bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic differences in plantar pressures in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Solano M. P. , Prieto L. M. , Varon J. C. , Moreno M. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims  To compare plantar foot pressures between Caucasian and Hispanic diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy (PN) without a history of foot ulceration and between Caucasian and Hispanic non‐diabetic individuals.Methods  Forty‐four Hispanic diabetic patients with PN (HDPN), 35 Caucasian diabetic patients with PN (CDPN), 41 non‐diabetic Hispanic subjects and 33 non‐diabetic Caucasian subjects participated. Total and regional peak plantar pressures (PPs) and pressure time integrals (PTIs) were assessed using the EMED‐SF‐4 plantar pressure system.Results  Hispanic diabetic patients with PN had significantly lower peak PP than Caucasian diabetic patients with PN in the entire foot (552.4 ± 227.9 vs. 810.1 ± 274.6 kPa; P < 0.001), forefoot (464.1 ± 222.6 vs. 699.6 ± 323.1 kPa; P < 0.001), hindfoot (296.3.4 + 101.8 vs. 398.1 + 178.3 kPa; P < 0.01) and at the fifth metatarsal head (MTH5; 204.3 ± 143.2 vs. 388.2 ± 273.9 kPa; P < 0.001). The PTI in the entire foot, forefoot and MTH5 were also lower in HDPN than in CDPN. The ethnic differences between the diabetic groups with PN for the entire foot, forefoot and MTH5 remained significant after adjusting for the effect of age, gender, weight and duration of diabetes. There were no significant differences in peak PP and PTI among non‐diabetic individuals, except for a lower peak PP at the MTH5 in Hispanic compared with Caucasian subjects.Conclusions  Despite a well‐known higher incidence of foot complications in diabetic Hispanic subjects, dynamic plantar pressures are lower in Hispanic diabetic patients with PN when compared with their Caucasian counterparts, suggesting that differences in other risk factors exist between these two ethnic groups.
Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring System in diabetic mothers during labour and postnatal glucose adaptation of their infants
Authors: Stenninger E. , Lindqvist A. , Åman J. , Östlund I. , Schvarcz E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims  To assess a new technique for continuous monitoring of glucose concentration during labour in diabetic mothers. A second objective was to study maternal glucose levels in relation to postnatal glucose adaptation and the need for intravenous (IV) glucose treatment in the newborn infant.Methods  Fifteen pregnant women with insulin‐treated diabetes mellitus participated in this prospective pilot study. To measure their glucose control during labour we used the Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) to calculate the mean glucose concentration and the area under the curve (AUC) in the last 120 min before delivery. All infants of these women were transferred to the neonatal care unit for early oral feeding and blood glucose measurements up to 14 h after delivery. Infants received IV glucose if blood glucose values were repeatedly < 2.2 mmol/l.Results  All women coped well with the CGMS monitoring. AUC 0–120 min before delivery, mean glucose concentration 0–120 min before delivery and cord plasma insulin level were all significantly associated with the need for IV glucose in the newborn children.Conclusions  In this study we found an association between maternal glucose concentrations during labour and postnatal glucose adaptation and need for IV glucose treatment in the infants. Online monitoring of glucose levels during delivery might help us to achieve maternal normoglycaemia and further reduce the risk of postnatal hypoglycaemia in the offspring.
A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF LAFTA AND CACM ON LATIN AMERICAN TRADE
Authors: Aitken Norman D. , Lowry William R. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYTo summarize briefly, the study results showed that neither CACM nor LAFTA have had a significant trade diversion effect on the trade of other Latin American countries, but that both communities have had a statistically significant effect on member country trade. The results showed that the GTC of CACM has increased progressively throughout the integration period 1961–67. On the other hand, while the LAFTA countries showed a persistent growth in GTC from 1963 through 1966, the GTC process was brought to a halt in 1967, presumably as a result of the delay by the member countries in negotiating the second phase of the Common Schedule.
BRITISH STUDIES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Authors: Rosenthal Glenda Goldstone 
Published: April 2008

The Chatham House/PEP Series Agricultural Policy and the Common Market. John S. Marsh and Christopher Ritson. The EEC: National Parliaments in Community Decision‐Making. Michael Niblock. External Relations of the European Community: Associations and Trade Agreements. Stanley Henig. The Power of the Purse in the Euroean Communities. David Coombes assisted by Ilka Wiebecle. National Governments and the European Communities. Helen Wallace.
Parasite assemblages distinguish populations of a migratory passerine on its breeding grounds
Authors: Durrant K. L. , Marra P. P. , Fallon S. M. , Colbeck G. J. , Gibbs H. L. , Hobson K. A. , Norris D. R. , Bernik B. , Lloyd V. L. , Fleischer R. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe attempted to establish migratory connectivity patterns for American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla between their breeding and wintering grounds by characterizing the composition of their haematozoan parasite assemblages in different parts of their range. We detected significant but limited geographic structuring of haematozoan parasite lineages across the breeding range of the redstart. We found that redstarts from the south‐eastern (SE) region of the breeding range had a significantly different haematozoan parasite assemblage compared with populations sampled throughout the rest of the breeding range. Evidence using stable isotopes from feathers previously demonstrated that redstarts from the SE of the breeding range also have a unique and separate wintering range. Thus, although two methods of estimating migratory connectivity have now both shown the SE US breeding sub‐population of redstarts to be distinct from other populations on both the breeding and wintering grounds, conclusive migratory connectivity for this species as a whole could not be established.
Testis mass of the spinifex hopping mouse and its impact on fertility potential
Authors: Bauer M. , Breed W. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCaptive‐bred Australian spinifex hopping mice Notomys alexis have very small testes regardless of their age. Compared with other rodents of similar body mass, these animals also produce and store comparatively low numbers of spermatozoa. In the present study, we thus ask the following questions: (1) what is the testis weight of sexually mature spinifex hopping mice in the natural environment and does this change at different times of reproductive activity of the population and (2) what is the fertility potential of adult sexually mature males? The results show that wild‐caught individuals, like the captive‐bred animals, invariably have very small testes, regardless of whether females in the population are, or are not, reproducing. Spermatogenesis continues at times when females are reproductively inactive, thus suggesting males may remain potentially able to inseminate females as soon as they enter oestrus. In spite of their very small testes and low epididymal sperm stores, an adult male can fertilize the ovulated oocytes of at least two females within a period of a few days. Thus, although sperm reserves are likely to be heavily depleted after the first ejaculation, males rapidly return to maximum fertility, which is no doubt due, at least in part, to the short sperm epididymal transit time that occurs in this species.
Burrow morphology and dynamics of mudshrimp in Asian soft shores
Authors: Li H. Y. , Lin F.‐J. , Chan B. K. K. , Chan T.‐Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMudshrimps are important soft shore bioturbators but research on the ecology of tropical species has received less attention when compared with their temperate counterparts. The mudshrimp Austinogebia edulis is common on Asian soft shores and lives in burrows for its entire adult life. Epoxy resin casting of A. edulis burrows showed that they were approximately Y‐shaped, with an upper U‐part and the lower central shaft part. The burrows had two openings extending to the surface; the mean distance between the two openings was 11.0 cm in Hong Kong and 26.4 cm in Taiwan. Openings of the burrows had small chimneys. The tunnels of the burrows were circular, narrow and with a smooth surface (tunnel diameter corresponded to shrimp carapace width). Each burrow was inhabited by a single shrimp and burrows were inter‐connected during the mating and reproductive season. Each burrow had four to 12 spherical chambers, which were free of detritus. The chambers were thought to be used for suspension feeding, current generation and as turning points. The depth of burrows was up to 1.1 m. Multivariate analysis on various burrow parameters showed that burrows collected on a mud flat in Taiwan were deeper, had a wider distance between the openings and a larger volume than burrows collected from a sandy shore in Hong Kong, suggesting that burrow architecture is variable between shore types. Burrow architecture, however, did not vary between tidal levels, seasons and shrimp density on the shores in Hong Kong, indicating that the burrows were quite stable within the substratum and were not affected by environmental and biological factors.
A year in the life of a Dungeness crab: methodology for determining microhabitat conditions experienced by large decapod crustaceans in estuaries
Authors: Curtis D. L. , McGaw I. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study presents a methodology for combining archival data storage tags (DSTs) and ultrasonic transmitters to investigate the microhabitat conditions of adult Cancer magister (Dana), inhabiting an estuary. The temperature, salinity and depth experienced by free‐ranging Dungeness crabs were recorded at 10‐min intervals for periods ranging from 1 week to 8 months. Crabs were tracked using a hydrophone, and tags were recovered via concentrated trapping or returned by recreational fishers for a reward. These methods led to a return rate of 50%. Representative CTD tag data showed that the conditions recorded at fixed stations within the estuary were not reflective of those experienced by free‐ranging crabs, but rather crabs were able to orientate and avoid low salinity within the estuary. The prevalence of low salinity exposure was linked to times of increased food availability within the estuary, suggesting that crabs were entering the shallows of the estuary to forage. The techniques used in this study demonstrate that DSTs are a viable means of determining the microhabitat conditions of crustaceans inhabiting highly variable environments.
When Land Was Cheap, and Labor Dear: James Madison's ‘Address to the Albemarle Agricultural Society’ and the Problem of Southern Agricultural Reform
Authors: Nelson Lynn A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractJames Madison's 1818 Address to the Albemarle Agricultural Society offers new insight into the diverse historiography of agricultural reform in the American South. Madison described a planet with limited resources, accused Virginia farmers of wasting what little they had, and offered suggestions for ways to intensify cultivation. Many scholars have analyzed the southern agricultural reform crusade, but differ widely on whether it was successful, and the reasons why. Madison tried to balance high farming with southern independence. Southern farming could not imitate modern agriculture from England and the Northeastern states because of the region's ecological distinctiveness. Madison was reluctant to risk tested adaptations by importing to crops, animals, and fertilizers. Southern farmers reflected his ecological conservatism, and the movement for reform stalled.
Local minocycline as an adjunct to surgical therapy in moderate to severe, chronic periodontitis
Authors: Hellström Maj‐Karin , McClain Pamela K. , Schallhorn Robert G. , Bellis Lynn , Hanlon Alexandra L. , Ramberg Per 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of minocycline microspheres on periodontal probing depth reduction when used in combination with surgery in adults with moderate to severe, chronic periodontitis.Material and Methods: Sixty patients with a minimum of one non‐molar periodontal site 6 mm in two oral quadrants received either local minocycline microspheres at baseline, immediately following each of two surgical therapies (Weeks 2 and 3), and at Week 5 or surgery alone.Results: The mean probing depth reduction at Week 25 at sites 5 mm at baseline was 2.51 mm in the test group and 2.18 mm in the control group. Smokers in the test group had a significantly greater probing depth reduction (2.30 mm) than smokers in the control group (2.05 mm). The number of sites with probing depth reductions of 2 and 3 mm were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group.Conclusion: Applications of local minocycline as an adjunct to surgery in adults with moderate to severe, chronic periodontitis were associated with statistically significant greater reductions in probing depth than surgery alone.
Surfactive and antibacterial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride formulations in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Busscher Henk J. , White Don J. , Atema‐Smit Jelly , Geertsema‐Doornbusch Gesinda , De Vries Joop , Van Der Mei Henny C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To compare effects of three cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) formulations with and without alcohol and Tween80 on physico‐chemical properties of salivary pellicles, bacterial detachment in vitro and bacterial killing in vivo.Material and Methods: Adsorption of CPC to salivary pellicles in vitro was studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Adhesion and detachment of a co‐adhering bacterial pair was determined in vitro using a flow chamber. Killing was evaluated after live/dead staining after acute single use in vivo on 24‐ and 72‐h‐old plaques after 2‐week continuous use.Results: The most pronounced effects on pellicle surface chemistry and hydrophobicity were observed after treatment with the alcohol‐free formulation, while the pellicle thickness was not affected by any of the formulations. All CPC formulations detached up to 33% of the co‐adhering pair from pellicle surfaces. Bacterial aggregate sizes during de novo deposition were enhanced after treatment with the alcohol‐free formulation. Immediate and sustained killing in 24 and 72 h plaques after in vivo, acute single use as well as after 2‐week continuous use were highest for the alcohol‐free formulation.Conclusions: CPC bioavailability in a formulation without alcohol and Tween80 could be demonstrated through measures of pellicle surface properties and bacterial interactions in vitro as well as bacteriocidal actions on oral biofilms in vivo.
SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF EMOLLIENTS
Authors: PARENTE MARÍA EMMA , GÁMBARO ADRIANA , ARES GASTÓN 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Emollients are one of the most commonly used ingredients in cosmetic emulsions, being closely related to the sensory properties of cosmetics and their skin sensory performance. In the present work, the sensory properties of four commonly used emollients (cyclomethicone, dimethicone, isopropyl mirystate and octyldodecanol) and four emollients from ratites oil (emú oil, ñandú oil and two products obtained by thermal fractionation of ñandú oil – estearin and olein) were characterized by means of quantitative descriptive analysis. A panel of 12 sensory assessors evaluated the following attributes: difficulty of spreading, gloss, residue, stickiness and oiliness. Considering their sensory characteristics, the evaluated emollients were sorted into five groups. By evaluating the development of residue with time after application, emollients could be regarded as dry or protective emollients, whereas considering the development of oiliness with time after application, fatty emollients were identified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe evaluated emollients showed highly significant differences in their sensory profiles, suggesting that they might provide different sensory properties to the cosmetic emulsions in which they are incorporated. Results from the present study could be used during the development of new cosmetic products, in order to select different emollients to provide different sensory characteristics to the product or while applied on the skin.
THE SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ROC CURVE: SOME APPLICATIONS IN FOOD SENSORY SCIENCE
Authors: O'MAHONY M. , HAUTUS M.J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT In psychology, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a key part of Signal Detection Theory, which is used for calculating d′ values in discrimination tests. In food sensory science, the ROC curve can also be a useful tool. To give a specific example, it is not always convenient to use forced‐choice protocols for difference tests; foods may be fatiguing, and assessments with single presentations, like the Yes–No procedure, might be more appropriate. In this case, ROC curves provide a useful method for computing d′ values. More generally, ROC curves give information about cognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies are important for difference tests. Values of d′ can only be computed if the cognitive strategy used in the test is known. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWhen using methods other than two‐alternative forced‐choice in difference testing, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve would be required to compute d′. This is because when assessing discrimination ability, the cognitive strategy of the subject must be taken into account, and ROC curves can sometimes reveal the cognitive strategy used by the subject. This article describes how the cognitive strategy can be determined from the subject's ROC curve. The hidden assumptions made when using ROC curves and how these assumptions can be tested are also given. This information is essential to researchers in sensory evaluation as well as those using these methods in a practical setting.
A LEXICON FOR GREEN ODOR OR FLAVOR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN
Authors: HONGSOONGNERN PAIRIN , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The sensory characteristic “green” has been used frequently in descriptive sensory analyses of various foods. A six‐member highly trained descriptive panel determined that “green” is not a single characteristic, but can have several different manifestations. Generally, green can be characterized as unripe, peapod, grassy/leafy, viney, fruity or combinations of those. Additional attributes that were important to the green character included musty/earthy, pungent, bitter, overall sweet and floral. This research also examined the odor characteristics of 22 chemicals in concentrations from 1 to 100,000 ppm. Thirteen chemicals including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, azoles and ester derivatives had been reported to have green aroma. Nine additional ester derivatives, containing a six carbon core similar to hexanal, were included. Most chemicals tested were found to be green at concentrations of 1,000 ppm and higher. Green‐grassy/leafy was the most common green note and musty/earthy and pungent were frequent green adjunct aromas. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBecause “green” notes have been used commonly to describe the characteristics of many food products, especially, fruits and vegetables, it is important to understand the types of green characteristics present in products. Prior literature has suggested various chemicals may be responsible for green, suggesting that there could be different types of green notes. A better understanding of “green” aromas and flavors can help researchers better describe specific sensory characteristics and make improvements to products where green impacts the sensory properties, either positively or negatively.
DOES THE ENHANCEMENT OF CHEMOSENSORY STIMULI IMPROVE THE ENJOYMENT OF FOOD IN INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY PEOPLE?
Authors: LAUREATI M. , PAGLIARINI E. , CALCINONI O. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Thirty‐six institutionalized elderly people and 45 young adults rated their degree of liking for different foods (first courses and fruit juice) modified in appearance, taste and flavor, as compared with unmodified version of the same foods. Taste and odor sensitivities were also measured in both age cohorts. The aim was to evaluate whether food with enhanced taste and flavor, and modified appearance was preferred by both young and elderly people, and to verify whether sensory performance influenced food preference. The elderly had a lower taste and odor abilities and more varying sensory performances than the young. Age had a significant effect on liking; the elderly scored higher than the young, especially for taste and flavor fortified food. Subdividing the elderly according to their sensory performance showed that performance did not influence liking for fruit juice, whereas it had a small, though nonsignificant, effect on first courses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe present article deals with the elderly people's food preference, an important, though poorly understood, topic. Although a steady increase in elderly population has been observed in recent years, institutionalized elderly people still represent a neglected part of the consumers. Because of elderly specific requirements, some interest is being paid to developing food formulations and dietary guidelines for institutionalized elderly people. In this study, the degree of liking for first courses and fruit juice commonly consumed in Italian nursing homes has been examined and compared with the young adults’ preferences. Taste and odor sensitivities were also measured and compared both to investigate whether age‐related differences in sensory performance could be observed and to examine, within the elderly group, the effect of taste and odor sensitivities on food preference. Results obtained may contribute to throw some light on elderly people's sensory perception and preference and help to improve food administration in nursing homes.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING LIKING: POSITIONAL RELATIVE RATING VERSUS THE 9‐POINT HEDONIC SCALE
Authors: CORDONNIER S.M. , DELWICHE J.F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT An alternative rating method, known as positional relative rating (PRR), or rank rating, was compared with the traditional 9‐point hedonic scale. Initially, category scale and line scale versions of PRR were investigated to see which of either was better at differentiating samples. Four lemonades were assessed in duplicate on both scales (category and line). Overall quality, sweetness intensity and sourness intensity were assessed in separate sessions by groups of ∼50 consumers, depending on session. The category scale better differentiated samples than did the line scale for two of three attributes assessed, with differentiation being the same in the third. Subsequently, the overall liking of these same lemonades was assessed by 100 consumers on both the PRR category scale and the traditional 9‐point hedonic scale. The differentiation of samples for both scales was equivalent, although mean values were somewhat lower with PRR.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work explores an alternative to the traditional 9‐point scale. Positional relative rating (PRR) performs as well as the traditional 9‐point scale in differentiating samples, suggesting that it is a viable alternative. However, as PRR seems to give consistently lower mean values than does the traditional 9‐point hedonic scale, those using a “hurdle” approach to screen products may wish to lower that hurdle when PRR is used. Findings also suggest that consistency errors are reduced when samples are presented simultaneously (rather than in a serial monadic fashion) and judges are allowed to adjust their ratings.