bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic Evidence for Microbial Dissolution of Smectite
Authors: Dong Hailiang , Kostka Joel E. , Kim Jinwook 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate mechanisms of mineral transformations associated with microbial reduction of structural Fe(III) in smectite. Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 cells were inoculated with lactate as the electron donor and Fe(III) in smectite as the electron acceptor. The extent of Fe(III) reduction was observed to reach up to 26%. Reduction proceeded via association of live bacterial cells with smectite. At the end of incubation, a large fraction of starting smectite was transformed to euhedral flakes of biogenic smectite with different morphology, structure, and composition. Lattice-fringe images obtained from environmental cell transmission electron microscope displayed a decrease of layer spacing from 1.5±0.1 nm for the unreduced smectite to 1.1±0.1 nm for the reduced smectite. The biogenic smectite contained more abundant interlayer cations, apparently as a result of charge compensation for the reduced oxidation state of Fe in the octahedral site. To capture the dynamics of smectite reduction, a separate experiment was designed. The experiment consisted of several systems, where various combinations of carbon source (lactate) and different concentrations of AQDS, an electron shuttle, were used. Selected area electron diffraction patterns of smectite showed progressive change from single-crystal patterns for the control experiment (oxidized, unaltered smectite), to diffuse ring patterns for the no-carbon experiment (oxidized, but altered smectite), to well-ordered single crystal pattern for the experiment amended with 1 mM AQDS (well crystalline, biogenic smectite). Large crystals of vivianite and finegrained silica of biogenic origin were also detected in the bioreduced sample. These data collectively demonstrate that microbial reduction of Fe(III) in smectite was achieved via dissolution of smectite and formation of biogenic minerals. The microbially mediated mineral dissolution-precipitation mechanism has important implications for mineral reactions in natural environments, where the reaction rates may be substantially enhanced by the presence of bacteria.
Crystal Structures of Biotite at High Temperatures and of Heat-Treated Biotite using Neutron Powder Diffraction
Authors: Chon Chul-Min , Kim Shin Ae , Moon Hi-Soo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of biotite-1 M from Bancroft, Ontario, with the formula: (K1.96Na0.13Ca0.01)(Mg3.15Fe2.592+Ti0.17Mn0.09)(Si5.98Al1.92Ti0.10)O20[(OH)1.47F1.98], was determined by Rietveld refinement using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction at in situ temperatures ranging from 20 to 900°C. The room-temperature structure of the samples heated to between 400 and 900°C using an electric furnace in air was also refined. The crystal structures were refined to an RP of 2.98 — 5.06% and Rwp of 3.84–6.77%. For the in situ heating experiments in a vacuum, the unit-cell dimensions increased linearly to 600°C. The linear expansion coefficient for the c axis was 1.65 × 10−5°C−1, while those for the a and b dimensions were 4.44 × 10−6°C−1 and 5.21 × 10−6°C−1, respectively. Accordingly, the increase in the unit-cell volume up to 600 C occurred mainly along the c axis, resulting from the expansion in the K coordination sphere along that direction. Results for all K−O bonds were analyzed in terms of the lattice component and an inner component of the structural strain. The ditrigonal distortion decreased (3.76 at 20°C to 1.95 at 600°C) with temperature, because the shorter bonds expanded and the longer bonds contracted. The increase in the interlayer separation and the decrease in the interlayer octahedral flattening angle confirmed that the c-dominated expansion occurred in the interlayer region. In the case of the ex situ-heated samples, the cell dimensions decreased sharply at temperatures over 400 C. The octahedral sheet thickness and mean <M−O> distance decreased linearly due to oxidation of octahedral Fe. However, the interlayer separation and mean <K−O> distance decreased at temperatures over 400°C. At 400°C, dehydroxylation began to increase and interlayer regions became more constricted. The overall cell parameters decreased rapidly with increasing temperatures due to dehydroxylation. The large inner strain components in the K−O bonds also resulted in an increase in the considerable ditrigonal distortion (3.57° at 400°C to 6.15° at 900°C).
Thickness Distribution of Illite Crystals in Shales. II: Origin of the Distribution and the Mechanism of Smectite Illitization in Shales
Authors: Dudek Teresa , Środoń Jan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe distributions of illite crystal (‘fundamental particle’) thickness in <0.2 µm fractions of 13 shale samples (from the Carpathian Foredeep, Poland), obtained using the Bertaut-Warren-Averbach X-ray diffraction method (MudMaster computer program), were analyzed and interpreted in terms of the mechanism of smectite illitization. All illite crystal thickness distributions in the analyzed shales are characterized by an ‘asymptotic’ shape. The origin of the asymptotic-type distributions is explained by the heterogeneity of illite crystals in shales, i.e. superposition of different populations of crystals, those included in illite-smectite (I-S) interstratifications, and those which occur as discrete illite. The analysis of the distributions in shales shows that the most frequent thickness class of illite crystals forming I-S is 2 nm. Discrete illite is composed of thicker crystals; though crystals as thin as 2 nm can also contribute to this population. The modeling of asymptotic distributions in shales by using a number of theoretical lognormal distributions shows that with progressive diagenesis, the mean thickness of illite crystals forming the I-S component increases gradually, whereas the discrete illite does not show a clear trend.The diverse origins of illite crystals in shales do not permit determination of the mechanism of smectite illitization from the evolution of the shape of the overall crystal-thickness distribution during diagenesis. Therefore, in order to understand the mechanism of smectite illitization in shales, an attempt was made to trace the relative gains and losses of crystals of different thicknesses during illitization. This approach indicates the following mechanism of smectite illitization in the investigated shales: dissolution of smectite monolayers accompanied by growth of 2 nm crystals which are largely of detrital origin. Nucleation of 2 nm illites seems to be very limited.
Effects of Some Water Repellents on the Structure and Water Sorption of Smectite
Authors: Chang Sae Jung , Kim Soo Jin , Kwon Kideok 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWaterproofing treatment is important for the preservation of smectite-rich rocks because of their shrinking and swelling properties. The effects of water repellents on the smectite structure and the water sorption of untreated and treated smectites were studied using X-ray diffraction. The hydrophobic Wacker BS 290 (around 100% silane/siloxane) does not prevent water from sorbing on the interlayer surface of smectite because the hydrophobic silane/siloxane is not intercalated into the interlayer space, but adsorbed onto the external surface of smectite. However, the hydrophilic Wacker BS 1001 (water-soluble emulsified silane/siloxane) prevents water from sorbing onto the interlayer surface beyond 33.3 wt.% because the hydrophobic part of the intercalated surfactant has a poor affinity for water. These results imply that water repellent containing a surfactant is suitable for smectite-rich rocks, but the expansion of smectite by intercalation of the surfactant is likely to influence volume change in smectite-rich rocks. This study notes that smectite within a rock can be one of the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of waterproof treatment. This study proposes that an intensive preliminary examination should be performed before applying water repellents to rocks, and furthermore, encourages development of new chemical reagents suitable for protecting smectite-rich rocks from moisture.
Serpentine-Smectite Interstratified Minerals from Lower Silesia (SW Poland)
Authors: Sakharov Boris A. , Dubińska Elżbieta , Bylina Paweł , Kozubowski Jan A. , Kaproń Grzegorz , Frontczak-Baniewicz Małgorzata 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInterstratified serpentine-smectite was found in the fine-grained fraction of altered metasomatic contact biotite-schists developed between serpentinite and granite-type rocks (Lower Silesia ophiolite sequence, Poland). Ni-rich serpentine-smectite is R0-interstratified lizardite (0.80)-stevensite (0.15)-vermiculite-like (0.05), with a coherent scattering domain (csd) of 5 layers (mean value). The Mg-rich variety of serpentine-smectite is R1 lizardite (0.80)-stevensite (0.20) with a csd size of 7 layers (mean value). A transmission electron microscope study revealed complex layer relationships, with zones composed of various serpentine-smectite packets having lizardite/smectite ratios of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 4:1 and scarce serpentine segregations. In both cases, the serpentine-smectites appear to be late products of alteration of the parent biotite-schist.Experimental and calculated positions and intensities of reflections of the ethylene glycol-saturated, heated (250°C, thermal stage), and air-dried samples are in good agreement. Calculated X-ray diffraction patterns for interstratified glycolated and anhydrous serpentine-smectite are included in the Appendix.
Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in Felsic Volcaniclastic Rocks from Drill Cores, Kakkonda, Japan
Authors: Inoue Atsuyuki , Meunier Alain , Beaufort Daniel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCrystallization processes of the illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer mineral series during alteration of felsic vitric materials in volcaniclastic sediments through two drill holes (IT-2 and IT-8) near the Kakkonda active geothermal system, Japan, were examined by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and oxygen isotope analysis. Temperatures measured through the drill holes increased nearly linearly with depth up to 317°C at the bottom (1700 m) of IT-8. Homogenization temperature measurements of fluid inclusions indicated that the alteration occurred at temperatures similar to the present temperatures. In selected volcaniclastic rocks, excluding andesitic rocks and black shales, clay minerals occurred as glass replacements and pore fillings as seen under SEM and optical microscopy, and exhibited predominantly euhedral hexagonal and elongated forms under TEM, implying that they precipitated in situ through hydrolytic reactions of glass and fluid. Based on XRD examination, I-S minerals showed a sigmoidal variation in illite layer percentage (%I) in the range of ∼150 to 220°C and R0 I-S minerals with intermediate %I between 20 and 40% rarely occurred (where R is the Reichweite parameter). The chemical composition also showed a specific variation with depth. Intermediate clays including smectite and I-S minerals are enriched in Al compared to those reported previously from hydrothermal alteration of almost equivalent parent rocks. The oxygen isotope data indicated that the reacting solution was percolating groundwater in the shallow levels and with fossil seawater in the deeper levels. Furthermore, calculating the fluid/rock (W/R) ratio from the isotope variations revealed that the alteration occurred at a nearly constant W/R ratio condition irrespective of %I. Consequently, the observed specific variations in structure and chemical composition of I-S minerals reflect the compositional variations of fluid participating in the crystallization at given temperatures under the conditions of a given original rock and constant W/R ratio. High pH and Na-rich solutions generated by progressive hydrolytic reactions between felsic glass and groundwater favored the precipitation of Al-rich smectite up to ∼150°C and was followed by precipitation of an aluminous R1 I-S mineral with few intermediate R0 I-S minerals at higher temperatures. The crystallization obeys Ostwald’s step rule behavior of smectite illitization processes under a high geothermal gradient.
The Kübler Index in Late Diagenetic to Low-Grade Metamorphic Pelites: A Critical Comparison of Data From 10 Å and 5 Å Peaks
Authors: Battaglia Stefano , Leoni Leonardo , Sartori Franco 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA set of 99 samples covering the whole range of low- and very low-grade metamorphic conditions has been used to compare Kübler index (KI) values measured on the illite 10 Å reflection (KI10 Å) with those obtained from the 5 Å reflection (KI5 Å). Evaluation of peak widths have been carried out both graphically on the recorded peak profiles from chart-strip X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and with the WINFIT computer program (Krumm, 1996) on fitted and decomposed profiles. All the measurements were performed both on air-dried and glycolated preparations. The data collected show that in the rock samples where illite is associated with significant amounts of I-S interstratified minerals, and/or K/Na intermediate micas, paragonite and other interfering phases, full width at half-maximum (FWHM) measurements on the 5 Å peak in fitted and decomposed XRD profiles from glycolated mounts give more reliable KI values than those obtained from the 10 Å peak. This is because of the easier and more complete de-summation of the illite second reflection from the contributions of all the interfering phases. In each sample population in which the rocks have the same metamorphic grade, KI5 Å values from fitted and decomposed profiles show much lower scattering in comparison with KI10 Å values and appear consistent with the values measured in lithologies without interfering phases.The relationship between KI10 Å and KI5 Å appears very close to a 1:1 linear relationship; nevertheless, the conversion from KI5 Å to KI10 Å through the appropriate equation (KI10 Å = KI5 Å × 0.965 + 0.023°2θ) is recommended in order to avoid a small, but systematic, error.In the range from late diagenesis to middle anchizone, where several phases may give diffraction effects interfering with illite peaks, the proposed procedure (i.e. FWHM measurements on the 5 Å peak in fitted and decomposed XRD profiles from glycolated mounts) seems to allow better estimates of the metamorphic grade than those obtained through traditional KI measurements.
Performance Evaluation and Cross-Reactivity from Insulin Analogs with the ARCHITECT Insulin Assay,
Authors: Moriyama Masako , Hayashi Nobuhide , Ohyabu Chinami , Mukai Masahiko , Kawano Seiji , Kumagai Shunichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background: Insulin measurement is used for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and for insulin pharmacokinetic evaluations. We assessed the analytical and clinical performance of the ARCHITECT® insulin assay, a chemiluminescent immunoassay recently introduced for the ARCHITECT i2000 fully automated immunoassay analyzer (Abbott Laboratories). We also tested whether major insulin analogs cross-reacted with the immunoassay reagents.
Methods: We used Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols to assess the analytical performance of the ARCHITECT insulin assay and compared its accuracy with that of the E-test TOSOH II (IRI) from TOSOH Corporation. We used 3 recombinant insulin analogs (lispro, aspart, and glargine) to evaluate the cross-reactivity of insulin analogs with the ARCHITECT immunoassay reagent.
Results: The total CV for the ARCHITECT assay was &lt;5%. Correlation between the ARCHITECT insulin assay and the E-test TOSOH II (IRI) was satisfactory in the measured range, but we detected a slope deviation between the assays. The ARCHITECT insulin assay showed low cross-reactivity to the insulin analog aspart, whereas it detected the other insulin analogs, lispro and glargine, in concentrations as high as the theoretical concentrations.
Conclusions: The ARCHITECT insulin assay showed favorable basic performance, including reproducibility, dilution linearity, detection limit, and effects of interfering substances. When interpreting results, clinicians and laboratory pathologists should be aware of the cross-reactivity of the ARCHITECT and other immunoassays to specific insulin analogs prescribed to diabetes patients.
Life Prediction of Fretting Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Jin O , Calcaterra JR , Mall S 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The present study was aimed towards improving the prediction capability of fretting fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V. Incremental and interrupted fretting fatigue tests were conducted. Based on the crack propagation pattern observed on the fractured surface fretting fatigue life was predicted. The disappearance of contact stresses was evidenced by the change in crack growth direction from oblique to perpendicular path to the loading direction. Thus, fatigue crack initially propagated under the influence of the contact stress, and then it grew due to the applied stress amplitude to the substrate. The transition crack length between these two conditions varied between 20 to 30 μm and depended on the contact load. This enabled the prediction of short and long crack propagation life. There was good correlation between the predicted fretting fatigue life and the experimental life.
Damage-Based Models for Step-Stress Accelerated Life Testing
Authors: Lee YL , Lu MW 
Published: May 2006

AbstractStep-stress accelerated testing of mechanical components offers great potential for improvements in reliability demonstration bench testing. Most mechanical products are designed to operate for a long period of time and in such a case, life testing is a relatively lengthy procedure. Lengthy tests tend to be expensive and the results become available too late to be of much use. To reduce the experimental cost significantly and provide an efficient tool to assess the life distribution for highly reliable products, a step-stress accelerated test was developed. Step-stress testing is achieved by testing the component at stress levels greater than operational levels in a stepwise fashion to reduce the time-to-failure, or life.Nelson's cumulative exposure model has been widely used to determine the reliability of the test parts under step-stress accelerated testing. The Nelson model does not provide information pertinent to failure mechanism and sites. Further, the model assumes that the previous exposure stress history of a test part is accounted for by the cumulative exposure distribution, instead of the damage curve. Therefore, damage curve analysis (DCA), double linear damage rule (DLDR), and linear damage rule (LDR) are adopted to assess the experimental results from step-stress accelerated testing.Investigation into Nelson's cumulative exposure model and the three cumulative damage rules to predict fatigue reliability of mechanical products under step-stress accelerated testing was performed. The predictions by Nelson's cumulative exposure model and DCA are better than DLDR and LDR. Due to its simplicity of implementation, LDR is also capable of estimating failure life distribution reasonably well.
Split‐hand/split‐foot malformation 3 (SHFM3) at 10q24, development of rapid diagnostic methods and gene expression from the region
Authors: Lyle Robert , Radhakrishna Uppala , Blouin Jean‐Louis , Gagos Sarantis , Everman David B. , Gehrig Corinne , Delozier‐Blanchet Celia , Solanki Jitendra V. , Patel Uday C. , Nath Swapan K. , Gurrieri Fiorella , Neri Giovanni , Schwartz Charles E. , Antonarakis Stylianos E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSplit‐hand/split‐foot malformation (SHFM, also called ectrodactyly) is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous group of limb malformations. Several SHFM loci have been mapped, including SHFM1 (7q21), SHFM2 (Xq26), SHFM3 (10q24), SHFM4 (3q27) and SHFM5 (2q31). To date, mutations in a gene (TP63) have only been identified for SHFM4. SHFM3 has been shown by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis to be caused by an ∼500 kb DNA rearrangement at 10q24. This region contains a number of candidate genes for SHFM3, though which gene(s) is (are) involved in the pathogenesis of SHFM3 is not known. Our aim in this study was to improve the diagnosis of SHFM3, and to begin to understand which genes are involved in SHFM3. Here we show, using two different techniques, FISH and quantitative PCR that SHFM3 is caused by a minimal 325 kb duplication containing only two genes (BTRC and POLL). The data presented provide improved methods for diagnosis and begin to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of SHFM3. Expression analysis of 13 candidate genes within and flanking the duplicated region shows that BTRC (present in three copies) and SUFU (present in two copies) are overexpressed in SHFM3 patients compared to controls. Our data suggest that SHFM3 may be caused by overexpression of BTRC and SUFU, both of which are involved in β‐catenin signalling. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periventricular nodular heterotopia and Williams syndrome
Authors: Ferland Russell J. , Gaitanis John N. , Apse Kira , Tantravahi Umadevi , Walsh Christopher A. , Sheen Volney L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report here on the first case of a child with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) and Williams syndrome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses demonstrated a deletion of the elastin gene in the Williams syndrome critical region (WSCR). Further mapping by loss of heterozygosity analysis both by microsatellite marker and SNP profiling demonstrated a 1.5 Mb deletion beyond the telomeric end of the typical WSCR. No mutations were identified in the X‐linked filamin‐A gene (the most common cause of PNH). These findings suggest another dominant PNH disorder along chromosome 7q11.23. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New cases of Bohring–Opitz syndrome, update, and critical review of the literature
Authors: Bohring Axel , Oudesluijs Grétel G. , Grange Dorothy K. , Zampino Giuseppe , Thierry Patrick 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report on four additional unrelated cases of Bohring–Opitz syndrome with the highly characteristic phenotype of facial anomalies including bulging forehead over the metopic suture, frontal nevus flammeus, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, and cleft lip and/or palate, as well as flexion deformities of the upper limbs, multiple other anomalies, and severe failure to thrive. We also update the clinical outcome of the patients reported in the original article by Bohring et al. [Am J Med Genet 85:438–446] and critically review the subsequently published cases considered to have Bohring–Opitz syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trigonocephaly in a boy with paternally inherited deletion 22q11.2 syndrome
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Sameshima Kiyoko , Sekido Ken‐ichi , Aida Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi , Naritomi Kenji , Kurosawa Kenji 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDeletion 22q11.2 syndrome is a well‐known contiguous gene syndrome, for which the list of findings is extensive and varies from patient to patient. We encountered a unique patient who had a familial 3‐Mb deletion 22q11.2 associated with trigonocephaly derived from craniosynostosis of the metopic suture. Almost all the symptoms of the patient, including polymicrogyria, microcephaly, facial abnormalities, internal anomalies, seizures, and mental retardation, were compatible with deletion 22q11.2 syndrome, except for synostosis of the metopic suture. This is the first report of a relationship between deletion 22q11.2 syndrome and trigonocephaly. Craniosynostosis of the metopic suture might be a minor complication of deletion 22q11.2, although coincidental occurrence cannot be ruled out. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.