bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma biochemical reference intervals for koi
Authors: Palmeiro Brian S. , Rosenthal Karen L. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Shofer Frances S. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To assess reproducibility of an in-house tabletop biochemical analyzer for measurement of plasma biochemical analytes and establish reference intervals in adult koi.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—71 healthy adult koi.
Procedures—Plasma was analyzed for concentrations or activities of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bile acids, BUN, calcium, cholesterol, creatine kinase, γ-glutamyltransferase, globulin, glucose, K, Na, P, total bilirubin, total protein, and uric acid. Duplicate samples were evaluated by use of the intraclass correlation coefficient to determine reproducibility. To assess the magnitude of differences between replicate samples, the absolute mean difference, SD, and minimum and maximum values were calculated for each analyte. Median values and reference intervals were calculated.
Results—Intraclass correlation coefficient values were excellent for all analytes except alanine aminotransferase (good), Na (poor), γ-glutamyltransferase (poor), and P (poor). Reference intervals were established.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The in-house tabletop biochemical analyzer had good precision for measuring most plasma biochemical analytes. Further research and comparison with other reference procedures are needed before reference intervals and precision can be established for globulin, Na, P, K, and albumin. Aquatic veterinarians may be able to use the reference intervals for adult koi as an important diagnostic tool or as part of a fish wellness program, as commonly done in other domestic species.
Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: A perspective
Authors: Zdravkov Borislav , Čermák Jiří , Šefara Martin , Janků Josef 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Classification of pores is one of the basic requisites of comprehensive characterization of porous solids. There are various categorizations of pores described in the literature, but it is difficult to give a consistent global classification of porous substances including catalysts, adsorbents, oxides, carbons, zeolites, organic polymers, soils etc. The purpose of each of these classifications is to organize pores in classes by grouping them on the basis of their common characteristics like structure, size, accessibility, shape etc. In this study, a summary of the most used classifications of porous materials is done. Some common properties or behavior for individual classifications could be found, but many differences mainly in pore size are still subject of intensive discussions. Therefore, it is the purpose of this review to provide a general description of the concept and classification of pores in porous solids, to deal with complexity of the matter and to organise our knowledge in decision-making proccesses of pore characteristics determination.
Ultracentrifugation studies of the location of the site involved in the interaction of pig heart lactate dehydrogenase with acidic phospholipids at low pH. A comparison with the muscle form of the enzyme
Authors: Terlecki Grzegorz , Czapińska Elżbieta , Hotowy Katarzyna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the pig heart interacts with liposomes made of acidic phospholipids most effectively at low pH, close to the isoelectric point of the protein (pH = 5.5). This binding is not observed at neutral pH or high ionic strength. LDH-liposome complex formation requires an absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and adenine nucleotides in the interaction environment. Their presence limits the interaction of LDH with liposomes in a concentration-dependent manner. This phenomenon is not observed for pig skeletal muscle LDH. The heart LDH-liposome complexes formed in the absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and adenine nucleotides are stable after the addition of these substances even in millimolar concentrations. The LDH substrates and studied nucleotides that inhibit the interaction of pig heart LDH with acidic liposomes can be ordered according to their effectiveness as follows: NADH > NAD > ATP = ADP > AMP > pyruvate. The phosphorylated form of NAD (NADP), nonadenine nucleotides (GTP, CTP, UTP) and lactate are ineffective. Chemically cross-linked pig heart LDH, with a tetrameric structure stable at low pH, behaves analogously to the unmodified enzyme, which excludes the participation of the interfacing parts of subunits in the interaction with acidic phospholipids. The presented results indicate that in lowered pH conditions, the NADH-cofactor binding site of pig heart LDH is strongly involved in the interaction of the enzyme with acidic phospholipids. The contribution of the ATP/ADP binding site to this process can also be considered. In the case of pig skeletal muscle LDH, neither the cofactor binding site nor the subunit interfacing areas seem to be involved in the interaction.
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission
Authors: Schetz John A. , Sibley David R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDopamine is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems where it regulates numerous physiological processes. Within the CNS, dopamine is known to regulate emotion, reward, cognition, memory, endocrine functions, and motor control. Alterations in dopaminergic transmission are known to be involved in the etiology and/or therapy of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and substance use. One of the hallmarks of these disorders is that they are all treated with drugs that either enhance or impede dopaminergic transmission. Dopamine exerts its effects by binding to and activating five different receptor proteins that are members of the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family. These five receptors are made up of two subfamilies: D1‐like D2‐like. The D1and D5receptors comprise the D1‐like subfamily while the D2, D3and D4receptors make up the D2‐like subfamily. In general, the D1‐like receptors stimulate the production of the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP whereas D2‐like receptors suppress cAMP production and also couple to additional signaling pathways. Different therapeutic agents are known to selectively activate or inhibit each of the dopamine receptor subtypes. A current goal of medicinal chemists is to develop drugs with even greater selectivity or specific mixed properties for the treatment of brain disorders that are associated with aberrations in various dopaminergic signaling pathways.
Serotonin Systems
Authors: Gray John A. , Roth Bryan L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe serotonin (5‐HT) system is reviewed starting from the early history of 5‐HT. There is a review of the biosynthesis, degradation, and synaptic reuptake of 5‐HT as well as the neuroanatomy of the 5‐HT system. The roles of these pathways in disease and therapeutic interventions are discussed. The focus of this chapter is on the multiple 5‐HT receptors, their history, anatomical and subcellular localization, signaling pathways, and importance in behavior, neuropsychiatric disorders and psychopharmacology.
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Bleakman David , Alt Andrew , Lodge David , Monaghan Daniel T. , Jane David E. , Nisenbaum Eric S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince their discovery in the 1950s, ionotropic glutamate receptors represent a class of receptor proteins that mediate fast excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. In this chapter, we describe the extensive studies of agents that act at the various subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptor and how these agents have been used to delineate the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these receptors.
Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Belmaker R. H. , Agam G. , Lenox R. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGiven the complexity of the interaction of the physiological, genetic and environmental factors driving the clinical expression of bipolar disorder phenotypes, its neurobiology is yet to be unraveled and avenues to new pharmacotherapies are just beginning to be explored. The present chapter describes the latest findings from studies of the mechanism of action of our most effective treatments, i.e., lithium and anticonvulsants, as well as ongoing multidisciplinary research in this field utilizing not only genetic, neuroimaging, and peripheral biological markers in patient populations but also postmortem neuroanatomical and neurochemical approaches. The data to‐date do not provide a comprehensive description of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder or the mechanisms for mood‐stabilization. Enhanced understanding of the long‐term prophylactic action of drugs like lithium in the brain and current advances in the combined use of neuroimaging and genetics will lead to important insights into the neurobiology of the disease and to a rational basis for the development of the novel antibipolar drugs of the future.
Emerging Anxiolytics: Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Grigoriadis Dimitri E. , Hoare Samuel R. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the potential of the corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) system as a target for novel therapeutics in anxiety, depression and stress‐related disorders. CRF is the principle physiological regulator of an organism's response to stress. The authors provide a detailed description of the endogenous receptors and peptide ligands in this family as well as a review of the current non‐peptide small molecule antagonists that may yield the first proof of concept for this system in disease. A detailed analysis of the mechanisms of peptide and non‐peptide interactions with the receptor are presented utilizing various pharmacological and molecular methodologies including radioligand binding, receptor/ligand interactions and mutational studies that have defined specific features of small molecule antagonist interaction with this Class‐B GPCR that differ significantly from the interactions of its endogenous peptides. The findings provide evidence for non‐overlapping sites of action and imply that nonpeptide antagonists act in an allosteric manner to inhibit the function and binding of the endogenous peptides. Current efforts and future strategies for the further development of these novel molecules for neuropsychiatric and stress‐related disorders are discussed.
Dopamine and Glutamate Hypotheses of Schizophrenia
Authors: Moghaddam Bita , Homayoun Houman 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe original dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that psychosis is associated with a hyperactive dopamine transmission. This hypothesis has been revised through the years to account for the cognitive and negative symptoms that are increasingly recognized as the core features of schizophrenia. The critical support for this hypothesis stems from the fact that until recently it was assumed that all antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors; however, decades of research have failed to provide solid evidence for a primary dopaminergic disruption in schizophrenia. An alternative hypothesis, based on glutamate transmission, was developed after discovering that the psychotomimetic agent phencyclidine is an antagonist of glutamate NMDA receptors. Further clinical and basic research has provided support for the notion that various genetic and cellular susceptibility factors in schizophrenia may converge at the level of NMDA receptor dysfunction. This hypothesis predicts that a disrupted glutamatergic transmission causes the core cognitive deficits of schizophrenia and may lead to a secondary disruption in dopamine transmission that in turn causes psychosis. This hypothesis has provided novel therapeutic targets for schizophrenia that modulate glutamatergic transmission through a number of mechanisms including metabotropic and AMPA receptors and glycine modulatory site on NMDA receptors.
Postmortem Brain Studies: Focus on Susceptibility Genes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Mathew Shiny V. , Mitkus Shruti N. , Lipska Barbara K. , Hyde, Thomas M. , Kleinman Joel E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe discovery of allelic variations in a number of genes that increase the risk for schizophrenia has led to numerous postmortem brain studies designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on seven susceptibility genes (COMT, DTNBP1, GRM3, DISC1, NRG1, GAD1 and RGS4) and several of their molecular interactions. Studies of schizophrenia at this genetic/molecular level offer the hope of improved understanding of etiology/pathophysiology and new targets for treatment.
Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia
Authors: Sharif Zafar , Miyamoto Seiya , Lieberman Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntipsychotic medications remain the foundation of pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. Although there has been significant progress over the past decade resulting in the introduction of several new agents, all currently available antipsychotics modulate brain dopamine systems and can essentially be classified into two groups: conventional (first‐generation) and atypical (second‐generation) antipsychotics. Many of the second‐generation antipsychotics are believed to offer advantages over first‐generation agents in the treatment for schizophrenia. However, the pharmacological properties that confer the different therapeutic effects of the new generation of antipsychotic drugs have remained elusive, and certain side effects can still impact patient health and quality of life. Moreover, the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs is limited prompting the cIinical use of adjunctive pharmacotherapy to augment the effects of treatment. In addition, the search for novel and nondoparninergic antipsychotic drugs has not been successful to date, though numerous development strategies continue to be pursued, guided by various pathophysiologic hypotheses. This article provides a review and critique of the current therapeutic armamentarium for treating schizophrenia and drug development strategies and theories of mechanisms of action of antipsychotics, and focuses on novel targets for therapeutic agents for future drug development.
Nicotine
Authors: Buchhalter August R. , Fant Reginald V. , Henningfield Jack E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNicotine pharmacology is of interest due to its importance in understanding structure and function of the nervous system, the potential of nicotinic modulating drugs in treating a wide range of disorders, and due to the public health impact of nicotine‐driven tobacco use and disease. This chapter includes two sections: one on the pharmacology of nicotine and one on the pharmacological treatment of nicotine dependence and withdrawal. Implications for public health policy also are discussed briefly. Topics presented in the pharmacology of nicotine section include nicotine receptors and their functional adaptations, neurosubstrates of nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal, and nicotine pharmacokinetics. Topics presented in the pharmacological treatment section include nicotine and non‐nicotine based pharmacotherapies, their mechanism(s) of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Psychostimulants
Authors: Howell Leonard L. , Kimmel Heather L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPsychstimulants are a broadly defined class of drugs that stimulate the central and peripheral nervous systems as their primary pharmacological effect. The abuse liability of psychostimulants is well established and represents a significant public health concern. An extensive literature documents the critical importance of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) in the behavioral pharmacology and addictive properties of psychostimulants. In particular, dopamine plays a primary role in the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in animals and humans. However, there is a growing body of evidence that highlights complex interactions among additional neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, and neuropeptide systems. Cortical glutamatergic systems provide important regulation of dopamine function, and inhibitory amino acid ?‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems can modulate basal dopamine and glutamate release. Psychostimulants also activate the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis and thereby engage neuroendocrine systems linked to stress reactivity. Finally, endogenous neuropeptide systems, including opioids and neurotensin, appear to play an important role in the neuropharmacology of psychostimulants. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants can lead to robust and enduring changes in neurobiological substrates and corresponding changes in sensitivity to acute drug effects on neurochemistry and behavior. It is important to emphasize that some neurobiological changes are not evident when drug administration is terminated but actually emerge during the period of drug withdrawal. Significant advances in the understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychostimulant abuse and dependence have guided pharmacological treatment strategies to improve clinical outcome. In particular, functional agonist treatments may be used effectively to stabilize neurochemistry and behavior. In addition, medications that target glutamatergic and GABAergic function are reasonable candidates that have received significant attention. However, additional clinical studies are required in order to identify safe and efficacious pharmacotherapies.
Marijuana: Pharmacology and Interaction with the Endocannabinoid System
Authors: Wiley Jenny L. , Martin Billy R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMarijuana is one of the most widely used illicit psychoactive substances in the U.S. Recently, negative perceptions of marijuana as an abused substance have been tempered somewhat by the idea that it may also have medicinal properties. Regardless of perception of marijuana, however, investigation of its active substituents and their mechanism of action led to the discovery of an endocannabinoid system that is activated by marijuana as well as by several endogenous cannabinoids, including anandamide and 2‐arachidonylglycerol. In this chapter, we review the pharmacology of marijuana and discuss how its interaction with the endocannabinoid system may have implications for understanding the physiology of this system.
Neuronal Pathways for Pain Processing
Authors: Pasternak Gavril W. , Zhang Yahong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPain remains a prominent factor in all facets of medicine. Pain helps maintain the safety and integrity of subjects by alerting them to potential injury. Pathways that transmit nociceptive stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system have been studied extensively. However, situations exist where survival may depend upon minimizing or ignoring pain. A major function of the sensory nervous system is its ability to filter sensory input. The vast array of sensation from all modalities makes it essential for the individual to focus upon a selected few and to place others in the background. Thus, it is not surprising that the nervous system has developed a highly complex system to “filter,” or modulate, the perception of pain.
Melatonin Receptors in Central Nervous System
Authors: Dubocovich Margarita L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe functional role of melatonin receptors in the mammalian central nervous system and their therapeutic potential is discussed. Melatonin, dubbed the “hormone of darkness,” is produced primarily in the pineal gland and retina following circadian rhythms with high levels of night. The chapter describes the structure, molecular pharmacology, signaling, and function of the MT1 and MT2 mammalian melatonin receptors. This is followed by discussion of recent advances in the regulation of melatonin receptor sensitivity and its role in circadian rhythm modulation by the circadian timing system. Recent advances in the discovery and development of therapeutic agents targeting melatonin receptors for the treatment of insomnia, circadian rhythm dysfunctions, and depression are also highlighted.
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Authors: Wafford Keith A. , Whiting Paul J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInsomnia is a disorder of significant prevalence. In this chapter we describe current pharmacological treatments for this disorder. We also describe current understanding of the γ‐aminobutyric acid type A neurotransmitter receptor system, through which most currently prescribed hypnotics and sedatives exert their activity. Finally, we discuss the current knowledge of the neural pathways in the brain that mediate sleep. An increased understanding of both the molecular and neural systems that underlie sleep processes will be central to the development of new, improved therapies.
Vapor Sorption and Electrical Response of Au‐Nanoparticle– Dendrimer Composites
Authors: Krasteva N. , Fogel Y. , Bauer R. E. , Müllen K. , Joseph Y. , Matsuzawa N. , Yasuda A. , Vossmeyer T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFilms comprising Au nanoparticles and polyphenylene dendrimers (first and second generation) are deposited onto transducer substrates via layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly and characterized by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Their sorption behavior is studied by measuring the uptake of solvents from the vapor phase with quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The resistance of the films is simultaneously monitored. Both sensor types, QCMs and chemiresistors, give qualitatively very similar response isotherms that are consistent with a combination of Henry‐ and Langmuir‐type sorption processes. The sorption‐induced increase in relative differential resistance scales linearly with the amount of analyte accumulated in the films. This result is in general agreement with an activated tunneling process for charge transport, if little swelling and only small changes in the permittivity of the film occur during analyte sorption (a first‐order approximation). The relative sensitivity of the films to different solvents decreases in the order toluene ≈ tetrachloroethylene > 1‐propanol ≫ water. Films containing the larger second‐generation dendrimers show higher sensitivity than films containing first‐generation dendrimers.
Integrated product and process control of Single‐Input‐Single‐Output systems
Authors: Xiao Jie , Huang Yinlun , Qian Yu , Lou Helen H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn many chemical and allied manufacturing systems, product quality is controlled based on postprocess quality inspection on sampled final products. Statistical analysis of the identified quality problems is then utilized to improve process operation, and thus the quality of succeeding products. Although this type of reactive quality control (QC) is necessary, it is not only inefficient because it “waits for” the occurrence of product quality problems, but also ineffective due to usually a significant time lag from problem identification, through solution derivation, to action taking. Furthermore, the derived solutions for problem solving are mostly heuristic in nature. This paper introduces a proactive product QC approach, which is established based on the concept of integrated product and process (IPP) control. Aiming at simultaneous dynamic control of process operation and product manufacturing, this approach ensures all‐time systematic control of both process performance and product quality. From the view point of both process control and product control, it is shown that IPP control can be realized by resorting to a well known scheme, cascade control. The IPP control problem for Single‐Input‐Single‐Output systems can be formulated rigorously, and the control laws can be identified readily. A synthesized IPP control system can effectively reject disturbances on the process and the product, and have excellent set‐point tracking capability, regardless of the type of interaction between the process and the product. The efficacy and attractiveness of the IPP control system design methodology are demonstrated through two types of case studies. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007