bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home range and habitat use of Reeves's Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii in the protected areas created from forest farms in the Dabie Mountains, central China
Authors: Xu Ji-Liang , Zhang Zheng-Wang , Zheng Guang-Mei , Zhang Xiao-Hui , Sun Quan-Hui , McGowan Philip 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMany recently designated or expanded nature reserves in China were forest farms that ceased operations in the aftermath of the catastrophic Yangtze River floods of 1998. Although the vegetation in many of these areas has been altered significantly during forestry operations, there is now an opportunity to reduce, or even reverse, habitat loss for wildlife species that inhabit these forests. One such species is the globally threatened Reeves's Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii that is endemic to the forested mountains of central and south-west China. From April 2000 to August 2003, the habitat use by 14 male Reeves's Pheasants was studied by radio-tracking at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve in the Dabie Mountains, central China. Conifer-broadleaf mixed forest was used preferentially in all seasons at the study area scale, as were mature fir plantations and shrubby vegetation. Moreover, young fir plantations were used preferentially during the breeding season at the scale of the home range. Surveys recorded the pheasant in 13 other protected areas in the Dabie Mountains, and indicated that broadly similar habitat types were available in all of them. Furthermore, Reeves's Pheasant were found in habitats similar to those used preferentially at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve. It seems likely that a mosaic of habitats is crucial to meet the various requirements of male Reeves's Pheasants throughout the year and management should therefore concentrate on maintaining this mosaic. It is now important to identify the habitats that produce the most young pheasants so that nesting and brood-rearing habitats can be clearly identified. Further studies on the habitat mosaic would be useful, both at a local scale and also at a larger, landscape scale.
Three AGU position statements being updated
Authors: Holle Kate Von 
Published: December 2007

As an AGU member, you have an opportunity to provide comments to panels preparing updates of three position statements for Council consideration in December 2007.For a quarter of a century, AGU has developed and maintained position statements in order to bring scientific expertise to bear on significant policy issues. Members worldwide are encouraged to help inform the policy‐making process in their home locales with thoughtful presentation of scientific viewpoints. To help with this, any member may use an AGU policy statement in discussions with policy‐makers as an official statement of the Union. Other societies may use an AGU position statement as a basis for developing their own statements— some AGU positions have even been adopted by other societies. Many members in the United States have used the statements when they visit their representatives on Capitol Hill. Position statements are published on the Web where they can be viewed by policy‐makers, educators, and the interested public.
Ocean observatories initiative moves forward
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2007

An academic partnership led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has been awarded a $97.7 million contract by the Joint Oceanographic Institutions to support the development, installation, and initial operation of the coastal and global components of the U.S. National Science Foundation's Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI).The three academic partners—WHOI, Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, and Oregon State University's College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences—will help with the development of moored buoys, cabled nodes, and autonomous vehicles; this, in turn, will provide researchers with data and allow for the remote control of instruments and the construction of virtual observatories to meet scientific needs.
New aircraft will survey ice sheets to understand rapid change
Authors: Braaten David 
Published: December 2007

Observations of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from space, aircraft, and the surface have shown a rapid speedup in the loss of ice mass near the margins during the past decade. The reason for this speedup is unknown.However, a new unmanned aerial vehicle, specifically designed to meet the demands of radar remote sensing and operation in polar regions, will help scientists understand rapid ice sheet acceleration and thinning, and predict the future contribution of the ice sheets to global sea level rise. Called Meridian, the vehicle's low cost and low fuel consumption will extend the range and duration of remote sensing surveys, and it will allow users to survey critical regions at very fine spatial resolution.
a new record in 2007 for melting in Greenland
Authors: Tedesco Marco 
Published: December 2007

The 2007 melting season set a new record for snowmelt over the Greenland ice sheet, according to analysis of spaceborne microwave brightness temperatures measured by the Special Sensor Microwave Imaging radiometer aboard the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellites Program.As shown in Figure la, positive melting anomaly values, calculated as the difference between the number of melting days occurring in 2007 and the average number of melting days during the period 1988–2006, are concentrated on large inland areas in southern Greenland.
Web site addresses global drinking water crisis
Authors: Showstack Randy , Kumar Mohi 
Published: December 2007

A new Web resource provides the public with peer‐reviewed scientific and technical information about the need for safe drinking water and strategies to enhance the safety and availability of water supplies around the world. Developed by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the Global Health and Education Foundation, the “Safe Drinking Water is Essential” Web site (http://www.drinking‐water.org) presents data and case studies written for a lay audience and aims to provide international decision‐makers with tools to solve local water quality problems.More than 1 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water. However, “many of the approaches and technologies needed to improve drinking water quality already exist,” said Ralph J. Cicerone, NAS president.
AGU's 50,000‐member‐strong Union
Authors: Blaufuss Karine S. 
Published: December 2007

AGU membership reached 50,000 in September 2007. Membership has doubled since the early 1990s. Membership grew moderately through the late 1990s, reached 40,000 members in 2001, and grew at a rate of 5% or more for each of the past 3 years.The size of AGU membership is not the only factor reinforcing the role of AGU as a leader in the increasingly interdisciplinary global endeavor that encompasses the Earth and space sciences. Diversity is another key factor. AGU members hail from 137 different countries. Members residing outside North America now represent more than 35% of the membership compared with 29% in 1995. There has also been a large increase in the number of women: 24% in 2007 compared with 13% in 1995. In addition, students now account for 20% of the membership.
Recovering a core from the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2007

Geologists have extracted intact rock samples from 3.22 miles beneath the surface of the San Andreas Fault, which runs 1287 kilometers along the length of California, the U.S. National Science Foundation announced on 4 October.“To an earthquake scientist, these cores are like the Apollo moon rocks. Scientists from around the world are anxious to get their hands on them in the hope that they can help solve the mystery of how this major, active plate boundary works,” said Steve Hickman, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif., who is a co‐principal investigator of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) project. SAFOD is a major research component of the NSF‐funded EarthScope Program.
AGU 2007–2008 Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: Von Holle Kate 
Published: December 2007

Alex Apotsos has been selected as AGU's 2007–2008 Congressional Science Fellow. Apotsos, who completed his Ph.D. in applied ocean science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Mass., in May 2007, will be working in the office of U.S. Senator Jon Tester (D‐Mont.) on a variety of science, engineering, and technology issues.His placement followed an in‐depth orientation and interview process. In September, Apotsos joined the ranks of more than 30 other congressional science fellows from other organizations for a 2‐week orientation at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) headquarters in Washington, D.C. After the orientation session, the fellows underwent a lengthy interview process to determine their placement with various congressional and committee offices.
Central American Subduction System
Authors: Hoernle Kaj , Plank Terry , Silver Eli , Alvarado Guillermo , Gonzales Victor , Protti Marino 
Published: December 2007

The driving force for great earthquakes and the cycling of water and climate‐influencing volatiles (carbon dioxide, sulfur, halogens) across the convergent margin of Central America have been a focus of international efforts for over 8 years, as part of the MARGINS program of the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Collaborative Research Center (SFB 574) of the German Science Foundation, and the Central American science community. Over 120 scientists and students from 10 countries met in Costa Rica to synthesize this intense effort spanning from land to marine geological and geophysical studies.A major topic of discussion at the meeting was the location of the seismogenic zone. The smectite to illite transformation is no longer a viable explanation for the onset of seismicity. Instead, laboratory measurements and theory point to fluid pressure and content as critical variables, and detailed seismic studies and mapping and sampling of fluid vent structures have led to a new hydrologic model for the erosional fore arc. Additionally, a change from high to low heat flow in the crust entering the Costa Rica trench coincides with a deepening in the onset of seismicity, suggesting that the shallow limit of earthquake generation is temperature‐related.
“Water drops” essays available for public radio
Authors: Black Peter E. 
Published: December 2007

“Water Drops” are 90‐second essays on water science, hydrology, culture, history, organizations, law, and policy that have aired weekly on radio station WRVO‐FM in Oswego, N.Y., since January 2006. Created for the lay public with a basic understanding of Earth science, the 133 essays now are available on Public Radio Exchange (http://www.prx.org) for free use by public radio stations, according to terms set forth at the Exchange Web site that include citing appropriate credits. If aired weekly, there are enough essays for 2.5 years of radio programming.The essays were created and recorded by Peter E. Black, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Water and Related Land Resources, Emeritus, at the College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) at the State University of New York in Syracuse, and Christopher P. Baycura, a producer at ESF. Mark Lavonier of WRVO composed original music.
Fine‐resolution climate projections enhance regional climate change impact studies
Authors: Maurer Edwin P. , Brekke Levi , Pruitt Tom , Duffy Philip B. 
Published: December 2007

A new data set enhances the abilities of researchers and decision‐makers to assess possible future climates, explore societal impacts, and approach policy responses from a risk‐based perspective. The data set, which consists of a library of 112 fine‐resolution climate projections, based on 16 climate models and three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, is now publicly available. Monthly climate projections from 1950 to 2099 were downscaled to a spatial resolution of ⅛° (about 140 square kilometers per grid cell) covering the conterminous United States and portions of Canada and Mexico.For the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate modeling groups produced hundreds of simulations of past and future climates. The colocation of these simulations in a single archive (at the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), established to facilitate assessment of general circulation models, or GCMs) and the conversion of all results to a common data format have made probabilistic, multi‐model projections and impact assessments practical. A remaining issue is that the spatial scale of climate model output is typically too coarse for regional impact studies. Multiple downscaling approaches exist for deriving regional climate from coarse‐resolution model output; these approaches are typically applied on an ad hoc basis to a particular region.
Advancing the Integration of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemistry: Second Annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Summer Workshop; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 23–26 July 2007
Authors: Benway Heather M. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: December 2007

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program, a scientific community‐driven coordinating body designed to promote U.S. research and international cooperation, focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology to advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The second annual OCB summer science workshop, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, took place at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, convening 155 participants.Plenary sessions focused on three broad interdisciplinary themes: (1) interplay between biotic structure and biogeochemical cycles, (2) changing ocean biogeochemistry, and (3) terrestrial/coastal ocean cross‐boundary fluxes.
Scientist water equivalent measured with cosmic rays at 2006 AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Desilets Darin , Zreda Marek , Ferré Ty 
Published: December 2007

Cosmic rays continually bombard Earth, generating fast neutrons in the ground and atmosphere as a by‐product of nuclear disintegrations. The presence of this easily measurable “background” radiation suggests the possibility of a novel and harmless method for measuring water content in soil and the water equivalent depth of snow, two critical variables controlling surface processes.A method utilizing cosmic rays has several advantages over soil and snow monitoring tools now available to hydrologists (e.g., microwave remote sensing, invasive electromagnetic methods, snow tubes, and snow pillows). It is passive, requires only moderately expensive equipment, of the order of U.S. $10,000, and can be insensitive to soil salinity depending on the neutron energies selected. Most important, a cosmic ray water sensor is noninvasive and can measure water content or snow water equivalent over a scale desirable for input to hydrologic models (100 meter radius) but unattainable by other instruments. While the ability to measure soil water and snowpack in the field with cosmic rays has been validated, this method has applications to other water‐rich systems, including biological ones.
Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) restore the p53 pathway in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Condorelli F , Gnemmi I , Vallario A , Genazzani A A , Canonico P L 
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) are emerging as a promising class of anti‐cancer drugs, but a generic deregulation of transcription in neoplastic cells cannot fully explain their therapeutic effects. In this study we evaluated alternative molecular mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors could affect neuroblastoma viability.Experimental approach:Effects of HDAC inhibitors on survival of the I‐type SK‐N‐BE and the N‐type NB SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines were assessed by the MTT assay. Molecular pathways leading to this were examined by western blot, confocal microscopy and cytofluorometry. The mRNA levels of apoptotic mediators were assessed semi‐quantitatively by RT‐PCR. Tumour‐suppressor p53 trans activity was assessed in EMSA experiments. HDAC inhibitors were also studied in cells subjected to plasmid‐based p53 interference (p53i).Key results:HDAC inhibitors induced cell death via the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis with recruitment of Bcl‐2 family members. Bcl‐2 overexpression rendered neuroblastoma cells resistant to HDAC inhibitor treatment. Low concentrations of HDAC inhibitors (0.9 mM) caused a G2 cell‐cycle arrest and a marked upregulation of the p21/Waf1/Cip1 protein. HDAC inhibitors also activate the p53 protein via hyper‐acetylation and nuclear re‐localization, without affecting its protein expression. Accordingly, HDAC inhibitor‐induced cell‐killing and p21/Waf1/Cip1 upregulation is impaired in p53i‐cells.Conclusions and implications:In neuroblastoma cells, HDAC inhibitors may overcome the resistance to classical chemotherapeutic drugs by restoring the p53 tumour‐repressor function via its hyper‐acetylation and nuclear migration, events usually impaired in such tumours. In neuroblastoma cells, HDAC inhibitors are not able to induce p21/Waf1/Cip1 in the absence of a functional p53. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 657–668; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707608; published online 3 December 2007
Mutual information without the influence of phylogeny or entropy dramatically improves residue contact prediction
Authors: Dunn S.D. , Wahl L.M. , Gloor G.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Compensating alterations during the evolution of protein families give rise to coevolving positions that contain important structural and functional information. However, a high background composed of random noise and phylogenetic components interferes with the identification of coevolving positions.
Results: We have developed a rapid, simple and general method based on information theory that accurately estimates the level of background mutual information for each pair of positions in a given protein family. Removal of this background results in a metric, MIp, that correctly identifies substantially more coevolving positions in protein families than any existing method. A significant fraction of these positions coevolve strongly with one or only a few positions. The vast majority of such position pairs are in contact in representative structures. The identification of strongly coevolving position pairs can be used to impose significant structural limitations and should be an important additional constraint for ab initio protein folding.
Availability: Alignments and program files can be found in the Supplementary Information.
Contact: ggloor@uwo.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Nickel-Intensified ABC-HRP Antibody Staining of Imaginal Discs in Drosophila
Authors: Blair Seth S. 
Published: December 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a sensitive method for labeling Drosophila imaginal disc tissues with a single antiserum. Labeling is visualized using a nickel-intensified avidin/biotinylated enzyme complex-horseradish peroxidase (ABC-HRP) staining procedure. This method is more sensitive, and has a lower signal-to-noise ratio, than fluorescent labeling. Although these methods are useful for visualizing genetic mosaic clones in wandering larval stage imaginal discs and pupal tissues from Drosophila, the immunohistological techniques are generally applicable to the description of protein expression.
Methylation Interference Assay
Authors: Carey Michael , Smale Stephen T. 
Published: December 2007

INTRODUCTIONMethylation interference (and methylation protection) is the major technique for studying the interaction of proteins with major-groove guanines, although it also detects adenines in the minor groove and cytosines in single-stranded DNA. It is one of the highest-resolution methods for measuring the bases involved in sequence-specific recognition by proteins. A 32P-end-labeled DNA containing a recognition site is methylated (on average once per DNA molecule) by dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and then protein is allowed to bind. Certain methylation modifications prevent the protein from binding because they are at positions where the protein comes into close proximity with the DNA. Most modifications, however, have no effect on binding. The bound and unbound DNA molecules are separated using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (or filter binding, immunoprecipitation, or any other suitable technique). The unbound fraction will be enriched in DNA molecules containing modifications at positions that interfere with protein binding. In contrast, the bound fraction will contain modifications that do not interfere with binding of the protein. Methylation weakens the nucleotide and makes it susceptible to piperidine-induced depurination. This leads, in turn, to scission of the DNA backbone. The cleaved fragments are fractionated on a sequencing gel alongside chemical sequencing ladders to identify the affected positions.
A quantitative link between globular clusters and the stellar haloes in elliptical galaxies
Authors: Forte Juan C. , Faifer Favio , Geisler Doug 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper explores the quantitative connection between globular clusters and the ‘diffuse’ stellar population of the galaxies they are associated with. Both NGC 1399 and NGC 4486 (M87) are well suited for this kind of analysis due to their large globular cluster populations.
The main assumption of our Monte Carlo based models is that each globular cluster is formed along with a given diffuse stellar mass that shares the same spatial distribution, chemical composition and age. The main globular cluster subpopulations, that determine the observed bimodal colour distribution, are decomposed avoiding a priori parametric (e.g. Gaussian) fits and using a new colour (C−T1)–metallicity relation. The eventual detectability of a ‘blue’ tilt in the colour–magnitude diagrams of the blue globular cluster subpopulation is also addressed.
A successful link between globular clusters and the stellar galaxy halo is established by assuming that the number of globular clusters per associated diffuse stellar mass t is a function of total abundance [Z/H] and behaves as t=γ exp(−δ[Z/H]) (i.e. increases when abundance decreases).
The simulations allow the prediction of a surface brightness profile for each galaxy through these two free parameters' approximation. The γ, δ parameters that provide the best fit to the observed profiles in the B band, in turn, determine several features, namely, large-scale halo colour gradients, globular cluster–halo colour offset, clusters' cumulative specific frequencies, and stellar metallicity distributions, that compare well with observations.
The results suggest the co-existence of two distinct stellar populations characterized by widely different metallicities and spatial distributions. One of these populations (connected with the blue globular clusters) is metal poor, highly homogeneous, exhibits an extended spatial distribution and becomes more evident at large galactocentric radius contributing with some 20 per cent of the total stellar mass. In turn, the stellar population associated with the red globular clusters is extremely heterogeneous and dominates the inner region of both galaxies.
Remarkably, and although the cluster populations of these galaxies exhibit detectable differences in colour distribution, the δ parameter that determines the shape of the brightness profiles of both galaxies has the same value, δ≈ 1.1 to 1.2 ± 0.1.