bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rock Failure Due to Applied Hydraulic Forces
Authors: Sheffield John S. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to investigate rock failure by applied hydraulic forces. This investigation will be approached through a review of basic rock mechanics concepts.
Rock mechanics is the one most important physical consideration from the time a well is spudded until abandonment. Rock mechanics is defined as the area of knowledge which deals with how rocks that comprise the outer part of the earth's crust behave and respond to applied forces. We are interested in three basic modes of rock behavior - failure, failure prevention, and yielding.

Discussion
Rock behavior influences several phases of well life including drilling, completing, and operating. Specifically it influencesformation drillability,lost returns,hole sloughing,hole closure,abnormal pressure,perforating,fracturing,additional recovery injection pressures and pattern efficiency, andsqueeze cementing.
This paper will be limited to rock behavior and response due to applied hydraulic forces. Other important man-induced forces that affect rock behavior are mechanical, such as the drill bit, packer, and fracture proppant, and explosive forces, which include the conventional jet perforating charge, proposed jet drilling charge, and the proposed atomic fracturing charge.
Before we can determine rock behavior due to applied forces, we need to briefly consider in-situ forces and rock properties.

In-Situ Rock Stresses
Materials that make up the earth's crust can behave as an elastic, plastic, or elastic-plastic material depending upon material nature, applied force, and temperature. Materials that have a tendency to behave plastically at low stress levels (depths less than 20,000 feet) are shale and salt and among the materials that normally behave elastically are sandstone and limestone.
Normally, when we study a material, we like to consider it homogeneous and isotropic. The rock that we are concerned with is porous and laminated; therefore, rigorously speaking, the rock in question is neither homogeneous or isotropic since homogeneous and porous are contradictory adjectives and likewise isotropic and laminated are opposites. However, initially in our stress analysis, we will consider the rock to be an elastic, homogeneous, isotropic, porous material.
A New Concept In Offshore Drilling Rig Power Distribution
Authors: Andrus J.L. , Lewis Ronald L. , Anderson Hugh B. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper is to be presented at the Symposium on Offshore Technology and Operations of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME in New Orleans, La., on May 23–24, 1966, and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 3000 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Abstract
A new system of offshore drilling rig power generation and distribution is presented that utilizes gas turbines as prime movers turning alternating current generators paralleled on a single power buss to furnish all rig power. All major drilling components are driven by totally enclosed fan-cooled motors with fluid coupling transmission assemblies utilized to provide speed control. An engineering evaluation and a cost comparison of the AC-turbine system is made with the conventional diesel electric system.

Introduction
The gas turbine recently made its debut, as prime mover, on a land drilling rig. As the turbine rig spudded in, a paramount milestone was achieved in drilling rig power generating and distribution. The compact design, low maintenance, and high dependability of the turbine provide the key to the design of the high performance offshore drilling rigs of tomorrow. The nature of the turbine lends itself to AC(alternating current) power generation bringing a new perspective to rig power distribution.
Tow Tank Test of a Current Velocity Profiler
Authors: Abbott C. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
To measure current speed and direction in a vertical comumn of the ocean, an automatic profiling device has been outfitted with speed sensors to collect data while it automatically glides up and down a remote morring wire. To measure the accuracy of the system, a complete vehicle was first towed in a large fresh-water tank at various speeds and angles of attack. Two speed sensor types, rotor and electromagnetic, were evaluated and the results are presented in this report.
Bridging Effectiveness of Perlite for Light Weight Cements and Lost Circulation
Authors: Hall Don 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The need for light weight cementing aggregate for use in oil well cementing is reviewed and results are presented from laboratory and field tests or perlite-cement slurries. The slurries may be obtained from either high early strength or normal Portland cements by the addition of perlite and bentonitic clay to control the weight and setting of the slurry. Substitution of perlite cement for conventional slow-setting cements may give better completion results because the perlite cementing composition has lower setting strength, lower slurry density and greater slurry stability than conventional cement slurries. With the high bridging effectiveness of perlite-cement containing a percentage of bentonite, it is possible to place longer columns of cement slurries and reduce the possibility of having uncemented sections caused by the settling of cement particles before the cement sets. The perlite cement slurries have resulted in increased penetration while perforating casings without resultant loss of adhesive properties to the casing and formation, and in elimination of shattering of the perlite cement.
Perlite having a proper particle size distribution, when added to a drilling mud stream in proper proportions, effectively combats and prevents many types of lost circulation. Because perlite is of volcanic glass origin, it is chemically inert. Therefore, its presence in the drilling mud does not change the chemical properties of the mud.

Introduction
In the past many wells were completed by the open-hole method and the high strength of cement was of paramount importance. As a result of modern technology, many oil wells are now completed by the setting of casing through the productive horizons and completed by selective perforations.
Oxygen Stripping for Water Flood Corrosion Control
Authors: Finley H.F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The corrosiveness of Lake Maracaibo water can be greatly reduced by removing its dissolved oxygen. A packed deaeration tower for this purpose was built and operated as a part of the Santa Barbara Pilot Water Flood project. The oxygen is stripped with natural gas containing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is absorbed in the process. As the carbon dioxide content of the water increases the pH decreases. Experimentally determined equations are given to show the relations between oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH at various water throughputs and gas-water ratios.
Corrosion rates were determined on both the inlet and outlet sides of the tower. Flanged spools gave average corrosion rates over the time of the test period. Corrosometer probes were placed in different size pipe to determine the effect of water velocity.
The corrosion rates on the outlet side of the tower were only 10 to 15 percent of those on the inlet side. The outlet piping was clean whereas-the inlet piping was heavily scaled with corrosion products. Data are given to show the variation of corrosion rate with dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. The effect or water velocity is discussed.
It is concluded that a deaeration tower is a practical means of reducing the corrosiveness of Lake Maracaibo water.

Introduction
Water flooding has long been recognized as a profitable means of increasing petroleum production. The payout can be especially attractive i those areas such as Lake Maracaibo where there is an abundant supply of water. The reservoirs in this area are large enough to take large volumes of water over long periods of time. This increases return on investment since construction and operating costs per barrel injected are less than for low volume - shortlife floods.
A factor that can markedly reduce the investment return on a long life flood is the expense due to equipment corrosion. The allowable corrosion rates in a 20 year flood are one half those of a 10 year flood. The nature or corrosion is such that the frequency of corrosion failures reaches a maximum in the later life of a flood near its economic limit. Repairs and replacements that would be economically feasible in the first 5 years of a 20-year flood become prohibitive in the last 5 years.
Approaches for Developing and Utilizing New Technologies in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Porter W. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In order to discuss approaches for developing and utilizing new technologies in the petroleum industry, I thought it important to review, at least in part, how the petroleum industry has done it in the past. I must admit up-front to you that my personal sense, coming from the microelectronics field, was that the petroleum industry is less than noted for dramatic or aggressive technological revolution. I was incorrect. My research for this paper has revealed some interesting facts about new technologies and the approaches or circumstances which led to them.
Before focusing on what I believe to be an important, and possibly new, approach for developing and applying new technologies for the petroleum industry, I would like to share some important past examples.
Probably the best example of a successful technology in widespread oil recovery use today is fluid injection or water flooding. This common recovery method has resulted in more barrels of reserves for the United States than any other recovery method. Not surprisingly, it was discovered by accident due to a leak in a makeshift packer in the 1880's. It was illegal in most states until the 1920's and today high-pressure sea water, air and gas systems are in use.
Log Analysis Problems and Solutions in Complex Lithology Reservoirs
Authors: Ruhovets N. , Oliver D. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Advanced analytical methods and formulas have been developed for two- and three-mineral solutions in complex lithology reservoirs. Required logs are density, neutron, acoustic and photoelectric absorption index (PE curve). On the basis of developed mathematical models of complex reservoirs the limitations and maximum possible errors in the determination of porosities and lithological compositions are presented for each method.
Summary of Geologic Framework and Petroleum Potential of the Atlantic Coast
Authors: Maher John C. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
The Atlantic Coastal Plain and Continental Shelf of North America is represented by a belt of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks, 150 to 300 miles wide and 2,400 miles long, extending from southern Florida to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (fig. 1). This belt encompasses an area of about 400,000 to 450,000square miles, more than three-fourths of which is covered to depths of 600 feet by the Atlantic Ocean. The volume of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Continental Shelf exceeds 450,000cubic miles, perhaps by a considerable amount. More than one-half of this is seaward far enough to contain marine source rocks in sufficient proportion to attract exploration for oil. A larger fraction, perhaps three-quarters of the volume, may be of interest in exploration for gas. The Coastal Plain consists of an area of more than 100,000 square miles between the crystalline piedmont of the Appalachian System and mean low-tide from southern Florida to the tip of Long Island plus a few small offshore islands and the Cape Cod Peninsula. The Continental Shelf extends from mean low-tide to the break marking the beginning of the continental rise, which is somewhat less than 600 feet in depth at most places. It is a gently sloping platform, about 350,000 square miles in area, that widens from less than 3 miles off southern Florida to about 285 miles off Newfoundland. The Blake Plateau occupies an area of about 70,000 square miles between the 500-foot and 5,000-foot bottom contours from the Cape Hatteras vicinity to the northernmost bank of the Bahamas. It has a gentle slope with only minor irregularities and scattered patches of Recent sediments. Both gravity and magnetic anomalies along the Atlantic Coast reflect primarily compositional differences at considerable depths in the earth's crust, but are related to some extent to the structure and composition of the Coastal Plain sedimentary rocks and shallow basement. Four alternating belts of predominantly positive and predominantly negative Bouguer gravity anomalies extend diagonally across the region from southwest to northeast (as shown on the Bouguer Anomaly Map of the United States, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1964). These correspond roughly with the continental rise and slope, the Continental Shelf and Coastal Plain, the Appalachian Mountain System front, and the Piedmont Plateau-Blue Ridge-Appalachian Basin region.
Cement Bond Log: Determining Waiting-on-Cement Time
Authors: Jordan M. E. , Shepherd R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A procedure for determining the minimum waiting-on-cement time before running a cement bond log has been developed to minimize idle drilling rig time prior to performing completion operations. The method accounts for both the set properties of cement slurries and the cement bond log tool response function. Using this method, valid cement bond logs have been obtained after waiting-on-cement times of less than 24 hours.
Field Use of Halogen Compounds To Trace Injected CO2
Authors: Craig F. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The source of carbon dioxide (CO2) breakthrough is masked for production wells in the interior of a CO2 miscible flood. An inexpensive, safe, and continuous tracer is desirable to monitor the flood performance.*
Halogen compounds (specifically halocarbon-11, halocarbon-12 and sulfur hexafluoride) have been used successfully to identify the source of produced carbon dioxide in a field-wide miscible flood project.
Field Application of Clean Completion Fluids
Authors: Sollee S. S. , Elson T. D. , Lerma M. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Chevron U.S.A.'s Western Region has recently utilized clean completion fluids in several new wells. This paper describes fluid changeover and monitoring techniques used in these wells. The success of the procedures is supported by fluid analysis (total suspended solids and particle size distribution) and well performance results.
Techniques for changing over from drilling mud to completion brine before perforating will be discussed. In offshore areas, drilling mud is displaced with several hole volumes of seawater followed by a flush containing a surface active agent to remove mud or debris attached to casing or workstring walls. Completion brine is then circulated and filtered until well returns are clear. Onshore, a high viscosity pill is used to displace the drilling mud followed by the surfactant and the filtered completion fluid.
Turbidity of completion fluids has been correlated to total suspended solids (TSS) to allow fluid quality monitoring at the wellsite. TSS has also been measured directly on location. All on-site sampling and monitoring is followed by laboratory analysis which includes determination of particle size distribution. This has allowed evaluation of equipment and techniques used in the changeover programs.
In this study, most of the wells were changed over to completion fluid containing less than 100 mg/l TSS with 90% of the particles smaller than 10 microns. Productivity of these wells has either met or exceeded expectations. Pressure buildup surveys have typically shown no skin damage.
Perforation Performance in the Kuparuk River Field
Authors: Bihn G. C. , Brown S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Tubing conveyed casing guns used for under-balanced perforating of the Kuparuk River sandstone in the CPF-1 area failed to result in improved productivity when compared to casing guns fired in an overbalanced completion system. Observed well productivities were similar regardless of which perforating method was used; this finding is presumably a result of the near-equivalent surge differential existing across the sandface at the time of initial-production. Slightly higher productivities obtained when using casing guns in an overbalanced completion system is explained by possible deviations from reported penetrations of the charges supplied by the perforating companies. A third group, through-tubing guns, yielded slightly lower well productivities when compared with the other perforators investigated.
Most perforating gun performance studies have been evaluated in laboratories under API specifications. This study evaluated the field performance of different guns and perforating techniques in the Kuparuk River Field (CPF-1 area). Actual pressure transient analyses from over 50 wells were used for the comparison.
Numerical Simulation of MWD Pressure Pulse Transmission
Authors: Chen S. J. , Aumann J. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Dynamic hydraulic pressure pulse transmission is currently used by many Measurement While Drilling telemetry systems. A theoretical model which simulates this pulse is required to develop high data rate communications systems. In this paper, a numerical solution of the equations that govern unsteady fluid flow is developed. The boundary conditions are adjusted for the surface and downhole equipment. The program outputs pressure and flow pulse predictions at any point of interest. Finally, calculated results are compared to experimental data and exhibit good correlation.
Development of a Surface Drillstring Vibration Measurement System
Authors: Besaisow A. A. , Jan Y. M. , Schuh F. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the phase I development of an Advanced Drillstring Analysis and Measurement System (ADAMS). The system analyzes axial, torsional and lateral surface response of drillstrings to detect various drilling phenomena. This capability will be used to reduce drillstring failures and improve drilling efficiency. Of particular importance, is the ability to detect casing/ drillstring interaction, general tubular failures and formation properties. Detection of these properties will be investigated using mechanical wave information available at the surface.
The system was successful in detecting and analyzing various drillstring phenomena in a shallow test well and in a 2300' well at Rockwall, Texas. The phenomena detected using surface wave information included drillstring/casing interaction, downhole vibration phenomena, downhole motor RFM, and stuck pipe location. Also, overall vibration signatures changed when different formations were being drilled. Further study in deeper wells is needed to determine whether this system will accomplish its objectives at required depths.
The Oil and Gas Resource Potential and Economics of the Gulf Shelf and Slope
Authors: Vidas E. H. , Manger K. C. , Woods T. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the remaining new field oil and gas resource potential and economics of the western and central Gulf of Mexico shelf and slope. The study area is divided into four water depth intervals; 0–40 meters, 40–200 meters, 200–1000 meters and 1000–2000 meters. Resource base estimates for the two shelf intervals are developed using a statistical curve fitting technique relying on field-by-field discovery data through 1980. The resource base estimates for the two slope intervals are developed by analogy to more explored areas. The discovery process is modeled for each water depth interval using a modified Arps Roberts equation. This equation describes the expected number of fields in each of 20 size classes that will be discovered per unit of exploration (e.g., 100 wildcat wells).
Detailed cost estimates are developed for exploration and production wells, production platforms, processing equipment, etc. The threshold oil and gas prices needed to make field development economic are presented for oil and gas fields in various size classes for each of the water depth intervals. The current and near term economics of exploration and development are shown for each water depth interval. Also the total ultimate recovery from new oil and gas fields that could be added at various future price levels are presented.
Expanding Recoverable Reserves Through Refracturing
Authors: Conway M. W. , McMechan D. E. , McGowen J. M. , Brown D. , Chisholm P. T. , Venditto J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
With the current unfavorable economic climate caused by uncertain oil prices and a curtailed gas market, restimulation of existing wells to increase production rates and/or economically recoverable reserves has become an alternative to exploration or drilling development wells. Production increases realized from refracturing in several areas have demonstrated that recompletion of certain wells can be one of the best investment opportunities available.
Developments in fracturing technology and interpretation have increased the potential for successful restimulation in an increased number of wells. Because of recent advances in fracturing technology employing more efficient fluids capable of transporting high sand concentrations and modified surface equipment, treatments can be performed that were previously not possible.
Case histories of two oil reservoirs giving the sizes of the initial fracturing treatment and refracturing treatment plus production after each, are presented. Unfortunately, very little information on gas wells is available because of the current economic climate.
Fracture Stimulation Design and Evaluation
Authors: Warembourg P. A. , Klingensmith E. A. , Hodges J. E. , Erdle J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Stimulation treatments have been difficult to design and evaluate because of the numerous variables involved. A successful treatment has too long been defined as "one where the treatment was pumped without problems." A successful treatment should be defined as "one that provides the production predicted by the design process."
The conditions associated with stimulation results and a method to design an optimum treatment with more accurate, predicted results are presented. The method combines both old and new technology associated with well performance testing (pressure transient testing and production systems analysis), pump-in tests to obtain certain critical variables in situ, and compilation of the obtained data to design an economically optimum stimulation that will provide predicted results. The method is used to optimize the design prior to spending any money for stimulation treatments. This optimization allows important economic decisions to be made and a treatment design that is based on those economics. The method also allows the evaluation of post-treatment results.