bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Poisoning with Volatile Substances
Authors: Meredith T.J. , Ruprah M. , Liddle A. , Flanagan R.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 The acute toxicity of many volatile compounds is similar, being more related to physical properties than to chemical structure.2 Volatile substance abusers experiences euphoria and disinhibition but this may be followed by nausea and vomiting, dizziness, coughing and increased salivation; cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, coma and death occur in severe cases.3 Laboratory analysis of blood and urine samples collected up to 24 h post-exposure may be helpful if the diagnosis of volatile substance abuse is in doubt.4 There is only a weak correlation between blood toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentrations and the clinical features of toxicity, possibly because of rapid initial tissue distribution and elimination.5 Recovery normally occurs quickly once exposure has ceased but support for respiratory, renal or hepatic failure may be needed as well as treatment for cardiac arrhythmias. Therapy with intravenous acetylcysteine should be considered in cases of acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning.
Chronic Neurological Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Volatile Substances
Authors: Lolin Y. 
Published: December 2008

1 The main neurological disorders associated with chronic VSA are peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease, chronic encephalopathy and dementia. Apart from peripheral neuropathy, the clinical features are non-specific, evidence for solvent-related toxicity is in most cases circumstantial and there is no clear dose/response relationship. 2 Peripheral neuropathy is mainly associated with n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone. 3 Cerebellar disease is usually associated with toluene exposure; in the more severe cases there is often radiological evidence of irreversible cerebellar atrophy. 4 Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. Post-mortem studies in some abusers have shown generalized axonal degeneration, demyelination and brain atrophy. 5 Further studies on low level solvent exposure are needed as little is known about the neurological consequences of mild VSA, especially as regards individual susceptibility and possible interactions between solvents and other toxins such as ethanol.
Government, Trade and Industry and Other Preventative Responses to Volatile Substance Abuse
Authors: Liss B.I. 
Published: December 2008

1 Since the early 1960s the USA has attempted to combat the problem of volatile substance abuse through legislation including restricting sales, banning 'sniffing', labelling and adding unpleasant smells to abused products. None of this legislation appears to have had the desired effect. 2 VSA has been a growing problem in Britain since the 1970s and presently kills two people per week. The British Government initially adopted a low profile approach, although legislation restricting the sale of abused products was introduced in 1985. 3 In 1984 the British Adhesives Manufacturers Association founded Re-Solv, the society for the prevention of solvent and volatile substance abuse; it is now an independent national charity. Re-solv believe that a broad education programme is needed to combat VSA and are involved in many such projects.
Volatile Substance Abuse within a Health Education Context
Authors: Lee J.T. 
Published: December 2008

1 Drug education has to involve exposure not only to knowledge about drug and volatile substance abuse, but also to the effect that attitudes, values, external influences and personal and social skills have on drug behaviour. 2 Such education has also to consider the methods used, the learning process itself, and the need for self-esteem to be enhanced during this process. 3 There is a need to develop personal and social skills which will form the foundation for considering areas such as volatile substance abuse. The school must be supported by the home and by the community. 4 A range of practical resources produced by TACADE (The Advisory Council on Alcohol and Drug Education) allow the translation of this theory of drug education into a practical approach within education.
Effect of Subacute Oral Intake of the Food Antioxidant Butylated Hydroxyanisole on Clinical Parameters and Phase-I and -II Biotransformation Capacity in Man
Authors: Verhagen H. , Maas L.M. , Beckers R.H.G. , Thijssen H.H.W. , ten Hoor F. , Henderson P. Th. , Kleinjans J.C.S. 
Published: December 2008

A study is presented in which eight healthy male non-smoking volunteers ingested a daily amount of 0.5 mg/kg butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for 10 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken on days -6 and 0 before and on days 4 and 7 after the first BHA administration for the assessment of standard clinical plasma parameters (L-aspartate aminotransferase, L-alanine-aminotransferase, L-gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, Na+, and Cl-). Antipyrine (500 mg p.o.) and paracetamol (500 mg p.o.) were administered before and during BHA administration as test substances to measure phase-I and phase-11 biotransformation capacity. Saliva samples and urine were subsequently collected for the assessment of kinetic parameters (e.g. saliva elimination half-life, saliva clearance, apparent volume of distribution) and urinary excretion of metabolites. Kinetic plasma parameters of BHA itself were determined in plasma samples obtained via a catheter in an arm vein after oral BHA intake on days 0 and 7. Levels of antipyrine, paracetamol, BHA and metabolites in plasma, saliva or urine were quantified by standard or newly developed reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Urinary excretion of Na+, K +, and Cl-, as well as osmolality of urine were measured on three days before and six days during BHA administration. Generally, no significant differences were detected in the parameters measured, indicating that oral administration of BHA to men for 10 days remains without effects on clinical biochemical parameters and phase-I and phase-II biotransformation capacity. In contrast, urinary excretion of metabolites of BHA was significantly increased on days 3 and 7 vs. the first day of BHA administration. This may result either from an induction or inhibition of BHA-specific phase-I and -II metabolizing enzymes in man, or from a bioaccumulation of BHA and/or its metabolites in the body.
Total Exclusion from External Respiration Protects Lungs from Development of Fibrosis after Paraquat Intoxication
Authors: Fogt F. , Zilker T. 
Published: December 2008

Most survivors of paraquat intoxication go on to develop fibrosis of the lung leading to death within a few weeks. The pathogenic effects of paraquat are based on the formation of oxygen free radicals. A cascade reaction occurs at the cell membrane which is damaged and cell integrity is destroyed. Fibroblasts migrate into the damaged region leading to the laying down of collagen and subsequent fibrosis. Currently paraquat intoxication is treated with gastrointestinal lavage, haemoperfusion and haemodialysis with mixed results. Artificial respiration with low percentage of inspired oxygen is instituted in order to decrease the possible release of oxygen radicals. However, in most cases, developing fibrosis prevents this treatment continuing and requires increased concentrations of inspired O2 and increased ventilation pressure. The combination of increased FiO2 and barotrauma leads to a vicious circle of parenchymal lung damage. In this study we present a treatment designed to avoid the development of lung fibrosis using total exclusion of segments of the lung from external ventilation. Exclusion from external ventilation was performed in animal experiments by instillation of Ethibloc, an amino acid glue, in one main bronchus to create an atelectasis. In different experimental groups this procedure was performed before and after intraperitoneal intoxication with paraquat. Four to twelve days later the experimental animals were sacrified and the ventilated lungs and the atelectatic lungs were compared. The ventilated lungs showed dose-dependent damage to the alveolar epithelium and gross interstitial oedema. In some cases fibrosis was seen. The atelectatic parts of the lung were not different from the control group. In this study we have shown that total exclusion from ventilation prevents the development of lung fibrosis after paraquat intoxication.
The Rarity of Liver Toxicity in Patients Treated with Coumarin (1, 2-Benzopyrone)
Authors: Cox D. , O'Kennedy R. , Thornes R.D. 
Published: December 2008

1 Two thousand, one hundred and seventy-three patients with cancer or chronic infections were treated with coumarin in a clinical trial. 2 0.37% of these patients developed elevated liver enzyme levels during therapy with coumarin. 3 This hepatitis was probably a form of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and may have been immune in origin.
Effect of Occupational Lead Exposure on Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Levels
Authors: Mason H.J. , Somervaille L.J. , Wright A.L. , Chettle D.R. , Scott M.C. 
Published: December 2008

The effects of lead exposure on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and calcium homeostasis have been studied in 63 males occupationally exposed to the metal in the UK. The exposure indices used were blood lead, reflecting short-term exposure, and an in vivo X-ray fluorescence measurement of tibia lead which reflects cumulative lead exposure.Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were higher than those in a referent population, who were non-occupationally exposed to lead, and were correlated with both blood lead and tibia lead. Multiple regression analysis suggested that blood lead was the variable responsible for the increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.There were no other abnormalities in calcium metabolism associated with the degree of lead exposure.
Bronchial Provocation Testing of Sodium Iso-nonanoyl Oxybenzene Sulphonate
Authors: Ferguson H. , Thomas K.E. , Ollier S. , Davies R.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Asthmatic symptoms have been reported in workers following occupational exposure to certain low molecular ratio chemicals. 2 A small number of workers involved in the initial manufacture of a new low tempeature bleach activating chemical, sodium iso-nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate (SINOS) developed rashes, rhinitis and conjunctivitis following exposure to the compound. One worker also developed asthma. An investigative study was undertaken to examine the possible asthmatic effects of inhaling SINOS in naive non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects handling the material in the laboratory setting. 3 Since SINOS has a similar chemical structure to aspirin, it was hypothesized that SINOS-associated asthma might be elicited by a mechanism similar to the mechanism associated with aspirin asthma. Therefore aspirin-sensitive asthmatics were also included in the study. 4 No adverse respiratory reactions were observed in the non-asthmatic subjects or in the aspirin and non-aspirin-sensitive patient volunteers following exposure to SINOS dust at atmospheric concentrations of up to 36.3 μg m-3. 5 Skin prick tests to increasing concentrations of SINOS were carried out in all subjects. No positive reactions were observed on any occasion. 6 This study indicates that SINOS does not elicit asthma via a mechanism similar to aspirin. Additionally, the study suggests that the addition of SINOS to washing powder will not cause significant respiratory reactions in consumers even if they are asthmatic or intolerant to aspirin.
Drug Adsorption to Charcoals and Anionic Binding Resins
Authors: Al-Shareef A.H. , Buss D.C. , Routledge P.A. 
Published: December 2008

1. The in-vitro binding of four drugs with differing physiochemical properties to two commercial charcoal preparations and two anionic binding resins was studied at 37°C and pH 7.4. 2. The two charcoal preparations (Carbomix and Medicoal) behaved similarly and adsorbed metoclopramide and antipyrine to a greater degree than warfarin or paracetamol. 3. Cholestyramine had a significantly greater maximum adsorption capacity (K2) for warfarin and significantly lower adsorption capacity for paracetamol and metoclopramide than did the charcoals. 4. Colestipol behaved similarly but also bound metoclopramide to a significantly greater extent than did either cholestyramine or charcoal and antipyrine to a significantly lesser extent than did Carbomix. 5. There appeared to be no consistent relationship between the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents for the drugs tested and the physicochemical properties of those drugs (e.g. basic or acidic structure, p Ka or molecular weight).
Metabolism of Aspirin after Therapeutic and Toxic Doses
Authors: Patel D.K. , Hesse A. , Ogunbona A. , Notarianni L.J. , Bennett P.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 The urinary recovery of metabolites of aspirin (ASA) was studied in 45 volunteers who took a therapeutic dose (600 mg) of ASA by mouth and in 37 patients who took ASA in overdose. 2 The main metabolite recovered from the volunteers was the glycine conjugate, salicyluric acid (SUA), which accounted for 75.01 ± 1.19% of total urinary metabolites, whereas salicylic acid (SA) accounted for 8.82 ± 0.56%. Recovery of SUA was negatively correlated with that of SA (r = -0.8625, P < 0.001). 3 In 24 patients with admission plasma salicylate concentrations of 240-360 mg 1-1, SUA accounted for 46.66 ± 3.22% and SA for 31.88 ± 4.02%. 4 In 13 patients with admission plasma salicylate concentrations of 715-870 mg 1-1, SUA accounted for 21.57 ± 3.65% and SA for 64.72 ± 4.82%. 5 Reduced excretion of salicylate as SUA was also accompanied by increased elimination as gentisic acid and salicylic acid phenolic glucuronide indicating that the unsaturated processes that lead to the formation of these metabolites contribute significantly (22-23%) to the inactivation of large doses of salicylate. 6 While the Michalis-Menten kinetics of ASA have been well demonstrated at lower doses, our findings illustrate the progressive saturation of SUA formation under conditions of increasing ASA load to toxic amounts and raise issues about the in-vivo glycine pool when ASA is taken in overdose.
Metronidazole Elimination is Preserved in the Elderly
Authors: Loft Steffen , Egsmose Charlotte , Sonne Jesper , Poulsen Henrik Enghusen , Døssing Martin , Andreasen Per Buch 
Published: December 2008

1 The disposition of metronidazole and its major metabolites was compared in 11 subjects aged 86 ± 6 years and 8 aged 30 ± 6 years.2 The plasma clearance of metronidazole was 1.20 ± 0.53 and 1.25 ± 0.22 ml min-1kg-1, the volume of distribution 0.77 ± 0.27 and 0.77 ± 0.09 1 kg-1and the half-life 7.8 ± 1.9 and 7.2 ± 0.9 h in elderly and young subjects, respectively (P > 0.05).3 The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of the hydroxy metabolite was 32 ± 14 and 21 ± 3 mM min-1(P < 0.05) whereas its half-life was 21 ± 14 and 12 ± 2 h (P < 0.05) in the elderly and young subjects, respectively.4 The recovery in the urine of metronidazole and its metabolites was 42 ± 21% and 87 ± 6% of dose in elderly and young subjects, respectively (P < 0.05). With this reservation the only elimination pathways of metronidazole affected by old age were the renal excretion of unchanged compound and the hydroxy metabolite.5 It is concluded that the ability to eliminate metronidazole is preserved in old age and that age-related dose adjustments are not necessary.
The Effects of Charcoal and Sorbitol (Alone and in Combination) on Plasma Theophylline Concentrations after a Sustained-Release Formulation
Authors: Al-Shareef A.H. , Buss D.C. , Allen E.M. , Routledge P.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 The effects of charcoal and sorbitol, alone and in combination, were investigated in eight healthy female volunteers who received 600 mg slow-release theophylline (two 300 mg capsules) . 2 The area under the plasma concentration time curve to 24 h (AUC0-24) after theophylline alone was significantly greater than after both the charcoal and charcoal plus sorbitol phase. 3 Charcoal and charcoal with sorbitol also significantly reduced the maximum plasma theophylline concentration ( Tmax) and time to maximum concentration ( Cmax). 4 Sorbitol significantly increased Cmax and shortened Tmax. 5 Although sorbitol did not reduce the adsorptive efficacy of charcoal, its use alone may be deleterious in poisoning with sustained-release theophylline products.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Dimercapto Chelating Agents for the Treatment of Systemic Organic Arsenic Poisoning in Rabbits
Authors: Inns R.H. , Rice P. , Bright J.E. , Marrs T.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 The standard drug for the treatment of arsenic poisoning is BAL (dimercaprol). BAL possesses marked side-effects and a low safety ratio, drawbacks which new BAL analogues, DMPS and DMSA, do not possess. 2 The efficacy of three chelating agents, BAL, DMPS and DMSA, has been evaluated as a treatment for systemic organic arsenic poisoning, induced by intravenous dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine (lewisite) administration to rabbits. Equimolar dosing schedules were used based upon realistic doses for the most toxic agent, BAL. 3 It was concluded that all three dimercapto chelating agents provided signficant protection against the lethal systemic effects of lewisite, and, under the test conditions reported here, there was no significant difference between them in therapeutic efficacy. 4 The cause of mortality following intravenous lewisite in treated and untreated rabbits was pulmonary damage. 5 It is considered that DMPS and DMSA are worthy of further study as replacements for BAL in the treatment of systemic poisoning by lewisite.
PCB Reduction and Clinical Improvement by Detoxification: an Unexploited Approach?
Authors: Tretjak Ziga , Shields Megan , Beckmann Shelley L. 
Published: December 2008

1. A detoxification trial was administered to a female worker from a capacitor factory who had been exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other lipophilic industrial chemicals. 2. The patient presented with severe abdominal complaints, chloracne, liver abnormalities, and a spontaneous nipple discharge of approximately 50 ml d-1. 3. PCB levels were high in adipose tissue (102 mg kg-1), serum, (512 μg 1-1), skin lipids (66.3 mg kg-1), and in the nipple discharge (712 μg I-1). 4. The patient's history, the medical evaluation and prior unsuccessful symptomatic treatments were indicative of consequences elicited by occupational exposure to chemicals. 5. Detoxification treatment reduced the PCB levels in adipose tissue to 37.4 mg kg-1 and in serum to 261 μg 1-1, a 63% and 49% reduction, respectively. 6. The nipple discharge ceased and the symptoms improved. 7. Excretion of intact PCBs in sebum was appreciable before treatment and was enhanced by up to five-fold during detoxification. 8. This therapeutic approach appears promising for cases involving occupational exposure to lipophilic chemicals.
Cytogeneticity of Quinalphos and Methyl Parathion in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Rupa D.S. , Reddy P.P. , Reddi O.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 Four different concentrations of quinalphos and methyl parathion were tested on human peripheral lymphocytes over different time periods, for the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). 2 A significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed when cells were treated with quinalphos for 48 and 72 h and a significant increase in SCEs was observed at all the concentrations and over all the time periods. 3 Methyl-parathion did not induce chromosomal aberrations but it did induce SCEs significantly over all time periods.
Depletion of Plasma Glycine and Effect of Glycine by Mouth on Salicylate Metabolism During Aspirin Overdose
Authors: Patel D.K. , Ogunbona A. , Notarianni L.J. , Bennett P.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 The metabolism of aspirin was investigated in 45 patients who had taken self-administered overdose of aspirin and were treated with fluids only, glycine, N-glycylglycine by mouth, or by sodium bicarbonate i.v.2 The major metabolite recovered in the urine of patients treated with oral fluids, glycine or N-glycylglycine was salicyluric acid, which accounted for means of 51%, 47% and 38% of the total, respectively; salicylic acid comprised 19%, 29% and 29%. In contrast, salicylic acid (42%) was the major urinary metabolite recovered from patients treated with sodium bicarbonate.3 Plasma glycine concentrations in healthy volunteers who had taken no aspirin remained constant through the day and were not affected by a therapeutic dose (500 mg) of aspirin. Plasma glycine was consistently lower in patients with aspirin overdose than in these healthy volunteers, suggesting depletion of available glycine.4 Orally administered glycine and N-glycylglycine increased plasma glycine. While the fraction of total salicylate recovered as salicyluric acid was not altered, the maximum rate of excretion of salicyluric acid was higher in patients who received glycine than in the control group; there was no significant difference in the maximum rate of excretion of salicyluric acid between the group that received glycine and the group that received N-glycylglycine. 5 The data suggest that exogenous glycine increases the rate of formation of salicyluric acid in salicylate overdose.
Immunotoxic Effects of Hexachlorobenzene on the Pathogenesis of Systemic, Pneumonic and Hepatic Virus Infections in the Mouse
Authors: Carthew P. , Edwards R.E. , Smith A.G. 
Published: December 2008

A quantitative histopathological method has been developed for the evaluation of the effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the pathogenesis of three virus infections in the mouse. Hexachlorobenzene was selected because a substantial amount of immunotoxicological data already exists with which we could compare our results. To establish the validity of the method a systemic virus infection (mouse cytomegalovirus, MCMV), a pneumonia causing virus (pneumonia virus of mice, PVM) and a hepatitis virus (mouse hepatitis virus, MHV) were used. We have compared the existing data with the actual pathological effects of hexachlorobenzene on virus disease processes, to gain a more realistic idea of the value of the risk assessment to be derived from extrapolating the in-vitro data in particular, to the in-vivo situation. The results show that the data derived from previous studies on the immunotoxicity of HCB were accurate in predicting the exacerbation of the viral hepatitis, especially in immunodeficient athymic 'nude' mice.It is proposed that this histopathological technique could be a useful technique in the evaluation of host resistance changes following exposure to potentially immunotoxic compounds, but caution will have to be exercised in interpretation in relation to human disease.
Acute Poisoning with Methidathion: A Case
Authors: Zoppellari R. , Targa L. , Tonini P. , Zatelli R. 
Published: December 2008

An acute poisoning in a 50-year-old man who ingested approximately 6.2 g of the phosphorus ester methidathion is described. The patient was treated with three haemoperfusions 23, 44 and 115 h after ingestion, with continuous gastric lavage, atropine and pralidoxime administration and with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Haemoperfusion was an ineffective epuration technique since it removed only 0.22% of the ingested methidathion. The clinical course wavered because of a probable redistribution of phosphorus ester from fat to blood. A plasma level higher than 100 μg l-1 was associated with the most serious phases. Methidathion was present in the plasma until the sixth day, in the urine until the seventh and in the gastric juice until the eighth. Its absence in the fat biopsy made on the tenth day was an aid to therapy. The phosphorus ester did not inhibit lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (NTE), neither did it induce development of delayed polyneuropathy.