bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wet air oxidation of refinery spent caustic
Authors: Ellis Claude E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPetroleum as processed in a typical refinery has acid components which must either be eliminated or substantially reduced in concentration prior to the final product stage. These acid components consist of both organic and inorganic fractions. The principal inorganic components include sulfur and hydrogen sulfide, with the organic components being cresylic and napthenic acids and mercaptides. These are either components of the crude oil or are created during the refining process. Removal of these components can be accomplished by caustic scrubbing or extraction which produces water soluble salts of the acid components and effectively separates them from the hydrocarbon stream.
Biotreatment of ammonia in air by an immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea biofilter
Authors: Chung Ying‐Chien , Huang Chihpin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chemoautotrophic microorganism Nitrosomonas europaea has been utilized to remove gaseous ammonia in a continuous reactor. Extensive tests including removal characteristics, metabolic products, and removal efficiencies of ammonia by N. europaea were conducted. The operational principles governing the biofilter and the question of the heterotroph contamination were also studied. The optimum pH value and operating temperature required to effectively remove ammonia were found to be pH 7.5 and 30°C, respectively. When the diluted inlet ammonia concentration was 10 or 20 ppm, the biofilter achieved a 99% removal efficiency after 4 days of operation. However, higher ammonia inlet concentrations and heterotroph contamination resulted in a lower removal efficiency. The results showed that the maximum removal rate and apparent saturation constant were 1.11 g‐N/day/kg‐bead and 63.67 ppm, respectively. The mainly metabolic product of ammonia oxidation was determined to be nitrite, but the conversion ratio was dependent on whether the contaminations by heterotrophic bacteria were present. From an operating perspective, if the ammonia emission limit (i.e., 1 ppm) was to be achieved, the maximum inlet concentration could not exceed 75 ppm. These results suggest that the immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea biofilter provides a significant potential for treating ammonia in the gaseous phase.
Case studies of industrial partnerships in the Sarnia‐Lambton area of southern Ontario
Authors: Nisbet Michael , Venta George J. , Klein Manfred 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustries form partnerships or networks for economic reasons. These partnerships either reduce process inputs or extract some additional value from a by‐product or avoid the cost of disposing of a residual by finding a use for it. Examples of this in the Sarnia‐Lambton area are the markets developed for by‐product gypsum from flue gas scrubbing, and the cascading of steam from electric power generation. The best known case of a well developed network is at Kalundborg in Denmark where some ten industries and services are linked together to cascade steam, water, gas and a range of other by‐products in a symbiotic system. The network was assembled for economic reasons and has been in operation for more than fifteen years. The question which this study addressed is, that if certain conditions resulted in development of a network at Kalundborg, would similar conditions elsewhere result in formation of similar networks? To answer to this question, the Sarnia‐Lambton area was chosen as a mature, heavily industrialized region and a study was undertaken to analyze the extent to which partnerships and networks had formed and, if they had not, to identify the factors which prevented their formation.
Improved algorithm for estimating process emissions from batch heating
Authors: Hatfield J. Allen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn improved algorithm is proposed for more accurately estimating process emissions from chemical batch beating operations. Results using the derived algorithm are compared to those obtained from the current 1994 EPA standard calculations [1] and from the newly proposed NESHAP standards [4]. The new approach is shown to result in lower emission estimations from process vents for volatile components, especially when the final temperature is near the boiling point temperature of the liquid in the vessel.
Improved algorithm for estimating process emissions from batch depressurization
Authors: Hatfield J. Allen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn improved algorithm is proposed for more accurately estimating process emissions from chemical batch depressurization operations. Results using the derived algorithm are compared to those obtained using the current 1994 EPA standard calculations [1] and from the newly proposed NESHAP Standards [2]. The new approach is shown to result in lower emission estimations from process vents for volatile components, especially when the final pressure is near the boiling point of the liquid in the vessel.
Taking the risk out of communication: Avoiding six inhibitors to effective dialogue with the public
Authors: Dillon Barry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany environmental professionals might agree with Edmund Burke, a British statesman, who wrote, “It is a general popular error to suppose that the loudest complainers for the public to be the most anxious for its welfare.” The problem of dealing with the public is one of the greatest challenges to effective environmental program management. Adding to Burke's axiom, the author tells us that it is another popular error to suppose that the blame for this problem lies with the public. Government officials can be their own worst enemy. Some solutions have been found through university research in the field of risk communication. Much attention has been brought to risk communication principles and theories, and this article provides practical suggestions.
Fernald cleanup efforts protective of threatened and endangered species
Authors: Bixby Rebecca J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAt the Department of Energy's Fernald site near Cincinnati, Ohio, work has shifted from environmental planning to cleanup. Issues, such as threatened and endangered species at the site, have been addressed comprehensively while allowing the remediation to be completed as scheduled. From a list compiled from local databases, surveys were completed by local species experts for four plants and four animals on or near Fernald property. The results showed that the state‐threatened Sloan's crayfish resides in a stream on Fernald property, and good‐to‐excellent habitat for the federally endangered Indiana bat occurs along this same stream. Also, the category‐two federal candidate cobblestone tiger beetle was found in the nearby Great Miami River, south of the Fernald effluent line. The survey reports have been reviewed and approved by federal and state agencies and by Fernald's natural resource trustees. Protection and mitigation programs are currently being designed to address threatened and endangered species issues during Fernald's remediation.
Soil‐heating technology shown to accelerate the removal of volatile organic compounds from clay soils
Authors: Bergsman Theresa M. , Gauglitz Phillip A. , Roberts Janet S. , Schlender Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Six‐Phase Soil Heating (SPSH) technology was demonstrated to be capable of heating and remediating low‐permeability soils containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Six‐Phase Soil Heating accelerated the removal of VOCs from clay soils, removing over 99 percent of the contaminants in only 25 days. Soil temperature profiles showed that SPSH was successful in heating the targeted clay zone that contained higher levels of soil contamination. The success of SPSH has resulted in its planned use and consideration by potential commercial partners for use at private industrial and other government sites.
The hydrologic evaluation of four cover designs for hazardous waste landfills at hill air force base
Authors: Warren Ronald W. , Hakonson Thomas E. , Bostick Kenneth V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResults are presented here of a field study to evaluate the relative hydrologic performance of various landfill cover technologies installed at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. Four cover designs (two capillary barrier designs, one modified EPA RCRA design, and one control cover) were installed in large lysimeters instrumented to monitor the fate of natural precipitation between January 1, 1990 and September 20, 1993. After 45 months of study, results showed that the cover designs containing barrier layers were effective in reducing deep percolation as compared to the control cover. The RCRA cover, incorporating a clay hydraulic barrier, was the most effective of all cover designs in controlling deep percolation but was not 100‐percent effective. The two capillary barriers were successful in reducing deep percolation, but significant amounts were still produced. Over 90 percent of all percolation through the covers and lateral flow within the covers occurred during the months of February through May of each year, primarily as a result of snowmelt, early spring rains, and low evapotranspiration.Gravel mulch surface treatments (70‐ to 80‐percent ground cover) were effective in reducing runoff and erosion. The two plots receiving the gravel mulch treatments exhibited equal but enhanced amounts of evapotranspiration, despite the fact that one plot was planted with additional shrubs.
Federal facilities cleanup: Learning to do more with less
Authors: Frazier David B. , Birkhofer William J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe perspective offered in this article on the battle for funding and on other key federal facility policy initiatives is that of contractors engaged in hazardous waste management activities at federal, state, and private‐sector facilities. The article begins with an overview of key policy initiatives in the 104th Congress and their impact on federal facility cleanup activities. Two issues introduced through the fiscal year 1996 Defense Authorization are covered. Key fiscal year 1997 federal facility environmental policy proposals are then considered. Finally, successes with partnering between federal agencies and the Hazardous Waste Action Coalition, a trade association representing environmental cleanup contractors, are examined as models for stremlining federal facility cleanup efforts.
The qui tam provisions of the FCA and environmental noncompliance of government contractors
Authors: Mattern Kenneth , Nilsson Cheryl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPublic laws and federal procurement regulations require contractors to comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations concerning workplace safety and the environment. While performing public contracts, companies must certify continued compliance with applicable laws and regulations in order to obtain government financing. Under the qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act, private citizens can file civil actions against contractors that request these routine financing payments while in noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations, and share in the proceeds from the suit. Compliance information is readily available to the public. Since contract financing requests are so routinized, and environmental regulations are so pervasive, there is a previously unexplored, but potentially huge financial risk for companies performing government contracts. This article describes these risks and suggests ways to combat them.
Defense environmental legislation in the 104th congress—a retrospective
Authors: Schweiter Henry J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article axamines Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Energy (DOE) envirobnmental activities and fundig within the context of the four pillars of the National Security strategy of the Republican 10th Congress: improving the quality of life for service members; sustaining core readiness capability; revitalizing weapons modernization; and reforming the Pentagon bureaucracy. This article shows how initial skepticism by the new Republican congressional leaders toward DOD and DOE environmental programs gave way to a recognition of the legitimacy of Environmental requirements, the potential contribution that environmental programs coould make to increased quality of life and long‐term readiness, and, most importantly, the realization that increased support of environmental programs was a political imperative to preseve Republican control of Congress. Consequently, the focus shifted from opposition to environment spending to more constructive efforts aimed at increasing cost effectivedness and improving management of DOD and DOE environmental programs, while minimizing potential negative impacts on operational needs. The author is cautiously optimistic the this record of constructive congressional oversight of defense environmental programs will continue in the 15th Congress.
Placing future land use planning in a regional context: The savannah river site
Authors: Lowrie Karen , Greenberg Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince the end of the Cold War, facilities that were part of our nation's nuclear weapons complex are shifting from production of bombs to cleanup of wastes and reuse of lands and facilities no longer needed for bomb‐making activities. This shift will necessitate a new style of planning that must include the understanding that on‐site land uses can have a great impact on off‐site land uses and planning in the larger regions where these facilities are located. This article explains the need to place land use planning at Department of Energy (DOE) sites into a larger regional planning context by drawing on the example of recent research conducted by the authors at the Savannah River Site. A study of written plans that have been developed and interviews with planners and local officials showed that future uses will have a great impact on communities and that constructive planning initiatives are needed to build the trust necessary for DOE to enter a public dialogue about the risks and benefits of alternative land use scenarios.
DOD's environmental technology development
Authors: Doxey Kevin , Marqusee Jeffrey , Dunn Wendy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article discusses environmental technology developments in the Department of Defense (DOD) and how the use of innovative technologies can substantially reduce costs and increase the effectiveness of DOD environmental programs. DOD's overall strategy for environmental technology is to identify and establish priorities among users' needs and to implement environmental solutions through the development of technologies and their subsequent transfer to the user community. The authors examine the oversight and management of the Environmental Technology Development Process (ETDP) and the roles of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDRE) and Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Environmental Security (DUSD(ES)). The respective roles of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, and supporting efforts by the military components are reviewed. The authors also highlight a number of promising environmental technology initiatives and their potential benefits to DOD. The article concludes with a discussion of DOD technology transfer efforts and the mechanisms being used for the collection and dissemination of data on technology availability and performance—including relevant Web site and Internet addresses.
Normalizing federal land transfers: A new tool for base reuse
Authors: Swenson Raymond Takashi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article continues a dialogue on early transfers of title under authority of Section 334 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, which was analyzed in the Spring 1997 issue of the Journal by Barry P. Steinberg and Jennifer L. Peper. Colonel Swenson represents the Redevelopment Agency (RDA) of Tooele City, Utah, which is currently negotiating an Economic Development Conveyance of 1700 acres from Tooele Army Depot, the first use of Section 334 in the United States. Section 334 amended Section 120 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), 42 U.S. Code §9620, which governs federal agency compliance with CERCLA and federal land transfers. The article places Section 334 in the context of Section 120 development, examines the benefits Section 334 is hoped to produce for the Tooele RDA, and responds to concerns that have been raised about the use of Section 334 by environmental regulatory agencies and the authors of the previous article.
A waiver of sovereign immunity for the CWA?
Authors: Romans Scott F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1992, the Supreme Court ruled in DOE v. Ohio, 112 S.Ct. 1627 (1992) that both the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) did not provide an explicit waiver of sovereign immunity which would allow enforcement of punitive fines and penalties (for past violations) against federal facilities. In response to this decision, Congress, in 1992, passed the Federal Facility Compliance Act (FFCA). This law amended RCRA to provide an explicit waiver of sovereign immunity. Members of Congress have expressed interest in amending the CWA to provide a similar waiver of sovereign immunity.This article discusses the arguments for and against including an FFCA‐type waiver of sovereign immunity in the CWA. On its face, such a waiver would appear to be an attractive way to increase federal compliance with the CWA. However, it should not be assumed that such a waiver would increase CWA compliance in the same manner the FFCA has increased RCRA compliance. The article concludes that the best approach would be to provide a limited waiver of sovereign immunity for CWA violations. This limited waiver would allow punitive penalty enforcement by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) against federal agencies (even in those states that have state‐run programs), but maintain the prohibition against state enforcement. This type of waiver would provide the benefits of punitive penalty enforcement, while protecting federal prerogatives from the vagaries of state enforcement actions.
Environmental markets respond to change
Authors: O'Hara Pat , Frazier David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental markets are in perpetual transition as customer needs evolve over time. Environmental services providers evolve correspondingly in order to remain competitive. Recent trends highlight changing customer needs. Privatization and outsourcing, brownfields, regulatory uncertainty, and changing roles for state regulators are examples of recent trends. Budgets are shrinking, reforms designed to streamline environmental compliance procedures are bogged down in partisan politics, and customer needs are evolving. Under these conditions, the increasingly competitive environmental market is evolving.Which firms will survive these changes? How can companies create opportunity out of change? Industry consolidations and the institutionalization of design‐build and “turnkey” contracts, for example, are affecting firms in markedly different ways. Small firms are protecting niches and finding new ones. Large firms are increasing their market share of the business and broadening their scope into related service sectors such as energy services and utility privatization.
With liberty and “environmental justice” for all
Authors: Feiber Denise D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe term “environmental justice” is becoming more recognizable in a regulatory context, and elicits occasional responses such as, “Ah yes, environmental justice, I need to consider that in my facility's community involvement plans, don't I? What is it again?” Facility and project managers know it is important, but they do not know exactly what it is. Is it a law? What constitutes an environmental justice area? And the questions go on and on. This article attempts to answer the basic questions surrounding the environmental justice initiative and gives some guidelines for incorporating environmental justice strategies into your community outreach activities.
If this is the information age, why can't I get the information I need to finish my project?
Authors: Phillips M. Lynn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHave you ever been sitting at your desk, trying to finish a really important project and you just can't seem to put your fingers on the information (or the person with the information) that you need? Does it seem that what you need is inaccessible because it's an island of information you can't get to, yet all around you are items indicative of the technology and information age we live in? There is a solution to turning the tide of information or data management in your favor, to focus on the value of the information and create an environment that will allow the widest base of communication for it. What is important to recognize is that once you are successful in turning the tide, you must also have the ability to ride the ensuing wave instead of being overcome by it. Too many great visions have become implemented ideas that fail at the first sign of trouble because the foundation wasn't substantive. Information technology implemented without a long‐range plan inclusive of maintenance and technical support is like having frosting without the cake. It looks good at first, but when you bite into it, it has no solid substance to sink your teeth into.
RACER — the solution to environmental remediation cost estimating
Authors: Rast Richard R. , O'Gallagher Kristin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRACER is the only commercially available, integrated cost estimating software for estimating the costs of environmental remediation projects from studies through system operations and maintenance (O&M). RACER provides the detail and accuracy of manual estimates, but is faster, less error prone, and more efficient in comparing alternatives. RACER has been used in estimating over $10 billion of remediation projects. Its accuracy has proven to be within 10 percent of actual completed project costs. The system currently has over 1,000 users. The software was developed in 1991 and is updated and validated annually. It is endorsed by EPA, DOE, DOD, and many state agencies as a preferred estimating and negotiating tool.
Development of a low VOC chemical agent resistant coating for use with supercritical CO2
Authors: Wojciechowski Anna , Lewis Jeff , Braswell Tom 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe regulatory environment surrounding the application of coatings is growing increasingly challenging. Complying with these regulations has spawned a myriad of new technologies such as waterborne, powder, and (more recently) the use of carbon dioxide for viscosity reduction. The U. S. Army Tank‐Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has sponsored a program under the Army Acquisition Pollution Prevention Program involving the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) to develop a lower VOC (volatile organic compounds) Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) using the carbon dioxide process. This complements the waterborne program that is already well into the development phase. The carbon dioxide process not only allows lower VOC coatings to be used, but the decompressive atomization results in improved transfer efficiency, which benefits both overall emissions and potentially the economics of the paint application process. The reduced VOC coating applied using the carbon dioxide process program is in the trial phase and large components have been painted successfully in production facilities.