bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute and repeated intravenous administration of L-692,585, a novel non-peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue, on plasma growth hormone, IGF-1, ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, insulin, and thyroxine levels in beagles
Authors: Jacks T , Hickey G , Judith F , Taylor J , Chen H , Krupa D , Feeney W , Schoen W , Ok D , Fisher M , Wyvratt M , Smith R 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
L-692,585 is a 2-hydroxypropyl derivative of L-692,429, both novel non-peptidyl growth hormone (GH) secretagogues. The effects of single and repeated intravenous administration of L-692,585 on serum or plasma GH and other hormones in beagles were evaluated. In a balanced 8-dog dose-ranging study, compared to the saline control with a mean (± s.e.m.) after-dose serum GH peak of 6·1 ± 1·3 ng/ml, L-692,585 significantly increased (P<0·05) peak GH concentrations 4·3-fold (32·5 ± 7·0 ng/ml) at a dose of 0·005 mg/kg, 7-fold (49·4±10·6 ng/ml) at a dose of 0·02 mg/kg, and 21-fold (134·3±29·0 ng/ml) at a dose of 0·10 mg/kg. Total GH release, expressed as area under the curve, showed a similar dose-dependent increase. Peak GH levels were recorded at 5 or 15 min after dosing with the levels returning to near baseline by 90 min. Serum cortisol levels were increased above saline control levels in a dose-dependent manner; however, the increases were modest compared to the GH increases. Based on peak responses and total GH release, L-692,585 was 10- to 20-fold and 2- to 2·5-fold more potent than L-692,429 and the growth hormone releasing peptide, GHRP-6, respectively. When L-692,585 was administered once daily for 14 consecutive days at 0, 0·01 or 0·10 mg/kg to each of 6 dogs, peak plasma GH levels and total GH release on days 1, 8 and 15 significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, and no desensitization was evident. Mean peak levels ranged from 42 to 50 ng/ml and from 64 to 100 ng/ml for the 0·01 and 0·10 mg/kg doses, respectively. Six hours after dosing, IGF-1 levels were increased on each of the sampling days. Mean adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol levels were modestly elevated transiently on each of the sampling days, while prolactin, insulin and thyroxine levels were unaltered over the course of the study.
These studies demonstrated that L-692,585 is a potent GH secretagogue that induces an acute, transient increase in GH levels. The magnitude of the response is not down-regulated following repeated daily administration for 14 days. IGF-1 levels are increased for an extended period following each treatment.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 399–406
Modulation of epidermal growth factor binding and receptor gene expression by hormones and growth factors in sheep pituitary cells
Authors: Chaidarun S S , Eggo M C , Stewart P M , Sheppard M C 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for sheep pituitary cells but the factors controlling the binding and expression of EGF and its receptor (EGFR) in the pituitary are poorly understood. Regulation of EGF binding and EGFR gene expression may determine cellular responsiveness to EGF and could play a role in neoplastic development. Scatchard analysis of 125I-EGF binding in cultured sheep pituitary cells revealed two receptor binding sites (high affinity class of 2·5± 0·5 × 103 receptors/cell with a dissociation affinity constant (Kd) of 3·2± 0·7 × 1010m and low affinity class of 3·3 ±1·0 × 104 receptors/cell with a Kd of 71 ±1·3 × 10−9 m). Exposure of the cultured cells to some target gland hormones of the pituitary (oestrogen, tri-iodothyronine and hydrocortisone), pituitary growth factors (EGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β and a tumour-promoting phorbol ester (TPA) resulted in an increase in the binding affinity of the high affinity receptors while reducing the receptor number and also a reduction of EGFR mRNA levels, shown by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, showed no significant effect on EGF binding and receptor gene expression. We conclude that the EGFR in normal pituitary cells can be modulated by several hormones and other growth factors at both receptor binding and mRNA levels. Transmodulation of EGFR by hormones and growth factors in the pituitary may be one of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the balance of normal pituitary growth and function. Defects in this regulatory system could have a role in the multistep process of pituitary tumourigenesis.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 489–496
Differential metabolic requirement for initiation and augmentation of insulin release by glucose: a study with rat pancreatic islets
Authors: Ishihara F , Aizawa T , Taguchi N , Sato Y , Hashizume K 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Insulin release, glucose utilization (3H2O formation from [5-3H]glucose), and glucose oxidation (14CO2 formation from [4C(U)] glucose) were determined in pancreatic islets from 96-h fasted rats at 37 ° C and those from fed rats at 22 ° C, using the islets from fed rats incubated at 37 ° C as controls. In the islets from 96-h fasted rats and those from fed rats incubated at 22 ° C, we could not demonstrate significant insulin release in response to high glucose concentrations of up to 16·7 mmol/l. However, 16·7 mmol/l glucose clearly augmented insulin release caused by a depolarizing concentration (50 mmol/l) of K+ in these islets: i.e. 16·7 mmol/l glucose plus 50 mmol/l K+ produced significantly greater insulin release than 50 mmol/l K alone. Glucose utilization and oxidation by the islet cells were suppressed by 96-h fasting of the rats or by lowering the incubation temperature to 22 ° C, and depolarization with K at 50 mmol/l did not at all augment glucose utilization and oxidation by the islets. Thus we conclude that reduction of glucose metabohsm in islets from fasted rats and in those incubated at low temperature eliminated initiation, but not augmentation, of insulin release by 16·7 mmol/l glucose. The data indicate that the metabolic threshold for the initiation of insulin release is significantly higher than it is for the augmentation of release by glucose.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 497–503
A vitamin D analogue KH 1060 activates the protein kinase C– c-fos signalling pathway to stimulate epidermal proliferation in murine skin
Authors: Gniadecki R 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The cellular signalling pathways of a potent 20-epi-22-oxa vitamin D3 analogue (KH 1060) were examined in vivo in a hairless mouse model. Seventy two hours after a single topical application of KH 1060 a thickening of the epidermis (from 24·8 ±1·2 μm at 0·01 pmol/cm2 KH 1060 to 124·2 ± 6 μm at 5 pmol/cm2 KH 1060, P<0·001) was elicited due to epidermal hyperproliferation. This effect could be blocked by topical 2·5 μmol/cm sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. Two hours after topical application of 2·5 pmol/cm2 KH 1060 a translocation of protein kinase C activity from cytoplasm to the membrane fractions was observed. Moreover, using a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction technique, a transient upregulation of c-fos gene expression was seen 2 hours after topical treatment with KH 1060. The expression of c-fos was dependent on protein kinase C activation, since after pretreatment with the protein kinase C blocker sphingosine, c-fos messenger RNA was not detected. These findings strongly suggest that KH 1060 stimulates epidermal growth through activation of the protein kinase C - c-fos signalling axis in vivo.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 521–525
Characterization of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in an Australian marsupial
Authors: Bathgate R A D , Sernia C 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In this study arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) receptors have been characterized in the brushtail possum. AVP receptors were characterized using [3H]AVP and the radioiodinated AVP V1a receptor antagonist 125I-labelled [(C6H5-CH2CO)-O-methyl-d-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Pro-Arg-Tyr- NH2] while OT receptors were characterized using the radioiodinated OT receptor antagonist 125I-labelled d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Orn8, Tyr-NH29]-vasotocin. The receptor affinities and densities have been compared with the rat AVP and OT receptors. Low densities of OT receptors were present in the possum ovary and kidney. High densities of AVP-binding sites were found in the possum adrenal, testis, mesenteric artery, ovary and renal medulla and lower densities in the possum liver. The AVP-binding sites showed marked differences in ligand-binding characteristics from the rat AVP V1a and V2 receptors. Receptor affinities were similar between tissues, except for a distinctly lower value in the renal medulla. It is concluded that the brushtail possum expresses AVP receptors with distinct ligand specificities from those of the rat AVP V1a and V2 receptors.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 19–29
Peptides related to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone are degraded in seminal plasma by an enzyme similar to prolyl endopeptidase
Authors: Siviter R J , Cockle S M 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A TRH-like peptide, fertilization-promoting peptide (FPP), is present in high concentrations in mammalian prostate and semen and enhances the fertilization potential of spermatozoa. In this study, we have examined the properties of the enzyme that degrades TRH and FPP in rabbit seminal plasma. The enzyme responsible had a pH optimum of approximately 7·0, was inhibited by serine (di-isopropyl flurophosphate) and thiol (N-ethylmaleimide) protease inhibitors, bacitracin and concentrations of Zn2+ naturally present in seminal plasma: these functional reagents are all known to be potent inhibitors of prolyl endopeptidase. The major product after incubation of [3H]TRH in seminal plasma for 100 min was acid TRH (deamidated TRH) which is also the product after incubation of TRH with prolyl endopeptidase. Our results are consistent with the enzyme responsible for degradation of TRH and FPP in seminal plasma being similar to prolyl endopeptidase. The enzyme identified in this study is secreted and is therefore likely to be different from prolyl endopeptidase characterized from porcine brain, because the latter enzyme is known to be located in the cytosolic compartment of the cell.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 61–66
Localisation of receptors for prolactin in ovine skin
Authors: Choy V J , Nixon A J , Pearson A J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Although prolactin (PRL) receptors are found in many mammalian tissues, specific PRL binding to mammalian skin has not been demonstrated. In view of the temporal relationships observed between photoperiod, circulating PRL and pelage replacement in seasonally responsive mammals, we sought to provide evidence of PRL receptors in ovine skin. Cryosections of skin from New Zealand Wiltshire ewes were incubated with radiolabelled human GH (125I-hGH) and ovine PRL (125I-oPRL) in the presence and absence of excess unlabelled hormones (hGH, oPRL or ovine GH (oGH)). Binding was inhibited by unlabelled oPRL and hGH but not by oGH. In microautoradiographs, both radioligands were localised most strongly in the dermal papillae of wool follicles in the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle and in apocrine sweat glands. Higher levels of specific binding to dermal papilla cells, compared with the follicle epithelial matrix and the surrounding dermis, were confirmed by measurement of microautoradiograph silver grain density (respectively, 34·±3·0, 11·4±1·0 and 5·5±0·5 grains per 100 μm2 (mean±s.e.m., n=10)). Total binding for 125IhGH and 125I-oPRL radioligands to follicle dermal papilla was not significantly different (34·1±3·0 vs 43·6±2·5 grains per 100 μm2, n=10) but the level of non-specific binding of 125I-oPRL was higher than for 125I-hGH (18·9±1·4 vs 6·1±0·6 grains per 100 μm2, n=10; (P<0·001). Binding assays of receptors in crude microsomal membranes extracted from ovine skin were used to ascertain binding capacity and specificity. Scatchard analysis yielded a dissociation constant (3·9 nm) and receptor concentration (2·22 pmol/mg protein) similar to that reported for ovine mammary gland. These results provide evidence for the presence of PRL receptors in ovine skin and are consistent with the hypothesis that PRL has a direct role in mediating wool follicle activity.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 143–151
Effects of cyclosporine at the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in pituitary-grafted young female rats
Authors: Esquifino A I , Moreno M L , Arce A , Agrasal C , Pérez-Díaz J , Villanúa M A 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This work was designed to investigate the effects of cyclosporine on prolactin secretion by an ectopically grafted heterologous pituitary gland, and on the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The administration of cyclosporine prevented the augmentation in plasma prolactin levels which occurred following an ectopic graft of a litter-mate pituitary gland. In contrast, in sham-operated rats, cyclosporine increased prolactin levels on day 8 of treatment. Both pituitary grafting and cyclosporine treatment in sham-operated rats decreased hypothalamic norepinephrine content. In grafted rats, cyclosporine returned hypothalamic norepinephrine to normal. Hypothalamic serotonin content decreased 8 days after pituitary grafting but increased to the values of control animals after cyclosporine administration. Cyclosporine treatment for 2 and 8 days increased serotonin content in sham-operated animals. As expected, the hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index increased after pituitary grafting and administration of cyclosporine for 8 days resulted in a further increase. Cyclosporine administration for 2 days, however, decreased this index to the values observed in control animals while drug treatment of control rats for 8 days decreased the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index. In vitro release of prolactin from the ectopic gland was markedly decreased in animals treated with cyclosporine for 2 days and this effect was less evident in 8-day treated rats. These data suggest that the impairment of the local immune reaction after pituitary grafting, by cyclosporine administration for 2 days, prevents the augmentation of plasma prolactin levels and normalizes the hypothalamic catecholamine parameters, thus suggesting that the effects of cyclosporine at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are exerted through changes in prolactin secretion by the graft, although chronic administration of cyclosporine may also have a direct effect on the hypothalamus.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 159–164
Regulation of porcine skeletal muscle nuclear 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine receptor binding capacity by thyroid hormones: modification by energy balance
Authors: Morovat A , Dauncey M J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Thyroid hormones have been implicated in the regulation of nuclear 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) receptor binding capacity (Bmax) but, despite numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, there is considerable controversy regarding their exact role. Since changes in thyroid status alter energy balance and hence may influence T3 receptor numbers, the effects of chronic hypothyroidism and T4 treatment have been studied in young pigs under conditions of controlled energy intake. Four groups of animals comprising a hypothyroid, a euthyroid and a hyperthyroid group, all on the same level of food intake, and a hyperthyroid group on twice the amount of food were used. After 3 weeks on the treatment regimes, both the hypothyroid animals on the same level of food intake and the hyperthyroid animals on twice the amount of food had significandy increased Bmax values (97% and 137% higher respectively) compared with euthyroid controls. However, there was no difference between controls and the hyperthyroid animals on the same level of food intake. In a second study, the effects of short-term treatment of euthyroid animals with T3 was investigated. Results showed that in two groups of controls that received intravenous saline, those on a higher food intake had higher Bmax values (76% increase). Intravenous T3 administration to animals on a low food intake did not change the receptor numbers. In none of the studies was there any change in the dissociation constant of the receptors as a result of different treatments. It is suggested that, at least in postnatal life, thyroid hormones per se have no significant effect on nuclear T3 receptor numbers in skeletal muscle. Instead, changes in Bmax in response to thyroid status may be secondary to alterations in energy balance induced by these hormones.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 233–242
111In-Octreotide and 99mTc(V)-dimercaptosuccinic acid studies in the imaging of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Berna L , Cabezas R , Mora J , Torres G , Estorch M , Carrió I 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Detection of recurrence from medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) remains a diagnostic problem, especially when increased serum tumour marker levels suggest recurrence and conventional imaging techniques are non-diagnostic. In this study, we performed 111In-octreotide and 99mTc(V)-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans in a series of eleven patients with MTC presenting with elevated serum tumour markers after surgery.
111In-octreotide whole body studies detected tumour in six of the eleven patients studied and detected nine tumoral localizations. 99mTc(V)-DMSA whole body studies detected tumour in five of the eleven patients studied and eight tumoral localizations. 111In-octreotide and 99mTc(V)-DMSA studies detected recurrence in all four patients with basal calcitonin levels above 1000 ng/l. We conclude that 111In-octreotide and 99mTc(V)-DMSA studies have limited sensitivity to detect recurrence in patients with MTC, although their sensitivity may improve with high serum calcitonin levels. These radionuclide imaging techniques should be employed when conventional imaging techniques are negative or inconclusive or, in the case of 111In-octreotide studies, should be employed when we want to investigate the presence of somatostatin receptors that provide the basis for treatment with somatostatin analogues.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 339–345
Effect of in vivo thyroid hormone status on insulin signalling and GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transport systems in rat adipocytes
Authors: Matthaei S , Trost B , Hamann A , Kausch C , Benecke H , Greten H , Höppner W , Klein H H 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To examine the effect of thyroid hormone status on insulin action in isolated rat adipocytes, age- and weight-matched Sprague–Dawley rats were rendered hypothyroid (h) by i.p. injection of 2 mCi [131I]/kg. Another group of rats was made hyperthyroid (H) by i.p. injection of 500 μg l-thyroxine/kg/day for 7 days. The T4 levels in experimental groups were: controls, 33·5±0·95; h, 12·3±1·59: H, 133·2±8·8 μg/l. Adipocytes were isolated and 3-O-methylglucose transport (GT), insulin binding (IB) and insulin receptor kinase activity (IRKA) were determined. Subcellular membrane fractions (low-density microsomes, plasma membranes) were prepared and GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter immunodetected.
Hyperthyroidism caused no significant effect on either IB or IRKA but increased insulin-stimulated GT by 43·6%. This increase of GT was associated with an increase of primarily GLUT4 glucose transporters. Hypothyroidism was associated with both increased insulin receptor affinity and enhanced IRKA. Despite a marked reduction of primarily GLUT4 glucose transporters, basal and insulinstimulated GT was not reduced when compared with control.
These results suggest that (1) in hyperthyroidism, increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport is associated with an increase of primarily GLUT4 glucose transporters, which may be responsible for the increment of peripheral glucose utilization in hyperthyroidism, and (2) the effect of hypothyroidism on insulin action in adipocytes is characterized by a state of increased insulin sensitivity, as indicated by the increase in insulin receptor affinity and tyrosine kinase activity. Despite the marked reduction of primarily GLUT4 glucose transporters, insulin-stimulated glucose transport is not diminished, which may suggest that functional activity of plasma membrane glucose transporters is enhanced in hypothyroidism.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 347–357
Endocrine control of the distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNAs in adult rat adrenals using non-radioactive in situ hybridization
Authors: Ho M M , Vinson G P 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This study located the particular cell types involved in the synthesis of growth factors in adult female rat adrenal glands. Non-isotopic in situ hybridization was used and the cellular localizations of the mRNAs of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), IGF-I, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were studied in adrenals from control animals and from those treated with ACTH or subjected to dietary sodium restriction. The adrenal medulla was the richest source of both bFGF and IGF-1 mRNA in both control and experimental rat adrenals. In the cortex, bFGF and IGF-I mRNAs were found mainly in the zona fasciculata in control animals, although some transcription was also detected in the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa. Both ACTH and sodium restriction activated bFGF and IGF-I gene expression in the zona glomerulosa. Since cellular proliferation and differentiation occur primarily in the outer cortex, the data are consistent with the view that bFGF and IGF-I act as an autocrine/paracrine mitogen and differentiation regulator respectively in the rat adrenal cortex.
Very small amounts of TGF-β1 mRNA were detected, predominantly in the zona fasciculata of control rats. There were no observable differences in amounts and localization of TGF-β1 mRNA between the adrenals of control rats and those treated with ACTH for 1 day. TGF-β1 mRNA was very weak or undetectable in the adrenals from rats treated with ACTH for three and five days or from sodium-restricted rats. Although TGF-β1 immunoreactive protein has been shown to be present in the zonae fasciculata and reticularis and to modulate negatively the steroidogenic activities in the adrenal cortex of other species, its gene is not actively expressed in rat adrenals.
The present results showed that ACTH administration or dietary sodium restriction, both important adrenal mitogens in vivo, significantly altered the spatial patterns of the distribution of bFGF and IGF-I mRNAs and also increased the amount of bFGF mRNA in the adrenal cortex. This suggests that growth and differentiation of the adrenal cortex are partly mediated by bFGF and IGF-I.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 379–387