bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 100‐gram quantities of highly purified mixed acid triglycerides
Authors: Quinn J. G. , Sampugna J. , Jensen R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMonopalmitin, mono‐olein, and monostearin have been synthesized in quantities of up to 100 grams with recoveries ranging from. 80%‐85%. The monoglycerides were reacted with a 0.5 molar excess of pyridine and fatty acid chloride to produce 1, 3,‐diglycerides. The recoveries ranged from 60%‐70% and, in addition, considerable amounts of triglyceride were obtained from this reaction. Partial glycerides were converted to 100‐gram batches of triglyceride in a similar manner with recoveries ranging from 80%‐90%. Purification of the partial glycerides was achieved by crystallization. In addition to this technique, certain triglycerides were purified by elution through a column of alumina. Purity of the glycerides, as determined by TLC, G‐LC, and pancreatic lipolysis, was estimated to be at least 99%.
Deterioration of cottonseed meats during storage
Authors: Harris W. B. , Wamble A. Cecil 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work has shown that the prevention of a rise in free fatty acid content during the storage of cottonseed meats is of first importance. No significant effects of storing cottonseed meats upon oil color or gossypol content were found despite the free fatty acid rise. Storage of cot‐tonseed meats is shown to be practical if storage conditions are favorable. This means that the meats should be relatively dry and not allowed to become heated. Screening the meats and stor‐ing only the coarser fraction will improve the storage performance. A useful formula was developed to aid in understanding and predicting the free fatty acid rise which occurs under uniform conditions. The effects of adding fresh screenings from linter motes to the meats stream were found to be minor and unimportant.
Preparation and properties of various salt forms of plant phosphatidyl inositols
Authors: Carter Herbert E. , Weber Evelyn J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Ca and Mg content of flax and corn phosphatidyl inositol fractions has been determined. Procedures were devised to prepare various salt forms of phosphatidyl inositol. The divalent cations were exchanged for monovalent ions (Na or K) on chelating resin columns. With the Folch wash procedure the Na or K forms of phosphatidyl inositol were completely converted to the Ca form. The nature of the metal ion associated with the phosphatidyl inositol had a striking influence on the solubility properties of the lipid. The differences in mobility on silicic acid columns of the various salt forms were utilized to free the phosphatidyl inositol from nitrogenous contaminants.
Evaluation of mathematical distribution methods for the determination of triglyceride composition
Authors: Blank M. L. , Privett O. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe triglyceride composition of a number of animal and vegetable fats was determined directly by means of selective argentation and lipase hydrolysis, and compared to that given by the 1,3‐random,2‐random method of analysis described by Vander Wal [JAOCS37, 18 (1960)].Exceptions to the basic assumption of the 1,3‐random,2‐random method that the fatty acids in the 2‐position are distributed randomly are reported.The analyses of some fats determined by the 1,3‐random,2‐random method agreed closely with those determined by the direct method, but the overall results indicated that methods based on mathematical distribution patterns generally are not as precise as direct methods.
Antigenic properties of a synthetic protein complex with glycolipids and related substances
Authors: Taketomi Tamotsu , Yamakawa Tamio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractErythro‐sphingosine was obtained from sphingomyelin by alkaline hydrolysis. N‐p‐nitrobenzoyl‐sphingosine, N‐p‐aminobenzoyl‐dihydrosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine‐protein were synthesized.It was found that dihydrosphingosine‐protein can produce a specific antibody which can be detected by the complement fixation test and by Ouchterlony's double diffusion method in agar. The determining factor of dihydrosphingosine may be due to the hydroxy groups at C1 and C3.In the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the cross‐reactivity of rabbit antisera against spinal cord, and with psychosine‐protein in particular, was observed by the complement fixation test and by the Arthus reaction.
Inhibition ofClostridium botulinum by aliphatic amines and long chain aliphatic aminodiamides
Authors: Huhtanen C. N. , Micich T. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractN‐substituted aminodiamides of the general structure, RNHCO (CH2)x ‐CONH(CH2)yN(CH3)2, and the corresponding N‐sulfopropyl derivatives were studied for their inhibiting effect on growth ofClostridium botulinum in culture media. With R = C16H33, more activity was observed with x = 2, 3, or 4 and y = 2, 3, or 4 than with R = C12H25 or C10H21 . There was little or no correlation of activity with the length of the x or y chains, but the addition of the sulfopropyl group resulted in decreased inhibitory activity. The C3 to C18 saturated aliphatic amines used for synthesizing the aminodiamides were effective inhibitors ofC. botulinum; tetradecyl‐, pentadecyl‐, and hexadecylamines were the most active with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.8 μ/ml‐The ratio of molecular weights of the diamides to the corresponding aliphatic amines indicated that most if not all of the inhibitory activity of the aminodiamides could be attributed to the amine moiety.
Prognostic Factors Affecting Locoregional Recurrence in Patients with Stage IIIB Noninflammatory Breast Cancer
Authors: Gülben Kaptan , Berberoğlu Uğur , Cengiz Aziz , Altınyollar Hüseyin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to identify the clinicopathological factors affecting locoregional recurrence (LRR) in patients with clinical stage IIIB noninflammatory breast cancer (NIBC).MethodsThe records of 120 stage IIIB NIBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and then modified radical mastectomy followed by radiotherapy were evaluated. In this retrospective cohort, the effects of age, menopausal status, clinical tumor size, clinical response to NAC, pathological axillary status, number of positive axillary lymph nodes, pathological response to NAC, grade, lymphovascular invasion, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, Her‐2‐neu status, and p53 status on LRR were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe clinical response rate of 120 patients was 79.2% (17.5% complete and 61.7% partial), with a complete pathological response rate of 12.5%. The median follow‐up was 28 months (range: 10–74 months). The LRR rate was 13.3%. Based on the univariate analysis, the clinical tumor size, clinical response rate, pathological axillary status, four or more positive axillary lymph nodes, lymphovascular invasion, and estrogen receptor status were factors that significantly affected LRR. In the multivariate analysis, however, only the clinical response rate and the number of positive axillary lymph nodes were found to be statistically significant independent factors.ConclusionsEffective local control of disease can be achieved in patients with stage IIIB NIBC using a combination of NAC, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, a worse clinical response after chemotherapy and four or more positive axillary lymph nodes affect LRR negatively in these patients.
Extension of order-preserving maps on a cone
Authors: Burbanks Andrew D. , Nussbaum Roger D. , Sparrow Colin T. 
Published: July 2007

We examine the problem of extending, in a natural way, order-preserving maps that are defined on the interior of a closed cone K1 (taking values in another closed cone K2) to the whole of K1.We give conditions, in considerable generality (for cones in both finite- and infinite-dimensional spaces), under which a natural extension exists and is continuous. We also give weaker conditions under which the extension is upper semi-continuous.Maps f defined on the interior of the non-negative cone K in RN, which are both homogeneous of degree 1 and order preserving, are non-expanding in the Thompson metric, and hence continuous. As a corollary of our main results, we deduce that all such maps have a homogeneous order-preserving continuous extension to the whole cone. It follows that such an extension must have at least one eigenvector in K – {0}. In the case where the cycle time χ(f) of the original map does not exist, such eigenvectors must lie in ∂K – {0}.We conclude with some discussions and applications to operator-valued means. We also extend our results to an ‘intermediate’ situation, which arises in some important application areas, particularly in the construction of diffusions on certain fractals via maps defined on the interior of cones of Dirichlet forms.
A note on non-degenerate umbilics and the path formulation for bifurcation problems
Authors: Furter Jacques-Elie , Sitta Angela Maria 
Published: July 2007

Path formulation can be used to classify and structure efficiently multiparameter bifurcation problems around fundamental singularities: the cores. The non-degenerate umbilic singularities are the generic cores for four situations in corank 2: the general or gradient problems and the Z2-equivariant (general or gradient) problems. Those categories determine an interesting ‘Russian doll’ type of structure in the universal unfoldings of the umbilic singularities.One advantage of our approach is that we can handle one, two or more parameters using the same framework (even considering some special parameter structure, for instance, some internal hierarchy). We classify the generic bifurcations that occur in those cases with one or two parameters.
Self-similar boundary blow-up for higher-order quasilinear parabolic equations
Authors: Galaktionov V. A. , Shishkov A. E. 
Published: July 2007

We study evolution properties of boundary blow-up for 2mth-order quasilinear parabolic equations in the case where, for homogeneous power nonlinearities, the typical asymptotic behaviour is described by exact or approximate self-similar solutions. Existence and asymptotic stability of such similarity solutions are established by energy estimates and contractivity properties of the rescaled flows.Further asymptotic results are proved for more general equations by using energy estimates related to Saint-Venant's principle. The established estimates of propagation of singularities generated by boundary blow-up regimes are shown to be sharp by comparing with various self-similar patterns.
The two-well problem with surface energy
Authors: Lorent Andrew 
Published: July 2007

Let Ω be a bounded Lipschitz domain in R2, let H be a 2 × 2 diagonal matrix with det(H) = 1. Let ε > 0 and consider the functional

over AF ∩ W2,1(Ω), where AF is the class of functions from Ω satisfying affine boundary condition F. It can be shown by convex integration that there exists F ∉ SO(2) ∪ SO(2)H and u ∈ AF with I0(u) = 0. Let 0 < ζ1 < 1 < ζ2 < ∞,
.In this paper we begin the study of the asymptotics of mε ≔ infBF∩W2,1Iε for such F. This is one of the simplest minimization problems involving surface energy for which we can hope to see the effects of convex integration solutions. The only known lower bounds are lim infε→0mε/ε = ∞.We link the behaviour of mε to the minimum of I0 over a suitable class of piecewise affine functions. Let {τi} be a triangulation of Ω by triangles of diameter less than h and let denote the class of continuous functions that are piecewise affine on a triangulation {τi}. For the function u ∈ BF let be the interpolant, i.e. the function we obtain by defining ũ⌊τi to be the affine interpolation of u on the corners of τi. We show that if for some small ω > 0 there exists u ∈ BF ∩ W2,1 with

then, for h = ε(1+6399ω)/3201, the interpolant satisfies I0(ũ) ≤ h1−cω.Note that it is trivial that , so we reduce the problem of non-trivial (scaling) lower bounds on mε/ε to the problem of non-trivial lower bounds on .
CD45RO: A Marker for BCR‐mediated Selection
Authors: Jackson S. M. , Harp N. , Patel D. , Henderson M. , Roy N. M. , Courtney M. A. , Johnson A. , Capra J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe previously showed that IgH sequence alone minimally influenced germinal centre (GC) B‐cell survival fate. As end‐stage effector B cells are typically more mutated than founder GC B cells, we worked to develop an assay that would enrich for populations of GC B cells with progressively increasing numbers of somatic mutations, which could potentially be used as an indicator of positive selection. We targeted CD45 as it has been shown to influence activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression. In this study, anti‐CD77 and anti‐CD45RO (RO) were used to subdivide CD19+IgD−CD38+CD77+ centroblasts (CB) and CD19+IgD−CD38+CD77− centrocytes (CC) into three contiguous RO fractions (RO−, RO+/− and RO+) and assessed whether mutation frequency and characteristics associated with selection varied with respect to increasing RO expression. Here, we show that the average number of mutations per IgVH4 transcript increased concordantly with RO for CC, but not for CB. CC also exhibited an RO‐associated increase in replacement mutations. Comparative analysis of clonally related sequences revealed that increased mutations were not due to the exclusive persistence of surface RO on highly mutated cells. RO‐expressing CC and CB pools showed increased signs of activation (CD69+) and were enriched for surface Ig+ cells. BCR‐crosslinking induced a significant increase in surface RO on total tonsillar and GC B cells, which collectively suggests that the RO‐associated increase in mutations is attributable, at least in part, to the cycling of cells that may have recently undergone BCR‐mediated selection, or are potentially in developmental transition between CC and CB stages.
Elevated MCP‐1 serum levels are associated with the H63D mutation and not the C282Y mutation in hereditary hemochromatosis
Authors: Lawless M. W. , White M. , Mankan A. K. , O’Dwyer M. J. , Norris S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMonocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is a major lymphocyte and inflammatory chemokine associated with persistent inflammatory states. Several abnormalities in the immune status of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) have been reported, suggesting an imbalance in their immune function. This may include persistent production of, or exposure to, inflammatory cytokines contributing to the pathogenesis of this disorder. The aim of this study was to assess MCP‐1 levels in patients with HH and correlate these results with HFE status and iron indexes. One hundred and thirty‐nine subjects diagnosed with HH (C282Y homozygotes = 87, C282Y/H63D = 26 heterozygotes, H63D homozygotes = 26), 27 healthy control subjects with no HFE mutation (N/N), and 18 normal subjects heterozygous for the H63D mutation served as age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Ferritin and transferrin saturation and the presence of HFE mutation status were correlated with MCP‐1 levels. Full white blood cell count analysis was also performed. We found a strongly significant decrease in MCP‐1 protein levels in the C282Y homozygotes compared with the H63D homozygotes (P = 0.0009) and C282Y/H63D heterozygotes (P = 0.002). Similarly, MCP‐1 protein levels in the C282Y homozygotes were decreased compared with the healthy controls (P = 0.00076). Furthermore, MCP‐1 serum levels were elevated in H63D patients compared with the healthy controls (P = 0.0008). This study suggests for the first time that a differential expression of MCP‐1 protein in patients with HH is associated with the specific HFE genetic component for iron overload. Therefore, these findings offer a possible explanation in the variable clinical spectrum of pathogenesis in patients with HH through abnormalities of an imbalance in the immune states of patients with HH.
The beta‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol counteracts anti‐inflammatory effects of isoflurane in rat endotoxemia
Authors: Boost K. A. , Flondor M. , Hofstetter C. , Platacis I. , Stegewerth K. , Hoegl S. , Nguyen T. , Muhl H. , Zwissler B. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Recent studies suggest that volatile anaesthetics have anti‐inflammatory and preconditioning properties and that beta‐adrenoceptors are involved in the signalling pathways for these effects. Concurrently, the blockade of beta‐adrenoceptors has been shown to augment the release of inflammatory mediators in response to pro‐inflammatory stimuli. We therefore aimed to investigate whether the beta‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol might modulate the anti‐inflammatory effects of isoflurane on the systemic and pulmonary release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in endotoxemic rats.Methods:  Forty anaesthetized and ventilated Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly treated as follows. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) only (n = 8), endotoxemia with LPS [5 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)]. LPS‐isoflurane (n = 8): endotoxemia and continuous inhalation of 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. LPS‐isoflurane‐propranolol (n = 8): administration of propranolol (3 mg/kg) before continuous inhalation of isoflurane and induction of endotoxemia. LPS‐propranolol (n = 8): administration of propranolol (3 mg/kg) before endotoxemia without inhalation of isoflurane. Sham (n = 8): control‐group only with surgical preparation. After 4 h of endotoxemia, levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) were analysed. Release of nitric oxide (NO) and amount of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in alveolar macrophages was measured by Griess assay or determined by Western Blotting, respectively.Results:  Inhalation of isoflurane reduced the release of TNF‐α (P < 0.05) and IL‐1β (P < 0.05) in plasma and IL‐1β (P < 0.05) in BALF. Co‐administration of propranolol significantly inhibited these effects. During inhalation of isoflurane, the increased release of NO and iNOS protein from alveolar macrophages was also completely inhibited by propranolol.Conclusion:  Our results indicate for the first time, that blockade of beta‐adrenoceptors counteracts the anti‐inflammatory effects of isoflurane in endotoxemic rats.
Monitoring the neonatal brain: A survey of current practice among Australian and New Zealand neonatologists
Authors: Filan Peter M , Inder Terrie E , Anderson Peter J , Doyle Lex W , Hunt Rodney W 
Published: July 2007

Aims:  There is considerable variation in the use of brain imaging and electrophysiological monitoring of encephalopathic term infants. The aims of this study were (i) to document the current practice among Australian and New Zealand neonatologists; and (ii) to identify the factors that influence local practice.Methods:  A postal questionnaire was sent to all 152 neonatologists in Australia and New Zealand. A hypothetical scenario of an encephalopathic term infant was presented and clinicians were asked a series of questions relating to their use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, ultrasound, electroencephalography and amplitude integrated electroencephalography.Results:  There was a 62% response rate. Twenty‐two per cent of respondents would not routinely perform an MRI brain scan in the given scenario. Limited availability, expense, logistics of transport and a lack of confidence in the ability of MRI to provide additional clinical information appear to be the main factors affecting practice. When a scan is performed, the majority of respondents (72%) perform the scan on day 5 or later. Twenty‐three per cent of respondents experience significant delays when they request an MRI scan. Regarding electrophysiological monitoring, amplitude integrated electroencephalography would be used by 62% of respondents in the given scenario.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that MRI is now widely used by neonatologists in Australia and New Zealand. However, local resource limitations and a lack of confidence in the utility of MRI continue to limit its use.
Business Ethics in Developing Countries: A Response to Rossouw
Authors: Schwartz Michael 
Published: July 2007

Abstract“Business Ethics in Developing Countries: A Response to Rossouw” examines Gedeon J. Rossouw's account of business morality and those preconditions that he seeks in order to develop a moral business culture in South Africa, given the historical reality in that country. The paper argues that Rossouw does not take cognisance of history. Particularly of the decade after the election of the Nationalist Party Government in 1948, when that government strove to impose its ideology upon South African Society. If he did take cognisance of that history, then he would not be able to proffer those proposals which he believes would improve business morality there. The paper also extends a caution against the acceptance of economic advancement as a pre-condition for the appearance of moral business practices. Likewise for the contrary view that economic growth is the harbinger of moral decay.
Guiding Principles of Jewish Business Ethics
Authors: Green Ronald M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This discussion develops six of the most important guiding principles of classical Jewish business ethics and illustrates their application to a complex recent case of product liability. These principles are: (1) the legitimacy of business activity and profit; (2) the divine origin and ordination of wealth (and hence the limits and obligations of human ownership); (3) the preeminent position in decision making given to the protection and preservation (sanctity) of human life; (4) the protection of consumers from commercial harm; (5) the avoidance of fraud and misrepresentation in sales transactions; and (6) the moral requirement to go beyond the letter of the law. Although these Talmudic principles are clearly obligatory only for “Torah-obedient” Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, many Jews share a sensibility informed by them. Non-Jews, too, may be instructed by Jewish teachings about business ethics.
A Global Perspective of Ethics in Business
Authors: Yamaji Keizo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Business ethics should not just be a corporate code, but be implemented in the line of business as a corporate philosophy. As an example of the above, I would like to present corporate activities of Canon, Inc. based on the “Kyosei” Initiative which I directed, especially its global development. I would like to show that these activities are ahead of the times and result in great prosperity of a corporation, and to tell my dream to increase corporations which take the same types of actions based on the “Kyosei” Initiative.
The New Federalism: Implications for the Legitimacy of Corporate Political Activity
Authors: Christensen Sandra L. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The new push to move political issue activity from the federal to the state and local levels—a new New Federalism—has implications for the ethical and political legitimacy of business political activity. While business political activity at the federal level may be both less costly and less risky than when action shifts to states or localities, at the state or local level it is likely to be more visible, and individual firms may be perceived to have more power. Increased corporate power raises questions about the legitimacy of firm involvement in the political process at the state and local levels. The issue of legitimacy is viewed in the context of the literature on political subcultures being used to study state economic development.