bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sub Room Temperature Differential Vapor Pressure Osmometry: A Method for the Determination of the Aggregation Number of α-Heterosubstituted Organolithium Compounds and Lithium Amides in Solution
Authors: Dress K.R. , Rölle T. , Wenzel A. , Bösherz G. , Frommknecht N. , Merkel E. , Sauer W. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The aggregation number of α-Selenium- and α-Sulfur-substituted organolithium compounds, lithium amides, and transition metal complexes in solution has been determined by sub room temperature differential vapor pressure osmometry. This novel method allows measurements of oxygen, moisture, and temperature sensitive compounds. The aggregation number of these compounds can be determined in THF solutions at 0°C and in diethyl ether solutions at -35°C.
Detection of 1CH2 Radicals in Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis Behind Shock Waves Using FM Spectroscopy
Authors: Deppe J. , Wagner H.Gg. 
Published: August 2006

Singlet methylene radical ((1an extented Arrhenius expression ofand futhermore rate coefficients for(7)(11)and for the intersystem crossing via(6)were determined.The experimental conditions ranged from 1900 to 4000 K with corresponding pressures between 0.23 to 0.54 bar.Theα(reflects well the experimental results obtained for the b˜
The Development of Excimer Laser Technology – History and Future Prospects
Authors: Basting D. , Stamm U. 
Published: August 2006

With focus on commercial aspects the paper reviews the historical development and various technological achievements in the field of excimer lasers since their discovery in 1970. The first commercial excimer laser model in the world, the EMG 500 from Lambda Physik was operating at maximum repetition rates of only 20 Hz, whereas today multi kHz excimer lasers as the NovaLine industrial lasers are available. In 2000, Lambda Physik introduced the most powerful commercial excimer laser, the Lambda Steel with 300 W output power having extremely high stability.In the more than 30 years of excimer lasers their properties have been studied in a multitude of research laboratories at universities, institutes, national laboratories, and industry. In the attempts to reach parameters in the UV never seen before, energies ranging from mJ to kJ, pulse durations from sub μs down to fs, spectral bandwidths from fractions of 1 nm down to less then 0.1 pm, and beam divergence from 10 mrad down to 10 μrad could be demonstrated at the various excimer lasers wavelengts. Over the years various technological achievements like the NovaTube laser chamber technology, the NovaPowerSwitch pulsed power modules and the HaloSafe fluorine and chlorine generators could be made which make the use of excimer lasers simple and user friendly. Recently, the development of DuraTube technology gave a strong push towards the development of high power 157 nm laser technology for microlithography and laser based micro-machining of “difficult” materials as fused silica or teflon.The paper describes important steps and quantum leaps in developing and improving excimer lasers. Since a large part of excimer laser development was driven by application requirements some applications developed over the years are touched as well – including early photochemistry and dye laser pumping in F. P. Schäfers laboratories. Finally, currently ongoing and for the future expected technological developments are discussed which will strengthen the position of excimer lasers as user friendly work horses in many industrial and research areas.
Multilevel Evolution: The Fate of Duplicated Genes
Authors: Hogeweg Paulien 
Published: August 2006

Biological evolution is a multilevel process and should be studied as such. A first, important step in studying evolution in this way has been the work of Peter Schuster and co-workers on RNA evolution. For RNA the genotype-phenotype mapping can be calculated explicitly. The resulting evolutionary dynamics is dominated by neutral paths, and the potential of major change by a single point mutation.Examining whole genomes, of which about 60 are now available, we see that gene content of genomes is changing relatively rapidly: gene duplication, gene loss and gene generation is ubiquitous. In fact, it seems that point-mutations play a relatively minor role, relative to changes in gene regulation and gene content in adaptive evolution.Large scale micro-array studies, in which the expression of every gene can be measured simultaneously, give a first glimpse of the `division of labor´ between duplicated genes. A preliminary analysis suggests that differential expression is often the primary event which allows duplicated genes to be maintained in a genome, but alternate routes also exist, most notably on the one hand the mere need of a lot of product, and on the other hand differentiation within multi-protein complexes consisting of homologous genes.I will discuss these results in terms of multilevel evolution. in particular in terms of information integration and the alternatives of `individual based´
First Dissociation Constant of Phosphoric Acid in Non-Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Bandyopadhyay G. , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: August 2006

The first dissociation constant of phosphoric acid and its equivalent conductance at infinite dilution were determined in non-aqueous solvents like methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile. The single ion conductance values of HThe
Studies on Thermodynamic Dissociation Constants of 2,2′-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenanthroline in Acetonitrile + Water Mixtures and Gibbs Energy of Transfer of Hydrogen Ions from Water to Acetonitrile + Water Mixtures
Authors: Bandyopadhyay G. , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: August 2006

The thermodynamic dissociation constants for isoelectric reactions of the type LHAttempts were made to understand the basicity and structuredness of acetonitrile + water mixtures from a comparative study of Δ
Pressure Dependence of Exciplex Formation in Solvents of Different Polarity up to 5 kbar
Authors: Pollmann P. 
Published: August 2006

The exciplex formation in the system 1,2-benzanthracene (electron acceptor) and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene (electron donor) inBy means of a van´t Hoff type equation the volume change of exciplex formation, ΔΔThe possibility of formation of a nonfluorescent radical ion pair directly from an encounter complex or via exciplex is discussed.
Parameters explaining removal of PAHs from sewage sludge by ozonation
Authors: Carrère Hélène , Bernal‐Martínez Arodi , Patureau Dominique , Delgenès Jean‐Philippe 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study aimed at explaining the differences in the removal efficiencies of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, from low to high molecular weight) stated during the ozonation of contaminated sewage sludge. Correlation between PAH removal efficiency at fixed ozone doses and the characteristics of PAHs (molecular weight, number of aromatic rings, number of 5‐carbon rings, solubility in water, octanol–water partitioning coefficient) was established through partial least‐squares (PLS) regression. PAHs removal efficiency was primarily determined by the solubility of PAHs in water and the number of 5‐carbon rings. Considering six ozone doses (from 0.5 to 4 g/L), the impact of added ozone on PAH removal efficiency decreased. PLS analysis suggested that 77% of the ozone efficiency variability was a result of the sludge soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration in sludge. The competition between SCOD and PAHs was confirmed by ozonation experiments in the presence of surfactants. The use of surfactants actually led to higher gas–liquid transfer coefficients and to higher PAH removal efficiencies, which shows that ozone concentration was the limiting factor. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Increased circulating platelet–neutrophil, platelet–monocyte complexes, and platelet activation in patients with ulcerative colitis: A comparative study
Authors: Pamuk Gülsüm E. , Vural Özden , Turgut Burhan , Demir Muzaffer , Ümit Hasan , Tezel Ahmet 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is reported that the incidence of thromboembolism is increased in ulcerative colitis (UC), and hypercoagulability persists even when patients are in remission. We evaluated the association of inflammatory response parameters with UC activity, and activation parameters of the platelets, endothelium, and the coagulation system in UC. Eighteen UC patients and 19 healthy subjects were included in the study. The patients' clinical features were recorded down; whole blood counts and acute phase parameters were evaluated. UC patients were divided into two as active (9 patients) and inactive (9 patients) according to combined clinical activity index (CAI) and endoscopic activity index (EAI) scores. In all subjects, platelet CD62P expression, platelet–monocyte complexes (PMC), platelet–neutrophil complexes (PNC), and platelet microparticles (PMP) were determined by flow cytometry. E‐selectin, thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) levels in plasma, and sCD40L levels in serum were determined by ELISA. In both active and inactive UC patients, platelet CD62P expression, the percentages of PMC, and PNC were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0.01). PMP level was higher in the control group than in inactive UC patients (P = 0.001). sCD40L level was significantly higher in active UC group than in the control group (P < 0.01). EAI score correlated significantly with PMP (r = 0.5, P = 0.04) and sCD40L (r = 0.48, P = 0.044); CAI score had a negative correlation (r = −0.68, P = 0.002) with sE‐selectin level. In addition to increased CD62P expression and sCD40L, increased formation of PMC and PNC suggests a role for platelet–leukocyte complex formation together with platelet activation in thromboembolic events observed in UC. Am.J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of linkage and association on 18p11.2 for psychosis
Authors: Mukherjee O. , Meera P. , Ghosh S. , Kubendran S. , Kiran K. , Manjunath K.R. , Subhash M.N. , Benegal V. , Brahmachari S.K. , Majumder P.P. , Jain S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe genetic basis of bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) has been established through numerous clinical and molecular studies. Although often considered separate nosological entities, evidence now suggests that the two syndromes may share some genetic liability. Recent studies have used a composite phenotype (psychosis) that includes BPD, SCZ, psychosis not otherwise specified, and schizoaffective disorder, to identify shared susceptibility loci. Several chromosomal regions are reported to be shared between these syndromes (18p, 6q, 10p, 13q, 22q). As a part of our endeavor to scan these regions, we report a positive linkage and association finding at 18p11.2 for psychosis. Two‐point linkage analysis performed on a series of 52 multiplex pedigrees with 23 polymorphic markers yielded a LOD score of 2.02 at D18S37. An independent set of 159 parent offspring trios was used to confirm this suggestive finding. The TDT analysis yielded support for association between the marker D18S453 and the disease allele (χ2 = 4.829, P < 0.028). This region has been implicated by several studies on BPD [Sjoholt et al. (2004); Mol Psychiatry 9(6):621–629; Washizuka et al. (2004); Biol Psychiatry 56(7):483–489; Pickard et al. (2005); Psychiatr Genet 15(1):37–44], SCZ [Kikuchi et al. (2003); J Med Dent Sci 50(3):225–229; Babovic‐Vuksanovic et al. (2004); Am J Med Genet 124(3):318–322] and also as a shared region between the two diseases [Ishiguro et al. (2001); J Neural Transm 108(7):849–854; Reyes et al. (2002); Mol Psychiatry 7(4):337–339; Craddock et al. (2005); J Med Genet 42(3):193–204]. Our findings provide an independent validation of the above reports, and suggest the presence of susceptibility loci for psychoses in this region. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between polymorphisms in serotonin transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Yufeng , Zhou Rulun , Zhang Haobo , Yang Li , Wang Bing , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPrior work has shown reduced serotonin transmission to be associated with impulsivity and behavioral problems. The current study assessed the association between ADHD and two variants of the serotonin transporter gene: the 44‐bp deletion/insertion polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) and the 17 bp‐repeat polymorphism in intron 2 (STin2.VNTR). We hypothesized that ADHD phenotypes associated with impulsivity would show an association with these variants. Two‐hundred and ninety‐three ADHD trios were genotyped and analyzed using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis and haplotype analysis. We found no association between the STin2.VNTR and ADHD, but did find preferential transmission of the S allele of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism (χ2 = 5.751, P = 0.016) to probands with ADHD. Haplotype analysis found the L/10 haplotype was over‐transmitted (χ2 = 6.172, P = 0.013), while L/12 was under‐transmitted to probands with ADHD (χ2 = 4.866, P = 0.027). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CHMP2B mutations are not a cause of dementia in Dutch patients with familial and sporadic frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Rizzu Patrizia , van Mil Saskia E. , Anar Burcu , Rosso Sonia M. , Kaat Laura Donker , Heutink Peter , van Swieten John C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMutations in the CHMP2B gene have been recently identified in a large Danish pedigree with autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) linked to chromosome 3 (FTD3). We report the frequency of CHMP2B mutations in 162 FTD patients recruited from a large population‐based study of FTD carried out in The Netherlands. Our results suggest that mutations in CHMP2B are a rare cause of FTD as compared to MAPT mutations. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reelin gene polymorphisms in the Indian population: A possible paternal 5′UTR‐CGG‐repeat‐allele effect on autism
Authors: Dutta Shruti , Guhathakurta Subhrangshu , Sinha Swagata , Chatterjee Anindita , Ahmed Shabina , Ghosh Saurabh , Gangopadhyay Prasanta K. , Singh Manoranjan , Usha Rajamma 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability factor and the reelin gene, which codes for an extracellular matrix protein involved with neuronal migration and lamination is being investigated as a positional and functional candidate gene for autism. It is located on chromosome 7q22 within the autism susceptible locus (AUTS1); identified in earlier genome scans and several investigations have been carried out on various ethnic groups to assess possible association and linkage of the gene with autism. However, the findings are still inconclusive. In the present study which represents the first report of such a study on the Indian population, genotyping analyses of CGG repeat polymorphism at 5′UTR, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at exon 6 and exon 50 were performed in 73 autistic subjects, 129 parents, and 80 controls. The allelic distributions of the repeat polymorphism and exon 50 T/C SNP were quite different from earlier reports in other populations. Allelic and genotypic distribution of the markers did not show any differences between the cases and controls. While our preliminary data on family‐based association studies on 58 trios showed no preferential transmission of any allele from the parents to the affected offspring, TDT and HHRR analyses revealed significant paternal transmission distortions for 10‐ and ≥11‐repeat alleles of CGG repeat polymorphism. Thus, the present study suggests that 5′UTR of reelin gene may have a role in the susceptibility towards autism with the paternal transmission and non‐transmission respectively of 10‐ and ≥11‐repeat alleles, to the affected offspring. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homo‐oligomerization of maleic anhydride in nonpolar solvents: A kinetic study of deviations from nonlinear behavior
Authors: Al‐Roomi Yousef M. , Hussain Kaneez F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDeviation from nonlinear first order polymerization kinetic models is usually observed for cases where steric effects are dominant. A kinetic model was developed for the homo‐oligomerization of bulky maleic anhydride units. Factors affecting the kinetics of homo‐oligomerization of maleic anhydride have also been studied using two different initiators, azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and benzoyl peroxide, at 10 mol % concentrations in two different solvents o‐xylene and toluene. Maleic anhydride polymers having a number average molecular weight by SEC, between 300 and 900, and a polydispersity of between 1.0 and 2.0 were observed, and data were justified by the model. The molecular weight of the polymers increased with the conversion, and steric effects dominated at higher molecular weight as observed from the decrease in magnitude in the corresponding termination rate constants. The model values of conversion were compared with experimental data and cross verification of the model was done using molecular weight calculations. The present model represents the data with an average error of less than 5% over the entire experimental range. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3404–3412, 2006
Role of anionic and nonionic surfactants on the control of particle size and latex colloidal stability in the seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate
Authors: Castelvetro Valter , De Vita Cinzia , Giannini Giacomo , Giaiacopi Simone 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe evolution of the main colloidal parameters in the seeded starved‐feed semi‐continuous emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) was investigated, with the main purpose of assessing the effectiveness of the semi‐empirical relationship S = K  ·  SS  ·  ΔA/AS as a tool to define the surfactant/monomer feed ratio (∝ K) best suited to achieve a target particle size. In particular, the effect of the type and amount of surfactant [i.e., anionic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or nonionic, Brij 58P] added during the semi‐continuous stage was considered. Coagulum formation was never observed under the adopted experimental conditions. To detect the occurrence of secondary nucleation or particle aggregation, or both, the particle size and number of particles, the surface tension and the particle surface coverage ratio were correlated. The best results were obtained with SDS and 0.8 ≤ K ≤ 3. In fact, under the selected experimental conditions, only with SDS did the number of particles remain nearly constant throughout the polymerization at the value defined by the seed latex; the particle size distribution was highly monodisperse, and the final particle diameter closely matched the calculated one (∼ 120 nm). The above semi‐empirical relationship based on the adjustable parameter K was validated by running test polymerizations aimed at lattices with well‐defined particle size. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3083–3094, 2006
Synthesis of unsaturated polyphosphoester as a potential injectable tissue engineering scaffold materials
Authors: Qiu Jin‐Jun , Liu Cheng‐Mei , Hu Fen , Guo Xiao‐Dong , Zheng Qi‐Xing 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPolyphosphoester is a kind of biodegradable polymer with excellent biocompatibility and have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other bioapplications. A novel unsaturated polyphosphoester (UPPE) based on bis(1,2‐propylene glycol) fumarate (BPGF) and ethyl dichlorophosphate was synthesized by polycondensation reaction, and crosslinkable double bonds was introduced into the resulting polymer through the fumarate groups. NMR results indicate that there are three possible bonding models in polyphosphoester because of three isomers of BPGF. The GPC results express that increase in polymerization time leads to high molecular weight of polyphosphester and narrow distribution of molecular weight. After 18 h of polymerization reaction, the molecular weight reached to 5956 g mol−1 and the polydispersity index was 1.12. The UPPE was soluble in N‐vinyl pyrrolidone and easily crosslinked by free‐radical polymerization. At the constant temperature (37°C), the maximum temperature due to heat release during crosslinking reaction varied from 41.1°C to 82.30°C and the setting time was between 1.95 and 10.28 min, according to different formulas. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3095–3101, 2006
Ecofriendly poly(vinyl alcohol) and coconut shell powder composite films: Physico‐mechanical, thermal properties, and swelling studies
Authors: Ramaraj B. , Poomalai P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites with 10, 20, 33, and 50 wt % of coconut shell (CCS) powder were prepared by aqueous mixing. The solution was casted as films and tested for physicomechanical properties such as tensile, tear, burst strengths, density, moisture content, moisture vapor transmission rate, moisture analysis; solubility resistance in water, 5% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, sunflower oil; swelling characteristics in 50% ethanol, sunflower oil; and thermal characteristics by differential scanning calorimetry. The PVA/CCS powder composite films show enhancement in elastic modulus, degradability, solubility resistance in water, 5% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and moisture resistance. However, the introduction of CCS powder varies the tensile strength and affects percentage of elongation, tear and burst strengths, moisture content, density, and swelling capacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3862–3867, 2006
Electrode polarization for nylon 1010 with dielectric relaxation spectroscopy
Authors: Lu Hongbo , Zhang Xingyuan , He Bo , Zhang Hui 
Published: August 2006

AbstractElectrode polarization arising from charge carriers accumulating at the interface between an electrode and nylon 1010 was investigated with dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. In the frequency spectra of nylon 1010, the dielectric permittivity showed high values in the region of low frequencies and high temperatures. With the Havriliak–Negami function used to fit the experimental spectra, the result revealed that the high values originated from electrode polarization and direct‐current conductivity. For electrode polarization, the dielectric strength, independent of the temperature, was about 1150, and the temperature dependence of the relaxation time followed the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation. Fitting with the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation, the parameters τ0 = 1.33 × 10−10 s and T0 = 303.2 K were proposed (where τ0 is the relaxation time at a very high temperature and T0 is the temperature at which the relaxation time becomes extremely large), and they suggested that the motion of the polymeric chains was one of the factors leading to charge‐carrier transport at temperatures higher than the glass‐transition temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3590–3596, 2006