bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minerals Management Service Unannounced Drill Program Lessons Learned
Authors: Wright Harold R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In June 1989, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) initiated the Unannounced Drill Program. The regulation is 30 CFR 254.42, Exercises for Your Response Personnel and Equipment (g) The Regional Supervisor periodically willinitiate unannounced drills to test the spill response preparedness of ownersand operators.

The Unannounced Drill Program
July 1989 Through December 1999 75 Drills - 16 - Mobilization, - 1 At Night, 1 Saturday 59 - Tabletop
These drills have been evaluated in comparison with the National Program for Response Preparedness (PREP) guidelines.
Drill Evaluation Categories:Organizational Design ObjectivesOperational Response ObjectivesResponse Support Objectives
This paper will analyze the "Lessons Learned" over the past 10 yearsregarding how the drills evolved and how the response has improved.

Introduction
In the United States, MMS manages the nation's natural gas, oil and othermineral resources on the outer continental shelf, collects, accounts for anddisburses approximately $4 billion to 6 billion yearly in revenue from offshorefederal mineral leases and from onshore mineral leases on Federal and Indianlands.
The MMS Oil Spill Program conducts all unannounced oil spill drills for the Gulf Of Mexico Region. They develop the spill scenario, establish anobservation plan, prepare and disseminate the final technical analysis of thedrill.
When the program began, the industry's spill management teams wereunorganized and ineffective in managing oil spills. Now, with the help of the MMS's program, the spill response teams are more effective in spill response. The data shows a steady improvement, in the response and also in the MMSevaluations.
This information will improve oil spill response around the world becausethe world looks to the MMS for guidance, and leadership in conducting safe, andenvironmentally sound, oil and gas exploration.
Norwegian Deepwater Program: Damping of Vortex-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Vikestad Kyrre , Larsen Carl M. , Vandiver J. Kim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a long riser in sheared current is oftenconsidered as an energy balance problem: Excitation forces in the power-inregion add an equal amount of energy to the system as is dissipated by dampingforces outside this region and by structural damping. A riser may havedifferent excitation and damping regions depending on the actual oscillationfrequency, cross-section properties and local flow velocity. A damping modelmust hence be able to handle higher and lower flow velocities than theexcitation velocity range. In this paper the fluid damping models proposed by Venugopal [1] are compared with the experiments conducted by Gopalkrishnan [2]and Vikestad [3]. The results show that the models are conservative at high andlow reduced velocities.

Introduction
VIV is dependent on many factors such as the Reynolds number, flow velocity andturbulence of the incident current, surface roughness, cross-section shape, inclination, motion of the structure, etc. No solutions or models exist whichcan account for all these factors.
The solution has therefore been to simplify the interaction problem as muchas possible hopefully without loosing the information important for theprediction of the resulting VIV and fatigue life of the riser. One suchsimplification is to assume that each cross-section along the riser isoscillating harmonically in the cross-flow direction only and that the incidentflow is constant in time. Then the fluid forces can be split into two parts; the inertia part in phase with the acceleration and the excitation/damping partin phase with the velocity of the cross-section. If the force in phase withvelocity has the same sign as the velocity it is excitation, if it has oppositesign it is damping.
In this paper we compare the damping model presented by Venugopal [1] toother experiments. The model predicts the damping force for oscillations instill water, at velocities lower than the excitation velocity range, and athigher. The Venugopal model was based on published empirical damping data fromsub-critical flow experiments. In this paper the Venugopal model is furthertested against the experimental data gathered by Vikestad [3]. The model wasfound to be slightly conservative in that it tends to underestimate thedamping, but not overly so.
Isolation of Dense Core Secretory Vesicles from Pancreatic Endocrine Cells by Differential and Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Hutton John C. , Wong Randall , Davidson Howard W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMethods are presented for the separation of dense core secretory vesicles from insulin‐secreting tissues (insulin granules) based on a combination of differential and density gradient centrifugation on various media. Emphasis is given to the use of transplantable tumors, tissue culture cell lines, and pancreatic islets as a tissue source. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:3.32.1‐3.32.20. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk Communication
Authors: Turner Monique Mitchell , Turner Shawn S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ability to develop, execute, and assess effective risk communication strategies is a vital responsibility for organizations engaged in helping consumers become and stay informed about homeland security issues. Incomplete, conflicting, or complex information can lead to uncertainty, anxiety, and altered perceptions of the realities surrounding risk‐laden events. In order to explicate the challenges associated with effective risk communication, strategies used to relay information to the public about avian bird flu are examined. Best practices for effective risk communication are forwarded and future directions are suggested.
Cyber‐Security
Authors: Cukier Michel , Panjwani Susmit 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe threat against the nation's critical infrastructure has evolved from a pure physical threat to a combination of physical and cyber‐security threat. The proliferation of networked information infrastructures and the Internet have changed the way critical infrastructures are assessed, managed, and utilized, exposing the nation's critical infrastructure to a new type of threat, namely a cyber‐security threat. The federal government has acknowledged the gravity of the threat leading to the need for risk‐based approaches to measure and alleviate the cyber‐security threat. The core of a risk‐based approach lies in the ability to form and evaluate hypotheses about security. In this article, we describe how empirical data can be utilized to quantify hypotheses about security. We first focus on the link between port scans and attacks and empirically quantify the assumption that scans are precursors to attacks. We divide the data set into malicious traffic originating inside of the organization (calledinternal traffic) and malicious traffic originating from outside of the organization (calledexternal traffic). The first study confirms that just using the number of malicious connections is insufficient for obtaining detailed information on the malicious activity. Then we focus on the most frequently targeted ports. Since the type of malicious activity is linked to the targeted port, we illustrate that internal malicious traffic differs greatly from external malicious traffic.
Developing Medical Countermeasures to Emerging Biothreats
Authors: Gronvall Gigi Kwik 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article describes the challenges to development of medical countermeasures posed by emerging biothreat agents. If medical countermeasures—vaccines, therapeutics, or diagnostic tests—are available, they could potentially save lives after a biological weapons attack or during a natural disease outbreak. Currently, however, the costs, technical challenges, and time required to develop and produce countermeasures would leave most potential countermeasures unavailable in a public health emergency. This article describes the current US government strategy for developing medical countermeasures for emerging health threats and biodefense in spite of these hurdles, as well as the strategy for a “flexible defense” to both broaden countermeasure availability and speed development.
Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies for Interdependent Systems
Authors: Townsend Wade R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVulnerability assessments are crucial in identifying and mitigating risks at a facility, community, state, regional, or national level. Traditional vulnerability assessment methodologies generally focused solely on physical security. The US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Assurance (DOE/OEA) and the US Department of Homeland Security, Office of Infrastructure Protection (DHS/IP) have developed vulnerability assessment methodologies that integrate physical security, operational security, cyber security, and interdependencies element areas together. The interdependencies element considers infrastructure dependencies, interdependencies (modeling a system of systems), and systems' effects (e.g. upstream and downstream system operations, supply chain analysis). For this article, the term interdependencies take on a more holistic and broader definition and perspective. By including the interdependencies element area, vulnerability assessments provide a broader and crosscutting perspective to assist in evaluating risk. Specific interdependencies questions are identified to help assessment teams conduct assessments. The interdependencies questions developed are also applicable to other analysis areas that benefit from broadening scope through interdependencies considerations.
Developing Risk Metrics to Estimate Risks of Catastrophic Biological and Bioterrorist Events: Applications to the Food Industry
Authors: Mohtadi Hamid 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

If the food sector is attacked, the likely agents will be chemical, biological or radionuclear (CBRN). This article provides an overview of ongoing research on international terrorist/criminal activity involving such agents. The issue is the ability to calculate the likelihood of rare but catastrophic risks and in this case, the risk of a catastrophic terrorist attack. The analysis is based on using a statistical method known as
extreme value statistics
to estimate this risk. The article argues that such a method is an appropriate tool for studying high impact, low frequency events. The pronounced nonstationary patterns within the data suggest that the “reoccurrence period” for such attacks is decreasing every year. Similarly disturbing trends are evident in a broader dataset which is nonspecific as to the methods or means of attack.
Cyber Security Standards
Authors: Scarfone Karen , Benigni Dan , Grance Tim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The goal of cyber security standards is to improve the security of information technology (IT) systems, networks, and critical infrastructures. A cyber security standard defines both functional and assurance requirements within a product, system, process, or technology environment. Well‐developed cyber security standards enable consistency among product developers and serve as a reliable metric for purchasing security products. Cyber security standards cover a broad range of granularity, from the mathematical definition of a cryptographic algorithm to the specification of security features in a web browser, and are typically implementation independent. A standard must address user needs, but must also be practical since cost and technological limitations must be considered in building products to meet the standard. Additionally, a standard's requirements must be verifiable; otherwise, users cannot assess security even when products are tested against the standard.
Security of Distributed, Ubiquitous, and Embedded Computing Platforms
Authors: Wood Anthony D. , Stankovic John A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAs embedded computer systems continue to explode in number and capability, security and privacy challenges abound. We review desirable security properties and the design constraints posed by these systems that make security difficult. We summarize current research by focusing on solutions for ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, and RFID tags as representative of the design space. State‐of‐the‐art protocols and approaches for defeating or mitigating attacks at the physical, network and middleware layers are presented. Critical application areas and research needs are identified, as are possible funding sources.
Radioactive Materials Sensors
Authors: Mayo R. M. , Stephens D. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProviding technical means to detect, prevent, and reverse the threat of potential illicit use of radiological or nuclear materials is among the greatest challenges facing contemporary science and technology. In this short article, we provide a brief description and overview of the State‐of‐the‐art in sensor development for the detection of radioactive materials, as well as an identification of the technical needs and challenges faced by the detection community. We begin with a discussion on γ ray and neutron detectors and spectrometers, followed by a description of imaging sensors, active interrogation, and radiation detection materials' development, before closing with a brief discussion on the unique challenges posed in fielding sensor systems.
Sensing Dispersal of Chemical and Biological Agents in Urban Environments Article
Authors: Ervin Angela M. , Hultgren Anne E. , Rhyne Edward P. , Ward Keith B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The technologies, performance characteristics, and concepts for operational architectures for both chemical and biological agent detection sensors designed to be used in urban environments are discussed. The sensor technologies are categorized by the responses that would be initiated as a result of a positive signal from the sensors, which range from low consequence actions, such as changing building airflows, to high consequence actions, such as the quarantine of areas and distribution of medical countermeasures. Also discussed are the needs for future sensor development efforts. The description of particular technology solutions or detection architectures in this article does not imply the official endorsement of those specific approaches by the Department of Homeland Security.
Dynamic Load Balancing for Robust Distributed Computing in the Presence of Topological Impairments
Authors: Hayat Majeed M. , Pezoa Jorge E. , Dietz David , Dhakal Sagar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe purpose of any distributed computing system (DCS) is to offer a flexible, reliable, and powerful computing platform. With the advances in mobile computing, wireless communications and sensor networks, DCSs have emerged in new applications such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), military battlefield awareness, surveillance and threat detection, to name a few. These new application areas introduce new challenges to DCSs when operated or deployed in harsh or threat‐prone environments. For instance, in WSNs deployed in a military battlefield, the computing elements (CEs) of a DSC join and leave the DCS at any time in a stochastic fashion. More generally, factors such as limited or intermittent communication resources and power constraints or long‐term physical damage of the CEs, can result in random topological changes in the DCS, which, in turn, can severely degrade their performance and reliability. Many of these factors can be attributable to physical attacks on our information infrastructure, of which weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is an important example. This observation has triggered government agencies, such as the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, to launch research initiatives in network science to understand the extent of damage that can be inflicted upon networks in the event of attacks and also to develop strategies to increase the robustness of networks when a threat is present. In this article, we review modern dynamic load balancing (DLB) techniques and their mathematical stochastic models that can be exploited by DCS developers to increase the DCS's robustness to random topological changes, and at the same time, to use the available computing resources of the system efficiently, in the presence of communication uncertainty and CE dysfunction. Two scenarios are considered: one where CEs can fail and recover at random instants and another where CEs can fail permanently. Under the first scenario, we look for minimizing the average response time of a given application. In the second scenario, the goal is to maximize the probability of running an entire application successfully. DLB policies are tested using a small‐scale DCS environment and compared to theoretical predictions as well as results from Monte Carlo simulations. The mathematical probabilistic model presented here for network performance is general and can be applied to a broad class of networks and applications.
Highly Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Csp2Csp3 Cross‐Coupling of Arylzinc and Alkylindium Reagents through Double Transmetallation
Authors: Jin Liqun , Zhao Yingsheng , Zhu Lizheng , Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageUsing desyl chloride (2‐chloro‐1,2‐diphenylethanone) as the oxidant, the palladium‐catalyzed reaction of arylzinc with alkylindium reagents occurred smoothly in a highly selective manner to afford the products in 57–90% yields. Preliminary kinetic data indicated that alkylindium reagents were highly favored for transmetallation with the alkoxy‐palladium moiety.
The first two Japanese cases of severe type I congenital plasminogen deficiency with ligneous conjunctivitis: Successful treatment with direct thrombin inhibitor and fresh plasma
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Ikewaki Junko , Iwata Hiroki , Ohashi Yuichi , Ichinose Akitada 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA 71‐year‐old woman and her elder sister developed ligneous conjunctivitis after ocular surgery. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the proband and her sister had 6.6% and 8.1% of plasminogen activity, and 1.2 and 1.4 mg/dl of antigen, respectively. Thus, they were diagnosed as having severe type I plasminogen deficiency, for the first time, in Japan. DNA sequencing and PCR‐RFLP analyses revealed that these two cases are homozygotes of a novel A‐to‐G mutation at the obligatory splicing acceptor site in intron‐C. Both cases were satisfactorily treated with a direct thrombin inhibitor, topical Argatroban, and topical plasma obtained from their healthy family members. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of occupation and smoking on respiratory symptoms in working children
Authors: Cakir Erkan , Uyan Zeynep S. , Varol Nezih , Ay Pinar , Ozen Ahmet , Karadag Bulent , Ersu Refika , Karakoc Fazilet , Dagli Elif 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the respiratory symptoms and the lung function of children who work in different occupational groups.MethodsThe study was performed among children attending vocational training centers. The participants were evaluated in six different occupation groups. Chronic cough, wheezing and shortness of breath were evaluated by questionnaire. The association of independent variables with the respiratory symptoms was investigated through both univariate and multivariate methods.ResultsAmong 642 children, 534 were males; the mean age was 17.7 ± 1.0 years. Using an internal reference group, the odds ratios of chronic cough were significantly higher in the lathe (OR: 2.0, 95%CI: 1.07–3.74), coiffure (OR: 1.94. 95%CI: 1.01–3.70), and electricity‐construction (OR: 2.63, 95%CI: 1.06–6.54) groups after adjustment for smoking, age, gender, and work characteristics. There were no significant differences in spirometric values between occupational groups in either smoking or non‐smoking males. In non‐smoking females, median values of FEV1 (P: 0.046), PEF (P: 0.005) and FEF25–75% (P: 0.019) were lower in the textile compared to the coiffure group. There was no significant association between the total working time and spirometric values. There was no statistically significant relationship between the work‐related factors and the smoking status.ConclusionsThe prevalence of chronic cough was higher in the lathe, coiffure, and electricity‐construction groups and pulmonary function tests were lower in the non‐smoking textile female group. Working children should be screened for respiratory symptoms and disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:471–478, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelic heterogeneity in inbred populations: The Saudi experience with Alström syndrome as an illustrative example
Authors: Aldahmesh Mohamed A. , Abu‐Safieh Leen , Khan Arif O. , Al‐Hassnan Zuhair N. , Shaheen Ranad , Rajab Mohammed , Monies Dorota , Meyer Brian F. , Alkuraya Fowzan S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe increased frequency of rare autosomal recessive conditions in genetically isolated populations is a well‐established phenomenon. This genetic isolation is invoked as an explanation when one particular mutation is the sole or most frequent mutation observed in a given population and is referred to as the founder effect. This trend of allelic homogeneity is contrasted by an opposite trend when the consanguinity factor is in play. Independent of endogamy at the population level, a consanguineous union is sufficient to render homozygous a percentage of the genome that is directly correlated with the degree of consanguinity. Assuming the gene in question has a normal mutation rate, the resulting homozygosity will inevitably include different defective alleles of that gene. By reporting four novel alleles, we use Alström disease to exemplify the interesting observation of allelic heterogeneity for a very rare autosomal recessive disorder in a highly inbred population. While we frequently assume founder effect in inbred populations, this report should serve to remind us of the powerful effect of the consanguinity factor, a common confounding variable among some of those populations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Mechanism of Efficient G6PD Inhibition by a Molecular Clip
Authors: Kirsch Michael , Talbiersky Peter , Polkowska Jolanta , Bastkowski Frank , Schaller Torsten , de Groot Herbert , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Schrader Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn die Zange genommen: Eine synthetische molekulare Klammer bindet Nicotinamidadenindinucleotidphosphat (NADP+) (siehe Bild) und besetzt zudem sowohl die Cofaktor‐ als auch die Substratbindestelle in Glucose‐6‐phosphat(G6P)‐Dehydrogenase. Diese Kombination zweier Inhibitionsmechanismen macht die Klammer hoch effektiv und selektiv für dieses Enzym gegenüber anderen Dehydrogenasen.magnified image
Rational Construction of 2D and 3D Borromean Arrayed Organic Crystals by Hydrogen‐Bond‐Directed Self‐Assembly
Authors: Men Yong‐Biao , Sun Junliang , Huang Zhi‐Tang , Zheng Qi‐Yu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBorromäische organische Gitter: Das starre trigonal‐pyramidale Molekül 1,3,5‐Tris(4‐carboxyphenyl)adamantan (TCA) bildet über Wasserstoffbrücken ein borromäisch verknüpftes 2D‐Gitter. Verschiedene Linker (Methanol, Phenazin, 4,4′‐Bipyridin und 4,4′‐Azopyridin) führen zu komplexeren Borromäischen Gittern oder gar zu einem polycatenierten 3D‐Gitter.magnified image
Die Gestalt zukünftiger Germaniumcluster
Authors: Korber Nikolaus 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAus der Reihe getanzt: Die Existenz endohedraler Germaniumcluster ist schon früher durch Gasphasenexperimente vorausgesagt worden. Das nun synthetisierte [Co@Ge10]3− überrascht, weil es die lange Reihe der zuvor gefundenen, ausschließlich deltaedrischen Strukturen abreißen lässt. Es hat vielmehr eine regelmäßige pentagonal‐prismatische Struktur (siehe Bild; grau Co, rot Ge).magnified image