bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Performance with Compensation as a Purchaser's Remedy—A Study in Contract and Equity
Authors: Harpum Charles 
Published: January 2009

The circumstances in which a party to a contract for the sale of land may recover damages have been the subject of considerable judicial and academic discussion recently. That discussion has focused on those situations in which the contract has been terminated for breach. The purpose of the present article is to consider the position where the purchaser either wishes or is obliged to keep the contract on foot notwithstanding the breach by the vendor. There are at least three possible situations:(1) Where the vendor misdescribes the property in the particulars of sale. That misdescription may take one of two forms. The vendor may either misdescribe the extent of the land (for example, he agrees to sell twenty acres when he has only fifteen) or the state of his title (for example, he contracts to sell as freeholder when the property is in fact leasehold). A purchaser may terminate the contract if the misdescription is substantial even if there is a conditien of sale which states that the contract will not be vitiated by reason of, or that compensation will be payable in the event of any misdescription.
The Fetus and the “Right to life”
Authors: Williams Glanville 
Published: January 2009

The philosophical answer to Milton's problem is, like so many philosophical answers, a counter-question. What do you mean by human life? This could involve further probing of a kind that a pre-Darwinian like John Milton would fail to comprehend. Does he include Neanderthal man, for example, in “human life”, or does he want to start with Homo sapiens?A resurrected Milton might protest that in writing Paradise Lost he was not concerned with problems of evolution (of which he had not previously heard). His question suggests that he was thinking of the “life” of a particular “human being”; but he knew so little of what we now call biology that he would probably have been as nonplussed by the biological answer to his problem as one given in terms of prehistory.
Bona Fide Purchase and the Currency of Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: January 2009

If a thief steals money from you is it still yours? What if the thief passes it to a friend as a gift? Does it make any difference if the thief spends the money in a shop?The answer to these questions depends on the “currency” of money, a legal attribute not shared by other kinds of property. A person's title to property is generally derived from the previous owner. When the property is transferred, the title that once vested in him simply passes to the recipient with the result that the recipient cannot acquire a better title than the person from whom he got the property.' To take an example, when a thief steals a car he has bare possession of it and the victim remains the owner. A person buying the car from the thief can only get possession of it. This general rule governing the transfer of title to property is summed up in the maxim nemo dat quod non habet.
Parliament and the Dominions: A Retrospect
Authors: Schuyler R. L. 
Published: January 2009

A few years ago a distinguished constitutional historian reopened what had once been a burning issue of political controversy, the question of the validity of the authority claimed and exercised by the British parliament over the American colonies. There had always been a difference of opinion respecting the oppressiveness of those acts of parliament against which Americans protested during the years preceding the Declaration of Independence, but with regard to their legality, as determined by precedent, there had come to be a virtual consensus of historical opinion, British and American alike, that parliament was right, and that those who denied its legal authority over the colonies were wrong. What may bo called the orthodox view was thus expressed by Osgood in 1907:British lawyers and officials at home and those who represented the home government in the colonies held that, in law if not in fact, the authority of Great Britain within the dominions was complete. … They held that the colonists were in principle as completely subject to parliament … as were the local jurisdictions within England itself. In this they were technically correct and were quite in harmony with the principles of English law.
Arnold Duncan McNair
Authors: Jennings R. Y. 
Published: January 2009

It is a happy conjunction that makes it possible for this Journal to celebrate in successive numbers the eightieth birthdays of Harry Hollond and Arnold McNair.Arnold Duncan McNair, c.b.e., q.c., f.b.a., ll.d., first Baron McNair of Gleniffer, was born on March 4, 1885. It is given to very few to attain to such high distinction in so many different spheres. As an academic, a jurist de grande classe, the author of many works in the first rank of legal literature, the occupant at one time of the Whewell chair in international law and later of the chair of comparative law, an honorary doctor of seven universities, an honorary member of the Institut de Droit International, his special place amongst international lawyers was marked in 1959 when he was presented with the Manley Hudson Gold Medal by the American Society of International Law; as an administrator, he was, during the difficult period of the war and its aftermath, the Vice-Chancellor of one of the great civic universities; as a member of the legal profession, he is a former Judge and President of the International Court of Justice at The Hague, President of the European Court of Human Rights, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and a Bencher of his Inn and sometime its Treasurer; as a man of affairs, he has served on numerous government inquiries and commissions, and is now regularly employing in the House of Lords those talents as a speaker that were already in evidence when he became President of the Cambridge Union in 1909.
Correction
Authors: DeWitt Cecile 
Published: January 2009

The following items were omitted in the announcement of the session of the Summer School for Theoretical Physics of the University of Grenoble at Les Houches (Physics Today, January 1962, p. 88):
1. A course on “The Sun, Earth Storms and Radiation Belts” will be given by Prof. S. Chapman.
2. A course on “General Circulation and Tides in the Atmosphere” will be given by Prof. G. MacDonald.
3. A limited number of NSF travel grants will be available for US citizens admitted to the Summer School.
Physics in engineering education 1958
Authors: Seeger R. J. , Weber E. 
Published: January 2009

About three years ago a “Progress Report on Physics in Engineering Education” ended with the hope that “through pioneering and experimental, cooperative planning physicists and engineers will now enter enthusiastically and adventurously a new era in the teaching of Physics and in the teaching of Engineering”. This hope was the result of a report of the Committee on Evaluation of Engineering Education by the American Society for Engineering Education in June 1955. At its June 1958 meeting, E. Weber, Chairman of the Follow-up Committee (ad hoc) on Evaluation of Engineering Education, made a more detailed report of the engineering sciences, which had been merely mentioned in the original report. It consisted of a number of individual reports of special committees, varying from the presentation of broad principles to detailed courses. The subjects were:
Mechanics of Solids
Mechanics of Fluids
Transfer and Rate Processes
Thermodynamics
Electrical Sciences
Nature and Properties of Materials
Engineering Analysis and Design
MSMAD: a computationally efficient method for the analysis of noisy array CGH data
Authors: Budinska Eva , Gelnarova Eva , Schimek Michael G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMotivation: Genome analysis has become one of the most important tools for understanding the complex process of cancerogenesis. With increasing resolution of CGH arrays, the demand for computationally efficient algorithms arises, which are effective in the detection of aberrations even in very noisy data.Results: We developed a rather simple, non-parametric technique of high computational efficiency for CGH array analysis that adopts a median absolute deviation concept for breakpoint detection, comprising median smoothing for pre-processing. The resulting algorithm has the potential to outperform any single smoothing approach as well as several recently proposed segmentation techniques. We show its performance through the application of simulated and real datasets in comparison to three other methods for array CGH analysis.Implementation: Our approach is implemented in the R-language and environment for statistical computing (version 2.6.1 for Windows, R-project, 2007). The code is available at: http://www.iba.muni.cz/~budinska/msmad.htmlContact: budinska@iba.muni.czSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Complex pattern of genome size variation in a polymorphic member of the Asteraceae
Authors: Slovák Marek , Vít Petr , Urfus Tomáš , Suda Jan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  Although divergences in nuclear DNA content among different species within a genus are widely acknowledged, intraspecific variation is still a somewhat controversial issue. The aim of this study was to assess genome size variation in the polymorphic species Picris hieracioides L. (Asteraceae) and to search for potential interpretations of the size heterogeneity.Location  Europe.Methods  The genome sizes of 179 plants of P. hieracioides collected from 54 populations distributed across 10 European countries were determined by propidium iodide flow cytometry. Differences in nuclear DNA content were confirmed in simultaneous analyses.Results  2C‐values (population means) at the diploid level varied from 2.26 to 3.11 pg, spanning a 1.37‐fold range. The variation persisted even after splitting the whole data set into two recently distinguished morphotypes (i.e. the ‘Lower altitude’ type and the ‘Higher altitude’ type) that possess significantly different nuclear DNA contents. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of three major groups according to genome size, which exhibited a particular geographical pattern. Generally, the genome size of both morphotypes increased significantly from south‐west to north‐east. A new cytotype, DNA triploid, was found for the first time.Main conclusions  High intraspecific variation in the amount of nuclear DNA in P. hieracioides correlates with the extensive morphological variation found within the taxon. Despite the complex pattern that was presented, genome size variants were non‐randomly distributed and reflected palaeovegetation history. We suggest that the complex evolutionary history of P. hieracioides (e.g. the existence of several cryptic lineages with different levels of cross‐interactions) is the most plausible explanation for the observed heterogeneity in genome size.
Dynamics of core and occasional species in the marine plankton: tintinnid ciliates in the north‐west Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Dolan John R. , Ritchie Mark E. , Tunin‐Ley Alina , Pizay Marie‐Dominique 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  To assess short‐term variability in the community composition and community structure of tintinnid ciliates, herbivores of the microzooplankton.Location  North‐west Mediterranean Sea.Methods  We sampled on 18 dates over a 4‐week period in 2004 at an open‐water site. Species were classified as ‘core species’, found on every date, or ‘occasional species’, absent on one or more dates. Species abundance distributions of the entire community, and separately the core and occasional species, were compared with geometric, log‐series and log‐normal distributions. Core and occasional species were compared in terms of the shell or lorica oral diameter (LOD), analogous to gape size.Results  We found 11 core and 49 occasional species. Diversity metrics were stable compared with shifts in abundances. Core species accounted for the majority of individuals in all samples. On each date, 9–22 occasional species, representing 10–15% of the population, were found. Species richness of the occasionals was positively related to population size. The identities of the occasional species found were unrelated to the time between sampling. The species abundance distribution of the occasional population was best fit by a log‐series distribution, while that of the core species was best fit by a log‐normal distribution. The species abundance distribution of the entire community was best fit by a log‐series distribution. Most of the occasional species had LODs distinct from that of a core species and occupied size classes left empty by the core population. However, the most abundant and frequent of the occasional species had a LOD similar to that of a core species.Main conclusions  Among tintinnids, which are planktonic protists, occasional species have a species abundance distribution pattern distinct from that of core species. Occasional species appeared to be composed of two groups, one of relatively abundant species and similar to core species, and a second group of ephemeral species with morphologies distinct from core species. The existence of two categories of occasional or rare species may be common: (1) those similar to, and thus perhaps able to replace, dominant species in the absence of a change in the environment; and (2) those distinct from dominant species and requiring different conditions to prosper.
Control of translation initiation involves a factor‐induced rearrangement of helix 44 of 16S ribosomal RNA
Authors: Qin Daoming , Fredrick Kurt 
Published: January 2009

SummaryInitiation of translation involves recognition of the start codon by the initiator tRNA in the 30S subunit. To investigate the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in this process, we isolated a number of 16S rRNA mutations that increase translation from the non‐canonical start codon AUC. These mutations cluster to distinct regions that overlap remarkably well with previously identified class III protection sites and implicate both IF1 and IF3 in start codon selection. Two mutations map to the 790 loop and presumably act by inhibiting IF3 binding. Another cluster of mutations surrounds the conserved A1413∘G1487 base pair of helix 44 in a region known to be distorted by IF1 and IF3. Site‐directed mutagenesis in this region confirmed that this factor‐induced rearrangement of helix 44 helps regulate initiation fidelity. A third cluster of mutations maps to the neck of the 30S subunit, suggesting that the dynamics of the head domain influences translation initiation. In addition to identifying mutations that decrease fidelity, we found that many P‐site mutations increase the stringency of start codon selection. These data provide evidence that the interaction between the initiator tRNA and the 30S P site is tuned to balance efficiency and accuracy during initiation.
Vectorial transport and folding of an autotransporter virulence protein during outer membrane secretion
Authors: Junker Mirco , Besingi Richard N. , Clark Patricia L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAutotransporter (AT) proteins are a large and diverse family of extracellular virulence proteins from Gram‐negative bacteria, characterized by a central β‐helix domain within the mature virulence protein. It is not clear how these proteins cross the outer membrane (OM) quickly and efficiently, without assistance from an external energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient. Conflicting results in the literature have led to several proposed mechanisms for AT OM secretion, including a concerted process, or vectorial secretion with different directionalities. We introduced pairs of cysteine residues into the passenger sequence of pertactin, an AT virulence protein from Bordetella pertussis, and show that OM secretion of the passenger domain stalls due to the formation of a disulphide bond. We further show that the C‐terminus of the pertactin passenger domain β‐helix crosses the OM first, followed by the N‐terminal portions of the virulence protein. In vivo proteolytic digestion shows that the C‐terminus is exposed to the extracellular milieu during stalling, and forms stable structure. These AT secretion and folding features can potentially facilitate efficient secretion.
Methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase and the synthesis of 10‐CHO‐THF are essential inLeishmania major
Authors: Murta Silvane M. F. , Vickers Tim J. , Scott David A. , Beverley Stephen M. 
Published: January 2009

Summary10‐Formyl tetrahydrofolate (10‐CHO‐THF) is a key metabolite in C1 carbon metabolism, arising through the action of formate‐tetrahydrofolate ligase (FTL) and/or 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase/5,10‐methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (DHCH).Leishmania majorpossesses singleDHCH1andFTLgenes encoding exclusively cytosolic proteins, unlike other organisms where isoforms occur in the mitochondrion as well. Recombinant DHCH1 showed typical NADP+‐dependent methylene tetrahydrofolate DH and 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate CH activities, and the DH activity was potently inhibited by a substrate analogue 5,10‐CO‐THF (Ki105 nM), as wasLeishmaniagrowth (EC501.1 μM). Previous studies showed nullftl‐mutants were normal, raising the possibility that loss of the purine synthetic pathway had rendered 10‐CHO‐THF dispensable in evolution. We were unable to generatedhch1‐null mutants by gene replacement, despite using a wide spectrum of nutritional supplements expected to bypass DHCH function. We applied an improved method for testing essential genes inLeishmania, based on segregational loss of episomal complementing genes rather than transfection; analysis of ∼1400 events without successful loss ofDHCH1again established its requirement. Lastly, we employed ‘genetic metabolite complementation’ using ectopically expressedFTLas an alternative source of 10‐CHO‐THF; nowdhch1‐null parasites were readily obtained. These data establish a requirement for 10‐CHO‐THF metabolism inL. major, and provide genetic and pharmacological validation of DHCH as a target for chemotherapy, in this and potentially other protozoan parasites.
Community‐based distribution of sulfadoxine‐pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy improved coverage but reduced antenatal attendance in southern Malawi
Authors: Msyamboza K. P. , Savage E. J. , Kazembe P. N. , Gies S. , Kalanda G. , D’Alessandro U. , Brabin B. J. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryObjective  To evaluate the impact of a 2‐year programme for community‐based delivery of sulfadoxine‐pyremethamine (SP) on intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy coverage, antenatal clinic attendance and pregnancy outcome.Methods  Fourteen intervention and 12 control villages in the catchment areas of Chikwawa and Ngabu Government Hospitals, southern Malawi, were selected. Village‐based community health workers were trained in information, education and counselling on malaria control in pregnancy and the importance of attending antenatal clinics and promoted these messages to pregnant women. In the intervention group community health workers also distributed SP to pregnant women.Results  In the control area, coverage of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (>2 doses) was low before (44.1%) and during the intervention (46.1%). In the intervention area, coverage increased from 41.5% to 82.9% (P < 0.01). Antenatal clinic attendance (>2 visits) was maintained in control villages at above 90%, but fell in intervention villages from 87.3% to 51.5% (P < 0.01). Post‐natal malaria parasitaemia prevalence fell in women from both study areas during the intervention phase (P < 0.05). Increasing the coverage of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy to >40% did not significantly improve maternal haemoglobin or reduce low birthweight prevalence.Conclusions  Better coverage of community‐based intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy can lower attendance at antenatal clinics; thus its effect on pregnancy outcome and antenatal attendance need to be monitored.
The biosocial dynamics of tuberculosis
Authors: Grange John M. , Kapata Nathan , Chanda Duncan , Mwaba Peter , Zumla Alimuddin 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe declaration by the WHO of tuberculosis as a ‘global emergency’ illustrates the paradox of tuberculosis. The treatment of this disease is a good example of ‘evidence‐based medicine’, having been fine‐tuned by numerous clinical trials. Modern short‐course anti‐tuberculosis therapy is among the most effective and cost‐effective ways of saving and prolonging human life; yet, this disease is more prevalent today than in the days before the advent of effective therapy and is currently the cause of one in seven deaths and one in four preventable deaths among young adults. It would seem that something has gone seriously wrong and, to shed light on the cause, it is necessary to take a very broad historical look at the changing trends in the behaviour of the disease in communities worldwide and the attitudes of the various communities to the disease in their midst, not just to understand past mistakes, but to make sure we do not make the same mistakes now and in the future.
Adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylaxis: cochrane systematic review
Authors: Sheikh A. , Shehata Y. A. , Brown S. G. A. , Simons F. E. R. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. Adrenaline is recommended as the initial treatment of choice for anaphylaxis.Objectives:  To assess the benefits and harms of adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis.Methods:  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2007), EMBASE (1966 to March 2007), CINAHL (1982 to March 2007), BIOSIS (to March 2007), ISI Web of Knowledge (to March 2007) and LILACS (to March 2007). We also searched websites listing ongoing trials: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, http://www.controlledtrials.com and http://www.actr.org.au/ and contacted pharmaceutical companies and international experts in anaphylaxis in an attempt to locate unpublished material. Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing adrenaline with no intervention, placebo or other adrenergic agonists were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently assessed articles for inclusion.Results:  We found no studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria.Conclusions:  On the basis of this review, we are unable to make any new recommendations on the use of adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylaxis. In the absence of appropriate trials, we recommend, albeit on the basis of less than optimal evidence, that adrenaline administration by intramuscular injection should still be regarded as first‐line treatment for the management of anaphylaxis.