bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of IDDM in the Province Of Rzeszów, Poland, 0- to 29-Year-Old Age-Group, 1980–1992
Authors: Grzywa Marek A , Sobel Anna K 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the province of Rzeszów, Poland, and to test for differences in incidence by age at diagnosis, time cluster, sex, urban-rural population, and season.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A registry was established in 1990 to collect new IDDM cases among people 0–29 years of age, from 1980 to 1992. Data were collected according to the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group recommendations.

RESULTS
The average age-standardized incidence of IDDM was 5.31/100,000 population (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.67–6.04) for those 0–29 years of age. Among males, it was 5.68/100,000 (CI 4.77–6.77), and among females it was 4.93/100,000 (CI 4.07–5.97). The incidence for children 0–14 years old was 5.11/100,000 (CI 4.27-6.11) and for those 15–29 years old, 5.55/100,000 (CI 4.60–6.68). The incidence of IDDM in autumn (September through November) was the highest (87 of 243 cases) and differed statistically from each of the other seasons. The incidence of IDDM among the urban and rural populations did not differ. There were also no differences between the sexes and the groups divided by 5-year age intervals.

CONCLUSIONS
This study documents the low incidence rate and seasonal dependence of IDDM among people 0–29 years of age in the province of Rzeszów, Poland.
Prevalence of Diabetes and IGT in Yonchon County, South Korea
Authors: Park Yongsoo , Lee Hongkyu , Koh Chang-Soon , Min Hunki , Yoo Keunyoung , Kim Yongik , Shin Youngsoo 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Yonchon County of South Korea and to investigate their associated factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a population-based cross-sectional study with random cluster sampling of residents ≥30 years of age. Among the 3,804 residents sampled, a total of 2,520 participants had a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and answered a detailed questionnaire. We also collected standard anthropometric data.

RESULTS
If the data for participants in the age range of 30–64 years were adjusted to the standard world population, the prevalence of diabetes was 7.2% and the prevalence of IGT was 8.9%. It was observed that the significant factors associated with diabetes were waist-to-hip circumference ratio, serum triglyceride levels, age, systolic blood pressure, family history of diabetes, and locality.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of diabetes in Yonchon County was substantially higher than was previously suggested. The risk of diabetes increased with the increased central obesity and metabolic disturbances associated with insulin resistance.
Hypoglycemia Following Inadvertent and Factitious Sulfonylurea Overdosages
Authors: Klonoff David C , Barrett Barbie J , Nolte Martha S , Cohen Robert M , Wyderski Richard 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To recognize unreported sulfonylurea overdosages in hypoglycemic patients.

CASES
We describe three patients with hypoglycemia due to inadvertent (in two patients) and factitious (in one patient) sulfonylurea overdosages. We review the world literature and summarize 43 previously published cases of inadvertently administered and 23 previously published cases of factitiously self-administered sulfonylurea overdosages with hypoglycemia.

RESULTS
An inadvertently administered fulsonylurea overdosage usually occurred when a sulfonylurea was accidentally substituted for an intended medication with a similar generic or trade name. Features of the patients with a factitiously self-administered sulfonylurea overdosage included: 1) a history of the patient or patient's spouse having a medical job or sulfonylurea-treated diabetes mellitus; 2) an unusual affect or psychiatric history; 3) an abrupt onset of severe symptoms without previous milder symptoms; and 4) an absent hypoglycemic or hyperinsulinemic response to provocative testing. These features are not typical for an insulinoma.

CONCLUSIONS
When a hypoglycemic patient denies antidiabetic medication use, we recommend sequentially performing: 1) a thorough pill inspection; 2) an interview for recently altered pill appearances; 3) a measurement of serum insulin and C-peptide levels during hypoglycemia; and 4) a blood or urine sulfonylurea screen. Discovery of an unreported sulfonylurea overdosage can eliminate the need to search for an insulinoma and prevent further overdosages from occurring.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adolescent Offspring of Diabetic Mothers: Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism
Authors: Silverman Bernard L , Metzger Boyd E , Cho Nam H , Loeb Caroline A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that long-term postnatal development may be modified by metabolic experiences in utero.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We enrolled offspring of women with pregestational diabetes (this included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [1DDM] and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]) and gestational diabetes in a prospective study from 1977 through 1983. Fetal /3-cell function was assessed by measurement of arrmiotic fluid insulin (AF1) at 32–38 weeks gestation. Postnatally, plasma glucose and insulin were measured yearly from 1.5 years of age after fasting and 2 h after 1.75 g/kg oral glucose. Control subjects had a single oral glucose challenge at 10-16 years.

RESULTS
In offspring of diabetic mothers, the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (2-h glucose concentration &gt;7.8 mmol/1) was: 1.2% at &lt;5 years, 5.4% at 5–9 years, and 19.3% at 10–16 years. The 88 offspring of diabetic mothers (12.3 ± 1.7 years), when compared with 80 control subjects of the same age and pubertal stage, had higher 2-h glucose (6.8 ±1.4 vs. 5.7 ± 0.9 mmol/1, P &lt; 0.001) and insulin (660 ± 720 vs. 455 ± 285 pmol/1, P &lt; 0.03) concentrations. The 17 subjects with IGT at &gt; 10 years of age (9 boys and 8 girls) include one girl with NIDDM. IGT was not associated with the etiology of the mother's diabetes (gestational versus pregestational) or macrosomia at birth. IGT was found in only 3.7% (1 of 27) of adolescents whose AFI was normal (≥100 pmol/l) and 33.3% (12 of 36) of those with elevated AFI (P &lt; 0.001). Although most of the children with IGT are obese, AFI and obesity are independently associated with IGT by multiple logistic analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
In confirmation of our original hypothesis, IGT in the offspring is a long-term complication of maternal diabetes. Excessive insulin secretion in utero, as assessed by AFI concentration, is a strong predictor of IGT in childhood.
Plasma Oxidizability in Subjects With Normal Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and NIDDM
Authors: Haffner Steven M , Agil Ahmad , Mykkanen Leena , Stern Michael P , Jialal Ishwarlal 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Several lines of evidence support an atherogenic role for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Studies on LDL oxidation in diabetes to date have examined LDL isolated from plasma, but have failed to evaluate the other pro- and antioxidant factors present in vivo, the balance of which could be crucial in determining the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined the oxidizability of plasma from Mexican-Americans in the San Antonio Heart Study. The oxidizability of plasma in 75 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was studied after co-incubation with a free radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane hydrochloride (AAPH). Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were measured by a modified fluorimetrie assay.

RESULTS
Baseline LPO levels (μmol/l; means ± SE) were similar in the three glucose tolerance categories (NGT, 1.99 ± 0.07; IGT, 1.88 ± 0.07; NIDDM, 1.97 ± 0.07; P = 0.521). However, after incubation with AAPH (NGT, 4.30 ±0.20; IGT, 4.45 ± 0.20; NIDDM, 5.35 ± 0.20; P = 0.003), the diabetic plasma had significantly greater amounts of LPOs compared with the other two groups. There was no significant difference in LPOs between the NGT and IGT groups. The statistical significance of increased oxidizability of the diabetic plasma persisted after exclusion of patients who smoked cigarettes (n = 15) or who had vascular disease (n = 4).

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this study shows that the plasma of Mexican-American subjects with NIDDM is more prone to lipid peroxidation than that of non-Hispanic whites
Trends in Cigarette Smoking and Physicians' Advice to Quit Smoking Among People with Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Malarcher Ann M , Ford Earl S , Nelson David E , Chrismon Jeffrey H , Mowery Paul , Merritt Robert K , Herman William H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
This study describes changes in the distribution of cigarette smoking and in physicians' advice to quit smoking among the U.S. population with and without diabetes from the mid-1970s to 1990.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data on self-reported smoking status, physicians' advice to quit smoking, history of diabetes, and demographic characteristics were obtained from the 1974, 1985, and 1990 National Health Interview Surveys. We examined the age-adjusted prevalence of smoking and physicians' advice to quit smoking by race, sex, and educational level among individuals with diabetes and those without diabetes.

RESULTS
The prevalence of smoking decreased 9.8 percentage points from 1974 to 1990 among individuals with diabetes (from 35.6 to 25.8%, P &lt; 0.01) and 11.7 percentage points among those without diabetes (from 37.3 to 25.6%, P &lt; 0.01). For all years, younger individuals, men, and people with less than a high school education were more likely to smoke, regardless of diabetes status. Among individuals who had ever smoked, those with diabetes were more likely to have received advice to quit than those without diabetes; from 1974 to 1990, the percentage advised to quit smoking by a physician increased from 35.1 to 58.4% for smokers with diabetes and from 26.8 to 46.0% for smokers without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite decreases in smoking prevalence over time, people with diabetes are still as likely to smoke as those without diabetes. More than 40% of smokers with diabetes currently report never having received advice from a physician to quit smoking. Health care providers should increase their efforts to reduce smoking among people with diabetes.
Clinical Onset Characteristics of Familial Versus Nonfamilial Cases in a Large Population-based Cohort of Childhood-Onset Diabetes Patients
Authors: Dahlquist Gisela G , Mustonen Lena R 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare characteristics at clinical onset of childhood-onset diabetes patients with and without a first-degree relative with childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a nationwide continuous incident diabetes register covering patients from 0 to 14 years of age with a high level of ascertainment, we compared 687 patients who at onset had at least one first-degree relative with insulin-treated diabetes with 5,137 patients without such relatives.

RESULTS
The pattern of change over the 15-year period was similar among familial- and sporadic-case patients. The seasonal pattern, with a lower incidence during the warmer period of the year, was similar in both groups. Age at clinical onset was also similar in both groups in either sex. When the proband had a sibling who already had the disease, the mean age at onset was significantly higher when compared with sporadic-case or other familial-case patients.

CONCLUSIONS
This analysis of a very large set of population-based cases of childhood diabetes showed that patients who had one first-degree relative with insulin-treated diabetes at onset shared the onset characteristics of those without such family members, including age at onset, sex ratio, seasonality, and secular trend. The findings may indicate that the complex interactions between genetic and nongenetic risk factors subsequently leading to IDDM are mainly shared by familial- and sporadic-case patients.
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia in Children With IDDM
Authors: McCrimmon Rory J , Gold Ann E , Deary Ian J , Kelnar Christopher J H , Frier Brian M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the symptoms of hypoglycemia in children with insulin-dependent diabetes, from the perspective both of the child and of the child's parents, and to compare the symptom reporting of the diabetic children with that of adult diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Interviews were conducted with 100 parents and 43 of their children. The frequency and intensity of symptoms of hypoglycemia were documented using a structured interview and classified into groups using Principal Components Analysis (PCA).

RESULTS
Diabetic children and their parents showed close agreement concerning the relative frequency and the intensity of symptoms reported. PCA of the symptom reports showed that diabetic children and their parents identified the same distinct subgroups of hypoglycemia-related symptoms: behavioral disturbance and autonomic-neuroglycopenic subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypoglycemic symptoms in children with diabetes clearly differ from those experienced by insulin-treated adults and, in particular, include behavioral changes as primary features of a low blood glucose. These observations have important implications for parental education on hypoglycemia.
Positive Methane-Producing Status Associated With Increased Serum Cholesterol in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Wolever Thomas M S , Fernandes Judlyn , Rao Venketeshwer A , Chiasson Jean-Louis , Josse Robert G , Leiter Lawrence A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine if those who produce methane (i.e., have presence of methane in breath) have higher serum cholesterol than those who do not produce methane in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured breath gases and fasting serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in 21 subjects with IGT.

RESULTS
The 11 methane-producers were well matched to the 10 non-methane-producers for age, sex, and body mass index. Methane-producers had higher fasting serum total (6.5 ± 0.3 vs. 5.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein (4.3 ± 0.3 vs. 3.4 ± 0.2 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.05) cholesterol concentrations with no difference in TG or HDL levels.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that in subjects with IGT, positive methane-producing status may be associated with increased serum cholesterol levels.
Extra-Pancreatic Manifestations in Diabetes Secondary to Mitochondrial DNA Point Mutation Within the tRNALeu(UUR) Gene
Authors: Vialettes Bernard , Paquis-Fluckinger Véronique , Silvestre-Aillaud Pascale , Dahan David Ben , Pelissier Jean-François , Etchary-Bouyx Frédérique , Raccah Denis , Gin Henri , Guillausseau Pierre Jean , Vanuxen Danielle , Orsini Frederic , Pouget Jean , Cozzone Patrick , Desnuelle Claude 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
A point mutation in the mitochondrial genome has been identified as a cause of diabetes and deafness. We report two pedigrees with and A-to-G transition at nucleotide 3243 of mtDNA within the tRNALeu(UUR) gene and focus our investigations on other localizations of the anomaly, particularly muscle and retina.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Muscular localization has been studied in probands by invasive and noninvasive methods, including muscle biopsy (evaluation of the proportion of mutated mtDNA in comparison to blood cells, measurement of respiratory chain complex activities and histological and histochemical aspects) and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ophthalmic and angiographic examination of retina, electroretinography, and visual evoked potentials were performed in five subjects.

RESULTS
This mutation, previously described in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), was expressed more abundantly in muscle than in nucleated blood cells. This low expression in blood cells could hamper the diagnosis for some patients. In addition, despite poor clinical expression, muscle was found to be highly affected. Ragged red fibers and dystrophic mitochondria were observed in muscle biopsy. Histochemical assays showed decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes, and 31P-NMR in vivo data further confirmed the defect of muscle oxidative processes. Exercise-induced lactate production was increased. Finally, in both families, an atypical “salt and pepper” pigmentary retinopathy was observed without consequences on visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS
In diabetes secondary to 3243 mtDNA mutation, infraclinical muscular and ocular lesions are frequent. These two locations of the disease, which are easily investigated by simple methods, can help in the diagnosis of this new type of diabetes.
Physiological Modulation of Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentrations by Diet: Metabolic implications in nondiabetic subjects
Authors: Wolever Thomas M S , Bentum-Williams Anita , Jenkins David J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of varying the amount of carbohydrate and glycemic index (GI) of breakfast test meals on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) responses of nondiabetic subjects and to see whether the glycemic response at lunch was related to the plasma FFA response to breakfast.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied eight subjects over a 6-h period on four separate occasions using a randomized Latin-square design. They received isocaloric breakfast test meals that were either high (84 g) or low (41 g) in carbohydrate and had either a high (∼ 100) or a low (∼ 70) GI, followed by a standard lunch 4 h later.

RESULTS
The initial fall in plasma FFAs after breakfast was similar for all four test meals, but the extent of rebound differed significantly. The mean plasma FFA concentration just before the start of lunch (4 h) was highest after the low-GI, low-carbohydrate breakfast (418 ± 42 mumol/l), followed by high-GI, low-carbohydrate (277 ± 48 μmol/l), high-GI, high carbohydrate (227 ± 32 μmol/l), and low-GI, high-carbohydrate (149 ± 23 μmol/l) (P &lt; 0.01). The concentration of plasma FFAs at 4 h was directly related to the total area under the glycemic response curve to lunch (r = 0.691, n = 32, P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
In nondiabetic subjects, the type and amount of carbohydrate eaten at breakfast influences the plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA responses to breakfast and also affects the glucose, insulin, and FFA responses to a subsequent standard lunch. The glycemic responses after lunch were closely related to the plasma FFA concentration 4 h after breakfast, which we speculate is due to the inhibitory effect of FFAs on insulin action.
High Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Polynesians of Western Samoa
Authors: Collins Veronica R , Dowse Gary K , Plehwe Walter E , Imo Tofaeono T , Toelupe Palanitina M , Taylor Hugh R , Zimmet Paul Z 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy retinopathy and nephropathy and to define associated risk factors in Polynesian Western Samoans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 1991 population-based study in Samoan adults (ages 25–74 years) included a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure recordings. Subjects with NIDDM or IGT had 45-degree stereo photographs taken (n = 263) (three standard fields of the right eye), and retinopathy was graded in comparison with Airlie House photographs. First-morning urine samples (n = 304) were also collected from these subjects and from a subsample with normal glucose tolerance. Urinary albumin concentration (UAC) was measured by radio-immunoassay: microalbuminuria was defined as UAC of 30–299 μg/ml; and macroalbuminuria was defined as UAC ≥300 μg/ml.

RESULTS
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 43.2% among subjects with known diabetes and 15.4% in those newly diagnosed. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in 4.5% of known diabetic subjects. The prevalence of elevated UAC was 15.0% in subjects with IGT, 26.0% in newly diagnosed diabetes subjects, and 23.4% in known diabetes subjects. For all diabetic subjects (n = 162), the factors independently associated with diabetic retinopathy (logistic regression) were duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, and body mass index (inversely). Duration of diabetes, serum triglyceride concentrations, and systolic blood pressure were independently associated with elevated UAC in all diabetic subjects (n = 138), and fasting plasma glucose had borderline significance.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria are common in Polynesian Western Samoans. Duration of diabetes and level of glycemia were the most important associated factors. These data underline the need for cost-effective programs for the detection and early treatment of diabetes in Western Samoa and other developing populations with high susceptibility to NIDDM.
1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol Evaluates Daily Glycemic Excursions in Well-Controlled NIDDM
Authors: Kishimoto Michihiko , Yamasaki Yoshimitsu , Kubota Minoru , Arai Katsumi , Morishima Toyohiko , Kawamori Ryuzo , Kamada Takenobu 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the usefulness of plasma 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) as a possible marker for daily glycemic excursion, we measured plasma 1,5-AG, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, and daily excursion of glycemia, from which the M-value (after Schlichtkrull) was calculated as an index of daily glycemic excursion.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The subjects were 76 patients with well-controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) treated with diet therapy only (diet, n = 17), oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA, n = 28), conventional insulin therapy (CIT, n = 16), or multiple insulin injection therapy (MIT, n = 15).

RESULTS
HbA1c values were similar among all the groups (diet, 6.9 ± 0.6; OHA, 7.2 ± 0.5; CIT, 7.1 ± 0.6; MIT, 7.2 ± 0.5%). The MIT group showed a significantly higher 1,5-AG concentration (11.5 ± 5.3 μg/ml), a significantly lower M-value (9.2 ± 5.2), and little risk of hypoglycemia (&lt; 4 mmol/l) and hyperglycemia (&gt; 10 mmol/l) (1.3 ± 1.1 times/24 h) compared with the CIT group (6.9 ± 3.3μg/ml, 15.7 ± 8.9, 2.2 ± 1.6 times/24 h, respectively). Insulin doses (22.4 ± 4.5 vs. 22.0 ± 8.9 U/day), FPG (6.6 ± 2.2 vs. 7.4 ± 2.4 mmol/l), and HbA1c concentrations were not significantly different between the CIT and MIT groups. M-values significantly correlated with 1,5-AG concentrations (r = 0.414, P &lt; 0.05), but not with HbA1c concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that the plasma 1,5-AG concentration can be a useful index of the daily excursion of blood glucose, especially in patients with well-controlled NIDDM.