bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography of the mole‐shrew (Anourosorex yamashinai) in Taiwan: implications of interglacial refugia in a high‐elevation small mammal
Authors: YUAN SHOU‐LI , LIN LIANG‐KONG , OSHIDA TATSUO 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo test the Pleistocene interglacial refugia hypothesis with a high‐elevation mammal, we studied the phylogeography of the mole‐shrew (Anourosorex yamashinai) using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (737 bases). This shrew is endemic to Taiwan. It is mainly distributed in the highlands from 1000 to 2500 m in elevation. We examined 103 specimens from 24 localities in three mountain ranges of Taiwan and found 36 haplotypes. These haplotypes separated into two major phylogroups (Northern and Southern) plus a minor phylogroup (Houhuan) of only one haplotype. This demonstrated strong association with geography. The formation of these three phylogroups may be the result of interglacial refugia during the middle Pleistocene. Distinct sublineages were not found within each major phylogroup, suggesting that the populations (phylogroups) explosively expanded from the interglacial refugia of ancestral founder haplotypes. The present distribution pattern of haplotypes suggests that Mount Houhuan is an effective refugium in central Taiwan. It was not possible to specify the refugia for the Northern and Southern phylogroups.
Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation
Authors: DAVIS LESLIE A. , ROALSON ERIC H. , CORNELL K. L. , MCCLANAHAN KARA D. , WEBSTER MICHAEL S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLike many other migratory birds, the black‐throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) shows pronounced differences in migratory behaviour and other traits between populations: birds in the southern part of the breeding range have darker plumage and migrate to the eastern Caribbean during the winter, whereas those in the north have lighter plumage and migrate to the western Caribbean. We examined the phylogeography of this species, using samples collected from northern and southern populations, to determine whether differentiation between these populations dates to the Pleistocene or earlier, or whether differences in plumage and migratory behaviour have arisen more recently. We analysed variation at 369 bp of the mitochondrial control region domain I and also at seven nuclear microsatellites. Analyses revealed considerable genetic variation, but the vast majority of this variation was found within rather than between populations, and there was little differentiation between northern and southern populations. Phylogeographic analyses revealed a very shallow phylogenetic tree, a star‐like haplotype network, and a unimodal mismatch distribution, all indicative of a recent range expansion from a single refugium. Coalescent modelling approaches also indicated a recent common ancestor for the entire group of birds analysed, no split between northern and southern populations, and high levels of gene flow. These results show that Pleistocene or earlier events have played little role in creating differences between northern and southern populations, suggesting that migratory and other differences between populations have arisen very recently. The implications of these results for the evolution of migration and defining taxonomic groups for conservation efforts are discussed.
History, ocean channels, and distance determine phylogeographic patterns in three widespread Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae)
Authors: ROBERTS TRINA E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe comparative phylogeography of widespread, codistributed species provides unique insights into regional biodiversity and diversification patterns. I used partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes ND2 and cyt b to investigate phylogeographic structure in three widespread Philippine fruit bats. Ptenochirus jagori is endemic to the oceanic region of the Philippines and is most abundant in lowland primary forest. Macroglossus minimus and Cynopterus brachyotis are most common in disturbed and open habitats and are not endemic. In all three, genetic differentiation is present at multiple spatial scales and is associated to some degree with Pleistocene landbridge island groups. In P. jagori and C. brachyotis, genetic distance is correlated with geographic distance; in C. brachyotis and M. minimus, it is correlated with the sea‐crossing distance between islands. P. jagori has the least overall genetic structure of these three species, whereas C. brachyotis and M. minimus have more geographic association among haplotypes, suggesting that phylogeographic patterns are linked to ecology and habitat preference. However, contrary to expectation, the two widespread, disturbed habitat species have more structure than the endemic species. Mismatch distributions suggest rapid changes in effective population size in C. brachyotis and P. jagori, whereas M. minimus appears to be demographically more stable. Geologic and geographic history are important in structuring variation, and phylogeographic patterns are the result of dynamic long‐term processes rather than simply reflecting current conditions.
Distinct population structure in a phenotypically homogeneous rock‐dwelling cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika
Authors: DUFTNER NINA , SEFC KRISTINA M. , KOBLMÜLLER STEPHAN , NEVADO BRUNO , VERHEYEN ERIK , PHIRI HARRIS , STURMBAUER CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeveral lineages of cichlid fishes in the East African Great Lakes display stunning levels of morphological diversification. The rapid evolution of rock‐dwelling polygynous mouthbrooders in Lake Malawi, for example, was in part ascribed to their allopatric distribution on disjunct stretches of rocky coast, where even short habitat discontinuities reduce gene flow effectively. However, as seen in other cichlids, ecological barriers do not always prevent gene flow, whereas genetic structure can develop along continuous habitat, and morphological diversification does not necessarily accompany genetic differentiation. The present study investigates the population structure of Variabilichromis moorii, a monogamous substrate‐brooding lamprologine of rocky coasts in Lake Tanganyika, which occurs over about 1000 km of shoreline almost without phenotypic variation. Phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicated that dispersal is infrequent and generally occurs between adjacent locations only. Exceptions to this pattern are closely related haplotypes from certain locations on opposite lakeshores, a phenomenon which has been observed in other species and is thought to reflect lake crossing along an underwater ridge in times of low water level. Genetic population differentiation, estimated from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data in six adjacent populations, was equally high across localities separated by sandy shores and along uninterrupted stretches of rocky shore. Our results suggest that ecological barriers are not required to induce philopatric behavior in Variabilichromis, and that morphological stasis persists in the face of high levels of neutral genetic differentiation.
Ultrasound Therapy in Tendinous Injury Healing in Goats
Authors: Maiti S. K. , Kumar N. , Singh G. R. , Hoque M. , Singh R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe effect of ultrasound therapy on tendon injury healing was studied on 12 locally available non‐descript adult goats of either sex divided equally in two groups (I and II) consisting of six animals each. The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) was transected and immediately repaired with nylon (2/0) using a locking loop suture pattern under atropine‐triflupromazine–lignocaine epidural analgesia and strict aseptic condition. A full limb plaster of Paris cast was applied to immobilize the operated limb for 3 days. Postoperative care was similar in both the groups. In group I, the operated limb was allowed to heal without ultrasound therapy. In group II, pulsed ultrasound therapy was started 3 days after repair of tendinous injury at an intensity of 1 W/cm2for 10 min daily for 10 consecutive days. The animals of both groups were evaluated clinically and haemato‐biochemically on days 1, 3, 7, 15, 20 and 30 postoperatively. Air tendonograms and ultrasonography were performed on days 0, 10, 20 and 30 post‐tenorrhaphy. Histopathological examination of tendon biopsy samples was performed on day 30 post‐tenorrhaphy. Resolution of inflammatory swelling, pain, weight bearing and tendon gliding movement was earlier in the test group than control. Rectal temperature, total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count did not vary significantly at various stages of observation in both the groups. Serum glucose, cortisone and serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased significantly after tendon injury repair in all the animals and decreased slowly at all subsequent intervals in control group, whereas, it was near normal in the treatment group on day 30 post‐tenorrhaphy. Air tendenograms and ultrasonography examinations in the test group revealed that there was a marked regression of peritendinous adhesion between the tendon and skin on day 30 post‐tendon injury repaired and the tendon at the reconstructive site attained near normal thickness and density. Adhesions were present in the reconstructed site of SDFT in all animals of the control group. Histopathologically, the granulation tissue was comparatively bettered organized at the healing site in the ultrasound‐treated animals.
Oxytocin‐induced PGF2α Release in Mares With and Without Post‐breeding Delayed Uterine Clearance
Authors: Veronesi M. C. , Carluccio A. , Kindahl H. , Faustini M. , Battocchio M. , Cairoli F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to evaluate within 24 h post‐ovulation oxytocin‐induced PGF2α release in mares with and without post‐breeding delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Twenty‐one of 34 mares with a variable amount of intrauterine fluids accumulation were considered to be affected by delayed uterine clearance (DUC group), while the other 13 mares did not show any uterine fluid accumulation, and were considered as controls (WDUC group). Both DUC and WDUC mares were administered with 20 IU oxytocin i.m. 90 min after the ultrasound examination performed 24 h after breeding. Immediately before, 5 and 10 min after oxytocin administration, blood samples were collected for 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α (PG‐metabolite), 17β‐estradiol, and progesterone analysis. Ultrasonography performed 24 h after oxytocin treatment showed a complete uterine clearance in all DUC mares. The oxytocin‐induced PG‐metabolite increase was detected in 71.4% DUC mares compared with 38.5% in WDUC group, with a positive trend of release, as evidenced from 5 min after oxytocin administration. In WDUC mares, no significant differences in oxytocin‐induced PG‐metabolite trend of release were observed. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed the importance of PGF2α involvement in the pathogenesis of post‐breeding DUC in the mare.
Steroid Receptor Expression and HER‐2/neu (c‐erbB‐2) Oncoprotein in the Uterus of Cats with Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia–Pyometra Complex
Authors: Misirlioglu D. , Nak D. , Sevimli A. , Nak Y. , Ozyigit M. O. , Akkoc A. , Cangul I. T. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe presence of oestrogen‐αreceptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER‐2/neu (c‐erbB‐2) oncoprotein in the uterine walls of 10 healthy cats and 20 subjects with cystic endometrial hyperplasia–pyometra (CEH–P) were evaluated. Lesions were graded according to the severity of cystic dilation, hyperplasia and inflammation, and were classified as normal, mild uterine hyperplasia and severe uterine hyperplasia. The ER, PR and c‐erbB‐2 expression in the endometrium, glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial smooth muscle cells was quantified by immunohistochemistry. The ER, PR and c‐erbB‐2 staining patterns differed between normal uteri and uteri with CEH–P. The ER expression was tended to be higher in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium in the severe hyperplasia group (P > 0.05) and significantly lower in the mild hyperplasia cases compared with normal endometrium (P < 0.05), whereas the PR expression in both severe and mild hyperplasia cases tended to be higher in stromal cells and glandular epithelium than those in the normal uteri. C‐erbB‐2 immunoreactivity was observed only in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium of the uterine wall and immunostaining was found to be highest in cases with severe hyperplasia. As a conclusion, we suggest that c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CEH together with the ER and PR in cats, and that ER does not have a role in the mechanism of pyometra, whereas PR plays a role in the pathogenesis of both CEH and pyometra.
Synovial Fluid Cell Counts and Total Protein Concentration in Clinically Normal Fetlock Joints of Young Dromedarian Camels
Authors: Bani Ismail Z. , Al‐Rukibat R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryTwenty‐seven 9–12 months old healthy male dromedarian camels were used to determine total nucleated leucocyte count (TNCC), absolute and percentages of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear leucocytes, and total protein (TP) concentration in synovial fluid from grossly and radiographically normal fetlock joints. Arthrocentesis was performed bilaterally from the fetlock joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Blood contaminated samples and samples obtained from grossly or radiographically abnormal joints were excluded. The mean ± SD of TNCC in 108 samples of fetlock joint synovial fluids was 500 ± 400 cells/μl. Monocytes/macrophages were the predominant cell type. There were no significant differences in mean TNCC, absolute numbers and percentages of various leucocytes and TP concentrations between the right and left fetlock joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs or between the fetlock joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs. The mean ± SD of absolute numbers and percentages of various cell types were: PMN leucocytes 1 ± 2 cells/μl (2%), lymphocytes 116 ± 167 cells/μl (26%), and monocytes/macrophages 383 ± 323 cells/μl (72%). The mean ± SD of TP concentration was 2 ± 1 g/dl.
Gross and Histopathological Observations of Long‐term Catheterized Vessels in Experimental Sheep
Authors: Barraza M. L. , Strickland J. R. , Zepeda H. , Taylor J. B. , Krehbiel C. R. , Bell G. S. , Klotz J. L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryChronic indwelling central vessel catheters provide vascular access for compartmental infusion or sampling. However, complications with catheter patency during the postoperative and/or experimental period often arise. In order to identify physiological occurrences common with such complications, 10 multicatheterized sheep (61.8 ± 7.8 kg BW), obtained from a previous nutrient flux study were used for gross and histopathological investigation. Catheters had been surgically placed in a hepatic portal vein (PVC), a hepatic vein (HVC), a distal mesenteric vein (MVC) and a mesenteric artery (MAC). In the previous study, catheters (PVC, HVC and MAC) were used to collect blood samples or infuse (MVC)p‐aminohippurate. Catheters were maintained for a total of 58 days prior to necropsy. Histopathological findings indicated that catheter failures were associated with the following tissue responses: (i) thromboses with frequent focal vasculitis; (ii) euplastic tissues associated with extensive fibrosis; (iii) granulomas; (iv) neo‐vascularization of the media; (v) calcification processes; and (vi) micro‐abscesses. Additional studies are needed that address and incorporate improvement of catheter design and placement to minimize irritation of endothelium, improvement of catheter treatments and therapeutic regimes, and development and use of alternative anti‐coagulants. A greater understanding of the mechanisms leading to failure will help researchers improve catheter performance and patency.
Serum Fructosamine Concentrations in 59 Dogs Naturally Infected withAngiostrongylus vasorum
Authors: Willesen J. L. , Jensen A. L. , Kristensen A. T. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen M. , Jessen R. , Koch J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryRetrospectively, 89 cases of dogs infected withAngiostrongylus vasorumwere examined. Fifty‐nine of these 89 dogs fulfilled the criteria of not being dually infected withCrenosoma vulpisas well as having a full biochemistry profile including serum fructosamine available. The mean serum fructosamine value of the 59 dogs was 236 μmol/l (reference value 258–348 μmol/l) and significantly lower than the serum fructosamine level of 314 μmol/l in a control group of 42 clinically healthy dogs. Eleven dogs were available for follow up after successful treatment of angiostrongylosis. In this group, the serum fructosamine value rose from a mean of 244 μmol/l to a mean of 320 μmol/l following treatment. Serum glucose, albumin and protein were all within the respective reference ranges at all sampling points. The results indicate that serum fructosamine could be affected by infection withA. vasorum. Furthermore, this change cannot be explained by measurable changes in the level of glucose, albumin or protein. The clinical impact of this study is that a low fructosamine value may indicate infection withA. vasorumthereby suggesting a Baermann test to be performed.
Auricular Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Rat
Authors: Radi Z. A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAn ear (auricular) neoplasm from a 1‐year‐old male rat was removed surgically and examined histologically. Macroscopically, the neoplasm was firm, white and measured (0.5 × 0.5 cm). Microscopically, the neoplasm was expansile, non‐encapsulated, and composed of large, pleomorphic, polygonal to spindle‐shaped cells containing multiple nuclei. Using immunohistochemical and chemical stains, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, myoglobin, phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin and desmin, but had no immunoreactivity for cytokeratin or α‐smooth muscle actin. On the basis of histopathological, immunohistochemical and histochemical stains, a diagnosis of auricular rhabdomyosarcoma was made. Although reported infrequently in human, this is, to the author's knowledge, the first report that describes the detailed gross, histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings of auricular rhabdomyosarcoma in a rat.
Ecotypic variation in the context of global climate change: revisiting the rules
Authors: Millien Virginie , Kathleen Lyons S. , Olson Link , Smith Felisa A. , Wilson Anthony B. , Yom‐Tov Yoram 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPatterns of ecotypic variation constitute some of the few ‘rules’ known to modern biology. Here, we examine several well‐known ecogeographical rules, especially those pertaining to body size in contemporary, historical and fossil taxa. We review the evidence showing that rules of geographical variation in response to variation in the local environment can also apply to morphological changes through time in response to climate change. These rules hold at various time scales, ranging from contemporary to geological time scales. Patterns of body size variation in response to climate change at the individual species level may also be detected at the community level. The patterns underlying ecotypic variation are complex and highly context‐dependent, reducing the ‘predictive‐power’ of ecogeographical rules. This is especially true when considering the increasing impact of human activities on the environment. Nonetheless, ecogeographical rules may help interpret the likely influences of anthropogenic climate change on ecosystems. Global climate change has already influenced the body size of several contemporary species, and will likely have an even greater impact on animal communities in the future. For this reason, we highlight and emphasise the importance of museum specimens and the continued need for documenting the earth's biological diversity.
A diabetes risk score helps identify metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in Indians – the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES‐38)
Authors: Mohan V. , Sandeep S. , Deepa M. , Gokulakrishnan K. , Datta M. , Deepa R. 
Published: May 2006

Aims:  The aims of the study were to compare the recently evolved Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), in subjects with different grades of glucose intolerance and to evaluate its usefulness as an indicator of cardiovascular risk in Asian Indians, a high risk group for diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods:  The data for the present study were obtained from the Phase 3 (n = 2350, response rate: 90.4%) of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, a population‐based study done in Chennai, the largest city in southern India. IDRS was developed based on multiple logistic regression analysis using four simple parameters namely age, abdominal obesity, family history of type 2 diabetes and physical activity. In all subjects, family history of diabetes was obtained, and details on physical activity were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Subjects with an IDRS of <30 was categorized as low risk, 30–50 as medium risk and those with ≥60 as high risk for diabetes. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were done using standardized procedures. Minnesota coding was used to grade 12‐lead electrocardiogram.Results:  The mean IDRS increased significantly with worsening glucose intolerance [normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects: 48 ± 17, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): 57 ± 16, newly diagnosed diabetics (NDD): 61 ± 15 and known diabetics (KD): 68 ± 12; p for trend <0.001]. Among NGT group, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively in low‐, medium‐ to high‐risk score groups; hypertension: 9.4, 22.1 and 38.2% (p for trend: < 0.001), hypertriglyceridemia: 8.8, 19.9 and 25.3% (p for trend: < 0.001), hypercholesterolemia: 7.2, 20.3 and 34.9% (p for trend: < 0.001) and metabolic syndrome: 1.8, 14.6 and 30.3% (p for trend: < 0.001), respectively. The prevalence of CAD was also significantly higher in individuals with high risk compared with those with low risk (p = 0.030) and the medium risk (p = 0.050) in the NGT group.Conclusions:  The results suggest that in Asian Indians, (i) the diabetes risk score increases with increasing glucose intolerance, and (ii) it can serve as an effective indicator of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk even among subjects with NGT.
Securities Regulation, the Timing of Annual Report Release, and Market Implications: Evidence from China
Authors: Haw In‐Mu , Park Kyung Joo , Qi Daqing , Wu Woody 
Published: May 2006

AbstractUsing a sample of earnings announcements of Chinese firms in the fiscal years 1994–1999, covering the periods before and after the introduction of a regulation to stagger the release of annual reports, we reassess the relation between earnings news and the timing of earnings announcements. We find that even though the reporting lag has significantly shortened as a result of the regulation, the pattern whereby good news is announced earlier than bad news persists. We then examine the behavior of stock prices before earnings announcements and find some indication of information leakage. These findings suggest that the regulation had the expected effect of reducing reporting delay and earnings release clustering. Yet, it did not appear to reduce the extent of the pre‐announcement leakage of information.