bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess
Authors: Megalamani S B , Suria G , Manickam U , Balasubramanian D , Jothimahalingam S 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the type of aerobic bacteria commonly isolated from peritonsillar abscesses.Study design:A retrospective study involving 60 patients presenting with peritonsillar abscess treated between 2003 and 2006.Setting:The patients were treated in a tertiary care, teaching hospital. The records of the patients were reviewed and analysed.Results:Gram-positive organisms were commonly isolated from the abscesses. However, an increasing trend towards Gram-negative bacterial isolates was noted. The antibiogram showed changing patterns of sensitivity, with a resistance to penicillin.Conclusion:There is an increasing incidence of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria causing peritonsillar abscess. Appropriate antibiotics for Gram-negative bacteria should be included in the regimen if such bacteria are isolated in culture and sensitivity studies.Significance:Empirical antibiotics with Gram-negative cover will be appropriate as adjunctive therapy.
Functional vocal results after CO2 laser endoscopic surgery for glottic tumours
Authors: Motta S , Cesari U , Mesolella M , Motta G 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Vocal results after endoscopic cordectomy have not yet been well defined. The aim of this study was to assess the vocal function of patients who had undergone CO2 laser cordectomy.Design:Retrospective, observational and control group study, conducted in a tertiary care medical department.Methods:One hundred and thirty-five male patients (age range 36–83 years) underwent different types of endoscopic cordectomy. Forty age-matched, euphonic male subjects were selected as controls. Patients were classified according to the main site of the phonatory neo-glottis. Outcome measures were maximum phonation time, vocal intensity and harmonic/noise ratio. Mann–Whitney and rank Spearman tests were used for statistical analysis.Results:Findings indicated statistically significant differences for all parameters, comparing patients and controls (p<0.001), and a direct positive relation between type of functional compensation and outcome measures in the study patients (p<0.001).Conclusions:The results indicate that functional compensation and outcome measures were related, and that no functional compensation enabled the study patients to achieve a voice quality comparable with that of controls.
Defending polar empire: opposition to India's proposal to raise the ‘Antarctic Question’ at the United Nations in 1956
Authors: Howkins Adrian 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the international response to India's 1956 proposal to raise the ‘Antarctic Question’ at the United Nations. It focuses in particular on the uneasy alliance that developed between the British Commonwealth and Latin America in opposition to the Indian proposal. Although Great Britain, Argentina, and Chile were bitterly disputing the sovereignty of the Antarctic Peninsula region, they shared a common desire to keep the southern continent off the agenda of the United Nations. This ability to work together for common goals, despite their differences, set an important precedent for the Antarctic Treaty that would be signed in 1959. In this way, opposition to the Indian proposal, more than the proposal itself, played an important role in the history of Antarctica in the 1950s. Latin American opposition to the proposal helped to fragment any ‘anti-imperial’ coalition that might have developed in Antarctica. This fragmentation helps us to place the Antarctic Treaty System into the framework of post-colonial studies.
Human geographies of sea ice: freeze/thaw processes around Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Laidler Gita J. , Elee Pootoogoo 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSea ice has been, and continues to be, an integral component of life in the Inuit community of Cape Dorset, Nunavut. Located on an island of the same name off the southwestern coast of Baffin Island, the strong Hudson Strait currents prevent extensive ice formation around the community. Nevertheless, sea ice remains an important travel and hunting platform, enabling access to Baffin Island, hunting and fishing grounds, and nearby communities. With the combined importance, dynamism, and continuous use of this frozen ocean environment, local Inuit elders and hunters have developed a detailed and nuanced understanding of sea ice conditions, freeze/thaw processes, and the influences of winds and currents on ice conditions. Working collaboratively with the community of Cape Dorset since October, 2003, we present the results of 30 semi-directed interviews, 5 sea ice trips, and 2 focus groups to provide a baseline understanding of local freezing processes (near-shore, open water, sea ice thickening, landfast ice, floe edge, and tidal cracks), melting processes (snow melt, water accumulation and drainage, break-up, and cracks/leads), wind influences on sea ice (wind direction and strength affecting sea ice formation, and movement), and current influences on sea ice (tidal variations and current strength affecting sea ice formation, movement, and polynya size/location). Strong emphasis is placed on Inuktitut terminology and spatial delineations of localised ice conditions and features. Therefore, this paper provides insights into local scale ice conditions and dynamics around Cape Dorset that are not captured in regional scale studies of Hudson Bay and/or Hudson Strait. Results have the potential to inform future research efforts on local/regional sea ice monitoring, the relationship between Inuit knowledge, language, and the environment, and addressing community interests through targeted studies.
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS
Authors: Percival Lorraine H , Dunckley GG , Purves HD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn improved technique for isoelcctric focusing of proteins in polyacrylamide gels is described.In studying insulin with the procedure, mercuric chloride in trichloro‐acetic acid was used to fix the protein in the gel.One major and five minor components were demonstrated in ox and pig insulin.
THE GENETICS OF THE HL‐A SYSTEM IN A CAUCASIAN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Ting A , Morris PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe well defined antigens HL‐A1, ‐A2, ‐A3, ‐A5, ‐A7, ‐A8, ‐A9 and ‐A12 as well as the complex antigens 4a and 4b have been studied in 306 unrelated Individuals and 35 families all of Caucasian Australian extract.The results are compatible with the concept that the HL‐A system is made up of two segregant series of antigens, each series being multiallelic and closely linked. However, the HL‐A antigens from the two series appear to show associations within two groups. As well, each group appears to be associated with the complex antigens 4a and 4b. An alternative hypothesis for the genetic control of the HL‐A antigens is proposed, suggesting that 4a and 4b are precursor substances from which the HL‐A antigens are produced by gene action in a manner analogous to the ABO system in man.These findings imply that matching of unrelated individuals in organ transplantation will be difficult. However, if the hypothesis for the genetic control of HL‐A is valid then matching will be simplified, as it could be based on the precursor groups.
ROLE OF THE FACE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO TOTAL IMMERSION
Authors: Cooden BA , Lehman RC , Pym J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEleven of nineteen young adults development bradycardia and reduced forearm blood flow within 30 seconds of breath‐holding with total body immersion and were classified as strong responders. Analysis of data from these strong responders showed that, when the face was lifted from the water after 30 seconds’ total immersion, the development of the diving response ceased, and both heart rate and blood flow returned towards resting levels even though the breath was still held. Conversely, total immersion after 30 seconds of breath‐ holding with the face in air produced bradycardia of rapid onset and decreased blood flow. Wearing a face mask and swimming cap prevented the development of the usual diving response.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME OF THE RAT USING [125I]LABELLED ALBUMIN
Authors: Brooks Sandra 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA reliable method of estimating blood volume in the rat using [125I]labelled albumin is described. In 16 normal animals the blood volume was found to be 5·59 ml./100 g. body weight (± 0·44 ml. standard deviation). A standard error of ± 0·11 ml. in this technique is small and therefore should allow changes in blood volume due to pathological states to be accurately measured.
COBALT‐SELENIUM INTERACTIONS IN THE NUTRITION OF THE RAT
Authors: Gardiner MR , Nicol Helen 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn interaction between dietary cobalt and selenium was revealed when groups of female weanling rats were fed standard rations, containing different concentrations and ratios of the two trace elements, continuously over a 15 week period. It was found that the levels of selenium in the heart and skeletal muscle were positively related to dietary selenium and negatively related to dietary cobalt, and that the levels of selenium in liver and kidney were positively related to dietary selenium and negatively related to an interaction between dietary selenium and cobalt. Dietary selenium did not influence the cobalt level of heart muscle. Bodyweight gains and histological appearance of the major tissues of rats fed either or both of the trace elements in concentrations as high as 8·6 p.p.m. in the ration were not affected except for some minor liver changes in those on the ration containing 8·6 p.p.m. cobalt and low levels of selenium. It was suggested that cobalt/selenium interactions probably occurred in the gut with effects on absorption rather than in the tissues studied.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT EFFECT ON SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCopper deficiency depresses phospholipid synthesis by liver mitochondria, but not by liver microsomes. The effect of copper deficiency on mitochondrial phospholipid synthesis is eliminated by adding 1 mM ATP. Phospholipid synthesis by liver mitochondria from normal rats is inhibited by 0·1–1 mM CN− and restored to normal by 1mM ATP. Mitochondria do not synthesise phospholipids significantly under anaerobic conditions with or without added electron transfer systems unless ATP is added. There appears to be a direct causal relationship between the two major biochemical disturbances in copper deficiency. One, the loss of cytochrome oxidase activity, leading to the other, depressed synthesis of phospholipids by liver mitochondria, by interfering with the provision of endogenous ATP to maintain an optimal rate of synthesis under the experimental conditions. Copper deficiency does not deplete acyl‐CoA:L‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.15.) from either microsomes or mitochondria. The activies of palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase (E.C.3.1.2.2.) in liver microsomes or liver mitochondria and of palmitoyl‐CoA:carnitine palmitoyl‐transferase in liver mitochondria are not affected by copper deficiency.
GANGLIONIC BLOCKADE BY RHAZIDINE
Authors: Bhattacharya BB , Chaudhuri SK , Ganguly DK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRhazidine, a monoquaternary alkaloid, exhibited considerable ganglion blocking property. Responses of the nictitating membrane to pre‐ganglionic sympathetic stimulation were abolished without affecting post‐ganglionic responses. Responses of the vas deferens to hypogastric nerve stimulation were impaired without altering the responses to intramural stimulation in the guinea‐pig. Only partial inhibition of response was observed in the guinea‐pig urinary bladder to hypogastric nerve stimulation. Spasms induced by nicotine were selectively inhibited in all of the test organs. Effects at adrenergic neuron and post‐synaptic receptors were excluded. The results were compared with pentolinium lartarate and indicated specific ganglion blocking effect of rhazidine.
EFFECTS OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT AND GLYCEROL ON 32P UPTAKE IN RAT RENAL TISSUE
Authors: Geary CP , Cousins FB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryParathyroid extract enhanced cellular turnover of 32P in rat kidney in vivo and in vitro. The parathyroid extract contained glycerol, and injected glycerol alone increased the uptake of 32P by renal tissue as much as 50%. Glycerol, but not parathyroid extract, also increased the renal content of phosphorus. Parathyroid extract, a glycerol‐free parathyroid extract, and glycerol all stimulated the uptake of 32P in rat renal cortical slices under aerobic conditions, glycerol having the greatest effect. Separation of phosphate fractions suggested that glycerol and parathyroid extract stimulated the uptake of 32P by different pathways.
THIOL DISTRIBUTION IN THE PLASMAS OF NATIVE AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe thiol concentration in blood plasma was determined by an exchange with di(carboxy‐2‐nitrophenyl)‐5,5′‐disulphide.The thiol concentration in the plasma of the monotremata:platypus and echidna was lower than in the plasma of the marsupalia: brush‐tail possum, ring‐tail possum, wombat, parma wallaby and native cat. Non‐protein thiol compounds were present, without significant differences, in all the plasmas of the above animals, but the mercaptalbumin concentration of the monotremata was very low, although the total protein and albumin concentration was as high as in the plasma of old world mammalia. The distribution of thiol compounds in the plasma of the marsupalia was similar to that of old world mammalia.The reactivity of mercaptalbumin of wombat's plasma in the disulphide exchange reaction was practically identical at pH 6·5 and 7·8, whereas the mercaptalbumin of brush‐tail possum plasma showed marked pH dependence. The observed mercaptalbumin characteristics suggest certain phases in the evolution of marsupalia.
QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF A PROTEIN ANTIGEN OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE INVOLVED IN THE VIBRIOCIDAL ACTION OF ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT
Authors: Neoh Sim Hee , Rowley Derrick 
Published: November 2007

SummaryProtein was separated from carbohydrate in an endotoxin complex by partitioning with phenol‐water. A small portion of the protein of V. cholerae 569B endotoxin was capable of inhibiting the vibriocidal activity of anti‐protein antiserum. The isolated protein preparations each contained several different protein components and comparatively less vibriocidal inhibiting activity against an anti‐protein antisernm than the materials from which they were derived. The common inhibiting protein antigen was found in all the cholera strains tested but in different quantities.
PROLONGED LYMPHOCYTOPENIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Roser Bruce , Ford WL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn order to produce a selective deficiency of recirculating small lymphocytes by exploiting their radiosensitivity and unique migration pattern an attempt was made to confine a permanent field of radiation to lymphoid organs. A technique was developed for the direct injection into rat spleens of the β‐emitting isotope 32P in the form of colloidal chromic phosphate. Most of the isotope was retained in the spleen for several weeks. Some reached the liver and the parathymic lymph nodes but the concentration in these and other organs was very low. This procedure was followed by a deficit of lymphocytes both in the blood and in thoracic duct lymph. The rate at which these rats became lymphocytopenic and the tempo of their recovery were Investigated.Another series of rats was given intrasplenic injections of 185W in the form of tungsten trioxide. This isotope is a pure β‐emitter with a half‐life 5 times longer than 32P, It also produced lymphocytopenia which was much more prolonged than after 32P. A substantial deficit of thoracic duct lymphocyte output was sustained for at least 12 weeks.After lymphocytopenia had been induced by intrasplenic injection of 185W. splenectomy was performed. Removal of the radioactive focus was followed by a rapid recovery in the blood lymphocyte level. It is argued that the maintenance of lymphocytopenia in isotope infected, rats was due to the Killing of small lymphocytes by radiation during their physiological migration through the radioactive areas of the spleen.As an alternative to intrasplenic injection, the cervical lymph nodes were injected with 185W. This was less effective in lowering blood lymphocyte levels but was equally as effective as intrasplenic 185W. in lowering thoracic duct output. When an intrasplenic injection of 185W was followed by an intranodal injection of 185W an additional lowering of the blood lymphocyte level was found. Thymectomy performed before combined intrasplenic and intranodal 185W injections had no additional effect on the already low blood lymphocyte levels.Most rats injected with either 32P or 185W gained weight and showed no abnormality in other blood cells. However, a few rats, which had been given intrasplenic 32P, developed haemolytic anaemia and one rat, after 2 injections of 185W, contracted a transferable lymphocytic leukaemia.
THE ROLE OF MICELLAR SOLUBILIZATION IN LIPID ABSORPTION
Authors: Simmonds WJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryResults with everted sacs, in vitro, suggest that lipid uptake is limited by diffusion across an unstirred aqueous layer adjacent to the cell membrane. This step is facilitated by micellar solubilization. There is a linear relation between uptake and concentration of solubilized fatty acid. Bile acids play a non‐specific role as solubilizers since, for the same concentration of solubilized fatty acid, uptake is the same, irrespective of bile acid concentration, and for a different detergent the difference in uptake is consistent with the different micellar diffusion rates. Micellar aggregates carry absorbable lipid up to the cell membrane but lipid ultimately penetrates as single molecules, each type at its own rate. Metabolic events within the absorptive cell, such as resynthesis of triglyceride from absorbed fatty acid and monoglyceride, are affected by the rate of uptake but not, it seems, specifically by the presence or absence of bile acids. Absorption from the whole intestine in vivo does not always seem to fit the model suggested by isolated segments, in vitro. Comparison of results for the same mixture but with varying absorptive situations helps to reconcile some discrepancies. For example, adaptation in the proportion of absorptive area utilized can compensate for variations in absorption per unit area. The physicochemical properties of bile acids are admirably suited to a role as micellar solubilizers under the conditions prevailing in the lumen of tlie small intestine. There is no compelling evidence for an additional, specific role in absorption of fatty acid and monoglyceride. However, a specific requirement for bile acids in cholesterol absorption is suggested, particularly by experiments in vivo.
ABSORPTION AND ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN CALVES
Authors: Husband AJ , Brandon MR , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe changes in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA were measured in the blood serum of 7 calves from birth to 18 weeks of age. The previously unsuckled calves were each fed 2 l of their dam's colostrum within the first six hours after birth.IgG1 and IgG2 were present in low concentrations in the sera of all calves before first suckling, IgM was found in 5 calves and IgA in only 2. Peak serum concentrations of IgM and IgA were observed twelve hours after first feeding colostrum, whereas IgG1 and IgG2 did not reach peak concentrations until twenty four hours. It was estimated that IgM was absorbed with an efficiency of almost 100%. The considerably lower apparent efficiencies of absorption for IgG1 and IgG2 were attributed to loss of these lower molecular weight immunoglobulins into the interstitial fluid.The initial increase in concentration of all four immunoglobulins was followed by a linear decline during the subsequent 8–16 days; this was taken to represent biological degradation. Regression coefficients for IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly less than those for IgM and IgA, reflecting the more rapid disappearance of IgM and IgA from the circulation.The results indicated that significant endogenous production of IgG1, IgG2and IgM began 8–16 days after birth and around 64 days for IgA.
SPECIES VARIATION IN GALACTOKINASE ACTIVITY OF ERYTHROCYTES, LENS AND LIVER
Authors: Gupta JD , Irvine Susan , Harley JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMethaemoglobin reduction by erythrocytes from mature humans, rabbits and rats was less rapid with galactose than with glucose as substrate. With galactose, rates of methaemoglobin reduction were approximately equal in human and rat, but considerably less than in rabbit erythrocytes. Galactokinase activity, on the other hand, was greater in rabbit and rat than in human erythrocytes, approximately the same in rabbit and rat erythrocytes, approximately the same in rabbit and rat liver but considerably less in rat than rabbit lens. It is suggested that the differences observed may at least in part determine variation between these species in susceptibility to galactose cataractogenicity.
A MUTANT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA WITH INCREASED CONJUGATIONAL ABILITY
Authors: Pemberton JM , Holloway BW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA mutant donor strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been isolated which produces a hundred times more progeny from conjugation than does the donor strain from which it was derived. The mutation fer‐1, carried by this strain is not located on the FP2 sex factor, since transfer of FP2 alone does not result in transfer of the mutant phenotype. Preliminary linkage data suggests that the mutation is chromosomally located although it has not been precisely mapped. Recipient (FP2—) strains displaying the Fer phenotype can be isolated from matings involving fer‐1 donors, and these give a similarly high recombination frequency in matings with both wild type and Fer donors. The fer‐1 mutation apparently enhances the stability of mating pairs since marker entry times in interrupted matings using Fer strains are only obtained if very vigorous agitation is used to disrupt the mating cells. Fer‐1 strains show different precipitability characteristics from the wild type, suggesting that the increased fertility of these mutants is due to a change in the bacterial cell surface.