bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conditioning of wheat. A comparison of UK wheats milled at natural moisture content and after drying and conditioning to the same moisture content
Authors: Hook Simon C. W. , Bone Geoffrey T. , Fearn Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour UK wheat varieties were milled at natural (as received) moisture content (range 15–15.5%) and after drying, storing and conditioning back to the original ‘as received’ level. The milling performance of the wheats was assessed in terms of extraction rate, flour colour and flour moisture content. Wheats that had been conditioned gave higher extraction rates, lower grade colour figures and lower flour moisture contents when compared with the same wheats milled at natural moisture content.
Protein–protein interactions: Their importance in the foaming of heterogeneous protein systems
Authors: Poole Stephen , West Stuart I. , Walters Clifford L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalysis of egg albumen foams by electrophoresis showed that the basic protein lysozyme (pI 10.7) was strongly retained. Addition of low concentrations (0.01–0.10% w/v) of the basic proteins clupeine (pI 12) and lysozyme to solutions (0.50% w/v) of several acidic proteins (pI 4.7–6.0) greatly improved their foaming properties at pH values between the isoelectric points. Sucrose strongly enhanced the action of the basic proteins, while not significantly affecting the foaming of the acidic proteins alone. Basic proteins did not enhance the foaming of ovalbumin and egg albumen in the absence of sucrose. Clupeine enhanced foaming more effectively than lysozyme under all conditions studied. Lysozyme was least effective near the isoelectric point of the acidic protein, where electrostatic interactions were weakest. Sodium chloride (0.1M) had a detrimental effect on the action of lysozyme.
Effectiveness of antioxidants on the stability of banana chips
Authors: Noor Napisah , Augustin M. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effectiveness of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in improving the stability of banana chips stored at 65°C were compared. Criteria used in the assessment of the stability of the chips included the determinations of peroxide, p‐anisidine, acid and iodine values, E1cm 1% at 232 amd 268 nm and the C18:2/C16:0 ratio of oil extracted from banana chips. It was found that chips fried in refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) olein containing BHA or BHT were more stable than chips fried in RBD olein without antioxidants. BHT was more effective than BHA in prolonging the shelf‐life of of banana chips. The same order of effectiveness of the antioxidants was observed at 65°C and at room temperature (25°C).
Autoxidation of methyl linolenate. The effect of antioxidants on product distribution
Authors: Peers Kenneth E. , Coxon David T. , Chan Henry W.‐S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies on autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of antioxidants have shown that there can be significant differences in the proportions and types of products produced in ‘inhibited’ autoxidations, as compared with control autoxidations, in the absence of an antioxidant. The autoxidation of methyl linolenate has been used as a model system with which to study the effects of different concentrations of both natural and synthetic antioxidants on the proportions of the various types of oxidation product formed. The antioxidants studied included α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethylhydroxychroman (PMHC), 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT), 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA), and mono‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). In order to investigate the effect of the antioxidants, the oxidation products were analysed for the proportions of diperoxides and monohy‐droperoxides present, and the monohydroperoxide class was further analysed for the proportions of cis, trans and trans, trans dienes and ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ hydroperoxides. In all cases where any significant oxidation occurred the extent of the change in product distribution caused by the antioxidant increased as the antioxidant concentration increased. In many cases the extent of methyl linolenate oxidation occurring under standard conditions (after 100 h at 40°C) also increased as the antioxidant concentration increased, but this was not so for δ‐tocopherol, BHT and TBHQ. The importance of these findings in relation to food systems and to the understanding of antioxidant behaviour is discussed.
The in‐vitro digestibility of feedstuffs–a century of ferment
Authors: Faithfull Nigel T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe origins and development of in‐vitro techniques for the determination of the apparent digestibility of ruminant feedstuffs are critically reviewed. Special attention is given to the effect of the pH used for the pepsin digestion stage, its optimum value, and its solubilising effect upon various mineral compounds and protein‐ and mineral‐tannin complexes formed in the ruminant digestive system. New experimental evidence is presented concerning the latter effect. Comparisons are made with the Tilley and Terry method in widespread use at the present time.
Evaluation of detergent extraction procedures for characterising carbohydrate components in ruminant feeds and digesta
Authors: McAllan Alexander B. , Griffith Elvin S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSteers fitted with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given isoenergetic diets of approximately equal amounts of untreated (UT) barley straw and concentrates (flaked maize + tapioca) alone (BS) or with urea (BSU) or fishmeal (BSF). Similar diets were also given in which the barley straw had been treated (AT) with NaOH (BSA, BSAU and BSAF respectively). The diets were given in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Feed components and abomasal digesta samples were analysed for neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibres and for monosaccharide constituents of structural polysaccharides. Hemicellulose contents were estimated as the sum of xylose + arabinose (X + A) and by the difference between ash‐free NDF and ash‐free ADF (NDF‐ADF). Cellulose was estimated as β‐linked glucose (C) and by the difference between ash‐free ADF and lignin (ADF–L).103 Ruthenium and PEG were given as flow markers and flows (g24h−1) at the abomasum of carbohydrate components estimated in these ways were calculated. Approximately 98% (by wt.) of the cellulose (C) found in original feed and digesta samples was recovered in both NDF and ADF. Recoveries of hemicellulose (X + A) in NDF from UT straw, AT straw and abomasal digesta were approximately 92, 48 and 50%, respectively. The ADF fraction of feeds and digesta contained 3–6 and 10–17% of the nitrogen and xylose, respectively, present in the original samples. Mouth to abomasum digestibilities of hemicellulose (NDF– ADF) for diets BS, BSU, BSF, BSA, BSAU and BSAF were 39, 62, 67, 29, 61 and 76%, respectively. Corresponding values for cellulose (ADF–L) were 37, 34, 50, 45, 48, and 63%, respectively. The use of NDF–ADF and ADF–L as measures of hemicellulose and cellulose contents, respectively, of feeds and digesta, and the digestibility of these carbohydrate fractions between mouth and abomasum of steers are discussed.
Simultaneous determination of proline and betaines by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ford Clive W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is described for the simultaneous determination by reversed‐phase h.p.l.c. of proline, glycinebetaine, trigonelline and stachydrine. The mobile phase was water containing 0.02M dibutylamine phosphate at pH 3.0. The compounds were separated in a Dextropak Radial‐PAK Cartridge and were detected by a differential refractometer. Total time of elution was 8 min. The method was applied to the analysis of leaves of two tropical grasses and a tropical legume which had been subjected to water stress.
Amino acid composition of the seed albumins from chickpea
Authors: Murray David R. , McC. Roxburgh Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmino acid analyses are reported for the albumin (water‐soluble) fractions of embryo proteins obtained from cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and two wild forms, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum. The sulphur amino acid contents of these fractions were 4.51, 5.50 and 5.75% respectively (molar basis). In each case, the cysteine content (2.51, 3.13 and 3.45%) was higher than the methionine content (2.00, 2.37 and 2.30% respectively). In other respects the albumin fractions from all three species were similar and represent balanced sources of all the essential amino acids except possibly tryptophane (not determined).
Assessment of root activity of perennial ryegrass and white clover measured using 32phosphorus as influenced by method of isotope placement, irrigation and method of defoliation
Authors: Keith Syers J. , Ryden John C. , Garwood Edward A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo methods of placement of 32P in soil were used to investigate the root activity in perennial ryegrass and mixed ryegrass–white clover swards. The placement of isotope by either horizontal or vertical insertion in the mixed sward had no significant effect on the distribution of root activity with depth, the total dry‐matter yield of herbage or its distribution between ryegrass and clover. At least 90% of the root activity to a depth of 35 cm for both grass and clover occurred within the upper 12.5 cm of the soil profile. Irrigation resulted in a more even distribution of root activity with depth and increased the lateral exploitation of soil P. In the irrigated plot, the root activity of both grass and clover above the line of isotope placement accounted for 40–50% of the total activity at depths to 18.8 cm in contrast to 70–100% in the absence of irrigation. The method of defoliation (cutting versus grazing) had no significant effect on the vertical or lateral distribution of root activity. In unirrigated mixed swards, the root activity of grass in the upper 12.5 cm of the soil profile was greater by a factor of 1.5 to 2 than the contribution of grass to the yield of herbage. With irrigation, however, the distribution of root activity between grass and clover was similar to the contribution of each to the yield of herbage.
The effect of overwintering on the chemical composition of nine varieties of swede
Authors: Millard Peter , Bain Sandra D. , Chesson Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe compositions of the roots of nine varieties of swede of high, medium or low dry matter content and winter‐hardiness have been compared in samples harvested in November 1982 or March 1983. There was between 52 and 63% of root dry matter as soluble glucose, fructose and sucrose, 18 to 22% as cell wall polymers, 10 to 12% as soluble phenolic material and 3 to 5% inorganic nutrients. The chemical composition and so, presumably, nutritive value of the low and medium winterhardiness varieties were unchanged over the sampling period, whereas the high winter‐hardiness varieties increased their soluble sugar levels (particularly glucose) by 20% over the winter.
Aroma components as discriminating parameters in the chemometric classification of venetian white wines
Authors: Moret Ivo , Scarponi Giuseppe , Cescon Paolo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐two volatile aroma components of three Venetian white wines (vintage of 1981) were determined by capillary gas chromatography, after liquid‐liquid extraction and concentration in a Vigreux column. Multiple discriminant analysis and the k‐nearest neighbour rule were applied to data in order to differentiate and classify the wines according to origin. Using 11 selected parameters (alcoholic and acidic fractions), the correctly classified cases were 94.9% by the multiple discriminant analysis, and 71.8% by the 3‐nearest neighbour rule.
Protein quality measures determined in two allegedly poor quality fish meals and in two commercial capelin meals
Authors: Aksnes Anders , Njaa Leif R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProtein quality indices (PER, nitrogen balance, digestibilities of protein, methionine and lysine) were obtained for two allegedly poor quality fish meals of unknown origin and for two Norwegian capelin meals. The former two contained 40 and 50%, the latter two, 6 and 12% of their methionine in the form of methionine sulphoxide. A high sulphoxide content was associated with poor protein quality. Thus, autoxidation during production or storage may affect fish meal protein differently from oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory. Methionine supplementation did not improve the PER‐values of any of the meals. This indicates that methionine was probably not the first limiting amino acid for protein utilisation in these meals for the young rat.
A comparison of the lipid compositions of the lipoproteins of the intestinal and popliteal lymph and plasma of sheep
Authors: Noble Raymond C. , Shand John H. , Calvert David T. , Clegg Roger A. , Christie William W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe lipids and lipoproteins of intestinal lymph in the sheep make a contribution to the corresponding fractions in plasma and thence affect lipid compositions in other tissues. As a first step towards assessing this contribution, the lipoproteins of intestinal lymph, peripheral (popliteal lymph) and plasma have been isolated for compositional studies. Popliteal lymph and the plasma were similar in the distributions of lipids among the major lipoprotein fractions with high‐density lipoproteins accounting for just over half of the total lipid present. In intestinal lymph, 80 per cent of the total lipid was associated with the very low‐density lipoprotein fraction. Whereas triacylglycerols comprised the principal lipid component of the very low‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein fractions of the intestinal lymph and were present in the high‐density lipoprotein fraction, they were present in essence only in the very low‐density lipoprotein fraction of popliteal lymph and plasma, where high concentrations of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids were found in all the lipoprotein fractions. The fatty acid compositions of each lipid class were also determined. The most distinctive feature of the results was the distribution of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, among the lipid components. In all lipid classes in each of the body fluids, the concentration of this component was highest in the high‐density lipoproteins and lowest in the very low‐density lipoproteins. Higher concentrations tended to be present in the triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine fractions of intestinal lymph than of plasma and popliteal lymph, but the opposite was true of the cholesteryl esters. The results are discussed in terms of the sources of the linoleic acid in the lipids of intestinal lymph of ruminant animals.
The responses of two genotypes of white clover to addition of lime to an acid permanent grassland soil
Authors: Jarvis Stephen C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe response of white clover to addition of lime was studied in pots with an acid permanent grassland soil (pH 4.1), and a comparison made between a commercial cultivar (Blanca) and a white clover indigenous to the acid soil. The yield of both plants increased markedly with addition of lime, but the native genotype reached maximum yield at a lower pH. In both cases, however, only relatively small adjustments of pH were required to produce considerable increases in yield. The addition of lime reduced the amounts of Al and Mn extracted by 1M ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2, and increased exchangeable Ca. It was suggested that, although plant contents of Mn were high and those of Ca low, the effect of lime was not on the clover plant per se but on nodulation and the supply of N through symbiotic fixation. When no lime was added, both plants contained concentrations of N below that suggested as critical, and had only limited numbers of nodules on their roots. Excess Al and/or Mn, or insufficient Ca may have been responsible for inhibition of nodulation at the low pH of the unlimed soil. Although the indigenous plant also grew poorly when no lime was added, it displayed a number of characteristics which may assist its performance and persistence under acid conditions in the field.
The labile pool of manganese in soil: Comparison of E and L value measurements with extraction methods
Authors: Goldberg Steven P. , Smith Keith A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe size of the manganese labile pools of three sandy soils from south east Scotland with a history of Mn deficiency was investigated by four methods: extraction with CaCl2; extraction with DTPA; E‐value determination by exchange with 54Mn; and L‐value determination using barley as the test crop. There was little agreement between the methods. The L‐values varied with the period of plant growth and with soil bulk density but greatly exceeded the E‐values, which in turn were about twice the quantities obtained by prolonged extraction with CaCl2 and an order of magnitude greater than the quantities extracted after 1 h with CaCl2‐DTPA extraction gave values three to six times those obtained with CaCl2. Extractable Mn increased dramatically after prolonged air drying, indicating the need for standardisation of both pre‐extraction conditions and extraction times when comparing the Mn availability of different soils.
Effect of soil conditioners on the permeability and stability of soils
Authors: Desmet J. , Gabriels D. , Dierickx W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPermeability and wet sieving tests were carried out to study the effect of soil conditioner treatments on aggregate stability of a loam, clay loam and silty clay soil, and to evaluate possible applications in drainage, such as treating the trench backfill in soils of low permeability. The permeability test and prolonged wet sieving test were considered to be valid methods for determining the behaviour of soil aggregates. The permeability and stability of a soil are strongly affected by soil texture and soil moisture conditions after treatment. Treatments with polymer solutions are effective with regard to both stability and permeability, even in situations where the soil remains moist after treatment. Treatments with emulsions were effective for loam soil when the samples were dried out, and for the silty clay soil at higher moisture contents. For the clay loam soil the highest permeability was found at higher moisture contents although a high instability index was obtained after prolonged wet sieving. Treatment with soil conditioners, especially polymer solutions, results in highly permeable and stable aggregates under a wide range of moisture conditions after treatment.
Hydroxycinnamic esters and browning potential in mature berries of some grape varieties
Authors: Romeyer Franccoise M. , Sapis Jean‐C. , Macheix Jean‐J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConcentrations of caffeoyl‐, p‐coumaroyl‐ and feruloyl‐tartaric acid esters in 28 mature grape varieties were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Caffeoyl tartrate concentrations were generally found to be the highest (average amount 0.12 μmol g−1 of fresh weight). p‐Coumaroyl tartrate concentrations were lower (average amount 0.05ümolg−1 of fresh weight). Feruloyl tartrate concentrations were very low and often non‐existent. The differences between varieties were very large for all the esters. In connection with previously‐determined polyphenol oxidase activities and according to the results of multiple linear regression and principal component analysis, no correlation was found between browning potential and hydroxycinnamic ester contents when such a correlation occurred in red grape browning with polyphenol oxidase activity levels.
Determination of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits by differential pulse polarography
Authors: Lau Oi‐Wah , Shiu Kwok‐Keung , Chang Shu‐Ting 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits using differential pulse polarography has been developed. The extraction medium recommended is a mixture of oxalic acid (1%), trichloroacetic acid (2%) and sodium sulphate (1%), and simple filtration is used to remove the residue. An acetate buffer (2M) is recommended to keep the pH at 4.5. The polarograms were recorded using a modulation amplitude of 50mV, a scan rate of 2mVs−1, and a drop time of 1 s. The precision of the procedure was found to be 1.4% at the 1 mg litre−1 level of ascorbic acid. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0–20 mg litre −1 of ascorbic acid with a slope of 0.48μA mg litre−1. Most common anions and cations did not interfere, however, Fe3+ and EDTA interfered, and Br− and I− seriously interfered with the determination. The method was applied to determine the ascorbic acid content of a number of vegetables and fruits using the standard‐addition calibration.
Volatile flavour components of grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen)
Authors: Núnez Alberto J. , Maarse Henk , Bemelmans Jo M. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe qualitative analysis of volatile flavour components in grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) was performed using a gas chromatography/mass spectro‐metry/computer system which allowed the identification of 58 components, 25 of them being reported for the first time. The aroma concentrates were obtained by an efficient simultaneous steam distillation/solvent extraction method which made it possible to identify many trace aroma components. Only quantitative differences were found in the aroma composition of fresh grapefruit juice extracted from different fruit batches of the same geographic origin during one season.
Effects of nitrification inhibitors on uptakes of mineralised nitrogen and on yields of winter cereals grown on sandy soil after ploughing old grassland
Authors: Rodgers G. Alan , Penny Alexander , Hewitt Michael V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn old grass sward on a sandy loam soil (Cottenham series) was ploughed‐down in summer 1981 and winter wheat, winter oats and winter wheat respectively were grown on the site for the next 3 years. Nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide (DCD), nitrapyrin or etridiazole) were applied to the seedbed in all 3 years. In spring, the cereals were given 0, 35 or 70kg N ha−1 as “Nitro‐Chalk”. Inhibitors had little effect on the amounts or distribution of mineralised nitrogen in the soil profile or on the uptake of mineralised nitrogen during autumn and winter. Much mineralised nitrogen was leached during the autumn and winter 1981/82 and 1982/83, but amounts of available mineralised nitrogen were sufficient to meet the crop requirements. In these 2 years nitrogen fertiliser decreased yields and inhibitors had no consistent effect on yields or nitrogen uptakes. In 1984, winter wheat responded to spring‐applied nitrogen fertiliser, while DCD or nitrapyrin increased yields and nitrogen uptakes. There was no evidence that yield increases were due solely to the increased availability of mineralised nitrogen caused by the inhibition of nitrification.
Degradation of mimosine during ensiling of leucaena
Authors: Lyon Cameron K 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe causes of the degradation of the toxic component, mimosine, during ensiling of leucaena leaves were investigated in small‐scale laboratory preparations. Degradation of mimosine to 3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridone was shown to be caused almost entirely by endogenous enzymes in the leaf and not by fermentation during ensiling.