bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic Test Generation
Authors: Belfore Lee A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAutomatic test generation (ATG) is an essential component in any test strategy. ATG automates the process of finding good tests, which allows the designer to focus on higher level aspects of the test architecture. ATG has a theoretic basis in the Boolean algebra and the logic circuits used to represent and implement, respectively functions in digital systems. Sequential tests complicate the testing process and are handled in one of two ways. First, the sequential machine is unrolled symbolically, which gives it the appearance of a combinational machine. Second, the circuit may be modified to allow for easier and more effective testing. Technology trends continue to present challenges for ATG. These challenges drive an active research community that search for problems associated with the progression of technology that makes testing approaches either more difficult or not effective, intellectual property cores whose internals may not be available to the test designer, and high levels of abstraction used typically in modern design methodologies.
Coordination and Synchronization: Designing Practical Detectors for Large‐Scale Distributed Systems
Authors: Gupta Indranil 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOnline detectors are important to achieving coordination and synchronization in large‐scale distributed applications that run in peer‐to‐peer systems, the Grid, PlanetLab, and large‐scale, enterprise‐like server farms. Detectors can be used to monitor the up/down status of hosts, the malicious behavior among processes, and the availability behavior among hosts, and to estimate the number of hosts in a distributed system. We discuss a variety of online detectors that exist for these different problems with an emphasis on practical solutions that satisfy two characteristics: They have been implemented and validated in experimental evaluation or practice, and they are based on novel ideas and on strong theory. The goal of this article is to enable practitioners to understand these protocols so they can be implemented easily or adapted for various distributed systems. This article aims to provide the starting researcher an overvew, and a good feel for the area of detectors to enable additional learning in this interesting field.
High‐Level Synthesis
Authors: Damaj Issam 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Hardware synthesis is a general term used to refer to the processes involved in automatically generating a hardware design from its specification. High‐level synthesis (HLS) could be defined as the translation from a behavioral description of the intended hardware circuit into a structural description similar to the compilation of programming languages (such as C and Pascal into assembly language. The chained synthesis tasks at each level of the design process include system synthesis, register‐transfer synthesis, logic synthesis, and circuit synthesis. The development of hardware solutions for complex applications is no more a complicated task with the emergence of various HLS tools. Many areas of application have benefited from the modern advances in hardware design, such as automotive and aerospace industries, computer graphics, signal and image processing, security, complex simulations like molecular modeling, and DND matching. The field of HLS is continuing its rapid growth to facilitate the creation of hardware and to blu more and more the border separating the processes of designing hardware and software.
Knowledge Management Application
Authors: K. Maier Ronald 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Information and communication technologies (ICT) that support the handling of knowledge in organizations have been discussed for a long time. From the 1950s to the 1980s, systems that apply artificial intelligence (AI) technologies had a powerful impact on the conceptualization of knowledge, not only in the discipline computer science, but also in fields such as management science, organization science, or psychology. However, many business organizations that attempt to implement these technologies were frustrated by their comparably high complexity and the difficulties of applying them to business challenges. Thus, AI technologies survived only in specific application fields. In the 1990s, after a period of high attention to the increase of efficiency, organizations were faced with the transformation of the economy into a knowledge economy and its challenges to increase significantly the speed of innovation and to improve the way organizations handle (distributed) knowledge. For those countries that do not have (anymore) the possibility to exploit some form of natural resources, it is knowledge that creates wealth. Organizations strive to increase productivity of
knowledge work
. Knowledge work is creative work, it solves ill‐structured problems in complex domains with high variety and many exceptions, and thus it requires a high level of skills and expertise from employees. The challenge is to design, implement, and maintain an organizational and ICT environment conducive for this type of work. The importance of knowledge work can be underlined by a recent study that showed that most jobs created in the United States between 1990 and 2000 in fact are jobs in the knowledge work sector (1).
Data Storage on Magnetic Disks
Authors: Piramanayagam S. N. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Hard disk drives (HDDs) have been used as storage devices in computers for more than 50 years. Although the first HDD of 1956, which was three to four times bigger than a fridge, had a capacity of 5 × 10
6
bytes, recent HDDs that are as big as a paperback book have a capacity of 1 × 10
12
bytes. In addition to capacity, HDDs can also outdo their competitors in terms of price. Because of cost and capacity advantage, HDDs have also found a significant place in the consumer electronic devices, such as in video cameras and video recorders that require huge storage requirements. Entry of HDDs in consumer electronic devices was possible because of the tremendous progress that was made in almost all the technologies associated with the HDDs. This article will provide an overview of HDDs, with more emphasis on the magnetic disks that store the information.
Microprogramming
Authors: Bomar Bruce W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The microprogrammed approach to implementing control state machines has been used widely since the early 1960s and has the advantages of structured programming and fixed timing characteristics. With microprogramming, state machine changes require only a change in memory contents, so the rate at which the controller can be
clocked does not change no matter how significant the program change. This approach is in contrast to the standard state machine approach with state transitions described in a hardware description language like VHDL or Verilog, where design changes can dramatically impact the logic equations, amount of combinational logic, and clock frequency. This article introduces the microprogramming technique and presents a microprogrammed control unit that has been tailored to implementation in field programable gut arrays. The sequencer presented supports both nested subroutines and nested loops and can operate in both pipelined and non‐pipelined modes. Althouse not attractive for a small number of states, the microprogrammed approach has significant advantages for complex controllers with a large number of states.
Mixed Integer Programming
Authors: Wolsey Laurence A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA linear mixed integer program is an optimization problem in which a nonempty subset of integer variables (unknowns) and a subset of real‐valued (continuous) variables exist, the constraints are all linear equations or inequalities, and the objective is a linear function to be minimized (or maximized). After presenting several practical applications of mixed integer programming, we describe the main classes of algorithms, branch‐and‐bound and branch‐and‐cut, that are used to solve this hard class of problems. Considerable attention is paid to ways to improve solution times, involving preprocessing, reformulation with cuts and/or new variables, and heuristics.
Multigrid Methods
Authors: Mijalković Slobodan Ž. , Mihajlović Milan D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNumerical modeling of important phenomena and processes in science and engineering has emerged in recent years as an alternative to the experimental approach. The ever‐increasing computer speed and storage capabilities enable modeling of large‐scale problems in continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum physics, and other important areas. To perform the modeling task efficiently, sophisticated algorithms and numerical techniques for the solution of the underlying models are essential. Such models are expressed frequently as mathematical equations. To represent a continuous mathematical model on a computer, which operates on discrete binary‐coded data, a mathematical procedure referred to as the discretization needs to be deployed. A common result of the discretization procedure is a system of linear or non linear equations that needs to be solved. Numerical modeling of complex systems frequently requires the solution of large systems of equations (numbering several million). Such systems need to be solved repeatedly, as part of an iterative procedure, such as linearization, time‐stepping, optimization, or inverse problems. This reason is why the solution of linear systems is a crucial phase of the overall numerical modeling process. As a result, substantial research effort has been devoted to the development of effective numerical algorithms for the solution of linear systems.This article describes an important class of iterative algorithms for the solution of linear systems, referred to as multigrid (MG) methods. MG was developed originally in the context of the solution of discretized differential equations, with the aim to overcome the difficulties that standard iterative solvers encounter in this context. Over time, MG methods have evolved into an independent field of research, which has a major impact on many scientific and engineering disciplines. In this article, we present a brief review of MG and its applications to some realistic problems from numerical modeling practice.
Object‐Oriented Databases
Authors: Bertino Elisa , Guerrini Giovanna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObject‐oriented databases result from the integration of database technology with the object‐oriented paradigm developed in the programming languages and software engineering areas. They have been developed to meet the requirements imposed by applications characterized by highly structured data, long transactions, data types for storing images and texts, and nonstandard, application‐specific operations. Examples of such applications, which have requirements and characteristics different from those typical of traditional database applications for business and administration, are design and manufacturing systems (CAD/CAM, CIM), scientifical and medical databases, geographic information systems, and multimedia databases.In this article, we discuss object‐oriented databases, with a focus on data model and query language aspects.
Software Safety
Authors: Kornecki Andrew J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Safety is a property of a system that ensures it will provide harmless operation. Safe systems do not jeopardize human life, endanger property, or put the environment at risk. Because of the progress'of technology and the proliferation of computers in everyday life, modern systems are increasingly software intensive. Computers control everything possible from microwave covens to complex weapon systems. Certainly, software may introduce safety risks because of nature of the system that it controls. When systems experience failures because of faulty software—and this failure leads to safety violations—serious questions are raised. Despite the risks, software increasingly is making its way into safety‐critical systems.
Software must be evaluated early for its contribution to the safety of the system: during the concept phase and before the acquisition or development of the software. The term “software safety” is related to the software‐focused features and measures that provide assurance that (a) a system performs predictably under normal and abnormal conditions and (b) the probability of unintended events is minimized. consequences are controlled. The discipline of software safety is the systematic approach to identifying, analyzing, and tracking hazardous functions implemented by software, as well as software‐based mitigation and control of hazards to ensure safer software operation within a system.
The article describes the concepts and methods related to software safety: hazards, risks, fault tolerance, error propagations and handling, safety in the development lifecycle, safety requirements, design methodologies, implementation considerations, verification and validation, standards, and certification.
Storage Area Networks
Authors: DeCusatis Casimer 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides a tutorial on storage area networks (SANs), including a description of SAN networking protocols, topologies, and design considerations. Additional topics to be discussed include SAN management, virtualization, multiprotocol routing, fabrics and intra‐switch links. SAN's extension over long distances (hundreds or thousands of kilometers) will also be considered for applications such as disaster recovery or remote tape and disk vaulting. Both synchronous and asynchronous solutions will be described.
Web Intelligence (WI)
Authors: Zhong Ning , Liu Jiming , Yao Yiyu 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWeb intelligence (WI) has been recognized as a new direction for scientific research and development to explore the fundamental roles as well as practical impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced information technology (IT) on the next generation of Web‐empowered products, systems, services, and activites. This article gives an introduction to the WI research and development and investigates various ways to study WI and potential applications.
Active Database Systems
Authors: Scheuermann Peter , Trajcevski Goce 
Published: January 2008

AbstractActive database systems extend traditional database systems with the capability to react to various events, which can be either generated internally or externally. We discuss the event‐condition‐action (ECA) paradigm to specify reactive behavior and its enabling tools and triggers which are available in commercial DBMS. We motivate the need for formal reasoning about active database behavior and present the desirable global properties of termination and confluence. Then we discuss the various semantic dimensions of triggers that relate to their instantiation, condition evaluation, scheduling, and execution and we discuss their coupling with the underlying transaction model. The main features of prototype active database systems and of commercially available DBMS are reviewed. We introduce some of the challenges that face active database systems in novel, highly heterogeneous, distributed, and dynamic driven application domains such as workflow systems, streaming database, and moving objects databases. Finally, we give a brief overview of a new paradigm, (ECA)'2, which is geared toward settings in which both the event detection and the condition evaluation are done in distributed fashion and are continuous in nature.
Multiagent Systems
Authors: Fan Xiaocong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMultiagent systems offer a new way of analyzing, designing, and implementing large‐scale, complex systems, and they have been applied in an increasing range of software applications. Here, we discussed the concept of shared mental models, multiagent architectures, coordination, communications, and helping behaviors, which are critical in developing team‐based multiagent systems. This article certainly is not an exhaustive summary of MAS research; it simply covers a limited view of the MAS research from teamwork perspective. Readers are encouraged to refer to the key conferences in MAS area (such as AAMAS, KIMAS, IAT), which have been attracting a growing number of researchers to present, demonstrate, and share their systems and ideas.
Service‐Oriented Architecture and Web Services
Authors: Moser Louise E. , Melliar‐Smith P. M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This article describes how to implement service‐oriented architecture and Web services. Service‐oriented architecture promotes modularity of design and interoperability of software services interacting within a distributed system over the Internet. Web services allow clients to obtain information from, or have tasks performed by, service providers using XML data formats and standard Internet protocols.
Data Warehouse
Authors: Rizzi Stefano 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA data warehousing system is a collection of methods, techniques, and tools that support the knowledge worker (manager, administrator, analyst) in decision making by transforming operational data, stored in corporate databases, into strategic information that can be accessed quickly, reliably, and flexibly. The core idea of data warehousing is to separate the analytical queries that extract strategic information, which are commonly called OLAP (On‐Line Analytical Processing) queries, from the operational ones, called OLTP (On‐Line Transactional Processing) queries, by building a new information repository (the data warehouse) that integrates the elemental data coming from different sources, organizes them into an appropriate structure, and makes them available for analyses and evaluations aimed at planning and decision making. In this article, after providing the basic definition of a data warehouse, we will describe the main architectures of data warehousing systems, define the multidimensional model used to store information in the data warehouse and its implementations, explain the main techniques for accessing information, survey the main issues related to data warehouse design, and mention the main topics of research in this field.
Software Verification and Validation
Authors: Kung David , Zhu Hong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSoftware verification and validation are important because software has been used in all sectors of our society. Today's software systems are extremely large, complex, and process billions of transactions a day in the financial, retailing, manufacturing, transportation, telecommunications, and many other sectors. Many software systems are embedded systems, real‐time systems, or mission‐critical systems. Failures of today's software systems are financially very costly, and politically not acceptable because the failures may incur recall of products, property damages, injury to human body, or even loss of human life. Therefore, software verification, validation, and testing have received increasing attention from academic research and industry.
Cybernetics
Authors: Andrew Alex M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe topic, originally defined as the study of communication and control in the animal and the machine, is reviewed under headings including history, feedback and servomechanisms, neurophysiology and digital computing, Shannon's Information Theory, artificial intelligence, second‐order cybernetics, management, sociocybernetics and finally the Gaia hypothesis, which refers to the biologic regulation of global variables. Second‐order cybernetics, or cybernetics that includes the observer, provides insights into management and sociocybernetics.
Education and Training in Software Engineering
Authors: Bagert Donald J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough the term “software engineering” has been used widely since the late 1960s, the question of whether to treat it as a distinct academic discipline has only been addressed during the past 10 years. The fact that a steadily increasing number of software engineering degree programs in colleges and universities exist througnout the world indicates a greater acceptance of software engineering as a separate discipline of study.This article contains a history of software engineering in academia, the role of accreditation in various countries, various curriculum models that have been proposed, the gap between academic education and professional knowledge required, an overview of software engineering training issues and certificate programs, university /industry collaborations in software engineering education, distance learning and web‐based education in software engineering, the role of professional issues in software engineering education, and information on software engineering education conferences and publications.
Fixed‐Point Computer Arithmetic
Authors: Swartzlander Earl E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The speed of a computer is determined to a first order by the speed of the arithmetic unit and the speed of the memory. Although the speed of both units depends directly on the implementation technology, arithmetic unit speed also depends strongly on the logic design. Even for an integer adder, speed can vary easily by an order of magnitude, whereas the complexity varies by less than 50%. Much arithmetic is performed with fixed‐point numbers, which have constant scaling (i.e., the position of the binary point is fixed). The numbers can be interpreted as fractions, integers, or mixed numbers, which depends on the application. Pairs of fixed‐point numbers are used to create floating‐point numbers, the subject of another article.
Grafting of maleic anhydride onto carbon black surface via ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Zhou Xiaojun , Li Qiuying , Wu Chifei 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe grafting of maleic anhydride onto carbon black surface based on the Diels–Alder addition via ultrasonic irradiation was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to determine the chemical structure of the resulting products. The anhydride ring in the modified products can be opened into two carboxylic groups. Accordingly, the carboxylated carbon black was analyzed quantitatively through acid‐based titration to determine the concentration of anhydride ring on the modified carbon black's surface. The grafted molecules amount calculated from the concentration of the anhydride ring was consistent with the results of TGA data. Comparison of zeta potential measurement demonstrated that there were more negative charges attached to the surface of carbon black after ultrasonic modification. TEM observations showed that the conglomeration degree of modified carbon black decreased more than that of initial carbon black. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the distance to the Ophiuchus star‐forming region
Authors: Mamajek E.E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Ophiuchus molecular cloud complex has produced in Lynds 1688 the richest known embedded cluster within ∼300 pc of the Sun. Unfortunately, distance estimates to the Oph complex vary by nearly ∼40% (∼120–165 pc). Here I calculate a new independent distance estimate of 135±8 pc to this benchmark star‐forming region based on Hipparcos trigonometric parallaxes to stars illuminating reflection nebulosity in close proximity to Lynds 1688. Combining this value with recent distance estimates from reddening studies suggests a consensus distance of 139±6 pc (4% error), situating it within ∼11 pc of the centroid of the ∼5 Myr old Upper Sco OB subgroup of Sco OB2 (145 pc). The velocity vectors for Oph and Upper Sco are statistically indistinguishable within ∼1 km s–1 in each vector component. Both Oph and Upper Sco have negligible motion (<1 km s–1) in the Galactic vertical direction with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, which is inconsistent with the young stellar groups having formed via the high velocity cloud impact scenario. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)