bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhood Social Change in West European Cities: Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Lis Catharina , Soly Hugo 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIt is argued that both the tenacity of the neighbourhood and its adaptability were much greater than historians have tended to think, and that this was true not only during theancien régimebut also during the nineteenth century when the rate of mobility between towns and within towns reached enormous proportions. Demographic, social and cultural changes did not result in the destruction of the local community, but in its transformation, a transformation in which the growing need for reciprocity among working-class neighbours played a crucial role. The decline of more or less institutionalized forms of self-regulation went hand in hand with the construction by the lower classes of informal channels of social interaction based on local ties, which stimulated an active and participatory street life. Moreover, the tendency towards geographical segregation contributed to the development of a different collective sense of identity in working-class neighbourhoods, which added a new dimension to the concept of solidarity.
Lashers and Leviathan: The 1954 Coalminers' Strike in Colonial Zimbabwe
Authors: Phimister Ian 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn 1953 Southern Rhodesia's (Zimbabwe's) only coal mine, Wankie Colliery, was taken over by the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa. The colliery's new owners soon discovered that the elimination of “hand lashing” (shovelling of coal) was the key to better productivity and expanded output. Coal cutting machinery was installed wherever possible, but in the colliery's two oldest shafts existing mining methods were too deeply entrenched and consequently too expensive simply to be swept away. Instead Anglo American attempted to reinforce colonial production relations. Supervision underground was tightened up, and the degree of “self-regulation” enjoyed by lashers in determining the amount of work they did was limited. The introduction of a new mine tub designed to increase productivity precipitated strike action in February 1954 by the colliery's entire black labour force.
“Liberty or Death”: Working Class Agitation and the Labour Question in Colonial Freetown, 1938–1939
Authors: Abdullah Ibrahim 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis article examines the labour disturbances which occurred in Freetown, Sierra Leone (Figure 1), between 1938 and 1939. Contrary to the prevailing interpretation that the colonial state in Africa was faced with an alternative of either forcefully pushing the working class out of the city or moving towards some form of corporatism, this article argues that such an option was only feasible in situations where labour was relatively quiescent or where a casual labour problem existed. In Freetown, where a stable labour force existed, the choice was between accepting a militant labour movement over whom officials had little or no control, or creating a labour movement that would eschew militant protest and follow the path dictated from above. The existence of a militant organization committed to continous agitation and the use of strike weapons to force employers to acknowledge the presence of a working class were critical factors in shaping official response to labour disturbances in the British colonies.
Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850–1890
Authors: Casanovas Joan 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNineteenth-century Cuban colonial and slave society sharply divided its inhabitants by race and ethnicity. These race and ethnicity divisions, and the formidable repressive apparatus necessary to sustain slavery and colonialism, hindered the emergence of a class identity among the urban popular classes. However, this oppressive atmosphere created working and living conditions that compelled workers of diverse ethnicity and race to participate, increasingly, in collective action together. Free labour shared many of the adversities imposed on unfree labour, which led the emerging Cuban labour movement, first to oppose the use of unfree labour in the factories, and later, to become openly abolitionist.
Revenue authorities and public authority in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fjeldstad Odd-Helge , Moore Mick 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTSince the early 1990s, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have established semi-autonomous revenue authorities (ARAs), organisationally distinct from ministries of finance, with some real operational autonomy, and with staff paid at rates substantially higher than those in comparable public sector jobs. This has been seen by some observers as a step to dilute the power of the central state executive. We demonstrate that this is a misreading of the story of revenue authorities in Africa. Both African governments and the international development agencies involved in the reforms see ARAs as a means of increasing central government revenues, and thus enlarging the authority of the (central) state. To date, there is little sign that the creation of revenue agencies has actually increased public revenues. It has, however, facilitated a range of reforms in the ways in which taxes are assessed and collected, and deflected pressures that might otherwise have emerged for substantial privatisation of tax collection.
Forced labour in Eritrea
Authors: Kibreab Gaim 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTUsing fieldwork data collected in Eritrea, Rome, Milan and Stockholm, and supplemented by human rights organisation reports and discussions with key informants in four cities in the UK, this article examines the extent to which the Eritrean national service and its concomitant Warsai-Yikaalo Development Campaign qualify as forced or compulsory labour as defined by the relevant international conventions.
Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid democrats: popular perspectives on the co-existence of democracy and traditional authority
Authors: Logan Carolyn 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe long-standing debate about the proper role for Africa's traditional leaders in contemporary politics has intensified in the last two decades, as efforts to foster democratisation and decentralisation have brought competing claims to power and legitimacy to the fore, especially at the local level. Questions persist as to whether traditional authority and democratic governance are ultimately compatible or contradictory. Can the two be blended into viable and effective hybrid systems? Or do the potentially anti-democratic features of traditional systems present insurmountable obstacles to an acceptable model of integration? Survey data collected by the Afrobarometer indicate that Africans who live under these dual systems of authority do not draw as sharp a distinction between hereditary chiefs and elected local government officials as most analysts would expect. In fact, popular evaluations of selected and elected leaders are strongly andpositivelylinked. They appear to be consistently shaped by each individual's ‘leadership affect’, and by an understanding of chiefs and elected officials as common players in a single, integrated political system, rather than as opponents in a sharply bifurcated one. Moreover, there is no evident conflict between supporting traditional leadership and being a committed and active democrat. Rather than finding themselves trapped between two competing spheres of political authority, Africans appear to have adapted to the hybridisation of their political institutions more seamlessly than many have anticipated or assumed.
Spectral sensitivity, visual pigments and screening pigments in two life history stages of the ontogenetic migratorGnathophausia ingens
Authors: Frank Tamara M. , Porter Megan , Cronin Thomas W. 
Published: February 2009

Spectral sensitivity, visual pigment absorbance spectra and visual pigment opsin sequences were examined in younger shallow-living and older deep-living instars of the ontogenetically migrating lophogastridGnathophausia ingens.Spectral sensitivity measurements from dark adapted eyes and microspectrophotometric measurements of the rhabdom indicate maximal sensitivity for long wavelength (495–502 nm) light in both life history stages, but the younger instars are significantly more sensitive to near-ultraviolet light than the adults. Both life history stages express the same two opsins, indicating that there is no ontogenetic change in visual pigment complement between life history stages. Chromatic adaptation shifted the spectral sensitivity maximum to significantly longer wavelengths in both age-classes, but a distinct secondary short wavelength peak is visible only in the younger instars. These shifts appear to be due to the presence of migrating screening pigments, which are probably vestigial in the deep-living adults. Anomalies in the response waveforms under chromatic adaptation also apparently result from filtering by screening pigments, but via an unknown mechanism.
Manohar Lal: Scholar, Economist and Statesman
Authors: KRISHNAMURTY J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractManohar Lal was an outstanding student of Alfred Marshall, a highly respected teacher, a successful lawyer-politician and a very able provincial Minister of Finance. The focus, in this paper, is on his stay in Cambridge until 1906, his career in India as an economist and as a lawyer and politician in the Punjab until 1945. I argue that his work in economics was not marked by great originality. His achievements were to have been a good teacher, to have successfully competed with British students and to have established close personal links with the British academic community. In politics, while he did not have a political base and was a scholar among politicians, he held high office with great competence. I believe he was one of the select groups of Indians who provided an inspiration to others by showing that Indians could compete successfully with the best from any country at the highest level.
Investigation of stimulated Raman scattering using a short-pulse diffraction limited laser beam near the instability threshold
Authors: Kline J.L. , Montgomery D.S. , Rousseaux C. , Baton S.D. , Tassin V. , Hardin R.A. , Flippo K.A. , Johnson R.P. , Shimada T. , Yin L. , Albright B.J. , Rose H.A. , Amiranoff F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractShort pulse laser plasma interaction experiments using diffraction limited beams provide an excellent platform to investigate the fundamental physics of stimulated Raman scattering. Detailed understanding of these laser plasma instabilities impacts the current inertial confinement fusion ignition designs and could potentially impact fast ignition when higher energy lasers are used with longer pulse durations (>1 kJ and >1 ps). Using short laser pulses, experiments can be modeled over the entire interaction time of the laser using particle-in-cell codes to validate our understanding quantitatively. Experiments have been conducted at the Trident laser facility and the Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI) to investigate stimulated Raman scattering near the threshold of the instability using 527 nm and 1059 nm laser light, respectively, with 1.5–3.0 ps pulses. In both experiments, the interaction beam was focused into pre-ionized helium gas-jet plasma. Measurements of the reflectivity as a function of intensity and kλD were completed at the Trident laser facility, where k is the electron plasma wave number and λD is the plasma Debye length. At LULI, a 300 fs Thomson scattering probe is used to directly measure the density fluctuations of the driven electron plasma and ion acoustic waves. Work is currently underway comparing the results of the experiments with simulations using the VPIC particle-in-cell code. Details of the experimental results are presented in this manuscript.
5-AZA-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR) leads to down-regulation of Dnmt1o and gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Yu Jian-Ning , Xue Chun-Yang , Wang Xu-Guang , Lin Fei , Liu Chun-Yi , Lu Fu-Zeng , Liu Hong-Lin 
Published: February 2009

Summary5-AZA-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR) is a demethylating, teratogenic agent and a mutagen, which causes defects in the developing mouse and rat after implantation. Our previous data indicated that 5-AZA-CdR (0.2 and 1.0 μM) inhibited the development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Pronuclear embryos exposed to 5-AZA-CdR at the pronuclear stage were unable to form 8-cell embryos, while 2-cell-stage embryos exposed to 5-AZA-CdR only developed into uncompacted 8-cell-stage embryos. And there was no formation of blastocysts when 4-cell embryos cultured in 5-AZA-CdR. In our present study, we detected Dnmt1o protein and some developmental gene expression in order to find the reasons for the developmental arrest. Dnmt1o could not traffic to 8-cell nuclei as control when embryos were exposed to 5-AZA-CdR. Dnmt1o was in cytoplasm at 2-cell and 4-cell stages before and after treated with 5-AZA-CdR. Gene expression changes were also detected in this research. Our data indicated that connexin 31 (Cx31), connexin 43 (Cx43), connexin 45 (Cx45), E-cadherin (Cdh1) and β-catenin (Ctnnb1) were all downregulated by 5-AZA-CdR. Cx31, Cx43 and Cx45 are members of connexins family, which have a central role in gap junctions. Cdh1 and Ctnnb1 are necessary for the foundation of tight junctions. Therefore, developmental arrest induced by 5-AZA-CdR may be caused by the failure of Dnmt1o cytoplasmic–nuclear traffic and the down-regulation of developmental gene expression. Normal compaction and blastocoel cavitation need Dnmt1o traffic to 8-cell nuclei and the right gene expression, especially the correlative genes in gap junctions and tight junctions.
Logarithmic growth and Frobenius filtrations for solutions ofp-adic differential equations
Authors: Chiarellotto Bruno , Tsuzuki Nobuo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFor a ∇-moduleMover the ringK[[x]]0of bounded functions over ap-adic local fieldKwe define the notion of special and generic log-growth filtrations on the base of the power series development of the solutions and horizontal sections. Moreover, ifMalso admits a Frobenius structure then it is endowed with generic and special Frobenius slope filtrations. We will show that in the case ofMa ϕ–∇-module of rank 2, the Frobenius polygon forMand the log-growth polygon for its dual,Mv, coincide, this is proved by showing explicit relationships between the filtrations. This will lead us to formulate some conjectural links between the behaviours of the filtrations arising from the log-growth and Frobenius structures of the differential module. This coincidence between the two polygons was only known for the hypergeometric cases by Dwork.
The group of order preserving automorphisms of the ring of differential operators on a Laurent polynomial algebra in prime characteristic
Authors: Bavula V. 
Published: February 2009

Let

K
K

be a field of characteristic

p
>
0

p>0

. It is proved that the group

A
u
t

o
r
d

(

D

(

L
n

)
)

\mathrm {Aut}_{ord}(\mathcal {D}(L_n))

of order preserving automorphisms of the ring

D

(

L
n

)

\mathcal {D}(L_n)

of differential operators on a Laurent polynomial algebra

L
n

:=
K
[

x
1

±
1

,
…
,

x
n

±
1

]

L_n:= K[x_1^{\pm 1}, \ldots , x_n^{\pm 1}]

is isomorphic to a skew direct product of groups

Z

p
n

⋊

A
u
t

K

(

L
n

)

{\mathbb {Z}}_p^n \rtimes \mathrm {Aut}_K(L_n)

, where

Z

p

{\mathbb {Z}}_p

is the ring of

p
p

-adic integers. Moreover, the group

A
u
t

o
r
d

(

D

(

L
n

)
)

\mathrm {Aut}_{ord}(\mathcal {D}(L_n))

is found explicitly. Similarly,

A
u
t

o
r
d

(

D

(

P
n

)
)
≃

A
u
t

K

(

P
n

)

\mathrm {Aut}_{ord}(\mathcal {D}(P_n))\simeq \mathrm {Aut}_K(P_n)

, where

P
n

:=
K
[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]

P_n: =K[x_1, \ldots , x_n]

is a polynomial algebra.
OnTheFly: a tool for automated document-based text annotation, data linking and network generation
Authors: Pavlopoulos Georgios A. , Pafilis Evangelos , Kuhn M. , Hooper Sean D. , Schneider Reinhard 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
OnTheFly is a web-based application that applies biological named entity recognition to enrich Microsoft Office, PDF and plain text documents. The input files are converted into the HTML format and then sent to the Reflect tagging server, which highlights biological entity names like genes, proteins and chemicals, and attaches to them JavaScript code to invoke a summary pop-up window. The window provides an overview of relevant information about the entity, such as a protein description, the domain composition, a link to the 3D structure and links to other relevant online resources. OnTheFly is also able to extract the bioentities mentioned in a set of files and to produce a graphical representation of the networks of the known and predicted associations of these entities by retrieving the information from the STITCH database.
Availability: http://onthefly.embl.de, http://onthefly.embl.de/FAQ.html
Contact: pavlopou@embl.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Determination of sample size in genome-scale RNAi screens
Authors: Zhang Xiaohua Douglas , Heyse Joseph F. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: For genome-scale RNAi research, it is critical to investigate sample size required for the achievement of reasonably low false negative rate (FNR) and false positive rate.
Results: The analysis in this article reveals that current design of sample size contributes to the occurrence of low signal-to-noise ratio in genome-scale RNAi projects. The analysis suggests that (i) an arrangement of 16 wells per plate is acceptable and an arrangement of 20–24 wells per plate is preferable for a negative control to be used for hit selection in a primary screen without replicates; (ii) in a confirmatory screen or a primary screen with replicates, a sample size of 3 is not large enough, and there is a large reduction in FNRs when sample size increases from 3 to 4. To search a tradeoff between benefit and cost, any sample size between 4 and 11 is a reasonable choice. If the main focus is the selection of siRNAs with strong effects, a sample size of 4 or 5 is a good choice. If we want to have enough power to detect siRNAs with moderate effects, sample size needs to be 8, 9, 10 or 11. These discoveries about sample size bring insight to the design of a genome-scale RNAi screen experiment.
Contact: Xiaohua_zhang@merck.com
Homogeneous decomposition of protein interaction networks: refining the description of intra-modular interactions
Authors: Del Mondo Géraldine , Eveillard Damien , Rusu Irena 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Modules in biology appeared quickly as an accurate way for summarizing complex living systems by simple ones. Therefore, finding an appropriate relationship between modules extracted from a biological graph and protein complexes remains a crucial task. Recent studies successfully proposed various descriptions of protein interaction networks. These approaches succeed in showing modules within the network and how the modules interact. However, describing the interactions within the modules, i.e. intra-modular interactions, remains little analyzed despite its interest for understanding module functions.
Results: We overcome this weakness by adding a complementary description to the already successful approaches: a hierarchical decomposition named homogeneous decomposition. This decomposition represents a natural refinement of previous analyses and details interactions within a module. We propose to illustrate these improvements by three practical cases. Among them, we decompose the yeast protein interaction network and show reachable biological insights that might be extracted from a complex large-scale network.
Availability: A program is at disposal under CeCILL license at: www.lina.univ-nantes.fr/combi/DH/Home.html
Contact: irena.rusu@univ-nantes.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Segmentation and fishery characteristics of the mixed-species multi-gear Portuguese fleet
Authors: Duarte Rafael , Azevedo Manuela , Afonso-Dias Manuel 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Duarte, R., Azevedo, M., and Afonso-Dias, M. 2009. Segmentation and fishery characteristics of the mixed-species multi-gear Portuguese fleet. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 594–606. Fleet segmentation and knowledge of fishing fleet dynamics are essential to move from single species to fishery/fleet-based advice. The coastal mixed-species multi-gear Portuguese fleet comprises medium-sized (>12 m) vessels, using a diversity of passive gears, and is economically important. For hake (under a recovery plan) and monkfish (overexploited), it contributes >50% to their total annual landings. Commercial daily landings in 2005 from 271 vessels were analysed by region using non-hierarchical cluster analysis and multivariate regression trees. The cluster analysis allowed the identification of regional fleet segments with a low mixture of species throughout the year. The multivariate regression trees were applied to clusters of vessels with a high mixture of species, to explain weekly landing profiles (species) by vessel technical characteristics, fishing license, and main landing port. The results showed a link between exploited species and geographic location, and in the north between vessel size and depth and an inshore/offshore range. Finally, from the analysis and for the most important species exploited by the Portuguese multi-gear fleet, it was possible to define two or three vessel groups that accounted for at least 50% of the landed value.
AnArabidopsisGPI-Anchor Plasmodesmal Neck Protein with Callose Binding Activity and Potential to Regulate Cell-to-Cell Trafficking
Authors: Simpson Clare , Thomas Carole , Findlay Kim , Bayer Emmanuelle , Maule Andrew J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPlasmodesmata (Pds) traverse the cell wall to establish a symplastic continuum through most of the plant. Rapid and reversible deposition of callose in the cell wall surrounding the Pd apertures is proposed to provide a regulatory process through physical constriction of the symplastic channel. We identified members within a larger family of X8 domain–containing proteins that targeted to Pds. This subgroup of proteins contains signal sequences for a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. We focused our attention on three closely related members of this family, two of which specifically bind to 1,3-β-glucans (callose) in vitro. We named this family of proteins Pd callose binding proteins (PDCBs). Yellow fluorescent protein-PDCB1 was found to localize to the neck region of Pds with potential to provide a structural anchor between the plasma membrane component of Pds and the cell wall. PDCB1, PDCB2, and PDCB3 had overlapping and widespread patterns of expression, but neither single nor combined insertional mutants for PDCB2 and PDCB3 showed any visible phenotype. However, increased expression of PDCB1 led to an increase in callose accumulation and a reduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) movement in a GFP diffusion assay, identifying a potential association between PDCB-mediated callose deposition and plant cell-to-cell communication.