bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Sweat Gland Counts, Electrodermal Activity, and Habituation Behavior in Young and Old Groups of Subjects
Authors: Catania Jeffrey J. , Thompson Larry W. , Michalewski Henry A. , Bowman Thomas E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment utilized a habituation paradigm to investigate age differences in sweat gland counts (SGC), skin conductance responses (SCR), and skin conductance levels (SCL). The 12 young subjects (mean age 25.3 yrs) and the 12 old subjects (mean age 69.5 yrs) exhibited no reliable age differences in habituation of the SCR or in the magnitude of the SCRs measured. Bilateral conductance recordings revealed no laterality effects for SCR or SCL in either age group. Age differences were found for both SGC and SCL. Correlations of SGC with SCL revealed a strong relationship in the young (r= 74) and a relatively weak correspondence in the elderly (r= .22). The reverse was observed for SGC and SCR correlations, with the old sample showing consistently high correlations and the younger sample consistently low correlations. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the variance in SCL predicted by age was not independent of the variance predicted by differences in SGC. The data are discussed in terms of age‐related change in peripheral factors which affect electrodermal behavior.
P300 and Stimulus Categorization: Two Plus One is not so Different from One Plus One
Authors: Johnson Ray , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from subjects who were instructed to count one of three, equally probable tones presented in a random sequence. In another condition, the subjects had to count one of two stimuli, one of which was presented with a probability of .33. The data support the view that the pattern of variation of P300 amplitude with the sequential structure of the series depends on the category to which events are assigned, rather than on the individual stimuli eliciting the P300. Furthermore, the data support the idea that the amplitude of P300 elicited by task‐relevant stimuli is determined by the subjective probability associated with the eliciting event.DESCRIPTIONS: ERP, P300, Subjective probability, Stimulus categorization.
Evoked Potential and Behavioral Signs of Attentive Dysfunctions in Hyperactive Boys
Authors: Loiselle David L. , Stamm John S. , Maitinsky Steven , Whipple Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects were 12 boys (12–14 yrs old) who had previously been diagnosed for hyperactivity (clinical group) and 15 age‐matched normal controls. For the selective attention (SA) task vertex ERPs were recorded to dichotically presented tone pips, with differing frequencies to each ear. Each series contained randomly interspersed signals and subjects were instructed to count the signals to one ear (targets). Behavioral tasks consisted of responses to SA targets, a 10‐min vigilance series, and dichotic listening. No significant group differences were found to non‐attended channels for N and P amplitudes and latencies. N amplitude enhancements to the attended channels were significant for the controls (44%), but not for the clinical boys (14%). Also, P latencies and amplitudes to the target pips were significantly greater for the control than the clinical group. Behavioral responses showed significant deficits by the clinical boys for SA and vigilance, but not for dichotic listening. Correct behavioral SA responses correlated significantly with P target amplitudes, but not with N amplitude enhancements. These findings indicate severe dysfunctions by the clinical boys for selective attention, involving both stimulus and response sets.
Effect of Harassment and Competition Upon Cardiovascular and Plasma Catecholamine Responses in Type A and Type B Individuals
Authors: Glass David C. , Krakoff Lawrence R. , Contrada Richard , Hilton William F. , Kehoe Kathleen , Mannucci Elinor G. , Collins Carla , Snow Barry , Elting Ellen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments examined the relationship between Type A behavior and cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to experimental competition and harassment. Experiment I showed that, in 44 male adults, the presence of a hostile opponent caused no significant differences in the responses of Type B's. In A's, by contrast, hostility elicited greater increases in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma epinephrine during competition. Behavior pattern A appears selectively predisposed to enhanced reaction to hostile interactions, but competition alone does not distinguish between individuals with A and B behavior patterns. Experiment II, with 20 cases, was carried out to determine whether or not the absence of A‐B differences in the presence of a nonhostile competitor could be explained by Type B's reactivity to the challenge of competition alone. The results were consistent with this interpretation. A's showed greater blood pressure and plasma epinephrine evaluations than B's when both types were confronted by the challenge of task performance. Consideration was given to the role of sympathetic activation in mediating the tendency of Type A individuals to develop coronary heart disease.
The Effects of Psychological Stress on Respiration: A Preliminary Study of Anxiety and Hyperventilation
Authors: Suess William M. , Alexander A. Barney , Smith Deborah D. , Sweeney Helga W. , Marion Richard J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of hyperventilation (overbreathing resulting in lowered end‐tidal CO2) in conjunction with psychological stress was investigated. Twenty‐nine normal subjects were individually placed in a stress condition by being required to make perceptual judgments under threat of electric shock for exceeding a specified number of errors. Feedback of errors was controlled by the experimenter and no subject was ever shocked since manipulated feedback never exceeded shock criterion. Stress induction consisted of four phases: request for participation, subject decision, pre‐task instruction, and task. Dependent measures consisted of end‐tidal CO2, respiration rate, heart rate, and State Anxiety scores. Stress manipulation was confirmed by significantly increased heart rate and anxiety scores from baseline values. Baseline comparisons indicated significant decreases in end‐tidal CO2 (i.e., hyperventilation) for all phases as well as significant increases in respiration rate for all phases but one. Comparisons among several phases revealed significant changes in end‐tidal CO2 either unaccompanied by or uncorrelated with changes in respiration rate. These results: 1) support the occurrence of hyperventilation to stress in normals, 2) suggest that respiration rate alone is an insufficient measure of respiratory reactivity to psychological stimuli, and 3) are discussed in terms of more appropriate functional assessments of respiratory response to stress.
Recall, Recognition, and Rate: Memory and the Heart
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , Hall Stanley W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) changes during recall and recognition tasks were related to memory load and performance. Current hypotheses imply that heart rate acceleration may indicate the processing of stored information, and, thus relate to task performance. Twenty volunteers performed a recognition task with memory set size varying between five and ten items. The task was divided into input, retain, and test periods. Eight volunteers performed a recall task which was identical except for the form of the memory test. Consistent HR changes showed a deceleration prior to each task period which was followed by acceleration. HR was not influenced by memory load, but did show a small but consistent relationship to performance. In both recall and recognition experiments relatively greater acceleration in the retain period was associated with more accurate memory performance. Similar but less clear effects occurred during information input. In this period degree of deceleration also appeared related to recognition performance. Results were related to previous concepts of HR and attention rather than processes specific to memory.
Lateral Differences in the Latency Between Finger Tapping and the Heart Beat
Authors: Davidson Richard J. , Horowitz Mark E. , Schwartz Gary E. , Goodman David M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBased upon suggestions that the two cerebral hemispheres may be differentially involved in the perception and regulation of autonomic activity, three studies were designed to explore differences in the relationship between left versus right hand finger tapping and the heartbeat. In each study, right‐handed subjects were asked to tap with either their left versus right forefingers regularly at the rate of approximately once per second. When the time from the R‐spike immediately preceding their tap to the tap was examined, a significant difference between the two hands was obtained in two of the studies, with the left hand tapping closer to the last R‐spike compared with the right. A variety of additional conditions in the experiments suggest that this effect may depend upon tapping rhythmically. The implications of these findings for the differential role of the left and right hemispheres in the perception and regulation of cardiac activity are considered.
P300 and Uncertainty Reduction in a Concept‐Identification Task
Authors: De Swart J. H. , Kok A. , Das‐Smaal E. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between the amplitude of P300, the mean amplitude of the Slow Wave, and uncertainty reduction after (dis)confirmation of hypotheses was studied in a Concept‐Identification task. The subjects had to categorize stimuli according to a conceptual rule (joint denial or exclusion) and to rate the confidence that their classification was correct. Three types of feedback were distinguished: confirming (subject's categorization was correct), disconfirming (subject's categorization was incorrect), and non‐informative feedback. The EEG was averaged separately according to the three types of feedback and the two confidence ratings (low, high).The data showed the predicted interaction between type of feedback and confidence level. A larger P300 amplitude turned up after confirming feedback when the subject was less confident, than when he was more confident. The reverse was found after disconfirming feedback. The P300 amplitude after non‐informative feedback was not influenced by confidence. The mean amplitude of the Slow Wave showed approximately the same interaction pattern.The results were interpreted in terms of changes in the probability of hypotheses which subjects use to categorize stimuli in a Concept‐Identification task.
Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis, Type A Behavior, and Cardiovascular Response to Social Interaction
Authors: Krantz David S. , Schaeffer Marc A. , Davia James E. , Dembroski Theodore M. , MacDougall James M. , Shaffer Richard T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been hypothesized that increased hemodynamic reactivity to psychological challenge in Type A individuals might be one important factor in specifically promoting the onset or progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study sought to test this notion by relating the extent of documented atherosclerosis to cardiovascular responses to challenging social situations. Eighty‐three patients scheduled for cardiac catheterization were given a structured Type A interview and a history quiz while heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. Analyses controlling for age and beta‐adrenergic blocking medications revealed some evidence of Type A‐B differences in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and rate‐pressure product during the interview, but not during the quiz. More importantly for the aim of the study, there was little systematic evidence that magnitude of response on any of the cardiovascular measures was positively related to severity of CAD. Internal analyses of 24 non‐medicated patients and examination of data derived from cardiac catheterization were used to rule out the possible confounding effects of beta‐blocking drugs and myocardial damage. Results of this study do not provide evidence for a direct linkage between blood pressure or heart rate responses and the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries. Limitations of the present study are discussed, and it is suggested that hemodynamic reactivity may be specifically linked to clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease via mechanisms other than acceleration of the atherosclerotic process.
Heart Rate Biofeedback and Cold Pressor Pain
Authors: Reeves John L. , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study addressed the relative contributions of self‐regulated heart rate change and belief that heart rate is changing in an instructed direction to the perception of cold pressor pain. Forty male volunteers were each assigned to one of four combinations of increase or decrease heart rate instructions and increase or decrease feedback conditions. Subjects were given an initial 45‐sec cold pressor test, 25 feedback trials, and a final cold pressor in which they were told to change their heart rate in the instructed direction, but without the aid of feedback. Subjects were instructed specifically that increased heart rate was associated with increased pain and decreased heart rate with decreased pain. The veridical groups (consistent instructions and feedback) showed appropriate heart rate changes during biofeedback training and parallel changes in heart rate and pain perception during the final cold pressor. The non‐veridical (reverse) feedback groups showed no heart rate change during biofeedback training and no relationship between heart rate and pain perception changes during the final cold pressor test. EMG, respiration, and skin conductance data are presented, and several mechanisms are proposed to explain the physiological and subjective changes.
Autonomic Myocardial Influences as a Factor Determining Inter‐Task Consistency of Heart Rate Reactivity
Authors: Bunnell David E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the consistency of subjects’relative heart rate (HR) responsivity across four tasks and examined the role played by autonomic myocardial influences on this consistency. HR responses across tasks were predicted to covary to the extent that they reflected a similar autonomic mediation, assessed by measurement of pulse transit time (PTT).Forty‐eight male subjects performed two sensory intake (Tones and Lights RT) and two sensory rejection (Mental Arithmetic and Word Formation) tasks. Consistency of HR responsivity was revealed by significant positive correlations observed between HR changes during all task pairs. High HR reactors in rejection tasks displayed HR decreases during an intake task (Tones), whereas low reactors displayed the expected bradycardia. Significant correlations between HR and PTT changes suggested that SNS influences were evoked by mental arithmetic, whereas a dissociation of these indices in the Tones task implied a predominance of PNS influence in that task. Nevertheless, HR changes covaried reliably between these tasks, suggesting that HR responsivity is consistent across situations evoking different patterns of autonomic influence on the heart.
Electrodermal and Electro‐oculographic Activity in a Hypnagogic State
Authors: Hori Tadao 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated whether or not changes in spontaneous skin potential activity (SPA) could be used to identify the tendency to fall asleep. Skin potential level (SPL) and skin potential response (SPR) on the palm and on the dorsal hand were studied in 20 male subjects during a transition period (hypnagogic state) from wake to sleep. The negativity of palmar SPL significantly decreased during this transition period. This decline in SPL started 3.5 min before stage 1 onset and terminated 1.5 min before stage 1 onset. Similar anticipatory changes were found in palmar SPR and slow eye movements, suggesting the existence of common central underlying mechanisms. The dorsal hand did not show changes.
Behaviorally Signalled Awakenings in Relationship to Duration of Alpha Activity
Authors: Anch A. Michael , Salamy Joseph G. , McCoy Gerald F. , Somerset J. Scott 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between behavioral awakening as Indicated by motor responses and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of awakening as reflected by the duration of alpha (8‐12 Hz) activity.Young adult males were monitored polygraphically as they slept in the laboratory for three successive nights. They were instructed to press a button three times whenever they awakened from sleep. Latency from the appearance of alpha activity to subsequent button‐presses was determined.Mean latency to button‐press across subjects, nights, and sleep stages was 6.54 (±4.38) sec. Differences In latencies as a function of prior sleep stage or night of the study were not statistically significant. It is concluded that the amount of alpha activity preceding behavioral acknowledgement of an awakening is somewhat less than that required to constitute wakefulness by conventional scoring systems.
Heart Rate Discrimination Viewed as a Perceptual Process: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Grigg Lyn , Ashton Roderick 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which investigate the efficacy of Ashton, White, and Hodgson's (1979) two‐alterative‐forced‐choice discrimination technique for training accuracy in perception of heart rate. In the first study, subjects were assigned to either a knowledge of results (KR) or no‐knowledge of results condition (noKR). In the second study a third condition, augmented feedback (AFB), was added. The two studies differed essentially in the timing of the commencement of training, and in the number of training sessions employed. Transfer of training was assessed in both studies by testing all subjects on a heartbeat discrimination task modified from Brener and Jones (1974). The pattern of results was consistent in indicating that providing subjects with information about the accuracy of their decisions is an effective means of training cardiac awareness, and that transfer of the trained awareness to a more commonly used exteroceptive discrimination procedure occurs. The data also point to the possibility that allowing subjects to “practice” prior to any training may be a procedural measure best avoided in discrimination training experiments.
Does the Menstrual Cycle Play a Role in Sexual Arousal?
Authors: Hoon Peter W. , Bruce Katherine , Kinchloe Bradford 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMenstrual cycle effects on erotic arousability were tested in 13 women aged 20–28. Vaginal blood volume and pulse amplitude were measured with a light emitting diode photoplethysmograph, labial temperature was measured by a small thermistor, and subject self‐report of arousal was estimated on a 7‐point Likert scale in response to audio erotic tapes and fantasy over five different phases of the menstrual cycle. Pre‐session levels of blood volume and labial temperature showed no important changes across the cycle, but pooled blood volume, pulsatile blood volume and labial temperature reliably demonstrated sexual arousal during tape and fantasy sessions. Repeated measures analyses of variance and covariance of physiological change scores from baseline and subjective ratings failed to demonstrate that significant changes in self‐reports, vaginal blood volume, vaginal pulse amplitude, or labial temperature occurred as a function of menstrual cycle phase. This study provides objective physiological evidence that there appears to be no one phase in the menstrual cycle during which women are more sexually arousable to erotic stimuli as detected by these physiological measures.
The Application of the Preparatory‐Response Hypothesis to Changes in Base Skin Resistance
Authors: Champion R. A. , Hodge R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt is deduced from physical principles that the physical intensity (and presumably the painfulness or rated intensity) of a constant‐current shock should decrease with lowered skin resistance whereas that of a constant‐voltage shock should increase. In terms of the preparatory‐response hypothesis, therefore, base skin resistance should fall as a tonic response to background cues with constant‐current shocks and rise with constant‐voltage shocks. By the same token, interpolated shocks of the opposite kind in each case should be rated as more intense than those of the same kind. These predictions were confirmed experimentally.
Does Aerobic Fitness Affect Sleep?
Authors: Paxton Susan J. , Trinder John , Montgomery Iain 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAerobically fit athletes have been shown to have elevated levels of slow wave sleep, greater sleep durations, and shorter sleep onset latencies. However, by using independent group designs, previous studies have potentially confounded aerobic fitness with other characteristics of athletic individuals. In this study the sleep of proficient athletes was assessed on two occasions, initially when they were unfit and subsequently when aerobically fit, and compared with an unfit, non‐athletic, sedentary group. The athletes tended to sleep longer and they had elevated slow wave sleep levels. However, these differences were independent of the aerobic fitness of the athletes. Thus sleep does not vary as a function of aerobic fitness, rather, previously reported differences appear to be a function of more enduring characteristics of athletic individuals.
The Effect of Prolonged Stimulus Repetition on Autonomic Response and EEG Activity in Normal Subjects, Schizophrenic, and Nonschizophrenic Patients
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S. , Taylor Kenneth W. , Starkey Paul , Lubowsky Jack , Juni Samuel , Paley Herbert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of prolonged stimulus repetition were studied in 40 schizophrenics, 40 normal controls, and 40 nonschizophrenic patients. 1000‐Hz, 1‐sec tones with 25‐msec rise times were repeated 70 times at 60 or 90 dB while skin conductance (SCR), finger pulse volume (FPV), and EEG were recorded.Consistent with their hyporesponsiveness in the initial orienting response (OR), schizophrenics displayed less increment in responsiveness with prolonged stimulation, whether in terms of the overextinction (OE) criterion adopted here or of Zahn's post‐habituation response‐rate score. Among the schizophrenics, those with relatively higher post‐habituation response rates showed less emotional withdrawal and greater suspiciousness.OE was more frequent in FPV than in SCR, Since the reverse was true for initial ORs, it is unlikely that the greater FPV‐OE simply reflects bias due to normal arrhythmias. The major incidence of OE response occurred within a narrow range of trials, similar in SCR and FPV. OE response in SCR (but not in FPV) was accompanied by renewed alpha blockade. SCR‐OE was not related to initial SCR‐OR activity, but the data were less consistent for FPV‐OE, leaving the initial OR‐OE relationship somewhat ambiguous. OE was not associated with evidence of cortical inhibition. Instead, electrodermal OE was preceded by a heightening of skin conductance level suggesting some (limited) role for arousal state. Differences between OE and initial OR were discussed.
P300 Latency and Digit Span
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship betweeen P300 latency and digit span reported by Polich, Howard, and Starr (1983) is re‐examined. Evidence is presented which shows that these authors' use of partial correlation to correct for age differences in their sample of subjects is erroneous because the assumption of linear regression is clearly not satisfied. This finding seriously questions Polich et al.'s conclusion that P300 latency and digit span covary irrespective of any relationship of the variables to age.