bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monocyte CD64 or CD89 targeting by surfactant protein D/anti‐Fc receptor mediates bacterial uptake
Authors: Tacken Paul J. , Batenburg Joseph J. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryWe recently showed that a chimeric protein, consisting of a recombinant fragment of human surfactant protein D (rfSP‐D) coupled to a Fab′ fragment directed against the human Fcα receptor (CD89), effectively targets pathogens recognized by SP‐D to human neutrophils. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of chimeric rfSP‐D/anti‐Fc receptor proteins targeting Escherichia coli to CD89 or to the Fcγ receptor I (CD64) on monocytes. Both chimeric rfSP‐D/anti‐Fc receptor proteins increased internalization of E. coli by the human promonocytic cell line U937, but only after induction of monocytic differentiation, despite the fact that the expression levels of CD64 and CD89 on undifferentiated cells were at least as high as on differentiated cells. The two chimeric rfSP‐D/anti‐Fc receptor proteins did not enhance each other's effect on E. coli uptake. Targeting to differentiated U937 cells was inhibited by blocking the interaction either between the rfSP‐D part of the chimeric molecule and E. coli, or between the anti‐Fc receptor Fab′ fragment and the Fc receptor on the U937 cell. In conclusion, both CD64 and CD89 on U937 cells prove to be suitable for targeting by rfSP‐D/anti‐Fc receptor proteins. However, in addition to mere Fc receptor expression, effective targeting requires monocytic differentiation.
Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency through linkage of antigen to filamentous bacteriophage coat protein III domain I
Authors: Cuesta Ángel M. , Suárez Eduardo , Larsen Martin , Jensen Kim Bak , Sanz Laura , Compte Marta , Kristensen Peter , Álvarez‐Vallina Luis 
Published: February 2006

SummaryAlthough DNA‐based cancer vaccines have been successfully tested in mouse models, a major drawback of cancer vaccination still remains, namely that tumour antigens are weak and fail to generate a vigorous immune response in tumour‐bearing patients. Genetic technology offers strategies for promoting immune pathways by adding immune‐activating genes to the tumour antigen sequence. In this work, we converted a model non‐immunogenic antigen into a vaccine by fusing it to domain I of the filamentous bacteriophage coat protein III gene. Vaccination with a DNA construct encoding the domain I fusion generated antigen‐specific T helper 1‐type cellular immune responses. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of protein III into a DNA vaccine formulation can modulate the gene‐mediated immune response and may thus provide a strategy for improving its therapeutic effect.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on raw salmon fillets by pulsed UV‐light treatment
Authors: Ozer Nil P. , Demirci Ali 
Published: February 2006

SummaryThe efficacy of pulsed UV‐light to inactivate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on salmon fillets was investigated in this study by evaluating the effects of treatment times and distance from the UV strobe. The sterilization system generated 5.6 J cm−2 per pulse at the lamp surface for an input voltage of 3800 V and three pulses per second. Skin or muscle side inoculated salmon fillet (8 cm × 1.5 cm) in a Petri dish was placed on shelf at three different distances from the UV strobe; 3, 5, and 8 cm. At each distance, the pulsed UV‐light treatment was performed for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s. For E. coli O157:H7, maximum log10 reduction was 1.09 log10 CFU g−1 on muscle side at 8 cm for 60‐s treatment, whereas 0.86 log10 CFU g−1 reduction on skin at 5 cm for 30‐s treatment. For L. monocytogenes Scott A, maximum reduction was 1.02 log10 CFU g−1 at 8 cm for 60‐s treatment on skin side, whereas 0.74 log10 CFU g−1 reduction on muscle at 8 cm for 60‐s treatment. The fillet's surface temperature increased up to 100degrC within 60‐s treatment time. Therefore, some fish samples were overheated after 30 and 45 s at 3‐ and 5‐cm distances from light source, respectively, which resulted in visual colour and quality changes. Overall, this study demonstrated that about one log reduction (c. 90%) of E. coli O157:H7 or L. monocytogenes could be achieved at 60‐s treatment at 8 cm distance without affecting the quality.
Compositional and physical properties of yogurts manufactured from milk and whey cheese concentrated by ultrafiltration
Authors: Magenis Renata B. , Prudêncio Elane S. , Amboni Renata D. M. C. , Cerqueira Júnior Noel G. , Oliveira Ricardo V. B. , Soldi Valdir , Benedet Honório D. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryYogurts made with 80% milk retentate (MR) [Volume Reduction Factor (VRF) = 1.5] and 20% cheese whey retentate (WR; VRF = 8.0) (yogurt 1) and yogurts made with 100% MR through ultrafiltration have been evaluated as to flow, texture profile analysis (TPA) and syneresis index. As with MR and WR, their physico‐chemical composition was also determined. The yogurt to which WR had been added showed; less apparent viscosity and greater tixotrophya; less firmness and adhesiveness and greater cohesiveness; higher syneresis index, less protein and mineral content, and greater lipid content in comparison with the yogurt made only with MR.
Properties of soluble protein powders from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
Authors: Sathivel Subramaniam , Bechtel Peter J. 
Published: February 2006

SummarySoluble protein powders were produced from pollock by‐products and evaluated for their functional, nutritional and rheological properties. Soluble protein powders were made from pollock viscera (PVSP), viscera without liver (PVWLSP), heads (PHSP), frames (PFSP), trimmings (PTSP), and liver (PLSP) and had protein contents ranging from 65.0% to 78.9%. Yield of PVWLSP was higher than that of other pollock proteins powder and PTSP had the highest nitrogen solubility value (85.7%). Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the pollock protein powders ranged from 29% to 34.5% (mL of oil per 200 mg of protein) and 65.3% to 77.6%, respectively. Highest and lowest fat adsorption values were observed for PFSP (10.6 mL of oil per gram of protein) and PVSP (4.1 mL of oil per gram of protein), respectively. Fish protein powder samples were good sources in K, P, and Mg and amino acids. Emulsions made with pollock soluble protein powders exhibited viscoelastic characteristics.
Rheological and physical evaluation of jet‐cooked oat bran in low calorie cookies†
Authors: Lee Suyong , Inglett George E. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryDifferent levels of shortening in cookies (10%, 20% and 30% by weight) were replaced with 20% jet‐cooked oat bran, also called Nutrim oat bran (OB), to prepare cookies with fewer calories. The cookies containing Nutrim OB were investigated in terms of rheological and physical properties and compared with a control. As more shortening was replaced with Nutrim OB, a decrease in the diameter and an increase in the height of cookies were observed. The increased moisture content from Nutrim OB caused a decrease in the dynamic viscoelastic properties of cookie dough. Squeezing flow method showed shear thinning behaviours in all cookie doughs. Also, the elongational viscosity of cookie dough decreased significantly with more replacement of shortening with Nutrim OB. The rheological properties of cookie dough during baking indicated that all of the samples had similar types of viscoelastic characteristics during baking. However, the cookies containing more Nutrim OB exhibited more elastic properties which resulted in a decreased cookie diameter. There was no significant difference in cookie hardness among samples with up to 20% shortening replacement but the cookies became lighter in colour as the Nutrim OB content was increased.
Cognitive, language and social‐cognitive skills of individuals with fragile X syndrome with and without autism
Authors: Lewis P. , Abbeduto L. , Murphy M. , Richmond E. , Giles N. , Bruno L. , Schroeder S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground  It is not known whether those with co‐morbid fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism represent a distinct subtype of FXS; whether the especially severe cognitive delays seen in studies of young children with co‐morbid FXS and autism compared with those with only FXS continue into adolescence and young adulthood; and whether autism in those with FXS is ‘true autism’, i.e. reflects the same underlying problems as idiopathic autism.Method  We compared the non‐verbal IQ of adolescents and young adults with co‐morbid FXS and autism (n = 10) with those with only FXS (n = 44). We then created a subsample of those with FXS only, matched on non‐verbal IQ, mental age and gender (n = 21) to the subsample of those with co‐morbid FXS and autism. We compared the two groups on measures of expressive language, receptive language (lexical, grammatical morphology and syntactic patterns), and a theory of mind task.Results  Those with co‐morbid FXS and autism had lower non‐verbal IQs than those with only FXS. The participants with co‐morbid FXS and autism did not perform as well as the cognitive ability‐ and gender‐matched participants with only FXS on the three measures of receptive language or the theory of mind task; there were no differences on the expressive language measure.Conclusions  Our findings support the notion that those with co‐morbid FXS and autism represent a distinct subtype of FXS, with more impairment in receptive language and theory of mind even when controlling for their lower non‐verbal IQ relative to those with only FXS. The greater cognitive impairments observed in those with co‐morbid FXS and autism continues into adolescence and young adulthood; and the autism seen in those with FXS appears to be the same as idiopathic autism.
Extensive intraspecific polymorphism detected by SSCP at the nuclear C‐mos gene in the endemic Iberian lizard Lacerta schreiberi
Authors: GODINHO RAQUEL , DOMINGUES VERA , CRESPO EDUARDO G. , FERRAND NUNO 
Published: February 2006

AbstractC‐mos is a highly conserved intronless gene that has proved useful in the analysis of ancient phylogenetic relationships within vertebrates. We selected the Iberian endemic Schreiber's green lizard (Lacerta schreiberi) that persisted in allopatric refugia since the late Pliocene to investigate the utility of the C‐mos nuclear gene for intraspecific phylogeographic studies. Our combination of DNA sequencing with the high resolving power of single‐strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) effectively discriminated four common alleles showing strong population structuring (FST = 0.46). In addition, reconstruction of allele phylogenetic relationships further improved our understanding of C‐mos spatial patterns of variation and allowed a comparison with previously described mitochondrial DNA data. Finally, limited sequencing of an extended C‐mos fragment in six additional Lacerta species showed extensive polymorphism, to our knowledge representing a rare example of variation in a highly conserved nuclear gene.
Biogeographic patterns and phylogeography of dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion) in an African biodiversity hotspot
Authors: TOLLEY KRYSTAL A. , BURGER MARIUS , TURNER ANDREW A. , MATTHEE CONRAD A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe southern African landscape appears to have experienced frequent shifts in vegetation associated with climatic change through the mid‐Miocene and Plio–Pleistocene. One group whose historical biogeography may have been affected by these fluctuations are the dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion), due to their associations with distinct vegetation types. Thus, this group provides an opportunity to investigate historical biogeography in light of climatic fluctuations. A total of 138 dwarf chameleons from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa were sequenced for two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S), and resulting phylogenetic analyses showed two well‐supported clades that are distributed allopatrically. Within clades, diversity among some lineages was low, and haplotype networks showed patterns of reticulate evolution and incomplete lineage sorting, suggesting relatively recent origins for some of these lineages. A dispersal‐vicariance analysis and a relaxed Bayesian clock suggest that vicariance between the two main clades occurred in the mid‐Miocene, and that both dispersal and vicariance have played a role in shaping present‐day distributions. These analyses also suggest that the most recent series of lineage diversification events probably occurred within the last 3–6 million years. This suggests that the origins of many present‐day lineages were founded in the Plio–Pleistocene, a time period that corresponds to the reduction of forests in the region and the establishment of the fynbos biome.
Biogeographic history of an Australian freshwater shrimp, Paratya australiensis (Atyidae): the role life history transition in phylogeographic diversification
Authors: COOK B. D. , BAKER A. M. , PAGE T. J. , GRANT S. C. , FAWCETT J. H. , HURWOOD D. A. , HUGHES J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe widespread distribution of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis in eastern Australia suggests that populations of this species have been connected in the past. Amphidromy is ancestral in these shrimps, although many extant populations are known to be restricted to freshwater habitats. In this study, we used a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene to examine diversity within P. australiensis and to assess the relative importance of amphidromy in its evolutionary history. We hypothesized that if transitions from an amphidromous to a freshwater life history were important, then we would find a number of divergent lineages restricted to single or groups of nearby drainages. Alternatively, if amphidromy was maintained within the species historically, we expected to find lineages distributed over many drainages. We assumed that the only way for divergence to occur within amphidromous lineages was if dispersal was limited to between nearby estuaries, which, during arid periods in the earth's history, became isolated from one another. We found nine highly divergent mtDNA lineages, estimated to have diverged from one another in the late Miocene/early Pliocene, when the climate was more arid than at present. Despite this, the geographic distribution of lineages and haplotypes within lineages did not support the notion of a stepping‐stone model of dispersal between estuaries. We conclude that the extensive divergence has most likely arisen through a number of independent amphidromy–freshwater life history transitions, rather than via historical isolation of amphidromy populations. We also found evidence for extensive movement between coastal and inland drainages, supporting the notion that secondary contact between lineages may have occurred as a result of drainage rearrangements. Finally, our data indicate that P. australiensis is likely a complex of cryptic species, some of which are widely distributed, and others geographically restricted.
Seasonal changes in pollinator activity influence pollen dispersal and seed production of the alpine shrub Rhododendron aureum (Ericaceae)
Authors: HIRAO A. S. , KAMEYAMA Y. , OHARA M. , ISAGI Y. , KUDO G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn alpine ecosystems, microscale variation in snowmelt timing often causes different flowering phenology of the same plant species and seasonal changes in pollinator activity. We compared the variations in insect visitation, pollen dispersal, mating patterns, and sexual reproduction of Rhododendron aureum early and late in the flowering season using five microsatellites. Insects visiting the flowers were rare early in the flowering season (mid‐June), when major pollinators were bumblebee queens and flies. In contrast, frequent visitations by bumblebee workers were observed late in the season (late July). Two‐generation analysis of pollen pool structure demonstrated that quality of pollen‐mediated gene flow was more diverse late in the season in parallel with the high pollinator activity. The effective number of pollen donors per fruit (Nep) increased late in the season (Nep = 2.2–2.7 early, 3.4–4.4 late). However, both the outcrossing rate (tm) and seed‐set ratio per fruit were smaller late in the season (tm = 0.89 and 0.71, seed‐set ratio = 0.52 and 0.18, early and late in the season, respectively). In addition, biparental inbreeding occurred only late in the season. We conclude that R. aureum shows contrasting patterns of pollen movement and seed production between early and late season: in early season, seed production can be high but genetically less diverse and, during late season, be reduced, possibly due to higher inbreeding and inbreeding depression, but have greater genetic diversity. Thus, more pollinator activity does not always mean more pollen movement.
Genetic structure of sibling butterfly species affected byWolbachiainfection sweep: evolutionary and biogeographical implications
Authors: NARITA SATOKO , NOMURA MASASHI , KATO YOSHIOMI , FUKATSU TAKEMA 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt was recently recognized that in Japan, the common yellow butterfly,Eurema hecabe, consists of two sibling species, which have been unnamed yet and tentatively called yellow (Y) type and brown (B) type. We investigated the diversity of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in Japanese populations of Y type and B type ofE. hecabe. The phylogeny based on nuclear genes agreed with the distinction between Y type and B type, which had been also supported by a wide array of biological data. However, the phylogeny based on mitochondrial genes did not reflect the distinction. PCR survey ofWolbachiarevealed that B‐type populations were all infected while Y‐type populations contained both infected and uninfected individuals. A single genotype ofWolbachia, which was inferred to be a CI‐inducing strain from theirwspgene sequence, was prevalent in these populations. Notably, the mitochondrial phylogeny was in perfect agreement with the pattern ofWolbachiainfection, suggesting that theWolbachiainfection had affected the mitochondrial genetic structure of the host insects. Probably, theWolbachiastrain and the associated mitochondrial genomes have been occasionally introduced from B‐type populations to Y‐type populations through migration and subsequent interspecific hybridization, and CI‐driven population sweep has been spreading theWolbachiastrain and the particular mitochondrial haplotypes, which originated from B‐type populations, into Y‐type populations. On the basis of these results together with the geological and biogeographical knowledge of the Japanese Archipelago, we proposed an evolutionary hypothesis on the invasion and spread ofWolbachiainfection in B‐type and Y‐type ofE. hecabe.
Late Quaternary climate change and spatial genetic structure in the shrubBanksia hookeriana
Authors: KRAUSS SIEGFRIED L. , HE TIANHUA , LAMONT BYRON B. , MILLER BEN P. , ENRIGHT NEAL J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSpatial genetic variation within species is influenced by both contemporary and historical factors. We attempted to assess the impact of increased aridity and lower temperatures associated with the last glacial maximum on possible refugia and the structuring of genetic variation inBanksia hookeriana, a shrub species restricted to deep sands on the Eneabba sandplain and adjacent Gingin Scarp/Dandaragan Plateau, centred 300 km north of Perth, Western Australia. We used optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to estimate the last time these sands were mobile, as well as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) to infer spatial patterns and the phylogeographical history of genetic variation among 15 populations ofB. hookeriana. While genetic variation at the species level was high, with 96.6% of 238 AFLP markers polymorphic, average within population gene diversity was low (Hpop = 0.16). Of the total genetic variation, an analysis of molecular variance (amova) partitioned 70% within populations, 24% among populations within substrate and 6% between substrates. There was an isolation‐by‐distance effect among populations within the same substrate, but not across substrates, and ordination highlighted genetic differentiation between the sandplain and scarp/plateau populations. A neighbour‐joining tree identified the sandplain populations as a distinct clade, with the exception of the most northern sandplain population, which clustered with two northern and eastern plateau populations. The most southern plateau populations formed a clade sister to the sandplain clade. OSL dating of sand at six extant populations suggested that dunes were last mobile 15 000–35 000 years ago, with no clear difference in the ages of sandplain and plateau dunes. These data are consistent with a historical scenario of (re)colonization from isolated refugia of smaller populations either within the patchily vegetated sandplain and/or refugia at the northern, eastern and southern sandplain/scarp margins following postglacial climate amelioration and dune stabilization. Historic interpretations were confounded by the possible effects of long‐distance dispersal, natural selection by substrate, and weak and/or ancient introgression with the sister species,Banksia prionotes.
Genetic structure is influenced by landscape features: empirical evidence from a roe deer population
Authors: COULON A. , GUILLOT G. , COSSON J.‐F. , ANGIBAULT J. M. A. , AULAGNIER S. , CARGNELUTTI B. , GALAN M. , HEWISON A. J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe delimitation of population units is of primary importance in population management and conservation biology. Moreover, when coupled with landscape data, the description of population genetic structure can provide valuable knowledge about the permeability of landscape features, which is often difficult to assess by direct methods (e.g. telemetry). In this study, we investigated the genetic structuring of a roe deer population which recently recolonized a fragmented landscape. We sampled 1148 individuals from a 40 × 55‐km area containing several putative barriers to deer movements, and hence to gene flow, namely a highway, rivers and several canals. In order to assess the effect of these landscape features on genetic structure, we implemented a spatial statistical model known as geneland which analyses genetic structure, explicitly taking into account the spatial nature of the problem. Two genetic units were inferred, exhibiting a very low level of differentiation (FST = 0.008). The location of their boundaries suggested that there are no absolute barriers in this study area, but that the combination of several landscape features with low permeability can lead to population differentiation. Our analysis hence suggests that the landscape has a significant influence on the structuring of the population under study. It also illustrates the use of geneland as a powerful method to infer population structure, even in situations of young populations exhibiting low genetic differentiation.
Age‐independent telomere length predicts fitness in two bird Species
Authors: PAULINY ANGELA , WAGNER RICHARD H. , AUGUSTIN JAKOB , SZÉP TIBOR , BLOMQVIST DONALD 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTelomeres are dynamic DNA‐protein structures that form protective caps at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Although initial telomere length is partly genetically determined, subsequent accelerated telomere shortening has been linked to elevated levels of oxidative stress. Recent studies show that short telomere length alone is insufficient to induce cellular senescence; advanced attrition of these repetitive DNA sequences does, however, reflect ageing processes. Furthermore, telomeres vary widely in length between individuals of the same age, suggesting that individuals differ in their exposure or response to telomere‐shortening stress factors. Here, we show that residual telomere length predicts fitness components in two phylogenetically distant bird species: longevity in sand martins, Riparia riparia, and lifetime reproductive success in dunlins, Calidris alpina. Our results therefore imply that individuals with longer than expected telomeres for their age are of higher quality.