bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In primary effusion lymphoma cells, MYB transcriptional repression is associated with v‐FLIP expression during latent KSHV infection while both v‐FLIP and v‐GPCR become involved during the lytic cycle
Authors: Lacoste Vincent , Nicot Christophe , Gessain Antoine , Valensi Françoise , Gabarre Jean , Matta Hittu , Chaudhary Preet M. , Mahieux Renaud 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPrimary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, distinct subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, which is associated with Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Although MYB levels are high in most neoplastic B cells, we found that, unexpectedly, both PEL cells and uncultured PEL patients’ samples contained very low levels of MYB mRNA when compared to B‐cell leukaemia samples obtained from KSHV− patients. These results were further confirmed at the protein level. Both latent viral FLICE inhibitory protein (v‐FLIP) and early lytic viral G protein coupled receptor (v‐GPCR) KSHV proteins were found to activate nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and transrepress a MYB promoter reporter construct. In contrast, a dominant negative inhibitor of NF‐κB (IκB‐α) mutant prevented v‐FLIP and v‐GPCR from inhibiting MYB functions while a v‐GPCR mutant that was impaired for NF‐κB activation could not repress the MYB construct. Transduction of a v‐FLIP expressing vector or stable transfection of v‐GPCR both resulted in a marked downregulation of the endogenous MYB protein expression. However, MYB expression transactivated the lytic switch Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) promoter in transient transfection assays. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, contrary to a number of other haematological malignancies, MYB expression is not required for PEL cell proliferation. Repressing MYB expression also helps in maintaining the virus in latency.
Judgements of Solomon: anxieties and defences of social workers involved in care proceedings
Authors: Taylor Hilary , Beckett Chris , McKeigue Bridget 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTEvidence from focus group discussions with social workers in child care and child protection was collected for a research project exploring decision‐making in care proceedings and seeking a better understanding of the causes of delay in the process. Here this material is used to examine social workers' feelings about their work and to explore the anxieties they expressed. Isabel Menzies's work on containing anxiety in institutions is used to provide a conceptual framework for thinking about the ways in which individuals' unconscious defences against anxiety may affect the structure, policies and practices of the organization in which they work. It is suggested that this dimension needs to be taken into account in understanding difficulties which arise in putting policy into practice.
Development and physiology of gastric dilation air sacculitis in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Forgan L G , Forster M E 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe syndrome known as gastric dilation air sacculitis (GDAS) has previously been shown to affect Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in seawater (SW) aquaculture. Feed and osmoregulatory stress have been implicated as potential epidemiological co‐factors. The development and physiology of GDAS was investigated in SW and freshwater (FW) adapted smolts. Diet A (low‐cohesion pellets) and diet B (high‐cohesion pellets) were fed to both FW‐ and SW‐adapted fish. GDAS was induced only in the SW trial on feeding diet A. Stimulated gastro‐intestinal (GI) smooth muscle contractility, and fluid transport by the pyloric caeca were different in GDAS‐affected fish, which also showed osmoregulatory dysfunction. Cardiac stomach (CS) smooth muscle contractility in response to acetylcholine and potassium chloride (KCl) was significantly reduced in fish fed diet A relative to controls from weeks 3–5. In contrast, maximal pyloric sphincter (PS) circular smooth muscle contraction in response to KCl was significantly elevated in fish fed diet A in weeks 4 and 5. Serum osmolality was elevated in GDAS‐affected fish from week 2 of the SW trial. Fluid transport from the mucosal to serosal surface of isolated pyloric caeca was significantly reduced in weeks 3, 4 and 5 in SW fish fed diet A. Gastric evacuation from the stomach of healthy fish was shown to be significantly different when diets of low‐ and high‐cohesion were fed. The results are consistent with the intestinal brake playing a role in the development of the disease.
Expanded geographical distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis: first detections from Alaska
Authors: Arsan E L , Atkinson S D , Hallett S L , Meyers T , Bartholomew J L 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe parasite responsible for salmonid whirling disease, Myxobolus cerebralis, was introduced to the USA in 1958. It has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations, but has never been documented from Alaska. However, while assessing the risk of introduction of M. cerebralis into the state, we detected the parasite using a species‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Testing of 180 hatchery rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by pepsin trypsin digest (PTD) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) revealed 14 positive samples. Infection was confirmed by sequencing the parasite 18S rRNA gene and by a nested PCR assay based on the same gene. Sequence comparison of M. cerebralis from several locations demonstrated the Alaska isolates were genetically distinct and therefore not false‐positives arising from contamination during processing. We were unable to visually identify myxospores, indicating that either infection was light or mature spores had not formed. A reference set of fish samples spiked with known numbers of myxospores verified the QPCR and PTD results. This paper presents DNA sequence data from the Alaska M. cerebralis isolates, provides a brief history of the fish and facility of origin, and discusses implications of different testing methods on asymptomatic fish populations.
Farnesol, a common sesquiterpene, inhibits PQS production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Cugini Carla , Calfee M. Worth , Farrow John M. , Morales Diana K. , Pesci Everett C. , Hogan Deborah A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFarnesol is a sesquiterpene produced by many organisms, including the fungus Candida albicans. Here, we report that the addition of farnesol to cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human bacterial pathogen, leads to decreased production of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) and the PQS‐controlled virulence factor, pyocyanin. Within 15 min of farnesol addition, decreased transcript levels of pqsA, the first gene in the PQS biosynthetic operon, were observed. Transcript levels of pqsR (mvfR), which encodes the transcription factor that positively regulates pqsA, were unaffected. An Escherichia coli strain producing PqsR and containing the pqsA promoter fused to lacZ similarly showed that farnesol inhibited PQS‐stimulated transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that, like PQS, farnesol stimulated PqsR binding to the pqsA promoter at a previously characterized LysR binding site, suggesting that farnesol promoted a non‐productive interaction between PqsR and the pqsA promoter. Growth with C. albicans leads to decreased production of PQS and pyocyanin by P. aeruginosa, suggesting that the amount of farnesol produced by the fungus is sufficient to impact P. aeruginosa PQS signalling. Related isoprenoid compounds, but not other long‐chain alcohols, also inhibited PQS production at micromolar concen‐trations, suggesting that related compounds may participate in interspecies interactions with P. aeruginosa.
Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability of carbon isotope discrimination at the canopy level in response to environmental factors in a boreal forest ecosystem
Authors: CHEN BAOZHANG , CHEN JING M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAccurate estimation of temporal and spatial variations in photosynthetic discrimination of 13C is critical to carbon cycle research. In this study, a combined ecosystem–boundary layer isotope model, which was satisfactorily validated against intensive campaign data, was used to explore the temporal variability of carbon discrimination in response to environmental driving factors in a boreal ecosystem in the vicinity of Fraserdale Tower, Ontario, Canada (49°52′30″N, 81°34′12″W). A 14 year (1990–1996 and 1998–2004) hourly CO2 concentration and meteorological record measured on this tower was used for this purpose. The 14 year mean yearly diurnal amplitude of canopy‐level discrimination Δcanopy was computed to be 2.8 ± 0.5‰, and the overall diurnal cycle showed that the greatest Δcanopy values occurred at dawn and dusk, while the minima generally appeared in mid‐afternoon. The average annual Δcanopy varied from 18.3 to 19.7‰ with the 14 year average of 19 ± 0.4‰. The overall seasonality of Δcanopy showed a gradually increasing trend from leaf emergence in May–September and with a slight decrease at the end of the growing season in October. Δcanopy was negatively correlated to vapour pressure deficit and air temperature across hourly to decadal timescales. A strong climatic control on stomatal regulation of ecosystem isotope discrimination was found in this study.
Wounding induces resistance to pathogens with different lifestyles in tomato: role of ethylene in cross‐protection
Authors: FRANCIA DORIANA , DEMARIA DANIELE , CALDERINI ORNELLA , FERRARIS LUCIA , VALENTINO DANILA , ARCIONI SERGIO , TAMIETTI GIACOMO , CARDINALE FRANCESCA 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMany reports point to the existence of a network of regulatory signalling occurring in plants during the interaction with micro‐organisms (biotic stress) and abiotic stresses such as wounding. However, the focus is on shared intermediates/components and/or common molecular outputs in differently triggered signalling pathways, and not on the degree and modes of effective influence between abiotic and biotic stresses nor the range of true plant–pathogen interactions open to such influence. We report on local and systemic wound‐induced protection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to four pathogens with a range of lifestyles (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). The role of ethylene (ET) in the phenomenon and in the induction by wounding of several markers of defense was investigated by using the never‐ripe tomato mutant plants impaired in ET perception. We showed that PINIIb, PR1b, PR5, PR7 and peroxidase (POD) are influenced locally and/or systemically by wounding and, with the exception of POD activity, by ET perception. We also demonstrated that ET, although not essential, is positively (B. cinerea, P. capsici) or negatively (F. oxysporum, P. syringae pv. tomato) involved not only in basal but also in wound‐induced resistance to each pathogen.
Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are involved in ABA inhibition of stomatal opening
Authors: YAN JIUPIANG , TSUICHIHARA NOBUE , ETOH TAKEOMI , IWAI SUMIO 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential signalling molecules required for mediation of abscisic acid (ABA)‐induced stomatal closure, it is not known whether these molecules also mediate the ABA inhibition of stomatal opening. In this study, we investigated the role of NO and ROS in the ABA inhibition of stomatal opening in Vicia faba. ABA induced both NO and ROS synthesis, and the NO scavenger reduced the ABA inhibition of stomatal opening. Exogenous NO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also inhibited stomatal opening, indicating that NO and ROS are involved in the inhibition signalling process. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) reversed the ABA inhibition of stomatal opening. Either the NO scavenger or the NOS inhibitor also reversed the process in the H2O2 inhibition of stomatal opening. We found that in the ABA inhibition of stomatal opening, NO is downstream of ROS in the signalling process, and NO is synthesized by a NOS‐like enzyme.
Predicting obesity in early adulthood in Japanese women
Authors: Kubo Toshihide , Furujo Mahoko , Ueda Yuko , Imai Ken , Tsukahara Kohei , Morita Hirosuke , Ogura Kazuo , Kimura Takehide , Shimizu Junya , Fukuhara Shinichi , Koyama Teruhisa , Kanadani Tomohisa , Shiraga Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

Aim:  We analysed the body measurements of Japanese women to determine which factors may forecast adult obesity and also performed a comparative study of the utility of body mass index (BMI), which is used widely in Western Europe, and percentage of overweight, which is used in Japan.Methods:  Subjects included 244 Japanese women who were born between 1983 and 1986. Using a questionnaire, we investigated anthropometric values from birth to present and parents’ present anthropometric data, and analysed factors that correlate with current BMI data.Results:  (i) BMI after 10 years of age and BMI increase between ages 7 and 8 years correlated with BMI in adulthood. The carrying over rate of overweight increased with age. Meanwhile, percentage of overweight after 13 years onwards correlated with BMI in adulthood. (ii) Adult BMI positively correlated to both parents’ BMI.Conclusions:  (i) For a Japanese woman, BMI in childhood is a good indicator of young adult BMI, and has the possibility of becoming an important parameter to monitor obesity progression. (ii) Therefore, attempts to control obesity in elementary school girls are necessary. (iii) Parents’ weights may potentially influence obesity in adulthood; however, further examination of other confounding factors is necessary.
Evaluation of the off‐label usage of rituximab in a large teaching hospital in New South Wales
Authors: Sharma R. , Koller L. , Barclay P. , Liddle C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA retrospective review of patients receiving rituximab off label in a large teaching hospital was conducted between July 2002 and January 2006. The indication, dosing regimen, efficacy and cost of rituximab were evaluated. Rituximab was prescribed for three clinical indications; acute organ transplant rejection, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmune disease. On average, 600 mg of rituximab was prescribed weekly for 4 weeks, costing the hospital $108 739.37. We suggest an initial approval for a limited number of doses with subsequent approval dependent on improvement in predefined clinical or biochemical end‐points. Furthermore, we suggest an Australia‐wide central database be established to enable delineation of the optimal dosing schedule, as well as monitoring of clinical outcome.
Young people with chronic illness: the approach to transition
Authors: Kennedy A. , Sloman F. , Douglass J. A. , Sawyer S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs increasing numbers of young people with chronic illness reach adulthood, their ongoing medical care must evolve to be delivered in an adult rather than paediatric setting, a process known as transition. Towards this goal, increasing numbers of paediatric and adult hospitals are engaging in processes to promote the continuity of care for young people with chronic illness. Increasing evidence shows that adverse health consequences occur when inadequate transition arrangements are in place. This article draws from the experience of a transition programme emanating from the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne and describes the preparation that can ensure effective transition of young people with chronic illness to adult institutions. In paediatric settings, this includes opportunities for young people to be seen medically on their own to encourage independence with health‐care goals and ensuring that adequate health information is transferred to the adult service. In adult institutions, understanding the concept of adolescent development will encourage young people’s engagement with the new health‐care providers to improve health outcomes. Joint clinics between paediatric and adult health‐care teams can improve the transfer of individual patient knowledge, promote a collaborative approach to patient care, facilitate continuity of care and build confidence from both medical and patient perspectives. Including patients in decision‐making processes around transition services will encourage youth‐focused service developments that will help achieve optimal outcomes in young people with chronic illness.
Evidence based medicine methods (part 1): the basics
Authors: MACKINNON RALPH JAMES 
Published: July 2007

SummaryEvidence based medicine (EBM) is a potent patient centered clinical learning strategy. EBM facilitates efficient robust decision making on an individual patient basis. It provides the framework and tools to rapidly and effectively find answers to specific clinical questions and educate others. At the core of EBM is clinical judgement. This is the ability to combine clinical experience and expertise with the best available evidence in the literature to answer a specific pediatric anesthesia question.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an old anesthesia problem revisited
Authors: HAYES JASON , VEYCKEMANS FRANCIS , BISSONNETTE BRUNO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPatients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy suffer from a progressive deterioration in muscle secondary to a defect in the dystrophin gene. As such, they are susceptible to perioperative respiratory, cardiac and other complications, such as rhabdomyolysis. Inhalational anesthetic agents have been implicated as a cause of acute rhabdomyolysis that can resemble malignant hyperthermia (MH). This article reviews perioperative ‘MH‐like’ reactions reported in muscular dystrophy patients and groups them into three categories according to clinical presentation. The etiology and underlying pathophysiological process responsible for these reactions is discussed and recommendations are proposed for the safe anesthetic management of these patients.
Consensus guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in critically ill children
Authors: PLAYFOR STEPHEN , JENKINS IAN , BOYLES CAROLYNE , CHOONARA IMTI , DAVIES GERALD , HAYWOOD TIM , HINSON GILLIAN , MAYER ANTON , MORTON NEIL , RALPH TANYA , WOLF ANDREW ,   UNITED KINGDOM PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE SOCIETY SEDATION,   ANALGESIA,   NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE WORKING GROUP
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground:  The United Kingdom Paediatric Intensive Care Society Sedation, Analgesia and Neuromuscular Blockade Working Group is a multidisciplinary expert panel created to produce consensus guidelines on sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade in critically ill children and forward knowledge in these areas. Neuromuscular blockade is recognized as an important element in the care of the critically ill and adult clinical practice guidelines in this area have been available for several years. However, similar clinical practice guidelines have not previously been produced for the critically ill pediatric patient.Methods:  A modified Delphi technique was employed to allow the Working Group to anonymously consider draft recommendations in up to three Delphi rounds with predetermined levels of agreement. This process was supported by a total of four consensus conferences and once consensus had been achieved, a systematic review of the available literature was carried out.Results:  A set of consensus guidelines was produced including six key recommendations. An evaluation of the existing literature supporting these recommendations is provided.Conclusions:  Multidisciplinary consensus guidelines for maintenance neuromuscular blockade in critically ill children (excluding neonates) have been successfully produced and are supported by levels of evidence. The Working Group has highlighted the paucity of high quality evidence in these important clinical areas and this emphasizes the need for further randomized clinical trials in this area.
Social Security Options for Informal Sector Workers in Emergent Economies and the Asia and Pacific Region
Authors: Pellissery Sony , Walker Robert 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Does any form of social security make sense in emergent economies, such as those in Asia and the Pacific, where most of the labour force is involved in the informal sector? This article explores various options. Though there are structural obstacles, such as the increasing casualization of labour, the inability of low paid employees to save for the future and widespread corruption, the state is not devoid of policy opportunities. A bottom‐up approach engaging local community organizations to provide suitable security measures is one important option. However, this needs to be achieved in the context of a multifaceted approach to create an environment of decent work and training that increases individuals’ employability.
Environmental Disasters and Disastrous Policies: An Overview from India
Authors: Ray‐Bennett Nibedita S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Though disasters have been important recurring events in South Asia, the policy framework for addressing the issues arising from disaster has been weak. Taking an alternative perspective on the definition of disaster itself, this article attempts to address the cause of the increasing numbers of disasters in India. I posit that the nation‐state still understands disasters as a natural phenomenon, rather than as an intersection between conditions of vulnerability and actual hazards. This is to be observed in the disaster policies adopted. Hence, this article emphasizes the inclusion of ‘vulnerability’ as paramount.
Development of 16 microsatellite markers for the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha
Authors: ENKERLI JÜRG , GISLER ALEXANDRA , KÖLLIKER ROLAND , WIDMER FRANCO 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSixteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha L., based on enriched genomic libraries. Allelic variability was assessed in a collection of 30 individuals obtained from a field in eastern Switzerland. The number of detected alleles ranged from three to 13 with a mean of 6.69 and average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.52 and 0.66, respectively. The 16 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers represent a powerful molecular tool, which will allow for detailed population genetic analyses on this important pest insect.
Diagram of Reliability and Net Gain: A New Method for Summarizing and Displaying the Results of Controlled Trials
Authors: Cruccu Giorgio , Taylor Rod S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground:  Sound evidence‐based clinical and policy therapy recommendations depend on a process of acquiring literature, appraising it for study design and quality, and assessing its results in terms of relative benefits and harms. In this article we describe two summary metrics that have been developed to assist guideline developers to assess the importance of the quality/size of trials and the relative benefit and harm of treatments, and a related graphical method for displaying them together.Methods:  To illustrate this graphic approach, we have used the evidence base for drug therapies for neuropathic pain. “Reliability” is calculated from the sample size and quality of trials, while the second metric, “Net Gain,” is calculated from the relative benefit and harm of each trial.Results:  The graphical method differentiated the evidence for neuropathic pain drugs.Conclusions:  This graphical output provides a simple and relatively easy way to understand summary of information on large amounts of trial data across a number of therapies, which may present an impression of the evidence at a glance even for a nonexpert. The usefulness of this graphical approach needs to be tested in the development of future clinical guidelines.