bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mothers' Attitudes towards Preventing Cervical Cancer through Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Waller Jo , Marlow Laura A.V. , Wardle Jane 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) types causing cervical cancer will soon be available. Success of the vaccine relies on parents' willingness to vaccinate their prepubescent daughters. We explored mothers' attitudes towards vaccination. Twenty-four mothers of girls ages 8 to 14 years took part in four focus groups. Discussions covered attitudes to vaccination in general, cancer vaccines, vaccines for sexually transmitted infections (STI), and the HPV vaccine. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Mothers were broadly provaccination. Some were excited about a cancer vaccine, although there were fears that it might lead to unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking). STI vaccines got a mixed reception. Enthusiasm was moderated by concerns about an increase in risky sexual behavior. When provided with information about the HPV vaccine, women were in favor of protecting their daughters from cervical cancer, abnormal Papanicolaou results and, potentially, from cervical screening. Some worried about an increase in promiscuity and risk of other STIs. There was disagreement about the age at which girls should be vaccinated. Although some women thought this question should be medically driven, others were concerned about discussing the vaccine with young girls and preferred to wait until they were older. In conclusion, mothers were broadly in favor of HPV vaccination but had reservations, particularly about vaccinating girls as young as 10. Larger-scale quantitative work is needed to assess acceptability at the population level. If the vaccine is introduced, information provision is likely to be key to ensuring parents understand the rationale for vaccinating at a young age. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1257–61)
Obesity, Adipokines, and Prostate Cancer in a Prospective Population-Based Study
Authors: Baillargeon Jacques , Platz Elizabeth A. , Rose David P. , Pollock Brad H. , Ankerst Donna Pauler , Haffner Steven , Higgins Betsy , Lokshin Anna , Troyer Dean , Hernandez Javier , Lynch Steve , Leach Robin J. , Thompson Ian M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association of obesity and the adipokines leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness.Methods: One hundred twenty-five incident prostate cancer cases and 125 age-matched controls were sampled from among participants in the original San Antonio Center for Biomarkers of Risk of Prostate Cancer cohort study. The odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer and high-grade disease (Gleason sum &gt;7) associated with the WHO categories of body mass index (kg/m2) and with tertiles of serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6 were estimated using multivariable conditional logistic regression models.Results: Body mass index was not associated with either incident prostate cancer [obese versus normal; OR, 0.75; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.38-1.48; Ptrend = 0.27] or high-grade versus low-grade disease (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.39-3.52; Ptrend = 0.62). Moreover, none of the three adipokines was statistically significant associated with prostate cancer risk or high-grade disease, respectively: leptin (highest versus lowest tertile; OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.28-1.37; Ptrend = 0.57; OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.48-3.01; Ptrend = 0.85); adiponectin (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.46-1.65; Ptrend = 0.24; OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.74-5.10; Ptrend = 0.85); IL-6 (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.46-1.53; Ptrend = 0.98; OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.30-2.33; Ptrend = 0.17).Conclusions: Findings from this nested case-control study of men routinely screened for prostate cancer and who had a high prevalence of overweight and obesity do not provide evidence to support that prediagnostic obesity or factors elaborated by fat cells strongly influence prostate cancer risk or aggressiveness. However, due to the small sample population, a small or modest effect of obesity and adipokines on these outcomes cannot be excluded. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1331–5)
Gene Expression Profiles in Peripheral Lymphocytes by Arsenic Exposure and Skin Lesion Status in a Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Argos Maria , Kibriya Muhammad G. , Parvez Faruque , Jasmine Farzana , Rakibuz-Zaman Muhammad , Ahsan Habibul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMillions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic through their drinking water. In this study, the effect of arsenic exposure and arsenical skin lesion status on genome-wide gene expression patterns was evaluated using RNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals selected from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study. Affymetrix HG-U133A GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) arrays were used to measure the expression of ∼22,000 transcripts. Our primary statistical analysis involved identifying differentially expressed genes between participants with and without arsenical skin lesions based on the significance analysis of microarrays statistic with an a priori defined 1% false discovery rate to minimize false positives. To better characterize differential expression, we also conducted Gene Ontology and pathway comparisons in addition to the gene-specific analyses. Four-hundred sixty-eight genes were differentially expressed between these two groups, from which 312 differentially expressed genes were identified by restricting the analysis to female never-smokers. We also explored possible differential gene expression by arsenic exposure levels among individuals without manifest arsenical skin lesions; however, no differentially expressed genes could be identified from this comparison. Our findings show that microarray-based gene expression analysis is a powerful method to characterize the molecular profile of arsenic exposure and arsenic-induced diseases. Genes identified from this analysis may provide insights into the underlying processes of arsenic-induced disease and represent potential targets for chemoprevention studies to reduce arsenic-induced skin cancer in this population. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1367–75)
Human Papillomavirus Infections with Multiple Types and Risk of Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Trottier Helen , Mahmud Salaheddin , Costa Maria Cecilia , Sobrinho João P. , Duarte-Franco Eliane , Rohan Thomas E. , Ferenczy Alex , Villa Luisa L. , Franco Eduardo L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: Besides an established role for certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in the etiology of cervical cancer, little is known about the influence of multiple-type HPV infections on cervical lesion risk. We studied the association between multiple HPV types and cervical lesions among 2,462 Brazilian women participating in the Ludwig-McGill study group investigation of the natural history of HPVs and cervical neoplasia.
Methods: Cervical specimens were typed by a PCR protocol. The cohort's repeated-measurement design permitted the assessment of the relation between the cumulative and concurrent number of HPV types and any-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and high-grade SIL (HSIL).
Result: At individual visits, 1.9% to 3.2% of the women were infected with multiple HPVs. Cumulatively during the first year and the first 4 years of follow-up, 12.3% and 22.3% were infected with multiple types, respectively. HSIL risk markedly increased with the number of types [odds ratio (OR), 41.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 5.3-323.2 for single-type infections; OR, 91.7; 95% CI, 11.6-728.1 for two to three types; and OR, 424.0; 95% CI, 31.8-5651.8 for four to six types, relative to women consistently HPV-negative during the first year of follow-up]. The excess risks for multiple-type infections remained after exclusion of women infected with HPV-16, with high-risk HPV types, or persistent infections, particularly for any-grade SIL. Coinfections involving HPV-16 and HPV-58 seemed particularly prone to increase risk.
Conclusion: Infections with multiple HPV types seem to act synergistically in cervical carcinogenesis. These findings have implications for the management of cervical lesions and prediction of the outcome of HPV infections. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1274–80)
Acculturation and Breast Density in Foreign-Born, U.S. Chinese Women
Authors: Tseng Marilyn , Byrne Celia , Evers Kathryn A. , London W. Thomas , Daly Mary B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe role of acculturation in the breast cancer risk increase among U.S. Chinese women is unclear. We examined the association between acculturation and breast density in a sample of foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women and examined factors that may explain such an association. Between January 2002 and May 2003, 212 Chinese women were recruited from Philadelphia region screening programs. Cranial-caudal mammographic images were classified into one of four categories ranging from “entirely fatty” to “extremely dense.” Questionnaires assessed information on sociodemographic, cultural, reproductive, and lifestyle factors. An index of acculturation was created based on self-reported English proficiency and within- and cross-ethnicity social interactions. To estimate odds ratios (OR) for falling into a higher versus lower category for breast density, we conducted logistic regression analysis using proportional odds models for polychotomous outcomes. We found that women in the highest acculturation category had denser breasts [age-adjusted OR, 3.1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.6-6.0]. They also had fewer live births, higher age at first live birth, and higher dairy food intake, all factors associated with breast density. In 196 women with complete covariate data, only adjustment for number of live births and dairy food intake attenuated the estimate for acculturation by &gt;10%. With adjustment for both simultaneously, the most acculturated women were still more likely to have denser breasts (age- and menopause-adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-4.2). These analyses are the first to show breast density differences by level of acculturation among foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women. Despite reproductive and lifestyle differences by level of acculturation, differences in these factors did not explain the acculturation-breast density association. Future longitudinal research will examine whether the association is due to early-life factors, postmigration lifestyle changes, or perimenopausal exposures. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1301–5)
Polymorphisms in the Two Helicases ERCC2/XPD and ERCC3/XPB of the Transcription Factor IIH Complex and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Analysis in a Chinese Population
Authors: Hu Zhibin , Xu Liang , Shao Minhua , Yuan Jing , Wang Yi , Wang Feng , Yuan Wentao , Qian Ji , Ma Hongxia , Wang Ying , Liu Hongliang , Chen Weihong , Yang Lin , Jing Guangfu , Huo Xiang , Chen Feng , Jin Li , Wei Qingyi , Wu Tangchun , Lu Daru , Huang Wei , Shen Hongbing 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) helicases ERCC2/XPD and ERCC3/XPB are responsible for opening the DNA strand around the lesion site during nucleotide excision repair process. Genetic variants in these two genes may be markers for interindividual variability in DNA repair capacity and thus predisposition to cancer risk. In this case-control study of 1,010 incident lung cancer cases and 1,011 age and sex frequency–matched cancer-free controls in a Chinese population, we genotyped eight tagging polymorphisms of ERCC2 and ERCC3 using the high-throughput Taqman platform to determine their associations with risk of lung cancer. Although none of the eight polymorphisms was individually associated with lung cancer risk, we found that genetic variants in ERCC2 and ERCC3 jointly contributed to lung cancer risk in a dose-response manner. Compared with those with 0 to 1 “at-risk” locus, subjects carrying &gt;1 at-risk loci were at increased risk for lung cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.29; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.98-1.70 for 2 at-risk loci; adjusted OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.02-1.85 for 3 at-risk loci; and adjusted OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.10 for ≥4 at-risk loci, respectively; Ptrend = 0.015]. This combined effect was slightly more evident in young subjects (&lt;60 years), males, current smokers, and those with family history of cancer, particularly for histologic type of adenocarcinomas. No evidence for interaction was found. These findings indicate that these tagSNPs of the ERCC2 and ERCC3 along with their surrounding regions may serve as biomarkers of susceptibility to lung cancer, which warrant further validation by other population-based and phenotypic studies to determine the biological relevance of these tagSNPs. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1336–40)
Living in the Shadow of Cain Echoes of a Developing Tradition in James 5:1-6
Authors: Byron John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBehind the statements in James 5:1-6 is an echo of the Cain and Abel story. While it has been recognized that Abel served as an archetype for righteousness and unjust suffering, it is sometimes overlooked that Cain fulfilled a similar role. Beginning with the writings of Josephus and Philo and continuing through to the Midrashim, Cain was portrayed as an archetype for those who oppress the poor and the righteous for self-gain. Just as James accuses the wealthy of using dishonest means to retain the wages of the poor, so also Cain was accused of increasing his property and possessions through robbery and force. The enigmatic statements in 5:6 represent an indictment against the wealthy and declaring that they are guilty of the sin of Cain.
Pathways to friendship in the lives of people with psychosis: Incorporating narrative into experimental research
Authors: Stayner David , Staeheli Martha , Davidson Larry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the role of friendship in the lives of people with psychiatric disabilities through the use of narrative. We suggest that the use of phenomenologically based investigation in experimental or other traditional research designs provides a more in-depth and complex view of the lives of people with serious mental illness. We offer the example of the Partnership Project, which provides people with psychiatric disabilities a consumer or non-consumer "partner" with whom to enjoy community activities and spend a weekly stipend. Through the lens of narrative, we examine the ways that friendship differs between people matched with either a consumer or non-consumer partner and delve into the importance of connection and friendship in the lives of people with psychiatric disabilities.
Phenomenology and Contemporary Clinical Practice: Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Davidson Larry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis special issue reconsiders the contributions that phenomenology can make to the development and practice of a clinical science of psychology. In it, we suggest that earlier attempts to apply phenomenological principles were influenced heavily by psychoanalysis, with few, if any, alternative versions of a "depth" psychology available on which to draw in reframing the nature of psychopathology and its treatment. We suggest that this lingering presence of psychoanalysis runs counter to the founding principles of phenomenological method and offer a few examples of a constructive alternative grounded in Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. Borrowing from Mohanty, we offer this approach as a respectful—as opposed to suspicious—phenomenology, and begin to outline ways in which a transcendentally-grounded psychology reconceptualizes both clinical research and practice, from the initial intake interview and interpretation of interview data to the aims and strategies of psychological interventions.
,,Only darkness in the Goldeneh Medina?" Die Lower East Side in der US-amerikanischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Authors: Pohl Jana 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper deals with the Lower East Side as a site of memory in children's literature in the United States. Contemporary children's books depict the Lower East Side in migration narratives about Eastern European Jews who came to America around the turn of the last century. They do so both verbally and visually by incorporating an often reproduced photograph that has come to symbolize the imaginary place. The Lower East Side is a Jewish site of immigrant poverty, crowded tenement houses, and sweat shops. In the examples given, it is used to dismantle the image of the Goldeneh Medina.
Coordinating Philanthropy for Peace
Authors: Greenberg Melanie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCollaboration at many levels – between governments, non-governmental organizations, regional groups, and academic disciplines – will create the fabric from which a durable peace can be established in the post-9/11 era. Private foundations, even without the vast resources of government agencies, can play an important catalytic role in encouraging collaboration across the spectrum of peacebuilding. Transaction costs and barriers to negotiation can make collaboration difficult for foundations and grantees, but the potential gains from collaboration overcome the costs of time and the risks of uncertainty inherent in collaborative ventures. Foundations can be especially helpful in establishing collaborations linking theory and practice (especially in the area of evaluation); in bringing together grantees in particular geographical areas; and in helping disseminate best practices and lessons learned from peacebuilding experiences. Foundations can create an even stronger voice for peacebuilding if foundation leaders are willing to join together as effectively in the peace and security area as they do in areas such as the environment and public health.
Putting the "Up" in Bottom-up Peacebuilding: Broadening the Concept of Peace Negotiations
Authors: Hemmer Bruce , Graham John , Garb Paula , Phillips Marlett 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new theory of how nations negotiate is described wherein peoples negotiate, not just political leaders, and the negotiations of the latter are affected by the former. We draw on theories and concepts from Track Two diplomacy, citizen peacebuilding, civic democratization, and social movements to develop an integrated theory of how peoples negotiate. That is, we demonstrate how citizen peacebuilders create the democratic, social, cultural and human capital necessary to effectively engage national level politics by first building peace and democracy at the grassroots and in local politics. Further, we describe the development of a "peacebuilding organism" involving specialized citizen peacebuilding organizations that coordinate to produce mutually reinforcing growth toward peace and democracy at all levels of society. This gives peace a deep-rooted momentum that transforms political resistance. This theory is applied to explain peace movement development in Bosnia-Herzegovina. We close by considering implications of this theory for optimizing international assistance.
Arthroscopic Rotator Interval Closure
Authors: Plausinis Derek , Bravman Jonathan T. , Heywood Christian , Kummer Frederick J. , Kwon Young W. , Jazrawi Laith M. 
Published: July 2006

Background The effect of arthroscopic rotator interval closure on glenohumeral motion and translation is not well understood, nor is the ideal location or number of sutures required for closure. Hypothesis The number of arthroscopic rotator interval closure sutures and their placement will have a significant effect on glenohumeral range of motion and anterior-posterior translation. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Using a custom testing apparatus, the authors measured range of motion in 12 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders; anteriorposterior translation in adduction and neutral rotation was measured in 9. Specimens were initially tested without sutures and then tested after 3 interval closures using a random sequence of (1) an isolated medial suture at the level of the glenoid, (2) an isolated lateral suture 1 cm lateral to the glenoid, or (3) both sutures followed by removal of all sutures. Results Analysis of variance demonstrated that interval closure had a significant effect on decreasing flexion (mean, 6°), external rotation (mean, 10°), and anterior translation (mean, 3 mm) of the adducted shoulder. There was no significant difference between the 3 interval closures in any of the tests. Conclusion Arthroscopic interval closure produced significant decreases in range of motion and anterior-posterior translation. The effects of single lateral or medial suture closures were similar to the use of 2 sutures. Clinical Relevance This study suggests that the initial effect of arthroscopic rotator interval closure on anterior translation of the shoulder will be similar whether 1 or 2 sutures are used. In vivo studies are necessary to determine if the effect of these 2 methods would be the same over time.
Enterococcal colonization of the gastro-intestinal tract: role of biofilm and environmental oligosaccharides
Authors: Creti Roberta , Koch Stefanie , Fabretti Francesca , Baldassarri Lucilla , Huebner Johannes 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Biofilm formation in E. faecalis is presumed to play an important role in a number of enterococcal infections. We have previously identified a genetic locus provisionally named bop that is involved in maltose metabolism and biofilm formation. A transposon insertion into the second gene of the locus (bopB) resulted in loss of biofilm formation, while the non-polar deletion of this gene, together with parts of the flanking genes (bopA and bopC) resulted in increased biofilm formation. A polar effect of the transposon insertion on a transcriptional regulator (bopD) was responsible for the reduced biofilm formation of the transposon mutant.

Results
The amount of biofilm formed is related to the presence of maltose or glucose in the growth medium. While the wild-type strain was able to produce biofilm in medium containing either glucose or maltose, two mutants of this locus showed opposite effects. When grown in medium containing 1% glucose, the transposon mutant showed reduced biofilm formation (9%), while the deletion mutant produced more biofilm (110%) than the wild-type. When grown in medium containing 1% maltose, the transposon mutant was able to produce more biofilm than the wild-type strain (111%), while the deletion mutant did not produce biofilm (4%). Biofilm formation was not affected by the presence of several other sugar sources. In a gastrointestinal colonization model, the biofilm-negative mutant was delayed in colonization of the mouse intestinal tract.

Conclusion
The biofilm-positive phenotype of the wild-type strain seems to be associated with colonization of enterococci in the gut and the presence of oligosaccharides in food may influence biofilm formation and therefore colonization of enterococci in the gastrointestinal system.