bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helping Adolescents Choose Safer Behaviors
Authors: SAUNDERS JUDITH M. , UNDERWOOD PETER J. 
Published: August 2007

Although adolescents comprise only 1% of the diagnosed cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among this group should not be underestimated. This article discusses how adolescents' behaviors place them at risk for HIV infection. One educational program is described that illustrates an innovative approach to use with adolescents. Nurses who use the Relationship Safety and Vigilance Plan can assist individual adolescents to assess their interpersonal relationship patterns to establish goals and reduce impulsive or destructive behaviors.SummaryHIV infection poses a real and personal threat to adolescents. Although the potential for high risk behaviors emerges from developmental tasks, adolescents can manage their growth and maturation safely. Nurses can provide pivotal assistance to reduce adolescent vulnerability to HIV infection. One intervention that can help individual adolescents to assess and plan for safe and satisfying interpersonal relationships is the Relationship Safety and Vigilance Plan. If not provided with preventive interventions, many adolescents will be vulnerable to HIV infection that may not be detected until years later, when they have become young adults.
Global and Multidimensional Self‐Concept as a Predictor of Health Practices in Middle Adolescents
Authors: McCaleb Alberta 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE. To describe the relationship between global and multidimensional aspects of self‐concept and the health practices of adolescents.METHODS. A total of 195 adolescents, ages 14‐17, who attended two Senior high schools within rural county in a Southeastern state completed research questionnaires.RESULTS. The adolescents in this sample scored average or slightly above average for global self‐concept on the Piers‐Harris Self‐Concept Scale. Adolescents scored lowest in the health‐related behavior of time spent eating a balanced diet and highest in the area of safety.The single highest correlation between self‐concept and self‐care practices was between the total health practice score and global self‐concept.CONCLUSIONS. The results suggest that an individual's knowledge, feelings of worth related to status at school, and level of anxiety and stress are important predictors of health behavior.
Understanding Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Dashiff Carol J. 
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND. When children are acutely ill and life is threatened, separation anxiety can develop in parents and children. Separation anxiety has been studied through two traditions—as a normative phenomenon and as a disorder.SOURCE. A comprehensive review of the literature.OBJECTIVE. To analyze and evaluate the literature to derive clinical and research implications.CONCLUSIONS. Support was found for the development of interventions beyond the developmental stage of early childhood. The need for a family approach was evident.
Adolescents' Perceived Barriers to Healthcare Services
Authors: Rew Lynn 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To explore adolescents' perceptions of information needed to feel both mentally and physically healthy and their perceptions of barriers that exist to obtaining health‐care services related to these needs.METHODS. A convenience sample of 64 adolescents ages 11‐18 years, living in a metropolitan southern community. Content analysis was used to analyze the written responses of the subjects to open‐ended questions.FINDINGS. Adolescents wanted information about what activities were defined as healthy and unhealthy, including facts about exercise, nutrition, and expressing feelings. Perceived barriers included money, time, personal characteristics, parents, and unavailability of appropriate resources.CONCLUSIONS. Findings have implications for designing services to meet the mental health care and educational needs of adolescents. Involving adolescents in the planning of these services is an important step in promoting health and self‐care competence.
Psychological Correlates of Adolescent Depression
Authors: Brage Diane , Campbell‐Grossman Christie , Dunkel Jennifer 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To identify psychological correlates of adolescent depression.METHODS. The subjects (N = 156) represented a convenience sample of adolescents who were attending public high schools in four Midwestern rural communities. Instruments used were: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of Children, Loneliness Inventory‐Short Form, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Family Strengths Inventory, and Parent‐Adolescent Communication Inventory.FINDINGS. Higher levels of depression were associated with loneliness (r = .646, p ≤ .002) and low self‐esteem (r = .596, p ≤ .002). Depression was negatively related to family strengths (r = ‐.293, p ≤ .002). Older adolescents were more depressed than younger adolescents (r = .332, p ≤ .002). A stepwise regression identified three pertinent factors associated with depression: loneliness, self‐esteems, and age.CONCLUSION. Implications for nursing practice include interventions that minimize the exacerbating factors associated with depression in the adolescent population.
Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy With Children: An Overview and Case Report
Authors: Willoughby Catherine L. , Hradek Elizabeth A. , Richards Nancy R. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has become more common in the treatment ofadults with refractory mood disorders and psychotic disorders but it remains one of the least common therapies for mental illness in children. In a small number of child psychiaty cases, symptoms are severe and unresponsive to standard pharmacological and other therapies. With these patients, ECT might be helpful. PURPOSE. This article provides an overview of ECT, indications for its use and a case report that illustrates the successful use of ECT with an 8‐year‐old girl with psychotic depression. Implications for multidisciplinary care are discussed, including preparation of the patient and family, assessment of response to ECT, management of adverse effects, preparation for discharge and discharge care. SOURCES. Existing literature on the use of ECT in adults, adolescents, and children and the clinical experience of providing care to an 8‐year‐old patient on an acute care inpatient unit. CONCLUSIONS. Nurses and other healthcare personnel should consider ECT in refractory cases of major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders.
Factors in Childhood Drug and Alcohol Use: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Finke Linda M. , Bowman C. Ann 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Drug and alcohol use in children. PURPOSE. To identify the prevalence of drug and alcohol use in children 12 and younger and the factors associated with this use. SOURCE. A review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS. The identified factors include: a) dijferences in use between boys and girls; b) influence of family members' drug and alcohol use; c) influence of peers; d) the child's self‐esteem; and e) the child's knowledge about drug and alcohol use. Awareness by child psychiatric nurses of the identified factors is crucial to prevent, assess, and treat the problem of drug and alcohol use by children.
Self‐Mutilating Behavior
Authors: Kehrberg Corinne 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The phenomenon of self‐mutilating behnvior. PURPOSE. Self‐mutilating behavior (SMB) creates serious management problems in psychiatric settings and typically begins in adolescence. In order to plan and provide effective nursing interventions, it is necessary nurses be knowledgeable about the phenomenon. This paper provides definitions, historical views, and types of SMB, along with a description of current research and speculations about intent. This framework offers a background to nursing interventions focused on identifying at‐risk adolescents and treating this bewildering behavior. SOURCES. Published literature. CONCLUSIONS. Mental health professionals find treatment of SMB a challenge and nursing is in a unique position to provide effective interventions.
Emotional Development in Infancy: Theoretical Models and Nursing Implications
Authors: Kearney Joan A. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Theories of emotional development in infancy that are relevant to clinical practice. PURPOSE. A discussion of the complementary theories such as EmdeS (1989) psycho‐analytically based developmental model of early socioemotional reorganizations and Stern's (1985a) model of the developing self, with the goal of presenting an integrated view of key socioemotional processes and their developmental foundations during infancy. Concepts such as “emotional availability” and “affect attunement” are examined as vehicles for early socioemotional organization and adaptation. SOURCES. Relevant literature from nursing, child psychiatry, and developmental psychology. CONCLUSIONS. Implications are drawn from clinical assessment of high‐risk caregiver‐infant relationships and early causal pathways for later socioemotional dysfunction. Nurses should focus on the importance of assessing interpersonal variables and their ongoing contribution to internalizing patterns of dysfunctional behavior in children.
Lessons Learned in Creating a Safe and Therapeutic Milieu for Children, Adolescents, and Families: Developmental Considerations
Authors: DeSocio Janiece , Bowllan Nancy , Staschak Sharman 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Converging developnental characteristics, responses to stress, and underlying psycho‐pathological processes of this population present unique challenges in assessment, treatment planning, and approaches to patient care. PURPOSE. To share lessons learned in designing and implementing a dmelopnentally sensitive and safe psychiatric milieu for children, adolescents, and families. SOURCES. Personal observations and experiences, and information dwioed from literatiire in the field. CONCLUSIONS. Psychiatric nurses contribute essential roles in designing and implmazting a developmentally sensitive and safe psychiatric milieu for children, adolescents, and families.
The Mental Health of Homeless School‐Age Children
Authors: Menke Edna M. 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. The mental health of homeless school‐age children.METHODS. A convenience sample of46 homeless children between the ages of 8 and 12 years completed the Children's Depression lnventory (CDI) and each child's mother completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).FINDINGS. Fifty‐seven percent of the children had depressive symptoms and 26% needed additional evaluation for mental health problems. Overall, the CDl and CBCL scores indicated that gender or ethnicity are not related to the childrenS mental health. CONCLUSIONS. The mental health of homeless schoolage children should be assessed, as they may be at risk for mental health problems.
Parent Education: An Evaluation of STEP on Abusive Parents’Perceptions and Abuse Potential
Authors: Fennell Dana C. , Fishel Anne H. 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To examine the effects of a structured, time‐limited parent training group on abusive or potentially abusive parents.METHODS. A pretest‐posttest control group design was used with consenting parents IN = 28) to examine the efects of Systematic Training for Efective Parenting (STEP) on abusive parents' perceptions of their children's behaviors and on the parents' potential to physically abuse. The Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior Scale and the Child Abuse Potential Invent0 y were used to measure treatment efects.FINDINGS. After participating in STEI? abusive parents had significantly more positive perceptions of their children and were significantly less potentially abusive. Using volunteers, the project cost an average of $200 for each parent.CONCLUSIONS. The research lends empirical support to individuul psychology and family systems theory. Future research is indicated using larger samples to examine lay us. professional leadership of the groups, as well as comparisons of diferent parenting programs with abusive parents.
Coercion Theory: Application to the Inpatient Treatment of Conduct‐Disordered Children
Authors: Fisher Pamela K. , Kane Catherine 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Conduct disorders in children are a phenomenon of concern in child and adolescent psychiatric nursing.PURPOSE. To review the major principles of coercion theory, provide an analysis of the relevant research, and discuss implications for inpatient nursing care.SOURCES. Published literature from the fields of medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, and clinical experience.CONCLUSIONS. The principles of coercion theory are conceptually relevant in developing intervention strategies to treat conduct disorders and to interrupt escalation of aggressive behavior patterns in inpatient settings.
Assessment of Hospital‐Related Stress in Children and Adolescents Admitted to a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit
Authors: Causey David L. , McKay Mimi , Rosenthal Carolyn , Darnell Cindy 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. The assessment of hospital‐related stressors experienced by child and adolescent patients on a psychiatric inpatient unit.SUBJECTS. Child and adolescent inpatients IN = 40) admitted to an acute, short‐term psychiatric unit.METHODS. A newly developed stressor survey zuas administered to subjects to identify the most problematic stressors. Correlation analyses were used to assess associations between hospital‐related stress and adjustment variables.FINDINGS. Broad domains and specific items of the most problematic hospital‐related stressors were revealed. Also, higher levels of hospital‐related stress were consistently associated with poorer hospital‐based adjustment.CONCLUSIONS. Implications for treatment include identfiing hospital‐related stressors for individual patients and providing interventions to enhance coping.
Eating Disorders and Adolescents: An Overview of a Maladaptive Behavior
Authors: Grothaus Kay L. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Eating disorders among the adolescent population are a serious health problem. The author prozlides an ovmiau of anorexia nmosa and bulimia neruosa.PURPOSE. To present information on eating disorders that includes DSM‐IV criteria and typical profiles of the client. Current hypotheses about the etiology of eating disorders, medical complications, treatment approaches, morbidity and mortality data research, and outcome research of treatment are reviewed. Research, treatmait, and educational considerations for nursing care are discussed.SOURCES. Published literature, clinical experience.CONCLUSIONS. Advanced practice nurses are particularly suited for working with adolescents because of their holistic approach to client care. Inconsistencies and gaps in the knowledge base of eating disorders regarding incidence, etiology, treatment approaches, pharmacology, and outcome are areus for future nursing research.
Psychiatric Interviews With Pediatric Gunshot Patients
Authors: Hamrin Vanya 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To understand the life experiences of gunshot‐irzjured children to obtain information about predisposing factors to injuy. METHODS. A pilot study of 16 hospitalized clzildren (14 males, 2 females) between the ages of 11 and 15 who sustained gunshot injuries. Each child was psychiatrically assessed on a medical inpatient unit after sustaining a gunshot injury to assess the rate of acute stress disorder and other comorbid psyclziatric diagnoses. FINDINGS. Findings showed gunshot‐injured children had a 56% rate of acute stress disorder, and 68% had a past psychiatric history. CONCLUSIONS. Gunshot‐injured children require psychiatric intervention to minimize the long‐term effects of acute stress disorder. Further researck is needed to clarify the relationship of gunshot‐injury and dysfunctional behaziior and develop effective treatment options.
Childhood Anger: So Common, Yet So Misunderstood
Authors: Modrcin‐McCarthy Mary Anne , Pullen Lisa , Barnes Abigail Flannery , Alpert Jane 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To review findings of recent research studies on anger in children and adolescents, the outcomes of mishandled anger and interuentions to promote appropriate anger management. SOURCE. Published literature. CONCLUSIONS. Anger may be a healthy or unhealthy response in children experiencing small frustrations or great injustices. Research findings vary and there is a need to clearly define anger and the correlates of anger in children and adolescents. In addition, there are limited studies on anger management strategies and theiv efctiveness that would assist healthcare professionals.
A Creative Writing Program to Enhance Self‐Esteem and Self‐Efficacy in Adolescents
Authors: Chandler Genevieve E. 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To describe the rationale, content, and results of a group creative writing program to increase adolescent self‐esteem and self.METHODS. Subjects were low‐income, at‐risk minority youth (N = 11). Free writing in response to specific exercises, sharing their own stories in their own language, and responding to their peers were used daily for 2 weeks as part of the high school English class. The program was oriented toward health rather than problems, with the content created by the adolescents.FINDINGS. The opportunity to tell their own story, in their own language in a safe, structured setting with positive feedback led to higher self and self‐esteem.CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that a writing intervention focused on building self‐in‐relation self esteem and the four aspects of self resulted in increased sense of zoell‐being.
Self‐Protection in Adolescents in Foster Care
Authors: Kools Susan , Kools Susan 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. Adolescents in long‐term foster care experience significant health and mental health problems. Little is known about their perceptions of the impact of foster care.METHOD. Seventeen adolescents were interviewed in their foster group homes. Dimensional analysis was used to develop theory on the impact of foster care.FINDINGS. Adolescents in foster care engaged in self‐protect ion strategies secondary to experiences of devaluation and uncertainty in foster care, including guarding foster child status, maintaining a defensive posture, distancing self, and keeping relationships superficial. Self‐protection resulted in a veneer of self‐reliance and social detachment.CONCLUSIONS. Strategies are suggested to address devaluing experiences and promote positive identity development in foster care.
A Cognitive Developmental Approach to Understanding How Children Cope With Disasters
Authors: Deering Catherine Gray 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. This paper applies cognitive developmental theory to explain how preschoolers, school‐age children, and adolescents process and respond to disasters.PURPOSE. To help clinicians understand the disaster experience from a childS point of view, recognize age‐specific reactions, identify symptoms that may signal coping difficulties, and plan effective interventions.SOURCES. Case examples from the authorS work with flood victims illustrate typical reactions for children (preschool to adolescents) within a family context, along with developmentally appropriate in terven tions .CONCLUSIONS. Children affected by disasters need nursing interventions geared toward their particular developmental level and sensitive to their perception of the disaster.
Trauma Group Psychotherapy for the Adolescent Female Client
Authors: Ellensweig‐Tepper Debra 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Therapeutic uses of adolescent trauma group psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.PURPOSE. To demonstrate the role of the psychiatric nurselgroup facilitator to prevent and treat adolescent emotional distress resulting from trauma.SOURCES. Published 1 iterat u re, author S clinical experience.CONCLUSIONS. Adolescent trauma group therapy is useful to deal with emotional, behavioral, maturationalldevelopmental, physiological, cognitive, and sol u t ion‐focused issues.
An Organizational Framework for Conceptualizing Resilience in Children
Authors: Mandleco Barbara L. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children.PURPOSE. To propose a framework based on relevant literature that clarifies, differentiates, organizes, and elaborates on pertinent factors associated with resilience in children.SOURCES. Relevant literature from developmental psychology, child psychiatry, and nursingCONCLUSIONS. Salient factors affecting resilience in children originate internally or externally to the individual. Internal factors include biological and psychological factors; external factors are reflected in the nature and quality of relationships established within or outside the family group. The influence and importance of each factor, however, may vary in individual situations. The framework can guide research efforts and facilitate interventions for practice.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Concepts and Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Wagner Brenda J. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Neuropsychological concentration of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).PURPOSE. Survey of current understanding of underlying neural systems and pathways involved in ADHD and the relationship to specific behavioral patterns.SOURCES. Literature review, author's experience in neuropsychological assessment and clinical treatment.CONCLUSIONS. Clinicians will be able to specify treat men t interventions designed to compensate for specific behavioral patterns and functional deficits.
Friends and Pets as Companions: Strategies for Coping With Loneliness Among Homeless Youth
Authors: Rew Lynn 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEMS. Loneliness and negative health outcomes associated with being homeless and living on the streets.METHODS. Qualitative data from 32 homeless youth, ages 16 to 23 years, who participated in focus groups, and a subsample of 10 youth, ages 15 to 23 years, who participated in individual interviews, were analyzed using manifest and con tent analysis techniques.FINDINGS. Homeless adolescents who live on the streets or in “squats” described feelings of loneliness that they say “go with the territory.” Three themes emerged from the data: how lonely subjects felt, circumstances that provoked feelings of loneliness, and ways of coping with loneliness. Thirteen identified their pets as companions that provided unconditional love, reduced feelings of loneliness, and improved their health status.CONCLUSIONS. Vulnerable adolescents who are homeless often recognize the therapeutic value of pets. Interventions that enhance this coping strategy need to be developed and tested.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Controversies and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Tierney June A. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Questions regarding hozu severely traumatized children may meet diagnostic criteria for an accurate diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the comorbidity of PTSD zuith many other psychiatric illnesses, and the possibility that PTSD is not a valid diagnostic formulation as it has been applied to children and adolescents demonstrate that the currently held concept of PTSD may not be operationally sound.PURPOSE. To explore recent empirical studies to demonstrate the current state of controversy and postulate future direction of the conceptual framework.SOURCES. Selected published literature.CONCLUSIONS. PTSD in children and adolescents, as it is popularly understood as a conceptual framework, is found to be undergoing a conceptual metamorphosis.