bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation in a Privatized Water Industry: The Anglian Water Experience
Authors: WOODCOCK P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnglian Water has adopted a positive approach to conservation. This forms an integral part of the Company's environmental policy which includes a commitment to full compliance with the Code of Practice on Conservation, Access and Recreation and acknowledges the Company's statutory responsibilities towards conservation.The Company is actively incorporating conservation considerations into routine environmental assessment of a growing capital programme. The implementation of nature conservation and landscaping initiatives is making an important contribution to the wildlife and visual amenity of the Company's sites. Management plans and nature reserve agreements have been prepared for operational sites including the 10% of the Company's land which has been designated by English Nature as of Site of Special Scientific Interest status. Buildings and objects of cultural heritage interest are being restored and displayed, and the Company supports archaeological investigations around the Anglian region.Anglian is promoting awareness of conservation issues, and of its work, through support for environmental projects within the community. Regular dialogue with conservation organizations forms an important component of the Company's conservation work.
Requirements for Quality System Certification to BS 5750 with Reference to the Water Industry
Authors: BOON EUR. ING. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractQuality assurance for the water industry and its suppliers is being seen to be of ever‐increasing importance as a means of meeting the demands of customers and giving confidence to regulators. The creation of the Water Industry Certification Scheme demonstrates the industry's increased level of commitment to quality assurance.This paper considers the requirements and benefits of certification of quality systems with particular reference to the BS 5750/EN 29000/ISO 9000 series of standards. The requirements for certification in the water industry are discussed in terms of corporate policy, what is stated in the standard, and how the requirements of some elements of the standard might be interpreted by a certification body.
Health Hazards in the Use of Buildings
Authors: O'SULLIVAN P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper addresses the question of what is a ‘healthy’building, and whether the definition normally expressed in terms of occupant well‐being has changed over a period of time. This definition is considered in relation to the relevant physical correlates, and suggested that they support the idea of the light, airy building. Air quality is then investigated to see how it can be, and perhaps more importantly how it is, incorporated into current solutions. Two design approaches are suggested from which a decision can be made as to use and profit from the shape of buildings; these are climatically rejecting and climatically interactive, and the use of either can result in solutions of differing orders of technical complexity. Finally it is suggested that some of these orders of complexity of solution are more difficult to operate healthily than others, and indications are given of possible ways ahead.
Composting Sewage Sludge: Basic Principles and Opportunities in the UK
Authors: CARROLL BARBARA A. , CAUNT P. , CUNLIFFE G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe basic principles of composting are applied to the treatment of sewage sludge. Composting systems are reviewed, and it is demonstrated by reference to international experience that composting is a viable method for sludge treatment. Current attitudes and approaches to the composting option in the UK are discussed and opportunities for further development are identified.
Thermal Drying of Sewage Sludge
Authors: C. GROSS T. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver the next decade the UK will experience significant, imposed changes in the quantity of sewage sludge produced and in the means available for its disposal. Existing practices are being reappraised and new technologies are being explored to cope with a predicted 40% increase in the quantity for disposal. Thermal drying of sludge undoubtedly has a role to play in coping with this demand.The two principal process types, i.e. direct and indirect heat application, are appraised in depth and a comparison is drawn. A case study is identified to examine the energy demands of the process, including the potential for heat recovery and for resource reuse. The environmental impact of a typical process is also examined.
Accreditation of Products and Services for the Water Industry
Authors: STOKES R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the programme of work being undertaken in a number of European organizations supported by the European Commission, which is designed to achieve the Single European Market. In particular, an explanation is provided on the organization of European standards, concentrating on the work affecting the water cycle. Reference is made to the public procurement, utilities and construction products Directives, and the need for accreditation using certification and testing. Also, an explanation is provided of the committee structure being established to facilitate mutual recognition of certification and test procedures to satisfy both regulatory and voluntary requirements of products and services.
Pilot‐Plant Trials on River Dee Water at Huntington
Authors: TAYLOR G. S. , HILLIS P. , WALKER I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pilot plant which has been used to examine the suitability of a number of treatment options for upgrading North West Water's water‐treatment plant at Huntingdon, Chester, is described. Processes tested include biological pretreatment using a fluidized sand bed to remove manganese and ammonia, chemical coagulation, chemical oxidation using chlorine, ozone and potassium permanganate, and both primary and secondary filtration with sand and granular activated carbon. The reduction of trihalomethanes and pesticides was also investigated.
Maintaining Groundwater Supplies during Drought Conditions in the Brighton Area
Authors: MILES R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe very low level of recharge to the chalk of the South Downs, which provide Brighton with its water supply, has meant that the groundwater levels are very low. Despite this, no restrictions have been necessary since February 1991. This is perhaps due to the instigation of public information campaigns, together with media coverage of the drought, as well as a successful programme of leakage control. This paper looks at how the growth of public water supply has been accommodated operationally while ensuring that groundwater quality is maintained. Options for the future expansion of supply, and their cost‐effectiveness, are also considered.
Legionellosis: A Concise Review
Authors: ELLIS K. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of the awareness of Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever is outlined, and the causative organisms are considered together with their environmental sources. Modes of transmission of the infections are discussed and the multiplication of the organisms within, and dangers associated with, water cooling towers and hot and cold water systems are investigated. Consideration is also given to the resistances of the Legionellae to temperature and chemical disinfectants. The elimination of Legionellae from, or their control within, waste systems and cooling towers are pursued and some definite suggestions made.
Climatic Change and Future Rainfall Predictions
Authors: ROWNTREE P. R. , MURPHY J. M. , B. MITCHELL J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe models which are used to estimate equilibrium and evolving changes in climate, due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, are described. Results from a 75‐year experiment with carbon dioxide increasing at 1%/annum using a coupled model of the atmosphere, land and deep ocean, are presented and compared with those from equilibrium experiments. Rainfall over the UK increases over the year as a whole, with the largest changes in winter; however, in summer it decreases except in the north. Soil moisture decreases except in winter. Results from an equilibrium experiment show that rainfall tends to be more intense but less frequent with a doubled atomospheric concentration of CO2. A scenario of climate change over western Europe is included, based on these and other experiments.
A Joint US and UK Approach to Water Supply and Distribution Modelling
Authors: BRAMMER L. F. , SCHULTE A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNetwork analysis has been practised in the water industry for many years, both in the UK and US, especially for capital investment planning and operational strategies. Driven now by the need to improve and maintain customer service levels, the management of water distribution is beginning to rely more on network analysis techniques. The combination of large, detailed models and easy‐to‐use software is moving network analysis into new areas of benefits in Severn Trent Water using the Stoner workstation service. By providing a simple, geographic interface with the user, the use of network simulation facilities has been increased tenfold in the company. In addition to the hydraulic benefits, Severn Trent Water has followed a lead from the US with water quality modelling, including nitrate blending, source water mixing and chlorine residual analysis.
Nitrogen Removal from Returned Liquors
Authors: THORNDAHL U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring recent years it has become clear that, particularly to protect the quality of sea waters, nitrogen and phosphorus discharges have to be substantially reduced. Nitrogen reduction can take place by conventional biological treatment. However, the problem can be partly, or perhaps completely, resolved by treating the returned liquors resulting from sludge dewatering. These normally create a substantial load on sewagetreatment works; in fact the nitrogen in the returned liquors can contribute 15–25% of the total nitrogen load entering the works. It therefore seems appropriate, particularly with a view to future nitrogenreduction requirements, to treat the returned liquors before they are returned to the works’inlet. Since 1987, Watergroup has been working on these problems, and the company now has full‐scale plants at Frederikshavn, Denmark (population equivalent 130 000) and Eslöv, Sweden (population equivalent 250 000). Normally this treatment can be carried out at a considerably lower cost, per kg nitrogen removed, than when applying traditional methods. An additional advantage is that the method makes it possible to reuse the nitrogen content of the returned liquor, e.g. in the form of ammonium sulphate which is an excellent fertilizer.
The Impact of Dry Years on Crop Water Requirements in Eastern England
Authors: LEEDS‐HARRISON P. B. , A. ROUNSEVELL M. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAgricultural water demand is weather and climate driven. Irrigated crop production which makes the largest agricultural demands is highly seasonal, water only being required in a few summer months. A ‘droughtiness’factor which is based on crop type and potential soil moisture deficit indicates large differences in the amount and timing of water demand for different crops. Soils with low water retention capacity are shown to be marginal for the potato crop unless irrigation is available in these areas. Economic data are presented which indicate that potato production realizes a considerable benefit from investment in irrigation, but this leads to inertia in the relocation of agricultural production centres in dry years. It is concluded that investment in on‐farm winter water storage for irrigation should be a priority investment in eastern England.
The National Rivers Authority's Need for Models
Authors: PICKLES LINDSAY 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Water Resources Act 1991 requires the National Rivers Authority to exercise a general supervision over all matters relating to flood defence. There is need for information in order to manage flood defence – not only as part of the overall management of the catchment but, at a more detailed level, to plan and monitor capital and maintenance programmes.The information requirements of the National Rivers Authority can be satisfied either by witnessing historic flood events, an approach disadvantaged by the infrequency of flood events, or by modelling the system, i.e. the rivers, coasts and flood plain. Once models are calibrated by specific flood events they can be used to predict the outcome of other events and to assess the response required to alleviate potential flooding. The different needs of the Authority can be satisfied by different modelling techniques using different levels of accuracy. Models can be used to analyse river and coastal systems to assess performance and target resources for maintenance and improvement.The management of flood defences by specifying and monitoring their performance is considered, and a recent trial in reach specification based on modelling techniques is described.
Three Examples of the Use of Physical River Channel Models by the National Rivers Authority, Yorkshire Region†
Authors: PELLEYMOUNTER D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent years the Yorkshire Region of the National Rivers Authority has employed the technique of physical modelling to assist in the hydraulic design of urban flood‐alleviation schemes. The paper describes three examples of their use. On the River Worth at Keighley the introduction of a weir, to reduce siltation beneath a bridge, was modelled. The confluence of Batley Beck and Howley Beck in Dewsbury is located at the entrance of a culvert. A model was constructed and streamlining was introduced to improve self‐cleansing and reduce head‐losses. On the River Calder at Wakefield, two bridges and a weir form a complex hydraulic situation. The results of a physical model study were used to aid the calibration of a mathematical model of a much larger area. The paper reviews these model studies, indicating the costs and the likely savings resulting from reduced siltation. The paper concludes that physical modelling can provide a cost‐beneficial aide to river‐engineering design.
Isleham Ion‐Exchange Nitrate‐Removal Plant
Authors: ANDREWS D. A. , HARWARD C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe ion‐exchange nitrate‐removal plant installed at Isleham, Cambridgeshire was commissioned during 1990. A description of the plant and design considerations is given, together with operational data. The nitrate‐removal plant treats up to 4.5 Ml/d of chalk borehole water. Problems encountered are presented together with information on capital and operating costs.
Toxicity Measurements and Their Use in Treatment Strategies
Authors: LANKFORD P. W. , SMITH L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of measured toxicity for evaluating the effects of a chemical or effluent on the environment, or monitoring the performance of an effluent treatment plant, is becoming increasingly important to complement the analytical techniques which are conventionally used. Although many consents on effluent discharges refer to specific chemical components, regulatory authorities are increasingly realizing the value of toxicity measurements to evaluate a combined effluent effect, particularly in the case of complex effluent streams.This paper (a) describes the basic principles of conventional methods of measuring toxicity, (b) highlights the benefits and shortcomings of these methods, and (c) outlines some promising methodologies which are being developed. The use of these measurements is then discussed in evaluating treatment alternatives, modifying existing treatment plants and conducting treatment evaluations. Several case studies are outlined to illustrate the use of toxicological measurements in assessing industrial wastewater treatment processes.
Application of the ‘Biothane’ Wastewater Treatment System in the Soft Drinks Industry
Authors: HOUSLEY J. N. , ZOUTBERG G. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the experience gained by Yorkshire Water in the construction and operation of a wastewater treatment plant to deal with the effluent from Europe's largest canning and bottling factory (at Wakefield, West Yorkshire). The process which was chosen was the ‘Biothane’ upward‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket system. Commissioning of the plant was fraught with difficulties due to the erratic organic load being discharged from the factory, along with larger than anticipated volumes of caustic solution.
Agricultural Chemicals in Raw Wool and the Wool Textile Industry
Authors: SHAW T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn common with most other agricultural products, wool contains residues of pesticidal substances. Until about 1985, the use of organochlorine pesticides for the treatment of sheep was common practice in some countries (including the UK), but the pesticides used now are usually organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids.The pesticides appear in the effluent from the wool‐scouring (washing) process, which is normally discharged to sewer, with or without partial treatment to remove wool grease. It is shown that the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in rivers draining the regions of the UK where wool‐scouring activity is highest, have fallen substantially since 1985.Environmental quality standards have recently been proposed for the organophosphates most commonly used for sheep treatments. Even if wool sources apply the best available techniques for treating their effluent before discharge to sewer, these standards may be unachievable unless means can be found of reducing the average concentrations of organophosphates present in raw wool.
Decision Aids for Planning in the Real World
Authors: SNELL M. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTPlanning the use of resources is an increasingly complex business as environmental and social concerns become more explicit and decisive. Many groups of people are affected, so that decisions have to be made from several viewpoints and with several criteria. Decision‐makers must not only apply the criteria which represent their own interests, but must also estimate the opinions and reactions of other affected people. If a decision is to be effective, these parties need to know how it was arrived at and to feel that it is their decision.The paper uses a simple example and two case studies to describe decision aids, designed as means of (i) communication and persuasion, and (ii) analysis. Important characteristics are (a) transparency, (b) attention to presentation, and (c) grouping of criteria.
Mothproofing Agents in UK Wool Textile Effluents
Authors: SHAW T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMothproofing is an essential part of the manufacture of wool and wool‐blend carpets and until now has usually been combined with another textile wet process, such as dyeing, to save cost.Environmental quality standards for mothproofing agents in surface waters have recently been introduced. Compliance with these standards will require a reduction of more than 90% in the mothproofing agent content of industrial effluents in parts of the UK where mothproofing activity is most concentrated. In order to achieve such a reduction, it is proprosed that the carpet industry should install new methods of applying mothproofing agents, aimed at source reduction, rather than by adopting end‐of‐pipe measures.Two new low‐pollution mothproofing technologies are described in detail, and a summary is given of other possibilities.
Current Developments in Contaminated Land Treatment Technology in the UK
Authors: BARDOS P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews recent developments in contaminated land treatment (soil and groundwater) in the UK, particularly with regard to:

The combination/integration of individual soil‐treatment unit processes and the use of ‘extensive’ technologies;
UK demonstration and emerging projects including those in the NATO/CCMS (Committee for Challenges to Modern Society) Pilot Study on Research, Development and Evaluation of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Soil and Groundwater; and
Contaminated land treatment technology research and development in the UK.
The Impact of Conservation Issues on a Sea‐Defence Scheme at Pennington
Authors: MARTIN D. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe reconstruction of 8.1 km of dilapidated sea wall protecting the Hampshire coast of the Western Solent, near Lymington, presented the National Rivers Authority (Southern Region) with particular problems and substantial extra costs in coping with the needs of conservation. The resulting scheme, however, can be seen not only to have preserved but also enhanced the conservation value of its immediate surroundings in addition to the wider area of protected land.
Sankey Brook Catchment Study
Authors: MACILWAINE R. V. , FLEW N. W. J. , COOPER J. N. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Sankey Brook catchment lies in the heart of the Mersey basin. As part of a major study into development issues in the Sankey Brook catchment, a hydraulic model was constructed and successfully used to simulate the river system and to assist in the derivation of discharge control policies.The background to the study and the subsequent hydrological and hydraulic modelling are described, particularly in relation to the more complex systems in the lower reaches of Sankey Brook.
Potential Impacts of Climatic Change and of Sea‐Level Rise on the Yields of Aquifer, River and Reservoir Sources
Authors: COLE J. A. , OAKES D. B. , SLADE S. , CLARK K. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTUsing regional statistics of daily rainfall, a simple water‐balance model was employed to generate runoff sequences with which to simulate the yield/storage behaviour of reservoirs in south‐east England, in north‐west England, and North Wales. Similarly sequences of recharge to an unconfined aquifer in eastern England were the basis of deriving its yield/storage behaviour. Then, taking scenarios of the year 2030 rainfall and evaporation, provided by the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit, reductions in yield were calculated to be 5–15% below present‐day values. For direct supply reservoirs, greater percentage reductions in yield were found to apply to the south‐east region, as compared to the north‐west. The results from the aquifer example are interpreted on a novel basis which allows an immediate comparison with the surface reservoir examples.Coastal sea‐water intrusion was modelled for three common geological conditions (i) the Grimsby Chalk (confined), (ii) the Brighton Chalk (unconfined), and (hi) the Otter Valley Sandstone (unconfined). In all three cases the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean sea level was shown to have only a marginal effect on sustainable yields, which reduced by about 1.5%.Estuarine fresh‐salt water interfaces are important to the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6‐m sea‐level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shin of the interface was found, less man 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Severn estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6‐m rise in mean sea level.
The Reconstruction of Sewage‐Treatment Works in Osaka City
Authors: YASHITA T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTOsaka has nearly completed its sewerage system, and twelve sewage‐treatment works are now in operation. Tsumori and Ebie works, the two oldest, were commissioned in 1940. For these works, full‐scale reconstruction has just commenced.This paper reports on the reconstruction of the Tsumori works, and outlines the plan for future reconstruction of the city's sewage‐treatment works.