bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it feasible to pool funds for local children's services in England? Evidence from the national evaluation of children's trust pathfinders
Authors: Lorgelly Paula , Bachmann Max , Shreeve Ann , Reading Richard , Thorburn June , Mugford Miranda , O'Brien Margaret , Husbands Chris 
Published: December 2008

Objectives: To describe how funds were pooled or otherwise jointly managed by National Health Service (NHS) primary care trusts and local authorities in England. To compare expenditure on local children's services by health, education and social services. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey of all 35 children's trust pathfinders, six months after they were launched, with a follow-up at 2.5 years. We also undertook an in-depth analysis of local authorities and primary care trusts, within eight pathfinder areas and three non-pathfinder areas, whereby we compared expenditure on children's services, interviewed managers and professionals and examined financial documents. Results: Local authorities and NHS trusts coordinated expenditure in various ways, most commonly through informal agreements and aligning budgets but also by formally pooling budgets. The latter were usually for selected services such as child and adolescent mental health services, though four children's trusts pathfinders pooled (or aligned) their budgets for all children's services. Total expenditure per child was greatest for education, lowest for social services and intermediate for health. However, it was difficult to quantify education expenditure on children with health and social care needs, and health care expenditure on children. Conclusions: Sharing money for local children's services requires shared objectives, trust, and legal and accounting expertise. Several different mechanisms are permitted and many are feasible but programme budgeting for children's services could make them more effective.
El viaje a Hispania de Chaeremon de Trales en época augustea (Agath. hist. 2, 17, 18)
Authors: Vallejo Girvés Margarita 
Published: December 2008

Resumen
En el contexto de su creencia en la superación personal, Agatías, hist. 2, 17, 18 (s. VI d. C.) menciona un viaje de un ciudadano de Trales a la Hispania del año 26 a. C. Ello nos lleva a analizar aspectos como la veracidad de ese viaje, la personalidad del ciudadano de Trales y las fuentes utilizadas por aquel autor para narrar ese episodio; nos detenemos especialmente en la posible modificación de algunos datos importantes de éste que, por razones literarias, pudo hacer Agatías.
Estimation of platinum in environmental water samples with solid phase extraction technique using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Dubiella-Jackowska Aleksandra , Polkowska Żaneta , Dariusz Lech , Pasławski Piotr , Staszek Wojciech , Namieśnik Jacek 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA solid phase extraction technique for the determination of platinum(IV) at trace levels by inductively coupled plasma mass spectromA solid phase extraction technique for the determination of platinum(IV) at trace levels by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed. The method was based on retention of platinum in a sample on silica gel modified with aminepropyl groups. The retention of platinum(IV) from the sample solution and the recovery of platinum with 1.0 mol L−1 thiourea solution were quantitative. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 5% (n = 7) at the 10 ng L−1 level. The enrichment factor was found to be (50-fold) for 250 mL of water sample. Under optimum conditions, the method detection limit (MDL) was found to be 1 ng L−1 for platinum in water matrices. Recoveries of Pt from spike addition to atmospheric water samples were quantitative (80–95%). The present method was used for the determination of platinum in precipitation, throughfall and runoff water samples.
Structure, conformation and hydrogen bonding of two amino-cycloalkanespiro-5-hydantoins
Authors: Todorov Petar , Petrova Rosica , Naydenova Emilia , Shivachev Boris 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe crystal structures of 3-amino-cycloheptanespiro-4′-imidazolidine-2′,5′-dione (I) {systematic name: 3-amino-1,3-diazaspiro[4.6] undecane-2,4-dione} and 3-amino-cyclooctanespiro-4′-imidazolidine-2′,5′-dione (II) {systematic name: 3-amino-1,3-diazaspiro[4.7] dodecane-2,4-dione}, have been determined. In both compounds the polar hydantoin groups cause molecules to aggregate via N-H...O and N-H...N interactions, forming a layer structure, in which the cycloalkane rings project outwards from the central, more polar, region. The observed molecular structure is compared with that calculated by density functional theory methods.
Electrosynthesis and thermal characterization of basic copper carbonate nanoparticles
Authors: Pourmortazavi Seied , Kohsari Iraj , Hajimirsadeghi Seiedeh 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present study concerns the electrochemical synthesis of basic copper carbonate nanoparticles by oxidation of metallic copper on the anode in an aqueous bicarbonate solution. This simple and one-step preparation can be considered as green synthesis. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicates that average particle size of the product is in the range of about 70 nm. On the other hand, basic copper carbonate micro-powder has been prepared, by mixing solutions of copper(II) sulphate and sodiu bicarbonate. The SEM analysis showed that the size of particles prepared in the same way is in the range of about 1 µm. In another part of this study, the thermal decomposition of micro and nanoparticles of copper carbonate produced by various methods was studied in air using TG-DTA techniques. The results of thermal study show that the decomposition of both samples occurs in single step. Also, the TG-DTA analysis of the nanoparticles indicates that the main thermal degradation occurs in the temperature range of 245–315°C. However, microparticles of Cu(OH)2 · CuCO3 decomposed endothermally in the temperature range of 230–330°C.
Quantitative structure-property relationship study on the determination of binding constant by fluorescence quenching
Authors: Liu Huitao , Wen Yingying , Luan Feng , Gao Yuan , Guo Yun , Xie Zhaoyang , Hu Zhide 
Published: December 2008

AbstractModels to predict binding constant (logK) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) should be very useful in the pharmaceutical industry to help speed up the design of new compounds, especially as far as pharmacokinetics is concerned. We present here an extensive list of logK binding constants for thirty-five compounds to BSA determined by florescence quenching from the literature. These data have allowed us the derivation of a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model to predict binding constants to BSA of compounds on the basis of their structure. A stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) was performed to build the model. The statistical parameter provided by the MLR model (R = 0.9200, RMS = 0.3305) indicated satisfactory stability and predictive ability for the model. Using florescence quenching spectroscopy, we also experimentally determined the binding constants to BSA for two bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines. Using the proposed model it was possible to predict the binding constants for each, which were in good agreement with the experimental results. This QSPR approach can contribute to a better understanding of structural factors of the compounds responsible for drug-protein interactions, and be useful in predicting the binding constants of other compounds.
Re-evaluated data of dissociation constants of alendronic, pamidronic and olpadronic acids
Authors: Boichenko Alexander , Markov Vadim , Kong Hoan , Matveeva Anna , Loginova Lidia 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe dissociation constants of (4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonic (alendronic) acid, (3-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxypropylidene)bisphosphonic (olpadronic) acid and (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)bisphosphonic (pamidronic) acid were obtained in aqueous solutions (0.10 M KCl) and micellar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride (0.10 M CPC) at 25.0°C. With the exception of the third dissociation constant of alendronic acid, the dissociation constants of alendronic, olpadronic and pamidronic acids in aqueous solutions matched literature data. The possibility of sodium alendronate determination by acid-base titration by NaOH solution was theoretically grounded on the basis of re-evaluated data of alendronic acid dissociation constants.
Impact of the dopamine receptor gene family on temperament traits in a population‐based birth cohort
Authors: Nyman Emma S. , Loukola Anu , Varilo Teppo , Ekelund Jesper , Veijola Juha , Joukamaa Matti , Taanila Anja , Pouta Anneli , Miettunen Jouko , Freimer Nelson , Järvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Peltonen Leena 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough the genetic determinants of personality have been intensively investigated especially since Cloninger proposed his psychobiological model of temperament and character, findings to date remain inconclusive and very few studies have addressed the topic in large population cohorts. In the current study we investigated one gene family in its entirety by addressing the role of all known dopamine receptor genes, DRD1–DRD5, on Cloninger's temperament traits in a Finnish population‐based birth cohort. The study sample (n = 1,434) was ascertained from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with over 5,000 study individuals tested at the age of 31 years. We utilized the genetic homogeneity and genealogical structure of this population to uncover putative effects of these genes on temperament traits at the population level. Our strategy utilizing a large birth cohort and its well established genealogical structure represents an optimal design for studying normally distributed traits. We also wished to provide a comprehensive view to one biologically relevant gene family instead of testing single candidate genes. We report evidence of association of several SNPs at the 5′ end of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) with Novelty seeking (low) and Harm avoidance (high), and at the 3′ end of DRD2 with Persistence. The strongest evidence of association emerged from females. Our study supports the involvement of the dopamine pathway in temperament traits, in particular underlining the role of DRD2 in Novelty seeking, Harm avoidance and Persistence. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Miniemulsion copolymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of reactive costabilizer
Authors: Chern C. S. , Lim H. , Cala N. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMiniemulsion stability of three‐component disperse phase systems comprising styrene [ST (1)], methyl methacrylate [MMA (2)], and stearyl methacrylate [SMA (3)] was investigated. The Ostwald ripening rate (ω) increases with increasing MMA content in the monomer mixture. The empirical equation 1/ω = k(φ1/ω1 + φ2/ω2) + φ3/ω3 was proposed to adequately predict the miniemulsion stability data. The empirical parameter k was determined to be 555.77, and the Ostwald ripening rate (ω3) and water solubility of SMA were estimated to be 8.77 × 10−21 cm3/s and 1.90 × 10−9 mL/mL, respectively. A water‐insoluble dye was used as a molecular probe to study particle nucleation mechanisms in the miniemulsion copolymerizations. In addition to the primary monomer droplet nucleation, homogeneous nucleation also plays an important role in the formation of particle nuclei, and this mechanism becomes more important for the polymerization systems with higher MMA contents as a result of the enhanced aqueous phase polymer reactions. The polymer composition data suggest that, during the early stage of polymerization, MMA is consumed more rapidly by free radical polymerization compared with ST. The final latex particle surface potential data also support this conclusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Characterization of hyperbranched polyol polyesters based on 2,2‐bis (methylol propionic acid) and pentaerythritol
Authors: Murillo Edwin A. , Vallejo Pedro P. , Sierra Ligia , López Betty L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHyperbranched polyesters (HBPs) of fourth and fifth generation were synthesized by procedures involving one step (HBP4, HBP5), step by step (HBP4P, HBP5P), and combination of both of them (HBP1‐4, HBP1‐5) using 2,2‐bis(methylol)propionic acid (DMPA), pentaerythritol (PE), and acid catalysis. The characterization of the polyesters was done by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rheology on solution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and acid and hydroxyl values. The degree of branching of polyesters (DB) and the average molecular mass and polymerization degree NMR were calculated by Frey and Fréchet methods and (DP)NMR, respectively, being higher for HBP4P sample. The molecular structure of polyesters depends mainly on of the synthesis method. The hydroxyl values were larger than 430 mg/g KOH for all HBPs, and the conversion was controlled between 90 and 93% to avoid excessive cyclization reactions. The steady shear viscosities at different temperatures and at 41.77 s−1 shear rate were measured for all HBPs solutions in dimethyl formamide (DMF) showing a shear thickening behavior. The flow activation energies (Ea) were calculated by Arrhenius equation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of acrylic copolymer latex modified by fluorine, silicon, and epoxy resin
Authors: Lu Deping , Xiong Pingting , Chen Peizhi , Huang Hongzhi , Shen Ling , Guan Rong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA series of modified acrylic copolymer latices have been prepared through a semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization process with a variety of hydrocarbon monomers and (perfluoroalkyl) methyl methacrylate, vinyltriethoxysilicone, and phenol‐formaldehyde epoxy resin. The composition of copolymer was analyzed by fluoride ion selective electrode analysis, 19F NMR, FTIR, crosslinking degree determination, and epoxy‐acetone method. The results showed that the fluorine monomer, silicon monomer and epoxy resin had copolymerized with acrylic monomers. The optimum mass ratio between the curing agent TEA and epoxy resin was 1.36 : 6. The determination results of stabilities (electrolyte stability, freeze‐thaw stability, high temperature stability and mechanical stability) of latices showed that the incorporation of fluorine monomer and silicon monomer improved freeze‐thaw stability and mechanical stability, whereas the epoxy resin did not have obvious effect on the stabilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Tangential flow filtration of hemoglobin
Authors: Palmer Andre F. , Sun Guoyong , Harris David R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBovine and human hemoglobin (bHb and hHb, respectively) was purified from bovine and human red blood cells via tangential flow filtration (TFF) in four successive stages. TFF is a fast and simple method to purify Hb from RBCs using filtration through hollow fiber (HF) membranes. Most of the Hb was retained in stage III (100 kDa HF membrane) and displayed methemoglobin levels less than 1%, yielding final concentrations of 318 and 300 mg/mL for bHb and hHb, respectively. Purified Hb exhibited much lower endotoxin levels than their respective RBCs. The purity of Hb was initially assessed via SDS‐PAGE, and showed tiny impurity bands for the stage III retentate. The oxygen affinity (P50) and cooperativity coefficient (n) were regressed from the measured oxygen‐RBC/Hb equilibrium curves of RBCs and purified Hb. These results suggest that TFF yielded oxygen affinities of bHb and hHb that are comparable to values in the literature. LC‐MS was used to measure the molecular weight of the alpha (α) and beta (β) globin chains of purified Hb. No impurity peaks were present in the HPLC chromatograms of purified Hb. The mass of the molecular ions corresponding to the α and β globin chains agreed well with the calculated theoretical mass of the α‐ and β‐ globin chains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HPLC‐grade Hb can be generated via TFF. In general, this method can be more broadly applied to purify Hb from any source of RBCs. This work is significant, since it outlines a simple method for generating Hb for synthesis and/or formulation of Hb‐based oxygen carriers. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2009
Developmentally regulated and evolutionarily conserved expression of SLITRK1 in brain circuits implicated in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Stillman Althea A. , Krsnik Željka , Sun Jinhao , Rašin Mladen‐Roko , State Matthew W. , šestan Nenad , Louvi Angeliki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by vocal and motor tics. Multiple lines of neurophysiological evidence implicate dysfunction in the corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits in the etiology of TS. We recently identified rare sequence variants in the Slit and Trk‐like family member 1 (SLITRK1) gene associated with TS. SLITRK1, a single‐pass transmembrane protein, displays similarities to the SLIT family of secreted ligands, which have roles in axonal repulsion and dendritic patterning, but its function and developmental expression remain largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that SLITRK1 has a developmentally regulated expression pattern in projection neurons of the corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits. SLITRK1 is further enriched in the somatodendritic compartment and cytoplasmic vesicles of cortical pyramidal neurons in mouse, monkey, and human brain, observations suggestive of an evolutionarily conserved function in mammals. SLITRK1 is transiently expressed in the striosomal/patch compartment of the mammalian striatum and moreover is associated with the direct output pathway; adult striatal expression is confined to cholinergic interneurons. These analyses demonstrate that the expression of SLITRK1 is dynamic and specifically associated with the circuits most commonly implicated in TS and related disorders, suggesting that SLITRK1 contributes to the development of corticostriatal‐thalamocortical circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:21–37, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De Novo DNA methylation independent establishment of maternal imprint on X chromosome in mouse oocytes
Authors: Chiba Hatsune , Hirasawa Ryutaro , Kaneda Masahiro , Amakawa Yuko , Li En , Sado Takashi , Sasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMouse blastocyst stage embryo stained for histone H3 lysine‐27 trimethylation (red) and DNA (blue). H3K27me3 marks the inactive X chromosome. The study by Chiba et al. in this issue suggests that de novo DNA methyltransferases are dispensable for setting the imprint on the maternally‐derived X chromsome in growing oocytes. See Chiba et al. in this issue.
Socioecology, predation, and cognition in a community of West African monkeys
Authors: Mcgraw W. Scott , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Ivory Coast's Taï Forest is home to a diverse primate fauna, including eight monkey species that interact daily with the environment, each other, and a web of predators. These interactions have led to an array of adaptations, some of which conform to theoretical expectations, and others are at odds with current behavioral ecology models. In this paper, we draw on fifteen years of observations to examine two central issues. First, how do broad trends in diet and resource distribution influence group size and levels of sociality? Second, what mechanisms are used to counter pressures exerted by the predator community? The general picture that emerges is that while the pressure exerted by predators at Taï has led to a host of behavioral and cognitive adaptations, it is food preferences and foraging habits, not predation pressure, that are the main determinants, not only of group size, but also its direct consequences ‐ mating systems and sociality levels.
Comparison of articular and auricular cartilage as a cell source for the autologous chondrocyte implantation
Authors: Maličev Elvira , Kregar‐Velikonja Nevenka , Barlič Ariana , Alibegović Armin , Drobnič Matej 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArticular (medial femoral condyle) and auricular cartilage (anithelix) was compared as a cell source for the autologous joint repair. Cells isolated from five human cadaveric donors were cultured parallel in the monolayer cultures and in the 3D alginate hydrogel constructs for 1 week. Cell morphology was controlled by the fluorescent microscopy and gene expressions of type I collagen (COL1), type II collagen (COL2), aggrecan (AGR), versican (VER), and elastin (ELS) were analyzed by the real‐time polymerase chain reaction. COL1 and ELS, predominant in the phenotype of auricular biopsy, were statistically lower in the articular biopsies. Even though COL2 and AGR decreased in monolayers of both cell sources, the dedifferentiation process affected auricular cells intensely. Cells embedded in the alginate hydrogel directly after the isolation did not exhibit the dedifferentiated phenotype. Additionally, COL1, COL2, AGR, and VER were comparable between the two sources. ELS however, remained higher in the auricular cells regardless of the culture type. The study indicates that auricular chondrocytes cultured in a 3D environment immediately after the isolation have a neo‐cartilage potential for the articular surface reconstruction. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 943–948, 2009
The reaction of 2‐phenoxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine with substituted anilines in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in dimethyl sulfoxide: Kinetic and equilibrium studies
Authors: Asghar Basim H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe reactions of 2‐phenoxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (1) with a series of substituted anilines (4a–d) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) yield the 2‐anilino derivatives without the accumulation of intermediates. The kinetics is compatible with a two‐step reaction involving initial nucleophilic attack followed by either base‐catalyzed or uncatalyzed conversion to the product. The base‐catalyzed pathway is likely to involve rate‐limiting proton transfer from the zwitterionic intermediate to base. The results are compared with those for reactions of 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (2) and phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ether (3, R = Ph) with anilines. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 198–203, 2009