bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of the effects of the breaking intensity on wave breaking flows
Authors: IAFRATI A. 
Published: February 2009

The flow generated by the breaking of free-surface waves of different initial steepnesses is simulated numerically. The aim is to investigate the role played by the breaking intensity on the resulting flow. The study, which assumes a two-dimensional flow, makes use of a two-fluids Navier–Stokes solver combined with a Level-Set technique for the interface capturing. The evolution of periodic wavetrains is considered. Depending on the initial steepness ϵ, the wavetrain remains regular or develops a breaking, which can be either of spilling or plunging type. From the analysis of the local strain fields it is shown that, in the most energetic phase of plunging breaking, dissipation is mainly localized about the small air bubbles generated by the fragmentation of the air cavity entrapped by the plunging of the jet. The downward transfer of the horizontal momentum is evaluated by integrating the flux of momentum through horizontal planes lying at different depths beneath the still water level. From weak to moderate breaking, increase in the breaking intensity results in growing transfer of horizontal momentum, as well as thickening of the surface layer. Beyond a certain breaking intensity, the larger amount of air entrapped causes a reduction in the momentum transferred and the shrinkage of the layer. Quantitative estimates of the amount of air entrapped by the breaking and of the degassing process are provided. A scaling dependence of the amount of air entrapped by the first plunging event on the initial steepness is found. A careful analysis of the circulation induced in water by the breaking process is carried out. It is seen that in the plunging regime the primary circulation induced by the breaking process scales with the velocity jump between the crest and the trough of the wave.The limits of the main assumptions of the numerical calculations are analysed. It is shown that up to half-wave period after the breaking onset, the Reynolds number of the simulation does not significantly affect the solution. In order to further support the findings, an estimate of the uncertainty of the numerical results is derived through several repetitions of the numerical simulation with small perturbations of the initial conditions.
Aptitude, phonological memory, and second language proficiency in nonnovice adult learners
Authors: HUMMEL KIRSTEN M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis study explores the relationship between aptitude, phonological memory (PM), and second language (L2) proficiency in nonnovice adult learners of English as an L2. Native speakers of French (N= 77) enrolled in a university Teaching English as a Second Language program were the participants in the study. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three main factors corresponding to the variables examined: L2 proficiency, aptitude, and PM. Multiple regression analyses revealed aptitude subtests and PM together predicted 29% of the variance in L2 proficiency. Additional regression analyses carried out on lower and higher proficiency subgroups, created by a median split on proficiency scores, revealed that none of the variables predicted L2 proficiency in the higher proficiency subgroup. PM remained as a significant predictor for the lower proficiency subgroup, extending the pattern of results found elsewhere in younger populations to adult nonnovice L2 learners.
Economy in the acquisition of English universal quantifier sentences: The interpretations of deaf and hearing students and second language learners at the college level
Authors: BERENT GERALD P. , KELLY RONALD R. , SCHUELER-CHOUKAIRI TANYA 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTEnglish sentences containing the universal quantifiers each, every, and all are highly complex structures in view of the subtleties of their scope properties and resulting ambiguities. This study explored the acquisition of universal quantifier sentences as reflected in the performance of three diverse college-level student groups on a multipicture sentence interpretation task. The participant groups (hearing native speakers, deaf students, and second language learners of English) all exhibited fundamental knowledge of universal lexical, semantic, and syntactic properties that contribute to quantifier sentence interpretation. The native speakers outperformed the deaf and second language groups, whose performance was strikingly parallel. Performance patterns are explained in terms of the influences of derivational economy, including the option to restrict in situ indefinite noun phrases to singleton indefinites. The symmetry effect observed in child language studies was also observed among the college-aged participants in this study. It is explained in terms of a pragmatic challenge in managing contextual information that invokes an unexpected singleton indefinite interpretation. The results contribute to the understanding of sentence comprehension under conditions of restricted learner access to target language input and underscore the value of seeking correlates of theory-internal derivational economy in language acquisition and use.
Multifunctional robot to maintain boiler water-cooling tubes
Authors: Gao Xueshan , Xu Dianguo , Wang Yan , Pan Huanhuan , Shen Weimin 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYA robot has been developed to maintain boiler water-cooling tubes. This robot has a double tracked moving mechanism, an ash cleaning device, a slag purging device, a tubes' thickness measurement device, a marking device, and a control system. This robot can climb up and down the tube wall. A method for the robot to complete many tasks for boiler maintenance in one process cycle is presented. The mechanism of the robot is described. Especially, a kind of special magnetic block structure is designed to obtain strong adhering force using permanent magnets. Experiments in laboratory and real thermal power station have verified that the robot cannot only climb on the surface of the tube wall smoothly, but also take heavy payloads for boiler maintenance operation.
Knowing more than one can say: The early regular plural
Authors: ZAPF JENNIFER A. , SMITH LINDA B. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on partial knowledge in two-year-old children's learning of the regular English plural. In Experiments 1 and 2, children were presented with one kind and its label and then were either presented with two of that same kind (A→AA) or the initial picture next to a very different thing (A→AB). The children in A→AA rarely produced the plural. The children in A→AB supplied the singular form of A but children in A→AA did not. Experiment 3 compared the performance of English-speaking and Japanese-speaking children in A→AA with common and novel nouns. The Japanese-speaking children (learning a language without a mandatory plural) supplied the singular form of A but the English-speaking children did not. The findings indicate young children learning English know there is a plural to be learned before they have fully worked out the rules of production or acquired the necessary singular–plural pairs for broad generalization.
Cobordism of Morse maps and its application to map germs
Authors: IKEGAMI KAZUICHI , SAEKI OSAMU 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLetf:M→S1be a Morse map of a closed manifoldMinto the circle, where a Morse map is a smooth map with only nondegenerate critical points. In this paper, we classify such maps up to fold cobordism. In the course of the classification, we get several fold cobordism invariants for such Morse maps. We also consider a slightly general situation where the source manifoldMhas boundary and the mapfrestricted to the boundary has no critical points. Letg: (Rm, 0) → (R2, 0),m≥ 2, be a generic smooth map germ, where the targetR2is oriented. Using the above-mentioned fold cobordism invariants, we show that the number of cusps with a prescribed index appearing in aC∞stable perturbation ofg, counted with signs, gives a topological invariant ofg.
On the zeros of the second and third Jackson q-Bessel functions and their associated q-Hankel transforms
Authors: ANNABY M. H. , MANSOUR Z. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe investigate the zeros of q-Bessel functions of the second and third types as well as those of the associated finite q-Hankel transforms. We derive asymptotic relations of the zeros of the q-Bessel functions by comparison with zeros of the theta function. The asymptotics of q-Bessel functions are also given. Zeros of finite q-Hankel transforms of q-summable functions are shown to be real and simple except for a finite number of possible non real zeros. Sufficient conditions are given to guarantee that all zeros are real. We give some applications concerning zeros of combinations of q-Bessel functions.
Flag modules and the hit problem for the Steenrod algebra
Authors: WALKER G. , WOOD R. M. W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe ‘hit problem’ of F. P. Peterson in algebraic topology asks for a minimal generating set for the polynomial algebraP(n) =2[x1,. . .,xn] as a module over the Steenrod algebra2. An equivalent problem is to find an2-basis for the subringK(n) of elementsfin the dual Hopf algebraD(n), a divided power algebra, such thatSqk(f)=0 for allk> 0. The Steenrod kernelK(n) is a2GL(n,2)-module dual to the quotientQ(n) ofP(n) by the hit elements+2P(n). A submoduleS(n) ofK(n) is obtained as the image of a family of maps from the permutation moduleFl(n) ofGL(n,2) on complete flags in ann-dimensional vector spaceVover2. We use the Schubert cell decomposition of the flags to calculateS(n) in degrees$d =\sum_{i=1}^n (2^{\lambda_i}-1)$, where λ1> λ2> ⋅⋅⋅ > λn≥ 0. When λn= 0, we define a2GL(n,2)-module map δ:Qd(n) →Q2d+n−1(n) analogous to the well-known isomorphismQd(n) →Q2d+n(n) of M. Kameko. When λn−1≥ 2, we show that δ is surjective and δ*:S2d+n−1(n)→Sd(n) is an isomorphism.
Polymyalgica rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
Authors: Bird H A , Mac Iver Helen 
Published: February 2009

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are closely related conditions, considered by many to represent opposite poles of a single disease spectrum. They can occur together or separately.Polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by pain and morning stiffness in the shoulder girdle and sometimes the pelvic girdle. The symptoms are felt to be related to synovitis of proximal joints and extra-articular synovial structures. Giant cell arteritis displays a frank vasculitis affecting the regions supplied by the temporal artery to give visual loss and scalp tenderness but is increasingly recognized to also affect the aorta and its extra-cranial branches. For this reason the term ‘giant cell arteritis’, which is descriptive of the pathology, is used instead of the alternative term ‘temporal arteritis’, which gives a misleading impression of localization but which was the term used in previous reviews for this journal, the most recent in 2003.
Fibroblast cell line establishment, cryopreservation and interspecies embryos reconstruction in red panda (Ailurus fulgens)
Authors: Tao Yong , Liu Jianming , Zhang Yunhai , Zhang Meiling , Fang Junshun , Han Wei , Zhang Zhizhong , Liu Ya , Ding Jianping , Zhang Xiaorong 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn evolution, the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) plays a pivotal role in the higher level phylogeny of arctoides carnivore mammals. The red panda inhabits certain Asian countries only and its numbers are decreasing. Therefore, the development of feasible ways to preserve this species is necessary. Genetic resource cryopreservation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been used extensively to rescue this endangered species. The present study describes the establishment, for the first time, of a red panda ear fibroblast cell line, which was then cryopreserved, thawed and cultured. Through micromanipulation, interspecies embryos were reconstructed using the cryopreserved–thawed fibroblasts of the red panda as the donor and rabbit oocytes as recipients. A total of 194 enucleated rabbit oocytes were reconstructed with red panda ear fibroblasts; enucleated oocytes were activated without fusion as the control. The results show that the fibroblast cell line was established successfully by tissue culture and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Supplementation with 20% fetal bovine serum and 8% dimethyl sulphoxide in basic medium facilitated the cryopreservation. The interspecies embryos were successfully reconstructed. The cleavage, morulae and blastocyst rates after in vitro culture were 71, 47 and 23% (31/194), respectively. This study indicated that a somatic cell line could be established and cryopreserved from red panda and that rabbit cytoplast supports mitotic cleavage of the red panda karyoplasts and is capable of reprogramming the nucleus to achieve blastocysts.
Social, economic, health and environmental determinants of child nutritional status in three Central Asian Republics
Authors: Bomela Nolunkcwe J 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the comparative effect of social, economic, health and environmental characteristics on the nutritional status of children aged <3 years in Central Asia.DesignCross-sectional analysis using data from Demographic and Health Surveys.SettingUzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.SubjectsInformation on demographic health was gathered by Macro International Inc., Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan governments from a random sample of 14 067 households in the three countries. Anthropometric measurements were performed using standardized procedures on all children <3 years of age (n 2358). Only children with plausible Z-scores (n 1989) were selected for subsequent analyses.ResultsThe main results indicated that country of residence, number of people in household, household wealth, birth weight, age of child, knowledge of oral rehydration therapy, maternal education, number of children <5 years of age and source of drinking water were strong predictors of child nutritional status in these countries. Furthermore, chronic malnutrition was most prevalent in all three countries but at varied levels. An unexpected finding was that fully vaccinated children were more likely to be malnourished than children who were partially vaccinated. A further unexpected finding was that breast-feeding especially in children >6 months old had a strong negative association with stunting and underweight.ConclusionsIn summary, the results from both the descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis are similar in terms of the explanatory variables and the statistical significance in the models.
Perceived health and medicinal properties of six species of wild edible plants in north-east Lebanon
Authors: Jeambey Zeinab , Johns Timothy , Talhouk Salma , Batal Malek 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectivesWild edible plants (WEP) play the dual role of securing food diversity and promoting health in traditional societies. Current simplified dietary habits contribute to increasing population health risks. Since WEP are integral to the diet of traditional communities, identifying their significance as foods to people provides further evidence to conserve them and promote their consumption. Six species of WEP were identified as integral to the diet of rural Lebanese communities. We investigated their patterns of consumption and knowledge regarding their health and medicinal properties.DesignAn ethnobotanical survey, employing a qualitative questionnaire, was conducted among thirty informants. The identified species were Cichorium intybus, Eryngium creticum, Foeniculum vulgare, Malva sylvestris, Thymus syriacus and Gundelia tournifortii.ResultsMost informants consumed the six plants as a regular part of their diet. Seasonal variability in consumption was evident. C. intybus was renowned for its digestive and blood strengthening properties. F. vulgare was used as a digestive stimulant. M. sylvestris was distinguished for its anti-inflammatory qualities. T. syriacus was popular for its digestive and anti-poisonous properties. E. creticum was attributed less pronounced health benefits. G. tournifortii was considered a nutritious food.ConclusionsAll six species were popular for their edible uses as well as their health and/or medicinal benefits. These properties are supported by scientific evidence. Our results highlight the importance of these plants for local people and support efforts for their conservation. However, we noticed a decline in indigenous knowledge. We encourage efforts to record it for other plants and in other communities.
Changes in food and nutrient intake of 6- to 17-year-old Germans between the 1980s and 2006
Authors: Stahl Anna , Vohmann Claudia , Richter Almut , Heseker Helmut , Mensink Gert BM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the food consumption and nutrient intakes of German children and adolescents in the 1980s with present dietary habits.DesignTwo cross-sectional representative surveys, the German National Food Consumption Study (Nationale Verzehrsstudie, NVS) from 1985–8 and the nutrition module ‘EsKiMo’ of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) from 2006, were analysed for differences in food and nutrient intakes stratified by age and sex groups.SettingSecondary analyses of data from representative observational studies.SubjectsChildren and adolescents aged 6–17 years living in Germany in the 1980s (n 2265) and in 2006 (n 2506).ResultsFood consumption was characterised by higher amounts of vegetables/pulses, fruits/nuts and beverages and less meat products/sausages, butter, fats/oils, potatoes/potato products and bread/pastries in 2006 than in 1985–8. The overall changes in food intake were reflected in improvements of macronutrient composition, increased water intake and lower energy density of the diet. Intake of most vitamins and minerals increased in relation to energy intake, but the nutrient density of the diet for vitamins B12 and D decreased. The most critical nutrients observed in NVS and EsKiMo were folate, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, Ca and Fe. In addition, dietary fibre intake was relatively low and fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions were not favourable.ConclusionsFurther efforts will be necessary to improve dietary habits among children and adolescents.
Do lifestyle interventions affect dietary diversity score in the general population?
Authors: Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Azadbakht Leila , Mohammadifard Noushin , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Safavi Morteza , Sajadi Firoozeh , Alikhasi Hasan , Maghroun Maryam , Kelishadi Roya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe dietary diversity score (DDS) is a good indicator of diet quality as well as of diet–disease relationships; therefore, the present study was undertaken to reveal the effect of a lifestyle intervention on this index.DesignA baseline and three evaluation studies were conducted in two intervention districts (Isfahan and Najaf-Abad) and a reference area (Arak), all located in central Iran. The Isfahan Healthy Hearth Programme (IHHP) targeted the entire population of nearly 2 million in urban and rural areas of the intervention communities. One of the main strategies of the lifestyle intervention phase in the IHHP was healthy nutrition. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a forty-nine-item FFQ. A diversity score for each food group was calculated and the DDS was considered the sum of the diversity scores of the food groups.ResultsThere were significant increases in DDS in both intervention areas (P = 0·0001) after controlling for confounding factors. There was a significant interaction between area and evaluation stage with regard to DDS (P = 0·0001). The effect of the intervention on the diversity scores of all food groups was also significant (P = 0·0001 for all) after adjusting for socio-economic status.ConclusionThe community-based lifestyle intervention in the IHHP was successful in improving DDS which might be related to an increase of diet quality of the population that in turn might decrease the risks of chronic diseases.
The Rise of the Vulcans
Authors: Charbonneau David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this introductory review, I summarize the path from the initial 1995 radial-velocity discovery of hot Jupiters to the current rich panoply of investigations that are afforded when such objects are observed to transit their parent stars. Forty transiting exoplanets are now known, and the time for that population to double has dropped below one year. Only for these objects do we have direct estimates of their masses and radii, and can we (at the current time) undertake direct studies of the chemistries and dynamics of their atmospheres. Informed by the successes of hot Jupiter studies, I outline a path for the spectroscopic study of certain habitable exoplanets that obviates the need for direct imaging.
Ground-Based Photometric Searches for Transiting Planets
Authors: Mazeh Tsevi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the basic technical characteristics of the ground-based photometric searches for transiting planets, and discusses a possible observational selection effect. I suggest that additional photometric observations of the already observed fields might discover new transiting planets with periods around 4–6 days. The set of known transiting planets supports the intriguing correlation between the planetary mass and the orbital period suggested already in 2005.
The WASP transit surveys
Authors: Cameron Andrew Collier , Pollacco Don , Hellier Coel , West Richard ,   the WASP Consortium and the SOPHIE & CORALIE Planet-Search Teams
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe WASP consortium operates two wide-field camera arrays in the northern (La Palma) and southern (Sutherland) hemispheres. Each installation comprises a robotic mount bearing 8 cameras, forming a mosaic with a field of view of 30 degrees in declination by 1 hour in right ascension. Here we describe the system performance, observing strategy, candidate selection procedures and follow-up campaigns, and the yield and physical characteristics of the 16 planets discovered in the course of the survey to date.
The MEarth project: searching for transiting habitable super-Earths around nearby M dwarfs
Authors: Irwin Jonathan , Charbonneau David , Nutzman Philip , Falco Emilio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDue to their small radii, M dwarfs are very promising targets to search for transiting super-Earths, with a planet of 2 Earth radii orbiting an M5 dwarf in the habitable zone giving rise to a 0.5% photometric signal, with a period of two weeks. This can be detected from the ground using modest-aperture telescopes by targeting samples of nearby M dwarfs. Such planets would be very amenable to follow-up studies due to the brightness of the parent stars, and the favourable planet-star flux ratio. MEarth is such a transit survey of ~2000 nearby M dwarfs. Since the targets are distributed over the entire (Northern) sky, it is necessary to observe them individually, which will be done by using 8 independent 0.4m robotic telescopes, two of which have been in operation since December 2007 at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) located on Mount Hopkins, Arizona. We discuss the survey design and hardware, and report on the current status of the survey, and preliminary results obtained from the commissioning data.