bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Physical Culture and German Nationalism:Turnen versus English Sports and French Olympism, 1871-1914
Authors: Merkel Udo 
Published: October 2007

The 2002 Soccer World Cup in Japan took place during the finalphase of the national election campaign for the German Bundestagand managed to temporarily unite Chancellor Gerhard Schröder(SPD) and his conservative challenger, Edmund Stoiber1. Both werekeen to demonstrate repeatedly that they were so interested in theprogress of the German team that they simultaneously interrupted orleft meetings to follow televised matches. Domestically, they supportvery different soccer clubs. Stoiber is on the board of directors of therichest German club, Bayern Munich, whose past successes, wealthand arrogance, numerous scandals, and boardroom policies of hireand-fire have divided the German soccer nation: they either hate oradore the team. Schröder is a keen fan and honorary member ofBorussia Dortmund, which is closely associated with the industrialworking class in the Ruhr area. It is the only team on par withMunich; despite its wealth, the management policies of the clubappear modest and considerate; the club continuously celebrates itsproletarian traditions and emphasizes its obligations to the localcommunity. Stoiber’s election manifesto did not even mention sport,whereas the SPD’s political agenda for sport focused upon a widevariety of issues ranging from welfare, leisure, physical education,and health to doping, television coverage, facilities, and hostinginternational events.
Representation, Identity, Recognition: The Politics of Immigrant Incorporation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Brady John S. 
Published: October 2007

Riva Kastoryano, Negotiating Identities: States and Immigrants in France and Germany, trans. Barbara Harshav (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002)Zafer Senocak, Atlas of a Tropical Germany: Essays on Politics and Culture, 1990-1998, trans. and ed. Leslie Adelson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000)
The Likable Winner versus the Competent Loser: Candidate Images and the German Election of 2002
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Brettschneider Frank 
Published: October 2007

Although the German constitution does not provide for the directelection of the head of the executive branch by the people, the preeminentposition of the federal chancellor has long tempted commentatorsto describe the German political system as a “chancellordemocracy.”1 Based on this characterization, one might be temptedto assume that the German election of 2002 was therefore aboutelecting a chancellor. To be sure, if voters could have voted for thechancellor directly in 2002, Gerhard Schröder would have easilydefeated Edmund Stoiber. Yet, despite public opinion polls that neveronce showed the challenger outpolling the chancellor throughout theentire election year, the election turned out to be a cliffhanger.
A New Start and “Renewal” for Germany? Policies and Politics of the Red-Green Government, 1998-2002
Authors: Reutter Werner 
Published: October 2007

According to Jürgen Habermas, the federal election in 1998 finally“sealed” the democratic foundation of Germany and confirmed thatthis country belonged to the “west.”1 Until then, the day of judgmenthad left the “judges” in Germany—that is, the voters—with only limitedinfluence in coalition building and the formation of each government.2 Between 1949 and 1998 no federal government has totallybeen unsettled by elections. Changes in government were due tochanges in coalitions, thus based on decisions by the parties ratherthan on the electorate. Insofar as the landslide victory of the SocialDemocratic Party and the Alliance ‘90/Greens in the 1998 electionnot only reflected important changes in the party system, but it alsocould mean that the German electorate is going to play a more influentialrole in the future.
The Federal Election of 2002
Authors: Rohrschneider Robert , Wolf Michael R. 
Published: October 2007

During the summer of campaign year 2002, the election alreadyseemed lost for the SPD/Green government. Public opinion pollssaw the governing coalition trailing by several percentage points,whereas the CDU/CSU, together with the FDP, looked like the surewinner. A central reason for the malaise of the red-green governmentwas the ailing economy. Unemployment rates hovered at the 4million mark and would have been even higher if governmentfundedjobs had been added to the official unemployment rates.Consequently, a substantial majority of citizens considered the creationof jobs Germany’s most important problem.1 This constitutedan especially severe burden for Chancellor Schröder. In 1998 he hadpromised to push unemployment rates below 3.5 million or, hestated, he did not deserve re-election. Thus, many observers andvoters expected the September 2002 election to be a referendum onthe governments’ handling of the economy. Since the chancellor hadnot delivered, voters were about to vote the incumbent governmentout of office.
Party Finance Scandals and their Consequences in the 2002 Election: Paying for Mistakes?
Authors: Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: October 2007

The issue of political finance crucially shaped German politicaldynamics in the first three years of the 1998-2002 legislative period.By the year 2000 political finance scandals were being labeled the“dominant theme in German politics.”1 Scarcely a year into the firstred-green government, the national political mood was cruciallytransformed by the repercussions of a political finance scandal thatunseated leading figures in the CDU. These scandals, and the ensuingupheaval within the CDU, gave the faltering red-green coalitiona chance to regroup after its weak start in office, so that at one pointit seemed that the CDU’s ongoing embarrassments all but guaranteeda victory for the red-green coalition in 2002.
The Red-Green Victory: Against All Odds?
Authors: Norpoth Helmut , Gschwend Thomas 
Published: October 2007

Picking winners in electoral contests is a popular sport in Germany,as in many places elsewhere. During the 2002 campaign for theBundestag, pre-election polls tracked the horse race of party supportalmost daily. Election junkies were invited to enter online sweepstakes.They could also bet real money, albeit in limited quantity, onthe parties’ fortunes on WAHL$TREET, a mock stock market runby Die Zeit and other media. As usual, election night witnessed therace of the networks to project the winner the second the pollswhere voters had cast their ballots closed. But in 2002, there wasalso one newcomer in the business of electoral prophecy: a statisticalforecast based on insights from electoral research.
Comprehending Trauma and its Aftermath
Authors: Langenbacher Eric 
Published: October 2007

Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)Jan-Werner Müller, ed., Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Still Yearning for the Lost Heimat? Ethnic German Expellees and the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Süssner Henning 
Published: October 2007

As a result of Nazi race politics, World War II, and the restructuringof Europe in the postwar era, the painful experience of forced migrationbecame a reality in the lives of many Europeans. About 12 million1ethnic Germans shared the fate of being forced to leave theirancestral areas of settlement in Eastern and Eastern/Central Europebetween 1939 and 1948. These people were either forced to move“back to the Reich” by the Nazi government, fled from advancingenemy forces in 1944/45, or were forced out of their homes by Easternand Central European postwar governments.
Screening the East, Probing the Past: The Baltic Sea in Contemporary German Cinema
Authors: Ludewig Alexandra 
Published: October 2007

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, unification, and the subsequent reinventionof the nation, German filmmakers have revisited theircountry’s cinematic traditions with a view to placing themselves creativelyin the tradition of its intellectual and artistic heritage. One ofthe legacies that has served as a point of a new departure has beenthe Heimatfilm, or homeland film. As a genre it is renowned for itsrestorative stance, as it often features dialect and the renunciation ofcurrent topicality, advocates traditional gender roles, has antimodernovertones of rural, pastoral, often alpine, images, and expressesa longing for premodern times, for “the good old days” that supposedlystill exist away from the urban centres. The Nazis used Heimatfilms in an effort “to idealize ‘Bauerntum’ as the site of desirable traditionsand stereotyped the foreign (most often the urban) as thebreeding ground for moral decay.”
Situating a German Self in Democratic Community: Greek Tragedy and German Identity in Christa Wolf’s Mythic Works
Authors: Pirro Robert 
Published: October 2007

In times of political or social crisis, issues of identity and affiliationtend to become more salient. In response to the threatened or actualdisruption of the routines of material provision, social order, andideological legitimation, definitions of self and community that hadformerly been considered authoritative come under more frequentand more extensive questioning. Responses to this condition ofuncertainty and doubt about identity and affiliation are typicallyforthcoming from many different quarters: party politicians, leadersof social movements, public intellectuals, religious authorities. Suchresponses can also be quite varied as was the case, for example, inthe aftermath of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Only months after theevent and with major questions about the future of the two Germaniesin the air, Jürgen Habermas surveyed the various possible sources of German identity that were on offer at that time—economic prestige(“DM nationalism”), cultural inheritance, linguistic unity, ethnicdescent, historical fate, aesthetic experience, and constitutional patriotism—and found all but the last seriously wanting.3 In any givenepisode of crisis and questioning, most responses will ultimatelyhave little or no effect; the eventual reestablishment of the routinesof provision, order, and legitimation usually means that one oranother set of definitions of self and community has won out andbecome authoritative for a critical mass of citizens.
Agenda 2010: Redefining German Social Democracy
Authors: Camerra-Rowe Pamela 
Published: October 2007

In March 2003, Social Democratic Chancellor Gerhard Schröderannounced a series of reforms that his government plans to undertakein order to deal with Germany’s pressing economic problems.These reform proposals, known as Agenda 2010, include cuttingunemployment benefits, making it easier to hire and fire workers,reducing health insurance coverage, and raising the retirement age.The reforms mark a change in the direction of the German SocialDemocratic Party’s (SPD) economic policy. Rather than promotingtraditional social democratic values such as collective responsibility,workers’ rights, and the expansion of state benefits, Schröder declaredthat “We will have to curtail the work of the state, encourage moreindividual responsibility, and require greater individual performancefrom each person. Every group in the society will have to contributeits share.”1 Despite opposition to these reforms by labor unions andleftist members of the party, Agenda 2010 was approved by nearly 90percent of SPD party delegates at a special party conference in June2003.2 Several of the reforms, including health care and job protectionreforms, were passed by the legislature at the end of 2003 andtook effect on 1 January 2004.
Alternative stripper configurations for CO2 capture by aqueous amines
Authors: Oyenekan Babatunde A. , Rochelle Gary T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAqueous absorption/stripping is a promising technology for the capture of CO2 from existing or new coal‐fired power plants. Four new stripper configurations (matrix, internal exchange, flashing feed, and multipressure with split feed) have been evaluated with seven model solvents that approximate the thermodynamic and rate properties of 7m (30 wt %) monoethanolamine (MEA), potassium carbonate promoted by piperazine (PZ), promoted MEA, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) promoted by PZ, and hindered amines. The results show that solvents with high heats of absorption (MEA, MEA/PZ) favor operation at normal pressure. The relative performance of the alternative configurations is matrix > internal exchange > multipressure with split feed > flashing feed. MEA/PZ and MDEA/PZ are attractive alternatives to 7m MEA. The best solvent and process configuration, matrix with MDEA/PZ, offers 22 and 15% energy savings over the baseline and improved baseline, respectively, with stripping and compression to 10 MPa. The energy requirement for stripping and compression to 10 MPa is about 20% of the power output from a 500 MW power plant with 90% CO2 removal. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
MECP2 deletions and genotype–phenotype correlation in Rett syndrome
Authors: Scala Elisa , Longo Ilaria , Ottimo Federica , Speciale Caterina , Sampieri Katia , Katzaki Eleni , Artuso Rosangela , Mencarelli Maria Antonietta , D'Ambrogio Tatiana , Vonella Giuseppina , Zappella Michele , Hayek Giuseppe , Battaglia Agatino , Mari Francesca , Renieri Alessandra , Ariani Francesca 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that represents one of the most common genetic causes of mental retardation in girls. MECP2 point mutations in exons 2–4 account for about 80% of classic Rett cases and for a lower percentage of variant patients. We investigated the genetic cause in 77 mutation‐negative Rett patients (33 classic, 31 variant, and 13 Rett‐like cases) by searching missed MECP2 defects. DHPLC analysis of exon 1 and MLPA analysis allowed us to identify the defect in 17 Rett patients: one exon 1 point mutation (c.47_57del) in a classic case and 16 MECP2 large deletions (15/33 classic and 1/31 variant cases). One identical intragenic MECP2 deletion, probably due to gonadal mosaicism, was found in two sisters with discordant phenotype: one classic and one “highly functioning” preserved speech variant. This result indicates that other epigenetic or genetic factors, beside MECP2, may contribute to phenotype modulation. Three out of 16 MECP2 deletions extend to the adjacent centromeric IRAK1 gene. A putative involvement of the hemizygosity of this gene in the ossification process is discussed. Finally, results reported here clearly indicate that MECP2 large deletions are a common cause of classic Rett, and MLPA analysis is mandatory in MECP2‐negative patients, especially in those more severely affected (P = 0.044). © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether‐block‐amide) membranes for the pervaporation of organic/aqueous mixtures
Authors: Mohammadi Toraj , Kikhavandi Towan , Moghbeli Mohammadreza 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe made poly(ether‐block‐amide) membranes by casting a solution on a nonsolvent surface. The effects of the solvent ratio (n‐butanol/isopropyl alcohol), temperature, and polymer concentration on the quality of the membranes were studied. The results show that the film quality was enhanced with increasing isopropyl alcohol ratio in the solvent. This behavior was related to the reduction of the solution surface tension and the interfacial tension between the solution and nonsolvent. Uniform films were made at a temperature range of 70–80°C and a polymer concentration of 4–7 wt %. The morphology of the membranes was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The qualities of the films improved with increasing isopropyl alcohol ratio in the solvent. With these membranes, the pervaporation of ethyl butyrate (ETB)/water and isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures was studied, and high separation performance was achieved. For ETB/water mixtures, with increasing ETB content, both the permeation flux and separation factor increased. However, for isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures, with increasing isopropyl alcohol content, the permeation flux increased, but the separation factor was diminished. Increasing temperature in a limited range resulted in a decreasing separation factor and an increasing permeation flux. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal degradation kinetics of epoxy/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Brnardić Ivan , Macan Jelena , Ivanković Hrvoje , Ivanković Marica 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNanocomposites based on a commercial epoxy resin and organically modified montmorillonites (OMMTs), containing 5 and 10 phr OMMT, were prepared and characterized. Poly(oxypropylene) diamine (Jeffamine D400) and octadecylamine were used as organic modifiers. Another poly(oxypropylene) diamine (Jeffamine D230) was used as a curing agent. The thermal degradation kinetics of the neat resin system and nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The dispersion of silicate layers within the crosslinked epoxy matrix was verified by transmission electron microscopy. The activation energy of degradation for the investigated systems was determined by the isoconversional Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method. The thermal behavior of the neat resin systems and nanocomposites was modeled with an empirical kinetic model. The influence of organic modifiers and the OMMT loading on the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci, 2008
Vascular Arrangement and Ultrastructure of the European Eelpout Zoarces viviparus Ovary: Implications for Maternal–Embryonic Exchange
Authors: Skov Peter Vilhelm , Sorensen Thomas Flarup , Ramlov Hans , Steffensen John Fleng 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe structural basis for exchange between maternal serum and ovarian fluid in the viviparous teleost Zoarces viviparus was investigated. Casts of the ovarian vasculature showed that blood supply to the ovary is initially directed to the follicular appendages lining the ovarian wall through thick‐walled muscular arteries running along the ovary wall and within the follicular appendages. The follicles had a rich capillary network with diffusion distances between maternal blood and ovarian fluid comparable to those found for gill epithelia, suggesting this is the primary site of gas exchange between maternal plasma and ovarian fluid. Follicular capillary beds were continuous with those in the ovary wall and were eventually drained by the ovarian and intestinal venous systems. The barrier between ovarian fluid and maternal blood consisted of the endothelial cells of the maternal blood vessels and a layer of epithelial cells lining the ovarian lumen, with an intermittent layer of loose connective fibers. Junctional complexes between cells were predominantly anchoring junctions with the occurrence of occasional occluding junctions, supporting the possibility of paracellular transport from maternal serum to ovarian fluid of small molecular weight compounds. Heavy investment in keratin filaments suggests that follicles are tissues of high structural integrity. Evidence for protein synthesis in the ovarian lining was found in the form of Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Although numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and secretory granules were present in both epithelial and endothelial cells, the fate of synthesized protein remains to be determined. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type I interferon–inducible gene expression in blood is present and reflects disease activity in dermatomyositis and polymyositis
Authors: Walsh Ronan J. , Kong Sek Won , Yao Yihong , Jallal Bahija , Kiener Peter A. , Pinkus Jack L. , Beggs Alan H. , Amato Anthony A. , Greenberg Steven A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo apply gene expression profiling to the study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory myopathies, in order to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and identify potential biomarkers associated with disease activity.MethodsWe used Affymetrix whole‐genome microarrays to measure the expression of ∼38,500 genes in 65 blood and 15 muscle samples from 44 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), myasthenia gravis, or genetically determined myopathies and from 12 healthy volunteers. In 9 patients, 2 samples were obtained at different time points, when disease was either active or improving, and these paired blood samples were also compared. Bioinformatics techniques were used to identify genes with significant differential expression among diagnostic categories and in relation to disease activity. We corroborated the microarray data with quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.ResultsMost patients with active DM or PM, but not patients with IBM, had significant and high up‐regulation of the type I interferon‐α/β (IFNα/β)–inducible genes in blood. Furthermore, the up‐regulation of these genes correlated with disease activity in DM and PM, with down‐regulation occurring when disease was controlled with treatment.ConclusionDM and PM are diseases characterized by the systemic overexpression of IFNα/β‐inducible genes. The magnitude of the overexpression of these genes is higher in DM and correlates with disease activity in both disorders. Although PM and IBM have been modeled as having similar immunologic processes occurring within muscle, there are substantial differences in the expression of IFNα/β‐inducible genes in blood in these diseases.
Activin A is an anticatabolic autocrine cytokine in articular cartilage whose production is controlled by fibroblast growth factor 2 and NF‐κB
Authors: Alexander Susan , Watt Fiona , Sawaji Yasunobu , Hermansson Monika , Saklatvala Jeremy 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveProteomic analysis has previously shown that activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor β family, is produced by human articular cartilage. This study was undertaken to investigate whether activin A affects cartilage matrix catabolism and how its production is regulated.MethodsThe effect of exogenous activin A on interleukin‐1–induced aggrecanase‐generated neoepitope production was assessed by Western blotting, using medium from human cartilage explants. Levels of activin A production were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. For genes of interest, messenger RNA (mRNA) induction in cartilage explants or primary chondrocyte monolayers was assessed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Activin A activity in cartilage explant medium was measured by incubating it with human dermal fibroblasts and determining the increase in phospho‐Smad2 by Western blotting.ResultsActivin A (1–10 ng/ml) suppressed aggrecanase‐mediated cleavage of aggrecan in human articular cartilage. Activin A mRNA and protein secretion were induced by dissection and culture of human or porcine articular cartilage. This activin A was biologically active. Its production was due to an active cellular process and was enhanced in osteoarthritic (OA) tissue. Activin A production on dissection was reduced by 80% by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor inhibitor PD173074 and by 70% by the IKK inhibitor BMS345541.ConclusionActivin A is potentially an anticatabolic molecule in articular cartilage. Its expression is induced by wounding in an FGF‐2– and NF‐κB–dependent manner. OA cartilage produced more activin A than did normal cartilage in vitro.