bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Nanoparticles in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors
Authors: Luo Xiliang , Morrin Aoife , Killard Anthony J. , Smyth Malcolm R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe unique chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles make them extremely suitable for designing new and improved sensing devices, especially electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Many kinds of nanoparticles, such as metal, oxide and semiconductor nanoparticles have been used for constructing electrochemical sensors and biosensors, and these nanoparticles play different roles in different sensing systems. The important functions provided by nanoparticles include the immobilization of biomolecules, the catalysis of electrochemical reactions, the enhancement of electron transfer between electrode surfaces and proteins, labeling of biomolecules and even acting as reactant. This minireview addresses recent advances in nanoparticle‐based electrochemical sensors and biosensors, and summarizes the main functions of nanoparticles in these sensor systems.
Expression pattern and functional characterization of connexin29 in transgenic mice
Authors: Eiberger Jürgen , Kibschull Mark , Strenzke Nicola , Schober Andreas , Büssow Heinrich , Wessig Carsten , Djahed Sina , Reucher Harald , Koch Dirk Alex , Lautermann Jürgen , Moser Tobias , Winterhager Elke , Willecke Klaus 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing newly generated transgenic mice in which the coding region of the connexin29 (Cx29) gene was replaced by the lacZ reporter gene, we confirmed previous immunochemical results that Cx29 is expressed in Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes and Bergmann glia cells. In addition, we detected lacZ/Cx29 in Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve and in particular of the spiral ganglion in the inner ear, as well as at low abundance in the stria vascularis. Furthermore, we found lacZ/Cx29 expression in nonmyelinating Schwann cells of the adrenal gland, in chondrocytes of intervertebral discs and the epiphysis of developing bones. Electron microscopic analyses of myelin sheaths in the central and peripheral nervous system of Cx29‐deficient mice detected no abnormalities. The nerve conduction in the sciatic nerve of adult Cx29‐deficient mice and the auditory brain stem response as well as visually evoked potentials in 4‐ to 10‐week‐old Cx29‐deficient mice were not different from wild‐type littermate controls. Thus, in contrast to connexin32 and connexin47, which are also expressed in myelinating cells, Cx29 does not contribute to the function of myelin in adult mice. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regionally specific distribution of the binding of anti‐glutamine synthetase and anti‐S100 antibodies and of Datura stramonium lectin in glial domains of the optic lobe of the giant prawn
Authors: Allodi Silvana , Bressan Cristine M. , Carvalho Sergio L. , Cavalcante Leny A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe previously characterized some crustacean glial cells by markers such as 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Here we use antibodies against glutamine synthetase full‐length molecule (anti‐GS/FL), a GS C‐terminal peptide (anti‐GS/20aa‐C), and brain S100 (anti‐S100), as well as the binding of the insect glia and rat astrocytic marker Datura stramonium lectin (DSL), in the optic lobe of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. All markers label the lamina ganglionaris cartridge region (lighter: anti‐GS/FL; heavier: DSL). In addition, anti‐GS/FL labels superficial somata of external and internal medullas and internal chiasm cells. Both anti‐GS/20aa‐C and anti‐S100 label heavily the glial sheaths of the lamina ganglionaris. In addition, anti‐S100 binds to the perineurial glia of medullary parenchymal vessels. Western blot analyses show that both anti‐GS/FL and anti‐GS/20aa‐C bind mostly to a band of 50–55 kDa, compatible with a long isoform of vertebrate GS, and accessorily to a possible dimer and, in the case of anti‐GS/20aa‐C, to an ill‐defined band of intermediate mass. Binding of anti‐S100 is selective for a single band of about 68 kDa but shows no protein in the weight range of the canonical S100 protein superfamily. DSL reveals two bands of about 75 and about 120 kDa, thus within the range of maximal recognition for rat astrocytes. Our results suggest that phenotype protein markers of the optic lobe glia share antigenic determinants with S100 and (a long form of) GS and that, similarly to vertebrate and insect glia, crustacean glia protein and N‐glycan residue markers display regional heterogeneity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A functional hypothesis for adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Avoidance of catastrophic interference in the dentate gyrus
Authors: Wiskott Laurenz , Rasch Malte J. , Kempermann Gerd 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal memory system and special in that it generates new neurons throughout life. Here we discuss the question of what the functional role of these new neurons might be. Our hypothesis is that they help the dentate gyrus to avoid the problem of catastrophic interference when adapting to new environments. We assume that old neurons are rather stable and preserve an optimal encoding learned for known environments while new neurons are plastic to adapt to those features that are qualitatively new in a new environment. A simple network simulation demonstrates that adding new plastic neurons is indeed a successful strategy for adaptation without catastrophic interference. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the tentacular apparatus in sipunculans (Sipuncula): I. Thysanocardia nigra (Ikeda, 1904) and Themiste pyroides (Chamberlin, 1920)
Authors: Adrianov Andrey V. , Malakhov Vladimir V. , Maiorova Anastassya S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe development and arrangement of the tentacular apparatus of Thysanocardia nigra (Ikeda, 1904) and Themiste pyroides (Chamberlin, 1920) are described and illustrated using scanning electron microscopy. In T. nigra, the tentacular apparatus is composed of two crowns: the nuchal arc enclosing the nuchal organ and a crown of numerous oral tentacles arranged in U‐shaped festoons. In early juveniles, two dorsal horn‐like protrusions develop into the first, or primary, pair of tentacles of the nuchal arc. The second pair of tentacles of the nuchal arc develops dorsolaterally on the bases of the primary tentacles. Two ventrolateral lobes of the oral disk grow and become subdivided by the longitudinal ciliary groove into anlages of one set of dorsal and one set of ventral tentacles, thus forming a first oral festoon. Later, a pair of dorsolateral lobes develop between the first festoons and the nuchal arc to form a second pair of oral festoons. The third and following pairs of oral festoons develop in the dorsolateral growth zones lateral to the borders of the nuchal arc, where they meet the oral crown. The growing festoons extend down the oral disk and run alongside the head. A new oral tentacle appears directly at/on the base of the previous tentacle, thus giving rise to a typical sympodium with an alternating arrangement of tentacles. In T. pyroides, a second pair of tentacles develops from two ciliary lobes that are ventrolateral outgrowths of the circumoral ciliary field around the terminal mouth opening. The third pair of tentacles appears from the dorsolateral lobes at the base of primary tentacles, between the first two pairs of tentacles. These six tentacles determine the position of six main stems of the tentacular apparatus designated the first tentacles in the corresponding stems. The second tentacle in every stem appears as a ventrolateral outgrowth at the base of the first tentacle. The third and following tentacles in the stem are developed between the two previous tentacles according to a sympodial pattern. In both species, the distinct sympodial pattern in the arrangement of tentacles in the tentacular apparatus is well evidenced by the outlines of the ciliary oral grooves. The branched stems of T. pyroides may be homologized structurally and functionally to the oral festoons of T. nigra. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman identification of ancient stained glasses and their degree of deterioration
Authors: Colomban Philippe , Etcheverry Marie‐Pierre , Asquier Magali , Bounichou Mathieu , Tournié Aurélie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to establish a Raman procedure for on‐site identification of stained‐glass windows and their deterioration level. This study of a representative series of stained‐glass pieces dating from the thirteenth to seventeenth, nineteenth and twenty‐first centuries made it possible to classify the glasses into four types: Type 1 (rare, Ca‐rich Na silicate), Type 2 (rare, Na‐rich, Ca silicate), Type 3 (more frequent, KCa silicate) and a variant of Type 3, referred to as 3bis. Ion exchange of the alkali cations was made in boiling sulfuric acid and related to structural and compositional changes, which were analyzed with IR and Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy and EDS. Measurements of the film thickness showed a great discrepancy between the ion‐exchange rates of KCa (Type 3: 60 µm/h) and NaCa (Type 2: 15 µm/h) silicates with that of Type 1 Ca‐silicate (0.05 µm/h). IR and Raman spectra provided proof that the nanostructure of the glass was modified, chiefly by the downward (Raman) and upward (IR) shift of the position of the main SiO stretching peak and a decrease in the intensity of the Boson peak, as well as the Raman 580 cm−1 SiO bending peak. The decrease in intensity of the narrow ∼950 cm−1 Raman peak, assigned to (earth)alkali nano crystallites in the glassy network, is correlated with the K/Na ion loss and glass weathering. Consequently Type 3bis samples are in fact glasses, in which the surface is depleted of K/Na ions. Optical micrographs support the macroscopic compositional and structural heterogeneity of the ancient glasses. This work demonstrates the potential of Raman scattering for in situ measurements of the degree of weathering of ancient stained glasses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes on silicon surfaces by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Ramakrishnan A. , Dhamodharan R. , Rühe J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brushes are grown by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on silicon surfaces at various polymerization temperatures. Kinetic studies show that the layer thickness scales linearly with the degree of polymerization of the polymers under some conditions, indicating a constant graft density of the surface‐attached chains. At high temperatures, the layer growth is a controlled process only for short reaction times, and after a rapid increase, the film growth levels off, and a constant thickness is obtained. At lower reaction temperatures, polymers with a lower polydispersity are obtained, but at the expense of a much slower growth rate. Accordingly, intermediate temperatures yield the highest film thickness on experimentally feasible timescales. The reinitiation of these surface‐grafted PMMA chains at room temperature to either extend the chains or grow a chemically different polyglycidylmethacrylate block demonstrates the presence of active ends and the living nature of the surface‐grafted PMMA chains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1758–1769, 2006
Towards computing with proteins
Authors: Unger Ron , Moult John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCan proteins be used as computational devices to address difficult computational problems? In recent years there has been much interest in biological computing, that is, building a general purpose computer from biological molecules. Most of the current efforts are based on DNA because of its ability to self‐hybridize. The exquisite selectivity and specificity of complex protein‐based networks motivated us to suggest that similar principles can be used to devise biological systems that will be able to directly implement any logical circuit as a parallel asynchronous computation. Such devices, powered by ATP molecules, would be able to perform, for medical applications, digital computation with natural interface to biological input conditions. We discuss how to design protein molecules that would serve as the basic computational element by functioning as a NAND logical gate, utilizing DNA tags for recognition, and phosphorylation and exonuclease reactions for information processing. A solution of these elements could carry out effective computation. Finally, the model and its robustness to errors were tested in a computer simulation. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Case‐based Decision Support System for Flooding Crises Onboard Ships
Authors: Ölçer A. İ. , Majumder J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an integrated system, namely the COMAND‐DSS (Decision Support System created under project COMAND), for crisis management and real‐time decision support in shipboard flooding emergencies. It employs the case‐based reasoning approach to provide swift and effective decision‐making support for shipboard personnel during an emergency on ship. The developed system, which focuses on decision support for flooding control, is also thought to be useful as a crew training system. In order to deal with a flooding damage in the COMAND‐DSS, a multiple attribute decision‐making methodology—Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)—is used to be able to choose the set of counter‐flooding tanks that should be filled in order to achieve an optimal response to a flooding accident. The COMAND‐DSS is composed of a knowledge base, a reasoning process and a graphical user interface for the shipboard personnel to interact with the system. The friendly windows‐based user interface of the COMAND‐DSS enables the user to take full advantage of the capabilities of the system in order to make quick decisions. Using this system, when a crisis occurs the optimal decisions and responses can be made in a short time, thereby reducing the risk to life, property and environment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability and Availability Analysis of Complex Port Transportation Systems
Authors: Kołowrocki Krzysztof , Soszyńska Joanna 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA semi‐Markov model of a system operation process is proposed and its selected parameters are determined. A series–parallel multi‐state system is considered and its reliability and risk characteristics are found. Next, the joint model of the system operation process and the system multi‐state reliability and risk is constructed. Finally, the asymptotic approach to reliability, availability and risk evaluation of the multi‐state series–parallel system in its operation process is applied to the port grain transportation system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting and preventing post‐herpetic neuralgia: Are current risk factors useful in clinical practice?
Authors: Coen Pietro G. , Scott Fiona , Leedham‐Green Mary , Nia Tiffany , Jamil Akeel , Johnson Robert W. , Breuer Judith 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPost‐herpetic neuralgia (PHN) following acute herpes zoster remains a significant cause of neuropathic pain especially in the elderly. Early treatment of the zoster rash with antiviral agents, such as aciclovir remains one of the few measures proven to reduce the incidence and duration of PHN albeit only in a subset of patients. It is therefore crucial that the physician who first sees a case of zoster identifies those patients who are most likely to develop long‐term pain and treats them accordingly. In particular, prodrugs such as famciclovir and valaciclvoir may be more beneficial in reducing PHN than the shorter acting aciclovir, but can be more expensive. Measures that could be used to predict patients likely to develop PHN would also facilitate the evaluation of early use of antiepileptic, anti‐inflammatory and analgesic agents in the prevention of PHN. In a prospective study of 280 herpes zoster (HZ) cases seen by the general practitioner (GP) we evaluated the predictive value of five clinical factors identified in clinical trials as associated with a higher likelihood of PHN. A visual analogue score (VAS) over 5 and/or age over 50 correctly identified all subjects with PHN at 3 and 6 months, respectively. However, the specificity of this prediction was low because as many as 81% and 85% of those aged over 50 recovered within 3 and 6 months, respectively. Better methods are needed to identify patients over 50 at most risk of PHN that enable GPs to better allocate their resources with respect to HZ treatment.
‘Helping or something’: perceptions of students with aphasia and tutors in further education
Authors: Bruce Carolyn , Parker Ann , Renfrew Laura 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground: Every year, 10 000 people of working age in the UK have a stroke. Although half of all cases occur in those over 75 years of age, stroke affects more than 1000 people under the age of 30 years. The effects of stroke are far reaching and many people will find that they are unable to return to their previous lives. For some, a way to improve their situation is through further or higher education. Despite the increasing opportunities for people with disabilities to participate in further education, comparatively few studies have looked at this route for people who have had strokes. This study attempts to explore these issues.Aims: This study investigated the experiences, views and expectations of two students with aphasia involved in further education, and those of their tutors. The study aimed to identify factors that acted as enablers and barriers in accessing education.Methods & Procedures: Two women with aphasia who had enrolled on further education courses following their strokes and their respective tutors contributed to this study. Questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews were used to collect the data. Qualitative research methods were then used to reveal issues important to the participants in the teaching and learning dyad.Outcomes & Results: Analysis of the interviews revealed that a core problem identified by all parties was access to learning support. The two underlying issues that were important for the students with aphasia were tutors' awareness of needs and problems with explaining their needs. For the tutors, awareness of the students' needs was most important. The perceptions of the students and the tutors of the educational experience were not the same.Conclusions: The disparities identified in the participants' accounts suggest that both parties need to be more aware of the roles and responsibilities if individuals with disability are to have equal opportunities in further education.
A minimal pair of 𝐾-degrees
Authors: Csima Barbara , Montalbán Antonio 
Published: January 2006

We construct a minimal pair of

K
K

-degrees. We do this by showing the existence of an unbounded nondecreasing function

f
f

which forces

K
K

-triviality in the sense that

γ
∈

2
ω

\gamma \in 2^\omega

is

K
K

-trivial if and only if for all

n
n

,

K
(
γ
↾
n
)
≤
K
(
n
)
+
f
(
n
)
+

O

(
1
)

K(\gamma \upharpoonright n) \leq K(n) + f(n)+ \mathcal {O}(1)

.
Subadditivity of eigenvalue sums
Authors: Uchiyama Mitsuru 
Published: January 2006

Let

f
(
t
)

f(t)

be a nonnegative concave function on

0
≤
t
>
∞

0 \leq t >\infty

with

f
(
0
)
=
0

f(0)=0

, and let

X
,
Y

X, Y

be

n
×
n

n\times n

matrices. Then it is known that

‖
f
(

|

X
+
Y

|

)

‖
1

≤
‖
f
(

|

X

|

)

‖
1

+
‖
f
(

|

Y

|

)

‖
1

\Vert f(|X+Y|)\Vert _1\leq \Vert f(|X|)\Vert _1 +\Vert f(|Y|)\Vert _1

, where

‖
⋅

‖
1

\Vert \cdot \Vert _1

is the trace norm. We extend this result to all unitarily invariant norms and prove some inequalities of eigenvalue sums.
Combinatorics of rank jumps in simplicial hypergeometric systems
Authors: Matusevich Laura , Miller Ezra 
Published: January 2006

Let

A
A

be an integer

d
×
n

d \times n

matrix, and assume that the convex hull

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

of its columns is a simplex of dimension

d
−
1

d-1

not containing the origin. It is known that the semigroup ring

C

[

N

A
]

\mathbb {C}[\mathbb {N} A]

is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if the rank of the GKZ hypergeometric system

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

equals the normalized volume of

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

for all complex parameters

β
∈

C

d

\beta \in \mathbb {C}^d

(Saito, 2002). Our refinement here shows that

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

has rank strictly larger than the volume of

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

if and only if

β
\beta

lies in the Zariski closure (in

C

d

\mathbb {C}^d

) of all

Z

d

\mathbb {Z}^d

-graded degrees where the local cohomology

⨁

i
>
d

H

m

i

(

C

[

N

A
]
)

\bigoplus _{i > d} H^i_{\mathfrak {m}}(\mathbb {C} [\mathbb {N}A])

is nonzero. We conjecture that the same statement holds even when

conv
⁡
(
A
)

\operatorname {conv}(A)

is not a simplex.
Gyrodactylus unicopula Glukhova, 1955, from young plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. with notes on the ecology of the parasite
Authors: Mackenzie K. 
Published: January 2006

A population of Gyrodactylus unicopula Glukhova, 1955, is described from the gill filaments of young plaice from a nursery ground on the north‐west coast of Scotland. The seasonal incidence of this parasite was followed by sampling the 1965 year class of plaice at intervals of from one to three months from April 1965 to April 1967. The level of intensity is usually low and shows no progressive increase, although the fish are shown to be capable of supporting much higher populations of the parasite, which suggests the existence of some mechanism controlling the level of intensity in the natural population.The distribution of G. unicopula on the filamentous surface of the gills is shown in detail. χ2 analyses indicated no significant association or antagonism between this parasite and two ciliates commonly found on the gills of the same population of plaice.Gyrodactyliasis, the disease caused by parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus, is discussed with special reference to marine fish farming.
Observations on a tissue response within the body cavity of fish infected with the plerocercoid larvae of Ligula intestinalis (L.) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Arme C. , Owen R. Wynne 
Published: January 2006

Infection of certain species of cyprinid fish with the plerocercoid larva of the cestode Ligula intestinalis is accompanied by a host tissue response.The tissue reaction is evident in roach Rutilus rutilus as young as three months. An initial cellular infiltration is followed by the laying down of sheets of connective tissue. A case of calcification is described in a single infected rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus.