bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What the Eye Doesn't See: Cross-Cultural Problems in the Comprehension of Video Material
Authors: Tuffs Richard , Tudor Ian 
Published: March 2007

Video is frequently used in second language teaching, the most common reason given being its ability to illustrate language use in context, teachers having assumed that the visual channel provides support for the verbal message. However, little research has been carried out on the relationship of the visual and verbal channels in video material and particularly whether the information available in the visual channel is exploited differently by native speakers and non- native speakers. This paper reports on an experiment designed to test differences in story comprehension of an ELT video played silent sequence to one group of British native speakers of English and to three groups of non-native speakers of English from different cultural backgrounds. Comprehension was measured by the use of summary writing and comprehension questions. Results showed that the native speakers were significantly better able to infer the story line and related background information than the non-native speaker groups. The results indicate that although native speakers are able to derive benefit from the visual channel in video, non-native speakers, par ticularly from cultures further removed from that of the target video material, are less able to recognise and exploit the facilitative poten tial of the visual cues present in this channel.
SIMCON—simulation control to optimize man-machine interaction
Authors: Anderson Dennis U. , Knopp Thomas J. , Bassingthwaighte James B. 
Published: March 2007

The fitting of mathematical models to physiological sys tems can be tedious and difficult, whether one uses analog or digital computer methods. Both methods have their pros and cons depending on the available hardware and software and on the type of modeling. In recent years many digital simulation languages have been written com bining analog-like and digital features to facilitate model ing, but, for a variety of reasons, none of these was suit able for our applications. We, therefore, designed a new digital simulation control system, SIMCON, which is de scribed in this paper. The primary objectives were to provide: (1) Maximum man-machine interaction at run-time, in cluding visual displays, digital control, and both con tinuous analog and digital parameter adjustment (2) The ability to generate solutions and to fit them to experimental data or other theoretical curves with a minimum of computer memory (3) The option to use a mathematically oriented language, FORTRAN, and block operators with variable input/ output. The result is a relatively general and simple simulation system which is easy to use and has wide versatility.
Frames of reference for launch-vehicle trajectory simulation
Authors: Jayaraman T.S. , Menon K.A.P. , Ganeshan A.S. 
Published: March 2007

The selection of efficient coordinate systems is an important task in the simulation of launch-vehicle trajectories. The primary aim is to decouple the translational and rotational motions of the vehicle. Decoupling improves the accuracy of the computation in real time or fast hybrid computer simula tions. Our study led to the choice of an inertial frame for describing translational dynamics and the body frame for rotational dynamics. We derived our proposed scheme from Rubin's work on air craft and short-range missiles.17,18 A set of additional reference frames essential for launch-vehicle trajectory simulation is also presented. We compared three methods for computing the trajectory of a launch-vehicle using the same input data and the same numerical techniques. Results in dicate that the proposed scheme yields higher computing speed than approaches employing flight-path axes or body axes for integrating the translational dynamics. These simulations show that, as the calculations progress, tra jectory variables obtained using either flight-path axes or body axes differ increasingly from those obtained using iner tial axes. Comparing the post-flight trajectory simulation results (using the initial conditions of the flight test) with flight test data for the launch vehicle indicates that the iner tial axes yield the most accurate results. The appendices sum marize the dynamic equations for the reference frames.
Estimation of percentiles in discrete event simulation
Authors: Seila Andrew F. 
Published: March 2007

Percentiles are convenient measures of the entire range of values of simulation outputs. Analysts find percentiles partic ularly useful in establishing reasonable capacities for facil ities, comparing the overall performance of alternative de signs, or establishing minimum standards. Unfortunately, per centiles are not easy to estimate in most discrete simulations, since the observations are not independent or normally distrib uted. Several methods are available for estimating percentiles in re generative simulations. Moore's method, which uses a com plex assignment of observations to subsamples, has the best statistical properties but requires a relatively large amount of computer time and storage. Methods that use grids or divide the observations into batches do not perform as well statisti cally but are more efficient computationally. For nonregener ative simulations, an approach is recommended which dis cards the transient period and divides the remaining observa tions into batches.
Simulation of a three-dimensional semiconductor device*
Authors: Akers Lex A. , Ta Ming Wang  
Published: March 2007

In recent years, semiconductor manufacturers have been able to steadily reduce the physical area required by devices, thus allowing an increasing number of circuit functions on a single chip. Smaller semiconductor devices require more detailed and accurate analysis because minor errors can degrade their performance substantially. A new, completely numerical, three-dimensional model of a MOSFET allows a unified treatment of small devices. Pre liminary results show that device size affects the surface potential and threshold voltage. Classical theory does not predict these effects. Although the model currently converges slowly, it can still be a useful tool in analyzing new small- geometry devices.
Using SLAM and SDL to assess space shuttle experiments
Authors: Standridge Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

New tools simplify the development and simulation of models as well as the analysis and presentation of simulation results. The SLAM language allows the modeler to use network, dis crete event and continuous modeling prospectives in any combination to describe the different parts of a system. The SDL database management system allows the modeler to col lect simulation results, and at the same time to analyze and present these results independent of the simulation run. We applied SLAM and SDL in analyzing a package of experi ments for the Space Shuttle. The SLAM model of the experi mental package shows the utility of a combined network, discrete event, and continuous model. The SDL database illustrates the advantages of storing model run results, using the computer in comparing alternatives, defining and comput ing performance measures after simulation results are made, and generating reports and plots of model results in the data base. The results of our analysis were also of interest. Only a limited amount shuttle resources could be used by the package of ex periments. Thus, the simulation was used to determine the amount of memory needed for each experiment and for the microprocessor, as well as the reasons for the transmission delay for data from each experiment.
Optimization of the maintenance process
Authors: Czajkiewicz Zbigniew J. 
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive preventive maintenance program minimizes equipment breakdowns and cuts operating costs, which in turn improves productivity. A mathematical definition of the maintenance process and criteria for its optimization is presented in two stages: (1) struc tural optimization of a maintenance process by selecting an ap propriate repair strategy and (2) parametrical optimization con sisting of choosing optimal (based on assumed criterion) times and scopes of repair actions. General classification of the repair strategies, their characteristics and results of simulation ex periments are presented.
An efficient technique for minimum-cost tolerance assignment
Authors: Sayed Salah E. Y. , Kheir Naim A. 
Published: March 2007

A computer-aided design technique to assign tolerances to system components is introduced. The essence of the method is to ac curately represent the allowable margins of the system's perfor mance functions in the percent deviation parameter space (PDPS) and to determine the point in the PDPS corresponding to the most efficient tolerance assignment. The criteria used in volve minimum cost-tolerance assignments. The technique presented solves the tolerance assignment prob lem for a significant class of systems for which one hundred percent yield is sought and whose components are statistically independent. The most salient feature of this technique is the simple and straightforward manner in which the "curse of dimen sionality" associated with tolerance assignment problems is overcome. A computer program has been developed; it accepts a system's topology, nominal component values, a figure-of-merit for system performance, and information relating a component cost to its tolerance. The output of the program includes the set of com ponent tolerances that will produce the least expensive design with a hundred percent yield. As an example, a rather complex low pass filter has been simulated to solve the tolerance assign ment problem. Computation time is about seven seconds on the Univac-1100 computer.
Performing simulation projects with The Extended Simulation System (TESS)
Authors: Standridge Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

TESS, The Extended Simulation System, provides a comprehen sive, flexible and integrated framework for performing simula tion projects. Capabilities include (1) graphically building SLAM II networks and schematic models; (2) forms entry for simulation control information, simulation inputs, and anima tion specifications; (3) database management of user-defined data, model inputs and model outputs; (4) preparation of reports and graphs; (5) analysis of simulation results; and (6) the anima tion of simulation runs. A nonprocedural command language provides access to the graphical builders and forms system as well as selects data for reports, graphs, analysis or animation. In addition, a library of subroutines gives the programmer ac cess to all data in the TESS database. The TESS project framework consists of nine elements of a proj ect and three functions for operating on these elements. Integra tion is based on a single, central database containing all element occurrences. A comprehensive example illustrates the problem- solving procedures possible with TESS.
SCS Activities: Help us close the loop
Authors: Marr George R. 
Published: March 2007

SCS Activities are a new part of the Society, intended to bring growth and vitality to our organization. Activity vice presidents are new Society officers charged with insuring the development and effectiveness of Activities. Activities are special interest groups — as simple as that, each one a group of people organized around an idea that is of importance to simulation and of interest to the So ciety membership. The aim here is to describe existing and potential Activities and to solicit proposals for new ones.
Simulation of coal preparation plants
Authors: Gottfried Byron S. , Tierney John W. 
Published: March 2007

Coal preparation is a process for removing physical impurities from coal. The process is carried out in large plants whose capa cities range from 500 to 20,000 tons of coal per day. There are about 500 such plants within the United States. A coal preparation plant simulator was developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy for simulating coal preparation plant performance. The simulator contains mathe matical models describing all the major components of an actual coal preparation plant. Moreover, it utilizes a network-type struc ture, thus permitting the simulator to be used for a wide variety of different plant configurations. Both the models and the net work structure are described in this paper. Results are shown for a sample problem, which is representative of an actual coal preparation plant configuration.
Oil and Water Repellent Treatments for Cotton with Fluorochemicals1
Authors: Segal Leon , Philips F.J. , Loeb Leopold , Clayton R.L. 
Published: March 2007

The application of some fluorochemicals to cotton textiles to impart oleophobic and hydrophobic surface characteristics to the materials has been investigated further. The chromium complexes of perfluoromonocarboxylic acids were used in conjunction with acrylic emulsion. These were employed in separate operations as well as combined with the complexes into one emulsion. Pernuoromonocarboxytic acids were applied to fabrics after impregnation with a mordant to bond the acid to the fiber. Data are presented to show the relative effectiveness of the repellency treatments as governed by the fabric construction.
Dialdehydes as Cotton Cellulose Cross-Linkers1
Authors: Hurwitz Melvin D. , Conlon Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2007

Formaldehyde, when applied with acid catalysis, is the most effective cellulose cross linker available in that it produces the most crushproofing on a weight basis. However, formalization is accompanied by high strength loss in cotton. It has been postulated that the unfavorable crease recovery-strength relationship with formaldehyde is a function of the shortness of the acetal cross-link. It has also been postulated, naively, that longer cross-links could be derived from long chain dialdehydes, the crease recovery-strength relationship improving with increasing chain length. Work with the dialdehydes glyoxal (C2). glutaraldehyde (C5). and α-hydroxy adipaldehyde (C6) yielded crease recovery-strength relationships similar, if not identical. to formaldehyde. This tinding is consistent with the known chemistry of the formalde hyde-cellulose reaction in that the acetal linkage controls the length of the cross-link.
Means for Measuring Neps Produced by Ginning Treatments1
Authors: Shepherd Jacob V. 
Published: March 2007

A faster method of measuring neps in cotton ginned lint has been developed at the Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory, Stoneville, Mississippi. The time saved by this method is due largely to the use of a lap maker and a modified definition of what constitutes a nep, and amounts to 50% of the AMS method currently used. This method is used at the Stoneville Laboratory to make preliminary screening tests in the Ginning Research program.
Procion Dye Staining for Differentiation of Skin and Core of Viscose Rayon Fibers
Authors: Kato Koichi 
Published: March 2007

A new microscopical technique for differentiating the skin—core structure of viscose rayon fibers is described. Slide preparations mounting fiber cross sections are stained with an alkaline solution of Procion Black HGS, which is a Procion dye recently mar keted by ICI as a chemically reactive dye for cellulose fibers. This technique is found to furnish a staining entirely selective for the skin area in a simple and rapid way. Since it is well established that Procion dyes do react chemically with cellulose mole cules under alkaline conditions, it is highly probable that the differential staining pro duced by the present technique is due to a definite difference existing between the skin and the core with respect to the chemical reactivity toward the dye employed. This differentiation mechanism appears to be quite different from that which is generally accepted to be the case in the previously described techniques using ordinary dyes. Typical results are presented for several types of cellulose rayons showing various staining behaviors. It is seen that these results are in good agreement with those obtained by other stain methods. The same procedure, when applied to a variety of fibers other than cellulosics, is found to give positive staining reactions only to wool, silk, regenerated protein, and Vinylon fibers. Although most of these findings are as yet not satisfactorily explained, reactive dye staining of this kind seems to be of much promise in the field of fiber micros copy.
The Dry Weight of Wool
Authors: Watt I.C. , Kennett R.H. , James J.F.P. 
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the drying of wool in vacuo. The time required to reach the equilibrium weight decreases with increasing temperature of drying, and the equilibrium weight decreases with increasing temperature up to 140° C. The equilibrium weight obtained in vacuo is less than the weight obtained in air under the same conditions. The absolute dry weight of a wool sample is defined as that weight obtained on heating the sample in vacuo to 140° C. for at least 10 min. The activation energy of drying increased markedly at low regains. From compar ison with partially acetylated wool it was concluded that drying wool at low regains involves the removal of water from hydrophilic sites.
The Drying of a Mass of Hygroscopic Fibers by Forced Convection of Air: A Note on Some Physical Aspects
Authors: Downes J.G. , McMahon G.B. 
Published: March 2007

It is pointed out that, in drying of a uniform mass of fibers by forced convective air flow through the mass, a "drying front" proceeds through the mass in the same direction as, but much more slowly than, the air flow. Therefore, if uniform drying is to be obtained, the process must continue until the front has emerged from the downstream face of the mass of fibers; air of appropriate relative humidity must be used to leave the fibers at the desired regain; and reversal of air flow direction is undesirable on grounds of efficiency. Calculations have been made of the capacity of air to remove water from a mass of wool fibers, the mass being left at given values of regain (4, 8, 12, and 16%). It is found that, except for the case of 4% regain, the capacity for water removal depends very little on the initial temperature of the air (in the range 30°-110° C.).
New Developments in Epoxide Wash-Wear Finishes for Cotton
Authors: Galligan John , Sookne Arnold M. , Adams J.T. , Guest Howard , Lourigan George H. 
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of a number of epoxides of potential and current utility for the treatment of cotton to produce crease recovery and wash-and-wear properties. The prop erties imparted to cotton by these products vary greatly with respect to the color of the fabric, the retention of strength for a given level of crease recovery, the rate of hydrolysis of the epoxide in the treating bath, etc. It is in fact unreasonable to consider all epoxides as a class. since they differ as much from one another as they do from the conventional nitrogen-containing finishes. In general, however, they demonstrate resistance to chlorine retention and a high level of durability to all types of laundering, including that used by commercial launclries. One of the most promising epoxides examined was vinylcyclohexene dioxide, which imparted a desirable combination of properties to cotton when used alone or in 2: 1 blends with most commercially used nitrogenous resins. Some treatments of cotton were performed with 1,1,3-tris-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-hutane, This tri-epoxide contains an acid-labile acetal linkage, which can be readily hydrolyzed. The properties of cotton treated with this epoxide were examined before and after hy drolysis. and provided confirmatory evidence for the important role of cross-linking in improving the properties of cellulose with resin treatments.
The Influence of Changes in Moisture Content on the Wrinkle Recovery of Fabrics, Part I
Authors: Farnworth A.J. , Lindberg Joel 
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the effect of rate of drying, and of alternate wetting and drying, on the wrinkle recovery of fabrics of wool, wool blends, and cotton, when wrinkled in the wet state. Recovery is independent of the rate of drying, but a second-stage rapid recovery occurs at a stage in drying corresponding to loss of water from the internal fiber structure, as distinct from surface evaporation. Repeated, alternate increase and de crease of regain leads to progressive, step-wise recovery from wet wrinkling. It is probable that the energy required to give these effects originates from the swelling-deswelling associated with changes in regain.
Cellulose Studies
Authors: Arendt Volker D. , Pacsu Eugene 
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to establish unambiguously the presence of the nonreducing end group in cellulose when treated under nondegrading conditions, different celluloses were sub jected to exhaustive methylation, using sodium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfate in toluene. Other methods of methylation were also investigated. Samples with 43.8% methoxyl content were obtained which were found suitable for this investigation. Identification and quantitative estimation of tetramethyl glucose, which originates from the nonre ducing end of the cellulose chain, involved hydrolysis, extraction of the tetramethyl glucose from the main component, trimethyl glucose, and chromatographic analysis. Paper, thin-layer, and gas chromatography were used in the analysis and special techniques were developed for each method. Identification and quantitative estimation by gas chromatography were accomplished for the methyl glucosides and the trimethyl silyl derivatives of the methylated glucoses. Isolation of crystalline tetramethyl glucose and the preparation of its anilide derivative provided unambiguous proof of the presence of nonreducing end groups in cellulose when treated under nondegrading conditions. It was observed that methyl tetramethyl glucoside is volatile at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This is advanced as a probable reason for the previously reported absence of nonreducing end groups in cellulose. The quantitative method of tetramethyl glucose estimation, in relation to the tri methyl glucose content, was used for the determination of the number average degree of polymerization of cellulose. For methyl celluloses of different origins, these were found to be: 908% ± 18% for cotton cellulose, 465% ± 21% for a commercial methyl cellulose, and 197% ± 20% for viscose rayon cellulose.
A Transition Temperature in Wool Fibers Under Stress in Relation to Structure
Authors: Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Rebenfeld Ludwig , Dansizer Cornelia 
Published: March 2007

The temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of wool fibers was investi gated in relation to sulfhydryl concentration and disulfide bond decrease. It was shown that only the highest level of modification (200 μ mole SH/g) influences the properties in the Hookean and yield regions. This effect could be assigned partly to the increase in SH content and partly to the decrease in disulfide content. In the post-yield region. the influence of chemical modification was much more pronounced and became evident even at the lower levels of fiber modification. The "turn-over point" between the yield and post-yield regions underwent a transi tion at 72° C for the untreated fibers. The transition temperature was found to be strongly dependent upon the SH content, decreasing with increasing sulfhydryl concen tration. In the absence of SH groups, the transition temperature was increased to approximately 85° C and was independent of the disulfide content. This transition is discussed in terms of the stability of the disulfide bond, which is closely connected with the probability of an interchange between disulfide bonds and SH groups. It is suggested that the transition indicates the onset of a chemical flow region in the matrix rather than a glass transition as proposed by other workers.