bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer
Authors: MENG Xiuxiang , PERKINS Genevieve C. , YANG Qisen , FENG Zuojian , MENG Zhibin , XU Hongfa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOwing to poor breeding success in captive alpine musk deer, an understanding of the behavioral patterns of musk deer in captivity is important. This study was conducted from June 2004 to January 2005 at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, which is located within Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. Focal sampling and continuous recording were used to observe the behaviors of 51 female alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus), 42 of which had completed a single estrus cycle and nine of which had completed two or more estrus cycles. All animals were adults that had been born and raised in captivity. The durations of 12 behaviors, including environmental sniffing, moving and feeding, were recorded during the non‐breeding seasons and behavioral patterns were compared. The behavioral patterns of females that had completed a single estrus cycle and females that had completed multiple estrus cycles were compared to assess potential behavioral differences. The results showed that females who had only one complete estrus cycle demonstrated more resting behavior, but less feeding and locomotor behavior than females who had completed multiple estrus cycles. Furthermore, single estrus cycle females demonstrated tail‐rubbing during the breeding season. The results may yield useful information that can be used in developing better musk deer farming practices.
Active bleb formation is abated in Lytechinus variegatus red spherule coelomocytes after disruption of acto‐myosin contractility
Authors: D'ANDREA‐WINSLOW Lisanne , NOVITSKI Amy K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRed spherule coelomocytes are immune cells in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus that have been characterized as motile O2 transport cells. Video microscopy of living red spherule coelomocytes reveals a constitutive, dynamic array of cellular morphologies and movements. Cells continuously send out and retract membrane blebs all over the cell surface as part of their normal cellular physiology. Disruption of microtubules by perfusion with either nocodazole or taxol had no effect on bleb formation or motility. Perfusion with cytochalasin B abated bleb formation and revealed cells that exhibited multiple small spheres attached by short membrane extensions. Attenuation of blebbing and intracellular organelle motility were restored by washing out with cytochalasin B. Treatment with phalloidin also abated bleb formation and revealed a smooth, spherical cellular morphology. The effects of phalloidin were completely reversible after washout. Red spherule coelomocytes treated with blebbistatin rounded up with an irreversible retraction of blebs into surface blebs that were greatly reduced in size, number and motility. Normal cell surface bleb formation and intracellular organelle motility were not restored after washout of the drug. These results indicate that the acto‐myosin contractile mechanism contributes to the dynamics of constitutive cell surface membrane blebbing in invertebrate immune cells.
Topographic variation of the choroidal watershed zone and its relationship to neovascularization in patients with age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Mendrinos Efstratios , Pournaras Constantin J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the patterns of choroidal watershed zones (WZs) in exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and to describe their relationship with choroidal neovascularization (CNV).Methods:  We retrospectively evaluated 50 digital indocyanine green video‐angiograms of 50 patients with exudative AMD demonstrating one or more WZs. In addition, the relationship between the site of CNV and the WZ was analysed.Results:  A stellate WZ was observed in 30 of 50 (60%) patients. Choroidal neovascularization occurred within the centre of the WZ in all cases. The WZ was vertically oriented in 18 of 50 (36%) patients. When the WZ coursed through or extended into the fovea, CNV occurred within the WZ, but it occurred at its margin when the WZ did not involve the fovea. An angled WZ coursing through the fovea with CNV occurring within it was observed in two of 50 (4%) patients.Conclusions:  In exudative AMD, the WZ most commonly conformed to the stellate pattern, followed by the vertical and angled patterns. Choroidal neovascularization occurred within the WZ in 44 of 50 (88%) patients. When the WZ did not involve the fovea (12%), CNV occurred at its margin. The relationship between the site of CNV and macular WZs suggests that macular WZs may be areas which are vulnerable to AMD and which are predisposed to CNV by the resulting hypoxia−ischaemia.
Cultivation and molecular identification ofEhrlichia canisandEhrlichia chaffeensisfrom a naturally co‐infected dog in Venezuela
Authors: Gutiérrez Clara N. , Martínez María , Sánchez Erlinda , De Vera Marisol , Rojas Marìa , Ruiz Joahnny , Triana‐Alonso Francisco J. 
Published: June 2008

Background:Diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis in Venezuela is normally performed by examination of buffy coat smears (BCS). Characteristic inclusion bodies are frequently observed in leukocytes and platelets from dogs with clinical signs of the disease.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the co‐infection of a dog withEhrlichia canisandE hrlichia chaffeensisusing microbiological and molecular techniques.Methods:Primary cultures of monocytes from a dog showing signs of ehrlichiosis were performed. Ehrlichial inclusions in blood cells were demonstrated by BCS and in cultured cell smears with direct immunofluorescence and Dip Quick staining. Nested PCR analysis was performed with DNA from blood samples and cultures, using primers specific forE. canisandE. chaffeensis. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced to confirm the specificity of the amplifications.Results:The BCS of the naturally infected dog contained intracellular morulae. Ehrlichial inclusions were observed 9 days after inoculation of the primary cultures. After 3 passages with monocytes from a healthy dog, 65% of infected cells, and cells with >60 morulae were observed. A healthy female German Shepherd dog, seronegative forE. canisandE. chaffeensisantigens and without contact to ticks, was inoculated with an infected culture. The animal developed signs of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and became seropositive. Nested PCR results and sequencing of amplified DNA fragments demonstrated the simultaneous presence ofE. canisandE. chaffeensisin both dogs.Conclusions:This is the first report ofE. chaffeensisin dogs in South America. This organism was previously identified in dogs by PCR only in the United States.
Effect of Temperature Variation on Cyclic Elastic-Plastic Behavior of
SUS 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Niitsu Y. , Ikegami K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The cyclic elastic-plastic behavior of SUS 304 stainless steel was investigated experimentally under various temperatures and temperature-changing conditions. The specimens were cyclically loaded between fixed axial strain limits at constant temperatures in the range from room temperature to 600°C. The effects of the cyclic strain amplitude on the saturation property of cyclic hardening were obtained at various temperatures. The effects of temperature variations on the cyclic hardening were examined under the temperature conditions of changing between two different temperatures. From these experimental results, the effects of the temperature variation on the saturation properties were found under several temperature conditions. The three different hardening models accounting for these cyclic hardening properties were proposed. The experimental results were compared with the results calculated by those three cyclic hardening models.
Validation of the Deformation Plasticity Failure Assessment Diagram
(DPFAD) Approach—The Case of an Axial Flaw in a Pressurized
Cylinder
Authors: Bloom J. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The validation of the deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram (DPFAD) approach for application to the prediction of failure pressures for pipes or pressure vessels with axial flaws is addressed in this paper. The DPFAD approach has been extensively documented with regard to its validity in open literature for various configurations of test specimens. For actual structural configurations, however, no such comparisons appear in open literature. In particular, the model of a part-through wall axial flaw in a pressurized cylinder has not been validated through comparisons with actual structural tests results. Two sources of test data from structural tests of axially flawed pressurized cylinders were evaluated. • Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) intermediate test vessels. • Eiber/Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL) axially cracked pipes. The DPFAD axial flaw model was developed using finite-element results to generate calibration constants as functions of crack depth to wall thickness and crack depth to crack length for an axially oriented semi-elliptical flaw on the inside surface of a pressurized cylinder. The calibration constants were then used to generate failure assessment curves that can be used to assess or predict failure of pipes or vessels with axial flaws under pressure loading. A key assumption in the analysis was the use of the failure assessment curve for the inside surface flaw in the prediction of outside-surface-flawed cylinder failures. Based on the excellent results from the comparisons with predicted failures to actual vessel and pipe failures, this assumption was found to be reasonable. Furthermore, based on predicted test results of the HSST vessel tests and the Eiber/BCL pipe tests, it was concluded that the DPFAD semi-elliptical axial flaw model can be used reliably in assessing part-through flaws in pressurized vessels and pipes.
Viscoplastic Characterization of A533B Steel at High Strain
Rates
Authors: Dexter R. J. , Chan K. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The yield strength of A533 grade B class 1 steel is relatively low. Dynamic fracture in test specimens and pressure vessels made with this material is generally accompanied by significant plastic flow over a large range of strain rates. Therefore, it is imperative to use viscoplastic constitutive equations in the analysis of dynamic fracture in A533B steel. This paper describes the characterization and modeling of the viscoplastic behavior of A533B steel using the Bodner-Partom model. Tensile tests were performed from −60°C to 175°C at strain rates ranging from 10−3 to 103. The tensile data were used to obtain material constants in the Bodner-Partom constitutive equations over this range of temperatures. Comparison of calculated and measured stress-strain curves showed good agreement, validating the model and the procedures for determining the model constants. The use of the Bodner-Partom model for dynamic fracture modeling is then discussed.
Creep Deflection of Thick-Walled Piping due to Combined Bending and
Internal Pressure
Authors: Finnie I. , Shirmohamadi M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A closed-form solution is derived for the creep deflection in thick-walled piping subjected to combined internal pressure and bending moment. The solution is limited to the situation usually encountered in practice with sustained gravity loads and support forces in which the additional stresses due to bending are small compared to those due to internal pressure. For this case, it is shown that a simple correction factor may be applied to an elastic computation of pipe deflections to include the effect of creep. Predictions using this factor show satisfactory agreement with observations on a thick-walled piping system which had been in service for 20 years.
Effect of Creep Relaxation of Prestress on the Integrity of
Axisymmetric Wire-Wound Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
Authors: Sabbaghian M. , Baroud M. H. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The creep relaxation of prestress in a wire-wound cylindrical vessel based on power function creep law is obtained. In this analysis, it is assumed that the wire is wrapped perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The relaxed stress at each layer of wire at any time t is then employed to determine the capability of the cylinder to safely contain an internal pressure. The maximum allowable pressure is obtained as a function of time.
Seismic Pressure Surges in Liquid-Filled Pipelines
Authors: Hatfield F. J. , Wiggert D. C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Observed damage and analytic studies indicate that earthquakes may cause destructive pressure surges in liquid-filled piping. Most studies have concerned buried piping that could be assumed to move with the ground. However, pressure surges also would be expected in above-ground piping, where they would affect the displacement response and, hence, the amplitude of flexural stress in the piping. Current aseismic design practice is to simplify this effect by treating the contained liquid as incompressible mass. This paper describes a technique for computing pressure and relative displacement that incorporates elasticity of both the piping and the liquid. Seismic responses of an example pipeline are predicted. It was found that assuming the piping to be rigid produced an upper-bound estimate of pressure, but assuming the liquid to be incompressible resulted in underestimating displacement of the piping.
Overview of the ASME Section XI Code Relating to NDE and Ultrasonic
Examination Performance Demonstration
Authors: Cowfer C. D. , Hedden O. F. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Nondestructive examination (NDE) in Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code has been an evolving process. The Code’s use of NDE for in-service inspection (ISI) to establish fitness for duty has brought about major changes in applied NDE philosophy and practice. The publication in Section XI, 1989 Addenda, of mandatory Appendix VIII, “Performance Demonstration for Ultrasonic Examination System,” sets a precedent for both NDE performance and recognition of the total NDE system (personnel, equipment and procedures). This paper highlights appropriate portions of Appendix VIII. Performance values such as probability of detection (POD) and flaw sizing accuracy are addressed. The use of flawed specimens for performance demonstration qualifies personnel, equipment and procedures, hence the “Ultrasonic System” qualification. Appendix VIII provides the opportunity for technique performance demonstration for assessment of material aging and qualification of components and systems for continued service. This article provides the background and justification for Code action to publish Appendix VIII.
Experimental Studies on Damping Characteristics of Bolted Joints for
Plates and Shells
Authors: Shin Y. S. , Iverson J. C. , Kim K. S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Reducing the contact force in bolted structural connections can reduce system vibration amplitudes by enhancing joint damping capacity. A test model consisting of two concentric circular cylindrical shells and four vanes connected by groups of bolts was tested and analyzed to investigate the relationship between the bolt preload and the system damping. A viscoelastic material was then introduced between the contacting surfaces at bolted joints and its effect on system damping was again investigated.
Application of the Finite Element Method to the Quasi-Static
Thermoelastic Analysis of Prestress in Multilayer Pressure
Vessels
Authors: Rasty J. , Tamhane P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Multilayered wrapped vessel technology utilizes the compressive prestress induced during construction process to gain a considerable advantage over the monoblock vessels. The compressive prestress allows for more efficient use of construction material and more uniform distribution of stress throughout the vessel’s cross section. Analysis of the magnitude of prestress throughout the vessel’s thickness has been previously reported (Rasty, 1988). However, one major idealization in such analysis has been the assumption that the magnitude of induced prestress is constant around the circumference of the vessel. In this research, thermoelastic finite element method was utilized to simulate the construction process of one layer of the vessel. It was concluded that the compressive residual stress induced by the weld shrinkage varies through the circumference of the vessel by as much as 13.5 percent. Circumferential distributions of the prestress are presented and compared to the closed-form solutions (constant prestress assumption) in earlier works.
Interpretation of Probabilistic Structural Analysis of an Aging
Passive Component
Authors: Phillips J. H. , Atwood C. L. , Magleby H. L. , Khericha S. T. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This article describes a technique to calculate the risk from failure of passive components over time, and demonstrates the technique by applying it to a weld in the auxiliary feedwater (AFW) system. It uses a modified version of the PRAISE computer code to perform a probabilistic structural analysis to calculate the probability that crack growth due to aging would cause the weld to rupture. It then uses the weld rupture probability as input to a modified existing PRA to calculate the change in plant risk with time. The results show an insignificant effect on plant risk because of the low calculated rupture rate of the weld in this particular calculation over 48 yr of service. A decreasing yearly rupture rate for this weld is calculated. This results from infant mortality; that is, most of those initial flaws that will eventually lead to rupture will do so early in life.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Compressive Stress on the
Fatigue Crack Growth of Low-Alloy Steel
Authors: Jones D. P. , Hoppe R. G. , Hechmer J. L. , James B. A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A series of fatigue crack growth rate tests was conducted in order to study the effects of negative stress ratio upon the fatigue crack growth rate of low-alloy steel in air environment. The tests used four-point bend specimens in order to simulate linear stress distributions typical of many pressure vessel applications. This type of testing adds to the knowledge on negative stress ratio effects for low-alloy steels that in the past have been obtained from uniform tension-compression tests. Additionally, the applied bending stress range was varied from low values of applied stress to high values of applied stress over twice the yield strength. Load control was used for tests for which the stress range was less than twice the yield strength and deflection control was used for the higher stress range tests. The crack geometries involved were both short and long fatigue cracks started at notches and tight fatigue cracks for which crack closure could occur over the full crack face. The results are presented in terms of the stress intensity factor ratio R = KMIN/KMAX. The negative R-ratio test results were correlated to an equation of the form da/dN = C[ΔK/(A−R)]n where A, C, and n are curve-fitting parameters. It was found that the effects of negative R-ratio on the fatigue crack growth rates for even the high stress range tests could be bounded by correlating the foregoing equation to only positive R-ratio test results and extending the resulting equation into the negative R-ratio regime.
Validation of Creep Crack Growth Life Estimation Methodology/Hot
Reheat Steam Pipes
Authors: Bloom J. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This paper documents a validation study of a creep crack growth life estimation methodology developed by Riedel and Rice, Saxena, and Bassani which has been implemented into a Babcock & Wilcox computer code. This computer code called PCCREEP was developed for estimation of remaining lives of fossil power plant components with both postulated and in-service determined defects. The initial validation was performed through comparisons with other computer codes. However, these comparisons were limited to continuous operating conditions (steady-state creep) and bulk creep deformation properties for secondary creep only. Even with the independent comparison with other available life estimation codes, the question still remained of how well can the creep crack growth methodology estimate actual field lives? This paper presents the results of a study of a life estimation scheme for hot reheat steam pipes having defects found in service. The initial survey was conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) of U.S. electric utility problems with hot reheat steam pipes. The primary reason for that study was three catastrophic failures of hot reheat steam pipes in 1979, 1985, and 1986. These pipes were seam-welded 1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo and 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo. All these ruptures initiated from flaws (near the weld fusion line) which grew by a creep mechanism. This EPRI data base consisted of twelve pipes with flaws found from inspection. While several assumptions relating to material properties and operating conditions were required (due to insufficient information), predictions demonstrated that life estimation is possible provided material property data representative of the material condition for the component in question is available. Discussion is given regarding the significance of the postulated flaw location, constraint (stress triaxiality) effects for buried flaws, and the importance of weld metal, heat-affected zone, and base metal properties to the accuracy of the life estimations.
Bovine Colostrum Contains Immunoglobulin G Antibodies against Intimin, EspA, and EspB and Inhibits Hemolytic Activity Mediated by the Type Three Secretion System of Attaching and Effacing
Escherichia coli
Authors: Vilte Daniel A. , Larzábal Mariano , Cataldi Ángel A. , Mercado Elsa C. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) is the main cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, an endemic disease in Argentina which had an incidence in 2005 of 13.9 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years old. Cattle appear to be a major reservoir of EHEC, and a serological response to EHEC antigens has been demonstrated in natural and experimental infections. In the current study, antibodies against proteins implicated in EHEC's ability to form attaching and effacing lesions, some of which are exported to the host cell via a type three secretion system (TTSS), were identified in bovine colostrum by Western blot analysis. Twenty-seven (77.0%) of the 35 samples examined contained immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the three proteins assayed in this study: EspA, EspB, and the carboxy-terminal 280 amino acids of γ-intimin, an intimin subtype associated mainly with O157:H7 and O145:H- serotypes. Every colostrum sample was able to inhibit, in a range between 45.9 and 96.7%, the TTSS-mediated hemolytic activity of attaching and effacing
E. coli
. The inhibitory effect was partially mediated by IgG and lactoferrin. In conclusion, we found that early colostrum from cows contains antibodies, lactoferrin, and other unidentified substances that impair TTSS function in attaching and effacing
E. coli
strains. Bovine colostrum might act by reducing EHEC colonization in newborn calves and could be used as a prophylactic measure to protect non-breast-fed children against EHEC infection in an area of endemicity.