bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of functional residual capacity and pulmonary carbon monoxide uptake in conscious Greyhounds
Authors: Amis T. C. , Jones Hazel A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A simplified rebreathing method was developed for measurement of functional residual capacity (frc) and pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in nonanesthetized standing Greyhounds. The frc was related to body weight according to the equation:
frc = 0.04 (body weight in kg)1.22
whereas pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in nonanesthetized standing Greyhounds (ml/min/mm of Hg) = 2.34 (body weight in kg)0.66. The large frc per unit of body weight in the Greyhound emphasizes the need for breed specific prediction equations in veterinary respiratory physiologic studies and may reflect selection for exercise performance in the development of the Greyhound breed.
Antiviral responses of bluetongue virus-inoculated bovine fetuses and their dams
Authors: MacLachlan N. James , Schore Caroline E. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antiviral responses of bovine fetuses to bluetongue virus (btv) infection were determined. Fetuses inoculated with btv at 125 days of gestation apparently had cleared all virus by the time of birth; however, the mechanism responsible for virus clearance was not determined. Interferon production and virus clearance were temporally unrelated. Cell-mediated responses to btv antigens were not detected by the lymphocyte stimulation test using lymphocytes from infected fetuses or cows. Although virus clearance and fetal production of high titers of neutralizing antibody did coincide, it was considered unlikely that antibody alone was responsible for virus clearance. As congenital btv infection did not lead to specific immunologic tolerance or postnatal persistance of virus, such animals would not be expected to have a major role in the dissemination of btv.
Evaluation of fixation devices for prevention of rotation in transverse fractures of the canine femoral shaft: An in vitro study
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Paul H. A. , Crumley L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effectiveness of various fixation techniques in preventing rotation of fracture segments in transverse fractures of the canine femoral diaphysis was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Single intramedullary Steinmann pins, single Küntscher nails, multiple intramedullary Steinmann pins, and an intramedullary Steinmann pin with a 1/2 Kirschner splint fixation sustained mean torque moments of 0.31, 0.61, 1.26, and 1.63 Newton meters, respectively, before rotation of the fracture segments occurred. Four-pin (full Kirschner) splints were more effective, sustaining a mean torque moment of 5.35 Newton meters before rotation occurred.
The canine femoral medullary canal had an average isthmus length of 2.0 to 2.5 cm. The restricted area of implant-cortex contact limited the effectiveness of the intramedullary fixation devices in preventing fracture segment rotation.
Intensification of milk somatic cell response to intramammary device
Authors: Paape Max J. , Corlett Norman J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Treatments consisting of copper-impregnated polyethylene intramammary device (pimd-Cu), pimd-Cu which had been abraded to ensure exposure of surface copper (apbid-Cu), pimd which had been abraded in an identical manner (apimd), and an untreated control were established in mammary quarters of 2 cows. Quarters selected were bacteria free and had milk somatic cell counts (mscc) in strippings of < 240 × 103 ml. Milk somatic cell counts were determined from strippings immediately after milking and 6 hours later. Cows were monitored for 4 weeks after devices were inserted. Milk samples (250 ml) were collected and analyzed for free fatty acids, a measure of hydrolytic rancidity, at 14 days. The devices were removed from mammary quarters after 4 weeks and examined with a scanning electron microscope. Surfaces of the devices were assessed for plaque buildup and presence of leukocytes. Immediately after and 6 hours later, geometric mean mscc for apimd, apimd-Cu, pimd-Cu, and control quarters average 946/1,556, 1,479/2,882, 512/1,148, and 161/190 × 103 ml, respectively.
There was no difference in free fatty acid values of samples from treated and control quarters. Plaque formation was observed over the entire surface of apimd. Numerous leukocytes were found associated with plaque and appeared to initiate development of plaque. Smaller amounts of plaque were found on apimd-Cu, and minimal amounts were found on pimd-Cu. Results indicate that modification of pimd by abrading or addition of copper will increase msec to concentrations (> 900 × 103 ml) that should be protective against establishment of infection by mastitis pathogens.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of toxoplasmosis in swine: Interpreting assay results and comparing with other serologic tests
Authors: Waltman W. Douglas , Dreesen David W. , Prickett M. Dennis , Blue Jack L. , Oliver Diane G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the serodiagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis. The results of the elisa were interpreted as percentage (%elisa) and elisa titer and were compared with results of the dye test, indirect fluorescent antibody test, and indirect hemagglutination test, The results obtained from both the %elisa and elisa titer directly correlated with the dye test results. The elisa is a rapid, sensitive, and readily performed serologic test that should be ideal for examining (screening) swine for toxoplasmosis.
Halothane testing for malignant hyperthermia in swine: Dose-response effects
Authors: McGrath C. J. , Lee J. C. , Rempel W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Purebred Pietrain malignant hyperthermia (mh)-susceptible pigs (n = 102) were subjected to halothane (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) in oxygen. The number of pigs in each group exhibiting muscle rigidity (mh(+) reaction) and the reaction times were recorded, as were the number of deaths resulting from mh.
Mortality was not affected by the halothane concentration. However, halothane concentration did markedly affect the number of mh(+) reactions and the reaction times. False-negative reactions were apparent in the pigs at halothane concentrations < 3%. Increasing the halothane concentration incrementally to 5% (from 0%) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased reaction times between treatment groups. The reductions in reaction times which occurred in the pigs given the 3%, 4%, and 5% halothane concentrations (62.1, 56.2, and 50.05)—although significant (P < 0.05)—would indicate that 3% halothane would generally be sufficient for mh testing.
Biochemical and serologic properties of Escherichia coli isolated from cows with acute mastitis
Authors: Sanchez-Carlo V. , Wilson R. A. , McDonald J.S. , Packer R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biochemical and serologic characteristics of 184 Escherichia coli isolates from cows with acute mastitis were determined. Trends or patterns unique to bovine isolates were not observed, except for the frequency of adonitol fermentation, which was positive in 84 (45.6%) of the cultures. Growth on Tergitol-7 agar had 3 types of colony morphologic characteristics; of these, the rough and intermediate textures predominated over those with smooth colony surfaces. A large variety of serovars was detected; the majority occurring as single isolates within a herd. Few K antigens were typeable. Only 2 isolates contained the K99 antigen. Seemingly, E coli organisms isolated from cows with acute mastitis cannot be distinguished as a specific pathogenic group on the basis of biochemical and serotest reactions.
Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus uptake by preimplantation embryos
Authors: Potter M. L. , Corstvet R. E. , Looney C. R. , Fulton R. W. , Archbald L. F. , Godke R.A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine embryos were exposed to bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus in vitro. An uptake of bvd virus by the embryos could not be detected by several assay systems. A significant decrease in the titer of bvd virus was found to occur when the virus was incubated in saline solution + 5% goat serum or minimal essential medium + 5% goat serum for 24 hours at 37 C. Since there was significant inactivation of the bvd virus during the incubation period, lack of viral infectivity of the embryos may have been due to adverse effects of the experimental environmental conditions on the virus or the embryos or upon viral-embryo interaction.
Protection of chickens by ribosomal vaccines from Pasteurella multocida: Dependence on homologous lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Phillips M. , Rimler R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were protected against fowl cholera by ribosomal vaccines prepared from noncapsulated Pasteurella multocida. Passive hemagglutination (pha) titers to lipopolysaccharide (lps) and the degree of protection conferred by ribosomal vaccines were diminished or abolished when ribosomes were chromatographed on an immunoadsorbent column. Addition of subimmunogenic amounts of serotype 1 (homologous) lps to highly purified ribosomes resulted in vaccines that protected against challenge exposure and produced pha titers to homologous lps. Addition of serotype 5 lps to highly purified ribosomes did not protect chickens against challenge exposure with serotype 1 P multocida, but produced pha titers to serotype 5 lps. Combinations of serotype 1 ribosomal RNA and serotype 1 (homologous) lps did not protect chickens or produce pha titers to lps.
Purified ribosomes from Brucella abortus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and chicken liver were combined with lps from P multocida and were evaluated as vaccines. Brucella abortus and A fumigatus ribosomes combined with lps protected chickens as well as did bacterin made from whole cells of P multocida. Chicken liver ribosomes combined with lps did not provide protection. To determine whether a protein carrier would substitute for ribosomes, methylated bovine albumin (mba) was combined with lps and evaluated as a vaccine. A serologic response to lps was induced by mba-lps vaccine, but the vaccine offered no better protection than when lps was used alone as vaccine. Ribosome-lps vaccines produced serologic responses to lps that were at least 5-fold greater than those produced by mba-lps vaccine.
Use of bacteria and yeasts to identify T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues of healthy guinea pigs and guinea pigs fed aflatoxin
Authors: McLoughlin Mary Ellen , Pier Allan C. , Thurston John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-four bacterial and 10 yeast isolates were screened to identify strains that were consistently bound by peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) of guinea pigs. None of the yeast isolates examined was bound by guinea pig pbl. Of 54 bacterial isolates, 10 were bound by > 5% of pbl. Potential lymphocyte markers from these bacteria were chosen for further study. Sodium azide inhibited the binding of bacteria by pbl.
Preparations of T lymphocytes indicated that Salmonella schottmuelleri was bound by most T lymphocytes; Yersinia enterocolitica was bound by a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. Patterns of binding of bacteria by lymphocytes from thymus, lymph node, or spleen differed from binding patterns obtained using pbl.
Aflatoxin did not affect the total wbc, differential leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, or relative percentage of pcv of guinea pigs given as much as 0.060 mg of aflatoxin B1 equivalents/kg of body weight/day for 3 weeks. Changes in absolute numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocytes were not observed in guinea pigs given aflatoxin when immunofluorescence or bacterial binding was used to identify lymphocyte populations, except that the number of S schottmuelleri-binding lymphocytes (tentatively identified as T lymphocytes) in guinea pigs given the highest dose of aflatoxin (0.060 mg of aflatoxin B1 equivalents/kg/day) was less than the number of T lymphocytes identified by immunofluorescence.
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of immunoglobulin G in Suffolk sheep with scrapie
Authors: Strain George M. , Barta Ota , Olcott Bruce M. , Braun William F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Determinations were made by laser nephelometry of serum and csf immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentrations in Suffolk sheep with naturally occurring scrapie. The serum IgG concentrations in 3 sheep with confirmed or suspected scrapie were between 2,140 and 3,290 mg of IgG/100 ml, and the csf values were between < 10 and 75 mg of IgG/100 ml. In 8 clinically healthy (control) sheep, serum IgG concentrations were 2,647 to 7,380 mg/100 ml and csf IgG concentrations were between 0 (undetectable) and 162 mg/100 ml. A sheep with pulmonary adenomatosis had 1,445 mg of IgG/100 ml of serum. The results indicated that neither serum nor csf IgG concentrations were increased in sheep with naturally occurring infection with scrapie and that the severity of the disease did not correspond with the IgG concentration.
Immunogenicity and safety of an attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine in pigs
Authors: Sakano Tetsuya , Sakurai Ken-ichiro , Furutani Takeshi , Shimizu Takeshi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunogenicity and safety of an attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine for swine atrophic rhinitis (ar) was evaluated in 22 hysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived pigs and 18 conventional pigs.
None of 8 pigs inoculated at 7 days of age intranasally with ≥ 3 × 105 colony-forming units (cfu) of vacccinal strain/pig and 2 of 5 pigs inoculated at 7 days of age intranasally with 3 × 104 cfu of the vaccinal strain/pig developed ar after intranasal challenge exposure with a virulent strain at postinoculation week (piw) 3. The remaining 3 vaccinated pigs and 4 nonvaccinated pigs developed ar.
Thirteen pigs were inoculated intranasally with 3 × 106 to 3 × 109 cfu of the vaccinal strain at 7 days of age. At piw 12, the pigs were killed and necropsied. None of the pigs had clinical signs of ar and/or pneumonia.
Virulence was studied by transmission of vaccinal strain through 3 serial growing passages on the nasal mucosa of a litter of hysterectomy-produced colostrum-deprived pigs. inoculum (nasal swab samples from 2 pigs 4 days after inoculation with 108 cfu of vaccinal strain at 5 days of age) was inoculated into the nasal cavity of 2 nonvaccinated pigs. This procedure was repeated 3 times. After the 1st passage, the vaccinal strain was recovered on postinoculation day 4, but after postinoculation day 4, the vaccinal strain was not recovered until the end of the 3rd passage. Turbinate atrophy or pneumonia was not recognized in these inoculated pigs.
The vaccinal strain provided immunogenicity without ill effects.
Effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens for bovine brucellosis
Authors: Milward Francis W. , Nicoletti Paul , Hoffmann Edward 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Various chemotherapeutic regimens were evaluated in 48 culture-positive dairy cows. Cessation of shedding of Brucella abortus from udder secretions and absence in selected tissues at necropsy were criteria of success.
A combination of a long-acting oxytetracycline and streptomycin eliminated Brucella in 10 of 14 (71.4%) cows. Two cows that were retreated with the same regimen also became culture-negative. Other treatment regimens, including the use of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics, were less successful.
Serotests were a poor criterion of effectiveness.
Metabolic responses to fasting and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in steers
Authors: Smith Stephen B. , Prior Ronald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To induce diabetes mellitus in 8 steers, they were fasted for 96 hours and given 110 mg of alloxan/kg of body weight (iv, in 1 dose) immediately before refeeding. Subsequently, 4 of the steers were treated with insulin (0.1 to 3 U/kg) to control hyperglycemia and 4 were not given insulin. Four control steers were fasted and refed. Fasting increased serum phosphorus, total protein, and bilirubin and decreased serum magnesium and potassium. Refeeding returned serum values of magnesium, potassium, total protein, and bilirubin toward base-line values, regardless of treatment group. However, serum phosphorus remained increased in steers with alloxan-induced diabetes and was not lowered by insulin injections. Sodium and chloride values were depressed in steers with alloxan-induced diabetes; these values remained significantly (P < 0.05) lower than base-line values, even in steers given insulin. Fat infiltration was evident in the pancreas, liver, and to some extent, kidneys of steers with alloxan-induced diabetes, but was occasionally present in tissues of steers given insulin.
Effect of dietary niacin supplementation on serum constituents of periparturient dairy cattle
Authors: Dufva G. S. , Bartley E. E. , Nagaraja T. G. , Dayton A. D. , Frey R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 60 multiparous periparturient Holstein cows were used to determine the differences in serum constituents between cows given supplemental niacin in the diet and cows not given supplemental niacin. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration was consistently higher (P < 0.10) and serum potassium, total calcium, and sodium concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activities were consistently lower in cows given supplemental niacin than in cows not given supplemental niacin. Serum chloride, creatinine, and albumin values also tended to be lower in niacin-supplemented cows. Serum total protein tended to be slightly higher in niacin-supplemented cows. There was no consistent difference in urea nitrogen between groups of cows.
Function of prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, and histamine in hypersensitivity reaction to experimental bluetongue disease in calves
Authors: Emau Peter , Giri S. N. , Anderson G. A. , Stott J. L. , Osburn B. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves given 2 subcutaneous inoculations (4 ml, 4.5 weeks apart) of an inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 17 (btv-17), aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, and cimetidine (600 mg) or levamisole (819 mg, 6 ml) combination were challenge exposed with virulent btv-17 (2.5 × 105 embryo lethal dose) 9 weeks after the 1st inoculation and were monitored for 35 days. Plasma prostaglandins (pg) and thromboxane (Tx) B2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. Histamine was assayed spectrofluo-rometrically. During the inoculation period (9 weeks from the 1st inoculation to challenge exposure) pge and histamine increased from base-line concentrations of 34 ± 3 pg/ml and 1.2 ± 0.1 ng/ml to 83 + 8 pg/ml and 2.0 ± 0.1 ng/ml, respectively, whereas PGP2α decreased from baseline values of 356 ± 41 pg/ml to 226 ± 16 pg/ml. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) changes from base-line TxB2 values (110 ± 7 pg/ml) were not observed during the inoculation period. After challenge exposure, maximum increases were observed in TxB2 (157 ± 10 pg/ml), pgf2α (713 + 93 pg/ml), pge (140 ± 30 pg/ml), and histamine (3.6 ± 0.2 ng/ml) concentrations at 4, 7, 7, and 14 days after challenge exposure, respectively. Concentrations of pgf2α and TxB2 decreased from base-line values to 211 ± 42 pg/ml and 75 ± 11 pg/ml, respectively, 21 days after challenge exposure and then returned to base-line values. Significant changes were not observed in plasma concentrations of 6-keto-pgf1α. Results indicate that pg, TxA2, and histamine may be involved in the hypersensitivity reaction to btv in cattle.
Vaccination of calves against Salmonella dublin with aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Stocker Bruce A. D. , Hoiseth Susan K. , Johnson Eugene H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten Holstein calves were divided into 2 groups. Five calves served as nonvaccinated controls, and 5 calves were vaccinated im at 2 and 3 weeks of age with 109 aromatic-dependent (aro- ) Salmonella typhimurium strain SL1479 containing 0 antigens 1, 4, 12. Serious adverse reactions to vaccination were not observed in the calves. Mean maximum rectal temperature increase in the vaccinated calves was 1.5 C. One calf had diarrhea and depressed appetite for 1 day after vaccination. At 5 weeks of age, all calves were challenge exposed orally with 1.5 × 1011 virulent S dublin strain SL1367 (O antigens 9,12). After challenge-exposure inoculum was given, 1 of 5 vaccinated calves died and 4 of the 5 nonvaccinated calves died (P < 0.05). Thus, some cross serotype protection against S dublin was induced by parenteral vaccination of calves with aro- S typhimurium strain SL1479, although protection was not complete.
Evaluation of field isolates of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus as determined by restriction endonuclease analysis and hybridization
Authors: Pirtle E. C. , Wathen M. W. , Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L. , Sacks J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixty-seven isolates of pseudorabies virus (prv) from 13 states were cleaved with 4 restriction endonucleases (re), and after electrophoresis in agarose, their banding patterns were photographed and evaluated. The deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) cleavage fragments were designated into regions specified by molecular weight ranges based on lambda phage dna as a size marker. The 67 prv isolates were evaluated according to the total number of cleavage fragments, by the number of fragments within designated molecular weight regions, and finally, by the migration of fragments within regions. Four ofthe 67 prv isolates (all 4 from California) did not have a 4.1 to 4.6 megadalton HinfI band, but hybridization of the HinfI digests with a 32P probe made with the 4.4 megadalton band hybridized with 2 lighter fragments, 2.5 and 1.9 megadaltons, respectively. The BamHI digests of dna from some prv isolates with submolar fragments were hybridized with 32P probes made with fragments from the submolar region and the BamHI E fragment. Both probes hybridized to the submolar region of prv with BamHI submolar fragments, but only to the trimolar (E, F, and G) band of prv without submolar fragments in the 4.1 to 7.5 BamHI megadalton region. Epidemiologic evidence was obtained which indicated that a Missouri strain of prv was transferred to an Illinois swine herd by importation of feeder pigs from Missouri. The results indicate that there are numerous genomically different prv currently in circulation in the United States and that the combination of re analysis and dna hybridization offers useful epidemiologic information to evaluate the various strains.
Immune response of swine vaccinated with a group E Streptococcus whole-culture bacterin
Authors: Wood R. L. , Wessman G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Swine (n = 10) were given a concentrated whole-culture adsorbate bacterin made from group E Streptococcus (ges). Two doses of bacterin were given subcutaneously 3 weeks apart. Control swine (n = 10) were given a blank preparation made from sterile culture medium. Swine were challenge exposed 3 weeks after the 2nd injection of bacterin by being penned continuously for 8 weeks with carrier swine infected with ges. A significant (P ≤ 0.009) immune response to vaccination with the bacterin was observed. Vaccinated swine, but not control swine, developed antibodies to an antiphagocytic factor (as detected with bactericidal and long-chain tests) before challenge exposure. Vaccinated swine also developed 51.2% (20 vs 41) fewer abscesses after challenge exposure than did control swine. Control swine developed a greater serologic response to challenge exposure, indicating a more extensive infection with ges.