bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations Into the Monuments of the Scythian Period From the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe (1980-1990)
Authors: Skoryj S.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExcavations on the right bank of the Dnieper have focused on the basins of the Tyasmin and Ross' rivers in the Kiev and Cherkassy regions. Here there has been intensive excavation of burial mounds (complexes at Tsvetkovo/Zhabotin/Flyarkovo, Lisovichi/Petrovskoe, Ivanovka/Stanislavchik/Ksaverovo/Yasnogore'e, Medvin), less intensive investigation of settlements (Mlynok, Kanev, Matroninskoe). On the left bank of the Dnieper research has concentrated on the Vorskla basin (Poltava region) and in the Cherkassy region. Here settlements (e.g. Bel'skoe/Helon) have received more attention than burials (e.g. at Gladkovshchina).
Ancient Glass: Studies By Scholars From Russia and the Sovereign States of the Caucasus
Authors: Sorokina Nina P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe author surveys the literature in Russian relating to the study of Roman glass vessels from the North Pontic area and the Caucasus, in particular for the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s which has seen a revival of interest in glass as a source for the history of the Classical states in the area.
The Archaeological Collection of the Yalta Historical-Literary Museum
Authors: Novichenkova Nataliya G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFounded in 1892 and now containing ca. 11,000 pieces, the Yalta museum draws on pre-Revolutionary private collections, especially of Classical objects obtained locally and abroad, as well as on objects associated with the Mountain and Southern regions of the Crimea, acquired more systematically as a result of archaeological excavations and chance finds in the region. The most important pre-Revolutionary collection, that of Grand Prince Alexander Mikhajlovich, still contains-despite the destruction of WW II-more than 50 amphoras and 500 other ceramic pieces, especially of Archaic Corinthian and Samian ware. The museum houses many finds from pre-War excavations, e.g. from the Balim-Kosh site (ca. 20,000 Neolithic artefacts) and from the Roman legionary fortress at Charax. The creation after WW II of an Archaeological Department of the Museum has led to a 5-fold increase in the size of its collection. This now includes finds from late classical and early medieval burial grounds (Aj-Todor, Alushta, Druzhnoe, Verkhynaya Oreandal, the Gothic necropolis near Goluboj Zaliv, and the Mesolithic complex of Cape of Trinity I. The most important addition has been of more than 5000 objects from the sanctuary excavated in the past decade at the pass of Gurzufskoe Sedlo, which was in use from the Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. Its heyday was 1st cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D. and from this period date the overwhelming majority of finds of bronze and silver statuettes, glass, metal instruments, ceramics, arms and coins. Such material provides a rare insight into all of the main phases of Crimean history and coins and other objects from the site have formed the subject of a recent exhibition in the museum.
Lapis Lazuli From the East: a Stamp Seal in the British Museum
Authors: Collon Dominique 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article deals with the interpretation of two images on the lapis lazuli stamp seal from the Western Asiatic Department of Antiquities in the British Museum. The author compares the images with scenes on Shahdad "standard", on bifacial disc from eastern Iran and on fragments of steatite vases from Louvre and the British Museum, and comes to the conclusion that the figure with a sidelock is a male personage, the other one is a female. Links with the art of south-eastern Iran put the stamp seal in the context of the Trans-Elamite culture, about 2550-2250 B.C.
Pour Un Apprentissage «Environnemental» De L'Arabe
Authors: Dichy Joseph 
Published: April 2008

Abstract«... Car je n'étais plus un bébé sans parole, mais un petit garçon qui parlait. Cela, je m'en souviens, et depuis j'ai observé comment j'ai appris à le faire. Ce ne sont pas mes aînés qui m'ont enseigné les mots ... d'une façon méthodique. Mais moi, aspirant par des cris, des sanglots et divers mouvements de mes membres, à exprimer tout ce que je voulais à qui je voulais, je me suis moi-même, grâce à l'entendement que vous, mon Dieu, m'avez donné, entraîné à pratiquer les sons contenus dans ma mémoire ... Et ainsi, en entendant continuellement des mots apparaissant dans diverses phrases, j'ai graduellement saisi ce qu'ils représentaient, et, pliant ma bouche à ces signes, j'ai pu donner une expression à mon désir. Alors j'ai pu échanger avec mes proches ces signes courants de nos désirs, et j'ai dès lors plongé dans les profondeurs orageuses des relations humaines...» (Saint-Augustin, les Confessions.)
Angelology and the Supernal Worlds in the Aramaic Targums To the Prophets
Authors: Kasher Rimmon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOur goal was to try and examine the degree to which the different Targums to the books of the Prophets-Targum Jonathan and the Toseftot Targum-do or do not represent a unified attitude to angels and the angelic world. There is no doubt that both TJ and the TTs take the existence of angels for granted; but it is equally clear that TJ adopts a more cautious, reserved, approach than the TTs. Indeed, the TTs are intensely curious about the supernal world. Despite the fact that they derive from a variety of sources and differ quite widely in their language and function, it is undeniable that fifteen of them display such an interest. Moreover, these fifteen instances constitute a representative sample of the different sources and are therefore adequate to indicate a trend shared by the Toseftot Targum as a whole.69 Moreover, I would say that the difference is not one of quantity alone, but also of substance-not only is the number of references larger, but their content is quite different. Unlike TJ to Prophets, the TTs furnish us with the names of no less than seven angels: Uriel, Gabriel, Metatron, Michael, Samael, Penuel and the Angel of Death. The number of groups or categories of angels mentioned in the TTs is also greater. While TJ mentions only such groups as "angels of fire," "angels of trembling," "heavenly angels" and "angels of wind," the TTs refer to still other groups: "cruel angels," "angels of wrath," "angels of peace" and "angels of fear" (in addition to those mentioned in TJ, which also appear in TTs). And such expressions as "his attendants" (smšwhy) or "officers" (srky¸) also occur in the TTs but not in TJ.
Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition
Authors: Gow Andrew 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGog and Magog, the apocalyptic destroyers prophesied in the book of Revelations, gave concrete expression to the apocalyptic climate that dominated medieval thinking about the future-and the present. They permeated medieval texts and appeared in most maps of the world. Historians are coming to understand medieval and early modern world maps not primarily as rather primitive technical tools but as cultural documents. Such maps expressed in graphic form the world view(s) of medieval elites (princely, scholarly, mercantile). The traditional contents of mappaemundi and early printed maps place them firmly in the tradition of medieval learning, yet they show signs very early on of skeptical and "empirical" questioning directed at received (mainly ancient) wisdom concerning the existence, location, population, and qualities of traditional cartographic *topoi (e.g., the kingdom of Prester John). As Renaissance source-scholarship, rules of evidence, and overseas exploration reshaped cartography, world maps underwent both a rapid transformation into sources of up-to-date information and a certain retrenchment of traditional contents, especially in distant and marginal areas. Gog and Magog are among the principal remnants of the medieval dream of the world. They appear, often with reference to Marco Polo, on world maps well into the seventeenth century. Early modern Europeans continued to view much of the world through medieval lenses.
Muscovy and the "General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century"
Authors: Crummey Robert O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article discusses the applicability of the concept of the "general crisis of the seventeenth century" to Russia. The author begins by reviewing the literature on the "general crisis," particularly the contributions that potentially throw the most light on Russia's historical experience. Jack Goldstone's new book, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World, receives particular attention. The author argues that Goldstone's multi-causal, but ultimately new-Malthusian model is not helpful in explaining Russian developments: insofar as historians understand them, demographic trends in seventeenth-century Russia do not support Goldstone's arguments. In more general terms, the author concludes that a number of contributions to the debate on the "general crisis" do help to explain Russian events. In fact, Russia had two profound crises that display important parallels with simultaneous events elsewhere in Europe- the Time of the Troubles (1598-1613) and the crisis of 1648-49. The former was the most severe of the many European crises of the 1590s. The latter was, in essence, a revolt of taxpayers against the rapidly increasing demands of an absolutist state. Although the rebels did not overthrow Tsar Alexis' regime, his government, in response, took important steps toward more effective absolute rule, most importantly the full enserfment of the manorial peasantry.
Towards a Social History of Art: Defining "Mozarabic"
Authors: Hilsdale Cecily 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMedieval Spanish art posed a particular problem for art historians due to the difficulty in reconciling strcmg formal differences between perceived Classicism on the one hand and foreign "Mozarabic" elements on the other. The connotations of such formal designations reveal much about larger perceptions of historical development at the beginning of this century. The term "Mozarabic" in early essays by Meyer Schapiro among others attained its definition solely in opposition to other earlier and later styles. It was understood in a pejorative light as the inferior counterpart to other formal idioms such as the Romanesque.
Orientalism and Crusader Art: Constructing a New Caanon
Authors: Ghorgopoulou Maria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article argues that we need to question the Orientalist ideology that draws boundaries between the study of crusader art and that of the neighboring Muslim states. Two unusual Ayyubid glass beakers, now in the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, are shown to contain Christian images. These images are placed within a landscape showcasing the major monuments in Jerusalem: the Dome of the Rock, the Holy Sepulchre, and the Tower of David, to highlight the significance of the sites for the viewer/patron. When these two beakers are compared with rnetalwork made in an Islamic style but depicting Christian scenes, it becomes clear that they were not as rare as we may think. Indeed, they prompt us to rethink our preconsumptions about daily life in the crusader kingdoms and to reassess the workings of the multiethnic market spaces of the Levant. The beakers may have served a foreign clicntele, but most probably were made for local Christian communities. Furthermore, these pieces allow us to study the processes of transference of tastes and techniques to the West.
The Genizah and Jewish Liturgy: Past Achievements and a Current Project
Authors: Reif Stefan C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSchechter appreciated the significance of his liturgical finds in the Genizah but important contributions were carlier made in Oxford by Adolf Neubauer, and his nephew, Adolf Büchler. Publication of such fragments progressed in Europe, and leading figures were Ismar Elbogen and Jacob Mann. In the U.S.A., Louis Finkelstein attempted to reconstruct the "original" Second Temple versions of the amidah and the grace after meals. More recently, Naphtali Wieder has analysed hundreds of fragments that permit comparisons of the Palestinian and Babylonian rites while Ezra Fleischer has questioned Joseph Heinemann's theory about the existence of equally valid alternatives of the standard prayers in the talmudic period, and produced a major monograph on Eretz-Israel customs. Note should be taken of variant methodologies, of the contributions of younger scholars, and of new theories inspired by a century of Genizah finds. One of the remaining questions, being dealt with by Reif, assesses how the physical medium has affected the development of content. Recent research traces how the single leaf evolved into the codex, how the private individual became the professional scribe, and how brief and provisional notes turned into formal, and virtually canonized, prayer-books.
Discourse analysis within the study of religion: Processes of change in ancient Greece
Authors: Albinus Lars 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim is to show how formations of discourse can be seen as the subject matter for the historian of religions, drawing on structuralist and hermeneutic approaches. Although these may differ on important theoretical and methodological issues, I find the way in which they correspond, namely by pointing to the topic of discourse as their field of investigation, even more important. In this article a discourse is understood as a framework of communication, and the focus is laid upon religious discourse as a special kind of authorization. In ancient Greece, for example, "authors" such as Homer and Orpheus were the authorities of two different discursive traditions. The analysis of discourse can present us with a view of how certain frames of communication were interacting by means of contest, and how, eventually, it was the very strategy of authorization that was contested. Hence, what has often been seen as a paradigmatic shift from mythos to logos could more fruitfully be viewed from a discursive angle than from a perspective of different mentalities. Discourse analysis, as presented in this article, is a way of coming to terms with the process of transformation by regarding dynamic properties of communication, that is, as interrelated strategies on connected levels of system and event.
A Psychological Comparison of Ritual and Musical Meaning
Authors: Baranowski Ann 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article offers a theory of cognition and meaning of patterns in time. In religion, many practices are patterned in time such as ritual, chanting, meditation, and mantras. The study of ritual meaning has tended to look for meaning in the context of ritual and that to which the content supposedly refers. However, a large body of ethnographic data shows that ritual participants do not tend to understand the meaning of their rituals referentially. The aim of this article is to give an account of this data by showing how temporal patterns might be understood as meaningful in a non-referential sense. It looks for meaning in the form of ritual, that is, the temporal patterns themselves. I first argue that all patterns in time are understood in cognitively identical ways. If this is the case, then theories of the cognition and meaning of music would apply equally well to the study of the cognition and meaning of temporal patterns in religion. Theories of the cognitive realization of tonal/rhythmic patterns in music and the resulting meaning are presented and shown to be relevant to the study of ritual. The article ends with some final, more speculative thoughts on how meaning on this formal, non-referential level may fulfill a biological need.
Der Erste Kritiker Marxens
Authors: Hirsch Rudolf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAm 26. Juni 1956 wiederholte sich zum hundertsten Male der Todestag Max Stirners. Durch das Erscheinen seines Werkes "Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum", in dem er seine Zeit, die nachhegelianische Epoche, schonungslos kritisierte, war er bei den einen berühmt, bei anderen berüchtigt geworden. In neuerer Zeit lenkte er die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit vor allem durch Nietzsche und durch die posthum erschienene Kritik Marxens an seinem Werk wieder auf sich, die letzterer 1845/46 gemeinsam mit Engels verfaßte, der Zeitumstände wegen aber "der nagenden Kritik der Mäuse überlassen" mußte. Sie erschien erstmals unter dem Titel "Die deutsche Ideologie" in der Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, 1932, I. Abt., 5. Band.
Investigation, Detention and Release of Ships under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control: A View from Practice
Authors: Kiehne Gerhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MOU) shall eliminate the operation of substandard ships in the ports of Europe. It does not set up additional safety requirements. Instead, it shall help to enforce rules and standards laid down in international agreements ("relevant instruments") on ships regardless of the flag they are flying. The control is carried out by surveyors (Port State Control Officers, PSCOs) appointed by the port state authorities. Ships are selected for control with regard to the typical hazards that certain types of ships pose, and to a "rolling list" of flags with especially high detention rates. If a deficiency is found, the surveyor can impose measures ranging from an instruction to rectify them before departure, or within two weeks, or in the next port of call, to the detention of the ship. The legal basis for the detention must be found in the "relevant instruments" implemented by the domestic law of the port state. The owner or operator of the detained ship has a right of appeal. Appeal, however, does not suspend detention.
Foreign Military Activities in the Swedish Economic Zone
Authors: Mahmoudi Said 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOn 29 April 1994, the Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter published a short report about the diplomatic contacts between Sweden and the United States concerning the activities of an American military ship in the Swedish economic zone.' According to the report, the USNS Kane had some three weeks previously carried out surveys in the Swedish economic zone somewhere between the islands of Gotland and Oland. The purpose had been to study currents and other water movements on the bottom of the sea. According to the report, the Swedish coastguard had suspected marine scientific research, which required prior notification.2 The staff on the Kane had responded that the activity was in fact survey, which is distinct from marine scientific research. The military status of the vessel was also invoked as a justification of the military nature of the activity. The coastguard reported the Kane's activity to the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, which had contacted the American authorities for explanation. The Kane had left the Swedish economic zone after the completion of her mission.
Prison Health Law
Authors: Tomaševski Katarina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractComparative prison health is marked by three paradoxes: while problems are similar, responses vary a great deal; the image of the prison population as young, male and healthy is contrasted against the excessive use of health services; prison health service is criticised if standards are worse, but also if they seem better than outside prison. This text highlights current controversies in prison health, pointing to some of the main health problems in prison and outlining the pattern of responses in individual European countries, and also at the European and global level. Because many prison health issues are controversial, and these controversies are reflected in law, examples are used instead of a comparative overview. The interplay between three sources of guidance, namely law enforcement, health and human rights, has marked the recent process of change from prison into prisoners' health law, which has been based on the acceptance of equivalence as the ultimate goal. This has made a substantial change in the very approach to regulating prison health - rather than part of the penitentiary, prison health is increasingly seen as part of the health system. The acceptance of equivalence has had profound consequences for both prisoners and health professionals working in prison. The rights of patients-prisoners are not yet fully recognized, nor is their access to health care guaranteed similarly to patients at liberty, but the process of effective recognition is progressing rapidly. The health personnel in many countries retains its dual - and often conflicting - role of prison and prisoners' health service. Legislative changes have, in some countries, separated health from penitentiary law, and subsumed prison health under the general health law. Even where this has not been accomplished, the utilization of professional and ethical standards, and of human rights procedures, have contributed to their enhanced professional independence.
Ethical Aspects of Brain Research
Authors: Lucia Irccs S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTheme I: Health and Human Rights. Health and human rights in relation to children and other vulnerable groups - for example, ethnic minorities and migrants; the role of health professionals in promoting respect for human rights; discrimination on the basis of health status. Theme II: The Death Debates. Cross-cultural and comparative religion perspectives on dying; euthanasia; nurse-assisted and physician-assisted suicide; the futility debate; advance directives; transplantation ; procuring organs from heart-beating donors or anencephalic infants. Theme III: Genetics and Reproductive Technology. The nature of human identity; genome mapping; genetic manipulation and counselling ; embryo research; preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis; the legal status of embryos, fetuses, infants, and families created by assisted reproduction; fetal tissue transplants; eugenics; population ethics. Theme IV: Health, Ecology, Persons and Planet. The connections between human health and ecological health, including how concepts developed in medicine, ethics, and law might be applicable in the promotion of ecological health, and vice versa. These include resource allocation; justice (including intergenerational justice) in health care; open and closed legal systems; and concepts of trust, covenant, and quality of life.
Life and Death Decisions: "Die, my dear doctor? That's the last thing I shall do!"1
Authors: Morris Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines the current state of English law in relation to advance directives, formerly referred to as "living wills." There has been much discussion about the wisdom of allowing patients to have the right to direct what should happen in the event of their future incapacity. The article seeks to illustrate that the law already allows for anticipatory decisions which must be adhered to by health care teams. The remaining uncertainties are focused on form and scope rather than on the validity of the general principle. Reference is made in particular to the Law Commission Report on Mental Incapacity, the British Medical Association Code of Practice on Advance Statements About Medical Treatment and the Report of the House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics which dealt with the right to withhold consent to treatment.
Group rights: The definition of group rights in the contemporary legal debate based on socio-cultural analysis
Authors: Segesvary Victor 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndividuals are not atomized entities but integrated into groups thus sharing common belief- and value-systems, traditions, language, and symbolic orderings of the world. This means that groups (or communities) and their characteristics are constitutive of individual beings. This fact, which was frequently ignored in modemity, is the basis of the assertion that group rights are a sui generis category of the national and international legal regimes. However, group rights fall into two classes: quasi-group rights which are of natural (biological or accidental) origin, and group rights which correspond to the culturally and socially formed characters of groups (ethnic, national, religious, or linguistic groups) and of their members.