bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo31P MR spectral patterns and reproducibility in cancer patients studied in a multi‐institutional trial
Authors: Arias‐Mendoza F. , Payne G. S. , Zakian K. L. , Schwarz A. J. , Stubbs M. , Stoyanova R. , Ballon D. , Howe F. A. , Koutcher J. A. , Leach M. O. , Griffiths J. R. , Heerschap A. , Glickson J. D. , Nelson S. J. , Evelhoch J. L. , Charles H. C. , Brown T. R. ,   The Cooperative Group on MRS Applications in Cancer
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe standardization and reproducibility of techniques required to acquire anatomically localized 31P MR spectra non‐invasively while studying tumors in cancer patients in a multi‐institutional group at 1.5 T are reported. This initial group of patients was studied from 1995 to 2000 to test the feasibility of acquiring in vivo localized 31P MRS in clinical MR spectrometers. The cancers tested were non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, sarcomas of soft tissue and bone, breast carcinomas and head and neck carcinomas. The best accrual and spectral quality were achieved with the non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The initial analysis of the spectral values of the sum of phosphoethanolamine plus phosphocholine normalized by the content of nucleotide triphosphates in a homogeneous sample of 32 NHL patients studied by in vivo 31P MRS showed good reproducibility among different institutions. No statistical differences were found between the institution with the largest number of cases accrued and the rest of the multi‐institutional NHL data (2.28 ± 0.64, mean ± standard error; n = 17, vs 2.08 ± 0.14, n = 15). The preliminary data reported demonstrate that the institutions involved in this trial are obtaining reproducible 31P MR spectroscopic data non‐invasively from human tumors. This is a fundamental prerequisite for the international cooperative group to be able to demonstrate the clinical value of the normalized determination of phosphoethanolamine plus phosphocholine by 31P MRS as predictor for treatment response in cancer patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocomposites of polypropylene impact copolymer and organoclays: role of compatibilizers
Authors: Deenadayalan E , Vidhate Shailesh , Lele Ashish 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNanocomposites of polypropylene impact copolymer and organoclays were prepared using different compatibilizers (polypropylene‐graft‐(maleic anhydride) (PPMA), polyethylene‐graft‐(maleic anhydride) (PEMA) and their mixture) and varying percentages of clay (3 and 6%) in an attempt to obtain balanced mechanical properties. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding and test specimens were prepared by injection molding. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and Izod impact strength are reported. The clay dispersion was investigated using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction while the phase morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the system with mixed PPMA and PEMA compatibilizers showed the best balance of mechanical properties among the nanocomposites explored. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative structure–activity relationships for the toxicity of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides to the Rainbow trout Onchorhyncus mykiss
Authors: Bermúdez‐Saldaña José M , Cronin Mark TD 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study has investigated the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for the toxicity to rainbow trout Onchorhyncus mykiss Walbaum of 75 organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. The toxicity data were obtained from an openly available toxicological database and were selected to be representative of a single endpoint. A large number of physicochemical and structural descriptors were calculated for the pesticides. QSAR models were developed using multiple linear regression and partial least‐squares analyses. Following the removal of a small number of outliers, predictive QSARs were developed on small numbers of mechanistically relevant descriptors. Applying mechanistic knowledge to the development of QSAR further improved predictivity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of membrane-like stresses in determining the stability and sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheets: back pressure and grounding line motion
Authors: Hindmarsh Richard C.A 
Published: June 2006

Membrane stresses act along thin bodies which are relatively well lubricated on both surfaces. They operate in ice sheets because the bottom is either sliding, or is much less viscous than the top owing to stress and heat softening of the basal ice. Ice streams flow over very well lubricated beds, and are restrained at their sides. The ideal of the perfectly slippery bed is considered in this paper, and the propagation of mechanical effects along an ice stream considered by applying spatially varying horizontal body forces. Propagation distances depend sensitively on the rheological index, and can be very large for ice-type rheologies.
A new analytical solution for ice-shelf profiles and grounded tractionless stream profiles is presented, which show blow up of the profile in a finite distance upstream at locations where the flux is non-zero. This is a feature of an earlier analytical solution for a floating shelf.
The length scale of decay of membrane stresses from the grounding line is investigated through scale analysis. In ice sheets, such effects decay over distances of several tens of kilometres, creating a vertical boundary layer between sheet flow and shelf flow, where membrane stresses adjust. Bounded, physically reasonable steady surface profiles only exist conditionally in this boundary layer. Where bounded steady profiles exist, adjacent profile equilibria for the whole ice sheet corresponding to different grounded areas occur (neutral equilibrium). If no solution in the boundary layer can exist, the ice-sheet profile must change.
The conditions for existence can be written in terms of whether the basal rate factor (sliding or internal deformation) is too large to permit a steady solution. The critical value depends extremely sensitively on ice velocity and the back stress applied at the grounding line. High ice velocity and high stress both favour the existence of solutions and stability. Changes in these parameters can cause the steady solution existence criterion to be traversed, and the ice-sheet dynamics to change.
A finite difference model which represents both neutral equilibrium and the dynamical transition is presented, and preliminary investigations into its numerical sensitivity are carried out. Evidence for the existence of a long wavelength instability is presented through the solution of a numerical eigenproblem, which will hamper predictability.
Temperature and substrate controls on intra‐annual variation in ecosystem respiration in two subarctic vegetation types
Authors: Grogan Paul , Jonasson Sven 
Published: June 2006

AbstractArctic ecosystems are important in the context of climate change because they are expected to undergo the most rapid temperature increases, and could provide a globally significant release of CO2 to the atmosphere from their extensive bulk soil organic carbon reserves. Understanding the relative contributions of bulk soil organic matter and plant‐associated carbon pools to ecosystem respiration is critical to predicting the response of arctic ecosystem net carbon balance to climate change. In this study, we determined the variation in ecosystem respiration rates from birch forest understory and heath tundra vegetation types in northern Sweden through a full annual cycle. We used a plant biomass removal treatment to differentiate bulk soil organic matter respiration from total ecosystem respiration in each vegetation type.Plant‐associated and bulk soil organic matter carbon pools each contributed significantly to ecosystem respiration during most phases of winter and summer in the two vegetation types. Ecosystem respiration rates through the year did not differ significantly between vegetation types despite substantial differences in biomass pools, soil depth and temperature regime. Most (76–92%) of the intra‐annual variation in ecosystem respiration rates from these two common mesic subarctic ecosystems was explained using a first‐order exponential equation relating respiration to substrate chemical quality and soil temperature. Removal of plants and their current year's litter significantly reduced the sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to intra‐annual variations in soil temperature for both vegetation types, indicating that respiration derived from recent plant carbon fixation was more temperature sensitive than respiration from bulk soil organic matter carbon stores.Accurate assessment of the potential for positive feedbacks from high‐latitude ecosystems to CO2‐induced climate change will require the development of ecosystem‐level physiological models of net carbon exchange that differentiate the responses of major C pools, that account for effects of vegetation type, and that integrate over summer and winter seasons.
Net ecosystem production of a Douglas‐fir stand for 3 years following clearcut harvesting
Authors: Humphreys Elyn R. , Andrew Black T. , Morgenstern Kai , Li Zhong , Nesic Zoran 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo investigate the variations in annual and seasonal net ecosystem production (FNEP) during the development of a young forest, 3 years of continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were collected following clearcut harvesting and replanting of a coastal Douglas‐fir stand on the east coast of Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. The impact of changing weather and stand structure onFNEPwas examined by developing relationships betweenFNEPand variables such as light, temperature, soil moisture, and leaf area index (LAI). In all 3 years, the stand was a large source of CO2(620, 520, and 600 g C m−2 yr−1in the first, second, and third years, respectively). During this period, the growth of pioneer and understory species resulted in an increase in maximum growing season LAI from 0.2 in the year the seedlings were planted to 2.5 in the third year. The associated increase in annual gross ecosystem production (P=FNEP−Re, whereReis ecosystem respiration) from 220 g C m−2 yr−1in the first year to 640 g C m−2 yr−1in the third year was exceeded by an increase in annualRefrom 840 to 1240 g C m−2 yr−1. Seasonal and interannual variations in daytimeFNEPandPwere well described by variations in photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and changes in LAI. Night‐time measurements ofReexponentially increased with 2 cm soil temperature with an averageQ10of 2 (relative increase inRefor a 10°C increase in temperature) andR10(Reat 10°C) that increased from 2.1 in the first year to 2.5 in the second year to 3.2 μmol m−2 s−1in the third year. Although the re‐establishment of vegetation in this stand had a major impact on bothPandRe, interannual variations in weather also affected annualFNEP. Drought, in the summer of the third year, resulted in early senescence and reduced bothPandRe. This resulted in more C being lost from the stand in the third year after harvesting than in the second year.
Global change alters the stability of food webs
Authors: Emmerson Mark , Bezemer Martijn , Hunter Mark D. , Jones T. Hefin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecent research has generally shown that a small change in the number of species in a food web can have consequences both for community structure and ecosystem processes. However ‘change’ is not limited to just the number of species in a community, but might include an alteration to such properties as precipitation, nutrient cycling and temperature. How such changes might affect species interactions is important, not just through the presence or absence of interactions, but also because the patterning of interaction strengths among species is intimately associated with community stability. Interaction strengths encompass such properties as feeding rates and assimilation efficiencies, and encapsulate functionally important information with regard to ecosystem processes. Interaction strengths represent the pathways and transfer of energy through an ecosystem. We review the best empirical data available detailing the frequency distribution of interaction strengths in communities. We present the underlying (but consistent) pattern of species interactions and discuss the implications of this patterning. We then examine how such a basic pattern might be affected given various scenarios of ‘change’ and discuss the consequences for community stability and ecosystem functioning.
Macroscopic prey remains in the winter diet of foxes Vulpes vulpes in rural Britain
Authors: WEBBON CHARLOTTE C. , BAKER PHILIP J. , COLE NIK C. , HARRIS STEPHEN 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

The winter diet of foxes Vulpes vulpes was quantified in seven landscape types in Britain, using faecal samples from 87 sites.
Medium‐sized mammals (0.1–5.0 kg) were consistently the most important prey group in arable and pastural landscapes, occurring in 44–72% of scats and comprising 50–75% of the mass of prey ingested. Birds and small mammals (< 0.1 kg) were important secondary prey groups.
Small mammals were the most frequently recorded prey group in marginal upland (42% of scats) and upland landscapes (75%), followed by large mammals (33% and 23%, respectively). In terms of mass ingested, small mammals (38%) and large mammals (52%) were the most important prey groups in these landscapes.
In all landscapes, field voles Microtus agrestis, lagomorphs, sheep/deer and passerines/galliforms dominated their respective prey groupings.
Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non‐native mammals on the Canary Islands
Authors: NOGALES M. , RODRÍGUEZ‐LUENGO J. L. , MARRERO P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

The ecological effects and distribution of 13 invasive non‐native mammal species on the Canary Islands are reviewed.
Six species, representing six different taxonomic orders, are widely distributed and live on all seven main islands of the Canarian Archipelago: Felis catus, Capra hircus, Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus domesticus and Oryctolagus cuniculus. Atelerix algirus is found on four islands while six further species are present on only one island: Crocidura russula, Suncus etruscus, Rousettus egyptiacus, Ovis gmelini, Ammotragus lervia and Atlantoxerus getulus.
Five species have an omnivorous diet, four are herbivorous, two insectivorous, one frugivorous and one carnivorous. The ecological effects and damage caused by these species in the natural habitats of the Canaries are similar to those in other insular regions. To our knowledge, the effects of two species, A. lervia (herbivorous) and A. getulus (omnivorous), are as yet unreported for other insular environments.
Two of the most pernicious effects caused by invasive non‐native mammal species in the Canaries consist of predation by feral cats of the three giant lizard species present in the western islands, but especially Gallotia gomerana, which is now on the verge of extinction; and the damage that the four species of herbivores cause to the endemic flora of the archipelago.
Characteristics of unmatched maternal and baby records in linked birth records and hospital discharge data
Authors: Ford Jane B. , Roberts Christine L. , Taylor Lee K. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryLinkage of routinely collected health data collections is increasingly being used to investigate maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Such data have the advantage of being population based and readily available. However, in using such data it is important to understand the data linkage process, the proportions of unmatched records and the characteristics of these records so that potential bias can be recognised. This article describes the differences in characteristics of matched and unmatched mothers’ and babies’ records generated in the linkage of birth records with hospital discharge data and explores some of the reasons for these differences. The study population included over 250 000 women and their babies discharged from hospital following delivery in New South Wales, Australia between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2002.Hospital discharge and birth data were linked using probabilistic linkage methods for both mothers and babies. Matching rates were 98.5% and 99.0% for maternal birth and hospital discharge records, respectively, and 98.8% and 99.4% for baby records. Unmatched maternal records had higher proportions of Australian‐born women, private hospital births and stillbirths compared with matched records. Unmatched baby records had higher proportions of low‐birthweight babies, preterm births and in‐hospital deaths than matched records. With the possible exception of stillbirths, these differences are unlikely to cause important bias in studies relying on matched records only. Our results suggest studies using linked data should generally examine and report on the characteristics of unmatched records, and recognise them as a potential source of bias.
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: maternal characteristics and risk factors
Authors: Louik Carol , Hernandez‐Diaz Sonia , Werler Martha M. , Mitchell Allen A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryNausea with or without vomiting (NVP) is probably the most frequently reported medical complaint of pregnancy, but few studies have considered risk factors for its development. We used data from an ongoing epidemiological study of pregnancies in four regional centres. Mothers of infants with congenital malformations (n = 17 158) and a sample of normal infants (n = 5329) were interviewed within 6 months of delivery by trained nurse‐interviewers using a standardised questionnaire. For all risk factors investigated, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using multiple logistic regression, controlling for potential confounders.The cumulative incidence (risk) of NVP was 67%. The risk of NVP and its timing during pregnancy were similar for mothers of malformed and normal infants, so data were combined. No changes in the NVP risk were observed over the 20‐year study period. The risk decreased with increasing age, but increased with increasing gravidity. The risk also increased with increasing number of prior miscarriages. Further, within each gravidity category, the risk was higher for twin births than for singletons. Women who reported onset of NVP after the first trimester differed demographically from women whose NVP began earlier: they were less‐well educated, had lower incomes, and were more likely to be black.The finding that the number of prior pregnancies, both complete and incomplete, and number of fetuses independently appear to increase the risk of NVP suggests a fetal ‘dose’ effect. Together with selected demographic characteristics that differentiate early‐ vs. late‐onset NVP, these findings warrant further investigation.
Phosphorylation and 14‐3‐3 binding of Arabidopsis trehalose‐phosphate synthase 5 in response to 2‐deoxyglucose
Authors: Harthill Jean E. , Meek Sarah E. M. , Morrice Nick , Peggie Mark W. , Borch Jonas , Wong Barry H. C. , MacKintosh Carol 
Published: June 2006

SummaryTrehalose‐6‐phosphate is a ‘sugar signal’ that regulates plant metabolism and development. The Arabidopsis genome encodes trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose‐6‐phosphatase (TPP) enzymes. It also encodes class II proteins (TPS isoforms 5–11) that contain both TPS‐like and TPP‐like domains, although whether these have enzymatic activity is unknown. In this paper, we show that TPS5, 6 and 7 are phosphoproteins that bind to 14‐3‐3 proteins, by using 14‐3‐3 affinity chromatography, 14‐3‐3 overlay assays, and by co‐immunoprecipitating TPS5 and 14‐3‐3 isoforms from cell extracts. GST–TPS5 bound to 14‐3‐3s after in vitro phosphorylation at Ser22 and Thr49 by either mammalian AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) or partially purified plant Snf1‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1s). Dephosphorylation of TPS5, or mutation of either Ser22 or Thr49, abolished binding to 14‐3‐3s. Ser22 and Thr49 are both conserved in TPS5, 7, 9 and 10. When GST–TPS5 was expressed in human HEK293 cells, Thr49 was phosphorylated in response to 2‐deoxyglucose or phenformin, stimuli that activate the AMPK via the upstream kinase LKB1. 2‐deoxyglucose stimulated Thr49 phosphorylation of endogenous TPS5 in Arabidopsis cells, whereas phenformin did not. Moreover, extractable SnRK1 activity was increased in Arabidopsis cells in response to 2‐deoxyglucose. The plant kinase was inactivated by dephosphorylation and reactivated by phosphorylation with human LKB1, indicating that elements of the SnRK1/AMPK pathway are conserved in Arabidopsis and human cells. We hypothesize that coordinated phosphorylation and 14‐3‐3 binding of nitrate reductase (NR), 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase (F2KP) and class II TPS isoforms mediate responses to signals that activate SnRK1.
Monitoring survival and function of transfused platelets in Glanzmann thrombasthenia by flow cytometry and thrombelastography
Authors: Male C. , Koren D. , Eichelberger B. , Kaufmann K. , Panzer S. 
Published: June 2006

Patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) may form isoantibodies which induce refractoriness or inhibition of function of transfused platelets. We monitored the survival and function of transfused platelets by flow cytometry and thrombelastography in a patient with GT. Gating on CD42a+ allowed identification of even a few transfused platelets. Only by gating on these CD41+ CD42a+ cells were we able to demonstrate their capability to bind fibrinogen and PAC‐1 upon activation. Platelets were rapidly cleared from the circulation as a result of boosted isoantibodies. The contribution of transfused platelets to clot formation was also demonstrated by thrombelastography by blocking their function with abciximab.