bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluids in accretionary prisms
Authors: Langseth M. G. , Casey Moore J. 
Published: October 2006

Subduction zones are the most dynamic tectonic environments on the face of Earth. Most subduction zones are submarine and at many, large accretionary prisms are formed of sediments scraped from the subducting oceanic lithosphere. These prisms grow in a water‐saturated environment; consequently, their tectonic, thermal and chemical evolution is strongly influenced by fluids, and the role of the aqueous phase must be considered in any study in this realm.In view of widespread and growing interest, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and National Science Foundation sponsored the workshop “The Role of Fluids in Sediment Accretion, Deformation, Diagenesis and Metamorphism at Subduction Zones,” which convened September 19–23, 1988, at Il Ciocco, Tuscany, Italy. This meeting assembled 60 geologists, geochemists and geophysicists representing eight countries whose interests spanned both marine and continental environments.
High resolution aeromagnetic survey of Lake Superior
Authors: Teskey D. J. , Thomas M. D. , Gibb R. A. , Dods S. D. , Fadaie K. , Kucks R. P. , Chandler V. W. , Phillips J. D. 
Published: October 2006

A 57,000 line kilometer, high‐resolution aeromagnetic survey was flown in 1987 as a contribution to the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution (GLIMPCE). Existing aeromagnetic data from the United States and Canada were combined with the new data to produce a composite map and gridded data base of the Lake Superior region (Figure 1).Analysis of the new data permits more accurate definition of faults and contacts within the Midcontinent Rift system (MCR). The aeromagnetic map provides important information supplemental to the seismic profiles acquired under the GLIMPCE program in 1986, allowing lateral extension of the seismic interpretation. In particular, modeling of the data provides an independent assessment of a reflection seismic model derived along line A (Figure 2). The profile and gridded digital data are available to geoscientists through the Geophysical Data Centre of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), while the gridded data are available from the USGS‐EROS Data Center.GLIMPCE was established in 1985 to study the nature and genesis of the crust in the Great Lakes region. Program participants include the GSC, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), provincial and state surveys, and Canadian and American universities. In the Lake Superior area, a major objective of the program is to develop thermal, tectonic, and petrogenetic models for the evolution of the MCR and to evaluate these in the broader context of the tectonic evolution of the North American continent.Pre‐1982 geological and geophysical knowledge of the MCR in the Lake Superior region has been summarized byWold and Hinze[1982]. The Lake Superior region provides a unique window on this Proterozoic rift system, exposing igneous rock of the Keweenawan Supergroup that disappears under Paleozoic cover to the southwest.
Ocean acoustic research initiative announced
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A new long‐term research initiative in ocean acoustic signal processing has been announced by the Ocean Acoustic Program (Code 11250A) and the Mathematical Sciences Division (Code 1111) of the Office of Naval Research. Ocean acoustic signal processing is defined as the development of phase coherent signal processing formalisms that incorporate the physics of acoustic wave‐field propagation through and scatter from an anisotropic, inhomogeneous stochastic ocean environment. It is motivated by the problems of detection, classification, and source localization in both passive and active sonar systems.The Ocean Acoustic Program and the Mathematical Sciences Division invite the submission of 2‐ or 3‐page planning letters that outline research. The planning letters should include budget estimates for 1‐ to 3‐year research programs that address the key issues given above.
Geophysics News 1990
Authors: Cole Stephen 
Published: October 2006

The last two years have witnessed many major geophysical events such as the Loma Prieta earthquake, new insights into plate motions, new seismic and mid‐ocean ridge observational programs, and new views of a distant planet. AGU's Public Information Committee, chaired by Debra Knopman of the U.S. Geological Survey, was asked by the American Institute of Physics to prepare a series of articles on the major topics in geophysics for publication in Physics News in 1990. Several of those papers did appear in the AIP publication.In the absence of a comparable publication devoted solely to a summary of news in geophysics, AGU is publishing the 20 articles solicited by the Public Information Committee as a booklet, Geophysics News 1990, that is being distributed to the media. The articles are also being published in Eos starting with this issue and continuing for the next several weeks.The topics covered in these articles range from the world's deepest rocks to the powerful blast waves from major solar flares.
Clark R. Chapman Leads New JGR‐Planets
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The new section of the Journal of Geophysical Research devoted to planetary science, which begins publication in 1991, is a vehicle for the rapid publication of excellent research papers in the field. Clark R. Chapman of the Planetary Science Institute has been appointed Editor of this new section effective January 1, 1991. His office became fully operational on February 4. Manuscripts submitted during February, if rapidly reviewed and revised, are candidates for the inaugural issue, tentatively scheduled to appear by July 1991.As Editor of JGR‐Planets, Chapman plans to provide a forum for publication of a wide variety of technical articles in planetary science, including the kinds of solar system articles that were previously published in other sections of JGR as well as other research covering the breadth of planetary science. Three of Chapman's priorities are to provide an efficient, timely review of papers to speed publication, foster constructive dialog between authors and referees to improve the quality of reported research, and encourage authors to write in more concise, readable styles to improve communication to a broader readership.
Clouds and climate change
Authors: Kiehl Jeffrey T. 
Published: October 2006

As concern grows over the possibility of altering the Earth's climate, a major uncertainty exists in computer models used to study the Earth's atmosphere, regarding our current understanding of clouds and our ability to simulate their effect on climate. A number of recent observations and computer simulation studies, however, have shed light on the important role of clouds in determining the present and future climate of our atmosphere.Data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Earth Radiation Budget Experiment have been used to obtain an accurate picture of how clouds affect our present global climate system [Ramanathan, 1989]. The effect of clouds on solar and thermal radiation entering and leaving our climate is known as cloud forcing. Low clouds generally cool the Earth's surface, while high clouds warm the climate system. For the entire planet, however, the cooling effect of low clouds is stronger than the warming effect from high clouds, so that overall, clouds cool the climate.
Olympiodorus's eruption of Mount Etna: A possible date of A.D. 417
Authors: Uchrin Gregory 
Published: October 2006

The list of historic volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean dating from roughly 1500 B.C. to A.D. 626 of Stothers and Rampino [1983a] is of great usefulness, not only to scientists, but to historians researching the antique and late antique periods. One of the more recent eruptions in the survey is only approximately dated, that of Mount Etna placed sometime within the period 417–425 (this and all remaining dates in this article are A.D.).The reason for the approximate nature of this dating was that the only known reference to the eruption at the time of the survey was a fragment of Olympiodorus's History quoted by Photius. The fragment alludes to an eruption of Mount Etna following the destruction of a pagan guardian statue by the Christian steward of the Sicilian estates of Placidia and Constantius [Gordon, 1961, p. 35].
More Geosat altimeter data available
Authors: Cheney Robert 
Published: October 2006

Two new data sets from the U.S. Navy's Geodetic Satellite (Geosat) have been produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Ocean Service. Both were derived principally from classified data collected during the 18‐month geodetic mission (April 1985–September 1986). Designed and built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, the Geosat radar altimeter measured global sea level with a precision of 3 cm.The first data set consists of approximately 44‐million crossover differences (sea‐level differences at ground track intersections). These include the initial 18‐month period and the first year of the subsequent exact repeat mission, enabling computation of the continuous 30‐month sea level time series spanning the two missions. Thirty‐six 6250‐bpi magnetic tapes organized in 18 ocean regions document the Geosat crossover differences.
Meteorite impact and the Early Earth Workshop
Authors: French Bevan M. 
Published: October 2006

Scientists trying to decipher the early history of the Earth are like people who arrive late for a movie, after the basic story line and characters have been established. Like tardy moviegoers, geologists are frustrated by the absence of any preserved geological record from the Earth's early years, the “Hadean Interval,” which extended from about 4.6 billion years ago, when the solar system formed, to about 3.8 billion years ago, when rocks started to be preserved.It is in this Hadean Interval that much of the basic character of the Earth was established. A metal core formed, a magnetic field developed, the first lavas erupted, continental nuclei possibly formed, and there may have been the first stirrings of plate tectonics. Oceans and an atmosphere formed, prebiotic chemical evolution took place, and the first primitive life forms may have appeared.
Chemistry of Greenland Ice Sheet studied
Authors: Jaffrezo Jean‐Luc , Dibb Jack E. , Davidson Cliff I. 
Published: October 2006

The first ice coring project to include a major emphasis on the study of atmospheric processes and changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet that influence the chemistry of the ice core began in April of this year under the auspices of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2). The project is also unique in that it is tightly coordinated with a European effort, the Greenland Ice Core Project, to recover a parallel core to bedrock 30 km east of the GISP2 site. This is the third field season in the Summit region of Greenland. (See “First GISP2 Field Season Just Completed,” Eos, October 31, 1989.)The U.S. Ice Core Research Workshop (1988) reached the consensus that the value of ice core records and the rigor with which such records could be interpreted in terms of past climatic and global atmospheric conditions would be greatly enhanced by improved understanding of atmosphere‐snow transfer functions. Specifically, it was felt that gaps in current knowledge limit our ability to relate changes in snow and ice chemistry to changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The topic areas of greatest interest include source regions and transport pathways for atmospheric constituents reaching polar ice sheets, mechanisms that incorporate these constituents into the snowpack, and processes that modify the chemistry of the Ice Sheet as the snow ages.
Global impact unlikely from Kuwait fires
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The smoke from the Kuwait oil fires is unlikely to have large‐scale effects on global climate, say atmospheric scientists who have just returned from studying the massive plume. The smoke is already altering the local environment of the Gulf region, however. Over 500 Kuwaiti oil wells have been burning since the close of the Gulf War, producing a smoke plume tens of thousands of square miles in extent.The 27‐scientist team probed the smoke with two instrument‐laden planes, which were flown on a total of 35 flights from May 16 through June 12. The expedition, which was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, presented its results on June 24 in Washington, D.C. The study was led by Peter Hobbs of the University of Washington and Lawrence Radke of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Examining several Southern Ocean data sets
Authors: McClain Charles R. , Koblinsky Chester J. , Firestone James , Darzi Michael , Yeh Eueng‐nan , Beckley Brian D. 
Published: October 2006

The Southern Hemisphere ocean covers approximately 45% of the Earth's surface and poses a major scientific challenge to initiatives such as the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) programs, whose goals include elucidation of its deep circulation and its contributions to global bio‐geochemical budgets. The Southern Ocean is generally regarded as the region south of about 30°S and, in many respects, is quite different from its northern counterpart. Unlike the oceanic and atmospheric flows in the Northern Hemisphere, the Circumpolar Current “Nowlin and Klinck, 1986” and surface winds have relatively unobstructed circulations around Antarctica that allow the exchange of water between basins and result in the most intense wind forcing in the global ocean.An analysis of the annual cycle of sea level using Geosat altimetry has shown that seasonal changes in the surface ocean circulation are much weaker in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. Also, comparison of the pigment fields obtained from the Nimbus‐7/Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) indicates that the biology of the northern and southern oceans is quite different in that the northern oceans exhibit a pronounced spring bloom, while the Southern Ocean is relatively constant the year round “Esaias et al., 1986; Feldman et al. 1989”. The cause of this dissimilarity is a topic of some debate, with various arguments focusing on differences in trace nutrient supply, physical forcing, and illumination.
NRC assesses solar and space physics
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The National Research Council recently released its “Assessment of Programs in Solar and Space Physics, 1991.” The report, issued by the NRC's Space Studies Board, concluded that research in the field progressed considerably in the past decade, but mainly through projects begun in the 1970s.For newer starts, in contrast, the report observed that “cancellation, long delays, and major programmatic restructuring have been routine.” This has slowed or stopped progress in implementing the NRC's recommendations.The NRC's committees advise the government on where particular scientific disciplines should be heading. The panels of the Space Studies Board, representing space researchers, take “an abiding interest in evaluating the nation's accomplishments and setbacks in space.”
1991 Horton Research Grant Recipients
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Hydrology Section awarded the 1991 Horton Research Grants to Timothy Green and Jeffrey P. Raffensperger May 30, at the Spring Meeting in Baltimore. The grants, each for $9,500, were presented by Hydrology Section president Don Nielsen. In 1982 the section established this grant to foster graduate student research in hydrology and water resources leading to the completion of doctoral dissertations. Funded by income from the Robert E. Horton Fund for Hydrologic Research, the grant is awarded annually to Ph.D. candidates.Timothy Green is a 1986 graduate of the University of Washington where he received a B.S. degree in civil engineering. Green is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in civil engineering/water resources at Stanford University. His research focuses on the roles of landscape topography and moisture‐dependent anistropy in soil‐water flow and groundwater recharge
NSF's ambitious Arctic system program
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The Arctic is the least known of any region of the world, but a new National Science Foundation program called Arctic System Science (ARCSS) aims to change that. Climate models suggest that global change will be amplified at the Earth's poles, particularly in the Arctic. Increasing carbon dioxide could change the Arctic's temperature more than 12°, as opposed to the 2–3° increase projected at the equator—a compelling reason for scientists to get to know the region better.NSF's research effort is “a systematic, multidisciplinary approach to all the science in the region,” according to Ted De Laca, head of ARCSS. The purpose of this special endeavor of the Division of Polar Programs is not to measure global change per se, he says, but to promote basic research on how the Arctic functions.
Transport of Cerro Hudson SO2 clouds
Authors: Doiron Scott D. , Bluth Gregg J. S. , Schnetzler Charles C. , Krueger Arlin J. , Walter Louis S. 
Published: October 2006

The Cerro Hudson volcano in southern Chile (45.92°S, 73.0°W) emitted large ash and sulfur dioxide clouds on August 12–15, following several days of minor activity [Global Volcanism Network Bulletin, 1991]. The SO2 clouds were observed using (preliminary) near real‐time data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) as they encircled the south polar region. The injection of SO2 into the stratosphere has essentially created a gigantic chemical tracer that could provide new insights into the wind patterns and seasonal circulation around the Antarctic region.around the Antarctic region. The TOMS instrument, on board the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's Nimbus 7 satellite, measures the ratio of backscattered Earth radiance to incoming solar irradiance in the ultraviolet spectrum. Although originally designed to measure ozone, it was later discovered that the TOMS instrument could also detect and quantify SO2 [Krueger, 1985]. After this discovery, measurements from TOMS were examined for SO2 emissions for all recorded volcanic eruptions since Nimbus‐7 was launched in October 1978, and current data are analyzed as new eruptions occur. The satellite is in a polar, Sun‐synchronous orbit so that it crosses the equator at local noon and observes the whole sunlit Earth in approximately 14 orbits each day. Total column amounts of SO2 are determined that represent the amount of gas affecting the reflection of ultraviolet light through a column of the atmosphere from the satellite to the reflecting surface, Earth, given in terms of milli atmospheres centimeter (1000 milli atm cm = a gas layer 1‐cm thick at STP). The mass of SO2 is calculated by integrating over the cloud area to obtain a volume, then converting to tons.
The restructured Earth observing system: Instrument recommendations
Authors: Moore B. , Dozier J. , Abbott M. R. , Butler D. M. , Schimel D. S. , Schoeberl M. R. 
Published: October 2006

Responding to directions from the EOS Engineering Review Committee [Frieman, 1991] and Congress, the Payload Advisory Panel for NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) has proposed a restructured EOS to address high‐priority science and environmental policy issues in Earth system science. The panel, which met at a workshop October 21–24 in Easton, Md., is comprised of the EOS interdisciplinary investigators and chaired by Berrien Moore of the University of New Hampshire. The panel's recommendations were submitted to NASA last week.Although the panel's recommended EOS program remains ambitious, it is reduced from the original plan proposed last year. While EOS will retain its emphasis on collecting observations over a 15‐year period, many important measurements are cancelled, deferred, or proposed for provision by international partners. For many measurements, EOS will now rely on international or domestic instruments that are less capable than those originally selected. Some risk is associated with such reliance, and continuity may be endangered.
Clay Mineral Society Meeting
Authors: Moore Dewey 
Published: October 2006

Walter Keller had a birthday party. And 300 clay mineralogists came to help him celebrate his 90th birthday. They stayed for the 27th annual meeting of the Clay Mineral Society, October 6–11, hosted by the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri‐Columbia. A short course, “Neutron Scattering Technology for Clay Mineral Investigation,” preceded the technical session.The three important points that came out of the technical session were that inelastic scattering of neutrons yields information about the character and orientation of organic and water molecules in the interlayer space; that small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) gives information on the level of aggregation of clay‐sized particles; and that Rictveld techniques are not yet applicable to deciphering clay mineral structures.
Proposed changes to the statutes and bylaws
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

At the AGU Spring Meeting in May, the Council recommended adoption of changes to the Union's statutes and bylaws proposed by the Statutes and Bylaws Committee, chaired by John T. Lynch. Most of the changes were made to bring the Union's practices into conformance with the laws of the District of Columbia, under which AGU is incorporated; other changes simply clarify the language of these documents. No amendments have been made that alter the way AGU operates.Before the revised statutes can be formally adopted, the AGU membership must vote on the proposed changes. The Council accepted the report of the committee in May and submits the revisions to the membership for approval. Ballots will be mailed in early July. Members have the opportunity to adopt individual changes or adopt all changes.
Magnetic imprints of continental accretion in the U.S.S.R
Authors: Zonenshain Lev. P. , Verhoef Jacob , Macnab Ron , Meyers Herbert 
Published: October 2006

The evidence for these events has been studied extensively by Soviet investigators, who in recent years have applied the concepts of plate tectonics to the geological framework and evolution of the continental U.S.S.R. and summarized their findings in a series of tectonic reconstructions. The results of these studies have been synthesized, and their English publication “e.g., Khain, 1987; Zonenshain et al, 1990a,b” has provided Western investigators with a modern and comprehensive overview of the geological structure and history of the Soviet Union.Complementing these recent publications is a new digital grid of about 16 million points describing the magnetic anomaly field of the U.S.S.R. This data set was produced from a series of 18 maps, scale 1:2,500,000, published by the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Geology “Makarova, 1974” and digitized recently by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office in Bay St. Louis, Miss.