bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel epoxy resins and cyanate esters
Authors: Lin Ching Hsuan , Yang Kai Zhi , Leu Tsu Shang , Lin Chun Hung , Sie Jhao Wei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe synthesized a novel epoxy (dopotep) and cyanate ester (dopotcy) based on a phosphorus‐containing triphenol (dopotriol). The proposed structures were confirmed by IR, mass spectra, NMR spectra, and epoxy‐equivalent‐weight titration. The synthesized dopotep or dopotcy was copolymerized with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 6′,6‐bis(3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazineyl)methane (F‐a), or dicyanate ester of bisphenol A (BADCY). Thus, copolymers based on DGEBA/dopotep/diphenylmethane (ddm), F‐a/dopotep, BADCY/dopotcy, and DGEBA/dopotcy were developed. The thermal properties, dielectric properties, and flame retardancy of these copolymers were investigated. The curing kinetics of dopotep/ddm and dopotep/diamino diphenylsulfone were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The microstructure of DGEBA/dopotcy was studied with IR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3487–3502, 2006
Sonochemical synthesis of novel blue‐emissive, water‐soluble, cationic polysilanes as fluorescent sensors
Authors: Wang Wei‐Zhi , Fan Qu‐Li , Cheng Fan , Zhao Ping , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe design, synthesis, and characterization of novel blue‐emissive, cationic, water‐soluble, conjugated polymers based on polysilanes with amino‐terminal groups are described. Water solubility was realized through the quaternization of the amino group to control the cationic degree, which in turn determined the solubility of the polymers in organic solvents and water. The sonochemical synthesis and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile assistant hydrosilylation reaction well maintained the polysilane molecular weights and polydispersities. A redshift of the absorption and photoluminescence spectra in solutions was distinctly observed with increasing solvent polarity. The water‐soluble polysilanes had better thermal and UV light stability. Before and after quaternization, the polymers showed acceptable photoluminescence quantum yields in solutions. The flexible main chains of the polysilanes, increasing the conformational freedom, adhered tightly to the secondary structure of the analyte, resulting in improved Förster‐resonance‐energy‐transfer efficiencies. These polymers could be highly sensitive and selective materials for chemo‐ and biosensors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3513–3525, 2006
Development of novel flame‐retardant thermosets based on boron‐modified phenol–formaldehyde resins
Authors: Martín C. , Ronda J. C. , Cádiz V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBoron‐containing novolac resins were prepared through the modification of a commercial novolac resin with different contents of bis(benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolanyl) oxide. Their thermal and flame‐retardant properties were measured. Then, they were crosslinked with hexamethylenetetramine, and their thermal, thermodynamomechanical, and flame‐retardant properties were evaluated. Their modification degree was related to the segmental motion of the materials. The crosslinking of the boron‐modified novolac resins with hexamethylenetetramine was slower and not as extensive as that of commercial novolac resins because the nitrogen from intermediate species coordinated with boron. The thermal degradation of the boron‐containing novolac resins generated boric acid at high temperatures and gave an intumescent char that slowed the degradation and prevented it from being complete. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3503–3512, 2006
Sensitivity of Uncinula necator to quinoxyfen: evaluation of isolates selected using a discriminatory dose screen
Authors: Green Elizabeth A , Gustafson Gary D 
Published: April 2006

AbstractQuinoxyfen is a protectant fungicide that provides excellent control of many powdery mildew diseases. Prior to the launch of quinoxyfen in vines in 1998, a leaf disc sporulation assay was developed to assess the sensitivity of Uncinula necator (Schw) Burr to quinoxyfen. The distribution of EC50 values from 56 monoconidial U. necator isolates collected from six countries between 1993 and 1996 was found to range from less than 0.03 to 2.6 mg litre−1. Although this range of EC50 values was quite broad, the inability to establish a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the majority of these isolates, including some of the most sensitive isolates, was unexpected and suggested that the leaf disc sporulation assay may not reflect the true activity of quinoxyfen in the field. In 2002, following the detection of isolates resistant to quinoxyfen in Blumeria graminis Speer f. sp. tritici Marchal, a discriminatory dose screen was developed to test large populations of U. necator for rare individuals with significantly decreased sensitivity to quinoxyfen. The individual isolates selected by this method were tested with the leaf disc sporulation assay. Although a significant proportion were found to have EC50 values within the original distribution, a number of isolates with apparent reduced sensitivity to quinoxyfen were also detected. However, further examination of a subset of these isolates in a more quantitative germination/germ tube elongation inhibition assay suggested that the magnitude of the reduction in sensitivity for some of these isolates was much less than predicted by the sporulation assay. Thus, for an exclusively protectant fungicide such as quinoxyfen, a leaf disc sporulation assay may overestimate the frequency of isolates with significantly reduced sensitivity and the threat of decreased performance due to resistance. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Mineralisation of atrazine, metolachlor and their respective metabolites in vegetated filter strip and cultivated soil
Authors: Krutz Larry J , Gentry Terry J , Senseman Scott A , Pepper Ian L , Tierney Dennis P 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn vegetated filter strips (VFS) the presence of perennial vegetation, rhizodeposition of labile organic substrates and the accumulation of an organic residue thatch layer may enhance microbial numbers and activity, thereby increasing the potential for mineralisation of herbicides and herbicide metabolites retained during run‐off events. The objective of this laboratory experiment was to compare the mineralisation of atrazine and metolachlor with that of their respective metabolites in VFS and cultivated soil. With the exception of total bacteria, propagule density of the microbial groups, endogenous soil enzymes and microbial diversity were higher in the VFS soil. This correlated with increased mineralisation of metolachlor and its metabolites in the VFS soil and indicates potential for VFS to curtail the subsequent transport of these compounds. In contrast, the mineralisation of atrazine and the majority of its metabolites was substantially reduced in VFS soil relative to cultivated soil. Consequently, the potential for subsequent transport of atrazine and many of its metabolites may be greater in VFS soil than in cultivated soil if reduced mineralisation is not offset by increased sorption in the VFS. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The investigation of levels of the peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) and the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in rat tissue after exposure to physiological stress
Authors: Yürekli Muhittin , Yarpuzlu Ayegül Akbay 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn organism's ability to respond to the external and internal environments is explained in terms of the concept of biological stress. The causes of these responses are called stressors. They may be physical, chemical, emotional, or traumatic. With continued exposure to the stressor the organism enters the stage of resistance and defense. After prolonged exposure to the same stressor the organism may enter the stage of exhaustion. Catecholamines have an important role in maintaining biological homeostasis to stress. Catecholamine biosynthesis starts from tyrosine and in the first step DOPA is synthesized from tyrosine and catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In rats this enzyme activity varies depending on cold stress, exercise and age. The production of adrenomedullin in adrenal medulla, heart and brain also suggest a role for this peptide in the physiological control of homeostasis.In this study TH enzyme activity and adrenomedullin levels were investigated in rat tissues that were excised from animals exposed to 8°C cold for 3 weeks. After cold exposure TH enzyme activities and adrenomedullin levels were changed but also age was found to be a factor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User friendly and ‘useworthy’ Stress Barometer
Authors: Brattberg Gunilla 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Stress Barometer, which includes stress symptoms, stress types, relationship stress and time stress, was developed as an easy‐to‐use instrument which provides a visual representation of the stress an individual is experiencing. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability, validity and usefulness of the Stress Barometer. Reliability was tested using a test–retest procedure on 23 pain patients on long‐term sick leave. To assess validity, the results of the instrument were compared to the results of the SF‐36 Health Survey, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Questionnaire administered to 112 pain and/or emotional exhaustion syndrome patients on long‐term sick leave. Fifty directors who participated in a management leadership course focusing on stress also completed and evaluated the instrument. Reliability was high for most of the subscales included. The results of the validity test showed that the Stress Barometer correlates with the respondents' perceived experience of a variety of health aspects such as anxiety, depression as well as different aspects of burnout/emotional exhaustion. The Stress Barometer is quick to complete and it offers immediate feedback. The study demonstrates that the Stress Barometer is also usable and useworthy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forgiveness and rumination: a cross‐cultural perspective comparing India and the US
Authors: Suchday Sonia , Friedberg Jennifer P. , Almeida Maureen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractForgiveness is a key component of the tenets of religions across the globe. However, it is only recently that scientific research on health has focused on forgiveness as an important component of well‐being. Research in the West has indicated that forgiveness is associated with increases in physical health and well‐being, and that rumination may mediate the relationship between forgiveness and health. However, little is known about the relationship between forgiveness, rumination, and health in non‐Western populations such as India. The purpose of the current study was to measure forgiveness, rumination, stress, and physical health in Indian college students, and compare their responses to that of a US sample. Participants were 188 college students (92 males and 96 females) from Mumbai, India. Results indicated that lower levels of forgiveness predicted increased rumination and stress, but not physical symptoms. Similar to data in the US, rumination mediated the relationship between forgiveness and stress. There were no significant differences in forgiveness, rumination, or stress between the Indian and US samples. Results suggest the universality of these variables across cultures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No association between the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Lee Heon‐Jeong , Kang Rhee‐Hun , Lim Se‐Won , Paik Jong‐Woo , Choi Myoung‐Jin , Lee Min‐Soo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic anxiety disorder that follows exposure to traumatic events. The etiology of PTSD is unknown, although exposure to a traumatic event constitutes a necessary but not sufficient factor. Recent studies have demonstrated that the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is related to stress‐related psychiatric conditions. In this study, therefore, the genotype and allele frequencies of the BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism were analyzed in 106 PTSD patients and 161 unrelated healthy controls using a case‐control design. The genotype and allele frequencies for the BDNF gene polymorphism did not differ between the two groups. These findings suggest that the BDNF polymorphism investigated herein does not play a major role in the susceptibility to PTSD at least in the Korean population. Further studies designed to explore the relationship between genetic variations of BDNF and the incidence of PTSD in a larger population may be warranted. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counterfactual (‘if only’) thinking in women with chronic widespread pain
Authors: Andersson Sven Ingmar , Hovelius Birgitta 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe study explored the counterfactual thinking that women with chronic and widespread pain showed in response to what they themselves considered to be particularly stressful situations. Counterfactual thinking in 125 women sick‐listed due to chronic and widespread pain was investigated in terms of structure, function and control focus. The women were asked, for each of three types of problems that they indicated in a questionnaire to affect them most strongly, to describe a typical occurrence of it and to complete a counterfactual sentence in connection with it of the type ‘If only . . .’. The majority of counterfactuals pertained to predominantly somatic problems (e.g. musculo‐skeletal problems, pain and fatigue) classified as being affective rather than preparative and self‐focused rather than external, whereas in counterfactuals relating to predominantly psychological/psychosocial problems a preparative function and an external focus were more prominent. The numbers of problems listed and the numbers of situations responded to counterfactually were positively correlated. The counterfactuals, although often related to somatic problems, generally concerned psychological or psychosocial matters such as finances and paid or unpaid work. A contextual approach to elucidating counterfactual thinking based on subjects' own experiences is seen as providing valuable insight into what bothers them most. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Path analysis of work conditions and work–family spillover as modifiable workplace factors associated with depressive symptomatology
Authors: Franche Renée‐Louise , Williams Alysha , Ibrahim Selahadin , Grace Sherry L. , Mustard Cam , Minore Bruce , Stewart Donna E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Literature pertaining to the relationship between workplace factors and depression has been compartmentalized: work conditions, family conditions, and work–family balance have been studied separately as predictors of depressive symptoms but not concurrently.Objective: Work conditions and work–family spillover were considered concurrently as modifiable workplace factors associated with depressive symptomatology, while controlling for confounding socio‐economic factors.Methods: This cross‐sectional study involved 218 female health care workers who completed a survey assessing work conditions [Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI) scale and Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ)], work–family balance (work–family spillover scale), sociodemographic information, and depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale].Results: Path analysis supported the presence of a direct relationship between depressive symptoms and high effort–reward imbalance, high negative work–family spillover, low positive family‐to‐work spillover, and low education. The indirect effect of low support from work was mediated by negative work‐to‐family spillover and high effort–reward imbalance. The indirect effect of high effort–reward imbalance was mediated by increased negative work‐to‐family spillover. The indirect effect of having children 18 years or younger was mediated by decreased positive family‐to‐work spillover. An indirect effect of low education was mediated by high effort–reward imbalance and high negative work‐to‐family spillover.Conclusions: The association between work conditions and depressive symptomatology is mediated by increased negative work‐to‐family spillover. The impact of having young children is mediated by decreased positive family‐to‐work spillover. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A proposed physician–patient cycle model
Authors: Williams Eric S. , Savage Grant T. , Linzer Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the effect that physician stress and burnout have on patient outcomes is important to improving the quality of care. The physician–patient cycle model documents the virtuous or vicious cycles which can ensue when clinicians deal effectively or ineffectively with stress and burnout. The model starts with excessive stress beginning the physician burnout process. Ineffectual physician responses to burnout, including depersonalizing behaviors, negatively affect the quality of the medical encounter. Poor quality encounters engender low patient satisfaction, poor compliance with medical treatments, and more patient assertiveness. For physicians, these patient attitudes and behaviors may be perceived as patient demands and experienced as additional stressors, perpetuating a vicious cycle. The model contributes to the knowledge base on stress and health by synthesizing various studies that have examined physician stress and burnout as they impact patient outcomes. A major implication is that the well‐being of physicians is a key ingredient to the provision of quality medical care. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Best practices for physical activity programs and behavior counseling in older adult populations
Authors: Cress M. E. , Buchner D. M. , Prohaska T. , Rimmer J. , Brown M. , Macera C. , DePietro L. , Chodzko-Zajko W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPhysical activity offers one of the greatest opportunities for people to extend years of active independent life and reduce functional limitations. The purpose of this paper is to identify key practices for promoting physical activity in older adults, with a focus on older adults with chronic disease or low fitness and those with low levels of physical activity. Key practices identified in promotion activity in older adults include: (1) a multidimensional activity program that includes endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility training is optimal for health and functional benefits; (2) principles of behavior change, including social support, self-efficacy, active choices, health contracts, assurances of safety, and positive reinforcement, enhance adherence; (3) management of risk by beginning at low intensity but gradually increasing to moderate physical activity which has a better risk/benefit ratio should be the goal for older adults; (4) an emergency procedure plan is prudent for community-based programs; and (5) monitoring aerobic intensity is important for progression and for motivation. Selected content reviews of physical activity programming from major organizations and institutions are provided. Regular participation in physical activity is one of the most effective ways for older adults, including those with disabilities, to help prevent chronic disease, promote independence, and increase quality of life in old age.
The relationship between monogamous/polygamous family structure and the mental health of bedouin Arab adolescents
Authors: Elbedour S. , Bart William , Hektner Joel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious studies of polygamy and child mental health have primarily focused on younger children. The present studies are among the first to focus on adolescents. The first study involved 210 randomly selected Bedouin Arab adolescents (mean age 15.9), who were administered instruments assessing their family environment and mental health. The second study involved 182 Bedouin Arab adolescents in which the student participants completed a single instrument about themselves and in which the teachers of the students completed the Teachers’ Report Form of the Child Behaviour Checklist by Achenbach. The Bedouin Arab adolescents fell into two groups: (a) adolescents in monogamous family structures and (b) adolescents in polygamous family structures. The findings of the first study suggest that the two groups did not differ significantly in the majority of the assessed variables, even though there were significant differences obtained between groups for 4 of the 13 assessed variables. The two groups did not differ significantly in the second study. Results were discussed in terms of their cultural and developmental significance.
Kelvin-Helmholtz waves in the ocean?
Authors: Mahony J. J. 
Published: April 2006

Large amplitude short waves confined near the crests of a swell have been observed when a stiff breeze was blowing against the swell. This would seem to imply the existence of both a wavelength-selective generating mechanism and a trapping mechanism, neither of which is to be expected of surface gravity waves of the observed length. It is suggested that there are significant changes in the dynamics of such waves if allowance is made for the dynamic coupling between wind and waves. For a Kelvin-Helmholtz model it is shown that energy transfer rates from the turbulent pressure fluctuations are greatly enhanced for subcritical conditions by the inclusion of the dynamic coupling. The group velocity of subcritical waves is profoundly affected, becoming infinite at the stability boundary. Thus subcritical waves could be trapped on a swell. An examination of the effects of wind shear suggest that Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability could still be present, although for stronger winds, particularly for rather longer waves.The energy and momentum fed from the mean wind, being trapped at crests of the swell, may contribute significantly to the attenuation of the swell. The profound wave dynamic effects of the coupling between the wind and the swell for short gravity waves may be of significance in other oceanic phenomena, even when the Kelvin-Helmholtz type of instability is not present.
Influence of the amplitude of a solid wavy wall on a turbulent flow. Part 1. Non-separated flows
Authors: Zilker Daniel P. , Cook Gerald W. , Hanratty Thomas J. 
Published: April 2006

Measurements of the shear-stress variation along and the velocity profiles above a solid wavy wall bounding a turbulent flow are presented for waves with height-to-length ratios of 2a/λ = 0·0312 and 0·05. These are compared with previous measurements of the wall shear stress reported by Thorsness (1975) and by Morrisroe (1970) for 2a/λ = 0·012. The investigation covered a range of conditions from those for which a linear behaviour is observed to those for which a separated flow is just being initiated.Pressure measurements indicate a linear response in that the spatial variation is described quite well by a single harmonic with a wavelength equal to that of the surface. However, the variation of τw for waves with 2a/λ = 0·0312 and 0·05 can be more rapid on the leeward side of the wave. The degree of departure from a sinusoidal variation increases with increasing wave height and fluid velocity and, from the results reported in this paper, it is suggested that nonlinear behaviour will become evident when au*/v [ges ] 27.Many aspects of the flow for all three waves are described by a solution of the linear momentum equations previously presented by Thorsness (1975) and by Thorsness & Hanratty (1977). These include the phase and amplitude of the pressure profile and the first harmonic of the shear-stress profile and the velocity field outside the viscous wall region.These results suggest that up to separation the flow is approximated quite well by linear theory. Nonlinearities affect the flow only in a region very close to the wave surface and are manifested by the appearance of higher harmonics in the variation of τw.