bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention and Tissue Binding of Titanium in the Rat
Authors: Edel J. , Marafante E. , Sabbioni E. 
Published: December 2008

1 The fate of a soluble form of titanium (Ti) was studied in rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 ?g of Ti per rat as [44Ti]ammonium oxalotitanate (IV). 2 After 16 h the Ti concentration in all tissues tested was of the order of 0.5 ng/g wet weight. After 19 days the Ti concentration increased in most tissues, especially in spleen, femur and kidney. By this time 55 ng had been excreted both via urine and faeces and the Ti concentration in blood plasma (mainly associated with plasma proteins) was three times lower than at 16 h postinjection. 3 Chromatographic separation of the day 19 liver cytosol showed the ability of biological macromolecules to incorporate Ti compounds. 4 Ti-labelled 'titanic acid' and 'titanium phosphate' showed low solubility which was, however, higher in human serum than in water and sodium chloride solution. The chromatographic profiles of plasma from incubated human blood in vitro with [ 44Ti]titanium oxalate showed the capacity of plasma proteins to complex Ti compounds. The results indicated that the long retention of Ti in the body may be due to its ability to form biocomplexes with cellular constituents.
A Case of Fatal Endrin Poisoning
Authors: Runhaar E.A. , Sangster B. , Greve P.A. , Voortman M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Ingestion of 12 g of endrin by a 49-year-old man caused convulsions persisting for 4 days, hypersalivation, hyperthermia, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia and recurrent hypotension. Death followed after 11 days, due to pulmonary complications (infection and haemorrhage) and hypoxaemia causing bradycardia and cardiac arrest. 2 Endrin and dieldrin concentrations in blood 4 hours, 6 and 11 days after ingestion were respectively 450, 86 and 71 μg/l for endrin and 60, 19 and 19 μg/l for dieldrin. Dieldrin was also present, possibly because the endrin preparation contained traces of dieldrin. 3 Endrin concentrations 11 days after ingestion were 0.071 mg/l in blood, in adipose tissue 89.5 mg/kg, in the heart 0.87 mg/kg, in the brain 0.89 mg/kg, in the kidneys 0.55 mg/kg and in the liver 1.32 mg/kg.
A Study of the Effects of Rifampicin on Isoniazid Metabolism in Human Volunteer Subjects
Authors: Timbrell J.A. , Park B.K. , Harland S.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 The effect of rifampicin on the metabolism of isoniazid in human volunteer subjects has been investigated.2 The urinary metabolites of isoniazid after a single dose and after six daily doses of isoniazid plus rifampicin were examined.3 The isoniazid-rifampicin combination clearly increased the ratio of urinary 6-β-hydroxycortisol to 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, indicating that induction of the microsomal enzymes had occurred.4 However, no significant changes in the urinary metabolites of isoniazid were detected, and therefore it is not possible to predict the effect of rifampicin on isoniazid hepatotoxicity.
Orphenadrine Serum Levels in a Poisoned Patient
Authors: Furlanut M. , Bettio D. , Bertin I. , Colombo G. , Benetello P. 
Published: December 2008

1 A patient ingested about 5 g of orphenadrine hydrochloride. He had gastric lavage and oral administration of activated charcoal. The main symptoms were neuropsychiatric in nature. 2 Possible relation between serum levels of the drug and time course of the toxic effects are described.
Identification of Oenanthotoxin and Related Compounds in Hemlock Water Dropwort Poisoning
Authors: King L.A. , Lewis M.J. , Parry D. , Twitchett P.J. , Kilner E.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 The case histories are presented of three separate incidents of poisoning by ingestion of Hemlock Water Dropwort tubers (Oenanthe crocata). Two of these cases involved a fatality. 2 An analytical profile is provided for oenanthotoxin, the major toxic principal of the tubers. Chromatographic, spectroscopic and mass spectral data for related compounds are also given.
Effects of Retinoids on Human Lymphocyte Functions in vitro
Authors: Moriguchi S. , Jacksont J.C. , Watson R.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 E-Rosette formation in vitro, lymphocyte mitogenesis and natural killer (NK) activity of human blood lymphocytes were strongly inhibited by high concentration (10 -4 M) of retinol or retinal. Other retinoids at 10-4 M (retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid) and lower concentrations (10-7 or 10-9 M) of retinol, retinal and carotenes also inhibited E-rosette formation. 2 Lymphocyte transformation responses induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were also inhibited while NK activity was not affected. 3 There was a remarkable depression of the total number of viable lymphocytes after incubation with retinol or retinal 10-4 M. However, other retinoids, 10-7 and 10-9 M of retinol and retinal and carotenes did not show marked decrease of lymphocyte number or viability even after prolonged incubation (48 h). 4 The mechanism of inhibition by retinol or retinal (10-4 M) is due in part to the decrease of viable lymphocytes. It is unclear how other retinoids, carotenes and lower concentrations (10-7 or 10-9 M) of retinol or retinal inhibit E-rosette formation or lymphocyte transformation.
Paracetamol Metabolism in African Villagers
Authors: Sommers K. , van Staden D.A. , Moncrieff J. , Schoeman H.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 Paracetamol clearance has been measured from serial serum samples in 49 healthy black Africans from a village in Southern Africa. 2 The subjects are minimally exposed to known environmental inducing or inhibiting agents and the staple diet consists of maize cereal and greens. 3 The mean clearance (± SD) was 4.98 ± 1.61 ml min-1 kg-1, which is significantly faster than the values found in previous investigations with paracetamol in whites and Asian immigrants in London. The mean half-lives were fairly similar but the apparent volumes of distribution were also found to be larger in the present study. 4 The ethnic difference in paracetamol kinetics identified in this study is possibly genetically controlled.
Digoxin and Cimetidine: Investigation of the Potential for a Drug Interaction
Authors: Crome P. , Curl B. , Holt D. , Volans G.N. , Bennett P.N. , Cole D.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and cimetidine was investigated in a series of studies. 2 In a single-dose cross-over study in healthy volunteer subjects cimetidine increased the area under the plasma digoxin concentration curve and the peak plasma digoxin concentration. 3 In a repeated-dose study in healthy volunteer subjects taking digoxin 0.25 mg daily, co-administration of cimetidine resulted in an average increase in plasma digoxin concentration of 0.15 ng/ml. 4 In a repeated-dose study in healthy volunteer subjects taking digoxin 0.5 mg daily, co-administration of cimetidine resulted in an average increase in plasma digoxin concentration of 0.19 ng/ml. 5 In a repeated-dose study in patients receiving long-term digoxin therapy for atrial fibrillation co-administration of cimetidine had no significant effect on plasma digoxin concentrations. 6 We have shown that co-administration of cimetidine and digoxin in volunteer subjects causes a statistically significant but small increase in plasma digoxin concentration but no such increase was found in patients. We conclude that it is doubtful that this interaction is of any clinical significance.
Pathways of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in the Rat after Intratracheal Administration
Authors: Edel J. , Sabbioni E. 
Published: December 2008

51Cr-labelled Cr3+ and CrO2-4 solutions were administered intratracheally to male rats in doses of 0.1 and 10 μg of Cr per rat to evidentiate metabolic differences especially in the lung and in the mechanisms of excretion. Twenty four hours after administration the highest 51 Cr amount was present in the lungs for both valency states, being in the Cr (III)-treated group, however, about two times higher. In all other tissues tested the values in the Cr (VI)-treated animals were much higher. Intracellularly, in the Cr (III)-treated group more than 40% of the total lung homogenate was found in the nuclear fraction and only 10% in the cytosol. In the Cr (VI)-treated group 25% was present in the nuclei and more than 50% in the cytosol. Gel filtration 24 h after intratracheal injection showed that in both cytosols chromium was eluted in three peaks including a low-molecular-weight component. Quantitatively, however, the ratios between the 51Cr associated with the three peaks were significantly different between the Cr (III)- and the Cr (VI)-treated animals. This suggests that binding of chromium to low-molecular-weight components should be involved in the passage of this element from the lung to the other tissues. Excretion studies for 7 days showed that after this time the Cr (III)-treated animals excreted about 4% of the dose via urine and more than 36% via faeces, whereas in the Cr (VI)-treated rats the 51Cr was eliminated nearly equally between urine and faeces.
Discolouration of the Optic Disc in Baboons During Treatment with Prizidilol (SK&F 92657), a Novel Antihypertensive Agent
Authors: Barnett K.C. , Leslie G.B. , Walker T.F. 
Published: December 2008

1 Prizidilol (SK&F 92657-A2.H2O) is the dihydrochloride salt of D,L-3-[2-(3- t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]-6-hydrazinopyridazine, a molecule combining the properties of precapillary vasodilatation and β-adrenoceptor blockade. 2 Prizidilol was administered to baboons daily for up to 1 year at sustained doses up to 800 mg/kg. During the 16th week of a 26-week study ophthalmoscopic examination revealed an orange tinge at the periphery of the normally pale pink optic disc in all high-dose (800-1225 mg/kg) baboons. The colour became more intense as the study progressed. By week 25 orange discolouration was seen in all baboons at 350 mg/kg and three out of six baboons at 100 mg/ kg. The findings, except those at 100 mg/kg, were confirmed in a 12-month study. Optic disc discolouration was correlated with darkening of internal organs at necropsy. 3 Discolouration of the optic disc did not appear to affect visual function. 4 Slow regression of discolouration was demonstrated after withdrawal of treatment with 800 mg of prizidilol/kg at 6 months. 5 No histological abnormalities were present in the optic discs of affected baboons. 6 The study demonstrates the value of regular ophthalmoscopy in toxicity studies, combining the facility for the early detection of an unusual lesion with the ability to follow its time-course.
Kinetic Aspects of Misonidazole and its Major Metabolite in Radiotherapy
Authors: Meering P.G. , Gonzalez Gonzalez D. , Maes R.A.A. , van Peperzeel H.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 Oral doses of misonidazole between 0.75 and 1.3 g/m2 were administered during 3-5 days per week to 21 patients with various malignancies. 2 Mean plasma levels of misonidazole and desmethylmisonidazole at the times of radiotherapy were in the range 20-50 and 2-12 mg/l respectively. 3 Slight accumulation of misonidazole and desmethylmisonidazole in plasma was observed with a dosage interval of 24 h. 4 In patients with anticonvulsant comedication plasma elimination half-lives of misonidazole of 4.1-8.9 h were found. 5 Observed side-effects were nausea and vomiting (9%), exanthema or rashes (14%) and mild peripheral neuropathy (9%).
Preliminary Observations on the Effect of Dietary Brussels Sprouts on Thyroid Function
Authors: McMillan M. , Spinks E.A. , Fenwick G.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 Brassica vegetables are the major source of glucosinolates in the human diet. Certain glucosinolates are readily converted into goitrogenic species, notably 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione and thiocyanate ion. The effect of dietary Brussels sprouts, a particularly rich source of such glucosinolates, on thyroid function has been examined. 2 Inclusion of cooked Brussels sprouts (150 g daily for 4 weeks) into a normal diet of 10 volunteer subjects had no effect on thyroid function as determined by measurement of thyrotrophic hormone, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine even though the sprouts contained high concentrations (220 mg/100 g) of glucosinolates. 3 In view of the reported antithyroid activity of 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione it is suggested that this lack of activity of cooked Brussels sprouts is due to inactivation during cooking of myrosinase, the specific glucosinolate-degrading enzyme.
Self-poisoning and Moon Phases in Oslo
Authors: Jacobsen D. , Frederichsen P.S. , Knutsen K.M. , Sørum Y. , Talseth T. , Ødegaard O.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 During 1980 the relation between the moon phases and 1187 cases of self-poisonings in Oslo was studied. 2 In contrast to a previous report from India no significant correlation was found between the full moon and self-poisoning. 3 The aetiology of self-poisonings in western countries is rather more complex than to be explained by speculative 'human tidal waves'.
Efficacies of LICAM(C) and DTPA for the Decorporation of Inhaled Transportable Forms of Plutonium and Americium from the Rat
Authors: Stradling G.N. , Stather J.W. , Gray S.A. , Moody J.C. , Ellender M. , Hodgson A. 
Published: December 2008

Fhe efficacies of N 1, N5 , N10 , N14-tetrakis (2,3-dihydroxy-4-carboxybenzoyl)-tetra-azatetradecane LICAM(C)] and diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) (30 μmol/kg body wt.) have been nvestigated for plutonium (Pu) decorporation after inhalation as the nitrate or tributyl phosphate TBP) complexes and the data compared with those obtained after its intravenous injection as the :itrate. The efficacy of removal of americium (Am) inhaled as the nitrate has also been examined. The results show that: . whereas LICAM(C) and DTPA were similarly effective for removing Pu from the blood, -ICAM(C) was considerably inferior to DTPA when transportable forms of Pu were inhaled; LICAM(C) is ineffective for the decorporation of Am; the optimum treatment regimen for both Pu and Am involved the prompt and repeated administration of DTPA.
Agranulocytosis Associated with Maloprim: Review of Cases
Authors: Hutchinson D.B.A. , Whiteman P.D. , Farquhar J.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 Twenty-one cases of agranulocytosis following dosage with one tablet of Maloprim given once or twice weekly are reviewed.2 Of the 18 individuals for whom the dose is certain 12 were taking twice-weekly Maloprim. Time of onset was 7-9 weeks in 15 of 19 cases where duration of dosage is known.3 Nine patients died, 12 recovered. Of those who died six were taking Maloprim twice weekly, one once weekly and two at an uncertain dosage.4 The available data suggest that this is an idiosyncratic reaction to dapsone exacerbated by the concomitant administration of pyrimethamine.
Drug-induced Piloerection in Man: an α1-Adrenoceptor Agonist Effect?
Authors: Stephens M.D.B. 
Published: December 2008

1 The physiology of piloerection is described and clinical experience is discussed.2 The objective and subjective evidence for drug-induced piloerection by a number of drugs is given and, where it is known, their pharmacological mechanism is described.3 The results are considered in relation to the hypothesis that drug-induced piloerection is only produced by drugs with α1-adrenoceptor agonist activity. For those drugs without the latter activity where piloerection is supported only by subjective evidence it is suggested that objective evidence should be sought.4 The fact that there is no objective evidence that the classical α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, produces piloerection is found surprising and it is suggested that such evidence should be sought. If it is found that phenylephrine does not produce piloerection, then the possibility of the existence of a further α-agonist subgroup needs to be considered.
N-Acetyltransferase Phenotype of Patients with Bladder Cancer
Authors: Karakaya A.E. , Cok I. , Sardas S. , Gögüs O. , Sardas O.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 N-Acetyltransferase phenotype has been determined in 109 control subjects and in 23 patients with bladder cancer.2 Sixty-two per cent of control, and 39% of patients with bladder cancer were phenotypically slow acetylators. This difference was not significant.3 N-Acetyltransferase phenotype is unlikely to be a major determinant in the development of bladder cancer in the Turkish population.
Blood Lactate and Ketone Body Concentrations in Salicylate Intoxication
Authors: Bartels P.D. , Lund-Jacobsen H. 
Published: December 2008

1 Blood concentrations of lactate, ketone bodies and non-esterified (free) fatty acids were measured in 45 adult patients on admission to the poisoning treatment centre, with salicylate and mixed salicylate-sedative/ethanol poisoning. 2 Nine patients had blood lactate concentrations above 2 mmol/l and six patients had ketone-body concentrations greater than 1 mmol/l. 3 Eight of the nine patients with hyperlactacidaemia had mixed salicylate/ethanol or sedative poisoning, whereas four of the six patients with hyperketonaemia had pure salicylate poisoning. 4 No direct correlation was found between the presence of these metabolic disturbances and the severity of poisoning. 5 Since only one patient was found with organic acid concentration in the blood exceeding 5 mmol/l, it is concluded that concomitant endogenous acidosis rarely contributes to the acid-base disturbance seen in salicylate poisoning in adults.
Childhood Poisoning in Wales: Experience of the Welsh National Poisons Unit (1984)
Authors: Hsu R. , Coles E.C. , Routledge P.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 In 1984, 60% of all the enquiries made to the Welsh National Poisons Unit in Cardiff concerned children under 15, and 86% of the latter concerned children under 5. Nearly 60% of requests for information in childhood poisoning were about non-medicinal products and this contrasts with hospital admissions which are more often associated with medicinal products in this age group. 2 Seasonal variability was noted for non-medicinal products such as pesticides and plant poisoning enquiries, whereas medicinal product enquiries remained constant over the year. The pesticides enquiries were greatest in Spring while those concerning plants were significantly greater in Summer. The latter was due to increased reports of ingestion of garden plants since the number of enquiries concerning house plants remained constant. Thus availability appears to be a major determinant of the risk of poisoning with any particular product in childhood.
Paraquat — a Review of Safety in Agricultural and Horticultural Use
Authors: Hart T.B. 
Published: December 2008

1 Over the past 20 years plus that paraquat has been used throughout the world, it has enjoyed an excellent safety record when used normally and for its intended purpose. 2 Its safety record is explained by the following reasons: (i) inhalational exposure during normal use is not significant toxicologically; (ii) dermal exposure predominates during normal use; (iii) intact human skin provides a very good barrier against penetration by paraquat. 3 Its safety record has been confirmed by several field studies, which have assessed exposure and health of workers, who have used paraquat for short and longer periods of time. The unanimous conclusions of the studies is that exposure to paraquat does not result in any acute or chronic adverse health effects. 4 Minor and reversible injuries to the skin, eyes, nose and nails do occur and probably result from overexposure to the extremely irritant concentrated formulations. Most of these effects can be avoided using ordinary personal hygiene. 5 There have been a few anecdotal cases reported in the literature when dermal absorption of paraquat has genuinely occurred and led to serious health effects. In all cases prolonged exposure to concentrated paraquat solutions has been involved resulting in severe and extensive skin damage, with removal of the barrier and absorption of lethal amounts of the chemical. 6 Those cases involving exposure to concentrated paraquat solutions emphasise the need to handle such formulations, for example 'Gramoxone', with case and ensure that the spray solution is correctly made up-at a dilution of at least 1 part 'Gramoxone' to 40 parts water.
Elimination of Paraquat
Authors: Bismuth C. , Scherrmann J.M. , Garnier R. , Baud F.J. , Pontal P.G. 
Published: December 2008

1 There is a striking discrepancy between the efficacy of the kidneys, haemodialysis and haemoperfusion in removing paraquat from the body and the poor prognosis of paraquat poisoning even when the blood and urine concentrations (which are good indices of concentrations in lung and other tissues) are very low. 2 Extracorporeal elimination techniques have been used world-wide in paraquat poisoning. Do they remove paraquat effectively? Certainly. Do they increase the survival rate? Probably not. The reason being that when these techniques of elimination are initiated, potentially lethal concentrations of paraquat have already been attained in the highly vascular tissues of vital organs and in pneumocytes. 3 The data presented here suggest that the successful treatment of paraquat poisoning will not be achieved by modification of toxicokinetics.
Quantifying Side-Effects of Beta-Blockers: The Role of Visual Analogue Scales
Authors: Lewis R.V. 
Published: December 2008

Beta-blockers are often prescribed for patients who are asymptomatic and for whom the benefits of therapy are likely to be small. Side-effects are therefore of great importance. Symptoms such as muscle fatigue and peripheral coldness are commonly associated with treatment with beta-blockers but these subjective phenomena are difficult to detect and quantify so that their prevalence and severity are uncertain. Conventional symptom questionnaires may be relatively insensitive and visual analogue scales (VAS), which permit interval quantification of subjective phenomena, may have some advantages. They appear to be able to detect the presence of tiredness of the legs and peripheral coldness among hypertensive patients taking beta-blockers and are more sensitive than descriptive or 'category' questionnaires. However, some patients find VAS hard to understand and a minority of patients score erratically for all symptoms. A most detailed explanation is of paramount importance. Scores derived from VAS surveys are not normally distributed and should be examined using nonparametric statistical methods; normalising transformations do not improve the sensitivity of the method.
Changes in Cardiorespiratory Function During Gastric Lavage for Drug Overdose
Authors: Thompson A.M. , Robins J.B. , Prescott L.F. 
Published: December 2008

1 Cardiorespiratory function in 42 patients admitted to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, Edinburgh who underwent gastric lavage for self poisoning, was studied using an electrocardiograph and an ear oximeter. 2 Mean pulse rate rose from 92 to 121 beats per min and the mean partial pressure of oxygen fell from 95 to 80 mmHg during lavage (P < 0.001). These changes were significantly greater in conscious than unconscious patients, in smokers than in non-smokers and most marked in male smokers aged 45 or older. No sex or age differences were noted. 3 Electrocardiograph changes were noted in 41% of patients, including potentially serious changes in 2 patients. 4 The indications for gastric lavage should probably be reviewed particularly in conscious older patients who smoke and due consideration given to induced emesis and ingestion of activated charcoal as alternatives.