retain their youthful character via alternative pathways that prevent or eliminate damage that accumulates as a consequence of cell proliferation.
SUBORDINATED BINOMIAL OPTION PRICING
Authors: Chang Carolyn W. , Chang Jack S. K. , Tian Yisong Sam 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe extend the binomial option pricing model to allow for more accurate price dynamics while retaining computational simplicity. The asset price in each binomial period evolves according to two independent and successive Bernoulli trials on trade occurrence/nonoccurrence and up/down price movement. Subordination leads to a trinomial tree with stochastic volatility in calendar time. We derive utility‐dependent valuation results incorporating the leverage effect and test the model empirically.