bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Cilantro Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in California
Authors: Koike S. T. , Gordon T. R. 
Published: May 2007

Cilantro, or coriander (Coriandrum sativum), is a leafy vegetable in the Apiaceae and is grown commercially in California primarily for use as a fresh herb. During 2002 and 2003 in coastal California (Santa Barbara County), commercial cilantro fields showed symptoms of a wilt disease. Affected plants grew poorly and were stunted. Lower foliage turned yellow with reddish tinges, and plants wilted during warmer times of the day. The main stem, crown, and taproot exhibited vascular discoloration that was reddish to light brown. As disease progressed, plants eventually died. For both years, the disease distribution was limited to isolated small patches (each patch measuring less than 1 m2 in area). A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue in crowns and taproots. On the basis of colony and conidial morphology, the isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (2). No other fungi or bacteria were recovered from these plants. To test pathogenicity, suspensions containing 1 × 106 conidia/ml were prepared for five isolates. The roots of 30-day-old cilantro plants of four cultivars (30 plants each of Festival, Leisure, Santo, and LSO 14) were clipped and then soaked in the suspensions for 20 min. The roots of 30 plants of each cultivar were soaked in water as a control. Plants were repotted into new redwood bark + peat moss rooting medium and maintained in a greenhouse setting at 24 to 26°C. After 1 month, 95% or more of the inoculated plants showed yellowing and vascular discoloration symptoms similar to those seen in the field. F. oxysporum was reisolated from all inoculated plants. The four cilantro cultivars did not show differences in disease severity. Control plants showed no symptoms, and the fungus was not recovered from these plants. The experiment was repeated and the results were the same. Experiments also were conducted to determine if cilantro isolates could cause disease in celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce). Celery transplants and cilantro seedlings were prepared and inoculated as described above. However, after 2 months, celery plants did not show any disease symptoms, while the cilantro developed wilt symptoms and eventually died. A Fusarium wilt disease has been reported on coriander in Argentina and India where the pathogen was named F. oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of cilantro in California. References: (1) M. Madia et al. Fitopatologia 34:155, 1999. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (3) U. S. Srivastava. Indian Phytopathol. 22:406, 1969.
Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus: A New Strawberry Virus Found in Fragaria chiloensis Plants from Chile
Authors: Tzanetakis I. E. , Martin R. R. 
Published: May 2007

Molecular characterization of Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FClLV) (3) was based on shotgun cloning of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) obtained from a Chilean Fragaria chiloensis plant. While the majority of the clones acquired belonged to FClLV, several had similarities with the RNA polymerases of viruses of the family Partitiviridae. A region of more than 1 kb of the putative virus (GenBank Accession No. DQ093961) was acquired by a combination of shotgun cloning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (3) and was compared against sequences found in GenBank. The Alphacryptovirus Beet cryptic virus 3 (Genbank Accession No. S63913) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded using dsRNA isolated from Pyrus pyrifolia (Genbank Accession No. BAA34783) produced the most significant alignments with approximately 40% amino acid sequence identity and 60% amino acid similarity with the coding region of the sequenced portion of the virus. Detection primers F (5′AAGTCCGTGAGCACTGCCAT3′) and R (5′TGAATACAAGTAACGGGAATTGA3′) that amplify a 152-bp fragment of the putative virus were developed and used for RT-PCR detection of the virus as described (4) in 20 F. chiloensis plants obtained from the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, OR. These 20 plants as well as the plant used for the dsRNA isolation were a subset of F. chiloensis clones collected from Chile in 1990 and 1992 as germplasm for the Fragaria collection in the NCGR system (2). Seven of the plants were found to be infected with the virus as determined using RT-PCR and sequencing of the amplicons. There was no correlation between the presence of FClLV and the novel virus. To eliminate the possibility that the sequenced region was encoded by F. chiloensis genome, DNA was isolated (DNeasy; QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA) and used as a template in PCR, and no amplicons were obtained in these tests. The possibility that the putative virus belonged to the Endornavirus genus was also examined. DsRNA was extracted, and individual bands were gel purified and subjected to cloning as described (4) and RT-PCR amplification. Both methods indicated that the polymerase region was encoded by a dsRNA species of approximately 1.8 kb, which is similar in size to the genomic molecules of other cryptic viruses that encode the virus polymerase (1). This information indicated that the virus is a novel cryptic virus and the name Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus is proposed. References: (1) G. Boccardo and T. Candresse. Arch. Virol. 150:399, 2005. (2) J. S. Cameron et al. Acta Hortic. 348:65, 1993. (3) I. E. Tzanetakis and R. R. Martin. Virus Res. 112:32, 2005. (4) I. E. Tzanetakis et al. Plant Dis. 88:383, 2004.
First Report of Anthracnose Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry in Sweden
Authors: Nilsson U. , Carlson-Nilsson U. , Svedelius G. 
Published: May 2007

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) are the most important soft fruit crop in Sweden and most commonly grown as a perennial crop. Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmond was detected on strawberries in Sweden for the first time in the autumn of 2003. Anthracnose caused by C. acutatum has previously been found on rhododendron in Sweden (2). The infected strawberry plants, cv. Kimberly, were found in a field in the northeastern part of Skåne in southern Sweden. The first plant sample was collected during September 2003, and a second sample was collected during the end of June 2004. Symptoms were seen on stolons as elliptical, black, sunken lesions and irregular black leaf spots originating from the tip. No symptoms were seen on immature green fruits. However, the farmer had observed black spots on the fruits the previous year. Immature fruits were collected in the field, surface sterilized with 70% ethanol, dipped for 1 min in 1.25% NaOCl, and thereafter rinsed in distilled water. Fruits were incubated in a moist chamber at 23°C. The first symptoms were seen as black spots after 3 days; later, salmon-colored conidial masses were produced from acervuli in the center of the lesions. The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) as single-conidia cultures. Colonies were white-to-pale gray with abundant salmon-colored masses of conidia in the center of the culture. Mycelial growth rate on PDA was 7.5 to 7.9 mm per day at 21 ± 1°C. Conidia (11.0 to 16.5 × 3.9 to 5.7 μm) were cylindrical and hyaline with pointed ends, which is consistent with previous reports for C. acutatum (1). Symptoms were reproduced by artificial inoculation on ripe strawberries (cv. Elsanta). A conidia suspension was prepared from single-conidia cultures and each strawberry was sprayed with 0.5 ml of suspension (2.2 × 107 conidia per ml). The strawberries were incubated in a moist chamber at 22°C. The first typical symptoms were seen after 3 days. Single conidia were isolated from infected fruits and plated on PDA. Stolons and leaves of cv. Alice were inoculated with mycelial plugs of C. acutatum, sealed in a plastic bag for 2 days, and then placed in a greenhouse environment at 70% relative humidity and 21°C. Black, sunken lesions were found on stolons after 7 days. A sample of 300 petioles from the infected field was sent to the Central Science Laboratory, York, England that identified the pathogen as C. acutatum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plating rinse water from petioles onto selective media. With this report, anthracnose caused by C. acutatum on strawberry has now been reported from all the Nordic countries. References: (1) B. J. Smith. Plant Dis. 74:69, 1990. (2) O. Vinnere et al. Mycol. Res. 106:60, 2002.
First Report of Bipolaris sacchari Causing Leaf Spot on Lygodium japonicum and L. microphyllum in Florida
Authors: Elliott M. L. , Rayamajhi M. B. 
Published: May 2007

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. (Japanese climbing fern) and L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. (Old World climbing fern) are invasive, noxious weeds in Florida. During 2001, L. japonicum sporelings were collected from natural sites in Hamilton, Highland, and Madison counties and transported to Broward County (Fort Lauderdale) for research use. During February 2002, leaf spots were observed on pinnules (leaflets) of these containerized plants growing in a shadehouse. A fungus with Bipolaris-like spores was isolated from affected pinnules and purified and stored for future evaluation. In early 2005, the fungus was grown on 1.5% water agar, with sterile, wheat straw pieces embedded in the agar surface, at 26°C and a 12-h photoperiod using cool-white fluorescent and Verilum full-spectrum bulbs. Conidia were 80.5 ± 14.5 μm (range 53.2 to 123.4 μm) × 15.1 ± 1.6 μm (range 12.1 to 19.4 μm), pale brown, slightly curved, narrowly ellipsoid, without a protuberant hilum, distoseptate (8 ± 1, range 6 to 10), and germinated from both polar cells. Conidiophores were septate and smooth. Conidiogenous nodes were smooth. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Bipolaris sacchari (E. Butler) Shoem. (1,2). Pathogenicity toward L. japonicum and L. microphyllum was determined using conidia produced on potato dextrose agar at 26°C and a 12-h photoperiod. A 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 suspension was sprayed until runoff on healthy plants grown in 450-ml containers. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. There were four replicate plants per treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain high humidity and placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod at 28°C (light cycle) and 22°C (dark cycle). Bags were removed after 72 h, and small (1 to 2 mm), water-soaked spots were evident throughout the plant canopy on both Lygodium spp. Plants were incubated for three more weeks under the same photoperiod and temperatures with ˜70% relative humidity (light cycle) and ˜45% relative humidity (dark cycle), and then evaluated for disease. At least 50% of L. microphyllum pinnules and 25% of L. japonicum pinnules on each inoculated plant had small (1 to 2 mm), brown leaf spots or larger (approximately 5 mm) necrotic spots. B. sacchari was reisolated from both types of spots from both Lygodium spp.; there was no evidence of fungal sporulation on the plants. No symptoms were apparent on control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. sacchari on a non-Poaceae host in Florida. References: (1) J. L. Alcorn. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 26:37, 1988. (2) A. Sivanesan. Graminicolous Species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Dreschslera, Exserohilum and Their Teleomorphs. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1987.
First Report of Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein-banding virus Infecting Bougainvillea Plants in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai C.-H. , Su H.-J. , Liao Y.-C. , Hung T.-H. 
Published: May 2007

Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), native to Amazonian rainforests in South America, is an important ornamental and landscaping plant that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. A new virus disease, Bougainvillea chlorotic vein-banding, caused by a Badnavirus, Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein-banding virus (BsCVBV), was first reported in Brazil in 2001 (1) and recently discovered in Taiwan. Infected bougainvillea developed symptoms such as mottling, chlorosis, vein-banding, and stunting. Severe leaf-distortion symptoms were observed in the susceptible hybrid Taipei Red, the most popular bougainvillea cultivar in Taiwan. In electron microscopic observations, typical bacilliform virions measuring 28 × 130 to 150 nm were observed in infected bougainvillea cells. In addition, our transmission tests demonstrated that the virus could be easily transmitted among different bougainvillea cultivars by bud grafting but not by mechanical inoculation. Bougainvillea plants showed apparent symptoms 1 month after grafting. For molecular identification, viral DNA was extracted from the test plants (2), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the primers selected from the DNA sequences of ORF III of Sugarcane bacilliform virus (GenBank Accession No. M89923). The sequence of the forward primer was 5′-TCA AAG TTT GAT TTG AAG AGC GGG-3′ and the sequence of the reverse primer was 5′-CTT GCA TAC TGC TCC CCA TCC-3′ The primers amplified a 676-bp PCR product (GenBank Accession No. DQ103759). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were 82 and 90% identical, respectively, to the corresponding region of the Brazilian strain of BsCVBV (GenBank Accession No. AY532653). These data indicate that the bougainvillea disease occurring in Taiwan is caused by a strain of BsCVBV. Reference: (1) C. M. Chagas et al. Virus Rev. Res. 6:153, 2001. (2) H.-J. Su et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:290, 2003.
First Report of Xylella fastidiosa in Oklahoma
Authors: Olson B. R. , Dominiak J. , von Broembsen S. , Berg M. , Bextine B. R. 
Published: May 2007

In Oklahoma, during the late summer of 2004, an elm tree (Ulmus americanus L.) located in the Oklahoma Botanical Gardens near Stillwater showed symptoms of marginal leaf scorch bordered by a yellow band between necrotic and green tissues, indicating possible Xylella fastidiosa infection. Three leaves from the symptomatic tree and one leaf from an asymptomatic nearby elm were sampled. DNA was extracted with the Extract-N-Amp kit (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Samples were tested for X. fastidiosa using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Xylella genus specific primers XfF1/XfR2 and dual-labeled TaqMan probe XfP2 (2). Infected oleander from California was used as a positive control. All three samples from symptomatic leaves and the positive control were PCR positive, and the sample from the asymptomatic tree was PCR negative. Attempts to culture an isolate of the bacteria from petioles and branch tissues on PD3 and PW, media selective for X. fastidiosa, failed. For more detailed molecular characterization of the putative pathogen, DNA from additional symptomatic petioles from the same tree was isolated using the cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) extraction. X. fastidiosa specific primers BBXFOUTF1 (5′-AAGCGCCTCCGTGAGTTATC-3′) and BBXFOUTR1 (5′-CCTTCACGCATATCATCACC-3′) were used to PCR amplify the gyrB gene. The amplification product was recovered after gel electrophoresis with QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and was subjected to automated sequencing (Oklahoma State University Recombinant DNA/Protein Resource Facility). BLASTN alignment (1) of the obtained 381 bp sequence revealed 100% identity with the gyrB gene from elm (GenBank Accession No. AF534966) and mulberry (GenBank Accession No. AF534965) isolates of X. fastidiosa. During 2005, petiole samples from the tree were collected and serological diagnosis was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Some strains of X. fastidiosa have very wide host ranges and many of the hosts may be asymptomatic. Therefore, the economic importance and implications of the detection of X. fastidiosa in the state of Oklahoma remain to be determined. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. fastidiosa in Oklahoma. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Phytopathology 92:721, 2002.
First Report of Leaf Spot of Smooth Bromegrass Caused by Pithomyces chartarum in Nebraska
Authors: Eken C. , Jochum C. C. , Yuen G. Y. 
Published: May 2007

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is the most common perennial grass species cultivated for forage in North America. During late fall of 2004, smooth bromegrass plants in Lincoln, NE were observed to have brown lesions on leaf midveins that were several centimeters long. Symptomatic leaves were surface disinfested for 1 min in 2% NaOCl and incubated at 25°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and water agar. The fungus, Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt) Ellis, was isolated consistently and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics (1). Colonies were effused and black on PDA. Conidiophores measured 3.5 to 8 × 1.9 to 3.9 μm and were smooth and single. Conidia (7 to 25 × 9.5 to 14 μm) were broadly ellipsoidal, pale brown to dark brown, verrucose with mainly three transverse septa and one to two longitudinal septa. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 50-day-old plants by spraying with a conidial suspension (2.5 × 105 spores per ml). Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. All plants were kept in a moist chamber (100% relative humidity) for 3 days and then transferred to a greenhouse (25°C, >70% relative humidity, and a 12-h photoperiod). One week after spraying, elongated lesions developed on leaf midveins of inoculated plants from which P. chartarum was consistently reisolated. No symptoms were observed on control plants. While P. chartarum has been described as a saprotroph or a parasite on a wide range of plants primarily in the tropics and subtropics, including the southern United States (2), it was reported previously on B. inermis only in Canada (3). This report expands the distribution and host range of P. chartarum as a pathogen in the United States. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (3) J. H. Ginns. Compendium of Plant Disease and Decay Fungi in Canada 1960-1980. Res. Br. Can. Agric. Publ. 1813, 1986.
First Report of Puccinia thaliae on Canna Lily in South Africa
Authors: van Jaarsveld L. C. , Kriel W.-M. , Minnaar A. 
Published: May 2007

Canna indica L., known as Indian shot or canna lily, occurs throughout the New World in tropical and subtropical areas. This upright, perennial, rhizomatous herb is a popular garden plant in South Africa because of its spectacular plant habit and growth vigor. During January 2005, canna lily leaves with rust symptoms were collected from Pietermaritzburg in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Orange-yellow uredinia were observed primarily on the abaxial surfaces, often covering the entire leaf with coalescing pustules. Koch's postulates were completed in repeated tests with spray inoculations of blooming potted plants, urediniospores suspended in water (42 × 104 spores/ml), incubation in a dew chamber for 14 h at 20°C in the dark, and then returned to the greenhouse. Symptoms similar to those of the original collection formed 10 days postinoculation. Only the uredinial stage was observed, which was characterized by hypophyllous, yellow-brown, subepidermal, erumpent, and irregular shaped uredinia. The urediniospores were round to ovoid, orange-yellow, echinulate, and 25 to 35 × 15 to 20 μm. The pathogen was identified as Puccinia thaliae Diet. according to its description on Canna edulis Ker-Gawl. (1). Following the report of P. thaliae on C. indica in Hawaii in 1989 (2), to our knowledge, this is the first description of canna lily rust in South Africa. References: (1) M. L. Jeeva et al. Plant Pathol. 53:261, 2004. (2) D. E. Gardner and C. S. Hodges. Pac. Sci. 43:4155, 1989.
Southern Blight of Tall Fescue and Bluegrass Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy
Authors: Polizzi G. , Vitale A. , Castello I. 
Published: May 2007

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) are the main turfgrass species cultivated in Sicily (southern Italy) for ready lawn (sod) to ornamental purposes. In July 2004 and May 2005, a widespread disease was noticed in two turf nurseries on the eastern side of Sicily on a ready lawn mixture of F. arundinacea cv. Safari (94%) + P. pratensis cv. Cabaret (6%). Numerous yellow, circular- and crescent-shaped patches as much as 30 to 40 cm in diameter were observed. The turf usually died around the perimeter of the patch, but the grass remained green in the center of the ring with a tuft of green grass in the center (frog eye). Affected turf was initially reddish brown and turned brown as it died. Small, round and off-white or tan seed-like structures were dispersed on mycelial strands at the outer edge of the ring in the mat at the base of grasses. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The fungus was isolated directly as aerial mycelium or sclerotia or following surface disinfection (2 min in 0.5% NaOCl) and plating diseased tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia were observed in vitro in 7-day-old cultures. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating two com-mercial ready lawn strips (80 × 100 cm) of two healthy turfgrass species each with three isolates of the fungus. Thirty sclerotia were placed at the base of stems. Noninoculated ready lawn strips served as control. All plants were covered with plastic bags, exposed to diffused daylight for 5 days, and then maintained in a growth chamber at 25 to 28°C under fluorescent light. Disease symptoms and southern blight signs like the ones observed in the field occurred 2 weeks after inoculation. S. rolfsii was reisolated from affected tissues. Symptoms were not detected on any of the non-inoculated ready lawn strips. The disease was serious enough that chemical treatments were required for its control. Southern blight was previously detected on bermudagrass and other cool-season turfgrass genera (1).To our knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight on tall fescue and bluegrass in Italy. Reference: (1) R. W. Smiley. Common Names of Plant Diseases. Diseases of Turfgrasses. Online publication. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.