bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired pulmonary artery stenosis in four dogs
Authors: Scansen Brian A. , Schober Karsten E. , Bonagura John D. , Smeak Daniel D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Case Description—4 dogs with acquired pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) were examined for various clinical signs. One was a mixed-breed dog with congenital valvular PAS that subsequently developed peripheral PAS, one was a Golden Retriever with pulmonary valve fibrosarcoma, one was a Pembroke Welsh Corgi in which the left pulmonary artery had inadvertently been ligated during surgery for correction of patent ductus arteriosus, and one was a Boston Terrier with a heart-base mass compressing the pulmonary arteries.
Clinical Findings—All 4 dogs were evaluated with 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography to characterize the nature and severity of the stenoses; other diagnostic tests were also performed.
Treatment and Outcome—The mixed-breed dog with valvular and peripheral PAS was euthanized, surgical resection of the pulmonic valve mass was performed in the Golden Retriever, corrective surgery was performed on the Pembroke Welsh Corgi with left pulmonary artery ligation, and the Boston Terrier with the heart-base mass was managed medically.
Clinical Relevance—Acquired PAS in dogs may manifest as a clinically silent heart murmur, syncope, or right-sided heart failure. The diagnosis is made on the basis of imaging findings, particularly results of 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Treatment may include surgical, interventional, or medical modalities and is targeted at resolving the inciting cause.
Analysis of prognostic factors associated with injection-site sarcomas in cats: 57 cases (2001–2007)
Authors: Romanelli Giorgio , Marconato Laura , Olivero Daniela , Massari Federico , Zini Eric 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify prognostic factors in cats with injection-site sarcomas (ISSs).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—57 cats with ISSs.
Procedures—Medical records of cats were reviewed with regard to sex, age, anatomic site of tumor, tumor size, histologic grade, excision of a primary tumor versus excision of a recurrent ISS, use of excision alone versus excision plus adjuvant therapy, local tumor recurrence, and development of distant metastasis to predict overall survival time (ie, time from tumor excision to death).
Results—In univariate analyses, local recurrence and development of distant metastasis were significantly associated with survival time in cats. On multivariate analysis, development of distant metastasis remained a significant prognostic factor. Histologic grade was associated with distant metastasis, with cats having grade 3 tumors being significantly more likely to develop metastasis than cats with grade 1 and 2 tumors. Factors associated with local recurrence of ISSs were not identified.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The development of distant metastasis, which may occur later during the course of the disease, was identified as a prognostic factor for overall survival time in cats with ISSs. In addition, cats with histologic grade 3 ISSs should be considered for further interventional studies with chemotherapy to prevent the high rate of distant metastasis.
Calculation of crystallographic texture due to displacive transformations
Authors: Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. , Abreu H. , Kundu S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Displacive transformations involve the disciplined motion of atoms. As a result, there are clearly defined relationships between all aspects of the parent and product lattices. The theory for this is well established but has not been exploited in the calculation of transformation textures. This paper is a critical assessment of the methods for the estimation of crystallographic textures during the displacive transformation of austenite into martensite, bainite or Widmanstätten ferrite in steels. The discussion is limited to the case where austenite is not in a plastically deformed state prior to its transformation.
Direct observation of phase transformations in the simulated heat-affected zone of a 9Cr martensitic steel
Authors: Mayr Peter , Palmer Todd A. , Elmer John W. , Specht Eliot D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An experimental test melt of a boron alloyed 9Cr-3W-3Co-V,Nb steel for high temperature applications in the thermal power generation industry was produced by vacuum induction melting. This grade of steel typically displays a homogeneous tempered martensitic microstructure in the as-received, i. e. normalised and tempered, condition. However, after welding, this microstructure is significantly altered, resulting in a loss of its desired properties. The phase transformations during simulated thermal cycles typical of those experienced in the weld heat-affected zone were directly observed by in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation. Heating rates of 10 K s−1 and 100 K s−1 up to a peak temperature of 1300°C are investigated here. The final microstructures observed after both simulated weld thermal cycles are primarily composed of martensite with approximately 4% retained delta ferrite and 4% retained austenite, by volume. With the temporal resolution of the in-situ X-ray diffraction technique, phase transformations from tempered martensite to austenite to delta ferrite during heating and to martensite during cooling were monitored. With this technique, the evolution of the final microstructure through both heating and cooling is monitored, providing additional context to the microstructural observations.
Computational analysis of the precipitation kinetics in a complex tool steel
Authors: Sonderegger Bernhard , Kozeschnik Ernst , Leitner Harald , Clemens Helmut , Svoboda Jiri , Fischer Franz Dieter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A novel steel grade has been developed recently exhibiting superior thermal stability. This is attributed to the combined precipitation of secondary hardening carbides and intermetallic phases. However, the precipitation behaviour of this steel is not completely understood yet. In this study, computer simulations of the precipitation kinetics during heat treatment of this steel are performed and compared to a complementary experimental characterisation of the precipitate microstructure, which was carried out previously. The simulations employ a novel model for nucleation, growth and coarsening of precipitates in multi-component, multi-phase systems. It is shown that the combination of experimental investigation and computer simulation provides a most comprehensive picture of the complex processes occurring in these materials during thermo-mechanical treatment, which cannot be obtained by the use of one single technique, experiment or simulation, only.
Toward reliable calculations of heat and plastic flow during friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy
Authors: Nandan R. , Lienert T. J. , DebRoy T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Heat transfer and visco-plastic flow during friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy have been modeled in three dimensions by numerically solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy using temperature dependent thermo-physical properties and temperature and strain-rate dependent viscosity values. The computed results showed that five important model parameters, i. e., the spatially variable friction coefficient, the spatially variable slip between the tool and the workpiece, the extent of viscous dissipation, the mechanical efficiency and the spatially variable heat transfer rate from the bottom surface of the workpiece significantly affected both the temperature fields and the computed torque on the tool. An important problem in the modeling of friction stir welding is that the values of these five parameters cannot be specified from fundamental principles and, and as a result, computed results are not always accurate. Here we show that by combining the heat transfer and plastic flow model with a genetic algorithm based optimization scheme, the values of the five uncertain parameters can be determined from a limited volume of experimental data so that the model predictions of peak temperatures and cooling rates match well with the experimental results. The computed results show that for the welding conditions reported in this paper, close to sticking condition prevailed at the tool – workpiece interface for all the experiments. The extent of viscous dissipation converted to heat was fairly low indicating lack of intimate atomic mixing in the stir zone. Computed three dimensional pressure distributions and streamlines were consistent with defect-free reliable welds for all conditions of welding studied.
Effect of lianas on tree regeneration in gaps and forest understorey in a tropical forest in Ghana
Authors: Toledo‐Aceves T. , Swaine M.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuestions:Do lianas alter the relative success of tree species during regeneration? Are the effects of lianas on tree seedlings moderated by canopy openness? How are patterns of biomass allocation in tree seedlings affected by liana competition?Location:Tropical moist semi‐deciduous forest in Ghana.Methods:Seedlings of the treesNauclea diderrichii(pioneer),Khaya anthotheca(non‐pioneer light demander) andGarcinia kola(non‐pioneer shade bearer) were planted with the lianasAcacia kamerunensis(fast growing) andLoeseneriella rowlandii(slow growing) in large and small gaps (ca. 15% and 8% PAR respectively) and in the forest understorey (ca. 4% PAR). Seedling survival, growth and biomass allocation were measured.Results:Canopy openness moderated the interaction between liana and tree seedlings. The nature of the interaction was both liana and tree species specific and displayed temporal variation.Acaciacompetition effects were stronger in sites with greater canopy openness. In big gaps,Acaciareduced significantly the biomass ofNaucleaby 32% andKhayaby about 50%.Khayagrowth in leaf area was five times greater withoutAcacia, whileNaucleaandGarciniawere not affected.Acaciawas more plastic thanLoeseneriellain response to the environment and the tree species. Our results show that whileLoeseneriella, with lower rates of growth, did not affect seedling growth of the three species evaluated,Acaciacould alter the relative success of tree species during regeneration.Conclusions:There is evidence that competitive effects byAcaciaon tree regeneration through competition could modify tree species capacity to establish. Effects by lianas at the regeneration phase may have important implications for forest management.
Silver Nanoparticle Impregnated Polycarbonate Substrates for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Hasell T. , Lagonigro L. , Peacock A. C. , Yoda S. , Brown P. D. , Sazio P. J. A. , Howdle S. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe embedding of nanoscopic metal structures into polymeric matrices represents a convenient way to stabilise a controlled dispersion of protected nanoparticles whilst taking advantage of their physical characteristics. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has been used to produce silver nanoparticles in optically transparent polycarbonate (PC) matrices allowing fine scale dispersions of particles to be produced within a prefabricated polymer component. Characterization of these nanocomposites has been performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The substrates give excellent responses in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for both 4‐aminothiophenol and rhodamine 6G target molecules. They offer significant benefits over more conventional SERS substrates in that they are cheap, flexible, mechanically robust and temporally stable. Post‐processing the films via simple etching techniques, provides an additional degree of design control and the potential to fabricate devices with unique excitation and detection geometries for a wide range of applications.
Controlling the Optical Properties of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: Scholes Gregory D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe sophistication with which we can now prepare and characterize inorganic nanoparticles has inspired new areas of research into the fundamental properties and applications of these fascinating nanoscale systems. In this article some of the recent ideas concerning control of their optical properties are examined and explained, focusing on semiconductor nanocrystals. It is known that the optical properties of nanocrystals can be size‐tunable, but it is less obvious how shape matters. To explain how size as well as shape matters, the electronic structure of nanocrystals is sketched in relatively simple terms, leading to an introduction to deeper concepts at the heart of spectroscopy such as the exciton fine structure. The exciton fine structure states, although obscured by inhomogeneous line broadening, dictate selection rules for optical excitation. These viewpoints are compared and contrasted to well‐established principles in molecular spectroscopy that provide inspiration as well as perspective. The control of optical poperties is founded on our ability to prepare good quality colloidal particles. Recent advances in nanocrystal shape control are described. The current status of heterostructures is examined, with an emphasis on charge separation in CdSe–CdTe nanorods.
Membrane‐Occluded Gold‐Palladium Nanoclusters as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Mertens P. G. N. , Vandezande P. , Ye X. , Poelman H. , De Vos D. E. , Vankelecom I. F. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPre‐formed polyvinylpyrrolidone‐stabilized gold‐palladium clusters, consisting of 80 mol% gold and with a mean size of 1.9 nm, were immobilized quantitatively in a porous polyimide membrane via the process of phase inversion, without loss of metal nanodispersion. The obtained gold‐palladium/polyimide membrane emerged as a highly active heterogeneous metal catalyst for the amide‐phase and solvent‐free oxidation of aliphatic, allylic and benzylic alcohols with full selectivity to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones, and could be recycled with excellently preserved catalytic activity and product selectivity. Occlusion of the optimized bimetallic clusters in the polyimide structure proved beneficial in view of their superior catalytic performance compared to the analogous colloidal gold‐palladium clusters.
Design of advanced PID controller for enhanced disturbance rejection of second‐order processes with time delay
Authors: Shamsuzzoha M. , Lee Moonyong 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA design method for a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) cascaded with a lead‐lag compensator is proposed for enhanced disturbance rejection of the second‐order stable and unstable processes with time delay. A two‐degree‐of‐freedom control scheme is used to cope with both regulatory and servo problems. An ideal feedback controller equivalent to internal model control (IMC) is obtained through the IMC design principle, and is further simplified to the PID cascaded with a first‐order lead‐lag compensator. The simulation is conducted for a broad class of stable and unstable processes and the results are compared with those of recently published PID type controllers to illustrate the superiority of the proposed controller. For a reasonable comparison, the controllers in the simulation study are tuned to have the same degree of robustness by measuring the maximum sensitivity, Ms. The robustness of the controller is also investigated by simultaneously inserting a perturbation uncertainty in all parameters in order to obtain the worst‐case model mismatch. The proposed method illustrates greater robustness against process parameter uncertainty. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Growth charts for patients affected with Morquio A disease
Authors: Montaño Adriana M. , Tomatsu Shunji , Brusius Ana , Smith Mary , Orii Tadao 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChildren with Morquio A disease grow poorly and become physically handicapped because of systemic bone disease. The purpose of this study was to describe observed growth patterns and their relationship with the physical condition of patients with Morquio A. In a one‐center study, questionnaire‐based longitudinal and cross sectional data were used to develop growth curves, to assess physical activity and to determine the incidence of surgical procedures in 354 patients with Morquio A. Mean birth lengths of boys and girls were 52.6 and 52.1 cm, respectively. The mean final heights for males and females at 18 years and older were 122.4 ± 21.5 and 113.1 ± 22.6 cm, respectively. These results corresponded to −7.4 SD for males and −7.7 SD for females compared to the normal healthy controls. Mean birth weights for boys and girls were 3.59 ± 0.58 and 3.5 ± 0.7 kg, respectively. The mean body mass index for males and females at over 18 years of age was 24.7 ± 6.1 and 25.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2, respectively. The growth pattern in Morquio A patients was characterized by impaired growth velocity after 1 year of age. This is the first report providing growth charts for patients with Morquio A, which can help with monitoring the disease and assessing the clinical efficacy of treatments. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles in patients with Joubert syndrome
Authors: Spampinato M. Vittoria , Kraas Jonathan , Maria Bernard L. , Walton Zeke J. , Rumboldt Zoran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by absence of decussation of both corticospinal tracts and superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP). Our hypothesis was that evidence for absence of SCP decussation may be found on routine brain MRI studies. Midsagittal T1‐weighted images from 20 JS patients and 30 age‐matched controls were retrospectively reviewed. An ill‐defined area of lower T1 signal in the inferior midbrain was considered the sign of SCP decussation, and its presence or absence was noted. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were obtained in three JS patients and four controls. The SCP decussation was not visualized in any subject under 30 months of age. In subjects above 30 months of age the sign of the SCP decussation was absent in all 6 JS patients and present in all 16 controls. FA maps confirmed the absence of the SCP decussation in the JS patients. The SCP decussation is well seen on routine brain MRI studies in controls older than 30 months of age and absent in all JS patients, confirming the proposed lack of commissural fibers in JS, and accounting in part for the molar tooth sign. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is the genetic relationship between anxiety and depression?
Authors: Hettema John M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnxiety and depression share a long, close history in psychiatric nosology and treatment. The anxiety disorders, individually and as a group, exhibit remarkably high rates of comorbidity with each other and with major depression. Analyses done in large‐scale epidemiologic surveys have identified major patterns of phenomenological overlap between these conditions. Researchers have tested hypotheses of shared genetic etiologies as a potential basis of this relationship. In general, available family studies have found mixed evidence for co‐aggregation of anxiety and depressive disorders, while twin studies more definitively indicate that shared genetic risk factors largely account for this comorbidity. Some of this appears to be accounted for by genetic variation in personality traits that broadly predispose to anxiety and depression. Molecular genetic studies of these conditions, though too early to draw firm conclusions, thus far provide tentative support for specific genetic loci that may generally influence susceptibility across the anxiety‐depressive spectrum. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of neurogenetic pathways of risk for psychopathology
Authors: Fisher Patrick M. , Muñoz Karen E. , Hariri Ahmad R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractImaging genetics has been a highly effective and increasingly applied strategy for identifying the impact of genetic polymorphisms on individual differences in neural circuitry supporting complex behaviors. The application of imaging genetics towards further elucidating neural circuitry associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness is of particular interest given its potential to guide the development and improvement of current therapeutic methods. The identification of genetic variants that contribute to or predict the disruption of specific neural pathways associated with psychopathology may also serve as useful markers of risk demarcating individuals with elevated susceptibility for psychiatric illness and affording early or even preemptive treatment strategies. In the continued development of this technique, recent multimodal neuroimaging strategies and studies examining the effects of multiple genes in concert within large subject populations have shown promise in the development of a more complete understanding of the interrelationships between genes, brain function, behavior and associated risk for psychopathology. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional imaging: I. Relative predictive value of intracranial electroencephalography
Authors: Knowlton Robert C. , Elgavish Rotem A. , Limdi Nita , Bartolucci Al , Ojha Buddhiwardhan , Blount Jeffrey , Burneo Jorge G. , Ver Hoef Lawrence , Paige Lebron , Faught Edward , Kankirawatana Pongkiat , Riley Kristen , Kuzniecky Ruben 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo gain information on the predictive and prognostic value of magnetic source imaging (MSI), 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (18FDG‐PET), and ictal single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as compared with intracranial electroencephalography (ICEEG) localization in epilepsy surgery.MethodsThis work was part of a cohort study of epilepsy surgery candidates not sufficiently localized with noninvasive studies. Of 160 patients enrolled over 4 years, 77 completed ICEEG seizure monitoring. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values relative to ICEEG were computed for each modality.ResultsSeizures were not captured in five patients. Of the 72 diagnostic ICEEG studies, seizure localization results were 74% localized, 10% multifocal, and 17% nonlocalized. Sixty‐one percent were localized to neocortical regions. Depending on patient subgroup pairs, sensitivity ranged from 58 to 64% (MSI), 22 to 40% (PET), and 39 to 48% (SPECT); specificity ranges were 79 to 88% (MSI), 53 to 63% (PET), and 44 to 50% (SPECT). Gains in diagnostic yield were seen only with the combination of MSI and PET or MSI and ictal SPECT. Localization concordance with ICEEG was greatest with MSI, but a significant difference was demonstrated only between MSI and PET. Moderate redundancy was seen between PET and ictal SPECT (κ = 0.452; p = 0.011).InterpretationConclusively positive MSI has a high predictive value for seizures localized with ICEEG. Diagnostic gain may be achieved with addition of either PET or ictal SPECT to MSI. Diagnostic values for imaging tests are lower than “true values” because of the limitations of ICEEG as a gold standard. Ann Neurol 2008
Analysis of Lrrk2 R1628P as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ross Owen A. , Wu Yih‐Ru , Lee Mei‐Ching , Funayama Manabu , Chen Meng‐Ling , Soto Alexandra I. , Mata Ignacio F. , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Chen Chiung Mei , Tang Michelle , Zhao Yi , Hattori Nobutaka , Farrer Matthew J. , Tan Eng‐King , Wu Ruey‐Meei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCommon genetic variants that increase the risk for Parkinson's disease may differentiate patient subgroups and influence future individualized therapeutic strategies. Herein we show evidence for leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) c.4883G>C (R1628P) as a risk factor in ethnic Chinese populations. A study of 1,986 individuals from 3 independent centers in Taiwan and Singapore demonstrates that Lrrk2 R1628P increases risk for Parkinson's disease (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–2.83; p = 0.006). Haplotype analysis suggests an ancestral founder for carriers approximately 2,500 years ago. These findings support the importance of LRRK2 variants in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2008