bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PERSPECTIVE ON ALDOSTERONE ABNORMALITIES
Authors: BIGLIERI EDWARD G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNot all the varied clinical disorders in which aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid hormones are involved have been reviewed. Only those disorders in which the mineralocorticoid hormones and their regulatory factors are the principal cause of the biochemical and clinical abnormalities have been examied. These are many and varied. Appreciation of the extent and magnitude of their involvement in the regulation of blood pressure, body fluids, and electrolyte composition continues to grow.The major direct clinical impact of the mineralocorticoid hormones appears to be in two areas: hypertension and potassium homeostasis. Their part in the mosaic of hypertension is established in primary hyperaldosteronism, but they also appear to affect and modify the hypertensive process in primary or essential hypertension. The probe continues.Hypoaldosteronism is more than the rare occurrence associated with Addison's disease. It may be the clue to the presence of nonaldosterone mineralocorticoid excess syndromes, and is obviously of critical imporatnce in an increasing number of patients with chronic renal failure of varied aetiologies.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CONVULSION THERAPY ON THE CIRCULATING CONCENTRATIONS OF PITUITARY HORMONES, CORTISOL AND CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
Authors: YLIKORKALA O. , KAUPPILA A. , HAAPALAHTI J. , KARPPANEN H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to evaluate the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on the human pituitary‐adrenal function, serial plasma samples were assayed for FSH, LH, TSH, HGH, ACTH, cortisol and cyclic AMP before and after nine shocks in five subjects. A prominent finding was the rapid stimulation of the ACTH‐cortisol production in all subjects, while no consistent changes in FSH, LH, TSH, HGH or cyclic AMP were found.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE SECRETION IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH POST‐ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AMENORRHOEA: EVIDENCE FOR A HYPOTHALAMIC FEEDBACK ABNORMALITY
Authors: MARSHALL J. C. , REED P. I. , GORDON H. 
Published: March 2008

Twenty‐four patients who presented with amenorrhoea after discontinuing oral contraceptives were studies. In fourteen patients underlying conditions were present which could account for the amenorrhoea. Two patients were pregnant, two had premature ovarian failure and four polycystic ovarian disease. Pituitary tumours were present in three patients, and in another three radiological abnormalities of the pituitary fossa suggested the presence of an intrasellar tumour. Basal serum luteinizing hormone levels reliably differentiated ovarian from hypothalamic or pituitary lesions. Varied patterns of serum LH response to clomiphene were present in the patients with post‐oral contraceptive amenorrhoe or pituitary lesions. Most patients showed normal hormone response patterns, with a secondary LH occurred despite normal oestradiol responses. This suggests an abnormality of the positive feedback system for oestrogens. Subsequent stimulation with clomiphene produced normal LH responses in these patients showing that the abnormality was reversible.These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that post‐oral contraceptive amenorrhoea is the result of continuing suppression of normal hypothalamic pituitary feedback systems after the sex steroids have been stopped. The different patterns of hormone response to clomiphene suggest varying degrees of feedback abnormality, and in some patients the positive feedback mechanism only is impaired.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN PLASMA ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
Authors: BAYLIS P. H. , HEATH D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay for AVP capable of measuring human plasma AVP is described, Iodination was performed by the chloramine T method and purified by chromatography on Sephadex G‐25. Specific activity of 125I‐AVP was 1710×155 Ci/mmol. Antiserum of high affinity (Keq= 2.7×1011l/mol) has been raised in rabbits, which shows slight cross‐reactivity with LVP and negligible reactivity with oxytocin. The aqueous assay is capable of detecting 0.4 fmol of AVP/tube and it is highly reproducible.A Florisil extraction technique is described in detail and gives recovery of 70% of synthetic AVP added to plasma over a wide physiological range. The lowest detectable concentration of plasma AVP is 0.3 pmol/l.The method has been validated by studying changes in plasma AVP concentration following overnight dehydration (plasma AVP = 3.46×1.89 (SD) pmol/l), and water loading (plasma AVP = 1.54×0.59 pmol/l), P < 0.005, in normal subjects. A A highly significant positive correlation has been found between plasma AVP and plasma osmolality (r=+0.75). Plasma AVP concentration has also been determined in patients with DI and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. No effect was found on the level of plasma AVP in normally hydrated volunteers undergoing postural change but levels rose following strenuous exercise from basal concentrations of 1.57×0.59 pmol/l to 4.77×3.43 pmol/l, P < 0.01.
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM DUE TO PARTIAL END‐ORGAN INSENSITIVITY TO ANDROGENS
Authors: BARRAGRY J. M. , MAKIN H. L. J. , MORRIS D. V. , TRAFFORD D. J. H. , MASON A. STUART 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 46XY individual with incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism was studied. The phenotype was distinctive, with a masculine habitus despite a small phallus, gynaecomastia and diminished virilization. Plasma levels of testosterone, oestrogens, gonadotrophins and sex‐hormone binding globulin were elevated. It is proposed that this syndrome is a variant of Type I incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON LUNG METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: STUBBS W. A. , MORGAN I. , LLOYD B. , ALBERTI K. G. M. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA new model has been established for the perfused in situ rat lung. During perfusion with glucose at 4 mmol/1, physiological concentrations of insulin (50 mu/1) caused an initial 1.5 fold increase in lactate production; the increase being sustained at 30% for the 4 h of perfusion. The observation that the lung responds to physiological concentrations of insulin could have important implications with respect to whole body carbohydrate metabolism.
CLEARANCE OF EXOGENOUS PARATHYROID HORMONE IN NORMAL AND URAEMIC MAN
Authors: PAPAPOULOS S. E. , HENDY G. N. , TOMLINSON S. , LEWIN I. G. , O'RIORDAN J. L. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. The clearance of unlabelled bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH) was studied after injection or infusion of the hormone into ten normal subjects and six patients with chronic renal failure (two of whom had been nephrectomized).2. The build‐up and clearance of the hormone was monitored using amino‐and carboxy‐terminal region‐specific immunoradiometric assays.3. In the normal subjects amino‐terminal BPTH was cleared rapidly. The mean plasma half‐disappearance time (t1/2)was 5.5 min and the mean metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was 10.37 ml/kg/min. Carboxy‐terminal immunoreactivity was cleared less rapidly, persisting for some hours in the circulation after termination of an infusion.4. In patients with chronic renal failure the amino‐terminal region was also cleared more rapidly from the circulation than the carboxy‐terminal region.5. As a group, the chronic renal failure patients (with kidneys and anephric subjects) cleared amino‐terminal BPTH more slowly than the normal group (mean t1/2= 7.95 min and mean MCR = 4.98 ml/kg/min). The value for MCR was significantly different from that of the normal group, although there was some overlap between the values for the two groups.6. In one of the anephric subjects studied the values for the clearance of aminoterminal immunoreactivity were within the normal range, as was the MCR. This indicates that some organ other than the kidney plays an important role in the metabolism of parathyroid hormone in man.7. There was no correlation between t1/2 and MCR for the normal, chronic renal failure or combined groups.8. In the uraemic subjects the metabolic clearance rate was inversely related to plasma creatinine levels.
THE SPECTRUM OF THYROID DISEASE IN A COMMUNITY: THE WHICKHAM SURVEY
Authors: TUNBRIDGE W. M. G. , EVERED D. C. , HALL R. , APPLETON D. , BREWIS M. , CLARK F. , EVANS J. GRIMLEY , YOUNG E. , BIRD T. , SMITH P. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA survey has been conducted in Whickham, County Durham, to determine the prevalence of thyroid disorders in the community. Two thousand seven hundred and seventy‐nine people (82.4% of the available sample) were seen in the survey. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism was 19/1000 females rising to 27/1000 females when possible cases were included, compared with 1.6–2.3/1000 males. The prevalence of overt hyothyroidism was 14/1000 females rising to 19/1000 females when possible cases were included, compared with less than 1/1000 males. The prevalence of spontaneous overt hypothyroidism (excluding iatrogenic cases) was 10/1000 females or 15/1000 females including unconfirmed cases. Minor degrees of hypothyroidism were defined on the basis of elevated serum thyrotrophin (TSH) levels in the absence of obvious clinical features of hypothyroidism. TSH levels did not vary with age in males but increased markedly in females after the age of 45 years. The rise of TSH with age in females was virtually abolished when persons with thyroid antibodies were excluded from the sample. TSH levels above 6 mu/1 were shown to reflect a significant lowering of circulating thyroxine levels and showed a strong association with thyroid antibodies in both sexes, independent of age. Elevated TSH levels (>6mu/l) were recorded in 7.5% of females and 2.8% of males of all ages. Thyroglobulin antibodies were present in 2% of the sample. Thyroid cytoplasmic antibodies were present in 6.8% of the sample (females 10.3%, males 2.7%) and their frequency did not vary significantly with age in males but increased markedly in females over 45 years of age. 3% of the sample (females 5.1%, males 1.1%) had thyroid antibodies and elevated TSH levels and the relative risk of a high TSH level in subjects with antibodies was 20:1 for males and 13:1 for females, independent of age. Small goitres (palpable but not visible) were found in 8.6% of the sample and obvious goitres (palpable and visible) in 6.9%. Goitres were four times more common in females than in males and were most commonly found in younger rather than older females. TSH levels were slightly but not significantly lower in those with goitre than in those without goitre. There was a weak association between goitre and antibodies in females but not males.
SHORT‐TERM FLUCTUATIONS IN PLASMA CORTISOL IN CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: VETTER H. , STRASS R. , BAYER J.‐M. , BECKERHOFF R. , ARMBRUSTER H. , VETTER W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYShort‐term fluctuations in plasma cortisol were determined overnight in twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome: eight patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia of hypothalamic‐pituitary origin, three patients with a cortisol producing adenoma and one patient with a carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. While either secretory episodes in plasma cortisol or a fixed pattern of cortisol secretion were observed both in patients with pituitary dependent and in those with pituitary independent hypercorticism, a typical night‐day variation in plasma cortisol was only found in one of the eight patients with Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamic‐pituitary origin. The patient with a cortisol producing carcinoma showed only minor fluctuations in plasma cortisol throughout the test period.The results indicate that no discrimination can be made between patients with pituitary dependent or independent Cushing's syndrome by demonstrating an episodic or a fixed secretion of cortisol. It seems, however, that the finding of a typical night‐day variation in hormone secretion points to hypercorticism of hypothalamic‐pituitary origin.
PLASMA ANDROGENS IN WOMEN WITH HYPERPROLACTINAEMIC AMENORRHOES
Authors: BASSI F. , GIUSTI G. , BORSI L. , CATTANEO S. , GIANNOTTI P. , FORTI G. , PAZZAGLI M. , VIGIANI C. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) and free dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were measured in plasma of ten women affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and eleven women affected by secondary hypothalamic amenorrhoea; twelve normal women at the second day of the menstrual cycle were used as controls. All subjects were hospitalized and 17‐ketosteroids, 170H‐corticosteroids and total dehydroepiandrosterone were also measured in urine.Plasma DHAS was increased in all subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia, while plasma DHA and urinary DHA were significantly increased in this group in comparison to other groups. Plasma cortisol, androstenedione and testosterone and urinary 17‐oxosteroids and 170H‐corticosteroids were not significantly different in the three groups.In subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia treated with bromocriptine a clear decrease of DHAS correlating with a decrease of plasma prolactin was observed.Since in women DHAS seems to be almost exclusively secreted by the adrenal gland and most of the circulating DHA is derived from adrenal secretion, these data suggest that human prolactin can stimulate DHAS production by the adrenal cortex.
THE EFFECT OF ENDOGENOUS OESTROGEN ON PLASMA AND URINARY CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IN OOPHORECTOMIZED WOMEN
Authors: LINDSAY R. , COUTTS J. R. T. , HART D. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUsing a specific radioimmunoassay, significant levels of plasma oestradiol can be detected in the blood of oophorectomized women. In these women the plasma concentration of oestradiol correlates positively with the body fat content. Low circulating concentrations of oestradiol are associated with increased values for serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, but no significant change in serum calcium. The fasting urinary calcium creatinine ratio is inversely related to circulating plasma oestradiol concentration which also correlates, in a more complex way, with the renal threshold for phosphate (TmPO4/GFR). It is suggested that oestrogen production may be an important factor in determining bone loss in post‐menopausal women.
LUNG TUMOURS AND ACTH PRODUCTION
Authors: BLOOMFIELD GLENYS A. , HOLDAWAY I. M. , CORRIN B. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , REES G. M. , ELLISON MORAG , REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYACTH levels measured by N‐ and C‐terminal immunoassays and cytochemical bioassay, were measured in fourteen lung tumours not associated with the ectopic ACTH syndrome and in macroscopically normal lung tissue taken from the same patients at thoracotomy. Significant concentrations of immunoactive (>3 ng/g wet weight) and bioactive (>0.2 ng/g wet weight) ACTH were found in all the carcinoid and oat cell tumours (n = 9), a combined tumour (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with large cell carcinoid elements), and a poorly differentiated squamous cell tumour. All the carcinoid tumours contained more C‐ than N‐terminal ACTH immunoactivity. The squamous cell tumours (n =2), anaplastic tumours (n = 2) and adenocarcinoma contained insignificant ACTH levels. There was a good correlation between the ACTH levels and the presence of secretory granules in the tumours examined ultrastructurally. All the macroscopically normal samples of lung tissue contained immuno and bioactive ACTH‐like material, the levels of which correlated well with ACTH levels in the tumour tissue. It is suggested that all lung tumours of carcinoid or oat cell type synthesize ACTH‐like materials although clinical evidence of the ectopic ACTH syndrome may be absent. The presence of ACTH‐like materials in non‐tumorous lung tissue in patients with lung cancer may indicate a low level of ACTH production throughout the lung or sequestration of ACTH containing granules secreted by the tumour.
EFFECT OF CORTISOL TREATMENT ON HORMONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: BACON GEORGE E. , SPENCER MARTHA L. , KELCH ROBERT P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe temporal relationship between administration of cortisol and serum 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone was investigated in five patients aged 9‐19 years with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. There was marked variability in the 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone response (determined hourly for 24 h) of individual patients to administration of cortisol. Mean concentration was less than 0.030 μmol/l in one patient but 0.519μ mol/l in another. Levels were higher in all patients while off treatment, and were greatest in those with salt‐losing adrenal hyperplasia. Growth hormone secretion was not suppressed by treatment with cortisol. Withdrawal of cortisol for 3 days resulted in a significant decrease in the mean serum FSH/LH ratio and a rise in serum testosterone in all subjects. Episodic release of gonadotrophins persisted in the adolescent patients.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LIPID STATUS OF PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT THYROID ANTIBODIES
Authors: RAMSAY IAN , KRASSAS G. , McHARDY‐YOUNG S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA study has been undertaken of the cardiovascular and lipid status of patients with pernicious anaemia (PA). There was no evidence of elevated cholestrol, triglyceride and lipoprotein concentrations nor of an increased prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease in those patients who had positive thyroid antibodies compared with those who had not.There were also no significant differences in cardiovascular or lipid status in the antibody positive patients between those who had an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and those who had a normal or impaired response. It is suggested that an exaggerated response to TRH in these PA patients usually indicates ‘compensated euthyroidism’ and not ‘subclinical hypothyroidism’ or ‘premyxoedema’ and that they are no more at risk for cardiovascular disease than are PA patients with no evidence of thyroid abnormality.
C‐PEPTIDE AND INSULIN DURING BLOCKADE OF THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC RESPONSE TO SURGERY BY EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
Authors: BRANDT M. R. , KEHLET H. , FABER O. , BINDER CHR. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYInsulin secretion, as expressed by peripheral plasma insulin and C‐peptide levels, was studied during and after abdominal hysterectomy in six patients having general anaesthesia and in six patients having epidural analgesia. The hyperglycaemic response to surgery was abolished during epidural analgesia. Insulin as well as C‐peptide levels in plasma were low and unchanged during general anaesthesia and low and slightly decreasing during epidural analgesia. Conclusions: (1) Insulin secretion to the hyperglycaemic stimulus is blocked during surgery; (2)abolition of the hyperglycaemic response to surgery by epidural analgesia is not caused by an increased insulin secretion.
NORMAL EXCRETION OF VASOPRESSIN AND THE EFFECT OF EVERYDAY ACTIVITY
Authors: WATERS A. K. , PENN W. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe urinary excretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was measured by bioassay in normal subjects at rest, on reduced physical activity and on routine everyday activity. The values obtained under rest conditions were all less than 10 mu/24 h with a mean less than 6.6 mu/24 h. Excretion of vasopressin increased with increasing activity, despite free access to water, to mean values of 17 mu/24 h and 29 mu/24 h under conditions of reduced and routine every day activity respectively.The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is being reported in an increasing number of disorders (Moses et al., 1976). For absolute diagnosis increased production of arginine vasopressin (AVP), the antidiuretic hormone in humans, should be demonstrated in addition to the criteria stated by Bartter & Schwartz (1967). Plasma levels of AVP reflect the situation at a fixed point in time only and do not necessarily relate directly to overall water metabolism. Estimations of 24 h urine AVP output have been employed for several years and are useful for studying AVP secretion over a prolonged period. Such samples also avoid the problem found in short‐term studies of an increased AVP output with increased urine flow rate (Fabian et al., 1969).Howevwer, the total daily excretion of AVP by normal subjects has not been extensively investigated. Reported mean levels vary from 8 mu/24 h (Lee, 1963) to over 51 mu/16 h (Goldman & Luchsinger, 1956). The values reported by various authors are listed in Table 1. There may have been variations in the conditions of collecting the urine samples, and although the method of collection, pH, temperature, and type of container used is usually stated, rarely has comment been made about the activity of the subject throughout the collection period. Similarly it has been shown that smoking is a powerful stimulus to AVP secretion (Mayer, 1960; Taylor & Walker, 1951; Burn & Grewal, 1951) and yet smoking habits of subjects have not always been ascertained in studies on 24 h AVP excretion. Further, there appears to be no report concerned with the effect of posture and everyday activity on urinary AVP excretion. Kozlowski et al. (1967) have measured changes in blood concentration of AVP during physical exercise but only in short‐term (20 min) studies. Segar & Moore (1968) also used plasma concentration to assess variations of AVP with posture, but again not over a prolonged period of time.This paper reports an investigation of urinary AVP excretion under resting conditions and the effect upon it of crude increments of physical activity during which fluid intake was unrestricted.
NYCTOHEMERAL SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE IN NORMAL CHILDREN OF SHORT STATURE AND IN CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM AND INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION
Authors: HOWSE P. M. , RAYNER P. H. W. , WILLIAMS J. W. , RUDD B. T. , BERTRANDE P. V. , THOMPSON C. R. S. , JONES L. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA continuous blood sampling technique has been used to monitor human growth hormone (GH) during sleep in fourteen normal short children (age range 6.5‐15.0 years), twelve hypopituitary children (2.8‐17.3 years), three children with psychosocial GH deficiency (4.0‐13.0 years), and three children with intrauterine growth retardation (9.5‐11.3 years). The mean GH level of a 5 h sleep period (22.30‐03.30 hours) was used to represent the GH response to sleep. The GH response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (IST) was also determined. In normal short children there was a significant relationship between 5 h mean GH levels and chronological age. The curve defining this relationship was similar to the third centile linear growth velocity curve. The 5 h mean GH levels of the hypopituitary and psycho‐social GH deficiency children were more than 2 SD below the age related mean established for normal short children. The children with intrauterine growth retardation demonstrated values which were more than 2 SD above the age related mean.The evaluation of serum growth hormone (GH) during sleep, has recently been used as a test of pituitary function in growth retarded children (Eastman & Lazarus, 1973; Wise et al., 1975). Interpretation of the response is difficult because normal GH values during sleep have not been established.We have used a continuous blood sampling technique to define the range of nocturnal GH levels for normal short children. The sleep GH response of children with hypopituitarism, psychosocial GH deficiency and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been similarly investigated and is reported with reference to the range established for normal short children.