bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 Nominal Structure
Authors: Langacker Ronald W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPersonal pronouns and proper names are inherently grounded. The structure of other nominals tends to reflect semantic function, with the head noun as core, grounding as the outermost layer, and modifiers in between. Noun modification is varied both semantically and in its structural implementation. When nominal and relational expressions combine grammatically, there is often a discrepancy between the nominal expression's profile and the entity which participates most directly in the relationship—its active zone with respect to that relationship. Noun classes have varying degrees of semantic motivation. Distributional classes, defined by participation in particular patterns, may be semantically arbitrary. While gender-type classes have semantic prototypes, the class as a whole is defined by a consistent set of grammatical behaviors. In a usage based approach, such classes are characterized by families of constructional schemas. Noun classifiers likewise have prototypical values semantically extended to a range of other cases. They represent a distinct kind of nominal structure in which the classifier functions as a schematic head noun. Classifiers are related to quantifier constructions allowing the unitization of a mass. Nouns bear various kinds of grammatical markings. Most intrinsic to nouns are elements deriving them from other classes. There is no sharp distinction between such derivation and noun inflection. Markings of gender and number are intermediate. More extrinsic are markings indicating a nominal's role in higher-level grammatical constructions. These are meaningful in a symbolic account of grammar. Such an account accommodates both agreement—the multiple realization of semantic specifications—and cases where multiple specifications are realized by a single, unanalyzable form. Analyzability is a matter of degree.
EIGHT Emotion
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe art of theater engages an audience through emotion by bringing them to care about the characters. Caring is not the same as sympathy. The absence of caring is boredom, which is fatal to theater. Good theater has an audience that cares, and is therefore subject to emotions on behalf of its characters. A complete emotion is felt by a subject, makes the subject feel like taking a certain action, and is at something or someone. A complete emotion therefore requires subjectivity, motivation to action, and intentionality. Emotion in theater presents two problems. The knowledge problem arises because intentionality does not seem to be able to take fictional objects. The action problem is due to the impossibility of taking action across the line between audience and performance. Some thinkers have been moved by these problems to deny that complete emotions arise in theater, but these problems are easily resolved, even for mimetic theater.
NINE Empathy
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGood audiences bring a capacity for empathy to theater. “Empathy” is used for a variety of emotional responses to others, some of which are goals of the art of theater more than others. Some responses that have been called “empathy” are not compatible with understanding. Tonal sympathy is analogous to the sympathetic vibration of one violin string with another, and this is independent of understanding. Tonal sympathy, identification, and related responses tend to undermine the ability of an audience to watch carefully what is presented to them. Bertolt Brecht therefore argued for an epic model of theater that did not aim to generate empathy at all. But cognitive empathy supports the art of theater because it finds human action worth watching, and this kind of empathy requires understanding.
TWELVE The Mask of Wisdom
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDivine wisdom is not found in human life or on any human stage. Human wisdom may be found, but with difficulty, because it always conceals itself. Human wisdom knows its own weakness too well to profess wisdom in public. The art of theater is one of the masks of wisdom. Plato accused theater of pretending to a wisdom it does not have, but the reverse is the case. When theater carries wisdom it does so in concealment, with the result that only artful watchers may take it in. Chapter 12 explores the qualities that allow good watchers to gather wisdom about themselves and about what it is to be human, from watching in theater. Mimesis in theater supports the growth of wisdom, as does dialogue between opposed positions. Performers too gain wisdom from practicing the art of theater. The inversion of watchers and watched brings new wisdom to both groups, while merging them together, although it brings theater to an end, leads to the furthest wisdom we can derive from theater.
Apparitions of Asia
Authors: Park Josephine Nock-Hee 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book traces an American literary history of transpacific alliances which spans the 20th century. Increasing material and economic ties between the U.S. and East Asia at the end of the 19th century facilitated an imagined spiritual and aesthetic accord that bridged the Pacific, and this study reads the expression and repercussions of these links in American Orientalist and Asian American poetry. After considering both the transcendence and constraints of a structure of alliance between East and West in the introductory chapter, the first half of the study examines two key American instigators of Orientalist poetics, Ezra Pound and Gary Snyder, who imagined an identity between Eastern philosophy and idealized notions of America. Their literary alliances imposed a singular burden on Asian American poets, and the second half of the study considers a range of formal negotiations with this legacy in the poetry of Lawson Fusao Inada, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, and Myung Mi Kim. In examining avant‐garde Asian American poetry against an American Orientalist past, this book reads the intersection of modernist and minority poetics.
Introduction
Authors: Nock-Hee Park Josephine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe introduction reads figures of transpacific alliance in the Orientalist verse of Walt Whitman and Ernest Fenollosa. Their grand visions of a union between East and West installed a poetics of transpacific accord and fueled modernist innovation. Against this backdrop, the introduction considers the rise of Asian America and sketches a genealogy of theorizing Asian American literature which grapples with a legacy of resistance to an Orientalist past.
The Triumph of the Cross
Authors: Viladesau Richard 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This volume, a sequel to the author's earlier book The Beauty of the Cross, carries the study of Christian soteriology into the Renaissance, Reformation and Counter‐Reformation eras. Drawing on original documents and classic works of art and music, it uses the theology of the passion to exemplify the parallels and the divergences between conceptual and aesthetic theologies of this era, which represented a crucial turning point in both religion and the arts. The book examines the two great revolutionary movements that gave birth to the modern West, the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, showing how they affected each other and transformed Christian thinking and imagination. After an introductory section dealing with a “paradigmatic” artistic portrayal of the Passion, each chapter examines the “theoretical” as well as the “aesthetic” mediations of the theology of the Passion of Christ and its relationship to human salvation. The theologies of Savonarola, Vincent Ferrer, Gabriel Biel and the nominalists, Luther, Calvin, Robert Bellarmine, and the Council of Trent are examined as examples of the early Catholic Reformation, the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Counter‐Reformation. These are placed in correlation to the new situation of art in the era of Frà Angelico, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Dürer, Cranach, and the Mannerists. In addition to specifically theological themes, the book explores the effects of theology and preaching on the arts, examining the iconoclasm of some of the early Reformers, the use of pictorial art in service of the word in Lutheranism, and the regulation of the arts by the Council of Trent.
Ritual and the Subjunctive
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a serious consideration of the understandings of ritual in traditions that take it as central, especially Judaism and Confucianism. It argues that such traditions understand the world as fundamentally fractured and discontinuous, with ritual allowing us to live in it by creating temporary order through the construction of a performative, subjunctive world. This is a world “as if”, with ritual understood in its indexical qualities. The chapter continues with a general consideration of major contemporary understandings of ritual and their limitations. It questions the common contemporary reduction of ritual either to its functions or to its meanings. Instead, the chapter concentrates on the work of ritual to create alternative worlds.
Inner Grace
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Rather than constituting a break with his Platonism, Augustine's doctrines of grace and free will are formed from the beginning by Platonist conceptions of happiness, wisdom, intellect, virtue, purification, conversion, faith, and love. Divine grace is inner help for the will, and our need for it expands “outward” over the course of Augustine's career, being required originally for attaining the happiness of wisdom (i.e., the intellectual vision of God), then for rightly ordered love (i.e., charity), and eventually for Christian faith. Reading the apostle Paul, Augustine emphasizes the difficulty of willing and loving the good, and eventually concludes that even the human choice to believe depends on grace, though this comes to us in the external words of a “suitable call,” which does not directly change the will from within. However, in his later polemics against Pelagianism, Augustine reconceives grace as wholly inward, a divine inner teaching that turns our will and causes us to believe. Since God foresees how he will give the gift of grace, this raises questions of predestination and especially election: why does God choose to bring some people rather than others to conversion, faith, and ultimate salvation? A more biblical and external doctrine of election, in which the chosen people are a blessing for those outside them, would avoid the anxieties of Augustine's doctrine of predestination.
Platonist Grace
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Augustine's doctrine of grace has roots in his Platonism, in which happiness is attained by wisdom (i.e., intellectual vision of divine Truth) and wisdom is attained by virtue, which consists of rightly ordered love, involving purification from attachment to lower (external, sensible, temporal) things and conversion to higher (inner, intelligible, eternal) things. Free will therefore means not autonomy from God but the capacity to love divine Beauty, and grace means that God inwardly helps human free will turn from slavish obedience out of fear (which Augustine associates with the Jews) to an inner delight in God that is like falling in love (a theme he picks up from Platonism). As Augustine's doctrine of grace develops, our dependence on this inward divine help, which any Platonist regards as necessary to achieve the goal of intellectual vision, gradually expands “outward” to include rightly ordered love and even Christian faith.
Predestined Grace
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The pastoral problems of predestination arise because Augustine uses the concept of divine election to answer the question: why are some saved rather than others? For Protestants, this becomes a question about why some are converted rather than others, but as his treatment of the conversion of Paul shows, Augustine does not conceive of conversion as a once‐in‐a‐lifetime event. Nor does he think it assures us of eternal salvation, for we do not know in advance whether we will also receive the gift of perseverance in faith. The anxieties evoked by predestination stem ultimately from supercessionism, the doctrine that Christians replace the Jews as God's chosen people, which assumes, contrary to the biblical concept of election (as Karl Barth shows), that God's choices are bad news for those not chosen.
Introduction
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In expressionist semiotics outward signs signify inner things, but never adequately. For in its original form expressionist semiotics was an outgrowth of Augustine's Platonism, in which inner things of the soul are ontologically higher than bodily things and causal power always flows downward in a three‐tiered ontological hierarchy, from God to souls and then to bodies, which means bodies cannot change souls and nothing changes God. This ontological hierarchy and the Platonist axiom of downward causality are illustrated by characteristic passages from Augustine's writings, including the vision at Ostia and his famous account of how children learn words, as well as a less famous passage about why lectures are boring.
From Scepticism to Platonism
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A philosophical concept of signs first turns up in Augustine's early writings as part of a Hellenistic epistemological debate reported by Cicero, an advocate of the scepticism of the Academics. The Academics argue that no sensible appearance can serve as a sure criterion of truth because it may always have the same kind of ambiguity as a “common sign.” Augustine thinks that behind this scepticism hides Platonism, which undermines any claims to knowledge based on the senses. Whereas the “horizontal” similarity of sensible things to one another undermines all claims to empirical knowledge, Platonism recognizes a “vertical” similarity, the resemblance of sensible, “truthlike” things to intelligible truth found in a higher, unchanging realm where certainty is possible. Augustine later invents a new Platonist semiotics, in which sensible things may not only resemble but also signify intelligible things.
Conclusion
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
One can reject Augustine's inward turn without rejecting classical theism. The crucial alternative is to find the eternal being of God in external things, as in the Orthodox reverence for icons, the Catholic piety of the sacraments, the Protestant faith in the word of God, and, behind them all, the church's devotion to Christ's life‐giving flesh. This outward turn means finding God as another person, which is to say, someone outside us. It also means, contrary to liberal theology and the modern turn to experience, that Christian experience is not the source of Christian faith but is derived from external things in which we believe—external things that form our hearts by giving form to our life in community.
The Procession with the Trident (Triśūljātrā)
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Procession with the Trident (Triśūljātrā) is centre‐stage of this chapter that describes and analyzes this event during which children are symbolically impaled on a trident and transported upon processional litters to the limits of the city of Deopatan from where the participants in the procession shout words of abuse at the inhabitants of Kathmandu.
3 juana canabal antokoletz Trauma, Gender, and the Unfolding of the Unconscious
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores personal and social factors in the development of trauma, the importance of mutual recognition and gender, and the relation to language and meaning. In Debussyés opera, it discusses language, developmental-social malattunement and trauma, fate and trauma, and an understanding of Mélisande based on a study of gender, trauma, and her social environment. Different perspectives are addressed in the pursuit of understanding Bartókés Bluebeard Opera, including the Bluebeard Ballad, its history, and cultural context. The relation of the librettist, Béla Balázs, to Bluebeard and Trauma is also scrutinized. The study of Bartok's opera is also based on historical and biographical notes. Consideration of a feminist view from a castle that is not, a re-evaluation of the Duke Bluebeard story within an autobiographical perspective, and a view from a door that was not, contributes to our reflections on modernity.
The Rude, the Vulgar, and the Polite
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main concern of the book: the interaction of ‘rude’ (‘folk’), ‘vulgar’ (‘popular’), and ‘polite’ (‘art’) music, from about 1760 on. It deals, first, with the differentiation of these categories at this period, then with the neoclassical ethos and its ideal of the simple, natural, and (as we should now say) ‘accessible’, all of which entailed a new attitude to popular music. Whatever its ideals, in practice neoclassicism was highly eclectic. Its music made constant use of the popular, habitually setting it off against the learned.
The Nineteenth‐Century Vernacular
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Nineteenth-century music spoke essentially the same language, regardless of national differences or height of brow. Its most fundamental feature was the increasing independence of melody, which made possible a ‘tonal counterpoint’ between melody and harmony, in which the melodic key was at odds with the harmonic one. Other common features were key mixture, progressive (harmonic) tonality (i.e., starting and ending in the different keys), and harmonic progressions dropping from fifth to fifth, often through a series of dominant chords. The subdominant chord became more important, sometimes taking over the functions of the dominant. Both melody and harmony became increasingly pentatonic, though sometimes in chromatic disguise. As the main structural procedure, antithesis tended to be replaced by climax, in the original sense of a series of statements of increasing emphasis. Especially important was the ‘cadential climax’ or graded cadences.
The Evolution of Resource Property Rights
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book reacts to an economic literature which relies on theory to explain property rights. To correct this truistic approach the book traces the actual evolution by examining when, where, and how particular rights have acquired one or more of six characteristics. Coverage begins, for most resources, with rights acquired in the Norman Conquest, and examines their evolution in England and the US, as well as Canada and Australia. It is emphasized that it was the accumulation of these characteristics that made property rights more ‘complete’. The book is divided into four main parts. Each part surveys the history of individual rights held by owners and users of one of four natural resources: flowing water, fisheries, minerals, and timber. Coal and petroleum rights get their own chapter. Ocean fisheries' rights are an example. For centuries fishing had been ‘common property’. Government reinforced a public right of fishing with such enactments as Magna Carta. Nevertheless, since the nineteenth century most fishermen's rights have obtained some of the exclusivity characteristic. The book identifies episodes featuring a ‘demand’ for increases in a right's characteristics or/and a increase in ‘supply’ by courts, government, and custom. Half the resource chapters are devoted to rights to use public (Crown) lands; half are devoted to private rights on private lands.
3 Rights over Flowing Water
Authors: Scott Anthony , Coustalin Georgina 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter follows the evolution of rights to use or enjoy streams and lakes. It distinguishes legally ‘land-based’ systems from those that are ‘use-based’. Tracing the alternation or cycling of these two systems in four countries, and beginning with a brief survey of Roman water law it shows that that medieval English law regarded rights over fresh water as a continuation of rights over the adjoining land. A change to use-based rights began when mill-owners ‘demanded’ that their water rights be interpreted by the courts to protect private title to a flow; this was accomplished in the Industrial Revolution by recognizing priority in use. This prior-use concept was found inadequate and in the next phase the English courts swung back to a land-based right, adopting ‘natural’-flow and ‘reasonable’-use criteria to decide which cities and factories should have rights. The chapter follows these phases abroad. It describes the western-lands invention of the appropriative-rights doctrine in the US, and its adaptation elsewhere. Throughout, the chapter also refers to changes in ‘prescriptive rights’ to water, distinguishing them from those in the prior-use and prior-appropriation phases.
5 Mineral Disposal and Mining Rights to 1850
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by describing medieval mineral right regimes. The miner gained a lease-type tenure. That the tenure's characteristics changed and this is best explained by the landlords' changing demands. In much of continental Europe owners resisted the ‘Roman’ system, a doctrine that for a thousand years supported the monarch's assertion of title to all mines. In France Turgot, then Napoleon, weakened this doctrine. England ignored the Roman precedent, until in 1568 the Case of Mines gave the Crown rights over precious metals. Both doctrines were carried to leasing and concessions in the American colonies. Gold rushes in Brazil and in Siberia confirmed state jurisdictions. Before 1850 in the US on western federal public lands minerals were disposed of less as a source of state revenue than as part of economic development. With the Industrial Revolution mines were being opened everywhere, some leased on private land, some sold from Crown public lands. The two types of landlords offered rights with different bundles of characteristics.
9 Rights over Coal, Oil and Gas
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAfter briefly surveying changing coal-mining law, this chapter concentrates on the evolution of petroleum rights. On American public lands rights first came under the placer Mining Law. This was unsuitable for a fluid resource and, urged on by Conservationists Roosevelt reserved most public-land petroleum. In 1920 new licensing legislation distinguished between areas containing known geological structures (KGS) and wildcat areas (UGS). On KGS, leases were to be apportioned by competitive bidding. On UGS the applicant got an exploration permit, then with discovery success a production lease and/or a patent. In the 1930s the US abandoned two-stage procedures but other countries retained them. New fields were subjected to government controls of well spacing and pro-rationing, unless they were unitized. The chapter then surveys the evolution of oil rights on private land — usually royalty-paying drilling leasing. In disputes between farmer and driller the courts sometimes discerned ‘implied’ covenants forcing the tenant to drill more or pump more.
5 Conclusion
Authors: Osiander Andreas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe final chapter provides a general overview, in light of the findings of this study, of the manifestations and causes of systemic structural change in the history of western civilization. It argues that since the structural evolution of the western political system at large has consistently shown a path-dependent succession of unrepeatable stages, rather than variations on the underlying theme of the ‘state’, there can be no ‘grand theory’ of international relations or political systems in general: the search for nomothetic political theory, for timeless patterns in the historical record, is doomed to failure. Whatever their worth, present-day theory, such as Realism in International Relations, cannot validly invoke history as corroboration, nor offer predictions about the future.