bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UL74 of Human Cytomegalovirus Contributes to Virus Release by Promoting Secondary Envelopment of Virions
Authors: Jiang Xiao Jing , Adler Barbara , Sampaio Kerstin Laib , Digel Margarete , Jahn Gerhard , Ettischer Nicole , Stierhof York-Dieter , Scrivano Laura , Koszinowski Ulrich , Mach Michael , Sinzger Christian 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
The glycoprotein (g) complex gH/gL represents an essential part of the herpesvirus fusion machinery mediating entry of cell-free virions and cell-associated viral spread. In some herpesviruses additional proteins are associated with gH/gL contributing to the cell tropism of the respective virus. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH/gL forms complexes with either gO (UL74) or proteins of the UL128-131A gene locus. While a contribution of UL128-131A to endothelial cell tropism is known, the role of gO is less clear. We studied the role of gH/gL-associated proteins in HCMV replication in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Deletions of UL74 alone or in combination with mutations of the UL128-131A gene region were introduced into bacterial artificial chromosome vectors derived from the endotheliotropic strain TB40/E. Deletion of UL74 caused a profound defect regarding virus release from infected HFF and HUVEC. Large numbers of capsids accumulated in the cytoplasm of infected HFF but failed to acquire an envelope. Clear cell type differences were observed in the cell-associated spread of the UL74-defective virus. In HFF, focal growth was severely impaired, whereas it was normal in HUVEC. Deletion of UL131A abolished focal growth in endothelial cells. UL74/UL128-131A dual mutants showed severely impaired reconstitution efficiency. Our data suggest that gO plays a critical role in secondary envelopment and release of cell-free virions independent of the cell type but affects cell-associated growth specifically in HFF, whereas UL128-131A contributes to cell-associated spread in HFF and HUVEC.
Optic nerve sheath diameter, intracranial pressure and acute mountain sickness on Mount Everest: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Sutherland A I , Morris D S , Owen C G , Bron A J , Roach R C 
Published: January 2008

Objective:To investigate the association of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), as a correlate of intracranial pressure (ICP), with acute mountain sickness (AMS).Design:Longitudinal cohort study of mountaineers from sea level to 6400 m.Setting:Mount Everest (North side).Participants:13 mountaineers (10 men, 3 women; aged 23–52 years) on a British expedition to climb Mount Everest.Interventions:ONSD was measured ultrasonically, 3 mm behind the globe using B scans recorded with an OTI-Scan 3D scanner (Ophthalmic Technologies, Canada). Serial binocular scans were recorded at sea level, and 2000, 3700, 5200 and 6400 m. All ONSDs were measured by a blinded observer.Main outcome measures:ONSD, AMS score (using the Lake Louise scoring system), heart rate, and oxygen saturation levels.Results:All results were analysed by regression analysis with adjustment. ONSD was positively associated with increasing altitude above sea level (0.10 mm increase in ONSD per 1000 m, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.14 mm) and AMS score (0.12 mm per score, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.18 mm); further associations were found with resting heart rate (0.29 mm per 20 beats/min, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.41 mm) and oxygen saturations (0.20 mm per 10% decrease, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.29 mm).Conclusions:ONSD increases at high altitude, and this increase is associated with more severe symptoms of AMS. Given the linkage between ONSD and ICP, these results strongly suggest that intracranial pressure plays an important role in the pathophysiology of AMS.
Ontogenetic development of the endangered Atlantic whitefish (Coregonus huntsmaniScott, 1987) eggs, embryos, larvae, and juveniles
Authors: Hasselman D.J. , Whitelaw J. , Bradford R.G. 
Published: January 2008

Atlantic whitefish ( Coregonus huntsmani Scott, 1987 ) are an endangered species endemic to Canada and are known only from Nova Scotia. Information concerning their early life-history stages — not previously described — is required to support several recovery actions under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). We describe the ontogenetic development of Atlantic whitefish eggs, larvae, and juveniles acquired through captive-mating of wild-caught adults, following criteria established for fishes in general and for other North American coregonine species where possible. We then conduct interspecific comparisons between Atlantic whitefish and the two most closely phylogenetically related species (i.e., lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818)) and cisco ( Coregonus artedii Lesueur, 1818)) to (i) identify ontogenetic differences that may facilitate field identification, (ii) determine whether differences at common ontogenetic milestones reinforce the recognition of Atlantic whitefish at the species level, and (iii) comment on whether these differences are consistent with the putative ancestral status of Atlantic whitefish. Interspecific differences were observed at all ontogenetic stages, several of which may serve as field identification criteria. Evidence for heterochrony during embryogenesis, as well as interspecific differences in egg size, myomere counts, and pigmentation patterns, substantiate the recognition of Atlantic whitefish as a valid species and support its putative ancestral status.
Population structure and mantle display polymorphisms in the wavy-rayed lampmussel, Lampsilis fasciola (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: Zanatta David T. , Fraley Stephen J. , Murphy Robert W. 
Published: January 2008

Genotypes from 10 polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci were used to make assessments of population structure, measurements of gene flow, and attempts to genetically segregate polymorphic host fish-attracting mantle displays for the wavy-rayed lampmussel, Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820 — an endangered species in Canada. Specimens were collected from seven localities — six in the Great Lakes drainages of Ontario, Canada, and one from the Little Tennessee River in North Carolina, USA. Four distinct and sympatric mantle display morphologies were observed on female L. fasciola. Displays could not be distinguished genetically using analysis of molecular variance and genotypic assignment tests. The diversity of mantle displays was correlated with the overall genetic diversity observed among populations of L. fasciola. In managing populations of L. fasciola for propagation, augmentation, and translocation, polymorphic lures should be represented in proportion to what is observed in wild populations. Through moderately high FSTvalues and high assignment to population in genotype assignment tests, genetic structure was evident among the river drainages. Within-drainage gene flow was very high, and sampling localities within the Ontario drainages displayed panmixia. Efforts in artificial propagation and possible translocations to reintroduce or augment populations should be made to maintain the substantial levels of genetic variation while maintaining distinctiveness.
Water requirements as a bottleneck in the reintroduction of European roe deer to the southern edge of its range
Authors: Wallach Arian D. , Inbar Moshe , Scantlebury Michael , Speakman John R. , Shanas Uri 
Published: January 2008

Success rates of reintroduction programs are low, often owing to a lack of knowledge of site-specific ecological requirements. A reintroduction program of European roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)) in a dry Mediterranean region in Israel provides an opportunity to study the bottleneck effect of water requirements on a mesic-adapted species. Four does were hand-reared and released in a 10 ha site consisting of an early succession scrubland and a mature oak forest. We measured daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water turnover (WTO) using the doubly labeled water technique during summer and winter. DEE was similar in the summer and winter, but there was a significant difference in WTO and in the source of gained water. In winter, WTO was 3.3 L/day, of which 67% was obtained from vegetation. In summer, WTO dropped to 2.1 L/day, of which only 20% was obtained from the diet and 76% was gained from drinking. When the water source was moved to a nonpreferred habitat, drinking frequency dropped significantly, but water consumption remained constant. In a dry Mediterranean environment, availability of free water is both a physiological contraint and a behavioral constraint for roe deer. This study demonstrates the importance of physiological and behavioral feasibility studies for reintroduction programs.
Constructing Relations with Hong Kong under 'One Country, Two Systems'. Prospects for the European Union
Authors: Ka-Lok Chan Kenneth 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn Hong Kong as elsewhere, the European Union (EU) is known more for its collective economic and trade powers than its political clout. Since autumn 2005, the Office of the European Commission in Hong Kong and Macao has steadily stepped up its efforts to disseminate information about the EU. It has also begun to reach out to the local community, while retaining its traditional ties with the elite circles. This study examines the image of the EU according to public opinion in order to identify areas where improvements can be made. By and large, we have found that the image of the EU is rather positive, and the significance of the EU widely recognised. Still, the EU has yet to acquire adequate means of advancing its own values, while systematic collaborations with strategic partners in the non-governmental sectors could be further strengthened to promote the EU's visibility as a global actor that is also relevant to Hong Kong. Moreover, the normative-cum-civilian approach continues to matter in three ways: in the formulation of the EU's policy towards Hong Kong, in promoting the EU as a responsible global actor while EU–China relations develop, and in promoting lesson-learning and sharing of values.
Eriugenas Innovation
Authors: Weiner Sebastian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractJohn Scot Eriugena's work Periphyseon is commonly regarded as having introduced Neoplatonism into early medieval thinking. Eriugena's theory of the reunification of the Creator and his creation is then viewed as being based on the Neoplatonic scheme of procession and reversion. However, this interpretation falls short of Eriugena's intentions. Above all, he denies any ontological difference between Creator and creation without taking recourse to the Neoplatonic considerations of procession and reversion. Surprisingly, according to Eriugena's explanation, God is not only the Creator but he is also created. He is created insofar as he alone, possessing all being, is the essence of all created things. Moreover, the fourfold division of nature, presented at the beginning of the work, is not Eriugena's own innovation, but a common Carolingian concept. It is rather his aim to show that from an ontological point of view this division has to be resolved.
Human Will, Human Dignity, and Freedom: A Study of Giorgio Benigno Salviati's Early Discussion of the Will, Urbino 1474-1482
Authors: Edelheit Amos 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article presents the first detailed account of Giorgio Benigno Salviati's discussion of the will written in Urbino during the mid-1470s and the early 1480s. A Franciscan friar and a prominent professor of theology and philosophy, Salviati was a prolific author and central figure in the circles of Cardinal Bessarion in Rome and of Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence. This article focuses on his defense of the Scotist theory of the will. It considers its fifteenth-century context, in which both humanist and scholastic thinkers dealt with the question of the intellect and the will. While basing himself partly on authorities such as Aristotle, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas, Salviati is clearly aware of the novelty of his theory, and its important implications for ethics and theology.
Francisco Suárez on Consent and Political Obligation
Authors: Schwartz Daniel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractInterpreters disagree on the origin that Francisco Suárez assigns to political obligation and correlative political subjection. According to some, Suárez, as other social contract theorists, believes that it is the consent of the individuals that causes political obligation. Others, however, claim that for Suárez, political obligation is underived from the individuals' consent which creates the city. In support of this claim they invoke Suárez's view that political power emanates from the city by way of "natural resultancy". I argue that analysis of Suárez's less studied De voto and De iuramento reveals that, for Suárez, consent causes both the city and the citizen's political obligation. Moreover, close inspection of the notion of causation by natural resultancy within Suárez's metaphysics shows that what emanates from the body politic in this fashion is not, as claimed, political subjection and political obligation, but rather the city's right to self-mastership. Because for him political obligation does originate in consent it is not incorrect to regard Suárez as a social contract theorist.
The Unity of Semantics and Ontology. Wyclif 's Treatment of the fallacia accidentis
Authors: Spruyt Joke 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with John Wyclif 's account of the fallacia accidentis. To a certain extent Wyclif 's explanations fit in with Aristotle's understanding of language. Aristotle recognises that we can talk about substances in many different ways; we can introduce them by using 'substantial' names, but also by using names derived from the substances' accidental features. The substances are the ultimate foundation of all these expressions. This idea in itself is not opposed to a conceptualist account of language. John Buridan uses Aristotle's principle of categorisation to show how language works, but for him the activity of categorising things is to be explained in terms of our mental activities only. Wyclif, on the other hand, reads much into the requirement that all our linguistic distinctions should have their basis in extramental reality: our conceptualisations not only pertain to individual substances, but also parallel their distinct ontic layers.
Verbal Aspect in the Apocalypse of John: An Analysis of Revelation 5
Authors: Mathewson David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThere has been much discussion and confusion regarding the verb tenses in Revelation's visions, where the author shifts tenses while apparently retaining the same temporal frame of reference. This phenomenon of shifting tenses in the Apocalypse has usually been understood to reflect temporal references in relation to the visionary experience of the author, or more commonly to reflect underlying Semitic influence. However, recent work on verbal aspect and also the notion of prominence from discourse analysis calls these previous approaches into question and provides fresh avenues for exploring the author's varied use of tenses throughout his visions. The array of tense forms utilized throughout the vision in Revelation 5 can profitably be understood in light of recent work on verbal aspect and discourse prominence, where the author's shift in tenses function to signal the author's perspective on the action and the level of importance that the author attaches to various elements in the vision.
Sinai Ar. N.F. Parchment 8 and 28: Its Contribution to Textual Criticism of the Gospel of Luke
Authors: Kachouh Hikmat 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article examines the text of an Arabic Gospel manuscript from the “New Finds” at St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai. It provides a general description of the codex, and then studies two hundred and thirty readings in Saint Luke's Gospel. These readings differ from the Majority Text and agree with some of the earliest Greek witnesses as well as ancient versions. The contribution of this manuscript is shown to be considerable, and a warning against minimizing the textual value of the Arabic versions.
The Marcionite Gospel and the Synoptic Problem: A New Suggestion
Authors: Klinghardt Matthias 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe most recent debate of the Synoptic Problem resulted in a dead-lock: The best-established solutions, the Two-Source-Hypothesis and the Farrer-Goodacre-Theory, are burdened with a number of apparent weaknesses. On the other hand, the arguments raised against these theories are cogent. An alternative possibility, that avoids the problems created by either of them, is the inclusion of the gospel used by Marcion. This gospel is not a redaction of Luke, but rather precedes Matthew and Luke and, therefore, belongs into the maze of the synoptic interrelations. The resulting model avoids the weaknesses of the previous theories and provides compelling and obvious solutions to the notoriously difficult problems.
The Role of the Posterior Oblique Ligament in Controlling Posterior Tibial Translation in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee
Authors: Petersen Wolf , Loerch Svenja , Schanz Steffen , Raschke Michael , Zantop Thore 
Published: January 2008

Background Posterior cruciate ligament injuries are often associated with injuries to other structures. The role of the posteromedial structures of the knee in these injuries has received little attention. Hypothesis The posterior oblique ligament is an important restraint to posterior tibial translation in the posterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Kinematic studies were performed on 10 cadaveric knees to test 3 external loading conditions at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion (134 N posterior tibial load, 10 N·m valgus rotation, and 5 N·m internal rotation). Resulting posterior tibial translation was determined by using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system for (1) intact, (2) posterior cruciate ligament–deficient, (3) posterior cruciate ligament/superficial medial collateral ligament–deficient, (4) posterior cruciate ligament/superficial medial collateral ligament/deep medial collateral ligament/posterior oblique ligament–deficient, and (5) posterior cruciate ligament/superficial medial collateral ligament/deep medial collateral ligament/posterior oblique ligament/posteromedial capsule–deficient knee. Results When both the superficial medial collateral ligament and deep medial collateral ligament were cut in the posterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee, posterior tibial translation did not increase significantly at any flexion grade under all external loading conditions ( P > .05). Additional cutting of the posterior oblique ligament increased posterior tibial translation significantly at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion under posterior tibial load and at all flexion angles tested under valgus or internal tibial load ( P < .05). Additional cutting of the posteromedial capsule increased posterior tibial translation only at 0° and 30° in response to a valgus and internal tibial load ( P < .05). Conclusion The posterior oblique ligament and posteromedial capsule have a significant role in the prevention of additional posterior tibial translation in the knee with posterior cruciate ligament injury. Clinical Relevance The posterior oblique ligament should be addressed in the patient with combined injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament and the posteromedial structures.
Spatial constraints within the chlamydial host cell inclusion predict interrupted development and persistence
Authors: Hoare Alexander , Timms Peter , Bavoil Patrik M , Wilson David P 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe chlamydial developmental cycle involves the alternation between the metabolically inert elementary body (EB) and the replicating reticulate body (RB). The triggers that mediate the interchange between these particle types are unknown and yet this is crucial for understanding basicChlamydiabiology.Presentation of the hypothesisWe have proposed a hypothesis to explain key chlamydial developmental events whereby RBs are replicating strictly whilst in contact with the host cell membrane-derived inclusion via type three secretion (T3S) injectisomes. As the inclusion expands, the contact between each RB and the inclusion membrane decreases, eventually reaching a threshold, beyond which T3S is inactivated upon detachment and this is the signal for RB-to-EB differentiation.Testing the hypothesisWe explore this hypothesis through the development of a detailed mathematical model. The model uses knowledge and data of the biological system wherever available and simulates the chlamydial developmental cycle under the assumptions of the hypothesis in order to predict various outcomes and implications under a number of scenarios.Implications of the hypothesisWe show that the concept ofin vitropersistent infection is not only consistent with the hypothesis but in fact an implication of it. We show that increasing the RB radius, and/or the maximum length of T3S needles mediating contact between RBs and the inclusion membrane, and/or the number of inclusions per infected cell, will contribute to the development of persistent infection. The RB radius is the most important determinant of whether persistent infection would ensue, and subsequently, the magnitude of the EB yield. We determine relationships between the length of the T3S needle and the RB radius within an inclusion, and between the RB radius and the number of inclusions per host cell to predict whether persistent infection or normal development would occur within a host cell. These results are all testable experimentally and could lead to significantly greater understanding of one of the most crucial steps in chlamydial development.
Genomic activation of the EGFR and HER2-neu genes in a significant proportion of invasive epithelial ovarian cancers
Authors: Vermeij Joanna , Teugels Erik , Bourgain Claire , Xiangming Ji , in 't Veld Peter , Ghislain Vanessa , Neyns Bart , De Grève Jacques 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
The status of the EGFR and HER2-neu genes has not been fully defined in ovarian cancer. An integrated analysis of both genes could help define the proportion of patients that would potentially benefit from targeted therapies.

Methods
We determined the tumour mutation status of the entire tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the EGFR and HER2-neu genes in a cohort of 52 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer as well as the gene copy number and protein expression of both genes in 31 of these patients by DGGE and direct sequecing, immunohistochemistry and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridisation (FISH).

Results
The EGFR was expressed in 59% of the cases, with a 2+/3+ staining intensity in 38%. HER2-neu expression was found in 35%, with a 2/3+ staining in 18%. No mutations were found in exons 18–24 of the TK domains of EGFR and HER2-neu. High polysomy of the EGFR gene was observed in 13% of the invasive epthelial cancers and amplification of the HER2-neu gene was found in 10% and correlated with a high expression level by immunohistochemistry.
Mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain were not found in the entire TK domain of both genes, but have been found in very rare cases by others.

Conclusion
Genomic alteration of the HER2-neu and EGFR genes is frequent (25%) in ovarian cancer. EGFR/HER2-neu targeted therapies should be investigated prospectively and specifically in that subset of patients.