bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The enhancement of abalone stocks: lessons from Japanese case studies
Authors: Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Kitada Shuichi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe dramatic declines in abalone Haliotis spp. fishery production have been documented all over the world. Release of hatchery‐reared juveniles into natural habitats has been considered as one measure to sustain and/or augment the current fishery production of abalone, as well as to restore collapsed abalone stocks. However, attempts at abalone release programmes have only been undertaken at experimental scales, except for Japan, where large‐scale stock enhancement programmes for abalone have been undertaken since late 1960s. To evaluate the potential of stock enhancement for abalone, we analysed the release surveys of 13 case studies in Japan in terms of the overall recapture rate (number of recaptures through a lifetime/number of juveniles released), yield per release (YPR, yields from released individuals), the economic efficiency of releases (ratio of income from recaptured abalone to release cost) for each release year, and the contribution of hatchery releases to total catches for each fishing year. The average estimates for overall recapture rates (0.014–0.238) and YPR (3.1–60.3 g/individual) varied between locations and release years. The economic efficiency was estimated at 0.4–6.2. The released abalone contributed 6.9–83.5% to total catches. Hatchery releases could augment total production at some locations, but the success of release programmes would be limited by the carrying capacity at release areas, because density‐dependent mortality occurred following releases in some cases. Throughout Japan, the annual catch of abalone has continuously declined from ∼6500 t in 1970 to ∼2000 t in the mid‐1990s, despite the increase in the number of hatchery releases. Based on the estimates for YPR, the magnitude of the abalone releases on a national scale has not been sufficiently large to sustain the total production of Japanese abalone, which has primarily fluctuated according to the abundances of wild populations. Our results suggest that releases should be targeted at local populations in regions where stock enhancement is predicted to have the greatest chance of success, and the magnitude of releases should be considered carefully and determined for each region by taking the local carrying capacity into account. We also address the future prospects of abalone stock enhancement.
LINKING ECOTOURISM AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: A CASE STUDY OF DOI INTHANON NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND
Authors: Hvenegaard Glen T. , Dearden Philip 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTEcotourism, or tourism that promotes conservation, does not occur in isolation, but as part of an interdependent system. Based on a case study at Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand, this study outlines a conceptual framework for such a system, placing biodiversity conservation in the context of other major tourism components, including tourists, ecotourism infrastructure, protected areas and local people. In an interactive way, each component affects the conservation of biodiversity. Based on a tourist survey and participant observation, we examine the interrelationships among the key tourism components and potential changes over time. Several environmental, social, economic and educational effects illustrate the complex nature of the ecotourism‐conservation relationship. Recommendations to increase conservation benefits from ecotourism are provided.
A Social Relations Analysis of Children's Trust in Their Peers across the Early Years of School
Authors: Betts Lucy R. , Rotenberg Ken J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2 in the UK (mean age 6 years 1 month at Time 1) were tested twice over a 1‐year period. The children reported the promise keeping and secret keeping behaviours of classmates (all peers and same‐gender peers) and provided friendship nominations (Time 2 only). Round robin social relations analyses for all peers and same‐gender peers revealed: (1) perceiver variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in trust beliefs in peers; (2) target variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in eliciting trust from peers; and, (3) dyadic reciprocity, demonstrating reciprocal trust between individuals. Replicability across measures, stability, and cross‐measure stability of these effects were found for all peers only. As hypothesized, the perceiver and target effects of trust were associated with the number of friendships. The findings support the conclusion that young children demonstrate multiple components of trust in dyadic relationships, which are associated with their social relationships.
The structural characteristics of the heart ventricle of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi: freshwater and aestivation
Authors: Icardo José M. , Amelio Daniela , Garofalo Filippo , Colvee Elvira , Cerra Maria C. , Wong Wai P. , Tota Bruno , Ip Yuen K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper reports on the structure and ultrastructure of the ventricular myocardium of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi in freshwater (FW), in aestivation (AE), and after the AE period. The myocardium shows a conventional myofibrillar structure. All the myocytes contain large intracytoplasmic spaces occupied by a pale material that could contain glycosaminoglycans and/or glycogen, which may be used as food and water reservoirs. In FW, the myocytes in the trabeculae associated with the free ventricular wall show structural signs of low transcriptional and metabolic activity (heterochromatin, mitochondria of the dense type). These signs are partially reversed during the AE period (euchromatin, mitochondria with a light matrix), with a return to the FW appearance after arousal. The myocytes in the septum show, in FW conditions, nuclear polymorphism (heterochromatin, euchromatin), and two types (colliquative and coagulative) of necrosis. In AE, all the septal myocytes show euchromatin, and the number of necrotic cells increases greatly. Cell necrosis appears to be related to the septal architecture. After arousal, the septal myocytes exhibit a heterochromatin pattern, the number of necrotic cells decreases, cell debris accumulates under the endocardium, and phagocytosis takes place. Despite being a morphologic continuum, the trabeculae associated with the free ventricular wall appear to constitute a different compartment from that formed by the trabeculae in the ventricular septum. Paradoxically, AE appears to trigger an increase in transcriptional and synthetic myocardial activities, especially at the level of the ventricular septum. This activity may be involved in mechanisms of autocrine/paracrine regulation. Aestivation cannot be regarded as the result of a general depression of all cellular and organic activities. Rather, it is a much more complex state in which the interplay between upregulation and downregulation of diverse cell activities appears to play a fundamental role.
The relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio‐demographic factors and expulsion from the labour market due to disability pension among nurses
Authors: Friis Karina , Ekholm Ola , Hundrup Yrsa Andersen 
Published: May 2008

Background:  Denmark is facing a shortage of nurses and this trend is anticipated to worsen within the next decades. The major reason for this shortage is that only very few nurses remain employed until the general retirement age. Every year several nurses are expelled from the labour market prematurely which causes a problem not only for the disabled nurses but also because it can affect the morale and productivity among the remaining personnel while new staff members are hired and trained.Aim:  The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio‐demographic factors and disability pension (DP) among nurses.Methods:  The study was based on 12 028 nurses above the age of 44 who in 1993 completed a questionnaire. The survey information was combined with longitudinal data from a register compiled by Statistics Denmark. The follow‐up period was from 1993 to 2002.Results:  Nurses with relatively low gross incomes were more likely to become disability pensioners compared to nurses with high incomes (hazard ratio, HR 1.33 and HR 2.17). Also, nurses who were singles had a higher probability of entering DP (HR 1.63). Nurses who worked fixed evening or night shifts had higher risks of DP than nurses who worked daytime exclusively (HR 1.51 and HR 1.45). Smoking, obesity and having a sedentary lifestyle were also risk indicators for DP (HR 1.42, HR 1.63 and HR 1.50). Furthermore, low influence and high physical demands at work increased the probability of entering DP (HR 1.39 and HR 1.22).Conclusion:  DP among nurses is influenced by a number of factors. Nurses who have poor working environments and/or unhealthy lifestyles have higher risks of becoming disability pensioners. Also, nurses who are singles and/or have low gross incomes have higher probability of entering DP.
Policies for labour management – existence and content
Authors: Stålhammar Anna , Boström Barbro 
Published: May 2008

Background:  To prevent dystocia, it is important to have criteria for labour onset and policies for diagnosing and treating uterine inertia. Uterine inertia is often followed by complications such as prolonged labour, caesarean section, instrumental labour and a negative birth experience, and prevention and proper treatment are therefore important. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has stipulated that labour wards should have policies for labour management. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which labour wards in Sweden have such policies. For those wards with policies for labour management, a further aim was to study the content of the policies.Methods:  A descriptive survey presenting information from 48 of 49 labour wards in Sweden. Descriptive statistics were used.Results:  Three of the 48 labour wards had written policies concerning all four main issues of interest. Written policies existed regarding criteria for labour onset at 11 wards, diagnosis of uterine inertia at 13 wards and treatment of uterine inertia at 21 wards. Seventeen wards had written policies for when during the progress of labour neuraxial analgesia was recommended.Conclusions:  The majority of labour wards in Sweden did not have written policies, and there was no consensus among the wards regarding criteria for diagnosing labour onset and uterine inertia, policies for treatment of uterine inertia, or about recommendations for when to use neuraxial analgesia. It is possible that the lack of policies could imply a risk for nonevidence‐based labour management.
The hospital appropriateness evaluation protocol in elderly patients: a technique to evaluate admission and hospital stay
Authors: Sánchez‐García Sergio , Juárez‐Cedillo Teresa , Mould‐Quevedo Joaquín Federico , García‐González José Juan , Contreras‐Hernández Iris , Espinel‐Bermudez Maria Claudia , Hernández‐Hernández Dulce María , Garduño‐Espinosa Juan , García‐Peña Carmen 
Published: May 2008

Background:  Aging of the population represents one of the main challenges for health systems because of the increase in the demand for hospital services. To be able to count on tools that allow an objective evaluation of hospital‐resource use becomes indispensable for health systems.Objective:  To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) regarding the appropriateness of admissions and hospital stays in elderly patients. In a scenario of scarce resources, to have a valid instrument will make it possible to evaluate the process of care in our growing elderly population in a standardized way.Methods:  We carried out a retrospective study of 144 randomly chosen elderly patients admitted to the hospital with 394 even‐numbered hospital‐stay days. For the reliability analysis between the pair of nurses with the AEP and the pair of specialists, the details of the hospital admissions and the stay days were obtained from the clinical files. Criteria validity was conducted by pairs of physicians, including two internists, two general surgeons and two geriatricians. Only the agreements were compared with agreements of the AEP‐trained nurses. Disagreements were excluded from the final analysis.Results:  Inter‐rater (inter‐reviewer) agreement of hospital admissions and days spent by the patient presented a kappa coefficient of >0.70, while these admissions and hospital‐stay days was >0.70. Sensitivity and positive predictor value to detect inappropriate admissions were not calculated because no agreement existed on inappropriate admissions. Specificity and negative predictive value to detect appropriate admission was >94.0% and >98.0%. Sensitivity and positive predictor value to detect inappropriate hospital‐stay days was >44.0% and >10.0%, while specificity and negative predictor value for detecting appropriate hospital‐stay days was >79.0% and >88.0%.Conclusions:  AEP’s high‐reliability and moderate‐validity results with regard to clinical judgement positions it as a useful instrument for appropriate hospitalization screening in elderly patients.
Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Embelia ribes Burm in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion‐induced oxidative stress in rats
Authors: Nazam Ansari M. , Bhandari Uma , Islam F. , Tripathi C.D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAntioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is the second leading cause of death throughout the world. In fact, many herbal antioxidants have been developed in in vitro and in vivo experiments and some of these have been tested in clinical studies of stroke. Embelia ribes have been reported to have antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. In addition to these effects, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of E. ribes Burm fruits on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were fed ethanolic E. ribes extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight; p.o.) for 30 days. After 30 days of feeding, all animals were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.). The right middle cerebral artery was occluded with a 4‐0 suture for 2 h. The suture was removed after 2 h to allow reperfusion injury. Ischemia followed by reperfusion in ischemic group rats significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the grip strength activity and non‐enzymatic (reduced glutathione, GSH) and enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST)] antioxidant levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to sham‐operated rats. Further, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased in ischemic group compared to sham‐operated rats. Furthermore, ethanolic E. ribes extracts pretreatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased the grip strength activity, and GSH, GPx, GR and GST levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex with significant decrease in LDH levels in serum and TBARS levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to MCAO + vehicle group rats. The data from this study suggest that chronic treatment with ethanolic E. ribes extract enhances the antioxidant defense against MCAO‐ induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats and exhibits neuroprotective activity.
Neonatal supraventricular tachycardia: outcomes over a 27‐year period at a single institution
Authors: Gilljam Thomas , Jaeggi Edgar , Gow Robert M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To establish prognosis in neonatal supraventricular tachycardia.Methods: All 109 patients <30 days with supraventricular tachycardia due to accessory atrioventricular or atrioventricular nodal reentry from 1971 to 1997 at one institution were retrospectively reviewed.Results: There were seven deaths (6%): five cardiac failure, two not related to arrhythmia. Freedom from arrhythmia, antiarrhythmic medication or late recurrence of arrhythmia was 52% at 1 year, 82% at 5 years and 83% at 10 years. At 10 years 31% of patients with ventricular preexcitation on electrocardiogram had symptoms or medication compared to 6% in those with concealed pathways (p < 0.0001). In patients who needed multiple drugs or more than 6 days to obtain initial arrhythmia control, 50% had arrhythmias at 10 years, compared to 10% of more easily treated cases (p = 0.001).Conclusion: Ventricular preexcitation and initial treatment difficulties, but not foetal presentation, were significant risk factors for prolonged arrhythmia, as confirmed by multivariate analysis. In the remainder, arrhythmia resolved in approximately 90%.
Infants of mothers with persistent nipple pain exert strong sucking vacuums
Authors: McClellan HL , Geddes DT , Kent JC , Garbin CP , Mitoulas LR , Hartmann PE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: The objective of this study was to determine whether infants of mothers experiencing persistent nipple pain exerted very strong intraoral vacuums during a breastfeed.Methods: Thirty mothers experiencing persistent pain during breastfeeding (Pain group; infants aged 49.4 ± 35.5 days) were compared to 30 successfully breastfeeding mothers (Control group; infants aged 55.0 ± 22.7 days). Infant intraoral vacuums were measured via a small milk‐filled tube taped alongside the nipple and connected to a pressure transducer. Milk intake was measured using the test weigh method.Results: Infants in the Pain group applied significantly stronger baseline (−90.8 ± 54.5 vs. −56.4 ± 31.4 mmHg, p = 0.004), peak (−214.3 ± 60.5 vs. 163.2 ± 62.4 mmHg, p = 0.002) and pause vacuums (−104.8 ± 67.9 vs. −45.8 ± 30.3 mmHg, p < 0.001). Despite similar active sucking times (377.5 ± 175.2 vs. 349.4 ± 184.0 sec, p = 0.554) the mean milk intake was significantly lower for infants of mothers with nipple pain (41.6 ± 31.3 vs. 70.7 ± 30.7 g, p = 0.001).Conclusion: Infants of breastfeeding mothers experiencing persistent nipple pain applied significantly higher vacuum to the breast during breastfeeding despite assistance with positioning and attachment from a lactation consultant. Further investigation into the cause of the abnormally high vacuums is essential to develop successful interventions for these mother–infant dyads.
Perceptions of oral health adequacy and access in Michigan nursing facilities
Authors: Smith Barbara J. , Ghezzi Elisa M. , Manz Michael C. , Markova Christiana P. 
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To determine practices and perceived access barriers (facility resources, attitudes and professional dental involvement) related to oral health by surveying directors of nursing (DONs) in Michigan nursing homes (NHs).Background:  DONs are crucial to NH practice and policy, so understanding their perceptions of oral health care is vital.Methods:  A 27‐item questionnaire exploring aspects of oral health was mailed to all 402 Michigan NH. Descriptive statistics were calculated for response items.Results:  Facility response rate was 32% (n = 129). Sixty‐three per cent of facilities had a written dental care plan primarily co‐ordinated by nursing staff and social workers. Stationary dental equipment was available in 3% of facilities. Thirty‐eight per cent stated an examination by a dentist was provided to new residents. Seventy‐five per cent of residents identified as needing dental treatment were likely to receive it. Of the 28% of residents receiving dental treatment beyond an examination in the past year, 28% received emergent care. Over 50% of responding DONs indicated satisfaction with how oral hygiene needs were met in their facilities. The greatest perceived barriers were willingness of general and specialty dentists to treat residents at the nursing facility and/or their private offices as well as financial concerns of the resident and/or family. Generally, greater resources were available in urban facilities, but substantial barriers to care were uniformly perceived.Conclusion:  Oral health policies and practices within Michigan NH vary, as measured by resources, attitudes, and the availability of professional care. Dental involvement in policy creation, provision of consultation, and service is limited.
Metformin Induces Cardioprotection against Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Rat Heart 24 Hours after Administration
Authors: Solskov Lasse , Løfgren Bo , Kristiansen Steen B. , Jessen Niels , Pold Rasmus , Nielsen Torsten T. , Bøtker Hans Erik , Schmitz Ole , Lund Sten 
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The UK Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated that the hypoglycaemic drug metformin is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events in a group of obese type 2 diabetes patients. The energy sensing enzyme AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been indicated to play an important protective role in the ischaemic heart and is activated by metformin. The aim of this study was to determine whether a single dose of metformin protects the myocardium against experimentally induced ischaemia 24 hr after the administration, and furthermore to determine whether a single dose of metformin results in an acute increase in myocardial AMPK activity. Wistar rats were given either a single oral dose of metformin (250 mg/kg body weight), or a single oral dose of saline. After 24 hr, the hearts were Langendorff‐perfused and subjected to 45 min. of coronary artery occlusion. Infarct size was determined by staining with triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) and Evans Blue and expressed as a percentage of the risk zone (IS/AAR %). Isoform specific AMPK activity was measured 2 hr after administration of metformin or saline. Infarct size was significantly reduced in the metformin treated (I/R: 19.9 ± 3.9%versus 36.7 ± 3.6%, P < 0.01, n = 8–14) compared to the control group. A single oral dose of metformin resulted in an approximately ~2‐fold increase in AMPK‐α2 activity 2 hr after administration (P < 0.015, n = 10). In conclusion, a single dose of metformin results in an acute increase in myocardial AMPK activity measured 2 hr after administration and induces a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size 24 hr after metformin administration. Increased AMPK activity may be an important signal mediator involved in the mechanisms behind the cardioprotective effects afforded by metformin.
Cartography and the Face of the Earth
Authors: Cameron Stewart 
Published: May 2008

MAP AND LANDSCAPE. By Dorothy Sylvester.MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. By F. J. Monkhouse and H. R. Wilkinson.THE LOOK OF MAPS. By Arthur H. Robinson.ELEMENTS OF CARTOGRAPHY. By Arthur H. Robinson.GEOGRAPHY FROM THE AIR. By F. Walker.OUR WORLD FROM THE AIR. By E. A. Gutkind. London: Chatto and Windus, 1952, pp. 250.
REVIEWS
Authors: JOHNSTON W. B. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:GEOGRAPHY, ITS SCOPE AND SPIRIT. By J. O. M. BroekGEOGRAPHY AS HUMAN ECOLOGY: METHODOLOGY BY EXAMPLE. Edited by S. R. Eyre and G. R. J. JonesA PREFACE TO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY. By H. H. McCarty and J. B. LindbergA PROLOGUE TO POPULATION GEOGRAPHY. By W. Zelinsky
Matching New Zealand Rural Development Policy to a Changing Clientele
Authors: POMEROY ANN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn responding to the needs of a broader rural clientele, MAF's rural economic development work has moved beyond a single sector approach to one which recognises all rural economic activity. New Zealand's approach to rural economic development lags behind those of most OECD countries. An official rural development policy, sponsored by MAF, is needed to ensure that there is adequate co‐ordination with other agencies' activities, and that government works in partnership with rural people to ensure their goals are realised.