bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outbreak of Eremothecium coryli Fruit Rot of Tomato in California
Authors: Miyao G. M. , Davis R. M. , Phaff H. J. 
Published: May 2007

A ripe fruit rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) associated with stink bug (Euschistus conspersus) feeding caused extensive losses in the Sacramento Valley of California in 1998. Portions of several fields were abandoned at harvest due to fruit rot levels >30%. Symptoms included a soft, water-soaked rot often surrounding a firm, dark green island. Entire fruit sometimes became watery and soft. The ascomycetous yeast, Eremothecium coryli, characterized by spindle-shaped ascospores with long, thin, whip-like terminal appendages (1), was consistently isolated from diseased tissue plated on V8 or potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline. Ripe tomato fruit were inoculated with a 0.1-ml suspension of 1.5 × 105 ascospores per ml injected to a depth of ≈4 mm to simulate stink bug probing. Fruit were placed in plastic containers and, in initial tests, were held at room temperature. In subsequent tests, inoculated fruit were maintained at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, or 35°C. Controls included inoculum either placed on the fruit surface or injected with sterilized water. Each treatment consisted of one to four fruit in two to four replications. All experiments were repeated. Lesions were visible within 5 days after inoculation and were >25 mm in diameter after 7 days. Progression of rot occurred at all temperatures but was fastest at 30 and 35°C. Controls remained symptomless. E. coryli was reisolated from infected fruit. This is the first documentation of field-level losses caused by E. coryli associated with stink bug feeding. Isolates are maintained in the Herman J. Phaff Collection of Yeast and Yeast-like Microorganisms at the University of California, Davis. Reference: (1) G. S. de Hoog et al. 1998. Eremothecium Borzi emend. Kurtzman. Pages 201-208 in: The Yeasts—A Taxonomic Study. C. P. Kurtzman and J. W. Fell, eds. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam.
First Report of Barley yellow streak mosaic virus-Infected Barley in Alaska
Authors: Robertson N. L. , Brumfield S. K. 
Published: May 2007

Barley yellow streak mosaic virus (BaYSMV) was first described and reported in Montana and Alberta, Canada, more than 17 years ago (1). Since then, it has been detected in two other locations: Pocatello Valley, ID (3), and across the border in Utah. BaYSMV has now been found in the Alaskan interior. In July 1999, dry-land barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in University of Alaska-Fairbanks experimental plots exhibited symptoms similar to those described for BaYSMV, including parallel chlorotic streaks and leaf banding. Mechanical inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with diseased barley sap produced systemic mosaic symptoms. As previously reported for BaYSMV sap-transmission tests (2), parallel inoculations to barley plants yielded no symptoms. Electron microscopy of leaf dips and minipurifications of infected N. benthamiana revealed long filamentous particles that matched the size and shape reported for BaYSMV (1). Ultrathin sections of diseased barley and N. benthamiana leaves displayed characteristic virus particles. BaYSMV was confirmed by immuno-sorbent electron microscopy assays (4) and western blot analysis with polyclonal antiserum. Long filamentous BaYSMV particles appeared only on grids coated with BaYSMV antiserum and exposed to diseased N. benthamiana sap. Total protein extracts from diseased barley tissue and inoculated N. benthamiana, as well as with protein extracted from partially purified preparations, were applied to a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis minigel and stained with Coomassie blue. Diseased samples, but not healthy controls, contained a protein of ≈33 kDa that was within the size range of a previously described protein from partially purified BaYSMV particles (2). Western blot analysis with an Immuno-Blot alkaline phosphatase assay system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) confirmed that the protein reacted with polyclonal BaYSMV. This is the first serological documentation of a BaYSMV-specific protein and that the ≈33-kDa protein is the main antigen recognized by the BaYSMV polyclonal antiserum. Based on virus particle shape and size, symptomology, mechanical transmission host range, and serology, we conclude that BaYSMV is associated with the barley disease observed. Barley yellow streak mosaic virus disease outbreaks are associated with recurring drought and are accompanied by infestations of the brown wheat mite vector, Petrobia latens Müller (1), so it is not surprising that this report coincides with abnormally dry conditions occurring throughout the 1990s in the interior of Alaska. References: (1) N. L. Robertson and T. W. Carroll. Science 240:1188, 1988. (2) N. L. Robertson and T. W. Carroll. Plant Dis. 75:839, 1991. (3) J. S. Skaf et al. Plant Dis. 76:861, 1992. (4) J. S. Skaf and T. W. Carroll. Plant Dis. 79:1003, 1995.
First Report of Pestalotiopsis populi-nigrae on Poplar in North America
Authors: Newcombe G. 
Published: May 2007

Black acervuli were observed on abaxial surfaces of leaves of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray × P. deltoides Marsh.) collected during fall 1998 in western Washington. Melampsora uredinia also were present but may be coincidental. When incubated in a moist petri dish, leaves became necrotic, and acervuli produced black masses of fivecelled, appendage-bearing conidia. Average conidia length was 25 µm. Three median versicolorous cells averaged 17.5 µm long and 6 µm wide; the upper two were darker than the lower one. There were typically three apical setulae, averaging 20 µm long. The average basal pedicel was 5 µm long. The fungus fits the description of Pestalotiopsis populi-nigrae (Sawada et Ito) Morelet. Originally described as an opportunistic pathogen on poplar in Japan (1), P. populi-nigrae was subsequently found on poplar in Europe (2). It is also the cause of cane blight of Rosa spp. in Japan (2), but it has never been reported in North America. A specimen has been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 746460). I did not observe P. populi-nigrae in 1997 to 1999 collections of rusted poplar leaves from the Southeast, western Kentucky, Minnesota, and Iowa nor in other Pacific Northwest collections. This was not a comprehensive survey for P. populi-nigrae but may indicate that the fungus is rare in North America. It also is possible that BPI 746460 represents an undescribed, uncommon species native to North America that is morphologically indistinguishable from P. populi-nigrae. Further research is required to test this hypothesis. References: (1) K. Ito. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. 45:135, 1950. (2) E. Kimishima et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 62:502, 1996.
First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Strawberry in Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Mónaco M. E. , Salazar S. M. , Aprea A. , Ricci J. C. Díaz , Zembo J. C. , Castagnaro A. 
Published: May 2007

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from symptomatic strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Chandler’) growing in Lules (Tucumán, Argentina). Isolates were characterized based on several criteria. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used to evaluate cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates. After 10 days on PDA at 28°C under continuous white light, colonies showed abundant aerial, cottony white to pale beige growth, with orange asexual fruiting bodies in older colonies. Isolates displayed cylindrical conidia, rounded at both ends, averaging 10.4 × 3.9 µm (length by width). A sexual phase (perithecia) was observed in all isolates in 2-month-old cultures on PDA at 28°C under continuous white light. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with healthy plants of cvs. Pájaro and Chandler. Spray inoculation with conidial suspensions (106 conidia per ml) resulted in disease symptoms (petiole and crown lesions with wilting of crown-infected plants) 7 days after inoculation. Infection progressed at a higher rate in Pájaro than in Chandler. Reisolations from infected strawberry lesions yielded isolates with characteristics identical to the isolate used to inoculate the host. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, isolates were identified as C. gloeosporioides Penz. & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata Spauld & H. Schenk) (1). This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing strawberry anthracnose in northwestern Argentina. Reference: (1) P. S. Gunnell and W. D. Gubler. Mycol. 84:157, 1992.
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganii on Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa
Authors: Gravert C. E. , Tiffany L. H. , Munkvold G. P. 
Published: May 2007

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a prairie grass native to Iowa, is cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the late 1990s, biomass and seed yields of switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been attributed to unidentified diseases. In 1999, many plants in previously low-yielding fields were stunted and flowered prematurely. Glumes had an uncharacteristic purple pigmentation, and seeds had been replaced by fungal spores. A smut fungus identified as Tilletia maclaganii (Berk.) G.P. Clinton (1) was associated consistently with fields that yielded poorly. Teliospores were red-orange when immature and turned dark brown as they matured. Teliospores were globose to slightly irregular, ≈18 to 25 µm in diameter, finely verrucose, with a thick exospore. True sterile cells also were present. T. maclaganii infects switchgrass and has been reported previously in Iowa (2), although it is found only occasionally on the state's native switchgrass. The prevalence and incidence of disease was surveyed in late August 1999. A weighted random sampling procedure was used to select switchgrass production fields from 60 fields involved in the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. Fields were located in Appanoose, Lucas, Monroe, and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. The sampling procedure was designed so the probability of each field being chosen was proportional to its area. This resulted in samples being taken from 17 fields representing ≈50% of the total area of the 60 fields. All sampled fields were planted with the predominant cultivar, Cave-in-Rock. In each field, five 1-m2 samples (≈60 to 250 tillers) were taken from arbitrary points. The incidence of smut (percentage of tillers with smut) was calculated for each sample. Smut was found in 15 of 17 fields. We estimated that 50 to 82% of the area in switchgrass production in these counties was infested with T. maclaganii. The mean incidence of smut was estimated at 10.1% of all tillers in the area. Incidence in individual fields ranged from 0 to 70%. Fields with incidence >50% yielded less than half of the expected biomass. Some infested seed-production fields were a total loss in 1999. This disease presents a serious threat to the cultivation of switchgrass for biomass production in southern Iowa. The disease cycle for T. maclaganii is poorly documented, but because switchgrass is a perennial species, it is likely that affected fields will have recurring epidemics. Susceptibility of other cultivars is unknown but needs to be investigated. References: (1) G. W. Fischer. 1953. Manual of the North American Smut Fungi. Ronald Press, NY. (2) J. C. Gilman and W. A. Archer. The fungi of Iowa parasitic on plants. Iowa State College J. Sci. 3:299, 1929.
First Report of Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry in Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Ramallo C. J. , Ploper L. D. , Ontivero M. , Filippone M. P. , Castagnaro A. , Ricci J. Díaz 
Published: May 2007

Isolates were obtained from strawberry tissue with anthracnose symptoms from several locations near Tucumán, Argentina. Isolates were characterized using several criteria. Isolates produced fusiform conidia, tapered to a point at both ends, and averaged 13.5 × 4.9 μm. On potato dextrose agar, colonies produced a white cottony mycelial colony that turned orange in older cultures. Compared with Colletotrichum fragariae, the new isolates produced fewer appressoria. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached leaves and plants in the greenhouse and field. Detached immature leaves of cvs. Chandler, Fern, and Sweet Charlie were inoculated with a 20-μl droplet of an aqueous conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) placed on the adaxial surface. Control leaves were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Leaves were maintained under white light (2,000 lux, 12 h/day) at 26°C, and 100% relative humidity. Necrotic spots were visible 4 days after inoculation. Greenhouse and field plants were spray-inoculated and covered for 48 h. Disease symptoms were mainly observed on petioles and runners 9 days after inoculation. No lesions were observed on control detached leaves or plants. Koch's postulates were confirmed in all cases. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, isolates were identified as C. acutatum Simmonds (1). This is the first report of C. acutatum causing strawberry anthracnose in northwestern Argentina. Reference: (1) B. Smith and L. L. Black. Plant Dis. 74:69, 1990.
Dothistroma Needle Blight, Caused by Dothistroma septospora, of Pinus spp. in Vermont
Authors: Pfister S. E. , Halik S. , Bergdahl D. R. 
Published: May 2007

Dothistroma needle blight, caused by Dothistroma septospora (teleo-morph Mycosphaerella pini), is a serious foliage disease of pine species throughout the world. In the northeastern United States, the fungus has been reported from Pennsylvania, but not New York, New Jersey, or any of the New England states. It has been reported from the eastern provinces of Canada (Newfoundland, Quebec). During 1994 to 1998, stromatic conidomata consistent with descriptions of D. septospora were associated with needle blight symptoms on mature landscape pines at four locations (Jericho, Montpelier, Williamstown, Williston) and one Christmas tree farm (Barre) in Vermont. Pinus nigra was affected at four locations; P. mugo and P. ponderosa were affected at one location each. Severe foliar blight and defoliation occurred during successive years on P. nigra and P. mugo. Collections from each location and host were examined microscopically. Mean lengths and widths of 20 or more conidia from each of three collections of P. nigra (Barre, Montpelier, and Williston) were 2.3 × 25, 2.7 × 20, and 2.6 × 24 μm, respectively. Corresponding values for collections from P. mugo and P. ponderosa were 2.4 × 26 and 3.6 × 31 μm, respectively. All collections conformed to descriptions and illustrations of D. septospora (1). No ascigerous state was observed from 1994 to 1998. This is the first report of D. septospora in New England. Reference: (1) H. C. Evans. 1984. The Genus Mycosphaerella and Its Anamorphs Cercoseptoria, Dothistroma and Lecanosticta on Pines. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England.
First Detection of Faba bean necrotic yellow virus in Spain
Authors: Babin M. , Ortíz V. , Castro S. , Romero J. 
Published: May 2007

Faba bean necrotic yellow virus (FBNYV) was not detected during 1994 to 1996 field surveys of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in Spain (1). In 1997, however, one sample with symptoms of necrosis, collected in Baleares, was tested using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and was positive for both Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and FBNYV. FBNYV is a single-strand DNA virus that is transmitted by aphids and is the main virus disease of broad bean in North Africa and West Asia (2). During 1997 to 1999, faba bean plants with symptoms of necrosis, yellowing, small leaves, and stunting were collected from several fields in the Murcia Region (Spain) and were analyzed using ELISA. To detect FBNYV, we used monoclonal 2E9 supplied by H. J. Vetten (Institute of Plant Virology, Microbiology and Biosafety, BBA, Braunschweig, Germany). Of 700 samples analyzed, 34 were positive for FBNYV. Of the 34 positive samples, 12 tested positive, using commercial antiserum from Loewe, Inc. (Munich) for mixed infections with TSWV. FBNYV was transmitted to healthy faba bean plants by aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in greenhouse experiments and was confirmed by ELISA. Preliminary epidemiological data showed a gradual increase in the number of plants infected with time in the same field. Aphid transmission of FBNYV to faba beans has established the disease in Spain and is a potential threat to other leguminous crops. This is the first report of a nanovirus in Europe. References: (1) J. Fresno et al. Plant Dis. 81:112, 1997. (2) L. Katul et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 123:629, 1993.
Preliminary Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli Causing Fusarium Corm Rot of Saffron in Italy
Authors: Di Primo P. , Cappelli C. 
Published: May 2007

Fusarium corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), incited by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. gladioli, causes severe stigma yield losses in L'Aquila Province in Central Italy. Primary symptoms during flowering (October through November) include basal stem rot, yellowing and wilting of shoots, and corm rot. The rapid spread of the disease is apparently caused only by movement of contaminated and/or infected corms (2,3). Ten isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, obtained from infected saffron crops located in the principal areas of saffron production in L'Aquila Province (2,3), were characterized by vegetative compatibility tests. The isolates were placed into vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) using heterokaryon tests with chlorate-resistant nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Based on complementation among these isolates and with a representative isolate of VCG 0340 (4), the tested isolates were assigned to VCG 0340. The fact that all isolates examined in this study belong to a single VCG supports the hypothesis that a clonal population of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli is spreading in L'Aquila Province in planting stock. In previous studies, only two Italian isolates of the pathogen obtained from Gladiolus were tested for vegetative compatibility, and both were included in VCG 0343 (1,4). Acquisition of further information on a larger number of isolates obtained from other cropping sites and associated with other hosts may result in a better understanding of the origin and spread of the pathogen in Italy, leading to improved strategies for control of Fusarium corm rot of saffron. References: (1) R. P. Baayen et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:887, 1998. (2) C. Cappelli and G. Di Minco. Infitore Fitopatol. 49:27, 1999. (3) C. Cappelli and G. Di Minco. J. Plant Pathol. 80:253, 1998. (4) J. J. Mes et al. Plant Pathol. 43:362, 1994.
First Report of Natural Infection of Greenhouse-Grown Tomato and Weed Species by Pelargonium zonate spot virus in Spain
Authors: Luis-Arteaga M. , Cambra M. A. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants showing severe chlorotic and necrotic ringspots, line patterns on leaves, and concentric chlorotic ringspots on stems and fruits were observed in plastic greenhouse-grown tomato crops cv. Royesta during the spring of 1996 in Zaragoza province, Northeast Spain. Symptoms were similar to those associated with Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV) infection on tomato in Italy (1,2). The causal agent was mechanically transmitted from leaf, fruit, and stem samples to several indicator species. The following host reactions were recorded: chlorotic local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Cucumis sativus, and Cucurbita pepo, and systemic reactions, sometimes associated with localized reactions, on Capsicum annuum ‘Doux des Landes’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glutinosa, N. megalosiphon, N. rustica, N. sylvestris, N. tabacum ‘Paraguay’, ‘Samsun’, and ‘Xanthi nc’, Ocimum basilicum, Petunia hybrida, Physalis floridana, Solanum melongena, and Vigna unguiculata. Symptoms obtained in indicator species were erratic. During the spring of 1999, naturally occurring symptoms appeared again on tomato plants, cultivars Royesta and Bond, growing in greenhouses in the same area. Positive serological reactions with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial PZSV antiserum (Agdia Inc.), developed against an Italian isolate of PZSV, were obtained with extracts from leaves, stems, and fruits of tomato plants naturally infected (1999) and from systemically infected indicator species mechanically inoculated with sap from tomato samples (1996 and 1999). Serological results were confirmed by molecular hybridization analysis using a PZSV-specific riboprobe (D. Gallitelli, personal communication). Some of the weeds growing around the greenhouses (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Diplotaxis erucoides, Picris echioides, and Sonchus oleraceus) also tested positive for PZSV (A405nm values greater than three times that of healthy plants). However, other weed species such as Anacyclus tomentosus, Beta maritima, Cardaria draba, Malva sylvestris, Medicago sp., Polygonum aviculare, Rumex sp., and Sisymbrium irio tested negative, while results from tests on Borago officinalis, Bromus rigidus, and Convolvulus arvensis were inconclusive. Symptoms like those of naturally infected tomato plants were reproduced by mechanically inoculating tomato seedlings with sap from PZSV-infected tobacco (Nicotiana glutinosa and N. tabacum ‘Paraguay’) or from Physalis floridana plants. References: (1) D. Gallitelli. Ann. Appl. Biol. 100:457, 1982. (2) C. Vovlas et al. Inform. Fitopatol. 2:39, 1986.
First Report of Psittacanthus angustifolius on Pines in Mexico and Guatemala
Authors: Mathiasen R. , Parks C. , Beatty J. , Sesnie S. 
Published: May 2007

The mistletoe Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt (Loranthaceae) is a common parasite of pines in Honduras (2). In March we observed this mistletoe parasitizing a pine that Farjon and Styles (1) have classified as Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & J. P. Perry 4 km south of Jitotol, Chiapas, Mexico. The taxonomy of this host in Chiapas is controversial as Perry (3) classifies the Chiapas populations of this pine as Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai Martinez. We also observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa Schiede 4 km north of Jitotol. In addition, we found this mistletoe parasitizing Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore approximately 15 km west of Ocosingo, Chiapas. In Guatemala, we observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa at several locations north and south of La Cumbre, Department Baja Verapaz. This mistletoe appears to be less common in Chiapas and Guatemala than it is in Honduras. We did not observe this mistletoe damaging its pine hosts in Mexico or Guatemala. This is the first report of P. angustifolius in both Mexico and Guatemala and the first report of this mistletoe on Pinus tecunumanii (or Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai). Specimens of P. angustifolius from the above pine hosts have been deposited at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. References: (1) A. Farjon and B. Styles. Pinus (Pinaceae), Flora Neotropica, Monogr. 75, New York Botanical Garden, 1997. (2) Mathiasen et al. Plant Dis. 84:203, 2000. (3) J. Perry. The Pines of Mexico and Central America, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 1991