bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Topoi and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Botha Pieter J.J. , Vorster Johannes N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe role of religious language in the activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is analysed in this study. The (Christian) religious rhetoric is a limiting factor with regard to the possibilities and/or contribution of the TRC by fashioning a dichotomising discourse and terminology. It also imposes constraints, visible in the TRC's dealings with concepts such as truth, responsibility and causation. This discourse is, furthermore, an assistant to a formalistic way of arguing about history and humanity, which problematises the plurality and heterogeneity of our society.
A Space-Filling Algorithm to Extrapolate Narrow-Swath Instantaneous TRMM Microwave Rain-Rate Estimates Using Thermal IR Imagery
Authors: Barros Ana P. , Tao Kun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A space-filling algorithm (SFA) based on 2D spectral estimation techniques was developed to extrapolate the spatial domain of the narrow-swath near-instantaneous rain-rate estimates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) using thermal infrared imagery (Meteosat-5) without making use of calibration or statistical fitting. A comparison against rain gauge observations and the original PR 2A25 and TMI 2A12 estimates in the central Himalayas during the monsoon season (June–September) over a 3-yr period of 1999–2001 was conducted to assess the algorithm’s performance. Evaluation over the continental United States was conducted against the NCEP stage IV combined radar and gauge analysis for selected events. Overall, the extrapolated PR and TMI rainfall fields derived using SFA exhibit skill comparable to the original TRMM estimates. The results indicate that probability of detection and threat scores of the reconstructed products are significantly better than the original PR data at high-elevation stations (&gt;2000 m) on mountain ridges, and specifically for rainfall rates exceeding 2–5 mm h−1 and for afternoon convection. For low-elevation stations located in steep narrow valleys, the performance varies from year to year and deteriorates strongly for light rainfall (false alarm rates significantly increase). A preliminary comparison with other satellite products (e.g., 3B42, a TRMM-adjusted merged infrared-based rainfall product) suggests that integrating this algorithm in currently existing operational multisensor algorithms has the potential to improve significantly spatial resolution, texture, and detection of rainfall, especially in mountainous regions, which present some of the greatest challenges in precipitation retrieval from satellites over land, and for hydrological operations during extreme events.
Optimizing delivery of flurbiprofen to the colon using a targeted prodrug approach
Authors: Philip Anil K , Dubey Rajesh K , Pathak Kamla 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The carboxylic group responsible for the gastric side-effects of the propionic acid derivative, flurbi-profen, was masked temporarily to overcome these side-effects and to accomplish colon-specific delivery of the drug. An amide prodrug (FLU-GLY) was synthesized by coupling flurbiprofen with L-glycine. Confirmation and characterization of the structure of the synthesized prodrug included elemental analysis, Fourier transform (FT)-IR, FT-NMR, mass (FAB) spectroscopy, and determinations of Rf, Rt and RM values, respectively. Aqueous solubility and lipophilicity (log P) value were determined at pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 and 7.4. In-vitro reversion of FLU-GLY to flurbiprofen was measured at different pHs and in a simulated colonic environment. Acute toxicity and ulceration potential were evaluated in-vivo in albino rats. Pre-formulation studies showed increased hydrophilicity but a non-significant increase in lipophilicity of the prodrug. In-vitro reversion studies suggested that the prodrug remained intact until colonic pH was attained, when the colonic microfloral enzymes (amidase) hydrolysed the FLU-GLY amide linkage, releasing the free drug. In-vivo evaluation indicated that the prodrug was much less toxic and had less ulcerogenic activity than the parent drug. Selective delivery of drugs to the colon can be useful in terms of reducing the dose administered and reducing undesirable side-effects.
Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and liquorice extract on cell proliferation and prostate-specific antigen secretion in LNCaP prostate cancer cells
Authors: Hawthorne Susan , Gallagher Sandra 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the active metabolite of glycyrrhizic acid, one of the components of liquorice extract. It has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and to inhibit hepatic tumour growth. In this preliminary study, we have shown that GA could significantly reduce the rate of proliferation of LNCaP androgen dependent prostate cancer cells, whereas it had no effect on proliferation of PC3 and DU145 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Additionally, GA could significantly reduce the production of prostate-specific antigen by LNCaP cells maintained in-vitro. This study provides a sound platform for further investigation.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Vankat John L. 
Published: April 2008

Book reviewed in this issue.Barbour, M.G., Keeler‐Wolf, T. & Schoenherr, A.A. (eds.) 2007. Terrestrial Vegetation of California. Third Edition. xvii + 712 pp. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, USA. ISBN 9780520249554. Price US: USD 75.00; UK: GBP 44.95.
Developmental toxicity assessment of thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) oligomers in CD‐1 mice
Authors: Ankareddi Induvadana , Bailey Melissa M. , Brazel Christopher S. , Rasco Jane F. , Hood Ronald D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although polymers and hydrogels are used successfully in biomedical applications, including implants and drug delivery devices, smaller molecular weight oligomers, such as those investigated here, have not been extensively studied in vivo. Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide), or P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm), has a unique thermoresponsive behavior and is under investigation as a novel drug delivery system for metastatic cancer treatment. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm) to the conceptus. METHODS: From gestation days (GD) 6–16, pregnant CD‐1 mice were dosed via i.p. injection with aqueous solutions containing 500, 750, or 1,000 mg/kg/d P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm). Dams were sacrificed on GD 17 and their litters were examined for abnormalities. RESULTS: P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm) caused no statistically significant difference in maternal weight gain or percent resorbed or dead fetuses compared to control values, but fetal weight was significantly decreased in the two highest dosage groups. CONCLUSIONS: At the highest dosages employed, maternal exposure to P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm) was associated with decreased fetal weight. However, as the estimated human exposure levels for persons using this system would be some 1,500‐fold lower than the lowest dosage administered in this study, the authors feel that this oligomer was not shown to pose a biologically significant risk at relevant human dosages. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear factor I gene expression in the developing forebrain
Authors: Plachez Céline , Lindwall Charlotta , Sunn Nana , Piper Michael , Moldrich Randal X. , Campbell Christine E. , Osinski Jason M. , Gronostajski Richard M. , Richards Linda J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRetrograde tracing of laterally projecting corticospinal neurons (blue) co‐labeled with NFIB (red). J. Comp. Neurol. 508:385–401, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paternal contributions: New functional insights for spermatozoal RNA
Authors: Lalancette Claudia , Miller David , Li Yan , Krawetz Stephen A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhereas the presence of RNA in mature ejaculate spermatozoa is now established, its functional significance, if any, is still a matter of debate. This reflects the accepted description that spermatozoa are highly differentiated, specialized cells of minimal cytoplasm and compacted nucleus that are transcriptionally inactive. A significant proportion of the RNA required for the later, haploid stages of terminal spermatogenic differentiation (spermiogenesis) is synthesized prior to transcriptional arrest then stably stored until its translation during spermiogenesis. Spermatozoal RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are therefore considered to be stored remnants. Any role in fertilization and early development has, until recently, seemed unlikely, since the oocyte contains large stores of maternal mRNAs known to be required for early embryonic development prior to zygotic genome activation. Although the spermatozoon can deliver its RNA to the oocyte at fertilization, it has been generally assumed that compared to the oocyte RNA reserve, the spermatozoan payload is too small to be functional in embryo development. However, the debate continues as recent studies suggest that in specific instances sperm RNA is functional. This review presents and discusses the functional significance of spermatozoal RNA in relation to some recent advances in the field. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1570–1579, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential involvement of the interaction between insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐6 and LIM mineralization protein (LMP)‐1 in regulating osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Strohbach Cassandra , Kleinman Sabrina , Linkhart Thomas , Amaar Yousef , Chen Shin‐Tai , Mohan Subburaman , Strong Donna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐6 has been reported to inhibit differentiation of myoblasts and osteoblasts. In the current study, we explored the mechanisms underlying IGFBP‐6 effects on osteoblast differentiation. During MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast differentiation, we found that IGFBP‐6 protein was down‐regulated. Overexpression of IGFBP‐6 in MC3T3‐E1 and human bone cells inhibited nodule formation, osteocalcin mRNA expression and ALP activity. Furthermore, accumulation of IGFBP‐6 in the culture media was not required for any of these effects suggesting that IGFBP‐6 suppressed osteoblast differentiation by an intracellular mechanism. A yeast two‐hybrid screen of an osteosarcoma library was conducted to identify intracellular binding partners to account for IGFBP‐6 inhibitory effects on osteoblast differentiation. LIM mineralizing protein (LMP‐1) was identified as a high affinity IGFBP‐6 binding partner. Physical interaction between IGFBP‐6 and LMP‐1 was confirmed by co‐immunoprecipitation. Fluorescent protein fusion constructs for LMP‐1 and IGFBP‐6 were transiently transfected into osteoblasts to provide evidence of subcellular locations for each protein. Coexpression of LMP‐1‐GFP and IGFBP‐6‐RFP resulted in overlapping subcellular localization of LMP‐1 and IGFBP‐6. To determine if there was a functional association of IGFBP‐6 and LMP‐1 as well as a physical association, we studied the effect of IGFBP‐6, LMP‐1 and their combination on type I procollagen promoter activity. LMP‐1 increased promoter activity while IGFBP‐6 reduced promoter activity, and coexpression of LMP‐1 with IGFBP‐6 abrogated IGFBP‐6 suppression. These studies provide evidence that overexpression of IGFBP‐6 suppresses human and murine osteoblast differentiation, that IGFBP‐6 and LMP‐1 physically interact, and supports the conclusion that this interaction may be functionally relevant. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1890–1905, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The localization of PMCA1b in epithelial cells and aposomes of the rat coagulating gland is influenced by androgens
Authors: Post Heidi , Gutberlet Judith , Wiche Regina , Aumüller Gerhard , Wilhelm Beate 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDRat coagulating gland epithelial cells export proteins by an apocrine secretion mode within membrane blebs arising from the apical plasma membrane. Using a pan‐PMCA antibody, we have recently shown the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) being part of the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells and incorporated into the aposomal membrane. The mRNA of PMCA isoforms 1 and 4 respectively, have been detected by RT‐PCR in rat coagulating gland.METHODSIn order to identify which PMCA isoform is integrated into aposomes during apocrine secretion and whether or not PMCA export is influenced by androgens RT‐PCR, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence experiments were performed.RESULTSPMCA1b is the isoform which is expressed and located in the apical plasma membrane of coagulating gland epithelial cells and is integrated into the aposomal membrane. In contrast, PMCA4 mRNA and protein are restricted to the stroma. Androgen deprivation by castration within 14 days leads to an accumulation of PMCA1b in coagulating gland epithelium, while aposomes are not detected anymore.CONCLUSIONSWe showed for the first time that PMCA isoform 1b is released via aposomes of the epithelial cells of the rat coagulating gland and that the localization of PMCA1b in the epithelial cells is influenced by androgens. Prostate 68:1076–1085, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Joint processing of topology control and channel assignment in wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Li Wei , Fan Pingyi , Letaief K. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNetwork topology construction and its channel assignment for each node in the constructed network topology are two main problems in the initialization of topology building. Topology control is an effective way to solve the problem of topology building. To investigate the joint effect of topology control and channel assignment, we propose a joint processing scheme composed of a k‐Neighbor topology control algorithm and a greedy channel assignment (GCA) algorithm in this paper. Based on this joint processing scheme, the relationships between the energy consumption, the total required channel number and the network connectivity are discussed. We also discuss the impact of some parameters on the performance of networks in terms of the path loss factor, node density, maximum node degree, etc. Our main contributions in this paper is that we find that topology control has a good effect on improving the performance of channel assignment, and the proposed joint processing scheme can reduce the required channel number effectively, compared with its theoretical upper bound. In particular, if the node degree in a network is not more than k, various simulations indicate that the required channel number is not more than 2k + 1. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new insight into Bluetooth piconets coexistence
Authors: Géron Emmanuel , Villain Alban 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses Bluetooth piconets coexistence. We use an approach which is totally different from those used traditionally with Bluetooth (probabilistic collision models). We show how it is possible to obtain an interference‐free Bluetooth environment in some conditions, for certain kinds of Bluetooth devices, using the properties of the Bluetooth frequency hopping system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards unified radio power management for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Xing Guoliang , Sha Mo , Hackmann Greg , Klues Kevin , Chipara Octav , Lu Chenyang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMany wireless sensor networks must sustain long lifetimes on limited energy resources. Two major approaches, transmission power control and sleep scheduling, have been proposed to reduce the radio power consumption in the transmission state and the idle state, respectively. In this paper, we first review existing transmission power control and sleep scheduling approaches and then describe a Unified Radio Power Management framework for the design and implementation of holistic radio power management solutions in wireless sensor networks. It has two key components: (1) a novel optimization approach called Minimum Power Configuration that minimizes the aggregate radio power consumption of all ratio states and (2) a Unified Power Management Architecture (UPMA) that aims to support the flexible cross‐layer integration of different power management strategies. A novel feature of UPMA is that it enables cross‐layer coordination and joint optimization of different power management strategies that exist at multiple network layers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the economic benefits of wind energy projects using Monte Carlo simulation with economic input/output analysis
Authors: Williams Susan K. , Acker Tom , Goldberg Marshall , Greve Megan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA process was developed to evaluate the economic benefits from constructing and operating a wind energy project. The process uses an economic input/output analysis in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation. Process results estimate the number of jobs and amount of spending that will occur in the analysis region because of the construction and operation of a wind energy project. Results from the proposed process may be used to garner community and governmental support for projects. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory jobs, Economic Development and Impacts (JEDI) model, developed specifically for wind energy projects, is used. As there is uncertainty in some of the required input parameters, the Monte Carlo simulation allows the input parameters to be entered as a range. The results of the JEDI model with the Monte Carlo simulation analysis produce a distribution for jobs, salaries and wages, and economic output during construction and operations. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation also provide a sensitivity analysis for each of the JEDI outputs. Two northern Arizona counties, Coconino County and Navajo County, were analysed to demonstrate the process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addendum: An analogue of Artin reciprocity for closed orbits of skew products
Authors: POLLICOTT MARK , SHARP RICHARD 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOne of the unfulfilled aims of the authors of the preceding paper [W. Parry and M. Pollicott. An analogue of Bauer’s theorem for closed orbits of skew products. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.28 (2008), 535–546] was to find a dynamical analogue of Artin reciprocity. In this addendum, we present one such version, suggested by work of Sunada.
Particle drift in self-similar billiards
Authors: CHERNOV N. , DOLGOPYAT D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe study a particle moving at unit speed in a channel made by connected self-similar billiard tables that grow in size by a factorr>1 from left to right (this model was recently introduced in the physics literature by Barra, Gilbert and Romo). Letq(T) denote the position of the particle at timeT. Our main result is the existence of an asymptotic distribution ofq(T)/Tas$T\to \infty $and {lnT/lnr}→ρfor some 0≤ρ<1.
Displacement and the Post-war Reconstruction of Education: Displaced Persons at the UNRRA University of Munich, 1945–1948
Authors: HOLIAN ANNA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the first years after the Second World War, Munich was home to a unique institution, the UNRRA University. Created by and for Europe's displaced persons, the university was defined as a new kind of educational institution, dedicated to the cause of reviving humanism and promoting internationalism. By virtue of their experiences of occupation, persecution and dislocation, the university argued, displaced persons were uniquely qualified to spearhead the post-war reconstruction of education and culture. This article traces the social and intellectual history of the UNRRA University. It examines the university's ideas on nationalism and internationalism, the reconstruction of higher education and the role of the intellectual in the post-war world. It argues that while much of the literature on displaced persons has focused on national communities, wartime and post-war displacement also gave rise to new transnational solidarities and imaginaries among the displaced.
An Experimental Contribution to the Problem of Apparent Reality
Authors: Phemister Margaret R. 
Published: April 2008

Certain two-dimensional figures acquire a character of relief and reality when oriented obliquely to the observer and viewed monocularly. The experiments were made with two types of figure—a simple straight line, and more complex patterns of lines. The results indicate that the character of reality gradually increases as the experimental conditions become more favourable. The conditions found to be most favourable are dissimilarities of size, brightness, microstructure, shape, perspective clues, between figure and ground. When the segregating factors are operating, the figure becomes independent of the paper and takes up its own orientation in space. In the case of the simple line, this orientation may be frontal, but more usually the orientation of the background is taken into account, the resulting structural organization being that of a “needle” projecting from the background. The reality is greatest when the orientation of the background is such that the “needle” appears to be perpendicular to the ground. The complex figures used in the experiments were perspective designs of parallelepipeds. Again, the oblique position of the design associated with the greatest degree of reality of the tridimensional object is that which permits the figure to be seen as projecting perpendicularly from its background.
The Direction of Movement of Machine Controls
Authors: Mitchell M. J. H. , Vince M. A. 
Published: April 2008

Experiments are described in which the relation between the direction of movement of a control and display was varied in order to determine what relationships are likely to cause least confusion to the operator of a machine. Two different types of task were used: a task consisting of intermittent stimuli whose rate of presentation could be varied, and a continuous pursuit task. It is found that accuracy of performance varies with the degree of remoteness of the directional relationship from those met in everyday life, with the complexity of the task, with the ability of the subject, and there is some indication that under certain Conditions it may vary with the breadth of his attention. Awareness of the response aspect of the situation in these simple sensori-motor tasks, it is suggested, although necessary in the early stages of learning, may be associated in the later stages with confusion and error.
Changes with Age and with Exclusion of Vision in Performance at an Aiming Task
Authors: Szafran J. 
Published: April 2008

Forty industrial workers between 20 and 60 years of age took part in the experiment. Each sat facing a display in an enclosure. His task was to locate targets with a pointer, under two conditons: when he was able to make whatever use he chose of direct vision, and wearing a pair of red goggles through which only the diplay could be seen. On the average, those over 40 years of age took more time than younger subjects over those portions of the task which were concerned with the initiation of a fresh action. When unable to make use of vision the older had far greater difficulty in locating the targets and attempted to supplement tactile and kinesthetic cues by making postural adjustments, turning their heads and often their bodies in the direction of the target at which they were aiming. These findings are discussed in relation to an earlier observation of the greater tendency for older people to look at what they are doing.