bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses' Care During labor: Its Effect on the Cesarean Birth Rate of Healthy, Nulliparous Women
Authors: Radin Tari G. , Harmon Judith S. , Hanson Dorothy A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis retrospective study was designed to determine the influence of nurses' care during labor and delivery on the cesarean birth rate of healthy, nulliparous women. Labor and delivery nurses in a large, nonprofit hospital were grouped according to the cesarean birth rates of their healthy, nulliparous patients in spontaneous labor. Large differences in cesarean birth rates between nurses in the lowest quintile (near 4.9%) and the highest quintile (near 19%) were not explained by differences in maternal age and gravidity, attendance of mother at childbirth class, insurance status, reliance on public assistance, physician who attended labor, use of epidural anesthesia, augmentation of labor, dilation when the nurse assumed care, infant weight, or gestational age. In multivariate analysis, the elapsed time between when the nurse assumed care and birth was significantly shorter for patients of nurses in the lowest quintile of cesarean birth rate (4.4 hrs) compared with patients of nurses in the highest quintile (5.6 hrs). The former were also less likely to have forceps used to assist vaginal delivery than the latter (13% vs 26%). Nurses in the lowest quintile of cesarean birth rates were more likely to use a form to record psychosocial data than nurses in the highest quintile (35% vs 15%). The study suggests that nurses' care during labor is an important factor influencing cesarean birth rates.
Satisfaction with Childbirth: Theories and Methods of Measurement
Authors: Bramadat Ina J. , Driedger Mary 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies of women's birth experience emphasized the difficulty in evaluating satisfaction with the event. The first study used a quantitative, direct measure of satisfaction in which 91 postpartum women rated their satisfaction with labor and delivery overall and with different aspects of the experience. The second was a qualitative study that examined conceptual issues of women's satisfaction with childbirth using semistructured interviews with nine postpartum women. Content analysis was used to identify themes and categories that contributed to understanding why some women are satisfied and others dissatisfied with the birth experience. Both studies found support for a discrepancy theory of satisfaction. This paper discusses methodologic issues involved in measuring satisfaction with childbirth.
Does Breastfeeding Empower Women? Insights from a Select Group of Educated, Low‐Income, Minority Women
Authors: Locklin Maryanne P. , Naber Sarah J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA grounded theory study examined the breastfeeding experiences of a small group of educated, low‐income, minority women. In‐depth interviews were used to collect data. The five themes that emerged as primary descriptors of the experience were against all odds, personal motivation, support, attachment, and telling the world. These themes help to identify the factors that enhanced successful breastfeeding among this select sample of women, and demonstrate that the perception of successful breastfeeding can have an empowering effect on women.
Nausea and Fatigue During Early Pregnancy
Authors: van Lier Donna , Manteuffel Brigitte , Dilorio Colleen , Stalcup Marsha 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:Nausea and fatigue are uncomfortable, sometimes almost debilitating, symptoms of pregnancy. Anecdotally, fatigue seems worse as nausea increases. This descriptive correlational study investigated the relationship between nausea and fatigue during early pregnancy. Fifty‐one women who received prenatal care at two obstetrics and gynecology nurse‐midwifery practices in a large metropolitan area participated. Each women completed a nausea questionnaire, the Pearson‐Byars fatigue feeling checklist, and a demographic data sheet at her first or second prenatal visit. Participants were at less than 17 weeks' gestation; 43 percent were pregnant for the first time, and48 percent reported nausea at the time they completed the questionnaire. Women with severe nausea had higher levels of fatigue than those with no or mild and moderate nausea. Severity of nausea and level of fatigue were positively correlated, indicating that as nausea increased so did the severity of fatigue.
Maternal‐Fetal Attachment and Perceived Relationships With Important Others in Adolescents
Authors: Wayland Jan , Tate Starla 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTWe examined associations between maternal‐fetal attachment and the pregnant adolescent's perceived relationships with her mother and the baby's father. Questionnaires were administered in health department prenatal clinics to a sample of 61 Mexican‐American, African‐American, and Caucasian adolescents at 13 to 40 weeks' gestation. Each woman completed Cranley's maternal‐fetal attachment scale (MFAS), an investigator‐developed relationship with mother scale and a survey instrument that assessed living situation, perceptions of the relationship with the baby's father, and standard demographic variables. Scores on the MFAS significantly correlated with the adolescent's perceived close relationships with her mother and the baby's father, frequency of contact with the baby's father, gestation, and marital status. Mexican‐American adolescents scored significantly lower on the MFAS than Caucasian adolescents. The scale needs further testing in multiethnic groups of adults and adolescents.
Do Cabbage Leaves Prevent Breast Engorgement? A Randomized, Controlled Study
Authors: Nikodem V. Cheryl , Danziger Donna , Gebka Nicky , Gulmezoglu A. Metin , Hofmeyr G. Justus 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT A randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of cabbage leaves on mothers' perceptions of breast engorgement and the influence of this treatment on breastfeeding practices. The subjects, 120 breastfeeding women 72 hours postpartum, were randomly allocated to an experimental group who received application of cabbage leaves to their breasts, or to a control group who received routine care. The experimental group tended to report less breast engorgement, but this trend was not statistically significant. At six weeks, women who received the cabbage leaf application were more likely to be breastfeeding exclusively, 76 and 58 percent (35/46 us 29/50; P =0.09), and their mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was longer (36 us 30 days; P =0.04). The greater breastfeeding success in the experimental group may have been due to some beneficial effect of cabbage leaf application, or may have been secondary to reassurance and improved confidence and self‐esteem in these mothers.
Expectations and Experiences of Pain in Labor: Findings from a Large Prospective Study
Authors: Green Josephine M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTData on expectations and experiences of pain in labor are presented from a prospective study of over 700 women who gave birth in six maternity units in southeast England. Most women preferred to keep drug use to a minimum, even though they expected labor to be “quite” or “very” painful. The ideal of avoiding drugs was unrelated to education or social class. Women who preferred to avoid drugs were more likely to do so, and were more satisfied with the birth overall than women who used drugs. In general, women tended to get what they expected. Breathing and relaxation exercises were widely used, and were most successful for those who had expected them to be so. Anxiety about the pain of labor was a strong predictor of negative experiences during labor, lack of satisfaction with the birth, and poor emotional well‐being postnatally.
Controversies in Maternity Care: Where Do Physicians, Nurses, and Midwives Stand?
Authors: Blais Régis , Lambert Jean , Maheux Brigitte , Loiselle Jacinthe , Gauthier Nathalie , Framarin Alicia 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:Through a mail survey in 1991, we compared the opinions of 597 physicians practicing obstetrics, 723 maternity care nurses, and 70 midwives from the province of Quebec, Canada, about selected maternity care issues, including the practice of midwifery. Results showed that divergent points of view existed between and within the three groups on many maternity care issues. Physicians were more divided over the routine use of obstetric intervention than the approach to care or their opinion about midwives. Midwives held more client‐centered and less interventionist attitudes than nurses or physicians. Nurses were much more open to midwives than physicians, but 20 to 30 percent of physicians saw some advantages in legalizing the practice of midwifery. Physicians and nurses generally considered midwives as a greater professional threat to the other group than to themselves. The fact that many physicians were critical of current maternity care is difjcult to reconcile with their general opposition to midwives. How and to what extent physicians will respond to women's desire for more humanized and less interventionist care remains an open question. Given the problems facing maternity care in North America, expanding midwifery services is an alternative to examine seriously. (BIRTH 21:2, June 1994)
Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Synopsis
Authors: Enkin Murray W. , Keirse Marc J.N.C. , Renfrew Mary J. , Neilson James P. 
Published: April 2007

PREAMBLE: Evidence about the effects of care practices is not a sufficient guide to the most appropriate care. Those who provide care, who receive care, who advocate care, or who pay for care must choose on the basis of many factors: personal experience, personal preference, personal values, availability of resources and facilities, and a myriad of other considerations, among which knowledge of the effects of care is certainly important. This knowledge is essential for choices to be properly informed.The most reliable evidence about the effects of care is provided by randomized controlled trials. Unfortunately, this evidence is not readily accessible. It is scattered through a large number of journals throughout the world, and is hidden among a mass of weak, inadequate, and sometimes frankly misleading studies. Those who wish to use all the valid evidence must rely on properly prepared, up‐to‐date, systematic reviews. The Cochrane Collaboration has taken on the task of preparing, maintaining, and disseminating reviews of randomized trials of health care, published electronically as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The reviews are provided by a number of Collaborative Review Groups, and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database is the first specialty database to appear. It is regularly updated to incorporate data that have become available since the previous issue. The recommendations in the tables that follow are reprinted from the second edition of A Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. They are based on evidence from the two‐volume work, Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, updated by the current (at the time of going to press) disk issue of The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database.
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding: A Summary of the Rationale and Scientific Evidence
Authors: Saadeh Randa , Akré James 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:bAmple evidence is available on the impact of health care practices and hospital routines and procedures on breastfeeding. Good practices enhance successful initiation and establishment of breastfeeding and contribute to increased duration, just as inappropriate practices, and failure to support and encourage mothers, have the opposite effect. In 1991 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly launched the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative, which aims to give every baby the best start in life by ensuring a health care environment where breastfeeding is the norm. The initiative is based on the principles summarized in a joint statement issued by the two organizations in 1989 on the role of maternity services in protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding. To become truly baby‐friendly, hospitals and maternity wards around the world are giving practical effect to the principles described in the joint WHO/UNICEF statement that have been synthesized into Ten Steps To Successful Breastfeeding. This summary of the rationale and scientific basis for the Ten Steps is presented in the light of cumulative experience demonstrating the crucial importance of these principles for the successful initiation and establishment of breastfeeding.
A Comparison of Topical Agents to Relieve Nipple Pain and Enhance Breastfeeding
Authors: Pugh Linda C. , Buchko Barbara L. , Bishop Beverly A. , Cochran Janet F. , Smith LuAnn R. , Lerew Donna J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: Nipple soreness is one reason why breastfeeding women wean their infants. This study examined the effectiveness of three topical agents—USP‐modified lanolin, warm water compresses, and expressed breast milk with air drying—in alleviating nipple pain, and if early predictors of breastfeeding at six weeks could be determined.Methods:One hundred seventy‐seven breastfeeding, primiparous women were randomly assigned to one of four groups. All women received education about breastfeeding technique. Numeric rating scales were used to discriminate levels of pain intensity, pain affect, and strength of sucking on day 1. Participants were interviewed by telephone on postpartum days 4, 7, and 14, and during week 6 using the same scales.Results:No significant differences were found among groups for pain intensity, pain affect, or duration of breastfeeding. Results of a logistic regression indicated that older mothers and those who were exclusively breastfeeding (no supplemental feeding) were most likely to be breastfeeding six weeks postpartum. Raw scores supported the use of warm compresses.Conclusion:Further investigation is required into ways of supporting young mothers and how caregivers provide support to breastfeeding mothers in the early weeks after childbirth.
The Effect of Discharge Pack Formula and Breast Pumps on Breastfeeding Duration and Choice of Infant Feeding Method
Authors: Campbell Bliss Mary , Wilkie Joy , Acredolo Curt , Berman Susan , Phillips Tebb Kathleen 
Published: April 2007

Background: A study of breastfeeding mothers was conducted from October 1993 through July 1994 in the western United States to determine the influence of components of hospital discharge packs on the duration of breastfeeding.Method: On discharge from the hospital, over 1600 breastfeeding mothers were given one of four free discharge packs, identical in all ways except that one contained a can of powdered formula, one a manual breast pump, one both formula and pump, and one neither. During the following 6 months, mothers were interviewed by telephone three times by an independent research firm to determine how and what they were feeding their infants. Analysis of the independent and interactive effects of both formula and pump was performed, and the moderating effects of age, ethnicity, marital and insurance status, prebirth feeding plan, and the effect of returning to outside employment or school were examined.Results: Across the entire sample, the contents of the discharge packs had a negligible effect on feeding method and breastfeeding duration. Examination of select subgroups revealed modest discharge pack effects, wherein the presence of discharge pack formula increased the likelihood of introducing supplementation during the first 6 weeks whereas receipt of pumps prolonged full breastfeeding. Even in these select groups, however, no effect was observed on the overall duration of breastfeeding.Conclusion: Relative to other known influences on the choice of feeding method and on breastfeeding duration, discharge pack contents do not merit great concern. (BIRTH 24:2, June 1997)
Depression After Childbirth: The Views of Medical Students and Women Compared
Authors: Small Rhonda , Johnston Vanessa , Orr Annabel 
Published: April 2007

Background: Little research has been conducted on the views of health professionals about women's experiences of depression after childbirth. This study compared the views held by undergraduate medical students about postnatal depression with those of women who had themselves experienced it.Methods: Fourth‐ and sixth‐year medical students at one Australian university were surveyed (n =134). Their views about prevalence, duration, contributing factors, and advice for dealing with postnatal depression were compared with the findings from 60 women in a population‐based study of mothers who gave birth in Victoria in 1989, in which women scoring as depressed 8 to 9 months after birth on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were interviewed 12 to 18 months later about their experiences of depression and their advice to other mothers.Results: Women's and students' views differed markedly, with students much more likely to view hormonal and biologic factors and a “tendency to depression” as playing an important role than women who identified a wide range of social, physical health, and life event factors as contributing to their experience of depression. Fourth‐year students tended to overestimate the prevalence of depression and sixth‐year students to underestimate it. Both groups underestimated the duration of depression compared with women's actual experiences.Conclusion: Medical students need to develop a broader understanding of maternal depression after the birth of a baby, and women's own views of the experience can and should make an important contribution to medical teaching on this topic. (BIRTH 24:2, June 1997)
Breastfeeding and the Use of Pacifiers
Authors: Righard Lennart , Alade Margaret O. 
Published: April 2007

Background: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that incorrect sucking technique and pacifier use are factors contributing to breastfeeding failure.Method: The nursing patterns of 82 exclusively breastfeeding mother‐infant pairs were observed 4 to 5 days postpartum on the maternity ward at University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden. The breastfeeding outcome and pacifier use was assessed by regular telephone contacts during a 4‐month follow‐up.Results: The breastfeeding rate at 4 months was 91 percent in the nonpacifier group and 44 percent in the pacifier group (p =0.03). An incorrect superficial nipple‐sucking technique at the breast from the start combined with pacifier use resulted in early weaning in most cases.Conclusion: To promote successful breastfeeding and to reduce nursing problems, an incorrect sucking technique should be prevented or corrected, and the use of pacifiers should be avoided or restricted. (BIRTH 24:2, June 1997)
KN‐62: A Specific Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor as a Putative Function‐searching Probe for Intracellular Signal Transduction
Authors: Hidaka Hiroyoshi , Okazaki Katsuo 
Published: April 2007

The relationship between changes in intracellular free calcium concentration (Cai2+) and cell functions is becoming more clear, since it has become possible to measure Cai2+ in a living cell. There are, however, still unsolved questions concerning the role of Ca2+ in cellular signal transmission. It is not easy to relate Ca2+ signalling to the functions of a living cell. It is possible to control the amount of Ca2+ using calcium channel blockers, but it is still almost impossible to elucidate the relationship between Ca2+ and cellular functions by controlling Ca2+ signalling.One approach to solving this problem is to develop and use protein kinase inhibitors. Inhibitors specific to Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein phosphorylation, which is one of the important network systems of the Ca2+ signalling, attract interest among many researchers. The substances that can control Ca2+ signalling include: 1) calcium channel blockers, 2) calmodulin antagonists, and 3) Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Each substance has a different site of action.In this article, the action of KN‐62, an inhibitor specific for Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinases (CaM kinases) will be described.
Longterm oculomotor and visual function in spina bifida cystica: a population‐based study
Authors: Caines Elizabeth , Dahl Margareta , Holmström Gerd 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To document and describe the development from birth of visual and oculomotor functions in a group of children with spina bifida cystica (myelomeningocele and myeloschisis [MMC]). The emphasis in this study is on findings at 12–14 year follow‐up.Methods:  Twenty children aged 12–14 years with myelomeningocele and Chiari‐related malformations were examined by an orthoptist and a paediatric ophthalmologist. A further child who did not wish to participate actively in the study is also reported. Visual acuity for near and distance, refractometer readings in cycloplegia, the presence of ocular motility disorders and nystagmus were recorded. Accommodation, convergence, colour vision and stereo acuity were assessed and the fundus and media were examined.Results:  Six children (29%) in the study group had subnormal vision, although no child was visually impaired. Eleven (52%) showed manifest strabismus and 17 (81%) had a significant refractive error. Near visual acuity was normal in nearly all the children, but accommodation was defective in 10. Nine children had nystagmus and two had optic atrophy. No visual field defects were found.Conclusions:  The high incidence of ocular disturbances in children with spina bifida highlights the importance of regular ophthalmological investigation and follow‐up.