bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the warm spring of 2007: a data–model analysis
Authors: DELPIERRE N. , SOUDANI K. , FRANÇOIS C. , KÖSTNER B. , PONTAILLER J.‐Y. , NIKINMAA E. , MISSON L. , AUBINET M. , BERNHOFER C. , GRANIER A. , GRÜNWALD T. , HEINESCH B. , LONGDOZ B. , OURCIVAL J.‐M. , RAMBAL S. , VESALA T. , DUFRÊNE E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTemperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m−2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long‐term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process‐based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation.
Global warming tugs at trophic interactions
Authors: BROOK BARRY W. 
Published: December 2008

Climate change impacts are becoming increasingly evident as 1 °C warming above pre‐industrial temperatures is approached. One of the signature biological effects is a shift towards earlier‐timed reproduction. If individual species lack sufficient adaptive plasticity to alter phenology, they will have reduced fitness in a hotter world. Yet, a long‐term study of an oak–caterpillar–songbird–sparrowhawk food web reveals that what could matter as much is if trophic interactions are disrupted. Multiple selective pressures may be triggered by climate change, leading to a tug‐of‐war between the need to stay in synchrony with the timing of maximum food, and the benefits of minimizing predation.
Southeast Alaska: oceanographic habitats and linkages
Authors: Weingartner Thomas , Eisner Lisa , Eckert Ginny L. , Danielson Seth 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe provide an overview of the physical oceanographic and geological processes that affect marine biological habitats and production in the marine waters throughout the archipelago and continental shelf of Southeast Alaska. Given the paucity of regional data, our overview summarizes work done in adjacent regions of the Gulf of Alaska shelf and basin, and draws on research carried out in similar settings elsewhere. The geological setting, which critically influences the regional meteorology and oceanography, includes a narrow continental shelf, deep channels that permeate the archipelago, fjords, glaciers and a rugged, mountainous coast. The large‐scale meteorology is influenced primarily by seasonal variations in the intensity and position of the Aleutian Low. Winds, freshwater runoff, tides and cross‐shelf exchange control the regional oceanography. The large‐scale flow field advects mass, heat, salt, nutrients and planktonic organisms northward from British Columbia (and even further south) to the northern Gulf of Alaska along the slope, shelf, and within the channels of Southeast Alaska. The deep channels permeating the island archipelago and narrow continental shelf facilitate communication between basin and interior waters. Water properties and flow fields are subject to large annual variations in response to similarly large variations in winds and coastal freshwater discharge. The complex geological setting leads to large spatial heterogeneity in the physical processes controlling the local circulation fields and mixing, thereby creating numerous and diverse marine biological habitats. These various circulation and mixing processes modify substantially Southeast Alaska water masses and thus influence marine ecosystem processes downstream over the northern and western Gulf of Alaska shelf.
Genetic population structure and distribution of a fungal polypore,Datronia caperata(Polyporaceae), in mangrove forests of Central America
Authors: Bergemann Sarah E. , Smith M. A. , Parrent Jeri L. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Garbelotto Matteo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim We examine the genetic structure of a fungal polypore,Datronia caperata(Berk.) Ryvarden (Polyporaceae), colonizing white mangrove,Laguncularia racemosa(L.) Gaertn. f. (Combretaceae), of Central America.Location Mangrove forests of Costa Rica and Panama.Methods Sequences of elongation factor alpha (EFA), beta tubulin (BTUB) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were obtained from 54 collections ofD.caperatacollected from Caribbean and PacificL. racemosaforests in Central America. Measures of haplotype and nucleotide diversity, nested clade analyses and coalescent analyses were used to estimate the direction and extent of migration of the fungus, and the factors promoting population divergence. We also conducted phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian estimation to test whether putativeD. caperatacollected fromL. racemosawas conspecific withD. caperatacolonizing other hosts from diverse Neotropical forests.Results Our results demonstrate that there is genetic isolation betweenD. caperatapopulations from Caribbean mangroves and those from Pacific mangroves. Our data suggest that the best explanation for the observed haplotype distribution is a recent range expansion from the Caribbean to the Pacific coasts, with subsequent isolation. This is supported by the infrequent overlap of haplotypes, unidirectional migration estimates from the Caribbean to the Pacific and the older estimated age of mutations in the Caribbean low‐copy BTUB and EFA loci. In addition, our data suggest thatD. caperatafrom mangroves are not conspecific with collections from other hosts found in diverse Neotropical forests.Main conclusions The low frequency of shared haplotypes between coasts, coupled with the incomplete lineage sorting after cessation of gene flow, is consistent with isolation during the last Pleistocene glaciation. We hypothesize that the greater haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the Pacific occurs either because larger effective population sizes ofD. caperataare maintained in Pacific mangroves or becauseD. caperatapopulations underwent a significant bottleneck as a result of local extinction followed by recolonization. In addition, we found thatD. caperatafound onL. racemosawas not conspecific withD. caperatafrom non‐mangrove hosts and suggest thatD. caperatafound onL. racemosamay be a host specialist.
Understanding inadequate pain management in the clinical setting: the value of the sequential explanatory mixed method study
Authors: Carr Eloise CJ 
Published: December 2008

Aim.  The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the sequential explanatory mixed method research design and how it can enhance our understanding of pain management.Background.  The general prevalence of pain after surgery has not changed significantly over several decades despite the widespread introduction of new pain relieving technologies. The majority of postoperative pain studies use quantitative methods which offer little understanding of the underlying processes of care. Understanding can be illuminated by using an explanatory mixed method research design.Design.  Discursive paper.Method.  This paper focuses on the methodological considerations when using a mixed method design. Two previously published mixed methods studies illustrate how findings can inform practice. In the first, 85 women undergoing surgery completed questionnaires to measure pain, anxiety and depression. Telephone interviews explored their pain experiences. The second study considered frequency and patterns of anxiety in the immediate pre and postoperative period. Semi‐structured telephone interviews, identified contributing events/situations amenable to nursing intervention.Discussion.  Reasons for growing popularity, criticisms, paradigmatic considerations and epistemological roots of pragmatism are explored. The two explanatory mixed method studies provide examples of these studies and how ‘inferences’ from quantitative and qualitative data can inform practice.Conclusion.  This paper connects quantitative and qualitative data, drawing on two research studies, to give greater understanding to the management of pain. Knowledge of the processes responsible for inadequate pain management can be illuminated by using explanatory mixed methods research designs.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing requires knowledge which reflects the complexity of human health. The explanatory mixed method study can elucidate the problem under scrutiny, e.g. prevalence of pain or anxiety. The qualitative phase can generates an understanding of contributing factors and insights for care delivery. The implicit desire to change and influence practice makes it relevant for those closely aligned to practice.
Qualitative analysis of patients’ intensive care experience during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Wang Kefang , Zhang Bing , Li Chunyan , Wang Chen 
Published: December 2008

Aim.  To understand patients’ intensive care experience while receiving mechanical ventilation in intensive care units.Background.  The mechanically ventilated patient’s experience in the intensive care unit is unique. Notably lacking are international studies on patients’ experience, particularly those living in Asia. A better understanding of patients’ experience is needed for nurses to develop approaches to take care of these patients.Design.  A phenomenological approach formed by the ideas of Heidegger was used.Methods.  Eleven participants surviving from mechanical ventilation were interviewed in‐depth. Patients were asked to describe their experience by responding to the question ‘what is it like to experience mechanical ventilation treatment at an ICU?’. Giorgi’s phenomenological analysis procedure was used to analyse the data.Results.  Five mutually exclusive themes emerged, which were: ‘being in an unconventional environment’, ‘physical suffering’, ‘psychological suffering’, ‘self‐encouragement’ and ‘self‐reflection’. ‘Self‐encouragement’ and ‘self‐reflection’ enhanced patients’ self‐confidence, which was beneficial to recovering.Conclusion.  Patient’s experiences while receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive unit were poignant and frightening.Relevance to clinical practice.  Critical care nurses should place the highest priority on recognising and meeting the needs of ventilated patients in intensive care units. An intensive care unit should be a place for the patient to live as a human being; not just a place to survive.
Understanding the practical and theoretical development of social rehabilitation through action research
Authors: Portillo Mari Carmen 
Published: December 2008

Aim.  This paper aims to present and reflect on the process of practical and theoretical change in an action research project in which the issue of social rehabilitation was developed.Background.  Action research is a useful method to change and advance practice. Consequently, grounded knowledge, which forms the basis of the practical change, is developed. ‘Social rehabilitation’ was the field of clinical practice which needed enhancement as the literature lacked nurse‐led social rehabilitation programmes in the neurology field.Design.  This was a cyclic action research project.Methods.  The project took place in a highly specialised hospital in Spain and aimed to promote social life of neurological patients and relatives through the planning, implementation and evaluation of a nurse‐led social rehabilitation programme based on individual needs. In this project, which lasted 30 months, multiple triangulation of sources and methods was applied. Thirty‐seven nurses participated and 22 and 18 patients and their relatives constituted a baseline and an intervention group, respectively.Results.  Several issues were carefully treated in this action research project to develop practical and theoretical knowledge about social rehabilitation: the validity and reliability of the project, the work organisation of the wards, the nurses’ attitudes towards new care, the researcher–participant relationship and the controversial role of professionals in social rehabilitation.Conclusion.  The nurses’ emancipation in the process of practice change led to practical and theoretical assimilation of social rehabilitation. Intensive work on practitioners’ attitudes and the provision of empirical evidence were key interventions to foster controversial roles and enhance services.Relevance to clinical practice.

Details about the process of change of nursing practice in response to clients’ needs have been provided.
Some reflections about how to integrate social care and knowledge about social rehabilitation in clinical daily practice are made.
Nurse prescribers’ interactions with and perceptions of pharmaceutical sales representatives
Authors: Clauson Kevin A , Khanfar Nile M , Polen Hyla H , Gibson Florencetta 
Published: December 2008

Aims and objectives.  The aim of our study was to investigate the perceptions of pharmaceutical sales representatives by nurse prescribers.Background.  Nurses with advanced training have earned prescriptive authority in North America, Europe and other parts of the world. These nurses are being increasingly targeted by pharmaceutical sales representatives. There is a paucity of data regarding nurses’ perceptions of pharmaceutical sales representatives.Design.  Survey.Methods.  A convenience sample of nurse prescribers was recruited to complete an Internet questionnaire about their interactions with and perceptions of sales representatives. The data were collected over one month ending in January 2007. There were 39 survey items ranging from perception‐based items assessed by Likert‐type scale to open‐ended queries. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the results.Results.  Ninety‐two nurses completed this survey, which demonstrated good internal consistency yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0·83. Positive perceptions of pharmaceutical representatives included: explaining their products clearly (80·4%) and knowledge about their medications (88·0%). Negative aspects included: lack of consideration of nurses’ time (50%) and failure to equally discuss medication strengths and weaknesses (21·8%). Perhaps the most alarming finding was that 35·9% of respondents indicated that sales representatives suggested paybacks for promoting their drugs.Conclusions.  Nurses with prescriptive authority generally perceive interactions with pharmaceutical sales representatives as positive. However, they also have concerns about the nature and methods of some of their activities. Nations that have nurses with prescribing authority can benefit from observing both the mis‐steps and the positive inroads that have already been made by the profession in the USA and other countries.Relevance to clinical practice.  Appropriate use of pharmaceutical sales representatives’ services may enhance the ability of nurse prescribers to deliver optimal nursing care. Methods, such as counter‐detailing may be necessary to maintain an evidence‐based approach as the controlling factor.
A systematic review of prophylactic antimicrobials in PEG placement
Authors: Lipp Allyson , Lusardi Gail 
Published: December 2008

Aim.  To establish whether prophylactic systemic antimicrobials reduce the risk of peristomal infection in placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies.Background.  Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies, placed surgically through the anterior abdominal wall, maintain nutrition in the short or long term. Those undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement are often vulnerable to infection. The increasing incidence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus contributes an additional risk to the debate surrounding antibiotic prophylaxis. The aim of antimicrobial prophylaxis is to establish a bactericidal concentration of an antimicrobial drug in the patient, during placement.Design.  Systematic review.Methods.  We searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (July 2006); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 2); handsearched wound care journals, relevant conference proceedings and bibliographies of publications identified, and contacted manufacturers and distributors of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy products. Randomised controlled trials were selected evaluating the use of prophylactic antimicrobials for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement, with no restrictions for language, date or publication status. Both authors performed data extraction and assessment of study quality. Meta‐analysis was performed where appropriate.Results.  Ten eligible randomised controlled trials were identified evaluating prophylactic antimicrobials in 1100 patients. All trials reported peristomal infection as an outcome and a pooled analysis resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of peristomal infection with prophylactic antibiotics (pooled OR 0·31, 95% CI 0·22–0·44). The relative reduction in risk of infection for those given antibiotics was 19% with the need to treat 5·8 patients to prevent one infection – NNT.Conclusions.  Administration of systemic prophylactic antibiotics for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement reduces peristomal infection.Relevance to clinical practice.  The nurse’s role in endoscopy is expanding rapidly and demands that practice is based on the best available evidence. This systematic review seeks to make a contribution to best practice in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement.
Protein–protein interactions between CbbR and RegA (PrrA), transcriptional regulators of the cbb operons of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Dangel Andrew W. , Tabita F. Robert 
Published: December 2008

SummaryCbbR and RegA (PrrA) are transcriptional regulators of the cbbI and cbbII (Calvin–Benson–Bassham CO2 fixation pathway) operons of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Both proteins interact specifically with promoter sequences of the cbb operons. RegA has four DNA binding sites within the cbbI promoter region, with the CbbR binding site and RegA binding site 1 overlapping each other. This study demonstrated that CbbR and RegA interact and form a discrete complex in vitro, as illustrated by gel mobility shift experiments, direct isolation of the proteins from DNA complexes, and chemical cross‐linking analyses. For CbbR/RegA interactions to occur, CbbR must be bound to the DNA, with the ability of CbbR to bind the cbbI promoter enhanced by RegA. Conversely, interactions with CbbR did not require RegA to bind the cbbI promoter. RegA itself formed incrementally larger multimeric complexes with DNA as the concentration of RegA increased. The presence of RegA binding sites 1, 2 and 3 promoted RegA/DNA binding at significantly lower concentrations of RegA than when RegA binding site 3 was not present in the cbbI promoter. These studies support the premise that both CbbR and RegA are necessary for optimal transcription of the cbbI operon genes of R. sphaeroides.
Expression of intracellular calcium signalling genes in cattle skin during tick infestation
Authors: BAGNALL N. , GOUGH J. , CADOGAN L. , BURNS B. , KONGSUWAN K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY It is widely acknowledged that changes in intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration provide dynamic signals that control a plethora of cellular processes, including triggering and mediating host defence mechanisms. In this study, quantitative real‐time PCR was used to analyse gene expression of 14 Ca2+ signalling proteins in skin obtained from high tick‐resistant (HR) and low tick‐resistant (LR) cattle following artificial challenge with cattle tick
(Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus). Up‐regulation of numerous genes was observed in both HR and LR skin following tick challenge, however substantially higher transcription activation was found in HR tissue. The elevated expression in HR skin of specific Ca2+ signalling genes such as AHNAK, CASQ, IL2, NFAT2CIP and PLCG1 may be related to host resistance. Our data suggest that Ca2+ and its associated proteins might play an important role in host response to ticks and that further investigation is warranted.
Agreement of efficacy assessments for five‐grass pollen sublingual tablet immunotherapy
Authors: Didier A. , Melac M. , Montagut A. , Lhéritier‐Barrand M. , Tabar A. , Worm M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  The optimal dose of five‐grass pollen sublingual tablet immunotherapy (SLIT) was established recently by the primary criteria Rhinoconjunctivitis Total Symptom Score (RTSS) from the first treatment season. Secondary and exploratory criteria, such as RTSS at peak pollen season, exploratory combined symptom and rescue medication use score, quality of life and immunological markers are calculated and described in this analysis.Methods:  Six hundred and twenty‐eight patients with grass pollen rhinoconjunctivitis (≥2 years duration) were randomized in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial conducted in Europe. Patients received once‐daily SLIT (Stallergenes, Antony, France) of 100IR, 300IR, 500IR or placebo, starting 4 months before grass pollen season and throughout the 2005 season. Patients were instructed to take rescue medication only if symptoms were severe and record symptom severity on using the RTSS.Results:  Both 300IR and 500IR doses significantly reduced mean RTSS at pollen peak (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.0014, respectively) and the exploratory combined score (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0026, respectively) compared with placebo. Compared with patients in the placebo group, those who were taking the 300IR and 500IR doses reported significantly improved quality of life using the mean Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire scores during the peak of the pollen season (P < 0.0001) and at the end of the pollen season (P = 0.0031 and P ≤ 0.0001, respectively). Specific immunoglobulin G4 increased significantly depending on the SLIT dose (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  All secondary efficacy criteria, including efficacy at pollen peak, combined score, quality of life and immunological changes, indicate that 300IR tablets represent the optimal dose and suggest it is appropriate for use in clinical practice.