bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory brainstem response results as predictors of behavioral auditory thresholds in severe and profound hearing impairment
Authors: Brookhouser Patrick E. , Gorga Michael P. , Kelly William J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPediatric cochlear implantation is restricted to patients with stable, bilateral profound sensorineural hearing losses who derive no benefit from conventional amplification. Obtaining reliable audiologic thresholds in a young child with sudden or early‐onset hearing loss can be challenging. This study examines the accuracy with which auditory brain‐stem response evaluation can predict unaided and aided behavioral thresholds in a child with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss. Reliable behavioral thresholds were obtained on 119 children who had no measurable click‐evoked auditory brainstem responses at instrumentation limits of 100 dB HLn. These data show that an absent auditory brainstem response at 100 dB HLn does not necessarily indicate the absence of measurable unaided hearing for test frequencies ranging from 250 Hz to 4000 Hz. Average aided thresholds of better than 60 dB were present in 43% of the children for 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz and in 53% for 500 and 1000 Hz. Therefore, the absence of a click‐evoked auditory brainstem response at 100 dB HLn in a young child is not prima facie evidence of the child's cochlear implant candidacy.
Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and cephaloceles
Authors: Mattox Douglas E. , Kennedy David W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe excellent visualization and atraumatic surgical techniques of endoscopic sinus surgery have been applied to the management of five cerebrospinal fluid leaks and two nasal cephaloceles. In all cases, the exact site of the lesion was identified. Four cerebrospinal fluid leaks were grafted with a free or pedicled septal mucosal graft. The fifth cerebrospinal fluid leak came from a narrow sphenoethmoid recess and stopped after the mucosa was abraded. The two cephaloceles were reduced intranasally and covered with bone and mucosal grafts. Not all cases seen in the same time period were treated endoscopically; two additional cerebrospinal fluid leaks were treated with conventional techniques because of severe nasal inflammatory disease and intracranial complications. The technique and indications for endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and cephaloceles are discussed.
The trigeminal sensory innervation to the middle ear, eustachian tube, and pharynx: A study by the horseradish peroxidase tracer method
Authors: Oyagi Shohaku , Ito Juichi , Honjo Iwao 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe trigeminal sensory innervations to the middle ear, the eustachian tube, and the pharynx were examined using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in cats.After HRP application to the middle ear and the eustachian tube, HRP‐labeled cells were found mainly in the posterolateral portion and the anteromedial portion of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. In the case of injection into the epipharynx and the mesopharynx, HRP‐labeled cells were found in the anteromedial portion and the posterolateral portion, respectively. HRP‐labeled cells were hardly observed when HRP was applied to the hypopharynx.These results indicate that trigeminal nerve sensory fibers branch to the middle ear, including the eustachian tube, epipharynx, and mesopharynx.
Electronic control of laryngeal spasm. I. Blockage of orthodromically induced action potentials in intact canine recurrent laryngeal nerves
Authors: Broniatowski Michael , Davies Charles R. , Jacobs Gordon B. , Nose Yukihiko , Grundfest‐Broniatowski Sharon , Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpastic dysphonia is a central nervous system phenomenon of unknown etiology characterized by uncoordinated voice tremor with erratic patterns of laryngeal contraction. Standard treatments have not been entirely satisfactory. The authors propose to apply a concept of selective nerve activity blockage, which leaves normal contractions undisturbed, as the basis for suppression of laryngeal spasticity. Single pulses of constant duration and increasing amplitude were injected into specially designed blocking electrodes placed around six recurrent laryngeal nerves (three dogs). Vocal cord adduction was reduced or arrested within given “windows” of stimulation levels of the blocking electrodes, while it increased with higher amplitudes when the current was injected via standard bipolar electrodes (controls). Although this study demonstrates the feasibility of blocking action potentials passing along recurrent laryngeal nerves, it might eventually allow control of laryngeal spasm from information taken directly from the affected musculature.
Le fort i osteotomy approach to the skull base
Authors: Sasaki Clarence T. , Lowlicht Roger A. , Astrachan David I. , Friedman Craig D. , Goodwin W. Jarrard , Morales Marco 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHorizontal osteotomy allows the surgeon to safely down‐fracture the maxilla for wide exposure of the central skull base. This surgical approach is easily extended posteriorly in the midline to include the clivus and the arch of C1, providing 8 cm of horizontal anterior exposure and 5 cm of posterior. Wide operative exposure and a low rate of complications afford superior functional and cosmetic preservation in removing tumors of the central cranial base.
Stapedotomy technique and results: Ten years' experience and comparative study with stapedectomy
Authors: Levy Rudi , Shvero Jacob , Hadar Tuvia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFifty of the 810 patients who underwent stapedotomy for otosclerosis from 1969 through 1988 were randomly chosen for follow‐up of at least 5 years. Most of the patients (65%) had follow‐ups of 10 years after stapedotomy, but another 50 patients who underwent stapedectomy had follow‐ups of longer than 10 years.In 50 patients, stapedectomy under local anesthesia was performed by removal of the footplate of the stapes, using an endaural incision, and covering the oval window with Gel‐foam®. In the other 50 patients, stapedotomy was performed under general anesthesia, using an endopreauricular incision, making a small hole in the footplate, and covering the hole only with blood from the surgical area. Although both groups showed improvement in hearing after the operation, the air‐bone gap in the stapedotomy group was significantly better than that in the stapedectomy group. The use of the endopreauricular incision under general anesthesia was preferable to endaural incision under local anesthesia because the operative field was wider, more convenient for the surgeon, and conducive to patient safety. There were no significant complications in either group.Our experience suggests that stapedotomy is the procedure of choice for otosclerosis.
Tolerance of the carotid‐sheath contents to brachytherapy: An experimental study
Authors: Werber Josh L. , Mccormick Steven A. , Sood Brij , Alfieri Alan , Vikram Bhadrasain 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTumor invasion of the carotid artery is a potential indication for brachytherapy, which delivers a high dose of irradiation to residual tumor while limiting the dose to adjacent healthy tissues. The tolerance of carotid‐sheath contents to varying doses of brachytherapy, however, has not been clearly established. In order to evaluate brachytherapy effects on carotid‐sheath contents, after‐loading catheters were implanted bilaterally in 3 groups of 6 rabbits each (18 rabbits). Iridium 192 brachytherapy doses of either 5000 cGy (rad), 9000 cGy, or 13,000 cGy were delivered unilaterally, with the contralateral neck serving as a nonirradiated control in each animal.There were no carotid ruptures and wound healing was normal. Two animals from each group were killed at 6,20, and 48 weeks. Even at the highest dose (13,000 cGy), nerve conduction studies performed on the vagus nerve prior to sacrifice revealed no increased latency, histologic changes were minimal, and carotid arteries were patent. These observations suggest that the carotid‐sheath contents in healthy rabbits could tolerate high doses (up to 13,000 cGy) of low‐dose‐rate interstitial brachytherapy without complications.
Analysis of Oct4-Dependent Transcriptional Networks Regulating Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Babaie Yasmin , Herwig Ralf , Greber Boris , Brink Thore C. , Wruck Wasco , Groth Detlef , Lehrach Hans , Burdon Tom , Adjaye James 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The POU domain transcription factor OCT4 is a key regulator of pluripotency in the early mammalian embryo and is highly expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Consistent with its essential role in maintaining pluripotency, Oct4 expression is rapidly downregulated during formation of the trophoblast lineage. To enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of this differentiation event in humans, we used a functional genomics approach involving RNA interference-mediated suppression of OCT4 function in a human ESC line and analysis of the resulting transcriptional profiles to identify OCT4-dependent genes in human cells. We detected altered expression of &gt;1,000 genes, including targets regulated directly by OCT4 either positively (NANOG, SOX2, REX1, LEFTB, LEFTA/EBAF DPPA4, THY1, and TDGF1) or negatively (CDX2, EOMES, BMP4, TBX18, Brachyury [T], DKK1, HLX1, GATA6, ID2, and DLX5), as well as targets for the OCT4-associated stem cell regulators SOX2 and NANOG. Our data set includes regulators of ACTIVIN, BMP, fibroblast growth factor, and WNT signaling. These pathways are implicated in regulating human ESC differentiation and therefore further validate the results of our analysis. In addition, we identified a number of differentially expressed genes that are involved in epigenetics, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis, and metabolism that may point to underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate pluripotency and trophoblast differentiation in humans. Significant concordance between this data set and previous comparisons between inner cell mass and trophectoderm in human embryos indicates that the study of human ESC differentiation in vitro represents a useful model of early embryonic differentiation in humans.
Simultaneous determination of fluoride and monofluorophosphate in toothpastes by supressed ion chromatography
Authors: Michalski Rajmund , Mathews Barbara 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Suppressed ion chromatography with a highly selective and high capacity anion-exchange column is used for the determination of anionic compounds in ten commercially available toothpastes. Minimal sample preparation is needed, requiring only dilution and filtration over a solid-phase extraction cartridge. Quantitative analysis of fluoride and monofluorophosphate, as well as chloride, nitrate, orthophosphate, and sulfate is achieved in one chromatographic run with a total analysis time of 25 minutes.
Optimized analytical conditions are validated in terms of accuracy, precision, and total uncertainty, and the results demonstrate the reproducibility of ion chromatography. The coefficient of determination for the anions ranges from 0.9896 to 0.9997. The spiked recoveries for the anions are 88–108%. The change in the fluoride content of the toothpaste with storage time is investigated.
Polyurea/vinylester hybrid thermoset resins with in situ produced silicate filler: Preparation and static mechanical properties
Authors: Karger‐Kocsis J. , Erdélyi S. , Nagy G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProprietary polyurea‐based thermosets were produced from polyisocyanate and water glass (WG) using a phosphate‐type phase transfer catalyst. WG was dispersed in the polyisocyanate resulting in water‐in‐oil (W/O) type emulsion. The polyurea matrix, formed after crosslinking, contained the WG derived silicate in coarse particles showing a broad particle size distribution. The mean particle size of the silicate was markedly reduced and its distribution narrowed when the polyisocyanate was hybridized with a peroxide crosslinkable vinylester resin (VE) when the amount of the latter was <75%. This resin hybridization strongly improved the mechanical (flexural) properties of the related thermosets, however, at cost of the fracture mechanical characteristics (fracture toughness and energy under mode I condition). This was mostly attributed to the formation of a conetwork or interpenetrated network between the polyurea and VE. The static flexural and fracture mechanical properties were determined as function of the resin hybridization ratio. It was found that the mechanical properties change according to the additivity rule as a function of the resin hybridization in the first approximation. The silicate dispersion and the failure behavior in the polyurea/VE hybrids were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 853–859, 2007
Effect of medium pH on the reactivity ratios in acrylamide acrylic acid copolymerization
Authors: Paril A. , Alb A. M. , Giz A. T. , Çatalgil‐Giz H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe copolymerization reactivity ratios of acrylic acid and acrylamide are found at pH 5 and pH 2. Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) has been used for the first time to monitor the synthesis of polyelectrolytic copolymers. The composition drift during the reactions revealed that at pH 5, the acrylamide participates more in the copolymer, and at pH 2, the acrylic acid incorporates in the system at a higher ratio. The copolymerization data were analyzed by a recent error in variables (EVM) type calculation method developed for obtaining the reactivity ratios by on‐line monitoring and gave at pH 5 reactivity ratios rAam = 1.88 ± 0.17, rAac = 0.80 ± 0.07 and at pH 2 rAam = 0.16 ± 0.04, rAac = 0.88 ± 0.08. The results show that the reactivity ratios depend strongly on the pH of the medium. The effect of polyelectrolytic interactions on the reactivity ratios is discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 968–974, 2007
Influence of the chemical structure of dithiocarbamates with different R groups on the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Zhou Di , Zhu Xiulin , Zhu Jian , Hu Lihua , Cheng Zhenping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour dithiocarbamates, carbazole‐9‐carbodithioic acid benzyl ester (R1), carbazole‐9‐carbodithioic acid naphthalen‐1‐ylmethyl ester (R2), 2‐(carbazole‐9‐carbothioylsulfanyl)‐2‐methyl‐propionic acid ethyl ester (R3), and (carbazole‐9‐carbothioylsulfanyl)‐phenyl‐acetic acid methyl ester (R4), were synthesized and used to the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA), respectively. The influence of chemical structure of dithiocarbamates with different R groups on the RAFT polymerizations was investigated. The results showed that the four RAFT agents were effective RAFT agents for the polymerizations of styrene or MA, and that the polymerizations were well‐controlled with the characteristics of controlled/“living” polymerization. The polymerization rate of styrene with thermal initiation was markedly influenced by the chemical structures of the group R in dithiocarbamates, and decreased in the order of R3 > R2 > R4 > R1. For the polymerization of MA, the efficiency of RAFT agents was in the following order: R2–R3 > R1 > R4. However, they were not efficient enough to control the polymerization of MMA. The obtained polystyrene (PSt) with carbazole group labeled strongly absorbed UV light at 294 nm and emitted fluorescent light in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 982–988, 2007
The mechanical and tribological properties of PTFE filled with PTFE waste powders
Authors: Xiang Dinghan , Tao Kemei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with PTFE waste offer interesting combination of tribological properties and low cost. PTFE composites waste was mechanically cut and sieved into powders. PTFE composites filled with PTFE waste powders were prepared by compression molding. Friction and wear experiments were carried out in a reciprocating sliding tribotester at a reciprocating frequency of 1.0 Hz, a contact pressure of 5.5 MPa, and a relative humidity of (60 ± 5)%. PTFE materials slid against a 45 carbon steel track. Results showed that a PTFE composite (B) filled with 20 wt % PTFE waste exhibited a coefficient of steady‐state friction slightly higher than that of unfilled PTFE (A), while wear resistance over two orders of magnitude higher than that of unfilled PTFE (A). Another PTFE composite filled with PTFE waste and alumina nanoparticles exhibited the highest wear resistance among the three PTFE materials. This behavior originates from the effective reinforcement of PTFE waste as a filler. It was experimentally confirmed that the low cost recycling of PTFE waste without by‐products is feasible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1035–1041, 2007
Using analog assessment procedures for determining the effects of a gluten‐free and casein‐free diet on rate of problem behaviors for an adolescent with autism
Authors: Irvin Douglas S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe behavioral effects of a gluten/casein‐free diet were evaluated for an adolescent with autism who displayed several forms of aberrant behavior. An analog assessment was used to measure behavioral response rates within four conditions with type of diet controlled using a BABA design. Results suggested that a gluten/casein‐free diet did not serve as an abolishing operation for assessed problem behaviors. Both the limitations and generality of this finding are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error correction in discrimination training for children with autism
Authors: Smith Tristram , Mruzek Daniel W. , Wheat Leigh Ann , Hughes Carrie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree procedures for correcting errors made during discrimination training were examined: error statement (saying ‘no’), modeling the correct response, and No Feedback. Six children with autism (age 3–7 years) were taught to match words to pictures with each of the three procedures, and the number of trials to mastery was compared across conditions. Results varied across participants. Two participants performed as well with no feedback as they did with an error correction procedure; two acquired skills slightly more quickly with an error correction procedure than with no feedback, but showed no difference between error correction procedures; one did best with error statement; and one did best with modeling. Results indicate that the choice of error correction procedure can have a large effect on rate of skill acquisition but that the optimal procedure may vary across individuals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmatechnologie – Neue Wege zur Entkeimung von Packstoffmaterialien
Authors: Langowski H. C. , Muranyi P. , Wunderlich Joachim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDer Einsatz von Gasplasmen ist eine innovative Technologie für die nichtthermische Entkeimung bzw. Sterilisation von Packstoffen. Unter Ausnutzung spezifischer Wirkmechanismen wie UV‐Strahlung, Radikalchemie und Ionenbeschuss können Oberflächen effizient entkeimt und von Biomolekülen wie z. B. Pyrogenen befreit werden. Aufgrund der moderaten Temperaturen sind Gasplasmen besonders für die Behandlung von thermolabilen Materialien wie Kunststoffen geeignet. Die hohe Leistungsfähigkeit bei Behandlungszeiten im Sekundenbereich und die Vielseitigkeit der Plasmatechnik ermöglichen diverse Applikationen in der Verpackungstechnik.
Thermische und hydrostatische Inaktivierung von Bakteriophagen
Authors: Müller‐Merbach M. , Hinrichs J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVon 55 Laktokokkenphagen einer aktuellen Probenerhebung überstanden 40 % der Isolate eine 5‐minütige Behandlung bei 80 °C. Die kombinierte hydrostatisch‐thermische Inaktivierung wird an einem Modellphagen (P008) untersucht. Mittlere Drücke und Temperaturen wirken antagonistisch, wie durch Kurven gleichen Effekts in einem Druck‐Temperatur‐Diagramm demonstriert wird.
Sterilfiltration von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen
Authors: Brendel‐Thimmel U. , Jaenchen R. , Schlamp F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Sterilfiltration von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen mittels Membranfiltration ist ein sicheres Verfahren zur Abtrennung von Mikroorganismen und ein wesentlicher, die Produktqualität bestimmender Prozessschritt. Neben den Materialien und Bauformen bestimmen Flussleistungen, Feinheit und eine abgestimmte Vorfiltration ebenso den Erfolg und die Wirtschaftlichkeit einer Sterilfiltration wie die richtige Installation und Handhabung im Prozess. In diesem Beitrag werden Kriterien für die Auswahl der geeigneten Filtermaterialien und das Design der Anlage und des Prozesses dargelegt. Die herstellerseitige Qualifizierung und die anwenderseitige Validierung tragen zu einer korrekten Funktion der Sterilfilter ebenso bei wie die kontinuierliche Überwachung wichtiger Prozessparameter und die Durchführung von Integritätstests. Je nach Industriezweig und in Abhängigkeit der Produkte, deren Verunreinigungen und der typischen Keimspektren werden unterschiedliche Sterilfilter eingesetzt.
Hygienic Design von Anlagen und deren Qualifizierungsmethoden
Authors: Hofmann J. , Sommer K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Vermeidung von Lebensmittelkontaminationen und die Erhöhung der Produktsicherheit ist das Ziel eines jeden Lebensmittelproduzenten. Mit der reinigungsfreundlichen Gestaltung von Bauteilen und Anlagen für die Lebensmittelherstellung befasst sich das Hygienic Design. Es definiert grundlegende Anforderungen an die Auswahl von Werkstoffen und deren Oberflächenqualitäten. Wichtige Gestaltungskriterien müssen eingehalten werden, damit eine vollständige, sichere und reproduzierbare Reinigung der Anlagen ermöglicht wird. Nur so kann die Gefahr einer Produktkontamination vermieden werden. Damit stellt dieses Themengebiet ein wichtiges Glied in der Kette aller Einflussfaktoren hinsichtlich der Produktqualität dar. Dieser Beitrag soll dazu beitragen, die Grundzüge der reinigungsgerechten Konstruktion von Komponenten und Anlagen besser verstehen zu können und über verschiedene Qualifizierungsmethoden aufklären.
Ultrahochdruckverfahren zur Keiminaktivierung
Authors: Rademacher B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Ultrahochdruckbehandlung von Lebensmitteln mit dem Ziel der Inaktivierung von Mikroorganismen ist eine Alternative zu den etablierten thermischen Verfahren. Schon seit einigen Jahren sind hochdruckbehandelte Produkte auch in Europa kommerziell verfügbar. Der Beitrag stellt Möglichkeiten, wichtige Aspekte der Anwendung und Grenzen der Hochdrucktechnologie vor.
Maschinen und Anlagenhygiene – Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen aus Regelwerken für Lebensmittel‐ und pharmazeutische Produktion
Authors: Bellin H.‐W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlle Richtlinien der EG müssen in den Mitgliedsländern in entsprechende nationale Regelungen umgesetzt werden. Die jeweiligen Behörden der Mitgliedsstaaten erhalten dann Vollzugsgrundlagen und können damit über die Einhaltung der Vorgaben wachen und dürfen entsprechende Zwangsmaßnahmen einleiten. In Deutschland liegt die Überwachung der Gesetze bei den Länderbehörden, z. B. der Gewerbeaufsicht. Richtlinien sind Mindestanforderungen und dürfen, wenn bereits vor in Kraft treten der Richtlinie ein höheres Niveau herrschte, durch die nationale Gesetzgebung verschärft werden. Im Gegensatz zu den Richtlinien wirken Europäische Verordnungen unmittelbar, und es bedarf keiner nationalen Umsetzung. Ebenso wie die Richtlinien gehen aber auch die Verordnungen dem nationalen Recht in ihrer Anwendung vor.