bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental disorders and personality traits as determinants of impaired work functioning
Authors: Michon H. W. C. , ten Have M. , Kroon H. , van Weeghel J. , de Graaf R. , Schene A. H. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundBoth mental disorders and personality characteristics are associated with impaired work functioning, but these determinants have not yet been studied together. The aim of this paper is to examine the impairing effects that mental disorders and personality characteristics (i.e. neuroticism, locus of control and self-esteem) have on work functioning.MethodData for a representative sample of 3570 working people were derived from the first two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a prospective cohort study in the Dutch adult population.ResultsHigher neuroticism, more external locus of control and lower self-esteem were each significantly associated with subsequent impairment in work functioning, independently of any effects from mental disorders. Associations between mental disorders and subsequent work impairment disappeared once personality traits were taken into account. Personality traits did not moderate the relationships between mental disorders and work functioning.ConclusionsWorking people with vulnerable personalities have a greater risk of impaired work functioning, independent of the risk from any mental disorder they may have.
The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study
Authors: Biederman J. , Petty C. R. , Dolan C. , Hughes S. , Mick E. , Monuteaux M. C. , Faraone S. V. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundA better understanding of the long-term scope and impact of the co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) youth has important clinical and public health implications.MethodSubjects were assessed blindly at baseline (mean age=10.7 years), 1-year (mean age=11.9 years), 4-year (mean age=14.7 years) and 10-year follow-up (mean age=21.7 years). The subjects' lifetime diagnostic status of ADHD, ODD and CD by the 4-year follow-up were used to define four groups (Controls, ADHD, ADHD plus ODD, and ADHD plus ODD and CD). Diagnostic outcomes at the 10-year follow-up were considered positive if full criteria were met any time after the 4-year assessment (interval diagnosis). Outcomes were examined using a Kaplan–Meier survival function (persistence of ODD), logistic regression (for binary outcomes) and negative binomial regression (for count outcomes) controlling for age.ResultsODD persisted in a substantial minority of subjects at the 10-year follow-up. Independent of co-morbid CD, ODD was associated with major depression in the interval between the 4-year and the 10-year follow-up. Although ODD significantly increased the risk for CD and antisocial personality disorder, CD conferred a much larger risk for these outcomes. Furthermore, only CD was associated with significantly increased risk for psychoactive substance use disorders, smoking, and bipolar disorder.ConclusionsThese longitudinal findings support and extend previously reported findings from this sample at the 4-year follow-up indicating that ODD and CD follow a divergent course. They also support previous findings that ODD heralds a compromised outcome for ADHD youth grown up independently of the co-morbidity with CD.
M-deformations of -simple germs from to
Authors: RIEGER J. H. , RUAS M. A. S. , ATIQUE R. WIK 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAll{\cA}-simple corank-1 germs from$\bR ^n$to$\bR ^{n+1}$, wheren≠ 4, have an M-deformation, that is a deformation in which the maximal numbers of isolated stable singular points are simultaneously present in the image.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in the heart: a point of integration in hypertrophic signalling and a therapeutic target? A critical analysis
Authors: Sugden P H , Fuller S J , Weiss S C , Clerk A 
Published: January 2008

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3, of which there are two isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β) was originally characterized in the context of regulation of glycogen metabolism, though it is now known to regulate many other cellular processes. Phosphorylation of GSK3α(Ser21) and GSK3β(Ser9) inhibits their activity. In the heart, emphasis has been placed particularly on GSK3β, rather than GSK3α. Importantly, catalytically‐active GSK3 generally restrains gene expression and, in the heart, catalytically‐active GSK3 has been implicated in anti‐hypertrophic signalling. Inhibition of GSK3 results in changes in the activities of transcription and translation factors in the heart and promotes hypertrophic responses, and it is generally assumed that signal transduction from hypertrophic stimuli to GSK3 passes primarily through protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt). However, recent data suggest that the situation is far more complex. We review evidence pertaining to the role of GSK3 in the myocardium and discuss effects of genetic manipulation of GSK3 activity in vivo. We also discuss the signalling pathways potentially regulating GSK3 activity and propose that, depending on the stimulus, phosphorylation of GSK3 is independent of PKB/Akt. Potential GSK3 substrates studied in relation to myocardial hypertrophy include nuclear factors of activated T cells, β‐catenin, GATA4, myocardin, CREB, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2Bɛ. These and other transcription factor substrates putatively important in the heart are considered. We discuss whether cardiac pathologies could be treated by therapeutic intervention at the GSK3 level but conclude that any intervention would be premature without greater understanding of the precise role of GSK3 in cardiac processes.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S137–S153; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707659; published online 21 January 2008
Structure, function and physiological consequences of virally encoded chemokine seven transmembrane receptors
Authors: Rosenkilde M M , Smit M J , Waldhoer M 
Published: January 2008

A number of human and animal herpes viruses encode G‐protein coupled receptors with seventransmembrane (7TM) segments—most of which are clearly related to human chemokine receptors. It appears, that these receptors are used by the virus for immune evasion, cellular transformation, tissue targeting, and possibly for cell entry. In addition, many virally‐encoded chemokine 7TM receptors have been suggested to be causally involved in pathogenic phenotypes like Kaposi sarcoma, atherosclerosis, HIV‐infection and tumour development. The role of these receptors during the viral life cycle and in viral pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here we focus on the current knowledge of structure, function and trafficking patterns of virally encoded chemokine receptors and further address the putative roles of these receptors in virus survival and host ‐cell and/or ‐immune system modulation. Finally, we highlight the emerging impact of these receptor on virus‐mediated diseases.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, S154–S166; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707660; published online 21 January 2008
S0859, anN‐cyanosulphonamide inhibitor of sodium‐bicarbonate cotransport in the heart
Authors: Ch'En F F‐T , Villafuerte F C , Swietach P , Cobden P M , Vaughan‐Jones R D 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:Intracellular pH (pHi) in heart is regulated by sarcolemmal H+‐equivalent transporters such as Na+‐H+exchange (NHE) and Na+‐HCO3−cotransport (NBC). Inhibition of NBC influences pHiand can be cardioprotective in animal models of post‐ischaemic reperfusion. Apart from a rabbit polyclonal NBC‐antibody, a selective NBC inhibitor compound has not been studied. Compound S0859 (C29H24ClN3O3S) is a putative NBC inhibitor. Here, we provide the drug's chemical structure, test its potency and selectivity in ventricular cells and assess its suitability for experiments on cardiac contraction.Experimental approach:pHirecovery from intracellular acidosis was monitored using pH‐epifluorescence (SNARF‐fluorophore) in guinea pig, rat and rabbit isolated ventricular myocytes. Electrically evoked cell shortening (contraction) was measured optically. With CO2/HCO3−‐buffered superfusates containing 30 μM cariporide (to inhibit NHE), pHirecovery is mediated by NBC.Key results:S0859, anN‐cyanosulphonamide compound, reversibly inhibited NBC‐mediated pHirecovery (Ki=1.7 μM, full inhibition at ∼30 μM). In HEPES‐buffered superfusates, NHE‐mediated pHirecovery was unaffected by 30 μM S0859. With CO2/HCO3−buffer, pHirecovery from intracellular alkalosis (mediated by Cl−/HCO3−and Cl−/OH−exchange) was also unaffected. Selective NBC‐inhibition was not due to action on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, as 100 μM acetazolamide (a membrane‐permeant CA‐inhibitor) had no significant effect on NBC activity. pHirecovery from acidosis was associated with increased contractile‐amplitude. The time course of recovery of pHiand contraction was slowed by S0859, confirming that NBC is a significant controller of contractility during acidosis.Conclusions and implications:Compound S0859 is a selective, high‐affinity generic NBC inhibitor, potentially important for probing the transporter's functional role in heart and other tissues.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 972–982; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707667; published online 21 January 2008
Inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM2 by 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB)
Authors: Togashi K , Inada H , Tominaga M 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non‐selective Ca2+‐permeable cation channel and is known to be activated by adenosine 5′‐diphosphoribose (ADP‐ribose) and hydrogen peroxide. TRPM2 current responses are reported to be drastically potentiated by the combination of each of these ligands with heat. Furthermore, the combination of cyclic ADP‐ribose with heat also activates TRPM2. Although flufenamic acid, antifungal agents (miconazole and clotrimazole), and a phospholipase A2inhibitor (N‐(p‐amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid) inhibit TRPM2, their inhibition was either gradual or irreversible.Experimental approach:To facilitate future research on TRPM2, we screened several compounds to investigate their potential to activate or inhibit the TRPM2 channels using the patch‐clamp technique in HEK293 cells, transfected with human TRPM2.Key results:2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) exhibited a rapid and reversible inhibition of TRPM2 channels that had been activated by its ADP‐ribose or cADP‐ribose and heat in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50about 1 μM). 2‐APB also inhibited heat‐evoked insulin release from pancreatic islets, isolated from rats.Conclusions and implications:2‐APB proved to be a powerful and effective tool for studying the function of TRPM2.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1324–1330; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707675; published online 21 January 2008
Contractile agonists attenuate cGMP levels by stimulating phosphorylation of cGMP‐specific PDE5; an effect mediated by RhoA/PKC‐dependent inhibition of protein phosphatase 1
Authors: Murthy K S 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:In gastrointestinal smooth muscle cGMP levels in response to relaxant agonists are regulated by PKG‐mediated phosphorylation and activation of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). The aim of the present study was to determine whether contractile agonists modulate cGMP levels by cross‐regulating PDE5 activity and to identify the mechanism of action.Experimental approach:Dispersed and cultured muscle cells from rabbit stomach were treated with the nitric oxide donor, S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), or with a contractile agonist, ACh and GSNO. PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and cGMP levels were determined.Key results:GSNO stimulated PDE5 phosphorylation and activity and increased cGMP levels in gastric smooth muscle cells. Concurrent activation of cells with ACh augmented GSNO‐stimulated PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and attenuated cGMP levels. The effect of ACh was blocked by the m3 receptor antagonist and by inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) or RhoA, but not by the m2 receptor antagonist or inhibitors of PI hydrolysis. The effects of ACh on PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and cGMP levels were mimicked by a low concentration of tautomycin (10 nM), and a high (1 μM) but not low (1 nM) concentration of okadaic acid. PDE5 was associated with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and dephosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of PP1 but not PP2A.Conclusion and implications:In gastrointestinal smooth muscle cGMP levels are cross‐regulated by contractile agonists via a mechanism that involves RhoA‐dependent, PKC‐mediated inhibition of PP1 activity. This leads to augmentation of PDE5 phosphorylation and activity, and inhibition of cGMP levels.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1214–1224; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707686; published online 21 January 2008
Thrombin‐promoted release of UDP‐glucose from human astrocytoma cells
Authors: Kreda S M , Seminario‐Vidal L , van Heusden C , Lazarowski E R 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:The P2Y14receptor is activated by UDP‐sugars, most potently by UDP‐glucose, but not by free nucleotides, suggesting that UDP‐glucose is the cognate agonist for this receptor. However, evidence for regulated release of UDP‐glucose is scarce. In the present study, the occurrence of receptor‐promoted release of UDP‐glucose was investigated, using 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells.Experimental approach:UDP‐glucose release and hydrolysis were measured using HPLC‐based techniques. Phospholipase C activation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were assessed by measuring inositol phosphate formation and fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively.Key results:Thrombin and the protease‐activating receptor‐1 (PAR1) peptide TFLLRNPNDK (PAR1‐AP) evoked the release of UDP‐glucose and ATP, which was accompanied by enhanced inositol phosphate formation. Although carbachol promoted fourfold greater inositol phosphate formation than thrombin, it failed to promote nucleotide release. Thrombin‐promoted nucleotide release was inhibited by BAPTA‐AM, brefeldin A and cytochalasin D, and was insensitive to Pertussis toxin and PI3‐kinase inhibitors. Thrombin, but not carbachol, induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization, a hallmark of Rho activation in 1321N1 cells. However, PAR‐promoted UDP‐glucose release was not affected by Rho kinase inhibition.Conclusions and implications:PAR1‐evoked UDP‐glucose release reflected a Ca2+‐dependent mechanism, engaging additional signalling independently of Giand Rho kinase activation and requiring a functional actin cytoskeleton and Golgi structures. Our study demonstrates the occurrence of Ca2+‐dependent release of UDP‐glucose from astrocytoma cells in response to a physiologically relevant stimulus, that is, a G‐protein‐coupled receptor agonist. Given the presence of P2Y14receptors in astrocytes, UDP‐glucose may have important autocrine/paracrine functions in the brain.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1528–1537; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707692; published online 21 January 2008
PRIMARY CLOSURE IN PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: Brown R. K. Lee 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe objects of this article are t o set forth the observations made during the last five years with primary closure in prostatectomy. This technique has been much advocated recently, and to those who have not had much experience with it, it would certainly appear ideal. Like many other surgical procedures, however, i t is at times easier to describe than to perform. The disparity between the results obtained in public and in private hospital practice is undoubtedly due in part to the average better condition of the private patients and the better balanced diet which they receive. The adequate supply of vitamins is very necessary to aid in combating infective processes, as the patient's resistance is undoubtedly materially raised by this means. Further, it is not possible for the patients to receive the individual attention in public hospitals that is possible in private. In any case, there is a marked difference in the results obtained, although that applies to any form of prostatectomy.
PRE‐OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Wright R. Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Reasons for a method of pre‐operative treatment of complete biliary obstruction are given.2. The administration of 4.8 grammes (80 grains) of bile coated with salol, at each meal, wherein a high proportion of fat is included, is suggested.3. The result of this in one instance was a rise in blood fat and a fall in the faecal f a t and a general improvement in the patient's condition.4. A suggestion is made that this form of therapeusis may be of use in cases of calcnlous obstruction as well as in cases of jaundice due to injury to the common duct. It is, however, realized that it will not replace other methods, but must be adjuvant t o them.5. It demonstrates that there is a fruitful field for research in regard to the metabolism in biliary obstruction, for example, as to the effect of bile administration on the blood calcium, the carbohydrate metabolism in the case of a damaged liver, the urinary output of bile salts and pigment. An attempt is being made to elucidate these and other problems.
SOME CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF THE FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE
Authors: Dew Harold R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA surrey of the literature and a review of these cases which have been selected from a larger series, emphasize the fact that the fifth nerve trunk, ganglion or its branches can be involved by a variety of neoplasms, and that unless this fact is clearly appreciated by physicians and rhinologists, mistakes in diagnosis can and do occur very easily. Routine examination of the functions of the fifth nerve should always be carried out in allcases in which other cranial nerves are involved or in any case in which intracranial disease is suspected, while closer cooperation between the physician, nenrologist and rhinologist is essential.
RENAL TUBERCULOSIS: THE PROBLEM OF THE OTHER KIDNEY
Authors: Begg R. Campbell 
Published: January 2008

Summary

In bilateral renal tuberculosis, nephrectomy is rarely indicated.
The difficulties and the methods of determining the presence of tuberculous infection in the other kidney are discussed.
It is occasionally better to remove the obviously tuberculous kidney than to wait until conclusive evidence is prodiieed that the other kidney is free from disease.
CONGENITAL SOLITARY KIDNEY
Authors: Phillips H. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A case of congenital renal agenesia is reported of sufficient degree to be termed congenital solitary kidney.
A review of the literature reveals the frequency with which this condition is associated with genital defects and other pathological conditions of the solitary kidney.
Though this case showed only one ureteric orifice in the bladder, such is not always the case.
The theory of causation is briefly mentioned.
SOME RECENT STUDIES ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION1
Authors: Kellaway C. H. 
Published: January 2008

SummarySummarizing this brief and very incomplete review, it appears that the dominant factor in simple obstruction in the ileum and in functional ileus is distension; in simple obstruction high in the bowel it is loss of water and salts; in strangulation of long loops, loss of blood from effective circulation; and in strangulation of shorter loops, toxaemia.These etiological considerations determine the principles of treatment which may be briefly summed up as follows: (a) In functional obstruction, to reduce distension. (b) In mechanical obstruction, to relieve the obstruction, to combat dehydration and demineralization, and to relieve distension. (c) In strangulation, to maintain the blood volume, and to remove the source of toxin from the abdominal cavity.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
Authors: Gardiner S. S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTwenty‐seven cases of actinomycosis, involving the head and neck region, that have been observed in this district during the past twenty years have been tabulated. Available literature up to the end of 1934 has been reviewed.“Actinomyces” is not a type designation, but a genus concept which includes a large number of types and varieties with highly varied morphological and biological characteristics.There are both pathogenic and non‐pathogenic aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic actinomyces.The morphology varies considerably even in the same type.The clinical picture of actinomycosis involving the head and neck and also autopsy revelations are not characteristic.More cases will be diagnosed correctly if the surgeon or clinician is “actinomycosis conscious”.The medico‐legal aspect of the disease is referred to in the appendix.
SIDELIGHTS ON DISEASE OF THE PROSTATE GLAND1
Authors: Greenslade Chas. M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn attempt has been made to demonstrate:1. The necessity for accurate diagnosis in prostatic disease.2. The value of prostatic massage and the microscopic study of prostatic secretion as a diagnostic aid.3. The value of cysto‐urethroscopy as an aid to diagnosis and treatment.4. The indications for various methods of treating bladder neck obstruction with particular reference to enucleation, resection and endocrinology.
EXTENSIVE PARTIAL GASTRECTOMY AS THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRIC ULCER.
Authors: Catchlove S. G. L. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Six patients who gave a history of gastric symptoms of long duration associated with consistant pain have been submitted to partial gastrectomy with no mortality.
Medical treatment under hospital régime gave only partial or temporary relief.
The gross pathological condition found at operation confirmed the long‐standing nature of the disease with no evidence of complete healing, but showed evidence of slow progression towards deep penetration and perforation.
In four cases hiyperchlorhydria was transformed into achlorhydria.
Partial gastrectomy gave immediate relief in all cases, with no return of symptoms up to a period of twelve months.
Partial gastrectomy removes the “ulcer‐bearing” and “acid‐secreting” areas, and eliminates the possibility of malignant change.
Partial gastrertomy was attended by comparatively little Shock, both operative and post‐operative.
In view of the gross pathological change found, nothing less than partial gastrectoniy was indicated or held out any hope of permanent cure.
HYDATID CYSTS INVOLVING THE DOME OF THE LIVER1
Authors: Barnett Louis 
Published: January 2008

Summary.A simplified explanation based on broad principles is given of the numerous and sometimes puzzling complications associated with old‐standing hydatid cysts of the dome of the liver. Attention is called to the clinical latency of these cysts over a long period, to errors in diagnosis, to the evil influence of bile contamination, and to the pros and cons of the abdominal and thoracic lines of approach in operating.
THE TREATMENT OF URÆMIC INTOXICATION COMPLICATING PYLORIC STENOSIS WITH VOMITING
Authors: Falconer M. A. , Lyall A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryUræmic intoxication supervenes in many cases of pyloric stenosis when vomiting becomes copious and persistent. The causal mechanism is one of dehydration and excessive chloride loss associated with the appearance of toxic nephritis. If this intoxication is not first corrected, surgical intervention may result in a fatal issue should the ordinary procedure of gastroenterostomy be carried out.Eight cases are described illustrating the effects of various forms of treatment. They demonstrate that the usual routine treatment by frequent feeding of liquid food, cessation of alkalis and daily gastric lavage, is not sufficient to correct this intoxication in every case. In many cases the additional administration of saline solution, either rectally or parenterally, is required, and occasionally refractory cases of persistent vomiting are met with in which feeding by jejunostomy is indicated.