bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica in the ovine lung
Authors: Trigo F. J. , Breeze R. G. , Liggitt H. D. , Evermann J. F. , Trigo E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The potential synergistic effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and Pasteurella haemolytica in the production of pneumonia after aerosol/intranasal infection of conventionally reared lambs was evaluated.
A mild clinical response was observed in lambs given virus and/or bacteria. Gross pulmonary lesions were seen in 3 of 6 lambs given rsv and then P haemolytica 3 or 6 days later, respectively (groups D and E), and in 1 lamb of 5 given virus and bacteria simultaneously (group G). Gross lesions were not seen in control sheep (group A), in lambs given virus or bacteria alone (groups B and C), or in lambs exposed to bacteria and then virus 3 days later (group F).
Bovine rsv and P haemolytica were recovered from the lungs of 5 of 7 lambs with macroscopic lesions. Gross pulmonary lesions were cranioventral firm areas of red consolidation. Microscopically, the predominant lesion was a suppurative bronchopneumonia. Bovine rsv was recovered from the nasal cavity of 8 of 27 (30%) lambs given rsv during days 3 to 6 after viral inoculation, including 1 lamb in group B, 2 in groups D, E, and F, and 1 in group G. Pasteurella haemolytica was recovered from the nasal cavity of 9 of 28 (32%) inoculated lambs, including 2 lambs from groups C and E, 3 in group D, and 1 in groups F and G.
Viral antigen, as determined by immunofluorescence, was concentrated mainly in individual cells in alveolar walls, some alveolar macrophages, and a few bronchiolar epithelial cells. In vitro alveolar macrophage assays indicated decreased numbers of Fc receptors on those macrophages collected from lambs given rsv 6 days before P haemolytica infection, as compared with that in the other groups. These cellular defects disappeared after 24 hours of culture.
Seemingly, bovine rsv does facilitate P haemolytica pulmonary infection in conventional, immunocompetent lambs and provides evidence for decreased Fc receptors on alveolar macrophages.
Effects of furosemide on the plasma and urinary concentrations and the excretion of fentanyl: Model for the study of drug interaction in the horse
Authors: Soma Lawrence R. , Korber Kerry , Anderson Thaddeus , Hopkins Judy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of furosemide (0.55 mg/kg iv) on the plasma and urinary fentanyl (PFE UFE) concentrations were studied during steady-state conditions. The PFE during the steady-state period was 0.31 ± 0.027 ng/mlFE, with no significant changes occurring, even though the rate of excretion of fentanyl (EX) increased during the 1st hour from 112.0 ± 21.6 to 534.5 ± 82.9 ng/minute. The EX returned to control levels within 3 hours, as did the UFE.
The injection of furosemide increased glomerular filtration rate from 1.97 ± 0.21 to 3.81 ± 0.75 ml/kg/min. The fractional reabsorption decreased from a control of 70.3 ± 6.2% to 25.2 ± 2.3% during the 1st hour, returning to control levels at 3 hours after furosemide was given. The total body clearance of fentanyl increased slightly during the peak period of diuresis. The return of EX, fractional reabsorption, UFE, and clearance of endogenous creatinine to control levels occurred before the return of urine specific gravity, indicating the ability of the kidney to concentrate fentanyl before its water concentrating capacity had returned.
Virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolated from cows with acute mastitis
Authors: Sanchez-Carlo Vanessa , McDonald J. S. , Packer R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 184 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from cows with acute mastitis were examined for recognized pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors commonly found in pathogenic groups of E coli. A modification of the Eng procedure (for detecting complement deficiencies in serum) was used to test for resistance to different animal sera. The Sereny test (for invasiveness), infant mouse test (for heat-stable enterotoxin), and Y-1 adrenal tumor cell assay (for heat-labile enterotoxin) were used. Hemagglutination tests, using rabbit, sheep, and guinea pig rbc, were done with and without added mannose.
All of the 184 isolates were serum resistant in all tested sera. None of the isolates was invasive. Only 1 isolate was positive for heat-stable enterotoxin and 2 cultures were positive for heat-labile enterotoxin. Multiple patterns of hemagglutination were observed. The majority of the isolates exhibited both mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant hemagglutinins with guinea pig and rabbit rbc. A few strains were positive only in mannose-sensitive or mannose-resistant hemagglutination tests. A few strains were negative in all hemagglutination tests. Based on our results, E coli from cows with acute mastitis lack the virulence factors commonly observed in other E coli groups associated with disease. Serum resistance was the only characteristic that could be related to virulence.
Effect of dietary niacin supplementation on phlorhizin and 1,3-butanediol-induced ketonemia and hypoglycemia in steers
Authors: Dufva G. S. , Bartley E. E. , Nagaraja T. G. , Dayton A. D. , Frey R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
1,3-Butanediol and phlorhizin were used to induce ketonemia and hypoglycemia in steers. Oral administration of butanediol increased blood β-hydroxybutyrate (bhb) and plasma nonesterified fatty acids (nefa) and decreased serum glucose. Subcutaneous injections of phlorhizin, given in addition to butanediol orally, further increased nefa and bhb concentrations and decreased glucose. Dietary niacin supplementation of steers given phlorhizin and butane diol caused serum glucose concentration to increase and blood bhb and plasma nefa concentrations to decrease.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs immunosuppressed by thymectomy and treatment with antithymocyte serum
Authors: Tajima M. , Yagihashi T. , Nunoya T. , Takeuchi A. , Ohashi F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of immunosuppression on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection was evaluated by comparing data from infected, thymectomized, and antithymocyte serum-treated pigs (group 1) with data from infected (group 2) and noninfected (group 3) healthy pigs. After groups 1 and 2 pigs were inoculated intranasally with M hyopneumoniae, mycoplasmas tended to multiply slightly more in the lungs and bronchial lymph nodes of group 1 pigs than that of group 2 pigs. Organisms were also isolated from the spleen of 1 of 3 group 1 pigs. Pneumonia developed in group 2 pigs and was characterized by massive peribronchial, peribronchiolar, and perivascular lymphoid hyperplasia and exudate consisting mainly of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveoli and lumina of the bronchioles and bronchi. In group 1 pigs, perivascular and peribronchiolar cuffings by lymphocytes were less prominent, and the extent of intraluminal exudate was severe and widespread. Bronchial lymph nodes from group 2 pigs had marked hyperplasia of germinal centers and paracortical areas. In group 1 pigs, germinal centers were hyperplastic, whereas in the paracortical areas, depletion of lymphocytes was evident. Seemingly, cell-mediated immune mechanisms are important in the development of pneumonic lesions in enzootic pneumonia of pigs.
Distribution of innervation and circulation in porcine cervical trachea
Authors: Munoz Nilda M. , Cera Lee M. , Leff Alan R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The circulation and innervation to porcine cervical trachea were studied in 54 animals in situ. The antemortem response of porcine tracheal muscle was measured isometrically during selective injection of acetylcholine into the cranial thyroid arterial circulation. A predominantly unilateral (70.4%), rather than bilateral (3.7%), arterial circulation was identified; a cranial thyriod artery was not demonstrated in 25.9% of swine, suggesting dominant perfusion from the caudal thyroid circulation. After animals were killed, dye injection through the dominant cranial thyroid trunk demonstrated homogeneous perfusion of the muscle in all instances. In 20 of these animals, the distribution of parasympathetic innervation to porcine tracheal muscle was studied by selective electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in situ. Tracheal smooth muscle response was measured isometrically, using settings (20 v, 20 Hz) causing maximal contractile force. Bilateral electrical stimulation caused active tracheal tension of 23.2 ± 1.9 g/cm. Unilateral stimulation of the left vagus nerve caused 17.8 ± 1.5 g/cm contraction, which was significantly greater than the response caused by selective stimulation of the right vagus nerve (12.1 ± 1,6 g/cm; P < 0.001). Innervation to porcine cervical trachea, although bilateral, is derived predominantly from the left vagus nerve; circulation is derived almost always from the left cranial thyroid artery.
Effects of aflatoxin M1 intake at physiologic levels on newborn dairy calves
Authors: van Dijk H. J. , O'Dell G. D. , Bodine A. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
When aflatoxin-contaminated grain is consumed by dairy cows, aflatoxin M1 is excreted in the milk. Sixteen neonatal male Holstein calves were given milk which had been collected from cows given 5 to 6 mg of aflatoxin B1 each day. The calves were examined for possible detrimental effects of the mycotoxin at pseudophysiologic concentrations. Calves were allotted to 1 of 4 groups given different milk dietary aflatoxin M1 concentrations: group 1—given 0 μg of aflatoxin M1/L (undetectable); group 2—given 0.5 μg/L; group 3—given 1 μg/L; and group 4—given 2 μg/L. Whole milk equal to 8% of body weight was fed daily and adjusted each week to maintain this ratio. Water and a 15% crude protein complete calf starter ration were offered ad libitum for the 6-week feeding study. Weekly blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture and analyzed for serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities.
Daily means for milk dry matter intake (in kg) and complete ration intake (in kg) for the calf groups were as follows: 0.46 and 0.36 for group 1; 0.46 and 0.25 for group 2; 0.42 and 0.18 for group 3; and 0.49 and 0.40 for group 4. Significant differences in complete ration and total dry matter intake were noted. The average daily gains (in kg) and gains in height at withers (in cm) were 0.39 and 4.1 for group 1; 0.36 and 4.0 for group 2; 0.29 and 5.7 for group 3; and 0.42 and 5.1 for group 4. Differences in growth variables or in feed efficiency were not observed. Serum enzyme activities were not different for the 4 calf groups. At necropsy, gross abnormalities were not observed in specific organs (liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and adrenals), nor did weights of these organs differ between treatment, although a trend in increased weight of the spleen with toxin intake was observed. Calculated conversion of aflatoxin B1 ingested by cows to aflatoxin M1 produced was approximately 0.6%.
Normal values of the canine M-mode echocardiogram
Authors: Lombard Christophe W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 40 healthy dogs, awake and unsedated, in left, lateral recumbent position. Fifteen echocardiographic measurements were taken and correlated with body weights using linear regression equations. The left ventricular internal dimension in systole and diastole, the left ventricular wall thickness, the aortic root dimension, and the left atrial dimension had high correlation coefficients (r2), ranging from 0.756 to 0.619. The fractional shortening of the left ventricle in systole (39% ± 6%) and the left atrial to aortic root ratio (0.99 ± 0.10) were not linearly related to body weights and had constant values.
Electromyographic and urethral pressure profilometry: Assessment of urethral function before and after perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Holliday T. A. , Vasseur P. B. , Bruhl-Day R. A. G. A. , Parker H. R. , McNeal D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Urethral pressure and electromyographic profiles were recorded in 10 healthy adult male cats before and after perineal urethrostomy. There was a significant decrease (P = 0 at 1 week after surgery, P = 0.002 at 3 weeks after surgery) in the mean maximum urethral pressure profile with associated loss of periurethral striated muscle activity.
Greater sensitivity of caprine synovial membrane cells to human interferon-alpha than human or bovine cells
Authors: Yilma Tilahun , Breeze Roger G. , Leib Steven R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sensitivity of caprine synovial membrane cells to the antiviral effects of natural and recombinant DNA-derived human interferons (HuIFN) was compared with that of human foreskin fibroblast (FS7), ovine choroid plexus, and bovine turbinate cells. Caprine cells were found to be more sensitive (P < 0.01) to natural HuIFN-α than human, ovine, and bovine cells. The sensitivity of caprine cells to recombinant DNA-derived HuIFN-α was equivalent to that of ovine cells, but greater than human or bovine cells. The sensitivity of caprine cells to natural and recombinant DNA-derived HuIFN-β was equivalent to human cells, but less than that of ovine cells.
Action of epinephrine on the function of the teat sphincter in the lactating cow
Authors: Vandeputte-Van Messom Georgette , Burvenich Christian , Peeters Georges 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Under continuous iv infusion of oxytocin, milk leakage was elicited in 6 lactating cows with full udders by induction of a vacuum (−30 cm of water) around 1 mammary papilla (teat) with a plethysmography apparatus. The volumes of milk loss were measured every minute.
Epinephrine injected either into the jugular vein (20, 100, and 500 μg) or into the external pudic artery (1.5, 7.5, and 37.5 μg) induced an increase in milk leakage in 5 cows. This effect could be antagonized by the β-blocking agent sotalol hydrochloride (0.5 to 4 mg) injected into the external pudic artery. In 1 cow, however, epinephrine given intra-arterially exerted a biphasic effect, small doses inducing stimulation, and large doses evoking inhibition of milk loss. The stimulating effects were blocked by sotalol (2 mg). The inhibiting effects were antagonized by the α-blocking agent prazosin (2 mg).
Correction of organophosphate-induced neuromuscular blockade by diphenhydramine
Authors: Clemmons R. M. , Meyer D. J. , Sundlof S. F. , Rappaport J. J. , Fossler M. E. , Hubbell J. , Dorsey-Lee M. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs exposed to topical organophosphate (fenthion) developed decreased plasma and muscle cholinesterase activities. After 2 doses were applied (1 week between doses), plasma concentrations declined 80% and muscle cholinesterase activity was reduced by 56%. Decremental responses to repetitive nerve stimulation developed after fenthion administration. Diphenhydramine, but not placebo, corrected the electrical abnormalities caused by organophosphate application, but without altering plasma or muscle cholinesterase activity. Control dogs housed in the same kennel demonstrated a slight decrease (18%) of plasma cholinesterase, which indicates that there may be potential cross contamination. Diphenydramine may be effective in treating organophosphate-induced neuromuscular weakness which is refractory to other forms of therapy.
In vitro propagation of canine distemper virus: Establishment of persistent infection in Vero cells
Authors: Metzler Alfred E. , Krakowka Steven , Axthelm Michael K. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primary cultures of bovine fibroblast (bf) and canine brain cells, persistently infected with virulent R252-canine distemper virus (cdv), were cocultured with African green monkey (Vero) cells. Transfer of persistent cdv from bf to Vero cells varied inversely with the in vitro passage level (age) of the cdv-infected bf cells. Successful transfer of cdv to Vero cells was signaled by the transient appearance of viral syncytia, rapid spread of viral antigen to all Vero cells in the culture, and by recovery of cell-free Vero-infectious virus in culture fluids. With time, viral cytopathic effects in Vero cells containing cdv disappeared, and the infected lines could not be distinguished from noninfected control Vero cells, except by immunoassay for viral antigen.
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella dublin as a parenteral modified live vaccine for calves
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Stocker Bruce A. D. , Hoiseth Susan K. , Johnson Eugene 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A virulent Salmonella dublin isolate was made histidine-requiring (his−) to allow recognition. The his− derivative, SL1367 (still calf-virulent), was then given by transduction and mutation, a transposon-generated non-reverting aromatic biosynthesis (aro) defect; this defect caused loss of virulence for the mouse. The his− aro− derivative strain, SL1438, was effective as a live vaccine in mice.
Twenty male Holstein calves were divided into 4 groups. Groups I, II, and III were vaccinated IM at 2 weeks and at 3 weeks of age with aromatic-dependent (aro−) S dublin strain SL1438.
Groups I and III received freshly prepared vaccine and group II received lyophilized vaccine. Serious adverse reactions to the vaccination were not seen. After vaccination, the mean maximum increase in rectal temperature was 1.8 C in group I and III calves and 0.6 C in group II calves. Fewer group II calves developed diarrhea (1 of 5) or positive blood cultures (0 of 5) after vaccination compared with group I and III calves (6 of 10 and 5 of 10, respectively). Postvaccination diarrhea was mild and of short duration, Group IV was comprised of 5 nonvaccinated calves.
At 5 weeks of age, all calves were challenge exposed orally. Group I, II, and IV calves were challenge exposed with 1011 virulent S dublin SL1367. Group III was challenge exposed with 1011 virulent S typhimurium UCD 108-11. Subsequently, fever and diarrhea (lasting 1 to 3 days), but no deaths, were observed in the vaccinated calves. Four of the 5 nonvaccinated (group IV) calves died (P < 0.001) within 8 days after challenge exposure.
Aro− S dublin SL 1438 did not cause serious adverse effects and provided protection against oral challenge exposure with either virulent S dublin or S typhimurium.
Identification of canine lymphocyte subpopulations by immunofluorescence assay
Authors: Koyama Hiroyuki , Sakurai Yoshinori , Kajikawa Osamu , Saito Hiroshi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experiments were performed to identify subpopulations of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues of dogs. Anti-canine thymocyte serum (ats) and anti-canine brain-associated T-cell antigen (abat) were obtained by immunization of rabbits with canine thymocytes and canine brain tissue homogenate, respectively. The ats and abat antisera were absorbed using canine rbc, liver powder, and bone marrow cells. Part of the abat antiserum was further absorbed using canine thymocytes (abat-t antiserum). The ats, abat, abat-t, and antiasialo GM1 antisera were used for identification of lymphocyte subpopulations by means of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (fa) techniques. For bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, surface immunoglobulin (SIg) was measured by direct fa using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit anti-dog immunoglobulin G antiserum. The specificites of the various antisera were proven by treatment of the lymphocytes by means of nylon wool columns or rosette-forming techniques followed by treatment with antisera and rabbit complement. Results indicated that ats reacted with T-lymphocytes, and abat antiserum reacted with T-lymphocytes, with abat-t-positive cells, and with antiasialo GM 1-positive cells The abat-t and asialo GM1 antisera reacted with the same cell populations, but did not react with ats-positive cells and abat-positive cells.
Lymphocytes from 21 clinically normal mixed-breed dogs and from 2 Beagle dogs were identified by various antisera. For mixed-breed dogs, the positive percentages of peripheral blood lymphocytes with respect to SIg, ats, abat, and abat-t were 36.3 ± 3.2%, 52.7 ± 3.5%, 56.1 ± 3.6%, and 2.4 ± 0.3%, respectively; in the spleens, the positive percentages were 44.8 ± 3.8%, 39.6 ± 2.8%, 42.6 ± 2.6%, and 1.9 ± 0.5%, respectively; and in the lymph nodes, 39.0 ± 2.7%, 49.4 ± 3.6%, 52.1 ± 3.9%, and 1.6 ± 0.5%, respectively. In the peripheral blood lymphocytes of Beagle dogs, the positive percentages were 16.3 ± 1.3%, 73.3 ± 0.8%, 76.5 ± 1.0%, and 2.5 ± 0% with respect to surface SIg, ats, abat, and abat-t, respectively.
An aspirin-prednisolone combination to modify postadulticide lung disease in heartworm-infected dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Keith James C. , Losonsky John M. , McCall John M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A combination of aspirin and prednisolone was used in an attempt to modify the pulmonary disease produced by thiacetarsamide treatment of heartworm-infected dogs. Results of 6 heartworm-infected dogs treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg, daily for 4 weeks) and aspirin (10 mg/ kg, daily for 4 weeks) after thiacetarsamide treatment were compared with previously published results of 3 groups of dogs (6 dogs/group). One of these 3 groups was a nontreated control group, another was treated with prednisolone, and the 3rd was treated with aspirin. All dogs each with 9 adult heartworms transplanted were treated with a 2-day, twice-a-day treatment of thiacetarsamide (1 mg/kg) 4 weeks after the transplant. Thoracic radiographs were taken before and at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after thiacetarsamide treatment to evaluate lung disease. Pulmonary arteriography was performed before and 3.5 weeks after thiacetarsamide treatment to evaluate pulmonary blood flow.
After treatment, radiographs of the aspirin-prednisolone group were similar radiographs the prednisolone group, both with a marked attenuation of the parenchymal disease, as compared with the non-treated group. Addition of aspirin to prednisolone prevented the blood flow obstruction and intraluminal filling defects that were present in the groups not receiving aspirin. Sixteen of 54 transplanted heartworms survived thiacetarsamide treatment in both prednisolone-treated groups, in contrast to complete elimination of heartworms in the nontreated group. Aspirin may be considered for treatment of any heartworm-infected dog that does not have hemotypsis, but postthiacetarsamide use of prednisolone should be restricted to the dog that develops severe lung disease after the heartworms have been killed.
Effect of the caprine variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides on endothelium, monocytes, and complement of guinea pig, calf, sheep, and goat serum
Authors: Rosendal S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The caprine variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides causes septicemia with coagulopathy in goats. Pathogenetic mechanisms that might explain the coagulopathy, the ability of the Mycoplasma to persist in the blood, and its specificity for goats were studied.
Severe endothelial damage was seen by electron microscopy of goat aorta tissue exposed in vitro to 107 colony-forming units of mycoplasmas. The Mycoplasma did not damage 51Cr-labeled adherent cells from peripheral blood of goats. The hemolytic complement titer was reduced by 94%, 50%, 50%, and 25% in guinea pig, calf, sheep, and goat serum, respectively, 30 minutes after treatment with 8 × 109 colony-forming units of the Mycoplasma. Freshly prepared serum from these animal species killed the Mycoplasma. Heat-inactivated serum was not mycoplasmacidal. Complement from these 4 animal species was activated by the Mycoplasma through the classical pathway, because ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid precipitation of serum Ca2+ inhibited activation. Proof that the classical pathway was functional in goats was not conclusive because Ca2+ supplementation of ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid-treated serum did not restore complement activity.
Endothelial damage and complement activation may explain the coagulopathy. The function that complement activation may have in the inflammatory response of this disease is not known. Difference in susceptibility of calves, sheep, and goats to M mycoides septicemia cannot be explained by species variation in complement mycoplasmacidal activity.