bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just What the Doctor Ordered. Review of the Evidence of the Impact of Computerized Physician Order Entry System on Medication Errors
Authors: Shamliyan Tatyana A. , Duval Sue , Du Jing , Kane Robert L. 
Published: June 2007

Objective. To examine the association between computerization of physician orders and prescribing medication errors.Data Sources. Studies published in English language were identified through MEDLINE (1990 through December 2005), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Of 252 identified in the search, 12 (4.8 percent) original investigations that compared rates of prescribing medication errors with handwritten and computerized physician orders were included.Data Collection. Information on study design, participant characteristics, clinical settings, and outcomes rates were abstracted independently by two investigators using a standardized protocol.Principal Findings. Compared with handwritten orders, 80 percent of studies (8/10 studies) reported a significant reduction in total prescribing errors, 43 percent in dosing errors (3/7 studies), and 37.5 percent in adverse drug events (3/8 studies). The use of computerized orders was associated with a 66 percent reduction in total prescribing errors in adults (odds ratio [OR]=0.34; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 0.22–0.52) and a positive tendency in children (p for interaction=.028). The benefit of computerized orders was larger when the rate of errors was more than 12 percent with handwritten orders (p for interaction=.022). Significant heterogeneity in the results compromised pooled relative risks. One randomized controlled intervention demonstrated the greatest benefits of computerized orders on total prescribing errors (OR=0.02, 95 percent CI 0.01–0.02) and dosing errors (OR=0.28; 95 percent CI 0.15–0.52) with 775 avoided prescribing errors (95 percent CI 752–811) per 1,000 orders in a pediatric hospital.Conclusions. Computerization of physicians' orders shows great promise. It will be more effective when linked to other computerized systems to detect and prevent prescribing errors.
IdentifiableHelicobacter pyloriStrains or Factors Important in the Development of Duodenal Ulcer Disease
Authors: Figura Natale 
Published: June 2007

Background.Helicobacter pyloriis a primary pathogen as its presence in the stomach almost always is associated with a strong mucosal and systemic immune response. Putative virulence factors ofH. pyloriare numerous. In this article, we evaluate whether currently available evidence supports the existence of factors important in the development of duodenal ulcer disease.Methods.The evaluation is conducted by a review of the literature onH. pyloritoxins and virulence factors.Results.Most putativeH. pylorivirulence factors are present in all isolates examined, though some are present only in, or are expressed more intensively by, determined strains. Urease is the main virulence determinant ofH. pylori. It generates ammonia from the gastric urea, which in turn injures the gastric mucosa either directly by forming ammonium hydroxide or indirectly by stimulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inhibiting cell proliferation. Other enzymes (e.g., mucinase, phospholipases, alcohol dehydrogenase, neuraminidase) could promote tissue erosion and ulceration by destroying the integrity of mucus, by inducing lipid peroxidation, and the like.H. pyloristrains that express the vacuolating toxinvacA and the associated proteincagA are calledtype Iand are considered to be endowed with increased ulcerogenic and inflammatory potential. Exploration of the structure of thevacA gene has shown that the degree of toxicity is regulated at the molecular level. Type IH. pyloristrains carry a 40‐kb genomic fragment calledcagthat is absent from type II strains (vacA‐ andcagA‐negative).cagis considered a pathogenicity island because it contains numerous genes that are highly homologous to virulence genes of classic bacterial pathogens and because it has been suggested that it is acquired through recombination events.CagAis part of the pathogenicity island.CagA‐positive strains are more likely to be isolated from patients with duodenal ulcer and other severe digestive pathological processes.Conclusions.The use of simple serological tests to identify patients infected with type IH. pyloristrains could help to calculate the risk of development of severe gastroduodenal diseases and, possibly, to prevent such severe diseases.
Clinical Relevance of Culture: Why, How, and When
Authors: Holton John 
Published: June 2007

Background.Culture for Helicobacter pylori is undertaken for research and industrial and diagnostic purposes, including antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolate. The objective of this review is to evaluate the clinical relevance of culture for H. pylori.Methods.The clinical relevance of culture for H. pylori is explored by a critical review of the literature.Results.Primary isolation of the organism from specimens has direct clinical relevance in terms both of detecting colonization and of determining the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolate, which information is used for patient management and for local, national, or international prevalence rates and trends. It is suggested that when endoscopy is undertaken as part of a management algorithm, a biopsy should always be obtained for culture and sensitivity testing. H. pylori can be cultured from specimens on a variety of selective media, which are selected on the basis of the growth requirement of the organism. Standardization of culture media, culturing methods, and interpretive values for sensitivity testing of isolated strains is lacking. Culture of H. pylori on an industrial scale requires fermenter technology and media that maximize the production of bacterial products that can be easily purified and used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents.Conclusions.Culture of laboratory strains of H. pylori for investigation of the organism’s metabolism and virulence factors has only indirect clinical relevance but has led to the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention.
Perturbations in Gastric Physiology inHelicobacter pyloriDuodenal Ulcer: Are They All Epiphenomena?
Authors: Graham David Y. , Dore Maria Pina 
Published: June 2007

Background.The Holy Grail of physiological studies in acid secretion has been to identify a specific abnormality in gastroduodenal physiology responsible for the development of duodenal ulcer disease.Methods.We review the available data relating duodenal ulcer andHelicobacter pyloriinfection to perturbations in gastric physiology, especially acid secretion.Results.It is known now that elevated serum pepsinogen levels, reduced inhibition of acid secretion with antral acidification or distention, exaggerated gastrin response to meals or infusion of bombesin or gastric‐releasing peptide, exaggerated acid output in response to gastric‐releasing peptide, and abnormalities in duodenal bicarbonate secretion in response to instillation of acid are reversible epiphenomena related to theH. pyloriinfection and are not in themselves responsible for duodenal ulcer disease.H. pyloriis inhibited by bile, yet can thrive in the duodenal bulb of duodenal ulcer patients. Glycine‐conjugated bile acids are precipitated by acid; thus, any mechanism that would increase the duodenal acid load may remove the inhibitory bile and allow unrestrained growth ofH. pylori.Conclusion.These data and speculations offer one possible explanation for why duodenal ulcer occurs in only some people—those with high acid secretion—and suggest that the combination of high duodenal acid load andH. pyloriinfection is sufficient to result in duodenal ulcer disease.
The Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Ischemic Heart Disease: Facts or Fancy?
Authors: Parente Fabrizio , Porro Gabriele Bianchi 
Published: June 2007

Background. Helicobacter pylori infection has been associated recently with an increased risk of developing ischemic heart disease.Methods.We critically reviewed the literature on the association between Helicobacter and ischemic heart disease.Results.It has been suggested that a persistent low‐grade inflammatory response resulting from chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori may increase the concentration of certain coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, which are predictors of ischemic heart disease. After the appearance of the first studies indicating a moderately strong association, other researchers have investigated the potential association between these two conditions, yielding conflicting results. It must be emphasized that a relationship between fibrinogen or other hemostatic factors and H. pylori infection has been demonstrated only in cross‐sectional studies, many of which included ischemic heart disease patients.Conclusion.The present evidence supporting the association between H. pylori infection and ischemic heart disease is based on cross‐sectional surveys, in which it is difficult to separate cause and effect. The high prevalence in the population of both H. pylori and ischemic heart disease makes it very difficult to establish a causal association. Prospective or interventional studies eventually might help to clarify the question.
Coronary Artery Fistula: Single‐Center Experience Spanning 17 Years
Authors: ABDELMONEIM SAHAR S. , MOOKADAM FAROUK , MOUSTAFA SHERIF , ZEHR KENTON J. , MOOKADAM MARTINA , MAALOUF JOSEPH F. , HOLMES DAVID R. 
Published: June 2007

Background:

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an uncommon form of congenital heart disease. It is often diagnosed incidentally during angiograms. We have reported on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of CAF.
Methods:

Retrospective review of a tertiary referral institution's database identified 30 patients with CAF between 1987 and 2004. Mean follow‐up was 31.61 ± 48.03 months.
Results:

Mean age was 60 ± 12.7 years. Most common site of CAF origin was the left anterior descending artery (LAD) (14, 46.7%). The most common site of drainage was the main pulmonary artery (15, 50%). Therapeutic strategies were based on symptoms and shunt size. Conservative management was the option in 17 patients (56.7%) with small shunts and mild or no symptoms. Patients with moderate/severe symptoms and/or large shunts were treated with either percutaneous embolization (6, 20%) or surgical ligation (7, 23.3%). Four patients (13.3%) died during follow‐up. No deaths were reported in the embolization group, two patients died of cancer in the conservative management group, and two patients died in the surgical group due to cardiac tamponade and cancer, respectively.
Conclusions:

Origin of CAF was predominantly from the left system. Clinical presentations were variable depending on type, size of fistula, and the presence of other cardiac conditions. Management of CAF is still controversial and treatment of adult asymptomatic patients with nonsignificant shunting is still a matter of debate. Newer imaging modalities may enhance noninvasive diagnosis. A national registry is necessary for further insights into optimal treatment for large fistulae and the natural history of smaller fistulae.
Clinical Follow‐Up of Paclitaxel‐Eluting (TAXUS™) Stents for the Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft Disease
Authors: RUCHIN P.E. , FADDY S.C. , MULLER D.W.M. , BARON D.W. , ROY P.R. , WILSON S.H. 
Published: June 2007

Background:Randomized trials in selected patient populations have demonstrated dramatic reductions in the incidence of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) following implantation of paclitaxel‐eluting (PE) coronary stents compared with bare metal stents in native coronary disease. The clinical outcome following implantation of PE stents for saphenous vein graft (SVG) stenosis is largely unknown.Aim:To assess the safety and efficacy of PE coronary stents for the treatment of SVG stenosis in an unselected population.Methods:All patients who received PE stents for the treatment of SVG disease from May 1, 2003, to May 1, 2005, were entered into a prospectively collected database. Fifty‐five patients were identified with 69 lesions. In‐hospital and late major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were recorded as well as the rate of target vessel revascularization (TVR).Results:Mean follow‐up was 13 months with 54 of the 55 patients contacted. The number of stents implanted was 1.12 ± 0.37 per lesion and 1.38 ± 0.59 per patient. Clinically significant procedural MACE was 0%. The late MACE rate was 9% with a 2% clinically driven TLR, a 4% coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and a 4% TVR rate. There were four deaths, two cardiac and two noncardiac.Conclusion:PE stents appear safe and effective in the treatment of SVG disease at a mean follow‐up time of 13 months. Randomized studies are needed to further delineate the optimal management of this high‐risk group.
Ezra Pound's Cantos: A Compact History of Twentieth‐Century Authorship, Publishing and Editing
Authors: Byron Mark 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster on Modern Book History. The full cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Between Then and Now: Modern Book History’, Kate Longworth, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00474.x.‘Ezra Pound's Cantos: A Compact History of Twentieth‐Century Authorship, Publishing and Editing’, Mark Byron, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00475.x.‘ “The Making of the Book”: Roy Fisher, the Circle Press and the Poetics of Book Art’, Matthew Sperling, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00476.x.‘Bakhtinian “Journalization” and the Mid‐Victorian Literary Marketplace’, Dallas Liddle, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00477.x.‘Manuscript in Print: The Materiality of Alternative Comics’, Emma Tinker, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00478.x.‘Lost in a World of Books: Reading and Identity in Pre‐War Japan’, Susan C. Townsend, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00479.x.***Ezra Pound's modernist epic poem, The Cantos, was composed over almost six decades of the twentieth century. Its publication history – from the earliest instalments in little magazines in the nineteen‐teens to collected and posthumous editions – entails several challenges to traditional notions of literary completion, authorial control, justified (and unjustified) editorial intervention, and collaboration between authors and scholars intent on ‘cleaning‐up’ apparently corrupted texts. Pound's cultural engagements (particularly politics and economics), creative pursuits and personal history inflect some of these aspects of his text's literary and bibliographical career over the last ninety years (for example, his incarceration by the United States Army during the Second World War and the subsequent loss of his status as the legal owner of his written words). In this paper I will indicate some challenges to literary and bibliographical convention arising from Pound's text as well as from his personal circumstances and his relations with his principal editors: T. S. Eliot at Faber and Faber, and James Laughlin at New Directions. I will also address some challenges to editing Pound's text today: the ways in which competing printed versions and ancillary materials might be brought to bear on persistent questions of status and permissible editorial agency; the role of technology in attempts to ‘clean up’ Pound's text; and the way in which editorial theory might assist in reflecting upon the kind(s) of authorial status and editorial mediation at work in this distillation of so much history and cultural production. Pound's epic poem can be seen to challenge the very boundaries of the text and the book in radical ways, both in modernist and in contemporary (including electronic) modes.
Implementation of CDC’s School Health Index in 3 Midwest Middle Schools: Motivation for Change
Authors: Sherwood‐Puzzello Catherine M. , Miller Michelle , Lohrmann David , Gregory Patricia 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s School Health Index (SHI), a guide for completing a coordinated school‐based program needs assessment relative to healthy eating, physical activity, a tobacco‐free lifestyle, and prevention of other health risk behaviors and conditions, was used to assess current programming at 3 midwestern middle schools.Methods:  Employing somewhat different procedures, data were collected from focus groups comprising school administrators, teachers, parents, community members, and students. Participants responded to SHI module questions and provided comments based on their perceptions. Both quantitative and qualitative data were recorded for each module, after which participants answered 3 planning questions intended to guide prioritization of actions to improve policies and programs based on importance, cost, time, commitment, and feasibility.Results:  Each school developed recommendations and strategies based on highest priority needs related to community involvement, professional development, health screenings, and health education materials in classrooms.Conclusions:  The experience of completing the SHI in 3 different schools provided important insights about the data collection process as well as assessment results that have implications for the design and implementation of prevention programs.
Staff‐ and School‐Level Predictors of School Organizational Health: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Bevans Katherine , Bradshaw Catherine , Miech Richard , Leaf Philip 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  An organizationally healthy school environment is associated with favorable student and staff outcomes and thus is often targeted by school improvement initiatives. However, few studies have differentiated staff‐level from school‐level predictors of organizational health. Social disorganization theory suggests that school‐level factors, such as faculty turnover, student mobility, and concentration of student poverty, would be negatively associated with school organizational health, but these relationships may be moderated by staff‐level factors.Methods:  The present study examined the association among school‐ and staff‐level predictors of staff‐perceived school organizational health (eg, academic emphasis, collegial leadership, and staff affiliation), as measured by the Organizational Health Inventory.Results:  Multilevel analyses on data from 1395 staff across 37 elementary schools indicated that school membership accounted for between 26% and 35% of the variance in different components of staff‐perceived organizational health. Two‐level hierarchical analyses indicated that both school‐ and staff‐level characteristics are important predictors of organizational health. Furthermore, some school and staff characteristics interacted to predict staff affiliation and collegial leadership.Conclusions:  Findings suggest that factors at both the school and staff level are important potential targets for school improvement. Administrators aiming to improve relationships among staff members should be cognizant of staff‐level characteristics (race, age, and role in school) associated with less favorable perceptions of the school environment, whereas efforts to enhance student work ethic and discipline should target schools with specific school‐level characteristics (high rates of faculty turnover and student mobility).
Study of Health Outcomes in School Children: Key Challenges and Lessons Learned From The Framingham Schools’ Natural History of Nevi Study
Authors: Geller Alan C. , Oliveria Susan A. , Bishop Marilyn , Buckminster Marcia , Brooks Katie R. , Halpern Allan C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  We describe the planning, recruitment, key challenges, and lessons learned in the development of a study of the evolution of nevi (moles) among children in a school setting.Methods:  This population‐based study of digital photography and dermoscopy of the child’s back (overview, close‐up, and dermoscopic images) and genetic specimens took place among fifth graders in the Framingham, Massachusetts School System. Schoolchildren and their parents completed baseline surveys on sun protection practices, sunburns, and past ultraviolet exposures, including summer and vacation experiences.Results:  Prestudy outreach was conducted with children, parents, nurses, administrators, and pediatricians. Of the 691 Framingham families with a fifth grader (aged 10‐11), 443 consented to complete surveys and undergo digital photography and dermoscopy during the school’s routine scoliosis testing. Of the 443 families providing consent, 369 agreed to genetic testing. We identified key factors to consider when implementing school‐based studies: (a) pilot studies to demonstrate feasibility, (b) inclusion of school administration and parents, (c) grassroots approach with multiple contacts, and (d) embedding research studies within preexisting school health services.Conclusions:  Launching an observational study within the school environment required an academic/school collaboration across numerous disciplines including dermatology, epidemiology, genetics, medical photography, school health, community health education, and most notably, the need for the presence of a full‐time study nurse in the school. A large school system proved to be an excellent resource to conduct this first prospective study on the evolution of moles in US schoolchildren. The key challenges and lessons learned may be applicable to other investigators launching school‐based initiatives.
SEPARATING SOUTHERN BLUE WHALE SUBSPECIES BASED ON LENGTH FREQUENCIES OF SEXUALLY MATURE FEMALES
Authors: Branch T. A. , Abubaker E. M. N. , Mkango S. , Butterworth D. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhen sexually mature, Antarctic (true) blue whales are substantially longer than pygmy blue whales. To estimate the proportions of these two subspecies in various regions, Bayesian mixture models were fitted to catch length frequencies of sexually mature females. The extent of rounding to 5‐ft intervals was also estimated. Antarctic blue whales dominated (99.2%) pelagic catches south of 52°S, whereas pygmy blue whales dominated (99.9%) north of 52°S and in 35°–180°E. South of 60°S, only 0.7% (95% credibility interval 0.5%–1.0%) were pygmy blue whales, lower than the 7% upper bound currently assumed. Shore‐based catches from SW Africa and those before 1937 from South Georgia and the South Shetlands were estimated to contain 90%–92% Antarctic blue whales. Actual proportions were probably higher, but these data show evidence of rounding (up to 19% of records), poor length‐estimation methods, and other problems. The mean length of sexually mature female Chilean blue whales (77.1 ft, 23.5 m) was intermediate between pygmy (68.9 ft, 21.0 m) and Antarctic blue whales (83.4–86.3 ft, 25.4–26.6 m). A good fit to these data was obtained only by assuming that the Chilean whales are a separate subspecies or distinctive population. This finding is also consistent with their discrete distribution, and genetic and call type differences, compared to Antarctic and pygmy blue whales.