bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An introduction to the influence of natural aggregates on the performance and durability of concrete
Authors: Fookes P. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The production of aggregates for construction is the largest of the extractive industries in Britain. Natural aggregates form the main component, by volume, in the manufacture of concrete but the part played by aggregates in the durability and performance aspects of concrete is still relatively little understood.
The paper summarizes the main physical and chemical considerations of aggregate in concrete, especially those leading to cracking and deterioration. It broadly considers the British specification of aggregates, which has largely been built up from decades of local experience, and emphasizes the need in many locations overseas for more specific requirements on use of aggregates in different climatic and geological settings. The strong influence on aggregate performance by the use of geologically weathered rock is little recognized even in good concrete practice and is highlighted in the paper. In conclusion, suggestions are given for all-purpose aggregate testing programmes.
The influence of serpentinite and other rocks on the stability of concretes in the Middle East
Authors: French W. J. , Crammond N. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
It has been suggested that the expansive serpentinization of olivine can occur in concretes which contain ultrabasic aggregates. This process could lead to the deterioration of concretes and has been blamed for the poor performance of some concretes in the Middle East. This paper reviews the petrology of serpentinite-bearing concretes and mortars made with aggregates collected in the United Arab Emirates. It shows that most, if not all, of the deleterious changes observed in the field can be explained by other mechanisms involving contaminant lithologies and factors not connected with the aggregates; and that olivine has remained unaltered in concretes of up to 40 years in age.
Reactions between aggregates and cement paste—an interpretation of the pessimum
Authors: French W. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper is concerned with the reaction between the alkalies present in the pore fluids of the cementitious phases of concrete and certain siliceous aggregates. The reaction may be expansive and consequently deleterious. Maximum expansion occurs at some definite or ‘pessimum’ concentration of reactive aggregate for any given mortar. The nature of the reaction is discussed and formulae are given which describe the curve of expansion against proportion of reactive aggregate. The magnitude and significance of the coefficients of these expressions are discussed and suggestions are made for the limits to be set on the allowable expansion and other design parameters if the effects of the reaction are to be minimized.
Recharge mechanisms and groundwater flow in the Chalk and drift deposits of southern East Anglia
Authors: Lloyd J. W. , Harker D. , Baxendale R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The hydrochemistry of groundwaters in the Chalk and glacial drift deposits are detailed to show the distribution of different hydrochemical types in relation to recharge. Corrected radiocarbon ages of 25 groundwater samples indicate that old groundwaters ranging in age up to 30 000 years exist beneath the boulder clay in the interfluve areas. Recharge and flow into the Chalk aquifer are shown to occur predominantly in the valley areas and to be controlled by the distribution of drift deposits. The role of sands and gravels below the boulder clay in promoting horizontal groundwater flow is demonstrated.
Relic landslip in west Northamptonshire
Authors: Biczysko S. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper presents case histories of two encounters with relic landslip features in Jurassic strata. The geometry and possible mechanism of growth of the landslips are considered, together with the effects of the reactivation of the landslips on the construction of Daventry By-Pass. The remedial options to stabilize the landslips are discussed together with the selected solution of ‘on-going’ maintenance. The uncertainty of detection of relic slip surfaces on hillslopes displaying little clear geomorphological evidence of previous movement is highlighted.
Engineering geology for a major industrial complex at Aughinish Island, Co. Limerick, Ireland
Authors: Clark R. G. , Gutmanis J. C. , Furley A. E. , Jordan P. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Geological investigation of an area of Carboniferous Limestone before and during site grading has revealed a mound and basin structure thought to be the product of mud bank rather than reef growth. A number of large linear features, associated with secondary dolomitic limestone, has been found together with infilled cavities of considerable depth. These represent an ancient karstic environment modified by glacial processes. The paper describes the investigations carried out to locate these features together with the strength parameters and design criteria used for the materials.
Fine-grained sediments: Terminology
Authors: Stow Dorrik A. V. 
Published: November 2007

Fine-grained sediments are those rocks, both hard and soft, carbonate and clastic, that have a dominant grain-size in the clay or silt grades (<63 μm). They are the most abundant sediments on the earth's surface and form between 50 and 750f the geological column. Classifications of fine-grained sediments have been based most commonly on texture and fissility, and secondarily on mineralogy, chemical composition, colour, degree of metamorphism and depositional environment (
Picard 1971
). Different terminologies have, therefore, arisen but the state of confusion is less severe than that in, for example, the coarser-grained sediments that have been relatively more throughly studied and subdivided.

It is clearly important for improved communication within the earth sciences (for example, between sedimentologists and engineers) that a generally-accepted standard terminology is widely used. It is still appropriate for fine-grained sediments that the term should be simple and readily applied in the field. The results of more detailed laboratory or field analyses can then provide suitable descriptive modifiers to the basic terms. This is the aim of the terminology out-lined in Table 1.
The term mudrock implies a siliciclastic composition. Other fine-grained sediments can be designated carbonate mudrocks, silica mudrocks, and so on. A similar terminology is then appropriate (e.g. carbonate siltstone, silica mudstone) but a range of other terms, such as chalk, chert, diatomite and ooze, are also widely used. Classification of these sediments is not discussed here.
The terminology presented in Table 1 is broadly in line with that proposed by many previous
The distribution of Lower Palaeozoic mudrocks in Britain
Authors: McKerrow W. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Mudrocks occur as thin graptolitic shales, as shelf deposits, and within thick turbidite sequences. It is the thick turbidites sequences that provide the most extensive areas of outcrop, especially in the Grampian Highlands, the Lake District and the Welsh Basin. Thin shale bands in the Southern Uplands can provide engineering hazards. Shelf muds are common in the Tremadoc and Silurian shelf sequences of England. Reconstructions of the contemporary palaeogeography suggest possible source areas in Scotland, the Irish Sea landmass and the East Midlands of England for some of the Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary sequences, but others are of unknown provenance.
Field investigation of British Mesozoic and Tertiary mudstones
Authors: Gallois R. W. , Horton A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Thick mudstone formations crop out over large areas of Britain and it is commonly necessary to subdivide them and make correlations within them for civil engineering and other economic purposes. Although at first sight many of these formations appear to consist of monotonously uniform lithologies that are commonly deeply weathered and rarely exposed, they can yield sufficient field data for detailed stratigraphical and structural interpretations to be made. Such data includes lithological variations and macrofunal changes used in combination with field mapping and geophysical borehole logging. In almost all cases the geological subdivisions so recognized are more detailed than the variations revealed by indiscriminate engineering soil-testing. Visual inspection of mudstones in the field, combined with selective testing, can provide a better guide to their behavioural characteristics.
Hydrogeology of the Syrian steppe and adjoining arid areas
Authors: Khouri J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Several major sedimentary basins, in which thick sequences of Palaeogene marls and Neogene-Quaternary sediments have accumulated, can be distinguished in the arid zones which extend from the Great Nefud in Saudi Arabia to the Euphrates river in Syria. Structurally, they represent areas of relative subsidence formed between the Rutbah-Ha'il arch, the Jordan uplift and the Halab uplift.
The Syrian steppe and adjoining areas can be subdivided into eastern, western and north-western regional ground-water flow features which follow north-westerly (Palmyrian) and south-south-westerly trends.
The eastern regional flow system in the permeable Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata is related to the development of the broad domal structure of the Rutbah-Ha'il arch. Transmission of flow parallel to a system of north-north-westerly lineaments occurs from the Rutbah area of Iraq to the Wadi-el-Miah area of Syria. Step faulting and the minor anticlinal structures developed in this latter area seem to influence upward leakage from the deeper aquifers into the Cretaceous and Palaeogene chert aquifers. Groundwater transmitted westwards from the Rutbah-Ha'il arch is retarded by the marly facies of the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeogene in the Wadi Sirhan basin. Minor chert aquifers, however, transmit a portion of the flow. Discharge occurs in a zone along the eastern margin of the Wadi Sirhan.
The western regional flow system differs from that in the east in that hydraulic interconnection between the upper aquifers with the underlying Mesozoic is negligible. The recharge zone for this system coincides with the higher portion of Jebel-el-Arab. Groundwater transmission in the complex sequence of basaltic sheets of the Syria-Jordan plateau region is controlled by two fracture systems, in addition to the usual lava flow conduits.

The north-western regional system is recharged in the Anti-Lebanon and flows south-westwards in fractured limestones and dolomites. Discharge occurs mainly via karstic springs. Upward leakage may occur into the Ghouta gravel aquifer and eventually may be lost by evaporation from Ateibe lake. In the S Palmyrian moutains zone, a flow pattern controlled by linear
en-echelon
structures transmits groundwater in a north-easterly direction. Discharge from the system takes place at Sabkhet-el-Mouh, south of Palmyra. Hydrogen sulphide water, issuing along the south Palmyrian regional fault system, suggests relatively deep groundwater circulation. Isotopic studies indicate that groundwater age increases along the Palmyrian flow system.
The identification of critical factors affecting rock durability in marine environments
Authors: Dibb T. E. , Hughes D. W. , Poole A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Degradation of rock under marine conditions can be ascribed to three general mechanisms; spalling, abrasion and large scale, catastrophic fracture. The physical disaggregation of a rock fabric can be assessed in terms of the forces of ‘attack’, such as salt crystallization pressure and rock impact forces, acting against the coherence of the rock fabric.

This coherence (and hence durability) is examined in terms of fracture toughness (K
1C
) and the Griffith fracture criteria for brittle solids which relate the maximum length of discontinuities present in a rock to its tensile strength. The relationship of tensile to compressive strength is reviewed and their relative merits are discussed. The use of standard engineering tests in the assessment of potential rock durability is also examined.
Discussion on ‘Hydrogeology of the Umm Er Radhuma aquifer, Saudi Arabia, with reference to fossil gradients’ by W. Bakiewicz, D. Milne & M. Noori
Authors: Doornkamp J. C. 
Published: November 2007

Dr J. C. D
oornkamp
writes: The synthesis provided by Bakeiwicz
et al
. has to be admired for its scope and enormous regional extent.

The difficulty with such analyses is that sometimes the details do not fit. This is the case for Bahrain, as shown in their figs 3 and 4. The interpretation given to the interior basin of Bahrain as a portion of a ‘solution collapse feature’ cannot be supported by evidence on the ground. This interior basin is not just one but 10 discrete draining basins partly eroded by water and partly excavated by wind. The net effect is to produce an eroded anticline.

In their fig. 4 Bakiewicz
et al
. identify palaeo-river courses on the southern portion of Bahrain: these do not exist. What appears to have happened is that the long dark trails of flints associated with outcops of the West Rifa Flint Formation (part of the Damman Formation of Bakiewicz
et al
.), as concentrated by synclinal folds, have been mistaken for river gravels. This misinterpretation could happen, of course, if only air photo interpretation was available to the authors.

Both of these points can be followed up more fully by reference to

Doornkamp
et al
. (1980)

.

The authors wish to thank Dr Doornkamp for his useful comments.
Without going into details of Bahrain geomorphology, which is outside the scope of the paper, there is no doubt that a solution collapse feature, associated with the evaporites of the Rus Formation, does exist on Bahrain. This
In situ seismic and electrical measurements of fracture anisotropy in the Lincolnshire Chalk
Authors: Nunn K. R. , Barker R. D. , Bamford D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Using recently developed modifications of the conventional seismic refraction and electrical resistivity techniques,
in situ
measurements of P-wave velocity and resistivity anisotropy have been made at four sites in North Lincolnshire where the Chalk is overlain by a thin covering of drift. All sites showed significant velocity and resistivity anisotropy with the direction of the maximum observed velocity and resistivity being consistent with direct fracture observations made at two quarries within the area. It is suggested that such surface geophysical measurements can be very useful in predicting the predominant fracture direction in near-surface bedrock in which fractures are near vertical.
The improvement of colliery spoil
Authors: Kettle R. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Unburnt colliery spoil, or minestone, is the waste product from coal mining and this study has been directed towards examining its use in highway construction. An initial review is presented which deals with its bulk utilization in embankment construction and incorporation in the pavement structure. In view of its inherent low quality, some form of stabilization is necessary to produce a material capable of carrying the stresses associated with pavement structures. The work reported in this paper has been concerned with the use of cement.
The results reported have been obtained both from extensive laboratory studies and from associated field trials. The suitability of the stabilized spoils has been assessed using laboratory characteristics such as strength, frost resistance and resistance to immersion. It is clearly shown that certain colliery spoils can be stabilized with cement to produce material suitable for inclusion in pavements both as sub-base or road-base material. Field data is also included which indicate the compaction levels and strength that can be achieved on site. The results again demonstrate that cement-stabilized colliery spoil can be considered for incorporation in the pavement layers.
Towards the prediction of subsidence risk upon the Chalk outcrop
Authors: Edmonds C. N. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Surface karst landforms such as solution pipes, swallow holes and dolines are well developed on the Cretaceous chalk outcrop in Britain. The local frequency of these solution features on the chalk can be as high as on any of the best developed karst areas on other British limestones. However, the overall frequency of solution features for major regions of the chalk outcrop is much lower.
Solution pipes, swallow holes and dolines often represent an engineering hazard because of metastable conditions, which, if disturbed, can result in ground subsidence. The research described here is aimed at producing a model to predict areas of subsidence risk upon the chalk outcrop. Considerations for the prediction of subsidence risk are outlined with preliminary analysis for two areas.
Comparison of different methods of estimating infiltration at a landfill site in south Essex with implications for leachate management and control
Authors: Holmes R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
As a result primarily of rainfall infiltration through waste materials, all landfill sites in the United Kingdom will produce leachate. A procedure for estimating rainfall infiltration through landfill sites founded on readily and cheaply available Meteorological Office data is presented. This accounts for the distribution of rainfall throughout the year and shows that for a site in south Essex, between 14 and 34% (average 24%) of annual rainfall infiltrated in the past eight years. Winter and summer operational stategies which may minimize the production of leachate are summarized. These are based on minimizing rainfall infiltration in winter months and taking up the shortfall between potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration in summer months.
A review of geology and engineering geology in Singapore
Authors: Pitts John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A mass rapid transit (MRT) railway system is soon to be constructed in Singapore. Attention is being paid to details of the engineering geology of the island, which are generally not well documented or understood. The main solid formations, both igneous and sedimentary, are deeply weathered, often with an abrupt boundary between completely weathered and slightly to moderately weathered rocks. They have a high degree of fracturing and the sedimentary Jurong Formation has a high but variable dip. They are overlain by Quaternary deposits, many of which have poor geotechnical properties. A soft marine clay and overlying peaty deposits present particular problems in excavations. Each has a low strength and high compressibility and water tables are close to the ground surface. Variations in the geotechnical characteristics of the marine clay are now being recognized. The soft deposits are mainly found in buried channels cut during lower stands of sea level in the recent geological past. The channels have steep sides, and at many sites geotechnical conditions change very rapidly.
The characteristics and rates of the various slope degradation processes in the Barton Clay Cliffs of Hampshire
Authors: Barton M. E. , Coles B. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Research is in progress to determine the nature and pattern of the degradation processes in an actively eroding stretch of the Barton Clay cliffs in the Naish Farm area of Highcliffe, Hampshire. In response to loss of beach material the rate of recession has accelerated and is currently averaging 1.9 m/year, resulting in steepening of the overall cliff angle from an average of 13° in 1947 to a maximum recorded average of 19° in 1976. The presence of three preferred bedding plane shear surfaces at various elevations within the cliff produce a benched type of cliff profile, comparable with that seen in the Gault and Lias Clay controlled cliffs of Fairy Dell, Dorset but in contrast with the published descriptions of London Clay cliffs.

The degradation processes include scarp slumping, spalling (including toppling and soil falls), bench sliding (involving movement of colluvium over a preferred bedding plane), debris sliding (including movement of screes over clay scarps), mud sliding (i.e., the traditional lobate ‘mudflows’), mud runs (true flows), stream (or gully) erosion and man-related processes. Regular surveying and monitoring using a variety of techniques and having to surmount difficult field conditions, has begun to elucidate the characteristics, rates and inter-relationships of these processes. A flow chart representing the systematic transfer of soil from the
in situ
state via various colluvial modes (including the three bench levels)
en route
to the sea and an accompanying colluvial soil budget for the year July 1981 to July 1982 has been drawn up. It is shown that bench sliding is by far the most significant process in terms of volume of colluvium moved through the under-cliff, accounting for 930f the total volume of colluvium contained in the area. Mud and debris sliding, although important processes, are of relatively minor significance.
Discussion on ‘Delineation of saline intrusion in the Dungeness Shingle Aquifer’ by Okomeno Ulaya-Egbe Oteri
Authors: Fox R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Mr R. A. Fox writes: Mr Oteri's paper presents a limited review of the aquifer at Dungeness. However, the problem of saline intrustion is a complicated one and we would like to comment on several aspects where the content of the paper may be misleading.
On page 48, the author notes that the lowest resistivity layer was interpreted as representing a saline water-saturated fine sand interface, which was accepted as the fresh water-saline water interface. He then goes on to note on page 49 that ’the depth of the fresh water-saline water interface beneath sea level in Dungeness is considerably smaller than that expected from the Ghyben-Herzberg principle‘. This states that, due to water density differences, the interface is about forty times deeper below mean sea level than the fresh water height is above sea level. A diagram to illustrate this point and the variations in interface level which apparently occur would be an interesting addition to the paper.
The conclusion on page 50 infers that gravel-winning from the aquifer, already thinner than expected, raises the level of the saline water and encourages the intrusion of the saline wedge in the coastal fringe. However, comparing Figs 1 and 7 it is evident that the areas of thinner fresh water lens are more directly associated with supply well locations than gravel-winning areas. This tends to be confirmed whenFig. 7 contours are superimposed on Fig. 2.
Ready Mixed Concrete (UK) Limited is one of the companies referred to in the introduction of