bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF FLINT PARTICLE SIZE ON PERMANENT MOISTURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION IN POROUS EARTHENWARE BODIES*
Authors: Palmer W. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFour progressively finer grain‐size distributions of flint were prepared, incorporated iii talc‐pyrophyllite and clay‐flint‐feldspar bodies, and fired at cone 9. The permanent moisture expansion, thermal expansion, and crazing resistance of these bodies were determined. Moisture expansion was found to decrease as flint particle size decreased, whereas thermal expansion increased as flint particle size decreased. A pronounced increase occurred in the thermal expansion of talc‐pyrophyllite bodies between 100° and 200°C. as flint particle size decreased.
EFFECT OF SULFUR AND REDUCING GASES ON A SEMIVITREOUS DINNERWARE GLAZE AND DECALCOMANIA DECORATION*
Authors: Machattie I. J. W. , Westmant A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA description is given of difficulties encountered in a pottery manufacturing semi‐vitreous ware following a change‐over from natural to manufactured gas. Laboratory investigations showed that exposure to traces of reducing gases for very short periods in the glost firing produced blistered ware and that decalcomania decoration was given a mat appearance when it was exposed to traces of sulfur compounds in the range of 1200° to 1600°F.
TESTING AND IMPROVING THE DRYING BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS*
Authors: Schurecht Y H. G. , McMahon J. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA simple test has been developed to measure the drying behavior of clays by noting the relative rate of flow of water through the clays as compared with the rate of evaporation from the surface. The addition of 0.2% of various chemicals to clays improved their drying properties. No one chemical was best for all of the clays, but the most effective chemicals varied in their reaction on different clays. Iron chloride exerted beneficial effect on most of the clays. A wetting agent, such as sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, or soda ash, also improved the drying properties of certain clays.
STRENGTH OF BOTTLES AS AFFECTED BY LIMITATIONS OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES*
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

Letter of TransmittalThis paper is part of the proceedings of the Standard Testing Procedure Committee of the Glass Container Association of America. The reasons that caused the Committee to ask for a more or less formal statement of what was known on this subject will be apparent from the paper itself. The members of the Committee, namely, Mr. Bowes, Mr. Flint, Mr. Hiller, Mr. Lyon, and Mr. Roche, as well as Mr. Hendrickson, Mr. Lester, myself, and various others associated with the Committee, have read the paper and offered criticisms Although we do not necessarily, either as individuals or as a Committee, concur in all that is said, we believe that the paper offers a new approach to some difficult problems connected with strength, a primary concern of the Committee, and that it may act as a basis for industrial advances or for further contributions by others outside the Committee.
STUDIES CORRELATING BOTTLING LINE WITH PRESSURE TEST BREAKAGE*
Authors: Herman A. , Kindsvater H. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not the Preston hydrostatic pressure machine, modified so that an initial pressure of 25 lb. per sq. in. may be obtained, is capable of predicting bottling‐line production breakage by pressure tests on samples of the bottles in use. The quart and fifth‐gallon bottles investigated were round, whereas the pint and half‐pint bottles were of the flask type.Correlating data between production and the percentage of test breakage for quart and pint bottles are significant, and data for fifth gallons, although less significant, are definitely positive. Half‐pint data yielded no significant relationship between the percentage of production breakage to test breakage, but this is probably the result of abnormal bottling‐line conditions.A method of determining the range of production breakage percentage to that of test breakage by the use of the standard error of estimate is described.
CAN SILICON TAKE A SIX‐FOLD COORDINATION IN GLASS?*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA six‐fold coordination for silicon in a certain type of synthetic crystal has been reported in the literature. A theory of partial formation of six‐fold coordination for silicon in glass has been advanced after the atomic sizes, composition of the glasses, valence rules, and experimental facts are given consideration.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON COLOR OF GLASS*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Ottoson Axel C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study was restricted to soda‐lime‐silica glasses which contain various agents used as decolorizers in glass, such as manganese, arsenic, antimony, cerium, and neodymium oxides and metallic selenium.The prepared glass samples were exposed to the radiation from a quartz‐mercury lamp, to sunlight, or to X radiation. Vistlal observation was supplemented by quantitative measurements of the color changes, using a General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer.Glasses which contain antimony discolor less readily than similar arsenic‐bearing glasses, and cerium, lead, and iron oxides in sufficient amounts minimize the discoloration due to light. Samples exposed to X radiation are usually discolored to a yellowish brown, except in the case of some cerium and iron‐bearing glasses which were practically unaffected by the same treatment.A discussion of the results and those of other investigators is given.
HEAT‐OF‐WETTING VALUES OF UNFIRED AND FIRED CLAYS*
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Fréchette V. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe heats of welting of unfired and fired clay minerals were measured on samples of montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite types of clays. Autoclaved and unautoclaved samples of fired clays were studied. These data were obtained as a contribution to the knowledge of changes taking place in fired clayware through exposure to water vapor.
HEAT‐OF‐WETTING VALUES OF UNFIRED AND FIRED CLAYS*
Authors: Nelson McDonald S. , Ralston Robert R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe construction and operation of a high‐temperature electric load‐test furnace are described. Temperatures to 1900°C. can be obtained with a spiral graphite heating element which has reasonable voltage and current characteristics. Neither a vacuum nor a special atmosphere is used inside the furnaces. Life and operating data are given.
EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM FeO‐AI2O3,‐SiO2*
Authors: Snow R. B. , McCaughey W. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEquilibrium relationships on the liquidus surface in the system Fe0‐Al2O3SiO2 have been established by a modified quenching procedure. The crystal phases which separate from melts heated in iron crucibles are fayalite (2FeO·SO2), hercynite (FeO·Al2O3), tridymite and cristobalite (SiO2), mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), corundum (Al2O3), and wastite (approximately FeO). A considerable portion of this system is liquid at 1400°C. Diagrams show the isotherms and the index of refraction of the glasses formed.Two quintuple points have been established in this investigation. One point is at the composition, SiO2 42% by weight, Al2O313%, and FeO 45%, and is a eutectic involving the phases fayalite, hercynite, and tridymite at 970°C. ± 200C. The preferred composition of the second quintuple point is 48% of SO2, 23% of Al2O3, and 29% of FeO; it is a peritectic, and the crystal phases are mullite, hercynite, and tridyrnite. Crystallization from this melt without a change in the weight composition calls for the resorption of mullite at a temperature of 1100°C. ±20°C.
MOLYBDENUM IN ENAMELS: II, ADHERENCE PRODUCED WITH SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE MOLYBDATES*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe experiments made with the molybdates of ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, barium, lead, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and cerium as mill additions to vitreous enamels are described. The properties of these compounds and their behavior as mill additions with or without the addition of antimony compounds are given, and typical smelter batches and mill batches are also included.
IMMEDIATE NEED FOR RESEARCH IN STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY*
Authors: Stevens Douglas F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPresent world conditions and their effect on the structural clay products industry are described. New products and new methods must be dcvcloped to meet the increased competition of noiiceraiiiic products. Extensive research on materials, equipment, proccsscs, and products is needed immediately if this industry is to meet these rapidly changing conditions.
EFFECT OF FIRING TREATMENT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DRY‐PROCESS ENAMELS *
Authors: Mccollom Perry C. , Danielson R. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe relations between the firing treatment and physical properties of some commercial, antimony‐bearing dry‐process enamels for cast iron were studied. These properties include opacity and resistance to surface abrasion for both acid‐resistant and regular enamels and acid resistance of the acid‐resistant types. In contrast to wetprocess enamels for sheet steel, these dry‐process enamels were found to be little affected by the extreme variations in firing which might be encountered in ordinary practice.
EFFECT OF SET OF ENAMELS ON HYDROMETER READINGS OF THE SLIP *
Authors: Cook H. L. , Wolff C. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe operation in enameling that is the most difficult to control is the setting up of enamels for dipping. The difficulty occurs because there has been no practical accurate method for measuring the set of the enamel. Practical experience shows that viscosity is not an indication of the set or of the dipping weight. The method presented consists in determining the apparent specific gravity of the enamel slip with true value for the specific gravity. Calculations give a numerical value for the value of the set or yield point. The measurements are accurately reproducible, and dipping weights have been found to correlate quite well with the results given of tests in laboratory and plants.
DECREPITUDE OF OLD BOTTLES: AGING, WEATHERING, AND SOLARIZATION COMPARED WITH USE AND ABUSE*
Authors: Ghering L. G. , Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe users of bottles often saythat old bottles are stronger than new nnes. This is untrue because (1) any greater breakage on the Grst filling can be attributed to abnormally weak bottles or bottles cracked during shipment; the survivors may give less breakage on the second and third fillings, but the strength of the individual bottle has not actually increased; and (2) the statement is based on the faulty assumption that bottles are not weakened by use.Experimental tests on fruit jars in the absence of use do not show a decrease in the thermal‐shock strength after seven years of aging plus three years of weathering by temperature changes, rain, snow, and sunshine. Neither does weathering for three years nor solarization in the direct rays of the July and August sun produce any decrease in the internal pressure strength of bottles. Mechanical strength tests, fracture diagnoses, and statistical surveys of the performance of bottles in service, however, show that the strength of glass containers deteriorates because of mechanical wear, use, and abuse.
SPHERICAL FURNACE CALORIMETER FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY*
Authors: Winckler John R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA spherical calorimeter was constructed for measuring true specific heat and thermal conductivity. It was formed of two concentric spherical platinum shells, and a spherical sample was fitted into the inner shell. Electric heat was supplied at the center of the sample, and the calorimeter was housed in a spherical electric furnace.Thermal conductivity was measured by determining the inner and outer sample temperatures at steady heat flow using the equation of heat conduction in a sphere; specific heat was measured by noting the temperature rise of the sample with a known heat input while maintaining the calorimeter shells near the adiabatic condition; and a correction for heat leakage was made by using the conductivity determination to calculate this factor.Specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements were made on quartz sand, chrome refractory cement, four types of insulating firebrick, and 85% magnesia insulation over a total temperature range of 100° to 2200°F. The estimated accuracy of specific heat measurement of 3 to 5% is consistent with engineering requirements. No estimate of accuracy can be given as yet for thermal conductivity results.
MOTTLED OR COLORED SILICA BRICK*
Authors: Phelps S. M. , Limes R. w. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDuring the burning of silica refractories, spots or areas of dark cream to a reddish‐brown color may develop in some of the brick or shapes. This is often called mottling, and its occurrence during the manufacture of the product cannot be definitely controlled. Questions occasionally arise as to whether the colored brick are of as good quality as the uniformly cream‐colored brick. No records are available to show or indicate that color as such has been a cause of shorter life or failure in service. Data are presented that were obtained from testing the mottled and light‐colored brick, and these show that there is no practical difference between them; consequently, color alone should not be a criterion for judging quality.The traces of iron present in the silica used are a necessary constituent in the formation of the color. The light‐colored product, however, contains the same quantity of iron. It is not entirely clear as to how the iron is present in the two types. Unknown conditions during manufacture are such that the traces of iron may be influenced to form either the light or mottled brick, but the process cannot be controlled.A considerable amount of experimental work is presented which shows the nature of the color behavior with comments on certain conditions that cause the color formation.
GOUGE RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Spencer ‐Strong G. H. , Cooper W. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn exploratory study was made to determine possibilities of the Porcelain Enamel Institute rolling‐ball gouge test as well as to discover some of the factors influencing the gouge resistance of enamels as shown by the test. The test results compare favorably with deep‐scratch and gouge defects encountered in actual enamel practice. The accuracy of test results, moreover, compares favorably with other such physical tests designed for use with porcelain enamel. The gouge resistance is shown to be a function of enamel thickness and of bubble structure. Factors which increase or decrease bubble structure, such as mill additions, frit compositions, and firing treatment, are shown to affect gouge resistance.
CALCULATION OF DENSITY AND OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF A GLASS FROM ITS COMPOSITION IN WEIGHT PERCENTAGE*
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan ‐Han 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRelationships previously deduced and tested by the authors for the calculation of the density, refractive index, and. dispersion of a glass from its composition, expressed in terms of the “atomic fractions” of the components, are transformed into equivalent equations for the calculation of these quantities from the weight percentages or weight fractions. The necessary constants for use with these equations are tabulated.
NEW REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS RESISTANT TO MOLTEN ROCK PHOSPHATE*
Authors: Pole Gordon R. , Beinlich Alfred W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Tennessee Valley Authority has carried out small‐scale and large‐scale studies during the past five years, directed toward the development of refractories more resistant to corrosion by molten rock phosphate than the present commercial types.Small‐scale tests were made on refractories containing varying proportions of zirconium silicate and oxides of aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cerium, chromium, magnesium, thorium, and zirconium. Promising compositions were then tested by fabrication into standard 13l½‐in. and 9‐in. brick and by determining their resistance to corrosion by molten rock phosphate, basic open‐hearth slag, and electric phosphate‐smelting furnace slag. The most promising of the compositions tested were (1) Cr2O3 67%, CaO 30%, and Al2O3 3% and (2) ZrO2 33.5%, Cr2O3 33.5%, CaO 30%, and Al2O3 3%. A 25‐kw. Detroit rocking furnace was lined successively with brick of these two compositions, as well as a commercial superduty firebrick and a commercial unburned magnesite brick, and each lining was tested against molten rock phosphate until failure occurred.The tests show that the two new types of refractories are superior to the commercial refractories and that they may have promising possibilities for use where basic refractories are now extensively used.
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY OF CERAMIC BODIES FOR PLASTIC MOLDING PROCESSES*
Authors: Henry E. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe plastic working properties of a number of clays and bodies were measured with a modified Endell body tester. The apparatus shows that various bodies may be adjusted to a similar consistency for a given molding process but differ in their tendency to crack on being deformed. It is possible to determine the extent to which plastic properties are affected by differences in raw materials, methods of body preparation, water content, aging, and deairing.
THE VITREOUS STATE*
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun K.uan‐Ran , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe difficulty of defining the vitreous state in a rigorous manner, the existence of many borderline cases, and the theoretical requirements which must be met if a substance is to be vitreous are discussed. Silicate glasses and certain other typical classes of vitreous substances are treated in some detail with especial reference to the relation between their structures and vitreous properties.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NONMETALLIC SINGLE CRYSTALS*
Authors: Knapp W. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTheories of thermal conductivity in single crystals of non‐metallics are given, and the apparatus used for experimentation is described. Experimental results obtained for a number of single crystals show the variation of conductivity with temperature and crystallographic direction. A minimum thermal conductivity as the temperature is increased is indicated, which agrees with the theory of A. H. Compton.
SALT GLAZES FOR STRUCTURAL BUILDING UNITS*
Authors: Foster H. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe conditions necessary for the formation of a clear, transparent salt glaze on structural building units are described. Laboratory trials, which were made under these conditions or slight modifications of them, were studied by means of enlarged photographs of the surfaces and thin sections of the glazes. These pictures illustrate the process of formation of the glaze and show that glazes more than 0.001 in. thick are susceptible to crazing.Salt glazes usually are formed from 0.003 to 0.004 in. thick in order to obtain a smooth brilliant glaze, but such glazes craze badly. Much better glazes may be obtained with only a sufficient number of saltings to give a glaze thickness of approximately 0.001 in., followed by a maturing or smoothing treatment in which the salting temperature is held for some time, or borax is used during the latter part of the salting and (or) the early part of the cooling period.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SILICATE COMPOSITION ON ITS BEHAVIOR WITH SODIUM CARBONATE AS A CASTING SLIP DEFLOCCULANT*
Authors: Currier Arthur E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study of six brands of silicate of soda used in a typical ceramic casting slip discloses the effect of the Na2O to SiO2 ratio on hydrometer readings, pH, viscosity, casting rate, water retention, drying shrinkage, dry strength, firing shrinkage, fired strength, and fired absorption. The effect of varying the amount of electrolyte both above and below that required for complete deflocculation is also reported.
EFFECTS OF LITHIA SUBSTITUTION FOR SODA IN VITREOUS ENAMEL*
Authors: Lewis Marvin O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLithia, as lithium carbonate, was substituted progressively for soda in the composition of a white cover frit. Substitutions were made on both weight and mol bases.Mol replacement of soda by lithia has resulted in improved fusibility, gloss, and opacity; higher gouge, surface abrasion, and acid resistance; and lower thermal expansion coefficient. Weight replacement has caused increased fusibility and gloss; a small decrease in surface abrasion resistance; marked decreases in opacity and in gouge and acid resistance; little change in thermal expansion coefficient, and a noticeable lowering of the transformation temperature.
SEALED GLASS BUSHINGS*
Authors: Grigoribff W. W. , Lampman C. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlass bushings with sealed‐in metal inserts have been developed to fulfill the need for hermetically sealed electrical apparatus. A special lead‐borosilicate glass called GE 1075 and a 42% nickel‐iron alloy, both of which have like thermal expansion characteristics, will produce a matched seal.The forming operation consists of melting the glass electrolytically, casting into preheated molds of graphite or iron which have the metal inserts in place, annealing from 500° to 350°C., and cutting off the stub end of the bushing.The finished bushings are fastened to the apparatus by welding or soldering, which eliminates the use of gaskets.A detailed description of the construction, forming process, and testing procedure is given.
NATURE OF GEORGIA KAOLINS: II, EVIDENCE OF MINERALOGICA ANALYSIS*
Authors: And Lane Mitchell , Henry E. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples of Georgia kaolins were investigated by thermal analysis and by X‐ray and microscopic examinations. Soft kaolins were found to have a high percentage of crystalline kaolinite, whereas hard kaolins contained substantial amounts of less crystal lized material. Variations in the degree of crystallization, grain size, nature and amount of organic matter, and admixture of different minerals are given as reasons for the differences in the clays examined.
REHYDRATION STUDY OF CLAYS*
Authors: Berkelhamert Louis H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rehydration characteristics of a group of twenty clays were studied by dehydrating at 300°C. and then rehydrating by exposure to a water‐saturated atmosphere at 30°C. for periods extending from approximately 28 to 80 days. A sharp differentiation was obtained between the montmorillonite and the kaolinite‐illite types of clays.A simple, rapid rehydration‐dehydration test and the results on ninety‐five clay samples are presented as an aid in the evaluation of clays. The test can be completed within five hours and permits a limited but useful classification of clays.
THERMAL AND MOISTURE EXPANSION OF BALL CLAYS AND BODIES FIRED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Thiemecke H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThermal and moisture expansion determinations were made on ten ball clays of the Kentucky, Tennessee, and English types alone and on typical semivitreous and vitreous bodies in which each of these ball clays was incorporated. The clays and bodies were fired at cones 6, 9, and 11. The data indicate that the ball clays fall into five distinct groups. Although none of the clays showed a direct relation between its expansion and that of the bodies in which it was incorporated, a majority possessed characteristics sufficiently similar to permit their classification into groups in which the behavior of the clays alone is indicative of their influence on the bodies. When several ball clays were jointly incorporated into bodies, they showed additive thermal and moisture expansion values.