bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacognition, Metalanguage and Metapragmatics
Authors: Gombert Jean Emile 
Published: September 2007

In this article, the author briefly reports John Flavell's analysis of metacognition. By attempting to integrate metalinguistic activities into this analysis, the author brings to light several interesting characteristics of the field of metalinguistics and its current state of research.Firstly, it appears that, unlike other meta‐abilities, the metalinguistic abilities are defined in terms of their objects. On this basis, metalinguistic activities are at least partially independent of other metacognitive activities.Secondly, it appears that the position of metapragmatics in relation to metalinguistics is in need of greater clarification. In particular, it seems necessary to draw a distinction between metapragmatic knowledge and metapragmatic experience. The fact that this distinction is not usually made contributes to the heterogeneity of this field of study and gives rise to fruitless controversy.Finally, the analysis reveals that the manipulation of writing mobilises aspects of metalinguistic knowledge which are not mobilised spontaneously through speech. The study of where this knowledge is positioned and of the cognitive burden its manipulation represents at various levels of reading and writing ability has yet to be developed.
“Hot” and “Cold”: Classification and Sorting Among the Yupno of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wassmann Jürg , Dasen Pierre R. 
Published: September 2007

The authors advocate a combination of ethnographic and psychological methods: Cognitive processes and the social distribution of knowledge are to be studied not only through the collective representations derived from interviews with key informants, but through behaviour observations in everyday settings, as well as specifically designed tasks, in order to observe problem solving more directly.The collaboration between an anthropologist and a psychologist is illustrated in a study of classification among the Yupno of Papua New Guinea. Their world‐view classifies everything into three states: “hot”, “cold”, and “cool”. Only experts (sorcerers) can manipulate these states. After an ethnographic description of this classification system, a sorting task was given to six samples of Yupno subjects. Only the sorcerers used the abstract category of “hot/cold” explicitly; the other older adults used it implicitly through function, whereas schooling induced sorting by colour. These findings call into question the anthropological and developmental status of classifying by taxonomy.
Pieces of Minds in Psycholinguistics: Steven Pinker, Kenneth Wexler, and Noam Chomsky A Series of Interviews Conducted by Jean A. Rondal
Authors: Rondal Jean A. 
Published: September 2007

This is the third of a series of interviews featuring Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Kenneth Wexler, three giant figures in the fields of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science. The first two interviews appeared in earlier issues of this journal (Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 459–480; Vol. 29, Issue 1, pp. 85–104).Kenneth Wexler teaches and does his experimental work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is well known for his innovative work on language learnability (i.e. the problem of how correct linguistic representations can be attained given the limited data available to the child), which has led to considerable changes in linguistic and psycholinguistic theories and research orientations. More recently, Professor Wexler (in association with Hagit Borer) developed what they call a maturation theory of syntax, suggesting basically, in opposition to the continuity hypothesis, that the formal principles available to the child to fix his grammar mature (i.e. different principles are available at different stages of development).In the interview, Kenneth Wexler speaks about his learnability work, its origins, and how he sees linguistic and psycholinguistic research and theories today. He comments on questions about his maturational point of view in syntax development.The interview took place in Irvine (California) in May of 1988, and was subsequently revised. I am very grateful to Ken Wexler for his kind collaboration. Along with the text of the interview, the reader will find some information on Professor Wexler's background as well as a selected list of his publications.
Imagery Value, Subjective and Objective Frequency, Date of Entry into the Language, and Degree of Polysemy in a Sample of 998 French Words
Authors: Flieller André , Tournois Jocelyne 
Published: September 2007

A random sample of 998 lexical words was drawn from a dictionary of the French language. Two groups of subjects rated the words for imagery value (IV) and subjective frequency (SF).Despite substantial individual differences in the ratings, the subjective measures were highly reliable (α = 0.98 for both IV and SF). The relation between the standard deviation and the mean of the ratings can be described by a quadratic function (R = 0.93 for IV and R = 0.75 for SF). The independence of IV and frequency was confirmed. IV was found to be partially dependent on grammatical category (η = 0.50) and slightly dependent on polysemy. Date of entry into the language (DE) was correlated with objective and subjective frequency. The correlation between DE and IV was weak.The words and their characteristics are presented in the Appendix.
Systematic order-dependent effect in expression values, variance, detection calls and differential expression in Affymetrix GeneChips®
Authors: Bjork Kathe E. , Kafadar Karen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Affymetrix GeneChips® are common 3′ profiling platforms for quantifying gene expression. Using publicly available datasets of expression profiles from human and mouse experiments, we sought to characterize features of GeneChip® data to better compare and evaluate analyses for differential expression, regulation and clustering. We uncovered an unexpected order dependence in expression data that holds across a variety of chips in both human and mouse data.Results: Order dependence among GeneChips® affected relative expression measures pre-processed and normalized with the Affymetrix MAS5.0 algorithm and the robust multi-array average summarization method. The effect strongly influenced detection calls and tests for differential expression and can potentially significantly bias experimental results based on GeneChip® profiling.Contact: Kathe.bjork@cudenver.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary Material, including links to files of ordered transcripts and supporting analyses, is available at the authors' websites, at http://www-math.cudenver.edu/~kbjork/research/, and http://www-math.cudenver.edu/~kk/research/.
Do battles lead to coexistence? Role of interference competition in structuring the insect community on fermented tree sap
Authors: YOSHIMOTO JIICHIRO , KAKUTANI TAKEHIKO , NISHIDA TAKAYOSHI 
Published: September 2007

Abstract 1. In insect communities on fermented tree sap, agonistic interactions occur frequently among the component species. This study examined the effects of such interference competition on community structure and species co‐occurrence on a spatio‐temporally small scale.2. Experimental removal of giant hornets (Vespa mandarinia), one of the most dominant species, showed no effect on either species richness or total abundance of the remaining insects. Significant increases in abundance were detected for five out of 19 taxa: V. ducalis, V. crabro, Lasius japonicus, Cryptarcha lewisi, and a group of micro sap beetles (Epuraea spp., Haptoncus spp., and Haptoncurina spp.).3. Behavioural observations indicated that interference did not alter the staying time at a patch (an exuding spot on a tree) for V. mandarinia, Rhomborrhina japonica, and Neope goschkevitschii. Interference‐mediated departure from a patch was less frequent than departure without interference for all nine species observed, except for R. japonica. These behavioural contexts varied yearly for several species.4. These results suggest that interference competition is a minor determinant of overall community structure, despite its conspicuousness. This weak effect of interference may be attributed to the short stay of dominant species and to individual behavioural responses, such as competitor avoidance. The variable influence of interference might be related to differences in species attributes, such as dominance hierarchies.
Dynamics in a butterfly–plant–ant system: influence of habitat characteristics on turnover rates of the endangered lycaenidMaculinea alcon
Authors: HABEL JAN CHRISTIAN , SCHMITT THOMAS , HÄRDTLE WERNER , LÜTKEPOHL MANFRED , ASSMANN THORSTEN 
Published: September 2007

Abstract1. Maculinea alcon, a myrmecophilic, stenotopic lycaenid butterfly is restricted to wet heathlands, bogs, and nutrient‐poor hay meadows. Due to intensification of agriculture and decrease of extensively grazed meadows, many suitable habitats have disappeared and the remaining ones are highly fragmented and deteriorated.2. Historical distribution data and a comparison with the present occupation of patches show the decline of this critically endangered butterfly in north‐west Germany. Most of the populations in north‐west Germany are small and often geographically isolated.3. In summer 2002, two‐thirds of 77 investigated potential patches were unoccupied as a result of unsuitable habitat structure and habitat fragmentation.4. Several habitat parameters were highly significantly correlated with the presence ofM. alcon, in particular the distribution pattern of the host plantGentiana pneumonanthe.Furthermore, butterflies were absent from many patches with an incidence probability below 50% with respect to patch size and isolation.5. In the nature reserve Lüneburger Heide, part of the study area,M. alconpopulations have been observed since 1995. Typical turnover of local populations could be detected during these years. Extinctions and re‐colonisations have stabilised the presence of this species in a metapopulation in this nature reserve.6. These data show the importance of different factors on different spatial levels influencing the presence of this endangered butterfly.
Developmental response to a seasonal time constraint: the effects of photoperiod on reproduction in the grasshopperRomalea microptera
Authors: HOMENY RACHEL H. , JULIANO STEVEN A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract1. Some organisms respond adaptively to seasonal time constraints by altering development time to life‐history transitions (e.g. metamorphosis, oviposition). Such life‐history changes may have costs (e.g. reduced fecundity, mass, offspring quality).2. The hypothesis that a northern population of the grasshopperRomalea microptera(Beauvois) would show adaptive plasticity in oviposition timing in response to seasonal time constraints was tested by manipulating photoperiod to simulate the middle of the active season (Long photoperiod), the end of the active season (Short photoperiod), and seasonal change (photoperiod Declining from long to short). Females received either high or low food rations. Short or Declining photoperiod were predicted to induce early oviposition with costs of reduced egg number, post‐oviposition mass, or egg size, particularly in low‐food females.3. Effects of food ration and photoperiod, but not interaction, were significant in failure time analysis of age at oviposition.mancovaon age at oviposition, egg number, and post‐oviposition mass yielded similar effects. The multivariate effect of photoperiod resulted primarily from reduced time to oviposition in Short or Declining photoperiod. No costs in egg number or post‐oviposition mass were associated with this photoperiod‐induced reduction in time to oviposition. The multivariate effect of food ration resulted mainly from lower egg number with low food. Food ration affected egg size, but photoperiod and interaction did not. In all cases, Short and Declining photoperiod produced similar effects.4. In its northern range,R. micropteraaccelerates reproduction in response to seasonal constraints, a response that may be adaptive. HowR. micropteraavoids costs associated with this reduced pre‐oviposition period remains unknown.
Housekeeping sortase facilitates the cell wall anchoring of pilus polymers in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Authors: Swaminathan Anu , Mandlik Anjali , Swierczynski Arlene , Gaspar Andrew , Das Asis , Ton‐That Hung 
Published: September 2007

SummaryMany surface proteins in Gram‐positive bacteria are covalently linked to the cell wall through a transpeptidation reaction catalysed by the enzyme sortase. Corynebacterium diphtheriae encodes six sortases, five of which are devoted to the assembly of three distinct types of pilus fibres – SrtA for the SpaA‐type pilus, SrtB/SrtC for the SpaD‐type pilus, and SrtD/SrtE for the SpaH‐type pilus. We demonstrate here the function of SrtF, the so‐called housekeeping sortase, in the cell wall anchoring of pili. We show that a multiple deletion mutant strain expressing only SrtA secretes a large portion of SpaA polymers into the culture medium, with concomitant decrease in the cell wall‐linked pili. The same phenotype is observed with the mutant that is missing SrtF alone. By contrast, a strain that expresses only SrtF displays surface‐linked pilins but no polymers. Therefore, SrtF can catalyse the cell wall anchoring of pilin monomers as well as pili, but it does not polymerize pilins. We show that SrtA and SrtF together generate wild‐type levels of the SpaA‐type pilus on the bacterial surface. Furthermore, by regulating the expression of SpaA in the cell, we demonstrate that the SrtF function becomes critical when the SpaA level is sufficiently high. Together, these findings provide key evidence for a two‐stage model of pilus assembly: pilins are first polymerized by a pilus‐specific sortase, and the resulting fibre is then attached to the cell wall by either the cognate sortase or the housekeeping sortase.
The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals
Authors: BARNABÁS BEÁTA , JÄGER KATALIN , FEHÉR ATTILA 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAs the result of intensive research and breeding efforts over the last 20 years, the yield potential and yield quality of cereals have been greatly improved. Nowadays, yield safety has gained more importance because of the forecasted climatic changes. Drought and high temperature are especially considered as key stress factors with high potential impact on crop yield. Yield safety can only be improved if future breeding attempts will be based on the valuable new knowledge acquired on the processes determining plant development and its responses to stress. Plant stress responses are very complex. Interactions between plant structure, function and the environment need to be investigated at various phases of plant development at the organismal, cellular as well as molecular levels in order to obtain a full picture. The results achieved so far in this field indicate that various plant organs, in a definite hierarchy and in interaction with each other, are involved in determining crop yield under stress. Here we attempt to summarize the currently available information on cereal reproduction under drought and heat stress and to give an outlook towards potential strategies to improve yield safety in cereals.
A test of the optimality approach to modelling canopy properties and CO2 uptake by natural vegetation
Authors: SCHYMANSKI STANISLAUS J. , RODERICK MICHAEL L. , SIVAPALAN MURUGESU , HUTLEY LINDSAY B. , BERINGER JASON 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTPhotosynthesis provides plants with their main building material, carbohydrates, and with the energy necessary to thrive and prosper in their environment. We expect, therefore, that natural vegetation would evolve optimally to maximize its net carbon profit (NCP), the difference between carbon acquired by photosynthesis and carbon spent on maintenance of the organs involved in its uptake.We modelled NCP for an optimal vegetation for a site in the wet‐dry tropics of north Australia based on this hypothesis and on an ecophysiological gas exchange and photosynthesis model, and compared the modelled CO2 fluxes and canopy properties with observations from the site. The comparison gives insights into theoretical and real controls on gas exchange and canopy structure, and supports the optimality approach for the modelling of gas exchange of natural vegetation.The main advantage of the optimality approach we adopt is that no assumptions about the particular vegetation of a site are required, making it a very powerful tool for predicting vegetation response to long‐term climate or land use change.
Banksia species (Proteaceae) from severely phosphorus‐impoverished soils exhibit extreme efficiency in the use and re‐mobilization of phosphorus
Authors: DENTON MATTHEW D. , VENEKLAAS ERIK J. , FREIMOSER FLORIAN M. , LAMBERS HANS 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT Banksia species (Proteaceae) occur on some of the most phosphorus (P)‐impoverished soils in the world. We hypothesized that Banksia spp. maximize P‐use efficiency through high photosynthetic P‐use efficiency, long leaf lifespan (P residence time), effective P re‐mobilization from senescing leaves, and maximizing seed P concentration. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to quantify P‐use efficiency in nine Banksia species. Leaf P concentrations for all species were extremely low (0.14–0.32 mg P g−1 DM) compared with leaf P in other species reported and low relative to other plant nutrients in Banksia spp.; however, moderately high rates of photosynthesis (13.8–21.7 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), were measured. Some of the Banksia spp. had greater P proficiency (i.e. final P concentration in senesced leaves after re‐mobilization; range: 27–196 µg P g−1 DM) than values reported for any other species in the literature. Seeds exhibited significantly higher P concentrations (6.6–12.2 mg P g−1 DM) than leaves, and species that sprout after fire (‘re‐sprouters’) had significantly greater seed mass and P content than species that are killed by fire and regenerate from seed (‘seeders’). Seeds contained only small amounts of polyphosphate (between 1.3 and 6 µg g−1 DM), and this was not correlated with P concentration or fire response. Based on the evidence in the present study, we conclude that Banksia species are highly efficient in their use of P, explaining, in part, their success on P‐impoverished soils, with little variation between species.
Revisiting Aggregate U.S. Meat Demand with a Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates Approach: Do We Need a More General Theory?
Authors: Bryant Henry L. , Davis George C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough meat demand is one of the most studied issues in agricultural economics, our understanding of this phenomenon has been hampered by valid concerns about model specification uncertainty. This article revisits the need for more general theories of aggregate U.S. meat demand. Using a Bayesian averaging of classical estimates approach, we draw comprehensive inferences over 1,048,576 demand systems. We find very little evidence supporting the need for more general theories that include demand determinants beyond prices and expenditures. We find strong evidence in support of symmetry and negativity, but strong evidence against homogeneity, which is consistent with other research.
Welfare Effects of Technological Convergence in Processed Food Industries
Authors: Ruan Jun , Gopinath Munisamy , Buccola Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe develop a monopolistic competition model to investigate effects of international technological convergence on factor rewards, output composition, and welfare. Comparative static analysis indicates technological convergence improves the follower's—but impairs the leader's—international competitiveness. The leader's welfare improves unambiguously; the follower's welfare depends on the relative strength of convergence's income and terms‐of‐trade effects. We use data from seventeen food industries in thirty countries, 1993–2001, to test these analytical predictions. Evidence of convergence is found in thirteen of seventeen industries. Convergence lifts followers' relative wages and global value‐added shares. Followers benefit from convergence's positive income effect. Leaders benefit from higher terms of trade.
3. THE QUESTION OF HISTORY IN PRECOLONIAL INDIA
Authors: MANTENA RAMA 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis essay considers an important and enduring problem in the writing of Indian history: how do we historians approach precolonial narratives of the past? A rich and suggestive new study of South Indian modes of historiography, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600–1800, by Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, has positioned itself at the center of this debate. For a variety of reasons, precolonial narratives have been demoted to the status of mere information, and genres of South Indian writing have been dismissed as showing that South Indians lacked the ability to write history and indeed lacked historical consciousness. Textures of Time responds to this picture by proposing a novel historical method for locating historical sensibility in precolonial narratives of the past. The authors ask us not to judge all textual traditions in India, especially narratives of the past, on the basis of the verifiability of facts contained in them. Rather they suggest a radical openness of the text, and they argue that a historical narrative is constituted in the act of reading itself. They do this by examining the role of genre and what they call texture in precolonial South Indian writing.This essay examines the strengths and limitations of their proposal. It does so by examining the formation of colonial archives starting in the late‐eighteenth century in order to understand the predicament of history in South Asia. Colonial archives brought about a crisis in historiographical practices in India; they not only transformed texts into raw information for the historian to then reconstruct a historical narrative, they also delegitimized precolonial modes of historiography. A better understanding of these archives puts one in a better position to assess the insights of Textures of Time, but it also helps to highlight the problems in its solution. In particular, it reveals how the book continues to use modern criteria to assess premodern works, and in this way perhaps to judge them inappropriately.