bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient and Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Catalysts for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Thiols
Authors: Fernández‐Rodríguez Manuel A. , Shen Qilong , Hartwig John F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe cross‐coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with aliphatic and aromatic thiols catalyzed by palladium complexes of the strongly binding bisphosphine CyPF‐tBu ligand (1) is reported. Most of the reactions catalyzed by complexes of ligand 1 occur with turnover numbers that exceed those of previous catalysts by two orders of magnitude. The reactions occur with excellent yields, broad scope and high tolerance of functional groups. Coupling of aryl halides with thiols in the presence of low loadings of catalysts derived from other Josiphos type ligands, as well as ligands of other structural types, are also described.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Domino Heck–Cyanation Sequence: Development and Application to the Total Synthesis of Esermethole and Physostigmine
Authors: Pinto Artur , Jia Yanxing , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of functionalized 3‐alkyl‐3‐cyanomethyl‐2‐oxindole 1 by a palladium‐catalyzed domino Heck–cyanation reaction has been developed. Reaction of ortho‐iodoanilide 5 with potassium ferro(II)cyanide, K4[Fe(CN)6], dissolved in DMF in the presence of palladium acetate and sodium carbonate afforded oxindole 1 in good to excellent yields. An enantioselective domino Heck–cyanation process has been developed for the first time using (S)‐DIFLUORPHOS as a chiral supporting ligand, and an enantioselectivity of up to 79 % ee in the enantiomerically enriched oxindole was obtained under optimized conditions. A concise total synthesis of esermethole and physostigmine, powerful inhibitors of acetyl‐ and butyryl‐cholinesterase, is documented.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐vinyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b]furans through a Sakurai Reaction: A Mechanistic Proposal
Authors: Jiménez‐González Leticia , García‐Muñoz Sergio , Álvarez‐Corral Miriam , Muñoz‐Dorado Manuel , Rodríguez‐García Ignacio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe condensation of 2,3‐dihydrobenzoxasilepins with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of boron trifluoride to form 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans shows a level of diastereoselection which is a function of the electronic nature of the aldehyde and the polarity of the solvent. The study of the mechanism of the reaction demonstrated that it proceeds through a ring‐opened allylfluorosilane, which is stable enough to be isolated and characterized.
Insight into the Inhibition of Human Choline Kinase: Homology Modeling and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Milanese Lara , Espinosa Antonio , Campos Joaquín M. , Gallo Miguel A. , Entrena Antonio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA homology model of human choline kinase (CK‐α) based on the X‐ray crystallographic structure of C. elegans choline kinase (CKA‐2) is presented. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on CK‐α confirm the quality of the model, and also support the putative ATP and choline binding sites. A good correlation between the MD results and reported CKA‐2 mutagenesis assays has been found for the main residues involved in catalytic activity. Preliminary docking studies performed on the CK‐α model indicate that inhibitors can bind to the binding sites of both substrates (ATP and choline). A possible reason for inhibition of choline kinase by Ca2+ ion is also proposed.
Long‐term quality of life among Dutch prostate cancer survivors
Authors: Mols Floortje , van de Poll‐Franse L. V. , Vingerhoets A. J. J. M. , Hendrikx A. , Aaronson N. K. , Houterman S. , Coebergh J. W. W. , Essink‐Bot M. L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.In this report, the authors describe the health‐related quality of life (HRQL) of long‐term prostate cancer survivors 5 to 10 years after diagnosis and compare it with the HRQL of an age‐matched, normative sample of the general Dutch population.METHODS.The population‐based Eindhoven Cancer Registry was used to select all men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1994 to 1998. Nine hundred sixty‐four patients received questionnaires (the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey [SF‐36] and the Quality of Life‐Cancer Survivors questionnaire), and 780 of 964 patients responded (81%).RESULTS.Unselected, long‐term prostate cancer survivors reported comparable HRQL scores but worse General Health Perceptions and better Mental Health scores than an age‐matched, normative population. Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy had the highest physical HRQL, followed by patients who received ‘watchful waiting,’ and patients who received radiotherapy. Patients who received hormone treatment, in general, had the lowest physical HRQL.CONCLUSIONS.The results of this study suggested that the long‐term HRQL of prostate cancer survivors may vary significantly as a function of the type of primary treatment. Because baseline differences between treatment groups cannot be excluded as part of the explanation for these differences, the current findings need to be verified in longitudinal studies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Quantum Chemical Methods for the Investigation of Photoinitiated Processes in Biological Systems: Theory and Applications
Authors: Dreuw Andreas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWith the advent of modern computers and advances in the development of efficient quantum chemical computer codes, the meaningful computation of large molecular systems at a quantum mechanical level became feasible. Recent experimental effort to understand photoinitiated processes in biological systems, for instance photosynthesis or vision, at a molecular level also triggered theoretical investigations in this field. In this Minireview, standard quantum chemical methods are presented that are applicable and recently used for the calculation of excited states of photoinitiated processes in biological molecular systems. These methods comprise configuration interaction singles, the complete active space self‐consistent field method, and time‐dependent density functional theory and its variants. Semiempirical approaches are also covered. Their basic theoretical concepts and mathematical equations are briefly outlined, and their properties and limitations are discussed. Recent successful applications of the methods to photoinitiated processes in biological systems are described and theoretical tools for the analysis of excited states are presented.
Local Atomic and Electronic Structure in Nanocrystalline Sn‐Doped Anatase TiO2
Authors: Weibel A. , Bouchet R. , Savin S. L. P. , Chadwick A. V. , Lippens P. E. , Womes M. , Knauth P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTin‐doped anatase TiO2 nanopowders and nanoceramics with particle sizes between 12 and 30 nm are investigated by X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Furthermore, ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory are performed to analyze changes in the electronic structure due to Sn doping. The three approaches consistently show that Sn is dissolved on substitutional bulk sites with a slight increase of the bond lengths of the inner coordination shells. The Debye–Waller factors show that the nanocrystallites are highly ordered. There is no indication of defect states or bandgap changes with Sn doping.
A hierarchy of Runx transcription factors modulate the onset of chondrogenesis in craniofacial endochondral bones in zebrafish
Authors: Flores Maria Vega , Lam Enid Yi Ni , Crosier Philip , Crosier Kathryn 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Runx (runt‐related) family of transcription factors are important regulators of cell fate decisions in early embryonic development, and in differentiation of tissues including blood, neurons, and bone. During skeletal development in mammals, while only Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation, all family members seem to be involved in chondrogenesis. Runx2 and Runx3 control chondrocyte maturation. Both Runx1 and Runx2 are expressed early in mesenchymal condensations, but how they contribute to the initial stages of chondrocyte differentiation is unclear. Here we show that a hierarchy of Runx transcriptional regulation promotes the early program of chondrocyte differentiation from pre‐cartilage mesenchyme in the zebrafish head skeleton. We have previously characterized the zebrafish orthologs for all Runx genes. Zebrafish runx2 is duplicated, but not runx1 or runx3. In the work presented here, we determined the early expression pattern of the runx genes in the craniofacial region. The earliest expression detected was that of runx3 in the pharyngeal endoderm, then runx2a and b in mesenchymal condensations, and later runx1 in the epithelium. Using antisense morpholino knockdown analysis, we examined their respective activities in early chondrogenesis. Depletion of runx2b (but not runx2a) and runx3 severely compromised craniofacial cartilage formation. Because runx2b expression was abolished in Runx3 morphants, we propose that endodermal Runx3 has a role in influencing signaling activities from the endoderm to promote chondrocyte differentiation. We also show that, in contrast to data from mouse studies, zebrafish Runx1 is not required in the initial steps of chondrogenesis leading to endochondral bone formation. Developmental Dynamics 235:3166–3176, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mother superior mutation ablates foxd3 activity in neural crest progenitor cells and depletes neural crest derivatives in zebrafish
Authors: Montero‐Balaguer Mercedes , Lang Michael R. , Sachdev Sherri Weiss , Knappmeyer Christiane , Stewart Rodney A. , De La Guardia Ana , Hatzopoulos Antonis K. , Knapik Ela W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe zebrafish mutation mother superior (mosm188) leads to a depletion of neural crest (NC) derivatives including the craniofacial cartilage skeleton, the peripheral nervous system (sympathetic neurons, dorsal root ganglia, enteric neurons), and pigment cells. The loss of derivatives is preceded by a reduction in NC‐expressed transcription factors, snail1b, sox9b, sox10, and a specific loss of foxd3 expression in NC progenitor cells. We employed genetic linkage analysis and physical mapping to place the mosm188 mutation on zebrafish chromosome 6 in the vicinity of the foxd3 gene. Furthermore, we found that mosm188 does not complement the sym1/foxd3 mutation, indicating that mosm188 resides within the foxd3 locus. Injection of PAC clones containing the foxd3 gene into mosm188 embryos restored foxd3 expression in NC progenitors and suppressed the mosm188 phenotype. However, sequencing the foxd3 transcribed area in mosm188 embryos did not reveal nucleotide changes segregating with the mosm188 phenotype, implying that the mutation most likely resides outside the foxd3‐coding region. Based on these findings, we propose that the mosm188 mutation perturbs a NC‐specific foxd3 regulatory element. Further analysis of mosm188 mutants and foxd3 morphants revealed that NC cells are initially formed, suggesting that foxd3 function is required to maintain the pool of NC progenitors. Developmental Dynamics 235:3199–3212, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentaries on ‘Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles’, with response from the review authors
Authors: Duperrex Olivier , Ebel Beth E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThese are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Ehiri JE, Ejere HOD, Magnussen L, Emusu D, King W, Osberg JS. Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004334. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004334.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘EMLA and Amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Lander JA, Weltman BJ, So SS. EMLA and Amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004236. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004236.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘Vitamin A for treating measles in children’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Huiming Y, Chaomin W, Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001479. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants’ and ‘Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants’
Authors: Thébaud Bernard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis is a commentary on two Cochrane reviews, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shah SS, Ohlsson A. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004213. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004213.pub2.Ohlsson A, Walia R, Shah S. Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003481. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003481.pub2.Further information for these Cochrane reviews (prevention and treatment) is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary (prevention and treatment) and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables (prevention and treatment) articles.
Commentary on ‘Vitamin A for treating measles in children’
Authors: Zlotkin Stanley 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Huiming Y, Chaomin W, Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001479. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Vitamin A for treating measles in children’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Huiming Y, Chaomin W, Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001479. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shah SS, Ohlsson A. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004213. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004213.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astrocyte calcium elevations: Properties, propagation, and effects on brain signaling
Authors: Fiacco Todd A. , McCarthy Ken D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe possibility that astrocytes are involved in brain signaling began to emerge in the late 1970s, when it was first shown that astroglia in vitro possess numerous receptors for neurotransmitters. It was later demonstrated that cultured astroglia and astrocytes in situ respond to neurotransmitters with increases in intracellular second messengers, including cyclic AMP and calcium. Astrocyte calcium responses have since been extensively studied both in culture and in intact tissue. We continue to gather information regarding the various compounds able to trigger astrocyte calcium increases, as well as the mechanisms involved in their initiation, propagation as a calcium wave within and between astrocytes, and effects on signaling within the brain. This review will focus on each of these aspects of astrocyte calcium regulation, and attempt to sort out which effects are more likely to occur in developmental, pathological, and physiological conditions. While we have come far in our understanding of the properties or potential of astrocytes' ability to signal to neurons using our array of pharmacological tools, we still understand very little regarding the level of involvement of astrocyte signaling in normal brain physiology. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health care quality, economic inequality, and precautionary saving
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi , Weber Guglielmo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe argue that health care quality has an important impact on economic inequality and on saving behavior. We exploit district‐wide variability in health care quality provided by the Italian universal public health system to identify the effect of quality on income inequality, health inequality and precautionary saving. We find that in lower quality districts there is greater income and health dispersion and higher precautionary saving. The analysis carries important insights for the ongoing debate about the validity of the life‐cycle model and interesting policy implications for the design of health care systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concomitant increase of LMP1 and CD25 (IL‐2‐receptor α) expression induced by IL‐10 in the EBV‐positive NK lines SNK6 and KAI3
Authors: Takahara Miki , Kis Loránd L. , Nagy Noémi , Liu Anquan , Harabuchi Yasuaki , Klein George , Klein Eva 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExtranodal, nasal NK/T‐cell lymphomas are regularly Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐positive, with a type II latency pattern, expressing thus EBNA‐1 and LMP1. The contribution of EBV to the tumor development is not known. Similarly to normal natural killer (NK) cells, cell lines derived from malignancies with a NK phenotype require IL‐2 for in vitro proliferation. In our effort to explore the contribution of EBV, particularly the role of the LMP1 protein, to the pathogenesis of the NK lymphoma we found that its expression, studied in the NK‐lines SNK6 and KAI3, depended on the supply of IL‐2 or other cytokines. In the absence of IL‐2 other cytokines, such as IL‐10 and IFN‐γ, could maintain LMP1, but the cells did not proliferate. When grown in IL‐2, the SNK6 cells produced IL‐10 and IFN‐γ, and these cytokines mediated the expression of LMP1. IL‐10 treatment enhanced, while IFN‐γ receptor blocking antibody reduced, the expression of CD25 and CD54 in the EBV‐positive, but not in the EBV‐negative lines. IL‐10 treated cells required lower amount of IL‐2 for proliferation compared to the untreated cells. This effect was seen only with the EBV‐positive NK lines in which LMP1 and CD25 were concomitantly upregulated. By this mechanism EBV could have an important role in the development of NK lymphoma since the inflammatory component in the tumor tissue can provide these cytokines. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concomitant chemo‐radiotherapy and local dose of radiation as risk factors for second malignant neoplasms after solid cancer in childhood: A case–control study
Authors: Guérin Sylvie , Guibout Catherine , Shamsaldin Akthar , Dondon Marie‐Gabrielle , Diallo Ibrahima , Hawkins Mike , Oberlin Odile , Hartmann Olivier , Michon Jean , Le Deley Marie‐Cécile , de Vathaire Florent 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRadiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with an increased risk of a second malignant neoplasm (SMN) after a cancer during childhood. This study specified the dose‐effect relationship between radiotherapy, chemotherapy and the risk of a SMN, and investigated the effect of chemo‐radiotherapy on the risk of SMN. A case–control study nested in a European cohort of 4,581 patients treated for a solid cancer during childhood was conducted. One hundred and fifty three cases with a SMN and 442 controls were matched according to sex, age at first cancer, calendar year, type of first cancer and follow‐up. The local radiation dose was estimated at the site of the SMN, for each case and at the same site, for the matched controls. The local dose of radiation significantly increased the risk of a SMN. The best model was linear with an excess relative risk per Gray equal to 0.13 (95% CI, 0.06; 0.26). Any chemotherapy significantly increased the risk of a SMN, odd ratioadjusted (ORadjusted) = 2.4 (95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.4–4.1), but no dose‐effect relationship was observed between any drug category and the risk of a SMN. Patients who had received concomitant chemo‐radiotherapy were significantly more at risk of developing a SMN than patients who had been treated with sequential chemo‐radiotherapy, even after adjustment for the local dose of radiation and the 6 most frequently administered drugs, ORadjusted = 2.3 (95%CI, 1.1–4.8). Radiation was found to be the foremost treatment‐related risk factor for the occurrence of a SMN. Compared to sequential treatment, concomitant chemo‐radiotherapy may lead to a higher risk of a SMN. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.