bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alkaline Phosphatase-Positive Colony Formation Is a Sensitive, Specific, and Quantitative Indicator of Undifferentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: O'Connor Michael D. , Kardel Melanie D. , Iosfina Ioulia , Youssef David , Lu Min , Li Michael M. , Vercauteren Suzanne , Nagy Andras , Eaves Connie J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be maintained in vitro as immortal pluripotent cells but remain responsive to many differentiation-inducing signals. Investigation of the initial critical events involved in differentiation induction would be greatly facilitated if a specific, robust, and quantitative assay for pluripotent hESCs with self-renewal potential were available. Here we describe the results of a series of experiments to determine whether the formation of adherent alkaline phosphatase-positive (AP+) colonies under conditions optimized for propagating undifferentiated hESCs would meet this need. The findings can be summarized as follows. (a) Most colonies obtained under these conditions consist of ≥30 AP+ cells that coexpress OCT4, NANOG, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. (b) Most such colonies are derived from SSEA3+ cells. (c) Primary colonies contain cells that produce secondary colonies of the same composition, including cells that initiate multilineage differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs). (d) Colony formation is independent of plating density or the colony-forming cell (CFC) content of the test population over a wide range of cell concentrations. (e) CFC frequencies decrease when differentiation is induced by exposure either to retinoic acid or to conditions that stimulate EB formation. Interestingly, this loss of AP+ clonogenic potential also occurs more rapidly than the loss of SSEA3 or OCT4 expression. The CFC assay thus provides a simple, reliable, broadly applicable, and highly specific functional assay for quantifying undifferentiated hESCs with self-renewal potential. Its use under standardized assay conditions should enhance future elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate hESC propagation and their early differentiation.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Gli1 Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Hippocampal but Not Tumor-Derived Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Galvin Katherine E. , Ye Hong , Erstad Derek J. , Feddersen Rod , Wetmore Cynthia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is necessary for sustaining the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), yet little is known about its mechanisms. Whereas Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3, the primary mediators of Shh signaling, were all expressed in hippocampal neural progenitors, Shh treatment of NSCs induced only Gli1 expression. Acute depletion of Gli1 in postnatal NSCs by short-hairpin RNA decreased proliferation, whereas germline deletion of Gli1 did not affect NSC proliferation, suggesting a difference in mechanisms of Gli1 compensation that may be developmentally dependent. To determine whether Gli1 was sufficient to enhance NSC proliferation, we overexpressed this mitogen and were surprised to find that Gli1 resulted in decreased proliferation, accumulation of NSCs in the G2/M phase of cell cycle, and apoptosis. In contrast, Gli1-expressing lineage-restricted neural precursors demonstrated a 4.5-fold proliferation enhancement. Expression analyses of Gli1-expressing NSCs identified significant induction of Gadd45a and decreased cyclin A2 and Stag1 mRNA, genes involved in the G2-M transition and apoptosis. Furthermore, Gadd45a overexpression was sufficient to partially recapitulate the Gli1-induced G2/M accumulation and cell death of NSCs. In contrast to normal stem cells, tumor-derived stem cells had markedly higher basal Gli1 expression and did not undergo apoptosis with further elevation of Gli1. Our data suggest that Gli1-induced apoptosis may serve as a protective mechanism against premature mitosis and may give insight into mechanisms by which nonmalignant stem cells restrain hyperproliferation in the context of potentially transforming mitogenic signals. Tumor-derived stem cells apparently lack these mechanisms, which may contribute to their unrestrained proliferation and malignant potential.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Role of Adipocyte Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Related Elevations in Endocannabinoids
Authors: D'Eon Tara M. , Pierce Kerry A. , Roix Jeffery J. , Tyler Andrew , Chen Hong , Teixeira Sandra R. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE— Obesity is associated with an overactive endocannabinoid (EC) system. The mechanisms responsible for increased ECs in obese individuals are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the role of adipocyte insulin resistance in intracellular EC metabolism.
METHODS— We used 3T3-L1 adipocytes and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to examine the role of obesity and insulin resistance in the regulation and/or dysregulation of intracellular ECs.
RESULTS— For the first time, we provide evidence that insulin is a major regulator of EC metabolism. Insulin treatment reduced intracellular ECs (2-arachidonylglycerol [2-AG] and anandamide [AEA]) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This corresponded with insulin-sensitive expression changes in enzymes of EC metabolism. In insulin-resistant adipocytes, patterns of insulin-induced enzyme expression were disturbed in a manner consistent with elevated EC synthesis and reduced EC degradation. Expression profiling of adipocytes from DIO mice largely recapitulated in vitro changes, suggesting that insulin resistance affects the EC system in vivo. In mice, expression changes of EC synthesis and degradation enzymes were accompanied by increased plasma EC concentrations (2-AG and AEA) and elevated adipose tissue 2-AG.
CONCLUSIONS— Our findings suggest that insulin-resistant adipocytes fail to regulate EC metabolism and decrease intracellular EC levels in response to insulin stimulation. These novel observations offer a mechanism whereby obese insulin-resistant individuals exhibit increased concentrations of ECs.
Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Steigerwalt Susan 
Published: February 2008

In BriefDiabetes is associated with markedly increased cardiovascular risk, a risk compounded with imposition of chronic kidney disease (CKD). More than 80% of people with diabetes and CKD have hypertension, and many have an obliterated nocturnal blood pressure “dip,” the normal physiological drop in blood pressure during sleep. Appropriate blood pressure measurement is the Achilles heel of hypertension management, especially in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This review elaborates on the evidence regarding one of the most important therapeutic targets in DKD, namely, control of blood pressure to &lt; 130/80 mmHg, and provides detailed information about appropriate blood pressure measurement and treatments to best achieve that target.
Accuracy of the withdrawal reflex for localization of the site of cervical disk herniation in dogs: 35 cases (2004–2007)
Authors: Forterre Franck , Konar Martin , Tomek Ales , Doherr Markus , Howard Judith , Spreng David , Vandevelde Marc , Jaggy André 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the accuracy of neurologic examination versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in localization of cervical disk herniation and evaluate the usefulness of withdrawal reflex testing in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—35 client-owned dogs with a single-level cervical disk herniation as determined via MRI.
Procedures—1 of 2 board-certified neurologists performed a complete neurologic examination in each dog. Clinical signs of a cervical lesion included evidence of neck pain and tetraparesis. The withdrawal reflex was used for neuroanatomic localization (C1-C5 or C6-T2). Agreement between results of neurologic and MRI examinations was determined.
Results—Agreement between neurologic and MRI diagnoses was 65.8%. In 11 dogs in which the lesion was clinically localized to the C6-T2 segment on the basis of a decreased withdrawal reflex in the forelimbs, MRI revealed an isolated C1-C5 disk lesion. In 1 dog, in which the lesion was suspected to be at the C1-C5 level, MRI revealed a C6-T2 lesion. Cranial cervical lesions were significantly associated with an incorrect neurologic diagnosis regarding site of the lesion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the withdrawal reflex in dogs with cervical disk herniation is not reliable for determining the affected site and that a decreased withdrawal reflex does not always indicate a lesion from C6 to T2.
Salmon poisoning disease in two Malayan sun bears
Authors: Gai Jackie J. , Marks Stanley L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Case Description—2 captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) were evaluated because of acute onset of vomiting, mucoid diarrhea, lethargy, and anorexia 1 week after eating live trout from a northern California reservoir.
Clinical Findings—In 1 of the bears, a CBC and serum biochemical analyses revealed mild anemia, mild eosinophilia, moderate lymphopenia, moderate hypoalbuminemia, and high serum G-glutamyltransferase activity. Ultrasonographic examination of the same bear revealed ascites and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Histologic examination of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens revealed moderate to severe lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic gastritis, enteritis, and colitis. Ova of Nanophyetus salmincola, the trematode vector of Neorickettsia helminthoeca (a rickettsial organism that causes salmon poisoning disease), were detected in fecal samples from both bears.
Treatment and Outcome—The bears were treated with oxytetracycline, doxycycline, praziquantel, and famotidine. Within 1 week after initiation of treatment, the appetite and fecal consistency of each bear were considered normal. Fecal ova shedding began 4 days after onset of clinical signs and ceased 9 days later.
Clinical Relevance—Salmon poisoning disease can be rapidly fatal in untreated animals, but if diagnosed early and treated appropriately, full recovery can be achieved. Domestic dogs and captive exotic bears are highly susceptible to clinical disease after ingestion of trematode-infected fish. Salmon poisoning disease may develop outside the geographic range in which the causative organism is endemic as a result of the transplantation of infected fish for sport fishing; veterinarians practicing in areas where infected fish may be transplanted should be aware of appropriate diagnostic and treatment protocols.
Rehabilitation after extra-articular stabilisation of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs
Authors: Jerre S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPatients at the Blue Star Foundation animal hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden, underwent a procedure with an extracapsular suture technique for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Two groups were compared; one of the groups received rehabilitation by the owner, and the other received professional rehabilitation by a trained physiotherapists. The dogs where reexamined at four, 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively. The results were ‘good’ in both groups but a difference was not seen between the groups. This study shows that in the dogs with a body weight of between 25 and 50 kg with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, the extracapsular suture technic gives good results, provided that the dogs are actively walked on the leash postoperativly.
An in vitro comparison of a 2.7/3.5 mm hybrid plate alone and combined with crossed K-wires for canine pancarpal arthrodesis
Authors: Bailey R. , Shields A. , Bennett D. , Arnott J. L. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySeveral techniques have been described for canine pancarpal arthrodesis (PCA) with dorsal plating becoming the most accepted method for ease of placement despite the proposed biomechanical disadvantages. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical effects of the addition of crossed K-wires to a standard 2.7/3.5 mm hybrid PCA plate. A 2.7/3.5 mm hybrid PCA plate, alone and combined with crossed K-wires were tested. Six pairs of cadaver forelimbs were collected from medium-sized dogs with an average weight of 24 kg by elbow disarticulation. The limbs were potted and fixed in an Instron load cell (Instron, High Wycombe, UK) and axially loaded to failure. Load displacement data and mode of failure were recorded and stiffness, yield load and ultimate load at failure were calculated. The yield load (kN) of the plate and K-wire construct (1.278 ± 0.11) was significantly higher than for the plate construct alone (1.002 ± 0.07) (p = 0.00056). However, the differences between the two constructs in stiffness and failure loads were not significant
Histiocytic sarcoma of the stifle in a dog with cranial cruciate ligament failure and TPLO treatment
Authors: Simko E. , Harasen G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA 10-year-old spayed female Golden Retriever was admitted with chronic lameness of the right hind limb. A tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) had been performed on this leg approximately three years previously. A progressively growing soft tissue mass, affecting the right stifle, previously treated with TPLO was biopsied and found to be a histiocytic sarcoma. Previously proposed links between the development of neoplasia in the stifle region and the presence of chronic synovitis, osteotomy, orthopaedic implants, and specifically the Slocum TPLO plate, are briefly discussed.
Surgical treatment of shoulder instability
Authors: Duhautois B. , Pucheu B. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis study evaluates 76 cases of shoulder instability in dogs, functional outcome after treatment, and the effectiveness of medial biceps tendon transposition using a metallic staple. Clinical examinations of the shoulder were performed and radiographs were taken. Conservative treatment or surgery (biceps tendon transposition or arthrodesis) was then opted for on the basis of type of instability, associated lesions and dog (age, weight, behaviour). Long-term functional outcome was categorized as ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘average’ or ‘poor’. In our series, the most frequently affected breed was the Poodle (13%). Humeral head intermitent displacement was either medial (80%), lateral (19%) or cranial (1%). On clinical examination, 97% of the animals experienced pain. In anaesthetised dogs, shoulder instability was observed in 90% of the population. Muscle atrophy (33%) and associated radiographic lesions (34%) were less frequent. Ninety-five percent of the dogs were treated surgically, either by bicipital tendon transposition (81%) or by shoulder arthrodesis (19%). Results were ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ in 25% of the animals treated conservatively, and in 84.5% and 87.5%, respectively, in those treated by tendon transposition and arthrodesis. Complications did not arise from the use of a metallic staple to anchor the tendon during medial transposition. Tendon transposition or arthrodesis resulted in a good functional outcome in more than 80% of the dogs with shoulder instability. During the medial transposition, the biceps tendon was easily and effectively stabilized using a metallic staple.
Dexamethasone induces apoptosis in proliferative canine tendon cells and chondrocytes
Authors: Hossain M. A. , Park J. , Choi S. H. , Kim G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDexamethasone (Dexa) has been commonly used in humans and domestic animals, particularly in the treatment of tendon injuries and cartilage degeneration. However, it is often associated with tendon rupture and impaired tendon and cartilage healing. In the present study, we investigated Dexa’s in vitro effects on the growth of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in canine Achilles tendon cells and chondrocytes. Cell proliferation after treatment with Dexa for two to six days was quantified by a 2,3-bis{2-methoxy- 4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl}-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt assay (XTT). The results showed that Dexa could inhibit the proliferation of tendon cells and chondrocytes at increasing concentrations (0.1–50 μg/ml) compared with untreated cells. Cell apoptosis was induced by Dexa, as evidenced by the typical nuclear apoptosis using Hoechst 33258 staining. Dexa increased the apoptosis of canine tendon cells and chondrocytes in a time-dependent manner. In canine tendon cells and chondrocytes that were treated with 25 and 50 μg/ml concentration of Dexa, the number of condensed apoptotic nuclei was significantly increased. In addition, culturing with Dexa and the glucocorticoid receptor blocker, mifepristone, significantly arrested apoptosis of tendon cells and chondrocytes. Based on our in vitro data, we hypothesized that in vivo treatment with glucocorticoids may diminish the proliferation of tendon and cartilage cells by increasing apoptosis and suppressing the proliferation. Our findings suggest that Dexa could be used with caution in dogs with articular or tendon problems.
Meniscal injury following initial cranial cruciate ligament stabilization surgery in 26 dogs (29 stifles)
Authors: Hulse D. , Kerwin S. C. , Peycke L. E. , Case J. B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary
Objective: To describe clinical signs, arthroscopic findings, and outcome in a group of dogs undergoing second look arthroscopy for the treatment of meniscal tears following original surgery to correct a CCL deficient stifle joint. Methods: The medical records of 26 dogs from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Texas A&M University and the Veterinary Orthopedic Center (Round Rock, Texas) that had second look arthroscopy for lameness following an original surgical procedure were reviewed. Pre-operative clinical findings, 2nd look arthroscopic findings and owner assessed outcome were documented. Results: Postliminary bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus were detected in 22 (75.9%) cases. Other postliminary meniscal injuries included frayed caudal horn tears of the medial meniscus 6 (20.7%), and longitudinal tears of the lateral meniscus 1 (3.4%). An audible or palpable click was present in 27.6% of cases. An improvement or resolution of lameness was reported in 96.5% of cases reported. In conclusion, tears of the medial meniscus are a significant cause of lameness in dogs subsequent to surgery for cranial crucial ligament ruptures. Increased lameness or acute onset of lameness after surgery for cranial crucial rupture is a consistent finding. In rare cases, a palpable or audible click will be appreciated. Arthroscopic evaluation and partial meniscectomy improve or resolve lameness in the majority of cases. Clinical significance: Sudden or increased lameness in dogs with historical CCL stabilization surgery should be evaluated and treated arthroscopically for postliminary meniscal injury if another cause for lameness can not be determined.
The biomechanical properties of the feline femur
Authors: Moens N. M. M. , Runciman R. J. , Holmberg D. L. , Monteith G. M. , Gibson T. W. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical properties of feline long bone by testing cadaver bone from mature cats in compression, threepoint bending, notch sensitivity and screw pull-out strength. The determination of these properties is of clinical relevance with regard to the forces resulting in long bone fractures in cats as well as the behaviour and failure mode of surgical implants utilized for fracture stabilization and repair in the cat. Cadaveric cat femurs were tested in compression, three-point bending and in three-point bending after the addition of a 2.0 mm screw hole. Cortical screws, 2.7 mm in diameter, were inserted in cadaveric cat femur samples for screw pullout testing. The mean maximum load to failure of mid diaphyseal feline femurs tested in compression was 4201 ± 1218 N. Statistical analysis of the parameter of maximum load tested in compression revealed a statistical difference between sides (p=0.02), but not location (p=0.07), or location by side (p=0.12). The maximum strength of mid diaphyseal feline femurs tested in compression was 110.6 ± 26.6 MPa. The modulus of elasticity of mid-diaphyseal cat femurs tested in compression was determined to be 5.004 ± 0.970 GPa. The mean maximum load to failure of feline femurs tested in three-point bending was 443 ± 98 N. The mean maximum load to failure of feline femurs tested in three-point bending after a 2.0 mm diameter hole was drilled in the mid-diaphyseal region of each sample through both cortices was 471 ± 52 N. The mean maximum load required for screw pull-out of 2.7 mm cortical screws placed in feline femurs tested in tension was 886 ± 221 N. This data should be suitable for investigating fracture biomechanics and the testing of orthopaedic constructs commonly used for fracture stabilization in the feline patient.
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of o‐Alkylated or o‐Alkoxylated Iodoarenes with Concomitant Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Motti Elena , Catellani Marta 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of suitable chains bonded to an ortho position of an iodoarene has been achieved by two methods both involving oxidative addition of the iodoarene to palladium(0) and palladacycle formation under mild conditions.
Synthesis of Peripherally Functionalised Dendritic Binaphthyl (BINAP)‐Systems and their Application as Ligands in the Copper‐Catalysed Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone
Authors: Kassube Jutta K. , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTwo series of peripherally functionalised dendrimers were synthesised based on poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers by reaction of (R)‐6‐N‐[(γ‐carboxyl)butanoyl]‐aminomethyl‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (“Glutaroyl‐Aminap”) with first to fifth generation PPI and zeroth to fourth generation PAMAM dendrimers using ethyl‐N,N‐dimethylcarbodiimide (EDC)/1‐hydroxybenzotriazole as coupling reagents. All dendritic ligands were characterised by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and, for generations G0–G3, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The relationship between the size/generation of the dendritic ligands and their catalytic properties was established in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of acetophenone. It could be shown that (R)‐6‐aminomethyl‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (“H‐Aminap”) can be attached to the dendrimers without any significant loss of catalytic selectivity compared to the monomeric ligand Benzoyl‐Aminap. The selectivities observed in these reactions were higher than those obtained using unfunctionalised BINAP as ligand.