bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health‐Protective and Adverse Effects of the Apolipoprotein E ɛ2 Allele in Older Men
Authors: Kulminski Alexander M. , Ukraintseva Svetlana V. , Arbeev Konstantin G. , Manton Kenneth G. , Oshima Junko , Martin George M. , Il'yasova Dora , Yashin Anatoli I. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To reexamine a health‐protective role of the common apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism focusing on connections between the APOEɛ2—containing genotypes and impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in older (≥65) men and women and to examine how diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD), Alzheimer's disease, colorectal cancer, macular degeneration, and atherosclerosis may mediate these connections.DESIGN: Retrospective cross‐sectional study.SETTING: The unique disability‐focused data from a genetic subsample of the 1999 National Long Term Care Survey linked with Medicare service use files.PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred thirty‐three genotyped individuals interviewed regarding IADL disabilities.MEASUREMENTS: Indicators of IADL impairments, five geriatric disorders, and ɛ2‐containing genotypes.RESULTS: The ɛ2/3 genotype is a major contributor to adverse associations between the ɛ2 allele and IADL disability in men (odds ratio (OR)=3.09, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.53–6.26), although it provides significant protective effects for CHD (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.33–0.92), whereas CHD is adversely associated with IADL disability (OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.28–3.72). Adjustment for five diseases does not significantly alter the adverse association between ɛ2‐containing genotypes and disability. Protective effects of the ɛ2/3 genotype for CHD (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.27–0.99) and deleterious effects for IADLs (OR=3.50, 95% CI=1.71–7.14) for men hold in multivariate models with both these factors included. No significant associations between the ɛ2‐containing genotypes and IADL are found in women.CONCLUSION: The ɛ2 allele can play a dual role in men, protecting them against some health disorders, while promoting others. Strong adverse relationships with disability suggest that ɛ2‐containing genotypes can be unfavorable factors for the health and well‐being of aging men.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES INVOLVING THE CRANIAL VAULT*
Authors: Hoerlein B. Frank 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe care of a patient with head injury and/or skull fracture is similar in many respects to any severe injury, but certain special precautions are necessary because of possible alterations in the cerebral function. The care of the client's transport of the patient to the hospital, and the first aid procedures in the hospital are extremely important. Tracheostomies should be performed rather routinely. Administration of oxygen, occasional hypothermia, steroids, hypertonic solutions, braod spectrum antibiotics, maintenance of electrolyte and fluid balance are all critical considerations in the care of the acute head injury. Bone fragmentation in skull fractures, particularly when causing hemorrhage and when they are depressed in cerebral tissue, must be removed. Bone flap craniotomies are performed where fragments are few or large and tissue damage is marked. A craniectomy is performed where fragmentation is severe. No effort to repair the defect is made where temporal muscle “padding” is substantial. It should be emphasized that emergency cranial surgery is generally only feasible by the person at hand. These animals cannot be transported long distances and be expected to survive. This puts the veterinary surgeon on the “firing line,” but the results will be gratifying in many instances.
PREOPERATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT WITH POTENTIAL OR APPARENT INFECTION
Authors: Jennings Paul B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBecause of the type of patient treated, and the nature of the injury, the veterinarian is often called upon to treat surgical infections. These infections may be primary, or can be sequelae or trauma or elective surgery. Each clinician has his own protocol and priorities in evaluation of the patient with a surgical infection. A careful history and physical examination, together with clinical and microbiological laboratory testing procedures will help identify the pathogenic organism and indicate the severity of the infection in the animal patient. With this preliminary evaluation, the clinician and surgeon may attack the problem appropriately, and with a greater assurance of success.
COMPLICATIONS OTHER THAN PAINFUL NEUROMAS FOLLOWING A POSTERIOR DIGITAL NEURECTOMY
Authors: Evans Loren H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA painful neuroma occurs following 25% of routine equine neurectomies unless special neurosurgery is done. There are at least five other complications that one may encounter: (1) A change of gait such as stumbling or forging has been noted, especially when the neurectomy has been done in one leg; (2) A vascular compromise has been found if there had been any complications in wound healing or excessive tissue insult. Excessive scar formation surrounding both the digital vein and artery can compromise the blood supply to the foot. When the posteriod digital nerves are severed the autonomic nerves are also interrupted. This results in a vasodilatation which may be responsible for faster hoof growth; (3) If the navicular bone had undergone osteolytic changes before the neurectomy it may fracture as soon as the horse starts to use the foot; (4) The deep flexor tendon may rupture where it passes over the navicular bone. This is especially true where adhesions between the bone and tendon were present; (5) Infections in the sole, bulbs of heel, frog, navicular bursa or coffin joint often go unattended because the horse does not show a lameness.
THE ACUTE ABDOMEN IN THE HORSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Sembrat Roger F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA retrospective case history study of acute gastro‐intestinal disease in the horse was undertaken to determine: 1) if a statistically significant age, sex, or breed distribution existed; 2) if a correlation existed between duration of clinical signs and surgical complications; and, 3) if the lesions causing the signs significantly altered surgical prognosis. Significant age, sex and breed distributions existed. Duration of clinical signs ranged to 5 days with a definitive time trend existing for surgical correction of strangulating colics. Surgical correction was successful only within 24 hours of the appearance of clinical signs. Surgical prognosis for specific intraabdominal lesions ranged from 20% survival with strangulation obstructions to 84% with impaction.Differential diagnosis in horses with signs of acute abdominal pain is difficult, and techniques available for this purpose are limited. 3,7,8 Differentiation of specific lesions is necessary because the prognosis varies greatly with each, and the choice of treatment used depends on the nature of the lesion.1 Knowledge of significant age, sex, or breed related distributions would aid differential diagnosis. There are few epidemiologic reports available for use in the clinical management of these cases.4A recent report has dealt with the relative incidence of various types of intestinal obstructive diseases in the horse.7 The purpose of this retrospective case history study of gastrointestinal disorders in the horse was to determine:1. If a statistically significant age, sex or breed distribution existed for all or specific lesions;2. If a correlation existed between duration of clinical signs and surgical survival; and3. If the lesions causing the clinical signs significantly altered surgical prognosis.
MEDICINE CALCIFICATION OF THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF CHIP FRACTURES
Authors: Raker Charles W. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySurgical removal of chip fractures of metacarpophalangeal joints arising from the cranial proximal margin of the first phalanx has been practiced for many years. Calcification developing within the joint capsule in the surgical area was observed frequently and was a cause for concern. Procedures to eliminate this problem were unsuccessful. A conservative program of rest and appropriate treatment for degenerative arthrosis until the lesion has healed has resulted in these horses becoming racing sound without having to resort to surgery.
USE OF THE RHOMBOID FLAP GRAFT IN RECONSTRUCTIVE LID SURGERY
Authors: Blanchard G. L. , Keller W.F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryExtensive destructive and erosive lesions of the eye lids may be the result of neoplasia, severe trauma, or inflammation. Surgical repair requires blepharoplastic procedures to restore the lid integrity and maintain a functionally sighted globe. The use of the rhomboid advancement flap is illustrated for the repair of lid defects involving destruction of 50% or more of the lid tissue.
Prognostic Application of Cortical Evoked Responses in Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Bright R.M. , Breazile J.E. , Bojrab M.J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐six dogs were used in a study to determine the correlation between cortical evoked responses (CER) testing and the reversibility of paraplegia in dogs experiencing spinal cord trauma. Twenty‐four dogs were client owned and presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a period of approximately one year. Two dogs were used as controls. Testing was done with minimal risk to the patient. Results indicate that CER testing may be valuable as an aid in the long term evaluation of whether a paraplegic patient will ever regain the ability to walk normally again.
DIGITAL VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY IN EQUINE LAMINITIS OF ALIMENTARY ORIGIN
Authors: Robinson N.E. , Scott J.B. , Dabney J.M. , Jones G.A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe measured digital blood flow, vascular pressures, vascular resistance, lymph flow rates, and lymph protein concentration in eight anesthesized equidaewith acute alimentary laminitis and eleven control animals. Digital blood flow was increased in laminitis as a result of decreased vascular resistance, primarily prevenous resistance. Ponies with laminitis were hypertensive and had elevated digital venous pressures. Lymph flow and lymph protein concentration were not different in the two groups of animals, indicating there is no change in capillary permeability in laminitis.
Cytology of Peritoneal Effusion Following Intestinal Anastomosis and Experimental Peritonitis
Authors: BOTTE ROBERT J. , ROSIN EBERHARD 
Published: February 2008

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed one, two or three days following experimental resection and anastomosis of the distal jejunum in nine dogs. The lavage fluid was evaluated by total and differential cell counts, cell morphology, and bacterial culture. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of nondegenerate neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Bacteria were not observed. Bacterial cultures yielded no growth.Peritonitis was experimentally induced in four dogs by creating an ischemic segment of jejunum. Peritoneal lavage and fluid analysis were carried out one or two days following surgery. The lavage fluid from these dogs contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils and bacteria.
Cholecystoduodenostomy in the Dog Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: TANGNER C. H. 
Published: February 2008

A mucosal apposition technique for cholecystoduodenostomy was compared to the cutting suture technique. The mucosal apposition technique was easier to perform, less traumatic, and produced a significantly larger anastomotic opening than the cutting suture technique. Eleven of 12 dogs returned to normal activity within 5 days after the mucosal apposition technique. Six of 12 dogs required 10 to 21 days after the cutting suture technique before regaining normal activity. Healing was similar for both techniques. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were cultured from the gallbladders of both groups postoperatively.Cholecystograms demonstrated rapid drainage of the biliary system following mucosal apposition. Drainage of the biliary system following the cutting suture technique was slower; gallbladders tended to be irregularly shaped and distended.Gallbladders rapidly filled with contrast material during upper gastrointestinal barium studies following cholecystoduodenostomy by mucosal apposition. Gallbladders filled more slowly and less completely following the cutting suture technique: drainage of refluxed contrast material was delayed in some dogs.Serum enzyme elevations (SGPT, SAP) and subclinical periportal inflammation and fibrosis were found following both techniques. Peripheral circulating eosinophil counts were significantly higher in dogs following the cutting suture technique.
Effect of a Low Frequency Pulsating Magnetic Field on the Healing of Rat Skin Wounds
Authors: COCKSHUTT J. R. , BINNINGTON A. G. , WILCOCK B. P. 
Published: February 2008

The ability of a pulsing magnetic field to accelerate wound healing was tested in rats. Full‐thickness skin defects were created surgically in rats. A magnetoelectric coil applicator was used to deliver two 15 minute episodes of pulsing magnetic treatment daily to the rats at a level of 80 Gauss and 60 Hr. Healing was evaluated grossly and by light microscopy 7, 14, 22, 29, 42, and 56 days following wound creation.No significant change in rate of wound contracture or epithelialization was seen nor was there any microscopic evidence of enhanced collagen formation or cellular organization as compared with untreated wounds.
Arteriovenous Fistulas as an Aid in Blood Collection from Canine Blood Donors
Authors: WHEATON LYNN G. , REED WILLIE M. 
Published: February 2008

To facilitate blood collection from blood donor dogs, arteriovenous fistulas were established between the common carotid arteries and external jugular veins in five adult dogs. Twelve to 16 mm, side‐to‐side anastomoses were created using simple interrupted 6–0 polypropylene sutures. Starting 1 month after the surgical procedure, 500 ml of blood was collected from each dog as required. Electrocardiography, thoracic radiography, and cardiac output and rate were used to monitor cardiac changes. Blood flow characteristics, and proliferative and dystrophic cellular changes occurring in the vessels were documented in one dog.The mean blood collection times were 2 minutes and 45 seconds from the fistula site and 9.0 minutes from the opposite jugular vein. Ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial changes were observed on electrocardiogram in two dogs, and radiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension was noted in three dogs. Reversed blood flow was documented in the common carotid artery and external jugular vein distal to the arteriovenous fistula. Four dogs were still in use as blood donors 1 to 1 1/2 years after establishment of the fistulas. Clinical signs of congestive heart failure were not observed.
The Influence of Body Position on the Blood Gas and Acid‐base Status of Halothane‐anesithetized Sheep
Authors: FUJIMOTO JENNIFER I. , LENEHAN TIMOTHY M. 
Published: February 2008

Eleven adult sheep were divided into three groups. Baseline arterial blood samples were taken with the sheep standing and breathing room air. They were then anesthetized and placed in right (group one), left (group two), or dorsal (group three) recumbency. Arterial blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minute intervals during anesthesia, and 15 minutes after the discontinuation of halothane in oxygen.Anesthetic induction resulted in an increase in arterial oxygen (Pao2) and carbon dioxide (Paco2) tensions and a decrease in arterial pH (pHa) and base excess (BE). During anesthetic maintenance, no positional effects were noted, and pHa and BE increased in all groups. With the termination of anesthesia and the animals breathing room air, pHa increased, and Pao2 and Paco, decreased; BE was elevated in group two when compared to group three. Only BE had returned to control values 15 minutes after halothane was discontinued.
Autogenous Cancellous Bone Grafts From the Sternum in Horses Comparison With Other Donor Sites and Results of Use in Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: RICHARDSON G. L. , POOL R. R. , PASCOE J. R. , WHEAT J. D. 
Published: February 2008

Cancellous bone was collected from the fourth or fifth sternebra of six horses aged 12 to 36 months, and compared quantitatively and qualitatively with cancellous bone collected from the tuber coxa, proximal tibia, and rib at the time of necropsy, 28 to 49 days after surgery. Cancellous bone collected from the sternum was equivalent in amount and in microscopic appearance to that collected from the other three sites.Cancellous bone also was collected from the sternum for use during clinical orthopedic surgery in 18 horses. Wound dehiscence occurring in two horses healed uneventfully by second intention. In each horse, an adequate amount of cancellous bone was obtained from one sternebra, with the exception of one horse where cancellous bone from two sternebra was used. Major complications with the donor sites were not encountered.
Wound Drainage from Under Full‐thickness Skin Grafts in Dogs Part II. Effect on Cosmetic Appearance
Authors: POPE ERIC R. , SWAIM STEVEN F. 
Published: February 2008

Four skin grafting procedures were performed on both sides of the chests of 12 dogs to evaluate the effect of wound drainage on the survival and cosmetic appearance of the grafts. The techniques evaluated were a sheet graft, (control), continuous low level suction, piecrust incisions, and nonexpanded mesh graft. Graft viability was assessed on the 10th postoperative day by visual inspection. The mean survival rate for all grafts was 90%. No significant difference between graft types was observed.Hair growth on each graft was assessed 3 months postoperatively as “normal” (resembled that on the surrounding skin), “moderate” (thickness of hair growth was less than normal but would nearly conceal the underlying skin), “sparse” (a few hairs were present and the skin below was easily visible), and “none” (no hair growth). No statistical differences in categories of hair growth were detected within types or between types of grafts. Hair growth also was assessed as “acceptable” (those areas having normal and moderate hair growth) and “nonacceptable” (hair growth sparse or none). No difference between graft types was noted. All types exhibited a significantly greater area of acceptable than nonacceptable hair growth.
Cryosurgical Epiphysiodesis in the Dog
Authors: KRAMEK B. A. , WALLACE L. J. , DOWDLE J. A. , BARNES D. M. 
Published: February 2008

Transphyseal freezing of the canine distal femur was evaluated to determine its effect on physeal growth and closure. A specially designed cryoprobe was used to freeze the distal right femoral physis in 17 immature dogs. The left distal femoral physis was sham operated to serve as a control. Dogs were radiographed weekly and euthanized from 2 days to 8 weeks following surgery. The rate of long bone growth decreased in all dogs, and the physis was closed at 6 to 8 weeks.Histologic studies on the distal femoral physes revealed that immediately after freezing, there was extensive hemorrhage in the epiphysis and metaphysis with disruption of the physis. Inflammation and death of the physeal cartilage followed. Blood vessels invaded the physis, and eventually bone was formed between the epiphysis and metaphysis, resulting in complete and premature physeal closure.
Effect of Four Antimicrobial Lavage Solutions on the Tarsocrural Joint of Horses
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , McILWRAITH C. WAYNE , POWERS BARBARA E. , RADIN M. JUDITH 
Published: February 2008

Three concentrations of povidone‐iodine (0.1% w/v, 0.2% w/v, 0.5% w/v) and one concentration of chlorhexidine (0.5% w/v) were selected as antimicrobial joint lavage solutions. Through‐and‐through joint lavage was performed with one of these antimicrobial solutions on a tarsocrural joint of 12 horses. The contralateral tarsocrural joints (control limbs) were lavaged with a balanced electrolyte solution (BES). The effect of the lavage solution on the joints was evaluated with respect to lameness, foot flight pattern, soreness to joint palpation, articular and periarticular enlargement, and synovial fluid composition on Day 1,4, and 8 postlavage. On Day 8 postlavage, all horses were euthanized and the tarsocrural joints were examined.All solutions induced a synovitis. Based on clinical assessment, synovial fluid protein levels, color, clarity, mucin clot forming ability, gross appearance of the joint at necropsy, and synovial membrane histologic evaluation, a similar, mild, transient, synovitis was induced by the BES and 0.1% povidone‐iodine (PI) solution. The 0.2% PI solution induced a more prolonged neutrophilic response and poorer mucin clot forming ability in the synovial fluid as compared to the BES.The 0.5% PI and 0.5% chlorhexidine solutions produced severe lameness, soreness to joint palpation, and limb enlargement. The elevated synovial fluid total protein content persisted significantly longer (p < 0.05) than the corresponding control (BES) solution. Histologic evaluation of the synovial membrane confirmed the presence of a moderate to severe neutrophilic synovitis in these treatment groups.
Colopexy of the Left Large Colon to the Right Large Colon in the Horse
Authors: MARKEL MARK D. , FORD TROY S. , MEAGHER DENNIS M. 
Published: February 2008

Three colopexy techniques were examined in 11 normal horses to determine which would prevent recurrence of targe colon displacement and volvulus. The medial free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the medial free band of the right ventral colon (technique A). The free band of the left dorsal colon was sutured to the free band of the right dorsal colon (technique B). In technique C, both the ventral and dorsal colon were sutured as in techniques A and B, and the pelvic flexure was sutured to the mesocolon between the right dorsal and right ventral colon. Absorbable (surgical gut) and nonabsorbable (polypropylene) suture material were compared.One horse from each group was euthanized 2 weeks and 6 months after surgery. The position of the colon and the integrity of the colopexy were examined. At necropsy, attempts were made to produce displacement and volvulus of the colon. In the remaining horses, exploratory celiotomy 1 year after surgery was used to examine the integrity of the colopexy.Although all horses initially lost weight after surgery, all but one began gaining weight 2 to 4 weeks later and had attained their preoperative weight by 6 months. The horse that continued to lose weight was euthanized 2 months after surgery. Numerous small colon, omental, and large colon adhesions were found at necropsy.For all colopexy techniques, the colopexy adhesion remained short and intact at polypropylene suture sites. At surgical gut sites, the adhesion had lengthened by 6 months and was absent at 1 year. At necropsy, all colopexies prevented manual displacement of the large colon and volvulus of the colon at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. The colopexies did not prevent manual creation of volvulus at the base of the colon. Technique A was the easiest to perform.