bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and l-asparaginase in dogs
Authors: Medleau Linda , Dawe Donald L. , Calvert Clay A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The acute effects of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and l-asparaginase on the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in dogs were evaluated. Dogs were given a single dose of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg of body weight, iv), a single dose of vincristine (0.025 mg/kg, iv), a single dose of l-asparaginase (400 U/kg, iv), or a combination of these drugs at the aforementioned dosages administered simultaneously.
The total number of leukocytes decreased significantly (P = < 0.05) on posttreatment day 3 in the cyclophosphamide-treated dogs. Antibody responses and lymphocyte blastogenesis were not affected. A transient lymphopenia on posttreatment day 1 was the only response seen in the vincristine-treated dogs. Antibody responses to sheep rbc and lymphocyte blastogenesis were suppressed in the l-asparaginase-treated dogs. l-Asparaginase did not affect the antibody response to bovine serum albumin or peripheral blood leukocyte counts. Suppressed antibody responses to sheep rbc and to bovine serum albumin, depressed lymphocyte blastogenesis, and decreased numbers of all peripheral blood leukocytes were seen in dogs given the 3 drugs in combination.
Effects of prolonged distention of retention catheters on the urethra of dogs and cats
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Stevens Jerry B. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of inflation of a balloon-tipped catheter in the distal part of the urethra of clinically healthy male and female dogs and cats were evaluated. Tissues were evaluated at 1 and 14 days after balloon inflation. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were limited to the distal part of the urethra occupied by the inflated balloon in animals which were euthanatized 1 day after balloon inflation. The lesions were characterized by submucosal urethral hemorrhage. This investigation indicates that balloon inflation for 15 minutes duration in the distal part of the urethra of dogs and cats results in a mild reversible inflammatory reaction.
Identification and isolation of somatic pili from pathogenic Escherichia coli of turkeys
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Emery D. A. , Newman J. A. , Pomeroy B. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission electron microscopy was performed to identify the presence of somatic pili on Escherichia coli pathogenic to turkeys. Three common pathogenic serotypes of E coli (Ola, O2a, and 078) were used.
They were cultured in tryptic soy, veal infusion, and Minca medium broth and were incubated at 37 C with and without CO2 (5%). The cultures were examined for the expression of pili after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. Pili were on all strains of the 3 serotypes examined. These pili were also isolated and purified.
Isolation of the turkey heterophil and measurement of its migratory functions under agarose
Authors: Thies E. S. , Nelson R. D. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A procedure for isolation of the turkey heterophil was developed. The procedure involves preliminary lysis of erythrocytes, using ammonium chloride and centrifugation of the leukocytes over a discontinuous gradient of 18% and 24% Ficoll. A minimum of 30% of the heterophils was consistently recovered from whole blood by application of this procedure. Spontaneous and chemotactic migratory responses of the isolated heterophils were assessed, using the migration under agarose technique. Supplementation of the agarose with 10% heat-inactivated turkey plasma and extension of the incubation period to 3 hours at 41 C in a 5% CO2-humidified atmosphere were required for optimal chemotaxis in response to zymosan-activated chicken serum. The heterophils did not respond chemotactically to the oligopeptide attractant, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and did not specifically bind a radiolabeled form of this ligand.
Experimental latent and recrudescent bovine herpesvirus-1 infections in calves
Authors: Homan E. J. , Easterday B. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Latent bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) infection was established in 6 calves and was demonstrated by reinduction of virus shedding after administration of corticosteroids. Latently infected calves failed to transmit bhv-1 during 4 weeks’ contact with sentinel calves.
Infected calves were killed and necropsied during latency or induced recrudescence. The bhv-1 DNA was demonstrated intranuclearly in trigeminal ganglion neurons by in situ hybridization. The bhv-1 antigen was demonstrated by immunofluorescence in trigeminal ganglion neurons during recrudescence. By electron microscopy, changes in the appearance of the Nissl bodies and a high frequency of nuclear bodies were observed in trigeminal ganglion neurons.
Development of a nonneuronal cell line derived from porcine spinal ganglia
Authors: Pirtle E. C. , Brown T. T. , Gallagher J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A cell line from porcine spinal ganglion (pspg) tissue was initiated and characterized. The pspg cell line contained epithelioid, fibroblast-like, and stellate-like cells. There were numerous intercellular communications between cells in the culture. Neuronal cells were not present in the pspg cell line. The pspg cell line was aneuploid at the 5th and 45th subculture levels. Seven porcine viruses replicated in cultures of pspg cells, and 2 pseudorabies virus strains infected the cells after being diluted 10-7.
Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus on the clinically normal canine hair coat
Authors: White Stephen D. , Ihrke Peter J. , Stannard Anthony A. , Sousa Candace , Reinke Susan , Rosser Edmund J. , Jang Spencer 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium normally considered to be pathogenic on the skin, was isolated from the hair of 18 of 20 dogs that had no clinical signs of dermatologic disease. Other organisms were not isolated, using aerobic culture.
Neural catecholamine deficiencies in the porcine stress syndrome
Authors: Hallberg J. W. , Draper D. D. , Topel D. G. , Altrogge D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to compare catecholamine concentrations in nervous tissues of stress-susceptible (ss) and stress-resistant (sr) pigs that were physically stressed. Ten pigs were included in each group on the basis of results of halothane screening tests, blood typing analysis, and examination for serum creatine kinase (ck) activities at 6 weeks of age. The nervous tissues analyzed included the substantia nigra (sn) and the caudate nucleus (cn) which were taken from pigs as soon as possible after death and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissues were radioenzymatically assayed for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations.
The ss pigs exhibited significantly greater (P < 0.001) ck activity concentrations than did those sr pigs before and after physical stress. Concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in the cn of ss pigs were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the cn of sr pigs. Similarly, the sn of ss pigs had lower dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations than did the sn of sr pigs. The catecholamine deficiencies observed in the porcine stress syndrome seem to have similarities with certain human extrapyramidal diseases.
Potentiation of turbinate atrophy in pigs by long-term nasal colonization with Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Gois M. , Barnes H. John , Ross R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In preliminary studies, 6 strains of Pasteurella multocida were inoculated iv into 6- to 8-week-old pigs. Strains S3 and KL2 produced severe polyarthritis and polyserositis, and strain S4 produced polyarthritis when inoculum consisted of 1011 colony-forming units. Smaller numbers of strains S3, S4, and KL2 or 1011 colony-forming units of 3 other strains resulted in mild or no disease.
Seventy 5- to 6-week-old conventional pigs were inoculated intranasally (in) over a 5- to 6-day period with 3 doses of strains S3 or KL2 or were exposed to experimentally infected pigs by contact. All pigs were free of nasal infection with P multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, and Acholeplasma spp. All pigs, except 1 group of 6, were naturally infected with Haemophilus parasuis before use. All pigs exposed to P multocida by in inoculation or contact developed nasal colonization. At necropsy 3 to 9 weeks after inoculation, 39 of 48 (81.3%) H parasuis-infected pigs, which had long-term colonization of the nasal cavities with P multocida (> 21 days), had very mild, mild, or moderate atrophy of nasal turbinates (av lesion score = 1.8). Of 22 H parasuis-positive pigs that had been short-term carriers of the organism (< 14 days), only 4 (18.2%) had very mild or mild lesions (av = 0.3). Eleven of 22 controls not infected with P multocida, but naturally infected with H parasuis, also had very mild or mild lesions (av = 0.7). Six control pigs free of H parasuis and P multocida had no lesions.
Intranasal inoculation of P multocida strain S-3 into colostrum-deprived cesarean-derived (cdcd) swine resulted in signs of acute rhinitis which lasted approximately 1 week. Six of 9 cdcd pigs became long-term carriers of the organism, but at necropsy (21, 36, or 42 days after inoculation), they had no turbinate lesions. Two of 3 cdcd pigs that were short-term carriers of P multocida had very mild lesions. None of 5 control cdcd pigs had lesions.
Seemingly, P multocida has a greater role in potentiating atrophic rhinitis than in initiating the disease, H parasuis may cause mild turbinate atrophy, and P multocida readily colonizes the nasal cavity of H parasuis-infected or -free pigs after in inoculation or contact with infected penmates.
Enhanced antibody-dependent bactericidal activity of neutrophils from calves treated with a lipid amine immunopotentiator
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Jasman R. L. , Farrington D. O. , Jensen K. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves were treated im with N, N-dioctadecyl-N′, N′-bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) propanediamine (CP-20,961) in liposomes (1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg of body weight). Peripheral blood neutrophils had increased bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli at posttreatment day (ptd) 1, 2, and 3 at the lower dosage level (P < 0.0001). This effect required the presence of antibody, but not complement. Enhanced bactericidal activity was due to neutrophils, rather than serum factors, because serum collected before treatment was as effective in the assay system as was serum collected after treatment. The number of calves with increased neutrophil bactericidal activity decreased over the test period. Whereas neutrophils from all calves (n = 8) given 1 mg/kg of body weight were more bactericidal at ptd 1, only 4 had similar responses at ptd 2 and only 3 had increased activity at ptd 3. Correlation was not noticed between agglutinating antibody titers and level of growth inhibition; antibody titers remained constant.
When Pasteurella multocida was incubated with neutrophils taken at the same test periods, growth inhibition was seen at ptd 3, but no inhibition was seen at ptd 1 or 2. Again, granulocytic inhibitory effects were dependent on the presence of antibody, but independent of complement activity and antibody titer. In contrast to the situation seen with E coli in which all calves responded to the drug, only 2 of 8 calves clearly had increased neutrophil activity against P multocida. In calves treated with 2.5 mg of CP-20,961 in liposomes/kg, leukocytes, rather than purified neutrophils, were tested. Although further enhancement of growth-inhibition was not seen with E coli, tests with P multocida showed enhanced neutrophil activity at ptd 1 and 3.
Administration of CP-20,961 in liposomes was clinically well tolerated at 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, and adverse local irritations were not seen at the site of injection. Moderate transient increases in rectal temperatures were measured at ptd 1 and 2. A neutrophilic leukocytosis was seen in treated calves at ptd 1 and 2, and neutrophil counts remained high through ptd 3.
Ferrokinetic and erythrocyte survival studies in healthy and anemic cats
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Holmes P. H. , Onions D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte survival and ferrokinetic studies were adapted to the cat. For 5 clinically healthy 4- to 9-month-old cats, mean 51Cr-labeled erythrocyte survival was 144 hours, and mean plasma 59Fe-labeled transferrin disappearance halftime was 51 minutes. Erythrocyte use of radioiron was rapid and efficient, with 50% to 80% of labeled iron incorporated into the erythron by 100 hours after injection into the cat.
Six cats with feline leukemia virus infection were studied. For 2 cats with erythroid aplasia associated with C subgroup of feline leukemia virus, erythrocyte survival times were similar to those determined for the healthy cats, but plasma radioiron disappearance half time and erythrocyte use of radioiron were markedly diminished.
Effect of inspired air heat and humidification on anesthetic-induced hypothermia in dogs
Authors: Raffe Marc R. , Martin Frank B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs were evaluated for efficacy of inspired air heating and humidification in maintenance of body temperature during general anesthesia. Three separate trials were conducted: (i) a control group without thermal support (n = 5), (ii) a group supported only by a heated humidifier device placed in the inspiratory limb of an anesthesia circle delivery system (n = 7), and (iii) a group supported by combination of inspired air humidification and recirculating water blanket (n = 7). A significant difference (P > 0.4) was not noticed in temperature changes between control and humidifier-supported groups. A significant advantage (P < 0.05) was noticed between the combined support and the humidifier or control groups. Seemingly, during general anesthesia, use of combined thermal support is significantly better than airway humidification for maintenance of normothermia in the dog.
Comparative ultrastructural study of normal, adenomatous, carcinomatous, and hyperplastic cells of canine hepatoid circumanal gland
Authors: Isitor G. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission electron and light microscopy studies were carried out on morphologic characteristics of cellular organelles of normal and different neoplastic cells of hepatoid circumanal glands of 16 dogs. The ultrastructural features of the reserve and transitional cells in the adenomas and carcinomas are highly suggestive of different carcinogenic stimuli for each form of hepatoid circumanal gland neoplasm. The reserve cells, in response to the carcinogenic stimuli, appear to be growing at the expense of the degenerating glandular cells.
Dose-response study of ivermectin against Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in dogs with naturally acquired infections
Authors: Blair Lyndia Slayton , Malatesta Paul F. , Ewanciw Debra Vislocky 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In dogs, ivermectin given as a single oral dose 6 weeks after they were treated with thiacetarsamide was highly efficacious against the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. A dose of 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight or 1 dose of 0.05 mg/kg appeared to completely clear microfilariae from the blood. A dose of 0.0125 mg/kg cleared microfilariae from 2 of 3 dogs, and even a dose of 0.00313 mg/kg resulted in substantial reduction of the microfilaremia.
Evaluation of the safety of flubendazole premix in swine
Authors: Campbell Barbara , Newcomb Kathleen , Guerrero Jorge 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-eight pigs were used to evaluate the safety of flubendazole, given as a 6% rice-hull premix. In 1 experiment, flubendazole was administered orally to 16 pigs daily for 5 days at dosages of 10 or 20 times the recommended rate. In a 2nd experiment, flubendazole was administered in the feed to 18 pigs daily for 15,16 or 17 consecutive days at dosages of 1, 3 and 5 times the recommended rate. The remaining 14 pigs received a placebo premix and served as controls. Clinical observations were made each day, and body weights and clinical laboratory values were monitored before, during and after the treatment period. In the 2nd experiment, all pigs were necropsied 1 day after the last day of treatment.
Clinical signs during the experiments consisted of soft/fluid feces, observed in pigs from all groups, and occasional vomiting from 3 pigs in the group given the 3X-exaggerated dose. Statistical differences in the frequency of loose feces and vomiting were not detected between the placebo group and flubendazole-treated groups. There were no other abnormal signs noted throughout either experiment. Results of serum chemistry analysis, hematologic examination, and histopathologic evaluation revealed no evidence of drug-related toxicity.
Pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding (in vitro) of oxytetracycline in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Varma K. J. , Paul B. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline given in a single dose (22 mg/kg) either iv or im was studied in 4 female buffalo calves. The half-life (t1/2) after iv administration varied between 169.02 and 216.56 minutes and that after im administration, between 630 and 990 minutes. The drug was distributed well in the body after im administration (Vdarea 1.18 to 2.15 L/kg). The total body clearances varied between 1.02 and 1.45 and between 1.17 and 1.49 ml/kg/min after the iv and the im dosings, respectively. It has been proposed that oxytetracycline is excreted mainly by glomerular filtration in the buffalo species, but tubular reabsorption also may have a small part. About 42% of the drug was bound to plasma proteins at concentrations of 2 to 20 p.g of oxytetracycline/ml. The drug dosage schedules to maintain serum levels of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μg/ml also are determined.
Experimental Streptococcus equi infection in the horse: Correlation with in vivo and in vitro immune responses
Authors: Nara Peter L. , Krakowka Steven , Powers Thomas E. , Garg Ramish C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fourteen young outbred horses, divided into 2 groups on the basis of 18-hour or 24-hour skin-test reactions to Streptococcus equi, were inoculated nasopharyngeally with virulent S equi. Animals (n = 6, group I) with evidence of previous exposure to S equi (positive dermal response and existing serum antibodies), with one exception, developed minimal or no signs of disease after inoculation. In contrast, S equi skin-test negative and seronegative horses (n = 8, group II) developed predictable and severe clinical signs of infection after their inoculation, including shedding of the organism from nasal discharges and ruptured mandibular lymph nodes. Results of the present study indicate that resistance to virulent S equi infection is correlated with existing humoral and cellular immune responses to streptococcal antigens. In susceptible horses, recovery from infection was accompanied by the appearance of humoral antibodies and the acquisition of a positive skin-test response to S equi antigens.
Influence of parasitemia level at feeding on development of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Holbert Donald , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four splenectomized dairy calves were inoculated with a Virginia isolate of Anaplasma marginale Theiler and served as an infective source (donor) for laboratory-reared Dermacentor andersoni Stiles nymphs.
Two donor calves developed higher parasitemias during tick feeding than did the 2 other donor calves. One month after molting, adult ticks were incubated at 37 C for 2.5 days to stimulate development of colonies of A marginale, and homogenates of gut were made from ticks fed on each donor calf.
Eight susceptible, splenectomized dairy calves (2 per donor calf) were each inoculated iv with the gut homogenates collected from 50 adult ticks and were monitored for patent A marginale infection. Gut tissues from these same groups of ticks were processed for histologic studies. Homogenates from ticks infected on donor calves with lower parasitemias caused infections with longer prepatent periods (av, 43.25 days) than did similar homogenates made from ticks infected by feeding on donor calves with higher parasitemias (av, 31.0 days). Also, sections of gut tissues from ticks infected at the lower parasitemias contained fewer (av, 0.65) colonies/0.001 mm2 of tissue examined than did those from ticks infected at higher parasitemias (av, 6.31).
Serum chemical values in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves
Authors: Olson D. P. , South P. J. , Hendrix K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum chemical values were determined in cold-stressed Holstein bull calves ranging from 1 to 7 days of age. The animals were anesthetized and cold-stressed until their core body temperature (colonic) was lowered 10 C. Animals were then rewarmed in warm water, with heat pads or heat lamps, or were allowed to recover naturally (unassisted) at room temperature. Blood samples were collected at selected intervals during cooling and recovery. Increases (P < 0.05) were observed in the concentrations of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, iron, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, total globulin, serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and cholesterol in the cold-stressed calves during cooling. Concentrations of chloride and insulin decreased (P < 0.05) during the same period. Changes observed in many of the serum chemical values during rewarming were generally the reverse of the respective changes that occurred during cooling, although insulin values became exceedingly high in some cases midway or near the end of recovery. Serum enzyme values also remained high during most of recovery. Data did not indicate a clear advantage of one method of rewarming over the other methods used in terms of return of the serum chemical values to normal.
Effects of vaccination on lesion development in pseudorabies virus-challenged swine
Authors: Alva-Valdes R. , Glock R. D. , Kluge J. P. , Keune C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of vaccination against pseudorabies virus (prv) infection were studied in 93 barrows. Commercial attenuated and inactivated prv vaccines were used. The protection provided was evaluated by the comparison of clinical signs, gross lesions, and microscopic lesions among vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs after challenge exposure with a sublethal dose of prv. Histopathologic changes are described for the cns and other tissues.
Neither the modified live- nor the inactivated-prv vaccines prevented clinical signs or microscopic lesions in pigs after challenge exposure. However, both vaccines diminished the severity of clinical signs and microscopic lesions in the animals for a period of up to 8 months after they were vaccinated. Protection against clinical signs and microscopic lesions was absent in the pigs 10 months after the vaccination.