bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data-Based Interval Throwing Programs for Baseball Players
Authors: Axe Michael , Hurd Wendy , Snyder-Mackler Lynn 
Published: March 2009

Context: Baseball throwing injuries are common. Emphasis on injury prevention and rehabilitation is made in an attempt to keep athletes on the field of competition. Interval throwing programs are an integral part of training, conditioning, and returning an injured baseball player to the game. Evidence Acquisition: Development of data-driven programs was based on the number, type, distance, and intensity of throws during games, across the spectrum of ages and positions for baseball athletes at all levels of play. Statistical analysis by age, position, and level of play determined the need for separate throwing programs. Means, the high range, game rules, and practical considerations were used to develop each data-based interval throwing program. Results: Data-based age and level-of-play interval throwing programs for pitchers, catchers, infielders, and outfielders have been developed, tested, and implemented for more than 10 years. Progression is based on type and location of injury, symptoms in response to throwing, and preinjury performance profile. Although the throwing programs are highly structured, there is ample opportunity to modify them to meet the needs of individual athletes. Conclusion: Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball athletes are an integral training and conditioning element for both injured and uninjured athletes who are preparing for sports participation. Medical team members should equip themselves with an understanding of how to use the programs for safe training, conditioning, and return to play.
Unique Molecular Arrangement in Semiconducting Layer and FET Characteristics of Thin Film Transistors Based on 2,6-Dialkylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophenes (Cn-BDSs)
Authors: Shinamura Shoji , Kashiki Tomoya , Izawa Takafumi , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
2,6-Dialkylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophenes developed as soluble organic semiconductors gave a unique molecular arrangement in bulk single crystals, where π-stacking dimeric pairs and monomeric molecules are arranged in a similar manner to herringbone packing. Such unique structure was preserved in thin films on Si/SiO2 substrate, and the thin films fabricated by solution- or vapor-deposition acted as an active channel of field-effect transistors with mobility up to 8.4×10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for solution- and 2.3×10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1 for vapor-processed devices, respectively.
Periodic DFT Calculation of the Energy of Ammonia Adsorption on Zeolite Brønsted Acid Sites to Support the Ammonia IRMS–TPD Experiment
Authors: Suzuki Katsuki , Sastre German , Katada Naonobu , Niwa Miki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Periodic DFT calculation supports quantitatively the energy of ammonia adsorption on zeolite Brønsted acid sites, which was measured by ammonia IRMS–TPD experiment as an index of the acid strength.
Frequent Expression of CD99 in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Buxton Daniel , Bacchi Carlos E. , Gualco Gabriela , Weiss Lawrence M. , Zuppan Craig W. , Rowsell Edward H. , Huang Qin , Wang Jun 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Originally described as a diagnostically useful marker for Ewing sarcoma, CD99 immunoreactivity has also been documented in a variety of other tumors, including hematopoietic neoplasms. By using conventional paraffin immunoperoxidase staining and tissue microarrays, we retrospectively investigated CD99 expression in a series of 160 anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cases. Of the 160 cases, 103 (64.4%) were positive for CD99. The distribution of CD99 positivity was similar for nodal (66/103 [64.1%]), extranodal, (21/32 [66%]), and primary cutaneous lesions (16/25 [64%]). CD99 expression was present in 96 (64.4%) of 149 of the common type, 4 (80%) of 5 of the small cell variant, and 3 (50%) of 6 of the lymphohistiocytic variant cases. CD99 expression was slightly more frequent in anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ cases compared with ALK– cases (43/54 [80%] vs 44/81 [54%]). With 2 exceptions, ALK+ ALCL was seen only in patients younger than 41 years. We conclude that CD99 is frequently expressed in ALCL, with a slightly increased frequency in the younger age ALK+ cases. Nodal and extranodal ALCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a CD99+ neoplasm is encountered.
Chiral π-conjugated organoboron polymers
Authors: Matsumoto Fukashi , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A novel π-conjugated organoboron polymer with a chiral side chain was prepared by way of hydroboration polymerization between an optically active diyne monomer and triisopropylphenylborane. The achiral analog of this organoboron polymer was also prepared as reference material. Optical properties and optical activity were investigated by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Concentration dependence and the influence of solvent effects upon chiroptical activity are described.
Experimental Technique for Heat Transfer Measurements on Fast Moving Sprayed Surfaces
Authors: Pohanka M. , Bellerova H. , Raudensky M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
An experimental technique for the measurements of heat transfer distribution at spray cooled surfaces is described. The measurements were done at moving surfaces up to a velocity of 12 m/s. The samples of different cross sections (flat, profile, rail, etc.) can move linearly. Different approaches are used for the measurements of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) distribution or heat flux distribution at rotating cylindrical body. An inverse task for the computation of surface temperature, HTC, and heat flux distribution obtained from the measurements conducted for internal transient temperature is described. The paper describes necessary demands on experiment configuration and temperature measurements when studying highly transient processes (fast moving objects under spraying nozzles or high circumferential velocities of rotating surface). The results of HTC distribution for spray cooling are shown and are compared to water impingement density. Influence of water impingement density, water pressure, spray configuration, and surface velocity is studied. Examples for water nozzles and for mist nozzles (water-air) are given. Emulsions and oils are beneficial for some industrial applications of spray cooling. The cooling experiments performed with these liquids provide information about decrease of cooling intensity even for a low concentration of the oils in water. The results comparing the cooling properties of these liquids and their comparison to water are presented.
Testing for Wind Forces on Mobile Homes
Authors: Harris RB 
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on a series of wind tunnel tests conducted in 1961 at The University of Michigan using models of mobile homes. The objective of the research was to develop an understanding of the magnitude of wind forces on mobile homes and to make recommendations for securing these units against high winds. The paper reviews these tests and recommendations and suggests further full-scale evaluations which could lead to increased economy in anchoring mobile home units, increased reliability of the anchoring system, and greater safety assurance.
The research resulted in sets of manometer readings which were reduced by computer to obtain characteristic lift and drag coefficients caused by winds acting on the unit from eight directions. Anchorage requirements were computed and a recommended wind velocity-anchorage curve was developed. Nomographs were prepared relating anchorage requirements and soil conditions.
Subsequent analysis of the data in 1975 showed that the 1961 results may be applied to current mobile home units without serious error.
The paper concludes with a discussion of major considerations for a full-scale testing program to verify the results and recommendations from the wind tunnel tests.
Practical Experiences of the Handling and Disposal of Water-in-Oil Emulsions
Authors: Holmes PD 
Published: March 2009

The problems associated with the disposal of oils recovered from accidental spillage are rarely appreciated fully until they are encountered in realistic practical situations. This paper draws on the world-wide experiences of teams handling the problems in the field and utilizes several spill incidents to illustrate the range of problems and some of their solutions.
The physical changes leading to handling problems are defined and consideration is given to the mechanism, the variability of the problem, and the fundamental factors (temperature, crude source, energy input, etc.) which lead to difficult handling situations, for example, the pumpability of water-in-oil emulsions. The resulting loss of equipment efficiency often requires a compromise to be made and a decision commensurate with existing circumstances.
Examination of schemes for handling, treating, and recovery of emulsified oils in an oil refinery complex leads to the conclusion that there are no universal standardized procedures, and the treatment of such materials requires a unique solution for their satisfactory disposal at each location.
A Tentative Seven-Day Test for Predicting Effects of Stress on Populations of Daphnia pulex
Authors: Geiger JG , Buikema AL , Cairns J 
Published: March 2009

Both acute and chronic effects of water-soluble fractions of several hydrocarbon compounds and a simulated refinery effluent (SRE) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The 48-h LC50 values (as percent water-soluble fractions) for creosote, No. 2 fuel oil, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were 2.9, 34.1, 57.5, and 100 percent, respectively. For the SRE, the 48-h LC50 was 0.03 times the formulation. For all the chronic studies, young Daphnia were exposed to sublethal concentrations corresponding to the calculated LC20 and LC30 values. Of the seven biological parameters measured, each compound had its greatest effect on the growth rate and number of live young produced. The effects of creosote and phenanthrene were the most dramatic.
These data and other available chronic data indicate that 21-day Daphnia reproductive impairment tests were reasonable predictors when compared with life history data. However, our studies with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were only 56 percent predictive of the long-term effects. Analysis of our data and that from the literature suggests that the length of preadult Daphnia after 7 days of exposure to stress conditions can be used to predict chronic effects with the same degree of accuracy as the 21-day test.
A Laboratory Test for Assessing Impacts of Substances on Developing Communities of Benthic Estuarine Organisms
Authors: Hansen DJ , Tagatz ME 
Published: March 2009

The effect of substances on the development of estuarine communities was assessed by comparing the numbers, species, and phyla of benthic animals that grew from planktonic larvae in an uncontaminated apparatus and in three identical apparatuses continuously contaminated (each with a different concentration) for 2 to 4 months. Each apparatus was separated into ten sand-filled compartments (40 total) and received a continuous flow of seawater containing natural plankton. We conducted six experiments, using Aroclor 1254, toxaphene, pentachlorophenol, Dowicide G-ST, barite, and a lignosulfonate drilling mud.
The communities that developed during each test were diverse, averaging more than 4000 individuals, 50 species, and 7 phyla. Comparison of the results of these tests with results of acute and chronic exposures of single species demonstrates that: (a) the test can be as sensitive or more sensitive than chronic exposures of single species because the often more sensitive early developmental stages are exposed; and (b) the species typically impacted are representatives of phyla that are also sensitive in single-species tests. Also, the test may identify sensitive species not normally tested, thereby helping us to select species for additional toxicity tests. The test can also assess impacts of substances that affect community structure by physically altering the substrate.
An Evaluation of Using Partition Coefficients and Water Solubility to Estimate Bioconcentration Factors for Organic Chemicals in Fish
Authors: Veith GD , Macek KJ , Petrocelli SR , Carroll J 
Published: March 2009

Bioconcentration factors (BCF), water solubilities, and n-octanol-water partition coefficients are presented for 28 organic chemicals. The chemicals studied were of low to moderate lipid solubility, with bioconcentration factors ranging from 2 to 3400. The equation log BCF = 0.76 log P − 0.23 is proposed for estimating the bioconcentration factor from the partition coefficient.
The cost-effectiveness of measuring and estimating the partition coefficient and water solubility of organic chemicals is also discussed. The cost of measuring these two parameters was approximately $1000. Partition coefficients calculated from data in the literature at a cost of $2.00 per chemical differed from the measured values by only 7.2 percent. The water solubilities calculated from the partition coefficient differed from the measured solubilities by 17.2 percent for those chemicals with a partition coefficient greater than 100.
The PCB Monitoring Program in Wisconsin—Surveillance Strategy and Use of Data
Authors: Sheffy TB 
Published: March 2009

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has tested more than 2500 samples for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since 1970. What began as a troubleshooting, problem-oriented program has evolved into a statewide surveillance program designed to screen large geographic areas and to concentrate on local problem areas. The screening approach utilizes carp as an indicator species, while local problem areas are assessed using a wide range of fish species, as well as river sediment samples, to locate PCB point sources.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides it annual testing data to the Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, which in turn reviews the data and makes a public health recommendation concerning the consumption of fish containing PCBs. Currently, five locations in Wisconsin are affected by a consumption advisory: Lake Pepin (Mississippi River), Lake Michigan (including the bay of Green Bay), the lower Fox River, the upper Fox River, and the Sheboygan River. Various species of PCBs have been identified in fish from these areas. A knowledge of the industrial application of various species of PCB compared with existing industries in a PCB problem area can sometimes be used to locate the sources of these contaminants. The department also provides its annual data to sport and commercial fishermen to assist them in harvesting fish that are low in PCBs.
Effects of Abrupt Sublethal Gradients of Ammonium Chloride on the Activity Level, Turning, and Preference-Avoidance Behavior of Bluegills
Authors: Lubinski KS , Dickson KL , Cairns J 
Published: March 2009

The primary purpose of this research was to advance our present understanding of the behavioral responses of fish to toxicant gradients. The swimming patterns of individual bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, were monitored for 5 h before and after exposure to either of two sublethal gradients of ammonium chloride. The exposure took place in a laminar-flow tank, which produced an abrupt toxicant gradient across the middle of a square observation area. Fish behavior was quantified using a television-computer monitor that (a) recorded the position of the fish as a pair of coordinates at 4-s intervals and (b) calculated behavioral parameters from the coordinates at 10-min intervals. The parameter used to measure the activity level of the fish was the distance traveled during each 10-min period. The turning behavior of each fish was assessed by defining each movement as a right or left turn, a straight path, or a reversal, and by storing the angular size of each turn. Spatial selection was measured by analyzing the time spent by each fish in each side of the tank or by counting the number of coordinates recorded in each of three lateral tank areas.
Nominal ammonium chloride gradients of 0.5 mg of ammonia-nitrogen per litre (approximately 4.0 µg/litre of unionized ammonia) produced (a) a temporary exploratory response in which the fish positioned themselves in or near the gradient, (b) a slight increase in activity, and (c) a slight increase in turn sizes. Higher concentration gradients of 5.0 mg of ammonia-nitrogen per litre (approximately 40 µg/litre of unionized ammonia) usually produced a brief drop in activity followed by variable preference-avoidance responses, which were probably related to the amount of physiological stress incurred by each fish. The behavioral data obtained from both exposed and control fish were characterized by a high degree of variability, making statistical hypothesis testing difficult. However, the overall results of these experiments demonstrated that this methodology should prove useful both by hastening the incorporation of behavioral data into water quality criteria and by allowing more detailed analyses of preference-avoidance responses.
Significance of Crack Arrest Toughness (KIa) Testing
Authors: Crosley PB , Ripling EJ 
Published: March 2009

The statically calculated value of crack arrest toughness, KIa, is shown to be specimen-insensitive. The values of KIa fall within the same scatterband when the quantity is measured with tapered double cantilever beam (T-DCB) specimens, single-edge notched specimens, or modified compact specimens.
The large amount of data collected from the ASTM Cooperative Test Program made it possible to statistically describe the dependence of KIa on crack jump length and KQ In a collection of data in which both KQ and KIa scatter, KIa will decrease in systematic fashion with increased crack jump length, and decreasing KQ, because of an ordering of the scattered data. This trend was found in the cooperative program data.
Probably the most unequivocal method to determine the invariance of KIa is to examine it as a function of KQ. Thirty-five data points obtained by 12 different laboratories on two different types of compact specimens were available at the time this report was written. The standard deviation in KIa was less than 10 percent even though KQ varied by a factor of almost 2.5 to 1.
Measurements of crack velocity and strains on T-DCB specimens justified the use of a static analysis for calculating KIa. Most of the time required for a run-arrest segment of crack extension is used in slowly decelerating the crack toward zero velocity. The strain measurements during this decelerating period are close to statically calculated values.
The Reference Stress Intensity Factor, KIR, is conservative relative to KIa for SA533B Grade 1 steel at temperatures near and below the reference nil-ductility temperature (RTNDT). At mildly elevated temperatures, the curve appears to be nonconservative.
An Analysis of the Dynamic Propagation of Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Circumferential Cracks in Pressurized Pipes
Authors: Emery AF , Kobayashi AS , Love WJ , Neighbors PK 
Published: March 2009

The dynamic motion of a circumferential through-crack in an axially stressed pipe was examined with a finite-difference shell code to determine the crack opening shapes and speed of extension of elastic-plastic crack propagation. Calculations were also performed with an additional hoop stress to examine the effect of earlier plastic deformation due to a biaxial stress state.
The results were compared with those obtained for elastic propagation of the circumferential crack and those obtained in a study of pressure-driven axially oriented cracks. As previously noted, in the study of the elastic fracture, the crack characteristics are primarily functions of the ratio of the dynamic crack intensity factor developed for a crack of fixed length to the crack initiation stress-intensity factor, KIQ. Elastic-plastic circumferential cracks propagate slower than their elastic counterparts but substantially faster than comparably loaded axial cracks. Although slower moving, the crack openings are much larger. No effect of shell thickness was noted, and no edge flaps were found to exist.
Improved Test Methods for Determining Corrosion Inhibition by Calcium Nitrite in Concrete
Authors: Gaidis JM , Rosenberg AM , Saleh I 
Published: March 2009

The use of open-circuit potential measurements for determining the extent of corrosion suffers from the inability to assign a corrosion rating with confidence to an observed voltage taken at a given location on a given substrate. We have attacked the problem by using a microprocessor to accumulate multiple readings on a given deck. The solid-state electronics reads, converts, and stores the data faster and with more reliability than is possible with completely manual operation.
One problem in field applications is attachment to the rebar mat in order to measure the voltage. We report the usefulness of a two-probe method, which can be used without connecting to the metal framework of the bridge. An area large enough to contain active and passive regions must be surveyed.
A new series of reinforced concrete decks has been cast with and without calcium nitrite inhibitor to confirm earlier findings that corrosion can be controlled at an addition rate of 2 percent by weight of cement. Also, the results from the construction of the first highway bridge built with calcium nitrite are reported here.