bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of randomized double‐blind controlled trials
Authors: Song Y. , He K. , Levitan E. B. , Manson J. E. , Liu S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims  The aim of this study was to assess the evidence on the effect of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  We searched the electronic databases of medline, embase and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register up to January 2005. We identified nine randomized double‐blind controlled trials with a total of 370 patients with Type 2 diabetes and of duration 4–16 weeks. The median dose of oral magnesium supplementation was 15 mmol/day (360 mg/day) in the treatment groups. The primary outcome was glycaemic control, as measured by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) or fasting blood glucose levels; the secondary outcomes included body mass index, blood pressure (BP) and lipids. Using a random‐effects model, we calculated the weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results  After a median duration of 12 weeks, the weighted mean post‐intervention fasting glucose was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared with the placebo groups [−0.56 mmol/l (95% CI, −1.10 to −0.01); P for heterogeneity = 0.02]. The difference in post‐intervention HbA1c between magnesium supplementation groups and control groups was not significant [−0.31% (95% CI, −0.81 to 0.19); P for heterogeneity = 0.10]. Neither systolic nor diastolic BP was significantly changed. Magnesium supplementation increased on high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels [0.08 mmol/l (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.14); P for heterogeneity = 0.36] but had no effect on total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride.Conclusions  Oral magnesium supplementation for 4–16 weeks may be effective in reducing plasma fasting glucose levels and raising HDL cholesterol in patients with Type 2 diabetes, although the long‐term benefits and safety of magnesium treatment on glycaemic control remain to be determined.
Groundwater discharges in the Baltic Sea: survey and quantification using a schlieren technique application
Authors: KARPEN V. , THOMSEN L. , SUESS ERWIN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGroundwater seeps are known to occur in Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea. Their discharge rate and dispersion were investigated with a new schlieren technique application, which is able to visualize heterogeneous water parcels with density anomalies down to Δσt = 0.049 on the scale of millimeters. With the use of an inverted funnel, discharged fluids can be captured and the outflow velocity can be determined. Overall, 46 stations could be categorized by three different cases: active vent sites, seep‐influenced sites, and non‐seep sites. New seep locations were discovered, even at shallow near‐shore sites, lacking prominent sediment depression, which indicate submarine springs. The detection of numerous seeps was possible and the groundwater‐influenced area was defined to be approximately 6.3 km2. Flow rates of between 0.05 and 0.71 l m−2 min−1 were measured. A single focused fluid plume, which was not disturbed by the funnel was recorded and revealed a flux of 59.6 ± 20 ml cm−2 min−1 and it was calculated that this single focused plume would be strong enough to produce a flow rate through the funnel of 1.32 ± 0.44 l m−2 min−1. The effect of different seep‐meter funnel sizes is discussed.
Mitochondrial DNA Portrait of Latvians: Towards the Understanding of the Genetic Structure of Baltic‐Speaking Populations
Authors: Pliss L. , Tambets K. , Loogväli E.‐L. , Pronina N. , Lazdins M. , Krumina A. , Baumanis V. , Villems R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was investigated in a sample of 299 Latvians, a Baltic‐speaking population from Eastern Europe. Sequencing of the first hypervariable segment (HVS‐I) in combination with analysis of informative coding region markers revealed that the vast majority of observed mtDNAs belong to haplogroups (hgs) common to most European populations. Analysis of the spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes found in Latvians, as well as in Baltic‐speaking populations in general, revealed that they share haplotypes with all neighbouring populations irrespective of their linguistic affiliation. Hence, the results of our mtDNA analysis show that the previously described sharp difference between the Y‐chromosomal hg N3 distribution in the paternally inherited gene pool of Baltic‐speaking populations and of other European Indo‐European speakers does not have a corresponding maternal counterpart.
Surgical Anatomy of the Triceps Brachii Tendon
Authors: Madsen Michael , Marx Robert G. , Millett Peter J. , Rodeo Scott A. , Sperling John W. , Warren Russell F. 
Published: May 2006

Background The triceps tendon has been described as a single unit with contribution from each of the 3 heads of the muscle. An observation at the time of surgical repair of a triceps tendon injury led to an anatomical study to further define the anatomy of this tendon as it inserts on the olecranon. Hypothesis The medial head of the triceps has a tendon that is distinct from, and deep to, the common tendon of the long and lateral heads. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study and case report. Methods Eight cadaveric elbows were dissected to examine the triceps tendon. None of the specimens had any evidence of prior injury or surgery to the elbow. All specimens were fresh-frozen and stored at–4°C until they were thawed for use. Skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed, and the tendon of each head of the triceps was explored from the muscle to its bony insertion. Results In all 8 specimens, on gross inspection, the medial head had a separate insertion deep to the common insertion of the lateral and long heads. The muscle of the medial head extended further distally than did the long and lateral heads. The medial head was muscular to its deep insertion, with a small amount of tendon blended with the muscle distally. Histologic analysis demonstrated that the tendon of the medial head and that of the other 2 heads are confluent distally at their olecranon insertion. Conclusion The medial head of the triceps has a tendon that is distinct from, and deep to, the common tendon of the long and lateral heads on gross inspection. Histologic studies show the insertion of these 2 tendons is confluent. Clinical Relevance This anatomy has important implications for surgical repair of these tendon injuries. Rupture of the deep triceps insertion alone can occur and lead to weakness of elbow extension with the elbow flexed beyond 90°. Triceps strength should be tested with the elbow fully flexed when injury to the tendinous insertion is suspected.
Differentially profiling the low-expression transcriptomes of human hepatoma using a novel SSH/microarray approach
Authors: Pan Yi-Shin , Lee Yun-Shien , Lee Yung-Lin , Lee Wei-Chen , Hsieh Sen-Yung 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The main limitation in performing genome-wide gene-expression profiling is the assay of low-expression genes. Approaches with high throughput and high sensitivity for assaying low-expression transcripts are urgently needed for functional genomic studies. Combination of the suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA microarray techniques using the subtracted cDNA clones as probes printed on chips has greatly improved the efficiency for fishing out the differentially expressed clones and has been used before. However, it remains tedious and inefficient sequencing works for identifying genes including the great number of redundancy in the subtracted amplicons, and sacrifices the original advantages of high sensitivity of SSH in profiling low-expression transcriptomes.

Results
We modified the previous combination of SSH and microarray methods by directly using the subtracted amplicons as targets to hybridize the pre-made cDNA microarrays (named as "SSH/microarray"). mRNA prepared from three pairs of hepatoma and non-hepatoma liver tissues was subjected to the SSH/microarray assays, as well as directly to regular cDNA microarray assays for comparison. As compared to the original SSH and microarray combination assays, the modified SSH/microarray assays allowed for much easier inspection of the subtraction efficiency and identification of genes in the subtracted amplicons without tedious and inefficient sequencing work. On the other hand, 5015 of the 9376 genes originally filtered out by the regular cDNA microarray assays because of low expression became analyzable by the SSH/microarray assays. Moreover, the SSH/microarray assays detected about ten times more (701 vs. 69) HCC differentially expressed genes (at least a two-fold difference and P < 0.01), particularly for those with rare transcripts, than did the regular cDNA microarray assays. The differential expression was validated in 9 randomly selected genes in 18 pairs of hepatoma/non-hepatoma liver tissues using quantitative RT-PCR. The SSH/microarray approaches resulted in identifying many differentially expressed genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle, cell death, signal transduction and cell morphogenesis, suggesting the involvement of multi-biological processes in hepato-carcinogenesis.

Conclusion
The modified SSH/microarray approach is a simple but high-sensitive and high-efficient tool for differentially profiling the low-expression transcriptomes. It is most adequate for applying to functional genomic studies.
Protease nexin-1 expression is altered in human breast cancer
Authors: Candia Britny J , Hines William C , Heaphy Christopher M , Griffith Jeffrey K , Orlando Robert A 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA), a serine protease, plays a pivotal role in human breast cancer metastasis by mediating the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and promoting cell motility. In more advanced breast cancers, uPA activity is significantly up regulated and serves as a prognostic indicator of poor patient outcome. Classically, regulation of uPA activity, especially in breast cancers, is thought to be mediated by Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1). However, we have recently found that a lesser known natural inhibitor of uPA, Protease Nexin 1 (PN-1), is expressed in normal human mammary tissue. Based on this observation, we investigated if PN-1 is also expressed in human breast cancers where it may contribute to the regulation of uPA and participate in the development of a metastatic phenotype.

Results
Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, we measured PN-1 mRNA expression in tissues obtained from 26 human breast tumor biopsies and compared these values with those obtained from 10 normal breast tissue samples. Since both PAI-1 and uPA expression levels are known to be elevated in metastatic breast cancer, we also measured their levels in our 26 tumor samples for direct comparison with PN-1 expression. We found that PN-1 expression was elevated over that found in normal mammary tissue; an increase of 1.5- to 3.5-fold in 21 of 26 human breast tumors examined. As anticipated, both PAI-1 and uPA mRNA levels were significantly higher in the majority of breast tumors; 19 of 26 tumors for PAI-1 and 22 of 26 tumors for uPA. A quantile box plot of these data demonstrates that the elevated PN-1 expression in breast tumor tissues directly correlates with the increased expression levels found for PAI-1 and uPA.

Conclusion
The fact that PN-1 expression is elevated in human breast cancer, and that its increased expression is directly correlated with increases measured for PAI-1 and uPA, suggests that PN-1 may contribute to the regulation of uPA-mediate tumor cell motility and metastatic spread.
Depression in Irish migrants living in London: case-control study
Authors: Ryan Louise , Leavey Gerard , Golden Anne , Blizard Robert , King Michael 
Published: May 2006

BackgroundThere is evidence that Irish migrants in Britain have higher rates of depression and suicide than other minority ethnic groups.AimsTo examine the association between poorly planned migration and depression in Irish-born people living in London.MethodA sample of 360 Irish-born people was recruited from 11 general practices into a case-control study Participants were interviewed using standardised measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We calculated the odds ratio for any association between depression and eight questions on preparation for migration.ResultsPoorly planned migration was associated with subsequent depression in Irish-born people living in London (OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.06-l.35). The odds of depression were increased by a factor of 20% for each additional negative answer to eight questions on preparation for migration. Positive post-migration influences such as adequate social support protected some against depression.ConclusionsDepression in Irish-born people living in London is associated with poorly planned migration. However, this effect can be modified by experiences following migration.
Socio-economic deprivation and duration of hospital stay in severe mental disorder
Authors: Abas Melanie Amna , Vanderpyl Jane , Robinson Elizabeth , Prou Trix Le , Crampton Peter 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAdults from South Auckland, New Zealand who required acute admission to hospital were followed from admission to discharge. After adjusting for demographic factors, diagnosis, chronicity, severity, consultant psychiatrist and involuntary admission, the length of stay for those from more deprived areas was significantly longer by 7 days than for those from less deprived areas. Information on socio-economic deprivation should be used in discharge planning and in optimising access to community care. Research is needed on group-level factors that may affect recovery from mental disorders.
Use of a routine mental health measure in an adolescent secure unit
Authors: Yates Peter , Kramer Tami , Garralda M. Elena 
Published: May 2006

SummaryWe examined the use of a staff-completed measure, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA), to record mental health problems in adolescents in local authority secure accommodation. It proved possible to train staff and implement completion of the HoNOSCA on 64 consecutive admissions. Interrater reliability was high. The HoNOSCA identified high levels of psychological problems on admission (mean 18.5, s.d.=5.5). Follow-up HoNOSCA ratings proved sensitive to change; however, correlation between HoNOSCA and adolescent-completed questionnaires was poor. We concluded that HoNOSCA can be helpful in documenting mental health problems among young people admitted to secure local authority units.
Rituximab in the Treatment of Acquired Hemophilia
Authors: Stachnik Joan M 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To review published literature evaluating the use of rituximab for treatment of acquired hemophilia. Data Sources: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–January 2006). References of identified articles were subsequently reviewed for additional data. Search terms included rituximab, acquired hemophilia, and inhibitors. Data Synthesis: Available data suggest that B-cell depletion by rituximab in patients with acquired hemophilia may contribute to the eradication of inhibitors to coagulation factors. B-cells have been shown to be essential in the development of autoimmunity or an acquired immune response. Beneficial effects of rituximab, after failure of established therapies, have been reported in case reports and one small, open-label trial. Conclusions: Although data are limited, administration of rituximab appears to be an effective option for treatment of patients with acquired hemophilia after established therapies have failed. Patients given rituximab experienced cessation of recurrent bleeding, normalization of factor VIII activity, and eradication of inhibitors. A complete response to rituximab (undetectable inhibitors, normalization of factor levels) generally occurred several weeks to months after initiation of therapy.
Upper Temperature Tolerance of Loach Minnow under Acute, Chronic, and Fluctuating Thermal Regimes
Authors: Widmer Ann M. , Carveth Corissa J. , Bonar Scott A. , Simms Jeffrey R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe used four methods to estimate the upper lethal temperature of loach minnow Rhinichthys cobitis: The lethal thermal method (LTM), chronic lethal method (CLM), acclimated chronic exposure (ACE) method with static temperatures, and ACE method with diel temperature fluctuations. The upper lethal temperature of this species ranged between 32°C and 38°C, depending on the method and exposure time; however, temperatures as low as 28°C resulted in slowed growth compared with the control groups. In LTM trials, we increased temperatures 0.3°C/min and death occurred at 36.8 ± 0.2°C (mean ± SE) for fish (37–49 mm total length) acclimated to 30°C and at 36.4 ± 0.07°C for fish acclimated to 25°C. In CLM trials, temperatures were increased more slowly (1°C/d), allowing fish to acclimate. Mean temperature at death was 33.4 ± 0.1°C for fish 25–35 mm and 32.9 ± 0.4°C for fish 45–50 mm. In the ACE experiment with static temperatures, we exposed fish for 30 d to four constant temperatures. No fish (20–40 mm) survived beyond 30 d at 32°C and the 30‐d temperature lethal to 50% of the test animals was 30.6°C. Growth at static 28°C and 30°C was slower than growth at 25°C, suggesting that fish were stressed at sublethal temperatures. In ACE trials with diel temperature fluctuations of 4, 6, and 10°C and a 32°C peak temperature, over 80% of fish (20–40 mm) survived 30 d. Although brief exposures to 32°C were not lethal, the growth of fish in the three fluctuating‐temperature treatments was significantly less than the growth at the ambient temperature (25–29°C). To minimize thermal stress and buffer against temperature spikes, we recommend that loach minnow habitat be managed to avoid water temperatures above 28°C.
Defining Flow Windows for Upstream Passage of Adult Anadromous Salmonids at Cascades and Falls
Authors: Reiser Dudley W. , Huang Chi‐Ming , Beck Stuart , Gagner Michael , Jeanes Eric 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVariations in streamflow at falls and cascades can create transitory barriers to upstream passage of adult anadromous salmonids. In this study, we evaluated the ability of six anadromous salmonids (coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, pink salmon O. gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, sockeye salmon O. nerka, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, and steelhead O. mykiss) to pass five sets of falls or cascades within Ward Creek, Alaska, a stream regulated by Connell Dam. The study focused on determining suitable instream flow releases to afford passage. Each set of falls was surveyed under three flow conditions (about 0.91, 1.34, and 3.0 m3/s), and access portals were identified. Using computed stage—discharge relationships and published swimming and jumping criteria, we evaluated the falls barrier potential over a range (0.23–11.33 m3/s) of flows. Analysis indicated pink salmon and chum salmon would be relegated to the area below the lower two falls. Flows affording passage over all five falls for the other species (excluding Chinook salmon) were defined as “flow windows” and ranged from 0.66 to 3.01 m3/s. Flow windows varied by species; the narrowest range of acceptable passage flows was found for sockeye salmon, the widest was found for steelhead, and the range for coho salmon was intermediate. Escapement surveys generally confirmed our analysis; pink salmon and chum salmon were only found below the lowermost falls. The flow windows for passage were compatible with a set of instream flow recommendations derived via a PHABSIM‐based study but were incompatible with the highest flow recommendation based on the method of Tennant (1976). Care must be taken when evaluating instream flow needs to ensure that all flow‐sensitive factors are considered.
The Use of Different Measurements and Definitions of Periodontal Disease in the Study of the Association Between Periodontal Disease and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Andriankaja Oelisoa M. , Genco Robert J. , Dorn Joan , Dmochowski Jacek , Hovey Kathy , Falkner Karen L. , Scannapieco Frank , Trevisan Maurizio 
Published: May 2006

Background: The role of periodontal disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been under debate because of the inconsistency of findings across studies. One of the major issues is the method used to assess or define periodontal disease. The present study assesses if the observed association between periodontal disease and incident myocardial infarction (MI) depends on the measurements and/or criteria used to define periodontal disease.Methods: A population‐based case‐control study to evaluate the association between PD and risk of MI was conducted between 1997 and 2001 in Western New York with 537 cases and 800 controls, aged 35 to 69 years. Cases were survivors of incident MI from local hospitals in Erie and Niagara counties. Controls were randomly selected from residents of the same counties. Periodontal disease was assessed using interproximal clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), alveolar crest height (ACH), and number of missing teeth. From these measurements, four different case definitions of periodontal disease were created.Results: Using the continuous forms of periodontal measurements, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of the association with incident MI were 1.46 (1.26 to 1.69), 2.19 (1.66 to 2.89), 1.30 (1.14 to 1.49), and 1.04 (1.02 to 1.07) for mean CAL, PD, ACH, and number of missing teeth, respectively. Regardless of the case definition of periodontal disease, the estimates of the association with incident MI were statistically significant.Conclusions: The observed association between periodontal disease and incident MI was consistent across different measurements and/or case definitions of periodontal disease used. The magnitude of the association varies depending on the measurements or the criteria used to define periodontal disease.
Family Socioeconomic Position at Birth and Future Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Findings From the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Cohort Study
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Ronalds Georgina , Macintyre Sally , Clark Heather , Leon David A. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We assessed the association of father’s social class, recorded at the time of birth, with coronary heart disease and stroke in a British cohort of 11106 individuals born in the 1950s. Methods. Survival analysis was used to relate social class at birth to the occurrence of either fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease or stroke. Results. Rates of coronary heart disease and stroke increased across the social class distribution from highest to lowest, and patterns of association were similar for the 2 outcomes. The gender-adjusted hazard ratio of experiencing either coronary heart disease or stroke comparing the manual and nonmanual social class categories was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.14, 2.02). This ratio fell to 1.41 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.88) after adjustment for indicators of intrauterine and childhood growth. Further adjustment for educational attainment reduced the ratio to 1.28 (95% CI=0.94, 1.75). Conclusions. We found that social class at birth was associated with risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease among individuals born in the 1950s, a period of relative prosperity and after the introduction of the welfare state in Britain. This relation appeared to be mediated in part through educational attainment.