bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Explosives 2,4‐DNT and 2,6‐DNT Using Terahertz Time‐domain Spectroscopy
Authors: LIU Gui‐Feng , MA Xiao‐Jing , MA Shi‐Hua , ZHAO Hong‐Wei , MA Ming‐Wang , GE Min , WANG Wen‐Feng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe absorption spectra and refractive index of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT) and 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (2,6‐DNT) were measured in the region of 0.3–2.0 THz by terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) at room temperature. Gaussian 03 program was applied to predict geometric structure and vibrational frequencies of 2,6‐DNT. Three absorption peaks at 1.09, 1.36 and 1.55 THz of 2,6‐DNT were obtained and assigned to intermolecular interactions. Quantitative analysis with THz‐TDS was undertaken for the mixture of 2,4‐DNT and 2,6‐DNT. The analytic weight ratio of 2,4‐DNT to 2,6‐DNT is consistent with the actual one with an analytic error of about 8%.
Synthesis of 3‐Allyl‐4‐phosphachromones by Cyclized Coupling of Ethylo‐Hydroxyphenyl(ethynyl)phosphinate with Allyl Bromide
Authors: XIE Liang , MA Jing , DING Yi‐Xiang 
Published: July 2008

Abstract3‐Allyl‐4‐phosphachromones as the phosphorus analogues of chromone were firstly prepared in good yields and high regioselectivity by the palladium(??)‐catalyzed cyclized coupling reaction of ethylo‐hydroxyphenyl(ethynyl)‐ phosphinate with allyl bromide.
Synthesis, Fluorescence Properties and Biological Activity of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline Conjugate Bonded Aromatic Heterocyclic Derivatives
Authors: WEI Jie‐Ping , ZENG He‐Ping , XU Dan‐Feng , LIU Jian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFour kinds of 8‐hydroxyquinoline conjugate bonded aromatic heterocyclic derivatives were designed and synthesized for potential use in the emission and electron conduction layers in organic light emitting devices, and as luminescent probes for metal ions. These novel compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and UV‐visible spectra. The photoluminescent properties of the new compounds including the spectra (shape of bands, λex, λem), quantum yield (ϕf) and lifetime (τ) were investigated. Moreover, density functional theory method was used to study the relationship between the geometric configuration and emission wavelength. MTT assays of cell proliferation of rMSC and DPPH radical‐scavenging tests suggested that the new compounds generate a significant increase of rMSC and demonstrate a good antioxidant activity.
Coupling of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides Catalyzed by Amino Acid Hydrochloride Salts
Authors: JIANG Huan‐Feng , YUAN Bi‐Zhen , QI Chao‐Rong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUsing amino acid hydrochloride salt as a catalyst, the coupling reaction of CO2 with epoxides could proceed smoothly to give cyclic carbonates in very good yields and high selectivity. The reaction conditions such as the pressure of carbon dioxide, reaction temperature, time and catalyst loading were carefully investigated.
A Review of Research and Development of Wind Energy in Turkey
Authors: Sahin Ahmet Duran 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDuring the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, interest has risen in new and renewable energy sources, and especially wind energy for electricity generation. In a short time, wind energy has been welcomed by society, industry and politicians as a clean, practical, economical and environmentally friendly alternative to existing fossil fuels. As a result of extensive studies on this topic, wind energy has recently been applied in various industries, and has started to compete with other energy resources. Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this millennium. Technically installed wind turbines capacity factors have high values in most areas of Turkey. It is seen that, in general, the modeling of wind speed and its parameters have been studied and researched rather than wind power technological development in Turkey. Wind investors had doubts about uncertainties in the renewable energy policies. After May 2007, an energy efficiency law was accepted and 10 years of electricity generation by renewable sources is considered as guaranteed by the Turkish government. The installed wind power has reached 131.35 MW in Turkey and it is expected that this value will be increased to 808.81 MW by the end of 2008. The dependence of strong technological and economical development on Turkey's energy needs have increased and new national or international sources have to be taken into account for the energy sector of the country. It is clear that this source gap could be filled by using the high potential of wind power, which is estimated at 58 GW. It is expected that installed wind power to supply up to 5% of electricity consumption by 2015 and for the end of 2008 this ratio will increase to 2% (it is currently ca. 1.0%). However, unexpected and unpredicted wind power applications have occurred on November 1st, 2007 in Turkey. It has been announced that 78,000.00 MW wind power investments have been applied by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). This is a new era for the Turkish energy sector and there is no model for this new situation. Therefore, in this paper, wind energy in Turkey is reviewed and opened up for further discussion.
Effect of Visitor Activities on Surface Soil Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Herbaceous Biomass in Ayder Natural Park
Authors: Yüksek Turan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe effects of visitor activities on surface soil environmental conditions and aboveground herbaceous biomass in Ayder Natural Park, Turkey, were investigated. Soil properties and aboveground herbaceous biomass were identified and characterized as heavily trafficked site (HTS), moderately trafficked sites (MTS) and control (non‐trafficked site) in grassland in a forest gap. Some soil properties were measured on 60 pits at 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths. The intensity of visitor activities had a negative impact on both surface soil properties and the aboveground herbaceous plant biomass and root mass in the study area in Ayder. The soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance increased from 0.94 to 1.47 g cm–3 and 0.55 to 1.65 MPa, respectively, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 77.98 to 8.85 mm h–1, and soil organic matter decreased from 6.71 to 1.77% in moderately and heavily trafficked sites, respectively, at 0–5 cm soil depth. The soil properties were degraded at both the surface layer and the subsurface layer and the greatest degradation was measured in the heavily trafficked site followed by the moderately trafficked site. There was a strong negative linear relationship between soil degradation and aboveground herbaceous plant biomass, which decreased by 50.05 and 78.19% in moderately and heavily trafficked sites, respectively.
Spectroscopic Investigation on Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions of Dissolved Organic Matter Extracted from Soils at Different Salinities
Authors: Provenzano Maria Rosaria , Cilenti Antonella , Gigliotti Giovanni , Senesi Nicola 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOrganic matter can be considered one of the most important indicators of the extent of soil desertification processes. Among the causes of desertification, salinization induced by different factors is raising the greatest concern in the Mediterranean area. In the present research, hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils at different degrees of salinization have been investigated by means of spectroscopic techniques such as tridimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in the mode of emission excitation matrix (EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The FT‐IR spectra were distinctive in differentiating HI from HO fractions and each DOM fraction as a function of soil salinity. The EEM spectra of HO fractions exhibited a shift toward longer emission wavelengths and higher fluorescence intensity (FI) values as compared to that of the HI fractions. These results could be ascribed to the different molecular complexities of HI and HO fractions. Further, a marked quenching effect was observed in the FI of both the DOM fractions with increasing soil salinity, which allowed to obtain immediate information on the soil salinity degree by comparing the fluorescence intensity.
Hip bone density predicts breast cancer risk independently of Gail score
Authors: Chen Zhao , Arendell Leslie , Aickin Mikel , Cauley Jane , Lewis Cora E. , Chlebowski Rowan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The Gail model has been commonly used to estimate a woman's risk of breast cancer within a certain time period. High bone mineral density (BMD) is also a significant risk factor for breast cancer, but it appears to play no role in the Gail model. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether hip BMD predicts postmenopausal breast cancer risk independently of the Gail score.METHODS.In this prospective study, 9941 postmenopausal women who had a baseline hip BMD and Gail score from the Women's Health Initiative were included in the analysis. Their average age was 63.0 ± 7.4 years at baseline.RESULTS.After an average of 8.43 years of follow‐up, 327 incident breast cancer cases were reported and adjudicated. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the hazards ratios (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for incident breast cancer were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.05‐1.73) for high Gail score (≥1.67%) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.11‐1.40) for each unit of increase in the total hip BMD T‐score. Restricting the analysis to women with both BMD and a Gail score above the median, a sharp increase in incident breast cancer for women with the highest BMD and Gail scores was found (P < .05).CONCLUSIONS.The contribution of BMD to the prediction of incident postmenopausal breast cancer across the entire population was found to be independent of the Gail score. However, among women with both high BMD and a high Gail score, there appears to be an interaction between these 2 factors. These findings suggest that BMD and Gail score may be used together to better quantify the risk of breast cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Serum HER‐2/neu and relative resistance to trastuzumab‐based therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Ali Suhail M. , Carney Walter P. , Esteva Francisco J. , Fornier Monica , Harris Lyndsay , Köstler Wolfgang. J. , Lotz Jean‐Pierre , Luftner Diana , Pichon Marie‐France , Lipton Allan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Previous reports based on small patient numbers suggested that changes in serum HER‐2/neu levels may predict response or lack of response to trastuzumab‐based therapies in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The objectives of this study were to pool data from 307 patients with MBC from 7 medical institutions to validate that the serum HER‐2/neu profile predicts patient resistance to trastuzumab and to establish a clinically relevant cutoff.METHODS.This was an international, multicenter, retrospective analysis of individual pooled data from 307 patients with MBC who were treated with first‐line trastuzumab‐based therapy. Serum was collected at baseline and 30 to 120 days after the initiation of trastuzumab therapy. A serum HER‐2/neu decrease ≥20% (receiver operating curve analysis) was defined as a significant HER‐2/neu change.RESULTS.Of the 307 patients with MBC, 191 patients (62%) had a significant decline (>20%) in serum HER‐2/neu and 116 patients (38%) did not. The objective response rate was 57% for patients who achieved this decline in serum HER‐2/neu (>20%) compared with 28% for patients who did not. Patients who achieved this decline in serum HER‐2/neu also had a significantly longer time to disease progression (320 days vs 180 days; P < .0001), longer duration of response (369 days vs 230 days; P = .008), and longer overall survival (898 days vs 593 days; P < .018).CONCLUSIONS.In this pooled analysis of 307 patients with MBC, individuals who did not achieve a significant decline (≥20%) in serum HER‐2/neu levels had decreased benefit from trastuzumab‐based therapy, and these patients should be considered for clinical trials evaluating additional HER‐2/neu‐targeted interventions. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A randomized study assessing the efficacy of communication skill training on patients' psychologic distress and coping
Authors: Fukui Sakiko , Ogawa Keiko , Ohtsuka Masao , Fukui Naoshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Although studies have shown the usefulness of improving health professionals' communication skills by training, to the authors' knowledge none have demonstrated the efficacy of communication skill training (CST) for health professionals in terms of improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of CST for nurses in improving psychologic distress and coping among patients after being informed of a cancer diagnosis.METHODS.Nurses who mainly provide patients with psychologic and informational support after being informed of their cancer diagnosis by physicians at a cancer screening center were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group; patients were supported by either group of nurses. Patient selection criteria were: age >18 years with gastric, colorectal, or breast cancer that was not in advanced stage. Intervention consisted of 3 1‐on‐1 nurses' interviews (on the day of, 1 week after, and 1 month after diagnosis). Efficacy was assessed through patients' psychologic distress and coping by administering the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (MAC), at 3 time points (1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after diagnosis).RESULTS.Eighty‐nine patients participated. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated a significant group‐by‐time decrease in patients' psychologic distress on HADS (P = .03), and significant group‐by‐time increase in fighting spirit and decrease of fatalism (P = .01 and P = .04, respectively), in addition to significant between‐group difference of anxious preoccupation on the MAC (P = .003).CONCLUSIONS.Support by nurses who completed the CST program was found to reduce psychologic distress and improved coping long term among patients informed of their cancer diagnosis. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Assessing outcomes in prostate cancer clinical trials
Authors: Gignac Gretchen A. , Morris Michael J. , Heller Glenn , Schwartz Lawrence H. , Scher Howard I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Because of the osseous distribution of prostate cancer metastases, progression is more readily identified than response in prostate cancer clinical trials. As a result, there is an increased focus on progression‐free survival (PFS) as a phase 2 endpoint. PFS, however, is vulnerable to inter‐study design variability. The authors sought to identify and quantify this variability and the resultant error in PFS across prostate cancer clinical trials.METHODS.The authors reviewed phase 2 clinical trials of cytotoxic agents in castration‐resistant metastatic prostate cancer over 5 years to evaluate the policies determining extent of disease and the definitions of disease progression. A simulation model was created to define the degree of error in estimating PFS in 3 hypothetical cohorts (median PFS of 12, 24, and 36 weeks) when the frequency of outcome assessments varies.RESULTS.Imaging policies for trial entry were heterogeneous, as were the type, timing, and indications for outcome assessments. In the simulation, error in the reported PFS varied according to the interval between assessments. The difference between the detected and the true PFS could vary as much as 6.4 weeks per cycle, strictly resulting from the variability of assessment schedules tested.CONCLUSIONS.Outcome assessment policies are highly variable in phase 2 studies of castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients, despite published guidelines designed to standardize authentication of disease progression. The estimated error in PFS can exceed 6 weeks per cycle, exclusively because of variations in the assessment schedules. Comparisons of PFS times from different studies must be made with circumspection. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Intracystic papillary carcinoma
Authors: Grabowski Julia , Salzstein Sidney L. , Sadler Georgia Robins , Blair Sarah 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Intracystic papillary carcinoma (IPC) is an uncommon breast neoplasm. To the authors' knowledge there are limited data regarding its epidemiology and only small studies focusing on outcomes. By using a large, population‐based database, this study aimed to identify specific characteristics of patients with IPC, investigate its natural history, and determine its long‐term prognosis.METHODS.The California Cancer Registry (CCR), a population‐based registry, was reviewed from the years 1988 through 2005. The data were analyzed with regard to patient sex, age at presentation, tumor stage, and overall survival. Cumulative relative actuarial survival was determined using a Berkson‐Gage life table method. The CCR classifies IPC as either in situ (CIS) or invasive, as determined by the local pathologist.RESULTS.A total of 917 cases of IPC were identified. Approximately 47% of cases (n = 427) were CIS, whereas 53% of cases had invasion (n = 490). The majority of the invasive cases were localized at the time of diagnosis (89.6%; n = 439). At 10 years, patients with CIS and invasive disease had a similar relative cumulative survival (96.8% and 94.4%; P = .18).CONCLUSIONS.IPC is a rare disease. There is no apparently significant difference in the long‐term survival of patients in the 2 histologically derived subgroups of IPC. There is an excellent prognosis for patients diagnosed with IPC regardless of whether the tumor is diagnosed as in situ or invasive. Clinicians should keep this in mind when planning surgical and adjuvant treatments. Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be a prudent way to evaluate axillary involvement in patients with IPC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Stoichiometric single crystal growth of AgGaS2 by iodine transport method and characterization
Authors: Prabukanthan P. , Dhanasekaran R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHigh quality single crystals of ternary AgGaS2 (AGS) semiconductor with chalcopyrite structure have been grown by chemical vapor transport (CVT) technique using iodine as a transporting agent at different growth zone temperatures. The powder X‐ray diffraction and single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies indicate that the as‐grown AGS crystals belong to the tetragonal (chalcopyrite) system with (112) plane as the dominant peak. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the X‐ray rocking curve for the as‐grown AGS single crystal is 5 arcsec. The energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) and optical transmission spectra of as‐grown AGS single crystals grown at different conditions show the almost same composition and band gap (2.65 eV). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of as‐grown AGS single crystals show prominent band edge emission at 2.61 eV. The resistivity of the as‐grown AGS single crystal has been measured. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polychloro‐alkanes used as templates in solvothermal synthesis of selenium microrods
Authors: Ma Jianmin , Peng Peng , Wu Liyan , Liu Xiaodi , Zheng Wenjun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPolychloro‐alkanes, including dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3) and tetrachloromethane (CCl4), were first introduced to synthesize trigonal selenium (t‐Se) microrods as a new kind of coordinating solvent, which played two important roles in the formation of Se nuclei and templated effect of Se microrods. The possible formation mechanism of t‐Se microrods was proposed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of barium oxalate crystals in agar–agar gel and their characterization
Authors: Dalal P. V. , Saraf K. B. , Shah S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSingle crystals of barium oxalate have been grown by gel method using agar‐agar gel as media of growth at ambient temperature. The optimum conditions were established by varying various parameters such as concentration of gel, concentration of reactant, gel setting time etc. Prismatic platy shaped transparent crystals were obtained. The grown crystals were characterized through powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) studies, Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The compound crystallizes under monoclinic structure with lattice parameters a = 6.6562 Å, b = 8.0464 Å, c = 2.8090 Å, β= 96.832°, and V = 149.38 Å3. The FT‐IR spectrum indicates OH and carbonyl group along with the presence of metal‐oxygen bond. The TGA indicates 17.75% weight loss at 550°C from which the decomposition pattern is formulated. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cross‐correlation‐based trans‐impedance amplifier for current noise measurements
Authors: Giusi Gino , Pace Calogero , Crupi Felice 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis work proposes a cross‐correlation‐based trans‐impedance amplifier for current noise measurements in the low‐frequency range. The proposed solution is compared with the classical cross‐correlation trans‐impedance amplifier showing a lower background noise. Furthermore, a three‐step measurement method, based on the new trans‐impedance amplifier, is proposed to cancel the residual background noise. SPICE simulations and noise measurements performed on prototype circuits demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Btg1 and Btg2 gene expression during early chick development
Authors: Kamaid Andrés , Giráldez Fernando 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBtg/Tob genes encode for a new family of proteins with antiproliferative functions, which are also able to stimulate cell differentiation. Btg1 and Btg2 are the most closely related members in terms of gene sequence. We analyzed their expression patterns in avian embryos by in situ hybridization, from embryonic day 1 to 3. Btg1 was distinctively expressed in the Hensen's node, the notochord, the cardiogenic mesoderm, the lens vesicle, and in the apical ectodermal ridge and mesenchyme of the limb buds. On the other hand, Btg2 expression domains included the neural plate border, presomitic mesoderm, trigeminal placode, and mesonephros. Both genes were commonly expressed in the myotome, epibranchial placodes, and dorsal neural tube. The results suggest that Btg1 and Btg2 are involved in multiple developmental processes. Overlapping expression of Btg1 and Btg2 may imply redundant functions, but unique expression patterns suggest also differential regulation and function. Developmental Dynamics 237:2158–2169, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the novel Golgi protein GoPro49 is developmentally regulated during mesenchymal differentiation
Authors: Takatalo Maarit , Järvinen Elina , Laitinen Saara , Thesleff Irma , Rönnholm Ragna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Golgi complex is the major cell organelle responsible for protein glycosylation and secretion. In this article, we show thatGoPro49is a new gene expressed specifically in mesenchymal and cartilaginous tissues during development. The corresponding human homologue was identified in our previous Golgi proteomics study and was shown to localize to the Golgi complex as an EGFP‐fusion protein. Furthermore, we show using in situ hybridization thatGoPro49expression pattern is both restricted and developmentally regulated. It is specific in vertebrae, ribs, and limbs, and in the craniofacial area in nasal septum and dental follicle. In the trunk,GoPro49expression decreases before final chondrocyte differentiation, while in the craniofacial area expression is still observed in postnatal tissues. This is the first time a Golgi membrane protein is shown to be expressed in a developmentally regulated manner during mesenchymal and cartilage development in mammals. Developmental Dynamics 237:2243–2255, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.