bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose Utilization by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris: Short‐Term Metabolic Studies*
Authors: BOEHLER ROBERT A. , DANFORTH WILLIAM F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In tryptone media, optimal growth of nonphotosynthetic Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris on glucose occurred with 1% (w/v) glucose at pH 3.5, and required a previous adaptive period in glucose medium.In short term metabolic experiments, glucose uptake was greatly stimulated by small concentrations of tryptone or succinate; effects of shaking suggested that CO2 has a similar stimulatory effect. Glucose utilization was highly dependent on glucose concentration, with an apparent threshold at about 2 mM and increasing steeply with glucose concentration above this value. In tracer experiments, about 90% of the glucose carbon consumed was assimilated, and about 10% released as CO2.Glucose did not stimulate respiration even during rapid glucose utilization. Tracer studies indicated oxidation of endogenous substrates was depressed by an amount which just compensated for the respiration due to glucose.The conditions which allowed rapid glucose utilization by “resting”E. gracilis var. bacillaris were the same as those known previously to be required for growth on glucose. It was therefore concluded that these factors act directly on the main pathways of glucose metabolism.
Sporogony of Isospora rivolta Oocysts from the Dog*
Authors: MAHRT JEROME L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporogony of oocysts of Isospora rivolta from the dog was studied by observation of individual oocysts in hanging drop preparations. Oocysts were passed with the feces in the unsporulated sporont stage. Division of the sporont gave rise to 2 spherical sporoblasts. Each sporoblast elongated and developed into a transient double pyramid stage. This stage changed into the sporocyst, which then differentiated into the sporulated oocyst.Sporulation time was determined for 4 temperatures. At 20 C, 100% of the sporulating oocysts (Sz 100) had formed sporozoites by 48 hr. At 25 C, Sz 100 was 24 hr, at 30 C it was 16 hr, and at 38 C 8 hr. The percentages of sporulation at 20, 25, 30, and 38 C were 94, 97, 96, and 93, respectively. Oocysts incubated at 50 C for 4 hr did not develop or survive, since they failed to sporulate when reincubated at 30 C.
Experimental Infection of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus with Trypanosomatidae of the Genera Crithidia and Blastocrithidia*
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY , DeBOE JAMES H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Dissections of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus at various intervals after experimental infection with insect Trypanosomatidae of the genera Blastocrithidia and Crithidia (B. euschisti, C. luciliae, C. acanthocephali and C. mellificae) disclosed the protozoa to be surviving and in most instances undergoing reproduction in the experimental bugs for as long as 2 months following infection. Epimastigotes and amastigotes were seen in bugs infected with B. euschisti and choanomastigotes and amastigotes were observed in insects experimentally infected with the Crithidia. Since C. acanthocephali and C. luciliae were from clones, this is the 1st finding of these 2 structural types in this genus using cultures originating from a single choanomastigote.In view of the loose host specificity of the insect Trypanosomatidae as further emphasized by this work, it would appear that the necessity is increased for field workers in trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis areas of the world to become well acquainted with the infective potentialities of the insect trypanosomatids of their areas for the vectors of Trypanosoma and Leishmania along with the possible association in nature of these vectors with insects which might harbor insect‐limited Trypanosomatidae.
Pathogenic Naegleria sp.—Study of a Strain Isolated from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: CULBERTSON C. G. , ENSMINGER P. W. , OVERTON W. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Experimental observation of the pathogenicity of some strains of Hartmannella plus the observation of human meningo‐encephalitis due to small amebas which had a structure compatible with that of Hartmannella in the tissues has suggested the concept of respiratory amebiasis followed by cerebral and other complications.Until recently no cultural evidence was available to identify positively the amebas in the human cases. This report summarizes the isolation of Naegleria sp. (HB‐1) from human spinal fluid by mouse inoculation followed by tissue culture of the infected mouse brain. C. Butt and his associates, who submitted this material to us, isolated the Naegleria on agar medium with Escherichia coli without antibiotics at 37 C.The new isolate failed to grow on the medium previously suggested by us for Hartmannella. HB‐1 is virulent for laboratory animals and has a structure in the tissues which more resembles the amebas in the human tissue than the amebas in experimental Hartmannella infections of mice.Naegleria and Hartmannella are both potential pathogens for normal animals and man. A clinical laboratory method to detect Naegleria as well as Hartmannella is herein suggested.
Anemia and Mechanism of Erythrocyte Destruction in Ducks with Acute Leucocytozoon Infections*
Authors: KOCAN RICHARD M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In the anemia which accompanies infection by Leucocytozoon simondi in Pekin ducks there was a far greater loss of erythrocytes than could be accounted for as a result of direct physical rupture by the parasite. Erythrocyte loss began at the same time the 1st parasites appeared in the blood and was severest just prior to maximum parasitemia. Blood replacement and parasite loss occurred simultaneously. Examination of the spleen and bone marrow revealed that erythrophagocytosis was not the cause of anemia as reported for infections of Plasmodium, Babesia and Anaplasma. An anti‐erythrocyte (A‐E) factor was found in the serum of acutely infected ducks which agglutinated and hemolyzed normal untreated duck erythrocytes as well as infected cells. This A‐E factor appeared when the 1st red cell loss was detected and reached its maximum titer just prior to the greatest red cell loss. Titers of the A‐E factor were determined using normal uninfected erythrocytes at temperatures between 4 and 42 C. Cells agglutinated below 25 C and hemolyzed at 37 and 42 C. These results indicated that the A‐E factor could be responsible for loss of cells other than those which were infected and could thus produce an excess loss of red cells.Attempts to implicate the A‐E factor as an autoantibody were all negative. The A‐E factor was present in the gamma fraction of acute serum but no anamnestic response could be detected when recovered ducks were reinfected. Anemia was never as severe in reinfections as in primary infections. The A‐E factor also never reached as high a titer and was removed from the circulation very rapidly in reinfected ducks.It is concluded that red cell loss in ducks with acute Leucocytozoon disease results from intravascular hemolysis rather than erythrophagocytosis. The A‐E factor responsible for hemolysis is more likely a parasite product rather than autoantibody.
DNA Synthesis Cycle in Blepharisma*
Authors: MINUTOLI FLORINDA , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observations made with tritiated thymidine uptake indicate that Blepharisma cannot utilize this precursor directly from the organic medium. An intermediary, such as a food organism (bacteria or Tetrahymena, is needed. These food organisms are not only capable of incorporating thymidine from the medium, but must also break it down or prepare it in a form that is utilizable for Blepharisma.DNA synthesis phase in Blepharisma occurs 17 hours after division. Maximum incorporation is obtained 18 and 19 hours postdivision and lasts thru 24 hours. This is followed by a 1–2 hour postsynthesis phase and division.
O2‐Polarographic Studies on Soluble and Mitochondrial Enzymes of Crithidia fasciculata; Glycerophosphate Enzymes*
Authors: BACCHI CYRUS J. , HUTNER S. H. , CIACCIO E. I. , MARCUS S. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mitochondrial and supernatant fractions were isolated from Crithidia fasciculata by grinding with neutral alumina and differential centrifugation. Supernatant fractions contained at least 2 NAD‐linked enzymes: an α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and a malate dehydrogenase. The properties of these enzymes were investigated polarographically with phenazine ethosulfate acting as electron acceptor. Agaricic acid, cinnamic acid and p‐NO2‐cinnamic acid were specific inhibitors of the α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.Succinate, malate, DL‐α‐glycerophosphate and NADH stimulated respiration of mitochondrial preparations; O2 uptake was greatest with succinate. KCN and antimycin A inhibited succinate respiration more than α‐glycerophosphate respiration. Amytal did not affect succinate, α‐glycerophosphate or NADH oxidation. The trypanocide suramin inhibited mitochondrial respiration at least 77% with each substrate. The relevance of these results to other members of the Trypanosomatidae is discussed.
Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida) Disease Syndrome in the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica
Authors: FARLEY C. AUSTIN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Minchinia nelsoni disease was studied in 3 populations of oysters from Marumsco Bar, Pocomoke Sound, Maryland. The native population was sampled regularly beginning in 1961 shortly after the disease invaded this area. Two populations of healthy year‐old oysters were introduced (one in 1965 and one in 1966) into Pocomoke Sound and studied concurrently with the native population to determine the course of development of the disease and epizootic differences in populations.Gross and microscopic examination of oysters showed progressive stages of infection. Initial infection occurred in epithelia of the filtering organs (gill, palp, water tubes) and spread into connective tissue where hyaline hemocytes infiltrated. Intermediate infection was characterized by local infection and infiltration of connective tissue in and adjacent to epithelia of gill, palp, esophagus, stomach, gut, diverticula, and gonadal alveoli. Advanced infection was recognized by the general invasion and infiltration of connective tissue and the circulatory system by hyaline hemocytes. Terminal infections showed histologically massive pyknosis of nuclei and necrosis of tissues before outward signs of death were apparent. Remission of the disease was recognized by diminution of infection intensity and infiltration; localization of parasites near external epithelia; increased pigment cell formation; and diapedesis and deposition of necrotic parasites and tissue against the shell, followed by external conchiolinous encapsulation.Death from M. nelsoni disease may be attributed in part to seasonal environmental or physiologic stresses, which infected oysters, weakened and in poor condition due to the pathologic manifestations of the disease, are unable to tolerate. The gross pathologic signs of disease were: pale digestive gland, poor condition, mantle recession, weakness, and conchiolinous shell depositions. The microscopic signs were: diapedesis, relative decrease in numbers of phagocytes; relative increase in numbers of hyaline hemocytes; phagocytosis, fibrosis, cellular infiltration, abscess, ulceration, excessive pigment cell formation, mechanical disruption, pyknosis, and necrosis.
Effect of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Related Compounds on the Respiratory Rate of Urostyla cristata and Colpoda cucullus*
Authors: GONIAKOWSKA L. , PIGON A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The respiratory rates of vegetative forms of Urostyla cristata and vegetative and encysted Colpoda cucullus were measured in balanced salt solution and after addition of Na salts of various organic acids, including Krebs‐ and glyoxylic‐cycle intermediates. The results point to some peculiarities in Urostyla metabolism; it was poisoned by succinate—an effect partly abolished by malonate; respiration was stimulated by malonate.Respiration of vegetative Colpoda was accelerated by Krebs‐ and glyoxylic‐acid cycle intermediates. Most of these intermediates inhibited respiration of Urostyla. In experiments of short duration respiration of encysted Colpoda was not stimulated by these intermediates.
Survival and Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer, 1929 in Bovine Kidney and Turkey Intestine Cell Cultures
Authors: DORAN DAVID J. , VETTERLING JOHN M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayer cell cultures of embryonic turkey intestine (primary) and bovine kidney (cell line, 20th passage), maintained at 40.6 and 43 C for alternating intervals of approximately 12 hours in Basal Medium Eagle and fetal calf serum at pH 7.0–7.4, were observed for 144 hours after inoculation of Eimeria meleagrimitis sporozoites.In turkey intestine cultures, which consisted of fibroblast‐like cells and patches of epitheliul‐like cells, there were decreases of 80 and 81% in the numbers of parasites between 5 and 48 hrs; in bovine cultures, 21–41% decreases. Decreases in the turkey cultures, however, were due to the nonsurvival of sporozoites in fibroblast‐like cells; in epitheliul‐like cells there was a 42% dcrease between 5 and 48 hrs and only 27% between 48 and 144 hours.Trophozoites were present in bovine cells at 5 hrs. Small, mature schizonts containing only 12‐28 merozoites were present in the bovine cultures and in the epitheliul‐like cells within turkey intestine cultures from 48‐144 hrs. Larger schizonts (50‐115 by 20‐70 μ) were present in bovine but not in turkey cultures from 72–144 hrs. Many of these schizonts contained far more merozoites than schizonts of any of the 3 generations described from the host.In bovine cultures, there was an abundance of liberated merozoites at 50, 52, 74, and 76 hrs; many had reinvaded cells, sometimes as many as 50–60 per cell. In turkey cultures, liberated merozoites were found once at 144 hrs and none were intracellular. At 120 and 144 hrs in bovine cultures, abnormally developed and degenerate forms appeared; in turkey cultures, all were normal.
The Fine Structure of the Macrogametocytes of Adelina tribolii Bhatia, 1937 (Eucoccidia, Telosporea) from the Fat Body of the Beetle Tribolium castaneum Hbst.
Authors: ẐIẐKA ZDENÊK 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Macrogametocytes of the coccidium Adelina tribolii Bhatia, 1937 are described from the time when they settle in the fat body of the host and form periparasitic vacuoles around them to the stage of microgametocyte occurrence and the beginning of syzygy formation.The macrogametocyte is surrounded by a 2‐layered pellicle 50 mμ thick. Its continuity is interrupted by one or several micropores 40 mμ across and 86 mμ deep.The cytoplasm of the parasite contains numerous vesicles and lamellae of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria of various sizes have short tubules. The macrogametocyte contains a variable number of dark bodies 1.4‐2.4 μ in diameter. It also contains several vacuoles up to 1.2 μ which are covered with a 3‐layered membrane and enclose a granular material.In old macrogametocytes in syzygy multivesicular bodies develop which measure up to 2.4 by 1.6 μ. Several smaller vacuoles containing granular material are also a constituent of the electrondense basic substance of these corpuscles.Paraglycogen granules 1.4 by 0.9 A occur in old macrogametocytes and are situated inside the vacuoles which are not bordered by a membrane. The numbers and size of these granules increase with the age of the parasite. The Golgi complex lies close to the nucleus.The nucleus, 6‐8.5 μ in diameter, is in the center of the macrogametocyte and contains a large eccentric nucleolus. The nuclear membrane is 2‐layered and has many pores.
The Influence of Dexamethasone on Attempts to Transmit Eimeria meleagrimitis to Chickens and E. tenella to Turkeys
Authors: McLOUGHLIN D. K. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria meleagrimitis completed development in chickens given daily intramuscular injections of dexamethasone, but not in chickens fed mash containing dexamethasone, or in unmedicated chickens.Eimeria tenella did not develop in dexamethasone‐medicated turkeys, or in unmedicated turkeys.
Initiation of Encystment in the Mycetozoan Protostelium mycophaga
Authors: TAYLOR P. , KAHN A. J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protostelium was cultured monoxenically with the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on either corn meal agar or in liquid corn meal medium. Nearly synchronous encystment was induced in amoebae by washing them free of yeast and incubating them in an encystment medium devised by Neff et al. (1964) for Acanthamoeba.The extrinsic requirements for encystment were investigated by replacing various components of the encystment medium with other substances. The results indicate that encystment depends on a high concentration of inorganic monovalent cations and that it occurs best at a basic pH. The effect of the ions does not appear to be strictly osmotic.
Ultrastructural and Other Observations Which Suggest Suctorian Affinities for the Taxonomically Enigmatic Ciliate Cyathodinium*
Authors: PAULIN JEROME J. , CORLISS JOHN O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two species of the taxonomically enigmatic genus Cyathodinium, C. piriforme and C. cunhai, were studied in some detail at both light and electron microscopic levels. Data obtained strongly suggest suctorian affinities for the genus, since a number of structures or features are strikingly reminiscent of similar (if not homologous) structures recently discovered in ciliates belonging to the order Suctorida.Endosprits (suctorial tentacles?) of Cyathodinium show an arrangement of microtubules not unlike that known for several suctorians, especially Acineta and Tokophrya. Haptocysts or missile‐like bodies, ca. 600 mμ long, have been observed within endosprits and free in the cytoplasm; again this is reminiscent of the complex organelles recently described from several suctorian groups. Mouthlessness, coupled with the presence of a ventral depression (functioning in gathering prey at distal ends of endosprits?) and the presence of food vacuoles in the cytoplasm, further support a suctorian mode of feeding. Finally, stages in the curious life cycle of Cyathodinium suggest neoteny and a basic similarity to endogenous budding processes in certain suctorians.
Structure and Respiration of Sporulating Eimeria stiedae and E. tenella Oocysts*
Authors: WAGENBACH GARY E. , BURNS WILLIAM C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure and respiration of sporulating Eimeria tenella and E. stiedae oocysts was compared. Oocysts were purified by Clorox digestion and incubated at 29 C. The sporulation events were similar for both species, except for the spindle stage, altho sporulation took longer in E. stiedae. Sporulating oocysts go thru the process with some degree of synchrony.Oocyst respiration was measured polarographically. An early increase in respiratory rate in both species was followed by a depression in rate that correlated with the appearance of the early spindle stage. The rate again increased and then decreased toward a base rate during and after completion of sporulation.E. tenella oocysts incubated in air remained viable 4 times longer than those incubated in nitrogen. E. tenella sporozoites excysted and remained motile in the presence of sodium cyanide. These facts suggest that E. tenella sporozoites are facultative anaerobes.
Effect of Mitomycin C on Thymidine‐Methyl‐H3 Utilization by Entamoeba histolytica Propagated in CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Autoradiographic studies were done which tested the effect of a potent DNA inhibitor, mitomycin C (MC) on the utilization of tritium from exogenous thymidine‐methyl‐H3 (TMH3) in Entamoeba histolytica grown with Bacteroides sp. in CLG medium. Concentrations of MC (0.0002%) which inhibited growth of amebae by ca. 50%, caused an overall depression of tritium utilization by both associate cell and amebae. However, no reduction in percent cells with nuclear activity was apparent.The effect of MC on utilization of tritium in amebae propagated with Bacteroides which were prelabeled with TMH3 was also studied. The extent of labeling and percent amebae with cytoplasmic label was not appreciably depressed by MC. MC did, however, cause a depression of the percent amebae with nuclear label. This would indicate that the utilization of bacterial DNA products for nuclear DNA (reported in a previous communication) is reduced in the presence of MC. These data on the effect of MC on use of exogenous TMH3 and prelabeled Bacteroides provide some evidence that at least some of the nuclear DNA of amebae can be synthesized from the exogenously supplied isotope.Amebae grown with exogenous TMH3 and resuspended in unlabeled medium for 24–28 hrs. with and without MC had a considerable reduction of the extent of label whether MC was present or not. This suggests that the primary effect of MC is not to degrade DNA.
Fine Structural Observations of the Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium chabaudi Landau, 1965*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron microscopic examination of Plasmodium chabaudi in mouse erythrocytes revealed many characteristics resembling those observed in other mammalian malarial parasites. A double unit membrane surrounds the trophozoite cytoplasm which contains many ribonucleoprotein particles, a limited amount of endoplasmic reticulum and membraned organelles including sausage‐shaped vacuoles and multilaminated membraned bodies. More or less circular double membraned vacuoles, possibly cross sections of the sausage‐shaped vacuoles, are common. Typical protozoan mitochondria are lacking. The limiting membrane of the merozoites is triple‐layered. Paired organelles and small dense bodies are found in the merozoites along with dense granular masses in the nuclei. Trophozoites have cytostomal structures as well as invaginations of the plasma membrane at sites where no cytostomes are evident. Digestion appears to occur in single membrane‐bound vesicles which contain one to several pigment grains.P. chabaudi frequently contains multiple food vacuoles and has polymorphism manifested in part by the presence of cytoplasmic extensions and of nuclei with a variety of shapes. Several apparently free forms are noted, often accompanied by a thin rim of host cytoplasm. “Appliqué” forms are common among the trophozoites as are forms in which 2 or more trophozoites are joined together.Finally, alterations in the host cytoplasm resembling the socalled Maurer's clefts are frequent. Ferritin‐containing vacuoles also appear in the host cell.
Mating Type Inheritance in Glaucoma*
Authors: PHILLIPS RUTH , ABRAHAM IRENE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mating was observed in collections of Glaucoma from 2 localities in Illinois. The collections could be divided into 2 syngens on the basis of mating type reactions. Corticotype analysis showed that syngen 1 was intermediate in meridian number between Glaucoma chattoni and Glaucoma scintillans, while syngen 2 had the same range as Glaucoma scintillans (Lee, unpublished).The major features of mating type inheritance in syngen 1 are that exconjugant clones usually have identical mating types and that mating types I and II appear in an approximately 1:1 ratio in successive generations. This is the result expected in genic mating type inheritance if one of the original parents was a homozygote and the other a heterozygote at the mating type locus. No significant immaturity period was found in these strains.Only 2 viable pairs were obtained from syngen 2 crosses, but results from these suggest that mating type inheritance may be epigenetic and a longer immaturity period may characterize this syngen.