bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled clinical trial on internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for subthreshold depression in people over 50 years
Authors: Spek V. , Cuijpers P. , Nyklíček I. , Smits N. , Riper H. , Keyzer J. , Pop V. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundInternet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a promising new approach for the treatment of depressive symptoms. The current study had two aims: (1) to determine whether, after 1 year, an internet-based CBT intervention was more effective than a waiting-list control group; and (2) to determine whether the effect of the internet-based CBT differed from the group CBT intervention, 1 year after the start of treatment.MethodA total of 191 women and 110 men (mean age=55 years, s.d.=4.6) with subthreshold depression were randomized into internet-based treatment, group CBT (Lewinsohn's Coping with Depression Course), or a waiting-list control condition. The main outcome measure was treatment response after 1 year, defined as the difference in pretreatment and follow-up scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Missing data were imputed using the multiple imputation procedure of data augmentation. Analyses were performed using multiple imputation inference.ResultsIn the waiting-list control group, we found a pretreatment to follow-up improvement effect size of 0.69, which was 0.62 in the group CBT condition and 1.22 with the internet-based treatment condition. Simple contrasts showed a significant difference between the waiting-list condition and internet-based treatment (p=0.03) and no difference between both treatment conditions (p=0.08).ConclusionsPeople aged over 50 years with subthreshold depression can still benefit from internet-based CBT 1 year after the start of treatment.
The acceptability to patients of computerized cognitive behaviour therapy for depression: a systematic review
Authors: Kaltenthaler E. , Sutcliffe P. , Parry G. , Beverley C. , Rees A. , Ferriter M. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is widely used to treat depression. However, CBT is not always available to patients because of a shortage of therapists and long waiting times. Computerized CBT (CCBT) is one of several alternatives currently available to treat patients with depression. Evidence of its clinical effectiveness has led to programs being used increasingly within the UK and elsewhere. However, little information is available regarding the acceptability of CCBT to patients.MethodA systematic review of sources of information on acceptability to patients of CCBT for depression.ResultsSources of information on acceptability included: recruitment rates, patient drop-outs and patient-completed questionnaires. We identified 16 studies of CCBT for the treatment of depression that provided at least some information on these sources. Limited information was provided on patient take-up rates and recruitment methods. Drop-out rates were comparable to other forms of treatment. Take-up rates, when reported, were much lower. Six of the 16 studies included specific questions on patient acceptability or satisfaction although information was only provided for those who had completed treatment. Several studies have reported positive expectancies and high satisfaction in routine care CCBT services for those completing treatment.ConclusionsTrials of CCBT should include more detailed information on patient recruitment methods, drop-out rates and reasons for dropping out. It is important that well-designed surveys and qualitative studies are included alongside trials to determine levels and determinants of patient acceptability.
Asymptotic representation of weighted L∞- and L1-minimal polynomials
Authors: KROÓ ANDRÁS , PEHERSTORFER FRANZ 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn 1858 Chebyshev, and some years later his students Korkin and Zolotarev, determined the polynomial which deviates least from zero among all polynomials of degree n with leading coefficient one with respect to the maximum- and the L1-norm, respectively; these are now called the Chebyshev polynomial of first and second kind.The next natural step which is to find, at least asymptotically, the minimal polynomial with respect to a given weight function has not been settled until today. Indeed, Bernstein gave asymptotics for the minimum deviation of weighted minimal polynomials, Fekete and Walsh found nth root asymptotics and, recently, Lubinsky and Saff provided asymptotics outside [−1, 1]. But the main point of interest: the asymptotic representation of the weighted minimal polynomials on the interval of approximation [−1, 1] remained open. Here we settle this problem with respect to the maximum norm for weight functions whose second derivative is Lipα, α ∈ (0, 1), and with respect to the L1-norm under somewhat stronger differentiability conditions.
On ϕ-amenability of Banach algebras
Authors: KANIUTH EBERHARD , LAU ANTHONY T. , PYM JOHN 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGeneralizing the notion of left amenability for so-called F-algebras [12], we study the concept of ϕ-amenability of a Banach algebra A, where ϕ is a homomorphism from A to ℂ. We establish several characterizations of ϕ-amenability as well as some hereditary properties. In addition, some illuminating examples are given.
Presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in adults in the province of Castellon, Spain: a retrospective study
Authors: ROCA B. , TORNADOR N. , TORNADOR E. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of tuberculous meningitis in the province of Castellon, Spain. Retrospective analysis was done of all cases attended during the last 15 years. The following groups of variables were assessed: sociodemographic data, medical antecedents, clinical presentation, imaging study results, analyses, cerebrospinal fluid microbiology, treatment, and outcome. Twenty-nine cases were included. Median of age of patients was 34 years, and 17 (59%) were males. HIV infection was present in 15 cases (52%), fever, the most common symptom, occurred in 27 (93%), nuchal rigidity was noted in only 16 (55%), and syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) occurred in 13 cases (45%). Chest radiograph was abnormal in 15 cases (52%). Anaemia was found in 22 subjects (76%), hypoalbuminaemia in 18 (62%) and hyponatraemia in 15 (52%). Macroscopic aspect of cerebrospinal fluid was normal in 17 cases (65%). Acid-fast stain was positive in only one case (4%). Two patients presented resistance to anti-tuberculous medications. Twelve patients (41%) died and eight (28%) presented sequelae. An association was found between death as outcome and presence of SIADH and lower level of serum cholesterol. Tuberculous meningitis is a rare and frequently difficult to recognize disease, which results in significant morbidity and mortality. We found an association of mortality with SIADH and lower level of serum cholesterol.
Geodynamic implications of the Cenozoic stress field on Seymour Island, West Antarctica
Authors: Maestro A. , López-Martínez J. , Bohoyo F. , Montes M. , Nozal F. , Santillana S. , Marenssi S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPalaeostress inferred from brittle mesostructures in Seymour (Marambio) Island indicates a Cenozoic to Recent origin for an extensional stress field, with only local compressional stress states. Minimum horizontal stress (σ3) orientations are scattered about two main NE–SW and NW–SE modes suggesting that two stress sources have been responsible for the dominant minimum horizontal stress directions in the north-western Weddell Sea. Extensional structures within a broad-scale compressional stress field can be linked to both the decrease in relative stress magnitudes from active margins to intraplate regions and the rifting processes that occurred in the northern Weddell Sea. Stress states with NW–SE trending σ3are compatible with back-arc extension along the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. We interpret this as due to the opening of the Larsen Basin during upper Cretaceous to Eocene and to the spreading, from Pliocene to present, of the Bransfield Basin (western Antarctic Peninsula), both due to former Phoenix Plate subduction under the Antarctic Plate. NE–SW σ3orientations could be expressions of continental fragmentation of the northern Antarctic Peninsula controlling eastwards drifting of the South Orkney microcontinent and other submerged continental blocks of the southern Scotia Sea.
Tumour endoproteases: the cutting edge of cancer drug delivery?
Authors: Atkinson J M , Siller C S , Gill J H 
Published: January 2008

Despite progression in anticancer drug development and improvements in the clinical utilization of therapies, current treatment regimes are still dependent upon the use of systemic antiproliferative cytotoxic agents. Although these agents are unquestionably potent, their efficacy is limited by toxicity towards ‘normal’ cells and a lack of tumour selective targeting, resulting in a therapeutic index which is modest at best. Consequently, the development of more tumour selective cancer treatments, with better discrimination between tumour and normal cells is unequivocally an important goal for cancer drug discovery. One such strategy is to exploit the tumour phenotype as a mechanism for tumour‐selective delivery of potent therapeutics. An exciting approach in this area is to develop anticancer therapeutics as prodrugs, which are non‐toxic until activated by enzymes localized specifically in the tumour. Enzymes suitable for tumour‐activated prodrug development must have increased activity in the tumour relative to non‐diseased tissue and an ability to activate the prodrug to its active form. One class of enzyme satisfying these criteria are the tumour endoproteases, particularly the serine‐ and metallo‐proteases. These proteolytic enzymes are essential for tumour angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, the major defining features of malignancy. This review describes the concept behind development of tumour‐endoprotease activated prodrugs and discusses the various studies to date that have demonstrated the huge potential of this approach for improvement of cancer therapy.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1344–1352; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707657; published online 21 January 2008
Change in post‐translational modifications of histone H3, heat‐shock protein‐27 and MAP kinase p38 expression by curcumin in streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Tikoo K , Meena R L , Kabra D G , Gaikwad A B 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:Curcumin has been used to treat cancer, diabetes and other pathologies. However, little is known regarding its role in altering post‐translational modifications of histone H3. A recent report suggests that acute hyperglycaemia induces a global down‐regulation of gene expression in human tissues and epigenetic regulation of gene expression could be a novel mechanism underlying the pathological processes of hyperglycaemia. The present study was undertaken to examine changes in histone modification by curcumin treatment which prevents development of type I diabetic nephropathy.Experimental approach:Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg kg−1, i.p.). Diabetic nephropathy was assessed by measurements of blood urea nitrogen, albumin and creatinine levels. Post‐translational modifications of histone H3, heat shock protein‐27 (HSP‐27) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 expression were examined by western blotting.Key results:Treatment of diabetic rats with curcumin significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and increased albumin; variables associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. There were also increased levels of HSP‐27 and MAP kinase (p38) in diabetic kidney. However, curcumin treatment prevented this increase in HSP‐27 and p38 expression. Moreover, at nuclear level curcumin prevented the decrease in dephosphorylation and increases acetylation of histone H3.Conclusions and implications:Our results suggested that protection against development of diabetic nephropathy by curcumin treatment involved changes in post‐translational modifications of histone H3, expression of HSP‐27 and MAP kinase p38 in diabetic kidney.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1225–1231; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707666; published online 21 January 2008
What systems can and can't do
Authors: Kenakin T 
Published: January 2008

This commentary discusses a paper in this issue by Dr Jillian Baker on the antagonism of histamine H2 receptors. It is an excellent example of the use of pharmacological principles to determine what systems can and can't do from the point of view of agonist‐dependent antagonism. The most common model of antagonism, namely orthosteric, cannot discern agonist type; i.e. all agonists are blocked equally by a given orthosteric antagonist. Therefore, if quantitative assessment of antagonism unveils agonist dependence, then this is something an orthosteric mechanism cannot do and another mechanism must be considered. A simple alternative is a permissive allosteric model whereby the agonist and antagonist interact through conformational changes in the receptor protein. Under these circumstances, an agonist–antagonist dialogue can ensue whereby the nature of the agonist determines the magnitude of antagonist effect. Jillian Baker contrasts antagonist systems with historical data obtained for β‐adrenoceptors and the present data for histamine H2 receptors where the simpler model of orthosteric antagonism suffices and thus shows how quantitative receptor pharmacology can be used to determine the molecular mechanism of antagonism.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 841–843; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707677; published online 21 January 2008
HYDATID CYSTS IN BOTH LUNGS.
Authors: Christie H. Kenrick , Barnett Sir Louis 
Published: January 2008

Summary.It is obvious from a study of the above cases, in which the patients were nearly all treated by different surgeons, that the accepted treatment is by resecting portion of a rib 01 ribs over the cyst as localized by X ray examination, by evacuation of the mother membranes after complete tapping, and then by fixation of the cyst wall to the parietes with a diaainage tube in. situ for five to ten days 01 until such time as the discharge disappears. That is to say, in most of these cases treatment has consisted of open drainage. Only one patient received closed drainage; that is, an airtight junction of tissues was made around the tube, which was carried into a pail of lotion under the bed. Provided the hydatid membrane had been completely removed, this would hasten the recovery of the pneumothorax which occurs inevitably in all the cases. I n this case, too, an attempt was made to aspirate the pneumothorax could quickly be controlled by the use of one of the modern suction forms of apparatus, sirch as the electrical apparatus describetl by Bennett Jones in The British iMedicul Jountal of September 25, 1937, or the steam‐actuated suction shown by Doyle in THE AUSTRALIAN AND Nna ZEALAND. JOURNAL OF SURGEKT of October, 1937. The iise of cyclopropane‐oxygen under positive pressure may prove to be the best solution, as already me11 tioned.Since the distrew attendant on A pneumothorax depends largely upon the suddenness with which it arises, there seems to be il good argument fo1 the induction of an artificial piieumothorax a few clays before the plenral cavity is opened. This was successfully carried out in one of the cases. The use of a pneumothorax niiglit also ticcelernte the progress of a deep seated cyst towards the pleural surface, and shorten the time of waiting before the operation is carried out.Deep seated cysts are best treated by delay until the growth causes them to approwh the pleural surface, if they are kept meantime undei+ serial X rap observation. The period of waiting is fraught with (laager of rupture, either by pressure‐erosion of a bronchus or by infection, with consequent sudden increase in size of the cyst,. Both these complications are freely illustrated in this series of bilateral pulmonary hydatids. When a cyst I I ˜L S ruptured, the incompleteness of natural evacuation and the presence of toxamia are indications for operative intervention.
ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Authors: TRETHEWIE E. R. , WRIGHT R. D. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

An increase in acetylcholine synthesis was detected when “normal” thymus was added to brain extracts.
A decrease in acetylcholine synthesis was observed when thymus from a severe case of myasthenia gravis was added to brain extract.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
PERFORATION OF THE INTESTINE BY AN INGESTED SHARP FOREIGN BODY
Authors: R.McKechnie W. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A report is given in detail of a perforation of the alimentary tract by an ingested sharp foreign body.
A study of ninety‐three cases of similar lesions reveals no urinary syndrome as described in this case.
Surgical removal by the perineal route was successful. Convalescence was normal and there were no complications.
PROGRESSIVE BACTERIAL SYNERGISTIC GANGRENE, WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: Bonnin N. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene which followed drainage of an empyema has been described.Bacterial investigation showed the presence of a Staphylococcus aureus and an anaerobic micro‐streptococcus.Animal inoculation tests showed the organisms to be individually innocuous to guinea‐pigs, but pathogenic in combination, though in the animals actual gangrene did not occur.The ulcerative lesion was cured by wide excision followed by skin grafting.The staphylococcus and anaerobic micro‐streptococcus persisted in the chronic empyema. Exhibition of penicillin resulted in elimination of the anaerobic micro‐streptococcus.bacterial synergistic gangrene has been discussed, and the differential diagnosis between this lesion and chronic undermining burrowing ulcer is stressed.It is suggested that for any future case penicillin therapy should be tried before excision of the ulcer is undertaken.
THE LATERAL LYMPHO‐EPITHELIAL CYST OF THE NECK: (“BRANCHIAL” CYST)
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

The general features of a group of cysts of the neck (commonly designated “branchial”) are, described. They are found over a relatively wide area and are related more closly with lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues than with other structures.
The various congenital hypotheses are discussed and rejected, partly because embryological investigations have indicated their inadequacy and because the cysts do not show any constant features which might support these speculations.
The relationship of the cysts to lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue suggests an alternative hypothesis.
The term “Branchial Cyst” is misleading and should be discarded.
Since it emphasises the one constant feature of the cysts and is purely descriptive, the term “Lateral Lympho‐epithelial Cyst” is suggested for the group.
THE INVERSION OPERATION IN FEMORAL HERNIA
Authors: Craig C. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA method of operating on femoral hernia has been described of which the following are the main features.1. A tunnel is made round the neck of the sac under the inguinal ligament and interference with the inguinal canal is thus avoided.2. The sac is treated by the method of inversion. Ten cases are reported without recurrence. It is suggested that, after removal of the sac, the femoral ring is closed by the pressure of blood in the femoral vein.
CONGENITAL TRACHEO‐OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA WITHOUT ATRESIA BUT WITH LARGE OESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM
Authors: Robb Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Summarywhat is believed to be a rare variety of congenital oesophageal abnormality is described and a case history given. there was a fistula between trachea and oesophagus, no oesophageal atresia, and a large posterior oesophageal pouch. surgical correction gave a good result.
PARAFFINOMA OF THE BREAST
Authors: Stock Laurence F. Tinckler and Francis E. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Examples of paraffinoma of the breast following intramammary injection of liquid paraffin are described.2. Case histories are recorded of patients exhibiting complications of the procedure which include sinus formation, migration of paraffin and oil embolism.3. The pathogenesis of these complications is discussed.
STUDIES OF RADIO‐ACTIVE PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRA‐OCULAR AND CUTANEOUS MELANOMATA
Authors: Lidgett Kelvin , Clarke K. H. , Brenk H. A. S. van den 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The rationale, and application of the radioactive phosphorus uptake ratio test in the diagnosis of intra‐ocular and cutaneous melanomata, has been described and illustrated.
Preliminary results recorded for 27 patients (12 with cutaneous, and 15 with ocular disease) indicate that the 32P uptake test is useful, a differential uptake of 1.3 being taken as significant.
A correlation has been obtained between the 32P uptake ratio, and the tumour nucleoprotein content based on measurements of volume and density of tumour cell nuclei.
Attention is drawn to possible biological differences between melanomata of the iris and those of the choroid.
The correlation of 32P uptake ratios with histological diagnosis of malignancy in these tumours, is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOLAR RADIATION TO MELANOBLASTOMA
Authors: MCGOVERN V. J. , MACKIE B. S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryPigmented moles acquired in adult life which subsequently became malignant appeared chiefly in the head and neck of elderly people in whom there was pronounced alteration in structure of the dermis as a result of solar radiation. We were unable to demonstrate significant degrees of collagen degeneration of solar origin in any other group of melanoblastoma patients. These facts suggest that the carcinogenic action of ultra‐violet light is mediated through its action on the dermis.
VASCULAR TRAUMA
Authors: Connell J. L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe present day approach to limb injuries involving major vessels has been outlined. The importance of early exploration of all limbs rendered ischaemic by trauma in the region of major vessels has been stressed. Major vessel continuity, both arterial and venous, must be re‐established wherever possible. Case histories have been quoted to illustrate the principles in the management of acute and chronic vascular trauma.
HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE MITRAL VALVE PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE*
Authors: O'Brien Mark F. , Gerbode Frank 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe experimental and clinical literature on the use of homograft cardiac valves has been reviewed. The variable canine results over the last decade have partly been responsible for the present day guarded, slow and apprehensive acceptance of homotrans‐plantation of human cardiac valves. Most of the experimental failures appear to be due to bacterial invasion or valve disruption from the annulus because of technical reasons.Early or intermediate rejection phenomena do not occur. Late degenerative changes in the homograft may develop. However, the available small but acceptable evidence of long‐term human studies suggests that degeneration, if it is to occur at all, will take many years.Our preliminary experimental observations on homotransplantation of the canine mitrale valve using fresh and acid formaldehyde preserved valves, have been outlined. I t wouldappear that the transplantation is a feasible technical operation in dogs and that the homografts are capable of continued function. The technical difficulties of suturingFurther studies are necessary to assess the long‐term results of the homograft mitral valves using various methods of preservation. Providing these results are also favour able, clinical application of this work would then appear justifiable.