bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Residential Expansion in Kent 1956-64: a Study of Pattern and Process in Urban Growth
Authors: Craven Edward 
Published: October 2006

This article examines the residential growth of part of the London Metropolitan Region in which the private developer has been the main supplier of housing over the last decade. American studies suggest that changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of private residential development are associated with changes in the size structure of the housebuilding industry. Therefore data from planning applications in Kent was used to discover variations in the size of sites and the type of house being built, and in the types of developer involved. A clear trend towards larger sites and more medium density house types was found to be closely linked with the growing importance of large non-local developers throughout the county. The implications of these trends for land-use planners are discussed. Geographical dispersal of housebuilding seems an important element in the behaviour of developers. While the land market is of explanatory value in this respect, the variety of response to the same structural situation requires consideration of both the resources and values of the development companies themselves.
A Conditional Logit Model of the Role of Local Public Services in Residential Choice
Authors: Friedman Joseph 
Published: October 2006

This study develops and estimates an econometric model of choice among residential communities. The econometric method employed is maximum-likelihood estimation of a multinomial logit. This makes it possible to examine the effects of local public services and other community attributes on the residential location decisions by families. The model was estimated for six subsamples differing by household size, income, and age of head of household. For most of the subsamples that were examined, the conclusion is that local public services and other community characteristics play only minor roles in determining the residential location choice. The major determinant of residential location is the quantity of housing services that the household can obtain in a community.
Towards An Analytic Framework for Land-Use Planning Policies
Authors: Bracken Ian 
Published: October 2006

A vital process in achieving a systematic knowledge of a subject concerns the development and refinement of classifications of the content of that subject. This is equally true whether the subject is readily quantified or not; though, in this latter case, as for example in the study of policies, there will be additional methodological problems to be faced. Moreover, in the urban context, there is only a short history of work on which to draw. This paper describes current research which is seeking to develop a policy classification framework for strategic land-use policies. Some potential criteria for classification are identified and methodology for developing a typology from documentary evidence is explained. In addition, the work involves a notation for policy classification, by means of which comparative urban policy study can be carried out. The paper concludes with a brief examination of findings which have emerged following the application of the approach to six British Structure Plans, together with a discussion of the potential of the classification concept.
The publishing imperative: the pervasive influence of publication metrics
Authors: Steele Colin , Butler Linda , Kingsley Danny 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the effects of the increasing global trend towards measuring research quality and effectiveness through, in particular, publication‐based metrics, and its effects on scholarly communication. Such metrics are increasingly influencing the behaviour patterns of administrators, publishers, librarians, and researchers. Impact and citation measures, which often rely solely on Thomson Scientific data, are examined in the context of university league tables and research assessment exercises. The need to establish alternate metrics, particularly for the social sciences and humanities, is emphasized, as is an holistic approach to scholarly communication agenda.
Computational prediction of novel components of lung transcriptional networks
Authors: Martinez M. Juanita , Smith Andrew D. , Li Bilan , Zhang Michael Q. , Harrod Kevin S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMotivation: Little is known regarding the transcriptional mechanisms involved in forming and maintaining epithelial cell lineages of the mammalian respiratory tract.Results: Herein, a motif discovery approach was used to identify novel transcriptional regulators in the lung using genes previously found to be regulated by Foxa2 or Wnt signaling pathways. A human–mouse comparison of both novel and known motifs was also performed. Some of the factors and families identified here were previously shown to be involved epithelial cell differentiation (ETS family, HES-1 and MEIS-1), and ciliogenesis (RFX family), but have never been characterized in lung epithelia. Other unidentified over-represented motifs suggest the existence of novel mammalian lung transcription factors. Of the fraction of motifs examined we describe 25 transcription factor family predictions for lung. Fifteen novel factors were shown here to be expressed in mouse lung, and/or human bronchial or distal lung epithelial tissues or lung epithelial cell lineages.Availability: DME: . MATCOMPARE: . MOTIFCLASS is available from the authors.Contact: kharrod@lrri.orgSupplementary information: and Bioinformatics Online.
A multiple-site similarity measure
Authors: Diserud Ola H , Ødegaard Frode 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Similarity measures are among the most intuitive and common measures for comparing two or more sites, or samples, with respect to their species overlap. A restriction of similarity measures is that they are limited to pairwise comparisons even in a multiple-site study. This work presents a multiple-site similarity measure that makes use of information on species shared by more than two sites and avoids the problem of covariance between pairwise similarities in a multiple-site study. Further, we show that our multiple-site similarity measure is related to
β
-diversity measures such as Whittaker's
β
-diversity. Similarity measures can also be used as descriptors of effective specialization of insects to host species by measuring similarity from host observations. Finally, we show that multiple-site similarity and host specificity are two sides of the same coin.
Instabilities and constitutive modelling
Authors: Wilson Helen J 
Published: October 2006

The plastics industry today sees huge wastage through product defects caused by unstable flows during the manufacturing process. In addition, many production lines are throughput-limited by a flow speed threshold above which the process becomes unstable. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the mechanisms behind these instabilities.
In order to investigate the flow of a molten plastic, the first step is a model of the liquid itself, a relation between its current stress and its flow history called a constitutive relation. These are derived in many ways and tested on several benchmark flows, but rarely is the stability of the model used as a criterion for selection. The relationship between the constitutive model and the stability properties of even simple flows is not yet well understood. We show that in one case a small change to the model, which does not affect the steady flow behaviour, entirely removes a known instability. In another, a change that makes a qualitative difference to the steady flow makes only tiny changes to the stability.
The long-term vision of this research is to exactly quantify what are the important properties of a constitutive relation as far as stability is concerned. If we could understand that, not only could very simple stability experiments be used to choose the best constitutive models for a particular material, but our ability to predict and avoid wasteful industrial instabilities would also be vastly improved.
Inhibition of STAT3 activity with AG490 decreases the invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Huang Chen , Cao Jun , Huang Ke J. , Zhang Fang , Jiang Tao , Zhu Lin , Qiu Zheng J. 
Published: October 2006

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a central cytoplasmic transcription factor. Abnormal activation of STAT3 plays a critical role in oncogenesis and has been found frequently in a wide variety of human tumors including pancreatic cancer. In this study, we elucidated the significance of the STAT3 signaling pathway on metastatic potentials of pancreatic cancer. We found that phosphorylated STAT3 (p‐STAT3) protein levels were significantly higher in highly metastatic SW1990 cells compared to the poorly metastatic CaPan‐2 cells, which expressed weak levels of this protein. Furthermore, a Janus kinase (JAK) specific inhibitor, AG490, significantly inhibited the expression of p‐STAT3, and subsequently reduced invasion and adhesion potential of SW1990 cells compared to the cells treated with vehicle only. Finally, inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway by AG490 also led to a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression at the protein and mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of pancreatic cancer and that inhibition of this pathway may be useful for an anti‐invasive therapeutic option in pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1417–1423)
Haematological malignancies developing in previously healthy individuals who received haematopoietic growth factors: report from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project
Authors: Bennett Charles L. , Evens Andrew M. , Andritsos Leslie A. , Balasubramanian Lakshmi , Mai Mark , Fisher Matthew J. , Kuzel Timothy M. , Angelotta Cara , McKoy June M. , Vose Julie M. , Bierman Philip J. , Kuter David J. , Trifilio Steven M. , Devine Steven M. , Tallman Martin S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG‐rHuMGDF) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) promote haematopoietic progenitor cell maturation. We reviewed the findings for healthy volunteers/donors who developed haematological malignancies following PEG‐rHuMGDF or G‐CSF administration. Information was reviewed for three of 538 volunteers who received PEG‐rHuMGDF in clinical trials and two of 200 donors who underwent G‐CSF mobilised stem cell harvesting procedures for sibling stem cell transplants. Mantle cell, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were diagnosed 1–5 years after PEG‐rHuMGDF exposure among three volunteers. For one patient, thrombocytopenia due to autoantibodies to PEG‐rHuMGDF developed shortly after PEG‐rHuMGDF administration and persisted until chemotherapy was administered. All three achieved complete remission, although one patient relapsed. Acute myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed 4 and 5 years after G‐CSF mobilisation in two donors who underwent peripheral blood stem cell donation for sibling allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Following intensive chemotherapy, one died from acute leukaemia and the second is in complete remission. Controversy exists over the appropriateness of administering haematopoietic growth factors to healthy individuals. While a causal relationship with haematological malignancies cannot be demonstrated, long‐term follow‐up among healthy individuals who receive haematopoietic growth factors is needed.
Learning from mothers: how myths, policies and practices affect the detection of subtle developmental problems in children
Authors: Williams J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground Recent research has revealed increasing concerns over the number of children entering school with unidentified developmental problems, even though there are ostensibly comprehensive health services available for mothers and their children in the pre‐school years. Recognizing that early detection and early intervention reduce the likelihood of long‐term health and educational problems, it is important to understand why so many children are not detected with developmental problems in their pre‐school years.Methods This doctoral study utilized the knowledge and experience of mothers to draw attention to reasons why children with subtle developmental problems are not identified until school age. A qualitative methodology utilized a synthesis of interpretive biography and literary folkloristics as a method of collecting, reading and interpreting personal stories. Three literary theories, arising, respectively, from the tenets of semiotics, neoMarxism and post‐structuralism, were used to critically deconstruct the mothers’ stories.Results The findings highlight a number of factors that influence the interaction between mothers, health professionals and members of the community, and how these interactions impact on the early detection of children’s developmental problems. The findings illustrate the influence of societal myths on how mothers and health professionals view their roles, and on how they think about and respond to the child’s problem. They also confirm the value placed on professional knowledge and the role it plays in communications between mothers and health professionals. Finally, they draw attention to how competing arguments about diagnosis and labelling delay identification and access to intervention programmes for children.Conclusion Health professionals working with mothers and young children should be aware of how their values, beliefs and communication styles affect their professional practice, especially when interacting with mothers who raise concerns about their children. State policies that limit access to early intervention programmes should also be reconsidered so that young children are not excluded from assistance.
Abuse of the disabled child: a systematic review of population‐based studies
Authors: Govindshenoy M. , Spencer N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjective  To ascertain the strength of the association between childhood disability and abuse and neglect.Methods  Systematic review of population‐based studies published between 1966 and January 2006. Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Cochrane library, National Research Register, Social Sciences database and PsychInfo databases were searched for potentially relevant studies. Inclusion criteria: population‐based cohort, case–control or cross‐sectional studies of children <18 years of age that reported empirical data on the association of abuse with disability. Risk estimates were expressed as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) where possible. Meta‐analysis was not undertaken because of heterogeneity of studies.Results  Four studies met the inclusion criteria. Two were longitudinal studies, one was a retrospective birth cohort and the remaining study was a cross‐sectional survey. Types of disability studied varied widely as did methods used to ascertain abuse and neglect. Two studies accounted for potential confounding. Three studies reported an association between psychological and emotional disabilities and abuse. Two studies reported an association of learning disability with abuse. Only one study examined the association of physical disability (cerebral palsy) with abuse reporting an adjusted odds ratio for all forms of abuse of 1.79 (95% CI 0.96, 3.36) and for physical abuse of 3.00 (95% CI 1.29, 6.78).Conclusions  The evidence base for an association of disability with abuse and neglect is weak. Psychological and emotional problems, and learning difficulties appear to be associated with abuse but this association might arise because these conditions share a common aetiological pathway with abuse. There is limited evidence that physical disability predisposes to abuse.
Effects of evening vs morning thyroxine ingestion on serum thyroid hormone profiles in hypothyroid patients
Authors: Bolk Nienke , Visser Theo J. , Kalsbeek Andries , Van Domburg Ron T. , Berghout Arie 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjective   Standard drug information resources recommend that l‐thyroxine be taken half an hour before breakfast on an empty stomach, to prevent interference of its intestinal uptake by food or medication. We observed cases in which TSH levels improved markedly after changing the administration time of l‐thyroxine to the late evening. We therefore conducted a pilot‐study to investigate whether l‐thyroxine administration at bedtime improves TSH and thyroid hormones, and whether the circadian rhythm of TSH remains intact.Design   Patients were studied on two occasions: on a stable regimen of morning thyroxine administration and two months after switching to night‐time thyroxine using the same dose. On each occasion patients were admitted for 24 h and serial blood samples were obtained.Patients   We investigated 12 women treated with l‐thyroxine because of primary hypothyroidism, who used no medication known to interfere with l‐thyroxine uptake.Measurements  Patients were admitted to hospital and blood samples were obtained at hourly intervals for 24 h via an indwelling catheter. Following this first hospital admission, all women were asked to switch the administration time from morning to bedtime or vice versa. After 2 months they were readmitted for a 24‐h period of hourly blood sampling. Blood samples were analysed for serum TSH (immunometric assay), FT4 and T3 (competitive immunoassay), T4 and rT3 (radioimmunoassay), serum TBG (immunometric assay) and total protein and albumin (colourimetric methods).Results   A significant difference in TSH and thyroid hormones was found after switching to bedtime administration of l‐thyroxine. Twenty‐four‐hour average serum values amounted to (mean ± SD, morning vs bedtime ingestion): TSH, 5·1 ± 0·9 vs 1·2 ± 0·3 mU/l (P < 0·01); FT4, 16·7 ± 1·0 vs 19·3 ± 0·7 pmol/l (P < 0·01); T3, 1·5 ± 0·05 vs 1·6 ± 0·1 nmol/l (P < 0·01). There was no significant change in T4, rT3, albumin and TBG serum levels, nor in the T3/rT3 ratio. The relative amplitude and time of the nocturnal TSH surge remained intact.Conclusions   l‐thyroxine taken at bedtime by patients with primary hypothyroidism is associated with higher thyroid hormone concentrations and lower TSH concentrations compared to the same l‐thyroxine dose taken in the morning. At the same time, the circadian TSH rhythm stays intact. Our findings are best explained by a better gastrointestinal uptake of l‐thyroxine during the night.
Grass overseeding and a fungus combine to control Taraxacum officinale
Authors: ABU‐DIEYEH MOHAMMED H. , WATSON ALAN K. 
Published: October 2006

Summary

Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale is the most abundant and frequent weed within turfgrass in temperate climates. With increasing legislation banning herbicide & non‐chemical means of control are needed replace phenoxy herbicides. The weediness of T. officinale is mainly the result of high seed production, dispersal and germination potential. A successful long‐term weed control strategy should suppress established plants, exert negative effects on seed production and prevent seedling establishment.
The potential of Sclerotinia minor to cause T. officinale seed mortality and reduce seedling emergence without impact on turfgrass species was evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments.
A pre‐emergence application of S. minor at the time of seeding and a post‐emergence application at 10 days after seeding significantly reduced T. officinale emergence to 17% and 2%, respectively, compared with 70–80% germination in the untreated control. There were no adverse effects of direct S. minor contact on turfgrass seed germination, seedling emergence or seedling establishment.
Grass overseeding alone did not improve grass quality or reduce T. officinale population densities in a low‐maintained lawn environment. When S. minor was combined with grass overseeding, at application or 10 days after application, a 70–80% reduction of the T. officinale population occurred in the first year, increasing to 95% in the following year in the absence of further treatments. Turfgrass appearance and quality significantly and continuously improved up to 80%, compared with 10–20% in the control plots. Densities of other weeds, white clover Trifolium repens and field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis, were also significantly reduced when S. minor was applied with grass overseeding compared with the bioherbicide alone.
Synthesis and applications. We have demonstrated that S. minor reduces seed numbers, seedlings and establishment of T. officinale and, when combined with grass overseeding, the grass sward flourishes and weed emergence and colonization are significantly reduced. Other broadleaf weeds are susceptible to S. minor and thus this bioherbicide could have utility in no‐till maize, cereal grain and grass seed production systems, where producers are searching for non‐chemical weed control.
Evaluating feathermoss growth: a challenge to traditional methods and implications for the boreal carbon budget
Authors: BENSCOTER BRIAN W. , VITT DALE H. 
Published: October 2006

Summary

Accurate assessment of net primary production is vital for understanding carbon (C) cycling, both regionally and globally. However, this requires effective methods of measurement that acknowledge the unique characteristics of the subject or area being monitored.
Feathermosses dominate the ground layer of boreal upland ecosystems and play a vital role in soil C accumulation, accounting for up to 50% of total photosynthesis. Feathermoss growth is both apical and lateral, with branches of determinate length at maturity produced at consistent frequencies along the stem.
Traditional methods of estimating annual production of feathermosses underestimate total plant production because they do not account for lateral growth of the previous year's immature branches. We present a conceptual model of feathermoss growth using Pleurozium schreberi that includes apical and lateral annual growth. From this model, we provide a modified method to more accurately estimate P. schreberi production. The top 3 cm of 10 P. schreberi plants from each of five bog peatlands in Alberta, Canada, were collected. For each plant, distance from the stem apex to branch insertion, branch length and dry mass, and dry mass of 3‐mm stem sections were measured and used to define model parameters that, due to lack of significant variability among the sites, can be applied regionally and possibly globally throughout the boreal zone. An additional 20 plants were collected from a sixth site for testing the accuracy of our modified method.
Assessment of our method showed an insignificant mean difference between observed and calculated production values. Furthermore, comparison of our method with traditional methods showed a c. 25% underestimation of annual production by the latter. Traditional methods underestimate annual biomass production of P. schreberi by c. 73 g m−2, accounting for more than 14 Tg C year−1 across the boreal region.
Our study shows that accounting for species‐specific growth characteristics when estimating ground layer production has a substantial impact on boreal C budget assessments and therefore the terrestrial C cycle.
Local structure studies of Fe‐Nb‐B metallic glasses using electron diffraction
Authors: HIRATA A. , HIROTSU Y. , OHKUBO T. , MATSUBARA E. , MAKINO A. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLocal atomic structures in Fe84Nb7B9 and Fe70Nb10B20 amorphous alloys were examined by means of electron diffraction with the help of computer calculation. Electron diffraction patterns were taken by using energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to eliminate inelastic scattering. We constructed structure models with 5000 atoms fitting to experimental interference functions. Voronoi polyhedral analyses were performed for the obtained final structure models. Local atomic structures of the alloys were closely related to those of the crystalline phases that appeared on annealing. A difference of stability of two amorphous phases was discussed on the basis of structure models.