bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Test Setup to Simulate Pipe Reaction End Loading on Large Valves
Authors: Rao GJ , Narayanan R , Muruganantham R , Jayakar B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test setup was designed and fabricated to simulate pipe reaction end loading on a large valve in accordance with the specifications and requirements of ANSI B16.41-1983. The setup can be used for testing different sizes of valves. A gate valve was tested using this setup for pipe reaction end loading when it was also internally pressurized. The valve was instrumented, and measurements were taken to record the strains and deflections during the test. The paper describes the salient features of the test setup, details of testing, and results of tests carried out on a 300 mm diameter gate valve.
Plastic Strain Arising from Fatigue Crack Initiation
Authors: Coulon A , Knosp B , Saisse H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Of the methods used for characterizing the plastic zone before and after crack initiation, the best results have been given by extensometry, which makes possible strain measurement in the notch root under monotonic loading, and the observation of deformation bands, which enables the size of the plastic zones in the notch root and at the fissure bottom to be calculated.
A comparison of experimental results and theoretical models also shown that: (1) where the nominal stress (σnom) is less than the yield stress (Re), Molski's model provides an accurate description of the behavior of the material in the notch root under monotonic loading, whereas Neuber's model overestimates the strain; (2) when the ratio Re/Smax is greater than 0.3, it was possible to calculate the size of the plastic zone in the notch root using an expression, in the plastic mode, of the stress gradient in the specimen thickness; and (3) the size of the plastic zone around the point of fissure (with length on the order of 2 mm) is proportional to [Kmax/R0.2%]2; this conforms to linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Improving Bend and Tensile Yield Strengths of Metallic Strip by Reducing the Effects of Residual Stresses
Authors: Hart RR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A process is described for removing the detrimental effects of residual stresses in cold-rolled alloys without heat treatment. The process consists of reverse bending the strip over a small diameter cylinder such that the plastic tensile strain at the outer fibers exceeds several percent. The bending yield strength of an AISI Type 301 stainless steel was increased over 80% by the procedure. Subsequent low temperature heat treatments resulted in further improvements.
An Evaluation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Type A508 Class 3 Steel
Authors: Fujii E , Sakai Y , Ando Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using dynamic loading at a K rate range of 102 to 105 MPa√m/s, fracture toughness tests were made on Type A508 Class 3 steel. Fatigue precracked 2T-type compact tension specimens were used. Tests were performed in accordance with Annex 7 of ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399) using a high flow and high response tensile machine. In this investigation, load, strain, and displacement outputs were obtained with quite small oscillations. The results showed that dynamic fracture toughness values decreased with increasing test velocity and decreasing test temperature.
Development of a Constant-K Specimen for Materials Testing
Authors: Huculak P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A study is presented of a constant stress intensity factor specimen comprising four circular cutouts. The results of fatigue crack growth tests, compliance measurements, and a finite element formulation show that minor modifications to a center cracked tension specimen lead to constancy in the stress intensity factor as a function of crack length. The basic geometry can also be repeated in a stacked configuration in order to test multiple cracks in a single setup.
Evaluation of Plane-Stress Fracture Testing Methods
Authors: Pearson HS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM Recommended Practice for R-Curve Determination (E 561) allows the use of either center cracked or compact specimens for determination of R-curves and Kc. A round-robin program to establish a Precision and Accuracy statement for ASTM E 561 was recently conducted on compact specimens. This paper presents R-curves and Kc data for two materials as determined from both specimen types. A discussion of the results is included.
A Pin-on-Drum Abrasive Wear Test and Comparison with Other Pin Tests
Authors: Blickensderfer R , Laird G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Bureau of Mines, in its ongoing effort to combat the wear of mining and mineral processing equipment, has used several types of laboratory wear tests. Investigations into existing pin abrasive wear testing machines resulted in the construction of the Bureau's own pin-on-drum wear testing apparatus, incorporating the best features of the previous designs. Comparisons of pin diameters, loads, and other factors are made between the Bureau of Mines' pin-on-drum test and other pin abrasion tests.
The effects of variations in abrasiveness over the drum were essentially eliminated by making corrections based on the wear of a standard pin traveling a parallel path. Reproducibility of wear values on homogeneous alloys was generally within ±0.5%. Statistical analyses and test procedures are given for heterogeneous alloys. Design parameters for future pin abrasion tests are recommended.
Structure/Property Relationship for Normalized Pipe Flanges (Grade LF2) Made to ASTM Specification A 350/A 350M
Authors: Mintz B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A nondestructive procedure has been developed using microstructural examination to predict the Charpy impact value at −46°C (−50°F) of installed normalized flanges (Grade LF2) made to ASTM Specification A 350/A 350M (minimum impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C). V-notch Charpy impact specimens were cut from a number of flanges and tested at −46°C. The absorbed energies were correlated with microstructural measurements obtained from the Charpy specimens resulting in the equation
Impact energy absorbed, J, at −46°C = 37 d−1/2 − 2%P − 226 where P = volume pearlite, and, d = grain diameter, mm.
The relationships between the pearlite volume fraction and grain size at the surface of a flange to that measured at the corresponding Charpy position were then established, so that this equation could be adjusted to predict the impact energy from small slivers taken from the sides of installed flanges (an operation which would not affect the integrity of a flange).
The predicted impact energies from microstructural examination of small surface slivers taken from a large number of flanges were then compared to the values obtained from Charpy testing the same flanges. Statistical analysis of the results showed that to be 95% confident in meeting the ASTM A 350/A 350M (Grade LF2) impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C, the value predicted from the impact energy equation must be ≥ 33 J.
Having established the technique and assessed its accuracy, the technique was used in an on-site investigation to identify flanges that would fail to meet the impact requirement of 20 J at −46°C.
Plastic Rotation Factors of Three-Point Bend and Compact Tension Specimens
Authors: Wu S-X , Mai Y-W , Cotterell B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Plastic rotation factors (rp) for three-point bend and compact tension specimens were obtained for a range of normalized crack depths (a/W) from 0.25 to 0.88 and power law hardening materials. The theoretical slip-line field solutions were used for non-strain hardening materials (i.e., n = ∞) and the Kumar-German-Shih finite element plastic displacement solutions for strain hardening materials (i.e., n &lt; ∞) in these rp calculations. For crack depth a/W = 0.50, the factors rp are approximately independent of strain hardening if n &gt; 5 and are in reasonable agreement with those values recommended by ASTM Subcommittee E24.08 for calculation of crack tip opening displacements in these two types of specimens. For n ≤ 5 the error in rp becomes appreciably large.
Precision of Marshall Stability and Flow Test Using 6-in. (152.4-mm) Diameter Specimens
Authors: Kandhal PS , Wu Y , Parker F , Spellerberg PA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the repeatability of Marshall stability, flow, and air voids content measurements on 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter specimens of large stone mixes is better than the repeatability on 4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter specimens. A round robin study involving twelve participating laboratories was conducted to provide information for developing a precision statement for the ASTM Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus (6 inch-Diameter Specimen) (D 5581). Difference two-sigma (d2s) limits were developed to determine acceptable single and multilaboratory differences for bulk specific gravity, percent voids, Marshall stability, and Marshall flow measurements. Analysis of other data collected during the study indicated that stability and flow measurements are not sensitive to minor differences in various 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter breaking heads currently in use.
Prediction of Single-Layer Fabric Air Permeability by Statistical Modeling
Authors: Epps HH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Historically, it has been difficult to directly obtain accurate air permeability measurements of open-structured textile fabrics. Although measurements can be made using a nonstandard pressure differential between the two fabric surfaces, this technique may not be reliable. An alternative method of determining permeability of open-structured fabrics by extrapolation from measurements of multiple layers is used on a limited basis with instruments that may not have a full range of air permeability measurement capability. This research evaluates the accuracy of this method through comparison of statistically predicted values with actual measurements of fabrics whose permeabilities lie within the measurement range specified in the standard test method.
The Extraction and Determination of Azadirachtin from Soil and Insects by Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Authors: Brooks MW , Roy S , Uden PC , Vittum P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Azadirachtin is a powerful anti-feedant and insect growth-disrupting compound. A primary problem with the utilization of classical extraction techniques for determining azadirachtin is the high hydrophilicity of the compound. Further, since determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires measuring absorbance at 214 nm, use of methanol for extraction requires a solvent exchange since methanol absorbs in this region. This paper demonstrates the use of supercritical fluid extraction for determination of azadirachtin residues. Methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract azadirachtin from soil and Japanese beetle adult and larval forms. Greater than 80% of fortified material was recovered at spike concentrations of 1 to 2 µg/g. Using this procedure azadirachtin was determined to be field stable for less than 3 months. Azadirachtin was also successfully extracted from insects showing recovery levels of 75% and greater. The inability of modified supercritical carbon dioxide to cross the insect cuticle was also demonstrated.
Cyclic Tests on High-Strength Prestressed Concrete Frames
Authors: Mo YL , Hwang WL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Results from small-scale models of eight high-strength prestressed concrete frames, tested under various displacement histories simulating earthquake forces are presented. The primary curves (horizontal force-displacement relationships) and the hysteretic loops are determined experimentally. Concrete strength is approximately between 50 and 60 mPa, and effective prestress is 50% of the ultimate strength of the prestressing steel. It is found that the effect of displacement history on the mechanical behavior is significant because the entire shape of the hysteretic loops is different and the prestressed concrete frames made of high-strength concrete with a slump of 25 cm may have at least a ductility factor of 8.0.
A Modified Theodolite Instrument: Conceptual Work
Authors: Obaidat MT , Al-Smadi ZA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A proposed modified theodolite instrument is presented. The instrument concept, sequence of operation of measurements, and design plans are reported. The proposed instrument has a potential similar to metric photogrammetry in computing 3-D coordinates without physically touching the target point. A sliding graduated rod (arm) has been introduced to connect the upper and lower parts, each of which has a separate vertical vernier. The rod supports the theodolite head that can be extended upward an arbitrary distance, thus effectively providing a second position for the head. Appropriate angular measurements, together with the length of the extension (the rod) can be used to calculate the inaccessible distances. The instrument relies on simple trigonometric functions to measure the height of objects and the horizontal and slope distances, and to perform trigonometric leveling. Accuracy potential of the instrument has been presented based on the law of propagation of random error. The flow of operations for different measurement cases has been mathematically demonstrated. The instrument is anticipated to bypass the cost-effectiveness and technological bottlenecks between plane surveying and photogrammetric systems.
Two Parameters Limiting the Sensitivity of Laboratory Tests of Condoms as Viral Barriers
Authors: Lytle CD , Routson LB , Thomas DP , Regnault WF , Cyr WH 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe practical limits of a laboratory test for evaluating condoms as virus barriers were characterized by determining virus penetration through small punctures in latex condoms. The test quantifies virus penetration through a pressurized, restrained condom filled with challenge virus. Estimation of the minimum-detectable hole (narrow slit) dimensions indicated that a limiting factor in virus transmission through such a puncture is fluid flow. The virus penetration rates decreased with time, apparently caused by the hole closing or being blocked, indicating that extending the test duration to allow more virus penetration was of limited value. Further, it was found that adsorption of virus particles during passage through a hole may limit the useful sensitivity of the test. With bacteriophage ϕX174 as the challenge virus, the practical limit for detecting virus penetration may be approximately 2 × 10−6 mL; with more adsorptive viruses, the test would be less sensitive.
Optimal Design of a Disk-Shaped Specimen for Biaxial-Tensile Fatigue Testing
Authors: Zouani A , Bui-Quoc T , Bernard M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A relatively simple apparatus has been proposed for conducting biaxial-tensile fatigue tests using an annular disk specimen with a reduced testing section. It makes use of a conventional hydraulic testing machine so that the uniaxial force is converted into radial forces extending the disk specimen. Thus, a specified positive ratio of the tangential to the radial stresses can be imposed at the testing section of the disk specimen.
In this paper, the optimal configuration of the specimen is investigated. A number of requirements have been identified and expressed in terms of the stresses in the testing section and their standard deviations. Afterwards, these requirements are grouped into a single performance criterion. The finite element method (FEM) is then applied to fulfill the criterion and realize the disk specimen geometry optimization for isotropic elastic materials. The results obtained from the analysis confirm the potential of the optimized specimen for the study of the material behavior under biaxial-tensile fatigue loading, in particular at high temperatures.
Analysis of Plowing and Adhesive Effects in the Rolling Ball Tack Method for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: Miyagi Z , Yamada N , Urahama N , Yamamoto K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An analysis of the motion of a ball rolling on a pressure sensitive adhesive tape at a constant velocity was carried out theoretically and experimentally. In the experimental analysis, a rotary drum tack tester and a spherical probe tack tester were developed to quantitatively analyze rolling ball tack. Applying the results obtained by the two testers, actual adhesive and plowing moments and impressive moment were determined independently as a function of the rolling velocity of 11.1 mm (14/32 in.) diameter steel balls. The most important results were that the impressive force acting between the ball and the adhesive was far greater than the gravitational force due to the mass of the rolling ball and that the plowing moment played an important role in rolling resistance.
Elastic Compliance of the Compact Tension Specimen Comprising Two Linear-Elastic Materials Bonded with a Thin Layer
Authors: McNaney JM , Havens R , Ritchie RO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Although the compact-tension C(T) specimen is widely used in conventional fracture mechanics testing, its application to the fracture behavior of layered structures, in the assessment of the toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior of bimaterial interfaces, for example, has been limited due to problems in identifying the crack length. Accordingly, to provide a basis for crack-length monitoring in the sandwich C(T) specimen, comprising two materials bonded with a thin layer under linear-elastic conditions, the linear-elastic compliance based on back-face strain, crack-opening displacement and load-line displacement has been determined for a wide range of substrate/layer material combinations using finite-element analyses. Calculations for sandwich systems, with elastic moduli ratios varying from 0.2 to 5 and with joining layer thicknesses between 0.4 and 2% of the specimen width, show that for crack sizes between 0.25 to 0.75 of the specimen width, the compliance is significantly different from that of the bulk substrates, except when the layer is very thin and the modulus ratio approaches unity. It is concluded that crack-opening displacements are preferable for the monitoring and detection of interfacial and near-interfacial cracks in this specimen geometry, as the compliance based on these displacements is the least sensitive to errors from either measurement site or crack location.
Experimental Determination of the Cooling Curve for Production of Continuous-Cast Steel Billets
Authors: Bailey WH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Temperature measurements of 20-cm round, 10-m long, continuous-cast steel billets in the cooling stages of production were made using a contact thermocouple. Temperatures were measured from the time they reached the cross transfer on the cooling bed to a holding area across the street from the facility. A cooling curve derived from temperatures measured on the end of the billet was generated with the equation T = 467.29e−.0001t
The Relationship Between Porosity and Air Permeability of Woven Textile Fabrics
Authors: Epps HH , Leonas KK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Based on a comprehensive review of the literature on textile fabric porosity, air permeability, and related research on fabric geometry, a study of the relationships between air permeability measurements and fabric pore size was undertaken using liquid porosimetry. Experiments were conducted on ten woven textile fabrics. Air permeability was most highly correlated with minimum pore size, but was also significantly correlated with mean flow pore size measurements and with calculated values of theoretical porosity and fabric cover factor.
Kinematic Methods for Quantifying Loss of Balance While Negotiating a Curved Path on a Slippery Surface
Authors: Wang B , Bhattacharya A , Bagchee A , Wang W , Succop PA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ten healthy industrial workers were recruited to perform a gait test for this study. The workers were required to negotiate straight and turning paths on dry and very slippery surfaces. Seven variables that quantify loss of balance during single stance were used to assess the potential of loss of balance when negotiating the different paths on slippery surfaces. These variables included measure of the distance of the whole body center of gravity (COG) deviated from the supporting base, slide distance, slide direction, and turning radius. Using these variables, it was possible to biomechanically conclude that negotiating a curved path on a slippery surface was the most difficult task, with the highest potential of loss of balance and fall. The direction most subjects' feet slid was 52 to 60° in the lateral direction. This study provides range of COF values in the lateral direction between the shoe-floor interface for preventing slip when negotiating a curved path.
Effect of Preloading on the Strength of Soda-Lime Glass
Authors: Chen X , Matsumura M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Static fatigue and bending experiments were carried out on as-cut soda-lime glass to investigate the effect of preloading on the residual strength. Ambient air or semi-controlled dry air was used for the preloading. The results show that preloading increases both the static fatigue life and bending strength. The static fatigue life increases with preloading load, and is longer after preloading in air than in dry air. In bending tests, the bending strength increases with preloading time. The improvements of the strength of glass by preloading are interpreted as stress enhanced aging. Two dominant mechanisms for aging, the crack blunting model and stress release model, were examined by using the present experimental results.
Relating Triaxial Test Properties of Asphalt Mixtures to Mix Parameters Determined by Marshall Stability Test
Authors: Fwa TF , Tan SA , Low BH 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe conventional method of asphalt mix design based on the Marshall stability test cannot be used directly for pavement thickness design and performance analysis. On the other hand, the triaxial test that measures fundamental engineering properties of friction-cohesive materials is a well understood and established test in civil engineering, and the authors have reported in an earlier paper that triaxial test properties of asphalt mixtures can be used to study analytically the response of the mixtures under loads. In an effort to establish a link between the two tests, this paper illustrates that the three triaxial test-determined properties of an asphalt mixture, namely cohesion c, angle of friction φ and elastic modulus Ep, are statistically correlated with Marshall stability test properties of the asphalt mixture. The statistical analyses furnish useful information on the trends of variation of various material parameters as a function of mix properties. Potentially useful statistical regression predictive models are derived for predicting material parameters of the Marshall stability tests using the triaxial test properties, and vice versa. Such models make it possible to analyze pavement performance under loads for those pavements constructed based on Marshall mix design.
Effects of Laundering and Exposure to Light on Environmentally-Improved Fabrics
Authors: Leimer S , Moore MA , Goldsmith E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study evaluated the performance of four environmentally-improved fabrics after laundering or exposure to light. Specific objectives were to evaluate and compare the breaking strength, breaking elongation, and color change of the experimental fabrics after laundering or exposure to light. Results of the data analyses revealed a significant difference in the percentage of change in breaking strength and breaking elongation among the environmentally-improved fabrics as a result of laundering or exposure to light. Also, there were significant correlations between the percentage change in breaking strength, percentage change in breaking elongation, and color change due to the accelerated treatments of laundering or exposure to light.