bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bicaudate Index on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Effects of Normal Aging
Authors: Doraiswamy P. Murali , Patterson Linda , Na Chul , Husain Mustafa M. , Boyko Orest , Mcdonald William M. , Krishnan K. Ranga 
Published: March 2007

The bicaudate and bifrontal indices have been used in prior computed tomographic studies to investigate atrophy of the caudate nuclei in patients with Huntington's chorea and cerebral atrophy. However, the relationship between these indices and caudate volume has not been documented previously. In this study, we used high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the effects of normal aging on the bicaudate and bifrontal indices and to study the relationship between these indices and caudate volume. The subjects were 49 normal volunteers, aged 22 to 82 years, who were without any significant neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Age was positively correlated with bicaudate index ( r = .59; P < .0001) and bifrontal index ( r = .40; P < .0047). Age was negatively correlated with caudate nuclei volume ( r = -.47; P < .0005). Caudate volume was negatively correlated with bicaudate ( r = -.27; P < .06) and bifrontal ( r = -.31; P < .03) indices. These findings are consistent with prior reports of caudate nuclei degeneration with increasing age. Linear and volumetric caudate measurements with MRI may prove useful in the investigation of caudate nuclei function in the neuromotor decline with normal aging and in disorders such as Huntington's chorea.
Design and Fabrication of an On-Line Consolidation Facility for Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Werdermann Cord , Friedrich Klaus , Cirino Mark , Byron Pipes R. 
Published: March 2007

An experimental apparatus that utilizes continuous fiber reinforced ther moplastics to wind rings and short tubes has been developed. Termed an on-line consoli dation facility, preimpregnated tow is consolidated while the ring is being wound. The three most important parameters for the consolidation process are time, temperature, and pressure, and the facility is designed to establish their optimum combination. Therefore, each component of the apparatus provides maximum flexibility and variability in terms of these parameters. This article describes the basic concept of the process and then shows how the concept can be realized. The technique for heating the impregnated tow utilizes infrared radiation. However, ad ditional heat sources are used to provide optimum temperature control at the nip point. Finally, several types of preimpregnated tow are used to produce samples that prove the feasibility of the process and establish acceptable ranges on the parameters.
Explorations into the Visualization of Policy Networks
Authors: Brandes Ulrik , Kenis Patrick , Raab Jörg , Schneider Volker , Wagner Dorothea 
Published: March 2007

Visualization is an important aspect of both exploration and communication of categorical as well as relational data. Graphical displays of policy networks are particularly attractive, since they enable authors to display in a compact way the relevant actors in a network, how they are related to each other, and what the overall structure looks like. Sociograms were early companions of social network analysis, but have received surprisingly little attention during the following decades. Only in the last few years has easy accessibility to quality computing and graphic equipment revived a now rapidly growing interest. In this paper, we analyze the problem of visualizing policy networks. We first argue why network visualization is important and non-trivial. Then we show that current methods are somewhat ad hoc in their attempt to convey information contained in a network. Our main contribution is a systematic approach to network visualization, closely following the general principles of information visualization. It provides a generic formalization which may serve as a guideline for further developments.
The Politics of Science Policy in the Periphery of Europe: The Case of Portugal
Authors: Goncalves Maria Eduarda 
Published: March 2007

Studies on the relationship between science, technology and public policy have predominantly focused on the advanced industrialised countries. This article provides an overview and interpretation of the evolution of science policy in Portugal—a relatively less industrialised and a peripheral European country with a number of contrasting features with the developing countries. Policy analysis has emphasised the nature of public policies as dynamic processes that are influenced or determined by various contextual factors, institutional con straints, interests and policy cultures of the actors involved. Such a set of factors seem to be particularly distinctive and explanatory in countries marked by strong socio cultural and institutional idiosyncrasies sometimes deeply rooted in political and economic history, as in the case of Southern Europe. In the political and legal discourse, the importance of science and technology and the role of the state in their stimulation has been recurrently acknowledged in Portugal. Despite the manifestation of S&T policy issues in the political discourse, science and technology policy remains of secondary importance to the overall eco nomic policy area as such. The reason for this apparent contradiction between political discourse and practical realities appears to be rooted in the political and social cultures, particularly in the way science and its applications are perceived and utilised (or not utilised) by most of the enterprises, social organisations and political administrative structures.
Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: The Colombian Experience of the Diaspora Option
Authors: Meyer Jean-Baptiste , Charum Jorge , Bernal Dora , Gaillard Jacques , Granés José , Leon John , Montenegro Alvaro , Morales Alvaro , Murcia Carlos , Narvaez-Berthelemot Nora , Stella Parrado Luz , Schlemmer Bernard 
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of developing countries are considering their highly qualified citizens living abroad as a potential asset for national development. Renewed policies are consequently designed in order to ensure the return of this expatriated talented group. Besides the repatriation-return-option generally enacted in these policies with varying success, a second one has recently emerged: the diaspora option. It consists of the remote mobilisation of intellectuals abroad and their connection to scientific, technological and cultural programmes at home. At the beginning of the 1990s, Colombia began to systematically and consistently apply this option, through the creation of 'the Colombian Caldas' Network of Scientists and Engineers Abroad'. The experience of this strategy has been studied during the last four years by a Franco-Colombian research team. The paper discusses the results of this study. It first contextualises the diaspora option and the Colombian experience by putting it in historical perspective along with the other policies designed to tackle the issue of professionals' migration. It then describes the S&T diaspora in terms of actors and dynamics. The way it works through the Caldas network is presented in terms of an analysis of three major aspects: the electronic list through INTERNET, the local associations (network's nodes) and some joint projects between diaspora and the home community members. The concluding part draws the signific ance of the experience, its achievements as well as its limitations, and suggests indicators and methods that could help develop it elsewhere.
The Role of Scientific Knowledge for Decision Making in Health Care: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Granados A. 
Published: March 2007

Decision makers' information needs in present day health care systems are growing at the same pace as the need to manage economic and health care resources more rigor ously. It is in the new socioeconomic and demographic scenarios and within a better informed society—demanding explanations about how and in what their tax money is spent—where we find the source of this need, and of the appreciation ofscientific know ledge as a way to inform the different types of decisions being made in health care systems This paper examines briefly the evolution of health-related research and its influ ence in clinical practice and health care management. It also explores the rationality of the potential conflict between the main decision makers in health care: doctors and managers. Finally, it states the experience of a health technology assessment agency as an approach for the management of knowledge.
Supporting Concurrent Design in SCOPE
Authors: Miao Yongwu , Haake Jörg M. 
Published: March 2007

Concurrent design can be viewed as processes of collaboration, coordination and co-decision making within and between cross-functional teams. Based on this view we argue that an appropriate integration of information sharing and activity synchronization ap proaches is necessary and beneficial for a concurrent design support environment. This paper investigates support for defining a set of co ordinated and concurrent collaborative activities that constitute a design process in the form of a process model, and for executing, monitor ing and dynamically modifying process models at runtime. Information sharing and activity synchronization are two key approaches that have to be integrated into a concurrent design support environment. Based on the concept of "session-based collaborative processes," we developed a modeling methodology and tools that enable team members to model concurrent design processes, and we built the SCOPE prototypical cooperation environment to support modification, monitoring, and execution of session-based collaborative processes. Specifically, we focus on support for individual cross-functional teams, that allows them to work in different styles in different situations. They can perform activities synchronously or asynchronously; in the same place or in different places; individually or jointly; and routinely or spontaneously. Equally, we emphasize support for cooperation between cross-functional teams. Because complicated interdependencies between activities, which are carried out by different teams, exist, facilities are provided so that people working in different teams can share artifacts synchronously or asynchronously. Furthermore, the shared artifacts can be used to synchronize not only sequential but also con current activities carried out by parallel teams. Our approach can support synchronous and asynchronous cooperation among people not only within a team but also in different teams. Furthermore, SCOPE provides a high level of adaptability and flexibility for team members to model design models and concurrent design processes. Hypertext technology is used due to its inherent flexibility for information structuring as a basis for information processing and process support.
Toward a systemic crisis management strategy: learning from the best examples in the US, Canada and France
Authors: Pauchant Thierry C. , Mitroff Ian I. , Lagadec Patrick 
Published: March 2007

Pauchant, T.C., Mitroff, I.I. and Lagadec, P., 1991. Toward a systemic crisis management strat egy : learning from the best examples in the US, Canada and France. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 5: 209-232. While managing industrial crises has become a pressing necessity, many man agers have not yet developed a substantive effort in the area and/or still focus only on the reactive and technological sides of crisis management. Based on 350 confidential interviews conducted during the last five years in American, Canadian and French firms, we discuss in this article some of the most inno vative efforts that managers who have embraced a systemic perspective have implemented in their organizations. We hope that these suggestions will assist managers in undertaking a more systemic crisis management strategy in their organizations in the future.
Measurements of the Rate of Gas Diffusion in Rigid Cellular Plastics
Authors: Schwartz N.V. , Bomberg M.T. , Kumaran M.K. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a method for measuring gas diffusion through cellular plastics A specimen is placed in a chamber, which is then scaled and pressur ized with the test gas. The pressure increase causes some gas to enter the specicmen, and this entry results in a reduction of the chamber pressure By following the change in chamber pressure with time an appropriate transport characteristic for the material is determined An application of this method to a core specimen of an extruded polystyrene board is presented.
The SPI/NRC-IRC Joint Research Program: Evaluation of Alternative Blowing Agents in Sprayed Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Harris T. 
Published: March 2007

A cellular plastic with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) introduced dur ing manufacture, is an effective thermal insulator CFCs not only help produce small and uniform cell size but, because of their high thermal resistivity (thermal resistance per unit thickness), are also responsible for the superior insulating properties of the foam product Development of today's technology took many years Now, in the advent of the Montreal Protocol enforcing development of alternative blowing agents, there are many questions to be answered. How can we change the methods of evaluation and the materials at the same time, without losing the experience of CFC blown prod ucts ? Can we predict 25 years of infield performance, particularly thermal perfor mance, from for example, six month laboratory testing? There are many conflicting priorities and expectations in the area of research on new products One needs a yardstick to measure the performance of the products and a basis to relate to one's own product development. Therefore cooperative programs between Industry and Government Research Laboratories is a superior way of quickly and thoroughly eval uating new products One of the SPI(Canada)/NRC-IRC research projects deals with the evaluation of sprayed polyurethane foam systems. This project creates a knowledge base using available 1988 technology to which subsequent research and development can be related, either in terms of proprietary research or methods for material evaluation. This project includes the use of CFC and two alternate HCFC blowing agents em ployed in basically the same spray system, manufactured either without water or with a partial replacement of the blowing agent by water. First, the properties of these polyurethane spray foams will be directly compared, then the formulation may be modified to maintain the process parameters This proj ect also includes some elements of research on application parameters
Narration or Science? Collapsing the Division in Organization Studies
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara 
Published: March 2007

Scientific knowledge is conventionally distinguished from the everyday knowledge of lay people that is transmitted in stories-narrative knowledge. Recently, however, a call for redeeming narrative knowledge in the humanities and social sciences in general and in organization studies in particular can be heard. The present article considers whether there is enough ground for reintroducing the narrative knowledge into a research tradition, which until now has been imbued with the logoscientific knowledge. Several existing and emerging traditions within organization studies are intent on achieving such a rapprochement: for instance case studies, studies of organizational stories and a variety of interpretive approaches. A collective reflection is needed to consolidate such attempts. Such reflection, which this paper initiates, might aim at interpretation which lies beyond the hermeneutic tradition of separating the material world from the symbolic, and at a conscious development of a genre which will speak to practitioners as well as to theoreticians.
Me and My Shadows: On the Accumulation of Body-Images in Western Society Part One - The Image and the Image of the Body in Pre-Modern Society
Authors: FERGUSON HARVIE 
Published: March 2007

Granting that the `soul' was only an attractive and mysterious thought, from which philosophers rightly, but reluctantly, separated themselves - that which they have since learnt to put in its place is perhaps even more attractive and even more mysterious. The human body, in which the whole of the most distant and most recent past of all organic life once more becomes living and corporal, seems to flow through this past and right over it like a huge and inaudible torrent: the body is a more wonderful thought than the old `soul'. (Nietzsche, 1973: 132-3) Man is but breath and a shadow. (Sophocles)
The Kingdom of God, 'Utopia' and Theocracy
Authors: Beavis Mary 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhile the phrase 'the kingdom of God' has obvious political overtones, its use by Jesus has most often been interpreted in social, eschatological and theological terms. This paper will survey representative interpretations of this concept in the secondary literature, and attempt to situate Jesus' understanding of 'the rule of God' within the spectrum of Greco-Roman and hellenistic Jewish political thought, with special reference to utopian and theocratic ideas. In addition, the paper will examine Jesus' use of this utopian and theocratic phrase in the context of Jewish nationalism under Roman rule, as explicated by D. Mendels.
The Book of Lamentations in Recent Research
Authors: Miller C.W. 
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade there has been an unprecedented explosion of interest in the book of Lamentations. This increased attention has led to the writing of more dissertations, monographs and articles since 1990 than had been pro duced in the previous half century. This article offers a brief overview of some of the more important aspects of that research, as well as a summary of the significant trends in scholarship that have surfaced in the past several years. A more relentlessly brutal piece of writing is scarcely imaginable. This short biblical book affronts the reader with a barrage of harsh and violent images...the reader is not so much engaged by the book of Lamentations as assaulted by it (Linafelt 2000: 2). The Book of Lamentations calls its readers to remember the sacred events of their past, to reflect on them, to relive them again, to learn from them, and eventually to find hope in that knowledge (Polan 1996: 16).
Myocardial intensity changes associated with flow stimulation in blood oxygenation sensitive magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Niemi Pekka , Poncelet Brigitte P. , Kwong Kenneth K. , Weisskoff Robert M. , Rosen Bruce R. , Brady Thomas J. , Kantor Howard L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging exploits deoxygenated blood as an endogeneous source for contrast in assessing local changes in tissue perfusion. Intrinsic changes in myocardial signal intensity were measured during dipyridamole induced coronary vasodilatation with T2*‐weighted echo planar MRI in healthy volunteers. Concurrently, changes in flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery were measured using a time‐of‐flight method. Dipyridamole infusion produced 14 ± 6% increase in myocardial signal intensity (n = 7). Temporal profile of the myocardial signal intensity changes correlated well with the augmentation of coronary flow velocity. The data are consistent with the concept that changes in myocardial deoxyhemoglobin content due to altered flow result in changes in magnetic susceptibility that can be detected on T2*‐weighted MR images.
Quantitative assessment of blood inflow effects in functional MRI signals
Authors: Gao Jia‐Hong , Miller Ira , Lai Song , Xiong Jinhu , Fox Peter T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) signal dependence on changes in blood flow velocities were analyzed for both conventional and echo‐planar (EPI) gradient‐echo pulse sequences. As the flow velocity increases, the fMRI signal increases monotonically in spoiled gradient‐echo sequences, while the fMRI signal may increase or decrease in conventional refocused gradient‐echo sequences. A larger flip angle generates a larger inflow contribution to the fMRI signal. For conventional gradient‐echo sequences, the inflow contribution to the fMRI images is dominated by the cortical draining veins, while its effect on capillaries is generally small and may be negligible in the spoiled sequences. For EPI gradient‐echo sequences, the contribution from inflow effects is relatively small, as compared with the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) contribution, to the fMRI signal, not only for capillaries but also for the cortical draining veins.
Introduction
Authors: BLUNDEN MARGARET , DANDO MALCOLM 
Published: March 2007

Having reached my own centenary, I can only say that I wish Geoffrey could be reaching his in 1994, instead of having left us in 1982 at the age of 87. His wisdom and foresight are sadly needed in today's world, whose problems he clearly predicted. His proposals for dealing with those problems, and for avoiding them where possible, are as valid today as when he made them. One can only hope that his books, with their clear signposts for the future, will reach and enrich present and future generations in the same way they have enlightened those of the past. —Adolph Lowe, 1993
A Computer Program for Clustering Large Matrices
Authors: Koch Valerie L. 
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN V computer program was derived for the Univac 1100 Series Computer for clustering into hierarchical structures large matrices, up to 1000 × 1000 and larger, of interassociations between objects. A description of the method, input medium and format, program options, output, and program size is provided. Estimating run time parameters are elaborated using test matrices of various sizes.
A Computer Simulation Study of Tailored Testing Strategies for Objective-Based Instructional Programs
Authors: Spineti John P. , Hambleton Ronald K. 
Published: March 2007

One possible way of reducing the amount of time spent testing in . objective-based instructional programs would involve the implementation of a tailored testing strategy. Our purpose was to provide some additional data on the effectiveness of various tailored testing strategies for different testing situations. The three factors of a tailored testing strategy under study with various hypothetical distributions of abilities across two learning hierarchies were test length, mastery cutting score, and starting point. Overall, our simulation results indicate that it is possible to obtain a reduction of more than 50% in testing time without any loss in decision-making accuracy, when compared to a conventional testing procedure, by implementing a tailored testing strategy. In addition, our study of starting points revealed that it was generally best to begin testing in the middle of the learning hierarchy. Finally we observed a 40% reduction in errors of classification as the number of items for testing each objective was increased from one to five.