bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Voids in Stainless Steel by High-Voltage Electrons
Authors: Garner FA , Thomas LE 
Published: March 2009

Neutron-induced void formation in 300 series stainless steels was simulated by 1000-keV electron bombardment of thin foils in a high-voltage microscope. Stereomicroscopy was used to determine the effect of surface proximity and to establish minimum foil thickness criteria for irradiations that would yield results characteristic of bulk material. Irradiation of specimens which are too thin yields misleading results, including an apparent saturation of swelling which actually is an artifact of the surface influence. Bulk-characteristic irradiations lead to volume increases as large as 100 percent without saturation.
Void nucleation in these irradiations was very sensitive to the initial microstructure. The thickness of zones denuded of voids at specimen surfaces was found to be very sensitive to temperature and surface conditions, particularly oxidation. The denuded zone width appears to be controlled by the effective vacancy migration behavior.
Fracture Mechanics for Fibrous Composites
Authors: Sih GC , Hilton PD , Badaliance R , Shenberger PS , Villarreal G 
Published: March 2009

In the present paper, a combined theoretical and experimental research effort for investigating the application of fracture mechanics to composite systems is carried out. Preliminary results are presented which include the development of two fiber reinforced composite crack models, one with a low-fiber-volume fraction and the other a high-fiber-volume fraction, and corresponding experimental data.
The qualitative features of the theoretical prediction are in agreement with the experimental data indicating that there exists an optimum fiber volume fraction for which the composite achieves maximum fracture toughness. Tests were performed on unidirectional fiber reinforced composites with the crack running parallel to the fibers. For this arrangement, the current theory of fracture mechanics is shown to apply with good accuracy for glass fiber composites. This is accomplished by performing two independent fracture tests, the results of which are checked by an analysis of the crack system. A more elaborate analytical model is required for studying the graphite fiber composite.
Influence of Nitrogen on the Creep-Rupture Properties of Type 316 Steel
Authors: Cullen TM , Davis MW 
Published: March 2009

An experimental program has been conducted to determine the influence of nitrogen on the creep and rupture properties of Type 316 stainless steel. A series of commercial and laboratory heats with similar base composition but varying nitrogen contents were utilized in the study. The nitrogen content of the heats ranged from 0.039 to 0.15 percent.
The creep and rupture strengths of the steel at 1200 F increased with increasing nitrogen level. The stress for rupture in 1000 and 10 000 h was approximately 40 percent higher for the 0.15 percent nitrogen heat than for the 0.039 percent nitrogen alloy. The stress to produce a minimum creep rate of 0.01 percent per 1000 h increased by 50 percent over the same nitrogen range.
A ferrite containing heat was also tested in the program. Ferrite was shown to decrease creep resistance and increase rupture ductility. No significant influence of this phase was noted with respect to rupture strength.
Various parameter extrapolation methods were compared in their ability to predict the location of a break in the rupture curve of one of the nitrogen containing heats. Long time rupture tests were conducted to pinpoint the exact position of this change in slope.
Specifications for Cryogenic Propellants and Pressurizing Gases
Authors: Forbes FS 
Published: March 2009

Cryogenic propellants and pressurizing gases have been and will continue to be used for missile and space propulsion systems. To maintain the high degree of reliability that these propulsion systems have exhibited, close control of propellant quality is necessary. Specifications are the basic documents that establish the technical requirements for procurement purposes. These requirements are dictated by the needs of the user, with due consideration given to the manufacturing ability of the suppliers, and possible deterioration of the product during handling and storage. Specifications also contain quality assurrance provisions that detail the sampling plans and analytical procedures to be used to ensure that the propellant conforms to the specified requirements. Gas chromatography has been widely accepted as the principal method of analysis for cryogenic and gaseous materials.
Specifications are continually revised and updated as required by the rocket community. The rationale for the establishment of the specific requirements for oxygen, nitrogen, helium, fluorine, and hydrogen is presented. Current sampling techniques and analytical methods for these products are also reviewed. Other cryogens, such as OF2 and methane, have received limited attention and are briefly discussed.
An Integrating Type of Electronic Hysteresigraph
Authors: DeMott EG 
Published: March 2009

An electronic hysteresigraph, which integrates without recourse to electromechanical means and is free of drift, has been developed. In operation, a search coil surrounds the magnetic specimen to be tested, and the specimen is then subjected to a change in externally applied magnetic field strength. The time integral of the potential induced in the search coil is a measure of the magnetic flux change in the specimen. The induced potential is applied to a solid-state voltage-to-frequency converter which produces a series of output pulses, the number of which is proportional to ∫e dt. These pulses are summed on a digital counter to give a measure of the flux change. A digital-to-analog converter then provides a d-c output which drives the Y-axis of an X-Y recorder.
A signal proportional to the applied magnetic field strength is simultaneously fed to the X-axis of the recorder, and a continuous B versus H plot is obtained. This is a real-time mode as the response of the various measuring elements is practically instantaneous.
In considering the integrator, it is interesting to note that absolute accuracy traceability in calibrating the voltage-to-frequency converter is referred directly to the volt, as represented by the standard cell, and to the second, as represented by a crystal-controlled time base. This is in contrast to the generally used secondary standards of mutual inductance and current shunt millivolt drop.
Use of Old Telephone Plastic-A Feasibility Study
Authors: Squitieri LA 
Published: March 2009

Environmental control through recycling has become a popular issue both for the country and Western Electric. Western Electric repairs over 20 million telephone sets each year, and, in the process, they generate a substantial volume of rubbish of which 12 percent is scrap telephone plastic and 85 percent is cardboard and wood. Most of the scrap telephone plastic is ABS, a high impact material. The same type of plastic is used in football helmets and automobile parts.
A study to determine the feasibility of recycling this scrap plastic was made. In order to facilitate the study, a materials handling shop tray presently made of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene (ABS) plastic was used to produce samples. Some of the sample trays were successful field tests. The mechanical properties of recycled plastic were also determined.
As would be expected, the mechanical properties of recycled materials were reduced when compared to new plastic. However, it did not present a problem with the sample trays field tested. The data obtained indicated that the results were well within the range of published data for new ABS.
Plastic recycling is not new. Recycling of highly contaminated plastic is unique and practical and, when properly prepared, can actually reduce manufacturing costs.
Effect of Carbon Content on High-Temperature Properties of 2%Cr-1Mo Steels
Authors: Seeley RR , Zeisloft RH 
Published: March 2009

The 2¼Cr-1Mo steel is an attractive material for liquid metal handling systems such as a liquid sodium loop of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) steam generator. However, mass transfer of carbon from the chromium-molybdenum steel can occur in such applications and hence can alter the mechanical properties of the material. The object of this work was to determine the effect of low-carbon contents on the tensile, stress rupture, and low-cycle fatigue properties of 2 ¼Cr-1Mo steels at elevated temperatures.
Commercial and laboratory heats of material with carbon contents of about 0.02 to 0.19 percent were tested in the annealed condition. These carbon contents were obtained by casting to the desired level and by decarburization. The results of our tests indicate that lower carbon contents decrease strength levels, stress rupture properties, and low-cycle fatigue resistance at elevated temperatures. The decarburized material may suffer greater strength losses than the cast-to-low carbon material.
Test Results of Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures on Aeronautical Materials
Authors: Vidal GP , Galmard PL 
Published: March 2009

This paper shows how fatigue tests at elevated temperature solve many problems pertaining to aeronautical materials. Prolonged periods (5000 or 10 000 h) at 150 C (302 F) did not diminish the fatigue limit at 150 C (302 F) of the aluminum alloy 2618-T6. Consequently, the aerodynamic heating of airframes at Mach 2 does not reduce the fatigue limit of this alloy.
The “bright shot” or shot-peened surface conditions do not increase the hot-fatigue limit of a heat-resistant alloy. The Office National Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA) process for the chromaluminization of the heat-resistant alloy Inconel 713 does not modify the fatigue limit at 700 C (1290 F). Similarly, gases resulting from kerosine (0.5 percent sulfur) combustion do not reduce the hot-fatigue resistance of four heat resistant alloys. The fatigue characteristics of various superalloys— unidirectional or composites made by the ONERA process—at 800 C (1470 F)—are equal to or even superior to those classic heat-resistant alloys, cast or forged. A cermet of 50 percent of chromium and 50 percent of alumina retains, even at 1200 C (2190 F), a resistance to fluctuating flexure stresses of 69 ± 49 MN/m2 (10 ± 7 ksi).
Predicting Service Life in a Fatigue-Creep Environment
Authors: Ellison EG , Smith EM 
Published: March 2009

Two current approaches to prediction of life to crack initiation are reviewed, the first based on modification of fatigue types of analyses, the second on use of cumulative fatigue and creep damage models. Methods of allowing for stress and strain concentrations are examined, and attention directed to the possibility of environment significantly affecting results. The fracture mechanics approach to estimating rates of crack propagation is discussed.
For computer analyses of highly critical sections of components, formulation of constitutive equations on a continuum-metallurgical basis is considered, some possible directions for future work are indicated. An example of prediction of failure through growth of voids in creep is given.
Finally, present design practice is outlined, and the importance of accurate knowledge of service conditions emphasized.
Nondestructive Testing in Fatigue: A 1972 Update
Authors: Socky RB 
Published: March 2009

The application of nondestructive testing (NDT) to the engineering aspects of the fatigue phenomenon offers a classic example of the systems approach that is essential for the successful exploitation of nondestructive testing technology. NDT can make contributions in: the fracture mechanics-nondestructive testing design criteria and related product integrity determination; detection of property-stress gradients; early detection of fatigue damage; and evaluation of stresses.
Earlier work established the ascendancy of ultrasonic testing. Notable advancements in recent work have been in the refinement of data treatment of ultrasonic responses from defects aimed at accomplishing more reliable size assessment and in scanning of large components.
The following NDT methods have demonstrated potential for measurement of fatigue damage: exoelectron emission, acoustic emission, ultrasonic surface wave attenuation and velocity, surface potential difference, ellipsometric parameters, holographic surface correlation index, and positron life times.
Stresses play an important role in failure point detection, location, and growth, and in practical cases, must be measured for each part.
Effective utilization of nondestructive testing at any one portion of the product cycle as related to the fatigue problem requires that it be considered in a system connotation.
Analysis of Pavement Slipperiness in Alabama
Authors: Bransford TL 
Published: March 2009

The objective of this research was to determine the causes of pavement slipperiness in Alabama, develop remedies for eliminating pavement slipperiness, and make recommendations for specifications for future pavements which would ensure satisfactory skid resistance in them during their anticipated service lives.
The skid test data were obtained by the Alabama State Highway Department. The analysis of the data was made by the Engineering Experiment Station of Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.
All skid tests were made using a two-wheel skid trailer meeting the requirements of ASTM Specification E 274-65 T equipped with tires meeting ASTM Specification E 249-66. All data were obtained by locking the left wheel only at a speed of 40 mph.
The results of this research indicate that the use of limestone as a coarse aggregate in asphalt plant mixes and surface treatments produces slippery pavements apparently due to polishing under traffic.
They further indicate that well-graded coarse sands, when used as fine aggregate in asphaltic concretes, make a significant contribution to their skid resistance. The same is true when they are used in hot-sand asphalt hot mixes.
Gravels and granites, when used as coarse aggregates in asphaltic concrete plant mixes, produce pavements that are fairly skid resistant but caution must be exercised by vehicle drivers on these pavements when they are wet.
The most skid resistant pavements in the plant mix and surface treatment groups are those incorporating slag as a coarse aggregate.
Most Portland cement concrete pavements are highly skid resistant until they have been exposed to heavy traffic loads for long periods of time.
The net result of this research is that fairly definite guidelines have been developed for writing specifications for future pavements in Alabama that will ensure skid resistant pavements. As a result there should be a marked reduction in the number of skidding accidents in the state.
High Speed Skid Resistance and the Effects of Surface Texture on the Accident Rate
Authors: Moore AB , Humphreys JB 
Published: March 2009

Equipment was designed and built to conduct skid resistance tests at speeds up to 75 mph. Results of tests indicate that the skid performance of a pavement surface may be adequately projected from the standard 40-mph test speed. Texture measurements on surface cores may be used to predict 40-mph skid numbers (SN) with a reasonable degree of accuracy. SN's, determined from texture measurements, exhibit a high degree of correlation with locked wheel skid values.
Analysis of over 450 accidents occurring at 75 locations included in the study indicate that the incidence of accidents increases on wet pavements when the SN is 40 or below. The costs of constructing and maintaining equipment capable of high speed skid testing are considerably higher than for equipment with a 40 mph capability. It has been recommended that future skid testing may be conducted at 40 mph, and a reasonable degree of confidence may be placed upon these tests to predict performance at higher test speeds.
Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Particle Shape Characteristics and Gradation of Aggregates on the Skid Resistance of Asphalt Surface Mixtures
Authors: Huang EY , Ebrahimzadeh T 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study concerning the effects of the particle shape characteristics and gradation of aggregates on the skid resistance of asphalt surface mixtures, as determined by the British portable skid tester. Four coarse aggregates and two fine aggregates, representing both natural and crushed materials, were used. The particle shape characteristics of these materials were determined by the particle index test for positive, quantitative identification.
The aggregate materials were combined to form three different gradations, and mixed with the optimum content of an 85 to 100 penetration grade asphalt cement, as determined by the Marshall method of mixture design. Circular specimens 6 in. in diameter and 2 in. in thickness were used for the laboratory skid test. An accelerated polishing device similar to the one previously used by the investigators at Purdue University was employed to polish the surface of the test specimens. Skid resistance values were determined both before the specimens were polished and after different stages of polishing.
The results of this investigation show that, within the range of the variables studied, the antiskid properties of the experimental surface mixtures improved with increasing values of the particle index of the fine aggregate. The skid resistance was also affected significantly by the gradation, as represented by the composition index, of the aggregates. For the unpolished specimens, the British portable number (BPN) is shown to increase with increasing values of the composition index. The trend was reversed for the polished specimens in that the BPN was increased as the values of the composition index were decreased.
A Gravimetric Calibration Procedure for Modern Controls IRD-2 Infrared Water Vapor Diffusometer and Its Correlation with Results from ASTM Method E 96
Authors: Bornstein ND , Pike LeR 
Published: March 2009

A brief description of the operating principles of the infrared IRD-2 Water Vapor Diffusometer and a detailed description of the gravimetric calibration procedure for it is given.
The calibration is achieved by absorbing and weighing the water transmitted by a film installed in the IRD-2 during a measured time interval. The procedure yielded four replicates near the 0.5 g/100 in.2, 24 h rate with 95 percent confidence limits of ±10 percent of the average rate.
The data allowed calculation of the background relative humidity in the IRD-2 dry chamber and the increase in relative humidity per cycle. The background humidity varies with the transmission rate of the film being measured, the dry air flow rate, and the efficiency of drying, but relative humidities near 0.2 percent are indicated with flow rates near 2 ft3/h and transmission rates near 0.5 g/100 in.2, 24 h. The increase in humidity per cycle may vary slightly from instrument to instrument. The instrument used in this study exhibited 0.45, 1.04, and 2.84 percent, respectively, on ranges 5, 4, and 3.
The round robin proved the calibration procedure was accurate and that the IRD-2 yields the same results as ASTM Method E 96 with improved precision.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in Older Adults
Authors: Klepin Heidi D. , Balducci Lodovico 
Published: March 2009

Learning Objectives
Outline the influences of tumor biology on clinical outcomes in older adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Enumerate patient-specific characteristics that influence clinical outcomes for older adults with AML. Formulate an algorithm to guide treatment decisions for older adults with newly-diagnosed AML.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
FDA Review of a Panitumumab (Vectibix™) Clinical Trial for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Giusti Ruthann M. , Cohen Martin H. , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
On September 27, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to panitumumab (Vectibix™; Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA) for the treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor–expressing, metastatic colorectal carcinoma with disease progression on or following fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-containing chemotherapy regimens. Accelerated approval was based on demonstration of a beneficial effect on progression-free survival (PFS).
The present submission summarizes a second clinical trial, to be included in the panitumumab package insert in June 2008, of chemotherapy and bevacizumab with and without panitumumab in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The study was closed when inferior PFS and greater toxicity were demonstrated at the time of the planned interim efficacy analysis.
Patients receiving panitumumab in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy experienced a higher incidence of death (9% versus 4%) and a higher risk for grade 3 and 4 toxicities than patients receiving bevacizumab and chemotherapy alone. The incidences of any Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) were 87% and 72% in the panitumumab and control groups, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 AEs occurring more commonly in panitumumab-treated patients included rash/acneiform dermatitis, diarrhea, dehydration, primarily resulting from diarrhea, hypokalemia, stomatitis/mucositis, and pulmonary embolism.
The addition of panitumumab to bevacizumab and chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer was harmful when compared with bevacizumab and chemotherapy alone. The use of panitumumab in this setting cannot be recommended.