bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Carbon Dots from butterfly pea (Cliptoria ternatea) as detection of the heavy metal ion Cu 2+
Authors: Barus Diana Alemin , Ginting Andi Riza Jeremia , Ginting Junedi , Ginting Riski Titian , Emia Pepayosa B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The synthesis of carbon dots nanomaterials based on butterfly pea (Cliptoria ternatea) with urea doped (N-CDs) has been successfully carried out using the hydrothermal method. The N-CDs material shows a dark brown solution which indicates that the carbon dots have been successfully synthesized. In this study, we analyzed the influence of optical properties before and after adding Cu2+ ions to the sensitivity of N-CD. The characterization of N-CDs was analyzed using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy, as well as using Fourier Transform Infra-Red. The research results show that the absorption spectrum range is from 200 to 800 nm, with an absorption peak at 206.58 nm and the band gap energy obtained is 4.95 eV. The CD solution produces good fluorescence when observed under ultraviolet light (395 nm) and emits a turquoise green color. Based on the IR spectrum, there is an increase in transmittance in the carbon dots spectrum after the addition of urea and at the wave number 1404 cm−1 there is a C-N group which indicates that the process of doping nitrogen atoms on the carbon dots has been successful. The sensitivity of N-CD when sensing Cu2+ ions with a minimum Limit of Detection (LOD) is as low as 183.33 nm. The N-CD can be applied as a biosensor friendly and environmentally method.
Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk as A Filter For Iron (Fe) And Copper (Cu) In Well Water
Authors: Sitorus Zuriah , Halimatuddahliana  , Sembiring Emita , Butar-butar Rizky Febby Yolanda 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on the synthesis of activated carbon through the calcination method, designed as an absorber for iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) metals in well water previously investigated. The raw material utilized for activated carbon production is rice husk waste, with variations in calcination temperatures set at 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. The characterization of the activated carbon involved XRD testing for phase analysis, SEM-EDX analysis on rice husk to discern the morphology and composition of the activated carbon components, and absorption performance analysis using AAS. The XRD testing results revealed an amorphous shape in samples calcinated at 700°C and 800°C. However, the 900°C samples exhibited the formation of the tridymite phase. SEM-EDX results showcased an increased surface area and a more compact pore structure, attributed to high-temperature calcination. AAS testing results indicated an improvement in the absorption capacity of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) metals. In this research, each 4 g activated carbon sample proved most effective at reducing the initial iron (Fe) metal content from 8.06 mg/L to <0.009 mg/L, achieving an impressive 99.88% absorption. Furthermore, with every 2 g sample, copper (Cu) metal was efficiently absorbed, reducing the initial content from 3.99 mg/L to <0.006 mg/L, achieving a notable 99.85% absorption.
Utilization of taro beneng (xantoshoma undipes k.koch) starch in the manufacture of bioplastics with sorbitol plasticizer and its characterization
Authors: Maghfirah A , Susilawati  , Brahmana K , Pratiwi D A , Ramadina S 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Preparation of bioplastics and chitosan with sorbitol plasticizer by varying starch and chitosan in the ratio of 30%: 70%, 40% : 60%, 50% : 50%, 60% : 40%, 70% : 30% and added sorbitol plasticizer with variations of 60% and 80%. Characterization was carried out on the composition of starch and chitosan with the addition of sorbitol plasticizer starting with physical and mechanical testing and obtained 2 bioplastics showing the highest elongation and tensile strength data obtained in sample BSB4 in the ratio of starch and chitosan 60%: 40% by adding 60% sorbitol plasticizer showed an elongation value of 21.68898% and a tensile strength of 1.7352 MPa and sample BSC1 with a ratio of starch and chitosan 30%: 70% with the addition of 80% sorbitol plasticizer resulted in an elongation value of 23.6926% and tensile strength of 2.3997 MPa. The biodegradability test on bioplastics showed a mass reduction for 4 weeks or 28 days with the highest percentage of each variation of starch and chitosan by adding sorbitol plasticizer reaching 19.38%. SEM results show that there is still mixing between starch and a less homogeneous solution as evidenced by several points on bioplastics that are still white, and the same groups are obtained between the constituents of bioplastics, namely O-H, C-H, and N-H.
Preparation and Characterization of PVA/Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Enriched with Carbon Materials via the Freeze-Thaw Method
Authors: Sihombing Y A , Nafisah N , Anshori I , Hapidin D A , Edikresnha D , Khairurrijal K 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The freeze-thaw method successfully prepared polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS)-based hydrogels. This study evaluated the hydrogel’s physical and thermal properties with a compositional variation of activated carbon (AC) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in PVA/CS (PCS) hydrogel. Incorporating AC into the PCS hydrogel led to pore reduction, yielding a lower swelling degree in PCS/AC hydrogel than in PCS hydrogel. On the other hand, adding rGO had minimal impact on the shape and distribution of pores. However, rGO exhibited effective dispersion on the hydrogel surface, reducing the swelling degree of PCS/rGO hydrogel. The maximum swelling degree only showed an increase in PCS/AC 0.1%, attributed to the porous nature of AC, effectively binding water molecules while maintaining a relatively consistent pore size compared to PCS hydrogel. Incorporating AC and rGO into the PCS hydrogel enhanced thermal stability, which is evident from the increased residue and endothermic peak temperature compared to the hydrogel without AC and rGO. These findings suggest that the modification with AC and rGO can enhance the physical and thermal properties of PCS hydrogel.
The Effect of Silica Concentration on The Absorption Properties of Silica-Based Ceramic Membrane
Authors: Surya I , Nasution K S , Sembiring A M , Hayeemasae N 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Water pollution is currently an increasingly widespread environmental problem. Methylene blue is a synthetic dye used in the textile industry which pollutes the aquatic environment. The absorption of Methylene Blue textile dye which pollutes the environment uses silica precipitate as a filler in ceramic membranes with a clay matrix. Silica precipitate added to the ceramic membrane varies with a concentration of 0.3 %, 1.01 %, 1.68 %, 2.34 % and 2.99 %. The membrane will be characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) testing to determine the functional groups of the components it contains. Testing the absorption of methylene blue contaminant content from artificial wastewater using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry test. The FTIR test carried out compared the functional groups of membrane samples before and after sintering. The results obtained from the FTIR test were that the membrane after sintering contained silica and some PEG, while the membrane before sintering contained other components such as PVA, PEG, water molecules and silica. The UV-Vis test carried out on the membrane gave results that the membrane was 0.3 %, 1.01 %, 1.68 %, 2.34 % and 2.99 % respectively has a removal efficiency of 58.0 %, 54.0 %, 59.3 %, 64.0 % and 66.4 %, where the best removal efficiency of methylene blue was on a membrane filled with 2.99 % of silica. Tests on the membrane showed that an increase in silica concentration was in line with an increase in the quality of the membrane’s performance in rejecting methylene blue contaminants.
Exploring the Influence of Temperature on Sodium Titanate Mineral Formation Using X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Noer Zikri , Sihombing Yuan Alfinsyah , Rajagukguk Juniastel , Idamayanti Dewi , Taufik Dede , Amri Fauzan , Agus Muhammad Abduh Akram 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this study, an inquiry was conducted to examine the influence of temperature on the crystal structure of sodium titanate (NTO). NTO was synthesized using NaCl, TTIP, citric acid, and ethylene glycol as precursors. The NaCl-citric acid precursor was dissolved in purified water, while the titanium precursor was prepared by blending ethylene glycol with TTIP. After vigorous stirring, the precursor solution was placed in a Teflon-coated stainless steel autoclave, subjected to preheating, and subsequently dried to form a gel. The gel underwent calcination at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1000 °C for 3 hours each. The resulting samples were rinsed with deionized water and dried to eliminate residual NaCl. Based on the results of XRD characterization, the NaTi4O8 phase experienced decomposition into rutile form when the calcination temperature was increased from 800-1000 °C and began to be identified as a rutile phase at a temperature of 900 °C.
Manufacture of Bagasse Activated Carbon Using H2SO4 Activator
Authors: Siregar Rumatar Yan Monri , Sembiring Timbangen , Rianna Martha , Sianturi Herty Afrina , Pasaribu Erika Adriana , Siburian Rikson Asman Fertiles 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Manufacture activated carbon bagasse waste has been prepared using H2SO4 catalyst in successful research. Bagasse is made from yellow bagasse. First, carbon C is obtained by drying carbon using an oven at temperature of 300°C for 2.5 hours. Active carbon of bagasse is obtained from activation of 5% H2SO4 (1M) in a ratio of 1:10. The measurements performed in this study were the water absorption test and activated carbon. When measuring the water content, Evaporated substance content, ash content, and bound activated carbon level were measured according to SNI 06-3730-1995. FTIR results showed a sharp and wide peak around 3387 cm−1, 2922.16 cm−1 which shows the vibration of the O-H group on inactivated bagasse carbon, but after activation there is a peak around 3410.15 cm−1. Comparison of the diffraction patterns of carbon before activation and carbon after activation shows that all solids have broad peaks in the 20° - 45° region which is a characteristic peak of carbon and there are also pointed peaks in the 23° and 43° regions. The XRD results showed broadened peaks and absence of pointed peaks, irregular background intensity and showed an amorphous structure.
Effect of Temperature and Sunlight Intensity on Surface of Solar Panels on Electric Power Generated
Authors: Masthura  , Abdullah  
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An alternate power generation method that uses solar energy absorption is the solar panel system. Temperature, sunshine intensity, and environmental weather all have an impact on the voltage, current, and electrical power produced by solar cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of changes in temperature and light intensity from the sun on the surface of the 120 Wp solar panel used on the electrical power generated. The tools utilized are a 120 watt power supply, solder, digital thermometer, lux meter, and multimeter. The findings demonstrated a clear relationship between the amount of electricity generated and the solar panel’s surface temperature as well as light intensity. The more light intensity detected and the higher the temperature, the more electric power produced. The weather has a big impact on both temperature and light intensity. The temperature and light intensity on the surface of the solar panel increase with increasing sun exposure.
Simulating Lateral H/He Flame Propagation in Type I X-ray Bursts
Authors: Johnson Eric T. , Zingale Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
X-ray bursts are the thermonuclear runaway of a mixed H/He layer on the surface of a neutron star. Observations suggest that the burning begins locally and spreads across the surface of the star as a flame. Recent multidimensional work has looked in detail at pure He flames spreading across a neutron star. Here we report on progress in multidimensional modeling of mixed H/He flames and discuss the challenges.
Validation of the 65 nm TPSCo CMOS imaging technology for the ALICE ITS3
Authors: Ferrero C. ,   the ALICE collaboration
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the next Long Shutdown (LS3) of the LHC, planned for 2026, the innermost three layers of the ALICE Inner Tracking System will be replaced by a new vertex detector composed of curved ultra-thin monolithic silicon sensors. The R&D initiative on monolithic sensors of the CERN Experimental Physics Department, in cooperation with the ALICE ITS3 upgrade project, prepared the first submission of chip designs in the TPSCo 65 nm technology, called MLR1 (Multi Layer Reticle). It contains four different test structures with different process splits and pixel designs. These proceedings illustrate the first validation of the technology in terms of pixel performance and radiation hardness.
CR-39 track detector calibration with H and He beams for applications in the p-11B fusion reaction
Authors: Petringa G. , Kantarelou V. , Catalano R. , Cantone G. , Giampiccolo O. , Messina G.E. , Angemi G. , Arjmand S. , Caruso E. , Cuttone G. , Farokhi F. , Fattori S. , Giuffrida L. , Guarrera M. , Kurmanova A. , Margarone D. , Oliva D. , Pappalardo A. , Pizzino A. , Schillaci F. , Sciuto A. , Suarez J. , Cirrone G.A.P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The 11B(p,α)2α reaction, generating three alpha particles, emerges as a promising alternative or complementary route for clean and efficient energy generation. A comprehensive understanding of reaction dynamics, energy distribution of emitted particles, and optimization of fusion efficiency requires precise diagnostic methods. CR39 detectors, being highly sensitive to ions and neutrons while remaining transparent to low fluxes of electrons and gammas, are extensively utilized as primary Solid State Nuclear Track Detector devices in laser-plasma environments. This study presents the CR-39 track detector calibration to low-energy protons and alpha particles. CR-39 irradiation took place at INFN-LNL (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy) across a range of energies (≥ 80 keV) up to a few MeV, employing various etching times with a NaOH solution. The observed discrepancy in particle diameters, related to a specific etching time, presents a promising avenue for distinguishing alpha particles from proton contributions. This finding holds potential for future practical applications in the study of 11B(p,α)2α fusion reactions.
MightyPix at the LHCb Mighty Tracker — verification
of an HV-CMOS pixel chip's digital readout
Authors: Scherl S. , Striebig N. , Hennessy K. , Perić I. , Vilella E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
MightyPix is a high voltage complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (HV-CMOS) active pixel
sensor, currently being developed for the Mighty Tracker, an upgrade proposed for LHCb in
anticipation of the High Luminosity LHC. To ensure that MightyPix will be able to handle the
particle hit rates at the Mighty Tracker, which are expected to reach
17 MHz/cm2, simulations of the chip's digital readout mechanism were
performed. Using simulated particle hits the chip's performance within the LHCb environment is
characterised. For this, a behavioural model of the first prototype, MightyPix1, representing the
analogue pixel matrix, together with the synthesised digital logic is used. Simulation results
show the MightyPix1 readout mechanism having an efficiency over 99 % up to
20 MHz/cm2. The bottleneck was found to be the speed at which the hits are read
out. This yielded new design ideas to improve the readout for MightyPix2, leading to an efficiency
of over 99 % up to 30 MHz/cm2.
Overview of the production and qualification tests of the lpGBT
Authors: Hernandez Montesinos D. , Baron S. , Biereigel S. , Hazell P. , Kulis S. , Vicente Leitao P. , Moreira P. , Porret D. , Wyllie K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Low-Power Gigabit Transceiver (lpGBT) is a radiation-tolerant ASIC used in high-energy physics experiments for multipurpose high-speed bidirectional serial links. Around 200,000 chips have been tested with a production test system capable of exercising the majority of the ASIC functionality to ensure its correct operation.
Furthermore, specific individual qualification tests were carried out beyond the production tester limits, including radiation, multi-drop bus topology, inter-chip communication through different types of electrical links and characterization of jitter and stability of the recovered clocks.
In this article, an overview of the production and qualification tests is given together with their results demonstrating the robustness and flexibility of the lpGBT.
Data transmission architecture of the ALICE ITS3 stitched sensor prototype MOSAIX
Authors: Dorosz P. ,   the MOSIAX design team and the ALICE collaboration
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The ALICE Collaboration will replace the three innermost layers of the Inner Tracker
System (ITS) at the LHC with an innovative vertex detector. A single-die stitched monolithic pixel
detector segment of 1.85 cm × 26.6 cm designed in 65 nm CMOS imaging technology will be
used as a building block for these layers. The pixel detector segment consists of 144 data
transmitters that are evenly distributed over the full area. The data communication is done via
the 1.85 cm short edge of the detector. This contribution will focus on the architecture,
challenges, and techniques used to aggregate up to 30.72 Gb/s of data flux arriving at the short
edge of the chip and to send it off-chip.
A dedicated in-beam PET system with a modular dual-head for radiotherapy imaging in HIMM
Authors: Kong Jie , Zhou Xibo , Wang Changxin , Chen Jinda , Liang Genyuan , Du Chengming , She Qianshun , Qian Yi , Yan Junwei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a heavy-ion in-beam PET, referred to as ibPET with a specifically custom designed data acquisition system, which was constructed and tested at the Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) beam-line, HICTC in Wuwei. The data acquisition system of ibPET has undergone several upgrades during the years, And its data processing capability now exceeds one million events per second per channel. To achieve optimal performance of the ibPET under existing conditions, we tested coincident events and noise equivalent count (NEC) under different time coincidence windows.The results show that the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed image data reaches its peak when the time window is around 3 ns, indicating that the ibPET performance is optimal at this point. In order to determine the size of the time window, we measured the system's time resolution FWHM to be 1.63 ns, and ultimately chose a time window size of twice the time resolution FWHM, which is 3.25 ns. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the capability of our ibPET to monitor the dose range with various irradiation. The results demonstrate that the system exhibits the expected exponential decay in counting rate after irradiation, and accurately provides penetration depth positions at different energy levels.
Feasibility assessment of polycrystalline CsPbI3 relative dosimeters in photon and electron beam radiotherapy
Authors: Yang S.W. , Park S.K. , Kim K.H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Volumetric modulated arc therapy represents the latest
technology in radiotherapy. It involves continuous modification of
the multi-leaf collimator spatial distribution, dose rate, and
gantry rotational speed, necessitating a dosimeter with high spatial
resolution and exceptional sensitivity per unit volume. In
particular, cesium-based inorganic perovskites have been studied for
various applications, spanning from photoconductor solar cells to
radiation detectors. These perovskites are renowned for their
outstanding attributes, including thermal stability, inorganic
stability, and light absorption capacity. Despite such advantageous
characteristics, CsPbI3 materials have only been investigated
in radiodiagnostics, with limited exploration in radiotherapy. To
address this gap, this study verified the viability of CsPbI3
materials, note for their outstanding radiation detection
efficiency, as dosimeters capable of measuring the radiation
detection performance for radiotherapy devices. The reproducibility,
linearity, and percent depth dose (PDD) were evaluated under the
application of photon and electron beams in linear accelerators. The
reproducibility assessment revealed impressive results, with the
relative standard deviation registering at 0.53%, 0.32%, and
0.38% under electron beam energies of 6, 9, and 12 MeV and 0.45%,
and 0.89% under photon beam energies of 6 and 15 MV. Moreover, the
linearity test revealed an R
2 value of 0.9999, indicating high
linearity, at 6, 9, and 12 MeV and at 6 and 15 MV. The PDD graphs
drawn for the CsPbI3 dosimeter fabricated in this study showed
that the D
max points were consistent. The novel
CsPbI3 dosimeter demonstrated a level of detection performance
that satisfied all criteria; reproducibility, linearity, and
PDD. The results collectively indicated that the CsPbI3
dosimeter can be used for dosimeters in radiotherapy devices.
Electrostatic lens design applied to low energy ion beam calibration system
Authors: Guifen Shi , Yiren Li 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Low energy ion detection in space is one of the most important interests of space exploration. An accurate calibration of this type of instrument is necessary to ensure the effectiveness and scientificness of the obtained data. And the ion beam system is the most critical equipment in a calibration facility. In this study, an initial ion beam is generated by a Kaufman ion source and a set of electrostatic lenses is designed to expand and attenuate the ion beam. The simulation results indicate that the beam density of the ion beam can be attenuated by more than three orders of magnitude. This design reduces the space requirements and usage costs of the entire calibration system, and provides a guidance for the design of a calibration systems at the energy range of 100–1000 eV.
Simulation of electron transport in a catoptric photomultiplier tube concept for large rectangular scintillator crystals
Authors: Beavers J. , Huddleston K. , Hines N. , McNeil W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Spectroscopic scintillation detector form factors have been
guided primarily by the design of commercially available photonic
sensors. These devices, such as photomultiplier tubes, silicon
photomultipliers, and hybrid photodetectors have underperformed in
one or more areas such as size, power consumption, and resolution. A
novel photomultiplier tube having a 50.8×152.4 mm2
rectangular window, utilizing a reflection-mode photocathode, and a
low-gain, miniaturized dynode set is considered here to improve
photosensor packaging while enabling high-efficiency, low-resolution
scintillation spectroscopy with large, planar scintillators. Using a
phenomenological multiphysics simulation process informed by
empirical data, photoelectron collection efficiency,
single-photoelectron response, electron transit time, and transit
time spread have been modeled over a range of operating
potentials. At 750 V between the photocathode and anode, 72.5% of
photoelectrons are collected at the first dynode, and the average
gain is estimated to be 805. The most probable transit time is
14.9 ns, with a transit time spread of 2.7 ns full-width at
half-maximum.