bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some organoleptic studies on bakery products
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Hulse J. H. , Todd J. P. , Urie A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs the selection by taste of a particular food can vary from person to person it is only by studying statistically the ability to taste of a sufficiently large group of people that trends in preference can be detected. These studies, on a large heterogeneous industrial population in Scotland, indicate that it is possible for such a group to display a marked capacity to select certain bakery products according to the nature of their ingredients. For shortbread there was a significant ability to differentiate between the products containing butter and cake margarine. When 85%‐extraction flour was replaced by 72%‐extraction (white) flour in cake there was an increase in ability to differentiate between products containing cake margarine plus dried egg and those containing butter plus fresh eggs.After it had been demonstrated that the group possessed powers of discrimination, a consumer‐preference study was made on breads prepared from flours of different extraction‐rates. The results showed that (1) by taste, breads prepared from 72%‐ and 80%‐extraction flours were almost equally ‘preferred’, whereas breads made from 82 1/2%‐ and 85%‐extraction flours were considerably less preferred, in that order, and (2) by appearance, bread prepared from 72%‐extraction flour was undoubtedly preferred to all other kinds examined. Similar studies were made on the preference for shortenings of various types in shortbread, the order obtained being (1) butter, (2) compound cooking fat and (3) cake margarine. It is important to note that persons possessing a significant ability to taste showed a marked preference for products of high quality. There was no evidence to show that smokers and persons possessing dentures were appreciably inferior in their ability to taste.
Stability of contact insecticides. III—allethrin, DDT and BHC in ultra‐violet light
Authors: Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAllethrin, the (±)allylrethronyl ester of (±)trans‐ and (±)cis‐chrysanthemic acids, is more stable to ultra‐violet photolysis than the natural pyrethrins. It is less well protected by benzeneazo‐β‐naphthol, so that the natural and synthetic insecticides have a similar stability in protected films.DDT decomposes in oil solution at almost the same rate as the pyrethrins when irradiated by ultra‐violet light, and is also protected to a similar extent by benzeneazo‐β‐naphthol. DDT, the pyrethrins, and benzeneazo‐β‐naphthol all absorb ultra‐violet light strongly at about 2200–2400 Å. Some alleged DDT synergists were investigated, but no synergistic effect was detectable with the assay system used.BHC is stable to ultra‐violet irradiation, as is expected from its formation from an irradiated chlorine‐benzene mixture.
The properties of the algal chemicals. I.‐the evaluation of the common british brown marine algae as a source of alginate
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Dewar E. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been carried out to evaluate the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain as a source of alginate. In particular, the viscosity of the sodium alginate from each species has been examined, and the effect on the viscosity of drying and bleaching has been studied. In an attempt to show that the alginates from the different species are essentially the same, specific rotations have been determined.
Effects of soil cultivation on the growth and yield of winter wheat. V—effects of cultivation on the nitrogen uptake and growth of crop in unfertilized and fertilized soils
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. Cultivation experiments were conducted for two years on four soils in the Midlothians, differing markedly in fertility and other physical and chemical conditions.Cultivation treatments consisted of ploughing to a depth of 8 in. and shallow and deep cultivation with a tined cultivator to depths of 2 and 4 in. respectively.2. The crop removed greater amounts of nitrogen and produced greater growth and greater yields in the ploughed plots than in the tine‐cultivated soil in the unfertilized plots of two of the soils. When the plots were manured the differences between the cultivation treatments disappeared in the richer soils but persisted between ploughing and one or both types of tine cultivation in poor soils, according to the fertility status of the soil.3. The type of cultivation affected the vegetative growth of the crop more than the grain production in the unfertilized plots of the richer soil: straw/grain ratios differed significantly, varying from 1.53 for deep ploughing to 1.42 and 1.35 for deep and shallow tine‐cultivation respectively; the grain yields, however, showed no significant difference due to cultivation treatment.No such cultivation effects on straw/grain ratios were apparent in the poor soil.4. The response of the crop to nitrogenous fertilizer varied with the type of cultivation; in the tine‐cultivated plots, it was twice as great as in the ploughed plots, indicating a greater nitrogen deficiency in the cultivated plots. Factors contributing to this are discussed.5. The level of fertility of a soil seemed to be the determining factor in its response to different types of cultivation. In a well drained and fertile soil, tine‐cultivation to a depth of 4 in., but not to a depth of 2 in., could replace ploughing if an application of nitrogen fertilizer was made to counteract the deficiency in nitrogen.
The selective staining of intact and damaged starch granules by safranin o and niagara blue 4B
Authors: Baker Frank , Hobson P. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid differential‐staining method for distinguishing damaged from whole starch granules is described. The method has been applied to plant starches of different origins and to starches damaged by mechanical and chemical means. A relationship is shown to exist between the number of damaged granules, as shown by selective staining, and the susceptibility of the starch to enzymic hydrolysis.
The effects of methoxy‐p‐benzoquinone and some related compounds on bread quality
Authors: Greer E. N. , Halton P. , Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFollowing the identification of (I) methoxy‐p‐benzonquinone and (II) 2:6‐dimethoxy‐p‐benzoquinone in the chloroform extract of yeast‐fermented wheat germ, the bread‐improving properties of natural and synthetic preparations of these compounds have been studied. A positive effect of (I) on loaf volume and an adverse effect of both on loaf colour have been found. Preliminary feeding trials on rats have shown no toxic effects at five times the levels of (I) which might occur in over‐fermented wholemeal bread.Examination of a range of quinoids has revealed some capable of improving loaf volume but none free from adverse effect on colour which is probably due to chemical instability.
Studies on the blood proteins of hyperimmune horses. III.—The distribution of antibodies to Clostridium welchii type B
Authors: Harms A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antibodies present in various globulin fractions prepared from the blood of horses hyperimmunized with filtrates from Clostridium welchii type B have been estimated. Some observations on the distribution of the various antitoxins are made.
The determination of caffeine
Authors: Harris F. J. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVery many modifications of the basic method for the determination of caffeine in coffee products have been proposed from time to time. In a search for a rapid and reliable method all the steps and many alternative procedures have been considered. As a result, a method is now described which, although presenting few novel features, meets all the requirements and gives results of better‐than‐average accuracy. The accuracy of the method has been proved by checking actual manufactures.Caffeine can be extracted from a solution‐buffered with trisodium phosphate, and determined by a Kjeldahl digestion. Zinc ferrocyanide is a satisfactory clarifying agent, provided that it is removed by filtration within, say, 15 minutes.The accuracy of the proposed method is approximately 1% from the recovery experiments. A number of experimental batches of coffee and chicory essence were examined, and satisfactory agreement was found between calculated and determined caffeine contents.
The water‐soluble carbohydrates of grasses. II. —Grasses cut at grazing height several times during the growing season
Authors: Waite R. , Boyd J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour perennial grasses were cut with a motor mower each time they reached a height of about 8‐10in. during the growing seasons of 1951 and 1952. The water‐soluble carbohydrates, glucose and fructose (reported together as free hexoses), sucrose and fructosan were determined in each cut. Grasses in which the growing point had recently changed to a floral development (in May or June) contained more carbohydrate than grass grown and cut later in the season. The primary reason for this was that the later grasses were more leafy, and, secondly, that their stems contained much less fructosan than those of the earlier cuts.
Studies on egg shells. I.—The determination of membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protein in egg shells consists of the matrix‐protein closely associated with the mineral matter, the protein in the pores and a thin cuticle on the outside. In addition, the shell membranes are usually considered under the same heading although, strictly speaking, they are not part of the shell. A method has been devised by which the shell‐plus membrane‐protein can be divided into three distinct entities, by making use of the different rates at which these entities dissolve on boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. The method is arbitrary, and thus not absolutely accurate, but it appears to give a measure of entities which probably represent (1) membrane‐ and cuticle‐ (2) pore‐ and (3) matrix‐protein.
A new method for assay of the ‘pyrethrins’
Authors: Mitchell Wm. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method for assay of ‘pyrethrins’ is described. It is suggested that its successful operation requires less experience than do the existing methods. Comparative results on pyrethrum flowers and extracts by the new method and the A.O.A.C. (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists) method are given. A comment is made on the standard of accuracy to be expected from pyrethrum analyses in general.
Residues of tetrachloronitrobenzene on ware potatoes
Authors: Wilson A. R. , Dawson J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolarographic determinations have been made of 2 : 3 : 5 : 6‐tetrachloro‐1‐nitrobenzene (TCNB) residues on ware potatoes treated in autumn with 10 lb./ton of 3% TCNB dust to reduce sprouting in clamp. Results indicate that after normal commercial grading and transport following 4‐5 months' storage, concentrations of TCNB on tubers are likely to be about 2 p.p.m. When the storage period is increased to 6 months, a further reduction to approximately 1 p.p.m. is probable. The original concentration applied (134 p.p.m.) is reduced mainly by handling before and after clamping, but losses by evaporation have been shown to occur during storage. Washing still further reduces residues and no TCNB at all was found in the flesh of peeled tubers.
Through‐circulation drying of seaweed III.—Laminaria digitata frond and stipe; Laminaria saccharina frond
Authors: Gardner R. G. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying characteristics of Laminaria digitata frond and stipe have been studied and are compared with those of L. cloustoni frond and stipe.A striking similarity was found in the shapes of the curves of time versus air velocity for the fronds and stipes respectively of the two species. The empirical equations for fronds were similar in type and those for the stipes were also similar. It was concluded that the physical differences between the two parts of the same plant had a greater influence on the drying time than the differences between the three common sublittoral species.The close agreement between the species was most marked in the effect of bed depth on the drying time. This relationship was apparently independent of any particle‐shape factor since fronds (either minced, shredded, pre‐dried or wet) gave the same general type of curve, i.e. concave upwards. The bed‐depth curves for minced or sliced stipe were in general agreement, but were in contrast with the frond curves.These physical properties of stipes and fronds have been compared with those of other vegetable materials (hops, potatoes, carrots and brewer's spent grain) and it has been shown that the time versus bed‐loading curves for all these materials can be classified into three groups, depending on whether the material is compressible or rigid.The output versus bed‐loading curve for the first group (materials similar to fronds) reaches an optimum value, and mathematical considerations have demonstrated that the optimum drying time is about twice the minimum time. The minimum time for through‐circulation drying is the period required to dry a single layer of the material, and is represented by the intercept of the smooth curve (of time versus bed‐loading) on the time axis.The effect of agitation on the reduction of drying time was investigated for two‐inch beds of L. digitata frond. Agitation was carried out at equal time‐intervals and has been expressed as effective stages. In the first half of the run (T = 7 to T = 3, where T = total water content, lb. of water/lb. of bone‐dry solid) three effective stages reduced the time to only 95% of the corresponding static time, whereas a reduction to about 40% was obtained in the range 3 to 0.1.Bed‐depth experiments suggest that L. digitata plants dry faster than, and L. saccharina slower than, L. cloustoni. Internal temperatures of a 1/8‐in. slice of L. cloustoni stipe during a drying run have been measured. The effect on drying time of storage between harvesting and drying has been found for L. digitata frond.
Stability of contact insecticides. IV.—Relationship between the ultra‐violet absorption spectrum and the photolysis of DDT and the pyrethrins
Authors: Nasir M. Maqsud 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ultra‐violet photolysis of DDT and the pyrethrins was investigated with selected wavebands in the middle and near ultra‐violet. Severe decomposition is caused by light strongly absorbed by both insecticides at 2200‐2400 Å. DDT is not affected by other parts of the spectrum, but the pyrethrins are slowly decomposed by radiation between 2400 Å and the visible region, probably by a light‐catalysed oxidation rather than direct photolysis. DDT, like the pyrethrins, undergoes rapid photolysis in strong sunlight, suggesting that traces of light of the waveband 2200‐2400 Å may penetrate to the earth's surface.
Manuring of grassland. I.—Some effects of heavy dressings of nitrogen on the mineral composition of grassland herbage
Authors: Stewart A. B. , Holmes W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are given for the effects of heavy dressings of nitrogen, in the presence and absence of phosphorus and potassium supplements, on: dry‐matter yield; botanical composition of herbage; contents of crude protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and manganese. Brief reference is also made to the effects of the various experimental treatments on the uptake of certain other trace‐constituents.The results indicate that high yields of pasture herbage having high protein and normal mineral contents can be maintained over a period of years by the use of fertilizer nitrogen, provided adequate fertilizer dressings of other major nutrients are given. Attention is drawn to various ion‐antagonism effects that may influence the mineral composition of the herbage.
Bottled and canned fruit: Studies of processing requirements and fuel consumptions by domestic methods
Authors: Crang Alice , Sturdy Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates at which heat penetrates through fruit during preserving by bottling and canning have been studied by six different domestic methods. Determinations have been made of the processing times and temperatures required to give adequate control both of the spoilage micro‐organisms at the different pH levels found, and of the oxidase‐enzyme activity in the fruits having light‐coloured flesh. The quantities of gas or electricity used in preserving 1 lb., 5 lb. and 10 lb. of fruit, in the higher and lower pH ranges, have been recorded for each method, both for the initial and for the subsequent processes.
Fumigation of agricultural products. VI.—Penetration and sorption of hydrogen cyanide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures
Authors: El Nahal A. K. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe penetration of hydrogen cyanide into bags of wheat of different moisture contents has been determined. Three methods of fumigation have been used : sustained‐vacuum fumigation, vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant, and fumigation at atmospheric pressure. Both the changes of concentration with time and the residual fumigant in the wheat were determined, and the relationships between these two quantities were investigated by means of a covariance analysis.The method of vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant gives penetration and residues of fumigant similar to those obtained at atmospheric pressure. Sustained‐vacuum fumigation is superior to the other two methods over the same exposure periods, but the enhanced penetration of the mass of grain may be accompanied by a disproportionately higher sorption of fumigant. Sorption is increased considerably on wheat of higher moisture contents.
The relationship between the constitution and the effect of chemical compounds on plant growth. VI.—some derivatives of fluorene
Authors: Jones R. L. , Metcalfe T. P. , Sexton W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGeotropic and phototropic responses of seedlings of rape, wheat and rye‐grass are inhibited by 9‐fluorenol‐9‐carboxylic acid and certain of its substituted derivatives. The antitropic effect of these and other acidic aromatic substances is discussed, and it is suggested that they may act through a competitive interference with the lateral transport of β‐indolylacetic acid.
Seasonal variation in the quality of grass silage
Authors: Smith A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study of the analytical results obtained with 1244 samples of silage, examined for advisory purposes during four seasons, has shown interesting relationships between dry matter, crude protein and pH values, and the influence of summer rainfall on these properties. A dry season tends to give a large proportion of samples that have a high dry‐matter content and a low protein content and pH, whereas the converse holds good for a wet season. The results indicate that the best conservation is secured with herbage containing more than 20% of dry matter.
Effect of insect infestation on stored grain. I.—studies on soft wheat
Authors: Pingale S. V. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoft wheat, which is considered to be easily susceptible to insect damage during storage, was subjected to infestation by three species of insects, namely Calandra oryzae L. (weevils), Trogoderma granaria E. (khapra beetles) and Ephestia cautella W. (almond moth), and the changes brought about by them are reported. The results suggest that, although weevils cause heavy reduction in the weight of the grain, the moth, which feeds only on the germ portion, considerably reduces the grain's viability. The results of an investigation on the degree of unhygienic conditions brought about in the grains by the addition of impurities and body fragments of the insects have been presented. An increase in the acidity of fat, and a decrease in the thiamine content due to insect damage, were both appreciable, but the effect on other constituents of the grain, such as total nitrogen and reducing sugars, was not significant.
The spectroscopic examination of pomegranate‐seed oil
Authors: Ahlers N. H. E. , McTaggart N. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA detailed quantitative study of the ultra‐violet and the infra‐red spectra of pomegranate‐seed oil has been made. The ultra‐violet data confirm the presence of a conjugated triene system for which the infra‐red measurements suggest a cis‐cis‐trans‐orientation as the most likely configuration.
A comparative study of the pigments in microbial fractions from the sheep's rumen and in the corresponding diet
Authors: Davidson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn microbial fractions separated from the rumen contents of a hay‐fed sheep pigmentation was found to be caused by pigments normally associated with plant chloroplasts. The extent of this pigmentation was greater than might be expected from the concentration in the hay feed. No chlorophyll typical of the known pigmented bacteria was found. An assessment of plant‐particle contamination of microbial fractions, based on the pigment concentrations found, agreed in general with an assessment by a new direct‐observation technique. The lowest contamination found was calculated to be of the order of 10%.Degradation of chlorophylls in the rumen was demonstrated and was found to be more extensive when artificially dried grass was fed than when hay was fed.The implications of these findings are discussed.
The mineral constituents of some nyasaland tea leaves and tea soils
Authors: Laycock D. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses of the mineral constituents of some Nyasaland tea leaves and tea soils were made during investigations into the cause of a mal‐growth of tea bushes on one estate. The analytical work was supported by injection and spraying experiments in the field. Results from both investigations are given and indicate that it is unlikely that a serious ill‐balance of any mineral exists. The prime purpose of this paper is to place on record a catalogue of analytical results, since there is no previous record of this kind for Nyasaland.
The toxicity of phenyl benzenesulphonate and some chlorinated derivatives towards eggs of certain tetranychid mites
Authors: Kirby A. H. M. , Read W. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCertain chlorinated phenyl benzenesulphonates in current use for the control of mites infesting plants appear to function mainly as ovicides. 4‐Chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and 2 : 4‐dichlorophenyl benzenesulphonate have been selected as being the most effective by American workers, whereas 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate appeared to be the most ovicidal of the esters examined in Britain.This paper describes the results of replicated assays of the ovicidal activities of phenyl benzenesulphonate and certain chlorinated derivatives towards the glasshouse red spider mite, and of leaf‐permeation studies involving summer eggs of the fruit tree red spider mite.4‐Chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate was found to be at least as ovicidal as 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate; differences between the five most potent compounds were significant at the LD50 level, but not at the LD95 level. Phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and the esters containing three or four chlorine atoms were of low or negligible activity.The ability of 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate to exert ovicidal action against eggs on the under surfaces of leaves after its application to their upper surfaces exceeded that of 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and that of phenyl benzenesulphonate.Chlorination in the para‐position of the phenyl ring of phenyl benzenesulphonate enhanced ovicidal action, whereas para‐chlorination in the benzenesulphonic ring reduced it greatly. The effects of para‐chlorination in both rings do not appear to be merely a summation of the effects of chlorination in either ring.