bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anticonvulsant Activity of Acetone, the Major Ketone Body in the Ketogenic Diet, Is Not Dependent on Its Metabolites Acetol, 1,2‐Propanediol, Methylglyoxal, or Pyruvic Acid
Authors: Gasior Maciej , French Amy , Joy Michelle T. , Tang Rebecca S. , Hartman Adam L. , Rogawski Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

Summary:  Background: Acetone, one of the principal ketone bodies elevated during treatment with the ketogenic diet, exhibits anticonvulsant properties that may contribute to the seizure protection conferred by the diet. The anticonvulsant mechanism of acetone is unknown, but it is metabolized to several bioactive substances that could play a role. Methods: Acetone and its major metabolites—acetol, 1,2‐propanediol, methylglyoxal, and pyruvic acid—were assessed for anticonvulsant activity in two mouse seizure models. Various doses of the substances administered intraperitoneally were characterized for their ability to elevate the threshold for clonic seizures induced by intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and for protection against tonic seizures induced by subcutaneous bolus administration of 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP). The inverted‐screen test was used to assess acute neurological toxicity. Results: Acetone (1–32 mmol/kg, i.p.), in a dose‐dependent fashion, elevated the PTZ threshold and conferred protection against 4‐AP seizures (ED50, 26.3 mmol/kg). Effective doses of acetone (10–32 mmol/kg) did not cause motor impairment in the inverted‐screen test (TD50, 45.7 mmol/kg). In doses 10‐fold greater than the minimally effective dose of acetone (3.2 mmol/kg), the metabolites acetol, 1,2‐propanediol, and pyruvic acid were inactive in the PTZ model. At higher doses that produced motor impairment, acetol and 1,2‐propanediol (but not pyruvic acid) did elevate the PTZ threshold. Methylglyoxal had both proconvulsant and anticonvulsant actions, and had substantial toxicity, producing respiratory distress, motor impairment, and death. None of the acetone metabolites protected against 4‐AP seizures. Conclusions: This study confirms the broad‐spectrum anticonvulsant properties of acetone and indicates that the seizure protection conferred is unlikely to result from its major metabolic products.
Temperature Dependence of Evaporation Coefficient for Water Measured in Droplets in Nitrogen under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Jakubczyk D. , Zientara M. , Kolwas K. , Kolwas M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The evaporation and the thermal accommodation coefficients for water in nitrogen were investigated by means of the analysis of evaporation of pure water droplet as a function of temperature. The droplet was levitated in an electrodynamic trap placed in a climatic chamber. The levitation time was in the range of seconds, which corresponds to the characteristic time scales of cloud droplet growth. Droplet radius evolution and evaporation dynamics were studied as a function of temperature, by analyzing the angle-resolved light scattering Mie interference patterns. A model of droplet evolution, accounting for the kinetic effects near the droplet surface, was applied. The evaporation coefficient for the temperature range from 273.6 to 298.3 K was found to be between 0.054 and 0.12 with a minimum of 0.036 ± 0.015 seemingly coinciding with water maximum density at 277.1 K. The average value of thermal accommodation coefficient over the temperature range from 277 to 289 K was found to be 0.7 ± 0.2.
Bulk Models of the Sheared Convective Boundary Layer: Evaluation through Large Eddy Simulations
Authors: Conzemius Robert , Fedorovich Evgeni 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A set of first-order model (FOM) equations, describing the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) evolution, is derived. The model output is compared with predictions of the zero-order bulk model (ZOM) for the same CBL type. Large eddy simulation (LES) data are employed to test both models. The results show an advantage of the FOM over the ZOM in the prediction of entrainment, but in many CBL cases, the predictions by the two models are fairly close. Despite its relative simplicity, the ZOM is able to quantify the effects of shear production and dissipation in an integral sense—as long as the constants describing the integral dissipation of shear- and buoyancy-produced turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) are prescribed appropriately and the shear is weak enough that the denominator of the ZOM entrainment equation does not approach zero, causing a numerical instability in the solutions. Overall, the FOM better predicts the entrainment rate due to its ability to avoid this instability. Also, the FOM in a more physically consistent manner reproduces the sheared CBL entrainment zone, whose depth is controlled by a balance among shear generation, buoyancy consumption, and dissipation of TKE. Such balance is manifested by nearly constant values of Richardson numbers observed in the entrainment zone of simulated sheared CBLs. Conducted model tests support the conclusion that the surface shear generation of TKE and its corresponding dissipation, as well as the nonstationary terms, can be omitted from the integral TKE balance equation.
Ticumberú — Añaretangüé
Authors: Cadogán León 
Published: March 2007

Breves notas sobre la toponimia hispanoguaranfLeón Cadogán“… e notório o jato que a cultura guaraní e o seu substrato biológico estão profusamente representadas na atual população mestiça, mormente no Paraguai, tendo aí dao origem a urna cultura híbrida íbero-guaraní sui generis, merecedora de cuidadosa análise antropológica sobretudo por causa de sua multiplicidade de aspectos”. (Egon Schaden en Aspectos Fundamentais Da Cultura Guaraní.)Sírvanme para justificar las presentes cuartillas, la falta de trabajos sistemáticos en el campo de la etnología paraguaya, más el hecho de no figurar en la bibliografía especializada, ningún aporte paraguayo al estudio de la onomástica hispánica o la hispanoguaraní.
Florentino Gonzalez, un Jurista de America: Sus Ideas Sobre el Regimen Municipal
Authors: Mouchet Carlos 
Published: March 2007

La inestabilidad política y los azares de la suerte han hecho frecuente en nuestra América el tipo humano del intelectual emigrado, que encuentra amistad y medios de vida en otros países del continente.Entre los que corrieron esa suerte en la segunda mitad del siglo , pasado está el doctor colombiano, Florentino González, quien emigró a Chile y de este país a la Argentina, donde terminó sus días como profesor de la flamante cátedra de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad de Buenos Aires.De su personalidad, de su obra y de su pensamiento vamos a ocuparnos en este trabajo, dando especial relevancia a sus ideas sobre el gobierno y la administración municipal como gran resorte de la vida social y política en los países americanos.
Aplicaciones Concretas de las Resoluciones y Recomendaciones de las Conferencias Interamericanas de Abogados
Authors: Dana Montaño Salvador M. 
Published: March 2007

¿Son realizables las recomendaciones y resoluciones de los congresos o conferencias internacionales, como las que organiza la Asociación Interamericana de Abogados? ¿Tienen alguna utilidad estas asambleas?El autor, que desde hace más de un cuarto de siglo viene participando activamente en reuniones de esta clase, en el terreno de la organización y del derecho municipales y especialmente en las últimas reuniones celebradas por la Asociación Interamericana de Abogados, conocida en los Estados Unidos por la sigla I.A.B.A., no perdería un solo instante en escribir el presente artículo si tuviera la más mínima duda acerca de la utilidad, de la conveniencia y de la necesidad de fomentar, de estimular, de apoyar por todos los medios a su alcance, las conferencias y congresos organizados para estudiar los defectos o las fallas de las instituciones. Sean estos los municipios o los poderes de gobierno, como el poder judicial, para analizar sus causas y buscar los remedios jurídicos o de otra clase, convenientes para subsanarlos, e impulsar de ese modo el perfecto funcionamiento de las instituciones jurídicas, el progreso social, en general, dentro de los moldes del llamado “Estado de Derecho”.
The Chilean-Bolivian Lauca River Dispute and the O.A.S.
Authors: Tomasek Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

The Lauca River dispute between Chile and Bolivia may seem insignificant when compared to many of the major controversies of the postwar period. The Lauca is a 140-mile long narrow river that has its origin in the Andes of northern Chile and then meanders across the border into the Bolivian altiplano, where, after serving as a water supply to small Bolivian towns, it disappears in salty Lake Coipasa. The potential of the river is minor when compared to that of the Nile, Jordan, Indus, Mekong, Colorado, and many other rivers. Yet, Chile's action in April 1962, of diverting some of the waters to irrigate the small Sobraya and Azapa valleys of her northern desert, which provide food for the port of Arica, has proved to be of serious import.The dispute has not yet been resolved and has gravely strained relations between Chile and Bolivia. The effectiveness of the Organization of American States has been brought into question, for while the Organization has settled many other disputes since 1948, it has been unsuccessful in this one, and Bolivia has shown its dissatisfaction by withdrawing from the Council several times.
O Critico do Modernismo Brasileiro
Authors: Linhares Temístocles 
Published: March 2007

Quando se fizer a história da literatura brasüeira de nosso tempo, que lugar ficará reservado a Tristão de Atayde? O de crítico literario? O de crítico de idéias e problemas macionais e universais? O de sociólogo, filósofo, psicólogo, economista? Ou o de doutrinador e homem de ação católico?Ninguém, creio eu, estará disposto, hoje em dia, a negar-lhe o laurel e a palma que lhe cabem em qualquer dessas categorias ou esferas de saber. A sua fecunda e variada obra testemunhará sempre urna presença em todos os domínios do pensamento brasileiro, seja qual for o ângulo de apreciação. Mas, nos cinquenta anos laboriosos da atividade de escritor de Tristão de Atayde, não haverá aspectos mais salientes, relevantes ou expressivos?Como se sabe, êle começou a sua carreira fazendo crítica literária pura e simplesmente, ou antes de corpo e alma, sem se embaraçar com o sentido da existência em termos religiosos ou filosóficos de cristianismo ou catolicismo.
Universalidad de Dos Americanos
Authors: Santovenia Emeterio S. 
Published: March 2007

Benjamín Franklin y José Martí estuvieron presentes, respectivamente, en el principio y en el término de un largo período de la vida de América. Fué el período dentro del cual se iniciaron y culminaron en gloriosas victorias los empeños enderezados a desuncir el rigor colonial de los pueblos del Nuevo Mundo transformados en naciones soberanas. Franklin nació en los albores del siglo XVIII. Martí murió en las postrimerías del XIX. Franklin y Martí fueron el primero y el último, cronológicamente, de los grandes libertadores americanos.Desde la madurez de Franklin hasta la de Martí, y en la madurez de éste se produjo su perecimiento, a lo largo y a lo ancho del Hemisferio Occidental, desde los Estados Unidos de América hasta Cuba, con notorios anhelos de superación y liberación en el tiempo y en el espacio, se transformó todo un medio globo.
The Changing Role of the Military in Colombia
Authors: León Helguera J. 
Published: March 2007

The role of the Colombian military in politics is a recent development in that republic's history. It is also basically ephemeral, with few historical or traditional antecedents, such as those, for example, of Mexico or Venezuela.Most of the successful battles which freed Colombia from Spanish domination were fought by non-Colombian armies led by Venezuelans. The end of the independence period (1830), found Colombia throwing off a Venezuelan army officers’ government (that of General Rafael Urdaneta) imposed by force, and destined to be short-lived because it violated the unwritten Colombian constitution, as well as its written charter.
Some Permanent Political Characteristics of Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Young Jordan M. 
Published: March 2007

The positive and often decisive role of the military in the Brazilian political process has been demonstrated again by the overthrow of the João Goulart government on April 2, 1964. Chaos and confusion building up from the time President Goulart took power in August, 1961, finally culminated in his ouster by the Brazilian armed forces.The political history of modern Brazil centers on the military. The army toppled the monarchy in 1889 and in 1894 handed the administration of the country over to civilians who governed with minor challenges until 1930. The army managed the coup d'état of 1930 which brought Getúlio Vargas to power. It removed Vargas in 1945 and returned Brazil to a democratic political process. The army moved in November, 1955, to assure the assumption of office by President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek. The presidential elections of 1960 were guaranteed by the military even though a former Minister of War, General Enrique Lott, was decisively defeated by a civilian, Jánio Quadros.
El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social
Authors: Molas Ricardo Rodríguez 
Published: March 2007

“De este pretexto nacen las correrías que hacen los pueblos de las Misiones, y las ricachos del pueblo haciendo la corambre tan a poca costa, y en tanto número que no viene a cuenta a ninguno que no sea rico criar una vaca. Queda de este modo despoblada la campaña de vecinos, los ganados vagos, y la gente pobre a hacer sin licencia lo que otros hacen con títulos colorados …”Lorenzo de Figueredo, 1790El presente estudio no contiene una relación amable y pintoresca sobre el poblador rioplatense de antaño. Por lo contrario, presentamos una historia del hombre en algunos de sus múltiples aspectos, de acuerdo con numerosos y variados testimonios documentales contemporáneos a los hechos. Historia que trata, de acuerdo a Marc Bloch, de aprehender a los hombres pues sabe que allí donde huele la carne humana se encuentra su presa.
Intervention, International Law, and the Inter-American System
Authors: Ronning C. Neale 
Published: March 2007

The growing frequency of conflicts in the Caribbean and Central America reveals some new and significant aspects of the old problem of intervention. Failure to recognize these new and significant aspects accounts for much of the confusion evident at the Meeting of Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States held at Santiago de Chile, in 1959.A number of strains have been placed upon the principle of nonintervention and it is important at the outset to note the forces behind them. Two developments which have been proceeding in opposite directions are basic here. The first of these is the mounting exactitude and breadth of the non-intervention doctrine itself. It has been applied to collective action as well as action by individual states; to indirect action such as diplomatic protests and economic pressure as well as to more direct action.
Características de la economía argentina y el plan de desarrollo
Authors: Bogliolo Rómulo 
Published: March 2007

La última conferencia económica de Ginebra, de tan magros resultados, y los “planes” de distintos países han puesto al orden del día el tema del desarrollo económico. Se habla y se escribe, mucho más que antes, en todos los tonos, de importantes objetivos a alcanzar: de creación de riquezas, de reactivación de las economías nacionales, de tecnificación de la agricultura, de modernización de las comunicaciones, de reabsorción de la mano de obra ociosa, en fin, de revitalizar la producción general, elevar el consumo y asegurar en los países, ahora llamados “subdesarrollados”, un más alto nivel de vida.Tales objetivos pueden ser fácilmente enunciados pero no concretamente alcanzados. Si “la naturaleza no camina a saltos”, tampoco pueden alterarse por decreto las etapas del lógico desarrollo económico sin tener en cuenta las reales posibilidades materiales, técnicas, financieras y culturales de cada país.
Don Ricardo Palma y la Historia
Authors: Ugarte Rubén Vargas 
Published: March 2007

A Primera Vista, a más de uno y a más de dos, no dejará de extrañarle el título de este trabajo, porque Palma no se dedicó ,a escribir historia sino que concentró su atención en las tradiciones. Él mismo lo dice. En el Prologuito obligado de la quinta serie de sus Tradiciones, hallamos estos versos:Mi tiempo es el pasado, mi altarla tradición.y en Ropa Vieja, (Lima, 1889) añade: “Tonto de capirote será el que se proponga estudiar formalmente historia peruana en mis tradiciones y en cuanto a si altero o no, de vez en cuando, la verdad, eso es cuenta exclusiva mía.. .”. En otro lugar no tiene reparo en decir que ha ganado fama, contando mentiras bonitas y también que “ha hecho de la historia pepitoria”. Y para remate allá van estas líneas que brotaron de su pluma: “Yo no dicto un curso de Historia Nacional. Narro antiguallas como el pueblo y las viejas cuentan cuentos…”.
Education, Economic Development and the Private Sectors
Authors: Wolfe Gregory B. 
Published: March 2007

Rapid Modernization is Latin America's chief development requirement. Its costs and benefits are central questions for educators, developers and leaders to ponder and help answer.Among the requirements of educational modernization is the adoption of curricula more pertinent to new social, political and economic needs than the outmoded curricula most schools and universities still have. Curriculum changes must also be accompanied by the introduction of new methods of instruction, improved physical facilities and raised academic standards. Another immediate challenge to the effectiveness of Latin American education, especially of universities, is the development of ways to engage facilities and faculties in significant service to public and private development activities. Contributions of educational institutions to the processes of national development no longer depend solely on their capacity to supply well-trained graduates. They must also contribute to the formulation and implementation of research and policy in the applied fields of government and industrial development.
Cultural Patterns of Labor and Latin-American Industrialization
Authors: Zymelman Manuel 
Published: March 2007

Social and cultural patterns in under-developed areas are being altered as industrialization occurs. For most of the peoples in these areas, industrialization means not only a new economic system, but also new patterns of non-economic behavior often sharply divergent from the old. Thus, the problem of economic development is not confined to establishing improved sources of productivity. It also concerns the ways in which a society will react and accommodate itself to the exigencies of economic change.Until the end of World War Two, very little consideration was given to the implications of industrial development on the structure of society. The disregard of variables such as political systems, value systems, etc., has meant a change in the relationship between economic and social life, causing old cultures and social systems to collapse, and a rise in the resistance of the members of these societies to the advances of industrialization. The end result was that general improvement in living standards was not attained and a profound dislike for the foreigner was developed.
The Forgiven Faulkner
Authors: Carter Hodding 
Published: March 2007

In those days in the French Quarter of New Orleans there were among others men who were giants among the nation's creative great and some who would become giants or nearly so, men like Sherwood Anderson and Oliver LaFarge and the poet John McClure and Lyle Saxon and Roark Bradford whose delightful genius had not yet had its due. And, briefly, William Faulkner. All of them are dead now.But in those days they were not dead, and some of them kept the Quarter very much alive with their pranks and penchants and their predilection for a sort of Bohemianism that seemed natural and even proper there and then. For the most part they commanded the admiration of the neophytes, we who were very young reporters or hopeless scribblers and others not yet ready to have a try at the one or the other but only students who prowled the Quarter in search of some famed face and maybe an introduction and a word or two.
Brasil: Diferenças e Integração nas Américas
Authors: do Nascimento Brito Manoel Francisco 
Published: March 2007

O Brasil ocupa na América Latina urna posição especial, por fôrça de sua formação histórica marcada pelo processo colonizador português e, no plano econômico, pelo potencial de recursos naturais existentes em seu território de 8 milhões e meio de quilômetros quadrados.A diferenciação do Brasil no conjunto de nações latino-americanas é pouco ressaltada, porque a imagem continental que predomina é a de am conjunto de países caracterizados pelo sub-desenvolvimento.Os traços de semelhança entre as nações da América Latina são ditados muito mais pelo estágio econômico continental do que pela formação histórica dêsses países, cujo ponto comum é a contemporaneidade de suas etapas coloniais e das lutas que assinalaram a independência nacional de tôdas.
José Carlos Rodrigues and O Novo Mundo, 1870-1879
Authors: Boehrer George C. A. 
Published: March 2007

In 1872, it was estimated that there were 378 foreign language journals published in the United States. Of these, only one was in the Portuguese language. O Novo Mundo, published in New York from 1870 to 1879, was singular among the foreign language press publications in that it was designed not for an immigrant audience but rather for readers in another country. Its purpose was to interpret the United States primarily to Brazilians and secondarily to other Latin Americans. Faithful until its last issue to this end, it also commented on the Brazilian political and social scene.José Carlos Rodrigues, O Novo Mundo's original owner and only editor, was a remarkable Brazilian in an era when the Empire and the First Republic produced a galaxy of extraordinary public figures. Born in the city of Cantagallo, province of Rio de Janeiro, on July 19, 1844, be was the son of fazendeiros, and attended the Colégio Dom Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro.
Changing Depths in Latin America
Authors: Gillin John P. 
Published: March 2007

One hundred years ago Alexander von Humboldt died at the age of 90, loaded with honors earned by his breadth and brilliance as an explorer, a scientist, a writer, and a liberal thinker about certain aspects of human relations. But it was 55 years before, in 1804, that he returned from his famed five-year “Voyage to the Equinoxial Regions of the New Continent”. In the last 155 years many changes have taken place in Latin America as a whole and in those parts of it which he visited. This paper will mention a few of them which pose problems for presentday students of human affairs in the area, and will also offer a small selection of facts that seem to bear on these problems.Humboldt represented an era of ambidextrous or multidextrous natural scientists who visited Latin America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and who were able to collect reliable data and to make more than casual travellers’ observations on a broad range of phenomena that are now divided among a series of more or less mutually-exclusive disciplines. Despite the breadth of his interests, however, Humboldt added little to the systematic store of knowledge concerning the ethnography or ethnology of the living native peoples of the regions through which he travelled.