bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Low Soil Temperature on Weight Increase, Gas Exchange and Distribution of 14C‐Assimilates in Seedlings of a Maize Hybrid
Authors: Kościelniak J. , Janowiak F. , Biesaga‐Kościelniak J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeedlings of a maize hybrid sensitive to chilling initially grew in the growth chamber of the phytotron at 20/ 17°C (day/night) and after the formation of the fourth leaf, the soil temperature was lowered to 5°C. Under such growth conditions the dynamics of dry weight change, gas exchange and the distribution of 14C‐assimilates in seedlings were examined. The low soil temperature inhibited daily growth of dry weight of whole seedlings more than their photosynthesis. Simultaneously, it was also responsible for a greater increase in dissimilative losses.During 37 hours (day‐night‐day), following exposure to 14CO2, dissimilation in seedlings in cool soil (5°C) and in non‐chilling conditions amounted to 35.1 % and 23.4 % of assimilated 14C (AC), respectively. At lower soil temperature relatively high dissimilative losses were observed on the first day after exposure (23.5 %), lower at night (9.9 %) and the lowest on the following day ‐ merely 1.7 % AC. Higher losses of 14C under chilling conditions occurring on the first day were a result of limited photosynthetic refixation of 14CO2 At night, however, they were associated with a prolonged period of intensive translocation of assimilates to the stem. It was assumed that an excessive accumulation of assimilates in leaf blades might be an additional factor responsible for increased dissimilative losses at low temperature during the first twenty‐four hours. In the third period of measurements, as a result of a limited transport of 14C, dissimilative losses were lower than in previous ones and were not dependent upon soil temperature.
Comparison of Harvest Index and Grain/Straw‐Ratio with Applications to Winter Oilseed Rape
Authors: Hühn M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo compare the statistical properties of harvest index and grain/straw‐ratio their variabilities (expressed by the relative measure coefficient of variation), their skewnesses and kurtoses have been compared theoretically.With regard to variability, the harvest index exhibits a clear superiority (= smaller variability) compared to the grain/straw‐ratio. For skewness and kurtosis no such generally valid relationships exist. But, for the range of the empirically most relevant parameter values one obtains approximately equal numerical values for skewness as well as for kurtosis of harvest index and grain/straw‐ratio. Finally, the theoretical results and conclusions have been checked and applied to the experimental data sets from a field trial with ten European cultivars/lines of winter oilseed rape.
Autoecological Studies on Mottra (Clinogyne dichotomy Salisb)
Authors: Singha Roy A. K. , Saha B. C. , Saha D. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Clinogyne dichotoma, Salisb, belonging to the family Marantaceae, is a perennial crop with remarkable morphological characteristic. Present study on the anatomical features revealed their adaptability in waterlogged low‐lying marshy lands unsuitable for the cultivation of any other crop.
Performance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two Different Seeding Rates and Nitrogen Levels under Contrasting Environmental Conditions
Authors: Rüegger A. , Winzeler H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to obtain information about differences between spelt and wheat in relation to their performance under low‐input conditions. Two spelt varieties (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and two wheat varieties (Anna, Iend) were grown at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200; S2 = 400 kernels/m2) and two nitrogen levels (Nl = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha) at two contrasting locations (Muri; altitude 459 m asl; Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl). No growth regulators and fungicides were applied.The overall mean for the “husked” yield (grains and glumes) of spelt was not significantly different from the grain yield of wheat. At the higher site Oberwallestalden however, the “husked” yield of spelt was 10.5 % higher than the grain yield of wheat. Although the number of ears per m2 was higher at S2 than at S1, spelt and wheat produced a similar yield at both seeding rates (spelt: S1 = 96 % of S2; wheat: S1 = 95 % of S2) due to the higher single ear weight at S1.The reaction of spelt and wheat to nitrogen was similar. The yield was 10 % higher at N2 than at Nl for both species. The performance of spelt under low‐input conditions was better than for wheat in marginal areas for cereal production only.
Interaction of Late Season Foliar Spray of Urea and Fungicide Mixture in Wheat Production
Authors: Peltonen Jari 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrogen (N) fertilization with foliar urea and fungicide treatment at flag leaf emergence (GS 47) are common strategies to improve both grain yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mixing of urea and a fungicide, together, would save time in farm operations. In some cases, the effect of foliar sprayings of urea either alone or in combination with a fungicide may, however, give unexpected low response to grain yield and quality when compared to separate application of foliar urea and fungicide. This study was designated to provide more detailed information about the effects of late‐season spraying of urea (15 kg N ha−1 as an aqueous solution of 110 g l−1) alone or mixed with fungicide (propiconazole, 125 g ha−1) on the grain yield and grain protein content of spring wheat. To avoid foliar injury or phytotoxic effect of foliar spray of urea, mixing of urea with propiconazole in warm growing conditions should be avoided. In turn, during cool and rainy growing season, a mixture of these two chemicals is recommended in order to improve rapid absorbtion of both propiconazole and foliar urea. However, the genotypic differences were recorded in response to propiconazole and urea sprayings. The positive effects on cultivars of these chemicals were attributed to high leaf photosynthesis rate after propiconazole and foliar urea treatment and high leaf urease enzyme activity after foliar urea application.
Influence of Slight Shading, Sward Density and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Nutritive Value of Lolium multiflorumo Lam.
Authors: Isselstein J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a two year factorial field trial the influence of slight shading (daylight reduced by 27 %), row spacing (15 and 30 cm respectively) and N fertilization (60 and 120 kg* ha−1*cut−1 respectively) on yield and nutritive value of Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) was investigated. Three cuts were taken in the seeding year and four in the full harvest year. Shading reduced DM yield by 4 % at low and 16 % at high level of N fertilization. Higher amount of N fertilizer increased yield by 28 % without and 12 % with shading. Row spacing was of minor importance; on average wider spacing decreased yield by 9 %. Increasing N fertilization and shading had the same effects on nutritive value: crude protein (CP), nitrate content and protein/energy ratio (P/E) went up, whereas energy value (NEL) went down. Compared to the effects of shading or N fertilization, the influence of sward density on nutritive value was small. The effect of shading and high fertilization on nutritive value was similar in both years. However for vegetatively grown forage in the seeding year shading caused P/E values and nitrate contents too high for an adequate ruminant feeding which was already evident at low level of N fertilization; also increased supply of N fertilizer without shading deteriorated the nutritive value. On the other hand forage of the full harvest year (at reproductive stages) showed too high P/E values only in shaded and highly fertilized plots. Therefore N fertilization ought to be limited at periods when the grass only grows vegetatively and/or light intensity is low, like e.g. in autumn. None of the experimental treatments had any marked effect on the fibre content of the forage (ADF) in the seeding year; in the full harvest year, however, when plants grew reproductively, shading as well as higher N fertilization increased ADF content. There was no significant correlation between ADF and NEL for vegetatively grown plants but a close relation for plants which were at reproductive stages.
Zum Einfluß von Untersaaten zur Begrünung von Ackerbrachen auf die Vegetationsentwicklung und die Nitratdynamik
Authors: Von Boberfeld W. Opitz , Schultheiss U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe influence of undersown green manure crops for fallows – set‐aside land – in view of vegetation‐development and the dynamic of nitrateIn view of the establishment of rotational fallows ‐ set‐aside land ‐ as well as the bridging of the vegetation‐free winter period the suitability of different undersown grasses and legumes m winter cereals was investigated in field trials. Festuca rubra developed well in winter barley and winter wheat. The success of the cultivation of Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens in winter cereals is uncertain because of the risk of light and water deficiences. Dactylis glomerata caused an negative influence on the yield of the cover crop. During the fallow period only low levels of nitrate could be found in the soil. Under fallow tilled repeatedly complete fallow‐ a nitrate accumulation could be observed during the fallow period. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, nitrate concentrations ‐ depth 0–150 cm – increased to 60 kg NO3‐N · ha‐1 after the natural fallow without seeding, between 60 and 130 kg NO3‐N · ha‐1 after Trifolium and between 160 and 210 kg NO3‐N · ha‐1 after complete fallow. Lowest nitrate levels were observed from the grass‐sites. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to be the best choice in order to compete with weeds, to form a dense sod and to prevent nitrate leaching. In general a seed rate of 8 kg · ha‐1 can be recommended.
Berry and True Potato Seed Production in Relation to Nitrogen Fertilization*
Authors: Randhawa G. J. , Bhargava R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at the Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, in 1991 to ascertain the effect of nitrogen fertilization on berry and true potato seed production in two commercial cultivars. It was observed that the 100 seed weight of Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Lalima was significantly higher when higher doses of nitrogen (120 to 240 kg/ha) were applied. It was further found that 100 seed weight was not related to the berry size.
Interaction of Salinity and Temperature on the Germination of Sorghum
Authors: Esechie H. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effect of salinity × temperature interactions on the germination of sorghum. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Sorghum seeds were sown in petri dishes with saline solutions of varying concentrations (electrical conductivities of 0.01, 6.4, 12.2, 17.4, 22.6, 27.2, 32.1, and 37.2 dSm‐1) prepared with NaCl. The germination responses of the seeds were determined over a wide range of temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C) for a period of 8 days. Salinity × temperature interactions were highly significant at each counting date. Although, increased salinity resulted in decreased germination percentages, the detrimental effect of salinity was generally less severe at higher temperatures. Germination rate index, computed from germination counts taken every 2 days, was influenced by salinity and temperature in a similar pattern as final germination. Seed germination was more tolerant to salinity at germination temperatures of 30–40 °C than at 15–25 °C.
Effects of Temperature and Frost on Genotypes of Medicago truncatuh L. and Medicago aculeata L. from Contrasting Climatic Origins
Authors: Bounejmate M. , Loss S. P. , Robson A. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe growth of M. truncatula and M. aculeata genotypes collected from sites of contrasting altitudes and winter temperatures was compared under different temperature regimes. Genotypes collected from mild winter environments produced more shoot dry matter, had higher leaf area and lower specific leaf weight than those from cold environments; however these effects were largely related to seed size for M. aculeata. Only genotypes from mild environments were responsive to temperature.Frost tolerance of the genotypes was tested using a laboratory freezing test based on seedling survival. There was a relationship between frost tolerance and winter temperature at site of collection for M. aculeata, with the most frost tolerant genotypes coming from high altitudes. All genotypes of M. truncatula demonstrated low survival rates following frost damage. Genotypes from high altitudes represent a promising source for breeding for first tolerance with greater variation m M. aculeata than M. truncatula.
Identifizierung verschiedener Miscanthus‐Sorten mittels Isoenzymen
Authors: Von Wühlisch G. , Deuter M. , Muhs H.‐J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIdentification of Miscanthus Varieties by their IsozymesWith the aim of testing the possibility of identifying Miscanthus varieties, zymograms of 13 isozymes from 65 plants of M. smensis, M.×giganteus and M. sacchariflorus were analysed using starch‐gel electrophoresis. The zymograms of root, rhizome, and leaf tissues were compared. After similarity between the zymograms of the different types of tissues had been established, the tissue of young leaves was used for analysis. The zymograms of the different isozymes are variable in most cases and show as many as nine patterns. The large variation between the varieties allows an identification of each of the varieties analysed. About half of the plants could be attributed to M.×giganteus. In this group of plants, different variants were found in the isozymes of diaphorases and glutamate‐oxalacetate‐transammases. These variants might indicate that M.×giganteus includes more than one genotype. Some of the plants which were assumed to belong to M.×giganteus could clearly be excluded from this variety. Although some of the varieties can only be unequivocally identified by their flowers, it is possible to analyse the isozymes even in the dormant state of the rhizomes, thus, this method offers a simple way of identifymg Miscanthus varieties by the principle of exclusion, independent of the physiological state of the plant.
The Physiology of Seed Germination in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) Cultivar GG‐2. I. Effect of Seed Size
Authors: Trivedi M. L. , Bhatt P. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe seeds of groundnut cultivar GG‐2 were categorized according to their test weight (100 seed weight) as bold (58.2 g), medium (37.9 g), small (24.9 g), small wrinkled (13.4 g) and control (30.3 g) seed lot. The variation in their size and dimension was also taken into account. The overall germination percentage was high for medium size seeds and was closely followed by bold seeds. The performance of the small and small wrinkled seeds was comparable to that of control. The seed vigour was found to be higher with heavier seeds. Small seeds exhibited equally good performance in response to seed germination and growth of the seedling components. There were no significant differences for the development of hypocotyl, epicotyl and plumule.
The Relation between Stand Density and the Structure of Spring Rape (Brassica Napus L.)
Authors: Pahkala K. , Sankari H. , Ketoja E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relation between stand density and structure of spring rape (Brassica napus L.) was described with the aid of comprehensive measurements of structure. The structural components measured were plant height, stem diameter at root collar, site of the lowest pod on the main raceme, number of pods on the main raceme, site of the lowest branch on the main stem, number of primary branches and number of pods on the branches. The experiment was conducted at two nitrogen levels, 110 and 180 kg ha', and was replicated in 3 years, 1988, 1989 and 1990. Stand density was varied by using five different seeding rates and the number of plants m‐2 evaluated immediately prior to harvest was used to express the stand density. In the years considered, the densities varied between 16 and 520 plants m‐2. The relationship between plant density and rape plant structure was adequately described each year by a mukivariate second degree polynomial model. Varying the nitrogen application rate seemed to have no influence on this relationship. Denser plant stands produced thinner and shorter plants, the shortening occurring in the pod‐producing section of the main raceme. Further, with increasing stand density, the number of branches decreased as did the number of pods on the branches and on the main raceme. These changes in plant structure retarded at densities over 150—200 plants m‐2. This seems to be the minimum density that should be achieved in rape stands.
Phänotyp und Futterqualitat einschliefilich Konservierungseigenschaften bei Grasern
Authors: VON Boberfeld W. Opitz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPhenotype and forage value, including conservation properties, of grassesThe phenotype of grasses can be influenced by the date of harvest as well as by breeding programs. In contrast to dicotyledons, the stems of grasses are younger than the leaves, although the grass leaves are usually considered to have a higher nutritional value than the stems. In a field experiment, Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. gaudini (Parl.) Schinz et Kell. was grown as a model‐plant in order to study effects of ploidy‐level, N‐fertilization, stage of development, and growth time on the main aspects of nutritional value and conservation properties in relation to the phenotype.As regards the nutritional value, the interactions of ploidy × plant organ (=stem or leaf) and of ploidy × N‐input were not significant. Hence, the results for leaf and stem can be generahzed. Until the emergence of the inflorescence, EC 49, the stem showed a significant higher net energy content than the leaf; at later stages of development this relationship changed. The evaluation of the net energy content of leaf and stem was significantly influenced by the method of estimation. In vitro methods with rumen liquor may show the best approximation to the real value. The crude protein/energy ratio of the stem as compared to the leaf better meets the nutritional requirements of ruminants; on the other hand the leaf was more valuable than the stem in relation to the nitrate content, especially when the whole plant showed an increased nitrate level. The general relationship between the mineral content and the phenotype was not evident. The investigation indicated significant differences between stem and leaf in relation to their conservation properties. The leaf showed more favourable drying properties than the stem but ensilability was better for the stem than for the leaf. As a result of this investigation it is assumed that, in the past, the nutritional value of young stem has been underestimated whereas the value of the leaf has been overemphasized. This may also be due to the criteria and determination methods of the nutritional value.
Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.
Authors: Papakosta Despo K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMore detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum (Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha‐1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha‐1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha‐1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha‐1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.
A Dynamic Model for Water and Nitrogen Limited Growth in Spring Wheat to Predict Yield and Quality
Authors: Teittinen M. , Karvonen T. , Peltonen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnnual variation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and quality has caused problems for agronomic policy in northern regions. Yield prediction methods based on visual assessment of crop may be inaccurate as they are not based on quantitative data. The aim of this study was to develop a simple dynamic model, based on daily climatological data, enabling prediction of crop growth, and changes in crop yield, and grain protein concentration and starch quality. The model was built using field data collected in 1972–88. Spring wheat cultivars included in the study were Kadett and Ruso. The calibration of growth and Hagberg falling number (used as a measure of starch quality) sub‐models resulted in a highly significant positive correlation between measured and calculated values. The calibration of nitrogen sub‐models failed, however, with poor correlation between measured and calculated values. The model was tested against independent field data collected during 1989–90, and results correlated with calibration results. The yield predictions based on independent field data were accurate, and the same as or similar to field trial results. However, the independent Hata revealed flaws in soil‐water and Hagberg falling number sub‐models.
Response to Daylength in Oats: Pre‐Anthesis Development and Set of Spikelets and Florets
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDaylength ranges between 15 h and 22 h when oats are sown in Finland. This study evaluated the effect of 15‐h, 18‐h and 24‐h daylengths on apical development, pre‐anthesis growth, and spikelet and floret set in two oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.) adapted to northern growing conditions. Experiments were done in a growth chamber at 18°C.Increases in daylength shortened the period of apical development. The oat cultivars were especially responsive to increase in daylength from 15 h to 18 h. The increase in daylength resulted in a 45 % reduction in number of fertile florets and a slight increase in the proportion of incompletely development and stunted florets. Fertility of florets was most reduced on the lower primary and secondary branches of the panicle. Total number of leaves and phyllochron decreased as daylength increased. Moreover, the longer the day, the lower the number of green leaves per main stem until developmental stage 11. However, at pollination, oats exposed to 15‐h days had the lowest number of green leaves. Results of study indicated that delayed sowing, when associated with longer days at pre‐anthesis, hastened apical development and decreased yield potential in oats.