bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐guided injection and occlusion of the trachea in fetal sheep
Authors: David A. L. , Weisz B. , Gregory L. , Themis M. , Cook T. , Roubliova X. , Deprest J. , Coutelle C. , Rodeck C. H. , Peebles D. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo access the fetal sheep trachea by ultrasound‐guided transthoracic injection in order to deliver gene therapy vectors or occlude the trachea with a detachable balloon.MethodsFetal sheep were operated on at a mean gestational age of 102 (range, 81–116) days (term = 145 days). Under ultrasound guidance, either a 20‐G spinal (for vector delivery) or a 16‐G Kellett (for placement of an occlusive balloon) needle was inserted via the fetal thorax into the fetal trachea.ResultsUsing the 20‐G spinal needle the trachea was accessed successfully in 33/36 fetuses, with 97% survival. Failure to inject was related to fetal position and gestational age. Blood vessel damage causing significant morbidity occurred in two fetuses (6%). Tracheal occlusion was achieved by puncturing the trachea with the 16‐G needle and advancing an endoluminal balloon in three out of five attempts in a mean time of 17 (range, 16–19) min, with 100% survival. In one case, the balloon became sited within the accessory lobe bronchus and was not inflated. At postmortem examination 21 days later, all balloons remained inflated and occluded the trachea, and the lung‐to‐body weight ratio and airways morphometric indices were consistent with relative pulmonary hyperplasia in the obstructed lungs.ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided transthoracic tracheal puncture is a reliable technique in fetal sheep, with low morbidity and mortality. Using this technique, a detachable endotracheal balloon can be placed to provoke pulmonary growth. Advances in needle design and balloon size may improve the success rate. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel application of 4D sonography with B‐flow imaging and spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) in the assessment of the anatomy of pulmonary arteries in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect
Authors: Volpe P. , Campobasso G. , Stanziano A. , De Robertis V. , Di Paolo S. , Caruso G. , Volpe N. , Gentile M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the reliability of two‐dimensional gray‐scale (2D) and color Doppler echocardiography in the study of the size and anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and of the sources of pulmonary blood flow in a case series of fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (PA‐VSD), and to evaluate whether the use of 4D ultrasound with B‐flow imaging and spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) can improve prenatal diagnostic accuracy.MethodsThe study population comprised a group of seven PA‐VSD fetuses that had been examined by 2D and color Doppler echocardiography exclusively, and a group of five additional cases identified initially by conventional echocardiography and examined further by 4D ultrasound, for all of which a thorough postnatal or autopsy study of the size and anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and blood supply was available.Results2D and color Doppler echocardiography failed to assess the anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and the source of the pulmonary blood supply in 33% and 25% of the 12 cases, respectively. 4D ultrasound with B‐flow imaging and STIC assessed successfully the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and the source of pulmonary blood supply in all five fetuses examined.ConclusionsThe prognosis of PA‐VSD is influenced by the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and the sources of the pulmonary blood supply, and by coexisting extracardiac and genetic anomalies. Our findings, although limited to a small sample size, suggest that 4D echocardiography with B‐flow imaging and STIC, unlike 2D ultrasound, can provide thorough visualization of very small vessels and of the arterial blood supply to the lungs of fetuses with PA‐VSD. 4D ultrasound may be used in the future to improve and help to detail the diagnosis of other fetal cardiac defects. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Viñals F. , Ascenzo R. , Poblete P. , Comas C. , Vargas G. , Giuliano A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the most relevant anomalies, seen in a sequential segmental transverse views approach to imaging the fetal heart, that provide clues to the diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA).MethodsWe reviewed retrospectively all the cases of isolated TGA diagnosed in our center or submitted for a second opinion through the spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine (TELE‐STIC) program. Only transverse cardiac sweeps were obtained. Digital video clips and STIC volumes were reviewed. The abnormal features on four‐chamber, five‐chamber, three‐vessel (3V) and three vessels and trachea (3VT) views were analyzed.ResultsThe study population consisted of eight fetuses with TGA with normal extracardiac anatomy. The gestational age ranged from 13 to 32 (mean, 23) weeks. The maternal age ranged from 25 to 42 (mean, 32) years. A normal four‐chamber view was seen in seven cases. Only one case demonstrated a significant ventricular septal defect. At the level of the five‐chamber view a straight course arterial vessel arose from the left ventricle with lateral branches in all fetuses. In the 3V view, the ascending aorta was seen reaching more anteriorly than was the pulmonary artery in six cases. At the level of the 3VT view, two vessels (transverse aortic arch and superior vena cava) rather than three were seen in all cases.ConclusionOur proposed sequential segmental approach to imaging the fetal heart apparently allows, in five‐chamber and 3VT views, clear and confident signs to be detected that aid diagnosis of TGA. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of hypoplastic left heart syndrome after diagnosis of aortic stenosis in the first trimester by early echocardiography
Authors: Axt‐Fliedner R. , Kreiselmaier P. , Schwarze A. , Krapp M. , Gembruch U. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe describe a case of aortic stenosis in the first trimester that progressed to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. At 11 + 3 weeks' gestation the four‐chamber view was normal but evidence of increased aortic blood velocity prompted the diagnosis of aortic outflow obstruction. At 16 + 6 weeks' gestation the left ventricle was hyperechogenic, globular and dysfunctional, suggesting the development of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The aortic valve was small and there was no flow across the mitral or aortic valves. From 17 + 3 weeks increased reversed flow in the pulmonary veins suggested restriction of the foramen ovale. Follow‐up echocardiographic examinations were performed every 2–3 weeks until delivery at term. Postnatal intervention included a Norwood I operation performed on the 5th postnatal day.We have shown the feasibility and utility of early fetal echocardiography and that a left heart obstruction diagnosed in the first trimester can progress to left heart hypoplasia during the early second trimester. This information is important for planning prenatal and perinatal management. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference ranges for Doppler parameters of the fetal aortic isthmus during the second half of pregnancy
Authors: del Río M. , Martínez J. M. , Figueras F. , López M. , Palacio M. , Gómez O. , Coll O. , Puerto B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo establish reference ranges for blood flow velocity waveforms (FVW) of the fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional observational study involving 458 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 19 and 37 weeks of gestation. Fetal AoI Doppler parameters were assessed in either the longitudinal aortic arch view or the three vessels and trachea view. Regression analysis was used to determine gestational‐age‐specific reference ranges and to construct nomograms for the following Doppler parameters: pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and peak systolic (PSV), end‐diastolic (EDV) and time‐averaged maximum (TAMXV) velocities. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility were evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and limits of agreement.ResultsReliable FVW in the AoI were obtained in all cases. Acceptable intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was obtained. With advancing gestation, there was a significant increase in PSV, TAMXV and PI, whereas RI and EDV remained constant during the second half of pregnancy. No cases of absent or reversed flow during diastole were detected.ConclusionNormal data of the fetal AoI blood FVW throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are provided. The reported Doppler profiles may be of clinical use in the assessment of hemodynamically compromised growth‐restricted fetuses. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of the OGG1‐Ser326Cys polymorphism with lung adenocarcinoma risk
Authors: Kohno Takashi , Kunitoh Hideo , Toyama Kaoru , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Kuchiba Aya , Saito Daizo , Yanagitani Noriko , Ishihara Shin‐ichi , Saito Ryusei , Yokota Jun 
Published: June 2006

Adenocarcinoma (ADC) is the most frequent histological type of lung cancer and comprises the majority of lung cancers in non‐smokers. Thus, genetic factors responsible for ADC susceptibility need to be determined to establish efficient ways of preventing the disease. The OGG1 gene, encoding a glycosylase for 8‐hydroxyguanine, an oxidatively damaged promutagenic base, has the polymorphism Ser326Cys, and OGG1‐326Cys protein was indicated to have a lower ability to prevent mutagenesis than the OGG1‐326Ser protein. Case‐control studies to date suggest that the OGG1‐326Cys allele is associated with a higher risk for several types of cancers, including overall lung cancer. However, the contribution of this polymorphism to lung ADC risk is unclear. In the present study, the OGG1‐Ser326Cys polymorphism was assessed for association with lung ADC risk using a case‐control study of a Japanese population consisting of 1097 cases and 394 controls. Odds ratios (OR) of the 326Cys allele carriers increased in a dose‐dependent manner with allele number (P for the trend test = 0.04). The OR of homozygotes for the 326Cys allele was increased significantly when homozygotes for the 326Ser allele were used as a reference (OR = 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–2.1, P = 0.04). Furthermore, the overall OR for lung ADC of the Cys/Cys homozygotes out of a total of 1925 ADC patients and 3449 controls from six case‐control studies reported up to the present were 1.43 (95% CI = 1.11–1.84, P = 0.0045). These results indicate that OGG1‐326Cys functions as a risk allele for lung ADC development. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 724–728)
Effects of genetic polymorphisms of MDR1, FMO3 and CYP1A2 on susceptibility to colorectal cancer in Koreans
Authors: Bae Sun‐Young , Choi Sun‐Keun , Kim Kyung‐Rae , Park Chang‐Shin , Lee Sung‐Keun , Roh Hyung‐Keun , Shin Dong‐Woon , Pie Jae‐Eun , Woo Ze‐Hong , Kang Ju‐Hee 
Published: June 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects on the susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) of genetic polymorphisms in P‐glycoprotein (PGP) and the metabolic enzymes cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and flavin‐containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). We analyzed five single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 93 cancer‐free volunteers and 111 patients with CRC: one common genetic variant of the PGP‐encoding MDR1 gene and four SNP in genes for metabolic enzymes (two SNP in FMO3 and two SNP in CYP1A2). The genotypes and allele frequencies of the MDR1/C3435T, FMO3/G488A, FMO3/A923G and CYP1A2/G‐3860 A polymorphisms were not significantly different in cancer‐free subjects and CRC patients. However, a significant association was found between the CYP1A2/A‐163C polymorphism and the risk of CRC, particularly in elderly (>55 years) subjects and smokers. A phenotyping study in normal smokers showed that the CYP1A2 activity of subjects with the CYP1A2/−163 AA genotype was significantly lower than that of subjects carrying the CYP1A2/−163C allele. Combined results show that the CYP1A2/−163C allele is significantly associated with an increase in CYP1A2 activity and a consequent increased risk of CRC in Koreans, particularly in elderly people and smokers. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 774–779)
Different susceptibility to peroxisome proliferator‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats with polymorphic glutathione transferase genes
Authors: Kudo Toshihiro , Asano Jumpei , Shimizu Takeshi , Nanashima Naoki , Fan Yang , Akita Miki , Ookawa Keizo , Hayakari Makoto , Yokoyama Yoshihito , Suto Kohji , Tsuchida Shigeki 
Published: June 2006

Although peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme (enoyl‐CoA hydratase/l‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase; BE) is a positive marker for peroxisome proliferation, it is completely absent or expressed very weakly in rat hepatic preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions induced by peroxisome proliferators (PP). After administration of PP for 8–15 weeks, some rats exhibit BE‐negative preneoplastic foci but other rats do not. In the present study, to investigate the involvement of glutathione S‐transferase (GST) M1 gene polymorphism in interindividual differences in susceptibility to PP, we developed a method to determine the genotypes of rats. We then examined whether rats with one type encoding 198Asn‐199Cys (NC‐type) or another encoding 198Lys‐199Ser (KS‐type) exhibit differences in clofibrate (CF) susceptibility. After administration of 0.3% CF for 6 weeks or more, BE‐negative foci were found immunohistochemically in KS/KS‐type rats, but not in NC/NC‐type rats. The number of BE‐negative foci in KS/KS rats was 15.3 ± 9.0 foci/cm2 of liver section after 6 weeks of CF administration, and the values did not alter thereafter. The mean areas of BE‐negative foci in KS/KS rat livers increased during the period from 6 to 60 weeks. At weeks 30 and 60, almost all BE‐negative foci exhibited a clear cell phenotype, a type of preneoplastic hepatic lesion. BE‐negative foci were devoid of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α, whereas surrounding tissues were positive for the receptor. These results indicate that rats that are polymorphic for the GST M1 gene exhibit different susceptibilities to CF in vivo. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 703–709)
Effect of SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of nateglinide
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Yi‐Jing , Han Chun‐Ting , Liu Zhao‐Qian , Li Qing , Fan Lan , Tan Zhi‐Rong , Zhang Wei‐Xia , Yu Bang‐Ning , Wang Dan , Hu Dong‐Li , Zhou Hong‐Hao 
Published: June 2006

AimsNateglinide is a meglitinide analogue with antidiabetic action. A recent study showed that SLCO1B1 (which codes the OATP1B1 gene, also known as OATP‐C, OATP2) is a major determinant which markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide. Our objective was to assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLCO1B1 and the pharmacokinetics of nateglinide.MethodsSeventeen healthy volunteers with different SLCO1B1 genotypes (11 with 521TT, four with 521TC and two with 521CC) were enrolled in this study. Each was given a single oral dose of 90 mg nateglinide. Plasma concentrations of nateglinide were measured up to 8 h by HPLC.ResultsThe Cmax and AUC(0,∞) of nateglinide were 83% (P = 0.002) and 82% (P = 0.001) higher in the SLCO1B1521TC subjects (n = 4), and 76% (P = 0.016) and 108% (P = 0.001) higher in the SLCO1B1521CC subjects (n = 2) than in the SLCO1B1521TT subjects (n = 11), respectively. The t1/2 of nateglinide in SLCO1B1521CC subjects was 78% longer than that in 521TT subjects (P = 0.036). The difference in tmax values among the three genotypic groups was not statistically significant.ConclusionsOur results suggest that OATP1B1‐mediated hepatic uptake of nateglinide may be the prior step for its metabolism and elimination. SLCO1B1521T > C SNP might play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of nateglinide.
Effects of single and multiple doses of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine, a substrate of P‐glycoprotein
Authors: Shimizu Mikiko , Uno Tsukasa , Sugawara Kazunobu , Tateishi Tomonori 
Published: June 2006

AimsWe determined whether or not the extent of drug interaction of fexofenadine by itraconazole is time‐dependent.MethodsIn a randomized two‐phase crossover study, itraconazole was administered orally for 6 days, and, on days 1, 3 and 6, fexofenadine was administered simultaneously. On another occasion, fexofenadine was administered alone.ResultsItraconazole increased fexofenadine AUC(0, ∞), and the % change for difference was 178% (95% CI 1235, 3379), 205% (95% CI 1539, 3319) and 169% (95% CI 1128, 2987) on days 1, 3 and 6 of the 6 day treatment, respectively.ConclusionsThe extent of drug interaction by itraconazole was not time‐dependent.
Brain T1 intensity changes after levodopa administration in healthy subjects: a voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: Salgado‐Pineda Pilar , Delaveau Pauline , Falcon Carles , Blin Olivier 
Published: June 2006

AimTo test T1 intensity variations induced by levodopa administration in the regional fixation area in the human brain.MethodUsing non‐invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique [T1‐weighted sequence MPRAGE; TE/TR/TI = 5/25/800 ms; impulsion angle = 15°; field of view = 256 × 230 × 180 mm3; acquisition matrix = 256 × 192 × 104; reconstruction matrix = 256 × 256 × 128), we tested changes in the T1 MRI signal intensity resulting in changes in the grey matter automatic classification after administration of a single dose of 100 mg of levodopa by a voxel‐based morphometry method (VBM) in 12 healthy subjects.ResultsThe VBM analysis demonstrated an increased number of voxels attributed to grey matter after levodopa administration in an anatomical cluster which included substantia nigra, tegmental ventral area and subthalamic nucleus bilaterally, the principal origin and first relay nuclei of projections in brain dopaminergic systems (t = 8.61; corrected for all grey matter volume P < 0.001).ConclusionOur results suggest that levodopa administration could induce an MRI T1 signal intensity variation that is not evident to the naked eye, but is detectable by measuring local signal intensities. Possible clinical applications are discussed.
Homoeopathic and herbal prescribing in general practice in Scotland
Authors: Ross Sarah , Simpson Colin R. , McLay James S. 
Published: June 2006

What is already known about this subject

Homoeopathy and herbalism are increasingly popular among the public and prescribed by general practitioners in the NHS.
Doctors and regulatory authorities have expressed concerns about their efficacy and safety.
Studies from the 1990s suggest that between 5.9 and 7.5% of English NHS general practitioners have prescribed homoeopathy, while less than 1% have prescribed herbal remedies. Current levels of prescribing are unknown but are thought to have increased.

What this study adds

Sixty percent of Scottish general practices now prescribe homoeopathic or herbal remedies.
The prevalence of homoeopathic prescribing in those under 16 years has doubled since 2000 and is maximal in children < 1 year old, of whom 1% are prescribed a homoeopathic remedy.
Recognized drug–herb interactions were identified in 4% of patients prescribed oral herbal remedies.

AimsTo investigate the current levels of homoeopathic and herbal prescribing in Scottish general practice.MethodsPrescribing of homoeopathic and herbal remedies in primary care was assessed in 1891 669 patients for the year 2003–2004, using computerized prescribing data retrieved from 323 general practices in Scotland.ResultsForty‐nine percent of practices prescribed homoeopathic and 32% herbal remedies. A total of 193 homoeopathic and 17 herbal remedies were prescribed, with 5% of practices accounting for 46% of patients and 50% of remedies. Four thousand one hundred and sixty patients (2.2/1000 registered patients) were prescribed at least one homoeopathic remedy during the study period, with the highest prevalence to children under 12 months of age (9.5/1000 children of that age). Children under the age of 16 made up 16% of the population prescribed homoeopathic remedies (2.2/1000 registered patients of that age). Three hundred and sixty‐one patients (0.2/1000 registered patients) were prescribed at least one herbal remedy during the study period, 44 of whom were children < 16 years old. Patients prescribed a homoeopathic or herbal remedy were also prescribed a median of four and five conventional medicines, respectively. Of patients prescribed an oral herbal remedy, 4% were also concomitantly prescribed a conventional medicine with which a drug–herb interaction has been documented.ConclusionsOur study reports that a substantial number of Scottish general practitioners prescribe homoeopathic and herbal remedies, with an approximate doubling in the number of children prescribed homoeopathic remedies. The level of homoeopathic and herbal prescribing raises questions about homoeopathic/herbal provision in the National Health Service and should prompt critical review.
Population analysis of a 24‐h paclitaxel infusion in advanced endometrial cancer: a gynaecological oncology group study
Authors: Mould Diane R. , Fleming Gini F. , Darcy Kathleen M. , Spriggs David 
Published: June 2006

AimsTo examine determinants of paclitaxel disposition and the association between paclitaxel exposure and toxicity or survival in patients with advanced stage or recurrent endometrial cancer treated with doxorubicin plus paclitaxel.MethodsA limited sampling scheme was used to examine the population pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in 160 patients from one arm of a randomized Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus paclitaxel or cisplatin. Four plasma samples per patient were collected at approximately 0, 3, 22 and 27 h after the first 24‐h infusion of paclitaxel and submitted to the Gynecological Oncology Group (GOG) Pharmacology Core Laboratory. Total paclitaxel concentrations were quantified by LC/MS and paclitaxel disposition was examined using NONMEM. Paclitaxel exposure was evaluated for associations with toxicity or survival.ResultsPatient weight, age and serum glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase level were determinants of paclitaxel clearance (clearance increased 0.437 l h−1 kg−1; decreased 0.223 l h−1 year−1and 0.105 l h−1 IU−1). Bayesian shrinkage was minimal for this parameter. In different measures of paclitaxel exposure, AUC was most predictive of toxicity, with higher AUC associated with granulocytopenia [probability of 1% at AUC = 1 to 22% at AUC = 4 µg l−1 h−1for performance status (PS) = 0]. PS was more strongly associated with survival than disease stage and higher paclitaxel AUC was associated with worse survival irrespective of PS and stage.ConclusionsPaclitaxel AUC is an independent predictor of granulocytopenia and survival in patients with advanced stage or recurrent endometrial cancer. Future studies are needed to validate the latter finding. This study confirms the appropriateness of evaluating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in multicentre oncology trials.