bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Clay Minerals and the Study of Argillaceous Rocks By the Imbibo-Metric Method
Authors: Konta Jiří 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe imbibition of liquid by argillaceous rocks containing predominating kaolinite, illite, “open” illite, and montmorillonite with the use of absorption apparatus is described. Results of the following studies are given: (1) imbibition by pulverized and freely poured samples; (2) imbibition by specimens pressed (30 atm) into the form of small cylinders having a base of 100 mm2; (3) the course of imbibition by artificial aggregates of kaolin from Sedlec, Bohemia, pressed under different pressures (20, 30, 40 atm); and (4) imbibition by natural, oriented, ground, flat sections of the same samples which were prepared in the form of rectangular prisms, with a base of 100 mm2.The constant k in the sorption equation, which is dependent on the form of clay particles and the tortuosity of pores in argillaceous aggregates under particular working conditions, has been computed. This constant has been calculated for water (polar liquid) and tetraline (nonpolar liquid).A new quantitative diagram for identification of clay minerals by the imbibometric method has been constructed. In it, not only the time of imbibition and the qualitative features expressing themselves on the ground, flat section—such as swelling and nature of contours (Konta, 1961)—are taken into consideration, but also the area occupied by a drop of water and a drop of ethylene glycol and the wettability ratio Pegl/aq.
Characterization of Montmorillonite Saturated with Short-Chain Amine Cations: 2. Interlayer Surface Coverage by the Amine Cations
Authors: Kinter Earl B. , Diamond Sidney 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPortions of Wyoming bentonite were saturated with a series of short-chain aliphatic amine and quaternary ammonium cations, and the amine content remaining after washing was determined by combustion analysis. For those amine cations containing one or two carbon atoms, the amount of amine found was greatly in excess of the cation-exchange capacity. It is thought that this excess consists of amine cations or uncharged amine molecules which have become partly embedded in the holes associated with the oxygen rings of the silica sheet surfaces. For the larger tertiary amine cations, slightly less than the exchange capacity was found, presumably owing to blocking of some exchange sites by steric interference.Upon treatment of the amine-saturated clays with glycerol and quantitative determination of the glycerol retained as a monolayer, it was found that these clays retain considerably less glycerol than the original bentonite. The glycerol retention values were employed to provide quantitative estimates of the interlayer clay surface left unoccupied between cation pillars. The percentage of original interlayer surface left unoccupied ranged from about 75 percent for methylamine to essentially zero for the larger tertiary amine cations.The validity of the areas calculated from the glycerol retention results was indirectly confirmed by deriving estimates of the cross-sectional areas of the several cations from the observed reductions in amount of glycerol retained. These experimentally derived cross-sectional areas were found to be in satisfactory agreement with areas of the cations projected from atom models.
Differentiation between Endellite-Halloysite and Kaolinite by Treatment with Potassium Acetate and Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Miller W. D. , Keller W. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHalloysite and endellite yield 10 Å basal spacings after grinding with potassium acetate (using a modification of Wada’s procedure) and washing with water and ethylene glycol, whereas the basal spacing of kaolinite, similarly treated, remains at 7 Å. The technique applies satisfactorily to sedimentary and hydrothermal halloysites, various commercial kaolins, ball clays, flint and plastic fire clays, and artificially prepared mixtures of halloysite and kaolinite. Similar responses to the treatment by both laboratory-dehydrated endellite (thereby collapsed to 7 Å) and naturally occurring halloysite add support to the concept that endellite is a progenitor of halloysite.
Industrial Applications of Bentonite
Authors: Clem Arthur G. , Doehler Robert W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBentonite is employed by industry to perform a multitude of jobs. Certain industrial applications become apparent from an understanding of the composition and structure of bentonite, and the properties they create. These properties are utilized chiefly when the material is suspended in a liquid, usually water; or as a dried powder or granule.Most industrial applications involve the swelling property of bentonite to form viscous water suspensions. Depending upon the relative proportions of clay and water, these mixtures are used as bonding, plasticizing, and suspending agents.Bentonites disperse into colloidal particles and, accordingly, provide large surface areas per unit weight of clay. This large surface area is a major reason why bentonite functions so well in stabilizing emulsions, or as a medium to carry other chemicals.Bentonites react chemically with many organic materials to form compounds which are used chiefly as gelling agents in a variety of organic liquids.Bentonites are selected for each industrial need on the basis of type and quality. This selection is based principally on physical properties, and chemistry of the bentonite becomes involved only to the extent that it influences the physical properties.
Clay Minerals in the Ceramic Industries
Authors: Smoot Thomas W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of clays used in the ceramics industries are briefly outlined. Clays used include ball clays, fireclays, high-alumina clays of the diaspore and burley types, and three-layer types. The high temperature phases and bonding characteristics are briefly reviewed as are the uses of these various clays in the structural clay products, whitewares and refractories.The importance of clays in the past for ceramics and, in particular, refractories is reviewed and evaluated for future importance.
Hydrothermal Kaolinization (Endellitization) of Volcanic Glassy Rock
Authors: Keller W. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA vitreous, perlitic rock near Etzatlân, west of Guadalajara, Mexico, has been argillized by hot spring activity. A continuous outcrop from fresh rock to relatively pure clay (halloysite) is exposed, and samples were collected along it to trace the progressive alteration. Alkali metals and silica were leached during argillation, as was shown by analyses of the solid samples and solutions from laboratory hydrolysis of the rock. The interpretation that the original clay mineral was endellite is supported by experiments treating the clay with K-acetate and ethylene glycol. The random arrangement of Si-O-Al in the glass is thought to have favored development of disordered stacking in the clay mineral formed, hence endellite, and random distribution of very fine-grained clay crystals in the mass of clay.
Gamma-Irradiation of Kaolinite
Authors: Corbett William J. , Burson John H. , Young R. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStudies have been made of the changes in physical and chemical properties of kaolinite produced by doses of 0.667 meV gamma-radiation ranging from 1018 to 1022 eV/g of ferrous ion dosimetry solution. Changes were observed in the degree of crystallinity, specific surface area, particle size, cation exchange capacity, and grinding properties. These changes are discussed in terms of the observed atomic displacements produced in the kaolinite structure by the radiation. Gamma-irradiation appears to provide a method for obtaining controlled variations in certain properties of kaolinite without the introduction of other complicating parameters.
Diagenesis in Clay Minerals—A Review
Authors: Keller W. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDiagenesis refers to the process, and the changes (usually excluding cation exchange) that take place in sediments after deposition, but definitions of the process vary widely over which changes, and what part (or all) of the time between the transportation of the sediment and the time that the sediment(ary rock) is studied, should be included in diagenesis. Furthermore, Weaver, Griffin, and others, have favored alternative explanations to account for many clay mineral distributions that previously have been interpreted as representing changes in clay minerals in both recent and ancient sediments, and which were referred to diagenesis.Although agreeing that such alternative explanations account best for many distributions of clay minerals, additional evidence that presumably is convincing of diagenesis is presented herein to account for the formation of certain other occurrences of glauconitic mica, glauconite, illite, corrensite, kaolinite, and vanadiferous micaceous clay. A two-stage mechanism is proposed for a possible process by which illite and probably corrensite are formed: (1) cation sorption driven by energy (activities) of the ions in solution, and binding energy of the clay minerals, and (2) subsequent rearrangement of ions in the clay mineral to produce illite. It is finally proposed that diagenesis of clay minerals is characterized by the addition to and incorporation into them of Me ions, such as Mg, K, Ca, Na, Al, Fe, V, SiO2, and others, driven mainly by chemical energy and aided by mechanical and thermal energy, but as the latter two become more effective the process is designated metamorphism (anamorphism).Long-time, diagenetic reactions after burial of sediments are probably less important, volume-wise, than provenance and terrestrial weathering in determining the mineralogy of argillaceous sedimentary rocks in the geologic column.
Topotactic Transformation of Muscovite under Mild Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Nicol Alastair W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStudies have been made on muscovite single crystals treated under dry and hydro-thermal conditions at temperatures above 800°C. The course of reaction is markedly affected by the amount of water present in the system. In the presence of a large excess of water, appreciable reaction commences at 800°C with the formation of kalsilite and corundum. The kalsilite may bear an epitaxial relationship to the muscovite, but the corundum is quite unoriented. Reaction appears to proceed by solution of part of the muscovite and reprecipitation on unreacted areas. In the presence of low pressures of water the reaction course appears to be similar to that under dry conditions. Above 900°C a new phase has been identified which is similar to the spinel phase reported by Eberhart at temperatures above 1050°C. The phase is monoclinic and probably represents an intermediate stage between dehydrated muscovite and the spinel phase. A tentative mechanism is proposed for the dehydration of muscovite based on an inhomogeneous mechanism.
Thermal Transformations of Pyrophyllite and Talc as Revealed by X-Ray and Electron Diffraction Studies
Authors: Nakahira M. , Kato T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSingle crystal X-ray and electron diffraction studies were carried out to examine the thermal transformation sequences of pyrophyllite and talc, respectively. The results showed that both minerals transformed topotactically. No dehydroxylated talc phase was observed, while an anhydride of pyrophyllite was obtained at about 900°C. The presence of a distorted anhydride lattice of pyrophyllite tends to indicate a homogeneous mechanism for the dehydroxylation of pyrophyllite. In contrast, the diffraction features of heated talc together with the cell volume relationship between talc and enstatite suggest an inhomogeneous mechanism for this reaction.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Dehydration and Recrystallization of Serpentine—II, Spectrum of Activation Energies for Recrystallization
Authors: Brindley G. W. , Hayami Ryozo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn order of magnitude calculation is made to determine the activation energies involved in the recrystallization of serpentine to forsterite. The so-called “activation energy spectrum” showing the proportion of material with different activation energies is estimated.
Geology and Mineralogy of the Sedimentary Kaolins of the Southeastern United States—A Review
Authors: Bates Thomas F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBeginning with the work of Ladd in 1898, much has been written about the kaolins of the Southeast, with maximum coverage on the deposits of greatest economic value. Early studies were, of necessity, general in nature but also contain excellent detailed descriptions. In the past 15 years increased demands for kaolins to meet specific requirements have resulted in a large amount of detailed research, much of it unpublished. This paper attempts to review the available information placing emphasis upon the geologic and mineralogical data and the interpretation thereof with respect to the occurrence, detailed character and variability, and probable origin of the clay deposits.The commercial deposits of kaolin clay discussed herein lie throughout the sands of the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation and are localized in a narrow belt along the southeast edge of the “fall line” from Macon, Georgia, to Aiken, South Carolina. The kaolin lenses are irregular in shape, size and purity, ranging from a few feet to a mile in length, and up to 50 ft in thickness. Variability within the lenses is a function of (1) the concentration and localization of non-clay materials (quartz, mica, gibbsite, pyrite, lignite; Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO), (2) the montmorillonite content, (3) the particle size and X-ray crystallinity of the kaolinite, and (4) the texture of the clay aggregate. These mineralogical, chemical and textural variables are not homogeneously distributed but reveal and help to explain differences between samples, layers, pits and the important hard and soft clay types of the region.
Possibility of Volcanic Origin of the Cretaceous Sedimentary Kaolin of South Carolina and Georgia
Authors: Buie B. F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Cretaceous sedimentary kaolin deposits of South Carolina and Georgia occur in a portion of the geologic column which contains abundant evidence of volcanic activity in Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Puerto Rico. It is proposed that volcanic ash from eruptive centers in the Mississippi Embayment and Gulf Coastal region settled on land and was washed into adjacent valleys, lake basins, and possibly lagoons, along with varying amounts of residuum from the erosion surface; alteration of the volcanic ash to montmorillonite, and then to kaolinite, progressed under the influence of subaerial erosion in Cretaceous and later time whenever physical and chemical conditions were favorable.Several perplexing and previously inadequately explained features of the deposits are clarified if we accept this hypothesis. These features include: (1) The purity of the deposits, being over 95 per cent clay mineral in many deposits 20 ft or more in thickness; (2) General absence of fossils; (3) Lack of bedding; (4) Prevalence of a small but nearly uniform content of TiO2 as minute crystallites of anatase; (5) Presence of elongate bevel-edged particles, now clay, which have the form of glass shards.Both the “soft” and the “hard” clay are believed to have developed from the same source. At all places where seen in the field the hard clay occurs immediately beneath a prominent unconformity; its different properties are attributed to changes produced by subaerial weathering. Repeated wetting and drying, which resulted in a smaller particle size, and leaching of silica, resulting in a slight bauxitization, are considered important mechanisms.
Petrology of the Dry Branch, Georgia, Kaolin Deposits
Authors: Jonas Edward C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSamples from kaolin deposits in the Dry Branch, Georgia, area were examined in’ oriented thin section, by X-ray diffraction, and as carefully disaggregated sand-sized grains. The object was to determine the orientation of kaolinite crystals with respect to any gross stratification in the deposits and with respect to their mineral precursors.Large muscovite grains show a preferred horizontal orientation which produces a noticeable stratification in some soft kaolins in which they are relatively abundant. Interleaved kaolinite is oriented with its cleavage parallel to that of the remaining unaltered muscovite and is of the b-axis disordered variety. Pseudomorphs of kaolinite after feldspar occur in both the soft kaolins and the associated sandstones. These show no preferred orientation and are well-crystallized kaolinite. Authigenic kaolinite growing as vermicular “books” in the kaolin deposits and sandstones shows no preferred orientation direction and is well-crystallized also.These observations lead to the conclusion that these Georgia kaolin deposits were not sedimented in still-standing waters as the mineral kaolinite. Major mineral constituents of the original sediment were muscovite and feldspar. Post-depositional alteration of these minerals has occurred as well as recrystallization of some of the kaolinite.
The Characteristics of Filter Pressed Kaolinite-Water Pastes
Authors: West Richard 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA Georgia kaolin was selected for investigation because of its large, euhedral, platelike particles and mineral composition consisting of 96 per cent kaolinite. The clay was prepared as a suspension and treated with various water-soluble compounds, with or without the addition of an organic colloid, to determine the role of the organic material in the flocculation and deflocculation characteristics of the clay as measured by the rate of filtration under pressure. Although the organic colloid acted as a strong deffocculant alone, 1 per cent of it actually increased the flocculation action of aluminum sulfate and yet increased the deflocculation action of sodium sulfate.Water-soluble compounds were added to the clay-water slip and then either a cation exchange resin or an anion exchange resin was added to replace either the cation with H+lor the anion with OH-1. The filtration characteristics of these prepared slips indicated that the anions studied —CI-1, SO4-a, and PO4-3— play a passive role in the flocculation or the deflocculation of the clay-water slips but that these ions often have a profound effect in combination with the cations. The cations play the active role in flocculation and deflocculation. Al+aacted as a strong flocculant and Na+1acted as a strong deflocculant. Small additions of Ca+aacted as a flocculant by increasing the rate of filtration of the clay-water slip but further additions decreased the rate of filtration.The ratio of the amount of clay to water in the slip shows an important relationship with rate of filtration. A slip with 25 per cent clay had a relatively low rate of filtration and yielded a filter cake with a higher bulk density in the wet and the dry state than did a slip with 40 per cent clay. The lower viscosity of the slip with 25 per cent clay may allow a greater freedom for particle orientation as deposited on the filter cake than a slip with 40 per cent clay having a higher viscosity.Electron micrographs of the top and edge of filter cakes prepared from flocculated and deflocculated clay show that the structure of both is similar with regard to parallelism of plates. However, the deflocculated clay deposits in a close-packed parallel arrangement whereas the flocculated clay deposits with some slight displacement of the plates but in a parallel arrangement.
Stabilities of Three-Layer Phyllosilicates Related to Their Ionic-Covalent Bonding
Authors: Tlapek John W. , Keller W. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe anhydrous structures of three-layer phyllosilicates are destroyed by heating, as in differential thermal analyses, over a range of temperatures starting from about 775°C, mean temperature for pyrophyllite, and rising to about 1075°C, a mean temperature for biotite. Parallel to the trend of increasing temperature of stability (and destruction) is an increased ratio of substituted Al for Si in the tetrahedral layers and, in some occurrences, of Mg for Al in the octahedral layers. These substitutions increase the degree of ionic bonding (and decrease the covalent bonding) within the oxygen framework. The electronegativity difference between the cation and oxygen increases as Al substitutes for Si, and Mg for Al. Increase in ionic character of a compound is compatible, from chemical considerations, with increase in thermal stability and susceptibility of the compound to alteration by water.The principle illustrated by the phyllosilicates applies likewise to mineral groups of other silicate structure, such as the anorthite-albite series, the forsterite—fayalite series, and others.
Surface Properties of Alumino-Silicates
Authors: Fripiat J. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAs an approach to reviewing the surface properties of alumino-silicates, this paper considers the relationships between constitution hydroxyls, surface hydroxyls, chemisorbed and physically adsorbed water molecules and exchangeable cations. One of the main characteristics of clay minerals is, indeed, the development of hydrated high surface area, electrically charged. For this purpose the surface topography, the origin of the electrical charge, and the properties of water molecules held by Van der Waals, or stronger forces are successively studied. Chemisorbed water molecules appear to have a higher than usual degree of dissociation; this phenomenon exerts a deep influence on surface properties such as surface electrical conductivity, chemisorption of ammonia and amines, and their transformation.When surfaces are thoroughly dehydrated, constitution protons are probably delocalized in the oxygen framework and this delocalization process probably precedes dehydroxylation.Dehydroxylation results in a partial or a total transformation of octahedral co-ordinated aluminum into four-fold coordinated atoms. Stresses arising from sharing adjacent octahedral edges are probably at the origin of the Lewis catalytically active sites.The research reports reviewed are mainly those issued from the author’s laboratories, or by his correspondents.
Oxidizing Power of the Surface of Attapulgite Clay
Authors: Miller John G. , Haden W. Linwood , Oulton T. Dixon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that ferric iron is the principal source of the oxidizing action of the surface of attapulgite clay. The extent of oxidizing action in a given time (the oxidizing power) has been determined as a function of the temperature of calcination of the clay in the range 100–900°C.The oxidizing power was measured with TiCl3 in aqueous acid medium by direct titration of the clay in situ and by titration of extracts of the clay. The dissolution of the metallic cations of the clay was also studied in the same medium. The results have been correlated with structural changes caused by the calcination of attapulgite.