bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
West African Paleoclimates during the Last Climatic Cycle Inferred from an Atlantic Deep-Sea Pollen Record
Authors: Lezine Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPollen studies of marine sediments from Atlantic deep-sea core V22-196 (13°50′ N-18°57′ W; 3728-m water depth) are used to reconstruct paleoclimates of north tropical west Africa since 140,000 yr B.P. High concentration of pollen, mainly from Saharan and arid littoral zones suggests a strengthened tradewind circulation since ca. 60,000 yr B.P. that became even stronger after 40,000 yr B.P. and reached a maximum 17,000 yr B.P. Periods of eolian transport of pollen to the Atlantic occurred about 94,000 and 105,000 yr B.P. and during Termination II. Conversely, high relative values of pollen from Sudanian and Guinean zones and from Mangrove and freshwater vegetation, coincident with maxima of dinocyst concentration, are interpreted as reflecting both strong fluvial inputs and the expansion of humid vegetation on the adjacent continent during wet periods dated between 140,000 and 118,000, 105,000 and 96,000, 92,000 and 73,000, 52,000 and 44,000 yr B.P. and 12,000 yr B.P. and the Holocene. The strong correlation of these results from the eastern tropical Atlantic with those from the Arabian Sea corroborates fluctuations of monsoon climate.
Soil Development, Relative Dating, and Correlation of Late Quaternary Marine Terraces in Southwestern Oregon
Authors: Bockheim James G. , Kelsey Harvey M. , Marshall James G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFlights of tectonically uplifted, late Quaternary marine terraces are preserved at several localities along the Oregon coast. Intervening coastal areas without marine terraces reflect net subsidence. These gaps in the coastal terrace record make it difficult to correlate terraces along the Pacific coast. To test the utility of soils in relative dating and correlation, two flights of marine terraces near Cape Blanco and Cape Arago were investigated. The terraces could be distinguished in each area from soil morphological properties and a quantitative index of soil development derived from field descriptions. The soils in the two areas show a progression in development from spodosols to spodosols underlain by clayey material to ultisols. The lowest two terraces at Cape Blanco, which have reported age estimates of 80,000 and 105,000 yr, are correlative with the lowest two terraces at Cape Arago. The fifth and oldest terrace at Cape Blanco has no equivalent at Cape Arago. Soil development indices for the third and fourth terraces at each area allow two alternative sets of correlations.
Late Holocene Alluvial Chronology and Climate Change in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Martin Charles W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlluvium in one reach of the Republican River valley, south-central Nebraska, dates to the Holocene. Radiocarbon dating of fills underlying the two terraces in the valley reveals that entrenchment between 4500 and 3700 yr B.P. formed the high terrace. Subsequently, alternating aggradation and stability occurred until sometime between 1800 and 1100 yr B.P. Following another period of alluviation, channel incision formed the low terrace. General synchrony between this chronology and other late Holocene fluvial chronologies of the central Great Plains suggests climatic control of fluvial activity. The episodes of incision are tentatively correlated with different climate regimes, illustrating the difficulty of attributing a given fluvial response to a particular direction of climatic change.
Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile
Authors: ZLOTNICK CARON , JOHNSON JENNIFER , KOHN ROBERT , VICENTE BENJAMIN , RIOSECO PEDRO , SALDIVIA SANDRA 
Published: July 2006

Background. In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans.Method. The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile.Results. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4·4% (2·5% for men and 6·2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence.Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries.
Real-time recovery of the electron density from interferometric measurements affected by fringe jumps
Authors: Murari A. , Zabeo L. , Boboc A. , Mazon D. , Riva M. 
Published: July 2006

Optical interferometers are normally used in magnetically confined plasmas to measure the refractive index of the plasma by comparing the phase shift variation between a reference and a probe laser beam, from which the line-integrated electron density can be derived. Unfortunately, interferometric measurements are affected by fringe jumps, which are basically the erroneous phase difference determination due to the loss of signals or a phase difference bigger than 2π. The multiple causes include the refraction, wavelength of the laser radiation used, sensitivity, and time resolution of the measurements. On the other hand, the plasma density has become an essential piece of information for many real-time control schemes, which can therefore be completely jeopardized by fringe jumps. To overcome this problem at JET two main approaches can be adopted. The first approach consists of performing a real-time correction of the affected chords, eliminating the spurious effect of the fringe jumps, and providing a corrected line integral of acceptable quality. This is done at JET by complex algorithms that have inputs of various interferometry and polarimetry measurements.
A second approach can be adopted based on the observation that, for many real-time experiments, an approximate estimate of the density profile is sufficient. In JET, it was demonstrated that the density profile of the vast majority of configurations could be determined with sufficient accuracy by using only the line-integrated density profile provided by two chords; one external and one internal. The various solutions were tested and results compared in order to verify the most suitable one for the various plasma configurations and operational scenarios. A “general purpose” version of the correction algorithm was implemented and is now normally running during JET operation.
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition induces cell cycle arrest in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells and sensitises DLBCL cells to rituximab
Authors: Wanner Kathrin , Hipp Susanne , Oelsner Madlene , Ringshausen Ingo , Bogner Christian , Peschel Christian , Decker Thomas 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDiffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common lymphoma entity. Although a significant amount of DLBCL patients can be cured with modern chemotherapeutic regimens, a substantial proportion of patients die because of progressive disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are clearly needed. Inhibitors of mTOR [mammalian target of rapamycin (Rap)] represent a new class of antiproliferative drugs with applications as immunosuppressive and anticancer agents. Extensive safety data exist on the mTOR inhibitor RAD001, which is already approved as an immunosuppressant in organ transplant recipients. Rap and RAD001 inhibited cell cycle progression in DLBCL cells by inducing a G1 arrest without inducing apoptosis. Phosphorylation of the main targets of mTOR, p70 s6 kinase and 4‐EBP‐1 was reduced in cells cultured in the presence of RAD001. Cell cycle arrest was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) as well as reduced expression of cyclin D3 and A in all cell lines. Although the effect of the chemotherapeutic agent vincristine (vin) was not enhanced by RAD001, rituximab‐induced cytotoxicity was augmented in the rituximab‐sensitive cell lines. mTOR inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in DLBCL by inducing a G1 arrest and augments rituximab‐induced cytotoxicity. Therefore, combination of these drugs might be an interesting new therapeutic approach in DLBCL patients.
Testosterone and innate immune function inversely covary in a wild population of breeding Dark‐Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis)
Authors: GREIVES T. J. , MCGLOTHLIN J. W. , JAWOR J. M. , DEMAS G. E. , KETTERSON E. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary

Innate immunity refers to the non‐specific components of the primary immune response, which act broadly to destroy pathogens. Effective innate immune responses may save an individual the energetic costs associated with activating subsequent specific immune responses.
Testosterone can suppress immune function in vitro and in vivo. Most studies examining testosterone's effects on immunity have focused on experimentally elevated testosterone and acquired immune responses (e.g. humoral and cell‐mediated responses to foreign antigens). Few studies have investigated the relationship between endogenous levels of testosterone and innate immunity.
In a wild breeding population of Dark‐Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis Linnaeus), we asked whether endogenous levels of testosterone measured at several points during the breeding season covaried with two components of innate immunity: total levels of non‐specific immunoglobulin‐G (IgG), and complement levels.
Testosterone levels were significantly negatively correlated with both total IgG and complement activity. Both immune measures were also positively correlated with body mass. Taken together with experimental results from the same species, these results suggest that elevated testosterone levels may compromise innate as well as acquired immune function.
Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen properties and microbial communities in relation to growth of Pinus radiata and Nothofagus fusca trees after 6 years at ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: ROSS DES. J. , GRAYSTON SUSAN J. , WHITEHEAD DAVID 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 concentration can influence the growth and chemical composition of many plant species, and thereby affect soil organic matter pools and nutrient fluxes. Here, we examine the effects of ambient (initially 362 μL L−1) and elevated (654 μL L−1) CO2 in open‐top chambers on the growth after 6 years of two temperate evergreen forest species: an exotic, Pinus radiata D. Don, and a native, Nothofagus fusca (Hook. F.) Oerst. (red beech). We also examine associated effects on selected carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) properties in litter and mineral soil, and on microbial properties in rhizosphere and hyphosphere soil. The soil was a weakly developed sand that had a low initial C concentration of about 1.0 g kg−1 at both 0–100 and 100–300 mm depths; in the N. fusca system, it was initially overlaid with about 50 mm of forest floor litter (predominantly FH material) taken from a Nothofagus forest. A slow‐release fertilizer was added during the early stages of plant growth; subsequent foliage analyses indicated that N was not limiting. After 6 years, stem diameters, foliage N concentrations and C/N ratios of both species were indistinguishable (P>0.10) in the two CO2 treatments. Although total C contents in mineral soil at 0–100 mm depth had increased significantly (P<0.001) after 6 years growth of P. radiata, averaging 80±0.20 g m−2 yr−1, they were not significantly influenced by elevated CO2. However, CO2‐C production in litter, and CO2‐C production, microbial C, and microbial C/N ratios in mineral soil (0–100 mm depth) under P. radiata were significantly higher under elevated than ambient CO2. CO2‐C production, microbial C, and numbers of bacteria (but not fungi) were also significantly higher under elevated CO2 in hyphosphere soil, but not in rhizosphere soil. Under N. fusca, some incorporation of the overlaid litter into the mineral soil had probably occurred; except for CO2‐C production and microbial C in hyphosphere soil, none of the biochemical properties or microbial counts increased significantly under elevated CO2. Net mineral‐N production, and generally the potential utilization of different substrates by microbial communities, were not significantly influenced by elevated CO2 under either tree species. Physiological profiles of the microbial communities did, however, differ significantly between rhizosphere and hyphosphere samples and between samples under P. radiata and N. fusca. Overall, results support the concept that a major effect on soil properties after prolonged exposure of trees to elevated CO2 is an increase in the amounts, and mineralization rate, of labile organic components.
Immobilized Glucose Isomerase Use in Mirin Production
Authors: TAKAYAMA TAKUMI , OYASHIKI HARUO , SAKAI TAKUO 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe conversion of glucose in mirin (an alcoholic seasoning) to fructose using immobilized glucose isomerase (IGI) was studied in order to produce sweetened mirin without chill haze. The initial conversion velocity (Cm/tm) with IGI was affected by temperature, pH, and ethanol concentration. This reaction was first order, for which the temperature coefficient (Q10) over the range 20–55°C was 2.0. The value of Cm/tm was a maximum at pH 8.0, and decreased with an increase in ethanol. Conversions carried out in a continuous column reaction system had Cm/tm values 36 times higher than that in a batch system. Mirin treated with IGI did not form chill haze.
Soybean Flour Lipoxygenase Isozymes Effects on Wheat Flour Dough Rheological and Breadmaking Properties
Authors: CUMBEE B. , HILDEBRAND D.F. , ADDO K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects of soy flour from LOX null mutant isolines and purified LOX isozymes on the rheological and breadmaking properties of a commercial hard wheat flour were investigated. Wheat flours were fortified with either 3% soy mutant flours alone, or in the presence of 0.2% and 1% linoleic acid. Purified LOX 2 isozyme had the greatest effect among LOX isozymes on dough extensibility and strength. Linoleic acid substrate addition reduced dough extensibility and strength. The L2L3 null isoline mutant for L1 resulted in the largest increase in bread volume. A reduction in bread firmness occurred after 5 day storage for all three single null mutant‐containing samples in the presence of 1.0% linoleic acid substrate.
Factors Affecting the Gelation Properties of Hydrolyzed Sunflower Proteins
Authors: SANCHEZ ANA C. , BURGOS JUSTINO 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects of temperature and several chemicals on gelation time and strength of gels formed by heating (pH 8) 5% solutions of trypsin hydrolyzed sunflower proteins were studied by dynamic rheological methods. The storage modulus reached a maximum at 80°C. Ca2Cl (and NaCl at > 0.2M) accelerated gelation and weakened the gel. NaCOCH3Na2SO4 and NaSCN decreased the storage modulus. Urea decreased gelstrength and at high concentrations slowed gelation. Time for gelation diminished and gel strength increased with increasing mercaptoethanol concentration up to 0.1M. Propylene glycol at 5–20% concentrations accelerated gelation and at 5% also increased gel strength. Trypsin hydrolyzed sunflower proteins could be useful in products requiring strong gels at high temperatures.
Quality Assessment of Sardines During Storage by Measurement of Fluorescent Compounds
Authors: AUBOURG SANTIAGO P. , SOTELO CARMEN G. , GALLARDO JOSÉ M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSardine alterations during chilled storage (0°C) were investigated by measuring the fluorescence ratio between two excitation/emission maxima (393/463 nm, 327/415 nm) and compared with common quality indices. Sardines were also maintained at 15°C to accelerate all reactions occurring at 0°C. Other quality indices (total volatile base‐nitrogen, free fatty acids, formation of conjugated dienes, and thiobarbituric acid values) were determined and the use of the fluorescence ratio (fluorescence shift, δF) was analyzed. A high correlation was found between the δF and the total volatile base‐nitrogen (r = 0.93, at 0°C; r = 0.92, at 15°C).
Whey Improves Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil
Authors: BROWDY A.A. , HARRIS N.D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWhey powder and Maillard reaction products (MRP) produced from whey suppressed the formation of hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, and lowered oxygen uptake in the model system. The antioxidant activity of whey was dependent on concentration and preheating treatment. Unheated whey and whey heated for at 24 hr were most effective in retarding lipid oxidation. Whey solutions of 16% were most effective antioxidants followed by 10% and 3% solutions. As MRP indicators increased antioxidant activity increased. Whey may be useful as an antioxidant in some processed foods.
Kinetics of Casein Degradation during Ripening of Fynbo Cheese Salted with NaCl/KCl Brine
Authors: ZORRILLA SUSANA E. , RUBIOLO AMELIA C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFirst‐order kinetics with respect to the αs1‐casein concentration was used to study casein degradation during low‐fat Fynbo cheese ripening. Effects of partial NaCl replacement by KCI during cheese salting were studied by statistical treatment of the casein degradation results. Four zones from cheeses at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 ripening days were analyzed by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. Similar kinetic parameters were obtained for a cheese salted with a NaCl/KCl brine and for a control cheese during ripening. Results were more affected by salt concentration than by salt substitution. KCl did not strongly influence kinetics of Fynbo cheese proteolysis.
Trisodium Phosphate Treatment of Pork Carcasses
Authors: MORRIS C.A. , LUCIA L.M. , SAVELL J.W. , ACUFF G.R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPork skin samples, naturally contaminated or inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, were treated with varying levels of trisodium phosphate (TSP). Aerobic plate counts (APC) of the samples were unaffected by treatment; however, S. typhimurium was reduced (P < 0.05). Using levels most effective for reducing S. typhimurium on skin, TSP was investigated for use on whole pork carcasses during slaughter/processing and did not affect APC of pork carcasses. Due to a lack of detectable presence, any effects of TSP on native Salmonella contamination of pork carcass surfaces could not be determined. TSP had negligible effect on visual pork color, texture or odor.
Bacteriocins Applied to Food Packaging Materials to Inhibit Listeria monocytogenes on Meats
Authors: MING XINTAIN , WEBER GEORGE H. , AYRES JAMES W. , SANDINE WILLIAM E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBacteriocins in powders were produced from milk‐based media and applied to food packaging films. Nisin and pediocin “powders” were retained in casings during dialysis. Antilisterial casings were prepared by internal coating with pediocin. Antilisterial activity applied in powdered form was retained during processing and retained on contact food packaging surfaces. Pediocin powder was applied to plastic packaging bags at 7.75 μg/cm2. Meats and poultry samples were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes. The bags coated with pediocin powder completely inhibited growth of inoculated L. monocytogenes through 12 wk storage at 4°C. Applying bacteriocins to food packaging films is an effective approach to reduce L. monocytogenes contamination in meats and poultry.
Red Wine and Model Wine Astringency as Affected by Malic and Lactic Acid
Authors: KALLITHRAKA S. , BAKKER J. , CLIFFORD M.N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRed wines and model solutions containing grape seed phenols were assessed for perceived astringency, bitterness and sourness by a panel of trained assessors using time‐intensity (T–I) methodology. The effect of lactic and malic acid on perception of these attributes was evaluated at two pH values, by adding different amounts of acids. Maximum intensity (Imax) and total duration (Ttot) of astringency increased with decreasing pH in model solutions and red wine, but no differences were found between malic and lactic acid on perception of astringency. The pH and the acid type did not affect any of the bitterness T‐I parameters. However, sourness showed an increase in 1max and Ttot with decreasing pH.
Dried Soy Tofu Powder Effects on Frankfurters and Pork Sausage Patties
Authors: HO KAI‐LAI G. , WILSON LESTER A. , SEBRANEK JOSEPH G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRegular frankfurters treated with tofu powder had decreased fat with no significant differences in color, texture, or overall acceptability compared to a control by sensory analysis. Lean frankfurters with tofu powder had lower moisture and color, better texture, and overall acceptability with no flavor differences from controls. Except for fracturability, there were no differences in texture‐related parameters by Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) between regular and control frankfurters but treated lean frankfurters had improved texture. Lean pork sausages treated with tofu powder were lower in fat, higher in protein, and moisture with no differences in sensory attributes compared to controls.
Enzymatic Browning Inhibition in Cloudy Apple Juice by Electrodialysis
Authors: TRONC JEAN‐SÉBASTIEN , LAMARCHE FRANÇOIS , MAKHLOUF JOSEPH 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTCloudy apple juice (pH 3.8) was acidified to pH 2.7, at 16–24°C and at a constant current density of 40 mA/cm2, in an electrodialysis (ED) unit composed of an AB electrocell with three compartments, a bipolar membrane (Neosepta BP‐1) and two ion‐exchange membranes (anion‐ and cation‐exchange). The treatment inhibited 81% of the activity of polyphenoloxidase and slowed enzymatic browning, indicated by a decrease in indice “a” and an increase in “L” on the Hunter Lab colorimeter scale. During ED treatments, conductivity and K+ concentration in apple juice decreased by, respectively, 21% and 86%.
Analysis of Visual Quality Attributes of White Shrimp by Machine Vision
Authors: LUZURIAGA DIEGO A. , BALABAN MURAT O. , YERALAN SENCER 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn important component of shrimp quality evaluation is determination of visual attributes by trained inspectors. This is subjective, time consuming, and difficult to quantify. An automated device was developed for repeatable, objective measurement of visual quality of shrimp. The device measured the count, uniformity ratio, color, melanosis, and detected foreign objects. Shrimp area viewed by a camera was used to estimate weight after calibration, and count and uniformity ratio was calculated. The system quantified color changes in white shrimp during iced storage. Melanosis was quantified and correlated with the grading of a trained inspector. The method objectively measured visual quality attributes of white shrimp in less than 1 min per sample.