bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of health, the microbiome, and surgical injury
Authors: Alverdy John C. , Polcari Ann , Benjamin Andrew 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACTPostinjury infection continues to plague trauma and emergency surgery patients fortunate enough to survive the initial injury. Rapid response systems, massive transfusion protocols, and the development of level 1 trauma centers, among others, have improved the outcome for millions of patients worldwide. Nonetheless, despite this excellent initial care, patients still remain vulnerable to postinjury infections that can result in organ failure, prolonged critical illness, and even death. While risk factors have been identified (degree of injury, blood loss, time to definitive care, immunocompromise, etc.), they remain probabilistic, not deterministic, and do not explain outcome variability at the individual case level. Here, we assert that analysis of the social determinants of health, as reflected in the patient's microbiome composition (i.e., community structure, membership) and function (metabolomic output), may offer a “window” with which to define individual variability following traumatic injury. Given emerging knowledge in the field, a more comprehensive evaluation of biomarkers within the patient's microbiome, from stool-based microbial metabolites to those in plasma and those present in exhaled breath, when coupled with clinical metadata and machine learning, could lead to a more deterministic assessment of an individual's risk for a poor outcome and those factors that are modifiable. The aim of this piece is to examine how measurable elements of the social determinants of health and the life history of the patient may be buried within the ecologic memory of the gut microbiome. Here we posit that interrogation of the gut microbiome in this manner may be used to inform novel approaches to drive recovery following a surgical injury.
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma system wellness white paper: An evaluation of wellness from a systems perspective
Authors: Appelbaum Rachel D. , Butler Dale , Stirparo Joseph J. , Coleman Jamie , Hartwell Jennifer L. , Cunningham Kyle ,   EAST Quality, Safety, and Outcomes Committee
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Providers are charged with responsibility to maintain their own health and wellness; however, well-being is multifactorial and the construct lacks clarity. In the current state of health care, burnout is on the rise with increasing demands for clinical productivity and strained system resources. The health care industry has recognized wellness’s patient safety and financial impact, recently applying research and resources to identify sustainable solutions. We reviewed the wellness literature with a focus on systems to provide a framework for consensus building for a quality acute care surgery system. Our review revealed several areas within system wellness for consideration: (1) provider wellness, (2) culture of safety, (3) learning health systems, and (4) organizational perspectives. We provide specific system recommendations for the acute care surgery practice to preserve our workforce by creating a system that works for its providers.
Urbanization and psychosis: an update of recent evidence
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Varadharajan Natarajan , Venu Sandesh 
Published: March 2024

Purpose of review
Urbanization, a complex global phenomenon, has a significant bearing on schizophrenia/psychosis burden through various socioeconomic and environmental factors. This review focuses on recent evidence (2019–2023) linking urbanization, schizophrenia, and the role of green space.

Recent findings
This review analyzed 43 articles that examined the correlation between urban birth or upbringing, urban living (urbanicity), and various schizophrenia/psychosis-related outcomes such as incidence, psychotic experiences, etc. The studies showed differing results across geographical locations. Socioeconomic factors like area deprivation, migrant status (ethnic density) and social fragmentation were independently associated with the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis irrespective of urbanicity. More recently, environmental factors such as green space reduction and air pollution have been explored in urban living conditions and were positively associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia/psychosis.

Summary
There is a need for further investigation in low and middle-income countries. The impact of urbanization-related factors and green space on the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis calls for appropriate governmental commitments toward structured and healthy urban planning.
Causal link between gut microbiome and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zeng Qi , Zhang Min , Wang Renxi 
Published: March 2024

Objective
Some observational studies have shown that gut microbiome is significantly changed in patients with schizophrenia. We aim to identify the genetic causal link between gut microbiome and schizophrenia.

Methods
A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was used to evaluate the causal link between gut microbiome and schizophrenia with 28 gut microbiome-associated genetic instrumental variants chosen from recent MR reports and the largest schizophrenia genome-wide association studies (8-Apr-22 release).

Results
Inverse variance weighted method showed that genetically increased Bacteroidales_S24-7 (per SD) resulted in increased risk of schizophrenia (OR = 1.110, 95% CI: [1.012–1.217], P = 0.027). Similarly, genetically increased Prevotellaceae promoted schizophrenia risk (OR = 1.124, 95% CI: [1.030–1.228], P = 0.009). However, genetically increased Lachnospiraceae reduced schizophrenia risk (OR = 0.878, 95% CI: [0.785–0.983], P = 0.023). In addition, schizophrenia risk was also suppressed by genetically increased Lactobacillaceae (OR = 0.878, 95% CI: [0.776–0.994], P = 0.040) and Verrucomicrobiaceae (OR = 0.860, 95% CI: [0.749–0.987], P = 0.032). Finally, we did not find any significant results in the causal association of other 23 gut microbiome with schizophrenia.

Conclusion
Our analysis suggests that genetically increased Bacteroidales_S24-7 and Prevotellaceae promotes schizophrenia risk, whereas genetically increased Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Verrucomicrobiaceae reduces schizophrenia risk. Thus, regulation of the disturbed intestinal microbiota may represent a new therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia.
Significance of Right Ventricular Myocardial Work for Clinical Improvement in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients after Transcatheter Edge-To-Edge Repair
Authors: Zeng Jie , Shu Qinglan , Liu Yi , Lu Cong , Xu Yun , Zhou Yi , Zhang Qingfeng , Ye Luwei , Meng Qingguo , Wang Sijia , Yao Yuan , Lin Xinyi , Wang Yi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAimsIt remains uncertain which patients would benefit the most from transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). We aim to investigate the relationship between right ventricular function, as assessed by pressure-strain loops (PSL), and post-TEER clinical improvement.Methods and resultsA total of 48 heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients (68±15 yrs) with moderate-to-severe or severe SMR were enrolled for TEER. Impaired health status (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score [KCCQ-OS]) and exercise capacity (6-min walk distance [6MWD]) were evaluated at baseline and during 1-year follow up. Before and right after TEER, myocardial work (MW) metrics were non-invasively evaluated, including global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), and global work efficiency (GWE). RV GLS, RVGWI, RVGCW, RVGWE were significantly increased after MitraClip treatment (-9.7±3.8%, 452.4±112.5 mmHg%, 596.3±127.5 mmHg% and 85.7±15.6% before vs -12.5±3.5%, 589.4±119.6 mmHg%, 778.8±135.3 mmHg% and 91.2±22.4% after MitraClip treatment,p= 0.025, 0.030, 0.025 and 0.037, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival, freedom from HF hospitalization at 12 months were 95.8% and 89.1%. On multivariable linear regression analysis, RVGWI and RVGCW immediate change was independently associated with KCCQ-OS (△RVGWI:β= 0.40,P< 0.001; △RVGCW:β= 0.39,P=0.003), RVGWI, RVGCW and RVGLS immediate change were independently associated with 6MWD improvement (△RVGWI:β= 0.31,P= 0.029; △RVGCW:β= 0.30,P= 0.039; △RVGLS:β= 0.35,P= 0.041).ConclusionRVMW was significantly increased after MitraClip treatment. And RV reserve function is an important predictor of clinical improvement in HFrEF patients with TEER.
The Molecular Determinants of a Universal Prion Acceptor
Authors: Arshad Hamza , Patel Zeel , Al-Azzawi Zaid A.M. , Li Leyao , Amano Genki , Mehra Surabhi , Eid Shehab , Schmitt-Ulms Gerold , Watts Joel C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn prion diseases, the species barrier limits the transmission of prions from one species to another. However, cross-species prion transmission is remarkably efficient in bank voles, and this phenomenon can be recapitulated in mice by expression of the bank vole prion protein (BVPrP). The molecular determinants of BVPrP’s ability to function as a universal or near-universal acceptor for prions remain incompletely defined. Building on our finding that cultured cells expressing BVPrP can replicate both mouse and hamster prion strains, we conducted a systematic analysis to identify key residues in BVPrP that permit cross-species prion replication. Consistent with previous findings, we demonstrate that residues N155 and N170 of BVPrP, which are absent in mouse PrP but present in hamster PrP, are critical for cross-species prion replication. Additionally, BVPrP residues V112, I139, and M205, which are absent in hamster PrP but present in mouse PrP, are also required to enable replication of both mouse and hamster prions. Unexpectedly, we found that residues E227 and S230 near the C-terminus of BVPrP severely restrict the accumulation of prions following cross-species prion challenge, suggesting that they may have evolved to counteract the inherent propensity of BVPrP to misfold. PrP variants with an enhanced ability to replicate both mouse and hamster prions displayed accelerated spontaneous aggregation kineticsin vitro. These findings suggest that BVPrP’s unusual properties are governed by a key set of amino acids and that the enhanced misfolding propensity of BVPrP may enable cross-species prion replication.
The Genetic Basis of Incipient Sexual Isolation inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Yamamoto Akihiko , Huang Wen , Carbone Mary Anna , Anholt Robert R. H. , Mackay Trudy F. C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSpeciation is a fundamental evolutionary process, but the genetic changes accompanying speciation are difficult to determine since true species do not produce viable and fertile offspring. Populations of the same species that are that are partially reproductively isolated are incipient species that can be used to assess genetic changes that occur prior to speciation.Drosophila melanogasterfrom Zimbabwe, Africa are genetically differentiated and partially sexually isolated from cosmopolitan populations worldwide: cosmopolitan males have poor mating success with Zimbabwe females. We used the cosmopolitanD. melanogasterGenetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to show there is significant genetic variation in mating success of DGRP males with Zimbabwe females, map genetic variants and genes associated with variation in mating success and determine whether mating success to Zimbabwe females is associated with other quantitative traits previously measured in the DGRP. We performed three genome wide association analyses: for the DGRP lines, for selected flies with high or low mating success from an advanced intercross population (AIP) derived from DGRP lines, and for lines derived from 18 generations of divergent selection from the AIP for mating success with Zimbabwe females. The basis of incipient sexual isolation is highly polygenic and associated with the common African inversionIn(3R)Kand the amount of the sex pheromone 5,9-heptacosadiene in DGRP females. We functionally validated the effect of eight candidate genes using RNA interference. These candidate gene and variant associations provide testable hypotheses for future studies investigating the molecular genetic basis of incipient sexual isolation inD. melanogaster.
Times birds need to evolve mating cues under allopatry and parapatry
Authors: Sibly Richard M. , Curnow Robert N. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe time needed for the evolution of mating cues that distinguish species, such as species-specific songs or plumage coloration, has received little attention. Motivated by observations of rapid divergence in mating cues in birds we here compare speciation times under allopatry with those under parapatry. We assume that under allopatry the mating cues are neutral but under parapatry may be acted on by selection. The expected time needed for a neutral substitution at a mating-cue locus is approximately equal to the reciprocal of mutation rate, but the time needed under parapatry can be much shorter. The time needed is reduced by a factor of 4 x (population size) x (selection coefficient on the mating cue). In the simplest case of parapatric speciation the mating cue is an adaptive magic trait such as beak size which is acted on by selection directly, but this does not affect traits like species-specific songs or plumage colouration that are not acted on directly by selection. In an alternative model of parapatric speciation in which the locus coding for a neutral mating cue is not linked to loci producing local adaptation, local adaptation induces selection on the mating cue. We show quantitatively how, with complete phenotype matching, speciation times can be obtained from population size, migration rates between subpopulations and the ecological selective conditions within them. Our results suggest that only parapatric, not allopatric, speciation can account for the times recorded for the evolution of species-specific songs or plumage coloration.
Collective intelligence facilitates emergent resource partitioning through frequency dependent learning
Authors: Ogino Mina , Farine Damien R. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDeciding where to forage must not only account for variation in habitat quality, but also where others might forage. Recent studies have suggested that when individuals remember recent foraging outcomes, negative frequency-dependent learning can allow them to avoid resources exploited by others (indirect competition). This process can drive the emergence of consistent differences in resource use (resource partitioning) at the population level. However, indirect cues of competition can be difficult for individuals to sense. Here, we propose that information pooling through collective decision-making—i.e. collective intelligence—can allow populations of group-living animals to more effectively partition resources relative to populations of solitary animals. We test this hypothesis by simulating (i) individuals preferring to forage where they were recently successful, and (ii) cohesive groups that choose one resource using a majority rule. While solitary animals can partially avoid indirect competition through negative frequency-dependent learning, resource partitioning is more likely to emerge in populations of group-living animals. Populations of larger groups also better partition resources than populations of smaller groups, especially in environments with more choices. Our results give insight into the value of long- vs. short-term memory, home range sizes, and the evolution of specialisation, optimal group sizes, and territoriality.
Newcastle Disease Virus Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate AVX/COVID-12 Activates T Cells and Is Recognized by Antibodies from COVID-19 Patients and Vaccinated
Authors: Torres-Flores Alejandro , Ontiveros-Padilla Luis Alberto , Madera-Sandoval Ruth Lizzeth , Tepale-Segura Araceli , Gajón-Martínez Julián , Rivera-Hernández Tania , Ferat-Osorio Eduardo Antonio , Cérbulo-Vázquez Arturo , Arriaga-Pizano Lourdes Andrea , Bonifaz Laura , Paz-De la Rosa Georgina , Rojas-Martínez Oscar , Suárez-Martínez Alejandro , Peralta-Sánchez Gustavo , Sarfati-Mizrahi David , Sun Weina , Chagoya-Cortés Héctor Elías , Palese Peter , Krammer Florian , García-Sastre Adolfo , Lozano-Dubernard Bernardo , López-Macías Constantino 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSeveral effective vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and implemented in the population. However, the current production capacity falls short of meeting global demand. Therefore, it is crucial to further develop novel vaccine platforms that can bridge the distribution gap. AVX/COVID-12 is a vector-based vaccine that utilizes the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) to present the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the immune system. This study analyses the antigenicity of the vaccine candidate by examining antibody binding and T-cell activation in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 or variants of concern (VOCs), as well as in healthy volunteers who received coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. Our findings indicate that the vaccine effectively binds antibodies and activates T-cells in individuals who received 2 or 3 doses of BNT162b2 or AZ/ChAdOx-1-S vaccines. Furthermore, the stimulation of T-cells from patients and vaccine recipients with AVX/COVID-12 resulted in their proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. In conclusion, the AVX/COVID-12 vectored vaccine candidate demonstrates the ability to stimulate robust cellular responses and is recognized by antibodies primed by the spike protein present in SARS-CoV-2 viruses that infected patients, as well as in the mRNA BNT162b2 and AZ/ChAdOx-1-S vaccines. These results support the inclusion of the AVX/COVID-12 vaccine as a booster in vaccination programs aimed at addressing COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its VOCs.
Evaluation of statistical models of carriage to predict the impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in Nigeria
Authors: Adamu Aishatu L , Ojal John. , Mburu Caroline , Gallagher Katherine E. , Flasche Stefan , Odeyemi Kofo , Okoromah Christy A.N. , Abubakar Isa S. , Bello Musa M. , Inem Victor , Karani Angela , Karia Boniface , Akech Donald , Adetifa Ifedayo M.O. , Scott J. Anthony G 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundA substantial fraction of the population-level impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) is mediated through indirect effects, i.e., their capacity to protect against carriage acquisition of vaccine serotypes (VTs) among vaccinees, thereby proportionately reducing transmission and indirectly averting invasive disease in the whole population. Therefore, by relying on the consequent near elimination of VT carriage, early carriage-based models successfully captured the impact of seven-valent PCV (PCV7) in high-income settings. We sought to determine the applicability of three published statistical carriage-based models for the evaluation of PCV10 impact in Nigeria, where carriage prevalence data are available from urban and rural sites.MethodsWe applied external data, with assumptions, to empirical carriage prevalence data to predict IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs). The models assume PCV has no effect on serotype invasiveness among carriers because VT carriage is eliminated. Model 1 uses estimates of relative proportions of pre-PCV VT-IPD to predict IRRs. Model 2 uses pre-PCV serotype IPD incidence, while Model 3 uses measures of serotype invasiveness, the case-carrier ratio (CCR).ResultsModel 1 estimates the largest PCV10 impact on overall IPD (IRR:0.38 and 0.50) in the urban and rural sites, respectively. Whereas estimates from Model 2 (IRR:0.69 and 0.78) and Model 3 (IRR:0.63 and 0.70) were more conservative.ConclusionsVT carriage was not eliminated in our setting, so Model 1 estimates the hypothetical maximum impact. Relying entirely on indirect effects, Models 2 and 3 represent the minimum impact of PCV. Predictions would be more accurate if they accounted for direct effects among vaccinated VT carriers. The study illustrates the importance of capturing vaccination data on individuals sampled in carriage prevalence surveys designed to estimate IPD burden at population level.
Maternal behavior in Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) is modulated by mother-offspring characteristics and socioecological factors
Authors: Revathe T , Mundry Roger , Utami-Atmoko Sri Suci , Bürkner Paul-Christian , van Noordwijk Maria A. , Schuppli Caroline 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACTMammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring to maximize their lifetime fitness. Flexible maternal investment may be particularly important in large-brained species with prolonged maternal care – e.g., in great apes. We investigated the effects of socioecological factors and mother-offspring characteristics on nine maternal behaviors in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii;N=22 mother-offspring pairs; over 11,200 hours of focal data; collected from 2007-2022) using generalized linear mixed models. The behaviors fall under four maternal functions: locomotory support (carrying), skill acquisition support (feeding in proximity, food transfer), protective proximity maintenance (body contact and proximity initiation, following), and independence promotion (body contact and proximity termination, avoiding). Mother’s parity was not significantly associated with any maternal behavior. Mothers were more likely to show locomotory support, skill acquisition support, and protective proximity maintenance toward younger than older offspring; whereas they were more likely to promote independence in older than younger offspring. Mothers with male offspring were more likely to show skill acquisition support to their offspring than those with female offspring. With increasing food availability, skill acquisition support reduced. With increasing association size, mothers were more likely to show protective proximity maintenance and less likely to promote independence. When males were present, mothers were more likely to show locomotory support to their offspring. Sumatran orangutan mothers thus flexibly adjust offspring directed behavior in response to prevailing socioecological factors and mother-offspring characteristics. Our findings add support to the evolutionary theory that mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring.