bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaches to treating chronic anemia in developing countries
Authors: PHIRI KAMIJA S. 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYAnemia remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries where resources to determine the underlying etiology remain poor. There are three basic mechanisms for developing anemia, namely: (i) blood loss (hemorrhage); (ii) decreased production of red cells; and (iii) increased destruction of red cells (hemolysis). In this review on the treatment of chronic anemia, the causes of chronic anemia that are of major public health importance in developing countries are discussed. These include nutritional deficiencies such as of iron, vitamin B12 and folate; inflammation resulting from chronic diseases like tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus; parasitic diseases like hookworm, schistosomiasis; and hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell disease and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lastly, a practical approach to the diagnosis of chronic anemia is presented.
Role of HES 130/0.4 in resuscitation of patients with major burn injury
Authors: SUDHAKAR GOGULAPATI VENKATA , LAKSHMI PULUKURI 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYTo investigate whether hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 can be used safely in the initial resuscitation (first 48 hours after admission) of burned patients, and more particularly whether its use in the early treatment of burns can reduce crystalloid overload. Burn patients with a total burn surface area over 30% were randomized to two groups receiving either crystalloids (Ringer's lactate) only or HES 130/0.4 (Voluven®, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) along with crystalloids for resuscitation. During the first 48 post‐burn hours (PBH), fluid requirements were estimated using the Parkland formula and fluids were administered according to the study protocol. During the study, randomization had to be abandoned due to clinical and ethical reasons. The difference between ‘Fluid required’ and ‘Fluid given’ was recorded as either ‘Fluid saved’ or ‘Fluid excess’. Patients’ body weight and limb circumferences were measured as a guide to quantify the edema. Ten patients in the control group received Ringer's lactate solution only and 22 patients in the HES group received HES 130/0.4 plus Ringer's lactate solution for resuscitation. During the whole study period, mean fluid saving was 15.9% in the control group (n = 3) and 44.7% in the HES group (n = 20) (P = 0.0151). Mean fluid excess was 16.6% in the control group (n = 7) and 12.4% in HES group (n = 2) (P = 0.7120). By the end of 48 PBH, parameters related to tissue edema (mean rise in body weight and circumferences of burned and unburned areas) were significantly more favorable in the HES group (P = 0.0071, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Although the other management methods were the same in both groups, nine of 10 patients (90%) in the control group compared with 11 of 22 patients (50%) in the HES group died during their hospitalization (P = 0.0341). HES 130/0.4 appears to be a promising artificial plasma volume expander for burn resuscitation as compared with standard management. Further well‐designed studies with large sample sizes are required to confirm these findings and explore the pharmacodynamic mechanisms involved.
Management of hemophilia in resource‐limited countries
Authors: AYOB YASMIN 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYHemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder that requires lifelong treatment. Prevalence is not affected by race, ethnicity or socioeconomics. However, there are considerably fewer hemophiliacs diagnosed in resource‐limited countries than in the developed world. Management requires replacement therapy that many developing countries find difficult to provide. While the developed world has moved to using recombinant therapy, many developing countries are struggling to provide plasma to the hemophiliacs, let alone plasma‐derived fractionated factor concentrate. Financial constraint is the major cause of these disparities. This is understandable as more pressing public health issues such as infectious diseases affect a larger population and require more urgent attention. However, there have been successes. Some developing countries are able to provide plasma through their blood transfusion program while some managed to secure government support to provide factor concentrates. Management protocols are developed to ensure their effective use. The World Federation of Hemophilia and national hemophilia societies have helped focus attention to the hemophiliacs and increase awareness on the management of their condition. Strong leadership and the development of a national program that includes proper planning and implementation can bring about improvement in the care of hemophiliacs in resource‐limited countries that would help them achieve their full potential and not be a social and economic burden to these countries.
Gains of chromosome region 3q26 in intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva are frequent and independent of HPV status
Authors: Aulmann S , Schleibaum J , Penzel R , Schirmacher P , Gebauer G , Sinn H P 
Published: June 2008

Aims:Two different forms of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) are recognised: (1) usual-type (bowenoid) VIN, which is related to high-risk papillomavirus infection, and (2) differentiated (simplex) VIN, which is associated with chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosome 3q26 gains in the spectrum of precancerous lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the vulva.Methods:3q26 gains were analysed using fluorescence in situ hybridisation in a series of usual-type VINs, VINs of the differentiated type and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, all cases were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, p53 mutations, and p16 and p53 protein expression.Results:Gains of chromosome 3q26 were present in all VINs of the differentiated type and in 50% of the usual-type VIN lesions. 81% of SCCs were positive for 3q26 gains irrespective of the HPV status and of the associated precursor lesion. HPV-associated lesions exhibited the typical, strong cytoplasmic p16 accumulation while mutated p53 was only detected in HPV-negative VINs or SCCs, and was associated with an overexpression of p53 protein.Conclusions:Immunohistochemical evaluation of p16 and p53 expression aids in the differential diagnosis of squamous cell alterations of the vulva. However, detection of 3q26 imbalance is of additional diagnostic value in difficult cases of HPV-unrelated usual-type VINs and VINs of the differentiated type.
AN EXACT APPROACH FOR THE SINGLE MACHINE SCHEDULING PROBLEM WITH LINEAR EARLY AND QUADRATIC TARDY PENALTIES
Authors: VALENTE JORGE M. S. 
Published: June 2008

In this paper, we consider the single machine scheduling problem with linear earliness and quadratic tardiness costs, and no machine idle time. We propose a lower bounding procedure based on the relaxation of the jobs' completion times. Optimal branch-and-bound algorithms are then presented. These algorithms incorporate the proposed lower bound, as well as an insertion-based dominance test. The branch-and-bound procedures are tested on a wide set of randomly generated problems. The computational results show that the branch-and-bound algorithms are capable of optimally solving, within reasonable computation times, instances with up to 20 jobs.
A New Species of The Spider Genus Xysticus(Araneae: Thomisidae) From Arizona
Authors: Redner J. H. , Dondale C. D. 
Published: June 2008

The North American crab spiders are now comparatively well
known taxonomically. This is particularly true of the species in the
large genus Xysticus, which has been twice revised continentally by
Gertsch (1939, 1953) and treated in more regional works by Buckle
and Redner (1964), Schick (1965), and Turnbull, et al. (1965).
It seems probable that any additional new forms that will be discovered
will be from remote parts of the continent or in sibling relationship
with known species. Several species have, however, been
described only from one sex.The purpose of this paper is to describe a distinctive new species
of Xysticus from the mountainous parts of Arizona. Its structure
clearly places it in the locuples group of the apophysate division of
the genus, and its range suggests it to be an inland endemic of the
southwestern United States.
A Teleconnection between Forced Great Plains Snow Cover and European Winter Climate
Authors: Klingaman Nicholas P. , Hanson Brian , Leathers Daniel J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Anomalies in Siberian snow cover have been shown to affect Eurasian winter climate through the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The existence of a teleconnection between North American snow cover and the NAO is far less certain, particularly for limited, regional snow cover anomalies. Using three ensembles of the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2 (CAM2), the authors examined teleconnections between persistent, forced snow cover in the northern Great Plains of the United States and western Eurasian winters. One ensemble allowed the model to freely determine global snow cover, while the other two forced a 72-cm snowpack centered over Nebraska. Of the forced ensembles, the “early-season” (“late season”) simulations initiated the snowpack on 1 November (1 January). The additional snow cover generated lower (higher) sea level pressures and geopotential heights over Iceland (the Azores) and warmer (cooler) temperatures over northern and western (eastern and southeastern) Europe, which suggests the positive NAO phase.
Differences between the free-snow-cover and early-season ensembles were never significant until January, which implied either that the atmospheric response required a long lag or that the late-winter atmosphere was particularly sensitive to Great Plains snow. The authors rejected the former hypothesis and supported the latter by noting similarities between the early- and late-season ensembles in late winter for European 2-m temperatures, transatlantic circulation, and an NAO index. Therefore, a regional North American snow cover anomaly in an area of high inter- and intra-annual snow cover variability can show a stronger teleconnection to European winter climate than previously reported for broader snow cover anomalies. In particular, anomalous late-season snow in the Great Plains may shift the NAO toward the positive phase.
Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature off Java and Sumatra in a Global GCM*
Authors: Du Yan , Qu Tangdong , Meyers Gary 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Using results from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), this study assesses the mixed layer heat budget to identify the mechanisms that control the interannual variation of sea surface temperature (SST) off Java and Sumatra. The analysis indicates that during the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years, cold SST anomalies are phase locked with the season cycle. They may exceed −3°C near the coast of Sumatra and extend as far westward as 80°E along the equator. The depth of the thermocline has a prominent influence on the generation and maintenance of SST anomalies. In the normal years, cooling by upwelling–entrainment is largely counterbalanced by warming due to horizontal advection. In the cooling episode of IOD events, coastal upwelling–entrainment is enhanced, and as a result of mixed layer shoaling, the barrier layer no longer exists, so that the effect of upwelling–entrainment can easily reach the surface mixed layer. Horizontal advection spreads the cold anomaly to the interior tropical Indian Ocean. Near the coast of Java, the northern branch of an anomalous anticyclonic circulation spreads the cold anomaly to the west near the equator. Both the anomalous advection and the enhanced, wind-driven upwelling generate the cold SST anomaly of the positive IOD. At the end of the cooling episode, the enhanced surface thermal forcing overbalances the cooling effect by upwelling/entrainment, and leads to a warming in SST off Java and Sumatra.
Quantifying the Predictability of Winter River Flow in Iberia. Part II: Seasonal Predictability
Authors: Gámiz-Fortis Sonia , Pozo-Vázquez David , Trigo Ricardo M. , Castro-Díez Yolanda 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The role of the Atlantic summer and autumn SSTs on the predictability of the winter Iberian Peninsula river flows is analyzed during the period 1923–2004. The analysis is based on the results of an interannual predictability experiment, using autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) models, carried out in the first part of this work. A standard principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the summer and autumn SST fields for the entire Atlantic Ocean. Then, the association between the resulting principal component (PC) series and the Iberian Peninsula streamflow series was analyzed, in order to use the PC series as additional predictor variables in a seasonal forecasting regression model. Results proved, first, that during autumn, the SST variability in the so-called North Atlantic horseshoe pattern has a statistically significant linear influence in the following winter streamflow values. In particular, the use of this SST information considerably improves the skill of the linear forecast (improvements against climatology range from 61% to 90%) compared to the ARMA-alone model (51%–53%). These improvements are mostly related to the ability of the SST information to provide better estimates of extreme streamflow values. Additionally, results showed that the summer tropical Atlantic and the autumn southwestern Atlantic SST variability have a significant nonlinear influence on the following winter streamflow values. In particular, there is a tendency for negative streamflow anomalies following tropical Atlantic summer negative SST anomalies and following southwestern Atlantic autumn SST positive anomalies. It is finally concluded that the linear interannual predictability of the Iberian Peninsula winter streamflow is greater (two-thirds of the total predictability) than the predictability associated with the previous season autumn SSTs (one-third).
The Intraseasonal Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Using TMI Sea Surface Temperatures and ECMWF Reanalysis
Authors: Klingaman Nicholas P. , Weller Hilary , Slingo Julia M. , Inness Peter M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe northward-propagating intraseasonal (30–40 day) oscillation (NPISO) between active and break monsoon phases exerts a critical control on summer-season rainfall totals over India. Advances in diagnosing these events and comprehending the physical mechanisms behind them may hold the potential for improving their predictability. While previous studies have attempted to extract active and break events from reanalysis data to elucidate a composite life cycle, those studies have relied on first isolating the intraseasonal variability in the record (e.g., through bandpass filtering, removing harmonics, or empirical orthogonal function analysis). Additionally, the underlying physical processes that previous studies have proposed have varied, both among themselves and with studies using general circulation models.A simple index is defined for diagnosing NPISO events in observations and reanalysis, based on lag correlations between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over India and over the equatorial Indian Ocean. This index is the first to use unfiltered OLR observations and so does not specifically isolate intraseasonal periods. A composite NPISO life cycle based on this index is similar to previous composites in OLR and surface winds, demonstrating that the dominance of the intraseasonal variability in the monsoon climate system eliminates the need for more complex methods (e.g., time filtering or EOF analysis) to identify the NPISO. This study is also among the first to examine the NPISO using a long-period record of high-resolution sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager. Application of this index to those SSTs demonstrates that SST anomalies exist in near quadrature with convection, as suggested by recent coupled model studies. Analysis of the phase relationships between atmospheric fields and SSTs indicates that the atmosphere likely forced the SST anomalies. The results of this lag-correlation analysis suggest that the oscillation serves as its own most reliable—and perhaps only—predictor, and that signals preceding an NPISO event appear first over the Indian subcontinent, not the equatorial Indian Ocean where the events originate.
Dynamic Effects on the Tropical Cloud Radiative Forcing and Radiation Budget
Authors: Yuan Jian , Hartmann Dennis L. , Wood Robert 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Vertical velocity is used to isolate the effect of large-scale dynamics on the observed radiation budget and cloud properties in the tropics, using the methodology suggested by Bony et al. Cloud and radiation budget quantities in the tropics show well-defined responses to the large-scale vertical motion at 500 hPa. For the tropics as a whole, the ratio of shortwave to longwave cloud forcing (hereafter N) is about 1.2 in regions of upward motion, and increases to about 1.9 in regions of strong subsidence. If the analysis is restricted to oceanic regions with SST &gt; 28°C, N does not increase as much for subsiding motions, because the stratocumulus regions are eliminated, and the net cloud forcing decreases linearly from about near zero for zero vertical velocity to about −15 W m−2 for strongly subsiding motion. Increasingly negative cloud forcing with increasing upward motion is mostly related to an increasing abundance of high, thick clouds.
Although a consistent dynamical effect on the annual cycle of about 1 W m−2 can be identified, the effect of the probability density function (PDF) of the large-scale vertical velocity on long-term trends in the tropical mean radiation budget is very small compared to the observed variations. Observed tropical mean changes can be as large as ±3 W m−2, while the dynamical components are generally smaller than ±0.5 W m−2.
For relatively small regions in the east and west Pacific, changes in the relative magnitude of longwave and shortwave cloud forcing can be related to the PDF of vertical velocity. The east Pacific in 1987 and 1998 showed large reductions of N in association with an increase in the fraction of the area in the domain with upward motion, and concomitant increases in high cloud. For the west Pacific in 1998, a large increase in N was caused not so much by a change in the mean vertical motion, but rather by a shift from top- to bottom-heavy upward motion.
Changes in the European Precipitation Climatologies as Derived by an Ensemble of Regional Models
Authors: Tapiador Francisco J. , Sánchez Enrique 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper analyzes the changes in the precipitation climatologies of Europe for the periods 1960–90 and 2070–2100 using a heterogeneous set of regional climate models (RCMs). The authors used the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) database to define a precipitation climatology for current climate conditions (1960–90), then compare the estimates with the RCMs’ simulations for the same period using spectral analysis. After the authors evaluated the performance of the models compared with validation data for current climate, they calculated the future climate spectra (2070–2100). Changes in the future climate have been evaluated in terms of differences in the phase and amplitude of the annual cycle with respect to present conditions. The results show that models provide consistent results and that under the A2 scenario (increased greenhouse gases conditions) precipitation climatologies in Europe are expected to suffer noticeable changes, the most important being a strengthening of the annual cycle in most of the Atlantic coastal areas of the continent. While total amounts of rainfall might undergo little change, the consequences of changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation will strongly affect both ecosystems and human activities. Differences were also found in the probability distribution function (pdf) of precipitation, indicating an overall increase in the frequency of precipitation-related hazards in Europe.
The Response of Ice Shelf Basal Melting to Variations in Ocean Temperature
Authors: Holland Paul R. , Jenkins Adrian , Holland David M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A three-dimensional ocean general circulation model is used to study the response of idealized ice shelves to a series of ocean-warming scenarios. The model predicts that the total ice shelf basal melt increases quadratically as the ocean offshore of the ice front warms. This occurs because the melt rate is proportional to the product of ocean flow speed and temperature in the mixed layer directly beneath the ice shelf, both of which are found to increase linearly with ocean warming. The behavior of this complex primitive equation model can be described surprisingly well with recourse to an idealized reduced system of equations, and it is shown that this system supports a melt rate response to warming that is generally quadratic in nature. This study confirms and unifies several previous examinations of the relation between melt rate and ocean temperature but disagrees with other results, particularly the claim that a single melt rate sensitivity to warming is universally valid. The hypothesized warming does not necessarily require a heat input to the ocean, as warmer waters (or larger volumes of “warm” water) may reach ice shelves purely through a shift in ocean circulation. Since ice shelves link the Antarctic Ice Sheet to the climate of the Southern Ocean, this finding of an above-linear rise in ice shelf mass loss as the ocean steadily warms is of significant importance to understanding ice sheet evolution and sea level rise.
A Precipitation Seesaw Mode between Northeast Asia and Siberia in Summer Caused by Rossby Waves over the Eurasian Continent
Authors: Iwao Koki , Takahashi Masaaki 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
There is a dominant seesaw pattern in summertime precipitation between northeast Asia and Siberia. Examined here is a mechanism of the seesaw mode, focusing on quasi-stationary Rossby waves propagating on two upper-tropospheric waveguides along the Asian jet and over northern Eurasia. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to the low-frequency (10-day low-pass filtered) variation during summer reveals wave-propagation patterns on both of the waveguides. The time evolution of the two composite fields, constructed using the obtained EOF modes for each phase of the seesaw mode, was investigated by the wave-activity flux. In both composite fields, eastward-propagating Rossby waves originating from the North Atlantic–European sector branch off around eastern Europe onto the two waveguides, which become out of phase toward the east because of the difference in longitudinal wavelengths along them. This results in opposite phase anomalies of meridional winds over northeast Asia and Siberia. Budget analyses of vorticity, heat, and water vapor on a day with significant wave patterns along the two waveguides revealed the main balances; the zonal advection of vorticity anomalies around the tropopause was partly balanced by an anomalous stretching effect over these two regions, and the adiabatic heating anomalies in the midtroposphere associated with the stretching effect around the tropopause were balanced with diabatic heating anomalies, explained by condensation heating related to the precipitation anomalies. These events occur frequently in July, when the climatological precipitation is the largest, particularly over northeast Asia.