bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Poisoning by Intentional Ingestion of Thallous Malonate
Authors: Aoyama H. , Yoshida M. , Yamamura Y. 
Published: December 2008

1 A 26-year-old man who ingested 10 g of thallous malonate was treated by gastric lavage and combined haemodialysis and haemoperfusion. 2 At a blood flow of 100 ml/min, the average of thallium clearance values obtained by combined haemoperfusion and haemodialysis at two different times were 50.2 and 60.4 ml/min. 3 Forty hours after ingestion, he died of cardiac failure. A higher concentration of thallium was found in the heart than in other organs, suggesting that the heart is the main target of thallium in the early stage of acute poisoning.
The Epidemiology and Prevention of Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Onyon Lesley J. , Volans Glyn N. 
Published: December 2008

1 In the UK there was an increase in the annual number of deaths associated with paraquat poisoning between 1966 and 1975. Since that time there has been little change in numbers. 2 High mortality is associated commonly with suicidal intent. Serious accidental poisoning from paraquat has never been frequent in the UK and there have been no deaths reported in children since 1977. 3 The National Poisons Information Service has monitored in detail all reports of paraquat poisoning since 1980. Of the 1074 cases recorded there were 209 deaths. In recent years serious poisoning has been more commonly associated with ingestion of concentrated products by males. Local exposure to paraquat has not resulted in systemic poisoning. 4 International data for paraquat poisoning is incomplete and difficult to compare. There is a scarcity of morbidity data at both international and national levels. Information obtained from Poison Control Centres indicates that paraquat poisoning occurs in many countries but detailed comparisons are hindered by lack of standardised methods of recording. 5 Various measures to prevent paraquat poisoning have been introduced. Their effectiveness has not been studied in detail. Some support is provided by the low incidence of serious accidental paraquat poisoning in the UK, but because of the suicidal nature of paraquat poisoning it is unlikely that current preventative measures will influence the number of deaths occurring each year. 6 Preventative measures against paraquat poisoning should be tailored to national needs, based on and assessed by epidemiological studies.
Pharmacological Treatments of Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Bateman D.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 A large number of pharmacological techniques aimed at modifying paraquat toxicity have been investigated. There is no convincing controlled evidence that any are unequivocally useful. 2 Studies with an ascorbic acid and riboflavin combination appear effective in rats, and there is a suggestion that cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone may in some way alter paraquat toxicity in man and by pretreatment, but not concurrent treatment, also in the rat. 3 Further controlled studies are required of these treatments in patients who are potentially salvageable. There is a need for a rapid paraquat assay for clinical use in order that patients in this category can be identified quickly and included in appropriate controlled studies.
Haemodialysis for Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Proudfoot A.T. , Prescott L.F. , Jarvie D.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 Paraquat can be removed by haemodialysis and haemoperfusion but, although clearance values are high, the quantities recovered are insignificant. Prevention of death is most unlikely except perhaps in patients with plasma paraquat concentrations very close to the previously proposed line separating concentrations in fatal cases and survivors at different time intervals. 2 Even if delays incurred in measuring plasma paraquat concentrations and in setting up haemodialysis or haemoperfusion could be reduced to a minimum, elimination by these procedures would achieve little because paraquat disappears rapidly from the plasma in the first few hours after ingestion as it is taken up by the tissues and excreted into the urine. 3 Further studies on patients at borderline risk are required and the value of 'continuous' haemoperfusion requires further assessment.
Paraquat lung: is there a role for radiotherapy?
Authors: Williams M.V. , Webb D.B. 
Published: December 2008

1 We have previously reported the clinical course of a patient poisoned with paraquat who was treated with whole lung irradiation and who survived severe pulmonary damage. 2 Four further cases are reported who were much more severely poisoned and who died despite early pulmonary irradiation. 3 There is no definite evidence that this or any other form of cytotoxic therapy can influence the course of paraquat lung. As there is no adequate laboratory model, further investigation of such therapy should be in the context of a prospective clinical trial. Treatment of only one lung would allow rapid identification of a therapeutic effect of irradiation.
Emergency Analysis of Paraquat in Biological Fluids
Authors: Braithwaite R.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 A variety of spectrophotometric, gas and liquid chromatographic and radioimmunoassay techniques have been applied to the measurement of paraquat in biological fluids. A brief review of these techniques is presented. 2 The majority of described methods are far from suitable in the provision of an accurate and reliable quantitative result in an emergency situation and the further development of suitable 'rapid' techniques is desirable. 3 The preparation and characterisation of internal accuracy control materials and the introduction of an external quality assessment scheme would be valuable in the improvement of laboratory investigations of paraquat poisoning.
Evidence for Lipid Peroxidation in Man Following Paraquat Ingestion
Authors: Situnayake R.D. , Crump B.J. , Thurnham D.I. , Davies J.A. , Davis M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Four patients were investigated for evidence of lipid peroxidation between 4.5 and 36 h (mean 22 h) after ingestion of paraquat by measuring plasma phospholipid-2-esterified, diene-conjugated 18:2Δ9,11-linoleic acid (9,11-LA) and expressing it also as a ratio R (9,11-LA/9,12-LA x 100) of the 'parent' linoleic acid. 2 The mean value for R was 4.73 (range 3.7-7.1) at presentation and 6.91 at peak values (range 3.8-13.4) which occurred at a mean of 34 h after ingestion. Both values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of 107 healthy controls (1.94, range 0.67-3.8). 3 Parallel changes in plasma vitamin E and 9,11-LA occurred in the 2 patients in whom serial measurements were made suggesting an involvement of vitamin E in the formation of this isomer. 4 These findings support the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation occurs during paraquat poisoning in man and the early appearance of 9,11-LA suggests that it may be a primary event.
A Study of the Effect of Decimal and Centesimal Dilutions of Arsenic on the Retention and Mobilization of Arsenic in the Rat
Authors: Cazin J.C. , Cazin M. , Gaborit J.L. , Chaoui A. , Boiron J. , Belon P. , Cherruault Y. , Papapanayotou C. 
Published: December 2008

Having developed a pharmacokinetic method for studying the fate of orally administered arsenious anhydride by a radioactive tracer method, the influence of Hahnemannian dilutions of arsenicum album on the elimination and retention of this toxin in the rat was then investigated. The effects of centesimal (cH) and decimal (dH) dilutions were studied. All the dilutions studied were found to be active. The strongest effects were observed after the administration of dilutions corresponding to a concentration of 10-14 (14dH and 7cH). Overall, the decimal dilutions augmented the elimination of arsenic more than the centesimals. The observed results were submitted to mathematical analysis. A mathematical model, which confirms that Hahnemannian dilutions have biological effects which are a direct function of the degree of dilution, was developed.
The Influence of the Homoeopathic Remedy Plumbum Metallicum on the Excretion Kinetics of Lead in Rats
Authors: Fisher P. , House I. , Belon P. , Turner P. 
Published: December 2008

There are a number of reports that certain metals, when prepared by the homoeopathic method of serial dilution with succussion, stimulate excretion of the same metal from previously loaded animals. We report an experiment on the effect of homoeopathically diluted lead on urinary lead excretion in the rat, controlled against distilled water and the chelating agent DMPS. The homoeopathic preparations were made specially, with precautions against contamination. Homoeopathic treatment did not cause a significant change in urinary lead excretion compared to distilled water, although there were significant differences between different homoeopathic dilutions. DMPS produced a large increase in urinary lead excretion.
Self-poisoning and Therapeutic Intoxication with Lithium
Authors: Dyson E.H. , Simpson D. , Prescott L.F. , Proudfoot A.T. 
Published: December 2008

1 Of 68 admissions for lithium overdose over 16 years, 25 were due to therapeutic intoxication and 43 to deliberate self-poisoning. 2 Three patients with therapeutic intoxication had acute diabetes insipidus with hypernatraemia. One of them had acute renal failure requiring dialysis, prolonged Parkinsonism and generalised myopathy. 3 Twenty-two patients with therapeutic intoxication had peak serum lithium concentrations above the therapeutic range. In contrast, of 22 self-poisoned patients with peak serum lithium concentrations above the therapeutic range only 3 developed toxicity. 4 The mean admission plasma urea concentration in patients with therapeutic intoxication was higher than in self-poisoned patients and the mean admission plasma bicarbonate concentration was lower. 5 The mean serum lithium half-life in 8 patients with therapeutic intoxication was considerably longer than in 5 self-poisoned patients. 6 Renal lithium clearance is enhanced by increased sodium excretion and we recommend that lithium toxicity be treated with saline diuresis and frusemide if fluid retention occurs. Haemodialysis is mandatory when renal failure is present, and may be indicated when serum lithium concentrations are very high or rising rapidly.
Paracetamol Conjugation: An Interethnic and Dietary Study
Authors: Sommers De K. , Moncrieff J. , Avenant J.C. 
Published: December 2008

To test whether dietary or hereditary factors affect paracetamol metabolism, two groups of Venda and a group of Caucasian medical students were investigated. The Venda groups were selected as traditionally living villagers and those who followed a Western life-style. Salivary concentrations of paracetamol and urinary amounts of the glucuronide and sulphate metabolites eliminated over 22 h were determined by HPLC. The metabolite formation rate constants and the percentage of the dose eliminated as each metabolite were calculated. No significant differences were found between the data for total Venda, rural Venda, westernized Venda and Caucasian students for the calculated metabolite parameters. Thus environmental effects showed no apparent influence on the sulphide and glucuronide conjugation of paracetamol, and no hereditary effect was evident between the Venda and Caucasians.
Influence of Several Chelating Agents on the Distribution and Binding of Cadmium in Rats
Authors: Rau W. , Planas-Bohne F. , Taylor D.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with109CdCl2(3 μmol Cd/kg) and killed between 1 h and 200 d afterwards. Metal concentration in the critical organs, i.e. liver and kidneys decreased very slowly. Within the cells Cd is found mainly in the cytosol and — at very early times — in the nuclei. Within the cytosol of the liver most of the metal is initially bound to proteins with high molecular weight but as early as 3 h after incorporation more than 90% is bound to metallothionein which is always the main binding site in the kidneys.2 Of the chelating agents tested only BAL and Puchel were able to reduce the body burden significantly. Both are lipophilic substances. Puchel cannot reduce the kidney Cd burden but removes Cd from the liver only while BAL is effective in both organs. Both chelating agents exert their effects at doses which are too near to the LDso to be considered as safe enough for human use.
Detoxification of Styrene Oxide by Human Liver Glutathione Transferase
Authors: Pacifici G.M. , Warholm M. , Guthenberg C. , Mannervik B. , Rane A. 
Published: December 2008

Cytosolic glutathione transferase (GST) was investigated in four human livers. The profile of GST activity was determined by isoelectric focusing using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the electrophilic substrate. Three livers contained at least one basic and a near-neutral isoenzyme (GST μ). GSTμ was not detectable in the fourth liver. The kinetics of GST with styrene oxide as the electrophilic substrate were studied in the cytosolic fraction, with the pooled fractions from isoelectric focusing containing high activity of GSTμ transferase, and with GSTμ purified to homogeneity. The cytosol obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics when styrene oxide was used as the variable substrate. The average (± s.e.m.) of the Vmax and Kmwere 21.9 ± 7.9 nmol min-1mg-1and 4.9 ± 0.4 mM, respectively. At varying concentrations of glutathione, the enzyme did not obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Such kinetics were also observed with the fractions from isoelectric focusing and with the homogeneous GSTμ fraction. The Eadie-Hofstee plot showed two phases: one with a low and another with a high Kmvalue.The apparent Kmvalues for the cytosol were 0.035 ± 0.022 and 0.88 ± 0.36 mM. The kinetic pattern of purified GSTμ is consistent with that found in the cytosol.
UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984-1987: Results for 1985
Authors: Quinn M.J. , Delves H.T. 
Published: December 2008

The Department of the Environment (DOE) has undertaken an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1 January 1986. The 2500 participants in the study include adults living in heavily trafficked urban areas and in occupational groups particularly exposed to petrol lead; children aged 6-7 years attending schools in heavily trafficked urban areas; and control groups of adults and children in rural areas. Blood samples (all venous) are being analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts are being made to ensure the validity of the analytical results during the period of the study. Average blood lead concentrations in 1984 and 1985 in both adults and children were generally low and were in line with levels expected on the basis of earlier surveys; only a very small proportion of individuals had raised levels. Detailed statistical analyses have confirmed that blood lead concentrations are related to a range of personal, social and environmental factors including age, sex and smoking and drinking habits. Blood lead levels in the exposed groups of adults and children were on average just under 1 μg/ 100 ml lower in 1985 than in 1984, while overall changes in the police and control groups were smaller; there was, however, considerable variability in the changes in the individual surveys, particularly those of children. Levels fell in all social classes and in both categories of age of dwelling, but changes tended to be less marked in those who were older (particularly for men), smoked more, drank more or had lived for more than 15 years at their current address.
The Metabolism of Ceramic and Non-ceramic Forms of Uranium Dioxide after Deposition in the Rat Lung
Authors: Stradling G.N. , Stather J.W. , Gray S.A. , Moody J.C. , Hodgson A. , Sedgwick D. , Cooke N. 
Published: December 2008

Ceramic and non-ceramic forms of uranium dixoide, produced industrially, were administered to rats either by inhalation or as an aqueous suspension which was injected directly into the pulmonary region of the lungs. The results showed that: 1 both materials should be assigned to inhalation class Y as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection; 2 whilst the translocation of uranium to the blood for the non-ceramic UO2 was about twice that obtained for the ceramic form, the two dioxides were unlikely to be differentiated on the basis of their lung retention kinetics; 3 the distribution of uranium amongst body tissues and the relationship between systemic content and cumulative urinary excretion indicated that it was transported in the hexavalent form; 4 in addition to air sampling procedures, lung radioactivity counting measurements could be used to advantage for assessing occupational exposures; 5 the exposure limits should be based on radiation dose rather than chemical toxicity.
Characterization of Lymphocyte Stimulation by Phorbol Related Compounds
Authors: Dewdney R.S. , Soper C.J. , Anderson D. 
Published: December 2008

1 The stimulation of ( 3H)-thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes in response to phorbol and seven other phorbol related compounds was investigated. 2 Lymphocytes from each of a small group of individuals were treated with the test compounds over wide concentration ranges. 3 All the tested compounds, including the most active, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, were far less effective lymphocyte mitogens than the plant lectin phytohaemagglutinin. 4 Inter-individual differences were detected in the maximum response to the phorbols but not in their stimulating potency, as estimated by the concentration producing a half maximal response. 5 The rank order of the lymphocyte stimulating potency of the tested compounds was similar to the rank order of both tumour promoting activity and irritant potency in mouse skin. 6 Lymphocyte stimulation was paralleled equally well by these two mouse skin responses.
Specific Treatment of Benzodiazepine Overdose
Authors: Lheureux P. , Askenasi R. 
Published: December 2008

Intentional benzodiazepine (BZD) overdose is usually a benign condition frequently encountered in the emergency department of hospital. Twenty-one patients, who were suspected of BZD overdose, were treated with the antagonist of the central type BZD-receptors Ro 15-1788. Samples for toxicological analysis were taken before and after treatment. The patients were divided into three groups. In the first group (pure BZD overdose, n = 9), rapid and complete awakening was observed in all the patients (9/9) with 3.5 ± 1.5 mg Ro 15-1788. In the second group of patients with multiple drugs poisoning (including BZD, n = 6), CNS depression improved in all the patients despite incomplete awakening. In the last group (n = 6), where no BZD were detected in toxicological samples, none of the comatous patients improved significantly during Ro 15-1788 administration, except one patient with pure ethanol intoxication. No undesirable effects are reported, except mild transitory withdrawal syndrome in three cases following rapid injection. This study supports the introduction of Ro 15-1788 as a useful antidote in the diagnosis and the treatment of drug-induced coma.
Severe Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Poisoning. Kinetics and Metabolic Pattern
Authors: Rambourg-Schepens M.O. , Buffet M. , Bertault R. , Jaussaud M. , Journe B. , Fay R. , Lamiable D. 
Published: December 2008

A case of severe poisoning with ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE) after massive ingestion is described. Deep coma, metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, haemoglobinuria, oxaluria and a transitory rise in the serum creatinine level were observed. The elimination of the various metabolites butoxyacetic acid and oxalate was assessed in urine and a metabolic pattern for EGBE is suggested.
Microbial Amino Acid Metabolites and Bladder Cancer: No Evidence of Promoting Activity in Man
Authors: Renwick A.G. , Thakrar A. , Lawrie C.A. , George C.F. 
Published: December 2008

1 Indole, p-cresol and phenol are microbial amino acid metabolites which show co-carcinogenic or promoting activity in animal studies. Their involvement in the development of human bladder cancer has been determined by measuring the urinary excretion of indican (indoxyl sulphate) and conjugated phenols. 2 Thirty-two patients (22 males, 10 females) with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the urinary bladder and a similar number of age and sex matched controls took part in the study. The excretion of indican, p-cresol and phenol showed wide interindividual variability, but did not differ significantly between the two groups. 3 The findings indicate that these endogenous metabolites do not contribute significantly to the development of human bladder cancer.
The Relationship between Plasma Ibuprofen Concentrations and Toxicity in Acute Ibuprofen Overdose
Authors: Jenkinson M.L. , Fitzpatrick R. , Streete P.J. , Volans G.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 The information available from the literature and from a prospective survey of ibuprofen overdose being undertaken by the London centre of the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) was examined utilizing the Generalized Linear Interactive Modelling (GLIM) statistical computing package. 2 This confirmed that timed ibuprofen plasma concentrations were related to the symptoms of tachycardia, dizziness, tinnitus, ocular symptoms and coma/stupor as well as to reversible renal impairment and plasma hepatic enzyme elevation. 3 The best model of the relationship between symptomatic toxicity and timed ibuprofen plasma concentrations, was an exponential equation in time. Because of the lack of specificity or sensitivity in this model, and absence of demonstrable clinical advantages from its application, we do not recommend its use as a guide to predict toxicity. 4 However analysis of a larger information base utilizing similar methodology could, by increasing the statistical power of the resultant model, provide a useful means of predicting ibuprofen toxicity. 5 A previously postulated relationship between post-ingestion ibuprofen plasma concentrations and toxicity was not confirmed.
Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Complications of Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Talbot A.R. , Barnes M.R. 
Published: December 2008

The effect of radiotherapy on the pulmonary damage caused by paraquat (24% solution of 1,1'dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride) was investigated in a preliminary series of nine patients. Paraquat intoxication was diagnosed by quantitative analysis of urine and plasma using colorimetry after extraction of a cation exchange column. The irradiation was given as a planned procedure from day 2 in cases 1 to 7, and after changes in chest X-ray were recognized in cases 8 and 9. A cobalt-60 unit with opposed anterior and posterior portals was used to give a total dose of 12.50 Gy (uncorrected) over 10 fractions, sparing the pericardium and mediastinum as much as possible. Each fraction consisted of 1.25 Gy (125 rad) given once a day, alternating between the left and right lungs. Radiological diagnosis consisted of clear chest X-rays (cases 2 to 4), pulmonary oedema (cases 7 and 9) and interstitial infiltrates (cases 1, 5, 6 and 8). Cases 1, 5, and 8 survived. Case 8 had residual interstitial infiltrates three months after ingestion but these had cleared one month later, suggesting that the diagnosis of irreversible fibrosis should only be made after a follow-up period of at least one year. The results have failed to show a definite benefit, but do support the fact that radiotherapy should be assessed carefully in a randomized trial which is now in progress.