bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in liver copper concentration of Thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and the effect of prenatal copper supplementation of their dams
Authors: GEE EK , GRACE ND , FIRTH EC , FENNESSY PF 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To monitor the change in liver copper concentration of Thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and to determine the effects of supplementation by two injections of copper edetate given to dams in late gestation on the liver copper concentration of their foals at birth. Procedure Ten mares pregnant to the same stallion were randomised into two groups on the basis of age, liver copper concentration and expected foaling date. The treatment group mares were given 100 mg and 250 mg copper edetate intramuscularly during the ninth and tenth months of gestation respectively. Foals had liver biopsies taken weekly in the first month of life, then monthly for four months. Foals were euthanased at 160 days of age; liver samples were taken and the copper concentrations were determined. Results Two distinct patterns of age dependant decline in liver copper concentration were evident. The mean (± SD) liver copper concentration of the foals was high at birth (374 ± 130 mg/kg DM), and for seven it declined to adult values by 160 days of age (21 ± 6 mg/kg DM). In three foals the decline was at a slower rate than in the other seven and at 160 days of age the mean concentration was 162 ± 32 mg/kg DM. Repeated measures analysis showed significant differences between each biopsy (P<0.01) and between ‘normal’ and‘accumulator’ foals (P<0.002). Copper injections given to mares in late pregnancy had no effect on the liver copper concentration of foals at birth. Conclusions The significance of the two patterns of age dependant decline in liver copper concentration is unknown. Parenteral copper supplementation of the dam in late gestation had no effect on the liver copper concentration of the foal at birth.
Plasma and urinary trypsinogen activation peptide in healthy dogs, dogs with pancreatitis and dogs with other systemic diseases
Authors: MANSFIELD CS , JONES BR 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the specificity and sensitivity of plasma and urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) concentratDesignRetrospective analysis of clinical cases.ProcedureDogs were classified into three groups: healthy animals, dogs with confirmed pancreatitis and dogs with nonpancreatic disease, which clinically or biochemically resembled pancreatitis. This last group was further subdivided into dogs with renal and those with nonrenal disease. The plasma and urinary TAP concentration was determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Clinical cases additionally had serum trypsin‐like immunoreactivity concentration measured, as well as radiography and ultrasound of the abdomen and further diagnostic procedures. Nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal‐Wallis test) was performed using Statistix 4.0 program.ResultsThere was a wide range of urinary TAP concentration in healthy dogs (mean 52.30 nmol/L, standard deviation 55.25) that made interpretation of urinary TAP concentrations difficult in the other groups. There was a narrow reference range for plasma TAP (mean 2.67 nmol/L, standard deviation 0.93). Plasma and urinary TAP concentrations, as well as urinary TAP to creatinine ratio, were all increased in dogs that died with necrotising pancreatitis. Values were not increased in mild, interstitial pancreatitis. Increased plasma TAP concentrations were also present in dogs with severe renal disease.ConclusionPlasma TAP concentration isa good prognostic indicator in naturally occurring pancreatitis in dogs. The failure of TAP to increase in mild pancreatitis, and the increase present in severe renal disease, suggests its measurement has limited application as a sole diagnostic tool for canine pancreatitis. Further investigations are required in order to explain the large variability of urinary TAP concentration and the presence of circulating TAP in healthy dogs.
Sunlight associated hyperthermia as a consistent and rapidly developing clinical sign in sheep intoxicated by St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Authors: BOURKE CA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the usefulness of rectal temperature responses in Australian bred Merino sheep, following the oral administration of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), as an early indicator of Hypericum intolerance. Design Thirty‐three Merino ewes were divided into three groups of 11. Each group was dosed with finely ground, dried, flowering growth stage H perforatum plant material at either 5.7, 4.0, or 2.85 g dry plant per kg live weight. This corresponded to 5.3, 3.7 and 2.65 mg hypericin per kg live weight, respectively. Procedure The sheep were dosed with a plant slurry by stomach tube and then exposed to bright sunlight for up to 5 h per day over successive days. Their clinical responses were observed and rectal temperature measured. Results Ingestion of H perforatum followed by exposure to bright sunlight frequently resulted in clinical signs attributable to skin irritation and central nervous effects, including an inappropriate increase in body temperature. A decrease in H perforatum ingestion from 5.7 to 2.85 g dry plant per kg live weight and a corresponding decrease in hypericin ingestion from 5.3 to 2.65 mg per kg live weight, was associated with a decrease in the severity of the clinical signs, including the severity of the hyperthermia. Conclusions The rectal temperature rise in affected sheep is a reliable indicator of the early development of an adverse clinical effect. There appears to be an absolute requirement for exposure to bright sunlight before any effects of H perforatum will develop. A single dose of H perforatum remains potentially effective for up to 4 days. In the small group of Merino sheep tested a tolerance level for H perforatum, eaten at the flowering stage, of<1% (plant wet weight) of body weight and a tolerance level for hypericin of<2.65 mg per kg live weight, were demonstrated.
Agricultural consultancy—a career choice for veterinarians
Authors: TAYLOR KL , SWAN RA , CHAPMAN HM 
Published: March 2008

Objective To document the personal, educational and professional skills that characterise veterinarians pursuing careers as agricultural consultants and to determine the future direction for veterinary‐related advisory services to agriculture in Australia. Design Thirty‐six veterinarians practising as consultants in agriculture throughout Australia were sent a postal survey in 1994. Procedure A descriptive analysis was chosen because of the relatively small population available to sample. Comparisons were made on a percentage basis where appropriate. Results Twenty‐four useable responses to the questionnaire were received. Consultants were mostly men with an agricultural background, aged 31 to 40 years. They considered their undergraduate veterinary studies to be a stepping stone into further education and practical experience and ultimately consultancy. Consultants predicted an increased reliance for their work on corporate farms, private agribusiness, research and development and sub‐contracted work, rather than on family‐owned farms. Consultants disagreed on the wisdom of combining consultancy activities with alternative businesses (for instance mixed veterinary practice). Only 13 consultants derived greater than 76% of their income from consultancy and 14 combined another business with consulting. The need for continuing education was considered important. Consultants predicted various future prospects for the industry. Many predicted that there would not be enough veterinarians to fulfill the demand for this type of work. Implications for the veterinary profession Results from this survey suggest that veterinary consulting will extend into finance, agronomy and marketing in addition to current skills in animal nutrition, parasite control and animal reproduction. As clients demand specialised skills and knowledge, the formation of co‐operatives or companies of specialists may be beneficial to both client and consultant in the future. The consultant:s role can be characterised as one of extending relevant information to clients in a useful form. Excellent communication skills are necessary, as is an understanding of rural issues and animal industries.
Ribotype diversity of porcine Pasteurella multocida from Australia
Authors: BOWLES RE , PAHOFF JL , SMITH BN , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To use the technique of ribotyping to investigate the genetic diversity of Australian isolates of Pasteurella multocida associated with outbreaks of clinical disease in Australian pigs. Design One hundred and seven porcine P multocida isolates were analysed by ribotyping using the restriction enzymes HpaII and HindIII. The genetic population structure of the Australian porcine P multocida isolates was determined through statistical analysis of the joint ribotype patterns, and this was then compared with biochemical and epidemiological data available for the population. Results A total of 25 combined ribotypes were recognised, which were grouped into five ribotype clusters. Despite the deliberate selection of diverse isolates, the study revealed only a limited degree of genetic diversity. Fourteen of the ribotypes contained multiple isolates, and 12 of these ribotypes were present on more than one farm. Three of the seven biovars analysed in the study showed very limited diversity. All fifteen biovar 2 isolates (subsp multocida) were found in a single cluster (III), while all four biovar 8 isolates, which correspond to P multocida subsp gallicida, were allocated by themselves to a single cluster (IV). All nine of the biovar 12 isolates (lactose‐positive subsp multocida) were assigned to a single cluster (I), together with the single biovar 14 isolate, which was the only other lactose‐positive isolate in the population (ODC‐negative). Conclusion A limited number of ribotypes of P multocida are associated with Australian pigs. The majority of these ribotypes are widely distributed across multiple farms, and across multiple states. Individual farms can possess multiple ribotypes of P multocida. Some of the unusual biochemical variants of P multocida present in Australian pigs have a very limited genetic diversity. The nature of pig production in Australia, primarily involving continuous flow systems with few closed herds, has possibly contributed to the widespread distribution of a limited number ribotypes.
Identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis A virus by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: DYNON K , VARRASSO A , FICORILLI N , HOLLOWAY SA , REUBEL GH , LI F , HARTLEY CA , STUDDERT MJ , DRUMMER HE 
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop rapid (< 8 hour) tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3; equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 (EHV2) and EHV5, equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV1), EAdV2, equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV; formerly equine rhinovirus 1)Design Either single round or second round (seminested) PCRs were developed and validated.Methods Oligonucleotide primers were designed that were specific for each virus, PCR conditions were defined and the specificity and sensitivity of the assays were determined. The application of the tests was validated using a number of independent virus isolates for most of the viruses studied. The PCRs were applied directly to clinical samples where samples were available.Results We developed a single round PCR for the diagnosis of EHV3, a seminested PCR for EHV2 and single round PCRs for EHV5, EAdV1, EAdV2 and RT‐PCRs for EAV and ERAV. The PCR primer sets for each virus were designed and shown to be highly specific (did not amplify any recognised non‐target template) and sensitive (detection of minimal amounts of virus) and, where multiple virus isolates were available all isolates were detected.Conclusion The development and validation of a comprehensive panel of PCR diagnostic tests, predominantly for viruses causing equine respiratory disease, that can be completed within 8 hours from receipt of clinical samples, provides a major advance in the rapid diagnosis or exclusion diagnosis of these endemic equine virus diseases in Australia.
Effect of short‐term treatment with bumetanide, quinapril and low‐sodium diet on dogs with moderate congestive heart failure
Authors: MARTINEZ‐ALCAINE MA , YNARAJA E , CORBERA JA , MONTOYA JA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the effect of bumetanide, quinapril and a low‐sodium diet on clinical response tolerance and side‐effects on dogs with moderate congestive heart failure. Design A prospective clinical study, using 32 client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring disease. Procedure Thirty‐two dogs diagnosed with congestive heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stage II) due to mitral valve disease were included. During 4 weeks, patients received 0.5 mg/kg quinapril (Ectren, Menarini), 0.1 mg/kg bumetanide (Fordiuran, Boehringer Ingelheim) and a low sodium diet (CNM‐CV, Purina) was fed. All dogs were examined weekly and results were treated statistically Results The treatment was safe, effective and well‐tolerated and no major side‐effects were observed. There were no significant changes in measured haematological and biochemical variables, including serum electrolyte concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of electrolytes. Conclusion This study suggests that the combined treatment with bumetanide, quinapril and low‐sodium diet for controlling moderate CHF due to mitral insufficiency in dogs is simple, easy‐to‐administer and effective in controlling clinical signs and prompting improvement even after short‐term treatment.
Evaluation of high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy for diagnosis of upper respiratory tract dysfunction in horses
Authors: DART AJ , DOWLING BA , HODGSON DR , ROSE RJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy as a diagnostic technique and document the abnormalities found in Australian horses referred for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise but where a definitive diagnosis could not be made at rest.DesignA retrospective clinical study using client‐owned horses.ProcedureThe clinical records and videorecordings of all horses referred to the University of Sydney for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise during a 13‐month period were examined. Only horses with a normal physical examination including absence of lameness, and where a definitive diagnosis of the cause of the abnormal upper respiratory tract noise could not be made from the resting videoendoscopic examination were included in the study. The age, gender, breed of horse and the purpose for which the horse was used were ascertained from the record and videorecordings were reviewed by the authors and any abnormalities noted.ResultsThere were 37 horses included in the study. An upper airway abnormality was identified during high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy in 73% of horses. One abnormality was identified in 22 horses, 2 abnormalities in 4 horses and 3 abnormalities in 1 horse. Abnormalities identified included laryngeal hemiparesis (n=15), axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (n=10), pharyngeal collapse (n=3), dorsal displacement of the soft palate (n=2), epiglottic collapse (n=1), axial deviation of the vocal cord (n=1) and laryngeal collapse (n=1).ConclusionsThe results of this study are similar to reports from overseas and suggest high‐speed treadmill video‐endoscopy appears to be a useful technique to diagnose the cause of upper airway dysfunction in Australian horses referred specifically for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory noise. However, a diagnosis will not be made in all horses undergoing this procedure. There were five horses with two or three abnormalities none of which were apparent at rest. This would suggest that in all horses making abnormal upper respiratory noise associated with poor performance, even where an abnormality is identified at rest, high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy should be performed for a complete diagnosis.
Efficacy of macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World Screw‐worm Fly (Chrysomya bezziana)
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , MAHON RJ , AHMAD HAMDAN BIN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the efficacy of four macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World Screw‐worm Fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana, and to examine the effects of excreted residues on the dung fauna. Animals 100 heifers were divided into five groups of 20 animals. One group remained untreated, whereas the other groups were treated respectively with pour‐on formulations of moxidectin, eprinomectin or doramectin, or a sustained‐release bolus of ivermectin. Procedures At intervals of 1 to 15 weeks after treatment, five cattle from each group were challenged with newly‐laid eggs of OWS. The efficacy of each treatment was determined 48 h later by comparing the number of myiases in the treated and untreated groups. Abundance of fly larvae in naturally‐voided dung pads and the survival of a species of dung beetle, Onthophagus sagittarius, were used to assess the effects of drug residues on the dung fauna. Results and Conclusions Moxidectin showed no activity against larvae of OWS during the first 14 days after treatment. Eprinomectin provided protection for 3 days after dosing, but failed at days 7 and 14, whereas doramectin was effective at day 7, but not at days 14 or 21. In contrast, no myiases were established on bolus‐treated cattle from 14 to 102 days after treatment. Faecal residues of moxidectin had no effect on the survival of larvae of dung‐feeding flies, whereas those of eprino‐mectin and doramectin reduced survival for 1 to 2 weeks. Dung voided by bolus‐treated cattle inhibited fly breeding and had adverse effects on the development and survival of O sagittarius for up to 15 weeks after treatment.
Peritonitis associated withActinobacillus equuliin horses: 51 cases
Authors: MATTHEWS S , DART AJ , DOWLING BA , HODGSON JL , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo review the clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of 51 horses with peritonitis attributed toActinobacillus equuli.DesignRetrospective study of clinical casesMethodsBreed, age and gender of horse, history, physical examination findings, treatment and outcome were determined from the hospital records of 51 horses in which a diagnosis of peritonitis attributed toA equuliwas made between January 1993 and June 1999. Results of abdominal fluid cytology and bacteriology, antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, haematology and faecal egg counts, when performed, were also retrieved.ResultsThere was a variety of breeds of horses affected. There were 35 male and 17 female horses, aged from 9 months to 22 years, presented. Lethargy, signs of depression with mild to moderate signs of abdominal pain and inappetence were the most common reasons for presentation. Most horses had elevated heart and respiratory rates, an elevated rectal temperature and reduced intestinal borborygmi heard on auscultation of the abdomen. Abnormal colour with an elevated protein were features of an abdominal fluid sample in 98% of horses and a marked elevation in nucleated cell count was present in all samples. Pleomorphic gram‐negative rods were seen on cytology in 53% of samples and a positive culture ofA equuliwas returned in 72% of samples. Other laboratory findings in some horses included mild haemoconcentration, hypoproteinaemia, an elevated circulating nucleated cell count with a left shift, an elevation in fibrinogen concentration and an elevated faecal egg count. All horses demonstrated a rapid response to treatment with procaine penicillin alone, or a combination of procaine penicillin and gentamicin sulphate. Where antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed, all but two isolates were sensitive to procaine penicillin. All horses responded to antimicrobial and supportive therapy and were discharged from hospital.ConclusionHorses withA equuliperitonitis present with similar clinical signs as horses with other causes of abdominal pain. However, these signs, when evaluated in conjunction with the results of abdominal fluid analysis and response to treatment, are characteristic ofA equuliperitonitis. Pleomorphic gram‐negative bacteria may be seen on a cytological preparation of the abdominal fluid sample, and a positive bacterial culture may be obtained in some, but not all, cases. Most isolates are sensitive to procaine penicillin, so treatment with procaine penicillin and gentamicin sulphate is recommended until antimicrobial sensitivity is known.
A postal survey of blowfly strike occurrence in two Queensland shires
Authors: WARD MP 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the occurrence of blowfly strike in sheep flocks in two shires located in south‐eastern Queensland.Design Postal survey of woolgrowers within Stanthorpe and Inglewood shires.Procedure Questionnaire posted to woolgrowers in June 1999 seeking information on the monthly occurrence of flystrike and number of sheep at risk.Results Incidence of body strike and breech strike between August 1998 and May 1999 was 1.1 and 0.5%, respectively. The highest incidence of body strike and breech strike was reported in lambs (6.1%) and weaner sheep (1.5%), respectively. The seasonality of the incidence of body strike was bimodal (November and February), whereas the seasonality of the incidence of breech strike was unimodal (April). Occurrence of body strike within a 3‐month period in flocks located within 40 to 50 km of each other was significantly (P < 0.05) clustered.Conclusion Body strike appears to be more common than breech strike in the study area, mainly affects lambs and weaners and high‐risk periods occur during late spring and autumn. Study results provide valuable information for planning blowfly strike control programs in the area (such as timing of management procedures, use of fly traps), and enable the economic impact of flystrike on the industry in this area to be assessed.
Reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against field isolates of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: WOOSTER MJ , WOODGATE RG , CHICK BF 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To investigate the reduced efficacy of ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin against two field isolates of Haemonchus contortus. These isolates were identified on separate properties in the New England region of New South Wales.Procedure Reduced efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthel‐mintics against two field isolates of H contortus was suspected. These isolates were obtained from sheep on separate farms and pen trials were performed to investigate the efficacy of macrocyclic lactones. The percentage efficacy was calculated for moxidectin, ivermectin and closantel against the isolate from one farm (VHR23) and for moxidectin, ivermectin and abamectin against the isolate from the second (VHR29). The persistent activity of moxidectin against both isolates was investigated.Results Ivermectin and closantel were found to have efficacies below 80% against established populations of VHR23. Moxidectin was effective against an established population of VHR23 but the persistent activity was reduced to 7 days. Moxidectin was also found to be effective against established populations of VHR29, however, ivermectin and abamectin were found to have efficacies below 80%. There was no evidence of persistent activity of moxidectin against VHR29.Conclusion A reduction in efficacy of abamectin and/or ivermectin against field isolates of H contortuswas identified from two farms in the New England region of New South Wales. The persistent effect of moxidectin was reduced against both isolates.