bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Impact demagnetization by phase transition on Mars’” by P. Surdas Mohit]
Authors: Rochette Pierre , Hood Lon , Fillion Gérard , Ballou Rafik , Ouladdiaf Bachir 
Published: October 2006

We welcome the comment of P.S. Mohit on our recent Eos article as a useful contribution to the understanding of the complex question of impact demagnetization of Mars.We disagree that the map shown in our Figure 1 was deceptive. It is a simple plot of the magnetic field magnitude at the MGS mapping orbit altitude (360–400 km). Adding additional contours down to 10 nT, for example, does not change the basic character of the map. Our point was that magnetic fields are significantly weaker within several radii of the Hellas and Argyre basins than they are in the adjacent southern highlands. Specifically, fields near the basins are typically of the order of 20 nT or less, while fields in the adjacent highlands are in the range of 40–200 nT.
New task force aimed at improving coordination of Great Lakes restoration
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Great Lakes Interagency Task Force, established on 18 May by an executive order signed by President George W. Bush, is tasked with better coordinating federal, state, and international efforts in restoration and environmental protection for the lakes, as well as better coordination of federally‐funded scientific research associated with the Great Lakes system.There are currently 148 federal and 51 state programs that fund environmental restoration activities in the Great Lakes Basin, according to the U.S. General Accounting office. In an April 2003 report, however, the GAO found that there are several disparate regional strategies in use for this purpose, and that “these strategies are not coordinated in a way that ensures effective use of limited resources.”
Linkages between the built urban environment and Earth's Climate System
Authors: Shepherd J. Marshall , Jin Menglin 
Published: October 2006

Although only 1.2% of the land area of the Earth is currently considered “urban,” the spatial coverage and density of cities is expected to rapidly increase in the near future. The United Nations estimates that by the year 2025, 60% of the world's population will live in cities. Human activity in urban environments alters atmospheric composition; affects components of the water cycle; and modifies the carbon cycle and ecosystems.However, our understanding of the effects of urbanization on the total Earth‐climate system is incomplete. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) strategic plan states that “…in a world that is more populated, urban, and interconnected than ever… A more integrated understanding of the complex interactions of human societies and the Earth System is needed.”
Bush administration, member of Congress propose legislation to strengthen NOAA
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The White House and a key member of Congress have introduced separate legislation to strengthen the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through an “organic act” that codifies the agency's establishment and purposes.Donald Evans, secretary of the Department of Commerce, which includes NOAA, announced the Bush administration's transmittal of legislation to Congress on 10 June. Evans, speaking at the Capitol Hill Oceans Week 2004 conference in Washington, D.C., said the act would be “an important step forward in enhancing NOAAs ability to carry out the research and management objectives entrusted to it.”
ESA Earth Explorer Mission
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency (ESA) announced on 3 June that it has decided to develop and launch a constellation of three magnetometry satellites as an “Earth explorer” mission in its Living Planet Program.The constellation, to be known as SWARM, could provide the best‐ever survey of Earth's geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution, according to the agency.The mission, which would launch in 2009, will take high‐precision and high‐resolution measurements of the magnetic field, and other measurements that could help to study the composition and processes of the Earth's interior. The mission also will analyze the Sun's influence within the Earth system. This knowledge could be useful in areas such as space weather and radiation hazards.
Cassini begins close‐up examination of Saturn System
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The international Cassini‐Huygens mission to Saturn and Titan already has returned some initial results which will help to re‐write science textbooks, as well as some astounding images. The spacecraft entered orbit around Saturn on 30 June following a successful 96‐minute engine burn as the spacecraft flew between the planet's F and G rings.Robert Mitchell, the Cassini program manager with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the spacecraft could have been damaged if it had been hit by a grain of dust the size of a pea while crossing through the ring plane. Prior to the burn, he said flight controllers would “chew their nails” in nervousness as they awaited indication that the Saturn orbit insertion was successful. Mitchell added that the spacecraft did not fly through the rings due to any sort of scientific preference, but rather that the fly‐by was “a combination of getting close enough to make the propellant cost one we could afford, and still be in a region as safe as we could make it.”
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Communicating with uncertainty: A critical issue with probabilistic seismic hazard analysis’”]
Authors: Wang Zhenming , Kiefer John D. , Shi Baoping , Edward Woolery W. 
Published: October 2006

In our Eos article of 18 November 2003, we were trying to address how geoscientists, especially seismologists, fully and understandably communicate their products and the associated uncertainty not only to themselves, but also to laypersons. The Comment by C. H. Cramer on our article seems to miss the point.We did not criticize probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), but tried to point out some of its limitations, because these limitations have significant implications. We do not understand why in his comments Cramer is trying to compare PSHA with deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA). Our article did not discuss DSHA at all. Of course, some of the limitations apply equally to DSHA, but not all. Cramer's comments could cause additional confusion.
Array seismology advances research into Earth's interior
Authors: Rost Sebastian , Garnero Edward J. 
Published: October 2006

The densification of regional seismic networks, the proliferation of temporary portable seismometer deployments, and the increasing ease with which traditional seismic array data may be obtained all facilitate a new wave of imaging Earth's interior at the shortest‐ever possible scale lengths using array methods. In fact, seismic array techniques are often necessary for retrieval of subtle, yet important, deep Earth seismic structures, particularly those containing fine‐scale features.While only a handful of investigations over the past few decades have used traditional seismic array processing for imaging Earth's deep interior, the recent data renaissance in our community enables utilization of methods once predominantly devoted to the near surface for peering deep into the planet, from upper mantle discontinuities to the solid inner core, from the earthquake source to near‐surface receiver structure.Thus, it is anticipated that this branch of seismology will become increasingly important in the pursuit of deciphering Earth structure and the earthquake source in unprecedented detail, especially with the emergence of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)‐funded USArray of the EarthScope initiative (see http://www.earthscope.org).
Comment on “Investigating environmental tectonics in Northern Alpine Foreland of Europe”
Authors: Hinzen Klaus‐G. 
Published: October 2006

A recent article in Eos by S. Cloetingh, P Ziegler, T.Cornu, and the ENTEC Working Group (9 September 2003, pp. 349, 356–357) describes research activities and plans of the Environmental Tectonics research network (ENTEC) on lithospheric processes, neotectonics, and surface processes in the northern Alpine foreland.Three main areas of investigations are the Vienna Basin, the Upper Rhine Graben (URG), and the Lower Rhine Graben (LRG). In Figure 3a of the article, a color‐coded relief map of the topography of the LRG is presented. In addition to the topography, earthquake epicenters are shown, and Tertiary and Quaternary faults are indicated.
Draft U.S. Earth Observation System Plan issued
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Bush administration released on 8 September a draft Strategic Plan for the U.S. Integrated Earth Observation System. The plan is an element of an international, 10‐year implementation plan for a Global Earth Observation System to improve the ability to monitor, understand, and predict changes to the Earth.The U.S. plan, coordinated through the cabinet‐level National Science and Technology Council, focuses on key societal concerns that already do, or could, benefit from Earth observation efforts.The areas include improving weather forecasting, reducing loss of life and property from disasters, and understanding climate variability and change.
INSTANT: A new international array to measure the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: Sprintall Janet , Wijffels Susan , Gordon Arnold L. , Ffield Amy , Molcard Robert , Susanto R. Dwi , Soesilo Indroyono , Sopaheluwakan Jan , Surachman Yusuf , van Aken Hendrik M. 
Published: October 2006

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is the leakage of western tropical Pacific water into the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas. The ITF is an important pathway for the transfer of climate signals and their anomalies around the world's oceans. While the heat and fresh water carried by the ITF are known to affect the basin budgets of both the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the magnitude and vertical distribution of the ITF are not well known, giving little guidance to the initialization and validation of ocean circulation and climate models.In response to this lack of knowledge, the International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) program was established to directly measure the ITF Scientists from Indonesia, France, Netherlands, United States, and Australia make up the collaborative INSTANT partnership.
Pattern of strange errors plagues solar activity and terrestrial climate data
Authors: Damon Paul E. , Laut Peter 
Published: October 2006

The last decade has seen a revival of various hypotheses claiming a strong correlation between solar activity and a number of terrestrial climate parameters. Links have been made between cosmic rays and cloud cover, first total cloud cover and then only low clouds, and between solar cycle lengths and northern hemisphere land temperatures. These hypotheses play an important role in the scientific debate as well as in the public debate about the possibility or reality of a man‐made global climate change.Analysis of a number of published graphs that have played a major role in these debates and that have been claimed to support solar hypotheses [Laut, 2003; Damon and Peristykh, 1999, 2004] shows that the apparent strong correlations displayed on these graphs have been obtained by incorrect handling of the physical data. The graphs are still widely referred to in the literature, and their misleading character has not yet been generally recognized. Readers are cautioned against drawing any conclusions, based upon these graphs, concerning the possible wisdom or futility of reducing the emissions of man‐made greenhouse gases.
Andreae is new Editor of Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Andreae Meinrat O. 
Published: October 2006

As the incoming editor of Global Biogeochemical Cycles, I would like to introduce myself and my ideas for the journal to Eos readers and to current and potential GBC authors.I've had a somewhat “roaming” scientific evolution, coming from “straight” chemistry through hard‐rock geochemistry to chemical oceanography, the field in which I did my Ph.D. I taught marine chemistry at Florida State University for a number of years, and developed an interest in ocean/atmosphere interactions and atmospheric chemistry. In 1987 I took on my present job at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, in Mainz, Germany, and, after leaving the seacoast, my interests shifted to interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere, including the role of vegetation fires. My present focus is on the role of biogenic aerosols and biomass smoke in regulating cloud properties and influencing climate.
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth
Authors: Wilson William J. 
Published: October 2006

This book provides a general description of many aspects of microwave Earth remote sensing, including a description of many of the basic mathematical techniques used for remote sensing. Also, the book points out the relevance of Earth remote sensing, by describing many remote sensing applications. Many are well‐written and interesting, and each chapter includes a paragraph describing its purpose and what it covers.Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth begins with a good discussion of remote sensing and what can be learned from the interaction between electromagnetic waves and the Earth. There is a good comparison of optical, infrared, and microwave remote sensing and what can be learned from each wavelength region. One of the most interesting aspects of this book is the description of a number of Russian aircraft and space microwave experiments in this field. These experiments are somewhat dated, 1980–1990, but provide examples of the pioneering techniques and results achieved by Russian scientists.
Assessing conceptual models for subsurface reactive transport of inorganic contaminants
Authors: Davis James A. , Yabusaki Steven B. , Steefel Carl I. , Zachara John M. , Curtis Gary P. , Redden George D. , Criscenti Louise J. , Honeyman Bruce D. 
Published: October 2006

In many subsurface situations where human health and environmental quality are at risk (e.g., contaminant hydrogeology petroleum extraction, carbon sequestration, etc.),scientists and engineers are being asked by federal agency decision‐makers to predict the fate of chemical species under conditions where both reactions and transport are processes of first‐order importance.In 2002, a working group (WG) was formed by representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Agriculture, and Army Engineer Research and Development Center to assess the role of reactive transport modeling (RTM) in addressing these situations. Specifically the goals of the WG are to (1) evaluate the state of the art in conceptual model development and parameterization for RTM, as applied to soil,vadose zone, and groundwater systems, and (2) prioritize research directions that would enhance the practical utility of RTM.
Predictions in ungauged basins as a catalyst for multidisciplinary hydrology
Authors: Wagener Thorsten , Sivapalan Murugesu , McDonnell Jeff , Hooper Rick , Lakshmi Venkat , Liang Xu , Kumar Praveen 
Published: October 2006

The face of hydrologic science is changing rapidly, on national as well as on international scales.The increasing complexity of the problems hydrology is asked to investigate in research and practice today often requires solutions that can no longer be obtained by a single hydrologist, but require a multidisciplinary team. One consequence of this trend is the establishment of initiatives that help formulate and implement science programs to engage and energize the scientific community toward achieving major advances.The IAHS Decade on Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) is an initiative of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) [Sivapalan et al., 2003] to advance our ability to make reliable predictions in ungauged basins. Within PUB, the drainage basin (at various scales) is seen as the element that integrates all aspects of the hydrological cycle within a defined area that can be studied, quantified, and acted upon.
A focus on risk science and sustainable development
Authors: Ismail‐Zadeh Alik 
Published: October 2006

The world faces major threats resulting from the expansion of human activities, among them deterioration of the environment; biodiversity loss; depletion of natural resources through excessive consumption; and in certain regions, destabilization of economies and the social order. Long‐term threats to the sustainability of our planet include droughts, degradation of water quality global warming, nuclear waste disposal, nuclear plant side effects, and the manipulation of life itself.These threats are accompanied by the dangers of natural and human‐made disasters at both microscale and macroscale.How should we intensify our efforts to reduce the number and effects of geophysical, technological, and human‐made disasters and to maintain sustainability over the next decades? A recent workshop on Risk Science, Society, and Sustainability organized by the Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) on Geophysical Risk and Sustainability and the European Association for Promotion of Science and Technology tried to answer the question.
Geomagnetic observatory operates at the seafloor in the northwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Toh Hiroaki , Hamano Yozo , Ichiki Masahiro , Utada Hisashi 
Published: October 2006

The need to establish seafloor observatories has been important for decades. Multidisciplinary efforts aimed at establishing such observatories [e.g.,Beranzoli et al., 1998] are now culminating the ongoing Ocean Observatories Initiative [Copley, 2004].This article reports on how the world's first seafloor geomagnetic observatory NWP (North‐Western Pacific) is producing data that are compatible with those obtained by satellite Ørsted and the existing geomagnetic observatory network. In particular, the article reports on the remarkable agreement between the satellite‐predicted and actual secular variation, which ensures the accuracy of the geomagnetic measurements both in space and at the seafloor.
Ancient oak climate proxies from the agricultural heartland
Authors: Guyette Richard P. , Stambaugh Michael C. , Dey Daniel C. 
Published: October 2006

Understanding the long‐term variability in climate has important societal implications, particularly for agricultural regions that are suppliers to global food markets such as the central United States. Paleoclimate information from agriculturally important regions of the central United States is limited in length and resolution.Tree rings provide one of the longest and highest‐resolution paleoclimate records for North America; however, millennium‐length records are primarily from extreme environments (e.g., deserts, cliffs, high elevations) and do not represent climate‐plant responses in the central U.S. agricultural region.
The life cycle of continental rifting as a focus for U.S.‐African scientific collaboration
Authors: Abdelsalam Mohamed G. , Atekwana Estella A. , Keller G. Randy , Klemperer Simon L. 
Published: October 2006

The East African Rift System (EARS) provides the unique opportunity found nowhere else on Earth, to investigate extensional processes from incipient rifting in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, to continental breakup and creation of proto‐oceanic basins 3000 km to the north in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.The study of continental rifts is of great interest because they represent the initial stages of continental breakup and passive margin development, they are sites for large‐scale sediment accumulation, and their geomorphology may have controlled human evolution in the past and localizes geologic hazards in the present.But there is little research that provides insights into the linkage between broad geodynamic processes and the life cycle of continental rifts: We do not know why some rifts evolve into mid‐ocean ridges whereas others abort their evolution to become aulacogens. Numerous studies of the EARS and other continental rifts have significantly increased our understanding of rifting processes, but we particularly lack studies of the embryonic stages of rift creation and the last stages of extension when continental breakup occurs.
Global impact of the Panamanian seaway closure
Authors: Schmittner A. , Sarnthein N. , Kinkel H. , Bartoli G. , Bickert T. , Crucifix M. , Crudeli D. , Groeneveld J. , Kösters F. , Mikolajewicz U. , Millo C. , Reumer J. , Schäfer P. , Schmidt D. , Schneider B. , Schulz M. , Steph S. , Tiedemann R. , Weinelt M. , Zuvela M. 
Published: October 2006

Closure of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 million years ago (Ma) was accompanied by dramatic changes in Earth's climate and biosphere. The Greenland ice sheet grew to continental extent and the great cycles of ice ages commenced dominating climate variability henceforth. Disruption of water mass exchange between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans led to different evolution of marine species on either side of the land bridge, while land‐based organisms including mammals and other animals took the advantage to colonize an entire subcontinent.A 2‐day workshop at the University of Kiel (Germany) summarized our current knowledge of this time period and identified areas for new research.
Education and outreach for the International Polar Year
Authors: Pfirman Stephanie , Bell Robin Elizabeth , Turrin Margie , Maru Poonam 
Published: October 2006

If the 65 educators, scientists, and media specialists who gathered at the “Bridging the Poles” workshop in Washington, D.C. last June have their way a semitrailer truck labeled “Got Snow?” would traverse the country during the International Polar Year (IPY) of 2007–2009 loaded with polar gear, interactive activities, and a snowmaker.We would significantly increase the number of Arctic residents—especially indigenous Alaskans—with Ph.D.s. We would build exchange programs between inner city youths and polar residents. Polar exhibitions would open at natural history and art museums and zoos. And polar postage stamps, interactive polar computer games, national polar book‐of‐the‐month recommendations, made‐for‐TV polar documentaries, and a polar youth forum would bring the poles front and center to the public's attention.
Pleistocene forests preserved in Oregon coast sediments
Authors: Smyth William D. , Hart Roger A. , Reimer Paula J. 
Published: October 2006

Erosion on the Oregon coast has exposed several paleosols (ancient soil deposits) containing well‐preserved tree trunks. Some trunks are of Holocene age [Hart and Peterson, 1997], while others are much older. These macrofossil deposits contain clues to tectonic activity, paleovegetation patterns, coastal erosion, and climate evolution.This article describes a paleosol located near Cape Perpetua, Oregon, containing trunks dated at prior to 50,000 B.P. The forest appears to have been buried during a catastrophic debris flow and preserved due to anoxia.
Sumatran earthquake spawns devastating tsunami
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The devastating tsunami that followed the M9.0 earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia on 26 December “to our knowledge is the first global tsunami,” according to Eddie Bernard, director of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryBernard, past chairman of the U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigat said he received reports on 28 December that the tsunami had been recorded on tide gages as far away as Kamchatka, Russia. He anticipates that it also may have been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.