bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving averages for environmental standards
Authors: Gardenier Turkan K. 
Published: March 2007

The use of moving averages is gaining acceptance in environ mental standards and regulations. Indexes based on moving averages are useful because they summarize a fixed number of the immediately preceding observations. If calendar-based monthly averages, for example, are used rather than moving averages of the last 30 days, data from industrial sources would not have a uniform time base. Only four observations would be averaged from a source inspected on the 4th of the month, while 28 would be averaged for a source inspected on the 28th. Many problems occur in implementing a standard based on moving averages: (1) Most environmental data are autocorrelated because they are averages of successive measurements. Autocor relation changes the variance of the statistical distribution and, therefore, the probability of detecting a violation. (2) When continuous monitors are installed, a suitable aver aging time must be determined. (3) Time-averaging affects the variance of the statistical dis tribution. This effect must be incorporated into simulation studies. (4) The relationships between exceedances (probable viola tions), transient changes, and long-term trends should be specified and used as inputs in simulation models. In en vironmental monitoring, a statistical decision about whether a change is permanent may result in substantial penalties. Cumulative sum ( CUSUM) charts are a practical approach to establishing standards and determining compliance for auto regressive data. An example of an air-quality monitor illus trates the procedure.
Synchronous debugging of real-time microprocessor-based control systems
Authors: Pajak Henry G. 
Published: March 2007

Real-time debugging of large microprocessor control software applications can be a formidable task. Programmers must be concerned with more than software requirements. The develop ment tools, the electrical control hardware and debugging techniques all affect an individual's productivity. This paper contrasts software debugging environments and their capabilities. A xerographic copier is used as an example of a real- time application. Two debugging environments are discussed. One is a real-time-only configuration where copier application software is debugged using the actual copier. The other, sug gested as an improved method, substitutes a real-time simulator in place of the copier. In each case the actual electrical control system of the copier is used. A copier is a mechanical device that cannot be stopped quickly. This characteristic is not a good match for software debugging methods that use breakpoints and stepping techniques. Com mercial microprocessor development equipment aids the de bugging effort by adding hardware support to store trace infor mation while debugging in real time. Although this is an effective method for debugging software, there are several shortcomings that should be evaluated. These are: • Only a portion of software debugging techniques can be used in this real-time-only environment. • The copier's operation is difficult to monitor and change. The copier is inflexible in comparison to the capabilities of the software debugging tools. Simulating the copier, on the other hand, offers significant debugging capabilities to the control applications engineer. • It is a separate computer system. The computer characteristics of the simulator match the character of the software de bugging tools. • It can be manipulated, as desired, on-line. • It is capable of displaying the copier in two-dimensional form. The complete development environment including the simu lator, a microprocessor support and in-circuit emulator system, a logic analyzer and copier controls can be stopped by adding a hardware signal called "freeze." This signal is asserted by any development equipment to synchronously stop the entire en vironment. Considerations for designing the freeze function into the electrical controls system are discussed. Synchronizing the development environment during debugging, enables use of powerful non-real-time debugging techniques. This configuration offers the controls application programmer an efficient alternative to "run to crash" techniques commonly used in real-time-only efforts.
An exploration of the behaviour of resale markets through computer simulation
Authors: Berczi Andrew 
Published: March 2007

A considerable proportion of marketing transaction activities in North America (and a considerably higher proportion in the other continents) takes place in secondary or resale markets. (Examples of these are the real estate markets, the used car markets, etc.) In spite of this, a survey of the published literature indicates that only limited academic attention has been paid to the behaviour of these markets. The research project described in this paper is a heuristic study of random imperfect markets utilizing computer simulation; the research design consists of 35 separate but correlated ex periments. The objective of the research is to investigate to what extent (if any) the average transaction prices and total transac tion volumes are affected by various degrees of price-information and/or bargaining strength on the one hand, and the shape of supply and demand schedules on the other. Tentative conclu sions are drawn based on the experimental results for these rela tionships, and readers are invited to pursue this investigation further (either analytically or heuristically) in order to develop a body of knowledge and understanding for the behaviour of these imperfect markets.
An independence property of multivariate ranks useful in Monte Carlo studies
Authors: Schwertman Neil C. 
Published: March 2007

Transformations of multivariate data to ranks for each multivariate response is used in certain multivariate analyses such as in the Multivariate Multisample Rank Sum and Median tests. Rank transformations of simulated multivariate data with a com mon mean vector are shown to be functions of correlation struc ture only.
A Method of Measuring Poisson's Ratio of Fibers1
Authors: Frank Floyd I. , Ruoff Arthur L. 
Published: March 2007

An apparatus is described whereby Poisson's ratio may be measured for fibers whose diameter is approximately 250μ. The apparatus is used in conjunction with an Instron Testing Machine so that stress vs. strain measurements can be made at the same time Poisson's ratio vs. strain measurements are made. The measurements can be made statically or on fibers undergoing a constant rate of extension. Measurements on four different tilaments of drawn nylon 66 gave (above 1% strain) a constant value of 0.392 ± 0.025 for Poisson's ratio. (An extension rate of 0.02 in min. and an initial gauge length of about 40 cm. were used.) In general there is an increase of Poisson's ratio starting with about 0.34 at low strains and increasing to a final value of 0.392 at about 1% strain. Concurrent with the change in Poisson's ratio there is a change in the tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve.
The Mechanism of Resin Deposition in Cotton
Authors: Rath H. , Herbolsheimer E. , Stapf S. 
Published: March 2007

A theoretical discussion of the mechanism leading to resin deposition inside cotton fibers is given, and the hypothesis presented is substantiated by experimental results. It is demonstrated that expression of excess precondensate from fabrics in the padding process does not play a decisive role. A simple immersion process without squeezing, or spraying with the precondensate, is sufficient to obtain the desired crease resistance and swelling reduction. Roll pressure affects the results of the treatment only insofar as it determines the amount of add-on and the uniformity of the finishing effect. Resin applied by immersion or by spraying is also deposited inside fibers. and therefore the result is nearly the same as that obtained by padding. Resin deposition and location inside cotton fibers, achieved by the various application methods, is demonstrated by means of an especially developed staining test.
The Absorption of a Disperse Dye by Cellulose Acetate in the Presence and Absence of Butanol
Authors: Teulings Elizabeth P. , White Howard J. 
Published: March 2007

The absorption of Disperse Red I by secondary cellulose acetate yarn has been studied. The experiments were run in such a way that the dye was present in true solution and the concentration of dye remained constant during the absorption process. The solvents were water and water with various amounts of butanol added ; the temperature was con trolled at either 50° C. of 65°, C. Both rate and equilibrium measurements were made. The rate measurements were consistent with a diffusion process having a rate constant in the range of 1 X 10-11 cm.2/sec. The action of the butanol was complex. It caused a minimum in the equilibrium uptake of dye and in the rate of attainment of equilibrium as its concentration in the dyebath increased. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed. Either competition for absorption sites between dye and butanol or complex formation in the dyebath are advanced as possible reasons for the initial decrease ; swelling with increased accessi bility is advanced to account for the increase after the minimum.
Diffusion Processes in the Spinning Viscose Filament1
Authors: Vermaas D. 
Published: March 2007

The diffusion processes which take place in viscose model filaments spinning in acid baths were followed by means of a microscopic technique. Three characteristic moving boundaries are present in the spinning filaments, viz. the coagulation, the neutralization, and the acid boundaries. The displacement of these boundaries with time was measured for various spinbath compositions. Special attention was given to the influence of ZnSO4 added to spinbaths containing H2SO 4. In this case the presence of a fourth moving boundary must be assumed, representing the limit of conversion of sodium xanthate into zinc xanthate. At a certain distance from the filament surface this boundary is overtaken by the acid boundary; this results in a visible stationary boundary plane, which is supposed to be identical with the skin-core boundary found in the ready filament. The part of the filament in which transient zinc xanthate formation has taken place during spinning is to become the skin in the final product. By using a standardized staining and washing technique of filament cross sections with Victoria Blue, the relative "skin intensity" in the filament and its variation with the distance from the surface could be estimated. Other factors being equal, the skin intensity decreases with increasing lapse of time between coagulation of the primary gel and its conversion into zinc xanthate, and with decreasing "lifetime" of the latter. The length of this lifetime is mainly governed by the concentration of buffering salts in the viscose.
Gamma Ray-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Styrene onto Bleached Jute Yarn
Authors: Majumdar S.K. , Rapson W.H. 
Published: March 2007

Polystyrene was grafted onto bleached jute yarn by irradiation of jute-styrene mix tures with Co60 gamma rays under various conditions. No grafting occurred with styrene unless a jute swelling agent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, dimethylformamide, or dimethylsulfoxide was added. For a fixed radiation dose and styrene-jute ratio, increasing amounts of water or any of the swelling agents increased the amount of polystyrene grafted to a maximum and then decreased it. With water as swelling agent, more polystyrene was grafted onto bleached jute than onto unbleached jute. With increasing radiation dose grafting increased slowly up to 2 megarads, and then increased approximately littearly with higher close. On heating the bleached-jute-styrene-water system after irradiation, further grafting occurred. The higher the radiation dose, the greater the resulting postirradiation graft ing on heating for a fixed time and temperature. Increase in radiation dose resulted in increased grafting, accompanied by increased twist, transverse swotting, and longitudinal shrinkage, and a sharp decrease in moisture regain. The tensile strength remained unaffected with 0.5-megarad exposure, increased with 1 megarad, and then decreased with higher doses.
Wool Insectproofing with Surface-Active Agents Part I. Anionics and Anionic-Cationic Complexes
Authors: Freeland G.N. , Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2007

The insectproofing effects of various classes of surface-active agents applied to wool have been studied. Nonionic compounds had little insectproofing effect. Both anionic and cationic compounds were effective alone, but not in combination. A linear C14-15 alkylbenzene sulfonic acid gave the most effective and durable protection and may be applied by dyebath or padding methods.
Flame-Retardant Properties of Phosphonate Derivatives of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Tesoro Giuliana C. , Sello Stephen B. , Willard John J. 
Published: March 2007

The Arbuzov reaction of cotton fabric containing the haloacetamidomethyl groups Cell-OCH2NHCOCH 2X (X=I, Br, Cl) has been studied systematically to prepare new cellulose phosphonate ester derivatives. Comparison of flame-retardant properties of the phosphonate derivatives with those of fabric containing a deposited polymer of related structure showed that phosphorus is more efficient in the form of a cellulose derivative. Problems generally associated with fabrics containing flame-retardant finishes, notably stiffness, were also minimized in the case of derivative formation. Laundering durability was excellent. Further studies on the synergistic effect of nitrogen on flame retardant properties confirmed earlier results and showed that cotton sheeting fabric containing an N/P ratio of 3 at 2% P, 6 at 1.4% P, and about 12 at 0.9% P passed the vertical flame test.
Durable Non-Reactive Flame-Retardant Finishes for Cotton
Authors: Miles T.D. , Delasanta A.C. 
Published: March 2007

One of the properties of all fiber-reactive, flame-retardant finishes for cottons is reduced fabric tear strength which results in reduced wear life. Decreased mobility within the fabric structure due to cross-linking reactions of the finish is the cause of tear strength losses. Currently available non-reactive finishes have limited durability to laundering. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, combined with small amounts of polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, or acrylic polymers and applied to fabrics or garments from organic solvents, provides flame resistance to cotton fabrics which is durable to 15 accelerated mobile launderings.
Mechanical, Thermal, and Thermomechanical Properties of Propionylated Cotton Yarn
Authors: Sircar Anil K. , Conrad Carl M. 
Published: March 2007

Mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of propionylated cotton yarn of varying degree of substitution (DS) are reported. The properties examined were yarn number, breaking strength, elongation, twist, tensile stiffness, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) behavior and stiffness, elastic recovery, and work recovery at elevated temperatures. Breaking strength, on the basis of the tex of the control yarn, is within 84% of the control up to a DS of 2.0. Elongation at break generally increases and tensile stiffness decreases with DS. A great improvement of toughness is observed with propionylation, except in cases where the sample is degraded by a two-stage preparatory treatment. DTA tracings show exothermic transitions consistent with recombination and inter reaction of cellulose fragments, and the interpretations are amply supported by TGA results. Stiffness, work recovery, and elastic recovery measured at the temperature range of 30-155°C all show a glass transtion at 120 ± 10°C. The rate of stiffness loss increases with increasing substitution. The elastic recovery and work recovery curves are consistent with the loss of lateral order at higher substitution. In all the measure ments, the curves in the second cycle of heating and cooling reveal the same features as those of the cooling phase of the first cycle but are more symmetrical due to stabilization of yarn structure.
Application of the Law of Composites to Twisted Continuous-Filament Glass/Nylon Blended Yarns
Authors: Haddad G.N. , Sutton J.E. 
Published: March 2007

The results are reported of a comprehensive experimental study carried out to determine the tensile behavior of a blended yam as a function of twist and blend ratio. The findings may serve as criteria for the design of a blended yarn with pre-determined characteristics. Blends of continuous-filament glass/nylon strands were prepared, twisted, and subjected to various tests and observa tions. The experimental results were then analyzed and compared with the existing theories. Excellent agreement was found between the law of composites, normally used for an untwisted matrix, and blended yarn tensile data at twist angles of up to 20°. Moreover, the all-glass yarn tensile model, presented in a previous paper, was found adequate to describe the tensile-twist behavior of the glass/nylon blended yarns. The agreement between this model and the experi mental data improve as the glass content decreases. This change is believed to be due to an apparent improvement in the abrasion resistance of the blended structure.
Comparison of Physical Properties of Fabrics Woven from Open-End and Ring Spun Yarns
Authors: Mohamed Mansour H. , Lord Peter R. 
Published: March 2007

It is well established that open-end yarns are different from ring yarns; in particular OE yarns are weaker and more bulky in spite of the higher twist levels used. The introduction of these yarns into woven fabric affects the structure and the characteristics of the fabrics. The fabric structure traps non-load bearing fibers and thus gives increases in fabric strength and decreases in fabric extensibility. Crimp levels are altered which affect the initial modulus and the breaking extension of the fabric. This and the different yarn characteristics lead to considerable difference in tear strength. In the cases, of both ring and OE fabrics, the looser the structure, the worse the pilling performance and the better the tear performance. Compromises have to be made according to end-use. The changes in structure alter the topography of the fabric which affects the wear behavior. The changes in structure also affect the crease resistance and flexural rigidity characteristics of the fabrics. Thus the differences in the yarn structure play a distinct part in determining the final nature of the fabric.
Activated Imines as Intermediates in Base-Catalyzed Crosslinking of Cotton by N-Methylol Agents
Authors: Welch Clark M. , Margavio Matthew F. 
Published: March 2007

Certain N-methylolamides crosslink cotton cellulose at very moderate temperatures (105°-130°C) in the presence of alkaline catalysts, without the fabric yellowing that is usually associated with alkaline curing. Evidence is presented that the active crosslinking agents are alpha-, beta-unsaturated imines possessing CH2=N—C=O groups, and that these undergo base-catalyzed, Michael-type addition to cellulosic hydroxyl groups. N-Methylol agents whose struc tures preclude the formation of imines invariably failed to produce base-catalyzed crosslinking of cotton. Crosslinking of methyl hydrogen silicone to form silicone elastomer on cotton fibers occurred under the same conditions of base catalysis as did cellulose crosslinking. The two processes could be carried out simultaneously to yield a multi purpose finish imparting 287°-305° wrinkle recovery and a high degree of water repellency. Bonding of a phenolic dye to cotton while imparting durable-press properties also has been demonstrated. Tri(methoxymethyl)urea was capable only of single-ended attachment to cotton by alkaline catalysis, as predicted, and could then be made to pro duce delayed crosslinking by acid catalysis.
Effect of Phosphorus and Bromine on Burning Rates for Cotton and a Polyester /Cotton Blend1
Authors: Johnson James R. , Moore Donald R. 
Published: March 2007

Burning rate measurements have been carried out on cotton and on 50/50 polyester/cotton samples in the presence of low to moderate levels of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and/or diammonium tetrabromophthalate. The in iluence of burning mode, i.e., horizontal or top-vertical, on the rate of burning, and effects of bromine and phosphorus on oxygen sensitivity were observed. Low levels of added retardant enhance burning rates under all conditions for horizontal burning. Similarly, oxygen sensitivity is greater for samples treated with either retardant than for untreated samples when burned in the horizontal mode. Top-vertical burning behavior of cotton resembles horizontal burning, but at slower speeds. For 50/50 polyester/ cotton, rate enhancement effects and increased oxygen sensitivity are not observed in top-vertical burning. It is specu lated that these aberrant effects may be attributable to dominance of polyester combustion at the slower burning speeds.
Language and Curriculum Development : a necessary compromise
Authors: Sharp Derrick 
Published: March 2007

The emphasis of the Schools Council Project on "The Teaching and Learning of English in Wales, 8 to 13" was on curriculum development, and this article is about one part of one aspect — the problem of acquiring the necessary basic knowledge when long-term, rigorous research studies are not possible. About 250 teachers throughout Wales completed surveys by filling in questionnaires on language errors made by pupils, methods of teaching English, language textbooks in use, pupils' interests and popular reading. All information was channelled into the preparation of classroom materials for both pupils and teachers. The limitations of asking teachers to report their pupils' language errors are obvious, but useful information was gained about, for example, the influence of the Welsh language on English spelling and sentence patterns. Responses were least helpful in those areas which cause confusion amongst teachers, notably idiom and spoken English. The greatest problem for teachers is the question of standards in oral work. Such limited surveys for specific purposes were valuable, not least in indicating the size and complexity of language learning and teaching problems.