bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New One‐Pot Synthetic Approach to the Highly Functionalized (Z)‐2‐(Buta‐1,3‐dienyl)phenols and 2‐Methyl‐2H‐chromenes: Use of Amine, Ruthenium and Base‐Catalysis
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Narayana Vidadala V. , Ramakumar Kinthada 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA practical and simple one‐pot multi‐catalysis process for the synthesis of highly substituted benzo[b]oxepines 5, (Z)‐2‐(buta‐1,3‐dienyl)phenols 6 and 2‐methyl‐2H‐chromenes 7 from simple starting materials was achieved for the first time through ring‐closing metathesis/base‐induced ring opening/[1,7]‐sigmatropic hydrogen shift reactions. The synthesis of privileged (Z)‐2‐(buta‐1,3‐dienyl)phenols 6 via base‐induced ring opening of highly functionalized benzo[b]oxepines 5 is described(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of Functionalized Isobenzomorphans by Two‐Step Cyclocondensation of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with Isoquinolines
Authors: Yawer Mirza A. , Hussain Ibrar , Gütlein Jörg‐Peter , Schmidt Andreas , Jiao Haijun , Reinke Helmut , Spannenberg Anke , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA great variety of functionalized 7,8‐benzo‐anellated 9‐azabicyclo‐[3.3.1]nonan‐3‐ones were prepared by methyl or benzyl chloroformate‐mediated condensation of isoquinolines with 1,3‐bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes and subsequent TFA‐mediated cyclization. The hydroxy group could be functionalized by Suzuki reactions of the corresponding enol triflates. The N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐substituted products were successfully deprotected. The decarboxylation allowed the synthesis of the parent 7,8‐benzo‐anellated 9‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐3‐ones. The products can be regarded as functionalized isobenzomorphans – simple structural analogues of morphine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Hyperbranched rolling circle amplification as a rapid and sensitive method for species identification within the Cryptococcus species complex
Authors: Kaocharoen Sirada , Wang Bin , Tsui Kin Ming , Trilles Luciana , Kong Fanrong , Meyer Wieland 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Cryptococcus species complex contains two closely related basidiomycetous yeasts: Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, which cause cryptococcosis in humans and other animals. The species and varieties are characterized, by different clinical, epidemiological, biochemical and molecular features. The currently used identification methods are either time‐consuming or not anymore commercially available. However, a rapid, sensitive and robust assay for the detection of these pathogens is vital for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment decisions. To overcome those limitations, four padlock probes targeting species‐specific single nucleotide polymorphisms at the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of the RNA gene locus were developed and applied during isothermal hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA). The probes were tested against 99 samples, including 94 clinical cryptococcal cultures, three closely related Cryptococcus species, and two clinical specimens. The use of the padlock probes and the combination of probe signal amplification by HRCA provided a quick and sensitive assay for the accurate identification of C. neoformans var. grubii, C. neoformans var. neoformans and C. gattii. HRCA was also useful to detect hybrids, when they were heterozygous at the ITS locus. The HRCA results were in agreement with previous genotyping data based on PCR fingerprinting, amplified fragment length polymorphism and ITS sequencing.
Simultaneous determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and parabens by capillary electrophoresis with improved sensitivity in nonaqueous media
Authors: Blanco Eva , Casais María del Carmen , Mejuto María del Carmen , Cela Rafael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNew methods based on nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) were developed as promising alternatives for the simultaneous separation and determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) and a group of parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and benzyl p‐hydroxybenzoates), with good resolution and excellent sensitivity. As an effective on‐line preconcentration technique, large‐volume sample stacking (LVSS) was successfully combined with NACE allowing significant sensitivity enhancement. Identification and quantification of the analytes were performed by diode array detection (DAD). The influence of different parameters, such as buffer apparent pH, concentration of electrolyte, temperature, applied voltage and sample volume, on the efficiency, resolution and sensitivity of the electrophoretic separation was studied. The analytical performance was evaluated, and both NACE‐DAD and LVSS‐NACE‐DAD methods showed good linearity, precision and instrumental LODs at low ng/mL levels. These LODs were compared with those described in the literature, and it was found that NACE‐DAD method was comparable to GC‐MS, while LVSS‐NACE‐DAD procedure achieved sensitivity similar to LC‐MS, LC‐MS/MS and GC‐MS/MS, even using conventional ultraviolet‐visible absorption detection. To test their suitability, proposed methods were evaluated for the analysis of PHBA and parabens at low and sub‐ng/mL levels in environmental water samples.
A low‐leakage sample plug injection scheme for crossform microfluidic capillary electrophoresis devices incorporating a restricted cross‐channel intersection
Authors: Chang Chin‐Lung , Hou Hui‐Hsiung , Fu Lung‐Ming , Tsai Chien‐Hsiung 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study develops a crossform CE microfluidic device in which a single‐circular barrier or a double‐circular barrier is introduced at the cross‐channel intersection. Utilizing a conventional crossform injection scheme, it is shown that these barriers reduce sample leakage and deliver a compact sample band into the separation channel, thereby ensuring an enhanced detection performance. A series of numerical and experimental investigations are performed to investigate the effects of the barrier type and the barrier ratio on the flow streamlines within the microchannel and to clarify their respective effects on the sample leakage ratio and sample plug variance during the injection process. The results indicate that a single‐circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 20% and a double‐circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 40% minimize the sample leakage ratio and produce a compact sample plug. As a result, both injectors have an excellent potential for use in high‐quality, high‐throughput chemical analysis procedures and in many other applications throughout the micro‐total analysis systems field.
Epstein–Barr virus upregulates phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 kDa in carcinoma cells using the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt pathway
Authors: Fukagawa Yuki , Nishikawa Jun , Kuramitsu Yasuhiro , Iwakiri Dai , Takada Kenzo , Imai Shousuke , Satake Masaaki , Okamoto Takeshi , Fujimoto Masanori , Okita Kiwamu , Nakamura Kazuyuki , Sakaida Isao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGastric cancer is the most common cancer in Japan and infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for about 10% of gastric cancers worldwide. Although EBV infection may be involved at an early stage of gastric carcinogenesis, the mechanisms underlying its involvement remain unknown. To investigate the role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis, we performed proteomic analyses of an EBV‐infected gastric carcinoma cell line NU‐GC‐3 (EBV(+)) and its uninfected control (EBV(−)). 2‐DE was combined with MS to identify differentially expressed proteins. We found that EBV infection upregulated one of the phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 kDa (HSP27). The phosphorylated HSP27 isoform which increased in EBV(+) cells can be induced by both heat shock and arsenite. The increase of phosphorylated HSP27 in EBV(+) cells was reduced by treatment with the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin). In addition, we found increased levels of phosphorylated Akt in EBV(+) cells. These findings suggest that EBV infection upregulates the phosphorylation of HSP27 via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway may contribute to the establishment of a malignant phenotype in EBV‐infected gastric carcinomas.
Supercritical fluid extraction as an on‐line clean‐up technique for determination of riboflavin vitamins in food samples by capillary electrophoresis with fluorimetric detection
Authors: Zougagh Mohammed , Ríos Ángel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn automatic method for the separation and determination of riboflavin (RF) vitamins (RF, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide) in food samples (chicken liver, tablet and powder milk) is proposed. The method is based on the on‐line coupling of a supercritical fluid extractor (SFE) with a continuous flow‐CE system with guided optical fiber fluorimetric detection (CF‐CE‐FD). The whole SFE‐CF‐CE‐FD arrangement allowed the automatic treatment of food samples (clean‐up of the sample followed by the extraction of the analytes), and the direct introduction of a small volume of the extracted plug to the CE‐FD system for the determination of RF vitamins. Fluorescence detection introduced an appropriated sensitivity and contributed to avoid interferences of nonfluorescent polar compounds coming from the matrix samples in the extracted plug. Electrophoretic responses were linear within the 0.05–1 μg/g range, whereas the detection limits of RF vitamins were in the 0.036–0.042 μg/g range. The proposed arrangement opens up interesting prospects for the direct determination of polar analytes in complex samples with a good throughput and high level of automation.
Characterization of poly(4‐vinylpyridine 1‐oxide) by free‐solution capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Beneito‐Cambra Miriam , Herrero‐Martínez José M. , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe migration characteristics of poly(4‐vinylpyridine 1‐oxide) (PVP‐NO) in phosphate buffers of acidic pH (20 mM H3PO4 or NaH2PO4) have been studied using both free‐solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE) and MEKC. To inhibit adsorption, 250 mM o‐phosphoethanolamine (2‐aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate) was used. In FSCE, PVP‐NO showed a narrow peak and a broader band, both having anionic behavior. These peak and band were attributed to the free and aggregated or micellized PVP‐NO forms, respectively. According to surface tension measurements, the CMC of SDS in the BGE was 1.8 and 0.48 mM in the absence and in the presence of 1000 µg/mL PVP‐NO, respectively, and the association of the polymer with SDS was completed at 9.7 mM SDS. Using MEKC, a narrow peak and a broader band also appeared at SDS concentrations of ca. 1 mM, and their intensity increased with the SDS concentration. These peak and band were attributed to the formation of mixed micelles constituted by both free PVP‐NO/SDS and aggregated PVP‐NO/SDS, respectively. The determination of PVP‐NO by FSCE in commercial additives for laundry was demonstrated.
Identification of shrimp species in raw and processed food products by means of a polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method targeted to cytochrome b mitochondrial sequences
Authors: Pascoal Ananías , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Cepeda Alberto , Gallardo José M. , Calo‐Mata Pilar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel PCR‐RFLP method has been developed for the identification of six commercially relevant penaeid shrimp species in raw and processed food products. The method can be completed within 8 h. To implement the method, PCR amplification with the crustF/crustR primers, targeted to the amplification of a ca. 181 bp region of the cytochrome b (cytb) mitochondrial gene in penaeid shrimps, was coupled to restriction analysis with CviJI, DdeI and NlaIV. The method was also applied successfully to the identification of shrimp species in complex processed foods, including this type of shellfish as an added‐value food ingredient. The small size of this molecular target facilitates amplification from fresh, frozen, or precooked samples, where DNA fragmentation may be relevant and fragment size critical. We also report the first cytb mitochondrial sequences described to date for the species Farfantepenaeus notialis, Parapenaeus longirostris and Pleoticus muelleri, and these nearly triplicate current knowledge of reference nucleotide sequences in this mitochondrial region for this group of species. The cytb mitochondrial gene may also be considered as a molecular marker for identification and phylogenetic purposes in penaeid shrimp species.
Galectin‐3/MAC‐2, Ras and PI3K activate complement receptor‐3 and scavenger receptor‐AI/II mediated myelin phagocytosis in microglia
Authors: Rotshenker Shlomo , Reichert Fanny , Gitik Miri , Haklai Ronit , Elad‐Sfadia Galit , Kloog Yoel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe removal of degenerated myelin is essential for repair in Wallerian degeneration that follows traumatic injury to axons and in autoimmune demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Microglia can remove degenerated myelin through phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)‐dependent phagocytosis mediated by complement receptor‐3 (CR3/MAC‐1) and scavenger receptor‐AI/II (SRAI/II). Paradoxically, these receptors are expressed in microglia after injury but myelin is not phagocytosed. Additionally, Galectin‐3/MAC‐2 is expressed in microglia that phagocytose but not in microglia that do not phagocytose, suggesting that Galectin‐3/MAC‐2 is instrumental in activating phagocytosis. S‐trans, trans‐farnesylthiosalicylic (FTS), which inhibits Galectin‐3/MAC‐2 dependent activation of PI3K through Ras, inhibited phagocytosis. K‐Ras‐GTP levels and PI3K activity increased during normal phagocytosis and decreased during FTS‐inhibited phagocytosis. Galectin‐3/MAC‐2, which binds and stabilizes active Ras, coimmunoprecipitated with Ras and levels of the coimmunoprecipitate increased during normal phagocytosis. A role for Galectin‐3/MAC‐2 dependent activation of PI3K through Ras, mostly K‐Ras, is thus suggested. An explanation may thus be offered for deficient phagocytosis by microglia that express CR3/MAC‐1 and SRAI/II without Galectin‐3/MAC‐2 and efficient phagocytosis when CR3/MAC‐1 and SRAI/II are co‐expressed with Galectin‐3/MAC‐2. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zygomaticomaxillary buttress reconstruction of midface defects with the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap
Authors: Andrades Patricio , Rosenthal Eben L. , Carroll William R. , Baranano Christopher F. , Peters Glenn E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this study was to evaluate morbidity, functional, and aesthetic outcomes in midface zygomaticomaxillary buttress reconstruction using the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap (OCRFFF).Methods.A retrospective review of 24 consecutive patients that underwent midface reconstruction using the OCRFFF was performed. All patients had variable extension of maxillectomy defects that requires restoration of the zygmatico‐maxillary buttress. After harvest, the OCRFFF was fixed transversely with miniplates connecting the remaining zygoma to the anterior maxilla. The orbital support was given by titanium mesh when needed that was fixed to the radial forearm bone anteriorly and placed on the remaining orbital floor posteriorly. The skin paddle was used for intraoral lining, external skin coverage, or both. The main outcome measures were flap success, donor‐site morbidity, orbital, and oral complications. Facial contour, speech understandability, swallowing, oronasal separation, and socialization were also analyzed.Results.There were 6 women and 18 men, with an average age of 66 years old (range, 34–87). The resulting defects after maxillectomy were (according to the Cordeiro classification; Disa et al, Ann Plast Surg 2001;47:612–619; Santamaria and Cordeiro, J Surg Oncol 2006;94:522–531): type I (8.3%), type II (33.3%), type III (45.8%), and type IV (12.5%). There were no flap losses. Donor‐site complications included partial loss of the split thickness skin graft (25%) and 1 radial bone fracture. The most significant recipient‐site complications were severe ectropion (24%), dystopia (8%), and oronasal fistula (12%). All the complications occurred in patients with defects that required orbital floor reconstruction and/or cheek skin coverage. The average follow‐up was 11.5 months, and over 80% of the patients had adequate swallowing, speech, and reincorporation to normal daily activities.Conclusions.The OCRFFF is an excellent alternative for midface reconstruction of the zygomaticomaxillary buttress. Complications were more common in patients who underwent resection of the orbital rim and floor (type III and IV defects) or external cheek skin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Précis of ‘An Abductive Theory of Scientific Method’
Authors: Haig Brian D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis short article is a précis of the author's (2005a) abductive theory of scientific method. This theory of method assembles a complex of specific strategies and methods of relevance to psychology that are employed in the detection of empirical phenomena and the subsequent construction of explanatory theories. A characterization of the nature of phenomena is given, and the process of their detection is briefly described in terms of a multistage model of data analysis. The construction of explanatory theories is shown to involve their generation through abductive, or explanatory, reasoning, their development through analogical modeling, and their fuller appraisal in terms of judgments of the best of competing explanations. The nature and limits of this theory of method are discussed in the light of relevant developments in scientific methodology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64:1–4, 2008.
Insight into microwave irradiation and enzyme catalysis in enantioselective resolution of RS‐( ± )‐methyl mandelate
Authors: Yadav Ganapati D , Sajgure Ashwini D , Dhoot Shrikant B 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Mandelic acid enantiomers are important chiral analogs used for the resolution of racemic alcohols and amines. R‐(−)‐mandelic acid is a precursor for the production of semi‐synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins and also for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. Production of optically pure mandelic acid enantiomers is commercially significant. This work deals with the resolution of RS‐( ± )‐methyl mandelate to produce optically pure R‐(−)‐mandelic acid in non‐aqueous media via lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis under microwave irradiation.RESULTS:Among three commercial lipases, Novozym 435 (Candida antartica B immobilized on macroporous polyacrylate resin) was found to be the most effective in the selective hydrolysis of R‐(−)‐methyl mandelate to R‐(−)‐mandelic acid from the racemic mixture of RS‐( ± )‐methyl mandelate, with an optical purity (eep) of 84.2% after 4 h at 50 °C. The effects of various parameters were studied to arrive at the optimum parameters and kinetics. The optimum catalyst loading was found to be 5 mg cm−3 at a concentration of 0.25 mmol cm−3 each of methyl mandelate and water. Based on the initial rate studies and concentration profiles, a complete rate equation is proposed, which includes the irreversible inactivation caused by RS‐( ± )‐methyl mandelate, and it follows the ternary complex mechanism with dead end inhibition by RS‐( ± )‐methyl mandelate.CONCLUSION:Novozym 435 is the most active lipase for resolution of R‐(−)‐mandelic acid from RS‐ ( ± )‐methyl mandelate in tert‐butanol. Various equilibrium constants were evaluated and simulations were performed giving excellent agreement between the two. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the analysis of Lobelia chinensis Lour. using an ESI/APCI multimode ion source
Authors: Zhou Ying , Wang Yan , Wang Renfeng , Guo Fei , Yan Chao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA comprehensive approach for the separation and identification of components in a traditional Chinese medicine Lobelia chinensis Lour. was developed using 2D‐HPLC coupled with an online photodiode array (PDA) detector and a mass spectrometer. The extract of L. chinensis Lour. was separated on a CN column in the first‐dimensional HPLC, and then each of the collected fractions was further separated on an ODS column followed by an online PDA detector. After separation in the two different chromatographic modes, the eluents were delivered to a quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a multimode ion source of an ESI and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ESI/APCI). At least 536 components in L. chinensis Lour. extract were detected and 6 of them were identified as apigenin 7‐O‐rutinoside, luteolin, lobetyolinin, lobetyolin, diosmin, and linarin, respectively, according to their UV spectrum and mass spectrum. The results demonstrated the powerful resolution, high peak capacity, as well as the identification capability of the 2D‐HPLC combined with PDA and ESI/APCI‐MS for the analyses of complex samples.
Capillary electrophoretic determination of main components of natural dyes with MS detection
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Pawelec Katarzyna , Rezeli Melinda , Kilar Ferenc , Trojanowicz Marek 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCE with UV‐Vis and MS detections was investigated as a technique for detection of main components of selected natural dyes of plant and insect origin. The BGE giving the best separation of the investigated flavonoids and anthraquinoids, suitable for MS detection consisted of 40 mM ammonium acetate solution of pH 9.5 with 40% ACN. LODs obtained with MS detection were even one order of magnitude lower than the ones obtained with UV‐Vis detection. Application of MS detection enabled determination of eleven dye compounds from three different chemical groups in 15 min. and proved to be more satisfactory than diode‐array detection in the electrophoretic analysis of main classes of natural dyes both in terms of selectivity and sensitivity of analysis.
Microwave‐assisted silylation followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for rapid determination of ergosterol in cigarettes
Authors: Sha Yunfei , Deng Chunhui , Zhang Haobo , Xie Wenyan , Liu Baizhan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractErgosterol is one of the important precursors of tumorigenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. To the best of our knowledge, a large amount of ergosterol is present in moldy cigarettes, which derives from fungal contaminations. Thus, the development of a simple, fast, and efficient method for the analysis of ergosterol is in great demand. In this paper, GC/MS following microwave‐assisted silylation (MAS) was developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of ergosterol in cigarettes for the first time. In our work, total ergosterol in cigarettes after NaOH saponification was extracted with hexane, and then was fast derivatized with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) under microwave irradiation. Finally, the ergosterol trimethylsilyl derivative was analyzed by GC/MS. Derivatization conditions including microwave reaction solvent, irradiation time, and power were investigated. Method validations (linear range, LOD, precision, and recovery) were also studied. The results showed that the proposed method provided a fast, simple, and sensitive approach for the determination of ergosterol in cigarettes. Finally it was successfully applied to the analysis of ergosterol in normal and mildewy cigarettes.