bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue Mechanics
Authors: Michael Lee J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTissue mechanics is the field of endeavour that seeks to understand and describe the links between structure and mechanical function in the soft and hard tissues of the human body. Much of the research work has been done in the connective tissues of the body (e.g., bone, tendons, cartilage, arteries, and skin) where mechanical demands are greatest; however, all tissues have mechanical features of interest. Approaches to the field have included: (1) use of structural anatomy as a means to understanding natural design, (2) mechanical engineering analysis of structures based on continuum mechanics, and (3) materials science study of detailed links between structure and function. As natural tissues are all composite materials, understanding of their mechanical function demands study of the mechanical properties and architectural arrangement of the individual structural components, particularly: strong, stiff collagen fibers; the physiological rubber elastin; hydroxyapatite mineral; and proteoglycan sol/gels. The mechanical features of tissues include marked anisotropy, nonlinear stress‐strain relations, viscoelasticity, preconditioning behavior, and the presence of pre‐stress. Most studies of the mechanical behavior of tissues have been carried out in the laboratory, with samples removed from cadavers or animals, cut or machined to shape, and tested either fresh or after storage. Commercial testing machines based on electromechanical or hydraulic systems are widely used, as are custom‐built apparatus. Testing is also carried out in living animals or patients. In either case, determination of sample geometry or deformations are difficult. Mathematical description of data is an important part of tissue mechanics, as is modeling of 3‐dimensional stress‐strain behavior. Soft tissues require the use of large deformation (finite) elasticity equations. Modeling may either be phenomenological (seeking to describe behavior using model systems that do not reference structure) or may be explicitly based on knowledge of tissue architecture. Phenomenological models have often been based on linear or quasilinear viscoelastic theory derived from previous work on polymer materials. Constitutive equations, particularly those based on development of strain energy density functions, have been widely used as a means to describing tissue behavior under arbitrary loading. In a complementary development, finite element analysis has found wide use for analysis of complex structures. Tissue mechanics is a tool both for: (1) the study of natural structures in health and disease, and (2) technological application, which, in recent years, has included design of surgical replacements and surgical technique, evaluation and design of tissue engineered replacements, and analysis/prevention of injuries caused by automobile accidents, blasts, and other trauma.
Vascular Mechanics
Authors: Moore James E. , Bedoya Julian , Meyer Clark , Moreno Michael R. , Mori Daisuke , Rhabar Elaheh 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The vascular system provides the crucial task of delivering oxygen and nutrients to all of the body's tissues. The proper functioning of the system is made possible by very specific mechanical characteristics that result from the combination of different materials. Vessel walls contain crucial cellular elements that themselves require nutrients and strongly affect the mechanical performance. Arterial mechanics are important in the formation and progression of a number of diseases. In turn, the mechanical properties are affected by disease development. Research in this field is richly challenging because of the complexity of the mechanics and the interaction with biological function.
Voice Analysis
Authors: Manfredi Claudia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Voice analysis measures the frequency of phonation as well as the variation of the voice. Voiced sounds are those created by vibrations of the vocal folds in the larynx. The variation of the voice signal associated with opening and closing of the vocal folds is related to the perception of hoarseness, harshness, and breathiness. Much of the research in voice analysis, from the biomedical point of view, is directed toward diagnostic applications and speech therapy. Defining protocols and reliable objective parameters is of great relevance for physicians. Speech‐language pathologists, otolaryngologists, voice teachers, and singers often use software that can identify the acoustic features of sustained or sung vowels for clinical assessment or vocal training.
To this aim, modeling techniques were developed in order to make voice production tractable from a mathematical point of view. Mechanical and acoustical models are inherently a simplified version of the real physical mechanism, as approximations are introduced in order to describe it. However, from these models, theoretical results can be derived that allow implementation of reliable and efficient voice analysis techniques. The aim with all approaches is the extraction of the main voice parameters (fundamental frequency, formants, voice quality) in the most reliable way.
Advances in real‐time imaging offer the prospect of multimodal analysis through videolaryngoscopy, videokymography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and other emerging techniques. Links are also being formed to understand the relationship between speech and neurological dysfunction (e.g., epilepsy, autism, schizophrenia, stress, etc.) and the interaction with hearing impairment.
F‐Wave
Authors: Kong Xuan , Gozani Shai 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
F‐waves are recorded responses evoked by antidromic activation of motor neurons. F‐waves play a critical role in the functional evaluation of the peripheral nerve system as well as the central nerve system. Demonstrated clinical diagnostic applications include diabetic neuropathy and lumbosacal radiculopathy. Commonly used F‐wave features are introduced and their clinical application is discussed. A signal processing model for the F‐wave is examined and a framework for automated F‐wave analysis is established. A detailed discussion on using F‐waves for lumbosacral nerve root compression detection is presented. Finally, future biomedical engineering research directions for F‐waves are suggested.
Home Telehealth: Telematics‐Supported Services
Authors: Valero Miguel A. , Arredondo María T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Health care delivery at home, supported at distance by telematics, is a key application domain of telemedicine and e‐health that has been widely analyzed and put into operation along the last decade (1995–2005) both in pilot, research demonstrations, and commercial services. Five key aspects influence home telehealth deployment in clinical routine: population needs linked to health and social expectations; trends in home‐based care policies; availability of affordable technology at residential environments; cost‐effective provision models; and ethic‐legal issues. Telematics development can support communication and information services for health providing that interaction and data transmission requirements of each foreseen residential telehealth service might be clearly defined and accessible both to end users, that is to say, citizens and health professionals. Qualitative and quantitative knowledge or realistic inference of the value of these variables is still a key aspect to extend home telehealth for all.
Surface Electrostimulation Electrodes
Authors: Bajd Tadej 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Surface stimulation electrodes are predominantly used for therapeutic purposes in training of atrophied muscles and peripheral neuromodulation of pain. Electrode size, polarity of the electrodes, resistance, and distance between the electrodes are important properties of use of surface stimulation electrodes. The theoretical approach to the surface electrodes problem is presented by an equivalent circuit of the electrodes and its interface with the body. Metal surface electrodes, conductive silicon rubber electrodes, conductive adhesive gel electrodes, and transcutaneous electrode arrays are described. The problems common to surface stimulation electrodes, such as possible damage to skin, exciting of pain receptors, inadequate repeatability and poor selectivity of the response, undesired motion of the skin with respect to neuromuscular tissue, and electrode fixation problems, are discussed.
Human Brain Interface: Signal Processing and Machine Learning
Authors: Vesin Jean-Marc , Hoffmann Ulrich , Ebrahimi Touradj 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the electrical potentials generated by brain activity on the scalp. It has been used for decades as a non‐invasive tool both in fundamental brain research and in clinical diagnosis. But it is now widely used also in Brain‐Computer Interfaces (BCI) to provide augmentative communication mainly for severely handicapped patients and, prospectively, in the general frame work of human computer interaction. As in any communication system, the input (EEG activity) must be coded (feature extraction) before being sent, and the receiving device (the computer) must map the received data to actions (classication). This article explores the main approaches used in the BCI community for completing these tasks.
Metabolites, NonInvasive Optical Measurements of
Authors: Khalil Omar S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Noninvasive (NI) optical monitoring techniques measure the concentration of analytes in blood or tissue without taking out a sample or without inserting any instrumentation into the human body. Optical biopsy describes NI optical tracking of concentration of molecules in human tissue. Novel tissue optics methods will open new vistas in medical diagnostics and will offer simpler testing modalities compared with current methods. The 600‐nm to 1300‐nm region of the electromagnetic spectrum represents a window where light penetrates deep enough in the tissue to allow performing optical measurements. NI determination of arterial oxygen saturation is used for monitoring postoperative and critical care patients. NI determinations of hemoglobin offer diagnosis of anemia and internal bleeding. Bilirubin measurements were used for monitoring neonates. Monitoring of diabetics is the most important potential advantage for NI optical diagnostics. A NI glucose‐testing device will improve diabetes control through more frequent testing and adjustment of medication. NI optical detection procedures involve irradiating tissue or a vascular region of the body with electromagnetic radiation and measuring the spectral information that results from absorption, scattering, and emission. The concentration of an analyte is determined from the spectral information by comparing the measured spectra with a calibration model. Metabolites affect transmitted and reflected optical signals by affecting light absorption and scattering. Transmission, diffuse reflectance, spatially resolved diffuse reflectance
R
(
r
), frequency domain reflectance, time‐resolved transmission and reflectance, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and Raman and fluorescence measurements were used for the NI determination of metabolites and are discussed.
Temporomandibular Joint Disc
Authors: Allen Kyle D. , Detamore Michael S. , Almarza Alejandro J. , Wong Mark , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ginglymo‐diarthrodial synovial joint. Its principal components are the fossa‐eminence of temporal bone, the mandibular condyle, and a fibrocartilagenous articular disc known as the TMJ disc. TMJ movements are more complex than most synovial joints. The TMJ disc plays a key role in these movements by distributing load, absorbing shock, and lubricating surfaces. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the TMJ disc is primarily composed of collagen type I, which forms a ring‐like structure around the periphery of the disc and in the anteroposterior direction in the intermediate zone. Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and elastin fibers also form the ECM. The cell types of the disc include a nonhomogeneous distribution of fibroblasts and chondrocyte‐like cells; these cells serve to maintain the ECM of the TMJ disc. The mechanical properties of the disc are mostly unknown because of large variations between animal models and test methodologies; however, it is believed that the TMJ disc is primarily a tensile tissue. Several disorders, including internal derangements, degenerative diseases, and reparative/osteogenic diseases, are associated with an injured or displaced disc. These disorders affect about 2–4% of the population and greatly reduce the quality of a patient's life, afflicting everyday activities such as eating, talking, and laughing. Treatments for severe temporomandibular dysfunction are available, but alleviation of joint problems without future repercussions is difficult. Biomedical engineering continues to work toward better solutions for temporomandibular dysfunction by developing innovative treatments and fully characterizing the components and diseases of the TMJ.
Ultrasonic Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerosis
Authors: Pattichis Constantinos S. , Christodoulou Christodoulos , Kyriacou Efthyvoulos , Pantziaris Marios , Nicolaides Ardrew , Pattichis Marios S. , Loizou Christos 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUltrasound is widely used in vascular imaging because of its ability to visualize, in real‐time, the arterial lumen and wall in a noninvasive and harmless way. Monitoring of the arterial characteristics like the vessel lumen diameter, the intima media thickness of the near and far wall, and the morphology of atherosclerotic plaque are very important in order to assess the severity of atherosclerosis and evaluate its progression. Quantitative image analysis based on despeckle filtering, automated or semiautomated segmentation of the intima media or the atherosclerotic plaque, texture feature extraction and selection, and classification support computer‐aided diagnosis, enabling early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and better treatment. Emerging techniques in vascular imaging include 3‐D imaging, which attempts to provide the physician with a more realistic reconstruction and visualization of the 3‐D structure under investigation, telemedicine and ultrasound video compression, and others. Furthermore, it is hoped that once genes contributing to atherosclerosis have been identified, combined with DNA‐based tests, risk factors and quantitative ultrasound vascular imaging will contribute toward the implementation of the most effective strategy to minimize cardiovascular death.
Substrate Arrays of Microelectrodes for
in vitro
Electrophysiology
Authors: Giugliano M. , Martinoia S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The collective electrical phenomena emerging in a network of interacting neurons represent one of the most advanced and technically challenging research issues in the neurosciences. Under these perspectives, in recent years, experimental neurophysiologists have taken greater advantage of novel tools offered by micro‐ and nano‐fabrication technologies. Such techniques, originally developed for the microelectronic industry, can be employed to build extremely small multisite bidirectional signal probes, either for in
in vitro
or in
in vivo
studies in cellular electrophysiology. As a result, an original research area emerged at the interface between network‐level neuroscience and engineering. In particular, the thin‐film‐based substrate arrays of microtransducers (MEAs) represent an important outcome of this field. This chapter will review the fabrication techniques and the applications with respect to
in vitro
brain tissue slices and cultured dissociated neuronal networks electrophysiology. We mention the alternative and complementary techniques and we report some experimental results. We conclude by underlying the important contributions of the MEAs to the network‐level neurosciences and neuroengineering, and to the design of neuroprosthetic devices.
Artificial Kidney, Modeling of Transport Phenomena in
Authors: Eloot Sunny , Verdonck Pascal 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPatients suffering from renal failure can be treated with a renal replacement therapy. Although a possible transplantation is determined by the availability of kidney donors, peritoneal dialysis is only adequate for patients with sufficient remaining renal function. As a third alternative, hemodialysis therapy can be used in which the patient's blood is purified extracorporeally in a hemodialyzer. To have better insight in this blood purification modality, dialyzer geometry, membrane properties, fluid characteristics, and the basic transport phenomena are described.Focused on a hollow fiber dialyzer, an overview is given of models and experiments describing blood and dialysate flow on a macroscopic basis. Also, the physical models handling of microscopic phenomena like concentration polarization and mass transport are described.Finally, in‐house developed CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and experimental models are presented, which aim at optimizing dialyzer geometry by looking more in detail at transport processes and fluid properties inside the dialyzer. First, a macroscopic CFD model to visualize blood and dialysate flow distributions was developed and validated using SPECT (single‐photon emission‐computed tomography) medical imaging. Second, a microscopic numerical model was developed to describe flow and mass transport in a single dialyzer fiber. After model calibration and validation, the impact on solute removal of a variable fiber length and diameter was assessed for small and middle molecules. Also, the model was used to examine the effect of flow maldistribution by implementing the experimental SPECT results.
Microarray Data Analysis
Authors: Moffitt Richard , Wang May 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicroarray analysis is an emerging field, simultaneously harnessing advances in semiconductor manufacturing, biochemistry, medicine, computation, and algorithms research. Microarrays now provide a platform for an unprecedented genome‐wide view of a biological sample. Microarray analysis makes use of the vast amounts of data that the microarray platform provides. It is through the intelligent combination of mathematical algorithms and clinical validation that microarray analysis provides a real opportunity to realize the goal of targeted personalized medicine. One day, the information from a single microarray might be able to tell a doctor if a patient has cancer, what type of cancer it is, what the prognosis is, and what drug to use to best fight the cancer. The foundation of this story is being built in laboratories across the world today and it starts with sound microarray analysis.Microarray analysis is a multistep process that converts raw microarray data into biomarkers for clinical use. First, noise must be removed from raw data using preprocessing methods, such as normalization and artifact removal. Clean data can then be used to select important features or to build predictive rules called classifiers. The results of feature selection and classification are lists of biomarkers that are appropriate for classifying the data into groups such as benign or malignant. These biomarkers must then be validated clinically or through knowledge‐based approaches. The results of validation can then be used as feedback in order to select better features or build better classifiers.
Mammography
Authors: Ng Kwan-Hoong , Jamal Noriah 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Mammography is a radiographic examination that is specially designed for detecting breast pathology. This procedure is performed by exposing low‐energy x‐ray on a compressed breast resulting in an image. Mammography is considered the single most important diagnostic modality in the early detection of breast cancer. Today's dedicated mammographic equipment, specially designed x‐ray screen‐film combinations, coupled with controlled film processing, can detect very low contrast lesions as small as 5 microns, as much as two years before they are palpable. The historical technical development from the early primitive breast imaging to the modern digital imaging is briefly reviewed.
Mammography technology until now was dominated by screen‐film. In screen‐film mammography, the image acquisition, display, archival, and retrieval is accomplished using the same medium, film. By overcoming many of the technical limitations of screen‐film mammography, digital mammography provides images of improved contrast sensitivity and facilitates the accurate detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Since its introduction in the mid‐1980s, the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammography accreditation program has changed the practice of mammography, with recommendations for minimum standards of practice and quality control that spurred technological advances and ensured quality of service. It has also improved the quality of mammography internationally. The advent of digital mammography is expected to open up several exciting and potentially important applications in breast imaging and management.
Electrical Impedance Tomography Induced Current
Authors: Gençer Nevzat G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The ultimate goal of induced‐current electrical impedance tomography (ICEIT) is to image the electrical impedance distribution within the human body. In ICEIT, time‐varying magnetic fields are applied to induce currents in the body and surface voltage measurements are used to reconstruct impedance distribution. Time‐varying fields are usually generated by sinusoidal current‐carrying wires encircling the conducting body. Given the conductivity distribution, calculating the surface voltages due a given coil configuration is named as the
forward problem
of ICEIT. Reconstructing the unknown impedance distribution from the surface voltage measurements is the
inverse problem
. This article introduces the basic theory and numerical studies related to the forward and inverse problem of ICEIT. Basic properties of a possible data acquisition system are discussed. Images reconstructed using a 16‐electrode, 6‐coil data acquisition system are presented.