bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromatography on silicic acid of the unsaponifiable matter of fats
Authors: Capella P. , de Zotti G. , Ricca G. S. , Valentini A. F. , Jacini G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been described for the separation of unsaponifiables into their major chemical classes by silicie acid adsorption chromatography. Methods are also presented for the isolation of unsaponifiables free of fatty acids. The chromatographic procedure was tested on synthetic mixtures of hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, and sterols and then applied to the unsaponifiables of extracted and pressed olive oils, soybean, teaseed, and rapeseed oils, lard, and tallow. The major sterol of all the unsaponifiables examined was found to be β‐sitosterol. Analytical data such as infrared analysis, carbon‐hydrogen analysis, melting points of derivatives, and paper chromatography of the sterol fractions are also presented.
Methyl esters directly from acidulated cottonseed soapstock. Preliminary cost study
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Koltun S. P. , Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , Pollard E. F. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA product containing from 80 to 95% of the methyl esters of cottonseed, soybean, and corn oil is produced commercially in the United States directly from the respective acidulated soapstocks of these oils, using a process developed at the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division. The product is marketed as a high‐energy additive for poultry and livestock feed, and its ready acceptance indicates that it has nutritional and handling advantages over other by‐product fats for this purpose, which, in 1958, represented a ready and expanding market for almost 600 million pounds of animal and vegetable fats and oils.A flow sheet for the process is given, and hypothetical plants with capacities of 15,000 and 60,000 lbs. of acidulated foots per 24 hrs. are described for the continuous production of up to 21 million pounds of methylated foots product annually. The lowest manufacturing costs are realized for each plant when operating 24 hrs. a day, 250 days annually, averaging five days per week. For these optimum operations the estimated capital investment for the small plant is $223,000, and for the large plant $410,000.Manufacturing costs range from a high of 11.2¢ per pound of product at an annual production of 11/4 million pounds to 6.5¢ at an annual production of 15.3 million pounds. The cost of the raw materials, although only 3.4¢ per pound of product and chiefly the cost of foots, is the largest single item of unit cost in producing methyl esters; and, for the higher productions covered by this study, raw material costs account for more than one‐half of total unit manufacturing cost. Surplus cottonseed foots can be economically converted into a low‐cost feed additive with improved nutritional and handling properties. The process is already a commercial success.
Biochemistry of the sphingolipids. XIV. Inositol lipids of flaxseed
Authors: Carter H. E. , Galanos D. S. , Hendrickson H. S. , Jann Barbara , Nakayama Teishi , Nakazawa Yasuo , Nichols Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the inositol‐containing lipids of flaxseed phosphatides. Solvent fractionation procedures have been developed for the preparation of an inositol lipid fraction from the oil‐free phosphatide. By countercurrent extraction, the inositol lipid fraction was separated into a crude phosphatidyl inositol fraction and a second fraction containing long‐chain base nitrogen. The phosphatidyl inositol was shown to exist as a mixed magnesium‐calcium salt and evidence is presented that nitrogenous impurities (mainly phosphatidylethanolamine) may be bound to phosphatidyl inositol through a chelated salt linkage. The long‐chain base fraction was shown to contain phosphatidyl inositol and two phytoglycolipids, one similar to that from corn and soybean; the other of a novel type in which the oligosaccharide portion contains galactose, arabinose and fucose. The long‐chain base in flax phosphatides was shown to be dehydrophytosphingosine. It was suggested that phytoglycolipid may exist in a loose complex with phosphatidyl inositol (possibly as a chelated magnesium and/or calcium salt).
Errors in the acid and saponification values of fatty acids
Authors: Blank Eugene W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAttention is directed to the variation in ester value of fatty acids depending upon method of isolation. The formation of sterol esters increases the ester value of fatty acids. The increase of ester value with elapsed time is discussed. The effect of ester value variation on the results obtained in soap analysis is described, and a possible basis of explanation for the anomalous results frequently obtained with the Goldschmidt method is presented.
Studies in soap crystallization processes. Part III. Acid soap crystallization in the segregation of tall oil fatty acids
Authors: Meade Edwin M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80舑90% oleic acid, and 60舑80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5舑10% of conjugated linoleic acid.
Coacervation in aqueous cationic soap solutions
Authors: Cohen Irving , Vassiliades Tony 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe properties of several coacervating longchain quaternary ammonium salts were studied by means of light‐scattering, viscosity, and diffusion measurements. The aqueous quaternary ammonium‐electrolyte solutions, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl, Hyamine 1622‐NaNO3 and EHDDAB‐NaNO3 systems, which form coacervates, show the following distinctive characteristics as compared to the non‐coacervating Hyamine 1622‐NaAc system:

The micellar solute species in a coacervate system is one of relatively low charge density.
The addition of electrolyte to a coacervate system produces a tremendous growth of the micellar species prior to two phase formation, in many cases larger than a one hundred fold increase as compared to the salt free solution.
The phenomenon of two phase formation in these cationic soap systems shows a pronounced specificity to the anion of the added electrolyte. This specificity may be qualitatively correlated to the ionization properties of the micellar species in the presence of added electrolyte.
A relatively narrow electrolyte transition range (ETR) may be described for coacervating systems, intermediate between zero electrolyte concentration and the critical electrolyte concentration necessary for two phase formation, in which a radical reorganization of the soap micelle occurs. Light‐scattering, viscosity and diffusion data for a typical coacervating system, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl‐H2O, indicate that for electrolyte concentrations below the electrolyte transition range, the soap micelle is isotropic. For electrolyte concentration in excess of the electrolyte transition range, the data are consistent with a cylindrical rod‐shaped micellar solute particle.
A simple method for the improvement of the keeping quality of oils and fats
Authors: Bertram S. H. , Wynia G. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe efficiency of antioxidants is judged by means of a modified Swift test. Addition of 0.05% sulfur during the deodorizing process yields a 4‐1.4 time prolonged keeping time of oils and fats.There is a linear relation between iodine value and the remaining speed of oxidation in % in the tests made with sulfur. The reduction of the velocity is inversely proportional to the iodine value. The effects of gallate and the sulfur seem to be additive. The residual amount of sulfur left in the oils and fats after deodorization is very small and only slightly higher than that present in ordinary deodorized oils and fats.
Lubricants. I. Preparation and properties of benzyl and substituted benzyl esters of dilinoleic acid
Authors: Parker Winfred E. , Koos R. E. , Knight H. B. , Ault W. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBenzyl and substituted benzyl esters of dilinoleic acid and of hydrogenated dilinoleic acid have been prepared in good yield. Some of the chemical characteristics and physical properties of the resulting products have been measured including a study of their thermal stability by thermogravimetry. Also, they have been examined by several of the bench tests used in laboratory evaluation of lubricants. Several of them compare favorably with control materials used in the study.
The chemical and physical properties of interesterified milk fat fractions
Authors: Moore J. L. , Richardson T. , Amundson C. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive fractions of anhydrous milk fat were obtained by fractional crystallization in the absence of solvent. The fractions were characterized, physically and chemically, before and after interesterification.Cholesterol tended to fractionate into the lowest‐melting fraction.Slipping points of 38.5C, 32C, 28C, 22.5C, and 17C, respectively, were reflected in widely varying micropenetration curves, while differences in fatty acid composition were relatively small. The three higher‐melting fractions, with very similar fatty acid compositions, had very similar physical properties after interesterification. Slipping points of 38C, 37C, 37C, 33C, and 32C, respectively, indicated that interesterification generally hardened the fractions. Interesterification altered the physical properties of lower‐melting fractions more than the properties of higher‐melting fractions.Interesterification caused some triglyceride degradation and some butyrate loss, but these factors could not fully explain the unequal physical property changes induced in the different fractions.Fractionation possibly tends to separate symmetrical triglycerides from their lower‐melting, unsymmetrical isomers, yielding fractions with apparent differences in the degree of randomness of their triglyceride structure.Positioning of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecule seems to be a principal determinant of the physical properties of milk fat fractions.
Some effects of pressure on the oxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Dugan L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe oxidation of methyl oleate under gas pressures up to 800 p.s.i.a. has been investigated. At 120°C. the samples oxidized under pressure built up hydroperoxides rapidly and exploded. There is no necessary connection between hydroperoxide concentration and explosiveness. Oxidations at 100°C are stable, but peroxide formation is drastically reduced. The presence of cobalt acetate increases the instability of the oxidizing oleate, causing it to explode even at 100°C.
The allergen content of castor beans and castor pomace
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe allergen content of 10 varieties of decorticated, defatted castor beans, as determined by a serological method, ranged from 6.1 to 9.0%. This range of allergen content probably does not offer an encouraging prospect for the development of an allergen‐free castor bean by plant breeding.The allergen content of samples of commercial castor pomace ranged from 0.092 to 4.2%. It is apparent from these results that some current commercial milling practices are capable of reducing significantly the allergen content of castor pomace.
Branched carboxylic acids from long‐chain unsaturated compounds and carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure adds readily to the double bonds of certain long‐chain unsaturated compounds in concentrated sulfuric acid to produce branehed carboxylic acids. Unsaturated compounds studied were oleic acid, 10‐hendecenoic acid, oleyl alcohol, methyl ricinoleate, and linoleic acid. A major component from the reactions of the last two compounds is the same.Infrared spectrophotometry and gas‐liquid chromatography have been the major tools employed in determining composition and structure of the products in addition to the usual chemical and physical determinations.Both the concentration and quantity of sulfuric acid are critically important variables in determining the yields. Water is an essential reactant also and must be available throughout the reaction.Carbon monoxide has been prepared and utilizedin situ by a modification of Koch's (1) method in which the unsaturated compound mixed with formic acid is added to concentrated sulfuric acid or carbon monoxide from a cylinder is passed through sulfuric acid to which the unsaturated compound is added. A method for preparing methyl and butyl esters of carboxyl groups which are difficult to esterify is described.Reaction mechanisms involving intermediate carbonium and oxoearbonium ions are proposed to account for the products.
The study of natural epoxy oils and epoxidized vegetable oils by13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gunstone Frank D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ofVernonia galamensis seed oil and of epoxidized palm super olein, soybean oil and linseed oil have been recorded and interpreted. The chemical shifts of the major signals are assigned and semi‐quantitative results are derived. The spectroscopic procedure provides a useful method of analyzing oils that contain epoxy acids. The epoxide function differs from a double bond in its influence on the chemical shifts of nearby carbon atoms.
Chemical survey and erucic acid content of commercial varieties of nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L.
Authors: Carlson Kenneth D. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) oil contains the highest levels of erucic acid of known seed oils (75–80%). A significant portion of the acid is attached to the 2‐position of the glycerol, and trierucin is a major component (ca. 50%) of the oil. Seeds from eleven varieties of commercially available garden nasturtium (T. majus) were screened for oil content, erucic acid levels and fatty acid distribution. Oil contents ranged fromca. 6 to 11%, and erucic acid levels in the oils ranged from 62 to 80%. One sample ofT. speciosum was also analyzed, and contained 28% oil, fatty acids from C16 to C28 and triglycerides up to C72.
Component fatty acids of marine fish liver oils
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Suwal P. N. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Two liver oils (Elasmobranch) fromCarcharias melanopterus andPristis cuspidatus, caught off the Madras coast are studied, and their component fatty acids are reported.2. The mixed acids were separated into three groups (varying unsaturation) of acids, and their methylesters were fractionated.3. The liver oils are found to belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto’s classification of Elasmobranch fish liver oils.Carcharias melanopterus liver oil contains 31.1% unsaturated acids (myristic 3.1, palmitic 18.4, stearic 9.5, and 0.1% arachidic) and 68.9% unsaturated acids (C16 10.8, C18 19.7, C20 15.2, C22 17.1, C24 5.3%, and traces of C14 monoethenoid).Pristis cuspidatus liver oil contains 36.9% saturated acids (myristic 1.2, palmitic 22.9, stearic 12.7, and arachidic 0.1%) and 67.1% unsaturated acids (C16 8.2, C18 28.5, C20 16.4, C22 5.2, C24 4.6%, and traces of C14 monoethenoid). The unsaturations of the different groups of acids are almost of the same order.4. The abnormal content of saturated acids can be explained by the process of bio‐hydrogenation. The relatively less amount of saturated acids inCarcharias melanopterus liver oil along with its higher content of polyethylenic acids (C20 and above) points strongly to the possible presence of intermediate types of fats among the four groups of Elasmobranch oils.
Surface‐tension determinations with a precision micro capillary rise apparatus
Authors: Nevin C. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDetails of apparatus construction and refinements are presented for a micro capillary rise method of determining absolute values of surface tension. Experimental values of surface tension for benzene, n‐pentadecane, and methyl laurate are recorded and compared with previous literature values. Parachors are determined. The method requires a minute amount of sample and is simple, quick, precise, and accurate.
A study of the volatile compounds produced by the autoxidation of methyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis‐9‐octadecene
Authors: Fritsch C. W. , Deatherage F. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis‐9‐octadecene were oxidized at 80° with a stream of air, and the volatile decomposition products were collected in dry ice traps. The volatile material consisted of an aqueous fraction and water‐soluble substances, an oil fraction, and a crystalline product. The substances in the aqueous fractions were characterized as formic and acetic acid, and their formation was studied during the autoxidation of the various substrates up to 21 days. The crystalline material was purified, and its properties were examined. The purified crystals showed chemical and infrared properties very similar to a sample of synthesized bis‐(hydroxyheptyl) peroxide. Formic and acetic acid were also shown to be produced during the decomposition of hydroxyalkyl peroxides.
Identification of Unsaturated dinitrophenylhydrazones by partial hydrogenation
Authors: de Jong K. , Begemann W. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSmall amounts of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which originate from autoxidized fats, were converted into their corresponding 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and subsequently partially hydrogenated. Neither hydrazine nor hydrogen gas and platinum oxide gave satisfactory results, but, using palladium on calcium carbonate as catalyst, the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones could be hydrogenated partially. Only the double bonds of the aliphatic part of the molecule were reduced, whereas the carbon nitrogen double bond and the nitro groups were not attacked. After hydrogenation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, the reaction mixture was analyzed by thin layer chromatography on a Kieselguhr plate impregnated with Carbowax. In this way, the chain length of the unsaturated carbonyl compound, as well as the number of double bonds, could be determined. Carbonyl conjugated double bonds appeared to be hydrogenated faster than isolated double bonds.
Studies on antioxidant activity of tempeh oil
Authors: György P. , Murata K. , Sugimoto Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious oils, such as soy, cottonseed, corn, safflower, and lard may be protected from autoxidation by the addition, often in small amount, of tempeh oil. Tempeh is obtained from cooked, dehulled soybeans by fermentation with the fungusRhizopus oligosporus. The oil is extracted from dried tempeh with hexane/alcohol 2:1 and recovered by evaporation of the solvents. This crude oil was used in most of the experiments quoted.
Relationship between utilization of fat and synthesis of cholesterol and total lipid in young female rats
Authors: Dupont Jacqueline 
Published: May 2007

AbstractYoung adult female rats were fed diets containing 2% of calories from corn oil plus 20, 40, 60 or 80% of calories as beef tallow or diets containing 2% corn oil and the calorie allowance restricted to 80, 60, 40 or 20% of ad libitum consumption. Incorporation of C14‐acetate into cholesterol and total fat was determined as an indication of rate of synthesis.As dietary fat was increased there was a linear increase in cholesterol radioactivity, as measured in serum, liver and carcass. As calories were decreased there were small but significant increases in cholesterol radioactivity. There was a highly significant decrease in incorporation of acetate into total fat as dietary fat increased, and a decrease in total fat radioactivity when calorie intake was restricted. The differences in rate of cholesterol biosynthesis were not accompanied by differences in total quantity of cholesterol. The conclusion reached was that utilization of fat for energy results in accelerated cholesterol biosynthesis.
Synthesis and analysis of optically active triglycerides
Authors: Schlenk Wilhelm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhysical‐chemical methods for steric analysis of asymmetrical triglycerides and 1,3‐diglycerides have been investigated.Aliphatic triglycerides exhibit optical rotation at the D line and in the ultraviolet to 313 mƁ when they contain greatly different fatty acid substituents, such as isobutyric, sorbic or others contrasted with plamitic and similars. However, optical rotation is not demonstrable with triglyceride antipodes which have only palmitic, oleic and similar component acids. Since their optical rotation is not apparent, they are called cryptoactive glycerides.Presence or absence of the piezoelectric effect permits diagnosis of antipode or racemate with crystalline tri‐ and diglycerides.Mixed melting point diagrams of one antipode and/or of the racemate with the triglyceride of unknown configuration can be used to identify the latter. X‐ray diffraction patterns of antipode and racemic glycerides are different, and configuration assignment is possible by making comparisons.The optical rotation, ॅd = +0.19Ŷ, of dolphin oil was found to be due to S(+)‐methylethylacetic acid which occurs as a component acid in the triglycerides. The optical activity ofeuphorbiaceae triglycerides is discussed and some pertinent model compounds have been prepared.2‐Oleo‐palmitostearin from fresh cocoa beans was found to be the racemic compound.Application of the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog R,S nomenclature to glycerides is outlined. Numerous glycerides have been synthesized in stereospecific form and their physical data are given. Some comments are made on stereospecific analysis of triglycerides without separating them.
Soil redeposition versus deposition tests in evaluation of laundry detergents
Authors: Hensley James W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhiteness retention results obtained with a soil 舠deposition舡 type test, in which soil material as such is added to the detergent bath, are found to be in contradiction to those obtained with soil 舠redeposition舡 tests, in which clean and soiled cloth are washed together. A carbon soil deposition test shows polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to be superior to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) equal to CMC in improving whiteness retention results with a built anionic detergent, with pronounced synergistic effects for PVA‐CMC and PEG‐CMC combination. In contrast, the redeposition tests, employing either carbon black or tagged clay soil, show only the CMC to be effective, the nonionic polymers being ineffective alone and in combinations with CMC. Further, in evaluating the effect of tripolyphosphate builder with an alkylbenzene sulfonate, the deposition and redeposition tests give quite contradictory results. The observed contradictions cast considerable doubt on the validity of the usual carbon soil deposition tests, and emphasize the need for further study of whiteness retention test methods.