bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evidence for the spinal segmental innervation of bone
Authors: Ivanusic Jason J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDermatomes and myotomes are areas of skin and muscle, respectively, that are innervated by single spinal segmental nerves, and reflect a principle of organization that appears in just about every clinical textbook available today. The evidence for the existence of dermatomes and myotomes has a long and substantial history. A lesser known, but similar principle exists for the skeletal system. The term “sclerotome” was first used in the non‐embryological sense by Inman and Saunders ([1944] J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 99:660–667) to define a region of bone and periosteum that is innervated by a single spinal segment. It is used by clinicians in many healthcare settings to aid in the diagnosis and description of a variety of deep and/or skeletal tissue pathologies and pain syndromes. In this article, the evidence for the existence of the sclerotomes is described in detail. Early clinical studies that define the sclerotomes, evidence from studies of the development of skeletal innervation, and the contributions of anatomical and physiological investigations are explored. It is suggested that there is in fact little direct evidence for the existence of discrete spinal segmental innervation patterns for the skeleton. Clin. Anat. 20:956–960, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic variation of the spinal origins of lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Authors: Lee Kyu‐Seok 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLateral and medial pectoral nerves are distributed to the pectoralis major and minor muscles. The purpose of this study was to identify the spinal origins of lateral and medial pectoral nerves and to evaluate the participating amounts of each spinal nerve composing both pectoral nerves. Two types of spinal origins appeared in lateral pectoral nerves. The first type was composed of nerve fibers from C5, C6, and C7 with a frequency of 50.0% and the second type was composed of nerve fibers from C6 and C7 at a frequency of 50.0%. Regarding the average participating diameter to the lateral pectoral nerve, C7 was the thickest with a value of 1.60 ± 0.35 mm (mean ± SD), next was C6 at 0.83 ± 0.18 mm, and C5 was the third at 0.42 ± 0.24 mm. Three types of spinal origin appeared in the medial pectoral nerve. The first type was comprised of nerve fibers from C8 and T1 in 73.3% of cases. The second type was comprised of C8 only in 23.4% of cases, and the third type was comprised of T1 only in 3.3% of cases. The average participating diameter was 0.71 ± 0.22 mm from C8 and 0.52 ± 0.17 mm from T1. These results show that the spinal origins of the both pectoral nerves were various. Participating amounts of the lateral pectoral nerve appeared sequentially in the order of C7, C6, and C5. In the medial pectoral nerve, C8 participated more amounts than T1. Clin. Anat. 20:915–918, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The meningo‐orbital foramen in a Scottish population
Authors: O'Brien Alexandra , McDonald Stuart W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe meningo‐orbital foramen is a small opening in the orbit lateral to the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure. It is widely reported to contain an orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery. The foramen may be single or multiple and may occur in the posterosuperior part of the lateral orbital wall or in the posterolateral part of the orbital roof. There is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether foramina occurring in the orbital roof are the same entity as those occurring in the lateral wall. The disposition of the lesser wing of the sphenoid at the anterior limit of the middle cranial fossa makes it difficult to see how a foramen communicating with the anterior cranial fossa could transmit a branch of the middle meningeal artery. Our study contained 16 meningo‐orbital foramina in the orbital roof that would transmit a fine probe. Fourteen of these passed into canals that tracked posteriorly in the bone to open into the middle cranial fossa close to the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure. The other two of these foramina communicated with the anterior cranial fossa and both were associated with a more posterior foramen that communicated with the middle cranial fossa. We hope this study clarifies an issue with relevance to surgery in the anterior cranial fossa. Clin. Anat. 20:880–885, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specificity Fingerprinting of Retaining β‐1,4‐Glycanases in theCellulomonas fimiSecretome Using Two Fluorescent Mechanism‐Based Probes
Authors: Hekmat Omid , Florizone Christine , Kim Young‐Wan , Eltis Lindsay D. , Warren R. Antony J. , Withers Stephen G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFunctional proteomics methods are crucial for activity‐ and mechanism‐based investigation of enzymes in biological systems at a post‐translational stage. Glycosidases have central roles in cellular metabolism and its regulation, and their dysfunction can have detrimental effects. These enzymes also play key roles in biomass conversion. A functional profiling methodology was developed for direct, fluorescence‐based, in‐gel analysis of retaining β‐glycosidases. Two spectrally nonoverlapping fluorescent, mechanism‐based probes containing different recognition elements for retaining cellulases and xylanases were prepared. The specificity‐based covalent labelling of retaining glycanases by the two probes was demonstrated in model enzyme mixtures. Using the two probes and mass spectrometry, the secretomes of the biomass‐converting bacteriumCellulomonas fimi, under induction by different polyglycan growth substrates, were analysed to obtain a specificity profile of theC. fimiretaining β‐glycanases. This is a facile strategy for the analysis of glycosidases produced by biomass‐degrading organisms.
Ambiphilic Diphosphine–Borane Ligands: Metal→Borane Interactions within Isoelectronic Complexes of Rhodium, Platinum and Palladium
Authors: Bontemps Sébastien , Sircoglou Marie , Bouhadir Ghenwa , Puschmann Horst , Howard Judith A. K. , Dyer Philip W. , Miqueu Karinne , Bourissou Didier 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCoordination of an ambiphilic diphosphine–borane (DPB) ligand to the RhCl(CO) fragment affords two isomeric complexes. According to X‐ray diffraction analysis, each complex adopts a square‐pyramidal geometry with trans coordination of the two phosphine buttresses and axial RhB contacts, but the two differ in the relative orientations around the rhodium and boron centres. DFT calculations on the actual complexes provide insight into the influence of the π‐accepting CO co‐ligand, compared with previously reported complexes [Rh(μ‐Cl)(dpb)]2 and [RhCl(dmap)(dpb)]. In addition, comparison of the $\tilde \nu $(CO) frequency of [RhCl(CO)(dpb)] with that of the related borane‐free complex [RhCl(CO)(iPr2PPh)2] substantiates the significant electron‐withdrawing effect that the σ‐accepting borane moiety exerts on the metal. Valence isoelectronic [PtCl2(dpb)] and [PdCl2(dpb)] complexes have also been prepared and characterized spectroscopically and structurally. The pronounced influence of the transition metal on the magnitude of the M→B interaction is highlighted by geometric considerations and NBO analyses.
Solubilizing Sodium Fluoride in Acetonitrile: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Complexation Behavior of Bis(organostannyl)methyl‐Substituted Crown Ethers
Authors: Reeske Gregor , Bradtmöller Gerrit , Schürmann Markus , Jurkschat Klaus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of the crown‐ether‐substituted bis(organostannyl)methanes Ph3SnCH2Sn(Ph2)‐CH2‐[16]crown‐5 (1) and Ph2ISnCH2Sn(I)(Ph)‐CH2‐[16]crown‐5 (2) is reported. Both compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, 1H, 13C, 19F, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of compound 2 also by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed for the aqua complex 2⋅H2O trigonal–bipyramidal‐configured tin atoms with intramolecular Sn(1)O(1) and Sn(2)O(1W) distances of 2.555(2) and 2.440(3) Å, respectively. The water molecule is trapped in a sandwich‐like fashion between the crown ether oxygen atoms O(2) and O(4) and the Sn(2) atom. NMR spectroscopy unambiguously proved the ability of compound 2 in acetonitrile to overcome the high lattice energy of sodium fluoride and to complex the latter under charge separation.
Multifunctional “Clickates” as Versatile Extended Heteroaromatic Building Blocks: Efficient Synthesis via Click Chemistry, Conformational Preferences, and Metal Coordination
Authors: Meudtner Robert M. , Ostermeier Marc , Goddard Richard , Limberg Christian , Hecht Stefan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractClick chemistry has been utilized to access 2,6‐bis(1‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridines (BTPs) as versatile extended heteroaromatic building blocks for their exploitation in supramolecular chemistry, in particular foldamer and ligand design. In addition to their high‐yielding synthesis using CuI‐catalyzed Huisgen‐type 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions the formed triazole moieties constitute an integral part of the BTP framework and encode both its pronounced conformational preferences as well as its chelating ability. A diverse set of symmetrical and non‐symmetrical BTPs carrying electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents at both terminal aryl and the central pyridine moieties has efficiently been synthesized and could furthermore readily be postfunctionalized with amphiphilic side chains and porphyrin chromophores. In both solution and solid state, the BTP scaffold adopts a highly conserved horseshoe‐like anti–anti conformation. Upon protonation or metal coordination, the BTP scaffold switches to the chelating syn–syn conformation. Iron and europium complexes have been prepared, successfully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, and investigated with regard to their spin state and luminescent properties. The extended heteroaromatic BTP scaffold should prove useful for the design of responsive foldamer backbones and the preparation of new magnetic and emissive materials.
Tautomerism in Novel Oxocorrologens
Authors: Xie Yongshu , Hill Jonathan P. , Schumacher Amy Lea , Karr Paul A. , D'Souza Francis , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K. , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel corrole‐type macrocycle, oxocorrologen (2), substituted with hemiquinone groups, has been synthesized. It was found to undergo multiple tautomerism of its exchangeable protons between electronegative atom sites at the macrocyclic core (nitrogen atoms) and periphery (phenol oxygen atoms). Alkylation at one macrocyclic nitrogen atom with a 4‐nitrobenzyl group gave 3, which can exist in only two tautomeric forms depending on the solvent. Tautomerism has been studied by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures. Tautomer structure assignments have been supported by DFT calculations of the relative energies of the tautomers. X‐ray crystallography of the N‐nitrobenzyl derivative has revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonding may be responsible for stabilizing the observed tautomers. The solvent dependence of the tautomerism of 2 and 3 confers solvatochromism. Electrochemical measurements on 2 and 3 in their respective quinone forms have revealed irreversible processes, but indicate that they are both electron‐deficient with a small HOMO–LUMO gap and first reduction potentials close to those of fullerene electron acceptors.
Molecules that Target beta‐Amyloid
Authors: Stains Cliff I. , Mondal Kalyani , Ghosh Indraneel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe devastating effects of Alzheimer’s and related amyloidogenic diseases have inspired the synthesis and evaluation of numerous ligands to understand the molecular mechanism of the aggregation of the beta‐amyloid peptide. Our review focuses on the current knowledge in this field with respect to molecules that have been demonstrated to interact with either oligomeric or fibrillar forms of the beta‐amyloid peptide. We describe natural proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, and small molecules that have been found to interfere with beta‐amyloid aggregation. We also detail recent efforts in selecting molecules that target beta‐amyloid isolated from antibody, protein, and peptide libraries. These new molecules will likely aid in deciphering the details of the aggregation pathway for the beta‐amyloid peptide and provide reagents that may stabilize relevant oligomeric intermediates which likely have bearing on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, the described anti‐amyloid molecular toolbox will also provide an avenue for designing new diagnostic and therapeutic reagents.
Analysis of System Structure–Function Relationships
Authors: Fliri Anton F. , Loging William T. , Volkmann Robert A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPreclinical pharmacology studies conducted with experimental medicines currently focus on assessments of drug effects attributed to a drug's putative mechanism of action. The high failure rate of medicines in clinical trials, however, underscores that the information gathered from these studies is insufficient for forecasting drug effect profiles actually observed in patients. Improving drug effect predictions and increasing success rates of new medicines in clinical trials are some of the key challenges currently faced by the pharmaceutical industry. Addressing these challenges requires development of new methods for capturing and comparing “system‐wide” structure–effect information for medicines at the cellular and organism levels. The current investigation describes a strategy for moving in this direction by using six different descriptor sets for examining the relationship between molecular structure and broad effect information of 1064 medicines at the cellular and the organism level. To compare broad drug effect information between different medicines, information spectra for each of the 1064 medicines were created, and the similarity between information spectra was determined through hierarchical clustering. The structure–effect relationships ascertained through these comparisons indicate that information spectra similarity obtained through preclinical ligand binding experiments using a model proteome provide useful estimates for the broad drug effect profiles of these 1064 medicines in organisms. This premise is illustrated using the ligand binding profiles of selected medicines in the dataset as biomarkers for forecasting system‐wide effect observations of medicines that were not included in the incipient 1064‐medicine analysis.
Viable germ cell tumor at postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Authors: Spiess Philippe E. , Tannir Nizar M. , Tu Shi‐Ming , Brown Gordon A. , Liu Ping , Kamat Ashish M. , Wood Christopher G. , Evans James G. , Pisters Louis L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Patients with viable tumor at time of postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC‐RPLND) are at an increased risk of disease progression. The objective of the current study was to determine the clinical variables that predict this adverse outcome.METHODS.Between 1980 and 2003, 236 patients with testicular cancer underwent PC‐RPLND, 41 of whom (17%) were found to have viable tumor. The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients' medical records for pertinent clinical and treatment‐related outcomes. At a median follow‐up of 3.9 years, 18 patients (44%) had developed disease recurrence and 12 patients (29%) had died of disease.RESULTS.The group of patients who developed postoperative disease recurrence had a larger median dimension of the retroperitoneal mass (7.0 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively;P= .03). The use of adjuvant chemotherapy after PC‐RPLND was less common in those patients developing postoperative disease recurrence (P= .06). On multivariate analysis, patients classified as being at intermediate or poor risk according to the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification (IGCCC) had a poorer recurrence‐free survival (P= .006 andP= .07, respectively). On multivariate analysis, predictors of disease‐specific survival (DSS) included an elevated α–fetoprotein (AFP) level before PC‐RPLND (P= .003) and postoperative disease recurrence (P= .02). A serum AFP level >5.3 ng/mL before PC‐RPLND was found to be predictive of a poorer DSS (P= .0007).CONCLUSIONS.Patients with viable tumor at the time of PC‐RPLND are at an increased risk of disease progression. Clinical variables including classification as intermediate or poor IGCCC risk, a preoperative serum AFP level >5.3 ng/mL, and postoperative disease recurrence help to better define those patients who are at risk of future adverse outcomes. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Potential cure of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yanada Masamitsu , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Borthakur Gautam , Ravandi Farhad , Kantarjian Hagop , Estey Elihu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Potential cure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is now a widely accepted idea, but it is uncertain whether there is heterogeneity in the failure rate in patients once they have been in complete remission (CR) for various periods of time.METHODS.The long‐term outcomes were analyzed in 1069 consecutive AML patients in first CR who were diagnosed and treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1991 and 2003.RESULTS.The failure rates as yearly risk of treatment failure were 69.1 in the first year, 37.7 in the second year, 17.0 in the third year, 7.6 in the fourth year, and 6.6 in the fifth year, suggesting that 3 years from the CR date is a convenient time to consider patients potentially cured. The effect of cytogenetics on relapse‐free survival (RFS) remained constant throughout the first 3 years, whereas the effect of age increased with time. The probability of RFS for patients alive without disease recurrence at 3 years was 84.0% at 6 years. When the interaction between age and cytogenetics was examined for these patients, the outcomes of those with favorable cytogenetics were found to be excellent regardless of age. However, in the intermediate cytogenetic group, although patients aged <60 years had excellent outcomes, those aged ≥60 years were found to be at a substantial risk of disease recurrence even after 3 years of CR, with a 6‐year RFS rate of 56.5%. There were only 6 patients with adverse cytogenetics in this cohort.CONCLUSIONS.The results of the current study demonstrate that the risk of treatment failure differs over time according to a combination of cytogenetics and age. Cancer 2007. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c‐MET in skull base chordoma
Authors: Naka Takahiko , Kuester Doerthe , Boltze Carsten , Scheil‐Bertram Stefanie , Samii Amir , Herold Christian , Ostertag Helmut , Krueger Sabine , Roessner Albert 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multipotent cytokine that is mediated by its receptor, c‐MET. HGF/c‐MET contributes to tumor progression in many human malignancies; however, HGF/c‐MET is inversely correlated with aggressive biologic behavior in other cancers. Conversely, to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the significance of HGF/c‐MET expression in skull base chordoma.METHODS.Using immunohistochemical techniques, the authors investigated HGF/c‐MET expression in 46 primary and 25 recurrent lesions, and compared it with the expression of proteinases and cell differentiation markers, proliferative ability, and other clinicopathologic parameters.RESULTS.c‐MET was found to be expressed in 70.0% of primary and 88.0% of recurrent lesions. HGF expression was scarcely detected. Higher c‐MET expression was found to be correlated with younger patient age. Lesions with a higher expression of low molecular weight cytokeratin (CAM5.2) demonstrated significantly higher c‐MET scores in both primary and recurrent lesions compared with those with lower CAM5.2 expression. In recurrent lesions, higher c‐MET expression was found to be associated with the scores of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, MMP‐2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA); however, only uPA was found to be correlated with higher c‐MET expression in primary lesions. c‐MET expression did not appear to be correlated with MIB‐1 labeling index. Patients with higher c‐MET expression were found to have longer survival.CONCLUSIONS.In the current study, c‐MET expression was a common event, and was found to be correlated with CAM5.2 expression, younger patient age, and a favorable prognosis in patients with skull base chordoma. However, HGF/c‐MET paracrine signaling also may contribute to its invasive ability, especially in recurrent lesions. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Regulated expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and associated proteins in teleost electrosensory system and telencephalon
Authors: Harvey‐Girard Erik , Dunn Robert J. , Maler Len 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSeveral types of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent synaptic plasticity are characterized by differences in polarity, induction parameters, and duration, which depend on the interactions of NMDARs with intracellular synaptic and signaling proteins. Here, we examine the NMDAR signaling components in the brain of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Compared with mammalian orthologs, high levels of sequence conservation for known functional sites in both NMDAR subunits (NR1, NR2A–C) and signaling proteins (fyn tyrosine kinase, RasGRF‐1 and ‐2) were found. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that, similar to the case in the adult mammal brain, NR2A and NR2B are expressed at moderate levels in most brain regions and at very high levels in the dorsal telencephalon. RasGRF‐1 and fyn have a similar distribution and appear to be coexpressed with NR2B in telencephalic regions known to support learning and long‐term memory. Both NR2A and NR2B are highly expressed in pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) known to exhibit the short‐term synaptic plasticity that underlies adaptive feedback cancellation of redundant sensory input. In contrast, nonplastic pyramidal cells expressed only the NR2A subunit. Furthermore, field recordings show that ifenprodil‐sensitive NR2B‐containing NMDARs predominate for the plastic feedback input to ELL pyramidal cells. However, RasGRF‐1 and fyn are expressed only at low levels in a subset of these pyramidal cells. Our data suggest that NMDAR functions are highly conserved between fish and mammals and that synaptic plasticity dynamics in different brain regions are related to the expression patterns of the synaptic signaling proteins interacting with NMDARs. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:644–668, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.