bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Component Durability and High Mileage Performance of a Full Carboxylate Coolant in Heavy Duty Diesel (HDD) Engines
Authors: Fritz Paul O. , Bartley Leonard S. , Pellet Regis , Moser Virginia , Ulabarro Carmen 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Performance of a full carboxylate coolant has been demonstrated in engine bench cavitation testing, fleet testing, and post fleet testing coolant corrosion tests. Performance in the proposed ASTM “Heavy Duty Cavitation Test” was established and found to satisfactorily exceed performance limits. Fleet testing of a full carboxylate coolant technology in Class 8 trucks, using Caterpillar C-12 engines demonstrated minimal inhibitor depletion to 400 000 miles under controlled zero coolant top-off conditions with no refortification. In a second fleet, vehicles accumulated high mileages under real world conditions. In this test, Caterpillar 3406E engines were torn down and inspected demonstrating extended corrosion protection and superior component durability to beyond 700 000 miles, without the addition of supplemental coolant additives or extenders. Coolants from these vehicles were removed and tested in the laboratory to verify their extended life properties.
Internal Probe to Detect Defects from Cascades—In-situ Ion Irradiation Experiments Revisited
Authors: Ishino Shiori , Sekimura Naoto , Abe Hiroaki 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Our understanding of the evolution of extended defects during irradiation has progressed considerably since 1990 following the proposal of production bias by Bachu Singh and C. H. Woo. One of the important phenomena underlying this concept is that self-interstitials and interstitial clusters can migrate a long distance via one-dimensional motion. There have been a number of indirect experimental evidences supporting this mode of migration. However, the direct evidence has not necessarily been sufficient. In this paper, we revisit our former experimental results of in-situ observation of ion irradiation damage from the stand point of an internal probe for detecting point defect fluxes in an irradiation environment or those coming from nearby cascades. Surfaces, giving rise to specimen size effects, preexisting dislocations, intentionally preintroduced vacancy loops with stacking fault, irradiation induced vacancy clusters and loops, precipitates and precipitate-matrix interfaces, etc., are utilized to monitor the influx of point defects, particularly those of interstitials nature. Some of the reanalysis of the former results will be presented.
Fundamental Frequency Testing of Segmental Retaining Wall (SRW) Specimens: Test Considerations
Authors: Chan Cesar , Carino Stephen , Durham Michael , Hover Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
As part of a larger investigation on freeze-thaw durability of masonry segmental retaining wall (SRW) units, specimens of various geometries were extensively evaluated for their resonant frequency prior to freeze-thaw exposure. These pretest trials were conducted to assess the applicability of the impact resonance method on these specimens, to identify factors affecting test result interpretation, and to obtain initial values for future comparison with values after freeze-thaw cycling. The importance of correctly identifying resonant frequencies corresponding to different modes of vibration of the specimen is highlighted, and methods to achieve this in the laboratory are discussed. The effects of specimen moisture content variations, temperature, and sampling parameters on resonant frequency are also presented.
Investigation of Radiation Transport Modeling Trends in the WSMR Fast Burst Reactor Environments
Authors: Sparks M. H. , Sallee W. W. , Flanders T. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Radiation transport calculations provide the backbone for the spectrum characterization used to support experimenters at research reactors. The radiation transport calculations provide a priori neutron spectra used in least squares spectrum adjustment. In addition, calculations are often the sole source of baseline neutron spectra data when an experimental test object substantially perturbs the free-field spectrum. It is crucial that analysts provide high fidelity uncertainty quantification for the spectrum calculations. This is an investigation of systematic trends as the distance to the source is varied in calculated spectra at a fast burst facility. A comparison of ratios is designed to highlight trends in the C/E ratios that may shed light on deficiencies in the transport cross sections or sensitivities to the details of the facility modeling. Initial comparisons of the latest IRDF-2002 [1] dosimetry cross section library to the SNL RML [2] cross section library have been made and are discussed.
Towards Crack Arrest Testing Using Miniature Specimens
Authors: Scibetta M. , Link R. , Schuurmans J. , Lucon E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Crack arrest is an important concept that can be useful to guarantee the safety of reactor pressure vessels. In case of a pressurized thermal shock, a postulated crack can initiate and arrest due to a decrease in driving force combined with an increase in material toughness due to the thermal and neutron embrittlement gradient along the thickness. Due to the size of the specimen and the difficulty in obtaining valid results according to the ASTM E1221-06 standard, “Standard Test Method for Determining Plane-Strain Crack-Arrest Fracture Toughness, KIa, of Ferritic Steels,” current efforts to develop this technique for irradiated materials are very limited. However, advances in dynamic fracture modeling and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics open the possibility of using miniature crack arrest specimens. We have developed a stiff setup to perform crack arrest tests on precracked Charpy (PCCv) specimens. Different strategies were evaluated to provide enough reduction in driving force to produce arrest. Special attention is given to the starter notch and different starter notch preparations are investigated: precracking, chevron, and brittle weld. Testing configurations were found that guarantee crack arrest with sufficient remaining ligament. The dynamic loading condition is investigated experimentally using strain gauges. Finite element calculations of an arresting crack are also performed in order to provide more insight of the loading after the crack arrest event. Although it is not yet possible to derive the arrest fracture toughness from the PCCv testing, results are encouraging and open new perspectives in the field of crack arrest determination.
Evaluation of Hydride Reorientation Behavior and Mechanical Properties for High-Burnup Fuel-Cladding Tubes in Interim Dry Storage
Authors: Aomi Masaki , Baba Toshikazu , Miyashita Toshiyasu , Kamimura Katsuichiro , Yasuda Takayoshi , Shinohara Yasunari , Takeda Toru 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The hydride stress reorientation behavior and the mechanical properties of irradiated cladding tubes were investigated to evaluate the high-burnup fuel-cladding tube properties in interim dry storage. As for the boiling water reactor (BWR) Zircaloy-2 (Zry-2) cladding, the hydride reorientation to the radial direction occurred at relatively low hoop stresses during the hydride reorientation treatment (HRT), such as less than 70 MPa. The increase of reorientation with hoop stress was not monotonic for the specimens in which a part of the hydrides remained precipitated at the HRT temperature, such as the case for 50GWd/t type cladding at a 300°C HRT. The degree of reorientation depended on the HRT solution temperature rather than on the estimated temperature at which the hydride precipitation occurred under the relatively moderate HRT conditions. In the relatively low cooling rate HRT, the hydride preferential precipitation in the Zr liner increased for Zr lined cladding compared to that in a relatively high cooling rate. The ductility of the specimens after the 300°C HRT showed relatively good correlation to the Polymax index which reflects the length or continuity of the hydrides regardless of their orientation. The ductility of the specimens after the 400°C, 0 MPa, 30°C/h HRT increased in ring compression testing at room temperature compared to no HRT (as-irradiated) specimens, and it indicated recovery of irradiation damage occurred at the 400°C annealing temperature and affected the ductility of the irradiated Zry-2 cladding. As for the pressurized water reactor Zircaloy-4 cladding, little increase in the radial hydride ratio occurred in a 100 MPa, 340°C or less HRT. On the other hand, the amount and the length of the hydride in the midwall area of the cladding depended on the temperature and the cooling rate from the HRT due to hydrogen migration from the hydride rim area. It is deduced that the ductility in ring compression deformation was affected by the orientation, amount, and length of hydride in the midwall area.
Comparison of the Temperature and Pre-Aging Influences on the Low Cycle Fatigue and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Behavior of Copper Alloys (CuCoBe/CuCo2Be)
Authors: Koeberl H. , Winter G. , Leitner H. , Eichlseder W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Typically thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loaded components in power plants and steel works are made of copper alloys and are used in different applications (e.g. cooling systems in continuous casting, transformers). So a careful analysis and comparison of the experimental results and microstructure of thermo-mechanical loaded copper components, which are based on a systematic variation of the relevant influence factors, have been conducted to develop empirical models for computing the fatigue life. At specific low cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermo-mechanical fatigue test series on the copper alloys CuCoBe and CuCo2Be, the influence of pre-aging and temperature were investigated by means of the cyclic deformation and lifetime behavior. Based on stress-strain loops from LCF tests at different temperatures and aging conditions a non-linear combined material model was adopted to describe the cyclic deformation behavior. The simulated loading parameters of stress and strain were the basis for the subsequent lifetime simulation. A new energy based damage parameter for copper alloys has been developed to fulfill the requirements of lifetime simulation.
Influence of the Peening Intensity on the Fatigue Behavior of Shot Peened Titanium Components
Authors: Leitner H. , Oberwinkler B. , Gaenser H.-P. , Stoschka M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Although mechanical surface treatments are commonly used in engineering practice for their beneficial effect on fatigue life, little quantitative data are available from published literature. This paper presents the first results of a long-term research program that aims to develop quantitative design guidelines for the influence of mechanical surface treatments on the fatigue life of structural lightweight components. To gain a detailed understanding of the effects of mechanical surface treatments on surface roughness, residual stress distribution, and resulting fatigue strength, extensive experimental work as well as accompanying fracture analyses have been performed. Four-point rotating bending tests and alternating torsional tests were performed on a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Both smooth and notched specimen geometries were investigated. The heat-treated and machined specimens were subjected to a shot peening process with varying shot intensities within the recommendations of the MIL-S-13165C and MIL-P-81985 specifications. It was observed that shot peening can result in both an improvement as well as a deterioration in fatigue strength, depending on the shot peening intensity and the type of loading. For the assessment of the fatigue failure mechanisms, detailed investigations of the surface layer were included in the research program.
Effects of Contamination on Aerospace Hydraulic Component and System Performance
Authors: Snyder Carl Ed , Gschwender Lois J. , Sharma Shashi K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Most papers concerning hydraulic systems contamination cover primarily the adverse effects of particulate contamination on hydraulic component and system performance. While that is a valid concern, the effects of other contaminants can also be serious. This paper concentrates on the adverse effects of water, free air, and chemical contaminants on military aerospace hydraulic component and systems performance. The hydraulic fluids used in the military aerospace systems are both the mineral oil-based MIL-PRF-5606 [1] and the synthetic hydrocarbon-based fire resistant hydraulic fluids MIL-PRF-83282 [2], and MIL-PRF-87257 [3]. Examples will be provided where each of the contaminants were responsible for some adverse effect and the recommended solution for the problems will be provided. Some of the problems encountered were stuck valves, spongy controls, “burnt” hydraulic fluid, and erratic actuator performance. The methodology used to identify the source of the problem will be presented. Based on the problems found, limits for these contaminants were recommended and, when followed, solved the problems for the aircraft involved. The major significance of this paper is to enlighten the aerospace hydraulic system community to the potential problems caused by contamination other than particulate contamination and to suggest solutions for these problems.
Study of Weatherability of Construction Sealants with Novel Testing Method
Authors: Enomoto Noriyoshi , Ito Akihiko , Shimizu Ichirou , Matsumura Takashi , Takane Yoshimitsu , Tanaka Kyoji 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Although construction sealants are used for all kinds of construction joints such as static joints with little movement, dynamic joints with thermal or seismically induced movement, and so on, the general test methods employed in the evaluation of the weatherability of construction joint are based on weathering test without movement. In November of 2000, AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan) established a subcommittee chartered with developing an accelerated weathering test method, which enables the determination of the durability of waterproofing materials and sealants. In this activity, we evaluated the weatherability of sealants with a new test method using newly developed test specimens, which enable exposing the cured sealants to compression and extension at the same time in a single test specimen. In this paper, we report the interim test results, which cover twelve months of natural weathering and 3500 hours artificial weathering with xenon lamp and carbon flame weathering device. In this evaluation, we confirm that the surface degradation of sealants is accelerated by the additional movement cycles, and the differences in the degradation among the sealants are becoming observable.
Proposed Design and Method for Providing Sealed Joint Performance under Relative Story Displacement
Authors: Miyauchi Hiroyuki , Tanaka Kyoji 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The fatigue resistance of sealed joints to relative story displacement movements caused by earthquakes was studied experimentally and analytically, and the new joint design method was proposed, providing adequate sealed joint performance over the joint’s service life. First, the story drift R of a curtain wall panel and the number of movement cycles of relative story displacement at a sealed joint over its service life were investigated using earthquake data of the Japan Meteorological Agency. The results indicate that the number of cyclic movements at a sealed joint over its service life is inversely proportional to the story drift of the adjacent curtain wall panels. In regions where earthquakes are numerous, R=1/300 cyclic movements of the total length of the curtain wall panel occur several thousand times over a period of 75 years, while R=1/100 cyclic movements occur only several tens of times. Second, the three criteria required to create a joint design method were investigated, i.e., type of sealant, effect of cross-sectional size and shape of the sealed joint, and fatigue resistance of the sealant at intersectional zones of sealed joints to the sliding and rocking motions of curtain wall panels. It was obvious that the fatigue resistance of sealed joints was lower in the intersectional area than in the linear sections of the joints, and was lowest in the event of the same movement occurring in both vertical and horizontal joints. The fatigue resistance of a sealant at the intersection of sealed joints is not sufficient to attain the targeted service life and the fatigue resistance of this area of the sealed joint must be improved by applying larger curvature radii at the corner of the curtain wall panel. Finally, the new joint design process for the linear section and the intersection of the sealed joints to relative story displacement movements was developed based on the experimental data. Further, we proposed the methodology to estimate the expected service life of a sealed joint.
Olfactory Sensitivity of Pacific Lampreys to Lamprey Bile Acids
Authors: Robinson T. Craig , Sorensen Peter W. , Bayer Jennifer M. , Seelye James G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPacific lampreysLampetra tridentataare in decline throughout much of their historical range in the Columbia River basin. In support of restoration efforts, we tested whether larval and adult lamprey bile acids serve as migratory and spawning pheromones in adult Pacific lampreys, as they do in sea lampreysPetromyzon marinus. The olfactory sensitivity of adult Pacific lampreys to lamprey bile acids was measured by electro‐olfactogram recording from the time of their capture in the spring until their spawning in June of the following year. As controls, we tested L‐arginine and a non‐lamprey bile acid, taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate (TLS). Migrating adult Pacific lampreys were highly sensitive to petromyzonol sulfate (a component of the sea lamprey migratory pheromone) and 3‐keto petromyzonol sulfate (a component of the sea lamprey sex pheromone) when first captured. This sensitivity persisted throughout their long migratory and overwinter holding period before declining to nearly unmeasurable levels by the time of spawning. The absolute magnitudes of adult Pacific lamprey responses to lamprey bile acids were smaller than those of the sea lamprey, and unlike the sea lamprey, the Pacific lamprey did not appear to detect TLS. No sexual dimorphism was noted in olfactory sensitivity. Thus, Pacific lampreys are broadly similar to sea lampreys in showing sensitivity to the major lamprey bile acids but apparently differ in having a longer period of sensitivity to those acids. The potential utility of bile acid‐like pheromones in the restoration of Pacific lampreys warrants their further investigation in this species.
Comparison of the guaranteed analysis with the measured nutrient composition of commercial pet foods
Authors: Hill Richard C. , Choate Christina J. , Scott Karen C. , Molenberghs Geert 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare guaranteed and measured concentrations of nutrients in commercial pet foods.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—Annual inspection reports of pet food analyses from 5 states.
Procedures—Guaranteed and measured concentrations of crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fiber (CFb), moisture, and ash in pet foods were compared. The concentration difference for each nutrient was compared among types of food, target species, target life stages, manufacturers, and laboratories.
Results—The guaranteed and measured concentrations of nutrients were significantly different. For all foods, mean concentration differences were as follows: CP, 1.5%; CF, 1.0%; CFb, −0.7%; moisture, −4.0%; and ash, −0.5%. Crude protein difference for treats was significantly larger than differences for dry and canned foods. Crude fat difference for dry foods was significantly less than differences for canned foods and treats. Crude fiber and moisture differences for canned foods were significantly less than the corresponding differences for dry foods and treats. Only CFb differences differed among target species, life stages, manufacturers, or laboratories.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Addition of 1.5% and 1% to the guaranteed minimums for CP and CF, respectively; subtraction of 0.7%, 4%, and 0.5% from the guaranteed maximums for CFb, moisture, and ash, respectively; and addition of 0.23 kcal/g to the asfed metabolizable energy value calculated by use of modified Atwater factors from guaranteed analyses provides a more accurate estimate of the nutrient and metabolizable energy content of commercial pet foods. Nevertheless, the actual composition of a food should be determined whenever possible.
Radiographic abnormalities in cats with feline bronchial disease and intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation: 40 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Gadbois Julie , d'Anjou Marc-André , Dunn Marilyn , Alexander Kate , Beauregard Guy , D'Astous Jérôme , Carufel Myriam De , Breton Luc , Beauchamp Guy 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine prevalence of various radiographic signs in cats with feline bronchial disease (FBD) and evaluate intra- and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation for examiners with variable degrees of experience in radiographic interpretation.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—40 cats with FBD and 40 control cats without thoracic disease.
Procedures—Radiographic abnormalities in cats with FBD were scored by consensus of 2 radiologists. Radiographs of control cats and cats with FBD were examined twice by 5 other individuals, and diagnostic accuracy and observer agreement were assessed.
Results—In cats with FBD, the most common radiographic signs were bronchial (n = 37) and unstructured interstitial (30) lung patterns, lung hyperinflation (31) and hyperlucency (21), aerophagia (19), and lung soft tissue opacities (11). Ratios of lung inflation on ventrodorsal views were significantly higher in cats with FBD. For the 5 examiners, sensitivity ranged from 71% to 89% and specificity ranged from 43% to 74%. Intraobserver agreement was good (N = 0.47 to 0.60), but the agreement between examiners was only poor to good (N = 0.22 to 0.70). For most examiners, significant associations were found between examiner diagnosis (correct vs incorrect), level of examiner certainty, and bronchial pattern severity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that several radiographic abnormalities can commonly be seen in cats with FBD but highlighted the limitations of thoracic radiography. Examiner diagnosis and level of confidence were significantly associated with severity of a bronchial pattern.