bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Results of Chemotaxis Inhibition Tests with Protozoa
Authors: Berk SG , Mills BA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Several factors were examined with respect to their influence on the attraction of protozoa towards yeast extract and on the inhibitory effect of cadmium on chemoattraction. These included: density of protozoa (numbers per volume), age of cultures, axenic and bacterized cultures, and starvation period before testing. A marine species, Miamiensis avidus, and a strain of Tetrahymena isolated from a local river, were tested separately. Two-fold increases in density of Miamiensis resulted in a three-fold increase in numbers attracted, whereas Tetrahymena resulted in a two-fold decrease in numbers attracted. However, inhibition by cadmium was not altered by using different densities. At 250 and 500 protozoa/25 μL, Tetrahymena was inhibited 87.8 ± 5.2 (average of four replicates ± 1 SD) and 89.0 ± 2.6%, respectively; at 117 and &lt; 1 protozoa/25 μL, Miamiensis was inhibited 76.0 ± 4.4 and 67.5 ± 10.0%, respectively. Age of culture had an effect on cadmium sensitivity of Miamiensis but not of Tetrahymena. Older cultures of Miamiensis were more inhibited by cadmium (77.0 ± 2.0%) than younger cultures (57.3 ± 8.4%). Protozoa from axenic and bacterized cultures of Tetrahymena were equally affected by cadmium. This aspect was not tested for Miamiensis, since we did not have axenic cultures of this species. For both species, the starvation period clearly affected the numbers of protozoa attracted to yeast extract. Longer starvation periods resulted in greater attraction, yet their sensitivity to the metal did not change. After 1 and 72 h of starvation Tetrahymena was inhibited 79.0 ± 7.4 and 80.7 ± 10.8%, respectively, and Miamiensis was inhibited 78.5 ± 10.0 and 78.5 ± 5.0%, respectively. These results should provide suggestions for better standardization of behavioral tests using protozoa.
A Personal Computer Based Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Test System
Authors: Elzey DM , Henry AT , Anderson AF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A materials testing apparatus is described which employs two closed feedback control loops simultaneously; one loop controls thermal cycling (i.e., specimen temperature cycling), while the other controls mechanical cycling (i.e., strain cycling). Although numerous variations of TMF (thermal-mechanical fatigue) test stations have been reported previously, several unique features justify a description of the current system: (1) thermal and mechanical control cycles are individually controlled using remotely programmable, arbitrary waveform function generators; (2) a personal computer is used to coordinate data acquisition and monitoring of critical test parameters; and (3) a method of real-time separation of temperature induced strain and mechanically induced strain has been incorporated. The system is currently being used to simulate actual operating conditions to which turbine engineering alloys are exposed during start-up and steady-state operation.
Effect of Bearing Plate Properties on the Behavior of Block Masonry Prisms under Axial Compression
Authors: Hamid AA , Chukwunenye AO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An analytical investigation using a three-dimensional finite element model was conducted to study the effect of bearing plate thickness and stiffness on the behavior of axially loaded hollow block masonry prisms. Faceshell and full mortar bedding of prisms were considered. Detailed vertical and lateral stress distributions for different bearing plates were determined which help in understanding the impact of bearing plate properties on the behavior of the prism. The results show that a 51 mm (2 in.) thick steel bearing plate for a 203 mm (8 in.) block prism is inadequate and leads to a nonuniform state of strain. It is concluded that plate stiffness rather than plate thickness is the most appropriate factor to be considered when selecting bearing plate size. A 102 mm (4 in.) steel plate is recommended for testing 203 mm (8 in.) block prisms under axial compression.
Measurement of Granule Coverage on Bituminous Roofing Surfaces
Authors: Dutt O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Methods were developed to measure the exposed area of bitumen on a granule-covered roofing surface. They included traverse microscopical examination, image analysis technique, and photometric measurements. Three specially prepared samples were tested for granule coverage. One of the samples was further tested for the exposed area of bitumen after progressively removing granules from its surface. The study showed that the exposure of bitumen could be related to the loss of granules.
Development of a New Accelerated Adhesion Test for Silicone Sealants
Authors: Cerra AP 
Published: February 2009

AbstractExisting accelerated laboratory adhesion tests for silicone sealants are shown to lack the discrimination necessary to assess relative adhesive behavior. A novel test protocol is offered that enables improved discrimination by more precisely quantifying the adhesive strength of the sealant/substrate system. The method is based on the simultaneous application of both mechanical and environmental stress, in order to promote adhesive failure at loads below the cohesive strength of the bulk sealant.
Material Specifications of Advanced Ceramics in Corrosion Studies
Authors: Munro RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Chemical and physical data are often reported independently in materials property databases. However, when specific applications of these data are considered, it is easily recognized that such specifications have limited utility unless the interdependence of the chemical and physical information is also reported. In this paper, the chemical and physical specification of silicon carbide, with an anticipated application to corrosion, is used as a prototypic case study of the database design requirements. With respect to corrosion, the chemical data are needed in the context of the structural information; i.e., the chemical compositions of the bulk material, the surface layers, the grain boundary regions, and regional interfaces must be distinguished. Standards for the database structure will be discussed in the context of the efficiency of the storage and retrieval system, the interdependence of chemical and physical characteristics, and the effective use of the information in subsequent applications.
A Study of the Variation of Neutron Skyshine Dose with Respect to Roof Thickness, Source Spectrum Distribution
Authors: Prabhakara Rao G , Sarkar PK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Sensitivities of neutron skyshine dose calculation from particle accelerators to certain parameters like roof thickness, distance of the neutron source from the roof, and fraction of the high-energy part of the neutron spectrum were evaluated using response surface methodology. The calculations were done for distances ranging from 100 to 2000 m for various nominal values of roof thickness and for 50- and 60-MeV α-induced neutron spectra on thick tantalum targets. Roof thickness is found to be the most sensitive parameter, and next is the high-energy part of the source neutron distribution, followed by the interaction term of the two variables.
An X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Residual Stresses Induced by Sliding Wear of Copper-Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Wert JJ , Singerman SA , Quarles RA , Chaudhuri DK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Residual stresses induced during unlubricated sliding contact have been measured by the two-exposure technique as well as by peak shift analysis. The peak shift analysis provides the necessary information for the determination of the sum of the principal residual stresses and stacking fault probability. The results of the lattice parameter method suggested by Wagner are compared with those obtained via the conventional two-exposure X-ray technique. If the 222 and 400 reflections are of sufficient intensity, either method may be used to determine the state of stress. However, if the peaks are very diffuse because of strain hardening, the two-exposure technique yields the most reliable results.
A Simple Apparatus for Conducting In-Stream Toxicity Tests
Authors: Newbry BW , Lee GF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Because of the increasing importance of evaluating the actual impact of chemical discharges on fish in receiving waters the need for a suitable apparatus for conducting in situ toxicity tests has arisen. This paper describes a simple, inexpensive, easily handled fish cage that has proven to be quite suitable for conducting in situ toxicity tests with small fish. The cages are constructed of 10-cm plastic pipe.
Prediction of Creep Properties of Chipboard Used in Stressed-Skin Panels
Authors: Kliger IR , Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In recent years, attention has been focused on structural stressed-skin panels (SSP) with lumber webs and sheet metal and chipboard panels as tension and compression flanges, respectively, at Chalmers University of Technology. In this study, certain mechanical and rheological properties of structural chipboard were evaluated as part of a larger project designed to predict the long-term behavior of SSP under load.
Several series of tests were conducted to evaluate short- and longterm properties of urea-formaldehyde bonded chipboard. From eight full-sized panels, specimens were fabricated for use in the determination of chipboard properties. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated from short-term tests. Average strength and MOE values of 20 and 4100 MPa, respectively, were obtained. The MOE value was virtually identical to that obtained from initial deformations found in subsequent creep tests, indicating that test method had no effect on MOE.
Three series of long-term (11 000-h) tests were conducted under constant and similar environmental conditions and different combinations of stress-level and loading history. The results suggested that the magnitude of relative creep was greatest under lower stress levels. Two empirical models, a Clouser function without exponential terms and a power function with exponential terms (Clouser, W. S. “Creep of small wood beams under constant bending load,” FPL Report 2150, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, WI., 1959), were evaluated as predictors of the deformation-time relationship for chipboard under constant loading. The power function with the exponential terms proved to be superior at extrapolating short-term results to long-term predictions. However, both functions were relatively similar with respect to describing the long-term behavior of chipboard as the compression flange in a SSP. Measuring methods and definition of the initial deformation were found to be important, especially for predicting the relative creep factor for chipboards under different load histories.
Water Leak Testing of Polyurethane Female Condoms
Authors: Neunaber LM , Boivin WS , Khatri ZH , Herman BA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes an apparatus and a technique for water leak testing of polyurethane female condoms. This test detects holes as effectively as other official FDA methods used to test barrier products such as latex male condoms and medical gloves. This rapid test simulates actual use conditions as much as possible without causing plastic deformation of the polyurethane material. Blind validation tests showed that the method detects a high percentage of holes 20 μm and larger over the entire surface of the condoms. Holes as small as 10 μm were detected with lower efficiency. Hole detection rate was highest in the bottom one third of the condom where the water pressure was greatest. The condom lubricant was shown to act as a surfactant when added to water.
Objective Assessment of Fabric Handle in Fabrics Treated with Flame Retardants
Authors: Kim JO , Slaten BL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Flame retardant finishes generally affect fabric handle, the tactile sensations resulting from fabric-skin contact. The subjectivity involved in the measurement of fabric handle has posed a major problem in the objective evaluation of the fabric's surface characteristics and comfort. This study investigated the effects of various flame-resistant (FR) finishes on changes in fabric handle utilizing a simple measurement technique. The nozzle extraction handle measurement method can be used as an effective objective measurement tool for textile and apparel industries to detect changes in the overall handle resulting from the processing of fibers, fabrics, or finishes. Peak handle force and slope near the peak force serve as variables to reflect overall handle. The relationships of fabric handle values to selective properties (weight, thickness, flexural rigidity, and drape coefficient) indicate that the fabric handle measured by the extraction method correlates most closely with the drape coefficient.
International Symposium on Slip Resistance: The Interface of Man, Footwear, and Walking Surfaces
Authors: Sacher A , Owens JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The first four papers in this issue were presented at the International Symposium on Slip Resistance: The Interaction of Man, Footwear, and Walking Surfaces, held 30–31 October 1995 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD. Sponsored by Committee D 21 on Polishes and Subcommittee D 21.06 on Slip Resistance, this symposium represents the culmination of research initiated in the 1950s to determine the coefficient of friction of polished walkway surfaces. Extensive laboratory and field studies of methods and apparatus led to the development of the ASTM Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine.
Color Change as a Predictor of Strength Loss in PFD Cover Fabrics
Authors: Epps HH , Leonas KK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fabric covers of many wearable personal flotation devices (PFDs) currently on the market are subject to rapid fading and loss of strength when exposed to light. The result of this rapid degradation may be loss of flotation protection for the wearer. This research evaluates the relationship between color change and loss of breaking strength in six PFD cover fabrics and explores the possibility of using color change to predict strength loss of selected PFD covers. Regression models were developed for each fabric and the models were used to predict the level of color change at which the fabric would fail to meet the U. S. Coast Guard minimum strength requirement for covers of wearable PFDs.
Corrosiveness of Chromate Exposure to Steel Embedded in Soil or Concrete
Authors: Poston RW , Galitz CL , Yates JS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents findings from a one-year laboratory study conducted to assess the corrosion susceptibility of steel in concrete and in soil when exposed to chromates and other selected chemicals. The findings are based on electrical potential and resistance measurements taken for each of 16 corrosion cells, 8 of which were concrete and the remainder soil. A post-mortem inspection was conducted to visually confirm corrosion activity. For each medium, comparison and control cells were fabricated to relate the corrosion potential of chromium to other solutions, such as water, chlorine bleach, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride. Where appropriate, results were compared to previously reported research studies. Based on results of this study, it is concluded that chromate solutions are no more corrosive to reinforcing steel in soil and in concrete than is distilled water.
Creep Rupture Investigation of 63Sn-37Pb Solder by Experiments and Damage Mechanics
Authors: Ju S-H , Sandor B , Plesha ME 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the crack growth path and creep rupture life of 63Sn-37Pb bulk solder experimentally by Moiré analysis and theoretically using continuum damage mechanics. In conventional fracture mechanics analysis, a crack growth path is assumed a priori. Fracture parameters such as the J-integral and stress intensity factor are subsequently calculated to predict the crack growth rate and structural life. However, it is often difficult to postulate the correct crack growth path for a complex structure that is subject to complex loading. Continuum damage mechanics is an alternative method that can be used to compute structural life with the important feature that the crack growth path is computed automatically. In this paper we develop a theory for partially reversible creep-fatigue damage. A finite element procedure incorporating this damage theory is developed and used to analyze the response of bulk solder plates with holes. The displacement fields obtained by finite element analysis are compared to the fringe patterns obtained from conventional Moiré experiments. Furthermore, the accuracy of the predicted crack growth paths was investigated by comparison between the maximum damage contours obtained by finite element simulation with the actual crack paths occurring in the laboratory specimens. These comparisons indicate the new continuum damage theory developed herein can adequately predict creep displacements, crack growth paths, and structural life.
Effects of Surface Geometry on Fabric Friction
Authors: Ajayi JO , Elder HM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The influence of yarn geometry on surface topography, friction, and smoothness of fabrics is reported. A systematic increase in fabric construction (threads per cm) increases frictional resistance but the fabric surface becomes smoother. This is attributed to the diminishing crown height as yarn sett increases. Similarly, an increase in yarn linear density (diameter) also increases the frictional resistance and surface roughness. The increase in surface roughness is ascribed to an increase in mechanical interlocking of yarn crowns.
Relationship Between Statistical Distributions of Traffic Loads and Pavement Responses
Authors: Newcomb DE , Chadbourn BA , Van Deusen DA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mechanistic-empirical design approaches have been developed to predict flexible pavement responses based on vehicle loads and elastic material parameters, but little is known about vehicle load distributions and seasonal changes in these parameters. Analysis of vehicle load and transverse strain distributions suggest a relationship between wheel loads and temperature-corrected strains. It appears that the wheel load distributions and corresponding temperature-corrected strain distributions are normal and lognormal, respectively. Plotting the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 99th percentile values from the load distribution against the corresponding percentiles from the strain distributions suggests a linear relationship between wheel load and temperature-corrected strain. This indicates that a probabilistic approach to traffic loadings may be incorporated into mechanistic-empirical design procedures for flexible pavements.
Precision Profilometry of Wear Scars on Curved Surfaces
Authors: Yust CS , Blau PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Wear scars less than 1 μm in depth are a challenge to measure accurately by surface profilometry, particularly if they are formed on a curved surface. The resultant curved traces limit the use of the vertical scale enlargements necessary for the detection and measurement of minimal wear scars. Profilometer traces on the surface of an internal combustion engine cylinder, for example, commonly yield curved traces even when the stylus moves parallel to the cylinder axis because of (a) the difficulty in orienting the profilometer trace precisely along an element of the cylindrical surface and (b) small departures from a true cylindrical form in most manufactured cylinders. A simple procedure has been devised that permits a curved trace to be “straightened” and scaled to facilitate the determination of wear scar depths and cross sections in the sub-micron range. In some cases, wear scars within the original surface roughness can be detected and measured. The procedure will be illustrated on wear scar depths of 1 μm and less in cylindrical surfaces.
A Low-Cost, Computer-Controlled Adiabatic Calorimeter for Determining the Heat of Hydration of Concrete
Authors: Gibbon GJ , Ballim Y , Grieve GRH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An understanding of the rate and amount of heat generated during the early stages of hydration of concrete mixes is essential in the prediction of the thermal behavior of concrete structures. This paper describes the design and operation of a low-cost, computer-controlled adiabatic calorimeter used for the determination of the heat of hydration of concrete mixes using small samples of the concrete. Heat measurements are started approximately 10 min after water is added to the concrete and a continuous plot of the rate of heat generation is obtained. Furthermore, the use of the calorimeter for temperature-matched curing tests on concrete is also discussed.
A Study on the Prediction of Roundness Variation in Honing Using Hone Dynamics
Authors: Kim J-D , Choi M-S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the simulation for estimating roundness variation according to the process variables in the honing process based on hone dynamics. Honing experiments were carried out to confirm the simulation results. The mandrel rotation speed and the workpiece stroke speed were treated as the main parameters in the simulation and the experiment. The honing force, which varies dynamically in the contact between the honing tool and workpiece, is the main cause of roundness variation. Honing tool and workpiece were assumed as a second-order system, i.e., a spring, mass and damper system in the modeling and analysis.
Determination of Tensile Properties at Increased Strain Rates and Various Temperatures
Authors: Schindler HJ , Veidt M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reports on the development and first application of a low-cost dynamic tension testing method which makes testing at strain rates in the range of 100/s to 500/s and various temperatures as simple as an instrumented Charpy test. The kinematical and kinetic analysis of the newly introduced, reusable clamping device allows the determination of the stress-strain curve from the measured force history during the tearing process. The first results show that the new technique is very promising to determine the influence of loading rate and temperature on the mechanical properties of structural materials, since the measured dynamic tensile properties compare well in absolute value as well as accuracy and reproducibility with those obtained using conventional high-speed tension testing facilities.
Local Versus Global Strain Measurement of a Polymeric Geogrid
Authors: Perkins SW , Schulz JL , Lapeyre JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Polymeric geogrids, which consist of a planar polymeric material with a grid-like configuration, have become increasingly popular as a reinforcement inclusion in soil structures. As the use of geogrid materials has increased, so has the need to quantify both the in-air and in-soil mechanical behavior. Bonded resistance strain gages have been used to quantify the strain response of geogrids. Problems associated with gage mounting, bonding, and environmental protection must be addressed. The relationship between the local measured strain and the global strain must be established. In this paper, these issues have been addressed by conducting in-air tension tests on a particular geogrid. In general, it has been found that strain gages can be successfully bonded to the ribs of geogrids such that strains up to 7% can be recorded. These gages were successfully protected and used in a field application for a period of five months. Strains measured along the ribs of the geogrids were seen in this study to be 1.25 to 1.6 times the average strain applied across the specimen for monotonic loading. The two strains correspond nearly one-for-one for cyclic loading. The presence of the strain gage and accompanying cement appears to have little effect on the strain response.