bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective use of a Strategic Issue Management System (SIMS): combining tools and approach
Authors: Oliver G. R. , Donnelly P. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Ideally, issue management can prevent an issue from becoming an actual threat. But in reality, a company or group should be prepared to face issues that threaten a change in their status quo. This paper discusses the authors' experiences with blending the right tools with the right approach to successfully address issues that are imminent.
If the proper balance between process, interpretation and creativity is maintained, Strategic Issue Management Systems (SIMS) with their component tools can be used effectively to provide a more objective understanding of the issue and to shape a more effective strategic objective and tactical plan.
Key components of the SIMS presented include: issue characterization, strategic objectives, force field analysis, stakeholder assessment, scenario mapping, key player assessment and SWOT Analysis. Each can be used independently, but this paper focuses on how, when used in combination, each can build upon the other and produce an obtainable strategic objective and targeted tactical plan.
Although each component of the SIMS represents a stage in a process, the emphasis of the issue team should not be on completion of the process, but instead on what is learned from each stage and how the stages can then lead to a successful resolution of the issue.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐adjusted monitoring of veno‐occlusive disease following Bayesian individualization of busulfan dosage for bone marrow transplantation in paediatrics
Authors: Kitio Brice , Bertholle Valerie , Galambrun Claire , Mialou Valerie , Bertrand Yves , Aulagner Gilles , Bleyzac Nathalie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn order to assess the performance of Bayesian individualization of busulfan (BU) dosage regimens, veno‐occlusive disease (VOD) rate was monitored for paediatric patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic BMT with BU as conditioning regimen during 5‐years period (January 2000–February 2006) were reviewed. VOD was a major outcome variable. Preconditioning risk of VOD was estimated for each patient using a scoring system that included type of transplant, recipient CMV‐positive status and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provided pretransplantation. A risk‐adjusted cumulative sum method was used to compare observed versus predicted outcome by assigning a risk score, based on log‐likelihood ratios, to each patient. These cumulative scores were sequentially plotted with preset control limits for ‘signalling’ where results were substantially different than expected (doubling or halving of odds ratio). Sixty‐six children received BMT after oral busulfan‐based conditioning regimen with median age 3.9 years, 63.6% of male. Median preconditioning risk of VOD was 0.34 ranging from 0.23 to 0.84. Observed VOD rate was 16.7% (n = 11) which was 60.7% (17) fewer than the expected number estimated by the risk score. The resulting risk‐adjusted score for each patient was plotted sequentially. This plot adopted early a negative slope, crossing the lower control limit twice, after 27 and 66 patients, indicating improved results compared to those expected. Bayesian individualization of oral busulfan dosage regimens is useful to reduce the VOD rate in children undergoing allogeneic BMT. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new strategy to filter out false positive identifications of peptides in SEQUEST database search results
Authors: Zhang Jiyang , Li Jianqi , Xie Hongwei , Zhu Yunping , He Fuchu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBased on the randomized database method and a linear discriminant function (LDF) model, a new strategy to filter out false positive matches in SEQUEST database search results is proposed. Given an experiment MS/MS dataset and a protein sequence database, a randomized database is constructed and merged with the original database. Then, all MS/MS spectra are searched against the combined database. For each expected false positive rate (FPR), LDFs are constructed for different charge states and used to filter out the false positive matches from the normal database. In order to investigate the error of FPR estimation, the new strategy was applied to a reference dataset. As a result, the estimated FPR was very close to the actual FPR. While applied to a human K562 cell line dataset, which is a complicated dataset from real sample, more matches could be confirmed than the traditional cutoff‐based methods at the same estimated FPR. Also, though most of the results confirmed by the LDF model were consistent with those of PeptideProphet, the LDF model could still provide complementary information. These results indicate that the new method can reliably control the FPR of peptide identifications and is more sensitive than traditional cutoff‐based methods.
Proteomic patterns for classification of ovarian cancer and CTCL serum samples utilizing peak pairs indicative of post‐translational modifications
Authors: Liu Chenwei , Shea Nancy , Rucker Sally , Harvey Linda , Russo Paul , Saul Richard , Lopez Mary F. , Mikulskis Alvydas , Kuzdzal Scott , Golenko Eva , Fishman David , Vonderheid Eric , Booher Susan , Cowen Edward W. , Hwang Sam T. , Whiteley Gordon R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProteomic patterns as a potential diagnostic technology has been well established for several cancer conditions and other diseases. The use of machine learning techniques such as decision trees, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and other methods has been the basis for pattern determination. Cancer is known to involve signaling pathways that are regulated through PTM of proteins. These modifications are also detectable with high confidence using high‐resolution MS. We generated data using a prOTOF™ mass spectrometer on two sets of patient samples: ovarian cancer and cutaneous t‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) with matched normal samples for each disease. Using the knowledge of mass shifts caused by common modifications, we built models using peak pairs and compared this to a conventional technique using individual peaks. The results for each disease showed that a small number of peak pairs gave classification equal to or better than the conventional technique that used multiple individual peaks. This simple peak picking technique could be used to guide identification of important peak pairs involved in the disease process.
Dominant negative Rac1 attenuates paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells through upregulation of heat shock protein 27: A functional proteomic analysis
Authors: Lee Shao Chin , Sim Nigel , Clement Marie‐Veronique , Yadav Sanjiv Kumar , Pervaiz Shazib 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGTPase ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) plays a role in various cellular processes pertinent to cancer development. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis regulation by Rac1 through functional proteomic analysis of three human melanoma M14 cell lines stably transfected with constitutively active Rac1V12, dominant negative Rac1N17, and empty vector (pIRES), respectively. We found that paclitaxel evoked apoptosis in the melanoma cell lines through the intrinsic (mitochondria) pathway in a caspsae‐3‐dependent manner. Compared to the Rac1pIRES and Rac1V12 cells, Rac1N17 cells were more resistant to paclitaxel‐triggered caspase‐3 activation and apoptosis. Protein composition comparisons amongst the three cell lines identified two peptide spots of interest. One was Hsp27, which was upregulated in Rac1N17 cells as assessed in our gel image interpretation, PMF and Western blot analysis. The other was identified as SR‐25 protein (also known as the ADP‐ribosylation factor‐like factor 6‐interacting protein 4; ARL6IP4) using PMF, which was separated only from the Rac1N17 cells under the experimental conditions. Moreover, knockdown of the protein level of Hsp27 using small interfering RNA in Rac1N17 cells significantly increased the paclitaxel‐elicited caspase‐3 activation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our results implicate that Hsp27 and SR‐25 are mediators in Rac1 signaling pathway(s). It appears that the dominant negative Rac1N17 reduces the apoptosis sensitivity toward paclitaxel in the melanoma cells through upregulation of Hsp27, which inhibits its down stream drug‐elicited caspase‐3 activation.
Synthesis and morphological characterization of miktoarm star copolymers (PCL)2(PS)2of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and polystyrene
Authors: Lorenzo Arnaldo T. , Müller Alejandro J. , Priftis Dimitrios , Pitsikalis Marinos , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn heterofunctional initiator combining two reactive sites for ring opening polymerization and two for atom transfer radical polymerization was used to prepare three A2B2miktoarm star copolymers of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and polystyrene (PS). The morphology and thermal properties were studied by transmission electron microscopy, polarized light optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The (PCL)2(PS)272/28 (72 wt % PCL) sample was crystallized from a disordered melt. In this case, crystallization drove the structure formation and a lamellar morphology was obtained at the microdomain level, while spherulites were observed at a superstructural level. The other two samples, 39/61 and 27/73, with lower PCL content and higher total molecular weight, were not able to form spherulites. Surprisingly, these miktoarm star copolymers exhibited hexagonally packed cylinders and spheres morphologies, respectively, instead of lamellar and cylindrical morphology. Such unexpected and novel behavior was explained in terms of the higher resistance of the arms to be stretched in a miktoarm star copolymer when compared with the corresponding linear diblocks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5387–5397, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers containing poly(di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Venkataraman Shrinivas , Wooley Karen L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractReversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has emerged as one of the important living radical polymerization techniques. Herein, we report the polymerization of di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate (DEHEA), a commercially‐available monomer consisting of an amphiphilic side chain, via RAFT by using bis(2‐propionic acid) trithiocarbonate as the chain transfer agent (CTA) and AIBN as the radical initiator, at 70 °C. The kinetics of DEHEA polymerization was also evaluated. Synthesis of well‐defined ABA triblock copolymers consisting of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) or poly(octadecyl acrylate) (PODA) middle blocks were prepared from a PDEHEA macroCTA. By starting from a PtBA macroCTA, a BAB triblock copolymer with PDEHEA as the middle block was also readily prepared. These amphiphilic block copolymers with PDEHEA segments bearing unique amphiphilic side chains could potentially be used as the precursor components for construction of self‐assembled nanostructures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5420–5430, 2007
Helical polyacetylenes carrying 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy and 2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxy moieties: Their synthesis, properties, and function
Authors: Qu Jinqing , Fujii Toru , Katsumata Toru , Suzuki Yuji , Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio , Satoh Masaharu , Wada Jun , Masuda Toshio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)‐ and 2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxy (PROXYL)‐containing (R)‐1‐methylpropargyl TEMPO‐4‐carboxylate (1), (R)‐1‐methylpropargyl PROXYL‐3‐carboxylate (2), (rac)‐1‐methylpropargyl PROXYL‐3‐carboxylate (3), (S)‐1‐propargylcarbamoylethyl TEMPO‐4‐carboxylate (4), and (S)‐1‐propargyloxycarbonylethyl TEMPO‐4‐carboxylate (5) (TEMPO, PROXYL) were polymerized to afford novel polymers containing the TEMPO and PROXYL radicals at high densities. Monomers 1–3 and 5 provided polymers with moderate number‐average molecular weights of 8200–140,900 in 49–97% yields in the presence of (nbd)Rh+[η6‐C6H5B−(C6H5)3], whereas 4 gave no polymer with this catalyst but gave polymers possessing low Mn (3800–7500) in 56–61% yield with [(nbd)RhCl]2‐Et3N. Poly(1), poly(2), and poly(4) took a helical structure with predominantly one‐handed screw sense in THF and CHCl3 as well as in film state. The helical structure of poly(1) and poly(2) was stable upon heating and addition of MeOH, whereas poly(4) was responsive to heat and solvents. All of the free radical‐containing polymers displayed the reversible charge/discharge processes, whose capacities were in a range of 43.2–112 A h/kg. In particular, the capacities of poly(2)–poly(5)‐based cells reached about 90–100% of the theoretical values regardless of the secondary structure of the polymer, helix and random. Poly(1), poly(2), and poly(4) taking a helical structure exhibited better capacity tolerance towards the increase of current density than nonhelical poly(3) and poly(5) did. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5431–5445, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene chains grafted onto the sidewalls of single‐walled carbon nanotubes via copolymerization
Authors: Li Shiyun , Chen Hui , Bi Wuguo , Zhou Jianjun , Wang Yanhui , Li Jianzhong , Cheng Wenxi , Li Meiye , Li Lin , Tang Tao 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) chains grafted onto the sidewalls of SWCNTs (SWCNT‐g‐PE) were successfully synthesized via ethylene copolymerization with functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) catalyzed by rac‐(en)(THInd)2ZrCl2/MAO. Here f‐SWCNTs, in which α‐alkene groups were chemically linked on the sidewalls of SWCNTs, were synthesized by Prato reaction. The composition and microstructure of SWCNT‐g‐PE were characterized by means of 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanosized cable‐like structure was formed in the SWCNT‐g‐PE, in which the PE formed a tubular shell and several SWCNTs bundles existed as core. The formation of the above morphology in the SWCNT‐g‐PE resulted from successfully grafting of PE chains onto the surface of SWCNTs via copolymerization. The grown PE chains grafted onto the sidewall of the f‐SWCNTs promoted the exfoliation of the mass nanotubes. Comparing with pure PE, the physical mixture of PE/f‐SWCNTs and in situ PE/SWCNTs mixture, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of SWCNT‐g‐PE were higher because of the chemical bonding between the f‐SWCNTs and PE chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5459–5469, 2007
New architecture of supported metallocene catalysts for alkene polymerization
Authors: Velilla Teresa , Delgado Katherine , Quijada Raúl , Bianchini Daniela , Barrera Galland Griselda , Dos Santos João Henrique Z. , Fasce Diana P. , Williams Roberto J. J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a supported metallocene catalyst that exhibits the same activity as a homogeneous catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions. The key to this new catalytic system is a hybrid organic–inorganic polymer obtained by the cocondensation of an organotrialkoxysilane (OTAS; 40 mol %) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS; 60 mol %). The particular organic group of OTAS enabled us to avoid gelation when the hydrolytic condensation was performed with a thermal cycle attaining 150 °C. The resulting product [soluble functionalized silica (SFS)] was a glass at room temperature that was soluble in several organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The 29Si NMR spectrum of SFS showed that the OTAS units were fully condensed (T3 species), whereas the TEOS units were mainly present as tricondensed (Q3) and tetracondensed (Q4) units. SFS was grafted onto activated silica through a reaction of silanol groups. The metallocene [(nBuCp)2ZrCl2] was covalently bonded to the SFS‐modified support. The polymerization of ethylene was carried out in toluene in the presence of methylaluminoxane. The activity of the supported catalyst was similar to that of the metallocene catalyst in solution. The simplest explanation accounting for this fact is that most of the metallocene was grafted to SFS species issuing from the surface of the support through a reaction with their silanol groups. This improved the accessibility of the monomer to the reaction sites. Specific interactions of the metallocene species with neighboring organic branches of SFS might also affect the catalytic activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5480–5486, 2007
Synthesis of polyallene‐based graft copolymer via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and styrene
Authors: Zhang Xiaohuan , Shen Zhong , Li Litao , Zhang Sen , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA series of well‐defined graft copolymers with a polyallene‐based backbone and polystyrene side chains were synthesized by the combination of living coordination polymerization of 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. Poly(alcohol) with polyallene repeating units were prepared via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol by living coordination polymerization initiated by [(η3‐allyl)NiOCOCF3]2 firstly, followed by transforming the pendant hydroxyl groups into halogen‐containing ATRP initiation groups. Grafting‐from route was employed in the following step for the synthesis of the well‐defined graft copolymer: polystyrene was grafted to the backbone via ATRP of styrene. The cleaved polystyrene side chains show a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.06). This kind of graft copolymer is the first example of graft copolymer via allene derivative and styrenic monomer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5509–5517, 2007
Shear damping function measurements for branched polymers
Authors: Vega Daniel A. , Milner Scott T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe present results for step‐strain experiments and the resulting damping functions of polyethylene blends of different structures, including solutions of linear, star and comb polymers. Remarkably, an entangled melt of combs exhibits a damping function close to that for entangled linear chains. Diluting the combs with faster‐relaxing material leads to a more nearly constant damping function. We find similar behavior for blends of commercial low density polyethylene LDPE. Our results suggest a simple picture: on timescales relevant to typical damping‐function experiments, the rheologically active portions of our PE combs as well as commercial LDPE are essentially chain backbones. When strongly entangled, these exhibit the Doi‐Edwards damping function; when diluted, the damping function tends toward the result for unentangled chains described by the Rouse model – namely, no damping. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3117–3136, 2007
Surface Modification of Poly(propylene) Microporous Membrane to Improve Its Antifouling Characteristics in an SMBR: O2 Plasma Treatment
Authors: Yu Hai‐Yin , He Xiao‐Chun , Liu Lan‐Qin , Gu Jia‐Shan , Wei Xian‐Wen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFouling is the major obstacle in membrane processes applied in water and wastewater treatment. To improve the antifouling characteristics of PPHFMMs in an SMBR for wastewater treatment, the PPHFMMs were surface‐modified by O2 low temperature plasma treatment. Structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface were characterized by XPS and FE‐SEM. The change of surface wettability was monitored by contact angle measurements. Results of XPS clearly indicated that the plasma treatment introduced oxygen containing polar groups on the membrane surface. The static water contact angle of the modified membrane reduced obviously with the increase of plasma treatment time. The relative pure water flux for the modified membranes increased with plasma treatment time up to 1 min, then it decreased with further increase of plasma treatment time. Decreases in the tensile strength and the tensile elongation at break of the modified membranes were also observed. To assess the relation between the plasma treatment and the membrane fouling in an SMBR, filtration for activated sludge was carried out by using synthetic wastewater. After continuous operation in the SMBR for about 75 h, flux recovery were 8.7 and 12.3%, reduction of flux were 91.6 and 87.4% for the nascent and O2 plasma treated PPHFMM for 1 min, relative flux ratio for O2 plasma treated PPHFMM for 1 min was 49.9% higher than that of the nascent PPHFMM.magnified image
Gardasil: first vaccine for human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Szarewski Anne 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGardasil is a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer, cervical and vulvar dysplasia and external genital warts. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and Dr Anne Szarewski comments on the implications of the proposed immunisation programme. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Optical response of single‐wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far‐infrared spectral range from 1 THz to 40 THz
Authors: Kampfrath Tobias , Perfetti Luca , von Volkmann Konrad , Aguirre Carla M. , Desjardins Patrick , Martel Richard , Frischkorn Christian , Wolf Martin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe optical properties of single‐wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far‐infrared have been investigated with THz time‐domain spectroscopy. Over a wide frequency range from 1 THz to 40 THz, the complex dielectric function of the nanotube sample has been derived. Our data can be excellently reproduced by a Drude–Lorentz model function. The extracted fit parameters such as Lorentz resonance frequency and plasma frequency are consistent with values obtained by scanning tunneling techniques. We discuss the origin of both the Lorentz and Drude contribution in terms of direct and indirect optical transitions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Encapsulation of molecular nitrogen in multiwall CNx nanotubes
Authors: Bulusheva L. G. , Okotrub A. V. , Kudashov A. G. , Pazhetnov E. M. , Boronin A. I. , Vyalikh D. V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMultiwall CNx nanotubes have been grown in the result of acetonitrile decomposition over Fe catalyst (CVD method). The random nanotubes samples have been produced by classical technique using catalyst nanoparticles formed by iron bimaleate thermolysis. The aligned nanotubes have been synthesized by aerosol assisted CVD method where ferrocene was used as a catalyst source. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the random sample contains two kinds of nitrogen, while additional high‐energy peak was detected in the N 1s‐spectrum of the aligned CNx nanotubes. X‐ray absorption spectra measured near the N K‐edge (NEXAFS) of the samples exhibited three peaks for both type of CNx nanotubes. The relative intensity of the high‐energy peak was found to be much higher in the spectrum of aligned nanotubes. Assignment of the NEXAFS peaks was made using results of quantum‐chemical calculations on carbon tube model incorporating pyridinic, three‐fold coordinated and molecule nitrogen. The high‐energy peak was shown to correspond to N2 molecules and its absence in the XPS spectrum of random CNx nanotubes indicates the gaseous nitrogen is mainly concentrated in the interior region of nanotubes. The larger encapsulation of molecules in the aligned CNx nanotubes could be due to the higher diffusion of nitrogen atoms trough the catalytic particles formed directly in the CVD process. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)