bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Laboratory Linear and Pattern Flow Chemical Floods Using a Volumetric Linear Scaling Concept for Oil Saturation Distributions
Authors: Haskin Helen Kay , Davis Lome Arthur 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A laboratory quarter five-spot pattern chemical flood was conducted in a consolidated, homogeneous porous matrix for comparison with standard linear core floods. In addition to the routine material balance information, quantitative areal oil saturation isometric and contour plots were obtained from microwave attenuation measurements made during the flood. The microwave instrument provides the actual observation of oil banking and movement in a laboratory pattern chemical flood. Pattern flood oil banking characteristics are compared with those observed in linear floods.
A volumetric linear scaling approach was used to predict the behavior of the pattern chemical flood from linear flood data. First, a stream tube model was assumed for the quarter five-spot flow pattern. The oil saturation distribution in each tube was computed from scaled linear core flood oil saturation distributions obtained by microwave attenuation. Details of this procedure are given. The comparison between predicted and observed pattern flood behavior is most encouraging. The average tertiary residual oil saturation and the tertiary oil breakthrough time were very accurately predicted. The observed tertiary Sor contours in the pattern flood did show slightly more cusping toward the producer than predicted by the simple model. An interpretation of the pattern flood response is proposed in terms of the scaling theory, its assumptions and its limitations.
Log Evaluation in Wells Drilled With Inverted Oil Emulsion Mud
Authors: Edwards David P. , Lacour-Gayet Phillipe J. , Suau Jean 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As greater use is made of inverted oil emulsion muds in the development of North Sea oil fields, the need for more precise log evaluation in this environment becomes apparent.
Since the presence of non-conductive mud prevents the utilisation of the Dual Laterolog-Micro Spherically focused Log, the true formation resistivity has to be determined by Induction logging techniques. This paper demonstrates an approach using the Dual Induction Log, taking into account invasion and boundary effects.
Lithology and porosity are derived from the Formation Density or Litho-Density* Log, Compensated Neutron Log, Sonic Log and the Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log. The effect of invasion by the oil component of the mud filtrate is treated in the evaluation, and a measurement of Moved Water is made.
Computations of petrophysical properties are implemented by means of the GLOBAL interpretation program, taking advantage of its capability of adaption to any combination of logging sensors.
Well Performance Analysis: A Synergetic Approach to Dynamic Reservoir Description
Authors: Stewart George , Wittmann Manfred J. , Lefevre Didier 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the paper the quantitative interpretation of production logs, i.e. simultaneous recordings of bottom-hole flow profile and pressure, using a vertically distributed single well model (VDSWM) is described. In this approach a production log is run in the steady flow period preceding a well shut-in and then again, where necessary, during the closed-in period in order to detect any layer crossflow through the well-bore. The local reservoir description i.e. individual layer permeabilities and damage/perforation skin factors are then systematically altered from initial estimates until the predictions of: the flow profile and drawdown during the flow period,the transient pressure response and layer crossflow during shut-in,
from the single well simulation match the corresponding measurements. The initial estimate of permeability distribution is obtained from the open-hole logs using a zonation algorithm and a permeability transform calibrated with core data from key wells.
Thus conventional well test analysis, which typically deals with overall average permeability and skin factor, is extended to give estimates of these quantities on a layer-by-layer basis by matching the flow distribution as well as the pressure response. The main objective is to identify, firstly, layers whose effective permeability is greater than the value indicated from core/log studies i.e. potential thief zones with anomalous characteristics and, secondly, completion problems associated with groups of perforations which do not flow. The VDSWM allows the synergetic interpretation of data from several sources viz open-hole logs and cores, production logging, transient well testing and RFT* pressure surveys to obtain a layered reservoir description which is as realistic as possible.
Given this model it is shown how the steady-state inflow performance of the well, in the situation where the layers have depleted to different potentials, can be represented by partial productivity index matrices which when multiplied by the vector of layer drawdowns yield either the layer flows at the sand-face or at the external face of the radial flow region surrounding the well; these are different due to near well-bore flow convergence. These matrix formulations can be used as the lumped parameter single well models in layered reservoir simulators on the basis of the concept of the equivalent block radius of Peaceman (15) generalized to a layered system.
Development and Production Forecasting for Government Planning in Norway
Authors: Heiberg Sigurd , Knudsen Kjell Reidar , Lund Tor B. , Njå Steinar , Ervik Leif Kolbjon 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Government planning requires information on the course of established development and production activity and on the consequences of initiating new developments. A review of the basis for forcasts show that they will contain considerable uncertainty throughout the time period of greatest importance in planning. Much of the discrepancy between early forecasts and actual production is so far found to be caused by development time overruns. Special procedures are developed to adjust the results of lengthy rigorous procedures to late incoming information on development and operation. Further improvement in development forecasting is sought through the use of empirical data and assessment of the quality of development plans.
Although there is room for improving the accuracy of forecasts, it is essential to recognize their elements of uncertainty. A procedure is therefore proposed to compile the effects on production of quantified uncertainties in start of production, production build-up, peak rate and production decline performance.
An Analytical Study of Transient Flow in Stratified Systems with Fluid Banks
Authors: Satman Abdurrahman 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTA study was made of the behavior of reservoirs composed of horizontal layers with fluid banks, unconnected except at the well and filled with a slightly compressible fluid. The new solution described in this paper is an analytical solution for a circular well with a skin effect and wellbore storage. Each layer has a composite system with a circular inner region whose diffusivity is different from the one in the outer region. There may be either a constant pressure, closed, or infinitely-distant outer boundary. The solution method is Laplace transformation followed by a numerical inversion scheme.A recent study of transient flow in one layer systems with radial discontinuities, paper SPE No, 93997, indicated that it was possible to measure the volume of the gas filled displaced region with accuracy and the method did not depend upon regular geometry for the displaced region. There appeared to be very important potential application for enhanced oil recovery and geothermal reservoirs with phase boundaries. This paper is an extension of that study to the reservoirs composed of horizontal layers and investigates the effects of various reservoir and fluid parameters including the shape of the fluid front.Theoretical injectivity and falloff curves from such reservoirs are presented, and the influence of a skin effect and wellbore storage are also evaluated. The results of injectivity and falloff tests are given.The study of injectivity tests indicate a short duration wellbore storage effect, followed by a semilog straight line whose slope is related to the average permeability-thickness of the swept volume. The semilog straight line is then followed by a pseudosteady Cartesian straight line characteristic of the swept volume. Finally, a second semilog straight line appears, characteristic of the average permeability-thickness of the unswept region. It is possible to find the nearest distance to the front and also the average distance to the front by evaluating the first a few hours of the injectivity test data.The analysis of the falloff tests also shows a short duration wellbore storage effect, followed by a semilog straight line. It is then followed by a transition region. To detect the nearest distance to the front may be possible but the falloff tests do not show any pseudosteady state behavior. Detecting the nearest distance to the front is not always possible due to the fact that the producing time makes the analysis of a falloff test for such a system more complex as indicated in the literature. When the producing time is not long enough a flattening region following the first semilog straight line masks the portion of the data whose characteristic is used to detect the nearest distance.
The Phase Behavior of CO2 - Appalachian Oil Systems
Authors: Monger T. G. , Khakoo A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The phase behavior of carbon dioxide with two Appalachian crude oils was examined at temperatures below and above the CO2 critical temperature. Swelling indices were determined throughout the CO2-crude oil compositional range. Equimolar CO2-crude oil mixtures were used to probe the effects of brine and additions of contaminant gases (5-10 mole % N2, CH4 H2S or SO2)·
Overall the observed phase equilibria emulate that reported for Western crude oil systems at low reservoir temperatures, but several contrasts in phase behavior are also apparent. Phase behavior differences are in-terpreted in light of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements which show that the Appalachian crudes have significantly higher paraffinic and lower aromatic contents than those typically observed for Western crudes. Data analyses suggest that CO2 preferentially condenses into a high paraffin oil, whereas hydrocarbon extraction by a CO2-rich phase is the predominant mechanism for crude oils with significant aromatic content.
A Wellbore Model for Two-Phase Flow in Geothermal Reservoirs
Authors: Chierici Gian Luigi , Giannone Gino , Schlocchi Gustavo , Terzi Luigi 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The capability to accurately predict flowing pressure and temperature profiles in geothermal wells under various operating conditions is of paramount importance in order to exploit geothermal resources in a rational way. This prediction capability is the more important because of the difficulties encountered in running flowing pressure and temperature surveys in geothermal wells.
The calculation of pressure and temperature profiles along wells producing mixtures of steam and water (either fresh or salty) calls for the following effects to be evaluated: (1) phase change and mass transfer between phases; (2) flow regime change; (3) two-phase pressure drop; and (4) heat loss to the surrounding formations. All these effects, which are interrelated, are accounted for in this work.
The system considered is composed of two parts, namely: –the flow string, through which the geothermal fluid flows from the reservoir to the surface, and–the formation surrounding the wellbore, where heat is transferred farther away into the earth.
The momentum equation, the total energy equation and the continuity equations for the water and salt species which are present in the flowing stream are solved simultaneously using an iterative implicit procedure. The effect of water salinity, and of its change along the flow string, on phase behavior mass transfer between phases and liquid phase properties are accounted for.
Comparisons are presented of measured and calculated pressure and temperature profiles in geothermal wells producing under various operating conditions.
Steamflood Pilot Design for a Massive, Steeply Dipping Reservoir
Authors: Williams Richard Llewellyn 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A three-dimensional simulation model was developed to determine the production response to steam stimulation and steam displacement in a massive (285′), steeply dipping (40–60°) reservoir that contained an undersaturated zone. Because recoveries from this reservoir were expected to be good under steam stimulation due to gravity drainage effects, an investigation was made to determine the relative advantage of steam displacement over conventional steam stimulation, A numerical model was developed to analyze the production response to various pattern configurations, injector locations, and injection rates. The model was also used to examine changes in fluid saturations, temperature and pressure profiles and sweep efficiencies as a result of changes in operations during the life of the project.
Numerical Study of Transport of Injected and Reservoir Water in Fractured Reservoirs During Steam Stimulation
Authors: Geshelin Boris Michail , Grabowski Janusz Wocieck , Pease Eric Clive 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reservoir water concentration profiles obtained during the production periods of steam stimulation processes are presented and correlated with the geometric, hydrodynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of the reservoir fracture zones. A modified version of the general thermal simulator ISCOM, with parameters adjusted to allow for the incorporation of two miscible water components (injected and reservoir water), has been employed. A source distributed fracture model has been developed to make possible the simulation of fractured reservoirs. Injected steam is distributed along the arbitrarily assumed fracture path in accordance with the well bore boundary conditions. Profiles of concentration versus time and the amount of reservoir water produced during steam stimulation processes can be estimated by measuring the concentration of salts in the produced water. This information, in turn, can be used to determine the shape, size and other thermo- and hydrodynamic characteristics of the reservoir fracture zone.
Results of this work show that the effective size of the heated zone for a horizontal, penny-shaped fracture is approximately half of its radius. It is also shown that the production characteristics of reservoir water are strongly affected by the geometric parameters of the fracture zone. Time profiles of reservoir water concentration depend on whether the fracture is horizontal or vertical. In the case of a short fracture, the cumulative oil-water ratio is larger at the end of the first cycle than at the end of the second cycle, and for a long fracture the situation is reversed.
Dynamic Analysis of Marine Risers
Authors: Egeland O , Wiik T , Natvig B J 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling and production in deeper water set new requirements to the design of marine risers. In this paper the most common methods of dynamic analysis of such risers are reviewed and discussed with reference to a set of full scale data.
The measurements were taken by CONOCO in 1975 on a drilling riser operated from a semisubmersible. A spectral approach is applied in evaluating these data and the results include standard deviations, response, spectra and transfer functions. The quality of the data is found to be generally good. Some doubt is expressed as to the exact conditions at the top support, but it is still considered that important trends are revealed.
In the theoretical analysis four different computer programs are investigated, covering six different methods. The programs employ either linearized frequency domain solution or time integration techneques with varying degrees of non-linearities included and for either regular waves or irregular sea. Most of comparisons with measurements are carried out in terms of linearized transfer functions. The validity of this approach is discussed as part of the evaluation of the results.
Southeast Asia Looks to 1990
Authors: Gaffney P. D. , Moyes C. P. , Archer J. D. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Following a long quiet spell since the peaks of 1974 the Asia Pacific region has again come back into the news, with an overall increase in activity throughout the region, rather than concentrated in any one country. The authors suggest that the improved scenario is the result of appreciation that there are still excellent opportunities and that legislation is competitive in the region. There continues to be a wide selection of opportunities in every geological sphere, of every size, providing incentive for both the largest and smallest companies. Costs, while increasing, have not risen as staggeringly as they have in other areas of the world, as in the North Sea, and entry expenditures such as bonuses and work obligations, are modest relative to the large areas and typical block sizes. With a stable or softening oil price, the authors foresee a growth in Asia Pacific activity and achievement of an all time high in the 1982–83 period.
Financing the World Petroleum Industry
Authors: Emerson John D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As bankers to the world petroleum industry. Chase naturally has an interest in the outlook for oil and natural gas. What will be the demand for oil? How will it be met, and at what price? And, of course, what will be the future financing needs of the industry?
The report that I am presenting to you today is by no means the last word on this subject. It represents just one view of the future, but one that is built around clearly defined assumptions. As we make further progress in modelling the financial side of the industry, we will be able to test other views of the future, which we will present in future reports.
Any attempt to assess the future financing needs of the petroleum industry must be set in a specific framework reflecting future economic growth, future energy needs and the outlook for oil supply and demand in particular. These factors are all linked, although the linkage is flexible, not fixed. For example, it changes with changes in relative prices, among other things.
Geology and Hydrocarbon Prospects of East Coast Basins of India and their Relationship to Evolution of the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Talukdar Shri S. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Four sedimentary basins, extending onto the Continental Shelf, occur along the east coast of India — the Mahanadi, Godavari-Krishna, Palar and Cauvery basins. All except Palar Basin have two structural stages; 1) pull-apart basins developed during the Gondwana episode and 2) filled up by Lower Cretaceous time with locally derived elastics, unconformably overlain by Upper Cretaceous-Palaeocene carbonate-elastics (in Cauvery Basin) succeeded by Eocene to Recent, mainly deltaic, sediments thickening seawards. Sedimentary sequences, up to 7 km in thickness, were deposited in the east coast basins and contain source as well as reservoir rocks, adequately matured at depths in excess of 1-5 kms. Traps are formed by basement drape, tilting and faulting, by growth-faults and diapirism in deltaic sequences, by updip seals of porous elastics and carbonates, and by onlapping by major shale sequences over the sloping basement. Two wells have been drilled in the Mahanadi basin with some hydrocarbon shows in the Eocene; four wells have been drilled in Godavari-Krishna basin, three offshore and one onshore, and flows of oil and gas have been obtained from them in the Lower Cretaceous and lower Pliocene; 25 wells have beeri drilled in Cauvery Basin, 7 offshore and the remainder onshore, and shows of oil or gas have been obtained from the Eocene in three of them onshore, and from the basement in two offshore wells. No commercial discoveries have yet been made, but the prospects of finding them are considered good. Palaeocurrent data indicates ESE or SE palaeo-slopes, and marine tongues of Upper Permian (in Palar Basin) and Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous ages suggest that Bay of Bengal developed by rifting, perhaps earlier in the south, extending north and north-eastward during the Mesozoic. Parallelism between the eastern edge of Indian shield along the east coast and the island-arc system of Arakan Yomas - Andaman-Nicobar Islands — Indonesia suggests that the Bay of Bengal is a part of the Indian Plate rotated counterclockwise and subducted under S.E. Asia.
Stage 1 Development of the Kamojang Geothermal Power Station and Steamfield – West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wilson Raymond H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper describes the history of the work at Kamojang from the start of the original investigations in 1971, through the exploratory drilling phase, preparation of the feasibility study, the production drilling programme from 1976 to 1979, and development of the steamfield and power station from 1979 to 1982.
Details of both the exploration and production drilling programmes are given along with a brief description of the reservoir model. The major aspects of the design and construction of both the station and steamfield and associated works are sununarized. Problems and progress to date are covered briefly. Environmental studies carried out are described. Finally, the nature of the operation and management of the station, training being carried out and prospect of possible future development at Kamojang and elsewhere are given.
Critical Points Regarding Internal Corrosion and Corrosion Control of Offshore Process Facilities
Authors: Eliassen S. , Edie G. H. , Brattas L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Application of adequate corrosion control techniques to achieve the necessary safety and desired life of offshore process facilities are considered primary tasks of operators and authorities. The paper will describe different types of corrosion hazards and consequences of a corrosion failure for the different components of a process system. The following aspects will be considered: –accessibility of components–consequences of a corrosion failure–corrosion types such as CO2-corrosion, H2S-corrosion, erosion corrosion etc.–corrosion control techniques such as inhibitors, coating, corrosion resistant steels, etc.–corrosion monitoring with special emphasis to procedures for thickness measurements
The work is primarily based on experiences from design evaluation and inspection of equipment which have been in service, but it is also supplemented by laboratory testing of corrosion rates and inhibitors. The so-called "sweet" corrosion which is caused by corrosive gases such as C02 and chlorides dissolved in the produced water is influenced by a number of parameters which are discussed. The "sour" corrosion type materialized by hydrogen induced stress corrosion is caused by H2S and water when unsuitable materials are used. Requirements on selection of materials and fabrication procedures and testing methods for application under sour conditions are reviewed. The application of corrosion control techniques to achieve the necessary safety and desired life of the equipment are considered primary tasks of both the operators and the authorities and different approaches may be used to achieve this goal.