bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural histochemical evaluation of growth plate cartilage matrix from healthy and osteochondritic swine
Authors: Farnum Cornelia E. , Wilsman Norman J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A contributing factor to the lack of understanding the cause of osteochondritic syndromes has been incomplete knowledge of the morphology of lesions in subclinical stages of the disease. In osteochondritic growth plate cartilage from growing swine, the morphology of the pericellular matrix surrounding hypertrophic zone chondrocytes is abnormal and is characteristic of a matrix in which the ordered interactions of matrix macromolecules with each other and with the plasma membrane have been altered. In the present study, ultrastructural histochemical techniques were used to analyze the nature of macromolecular interactions in the pericellular matrix in normal growth plate cartilage, and selective enzyme digestions of normal growth plate cartilage were used to simulate the morphology found in osteochondritic lesions. Results showed that a pericellular macromolecular material which was both ferrocyanide positive and trypsin sensitive was essential for stabilizing the cell membrane/pericellular interface in normal growth plates. The highly variable morphology of this same material in osteochondritic lesions was simulated by hyaluronidase digestion. Since similar pericellular matrix abnormalities have not been described in other diseases of growth plate cartilage, they may represent a matrix abnormality unique to the vascularization failure of osteochondritic syndromes. Our ability to simulate the ultrastructural morphology of subclinical osteochondritic lesions enhances the potential for understanding the macromolecular changes found in the pericellular matrix of osteochondritic cartilage. Based on these results, a new hypothesis is presented for the early sequence of events in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis.
Relationship of serum and plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of cattle and the effects of whole blood sample storage
Authors: Kincaid Ronald L. , Gay Clive C. , Krieger Robert I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The present study was conducted to determine whether plasma and serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle are different and whether transport of samples with storage on ice before centrifugation affects the measurements. Mean copper and ceruloplasmin values were higher in plasma than in serum. Linear regressions were plasma copper (μg/ml) = 1.200 serum copper −0.032 (r2 = 0.99), serum ceruloplasmin (mg/dl) = 14.0 serum copper + 2.34 (r2 = 0.48), and plasma ceruloplasmin (mg/dl) = 18.2 plasma copper + 2.1 (r2 = 0.43). The percentage of copper associated with ceruloplasmin was less in serum (55%) than in plasma (66%).
Storage of blood samples on ice for 3 days decreased serum copper value by 3.5%. Linear regressions to correct for storage effects were corrected serum copper = 1.11 stored serum copper −0.04 (r2 = 0.94) and corrected plasma copper = 1.22 stored plasma copper − 0.17 (r2 = 0.86).
A cuproprotein may be involved in the blood clotting process, and some ceruloplasmin and its copper are apparently trapped in the fibrin clot, causing less copper in serum, compared with that in plasma. The difference between plasma and serum copper concentrations of calves was slightly increased by dietary copper supplementation.
Dural sinuses in the pig and their extracranial venous connections
Authors: Ghoshal Nani G. , Zguigal Hadhoum 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The dural sinuses of the pig and their connections with veins of the head and neck have been described. The rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous venous sinus complex have been described in detail, and speculation about their possible role in brain temperature regulation was made.
Clinical and pathologic changes in experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in cats
Authors: Kitchell Barbara E. , Strombeck Donald R. , Cullen John , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute pancreatitis was induced in 6 cats by infusion of oleic acid into the pancreatic duct. Clinical changes included fever, tachycardia, and variable degrees of abdominal pain; vomiting occurred rarely, and diarrhea was not noted. Serum lipase activities were significantly increased through the 4th day after the surgical operation, although amylase activities were significantly decreased during most of the acute phase. Serum calcium and phosphate concentrations were decreased significantly on the 4th day after surgical operation. Hematologic alterations included normocytic, normochromic, responsive anemias, but changes in wbc values were not statistically significant. Evidence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency after induction of acute pancreatitis was not demonstrated in any cats during the study. The results of this study indicate that increases in serum lipase activity are the most consistent and earliest indicators of acute pancreatitis in cats, but that more sensitive methods of laboratory evaluation should be sought.
Evaluation of leukapheresis and thrombocytapheresis in the horse
Authors: Gordon B. J. , Latimer K. S. , Murray C. M. , Moore J. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis techniques were used to collect 300-ml volumes of leukocyterich plasma from 5 nonmedicated horses and from 5 corticosteroid-stimulated horses. White blood cell counts and differential counts were performed on the horses before (base line) and up to 48 hours after leukapheresis. Systemic administration of hydrocortisone increased numbers of total wbc and neutrophils and improved harvest of these cells. Nonmedicated horses had a mean yield of 3.38 × 1010 leukocytes in the 300-ml volume. Stimulated horses yielded a mean of 6.88 × 1010 leukocytes. After leukapheresis, wbc counts decreased a mean of 38% in nonstimulated horses and decreased a mean of 30% in stimulated horses. By 6 hours after leukapheresis, circulating wbc counts of horses in both groups had returned to preleukapheresis values. The relationship between neutrophil yield and the 4 variables (preleukapheresis wbc count, preleukapheresis neutrophil count, preleukapheresis lymphocyte count, and the pcv of the leukocyterich plasma) were examined, using simple (pairwise) correlation and multiple linear regression. A significant positive correlation was found between neutrophil yield and preleukapheresis wbc and neutrophil counts.
Because sodium citrate was used in the collection system to prevent extracorporeal blood coagulation, ionized and total serum calcium concentrations were monitored before and after leukapheresis. Although total serum calcium concentrations remained unchanged, ionized calcium concentrations decreased approximately 33% from base-line values during the 2-hour leukapheresis procedures. Occasional mild muscle fasciculations were the only adverse clinical signs of citrate toxicity exhibited by the horses. Blood ionized calcium levels returned to base-line values by 6 hours after leukapheresis.
A third group of 5 nonmedicated horses was used to evaluate the wbc and platelet yields, using a blood cell separator set at 2,000 rpm. The 300-ml volumes of platelet-rich plasma contained a mean of 8.02 × 1011 platelets and had a mean of 2.51 × 1010 wbc as contaminants.
Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheep; effect of previous vaccination: Clinical and immunologic studies
Authors: Mahrt Charles R. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical and immunologic responses of sheep to vaccination and subsequent bluetongue virus (btv) challenge exposure were studied and compared with those of non-vaccinated sheep. Sheep were vaccinated with inactivated btv administered with aluminum hydroxide and cimetidine or levamisole. After sheep were vaccinated, precipitating group-specific antibodies to btv were detected, but serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies were not detected. Cellular immune responses (lymphocyte blastogenesis) to btv were not detected.
After virulent btv challenge exposure, vaccinated and nonvaccinated sheep developed acute clinical disease of similar severity. Clinical signs included hyperemia and petechiae of oral mucosa and coronary bands of the feet, excess salivation, nasal discharge with crusting, ulceration of the muzzle, and edema of lips and intermandibular space. Marked increases in serum creatine kinase activity were associated with stiff gait, reluctance to move, and vomiting. Fever and leukopenia were detected in most of the challenge-exposed sheep. Viremia and neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated and nonvaccinated sheep after challenge exposure. Bluetongue virus-specific reaginic antibodies were not detected in sera from any of the sheep when the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test was used.
Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheep; effect of vaccination: Pathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Mahrt Charles R. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 17. Six of the sheep had been vaccinated before challenge exposure, 4 sheep served as nonvaccinated challenge-exposed controls, and 2 additional sheep served as nonvaccinated, nonchallenge-exposed, contact controls. Biopsy specimens (oral labial mucosa and skin) were obtained periodically after challenge exposure. Sheep were killed 8 to 13 days after challenge exposure, and necropsy was done.
Vaccination did not seem to affect the nature or severity of the lesions observed. The changes in the mucosa of the cranial portion of the digestive tract included hyperemia, edema, inflammation, petechiae, erosions, ulcers, and surface encrustations. Lesions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles included hemorrhage, edema, myofiber degeneration, and necrosis. Lesions in cardiac muscles were sometimes widespread, indicating that cardiac failure may have been the major contributor to pulmonary congestion, edema, and eventual death during acute btv infection. Damage to esophageal musculature resulted in vomiting. Hemorrhage was observed within the base of the pulmonary artery of all challenge-exposed sheep.
Using immunofluorescence, bluetongue viral antigens were detected in small blood vessels of the skin, oral labial mucosa, tongue, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, urinary bladder, and pulmonary artery and in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Viral antigens were present in tissues obtained 3 to 11 days after inoculation.
Ultrastructurally, changes in small-caliber blood vessels included congestion, hemorrhage, swollen degenerated endothelial cells, and occasional fibrin-platelet thrombi. Tubular structures and virus-like particles were observed within some of these endothelial cells.
Immunofluorescent, microscopic, and ultrastructural observations support the theory that btv-induced damage to endothelial cells could account for the lesions of hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammation, edema, and secondary ischemic necrosis of tissues.
Mycoplasma bovoculi infection increases ocular colonization by Moraxella ovis in calves
Authors: Rosenbusch R. F. , Ostle A. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine whether infection with Mycoplasma bovoculi increases ocular colonization of cattle eyes with Moraxella bovis and other bacteria, colonization of ocular gram-negative bacteria were measured in eyes of cattle infected with Mycoplasma bovoculi. Strains of Moraxella ovis were chosen because these are among the most commonly isolated species of gram-negative bacteria from cattle eyes. Five strains of M ovis were characterized biochemically and by pilus structure, permitting the recognition of 2 biotypes. All strains were tested in a mouse corneal pathogenicity model. One strain of each biotype was selected for testing in calves. All 5 strains were apathogenic for mice, and the 2 strains tested in cattle did not induce keratitis. Infection of calves with Mycoplasma bovoculi increased the amount and persistence of colonization with the strains of M ovis.
Q fever vaccination of sheep: Challenge of immunity in ewes
Authors: Brooks D. L. , Ermel R. W. , Franti C. E. , Ruppanner R. , Behymer D. E. , Williams J. C. , Stephenson J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adult ewes (17 months of age) were vaccinated against Coxiella burnetii, using a formalin-inactivated whole cell (wc) phase I Henzerling strain vaccine or a chloroform methanol residue (cmr) vaccine. Nineteen pregnant ewes were placed in 3 categories [(i) unvaccinated, (ii) wc vaccine, and (iii) cmr vaccine] and were challenge exposed at approximately the 100th day of gestation with 210,000 plaque-forming units of C burnetii inoculated subcutaneously.
Sheading of rickettsiae was measurably reduced, but was not prevented in vaccinated groups, as shown by inoculating ewes’ placental tissues, amniotic fluid, and colostrum into mice, as well as by histopathologic lesions of placental tissues. The rickettsiae were shed in the placenta, amniotic fluid, or colostrum in 6 nonvaccinated ewes. In comparison, rickettsiae were detected in placental inoculations from 2 of 6 ewes in the wc vaccine group and 1 of 6 in the cmr group. In contrast to those in the vaccinated ewes, placentitis, high concentrations of rickettsiae in microscopic preparations, and weak lambs were typical for the nonvaccinated ewes.
Immune response in sows given transmissible gastroenteritis virus or canine coronavirus
Authors: Woods Roger D. , Wesley Ronald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve pregnant sows were inoculated oral-nasally 8 weeks before farrowing with attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), tissue culture-adapted canine coronavirus (ccv), or fluids from mock-infected culture (controls). A 2nd dose of the same inoculum, one-half oral-nasally and one-half intramammarily, was given 6 weeks later. Neutralizing antibodies for tgev and ccv were demonstrated in sera, colostrum, and milk whey from the virus-vaccinated sows. Homologous geometric mean neutralizing titers were generally 4-fold higher than were heterologous titers. After challenge exposure of the nursing pigs with virulent tgev, average morbidity and mortality for the pigs were 81% and 34% (mortality range = 11% to 63%), respectively, in the tgev-vaccinated group; 83% and 39% (mortality range = 15% to 83%), respectively, in the ccv-vaccinated group; and 97% and 84% (mortality range = 78% to 100%), respectively, in the controls. Seemingly, sera from swine exposed to ccv could test serologically positive for tgev-neutralizing antibody, and tgev and ccv share at least 1 common neutralizing determinant that may be involved in protection.
Inhibition of African swine fever infection in the presence of immune sera in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Gonzalvo F. Ruiz , Carnero M. E. , Caballero C. , Martinez J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In assay cultures, sera from African swine fever convalescent pigs inhibited infection by homologous African swine fever virus. The infection-inhibition capacity did not correspond with the virus-neutralizing capacity. The serum did not prevent infection by heterologous virulent viruses.
Sera from pigs challenge inoculated with the homologous virulent virus and later with a heterologous virulent virus inhibited the infection by different heterologous virulent viruses. These sera did not interfere with the infection by pseudorabies virus. The specificity of the reaction indicated that the infection inhibition was caused by antibody.
Fluorescent antibody technique to detect Cowdria ruminantium in in vitro-cultured macrophages and buffy coats from cattle, sheep, and goats
Authors: Sahu Sudhir P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fluorescent antibody tests, Giemsa stain, and electron microscopy were used to detect colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in in vitro-cultured macrophages and buffy coats from heartwater-infected cattle, sheep, and goats. Antibodies were obtained from C ruminantium-infected cattle, sheep, and goats treated with a small dose of oxytetracycline HCl. Cowdria ruminantium elementary bodies were small-coccus forms (0.14 μm) and large-coccus forms (0.22 μm to 0.6 μm). The size of inclusion bodies varied from 1.5 μm to 2 μm. Inclusion bodies and elementary bodies were observed in the cytoplasm of macrophages and neutrophils.
Effects of exposure to ambient air on articular cartilage of rabbits
Authors: Bauer Michael S. , Woodard J. Carroll , Weigel Joseph P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of exposure to ambient air (20 to 22 C) on articular cartilage from rabbits were evaluated. Bilateral arthrotomies were performed on the stifles of 18 New Zealand White rabbits. The cranial surface of the left distal femur, including the articular cartilage of the trochlea, was exposed to air for 2 hours. The right stifle was opened and closed immediately. Six rabbits were killed at the end of the surgical operation (group 1), 6 after 2 weeks (group 2), and 6 after 4 weeks (group 3), and femurs were harvested.
A distinct color change was seen in the exposed cartilage in group 1; however, minimal change was detected in group 2, and no change was seen in group 3. Proteoglycan content did not differ between the exposed and control cartilage in any group. The number of viable cells and empty lacunae in articular cartilage did not differ between the exposed and control femurs. Total cell counts and degenerative cell counts were similar, comparing the left and right trochlea in groups 1 and 3. A significant increase in cellularity was noticed in the radial zone of the exposed cartilage in group 2 (P < 0.01). In the same group, a significantly increased number of degenerative cells were seen in the tangential zone of the exposed cartilage (P < 0.05). Changes in cellularity were consistent with cartilage damage. Seemingly, exposing articular cartilage to air for 2 hours causes reversible cartilage damage.
Immunofluorescent evaluation of the lower respiratory tract of healthy horses and of horses with chronic bronchiolitis
Authors: Winder N. Christine , von Fellenberg Roland 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pulmonary parenchymal tissues from 6 healthy horses and from 9 horses with chronic bronchiolitis were evaluated by use of an indirect immunofluorescent technique. In horses of both groups, the diffuse interstitial immunofluorescence was most intense for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, moderate for IgA, and minimal for IgM. Intensity of fluorescence was increased markedly in diseased lungs exposed to anti-IgA and anti-IgG. Around small bronchi and large bronchioles of healthy horses, IgA-containing cells generally were more numerous than were IgG-Fc fragment (Fc)-containing cells; in small bronchioles, however, IgA-containing cells and IgG (Fc)-containing cells were identified with approximately equal frequency. Immunoglobulin-containing cell types usually were located in the lamina propria and submucosa of airways, with occasional Ig-containing cells seen interepithelially and intraluminally; IgG (T)- and IgM-containing plasma cells were observed infrequently in the same regions. The number of Ig-containing cells became fewer as the diameter of the airway decreased; therefore, at the level of the terminal bronchiole, Ig-containing cells only were observed occasionally. This pattern of Ig-containing cell distribution was similar in horses with chronic bronchiolitis; however, horses with chronic bronchiolitis had more IgA-containing cells forming perivascular and peribronchiolar cuffs than did healthy horses. The number of IgG (Fc)-containing lymphocytes and non-Ig-stainable lymphocytes also were higher in horses with chronic bronchiolitis than in healthy horses, but the number did not approach the magnitude of that observed for IgA-containing cells. One horse had deposits of complement C3 and IgG (Fc) within alveolar septa.
Bone remodeling in the lumbar vertebrae of young adult Beagles
Authors: Snow Gillian R. , Karambolova Kristi K. , Anderson Colin 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-two static and dynamic histomorphometric determinants of tetracycline-labeled trabecular bone were determined for the L1 and L3 vertebrae of 5 intact and 6 oophorectomized Beagle bitches. Because significant differences in trabecular bone remodeling between the 2 vertebrae were not found, we concluded that the mean of the combined L1 and L3 data, or the mean of data generated from individual vertebrae, may be representative of trabecular bone remodeling of the lumbar vertebrae of Beagles.
Injury versus inflammatory response in the lungs of rats intratracheally inoculated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Lopez Alfonso , Yong Shirley 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relationship between acute pulmonary cell injury and inflammatory response was investigated in rats killed 1, 3, and 7 days after intratracheal inoculation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps). Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) and alkaline phosphatase (ap) in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid and bronchoalveolar cell (bac) lysate supernatants were used as indicators of cell injury in the lung. Concentrations of protein in bal fluid and the number and types of bac were used as indicators of pulmonary inflammatory response. The magnitude of inflammation and cell injury was calculated as the percentage difference of cellular and biochemical values, compared with values of nontreated controls. Inoculation with lps induced a significant and dramatic (> 18,000%) influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) and a mild (approx 250%) increase in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. A moderate, significant and time-dependent increase in ldh (up to approx 260%) and ap (up to approx 220%) was detected in bal fluid and bac lysate supernatants after lps inoculations. Inoculation with saline solution alone resulted in increased pmn (approx 975%), but did not alter ldh and ap values. In all rats evaluated, protein concentrations did not change. Numbers of pmn significantly and positively correlated with activities of ldh and ap. Protein concentrations and pmn counts had a negative nonsignificant association. Evidence of further cell injury was not detected after massive influx of pmn into the bronchoalveolar space. Therefore, the cellular influx of pmn induced by lps probably was disproportionate to the magnitude of pulmonary cell injury.
Evaluation of a fluorometric method for the quantitative assay of fecal hemoglobin in the dog
Authors: Boulay James P. , Lipowitz Alan J. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Ellefson Mark , Schwartz Samuel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Feces from 27 dogs were evaluated to establish baseline fecal hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations when the dogs were fed diets containing varying amounts of Hb. Fecal Hb concentration was measured, using a quantitative fluorometric assay that was based on the conversion of nonfluorescing Hb heme to fluorescing porphyrins. Mean fecal Hb concentration was 0.31 mg/g of feces when the dogs were fed a dry diet low in Hb. This corresponded to a daily fecal blood loss of 0.043 ml/kg of body weight. The fecal Hb concentration was directly related to the dietary Hb concentration. The average recovery of orally ingested blood was 41% in 4 dogs. This fluorometric assay quantitatively detected small amounts of gastrointestinal bleeding over a wide range of fecal Hb concentrations for which feces appeared normal. Results of this study establish dietary conditions necessary for quantitative evaluation of experimental and clinical gastrointestinal bleeding.