bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A LINEAR ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1
Authors: Hoppel S. K. , Viessman W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of linear programming as a planning tool for determining the optimal long‐range development of an urban water supply system was explored. A stochastic trace of water demand was synthesized and used as an input to the model. This permitted evaluating the feasibility of imposing demand restrictions as an effective cost reduction mechanism. The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, was used as the urban model. The fundamental problem was to allocate limited water supplies from several sources to an urban load center to minimize costs and comply with system constraints. The study period covered twenty years, and findings indicate the planning direction for stage development during this period. Sensitivity analyses were performed on cost coefficients and demands. Thirteen sources were included in the initial computations. Conclusions were that linear programming and generated demand traces are useful tools for both short‐ and long‐term urban water supply planning. Lowering peak demands results in long‐range development of fewer sources of supply and more economic and efficient use of the supplies developed.
A SYSTEMS STUDY OF FUTURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT COSTS IN THE CHICAGO REGION1
Authors: Moench A. F. , Schicht R. J. , Visocky A. P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe cost of developing groundwater resources in northeastern Illinois from 198cL2020 is estimated for the purpose of providing a basis for comparing alternative sources. Demands for each township in the study area are estimated at 10‐year increments and are satisfied, where the supply is sufficient, in such a way as to minimize the cost subject to constraints on supply. Sources of water are two shallow aquifers with known potential yields and a series of deep aquifers treated as a single unit and modeled on a digital computer. For each township the costs of wells, pumps, power and rehabilitation is estimated for each aquifer on a per million gallons of water per day basis. In addition the cost of groundwater treatment necessary to raise the quality to that of treated Lake Michigan water is considered. Raw water costs are found to vary from 2 to 14 cents per 1000 gallons depending upon the depth to the deep aquifer water. Treated water costs vary from 22 to 53 cents per 1000 gallons, the lower costs applying to the largest users because of the economy of scale. It is found that with proper distribution of pumpage there is sufficient water in storage in the deep aquifers to meet groundwater demands through 2020.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS: PLANNING TOOLS FOR THE GREAT LAKES1
Authors: Upchurch Sam B. , Robb David C. N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Great Lakes Basin Commission has initiated a Framework Study to assess the present and projected water‐ and related land‐resource problems and demands in the Great Lakes Basin. Poorly defined objectives; incomplete and inconsistent data arrays; unknown air, biota, water, and sediment interactions; and multiple planning considerations for interconnected, large lake systems hinder objective planning. To incorporate mathematical modeling as a planning tool for the Great Lakes, a two‐phase program, comprising a feasibility and design study followed by contracted and in‐house modeling, data assembly, and plan development, has been initiated. The models will be used to identify sensitivities of the lakes to planning and management alternatives, insufficiencies in the data base, and inadequately understood ecosystem interactions. For the first time objective testing of resource‐utilization plans to identify potential conflicts will provide a rational and cost‐effective approach to Great Lakes management. Because disciplines will be interrelated, the long‐term effects of planning alternatives and their impacts on neighboring lakes and states can be evaluated. Testing of the consequences of environmental accidents and increased pollution levels can be evaluated, and risks to the resource determined. Examples are cited to demonstrate the use of such planning tools.
MULTIPURPOSE OPERATION STUDIES OF A CANAL‐LAKE‐RIVER SYSTEM‐OSWEGO RIVER SYSTEM, NEW YORK1
Authors: Liu C. S. , Muralidhar D. , Tedrow A. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTUse of systems analysis techniques for setting up flow regulation rules for the Oswego River System, a canal‐river system with eight lakes, was examined. Two sets of lake regulation rules were proposed: the rule curve for each lake, and the lake‐use priority curves for all the lakes. The former specifies balanced allocation of the storage in lakes to conservation pools and flood control pools and, the latter determines lakes releases depending upon the type of operation, the time of the year, and systems objectives. A generalized mathematical representation of the complex, multipurpose, multilake river systems operation is described. With appropriate measures of effectiveness and details of analysis, the problem was then solved with simulation and optimization. Use of the results in assisting basin plan formulation is also discussed.
STREAM DEPLETION BY WELLS IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN‐COLORADO1
Authors: Danielson Jeris A. , Qazi A. Raziq 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe agricultural production from the Lower South Platte Basin in Colorado represents a significant portion of the state economy. Until the early 1950's the production had developed almost exclusively by use of river water. Drought conditions combined with improved well technology resulted in an inordinate amount of well development in the valley during the period 1952‐56. These wells were used for supplemental supply in many cases, but the application of sprinkler irrigation brought many acres of here‐to‐fore dry land into irrigated production. As a result of the vast amounts of groundwater withdrawal by the newly developed wells, senior surface appropriators found a decreasing amount of water available for use in the streams. The legislature, observing the doctrine of prior appropriation, ruled that all surface and ground water in a tributary would be treated and administered as one resource. This, of course, spelled doom for the well‐oriented segment of the economy. Analysis of a segment of the river on an inflow‐outflow basis was made with careful determination of all inflow‐outflow in the study reach to include correlations required to determine ungaged side‐channel in‐flow and unmetered irrigation wells. Results indicate that wells have intercepted normal return flows to the river resulting in a decreased amount of surface water during the irrigation season. Stream depletion appears to equal the expected consumptive use of well water which ranged between 40% to 50% of the groundwater extraction.
AN ECOLOGICAL AND RECREATIONAL USE SURVEY OF THE LUXAPALILA RIVER1
Authors: Arner D. H. , Anding G. A. , Lunceford W. A. , Summerour C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACIAn ecological and recreational use survey was made of the Luxapalila River in Mississippi. This study was made before channelization work was started by the Army Corps of Engineers. A follow‐up study is planned after channelization work is completed.Four stations were located along a 10.5 mile stretch of river where certain chemical and biological measurements were taken during the four seasons of the year.The results of this study revealed that the river is an unpolluted, biologically productive waterway relatively high in chemical constituents. Eleven families and 37 different species of fish were collected. Biomass measurements of standing crops of invertebrates ranged from a low of 0.11 grams oven dry weight per square meter to a high of 18.89 grams per square meter, with larger biomass collected from eddy areas than from riffle areas.A survey of recreational use of the river indicated relatively light use was made of the river. Fishing was the major use followed by swimming.
THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND WATER FLUCTUATIONS ON FISH POPULATIONS1
Authors: Lorio Wendell J. , Teels Billy M. , Norwood Earl D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Two lakes having similar soil types were studied to determine the effects of age and water fluctuations on plankton, benthos and fish populations. Bluff Lake is an older man‐made lake which is drawn down in the mid‐summer. Oktibbeha County Lake is a young lake and the water levels are maintained. Chemistry data from the two lakes indicate that their chemical properties are very similar. Neither lake would be considered very fertile.Net plankton populations in Bluff Lake and Oktibbeha County Lake were comparable when analyzed on a number of organisms per liter basis. Fluctuations of water levels did not seem to have an effect on the net plankton populations.The benthic population in Bluff Lake is slightly higher than that found in Oktibbeha County Lake. This is true for both numbers and weight per square meter. The species composition of benthic organisms in the two lakes were similar.Based on one‐acre samples from each lake, Bluff Lake has a more balanced fish population than does Oktibbeha County Lake. Neither, however, seems to support populations of game fish in which a high percentage of these are in the available or harvestable range. Both lakes contain high populations of gizzard shad.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE TERRESTRIAL DISPOSITION OF SILVER FROM CLOUD SEEDING1
Authors: Teller H. L. , Cameron D. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Silver iodide is currently the most favored cloud seeding material in weather modification projects. While the literature indicates that its ecological effects are likely to be insignificant, its disposition in the terrestrial ecosystem after snow melt has not been adequately studied. Silver levels in soil, plant and litter material are being monitored twice a year on a mountainous area in southwestern Colorado, to determine whether annual accretion from cloud seeding can be measured with current techniques and whether significant changes in silver concentration take place in grass, aspen, and spruce communities. One AgI generator site is also being monitored.Comparison of silver concentrations in terrestrial components of the target area indicates no measurable increase after the first winter's seeding. On an ash basis, spruce foliage and litter contain about four times as much silver as soil. On a dry weight basis, soil from all three plant communities contains about six times as much silver as foliage. Consistent increases in silver concentration were found in soil and pine foliage within 200 meters of one generator site.
RUNOFF, EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER, NEVADA, DURING 19691
Authors: Glancy P. A. , Denburgh A. S. Van , Born S. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre‐ft) was almost four times the long‐term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low‐altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre‐feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre‐feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake‐sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride‐amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000‐55,000 tons, including 18,000‐22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.
HARVESTING AS A CONTROL FOR AQUATIC PLANTS1
Authors: Nichols Stanley , Cottam Grant 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of the effects of harvesting on hydrophytes in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin indicate that one harvest reduced growth by at least 50%, two harvests reduced it by 75% and three harvests virtually eliminated plant material for the year. The studies also indicated that harvesting one year reduced the biomass the following year, especially in deep water. Three harvests during the previous year were most effective in controlling biomass the second year.
ON PRECIPITATION SENSOR NETWORK DENSITIES FOR EVALUATING WINTERTIME OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Chappell Charles F. , Grant Lewis O. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPrincipal component analysis is used to investigate density requirements of wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiment precipitation sensor networks. Three passes in the vicinity of Climax, Colorado are studied. The eighteen or more evenly spaced precipitation sensors of each pass are almost completely described by three principal components. These three principal components appear to represent (i) mean precipitation, (ii) slope orientation to storm systems, and (iii) elevation. Evaluation of these principal components is implemented with two distribution‐free tests, a proportionality test and the runs test. The results of this study suggest that the loss of experimental information caused by low density precipitation sensor networks may be of little consequence.
RELATIVE LEACHING POTENTIALS ESTIMATED FROM HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUPS1
Authors: England C. B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLeaching of soils with water can be both beneficial and hazardous in the same instance, removing salts harmful to plants and contributing dissolved substances to groundwater. The leaching potential of a given soil is difficult to assess, even with complex instrumentation. This paper suggests that the final infiltration rates associated with the Hydrologic Soil Groups used by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in watershed planning may provide a useful guide in estimating quantities of leaching water moving through soil profiles.
MOBILE OXYGEN DISPERSION CRAFT1
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater pollution control by effluent treatment becomes increasingly expensive as the degree of treatment is increased. As has previously been demonstrated, instream aeration provides an economical alternative for the higher degrees of treatment. For large, deep, navigable rivers, another alternative may be still more economical, namely, mobile oxygenating craft, using fine bubble diffusers. The propellors in the craft plus its mobility would give important advantages in dispersing the oxygenated water; and one craft could replace a multiplicity of static aeration sites.
A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING WATER RESOURCES FOR URBAN PLANNING1
Authors: Rickert David A. , Schneider William J. , Spieker Andrew M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA matrix has been developed to guide the assessment of urban water resources. The matrix provides a means for determining the relative importance of water‐related problems, and for identifying the data needed to evaluate these problems for the purpose of urban planning. The matrix columns list nine categories of potential water‐related urban problems. The rows list 51 categories of data inputs which may be needed to evaluate the potential problems. The inputs include standard types of basic hydrologic data, information based on analysis and interpretation of these data, and information on the interfacing factors of climate, land, and culture. A system is described for ranking the relative importance of the problem categories and data inputs on a numerical scale of 0 to 3. From this, an index is derived that evaluates the relative importance of each input item to an overall program for water resource assessment. From the completed matrix the hydrologist can determine the availability of data to meet the identified requirements. Judgement can then be made as to priorities on work elements to provide the planner with maximum information in minimum time. The matrix also provides a basis for the development of programs and their funding in order to overcome critical data deficiencies.
HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE OF MASSACHUSETTS WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Colonell Joseph M. , Higgins George R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHydrologic response, defined as the annual direct runoff divided by the annual precipitation, was computed for twenty‐one watersheds in or near western Massachusetts, using a total of 232 years of hydrologic records. Variability of the results over the period of analysis was greater than is desirable to inspire confidence in the usefulness of the hydrologic response function; however, the results do suggest that the hydrologic response concept, with appropriate refinements, could be applied successfully to the problem of delineating hydrologic provinces and determination of drainage and storage in unregulated watersheds.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ON ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Nelson Jack C. , Rauschuber Donald G. , Tischler Lial F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Texas Water Development Board, the principal water resource planning agency of the State, has been conducting extensive estuarine data collection activities and associated research to determine the required quantity and quality of fresh water inflows necessary to maintain various environmental conditions in Texas estuaries to preserve the estuarine ecosystems. These activities are a consequence of a statutory directive to the Board to make provisions in its State Water Plan for the effects of upstream water resource development on the associated estuaries.This paper reports on the results of the first phase of an extensive estuarine research project. The objectives of the research project are to (1) define the interrelationships between estuarine ecosystems and fresh water and nutrient inflows, and (2) develop and test quantitative simulation techniques which describe these relationships. In order to accomplish the first objective, physical and chemical water quality data and biological data on the estuarine ecosystems are being collected, compiled and analyzed. The second objective is being satisfied by the development of hydrodynamic and ecologic simulation models of the estuarine environment.
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING IN RIVER BASIN MODELING1
Authors: Bayer M. B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the use of nonlinear programming in river basin water quality modelling. Applications recently reported in the literature, along with the author's experience with nonlinear programming, are reviewed. Results obtained using nonlinear programming are compared with the results obtained by other researchers using linear and dynamic programming to solve river basin water quality optimization problems. These water quality models have objective functions with continuous first partial derivatives, several inequality and variable bound constraints, and are of the form:   minizie Σj=nj=1Yj(Xj)   subject to Σj=nj=1aijXjbi, i=1,2, …, m     cjXjdj, j= 1,2, …, nThe variable Xi is the maximum allowable ratio of the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent outflow to the BOD of the wastewater inflow for treatment plant j, in the range cj to dj. The aijd and bi are constants in the DO (dissolved oxygen) and BOD constraints. The resuks show, given certain assumptions about the data, that nonlinear programming is a better solution method for these problems than is either linear programming or dynamic programming.
MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION OF STREAM TEMPERATURE IN CENTRAL NEW ENGLAND1
Authors: Tasker Gary D. , Burns Alan W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The empirical fit of an annual harmonic function to stream temperature measurements in central New England can be improved by considering a harmonic period of less than 365 days instead of 365 or 366 days. Generalized equations, developed using periodic temperature data from 27 streamflow stations, allow predictions of stream temperature at any site given (1) the mean basin altitude (E), in meters above mean sea level, and (2) station latitude (LAT), in degrees. Stream temperature t, in degrees Celsius, on day number d, in days starting with January 1, is estimated as: in which, M = 31.48 – 0.0025 (E) − 0.4635 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 0.62°C, and τ= 1228.88 – 21.01 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 14.1 days.
EFFECTS OF NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION ON NATURAL AQUATIC BACTERIAL POPULATIONS1
Authors: Guthrie Rufus K. , Cherry Donald S. , Singleton Fred L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Natural aquatic bacterial populations in three streams located at the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C. have been studied in relation to the effects of ambient temperatures, dissolved River Project, Aiken, oxygen (DO), nitrate and phosphate concentrations.3 Samples collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year from each system, were plated in duplicate at each of two dilutions on 1/4 strength Standard Plate Count Agar (Difco). After incubation at 25±1 °C for four days, total colony forming units, percent chromagens, and number of colony types (diversity) were determined and colonies were picked for identification.Temperatures were generally equal in two of the streams throughout the year, being lowest in Upper Three Runs (U3R) and Tirns Branch (TB), and highest in the Ash Basin System (ABS). DO content did not vary appreciably between the streams. Nitrates and phosphates were lowest in U3R, next lowest in TB, higher in the last station in ABS, and highest in the ash basin per se. Total colony forming units were highest in the ash basin, whereas chromagen percentage and diversity were highest in the last station in ABS. Results of these studies indicate that high nitrates and phosphates, in the absence of high organic carbon concentrations, have little, if any detrimental effect on the stability of natural aquatic bacterial populations.
MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY FOR PREDICTING THE PROCESS OF SOIL WATER INFILTRATION FROM A TRICKLE SOURCE1
Authors: Ben‐Asher J. , Diner N. , Brandt A. , Goldberg D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two soil water functions, hydraulic conductivity K(θ) and diffusivity D(θ), were estimated by two methods In one method D(θ) was estimated according to Bruce and Klute (1956), and K(θ) was calculated from D(θ) and the retention curve. In the second, K(θ) was obtained by field estimation, with D(θ) being calculated from K(θ) and the retention curve.The criterion of reliability for both methods was agreement between experimental and predicted distribution of soil water content. The prediction was made using the functions K(θ) and D(θ) as soil water parameters in both methods.Theoretical and experimental agreement was generally good. The first method, however, was found to be best for high soil water content and the second for low soil water content. In addition, the water content at the end of the monotonic increase of function D(θ) (estimated according to Bruce and Klute 1956) was found to be about the upper limit of field soil water content. It can be used as a boundary condition in the numerical solution of a cylindrical model of infiltration from a trickle source. It was concluded that the best agreement between theory and experiment can be found when the combined values of D(θ) and K(θ) from both methods of estimation are used.