bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Forces in War
Authors: Kleemeier Ulrike 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Human emotions play a critical role in Clausewitz's account of war, since for him feelings are the foundation on which reason builds. War, he says, is characterized by disorder: efforts to manage it are subject to what he calls ‘friction’. One of the principal sources of friction is human weakness, and by the same token human strengths are needed to enable effectiveness in war. Clausewitz describes a ‘military genius’ as a commander who combines passion with reason. This synthesis confers powers of judgement and coup d'oeil, which depend both on emotional intelligence and on courage. Clausewitz distinguished between physical bravery on the one hand and the need for resolution in adversity on the other: the latter is what enables a commander to act on the basis of his insights. Significantly, Clausewitz did not see obedience as a necessary moral force in war.
13 Clausewitz and Information Warfare
Authors: Lonsdale David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Many of the theories on war in the information age predict substantial changes to the character of war. Should these changes come to pass, the very nature of war could be transformed. This could have significant implications for Clausewitz's work, which is regarded as the literary manifestation of the nature of war. However, the nature of war is far more robust than many modern theorists suggest. This robustness emanates from the core elements of strategy, which ensure that war remains an uncertain, non-linear human activity as Clausewitz identified.
14 Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking
Authors: Durieux Benoît 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Clausewitz provides the framework required to analyze the strategic debate because he developed a theory about the theory of war. From this perspective, the different strategic doctrines and theories prevalent today illustrate two temptations which reflect two possible readings of Clausewitz regarding the most effective way to use military force. First, the temptation of ideal war consists of using extreme, instantaneous violence in relative isolation from the political context. Secondly, the temptation of non-violent war considers using limited violence for a longer time in complete continuity with the political environment. But these two temptations may be misleading. Clausewitzian theory provides interesting insights into how to understand their limits and to avoid their pitfalls.
15 Civil–Military Relations and Democracies
Authors: Bredow Wilfried von 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Clausewitz's famous contention about war as the continuation of politics is part of an implicit theory of civil-military relations based on the primacy of politics. Both the explicit and the implicit assumptions of Clausewitz have frequently been criticized from different viewpoints. They are, however, empirically sound and can be used as cornerstones for a normative theory of democratic control of the armed forces.
16 Clausewitz and a New Containment: the Limitation of War and Violence
Authors: Herberg-Rothe Andreas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We are witnessing a worldwide expansion of war and the removal of restraints on the use of violence. These trends should be countered by what George Kennan called in 1987, a new form of containment. This ‘new containment’ must be different from that of the Cold War, although based on some similar principles. It must combine traditional, military containment on the one hand with a range of opportunities for cooperation on the other. The ideas which Clausewitz developed in the last stages of his thinking provide the basis for a concept of containment, in the sense of a sustained and ongoing limitation, which accepts the use of force but circumscribes it.
Introduction
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the apparent lack of ideological engagement in American society. It argues that the United States possesses a little-understood ability to engage in deep conflicts over political ideas, while at the same time reducing adversarial positions to legitimate derivatives of American history and development. The normal processes of American politics have both the means and the motivation to engage in profound disputes over political ideas but without succumbing to the intractability and entirety of European ideological conflicts. An overview of the chapters in the book is presented.
2 The Individual
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the linkage between American liberty and individualism. This linkage has a long and complex set of origins. It includes the autonomous and voluntarist impulses of an immigrant culture; the individualized nature of divine contact and salvation in the Protestant tradition; the geographical dispersal of settlement over remote areas; and the decentralizing forces associated with the oceanic distance between America and centres of European hierarchy and imperial outreach. These and other strands, which stimulated and supported an individualistic outlook, receive their strongest expression in America's signature attachment to natural rights and, in particular, to the political logic of John Locke's theory of the state.
4 Democracy
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the complaints and critiques about the composition of American democracy, i.e., not only what American democracy consists of but what it should consist of to be both authentically American and authentically democratic. What is evident from the contested nature of American democracy is that empirical assessments of its performance are not only guided by normative judgements, but are themselves vehicles of disputes between and amongst other ideas with competing claims upon American priorities.
10 Capitalism
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses American capitalism. Capitalism has not only become integrally related to the growth of the United States into a global industrial power, but in doing so has acquired an iconic property as the generic expression of American ideas and experience. Just as capitalism has played a role in giving definition to America's social identity and historical position, so the United States has emerged as the exemplar of capitalist organization and the defining reference point by which its merits and demerits as an economic and ethical system is adjudged.
11 Pluralism
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines pluralism in the United States. In addition to being a descriptive summary of American politics, pluralism also ranks as a comprehensive system of cause and effect which serves to account for all the relationships and processes between society and government. Thus, pluralism does not simply propound the existence of interest groups engaged in political decision-making. It assumes the property of a general law of political existence by presupposing that all the constituent elements of political activity are ultimately reducible to the base units of group interests, group motivations, and group demands. The limits of pluralism, and cultural pluralism and multiculturalism are discussed.
3 On Getting One's Retaliation in First
Authors: Uniacke Suzanne 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a general, philosophical account of the use of harmful force in self-defence as a type of retaliation. It argues that pre-emption — the use of harmful force for prevention — is not an act of self-defence. The associations between the concepts of retaliation, self-defence, and pre-emption are discussed.
5 Justifying Preventive War
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter attempts to strengthen the institutionalist approach to the justification of preventive war. It seeks to refute the claim that preventive war as such is unjust because it involves violations of the rights of at least some of those who are targeted in the preventive action. It argues that even the strongest ‘rights-based’ objection is incapable of supporting the assertion that preventive war is never morally permissible and that properly designed institutions provide an effective reply to the consequentialist objections.
7 Preventive War and Human Rights
Authors: Luban David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter responds to some objections to an earlier argument that proposed a theory of preventive war. This theory sought to assimilate preventive war to self-defence, but only under restricted conditions; it argued against a general rule permitting states confronting distant or immature threats to launch preventive wars, on the ground that such a permission would license too many wars; it also argued that a more restricted principle, permitting preventive wars against rogue states where the distant threat involves weapons of mass destruction (WMD), can be justified; and also it stated that the permission to launch preventive war is nonproxyable; and finally it argued that the threat a rogue state poses must be a physical threat against the homeland of the state launching a preventive war. The chapter elaborates aspects of the theory that were obscurely stated or underdeveloped in the first go-around. It focuses on the so-called ‘rights objection’ that launching preventive war is wrong because it inflicts death and destruction on people who have done nothing to forfeit their rights against such violence.
8 Preventive War, What Is It Good For?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that although Bush's preventive war in Iraq is morally wrong, and his policy is too broad, some exceptional preventive wars can still be morally justified. It develops and defends a version of consequentialism about war. It then criticizes the relevant part of the most common deontological alternative — just war theory. Finally, all of this theory is applied to preventive war in general and Bush's war and policy in particular.
What Would a Justified Preventive Military Attack Look Like?
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics of a justified preventive military action. These are that (i) it must be limited to the effective elimination, including the prevention of the return, of the danger that justifies it; (ii) it must be undertaken only when military action is urgent; (iii) it must be based on well-verified, solid intelligence collected by a highly competent agency; and (iv) it must be substantively multilateral, that is, based on principles justifiable on the basis of reasons broadly acceptable internationally.
3 Outward FDI and the Competitiveness of Latin American Firms
Authors: Tavares Márcia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes recent trends in the internationalization of Latin American companies through foreign direct investment (FDI). Focusing on the larger Latin American investors, the chapter undertakes a qualitative analysis of how outward investment has contributed to the competitiveness of Latin American firms; the factors that are specific to the Latin American business environment that have contributed to the success of the region's firms in their direct investments abroad; and the main challenges faced by these companies when investing outside their home countries. The analysis is based on interviews of firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico conducted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), as well as publicly available corporate information and secondary sources.
4 Cycles of Creation and Destruction of Production Capacity and the Development of New Export and Technological Capabilities in Latin America
Authors: Katz Jorge 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
For more than three decades, Latin American countries have opened up their economies to foreign competition, de-regulated markets, and privatized economic activities at different times and with varying degrees of success. Such actions involved a major departure in policy regime from the inward-oriented, state-led regime, which prevailed in the immediate post-war period. The new regime — together with the rapid process of globalization of the world economy that occurred throughout the 1990's — induced a major transformation of the economic, institutional, and technological scenario of each one of the countries in the region. This chapter examines how the new policy regime affected growth, international competitiveness, equity, and the development of domestic technological capabilities.
13 Sustainable Management of Korean Firms: A Case Study of Yuhan–Kimberly and Its Implications for Latin American Firms
Authors: Cho Dong-Sung , Chang Keum-Young 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter identifies the mechanisms used by Korean companies for success and their implications for Latin American firms. Yuhan-Kimberly, a joint venture company established between Kimberly-Clark, a multinational firm based in the US, and Yuhan Corporation, a Korean pharmaceutical company, is studied. Since 1985, Yuhan-Kimberly has practiced innovation, ethics, corporate social responsibility, and environment management, while upholding the corporate philosophy of one of its parent companies, Yuhan Corporation. As a result, Yuhan-Kimberly has beaten Korea-based global firms such as Samsung Electronics Co. and Hyundai Motors Co. to become the most respected company of the Korean people. In addition, it ranked first in market dominance, a status that could only be earned through a combination of market share and customer loyalty. Thus, the company has set a new benchmark for sustainable management. This chapter examines the success factors of Yuhan-Kimberly using the SER-M model to redefine the concept of ‘sustainable management’ and study the mechanism of its management. Three factors are identified as components of the mechanism: the composition of factors, the sequence of factor deployment, and the timing of sequence in the factor deployment.
2 Secular Decline in Relative Commodity Prices: A Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Razzaque Mohammad A. , Osafa‐Kwaako Philip , Grynberg Roman 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of literature surrounding the secular decline of relative commodity prices, confirming a general consensus within the international community since the late 1980s of the existence of a long run declining trend in the relative prices of commodities.
4 Analysis of Movements in the Productivity and Prices of Selected Tropical Commodities in Developing Countries, 1970 to 2002
Authors: Fleming Euan , Rao Prasada , Fleming Pauline 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether productivity gains are compensating for falling commodity prices. The study, focusing on tropical commodity dependent developing countries, found that very few of the countries had achieved rates of productivity gain that even matched, let alone counteracted, the rate of change in real prices.
5 Commodity Value Chains Compression—Coffee, Cocoa, and Sugar
Authors: Choraria Jaya 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter details a study of commodity value chain compression for coffee, cocoa, and sugar. The study uses time series data of prices along entire commodity chains from raw material in a commodity exporting developing country to final retail produce in a developed consuming country, in order to provide descriptive analysis of the evolution of farm gate-to-retail price spreads. Comparisons are made across the commodities studied and across countries in order to provide insight into the causes of changes in the farm gate-to-retail price spread over time.
Overview
Authors: Mattoo Aaditya , Stern Robert M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the four modes of supply of services that are covered by the GATS, the sources of services data, and the services growth experiences of selected countries and regions. It then notes how services reform can promote efficiency and growth at the sectoral level and economy-wide, pointing out that the benefits of services liberalization may be diminished by flaws in reform programs, the failure to provide for greater services access for the poor, and the need to take adjustment costs into account. The chapter argues that domestic policy reforms should recognize the importance of increasing competition among service providers; the need for appropriate sequencing of reforms; and reduction of the importance of national monopolies. Further, it stresses that international engagement is crucial to buttress domestic reform in order to achieve reciprocal liberalization, greater credibility of reform, provision of external assistance to facilitate domestic adjustment, reinforcement of the reform process, and promotion of greater harmonization and integration of policies. The ongoing GATS negotiations are an important and essential framework to support the international liberalization of services, and should include the design of arrangements for aid to developing countries to help promote services trade and promote greater cooperation on temporary migration. There may also be greater scope for achieving deeper integration of particular services sectors by means of regional services agreements.
The Basic Economics of Services Trade
Authors: Copeland Brian , Mattoo Aaditya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter starts with a brief overview on how services are traded and the different modes of service supply that include: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, foreign direct investment, and labor movement. It then reviews the reasons for trade in services together with the sources of potential welfare as well as the effects of services liberalization on income distribution. It notes that these issues are very similar to the standard analysis of trade in goods and factors. Next the interactions among the different modes of supply are discussed. These interactions are important because restrictions on some modes (such as labor mobility) may either render some services non-tradable, or may force service providers to use another (possibly less efficient) mode. An analysis is then provided of the effects of some of the most common barriers to trade in services, noting in particular how the effects of trade liberalization cannot be analyzed independently of the domestic regulatory system. The relative merits of trade agreements versus unilateral liberalization of services trade are discussed.
Measurring Trade in Services
Authors: Maurer Andreas , Marcus Yann , Magdeleine Joscelyn , d'Andrea Barbara 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides a general overview that sets out the economic importance of services and the concept of trade in services as illustrated in the GATS four modes of supply. The relevant statistical framework recently developed on the basis of two major statistical domains is then set out, with a focus on key concepts related to trade between residents and non-residents as defined in international guidelines and with statistics on operations of services foreign affiliates. Also discussed are the current state of play with regard to statistics on the presence of natural persons; the different methods that statisticians use to collect statistics on trade in services; indications of the statistics that are currently available; and recent developments in the domain of statistics on trade in services. Finally, a review of US statistical practices for measuring trade in services is presented.
The Temporary Movement of Workers to Provide Services (GATS Mode 4)
Authors: Winters L. Alan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the case and the means for liberalizing the temporary flow of labor between countries for the purpose of providing services: mode 4 of the GATS. Despite being until now a mere bit-player in the GATS, mode 4 is at last starting to command some attention from negotiators and policy makers. The attention is long overdue, especially since serious efforts to liberalize the temporary movement of natural persons (TM) from developing to developed member countries could generate very large mutual benefits. The chapter comprises seven parts: (1) the extent and nature of TM and the barriers to it, and the ways in which we might think of and model the liberalization of mode 4; (2) estimates of the benefits of mode 4 liberalization treating it as akin to migration; (3) the simple gains from TM of persons as part of mode 4 liberalization based on computable models estimates; (4) ways in which the polar forms of thinking about TM may be relaxed in future empirical exercises to try to refine the estimates of the effects of liberalization; (5) practical issues that may be negotiated in the GATS to make TM a reality; (6) the benefits GATS mode 4 may bring to countries wanting to liberalize TM; and (7) arguments for and technicalities of compensating domestic workers who are disadvantaged by inflows of workers from abroad. The addenda to the chapter contain discussion of US experience with the temporary movement of service providers and mode 4 issues in the Latin American context.
Women Against the Vote
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book provides the first full history of the female campaign against votes for women in late 19th- and early 20th-century Britain. By 1914, the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage was dominated by the self-consciously masculine leadership of Lord Cromer and Lord Curzon, but also heavily dependent upon an impressive cadre of women leaders. An overwhelmingly female membership rivalled the suffrage organizations in numbers, though not in levels of activism. The first half of the book explores the motives and ideals of women against the vote. The provenance of their opposition is analyzed through three overlapping groups: maternal reformers, women writers, and imperialist ladies. In the second half of the book, a detailed study of anti-suffrage organizations and their supporters reveals that partnership between the sexes was seldom straightforward, even for a movement dedicated to separate and complementary gender roles. Anti-suffragism was divided by internal conflicts between men and women, and between reformers and ultra-conservatives, as it fuelled the suffrage conflict and wider contemporary debates over the Woman Question. Women pursued their own agendas within organized anti-suffragism, demonstrating their affinity with the mainstream social conservatism of the British women's movement and continuously collaborating with moderate suffragists in non-political social action. The rediscovered history of female anti-suffragism provides new perspectives on campaigns both for and against the vote. It also makes a significant contribution to the wider history of Victorian and Edwardian women's social ideas and public activism.
Maternal Reformers and Education
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The maternal reformers were the most important leadership group among the women anti-suffragists. Their ideas underpinned what became known, after 1908, as the forward policy: a positive version of female anti-suffragism which aimed to enhance women's gendered participation in public life as social reformers and participants in local government, whilst sparing them from the polluting rigours of parliamentary politics. This chapter opens with a discussion of the growing importance of maternalism in Victorian Britain. A group of leading anti-suffragist maternal reformers is identified, including Mary Ward, Louise Creighton, Ethel Harrison, Elizabeth Wordsworth, and Lucy Soulsby. An outline is presented of their formative years and personal experiences of female education. This is followed by a discussion of their ideas and activities as maternalist educational reformers in late Victorian Oxford and elsewhere. Despite varied life experiences, these women shared important ideals which were relevant to wider female anti-suffragism.